bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Monitoring SPAD Values for Multispatial Spatial Vertical Scales of Summer Maize Based on UAV Multispectral Remote Sensing
Authors: Ji Jiangtao , Li Nana , Cui Hongwei , Li Yuchao , Zhao Xinbo , Zhang Haolei , Ma Hao
Published: May 2023

Rapid acquisition of chlorophyll content in maize leaves is of great significance for timely monitoring of maize plant health and guiding field management. In order to accurately detect the relative chlorophyll content of summer maize and study the responsiveness of vegetation indices to SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) values of summer maize at different spatial vertical scales, this paper established a prediction model for SPAD values of summer maize leaves at different spatial scales based on UAV multispectral images. The experiment collected multispectral image data from summer maize at the jointing stage and selected eight vegetation indices. By using the sparrow search optimized kernel limit learning machine (SSA-KELM), the prediction models for canopy leaf (CL) SPADCL and ear leaf (EL) SPADEL were established, and a linear fitting analysis was conducted combining the measured SPADCL values and SPADEL values on the ground. The results showed that for SPADCL, the R2 of the linear fitting between the predicted values and measured values was 0.899, and the RMSE was 1.068. For SPADEL, the R2 of linear fitting between the predicted values and the measured values was 0.837, and the RMSE was 0.89. Compared with the model established by the partial least squares method (PLSR), it is found that the sparrow search optimized kernel limit learning machine (SSA-KELM) has more precise prediction results with better stability and adaptability for small sample prediction. The research results can provide technical support for remote sensing monitoring of the chlorophyll content of summer maize at different spatial scales.
Application of Deep Learning Techniques in Water Level Measurement: Combining Improved SegFormer-UNet Model with Virtual Water Gauge
Authors: Xie Zhifeng , Jin Jianhui , Wang Jianping , Zhang Rongxing , Li Shenghong
Published: May 2023

Most computer vision algorithms for water level measurement rely on a physical water gauge in the image, which can pose challenges when the gauge is partially or fully obscured. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel method that combines semantic segmentation with a virtual water gauge. Initially, we compute the perspective transformation matrix between the pixel coordinate system and the virtual water gauge coordinate system based on the projection relationship. We then use an improved SegFormer-UNet segmentation network to accurately segment the water body and background in the image, and determine the water level line based on their boundaries. Finally, we transform the water level line from the pixel coordinate system to the virtual gauge coordinate system using the perspective transformation matrix to obtain the final water level value. Experimental results show that the improved SegFormer-UNet segmentation network achieves an average pixel accuracy of 99.10% and an Intersection Over Union of 98.34%. Field tests confirm that the proposed method can accurately measure the water level with an error of less than 1 cm, meeting the practical application requirements.
Volatile Compound Analysis to Authenticate the Geographical Origin of Arabica and Robusta Espresso Coffee
Authors: De Vivo Angela , Balivo Andrea , Sarghini Fabrizio
Published: May 2023

The traceability of the geographical origin of coffee is a challenging issue to protect producers and consumers from the risk of fraud. A total of 162 Arabica from Peru, Colombia and Brazil, and Robusta from India, Vietnam and Uganda, espresso coffee (EC) samples of different degrees of roasting (light, medium and dark) were characterized for physico-chemical features (lipids, solids, and chlorogenic acids) and analyzed via SHS-GC/MS analysis, with the aim of discriminating the samples according to their geographical origin. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), performed on the data of the chemical classes of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), was able to correctly identify 97.53% of the tested samples through cross-validation. The dark roasting of the coffee beans implied a higher quantity of volatile compounds in the headspace of the EC, belonging to chemical classes of furans, esters, N-heterocyclic and sulfur compounds, reducing the differences by geographical origin. Light- and medium-roasted Robusta EC showed a major contribution of pyrazines and pyrimidines, while aldehydes, alcohols and ketones were generally more representative in Arabica samples. The quantitative distribution of volatile compounds proved to be a useful tool to discriminate samples by geographical origin.
Microstructure of Dry Mortars without Cement: Specific Surface Area, Pore Size and Volume Distribution Analysis
Authors: Seifi Sahar , Levacher Daniel , Razakamanantsoa Andry , Sebaibi Nassim
Published: May 2023

The evolution of the microstructure of the wastepaper sludge ash-based dry-mortar mixtures is characterized. Mixtures have been prepared with a large volume of wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a binder matrix mixed with water. Two ratios of water/binder (w/b) = 0.5 and 0.6 were selected. Both of these two industrial by-products are well-known as supplementary cementitious materials in the construction industry and they constitute a convenient replacement for cement. A series of these dry mortars for two ratios w/b were activated by three different chemical activators. They were placed in 4 × 4 × 16 cm3 molds and then compacted at the same compaction energy of 600 kN·m/m3. The influence of water quantity, compaction level and activators on the microstructure of these mortars was investigated by measuring the specific surface area, pore size and volume. Different series of samples have been compared in terms of adsorption/desorption hysteresis and pores network. The influences of water quantity and energy level were first discussed on non-activated dry mortars and this analysis led to the selection of an optimal energy for the comparative study of activated dry mortars. A significant difference in behavior was observed between the studied activators in terms of specific surface area, adsorption property and pore distribution. Then, the microstructure of the three activated dry mortars is observed and analyzed considering the two w/b ratios, the mechanical strength obtained and the type and dosage of activator used. Dry mortars show micropores regardless the quantity of water and the dosage of activator.
Experimental Evaluation of Load Distribution between Piles in Case of Block Failure
Authors: Aksoy Huseyin Suha , Ozpolat Aykut
Published: May 2023

In this study, the load distribution of the piles in the pile group was investigated in the case of the pile raft foundations failure under the effect of vertical loads in cohesive soils. For this purpose, loading tests were carried out on model pile groups in the laboratory. In addition, the effects of these conditions on the load distribution between the piles were examined by changing the pile spacing and soil properties. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the piles in the corner region carried more load than the ones in the center region in small settlement amounts as in the literature. However, it has been determined that as the amount of settlement in the pile foundation increases, the soil between piles behaves like a block and approaches failure, and the piles in the center region of the pile group carry more load. As a result of excessive settlement, a fracture surface formed around the block and therefore the corner piles of the block began to carry less load. It has been determined that failure analyses should be performed considering the load carried by the corner piles after failure due to excessive settlement.
Can the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings Shift a Tornado into Texas—Without Chaos?
Authors: Saiki Yoshitaka , Yorke James A.
Published: May 2023

In our title, “chaos” means there is a positive Lyapunov exponent that causes the tornado to move. We are asserting that a positive Lyapunov exponent is not always needed to have a butterfly effect. Lorenz’s butterfly effect initially appeared in meteorology and has captured the imaginations of people for applications to all kinds of fields. We feel it is important to understand simpler non-meteorological models to understand the additional aspects of the butterfly effect. This paper presents simple linear map models that lack “chaos” but exhibit a butterfly effect: our simplest model does not have any positive Lyapunov exponents but still exhibits a butterfly effect, that is, temporary exponential growth from a tiny perturbation such as one infected mosquito setting off an epidemic outbreak. We focus on a 24-dimensional version of the map where a significant butterfly effect is observed even though the only Lyapunov exponent is 0. We introduce a linear “infected mosquito” model that shows how off-diagonal matrix entries can cause a finite-time growth rate. We argue that the degree of instability in our systems can be better measured by its finite-time growth rate. Our findings suggest that even in linear systems, off-diagonal matrix entries can significantly impact the system’s behavior and be more important than the Lyapunov exponents in higher-dimensional systems. A focus on finite-time growth rates can yield valuable insights into the system’s dynamics.
The Difference of Zagreb Indices of Halin Graphs
Authors: Zheng Lina , Wang Yiqiao , Wang Weifan
Published: May 2023

The difference of Zagreb indices of a graph G is defined as ΔM(G)=∑u∈V(G)(d(u))2−∑uv∈E(G)d(u)d(v), where d(x) denotes the degree of a vertex x in G. A Halin graph G is a graph that results from a plane tree T without vertices of degree two and with at least one vertex of degree at least three such that all leaves are joined through a cycle C in the embedded order. In this paper, we establish both lower and upper bounds on the difference of Zagreb indices for general Halin graphs and some special Halin graphs with fewer inner vertices. Furthermore, extremal graphs attaining related bounds are found.
Therapeutic Strategies for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1
Authors: Kerkhof Laurie M.C. , Warrenburg Bart P.C. van de , Roon-Mom Willeke M.C. van , Buijsen Ronald A.M.
Published: May 2023

: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that affects one or two individuals per 100,000. The disease is caused by an extended CAG repeat in exon 8 of the ATXN1 gene and is characterized mostly by a profound loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, leading to disturbances in coordination, balance, and gait. At present, no curative treatment is available for SCA1. However, increasing knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of SCA1 has led the way towards several therapeutic strategies that can potentially slow disease progression. SCA1 therapeutics can be classified as genetic, pharmacological, and cell replacement therapies. These different therapeutic strategies target either the (mutant) ATXN1 RNA or the ataxin-1 protein, pathways that play an important role in downstream SCA1 disease mechanisms or which help restore cells that are lost due to SCA1 pathology. In this review, we will provide a summary of the different therapeutic strategies that are currently being investigated for SCA1.
Mechanisms Controlling the Expression and Secretion of BDNF
Authors: Arévalo Juan Carlos , Deogracias Rubén
Published: May 2023

Brain-derived nerve factor (BDNF), through TrkB receptor activation, is an important modulator for many different physiological and pathological functions in the nervous system. Among them, BDNF plays a crucial role in the development and correct maintenance of brain circuits and synaptic plasticity as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. The proper functioning of the central nervous system depends on the available BDNF concentrations, which are tightly regulated at transcriptional and translational levels but also by its regulated secretion. In this review we summarize the new advances regarding the molecular players involved in BDNF release. In addition, we will address how changes of their levels or function in these proteins have a great impact in those functions modulated by BDNF under physiological and pathological conditions.
Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against Tuberculosis
Authors: Abnousian Arbi , Vasquez Joshua , Sasaninia Kayvan , Kelley Melissa , Venketaraman Vishwanath
Published: May 2023

Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant in human cells that is utilized to prevent damage occurred by reactive oxygen species, free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals. Due to its immunological role in tuberculosis (TB), GSH is hypothesized to play an important part in the immune response against M. tb infection. In fact, one of the hallmark structures of TB is granuloma formation, which involves many types of immune cells. T cells, specifically, are a major component and are involved in the release of cytokines and activation of macrophages. GSH also serves an important function in macrophages, natural killer cells, and T cells in modulating their activation, their metabolism, proper cytokine release, proper redox activity, and free radical levels. For patients with increased susceptibility, such as those with HIV and type 2 diabetes, the demand for higher GSH levels is increased. GSH acts as an important immunomodulatory antioxidant by stabilizing redox activity, shifting of cytokine profile toward Th1 type response, and enhancing T lymphocytes. This review compiles reports showing the benefits of GSH in improving the immune responses against M. tb infection and the use of GSH as an adjunctive therapy for TB.
Seasonal Use of Dairies as Overnight Roosts by Common Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
Authors: Lichtenwalter Callan , Steensma Karen , Marcondes Marcos , Taylor Kyle , McConnel Craig , Adams Progar Amber
Published: May 2023

The Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is an invasive bird species in North America that can cause damage to dairies. Starlings roost in structures on dairies overnight, defecating on cows, feed, and supplies. To target roosts for effective deterrence, farmers must know what times of the year starling populations are greatest. To test seasonality, two data sets were analyzed. First, birds were counted for 20–30 min at sunrise and sunset on 10 Whatcom County, Washington dairies over four weeks in September and October of 2016. Starling counts were greater in the last week of observations than in weeks one, two, and three. Second, birds were counted at sunset for four weeks during winter 2021 and spring and summer 2022 at two dairies in the Palouse region of Washington State and Idaho. As temperature and minutes of daylight decreased, bird abundance increased. There was also an effect of season, with more birds counted in winter and spring than in summer. These data sets combined suggest a seasonal use of dairies as night roosts by starlings. With this information, farmers in the United States will know to contact wildlife managers in the summer, so a starling deterrence strategy can be developed before roosts are established in the fall.
Prevention of Neurological Sequelae in Preterm Infants
Authors: Gonzalez-Moreira Eduardo , Harmony Thalía , Hinojosa-Rodríguez Manuel , Carrillo-Prado Cristina , Juárez-Colín María Elena , Gutiérrez-Hernández Claudia Calipso , Carlier María Elizabeth Mónica , Cubero-Rego Lourdes , Castro-Chavira Susana A. , Fernández Thalía
Published: May 2023

Background: Preterm birth is one of the world’s critical health problems, with an incidence of 5% to 18% of living newborns according to various countries. White matter injuries due to preoligodendrocytes deficits cause hypomyelination in children born preterm. Preterm infants also have multiple neurodevelopmental sequelae due to prenatal and perinatal risk factors for brain damage. The purpose of this work was to explore the effects of the brain risk factors and MRI volumes and abnormalities on the posterior motor and cognitive development at 3 years of age. Methods: A total of 166 preterm infants were examined before 4 months and clinical and MRI evaluations were performed. MRI showed abnormal findings in 89% of the infants. Parents of all infants were invited to receive the Katona neurohabilitation treatment. The parents of 128 infants accepted and received Katona’s neurohabilitation treatment. The remaining 38 infants did not receive treatment for a variety of reasons. At the three-year follow-up, Bayley’s II Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) were compared between treated and untreated subjects. Results: The treated children had higher values of both indices than the untreated. Linear regression showed that the antecedents of placenta disorders and sepsis as well as volumes of the corpus callosum and of the left lateral ventricle significantly predicted both MDI and PDI, while Apgar < 7 and volume of the right lateral ventricle predicted the PDI. Conclusions: (1) The results indicate that preterm infants who received Katona’s neurohabilitation procedure exhibited significantly better outcomes at 3 years of age compared to those who did not receive the treatment. (2) The presence of sepsis and the volumes of the corpus callosum and lateral ventricles at 3–4 months were significant predictors of the outcome at 3 years of age.
The Effects of Exam-Induced Stress on EEG Profiles and Memory Scores
Authors: Roy Taylor , Saroka Kevin S. , Hossack Victoria L. , Dotta Blake T.
Published: May 2023

Common stressors amongst postsecondary students are exam-induced anxiety and stress. The purpose of this study was to measure stress alterations in the student population around examinations and determine how they affect electroencephalogram (EEG) profiles and memory scores. Twenty university students were measured multiple times in the study. During each measurement, participants were administered a cortisol saliva test and an EEG. We hypothesized that cortisol levels, memory scores, and EEG profiles would all demonstrate changes near examinations. The brain regions of interest (ROIs) were the parahippocampal gyrus, the medial frontal gyrus, and the middle frontal gyrus. Results demonstrated that memory performance and parahippocampal activity were correlated, specifically in the 5–9 Hz frequency band. Correlations were also computed between cortisol levels, memory performance, and parahippocampal activity. The medial frontal gyrus also displayed changes in the mean (19–20 Hz) current source density (CSD) throughout the experiment. The middle frontal gyrus activation was highly variable during the different measurement time points. Essentially, when an individual’s memory scores were consistent between exam and nonexam trials, there was an increase in middle frontal gyrus activation during examination periods. Lastly, the right parahippocampal gyrus was found to be the most activated one day away from examination time. These results indicate that memory scores are related to cortisol levels and examination periods, but most importantly, there are overt and predictable alterations in student EEG profiles near examinations.
Comparison of the Stability and Accuracy of Deterministic Project Cost Prediction Methods in Earned Value Management
Authors: Barrientos-Orellana Alexis , Ballesteros-Pérez Pablo , Mora-Melià Daniel , Cerezo-Narváez Alberto , Gutiérrez-Bahamondes Jimmy H.
Published: May 2023

Completing a project on time and on budget are essential factors for the success of any project. One technique that allows predicting the final cost of a project is earned value management (EVM). In this technique, different mathematical methods for predicting the final project cost have been proposed over the last 30 years. These formulas make use of activities’ actual costs and durations as the project progresses. EVM is a technique widely used by many project management professionals. However, very few studies have compared the stability and accuracy of the multiple existing methods for predicting the final cost of the project (commonly abbreviated as estimated cost at completion, EAC). This study compares the stability and accuracy of 30 deterministic cost prediction methods (EAC) in EVM. For this purpose, a representative database of 4100 simulated projects of various topological structures is used. Our results suggest that the methods with the simplest mathematical configurations achieve better stability and accuracy performance. Knowing which EVM methods are the most stable and accurate for predicting the final cost of the project will help project practitioners choose the most reliable cost prediction techniques when they are managing their own projects in real contexts.
New Regional Dynamic Cancer Model across the European Union
Authors: Negoita Silvius , Ionescu Romeo , Zlati Monica , Antohi Valentin , Nechifor Alexandru
Published: May 2023

Background: Can increasing levels of economic wealth significantly influence changes in cancer incidence and mortality rates? Methods: We investigated this issue by means of regression analyses based on the study of incidence and mortality indicators for lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal; colon; pancreatic; lung; leukaemia; brain and central nervous system cancers in correlation with the levels of economic welfare and financial allocations to health at the level of the European Union member states, with the exception of Luxembourg and Cyprus for which there are no official statistical data reported. Results: The results of the study showed that there were significant disparities both regionally and by gender, requiring corrective public policy measures that were formulated in this study. Conclusions: The conclusions highlight the main findings of the study in terms of the evolution of the disease, present the significant aspects that characterise the evolution of each type of cancer during the period analysed (1993–2021), and highlight the novelty and limitations of the study and future directions of research. As a result, increasing economic welfare is a potential factor in halting the effects of cancer incidence and mortality at the population level, while the financial allocations to health of EU member countries’ budgets are a drawback due to large regional disparities.
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase I/II Study of FN-1501 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Richardson Gary Edward , Al-Rajabi Raed , Uprety Dipesh , Hamid Anis , Williamson Stephen K. , Baranda Joaquina , Mamdani Hirva , Lee Ya-Li , Nitika  , Li Li , Wang Xingli , Dong Xunwei
Published: May 2023

Background: FN-1501, a potent inhibitor of receptor FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and CDK4/6, KIT, PDGFR, VEGFR2, ALK, and RET tyrosine kinase proteins, has demonstrated significant in vivo activity in various solid tumor and leukemia human xenograft models. Anomalies in FLT3 have an established role as a therapeutic target where the gene has been shown to play a critical role in the growth, differentiation, and survival of various cell types in hematopoietic cancer and have shown promise in various solid tumors. An open-label, Phase I/II study (NCT03690154) was designed to evaluate the safety and PK profile of FN-1501 as monotherapy in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors and relapsed, refractory (R/R) AML. Methods: Pts received FN-1501 IV three times a week for 2 weeks, followed by 1 week off treatment in continuous 21-day cycles. Dose escalation followed a standard 3 + 3 design. Primary objectives include the determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D). Secondary objectives include pharmacokinetics (PK) and preliminary anti-tumor activity. Exploratory objectives include the relationship between pharmacogenetic mutations (e.g., FLT3, TP53, KRAS, NRAS, etc.), safety, and efficacy; as well as an evaluation of the pharmacodynamic effects of treatment with FN-1501. Dose expansion at RP2D further explored the safety and efficacy of FN-1501 in this treatment setting. Results: A total of 48 adult pts with advanced solid tumors (N = 47) and AML (N = 1) were enrolled at doses ranging from 2.5 to 226 mg IV three times a week for two weeks in 21-day cycles (2 weeks on and 1 week off treatment). The median age was 65 years (range 30–92); 57% were female and 43% were male. The median number of prior lines of treatment was 5 (range 1–12). Forty patients evaluable for dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) assessment had a median exposure of 9.5 cycles (range 1–18 cycles). Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were reported for 64% of the pts. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), defined as those occurring in ≥20% of pts, primarily consisted of reversible Grade 1–2 fatigue (34%), nausea (32%), and diarrhea (26%). The most common Grade ≥3 events occurring in ≥5% of pts consisted of diarrhea and hyponatremia. Dose escalation was discontinued due to DLTs of Grade 3 thrombocytopenia (N = 1) and Grade 3 infusion-related reaction (N = 1) occurring in 2 pts. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined to be 170 mg. Conclusions: FN-1501 demonstrated reasonable safety, tolerability, and preliminary activity against solid tumors in doses up to 170 mg. Dose escalation was terminated based on 2 DLTs occurring at the 226 mg dose level.
Molecular In-Depth Characterization of Chondrosarcoma for Current and Future Targeted Therapies
Authors: Walter Sebastian Gottfried , Knöll Peter , Eysel Peer , Quaas Alexander , Gaisendrees Christopher , Nißler Robert , Hieggelke Lena
Published: May 2023

Chondrosarcoma (CHS) are heterogenous, but as a whole, represent the second most common primary malignant bone tumor entity. Although knowledge on tumor biology has grown exponentially during the past few decades, surgical resection remains the gold standard for the treatment of these tumors, while radiation and differentiated chemotherapy do not result in sufficient cancer control. An in-depth molecular characterization of CHS reveals significant differences compared to tumors of epithelial origin. Genetically, CHS are heterogenous, but there is no characteristic mutation defining CHS, and yet, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent. Hypovascularization, extracellular matrix composition of collagen, proteoglycans, and hyaluronan create a mechanical barrier for tumor suppressive immune cells. Comparatively low proliferation rates, MDR-1 expression and an acidic tumor microenvironment further limit therapeutic options in CHS. Future advances in CHS therapy depend on the further characterization of CHS, especially the tumor immune microenvironment, for improved and better targeted therapies.
Dietary Choline and Betaine Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in an Iranian Population
Authors: Seyyedsalehi Monireh Sadat , Rossi Marta , Hadji Maryam , Rashidian Hamideh , Marzban Maryam , Parpinel Maria , Fiori Federica , Naghibzadeh-Tahami Ahmad , Hannun Yusuf A. , Luberto Chiara , Zendehdel Kazem , Boffetta Paolo
Published: May 2023

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in low- and middle-income countries, likely due to changing lifestyle habits, including diet. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary betaine, choline, and choline-containing compounds and CRC risk. Methods: We analyzed data from a case–control study, including 865 CRC cases and 3206 controls from Iran. Detailed information was collected by trained interviewers using validated questionnaires. The intake of free choline, phosphocholine (Pcho), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), and sphingomyelin (SM), as well as of betaine was estimated from food frequency questionnaires and categorized into quartiles. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of CRC for choline and betaine quartiles were calculated using multivariate logistic regression by adjusting for potential confounders. Results: We observed excess risk of CRC in the highest versus lowest intake of total choline (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.13, 1.33), GPC (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.00, 1.27), and SM (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.01, 1.28). The intake of betaine exerted an inverse association with CRC risk (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99). There was no association between free choline, Pcho, PtdCho, and CRC. Analyses stratified by gender showed an elevated OR of CRC in men for SM intake OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.03, 1.40) and a significantly decreased CRC risk in women for betaine intake (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.73, 0.97). Conclusion: Dietary modifications leading to an increase in betaine sources and managing the use of animal products as references for SM or other choline types might contribute to decreasing the risk of CRC.
Low-Dose Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Focal Radiation Necrosis of the Brain (fRNB): A Single-Center Case Series
Authors: Tijtgat Jens , Calliauw Evan , Dirven Iris , Vounckx Manon , Kamel Randa , Vanbinst Anne Marie , Everaert Hendrik , Seynaeve Laura , Van Den Berge Dirk , Duerinck Johnny , Neyns Bart
Published: May 2023

Focal radiation necrosis of the brain (fRNB) is a late adverse event that can occur following the treatment of benign or malignant brain lesions with stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Recent studies have shown that the incidence of fRNB is higher in cancer patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors. The use of bevacizumab (BEV), a monoclonal antibody that targets the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is an effective treatment for fRNB when given at a dose of 5–7.5 mg/kg every two weeks. In this single-center retrospective case series, we investigated the effectiveness of a low-dose regimen of BEV (400 mg loading dose followed by 100 mg every 4 weeks) in patients diagnosed with fRNB. A total of 13 patients were included in the study; twelve of them experienced improvement in their existing clinical symptoms, and all patients had a decrease in the volume of edema on MRI scans. No clinically significant treatment-related adverse effects were observed. Our preliminary findings suggest that this fixed low-dose regimen of BEV can be a well-tolerated and cost-effective alternative treatment option for patients diagnosed with fRNB, and it is deserving of further investigation.
Immune Response following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Pediatric Cancer Patients
Authors: Schmidt K. L. Juliëtte , Dautzenberg Noël M. M. , Hoogerbrugge Peter M. , Lindemans Caroline A. , Nierkens Stefan , Smits Gaby , Van Binnendijk Rob S. , Bont Louis J. , Tissing Wim J. E.
Published: May 2023

COVID-19 vaccinations are recommended for children with cancer but data on their vaccination response is scarce. This study assesses the antibody and T-cell response following a 2- or 3-dose vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in children (5–17 years) with cancer. For the antibody response, participants with a serum concentration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike 1 antibodies of >300 binding antibody units per milliliter were classified as good responders. For the T-cell response, categorization was based on spike S1 specific interferon-gamma release with good responders having >200 milli-international units per milliliter. The patients were categorized as being treated with chemo/immunotherapy for less than 6 weeks (Tx < 6 weeks) or more than 6 weeks (Tx > 6 weeks) before the first immunization event. In 46 patients given a 2-dose vaccination series, the percentage of good antibody and good T-cell responders was 39.3% and 73.7% in patients with Tx < 6 weeks and 94.4% and 100% in patients with Tx > 6 weeks, respectively. An additional 3rd vaccination in 16 patients with Tx < 6 weeks, increased the percentage of good antibody responders to 70% with no change in T-cell response. A 3-dose vaccination series effectively boosted antibody levels and is of value for patients undergoing active cancer treatment.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Cancer Patients
Authors: Cereda Alberto , Lucreziotti Stefano , Franchina Antonio Gabriele , Laricchia Alessandra , De Regibus Valentina , Conconi Barbara , Carlà Matteo , Spangaro Andrea , Rocchetti Matteo , Ponti Luca , Minardi Alessandro , Sala Elena , Sangiorgi Giuseppe Massimo , Tumminello Gabriele , Barbieri Lucia , Carugo Stefano , Aseni Paolo
Published: May 2023

(1) Introduction: Cancer and atrial fibrillation (AF) are increasingly coexisting medical challenges. These two conditions share an increased thrombotic and bleeding risk. Although optimal regimens of the most suitable anti-thrombotic therapy are now affirmed in the general population, cancer patients are still particularly understudied on the matter; (2) Aims And Methodology: This metanalysis (11 studies (incl. 266,865 patients)) aims at evaluating the ischemic-hemorrhagic risk profile of oncologic patients with AF treated with oral anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists vs. direct oral anticoagulants); (3) Results: In the oncological population, DOACs confer a benefit in terms of the reduction in ischemic, hemorrhagic and venous thromboembolic events. However, ischemic prevention has a non-insignificant bleeding risk, lower than Warfarin but significant and higher than the non-oncological patients; (4) Conclusions: Anticoagulation with DOACs provides a higher safety profile with respect to VKAs in terms of stroke reduction and a relative bleeding reduction risk. Further studies are needed to better assess the optimal anticoagulation strategy in cancer patients with AF.
Potential Role of Carbon Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Malignant Brain Gliomas
Authors: Caffo Maria , Curcio Antonello , Rajiv Kumar , Caruso Gerardo , Venza Mario , Germanò Antonino
Published: May 2023

Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults up to an extent of 78% of all primary malignant brain tumors. However, total surgical resection is almost unachievable due to the considerable infiltrative ability of glial cells. The efficacy of current multimodal therapeutic strategies is, furthermore, limited by the lack of specific therapies against malignant cells, and, therefore, the prognosis of these in patients is still very unfavorable. The limitations of conventional therapies, which may result from inefficient delivery of the therapeutic or contrast agent to brain tumors, are major reasons for this unsolved clinical problem. The major problem in brain drug delivery is the presence of the blood–brain barrier, which limits the delivery of many chemotherapeutic agents. Nanoparticles, thanks to their chemical configuration, are able to go through the blood–brain barrier carrying drugs or genes targeted against gliomas. Carbon nanomaterials show distinct properties including electronic properties, a penetrating capability on the cell membrane, high drug-loading and pH-dependent therapeutic unloading capacities, thermal properties, a large surface area, and easy modification with molecules, which render them as suitable candidates for deliver drugs. In this review, we will focus on the potential effectiveness of the use of carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of malignant gliomas and discuss the current progress of in vitro and in vivo researches of carbon nanomaterials-based drug delivery to brain.
The Role of the Microbiota in Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Moreira Clara , Figueiredo Ceu , Ferreira Rui Manuel
Published: May 2023

Esophageal cancer is a major health problem, being the seventh most incidence cancer worldwide. Due to the often-late diagnosis and lack of efficient treatments, the overall 5-year survival is as low as 10%. Therefore, understanding the etiology and the mechanisms that drive the development of this type of cancer could improve the management of patients, increasing the chance of achieving a better clinical outcome. Recently, the microbiome has been studied as a putative etiological factor for esophageal cancer. Nevertheless, the number of studies tackling this issue is low, and the heterogeneity in the study design and data analysis has hindered consistent findings. In this work, we reviewed the current literature on the evaluation of the role of microbiota in the development of esophageal cancer. We analyzed the composition of the normal microbiota and the alterations found in precursor lesions, namely Barrett’s esophagus and dysplasia, as well as in esophageal cancer. Additionally, we explored how other environmental factors can modify microbiota and contribute to the development of this neoplasia. Finally, we identify critical aspects to be improved in future studies, with the aim of refining the interpretation of the relationship between the microbiome and esophageal cancer.
The Impact of Acute Systemic Inflammation Secondary to Oesophagectomy and Anastomotic Leak on Computed Tomography Body Composition Analyses
Authors: Brown Leo R. , Ramage Michael I. , Dolan Ross D. , Sayers Judith , Bruce Nikki , Dick Lachlan , Sami Sharukh , McMillan Donald C. , Laird Barry J. A. , Wigmore Stephen J. , Skipworth Richard J. E.
Published: May 2023

This study aimed to longitudinally assess CT body composition analyses in patients who experienced anastomotic leak post-oesophagectomy. Consecutive patients, between 1 January 2012 and 1 January 2022 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Changes in computed tomography (CT) body composition at the third lumbar vertebral level (remote from the site of complication) were assessed across four time points where available: staging, pre-operative/post-neoadjuvant treatment, post-leak, and late follow-up. A total of 20 patients (median 65 years, 90% male) were included, with a total of 66 computed tomography (CT) scans analysed. Of these, 16 underwent neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy prior to oesophagectomy. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was significantly reduced following neoadjuvant treatment (p < 0.001). Following the inflammatory response associated with surgery and anastomotic leak, a decrease in SMI (mean difference: −4.23 cm2/m2, p < 0.001) was noted. Estimates of intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue quantity conversely increased (both p < 0.001). Skeletal muscle density fell (mean difference: −5.42 HU, p = 0.049) while visceral and subcutaneous fat density were higher following anastomotic leak. Thus, all tissues trended towards the radiodensity of water. Although tissue radiodensity and subcutaneous fat area normalised on late follow-up scans, skeletal muscle index remained below pre-treatment levels.
Fusobacterium & Co. at the Stem of Cancer: Microbe–Cancer Stem Cell Interactions in Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Authors: Pani Giovambattista
Published: May 2023

Adult stem cells lie at the crossroads of tissue repair, inflammation, and malignancy. Intestinal microbiota and microbe–host interactions are pivotal to maintaining gut homeostasis and response to injury, and participate in colorectal carcinogenesis. Yet, limited knowledge is available on whether and how bacteria directly crosstalk with intestinal stem cells (ISC), particularly cancerous stem-like cells (CR-CSC), as engines for colorectal cancer initiation, maintenance, and metastatic dissemination. Among several bacterial species alleged to initiate or promote colorectal cancer (CRC), the pathobiont Fusobacterium Nucleatum has recently drawn significant attention for its epidemiologic association and mechanistic linkage with the disease. We will therefore focus on current evidence for an F. nucleatum-CRCSC axis in tumor development, highlighting the commonalities and differences between F. nucleatum-associated colorectal carcinogenesis and gastric cancer driven by Helicobacter Pylori. We will explore the diverse facets of the bacteria–CSC interaction, analyzing the signals and pathways whereby bacteria either confer “stemness” properties to tumor cells or primarily target stem-like elements within the heterogeneous tumor cell populations. We will also discuss the extent to which CR-CSC cells are competent for innate immune responses and participate in establishing a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Finally, by capitalizing on the expanding knowledge of how the microbiota and ISC crosstalk in intestinal homeostasis and response to injury, we will speculate on the possibility that CRC arises as an aberrant repair response promoted by pathogenic bacteria upon direct stimulation of intestinal stem cells.
Circulating HPV DNA as a Biomarker for Pre-Invasive and Early Invasive Cervical Cancer: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Bryan Stacey J. , Lee Jen , Gunu Richard , Jones Allison , Olaitan Adeola , Rosenthal Adam N. , Cutts Ros J. , Garcia-Murillas Isaac , Turner Nick , Lalondrelle Susan , Bhide Shreerang A.
Published: May 2023

Background: High-risk HPV infection is responsible for >99% of cervix cancers (CC). In persistent infections that lead to cancer, the tumour breaches the basement membrane, releasing HPV-DNA into the bloodstream (cHPV-DNA). A next-generation sequencing assay (NGS) for detection of plasma HPV circulating DNA (cHPV-DNA) has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in patients with locally advanced cervix cancers. We hypothesised that cHPV-DNA is detectable in early invasive cervical cancers but not in pre-invasive lesions (CIN). Methods: Blood samples were collected from patients with CIN (n = 52) and FIGO stage 1A-1B CC (n = 12) prior to treatment and at follow-up. DNA extraction from plasma, followed by NGS, was used for the detection of cHPV-DNA. Results: None of the patients with pre-invasive lesions were positive for CHPV-DNA. In invasive tumours, plasma from one patient (10%) reached the threshold of positivity for cHPV-DNA in plasma. Conclusion: Low detection of cHPV-DNA in early CC may be explained by small tumour size, poorer access to lymphatics and circulation, and therefore little shedding of cHPV-DNA in plasma at detectable levels. The detection rate of cHPV-DNA in patients with early invasive cervix cancer using even the most sensitive of currently available technologies lacks adequate sensitivity for clinical utility.
A DFT Study on Single Brønsted Acid Sites in Zeolite Beta and Their Interaction with Probe Molecules
Authors: Vorontsov Alexander V. , Smirniotis Panagiotis G. , Kumar Umesh
Published: May 2023

Zeolites are subjects of intensive research, as they have vast industrial applications. However, exact nature of catalytic active sites remains elusive. With this research, we attempt to shed light on the Brønsted acid sites in zeolite beta modification A and correlate the widely used TPD methods of their identification with the theoretically determined strongest and weakest acid sites. A diverse set of probe molecules with a wide range of acid strength of their conjugated acids is applied to determine the heats of their adsorption over protonated zeolite beta samples. The molecules studied were acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, isothiazole, pyridine, tetrahydrofuran, and ammonia. It was found that the heat of adsorption of the probe molecules correlated with the acid strength of acid sites only partially. Only some of the strong acid sites were able to be identified, while the weakest acid site was often identified correctly. To conclude, the widely used method of zeolites acid sites studies delivers only partially correct results, and the conclusions from such TPD studies should be treated with caution.
Handheld Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: State-of-the-Art Instrumentation and Applications in Material Identification, Food Authentication, and Environmental Investigations
Authors: Yan Hui , De Gea Neves Marina , Noda Isao , Guedes Gonçalo M. , Silva Ferreira António C. , Pfeifer Frank , Chen Xinyu , Siesler Heinz W.
Published: May 2023

This present review article considers the rapid development of miniaturized handheld near-infrared spectrometers over the last decade and provides an overview of current instrumental developments and exemplary applications in the fields of material and food control as well as environmentally relevant investigations. Care is taken, however, not to fall into the exaggerated and sometimes unrealistic narrative of some direct-to-consumer companies, which has raised unrealistic expectations with full-bodied promises but has harmed the very valuable technology of NIR spectroscopy, rather than promoting its further development. Special attention will also be paid to possible applications that will allow a clientele that is not necessarily scientifically trained to solve quality control and authentication problems with this technology in everyday life.
Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review
Authors: Jackowiak Bogdan
Published: May 2023

This paper presents the main directions and range of man-made changes to the vascular flora and their effects at the vegetation level. The native flora of Poland, located in the temperate zone of Central Europe, comprises approximately 2639 species. The effect of human pressure, which began in the Neolithic and has intensified in the last 200 years, has caused changes in the native flora and has included an inflow of 975 alien species, 560 of which have become permanently established. Currently, at least 704 native species are recognized as endangered, and only 623 are recognized as being able to occupy habitats that were created or strongly transformed by humans. Native species (apophytes) and aliens (anthropophytes) have co-created completely new plant communities in these habitats. Among the alien plants, neophytes (399 species) outnumber archaeophytes (161 species). Additionally, many neophytes (123 species) can penetrate seminatural and natural communities. Research has shown that the proportions of apophytes, alien plants, and declining species can be used to clearly differentiate plant communities and be used as an indicator of anthropogenic changes. A comparison of the man-made changes in Polish flora and vegetation in other countries showed that the changes in Poland are part of the global process of environmental degradation and are aggravated by the country’s economic development.
Ethical Dilemmas for Dental Students in Greece
Authors: Antoniadou Maria , Masoura Evangelia , Devetziadou Marina , Rahiotis Christos
Published: May 2023

Professional dental ethics for students are based on promoting oral health for dental patients and reinforcing an anthropocentric approach to communication and dental services. A total of 133 dental students (males 33.8% N1 = 46, females 66.2% N2 = 87) completed the study questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were applied, and non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests were used (p < 0.05). Students refuse services to patients that misbehave (37.6%), have irrational demands (18%), and when clinical cases exceed their capabilities (36.8%). Of the participants, 50.4% want to waive confidentiality when abuse is declared. Ethical role models are educators (33.8%), other qualified dentists (25.6%), and their parents (21.8%). Female gender positively affects integrity (p = 0.046), altruism (p = 0.032), and difficulty in conversations among colleagues (p = 0.036). Students outside the capital are less interested in esthetic issues (p = 0.007), in giving more than one treatment plan (p = 0.006), and in being confronted with inadequate treatments from other colleagues (p = 0.005). Family income positively affects clinical skills (p = 0.003), trust issues (p = 0.008), and moral insight and intuition (p = 0.02). Presentation with clinical scenarios is the preferred educational method (49.6%). Dental students show compassion for poor patients, respect patients’ autonomy, and guide patients to choose the best treatment plan before receiving dental ethics seminars. There is a positive relationship between the ethical footprints of students and gender, origin, family income, postgraduate studies, and future professional plans. Factors and ways to incorporate ethics in the dental curriculum could be considered when planning relevant courses.