bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of I/o in a pArallel Finite Element Groundwater Transport Code
Authors: Mackay David , Mahinthakumar G. , D'Azevedo Ed
Published: March 2007

A parallel finite element groundwater transport code is used to compare three different strategies for performing parallel I/O: (1) have a single processor collect data and perform sequential I/O in large blocks, (2) use variations of vendor-specific I/O extensions, or (3) use the extended distributed object network I/O (EDONIO) library. Each processor performs many writes of 1 to 4 kilobytes to reorganize local data in a global shared file. The findings suggest having a single processor collect data and per form large block-contiguous operations may be quite effi cient and portable for up to 32 processor configurations. This approach does not scale well for a larger number of processors because the single processor becomes a bot tleneck for gathering data. The effective application I/O rate observed, which includes times for opening and clos ing files, is only a fraction of the peak device read/write rates. Some form of data redistribution and buffering in remote memory as performed in EDONIO may yield sig nificant improvements for noncontiguous data I/O access patterns and short requests. Implementors of parallel I/O systems may consider some form of buffering as per formed in EDONIO to speed up such I/O requirements.
Efficient Parallel I/o in sEismic Imaging
Authors: Oldfield Ron A. , Womble David E. , Ober Curtis C.
Published: March 2007

Although high performance computers tend to be mea sured by their processor and communication speeds, the bottleneck for many large-scale applications is the I/O performance rather than the computational or communi cation performance. One such application is the process ing of three-dimensional seismic data. Seismic data sets, consisting of recorded pressure waves, can be very large, sometimes more than a terabyte in size. Even if the computations can be performed in core, the time required to read the initial seismic data and velocity model and write images is substantial. In this paper, the authors discuss an approach in handling the massive I/O requirements of seismic processing and show the performance of their imaging code (Salvo) on the Intel Paragon™ computer.
Group Size, ICC Values, and Group-Level Correlations: A Simulation
Authors: Bliese Paul D.
Published: March 2007

In the organizational literature, the impact of group size on the magnitude of the group-level correlation has not been explicitly delineated, despite the fact that group sizes vary considerably in organizational research. This article discusses the relationship between group size, ICC(J) values, and the magnitude of the group-level correlation, and shows that group size and ICC(I) values are important because they influence the reliability of the aggregate variables. Based on this discussion, a correction for attenuation formula is proposed that permits one to estimate the magnitude of the actual group-level correlation corrected for the reliability of the aggregate variables. A simulation study demonstrates that the correction for attenuation formula provides accurate estimates of the actual group-level correlation under a wide range of conditions. Implications for multilevel analyses are discussed.
Technology Readiness Index (Tri)
Authors: Parasuraman A.
Published: March 2007

The role of technology in customer-company interactions and the number of technology-based products and services have been growing rapidly. Although these developments have benefited customers, there is also evidence of increasing customer frustration in dealing with technology-based systems. Drawing on insights from the extant literature and extensive qualitative research on customer reactions to technology, this article first proposes the construct of technology readiness of people and discusses its conceptualization. It then describes a program of research that was undertaken to operationalize the construct, develop and refine a multiple-item scale to measure it, and assess the scale’s psychometric properties. The article concludes with a discussion of potential practical applications of the scale and an agenda for additional research aimed at deepening our understanding of technology’s role in marketing to and serving customers.
Switching Processes in Customer Relationships
Authors: Roos Inger
Published: March 2007

The importance and difficulty of keeping customers constantly features in the marketing literature. However, customer studies have generally focused on loyal customers and loyalty rather than on reasons for switching service providers. The aim of this article is to present a model for studying customers’ switching behavior as processes by extending the Critical Incident Technique in a relationship direction. By using the new technique, an analytic framework was developed that identifies three different kinds of switching determinants: pushing determinants, pulling determinant, and swayers. The new technique captures the configurations of the underlying factors that lead to revocable or irrevocable switching decisions. The study shows that these configurations are signals of switching, which provide useful knowledge for management and staff for policy and training purposes.
Bodies in School
Authors: KEHILY MARY
Published: March 2007

This article considers the relationship between sexuality and schooling and draws on data from an ethnographic school-based study. It considers the ways in which sexualities are shaped and lived through pupil cultures that are often marginalized or overlooked by teachers and rarely find their way into the official curriculum. It discusses the normative power of heterosexuality in schools and, particularly, the relationship between masculinities and heterosexuality. Themes of embodiment, physicality, and performance play a part in the ways in which informal groups of students actively ascribe meanings to issues of sex and gender. Through interviews with young men in school, it is suggested that school processes produce sites for the enactment of heterosexual masculinities that suggest the normative presence of heterosexuality and the fragility of sex/gender categories. The article aims to contribute to an understanding of sexual majorities by focusing on the processes that are constitutive of dominant practice in school arenas.
Black Skins, Black Masks or “The Return of the White Negro”
Authors: MAGUBANE ZINE
Published: March 2007

This article explores the meanings behind the public personae of two “White Negroes”—Dennis Rodman and RuPaul. It argues that they are examples of blackface minstrelsy in the post-Fordist age. The article draws the connection between minstrelsy of the nineteenth century and the performances of Rodman and RuPaul in the twentieth century by demonstrating that their performances, like minstrelsy, worked to help mask tensions within and between classes while managing desires for racial domination and the anxieties provoked by racial envy. The article concludes by exploring how both artists attempt to exert their agency rather than simply remaining the passive object of the white male gaze and the tensions that ensue.
What Is Problematic about Masculinities?
Authors: CLATTERBAUGH KENNETH
Published: March 2007

Recent literature in what used to be called men's studies has begun to employ the terms `masculinity' and `masculinities' in an effort to move away from what are perceived as problems with the term `men's studies.' Without arguing for or against this substitution, this article brings out some of the confusions that result from the use of the highly ambiguous terms `masculinity' and `masculinities.' Many different meanings of these terms are identified and conflations of these meanings are illustrated. The concern with the use of such terms as foundational in a new discipline is that they will bring with them the confusions of their many meanings. In so doing, they make the literature less accessible. It may be that the price of using these loaded terms is worth the cost, but at least the costs have been itemized and warnings attached.
Moms, Sisters, and Ladies
Authors: Walk STEPHAN R.
Published: March 2007

This study presents accounts of nine women student athletic trainers (SATs) working as interns in an athletic program at a large university. The presence of women within a historically closed masculine sport environment was resolved by viewing the women within the traditionally feminine roles of “mom,”“sister,” and “lady.” Subject to overt and subtle discrimination, sexist and misogynist behavior, as well as sexual harassment and imposition, the women were essentially forced to choose among behaviors that either “defeminized” or “deprofessionalized” them. A professional attitude was generally favorable to coaches and supervisors yet defeminized them in the eyes of peer trainers and male athletes. On the other hand, a sociable attitude permitted positive peer relations but deprofessionalized them in the eyes of peer trainers and male athletes. Hence, while the mom, sister, and lady labels sometimes prevented offensive behavior by men, they contributed to the women's professional disempowerment and sexualization.
“Our Best Boys”
Authors: KLEIN UTA
Published: March 2007

Several scholars view the military to be a most forceful institution in constructing images of masculinity in society at large. Usually, military service can be described as a rite of passage to male adulthood, teaching toughness, and trying to eliminate what is regarded to be effeminate. Israel serves as an interesting case study to investigate the connections between gender and the military. Although participation in the military is compulsory for Jewish men and women and motivation to serve in the military is high, meaning that the military socializes most Jewish Israelis, this national duty is highly gendered. The author discusses the historical background of the Israeli Jewish ideal of manliness, its reinforcement by times of conflict and war, and its impact on the private and the public sphere.
Factors Influencing the Aging of Rigid Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Brandreth Dale A.
Published: March 2007

The aging of rigid polyurethane insulation foam is discussed in terms of the basic phenomena involved. Calculated aging curves are presented to illustrate the significance of the FC-11, N2, and O2 diffusion coefficients and initial fluorocarbon pressure on aging behavior. Experimental data are given showing the wide range of aging behavior found with commercial foams, and possible improvements in retarding aging are indicated.
Interferences in the Wet Chemical Analysis of Combustion Retardants in Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Day M. , Suprunchuk T. , Wiles D.M.
Published: March 2007

A quantitative volumetric analytical technique to evaluate the concentrations of borax and boric acid in combus tion retarded cellulose insulation has been evaluated, and the in terference by aluminum sulphate in the determinations investi gated.
Heat-of-Adsorption Solar Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Ucar Manas , Pounder Bruce
Published: March 2007

The storage of solar thermal energy has been a subject of extensive study for many years. Various storage concepts have been extensively investigated. However, little research has been done on energy storage in the heat-of- adsorption of chemical compounds. Zeolite is, perhaps, the only substance that has been studied for its heat-of- adsorption properties (1).

A recent proposal utilizes the hygroscopic properties of sodium sulfide for thermal storage (2). Sodium sulfide has a storage capacity of 3600 kJ per kilogram. The system is economically desirable as sodium sulfide costs a mere $0.27 per kilogram (3).

Experimental research has been continuing for a year on the feasibility of the system. The performance of the model has been reasonably close to the expected level. It is believed that further work can raise the storage temperatures to levels suitable for space heating and other low temperature ap plications. This system has two problems: 1) the salt has to be under vacuum, 2) the chemical odor in the vacuum pump exhaust.

A new conceptual design has been developed that eliminates the problem of odor and the need for a vacuum pump.
Heat and Mass Transfer in Fibrous Insulations
Authors: Langlais C. , Klarsfeld S.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a synthesis of the various research projects studied by our research laboratory over the period 1974 to 1982 on the general topic of moisture.

The various points covered by these projects, concerning exclusively mineral fiber insulations, are:

• water vapor fixation mechanisms

• vapor-barrier

• moisture effect on heat transfer

As a result of this work, we are able to assess that:

• glass fibrous insulations with currently used binders are not hygroscopic

• the vapor-barrier may be omitted in numerous applications

• the effect of moisture on the thermal resistance of fibrous insulations can be considered as negligible in most building applications.
Thermal Transmittance of Concrete Block Walls with Core Insulation
Authors: Van Geem Martha G.
Published: March 2007

Thermal transmittance values (U-values) of concrete block walls, with and without core insulation, tested at three laboratories are summarized. Insulations were perlite, vermiculite, expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads, and EPS inserts.

Measured U-values are compared to values calculated using the isothermal planes method. For empty core concrete block walls with known concrete thermal conduc tivity, measured U-values were within 10% of calculated values. However, for walls with core insulation, measured U-values differed by 0% to 40% from calculated values.

Sensitivity of wall thermal transmittance to changes in block configuration, con crete thermal conductivity, and fill thermal conductivity is discussed.
The Thermal Resistance of Spray-Applied Fiber Insulations
Authors: Yarbrough D.W. , Graves R.S. , Mcelroy D.L. , Desjarlais A.O. , Tye R.P.
Published: March 2007

The thermal resistances of four cellulosic and three mineral fiber spray-applied m- sulations have been determined using the flat Nichrome screen-heater apparatus de veloped at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Measurements were also made at Dynatech Scientific, Inc., on two of the same specimens of the cellulosic material and one similar specimen of the same mineral fiber product using conventional guarded hot plate and heat flow meter apparatuses.

The experimental data obtained at ORNL were used to calculate R-values at 75°F from data obtained in the range 81 to 133 ° F The R-values obtained at Dynatech in cluded measurements at 75°F as well as measurements from 50 to 100°F for cellu losic insulations and 25 to 150°F for a mineral fiber insulation. The results from the two laboratories for the thermal resistance of identical specimens of spray-applied cellulose agreed to better than 1% while the agreement on similar specimens of a spray-applied mineral fiber insulation differed by less than 3%.

The data discussed in this paper include spray-applied insulations that span the density range 1 to 8 lb/ft3 and the results show that material R -values for the spray- applied products can be predicted to within ± 10%, using correlations for the ap parent thermal conductivities of loose-fill insulation of the same type and density. They show further that existing plate and similar longitudinal heat flow methods are most appropriate for evaluating the performance of these types of materials.
Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Date Palm Leaves
Authors: Al-Juruf R.S. , Ahmed F.A. , Alam I.A. , Abdel-Rahman H.H.
Published: March 2007

The work presented in this paper aims at measuring the thermal conductivity of date palm leaves, plentiful and cheap, which would be used in obtaining thermal in sulating products for buildings. The paper illustrates how the leaves are prepared and tested using an experimental and a mathematical technique Test results have revealed that date palm leaves have low thermal conductivities.
Flame-Retarded, Rigid PUR Foams with a Low Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Wiedermann R.E. , Adam N. , Kaufung R.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines and discusses various ways of reducing the initial thermal conductivity value of PUR foams and slowing down the rate at which it rises. The initial value for thermal conductivity is shown to depend basically on cell size, and not on the type of raw materials system. In order to obtain a low initial value, the cells of the foam must be as small as possible.

In order to investigate the rate at which thermal conductivity increases-in other words the ageing phenomenon—both the pressure and the composition of gas in the cells were determined. Two factors are shown to be responsible for increasing ther mal conductivity:

1. Permeation of air

2. Reduced R11 concentration of the gas in the cells as a result of ad- or absorption to the cell structure

During the investigation period of 12 months, however, there was virtually no measurable reduction in R11 concentration in the foam.

It was found that different raw materials had a considerable effect on air permea tion in the cells. Foams containing the following components exhibit little air permeation: toluene diisocyanate, aromatic aminopolyethers, phosphoros and halogen-containing flame retardants. An attempt was made to calculate thermal con ductivity from the change in the composition of gas in the cells. The calculations were then compared with actual measurements. With our new foam we couldn't find a loss of chlorofluorocarbon in the ageing process.
The Effects of Water as a Partial Blowing Agent for Rigid PUR and PUR/PIR Foams
Authors: Cunningham A. , Rosbotham I.D. , Sparrow D.J. , Brown R.K. , Galbraith C.J.
Published: March 2007

Trichlorofluoromethane, CFC-11, is the predominant blowing agent used for rigid PUR and PUR/PIR insulation foams. The low thermal conductivity of CFC-11 provides these products with excellent insulation properties. But, it is now known that future supplies of CFC-11 may be limited and possibly eliminated as a consequence of international regulation. New, hydro-chloro-fluorocarbons (HCFCs) are under development and evaluation, with HCFC-141b and HCFC-123 emerging as the front runners to replace CFC-11. However, neither product is ex pected to be commercially available for several years. In the meantime, it is expected that regulation, in combmation with industry growth, will cause a real shortage of CFC blowing agent available for foam blowing.

Water blowing of polyurethane foams has been used to a limited extent for a num ber of applications. Therefore, it was concluded that increasing the level of water blowing in PUR and PUR/PIR foams offered the most promising short term solution to extending future supplies of CFC-11. This paper discusses the use of water blow ing for a number of rigid foam applications including appliances and lamination boardstock. Information obtained from both laboratory and commercial production experience is presented. It is shown how careful optimization of all formulating ele ments involved can, in some cases, result in no loss in the foam insulation efficiency even with up to 40% reduction of CFC-11 usage.
Evaluations of HCFC-123 and HCFC-141b as Potential Blowing Agents for Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Rigid Foam Laminate Insulation
Authors: Kennedy E.E. , Lin C.Y. , Bhattacharjee D.
Published: March 2007

Trichlorofluoromethane, commonly called CFC-11, is the primary blowing agent used in the production of polyurethane (PUR) or polyisocyanurate (PIR) rigid foams for laminate insulation. CFC-11 is also a member of a class of chlo rofluorocarbons called "hard CFC's," which are believed to contribute to the destruc tion of the earth's protective ozone layer located in the stratosphere above the Antarc tic. Two possible CFC-11 replacements for rigid laminate insulation production with lower ozone depletion potentials than CFC-11 have been identified. They are CF3CHCL2 (HCFC-123) and CCL2FCH3 (HCFH-141b). Many properties of the foam contribute to the overall effectiveness of the laminated insulation product when applied as part of a roof or in a sheathing application Some of these properties in clude foam density, compressive strength, dimensional stability, thermal conductiv ity, and performance in specified flammability tests (ASTM-E84 or UL-723). In order to be a viable replacement for CFC-11, utilizing current laminate chemistry and processing technology, HCFC-123 or HCFC-141b must produce foams that give equivalent or better values than CFC-11 blown foams for the properties listed above. Continuous laminate production evaluations of HCFC-123 abd HCFC-141b were conducted at the North Haven Laboratories of The Dow Chemical Company in a typical rigid laminate formulation to determine the viability of these chemicals as replacement blowing agents of CFC-11. These evaluations included a control run of 100% CFC-11 and blends of HCFC-123 or HCFC-141b with CFC-11. Analyses include reactivity profiles, physical property measurements, initial and aged thermal conductivities, and flammability performance as measured by the UL-723 Tunnel Test.
The Diffusion and Permeation of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-114, HCFC-22, and FC-14 through Polymer Films —The Relevance to Insulation Foams
Authors: Brandreth Dale A. , Mukherjee Partha S.
Published: March 2007

The diffusion coefficients and permeabilities of CCl3F, CCl 2F2, C2Cl2F4, CHClF 2, and CF4 through thin films of Elvax® 3137 ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, Surlyn® 1652 ionomer, Alathon® PE 5753 polyethylene, and Mylar® LBT polyester were determined in the temperature range 0 to 40°C in a typical per meation cell. The degree of crystallinity of each polymer as determined by X-ray scattering was used to aid the interpretation of results. Activation energies for diffu sion and permeation in these systems were calculated. The two most important fac tors in determining diffusivities and permeabilities in these systems are the molecular interaction between polymer and penetrant and the degree of crystallinity of the polymer. The molecular size of the diffusing molecules is a lesser factor in the systems studied.
An Evaluation of the Dow Thermal Performance Prediction Model for a Database of XEPS/CFC-12 Aged Resistivity and Physical Properties
Authors: Booth J. Richard
Published: March 2007

For a number of years, The Dow Chemical Company has been using a semi-empirical model for predicting long-term insulation performance for the quality assurance process of STYROFOAM* Brand Insulation Board.

The predictive capability of this model will be compared against aged samples. These results are selected from a database of resistivity measured on extruded polystyrene boards manufactured with CFC-12 as the captive blowing agent

In addition to the resistivity, other physical properties that are typically used for product specification and quality assurance are included in the database

The key features, input data, computer hardware requirements and limitations of this performance model are described in relation to the input data range and addi tional data (e.g., other than foam properties) that are required to run the model.

The predictive performance was demonstrated for two stages of the aging process (the air influx and blowing agent emission) for samples varying in thickness from 1 to 6 inches. The overall relative standard deviation from the prediction-measurement regression was 2.5 percent, while thermal resistivity varied from 44.4 to 30.5 m °K/W (6.4 to 4 4 ft2 hr °F/Btu in)
The Acceleration of Foam Aging by Thin-Slicing: Some Interpretations and Limitations
Authors: Bhattacharjee D. , Irwin P.W. , Booth J.R. , Grimes J.T.
Published: March 2007

Thin-slice accelerated aging methodologies have not been ag gressively pursued because of concerns about the reliability and applicability of the results. The use of gases such as helium, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, which diffuse rapidly and are only sparingly soluble in the polymer, may be used to obtain a diffu sion measurement in the foam matrix. These diffusion measurements provide a basis for examining the reliability of the scaling technique for more soluble blowing agents.

Results of numerical solutions of the diffusion equation suggest that there may be a thickness limit for thin-slicing, depending on cell size. The existence of this limit may be evaluated by examining the effects of slice thickness on the effective diffusion coefficients of the pure sparingly soluble gases in foam samples.

In this investigation, diffusion will be monitored by two different measurements: weight change (gain or loss) and thermal conductivity increase during air uptake and blowing agent loss. The effective diffusion coefficients from both measurements will be compared to demonstrate a consistent diffusion mechanism. Both polyurethane (PU) and polyurethane modified polyisocyanurate (PUIR) foams will be used for this demonstration. The goal is to show that thin-slice methodology balances the need for precise measurements with the desire for a significant reduction in testing time.

The desire for a significant reduction in testing times is particularly important as environmentally damaging blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons) are being replaced by less environmentally damaging blowing agents (such as the hydrochlorofluoro carbons HCFC-141b, HCFC-22 and HCFC-123). The effective diffusion coeffi cients of slices as thin as 0.0013 m agree with those up to 0.025 m thick, based on ad justed thermal conductivities for PUIR foams blown with CFC-11.
Discussion of Heat Flow Meter Apparatus Calibration and Traceability Issues for Thermal Conductivity Measurements
Authors: Scott J.A. , Bell R.W.
Published: March 2007

During a period where both North American and International product markets are opening, the issue of calibration traceability has become a sig mficant issue in the calibration of heat flow meters [1,2] used in thermal conductivity measurements on insulation materials. This paper will discuss the approach of the Production Support Services Laboratory of Owens Corning/Fiberglas Canada Inc. in addressing traceability to U.S., Canadian and International standards orgamza tions.

As a wide range of insulation products with varying thickness, density and R- values are tested in this laboratory, the calibration requirements may become quite elaborate. Included in this paper will be a techmcal discussion of the calibration stud ies and their findings performed on two different designs of heat flow meter appara tus. The calibration discussion is limited to a narrow temperature range typically used in the evaluation of insulation products to standard specifications.
Heat and Mass Transfer in Polyurethane Insulated District Cooling and Heating Pipes
Authors: Eriksson Daniel , Sundén Bengt
Published: March 2007

The heat and mass transfer in PUR insulated pipes used for dis trict cooling and district heating is studied. During the aging of the pipes, the blowing agent, in this study CO2 for the PUR foam will diffuse out through the casing and air components will diffuse into the foam. This diffusion will deterio rate the thermal properties of the insulation foam. For district cooling pipes, in ward diffusion and condensation of water vapor may occur which may increase the risk for corrosion, change the thermal properties, and affect leakage alarms. Theo retical models for mass and heat transfer are developed and solved numerically. The importance of the quality of the casing, the insulation thickness, the wall thickness of the casing, and the surrounding temperature is studied. Results for the diffusion process, thermal conductivity, and amount of condensed water are presented. The quality of the casing has a vital importance on the diffusion process. With a higher density of the casing, the diffusion process will be slower and the deterioration of the thermal properties become slower. The surrounding temperature, the insula tion thickness, and wall thickness of the casing are also of great importance. The amount of condensed water in the PUR foam is found to be very small during a pe riod of thirty years and will hardly affect the thermal performance or the leakage alarms.
An International Perspective on Assessing Baccalaureate Program Outcomes
Authors: Banta Trudy W. , Fisher Homer S.
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double- spaced typewritten pages in length.
The Role of Evaluation in Increasing the Usefulness of Employee Involvement Programs
Authors: Leonard Edwin C. , Miller Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evalua tion and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double- spaced typewritten pages in length.
Book Reviews : Resources Handbook on Performance Assessment and Measurement: A Tool for Students, Practitioners and Policy Makers, by Patricia Wheeler and Geneva Haertel. The Owl Press, Berkeley:1993, 216 pp
Authors: Abbott Kerry
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Dr. Byron R. Burnham (Associate Dean, Learning Resource Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4900; phone: 801-797-1637) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional lengths.
Book Reviews : The Handbook of Research Synthesis, edited by Harris Cooper and Larry V. Hedges. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994, 573 pp
Authors: Richards John D.
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Dr. Byron R. Burnham (Associate Dean, Learning Resource Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4900; phone: 801-797-1637) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional lengths.
Evaluation Use: Theory, Research, and Practice Since 1986
Authors: Shulha Lyn M. , Cousins J. Bradley
Published: March 2007

As part of a larger effort by members of the American Evaluation Association (AEA) Topical Interest Group on Evaluation Use (TIG- EU), we undertook an extensive review and synthesis of literature in evaluation use published since 1986. We observe several recent developments in theory, research and practice arising from this literature. These developments include: the rise of considerations of context as critical to understanding and explaining use; identification of process use as a significant consequence of evaluation activity; expansion of conceptions of use from the individual to the Lyn M. Shulha organization level; and diversification of the role of the evaluator to facilitator, planner and educator/trainer. In addition, understanding misutlilization has emerged as a significant focus for theory and to a limited extent, research. The article concludes with a summary of contemporary issues, particularly with regard to their implications for evaluation practice.
The Myth of the “Military Model” of Leadership in Law Enforcement
Authors: Cowper Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Law enforcement is generally understood to be a paramilitary pursuit based on a specific “military model” of leadership and organization. This article analyzes the so-called military model in law enforcement and dispels the notion that police officers and their departments are patterned after the real military. It draws on the author's personal experience as well as on historical works and military doctrinal publications. It illustrates the problems caused within policing by the false assumptions about military leadership, structure, and doctrine and then outlines the potential benefits to policing of a more correct understanding and application of valid military concepts and methodologies.
Police Academy Training: Why Hasn'T It Kept Up With Practice?
Authors: Bradford David , Pynes Joan E.
Published: March 2007

The movement toward community-oriented policing and problem-solving policing has required the development of new police officer competencies. However, police academy training has changed very little in the past 20 years. The authors recommend that police academies move beyond task analyses and the traditional components and include training in the skills necessary to be effective community-oriented and problem-solving police officers. Increased time should be spent on police recruits developing problem-solv ing, interpersonal, and decision-making skills. The authors encourage the readers to provide some additional training and curriculum suggestions.
Basic Science Research in Pain
Authors: Garrett Normalynn
Published: March 2007

Pain is not simply a physiologic event, but a dynamic process that involves continuous interaction among complex systems. Nurses have the unique disciplinary background to envision the pain process within the context of the whole dynamic human being. Understanding the human condition in this holistic manner prepares nurses to develop clinically relevant research questions. Many of these research questions can best be answered initially through basic science research. Basic science research by a nurse will be distinct from other disciplines from the inception of the hypothesis through the conclusions drawn to the delineation of areas for further research. This article provides a few examples of basic science research in the area of pain by nurse researchers. The research includes both cellular and animal models and describes the relationship of the research to clinical practice. Patient care will ultimately benefit from clinically relevant research whether the methodology used is basic science or other methods.
Resistance Exercise Training Attenuates Wasting of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle in Mice Bearing the Colon-26 Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Al-Majid Sadeeka , McCarthy Donna O.
Published: March 2007

Progressive wasting of skeletal muscle is a significant side effect of malignancy. Perturbations in protein metabolism contribute to this state of wasting. Resistance exercise increases protein synthesis and mass of healthy muscles and counteracts muscle wasting associated with several catabolic conditions. It is not known whether resistance exercise training can counteract cancer-induced muscle wasting. This study examined the effect of resistance exercise training on muscle mass and protein content in 9 mice bearing the colon-26 adenocarcinoma. The dorsiflexor (extensor digitorum longus [EDL] and tibialis anterior) and plantar flexor (soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius) muscles of 1 leg of the tumor-bearing and the control mice were stimulated to contract eccentrically and concentrically, respectively, using an electrical stimulation protocol consisting of 10 sets of 6 repetitions per session. The muscles were stimulated on alternate days for a total of 8 sessions. The weight and protein content of the stimulated EDL muscle in the tumorbearing mice were significantly higher (62% and 25%, respectively) than those of the nonstimulated EDL. Training did not have significant effects on the weight or protein content of the other muscles of the tumorbearing mice, nor did it have significant effects on the muscles of the controls. These findings demonstrated that resistance training attenuated cancer-induced muscle wasting and protein depletion in the EDL muscle. The lack of an effect of the same training protocol on the ED Lmuscle in the control mice suggests that the amount and intensity of exercise training that is adequate to attenuate muscle wasting may not be adequate to induce hypertrophy of healthy muscles.
Stability of Respiratory Quotient and Growth Outcomes of Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Steward Deborah K. , Pridham Karen F.
Published: March 2007

Nutritional management of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants involves promoting growth at rates that mimic intrauterine rates. Nutritional intake at the recommended energy level to promote growth results in fat accretion at levels that exceed intrauterine rates for fat accretion. The respiratory quotient (RQ), the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed during oxidation, provides a measure of the percentage of substrates used for energy. An RQ of greater than 0.9 indicates carbohydrate is used to meet energy needs, allowing the majority of fat intake to be stored as newtissue. The purpose of this study was to examine the stability of the RQ across time in relation to nutritional intake and growth in VLBW infants. Subjects were 9 enterally fed VLBW infants. Measurements to determine the RQ were obtained weekly for 3 weeks by indirect calorimetry. Nutritional intake and growth velocity were examined. There was no significant difference in the RQ across 3 weeks. The mean (± SD ) RQs for each of the 3 weeks were 1.08 (± 0.04), 1.06 (± 0.05), and 1.06 (± 0.07), respectively. No significant differences were found across the 3 weeks for any of the macronutrient variables. Growth velocity for the period was 15.7 g/kg/day. By discharge from the NICU, 66% of the infants had weights less than the 10th percentile on an intrauterine growth reference. An RQ greater than 1.0 indicates VLBW infants are depositing excess fat. However, increased accretion rates of fat did not improve the growth outcomes of these VLBW infants.
Encounters
Authors: Hunt Ian
Published: March 2007

The photographs by the British artist Roger Palmer, illustrated in this issue, take us to places such as South Africa, Canada, Scotland and Ireland, but in ways quite distinct from photojournalism. Palmer uses shallow spatial arrangements and a dialogue with many forms of art -- his own wall drawings, vernacular art, abstract art and also western European painting --to make unpeopled images that imply some of the difficulties of cultural negotiation. The viewer is placed in an encounter with surfaces, reflections, traces of wear and tear from passing humans and signs that they have left, both legible and illegible.
The Upside of the Downside
Authors: Simpson Peter , French Robert , Vince Russ
Published: March 2007

In this paper we suggest that it is important in management education to work with the defensive dynamics in learning groups. Through a consideration of the dynamics within complex systems, we argue that the ways in which these defensive dynamics are worked with may determine the levels of learning attained. This work requires a recognition that defensive dynamics within groups can limit learning, an awareness of the nature of such dynamics, and skill in adopting appropriate strategies in relation to them. Both staff and learners can contribute to this work.
The Construction of `Communities of Practice' in the Management of Innovation
Authors: Swan Jack , Scarbrough Harry , Robertson Maxine
Published: March 2007

Communities of practice have been identified as playing a critical role in the promotion of learning and innovation in organizations. Yet, while innovation may be facilitated within communities of practice, radical innovations frequently occur at the interstices across communities. Here, the performative advantages of communities of practice are less clear. Moreover, while it has been suggested that managers play a critical role in constructing, aligning or supporting communities of practice, there is little empirical evidence for these assertions. This article contributes to these debates on the construction of communities of practice and their role in the innovation process. It does this through a case study of a radical innovation for the treatment of prostate cancer. The case focuses on Medico-the company that manufactured a product for the new treatment-and explores attempts by managers to construct a new `community of practice' as a vehicle for innovation. While the case highlights attempts by managers to construct communities as `social objects', it also underlines the shift in management strategies and practices associated with such a construction. Faced with powerful professions, and limited organizational support, managers employed a strategy centred on constructing a community focused on the disease (rather than the product) using `community of practice' as a rhetorical device to enrol key professionals and to mobilize and legitimize changes in work practice. Thus community building reflected managers' lack of power to intensify innovation by other means.
Management Education for the Changing International Environment
Authors: Hutton John
Published: March 2007

Today's managers should be well acquainted with world events, for the operation of the enterprise can no longer be understood in isolation from them. Post-experience management development programmes can provide excellent opportunities for the exposure of managers to the inter national environment. Syndicate work, action-based projects, expert opin ion and case studies can be effective ways for managers to increase both their general knowledge and their sensitivity to such major world issues as population, food, energy, international finance, technology, the multi national firm, religion and ideology. Diversity of culture and background amongst managers on an international management education programme is a prerequisite for the development of international insights and helps them to focus on the central human values underlying the operation of business and government.
Issues in Practice: The Education and Development of Overseas Managers
Authors: Seddon John W.
Published: March 2007

The development of managers in 'Third World' or 'Less Developed Countries', whether through institutions or agents of Western countries, has tended to be conducted in a similar way to that of development in the host country. While practitioners demonstrate an awareness of culture as an issue, little, in effect, is done to modify methods. Culture is treated more as an obstacle to be overcome than an issue of importance to the future development of the organisations.
Organizational Learning
Authors: Hawkins Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the current state of development in the field of Organizational Learning and looks at the current state of its development. By drawing parallels with other approaches to organizational development, some of the traps and pitfalls for the further development of this field are illustrated. This is followed by a resume of the important writings and thinking in the field. Finally the author proposes an agenda for the further development of Organizational Learning both in theory and in practice.
How Do I Improve the Quality of My Management?
Authors: Whitehead Jack
Published: March 2007

Action research approaches to professional development have had a greater influence in education and health care than in business management. This paper describes and analyses a joint initiative between a university school of education and a school of management to offer a programme of participatory action research to assist senior, local authority managers to improve the quality of their management. From practical questions of the kind, `How do I improve the quality of my management practices and processes?', and drawing on issues concerning local government studies, critical social policy and public policy and administration, it is argued that management researchers can use their experience of market forces to create a new, living form of management theory for understanding and protecting the values of educational management in the workplace.
Between Experience and Knowledge
Authors: Sims David , Morgan Eleanor , Nicholls John , Clarke Ken , Harris John
Published: March 2007

Much has been written on what is taught in MBA courses, and legs on how it is taught and the kinds of learning that are encouraged. This paper offers an analysis of different types of learning and their place within an MBA programme; it considers some of the dilemmas for staff and students between analogue and digital learning; between learning about ideas and learning how to do things; between learning about techniques and learning how to learn; and between learning by acquaintance and learning by description. Within these dilemmas it considers the connection between the experience that managers bring to an MBA course, the frameworks and theories that are offered to them within the course, and the merged knowledge and experience that they take from the course, which should enable them to learn more rapidly from experience in the future. The paper describes one particular educational device that has proved effective in enabling MBA students to integrate their knowledge and experience.
Is Self-Development the Key to the Future?
Authors: Stansfield Lynda M.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores participants' subjective experiences of a management skill development programme. The programme incorporates self-managed and experiential learning methods. The study monitored the progress of samples of participants drawn from two cohorts of learners, examining their experiences in detail. The programme introduces and develops key independent learning skills, and had already attracted one of the highest student satisfaction ratings in its first two years of operation (see Stansfield, 1995a). This part of the study concentrated on feelings and emotions, which were wide-ranging from excitement to cynicism. Attention focused upon the conflict between study and other demands, the role of the tutor, the acceptability of peer feedback, the nature of assessment, small group working and perceived equity between effort and outcome. A tentative model of the responsive self-developer is proposed, together with suggestions for improvements to the cognitive and support structures needed to facilitate effective self-development.
Emotions and Unlearning in Amway Recruiting Techniques
Authors: Pratt Michael G. , Barnett Carole K.
Published: March 2007

Based on an ethnography of recruiting methods, this article explains why Amway distributors attempt to generate strong and conflicting emotions among recruits (i.e. ambivalence) to facilitate learning. Case data are used to construct a three-stage model of the full unlearning and relearning cycle that is triggered by felt ambivalence. Thus, emotion is seen as a core element in changing the cognitions and behaviors of individuals and organizations. The micro- and macro-level implications of bridging the research on emotion and learning theories are discussed.
The Many Faces of Action Learning
Authors: Marsick Victoria J. , O’Neil Judy
Published: March 2007

Action Learning draws its roots from different philosophies of learning and change, which in turn, influence its design and practice. This article identifies common factors and differences among three different ‘schools’ of practice (Scientific, Experiential and Critical Reflection). It then distinguishes Action Learning from the other action approaches in this volume.