bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of infants delivered by mothers with HIV in Guangxi, China: An 18‐month longitudinal follow‐up study, 2015–2021
Authors: Zhao Jiangyang , Zhang Lingling , Li Linlin , Xie Xiaohua , Li Jianjun , Wei Yuchen , Feng Yuanyuan , Huang Aidan , Huang Haifeng , Qin Qinghua
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV has been a global success. But little is known about the growth parameters of infants delivered by mothers with HIV or the drug resistance of infants with HIV in China. The study aimed to assess growth parameters and drug resistance in Chinese infants exposed to HIV.

Methods

We conducted an 18‐month longitudinal follow‐up study of 3283 infants (3222 without HIV; 61 with HIV) born to mothers with HIV in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region between January 2015 and December 2021. The weight and length of all participants was recorded. In addition, genetic subtypes and drug resistance analysis were performed for infants with HIV.

Results

Compared with infants without HIV, those with HIV had significantly lower weight/length Z‐scores, except at 18 months of age. The length/age Z‐scores of infants with HIV was significantly reduced, except at 1 month of age. The weight/age Z‐scores of infants with HIV were significantly lower at all follow‐up time points. The weight/length Z‐scores of male infants without HIV were significantly lower than for female infants without HIV at all follow‐up time points. Male infants without HIV had lower length/age and weight/age Z‐scores than female infants at the remaining follow‐up points, except at 1 month of age. Of a total of 61 infants with HIV, subtype and drug‐resistance data were obtained from 37 (60.66%) samples. Infants with HIV were dominated by the CRF01_AE genotype and showed a diversity of mutation sites dominated by non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates the growth of infants exposed to HIV in southwest China and provides detailed information on subtype distribution and drug resistance of those with HIV. Nutritional support and drug‐resistance surveillance for infants exposed to HIV need to be strengthened.
Prevalence and virulence factors of haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root filled teeth associated with periradicular lesions: A laboratory investigation in Thailand
Authors: Thammasitboon Kewalin , Teanpaisan Rawee , Pahumunto Nuntiya
Published: March 2024

Aim

Previous endodontic research has provided limited understanding of the prevalence and roles of haemolytic and non‐haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis strains in root filled teeth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these strains in root filled teeth with periradicular lesions and investigate their associated virulence factors.

Methodology

A total of 36 root canal samples were collected from 36 subjects. The prevalence of E. faecalis was determined using culture and PCR methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of haemolytic and non‐haemolytic E. faecalis strains was assessed using the broth dilution assay. The cytokine stimulation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and neutrophil migration were evaluated using real‐time PCR and migration assay, respectively. Cell invasion ability of the strains was assessed using a cell culture model. Additionally, the virulence gene expression of the haemolytic and non‐haemolytic strains was investigated using real‐time PCR. The Mann–Whitney U and Spearman's ρ tests were used to examine the significant difference between the two strains and to analyse the correlation between phenotype and gene expression, respectively.

Results

Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 33.3% and 88.9% of samples by culture and real‐time PCR, respectively. Haemolytic strains were found in 36.4% of subjects. Non‐haemolytic strains exhibited susceptibility to erythromycin and varying susceptibility to tetracycline, while all haemolytic strains were resistant to both antibiotics. Haemolytic strains significantly upregulated the expression of IL‐8, OPG and RANKL in PDL cells (p < .05). Notably, the fold increases in these genes were higher: IL‐8 (556.1 ± 82.9 vs. 249.6 ± 81.8), OPG (2.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2) and RANKL (1.8 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1). Furthermore, haemolytic strains had a greater effect on neutrophil migration (68.7 ± 15.2% vs. 46.9 ± 11.4%) and demonstrated a higher level of internalization into oral keratinocyte cells (68.6 ± 0.4% vs. 33.8 ± 0.5%) (p < .05). They also showed enhanced expression of virulence genes associated with haemolysin, surface proteins, collagen‐binding and aggregation substances. Gelatinase activity was only detectable in non‐haemolytic strains.

Conclusions

This study revealed that haemolytic strains E. faecalis possessed enhanced abilities in host invasion and a higher abundance of virulence factors, suggesting their potential contribution to more severe disease manifestations.
Convenient preparation of calcium hexaluminate based castables with low thermal conductivity and sufficient strength
Authors: Yang Haizhen , Luo Wei , Xia Yufeng , Ding Cuijiao , Zhao Yi , Xiang Yunpan , Yuan Wenjie
Published: March 2024

Calcium hexaaluminate (CA6) based castables with low thermal conductivity and sufficient strength were conveniently prepared by foaming and incorporating alumina bubbles. The pores are derived from stabilizing the liquid foams by the surfactant (air‐entraining agent) and hollow structure of alumina bubbles. The thermal and physical properties of CA6 based castables depended on the approaches producing pores as well as their quantity, morphology, and distribution. CA6 based castables with the thermal conductivity of .384–.491 W/(m∙K) tested at 800°C and the cold crushing strength of 49.4–99.5 MPa after firing at 1 300°C, exhibited promising application prospects as insulation linings used for the skid post and beam in the reheating furnace.
Inferring current and Last Glacial Maximum distributions are improved by physiology‐relevant climatic variables in cold‐adapted ectotherms
Authors: Guillon Michaël , Martínez‐Freiría Fernando , Lucchini Nahla , Ursenbacher Sylvain , Surget‐Groba Yann , Kageyama Masa , Lagarde Frédéric , Cubizolle Hervé , Lourdais Olivier
Published: March 2024

Aim

Ecological niche‐based models (ENM) frequently rely on bioclimatic variables (BioV) to reconstruct biogeographic scenarios for species evolution, ignoring mechanistic relations. We tested if climatic predictors relevant to species hydric and thermal physiology better proximate distribution patterns and support location of Pleistocene refugia derived from phylogeographic studies.

Location

The Western Palaearctic.

Taxon

Vipera berus and Zootoca vivipara, two cold‐adapted species.

Methods

We used two sets of variables, that is physiologically meaningful climatic variables (PMV) and BioV, in a multi‐algorithm ENM approach, to compare their ability to predict current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) species ranges. We estimated current and LGM permafrost extent to address spatially the cold hardiness dissimilarity between both species.

Results

PMV explained more accurately the current distribution of these two cold‐adapted species and identified the importance of summer temperature and solar radiation that constrain activity in cold habitats. PMV also provide a better insight than BioV predictors on LGM distribution. By including notably, the permafrost extent, PMV‐based models gave parsimonious putative arrangement and validity of refugia for each clade and subclade in accordance with phylogeographic data. Northern refugia were also identified from 48 to 52° N for V. berus and from 50 to 54° N for Z. vivipara.

Main Conclusions

Our hybrid approach based on PMV generated more realistic predictions for both current (biogeographical validation) and past distributions (phylogeographic validation). By combining constraints during the activity period (summer climatic niche) and those inherent to the wintering period (freeze tolerance), we managed to identify glacial refuges in agreement with phylogeographic hypotheses concerning post‐glacial routes and colonization scenarios.
Determination of chemical markers affecting the occurrence of Panolis flammea Den. & Shiff.
Authors: Rzyska Katarzyna , Szwajkowska‐Michałek Lidia , Przybylska‐Balcerek Anna , Kuźmiński Robert , Świerk Dariusz , Krzyżaniak Michał , Szablewski Tomasz , Cegielska‐Radziejewska Renata , Stuper‐Szablewska Kinga
Published: March 2024

The research conducted so far on the chemical mechanisms of trees' defence against foliophages has not uncovered the chemical compounds biosynthesized by plants that are essential for these mechanisms. The objective of this study was to identify a chemical indicator for the presence of the pine beauty moth in Pinus sylvestris stands. Fresh needled shoots were collected from the crowns of pine trees in stands where the pine beauty moth tends to occur in large numbers, as well as from control stands. Total phenolic contents, total flavonoids contents, total chlorophyll content, terpene compounds, phenolic compound concentration, LMWOAs, sugar content, and colour analysis were conducted. Chlorophyll content, the presence of Panolis flammea in forest stands, and the colour of pine needles were discovered to be related. Variable L* correlated positively with the concentrations of chlorophyll a and b. In pine needles that were not attacked by the pine beauty moth, significantly higher concentrations of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, quercitin, and rutin were found, with the first compound having the most significant effect (4‐hydroxybenzoic acid). Based on the study results, the connected compounds in pine needles make them susceptible to insect attack. In addition, insect repellent programmes were mentioned.
Mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with tenofovir or entecavir: A multinational study
Authors: Jang Tyng‐Yuan , Liang Po‐Cheng , Jun Dae Won , Jung Jang Han , Toyoda Hidenori , Wang Chih‐Wen , Yuen Man‐Fung , Cheung Ka Shing , Yasuda Satoshi , Kim Sung Eun , Yoon Eileen L , An Jihyun , Enomoto Masaru , Kozuka Ritsuzo , Chuma Makoto , Nozaki Akito , Ishikawa Toru , Watanabe Tsunamasa , Atsukawa Masanori , Arai Taeang , Hayama Korenobu , Ishigami Masatoshi , Cho Yong Kyun , Ogawa Eiichi , Kim Hyoung Su , Shim Jae‐Jun , Uojima Haruki , Jeong Soung Won , Ahn Sang Bong , Takaguchi Koichi , Senoh Tomonori , Buti Maria , Vargas‐Accarino i Elena , Abe Hiroshi , Takahashi Hirokazu , Inoue Kaori , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Dai Chia‐Yen , Huang Jee‐Fu , Huang Chung‐Feng , Chuang Wan‐Long , Nguyen Mindie H , Yu Ming‐Lung
Published: March 2024

Background and Aim

The benefits of entecavir (ETV) versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in reducing the development of chronic hepatitis B (CHB)‐related hepatocellular carcinoma remain controversial. Whether mortality rates differ between patients with CHB treated with ETV and those treated with TDF is unclear.

Methods

A total of 2542 patients with CHB treated with either ETV or TDF were recruited from a multinational cohort. A 1:1 propensity score matching was performed to balance the differences in baseline characteristics between the two patient groups. We aimed to compare the all‐cause, liver‐related, and non‐liver‐related mortality between patients receiving ETV and those receiving TDF.

Results

The annual incidence of all‐cause mortality in the entire cohort was 1.0/100 person‐years (follow‐up, 15 757.5 person‐years). Patients who received TDF were younger and had a higher body mass index, platelet count, hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid levels, and proportion of hepatitis B e‐antigen seropositivity than those who received ETV. The factors associated with all‐cause mortality were fibrosis‐4 index > 6.5 (hazard ratio [HR]/confidence interval [CI]: 3.13/2.15–4.54, P < 0.001), age per year increase (HR/CI: 1.05/1.04–1.07, P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase level per U/L increase (HR/CI: 0.997/0.996–0.999, P = 0.003), and γ‐glutamyl transferase level per U/L increase (HR/CI: 1.002/1.001–1.003, P < 0.001). No significant difference in all‐cause mortality was observed between the ETV and TDF groups (log–rank test, P = 0.69). After propensity score matching, no significant differences in all‐cause, liver‐related, or non‐liver‐related mortality were observed between the two groups.

Conclusions

Long‐term outcomes of all‐cause mortality and liver‐related and non‐liver‐related mortality did not differ between patients treated with ETV and those receiving TDF.
Retentiveness of rare earth elements in garnet with implications for garnet Lu‐Hf chronology
Authors: Smit Matthijs A. , Vrijmoed Johannes C. , Scherer Erik E. , Mezger Klaus , Kooijman Ellen , Schmitt‐Kielman Melanie , Tual Lorraine , Guilmette Carl , Ratschbacher Lothar
Published: March 2024

Incorporation of rare earth elements (REE) in garnet enables garnet chronology (Sm‐Nd, Lu‐Hf), and imparts a garnet‐stable signature on cogenetic phases, which allows petrochronology and general petrogenetic tracing of garnet stability in minerals and melts. Constraints on the uptake and redistribution mechanisms, as well as on the diffusive behaviour of REE in garnet are required for allowing accurate interpretation of REE signatures and ages. Garnet REE profiles are often measured to gain insight into the nature and cause of REE zoning. Interpretation of such profiles is nevertheless complicated by poor constraints on the extent of diffusive relaxation. This is especially relevant for Lu, which, according to experiments, has a relatively high diffusivity and thus may re‐equilibrate with possible consequences for Lu‐Hf chronology. To provide new insight into the REE systematics of garnet, we applied quantitative trace‐element mapping of garnet grains from metamorphic rocks that record peak temperatures above 750°C and cooling rates as low as 1.5°C Ma−1. Garnet in all samples preserves Rayleigh‐type or oscillatory growth zoning with sharply defined interfacial angles that match the garnet habit. Re‐equilibration of REE compositions appears restricted to domains with nebulous and patchy zoning, which likely form by interface‐coupled dissolution and re‐precipitation reactions mediated by fluids or melts, rather than REE volume diffusion. The possible effect of Lu diffusion in the analysed grains was investigated by comparing the observations to the results from 2D numerical modelling using Lu diffusivities from recent diffusion experiments. This test indicates that Lu diffuses significantly slower in natural garnet than experiments predict. The retentiveness of REE in garnet demonstrates the reliability of REE signatures in magmatic tracing and petrochronology and establishes Lu‐Hf chronology as a robust means of dating garnet growth and recrystallization in metamorphic rocks, including those that underwent high‐ or ultrahigh‐temperature conditions.
The role of the beautician in reducing striae
Authors: Rusztowicz Monika , Chilicka Karolina , Gold Michael H. , Szyguła Renata , Wilczyński Sławomir , Błońska‐Fajfrowska Barbara
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Striae distensae are a permanent skin defect that can affect 50%–90% of the population. The appearance of the changes resembles spindle‐shaped skin bands. The skin in this area is wrinkled, thin and looks like a scar. Most often, the changes are found on the skin of the abdomen, buttocks, breasts, thighs, and back. The appearance of striae means that the skin in this area has no hair follicles, sebaceous, and sweat glands. This skin is flabby, not very elastic and, what is very characteristic, the pigmentation of the skin affected by striae is much lower than in healthy skin. Cosmetology in the 21st century is developing very dynamically, new technologies are being developed, new cosmetological devices are being created and combined with treatments that have been known for a long time. Today's science offers hope for people who have struggled with reducing striae for many years and nowadays, nothing is impossible.

Aims

The objective of this article is to provide information about cosmetological treatment used to reduce striae.

Methods

In this article, we reviewed the published literature, article published in peer‐reviewed journals.

Results

Today's cosmetology offers a wide range of numerous treatments, but the best results are achieved through a synergy of two or more treatments. But we should not forget that we should respond to each customer individually.

Conclusion

The striae are not a problem that should be ignored. The beauty therapist is able to reduce them and help the client to improve the appearance of their skin.
The impact of electronic and self‐rostering systems on healthcare organisations and healthcare workers: A mixed‐method systematic review
Authors: O'Connell Martina , Barry Jane , Hartigan Irene , Cornally Nicola , Saab Mohamad M.
Published: March 2024

Aim

To synthesise evidence from studies that explored the impact of electronic and self‐rostering systems to schedule staff on healthcare organisations and healthcare workers.

Design

Mixed‐method systematic review.

Methods

Studies were screened by two independent reviewers and data were extracted using standardised data extraction tables. The quality of studies was assessed, and parallel‐results convergent synthesis was conducted.

Data Sources

Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES were searched on January 3, 2023.

Results

Eighteen studies were included (10 quantitative descriptive studies, seven non‐randomised studies and one qualitative study). Studies examined two rostering interventions including self‐rostering (n = 12) and electronic rostering (n = 6). It was found that the implementation of electronic and self‐rostering systems for staff scheduling impacted positively on both, healthcare workers and healthcare organisations. Benefits included enhanced roster efficiency, staff satisfaction, greater control and empowerment, improved work‐life balance, higher staff retention and reduced turnover, decreased absence rates and enhanced healthcare efficiency. However, self‐rostering was found to be less equitable than fixed rostering, was associated with increased overtime, and correlated with a higher frequency of staff requests for shift changes.

Conclusion

The impact of electronic and self‐rostering systems to schedule staff on healthcare organisations and healthcare workers’ outcomes was predominantly positive. Further randomised controlled trials and longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate the long‐term impact of various rostering systems, including electronic and self‐rostering systems.

Implications for Healthcare

Rostering is a multifaceted responsibility for healthcare administrators, impacting patient care quality, workforce planning and healthcare expenditure.

Impact

Given that healthcare staffing costs constitute a substantial portion of global healthcare expenditure, efficient and strategic resource management, inclusive of healthcare staff rostering, is imperative.

Reporting Method

The 27‐item Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) checklist.

Patient or Public Contribution

No Patient or Public Contribution.
Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in the patients with advanced previously treated endometrial cancer: A cost‐effectiveness analysis in the United States and in China
Authors: Liao Xiaodong , Wu Yajing , Lin Dong , Gu Dian , Luo Shaohong , Huang Xiaoting , Xu Xiongwei , Weng Xiuhua , Lin Shen
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To investigate the cost‐effectiveness of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab (LP) compared to chemotherapy as a second‐line treatment for advanced endometrial cancer (EC) from the United States and Chinese payers' perspective.

Methods

In this economic evaluation, a partitioned survival model was constructed from the perspective of the United States and Chinese payers. The survival data were derived from the clinical trial (309‐KEYNOTE‐775), while costs and utility values were sourced from databases and published literature. Total costs, quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) were estimated. The robustness of the model was evaluated through sensitivity analyses, and price adjustment scenario analyses was also performed.

Results

Base‐case analysis indicated that LP wouldn't be cost‐effective in the United States at the WTP threshold of $200 000, with improved effectiveness of 0.75 QALYs and an additional cost of $398596.81 (ICER $531392.20). While LP was cost‐effective in China, with improved effectiveness of 0.75 QALYs and an increased overall cost of $62270.44 (ICER $83016.29). Sensitivity analyses revealed that the above results were stable. The scenario analyses results indicated that LP was cost‐effective in the United States when the prices of lenvatinib and pembrolizumab were simultaneously reduced by 61.95% ($26.5361/mg for lenvatinib and $19.1532/mg for pembrolizumab).

Conclusion

LP isn't cost‐effective in the patients with advanced previously treated endometrial cancer in the United States, whereas it is cost‐effective in China. The evidence‐based pricing strategy provided by this study could benefit decision‐makers in making optimal decisions and clinicians in general clinical practice. More evidence about budget impact and affordability for patients is needed.
Interview: A Childhood Story of Growth and Self‐Discovery: 20,000 Species of Bees
Authors: Genç Seray
Published: March 2024

Estibaliz Urresola Solaguren, born on May 4, 1984, in Llodio, Álava, is a film director, screenwriter, and producer from the Basque Country, Spain. Her works include the documentary “Voces de papel” (2016) and the short film “Cuerdas” (2022). However, it is her first feature film, “20,000 species of bees” (2023), that earned widespread acclaim and won awards at various film festivals. This film delves into the challenges faced by a family with a transgender girl, drawing inspiration from the tragic story of Ekai Lersundi. Urresola's aspiration was to evoke empathy for the struggles of transgender individuals, fueled by the hope for societal change. The film's compelling narrative revolves around 8‐year‐old Cocó's journey of self‐discovery, challenging societal expectations and prompting his mother, Ane, to confront her own doubts and fears during a transformative summer spent with family.
Family obligation in Chinese adolescents: Consequences and parental antecedents
Authors: Yang Beiming , Chen Bin‐Bin , Chen Xiaochen , Hu Zhan , Qu Yang
Published: March 2024

Adolescents' family obligation is a cultural strength that shows enduring prevalence in China. Given that the meaning of family obligation has undergone rapid changes in recent decades, it is crucial to examine the role of family obligation in adolescent adjustment in contemporary China. More importantly, although past research has investigated the consequences of family obligation on adolescents' adjustment, little is known about the antecedents of Chinese adolescents' family obligation. Using a two‐wave longitudinal sample of 450 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 13.78 years, SD = .71 years; 49% female) and their parents, the current research explored two questions. First, this study examined the role of family obligation in adolescents' academic achievement, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems over early adolescence. Second, this study explored the role of parents in predicting Chinese adolescents' family obligation, specifically whether parental expectations or parental acceptance was predictive of adolescents' family obligation over time. Third, this study investigated whether family obligation is an underlying mechanism between parenting and Chinese adolescents' adjustment. Results showed that Chinese adolescents' family obligation was longitudinally associated with increased academic achievement and reduced externalizing problems. Moreover, perceived parental acceptance, but not parental expectations, was longitudinally associated with Chinese adolescents' greater family obligation. Notably, family obligation mediated the longitudinal effect of parental acceptance on Chinese adolescents' externalizing problems. By studying both the consequences and antecedents of Chinese adolescents' family obligation, this study helps provide a comprehensive understanding of this cultural strength.
A photoresponsive recombinant human amelogenin‐loaded hyaluronic acid hydrogel promotes bone regeneration
Authors: Hsia Tung‐Liang , Lin Zhikai , Xia Yiru , Shu Rong , Xie Yufeng
Published: March 2024

Objectives

In order to evaluate the effect of methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) hydrogels containing the recombinant human amelogenin (rhAm) in vitro and in vivo.

Background

The ultimate goal in treating periodontal disease is to control inflammation and achieve regeneration of periodontal tissues. In recent years, methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) containing recombinant human amyloid protein (rhAm) has been widely used as a new type of biomaterial in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the periodontal regeneration effects of this hydrogel. This experiment aims to explore the application of photoresponsive recombinant human amelogenin‐loaded hyaluronic acid hydrogel for periodontal tissue regeneration and provide valuable insights into its potential use in this field.

Materials and Methods

The effects of rhAm‐HAMA hydrogel on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) were assessed using the CCK‐8 kit. The osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs was evaluated through ALP staining and real‐time PCR. Calvarial parietal defects were created in 4‐week‐old Sprague Dawley rats and implanted with deproteinized bovine bone matrix in different treatment groups. The animals were euthanized after 4 and 8 weeks of healing. The bone volume of the defect was observed by micro‐CT and histological analysis.

Results

Stimulating hPDLCs with rhAm‐HAMA hydrogel did not significantly affect their proliferation (p > .05). ALP staining and real‐time PCR results demonstrated that the rhAm‐HAMA group exhibited a significant upregulation of osteoclastic gene expression (p < .05). Micro‐CT results revealed a significant increase in mineralized tissue volume fraction (MTV/TV%), trabecular bone number (Tb.N), and mineralized tissue density (MTD) of the bone defect area in the rhAm‐HAMA group compared to the other groups (p < .05). The results of hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining at 8 weeks post‐surgery further supported the results of the micro‐CT.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate that rhAm‐HAMA hydrogel could effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs and stabilize bone substitutes in the defects that enhance the bone regeneration in vivo.
Assessment of the status of selected heavy metals in water, sediments and a fish species (Oreochromis niloticus) of commercial value in Lake Nakuru with a focus on human health risks
Authors: Nantongo Mary Florence , Edebe Joseph , Otachi Elick O. , Kipkemboi Julius
Published: March 2024

The present study presents selected water quality parameters and the levels of heavy metals in water, sediments and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) of Lake Nakuru. Nine sediments and nine water samples, as well as 30 specimens of Nile tilapia, were collected from the northern part of the lake. Physical parameters were measured in situ using multiple probes and metres. Heavy metals were analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity ranged from 9.52 to 9.72, 4.58 to 8.62 mg/L, 23.40°C to 25.7°C, 2.39‰ to 2.81‰ and 4470–5226 μs/cm, respectively. Heavy metal levels (mean ± SD) were generally low in the water samples. Chromium values ranged between 7.16 and 9.19 mg/kg dw in sediment samples, and between 3.7 and 13.06 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Lead values ranged between 12.5 and 31.04 mg/kg dw in sediment samples and 4.06 and 9.95 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Arsenic values ranged between 9.5 and 21.7 mg/kg dw in sediments and below detectable limit to 2.11 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Mercury values ranged between .14 and .31 mg/kg dw in sediment samples and .12 and .35 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Cadmium was the only heavy metal concentration that was below the detection limit in the three matrices. Significant differences were observed for some heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and fish across sites (p < .05). The levels of lead and chromium in fish were above the East African Standard, World Health Organization and European Union limits. The results of the present study recommend a possible reclassification of the lake, an immediate ban on fish harvesting and consumption from Lake Nakuru and a policy intervention on the fishery and pollution management.
miR164‐MhNAC1 regulates apple root nitrogen uptake under low nitrogen stress
Authors: Wang Xiaona , Zhou Yan , Chai Xiaofen , Foster Toshi M. , Deng Cecilia H. , Wu Ting , Zhang Xinzhong , Han Zhenhai , Wang Yi
Published: March 2024

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and serves as a signaling molecule to regulate gene expression inducing physiological, growth and developmental responses. An excess or deficiency of nitrogen may have adverse effects on plants. Studying nitrogen uptake will help us understand the molecular mechanisms of utilization for targeted molecular breeding.

Here, we identified and functionally validated an NAC (NAM‐ATAF1/2‐CUC2) transcription factor based on the transcriptomes of two apple rootstocks with different nitrogen uptake efficiency. NAC1, a target gene of miR164, directly regulates the expression of the high‐affinity nitrate transporter (MhNRT2.4) and citric acid transporter (MhMATE), affecting root nitrogen uptake.

To examine the role of MhNAC1 in nitrogen uptake, we produced transgenic lines that overexpressed or silenced MhNAC1. Silencing MhNAC1 promoted nitrogen uptake and citric acid secretion in roots, and enhanced plant tolerance to low nitrogen conditions, while overexpression of MhNAC1 or silencing miR164 had the opposite effect.

This study not only revealed the role of the miR164‐MhNAC1 module in nitrogen uptake in apple rootstocks but also confirmed that citric acid secretion in roots affected nitrogen uptake, which provides a research basis for efficient nitrogen utilization and molecular breeding in apple.
Sirt5‐mediated lysine desuccinylation regulates oxidative stress adaptation in Magnaporthe oryzae during host intracellular infection
Authors: Ren Zhiyong , Dong Xiang , Guan Lun , Yang Lei , Liu Caiyun , Cai Xuan , Hu Hong , Lv Ziwei , Liu Hao , Zheng Lu , Huang Junbin , Wilson Richard A. , Chen Xiao‐Lin
Published: March 2024

Plant pathogenic fungi elaborate numerous detoxification strategies to suppress host reactive oxygen species (ROS), but their coordination is not well‐understood.

Here, we show that Sirt5‐mediated protein desuccinylation in Magnaporthe oryzae is central to host ROS detoxification. SIRT5 encodes a desuccinylase important for virulence via adaptation to host oxidative stress. Quantitative proteomics analysis identified a large number of succinylated proteins targeted by Sirt5, most of which were mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation.

Deletion of SIRT5 resulted in hypersuccinylation of detoxification‐related enzymes, and significant reduction in NADPH : NADP+ and GSH : GSSG ratios, disrupting redox balance and impeding invasive growth. Sirt5 desuccinylated thioredoxin Trx2 and glutathione peroxidase Hyr1 to activate their enzyme activity, likely by affecting proper folding.

Altogether, this work demonstrates the importance of Sirt5‐mediated desuccinylation in controlling fungal process required for detoxifying host ROS during M. oryzae infection.
An invitation to bring animals into feminist and queer sociology
Authors: Guenther Katja M.
Published: March 2024

This paper presents an invitation to feminist and queer sociology to engage more frequently, enthusiastically, and deeply with animals. Feminist and queer sociology that attend to animals and animality stand to develop better knowledge for animals and animal studiesandfor women, queers, and feminist and queer sociology. Sociologists working from feminist and queer perspectives are also particularly well‐positioned within the discipline of sociology to contribute to and take advantage of the insights of the field of feminist animal studies. After a brief review of what feminist animal studies is, I proceed through three steps to elaborate the imperative for feminist and queer sociology to consider animals. First, I show how feminist animal studies as a theoretical perspective engages with issues that are core to feminist and queer sociology. Second, I center intersectional feminism and lay out how incorporating species can and does enhance our understanding of intersectional processes. Third, I present an ethical call, grounded in the traditions of feminist ethics and ecofeminism, to attend to species in feminist and queer sociology.
Effectiveness, safety, and patient satisfaction of carboxytherapy as an adjunctive treatment for periorbital hyperpigmentation
Authors: Seirafianpour Farnoosh , Atefi Najmolsadat , Amin Nazila Ghoreishi , Namazi Mohammad Reza , Behrangi Elham , Shafiei Aboozar , Ghassemi Mohammadreza , Mozafarpoor Samaneh , Goodarzi Azadeh
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Dark under‐eye circles or periorbital hyperpigmentation constitute a prevalent and challenging cosmetic problem with diverse etiologies and types. While modifying exacerbating habits can provide partial relief for the pigmentary and vascular factors associated with this condition, and despite the abundance of available treatment options, there is currently a lack of gold‐standard evidence‐based treatments proposed for curing this disorder.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of carboxytherapy in treating periorbital hyperpigmentation.

Material and Methods

In this 4‐week single‐arm clinical trial, 20 eligible Iranian patients with symmetric periorbital hyperpigmentation received weekly intradermal carboxytherapy. The treatment involved administering 10–20 mL of CO2 at a rate of 20 mL/min and a temperature of 15°C for a duration ranging from a few seconds to 1 min. Follow‐up assessments were conducted 1 month after the final session. The primary outcome was defined as the changes in ΔE or the variations in pigmentation observed between the orbital and extra‐orbital skin before and after the trial.

Results

The patients reported satisfaction with the statistically significant reduction in hyperpigmentation achieved through carboxytherapy in the lateral (p = 0.002), middle (p = 0.001), and medial (p = 0.001) regions of the periorbital area. The total response rate of the patients was estimated at 20%. Patient satisfaction exceeded ΔE changes, with no significant linear relationship (p = 0.084).

Conclusion

Carboxytherapy can be proposed as an effective and safe treatment for periorbital hyperpigmentation.
Effectiveness and safety of enhanced postoperative care units for non-cardiac, non-neurological surgery: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Tran Liem , Stern Cindy , Harford Philip , Ludbrook Guy , Whitehorn Ashley
Published: March 2024

Objective:

The proposed systematic review will evaluate the evidence on the effectiveness and safety of enhanced post-operative care (EPC) units on patient and health service outcomes in adult patients following non-cardiac, non-neurological surgery.

Introduction:

The increase in surgical procedures globally has placed a significant economic and societal burden on health care systems. Recognizing this challenge, EPC units have emerged as a model of care, bridging the gap between traditional, ward-level care and intensive care. EPC offers benefits such as higher staff-to-patient ratios, close patient monitoring (eg, invasive monitoring), and access to critical interventions (eg, vasopressor support). However, there is a lack of well-established guidelines and empirical evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of EPC units for adult patients following surgery.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will include studies involving adult patients (≥18 years) undergoing any elective or emergency non-cardiac, non-neurological surgery, who have been admitted to an EPC unit. Experimental, quasi-experimental, and observational study designs will be eligible.

Methods:

This review will follow the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of effectiveness. The search strategy will identify published and unpublished studies from the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and Scopus, as well as gray literature sources, from 2010 to the present. Two independent reviewers will screen studies, extract data, and critically appraise selected studies using standardized JBI assessment tools. Where feasible, a statistical meta-analysis will be performed to combine study findings. The certainty of evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology.

Review registration:

PROSPERO CRD42023455269
Design Optimization of Lattice Structures Under Impact Loading for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Hertlein Nathan , Vemaganti Kumar , Anand Sam
Published: March 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) has enabled the production of intricate lattice structures with excellent performance and minimal mass. Design approaches that consider static loading, including lattice-based topology optimization (TO), have been well-researched recently. However, to date, there appears to be no widely accepted method of optimizing lattice structures for high-strain rate loading, especially when the design for additive manufacturing (DFAM) principles are considered. This study proposes a computational framework for the design of lattice structures under specified impact loading. To manage dimensionality while achieving sufficient generality, a heuristic design space is developed that relies on traditional TO to govern the design's macrostructure and standard dimensioning to govern its mesostructure. DFAM principles are then incorporated into a Bayesian optimization scheme wrapped around traditional TO to achieve manufacturable designs that absorb high-impact loading. Because this approach does not require analytical gradient information, the framework can be used to optimize directly on complex objectives, such as injury metrics calculated from the acceleration curve. A series of case studies is formulated around a mass-performance tradeoff and involves individual unit cell design as well as full-part design. The proposed design parameterization is found to enable sufficient flexibility to achieve consistently good performance regardless of AM build orientation.
Heat Dissipation Analysis and Optimization of Gas Turbine Box Based on Field Synergy Principle
Authors: Zhang Guoxu , Huang Zhiqiang , Wang Shuo , Tan Shichuan , Li Tao , Wang Jie
Published: March 2024

To improve the heat dissipation and cooling effect of the box and ensure the safe and stable operation of the gas turbine, research on the control and optimization of heat dissipation within the main box of the gas turbine has been carried out. Considering solar radiation, four evaluation indexes, namely, the percentage of the high-temperature zone, the percentage of the high-speed zone, the average field synergy angle, and the temperature inhomogeneity, are proposed to study the internal flow heat transfer characteristics of the gas turbine box, and an optimization scheme for the internal structure of the box-loaded body is proposed by using the orthogonal test method to improve the ventilation and heat dissipation performance. The results show that the percentage of high-temperature zone in the box body is 2.3%, which is mainly distributed near the junction of gas turbine and inlet worm gear; the average field synergy angle in this region is as high as 79.49 deg, and the temperature inhomogeneity reaches 0.98, which makes the heat dissipation and cooling effect poorer and is easy to form a localized high temperature; based on the above research to carry out the optimization of the box body structure, the percentage of high-temperature zone is reduced by 95.7% after optimization, and the average field synergy angle and temperature inhomogeneity are reduced to 72.88 deg and 0.57, respectively, so that the heat dissipation effect has been significantly improved.
Two-dimensional materials by large-scale computations and chemical exfoliation of layered solids
Authors: Björk Jonas , Zhou Jie , Persson Per O. Å. , Rosen Johanna
Published: March 2024

MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) materials typically formed by etching the A element from a parent MAX phase. Computational screening for other 3D precursors suitable for such exfoliation is challenging because of the intricate chemical processes involved. We present a theoretical approach for predicting 2D materials formed through chemical exfoliation under acidic conditions by identifying 3D materials amenable for selective etching. From a dataset of 66,643 3D materials, we identified 119 potentially exfoliable candidates, within several materials families. To corroborate the method, we chose a material distinctly different from MAX phases, in terms of structure and chemical composition, for experimental verification. We selectively etched Y from YRu
2
Si
2
, resulting in 2D Ru
2
Si

x

O

y

. The high-throughput methodology suggests a vast chemical space of 2D materials from chemical exfoliation.
Antibacterial activity of nonantibiotics is orthogonal to standard antibiotics
Authors: Noto Guillen Mariana , Li Carmen , Rosener Brittany , Mitchell Amir
Published: March 2024

Numerous nonantibiotic drugs have potent antibacterial activity and can adversely affect the human microbiome. The mechanistic underpinning of this toxicity remains largely unknown. We investigated the antibacterial activity of 200 drugs using genetic screens with thousands of barcoded
Escherichia coli
knockouts. We analyzed 2 million gene-drug interactions underlying drug-specific toxicity. Network-based analysis of drug-drug similarities revealed that antibiotics clustered into modules that are consistent with the mode of action of their established classes, whereas nonantibiotics remained unconnected. Half of the nonantibiotics clustered into separate modules, potentially revealing shared and unexploited targets for new antimicrobials. Analysis of efflux systems revealed that they widely affect antibiotics and nonantibiotics alike, suggesting that the impact of nonantibiotics on antibiotic cross-resistance should be investigated closely in vivo.
‘Damning’ FDA inspection report undermines Alzheimer’s drug
Authors: Piller Charles
Published: March 2024

Inspectors faulted analyses of clinical trial samples by Hoau-Yan Wang for drug developer Cassava Sciences
Validation of a deep learning model for automatic detection and quantification of five OCT critical retinal features associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Ricardi Federico , Oakley Jonathan , Russakoff Daniel , Boscia Giacomo , Caselgrandi Paolo , Gelormini Francesco , Ghilardi Andrea , Pintore Giulia , Tibaldi Tommaso , Marolo Paola , Bandello Francesco , Reibaldi Michele , Borrelli Enrico
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To develop and validate a deep learning model for the segmentation of five retinal biomarkers associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Methods

300 optical coherence tomography volumes from subject eyes with nAMD were collected. Images were manually segmented for the presence of five crucial nAMD features: intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid, subretinal hyperreflective material, drusen/drusenoid pigment epithelium detachment (PED) and neovascular PED. A deep learning architecture based on a U-Net was trained to perform automatic segmentation of these retinal biomarkers and evaluated on the sequestered data. The main outcome measures were receiver operating characteristic curves for detection, summarised using the area under the curves (AUCs) both on a per slice and per volume basis, correlation score, enface topography overlap (reported as two-dimensional (2D) correlation score) and Dice coefficients.

Results

The model obtained a mean (±SD) AUC of 0.93 (±0.04) per slice and 0.88 (±0.07) per volume for fluid detection. The correlation score (R2) between automatic and manual segmentation obtained by the model resulted in a mean (±SD) of 0.89 (±0.05). The mean (±SD) 2D correlation score was 0.69 (±0.04). The mean (±SD) Dice score resulted in 0.61 (±0.10).

Conclusions

We present a fully automated segmentation model for five features related to nAMD that performs at the level of experienced graders. The application of this model will open opportunities for the study of morphological changes and treatment efficacy in real-world settings. Furthermore, it can facilitate structured reporting in the clinic and reduce subjectivity in clinicians’ assessments.
Using artificial intelligence to improve human performance: efficient retinal disease detection training with synthetic images
Authors: Tabuchi Hitoshi , Engelmann Justin , Maeda Fumiatsu , Nishikawa Ryo , Nagasawa Toshihiko , Yamauchi Tomofusa , Tanabe Mao , Akada Masahiro , Kihara Keita , Nakae Yasuyuki , Kiuchi Yoshiaki , Bernabeu Miguel O
Published: March 2024

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) in medical imaging diagnostics has huge potential, but human judgement is still indispensable. We propose an AI-aided teaching method that leverages generative AI to train students on many images while preserving patient privacy.

Methods

A web-based course was designed using 600 synthetic ultra-widefield (UWF) retinal images to teach students to detect disease in these images. The images were generated by stable diffusion, a large generative foundation model, which we fine-tuned with 6285 real UWF images from six categories: five retinal diseases (age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment and retinal vein occlusion) and normal. 161 trainee orthoptists took the course. They were evaluated with two tests: one consisting of UWF images and another of standard field (SF) images, which the students had not encountered in the course. Both tests contained 120 real patient images, 20 per category. The students took both tests once before and after training, with a cool-off period in between.

Results

On average, students completed the course in 53 min, significantly improving their diagnostic accuracy. For UWF images, student accuracy increased from 43.6% to 74.1% (p<0.0001 by paired t-test), nearly matching the previously published state-of-the-art AI model’s accuracy of 73.3%. For SF images, student accuracy rose from 42.7% to 68.7% (p<0.0001), surpassing the state-of-the-art AI model’s 40%.

Conclusion

Synthetic images can be used effectively in medical education. We also found that humans are more robust to novel situations than AI models, thus showcasing human judgement’s essential role in medical diagnosis.