bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEREMPUAN DAN KEKERASAN: Memposisikan Konsep Kekerasan Perspektif al-Qur’an
Authors: Zenrif M. Fauzan
Published: May 2018

Feminist discourse is always actual, inexhaustible and not tired of being discussed. When we are saturated with the problem of emancipation, then we speak feminism and gender equality, even now being warmly discussed the issue of violence against women. This paper discusses the truth of the Qur'anic concept of the potential of female violence supported by various social facts. Nowadays women's violence is much faster than men do. The crime of women is not only murder, robbery, mistreatment, demolition and theft, mugging, pickling and burning of houses, but also rape with violence. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct the concept of women's empowerment that can eliminate, or at least minimize the possibility of polarization of women violence. This is because clearly in Indonesia the phenomenon of women's violence, both in the family and the public, the more transparent. In the view of the Qur'an, violence to anyone, any gender, and to any group, is not justified and contrary to humanitarian values

 

Diskursus keperempuanan memang selalu aktual, tak habis- habisnya dan tak bosan-bosannya dididiskusikan. Ketika kita jenuh dengan masalah emansipasi, kemudian kita berbicara feminisme dan kesataraan jender, sekarangpun sedang hangat didiskusikan masalah kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Tulisan ini membahas kebenaran konsep al-Qur’an tentang potensi kekerasan perempuan yang didukung fakta sosial yang beragam. Dewasa ini kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh perempuan jauh lebih cepat meningkat dibandingkan yang dilakukan oleh laki-laki. Kriminalitas perempuan tersebut tidak hanya pembunuhan, perampokan, penganiayaan, pembongkaran dan pencurian, penjambretan, pencopetan dan pembakaran rumah, tapi juga perkosaan disertai kekerasan. Untuk itu perlu rekonstruksi konsep pemberdayaan perempuan yang dapat menghilangkan, atau setidaknya meminimalisir kemungkinan terjadinya polarisasi kekerasan perempuan. Hal ini karena jelas di Indonesia fenomena kekerasan perempuan, baik dalam keluarga maupun publik, semakin transparan. Dalam pandangan al-Qur’an, kekerasan pada siapapun, jenis kelamin apapun, dan pada kelompok manapun, tidak dibenarkan dan bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan
A Survey of Recent Trends in Multiobjective Optimization – Surrogate Models, Feedback Control and Objective Reduction
Authors: Peitz Sebastian , Dellnitz Michael
Published: May 2018

Multiobjective optimization plays an increasingly important role in modern applications, where several criteria are often of equal importance. The task in multiobjective optimization and multiobjective optimal control is therefore to compute the set of optimal compromises (the Pareto set) between the conflicting objectives. The advances in algorithms and the increasing interest in Pareto optimal solutions have led to a wide range of new applications related to optimal and feedback control which results in new challenges such as expensive models or real-time applicability. Since the Pareto set generally consists of an infinite number of solutions, the computational effort can quickly become challenging which is particularly problematic when the objectives are costly to evaluate or when a solution has to be presented very quickly. This article gives an overview over recent developments in accelerating multiobjective optimization for complex problems where either PDE constraints are present or where a feedback behavior has to be achieved. In the first case, surrogate models yield significant speed-ups. In the latter case, various promising model predictive control approaches have been proposed. We also briefly comment on dimension reduction in many-objective optimization problems as another technique for reducing the numerical effort.
Sterepinic Acids A–C, New Carboxylic Acids Produced by a Marine Alga-Derived Fungus
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Matsuda Miwa , Seki Mayuko , Hirose Megumi , Kikuchi Takashi
Published: May 2018

Sterepinic acids A–C (1–3), new carboxylic acids with two primary alcohols, have been isolated from a fungal strain of Stereum sp. OUPS-124D-1 attached to the marine alga Undaria pinnatifida. Dihydro-1,5-secovibralactone (4), a new vibralactone derivative, was isolated from the same fungal metabolites together with known vibralactone A (5), and 1,5-secovibralactone (6). The planar structures of these compounds have been elucidated by spectroscopic analyses using IR, HRFABMS, and NMR spectra. To determine the absolute configuration of the compounds, we used the phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) method. These compounds exhibited less activity in the cytotoxicity assay against cancer cell lines.
Phenolic and Non-Polar Fractions of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson Extracts as Virulence- Modulators - In Vitro Study on Bacteria, Fungi and Epithelial Cells
Authors: Różalska Barbara , Sadowska Beata , Żuchowski Jerzy , Więckowska-Szakiel Marzena , Budzyńska Aleksandra , Wójcik Urszula , Stochmal Anna
Published: May 2018

Butanol extracts from leaves, twigs and fruits of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (sea buckthorn, SBT) were fractionated into phenolic and non-polar lipid components. Their chemical composition was analyzed using the Thermo Ultimate 3000RS chromatographic system, equipped with a diode array detector, a corona-charged aerosol detector, and coupled with a (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. Assuming that an effect on natural microbiotaand host epithelial cells needs to be assessed, regardless of the purpose of using SBT formulations in vivo, the MIC/MBC/MFC of the fractions and reference phytocompounds were screened involving 17 species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida species. The impact of the fractions (subMIC) on the important in vivo persistence properties of S. aureus and C. albicans strains was evaluated. Tests for adhesion and biofilm formation on an abiotic surface and the surfaces conditioned with fibrinogen, collagen, plasma or artificial saliva showed the inhibitory activity of the fractions. The effects on FITC-labeled staphylococci adhesion to fibroblasts (HFF-1) and epithelial cells (Caco-2), and on fungal morphogenesis, indicated that SBT extracts have high anti-virulence potential. Cytotoxicity tests (MTT-reduction) on the standard fibroblast cell line showed variable biological safety of the fractions depending on their composition and concentration.
European patent with unitary effect but with variable law: regulating the right to patent for transnational inventions
Authors: Calabrese Bernardo
Published: May 2018

Abstract: This article focuses on a specific issue involving the so called right to patent in the context of the recently approved Unitary Patent system. Considering the field of private international law related to intellectual property, the issue of the law applicable to initial ownership becomes even more thorny in the legal framework of the Unitary Patent: as a matter of fact, this normative system could convey uncertainty in its application to transnational inventions, by reason of the peculiar criterion of the law of the “(first) applicant” governing the Unitary Patent as an object of property under art. 7, Regulation EU n. 1257/2012. Therefore, an interpretative clarification on this point seems necessary.
Management mechanism of agrarian economic system: composition, functions and factors of development in Ukraine
Authors: Vdovenko Nataliia , Baidala Viktoriia , Burlaka Nelya , Diuk Anna
Published: May 2018

The current state of development of Ukraine’s national economy involves strengthening the processes of transition to social market economy, aimed at accelerating the rates of economic growth of the country. The presence of peculiarities of activity of agrarian producers and increase of the socioeconomic importance of the agrarian sector of the economy contribute to the need to develop and substantiate the methodological conditions aimed at solving multidimensional and diverse problems of ensuring the development of agrarian economic systems. In the work, the directions of the formation of the mechanism of management of agrarian economic systems, which consist in the transition to a new quality level of the use of information and intellectual resources of the management system on the basis of modern information technologies and modeling, which allowed to develop a structural scheme of the mechanism of management of the agrarian sector of the economy. The understanding of the mechanism of management of agrarian economic systems, factors and functions of this mechanism are determined. The mechanism of management of agrarian economic systems should be considered as a system of principles, rules, norms and procedures, within the framework of which the goals and objectives of the agrarian economy are developed in accordance with the current economic laws. This mechanism should be in line with the ownership of the subjects of state domination of the region, organizational structures of management, market social and economic relations, natural conditions of economic activity and state economic policy concerning the development of agrarian production, etc., and also take into account the main economic relationships that exist between the individual structural components of the agrarian economic system.
Using phase-state modelling for inferring forecasting uncertainty in nonlinear stochastic decision schemes
Authors: Todini Ezio
Published: May 2018

The paper introduces the use of phase-state modelling as a means of estimating expected benefits or losses when dealing with decision processes under uncertainty of future events. For this reason the phase-space approach to time series, which generally aims at forecasting the expected value of a future event, is here also used to assess the forecasting uncertainty. Under the assumption of local stationarity the ensemble of generated future trajectories can be used to estimate a probability density that represents the a priori uncertainty of forecasts conditional on the latest measurements. This a priori density can then be used directly in the optimisation schemes if no additional information is available, or after deriving an a posteriori distribution in the Bayesian sense, by combining it with forecasts from deterministic models, here taken as noise-corrupted ‘pseudo-measurements’ of future events. Examples of application are given in the case of the Lake Como real-time management system as well as in the case of rainfall ensemble forecasts on the River Reno.
Subsymbolic methods for data mining in hydraulic engineering
Authors: Minns Anthony W.
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the results of experiments with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and genetic programming (GP) applied to some problems of data mining. It is shown how these subsymbolic methods can discover usable relations in measured and experimental data with little or no a priori knowledge of the governing physical process characteristics. On the one hand, the ANN does not explicitly identify a form of model but this form is implicit in the ANN, being encoded within the distribution of weights. However, in cases where the exact form of the empirical relation is not considered as important as the ability of the formula to map the experimental data accurately, the ANN provides a very efficient approach. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how numerical schemes, and thus partial differential equations, may be derived directly from data by interpreting the weight distribution within a trained ANN. On the other hand, GP evolutionary force is directed towards the creation of models that take a symbolic form. The resulting symbolic expressions are generally less accurate than the ANN in mapping the experimental data, however, these expressions may sometimes be more easily examined to provide insight into the processes that created the data. An example is used to demonstrate how GP can generate a wide variety of formulae, of which some may provide genuine insight while others may be quite useless.
Linear advection modelling: the issue of divergent flows
Authors: Guinot Vincent
Published: May 2018

Schemes for linear advection modelling in multiple dimensions on structured grids use either time-splitting or an unsplit approach for flux computation. In the case of strongly divergent flows, time-splitting introduces anisotropy in the solution whereas, with the unsplit approach, more mass than actually available may be abstracted from the computational cells, leading for instance to oscillations and sometimes instability. A simple correction for the flux, taking into account the divergence of the flow, is proposed to eliminate the problem for the unsplit approach. This correction introduces a limitation on the computational time step. An experiment carried out using a market-available software package shows that the problem above is of practical interest, and that verification procedures of modelling software should take into account simulations under non-uniform flows.
Modelling disinfection by-products in contact tanks
Authors: Zhang Guichan , Lin Binliang , Falconer Roger A.
Published: May 2018

Numerical modelling has been extensively used in the field of environmental engineering as an efficient method for predicting the fate of contaminants. For chlorine disinfection contact tanks, current numerical models predict the disinfection processes as well as first-order functions for chlorine demand. In recent years, the study of the formation of Disinfection By-Products (i.e. DBPs) in drinking water has been a cause for public concern. Since both chemical analyses and monitoring of DBPs are very expensive and not yet widely available, the establishment of an efficient numerical model has become a priori for the analysis of DBPs. This study includes a second-order kinetic representation for chlorine consumption in the disinfection processes and incorporates this representation in a numerical model to predict the formation of DBPs. The model has been refined to predict the chlorine demand in the disinfection process and the distribution of the main DBPs in contact tanks, including primarily total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA).
Modeling the biophysical and social dynamics of a ‘River of Grass’: a challenge for hydroinformatics
Authors: Loucks Daniel P.
Published: May 2018

A number of major water resource ecosystem restoration projects are currently underway in the United States. One is focused on the Everglades, a unique ecosystem in southern Florida. The Everglades restoration project is estimated to cost some $8 billion over a period of about 50 years. It is not only a challenge to scientists attempting to understand the physical and biological processes affecting the unique hydrology and ecology but also to planners and decision makers dealing with the social dynamics of the people living in the area. People impact the Everglades, and the rate of population growth in southern Florida shows no sign of decreasing. The outcome of this ecosystem restoration effort will largely be determined by the land use decisions and social activities of these people over the next several decades. It may also be influenced by political decisions made far outside the region, such as in Washington with respect to sugar subsidies (i.e., our relations with Cuba). It may be influenced by climate change (e.g., sea level rise) as well. In this complex physical and social environment, scientists from private and public agencies are working together with all concerned stakeholders to plan and manage the restoration project. Models are being developed and used to estimate the various impacts that may result from any plan or management policy. As expected, there exist conflicts among various stakeholders. If there was ever a challenge for those involved in building models and associated decision support systems for impact prediction and for communicating information to multiple stakeholders having quite different interests and concerns—all in an effort to obtain some consensus or shared visions of what should be done, and why—this project provides one.
An assessment of k–ε and k–l turbulence models for a wide range of oscillatory rough bed flows
Authors: Letherman S. B. , Cotton M. A. , Stansby P. K. , Chen C. , Chen D.
Published: May 2018

The k–ε and k–l eddy viscosity turbulence models are now used extensively in environmental flow modelling. In the present work computations for oscillatory flows are examined over a broader range of experimental parameters than considered previously. Comparisons are made with field measurements and laboratory data, including new measurements reported here for the first time. It is confirmed that the bed friction velocity and mean flow profiles are, in general, adequately predicted by both models (the k–ε model is, however, somewhat more accurate than the k–l formulation). Reynolds shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy, and eddy viscosity are less well predicted, although the k–ε model again gives more accurate results than the k–l model. An attempt has been made to assess the uncertainty in the experimental data for Reynolds stress and eddy viscosity: it is found that the k–ε model computations for both quantities more frequently lie within the estimated uncertainty bounds. Those bounds are nonetheless wide, emphasizing the need for improved experimental resolution of rough bed flows. Such an improvement would assist in the evaluation of proposed refinements to commonly used turbulence models such as those under investigation here and, indeed, to greater reliability in the development and assessment of more sophisticated schemes.
Modelling of service reservoirs
Authors: Yeung Hoi
Published: May 2018

Service reservoirs were built to provide the dual function of balancing supply with demand and provision of adequate head to maintain pressure throughout the distribution network. Changing demographics in the UK and reducing leakage have led to significant increases in water age and hence increased risk of poor water quality.

Computational fluid mechanics has been used to study the behaviour of a range of service reservoirs with a rectangular plan form. Detailed analysis of flow distribution and water age suggests that tanks with horizontal inlets are better mixed when compared with vertical top water level inlets. With increasing length to width ratio, the flow characteristics of tanks with vertical inlets increasingly resemble plug flow.

A new multi-channel reactor model was developed to model the recirculations in service reservoirs. This simple model can be used to characterise the flow characteristics of service reservoirs from tracer test results.
Prediction of scour depth at culvert outlets using neural networks
Authors: Liriano S. L. , Day R. A.
Published: May 2018

Scour at culvert outlets is a phenomenon encountered world-wide. Research into the problem has mainly been of an experimental nature, with equations being derived for particular circumstances. These traditional scour prediction equations, although offering the engineer some guidance on the likely magnitude of maximum scour depth, are applicable only to a limited range of situations. A model for the prediction of scouring that is generally applicable to all circumstances is not currently available. However, there is a substantial amount of data available from research over many years in this area. This paper compares current prediction equations with results obtained from two Artificial Neural Network models (ANN). The development of a basic feed forward artificial neural network trained by back-propagation to model scour downstream of culvert outlets is described. A supervised training algorithm is used with data collected from published studies and the authors' own experimental work. The results show that the ANN can successfully predict the depth of scour with a greater accuracy than existing empirical formulae and over a wider range of conditions.
Evaluation of an ASM1 model calibration procedure on a municipal–industrial wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Petersen Britta , Vanrolleghem Peter A. , Gernaey Krist , Henze Mogens
Published: May 2018

The purpose of the calibrated model determines how to approach a model calibration, e.g. which information is needed and to which level of detail the model should be calibrated. A systematic model calibration procedure was therefore defined and evaluated for a municipal–industrial wastewater treatment plant. In the case that was studied it was important to have a detailed description of the process dynamics, since the model was to be used as the basis for optimisation scenarios in a later phase. Therefore, a complete model calibration procedure was applied including: (1) a description of the hydraulics in the system via a tracer test, (2) an intensive measuring campaign and (3) supporting lab-scale experiments to obtain and confirm kinetic parameters for the model. In this paper the model calibration procedure for this case study is described step by step, and the importance of the different steps is discussed. The calibrated model was evaluated via a sensitivity analysis on the influence of model parameters and influent component concentrations on the model output. The sensitivity analysis confirmed that the model output was sensitive to the parameters that were modified from the default parameter values. The calibrated model was finally reduced from a 24 tanks-in-series configuration to a 12 tanks-in-series configuration, resulting in a 50% reduction of the simulation time.
Stamped features: creation of engineered structures in conceptual models
Authors: Zundel Alan K. , Nelson E. James , Christiansen J. Ryan
Published: May 2018

Applying numerical modelling techniques to surface water bodies often requires the addition of man-made structures such as embankments or dredged shipping lanes to the natural bathymetric conditions. The application of the model may be to determine the specifications of these structures, such as size and location. Therefore, multiple variations of the structure must be evaluated. Interactive methods to easily create these structures in grids used by numerical models are presented that show great promise in reducing the time and effort required to consider multiple scenarios for modelling and management. The methods presented utilize a conceptual representation of the domain. Features in this conceptual model are used to derive grid elements for the numerical model. The resulting numerical models provide information for decision support based on multiple design considerations.
Multicriteria analysis for choosing wastewater sewerage solutions
Authors: Le Gouévec Jérôme , Blanpain Olivier
Published: May 2018

Today, more and more French communities have a critical point of view concerning the performance of their wastewater sewerage systems. The main reason is linked to the methodology of the studies in the design phase. The process is neither adapted to the complexity of the decision-making task, nor to a general management of the wastewater sewerage in a territory. In order to make these studies more coherent and the choices more rational, we propose a new formulation of the methodology as an alternative to the current one. Our approach relies on decision-making support which borrows concepts from expert systems and multicriteria analysis in order to structure the reasoning process and to take into account the very different criteria a real decision-making task often implies. We show that this support has to be interactive and iterative in order to ensure that coherent and relevant solutions are chosen.
Sensitivity of urban drainage wash-off models: compatibility analysis of HydroWorks QM and MouseTrap using CDF relationships
Authors: Bouteligier Raf , Vaes Guido , Berlamont Jean
Published: May 2018

One of the key aspects in urban drainage (water quality) modelling is the accurate simulation of the input into such models. The modelling of surface sediment build-up, erosion and wash-off is discussed in this paper. An analysis and a comparison of the quality modelling tools of the commercial urban drainage software packages HydroWorks (Wallingford Software, UK) and Mouse (DHI, Denmark) reveal important differences between, and incompatibilities in, both models. The analysis is performed using concentration–duration–frequency (CDF) relationships. A generalised model, accounting for the common model principles used in both models and incorporating the model principles lacking, is proposed.
Systemic knowledge management in hydraulic systems: II. Application to hydraulic systems
Authors: Khatibi Rahman H.
Published: May 2018

‘Systemic knowledge management’, presented in Paper I as a problem-solving methodology, is applied to hydraulic systems here in Paper II. The generic context of hydraulic systems is interrelated to a body of similar developments in science and technology through the concept of paradigms. The systemic component of this problem-solving method integrates ‘holism’ with ‘reductionism’. Systems science approaches offer a problem-solving methodology to decompose complexities into hierarchies. The knowledge management component is implemented through (i) categorising complexities at each hierarchy for customisation of solutions, (ii) challenging the underlying assumptions; and (iii) reorganising complexities as a way of adapting to subsequent changes. This paper contributes towards the substantiation of the postulate on the formation of paradigms and their subsequent shifts. The main focus of this paper is to illustrate the potentials of applying systemic knowledge management to hydraulic systems and in particular to flood forecasting and warning.
Genetic algorithms for real-time operation of multipurpose water resource systems
Authors: Celeste Alcigeimes B. , Suzuki Koichi , Kadota Akihiro
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with the application of genetic algorithms to the operation of a water resource system in real time. A genetic algorithm was developed and applied to solve an optimization model for the operation of the system responsible for the water supply of Matsuyama City, in Japan. For comparison purposes, the same model was solved by a technique based on calculus and the Shuffled Complex Evolution Algorithm. The general characteristics of the algorithms and the results from simulations carried out for various conditions are presented. Genetic algorithms appear to be effective tools for real-time reservoir operation.
A multiple linear regression GIS module using spatial variables to model orographic rainfall
Authors: Naoum S. , Tsanis I. K.
Published: May 2018

This paper aims to document the development of a new GIS-based spatial interpolation module that adopts a multiple linear regression technique. The functionality of the GIS module is illustrated through a test case represented by the island of Crete, Greece, where the models generated were applied to locations where estimates of annual precipitation were required. The response variable is ‘precipitation’ and the predictor variables are ‘elevation’, ‘longitude’ and ‘latitude’, or any combination of these. The module is capable of performing a sequence of tasks which will eventually lead to an estimation of mean areal precipitation and the total volume of precipitation. In addition, it can generate up to nine predictor variables and their parameters, and can estimate areal rainfall for a user-specified three-dimensional extent. The developed module performed satisfactorily. Precipitation estimates at ungauged locations were obtained using the multiple linear regression method in addition to some conventional spatial interpolation techniques (i.e. IDW, Spline, Kriging, etc.). The multiple linear regression models provided better estimates than the other spatial interpolation techniques.
Comparison of quadratic and non-linear programming (QP and NLP) optimization models in groundwater management
Authors: Psilovikos Aris , Tzimopoulos Christos
Published: May 2018

This project is concerned with the comparison of two algorithms used in groundwater management models, based on Quadratic Programming (QP) and Non-linear Programming (NLP) models.

A quadratic objective function is used and solved in two different ways. The first one is the application of the Karush–Kuhn–Tücker (KKT) conditions and Wolfe's algorithm, which are used in solving QP models. The second one is the Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM), which is used in solving NLP models.

Two additional ‘shell programs’ are created to formulate the results of the management model. These results are organized in a Mathematical Programming System (MPS) file. This is the management model output and contains the response matrix coefficients and all the management model details in a coded format. The MPS data file is formatted via the two shell programs, constituting the import data file for the optimization procedure that takes place with the GINO model and spreadsheets.

An application took place in an aquifer in Northern Greece, just on the border with the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). The phreatic aquifer was divided into 271 small square areas, 200 m wide. The total area of the aquifer was 10.84 km2. The time increment was equal to 1 month. Finally, the comparison of the two different optimization algorithms took place, concerning the pumping rates, the managed head distribution and the optimum pumping cost.
Analytical solutions for unsteady pipe flow
Authors: Sobey Rodney J.
Published: May 2018

A sequence of analytical solutions explore the spectrum of response patterns expected for unsteady elastic-compressible flow in pipes. Complete analytical details of the solutions are provided, together with specific suggestions for an associated set of analytical benchmark tests. Illustrations of predicted response patterns provide the basis for a discussion of many significant physical aspects and their representation in discrete numerical codes. An evaluation of the incompressible flow approximation completes the discussion.
Decision support system for urban flood management
Authors: Abebe A. J. , Price R. K.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the development of a decision support system (DSS) for flood warning and instantiation of restoration activities in two urban areas, the Liguria Region in Italy and the Greater Athens catchment in Greece, with the potential of extension to other locations with similar flooding problems. The tool is designed to work at the centre of a set of meteorological and hydrologic/hydraulic forecast models together with telemetric data acquisition networks. The study reveals the complexity and uncertainty involved in managing flooding in the study areas. Issues about the validity and extended benefits of the system are also discussed.
Flood routing of regulated flows in Medjerda River, Tunisia
Authors: Abida Habib , Ellouze Manel , Mahjoub Med R.
Published: May 2018

Released flows from the Sidi Salem Dam Reservoir on the Medjerda River (Northern Tunisia) were routed downstream along the river lower water course using both hydrologic and hydraulic flood routing techniques. The hydrologic flood routing method used is that of Muskingum while the hydraulic flood routing procedure used a numerical model RUFICC (Routing Unsteady Flows In Compound Channels). The model is based on the complete numerical solution of St. Venant equations using a four-point implicit finite difference scheme. Compared to observed hydrographs at downstream sections, a better agreement was achieved using the hydraulic flood routing technique. Statistical parameters and scattergrams were used to test and confirm this agreement.
STOCHASTICITY IN GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL TIME SERIES*
Authors: YEVJEVICH VUJICA
Published: May 2018

Most time processes within the atmosphere and oceans, and along the water cycle are periodic-stochastic processes, with the physical basis of the periodicity derived from astronomic cycles and the stochasticity produced by various sources of randomness within the environments of the earth. The atmosphere is the major source of stochasticity in all those geophysical time processes which are connected to the incoming solar radiation, though the oceans, the earth's surface, and the earth's crust also produce the stochasticity. The main influence of the oceans and the continental surfaces as well as the underground water is, however, to attenuate the high stochasticity produced by the atmosphere. It is concluded that without stochastic meteorology a good understanding of many geophysical stochastic processes will be difficult.
PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENTS WITH VARIOUS PRECIPITATION GAUGE INSTALLATIONS
Authors: SANDSBORG JOHN
Published: May 2018

An account is given of precipitation measurements taken with various precipitation gauge installations at Ultuna, Sweden during 1957-1960. A new gauge constructed to measure small spatial variations in rainfall is described and tested. The difficulty in measuring both rain and snow with the same elevated gauge is demonstrated. An extrapolation procedure is used in an attempt to estimate the snowfall at the snow surface. The great loss in the catch of snow when using elevated gauges (40-50 % at 1.5 m over the ground surface) indicates that this method is very unsatisfactory for measuring solid precipitation.
SEA LEVEL VARIATIONS IN THE GULF OF BOTHNIA
Authors: LISITZIN EUGENIE
Published: May 2018

An attempt is made to compute the sea level variations in the Gulf of Bothnia, which is isolated by islands and thresholds from the Baltic Sea proper.

Observations from tide gauges during the 30-year period 1931–1960 were used.

The effect of land uplift was taken into consideration.

The maximum annual deviation in water volume from the long-term mean corresponded to 20.74 km3..
ON THE GROUND-WATER DISCHARGE TO THE BALTIC SEA AND METHODS FOR ESTIMATING IT
Authors: ZEKTZER I. S.
Published: May 2018

The methods for quantitatively estimating ground-water discharge to the Baltic Sea and the possibilities of applying these methods to investigations of the role of ground water in the water and salt balances of the Baltic Sea are discussed. The combined hydrological and hydrogeological method, the hydrodynamic method, and the method of the average long-term water balance of recharge areas are recommended for general quantitative estimation of ground-water discharge to the sea. Data on the ground-water discharge to the Baltic Sea from the zone of intensive circulation (relatively shallow aquifers) within the U.S.S.R. are presented. Certain conclusions are drawn, and objectives of future investigations are mentioned.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPTUAL DETERMINISTIC RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL
Authors: BERGSTRÖM STEN , FORSMAN ARNE
Published: May 2018

This progress report outlines the main principles for the development of a simple conceptual rainfall-runoff model at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.

The HBV-2 Model is based on lumped-parameter approximations to the physical laws governing infiltration, percolation and runoff formation.

The time interval is one day. The model structure includes a soil moisture storage, an upper zone storage and a lower zone storage. A procedure for evaluating the parameter values is described.

Examples of applications to several test catchments in various hydrologic settings are included.
COOLING PROBLEMS IN THERMALLY POLLUTED RECIPIENTS
Authors: MILANOV TODOR
Published: May 2018

The extension of the warm water plume in receiving waters used as recipients for thermal pollution has been studied using a meteorological approach. For some real cases the area of excess temperature has been examined and compared to the conditions when heat is transferred to the atmosphere only. Numerical values are given for the warm water areas for different localities in Sweden for cooling water discharge corresponding to 2000 MW waste heat.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED IRON IN AN AQUIFER
Authors: BERGSTRÖM JAMES
Published: May 2018

The iron content of groundwater in a glaciofluvial deposit (esker) supplying a large community with water has been studied.

It is lowest during the autumn rains and the spring snow melt. A general increase in the iron content occurs when the water table is lowered by increased water extraction.
FLOATING SIPHON WITH A CONSTANT HEAD
Authors: THOMSEN RICHARD
Published: May 2018

A floating siphon made up of concentric tubes is proposed as a reliable and inexpensive device to discharge water from a reservoir tank at a constant rate independent of the water level in the tank, provided the siphon is discharged freely into the atmosphere. By adjusting the opening area in the outlet tube continuously, any constant discharge can be obtained. With simple aids the siphon has been calibrated to work with an accuracy better than 5 ‰. By means of an electric Water Surface Registration System it is proved that the variation in discharge is better than 1 ‰ at a discharge of 0.3–2.4 1/s.
HOW MUCH PRECIPITATION GOES TO INFILTRATION DURING A STORM PERIOD?
Authors: BABU RAO T. , RANGANNA G. , NAYAK I. V.
Published: May 2018

Based on a detailed investigation of factors influencing infiltration in a drainage basin, functional relationships amongst the abstractions during a storm period, storm characteristics and condition of the basin at the beginning of a storm are developed for a basin. Graphical multiple correlations are also obtained for estimating the abstractions. Basin characteristics like area, slope and soil characteristics are treated as time-invariant. When abstractions during a storm period due to other causes are negligible, the sum of the abstractions can be approximated to infiltration during the storm period. For 10 basins with 60 storms, graphical multiple correlations are prepared for estimating abstractions. These correlations are verified using a different set of 112 storms in addition to the 60 storms used in the calibration phase. The results obtained are discussed.
WATER TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS WITHIN A MAJOR RIVER SYSTEM
Authors: SMITH K.
Published: May 2018

This paper examines the relationships between river water temperature, air temperature and stream flow measured continuously for one year at four sites along the main stream of the river Tees in northern England. Maximum and minimum river temperatures were found to correlate fairly closely with equivalent air temperatures at each site, but some emphasis was placed on the effects of hydrological factors on water temperature variations within the 818 km2 basin. The range of water temperature fluctuations was shown to increase upstream and the highest river maxima were also recorded in the upper reaches of the river, owing to the relatively low volume of discharge. On a shorter time scale, stream flow was also found to exert an important influence on river temperature during snowmelt and peak flow events arising from storm rainfall. A multiple regression analysis indicated that air temperature and stream flow together accounted for up to 85 % of the variation of daily maximum and minimum river temperatures in summer.
A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Authors: KRISTENSEN K. J. , JENSEN S. E.
Published: May 2018

A model for calculating the daily actual evapotranspiration based on the potential one is presented. The potential evapotranspiration is reduced according to vegetation density, water content in the root zone, and the rainfall distribution. The model is tested by comparing measured (EAm) and calculated (EAc) evapotranspirations from barley, fodder sugar beets, and grass over a four year period. The measured and calculated values agree within 10 %. The model also yields information on soil water content and runoff from the root zone.
Satellite Potentials in Snowcover Monitoring and Runoff Prediction
Authors: Rango A. , Itten K. I.
Published: May 2018

Earth resources satellites have provided a means for the timely, efficient, and accurate monitoring of watershed snowcovered area. Several techniques are available for analysing the data ranging from simple photointerpretation to automated digital methods. Although photointerpretation methods are completely suitable and recommended for many applications, it is believed that a highly interactive digital processing system, when combined with a skilled remote sensing applications specialist, will provide maximum operational use of satellite snowcover observations. Several studies have shown that satellite-observed snowcovered area is significantly related to various expressions of seasonal streamflow. The results indicate that snowcovered area could be incorporated into conventional snowmelt runoff prediction methods as an additional index parameter for improving streamflow estimates. Additionally, the snowcovered area data are compatible with several numerical hydrologic models and quasioperational tests are being conducted.
Ground Water Model for the Island of Anholt, Denmark
Authors: Schrøder Niels , Øbro Hans
Published: May 2018

The development and application of a digital computer model of the ground water reservoir of the island of Anholt is described.

The model is based on a finite difference, two-dimensional approach. It was successfully used to investigate if the ground water at a planned well field might be polluted by sewage from nearby cesspools. Although the model is an approximation of the real aquifer conditions, the authors found the model very useful and suggest that modelling techniques be more widely used in ground water resource investigations.
Estimation of Transmissivity and Permeability in Swedish Bedrock
Authors: Carlsson Leif , Carlstedt Anders
Published: May 2018

Statistical analysis of pumping-test data from wells have been used to calculate average values of transmissivity and permeability in different Swedish rocks. The influence of the well-loss on the calculations is discussed. The highest values of transmissivity and permeability of the investigated rocks are found in the sandstones of Algonkian and Cambrian age. The Archean crystalline rocks show a wide range of results, and of the investigated rocks the gneisses seem to be more permeable than the granites. However, the degree of tectonization affects the hydraulic properties of the rocks considerably.
Correlation Structure and Time Scale of Simple Hydrologic Systems
Authors: Gottschalk Lars
Published: May 2018

Correlation structure of river runoff is a complicated set of different persistence phenomena in the watershed itself and in the meteorological input to the watershed.

Correlation functions and time scale of isolated processes in a watershed (groundwater level and river runoff) are derived analytically from the linearized equations of motion for these processes. Nonlinear effects on the correlation functions are shown for river runoff and for the watershed as a whole.
Algebraic Solution of the Horton-Izzard Turbulent Overland Flow Model of the Rising Hydrograph
Authors: Gill Mohammad Akram
Published: May 2018

In the differential equation of the overland turbulent flow which was first postulated by Horton, Eq.(6), the value of c equals 5/3. For this value of c, the flow equation could not be integrated algebraically. Horton solved the equation for c = 2 and believed that his solution was valid for mixed flow. The flow equation with c = 5/3 is solved algebraically herein. It is shown elsewhere (Gill 1976) that the flow equation can indeed be integrated for any rational value of c.
Interaction between Bedrock and Precipitation at Temperatures Close to 0°C
Authors: Rueslåtten Håkon G. , Jørgensen Per
Published: May 2018

After a long period of snow melting and leaching, samples of snow and meltwater were collected. Chemical analysis revealed that the water composition changed radically during flow across the bedrock surface, even at low temperatures (0-2° C). A rapid increase in proton content occurred while the water was flowing along the bedrock/humus interface, followed by a rapid decrease and an equivalent increase in the content of Na+, Ca++, Mg++, and K+.

The proton content is attributed to proton producing reactions in the vegetation and in the humic layer, while the other cations are supposed to originate from the bedrock surface.

Data for water samples collected in August illustrate the influence of higher temperature upon biological processes and the rate of weathering. Water in fractures has high electrolyte content due to long contact time.

Scanning electron photomicrographs of the bedrock surface revealed that distinctive etch pits were developed on the feldspar surfaces due to. the weathering effects of the acid water.
Optimal Allocation of Regional Water Resources
Authors: Jønch-Clausen Torkil
Published: May 2018

A methodology is presented for the optimal allocation of water resources in a region, considering the economic and hydrologic characteristics of the water resources system. In order to systematically represent the hydrologically interdependent regional water resources system the allocation problem is formulated and solved in an input-output framework. The optimization approach is one of iterative quadratic programming, capable of minimizing a concave objective function over a linear constraint set. For purposes of testing and illustration the methodology has been applied to the Cache la Poudre River basin in northern Colorado. Results from this application are briefly discussed.
Groundwater Chemistry of Some Selected Areas in Southeastern Norway
Authors: Englund Jens-Olaf , Myhrstad Jan Aug
Published: May 2018

Within three areas in Southeastern Norway, Lake Mjøsa district, Ås and Moss - Jeløy, groundwater samples for chemical analysis were collected during the years 1971–77 from 98 drilled wells in bedrocks. The water was taken at depths ranging from 15 m to 110 m below the land surface. The groundwater surface is usually present well below the overlying unconsolidated deposits of glacial, glacifluvial or marine origin.

The movement of groundwater within the aquifers investigated is so slow that regional changes in water quality is not only dependent on weathering in the unsaturated zone, but also dependent on the solution of reservoir rocks below the groundwater surface. Variations in specific electrical conductance (20°C) largely reflects the different reservoir rock types. The highest values, around 550 μS/cm, are typically found in dark calcareous shales, while sandstones and gneisses give values around 300 μS/cm.

The areas Ås and Moss-Jeløy are situated below the Late-Postglacial marine limit. The groundwater is here more or less influenced by ancient sea salts, perhaps also by fossil sea water, left over in sediments or in rock fractures. Brackish groundwater was also found.

The composition of groundwater is largely governed by mineral-water equilibria. Most investigated water samples have not reached equilibrium with their surrounding minerals.
Comparison of Areal Snow Storage Sampling Procedures for Rangeland Watersheds
Authors: Rawls W. J. , Jackson T. J. , Zuzel J. F.
Published: May 2018

The accuracy of photogrammetry in determining snow depth in mountainous rangeland watersheds was evaluated on a 0.41-km2 subbasin of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, located in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. Random checking of over 50 points indicated that at a photo scale of 1:6000, snow depths were determined with a standard error of ± 15 cm for a mean snow depth of 1.2 m. On the average, only 6% of the snow depths less than 15.2 cm were photogrammetrically determined to be negative, and these were generally during the late melt season. The lag time between photography and the usable result and the need for a field survey to set ground control for each flight relegates this technique to a research tool, rather than an operational forecasting tool. Preliminary evaluation of snow water content on the watershed showed the water content varied according to aspect and deep drift locations. The deep drifts usually had a 6% greater snow water content than the nondrift areas.

Simple random, random stratified and two systems of square grids orientated in different directions were tested to determine the best sampling system to determine mean areal snow depth for a watershed. The grid system orientated in the direction of the predominant wind required fewer samples to produce the same accuracy for the snow cover ranging from 100 to 17%.