bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intra‐annual species gain overrides species loss in determining species richness in a typical steppe ecosystem after a decade of nitrogen enrichment
Authors: Zhao Ming , Zhang Hongxiang , Baskin Carol C. , Wei Cunzheng , Yang Junjie , Zhang Yunhai , Jiang Yong , Jiang Lin , Han Xingguo
Published: May 2022

Increasing deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) due to accelerated human activities is a threat to various ecosystems. However, there is a lack of long‐term experimental evidence demonstrating the seasonal dynamics of plant species turnover that ultimately determines species richness in natural ecosystems under N enrichment. Moreover, the frequency of N addition also may affect species turnover in a community, but it is rarely studied.

To assess the responses of a plant community to N addition, we manipulated the amounts (0–50 g N m−2 year−1) and frequency (2 vs. 12 times year−1) of N addition in an Inner Mongolian typical steppe ecosystem in northern China for 12 consecutive years (2008–2020). We measured species richness and density of plant in the growing seasons (May–September) from 2018 to 2020, starting 10 years after the initial N addition treatment.

Both species gain and species loss decreased with increasing amounts of N addition, resulting in a lower plant species turnover rate and greater similarity in the community between two adjacent months throughout the growing season. Species loss and species gain increased modestly under high N addition frequency. Species gain was more important than species loss in determining species richness after a decade of N application. In addition, plant density increased at high N amounts, mainly driven by enhanced clonal growth of the dominant species, Leymus chinensis.

Synthesis. Together, these results suggest that high levels of N deposition may suppress species richness due to aggravated soil chemical properties and may favour growth of a limited number of N‐tolerant species compared to systems that experience low levels of N deposition. To conserve biodiversity and to facilitate restoration of degraded grassland ecosystems exposed to long‐term N deposition, amelioration of the acidified soils induced by N deposition may be an important strategy to use.
Stable isotope fingerprinting traces essential amino acid assimilation and multichannel feeding in a vertebrate consumer
Authors: Manlick Philip J. , Newsome Seth D.
Published: May 2022

Animals often consume resources from multiple energy channels, thereby connecting food webs and driving trophic structure. Such ‘multichannel feeding’ can dictate ecosystem function and stability, but tools to quantify this process are lacking. Stable isotope ‘fingerprints’ are unique patterns in essential amino acid (EAA) δ13C values that vary consistently between energy channels like primary production and detritus, and they have emerged as a tool to trace energy flow in wild systems. Because animals cannot synthesize EAAs de novo and must acquire them from dietary proteins, ecologists often assume δ13C fingerprints travel through food webs unaltered. Numerous studies have used this approach to quantify energy flow and multichannel feeding in animals, but δ13C fingerprinting has never been experimentally tested in a vertebrate consumer.

We tested the efficacy of δ13C fingerprinting using captive deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus raised on diets containing bacterial, fungal and plant protein, as well as a combination of all three sources. We measured the transfer of δ13C fingerprints from diet to consumer liver, muscle and bone collagen, and we used linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and isotopic mixing models to estimate dietary proportions compared to known contributions. Lastly, we tested the use of published δ13C source fingerprints previously used to estimate energy flow and multichannel feeding by consumers.

We found that EAA δ13C values exhibit significant isotopic (i.e. trophic) fractionation between consumer tissues and diets. Nevertheless, LDA revealed that δ13C fingerprints are consistently routed and assimilated into consumer tissues, regardless of isotopic incorporation rate. Isotopic mixing models accurately estimated the proportional diets of consumers, but all models overestimated plant‐based protein contributions, likely due to the digestive efficiencies of protein sources. Lastly, we found that δ13C source fingerprints from published literature can lead to erroneous diet reconstruction.

We show that δ13C fingerprints accurately measure energy flow to vertebrate consumers across tissues with different isotopic incorporation rates, thereby enabling the estimation of multichannel feeding at various temporal scales. Our findings illustrate the power of δ13C fingerprinting for quantifying food web dynamics, but also reveal that careful selection of dietary source data is critical to the accuracy of this emerging technique.
First report of the serpentine leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its impacts in Australia
Authors: Mulholland Shannon , Gopurenko David , Mirrington Roslyn , Löcker Birgit , Gillespie Peter , Rossiter Louise , Anderson Chris
Published: May 2022

Serpentine leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis is a highly polyphagous insect pest that threatens vegetable and ornamental horticultural production globally as a function of feeding and egg laying damage to plants. Although this species has been periodically intercepted at Australia's border, the pest had not been recorded as established on the mainland. A population of L. huidobrensis was identified in the Sydney Basin, New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in late 2020 affecting a variety of vegetable crops. Delimiting surveillance revealed L. huidobrensis to be widespread in the Sydney Basin and present in several regional locations, impacting vegetable, ornamental and weed hosts. This article documents the first report of L. huidobrensis in Australia and the ensuing biosecurity response that was triggered at its detection.
Comparison of ultra‐low, low and high concentration local anaesthetic for labour epidural analgesia: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Halliday L. , Kinsella M. , Shaw M. , Cheyne J. , Nelson S. M. , Kearns R. J.
Published: May 2022

Lumbar epidural is the gold standard for labour analgesia. Low concentrations of local anaesthetic are recommended. This network meta‐analysis investigated whether further reducing the concentration of local anaesthetic can improve maternal and neonatal outcomes without compromising analgesia. We conducted a systematic search of relevant databases for randomised controlled trials comparing high (>0.1%), low (>0.08% to ≤0.1%) or ultra‐low (≤0.08%) concentration local anaesthetic (bupivacaine or equivalent) for labour epidural. Outcomes included mode of delivery, duration of labour and maternal/neonatal outcomes. Bayesian network meta‐analysis with random‐effects modelling was used to calculate odds ratios or weighted mean differences and 95% credible intervals. A total of 32 studies met inclusion criteria (3665 women). The total dose of local anaesthetic received increased as the concentration increased; ultra‐low compared with low (weighted mean difference −14.96 mg, 95% credible interval [−28.38 to −1.00]) and low compared with high groups (weighted mean difference −14.99 [−28.79 to −2.04]), though there was no difference in the number of rescue top‐ups administered between the groups. Compared with high concentration, ultra‐low concentration local anaesthetic was associated with increased likelihood of spontaneous vaginal delivery (OR 1.46 [1.18 to 1.86]), reduced motor block (Bromage score >0; OR 0.32 [0.18 to 0.54]) and reduced duration of second stage of labour (weighted mean difference −13.02 min [−21.54 to −4.77]). Compared with low, ultra‐low concentration local anaesthetic had similar estimates for duration of second stage of labour (weighted mean difference −1.92 min [−14.35 to 10.20]); spontaneous vaginal delivery (OR 1.07 [0.75 to 1.56]; assisted vaginal delivery (OR 1.35 [0.75 to 2.26]); caesarean section (OR 0.76 [0.49 to 1.22]); pain (scale 1–100, weighted mean difference −5.44 [−16.75 to 5.93]); and maternal satisfaction. Although a lower risk of an Apgar score < 7 at 1 min (OR 0.43 [0.15 to 0.79]) was reported for ultra‐low compared with low concentration, this was not sustained at 5 min (OR 0.12 [0.00 to 2.10]). Ultra‐low concentration local anaesthetic for labour epidural achieves similar or better maternal and neonatal outcomes as low and high concentration, but with reduced local anaesthetic consumption.
Neurodevelopment at two years and appropriate schooling at five years in children born very preterm
Authors: Gebus Maya , Chevallier Marie , Hatton Laure‐Anne , Jacquez Laure , Vilotitch Antoine , Ego Anne , Pin Isabelle , Debillon Thierry
Published: May 2022

Aim

This single‐centre French cohort study evaluated the relationship between standardised assessment at 2 years of corrected age and schooling level at 5 years of age in children born at ≤32 weeks' gestational age.

Methods

This was a single‐centre retrospective study of children born preterm between 2010 and 2014 included in a follow‐up network. At 5 years of age, the population was divided into 2 groups: (1) ‘appropriate schooling’, defined as age‐appropriate schooling without support, and (2) ‘schooling with support’. At 2 years of corrected age, the developmental quotient (DQ) was calculated using the revised Brunet–Lezine test. Neonatal variables and DQ categories were compared between the 2 groups on univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

DQ was available for 251 of the 270 children included (93%), with a median score of 93.0 (IQR [87.0–100.0]), and 171 children (68%) were in the schooling without support group. On multivariate analysis, DQ ≥100 (n = 67) was the only variable that significantly associated with schooling without support (OR = 13.9; 95% CI: 5.5–35.4) at 5 years of age.

Conclusion

This result may be useful for clinicians in their routine practice and for information given to parents in neonatal follow‐up.
Safety of sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular block: A postmarketing study based on the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database
Authors: Lyu Qiang , Ye Pei , Zhang Hewei , Ye Xiaofei , Zheng Yi , Xu Jinfang , Chen Xiao , Chen Chenxin , Guo Xiaojing
Published: May 2022

Aim

Residual neuromuscular blockade is a common complication after general anaesthesia. Sugammadex can reverse the action of aminosteroid neuromuscular blockers. This study aimed to explore sugammadex safety issues in the real world and determine the spectrum of adverse reactions.

Methods

All sugammadex‐related adverse events reported in VigiBase between 2010 and 2019 were classified by group queries according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. A disproportionality analysis of data was performed using the information component (IC); positive IC values were deemed significant.

Results

Overall, 16 219 410 adverse events were reported and 2032 were associated with sugammadex. The frequent reactions were recurrence of neuromuscular blockade (n = 54, IC 6.74, IC025 6.33), laryngospasm (n = 53, IC 6.05, IC025 5.64), bronchospasm (n = 119, IC 5.63, IC025 5.36) and bradycardia (n = 169, IC 5.13, IC025 4.90). Fatal cases were more likely among patients with cardiac disorders, especially those over 65 years. In addition, the common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) differed between different age groups (P < .01). ADRs were higher in the 0‐17 years age group than in other age groups. The onset time of common ADRs was typically within 1 day and 68.9% occurred within half an hour after sugammadex administration.

Conclusions

Anaesthesiologists should carefully monitor the anaesthesia recovery period to correct the ADRs caused by sugammadex and recommend monitoring neuromuscular function throughout the anaesthesia process. Sugammadex should be used carefully in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and electrocardiography and hemodynamic changes should be monitored after medication.
Whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging plus serological follow‐up for early identification of progression in smouldering myeloma patients to prevent development of end‐organ damage
Authors: Wennmann Markus , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Mosebach Jennifer , Hielscher Thomas , Bäuerle Tobias , Komljenovic Dorde , McCarthy Philip L. , Merz Maximilian , Schlemmer Heinz‐Peter , Raab Marc‐Steffen , Sauer Sandra , Delorme Stefan , Hillengass Jens
Published: May 2022

The definition of multiple myeloma (MM) was updated in 2014, with the intent to enable earlier treatment and thereby avoid appearance of end‐organ damage at progression from smouldering multiple myeloma (SMM) to MM. The purpose of this study was to investigate to which extent the development of end‐organ damage at progression to MM was reduced under the updated guidelines. In this prospective observational cohort study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01374412), between 2014 and 2020, 96 SMM patients prospectively underwent whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (wb‐MRI) and serological follow‐up at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. A total of 22 patients progressed into MM during follow‐up, of which seven (32%) showed SLiM‐criteria only but no end‐organ damage. Four (57%) of the seven patients who progressed by SLiM‐criteria only progressed with >1 focal lesion (FL) or a growing FL, and three (43%) due to serum free light‐chain‐ratio ≥100. Fifteen (68%) out of 22 patients who progressed still suffered from end‐organ damage at progression. The updated disease definition reduced the proportion of SMM patients suffering from end‐organ damage at progression to MM by one third. wb‐MRI is an important tool for detection of SMM patients who progress to MM without end‐organ damage.
Beneficial impact of first‐line mogamulizumab‐containing chemotherapy in adult T‐cell leukaemia‐lymphoma
Authors: Shichijo Takafumi , Nosaka Kisato , Tatetsu Hiro , Higuchi Yusuke , Endo Shinya , Inoue Yoshitaka , Toyoda Kosuke , Kikukawa Yoshitaka , Kawakita Toshiro , Yasunaga Jun‐ichirou , Matsuoka Masao
Published: May 2022

Chemotherapy in combination with mogamulizumab (Mog) was approved in Japan in 2014 for untreated aggressive adult T‐cell leukaemia‐lymphoma (ATL), but the survival benefit remains unclear. Therefore, we retrospectively analysed clinical outcomes in 39 transplant‐ineligible patients with untreated aggressive ATL at Kumamoto University Hospital between 2010 and 2021. The probability of four‐year overall survival was 46.3% in the first‐line Mog‐containing treatment group compared to 20.6% in the chemotherapy‐alone group (p = 0.033). Furthermore, this survival benefit was observed even in the elderly. In conclusion, first‐line Mog‐containing treatment can be a promising strategy for transplant‐ineligible patients with ATL, especially in the elderly.
The effect of flight efficiency on gap‐crossing ability in Amazonian forest birds
Authors: Claramunt Santiago , Hong Milly , Bravo Adriana
Published: May 2022

The ability to move across the landscape is a fundamental property of species that can determine their chances of persistence in fragmented landscapes and in rapidly changing environments. Despite its importance, empirical evidence showing the effect of movement capacity on patterns of movement across fragmented landscapes is limited. In this study, we examine the role of flight efficiency on the likelihood of crossing a man‐made habitat gap. We used data from the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Projects on recaptures of banded birds in an Amazonian forest bisected by a road. For a total of 45 species, we estimated flight efficiency using the hand‐wing index (a proxy for the wing's aspect ratio) and used it as a predictor of the probability of road crossing in phylogenetic binomial regression models. We found that flight efficiency was a strong predictor of road‐crossing probability: species with high hand‐wing indices crossed the road more frequently than those with low hand‐wing indices. In contrast, other characteristics such as body mass, diet, flocking behavior, and foraging stratum did not show significant associations with road‐crossing probability. Our results suggest that proxies of flight efficiency such as the hand‐wing index can be powerful tools for predicting the vulnerability of bird species to forest fragmentation.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material
Colour‐patterned fabric‐defect detection using unsupervised and memorial defect‐free features
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Zhang Weiwei , Wang Yang , Lu Shuai , Yao Le , Chen Xia
Published: May 2022

Automatic colour‐patterned fabric‐defect detection is essential and challenging in controlling manufacturing quality. Because of the scarcity of defective colour‐patterned fabric samples and the imbalance of defect types, an auto‐encoder trained with defect‐free samples is used. However, the auto‐encoder sometimes has weak generalisation ability, leading to mis‐ or over‐detection of defects. An unsupervised and memorising defect‐free method is proposed for colour‐patterned fabric defects. The method designs a memory‐guided quantisation variational auto‐encoder‐2 model and improves the residual post‐processing operation. Specifically, it has three significant characteristics. First, it avoids time‐consuming and laborious manually labelled samples and only needs defect‐free samples in the training phase. Second, we expect the reconstruction image to be a defect‐free image. Thus, memory modules are introduced to encourage the model to memorise the features of defect‐free samples, which help to remove the image defect areas at the testing stage. Third, to further improve the detection accuracy, the closing operation is used to deal with the residual image that is calculated between the tested and the corresponding reconstructed image. Extensive experiments on various representative fabric samples demonstrated the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
Retrospective clinical study of tooth‐supported single crowns: A multifactor analysis
Authors: Hawthan Mohammed , Chrcanovic Bruno R. , Larsson Christel
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of multiple factors on the survival of tooth‐supported single crowns and assess the biological and technical complications. This retrospective study included patients rehabilitated with single crowns with a minimum follow‐up time of 6 months after delivery. The cumulative survival rate was calculated over the maximum period of follow‐up time and reported in a life‐table survival analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to evaluate the associations between clinical covariates and crown failure. The included cohort group consisted of 1037 single crowns delivered in 401 patients and followed for a mean of 134.8 ± 80.2 months. Cumulative survival rate was 89.9% and 80.9% after 5 and 10 years and 70.5% and 61.8% after 15 and 20 years, respectively. The main reasons for single crown failure were loss of retention, tooth loss, and fracture. Anterior placement, non‐vital abutments, and bruxism significantly influenced the survival of single crowns. The survival of single crowns was not influenced by patient's age and sex, location of the crowns in relation to the jaws, type of tooth, presence of post and core, and type of crown material, treatment providers, or smoking. Anterior placement, non‐vital abutments, and bruxism are factors suggested to increase the risk of single crown failure and the prevalence of technical and biological complications.
DR0022 from Deinococcus radiodurans is an acid uracil‐DNA glycosylase
Authors: Li Jing , Yang Ye , Chang Chenyan , Cao Weiguo
Published: May 2022

Uracil‐DNA glycosylase (UDG) initiates base excision repair (BER) by removing damaged or modified nucleobases during DNA repair or mammalian demethylation. The UDG superfamily consists of at least six families with a variety of catalytic specificities and functions. Deinococcus radiodurans, an extreme radiation resistant bacterium, contains multiple members of UDG enzymes within its genome. The present study reveals that the putative protein, DR0022, is a uracil‐DNA glycosylase that requires acidic conditions for its glycosylase activity, which is the first case of such an enzyme within the UDG superfamily. The key residues in the catalytic motifs are investigated by biochemical, enzyme kinetics, and de novo structural prediction, as well as molecular modeling analyses. The structural and catalytic roles of several distinct residues are discussed in light of predicted and modeled DR0022 glycosylase structures. The spontaneous mutation rate analysis performed in a dr0022 deficient D. radiodurans strain indicated that the dr0022 gene plays a role in mutation prevention. Furthermore, survival rate analysis in a dr0022 deficient D. radiodurans strain demonstrated its role in stress resistance, including γ‐irradiation. Additionally, the novel acid UDG activity in relationship to its in vivo roles is discussed. This work underscores the functional diversity in the UDG superfamily.
Utility of Thromboelastography and velocity curve derivative in diagnosing COVID‐19 associated coagulopathy
Authors: Mohan Ganesh , Wilson William , Paonam Bemma , Vaidya Ashwinkumar , Ravindra Prithvishree , Shastry Shamee , Balakrishnan Jayaraj Mymbilly , Rao Shwethapriya , Chaudhuri Souvik
Published: May 2022

Background

COVID‐19 associated coagulopathy (CAC) can either be localized or systemic hypercoagulable state with increased risk of thromboembolism. This study looked into the usefulness of Thromboelastography (TEG) and the velocity curve (V‐curve) derivative from TEG in diagnosing and differentiating different stages of CAC.

Materials and Methods

A prospective single cohort study of RT‐PCR confirmed COVID‐19 patients was carried out for 2 weeks. Severe COVID‐19 patients in the adult critical care units with a TEG report were recruited for the study. Citrated kaolin TEG was performed on the day of admission before anticoagulation. TEG parameters included were R and K time, alpha angle, maximum amplitude, clotting index, lysis at 30 min. The first‐degree velocity curve of TEG is plotted as V‐curve which extrapolates thrombus generation potential. Parameters analyzed were the maximum rate of thrombus generation as well as thrombus generated (TG).

Results

The study included 43 patients with an average age of 58.34 (±15.35). TEG as well as V‐curve of all the patients were hypercoagulable compared with age‐matched reference range. We had 79.06% of patients in hypercoagulable stage. The mortality rate was 32.56% and 30.23% developed thrombotic incidents. Patients who succumbed to death had prolonged PT, aPTT, MA, Ly30, with a reduced TG (p < .05). The presence of fibrinolysis was associated with thromboembolism (OR = 6.76, CI = 1.48–25.82). Repeat TEG was done randomly in 11 patients and revealed a persistent hypercoagulable stage with increasing fibrinolysis activity.

Conclusion

TEG is a useful tool in diagnosing and categorizing Coagulopathy associated with COVID‐19.
Active commuting, commuting modes and the risk of diabetes: 14‐year follow‐up data from the Hisayama study
Authors: Honda Takanori , Hirakawa Yoichiro , Hata Jun , Chen Sanmei , Shibata Mao , Sakata Satoko , Furuta Yoshihiko , Higashioka Mayu , Oishi Emi , Kitazono Takanari , Ninomiya Toshiharu
Published: May 2022

Aims/Introduction

We aimed to investigate the association of active commuting (cycling or walking to work), as well as the association of the individual commuting modes, with the risk of diabetes in a prospective cohort of community‐dwelling adults in Japan.

Material and Methods

A total of 1,270 residents aged 40–79 years were followed up for a median of 14 years. Active commuting was defined as either cycling or walking to work. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association of active commuting with the risk of diabetes. Associations for different forms of active commuting (cycling, walking and mixed modes of cycling or walking with non‐active components) were also examined.

Results

During the follow‐up period, 191 participants developed diabetes. Active commuting was associated with a lower risk of diabetes than non‐active commuting after adjustment for potential confounders (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31–0.92). With regard to the commuting modes, the risk of diabetes was significantly lower in individuals who commuted by cycling alone (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22–0.98), and tended to be lower in individuals who commuted by walking alone (HR 0.14, 95% CI 0.02–1.02) compared with that in individuals with non‐active commuting. Meanwhile, no significant associations were observed for the mixed mode of walking and non‐active commuting (HR 1.69, 95% CI 0.77–3.71).

Conclusions

Active commuting, particularly that consisting exclusively of cycling or walking, was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. Our findings support a public health policy that promotes the choice of active commuting for the prevention of diabetes.
Ciliate research: From myth to trendsetting science
Authors: Plattner Helmut
Published: May 2022

This special issue of the Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology (JEM) summarizes achievements obtained by generations of researchers with ciliates in widely different disciplines. In fact, ciliates range among the first cells seen under the microscope centuries ago. Their beauty made them an object of scientia amabilis, and their manifold reactions made them attractive for college experiments and finally challenged causal analyses at the cellular level. Some of this work was honored by a Nobel Prize. Some observations yielded a baseline for additional novel discoveries, occasionally facilitated by specific properties of some ciliates. This also offers some advantages in the exploration of closely related parasites (malaria). Articles contributed here by colleagues from all over the world encompass a broad spectrum of ciliate life, from genetics to evolution, from molecular cell biology to ecology, from intercellular signaling to epigenetics, etc. This introductory chapter, largely based on my personal perception, aims at integrating work presented in this special issue of JEM into a broader historical context up to current research.
Observations of a species‐record deep dive by a central Pacific female scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini)
Authors: Anderson James M. , Rex Patrick T. , Maloney Kelsey , Johnston Mark , Verbeck Deron , Allen Neil , Holland Kim
Published: May 2022

A female scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) conducted a species record deep dive to 1240 m in coastal‐pelagic waters off Hawaii Island. This extends the deepest known depth range of the species by over 200 m (650 ft) and highlights the question of the extent to which deep‐diving activity is mediated by physiological constraints, such as temperature and oxygen availability.
Challenges faced by new nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Jerome‐D'Emilia Bonnie , Suplee Patricia Dunphy , Linz Sheila
Published: May 2022

Introduction

COVID‐19 can be considered a unique and complex form of trauma with potentially devastating consequences for nurses in general and new nurses specifically. Few studies have been published that explain how relatively new nurses were prepared for COVID‐19 in terms of knowledge and skill and how these nurses fared physically and emotionally.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design utilizing purposive sampling to recruit a diverse group of nurses who were within 2 years post‐graduation from nursing school.

Methods

In‐depth interviews of 29 nurses were conducted using a semi‐structured interview guide to elicit data, which was coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Six main themes and multiple subthemes were identified in the data. The main themes were: “We were not prepared,” “I was just thrown in,” “Avoiding infection,” “It was so sad,” “We did the best we could,” and “I learned so much.”

Conclusion

The nurses who participated in this study expressed fear, weariness, exhaustion, isolation, and distress, observations echoed by studies from other countries. Retention of new nurses in acute care settings has always been a concern. In the recent Current Population Survey, a 4% reduction in nurses under 35 years of age has been reported, imperiling the retention of an effective workforce for decades to come.

Clinical Relevance

A recent report suggests that a larger than expected number of young nurses have left the profession in the wake of the pandemic. Staff shortages threaten the ability of the remaining nurses to do their jobs. This is the time to listen to the needs of new nurses to retain them in the profession and to avoid an even greater shortage in the near future.
The contingent nature of broadband as an engine for business startups in rural areas
Authors: Duvivier Chloé , Bussière Claire
Published: May 2022

The introduction of the Internet in the 2000s was believed to be an effective solution for helping rural economies but previous studies found mixed results. Following the prevailing COVID‐19 pandemic, the idea has surfaced that broadband accessibility would result in an increasing number of people and firms relocating to smaller towns and rural areas. In this study, we provide new evidence on the impact of ultrafast broadband on rural economies by considering industrial and spatial heterogeneity. To achieve this, we evaluated the impact of the French Very High‐Speed Broadband Plan on business startups in rural municipalities between 2013 and 2018 using difference‐in‐differences with prematching. The evidence reveals that positive broadband effects are limited to municipalities with good initial conditions in terms of local economic climate, natural amenities, and demographics. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that broadband is not a panacea, and focusing on broadband access only is likely to have little impact in structurally weak rural areas.
Disparities in Assessments of Living Standards Using National Accounts and Household Surveys
Authors: Prydz Espen Beer , Jolliffe Dean , Serajuddin Umar
Published: May 2022

Estimates of average per capita consumption and income from national accounts differ substantially from corresponding measures of consumption and income from household surveys. Using a new compilation of more than 2,000 household surveys matched to national accounts data, we find that the gaps between the data sources are larger and more robust than previously established. Means of household consumption estimated from surveys are, on average, 20 percent lower than corresponding means from national accounts. The gap with GDP per capita is nearly 50 percent. The gaps have increased in recent decades and are largest in middle‐income countries, where annualized growth rates for consumption surveys are systematically lower than national accounts growth rates. We show that the gaps in measures across these two sources have implications for assessments of economic growth, poverty, and inequality. We find that typical survey measures of consumption and income may exaggerate poverty reduction and underestimate inequality.
Envelopes for censored quantile regression
Authors: Zhao Yue , Van Keilegom Ingrid , Ding Shanshan
Published: May 2022

We propose an efficient estimator for the coefficients in censored quantile regression using the envelope model. The envelope model uses dimension reduction techniques to identify material and immaterial components in the data, and forms the estimator based only on the material component, thus reducing the variability of estimation. We will demonstrate the guaranteed asymptotic efficiency gain of our proposed envelope estimator over the traditional estimator for censored quantile regression. Our analysis begins with the local weighing approach that traditionally relies on semiparametric ‐estimation involving the conditional Kaplan–Meier estimator. We will instead invoke the independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) representation of the Kaplan–Meier estimator, which eliminates this infinite‐dimensional nuisance and transforms our objective function in ‐estimation into a ‐process indexed by only an Euclidean parameter. The modified ‐estimation problem becomes entirely parametric and hence more amenable to analysis. We will also reconsider the i.i.d. representation of the conditional Kaplan–Meier estimator.
Diversity initiatives in the US workplace: A brief history, their intended and unintended consequences
Authors: Portocarrero Sandra , Carter James T.
Published: May 2022

Diversity initiatives are designed to help workers from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve equitable opportunities and outcomes in organizations. However, these programs are often ineffective. To better understand less‐than‐desired outcomes and the shifting diversity landscape, we synthesize literature on how corporate affirmative action programs became diversity initiatives and current literature on their effectiveness. We focus specifically on work dealing with mechanisms that make diversity initiatives effective as well as their unintended consequences. When taken together, these literature point to several inequality‐specific omissions in contemporary discussions of organizational diversity initiatives, such as the omission of racial inequality. As we contend in the first section of this review, without affirmative action law, which initially tasked US employers with ending racial discrimination at the workplace, we would not have diversity initiatives. We conclude by providing directions for future research and elaborating on several core foci that scholars might pursue to better (re)connect issues of organizational diversity with the aims of equity, equality and social justice.
Repeatability and reproducibility of a hyperspectral imaging system for in vivo color evaluation
Authors: Blaksley Carl , Udodaira Kumiko , Yoshida Mie , Nicolas Alexandre , Velleman Damien , Casolino Marco , Flament Frederic
Published: May 2022

Background

Color imaging is a tried and true method for the evaluation of cosmetic and dermatological effects, but it fails to capture all the information in a scene's spectral reflectance. For this reason, there has been in recent years increasing interest in the use of imaging spectrometers for clinical studies and product evaluation.

Material and methods

We developed a novel HyperSpectral Imager (HSI) able to take in vivo full‐face format images as a next generation instrument for skin color measurement and beyond. Here, we report part of the results of our first full‐scale validation test of the HSI. We replicated a make‐up foundation screening test by applying three products to a panel of 9 models and evaluated the product L∗, a∗, b∗, and ∆E effect immediately after application relative to the bare skin condition. We repeated this test twice in order to study the repeatability of the HSI as an evaluation instrument and during each test two different operators duplicated the data acquisition so we can assess the reproducibility of the measurements.

Results

We find that the measurements from the HSI provide repeatability and reproducibility as good or better than those of our previous benchmark devices.

Conclusion

From these results, we conclude that not only is the HSI suitable for use in color evaluation studies, but also that it gives operational advantages over the previous generation of evaluation instruments, as it provides a spectral measurement combined with good spatial resolution. This allows for analysis of color over an area and post hoc selection of study regions and so opens new possibilities for studies of complex in vivo phenomena which neither non‐imaging spectrometers nor conventional cameras can pursue. This study also raises points for future work concerning proper inclusion of instrument uncertainty in comparisons of results between instruments and handling of systematic uncertainties from analyses based on a single area.
Fleas from common rodent species are an unlikely source of plague (Yersinia pestis) in managed forests of northwestern Oregon, USA
Authors: Hanselmann Rhea , Dizney Laurie J. , Bron Gebbiena M. , Jolles Anna E.
Published: May 2022

Anthropogenic environmental change can alter the susceptibility of wildlife hosts to pathogens and provide an opportunity for disease emergence. We explored Yersinia pestis prevalence in fleas from three rodent species inhabiting intensively managed forests in Oregon, USA. Y. pestis was not detected in the 145 fleas (3 families and 9 species) collected. Our results suggest a low public health threat from plague in this anthropogenically altered landscape and contribute to regional Y. pestis monitoring efforts.
Uncertainty Analysis and Sensitivity Estimation on an Artillery External Ballistic System
Authors: Tong Nichen , Liu Qiming , Han Xu , Wu Xingfu , Zhang Zheyi
Published: May 2022

In the design of artillery external ballistics, sensitivity analysis can effectively quantify the influence of multi-source uncertain parameters on the dispersion of projectile landing points to improve the precise attack ability of artillery. However, for a complicated artillery external ballistic system containing multiple inputs and outputs, its mapping relationships are not definite under uncertainty and it is difficult to estimate a comprehensive sensitivity index due to involving the calculation of high dimensional integral. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis method based on the combination of variance and covariance decomposition with the approximate high dimensional model representation (AHDMR) is proposed to measure the influence of muzzle state parameters, projectile characteristic parameters, etc. on projectile landing points under uncertainty in this paper. First, we establish the numerical simulation model of artillery external ballistics by combing the external ballistic theory and Runge–Kutta algorithm to acquire the mapping relationships between the uncertain input parameters and the dispersion of projectile landing points and implement uncertainty analysis under different uncertainty levels (UL) and distributions. Then, with the use of a set of orthogonal polynomials for uniform and Gaussian distribution, respectively, the high dimensional model representation of the mapping relationship is approximately expressed and the compressive sensitivity indices can be effectively estimated based on the Monte Carlo simulation. Moreover, the comparison results of two numerical examples indicate the proposed sensitivity analysis method is accurate and practical. Finally, through the method, the importance rankings of multi-uncertain parameters on projectile landing points for two distributions are effectively quantified under the UL = [0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05].
Examining Whether Physical Activity Location Choices Were Associated With Weekly Physical Activity Maintenance Across 13 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Emerging Adults
Authors: Yi Li , Wang Shirlene D. , Chu Daniel , Ponnada Aditya , Intille Stephen S. , Dunton Genevieve F.
Published: May 2022

Background: Recent studies have shown potentially detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity (PA) in emerging adults (ages 18–29 y). However, studies that examined the effects of COVID-19 on PA location choices and maintenance for this age group remain limited. The current study investigated changes in PA location choices across 13 months during the pandemic and their associations with PA maintenance in this population. Methods: Emerging adults (N = 197) living in the United States completed weekly survey on personal smartphones (May 2020–June 2021) regarding PA location choices and maintenance. Mixed-effects models examined the main effects of PA location choice and its interaction with weeks into the pandemic on participants’ PA maintenance. Results: On a given week, participants performing PA on roads/sidewalks or at parks/open spaces were 1½ and 2 times as likely to maintain PA levels, respectively. Moreover, after September 2021, weeks when individuals performed PA on roads/sidewalks had a protective effect on PA maintenance. Conclusions: Performing PA on roads/sidewalks and at parks/open spaces was associated with PA maintenance during the COVID-19 pandemic. PA promotion and intervention efforts for emerging adults during large-scale disruptions to daily life should focus on providing programmed activities in open spaces to maintain their PA levels.
Analysis of 6.4 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes identifies mutations associated with fitness
Authors: Obermeyer Fritz , Jankowiak Martin , Barkas Nikolaos , Schaffner Stephen F. , Pyle Jesse D. , Yurkovetskiy Leonid , Bosso Matteo , Park Daniel J. , Babadi Mehrtash , MacInnis Bronwyn L. , Luban Jeremy , Sabeti Pardis C. , Lemieux Jacob E.
Published: May 2022

Repeated emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with increased fitness underscores the value of rapid detection and characterization of new lineages. We have developed PyR
0
, a hierarchical Bayesian multinomial logistic regression model that infers relative prevalence of all viral lineages across geographic regions, detects lineages increasing in prevalence, and identifies mutations relevant to fitness. Applying PyR
0
to all publicly available SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we identify numerous substitutions that increase fitness, including previously identified spike mutations and many nonspike mutations within the nucleocapsid and nonstructural proteins. PyR
0
forecasts growth of new lineages from their mutational profile, ranks the fitness of lineages as new sequences become available, and prioritizes mutations of biological and public health concern for functional characterization.
The lncRNA PILA promotes NF-κB signaling in osteoarthritis by stimulating the activity of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT1
Authors: Tang Su’an , Cao Yumei , Cai Zhaopeng , Nie Xiaoyu , Ruan Jianzhao , Zhou Zuoqing , Ruan Guangfeng , Zhu Zhaohua , Han Weiyu , Ding Changhai
Published: May 2022

Inflammatory cytokine–induced activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). We identified PILA as a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that enhances NF-κB signaling and OA. The abundance of PILA was increased in damaged cartilage from patients with OA and in human articular chondrocytes stimulated with the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Knockdown of PILA inhibited TNF-induced NF-κB signaling, extracellular matrix catabolism, and apoptosis in chondrocytes, whereas ectopic expression of PILA promoted NF-κB signaling and matrix degradation. PILA promoted PRMT1-mediated arginine methylation of DExH-box helicase 9 (DHX9), leading to an increase in the transcription of the gene encoding transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1), an upstream activator of NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, intra-articular injection of an adenovirus vector encoding PILA triggered spontaneous cartilage loss and exacerbated posttraumatic OA in mice. This study provides insight into the regulation of NF-κB signaling in OA and identifies a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
Harnessing Rare Actinomycete Interactions and Intrinsic Antimicrobial Resistance Enables Discovery of an Unusual Metabolic Inhibitor
Authors: McClung Dylan J. , Du Yongle , Antonich Dominic J. , Bonet Bailey , Zhang Wenjun , Traxler Matthew F.
Published: May 2022

Many antibiotics were originally discovered from microbes. However, in recent decades, resistance to current treatments has risen, while novel antibiotic discovery has become increasingly challenging.
Two Different Species of
Mycoplasma
Endosymbionts Can Influence Trichomonas vaginalis Pathophysiology
Authors: Margarita Valentina , Bailey Nicholas P. , Rappelli Paola , Diaz Nicia , Dessì Daniele , Fettweis Jennifer M. , Hirt Robert P. , Fiori Pier Luigi
Published: May 2022

T. vaginalis
and
M. hominis
form a unique case of endosymbiosis that modulates the parasite’s pathobiology. Recently, a new nonculturable mycoplasma species (“
Candidatus
Mycoplasma girerdii”) has been described as closely associated with the protozoon.
A Critical Role for p53 during the HPV16 Life Cycle
Authors: Fontan Christian T. , James Claire D. , Prabhakar Apurva T. , Bristol Molly L. , Otoa Raymonde , Wang Xu , Karimi Elmira , Rajagopalan Pavithra , Basu Devraj , Morgan Iain M.
Published: May 2022

Human papillomaviruses are causative agents in around 5% of all cancers. There are currently no antivirals available to combat these infections and cancers, therefore it remains a priority to enhance our understanding of the HPV life cycle.
Zoonotic acquisition of cutaneousSporothrix braziliensisinfection in the UK
Authors: Rachman Raissa , Ligaj Marcin , Chinthapalli Suchitra , Serafino Wani Robert
Published: May 2022

A veterinarian presented with multiple erythematous tender nodules over his right hand and arm. One month prior to the appearance of the lesions, he had treated a cat imported from Brazil who had ulcerated pustular cutaneous lesions. Despite antibiotic treatment there had been no improvement in his symptoms.

Biopsies from the patient were sent for histology, bacterial and fungal culture. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains showed a PAS positive oval yeast-like micro-organism with surrounding necrosis. Fungal cultures resemblingSporothrixspecies grew after 18 days with typical appearances seen on direct microscopy; this was confirmed asSporothrix brasiliensison 18S PCR. The patient was treated with oral itraconazole.

This is a unique case of cutaneousS. brasiliensisacquired from an infected imported cat.S. brasiliensisis a rare pathogen in the UK. This case has clinical relevance due to its unusual aetiology and in raising awareness of rarer infections associated with importation of pets and global travel. Clinicians should be aware of sporotrichosis as a differential diagnosis for cutaneous and extracutaneous infection in patients with a high risk of exposure, as well as the use of appropriate diagnostic tests.
Telemedicine family meetings in palliative care: etiquette
Authors: Habib Muhammad Hamza , Kota Srigowri , Davis Mellar P
Published: May 2022

The use of telemedicine in healthcare settings has continued to increase over the last few years. This has led to new communication-based concerns in palliative care settings. To date, there are no specific guidelines on telemedicine etiqettes relating to conducting online family meetings. This case report discusses some etiquette-failures in a telemedicine family meeting, and offers suggestions to improve communication etiqettes or 'webside manners' in these settings.
Global health wars: a rhetorical review of global health critique
Authors: Baldwinson Raquel
Published: May 2022

The critique of global health is a longstanding tradition in the global health humanities (GHH). Typically, this critique takes an expected tack: critics take a slice of global health, identify its rhetoric, expose its power, and elucidate its unanticipated consequences. Here, I subject global health critique to its own approach—conducting a ‘rhetorical review’ of global health critique in order to ascertain whether it has rhetoric, power and unanticipated consequences of its own. Following this review, I find that global health critique has a rhetoric, and that this rhetoric can be organised into three types: (1) ‘global health as mere rhetoric’, (2) ‘splitting global health’, and (3) ‘figuring global health war.’ Ultimately, I argue that the rhetoric of GHH critique, like the rhetoric of global health, is a rhetoric of consequence—and a rhetoric worth revisiting.