bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEUTROPHIL: LYMPHOCYTE RATIO OF PURE ANDCROSSBRED NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS PIGS
Authors: OLUWOLE O. O.
Published: December 2024

Pigs plays a major role in socio economically by serving as a source of income for rural population and fulfilling an important role in culture and food security. Neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can be defined as the ratio of absolute neutrophil count to the absolute lymphocyte count. Fifty-one weaners were randomly selected at 9, 17 and 25 weeks of age for haematological analysis. Blood from the jugular veins of these pigs were collected into anti-coagulant bottles and taken to the laboratory for analysis. The blood parameters taken were leukocyte traits represented by neutrophilic count (NEU%) and lymphocyte percentage (LYM%). NLR was calculated by dividing the mean neutrophil counts by the mean lymphocyte count. Haematological data recorded were analyzed by using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The NLR values were significant between the two breeds where NIP NLR was higher throughout the ages.
INFLUENCE OF THREE DIETARY OIL SOURCES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND LIPID PROFILE IN BROILER
Authors: AGBOOLA A. F. , OMIDIWURA B. R. O.
Published: December 2024

Two hundred and forty one-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 12 birds each in a completely randomized design. Diet I had no oil (control diet), diets 2, 3 and 4 contained control diet with 2.5% soybean oil, 2.5% shea butter oil and 2.5% fish oil respectively in a study that lasted for 42 days. Performance indices and carcass quality were assessed. On day 42, blood sample was collected from the jugular vein of one bird per replicate and assayed for serum metabolites. Birds fed Shea butter supplemented diet had lower (P < 0.05) average feed intake (2521.30g/b) compared to birds on other diets. Improved average body weight gain (P < 0.05) was observed in birds fed soybean oil supplemented diets which was similar to birds on fish oil diet. Similar feed conversion ratio was recorded in birds on the control diet, soybean oil and shea butter oil diets which were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those on fish oil diet. A resembling trend was recorded for gain: feed of birds on experimental diets. Diet had no effect on weights of wings, breast muscle and thigh of birds on dietary treatments. Live weights of birds fed soybean oil and fish oil diets compared with the control diet. Drumstick of birds on shea butter oil differ (P<0.05) significantly from birds fed fish though both similar to those on the control diet and soybean oil diet. There were significant differences observed in the cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein. Identical high density lipoprotein values were recorded for birds on dietary oil sources which were significantly (P<0.05) lower than values obtained for birds on the control diet. Results obtained in the present study showed that three dietary oil sources improved performance, carcass quality and lipid profile of broiler chickens.
INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF POULTRY FARMERS IN ZARIA AND ENVIRONS
Authors: EZEH C. C. , NALADO A. , EZEH O. H.
Published: December 2024

A cross-sectional survey of small, medium and large scale farmers in Zaria and environs was carried out to elicit their information needs and behavior. A sample of 68 respondents )71% of population) were randomly selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data collected. The result revealed a significant relationship between information seeking behavior and the respondents. The educational attainment, farming experience and flock size at P<0.05, age with r-value of 0.0263 was not significant at (P<0.05). Recommendations are made with a view to improving poultry farmers information seeking behavior and the use of information.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING GRADED LEVELS OF CASSAVA LEAF MEAL ON HAEMATOLOGY RABBIT DOES IN A SOUTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA ENVIRONMENT OF NIGERIA
Authors: AHEMEN T. , BITTO L. I. , OLUREMI O. L. A. , ANUGWA F. O. I.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding graded levels of cassava leaf meal (CLM) on haematology of rabbit does. A total of 20 rabbits at 28 weeks old, weighing between 1602- 1678g were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a trial that lasted for nine (9) weeks. The four diets were designated T, (control), T2, T3 and T, with cassava leaf meal inclusion of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. Each rabbit serves as a replicate in a completely randomized design. The results showed that cassava leaf meal had no significant effect (p>0.05) Haemoglobin (Hb) Red blood cells, White blood cells and Leucocyte differential counts. Significant effect of diet was observed on packed cell volume (PCV). Haematological values obtained were comparable to the normal range for rabbits. It was therefore concluded that the inclusion of up to 30% of cassava leaf meal in the diet of rabbit does would guarantee good health. It is recommended that further study on the feeding potential of cassava leaf meal at higher levels of inclusion be investigated.
HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF WISTAR RATS FED DEHULLED AFRICAN YAM BEAN (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) SOAKED IN ACIDIC AND ALKALINE MEDIA
Authors: AMUSA H. O. , ABU O. A.
Published: December 2024

A total of thirty Wistar rats weighing 40150g were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design to investigate the haematological indices of Wistar rats fed dehulled African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) soaked in acidic and alkaline media. Three diets were formulated to contain dehulled AYB- (TI), dehulled AYB soaked ogi liquor (acidic medium)- (T3) and dehulled AYB soaked in wood ash (alkaline solution)-(T3). The experiment lasted for 28days. Two rats per treatment were sacrificed by cervical decapitation, Red Blood Cell (RBC). lymphocyte AST and creatinine were not affected by dietary treatments while Packed Cell Volume, Haemoglobin, White Blood Cell, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Basophil, Platelets, total protein, albumin, globulin and ALT were significantly affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. Rats on T3 had the highest haemoglobin value (15.6g/dl) and PCV (48.0%). Rats on T2 and T1 had the highest value of monocyte (2.00%) and basophil (2.00%) However, values of PCV and Haemoglobin followed similar pattern. In conclusion dehulled African yam bean seeds soaked in ogi liquor (acidic medium) and wood ash (alkaline medium) can be fed to rats without having adverse effects on haematological indices of the rats
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS FED RAW AND DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA) SEEDMEAL
Authors: EGBEWANDE O. O. , IBRAHIM H. , MUSA A. B. , ZAKARI H. A.
Published: December 2024

Raw and differently processed roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed meal were fed as part replacement for groundnut caketo one hundred and fifty (150) Abor acre broiler chickens whose carcass characteristics were determined. The birds were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with three replicates (ten chicks per replicate) each in a completely randomized design (CRD). In the feeding trial, raw roselle seed meal (RaRSM), roasted roselle seed meal (RaRSM), boiled roselle seed meal (BRSM) and soaked roselle seed meal (SRSM) were incorporated as part replacement for groundnut cake at 50% level of inclusion. Results obtained for cut-up parts showed no significant (P>0.05) differences except for wings of the bird fed roasted roselle seed meal was significantly (P<0.05) different and higher than those fed control, raw, boiled and soaked roselle seed meal (10.87, 7.52, 9.85 and 9.46% respectively). Results from visceral organs showed no significant (P>0.05) different but for proventriculus which exhibited significant (P<0.05) differences among the treatment means. Birds fed roasted roselle seed meal (RaRSM) had the highest value (0.80%) while those fed raw roselle seed meal (RaRSM) gave the least (0.50%). This study however, revealed that using processed roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed meal as part replacement for groundnut cake did not pose any threat to the cut-up parts and the visceral organs of broiler chickens.
EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON THE NUTRITIONAL CONTENTS OF Enterolobium cyclocarpum SEEDS
Authors: FALOLA O. O. , ADISA O. F. , OLUFAYO O. O. , ADEKANBI A.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different method of processing on the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of Enterolobium cyclocarpum seeds. The seeds were harvested and processed into four different treatments: Tl (raw), T2 (boiled), T3 (Soaked), and T4(roasted). The seeds were later ground in hammer mill and taken to laboratory for chemical analysis. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). It was observed that crude protein of the treated seeds were significantly higher than the raw. T2 recorded the highest (36.31%) followed by T3 (34.52%) and T4 (33.24%) while the lowest was observed in Tl (19.33%), Ether extract followed the same trend. Crude fiber ranged from 15.92% in Tl — 2.42% in T2. Results obtained for calcium (8.90-4.00%), magnesium (5.45-4.85%), sodium (2.38-1.69%) and phosphorus (2.85-1.36%) were significantly higher in Tlamong the treatments. Oxalates (0.19-0.11 phytates (0.33-0.19%), tannin (0.05-0.02%), and saponnin (0.41-0.33%) were observed to be significantly lower in the processed seeds than the raw. It can be concluded that processing has significant effects on the nutrient contents of the seeds.
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND BOILING DURATION ON NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF SHIKA-BROWN EGG
Authors: IDAHOR K. O. , IDAHOR K. O. , MATTHEW B. O. , ADGIDZI E. A. , ISAH N. , OSAIYUWU O. H. , SOKUNBI O. A.
Published: December 2024

Avian eggs fertility and boiling duration may influence the nutritional compositions and organoleptic properties but little is known about this hence this study. A total of 100 Shika-brown eggs (l fertilized • I unfertilized) were boiled at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 minutes and used to evaluate the nutritional compositions and organoleptic properties. Results indicated that both fertilized and unfertilized eggs were evaluated "like slightly" and "like moderately" by the semi-trained taste panelists. Crude protein value ranged between 12.93% (30 minutes treatment) to 16.38% (50 minutes treatment) in fertilized eggs, similar to 12.26% (20 minutes treatment) and 15.83% (60 minutes) in unfertilized eggs. The gross energy value varied from 1.66 to 1.79Kcal in both eggs. Calcium content was as high as 130mg in fertilized eggs (60 minutes treatment) close to 127mg recorded in unfertilized eggs at 30 minutes treatment. Iron and copper values were between I .6 and 2.65mg; 0.35 and 0.85mg respectively in both eggs. Although, the fertilized eggs values appeared to be better in most of the parameters evaluated there was no particular trend in the differences. Consequently, egg fertility and boiling duration may not effectively influence the nutritional compositions and organoleptic properties of Shika-brown eggs, hence, could be used in the proposed school feeding program.
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SOME COMMONLY CONSUMED INDIGENOUS MEAT SPICES IN NIGERIA
Authors: OLAIFA R. O. , OKUBANJO A. O. , SOGUNLE O. M. , BAMIDELE A. J. , FASINA O. E. , APATA E. S.
Published: December 2024

Consumers' preference is currently towards foods with good health benefits and organoleptic attributes. Proximate composition of some commonly consumed indigenous meat spices in Nigeria was investigated. The spices are ginger (Zingiber offcinale), garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa), curry (Murraya koenigii) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris). The result of proximate analysis showed that the spices on dry weight basis contained moisture ranging from 4.34% in thyme to 9.78% in onion; ash content ranged from 2.40% (onion) to 12.2% (curry). The crude protein content ranged from 6.34% in garlic to 11.58% in curry, while crude fat was from 0.83% (garlic) to 15.06% in onion. The fibre content of the spices also ranged from 2.10% in garlic to 15.48% in thyme. The total carbohydrate (nitrogen free extract) ranged from 39.37% in curry to 76.61% in onion. These spices are sources of nutrients with higher percentage of carbohydrates. Therefore, indigenous spices should be used as dietary component especially when cooking meat, and not only as mere food adjuncts.
HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF BROILER CHICKENS FED GRADED LEVELS OF TOASTED AFRICAN YAM BEAN (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) SEEDS MEAL SUPPLEMENTATED WITH ENZYME
Authors: RAJI M. O. , OGUNJIMI J. T. , AKINOSUN A. A. , OLADEPO-OLOKO A. B. , OGUNBODE A. A.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded levels of toasted African yam bean seeds meal supplemented with enzyme on haematological indices of broiler chicks. One hundred and fifty day old Marshal R strain chicks were used for the study. Beans were toasted on frying pan, crushed and supplemented with protease enzyme. Five treatments were formulated with treatment 1 without African yam bean (AYBSM). Treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 contained 5, 10, 15 and 20% AYBSM respectively to replace soybean meal. Thirty chicks were assigned to each dietary treatment which was replicated three times in a completely randomized design (CRD). The result showed no significant (P>0.05) different in the haematological indices except mesophytes and platelet. Treatment five (20% AYBSM) had highest value of 4.33% while treatment one (control) had least value 2.67% mesophytes. This study confirmed that replacement of soybean meal with African yam bean seeds meal (AYBSM) posed no threat to broiler chicks. Therefore, the use of toasted African yam bean seed meal with enzyme supplementation up to 20% inclusion level should be encouraged for broiler production.
THE PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan (L.) MILLSP), AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND PROTEIN SOURCE FOR POULTRY FEEDING
Authors: YISA A. G. , EDACHE J. A. , JABIL I. Y. , OLAIYA O. D.
Published: December 2024

This paper reviews the potential pigeon pea seed holds as a protein and energy source for poultry. The crop has both annual and perennial varieties occurring throughout the tropical and sub- tropical regions as well as the warmer temperate regions of the world and has adaptability to soils that have low nutrient (fertility) levels. The chemical composition of the pigeon pea seed differs with cultivar, growth condition, soil and geographical location, the manurial treatment they have received and the stage of ripeness at which they are harvested. Crude protein content of the seed ranges from 7.0% in the raw unripe seed, to above 26% in the ripe, dried seeds. Fat levels are between 0.6 to 1.3%, fibre 3.3 to 8.1%, carbohydrate 20.0 to 65.5% and ash 1.3 to 5.5%. The seed also contains antinutritional factors such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, cyanogens, haemmaglutinins, tannins, phytic acid, alkaloids and oxalates at comparatively low levels which are destroyed by heat treatment. Reports from different authors state that the processed seeds are well utilized by poultry with comparative advantage in cost of production if not included at levels above 30% in the diet. Therefore, the pigeon peas adaptability to various geographical locations, tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, high yields of seeds with high nutritional value and low levels of antinutritional factors is recommended for inclusion in poultry diets. This will increase the productive base of protein and energy raw materials for poultry feeding.
INSECTS AS FOOD AND FEED FOR ANIMALS (REVIEW)
Authors: ABDU S. B. , HASSAN M. R. , ABUBAKAR M. , ADAMU H. Y. , MIJINYAWA M. A.
Published: December 2024

This paper discusses the current state and priorities of using insects as food and feed for animals. it is technically feasible to produce insects on a large scale and to use them as alternative sustainable protein rich ingredient. The crude protein (CP) content of insect meal varies between 40 and 60%, it is rich source of Ca (5-8% DM) and P (0.6 1.5% DM) and it is particularly rich in lysine (6-8% of the CP). Insects can feed on waste biomass and can transform this into high value food and feed resource. Insects meal can replace expensive protein meal in the diet of farm animals. Animal products obtained from animals fed on insect meal-based diet were found to have no distinctive organoleptic qualities and are acceptable to the consumers
EFFECT OF DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND PROCESSED PIGEON PEA SEED MEAL ON EGG QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF LAYING QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)
Authors: AKINTUNDE A. R. , OMAGE J. J. , BAWA G. S. , ONIMISI P. A. , ATANDA A. O.
Published: December 2024

Three hundred and sixty (360), six week old Japanese quail hens (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used to evaluate the effect of processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal (PPSM) on egg quality characteristics in a randomized design feeding trial. The processing methods are soaking (for 24, 48 and 72 hours), fermentation for 72 hours, boiling for 60 minutes and roasting for 30 minutes. The birds were divided into eight groups of 45 each replicated three times. The birds were raised in cages measuring 75cm x 75cm x 60cm. Eight experimental diets were formulated containing processed PPSM at 30% of diet representing T1 (Control), T2 (raw PPSM), T3 (Soaked PPSM for 24 hours), T4 (Soaked PPSM for 48 hours), T5 (Soaked PPSM for 72 hours), T6 (Soaked PPSM for 24 hours and Fermented for 72 hours), T7 (Boiling for 60 minutes) and T8 (Roasted PPSM for 30 minutes) respectively. The diets were fed to the birds from 7 to 26 weeks of age. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The results showed that processed PPSM had no significant (P>0.05) effect on egg weight, egg height, egg diameter, egg shape index, egg shell thickness as well as albumen height, albumen diameter, albumen weight, yolk diameter, yolk weight, yolk index and haugh unit across the dietary treatments. It was concluded that processed PPSM had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the egg quality characteristics of laying quails.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED RED KIDNEY BEAN (P. vulgaris L.) ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: GOSHIT D. T. , DOMA U. D. , EGBO M. L. , NYAM P. P.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vilgaris L.) using different processing methods in broiler chicken performance. Two hundred and forty (240), seven days old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments replicated four times in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four differently processed red kidney bean namely; raw, salting, alum, roasting and cooking were included at 20% level. At the starter phase daily feed intake (DFI) (60.15-78.53g; P<0.001), daily weight gain (DWG) (16.75-27.2g; P<0.001) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (2.78-3.7; P<0.001) were affected by the treatments. The finisher as well as overall phases indicated that DWG (29.33-54.1g; 23.08-40.68g; P<0.001) and FCR (2.90-5.13; 2.93- 4.3; P<0.001) were significant. It was concluded that cooking was more effective in reducing anti nutritional factors in red kidney bean.
FEED POTENTIALS AND EFFECT OF SOUR SOP (Annona muricata) LEAF MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT
Authors: KUKA T. T. , ANAYO P. , CHIMA C.
Published: December 2024

A 63 day study was conducted to evaluate the feed potentials and effect of Sour sop (Annona muricata) leaf meal (AMLM) on growth performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) weaner goats. Chemical analysis of Annona muricata leaf meal showed high values of metabolisable energy, dry matter, ash, and crude fiber of 2563.5Kcal/Kg, 93.91%, 10.62% and 16.20% respectively, a relatively high level of nitrogen free extract (42.39) and crude protein (20.41) which indicates that Annona muricata is suitable for feeding ruminants. Nine (9) WAD goats were grouped into three and assigned three diets containing 0%, 10%, and 20% Annona leaf meal. Formulated feeds were offered at 3% of body weight in the morning and Gmelina leaves later in the day. Feed intake was recorded daily while weight gain was weekly. At the end of the study, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were determined, results showed that feed intake was significantly higher in group 1(0%AMLM) and lower in group 3(20%AMLM). However, no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed among the groups on weight gain and feed conversion ratio proving that the diet treatment had no significant effect on the goats. Therefore, Annona muricata leaf meal can be used in goat's, diets without compromising performance.
EFFECT OF HEAT-TREATED SOYBEAN MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILISATION OF AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FINGERLINGS
Authors: Adewole A. M. , Alimi L. F. , Ikeh S. E.
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the effect of heat treatments of raw soybean seed meals (RSBM) on the growth performance and nutrient utilisation of African catfish Claras gariepinus. Six isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) diets were formulated. A diet containing fish meal and non -heated soybean as served as control diet. Raw Soybean seeds were heated in an auto seed dryer machine at 1300 C for 10-50 minutes represented by RSBM10, RSBM20, RSBM30, RSBM40 and RSBM50 respectively. These were used to partially replace fish meal at 18.85%. Each diet was fed to fingerlings with mean weight of 1.70g stocked 10 fingerlings/treatment in triplicate, fed twice daily for 56 days at 5% body weight. The Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Total Weight Gained (TWG), Total Feed Intake (TFI) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) were determined. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA at (α 0.05). The highest TWG, MWG of 21.79±2.00g; 2.66g were from the fish fed RSBM40 diet and the least values were from the fish fed the control diet (15.63±2.00g; 1.43g) respectively. However, the fish fed RSBM50 diet recorded the lowestTWG and MWG (16.55±20g; 1.61±006g) among the fish fed diets subjected to heat treatments. The sametrends were observed in TFI and PER, where the highest value was from the fish fed RSBM40 diet(308.70±00g; 2.2 6±00) and the lowest value (233.10±00g; 2.14±00) was from fish fed control diet. The improved performance of fish fed RSBM40 diet, revealed that the anti -nutritional factors were denatured at the optimum temperature for effective utilisation by the fish and decreased performance of the fish fed RSBM50 diet, showed that the nutrients were denatured at higher exposure time. Therefore, it’srecommended that soybeans be processed at optimum temperature for 40 minutes by farmers for the best result in culturing C. gariepinus.
PERFORMANCE AND HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF Clarias gariepinus FED GRADED LEVEL OF CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Gmelina arborea LEAF MEAL DIET.
Authors: Fatokun B. O. , Osaguona P. O. , Zaccheaus O. S. , Omole E. B. , Odua S. O.
Published: December 2024

A twelve week trial was conducted to investigate the performance and haematological indices of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed graded level of crude ethanolic extract of Gmelina arborea leaf. The proximate analysis of the experimental diets were determined using A.O.A.C (2000) method and the data for each parameter were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) while the means of various results were compared at 5% level of significance. The ethanolic extract of the leaf was added to the experimental diet at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% ratio respectively and were labelled T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. The result showsthat fishes fed 15% ethanolic extract of Gmelina arborea Leaf meal (GALM) had the highest Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, Packed Cell Volume (PCV),Haemoglobin Concentration(Hb),White Blood Cell (WBC) count, globulin concentration Albumin concentration, Total protein and Total lipid concentration. This result indicated that inclusion of 15% ethanolic extract of Gmelina arborea leaf in the diets of fish can improve the growth performance and haematological indices of Clarias gariepinus without any adverse effect on their physiological status.
ADULTERATION OF LIVESTOCK FEEDSTUFFS AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Gero A. , Adeniji A. A. , Abdullahi F.
Published: December 2024

Adulteration can be described as the act of adding foreign substances deliberately or accidentally into the original ingredient for financial gain or due to carelessness and lack of proper hygienic condition during processing, storing, transportation and marketing. There are two types of adulteration, deliberate adulteration and in-deliberate adulteration. Ingredients commonly adulterated includes Maize, Fish meal, Groundnut cake (GNC), Maize offal’s and other micro ingredients. The effects of adulteration have deleterious effect on livestock which leads to poor performance. Economically, it is detrimental to revenuegeneration drive of the government. Feed Adulteration can be curbed through: effective pest control regime should be implemented, periodic testing, feed ingredient should be obtained from a safe source.
DETERMINANTS OF ARTISANS’ HOUSEHOLDS BEEF CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE IN NEW BUSSA, NIGER STATE
Authors: ADEBAYO O. A. , UMUNNA M. O.
Published: December 2024

This study determined the factors influencing households’ beef consumption expenditure in New-Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria. Systematic sampling technique was purposively used to select 150 artisans’ households for the study. Data were obtained through the use of a questionnaire. Percentages, means and Linear Regression were used to analyse data. Results showed that the respondents mean age, household size, household heads income and other household members’ income were 39 years, 7 members, N38,768.20 per month and N 23,632.33 per month respectively. Majority of the respondents (75.3%) were male, married (80.7%) and possessed Secondary School Certificate (45.8%). The study concluded that household heads’ income (β = 0.34), other household members’ income (β = 0.51) and expenditure on other meat types (β = 0.04) significantly (p< 0.05) determined artisans’ household beef consumption expenditure in the study area. It is therefore recommended that price intervention programmes be introduced in order to stabilize the fluctuation in beef prices and also ensure increase in purchasing power of people’s income so as to ultimately improve of nutritional status of the people.
EVALUATION OF VARYING LEVELS OF SESAME SEED MEAL (Sesamum indicum) IN THE DIET OF WEANED RABBITS
Authors: Omole A. J. , OBI O. O. , ADETOLA O. O. , TENIOLA A. A. , OWOSIBO O. T.
Published: December 2024

Groundnut cake is one of major source of plant protein in the diet of livestock in Nigeria but expensive and this scenario led to this study in which the groundnut cake meal of the diet of weaned rabbits was replaced with sesame seed meal. A total of thirty six weaned rabbits of mean weight 517+3.6g were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments in which the diets were formulated to contain SSM at 0% (SSM) Control, 50% (SSM), 75% (SSM 3), 100% (SSM) as replacement for groundnut cake meal fraction in the diet of weaned rabbits. Each treatment was replicated three times and each replicate contained 3 rabbits per replicate in a completely randomized design. Parameters taken were weight gain, feed intake. Feed conversion ratio, total feed cost, and cost per weight gain were calculated. The mean daily feed intake was not significantly affected by the varying inclusion of SSM in the diet (P>0.05). The mean total weight gain followed the same pattern with the feed intake (P>0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) which is the ratio of feed intake to weight gain was relatively the same in all the treatments. The highest cost/weight gain was recorded in the diet that containing zero% SSM while the lowest cost/weight gain was reported in SSM4. Based on the present results, groundnut cake meal fraction of the diet could be partially or totally replaced with sesame seed as a means of reducing feed cost without adverse effect on weight gain and feed efficiency.
EFFECT OF BLACK TEA EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: Muftau M. A. , SULEIMAN A. O. , YAHAYA H. M. , ANLADE Y. D. R. , DALHATU D. Y.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of Black Tea Extract (BTE) on the growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion and livability of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty (120) broiler chickens of 2 days old raised for 8 weeks were randomly allotted to 4 treatments groups with 3 replicates. BTE was added into the drinking water at four levels of concentration; Oml, (control), 100ml, 150ml and 200ml for treatment 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The results indicated that feed consumption, water and body weight gain were significantly (P<0.05) affected by BTE. The results suggested BTE offered to broiler chickens promote improved growth performance.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND COST OF FEEDING WEANED RABBITS (Oryctolagus cuniculus) GRADED LEVELS OF OVEN DRIED POULTRY DROPPINGS DIET
Authors: IBRAHIM H. , EGBEWANDE O. O. , MUSA A. B. , LAPAI G. I. , JATAU I. B. , YANDALU A.
Published: December 2024

Thirty six weaned composite rabbits aged 5 -6 weeks were used to investigate the growth performance and cost of feeding rabbits graded levels of poultry droppings. The rabbits were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with three replicates and three rabbits per replicate in the ratio of 2;1 (2 females and I male) in a completely randomized design (CRD). Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) In the feeding trial, oven dried poultry droppings meal were incorporated at 0, 20, 40 and 60% levels of inclusion to replace ground nut and designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4. Results obtained for growth performance showed no significant (P>0.05) differences across the treatment groups. However highest average feed intake was recorded in T2(40 %) inclusion level 473.60 g and the lowest in T3 (40 %) of 458.80 g. The result of cost of feeding revealed that as the inclusion level of oven dried poultry increase the cost of feeding rabbits reduces and that goes down to decrease cost rabbit production. The trial revealed that oven dry poultry dropping can be used at 40 % level of inclusion in the rabbit diet without posing any threat to the animal.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF DIETARY Ocimum gratissimum AND ANTIBIOTIC GROWTH PROMOTER ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILER FINISHERS
Authors: Odoemelam V. U. , Unamba-Opara I. C. , Mbagwu C. E. , EKWE C. C.
Published: December 2024

The comparative effect of dietary Ocimum gratissimum (OG) and Feed - grade antibiotic growth promoter (Oxytetracycline HCI) on growth performance of finisher broiler birds was investigated using ninety six (96) broiler birds. The birds were randomly assigned to four treatments with each treatment comprising 24 birds replicated three times with 8 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design experiment. Four diets (T, control diet without Oxytetracycline HCI and Ocimum gratissimum ; T2 had Oxytetracycline HCI; T, had 1% Ocimum gratissimum; T4 had 1.5% Ocimum gratissimum) were formulated and offered ad libitum.. Data was collected on feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Results indicate that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the feed intake as T2 had the highest feed intake. However, there were no significant difference (P>0.05) in the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio. It can be concluded that 0. gratissimum can replace antibiotic growth promoter (Oxytetracycline HCl) since their effect on performance were similar.
PERFORMANCE OF GROWING WEANER RABBITS FED GRADED LEVELS OF SHEEP MANURE BASED DIETS
Authors: Bawa G. S. , Hassan M. R. , Abdu S. B. , Tahir B. I.
Published: December 2024

A study was carried out to determine the effects of inclusion levels of Sheep Manure on growth performance of growing weaner rabbits. Five isonitrogenous dietary treatments composing of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% graded levels of sheep manure were formulated for the study. The experiment was a completely randomized design which lasted for 63 days. Results showed that rabbits fed 20% sheep manure based diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher feed intake, while the least (61.18g/day) was bserved in rabbits fed 40% sheep manure based diet. Final weight gain was statistically (P<0.05) higher in rabbits fed the control diet (1436.30g) and the least was recorded in rabbits fed the 40% diet (1005.50g). Significant (P<0.05) difference in body weight gain was observed across dietary treatments. Rabbits fed 10% and 20% sheep manure, had significantly (P<0.05) higher and similar average daily weight gain (15.74 and 14.50g/d, respectively), compared to those on 30% and 40% sheep manure based diets (10.47 and 8.14g/d, respectively). From the results obtained it can be concluded that Sheep manure can be incorporated up to 20% in the diet of growing rabbits without any adverse effect on their performance.
EFFECT OF FEEDING WHOLE MILLET ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EGG PRODUCTION OF LAYER BIRDS
Authors: Abubakar M. L.
Published: December 2024

This research was conducted to determine the effect of feeding whole millet on the diet of Isa brown layers breed. Four hundred and twenty birds aged 43 weeks were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments: Treatment 1 contained ground maize with 18% C.P (Control). Treatment 2, 3 and 4 contained ground millet with 16, 18 and 20% C.P. Treatment 5, 6 and 7 contained whole millet with 16, 18 and 20% C.P feed intake did not differ significantly between the treatments. Egg productions were generally better with millet based diets. Egg production was significantly higher (P<0.05) for birds fed ground millet with 18% C.P compared to those fed the maize based diets. It was concluded that birds fed with the millet based diets have better performance as indicated in the study results.
EFFECT OF FEEDING DIETS OF DIFFERENT PROTEIN SOURCES ON CARCASS AND OFFAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRASS CUTTER (Thrynomys swinderianus)
Authors: APATA E. S. , ENIOLORUNWA O. O. , TAIWO B. B. A. , OKE D. B.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding three legumes a soyabean (Glycine max, locus bean (Parkia biagosis), and melon seeds (Citrullis lanatus) of different protein values on carcass and offal characteristics of grass cutter (Thryonomys swinderianus). 20 were grass cutters, 4 families with 4 males and 16 females were used for this study. They were purchased and remain allocated to 4 treatment diets: TO: Cassava flour meal (CFM) Control, T1= CFM+ soya beans meal (SBM), T2= CFM+ locust bean meal (LBM), T3- CFM+ Melon seeds meal (MSM). Data collected were analysed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P=-0.05. The result showed that treatment 2, CFM+LBM furnished highest (p<0.55) carcass and offals characteristics of the three diets used compared with the control diet (TO). Diet T2 (CFM+LBM) was therefore, recommended for grass cutter farmers for optimums carcass attributes in grass cutter kept in captivity.
EVALUATION OF EVISCERATED BODY CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER FINISHER CHICKENS FED HIGH FIBRE DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH INSOLUBLE GRIT (GRANITE)
Authors: Idachaba C. U. , Abeke F. O. ABEKE , Olugbemi T. S. , Abdullahi I.
Published: December 2024

Eviscerated body characteristics of broiler finisher chickens fed high fibre diets supplemented with insoluble grit (granite) was evaluated. Broiler finisher diets were formulated and granite grit supplemented at 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0g respectively. Live weight, dressing percentage, wing. breast, thigh, gizzard and back weight significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing levels of granite grit. Birds fed 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0g dietary granite grit showed significantly (P<0.05) higher live weight, slaughter weight, dressing percentage, thigh and back weight compared to other levels. This was attributed to increased abrasion of feed in the gizzard which enhanced feed utilization. It was concluded that 10.0g granite grit is beneficial to finishing broiler chickens as they attain higher live weight, dressing percentage and other carcass characteristics.
EVALUATION OF LITTER TRAITS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME BODY ORGANS IN TWO BREEDS OF RABBIT
Authors: KABIR M. , LAYAKAS D. T.
Published: December 2024

This experiment was carried out using 65 purebred kits born in 3 parities. The purebred kits comprised of 31 Chinchilla (CHC) kits and 34 New Zealand White (NZW) kits. The mating plan followed the procedure outlined by Becker, where pure CHC males were mated to pure CHC females and pure NZW males mated to pure NZW females. The study was conducted at the Animal Science Departmental Research Farm, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Data collected are; Litter traits at birth and at weaning which includes: Gestation Length (GL), Litter Size at Birth (LSB), Litter weight at Birth (LBW), Litter Size at Weaning (LSW), Litter Weight at Weaning (LWW) and Preweaning Mortality (PWM). Development of some body organs monitored include; ear unfolding. first fur, eruption of upper and lower incisor, eye opening, full fur, nipple or areola and the number of nipples counted in both male and female kits. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS. The significantly different means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Result showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in LSB, LWB, LWW and PWM between the two breeds in parity 1, 2 and 3. NZW was superior in terms of LSB (11-12) as well as LWB (411-458g). However, CHC was superior to NZW in terms of LWW (2240-3204g) and PWM (11-27%). Result for the development of body organs revealed number of days for ear unfolding (8-9:9-10), eye opening (10-12), upper and lower incisor eruption (19-21), nipple appearance (16-17:13-16), first fur appearance (5-7) and number of nipples (7-13) in Chinchilla and New Zealand breeds. It was concluded that breed affects preweaning litter traits while development of body organs was affected by sex and breed but not by parity. CHC was recommended for higher litter weight at weaning because their good mothering ability.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HELMETED GUINEA FOWL (Numida meleagris) IN NIGERIA: A REVIEW
Authors: Galadima N. M. , Suleiman I. O. , Tahir I. , Dankoli Z. A.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to review the morphological and production characteristics of helmeted guinea fowl in Nigeria. Reproductive and production traits which include mating and mating ratio, egg production and egg quality, characteristics composition and hatchability of eggs, as well as morphological traits such as body weight (BW), body length (BL), neck length (NL), wing length (WL), shank length (SL), thigh length (TL), keel length (KL) as well as chest circumference (CC) were reviewed. The BW and BL of guinea fowl ranged between 1.42kg and 1.60kg and 22.42cm and 41.75cm, respectively, while the CC varied from 35.37cm to 39.34cm. The WL, NL, SL, TL and KL varied from 19.34cm and 22.97cm, 17.03cm and 19.02cm, 7.73cm and 9.03, 11.87cm and 13.82, 2.80cm and 12cm, respectively. It was also understood that, guinea fowl stock if carefully managed, may lay 100 or more eggs in a year. Conclusively, the review found that guinea fowl has reasonable body weight and performed averagely in terms of egg and meat production compared to other domestic chickens. However, it is recommended that more work should be carried out to improve the genetic performance of the bird.
THE EFFICACY OF TEASER BUCK INTRODUCTION AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPOHIN (HCG) IN THE INDUCTION OF OVULATION TO ENHANCE RECEPTIVITY AND FERTILITY IN RABBITS (Oryctolagus cunniculus) IN BAUCHI
Authors: NYAM P. P. , BUTSWAT L. S. R. , NAIBI S. , KALLA D. J. U.
Published: December 2024

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of teaser bucks introduction and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in the induction ovulation to enhance receptivity and conception rates in rabbits at the Teaching and Research farm of the Abubakar Tafawa Balawa University Bauchi. A total of (n=60) rabbit does and (n=10) male bucks were subjected into this trial. New Zealand white and their reciprocal crosses (n=30) and 30 local breeds, three stimulation protocols (hCG), teaser buck stimulation and natural method as control) were used. All the data generated were subjected to an analysis of variance. It was revealed that no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between breeds in receptivity for the treatments. However, Conception rates were significant (P<0.05) in favour of the improved breeds and those treated with hCG. In conclusion, the use of teasers bucks, hCG based protocols during non-breeding season allows seasonal patterns of reproductive anoestrus to come on estrus, and allow receptivity and subsequently the insemination and pregnancy in rabbits that would otherwise be non-productive.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TIGER NUT (Cyperus esculentus L) SEED MEAL ON CARCASS AND ORGAN WEIGHTS CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: ONUNKWO D. N. , IGWUENE M. C.
Published: December 2024

An investigation into the replacement value of tiger nut seed meal as substitute for maize in diets of Japanese quail was studied. Four different diets were formulated such that tiger nut replaced maize at 0% (T), 25% (T2). 50% (T) and 75% (T) respectively in a Completely Randomized Design. The control diet (T) contained no tiger nut. Ninety six day-old Japanese quails were used for the experiment to determine the effect of the test diets on carcass and organ weights characteristics in a 49-days trial. The quail chicks were arranged into the 4 dietary treatments, each containing 3 replicates with 24 birds per dietary treatment and 8 birds per replicate. Result indicated that the carcass cut parts showed that liveweight, drumstick, thigh, shank, wings, head size and anus varied due to the influence of the dietary treatments, whereas, dressed weight, back, breast and neck were not affected by the diets. Drumstick and anal weights were reduced, whereas, thigh and head size increased with an increase in the level of tiger nut. The interaction of energy and protein levels of the diets did not affect dressed weight contrary to some previous findings. T; performed better in shank length (1.81%) and dressed weight (84.92% ). T3 was moderate in most performances. T. was least in shank (1.59%) and wing weights (6.99%). The organ proportions was influenced by the diets in liver/spleen, gizzard and intestinal weights, but showed no influence in kidney, heart and proventriculus weights. The dressed percent was highest in T2 (84.92%). The liver weight was most significant in T2 (3.50 % lwt). Gizzard size was highest in T3 (4.67%) compared to the control (3.27%) and increases with high fiber diet. The gizzard and liver weights variation were attributed to the differences in the influence of dietary energy and protein interaction as well as fiber digestibility. The high value of the liver in T2 favoured the internal organs. Based on the carcass cut parts and organ proportions, the 25 % level of inclusion of tiger nut is recommended for replacing maize.
THE EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD PRODUCTION IN AGUATA AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: NWANKWO T. N. , ANAKEBE-OGBU O. C.
Published: December 2024

The study specifically examined socio-economic factors of farmers, causes of deforestation and their effects on the quantity of output produced by households in the area. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select three local government areas and 90 respondents respectively. Date were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study showed that majority of the respondents were middle aged men (mean age is 43years), illiterates with farming as their primary occupation having an average household size of eight persons. The study also revealed that an increase in farm size exerts more pressure on the available land thus leading to increase in food productivity and availability. Also, the total area deforested increases with an increase in the quantity of firewood used by the household. Result of the regression analysis gave the exponential function as the lead equation with R of 0.911, very high F. statistic value of 46.57 and has the highest occurrence of significant variables at 5% risk level. Finally, the result showed that age, educational level, household size and farm size were the most important determinants of the output level while sex, marital status and occupation of the farmers were non-significant.
VARIATION OF HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN OESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION USING FLUOROGESTONE ACETATE (FGA) INTRAVAGINAL SPONGE IN SOKOTO RED GOAT
Authors: SAMUEL F. U. , CHIEZEY N. P. , BALE J. O. O. , BELLO T. K. , HASSAN R. , MAIKAJI F. S. , IBRAHIM M. , EREKE S. O. , MAGAJI H. J.
Published: December 2024

Variation in the haematological parameters in Sokoto red does synchronized with fluorogestone acetate (FGA) was investigated. Ten apparently healthy Sokoto does were randomly selected. 2 ml of blood was collected from each of the selected does on day 0 after which intravaginal fluorogestone acetate (FGA) sponge was inserted and left in situ for 14 days, 2 ml of blood was also collected on the day 8 after the implant, after the removal of the sponge on day 15 during the oestruos period between day 16 and 19 and after oestrus period on day 21 by jugular venipuncture using disposable syringes and sterile needles 18 gauge x 11⁄2inches. The blood was used for the determination of haematological parameters and serum total protein. There was a gradual but no significant increase in Packed Cell Volume except on day 17, with mean value of 29.7+1.3 compare to the initial mean value at day 0 of 27.6±1.6, Haemoglobin concentration and red cell counts increases gradually but not significantly from 9.4+0.53 to 12.2+1.24 and 9.1±0.36 to 12.54±0.64 respectively. No significant increase in the mean values of MCV, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, White blood cell, neutrophil. lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, band cells and total protein were observed except in the values of Mean Corpuscular Volume, White Blood Cell and Neutrophil on days 21, 18 and 17 respectively with significant increase (P<0.05). It can be concluded that no significant increase in haemotological parameters and total serum protein were induce by using intravaginal fluorogestone acetate sponge in red Sokoto does.
PERFORMANCE AND COST BENEFITS OF BROILER STARTER BIRDS FED REPLACEMENT LEVELS OF LIZARD MEAL (A CASE STUDY IN ISHIAGU, IVO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, EBONYI STATE)
Authors: OLABODE A. D. , UGWUOWO L. C. , AGU C. I. , OFORBUIKE U. N. , UDOKU J. , OBAJI F.
Published: December 2024

The research work was carried out to ascertain the performance and cost benefits of broiler starter birds fed replacement levels of lizard meal to fish meal at starter phase. A total number of ninety (90) day old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were used for the experiment. The birds were assigned to five treatment group of eighteen birds each been replicated thrice with six birds per replicate. Lizard meal was included to replace fish meal at levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respectively. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used. Feed and water were given ad-libitum. Birds fed 75% inclusion levels of lizard meal (treatment 4) to replace fish meal was superior to birds in other treatments in terms of average final body weight, average daily feed intake, average weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Cost benefit analysis also showed that birds in treatment 4 (75% lizard meal inclusion) was better than the rest of the treatment group under review.