bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knie- und Sprunggelenksprothese – Was darf der Patient erwarten?
Authors: Pagenstert Geert , Barg Alexej
Published: July 2015

Zusammenfassung. Arthrose ist die Hauptursache für eine Behinderung im Erwachsenenalter. Die Arthrosetherapie hat daher eine vorrangige Bedeutung in der Hausarztpraxis. Arthrose an Knie und Sprunggelenk führen zu Arbeitsunfähigkeit und Verlust der Selbständigkeit. Nach ausgereizter konservativer Therapie möchten die Patienten wissen, was sie von einer Knie- oder Sprunggelenksprothese erwarten dürfen. Die Zufriedenheit nach Knieprothese liegt bei 75 – 89 % und nach Sprunggelenksprothese sogar etwas höher bei 79 – 97 %. Dies ist erstaunlich, da die Haltbarkeit nach Knieprothese bei 94 % und bei Sprunggelenksprothesen deutlich darunter bei 67 % nach 10 Jahren liegt, wenn eine Komponentenrevision als Endpunkt verwendet wird. Zusätzlich bedeutet eine Komponentenrevision am Knie in der Regel den Wechsel auf eine Revisionsprothese während am Sprunggelenk normalerweise ein Prothesenausbau und Gelenksversteifung erfolgt. Der Unterschied der Zufriedenheit liegt vermutlich darin, dass die Knieprothese eine Standardoperation ist und der Patient sehr hohe Erwartungen hat. Eine realistische Aufklärung und vorab Information durch den Hausarzt und Spezialisten über den typischen postoperativen Verlauf ist daher entscheidend. Zwar ist mit einer signifikanten Schmerzreduktion zu rechnen, welche sich jedoch über die ersten 2 postoperativen Jahre ziehen kann. Patienten für eine Sprunggelenksprothese müssen sorgfältig ausgewählt werden, da die Prothese auf einen guten Knochenstock, stabile Bänder und ein korrektes Alignement angewiesen ist. Dieses kann, anders als am Knie, nicht durch die Prothese selbst korrigiert werden. Patienten können eine signifikante Schmerzreduktion, Belastbarkeit und eine leichte verbesserte Beweglichkeit nach beiden Prothesen erwarten. Eine sportliche Betätigung ist ebenfalls nach beiden Prothesen möglich, sollte sich jedoch in einem niedrigen Energiebereich bewegen. Schwere körperliche Arbeit oder Lauf- und Sprungaktivitäten sind in der Regel nicht mehr möglich und wegen der erhöhten Abnutzung auch nicht zu empfehlen.
An international data set for CMML validates prognostic scoring systems and demonstrates a need for novel prognostication strategies
Authors: Padron E , Garcia-Manero G , Patnaik M M , Itzykson R , Lasho T , Nazha A , Rampal R K , Sanchez M E , Jabbour E , Al Ali N H , Thompson Z , Colla S , Fenaux P , Kantarjian H M , Killick S , Sekeres M A , List A F , Onida F , Komrokji R S , Tefferi A , Solary E
Published: July 2015

Since its reclassification as a distinct disease entity, clinical research efforts have attempted to establish baseline characteristics and prognostic scoring systems for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Although existing data for baseline characteristics and CMML prognostication have been robustly developed and externally validated, these results have been limited by the small size of single-institution cohorts. We developed an international CMML data set that included 1832 cases across eight centers to establish the frequency of key clinical characteristics. Of note, we found that the majority of CMML patients were classified as World Health Organization CMML-1 and that a 7.5% bone marrow blast cut-point may discriminate prognosis with higher resolution in comparison with the existing 10%. We additionally interrogated existing CMML prognostic models and found that they are all valid and have comparable performance but are vulnerable to upstaging. Using random forest survival analysis for variable discovery, we demonstrated that the prognostic power of clinical variables alone is limited. Last, we confirmed the independent prognostic relevance of ASXL1 gene mutations and identified the novel adverse prognostic impact imparted by CBL mutations. Our data suggest that combinations of clinical and molecular information may be required to improve the accuracy of current CMML prognostication.
IL-10 induces the development of immunosuppressive CD14+HLA-DRlow/− monocytes in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Xiu B , Lin Y , Grote D M , Ziesmer S C , Gustafson M P , Maas M L , Zhang Z , Dietz A B , Porrata L F , Novak A J , Liang A-B , Yang Z-Z , Ansell S M
Published: July 2015

The biological role of monocytes and macrophages in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is not fully understood. We have previously reported that monocytes from patients with B-cell NHL have an immunosuppressive CD14+HLA-DRlow/− phenotype that correlates with a poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanism by which CD14+HLA-DRlow/− monocytes develop in lymphoma is unknown. In the present study, we found that interleukin (IL)-10, which is increased in the serum of patients with B-cell NHL, induced the development of the CD4+HLA-DRlow/− population. Using peripheral blood samples from patients with B-cell NHL, we found that absolute numbers of CD14+ monocytic cells with an HLA-DRlow/− phenotype were higher than healthy controls and correlated with a higher International Prognostic Index score. IL-10 serum levels were elevated in lymphoma patients compared with controls and were associated with increased peripheral monocyte counts. Treatment of monocytes with IL-10 in vitro significantly decreased HLA-DR expression and resulted in the expansion of CD14+HLA-DRlow/− population. We found that lymphoma B cells produce IL-10 and supernatants from cultured lymphoma cells increased the CD14+HLA-DRlow/− population. Furthermore, we found that IL-10-induced CD14+HLA-DRlow/− monocytes inhibited the activation and proliferation of T cells. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated IL-10 serum levels contribute to increased numbers of immunosuppressive CD14+HLA-DRlow/− monocytes in B-cell NHL.
Glass is a Viable Substrate for Precision Force Microscopy of Membrane Proteins
Authors: Chada Nagaraju , Sigdel Krishna P. , Gari Raghavendar Reddy Sanganna , Matin Tina Rezaie , Randall Linda L. , King Gavin M.
Published: July 2015

Though ubiquitous in optical microscopy, glass has long been overlooked as a specimen supporting surface for high resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations due to its roughness. Using bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarum and the translocon SecYEG from Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that faithful images of 2D crystalline and non-crystalline membrane proteins in lipid bilayers can be obtained on microscope cover glass following a straight-forward cleaning procedure. Direct comparison between AFM data obtained on glass and on mica substrates show no major differences in image fidelity. Repeated association of the ATPase SecA with the cytoplasmic protrusion of SecYEG demonstrates that the translocon remains competent for binding after tens of minutes of continuous AFM imaging. This opens the door for precision long-timescale investigations of the active translocase in near-native conditions and, more generally, for integration of high resolution biological AFM with many powerful optical techniques that require non-birefringent substrates.
Discovery of Novel Inhibitors and Fluorescent Probe Targeting NAMPT
Authors: Wang Xia , Xu Tian-Ying , Liu Xin-Zhu , Zhang Sai-Long , Wang Pei , Li Zhi-Yong , Guan Yun-Feng , Wang Shu-Na , Dong Guo-Qiang , Zhuo Shu , Le Ying-Ying , Sheng Chun-Quan , Miao Chao-Yu
Published: July 2015

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a promising antitumor target. Novel NAMPT inhibitors with diverse chemotypes are highly desirable for development of antitumor agents. Using high throughput screening system targeting NAMPT on a chemical library of 30000 small-molecules, we found a non-fluorescent compound F671-0003 and a fluorescent compound M049-0244 with excellent in vitro activity (IC50: 85 nM and 170 nM respectively) and anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells. These two compounds significantly depleted cellular NAD levels. Exogenous NMN rescued their anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells. Structure-activity relationship study proposed a binding mode for NAMPT inhibitor F671-0003 and highlighted the importance of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and π-π interactions in inhibitor binding. Imaging study provided the evidence that fluorescent compound M049-0244 (3 μM) significantly stained living HepG2 cells. Cellular fluorescence was further verified to be NAMPT dependent by using RNA interference and NAMPT over expression transgenic mice. Our findings provide novel antitumor lead compounds and a “first-in-class” fluorescent probe for imaging NAMPT.
Trade-off between allocation to reproductive ramets and rhizome buds in Carex brevicuspis populations along a small-scale elevational gradient
Authors: Chen Xin-sheng , Li Ya-fang , Xie Yong-hong , Deng Zheng-miao , Li Xu , Li Feng , Hou Zhi-yong
Published: July 2015

The trade-off between allocation to sexual and clonal reproduction in clonal plants is influenced by a variety of environmental factors; however, it has rarely been examined under field conditions. In this study, we investigated the trade-off between two modes of reproduction in Carex brevicuspis C. B. Clarke across a small-scale elevational gradient (21–27 m a.s.l.) at the Dongting Lake wetlands, China. The proportion of biomass allocated to and the density of reproductive ramets were higher at low than at intermediate and high elevations. In contrast, the proportion of biomass allocated to and the density of rhizome buds were lower at low than at intermediate and high elevations. Redundancy analysis showed that sexual reproduction was positively correlated with soil moisture content, soil organic matter, total phosphorus and pH and negatively correlated with elevation and ramet density. Our findings suggested that allocation to sexual reproduction is favored in disturbed habitats with fertile soils, whereas allocation to vegetative propagation is favored in stable and competitive habitats. Trade-off between allocation to sexual reproduction and vegetative propagation along an elevational gradient might be a reproductive strategy of C. brevicuspis to adapt to the water level fluctuations in wetland habitats.
An indica rice genotype showed a similar yield enhancement to that of hybrid rice under free air carbon dioxide enrichment
Authors: Zhu Chunwu , Xu Xi , Wang Dan , Zhu Jianguo , Liu Gang
Published: July 2015

Although the rice growth response to FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) has been widely studied and is considered important within the scientific community, few studies have attempted to examine the effects of FACE on the yield of indica rice, which is typically the parent of indica hybrids in China. The effects of FACE on the yield, yield components, biomass, N uptake and leaf photosynthesis of Yangdao 6 Hao (an indica rice) in China were examined over 2 years. The grain yield increased over 30%, the panicle number increased 12.4% on average and the spikelet number per panicle also showed an average increase of 8.2% at elevated CO2. FACE caused a significant enhancement in both the filled spikelet percentage (+5.9%) and the individual grain weight (+3.0%). Compared with three prior FACE studies on rice, a similar enhancement of yield in hybrid indica was shown under FACE, with much a higher value than for the japonica rice cultivar (approximately + 13%) because of indica’s stronger sink generation and N uptake capacity, which help coordinate the C/N balance to avoid photosynthetic acclimation. The high enhancement of the indica rice yield under FACE holds promise for improved cultivar selection for future food security.
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Drug-Doped Salmon DNA Thin Films
Authors: Gnapareddy Bramaramba , Reddy Dugasani Sreekantha , Ha Taewoo , Paulson Bjorn , Hwang Taehyun , Kim Taesung , Hoon Kim Jae , Oh Kyunghwan , Park Sung Ha
Published: July 2015

Double-stranded salmon DNA (SDNA) was doped with doxorubicin hydrochloride drug molecules (DOX) to determine the binding between DOX and SDNA and DOX optimum doping concentration in SDNA. SDNA thin films were prepared with various concentrations of DOX by drop-casting on oxygen plasma treated glass and quartz substrates. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the binding sites for DOX in SDNA and electrical and photoluminescence (PL) analyses were used to determine the optimum doping concentration of DOX. The FTIR spectra showed that up to a concentration of 30 μM of DOX, there was a tendency for binding with a periodic orientation via intercalation between nucleosides. The current and PL intensity increased as the DOX concentration increased up to 30 μM and then as the concentration of DOX further increased, we observed a decrease in current as well as PL quenching. Finally, the optical band gap and second band onset of the transmittance spectra were analyzed to further verify the DOX binding and optimum doping concentration into SDNA thin films as a function of the DOX concentration.
Dual attenuation of proteasomal and autophagic BMAL1 degradation in ClockΔ19/+ mice contributes to improved glucose homeostasis
Authors: Jeong Kwon , He Baokun , Nohara Kazunari , Park Noheon , Shin Youngmin , Kim Seonghwa , Shimomura Kazuhiro , Koike Nobuya , Yoo Seung-Hee , Chen Zheng
Published: July 2015

Circadian clocks orchestrate essential physiology in response to various cues, yet their mechanistic and functional plasticity remains unclear. Here, we investigated ClockΔ19/+ heterozygous (Clk/+) mice, known to display lengthened periodicity and dampened amplitude, as a model of partially perturbed clocks. Interestingly, Clk/+ mice exhibited improved glycemic control and resistance to circadian period lengthening under high-fat diet (HFD). Furthermore, BMAL1 protein levels in Clk/+ mouse liver were upregulated compared with wild-type (WT) mice under HFD. Pharmacological and molecular studies showed that BMAL1 turnover entailed proteasomal and autophagic activities and CLOCKΔ19 attenuated both processes. Consistent with an important role of BMAL1 in glycemic control, enhanced activation of insulin signaling was observed in Clk/+ mice relative to WT in HFD. Finally, transcriptome analysis revealed reprogramming of clock-controlled metabolic genes in Clk/+ mice. Our results demonstrate a novel role of autophagy in circadian regulation and reveal an unforeseen plasticity of circadian and metabolic networks.
Discriminative Learning for Automatic Staging of Placental Maturity via Multi-layer Fisher Vector
Authors: Lei Baiying , Yao Yuan , Chen Siping , Li Shengli , Li Wanjun , Ni Dong , Wang Tianfu
Published: July 2015

Currently, placental maturity is performed using subjective evaluation, which can be unreliable as it is highly dependent on the observations and experiences of clinicians. To address this problem, this paper proposes a method to automatically stage placenta maturity from B-mode ultrasound (US) images based on dense sampling and novel feature descriptors. Specifically, our proposed method first densely extracts features with a regular grid based on dense sampling instead of a few unreliable interest points. Followed by, these features are clustered using generative Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to obtain high order statistics of the features. The clustering representatives (i.e., cluster means) are encoded by Fisher vector (FV) for staging accuracy enhancement. Differing from the previous studies, a multi-layer FV is investigated to exploit the spatial information rather than the single layer FV. Experimental results show that the proposed method with the dense FV has achieved an area under the receiver of characteristics (AUC) of 96.77%, sensitivity and specificity of 98.04% and 93.75% for the placental maturity staging, respectively. Our experimental results also demonstrate that the dense feature outperforms the traditional sparse feature for placental maturity staging.
Quantifying aptamer–protein binding via thermofluorimetric analysis
Authors: Hu Juan , Kim Joonyul , Easley Christopher J.
Published: July 2015

Homogeneous, aptamer-based protein quantificationviathermofluorimetric analysis (TFA) permits subtraction of autofluorescence in biological samples.
Evaluation of DNA methyltransferase activity and inhibition via chiroplasmonic assemblies of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Yuanjian , Wei Min , Zhang Linqun , Wei Wei , Zhang Yuanjian , Liu Songqin
Published: July 2015

MTase activity is detected based on the chiroplasmonic assemblies of gold nanoparticles and endonuclease HpaII.
A novel colorimetric sensor for Hg2+ based on hybridization chain reaction and silver nanowire amplification
Authors: Tang Shurong , Tong Ping , Wang Meili , Chen Jinghua , Li Guangwen , Zhang Lan
Published: July 2015

A novel highly sensitive colorimetric sensor is developed for Hg2+ detection based on hybridization chain reaction and silver nanowire amplification.
Spontaneous formation and amplification of an enantioenriched α-amino nitrile: a chiral precursor for Strecker amino acid synthesis
Authors: Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Takamatsu Naoya , Aiba Shohei , Tokunaga Yuji
Published: July 2015

Without the addition of any chiral substances, the spontaneous formation of an enantioenriched α-amino nitrile (up to 96% ee), which is a chiral precursor for Strecker amino acid synthesis, has been achieved.
Sensitive detection of DNA methyltransferase activity by transcription-mediated duplex-specific nuclease-assisted cyclic signal amplification
Authors: Zhang Yan , Xu Wen-jing , Zeng Ya-ping , Zhang Chun-yang
Published: July 2015

We develop transcription-mediated duplex-specific nuclease-assisted cyclic signal amplification for sensitive detection of DNA methyltransferase activity.
Graphenol defects induced blue emission enhancement in chemically reduced graphene quantum dots
Authors: Zhang Wenkai , Liu Yingqiu , Meng Xianrui , Ding Tao , Xu Yuanqing , Xu Hao , Ren Yanrong , Liu Baoying , Huang Jiajia , Yang Jinghe , Fang Xiaomin
Published: July 2015

Graphenol topological defects are proposed to explain the enhanced blue luminescence in chemically reduced graphene quantum dots.
Hydrogen-bonding interactions of uric acid complexes with water/melamine by mid-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Saigusa Hiroyuki , Nakamura Daisuke , Urashima Shu-hei
Published: July 2015

The mid-IR signature of hydrogen-bonding is used to identify the structures of uric acid complexes with water/melamine.
A plum-pudding like mesoporous SiO2/flake graphite nanocomposite with superior rate performance for LIB anode materials
Authors: Li Huan-Huan , Zhang Lin-Lin , Fan Chao-Ying , Wang Kang , Wu Xing-Long , Sun Hai-Zhu , Zhang Jing-Ping
Published: July 2015

A novel kind of plum-pudding like mesoporous SiO2 nanospheres (MSNs) and flake graphite (FG) nanocomposite (pp-MSNs/FG) was designed and fabricated via a facile and cost-effective hydrothermal method.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of glutamate uptake in primary astrocytes exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Wilson Christina L. , Natarajan Vaishaali , Hayward Stephen L. , Khalimonchuk Oleh , Kidambi Srivatsan
Published: July 2015

TiO2nanoparticle exposure to primary astrocytes induced concentration dependent loss in glutamate uptake, morphological changes in mitochondria (tabulation or fragmentation) and damage to mitochondrial dynamics.
RGD-functionalized ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted T1-weighted MR imaging of gliomas
Authors: Luo Yu , Yang Jia , Yan Yu , Li Jingchao , Shen Mingwu , Zhang Guixiang , Mignani Serge , Shi Xiangyang
Published: July 2015

Ultrasmall Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be functionalized with an RGD peptide via a PEG spacer for targeted T1-weighted MR imaging of tumors.
Coating of bioactive glass particles with mussel-inspired polydopamine as a strategy to improve the thermal stability of poly(l-lactide)/bioactive glass composites
Authors: Larrañaga Aitor , Ramos Daniel , Amestoy Hegoi , Zuza Ester , Sarasua Jose-Ramon
Published: July 2015

Coating bioactive glass particles with polydopamine hinders the degradation reaction occurring at high temperatures between PLLA and bioactive glass particles.
Exocyclic self-assembly behavior of carboxylic acid and lariat ether macrocyclic hosts: regulation by pendent arm
Authors: Guo Rong , Wang Wei , Yang Weiping , Chen Yuanyin , Gong Shuling
Published: July 2015

An exocyclic supramolecular building block through O–H⋯N hydrogen bonding interaction for the assembly of di-sidearm dibenzo-diazacrown ethers bearing a flexibility sidearm with PTA acid.
Synthesis of curved Si flakes using Mg powder as both the template and reductant and their derivatives for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhu Jian , Deng Da
Published: July 2015

Mg powder was used as both active template for SiO2shell coating and reductant to subsequently reduce SiO2sheaths into Si to obtain curved Si flakes for lithium storage.
Zirconium-doped porous magadiite heterostructures upon 2D intragallery in situ hydrolysis–condensation–polymerization strategy for liquid-phase benzoylation
Authors: Ma Yuewen , Sun Huan , Sun Qi , Zhang Hui
Published: July 2015

Zr-doped porous magadiite heterostructures upon cosurfactant-directing 2D intragallery hydrolysis–condensation–polymerization strategy exhibit greatly enhanced Brønsted acidity and benzoylation activity.
The labeling of brassinosteroids by tritium
Authors: Marek Aleš , Patil Mahadeo R. , Elbert Tomáš
Published: July 2015

A convenient method for the synthesis of tritium-labeled brassinosteroids with very high specific activity is reported.
Evaluation of novel, cationic electrospun microfibrous membranes as adsorbents in bacteria removal
Authors: Papaphilippou Petri Ch. , Vyrides Ioannis , Mpekris Fotios , Stylianopoulos Triantafyllos , Papatryfonos Charalambos A. , Theocharis Charis R. , Krasia-Christoforou Theodora
Published: July 2015

Cationic, methacrylate-based electrospun microfibrous membranes have been evaluated as adsorbents for the removal of Gram-negative bacteria namelyPseudomonas aeruginosaandAdvenella speciesfrom synthetic aqueous media and urban wastewater.
Gallium/gold composite microspheres fixed on a silicon substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Chen Limiao , Wu Min , Jing Qifeng , Yu Yifan , Huang Jianhan , Liu Younian , Liu Xiaohe , Qiu Guanzhou
Published: July 2015

Gallium/gold composite microspheres fixed on a silicon substrate were successfully fabricated and used as a SERS substrate to detect malachite green molecules.
The effects of P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and NTA on phytoextraction of Cd by ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud)
Authors: Xie Jieli , Liu Yunguo , Zeng Guangming , Liu Huan , Zheng Bohong , Tang Hui , Xu Weihua , Sun Zhichao , Tan Xiaofei , Nie Jian , Jiang Zhengjiang , Gan Chao , Wang Shufan
Published: July 2015

The effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) on Cd phytoextraction from contaminated soil by Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud was investigated.
Synthesis and investigation of donor–porphyrin–acceptor triads with long-lived photo-induced charge-separate states
Authors: Kelber Julien B. , Panjwani Naitik A. , Wu Di , Gómez-Bombarelli Rafael , Lovett Brendon W. , Morton John J. L. , Anderson Harry L.
Published: July 2015

The powerful electron donor tetraalkylphenylenediamine (TAPD) facilitates photo-induced electron transfer, even in a frozen solvent at 10 K, generating a long-lived spin-polarized charge separate state which can be observed by EPR.
A stable inverse opal structure of cadmium chalcogenide for efficient water splitting
Authors: Lu Yi-Ren , Yin Peng-Fei , Mao Jing , Ning Meng-Jiao , Zhou Yu-Zhu , Dong Cun-Ku , Ling Tao , Du Xi-Wen
Published: July 2015

A highly conductive inverse opal structure consisting of cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals achieves an unprecedentedly high hydrogen production rate, which originated from excellent light-absorption capacity and charge-separation efficiency.
A high energy density asymmetric all-solid-state supercapacitor based on cobalt carbonate hydroxide nanowire covered N-doped graphene and porous graphene electrodes
Authors: Xie Hao , Tang Shaochun , Zhu Jian , Vongehr Sascha , Meng Xiangkang
Published: July 2015

To achieve high energy densities, an asymmetric all-solid-state supercapacitor is developed with cobalt carbonate hydroxide (CCH) nanowire covered N-doped graphene (NG) as positive and porous NG as negative electrodes.
Additive regulated crystallization and film formation of CH3NH3PbI3−xBrxfor highly efficient planar-heterojunction solar cells
Authors: He Jian , Chen Tao
Published: July 2015

The addition of NH4Cl can efficiently improve the CH3NH3PbI3−xBrxfilm formability and the solar cell efficiency.
Recent developments in black phosphorus transistors
Authors: Du Haiwei , Lin Xi , Xu Zhemi , Chu Dewei
Published: July 2015

The discovery of graphene has inspired great research interest in two-dimensional (2D) layered nanomaterials during the past decade.
Strong recovery conditions for least support orthogonal matching pursuit in noisy case
Authors: Tawfic I.S. , Koç Kayhan S.
Published: July 2015

A least support denoising‐orthogonal matching pursuit (LSD‐OMP) algorithm to reconstruct the sparse signal using less number of iterations from noisy measurements is presented. The algorithm achieves correct support recovery without requiring sparsity knowledge. An improved restricted isometry property‐based condition is derived over the best‐known results. Experimental results demonstrate that the LSD‐OMP achieves good performance on recovering sparse signals, outperforming the latest state‐of‐the art method in terms of reconstructed signal‐to‐noise ratio and running time.
Hybrid of unscented Kalman filter and genetic algorithm for state and parameter estimation in sigma–delta modulators
Authors: Lorenz M. , Becker J. , Ortmanns M.
Published: July 2015

A mathematically simple hybrid of the unscented Kalman filter and the genetic algorithm (GA) is presented and applied to the non‐ideality estimation in sigma–delta modulators. Parameter estimation is a complicated task, especially if a system must be observed continuously and its internal states have to be tracked in addition. A GA is a low‐cost method to find an optimal parameter set but if the system is vastly changing, it cannot be applied. In contrast, the basic Kalman filter is an effective state estimator but cannot be used to estimate parameters of a system without complex mathematical extensions. A combination of both techniques can be beneficial to enable fast and especially low‐cost on‐chip estimation procedures.
On the limits of application of Anderson and Kondo models in physics of strongly correlated electron systems
Authors: Sluchanko Nikolay E.
Published: July 2015

We argue that the Anderson and Kondo models turn out to be irrelevant for the description of some strongly correlated electron systems and suggest the mechanism for the formation of many-body states (heavy fermions) being an alternative to the Kondo one. This mechanism involves the quantum tunneling of a heavy particle between the states in the double-well potential.
Dynamic characteristics of light emission accompanying cryocondensation of nitrous oxide and ethanol
Authors: Drobyshev A. , Aldiyarov A. , Korshikov E. , Strzhemechny Y. M.
Published: July 2015

We report new results in the study of cryoradiation accompanying the condensation of some gas. The main objectives of this research are: (i) check a broader range of substances for their ability to cryoradiation; (ii) the study of the nature of radiation and its relaxation characteristics; (iii) the study of thermally stimulated processes in condensed samples. Of the compounds tested only nitrous oxide and ethanol exhibited the ability to generate cryoradiation during condensation from the gas phase. Separate flashes detected by a photomultiplier represent a superposition of a series of successive relaxation processes of individual regions, somehow related to each other. It is possible that such areas are crystallites containing a set of molecules of nitrous oxide/ethanol, which are in metastable states with different activation energies. Radiation by these molecules during the transition into the ground state induces successive relaxation processes of molecular groups according to their activation energy distributions. Nonequilibrium radiative states forming in the process of cryocondensation of nitrous oxide and ethanol may have different nature of the activation energy distribution and this could explain the difference in the character of the radiation relaxation in these substances.
Low-temperature magnetic phase transition in aluminum borate TbAl3(BO3)4
Authors: Bedarev V. A. , Paschenko M. I. , Kobets M. I. , Dergachev K. G. , Khatsko E. N. , Gnatchenko S. L. , Zvyagin A. A. , Zajarniuk T. , Szewczyk A. , Gutowska M. U. , Bezmaternykh L. N. , Temerov V. L.
Published: July 2015

Magnetic ordering temperature, initial splitting and effective g-factor of the ground quasi-doublet of a Tb3+ ion were determined by investigating the heat capacity and ESR in a TbAl3(BO3)4 single crystal. The parameters of the magnetic interaction were calculated.
Collisionless microtearing modes in hot tokamaks: Effect of trapped electrons
Authors: Swamy Aditya K. , Ganesh R. , Brunner S. , Vaclavik J. , Villard L.
Published: July 2015

Collisionless microtearing modes have recently been found linearly unstable in sharp temperature gradient regions of large aspect ratio tokamaks. The magnetic drift resonance of passing electrons has been found to be sufficient to destabilise these modes above a threshold plasma β. A global gyrokinetic study, including both passing electrons as well as trapped electrons, shows that the non-adiabatic contribution of the trapped electrons provides a resonant destabilization, especially at large toroidal mode numbers, for a given aspect ratio. The global 2D mode structures show important changes to the destabilising electrostatic potential. The β threshold for the onset of the instability is found to be generally downshifted by the inclusion of trapped electrons. A scan in the aspect ratio of the tokamak configuration, from medium to large but finite values, clearly indicates a significant destabilizing contribution from trapped electrons at small aspect ratio, with a diminishing role at larger aspect ratios.
Use of DArT molecular markers for QTL analysis of drought-stress responses in soybean. II. Marker identification and QTL analyses
Authors: Vu Hang T. T. , Kilian A. , James A. T. , Bielig L. M. , Lawn R. J.
Published: July 2015

This study applied newly developed Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and soybean and mungbean DArT libraries for quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage analysis in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from three soybean crosses that had previously been assessed for physiological response to severe drought stress. The phenotypic assessments had identified statistically significant genetic variation among and within the RIL populations and their parents for three drought-related responses: epidermal conductance (ge) and relative water content (RWC) during stress, and plant recovery after stress. The new linkage maps containing only DArT markers for the three populations individually contained 196–409 markers and 15–22 linkage groups (LGs), with an aggregate length ranging from 409.4 to 516.7 cM. An integrated map constructed by using the marker data from all three RIL populations comprised 759 DArT markers, 27 LGs and an expanded length of 762.2 cM. Two populations with the landrace accession G2120 as a parent, CPI 26671 × G2120 (CG) and Valder × G2120 (VG), respectively contained 106 and 34 QTLs. In each of these populations, 10 LGs harboured QTLs associated with RWC, ge and recovery ability, of which six similar LGs were associated with drought tolerance. A BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) search for sequences of 19 selected DArT markers linked to QTLs conditioning the drought-response traits indicated that 18 DArT markers were unique and aligned to 12 soybean chromosomes. Comparison of these sequenced DArT markers with other markers associated with drought-related QTLs in previously reported studies using other marker types confirmed that five of them overlapped, whereas the remaining 13 were new. Except for chromosome 15, the chromosomes with which the DArT QTLs in the CG and VG populations were associated were those that had been shown to harbour drought-related QTLs in previous studies. A BLASTx protein database search identified soPt-856602 as being associated with the gene for a probable glycosyltransferase At5g03795-like isoform X1 on chromosome 6. Although the several QTLs identified in the study were all of relatively minor effect, it was concluded that, because the DArT technology involves large numbers of markers and enables many lines to be genotyped simultaneously, it should help the process of manipulating multiple QTLs and so enhance their likely cumulative effect.
Ecotypic responses to flood and drought in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
Authors: Shepherd Mervyn , Wood Rachel , Bloomfield Camilla , Raymond Carolyn
Published: July 2015

Plantation-grown Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) is the principal source of tea tree oil in Australia. Upland and coastal ecotypes of tea tree were grown in a common environment to test responses in root, shoot and developmental attributes to four hydrological conditions. Consistent with its wetland origins, tea tree exhibited morphological adaptations for flood tolerance, with both ecotypes possessing a similar maximal capacity for adventitious roots and aerenchyma. Despite adaptation to flood, growth was reduced under prolonged flood relative to a well-watered control, and to a similar degree in both ecotypes. Coastal plants responded more rapidly to flood, suggesting that upland plants may delay costly morphological modifications until flooding is more protracted. Mild water deficit (drought) had a greater impact on growth and development than flooding, and upon coastal than upland plants. Relatively lower impact of drought on biomass and branch whorl number in upland plants was probably due to a constitutively higher root : shoot biomass ratio buffering against retarded development and growth. This study was the first step in identifying genetically controlled abiotic stress tolerances that may be useful for further domestication of tea tree. The potential to improve drought tolerance appeared most promising; however, further work will require consideration of appropriate breeding strategies given the low-resource-adapted population origins of tolerance alleles, and it should be prefaced by a clear definition of the target deployment environment and include testing of yield variables of economic value in target environments.
Clause linking in L2 English
Authors: Buysse Manon
Published: July 2015

The development of clause linkage in a second language has been studied extensively in the fields of applied linguistics and second language research. Several studies have focused on the development of specific types of complex structures, essentially based on the development of different classes of subordinate clauses distinguished by traditional grammar. The present contribution uses as a theoretical framework Role and Reference Grammar. RRG’s model of clause linkage proposes a different array of possible relations between combined clauses, adding the concept of cosubordination to the traditional dichotomy coordination/subordination, and pays attention to both predicate-based complexification within the clause and full clause combinations. RRG bases its classification of linkage types on the Interclausal Relations Hierarchy (Van Valin & LaPolla 1997), which unites syntactic and semantic aspects of clause complexification. The present article focuses on the syntax-semantics interface as realized within the Interclausal Relations Hierarchy, and on its impact on the acquisition of clause linkage structures by adolescent L2 learners of English. The corpus consists of oral narrative English interlanguage data elicited from 12- to 18-year-old Dutch-speaking secondary school pupils in Flanders (Belgium). Results show that RRG’s main principles of clause linkage are easily applicable to second language acquisition. The syntactic and semantic strength of a given juncture were found to often coincide in the data, as predicted, and any syntactic encoding of a semantic juncture which matches its semantic strength is likely to be acquired more easily and/or earlier than non-matching realizations. Although not all predictions made by RRG concerning structural variation were confirmed by our L2 English data, we conclude that RRG provides a fruitful, coherent and powerful framework for studying clause linkage and sentence complexification in spoken L2 learner discourse.
Cerebrovascular Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Authors: Flemming Kelly D.
Published: July 2015

The cerebrospinal vasculature originates at the aortic arch. The right brachiocephalic divides into the right common carotid and subclavian artery. The left common carotid and left subclavian arteries arise directly from the aortic arch. The 2 common carotid arteries bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries. The anterior circulation of the brain includes the distal branches from the internal carotid artery, including the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The vertebral arteries arise off the subclavians and join at the pontomedullary junction to form the basilar artery. The vertebrobasilar system and distal branches are commonly known as the posterior circulation of the brain.
Neuroimaging
Authors: Black David F.
Published: July 2015

Neuroimaging is commonly used in the clinical setting to aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and, in certain situations, acute therapeutic decision making. Indications, pitfalls, and examples of select neuroimaging methods (MRI, CT, US, SPECT, PET) are reviewed in this chapter.
Principles of Psychiatry and Psychology
Authors: Machulda Mary M.
Published: July 2015

Cognition, classic psychiatric constructs, and an approach to the evaluation of cognition and psychologic disorders are discussed in this chapter. Cognitive evaluations may include simple office-based procedures, but formal neuropsychological testing and functional imaging have aided practitioners in further understanding and treating disorders as well as understanding normal function.
Hepatocellular cancer and venous thromboembolism
Authors: Kooner Paul , Taylor Hannah
Published: July 2015

In the UK, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the eighteenth commonest malignancy, and the incidence is increasing. Prognosis in untreated HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival of 3% and a median survival of 1–8 months. Surgical resection or transplantation are generally considered the only curative treatment options; however, at presentation, only 20% of patients qualify for surgery. For patients who do not qualify for surgery, but in whom disease is still confined to the liver, palliative locoregional therapies focus on disease control, with 5-year survival rates of between 35% and 75% in selected patients. For patients with disease that has spread beyond the liver, outcomes are poor. Despite treatment with systemic therapies, median overall survival is in the range of 8–10 months. Using a case study approach, this chapter looks at the diagnosis and treatment of HCC, with an additional focus on venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolic disease in malignancy.
Melanoma and immunotherapy
Authors: Harries Mark , Ellis Sarah
Published: July 2015

Melanoma is in the top five malignancies diagnosed in the UK, and its incidence is increasing. When diagnosed at an early stage, surgical excision is curative. The place of adjuvant treatment is unclear, but many trials are aiming to answer this important question. Until recently, treatment options in advanced disease were limited, with few achieving benefit from chemotherapy. The advent of immune targeted therapies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors against mutated BRAF, a driver in 50% of melanomas, has revolutionized treatment but still as yet does not offer a cure for most. The use of these drugs and the management of their toxicities is illustrated in this case. New agents against different intracellular pathways and immune targets are in development, with several offering promise. Increasing public awareness of the risk factors and early detection remain the key to reducing deaths from melanoma.
HIV-associated malignancies
Authors: Bower Mark , Smith Kate
Published: July 2015

The case history outlines the diagnostic and management challenges of treating immunosuppression-associated malignancies, using, as example, a patient newly diagnosed with HIV and human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8)-driven multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) who subsequently develops plasmablastic lymphoma, a second HHV-8-associated malignancy. The aetiology, diagnosis, and management of common HIV-associated malignancies are outlined. Management of this patient group is often challenging. Specific considerations, such as treatment-associated toxicity, the risk of opportunistic infections, drug interactions, and the increased risk of relapse and second malignancy, are discussed. Strategies to prevent HIV-associated malignancies are also outlined.
Electrical Signaling in Neurons
Authors: Levitan Irwin B. , Kaczmarek Leonard K.
Published: July 2015

In neurons, information is carried from one part of the cell to another in the form of action potentials—large and rapidly reversible fluctuations in electrical voltage across the plasma membrane that propagate along the axon. Different neurons exhibit different patterns of action potential firing. Some neurons are normally silent; their membrane potential remains at the resting potential unless the firing of action potentials is triggered by some external stimulus, and they return to their non-firing state when the stimulus is no longer present. Many neurons exhibit more complex endogenous electrical activity, often firing action potentials in a regular pattern without an external stimulus. The electrical properties of a neuron are subject to modulation by input from the environment, including sensory information from the outside world, hormones released from other parts of the organism, and chemical and electrical signals from other neurons to which the neuron is functionally connected.
Membrane Ion Channels and Ion Currents
Authors: Levitan Irwin B. , Kaczmarek Leonard K.
Published: July 2015

Electrical activity in neurons (and other kinds of cells) results from the movement of ions across the plasma membrane through specialized membrane proteins known as ion channels. Exquisitely sensitive patch clamp techniques are available to measure the current passing through single ion channels, as well as the macroscopic membrane current carried by a population of ion channels. These techniques have enabled the detailed characterization of various essential properties of ion channels, including their selectivity for particular ions, their pharmacology, and the way their activity is regulated by membrane voltage and other factors. There are many different kinds of ion channels in the neuronal plasma membrane, and their activities sum to generate action potentials and complex patterns of action potential firing.
Receptors and Transduction Mechanisms I: Receptors Coupled Directly to Ion Channels
Authors: Levitan Irwin B. , Kaczmarek Leonard K.
Published: July 2015

The common feature that allows neurons and other cells to respond to extracellular signals is the presence of specific receptors in the plasma membrane, which may be similar in their structure and functional properties in different kinds of cells. There may be several different kinds of receptors for individual neurotransmitters. Many receptors can be grouped into families based on structural, functional, and regulatory homologies that are far more extensive than had been appreciated previously. One such family is that of the ligand-gated ion channels, whose members were first linked on the basis of a functional criterion—direct coupling between the receptor and the ion channel whose activity it regulates. Evolution has allowed the ligand specificity of the receptor site and the ion selectivity of the channel pore to diverge. However, the essential overall structural design of the ligand-gated receptor–channel complex has been preserved.
Receptors and Transduction Mechanisms II: Indirectly Coupled Receptor/Ion Channel Systems
Authors: Levitan Irwin B. , Kaczmarek Leonard K.
Published: July 2015

Extracellular signals must be recognized by the target cell and transduced into an appropriate biological response. Signal recognition is accomplished by the specific membrane receptors that are coupled to different kinds of transduction mechanisms, which in nerve cells often regulate the activity of ion channels. The purpose of diversity in the categories of receptor-channel coupling may be to provide a wide temporal range in the responses of neurons to neurotransmitters, hormones, and sensory stimuli. Diversity also exists within the category of second messenger–mediated receptor-channel coupling. At first glance, many second messenger systems appear to bear little relationship to one another. However, several share a common final mechanism of action on response systems, namely protein phosphorylation via one of several second messenger–dependent protein kinases. Modulation of neuronal excitability by protein phosphorylation often involves direct phosphorylation of the ion channel protein itself or of some closely associated regulatory component.
Formation, Maintenance, and Plasticity of Chemical Synapses
Authors: Levitan Irwin B. , Kaczmarek Leonard K.
Published: July 2015

When developing axons reach their appropriate postsynaptic target, they stop elongating. A series of characteristic morphological and biochemical changes, culminating in synapse formation, then occur. Among the cues used by an excitatory neuron in choosing its correct postsynaptic partner are chemical labels such as Ephrins and Eph receptors. Not all synapses that form during development persist in adult animals. Certain synapses are selectively stabilized; others are lost. In many cases such rearrangements follow a Hebbian rule, whereby excitatory synapses are stabilized when they trigger postsynaptic action potentials. Such reorganization of connections is therefore regulated by patterns of electrical activity and involves the coordinated activity of metalloproteases, NMDA receptors, and the secretion of factors such BDNF. Other agents involved include agrin, rapsyn, the immediate early genes fos and Arg, and the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Much information on factors that regulate the clustering of postsynaptic receptors and the way that postsynaptic sites come to be linked to presynaptic terminals has come from studies of molecules at the neuromuscular junction.
List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published
Authors: Oren Aharon , Garrity George M.
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the following effectively published new names and new combinations under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should send three copies of the pertinent reprint or photocopies thereof, or an electronic copy of the published paper to the IJSEM Editorial Office for confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met. It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries. It should be noted that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in the nomenclature of prokaryotes. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.