bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Characteristics and Clinical Manifestations of the Paranasal Sinus Osteomas
Authors: Buyuklu Fuat , Akdogan Mehmet Volkan , Ozer Cem , Cakmak Ozcan
Published: April 2011

Objective

To investigate the clinical features of paranasal sinus osteomas and to estimate the growth rate of these tumors in a large series of patients.

Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

University hospital, tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed the paranasal sinus tomography scans that were taken between January 1997 and April 2008 to find patients with paranasal sinus osteomas. A questionnaire was performed to evaluate the possible clinical symptoms associated with sinus osteomas, and control paranasal sinus computed tomography was taken for patients in whom paranasal computed tomography examination had been done at least 1 year ago.

Results

A total of 17,154 paranasal sinus computed tomographies of 14,137 patients were reviewed, and 243 cases of paranasal sinus osteomas were found. The lesions were located in the frontal sinus in 183, ethmoid sinus in 48, maxillary sinus in 5, and sphenoid sinus in 7 patients. Eighty‐nine patients with paranasal sinus osteomas were readmitted. The mean follow‐up was 54 months in this group. In 46 of 89 patients, an increase in the size of osteomas was detected. The mean growth rate of osteomas was estimated to be 0.79 mm/y in the cephalocaudal direction and 0.99 mm/y in the mediolateral direction. No significant differences were found in the growth rate according to location and growth directions.

Conclusion

Neither a specific growth pattern nor a specific factor affecting the growth rate of these tumors could be demonstrated. Follow‐up is necessary because of the potential severe complications.
The Utility of the Harmonic Scalpel in Selective Neck Dissection
Authors: Walen Scott G. , Rudmik Luke R. , Dixon Elijah , Matthews T. Wayne , Nakoneshny Steven C. , Dort Joseph C.
Published: April 2011

Objectives

To determine the impact of the harmonic scalpel on intraoperative blood loss and operative time in selective neck dissection (SND) (levels I‐IV) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Study Design

Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Setting

A single, tertiary care institution (Foothills Medical Centre) in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Subjects

A total of 31 patients (36 neck dissections) were prospectively enrolled between January 2009 and March 2010.

Methods

Patients were randomized to receive a neck dissection with either the harmonic scalpel or the traditional technique of using electrocautery and sharp dissection. The study included adult patients older than age 18 years diagnosed with HNSCC and who required an SND (levels I‐IV). Study exclusion criteria included previous treatment for head and neck cancer and all patients unwilling or unable to provide informed consent. Primary clinical outcomes were intraoperative blood loss and operative time. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative complications and surgical drain output.

Results

Intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the harmonic scalpel group compared to the traditional group (158 vs 61 mL, P =. 02). There was no difference in operative time (81 minutes harmonic vs 85 minutes traditional) or total drain output (at both 48 hours and 1 week) between the groups. There were no intraoperative complications reported in either group.

Conclusions

Results from this study suggest that the harmonic scalpel can reduce blood loss during SND for HNSCC. The harmonic scalpel had no impact on operative time, postoperative drain output, or complication rate.
Measurement of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lieberman Seth M. , Jacobs Joseph B. , Lebowitz Richard A. , Fitzgerald Matthew B. , Crawford James , Feigenbaum Bernard A.
Published: April 2011

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi including Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Penicillium species. The presence of mycotoxins in sinonasal tissue and secretions and any possible link to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) or other diseases of the head and neck have not been reported. The authors performed an exploratory study to determine the presence and levels of mycotoxins in the sinonasal tissue and secretions of 18 subjects undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. Using commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits, samples were analyzed for the following mycotoxins: aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin, and fumonisin. All specimens were negative for aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fumonisin. Four (22%) of 18 specimens were positive for ochratoxin. The clinical significance of this finding remains to be determined.
A Boyfriend to Die For: Edward Cullen as Compensated Psychopath in Stephanie Meyer’s Twilight
Authors: Merskin Debra
Published: April 2011

This article is an analysis of the teen-targeted vampire novel Twilight. The series and related merchandise have been a runaway financial success. Illustrative quotes from Twilight are presented according to Guggenbühl-Craig’s concept of the “compensated psychopath” (CP)—an individual who approaches the psychological extreme of psychopathy but is able to pass for functional in society. The author argues the lead male character Edward Cullen is a CP and that the representation is problematic. The book’s main female character, Bella Swan, becomes completely dependent on Edward, desires him in part because he seems unattainable, and is willing to die and live a life of predation in order to be with him. The largely uncriticized idealization of Edward as top boyfriend material flies under the radar of contemporary concern for girls’ psychic and physical well-being.
Climate, Race Science and the Age of Consent in the League of Nations
Authors: Tambe Ashwini
Published: April 2011

In this article I explore how, in the League of Nations’ emerging anti-trafficking regime of the 1920s and 1930s, one category of race science — climate — played a prominent role in positing natural hierarchies between nations. My purpose is twofold: (1) to explain the currency of climate at this moment and to examine the trajectory of climate as an explanatory device in the intellectual history of ‘race’; and (2) to reflect on the biopolitical implications of explanations rooted in climate. The article begins with a description of how League of Nations delegates used climate as shorthand to refer to differences between the sexual mores of various nations. I then reflect more broadly on the emergence, submergence, and reemergence of climate in the history of race science, and its effects in practical settings. I move to a discussion of the significance of the age of consent as a category, and analyse the League of Nations-sponsored efforts to track ages of consent across countries as a biopolitical project. My overarching argument is that references to climate performed important ideological work in naturalizing hierarchical relations between nations. In arenas where diplomats sought to arrive at a consensus, such references rendered them more palatable and less disputable.
The Border between Word and Image
Authors: Groys Boris
Published: April 2011

Proceeding from Lessing’s distinction between poetry and visual art, Boris Groys argues that language is not external to, but resides behind, the image. The image constitutes the scene of a frustrated linguistic desire. Modern visual art sought to avoid the obscenity of staging this unfulfilled desire by conducting a systematic ascetic repression of the linguistic impulse. This negation of linguistic desire culminated in Judd’s ‘specific ob jects’. Y et the modern image, Groys emphasizes with reference to Greenberg and McLuhan, still transmits a message, namely that of its medium bearer. Modern artists torture the image and put it into a state of emergency or exception in which it confesses its interior. In the image’s sub-medium space, in turn, resides language. Avantgarde artists and modern media theorists share the wish to achieve durability by becoming the media of the media. The border between the image and language, Groys closes, can neither be stabilized nor abolished.
Valproate-Induced Worsening of Seizures
Authors: Dhamija Radhika , Gavrilova Ralitza H. , Wirrell Elaine C.
Published: April 2011

The use of valproate sodium as an antiepileptic is not advised in children with an undiagnosed metabolic condition because of the increased risk of hepatotoxicity and encephalopathy. Here the authors describe a 2.5-year-old girl with a history of developmental delay, failure to thrive, and a seizure disorder whose seizures worsened after the introduction of valproate sodium. This led to a search for an underlying metabolic disorder, and after extensive investigations, a diagnosis of nonketotic hyperglycinemia was made. In this report, the authors discuss the metabolic conditions that can be worsened by valproate sodium. Valproate sodium interferes with the glycine cleavage enzyme synthesis in the mitochondria, hence increasing glycine levels. The increased glycine levels are responsible for worsening of the underlying metabolic condition and increased seizure frequency.
Emerging Treatments for Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Redding Michell B. , Surati Minal
Published: April 2011

Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a challenging aspect in the treatment of prostate cancer. Research has identified several pathways in the pathogenesis of CRPC. Several new agents targeting some of these pathways have shown promising data during clinical trials. In the area of androgen depletion, abiraterone acetate and MDV100 have been studied and have shown to decrease prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in phase I and II studies. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody antiangiogenesis agent that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and has shown to decrease PSA levels in combination with other cytotoxic agents. Three agents, ixabepilone, patupilone, and sagopilone, in the class of epothilones (tubulin polymerizing antitumor agents), have shown moderate reductions in PSA levels and moderate adverse effects. The results of ongoing studies with these new treatment agents may offer viable alternatives to the traditional treatment of CRPC to decrease disease progression and improve overall survival.
The benefits and costs of China’s hydropower: Development or slowdown?
Authors: Vermeer Eduard B.
Published: April 2011

During the past few years, the Chinese government has formulated ambitious plans for building many large hydropower stations, but so far it has withheld final approval for the construction of the majority. The environmental problems and rising cost of coal-fired stations, China’s Copenhagen commitment, the creation of a high-voltage national power grid, and the availability of cheap capital should have all worked to the advantage of hydropower. Moreover, present projects require much less resettlement than those in previous decades. However, since 2006 political concern for the social problems of forced migration and distrust of the business alliance between power companies and provincial governments seem to be obstacles. Stricter regulations for environmental impact assessment, more comprehensive planning of water and reservoir use, and a lack of staff have lengthened approval processes. Central and provincial governments do not agree on developmental priorities and electricity prices. Uncertainty about obligations imposed on investing power companies is a factor too. Thus, hydropower policy suffers from conflicting goals and uneven commitment of various bureaucratic interests. Even if a clear policy commitment could improve policy implementation, China’s target of 330 GW of regular hydropower capacity in 2020, and thereby its renewable energy target, are unlikely to be met.
STABLE SUDANOPHILIA OF HUMAN NEUTROPHIL LEUCOCYTES IN RELATION TO PEROXIDASE AND OXIDASE
Authors: LILLIE R. D. , BURTNER H. J.
Published: April 2011

It seems improbable that leucocyte oxidase is a fatty acid peroxide, as suggested by Sehrt, on these grounds:

1. Positive reactions for aldehyde and for ethylene groups are not obtained. Hence the presence of fatty acid peroxides in leucocytes seems unlikely.

2. Peroxidase has been isolated from leucocytes by Agner. Histochemical behavior on treatment with adverse reagents and with heat indicates similarity of benzidine peroxidase and of indophenol oxidase, but dissimilarity of these from the sudanophil substance in leucocytes.

3. Sudan dyes demonstrate or produce in neutrophil leucocytes deeply colored granules of quite variable size, and the size of the granules apparently increases with the duration of staining.

4. The demonstration of sudanophil granules in leucocytes is accomplished with difficulty. The colored granules are highly stable toward many Sudan dye solvents. Decolorization is difficult and recoloration is uncertain.

5. True fats and lipoids, after staining with Sudan dyes, are readily decolorized by appropriate dye solvents and are restainable in apparently undiminished amounts.

6. Some oxidants tend to impair sudanophilia of leucocytes. Potassium bichromate improves the preservation of sudanophil lipoids, as in the Ciaccio method, but destroys the sudanophilia of polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

7. Hydrogen peroxide apparently possesses an inconstant and irregular, though sometimes quite pronounced, accelerating effect on the production of Sudan stained granules in leucocytes.

8. The sudanophilia of leucocytes depends on an as yet unexplained chemical combination of the dyes with cytoplasmic constituents which are probably not in the form of preexisting granules, rather than on lipoid staining.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: RINEHART JAMES F. , FARQUHAR MARILYN G.
Published: April 2011

Technical methods for preparation of thin sections suitable for electron microscopy, while exacting, have been developed to a point of useful application. A series of electron micrographs from such sections of the anterior lobe of the pituitary glands of normal female rats are presented. It is evident that in many respects the nuclear and cytoplasmic detail revealed surpasses that which can be achieved by light microscopy and offers great promise for research in problems of cytophysiology and pathology. The various cell forms as seen in the normal anterior pituitary are illustrated, and tentative interpretations of functional states are made. Cytologic structures clearly demonstrated include `specific' granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasmic ground substance and cell membranes. Some acidophiles contain delicate intracellular canaliculi (or lamellae), and cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles are prominent in certain basophiles. These alterations, which are associated with enlargement of the Golgi apparatus, are believed to reflect secretory activity.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF CYSTINE-CONTAINING STRUCTURES BY METHODS INVOLVING ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS
Authors: PEARSE A. G. EVERSON
Published: April 2011

1) Hydrolysis of combined cystine at pH 12.8 gives rise to reaction products capable of converting soluble, relatively colourless, tetrazolium salts into insoluble formazan dyes.

2) Both normal and abnormal keratins are demonstrated by the reaction.

3) Cystine-free structures which also reduce tetrazolium salts at pH 12.8 are present in tissue sections. These are either lipid-containing or reducing sugar-containing, but distinction between these two groups and the cystine-containing group of structures is histochemically possible.

4) The alkaline tetrazolium reaction is considered to form the basis of a useful method both for research into the process of keratinisation and also for the routine diagnosis of abnormal tumour keratins.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA OF PIGEON AND BABY RABBITS EXPOSED TO HIGHER AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Authors: CHAUDHURI SUKHEN , SADHU D. P.
Published: April 2011

Using histochemical techniques it has been demonstrated that the adrenal glands of baby rabbits lack noradrenaline and produce only adrenaline, while the adrenal glands of the pigeon contain oth adrenaline and noradrenaline and the relative proportion of noradrenaline secreting cells is almost the same as that of the adrenaline secreting cells. On exposure to higher ambient temperature there is release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands of baby rabbits and of both adrenalin and noradrenaline from the adrenal glands of pigeons. The possible role of the hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system in this response is discussed.
FADING OF FEULGEN-STAINED BOVINE SPERMATOZOA
Authors: DE LA TORRE LUIS , SALISBURY G. W.
Published: April 2011

Photometric restudy of 120 Feulgen-stained bovine spermatozoa after an interim period of 30-38 days from their initial date of measurement clearly demonstrates a marked decolorization of the cells, depending on the particular lot of Feulgen reagent used. With an eight-month-old and often-used reagent, no fading occurred over a period of 38 days. Using a fresh reagent, made with the same batch and initial content of basic fuchsin as the above, a fading of 14.6% was observed in 30 days, and of 20.9% in 37 days. These findings clearly emphasize the need for greater control of the Feulgen reagent and reaction and for the caution that must be exercised in using long prepared Feulgen-stained material for quantitative purposes.
THE ACTIVITY OF 5'-NUCLEOTIDASE DETERMINED HISTOCHEMICALLY IN THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN
Authors: NAIDOO D.
Published: April 2011

The enzyme 5'-nucleotidase is found to occur in the nerve fibres of the rat brain, probably in the myelin sheath.

The enzyme develops rapidly during the period associated with myelination. Its rate of development is at first rapid, but later proceeds at a reduced pace until the animal reaches maturity.

Biochemical levels during maturation, and the levels of enzyme activity left after histochemical processing, have been compared and found to be of a similar order.

A series of illustrations show the increasing intensity of enzyme activity during maturation. The biochemical findings for the corresponding ages are graphically represented. Microscopically, the changes occurring in the first 10 days, and after the 80th day, cannot be differentiated: the very young animals show no activity and the mature animals show an uniformly high activity. Some special areas show a relatively low enzyme activity.

A freeze-drying method is described which appears suitable for preparing nervous tissues for the microscopic study of 5'-nucleotidase activity.

It is suggested that this enzyme may prove of value in the study of demyelinating disorders.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN HUMAN AORTAS, CORONARY ARTERIES AND CEREBRAL ARTERIES. I. THE METHODS
Authors: ZUGIBE FREDERICK T.
Published: April 2011

A histochemical technique is described for identifying the individual acid mucopolysaccharides in human aortas, coronary arteries and cerebral arteries.

Identifications of the various acid mucopolysaccharides depends on treating serial sections with an extract from Flavobacterium heparinum adapted to chondroitin sulfate A, an extract from Flavobacterium adapted to heparitin sulfate, a combination of these two extracts, testicular hyaluronidase, and streptococcal hyaluronidase respectively. Following this treatment and subsequent staining with alcian blue, the identification of the individual acid mucopolysaccharides was made by comparing the treated with the untreated sections.

The mechanism of these enzymes is discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF CYTOSIDERIN AND CYTOPLASMIC PARTICLES DEMONSTRATED BY OXIDATION-ALDEHYDE FUCHSIN PROCEDURES
Authors: SPICER S. S.
Published: April 2011

Prussian blue-reactive particles, designated cytosiderin, have been demonstrated in various epithelia of rats, hamsters and guinea pigs retired from the breeding colony. Weanling animals lack such deposits. The distribution of cytosiderin in the various histologic sites differs for each species. Morphologically similar particles have been visualized by means of staining with oxidation-aldehyde fuchsin techniques. The latter cytoplasmic particles, present in the rodents examined as well as in human tissues, were encountered either in the same organs as those with cytosiderin or in organs lacking Prussian blue-reactive particles.
BLEACHING OF FEULGEN STAINED NUCLEI AND ALTERATION OF ABSORPTION CURVE AFTER CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO VISIBLE LIGHT IN A CYTOPHOTOMETER
Authors: KASTEN FREDERICK H. , KIEFER G. , SANDRITTER W.
Published: April 2011

Feulgen-stained cells were placed on microscope stages and exposed to monochromatic (570 mµ, 500 mµ) and polychromatic visible light in two different cytophotometers for as long as 113 hours. A bleaching effect was measured in 8 of 11 differemst experiments by scanning and multiple plug cytophotometry. Dye extinctions were reduced by 27 to 81%, varying with the particular slide preparation and conditions of irradiation. The absorption curve is also altered in shape as a result of the light exposure although the absorption maximum remains at 570 mµ. The bleaching effect was found with batches of pararosaniline or basic fuchsin from three different companies. The effect was observed in freshly-stained sections as well as in an old section. Acetic-alcohol fixation may offer some protection against bleaching compared with formalin fixation. The rate of bleaching is rapid at first and then slows down after about three days. It is thought that one or more leuco compounds are produced in this process. Since as little as 2% bleaching occurs after one hour of irradiation, the phenomenon is not considered as a source of major error in routine cytophotometry. Fronn the practical side, it is suggested that light be blocked from the slide during non-measuring periods and that irradiation time be reduced. The gallocyanin-chromalum-DNA complex is not bleached from cell nuclei after prolonged irradiation although the absorption curve is shifted to lower wavelengths. Protection against bleaching is probably afforded by the screening action of the inorganic salt.
THE CYTOCHEMICAL ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN USING NAPHTHOL YELLOW S, AND COMBINED MEASUREMENT OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Authors: MEEK EDWARD S.
Published: April 2011

The quantitative staining response to the naphthol yellow S technique described by Deitch (1955) has been determined on normal mammalian red blood cells using scanning microdensitometry. It is concluded that these cells can be used as a standard of reference for this type of protein when making comparisons between various types of cell populations.

The possibility of mutual interference following the application of both the Feulgen and naphthol yellow S techniques to the same preparation has been investigated using mouse ascites tumour cells and leucocytes. In this material it was found that the Feulgen method led to the loss of binding sites for naphthol yellow S, but that the application of the latter did not result in the extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). By taking naphthol yellow S absorption readings before applying the Feulgen technique, this difficulty can be avoided, and both the protein and DNA complements of individual cells can be measured without error through loss of either component.
SURVIVAL OF ENZYMES IN SECTION FROZEN-SUBSTITUTED TISSUES
Authors: CHANG JEFFREY P. , HORI SAMUEL H.
Published: April 2011

Enzyme activities in tissues which have been section frozen-substituted or formol-calcium-fixed have been assayed chemically. The enzymes determined include alkaline and acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, as well as di- and triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorases. It was found that 22% of glucose-6-phosphatase and more than 70% of the other enzymes assayed could be recovered from the section frozen-substituted tissues. These percentages of recovery are much higher than those obtained in tissues which are fixed in formol-calcium or acetone, or frozen-dried.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY AND SYNTHESIS OF INTESTINAL PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Authors: PRZEŁECKA A. , EJSMONT G. , SARZAŁA M. G. , TARACHA M.
Published: April 2011

Alkaline phosphatase was investigated in small intestine of mice fed with different diets. A distinct increase of the enzyme activity after fat feeding has been shown both by cytochemical and biochemical methods. A pronounced response of Golgi localized alkaline phosphatase to fat feeding and a correlation of the amounts of this enzyme activity with the presence of intraepithelial lipid was observed. At the same time, brush border phosphatase seemed to be unrelated to presence of or feeding of fat.

The relation of these findings to the previously reported or demonstrated intracellular phospholipid synthesis is discussed.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN THE CEREBELLUM OF THE RAT
Authors: TEWARI H. B. , BOURNE G. H.
Published: April 2011

A detailed study on the histochemical distribution, at the intracellular and intercellular level, of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase among the various constituents of the different layers of the cerebellum, has been carried out. In Purkinje cells the oxidative enzymes show identical cyclic activity with each other. The granular cells are negative for both oxidative enzymes but they give a reaction in the glomeruli. The distribution of these enzymes differs considerably in other non-neuronal elements. The results have been discussed with reference to function of various cellular and noncellular constituents of the cerebellum of rat.
Process Evaluation of a Positive Youth Development Program: Project P.A.T.H.S
Authors: Law Ben M. F. , Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: April 2011

There are only a few process evaluation studies on positive youth development programs, particularly in the Chinese context. Objectives: This study aims to examine the quality of implementation of a positive youth development program (Project Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programs [P.A.T.H.S.]) and investigate the relationships among program adherence, process factors, implementation quality, and success. Method: Process evaluation of 20 Secondary 3 classroom-based programs was conducted in 14 schools. Results: Overall program adherence, individual evaluation items, quality, and success had high ratings. Principal components analysis showed that two components, namely, implementation process and implementation context were extracted from 11 evaluation items. The correlational analysis indicated that program adherence, implementation process, and context were highly correlated with quality and success. Multiple regression analyses show that teaching process and program adherence predicted quality, whereas teaching process, teaching context, and program adherence predicted success. Conclusions: The implementation quality of the Tier 1 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S. was generally high.
Bring on the Angels—H. L. Mencken, Death and Palliative Care
Authors: Brennan Frank
Published: April 2011

H. L. Mencken (1880-1956) was a brilliant American writer and journalist. He wrote the classic 3-volume The American Language. One topic he explored was the nature of death. This article examines Mencken’s thoughts on death and dying, Mencken’s own death, and the parallels between Mencken’s writing and the discipline of Palliative Care.
Documentation of Information and Care Planning for Patients with Advanced Cancer
Authors: Sharma Rashmi K. , Dy Sydney M.
Published: April 2011

Objective: We evaluated the association between patient characteristics, utilization of care, and documentation of information and care planning. Methods: We abstracted chart documentation for 238 deceased patients with advanced cancer. Results: Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders were documented in 34% of charts, advance directives in 19%, hospice discussion in 49%, and hospice referral in 36%. Compared to white patients, black patients had a higher odds of hospice discussion (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 2.11; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.76) and hospice referral (AOR 2.18; 95% CI 1.21 to 3.93). Documentation of advance directive and DNR order was associated with higher utilization of care. Conclusion: Black race was associated with higher odds of hospice discussion and referral in a primarily Medicaid population. Additional research is needed to explore variations in physician–patient discussion about hospice among different patient populations.
Immunological Methods for Nursing Research: From Cells to Systems
Authors: Morrison Helena W. , Downs Charles A.
Published: April 2011

Scientists and clinicians frequently use immunological methods (IMs) to investigate complex biological phenomena. Commonly used IMs include immunocytochemistry (IC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and flow cytometry. Each of these methodologies exploits a common principle in IMs —the binding of an antibody to its antigen. Scientists continue to develop new methodologies, such as high-throughput immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vivo imaging techniques, which exploit antibody—antigen binding, to more accurately answer complex research questions involving single cells up to whole organ systems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss established and evolving IMs and to illustrate the application of these methods to nursing research.
VARIATIONS IN FORMAZAN PRODUCTION IN MITOCHONDRIAL DEHYDROGENASE STUDIES ON OSMOTICALLY PROTECTED FRESH FROZEN SECTIONS
Authors: WILLIAMS D. , WHITELEY H. J.
Published: April 2011

The application of osmolar protection to mitochondria of cryostat sectioned material, and the subsequent effect produced upon the reduction of the two tetrazolium compounds nitro blue tetrazolium and iodonitrotetrazolium has been investigated.

The incorporation of polyvinylpyrollidone at concentrations to provide mild hyperosmolarity in incubation media used to demonstrate intramitochondrial dehydrogenases, had the effect of producing a decrease in the amount of tetrazole reduced, and variations in the distribution pattern of the formazan of nitro blue tetrazolium. Variability in the distribution pattern was linked to the degree of thermal damage occasioned to the mitochondria during the preparations of the sections.

This variability in result was not so pronounced when thermal damage was considerable. Omission of osmotic protection during incubation had the effect of producing a more uniform reduction of tetrazole.

This study demonstrates the desirability of careful standardisation in the production of fresh frozen sections for dehydrogenase histochemistry, and it is recommended that osmolar protection should only be applied when the degree of thermal damage has been standardised. Failure to standardise will produce misleading results.
A QUANTITATIVE APPRAISAL OF ENZYME HISTOCHEMICAL METHODS IN BRAIN TISSUE
Authors: FRIEDE REINHARD L. , FLEMING LADONA M. , KNOLLER MECHTHILDE
Published: April 2011

The quantitative reliability of the histochemical methods for diphosphopyridine nucleotidediaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase, and lactic dehydrogenase in brain tissue was tested by comparison with enzyme assays in tissue homogenates.

The reaction for diphosphopyridine nucleotidediaphorase in formalin-fixed tissue can be considered a microchemical method; it adequately reflects the gradations among nuclei measured by assays in fresh tissue homogenates. The same was true for the reaction for succinic dehydrogenase in unfixed tissue sections.

In general, however, enzyme histochemistry in unfixed sections was subject to substantial error due to leakage of enzyme activity into the incubation medium (or washing fluid) . This leakage was prevented by fixation of the tissue if fixation was compatible with the enzyme. The extent of leakage varied greatly among regions of a given section; neuropil generally leaked more than cell bodies. The rate of leakage also differed markedly among enzymes and was influenced by a variety of physical factors such as thickness of sections, storage, washing, etc. Thin cryostat sections were particularly susceptible to leakage.

Working standards for the quantitative use of enzyme histochemical methods in brain tissue were developed. A combination of assay of homogenates with histochemistry is recommended, whereby the relative significance attributed to either method must be determined separately for every individual enzyme.
LOCALIZATION OF PROLACTIN WITHIN THE PITUITARY BY SPECIFIC FLUORESCENT ANTIPROLACTIN GLOBULIN
Authors: EMMART E. W. , SPICER S. S. , BATES R. W.
Published: April 2011

It has long been recognized that the pleomorphic changes which occur in the pituitary gland during estrogenic cycles in the experimental animal are probably associated with hormonal activity. While various histochemical staining techniques demonstrate the particular cells concerned in these changes, the presence of a particular hormone cannot be directly demonstrated by these methods. Using ovine prolactin as an antigen with Freund's adjuvant, it has been possible to produce precipitating antisera capable of inhibiting the action of prolactin on the mucosa of the pigeon crop sac. By means of fluorescent anti-prolactin globulin, prolactin has been demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the acidophilic (α) cells of the pars distalis of the cat and rat pituitary.
BASIC FUCHSIN AND THE FEULGEN REACTION: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DYE FOR CYTOPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID IN CELL NUCLEI
Authors: LODIN Z. , MÜLLER J. , PILNÝ J. , HARTMAN J.
Published: April 2011

The effect of basic fuchsins of different origin on the final pattern of extinction of the Feulgen reaction was determined cytophotometrically. The following products were compared: basic fuchsin by Light, by National Aniline (C.I. No. 42510 (formerly 677)), Lachema, Harleco, (Cert. no. LF 23, 99% dye content), and acridine-free pararosaniline, of Bayer.

The low dye content of basic fuchsin and the admixture of other coloured components results in a decrease of the extinction values obtained cytophotometrically and in a decrease in interpretability of nuclear histograms.
THE METACHROMATIC INTERACTION OF BIEBRICH SCARLET WITH HISTONE AND OTHER CATIONIC POLYMERS
Authors: WINKELMAN JAMES , SPICER SAMUEL S.
Published: April 2011

The interaction of the anionic dye, Biebrich scarlet, with histone, poly-l-lysine, and polyvinyl-pyridinium has been studied. A marked decrease in the major absorption peak at 505 mµ, with a small shift to a longer wave-length, was observed as chromotrope concentration was raised to about molar equivalence with the dye. A minor absorption maximum at 545 mµ showed little or no hypochromic effect but a similar shift toward the red. A second small peak at 420 mµ revealed little if any hypochromic change and no shift in the position of the peak. At great chromotrope excess the spectrum returned toward that of the free dye. No spectral changes occurred when monomers or an anionic polymer were mixed with the dye. The specific conductance of dye-chromotrope mixtures was measured, and Δmhos and %Δ were determined as measures of electrostatic interaction. There was maximal %Δ at about molar equivalence with histone, poly-l-lysine and spermidine that correlated with the spectral changes. It is proposed that a metachromatic effect was produced from the electrostatic interaction between the anionic dye, Biebrich scarlet, and cationic chromotropes analogous to the interaction of metachromatic cationic dyes with anionic chromotropes.
THE OXIDATION OF LACTATE AND α-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE BY RED AND WHITE SKELETAL MUSCLE: I. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Authors: BLANCHAER M. C. , VAN WIJHE M. , MOZERSKY D.
Published: April 2011

Quantitative estimations indicate that the white muscle of the guinea pig has more than twice as much lactate and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity as red muscle and that both enzymes are largely cytoplasmic rather than particulate in distribution. In a related study it was shown that diametrically opposite conclusions can be drawn from the application of conventional histochemical methods to the same material. The discrepancy between the quantitative and histochemical findings appears to be due to the dependence of the histochemical methods upon local intracellular diaphorase activity. Low diaphorase levels in white muscle fibers produce the erroneous impression that the two dehydrogenases are also relatively inactive in these fibers. This artifact does not arise with α-glycerophosphate oxidase since it is not diaphorase-coupled. Quantitative determinations confirmed an earlier histochemical report that this enzyme is associated with particulate matter in muscle and is much more active in white than in red skeletal muscle fibers.
THE PROPERTIES OF GOLGI-ASSOCIATED NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATASE AND THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATASE: I. CYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: ALLEN JOHN M.
Published: April 2011

The properties of Golgi-associated enzymes dephosphorylating thiamine pyrophosphate and several nucleoside diphosphates have been investigated by cytochemical methods under two different conditions of localization. These conditions were: (A) 33 mM Tris, 15 mM calcium chloride, 4 mM substrate material, pH 9.5 and (B) 80 mM Tris-maleate buffer pH 7.0, 5 mM manganous chloride, 3.6 mM lead nitrate, and 4 mM substrate material. Cryostat sections, 4 to 6 µ, postfixed in acetone for 1 hour at 0°C, were used in most studies. Golgi associated activity demonstrable under condition A hydrolyzed thiamine pyrophosphate at a rapid rate but inosine diphosphate and uridine diphosphate were hydrolyzed slowly. Under condition B, these substrate materials were hydrolyzed at a rapid and equal rate. Several points of difference were noted when adjuvants were included in these reaction systems. Under condition A in the presence of thiamine pyrophosphate, activity was enhanced by 50 mM potassium cyanide, was inhibited by 25 mM sodium fluoride, and was unaffected by 10 mM uranyl nitrate. Under condition B in the presence of either thiamine pyrophosphate or inosine diphosphate, activity was unaffected by 50 mM potassium cyanide and 50 mM sodium fluoride but was totally inhibited by 10 mM uranyl nitrate. Investigation of the distribution of Golgi associated phosphatase activity among cells failed to uncover any clear example of activity demonstrable with one substrate system and not with the other. It was concluded that different enzymes may be demonstrated by the two localizing systems but, in the absence of distribution differences, final evaluation of this point cannot be made. In most cases, these enzymes were associated with the lamellar components of the Golgi complex.
THE QUANTITATIVE CYTOPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TYROSINE BY A MODIFIED DIAZOTIZATION-COUPLING METHOD
Authors: RITTER C. , BERMAN JOEL
Published: April 2011

In all of its aspects, both cytological and chemical, the diazotization-coupling method for tyrosine seems to approach quite closely the requirements for a cytophotometric method. It is highly specific, and this specificity is dependent only upon the inherent chemical properties of the tyrosine aromatic-OH group. It forms a pigment which has its maximal amplitude in a region near that of the maximal sensitivity of the human retina, allowing cellular areas to be readily seen, and which can be measured by simple photometric apparatus. It obeys Beer's law over the concentrations of tyrosine found in tissue sections and probably beyond. Its stoichiometry is known from calculations dealing both with a model protein system and with mammalian tissues. The in situ reaction product does not fade, and the procedure whereby it is deposited in sections is highly reproducible. Its only disadvantage seems to be the necessity of carrying out the diazotization step in an environment that is both cold and dark.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HISTOCHEMICAL METHOD FOR α-d-GALACTOSIDASE AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT
Authors: MONIS BENITO , TSOU KWAN-CHUNG , SELIGMAN ARNOLD M.
Published: April 2011

A histochemical method for the demonstration of α-d-galactosidase activity in formalinfixed, frozen sections was developed by the synthesis of 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-α-d-galactopyranoside. The histochemical procedure is similar to that developed for other glycosidases and utilizes the post-incubation coupling principle.

A survey of the organs of the rat revealed the highest activity in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of Brunner's glands of the intestine, distal segment of proximal tubules of the kidney, thyroid and parathyroid glands and very strikingly in heterophiles and megakaryocytes.
ENZYMES IN THE MUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE RAT, THE GUINEA PIG, AND THE RABBIT
Authors: JERVIS HELEN ROLAND
Published: April 2011

The topographical distribution of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH) diaphorase in the small intestine of the normal rat, guinea pig, and rabbit has been studied by histochemical methods. Activity of these enzymes is pronounced in the mucosal epithelium. In the rat, alkaline and acid phosphatase are distributed along a gradient decreasing from duodenum to ileum, and in creasing from the neck of the crypts to the tip of the villi. In the guinea pig and the rabbit, maximal activity of both enzymes is observed in the middle third of the small intestine and at the base of the villi. DPNH diaphorase activity exhibits a gradient decreasing from the duodenum to the ileum in all three species examined. An incomplete survey indicates that monoamine oxidase (MAO) is also distributed along a gradient decreasing from duodenum to ileum in the guinea pig and rabbit; with the method used only traces of it have been demonstrated in the rat.
A SERIAL AUTORADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF H3-GLYCINE UTILIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE FEMORA OF GROWING MICE
Authors: TONNA EDGAR A. , CRONKITE EUGENE P. , PAVELEC MILDRED
Published: April 2011

The localization, distribution and cellular turnover of tritium labeled-glycine were followed and quantitatively assessed autoradiographically in the femora of young mice. Initially the labeled amnino acid was taken up by the cellular phase of the skeletal system, and was observed within cells 15 minutes after isotope administration. Thirty minutes after H3-glycine injection represented the peak of cellular uptake (assessed by autoradiographic grain density over cells). Shortly after cells incorporated H3-gycine, silver grains appeared over newly deposited bone and cartilage matrices. At the surfaces of bone, silver grains were arranged in bands which were followed up to 14 days after H3-glycine administration. These growth bands were found over deeper layers of bone with increasing time. The movement of these bands was illustrated and discussed. Labeling of cartilage matrix was diffuse.
A TETRAZOLIUM SALT REDUCTION METHOD FOR DEMONSTRATING LIPOPROTEINS IN TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: CARMICHAEL G. G.
Published: April 2011

A histochemical method demonstrating lipoprotein, depending on the reaction between choline, ethanolamine and serine, and hydroquinone with consequent reduction of tetrazolium salts is described. In vitro tests supporting the chemistry of the reaction are given. The role of this phenomenon in relation to histochemical aspects of the dehydrogenase reactions is discussed.
FIXATION OF CELLS AND TISSUES BY CHLORO-S-TRIAZINES
Authors: GOLAND PHILIP , ENGEL MILTON
Published: April 2011

Cyanuric chloride and related water-soluble dichloro-s-triazines (Procion dyes and Lissatan PR) or monochloro-s-triazines (Procion H and Cibacron dyes, were utilized as fixatives for fresh and freeze-dried animal tissues. With these reagents, endogenous and exogenous substances were irreversibly insolubilized and rendered resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. Certain components have been preserved heretofore lost by other methods. Fixation may depend mainly on the formation of covalent and chelate bonds with the tissue colloids.

These chloro-s-triazines can be applied in various ways to meet specific fixation needs. In order to avoid the effects of solvents, cells and thin segments of tissues can be cyanurated in the vapors of cyanuric chloride. The water-soluble Procion dyes and Lissatan PR are effective fixatives for some constituents in fresh tissues; enamel matrix is especially well preserved. The most effective of these cyanurating agents for general use appears to be cyanuric chloride in nonpolar solvents when applied to freeze-dried tissues.

Following some cyanurations, unreacted striazine halogen appears available for further condensation with active hydrogen in reactants containing certain functional groups (i.e.,—NH2, —SH, —OH, etc.) By condensations with suitable reactants it appears possible to establish crosslinked polymers in tissues. There is evidence that reaction of fresh hydrated tissues with dichloro-s-triazines imparted some water-repellency to the tissues. Through unreacted halogen in the previously condensed s-triazinyl rings, it appears possible at ambient temperature to effect additional condensations with water-soluble agents utilized in hydrophobing treatments.
PERCHLORIC ACID EXTRACTION AS A HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE
Authors: ALDRIDGE WILLIAM G. , WATSON MICHAEL L.
Published: April 2011

Investigations have been carried out to determine the efficiency of cold perchloric acid in the differential extraction of RNA from tissues fixed in acrolein and Carnoy's fixative. It has been found that this reagent will selectively extract RNA from tissue without extracting or causing significant depolymerization of DNA. The DNA in the tissue is, however, denatured (i.e., its secondary structure is destroyed) and depurinized to a degree dependent upon the time of extraction. When the procedure was carried out at 4°C, there was no evidence of extraction of proteins, glycoproteins, or hipoproteins. Some phospholipid was extracted under these conditions. It is concluded that the cold perchloric acid technique for differential extraction of RNA from fixed tissues is useful and not subject to the faults often ascribed to it in the histochemical literature. The significance of loss of Feulgen and methyl green staining following prolonged PCA extractions is discussed in relation to the chemistry involved in DNA-methyl green binding and the Feulgen reaction.

Abbreviations used:

Perchloric acid = PCA

Desoxyribonucleic acid = DNA

Ribonucleic acid = RNA

Trichloroacetic acid = TCA

Thymine/adenine ratio = T/A

Cytosine/guanine ratio = C/G

Optical density = OD
LACTONE FORMATION IN THE HISTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ACID POLYSACHARIDES: MUCIN
Authors: TERNER JACOB Y. , LEV ROBERT
Published: April 2011

The pyridine-acetic blockade of mucin metachromasia and basophilia has been ascribed to lactone formation. It is suggested that the sialic acids were particularly involved. pH data have established that carboxyl groups are required for the reaction; acetic anhydride acetylation, that hydroxyl groups are necessary. The block is reversed by alkaline hydrolysis. If alkaline hydrolysis is preceded by NH2 (which converts lactones to amides) or LiAlH4 (which reduces lactones to alcohols) it will no longer reverse the blockade. Other mechanisms of carboxyl blockade have been shown not to occur under the conditions of these experiments. In vitro investigations appear to support the histochemical conclusions. The implications of these experiments in regard to the configuration of sialic acid in tissue and metachromasia in general are discussed.