bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlamydia interfere with an interaction between the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and sorting nexins to counteract host restriction
Authors: Elwell Cherilyn A , Czudnochowski Nadine , von Dollen John , Johnson Jeffrey R , Nakagawa Rachel , Mirrashidi Kathleen , Krogan Nevan J , Engel Joanne N , Rosenberg Oren S
Published: March 2017

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that resides in a membrane-bound compartment, the inclusion. The bacteria secrete a unique class of proteins, Incs, which insert into the inclusion membrane and modulate the host-bacterium interface. We previously reported that IncE binds specifically to the Sorting Nexin 5 Phox domain (SNX5-PX) and disrupts retromer trafficking. Here, we present the crystal structure of the SNX5-PX:IncE complex, showing IncE bound to a unique and highly conserved hydrophobic groove on SNX5. Mutagenesis of the SNX5-PX:IncE binding surface disrupts a previously unsuspected interaction between SNX5 and the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). Addition of IncE peptide inhibits the interaction of CI-MPR with SNX5. Finally, C. trachomatis infection interferes with the SNX5:CI-MPR interaction, suggesting that IncE and CI-MPR are dependent on the same binding surface on SNX5. Our results provide new insights into retromer assembly and underscore the power of using pathogens to discover disease-related cell biology.
Exploring biomedical ontology mappings with graph theory methods
Authors: Kocbek Simon , Kim Jin-Dong
Published: March 2017

Background

In the era of semantic web, life science ontologies play an important role in tasks such as annotating biological objects, linking relevant data pieces, and verifying data consistency. Understanding ontology structures and overlapping ontologies is essential for tasks such as ontology reuse and development. We present an exploratory study where we examine structure and look for patterns in BioPortal, a comprehensive publicly available repository of live science ontologies.

Methods

We report an analysis of biomedical ontology mapping data over time. We apply graph theory methods such as Modularity Analysis and Betweenness Centrality to analyse data gathered at five different time points. We identify communities, i.e., sets of overlapping ontologies, and define similar and closest communities. We demonstrate evolution of identified communities over time and identify core ontologies of the closest communities. We use BioPortal project and category data to measure community coherence. We also validate identified communities with their mutual mentions in scientific literature.

Results

With comparing mapping data gathered at five different time points, we identified similar and closest communities of overlapping ontologies, and demonstrated evolution of communities over time. Results showed that anatomy and health ontologies tend to form more isolated communities compared to other categories. We also showed that communities contain all or the majority of ontologies being used in narrower projects. In addition, we identified major changes in mapping data after migration to BioPortal Version 4.
Reanalyzing Head et al. (2015): investigating the robustness of widespreadp-hacking
Authors: Hartgerink Chris H.J.
Published: March 2017

Head et al. (2015) provided a large collection ofp-values that, from their perspective, indicates widespread statistical significance seeking (i.e.,p-hacking). This paper inspects this result for robustness. Theoretically, thep-value distribution should be a smooth, decreasing function, but the distribution of reportedp-values shows systematically more reportedp-values for .01, .02, .03, .04, and .05 thanp-values reported to three decimal places, due to apparent tendencies to roundp-values to two decimal places. Head et al. (2015) correctly argue that an aggregatep-value distribution could show a bump below .05 when left-skewp-hacking occurs frequently. Moreover, the elimination ofp = .045 andp = .05, as done in the original paper, is debatable. Given that eliminatingp = .045 is a result of the need for symmetric bins and systematically morep-values are reported to two decimal places than to three decimal places, I did not excludep = .045 andp = .05. I conducted Fisher’s method .04 < p < .05 and reanalyzed the data by adjusting the bin selection to .03875 < p ≤ .04 versus .04875 < p ≤ .05. Results of the reanalysis indicate that no evidence for left-skewp-hacking remains when we look at the entire range between .04 < p < .05 or when we inspect the second-decimal. Taking into account reporting tendencies when selecting the bins to compare is especially important because this dataset does not allow for the recalculation of thep-values. Moreover, inspecting the bins that include two-decimal reportedp-values potentially increases sensitivity if strategic rounding down ofp-values as a form ofp-hacking is widespread. Given the far-reaching implications of supposed widespreadp-hacking throughout the sciences Head et al. (2015), it is important that these findings are robust to data analysis choices if the conclusion is to be considered unequivocal. Although no evidence of widespread left-skewp-hacking is found in this reanalysis, this does not mean that there is nop-hacking at all. These results nuance the conclusion by Head et al. (2015), indicating that the results are not robust and that the evidence for widespread left-skewp-hacking is ambiguous at best.
Head and Neck Tumours
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H.
Published: February 2017

This chapter deals with head and neck tumours in the lip and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It also deals with tumours in the malignant melanoma of upper aerodigestive tract, major salivary glands, and the thyroid gland. The chapter discusses the rules for classification, regional lymph nodes, pTN pathological classification, and TN clinical classification of the head and neck tumours.
Digestive System Tumours
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H.
Published: February 2017

This chapter discusses digestive system tumours. The following anatomical sites are included in the chapter: oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction (stomach), small intestine (gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)), colon, rectum and anal canal (carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumours), gall bladder (liver cell carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma), gallbladder, perihilar bile duct; distal extrahepatic bile duct, ampulla of vater and pancreas. For each site, the rules for classification, anatomical subsites and the regional lymph nodes are provided.
Breast Tumours (
ICD‐O
C50)
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H.
Published: February 2017

This chapter describes the classification of breast tumours. The classification applies only to carcinomas and concerns the male as well as the female breast. There should be histological confirmation of the disease. In the case of multiple simultaneous primary tumours in one breast, the tumour with the highest T category should be used for classification. Simultaneous bilateral breast cancers should be classified independently to permit division of cases by histological type. The chapter lists the anatomical subsites for breast tumours and the regional lymph nodes. The regional lymph nodes include axillary, Infraclavicular, internal mammary and supraclavicular lymph nodes. The pathological classification of primary tumours requires the examination of the primary carcinoma with no gross tumour at the margins of resection. The pathological classification of regional lymph nodes requires the resection and examination of at least the low axillary lymph nodes.
Gynaecological Tumours
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H.
Published: February 2017

This chapter focuses on gynaecological tumours. The following anatomical sites are included: vulva, vagina, cervix uteri, corpus uteri, ovary, fallopian tube, and gestational trophoblastic tumours. Cervix uteri and corpus uteri were among the first sites to be classified by the TNM system. The chapter discusses the rules for classification, regional lymph nodes, and TNM clinical classification for the gynaecological tumours. T &;#x02013; Primary Tumour, N &;#x02013; regional lymph nodes, M &;#x02013; distant metastasis, and pTN pathological classification are also discussed. The FIGO stages are based on surgical staging. TNM stages are based on clinical and/or pathological classification.
Major Salivary Glands
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the major salivary glands have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the parotid gland, submandibular (submaxillary) gland, and sublingual gland. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Thyroid Gland
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the thyroid gland have been classified clinically and pathologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Various histological types are listed. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Introductory Notes
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

The article provides an introduction to the sites and types of the various digestive system carcinomas that will be classified and staged in this section.
Liver
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Hepatocellular carcinoma, nodes, and metastases arising from the liver have been classified clinically and pathologically. Cholangiocarcinoma of the liver is classified separately. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Lung, Pleural, and Thymic Tumours
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

The article provides an introduction to the sites and types of the various carcinomas of the respiratory system that will be classified and staged in this section.
Uterus – Endometrium
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Endometrial carcinomas and endosarcomas and the nodes and metastases arising from them have been classified clinically and histologically. Primary sites include the isthmus uteri, fundus uteri, and the endometrium. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging including urography. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Urological Tumours
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

The article provides an introduction to the sites and types of the various urological tumours that will be classified and staged in this section.
Carcinoma of Lacrimal Gland
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas of the lacrimal gland and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging.
Non‐Hodgkin Lymphomas
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Non‐Hodgkin lymphomas are classified according to the Lugano classification. Symptoms are not classified into A and B.
Malignant Melanoma of Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Neuroendocrine carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the gastrointestinal tract have been classified clinically and histologically. High‐grade neuroendocrine carcinomas are however classified according to their respective sites.
Adrenal Cortex
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas arising from the adrenal cortex and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Unknown Primary – Cervical Nodes
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Squamous cell carcinomas with lymph node metastases but unidentified primary are classified clinically and histologically. Classification depends on the expression of EBV and HPV/p16.
Ophthalmic Tumours
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Paediatric retinoblastoma has been classified. Tumours have been classified into their respective Tier 1 and Tier 2. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian
Published: February 2017

Carcinomas of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Physical examination is based on physical examination, imaging, and surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Dikshit Rajesh , Rajaraman Preetha
Published: February 2017

In order to best advise their patients, physicians need to understand the distribution of cancer, prevalent risk factors and potential means of cancer prevention in their patient population. Cancer epidemiology not only provides information about the burden of cancer and its risk factors, but also guidelines for cancer prevention and ways to evaluate cancer prevention programmes. This chapter describes the global distribution of cancer, common epidemiological study designs, common risk factors for cancer and methods of prevention.
Level of Evidence, Guidelines and Standards
Authors: Bryan Rumble R. , Brouwers Melissa C.
Published: February 2017

In order to establish or maintain a high level of patient care, design credible clinical policy and contribute to an overall quality mandate, evidence‐based guidance is needed on many topics. In this chapter, clinical practice guidelines (CPG) and clinical standards will be described along with the similarities and differences of these tools. Next, readers will be presented with an overview of the concept, levels of evidence and the quality of reporting of any included study. Readers will learn about the role of this concept in the development of clinical practice guidelines and the implications for recommendations. The chapter will conclude with an in‐depth discussion of the components of a high‐quality CPG. Readers will have a firm grasp of the basic concepts associated with CPG development and what comprises a high‐quality document.
Imaging
Authors: Arya Supreeta , Rangarajan Venkatesh , Purandare Nilendu
Published: February 2017

Imaging has a vital role in cancer diagnosis, staging, assessment of treatment response and detection of recurrence. A variety of imaging methods are available that include morphological methods, the most common being CT scanning and MRI to functional imaging with advanced MRI, SPECT and PET scanning. This chapter introduces these methods in brief, followed by a discussion on the role of imaging in the management of cancers at various sites. Best practice imaging supported by the highest evidence as well as the cost‐effective alternatives are described. This chapter endeavours to assist the clinician in daily practice by providing a succinct guide to imaging in oncology.
Pathology
Authors: S.Y. Chan Joanna , Draganova‐Tacheva Rossitza , Jiang Wei , Wang Zi‐Xuan , Peiper Stephen
Published: February 2017

Anatomical pathology is a diagnostic specialty concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic and molecular characteristics of tissue. These characteristics are determined utilizing a variety of methods, including light microscopy, flow cytology, immunohistochemistry, special stains and other ancillary tests. These diagnostic modalities are utilized in each of the subspecialty areas of anatomical pathology, including surgical pathology, cytopathology, haematopathology and molecular pathology. This chapter provides an accessible summary of the methods, specimen types and subspecialty approaches relevant to disease diagnosis.
Principles of Surgery
Authors: Katz Matthew H.G. , Bednarski Brian K.
Published: February 2017

Surgery is an essential component of the multidisciplinary management of patients with solid cancers. Operations are most commonly used as the cornerstone of curative therapy, but are also frequently employed to diagnose and stage disease, to palliate symptoms, and to reconstruct anatomy to maximize form and function following tumour extirpation. In this chapter, the principles of surgical therapy will be described and the role of the surgical oncologist will be highlighted in the context of a comprehensive multimodality treatment team.
Principles of Radiotherapy
Authors: Gregoire Vincent , Grau Cai , Haustermans Karin , Muren Ludvig Paul , Stewart Fiona
Published: February 2017

Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatment modalities to cure cancer. It has been estimated that radiotherapy used alone or in combination with other modalities was responsible for almost 40% of cancer cures. There is compelling experimental evidence that the DNA is the principal target for radiation‐induced cell killing. There is increasing awareness that radiotherapy, although a very effective form of cancer therapy, is associated with a range of both acute and long‐term side effects. The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) has developed guidelines for prescribing, recording and reporting the dose of the radiation therapy. For small tumours, radiotherapy is typically delivered as a single modality, whereas for locally advanced stages, it is most frequently delivered in association with radiosensitizing agents such as chemotherapy. Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cervical, uterine and prostate cancers.
Pain Management in Cancer
Authors: Jain P. N. , Bakshi Sumitra
Published: February 2017

Cancer pain is a universal phenomenon affecting rich as well as poor around the globe. Unfortunately, it is an often neglected symptom and is inadequately controlled in the majority of cases. This is despite the fact that 80% of patients with cancer pain can be successfully treated, as stated by many international bodies. Pain in cancer can be caused by the disease process, be treatment associated or be a persistent sequel of either or both. Recently, extraordinary breakthroughs in our understanding of cancer pain have provided newer treatment options. Neurobiology of bone pain has changed the management of primary and metastatic bone lesions
Palliative Care
Authors: Muckaden Mary Ann
Published: February 2017

Cancer accounted for 34% of deaths in 2012, of which the majority occurred in those over 60 years of age. Of all the deaths recorded, 78% were in low and middle income countries. There is an urgent humanitarian need for palliative care to improve the ‘quality of life’ of patients with end‐stage disease. This should apply early in the trajectory of advanced illness and continue into bereavement as well. Symptom burden is high in this group of patients. Care should be holistic and include physical care for common symptoms (pain and gastrointestinal) as well as psychological, social and spiritual aspects for both patients and family by trained professionals and volunteers. Oral medication by the clock is recommended.. Home care is preferred wherever feasible and is also a very cost‐effective approach.
Breast
Authors: Olivotto Ivo A. , Lohrisch Caroline , Baliski Christopher
Published: February 2017

Internationally, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Approximately 1% of breast cancers are diagnosed in men. Treatment involves a tailored approach to combine surgery, radiation, hormone, biological and chemotherapies in an attempt to optimize survival while minimizing morbidity, and to avoid over‐treatment. Prognostication based on pathological factors and genetic expression provides useful but incomplete risk stratification. There are a wealth of data from prospective randomized trials that should inform treatment decision‐making. This chapter provides a recommended approach to diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up, organized by the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis.
Liver
Authors: Abdalla Eddie K. , Brihi Emile , Ghanem Hady
Published: February 2017

This chapter discusses the pathology, incidence, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of liver cancer. In the majority of patients, it develops in fibrotic/cirrhotic livers, and cirrhosis represents the strongest predisposing factor for liver cancer. Most patients with liver cancer have two competing causes of death cirrhosis and cancer. The complexity of liver cancer patients leads to the need for several systems to classify and prognosticate patients. Consensus suggests using UICC TNM staging for surgical patients, and BCLC for non‐surgical patients. However worldwide, several systems are discussed and these systems are integrated into recommendations and thus are briefly described in this chapter. Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) is widely used independently, as is discussed by NCCN, and integrated with serum factors with interesting results for unresectable patients. Locoregional therapies can be used to control, and occasionally cure liver cancer in patients who are not candidates for resection or transplantation.
Prostate
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Kynaston Howard , Jones Robert
Published: February 2017

Assessment of the patient with prostate cancer includes histological diagnosis and grading using the Gleason score, serum PSA and staging to assign a TNM category. Treatment of localized disease may be with surgery, radiotherapy or by active surveillance. Radiotherapy may be combined with a course of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). First‐line treatment of advanced disease is with long‐term ADT. Subsequent treatment is palliative, and options include docetaxel chemotherapy, radionuclide therapy, abiraterone, enzalutamide or other options. Supportive care for incurable disease includes pain control and particular vigilance for spinal cord compression.
Myeloma
Authors: Miguel J. San , Rodríguez‐Otero P. , Ocio E. M. , Paiva B. , Gutierrez N. , Mateos M. V.
Published: February 2017

Multiple myeloma is a monoclonal gammopathy characterized by bone marrow infiltration by plasma cells or a biopsy‐proven plasmacytoma, monoclonal protein in serum and/or urine, and evidence of end‐organ damage (CRAB): hypercalcaemia, Renal impairment, Anaemia or Bone lesions. It accounts for 1% of all cancers and 10% of all haematological malignancies. Although recent therapeutic advances have increased the median survival from 3 to >6 years, multiple myeloma remains incurable for most patients. Several prognostic factors have been identified, with the most important being age, cytogenetics and ISS score. Treatment is mostly adapted to age: patients under the age of 65 years receive induction with novel agents plus autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) followed or not by consolidation/maintenance, while patients over the age of 65 years or who are unfit to tolerate ASCT usually receive proteasome inhibitors or immunomodulatory drugs in combination with alkylating agents and corticosteroids. Treatment at relapse should be individualized according to the patient's characteristics and previous treatments.
Uterus
Authors: Kristensen Gunnar B. , Abeler Vera M. , Lindemann Kristina , Creutzberg Carien L.
Published: February 2017

Uterine cancers comprise endometrial carcinomas (90%), endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (80%), serous carcinomas (5–7%), clear cell carcinomas (3%), mucinous carcinomas (2%), mixed carcinomas (5%) and uterine sarcomas (5%). This chapter focuses on endometrial carcinomas. Based on clinical and pathological data, two types of endometrial carcinoma (type I, associated with oestrogen, with a favourable prognosis, and type 2, unrelated to oestrogen, often non‐endometrioid, with inferior outcome) have been defined. These are paralleled by specific gene alterations. The incidence of endometrial carcinoma has increased, especially in more developed countries where it is now the most common gynaecological cancer and the fourth most common cancer in women. Most endometrial carcinomas are diagnosed at an early stage, due to early symptoms of vaginal blood loss. Work‐up consists initially of vaginal and pelvic examination, vaginal ultrasound and endometrial biopsy or curettage. Primary treatment consists of surgery (laparoscopic or abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy and staging for high‐risk cases). In this chapter, the evidence for the roles of adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer is discussed. Ongoing issues of debate are highlighted.
Major Salivary Glands
Authors: Chaukar Devendra , Vaidya Abhishek D. , Walvekar Rohan , Ghosh Laskar Sarbani , Prabhash Kumar
Published: February 2017

Major salivary gland tumours represent a group of entities having diverse clinical presentations, histopathology, biological behaviour and outcomes. A large majority of these arise from the parotid and are benign. Pleomorphic adenomas account for most of these benign tumours. Malignant tumours arising from major salivary glands comprise a heterogeneous group. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. Extent of surgery depends on the aggressiveness of the tumour and the extent of disease. In parotid gland tumours, proximity to the facial nerve presents a challenge to surgery, and has led to the evolution of techniques, especially for benign tumours. Tumours presenting with nerve involvement mandate sacrifice of the nerve, and appropriate reconstruction may be offered. Radiotherapy has an important role to play in the multimodality management of advanced or high‐grade tumours. Definitive radiotherapy is also employed in the treatment of tumours that cannot be resected. Recent investigations have shown the presence of several molecular targets and hormonal receptors in these cancers. The targeting of these molecular targets, especially in the recurrent and metastatic setting, has been the objective of several recent studies. However, results obtained with targeted therapy in this setting have not been very encouraging.
Central Nervous System
Authors: Chung Caroline , Nam Do‐Hyun , Stupp Roger
Published: February 2017

The incidences of both primary and secondary central nervous system (CNS) tumours are rising. Glioblastoma and meningioma are the most common primary brain tumours in adults. Secondary CNS tumours, brain metastases, arise predominantly from lung and breast primary cancers. Management of CNS tumours involves a multidisciplinary team including neurosurgery, radiation oncology and neuro‐oncology or medical oncology. Advances in neuroimaging and tumour genetics and molecular characterization emphasize the growing role of neuroradiology and neuropathology in determining the optimal and individualized management of patients with CNS tumours.
Bone (Osteosarcoma)
Authors: Davis Elizabeth J. , Siegel Geoffrey , Feng Mary , Biermann J. Sybil , Chugh Rashmi
Published: February 2017

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone, yet it occurs very rarely. Conventional osteosarcoma is the most common histological subtype. The most common presenting symptoms include pain and/or an fixed, firm mass. Plain X‐rays often identify bone destruction and an aggressive periosteal reaction. Diagnosis requires confirmation with a carefully planned biopsy. Work‐up includes imaging of the primary site as well as lungs and bones to look for metastases (typically with CT chest and a bone scan, respectively). Prognosis depends upon tumour histology, site, size, extent of disease, ability for resection, response to chemotherapy and patient age. To ensure optimal management of osteosarcoma, members of a multidisciplinary team should coordinate treatment.
Paediatric Tumours
Authors: Moonat Hatel , Franklin Anna R. , Hayes‐Jordan Andrea , McAleer Mary Frances , Huh Winston W.
Published: February 2017

This chapter discusses the incidence, aetiology, screening, presentation, diagnosis, and follow‐up of paediatric tumours. Treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) focuses on achieving initial remission with induction therapy, followed by consolidation therapy to maintain and prolong remission. Osteoblastic osteosarcoma is the most common histological subtype followed by chondroblastic and fibroblastic subtypes. Paediatric lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin and non‐ Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Brain tumours are the second most common paediatric malignancy and the most common paediatric solid tumour. Embryonal tumours are the largest group of malignant brain tumours in paediatrics and can occur anywhere in the CNS. Neuroblastoma (NB), a small round blue cell neoplasm, is the most common extracranial malignant solid tumour of childhood. Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumour of childhood and constitutes 3% of cases of childhood cancers. Wilms tumour (WT), also known as nephroblastoma, arises from primitive metanephric blastemal cells.
Pancreas
Authors: Smoot Rory L. , Hallemeier Christopher L. , McWilliams Robert R. , Truty Mark J.
Published: February 2017

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive pancreatic exocrine malignancy. Only a small proportion of patients have localized disease at presentation that is amenable to surgical resection and that can prolong survival. Work‐up includes high quality cross‐sectional imaging to assess for distant metastasis and to determine locoregional anatomical resectability. For those with biliary obstruction, endoscopic stenting can alleviate symptomatic jaundice. Systemic therapy is recommended for those with metastatic disease and reasonable performance status, with improving response rates seen with modern regimens. Locally‐advanced tumours are typically treated with initial systemic therapy followed by locoregional chemoradiation, and in some highly selected patients surgical resection is possible after down‐staging. For patients with localized disease, margin‐negative pancreatectomy with associated lymphadenectomy is recommended in fit patients. In those patients with ‘borderline’ resectable tumours, a neoadjuvant strategy is recommended to increase the likelihood of a margin‐negative resection and to simultaneously treat radiographically occult metastatic disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended post resection.
Post‐Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease
Authors: Spano Jean‐Philippe , Choquet Sylvain , Bonnet Fabrice , Lavolé Armelle , Quéro Laurent
Published: February 2017

This chapter discusses the incidence, aetiology, screening, diagnosis, follow‐up, pathology, and treatment of post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). PLTD represents the most frequent cancer following transplantation. It is a specific entity defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is not the only causative factor but high viral load is a predictive factor for the development of PTLD and should be treated. Main risk factor is an EBV‐negative status for the patient but positive for the graft, leading to a very high risk of EBV primary infection and subsequent PTLD. Management needs a close collaboration between transplant units and oncologist.
Transforming Hospitals: Building Restorative Healthcare
Authors: Guenther Robin
Published: March 2017

Our planet is sick; so what hope for us who live on it? Robin Guenther, principal of international design practice Perkins+Will and Senior Advisor to the non‐profit coalition Health Care Without Harm, argues that architecture for health is about more than curing human illness. It is also about regenerative design, where buildings become net resource generators rather than resource consumers, and where initiatives are established to prevent the causes of epidemics such as obesity, asthma and diabetes. The ongoing existence of healthy, thriving communities depends on it.
Plants and Light Manipulation: The Integrated Mineral System in Okra Leaves
Authors: Pierantoni Maria , Tenne Ron , Brumfeld Vlad , Kiss Vladimir , Oron Dan , Addadi Lia , Weiner Steve
Published: February 2017

Calcium oxalate and silica minerals are common components of a variety of plant leaves. These minerals are found at different locations within the leaf, and there is little conclusive evidence about the functions they perform. Here tools are used from the fields of biology, optics, and imaging to investigate the distributions of calcium oxalate, silica minerals, and chloroplasts in okra leaves, in relation to their functions. A correlative approach is developed to simultaneously visualize calcium oxalates, silica minerals, chloroplasts, and leaf soft tissue in 3D without affecting the minerals or the organic components. This method shows that in okra leaves silica and calcium oxalates, together with chloroplasts, form a complex system with a highly regulated relative distribution. This distribution points to a significant role of oxalate and silica minerals to synergistically optimize the light regime in the leaf. The authors also show directly that the light scattered by the calcium oxalate crystals is utilized for photosynthesis, and that the ultraviolet component of light passing through silica bodies, is absorbed. This study thus demonstrates that calcium oxalates increase the illumination level into the underlying tissue by scattering the incoming light, and silica reduces the amount of UV radiation entering the tissue.
Implications of the 2006 E. coli outbreak on spatial price transmission in the U.S. fresh spinach market
Authors: Durborow Samantha L. , Chung Chanjin , Kim Seon‐woong
Published: February 2017

A regime switching error correction model is applied to weekly shipping point and terminal market spinach prices in order to assess the spatial price transmission impact of the 2006 E. coli outbreak on the U.S. fresh spinach market. A food safety index (FSI) related to the outbreak is calculated and used as the regime switching mechanism for 11 alternative farm‐to‐wholesale spatially separated market pairs. Results suggest not all markets responded uniformly to the FSI. The majority of the markets with alternative sources of spinach exhibited nonlinearities, whereas those which were primarily supplied by California producers did not. In general, shorter adjustment speeds were seen in terminal markets that were closer in proximity to the California shipping point. Southern market pairs exhibiting threshold behavior saw increased efficiency after the outbreak (potentially due to increased self‐regulation), whereas the remaining pairs saw a loss in efficiency. [EconLit citations: C32, Q11].
Influence of brand equity on the price premium for private labels in fresh produce: A contingent valuation survey
Authors: Masuda Kiyotaka , Kushiro Shohei
Published: February 2017

In recent years, premium private labels for fresh produce grown with reduced use of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers have been developed by Japanese general merchandise stores. In this paper, the brand equity factors that affect willingness to pay (WTP) for private label vegetables are identified using the contingent valuation method. We consider four key dimensions of brand equity, namely brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and brand associations. We find that brand loyalty factors based on the psychology of consumers who seek value‐added vegetables with health and safety characteristics have the largest effect on the WTP premium. Providing shoppers with clear information about the key product attributes of reduced use of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers is particularly important to generate brand equity for private label vegetables. [EconLit citations: Q130, M310].
Substituting hake with sardines? Economic crisis and fish demand in Spain
Authors: del Valle Ikerne , Guillen Jordi , Astorkiza Kepa
Published: February 2017

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the existence of an economic crisis‐induced demand shift in the Spanish fish market. This is performed by endogenously examining whether the existence of a structural break in fish price trends around 2008, corresponding to the collapse of the Spanish economy, together with an asymmetric and specific price behavior regarding the sign and magnitude of the expected income elasticities of three staple fish species (i.e., sardine, anchovy and hake). Our data corroborate not only the structural break hypothesis for rooted luxury and inferior fish species in the Spanish market but also an opposite price response after the break, which explains the increasing pressure on cheap fish demand and conversely the lower demand for expensive fish products. Results show consistency for all market levels analyzed (i.e., origin, wholesale and retail). [EconLit citations: C22, Q31].
Estimating the cost of pre‐harvest forward contracting corn and soybeans in Illinois before and after 2007
Authors: Etienne Xiaoli L. , Mallory Mindy L. , Irwin Scott H.
Published: February 2017

Forward contracting historically has been the principal risk management tool of crop farmers in the United States. We use pre‐harvest forward contract bids from 1977 to 2013 in Illinois to estimate the cost of forward contracting corn and soybeans. Prior to 2007, it cost 1.55% of the October spot price or 3.74 cents/bushel on average to forward contract corn at the end of February. In 2007–2013, a period of high price volatility, the average cost increased to 3.31% or 16.40 cents/bushel. In the soybean market, before 2007 the average cost was 0.77% or 6.26 cents/bushel and thereafter increased to 1.46% or 15.62 cents/bushel. Default risk does not appear to be a determinant of forward contracting cost. However, evidence suggests that the higher cash flow risk associated with volatile market prices is likely to be the main driving cause of increasing forward contracting costs observed after 2007. [EconLit citations: Q11, Q13].
The media impact of animal disease on the US meat demand
Authors: Wang H. Holly , de Beville Paul Gardner
Published: February 2017

Consumers are sensitive to food safety problems such as the outbreak of animal diseases. This paper examined the impact on consumers’ consumption behavior from information about food safety reported in news media. Taking avian influenza outbreak as an example, we counted articles published in major newspapers in the United States between 2001 and 2009, and included variables constructed based on these counts in an Inverse Almost ideal Demand model using monthly market consumption data on chicken, duck, other poultry, beef, and pork to estimate the impact of news on actual demand of these meats. We found that U.S. consumers would reduce their poultry demand and substitute by livestock meats when such news is reported by media negatively. This effect is boundary‐unconstrained, i.e., the U.S. poultry market suffers irrespective to the country of the disease outbreak. However, the magnitude of the effect is lower if the outbreak is from overseas.
Four indicators that explain world grain and oilseed market developments
Authors: Westhoff Patrick , Thompson Wyatt
Published: February 2017

Growth in crop yields, population, Chinese demand and biofuel production can explain important developments in world grain and oilseed markets over the last 35 years. The same indicators provide clues about what to expect between now and 2050. Proportional rates of growth in both crop yields and population are slowing. Chinese demand and biofuel production account for the entire net increase in world per‐capita grain and oilseed consumption since 1980. If biofuel expansion and Chinese consumption growth slow, a key question is whether a new engine of demand growth will emerge. Decisions made by farmers, agribusinesses, policy makers and consumers will all affect future food supplies and prices. [EconLit citations: Q11, Q13, Q18]
Financial inclusion, financial education, and e‐commerce in rural china
Authors: Turvey Calum G. , Xiong Xueping
Published: February 2017

This letter examines the state of financial inclusion in rural China. It shows that despite China's efforts at being financially inclusive there is substantial variability across and within provinces. With strong reliance on electronic technologies, China's rural and farm communities use internet technologies only half as much as all users, and less than 2% access credit through the internet. From a policy perspective, China should address problems of financial education and rural credit access.
A radiographic study of permanent molar development in wild Virunga mountain gorillas of known chronological age from Rwanda
Authors: Kralick Alexandra E. , Loring Burgess M. , Glowacka Halszka , Arbenz‐Smith Keely , McGrath Kate , Ruff Christopher B. , Chan King Chong , Cranfield Michael R. , Stoinski Tara S. , Bromage Timothy G. , Mudakikwa Antoine , McFarlin Shannon C.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

While dental development is important to life history investigations, data from wild known‐aged great apes are scarce. We report on the first radiographic examination of dental development in wild Virunga mountain gorillas, using known‐age skeletal samples recovered in Rwanda.

Materials and methods

In 43 individuals (0.0–14.94 years), we collected radiographs of mandibular molars, and where possible, cone beam CT scans. Molar crown and root calcification status was assessed using two established staging systems, and age prediction equations generated using polynomial regression. Results were compared to available data from known‐age captive and wild chimpanzees.

Results

Mountain gorillas generally fell within reported captive chimpanzee distributions or exceeded them, exhibiting older ages at equivalent radiographic stages of development. Differences reflect delayed initiation and/or an extended duration of second molar crown development, and extended first and second molar root development, in mountain gorillas compared to captive chimpanzees. However, differences in the duration of molar root development were less evident compared to wild chimpanzees.

Discussion

Despite sample limitations, our findings extend the known range of variation in radiographic estimates of molar formation timing in great apes, and provide a new age prediction technique based on wild specimens. However, mountain gorillas do not appear accelerated in radiographic assessment of molar formation compared to chimpanzees, as they are for other life history traits. Future studies should aim to resolve the influence of species differences, wild versus captive environments, and/or sampling phenomena on patterns observed here, and more generally, how they relate to variation in tooth size, eruption timing, and developmental life history.
Combined puncture and cutting of elastomer membranes: A fracture energy approach
Authors: Triki Ennouri , Tri Phuong Nguyen , Gauvin Chantal , Vu‐Khanh Toan
Published: March 2017

Resistance to puncture or cutting by pointed blades is an important property of elastomer membranes and glove materials, making it necessary to define a fundamental criterion for measuring this resistance. However, the intrinsic properties controlling puncture/cutting crack propagation are still unidentified. This study has established a simple criterion describing the relationship between true fracture energy and the puncture/cutting process. Several samples of neoprene and nitrile rubber materials 1.6 mm and 3.2‐mm thick were tested using three pointed blades having tip angles of 22.5°, 35°, and 56°. It was found that both friction energy and true fracture energy contributed to global applied energy. True fracture energy, which is useful for in‐depth study of the puncture/cutting process, was independent of material thickness, blade geometry, and blade lubrication. Furthermore, friction energy was approximately twice as great as true fracture energy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44945.
Adaptive Leader‐Following Consensus for Uncertain Nonlinear Multi‐Agent Systems
Authors: Niu Xinglong , Liu Yungang , Man Yongchao
Published: March 2017

This paper is concerned with the adaptive leader‐following consensus for first‐ and second‐order uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems (NMASs) with single‐ and double‐integrator leader, respectively. Remarkably, the control coefficients of the followers need not belong to any known finite interval, which makes the systems in question essentially different from those in the related works. Moreover, parameterized unknowns exist in the nonlinearities of the followers, and unknown control input is imposed on the leader, which make the problems difficult to solve. To compensate for these uncertainties/unknowns, the leader‐following consensus protocols are constructed by employing adaptive technique for the first‐order and the second‐order NMASs. Under the designed adaptive consensus protocols and the connected graph, the leader‐following consensus is achieved. Finally, two examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed leader‐following consensus protocols.
Zum Einfluss einzelner Traganteile auf die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetondecken mit integrierten Hohlräumen
Authors: Albrecht Christian , Schnell Jürgen
Published: March 2017

Für die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetondecken ohne Querkraftbewehrung steht noch kein allgemein anerkanntes mechanisch begründetes Bemessungskonzept zur Verfügung. Um einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Tragmechanismus zu leisten, wurden an der TU Kaiserslautern Tastversuche durchgeführt, bei denen einzelne Traganteile gezielt ausgeschaltet wurden. Hierzu wurden Versuche mit in der Höhe verlagerter Druckzone sowie mit ausgeschalteter Rissverzahnung und eliminierter Dübelwirkung der Längsbewehrung durchgeführt [1]. Der rechnerische Einfluss der einzelnen Traganteile konnte durch die Nachrechnung von Versuchen zu Hohlkörper‐ und Installationsdecken unter Verwendung des bestehenden mechanisch begründeten Rechenmodells nach Görtz [2, 3] visualisiert und verifiziert werden.
Mixed phenotype acute leukemia with t(9;22): success with nonacute myeloid leukemia‐type intensive induction therapy and stem cell transplantation
Authors: Chan Onyee , Jamil Abdur Rehman , Millius Rebecca , Kaur Ramandeep , Anwer Faiz
Published: February 2017

Key Clinical Message

Mixed phenotype acute leukemia with t(9;22) is a rare disease with poor prognosis, and information on optimal treatment is limited. We describe a case where our patient experienced positive outcome after nonacute myeloid leukemia‐type intensive induction therapy followed by postremission therapy with stem cell transplant.
Prenatal diagnosis of Bardet–Biedl syndrome in a case of hyperechogenic kidneys: Clinical use of DNA sequencing
Authors: Garcia‐Tizon Larroca Santiago , Blagoeva Atanasova Vangeliya , Orera Clemente Maria , Aluja Mendez Anna , Ortega Abad Virginia , Perez Fernandez‐Pacheco Ricardo , De León Luis Juan , Gamez Alderete Francisco
Published: March 2017

Key Clinical Message

Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a ciliopathy that is responsible for multiple visceral abnormalities. This disorder is defined by a combination of clinical signs, many of which appear after several years of development. BBS may be suspected antenatally based on routine ultrasound findings of enlarged hyperechogenic kidneys and postaxial polydactyly.