bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criminology and Social Science
Authors: Miller Holly Ventura , Mitchell Miller J.
Published: March 2014

Criminology is the systematic study of law making, law breaking, and law enforcing. Criminology is a social science emphasizing systematic data collection, theoretical‐methodological symmetry, and the accumulation of empirical evidence toward the goal of understanding the nature and extent of crime in society. Rooted in the larger umbrella discipline of sociology, criminology is related to, but distinct from, the more applied field of criminal justice. The discipline of criminology offers a wide range of theoretical explanations for both individual criminality and aggregate‐level crime rates and utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches.
Alcohol and Crime
Authors: Zellner Alisha N. , Miller J. Mitchell
Published: March 2014

Alcohol use is associated with crime in several respects. There are multiple theoretical explanations for the central role of alcohol and the responsibility it takes in the production of property and violent crime. Research suggests that alcohol can be linked to crime in either a causal fashion (alcohol consumption leads to crime) or as a covarying element (alcohol is correlated with crime). There is considerable debate in criminology regarding whether alcohol use is an antecedent to involvement in crime or if it is a collateral by‐product of social and economic factors. The degree to which alcohol use is connected to crime fluctuates across individual/societal accountability explanations and community disparity and conflict perspectives. Theoretical research derived from alcohol use is utilized in policy formation and implementation and is thus important, if not requisite, for the development of evidence‐based preventative practices.
Using SV119‐Gold Nanocage Conjugates to Eradicate Cancer Stem Cells Through a Combination of Photothermal and Chemo Therapies
Authors: Sun Tianmeng , Wang Yi , Wang Yucai , Xu Jinbin , Zhao Xin , Vangveravong Suwanna , Mach Robert H. , Xia Younan
Published: March 2014

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be responsible for the long‐term growth of a tumor, as well as its metastasis and recurrence after conventional therapies. Here, it is demonstrated that the sigma‐2 receptor is overexpressed on the surface of breast CSCs, and thus could serve as a biomarker for the purpose of targeting. Breast CSCs are targeted with Au nanocages (AuNCs) by functionalizing their surfaces with SV119, a synthetic small molecule capable of binding to the sigma‐2 receptor with high specificity. The interiors of the AuNCs could also be loaded with an anticancer drug to be selectively delivered to breast CSCs and released in a controllable fashion. The results demonstrate that the SV119‐AuNC conjugate can serve as a new platform to carry out photothermal and chemo therapies simultaneously, eradicating breast CSCs more effectively through a synergetic effect.
Understanding Low Bandgap Polymer PTB7 and Optimizing Polymer Solar Cells Based on It
Authors: Lu Luyao , Yu Luping
Published: March 2014

Solution processed single junction polymer solar cells (PSCs) have been developed from less than 1% power conversion efficiency (PCE) to beyond 9% PCE in the last decade. The significant efficiency improvement comes from progress in both rational design of donor polymers and innovation of device architectures. Among all the novel high efficient donor polymers, PTB7 stands out as the most widely used one for solar cell studies. Herein the recent development of PTB7 solar cells is reviewed. Detailed discussion of basic property, structure property relationship, morphology study, interfacial engineering, and inorganic nanomaterials incorporation is provided. Possible future directions for further increasing the performance of PTB7 solar cells are discussed.
The α‐Chlorination of Aryl Methyl Ketones under Aerobic Oxidative Conditions
Authors: Prebil Rok , Stavber Stojan
Published: March 2014

The novel reaction system air/ammonium nitrate/iodine/hydrochloric acid [air/NH4NO3(cat.)/I2(cat.)/HCl] is introduced as a simple, safe, cheap, efficient and regioselective mediator for the α‐chlorination of aryl, heteroaryl and alkyl methyl ketones under aerobic oxidative conditions. The inventive use of a catalytic amount of iodine enabled the moderate to quantitative, regioselective chlorination of a comprehensive scope of different methyl ketone derivatives including those bearing oxidizable heteroatom (S, N) substituents, some of which possess declared potential biological and pharmaceutical activity. Air oxygen under a slight overpressure plays the role of the terminal oxidant catalytically activated by redox cycles of nitrogen oxides released from the catalytic amount of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) under acidic conditions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and co‐catalyzed by elemental iodine (I2), which was found to be essential for the high efficiency of the reaction system.

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Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethyl Arylmethylamines by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation Reaction
Authors: Dai Xiaoyang , Cahard Dominique
Published: March 2014

A simple combination of dichloro(para‐cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer, a chiral amino alcohol and isopropyl alcohol allowed for in‐situ generation of the bifunctional catalyst responsible for the transfer hydrogenation reaction of trifluoromethyl ketimines in excellent yields with high enantioselectivities (up to 93% ee). Herein, we describe the optimization, scope, limitations, and applications of the method.

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Chromosomal‐array analysis reveals partial 11q duplication and partial 12p deletion in a mildly affected case
Authors: Tuğ Esra , Yirmibeş Karaoğuz Meral , Kayhan Gülsüm , Ergün Mehmet Ali , Perçin Ferda E.
Published: March 2014

Partial trisomy 11q is a rare syndrome and may be observed due to an intra‐chromosomal duplication or an inter‐chromosomal insertion. The deletions of the short arm of chromosome 12 are also uncommon structural aberrations. Only a small fraction of structural chromosome anomalies are related to the unbalanced progeny of balanced translocation carrier parents. We here report on a 10‐month‐old baby boy who shows a very mild phenotype related to unique chromosomal abnormality, partial trisomy of 11q, and partial monosomy of 12p, due to the maternal balanced reciprocal translocation (11;12). The proband showed a 49.64 Mb duplication of 11q14.1–q25 and 0.44 Mb deletion of 12p13.33 in chromosomal array analysis. Since it is known that the duplications may cause a milder phenotype than deletions. Dysmorphic facial features, minor cardiac anomalies, respiratory distress, central nervous system anomalies, and psychomotor delay observed in the patient was similar to the reported pure 11q duplication cases, while behavioral problems observed in pure monosomy 12p cases could not be evaluated due to the young age of the patient. Phenotype–genotype correlation will be discussed in view of all the reported pure partial 11q trisomies and pure partial 12p deletion cases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Future developments in XLHED treatment approaches
Authors: Huttner Kenneth
Published: March 2014

X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) is the most common genetic disorder of ectoderm development, presenting with abnormalities of skin, teeth, hair, and secretory glands. In the first years of life, XLHED‐affected patients are at risk for life‐threatening hyperthermia and pulmonary infection. Survival into childhood and beyond is associated with severe dental abnormalities as well as chronic growth, respiratory, skin, eye, and psychosocial disorders. Currently there are no approved therapies to restore function in disorders of development like XLHED. Over the last two decades, molecular research has provided convincing evidence that alterations in the ectodysplasin (EDA) gene that disrupt the encoded protein EDA‐A1 are causative for XLHED. In mouse and dog XLHED models, administration of a single course of an EDA‐A1 replacement protein (EDI200) resulted in permanent correction of the key phenotypic features, providing the first hope for an effective, targeted therapy. Animal models for genetic disorders have their strengths and limitations that must be considered when modeling clinical studies in human patients. Of greatest significance in the case of a developmental disorder may be the relative timeline for normal development and the maturation level at birth. With FDA clearance to start EDI200 studies in XLHED patients, we are on the verge of converting a decade of animal studies into the first test of a novel paradigm for rescue and permanent correction of a human developmental disorder. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk of congenital heart disease in relatives of probands with conotruncal cardiac defects: An evaluation of 1,620 families
Authors: Peyvandi Shabnam , Ingall Eitan , Woyciechowski Stacy , Garbarini Jennifer , Mitchell Laura E. , Goldmuntz Elizabeth
Published: March 2014

Current recurrence risk counseling for conotruncal cardiac defects (CTD) is based on empiric estimates from multiple studies. We examined the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in relatives of probands with CTDs to assist in counseling practices in the current era. One thousand six‐twenty probands with CTDs and no reported chromosomal or genetic abnormalities were recruited sequentially. A three‐generation pedigree was obtained for each proband by a genetic counselor detailing the presence and type of CHD in each family member. Risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for sub‐groups of relatives based on degree of relationship for all probands and by individual lesion of the proband. For pairs of affected relatives, concordance rates were calculated. Severity of CHD in the affected relative was assessed. The risk of CHD was higher in siblings (4.4%, 95% CI 3.4–5.4) than in parents (1.5%, 95% CI 1.1–1.9). Risk varied by the cardiac lesion of the proband with the highest risk in first‐degree relatives of probands with tetralogy of Fallot and the lowest in D‐transposition of the great arteries. 39% of affected parents and 69% of affected siblings had a concordant lesion (i.e., CTD). Most affected siblings of probands with severe CTDs had complex defects (58%), whereas very few affected parents had complex defects (20%). These data suggest that recurrence risk varies by lesion and relationship, with substantial concordance observed by cardiac lesion and complexity of disease, particularly among siblings. These findings contribute to risk counseling in the current era. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early presentation of cystic kidneys in a family with a homozygous INVS mutation
Authors: Oud Machteld M. , van Bon Bregje W. , Bongers Ernie M. H. F. , Hoischen Alexander , Marcelis Carlo L. , de Leeuw Nicole , Mol Suzanne J. J. , Mortier Geert , Knoers Nine V. A. M. , Brunner Han G. , Roepman Ronald , Arts Heleen H.
Published: March 2014

Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease that is the most frequent monogenic cause of end‐stage renal disease in children. Infantile NPHP, often in combination with other features like situs inversus, are commonly caused by mutations in the INVS gene. INVS encodes the ciliary protein inversin, and mutations induce dysfunction of the primary cilia. In this article, we present a family with two severely affected fetuses that were aborted after discovery of grossly enlarged cystic kidneys by ultrasonography before 22 weeks gestation. Exome sequencing showed that the fetuses were homozygous for a previously unreported nonsense mutation, resulting in a truncation in the IQ1 domain of inversin. This mutation induces nonsense‐mediated RNA decay, as suggested by a reduced RNA level in fibroblasts derived from the fetus. However, a significant amount of mutant INVS RNA was present in these fibroblasts, yielding mutant inversin protein that was mislocalized. In control fibroblasts, inversin was present in the ciliary axoneme as well as at the basal body, whereas in the fibroblasts from the fetus, inversin could only be detected at the basal body. The phenotype of both fetuses is partly characteristic of infantile NPHP and Potter sequence. We also identified that the fetuses had mild skeletal abnormalities, including shortening and bowing of long bones, which may expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with INVS mutations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Charge Trapping an Stufenkanten von Anatas‐TiO2(101)
Authors: Setvin Martin , Hao Xianfeng , Pavelec Benjamin Daniel, Ing. Jiri , Novotny Zbynek , Parkinson Gareth S. , Schmid Michael , Kresse Georg , Franchini Cesare , Diebold Ulrike
Published: March 2014

Mithilfe einer Kombination aus Photoemissionsspektroskopie, Rasterkraft‐ und Rastertunnelmikroskopie/‐spektroskopie wird gezeigt, dass sich überschüssige Elektronen auf einer Anatas‐TiO2(101)‐Oberfläche an Stufenkanten ansammeln. Stufenkanten fungieren daher als bevorzugte Adsorptionsplätze für O2. Auch wenn in Dichtefunktionalrechnungen bereits bei sauberen Stufenkanten eine Lokalisierung der Elektronen festgestellt wird, wird dieser Effekt durch Sauerstofffehlstellen und Hydroxylierung noch weiter verstärkt. Die vorliegenden Befunde illustrieren die Bedeutung von Defekten bei den vielfältigen Anwendungen von Titandioxid.
Formation of [Bi11]3−, A Homoatomic, Polycyclic Bismuth Polyanion, by Pyridine‐Assisted Decomposition of [GaBi3]2−
Authors: Weinert Bastian , Eulenstein Armin Rainer , Ababei Rodica , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: March 2014

Until now, polycyclic bismuth polyanions have not been known—thus discriminating bismuth from its lighter congeners. However, the synthesis of [K([2.2.2]crypt)]3(Bi11)⋅2 py⋅tol, allows us to present the first structurally characterized homoatomic, polycyclic bismuth polyanion, which exhibits the [P11]3− “ufosan” structure. It was obtained upon treatment of [K([2.2.2]crypt)]2(GaBi3)⋅en with the solvent pyridine. The binary Zintl anion [GaBi3]2− decomposes under oxidative coupling of pyridine molecules and release of H2 to form the title compound. The unprecedented reaction, its products and by‐products were investigated by means of spectroscopy, spectrometry, and DFT studies. All findings reveal the specific reaction conditions to be crucial for the formation of the [Bi11]3− ion—and indicate the possibility of the generation and isolation of further, large bismuth polyanions.
Evaluation of the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on hybrid biomimetic scaffolds
Authors: Karkhaneh Akbar , Naghizadeh Ziba , Shokrgozar Mohammad Ali , Bonakdar Shahin
Published: March 2014

Hybrid materials are widely and promisingly used as scaffolds in cartilage tissue remodeling. In this study, hybrid scaffolds consist of polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with/without gelatin (GEL) to mimic natural cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) were investigated. Scaffolds were prepared by freeze drying and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and compressive mechanical testing. Biological assays of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cultures, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and dimethyl methylene blue were performed, and real‐time polymerization chain reaction analysis of the cartilage‐specific ECM gene marker expression was done. The results show an open interconnected porous structure with a compression modulus of 1.27 ± 0.04 MPa. The surface of the scaffolds showed an excellent efficiency in the adhesion and proliferation of MSCs. A significant increase in the proteoglycan content from 3.70 ± 0.96 to 5.4 ± 1.13 μg/mL was observed after 14 days in the PCL–PVA–GEL scaffolds. The expression amount of the sex‐determining region Y–Box 9 (SOX9) and collagen II (COL2) mRNA levels of the MSCs showed significant increases in SOX9 and COL2, respectively in comparison with PCL–PVA scaffold. The study revealed that the aforementioned scaffold as a blend of natural and synthetic polymers may be a promising substrate in tissue engineering for cartilage repair with MSC transplantation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40635.
Recent synthetic approaches and emerging bio‐inspired strategies for the development of sustainable pressure‐sensitive adhesives derived from renewable building blocks
Authors: Vendamme Richard , Schüwer Nicolas , Eevers Walter
Published: March 2014

In this review, we provide a bird's eye view of recent developments in the field of pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) derived from renewable monomeric building blocks. This emerging research field has been driven by increasing sustainability requirements in the adhesive industry and bridges the gap existing between highly optimized petroleum‐based synthetic PSA systems, which display superior performance but lack biobased content, and historical PSAs derived from naturally occurring biopolymers (e.g., starch and natural rubber), which provide more environmentally friendly bonding solutions but have inherent technical limitations that prevent their more widespread implementation in today's technically demanding applications. We critically reviewed a representative (and exhaustive) survey of recent synthetic approaches to the development of biobased PSAs from the academic (articles) and industrial (patents) literature categorized in two families: chain‐growth and step‐growth polymerization routes. Finally, we draw a parallel between renewable synthetic PSAs and nature's self‐adhesive glues, highlighting how the synergy between green chemistry and biomimetic concepts could inspire the emergence of a new generation of smart, synthetic, biobased PSAs with differentiated properties that approach the ones that are found in the natural world and with a wide spectrum of potential applications in the industrial and medical sectors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40669.
A106: Rituximab Use in Pediatric Antiphospholipid Antibody Positive Patients
Authors: Aguiar Cassyanne , Lehman Thomas , Erkan Doruk
Published: March 2014

Background/Purpose:

Rituximab (RTX) has been increasingly used in Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS); our objective was to review the literature on the outcomes of RTX‐treated antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positive pediatric patients.

Methods:

PubMed/Ovid were queried for “rituximab” and “pediatric” or “children” and “aPL”, “APS”, “lupus anticoagulant (LA)”, “anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL)” and/or “anti‐β2‐Glycoprotein‐I antibodies (aβ2GPI)”. Information obtained was demographics, aPL/APS history, RTX indication/dose/duration, medications, and pre/post RTX aPL results. We systematically analyzed: a) clinical outcomes only in patients treated with RTX for aPL‐specific indications; and b) pre/post RTX aPL profiles in all patients.

Results:

As of Jan 2014, 14 articles and one abstract reported 23 aPL‐positive pediatric patients (≤18 years) treated with RTX (mean age: 13 ± 4.6 [3m−17 y]; Primary aPL/APS: 5 [22%]; aPL/APS with lupus 17 [74%], and malignancy 1 [4%]). 11/23 (48%) patients received RTX for an aPL‐related indication (recurrent thromboses/microthromboses: 6, thrombocytopenia: 7, hemolytic anemia: 2, skin ulcer/necrosis: 2, aPL‐nephropathy: 1); all patients had “improvement” and/or “no further thrombosis” as per authors' assessment. describes the pre/post RTX aPL profiles. Rituximab regimens were: 375 mg/m2 weekly for 2–4 weeks (8), 1 gm 1–2 weeks apart for two doses (2), 750 mg/m2 weekly for 2 weeks (5), other (5), and unknown (3). Medications most commonly used prior to RTX were cyclophosphamide (14), azathioprine (9), mycophenolate mofetil (9), and IVIG (8). Steroids were used in all cases with cyclophosphamide and anticoagulation concomitantly in 8 and 6 cases, respectively.

Pre‐RTX aPL (N = 23)
Post‐RTX aPL Positive_Negative_Unknown

LA

Positive
9
(2_0_7)

Negative
4
(0_2_2)

Unknown
10
(0_0_10)

aCL IgG/M/A

Positive (≥ 20U)
17
(1_9_7)

Positive (≥ 40U)
6
(0_4_2)

Negative (< 20U)
3
(0_0_3)

Unknown
3
(0_0_3)

aβ2GPI IgG/M/A

Positive (≥ 20U)
3
(1_0_2)

Positive (≥ 40U)
0
(0_0_0)

Negative (< 20U)
1
(0_1_0)

Unknown
19
(0_0_19)

(1) tested 2/3 aPL with 1/2 aPL tested twice (aCL repeat value reported “positive”) pre‐RTX; (2) tested 1/3 aPL with repeat testing showing change to negative before RTX; (1) tested 3/3 aPL with repeat aCL positivity (tested only 2 weeks apart).

Conclusion:

Our systematic analysis of the literature for the outcomes of RTX‐treated aPL‐positive pediatric patients demonstrate: a) the number of patients is small with heterogeneous clinical manifestations and aPL profile; b) patients had clinical improvement of the aPL‐related manifestation, however in all cases RTX was used concomitantly with other immununosuppressive medications, steroids and/or anticoagulation; c) no patient with a clinically significant aPL profile (LA and/or moderate‐to high titer aCL/aβ2GPI) switched to a negative aPL (LA, aCL, and aβ22GPI) following treatment only with Rituximab.
Learning to expand queries using entities
Authors: Brandão Wladmir C. , Santos Rodrygo L. T. , Ziviani Nivio , de Moura Edleno S. , da Silva Altigran S.
Published: March 2014

A substantial fraction of web search queries contain references to entities, such as persons, organizations, and locations. Recently, methods that exploit named entities have been shown to be more effective for query expansion than traditional pseudorelevance feedback methods. In this article, we introduce a supervised learning approach that exploits named entities for query expansion using Wikipedia as a repository of high‐quality feedback documents. In contrast with existing entity‐oriented pseudorelevance feedback approaches, we tackle query expansion as a learning‐to‐rank problem. As a result, not only do we select effective expansion terms but we also weigh these terms according to their predicted effectiveness. To this end, we exploit the rich structure of Wikipedia articles to devise discriminative term features, including each candidate term's proximity to the original query terms, as well as its frequency across multiple article fields and in category and infobox descriptors. Experiments on three Text REtrieval Conference web test collections attest the effectiveness of our approach, with gains of up to 23.32% in terms of mean average precision, 19.49% in terms of precision at 10, and 7.86% in terms of normalized discounted cumulative gain compared with a state‐of‐the‐art approach for entity‐oriented query expansion.
Total Synthesis of the Putative Structure of Xylarinol B
Authors: More Atul A. , Ramana Chepuri V.
Published: March 2014

The total synthesis of the putative structure of xylarinol B is described and the need to revise its structure is demonstrated. The central benzoxepine skeleton was constructed by employing a cobalt‐mediated bimolecular [2+2+2] Reppe–Vollhardt alkyne cycloaddition reaction.
Cloning and characterization of a novel ‐carotene hydroxylase gene from Lycium barbarum and its expression in Escherichia coli
Authors: Wu Jiang , Ji Jing , Wang Gang , Li Zhaodi , Diao Jinjin , Wu Guangxia
Published: March 2014

Lycium barbarum contains high levels of zeaxanthin, which is produced by the conversion of ‐carotene into zeaxanthin. ‐Carotene hydroxylase catalyzes this reaction. We cloned a cDNA (chyb) encoding ‐carotene hydroxylase (Chyb) from the L. barbarum leaf. A 939‐bp full‐length cDNA sequence was determined with 3′‐rapid amplification of cDNA end assay encoding a deduced Chyb protein (34.8 kDa) with a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.36. A bioinformatics analysis showed that the L. barbarum Chyb was located in the chloroplast. Further, to investigate the catalytic activity of the L. barbarum Chyb, a complementation analysis was conducted in Escherichia coli. The results strongly demonstrated that Chyb can catalyze ‐carotene to produce zeaxanthin. Thus, this study suggests that L. barbarum ‐carotene hydroxylase could be a means of zeaxanthin production by genetic manipulation in E. coli.
Camelid‐derived heavy‐chain nanobody against Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin E in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Baghban Roghayyeh , Gargari Seyed Latif Mousavi , Rajabibazl Masoumeh , Nazarian Shahram , Bakherad Hamid
Published: March 2014

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) result in severe and often fatal disease, botulism. Common remedial measures such as equine antitoxin and human botulism immunoglobulin in turn are problematic and time‐consuming. Therefore, diagnosis and therapy of BoNTs are vital. The variable domain of heavy‐chain antibodies (VHH) has unique features, such as the ability to identify and bind specifically to target epitopes and ease of production in bacteria and yeast. The Pichia pastoris is suitable for expression of recombinant antibody fragments. Disulfide bond formation and correct folds of protein with a high yield are some of the advantages of this eukaryotic host. In this study, we have expressed and purified the camelid VHH against BoNT/E in P. pastoris. The final yield of P. pastoris‐expressed antibody was estimated to be 16 mg/l, which is higher than that expressed by Escherichia coli. The nanobody expressed in P. pastoris neutralized 4LD50 of the BoNT/E upon i.p. injection in 25% of mice. The nanobody expressed in E. coli extended the mice's survival to 1.5‐fold compared to the control. This experiment indicated that the quality of expressed protein in the yeast is superior to that of the bacterial expression. Favorable protein folding by P. pastoris seems to play a role in its better toxin‐binding property.
Are People Naïve Probability Theorists? A Further Examination of the Probability Theory + Variation Model
Authors: Fisher Christopher R. , Wolfe Christopher R.
Published: March 2014

Two experiments tested predictions derived from the Probability Theory + Variation (PTV) model. PTV model assumes that judgments follow probability theory, but systematic errors arise from noise in the judgments. Experiment 1 compared the PTV model to a configural weighted averaging model in joint probability judgment and found more support for the PTV model in diagnostic cases. Specifically, noise was negatively correlated with semantic coherence and conjunction and disjunction fallacies increased when order effects produced more noise in conjunctions and disjunctions. Consistent with both models, judgments adhered stochastically to the addition law. Contrary to the integration rules of the PTV model, we failed to find increased noise in disjunctions compared to conjunctions. Experiment 2 tested predictions of the PTV model for conditional probability judgment. Consistent with the PTV model, noise was negatively correlated with semantic coherence in conditional probabilities and judgments adhered stochastically to Bayes' theorem. Conversion errors were generally more prevalent than conditional reversals, a finding that is not fully consistent with the PTV model. In general, the quantitative fit of the PTV model was relatively better for overlapping and subset problems compared to identical, independent and mutually exclusive problems, especially for semantic coherence. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief report adult patient presenting an interstitial (9) (q21.32q31.1) direct duplication resulting from the malsegregation of a paternal balanced insertional translocation
Authors: Deng Linbei , Peng Ying , Liu Jing , Wen Juan , Xia Yan , Liang Desheng , Wu Lingqian
Published: March 2014

Background

The partial trisomy 9q syndrome is a well‐defined chromosomal disorder with over 40 reported cases in the literature. However, 9q duplications derived from an insertional translocation have rarely been reported.

Methods

Cytogenetic and molecular analyses using G‐banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and single nucleotide polymorphism array were performed in a 25‐year‐old male patient with intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, speech delay, postnatal growth retardation, distinctive facial features, and pyloric stenosis.

Results

G‐banding analysis showed an extra chromosome segment of unknown origin inserted into band 4q25. A 16,747,601 bp duplication of 9q21.32q31.1 inserted into band 4q25 and a balanced (4;9) insertional translocation were identified by single nucleotide polymorphism array and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis respectively in the patient and his healthy father. A literature review was performed to refine genotype–phenotype correlation of the partial trisomy 9q syndrome.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the molecular characterization of a partial trisomy 9q syndrome derived from an insertional translocation between nonhomologous chromosomes. Our findings provide important information for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of future pregnancies in this family. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:294–299, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lymph node size as a predictor of lymphatic staging in colonic cancer
Authors: Sloothaak D A M , Grewal S , Doornewaard H , van Duijvendijk P , Tanis P J , Bemelman W A , van der Zaag E S , Buskens C J
Published: March 2014

Background

In colonic cancer, the number of harvested lymph nodes is associated with prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of small lymph nodes to pathological staging, and to analyse the hypothesis that node size is a confounder in the relationship between prognosis and nodal harvest.

Methods

Nodal harvest and size were analysed in patients who underwent elective surgery for colonic cancer. Visible and palpable nodes were harvested without fat clearance techniques, and conventional histology was performed.

Results

Metastases were found in 99 of 2043 measured lymph nodes in 150 patients. Lymph nodes smaller than 3 mm were positive in 8·0 per cent of patients (12 of 150), but were the sole reason for upstaging in only 1·3 per cent (2 of 150). No metastases were found among 95 nodes of 1 mm or less. Metastatic nodes were larger than those without metastasis (median (i.q.r.) 5·0 (3·2–7·0) versus 3·8 (2·4–5·2) mm; P < 0·001), but a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve did not identify a relevant cut-off point to predict metastatic involvement. A hazard ratio of 0·71 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·50 to 1·01) was suggestive of an association between disease recurrence and increased node size, although not significant (P = 0·056). In patients with N0 disease, there was a correlation between node size and harvest (Pearson's correlation 0·317, P = 0·002), and a nodal yield of at least 12 was associated with a larger median node size (4·3 (3·3–5·0) versus 3·4 (2·7–4·0) mm; P = 0·015).

Conclusion

The contribution of lymph nodes smaller than 3 mm to nodal staging is limited. Increased node size is associated with increased nodal yield, and could be a confounder in the relationship between prognosis and nodal harvest in patients with N0 disease.
Duration of antibiotic treatment after appendicectomy for acute complicated appendicitis
Authors: van Rossem C C , Schreinemacher M H F , Treskes K , van Hogezand R M , van Geloven A A W
Published: March 2014

Background

Antibiotic treatment after appendicectomy for complicated appendicitis aims to reduce postoperative infections. However, available data on the duration of treatment are limited. This study compared the difference in infectious complications between two protocols, involving either 3 or 5 days of postoperative antibiotic treatment.

Methods

This was an observational cohort study of all adult patients who had an appendicectomy between January 2004 and December 2010 at either one of two hospitals in the same region. At location A, the protocol included 3 days of postoperative antibiotic treatment, whereas at location B it specified 5 days. The primary outcome was the development of postoperative infections as either superficial wound infection or deep intra-abdominal infections.

Results

A total of 1143 patients with acute appendicitis underwent appendicectomy, of whom 267 (23·4 per cent) had complicated appendicitis. The duration of postoperative antibiotic treatment was 3 days in 135 patients (50·6 per cent) and at least 5 days in 123 (46·1 per cent). No difference was found between antibiotic treatment for 3 or 5 days in terms of developing an intra-abdominal abscess (odds ratio (OR) 1·77, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·68 to 4·58; P = 0·242) or a wound infection (OR 2·74, 0·54 to 13·80; P = 0·223). In patients with complicated appendicitis, the laparoscopic approach was identified as a risk factor for developing an intra-abdominal abscess in univariable analysis (OR 2·46, 1·00 to 6·04; P = 0·049), but was not confirmed as an independent risk factor for this complication in multivariable analysis (OR 2·32, 0·75 to 7·14; P = 0·144).

Conclusion

After appendicectomy for complicated appendicitis, 3 days of antibiotic treatment is equally effective as 5 days in reducing postoperative infections.
The Role of Secondary School and Community College Collaborations to Increase Latinas in Engineering in a Rural Community
Authors: Starobin Soko S. , Bivens Glennda M.
Published: March 2014

This chapter introduces effective strategies and practices for working with secondary and postsecondary schools to advance rural Latinas into engineering and other STEM‐related fields.
Turning Knowledge Into Success: The Role of Collaboration in Knowledge Management Implementation
Authors: Hizmetli Handan
Published: March 2014

This case study describes five phases that a community college went through in developing its use of knowledge management practices to improve their student outcomes and recommends how other colleges can similarly benefit from knowledge management in meeting their goals.
Collaboration: Use of Consortia to Promote International Education
Authors: Raby Rosalind Latiner , Culton Donald R. , Valeau Edward J.
Published: March 2014

The nonprofit consortium California Colleges for International Education (CCIE) is a working example of how a formal association involving community colleges uses collaboration to achieve a fundamental goal of increasing student awareness of international issues through study abroad programs. For over 30 years, CCIE members have worked together to advocate internationalization and to sustain organized efforts that share best practices and forge partnerships between colleges within a state system. CCIE member colleges have worked together to advocate and initiate the growth of study abroad programs through institutional collaborations.
Perventricular closure of pulmonary stump in a 16‐kg child
Authors: Darby Scott , Ilbawi Michel , Amin Zahid
Published: March 2014

Blind pouch formation of the pulmonary artery (PA) in patients having undergone a Fontan operation can present a serious risk for thromboembolic events. Either primary or secondary closure of this stump is necessary to reduce this risk. Unfortunately, secondary closure is oftentimes difficult due to the size and anatomy of the presenting patient. We describe the insertion of a muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) device via a perventricular approach for successful closure of a pulmonary stump in a 3‐year old, 16‐kg child. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a perventricular approach for successful closure of a PA stump. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aryl Sulfotransferase from Haliangium ochraceum: A Versatile Tool for the Sulfation of Small Molecules
Authors: Ayuso‐Fernández Iván , Galmés Miquel A. , Bastida Agatha , García‐Junceda Eduardo
Published: March 2014

Sulfation is an important molecular modification that regulates essential cellular processes and is also implicated in numerous pathological processes. The enzymes responsible for this reaction in living organisms are sulfotransferases. The gene Hoch_5094 from Haliangium ochraceum is annotated as a putative sulfotransferase. The arylsulfotransferase codified by this gene (HocAST) was expressed heterologously in E. coli and showed aryl sulfotransferase activity. Circular dichroism analysis of HocAST showed a main α/β secondary structure that agrees with the overall structure of other cytosolic sulfotransferases. Interestingly, HocAST was able to use both p‐nitrophenyl sulfate and 3′‐phosphoadenosine‐5′‐phosphosulfate (PAPS) as sulfuryl donors contrary to that of aryl sulfate sulfotransferase, which cannot use PAPS as a donor. Regarding the specificity towards the acceptor, HocAST has shown quite a wide scope and was able to accept several mono‐ and dihydroxylated phenols and other phosphorylated compounds as substrates.
Production of Recombinant Human Aldehyde Oxidase in Escherichia coli and Optimization of Its Application for the Preparative Synthesis of Oxidized Drug Metabolites
Authors: Rodrigues Diogo , Kittelmann Matthias , Eggimann Fabian , Bachler Thorsten , Abad Sandra , Camattari Andrea , Glieder Anton , Winkler Margit , Lütz Stephan
Published: March 2014

Recombinant human aldehyde oxidase (AO) was expressed in Escherichia coli. Different cell disruption methods and conditions of cell culture in shake flasks and bioreactors and of biotransformation on an analytical scale were tested to optimize the synthesis of oxidized AO drug metabolites. The volumetric productivity was increased 24‐fold by optimizing the cell culture conditions. The highest yield was achieved in a 25 L stirred tank bioreactor under non‐oxygen‐limited conditions and high lactose feed rate. Suspensions of highly concentrated and well‐aerated whole cells at neutral pH and relatively low temperatures led to the best conversion. The solvent for the substrate and the buffering agent for the biotransformation had an important effect. In a biotransformation with AO, 210 mg of famciclovir was converted to diacetyl penciclovir a yield of 82 %. The optimized protocol represents a viable method for the preparative synthesis of oxidized AO metabolites of drugs.
Unraveling the Mechanism of Water Oxidation Catalyzed by Nonheme Iron Complexes
Authors: Acuña‐Parés Ferran , Codolà Zoel , Costas Miquel , Luis Josep M. , Lloret‐Fillol Julio
Published: March 2014

Density functional theory (DFT) is employed to: 1) propose a viable catalytic cycle consistent with our experimental results for the mechanism of chemically driven (CeIV) O2 generation from water, mediated by nonheme iron complexes; and 2) to unravel the role of the ligand on the nonheme iron catalyst in the water oxidation reaction activity. To this end, the key features of the water oxidation catalytic cycle for the highly active complexes [Fe(OTf)2(Pytacn)] (Pytacn: 1‐(2′‐pyridylmethyl)‐4,7‐dimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane; OTf: CF3SO3) (1) and [Fe(OTf)2(mep)] (mep: N,N′‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐N,N′‐dimethyl ethane‐1,2‐diamine) (2) as well as for the catalytically inactive [Fe(OTf)2(tmc)] (tmc: N,N′,N′′,N′′′‐tetramethylcyclam) (3) and [Fe(NCCH3)(MePy2CH‐tacn)](OTf)2 (MePy2CH‐tacn: N‐(dipyridin‐2‐yl)methyl)‐N′,N′′‐dimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane) (4) were analyzed. The DFT computed catalytic cycle establishes that the resting state under catalytic conditions is a [FeIV(O)(OH2)(LN4)]2+ species (in which LN4=Pytacn or mep) and the rate‐determining step is the OO bond‐formation event. This is nicely supported by the remarkable agreement between the experimental (ΔG≠=17.6±1.6 kcal mol−1) and theoretical (ΔG≠=18.9 kcal mol−1) activation parameters obtained for complex 1. The OO bond formation is performed by an iron(V) intermediate [FeV(O)(OH)(LN4)]2+ containing a cis‐FeV(O)(OH) unit. Under catalytic conditions (CeIV, pH 0.8) the high oxidation state FeV is only thermodynamically accessible through a proton‐coupled electron‐transfer (PCET) process from the cis‐[FeIV(O)(OH2)(LN4)]2+ resting state. Formation of the [FeV(O)(LN4)]3+ species is thermodynamically inaccessible for complexes 3 and 4. Our results also show that the cis‐labile coordinative sites in iron complexes have a beneficial key role in the OO bond‐formation process. This is due to the cis‐OH ligand in the cis‐FeV(O)(OH) intermediate that can act as internal base, accepting a proton concomitant to the OO bond‐formation reaction. Interplay between redox potentials to achieve the high oxidation state (FeVO) and the activation energy barrier for the following OO bond formation appears to be feasible through manipulation of the coordination environment of the iron site. This control may have a crucial role in the future development of water oxidation catalysts based on iron.
The First Heteropentanuclear Extended Metal‐Atom Chain: [Ni+Ru25+Ni2+Ni2+(tripyridyldiamido)4(NCS)2]
Authors: Huang Min‐Jie , Hua Shao‐An , Fu Ming‐Dung , Huang Gin‐Chen , Yin Caixia , Ko Chih‐Hung , Kuo Ching‐Kuo , Hsu Chia‐Hung , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Ho Kuan‐Yi , Wang Chia‐Hsin , Yang Yaw‐Wen , Chen I‐Chia , Peng Shie‐Ming , Chen Chun‐hsien
Published: March 2014

This study develops the first heteropentametal extended metal atom chain (EMAC) in which a string of nickel cores is incorporated with a diruthenium unit to tune the molecular properties. Spectroscopic, crystallographic, and magnetic characterizations show the formation of a fully delocalized Ru25+ unit. This [Ru2]‐containing EMAC exhibits single‐molecule conductance four‐fold superior to that of the pentanickel complex and results in features of negative differential resistance (NDR), which are unobserved in analogues of pentanickel and pentaruthenium EMACs. A plausible mechanism for the NDR behavior is proposed for this diruthenium‐modulated EMAC.
Silicon‐Directed Rhenium‐Catalyzed Allylic Carbaminations and Oxidative Fragmentations of γ‐Silyl Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Chavhan Sanjay W. , Cook Matthew J.
Published: March 2014

A highly regioselective allylic substitution of β‐silyl allylic alcohols has been achieved that provides the branched isomer as a single product. This high level of regiocontrol is achieved through the use of a vinyl silane group that can perform a Hiyama coupling providing 1,3‐disubstituted allylic amines. An unusual oxidative fragmentation product was also observed at elevated temperature that appears to proceed by a Fleming–Tamao‐type oxidation–elimination pathway.
Direct Synthesis of Benzofuro[2,3‐b]pyrroles through a Radical Addition/[3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement/Cyclization/Lactamization Cascade
Authors: Ueda Masafumi , Ito Yuta , Ichii Yuki , Kakiuchi Maiko , Shono Hiroko , Miyata Okiko
Published: March 2014

A straightforward synthetic method for the construction of benzofuro[2,3‐b]pyrrol‐2‐ones by a novel domino reaction through a radical addition/[3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement/cyclization/lactamization cascade has been developed. The domino reaction of O‐phenyl‐conjugated oxime ether with an alkyl radical allows the construction of two heterocycles with three stereogenic centers as a result of the formation of two CC bonds, a CO bond, and a CN bond in a single operation, leading to pyrrolidine‐fused dihydrobenzofurans, which are not easily accessible by existing synthetic methods. Furthermore, asymmetric synthesis of benzofuro[2,3‐b]pyrrol‐2‐one derivatives through a diastereoselective radical addition reaction to a chiral oxime ether was also developed.
Chiroptical Phenomena in Reverse Micelles: The Case of (1R,2S)‐Dodecyl (2‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐2‐phenylethyl)dimethylammonium Bromide (DMEB)
Authors: Abbate Sergio , Passarello Marco , Lebon France , Longhi Giovanna , Ruggirello Angela , Turco Liveri Vincenzo , Viani Fiorenza , Castiglione Franca , Mendola Daniele , Mele Andrea
Published: March 2014

(1R,2S)‐Dodecyl(2‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐2‐phenylethyl)dimethylammonium bromide (DMEB) aggregates dispersed in carbon tetrachloride have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at various surfactant concentration and water‐to‐surfactant molar ratio. Experimental data indicate that, even at the lowest investigated concentration and in absence of added water, DMEB molecules associate in supramolecular assemblies. At higher DMEB concentration the aggregates can confine water molecules, making it plausible to think that DMEB form reverse micelles and that water molecules are quite uniformly distributed among them and mainly located in the proximity of surfactant head groups. Moreover, the water state in DMEB reverse micelles has been found to be different from that in pure water, due to system‐specific water/surfactant head group interactions. 1H NMR diffusion measurements of both water and DMEB emphasize their joined translational motion characterized by a diffusion rate one order of magnitude lower than that of free molecules. Finally, VCD allowed us to show some characteristics of the association of optically active DMEB molecules as reverse micelles and water confinement inside; namely, we monitored the vibrational optical activity of deuterated hydroxyl bonds of the self‐assembled DMEB molecules and their interaction with D2O molecules. Chirality 26:532–538, 2014.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Tower Internals on Packing Performance
Authors: Schultes Michael
Published: March 2014

The overall tower performance is influenced by the type of both tower internals and random packing. The Raschig GmbH's most recent development is the Raschig Super‐Ring®, the fourth generation of random packings. In 1998, the Raschig Super‐Ring No. 2 was tested at the facilities of Fractional Research Inc. A significantly improved capacity and pressure drop over other random packing was observed without reducing the efficiency. A recent retesting of Raschig Super‐Ring No.2 using new tower internals revealed that the revised tower internals further improved the performance. Raschig has noticeable experience in designing liquid distributors.
Liberation Measurements Used in Upgrading Curves
Authors: Leißner Thomas , Mütze Thomas , Peuker Urs Alexander
Published: March 2014

Die Qualität von Aufbereitungsprodukten hängt von den Ergebnissen vieler Teilprozesse ab, zu deren Beschreibung eine Vielzahl von Modellen und Kennwerten existieren. Dieser Artikel stellt eine Erweiterung eines existierenden Modelles vor, mit der ein direkter Vergleich von Teilprozessen auf Basis von Wertstoffausbringen und Bergeausbringen möglich wird. Die Einführung eines neuen Aufschlusskennwertes und eines verbesserten Sortierkennwertes erlauben die Ermittlung der Parameter für Partikelgrößenklassen und damit eine Darstellung über der Partikelgröße als einen für die Aufbereitung wesentlichen Kennwert.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2‐Substituted‐5‐(4‐nitrophenylsulfonamido)benzoxazoles as Human GST P1‐1 Inhibitors, and Description of the Binding Site Features
Authors: Ertan‐Bolelli Tuğba , Musdal Yaman , Bolelli Kayhan , Yilmaz Serap , Aksoy Yasemin , Yildiz Ilkay , Aki‐Yalcin Esin , Yalcin Ismail
Published: March 2014

Glutathione‐S‐transferases (GSTs) are enzymes involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the nucleophilic attack of glutathione (GSH) on the electrophilic center of numerous of toxic compounds and xenobiotics, including chemotherapeutic drugs. Human GST P1‐1, which is known as the most prevalent isoform of the mammalian cytosolic GSTs, is overexpressed in many cancers and contributes to multidrug resistance by directly conjugating to chemotherapeutics. It is suggested that this resistance is related to the high expression of GST P1‐1 in cancers, thereby contributing to resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, GSTs exhibit sulfonamidase activity, thereby catalyzing the GSH‐mediated hydrolysis of sulfonamide bonds. Such reactions are of interest as potential tumor‐directed prodrug activation strategies. Herein we report the design and synthesis of some novel sulfonamide‐containing benzoxazoles, which are able to inhibit human GST P1‐1. Among the tested compounds, 2‐(4‐chlorobenzyl)‐5‐(4‐nitrophenylsulfonamido)benzoxazole (5 f) was found as the most active hGST P1‐1 inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 10.2 μM, showing potency similar to that of the reference drug ethacrynic acid. Molecular docking studies performed with CDocker revealed that the newly synthesized 2‐substituted‐5‐(4‐nitrophenylsulfonamido)benzoxazoles act as catalytic inhibitors of hGST P1‐1 by binding to the H‐site and generating conjugates with GSH to form S‐(4‐nitrophenyl)GSH (GS–BN complex) via nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The 4‐nitrobenzenesulfonamido moiety at position 5 of the benzoxazole ring is essential for binding to the H‐site and for the formation of the GST‐mediated GSH conjugate.