bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of extracellular vesicle images by transmission electron microscopy is operator and protocol dependent
Authors: Rikkert L. G. , Nieuwland R. , Terstappen L. W. M. M. , Coumans F. A. W.
Published: January 2019

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has nanometre resolution and can be used to distinguish single extracellular vesicles (EVs) from non‐EV particles. TEM images of EVs are a result of operator image selection. To which extent operator image selection reflects the overall sample quality, and to which extent the images are comparable and reproducible, is unclear. In a first attempt to improve the comparability and reproducibility of TEM to visualise EVs, we compared operator image selection to images taken at predefined locations from the same grids, using four EV TEM preparation protocols, a single EV‐containing sample and a single TEM instrument. Operator image selection leads to high‐quality images that are more similar between the protocols. In contrast, images taken at predefined locations reveal differences between the protocols, for example in number of EVs per image and background quality. From the evaluated protocols, for only one protocol the operator image selection is comparable to the TEM images taken at predefined locations. Taken together, operator image selection can be used to demonstrate the presence of EVs in a sample, but seem less suitable to demonstrate the quality of a sample. Because images taken at predefined locations reflect the overall quality of the EV‐containing sample rather than the presence of EVs alone, this is a first step to improve the comparability and reproducibility of TEM for monitoring the quality of EV‐containing samples.
Stability of high-energy solitary waves in Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou chains
Authors: Herrmann Michael , Matthies Karsten
Published: January 2019

The dynamical stability of solitary lattice waves in non-integrable FPUT chains is a long-standing open problem and has been solved so far only in a certain asymptotic regime, namely by Friesecke and Pego for the KdV limit, in which the waves propagate with near sonic speed, have large wave length, and carry low energy. In this paper we derive a similar result in a complementary asymptotic regime related to fast and strongly localized waves with high energy. In particular, we show that the spectrum of the linearized FPUT operator contains asymptotically no unstable eigenvalues except for the neutral ones that stem from the shift symmetry and the spatial discreteness. This ensures that high-energy waves are linearly stable in some orbital sense, and the corresponding nonlinear stability is granted by the general, non-asymptotic part of the seminal Friesecke-Pego result and the extension by Mizumachi.

Our analytical work splits into two principal parts. First we refine two-scale techniques that relate high-energy waves to a nonlinear asymptotic shape ODE and provide accurate approximation formulas. In this way we establish the existence, local uniqueness, smooth parameter dependence, and exponential localization of fast lattice waves for a wide class of interaction potentials with algebraic singularity. Afterwards we study the crucial eigenvalue problem in exponentially weighted spaces, so that there is no unstable essential spectrum. Our key argument is that all proper eigenfunctions can asymptotically be linked to the unique bounded and normalized solution of the linearized shape ODE, and this finally enables us to disprove the existence of unstable eigenfunctions in the symplectic complement of the neutral ones.
Corrigendum to “Paramodular abelian varieties of odd conductor"
Authors: Brumer Armand , Kramer Kenneth
Published: January 2019

Frank Calegari was kind enough to point out a phenomenon overlooked in the paramodular conjecture in our paper. We propose a modification and prove that the phenomenon occurs infrequently.
An accurate and powerful method for copy number variation detection
Authors: Xiao Feifei , Luo Xizhi , Hao Ning , Niu Yue S , Xiao Xiangjun , Cai Guoshuai , Amos Christopher I , Zhang Heping
Published: January 2019

Motivation

Integration of multiple genetic sources for copy number variation detection (CNV) is a powerful approach to improve the identification of variants associated with complex traits. Although it has been shown that the widely used change point based methods can increase statistical power to identify variants, it remains challenging to effectively detect CNVs with weak signals due to the noisy nature of genotyping intensity data. We previously developed modSaRa, a normal mean-based model on a screening and ranking algorithm for copy number variation identification which presented desirable sensitivity with high computational efficiency. To boost statistical power for the identification of variants, here we present a novel improvement that integrates the relative allelic intensity with external information from empirical statistics with modeling, which we called modSaRa2.

Results

Simulation studies illustrated that modSaRa2 markedly improved both sensitivity and specificity over existing methods for analyzing array-based data. The improvement in weak CNV signal detection is the most substantial, while it also simultaneously improves stability when CNV size varies. The application of the new method to a whole genome melanoma dataset identified novel candidate melanoma risk associated deletions on chromosome bands 1p22.2 and duplications on 6p22, 6q25 and 19p13 regions, which may facilitate the understanding of the possible roles of germline copy number variants in the etiology of melanoma.

Availability and implementation

http://c2s2.yale.edu/software/modSaRa2 or https://github.com/FeifeiXiaoUSC/modSaRa2.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Large-scale analysis of human gene expression variability associates highly variable drug targets with lower drug effectiveness and safety
Authors: Simonovsky Eyal , Schuster Ronen , Yeger-Lotem Esti
Published: January 2019

Motivation

The effectiveness of drugs tends to vary between patients. One of the well-known reasons for this phenomenon is genetic polymorphisms in drug target genes among patients. Here, we propose that differences in expression levels of drug target genes across individuals can also contribute to this phenomenon.

Results

To explore this hypothesis, we analyzed the expression variability of protein-coding genes, and particularly drug target genes, across individuals. For this, we developed a novel variability measure, termed local coefficient of variation (LCV), which ranks the expression variability of each gene relative to genes with similar expression levels. Unlike commonly used methods, LCV neutralizes expression levels biases without imposing any distribution over the variation and is robust to data incompleteness. Application of LCV to RNA-sequencing profiles of 19 human tissues and to target genes of 1076 approved drugs revealed that drug target genes were significantly more variable than protein-coding genes. Analysis of 113 drugs with available effectiveness scores showed that drugs targeting highly variable genes tended to be less effective in the population. Furthermore, comparison of approved drugs to drugs that were withdrawn from the market showed that withdrawn drugs targeted significantly more variable genes than approved drugs. Last, upon analyzing gender differences we found that the variability of drug target genes was similar between men and women. Altogether, our results suggest that expression variability of drug target genes could contribute to the variable responsiveness and effectiveness of drugs, and is worth considering during drug treatment and development.

Availability and implementation

LCV is available as a python script in GitHub (https://github.com/eyalsim/LCV).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
KORP: knowledge-based 6D potential for fast protein and loop modeling
Authors: López-Blanco José Ramón , Chacón Pablo
Published: January 2019

Motivation

Knowledge-based statistical potentials constitute a simpler and easier alternative to physics-based potentials in many applications, including folding, docking and protein modeling. Here, to improve the effectiveness of the current approximations, we attempt to capture the six-dimensional nature of residue–residue interactions from known protein structures using a simple backbone-based representation.

Results

We have developed KORP, a knowledge-based pairwise potential for proteins that depends on the relative position and orientation between residues. Using a minimalist representation of only three backbone atoms per residue, KORP utilizes a six-dimensional joint probability distribution to outperform state-of-the-art statistical potentials for native structure recognition and best model selection in recent critical assessment of protein structure prediction and loop-modeling benchmarks. Compared with the existing methods, our side-chain independent potential has a lower complexity and better efficiency. The superior accuracy and robustness of KORP represent a promising advance for protein modeling and refinement applications that require a fast but highly discriminative energy function.

Availability and implementation

http://chaconlab.org/modeling/korp.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Public Procurement versus Laissez-Faire: Evidence from Household Waste Collection
Authors: Meriläinen Jaakko , Tukiainen Janne
Published: January 2019

We document that switching from laissez-faire production to public procurement in residential waste collection in Finland reduces the number of firms active in the local market, but induces a statistically significant and large decrease in unit prices on average. While public procurement, thus, seems to be desirable from the citizens’ perspective, not all municipalities adopt public procurement. We provide descriptive evidence that municipal council composition is associated with the chosen regime. This suggests that local politics may be one obstacle for the efficient provision of local public goods. (JEL codes: C23, D72, H76, L13, and L85).
The renoprotective effect of concomitant fosfomycin in the treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Al-Aloul Mohamed , Nazareth Dilip , Walshaw Martin
Published: January 2019

Background

Fosfomycin, effective in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), competes with aminoglycosides at renal binding sites and may therefore afford a renoprotective effect when used in combination therapy. We explored this by using markers of acute renal tubular damage [N-acetyl-β-d-glucose-aminidase (NAG), alanine amino-peptidase (AAP) and β2-microglobulin].

Methods

Using a prospective randomized crossover trial design, at an acute pulmonary exacerbation, 18 adult CF patients received either 14 days of intravenous (IV) tobramycin or IV tobramycin and IV fosfomycin, both in combination with a second IV antibiotic (colomycin).

Results

Urinary NAG (P = 0.003) and AAP (P = 0.03) following treatment with concomitant fosfomycin were lower than those after treatment with tobramycin and colomycin alone. Fosfomycin attenuated the total 24-h urinary protein leak (P = 0.0001). The 14-day improvements in all surrogate markers of exacerbation resolution (FEV1% predicted, FVC, white cell count and C-reactive protein) were similar for both treatment regimens.

Conclusion

The addition of fosfomycin reduces acute renal injury caused by IV aminoglycoside therapy in CF pulmonary exacerbations.
Comparative analysis of life history traits and trends of abundance in coral reefs of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) from two regions of the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Lin Yu-Jia , Grandcourt Edwin M , Rabaoui Lotfi , Maneja Rommel H , Qurban Mohammad A , Al-Abdulkader Khaled , Roa-Ureta Rubén H
Published: January 2019

The orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides is one of the most important commercially exploited fish species in the Arabian Gulf. Studies to establish the basic biological knowledge necessary for sustainable exploitation are few and of limited spatial extent. We carry out a comparative analysis of life history traits of this sequential hermaphrodite and of trends of abundance in coral reefs, northern vs. southern Gulf. We found remarkable differences in sex proportion by length and age, rates of somatic growth, size at maturity and production of gonadic biomass, and no differences in the age composition, mode of growth, timing and duration of spawning, natural mortality rate, and trends of abundance. In the northern Gulf, the reproductive tactics could be diandric protogyny or protandric because males disappear at higher size and later age. In the southern Gulf, the strategy is protogyny, with full predominance of females in early life and full predominance of males in late life. In the northern Gulf, the orange-spotted grouper could exhibit bidirectional sex change. We suggest that fisheries policies should be versatile, consisting of regional-wide as well as local management measures, to account for local differences and regional-wide commonalities in life history traits and trends of abundance.
A probabilistic disease progression modeling approach and its application to integrated Huntington’s disease observational data
Authors: Sun Zhaonan , Ghosh Soumya , Li Ying , Cheng Yu , Mohan Amrita , Sampaio Cristina , Hu Jianying
Published: January 2019

Objective

Chronic diseases often have long durations with slow, nonlinear progression and complex, and multifaceted manifestation. Modeling the progression of chronic diseases based on observational studies is challenging. We developed a framework to address these challenges by building probabilistic disease progression models to enable better understanding of chronic diseases and provide insights that could lead to better disease management.

Materials and Methods

We developed a framework to build probabilistic disease progression models using observational medical data. The framework consists of two steps. The first step determines the number of disease states. The second step builds a probabilistic disease progression model with the determined number of states. The model discovers typical states along the trajectory of the target disease, learns the characteristics of these states, and transition probabilities between the states. We applied the framework to an integrated observational HD dataset curated from four recent observational HD studies.

Results

The resulting HD progression model identified nine disease states. Compared to state-of-art HD staging system, the model 1) covers wider range of HD progression; 2) is able to quantitatively describe complex changes around the time of clinical diagnosis; 3) discovers multiple potential HD progression pathways; and 4) reveals expected time durations of the identified states.

Discussion and Conclusion

The proposed framework addresses practical challenges in observational data and can help enhance the understanding of progression of chronic diseases. The framework could be applied to other chronic diseases with the help of clinical knowledge.
Locally finite monoids in finitely based varieties
Authors: Lee Edmond W H
Published: January 2019

It is shown that given any finite system of monoid identities, it is decidable if the class of locally finite monoids that satisfy the system is a variety. This answers an open problem of Mark V. Sapir.
Social Networks and Mobility in Time and Space: Integration Processes of Burmese Karen Resettled Refugees in Sweden
Authors: Suter Brigitte
Published: January 2019

Although there are exceptions, refugees from protracted refugee situations generally experience an overall slower integration process into the new country than other refugees and immigrants. Often the circumstances in the refugee camps, including lacking education and social networks, are used to explain this. This article looks at the post-resettlement integration process of Burmese Karen refugees in Sweden through a capital approach. Consequently, the analysis is concerned with the accumulation of resources—such as social networks—both in the pre- and post-resettlement contexts. Mobility is acknowledged as a decisive factor in this process and, as such, mobility practices from both before and after resettlement are highlighted to better understand the refugees’ social, cultural and economic embeddedness. As this article argues, social and cultural capital acquired before resettlement is of crucial importance to create social networks after resettlement and hence to the overall integration process in Sweden.
Experimental Candida albicans osteomyelitis: Microbiologic, antigenic, histologic, and 18FDG-PET-CT imaging characteristics in a newly established rabbit model
Authors: Gamaletsou Maria N , Meletiadis Joseph , Chatziioannou Sofia , Panayiotides Ioannis G , Agadakos Euthimios , Katsimpoulas Michalis , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos , Petraitis Vidmantas , Walsh Thomas J , Sipsas Nikolaos V
Published: January 2019

Candida osteomyelitis is a debilitating disease that is difficult to diagnose and treat. As there are no animal models or prospective studies for this uncommon infection, little is known about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, or treatment. We therefore sought to establish an animal model for the study of the pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic interventions of Candida osteomyelitis. We developed a modified version of the Norden rabbit model of tibial osteomyelitis, in which the right tibia was inoculated intraoperatively with different inocula of C. albicans or normal saline as control. On days 7, 14, and 21 after inoculation, the animals underwent bone radiography, 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) scan, and blood sampling for blood cultures, blood counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and Candida mannan antigen serum levels. On day 21, animals were euthanized, and infected tibias harvested for culture and histology. Among eight evaluable animals inoculated with 1 × 106 to 1 × 107 cfu, histology and bone cultures established the presence of Candida osteomyelitis in seven, with a host response of neutrophils, mononuclear cells, multinucleate giant cells, fibrosis, and necrosis. Infected animals demonstrated radiological signs of osteomyelitis with significantly increased tracer uptake in 18FDG-PET/CT scans (P < .01) and elevated serum mannan levels (P < .01). All blood cultures were negative. Indices of inflammation were only slightly increased. In conclusion, we report successful establishment of a new animal model of Candida albicans osteomyelitis that may be applicable to advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment of this debilitating infection.
Assessing Music Learning Through Composition
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: January 2019

The proliferation of the use of new media and creativities are expanding the ways that humans engage creatively with music in the twenty-first century. As teachers and researchers, our methods of assessing these creativities need to expand as well. In this chapter the author points to some of the ways that music education has traditionally conceived of both creativity and the measurement of compositional activity in the classroom. However, it should be clear that formative, summative, feedback, diagnostic, and evaluative assessment are all necessary and vital to understanding and justifying the place of composition learning in music education, and that we as a profession have not done an adequate job of it in the past. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, Finland, and Australia, have done a better job of creating curricular space for composition than the United States. The rest of the world can learn from these successes.
Policy, Standards, and Assessment in Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the intersections of technology-based music instruction, education policy, and education standards. Theoretical foundations of music teaching and technology-based instruction have influenced the ways in which technology has been integrated into music classrooms. This chapter provides an analysis of the treatment of technology in education policy documents in the United States, and ways in which standards and policies have both shaped and been shaped by theoretical perspectives on technology-based education in music classrooms. Finally, It discusses the outcomes of technology-based music education that should be considered assessable, and suggests ways that preservice and in-service teachers might approach assessment of students’ learning.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan Michael L.
Published: January 2019

Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995) emerged as an influential philosophical voice in the final decades of the twentieth century, and his reputation has continued to flourish and increase in our own day. His central themes—the primacy of the ethical and the core of ethics as our responsibility to and for others—speak to readers from a host of disciplines and perspectives. This Introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Levinas provides background on Levinas’s life and philosophical thought, and it surveys various approaches to and critical assessments of his contributions. The Handbook’s structure is laid out and each of the thirty-eight chapters is briefly summarized.
Networks and Information Flow
Authors: Lazer David
Published: January 2019

This article introduces the first section of The Oxford Handbook of Networked Communication. The volume marks the twentieth anniversary of the second golden age in the study of networks and information flow. The first golden age began shortly after World War II and focused on the canonical bookends of broadcast and social networks as drivers of information flow. The second golden age is marked by a change in the phenomenon under study, with a profusion and confusion of broadcast and network drivers of information flow, in which everyone is a broadcaster, and all broadcasters are also nodes in the network. As a science, the second golden age is marked by a shift from the behavioral methods of the first golden age to computational approaches to big data. The chapters in this section illuminate the emerging scientific opportunities, from our changing understanding of network dynamics and diffusion to computational approaches to studying content and social media.
Jesuit Interior Indias
Authors: Palomo Federico
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the way in which Early Modern Jesuits understood the practice of confession. As leading actors in the apostolic field, they often promoted a vision of the sacrament of penance, which, in stark contrast to its connotations as a means of punishment, turned it into an effective tool oriented toward inner reform of the individual. Based on analysis of the Iberian interior missions, a range of practices is considered—including examination of conscience, general confession, and spiritual direction—that imbued the act of confession with a strong introspective dimension in the Society’s missionary contexts. Thus, this chapter highlights the role of such instruments in the development of forms of subjectivity, which contributed to individuals “entering into themselves,” exploring inner spaces of their soul. The particular geography of this space had to be known to conquer it and to thus lead the penitent toward a devoted life and Christian perfection.
Bullshit Assertion
Authors: Kotzee Ben
Published: January 2019

In his short article “On Bullshit” (1986, republished as a book in 2005), Harry Frankfurt diagnoses a distinctive problem of contemporary culture: that so much of it is bullshit. Today, bullshit abounds in advertising, politics, the media, and the academy; for this, Frankfurt blames the mass media, advertising, the party political system, and some currents in academic thought (notably postmodernism). More than diagnose a widespread problem, however, in “On Bullshit” Frankfurt develops a theoretical account of the nature of bullshit. In his account, Frankfurt holds that bullshit is, like lying, a dishonest assertion; however, he makes clear how bullshitting is different from lying and holds (startlingly) that bullshit is more dishonest than lying. In this chapter I consider bullshit as a distinct perversion of assertion next to lying. I hold that understanding bullshit and lying as perversions of assertion sheds light on assertion and how it functions.
Folklore and Folklife of American Organizations and Networks
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2019

Building on the landmark Supreme Court case Dukes v. Wal-Mart (2011), which involved the issue of whether folklore provided evidence of a corporate culture affecting managerial decision making, this chapter addresses the context of organizations and networks that are distinguishable from communities and groups. Following the typology of sociologist Max Weber, organizations and networks are defined by their strategic formation and usually are formalized, in contrast to the fluid nature of communities and groups. Folklorists often avoided analyzing folklore of organizations and the traditional praxis of organizing because of the formalism of organizations and networks, frequently associated with businesses, but this chapter argues that as social entities they rely on folklore internally to create an identity for participants and externally to convey a cultural character. Organizations and networks vary in their use of folklore, often in relation to whether they are “high context” and fostering ritual and narrative or “low context” and therefore less conducive to cultural formation. Historically, organizational folklore and folklife have become more pervasive in American society with the dominance of a service and information economy and an “organizational society” since the late twentieth century. This chapter discusses the similarities and differences in the kinds of folklore and folklife in three major types of organizations and networks: unions and advocacy groups, corporations and businesses, and voluntary organizations and support groups. Research on organizations and networks often has an applied aspect to reform organizations and improve the lives of Americans who necessarily engage them.
Aging, Gender, and the Body
Authors: Hurd Laura
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the author considers some of the theoretical and methodological conundrums that she encountered in her qualitative research that has focused on later life experiences of the aging body as a site of inequality. Western culture is replete with deeply entrenched ageist stereotypes, which position old bodies as inherently asexual, dependent, frail, obsolete, senile, unproductive, and undesirable. Negative cultural constructions of old bodies are further reflected in and buttressed by masculinity and femininity ideals as well as societal assumptions concerning personal responsibility for health. Collectively, these cultural norms shape research in powerful ways as they lead to the avoidance of certain topics, taken-for-granted assumptions that are difficult to elicit or interrogate, and complex power dynamics between researchers and study participants. Reflecting on the intricacies of researching later life body image and embodiment, I offer some suggestions about how the challenges might be reframed as opportunities.
Ellipsis In Natural Language
Authors: van Craenenbroeck Jeroen , Temmerman Tanja
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the general topic of the handbook: the linguistic study of elliptical phenomena in natural language. In addition, it outlines the general structure of the handbook, with a subdivision into four parts (the theory of ellipsis; ellipsis as a diagnostic tool; the taxonomy of elliptical constructions; case studies exploring the elliptical inventory of a single language), and explains the philosophy behind and rationale for this structure. Finally, the chapter also highlights (a selection of) the main results and generalizations that emerge from contributions to the handbook, and briefly reflects on the future of linguistic research into ellipsis.
Ellipsis and Prosody
Authors: Winkler Susanne
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates the relation between ellipsis and prosody. Prosody is most frequently described as “the organizational structure of speech” (Beckman 1996). It has been defined in terms of three independent factors of the phonological representation: “intonation, phrasal rhythmic patterning and prosodic phrasing” (Selkirk 1995: 550). Prosody plays an important role in the interpretation of elliptical utterances and bridges the gap between what is overtly expressed and what is understood. There are three specific research areas where prosody has been claimed to be relevant: first, prosody-related licensing of ellipsis; second, prosody-related conditions of recoverability of deletion; third, prosodic effects with respect to the question of whether there is structure in the ellipsis site. In this area, research has focused on prosodic conditions on extraction and locality. This chapter is structured accordingly. It first summarizes the prosodic system of English and then reviews the research on how prosody bears on the central issues of the theory of ellipsis (licensing, recoverability, structure in the ellipsis site). The discussion shows that the interaction of prosody and the absence of sound contributes to the understanding of the theories of sound–meaning correspondence.
Nominal Ellipsis
Authors: Saab Andrés
Published: January 2019

This chapter centers on nominal ellipsis phenomena from a broad perspective. First, several diagnostics are provided in order to make a basic distinction between empty nouns and true instances of nominal ellipses. One set of such diagnostics is related to uniformity considerations; i.e. the parallelism between elliptical and non-elliptical nominal phrases with respect to thematic assignment, matching effects, and extraction. Another set has to do with the specific conditions that distinguish empty nouns from nominal ellipses with respect to the need for an antecedent, identity effects, productivity, and lexical meaning. Second, the chapter also focuses on the recoverability conditions that regulate the distribution of nominal anaphora. It is shown why lexical identity is unavoidable in nominal ellipses. Moreover, some putative instances of pragmatically controlled nominal ellipses are, in reality, conceived of as empty nouns requiring contextual salience. Finally, the chapter addresses the problem of licensing nominal ellipses. On the one hand, it is argued that there is no licensing by inflection of any sort. Instead, the morphological effects we observe are epiphenomena resulting from the way in which morphology resolves different stranded affix scenarios. On the other hand, a typology of nominal ellipses is proposed based on the different sizes that the elided constituents might have, depending on some selectional properties of functional heads.
Null Complement Anaphora
Authors: Depiante Marcela
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the different positions regarding NCA in the literature are discussed and the analysis proposed in Hankamer and Sag (1976) is favored. NCA is taken to be a type of deep anaphor as opposed to a surface anaphor, in Hankamer and Sag’s proposed typology. It behaves like a deep anaphor in that it can take pragmatic antecedents, missing antecedents, and does not seem to require strict syntactic parallelism with its antecedent. In addition, NCA does not allow overt or covert extraction out of it, which provides evidence in favor of the view that NCA is to be represented as an element with no internal syntactic structure. It is also shown that the types of predicates that select NCA seem to be lexically determined, since no reliable pattern has yet been found to be able to predict which predicates select it.
Hungarian
Authors: Lipták Anikó
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews ellipsis in Hungarian, providing examples of the majority of ellipsis types that are discussed in this book. The discussion starts with nominal ellipsis and shows that, unlike ordinary noun phrases, possessed noun phrases do not show evidence for ellipsis, V-stranding ellipsis, and pseudogapping) and includes a section on preverb-stranding ellipsis and the analytical challenges it represents. Clausal ellipsis phenomena (sluicing, fragments, stripping) are treated with reference to single remnant ellipsis and multiple remnant ellipsis as well, the latter including a description of gapping. Separate sections are dedicated to right-node raising, null complement anaphora, and ellipsis in comparative clauses. Analytical and theory-specific details about the structure of Hungarian are introduced along the way.
Lamps
Authors: Parani Maria G.
Published: January 2019

Lamps with Christian imagery are among the earliest and most easily identifiable material witnesses to early Christian communities in the Roman Empire, but lamps employed by Christians were not confined to those adorned with religious images and symbols. This chapter presents an overview of the types of clay, metal, and glass lamps owned and used by Christians and discusses their functions in daily, funerary, ecclesiastical, and other ritual contexts. Continuities with and departures from earlier Roman practices are highlighted, while the emergence of a specifically Christian decorative repertory is associated both with the wish of early Christians to express their distinct religious identity in material terms and with the gradual elaboration of a Christian symbolism of light. The need for more focused, contextualized studies of lamps within the framework of Christian archaeology remains a desideratum for future research.
Christian Archaeology in Palestine
Authors: Taylor Joan E.
Published: January 2019

The first Christian archaeological evidence in Palestine dates from the third century, in the so-called Megiddo church. From 326 onward, Palestine was the focus of imperial funding, and grand basilicas were established by order of the emperor Constantine. Sacred places associated with Jesus’s ancient appearance to Abraham (Mamre), birth (Bethlehem), Crucifixion and Resurrection (Golgotha), and instruction and Ascension (the Mount of Olives) have all yielded monumental remains. There is ample material testifying to a boom in church building to service Christian pilgrimage and conversion of the population, with Christian building and rebuilding continuing through to the Persian invasion of 614 and subsequent Muslim conquest of Palestine in 638.
Optimistic Explanatory Style
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Steen Tracy A.
Published: January 2019

Research has linked optimism to higher levels of subjective well-being, to positive mood and good morale, to perseverance and effective problem solving, to achievement and success in a variety of domains, to popularity, to good physical health, to reduced suicidal ideation, and even to long life and freedom from trauma. In this chapter, we review what is known about one cognate of optimism—“explanatory style,” how people habitually explain the causes of events that occur to them. We trace the history of explanatory style research, focusing on the neglected question of the origins of explanatory style. Finally, we conclude by addressing issues that need to be considered by positive psychologists doing research on explanatory style. Research still focuses too much on negative outcomes, ignoring the premise of positive psychology: What makes life most worth living needs to be examined in its own right.
Morphological Theory and Sign Languages
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo
Published: January 2019

Sign language morphology adds new considerations to well-studied areas, including category identification, inflection vs. derivation, the notions of ideophones, subject, and root, and properties used in lexical classifications. It makes necessary the new notion of reactive effort in understanding how biomechanical factors help shape the lexicon. The prevalence of simultaneity (verticality) over linearity (horizontal temporality) shows that linguistic analysis must include the study of physical properties (visual vs. auditory) if we are to understand language typology. Phonological parameters can have meaning associated with them, either arbitrarily or because they are iconic. This allows for lexical networks that require the mechanism of ion morphs. Certain phenomena are open to analysis as part of a system of visual representation needed in communication; that is, they are gestural and not part of language per se. So the grammar of sign languages covers a more narrow range of phenomena than that of spoken languages.
Kunqu Cross-dressing as Artistic and/or Queer Performance
Authors: Lam Joseph S. C.
Published: January 2019

Cross-dressing in kunqu, a classical genre of Chinese opera, as artistic and/or queer performance, may be understood through the Chinese aesthetic dyad of se (erotic charm) and yi (performance skill); these concepts complement or challenge international queer theories. The chapter surveys current debates about kunqu cross-dressing, illustrating with analysis of representative works/performances such as Jade Hairpin (Yuzanji), Peony Pavilion (Mudanting), and Yearning for the Secular World (Sifan) by leading impersonators like Banto Tamasaburo, Mei Lanfang, and Yue Meiti. Kunqu cross-dressing simultaneously confirms and challenges hegemonic Chinese notions of gender and sex, underscoring the need to investigate music as personal and/or social performance of gender and sex.
How to Do Things with Theory
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: January 2019

This article explores the potentials and perils of reading queerness in relation to cultural products, performances, and places outside the site of the theory’s genesis. Beginning with an examination of audiovisual and discursive transgressions in the works of post-Soviet Ukrainian band Kamon!!!, putatively “stylistic” elements are shown as intimately related to a political sociocultural realm. This move to the political, and to queer politics, necessitates an interrogation of the politics of queerness, and the risks of intellectual colonialism that perpetuates cultural hierarchies and stereotypes (the “backward,” pragmatic East versus the fluid, utopian West). Approaching queer theory through the lens of performativity—a textual assimilation which “queers” the other—the dynamics of musical notation and transcription are engaged in order to highlight the possible asymmetries engendered via transcultural queering, suggesting that only through mutually transformative dialog can queerness fulfill its liberatory potential.
Discovery of a strong ionized-gas outflow in an AKARI-selected ultra-luminous infrared galaxy at $z$ = 0.5
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Akiyama Masayuki , Noda Hirofumi , Abdurro’uf  , Toba Yoshiki , Yamamura Issei , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Kokubo Mitsuru , Ichikawa Kohei
Published: January 2019

In order to construct a sample of ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs; with infrared luminosity LIR > 1012 L${_{\odot} }$) at 0.5 < $z$ < 1, we are conducting an optical follow-up program for bright 90 μm far-infrared sources with a faint optical (i < 20 mag) counterpart selected in the AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) Bright Source catalog (Ver.2). AKARI-FIS-V2 J0916248+073034, identified as a ULIRG at $z$ = 0.49 in the spectroscopic follow-up observation, indicates signatures of an extremely strong outflow in its emission line profiles. Its [O iii] 5007 Å emission line shows a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 1830 km s−1 and velocity shift of −770 km s−1 relative to the stellar absorption lines. Furthermore, the low-ionization [O ii] 3726 Å 3729 Å doublet also shows a large FWHM of 910 km s−1 and velocity shift of −380 km s−1. After the removal of an unresolved nuclear component, the long-slit spectroscopy 2D image possibly shows that the outflow extends to a radius of 4 kpc. The mass outflow and energy ejection rates are estimated to be 500 M${_{\odot} }$ yr−1 and 4 × 1044 erg s−1, respectively, which imply that the outflow is among the most powerful ones observed in ULIRGs and quasi-stellar objects at 0.3 < $z$ < 1.6. The co-existence of the strong outflow and intense star formation (star formation rate of 990 M${_{\odot} }$ yr−1) indicates that the feedback of the strong outflow has not severely affected the star-forming region of the galaxy.
Land Plus Aquatic Therapy Versus Land-Based Rehabilitation Alone for the Treatment of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Clerici Ilaria , Maestri Roberto , Bonetti Francesca , Ortelli Paola , Volpe Daniele , Ferrazzoli Davide , Frazzitta Giuseppe
Published: January 2019

Background

Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most disabling symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD). Different land-based rehabilitation approaches based on motor and cognitive strategies can be effective in treating FOG. Although there are data about the efficacy of aquatic therapy in ameliorating this phenomenon, no study has explored the combined effect of land-based therapies plus aquatic therapy in patients with PD who have FOG.

Objective

The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary, intensive, motor-cognitive rehabilitation treatment (MIRT) in improving FOG and whether implementation with aquatic therapy (MIRT-AT) adds further benefits.

Design

The design consisted of a single-blind, parallel-group, 1:1 allocation ratio, randomized trial.

Setting

The Department of Parkinson Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation at “Moriggia-Pelascini” Hospital (Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, Italy) was used as the setting.

Participants

Sixty hospitalized patients with PD who had FOG in Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 or 5-3 were included.

Intervention

Sixty patients with PD + FOG were randomly assigned to 2 groups: 30 underwent a 4-week MIRT and 30 underwent a 4-week MIRT-AT.

Measurements

The primary outcome measure was the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; secondary outcome measures were total Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), UPDRS II, UPDRS III, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, and 6-Minute Walk Test. These measures were assessed both at admission and discharge.

Results

Participants in the 2 groups had similar age, sex distribution, Hoehn and Yahr stage, and most-affected side. At baseline, no difference in outcome measures was observed between the 2 groups. After treatment, a significant time effect was observed for all variables in both groups. No significant time × group interaction was observed. A between-group analysis showed nonsignificant differences between values at T1 and values at T0 for all variables.

Limitations

The limitations were the lack of a control group and follow-up.

Conclusions

We showed that a multidisciplinary, intensive, and goal-based rehabilitation treatment, such as MIRT, improves FOG in patients with PD. Although aquatic therapy could be considered a useful approach for treating FOG, it does not add further benefits to this kind of motor-cognitive rehabilitation.
Simulation Training Is Useful for Shortening the Decision-to-Delivery Interval in Cases of Emergent Cesarean Section
Authors: Iitani Yukako , Tsuda Hiroyuki , Ito Yumiko , Moriyama Yoshinori , Nakano Tomoko , Imai Kenji , Kotani Tomomi , Kikkawa Fumitaka
Published: January 2019

(Abstracted from J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;31(23):3128–3132)

In the setting of obstetric emergencies for pregnant women or their fetuses, prompt delivery should be performed. While no clear absolute time threshold has been demonstrated to be a specific standard of care, many guidelines have recommended that the decision-to-delivery interval (DDI) be kept to less than 30 minutes when emergent cesarean section (ECS) is performed.
Can Patients and Families Read the Questionnaires for Patient-related Outcome Measures?
Authors: Taylor Scott , Guirguis Mina , Raney Ellen M.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Patient-reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) quantifying health-related quality of life are widely used to evaluate illness and the impact of health care interventions. The questionnaires must be comprehensible by the persons completing them. Literacy Surveys in the United States reveal nearly half of the US adult population have a literacy level below the 8th grade. Recommendations are that health-related written material directed at adults should be at a reading level of grade 6 or below. Reading level for materials aimed at minor patients should be no higher than their grade level. Our aim was to determine the readability of pediatric orthopaedic PROMs as determined by a validated literacy tool.

Methods:

A literature search was conducted to identify PROMs cited in pediatric orthopaedics. In total, 79 PROMs were identified. Only text-based PROMs that were developed in English for pediatrics and have published evidence of validation were included, leaving 35 outcome scores for analysis. Text was extracted and analyzed using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES).

Results:

Of 35 PROMs: 15 (43%) were general, 12 (34%) spine, 5 (14%) lower, and 3 (9%) upper extremity. Ten (29%) were designed to be completed by the caregiver, whereas 25 (71%) by the patient. Ten PROMs intended for completion by a parent had an FRES readability of 8th to 10th grade level with only 2 of 10 corresponding to that would be understood by the average adult. Of the 25 PROMs intended for completion by pediatric patients, only 4 (16%) had a FRES corresponding with the age group intended to complete them.

Conclusions:

The majority of PROMs are written at a level of complexity higher than likely to be understood by the persons intended to complete them. This is of significance, given that researchers and practitioners alike rely on data from PROMs in drawing conclusions about the impact of orthopaedic conditions and their treatments on health-related quality of life. Analysis of easily comprehended PROMs will aid in the design of future scores to maximize their utility in research and clinical practice.

Level of Evidence:

Level II—decision analysis study.
An Innovative Thread-looping Method for Facial Rejuvenation: Minimal Access Multiple Plane Suspension
Authors: Wang Chao-Huei , Liu Heng-Jen , Tsai Yun-Ta , Lin Hsin-I , Wu Po-Yi , Lin Jheng-Wei
Published: January 2019

Background:

Management of facial rejuvenation has evolved over past decades. Facelift with barbed suture is a minimally invasive surgical technique for facial rejuvenation. This study examined the efficacy and associated complications of a new thread-looping procedure called minimal access multiple plane suspension.

Methods:

A total of 103 thread lifts were performed between 2014 and 2017. Patient satisfaction and adverse effects were evaluated.

Results:

In the majority of patients (88/103, 85.4%), the results obtained were considered satisfactory 3 months after the procedure. The incidence of complications was low. Only 5.8% of the patients had slight postoperation asymmetry that was easily corrected. Minor complications experienced by patients included palpable suture knots (12.6%), persistent facial swelling (7.88%), and facial dimpling (2.9%). The causes of procedure-related complications were reviewed and discussed.

Conclusion:

Reinforced by select anchoring points, "minimal access multiple plane suspension" suspends ptotic anatomic tissues, serving as an effective facial rejuvenation procedure with minimal downtime and satisfactory cosmetic results.