bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modelling of biofilms and biofilm reactors for engineering design
Authors: Boltz J. P. , Morgenroth E. , Sen D.
Published: October 2010

Mathematical models are critical to modern environmental biotechnology—both in research and in the engineering practice. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) simulators are used by consulting engineers and WWTP operators when planning, designing, optimizing, and evaluating the unit processes that comprise municipal and industrial WWTPs. Many WWTP simulators have been expanded to include a submerged completely-mixed biofilm reactor module that is based on the mathematical description of a one-dimensional biofilm. Leading consultants, equipment manufacturers, and WWTP modelling software developers have made meaningful contributions to advancing the use of biofilm models in engineering practice, but the bulk of the engineering community either does not use the now readily available biofilm reactor modules or utilizes them as ‘black-box’ design tools. The latter approach results in the mathematical biofilm models being no more useful than the empirical design criteria and formulations that have been historically applied to biofilm reactor design. The present work provides a consensus report on the state-of-the art, areas of uncertainty, and future needs for advancing the use of biofilm models in engineering design.
Ability of Preissmann slot scheme to simulate smooth pressurisation transient in sewers
Authors: Ferreri Giovanni Battista , Freni Gabriele , Tomaselli Pietro
Published: October 2010

Urban drainage networks are generally designed to operate in a free-surface flow condition. However, as a consequence of heavy rainfall events or network malfunctions, the filling of sewers (pressurisation) and network overflow may occur. Several modelling software products are commonly used to simulate floods in drainage networks, and their results are usually thought to be reliable and robust. However, no specific studies have been carried out on the behaviour of these modelling products during the pressurisation transition. Mathematical models often use the Preissmann slot concept to handle pressurisation. In this paper, on the basis of laboratory pipe tests, the reliability of such a scheme is studied by means of a popular and open-source software product: SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). Many numerical tests were carried out with SWMM, varying the spatial and time steps and the Preissmann slot width, in order to examine the performance of the modelling software over intervals of these parameters even wider than what is usual in practical applications. The comparison between simulated and experimental surges allows one to draw interesting conclusions regarding the effectiveness of software products analogous to SWMM in simulating pressurisation, as well as the choice of the parameters themselves.
Evaluation of a novel oxidation ditch system for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from domestic sewage
Authors: Chen X. , Fujiwara T. , Ohtoshi K. , Inamori S. , Nakamachi K. , Tsuno H.
Published: October 2010

A novel oxidation ditch system using anaerobic tanks and innovative dual dissolved oxygen (DO) control technology is proposed for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from domestic sewage. A continuous bench-scale experiment running for more than 300 days was performed to evaluate the system. Monitoring and controlling the airflow and recirculation flow rate independently using DO values at two points along the ditch permitted maintenance of aerobic and anoxic zone ratios of around 0.30 and 0.50, respectively. The ability to optimize aerobic and anoxic zone ratios using the dual DO control technology meant that a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 83.2–92.9% could be maintained. This remarkable nitrogen removal performance minimized the nitrate recycle to anaerobic tanks inhibiting the phosphorus release. Hence, the total phosphorus removal efficiency was also improved and ranged within 72.6–88.0%. These results demonstrated that stabilization of the aerobic and anoxic zone ratio by dual DO control technology not only resulted in a marked improvement of nitrogen removal, but it also enhanced phosphorus removal.
The adoption of the Australian Water Recycling Guidelines by regulators with specific reference to treatment validation requirements
Authors: Power K. N.
Published: October 2010

Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 1) (AGWR) were published in 2006 and present a risk management framework. A major component is the validation of a treatment process for log removal of microorganisms. A National Water Commission (NWC) Fellowship looked at the adoption of the AGRW and the validation requirements of the individual jurisdictions within Australia. To enhance the uptake of recycled water, reduce the technical burden on jurisdictions and promote consistence between jurisdictions, three recommendations were proposed: 1. Agree that treatment systems for low exposure schemes be exempt from individual validation; 2. Develop a national database for log removal values for use with low exposure schemes; and 3. Develop a national approach to the validation of treatment processes. A process for achieving these goals is outlined in the paper.
Large-scale flooding analysis in the suburbs of Tokyo Metropolis caused by levee breach of the Tone River using a 2D hydrodynamic model
Authors: Hai Pham T. , Magome J. , Yorozuya A. , Inomata H. , Fukami K. , Takeuchi K.
Published: October 2010

In order to assess the effects of climate change on flood disasters in urban areas, we applied a two dimensional finite element hydrodynamic model (2D-FEM) to simulate flood processes for the case analysis of levee breach caused by Kathleen Typhoon on 16 September 1947 in Kurihashi reach of Tone River, upstream of Tokyo area. The purpose is to use the model to simulate flood inundation processes under the present topography and land-use conditions with impending extreme flood scenarios due to climate change for mega-urban areas like Tokyo. Simulation used 100 m resolution topographic data (in PWRI), which was derived from original LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data, and levee breach hydrographic data in 1947. In this paper, we will describe the application of the model with calibration approach and techniques when applying for such fine spatial resolution in urban environments. The fine unstructured triangular FEM mesh of the model appeared to be the most capable of introducing of constructions like roads/levees in simulations. Model results can be used to generate flood mapping, subsequently uploaded to Google Earth interface, making the modeling and presentation process much comprehensible to the general public.
Investigation of surfactant-modified activated carbon for recycled water disinfection
Authors: Garoma T. , Kocher J.
Published: October 2010

This study investigated the effectiveness of surfactant-loaded granular activated carbon (GAC) to deactivate total coliform, E. coli, and enterococci found in tertiary effluent under various experimental conditions, i.e. varying surfactant dose, GAC dose, and contact time. The results indicate that GAC loaded with 100 mg/g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), achieved log reductions as high as 1.02 and 1.86 of total coliform, respectively. At varying GAC doses and contact times, 200 mg/g of DDAB dose achieved 99.9 to 100% reduction in total coliform at initial concentrations as high as 38,000 MPN/100 mL. Complete deactivation of E. coli and enterococci were observed for CTAB and DDAB at 200 mg/g dose for varying GAC doses and contact times used in this study. DDAB was more effective than CTAB at deactivating total coliform and E. coli, both Gram-negative bacteria, while both surfactants were shown to have similar disinfection capabilities against enterococci. Surfactant dose and GAC dose were shown to enhance bacteria deactivation; however, surfactant dose was found to be the most important parameter. For contact times evaluated in this research, bacterial deactivation remained the same or slightly decreased with contact time. In conclusion, surfactant-modified GAC can be used as an effective disinfection technique for recycled water.
Methanization and mineralization of 2-chlorophenol by anaerobic digestion
Authors: Beristain-Montiel Lizeth , Gómez-Hernández Jorge , Monroy-Hermosillo Oscar , Cuervo-López Flor de María , Ramírez-Vives Florina
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge about 2-Chlorophenol (2CP) mineralization and methanization in batch culture. This work was focused on evaluating the effect of: (i) the use of sludge with different periods of previous contact to 2CP, (ii) the electron donor addition in stoichiometric relation with 2CP and (iii) the presence of different initial oxygen concentrations. When compared with the control, 50 and 80 days of previous contact to 2CP resulted in a lag phase reduction of 57% and an increase in 2CP specific consumption rate (q2CP) of 114%. These results were obtained with no addition of an external electron donor. When acetate was used as an electron donor its consumption resulted independently of 2CP consumption. No lag phase and increase of 46% in q2CP was observed when phenol was used as an electron donor. In the third part when sludge without previous contact to 2CP was used, it was found that consumption efficiency (E2CP) and q2CP values did not increase in the presence of different oxygen concentrations. However, at the highest oxygen concentration, CH4 yield (YCH4-C/2CP-C) and phenol yield (Yphenol-C/2CP-C) values decreased, while CO2 yield value (YCO2-C/2CP-C) increased with regard to the methanogenic control. The use of sludge previously exposed to both 2CP and O2 resulted in an increase in q2CP of 73%. However, among the different oxygen concentrations, no significant difference in E2CP or q2CP values was observed when compared to the control without oxygen. Therefore, previous contact to 2CP resulted in being a key factor for improving 2CP mineralization and methanization in batch culture.
Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by adsorption onto Kanuma mud
Authors: Chen Nan , Zhang Zhenya , Feng Chuanping , Li Miao , Chen Rongzhi , Sugiura Norio
Published: October 2010

Kanuma mud, a geomaterial, is used as an adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from water. The influences of contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial fluoride concentration and co-existing ions were investigated by batch equilibration studies. The rate of adsorption was rapid with equilibrium being attained after about 2 h, and the maximum removal of fluoride was obtained at pH 5.0–8.0. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to represent the measured adsorption data well. The negative value of the thermodynamic parameter ΔG suggests the adsorption of fluoride by Kanuma mud was spontaneous, the endothermic nature of adsorption was confirmed by the positive ΔH value. The negative ΔS value for adsorbent denoted decreased randomness at the solid/liquid interface. The adsorption process using Kanuma mud followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fluoride uptake by the Kanuma mud was a complex process and intra-particle diffusion played a major role in the adsorption process. It was found that adsorbed fluoride could be easily desorbed by washing the adsorbent with a solution of pH 12. This indicates the material could be easily recycled.
Effects of intermittent loading on nitrogen removal in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands
Authors: Forbes Margaret G. , Yelderman Joe C. , Potterton Tina , Doyle Robert D.
Published: October 2010

Removal of CBOD5 and nitrogen from septic tank effluent was evaluated in four horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) wetlands. An intermittently loaded cell was compared to a continuously loaded control cell, with both treatments receiving the same weekly volume. The intermittent cell was rapidly drained and “rested” for 24-hr, then refilled in steps, twice weekly. Two media with different particle sizes but similar porosities were also compared. The two media, light weight expanded shale and gravel, were both continuously loaded. As hypothesized, the wetland cell that was intermittently loaded had higher dissolved oxygen, greater ammonia removal, and greater nitrate production than the continuously loaded cells. Areal NH3-N removal for the intermittently loaded cell was 0.90 g m−2 d−1 compared to 0.47 g m−2 d−1 for the control. Ammonia removal was also higher in continuously loaded gravel cells than in cells with expanded shale. Ammonia-N removal was an order of magnitude lower in a similar SSF wetland that had been in operation for 3 years. However, CBOD5, total suspended solids, and total nitrogen did not vary substantially among the treatments.
Hydraulic residence time and iron removal in a wetland receiving ferruginous mine water over a 4 year period from commissioning
Authors: Kusin F. M. , Jarvis A. P. , Gandy C. J.
Published: October 2010

Analysis of residence time distribution (RTD) has been conducted for the UK Coal Authority's mine water treatment wetland at Lambley, Northumberland, to determine the hydraulic performance of the wetland over a period of approximately 4 years since site commissioning. The wetland RTD was evaluated in accordance with moment analysis and modelled based on a tanks-in-series (TIS) model to yield the hydraulic characteristics of system performance. Greater hydraulic performance was seen during the second site monitoring after 21 months of site operation i.e. longer hydraulic residence time to reflect overall system hydraulic efficiency, compared to wetland performance during its early operation. Further monitoring of residence time during the third year of wetland operation indicated a slight reduction in hydraulic residence time, thus a lower system hydraulic efficiency. In contrast, performance during the fourth year of wetland operation exhibited an improved overall system hydraulic efficiency, suggesting the influence of reed growth over the lifetime of such systems on hydraulic performance. Interestingly, the same pattern was found for iron (which is the primary pollutant of concern in ferruginous mine waters) removal efficiency of the wetland system from the second to fourth year of wetland operation. This may therefore, reflect the maturity of reeds for maintaining efficient flow distribution across the wetland to retain a longer residence time and significant fractions of water involved to enhance the extent of treatment received for iron attenuation. Further monitoring will be conducted to establish whether such performance is maintained, or whether efficiency decreases over time due to accumulation of dead plant material within the wetland cells.
The spectral absorption coefficient at 254 nm as a real-time early warning proxy for detecting faecal pollution events at alpine karst water resources
Authors: Stadler H. , Klock E. , Skritek P. , Mach R. L. , Zerobin W. , Farnleitner A. H.
Published: October 2010

Because spring water quality from alpine karst aquifers can change very rapidly during event situations, water abstraction management has to be performed in near real-time. Four summer events (2005–2008) at alpine karst springs were investigated in detail in order to evaluate the spectral absorption coefficient at 254 nm (SAC254) as a real-time early warning proxy for faecal pollution. For the investigation Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) Satellite-based data communication between portable hydrometeorological measuring stations and an automated microbiological sampling device was used. The method for event triggered microbial sampling and analyzing was already established and described in a previous paper. Data analysis including on-line event characterisation (i.e. precipitation, discharge, turbidity, SAC254) and comprehensive E. coli determination (n>800) indicated that SAC254 is a useful early warning proxy. Irrespective of the studied event situations SAC254 always increased 3 to 6 hours earlier than the onset of faecal pollution, featuring different correlation phases. Furthermore, it seems also possible to use SAC254 as a real-time proxy parameter for estimating the extent of faecal pollution after establishing specific spring and event-type calibrations that take into consideration the variability of the occurrence and the transferability of faecal material It should be highlighted that diffuse faecal pollution from wildlife and live stock sources was responsible for spring water contamination at the investigated catchments. In this respect, the SAC254 can also provide useful information to support microbial source tracking efforts where different situations of infiltration have to be investigated.
Identification of key water quality characteristics affecting the filterability of biologically treated effluent in low-pressure membrane filtration
Authors: Nguyen T. , Fan L. , Roddick F. A. , Harris J. L.
Published: October 2010

There are many water quality characteristics which could influence the filterability of biologically treated effluent from Melbourne's Western Treatment Plant (WTP). Statistical correlation was used to identify the key water characteristics affecting the microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) filterability in terms of permeate volume of the treated effluent. The models developed showed that turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total suspended solids (TSS) were the key factors which influenced the MF and UF filterability. Turbidity was the dominant factor affecting the accuracy of the model for MF filterability while DOC was the major factor affecting the accuracy of the model for UF filterability. A prediction accuracy of 85% was obtained for MF and 86% for UF filterability of the WTP effluent. The characteristics of the organic components of the wastewater were demonstrated by EEM spectra to have seasonal variation which would have reduced the prediction accuracy. As turbidity, DOC and TSS can be determined on-line, the models would be useful for rapid prediction of the filterability of WTP effluent and this may assist the control of low-pressure membrane filtration processes.
Biodegradation of organic compounds from coking wastewater with UASB reactor
Authors: Lu Y. , Wang Y. , Shen S. F. , Yan L. H. , Zhai S. J. , Chen B. J , Zhang J. F. , Zhou S. F.
Published: October 2010

The UASB reactor was applied for biodegradation of organic compounds in coking wastewater. The influent pH ranged between 6.8 and 7.2, and stirring speed and temperature were controlled at 2 r/min and 30 ± 1°C, respectively. The reactor was successfully started up in 133 days. When the influent COD was 2,600 mg/L (VLR was 2.6 kg/m3 d), the removal rate of COD was about 54% and the effluent VFA was below 400 mg/L. GC/MS analysis indicated that the coking wastewater mainly contained aniline, phenol, o-phenol, p-cresol, benzoic acid, indole, quinoline etc. Twenty four kinds of organic compounds were detected in the influent, and 20 kinds of organic compounds were completely removed in the UASB reactor. The biodegradation of organic compounds followed Grau second-order kinetics. It was proved to be an effective and feasible method for coking wastewater anaerobic treatment.
Cyanobacteria and bacteria co-occurrence in a wastewater treatment plant: absence of allelopathic effects
Authors: Martins Joana , Peixe Luísa , Vasconcelos Vítor
Published: October 2010

Fifty-one cyanobacteria strains, belonging to Phormidium autumnale, Planktothrix mougeotii, Limnotrix sp. and Synechocystis sp. species, were isolated during a twelve months period, from a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) located in the north of Portugal. Isolated strains and environmental samples were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique to evaluate the presence of the genes linked to the biosynthesis of the cyanotoxins, microcystin (MC), nodularin (NOD) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Even though none of the isolated strains contained the genes responsible for these toxins production, the use of PCR in the water samples detected the mcyE gene, in the biological treatment tank, and the result of its sequence revealed 92% of maximum identity with the microcystin gene. ELISA assay confirmed the presence of the toxin with values of 0.60 μg MC-LR eq/l. The effects of extracts of the cyanobacteria strains on bacteria isolated from the WWTP, revealed that none of the tested strains inhibited or reduced the bacterial growth. This may indicate that those prokaryote communities may have co-evolved in a way that success of both cyanobacteria and bacteria was achieved.
Images of Heaven and the Spiritual Afterlife: Qualitative Analysis of Children'S Storybooks about Death, Dying, Grief, and Bereavement
Authors: Malcom Nancy L.
Published: October 2010

Many parents turn to picture books and storybooks to help explain issues surrounding death and dying to their young children. In addition to dealing with topics such as death, funerals, memories, and grief, a number of the books also mention the concept of heaven and what our loved ones might experience after they die. This article uses qualitative research methods to analyze 49 children's storybooks that touch on the existence of heaven or a spiritual afterlife. Results show that heaven is portrayed in a simplistic fashion, as a place high in the sky with bright lights, angels, and clouds. Even as heaven is presented in a relatively simple way, there are also patterned differences in depictions of the spiritual afterlife depending upon whether the decedent in the book was a family pet, a child, a parent, or a grandparent. The article concludes with a discussion of how these depictions of heaven and the afterlife might help young children cope with death-related grief.
FGF-23 as a Predictor of Renal Outcome in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Titan Silvia M. , Zatz Roberto , Graciolli Fabiana G. , dos Reis Luciene M. , Barros Rui T. , Jorgetti Vanda , Moysés Rosa M.A.
Published: October 2010

Background and objectives

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has emerged as a new factor in mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD). An important regulator of phosphorus homeostasis, FGF-23 has been shown to independently predict CKD progression in nondiabetic renal disease. We analyzed the relation between FGF-23 and renal outcome in diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

DN patients participating in a clinical trial (enalapril+placebo versus enalapril+losartan) had baseline data collected and were followed until June 2009 or until the primary outcome was reached. Four patients were lost to follow-up. The composite primary outcome was defined as death, doubling of serum creatinine, and/or dialysis need.

Results

At baseline, serum FGF-23 showed a significant association with serum creatinine, intact parathyroid hormone, proteinuria, urinary fractional excretion of phosphate, male sex, and race. Interestingly, FGF-23 was not related to calcium, phosphorus, 25OH-vitamin D, or 24-hour urinary phosphorus. Mean follow-up time was 30.7 ± 10 months. Cox regression showed that FGF-23 was an independent predictor of the primary outcome, even after adjustment for creatinine clearance and intact parathyroid hormone (10 pg/ml FGF-23 increase = hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.16, P = 0.02). Finally, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly higher risk of the primary outcome in patients with FGF-23 values of >70 pg/ml.

Conclusions

FGF-23 is a significant independent predictor of renal outcome in patients with macroalbuminuric DN. Further studies should clarify whether this relation is causal and whether FGF-23 should be a new therapeutic target for CKD prevention.
Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Peritubular Capillary C4d Expression in Renal Allograft Biopsies
Authors: Meehan Shane M. , Kremer Joseph , Ali Farah N. , Curley Jessica , Marino Susana , Chang Anthony , Kadambi Pradeep V.
Published: October 2010

Background and objectives

This study characterizes the pathologic and clinical relationships of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in renal allograft biopsies.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Consecutive renal allograft biopsies, routinely stained for C4d over a period of 51 months (n = 1101), were reviewed. For comparative analysis of histology and clinical features, additional patients with TMA and peritubular capillary (PTC) C4d (n = 5) were combined with those identified in the 51-month period of review (n = 6).

Results

One hundred eighty-two of 1073 adequate biopsies from 563 allografts had PTC C4d in the study period. Six of 37 biopsies with TMA had PTC C4d (five at ≤90 days and one at 213 days). Early (≤90 days) C4d+ biopsies (n = 5) had more frequent TMA (11.9% C4d+ versus 3.4% C4d−; odds ratio, 3.84; P = 0.03). Graft loss was significantly greater in an early C4d+TMA+ group (n = 5 study + 2 archival patients) than in C4d+ controls without TMA (n = 21) (57% versus 9.5%; P = 0.02). Early TMA+C4d+ biopsies had more severe glomerulopathy and less severe arteriolopathy than TMA+C4d− and had more frequent neutrophilic capillaritis than TMA−C4d+ biopsies.

Conclusions

TMA was infrequent in this series of unselected, consecutive, renal allograft biopsies (3.4%). PTC C4d may be a significant risk factor for early TMA, and TMA is associated with glomerular thrombi and neutrophilic capillaritis. TMA in allografts with suspected AMR may portend a higher risk of graft loss.
Heroic themes of the Trojan cycle in Roman funerary art example of a relief from Pincum
Authors: Pilipovic Sanja
Published: October 2010

The fragment of a marble relief from Roman Pincum (modern-day Veliko Gradiste, Serbia) showing Achilles and Hector inspires to explore the symbolic meaning of this mythological composition and to examine other relief's depicting heroic themes of the Trojan Cycle in the funerary art not only of Upper Moesia but also of other provinces of the Empire, notably Noricum and Pannonia. Based on the available data, a reconstruction of the original appearance of the funerary monument with the relief of Achilles and Hector from Pincum is attempted, and the inscription discovered along with it analyzed. Also, the importance of Pincum itself is shown, an archaeological site in the Upper Moesian Limes area which remains insufficiently investigated.
Newly-discovered traces of the Roman Naissus-Ratiaria road and the problem of locating two Timacum stations
Authors: Petrovic Vladimir , Filipovic Vojislav
Published: October 2010

The goal of this paper is to reopen the question of and propose a solution to the as yet unresolved problem of the exact location of the Timacum stations on the Naissus-Ratiaria itinerary road. Based on plentiful material evidence it seeks to draw a more reliable picture of the Roman itinerary road and its newly-discovered traces. Also, it points to the possibility of a completely new interpretation of the itinerary sources relating to this issue. The method adopted here relies on the data contained in the Roman itineraries as well as on the archaeological and epigraphic evidence.
Methanolysis and ethanolysis of animal fats: A comparative study of the influence of alcohols
Authors: García Manuel , Gonzaloa Alberto , Sánchez Luis , Arauzo Jesús , Simoes Catarina
Published: October 2010

Biodiesel from animal fats with methanol and ethanol was produced in the
presence of sodium methoxide and sodium ethoxide as catalysts. Two samples of
pork fats and one natural beef tallow were directly transesterified with a
good final product yield; 87.7%, 86.7% and 86.3% for methanolysis and 78.4%,
82.6% and 82.7% for ethanolysis, respectively. Methyl ester content was also
determined, being higher than 96.5 wt. % for all the samples prepared, the
presence of natural C17:0 in animal fats makes it necessary to correct the
method proposed in the standard EN 14103 (2003). Biodiesel density at 15 ?C
of the samples was between 870 and 876 kg/m3, within the acceptance range of
standard EN 14214, dynamic viscosity at 40 ?C of the produced biodiesels, in
the range of 4.5 to 5.16 mm2/s, also fulfills requirements of EN 14214
standard. The iodine value is much lower than the superior limit established
by EN 14214 standard but oxidation stability (OSI) is lower than the required
limit, 6 h, of the standard, which can be attributed to the lack of natural
antioxidants in tallows.
Open issues in testing liquidity in frontier financial markets: The case of Serbia
Authors: Minovic Jelena , Zivkovic Bosko
Published: October 2010

This paper examines the impact of illiquidity and liquidity risk on expected asset returns in the Serbian stock market. For this market we estimate the conditional Liquidity-adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model (LCAPM) of Acharya and Pedersen (2005). We use daily data for the period from 2005-2009. While the method developed is applicable in other markets this is the first paper that tests the LCAPM model in the case of Serbia. Liquidity risks are allowed to be timevarying. We find that for the Serbian market as a frontier market illiquidity and liquidity risk significantly impact price formation. For such a market the LCAPM may indeed be a good tool for realistic assessment of the expected asset returns.
The legal and economic framework of EU Telecom market regulation
Authors: Tintor Vladica , Jankovic Milan , Milicevic Vlade
Published: October 2010

In this paper we examine ex ante electronic communications market analysis in the European Union's regulatory framework. We start with the analysis of relevant markets in accordance with the 1998 regulatory framework. Then we examine the 2002 regulatory framework through the definition of relevant markets, market analysis, SMP analysis, and adoption of measures for market regulation. We briefly compare the new 2007 regulatory framework with the previous ones. At the end we analyze some drawbacks of market analysis according to EU directives that have occurred in practice.
The historical maximal precipitations in Belgrade and their urban aspect
Authors: Ocokoljic Miroslav
Published: October 2010

The historical maximal daily precipitations are discussed in this paper. A period of 100 years of Belgrade observations of the maximal daily precipitations is analyzed. The conclusion is that the historical daily precipitations are not yet appeared in the instrumental period, and the range of 100 years of observations can?t be used for examination of probability of daily maximal precipitations.
Tithonian-berriasian beds of dedine stream near Golubac
Authors: Carevic Ivana , Jovanovic Velimir
Published: October 2010

The possibilities for stratigraphical precision between the Upper Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous in pelagic development are considered for the locality of Dedine stream. Nearby the city of Golubac, is observed and described the profile that starts with Paleozoic schists which are overlained with Oxfordian/Cimeridgian limestones with cherts, then follows the beds of "Lithographic limestones" and marlstones with Tithonian/Berriasian ammonites.
Demographic vitality and human resources as important factors for rural areas development
Authors: Lampic Barbara , Potocnik-Slavic Irma
Published: October 2010

The heterogeneity and huge regional diversity as key determinant of Slovenian rural areas have not been considered enough in the case of regional development directing. Extensive and multilane questionnaire of case study areas (the survey included 10 selected problem areas) pointed out the most evident development problems and future development opportunities. The latest ought to be respected with the planning and guidance of endogenous regional development. The demographic potential as the basis condition for "realistic planning" is upgraded with the de facto household vitality (i.e. demographic vitality), which enables the most reliable demographic structure review. Various forms of demographic vitality significantly determine the approaches and measures for regional development stimulation. The mentioned are successful only with the simultaneous identification of endogenous resources, stimulation of social capital and human resources as key factors of endogenous development as a whole.
Global interdependence and restructuring of industrial production
Authors: Miletic Radmila
Published: October 2010

The main objective of this paper is to emphasize particular aspects in connection with deindustrialization and globalization processes during transformation of the economic structure in postindustrial age. Conceptions and main features of globalization are presented, i.e. growing interdependence on the global level, then primary characteristics of industrial globalization as one of the forms of globalization process, and in general some brief considerations about the influence of the economic globalization on deindustrialization. In modern economic environment, transformation of production includes, besides other structural changes, modification of the geography of manufacturing and new industrial space - development of the newly industrializing countries, and new spatial forms of production allocation and possibilities for linking of various activities and services (technopolis, industrial, technology and science park, etc.).
Floods in Serbia in the 1999-2009 period: Hydrological analysis and flood protection measures
Authors: Milanovic Ana , Urosev Marko , Milijasevic Dragana
Published: October 2010

The review on greatest floods recorded in Vojvodina and central Serbia within the period from 1999 to 2009 is given in this paper. For 13 hydrological stations, that recorded the greatest floods for the present period, probability of occurrence of these floods has been accomplished. Based on analysis of time series of discharge and water level maximum, performed by applying probability theory and mathematical statistics, and calculated theoretical probability distribution function of floods, probability of occurrence of flood has been obtained. Most often the best agreement with the empirical distribution function had a Log-Pearson III, Pearson III distribution. These results can be used for dimensioning of hydro-technical objects for flood protection. The most significant causes for floods recorded in this period were melting of snow and intensive rainfall. In this paper the current situation of flood protection and future development of flood protection measures were also presented. .
Indicators of sustainable tourism
Authors: Jovicic Dobrica , Ilic Tatjana
Published: October 2010

The indicators, precisely describing the linkages between tourism and the environment, social and cultural base, are not easily available. How ever, some relevant organizations (WTO, EU, OECD, etc.), institutions and experts, have been hardly working to create the indicators of sustainable tourism. Whereas the economic objectives are easily defined by the use of the traditional indicators used in national and business economics, it is very difficult to identify widely applicable environmental, social and cultural indicators. In order to stimulate and alleviate the process of sustainable tourism development, EU created the list of comparative indicators of sustainable tourism. In preparing this list, special attention is paid to identification of valid indicators of real tourism impacts on the social and cultural environment (the entire set of traditions, customs, history, hospitality and culture that characterize a given area), that is a very complex task. Assuming the fact that the related indicators have been analyzed in many European countries, this paper is focused on applying the related indicators in research of tourism development in villages of the Kosjeric community. .
The existing quality of environment and the possibilities of the development of viable tourism in the specific natural reservation of the lake Ludas
Authors: Topalovic Sanja
Published: October 2010

Although there are many great possibilities and usable values, the existing quality of environment in the specific natural reservation of the lake Ludas is not on a satisfactory level, so it may jeopardize the development of tourism in this area. The improvement of the state of such a wetland habitat as the lake Ludas is basically in connection with the interests of the local community, as far as the improvement of the quality of environment is concerned, as well as the development of tourism. .
Exact solution of thermal radiation on vertical oscillating plate with variable temperature and mass flux
Authors: Muthucumaraswamy R.
Published: October 2010

Thermal radiation effects on unsteady flow past an infinite vertical oscillating plate in the presence of variable temperature and uniform mass flux is considered. The fluid considered here is a gray, absorbing-emitting radiation but a non-scattering medium. The plate temperature is raised linearly with time and the mass is diffused from the plate to the fluid at an uniform rate. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using the Laplace transform technique. The velocity, concentration and temperature are studied for different physical parameters like the phase angle, radiation parameter, Schmidt number, thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number and time. It is observed that the velocity increases with decreasing phase angle ?t.
Determination of air and hydrofoil pressure coefficient by laser doppler anemometry
Authors: Ristic Slavica , Puharic Mirjana , Kutin Marina , Matic Dusan
Published: October 2010

Some results of experiments performed in water cavitation tunnel are presented. Pressure coefficient (Cp) was experimentally determined by Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) measurements. Two models were tested: model of airplane G4 (Super Galeb) and hydrofoil of high speed axial pump. These models are not prepared for conventional pressure measurements, so that LDA is applied for Cp determination. Numerical results were obtained using a code for average Navier-Stokes equations solutions. Comparisons between computational and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the LDA. The advantages and disadvantages of LDA application are discussed. Flow visualization was made by air bubbles.
On the optimal shape of a compressed column
Authors: Atanackovic Teodor , Novakovic Branislava , Basara Emina
Published: October 2010

A new numerical solution to the Lagrange problem is presented. The solution is compared with a priori estimates obtained recently. Also we derive a new relation that shows that the cross-sectional area at the middle of the optimally shaped column is larger than the cross-sectional area at the ends. Our numerical experiments confirm that conclusion.
Whole analogy between Daniel Bernoulli solution and direct kinematics solution
Authors: Filipovic Mirjana , Djuric Ana
Published: October 2010

In this paper, the relationship between the original Euler-Bernoulli's rod equation and contemporary knowledge is established. The solution which Daniel Bernoulli defined for the simplest conditions is essentially the solution of 'direct kinematics'. For this reason, special attention is devoted to dynamics and kinematics of elastic mechanisms configuration. The Euler-Bernoulli equation and its solution (used in literature for a long time) should be expanded according to the requirements of the mechanisms motion complexity. The elastic deformation is a dynamic value that depends on the total mechanism movements dynamics. Mathematical model of the actuators comprises also elasticity forces.
Conditional stability of Larkin methods with non-uniform grids
Authors: Fukuyo Kazuhiro
Published: October 2010

Stability analysis based on the von Neumann method showed that the Larkin methods for two-dimensional heat conduction with non- uniform grids are conditionally stable while they are known to be unconditionally stable with uniform grids. The stability criteria consisting of the dimensionless time step ?t, the space intervals ?x, ?y, and the ratios of neighboring space intervals ?, ? were derived from the stability analysis. A subsequent numerical experiment demonstrated that solutions derived by the Larkin methods with non-uniform grids lose stability and accuracy when the criteria are not satisfied.
The Morphology and Biology of the Trematode Gigantobilharzia Acotylea (Digenea, Schistosomatidae)
Authors: Akramova F. , Azimov D. , Shakarboev E.
Published: October 2010

The Morphology and Biology of the Trematode Gigantobilharzia Acotylea (Digenea, Schistosomatidae)

Morpho-biological traits of the trematode Gigantobilharzia acotylea Odhner, 1910 at all stages of ontogeny are studied. Mollusks Physa fontinalis and Anisus spirorbis widespread in the waterbodies of the Syrdarya River valley were found to be intermediate hosts of this trematode under natural and experimental conditions in Uzbekistan. Prevalence of infection of P. fontinalis and A. spirorbis by Gigantobilharzia spp. parthenitae and cercariae reached 0.4 and 0.3%, respectively. Experimentally, 100% of these mollusks were infected. The maturation of cercariae in intermediate hosts ranged from 23 to 44 days depending on temperature. The cercariae actively penetrated the skin of birds and reached maturity in 30-35 days. A complex of traits of various developmental stages, particularly cercariae necessary for the differentiation of the Gigantobilharzia spp. is suggested based on of the analysis of morpho-biological peculiarities of these trematodes.
Ontogenetic Development of Olfactory Organs in Grass Shrimp, Pandalus Kessleri (Decapoda, Pandalidae)
Authors: Blinova N. , Cherkashin S.
Published: October 2010

Ontogenetic Development of Olfactory Organs in Grass Shrimp,Pandalus Kessleri(Decapoda, Pandalidae)

The olfactory organ in decapod crustaceans is represented by the outer antennular flagellum with specialized sensilla called aesthetascs. Characteristic structures of the lateral antennular flagellum with olfactory setae in larvae, juveniles and adults of grass shrimpPandalus kessleriCzerniavski, 1878 are described.
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome
Authors: Renard Dimitri , Labauge Pierre , Vandenberghe Rik
Published: October 2010

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is characterized by subacute onset of headache, decreased alertness, vomiting, seizures, visuoperceptual disturbances, together with bilateral white matter lesions in posterior brain regions on brain imaging. The most frequently associated conditions related to RPLS are arterial hypertension and the use of immunosuppressive or cytotoxic treatment. T2-, Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR), and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveal hyperintensities in parietooccipital white matter but grey matter and other regions including frontal and temporal lobes, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, or even spinal cord may also be involved. According to ADC findings, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism is probably one of vasogenic (rather than cytotoxic) oedema. These MRI findings help in differentiating RPLS from ischaemic events and other diseases resembling RPLS. Failure of cerebral autoregulation, endothelial dysfunction, disrupted blood-brain barrier, vasospasm, and direct toxic drug effects may all play a role in the pathophysiology of RPLS. Treatment consists of discontinuation of the causal drug, treatment of high blood pressure, and antiepileptic therapy. Clinical recovery and regression of radiological abnormalities are typically seen after early treatment. However, delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in irreversible brain damage, often in association with complicating cerebral infarction or haemorrhage.
Pre-clinical transgenic mouse models of nervous system tumors
Authors: Agnihotri Sameer , Munoz Diana , Guha Abhijit
Published: October 2010

The most common primary CNS tumors are gliomas, where other than a few subtypes such as oligodendrogliomas, the survival has remained unchanged despite advances in surgical, chemo- and radiation therapy, especially for the most malignant and common glioma; glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Recent novel therapies like immuno- and gene therapy have shown some promise in existing pre-clinical models, but have failed to demonstrate therapeutic benefit in patients. The reason(s) for such failures include our incomplete understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors and also due to testing of novel biological therapies in less than ideal pre-clinical models, which for the most part have included xenografts established in mice from glioma cell lines or patient explants. Transgenic mouse models offers an opportunity to develop and utilize an easily replenished, reproducible, manipulated spontaneous and more appropriate pre-clinical model of human cancers. Here we highlight on how mouse models are generated using several techniques and how mouse models have come to the forefront to address several issues such as identifying novel tumour modifier genes of central and peripheral nervous system tumours. Lastly we discuss how mouse models may provide an invaluable tool in pre clinical drug screening and testing.
Therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury induced spasticity
Authors: Yates C. , Garrison K. , Charlesworth A. , Reese N. , Garcia-Rill E.
Published: October 2010

Spasticity is evident in both humans and animals following spinal cord injury (SCI) and can contribute to significant functional limitation and disruption in quality of life of patients with this disorder. This mini-review describes a number of preclinical and clinical studies that promise to improve outcomes for, especially in terms of spasticity and hyper-reflexia, patients with SCI. A gold standard for the quantification of spasticity has proved elusive, but the combination of H-reflex frequency dependent depression and a novel stretch reflex (SR) windup protocol have the potential to provide new insights. As the pathophysiology of hyper-reflexia and spasticity continue to be investigated, the documented onset in the animal model of SCI provides critical time points for further study into these complex mechanisms. The positive effects of a passive exercise protocol and several potential pharmacological interventions are reviewed as well as a novel potential mechanism of action. Further work is needed to determine additional mechanisms that are involved in SCI, and how to optimize multiple therapies to overcome some of the deficits induced by SCI.