bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The McBurr XII and Log-McBurr XII Models with Applications to Lifetime Data
Authors: Cordeiro Gauss M. , Ortega Edwin M. M. , Hamedani G. G. , A. Garcia Diogo
Published: November 2015

A new six-parameter extended fatigue lifetime model named the McDonald-Burr XII distribution is introduced, which generalizes the Burr XII, beta Burr XII (Parana\'iba {\it et al.}, 2011) and Kumaraswamy-Burr XII (Parana\'iba {\it et al.}, 2012) distributions. The proposed distribution is characterized in terms of truncated moments. We obtain the ordinary and incomplete moments and quantile and ge\-ne\-ra\-ting functions. We estimate the model parameters by maximum likelihood. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to study the asymptotic normality of the estimates. We also propose an extended regression model based on the logarithm of the McDonald-Burr XII distribution that can be more realistic in the analysis of real data than other special regression models. Two applications to real data validate the importance of the new models.
An Embedding into a Substructure of the r.e. Turing Degrees
Authors: Cintioli Patrizio
Published: November 2015

Let $(I_m,\le)$ be the partial ordering of the $m$-introimmune r.e. Turing degrees.We wonder if such structure is an upper semi-lattice. We give a partial answer, by embedding some Boolean algebras in $(I_m,\le)$.
De OK kiest voor een historische peildatum bij uitkoopprocedures
Authors: Schotel O.J.W.
Published: November 2015

De OK kiest voor een historische peildatum bij uitkoopprocedures

Sinds 2000 nam de Ondernemingskamer in uitkoopprocedures haar eindarrest als peildatum voor de bepaling van de uitkoopprijs. In het arrest inzake Unit4 (7 juli 2015) komt de OK terug van dit uitgangspunt. Vanaf heden wordt een peildatum in het verleden gebruikt. Na een openbaar bod is de dag van betaalbaarstelling de peildatum.
De verschuivende functies van de Awb
Authors: Schueler B.J.
Published: November 2015

De verschuivende functies van de Awb

Deze bijdrage gaat aan de hand van de Algemene wet bestuursrecht (Awb) in op een van de drie hoofdcategorieën van rechtseenheid die Stip en Zijlstra onderscheiden, namelijk de rechtseenheid die ziet op het voorkomen van verschillende uitleg en toepassing van dezelfde rechtsnormen binnen een rechtsorde. De auteur bespreekt de vijf belangrijkste redenen om algemene regels van bestuursrecht in de Awb op te nemen in plaats van een regeling te maken voor deelterreinen. Hij bespreekt deze redenen vanuit vijf invalshoeken: rechtseenheid, kenbaarheid, voorspelbaarheid, efficiëntie van wetgeving en borging van rechtsstatelijkheid. In het huidige tijdsgewricht zijn met name die laatste twee van belang door twee ontwikkelingen. Ten eerste proberen bestuur en wetgevers de slagkracht van het bestuur te vergroten. De Awb waarborgt dat burgers de middelen houden die nodig zijn om voor hun belangen en rechten op te komen. Ten tweede komt door verschuivingen het zwaartepunt in wetgeving steeds meer bij het bestuur te liggen: normstelling wordt meer bestuurlijk ingekleurd, de rechter wordt op afstand gezet en de wetgever laat inhoudelijke regelgeving over aan het bestuur. Dit werpt een nieuw licht op de waarborgfunctie van de Awb, die het handelen van het bestuur normeert.
Regelgeving in de wereld van digitale platformen
Authors: Ranchordás S.H.
Published: November 2015

Regelgeving in de wereld van digitale platformen

De komst van digitale platformen heeft consumptie, werk en en handel drastisch veranderd. De auteur gaat in op de voordelen van digitale platformen in het kader van de deeleconomie, namelijk dat zij innovatieve, handige en betaalbare diensten en producten bieden die onze levens vergemakkelijken. Het is vooralsnog onduidelijk wat de invloed is van de deeleconomie op wet- en regelgeving. De deeleconomie kan maatschappelijke belangen dienen, zoals de applicatie ‘Vluchtelingen-welkom’ illustreert, maar het kan ook gaan om commerciële belangen. Dat brengt zeker nadelen met zich mee, maar daardoor mogen de voordelen van de deeleconomie niet vergeten worden.
Voorhangprocedures voor inwerkingtredingsbesluiten: een staatsrechtelijk gedrocht?
Authors: Borman T.C.
Published: November 2015

Voorhangprocedures voor inwerkingtredingsbesluiten: een staatsrechtelijk gedrocht?

Sinds de eeuwwisseling lijkt een fenomeen in opkomst dat wat de juridische vormgeving betreft gelijkenis vertoont met parlementaire betrokkenheid bij gedelegeerde wetgeving, maar bij nadere beschouwing toch heel wat anders is: voorhangprocedures voor koninklijke besluiten waarmee een wet in werking wordt gesteld. Op het eerste gezicht lijkt dat vreemd: als de Tweede en Eerste Kamer een wet aannemen, mag toch worden verondersteld dat zij ook willen dat de wet in werking treedt. Maar zo simpel blijkt dat toch niet te zijn. De wet wordt dan weliswaar door de Tweede en Eerste Kamer aangenomen, maar zij behouden zich daarbij uitdrukkelijk het recht voor om te beslissen of en wanneer de wet (of een gedeelte) daarvan) daadwerkelijk effect krijgt. Dit is een nieuw fenomeen, dat staatsrechtelijk bijzonder is te noemen. Immers, de behandeling van een wet in de Tweede en Eerste Kamer kan daarmee eigenlijk nog een keer worden overgedaan. De aanvaarding in de Tweede en Eerste Kamer krijgt daarmee slechts het karakter van een voorwaardelijk groen licht. De inwerkingtreding van de wet is formeel gesproken niet langer een vanzelfsprekend sequeel van de totstandkoming ervan. Sinds 2001 zijn er op dertien wetsvoorstellen amendementen ingediend waarin een voorhangprocedure voor een inwerkingtredingsbesluit werd voorgesteld. Daarnaast zijn er twee gevallen waarin de regering het initiatief nam. Al deze gevallen worden in het artikel besproken en van enkele conclusies voorzien.
Sphere-Derived Multipotent Progenitor Cells Obtained From Human Oral Mucosa Are Enriched in Neural Crest Cells
Authors: Abe Shigehiro , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Sato Yutaka , Harada Kiyoshi
Published: November 2015

Although isolation of oral mucosal stromal stem cells has been previously reported, complex isolation methods are not suitable for clinical application. The neurosphere culture technique is a convenient method for the isolation of neural stem cells and neural crest stem cells (NCSCs); neurosphere generation is a phenotype of NCSCs. However, the molecular details underlying the isolation and characterization of human oral mucosa stromal cells (OMSCs) by neurosphere culture are not understood. The purpose of the present study was to isolate NCSCs from oral mucosa using the neurosphere technique and to establish effective in vivo bone tissue regeneration methods. Human OMSCs were isolated from excised human oral mucosa; these cells formed spheres in neurosphere culture conditions. Oral mucosa sphere-forming cells (OMSFCs) were characterized by biological analyses of stem cells. Additionally, composites of OMSFCs and multiporous polylactic acid scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice. OMSFCs had the capacity for self-renewal and expressed neural crest-related markers (e.g., nestin, CD44, slug, snail, and MSX1). Furthermore, upregulated expression of neural crest-related genes (EDNRA, Hes1, and Sox9) was observed in OMSFCs, which are thought to contain an enriched population of neural crest-derived cells. The expression pattern of α2-integrin (CD49b) in OMSFCs also differed from that in OMSCs. Finally, OMSFCs were capable of differentiating into neural crest lineages in vitro and generating ectopic bone tissues even in the subcutaneous region. The results of the present study suggest that OMSFCs are an ideal source of cells for the neural crest lineage and hard tissue regeneration.

Significance

The sphere culture technique is a convenient method for isolating stem cells. However, the isolation and characterization of human oral mucosa stromal cells (OMSCs) using the sphere culture system are not fully understood. The present study describes the isolation of neural crest progenitor cells from oral mucosa using this system. Human OMSCs form spheres that exhibit self-renewal capabilities and multipotency, and are enriched with neural crest-derived cells. These oral mucosa sphere-forming cells can generate ectopic bone tissue in vivo. Therefore, the results of the present study show that the sphere culture system can be applied, without the need for complex isolation techniques, to produce multipotent spheres with the properties of neural crest stem cells. Furthermore, a convenient strategy is demonstrated for the isolation and culture of human OMSCs that could have clinical applications.
Entre a oralidade e a escrita: a etnografia nos candomblés da Bahia
Authors: Earl Castillo Lisa
Published: November 2015

Pesquisa etnográfica de grande importância para o estudo das religiões de matrizes africanas no Brasil. Examina a interface entre a oralidade e a escrita nos candomblés da Bahia, demonstrando a importância da relação entre saber e poder dentro da hierarquia religiosa. Analisa a transmissão do saber dentro da secular tradição oral, passando pelo antigo gênero do caderno de fundamento, até as polêmicas atuais sobre a produção textual de sacerdotes autores.
A nova onda Baiana: cinema na Bahia (1958-1962)
Authors: Silva Carvalho Maria do Socorro
Published: November 2015

O livro "A Nova Onda Baiana" faz uma análise do desenvolvimento artístico aflorado entre 1958 e 1962 em Salvador que acabou por colocar a capital baiana do eixo da produção cinematográfica nacional e colaborar para o surgimento de um dos principais núcleos formadores do então emergente Cinema Novo. Esta interessante obra traz não apenas um mero registro deste boom cinematográfico, mas uma análise perfuratriz de alguns filmes realizados neste período, através de uma combinação rara neste tipo de publicação: fino tratamento literário, profunda pesquisa e extremamente agradável de se ler.
The ATPases of cohesin interface with regulators to modulate cohesin-mediated DNA tethering
Authors: Çamdere Gamze , Guacci Vincent , Stricklin Jeremiah , Koshland Douglas
Published: November 2015

Cohesin tethers together regions of DNA, thereby mediating higher order chromatin organization that is critical for sister chromatid cohesion, DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. Cohesin contains a heterodimeric ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) ATPase comprised of Smc1 and Smc3 ATPase active sites. These ATPases are required for cohesin to bind DNA. Cohesin’s DNA binding activity is also promoted by the Eco1 acetyltransferase and inhibited by Wpl1. Recently we showed that after cohesin stably binds DNA, a second step is required for DNA tethering. This second step is also controlled by Eco1 acetylation. Here, we use genetic and biochemical analyses to show that this second DNA tethering step is regulated by cohesin ATPase. Furthermore, our results also suggest that Eco1 promotes cohesion by modulating the ATPase cycle of DNA-bound cohesin in a state that is permissive for DNA tethering and refractory to Wpl1 inhibition.
Analysis of structural relationship among the occupational dysfunction on the psychological problem in healthcare workers: a study using structural equation modeling
Authors: Teraoka Mutsumi , Kyougoku Makoto
Published: November 2015

Purpose.The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the hypothetical model based on structural relationship with the occupational dysfunction on psychological problems (stress response, burnout syndrome, and depression) in healthcare workers.

Method.Three cross sectional studies were conducted to assess the following relations: (1) occupational dysfunction on stress response (n= 468), (2) occupational dysfunction on burnout syndrome (n= 1,142), and (3) occupational dysfunction on depression (n= 687). Personal characteristics were collected through a questionnaire (such as age, gender, and job category, opportunities for refreshment, time spent on leisure activities, and work relationships) as well as the Classification and Assessment of Occupational Dysfunction (CAOD). Furthermore, study 1 included the Stress Response Scale-18 (SRS-18), study 2 used the Japanese Burnout Scale (JBS), and study 3 employed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and path analysis of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis were used in all of the studies. EFA and CFA were used to measure structural validity of four assessments; CAOD, SRS-18, JBS, and CES-D. For examination of a potential covariate, we assessed the correlation of the total and factor score of CAOD and personal factors in all studies. Moreover, direct and indirect effects of occupational dysfunction on stress response (Study 1), burnout syndrome (Study 2), and depression (Study 3) were also analyzed.

Results.In study 1, CAOD had 16 items and 4 factors. In Study 2 and 3, CAOD had 16 items and 5 factors. SRS-18 had 18 items and 3 factors, JBS had 17 items and 3 factors, and CES-D had 20 items and 4 factors. All studies found that there were significant correlations between the CAOD total score and the personal factor that included opportunities for refreshment, time spent on leisure activities, and work relationships (p< 0.01). The hypothesis model results suggest that the classification of occupational dysfunction had good fit on the stress response (RMSEA = 0.061, CFI = 0.947, and TLI = 0.943), burnout syndrome (RMSEA = 0.076, CFI = 0.919, and TLI = 0.913), and depression (RMSEA = 0.060, CFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.917). Moreover, the detected covariates include opportunities for refreshment, time spent on leisure activities, and work relationships on occupational dysfunction.

Conclusion.Our findings indicate that psychological problems are associated with occupational dysfunction in healthcare workers. Reduction of occupational dysfunction might be a strategy of better preventive occupational therapies for healthcare workers with psychological problems. However, longitudinal studies will be needed to determine a causal relationship.
Trait correlates of distribution trends in the Odonata of Britain and Ireland
Authors: Powney Gary D. , Cham Steve S.A. , Smallshire Dave , Isaac Nick J.B.
Published: November 2015

A major challenge in ecology is understanding why certain species persist, while others decline, in response to environmental change. Trait-based comparative analyses are useful in this regard as they can help identify the key drivers of decline, and highlight traits that promote resistance to change. Despite their popularity trait-based comparative analyses tend to focus on explaining variation in range shift and extinction risk, seldom being applied to actual measures of species decline. Furthermore they have tended to be taxonomically restricted to birds, mammals, plants and butterflies. Here we utilise a novel approach to estimate occurrence trends for the Odonata in Britain and Ireland, and examine trait correlates of these trends using a recently available trait dataset. We found the dragonfly fauna in Britain and Ireland has undergone considerable change between 1980 and 2012, with 22 and 53% of species declining and increasing, respectively. Distribution region, habitat specialism and range size were the key traits associated with these trends, where habitat generalists that occupy southern Britain tend to have increased in comparison to the declining narrow-ranged specialist species. In combination with previous evidence, we conclude that the lower trend estimates for the narrow-ranged specialists could be a sign of biotic homogenization with ecological specialists being replaced by warm-adapted generalists.
Studies on Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) of Borneo L – Schismatoglottis meriraiensis, a new limestone-obligated species with viviparous leaves
Authors: Boyce Peter C , Wong Sin Yeng
Published: November 2015

Schismatoglottis meriraiensis P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong, is described from Bukit Merirai, an isolated forested Karst limestone outcrop on the Bintulu/Kapit border of N Central Sarawak. Additional to a suite of defining characteristics, S. meriraiensis is remarkable by possessing natural viviparous capabilities from whole, partial, and fragmentary leaves. This quality is shared with Schismatoglottis puberulipes Alderw. (expanded here to include Schismatoglottis gamoandra M.Hotta), and in a different expression (restricted to the mid-rib and terminal tubule of the blade), with Schismatoglottis hayi S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce, of the Multinervia Complex, to which S. meriraiensis and S. puberulipes are here assigned.
How uncertainty in the neutral wind limits the accuracy of ionospheric modeling and forecasting
Authors: David Michael , Sojka J. J. , Schunk R. W.
Published: November 2015

One of the most important input fields for an ionospheric model is the horizontal neutral wind. The primary mechanism by which the neutral wind affects ionospheric densities is the inducement of an upward or downward ion drift along the magnetic field lines; this affects the rate at which ions are lost through recombination. The magnitude of this effect depends upon the dip angle of the magnetic field; for this reason, the impact of the neutral wind is somewhat less in polar regions than at mid‐latitudes. It is unfortunate that observations of the neutral wind are relatively scarce, as compared for example with observations of the Earth's electric field or auroral precipitation, and that the existing climatological models of the neutral wind are thus sharply limited in theirresolution. The observational data base of thermospheric winds is not sufficient to adequately constrain a three‐dimensional model across a variety of conditions such as solar cycle, season, geomagnetic activity, and so on. Using the physics‐based Time Dependent Ionospheric Model (TDIM) of Utah State University, we look for a quantitative answer to this question: How severe is the limitation imposed on ionospheric models by an uncertain specification of the neutral wind? We find that ionospheric modeling depends upon a detailed specification of the neutral wind to the extent that, if a climatologically averaged wind model is being used as a driver, this will lead to unavoidable uncertainties of 20‐30% in the modeled F‐region densities or Total Electron Content (TEC).
An abandoned rift in the southwestern part of the South Scotia Ridge (Antarctica): Implications for the genesis of the Bransfield Strait
Authors: Lodolo Emanuele , Pérez Lara F.
Published: November 2015

The western segment of the South Scotia Ridge is a narrow submarine ridge composed of continental crustal blocks, which hosts the left‐lateral boundary between the Scotia and Antarctic plates. This plate boundary segment gradually merges westward with the Bransfield Strait, a young (<4 Ma) basin located between the South Shetland Islands and the northern segment of the Antarctic Peninsula. Here we present a series of multichannel seismic profiles that reveal the presence of a linear chain of submarine volcanic edifices running parallel to the present‐day Scotia‐Antarctic plate boundary. These edifices consist of alkali basalts (~4 Ma), as shown by published data from a dredge haul. The occurrence, distribution, and shape of these magmatic manifestations suggest that they were emplaced in a rift‐related environment, associated with the activity of the former western segment of the Scotia‐Antarctic plate boundary. When spreading centers of the Phoenix‐Antarctic ridge NW of the South Shetland Islands became inactive at about 3.3 Ma, the former western Scotia‐Antarctic plate boundary was abandoned, and it moved to the present‐day location of the Bransfield Strait, where the motion was accommodated, and where active extension is ongoing. The proposed mechanism for the development of the Bransfield Strait, consistent with the temporal sequence of tectonic events, reconciles discrepancies in tectonic evolutionary models presented till now and does not require the presence of slab‐pull and/or slab retreat forces. The Bransfield Strait is not a classic back‐arc basin, but rather an actively extending marginal basin at the transition from mature rifting to incipient, punctiform spreading.
Evolutionary Psychology and Its Critics
Authors: Hagen Edward H.
Published: November 2015

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized by scholars and scientists in biology, philosophy, behavioral ecology, genetics, and many other disciplines. Critics typically focus on the claims that human cognition has a universal complex evolved design, which, to critics, flies in the face of human variation; that there was an environment of evolutionary adaptedness, which critics argue is unknowable and in any case never existed; and that the complex structure of the human mind has not evolved much in the past 10,000 years, which seems to conflict with the burgeoning evidence of recent genetic evolution. This chapter responds to these criticisms: It is the complex, genetically‐based design of the human brain that is invariant, whereas the individual is unique; the human ancestral environment is knowable, and usually not too different from the modern environment; and there is no evidence for the evolution of new complex cognitive adaptations in the past 10,000 years, and little reason to expect any to be found.
Fundamentals of Human Mating Strategies
Authors: Schmitt David P.
Published: November 2015

In this chapter, evidence is reviewed regarding the reproductive strategies—and specialized mating psychologies—fundamental to humans. Cross‐species comparisons and ethnological patterns observed across foraging cultures help to clarify our most basic human mating adaptations. Overall, extant evidence suggests there is no single mating strategy in humans. Humans evolved a pluralistic mating repertoire that is facultatively responsive to sex, temporal contexts, personal characteristics such as mate value and ovulatory status, and evocative features of culture and local ecology.
Love and Commitment in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Campbell Lorne , Loving Timothy J.
Published: November 2015

Romantic love has received significant theoretical and empirical attention from the perspectives of evolutionary psychology and traditional social psychology. Although their respective advancements on love have often occurred in isolation, there exists great overlap between the ideas presented by each discipline. In this chapter, we discuss this overlap and the likely benefits derived by bridging these disciplines more concertedly. We first discuss social psychological approaches to the study of love. We then shift focus to evolutionary psychological approaches, which build on social psychological research by emphasizing possible functions for the existence and experience of love. We conclude by suggesting other topics of relationship functioning that have been much investigated by traditional psychological approaches but have not been explored systematically through the lens of evolutionary psychology. It is our belief that there is significant value in exposing mainstream evolutionary psychologists to relevant research in the relationship science domain more generally and vice versa. It is this type of cross‐talk that will be most advantageous for spurring mutually beneficial collaborations that will likely provide the greatest advances in our understanding of romantic love.
Leadership in War: Evolution, Cognition, and the Military Intelligence Hypothesis
Authors: Johnson Dominic D. P.
Published: November 2015

War is the mother of all collective action problems: Only a groupcan effectively attack or defend against another, but in doing so each individual risks injury or death. If a group is to survive or defeat organized enemies at reasonable cost, effective leadership is vital to strategize, prepare, and coordinate the activity of multiple individuals. The first section explores the evolutionary
origins
of leadership behavior in intergroup conflict among: (a) nonhuman animals, (b) primates, and (c) preindustrial societies. While there are precedents for leadership and for war in other animals, explicit leadership
in
combat appears to be uniquely human. The second section explores the
legacy
of human evolution for contemporary war leadership, outlining: (a) differences between prehistoric, ancient, and modern warfare; (b) the impact of evolved judgment and decision‐making biases on modern war (e.g., in‐group/out‐group bias and overconfidence); and (c) whether humans might have evolved explicit traits for
war
leadership. The third section proposes the “Military Intelligence Hypothesis”: War is a deadly game of decisionmaking under uncertainty, and I suggest the significant cognitive demands of (and selection pressure on) effective strategic thinking may have contributed to the evolution of human intelligence. War may have made humans as much as humans made war.
Cultural Evolution
Authors: Chudek Maciej , Muthukrishna Michael , Henrich Joe
Published: November 2015

Humans are a highly successful species who colonized most of the planet's major ecosystems long before agriculture, cities, and modern industrial technologies. Our success was certainly not due to our physical prowess, but perhaps surprisingly, also not due to our intelligence. In this chapter, we explain that what makes our species unique is not our raw brainpower per se, but what's in them. We are an evolved cultural species, completely reliant on a body of knowledge that has accumulated over generations. We explain how genetic evolution led us to become acultural speciesand outline the evolved psychology that underlies our second line of inheritance—culture. We then discuss how that body of knowledge itself evolves as these psychological mechanisms play out in our societies and social networks. Cultural evolution builds adaptations, shapes our preferences and thinking, and sometimes leads to maladaptive practices. Our technology, practices, and know‐how also shape our genes, which in turn shape culture; genes and culture coevolve. Finally, we discuss how intergroup competition shapes cultural evolution, and how the processes of cultural group selection can help resolve evolutionary puzzles, such as the emergence of modern religions.
Morality
Authors: Kurzban Robert , DeScioli Peter
Published: November 2015

Evolutionary approaches to human morality have undergone something of a renaissance in recent years. Instead of emphasizing only altruism and cooperation, recent theories have broadened in scope. In addition to reviewing this expansion, this chapter also shifts the focus from moral behavior to moral judgment. We look at the psychological details about how moral judgment works and what these details suggest about the underlying evolved functions. In particular, human moral judgments exist across cultures, though they vary in what behaviors are condemned, and give rise to the intuition that those who violate moral rules ought to be punished. In addition, moral judgments tend to be at least somewhat impartial and, perhaps most tellingly, nonconsequentialist, taking into account not only the intended consequences of behavior but also the specific actions performed. One possible explanation for these features is that moral judgments serve to coordinate bystanders to conflicts, allowing them to side against the same individual when conflicts arise. While much work remains to be done, recent proposals suggest that moral judgment might be more strategic and Machiavellian than evolutionary researchers previously supposed.
Evolutionary Psychology and Endocrinology
Authors: Roney James R.
Published: November 2015

This chapter addresses the role of endocrinology in human evolutionary psychology. It is argued that a modular organization of specialized biological adaptations requires means of coordinating the activation and inhibition of diverse mechanisms in ways that promote functional outcomes. Hormones are ideally suited to act as signals for such coordination, given that they are often released into the general circulation and can thereby simultaneously adjust parameter settings in systems distributed throughout the brain and the rest of the body. Endocrine signals are released upon detection of cues of specific adaptive problems, and then produce downstream calibration of mechanism settings that promote solutions to those problems. This chapter focuses on hormonal responses to potential mates as an example of this process, and reviews evidence in both human and nonhuman species for these reactive hormone increases acting as broadcasts of the current importance of mate pursuit as an adaptive problem. The chapter concludes with discussion of challenges for future research on the functional roles of endocrine signals in the regulation of human psychology and behavior.
Evolutionary Political Psychology
Authors: Petersen Michael Bang
Published: November 2015

Politics is the process of negotiating conflicts of interest. Evolutionary political psychology is the field concerned with the application of evolutionary psychology to the study of politics. This application often entails a two‐step process: (1) dissecting the adaptive problems of conflicts of interests and building testable predictions on the structure of the corresponding adaptations for political behavior; and (2) analyzing how these adaptations operate under the evolutionarily novel conditions of mass politics. This chapter provides an introduction to this novel field.

The chapter provides an adaptationist definition of politics and introduces the core principles of the evolutionary study of politics. Using these principles two overarching types of adaptations are analyzed: adaptations for evaluating the social rules that determine conflicts (adaptations for political judgment) and adaptations for changing those rules (adaptations for political behavior). These analyses introduce and utilize diverse adaptationist literatures related to, for example, dominance, hierarchies, coalitions, followership, and informational warfare.
Evolutionary Literary Study
Authors: Carroll Joseph
Published: November 2015

In the 1990s and early 2000s, much of the work done in evolutionary literary study was polemical and programmatic. Scholars attacked the cultural constructivist ideas prevailing in the academic literary establishment, rehearsed the basic logic of the adaptationist program, and made exploratory efforts to formulate principles of interpretation that could be linked to specifically evolutionary ideas. Over the past decade, polemics and programmatic rehearsals have diminished while literary theory and interpretive literary criticism have matured. Many evolutionists in the humanities argue that basic human motives are channeled into specific cultural norms, that specific cultural norms are articulated in imaginative form through myths, legends, rituals, images, songs, and stories, and that humans universally regulate their behavior in accordance with beliefs and values that are made vividly present to them in the arts. Evolutionary literary scholars aim at analyzing the thematic, tonal, and formal features of literary works; locating the works in a cultural context; explaining the cultural context as a particular organization of the elements of human nature within a specific set of environmental conditions; registering the responses of readers; describing the sociocultural, political, and psychological functions the works fulfill; locating those functions in relation to the evolved needs of human nature; and linking workscomparatively with other artistic works, using a taxonomy of themes, formal elements, affective elements, and functions derived from a comprehensive model of human nature.
Evolutionary Psychology and Public Policy
Authors: Baumard Nicolas
Published: November 2015

Behavioral economists routinely described the cognitive limitations of human psychology: People fail to save for their retirement, they keep eating in an unhealthy way despite medical campaigns, they do not trust each other and refuse to cooperate, and so on. However, this descriptive approach does not explain the origins of these biases, and why they are limited to a few domains of human life (people do not save for their retirement, but daily invest in their genetic descent). Evolutionary psychology offers a response: People are cognitively limited when their interests are not aligned their evolved psychology; that is, when there is a gap between the ancestral environment and their current environment. This evolutionary rationale is crucial to understand when people need help, and which kind of help is going to work. In particular, evolution explains why fairness is so important for law enforcement, why social feedback is such a powerful tool, or why inequalities are so bad for people's wellbeing.
Doped Interlayers for Improved Selectivity in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Mauger Scott A. , Glasser Melodie P. , Tremolet de Villers Bertrand J. , Duong Vincent V. , Ayzner Alexander L. , Olson Dana C.
Published: November 2015

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is less selective for holes in an inverted‐architecture organic photovoltaic (OPV) than it is in a conventional‐architecture OPV device due to differences between the interfacial‐PSS concentration at the top and bottom of the PEDOT:PSS layer. In this work, thin layers of polysulfonic acids are inserted between the poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):indene‐C60 bisadduct (ICBA) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer and PEDOT:PSS to create a higher concentration of acid at this interface and, therefore, mimic the distribution of materials present in a conventional device. Upon thermal annealing, this acid layer oxidizes P3HT, creating a thin p‐type interlayer of P3HT+/acid− on top of the BHJ. Using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, Kelvin probe, and ellipsometry measurements, this P3HT+/acid− layer is shown to be insoluble in water, indicating it remains intact during the subsequent deposition of PEDOT:PSS. Current density–voltage measurements show this doped interlayer reduces injected dark current while increasing both open‐circuit voltage and fill factor through the creation of a more hole selective BHJ‐PEDOT:PSS interface.
High‐Nuclearity Silver Thiolate Clusters Constructed with Phosphonates
Authors: Xie Yun‐Peng , Jin Jun‐Ling , Lu Xing , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: November 2015

The n‐butylphosphonate ligand has been employed to construct three new silver(I) thiolate compounds. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed that complexes 1 and 2 are Ag48 and Ag51 coordination chain polymers, while 3 contains a discrete Ag48 cluster, in which three different kinds of silver(I) thiolate cluster shells enclose three different phosphonate‐functionalized silver(I) cluster cores, respectively. The structures of clusters in 1–3 feature three three‐shell arrangements, S@Ag12@(nBuPO3)9@Ag36S23, S@Ag11@(nBuPO3)7(MoO4)2 @Ag40S27 and MoO4@Ag12@(nBuPO3)8S6 @Ag36S24, respectively.
Non‐monotonic course of protein solubility in aqueous polymer‐salt solutions can be modeled using the sol‐mxDLVO model
Authors: Herhut Marcel , Brandenbusch Christoph , Sadowski Gabriele
Published: November 2015

Protein purification is often performed using cost‐intensive chromatographic steps. To discover economic alternatives (e.g., crystallization), knowledge on protein solubility as a function of temperature, pH, and additives in solution as well as their concentration is required. State‐of‐the‐art models for predicting protein solubility almost exclusively consider aqueous salt systems, whereas ”salting‐in“ and ”salting‐out“ effects induced by the presence of an additional polymer are not considered. Thus, we developed the sol‐mxDLVO model. Using this newly developed model, protein solubility in the presence of one salt and one polymer, especially the non‐monotonic course of protein solubility, could be predicted. Systems considered included salts (NaCl, Na‐p‐Ts, (NH4)2SO4) and the polymer polyethylene glycol (MW: 2000 g/mol, 12000 g/mol) and proteins lysozyme from chicken egg white (pH 4 to 5.5) and D‐xylose ketol‐isomerase (pH 7) at 298.15 K. The results show that by using the sol‐mxDLVO model, protein solubility in polymer‐salt solutions can be modeled in good agreement with the experimental data for both proteins considered. The sol‐mxDLVO model can describe the non‐monotonic course of protein solubility as a function of polymer concentration and salt concentration, previously not covered by state‐of‐the‐art models.
Creating an Empathetic Board: The Power of Feeling “Gotten”
Authors: Zubizarreta Rosa
Published: November 2015

Board members need to collaborate in order to arrive at collective decisions, and it isn't always easy. Here, Rosa Zubizarreta of Diapraxis, which specializes in collaborative leadership and “flow‐friendly meetings,” provides some insights to help boards develop the empathetic approach that is crucial to this work.
Metabolomics reveals hippocampal metabolic fluctuations of postoperative fatigue syndrome and anti‐fatigue effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. extract in rat model
Authors: Lu Ye , Ning Huijie , Jiang Xin , Yang Rui , Song Dianwen , Yuan H.
Published: November 2015

Postoperative fatigue syndrome (POFS) is a common clinical complication following almost every major abdominal surgery. There is not a full explanation of the etiology of POFS, especially its central mechanism. Carthamus tinctorius L. is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which could exert ananti‐fatigue effect on POFS. However, its mechanism is still lacking. Here, ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐TOFMS) based metabonomic approach was used to characterize hippocampal metabolic fluctuations of POFS in a rat model induced by partial hepatectomy, and to evaluate the anti‐fatigue effect of C. tinctorius L. extract (CTLE). With partial least‐squares discriminant analysis for classification and selection of biomarkers, 15 hippocampal metabolites related to POFS were identified, primarily involving alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, purine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, phospholipid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. With these altered metabolic pathways as possible drug targets, we systematically analyzed the protective effect of CTLE, which showed that CTLE could provide an anti‐fatigue effect on POFS through partially regulating the perturbed metabolic pathways. This study indicated that UHPLC‐Q‐TOFMS‐based metabolomics provided a powerful tool to reveal hippocampal metabolic fluctuations of POFS and study the mechanism of TCM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and efficient method for the quantification of lychnopholide in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic application
Authors: Lachi‐Silva Larissa , Sousa João Paulo Barreto , Montanha Maiara Camotti , Sy Sherwin K. B. , Lopes João Luis Callegari , Silva Denise Brentan , Lopes Norberto Peporine , Diniz Andréa , Kimura Elza
Published: November 2015

Lychnopholide is a sesquiterpene lactone usually obtained from Lychnophora and Eremanthus species and has pharmacological activities that include anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tumor. Lychnopholide isolated from Eremanthus matogrossenssis was analyzed in this study. The aims of this study were to develop and validate an analytical methodology by LC‐MS/MS and to quantify lychnopholide in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using isocratic elution with the mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The detection was performed in multiple‐reaction monitoring mode using electrospray ionization in positive mode. The method validation was performed in accordance with regulatory guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. The linear range of detection was 10–200 ng/mL (r > 0.9961). The intra‐ and inter‐day assay variability were <6.2 and <11.7%, respectively. The extraction recovery was approximately 63% using liquid–liquid extraction with chloroform. Lychnopholide was detected in plasma up to 60 min after intravenous administration in rats. This rapid and sensitive method for the analysis of the sesquiterpene lactone lychnopholide in rat plasma can be applied to pharmacokinetic studies of this compound. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The naming game: A discrepancy among the medical community
Authors: Loukas Marios , Aly Islam , Tubbs R. Shane , Anderson Robert H.
Published: November 2015

As anatomists we rely on the nomenclature of structures in order to describe them appropriately, particularly their orientation in respect to their surrounding. The terminology used by the anatomist to describe an organ, muscle, or nerve within the body is taught to medical students as law. Students learn to describe structures in the “anatomical position”, which has been accepted in the literature since the original Latin Nomina Anatomica. They therefore familiarize themselves with the use of terms such as superior, inferior, posterior and anterior to describe all anatomical structures, except in respect of the heart. The heart is still described in the original Valentine position. As anatomists we owe it to the medical and research community to correct the nomenclature to minimize confusion, and to describe the heart properly in respect to its surrounding structures. Clin. Anat. 29:285–289, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Avoid defamation claims when telling your university's story during a crisis
Authors: Prywes Daniel I. , Sobel Scott
Published: November 2015

If officials at colleges and universities draw conclusions quickly during a crisis, and announce them publicly, they risk facing defamation claims by affected individuals if the statements later prove to be incorrect.
Title IX still applies to off‐campus conduct that impacts students
Authors: Scott Kevin B.
Published: November 2015

We often advise clients who are understandably uncertain in the face of the litigation frenzy surrounding Title IX sexual harassment cases to abide by the Golden Rule of protecting a student's safety above all else. That doesn't mean you ignore other people's rights, but if it comes down to protecting a student you legitimately believe is in danger versus potentially violating someone's rights, you protect the student.
Create bystander intervention training to prevent campus crime
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2015

At Marquette University, a number of units around campus had programs aimed at preventing crime. Student government, the recreation board and Greek life all had initiatives in place. But no one was talking to anyone else, said Jill Weisensel, M.S., a lieutenant with Marquette's Department of Public Safety. She explained how a bystander intervention program coordinated campus efforts, speaking at a session at the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators annual conference.
Consider creative approaches to balancing family with career
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: November 2015

ORLANDO, FLA. — Finding the right balance between family and work certainly has its challenges for any parent. But that juggle becomes even more challenging when you have a career in campus security, with its long hours and events that often overlap into nights and weekends. It's further complicated if you're a single parent or if your career takes you far from the support of extended family.
Spontaneous hemoperitoneum, due to bleeding from retroperitoneal varices, in a cirrhotic patient: a case report
Authors: Abutaka Ahmad , Koshy Renol Mathew , Abu Sabeib Abdulrahman , Toro Adriana , Di Carlo Isidoro
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical Message

Hemoperitoneum from retroperitoneal varices in cirrhotic is very rare. This condition should be taken into account based on anamnesis, clinical features, and laboratory findings; but due to the unstable presentation, diagnosis remains a challenge. Emergency laparotomy could be effective treatment, but the prognosis remains poor related to the hepatic reserve.
Rapid and robust reversion to essential thrombocythemia on treatment with Decitabine in a case of hydroxyurea‐induced t‐MDS/AML
Authors: Horton Joshua D. , Arbini Arnaldo A. , Perle Mary Ann , Raphael Bruce G.
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical Message

Rapid remission of MDS/AML may be induced with Decitabine; however, significant megakaryocyte expansion and subsequent thrombocytosis may occur. Decitabine‐mediated reversion of the MDS to benign ET via hypomethylation of JAK/STAT pathway repressors is one potential mechanism to explain this observed phenomenon.
Multi‐Functionalized Carbon Nano‐onions as Imaging Probes for Cancer Cells
Authors: Frasconi Marco , Marotta Roberto , Markey Lyn , Flavin Kevin , Spampinato Valentina , Ceccone Giacomo , Echegoyen Luis , Scanlan Eoin M. , Giordani Silvia
Published: November 2015

Carbon‐based nanomaterials have attracted much interest during the last decade for biomedical applications. Multimodal imaging probes based on carbon nano‐onions (CNOs) have emerged as a platform for bioimaging because of their cell‐penetration properties and minimal systemic toxicity. Here, we describe the covalent functionalization of CNOs with fluorescein and folic acid moieties for both imaging and targeting cancer cells. The modified CNOs display high brightness and photostability in aqueous solutions and their selective and rapid uptake in two different cancer cell lines without significant cytotoxicity was demonstrated. The localization of the functionalized CNOs in late‐endosomes cell compartments was revealed by a correlative approach with confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Understanding the biological response of functionalized CNOs with the capability to target cancer cells and localize the nanoparticles in the cellular environment, will pave the way for the development of a new generation of imaging probes for future biomedical studies.
Complexity analysis of music
Authors: Liou Cheng‐yuan , Simak Aleksandr A. , Cheng Wei‐chen
Published: November 2015

This work shows how to measure composer style's comprehensiveness by performing measurements on Barlow and Morgenstern dictionary of 10, 000 classical themes. This measure can partially reveal the degree of complexity of works by Mozart as well as many greater composers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 263–268, 2016
Liquefaction of Lignocellulose in Fluid Catalytic Cracker Feed: A Process Concept Study
Authors: Kumar Shushil , Lange Jean‐Paul , Van Rossum Guus , Kersten Sascha R. A.
Published: November 2015

We report a process concept for lignocellulose liquefaction in a refinery stream that will be coprocessed with the resulting biocrude and that, therefore, does not require the recovery and recycling of the liquefaction solvent. Light cycle oil and vacuum gas oil were found to be the two most promising solvents. Both refinery streams could provide a liquid yield of 58 C % (64 % energy yield). A techno‐economic assessment indicates that the biocrude could be produced at an energy‐equivalent crude oil price of 51–64 $ per barrel at a wood cost of 85 $ per dry ton.