bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fracture Ultrasound of the Extremities
Authors: Ackermann Ole , Simanowski Jörg , Eckert Kolja
Published: February 2020

Fracture ultrasound has increasingly come into the focus of international research. A growing number of original articles and a meta-analysis show that wrist fractures can be diagnosed without X-ray in children up to 12 years. Further original publications state that elbow fractures can be ruled out by exclusion of intraarticular effusion and in proximal humerus fractures the number of X-rays is reduced by about 50 %, while the quality of diagnosis is improved. Screening for occult fractures is another good indication. Clavicle fractures, and ac-joint sprains can be diagnosed better with US than with X-rays. A number of research groups have contributed valuable research about the different indications. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the basics and actual fields of application for fracture ultrasound of the extremities.
Urgent endoscopy in patients with “true foreign bodies” in the upper gastrointestinal tract – a retrospective study of the period 1994–2018
Authors: Skok Pavel , Skok Kristijan
Published: February 2020

Aim The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of patients with “true foreign bodies” in the upper gastrointestinal tract and to evaluate the success of urgent endoscopic procedures in removing these objects.

Materials and methods The retrospective study includes patients in which urgent endoscopic investigations of the upper digestive tract were performed in a 23-year period, from 1st January 1994 to 1st January 2018.

Results Altogether 13 196 patients were investigated: 5147 (39 %) females and 8049 (61 %) males, mean age 62.8 years, SD ± 18.5 years, range 1–106 years. In only 172 patients – 1.3 % of all subjects – true foreign bodies were detected (in range from 1–8) in the esophagus or stomach. In these patients, a total of 242 endoscopic procedures were performed. In 95.9 % the foreign bodies were removed endoscopically (165/172 patients); in 7 cases (4.1 %) the endoscopic procedures were not successful. Among the foreign bodies removed were various metal or plastic objects: hooks, batteries, coins, keys, screws, razor blades, lighters, buttons, toys, 3 toothbrushes as well as impacted safety pins. In patients with successful endoscopic removal, no significant complications were noted. In 12 patients (12/165, 7.2 %), hemorrhages from the region of the esophagogastric junction or stomach were observed; endoscopic hemostasis was performed in 10/12 patients.

Conclusions Urgent endoscopy has proved successful in removing true foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract in the analyzed period. Different factors affect the success of urgent intervention, the most important being adequate experience, skills, and patience of the endoscopic team.
Sisymbrium officinale, the Plant of Singers: A Review of Its Properties and Uses
Authors: Zorzan Maira , Zucca Paolo , Collazuol Daniela , Peddio Stefania , Rescigno Antonio , Pezzani Raffaele
Published: February 2020

Sisymbrium officinale (hedge mustard and formerly called Erysimum officinale) is a common plant in wild lands of Europe and Africa. It is also cultivated for its seeds and leaves to be used in salad or mustard. Sisymbrium officinale is useful not only in culinary preparations, but it also seems to possess interesting therapeutic properties, especially for throat diseases such as aphonia and hoarseness. For this reason, it is commonly called “herb of singers” (in Italian, “Erba dei cantanti”). Indeed a cup of Sisymbrium officinale infusion is frequently consumed by singers before artistic performance, even if its beneficial ability still needs to be scientifically demonstrated. Some preliminary data can be analyzed, but new efforts and resources should be devoted to study and investigate a plant with valuable therapeutic potential. This review summarizes the data available for Sisymbrium officinale.
Diiodine-Mediated Oxidative Reaction for the Construction of Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines under Metal-Free Conditions
Authors: Su Kexin , Qin Mingda , Chen Yongxin , Liu Yafeng , Tian Yuan , Chen Baohua
Published: February 2020

An efficient and general protocol has been developed for preparing imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines in moderate to excellent yields by an I2-mediated sequential dual oxidative C(sp3)–H amination of ethyl pyridin-2-ylacetates with benzylamines. The metal- and peroxide-free reaction involves oxidative dehydrogenation and two C–N couplings.
Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Convolvulus pluriculis (Shankapushpi) for Standardization by Colorimetric Method: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Swamy Gangadhara , Holla Rajendra , Rao Suresh R.
Published: February 2020

Aim This study was aimed to evaluate the hydroalcoholic extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis (HACP) for standardization using colorimetric method.

Materials and Methods Establishment of standardization for the Ayurvedic formulations is most important for its chemical compounds, biological action, and its quality reassurance in production and manufacturing of traditional herbal medicines. As most of the drugs are standardized, drug companies are using substitute drugs instead of true drugs. So to make finest superiority drugs, it is necessary to validate the raw drugs. Observing the existing trend in mind, HACP was subjected to standardize procedures for the phytochemical tests. The separation of the bioactive substances from the HACP was performed using both manual methods and high-profile thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC).

Results From this study, it is revealed that the seed contains alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, terpenoid, and phenol which gave the medicine numerous therapeutic properties.

Conclusion The study was rapid, reproducible, and could be used for routine monitoring of various biological properties of HACP.
Non-Gaussian noise induced stochastic resonance in FitzHugh–Nagumo neural system with time delay
Authors: Li Shenghong , Huang Jiwei
Published: February 2020

In this paper, non-Gaussian noise induced stochastic resonance for the FitzHugh–Nagumo neural system with a time delay is investigated. Through the path integral method, the non-Gaussian noise is approximated as a colored noise, and according to the unified colored noise theory and the method of probability density approximation, a stochastic differential equation with a Markovian property is obtained. Then, by applying the two-state theory, the expression of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived. Finally, the effects of non-Gaussian noise and time delay parameters in the neural system on the SNR are discussed with the help of analytical results.
Inferred UV fluence focal-spot profiles from soft x-ray pinhole-camera measurements on OMEGA
Authors: Theobald W. , Sorce C. , Donaldson W. R. , Epstein R. , Keck R. L. , Kellogg C. , Kessler T. J. , Kwiatkowski J. , Marshall F. J. , Sampat S. , Seka W. , Shah R. C. , Shvydky A. , Stoeckl C. , Waxer L. J. , Regan S. P.
Published: February 2020

A method was developed with laser-irradiated Au planar foils to characterize the focal spot of UV laser beams on a target at full energy from soft x-ray emission. A pinhole camera with a back-thinned charge-coupled device detector and filtration with thin Be and Al foil filters provides images of the x-ray emission at photon energies <2 keV. This method requires a careful measurement of the relationship between the applied UV fluence and the x-ray signal, which can be described by a power-law dependence. The measured exponent γ ∼ 2 provides a dynamic range of ∼25 for the inferred UV fluence. UV fluence profiles of selected beams were measured for 100-ps and 1-ns laser pulses and were compared to directly measured profiles from an UV equivalent-target-plane diagnostic. The inferred spot size and super-Gaussian order from the x-ray technique agree within several percent with the values measured with the direct UV measurements.
Understanding titanium carbide nanoparticle formation by an underwater electrical explosion process through experimental and modeling studies
Authors: Zhang Jiangbo , Li Xingwen , Shi Huantong , Zhao Yuhua , Liang Lei , Yan Wenrong , Zhao Fengqi
Published: February 2020

A new approach has been presented herein to prepare nano titanium carbide based on the underwater electrical explosion approach. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphology and composition of the electrical explosion products. A numerical model was established to investigate the nanoparticle formation process. The results show that the average diameter of the formed nanoparticles was ∼60 nm and approximately conformed to a lognormal distribution. Compared with the nanoparticles prepared by electrical explosion in gas, the nanoparticles prepared by the underwater electrical explosion had a smaller size distribution range and better sphericity. During the formation process of nanoparticles, the distribution of nanoparticles formed in a narrow temperature range near the specific temperature directly determined the characteristics of the final electrical explosion products. The specific temperature was ∼3400 K, which was also the specific temperature of the saturation ratio, the nucleation rate, the average diameter of the formed nuclei, the number of monomers, and the number of the formed nanoparticles. The diameters of nanoparticles obtained in the experiment were mainly concentrated between 50 and 70 nm, and the calculated diameters of the nanoparticles were mainly concentrated between 55 and 65 nm; therefore, the data obtained through the model were consistent with the experimental ones. These provide a way to synthesize the nano titanium carbide and a method to estimate their size and distribution, and it is hoped for understanding the evolution of the titanium wire underwater electrical explosion and the formation of nanoparticles.
Physics of trap assisted photomultiplication in vertical organic photoresistors
Authors: Daanoune Mehdi , Clerc Raphaël , Flament Bruno , Hirsch Lionel
Published: February 2020

Several experimental groups have reported recently an intriguing high level of gain (Photomultiplication) in vertical organic photoresistance (as well as in other technologies, such as perovskite for instance). This mechanism is sometimes named as “Trap-Assisted Photomultiplication.” This paper investigates the origin of this mechanism by means of drift diffusion simulations, analytical theory, and experiments, considering the particular case of PCDTBT:PC60BM photoresistors, although some conclusions are likely to apply in other technologies. It turns out that an excess of charges (induced by electron–hole carrier generation) may trigger additional carrier injection, leading to photomultiplication, under specific circumstances. We call this mechanism “gain by injection enhancement.” Electron (respectively, hole) trapping for P only (respectively, N only) devices can play this role efficiently. As these additional carriers came from contacts, significant dark current injection is thus needed to achieve a large value of gain, explaining why this mechanism can occur only in P (or N) only photoresistors (and not photodiodes or intrinsic photoresistors, i.e., with midgap contacts). In such devices, however, the detectivity remains intrinsically limited by the high level of dark injection currents required to get gain, and consequently, this type of device may be interesting, in particular, in technologies where it is not possible to achieve low dark currents using photodiodes. However, penalized by the slow trap dynamics, the cut-off frequency of these devices remains extremely low (<100 Hz). Also, this gain takes a high value only at low irradiance, making photoresistor responsivity light dependent. All these results bring new light in analyzing and optimizing photoresistors, opening a large field of investigation to take advantage of gain by injection enhancement.
Development of dual bias modulation electrostatic force microscopy for variable frequency measurements of capacitance
Authors: Fukuzawa Ryota , Takahashi Takuji
Published: February 2020

We propose dual bias modulation electrostatic force microscopy (DEFM) for variable frequency measurements of surface depletion capacitance on a semiconductor. In DEFM, dual alternating current bias voltages at angular frequencies of ω1 and ω2 are applied to generate an electrostatic force, and we detect the high order term at an angular frequency of ω2 − 2ω1 in the electrostatic force from which a derivative of surface depletion capacitance by voltage (∂C/∂V) can be evaluated. Even with a fixed value of ω2 − 2ω1 at a specific resonant frequency of the cantilever, to ensure sufficient sensitivity of the electrostatic force, a pair of ω1 and ω2 can be varied; this enables variable frequency measurements of ∂C/∂V by DEFM. The validity of the quantitation and spatial resolution of DEFM were assessed through the analysis of metal-oxide-silicon and Zn(O, S)/Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 samples.
Enhanced barocaloric effect for Pd–In–Fe shape memory alloys with hydrostatic-pressure training
Authors: Liu Yanfeng , Shen Qi , Wei Zhiyang , Sun Wen , Chen Fenghua , Liu Jian
Published: February 2020

The influence of hydrostatic-pressure training on barocaloric effects (BCEs) has been investigated for the Pd59.3In23.2Fe17.5 shape memory alloy. We demonstrate that the shift of the martensitic transformation temperature by the applied pressure (dTm/dp) could be significantly improved from 11 K to 21 K GPa−1 by hydrostatic-pressure training. By using an indirect method of the magnetic measurement under an external pressure to determine the barocaloric effect, the entropy change for the Pd59.3In23.2Fe17.5 alloy increases from 15 to 16 J kg−1 K−1 after hydrostatic-pressure training. The alloy also exhibits a wider working window and a larger refrigeration capacity (from 113 to 171 J kg−1) after pressure training. Moreover, the maximum reversible entropy change ΔSrev increases from 3 J kg−1 K−1 to 8 J kg−1 K−1 and the reversible RC increases from 11 J kg−1 to 50 J kg−1 by hydrostatic-pressure training. The hydrostatic-pressure training is a feasible approach to obtain an improved realistic BCE by a lower pressure.
Current-induced spin–orbit field in permalloy interfaced with ultrathin Ti and Cu
Authors: Greening Ryan W. , Smith David A. , Lim Youngmin , Jiang Zijian , Barber Jesse , Dail Steven , Heremans Jean J. , Emori Satoru
Published: February 2020

How spin–orbit torques emerge from materials with weak spin–orbit coupling (e.g., light metals) is an open question in spintronics. Here, we report on a field-like spin–orbit torque (i.e., in-plane spin–orbit field transverse to the current axis) in SiO2-sandwiched Permalloy (Py), with the top Py-SiO2 interface incorporating ultrathin Ti or Cu. In both SiO2/Py/Ti/SiO2 and SiO2/Py/Cu/SiO2, this spin–orbit field opposes the classical Oersted field. While the magnitude of the spin–orbit field is at least a factor of 3 greater than the Oersted field, we do not observe evidence for a significant damping-like torque in SiO2/Py/Ti/SiO2 or SiO2/Py/Cu/SiO2. Our findings point to contributions from a Rashba-Edelstein effect or spin–orbit precession at the (Ti, Cu)-inserted interface.
Internal energy change and activation energy effects on Casson fluid
Authors: Salahuddin T. , Siddique Nazim , Arshad Maryam , Tlili I.
Published: February 2020

This paper examines the steady-state momentum heat and mass transfer flow of a Casson fluid flow in the existence of a pre-exponential factor. The velocity of the fluid over a vertical stretched pin changes linearly with the axial distance when a Casson model is supposed for the viscosity. A similarity transformation eases the Navier–Stokes partial differential equations that are converted into ordinary differential equations and solved numerically for concentration, velocity, and temperature fields. Moreover, viscosity and conductivity are assumed to be dependent on the temperature profile. Results are discussed for two boundary conditions of the pin, while diffusivity is dependent on concentration. A reaction in the form of a pre-exponential factor is taken on the surface of the pin. Parameters such as the mixed convection parameter, viscosity parameter, and viscoelastic parameter are considered for the control of the flow field. In addition, the internal energy change and the Prandtl number are found to examine the temperature field inside the stretched pin, while the Schmidt number, temperature relative parameter, concentration buoyancy parameter, activation energy parameter, and chemical reaction parameter control the concentration field.
Investigation of the electronic structure of amorphous SnO film using x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Yousef , Lee Seung Yeon , Lee Seung Jun , Hwang Cheol Seong , Cho Deok-Yong
Published: February 2020

The electronic structure of an amorphous SnO (a-SnO) thin film was examined by using spectroscopic methods including tender and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). XAS at the Sn L1−, L3−, and O K-edges revealed that in a-SnO, the Sn 5px/y orbital states, which comprise the conduction band minimum (CBM), are broadened significantly compared to the case of crystalline SnO, whereas the hybridized Sn 5spz-O 2p states above the CBM are persistent. A lowering of the 5px/y states at the CBM by −0.4 eV and a reduction of the indirect bandgap were also observed. These orbital-dependent evolutions upon amorphization were caused by weakened interlayer couplings in the disordered quasi-2-dimensional semiconductor. However, the functionality of a-SnO as a p-type semiconductor would not be degraded significantly because the isotropic Sn 5s orbital states dominate in the valence band states.
Wilms' tumour 1 (WT1) negatively regulates the expression of connexin 43 via a non-canonical Wnt signalling pathway in cultured bovine Sertoli cells
Authors: Wang Xue , Wang Ziming , Adeniran S. O. , Huang Fushuo , Ma Mingjun , Zhang Han , Li Xiaoyu , Zheng Peng , Zhang Guixue
Published: February 2020

The gap junction protein connexin (Cx) 43 between adjacent Sertoli cells (SCs) is the main testicular factor regulating the growth and development of SCs, and plays a vital role in controlling cell differentiation and maturation. However, the endogenous testicular factors that regulate Cx43 and the downstream signalling pathways that mediate Cx43-dependent SC differentiation are unclear. In this study, high-purity SCs were isolated from newborn calves’ testes by differential adherence. The SCs were then cultured invitro and treated with short interference RNA to knockdown endogenous Wilms’ tumour 1 (WT1). In WT1-knockdown SCs, Cx43 expression was upregulated. To elucidate the intracellular signalling mechanism of Cx43 in the differentiation and maturation of immature SCs, SCs were treated simultaneously with non-canonical Wnt signalling inhibitors CCG-1423 and GO-6983; in these SCs, Cx43 expression was upregulated. Together, these data indicate that WT1 negatively regulates the expression of Cx43 produced from SCs via a non-canonical Wnt signalling pathway in cultured bovine SCs.
The influence of pre-fire growth patterns on post-fire tree mortality for common conifers in western US parks
Authors: van Mantgem Phillip J. , Falk Donald A. , Williams Emma C. , Das Adrian J. , Stephenson Nathan L.
Published: February 2020

Fire severity in forests is often defined in terms of post-fire tree mortality, yet the influences on tree mortality following fire are not fully understood. Pre-fire growth may serve as an index of vigour, indicating resource availability and the capacity to recover from injury and defend against pests. For trees that are not killed immediately by severe fire injury, tree growth patterns could therefore partially predict post-fire mortality probabilities. Here, we consider the influence of multiple growth patterns on post-fire tree mortality for three common conifer species in the western USA. Using observations from 1 to 9 years following prescribed fires in USA national parks across five western states, we show that post-fire conifer mortality was related not only to fire-caused injuries (crown scorch and bole char), but also to average growth rate and long-term (25 years) growth patterns (counts of abrupt growth declines and possibly growth trends). Our results suggest that pre-fire conditions affecting tree vigour may influence post-fire tree mortality probabilities. Environmental conditions (such as rising temperatures and moisture stress), independent of fire intensity, may thus cause expressed fire severity to increase in western forests.
Constructional effects of indirect evidential marking in Harakmbut
Authors: Van linden An
Published: February 2020

This article focuses on two types of constructional effects of indirect evidential marking in Harakmbut (isolate, Peru). Both types originate in a clash of interpretation: the use of indirect evidential marking indicates a shift of perspective away from the speaker (as if they did not witness the event, thus disclaiming epistemic authority), while the events referred to are in principle directly accessible to them. As the signalled shift is not fully realized in interpretation, the effects will be characterized as showing perspective persistence. The first type involves constructions with a first person agent, and indirect evidential marking is found to produce the interpretation that the speaker performed the action referred to unintentionally, finding out about the outcome of this action only later. Other types of non-volitional events – without pragmatic inference on the part of the speaker – are found not to carry indirect evidential marking; they use different linguistic means to signal non-volitionality. The second type involves constructions with impersonal predicates referring to the cycle of the sun, and the use of indirect evidential marking yields emphasis on the completion of the event referred to. It is proposed that both types of effects can be explained in terms of endpoint emphasis (cf.DeLancey 1985).
From locative existential constructionfi(ih)to a TMA/progressive marker
Authors: Mobarki Yahya Abdu A.
Published: February 2020

The grammaticalization framework has been suggested as a predictive power for language change. This paper considers the grammatical functions of the locative constructionfi(ih)in the Gulf Arabic Pidgin (a variety spoken by workers from the Indian subcontinent and south Asian countries working in the Arabian/Persian Gulf States). In Gulf Arabic, there are (1) the prepositionfi‘in; into; inside’ and (2) the locative constructionfi(ih)‘there is/are’, which only has an existential function. In Gulf Arabic Pidgin, the locative constructionfi(ih), however, has several grammatical functions, including (1) a possessive marker (i.e.,have-constructions), (2) an equative/predicative copula, and (3) a preverbal predicative marker. The aim in this paper is two-fold: first, to show how a grammaticalization framework can possibly account for the grammatical innovations offi(ih)in the Gulf Arabic Pidgin; and second, to suggest that these grammatical innovations might be the results of an ongoing grammaticalization process of LOCATIVE>TMA/PROGRESSIVE. Earlier studies conducted on this pidgin serve as data sources for this project.
No sympathy for the bully
Authors: Atkins Scott , Mote Ashley , Gonzalez Kimberly , Alexander Krystal
Published: February 2020

This paper is part of a project begun at Portland State University that examines political polarization through
metaphor analysis (Ritchie, Feliciano, & Sparks, 2018). The current study looks at
two sources of discourse on immigration in the United States, each exemplifying opposing sides of the larger immigration debate.
The first source is a speech by then presidential candidate Donald Trump at a campaign rally, and the second is Senator Kamala
Harris’s maiden speech delivered on the Senate floor. The goal of this analysis is to investigate the way metaphors may be used in
political discourse to demonstrate or create polarization between opposing sides of the debate.
Political cartoons portraying the Musha Uprising in Taiwan under Japanese rule
Authors: Saito Hayato , Chiang Wen-yu
Published: February 2020

This study analyzes five political cartoons published in theTaiwan Nichinichi Shinpo(Taiwan Daily Newspaper) depicting the Musha Uprising, an indigenous rebellion against Japanese colonial rule that occurred in Taiwan in 1930. The study has produced two important findings and theoretical implications. First, two of the political cartoons deployed The Great Chain of Being multimodal metaphor, and the artist’s conceptual blending of Japanese kabuki stories with the Musha Uprising dramatically portrayed the colonizers as humans and the colonized as animals. We analyze the social and historical context to explain why these cartoons used the boar as a metaphor representing the indigenous people. Second, our results reveal paradoxical and ambivalent perspectives in the cartoons. On one hand, the metaphor of Human vs. Animal reproduced the unequal hierarchical relations between the colonizers and the colonized. On the other hand, the cartoonist also portrayed the rulers in a critical and satirical way. Finally, the research relates the content of this analysis with the post-colonial theorizing of Edward Said. In sum, the study makes a contribution to interdisciplinary research by applying metaphor theory to the analysis of political cartoons and colonial discourse, as well as revealing the hierarchical colonial thinking and racial prejudice lurking behind the metaphors.
Community/Public-service interpreting as a communicative event
Authors: Angelelli Claudia V.
Published: February 2020

Research in Community/Public-Service Interpreting, also referred to as Dialogic Interpreting, has been growing at
a steadily pace in the last two decades. Developments in technology enabling remote access to services, as well as increasing
immigration waves, and people’s mobility are all factors that contribute to the growth of interactions requiring interpreting,
and, consequently, the resulting studies about them. Interestingly, however, the results of empirical research have barely begun
to permeate practice, specifically the teaching and learning of community/public-service interpreting. A look at the professional
development opportunities offered by community agencies, some educational programs, as well as some statements in codes of ethics
or standards of practice of interpreting associations, reveals little dialogue between practice and theory/research. In this paper
I explore this disconnect and suggest areas that could benefit from a deeper dialogue among stakeholders to enhance the education
of current and future interpreters.
“Yo intenté defenderme y se mecayódesnuca’”
Authors: Garofalo Giovanni
Published: February 2020

El presente trabajo se inscribe en la senda marcada por varios estudios de lingüística forense (Ehrlich 2001;Matoesian 2001;Cotterill 2003,2007;Berk-Seligson 2007) y aborda el tema de la reconstrucción lingüística de la violencia de género durante el debate oral y público de un juicio delTribunaldel Jurado, en el cual se acusaba a un joven varón de haber asesinado con alevosía a su excompañera sentimental. En concreto, se investigan las estructuras sintácticas del español empleadas en la sala por el acusado para declinar las responsabilidades penales derivadas de la comisión del delito. De hecho, el escenario de eventos que el acusado intenta construir a lo largo del interrogatorio directo y del contrainterrogatorio estriba en un conjunto de rutinas lingüísticas encaminadas a atenuar, difuminar, oscurecer o borrar totalmente las huellas de su agentividad de la reconstrucción verbal de la dinámica del asesinato (Berk-Selingson 2007). Tras evidenciar la relación entre no agentividad y reticencia en las respuestas del acusado a las preguntas de la acusación y de la defensa, se barajan las posibles razones de la conducta verbal del procesado, aparentemente ilógica, no cooperativa e improductiva, que, al negar lo obvio, produjo una sentencia de condena a la pena máxima prevista por el ordenamiento penal español.
The challenge of oratory in the training of consecutive interpreting reflected in a students’ diary
Authors: Madrid Leticia
Published: February 2020

According to EU guidelines, oral expression is one of the key competences students ought to master during their
university training. The Spanish educational system, however, has paid little attention to the development of oratory skills and
most students fear speaking in public. In the case of those who study interpreting, where speaking in public is, obviously, an
essential tool to carry out their task, this lack of training can negatively affect their own learning process. Hence, solving
this issue will be key to better acquire the technical skills needed.

In order to study the abovementioned shortcoming, this paper will present a study carried out at the University of
Salamanca with Consecutive Interpreting undergraduate students. Their experience speaking in public – or lack thereof – has been
analyzed through questionnaires and students’ diaries were used as pedagogical introspection and retrospection tools. The
usefulness of diaries in educational contexts has already been demonstrated as a valuable didactic strategy, as they foster
critical self-analysis and reflection, making students question their vision of the world (Hiemstra 2001) and helping them manage frustration better.

As trainers, the students’ diaries had a twofold objective: they offered initial data on the pupils’ experiences
and their attitude towards oral presentations, while at the same time allowing teachers to monitor their reactions to the training
actions implemented in the classroom to combat the students’ fear of speaking in public.
MOOC as a free, digital tool for different profiles providing introductory trainingin PSIT
Authors: Vitalaru Bianca , Valero-Garcés Carmen
Published: February 2020

In this article we present the results of the implementation of a MOOC providing an introduction in Public Service
Interpreting and Translation (PSIT) for a variety of backgrounds and profiles, from people working with foreign population, to
people who have no formal training and are ad-hoc interpreters, as well as people interested in learning about PSIT. The ultimate
goal of the MOOC is to provide general information and to raise awareness about the complexity of the field, as well as to offer
the possibility of learning and practicing some of the principles and strategies presented so that those interested in deepening
their knowledge and skills may do so with more formal training. It is in this context that the article presents some of the
findings obtained since its implementation given the variety of personal profiles and student backgrounds registered in the course
as well as the evaluation of aspects related to its design such as duration, access to information, difficulties and, in general,
aspects that enabled us to identify students’ perceptions on the usefulness, effectiveness and applicability of the course.
The Middle Voice in Baltic
Authors: Holvoet Axel
Published: February 2020

The fifth volume in the VARGReB series is a monograph presenting a collection of studies on middle-voice grams in Baltic, that is, on a widely ramified family of constructions with different syntactic and semantic properties but sharing a morphological marker of reflexive origin. Though the emphasis is on Baltic, ample attention is given to other languages as well, especially to Slavonic. The book offers many new insights into questions of syntactic and semantic interpretation, correct demarcation and diachronic explanation of middle-voice grams. The relationship between reflexive and middle, the workings of metonymy, changes in syntactic structure and lexical input as factors determining diachronic shifts within the middle-voice domain and transitions from one middle-voice gram to another – these are among the topics discussed in the book, which, beyond its relevance to Baltic and Slavonic scholarship, is also a contribution to the typology of the middle voice.
Metabolomic analyses of plasma and liver of mice fed with immature Citrus tumida peel
Authors: Toyoda Atsushi , Sato Mizuho , Muto Masaki , Goto Tatsuhiko , Miyaguchi Yuji , Inoue Eiichi
Published: February 2020

In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Citrus tumida hort. ex Tanaka on food intake, body and fat tissue weights, and metabolic profiles of plasma and liver in mice. Supplementation with 5% (w/w) of peels of immature C. tumida (PIC) for 4 weeks significantly suppressed body weight gain and decreased adipose tissue weight in epididymal, perirenal, and subcutaneous fats. Metabolome analyses showed that 2-hydroxyvaleric acid levels were reduced in the blood plasma of mice fed with PIC. PIC supplementation significantly elevated dipeptide (Thr-Asp, Ser-Glu, and Ala-Ala), glucuronic acid, and S-methylglutathione levels, and significantly reduced betaine aldehyde levels in the liver. In conclusion, PIC supplementation affects the metabolism of fatty acids, pectin, glutathione, and choline, showing potential beneficial effects for metabolic syndrome and obesity. PIC may be developed as a functional food and used in the treatment of these diseases.
Activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells alleviates aging-associated cognitive decline
Authors: Fung Ivan Ting Hin , Sankar Poornima , Zhang Yuanyue , Robison Lisa S. , Zhao Xiuli , D’Souza Shanti S. , Salinero Abigail E. , Wang Yue , Qian Jiang , Kuentzel Marcy L. , Chittur Sridar V. , Temple Sally , Zuloaga Kristen L. , Yang Qi
Published: February 2020

Increasing evidence has challenged the traditional view about the immune privilege of the brain, but the precise roles of immune cells in regulating brain physiology and function remain poorly understood. Here, we report that tissue-resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) accumulate in the choroid plexus of aged brains. ILC2 in the aged brain are long-lived, are relatively resistant to cellular senescence and exhaustion, and are capable of switching between cell cycle dormancy and proliferation. They are functionally quiescent at homeostasis but can be activated by IL-33 to produce large amounts of type 2 cytokines and other effector molecules in vitro and in vivo. Intracerebroventricular transfer of activated ILC2 revitalized the aged brain and enhanced the cognitive function of aged mice. Administration of IL-5, a major ILC2 product, was sufficient to repress aging-associated neuroinflammation and alleviate aging-associated cognitive decline. Targeting ILC2 in the aged brain may provide new avenues to combat aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders.
Interleukin-17 in rheumatoid arthritis: Trials and tribulations
Authors: Taams Leonie S.
Published: February 2020

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with well-characterized biological effects on stromal cell activation, angiogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis. The presence of this cytokine in the inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), together with compelling data from in vitro and experimental arthritis models demonstrating its pro-inflammatory effects, made this cytokine a strong candidate for therapeutic targeting. Clinical trials, however, have shown relatively modest success in RA as compared with other indications. Guided by recent insights in IL-17 biology, this review aims to explore possible reasons for the limited clinical efficacy of IL-17A blockade in RA, and what we can learn from these results going forward.
Leaving bads provides better outcome than approaching goods in a social dilemma
Authors: Xiao Zhilong , Chen Xiaojie , Szolnoki Attila
Published: February 2020

Individual migration has been regarded as an important factor for the evolution of cooperation in mobile populations. Motivations of migration, however, can be largely divergent: one is highly frustrated by the vicinity of an exploiter or defector, while other enthusiastically searches cooperator mates. Albeit both extreme attitudes are observed in human behavior, but their specific impacts on wellbeing remained unexplored. In this work, we propose an orientation-driven migration approach for mobile individuals in combination with the mentioned migration preferences and study their roles in the cooperation level in a two-dimensional public goods game. We find that cooperation can be greatly promoted when individuals are more inclined to escape away from their defective neighbors. On the contrary, cooperation cannot be effectively maintained when individuals are more motivated to approach their cooperative neighbors. In addition, compared with random migration, movement by leaving defectors can promote cooperation more effectively. By means of theoretical analysis and numerical calculations, we further find that when individuals only choose to escape away from their defective neighbors, the average distance between cooperators and defectors can be enlarged, hence the natural invasion of defection can be efficiently blocked. Our work, thus, provides further insight on how different migration preferences influence the evolution of cooperation in the unified framework of spatially social games.
Geochemical Prospecting Investigation in Non-Volcanic Geothermal Area: A Case Study of Sajau, East Tanjung Palas, Bulungan, North Kalimantan
Authors: Kumalasari D I , Kusuma A G , Mahalka H , Syarifatullah M S , Gumelar N A
Published: February 2020

Indonesia has at least 324 prospects of geothermal which ensuring the great potential of sustainable and low-emission energy. About 96% (26.5 GWe) of the total Indonesian geothermal prospects are located in volcanic environment, while the 4% (1.2 GWe) come from the non-volcanic environment. Thus, the geochemical analysis is aimed to investigate the prospect of geothermal energy in the non-volcanic environment. The methods are geological mapping and geochemical analysis by manifestation geochemistry and soil geochemistry. Geological mapping is conducted to provide data about lithologies, structures, and manifestations of geothermal. Geochemical exploration relies on the analysis of water samples from manifestations to characterize the fluid and its origin, understand the fluid equilibrium, and interpret reservoir temperature. Soil geochemistry is aimed to identify permeability zone and structures in purpose to identify the prospect area. This paper will briefly illustrate the fundamental concept of non-volcanic geothermal, conceptual model, and potential of the research area. We anticipate this paper to become a turning point for further research in geothermal as promising alternative energy and specifically to broaden the view of non-volcanic geothermal system in Indonesia.
Paul Davies wins Physics World Book of the Year 2019
Authors: Commissariat Tushna
Published: February 2020

Physics World’s Book of the Year award last month celebrated its 10th anniversary. The 2010s were a golden era for popular-physics books, and the 2019 Book of the Year shortlist reflected those strengths.
You are what you eat
Authors: McEntee Joe
Published: February 2020

Joe McEntee visits Leeds to talk to Megan Povey about a career devoted to the science of food
Utilizing the Matched-guise as a Method of Examining Perceptual Change in an Endangered Creole
Authors: Lee Nala H
Published: February 2020

This article concerns the use of a matched-guise task in a language documentation project, showing how such a perceptual tool can be used to highlight ongoing language change and attitudes towards an endangered language. Baba Malay, an endangered creole spoken by the Peranakans, has two forms of words encoding coarseness or refinedness. Words ending with [–al], [-aɾ], and [-as], such as [tampal] ‘mend’, [bakaɾ] ‘burn’, and [nanas] ‘pineapple’ are recognized by speakers as kasar ‘coarse’, in contrast to alus ‘refined’ forms ending with [-ɛ], such as [tampɛ] ‘mend’, [bakɛ] ‘burn’, and [nanɛ] ‘pineapple’. Language documentation work shows younger and less proficient speakers producing less refined forms than older and more proficient speakers. No such trend is found for coarse forms. A matched-guise task incorporated into a language documentation project shows that younger community members perceive the refined form as being more emblematic of the Peranakan language, culture, and community. In addition to results that highlight the ongoing language change, the implication is that quantitative perceptual work and language documentation are highly complementary
Cell Enriched Autologous Fat Grafts to Follicular Niche Improves Hair Regrowth in Early Androgenetic Alopecia
Authors: Kuka Gorana , Epstein Jeffrey , Aronowitz Joel , Glasgold Mark J , Rogal Joelle Glick , Brown Wilfred , Geronemus Roy G , Daniels Eric J , Washenik Ken
Published: February 2020

Background

Adipose and adipose derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) play an increasing role in androgenetic alopecia.

Objectives

The authors sought to evaluate the safety and feasibility of fat grafts enriched with ADRCs in early androgenetic alopecia.

Methods

Seventy-one patients were treated: 16 with Puregraft fat and 1.0 × 106 ADRCs/cm2 scalp; 22 with Puregraft fat and 0.5 × 106 ADRCs/cm2 scalp, 24 with Puregraft fat alone, and 9 with saline control. Treatments were delivered into the skin and subcutaneous layer of the scalp. A total of 40 cm2 of scalp was treated and macrophotography and global photography were obtained at baseline and at 6, 24, and 52 weeks.

Results

A total of 71 patients tolerated the procedures well. No unanticipated associated adverse events were reported. When evaluating all patients at 24 weeks, there were no statistical differences between any of the treatment groups with respect to nonvellus (terminal) hair counts or width. There were increases (mean change from baseline) in terminal hair count for the low-dose ADRC group in the Norwood Hamilton 3 subgroup at week 6 (13.90 ± 16.68), week 12 (11.75 ± 19.42), week 24 (16.56 ± 14.68), and week 52 (2.78 ± 16.15). For this subgroup, the difference in hair count between the low-dose ADRC group and no-fat saline control was statistically significant (P = 0.0318) at week 24.

Conclusions

Puregraft fat and ADRCs are safe and well tolerated. In early male hair loss, this therapy demonstrated a statistically significant increase in terminal hair counts relative to the control population at 24 weeks and represents a promising approach for early androgenetic alopecia.

Level of Evidence: 2
Loss of PP2A Disrupts the Retention of Radial Glial Progenitors in the Telencephalic Niche to Impair the Generation for Late-Born Neurons During Cortical Development†
Authors: Huang Chaoli , Liu Tingting , Wang Qihui , Hou Weikang , Zhou Cuihua , Song Zeyuan , Shi Yun Stone , Gao Xiang , Chen Guiquan , Yin Zhenyu , Hu Yimin
Published: February 2020

Telencephalic radial glial progenitors (RGPs) are retained in the ventricular zone (VZ), the niche for neural stem cells during cortical development. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. To study whether protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) may regulate the above process, we generate Ppp2cα conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which PP2A catalytic subunit α (PP2Acα) is inactivated in neural progenitor cells in the dorsal telencephalon. We show that RGPs are ectopically distributed in cortical areas outside of the VZ in Ppp2cα cKO embryos. Whereas deletion of PP2Acα does not affect the proliferation of RGPs, it significantly impairs the generation of late-born neurons. We find complete loss of apical adherens junctions (AJs) in the ventricular membrane in Ppp2cα cKO cortices. We observe abundant colocalization for N-cadherin and PP2Acα in control AJs. Moreover, in vitro analysis reveals direct interactions of N-cadherin to PP2Acα and to β-catenin. Overall, this study not only uncovers a novel function of PP2Acα in retaining RGPs into the VZ but also demonstrates the impact of PP2A-dependent retention of RGPs on the generation for late-born neurons.
Bilirubin binding by primary sites of human serum albumin, with suppression of secondary-site interference by use of a high salt concentration.
Authors: Rutkowski R B
Published: February 2020

A high (2.0 mol/L) NaCl concentration apparently suppresses the secondary-site binding of bilirubin by human serum albumin. Thus if an excess of bilirubin is added to human serum albumin or to neonatal serum in buffer containing 0.1 mol of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 2.0 mol of NaCl per liter (pH 7.5), and the bilirubin not bound to albumin is removed by treatment with calcium carbonate, the bilirubin binding reserve of primary binding sites can be estimated from direct measurement of spectral absorbance at 468 nm. Hemolysis and conjugated bilirubin apparently do not interfere. In a comparison study with serum samples from neonates the method gave results that generally agreed with those obtained by a commercially available Sephadex G-25 column procedure. In serum samples from adults the calculated unbound unconjugated bilirubin (free bilirubin) values derived by using binding reserves determined by the proposed method correlated well with the free bilirubin concentrations measured by a peroxidase method, but were only about one-half the amounts obtained by the peroxidase method.
Response of ion-selective sodium and potassium electrodes in the Beckman Astra 4 and Astra 8 analyzers.
Authors: Fievet P , Truchaud A , Hersant J , Glikmanas G
Published: February 2020

We tested the response of ion-selective sodium and potassium electrodes that are a part of the new multi-channel chemical analyzers, Astra 8 and Astra 4 (Beckman). For this we used plain and albumin-containing aqueous solutions of known Na+ and K+ concentrations, varied inversely so we could assess how the concentration of each electrolyte would affect the response of the other electrode. The stability of the electrodes with time was good and the electrodes are indeed selective for Na+ and K+.
An improved ultrafiltration method for free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum.
Authors: Sophianopoulos J , Jerkunica I , Lee C N , Sgoutas D
Published: February 2020

We describe an ultrafiltration technique for rapidly and directly determining free triiodothyronine or free thyroxine, or both. After equilibrating serum at 37 degrees C with purified tracer of high specific activity, we placed 0.15 mL of serum in 2.8 mL of phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/L, pH 7.4) in the ultrafiltration cell and obtained successive 0.2- and 0.6-mL fractions of protein-free ultrafiltrate. Under our conditions free ligand concentration was independent of flow rate. After purifying the second fraction with protein-coated charcoal, we could determine the proportion of free triiodothyronine or free thyroxine. Samples from normal adult men and women, including women who were taking oral contraceptives or were pregnant, and from hypo- and hyperthyroid patients gave results that agreed with those obtained by equilibrium dialysis. Speed is the main advantage of the method: one technologist can complete the procedure in 2 h and, using a multi-micro-ultrafiltration system, can process many samples in one day. For laboratories where index-type reactions are performed routinely and direct free triiodothyronine or free thyroxine is determined only on selected specimens, this method is superior to dialysis. It is also very convenient for rapidly purifying tracers, to at least 97% radiochemical purity, with 94% recovery and no dilution.