bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Struktur von [Zn(bix)2(NO3)2] · 4.5H2O (bix = 1,4‐Bis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzol): ein zweidimensionales Polyrotaxan
Authors: Hoskins Bernard F. , Robson Richard , Slizys Damian A.
Published: July 2007

Zwei unabhängige und sich gegenseitig durchdringende zweidimensionale Netzwerke, deren herausragendes Strukturmerkmal Polyrotaxansäulen des im Bild gezeigten, bisher unbekannten Typs sind, enthält das Koordinationspolymer [Zn(bix)2(NO3)2] · 4.5 H2O. Diese Verbindung ist erst das dritte Beispiel für ein zweidimensionales Polyrotaxan, die beiden anderen wurden erst kürzlich vorgestellt.

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Regio‐ und enantioselektive Synthese von α‐Fluorketonen via elektrophile Fluorierung von α‐Silylketonenolaten mitN‐Fluor‐N,N‐bis(phenylsulfonyl)amin
Authors: Enders Dieter , Potthoff Marcus , Raabe Gerhard , Runsink Jan
Published: July 2007

Nahezu enantiomerenreineα‐Fluorketone3sind erstmals ausgehend von einfachen Ketonen1allgemein zugänglich. Schlüsselschritte des neuen Verfahrens sind die asymmetrische elektrophile α‐Fluorierung von α‐Silylketonenolaten mit NF‐Reagentien zu2und die anschließende racemisierungsfreie Abspaltung der Silylhilfsgruppe.

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Zur katalytischen asymmetrischen Protonierung von Silyl‐Enolethern mit chiralen Palladiumkomplexen
Authors: Sugiura Masaharu , Nakai Takeshi
Published: July 2007

Erst das zugesetzte Amin macht den aus einem Silbersalz und [PdCl2{(R)‐binap}] erhältlichen chiralen, kationischen Palladiumkomplex zu einem wirksamen asymmetrischen Katalysator für die Protonierung cyclischer Silyl‐Enolether durch Wasser [G1. (a)]. Vermutlich beruht die Wirkung des Amins auf der selektiven Desaktivierung eines der anfänglich entstehenden binap‐Palladiumkomplexe, und es „überlebt”︁ eine Palladium‐Spezies, die eine zwar weniger rasche, aber enantioselektivere Reaktion hervorruft.

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Carbenkomplex‐modifizierte Glycale ‐ Synthese und Reaktivität
Authors: Dötz Karl Heinz , Ehlenz Richard , Paetsch Daphne
Published: July 2007

Neue Möglichkeiten zur Funktionalisierung von Kohlenhydraten bieten Carbenkomplex‐modifizierte Glycale. Sie gehen eine chrominduzierte Benzanellierung zu Benzoglycalen 1 ein und ermöglichen über eine diastereoselektive Insertion von Inolethern eine C2‐Homologisierung zu 2 unter Erhaltung der Metall‐Carben‐Funktion.

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Neues zum Mechanismus der McMurry‐Reaktion
Authors: Villiers Claude , Ephritikhine Michel
Published: July 2007

Nicht ausschließlich Pinacolatzwischenstufen treten bei den McMurry‐Reaktionen aliphatischer Ketone R2CO (R = Me, Et, iPr) mit MCl4/Li(Hg) (M = Ti, U) auf [G1. (1)]. Vielmehr müssen auch carbenoide Zwischenstufen berücksichtigt werden. Dies ergaben eine genaue Analyse der Reaktionsprodukte und Kontrollexperimente mit Pinacolderivaten.
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Homoleptische Carbonylkomplex‐Kationen der elektronenreichen Metalle: Bildung in supersauren Medien sowie spektroskopische und strukturelle Charakterisierung
Authors: Willner Helge , Aubke Friedhelm
Published: July 2007

Homoleptische Carbonylkomplex‐Kationen der elektronenreichen Metalle der Gruppen 8 bis 12 sind die jüngsten Mitglieder der großen Familie der Carbonyl‐Übergangsmetall‐Derivate. Sie unterscheiden sich in vielen Aspekten von den typischen Metallcarbonylen. Sie entstehen durch Carbonylierung von Metallsalzen in Supersäuren wie Fluorsulfonsäure und “magischer Säure”, HSO3F/SbF5. Thermisch stabile Salze mit [Sb2F11]− als Gegenion werden aus Antimonpentafluorid als Reaktionsmedium erhalten. Sowohl das [Sb2F11]−‐Ion als auch supersaure Reaktionsmedium fanden in der metallorganischen Chemie der d‐Block‐Elemente bisher wenig Anwendung. Ohne Beispiel in der Metallcarbonylchemie sind auch die Koordinationsgeometrien der Kationen mit den Koordinationszahlen 4 (quadratisch‐planar) und 2 (linear). Die formalen Oxidationsstufen der Metalle und somit auch die Ladungen der Komplexkationen reichen von +1 bis +3, so daß CO an das Metall überwiegend σ‐gebunden ist und die C‐O‐Bindung stark polarisiert wird. Die geringe Metall → CO‐π‐Rückbindung und die positive Partialladung am C‐Atom äußern sich in langen M‐C‐Bindungen, kurzen C‐O‐Bindungen, hohen Wellenzahlen der CO‐Streckschwingungen (bis 2300 cm−1) und niedrigen 13C‐NMR‐Verschiebungen (bis δC = 121). Herausragende Beispiele für diese ungewöhnlichen homoleptischen Carbonylkomplex‐Kationen sind [Hg(CO)2]2+, das erste Carbonylkomplex‐Kation eines p‐Block‐Metalls. [Ir(CO)6]3+, das erste dreiwertige Carbonylkomplex‐Kation, und [Fe(CO)6]2+, das erste mehrfach geladene Carbonylkomplex‐Kation eines 3d‐Metalls. Mit diesem Übersichtsartikel wollen wir a) die Anfangsgeschichte kationischer Carbonylmetallverbindungen sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Synthese aufzeigen, b) eine Zusammenfassung des Gebiets der Carbonylkomplex‐Kationen geben, das sich in sehr kurzer Zeit rapide entwickelt hat, c) die strukturellen und spektroskopischen Eigenschaften der Metall‐CO‐Bindung diskutieren, d) die besondere Bedeutung, die den Reaktionsmedien und dem [Sb2F11]−‐Ion zukommt, herausstellen und e) auf neueste Ergebnisse und zukünftige Entwicklungen hinweisen.
Borylmetallkomplexe, Borankomplexe und katalytische (Hydro)borierung
Authors: Wadepohl Hubert
Published: July 2007

Kein alter Hut sind Borylmetallkomplexe, wie durch das große Interesse an dieser Verbindungsklasse in den letzten Jahren demonstriert wird. Die Bedeutung dieser Komplexe liegt heute hauptsächlich in ihrer Rolle als Zwischenstufen in übergangsmetallkatalysierten Borylierungen [G1. (1)], für die es zahlreiche Syntheseanwendungen gibt. Auch bezüglich ungewöhnlicher Strukturtypen bringt die Kombination Metallkomplex/Boran viel Neues, z.B. die σ‐Komplexe des Typs 1.

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Ein Calix[4]arenoporphyrin
Authors: Khoury Richard G. , Jaquinod Laurent , Aoyagi Katsuhiro , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Fisher Andrew J. , Smith Kevin M.
Published: July 2007

Alle vier Porphyrineinheiten auf der gleichen Seite ‐ das ist die überraschende Konformation, die das Calixaren 1 einnimmt. Die Verbindung liegt im Kristall in einer dimeren “Zahnradstruktur” vor, in der π‐Stapelung das dominierende strukturprägende Merkmal ist.

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Eine atomökonomische gekreuzte In‐En‐Metathese
Authors: Stragies Roland , Schuster Matthias , Blechert Siegfried
Published: July 2007

Nicht auf spezielle funktionelle Gruppen angewiesen ist eine neue Methode zur selektiven C‐C‐Verknüpfung von monosubstituierten Alkinen wie 1 mit Alkenen wie 2. Diese gekreuzte In‐En‐Metathese verläuft zudem atomökonomisch und eröffnet einen einfachen Zugang zu interessanten Synthesebausteinen wie dem 1,3‐substituierten Dien 3.

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Zum Verständnis der Reaktionsmuster von Radikalkationen
Authors: Schmittel Michael , Burghart Armin
Published: July 2007

In den letzten 15 Jahren hat sich die Aktivierung durch Einelektronentransfer als ein bedeutendes Konzept zur Entwicklung neuer Reaktionen bewährt und vielfach Anwendung bei selektiven Umsetzungen zunehmend komplexerer Verbindungen gefunden. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel soll die große Reaktionsvielfalt der Radikalkationen, unabhängig davon, ob sie nach chemischer, elektrochemischer oder photoinduzierter Einelektronenoxidation entstehen, in übersichtlicher Form präsentieren. Um den Leser mit Elektronentransferkonzepten vertraut zu machen, wird eine neuartige, übersichtliche Einteilung der Radikalkationen‐Reaktionen vorgenommen, so daß verschiedenartigste Reaktivitätsmuster auf schnell einsichtige Art und Weise nachvollzogen werden können. Nach Möglichkeit werden thermodynamische und kinetische Daten aufgeführt.
Doppelte C‐C‐Einfachbindungsaktivierung und ‐spaltung bei der Umsetzung von Octatetrainen mit Titanocen‐ und Zirconocenkomplexen
Authors: Pellny Paul‐Michael , Peulecke Normen , Tillack Annegret , Baumann Wolfgang , Spannenberg Anke , Kempe Rhett , Rosenthal Uwe , Burlakov Vladimir V.
Published: July 2007

Gespalten oder komplexiert werden Octatetraine als Ergebnis der Reaktion mit vier Titanocen‐ und Zirconocenkomplexen je nach den Resten R am Tetrain. Die Strukturen der Produkte 1 und 2 sind spektroskopisch und röntgenographisch eindeutig belegt.

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Organische Chemie von Koordinationsverbindungen: beispiellose Substitutionsreaktionen funktionalisierter Polypyridinkomplexe
Authors: Tzalis Dimitrios , Tor Yitzhak
Published: July 2007

Auf die erhöhte Elektrophilie des komplexierenden Phenanthrolinrings und die Resonanzstabilisierung des „anionischen”︁ Additionszwischenprodukts ist die beispiellose Reaktivität der unten gezeigten RuII‐ und OsII‐Koordinationsverbindungen in (1) zurückzuführen. bpy = 2,2′‐Bipyridin; M = Ru, Os; X = SCH3, OCH3, F.

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Synthese eines kleinporigen mikroporösen Materials unter Verwendung eines computer‐gestützt entworfenen Templats
Authors: Lewis Dewi W. , Thomas John Meurig , Catlow C. Richard A. , Sankar Gopinathan , Wyles Joanna K. , Willock David J.
Published: July 2007

Rund vier Stunden Reaktionszeit genügten, um mit 4‐Piperidinopiperidin als Templat das cobalthaltige Alumophosphat DAF‐5 mit Chabazitstruktur zu synthetisieren. Die Wahl des Templats erfolgte computergestützt, nachdem die gewünschten Eigenschaften des mikroporösen Materials festgelegt waren. Rechts ist das Ergebnis der Modellierung gezeigt. Diese Verfahrensweise könnte für die Synthese neuartiger mikroporöser Feststoffe bedeutend werden.

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Hydrolytic and thermal degradation of PET fibers and PET granule: The effects of crystallization, temperature, and humidity
Authors: Pirzadeh E. , Zadhoush A. , Haghighat M.
Published: July 2007

The main purpose of this research work was to illustrate the extent of hydrolytic degradation of PET caused by warm water and also to separate the influence of moisture, temperature, and orientation in the degradation process. To achieve this purpose, thermal and hydrolytic degradation of PET (Partly Oriented Yarn (POY), Fully Drawn Yarn (FDY) and granule) at temperatures above and below glass transition temperature (Tg) were carried out using a water bath and an electrical oven. Technical methods such as determination of the moisture content, viscometric analysis, carboxylic end group titration, and X‐ray diffraction were used to analyze the degradation of PET. The results obtained from different analysis show that the major portion of degradation is carried out by both moisture and heat mutually rather than their entirely individual that have a minor effect. Degradation at lower temperatures from Tg were less prominent and was increased noticeably above Tg. Crystallinity plays a significant role in preventing hydrolytic degradation as the extent of degradation was increased from FDY to granule to POY. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that crystallinity was increased from POY to granule to FDY. Determination of intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight based on viscosity (Mv), chain scissions, and carboxylic end group analysis were the main quantities for the degradation measurement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Urgent carotid surgery
Authors: Lamont P
Published: July 2007

Early intervention may be better
Dealing with the board's first‐order and second‐order worries: Borrowing trouble effectively
Authors: Carver John
Published: July 2007

Planning is critical, but it is important that a board distinguish between planning to achieve ends and avoid unacceptable means and actually achieving ends and avoiding unacceptable means. Achievement is the primary concern of a Policy Governance board. However, if a board has credible concerns that management may not complete sufficient planning, it can be useful to create carefully crafted executive limitations policies on planning.
Why size matters
Authors: Oliver Caroline
Published: July 2007

There are a number of reasons why a board may be large, among them the desire to have diverse representation. But whatever the reasons, there comes a point at which a board becomes too cumbersome to effectively represent its ownership. It is difficult to have meaningful debate in large groups—progress is slow, factions may form, and resources are wasted. In this article, Caroline Oliver lays out some critical questions that boards should consider in order to determine if their membership is too big; she then offers some preliminary suggestions about how a board may get its membership to optimum size and maximum effectiveness.
Board accountability in highly constrained environments
Authors: Oliver Caroline
Published: July 2007

The Policy Governance system, like any effective system, is based on a series of “first princi ples.” This article discusses the principle of accountability and its meaning for boards with very limited apparent authority.
Governance as Leadership?
Authors: Oliver Caroline
Published: July 2007

Caroline Oliver reviews Governance as Leadership: Reframing the Work on Nonprofit Boards, by Richard P. Chait, William P. Ryan, and Barbara E. Taylor (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2005).
Three New Cytotoxic Diels–Alder‐Type Adducts from Morus australis
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Jian , Tang Yan‐Bo , Chen Ruo‐Yun , Yu De‐Quan
Published: July 2007

Three new natural products, australisines A–C (1–3, resp.), were isolated from the stem bark of Morus australis, together with eight related compounds, including mulberrofurans E–G, J, and Q, mongolicin C, chalcomoracin, and kuwanon G. Their structures were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1–3, mulberrofuran G, mongolicin C, and chalcomoracin showed moderate cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 4.6–9.2 μg/ml, as determined by MTT assay.
CENDI—improving the flow of scientific and technical information
Authors: Molholm Kurt N. , Frank Forrest
Published: July 2007

In general, unimpeded dissemination of and access to Federal information is encouraged or frequently required and is vital to performance of agency and programmatic missions established by statute as well as the principles of open government and a democratic society.—OTA, Informing the Nation1.
Liquid‐Phase Synthesis of Methyl (2Z)‐2‐Arylsulfonylmethyl‐2‐ alkenoates from PEG‐Supportedα‐Phenylselenopropionate
Authors: Wang Qiong , Sheng Shou‐Ri , Lin Shu‐Ying , Guo Lei , Wei Mei‐Hong , Huang Xian
Published: July 2007

Treatment of lithio derivative of novel PEG‐supported (‐phenylselenopropionate with aldehydes, followed by oxidation‐elimination with 30% hydrogen peroxide, formed Baylis‐Hillman products, which were then reacted with sodium arylsulfinate. The resulting sulfonylated products were cleaved from the PEG efficiently affording methyl (2Z)‐2‐arylsulfonylmethyl‐2‐alkenoates in good yields and high purities.
Investigation of the By‐products Formed during the Catalytic Synthesis of 4,4′‐Methylenedimethyldiphenylcarbamate
Authors: Qiu Ze‐Gang , Wang Jun‐Wei , Kang Mao‐Qing , Li Qi‐Feng , Du Hui , Wang Xin‐Kui
Published: July 2007

The structures of the by‐products formed during the catalytic synthesis of 4,4′‐methylenedimethyldiphenyl‐ carbamate (MDC) by the reaction of 4,4′‐methylenedianiline (MDA) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) were identified and then the mechanisms of their formation were proposed.
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of trans‐3‐Aryl‐4‐carbethoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐fur‐2′‐oyl‐5‐methylfurans
Authors: Zhang Hui , Cao Wei‐Guo , Chen Jie , Hu Ji‐Rong , Qian Jia‐Xian , Zhu Shi‐Zheng
Published: July 2007

Multi‐substituted dihydrofurans are valuable intermediates for the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals. Considerable attention has been focused on the development of efficient and regioselective methods for their preparation. Using K2CO3 as a base, with the reaction of fur‐2‐oylmethyltriphenylarsonium bromide 1 and ethyl 2‐acetyl‐3‐arylacrylate 2 in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature, we found an efficient protocol was achieved to synthesize trans‐3‐aryl‐4‐carbethoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐fur‐2′‐oyl‐5‐methylfurans 3 in good yield with high stereoselectivity. The structure of compound 3 was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, MS and HRMS. The mechanism for the formation of 3 was proposed.
A New Tetranortriterpenoid from Munronia delavayi
Authors: Cai Xiang‐Hai , Luo Xiao‐Dong
Published: July 2007

A tetranortriterpenoid, named munronin G, was isolated from Munronia delavayi (Meliaceae) by chromatography. Its structure was determined on the basis of 1D‐, 2D‐NMR and mass spectral analyses.
Synthesis and Asymmetric Enantioselective Addition of Chiral Polybinaphthyl and Polybinaphthol Ligands
Authors: Zou Xiao‐Wei , Ye Huai‐Chi , Zhang Shu‐Wei , Liu Yan , Wang Chun‐Yan , Cheng Yi‐Xiang
Published: July 2007

Four chiral polymers P‐1, P‐2, P‐3 and P‐4 were synthesized by the polymerization of (S)‐2,2′‐dioctoxy‐1,1′‐ binaphthyl‐6,6′‐boronic acid (S‐M‐3) with (S)‐6,6′‐dibromo‐1,1′‐binaphthol (S‐M‐1), (R)‐6,6′‐dibromo‐1,1′‐ binaphthol (R‐M‐1), (S)‐3,3′‐diiodo‐1,1′‐binaphthol (S‐M‐2) and (R)‐3,3′‐diiodo‐1,1′‐binaphthol (R‐M‐2) under Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction, respectively. All four polymers can show good solubility in some common solvents due to the nonplanarity of the polymers in the main chain backbone and flexible alkyl groups in the side chain. The analysis results indicate that specific rotation and circular dichroism (CD) spectral signals of the alternative S‐S chiral polymers P‐1 and P‐3 are larger than those of S‐R chiral polymers P‐2 and P‐4, but their UV‐Vis and fluorescence spectra are almost similar. The results of asymmetric enantioselectivity of four polymers for diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde indicate that catalytically active center is (R) or (S)‐1,1′‐binaphthol moieties.
Haben Chemiebücher ausgedient? ‐ Lerngewohnheiten von Studierenden
Authors: Nick Sabine , Scheil Christine , Näther Christian
Published: July 2007

In dieser Arbeit wird über die Lese‐ und Lerngewohnheiten von Studierenden im Fach Lehramt Chemie, Diplom‐Chemie und Wirtschaftschemie berichtet. Hierzu wurde an der Universität Kiel eine Umfrage unter Studierenden durchgefürt, deren Ergebnisse Rückschlüsse auf die Verwendung von Lernmedien und die Lerngewohnheiten von Studierenden zulassen.
Frequency of metastases at the area of the supraretrospinal (level IIB) lymph node in laryngeal cancer
Authors: Sezen Ozan Seymen , Kubilay Utku , Haytoglu Suheyl , Unver Seref
Published: July 2007

Background.

Neck dissection is the surgical gold standard for the treatment of patients with cervical lymphatic spread. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of metastases in the supraretrospinal (level IIB) nodal group and the necessity of routine dissection of level IIB during neck dissection, in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.

Methods.

Over a 4‐year period (between January 2000 and June 2004), the records of patients undergoing laryngectomy and neck dissection were retrospectively evaluated. The numbers of the lymph node and carcinoma metastases at level IIB were recorded. The American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor‐node‐metastasis classification system was used to classify the primary tumor and neck, and the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center classification was used to classify the cervical lymphatic chain.

Results.

Sixty‐three patients with 98 neck dissections were included in the study. Two patients (3.17%) had subglottic lesions, 19 patients (30.15%) had glottic lesions, and 42 patients (66.66%) had supraglottic lesions. In total, 673 lymph nodes were dissected from level II, and 340 were dissected from level IIB. The 11 supraretrospinal lymph nodes of the 340 dissected nodes demonstrated histologic evidence of metastases (3.23%). Six patients (9.52%; 6/63) had metastases at level IIB, and 2 of them also had synchronous metastases at the contralateral level IIB. The patients without palpable lymph nodes at the neck had no metastases at level IIB.

Conclusion.

Our results showed that, if the level IIA shows positive metastatic changes, perioperative pathologic examination by frozen section that includes level IIb could be an alternative approach. This area may not be routinely dissected during the surgical management of laryngeal carcinoma with no palpable lymph nodes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Effects of river discharge on hyporheic exchange flows in salmon spawning areas of a large gravel‐bed river
Authors: Hanrahan Timothy P.
Published: July 2007

The flow magnitude and timing from hydroelectric dams in the Snake River Basin of the Pacific north‐western US is managed in part for the benefit of salmon. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of Hells Canyon Dam discharge operations on hydrologic exchange flows between the river and riverbed in Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning areas. Interactions between river water and pore water within the upper 1 m of the riverbed were quantified through the use of self‐contained temperature and water level data loggers suspended inside of piezometers. The data were recorded at 20 min intervals over a period of 200 days when the mean daily discharge was 218–605 m3 s−1, with hourly stage changes as large as 1·9 m. Differences in head pressure between the river and riverbed were small, often within ± 2 cm. Measured temperature gradients in the riverbed indicated significant interactions between the surface and subsurface water. At the majority of sites, neither hydraulic nor temperature gradients were significantly affected by either short‐ or long‐term changes in discharge operations from Hells Canyon Dam. Only 2 of 14 study sites exhibited acute flux reversals between the river and riverbed resulting from short‐term, large magnitude changes in discharge. The findings suggest that local scale measurements may not be wholly explanatory of the hydrological exchange between the river and riverbed. The processes controlling surface water exchange at the study sites are likely to be bedform‐induced advective pumping, turbulence at the riverbed surface, and large‐scale hydraulic gradients along the longitudinal profile of the riverbed. By incorporating the knowledge of hydrological exchange processes into water management planning, regional agencies will be better prepared to manage the limited water resources among competing priorities that include salmon recovery, flood control, irrigation supply, hydropower production, and recreation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moisture dynamics and hydrophysical properties of a transplanted acrotelm on a cutover peatland
Authors: Cagampan J. P. , Waddington J. M.
Published: July 2007

The natural carbon storage function of peatland ecosystems can be severely affected by the abandonment of peat extraction, influencing peatland drainage, leading to large and persistent sources of atmospheric CO2. Moreover, these cutover peatlands have a low and variable water table position and high tension at the surface, creating harsh ecohydrological conditions for vegetation re‐establishment, particularly peat forming Sphagnum moss. Standard restoration techniques aim to restore the peatland to a carbon accumulating system through various water management techniques to improve hydrological conditions and by reintroducing Sphagnum at the surface. However, restoring the hydrology of peatlands can be expensive due to the cost of implementing the various restoration techniques. This study examines a peat extraction‐restoration technique where the acrotelm is preserved and replaced directly on the cutover peat surface. An experimental peatland adopting this acrotelm transplant technique had both a high water table and peat moisture conditions providing sufficient water at the surface for Sphagnum moss. Average water table conditions were higher at the experimental site (−8·4 ± 4·2 cm) compared to an adjacent natural site (−12·7 ± 6·0 cm) suggesting adequate moisture conditions at the restored surface. However, the experimental site experienced high variability in volumetric moisture content (VMC) in the capitula zone (upper 2 cm) where large diurnal changes in VMC (∼30%) were observed, suggesting possible disturbance to the peat matrix structure during the extraction‐restoration process. However, soil–water retention analysis and physical peat properties (porosity and bulk density) suggest that no significant differences existed between the natural and experimental sites. Any structural changes within the peat matrix were therefore minimal. Moreover, low soil‐water tensions were maintained well above the laboratory measured critical Sphagnum threshold of 33% (−100 mb) VMC, further indicating favourable conditions for Sphagnum moss survival and growth. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smooth muscle cell phenotype alters cocultured endothelial cell response to biomaterial‐pretreated leukocytes
Authors: Rose Stacey L. , Babensee Julia E.
Published: July 2007

Model in vitro culturing systems were developed to analyze roles of biomaterial‐induced leukocyte activation on endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype, and their crosstalk. Isolated monocytes or neutrophils were pretreated with model biomaterial beads and applied directly to “more secretory” (cultured in media containing 5% fetal bovine serum) or forced contractile (serum and growth factor starved) human aortic SMCs (HASMCs), or to the human aortic EC (HAEC) surface of HAEC/HASMC cocultures (HASMC phenotype varied to be “more or less secretory”) for 5 or 24 h of static culture. Surface expression of proinflammatory [ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, E‐selectin], procoagulant (tissue factor), and anticoagulant (thrombomodulin) markers, as well as HAEC proliferation, were assessed by flow cytometry. Incubation of HAEC with biomaterial‐pretreated monocytes (and neutrophils to lesser degree) suppressed HAEC proliferation and induced a proinflammatory/procoagulant HAEC phenotype. This HAEC phenotype was amplified in coculture with “more secretory” HASMCs and subdued in coculture with “less secretory” HASMCs. Direct incubation of biomaterial‐pretreated monocytes or neutrophils with “more secretory” HASMCs further increased HASMC ICAM‐1 and tissue factor expression. Direct incubation of biomaterial‐pretreated monocytes or neutrophils with forced contractile HASMCs upregulated ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and tissue factor expression above the presence of serum‐containing media alone. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Primary human osteoblasts grow into porous tantalum and maintain an osteoblastic phenotype
Authors: Welldon Katie J. , Atkins Gerald J. , Howie Donald W. , Findlay David M.
Published: July 2007

Porous tantalum (Ta) has found application in orthopedics, although the interaction of human osteoblasts (HOB) with this material has not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of primary HOB with porous tantalum, using 5‐mm thick discs of porous tantalum. Comparison was made with discs of solid tantalum and tissue culture plastic. Confocal microscopy was used to investigate the attachment and growth of cells on porous Ta, and showed that HOB attached successfully to the metal “trabeculae,” underwent extensive cell division, and penetrated into the Ta pores. The maturation of HOB on porous Ta was determined in terms of cell expression of the osteoblast phenotypic markers, STRO‐1, and alkaline phosphatase. Despite some donor‐dependent variation in STRO‐1/AlkPhos expression, growth of cells grown on porous Ta either promoted, or did not impede, the maturation of HOB. In addition, the expression of key osteoblastic genes was investigated after 14 days of culture. The relative levels of mRNA encoding osteocalcin, osteopontin and receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) was not different between porous or solid Ta or plastic, although these genes were expressed differently by cells of different donors. However, bone sialoprotein and type I collagen mRNA species showed a decreased expression on porous Ta compared with expression on plastic. No substrate‐dependent differences were seen in the extent of in vitro mineralization by HOB. These results indicate that porous Ta is a good substrate for the attachment, growth, and differentiated function of HOB. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Beta‐tricalcium phosphate release from brushite cement surface
Authors: Alkhraisat M. Hamdan , Mariño F. Tamimi , Retama J. Rubio , Jerez L. Blanco , López‐Cabarcos E.
Published: July 2007

Different in vivo studies demonstrated that brushite cements are biocompatible, bioresorbable, and osteoconductive. However, the decay of brushite cements has been scarcely studied even though it may be of great concern for clinical applications in highly blood‐perfused regions. This work was elaborated to elucidate factors that determine brushite cement surface disintegration. For that, brushite cements were modified using in their preparation different aqueous solutions of phosphoric, glycolic, tartaric, and citric acids in concentrations that were reported to improve the cement properties. Two‐viscosity enhancing polysaccharides, chondroitin‐4 sulfate and hyaluronic acid, were also assayed. Thereafter, pre‐ and set cement samples were immersed in distilled water for 24 h. The cement–solid weight loss, microstructure, liquid phase viscosity, mean size of the released particles, and zeta potential were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. It was found that the particles released from the cement surface were β‐TCP, and their amount depends on the carboxylic acid used in the preparation of the cement. The addition of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin‐4 sulfate decreased the amount of released particles from the surface of the set brushite cement made with citric acid. Furthermore, the hyaluronic acid increased significantly the viscosity of the citric acid solution and the cement paste prepared with this liquid phase showed a pronounced step down in particle release. In this study, we showed that the water solubility of calcium carboxylate and the viscosity of mixing liquid may dictate the superficial disintegration of brushite cements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
The emphasis on value‐based strategic management in UK companies
Authors: Handler Sylvia A.
Published: July 2007

Recent research into UK publicly traded companies reveals that corporate UK managers are focusing their efforts toward creating and enhancing value for shareholders. Advocates of value techniques believe that managing for shareholder value provides managers with a more appropriate yardstick for measuring their companies' performance. Here Sylvia Handler reveals some of corporate UK's experiences with value‐based strategic management.
A critical review of international ISDN development
Authors: Kuo Feng‐Yang , Lin Jimming
Published: July 2007

In a global economic environment, the pressure to improve a country's business infrastructure will come, not from within, but from outside the country, as more and more businesses depend on international trade to survive. Integrated service digital network (ISDN) is a critical element of an effective business infrastructure for integrating business functions such as intelligence, marketing, manufacturing and research and development. This paper reviews critical ISDN developments in several industrialized countries and suggests future investment directions for public policy makers and business leaders to consider.
Case history: Analysing the UK management training and development industry
Authors: Hussey D. E.
Published: July 2007

The article describes an approach to competitor analysis, providing a case history of experience in applying the approach to the management development and training industry. It deals with issues of industry definition and shows how competitor information can be obtained ethically. Some examples of the decisions that resulted from the analysis are given.
Action planning: A procedural model for involving an organization's membership in planned change
Authors: Cunningham Barton
Published: July 2007

Planning approaches have long been of interest in assisting managers to respond to future constraints and opportunities. This paper offers an ‘action’ planning perspective, which seeks to assist managers in gaining membership commitment in the planning process.
The case for the organization– corporate strategies and community relations
Authors: Frost Frederick A.
Published: July 2007

Industry needs to act on the signifcant changes in social and political attitudes towards the environment that threaten the industry's progress. The environmental checks and balances placed on primary industry are quite stringent. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the processes currently being adopted to evaluate such projects will form the basis for similar adjudications of secondary and tertiary industry. Relationships with various stakeholders, such as the community is an activity of increasing importance in modern projects. Appropriate strategies for handling such relationships should be established with the same priority as those of other core activities such as technical, economic and human resource. Environmental considerations must be fully integrated into decision making.
Strategic planning at Royal Dutch/Shell
Authors: Schoemaker Paul J. H. , van der Heijden Cornelius A. J. M.
Published: July 2007

In the early 1980s, the Royal Dutch/Shell Group conducted a comprehensive review of its approach to strategic planning throughout the organization. This was done at two levels. First, the views of Shell managers and planners were collected and analysed. Second, the state of the art outside the company was studied for its relevance to Shell. The conclusions reached have been the basis for the Shell approach to strategic planning since then. This paper offers a detailed look at the principles that have been guiding strategic management in Shell. It describes the group‐wide planning system designed at that time and the new orientation aimed for in its planning methodologies.

Although Shell is by no means a typical company, it can be viewed as an interesting limit case in the global management of uncertainty and complexity. Few industries have encountered in their raw materials the volatility exhibited by oil prices, nor do few entail lead times as long or assets as specialized as those in the oil and gas industry. Adding to this, the political complexities inherent in dealing with governments, plus the unusual complexity of Shell's organizational design, provides for a fascinating study and challenge in the management of change. The paper concludes with a commentary on the distinctive features of the Shell approach.
Epilepsia partialis continua with dystonic hand movement in a patient with a malformation of cortical development
Authors: Zyss Julie , Xie‐Brustolin Jing , Ryvlin Philippe , Peysson Stéphane , Beschet Albert , Sappey‐Marinier Dominique , Hermier Marc , Thobois Stéphane
Published: July 2007

Malformations of cortical development (MCD) with polymicrogyria and schizencephaly are due to abnormal cortical organization and usually manifest by intractable epilepsy and mental retardation. Epileptical activity is often hard to register and focal dystonia associated with such MCD has previously been described but without any metabolic imaging. We report here a 46‐year‐old man presenting with late‐onset atypical abnormal movements of his left hand associated with right central region MCD. To demonstrate the involvement of an epileptical focus, we performed [18F]FDG‐PET and fMRI both before and after a single dose of clobazam and diazepam, respectively. Characteristics of the abnormal hand movements, clinical response to the medication, and the result of the [18F]FDG‐PET and fMRI investigations all favor the diagnosis of epilepsia partialis continua. We conclude that the dystonic movement is part of the partial seizure. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Zero‐coupon bond prices in the Vasicek and CIR models: Their computation as group‐invariant solutions
Authors: Sinkala W. , Leach P. G. L. , O'Hara J. G.
Published: July 2007

We compute prices of zero‐coupon bonds in the Vasicek and Cox–Ingersoll–Ross interest rate models as group‐invariant solutions. Firstly, we determine the symmetries of the valuation partial differential equation that are compatible with the terminal condition and then seek the desired solution among the invariant solutions arising from these symmetries. We also point to other possible studies on these models using the symmetries admitted by the valuation partial differential equations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intravesical resiniferatoxin for the treatment of women with idiopathic detrusor overactivity and urgency incontinence: A single dose, 4 weeks, double‐blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial
Authors: Rios Luis Augusto Seabra , Panhoca Renato , Mattos Demerval , Srugi Miguel , Bruschini Homero
Published: July 2007

Aims

To assess the hypothesis that resiniferatoxin (RTX) can be useful in women with urgency incontinence and idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO), we conducted a prospective, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel trial comparing the effects of RTX and placebo.

Materials and Methods

Fifty‐eight patients were randomly assigned to receive a single intravesical dose of 100 ml of either RTX 50 nM or placebo. Safety and efficacy were evaluated over 4 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoints were voiding symptoms evaluated through the voiding diary. Secondary efficacy endpoint was urodynamic response. Quality of life was measured by the Kings' Health Questionnaire

Results

Although improving trends were seen in both groups after the instillations, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups in any of the clinical or urodynamic parameters. RTX instillations were well tolerated with few and self‐limited side‐effects.

Conclusion

A single 50 nM intravesical dose of RTX was not better than placebo for the treatment of women with IDO and urgency incontinence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:773–778, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“The future is in our minds”: The American Indian College Fund
Authors: Wells Ronald Austin
Published: July 2007

This chapter details the birth, early development, and fundraising strategies of the American Indian College Fund, incorporated in 1987 as a tax‐exempt nonprofit organization to raise funds from the private sector to advance American Indian higher education. The fund is unique in its support for the American Indian tribal colleges, which are located primarily on Indian reservations across the United States.
Economics and philanthropy: A marriage of necessity for nonprofit organizations
Authors: Steinberg Richard
Published: July 2007

This chapter illustrates the many uses of economics in the design of fundraising campaigns and in donor decision making, providing a nontechnical introduction to the subject for nonprofit managers and fund‐raising professionals.
Criteria for audits and measurements for demonstrating fundraising success
Authors: Collier Arthur S.
Published: July 2007

A case is made for the practical utility of audits and measurements to demonstrate the productivity and efficiency and the cost‐effectiveness and profitability of fundraising.
Successful trusteeship: An executive director's viewpoint
Authors: Piana David La
Published: July 2007

This chapter explores the chief executive's role in the development of a successful board of trustees and presents a case study of how one agency makes it work.
Moving toward a matrix: Gender and the nonprofit culture of the nineties
Authors: Conry Julie C. , McDonald Janette E.
Published: July 2007

The role of gender in shaping the culture of the nonprofit workplace is a relatively new element in the analysis of nonprofit organizations. Since women make up more than half of the nonprofit workforce, the capacity to understand and use the strengths of gender differences is important to developing organizational effectiveness.
Integrity in the culture of philanthropic organizations
Authors: Fogal Robert E.
Published: July 2007

As used by news media, the word nonprofit commonly implies a standard of trust and integrity. Because trust and integrity are key to nonprofit organizational culture and fundraising success, we must understand and manage ourselves so as to build our own integrity and the integrity of our organizations.
Resource development in the new millennium
Authors: Hedgepeth Royster C.
Published: July 2007

Faced with a substantial erosion of the public trust, the nonprofit sector and the organizations within it must understand and strengthen their organizational cultures if they are to restore lost faith, deliver service more effectively, and raise more money to support their efforts. Nonprofit sector leaders must care for the culture of the sector and move assertively to restore public confidence.
Fundraising as an ethical act
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: July 2007

Discussions of ethics often take a narrow and negative approach. The young profession of fundraising should heed the ancient and rich tradition of philosophical and religious ethics.
Financial contributions for the kingdom from the elect: Giving patterns in the black church
Authors: Pressley Calvin O.
Published: July 2007

The black church, like all churches, is faced with limited prospects and increasing demands. An informal survey of professionals and laity in the black church provide a “pulse” of our perceptions of giving within the black church, and several common themes suggest where more thought, observation, effort, and research is needed.
From generation to generation: Transmitting the Jewish philanthropic tradition
Authors: Plotinsky Anita H.
Published: July 2007

The sharp decline in giving among the mainstream Jewish community has led to a reconsideration of what elements of Jewish life nurture and express philanthropic values. One answer is that philanthropic behavior is learned by doing through lived traditions and customs.
Asian American giving: Issues and challenges (A practitioner's perspective)
Authors: Shao Stella
Published: July 2007

The Asian American community is made up of many different cultural subgroups, all of which deal in different ways with tradition, separatism, and assimilation. Recent surveys are dispelling misconceptions about Asian American giving, suggesting fundraising strategies, and providing a framework for further research.
Integrating marketing, public relations, and fundraising for successful results
Authors: Phair Judith Turner
Published: July 2007

All too often, a lack of understanding and appreciation among marketing, public relations, and fundraising professionals results in miscommunication and misguided campaigning. It can prevent fundraisers from taking advantage of the latest public relations and marketing techniques to achieve their goals.
Nine and a half theses about fundraising benefits: Rationalizations, indulgences, and opportunity costs
Authors: Miller Michael Page
Published: July 2007

Nonprofit organizations should not overestimate the value of special events for fundraising.
A comparison of SCOP and CATH with respect to domain–domain interactions
Authors: Jefferson Emily R. , Walsh Thomas P. , Barton Geoffrey J.
Published: July 2007

The analysis and prediction of protein–protein interaction sites from structural data are restricted by the limited availability of structural complexes that represent the complete protein–protein interaction space. The domain classification schemes CATH and SCOP are normally used independently in the analysis and prediction of protein domain–domain interactions. In this article, the effect of different domain classification schemes on the number and type of domain–domain interactions observed in structural data is systematically evaluated for the SCOP and CATH hierarchies. Although there is a large overlap in domain assignments between SCOP and CATH, 23.6% of CATH interfaces had no SCOP equivalent and 37.3% of SCOP interfaces had no CATH equivalent in a nonredundant set. Therefore, combining both classifications gives an increase of between 23.6 and 37.3% in domain–domain interfaces. It is suggested that if possible, both domain classification schemes should be used together, but if only one is selected, SCOP provides better coverage than CATH. Employing both SCOP and CATH reduces the false negative rate of predictive methods, which employ homology matching to structural data to predict protein–protein interaction by an estimated 6.5%. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional variational assimilation of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data into a mesoscale weather‐prediction model: A case study
Authors: Faccani C. , Cimini D. , Marzano F. S. , Ferretti R.
Published: July 2007

Assimilation of data from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) is performed in order to improve the forecast of a heavy‐precipitation case (IOP2b, 20–21 September 1999) of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme 1999. The three‐dimensional variational data assimilation technique of the MM5 model is used. Either brightness temperatures or precipitable water and surface wind speed are assimilated. The sensitivity of the model to SSM/I data is also tested by selectively excluding SSM/I frequencies and changing the size of the thinning box. All the experiments are performed using the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) analysis on pressure level.

The new initial conditions show considerable underestimation of the surface wind component V, and, even more, of the surface water vapour mixing ratio. This last error is partially corrected by assimilation of precipitable water alone, although these data produce a large increase in the mean error of the other surface variables (U, V and T). However, the forecast with this new set of initial conditions shows a good agreement (high correlation coefficient) with the rain gauge observations for the 1 h accumulated precipitation 3 h after the initial time. With a doubled box size, there is low sensitivity to the density of the observations used. In this case, the effect of the SSM/I data is slight, and the rainfall pattern produced is comparable to that obtained without any data assimilation. The model performance is also degraded if the 22 GHz brightness temperatures are removed from the assimilated measurements: the correlation coefficient for the precipitation is lower than in the case where all the frequencies are assimilated, and it decreases over time. In general, the use of precipitable water and surface wind speed affects the early stages (3 h) of the rainfall forecast, reducing the model spin‐up. Brightness temperatures affect the forecast at a longer range (10 h). Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Constrained optimized potential method and second‐order correlation energy for excited states
Authors: Glushkov Vitaly N. , Gidopoulos Nikitas
Published: July 2007

An optimized effective potential (OEP) approach based on density functional theory for individual excited states and a simple to implement method which takes the orthogonality constraints into account (TOCIA) for the Kohn–Sham determinants is developed with the aim of constructing the orbital‐dependent correlation energy corrections. It is shown that the TOCIA methodology makes it possible to apply both the OEP experience and the perturbative second‐order correction for the ground state to the excited state problem with the same computational effort. A performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by calculations of excitation energies for the Li atom and HeH and LiHe molecules at the different levels of approximation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Expressions for bit error probability
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees , Kotz Samuel
Published: July 2007

The bit error probability (BEP) for many wireless communications networks can be expressed in the form R = Pr (X2 < X1) where X1 and X2 are independent random variables. Here, a comprehensive collection of formulas is derived for R by assuming the most commonly known models for X1 and X2. A discussion is provided of four possible applications to problems in wireless communications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.