bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Male Urogenital System Mapped Onto the Sensory Cortex: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence
Authors: Allen Kachina , Wise Nan , Frangos Eleni , Komisaruk Barry
Published: January 2020

Introduction

The projection of the human male urogenital system onto the paracentral lobule has not previously been mapped comprehensively.

Aim

To map specific urogenital structures onto the primary somatosensory cortex toward a better understanding of sexual response in men.

Methods

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we mapped primary somatosensory cortical responses to self-stimulation of the penis shaft, glans, testicles, scrotum, rectum, urethra, prostate, perineum, and nipple. We further compared neural response with erotic and prosaic touch of the penile shaft.

Main Outcome Measure

We identified the primary mapping site of urogenital structures on the paracentral lobule and identified networks involved in perceiving touch as erotic.

Results

We mapped sites on the primary somatosensory cortex to which components of the urogenital structures project in men. Evidence is provided that penile cutaneous projection is different from deep penile projection. Similar to a prior report in women, we show that the nipple projects to the same somatosensory cortical region as the genitals. Evidence of differential representation of erotic and nonerotic genital self-stimulation is also provided, the former activating sensory networks other than the primary sensory cortex, indicating a role of “top-down” activity in erotic response.

Clinical Implications

We map primary sites of projection of urogenital structures to the primary somatosensory cortex and differentiate cortical sites of erotic from nonerotic genital self-stimulation.

Strength & Limitations

To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive mapping onto the primary somatosensory cortex of the projection of the components of the urogenital system in men and the difference in cortical activation in response to erotic vs nonerotic self-stimulation. The nipple was found to project to the same cortical region as the genitals. Evidence is provided that superficial and deep penile stimulation project differentially to the cortex, suggesting that sensory innervation of the penis is provided by more than the (pudendal) dorsal nerve.

Conclusion

This study reconciles prior apparently conflicting findings and offers a comprehensive mapping of male genital components to the paracentral lobule. We provide evidence of differential projection of light touch vs pressure applied to the penile shaft, suggesting differential innervation of its superficial, vs deep structure. Similar to the response in women, we found nipple projection to genital areas of the paracentral lobule. We also provide evidence of differential representation of erotic and nonerotic genital self-stimulation, the former activating sensory networks other than the primary sensory cortex, indicating a role of top-down activity in erotic response.
The Role of Memory in Agential Self-Knowledge
Authors: Sorgiovanni Ben
Published: January 2020

Agentialism about self-knowledge (hereafter simply “agentialism”) is the view that key to understanding our capacity for self-knowledge is appreciating the connection between that capacity and our identities as rational agents—as creatures for whom believing, intending, desiring, and so on are manifestations of a capacity to be responsive to reasons. This connection, agentialists maintain, consists in the fact that coming to know our own minds involves an exercise of our rational capacities in the service of answering the relevant first-order question. Agentialists face the task of accounting for the connection between our identities as rational agents and our capacity to know our stored beliefs. It’s plausible that one comes to know that one believes that p by exercising one’s rational capacities in those cases where the belief that p is formed on the basis of present consideration of the reasons for and against p. But what exactly is the relevance of our rational capacities in the case where one has already formed the belief in question? In this paper I provide an answer to this question. That answer involves an appeal to a particular model of memory. According to the model I favor, memory preserves, in addition to the content of one’s beliefs, one’s commitment to their truth.
Tornado Disaster Casualties Admitted to a County Hospital in the Jiangsu Province of China
Authors: Dong Junqiang , Wang Bing , Deng Qiangyu , Yu Wenya , Chen Haiping , Zhang Lulu
Published: January 2020

Objective:

We analyzed characteristics of tornado-related injuries and medical impact on a county-level hospital in China in June 23, 2016. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze local government rescue responses following the tornado.

Methods:

County hospital medical records of 288 tornado-related injury patients were collected. Descriptive analyses to study injury characteristics and associated risk factors were performed.

Results:

Of the studied population, 84% of the wounded were older than 45 years. Only 30 (10.4%) people were sent to the hospital for treatment within 3 hours following the disaster. Heavy objects or collapsing houses accounted for 191 (66.3%) of the documented injuries. The proportion of people with resulting brain injuries was 46.2% of the entire injured population, and the incidence of lower extremity injuries was 27.8%. A total of 89.6% of the wounded had skin and soft tissue injuries. Multiple injuries were found in 129 (44.8%) people and 156 had a single injury (54.2%), and 3 cases with acute stress disorder were admitted to the hospital.

Conclusions:

Preparation plans, including tornado warnings, prevention, and rescue, are a basic requirement for the mitigation of tornado-related injuries. Protection awareness of tornado disasters is also critical to ensure injury prevention.
AN EXTENSION OF ROHRLICH’S THEOREM TO THE -FUNCTION
Authors: BRINGMANN KATHRIN , KANE BEN
Published: January 2020

We start by recalling the following theorem of Rohrlich [17]. To state it, let

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\mathfrak{z}}$

denote half of the size of the stabilizer

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{\mathfrak{z}}$

of

$\mathfrak{z}\in \mathbb{H}$

in

$\text{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$

and for a meromorphic function

$f:\mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$

let

$\text{ord}_{\mathfrak{z}}(f)$

be the order of vanishing of

$f$

at 

$\mathfrak{z}$

. Moreover, define

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}(z):=q\prod _{n\geqslant 1}(1-q^{n})^{24}$

, where

$q:=e^{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}iz}$

, and set

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D55B}(z):=\frac{1}{6}\log (y^{6}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}(z)|)+1$

, where

$z=x+iy$

. Rohrlich’s theorem may be stated in terms of the Petersson inner product, denoted by

$\langle ~,\,\rangle$

.
Population-based assessment of patient and provider characteristics influencing pediatric outpatient antibiotic use in a high antibiotic-prescribing state
Authors: Katz Sophie E. , Staub Milner , Ouedraogo Youssoufou , Evans Christopher D. , Kainer Marion A. , Griffin Marie R. , Banerjee Ritu
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To identify patient and provider characteristics associated with high-volume antibiotic prescribing for children in Tennessee, a state with high antibiotic utilization.

Design:

Cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of pediatric (aged <20 years) outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in Tennessee using the 2016 IQVIA Xponent (formerly QuintilesIMS) database.

Methods:

Patient and provider characteristics, including county of prescription fill, rural versus urban county classification, patient age group, provider type (nurse practitioner, physician assistant, physician, or dentist), physician specialty, and physician years of practice were analyzed.

Results:

Tennessee providers wrote 1,940,011 pediatric outpatient antibiotic prescriptions yielding an antibiotic prescribing rate of 1,165 per 1,000 population, 50% higher than the national pediatric antibiotic prescribing rate. Mean antibiotic prescribing rates varied greatly by county (range, 39–2,482 prescriptions per 1,000 population). Physicians wrote the greatest number of antibiotic prescriptions (1,043,030 prescriptions, 54%) of which 56% were written by general pediatricians. Pediatricians graduating from medical school prior to 2000 were significantly more likely than those graduating after 2000 to be high antibiotic prescribers. Overall, 360 providers (1.7% of the 21,798 total providers in this dataset) were responsible for nearly 25% of both overall and broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions; 20% of these providers practiced in a single county.

Conclusions:

Fewer than 2% of providers account for 25% of pediatric antibiotic prescriptions. High antibiotic prescribing for children in Tennessee is associated with specific patient and provider characteristics that can be used to design stewardship interventions targeted to the highest prescribing providers in specific counties and specialties.
A successful program preventing nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in a large hospital system
Authors: Lacerna Cristine C. , Patey Donna , Block Lawrence , Naik Sejal , Kevorkova Yulia , Galin Jessica , Parker Melanie , Betts Robin , Parodi Stephen , Witt David
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To develop and evaluate a program to presvent hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP).

Design:

Prospective, observational, surveillance program to identify HAP before and after 7 interventions. An order set automatically triggered in programmatically identified high-risk patients.

Setting:

All 21 hospitals of an integrated healthcare system with 4.4 million members.

Patients:

All hospitalized patients.

Interventions:

Interventions for high-risk patients included mobilization, upright feeding, swallowing evaluation, sedation restrictions, elevated head of bed, oral care and tube care.

Results:

HAP rates decreased between 2012 and 2018: from 5.92 to 1.79 per 1,000 admissions (P = .0031) and from 24.57 to 6.49 per 100,000 members (P = .0014). HAP mortality decreased from 1.05 to 0.34 per 1,000 admissions and from 4.37 to 1.24 per 100,000 members. Concomitant antibiotic utilization demonstrated reductions of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Antibiotic therapy per 100,000 members was measured as follows: carbapenem days (694 to 463; P = .0020), aminoglycoside days (154 to 61; P = .0165), vancomycin days (2,087 to 1,783; P = .002), and quinolone days (2,162 to 1,287; P < .0001). Only cephalosporin use increased, driven by ceftriaxone days (264 to 460; P = .0009). Benzodiazepine use decreased between 2014 to 2016: 10.4% to 8.8% of inpatient days. Mortality for patients with HAP was 18% in 2012% and 19% in 2016 (P = .439).

Conclusion:

HAP rates, mortality, and broad-spectrum antibiotic use were all reduced significantly following these interventions, despite the absence of strong supportive literature for guidance. Most interventions augmented basic nursing care. None had risks of adverse consequences. These results support the need to examine practices to improve care despite limited literature and the need to further study these difficult areas of care.
Transcultural flows and marginality: reggae and hip hop in Sardinia
Authors: Scarparo Susanna , Stevenson Mathias Sutherland
Published: January 2020

Hip hop, reggae/raggamuffin, and fusions between these genres, emerged in the Italian island of Sardinia in the 1980s and 1990s. In this article, we examine the ways in which these transnational music forms have found fertile terrain in post-colonial Sardinia across generations and cultures through the music of the historic hip hop crew, Sa Razza, the next generation ‘rappamuffin’ artist, Randagiu Sardu, and the Senegalese-Sardinian Afro-reggae musician, Momar Gaye. Through the analysis of selected tracks and video clips we explore how overlapping cultural, social, and political discourses of decolonisation are framed and narrated through language, music, and images as a means of expressing cultural and political agency, critiquing the impacts of exploitation and colonisation, and consciously and self-reflexively reinterpreting and celebrating marginality.
The asymmetric behavior of English negative quantifiers in negative sentences
Authors: TUBAU SUSAGNA
Published: January 2020

In this paper, the unexpected behavior of object negative quantifiers in some diagnostic tests of sentential negation is accounted for within a Minimalist framework assuming that: (i) negative quantifiers decompose into negation and an existential quantifier; (ii) negative quantifiers are multidominant phrase markers, as Parallel Merge allows the verb to c-select their existential part but not their negative part, thus giving negation remerge flexibility; (iii) tag questions involveor-coordination of TPs, andneither/soclauses involveand-coordination of TPs; (iv) two positions for sentential negation are available in English, one below TP (PolP2), and one above TP (PolP1). Activation of either PolP1or PolP2in the absence of other scope-taking operators corresponds to two distinct grammars. If PolP1is active, the negative part of an object negative quantifier remerges in its Specifier valuing the [upol: ] feature of Pol1as negative ([upol:neg]) while skipping the TP-domain. As no negative formal feature is present in the TP, a negative question tag is required, as well asso-coordination,too-licensing andYes, I guess so‘expression of agreement’. Conversely, if PolP2is active, the negative part of the object negative quantifier remerges in the TP-domain (in Spec, PolP2), thus requiring a positive question tag,neither-coordination,either-licensing, andNo, I guess not.
The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904
Authors: Rehling Joseph , Moncrieff Joanna
Published: January 2020

Background

Contrasting historical views represent the asylum as a manifestation of humanitarian and therapeutic progress or as an institution of social control designed to bolster the capitalist economic order. More extreme critics suggest it was used to incarcerate people exhibiting only political or social deviance.

Methods

Case notes of 200 consecutive male and female admissions to the Essex County Asylum in 1904 were inspected. The nature of presentations was classified in contemporary terms into broad categories of disorder. Outcomes were identified and differences between men and women were explored.

Results

We found no evidence that patients were admitted without signs of significant mental and behavioural disturbance. In total, 44% of admissions had signs of an organic condition, and these were more frequent among men. Women were admitted at a faster rate and were 1.6 times more likely to have mania or a psychotic disorder. Overall, 45.5% of patients were discharged, with 62% of patients with non-organic disorders discharged recovered or improved.

Conclusions

Evidence partially supports both views of the asylum. In line with other studies, there is no evidence that the asylum was used to incarcerate people who did not show significant signs of disorder, but it did provide care and containment for those who could not be accommodated elsewhere, including many with organic conditions. The asylum also had a therapeutic orientation, however, and encouraged discharge where possible. In contrast to some other studies, women were more likely to be institutionalised than men, possibly reflecting their greater economic dependency.
New Robust Control Method Applied to the Locomotion of a 5-Link Biped Robot
Authors: Mehdi Kakaei Mohammad , Salarieh Hassan
Published: January 2020

This paper proposes a new design of robust control combining feedback linearization, backstepping, and sliding mode control called FLBS applied to the locomotion of five-link biped robot. Due to the underactuated robot’s model, the system has a hybrid nature, while the FLBS control can provide a stabilized walking movement even with the existence of large disturbances and uncertainties by implementing smooth chatter-free signals. Stability of the method is proven using the Lyapunov theorem based on the hybrid zero dynamics and Poincaré map. The simulations show the controller performance such as robustness and chatter-free response in the presence of uncertainty and disturbance.
A Novel Exoskeleton with Fractional Sliding Mode Control for Upper Limb Rehabilitation
Authors: Islam Md Rasedul , Rahmani Mehran , Rahman Mohammad Habibur
Published: January 2020

The robotic intervention has great potential in the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients to regain their lost mobility. In this paper, firstly, we present a design of a novel, 7 degree-of-freedom (DOF) upper limb robotic exoskeleton (u-Rob) that features shoulder scapulohumeral rhythm with a wide range of motions (ROM) compared to other existing exoskeletons. An ergonomic shoulder mechanism with two passive DOF was included in the proposed exoskeleton to provide scapulohumeral motion with corresponding full ROM. Also, the joints of u-Rob have more range of motions compared to its existing counterparts. Secondly, we propose a fractional sliding mode control (FSMC) to control u-Rob. Applying the Lyapunov theory to the proposed control algorithm, we showed the stability of it. To control u-Rob, FSMC has shown effectiveness to handle unmodeled dynamics (e.g. friction, disturbance, etc.) in terms of better tracking and chatter compared to traditional SMC.
The badness of pain
Authors: Bradford Gwen
Published: January 2020

Why is pain bad? The most straightforward theory of pain's badness,dolorism, appeals to the phenomenal quality of displeasure. In spite of its explanatory appeal, the view is too straightforward to capture two central puzzles, namely pain that is enjoyed and pain that is not painful (e.g. pain asymbolia). These cases can be captured byconditionalism, which makes the badness of displeasure conditional on an agent's attitude. But conditionalism fails where dolorism succeeds with explanatory appeal. A new approach is proposed,reverse conditionalism, which maintains the explanatory appeal of dolorism, but gives attitudes a value-defeating role. It is argued that this view does best in fulfilling the desiderata and capturing the cases.
A free-produce stand on campus: impact on fruit and vegetable intake in Dutch university students
Authors: van den Bogerd Nicole , Peppelenbos Herman , Leufkens Roos , Seidell Jacob C , Maas Jolanda , Dijkstra S Coosje
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To investigate the effects of providing free fruit and snack vegetables at a university on students’ fruit intake, snack vegetable intake and total vegetable intake.

Design:

Free fruit and raw snack vegetables (e.g. bite-sized tomatoes) were provided in a stand in the form of a miniature wooden house located in the central hall of the university’s main building, which students regularly pass through on their way to lectures and the cafeteria. Three interventions tested with a pre-test/post-test design were performed. In these three interventions, small changes to the appearance of the stand were made, such as placing potted plants around it. Demographic characteristics and fruit and vegetable intakes were assessed with questionnaires.

Setting:

A Dutch university of applied science.

Participants:

Intervention 1 included 124 students; Intervention 2 included ninety-two students; Intervention 3 included 237 students.

Results:

Longitudinal linear regression analyses showed that post-test snack vegetable intake was consistently higher compared with pre-test. In the three interventions, post-test snack vegetable intakes were between 11 and 14 g/d higher than at the pre-test, which is comparable to three bite-sized tomatoes. No differences in fruit intake or total vegetable intake were found. Subgroup analyses showed that, in all three interventions, students with the lowest pre-test fruit intake and total vegetable intake reported the largest increase in fruit intake and snack vegetable intake after the interventions.

Conclusions:

Providing free fruit and vegetables to students at their university might be beneficial for those with low habitual intakes.
What to expect from the price of healthy and unhealthy foods over time? The case from Brazil
Authors: Maia Emanuella Gomes , dos Passos Camila Mendes , Levy Renata Bertazzi , Bortoletto Martins Ana Paula , Mais Laís Amaral , Claro Rafael Moreira
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To measure change in price of food groups over time (1995–2030) in Brazil, considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations.

Design:

Data from the Household Budget Survey (2008–2009 HBS) and the National System of Consumer Price Indexes (NSCPI) were used to create a data set containing monthly prices for the foods and beverages most consumed in the country (n 102), from January 1995 to December 2017. Data on price of foods and beverages from 2008–2009 HBS (referring to January 2009) were used to calculate real price over time using the monthly variation in prices from NSCPI. All prices were deflated to December 2017. Foods and beverages were classified following the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations. The monthly price for each food group and subgroup was used to analyse changes in prices from 1995 to 2017 and to forecast prices up to 2030 using fractional polynomial models.

Setting:

Brazil.

Participants:

National estimates of foods and beverages purchased for Brazil.

Results:

In 1995, ultra-processed foods were the most expensive group (R$ 6·51/kg), followed by processed foods (R$ 6·44/kg), then unprocessed or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (R$ 3·45/kg). Since the early 2000s, the price of ultra-processed foods underwent successive reductions, becoming cheaper than processed foods and reducing the distance between it and the price of the other group. Forecasts indicate that unhealthy foods will become cheaper than healthy foods in 2026.

Conclusions:

Food prices in Brazil have changed unfavourably considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations. This may imply a decrease in the quality of the population’s diet.
Give us a little social credit: to design or to discover personal ratings in the era of Big Data
Authors: Devereaux Abigail , Peng Linan
Published: January 2020

In 2014, the State Council of the Chinese Communist Party announced the institution of a social credit system by 2020, a follow-up to a similar statement on the creation of a social credit system issued by the State Council in 2007. Social credit ratings of the type being developed by the State Council in partnership with Chinese companies go beyond existing financial credit ratings in an attempt to project less-tangible personal characteristics like trustworthiness, criminal tendencies, and group loyalty onto a single scale. The emergence of personal credit ratings is enabled by Big Data, automated decision-making processes, machine learning, and facial recognition technology. It is quite likely that various kinds of personal and social credit ratings shall become reality in the near future. We explore China's version of its social credit system so far, compare the welfare and epistemological qualities of an ecology of personal ratings emanating from polycentric sourcesversusa social credit rating, and discuss whether a social credit system in an ideologically driven state is less a tool to maximize social welfare through trustworthiness provision and more a method of preventing and punishing deviance from a set of party-held ideological values.
Music, Politics, and the Liminality of the Havana Jazz Plaza Festival in the Obama Era
Authors: STORHOFF TIMOTHY
Published: January 2020

After the Obama administration (2009–17) began authorizing musical exchanges with Cuba in 2009, Havana's music festivals became a primary site for transnational interactions and a public face for US-Cuban engagement while politicians worked towards normalization in secret. This article uses field research from the Havana International Jazz Festival, interviews with festival participants, and media coverage to explore Cuban music festivals as politically liminal spaces where musical and political life commingled to reflect the changing US-Cuban relationship. While diverse lineups attracted international tourists, artists faced bureaucratic challenges to legally traverse the Florida Straits and create music in the context of intercultural dialogue. Despite these difficulties, Havana as a festival space encouraged musicians to defy genre conventions, explore cultural commonalities, and negotiate social differences on stage during the Havana Jazz Plaza Festival. These transnational interactions culminated in Arturo O'Farrill's albumCuba: The Conversation Continues,which was recorded by US and Cuban musicians in Havana during the 2014 jazz festival and is characteristic of festival exchanges in its representation of a more harmonious international relationship.
Psychosocial Twin Cohort Studies in Japan: The Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC)
Authors: Ando Juko , Fujisawa Keiko K. , Hiraishi Kai , Shikishima Chizuru , Kawamoto Tetsuya , Nozaki Mari , Yamagata Shinji , Takahashi Yusuke , Suzuki Kunitake , Someya Yoshiaki , Ozaki Koken , Deno Minako , Tanaka Mami , Sasaki Shoko , Toda Tatsushi , Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Sakagami Masamichi , Okada Mitsuhiro , Kijima Nobuhiko , Takizawa Ryu , Murayama Kou
Published: January 2020

The Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC) was established in 2009 at Keio University to combine two longitudinal cohort projects — the Keio Twin Study (KTS) for adolescence and adulthood and the Tokyo Twin Cohort Project (ToTCoP) for infancy and childhood. KoTReC also conducted a two-time panel study of self-control and psychopathology in twin adolescence in 2012 and 2013 and three independent anonymous cross-sectional twin surveys (ToTcross) before 2012 — the ToTCross, the Junior and Senior High School Survey and the High School Survey. This article introduces the recent research designs of KoTReC and its publications.
Twin Family Registries Worldwide: An Important Resource for Scientific Research
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Bogl Leonie H. , Ordoñana Juan R. , Taylor Jeanette , Hart Sara A. , Tuvblad Catherine , Ystrom Eivind , Dalgård Christine , Skytthe Axel , Willemsen Gonneke
Published: January 2020

Much progress has been made in twin research since our last special issue on twin registries (Hur, Y.-M., & Craig, J. M. (2013). Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16, 1–12.). This special issue provides an update on the state of twin family registries around the world. This issue includes 61 papers on twin family registries from 25 countries, of which 3 describe consortia based on collaborations of several twin family registries. The articles included in this issue discuss the establishment and maintenance of twin registries, recruitment strategies, methods of zygosity assessment, research aims and major findings from twin family cohorts, as well as other important topics related to twin studies. The papers amount to approximately 1.3 million monozygotic, dizygotic twins and higher order multiples and their family members who participate in twin studies around the world. Nine new twin family registries have been established across the world since our last issue, which demonstrates that twin registers are increasingly important in studies of the determinants and correlates of complex traits from disease susceptibility to healthy development.
Orbital and Millennial‐Scale Cycles Paced Climate Variability During the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in the Southwestern Gondwana
Authors: Kochhann M. V. L. , Cagliari J. , Kochhann K. G. D. , Franco D. R.
Published: January 2020

Orbital cycles are related to variations of Earth's orbit through time and exert profound control on glacial and interglacial climates due to changes in insolation. In this study, we aim to test whether orbital and millennial‐scale climate cycles conditioned the deposition of rhythmites in the southern Gondwana during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA). We present the first cyclostratigraphic study based on X‐ray fluorescence records from a 27‐m‐thick interval of LPIA rhythmites in the southeastern border of the Paraná Basin, Brazil. TiO2 and Fe2O3 records display cycles in the Milankovitch and millennial bands. Among millennial‐scale variability, there are strong signals suggesting cycles with periods similar to the ~2.4‐kyr Hallstatt heliomagnetic and the ~1.5‐kyr Dansgaard‐Oeschger cycles. We estimated an average sediment accumulation rate of 5.94 cm/kyr, which suggests that the rhythmites were deposited in a relatively distal setting, during deglaciation episodes paced by millennial‐scale climate cycles. We interpret variations in concentrations of the terrigenous components TiO2 and Fe2O3 as indicative of glacial‐interglacial changes, reflected by advances and retreats of glaciers under drier and wetter climate conditions, respectively. Here we show that these high‐latitude glacial‐interglacial cycles were probably paced by short eccentricity, as previously suggested for Carboniferous cyclothems in low‐latitude deposits, and highlight the importance of millennial‐scale climate cycles at controlling glacially influenced deposition at high latitudes. Our results for the LPIA are similar to patterns seen in Pleistocene records.
Determining Plasmaspheric Density From the Upper Hybrid Resonance and From the Spacecraft Potential: How Do They Compare?
Authors: Jahn J.‐M. , Goldstein J. , Kurth W. S. , Thaller S. , De Pascuale S. , Wygant J. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E.
Published: January 2020

The plasmasphere is a critical region of the magnetosphere. It is important for the evolution of Earth's radiation belts. Waves in the plasmasphere interior (hiss) and vicinity (electromagnetic ion cyclotron, chorus) help control the acceleration and loss of radiation belt particles. Thus, understanding the extent, structure, content, and dynamics of the plasmasphere is crucial to understanding radiation belt losses. The Van Allen Probes mission uses two methods to determine the total plasma density. First, the upper hybrid resonance frequency can provide electron density; this determination is the most accurate and robust. However, it requires significant analysis and is challenging during geomagnetically active times: It becomes difficult to interpret the wave spectrum, and the amount of available data is severely limited. Second, the spacecraft potential is a proxy for the plasma density. These high‐resolution measurements are available with high duty cycle. However, environmental effects can limit the accuracy of this method. The relation between spacecraft potential and density is empirical, requiring an independent density measurement and repeated checks. We perform a quantitative comparison of these two in situ techniques during the first 3.5 years of the Van Allen Probes mission. We show how to calibrate potential‐based density measurements using only publicly available wave‐derived densities to provide high‐fidelity results even if upper hybrid measurements are sparse or unavailable. We quantify the level of uncertainty to expect from potential‐derived density data. Our approach can be applied to any in situ spacecraft mission where reliable absolute density and spacecraft potential data are available.
Horizontal Pressure Gradient Parameterization for One‐Dimensional Lake Models
Authors: Stepanenko V. M. , Valerio G. , Pilotti M.
Published: January 2020

This work presents a new method for closure of horizontally averaged 1‐D thermohydrodynamic equations in an enclosed reservoir by parameterizing the horizontal pressure gradient usually omitted in 1‐D lake models. Horizontal pressure gradient is computed using an auxiliary multilayer model where horizontal structure of speed and pressure is given by 1‐st Fourier mode. A major effect of new parameterization in 1‐D lake model is the emergence of explicitly reproduced H1 seiche modes. The parameterization is implemented in the LAKE model, with minor (2–4%) extra computational cost imposed. The model is applied to Lake Iseo (Italy), and calculated temperature series are compared to measured ones in upper, middle, and deep portions of metalimnion. The amplitude of seiche‐induced temperature oscillations well matched the observed amplitude by tuning the bottom friction coefficient only. The synoptic variability of thermocline vertical displacement caused by wind events is well reproduced by the model. The dominant peak of quasi‐diurnal period in temperature power spectrum was captured in simulations as well. Using the new parameterization of horizontal pressure gradient extends the applicability of a 1‐D lake model formulation to small lakes, which size is less than internal Rossby radius, and where pressure gradient dominates over Coriolis force.
Characterization of GSAT‐14 Satellite Ka‐Band Microwave Signal Attenuation Due to Precipitation Over a Tropical Coastal Station in the Southern Peninsular Region of the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Mishra Manoj Kumar , Renju R. , Mathew N. , Suresh Raju C. , Sujimol M.R. , Shahana K.
Published: January 2020

This paper focuses on study of attenuation of microwave propagation at Ka‐band frequencies due to precipitation over an Indian Tropical station, Thiruvananthapuram (8.5°N, 76.8°E). The station is located on the gateway of S‐W Indian monsoon into the subcontinent characterized with prolonged rain for a period of about 9 months. A satellite link has been established at Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, between Ka‐band receiver operating at 20.2 and 30.5 GHz and GSAT‐14 as part of Indian Space Research Organization's Ka‐band propagation experiment. The concurrent measurements of Ka‐band signals and the precipitation, using a collocated laser precipitation monitor instrument, were carried out during the entire period of Indian monsoon. The study focuses on quantifying the dependence of Ka‐band attenuation on rain rate during the rain‐dominated premonsoon and summer monsoon seasons. The observed attenuation has been evaluated with ITU model.
MicroRNA-298 reduces levels of human amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), β-site APP-converting enzyme 1 (BACE1) and specific tau protein moieties
Authors: Chopra Nipun , Wang Ruizhi , Maloney Bryan , Nho Kwangsik , Beck John S. , Pourshafie Naemeh , Niculescu Alexander , Saykin Andrew J. , Rinaldi Carlo , Counts Scott E. , Lahiri Debomoy K.
Published: January 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related form of dementia, associated with deposition of intracellular neuronal tangles consisting primarily of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (p-tau) and extracellular plaques primarily comprising amyloid- β (Aβ) peptide. The p-tau tangle unit is a posttranslational modification of normal tau protein. Aβ is a neurotoxic peptide excised from the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and the γ-secretase complex. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded RNAs that modulate protein expression as part of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). We identified miR-298 as a repressor of APP, BACE1, and the two primary forms of Aβ (Aβ40 and Aβ42) in a primary human cell culture model. Further, we discovered a novel effect of miR-298 on posttranslational levels of two specific tau moieties. Notably, miR-298 significantly reduced levels of ~55 and 50 kDa forms of the tau protein without significant alterations of total tau or other forms. In vivo overexpression of human miR-298 resulted in nonsignificant reduction of APP, BACE1, and tau in mice. Moreover, we identified two miR-298 SNPs associated with higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p-tau and lower CSF Aβ42 levels in a cohort of human AD patients. Finally, levels of miR-298 varied in postmortem human temporal lobe between AD patients and age-matched non-AD controls. Our results suggest that miR-298 may be a suitable target for AD therapy.
Correction: Taxonomic and functional heterogeneity of the gill microbiome in a symbiotic coastal mangrove lucinid species
Authors: Lim Shen Jean , Davis Brenton G , Gill Danielle E , Walton Jillian , Nachman Erika , Engel Annette Summers , Anderson Laurie C , Campbell Barbara J
Published: January 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
MRI-based radiomics model for preoperative prediction of 5-year survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wang Xiao-Hang , Long Liu-Hua , Cui Yong , Jia Angela Y. , Zhu Xiang-Gao , Wang Hong-Zhi , Wang Zhi , Zhan Chong-Ming , Wang Zhao-Hai , Wang Wei-Hu
Published: January 2020

Background

Recurrence is the major cause of mortality in patients with resected HCC. However, without a standard approach to evaluate prognosis, it is difficult to select candidates for additional therapy.

Methods

A total of 201 patients with HCC who were followed up for at least 5 years after curative hepatectomy were enrolled in this retrospective, multicentre study. A total of 3144 radiomics features were extracted from preoperative MRI. The random forest method was used for radiomics signature building, and five-fold cross-validation was applied. A radiomics model incorporating the radiomics signature and clinical risk factors was developed.

Results

Patients were divided into survivor (n = 97) and non-survivor (n = 104) groups based on the 5-year survival after surgery. The 30 most survival-related radiomics features were selected for the radiomics signature. Preoperative AFP and AST were integrated into the model as independent clinical risk factors. The model demonstrated good calibration and satisfactory discrimination, with a mean AUC of 0.9804 and 0.7578 in the training and validation sets, respectively.

Conclusions

This radiomics model is a valid method to predict 5-year survival in patients with HCC and may be used to identify patients for clinical trials of perioperative therapies and for additional surveillance.
Pre-operative cellular dissociation grading in biopsies is highly predictive of post-operative tumour stage and patient outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jesinghaus Moritz , Steiger Katja , Stögbauer Fabian , Haller Bernhard , Kolk Andreas , Straßen Ulrich , Pickhard Anja , Wirth Markus , Silva Miguel , Budczies Jan , Becker von Rose Aaron , Konukiewitz Björn , Kuhn Peer , Klinghammer Konrad , Dapper Hendrik , Münch Stefan , Combs Stephanie E. , Weichert Wilko , Boxberg Melanie
Published: January 2020

Background

Pre-operative treatment planning in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is mainly dictated by clinical staging, which has major shortcomings. Histologic grading is irrelevant due to its lack of prognostic impact. Recently, a novel grading termed Cellular Dissociation Grade (CDG) based on Tumour Budding and Cell Nest Size was shown to be highly prognostic for resected HNSCC. We aimed to probe the predictive and prognostic impact of CDG in the pre-operative biopsies of HNSCC.

Methods

We evaluated CDG inn = 160 pre-therapeutic biopsies from patients who received standardised treatment following German guidelines, and correlated the results with pre- and post-therapeutic staging data and clinical outcome.

Results

Pre-operative CDG was highly predictive of post-operative tumour stage, including the prediction of occult lymph node metastasis. Uni- and multivariate analysis revealed CDG to be an independent prognosticator of overall, disease-specific and disease-free survival (p < 0.001). Hazard ratio for disease-specific survival was 6.1 (11.1) for nG2 (nG3) compared with nG1 tumours.

Conclusions

CDG is a strong outcome predictor in the pre-treatment scenario of HNSCC and identifies patients with nodal-negative disease. CDG is a purely histology-based prognosticator in the pre-therapeutic setting that supplements clinical staging and may aide therapeutic stratification of HNSCC patients.
Classification and characterization of nonequilibrium Higgs modes in unconventional superconductors
Authors: Schwarz L. , Fauseweh B. , Tsuji N. , Cheng N. , Bittner N. , Krull H. , Berciu M. , Uhrig G. S. , Schnyder A. P. , Kaiser S. , Manske D.
Published: January 2020

Recent findings of new Higgs modes in unconventional superconductors require a classification and characterization of the modes allowed by nontrivial gap symmetry. Here we develop a theory for a tailored nonequilibrium quantum quench to excite all possible oscillation symmetries of a superconducting condensate. We show that both a finite momentum transfer and quench symmetry allow for an identification of the resulting Higgs oscillations. These serve as a fingerprint for the ground state gap symmetry. We provide a classification scheme of these oscillations and the quench symmetry based on group theory for the underlying lattice point group. For characterization, analytic calculations as well as full scale numeric simulations of the transient optical response resulting from an excitation by a realistic laser pulse are performed. Our classification of Higgs oscillations allows us to distinguish between different symmetries of the superconducting condensate.
Generating quantitative binding landscapes through fractional binding selections combined with deep sequencing and data normalization
Authors: Heyne Michael , Papo Niv , Shifman Julia M.
Published: January 2020

Quantifying the effects of various mutations on binding free energy is crucial for understanding the evolution of protein-protein interactions and would greatly facilitate protein engineering studies. Yet, measuring changes in binding free energy (ΔΔGbind) remains a tedious task that requires expression of each mutant, its purification, and affinity measurements. We developed an attractive approach that allows us to quantify ΔΔGbind for thousands of protein mutants in one experiment. Our protocol combines protein randomization, Yeast Surface Display technology, deep sequencing, and a few experimental ΔΔGbind data points on purified proteins to generate ΔΔGbind values for the remaining numerous mutants of the same protein complex. Using this methodology, we comprehensively map the single-mutant binding landscape of one of the highest-affinity interaction between BPTI and Bovine Trypsin (BT). We show that ΔΔGbind for this interaction could be quantified with high accuracy over the range of 12 kcal mol−1 displayed by various BPTI single mutants.
Irp2 regulates insulin production through iron-mediated Cdkal1-catalyzed tRNA modification
Authors: Santos Maria C. Ferreira dos , Anderson Cole P. , Neschen Susanne , Zumbrennen-Bullough Kimberly B. , Romney Steven J. , Kahle-Stephan Melanie , Rathkolb Birgit , Gailus-Durner Valerie , Fuchs Helmut , Wolf Eckhard , Rozman Jan , de Angelis Martin Hrabe , Cai Weiling Maggie , Rajan Malini , Hu Jennifer , Dedon Peter C. , Leibold Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2020

Regulation of cellular iron homeostasis is crucial as both iron excess and deficiency cause hematological and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that mice lacking iron-regulatory protein 2 (Irp2), a regulator of cellular iron homeostasis, develop diabetes. Irp2 post-transcriptionally regulates the iron-uptake protein transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and the iron-storage protein ferritin, and dysregulation of these proteins due to Irp2 loss causes functional iron deficiency in β cells. This impairs Fe–S cluster biosynthesis, reducing the function of Cdkal1, an Fe–S cluster enzyme that catalyzes methylthiolation of t6A37 in tRNALysUUU to ms2t6A37. As a consequence, lysine codons in proinsulin are misread and proinsulin processing is impaired, reducing insulin content and secretion. Iron normalizes ms2t6A37 and proinsulin lysine incorporation, restoring insulin content and secretion in Irp2−/− β cells. These studies reveal a previously unidentified link between insulin processing and cellular iron deficiency that may have relevance to type 2 diabetes in humans.
Warming of hot extremes alleviated by expanding irrigation
Authors: Thiery Wim , Visser Auke J. , Fischer Erich M. , Hauser Mathias , Hirsch Annette L. , Lawrence David M. , Lejeune Quentin , Davin Edouard L. , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: January 2020

Irrigation affects climate conditions – and especially hot extremes – in various regions across the globe. Yet how these climatic effects compare to other anthropogenic forcings is largely unknown. Here we provide observational and model evidence that expanding irrigation has dampened historical anthropogenic warming during hot days, with particularly strong effects over South Asia. We show that irrigation expansion can explain the negative correlation between global observed changes in daytime summer temperatures and present-day irrigation extent. While global warming increases the likelihood of hot extremes almost globally, irrigation can regionally cancel or even reverse the effects of all other forcings combined. Around one billion people (0.79–1.29) currently benefit from this dampened increase in hot extremes because irrigation massively expanded throughout the 20$${}^{th}$$

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century. Our results therefore highlight that irrigation substantially reduced human exposure to warming of hot extremes but question whether this benefit will continue towards the future.
PI3KC2α-dependent and VPS34-independent generation of PI3P controls primary cilium-mediated autophagy in response to shear stress
Authors: Boukhalfa Asma , Nascimbeni Anna Chiara , Ramel Damien , Dupont Nicolas , Hirsch Emilio , Gayral Stephanie , Laffargue Muriel , Codogno Patrice , Morel Etienne
Published: January 2020

Cells subjected to stress situations mobilize specific membranes and proteins to initiate autophagy. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), a crucial lipid in membrane dynamics, is known to be essential in this context. In addition to nutriments deprivation, autophagy is also triggered by fluid-flow induced shear stress in epithelial cells, and this specific autophagic response depends on primary cilium (PC) signaling and leads to cell size regulation. Here we report that PI3KC2α, required for ciliogenesis and PC functions, promotes the synthesis of a local pool of PI3P upon shear stress. We show that PI3KC2α depletion in cells subjected to shear stress abolishes ciliogenesis as well as the autophagy and related cell size regulation. We finally show that PI3KC2α and VPS34, the two main enzymes responsible for PI3P synthesis, have different roles during autophagy, depending on the type of cellular stress: while VPS34 is clearly required for starvation-induced autophagy, PI3KC2α participates only in shear stress-dependent autophagy.
Acquisition, transmission and strain diversity of human gut-colonizing crAss-like phages
Authors: Siranosian Benjamin A. , Tamburini Fiona B. , Sherlock Gavin , Bhatt Ami S.
Published: January 2020

CrAss-like phages are double-stranded DNA viruses that are prevalent in human gut microbiomes. Here, we analyze gut metagenomic data from mother-infant pairs and patients undergoing fecal microbiota transplantation to evaluate the patterns of acquisition, transmission and strain diversity of crAss-like phages. We find that crAss-like phages are rarely detected at birth but are increasingly prevalent in the infant microbiome after one month of life. We observe nearly identical genomes in 50% of cases where the same crAss-like clade is detected in both the mother and the infant, suggesting vertical transmission. In cases of putative transmission of prototypical crAssphage (p-crAssphage), we find that a subset of strains present in the mother are detected in the infant, and that strain diversity in infants increases with time. Putative tail fiber proteins are enriched for nonsynonymous strain variation compared to other genes, suggesting a potential evolutionary benefit to maintaining strain diversity in specific genes. Finally, we show that p-crAssphage can be acquired through fecal microbiota transplantation.