bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What anthropologists can learn from psychologists, and the other way around
Authors: Weisman Kara , Luhrmann T.M.
Published: March 2020

The Mind and Spirit project uses methods from anthropology and psychology to explore the way understandings of what English‐speakers call ‘the mind’ may shape the kinds of events people experience and deem ‘spiritual’. In this piece, we step back to reflect on this interdisciplinary approach. We observe that, in some ways, both fields are in parallel states of critical self‐reflection around explanation and comparison: anthropology in the wake of the postmodern and postcolonial critique; and psychology in response to a pair of recent crises about the overreliance on Western samples and the reproducibility of psychological research. We suggest that combining our methods may go some way towards giving each field more confidence in its research. Joint fieldwork with specific point‐by‐point comparison is not common in either anthropology or psychology. We found it fruitful and commend it to others.
Intercropping garlic at different planting times and densities for insect pest or crop yield and value management in tobacco fields
Authors: Lai Rongquan , Zhu Chaozhi , Bai Jingjing , Wu Xiaoting , Gu Gang , Bai Jianbao , Zhou Ting , Wang Dingfeng , Hu Hanqing , Lin Tianran
Published: March 2020

Although the densities of tobacco pests have been decreased in garlic‐tobacco fields, further studies are needed to judge the effects of garlic transplanting densities or times on tobacco pests in tobacco fields. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in Liancheng County in Longyan City, Fujian Province, in China in 2014 and 2015. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) abundance, the species or abundance ratios of enemies and pests, the intercropping effects and the tobacco yield and crop value showed that the effects of transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic transplantation at a density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter on pests were stronger than those of other treatments. Aphid abundance was significantly lower in transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic transplantation at a density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter than in the other treatments. The ratio between enemies and pests in transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic transplantation at a density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter was higher than those in the other treatments. The intercropping effects of transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic transplantation at a density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter on Myzus persicae, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Heliothis assulta Guenee and Nezara viridula Linnaeus were significantly stronger than those of the other treatments, whereas the effects of transplanting tobacco 15 days after garlic transplantation at a garlic density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter on Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg) were significantly stronger. Additionally, the yield and crop value of transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic was transplanted at a density of 5.85 individual plants m−2 were higher than those of the other treatments. Therefore, our study demonstrated that the model of transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic was transplanted at a density of 5.85 individual plants m−2 is an optimal management strategy to control flue‐cured tobacco pests and to acquire higher crop yield in garlic‐tobacco fields.
Rapid culture‐based detection of Legionella pneumophila using isothermal microcalorimetry with an improved evaluation method
Authors: Fricke Christian , Xu Juan , Jiang Feng‐Lei , Liu Yi , Harms Hauke , Maskow Thomas
Published: March 2020

The detection and quantification of Legionella pneumophila (responsible for legionnaire's disease) in water samples can be achieved by various methods. However, the culture‐based ISO 11731:2017, which is based on counts of colony‐forming units per ml (CFU·ml‐1) is still the gold standard for quantification of Legionella species (spp.). As a powerful alternative, we propose real‐time monitoring of the growth of L. pneumophila using an isothermal microcalorimeter (IMC). Our results demonstrate that, depending on the initial concentration of L. pneumophila, detection times of 24–48 h can be reliably achieved. IMC may, therefore, be used as an early warning system for L. pneumophila contamination. By replacing only visual detection of growth by a thermal sensor, but otherwise maintaining the standardized protocol of the ISO 11731:2017, the new procedure could easily be incorporated into existing standards. The exact determination of the beginning of metabolic heat is often very difficult because at the beginning of the calorimetric signal the thermal stabilization and the metabolic heat development overlap. Here, we propose a new data evaluation based on the first derivation of the heat flow signal. The improved evaluation method can further reduce detection times and significantly increase the reliability of the IMC approach.
Deterioration of hematopoietic autophagy is linked to osteoporosis
Authors: Yuan Ye , Fang Yixuan , Zhu Lingjiang , Gu Yue , Li Lei , Qian Jiawei , Zhao Ruijin , Zhang Peng , Li Jian , Zhang Hui , Yuan Na , Zhang Suping , Ma Quanhong , Wang Jianrong , Xu Youjia
Published: March 2020

Hematopoietic disorders are known to increase the risk of complications such as osteoporosis. However, a direct link between hematopoietic cellular disorders and osteoporosis has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the deterioration of hematopoietic autophagy is coupled with osteoporosis in humans. With a conditional mouse model in which autophagy in the hematopoietic system is disrupted by deletion of the Atg7 gene, we show that incapacitating hematopoietic autophagy causes bone loss and perturbs osteocyte homeostasis. Induction of osteoporosis, either by ovariectomy, which blocks estrogen secretion, or by injection of ferric ammonium citrate to induce iron overload, causes dysfunction in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) similar to that found in autophagy‐defective mice. Transcriptomic analysis of HSPCs suggests promotion of iron activity and inhibition of osteocyte differentiation and calcium metabolism by hematopoietic autophagy defect, while proteomic profiling of bone tissue proteins indicates disturbance of the extracellular matrix pathway that includes collagen family members. Finally, screening for expression of selected genes and an immunohistological assay identifies severe impairments in H vessels in the bone tissue, which results in disconnection of osteocytes from hematopoietic cells in the autophagy‐defective mice. We therefore propose that hematopoietic autophagy is required for the integrity of H vessels that bridge blood and bone cells and that its deterioration leads to osteoporosis.
An L‐shaped flap for the correction of pincer nail deformity: A case report
Authors: Huang Chao , Zhao Ying , Guo Wenlai , Yu Min , Li Rui , Zhu Zhe
Published: March 2020

Pincer nail deformity is characterised by an excessive transverse curvature of the nail plate that increases along the longitudinal axis of the nail. Although various corrective techniques have been described, there is, no consensus regarding the optimal correction method. We report a novel surgical technique for correcting pincer nail deformity in a 45‐year‐old male with bilateral omega‐shaped pincer nail deformity of the great toes. The nail matrix on the side showing the more severe curvature was removed, and a flattened nail bed was achieved after suturing. An L‐shaped skin and subcutaneous tissue flap was also created 5 mm from the junction between the side of the nail with the milder curvature and the distal nail fold. After healing, the pincer nail deformity was successfully eliminated. At the 1‐year follow‐up, recurrence was not observed and the appearance of toes was satisfactory. This novel surgical technique is simple, minimises damage to the surrounding tissue, avoids injuring the nail bed blood supply and has few postoperative complications.
Corneal wavefront aberrations and subjective quality of vision after small incision lenticule extraction
Authors: Siedlecki Jakob , Schmelter Valerie , Schworm Benedikt , Mayer Wolfgang J. , Priglinger Siegfried G. , Dirisamer Martin , Luft Nikolaus
Published: March 2020

Purpose

To analyse in depth the associations between objectively measured corneal higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) and subjectively perceived visual quality after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) as quantified with the standardized and clinically validated quality of vision (QOV) questionnaire.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included patients after bilateral simultaneous SMILE for the treatment of myopia and/or myopic astigmatism with plano target refraction. Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) was used to objectively quantify corneal HOAs. The standardized and validated QOV questionnaire was employed to gauge patients’ subjectively perceived visual quality regarding frequency, severity and bothering effect of visual disturbances.

Results

A total of 394 eyes of 197 patients with a mean age of 32.4 ± 7.7 years and a mean postoperative follow‐up of 24.3 ± 14.1 months were included. SMILE induced a statistically significant (p < 0.001) increase in spherical aberration (0.074 ± 0.131 µm), coma (0.142 ± 0.179 µm), trefoil (0.018 ± 0.067 µm) as well as in total HOAs (0.191 ± 0.176 µm). Surgically induced and postoperative levels of HOA showed no correlation with the three QOV scores representative of overall visual symptom frequency, severity and bothering effect (all R2 values ≤ 0.016). In addition, the associations between specific visual symptoms (e.g. starburst) and singular HOA terms (e.g. haloes) were very weak (all Rho values ≤ 0.164).

Conclusions

Small incision lenticule extraction induced significant amounts of corneal HOAs that, however, showed no clear relationships to patient‐reported QOV or specific long‐term visual symptoms.
Resting state networks activity in euthymic bipolar disorder
Authors: Bellani Marcella , Bontempi Pietro , Zovetti Niccolò , Gloria Rossetti Maria , Perlini Cinzia , Dusi Nicola , Squarcina Letizia , Marinelli Veronica , Zoccatelli Giada , Alessandrini Franco , Francesca Maria Ciceri Elisa , Sbarbati Andrea , Brambilla Paolo
Published: March 2020

Objectives

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric condition causing shifts in mood, energy and activity levels severely altering the quality of life of the patients even in the euthymic phase. Although widely accepted, the neurobiological bases of the disorder in the euthymic phase remain elusive. This study aims at characterizing resting state functional activity of the BD euthymic phase in order to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease and build future neurobiological models.

Methods

Fifteen euthymic BD patients (10 females; mean age 40.2; standard deviation 13.5; range 20–61) and 27 healthy controls (HC) (21 females; mean age 37; standard deviation 10.6; range 22–60) underwent a 3T functional MRI scan at rest. Resting state activity was extracted through independent component analysis (ICA) run with automatic dimensionality estimation.

Results

ICA identified 22 resting state networks (RSNs). Within‐network analysis revealed decreased connectivity in the visual, temporal, motor and cerebellar RSNs of BD patients vs HC. Between‐network analysis showed increased connectivity between motor area and the default mode network (DMN) partially overlapping with the fronto‐parietal network (FPN) in BD patients.

Conclusion

Within‐network analysis confirmed existing evidence of altered cerebellar, temporal, motor and visual networks in BD. Increased connectivity between the DMN and the motor area network suggests the presence of alterations of the fronto‐parietal regions, precuneus and cingulate cortex in the euthymic condition. These findings indicate that specific connectivity alterations might persist even in the euthymic state suggesting the importance of examining both within and between‐network connectivity to achieve a global understanding of the BD euthymic condition.
Can drawings facilitate symbolic understanding of figurative language in children?
Authors: Allen Melissa L. , Butler Harriet
Published: March 2020

Understanding figurative language develops during middle childhood. Drawing can facilitate recall and may aid other aspects of linguistic expression. We examined whether children provide more symbolic interpretations of figurative statements in drawings relative to verbal explanations, and whether drawing facilitates overall symbolic interpretation. Ninety‐six children were split into three age groups (5–6, 7–8, and 9–10 years) in a between‐subjects design. In the ‘draw‐first’ condition, they were asked to depict then explain figurative statements (e.g., raining like cats and dogs), and in the ‘explain‐first’ condition, children were asked to explain before drawing. We coded for symbolic or literal content. Overall, children provided more symbolic responses for verbal explanations compared to drawings, with a developmental increase. More symbolic responses occurred in the ‘draw‐first’ condition compared to other task by condition combinations, suggesting drawing can facilitate subsequent symbolic verbal explanation. We discuss the links between drawings, figurative language, and development.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Understanding figurative language such as metaphor develops during childhood.

Drawing has been shown to aid recall and may aid other aspects of linguistic expression.

What the present study adds?

Drawing figurative expressions facilitates subsequent symbolic verbal explanations.

Children provide more symbolic interpretations in verbal explanations compared to drawings.

There is a developmental progression in these abilities.
Quantitative evaluation of connective tissue grafts on peri‐implant tissue morphology in the esthetic zone: A 1‐year prospective clinical study
Authors: Kobayashi Tomoyuki , Nakano Tamaki , Ono Shinji , Matsumura Atsushi , Yamada Shuhei , Yatani Hirofumi
Published: March 2020

Background

In the treatment of anterior implants, few studies have quantitatively evaluated the effects of connective tissue grafts on labial bone resorption and soft tissue recession.

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of connective tissue grafting (CTG) on the peri‐implant tissue morphology by quantitatively measuring change over time the tissue surrounding the implant in the anterior esthetic zone.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐six patients who received implants with platform shifting in the anterior esthetic region were included in this follow‐up study. Patients were classified as those who received CTG [CTG (+) group] and those who did not [CTG (−) group]. The vertical and horizontal dimensions of the buccal alveolar bone of the implant and its surrounding soft tissues were evaluated using cone‐beam computed tomography.

Results

At 1 year after connection of the superstructure, labial soft tissue recession was on average 0.64 mm in the CTG (−) group and 0.09 mm in the CTG (+) group, and this difference was significant (P < .001). Furthermore, mean labial bone resorption was 0.65 mm in the CTG (−) group and 0.13 mm in the CTG (+) group, and also this difference was significant (P = .003).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, these findings suggest that CTG may be effective in both reducing labial bone resorption around the implant and reducing the recession of the soft tissue.
Metals in used and unused metalworking fluids: X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry as a screening test
Authors: Alinaghi Farzad , Hedberg Yolanda S. , Zachariae Claus , Thyssen Jacob P. , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: March 2020

Background

Exposure to metalworking fluids (MWFs) is a well‐known cause of occupational contact dermatitis.

Objectives

We aimed to (1) determine the amount of nickel, chromium, and cobalt in large samples of used and unused MWFs collected from metalworking plants in Denmark, and (2) evaluate a handheld x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) device as a screening instrument for metals in MWFs.

Methods

A handheld XRF device was used to screen for metals in MWFs. All samples were also analyzed for concentrations of nickel, chromium, and cobalt using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS).

Results

GFAAS analysis showed that 13 of 80 samples (16.3%) contained >1 mg/kg (ppm) nickel (range: 6.4‐17.7 mg/kg), 3 of 80 (3.8%) contained >1 (range: 1.4‐3.1) mg/kg chromium, and 1 of 80 (1.3%) contained 1.3 mg/kg cobalt. XRF‐screening detected nickel in eight samples (range: 2.5‐15.5 mg/kg), but only one sample with 3.0 (±0.5) mg/kg was found subsequently to contain 9.9 (0.02) mg/kg nickel by GFAAS. Although no chromium was found by XRF analysis, cobalt was found in two samples with 6 (±1.5) mg/kg and 5 (±1.5) mg/kg, subsequently found to contain 0.1 (±0.01) mg/kg and 0.08 (±0.01) mg/kg by GFAAS. Similar concentrations of nickel were found in used (N = 6, range: 6.4‐17.7 mg/kg) and unused MWFs (N = 7, range: 9.1‐17.3 mg/kg).

Conclusion

Considerable levels of nickel, chromium, and cobalt were found in some used and unused MWFs indicating that these might represent a source of metal allergy. The XRF device is a poor screening test for these metals in MWFs.
A comprehensive study of nickel levels in everyday items in Brazil
Authors: Pavesi Thelma , Moreira Josino C.
Published: March 2020

Background

Nickel is a ubiquitous element used in many everyday items. In recent decades nickel has become a leading allergen, which has become a public health problem.

Objective

To evaluate frequently used nickel products in Brazil. We investigated if these objects release nickel that is capable of inducing sensitization or cause clinical manifestations in terms of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).

Methods

Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) spot tests assessed nickel release from several common utensils used in everyday life in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Results

We tested 46 coins (two denominations) and 90 common utensils. Approximately 91.1% produced nickel‐positive results using the DMG spot test.

Conclusions

The DMG limit of detection was 1.67 ppm of nickel. We observed that many objects in our test series released nickel above the DMG test limit. This observation suggests that nickel‐sensitive individuals may be exposed to nickel, representing a public health issue.
Methamphetamine use, health and criminal justice system outcomes: A systematic review
Authors: Cumming Craig , Kinner Stuart A. , McKetin Rebecca , Li Ian , Preen David
Published: March 2020

Issues

Methamphetamine use is a problem for health and criminal justice systems (CJS) worldwide. Methamphetamine is used at higher rates in CJS‐involved populations than the general community. This systematic review synthesises the evidence for health and CJS outcomes post‐CJS contact for people reporting pre‐CJS methamphetamine use.

Approach

Academic databases were searched to identify peer‐reviewed original studies using a longitudinal design that investigated associations between pre‐CJS methamphetamine use and health and criminal justice outcomes after CJS contact. Identified studies were screened in two stages: title and abstract, then full‐text. Data from the included studies were extracted and analysed. Results are reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement.

Key Findings

Nine studies met the inclusion criteria: five investigated health and four investigated CJS outcomes. Pre‐CJS methamphetamine use was associated with subsequent hospitalisation for drug‐induced psychosis, increased risk of recidivism and higher crime costs after CJS contact. Pre‐CJS methamphetamine use was not associated with subsequent hospitalisation for non‐drug induced psychosis or post‐release mortality.

Implications

Current evidence suggests that pre‐CJS contact methamphetamine use increases the risk of subsequent drug‐induced psychosis and recidivism. There is a need for more longitudinal research that measures mediators and moderators of health and criminal justice outcomes after CJS contact, to inform targeted prevention.

Conclusion

Methamphetamine use is a major problem that is contributing to serious mental illness and recidivism among CJS‐involved populations. Prioritising treatment during CJS contact is recommended. Further research to identify key opportunities during health service and CJS contact for intervention is needed.
An Alternative Explanation for Attribute Framing and Spillover Effects in Multidimensional Supplier Evaluation and Supplier Termination: Focusing on Asymmetries in Attention
Authors: Wong Ricky S.
Published: March 2020

Prior research on attribute framing has focused on a single‐dimensional evaluation. However, supplier performance is usually evaluated against multiple dimensions. This research examines framing effects on multidimensional supplier evaluation and investigates the interplay between framing and attention. Three online experiments involving professional participants were conducted in which a supplier performance dimension was framed either positively or negatively. The results from Studies 1A (N = 113) and 1B (N = 82) demonstrated that framing a performance dimension of supplier negatively (versus positively) lowered evaluation of other nonframed dimensions even when these dimensions were presented identically. Framing a dimension negatively also impacted selection decisions, making participants more likely to discontinue purchasing from the supplier. These findings suggest that supplier evaluation and selection are susceptible to framing effects. Study 2 used a web‐deployed eye‐tracking experiment (N = 62) to elucidate the role of attention in framing effects. I found that performance information, when framed negatively rather than positively, received more attention. Also, attention to the framed performance dimension partially mediated the relationship between attribute framing and the evaluation of the framed dimension. This finding provides a fuller understanding of the cause of framing effect. An important managerial implication is that even when a performance indicator is a quantitative, tangible attribute, it is prudent for supply managers to reframe this indicator and check whether the same evaluation and selection decisions are made. Other managerial implications and directions for future research are also discussed.
Focused cardiac ultrasound training in medical students: Using an independent, simulator‐based curriculum to objectively measure skill acquisition and learning curve
Authors: Elison David M. , McConnaughey Shannon , Freeman Rosario V. , Sheehan Florence H.
Published: March 2020

Background

Using simulators built and validated at the University of Washington (UW), the study sought to test whether medical students can learn the basic skills of focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) from an individually paced, simulator‐based curriculum, how skills improve, and the rate at which these skills are acquired.

Methods

The curriculum presented didactic material interspersed with hands‐on practice. Psychomotor skill was measured by the angle error of the acquired image view plane relative to the correct image view plane. The rate of learning was assessed at baseline, after 7 practice cases, and after 10 cases. To assess the rate of learning, the same case was repeatedly presented at all three tests. To assess students’ ability to apply their learning, a previously unseen post‐test was included.

Results

A total of 41 students completed the course. Average angle error improved from 43° ± 24 pretraining to 23° ± 16 post‐training, with most students falling within one SD of the view angle acquired by sonographers. Regarding learning curve, or the rate of skill acquisition, an angle error of 43 ± 24° (pre) changed to 22 ± 14° (interim test, P < .0001 vs. pretest) and remained at that level for the post‐test evaluation on both the repeated case (23 ± 16°) and the new case (26 ± 18°).

Conclusions

This study describes the learning curve and technical skill acquisition in FoCUS. A simulator‐based curriculum improved medical student's skills in an objective and quantifiable manner. The individually paced curriculum allowed for independent knowledge and skill attainment, without facilitator oversight.
Technical comment on Condamine et al. (2019): a cautionary note for users of linear diversification dependencies
Authors: Gamisch Alexander
Published: March 2020

Condamine et al. (2019; 22: 1900–1912) fitted linear and exponential functions of time‐dependent, diversity‐dependent and temperature‐dependent diversification to investigate diversification dynamics of tetrapod families. Here I highlight potential misinterpretations when using linear diversification dependencies and provide some clarifications.
Fatigue life assessment of welded joints under sequences of bending and torsion loading blocks of different lengths
Authors: Frendo Francesco , Marulo Giuseppe , Chiocca Andrea , Bertini Leonardo
Published: March 2020

In this work, the nominal stress concept, the notch stress approach and two critical plane approaches are used to analyse the fatigue endurance of a pipe‐to‐plate welded joint subjected to complex loading histories. Both the pipe and the plate were made of S355JR steel. Starting from already known fatigue endurance curves obtained for the same specimens under pure bending and pure torsion, a first series of tests was conducted, in which specimens were loaded in bending for a given fraction of the estimated life and then in torsion until failure. A similar series of tests was then carried out by changing the loading order: specimens were firstly loaded in torsion for a given fraction of the estimated endurance and then in bending until failure. The whole test campaign was repeated for two different fractions of the estimated life, that is, 0.3 and 0.45, respectively. After that, additional three series of tests were carried out, in which the specimens were subjected to consecutive sequences of bending and torsion blocks of different lengths (short, medium and long, respectively); the relative length of the bending and torsion block in each series was determined in order to produce the same damage. The experimental results, in terms of total damage at failure, were analysed using the Palmgren–Miner hypothesis. For all the assessment methods, the characteristic endurance curves were firstly calibrated on the basis of finite element (FE) analyses and of the experimental results obtained under pure bending and pure torsion loadings. The observed damage at failure resulted always greater than 0.5 for all the employed methods and greater than 1 for most of the tests. The different methods gave similar results, with the critical plane methods giving a slightly more stable damage at failure and a correct determination of the failure location. For all the methods, the damage at failure slightly reduces as the block length shortens.
Proteoglycan synthesis rate as a novel method to measure blood‐induced cartilage degeneration in non‐haemophilic and haemophilic rats
Authors: Pulles Astrid E. , Vøls Kåre K. , Christensen Kristine R. , Coeleveld Katja , Hansen Axel K. , van Vulpen Lize F. D. , Petersen Maj , Mastbergen Simon C. , Roepstorff Kirstine , Schutgens Roger E. G. , Kjelgaard‐Hansen Mads , Lafeber Floris P. J. G.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Haemophilic animal models are used to study blood‐induced cartilage damage, but quantitative and sensitive outcome measures are needed.

Aim

To develop a novel quantitative method for detecting early cartilage degeneration in a haemophilic rat model of blood‐induced joint damage.

Methods

The 35Sulphate incorporation (35SO42− assay) was applied to tibial and patellar cartilage of wild‐type rats to quantify baseline proteoglycan synthesis and to evaluate the effect of 4‐day blood exposure in vitro. Next, haemarthrosis was induced in 39 FVIII‐deficient rats and characterized by changes in knee joint diameter and development of bone pathology (using micro‐CT). Four‐ and 16‐day posthaemarthrosis proteoglycan synthesis rate (PSR) was assessed using the 35SO42− assay, with the contralateral knee as control.

Results

In vitro, a decrease in PSR in tibial and patellar cartilage was demonstrated following blood exposure. In vivo, joint diameter and development of bone pathology confirmed successful induction of haemarthrosis. In the blood‐exposed knee, tibial and patellar PSR was inhibited 4 and 16 days after induced haemarthrosis. Interestingly, at day 16 the proteoglycan synthesis in the contralateral knee was also inhibited to an extent correlating with that of the blood‐exposed knee.

Conclusion

For the first time, early changes in cartilage matrix synthesis upon blood exposure were quantified with the 35SO42− assay in a haemophilic rat model, establishing this assay as a novel method to study blood‐induced cartilage damage.
THE PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTY SHOCKS: ROTEMBERG VERSUS CALVO
Authors: Oh Joonseok
Published: March 2020

This article studies the effects of uncertainty shocks on economic activity, focusing on inflation. Using a vector autoregression, I show that increased uncertainty has negative demand effects, reducing GDP and prices. I then consider standard New Keynesian models with Rotemberg‐type and Calvo‐type price rigidities. Despite the belief that the two schemes are equivalent, I show that they generate different dynamics in response to uncertainty shocks. In the Rotemberg model, uncertainty shocks decrease output and inflation, in line with the empirical results. By contrast, in the Calvo model, uncertainty shocks decrease output but raise inflation because of firms' precautionary pricing motive.
Regional Economic Integration and the Volume of Intra‐Regional Trade: A Comparison of Developed and Developing Country Experience
Authors: Brada Josef C. , Mendez Jose A.
Published: March 2020

We examine the effect of five regional integration schemes on the volume of intra‐member trade by means of a gravity model of trade. Parameters for the model are estimated from observations on bilateral trade flows among 46 developed and developing countries from 1954 to 1977. We find that two developed country schemes, the EEC and EFTA and one developing country schema, the Central American Common Market increased intra‐member trade by a factor of four. The Andean Pact and the Latin American Free Trade Area had no effect on intra‐member trade. The ability of integration schemes to increase intra‐member trade is shown to vary directly with the per capita incomes of the integrating countries and inversely with the distance between them.
Fostering Empathy through an Inclusive Pedagogy for Career Creatives
Authors: David Carlson J. , Dobson Terry
Published: March 2020

With the emergence of an entire generation of technologically infused learners comes a new challenge for educators to combat their desire for technologically enhanced isolation. The impact of social media on self‐absorption and the ramifications of excessive screen time are already evident in our current generation of tech‐native students. Meanwhile, the need for more empathetic employees who show compassion toward clients, exercise tolerance for co‐workers and demonstrate cultural awareness in all aspects of their work is already being prioritised over discipline‐specific skills and even STEM expertise by current business leaders. Similarly, the demand for more empathetic creatives is being catalysed by a design industry that now values human‐centredness. Empathy brings the human component to user‐experience and interface design and is now widely acknowledged as the first step in any design process. As a corollary, the development of empathy as a pedagogical deliverable will not only be necessary for the workplace of the future but for future generations to become fully‐functioning members of society. This research explores how an inclusive art and design pedagogy can foster collaborative learner‐centred approaches to develop empathy as a key component of emotional intelligence. Our methodology for triggering meaningful experiences and transformational growth harnesses collaborative play as a way to engage learners in stimulating, socially conscious teamwork. By becoming more intentional about designing the future of higher education in order to nurture more empathetic career creatives, we also lay the groundwork in preparation for educating the most technologically advanced, yet potentially socially isolated learners of any generation yet.
Isopropyl‐phloroglucinol‐DHA protects outer retinal cells against lethal dose of all‐trans‐retinal
Authors: Cubizolle Aurélie , Cia David , Moine Espérance , Jacquemot Nathalie , Guillou Laurent , Rosell Mélissa , Angebault‐Prouteau Claire , Lenaers Guy , Meunier Isabelle , Vercauteren Joseph , Durand Thierry , Crauste Céline , Brabet Philippe
Published: March 2020

All‐trans‐retinal (atRAL) is a highly reactive carbonyl specie, known for its reactivity on cellular phosphatidylethanolamine in photoreceptor. It is generated by photoisomerization of 11‐cis‐retinal chromophore linked to opsin by the Schiff's base reaction. In ABCA4‐associated autosomal recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy, atRAL results in carbonyl and oxidative stress, which leads to bisretinoid A2E, accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This A2E‐accumulation presents as lipofuscin fluorescent pigment, and its photooxidation causes subsequent damage. Here we describe protection against a lethal dose of atRAL in both photoreceptors and RPE in primary cultures by a lipidic polyphenol derivative, an isopropyl‐phloroglucinol linked to DHA, referred to as IP‐DHA. Next, we addressed the cellular and molecular defence mechanisms in commonly used human ARPE‐19 cells. We determined that both polyunsaturated fatty acid and isopropyl substituents bond to phloroglucinol are essential to confer the highest protection. IP‐DHA responds rapidly against the toxicity of atRAL and its protective effect persists. This healthy effect of IP‐DHA applies to the mitochondrial respiration. IP‐DHA also rescues RPE cells subjected to the toxic effects of A2E after blue light exposure. Together, our findings suggest that the beneficial role of IP‐DHA in retinal cells involves both anti‐carbonyl and anti‐oxidative capacities.
Generating low immunogenic pig pancreatic islet cell clusters for xenotransplantation
Authors: Carvalho Oliveira Marco , Valdivia Emilio , Verboom Murielle , Yuzefovych Yuliia , Sake Hendrik Johannes , Pogozhykh Olena , Niemann Heiner , Schwinzer Reinhard , Petersen Björn , Seissler Jochen , Blasczyk Rainer , Figueiredo Constança
Published: March 2020

Xenotransplantation of pancreatic islets offers a promising alternative to overcome the shortage of allogeneic donors. Despite significant advances, either immune rejection or oxygen supply in immune protected encapsulated islets remains major bottlenecks for clinical application. To decrease xenogeneic immune responses, we generated tissue engineered swine leucocyte antigen (SLA)‐silenced islet cell clusters (ICC). Single‐cell suspensions from pancreatic islets were generated by enzymatic digestion of porcine ICCs. Cells were silenced for SLA class I and class II by lentiviral vectors encoding for short hairpin RNAs targeting beta2‐microglobulin or class II transactivator, respectively. SLA‐silenced ICCs‐derived cells were then used to form new ICCs in stirred bioreactors in the presence of collagen VI. SLA class I silencing was designed to reach a level of up to 89% and class II by up to 81% on ICCs‐derived cells. Xenogeneic T cell immune responses, NK cell and antibody‐mediated cellular‐dependent immune responses were significantly decreased in SLA‐silenced cells. In stirred bioreactors, tissue engineered islets showed the typical 3D structure and insulin production. These data show the feasibility to generate low immunogenic porcine ICCs after single‐cell engineering and post‐transduction islet reassembling that might serve as an alternative to allogeneic pancreatic islet cell transplantation.
An investigation of affective theory of mind ability and its relation to neuropsychological functions in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Yildirim Elif , Soncu Buyukiscan Ezgi , Demirtas‐Tatlidede Aslı , Bilgiç Başar , Gurvit Hakan
Published: March 2020

Although cognitive theory of mind (ToM) has been largely studied within neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), studies focusing on affective ToM are relatively limited, yielding inconsistent findings. The current study aimed at investigating affective ToM abilities within different stages of AD (mild AD dementia [ADD], mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and subjective cognitive impairment [SCI]), together with its relationship with neuropsychological functioning. Eighty‐one participants were tested with two different ToM tasks (Faux Pas Recognition Test [FPR] and Reading Mind in the Eyes Test [RMET]) and tests of attention, executive functions, episodic memory, and facial recognition. Our results showed two different affective ToM profiles in AD continuum: while ADD group performed poorly on both tasks of ToM, MCI group displayed deteriorated performance on RMET but not on FPR. In addition, ToM performance was significantly related to episodic memory and verbal fluency within the overall sample. These findings suggest that impairment in the decoding process of emotional cues could begin even in the prodromal stage of AD. In contrast, the reasoning process of emotional information, as measured with FPR, could be preserved until the dementia stage. Moreover, the relation of affective ToM with amnestic functions and verbal abilities could provide evidence of a domain‐general ToM impairment in AD.
From a free gift of nature to a precarious commodity: Bees, pollination services, and industrial agriculture
Authors: Ellis Rebecca A. , Weis Tony , Suryanarayanan Sainath , Beilin Kata
Published: March 2020

The growing crisis of bee health has shone a spotlight on the problems facing pollinator populations in many parts of the world, the worrying implications for agriculture and ecosystems, and some of the risks of pesticides. Although this attention is important and can open a range of critical vistas, the threats to bees, other pollinators, and the future of pollination are too often framed in narrow ways. The goal of this paper is to provide a systematic way of thinking about the crisis of bee populations by examining the changing dynamics of pollination within industrial agriculture, drawing heavily on transformations in the United States and Canada. We set out a case for understanding pollination as a biophysical barrier to industrial organization and the rise of pollination services as a response that temporarily fixes (or overrides) this barrier, while containing an internal set of contradictions and overrides. We argue that these dialectic relations are continually generating further problems and hope that this lens can help inform critical education, outreach, and movement building with respect to the urgent problems of bee and pollinator health. In particular, we stress the need to connect growing bee‐related advocacy with struggles to confront industrial capitalist agriculture.
Reservation‐Urban Comparison of Suicidal Ideation/Planning and Attempts in American Indian Youth
Authors: Manzo Karen , Hobbs Gerald R. , Gachupin Francine C. , Stewart Jera , Knox Sarah S.
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Our aim was to identify sex‐ and location‐specific risk factors for suicide ideation/planning and attempts among American Indian youth.

METHODS

Biennial data for 6417 American Indian high school students attending reservation and urban schools were extracted from the Montana volunteer sample Youth Risk Behavior Survey data for pooled years 2003 to 2011. Logistic regression was used to identify sex‐ and school location‐specific risk behaviors and psychosocial factors for past 12‐month ideation/planning and past 12‐month attempts.

RESULTS

Contrary to our hypothesis, the prevalence of ideation/planning and attempts did not significantly differ between reservation/urban location; however, risk factors associated with suicidality did. Sadness/hopelessness was associated with both outcomes for all groups. However, violent victimization was associated with both outcomes only among girls. Lack of school safety was associated with attempts but not ideation/planning among all students. There were distinct differences in risk factors associated with both outcomes among
boys.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate differences and similarities in risk behaviors and psychosocial factors associated with suicidality by sex and reservation/urban setting. Implications include screening potentially at‐risk students for depression, violent victimization, substance use, and school safety and use of the findings by tribal and school programs in designing prevention and intervention programs.
Interlocal Collaboration and Local Fiscal Structure: Do State Incentives Matter?
Authors: Park Sungho , Maher Craig S. , Ebdon Carol
Published: March 2020

Interlocal collaboration is considered an important tool for cost‐saving. States, therefore, have incentivized interlocal collaboration in different ways. To understand the budgetary consequences of interlocal collaboration and state incentives, we examine counties in Nebraska where the State uses two incentive mechanisms—resource restrictions and additional access to restricted revenues granted to counties with collaboration. This study finds that county expenditures are lower when they spend more through collaboration. While this lower spending is related to lower revenues in counties less constrained by state restrictions, the results for counties more constrained are unclear. State incentive structures may matter for such variations.
Cutaneous manifestations of childhood Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (cEGPA): A case‐based review
Authors: Bridges Catherine , Shenk Mary Elizabeth Reed , Martin Kari , Launhardt Alison
Published: March 2020

Background/Objectives

This study seeks to better define the clinical presentation and histopathology of cutaneous manifestations in childhood eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (cEGPA).

Methods

Case reports were collected from Ovid Medline Database and PubMed using keyword identifiers from 1946 to 2017. Adult patients ≥ 18 years and cases not diagnosed with EGPA by the author were excluded. Sixty‐five case reports of cEGPA were initially identified. These were reviewed individually, and fifty cases were determined to meet the American College of Rheumatology criteria for EGPA. No case series examining the cutaneous morphology and histopathology were identified. Cutaneous morphology, lesion location, and cutaneous histopathology results were recorded. Results were analyzed using summary statistics.

Results

Sixty‐four percent (32/50) of cEGPA patients presented with cutaneous manifestations. Twenty‐nine cases provided specific morphological descriptions and lesion location. Common manifestations included purpura (15/29), subcutaneous nodules (8/29), and a macular/papular/maculopapular rash (8/29). However, twelve different cutaneous morphologies were identified in this review. Lesions occurred most commonly on the extremities (26/29). Twenty‐two cases reported corresponding cutaneous histopathology, which revealed extravascular eosinophils (15/22), vasculitis (13/22), and granulomas (5/22). Only one biopsy sample (1/22) had all three classical EGPA characteristics of granulomas, extravascular eosinophils, and vasculitis.

Conclusion

With nearly two‐thirds of cEGPA patients presenting with cutaneous manifestation, this study highlights the importance of clinical recognition of this disease by dermatologists. While the varied morphology of skin lesions and rarity of this disease makes cEGPA a difficult diagnosis, prompt recognition and treatment will improve outcomes in this patient population.
Ischemic ulcers of the toes secondary to Raynaud’s phenomenon in a child successfully treated with botulinum toxin
Authors: Quintana Castanedo Lucía , Feito Rodríguez Marta , Maseda Pedrero Rocío , Chiloeches Fernández Clara , de Lucas Laguna Raúl
Published: March 2020

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is an episodic vasospastic response to cold or emotional stress causing color changes and pain. These attacks can lead to digital ischemia, ulcers, and gangrene. Severe and refractory RP in children is a therapeutic challenge for clinicians because there are no standardized treatment protocols for these patients. We present a case of RP involving the toes of a child successfully treated with botulinum toxin A.
Preparing for a kidney transplant: Medical nephrectomy in children with nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Vos Eefke , Koster‐Kamphuis Linda , van de Kar Nicole C. A. J. , Bootsma‐Robroeks Charlotte M. H. H. T. , Cornelissen Elisabeth A. M. , Schreuder Michiel F.
Published: March 2020

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and general edema. These symptoms may persist in children who reach ESRD, which is unfavorable for the patient's allograft outcome. In addition, this may hamper early diagnosis of a relapse after transplantation. Surgical bilateral nephrectomy is often considered for that reason, but medical nephrectomy may be a less invasive alternative. In this retrospective single‐center case series, we identified all children on dialysis with ESRD due to nephrotic syndrome in which a medical nephrectomy was attempted before kidney transplantation between 2013 and 2018. Outcome was measured by urine output and serum albumin levels. Eight patients with either congenital nephrotic syndrome or focal segmental glomerular sclerosis were included in the study. All patients received an ACE inhibitor as drug of first choice for medical nephrectomy, to which 5 patients responded with oligoanuria and a significant rise in serum albumin, and 3 patients responded insufficiently. In 1 of these 3 patients, diclofenac was added to the ACE inhibitor, with good result. In the other 2 patients, indomethacin was initiated without success, and surgical bilateral nephrectomy was performed. Overall, 6/8 patients had a successful medical nephrectomy and did not need surgical nephrectomy. No recurrence of nephrotic syndrome was found after kidney transplantation in all but one. Medical nephrectomy with ACE inhibitors and/or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs is a safe and non‐invasive therapy to minimize proteinuria in children with ESRD due to nephrotic syndrome before kidney transplantation. We suggest that this strategy should be considered as therapy before proceeding with surgical nephrectomy.
Contemporary PresidencyThe Office of the Chief of Staff in the Trump White House, 2017–2019
Authors: Cohen David B. , Hult Karen M.
Published: March 2020

Focusing on White House chiefs of staff and the Office of the Chief of Staff during the first three years of the Donald Trump administration, we examine the office and its occupants in the context of past scholarship on White House structuring and staffing. We discuss four major roles performed by chiefs of staff and their deputies (administrator, advisor, guardian, proxy), exploring their participation in management and in policy processes. We also look at the larger chief of staff's office, noting continuities with, and changes from, previous presidencies. Probing the roles, activities, and performance of President Donald Trump's first three chiefs of staff underscores both the significance of individual presidents in governing and the apparent constraints on their doing so.