bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Counting the cost of complementary and alternative therapies in an Irish neurological clinic
Authors: Murphy S. M. , Rogers A. , Hutchinson M. , Tubridy N.
Published: October 2008

Background and purpose:  Complementary and alternative therapy (CAT) use is frequent in patients with the common neurological disorders despite little scientific evidence of its efficacy. Little is known about the cost of regular CAT use. The purposes of this study were to determine the frequency and cost of CAT use in patients attending a neurology out‐patient clinic and to determine whether neurological diagnosis affects CAT use.

Methods:  All patients attending the neurology out‐patient clinic were asked to complete a structured questionnaire which included demographic information, details on the underlying neurological diagnosis, use and cost of CAT.

Results:  Six hundred and seventy‐one patients completed the questionnaire. Over 60% of the patients had used CAT, and 25% used CAT on a regular basis. Only 25% of patients using CAT had informed their doctor. Rates of CAT use varied with neurological diagnosis. Of those using CAM on a regular basis, the mean annual cost was €1351.

Conclusion:  Patients attending our neurology out‐patient department use CAT frequently and often do not inform their doctor. Patients spend a significant amount of personal income on CAT. Given the implications, including potential interactions with prescribed medication, these findings should prompt doctors to ask every patient about CAT use.
The effects of foster care intervention on socially deprived institutionalized children’s attention and positive affect: results from the BEIP study
Authors: Ghera Melissa M. , Marshall Peter J. , Fox Nathan A. , Zeanah Charles H. , Nelson Charles A. , Smyke Anna T. , Guthrie Donald
Published: October 2008

Background: We examined the effects of a foster care intervention on attention and emotion expression in socially deprived children in Romanian institutions.

Methods: Institutionalized children were randomized to enter foster care or to remain under institutional care. Subsequently, the institutionalized and foster care groups, along with a community‐based comparison group, were evaluated on emotion tasks at 30 and 42 months of age. Behaviors reflecting positive and negative affect and attention were coded from videotapes.Results:Data indicated that at both age points, children who received the foster care intervention showed higher levels of attention and positive affect compared to children who remained institutionalized. Compared to the community sample, children in the foster care intervention showed higher levels of attention to the emotion‐eliciting tasks at 42 months of age.

Conclusions: The results of this randomized trial demonstrate the impact of a family‐based intervention on the development of attention and positive affect.
Understanding and testing risk mechanisms for mental disorders
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: October 2008

Over the past 50 years there has been a virtual revolution in thinking about risk mechanisms. The key areas of challenge and opportunity include: identification of environmental causes; use of natural experiments; gene–environment interaction; testing for mediation; developmental moderation; biological programming; and developmental perturbations.
Sexual Functioning of Latino Women Seeking Outpatient Gynecologic Care
Authors: Hullfish Kathie L. , Pastore Lisa M. , Mormon Allyson J.A. , Wernecke Yvonne , Bovbjerg Viktor E. , Clayton Anita H.
Published: October 2008

Introduction

A sample of Latino women from an ambulatory obstetrics and gynecology (Ob/Gyn) clinic were queried about their sexual functioning using the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ-14).

Aim

To assess the degree of self-reported sexual complaints in a sample of Latino women living in the United States; to assess if the prevalence of symptoms differs from one study of women living in Spain; and to determine if sexual complaints were associated with demographics, sexual/reproductive history, selected medications, or religious practices.

Main Outcome Measures

CSFQ-14 scores and demographic variables.

Methods

CSFQ-14 questionnaire in an out-patient, bilingual Ob/Gyn clinic in Central Virginia.

Results

Seventy-one native Spanish-speaking patients (59% born in Mexico) completed the U.S. Spanish version of the CSFQ-14 and a short questionnaire for potential covariates. The mean age was 28.7 years (range 17–60). Birth place was outside of the United States for 95.8% (N = 67). Eighty percent of participants had children and 96% reported being currently sexually active. Low sexual functioning, as defined by a total CSFQ score of ≤41, was found in 26 (41.3%) participants. Taking medication for depression and/or anxiety was associated with lower sexual functioning (P = 0.03). Women who had children of any age living in the household were less likely to report low sexual functioning (P = 0.05; P = 0.01 when restricted to infants) than women without children living in the household. Thirteen of 68 women (19.1%) reported a history of physical and/or sexual abuse, but this was not associated with low sexual functioning. There was no association between self-reported religious affiliation or church attendance frequency and sexual complaints. Respondents in our sample had lower (i.e., worse sexual function) overall CSFQ scores compared with a sample of college students in Spain (P < 0.01), but higher (i.e., better sexual function) overall scores than workers in Spain (P < 0.04). On the subscales, our Latino population reported greater pleasure and less desire/interest than women who live in Spain.

Conclusions

Self-reported rates of low sexual functioning were common in this cross section of Latino women. Medical treatment of depression and/or anxiety was associated with lower functioning. Direct inquiry about the sexual health of U.S. Latino women presenting for routine health care may assist in the identification of sexual difficulties in this population.
Control of Rhyzopertha dominica in stored rough rice through a combination of diatomaceous earth and varietal resistance
Authors: Chanbang Yaowaluk , Arthur Frank H. , Wilde Gerald E. , Throne James E.
Published: October 2008

Adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer, were exposed on four varieties of rough rice with Dobie indices of susceptibility of 1.1 to 1.1 (low), and four varieties with Dobie indices of susceptibility of 3.4 to 3.8 (high). The varieties with low and high Dobie indices were classified as resistant and susceptible, respectively, to R. dominica. The purpose of the study was to evaluate control of R. dominica through the use of diatomaceous earth (DE) in combination with rice varieties that were either susceptible or resistant to R. dominica. The rice was treated with varying rates of the commercial DE Insecto®, up to a maximum of 1 000 mg DE/kg of rice. Adult mortality at each application rate of DE was generally greater on three of four resistant varieties compared to three of four susceptible varieties. Progeny production from the parental generation exposed on the rice was also greater in 3 of the 4 resistant varieties compared to 3 of the 4 susceptible varieties at DE rates of 500 mg/kg or more. Progeny production in rice treated with a maximum rate of 1 000 mg/kg DE ranged from 7‐44 adults on the resistant varieties compared to 75‐155 adults on the susceptible varieties. At DE rates of 500, 750, and 1 000 mg/kg, the percentage of insect‐damaged kernels (IDK) was also greater in 3/4 resistant varieties than in the susceptible varieties. Results show combining the use of DE with varietal resistance of rough rice to R. dominica could be used to limit populations of this insect in stored rice and help prevent economic damage.
Reshaping internal labour markets in the National Health Service: new prospects for pay and training for lower skilled service workers?
Authors: Cox Annette , Grimshaw Damian , Carroll Marilyn , McBride Anne
Published: October 2008

This article considers how two new strategies for improving pay and skills development have been used in the UK National Health Service (NHS) to develop labour capacity and capability by stimulating the development of relatively coherent internal labour markets for workers at the lower end of the occupational hierarchy. Drawing on data from 13 NHS trusts, we scrutinise the implications of the new national pay system, Agenda for Change, for healthcare assistants and cleaners and find substantial one‐off improvements in pay for these groups as a direct result of the new national pay framework. However, the detailed case‐study data reveal there is considerable uncertainty regarding the extent, depth and durability of pay improvements. In particular, opportunities for pay progression in reward for acquisition of new skills and qualifications were more variable as a result of the stronger role of management choice and strategy at the organisational level in implementing the new national strategy for skills development, the Skills Escalator. Moreover, management strategy shaped the demand for, and distribution of, intermediate‐level skills (through new job design, for example), which was critical to the effectiveness of trusts in pulling lower grade employees up through an internal career trajectory.
Pay knowledge, pay satisfaction and employee commitment: evidence from Finnish profit‐sharing schemes
Authors: Sweins Christina , Kalmi Panu
Published: October 2008

Knowledge of the pay system has been identified as one of the key elements affecting the success of the reward system. In this paper, the aim is to study how communication, performance feedback and membership length are related to profit‐sharing knowledge, and how profit‐sharing knowledge is related to profit‐sharing satisfaction and organisational commitment. The data is collected from Finnish personnel funds, which are deferred profit‐sharing schemes. Survey data from over 753 employees in 30 companies in different sectors were used. In studying the antecedents of profit‐sharing knowledge, we found strong evidence that better profit‐sharing communication and higher membership length increase profit‐sharing knowledge. Furthermore, we find strong evidence that the relationship from profit‐sharing knowledge to commitment is mediated by profit‐sharing satisfaction. We discuss the implications for management.
Undermining or reframing collective bargaining? Variable pay in two sectors compared
Authors: Marginson Paul , Arrowsmith James , Gray Molly
Published: October 2008

Although it is widely presumed that variable payments systems (VPS) such as individual merit and profit‐related pay are corrosive of collective bargaining, the actual relationship between the two remains little explored. Drawing on company case studies from retail banking and machinery and equipment, this article finds that collective bargaining can variously be reconfigured – as over individual merit pay in the banks; extended to cover local bonus arrangements, evident in instances in both sectors; or lose its purchase on a significant proportion of earnings – as with management‐determined profit‐related bonus in both sectors. In terms of the implications for collective bargaining, much therefore depends on the type of VPS.
Verification of Alternative Criteria for Shakedown Evaluation Using 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional Nozzle Models
Authors: Asada Seiji , Okamoto Asao , Nishiguchi Isoharu
Published: October 2008

Alternative stress evaluation criteria suitable for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) proposed by Okamoto et al. [1] have been studied by the Committee on Three Dimensional Finite Element Stress Evaluation (C-TDF) in Japan. Thermal stress ratchet criteria in plastic FEA are now under consideration. Two criteria are proposed: evaluating variations in plastic strain increments and evaluating variations in the elastic core region. To verify the validity of these criteria, calculations were performed for several typical models in C-TDF [2]. This paper shows calculations and evaluation results of 2-dimensional and 3-dimentinal nozzles for shakedown and Ke-factors, as defined by equation 2. Two models are used. One is a 2-dimensional (2D) axi-symmetric model of a typical nozzle. The other is a 3-dimantional (3D) model of the nozzle of which shell radius is half of 2-dimensional model. The primary and secondary stress, shakedown analyses using elastic-plastic FEA and Ke-factors which are directly calculated from elastic-plastic FE analyses are surveyed. The results show that the alternative criteria are applicable for those models. The analysis results of the 2D model show good relation to those of the 3D model.
Design Qualification and Manufacturing of Section X Class I Vessels
Authors: Eisberg Douglas
Published: October 2008

Over the past several years, many industries have grown to recognize that Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) pressure vessels must be built to established industrial safety standards to help ensure consistently safe products. End Users and Engineers familiar with Section VIII of the ASME Code typically turn to Section X as the standard recognized to govern the fabrication of fiber-reinforced vessels. However there tends to be confusion concerning Section X and how design integrity is maintained. There is a belief held by some that a composite pressure vessel designed in accordance with the Section X, Class I meets the essence of the Code. The feeling is that complete compliance is an unnecessary expense and third party certification is of minimal value. Section X is very specific in pointing out the fundamental error in this thinking. Section X recognizes that, unlike metal construction, the fabricator of a fiberglass vessel is responsible for the creation of a new and very temperamental material every time a part is fabricated. With this chance of inconsistency, even a fundamentally sound design can be executed poorly and with disastrous results. The purpose of this paper will be to describe the design and procedure qualification process used for Class I pressure vessels and how the integrity of the design in maintained throughout the fabrication of ASME Code Stamped pressure vessels.
Pressure Oscillations From Acoustic Standing Waves Interacting With Steam Flow Instability in Vessel Equipment and Piping
Authors: Lynch John , Moody Frederick J.
Published: October 2008

The mechanism causing a fatigue failure of an in-vessel mechanical component has been identified through fundamental thermal-hydraulic analysis, and verified by experiments at several scales. It was found that pressure oscillations, caused by acoustic standing wave interaction with flow-instabilities, similar to vortex shedding, created the oscillatory driving force that initiated the failure. It was necessary to determine the dominant scaling laws in order to design scale models, which would result in time-dependent behavior that was representative of full size systems. The scaling laws showed, and it was confirmed experimentally, that room temperature air could be used in place of steam in small-scale testing, to provide representative behavior of the interactive acoustics and the flow instabilities. Tests of the scale models showed that minor changes in geometry and edge sharpness caused significant changes in the pressure oscillations at a given flow rate. It was also found that the piping configuration attached to a vessel may significantly alter acoustic pressure oscillations within the vessel. The study of interactive acoustic and flow instability phenomena in small scale models makes it possible to study the effect of parameter changes on the magnitude of thermal-hydraulic forces, which can play a role in fatigue failures.
Blastwall Effects on Down Range Explosively-Induced Overpressure
Authors: Preece Dale S. , Saul W. Venner
Published: October 2008

Blastwalls are often assumed to be the answer for facility protection from malevolent explosive assault, particularly from large vehicle bombs (LVB’s). The assumption is made that the blastwall, if it is built strong enough to survive, will provide substantial protection to facilities and people on the side opposite the LVB. This paper will demonstrate through computer simulations and experimental data the behavior of explosively induced air blasts during interaction with blastwalls. It will be shown that air blasts can effectively wrap around and over blastwalls. Significant pressure reduction can be expected on the downstream side of the blastwall but substantial pressure will continue to propagate. The effectiveness of the blastwall to reduce blast overpressure depends on the geometry of the blastwall and the location of the explosive relative to the blastwall.
Guided Wave Focusing Mechanics in Pipe
Authors: Hayashi Takahiro , Kawashima Koichiro , Sun Zongqi , Rose Joseph L.
Published: October 2008

Guided waves can be used in pipe inspection over long distances. Presented in this paper is a beam focusing technique to improve the S/N ratio of the reflection from a tiny defect. Focusing is accomplished by using non-axisymmetric waveforms and subsequent time delayed superposition at a specific point in a pipe. A semi-analytical finite element method is used to present wave structure in the pipe. Focusing potential is also studied with various modes and frequencies.
Experimental Study on Impact-Induced Damage in CFRP Laminated Composites With Scanned Image Microscopy
Authors: Kasano Hideaki , Miyasaka Chiaki
Published: October 2008

An objective of this article is to investigate the initiation and propagation mechanisms of the impact-induced interior damage with scanned image microscopy. Impact tests by an air-gun type of apparatus were undertaken on a series of CFRP laminated specimens having different ply orientations such as [06/θ10/06]. The tests were conducted under the conditions of the same impact velocity of 60m/s and same impact energy level of two Joule for two steel balls (i.e., impactor) of different diameters. A mechanical scanning acoustic reflection microscope (pulse-wave mode) revealed the delamination at specified interfaces. A scanning electron microscope revealed transverse cracks in the form of matrix cracking or fiber/matrix debonding at the cross-sectional area.
Evaluation of Deformation-Induced Transformation and Reversion Processes of Stainless Steel With Scanning Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Kasuga Yukio , Miyasaka Chiaki , Endo Tomio
Published: October 2008

An objective of this article is to evaluate deformation-induced martensite and reversed austenite of a metastable austenitic stainless steel sheet with scanning acoustic microscopy. The sheet was elongated up to 40% at and below the room temperature to produce martensite, followed by annealing for reversion. First, martensite content was measured by a Feritscope. Second, using a complex V(z) curve technique with a spherically focused ultrasonic beam of frequency at 600MHz, surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity of a specimen was measured. We found that the measured SAW velocity was dependent on the elongation, ambient temperature in elongation, and the annealing temperature. There was a trend in the correlation between the measured SAW and the content measured by the Feritscope. The measured value of the SAW velocity was compared with the theoretical one which was calculated by Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and the density of the material. The measured SAW velocity agreed well with the theoretical one. Third, using high frequency (i.e., 800MHz) acoustic imaging technique, the deformed and annealed grain structures were observed. Furthermore, the acoustic images were compared with the optical images. We found that deformed grains shown in the acoustic images were clearer than those shown in the optical images.
ADIMEW Test: Assessment of a Cracked Dissimilar Metal Weld Assembly
Authors: Wintle John B. , Hayes Bridget , Goldthorpe Martin R.
Published: October 2008

ADIMEW (Assessment of Aged Piping Dissimilar Metal Weld Integrity) was a three-year collaborative research programme carried out under the EC 5th Framework Programme. The objective of the study was to advance the understanding of the behaviour and safety assessment of defects in dissimilar metal welds between pipes representative of those found in nuclear power plant. ADIMEW studied and compared different methods for predicting the behaviour of defects located near the fusion boundaries of dissimilar metal welds typically used to join sections of austentic and ferritic piping operating at high temperature. Assessment of such defects is complicated by issues that include: severe mis-match of yield strength of the constituent parent and weld metals, strong gradients of material properties, the presence of welding residual stresses and mixed mode loading of the defect. The study includes the measurement of material properties and residual stresses, predictive engineering analysis and validation by means of a large-scale test. The particular component studies was a 453mm diameter pipe that joins a section of type A508 Class 3 ferritic pipe to a section of type 316L austentic pipe by means of a type 308 austentic weld with type 308/309L buttering laid on the ferritic pipe. A circumferential, surface-breaking defect was cut using electro discharge machining into the 308L/309L weld buttering layer parallel to the fusion line. The test pipe was subjected to four-point bending to promote ductile tearing of the defect. This paper presents the results of TWI contributions to ADIMEW including: fracture toughness testing, residual stress measurements and assessments of the ADIMEW test using elastic-plastic, cracked body, finite element analysis.
Validation of Constraint Based Methodology in Structural Integrity: Project Overview and Update
Authors: Lidbury David
Published: October 2008

VOCALIST (Validation of Constraint Based Methodology in Structural Integrity) is a shared cost action project co-financed by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework of the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). The motivation for VOCALIST is based on the observation that the pattern of crack-tip stresses and strains causing plastic flow and fracture in components is different to that in test specimens. This gives rise to the so-called constraint effect. Crack-tip constraint in components is generally lower than in test specimens. Effective toughness is correspondingly higher. The fracture toughness measured on test specimens is thus likely to underestimate that exhibited by cracks in components. The purpose of VOCALIST is to develop validated models of the constraint effect, and associated best practice advice, with the objective of achieving (i) an improved defect assessment methodology for predicting safety margins; (ii) improved lifetime management arguments. The work is intended to be of benefit to both plant operators and their regulators. The project started in October 2000 and all experimental and analytical work was completed by February 2004. The final report and an updated Best Practice Handbook are currently being prepared. This paper provides an overview of VOCALIST, describes its various Work Packages, and provides an up-to-date summary of results.
Project NURBIM (Nuclear RI-ISI Methodology for Passive Components): Benchmarking of Structural Reliability Models and Associated Software
Authors: Brickstad B. , Schimpfke T. , Chapman O. J. V. , Dillstrom P. , Cueto-Felgueroso C. , Bell C. D.
Published: October 2008

A consortium has been formed, sponsored by the European Commission, to perform a project with the acronym NURBIM. The NURBIM project is focusing on the definition of best practice methodologies for performing risk analyses and establishing a set of criteria for the acceptance of risk quantities that can help Regulatory bodies in Europe to accept Risk-Informed In-Service Inspection (RI-ISI) as a valid tool for managing plant safety. One of the main areas within NURBIM has been Work Package 4 (WP-4) named Review and Benchmarking of Structural Reliability Models (SRMs) and associated software. The results of the benchmark studies are used in the process of formulating criteria which should be fulfilled for a suitable SRM and associated software for application of RI-ISI. Reports of the complete benchmark study can be found in Brickstad (2004) and Schimpfke (2004). The final report of both studies is given by Brickstad et al (2004).
A Global Limit Load Solution for Plates With Semi-Elliptical Surface Cracks Under Combined Tension and Bending
Authors: Lei Yuebao
Published: October 2008

A new global limit load solution is developed in this paper for a precise semi-elliptical surface crack in a plate under combined tension and bending, based on the net-section collapse principle. The new global limit load solution is compared with finite element (FE) results for the semi-elliptical crack, and with the global limit load solution for the circumscribing rectangular crack. The predictions of the new equation are conservative and close to the elastic-perfectly-plastic FE results for shallow cracks. For narrow plates with deep cracks, however, no FE results for the global limit load are available. The differences between the limit load solutions for a semi-elliptical crack and a rectangular crack are negligible for very wide plates but significant for narrow plates, depending on the normalised crack depth and the ratio between the crack length and width of the plate.
Impact of Welding Sequence on the CRDM Nozzle-to-Vessel Weld Stress Analysis
Authors: Chen Yaoshan , Rudland David , Wilkowski Gery
Published: October 2008

A three-dimensional finite element model is presented to simulate the welding process of the side-hill control-rod-drive-mechanism (CRDM) nozzle to the vessel head. Emphasis is given to how the weld is laid out in the analysis so that accurate residual stress results can be obtained while the required computing time is viable. In the order of complexity, three approaches are examined in this study: a) the simultaneous approach, i.e., the weld bead (therefore the heat associated with it) is put in the model in a uniform fashion; b) the piece-by-piece approach, i.e., the weld is laid out segment by segment; c) the moving-source approach where the analysis is done by simulating the moving heat source. It is found that there is a significant difference between the stress results by the uniform approach and the piece-by-piece approach. While the moving source method gives the closet representation of the welding process, the computing time for such a multi-pass, three-dimensional model is still prohibitive. The natural choice is therefore the piece-by-piece approach, with the number of segments for the weld dependent on the weld parameters and the geometries of the nozzle and vessel head.
No normalisation of the tendon structure and thickness after intratendinous surgery for chronic painful midportion Achilles tendinosis: Figure 1
Authors: Alfredson H , Zeisig E , Fahlström M
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To characterise Achilles tendon structure and thickness a minimum of 8 years after intratendinous surgery.

Material and Methods:

Fourteen patients (16 tendons; nine men and five women, mean age 43 years, range 27–55) surgically treated (intratendinous surgery) for chronic painful midportion Achilles tendinosis, were followed with clinical examination and grey-scale ultrasonography for a minimum of 8 years (range 8–16, mean 13).

Results:

All patients were satisfied with the result of surgery and were active in Achilles tendon loading activities without restrictions. In all operated tendons, structural abnormalities remained and tendons remained thicker than normal tendons.

Conclusions:

Resection of tendinosis is associated with persistent structural abnormalities and thickening of the tendon 13 years after surgery, despite successful clinical outcomes.
Targeting physical activity in a low socioeconomic status population: observations from the Norwegian “Romsås in Motion” study
Authors: Jenum A K , Lorentzen C A N , Ommundsen Y
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To summarise the main results of a community-based study on physical activity promotion — “Romsås in Motion”.

Methods:

The study assessed changes in physical activity, body mass and psychosocial mediators of physical activity from a pseudo-experimental cohort study involving two districts with low socioeconomic status in Oslo, Norway. In 2000, baseline investigation included 2950 30–67-year-olds — 48% of those invited. At follow-up in 2003 we measured 1776 subjects (67% of those eligible). A set of theoretically informed strategies targeting individuals, groups and the environment were implemented, tailored towards groups with different psychosocial readiness for change. Net changes (the difference between changes in the intervention and control districts) and results of mediation analyses related to the effect of the intervention are reported.

Results:

The increase in physical activity measured by two questionnaires was 9.5% (p = 0.008) and 8.1% (p = 0.02), respectively. The proportion who increased their body mass was reduced by 50% compared with the control district. Participation in walking and aerobic exercise groups, having seen the “Walk the stairs” poster and used the walk path, were particularly effective intervention components. The most promising psychosocial mediators of forward transition in stages of change were physical activity identity, perceived control, support from friends and family, and self-efficacy when facing psychological barriers.

Conclusion:

Through a theoretically informed, low-cost, population-based intervention programme an increase in physical activity levels and a reduced weight gain were observed. Mediation findings regarding forward transition in stages of change enhance our understanding of psychosocial mechanisms of behaviour change, and may prove helpful in guiding implementation and evaluation of future interventions.
A note on pile load test interpretation
Authors: Peaker K.
Published: October 2008

Pile load tests are normally carried out in accordance with A.S.T.M. or other building code specifications without regard to the actual pile type or soil type. The example quoted indicates that the test procedure may lead to incorrect interpretation of failure and conservative design.
DEVELOPING A GIS-BASED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
Authors: HU SHUNFU , ZHOU JIANPENG
Published: October 2008

On-site wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) collect, treat, and dispose wastewater from dwellings that are not connected to municipal wastewater collection and treatment systems. They serve about 25% of the total population in the United States from an estimated 26 million homes, businesses, and recreational facilities nationwide. There is currently no adequate coordinated information management system for on-site WWTFs. Given the increasing concern about environmental contamination and its effect on public health, it is necessary to provide a more adequate management tool for on-site WWTFs information. This paper presents the development of an integrated, GIS-based, on-site wastewater information management system, which includes three components: (1) a mobile GIS for field data collection; (2) a World Wide Web (WWW) interface for electronic submission of individual WWTF information to a centralized GIS database in a state department of public health or state environmental protection agency; and (3) a GIS for the display and management of on-site WWTFs information, along with other spatial information such as land use, soil types, streams, and topography. It is anticipated that this GIS-based on-site wastewater information management system will provide environmental protection agencies and public health organizations with a spatial framework for managing on-site WWTFs and assessing the risks related to surface discharges.
ON π-CALCULUS SEMANTICS AS A FORMAL BASIS FOR UML ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS
Authors: LAM VITUS S. W.
Published: October 2008

UML activity diagrams encompass a set of notational elements for capturing the dynamic behavior of a system. Although the graphical syntax of UML activity diagrams is well-defined in the UML documentation, there is still not a commonly accepted approach for reasoning about UML activity diagrams. In this paper, we present a formalization of the execution semantics of UML activity diagrams using the π-calculus. The formalization provides a theoretical foundation and formal analysis for UML activity diagrams, as well as a starting point for building automated software tool.
A RECORDING-BASED APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING SEISMIC SITE LIQUEFACTION AND NONLINEARITY VIA HHT DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: ZHANG RAY RUICHONG
Published: October 2008

This study proposes an approach to identify earthquake-induced site liquefaction and/or nonlinearity from Hilbert–Huang–Transformation- or HHT-based data analysis of seismic motion recordings. The proposed approach fully utilizes unique features of the HHT method in characterizing instantaneous frequency and damping as well as temporal-frequency motion from the recordings, so as to single out and quantify liquefaction- and/or nonlinear-soil-related nonlinear phenomena shown in the recordings. With post-earthquake, site investigation as a reference, this study shows that the proposed approach is effective in characterizing site nonlinearity, quantifying nonlinear influences in site amplification, and diagnosing site liquefaction. Major results from this study are listed below.

1. Predominant instantaneous frequency of earthquake motion is defined as the frequency with the largest amplitude in Hilbert amplitude spectra of the motion at a time instant, and subsequently used together with other motion features for identifying site liquefaction conditions. Analysis of 29 sets of seismic recordings with different liquefaction conditions shows that the proposed approach is more effective in detecting site liquefaction than other Fourier-based methods.

2. HHT-based site amplification is defined as the ratio of marginal Hilbert amplitude spectra, similar to the Fourier-based one that is the ratio of Fourier amplitude spectra. The HHT-based site amplification can be used for effectively quantifying site nonlinearity in terms of frequency downshift in the low-frequency range and amplification-reduction factor in intermediate-frequency range in comparison with the Fourier-based one.

3. Instantaneous damping, and Hilbert and marginal Hilbert damping spectra are defined in way similar to instantaneous frequency, and Hilbert and marginal Hilbert amplitude spectra, respectively. Consequently, the HHT-based site damping is found as the difference of marginal Hilbert damping spectra, which can be used as an alternative, complementary index to measure influences of site nonlinearity in seismic ground responses.
Akt/GSK3 Signaling in the Action of Psychotropic Drugs
Authors: Beaulieu Jean-Martin , Gainetdinov Raul R. , Caron Marc G.
Published: October 2008

Psychotropic drugs acting on monoamine neurotransmission are major pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, Tourette syndrome, ADHD, and Alzheimer disease. Independent lines of research involving biochemical and behavioral approaches in normal and/or genetically modified mice provide converging evidence for an involvement of the signaling molecules Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) in the regulation of behavior by dopamine and serotonin (5-HT). These signaling molecules have also received attention for their role in the actions of psychoactive drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, lithium, and other mood stabilizers. Furthermore, investigations of the mechanism by which D2 dopamine receptors regulate Akt/GSK3 signaling strongly support the physiological relevance of a new modality of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling involving the multifunctional scaffolding protein beta-arrestin 2. Elucidation of the contribution of multiple signaling pathways to the action of psychotropic drugs may provide a better biological understanding of psychiatric disorders and lead to more efficient therapeutics.
Percutaneous Sperm Retrieval in Secondary Azoospermia
Authors: Bromage S.J. , Falconer D.A. , Lieberman B.A. , Shafar B. , Payne S.R.
Published: October 2008

Introduction: Males presenting for assisted reproduction after vasectomy have a high chance of normal spermatogenesis and of successful surgical sperm retrieval. We aimed to evaluate simple percutaneous methods of retrieving sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in males with secondary azoospermia due to previous vasectomy. Patients and Methods: We analyzed a series of post-vasectomy males who presented for sperm retrieval between 1999 and 2005 and who were not being considered for vasal reconstruction as their primary method of re-establishing their fertility. Results: All 132 men had sperm retrieved successfully, 97% with percutaneous methods. In seventy-five percent of the couples intracytoplasmic sperm injection was done, with a total number of 184 cycles being performed. The clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were 25 and 24%, respectively. There were no significant scrotal haematomas, and only 2 patients had postoperative pain after percutaneous sperm retrieval that required analgesia for more than 2 days. Conclusion: We have shown that percutaneous sperm retrieval, where normal spermatogenesis is assumed, is successful in all men following vasectomy. Percutaneous methods of retrieving epididymal or testicular sperm are inexpensive, simple and could replace open techniques in men who are not considering vasal reconstruction following vasectomy.
Effects of Acute Epididymitis on Blood Plasma Oxidative and Antioxidative Status in an Experimental Rat Model
Authors: Boleken Mehmet Emin , Kaya Mete , Zeyrek Fadile , Kanmaz Turan , Erel Özcan , Yücesan Selçuk
Published: October 2008

Introduction: To evaluate the oxidative and antioxidative status in blood plasma after the induction of acute epididymitis in an experimental rat model. Materials and Methods:Escherichia coli was inoculated into the ductus deferens of rats in the epididymitis group (n = 10), and saline, instead of bacteria, was injected into the saline group (n = 10). No inoculums were performed in control group (n = 10). The infection was confirmed by microbiological tests. As antioxidative parameters, the total peroxide (TP), indicative marker of lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation, and the total antioxidant response (TAR) were measured in blood samples. Results: Acute epididymitis was demonstrated in all rats of the epididymitis group. The TP level increased significantly in the epididymitis group compared to the other two groups. The TAR level also increased significantly in the infected group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results are concordant with the fact that the increased oxidative status caused by epididymitis was tolerated by the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Moreover, we suggest that the measurement of oxidative and antioxidative level may be useful in clinical practice to detect defective defense system and prevent possible complications.
Clinical Experience with Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Tsujihata Masao , Nonomura Norio , Momohara Chikahiro , Nishimura Kazuo , Tsujimura Akira , Okuyama Akihiko
Published: October 2008

Objectives: We performed a comparative study of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) and open radical nephrectomy (ORN) for renal cell carcinoma, and a comparative study of transperitoneal (LRN-TP) versus retroperitoneal LRN (LRN-RP) for renal cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients underwent radical nephrectomy for stage T1 and T2 disease. Of the 100 cases, 34 (34.0%) were treated with LRN-TP, 33 (33.0%) with LRN-RP, and 33 (33.0%) with ORN. Each group was reviewed with respect to complications, postoperative convalescence, and the relationship between body mass index and operative time. Results: Mean operative times of LRN-TP, LRN-RP and ORN were 305.7, 296.2, and 218.1 min, and mean blood losses were 236.3, 101.7, and 690.5 ml, respectively. Body mass index and mean operative time exhibited equilateral correlation in the three groups. In one case (1.5%) of LRN (67 cases), conversion to open surgery was necessary due to bleeding, and LRN-TP was performed. In one case (1.5%), intraoperative complications occurred but could be managed laparoscopically. Three cases (9.1%) of ORN required blood transfusion. Conclusions: LRN results in less blood loss, less postoperative pain, quicker oral intake, shorter hospitalization, and a more rapid recovery than ORN, although LRN requires longer operative time than ORN.
Identification of Immunohistochemical Factors That Predict the Synchronous or Metachronous Development of Bladder Tumors in Patients with Upper Urinary Tract Tumors
Authors: Joung Jae Young , Yang Seung Ok , Jeong In Gab , Han Kyung Seok , Seo Ho Kyung , Chung Jinsoo , Park Weon Seo , Lee Geon Kook , Lee Kang Hyun
Published: October 2008

Objective: To identify markers that predict the synchronous or metachronous development of bladder cancer in patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) tumors. Materials and Methods: Between March 2001 and December 2005, we identified 38 consecutive patients who had been histologically diagnosed as having transitional cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis and ureter. These patients were divided into 2 groups (n = 19 per group): group 1 patients with metachronous or synchronous bladder cancer, and group 2 patients with UUT tumors only. We analyzed the differences between the 2 groups with respect to the expression of various biomarkers (p53, Rb, Ki-67, PTEN, and bcl-2) and in terms of clinical parameters. Results: The 2 groups differed significantly in terms of multiplicity (p = 0.029), papillary configuration (p = 0.001), the presence of lymphovascular emboli (p = 0.019), and Ki-67 overexpression (p = 0.029) in UUT tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed that Ki-67 overexpression in UUT tumor tissues significantly predicts bladder cancer development (HR 6.440; 95% CI 1.121–37.014; log rank p = 0.037). Conclusion: Ki-67 overexpression in UUT tumor tissues was found to be an independent predictor of the development of bladder cancer in UUT tumor patients.
Splenogonadal Fusion in Adults: Presentation of Three Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Irkilata Hasan Cem , Aydur Emin , Yildirim Ibrahim , Kibar Yusuf , Dayanc Murat , Peker Ahmet Fuat
Published: October 2008

Splenogonadal fusion (SGF) is a rare congenital anomaly in boys and girls. It commonly presents as a testicular mass treated with an unnecessary orchiectomy. We present 3 cases of SGF diagnosed in adulthood and discuss the published literature focusing on several aspects of this rarity. These cases of SGF of both types presented with the usual complaints. In our first case, orchiectomy was performed since the left testis was hypoplastic and testicular neoplasm could not be ruled out. The testicles could be preserved in the latter 2 cases. The second case is the continuous-type SGF associated with contralateral testicular aplasia and, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of continuous SGF associated with testicular aplasia. Knowledge of this entity may help prevent unnecessary orchiectomy.
Traumatic Penile Injuries – Mechanisms and Treatment
Authors: Maruschke M. , Lehr C. , Hakenberg O.W.
Published: October 2008

Injuries of the penis are uncommon but represent urological emergencies. We report 3 cases of penile trauma illustrating the diversity of penile injury presentation. Radiological investigations are only mandatory if there is any suspicion of a urethral injury. Primary surgical approach is recommended in cases of penile fracture or local wound infection. An immediate operative exploration with removal of hematoma and primary defect closure should be done in every case. Surgical management should not be delayed to avoid late complications.
MBD2-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of the p14ARF Tumor Suppressor Gene in Human Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Martin Valérie , Jørgensen Helle F. , Baur Chaubert Audrey S. , Berger Jennifer , Barr Helen , Shaw Phillip , Bird Adrian , Chaubert Pascal
Published: October 2008

Objective: The p14ARF and p16INK4A tumor suppressor genes are commonly inactivated by aberrant methylation of their promoter regions in human colon cancer. The methyl-CpG-binding domain protein MBD2 is physically associated with the methylated promoters of the p14ARF and p16INK4A genes in specific tumor cell lines. Moreover, deficiency of MBD2 strongly inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis in the Min mouse, raising the possibility that the protein might be involved in transcriptional repression of methylated tumor suppressor genes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of MBD2 in the silencing of p14ARF and p16INK4A in cancer. Methods: The MBD2 protein was stably knocked down by RNA interference in RKO, a colon cancer cell line in which both p14ARF and p16INK4A are silenced by methylation. Results: We demonstrate here that MBD2 associates with the methylated promoter of the p14ARF gene in the RKO colon cancer cell line. Depletion of MBD2 by RNAi leads to selective upregulation of the p14ARF but not the p16INK4A gene transcript. In addition, p14ARF repression can be restored by expressing mouse MBD2 protein in MBD2-deficient RKO cells. Conclusion: These findings implicate MBD2 in transcriptional repression of the methylated p14ARF tumor suppressor gene and suggest that repression by MBD2 selectively affects a subset of methylated promoters.
Losses of Chromosome Arms 4q, 8p, 13q and Gain of 8q Are Correlated with Increasing Chromosomal Instability in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hertz Sabine , Rothämel Thomas , Skawran Britta , Giere Christian , Steinemann Doris , Flemming Peer , Becker Thomas , Flik Jacobus , Wiese Birgit , Soudah Bisharah , Kreipe Hans , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Wilkens Ludwig
Published: October 2008

Objective: Chromosomal instability is a key feature in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) revealed recurring structural aberrations, whereas fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated an increasing number of numerical aberrations in dedifferentiating HCC. Therefore, we examined whether there was a correlation between structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomal instability in HCC. Methods and Results: 27 HCC (5 well, 10 moderately, 12 lower differentiated) already cytogenetically characterized by aCGH were analyzed. FISH analysis using probes for chromosomes 1, 3, 7, 8 and 17 revealed 1.46–4.24 signals/nucleus, which correlated with the histological grade (well vs. moderately,p < 0.0003; moderately vs. lower, p < 0.004). The number of chromosomes to each other was stable with exceptions only seen for chromosome 8. Loss of 4q and 13q, respectively, were correlated with the number of aberrations detected by aCGH (p < 0.001, p < 0.005; Mann-Whitney test). Loss of 4q and gain of 8q were correlated with an increasing number of numerical aberrations detected by FISH (p < 0.020, p < 0.031). Loss of 8p was correlated with the number of structural imbalances seen in aCGH (p < 0.048), but not with the number of numerical changes seen in FISH. Conclusion: We found that losses of 4q, 8p and 13q were closely correlated with an increasing number of aberrations detected by aCGH, whereas a loss of 4q and a gain of 8q were also observed in the context of polyploidization, the cytogenetic correlate of morphological dedifferentiation.