bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of root caries in the elderly
Authors: Kitamura Mark , Kiyak H. Asuman , Mulligan Kathleen
Published: May 2006

Abstract In an attempt to determine the association between overall health status, medication history, and oral hygiene status and root caries, 24 older persons residing independently in the community and 23 residents of a nursing home were interviewed and received oral examinations, using the Oral Hygiene Index and the Root Caries Index. The mean age of this population was 80 yr, with the nursing home subjects somewhat older than community‐dwelling subjects. Only six persons had no root surface caries; three subjects had caries on all tooth surfaces with gingival recession. Mandibular teeth, particularly molars and premolars, showed the greatest attack rate. The best predictors of root caries were number of teeth remaining, calculus, plaque, and the use of medications with xerostomic effects. Medications were most predictive of maxillary root caries. The results point to the need to provide interceptive dental therapeutics for high risk geriatric populations such as those using multiple medications and with a poor history of oral care.
Comparison of the Periodontal Index (PI) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)
Authors: Cutress T. W. , Hunter P. B. V. , Hoskins D. I. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 692 dental adults in the age ranges, 15‐19, 20‐29, and 35‐44 yr, were assessed for their periodontal conditions and treatment needs using the Periodontal Index (PI) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The relative advantages and disadvantages of the two indices were evaluated as epidemiological screening procedures. The CPITN (which calls for examination of only 10 selected teeth) identified higher proportions of adults and teeth with a healthy periodontal condition and also those with periodontitis than the PI (which requires examination of all teeth). The proportion of adults and teeth with gingivitis as the worst condition was greater than when assessed by the PI. Evaluation of individual adult scores by PI and CPITN suggested that the CPITN, despite being a partial recording index only, is more sensitive in identifying existing periodontal conditions and treatment needs than the PI. This is explained by the clinical criteria and periodontal probe utilized in the CPITN. Although the original purposes of the PI and CPITN differ, it is proposed that as a epidemiological screening procedure for assessing periodontal treatment needs the CPITN is to be preferred to the PI.
Longitudinal study of dental caries development in Dutch children aged 8‐12 years
Authors: Ruiken Ron , König Klaus , Truin Gert‐Jan , Plasschaert Fons
Published: May 2006

Abstract In many Western societies caries experience in children has decreased substantially in areas both with and without organized preventive programs or water fluoridation. In the majority of studies reporting declining caries activity, cross‐sectional data of the same age groups are compared. The purpose of the present study is to provide longitudinal data on the progress of dental caries in permanent first molars. 252 caries‐active children, initially 8‐yr old, were followed up from 1979 to 1983. At all three examinations lower socioeconomic (SES) children had a significantly higher caries experience than children the same age in middle and high SES classes. The D2MF‐S counts did not change between age 8 and 10, but increased steeply between 10 and 12 yr of age. The D1MF‐S counts, on the other hand, rose steadily in all SES classes. The phenomenon was caused by the progression of enamel lesions to dentinal lesions or fillings, leading to a concomitant decrease in the curves of incipient caries lesions (D2). The rise from age 10 to 12 is attributable to new developing enamel lesions. With regard to predilection sites, at all ages and in every SES class, the highest proportion of both indices was due to lesions in occlusal surfaces, followed by buccal and lingual pits and fissures. The approximal sites were the least affected.
Prevalence of dental caries and Streptococcus mutans in Meo of Northern Thailand
Authors: Reichart Peter A. , Gehring Friedrich , Becker Jürgen , Geerlings Heinz
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of dental caries was studied in 505 Meo, a minority of Northern Thailand, using the DMFT index. Plaque material from all patients was examined qualitatively for S. mutans. The DMFT (dmft) index score ranged between 1.69 and 7.06 with a mean of 2.17 ± 3.24 for men and 3.45 ± 3.72 for women. There was a statistical difference in caries prevalence between males and females (P<0.05). There was no statistical correlation between miang chewing and caries prevalence. Fluoride concentration of water samples was between 0.043 and 0.077 ppm F‐. Of 505 plaque samples, 13.3% were positive for S. mutans, mostly of biotype I. Compared to other Northern Thai hill tribes and the Thai rural population, the Meo appear to have a higher dental caries prevalence rate.
Dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: a strategy for investigation
Authors: Shaw William C. , Addy Martin , Dummer Paul M. H. , Ray Collete , Frude Neil
Published: May 2006

Abstract Study of the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment is complicated by a variety of factors, including the need for longitudinal, multidisciplinary appraisal and difficulties of randomisation, control and sample composition. This report outlines a recent initiative adopting a longitudinal, observational approach with a cohort of approximately 1000 12‐yr‐olds, selected by disproportionate stratified sampling in order that occlusal features of low prevalence, but high orthodontic interest, would be well represented. In the event, 4810 subjects were listed and after certain exclusions, 3420 children were screened. Using preselected screening criteria, 663 with specific occlusal features were selected and an additional 355 children with nonspecific features were randomly allocated on a pro‐rata basis. This gave a final study population of 1018. Baseline dental data included the recording of caries, periodontal status and mandibular function. Study models were obtained and analysed using a new standardised technique for recording the alignment of individual teeth. Photographs of the face and dentition were collected and a rating system developed to score dental and facial attractiveness. Social‐psychological data were recorded via self‐rating questionnaires, interviews, parental questionnaires, teacher questionnaires and peer ratings.
Judging severity of dental problems in relation to other individual problems
Authors: Hoogstraten Joh. , Verhey J. G. C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The methods of paired comparisons and direct ranking were applied to the study of the relative severity of three dental problems and nine problems concerning general health, material affairs, and psychologic well‐being. Subjects (n= 51) were men and women, psychology freshmen. Direct ranking and paired comparison resulted in highly comparable overall orderings of the 12 problems. It appeared that all subjects were consistent in their comparative pairwise choices. Agreement between judges was statistically significant also, but the results indicated large individual differences. Subjects judge the severity of the three dental problems to be less than the severity of the other problems. There were no significant differences between the judged severity of the three dental problems among themselves. In the discussion several possibilities for future research are mentioned.
Development of a measure of job satisfaction for dentists and dental auxiliaries
Authors: Chapko Michael K. , Bergner Marilyn , Beach Barbara , Green Kathy , Milgrom Peter , Skalabrin Nicholas
Published: May 2006

Abstract This paper describes the development of a multidimensional, 38‐item measure of job satisfaction appropriate for dentists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants. Items were grouped into the following 12 subscales: income, recognition, opportunity to develop professionally, time to develop professionally, responsibility, non‐patient tasks, staff relations, quality of care, leisure time, fatigue, time pressure and general satisfaction. The measure was developed from a set of 45 items included in questionnaires administered to dentists and staff of 126 dental practices in Washington State, USA. Questionnaires were returned by 117, 121 and 106 dentists; 69, 80, and 82 hygienists; and 322, 329, and 320 assistants, respectively, in each of the 3 yr (1979, 1980, 1981). Factor analysis (principal components analysis with varimax rotation) plus categorization of items by a panel of professionals were used to initially group items into subscales. Contribution to internal consistency was the final criterion for an item's inclusion in a subscale. Internal consistency reliability of subscales ranged from 0.68 to 0.95. Statistically significant relationships were found between individual job satisfaction subscales and intent to change job for hygienists and assistants.
Reproducibility of a palpation test for the stomatognathic system
Authors: Duinkerke Adriaan S. H. , Luteijn Frans , Bouman Theo K. , de Jong Hans Pieter
Published: May 2006

Abstract Disadvantages of Helkimo's Clinical Dysfunction Index have led to the introduction of a palpation test of 20 sites for grading the severity of dysfunction of the stomatognathic system. The reproducibility of this palpation test was studied using two experienced dentists and two first grade dental students to examine the subjects. Measurements of maximal mouth opening were carried out for comparison. The intra‐ and interexaminer reproducibility was found to be satisfactory for both the dentists and the students, showing that for this test good training is as important as clinical experience. The palpation test has the advantage that it is fast (60 s) and is an interval scale, which is especially important for epidemiologic and correlational studies.
A dental caries severity index for primary teeth
Authors: Chosack Aubrey
Published: May 2006

Abstract Criteria for scoring the caries attack on each surface of an affected primary tooth are described. The score for each carious surface ranges from 1 to 3. The score per tooth is a sum of the surface scores. The caries severity index (csi) is the mean of the scores of all carious teeth in the population examined. Three groups of children aged 5–6.5 yr were examined. In Jerusalem, with a water fluoride concentration of 0.4 ppm, 54 children had a csi of 2.99 and a defs of 10.19. In a semi‐rural African town, Soshanguva, with a 0.2 ppm fluoride concentration, 103 children had a csi of 3.10 and a defs of 5.75. In a nearby rural African area with a water fluoride concentration well above the optimum, 86 children had a csi of 1.93 and a defs of 1.99. Interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility of the csi were good. The csi expresses the severity of the caries attack on affected teeth and gives additional information to that of the def indices.
Prevalence and distribution of gingivitis and dental caries in children aged 6–12 years in Brisbane primary schools
Authors: Powell Robin N. , Gilhooly John T. , McKenna Errol R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A study of caries experience and gingivitis prevalence in 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐yr‐old children attending primary schools in Brisbane was undertaken in November/December 1983. Children from high socioeconomic level (SEL) schools exhibited lower and DMFT scores at all ages. At age 6 yr the proportion of children with caries‐free primary dentitions was for high SEL Schools 70%, for middle SEL schools 52% and for low SEL Schools 23%. At 12 yr DMFT scores were 1.8 (high), 2.1 (middle) and 3.3 (low). Similar differences in gingivitis prevalence occurred, children from high SEL schools displaying a much lower proportion of bleeding sites than those from middle and low SEL schools. For selection of children at “high risk” to gingival disease for intensive prevention programmes, an increased emphasis on probing techniques is indicated to achieve diagnostic consistency.
Prevalence of plaque, gingivitis and caries in 11–12‐year‐old children in South Wales
Authors: Addy Martin , Dummer Paul M. H. , Griffiths Gareth , Hicks Ralph , Kingdon Anne , Shaw William C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The overall eruption and dental disease status of a group of 1015 11–12‐yr‐old schoolchildren in South Wales is presented. The mean number of teeth erupted was 21.8 with a distribution pattern reflecting continuing eruption of teeth at this age. Almost equal numbers of contralateral and opposing tooth types were present with exceptions including maxillary canines and lateral incisors. DMFT, DMFS, and DPS scores were consistent with other recent studies. The mean plaque score was 2.44 and showed a normal distribution for the group. All children had gingivitis at one or more sites as evidenced by bleeding on probing, and again the distribution pattern was a normal one. The mean pocketing was 1.24 mm and there was little clinical evidence of chronic periodontitis. As expected, plaque and gingivitis showed a very high and significant correlation, with plaque and pocketing and gingivitis and pocketing having lower correlation coefficients which were nevertheless highly significant.
Prevalence of enamel developmental defects in a group of 11‐ and 12‐year‐old children in South Wales
Authors: Dummer Paul M. H. , Kingdon Anne , Kingdon Ray
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of enamel developmental defects was assessed in 579 children aged 11 and 12 yr using the DDE Index. The teeth were dried prior to the examination and a normal dental operating light was used for illumination. Teeth with some type of defective enamel were seen in 48.9% of children. White/single opacities were present in 26.4% of children and white/diffuse, patchy opacities in 9.9% of children. The enamel was abnormal in 5.74% of all teeth with white/single opacities and white/diffuse, patchy opacities occurring in 1.89% and 1.18% of teeth respectively. There was a significantly higher number of teeth affected by enamel defects in boys (P<0.01) and boys tended to have a higher prevalence of yellow opacities compared to girls.
Periodontal treatment needs in populations under 20 years of age in Espoo, Finland and Chiangmai, Thailand
Authors: Nordblad Anne , Kallio Pekka , Ainamo Jukka , Dusadeepan Anchalee
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal treatment needs at under 20 yr of age in the affluent area of Espoo, Finland, offering comprehensive public dental health care, as compared to a less advantaged area in Chiangmai. Thailand. In Espoo, 50 girls and 50 boys were examined in each age group of 7, 12 and 17 yr. In Chiangmai equal numbers of girls and boys were examined to obtain a group of 89 subjects aged 18.5 + 0.6 yr. According to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) the need of scaling increased in Espoo from 6% of the 7‐yr‐olds to 39% of the 17‐yr‐olds. Moderate pocketing (4–5 mm) occurred in one subject at age 12 and in three subjects at age 17. In Chiangmai, deep pockets (6 mm and over) were recorded for 1%, moderate pockets for a total of 44%, and dental calculus as the highest treatment need indicator in the remaining 55%, indicating a need for professional treatment in 100% of the group examined. The mean number of sextants requiring scaling was 0.6 per person at age 17 in Espoo as compared to 4.5 at 18.5 yr of age in Chiangmai. Three or more healthy sextants per subject were recorded for 47% of the 17‐yr‐olds in Espoo and for only 6% of the 18.5‐yr‐olds in Chiangmai. It was concluded that already at young age vast differences occur between periodontal treatment needs in industrialized and developing countries.
Relative influence of calculus and overhangs of fillings on the frequency of score 2 of the CPITN
Authors: Tervonen Tellervo , Ainamo Jukka
Published: May 2006

Abstract Periodontal treatment needs of 895 dentate subjects aged 25, 35, 50 and 65 yr were studied according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The relative influence of calculus and overhanging margins of restorations on the need for professional debridement of shallow (≤3 mm) pockets was calculated. The mean number of sextants per person scoring CPITN Code 2 decreased from 2.6 in the 25‐yr group to 1.1 in the 65‐yr group. Overhangs of fillings alone were detected in 0.8 sextants of the 25‐yr‐olds and in 0.1 sextants of the 65‐yr‐olds. The mean number of sextants containing calculus with or without overhangs decreased from 1.8 in the 25‐yr group to 1.0 in the 65‐yr group. The relative influence of calculus was higher in the aged than in the young population. The recording of overhangs is important for accurate assessment of periodontal treatment needs in populations with a high caries experience.
Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of dentists and chairside assistants: no indication of a mutagenic effect of exposure to waste nitrous oxide
Authors: Husum Bent , Wulf Hans Christian , Mathiassen Finn , Niebuhr Erik
Published: May 2006

Abstract Cytogenetic methods are used increasingly for monitoring occupational exposure to potential mutagenic agents. By one such method, the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test, previous studies of hospital operating room personnel did not indicate any mutagenic effect from exposure to waste anesthetic gases. Dentists and their assistants are exposed to much higher levels of nitrous oxide than hospital personnel, and in studies of dentists it is possible to eliminate bias from concomitant exposure to halogenated anesthetics by including unexposed persons engaged in the same professional activities as the exposed persons. SCE was examined in lymphocytes of venous blood from 38 female dentists and 74 chairside assistants, all working in the Child Dental Service, and 30 male dentists, of whom 23 worked in private practice. From studies of the model y = bo + bl × age + b2 × cig./day + b3 × hours of exposure to nitrous oxide/week, by multiple linear regression, there was no indication of any influence of exposure to nitrous oxide on SCE. It was concluded that, from the SCE test, there is no indication of a mutagenic effect from exposure to waste nitrous oxide, and that possible health hazards from such exposure would be induced by other effects of nitrous oxide.
Prevalence of caries, plaque and gingivitis in an urban and rural Tanzanian child population
Authors: Frencken Jo E. F. M. , Truin Gert‐Jan , König Klaus G. , Ruiken Ron M. H. M. , Elvers Hans J. W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A longitudinal study of the oral condition of 763 schoolchildren was started in the Morogoro District of the Republic of Tanzania in 1984. The average baseline D3MFT scores of the 7‐, 8‐ and 9‐yr‐old urban and rural children were 0.27, 0.33, 0.35 and 0.04, 0.23 and 0.23, respectively; the average deft values were 2.9, 2.4, 2.6 and 1.4, 1.9 and 1.4. The permanent dentition was caries free (D3MFT = 0) in 80 and 89% of the urban and rural children, respectively. Gingivitis was prevalent in rural (61%) and urban (55%) children; visible plaque was present in 93% of the children in both subsamples. The results of this baseline study show that the child population under study reflects the national Tanzanian situation with higher caries prevalence in urban than in rural children.
Oral health in non‐institutionalized epileptic children with special reference to phenytoin medication
Authors: Modéer Thomas , Dahllöf Göran , Theorell Klas
Published: May 2006

Abstract The periodontal condition and caries experience was studied in non‐institutionalized epileptic children (n= 55) who had not been subjected to any additional preventive measures. The children were distributed in a phenytoin (PHT) group with a mean age of 13.2 yr and a control group (mean age 11.8 yr) consisting of children treated with other anticonvulsants. The PHT group had a DF‐s mean value of 5.4 in comparison to 7.2 in the control group. Determinations of gingival overgrowth based on the presence of gingival units with increased probing depth (> 4 mm) as well as the thickness of the marginal gingiva in buccolingual dimension measured on stone casts were performed. Although the plaque level and degree of gingival inflammation were similar in the two groups, 43% of the children in the PHT group showed one or more gingival units with increased probing depth (>4 mm), but none in the control group. The thickness of the marginal gingiva was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the phenytoin‐treated children compared to children who had never had phenytoin medication. In the PHT‐group gingival overgrowth based on gingival units with increased probing depth was statistically significantly and positively associated with the variables gingivitis (P < 0.05), visible plaque index (P< 0.01), age (P < 0.01) and years on PHT therapy (P < 0.05).
Radiographic study of alveolar bone height related to tooth and root length
Authors: Eliasson Sören , Lavstedt Stig , Ljungheimer Claes
Published: May 2006

Abstract In radiographs from 76 randomly selected periodontally healthy subjects. aged 18–22 yr, at the School of Dentistry in Stockholm, the alveolar bone height was evaluated and correlated to the root length as well as to the entire tooth length. The root lengths were also related to the entire tooth lengths. The mean tooth length was found to be 24.9 mm and the mean root length 65.7% of the mean tooth length. The correlation of alveolar bone height to the root length varied between 91.5% and 96.3% and the correlation to the entire tooth length between 54.0 and 65.7%.
Clinical measurement of dental anxiety
Authors: Makkes Peter C. , Schuurs Albert H. B. , Thoden van Velzen Sijo K. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Verhage Frans
Published: May 2006

Abstract The mean scores on five dental anxiety measurements of 60 patients suffering from extreme dental anxiety are compared with those of an equal‐sized, matched group of regular dental attenders free from dental anxiety. Four of the measurements, especially Corah's DAS, appear to be suitable for distinguishing persons suffering from extreme dental anxiety. Also, persons with extreme dental anxiety appear to express their fear openly.
Difficulties in obtaining a sample of young adult cleft lip and palate subjects and their relatives
Authors: Crawford Fiona C. , Sofaer Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Families of individuals aged 15–24 yr born with cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, and suitable control families were required for a study of inherited predisposition to the malformation. Cleft patients were identified through hospital discharge listings, but the overall yield of participating patients was only 8% of the cases listed. An attempt to recruit control subjects by the same method, using patients who had been hospitalized for dissection tonsillectomy, yielded only 4% of those identified as suitable in the discharge listings. The results highlight the value of specialized, regularly updated disease registers in the recruitment of subjects for research purposes.
Caries prevalence, salivary Streptococcus mutans and dietary scores in 13‐year‐old Swedish schoolchildren
Authors: Kristoffersson Katarina , Axelsson Per , Birkhed Dowen , Bratthall Douglas
Published: May 2006

Abstract 388 13‐yr‐old schoolchildren from Karlstad, Sweden, participated. Dental caries experience was expressed as number of decayed (D) and filled (F) tooth surfaces (S), and registered on bite‐wing radiographs and obtained from records. Salivary Streptococcus mutans counts were determined by a spatula method. A dietary score was calculated for each individual based on an interview concerning the intake frequency of 23 sugar‐containing products. Significantly lower DPS values were found in the group with no detectable S. mutans compared to three of the four groups with salivary S. mutans (P<0.01). No differences were found between the DPS values of individuals with high, moderate or low dietary scores. There was no statistically significant association between dietary scores and levels of S. mutans. Among the children with no detectable S. mutans, there were higher DFS‐values with increasing intake frequency. No relationship between initial caries lesions, S. mutans and diet was found.
Hereditary aspects and classification of hereditary amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Sundell Sten , Valentin Jack
Published: May 2006

Abstract In an epidemiologic study in the middle of Sweden comprising 425000 children age 3–19 yr, 105 children were diagnosed as having hereditary amelogenesis imperfecta (HAI). The material then was primarily classified upon clinical criteria into different subgroups either associated to a hypoplastic or to a hypomineralized type of HAI. Analyzing available genetic data obtained from 95 children in 76 families and further 11 adults in 10 families, eight different entities of HAI could be identified in a classification of HAI. In both of the basic types of HAI, the hypoplastic and the hypomineralized, autosomal dominance was the most common mode of inheritance, even if an autosomal recessive inheritance could be identified in some of the subgroups of HAI. The hypoplastic type (rough‐pitted), autosomal dominance with incomplete penetrance was dominating in the material, 47 out of 105 cases. The clinical classification seemed to be relevant when testing the material on a genetic basis showing that the clinical criteria provide a strong support for a classification of HAI.
Effect of separate malocclusion traits on concern for dental appearance
Authors: Helm Sven , Petersen Poul Erik , Kreiborg Sven , Solow Beni
Published: May 2006

Abstract Effects of separate traits of malocclusion on concern for dental appearance were isolated by means of multiple regression analysis in a 15‐yr follow‐up study of 30‐yr‐old Danes. On the basis of questionnaires (response rate 86%, n= 841), the dependent “concern‐for‐dental‐appearance” variable was constructed from the respondents' replies about recalled perceptions and societal reactions concerning their dental appearance at the time of adolescence. In the same individuals, separate traits of malocclusion had been recorded clinically 15 yr earlier. These traits were inserted as independent dummy variables into the regression model. In both sexes the closest relationship with the dependent variable was displayed by the most conspicuous traits in the anterior region of the dentition. Some traits showed significant associations only in women, whose regression coefficients were, in general, higher than those of men. About half of the variation in the dependent variable was explained by the model.
Relationship between signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction in adolescents
Authors: Wänman Anders , Agerberg Göran
Published: May 2006

Abstract The relationship between signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction was studied in 285 17‐yr‐old adolescents living in the municipality of Skellefteå, Sweden. Of the sample 62% had either some sign or symptom of dysfunction, and there was a positive correlation (P<0.05) between the two indices used. Neither morphologic nor functional malocclusions were related to the anamnestic dysfunction index. Signs of mandibular dysfunction were significantly more frequently found in those with a feeling of fatigue in the jaw (P<0.001). TMJ sounds were related to palpation tenderness in the lateral pterygoid muscle and to impaired horizontal mobility of the mandible. The most frequent symptom related to various signs of mandibular dysfunction was feeling of fatigue in the jaws which suggests that this is an early symptom of muscular origin that should be observed more closely. The study supports the view that even a moderate reduction of mouth opening capacity may indicate mandibular dysfunction and we recommend that this variable be routinely recorded.
Retention of sealants over carious and sound tooth surfaces
Authors: Handelman Stanley L. , Leverett Dennis H. , Espeland Mark , Curzon Jennifer
Published: May 2006

Abstract Bacteriologic and clinical studies suggest that sealants can be used therapeutically on incipient caries of the enamel. The present study was designed explore this approach further by determining whether there is a difference in retention rates on sound or carious tooth surfaces sealed for the first time as well as resealed surfaces. A total of 1766 teeth were sealed for subjects 12–14 yr of age of which 120 were judged to be carious. Mouths were divided sagittally on a random basis and an ultraviolet light activated resin with a filler or an autopolymerizing resin without a filler was placed on contralateral surfaces of all molar and premolar teeth. The effects of sealant type, caries status, arch and tooth type on retention over a 2‐yr period were tested using Mantel‐Haenszel statistics. At the end of 1 yr, 88% of the teeth sealed with the autopolymerizing resin were judged to be completely intact compared to 82% of the teeth filled with the ultraviolet light resin. At the end of the second year the retention rates were 84% and 75% respectively. The retention rates for carious and sound teeth at the end of both years were almost identical. Overall, premolars had a 15% more favorable retention rate than molars. There were minimal differences between arches although maxillary premolars had approximately a 5% higher retention rate than mandibular premolars. The reverse was true for molar teeth. Retention of sealants at the end of the second year (resealed after 1 yr) was 4% less than comparable teeth sealed initially.
Use of mass‐media and active involvement in a national dental health campaign in Scotland
Authors: Schou Lone
Published: May 2006

Abstract This paper describes the evaluation of a Dental Health Mass‐Media Campaign directed at 5–7‐yr‐old children and their mothers. It aimed at increasing knowledge and awareness of dental health by making use of three different components: a: inserts in women's magazines; b: television commercial; c: material for home use distributed at schools. In order to study the relative recollection of the three components a representative quota sample of 164 mothers and 164 children were interviewed. The analysis of the results showed a high degree of recollection of the campaign in general. The material for use at home, distinguished from the other two components by demanding an active involvement of the participants, had the largest impact. The television commercial, merely demanding a passive involvement of the participants, was less well remembered, and the magazine insert had the lowest recollection. It is suggested that future national health education campaigns combine the mass‐media approach to increase health awareness with active involvement activities to stimulate behavioural changes.
Relative importance of caries risk factors in Finnish mentally retarded children
Authors: Palin‐Palokas Tuija , Hausen Hannu , Heinonen Olli
Published: May 2006

Abstract The relative importance of associations between caries occurrence and exposure to sugar‐sweetened products, fluoride preventives, medication with drugs affecting saliva secretion and the standard of oral hygiene was assessed in 125 mentally retarded and 79 healthy 9–10‐yr‐old Finnish children. The evaluation of the relative importance of the associations was based on logistic regression analyses. For the mentally retarded children the most important determinant of caries risk was their poor standard of oral hygiene. Frequent use of sugar‐sweetened snacks was found to be an important determinant of caries risk for both the mentally retarded and the healthy children.
Development and application of a prediction model for dental caries
Authors: Abernathy James R. , Graves Richard C. , Bohannan Harry M. , Stamm John W. , Greenberg Bernard G. , Disney Judith A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The development and validation of a caries prediction model comprising 13 sociodemographic and dental examination variables on Grade 1 and Grade 5 children in the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program are described. The objective was to derive a method of predicting children at high risk to caries early in order that preventive measures might be undertaken. True high risk children were defined in two ways: highest 25% of children based on their 4‐yr DMFS increment, and their total DMFS score at the end of the study. In both cases, children predicted to be at high risk were defined as the 25% with the highest discriminant score. Discriminant function and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the extent to which the 13 variables collectively discriminated between true high risk and non‐high risk children so defined. Sensitivity was approximately 0.50 and specificity around 0.82, using the 4‐yr increment as the criterion for defining true high risk, and approximately 0.64 and 0.88, respectively, using the final DMFS score for defining true high risk.
Twelve‐year follow‐up of caries prevalence and incidence in children and young adults in Espoo, Finland Oral Epidemiology
Authors: Luoma Anja‐Riitta , Rönnberg Kaj
Published: May 2006

Abstract This follow‐up of the oral health of children and young adults in Espoo, Finland, has been carried out using annual check‐ups done by dentists at the Espoo Health Center. There was about 80% participation in municipal dental care by 3‐ to 18‐yr‐olds. Each age group included 1700–2300 individuals. The DMFT‐index for 12‐yr‐olds was 6.9 initially and only 2.2 at the end of the 12‐yr follow‐up. The reduced DMFT and increased number of clinically caries free children is probably the cumulative effect of various preventive measures adopted during the follow‐up period. The proportional influence of each procedure is unknown.
Oral lichen planus – a demographic study
Authors: Axéll Tony , Rundquist Lars
Published: May 2006

Abstract Among 20333 Swedish people aged 15 yr and above, oral lichen planus was found in 1.9%; 1.6% among men and 2.2% among women. The highest prevalences were found in the age groups 65–74 and 55–64 yr. Reticular lichen planus was the most common type, found in 77.3%. The most prevalent intraoral location of lichen planus was the buccal mucosa, which was affected in 92%. Lichen planus was less prevalent among smokers than among non‐smokers, except for the plaque type, which showed no difference in this context.
Clinical cariostatic effectiveness of a NaF rinse in a low prevalent‐child population
Authors: Ruiken Ron , Truin Gert‐Jan , Konig Klaus , Vogels Andre , Van 't Hof Martin
Published: May 2006

Abstract Epidemiologic studies in which oral health in schoolchildren in the non‐fluoridated city of The Hague has been monitored, have revealed a substantial decrease in caries prevalence since 1969 in groups of all socioeconomic status (SES). Because of a still significantly higher caries activity in children of lower socioeconomic classes in 1981 a weekly fluoride mouthrinsing program in these children was started. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cariostatic effectiveness of a weekly 0.2% neutral NaF rinse in children with low caries prevalence. A sample of 29 schools stratified according to SES and randomly assigned to two groups was selected. One group of schools (14) performed weekly rinsing and the other group (15) served as controls. After 3 yr the number of children available for re‐examination had dropped from 501 to 333, of which 62.2% had written parental consent for radiographic examination. Statistical analysis of the data showed that fluoride rinsing could establish a reduction in caries incidence only in children who did not use fluoride tablets. The results of this study are of special interest for health authorities in planning and implementing public dental health measures.
Simple defluoridation procedures for Kenyan borehole water
Authors: Opinya Gladys N. , Pameijer Cornelis H. , Grön Poul
Published: May 2006

Abstract Magnesium oxide and bone meal were used as chemical defluoridating agents to reduce excessive amounts of fluoride from artificial water samples which had been prepared to simulate Kenyan water samples with a fluoride concentration ranging from 1 to 9.3 ppm. The water filtrate from bone meal was clear and palatable. The filtrate from magnesium oxide was slightly slimy and cloudy, but palatable. Either of these chemical agents may be used in simple defluoridation procedures in rural and suburban areas using borehole water to reduce the excess fluoride in the water to beneficial non‐toxic levels. Both magnesium oxide and bone meal are inexpensive chemicals and readily available in Kenya.
Economic appraisal of preventive dental techniques
Authors: Forbes John F , Donaldson Cam
Published: May 2006

Abstract In this paper the principles and particular problems involved in applying economic appraisal to the evaluation of preventive dental care are investigated. There is no cost benefit analysis in the existing literature which gives a reliable indication of the relative efficiency of preventive and restorative dental techniques. This is because of difficulties involved in trying to attach monetary values to the benefits of programmes which are publicly provided. These difficulties are not resolved by representing the benefits of prevention by restorative costs averted. Although cost effectiveness analysis may seem a more straightforward method, it suffers from the inappropriateness of the dmft (or dmfs) statistic for measuring the relative effectiveness of restorative and preventive treatments. An alternative measure of dental health outcome is suggested which encompasses aspects of the quantity (in life years) and quality of teeth produced by restorative and preventive care. The full potential of economic appraisal of preventive dentistry will be realised only if such comprehensive measures of dental health outcome are produced. The task of producing such measures should involve dentists, consumers of dental care and health care re searchers.
Oral hygiene habits, denture plaque, presence of yeasts and stomatitis in institutionalized elderly in Lathian, Scotland
Authors: Schou Lone , Wight Christine , Cumming Chris
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between oral hygiene habits, denture plaque, presence of yeasts and stomatitis in institutionalised elderly. A sample of 201 residents, 48–99 yr of age (mean age 82 yr), was selected from four different institutions in Lothian, Scotland. Clinical recordings were carried out under standardised circumstances using well recognised indices. Information about oral hygiene habits was obtained through structured interviews conducted immediately before the clinical examination. A multivariate analysis, principal component, was carried out on the correlated five maxillary denture plaque scores and two components, accounting for 74% and 12% of the variation, were identified. Using these two independent variables, an analysis of variance was carried out testing for significance between the four effects: soaking habits, brushing habits, denture stomatitis and growth of yeats in the palate together with their interactions. The analysis showed significiant relation between maxillary denture plaqre, soaking habits and the presence of denture stomatitis. The was no relation between denture plaque and brushing habits or between denture plaque and growth of yeasts.
Comparison of two fluorosis indices in the primary dentition of Tswana children
Authors: Burger Phillipus , Cleaton‐Jones Peter , du Plessis Jan , de Vries Johann
Published: May 2006

Abstract Fluorosis of the primary dentition was determined in 146 children living in a hot, dry African village with a fluoride concentration in the drinking water of 0.98–2.7 ppm. The prevalence of fluorosis was compared using Dean's (8) and Thylstrup & Fejerskov's (14) indices. The prevalence varied according to tooth type, being highest in maxillary second molars (25%) and lowest in mandibular central incisors (4.6%). The two scoring systems produced almost identical prevalences of fluorosis but the severity scores varied. Generally Thylstrup & Fejerskov's index scores were one score higher than Dean's. The Thylstrup & Fejerskov index is recommended for future studies.
Longitudinal study of functional conditions in the masticatory system in Flemish children
Authors: de Boever Jan A. , van den Berghe Linda
Published: May 2006

Abstract A 5‐yr longitudinal study on occlusal and functional parameters has been made in 75 children aged 8–11. They were selected at random from an original group of 510 studied 5 yr earlier. The following parameters were measured: frequency of frontal open bite, lateral and frontal crossbite, the attrition on molars and on front teeth, the contacts on lateral excursion, pain on condyle palpation, TMJ clicking, deviations in the opening and lateral movement, and the maximal interincisal distance. There was an increase in the percentage of deep bite and crossbite. Attrition on molars was seen in 41 % and on front teeth in 13% of the children. No real pattern could be observed as a function of age. The mean maximal opening range was 43.7 mm, varying between 23 and 52 mm. Restricted opening was found in one girl. In 60% a deviation in the opening has been found. In 26% TMJ sounds were observed and 28% had pain on condyle palpation. In most of the children the symptoms were very mild to moderate. No significant correlation could be found between dysfunctional signs and occlusal parameters. The present results did not provide any conclusive answer to the tremendous increase in dysfunctional signs over this 5‐yr period. The treatment need is, however, low and should not be overestimated.
Traumatic ulcers and pain during orthodontic treatment
Authors: Kvam Einar , Gjerdet Nils Roar , Bondevik Olav
Published: May 2006

Abstract In the present investigation the frequency of oral ulcers and pain in 161 orthodontic patients was recorded. Of all patients, 95% had experienced pain, but 84.5% said that the pain lasted a few days only. About 11% maintained that the treatment was constantly painful. Significantly more patients coming from private clinics complained of pain than those attending treatment at the Department of Orthodontics. About 50% said that activating or changing archwire was most annoying, whereas 28.7% said ulceration and 21% said headgear was the most annoying part of the treatment. According to 75% of the patients, sleeping habits were not influenced. Only eight patients reported truancy, and seven of these had done this only once. Of all patients, 6.2% had requested interim visits. Small wounds caused by the fixed appliance were reported by 75.8% of the patients, and 2.5% had suffered badly from ulceration caused by the fixed appliances. More girls than boys reported ulceration. There was a significant sex difference as regards recurrent aphthous ulceration (Rau). Increase In the frequency of RAU was reported by 23.1% of the girls and 9.6% of the boys while they had fixed appliances.
Evaluation of an intraoral controlled release delivery system for fluoride in primates
Authors: Shern Roald J. , Mirth Dale B. , Emilson Claes‐Göran , Adderly Donna D. , Bowen William H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract An intraoral delivery system designed to release 0.5 mg of fluoride per day was evaluated in short‐term studies in primates. This fluoride‐releasing device, bonded to the buccal surface of the maxillary right central incisor of each of six monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), produced marked elevations in saliva and plaque fluoride concentrations without increases in serum fluoride concentrations. No changes were observed in the plaque and gingival scores or the populations of various species of plaque bacteria.
Dental hygienists as a new element in the oral health service in Poland
Authors: Jańczuk Zbigniew
Published: May 2006

Abstract A comparison of the number, employment, utilization and activities of dental hygienists in Poland between 1977 and 1982 is described. In spite of a distinct increase in number and better distribution in the country, the employment of hygienists in the oral health service is still low. However, the majority of dental hygienists are employed in the oral health service for children, working mostly as dental assistants doing fluoride prophylaxis and dental health education in addition. The percentage of operating dental hygienists is also low. The need for their preventive activity is great, as the dental caries rate in Polish children is generally high.
Denture status and need for prosthodontic treatment among institutionalized elderly in Denmark
Authors: Vigild Merete
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to estimate the realistic need for prosthodontic treatment among institutionalized elderly in Denmark. The study population comprised 486 elderly in nursing homes and 199 in hospital long‐term care facilities. The realistic need for treatment was estimated on the basis of the normative and the perceived needs, taking into account the general mental and physical state of each individual as assessed by the charge nurses. The investigation revealed that the majority of the elderly were markedly handicapped, two‐thirds were unable to care for themselves, and 15% were in poor mental condition. Among the residents of nursing homes 67% had a normative need for prosthodontic treatment, e.g. new dentures, relining and/or corrections of occlusion, as compared to 71% of the elderly in hospital long‐term care facilities. However, only 19% of the nursing home residents and 32% of the elderly in long‐term care facilities has a realistic treatment need. The differences between the two groups of elderly are explained by differences in age and general health status. It can be concluded that the realistic need for prosthodontic treatment among institutionalized elderly in Denmark is far from being met, and that this problem can only be solved if given higher priority by the political decision‐makers.
Dental injuries among Norwegian soccer players
Authors: Nysether Svein
Published: May 2006

Abstract The incidence and type of dental injuries among Norwegian soccer players were assessed according to the files of the Norwegian Soccer Association. In 1979–83 a total of 7319 injuries were reported. Approximately 20% (1267) were dental injuries. In every fifth case the expenses for necessary dental treatment exceeded the maximum compensation from the insurance company. The majority of the injuries occurred among male players (96.5%). Also the relative frequency of dental injuries was higher in men than in women. The prevalence of dental injuries was highest in the top division, and decreased gradually down through the divisions. Goalkeepers seemed to be more susceptible to injuries than did the other players. Uncomplicated crown fracture of maxillary front teeth was common and accounted for 45% of all dental injuries.
Caries experience of disabled school‐age children
Authors: Storhaug Kari , Holst Dorthe
Published: May 2006

Abstract A group of 415 disabled school‐age children representing 10 different disabling conditions (hereafter called diagnostic groups) were examined and DMFT Registered. Parents were interviewed about problems and habits relevant to dental health. The purpose was to study the relationship between different background variables and DMFT. It was assumed that the DMFT might have been influenced by both various predisposing conditions and factors of everyday life. Therefore two indices were made. A multiple classification analysis (MCA) was used to assess the relative importance of different background variables. Age, mother's education, everyday life factors and diagnosis were the variables showing the strongest association with DMFT. Children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy and cystic fibrosis had a higher DMFT than the other diagnostic groups.