bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lymphoblastic lymphoma of convoluted or acid phosphatase type‐A tumor of T precursor cells
Authors: Stein H. , Petersen N. , Lennert K. , Gaedicke G. , Landbeck G.
Published: February 2007

Five lymphatic neoplasms with strong focal acid phosphatase reactivity were selected from a group of acute lymphocytic leukemias and lymphoblastic lymphomas. All five cases showed an anterior mediastinal mass and exhibited identical morphology. This type of lymphoma has been described by Lukes under the term “malignant lymphoma of convoluted lymphocytes”. Analysis of surface membrane receptors revealed that the tumor cells lacked surface immunoglobulin and receptors for Fc‐fragment, but possessed receptors for complement (C3), untreated SRBC (Es) and SRBC treated with neuraminidase (E). By appliying a mixed rosette assay using nucleated chicken erythrocytes coated with antibodies and C3, and denucleated E, it was found that a considerable number of tumor cells in all five cases formed mixed rosettes, i.e. that they bore the C3 receptor characteristic of B cells and simultaneously the E receptor characteristic of T cells. Thus the tumor cells resembled immature thymocytes of 10‐15 weeks' gestation, which also show focal acid phosphatase reactivity and simultaneous expression of C3 and E receptors.
Cell‐mediated immune responsiveness of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission
Authors: Oldham Robert K. , Weiner Roy S. , Mathé Georges , Breard Jacqueline , Simmler Marie‐Christine , Carde Patrice , Herberman Ronald B.
Published: February 2007

Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in remission and undergoing either chemotherapy or immunotherapy were tested for general cell‐mediated immunocompetence and cell‐mediated reactivity to tumor‐associated antigens (TAA) using the following parameters: skin tests with recall antigens and extracts of lymphoblastoid cell lines; primary sensitization to dinitrofluorobenzene and picryl chloride; in vitro transformation by mitogens and PPD; and lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity against a lymphoblastoid cell line and a panel of cryopreserved leukemic blasts. Reactivity in all assays of children on continuous chemotherapy was significantly depressed compared to similar patients later in the study. Patients on intermittent chemotherapy demonstrated much less immunodepression. The groups tested early during immunotherapy with BCG and allogeneic leukemic blasts were hyper‐responsive (compared to published data) to primary sensitization with picryl chloride. Skin test reactivity to recall antigens and to tumorderived lymphoblastoid cell lines was suppressed (as analyzed by serial comparison) in this hyperimmunized group, possibly due to antigenic competition, and reactivity in all other assays was normal. The patients tested after 2‐8 years of immunotherapy showed significantly higher positive skin‐test responses to extracts of tumor‐derived lymphoblastoid cell lines as compared to the other groups. The results of this multiphasic screen support the known effects of chemotherapy on immunocompetence. Moreover, they document the prompt return of immunocompetence with intermittent chemotherapy and during immmunotherapy. These results do not, however, indicate a striking augmentation of the immune response during immunotherapy as measured by these parameters.
Mixed lymphocyte/tumor‐cell interaction in a murine sarcoma virus (moloney)‐induced tumor system. Comparison between lymphoproliferation and lymphocyte cytotoxicity
Authors: Kirchner Holger , Glaser Moshe , Holden Howard T. , Herberman Ronald B.
Published: February 2007

Studies of the MLTI were performed in a primary MSV‐induced tumor system. Reactivity against mitomycin‐C‐treated RBL‐5 cells could be detected during a limited period at about 14 days after virus injection. The degree of reactivity of MSV 14 spleen cells was quite variable; stimulation indices ranged from 2.2 to 9.4. Activity in the MLTI appeared to a great extent to be dependent on T‐lymphocytes. A relatively broad spectrum of specificity was demonstrated in experiments using additional stimulating cells besides RBL‐5. The kinetics of the MLTI correlated well with the kinetics of the primary cytotoxic response in the CRA against RBL‐5 cells. However, positive results in the in vivo and in vitro secondary cytotoxicity assays could be detected between 21 and 100 days after MSV injection when the MLTI was negative. Transplantation resistance against challenge with RBL‐5 tumor cells also persists for a long time after MSV inoculation. Our data therefore indicate that the MLTI, in contrast to the secondary cytotoxicity assays, does not correlate well with the status of in vivo immunity.
Transformation‐enhancing factor(s) produced by virustransformed and established cells
Authors: Krycéve C. , Vigier P. , Barlati S.
Published: February 2007

Chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and hamster BHK21 cells transformed by the Schmidt‐Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus (SR‐RSV) release into the culture medium a factor or factors which enhance 2‐ to 7‐fold the formation of transformed foci by chick embryo fibroblasts infected with the Bryan strain of RSV (B‐RSV). The factor(s) also increase the number of foci failing to revert to normal phenotype at restrictive temperature (41° C) in cultures infected with a temperature‐sensitive mutant (FU‐19) of SR‐RSV which is defective for transformation. The factor (s) is produced also by BHK21 cells transformed by other tumor viruses and by BHK21 cells passaged for a long time, but not by normal CEF, CEF transformed by B‐RSV, CEF infected by FU‐19 at 41° C, normal hamster embryo fibroblasts, established but density‐inhibited mouse fibroblasts, or BHK21 cells of early passages. The relative enhancement of the number of B‐RSV foci can be more than 100‐fold when the medium contains fetal calf serum which suppresses focus formation in controls. The focus‐enhacing factor (s) appears to act after infection and has been termed, operationally, transformation‐enhancing factor (s) or TEF. The factor produced by RS2/3 cells which enhances the formation of B‐RSV foci is non‐dialyzable and thermolabile, and is presumably a protein. Its molecular weight is between 106 and 2 × 105 daltons.
Kinetics of serum factors mediating blocking, unblocking and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity in hamsters given isografts of para‐7 tumor cells
Authors: Prather Suzanne O. , Lausch Robert N.
Published: February 2007

Sera collected at intervals after PARA‐7 tumor‐cell inoculation were monitored for blocking, unblocking, and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using the microcytotoxicity test. Within 7 days after isografting, significant levels of blocking were demonstrated. This activity increased in parallel with tumor growth and reached a maximum at day 21. In contrast, the capacity of the sera to mediate ADCC was maximal at day 7, and no longer detectable at 3 weeks. Unblocking was not demonstrable in tumor‐bearer sera. Further studies showed that, when the tumor was excised, blocking activity fell rapidly while ADCC was elevated. Sera collected 7 days after surgery could neutralize the blocking activity of tumorbearer sera. Significant levels of unblocking were still evident 10 weeks after surgery while ADCC had generally disappeared after 5 weeks. These findings illustrate the complexity of the hamster's humoral immune response to tumor cells, and suggest that (1) the sequestering of antibody by circulating tumor antigen accounts for the demise of ADCC in tumorbearer sera and the concomitant appearance of blocking activity; and (2) the serum factors mediating ADCC and unblocking differ.
Cell‐killing by Epstein‐barr virus: Analysis by colony inhibition procedure
Authors: Sairenji Takeshi , Katsuki Takato , Hinuma Yorio
Published: February 2007

The P3HR‐1 and B95‐8 strains of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) were cytocidal for EBV‐carrier human cell lines, as revealed by a colony inhibition procedure. The cytocidal activity was proportional to virus dose added. The cell killing was neutralized by anti‐EBV antibody‐positive but not ‐negative human sera. When the relative sensitivity to ultraviolet light of EBV activities was examined, the cytocidal activity was much more resistant than the viral infectivity as assayed by early antigen‐forming activity (P3HR‐1 virus) or leukocyte‐transforming activity (B95‐8 virus), but it closely paralleled the ability to adsorb to cells.
Characteristics of three strains of feline fibrosarcoma virus grown in cat and marmoset monkey cells
Authors: McDonald Ruth , Thakkar Bakul , Wolfe Lauren G. , Deinhardt Friedrich
Published: February 2007

Two strains of feline fibrosarcoma virus (ST‐FeSV and GA‐FeSV) were found to induce tumors in cats and marmosets, and to transform feline and marmoset cells in vitro after primary inoculation. A third strain (SM‐FeSV) failed to induce tumors or transform marmoset cells after primary inoculation; however, when SM‐FeSV‐infected marmoset cultures were passed 26 times in vitro, the cell cultures released infectious virus which transformed marmoset fibroblasts but still failed to induce tumors in marmosets. ST‐FeSV induced mainly round‐cell type transformation (r foci), GA‐FeSV induced predominantly mixed round‐fusiform cell type transformation (fr foci), and SM‐FeSV induced r and fr type foci with a higher proportion of fusiform cells in the fr foci than seen with GA‐FeSV. Transforming virus was obtained from r or mixed r/fr foci of ST‐FeSV but not from fr foci; heat treatment changed the virus from producing almost exclusively r type foci to inducing an increased number of fr foci. Passage of FeSV in cat cells yielded viruses with a higher ratio of infectivity for feline vs marmoset cells, while passage of FeSV in marmoset cells yielded virus with a relatively higher infectivity ratio for marmoset cells; the three strains differed in the degree of change in the infectivity ratio. Despite the alteration of host range of SM‐FeSV propagated in marmoset fibroblasts, the virus retained feline P‐30 antigen by CF and FA assays. Neutralization tests did not indicate but also did not exclude an alteration of the surface antigens of ST‐FeSV or SM‐FeSV propagated in marmoset fibroblasts. The alteration of the relative infectivity of FeSV during passage in marmoset cells may be due to: (1) the selection of a variant present in the original heterogeneous uncloned population; (2) mutation; or (3) recombination with some marmoset genetic material, possibly an as yet unidentified endogenous marmoset virus.
The increase in working years due to elimination of cancer as a cause of death
Authors: Hakulinen Timo , Teppo Lyly
Published: February 2007

The relative significance of various forms of cancer in terms of causing death is analysed by estimation of the increase in person‐years of working age (20‐64 years) following elimination of the disease. Methods based upon the theory of competing risks are applied to the statistics on causes of death in Finland during the years 1966‐70. It is estimated that if there were no lung cancer (the commonest type of cancer in both morbidity and mortality statistics in males in Finland) the annual deaths saved would yield 5,900 working years (both sexes combined). Leukaemia and cancer of the stomach would be next in rank order, with figures of respectively 4,000 and 3,900 working years more. Female cancer with the highest incidence, that of the breast, would be characterized by 2,900 additional working years. The significance of types of cancer that affect young people is stressed in these calculations: leukaemia, brain tumours and lymphomas (both sexes combined) are 6th, 12th and 11th respectively in the statistics of cancer causes of death, but 2nd, 4th and 6th respectively in the list of additional working years to be gained by elimination of the disease. On the other hand, cancer of the prostate, 3rd in males according to the annual numbers of cancer deaths, would take the 15th position for the increase in working years in males. If no risk of cancer existed, the annual deaths saved would produce 36,000 working years, a figure exceeded only by those for cardiovascular diseases (55,000 working years) and accidents (51,000 working years). The results indicate that no practical differences exist between the results derived under the assumptions of various models for competing risks, but that the exclusion of competing risks may result in considerable degrees of bias in estimation if the population has a high general mortality.
Plasma prolactin and its relationship to risk factors in human breast cancer
Authors: Kwa H. G. , Cleton F. , De Jong‐Bakker M. , Bulbrook R. D. , Wang D. Y. , Hayward J. L.
Published: February 2007

The prolactin concentration has been determined in plasma from ostensibly healthy women living on the Island of Guernsey. There were 102, 42 and 41 women who had a mother, sister or maternal aunt, respectively, with breast cancer. The remaining 184 women in this study claimed to have no known family history of breast cancer and were used as a control group. The increased risk of breast cancer due to familial history was not associated with a raised mean prolactin level compared to the control group. However, in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, daughters of breast cancer patients had significantly raised levels of prolactin at 19.00 h. There were no abnormalities in the mean plasma prolactin levels for the above groups associated with differences in age at first child, age at menarche, interval between age at menarche and first child, and body weight of post‐menopausal women. (All these factors have been reported to influence breast cancer risk). It is concluded that prolactin has no obvious function in the aetiology of breast cancer. If it is involved, the mechanism by which it acts must be subtle and concerned with the homeostatic control governing nycthemeral prolactin rhythms.
Concanavalin a receptors on the surface membrane of lymphocytes from patients with african Burkitt's lymphoma and lymphoma cell lines
Authors: Ben‐Bassat Hannah , Goldblum Natan , Mitrani Stella , Klein George , Johansson Bo
Published: February 2007

Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood and from tumor tissues of patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma have been studied for cap formation and agglutinability by Concanavalin A (Con A). Peripheral blood from healthy adult persons served as a normal control and blood from patients with carcinoma served as a non‐lymphoma control. These studies included 29 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, 93 with carcinoma, and 105 healthy adult persons, as well as tumor tissues from 13 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. The great majority of the carcinomas were from the face and neck regions. Lymphocytes from the blood of the majority of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, as well as those from tumor tissues, exhibited a reduced cap‐forming ability (2‐6%) and increased Con‐A‐induced agglutinability compared to lymphocytes from healthy normal donors and from patients with carcinoma, although some of the lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma had a somewhat lower range of cap formation than the lymphocytes from healthy donors. No difference was observed in the interaction with Con A of lypmhocytes from the different types of carcinoma studied. Eight lymphoid cell lines were established in our laboratory from the tumor tissues of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. The cap‐forming ability and agglutinability by Con A of these lines was examined and compared to those of the “classical” lymphoma lines: Raji, Daudi and P3HR1. All cell lines exhibited an increased Con‐A‐induced agglutinability and a reduced cap‐forming ability compared to normal lymphocytes, except for P3HR1 cells which exhibited a cap‐forming ability of 15‐20%. These findings are discussed in relation to the association of the lymphocytes with malignancy and as a possible aid in the differential diagnosis between malignant lymphomas and other diseases.
Human tumor cells grown in fetal calf serum and human serum: Influences on the tests for lymphocyte cytotoxicity, serum blocking and serum arming effects
Authors: Sulit Hector L. , Golub Sidney H. , Irie Reiko F. , Gupta Rishab K. , Grooms Gary A. , Morton Donald L.
Published: February 2007

Peripheral blood lymphoid cells (PBL) from cancer patients and normal donors were tested against three melanoma cell lines grown in either 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 2.5‐5% human AB serum in order to determine if the heterologous membrane (HM) antigen or other FCS antigens acquired from the bovine serum supplement could influence lymphoid cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. FCS‐grown melanoma cells were more susceptible than the AB serumgrown subline to lymphocyte cytotoxic effects. Arming effects by autologous sera on normal donor lymphocytes and to a lesser extent on lymphocytes of cancer patients were more pronounced on the FCS‐grown M12 melanoma cells. This effect was abrogated when the cells were grown in human AB serum for at least 8 weeks. The non‐HM tumor‐associated antigen remained at the same original low level. Blocking effects were more evident on the AB‐grown M14 melanoma line. These data suggest that the FCS antigens on the cell surface may have been responsible for the augmented PBL cytotoxicity. The anti‐FCS antibody present in normal and cancer patients' blood induced an antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Elimination of arming activity against HM or other FCS antigens from AB‐grown cells may have made the serum blocking factors more apparent. However, cytotoxicity against tumor cells by PBL from normal donors was still apparent even on the human serum‐grown cells, suggesting that a different antigen‐antibody system was also responsible for this “non‐specific” activity.
Experimental studies on betel nut and tobacco carcinogenicity
Authors: Ranadive K. J. , Gothoskar S. V. , Rao A. R. , Tezabwalla B. U. , Ambaye R. Y.
Published: February 2007

Sun‐dried Mangalore betel nut extracts in water and in DMSO, and sun‐cured Vadakkan tobacco extract in DMSO, were tested for their carcinogenic potency. Inbred Swiss and C17 mice and golden hamsters were used for the experiments. Control animals treated with either DMSO or water did not show any changes at the sites of administration. On subcutaneous administration of betel nut extract, 60% of Swiss mice developed transplantable fibrosarcomas at the site of injection. Skin application of DMSO extracts of tobacco and of betel nut separately did not result in skin lesions in C17 mice; but when a mixed DMSO extract of tobacco and betel nut was used, skin papilloma and epidermoid carcinoma developed in some animals. Similarly, hamster cheek pouches painted with a DMSO extract of tobacco alone did not develop malignant atypia whereas those painted with a DMSO extract of betel nut showed early malignant changes. DMSO extract of a mixture of tobacco and betel nut positively increased the incidence of early malignant changes in the hamster cheek pouch, indicating the enhancing effect of betel nut in carcinogenesis.
The detection of virus DNA sequences in a herpes type 2 transformed hamster cell line (333‐8‐9)
Authors: Minson A. C. , Thouless M. E. , Eglin R. P. , Darby G.
Published: February 2007

Herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA labelled in vitro with 125I has been used as a probe to search for virus DNA sequences in the 333‐8‐9 line of transformed primary hamster cells and in clones derived from the line. Virus DNA sequences were present when the cells were examined initially but these sequences were lost on subsequent handling. No virus sequences were detected in clones derived from the line. It is suggested that the presence of virus DNA is an unstable characteristic of the cell line and that these sequences may be lost at cell division. The possibility that a small fragment of the genome remains cannot be excluded.
Characterization of an early cytotoxicity‐inducing factor in sera of japanese quails after inoculation with rous sarcoma virus
Authors: Yoshikawa Yasuhiro , Yamanouchi Kazuya , Fukuda Akiko , Hayami Masanori
Published: February 2007

By pre‐treatment with serum of normal spleen cells used in the microcytotoxicity assay, a humoral factor which induces cytotoxic activity in normal spleen cells was demonstrated in about 40% of sera of Japanese quails as early as 3 days after inoculation with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). This cytotoxicity‐inducing activity was not present either in the IgM or the IgG fraction obtained by Sephadex gel filtration. In sera of quails with experimentally induced agammaglobulinemia, the cytotoxicity‐inducing activity was demonstrated at the same frequency as in normal animals. Thus, it seems unlikely that the early cytotoxicity‐inducing factor is an immunoglobulin. On the other hand, membrane fractions extracted with 3 m potassium chloride from the RSV‐induced quail tumor (QT) cells used as target cells in the microcytotoxicity assay exhibited cytotoxicity‐inducing activity. After spontaneous regression of an RSV‐induced tumor the serum of the regressor quail contained antibodies specific to the QT cell extract. This serum removed the cytotoxicity‐inducing activity of both QT cell extract and serum sampled 3 days after RSV inoculation. In contrast, serum without antibody to the QT cell extract failed to absorb the cytotoxicity‐inducing activity of the extract. It is therefore suggested that soluble tumor antigens can act as an early cytotoxicity‐inducing factor.
Activation in vitro by BUdR of a productive eb virus infection in the epithelial cells of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Trumper P. A. , Epstein M. A. , Giovanella B. C.
Published: February 2007

Material from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NCP) has been passaged in athymic (nude) mice to eliminate non‐malignant infiltrating cells. The human origin and derivation from NPC malignant epithelial cells of the nude mouse tumours have been confirmed by chromosome examination, electron microscopy showing desmosomes and keratin fibrils, and positive EB virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) testing. Samples of the mouse‐grown tumours were cultured and pure monolayers of epithelial cells were obtained which still expressed EBNA and contained desmosomes and keratin; these cultures grew well for about 3 weeks. Extensive electron microscope searches failed to reveal herpes virus particles. In contrast, cultures treated with BUdR showed typical immature and mature herpes virus particles in epithelial, keratin‐containing cells, and immunofluorescence tests for virus capsid antigen with a battery of human sera identified this agent as EB virus. EB virus has thus, for the first time, been activated in NPC epithelial cells and shown to be capable of replication in a cell type other than a primate B‐lymphocyte.
Interferon and murine leukemia. VII. Therapeutic effect of interferon preparations after diagnosis of lymphoma in akr mice
Authors: Gresser Ion , Maury Chantal , Tovey Michael
Published: February 2007

Daily administration of potent mouse interferon preparations, begun after clinical diagnosis of lymphoma in AKR mice, increased average survival by approximately 100%. Interferon treatment delayed the evolution of the lymphoma but regression of tumor was not observed. The therapeutic effects observed with interferon in AKR mice compare favorably with reported results obtained using standard anti‐cancer drugs.
Modification of the effect of C. Parvum on macrophage activity and tumour growth by x‐irradiation
Authors: Woodruff M. F. A. , Ghaffar A. , Whitehead Valerie L.
Published: February 2007

The radiosensitivity of three forms of response to injection of C. parvum in mice has been investigated. The increase in phagocytic index evoked by IP or IV injection of 0.7 mg C. parvum (but not that evoked by 1.4 mg) was reduced but not abolished in mice given 350‐500 rad whole‐body irradiation 4 days before C. parvum injection. Irradiation (500‐1,000 rad) 4 days after C. parvum injection had no such effect. The antitumour cytotoxicity in vitro of PE and spleen cells from C. parvum‐treated mice was abolished by irradiation of the cell donor (400‐800 rad) 4 days before C. parvum injection, but was not reduced by irradiation (800 rad) of the cell donor 4 days after C. parvum injection or of the effector cells in vitro. The antitumour response to systemic (IP) injection of C. parvum was reduced by 350‐500 rad whole‐body irradiation, irrespective of whether this was given 4 days before or 4 days after C. parvum injection. The response to intratumour injection of C. parvum was even more radiosensitive. It has been suggested in previous papers from this laboratory that the antitumour effect of C. parvum is related to its capacity to stimulate macrophage activity, although in addition T lymphocytes are necessary for local injection to be effective and non‐T lymphocytes may be concerned in the response to both local and systemic injection. The present results in no way conflict with this view. They suggest in addition that the effect of C. parvum on the macrophage system is, to a considerable extent, due to stimulation of macrophage precursors to differentiate into actively phagocytic and cytotoxic mature cells.
Localization of mouse satellite DNA on chromosomes of experimentally induced glioblastomas; non‐centromeric lable in one glioblastoma producing C‐type particles
Authors: Manuelidis Laura , Manuelidis Elias E.
Published: February 2007

The chromosomal localization of satellite DNA in two tissue culture lines derived from malignant mouse CNS tumors was investigated by in situ hybridization of 3H single‐stranded satellite DNA purified by isopynic centrifugation in alkaline CsCl. Both tumors were glioblastomas originally induced by a methyl‐cholanthrene implantation into the cerebrum of C3H mice; both displayed aneuploid chromosomal constitutions. One of these glioblastomas (TC 541) revealed labelling only of centromeric portions of the chromosomes even in cells containing >200 chromosomes and thus it had a pattern of satellite distribution comparable to that of normal cells. The other glioblastoma (TC 509), that produced C‐type particles and had a decrease in satellite DNA, displayed interstitial and telomeric label in some chromosomes in addition to labelling of the centromeres. “Hoechst 33258” fluorescence showed some interstitial and telomeric bright bands as well as centromeric bright regions, thought to be consistent with in situ studies. The localization of satellite DNA to the chromosome arms and its possible relation to C‐type virus is discussed.
The effect of BCG on extravascular mononuclear cell accumulation In vivo
Authors: Perper R. J. , Oronsky A. L. , Sanda M.
Published: February 2007

BCG injection produces an increased accumulation of adoptively transferred 51Cr‐labelled mononuclear cells at the site of inflammatory reactions in rats by two mechanisms. Systemic immunization induced a population of “activated” cells which, compared with controls, had an increased life span in the circulation after transfer and migrated in increased numbers to a chemotactic stimulus. These cells also were found in significantly greater than normal levels in the liver. In addition, local injection of BCG selectively attracted adoptively transferred mononuclear cells. These mechanisms help to explain local mononuclear cell accumulation which accompanies tumor rejection following intralesional or systemic BCG immunization.
Immunogenic and immunosuppressive components in soluble preparations from moloney murine leukemia virus‐induced tumor cells
Authors: Brandchaft Phyllis B. , Aoki Tadao , Silverman Toby N.
Published: February 2007

Soluble extracts from Moloney virus‐induced leukemia cells were shown to contain immunogenic and immunosuppressive components. Immunogenic components were divided into two classes based on their ability to: (1) combine with humoral antibody to inhibit cytotoxic activity; or (2) stimulate blastogenesis in normal syngeneic lymphocytes. Immunosuppressive components were demonstrated by the inhibition of DNA synthesis in normal syngeneic lymphocytes and suppression of a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Stimulating components in many soluble preparations were completely masked by immunosuppressive components. However, all three components could be resolved by Sephadex G200 chromatography.
Surface markers on human B‐ and T‐lymphocytes. IX. Two‐color immunofluorescence studies on the association between EBV receptors and complement receptors on the surface of lymphoid cell lines
Authors: Yefenof Eitan , Klein George , Jondal Mikael , Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: February 2007

Receptors for the third component of complement (C3) were demonstrated on the surface of established human lymphoid cell lines by a membrane fluorescence test with FITC‐ or TRITC‐conjugated antibodies against human C3. Two‐color fluorescence staining of EBV receptors and C3 receptors showed complete overlapping of green and red fluorescence. Capping of the EBV receptor induced co‐capping of the C3 receptor and vice versa. There was neither overlapping nor co‐capping when EBV or C3 receptors were examined in relation to Fc receptors, surface IgM or β2 microglobulin. The kinetic pattern of EBV receptor capping was identical with the pattern of C3 receptor capping but differed from the pattern of IgM capping. These results suggest a close association between EBV and C3 receptors on the human B‐lymphocyte.
A cell line (SCaBER) derived from squamous cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder
Authors: O'Toole Carol , Nayak S. , Price Z. , Gilbert W. H. , Waisman J.
Published: February 2007

An established cell line derived from a documented squamous cell carcinoma of human urinary bladder is described. The cultured cells retained the characteristic morphology of the tumor of origin for 40 in vitro passages. Numerous desmosomes were found between cultured cells. Chromosome analysis showed hypotetraploidy with no obvious modal number, while distinctive marker chromosomes and a male karyotype were present.
Transplacental induction of lymphomas in Swiss mice by carbendazim and sodium nitrite
Authors: Börzsönyi Mátyás , Pintér Alán , Surján András , Farkas Ilona
Published: February 2007

Swiss mice at different stages of pregnancy were treated intragastrically with the pesticide Carbendazim (MBC., BCM, methyl‐2‐benzimidazole carbamate) together with sodium nitrite. Lymphomas developed in 33.3% of young mice whose mothers were treated in the first week of pregnancy, in 53.3 % of those whose mothers were treated during the second week, and in 38.8% of those born of mothers treated during the third week. Treatment during the whole period of pregnancy yielded on an average 70.0% malignancy in offspring. However, administration of Carbendazim by itself did not produce lymphomas in the first generation. In lymphomas induced by in vivo‐formed N‐nitroso compounds, A‐ and C‐type oncornavirus particles were observed with the electron microscope.
DNA fragmentation in mouse gastric epithelial cells by precarcinogens, ultimate carcinogens and nitrosation products: An indicator for the determination of organotropy and metabolic activation
Authors: Koropatnick D. J. , Stich H. F.
Published: February 2007

The feasibility of using alkaline sucrose gradient analysis of the digestive tract tissue of mice to uncover the carcinogenic capacity of organotropic compounds was examined. Young Swiss mice were injected with 3H‐TdR to label the DNA of the epithelial cells of the digestive tract. They were force‐fed carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic chemicals 30 h later. Tissue samples were taken 4 h post‐treatment and hydrolized on top of the aklaline sucrose gradient. Shifts in sedimentation profiles indicated that: (1) the carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4NQO)1 and 6‐methyl 4NQO cause DNA fragmentation in the epithelial cells of oesophagus, cardiac and pyloric stomach while the non‐carcinogen 6NQO lacks this capacity; (2) the ultimate carcinogen N‐acetoxy‐2AAF caused DNA fragmentation in oesophagus and stomach cells whereas precarcinogen 2‐AAF exerted no detectable effect; (3) only carcinogenic nitrosation products of MG damaged the DNA; and (4) the precarcinogens 2‐AAF and DMN elicited DNA fragmentation in their main target organ, the liver, but had no effect on the epithelial cells of oesophagus and stomach. The results suggest that the application of the sucrose gradient technique to the epithelial cells of oesophagus, stomach and liver of pre‐labelled (3H‐TdR) and force‐fed young mice incorporates the advantages of in vitro short‐term bioassays with the completeness of tests using whole mammals.
In vitro differentiation of Rauscher‐virus‐induced myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Ichikawa Y. , Maeda M. , Horiuchi M.
Published: February 2007

Three cell lines were established in vitro from myeloid leukemias of C57Bl/6 strain mice which had been inoculated with Rauscher virus at birth. The use of heated conditioned medium from peritoneum proved helpful for the initial growth of leukemic cells. At early in vitro passage levels, cell line R433 differentiated only to macrophages after contact with conditioned medium from peritoneum but it appeared to have lost the ability to differentiate during an extended period of cultivation. Cell line R448 was cytologically promyelocyte. When exposed to conditioned medium, this cell line differentiated only to neutrophilic granulocytes. Cell line R453 maintained the ability to differentiate either to neutrophilic granulocytes or to macrophages. Single cells recloned three times still gave rise to both types of mature cells in cultures containing conditioned medium. Occasional cases of “spontaneous” differentiation in clonal lines of R453 also occurred.
The involvement of a diol‐epoxide in the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene in human bronchial mucosa and in mouse skin
Authors: Grover P. L. , Hewer A. , Pal K. , Sims P.
Published: February 2007

DNA has been isolated from human bronchial segments that have been treated in short‐term organ culture with 3H‐labelled benzo(a)pyrene. DNA has also been isolated from mouse skin treated with 3H‐labelled samples of benzo(a)pyrene, with the related radioactive 4,5‐, 7,8‐ and 9,10‐dihydrodiols and with 3H‐3‐hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. Sephadex LH20 column chromatography of hydrolysates of these DNA samples showed that the hydrocarbon‐deoxyribonucleoside products formed in benzo(a)‐pyrene‐treated human bronchial mucosa and mouse skin are indistinguishable from those that are formed when 7,8‐dihydro‐7,8‐dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10‐oxide reacts with DNA in solution. These same hydrocarbon‐deoxyribonucleoside products were also found in hydrolysates of DNA from mouse skin treated with 7,8‐dihydro‐7,8‐dihydroxybenzo(a)‐pyrene but products of this type were not detected in hydrolysates of DNA following treatment of mouse skin either with the 4,5‐ or 9,10‐dihydrodiols or with 3‐hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. The results show that the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene to a diolepoxide, 7,8‐dihydro‐7,8‐dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10‐oxide, which reacts with DNA, is the same in human bronchial mucosa, a tissue in which this hydrocarbon is suspected of being carcinogenic, as it is in mouse skin and in hamster embryo cells, two situations in which benzo(a)pyrene is known to induce malignancy.
A quantitative analysis of the susceptibility of human leukocytes to transformation by epstein‐barr virus
Authors: Katsuki Takato , Hinuma Yorio
Published: February 2007

Susceptibility of lymphocyte‐enriched cell fractions isolated from human umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood to transformation by the B95–8 strain of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) was investigated quantitatively. Minimum multiplicity of input of virus (50% transforming dose) per cell (MOI) necessary to induce maximum level transformation of cord cells ranged from 0.02 to 0.2. The frequency of initially transformed cells (fraction of transformable cells) in the cord cell samples from two different individuals was estimated to be 2.6 to 6.2%. In this system, the appearance of cells positive for EBV‐associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) paralleled the growth curve of transformed cells. About 70% of the latter were EBNA‐positive. In adult cell preparations from two individuals, 1.8 and 0.03%, respectively, of the cells were transformable indicating larger individual variations in sensitivity to EBV than in cord cells. The EBV susceptibility was also determined by the transforming efficiency (TE) expressed as the negative log of the virus dilution which induces transformation in 50% of cell cultures infected at an MOI of 0.2. From the TE value, a minimum MOI which induces transformation could be calculated. Also by this test it was shown that the EBV susceptibility of adult cells was not only lower but also much more variable between individuals than that of cord cells. There was no correlation between the susceptibility of cells and the titer of anti‐EBV antibody in donors' sera. In cultures of mixed cord cells and adult cells known to have low EBV susceptibility, the minimum MOI increased in proportion to the amount of adult cells.
Anti‐ebv antibody titers in non‐hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Liabeuf A. , Feingold N. , Kourilsky F. M. , Dumont J. , Henle W.
Published: February 2007

Antibody titers to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐related antigens, i.e. viral capsid antigen (VCA), the D and R components of the early antigen (EA) complex and the EBV‐associated nuclear antigen (EBNA), were determined in a series of 86 patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphomas and in 150 matched control subjects. The lymphoma patients belonged to four histological groups: diffuse, nodular, hyperbasophilic malignant lymphoma (HML) and unclassified. The EBV‐related serological data were compared to the incidence of antibodies to other herpes viruses, i.e. cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV), and correlated with immune disorders, which are particularly frequent in the HML type of lymphoma. The results revealed a significantly higher incidence of anti‐EA‐D titers in lymphoma patients and slight but significant increases in the geometric mean anti‐VCA titers in the HML and unclassified group of patients. These elevated anti‐EBV titers in patients were not associated with an increase in titres of antibodies to other herpes viruses. They did not correlate with the signs of immune deficiency observed or with the incidence of auto‐antibodies.
Non‐random karyotypic evolution in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mitelman F. , Levan G. , Nilsson P. G. , Brandt L.
Published: February 2007

The chromosome banding pattern was analyzed in bone‐marrow cells and/or spleen cells of 10 patients in the blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It was obvious from the karyotype analysis that the chromosome aberrations occurring in addition to the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) were strictly non‐random. An extra Ph1, trisomy 8 and/or trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 17 were observed in all cases. This consistent pattern of chromosome involvement in CML was confirmed in 57 cases from the literature studied with banding techniques. In 88% of the total number of cases with further changes at least one of the three main chromosomal aberrations was found (“major route” of karyotypic evolution).
Non‐random chromosome changes in acute myeloid leukemia. Chromosome banding examination of 30 cases at diagnosis
Authors: Mitelman F. , Nilsson P. G. , Levan G. , Brandt L.
Published: February 2007

Bone‐marrow chromosomes were examined with the G‐banding technique in 30 patients with acute myeloid leukemia at the time of diagnosis. In 13 of the 30 patients (43%) only normal diploid bone‐marrow cells were found, and no deviations from the normal banding pattern could be detected in these cells. In bone‐marrow cells of 17 patients (57%), distinct chromosome abnormalities were found; in 10 of the patients only abnormal cells were observed, whereas in 7 of the patients the abnormal cells coexisted with normal diploid cells without any visible chromosome banding abnormality. The results of the detailed analysis of the karyotypic aberrations demonstrated that when chromosome aberrations occurred they were clearly non‐random. All patients except two displayed trisomy 8,9 or 21 or monosomy 7. Analysis of cases of acute leukemia from other laboratories indicated that the same consistent pattern of chromosome involvement prevailed in them.
Tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay for the detection of anti‐tumour immunity. I. Monocyte is the reactive cell
Authors: Grosser N. , Marti J. H. , Proctor J. W. , Thomson D. M. P.
Published: February 2007

Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from breast cancer patients with early or localized cancer fail to adhere to glass in the presence of breast cancer extract. The same leukocytes do not react to unrelated tumour extracts. Enrichment and depletion of certain PBL populations from patients with apparently localized breast cancer indicated that the indicator and/or reactive cell manifesting non‐adherence in the presence of appropriate tumour antigen was phagocytic, glass adherent in the absence of tumour antigen and had cell surface Fc‐receptors. The cell involved, therefore, appears to be the circulating monocyte. These results show that in the tube LAI assay, the peripheral blood monocyte appears to react directly with the tumour antigen resulting in a loss of its property of adherence to glass.
Tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay for the detection of anti‐tumour immunity. II. Monocyte reacts with tumour antigen via cytophilic anti‐tumour antibody
Authors: Marti J. H. , Grosser N. , Thomson D. M. P.
Published: February 2007

The peripheral blood monocyte is the reactive cell in the tube LAI assay. The monocyte loses its properties of adherence to glass upon exposure to specific antigen. Two different experiments to determine if lymphocytes, when they reacted with tumour, released mediators that were responsible for inhibiting monocyte glass adherence, gave negative results. The mechanism whereby the specific tumour antigen appeared to be recognized was the binding of cytophilic IgG anti‐tumour antibody to receptors on the cell surface of the monocyte. The results of the experiments indicate that normal peripheral blood monocytes could be made specifically reactive (“armed”) to the tumour extract by incubating normal peripheral blood leukocytes with serum from a reactive cancer patient. IgG isolated from “arming” sera was shown to have the capacity to sensitize normal leukocytes. Patients with breast cancer or malignant melanoma with limited tumour burdens had free cytophilic anti‐tumour antibody in their serum, whereas the serum of patients with large tumour burdens (metastatic cancer), whose leukocytes did not react in the tube LAI assay, did not “arm”.
A biochemical approach to the study of the transmission of mouse mammary tumor viruses in mouse strains RIII and C3H
Authors: Michalides R. , Vlahakis G. , Schlom J.
Published: February 2007

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral sequences were detected in the cellular DNA of mammary tumors and livers of RIII and C3H mice by molecular hybridization with radioactively labelled MMTV 60–70S RNA or tritiated MMTV complementary DNA (cDNA). By means of DNA:DNA reassociation kinetics, the DNA of the mammary tumor cells of these two mouse strains were found to contain more MMTV proviral sequences than the DNA of liver cells of these same tumor‐bearing mice. Evidence is also presented that the DNA of the liver cells lacks a part (approximately 25%) of the MMTV proviral sequences found in the mammary tumor cells of these mouse strains. The relationship of the extra MMTV proviral sequences found in mammary tumor cells to the early mammary tumor‐igenesis seen in these mouse strains is discussed.
Detection of human tumor‐associated antigens by the leukocyte migration in agarose assay
Authors: Boddie A. W. , Urist Marshall M. , Chee Darwin O. , Holmes E. Carmack , Morton Donald L.
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐three of 36 (64%) lung cancer patients, 19 of 36 (54%) melanoma patients and 18 of 27 (66%) sarcoma patients tested in the leukocyte migration in agarose assay against soluble extracts of histologically similar tumors showed significant inhibition of leukocyte migration. Reactivity to extracts of dissimilar tumors was low. Sera of only 1/13 (7%) lung cancer patients, 2/19 (10%) melanoma patients and 7/21 (33%) sarcoma patients were inhibited by extracts of histologically dissimilar tumors. Only 7–9% of cancer patients reacted to paired extracts of normal tissue from the tumor donors. An average of 13% of sera from normal controls reacted to tumor extracts. Stage of disease and mode of therapy appeared to have little effect on overall reactivity in this assay, although the number of patients within the various categories was small for purposes of statistical analysis. The leukocyte migration in agarose assay shows a sensitivity and specificity to tumor‐associated antigens comparable to that of the older capillary tube method in general use and may facilitate performance of migration inhibition. This assay may not be useful as a prognostic test due to the lack of correlation with stage of disease and treatment modality. However, its high specificity and economical use of tumor antigen suggest applications in tumor antigen purification. The use of soluble tumor antigen preparations may make it possible to purify these antigens further to increase specificity and reactivity.
Interactions of murine leukemia virus (mulv) with isolated lymphocytes. I. Virus replication in lymphocytes infected with friend virus and cultured in diffusion chambers in vivo
Authors: Cerny Jan , Fistel Samuel H. , Hensgen Patricia A.
Published: February 2007

A new technique for infection of mature lymphocytes with murine leukemia virus (Friend) (MuLV‐F) is described. Spleen cells from normal, non‐infected donors were placed into diffusion chambers (constructed with 0.22 μm pore size Millipore filters) which were then implanted into the peritoneal cavities of normal syngeneic recipient mice. The cells were infected with an injection of MuLV‐F into the peritoneal cavity and, in some instances, also by placing virus into the chambers. Cells were recovered by treating the chamber content with elastase and collagenase. The infection was determined in two ways: (1) cells with replicating MuLV were enumerated as infectious centers (IC) on S+L‐ indicator cells; and (2) virus‐related cell membrane antigen (MA) was detected by immunofluorescence. Cells recovered from chambers after 2–3 weeks of culture represented about 10% of the original inoculum; viability was approximately 90%. The number of IC in MuLV‐F‐infected chambers was about 10 times higher than that obtained by infection and cultivation of spleen cells in vitro. The kinetics of IC and MA in chamber‐cultured, MuLV‐F‐infected spleen cells was similar to that in the spleen of infected mice during the first 10 days after infection. Later on, the process of infection within the chambers slowed down, reaching about 50% MA‐positive and about 10% IC‐positive cells, whereas the number of both IC‐ and MA‐positive cells in the spleen reached 80% or more. The infection of splenic lymphocytes in diffusion chambers occurred equally well when chambers were implanted into: (1) syngeneic, virus susceptible hosts; (2) syngeneic, lethally irradiated hosts; and (3) allogeneic, virus‐resistant hosts, suggesting that the process within the chamber is independent of MuLV replication in the tissues of the chamber‐bearing mouse. The diffusion chamber technique seems to provide an environment in which various types of isolated lymphocytes of different mouse strains can interact with MuLV almost as efficiently as in virto.