bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of hydrocodone/acetaminophen for pain management
Authors: Singla, MD Aarti , Sloan, MD Paul
Published: March 2013

Hydrocodone/acetaminophen is not only the most commonly prescribed opioid in the United States but also the most common prescription medication written in America. Although original and early trials confirmed its ability to manage acute pain from surgery and musculoskeletal injury, it is perhaps more widely used today in the management of chronic pain. However, the opioid product was introduced for the management of moderate to moderately severe pain. Because it has been greatly abused as a prescription opioid medication, physicians need to be aware of the current knowledge regarding this analgesic drug. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and metabolism of hydrocodone. Recent information regarding the possibility of hydrocodone as a prodrug for hydromorphone is discussed. The available clinical trials for the use of hydrocodone in the management of acute, chronic, and cancer pain are presented. Keywords: chronic pain, acute pain, opioids, hydrocodone, analgesia DOI:10.5055/jom.2013.0149
Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008
Authors: Lathem T. L. , Beyersdorf A. J. , Thornhill K. L. , Winstead E. L. , Cubison M. J. , Hecobian A. , Jimenez J. L. , Weber R. J. , Anderson B. E. , Nenes A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The NASA DC-8 aircraft characterized the aerosol properties, chemical composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations of the summertime Arctic during the 2008 NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. Air masses characteristic of fresh and aged biomass burning, boreal forest, Arctic background, and anthropogenic industrial pollution were sampled. Observations were spatially extensive (50–85° N and 40–130° W) and exhibit significant variability in aerosol and CCN concentrations. The chemical composition was dominated by highly oxidized organics (66–94% by volume), with a water-soluble mass fraction of more than 50%. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, κ, ranged between κ = 0.08–0.32 for all air mass types. Industrial pollution had the lowest κ of 0.08 ± 0.01, while the Arctic background had the highest and most variable κ of 0.32 ± 0.21, resulting from a lower and more variable organic fraction. Both fresh and aged (long-range transported) biomass burning air masses exhibited remarkably similar κ (0.18 ± 0.13), consistent with observed rapid chemical and physical aging of smoke emissions in the atmosphere, even in the vicinity of fresh fires. The organic hygroscopicity (κorg) was parameterized by the volume fraction of water-soluble organic matter (εWSOM), with a κ = 0.12, such that κorg = 0.12εWSOM. Assuming bulk (size-independent) composition and including the κorg parameterization enabled CCN predictions to within 30% accuracy for nearly all environments sampled. The only exception was for industrial pollution from Canadian oil sands exploration, where an external mixture and size-dependent composition was required. Aerosol mixing state assumptions (internal vs. external) in all other environments did not significantly affect CCN predictions; however, the external mixing assumption provided the best results, even though the available observations could not determine the true degree of external mixing and therefore may not always be representative of the environments sampled. No correlation was observed between κorg and O : C. A novel correction of the CCN instrument supersaturation for water vapor depletion, resulting from high concentrations of CCN, was also employed. This correction was especially important for fresh biomass burning plumes where concentrations exceeded 1.5×104 cm−3 and introduced supersaturation depletions of ≥25%. Not accounting for supersaturation depletion in these high concentration environments would therefore bias CCN closure up to 25% and inferred κ by up to 50%.
Oxidation of elemental Hg in anthropogenic and marine airmasses
Authors: Timonen H. , Ambrose J. L. , Jaffe D. A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Mercury (Hg) is a neurotoxin that bioaccumulates in the food chain. Mercury is emitted to the atmosphere primarily in its elemental form, which has a long lifetime allowing global transport. It is known that atmospheric oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) generates reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) which plays an important role in the atmospheric mercury cycle by enhancing the rate of mercury deposition to ecosystems. However, the primary GEM oxidants, and the chemical composition of RGM are poorly known. Using speciated mercury measurements conducted at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory since 2005 we present two previously unidentified sources of RGM to the free troposphere (FT). Firstly, we observed elevated RGM concentrations, large RGM/GEM-ratios, and anti-correlation between RGM and GEM during Asian long-rang transport events, demonstrating that RGM is formed from GEM by in-situ oxidation in some anthropogenic pollution plumes in the FT. During the Asian pollution events the measured RGM/GEM-enhancement ratios reached peak values, up to ~0.20, which are significantly larger than ratios typically measured (RGM/GEM < 0.03) in the Asian source region. Secondly, we observed very high RGM levels – the highest reported in the FT – in clean air masses that were processed upwind of Mt. Bachelor Observatory over the Pacific Ocean. The high RGM concentrations (up to 700 pg m−3), high RGM/GEM-ratios (up to 1), and very low ozone levels during these events provide observational evidence indicating significant GEM oxidation in the lower FT in some conditions.
Revised temperature dependent ozone absorption cross section spectra (Bogumil et al.) measured with the sciamachy satellite spectrometer
Authors: Chehade W. , Gorshelev V. , Serdyuchenko A. , Burrows J. P. , Weber M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Ozone absorption cross section spectra and other trace gases had been measured using the Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric ChartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) satellite instrument at relevant atmospheric conditions. The measured cross sections were relative cross sections and were converted to absolute values using published data. Using the SCIAMACHY's FM cross sections as published by Bogumil et al. (2003) in the SCIAMACHY retrievals of total ozone leads to an overestimation in the total ozone by 5% compared to collocated GOME data. This work presents the procedures followed to correct the ozone cross section data as published in Bogumil et al. (2003) starting from original raw data (optical density spectra) from the original measurements. The revised data agrees well within 3% with other published ozone cross-sections and preserves the correct temperature dependence in the Hartley, Huggins, Chappuis and Wolf bands. SCIAMACHY's total ozone columns retrieved using the revised cross section data are shown to be within 1% compared to the ozone amounts retrieved routinely from SCIAMACHY.
Seasonal dynamics of methane emissions from a subarctic fen in the Hudson Bay Lowlands
Authors: Hanis K. L. , Tenuta M. , Amiro B. D. , Papakyriakou T. N.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Ecosystem-scale methane (CH4) flux (FCH4) over a subarctic fen at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada was measured to understand the magnitude of emissions during spring and fall shoulder seasons, and the growing season in relation to physical and biological conditions. FCH4 was measured using eddy covariance with a closed-path analyzer in four years (2008–2011). Cumulative measured annual FCH4 (shoulder plus growing seasons) ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 among the four study years, with a mean of 6.5 to 7.1 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 depending upon gap-filling method. Soil temperatures to depths of 50 cm and air temperature were highly correlated with FCH4, with near surface soil temperature at 5 cm most correlated across spring, fall, and the whole season. The response of FCH4 to soil temperature at the 5 cm depth and air temperature was more than double in spring to that of fall. Emission episodes were generally not observed during spring thaw. Growing season emissions also depended upon soil and air temperatures but water table also exerted influence with FCH4 highest when water was 2–13 cm below and least when it was at or above the mean peat surface.
Estimating temporal and spatial variation of ocean surface pCO2 in the North Pacific using a Self Organizing Map neural network technique
Authors: Nakaoka S. , Telszewski M. , Nojiri Y. , Yasunaka S. , Miyazaki C. , Mukai H. , Usui N.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. This study produced maps of the partial pressure of oceanic carbon dioxide (pCO2sea) in the North Pacific on a 0.25° latitude × 0.25° longitude grid from 2002 to 2008. The pCO2sea values were estimated by using a self-organizing map neural network technique to explain the non-linear relationships between observed pCO2sea data and four oceanic parameters: sea surface temperature (SST), mixed layer depth, chlorophyll a concentration, and sea surface salinity (SSS). The observed pCO2sea data was obtained from an extensive dataset generated by the volunteer observation ship program operated by the National Institute for Environmental Studies. The reconstructed pCO2sea values agreed rather well with the pCO2sea measurements, the root mean square error being 17.6 μatm. The pCO2sea estimates were improved by including SSS as one of the training parameters and by taking into account secular increases of pCO2sea that have tracked increases in atmospheric CO2. Estimated pCO2sea values accurately reproduced pCO2sea data at several stations in the North Pacific. The distributions of pCO2sea revealed by seven-year averaged monthly pCO2sea maps were similar to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory pCO2sea climatology and more precisely reflected oceanic conditions. The distributions of pCO2sea anomalies over the North Pacific during the winter clearly showed regional contrasts between El Niño and La Niña years related to changes of SST and vertical mixing.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in the East China Sea sediment
Authors: Song G. D. , Liu S. M. , Marchant H. , Kuypers M. M. M. , Lavik G.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Benthic nitrogen transformation pathways were investigated in the sediment of the East China Sea in June of 2010 using the 15N isotope pairing technique. Slurry incubations indicated that denitrification, anammox and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) as well as nitrate release by nitrate storing organisms occurred in the East China Sea sediments. These four processes did not exist independently, the nitrate release therefore diluted the 15N labeling fraction of NO3−, a part of the 15NH4+ derived from DNRA also formed 30N2 via anammox. Therefore current methods of rate calculations led to over and underestimations of anammox and denitrification respectively. Following the procedure outlined in Thampdrup and Dalsgaard (2002), denitrification rates were slightly underestimated by on average 6% without regard to the effect of nitrate release, while this underestimation could be counteracted by the presence of DNRA. On the contrary, anammox rates calculated from 15NO3− experiment were significantly overestimated by 42% without considering nitrate release. In our study this overestimation could only be compensated 14% by taking DNRA into consideration. In a parallel experiment amended with 15NH4+ + 14NO3−, anammox rates were not significantly influenced by DNRA due to the high background of 15NH4+ addition. Excluding measurements in which bioirrigation was present, integrated denitrification rates decreased from 10 to 4 mmol N m−2 d−1 with water depth, while integrated anammox rates increased from 1.5 to 4.0 mmol N m−2 d−1. Consequently, the relative contribution of anammox to the total N-loss increased from 13% at the shallowest site near the Changjiang estuary to 50% at the deepest site on the outer shelf. This study represents the first time in which anammox has been demonstrated to play a significant role in benthic nitrogen cycling in the East China Sea sediment, especially on the outer shelf. N-loss as N2 was the main pathway, while DNRA was also an important pathway accounting for 20–31% of benthic nitrogen transformation in the East China Sea. Our study demonstrates the complicated interactions among different benthic nitrogen transformations and the importance of considering denitrification, DNRA, anammox and nitrate release together when designing and interpreting future studies.
Relationships between substrate, surface characteristics, and vegetation in an initial ecosystem
Authors: Biber P. , Seifert S. , Zaplata M. K. , Schaaf W. , Pretzsch H. , Fischer A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Based on a wide range of empirical data we investigated surface and vegetation dynamics in the artificial initial ecosystem "Chicken Creek" (Lusatia, Germany) in the years 2008–2011. We scrutinized three different hypotheses concerning (1) the relations between initial geomorphological and substrate characteristics with surface structure and terrain properties, (2) the effects of the latter on the occurrence of grouped plant species, and (3) vegetation density effects on terrain surface change. Our data comprise annual vegetation monitoring results, terrestrial laser scans twice a year, annual groundwater levels, and initially measured soil characteristics. Using Generalized Linear Models (GLMM) and Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) we can mostly confirm our hypotheses, revealing statistically significant relations that partly reflect object or period specific effects but also more general processes which mark the transition from a geo-hydro towards a bio-geo-hydro system, where pure geomorphology or substrate feedbacks are changing into vegetation-substrate feedback processes.
An efficient semi-distributed hillslope erosion model for the subhumid Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Tilahun S. A. , Guzman C. D. , Zegeye A. D. , Engda T. A. , Collick A. S. , Rimmer A. , Steenhuis T. S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Erosion modeling has been generally scaling up from plot scale but not based on landscape topographic position, which is a main variable in saturation excess runoff. In addition, predicting sediment loss in Africa has been hampered by using models developed in western countries and do not perform as well in the monsoon climate prevailing in most of the continent. The objective of this paper is to develop a simple erosion model that can be used in the Ethiopian Highlands in Africa. We base our sediment prediction on a simple distributed saturated excess hydrology model that predicts surface runoff from severely degraded lands and from bottom lands that become saturated during the rainy season and estimates interflow and baseflow from the remaining portions of the landscape. By developing an equation that relates surface runoff to sediment concentration generated from runoff source areas, assuming that baseflow and interflow are sediment-free, we were able to predict daily sediment concentrations from the Anjeni watershed with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency ranging from 0.64 to 0.78 using only two calibrated sediment parameters. Anjeni is a 113 ha watershed in the 17.4 million ha Blue Nile Basin in the Ethiopian Highlands. The discharge of the two watersheds was predicted with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values ranging from 0.80 to 0.93. The calibrated values in Anjeni for degraded (14%) and saturated (2%) runoff source area were in agreement with field evidence. The analysis suggests that identifying the runoff source areas and predicting the surface runoff correctly is an important step in predicting the sediment concentration.
Co-existence of wind seas and swells along the west coast of India during non-monsoon season
Authors: Rashmi R. , Aboobacker V. M. , Vethamony P. , John M. P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. An attempt has been made to understand the co-existence of wind seas and swells along the west coast of India during non-monsoon season. Wave data were collected in different years during non-monsoon season (off Goa during May 2005, off Ratnagiri during January–February 2008 and off Dwarka during December 2007–January 2008), which is fairly a calm weather season along these regions. Diurnal variation in wave parameters is noticeable along the central west coast of India (off Goa and Ratnagiri), which is due to the interaction of multidirectional waves (both wind seas and swells) of varying magnitudes and frequencies. Swells are predominantly mature (91%) and old (88%) during late pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Sea Swell Energy Ratio quantifies wind sea, swell and mixed seas prevailing in these regions during non-monsoon season. Intermodal distance (ID) between the energy peaks is moderately separated during non-monsoon season, whereas, during the shamal events, energy peaks are very close to each other (ID ∼ 0). However, pure wind seas (ID ∼ 1) are weakly present and found to co-exist with the swells almost all the time during non-monsoon season. Wind sea growth has been found while the swell propagates opposite to the direction of the wind and wind sea. Wind seas have minimum angular spreads in multimodal state. Under low winds, the interaction between wind sea and swell dominates and thereby the multimodal state reduces to unimodal state. The fetch available for the evolution of the wind sea spectrum has been estimated, and it is found to be less than 150 km. For the fetch limited condition, a non-dimensional empirical relation has been derived relating the significant wind sea height in terms of wind speed and peak wind sea period, and this relation fits for the west coast of India.
Data assimilation and prognostic whole ice-sheet modelling with the variationally derived, higher-order, open source, and fully parallel ice sheet model VarGlaS
Authors: Brinkerhoff D. J. , Johnson J. V.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. We introduce a novel, higher order, finite element ice sheet model called VarGlaS (Variational Glacier Simulator). Contrary to standard procedure in ice sheet modelling, VarGlaS formulates ice sheet motion as the minimization of an energy functional, conferring advantages such as a consistent platform for making numerical approximations, a coherent relationship between motion and heat generation, and implicit boundary treatment. VarGlaS also solves the equations of enthalpy rather than temperature, avoiding the solution of a contact problem. Rather than include a lengthy model spin-up procedure, VarGlaS possesses an automated framework for model inversion. These capabilities are brought to bear on several benchmark problems in ice sheet modelling, as well as a 500 yr simulation of the Greenland ice sheet at high resolution. VarGlaS performs well in benchmarking experiments, and given a constant climate, predicts an overall mass evolution of the Greenland ice sheet that matches well with observational data.
Fractures of the Greater Trochanter following Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Brun Ole-Christian L. , Maansson Lukas
Published: March 2013

We studied the incidence of greater trochanteric fractures at our department following THR. In all we examined 911 patients retrospectively and found the occurance of a greater trochanteric fracture to be 3%. Patients with fractures had significantly poorer outcome on Oxford Hip score, Pain VAS, Satisfaction VAS and EQ-5D compared to THR without fractures. Greater trochanteric fracture following THR is one of the most common complications following THR. It has previously been thought to have little impact on the overall outcome following THR, but our study suggests otherwise.
Telling Tales Out of School: Pragmatic Reflections on Philosophical Storytelling
Authors: Colapietro Vincent M.
Published: March 2013

This article offers a critique of a deeply engrained tendency to narrate the story of American pragmatism exclusively or primarily in terms of modern European philosophy. While it suggests alternative stories, it is principally a metanarrative, an intentionally polemical story about our entrenched habits of philosophical storytelling. Indeed, the pragmatics of storytelling merits, especially in reference to historical accounts of American pragmatism, critical attention. The seemingly simple question, “What are we doing when we tell the story of this movement in this manner rather than that?” is a truly important one. It is also an avowedly pragmatic question.
Human Adaptive Mechatronics and Human-System Modelling
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Igarashi Hiroshi , Kobayashi Harumi , Yasuda Tetsuya , Harashima Fumio
Published: March 2013

Several topics in projects for mechatronics studies, which are 'Human Adaptive Mechatronics (HAM)' and 'Human-System Modelling (HSM)', are presented in this paper. The main research theme of the HAM project is a design strategy for a new intelligent mechatronics system, which enhances operators' skills during machine operation. Skill analyses and control system design have been addressed. In the HSM project, human modelling based on hierarchical classification of skills was studied, including the following five types of skills: social, planning, cognitive, motion and sensory-motor skills. This paper includes digests of these research topics and the outcomes concerning each type of skill. Relationships with other research activities, knowledge and information that will be helpful for readers who are trying to study assistive human-mechatronics systems are also mentioned.
Ideología, retórica y dialectalismo en las “Vidas paralelas” de Plutarco: una nota sobre “Pirro”, 26, 11 y “Cimón” 14, 3-17, 2
Authors: Hernández de la Fuente David , Martínez García Óscar
Published: March 2013

The rhetorical skill of the biographer Plutarch of Chaeronea in his Parallel Lives is made manifest by certain linguistic usages with which he characterizes his protagonists. Plutarch describes his literary technique as a sort of impressionist composition where some details of each character, signs or σημεῖα of his soul, are highlighted, defining each character through this. In this paper we study Plutarch’s masterly portraits of character with pro-Laconian inclinations as a result of the shrewd insertion of dialectalisms in his discourse as a writer well-known for his impeccable literary koiné. As case studies for our analysis of the rhetorical usage of dialectalism in Plutarch when characterizing a certain ideology of his protagonists, we have chosen the lives of Pyrrhus and Cimon.
On the Origin of Hobbes’ Conception of Language: The Literary Culture of English Renaissance Humanism
Authors: Orozco-Echeverri Sergio H.
Published: March 2013

Hobbes’ education in the literary culture of English Renaissance humanism has been overlooked as an important tradition in understanding his position in Early Modern Philosophy. Against the traditional readings of Hobbes’ conception of language as a sequel to Medieval nominalism, I will argue that Hobbes’ education in the literary culture of Renaissance humanism and his subsequent developments in this tradition would have allowed him to consider philosophical problems raised by new science in an original way and, thus, to introduce his innovative conception of language as the core of his solution to the problem of social and natural orders.
Aperturas de la teoría de la retórica peirceana
Authors: Restrepo J. Mariluz
Published: March 2013

In this text, the author revisits the meaning and scope of rhetoric from the perspective of Charles S. Peirce, one of the most illuminating and incisive North American thinkers of the end of the 19th century. Through examining different Peircean texts dealing with rhetoric within the richness of his philosophical-logic proposal, this article first unravels how Peirce lays the foundation of rhetoric as a science in the context of his philosophy; second, shows how Peirce’s view revives rhetoric by opening its field of action and by setting it on semiosis; and third, ponders how this vision consolidates rhetoric in our being one-with-another.
El lugar de la persuasión en sociedades degradadas: sobre Albert Speer
Authors: Uribe Botero Ángela
Published: March 2013

In this paper I try to contrast the sense of the term “persuasion”, as defined by Aristotle in his Rhetoric, with the sense of the term “fascination”, proposed by Hannah Arendt in her Origins of Totalitarianism. I illustrate such contrast through references to the relationship between Albert Speer and Adolf Hitler. By considering the use of the two terms and the references, I reach a conclusion that shows why, in what I call “degraded social orders”, there is no place for rhetoric.
Forestry and reindeer husbandry in northern Sweden – the development of a land use conflict
Authors: Widmark Camilla
Published: March 2013

Both the forestry sector and reindeer herders in northern Sweden use the forest resources in northern Sweden, albeit for different purposes, and have adverse effects on each other. To reduce conflicts between them negotiations take place in so-called “consultations”, but the institutional arrangement does not seem to be working well; the conflicts have not been resolved, and the reindeer herders are generally more dissatisfied with the outcome than the forest companies. This paper provides an overview of the parallel development of forestry and reindeer herding in the region. In addition several issues that complicate the consultations and need to be resolved in order to secure the continued co-existence of the two activities are identified, based on an analysis of physical, societal and judicial aspects of the relationship between them.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag:Skogsbruk och rennäringen i norra Sverige – utveckling av en markanvändningskonflikt Skogsresursen i norra Sverige nyttjas för bland annat timmerproduktion och renbete och skogsbruket respektive rennäring påverkar varandra negativt. För att minska konflikterna har samråd instiftats men processen fungerar inte tillfredsställande eftersom det finns ett missnöje bland renskötarna. Denna studie ger en översikt av den parallella utvecklingen av de två näringarna och deras inbördes relationer och därmed identifieras flera nyckelområden som komplicerar relationen mellan de båda näringarna och därmed även samråden. Genom att analysera de fysiska, sociala och juridiska aspekterna av relationen mellan rennäring och skogsbruk pekar studien på ett antal problem som måste lösas för att kunna säkerställa en fortsatt parallell existens.
Ethanol Production from Whey by Kluyveromyces marxianus in Batch Fermentation System: Kinetics Parameters Estimation
Authors: Ariyanti Dessy , Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Published: March 2013

Whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained. It is a by-product of the manufacture of cheese or casein and has several commercial uses. In environmental point of view, whey is kind of waste which has high pollution level due to it’s contain high organic compound with BOD and COD value 50 and 80 g/L respectively. On the other side, whey also contain an amount of lactose (4.5%-5%); lactose can be used as carbon source and raw material for producing ethanol via fermentation using yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus. The objective of this research is to investigate the ethanol production kinetics from crude whey through fermentation using Kluyveromyces marxianus and to predict the model kinetics parameter. The yeast was able to metabolize most of the lactose within 16 h to give 8.64 g/L ethanol, 4.43 g/L biomass, and remain the 3.122 g/L residual lactose. From the results presented it also can be concluded that common kinetic model for microbial growth, substrate consumption, and product formation is a good alternative to describe an experimental batch fermentation of Kluyveromyces marxianus grown on a medium composed of whey. The model was found to be capable of reflecting all batch culture phases to a certain degree of accuracy, giving the parameter value: μmax, Ks, YX/S, α, β : 0.32, 10.52, 0.095, 1.52, and 0.11 respectively.© 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Systematic modeling of discrete‐continuous optimization models through generalized disjunctive programming
Authors: Grossmann Ignacio E. , Trespalacios Francisco
Published: March 2013

Discrete‐continuous optimization problems are commonly modeled in algebraic form as mixed‐integer linear or nonlinear programming models. Since these models can be formulated in different ways, leading either to solvable or nonsolvable problems, there is a need for a systematic modeling framework that provides a fundamental understanding on the nature of these models. This work presents a modeling framework, generalized disjunctive programming (GDP), which represents problems in terms of Boolean and continuous variables, allowing the representation of constraints as algebraic equations, disjunctions and logic propositions. An overview is provided of major research results that have emerged in this area. Basic concepts are emphasized as well as the major classes of formulations that can be derived. These are illustrated with a number of examples in the area of process systems engineering. As will be shown, GDP provides a structured way for systematically deriving mixed‐integer optimization models that exhibit strong continuous relaxations, which often translates into shorter computational times. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3276–3295, 2013
Personal space, evasive movement and pedestrian level of service
Authors: Kim Sangyoup , Choi Jaisung , Kim Sungkyu , Tay Richard
Published: March 2013

This study proposed a behavioral theory‐based approach to better assess pedestrian levels of service for sidewalks, using the concepts of personal space and pedestrian evasive movements. Data from pedestrian interviews and video recordings at 28 commercial, residential, and leisure locations were used to analyze the effects of pedestrian movements on pedestrian perceived levels of service. With these results, a new measure of pedestrian level of service was developed. With the use of a separate validation sample, the revised levels of service obtained were found to be more consistent with the pedestrian perceived levels than the levels prescribed by the Korean Highway Capacity Manual. Hence, this research recommended the use of the revised measures for pedestrian level of service in the design and evaluation of pedestrian facilities. We also found that pedestrian evasive movements on sidewalks could better explain pedestrians' perception of the levels of service for a given facility. Moreover, pedestrian evasive movements were found to be sensitive to the width of the sidewalk and pedestrian volume. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of purple pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) extract on activated hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Denardin Cristiane C. , Parisi Mariana M. , Martins Leo A. M. , Terra Silvia R. , Borojevic Radovan , Vizzotto Márcia , Perry Marcos L. S. , Emanuelli Tatiana , Guma Fátima T. C. R.
Published: March 2013

The presence of phenolic compounds in fruit‐ and vegetable‐rich diets has attracted researchers' attention due to their health‐promoting effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of purple pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) extract on cell proliferation, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell death and cell cycle in murine activated hepatic stellate cells (GRX). Cell viability by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was significantly decreased on cells treated with 50 and 100 µg ml−1 of purple pitanga extract for 48 and 72 h, and the percentage of dead cell stained with 7‐amino‐actinomycin D was significantly higher in treated cells. The reduction of cell proliferation was dose dependent, and we also observed alterations on cell cycle progression. At all times studied, GRX cells treated with 50 and 100 µg ml−1 of purple pitanga showed a significant reduction in cellular mitochondrial content as well as a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, our results indicated that purple pitanga extract induces early and late apoptosis/necrosis and necrotic death in GRX cells. This is the first report describing the antiproliferative, cytotoxic and apoptotic activity for E. uniflora fruits in hepatic stellate cells. The present study provides a foundation for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis, and more studies will be carried to elucidate this effect. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence and predictors of permanent pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Analysis from the german transcatheter aortic valve interventions registry
Authors: Ledwoch Jakob , Franke Jennifer , Gerckens Ulrich , Kuck Karl‐Heinz , Linke Axel , Nickenig Georg , Krülls‐Münch Jürgen , Vöhringer Matthias , Hambrecht Rainer , Erbel Raimund , Richardt Gert , Horack Martin , Zahn Ralf , Senges Jochen , Sievert Horst ,   on behalf of the German Transcatheter Aortic Valve Interventions Registry Investigators
Published: March 2013

Objectives

To determine predictors of permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation up to 30 days after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in a prospective multicenter registry.

Background

Conduction disorders requiring PPM implantation are one of the most common complications seen after TAVI. Knowledge about possible predictors may help to decrease the rate of PPM implantations.

Methods

In total, 1347 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI in 22 centers were prospectively enrolled in the German transcatheter aortic valve interventions registry. Both Medtronic CoreValve™ and Edwards Sapien™ valves were implanted. Patients with preprocedurally implanted PPM or implantable cardioverter defibrillator were excluded from the analysis (n = 199). Regression analysis of baseline and procedure characteristics of the remaining 1,147 patients was performed.

Results

Procedural success was achieved in 97.4% of the cases. The rate for PPM after TAVI was 33.7%. The absence of prior valve surgery, the use of Medtronic CoreValve™ prosthesis and the presence of a porcelain aorta were identified as independent predictors for PPM after TAVI. Mortality at 30 days did not differ between patients with or without PPM necessity (6.0% vs. 8.1%, respectively; HR 0.72; CI (0.45–1.16); P = 0.17).

Conclusions

PPM is a common postprocedure requirement after TAVI. The absence of prior valve surgery, the implantation of Medtronic CoreValve™ prosthesis, and the presence of a porcelain aorta were independently associated with PPM after TAVI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcatheter closure of acquired left ventricle to right atrium shunts
Authors: Sinisalo Juha , Sreeram Narayanswami , Qureshi Shakeel A.
Published: March 2013

We describe transcatheter closure of an acquired Gerbode defect (left ventricle to right atrium shunt) in four patients, ranging in age from 8 to 75 years. All of them had undergone previous surgery (VSD closure in 3, aortic valve replacement in 1), and either had persistent symptoms of heart failure, or developed new symptoms several months or years later. The diagnosis was made by one of several imaging modalities (transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography, or MRI), and confirmed at cardiac catheterization. Device closure using a variety of devices was successful in all, with resolution of symptoms. One patient developed complete heart block, requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. Transcatheter closure is effective, and may replace surgery in the management of these defects. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Ca11E3C8 (E: Sn, Pb): New Complex Carbide Zintl Phases Grown from Ca/Li Flux.
Authors: Blankenship Trevor V. , Lita Adrian , Latturner Susan E.
Published: March 2013

The title phases are prepared from carbon and Sn or Pb in an equimolar Ca/Li reactive flux (sealed steel crucible in a sealed silica tube, 1050 °C, 4 h; controlled cooling).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Two New Quaternary Thallium(I) Copper(I) Lutetium(III) Selenides: TlCu3Lu2Se5 and Tl2Cu5Lu3Se8.
Authors: Babo Jean‐Marie , Schleid Thomas , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: March 2013

The reaction of Cu and Lu metal with Se in an equimolar mixture of TlSe/TlCl as reactive flux (evacuated silica tube, 850 °C, 10 d) yields orange TlCu3Lu2Se5 (I) as main product besides deep orange Tl2Cu5Lu3Se8 (II) crystals as minor product.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light Photocatalysis of [2 + 2] Styrene Cycloadditions by Energy Transfer.
Authors: Lu Zhan , Yoon Tehshik P.
Published: March 2013

A large variety of styryl‐containing dienyl substrates is subjected to the process to afford complex ring systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to a Wide Range of Sultams by Cyclodialkylation of α‐Substituted Methanesulfonanilides.
Authors: Rassadin Valentin A. , Grosheva Daria S. , Arefeva Irina A. , Tomashevskiy Aleksandr A. , Sokolov Victor V. , de Meijere Armin
Published: March 2013

The present new method constitutes a simple and efficient route to thiazine and thiazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: New Methylene Homologation Method for Cyclic Ketones.
Authors: Liu Huaqing , Sun Chunrui , Lee Nam‐Kyu , Henry Roger F. , Lee Daesung
Published: March 2013

An unprecedented nucleophilic activation strategy for ring expansion of cyclic ketones is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Halogenation of Primary Alcohols Using a Tetraethylammonium Halide/[Et2NSF2]BF4 Combination.
Authors: Pouliot Marie‐France , Mahe Olivier , Hamel Jean‐Denys , Desroches Justine , Paquin Jean‐Francois
Published: March 2013

The procedure provides an efficient method to prepare a number of primary chlorides, bromides, and iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Trifluoromethanesulfanylation of Organometallic Species with Trifluoromethanesulfanamides.
Authors: Baert Francois , Colomb Julie , Billard Thierry
Published: March 2013

The sulfenamide (I) is reported as an excellent alternative for trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride.
ChemInform Abstract: General and Efficient Method for Direct N‐Monomethylation of Aromatic Primary Amines with Methanol.
Authors: Li Feng , Xie Jianjiang , Shan Haixia , Sun Chunlou , Chen Lin
Published: March 2013

Aryl‐ and hetarylamines as well as arylsulfonamides are successfully treated with MeOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stable, Recyclable Copper Nanoparticles as Catalysts for the Formation of C—N Bonds.
Authors: Chen Bingfeng , Li Fengbo , Huang Zhijun , Xue Fei , Lu Tao , Yuan Yin , Yuan Guoqing
Published: March 2013

The catalyst system allows the N‐arylation of various amino alcohols including sterically crowded ones, of amides such as (IX) and of N‐heterocycles with bromoarenes bearing a chiral oxazolidine substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Nitro Esters to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: Towards the Enantioselective Synthesis of trans‐3‐Substituted Proline Derivatives.
Authors: Han Man‐Yi , Zhang Yong , Wang Huai‐Zhen , An Wan‐Kai , Ma Bao‐Chun , Zhang Yuan , Wang Wei
Published: March 2013

Compounds (III) are obtained as mixtures of diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic One‐Pot Oxidative Cleavage of Terminal Diols to Dehomologated Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Shibuya Masatoshi , Doi Ryusuke , Shibuta Takuro , Uesugi Shun‐ichiro , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: March 2013

The reaction proceeds without epimerization of adjacent stereocenters and several functional groups such as triple bonds, acetonides, ethers, and carbamates are tolerated.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Alkylarenes by Two‐Step ipso‐Substitution of Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Bramborg Andrea , Linker Torsten
Published: March 2013

The reaction sequence consists of a Birch reduction/substitution followed by a rearomatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Polyfluoroarenes with Aryl Tosylates and Mesylates.
Authors: Lee Dong Sheng , Choy Pui Ying , So Chau Ming , Wang Jun , Lau Chak Po , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: March 2013

The process works well under mild conditions in the presence of a weak base without any additional additives.
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium Trichloride Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkynes: Scope, Limitation, and Mechanistic Studies by DFT.
Authors: Li Lei , Huang Genping , Chen Zhou , Liu Wei , Wang Xiufang , Chen Yanmei , Yang Lijuan , Li Wu , Li Yahong
Published: March 2013

This reaction predominantly gives the Markovnikov hydroamination products.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed O‐Arylation of Nitroarenes with Phenols.
Authors: Chen Jiuxi , Wang Xingyong , Zheng Xingwang , Ding Jinchang , Liu Miaochang , Wu Huayue
Published: March 2013

The method affords unsymmetrical diaryl ethers in moderate to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: General, Green, and Scalable Synthesis of Imines from Alcohols and Amines by a Mild and Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Reaction in Open Air at Room Temperature.
Authors: Tian Haiwen , Yu Xiaochun , Li Qiang , Wang Jianxin , Xu Qing
Published: March 2013

This reaction tolerates a wide range of substrates and can be operated on a large scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Diaryl Sulfides Using Aryl Fluorides and Sulfur/Organopolysulfides.
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Ichikawa Takuya , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: March 2013

Rh‐catalyzed treatment of pentafluorobenzenes with S8 and di‐tert‐butyl tetrasulfide allows a convenient access to diaryl sulfides.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective ortho‐Arylation and Alkenylation of N‐Alkyl Benzamides with Boronic Acids via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C—H Bond Activation: An Easy Route to Fluorenones Synthesis.
Authors: Chinnagolia Ravi Kiran , Jeganmohan Masilamani
Published: March 2013

Treatment of aromatic amides with aryl and alkenyl boronic acids according to A) results in selective formation of ortho‐substituted products.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Naphthalene‐1,3‐diamine Derivatives from Haloalkynes and Amines.
Authors: Chen Zhengwang , Zeng Wei , Jiang Huanfeng , Liu Liangxian
Published: March 2013

The new and efficient approach to naphthalene‐1,3‐diamines proceeds via formation and dimerization of ynamines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Base‐Promoted Cyclization: Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[b]furans.
Authors: Damera Krishna , Ke Bowen , Wang Ke , Dai Chaofeng , Wang Lifang , Wang Binghe
Published: March 2013

The method can be applied to a broad spectrum of phenols bearing alkyne chains in ortho‐position to produce highly functionalized benzofuran structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolines and Pyrrolidines by Nucleophilic Ring Closure at Activated Oximes.
Authors: Chandan Nandkishor , Thompson Amber L. , Moloney Mark G.
Published: March 2013

Substituted pyrrolidines are synthesized by ring closure initiated by direct nucleophilic attack of stabilized enolates at the nitrogen of oximes (I), (IV), (VII) and (IX) activated with an appropriate leaving group.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Mannich/Cyclization/Aromatization Sequence: Direct Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrole‐3‐carboxaldehydes.
Authors: Kumar Indresh , Mir Nisar A. , Ramaraju Panduga , Wakhloo Basant P.
Published: March 2013

The proline‐catalyzed direct Mannich reaction is followed by an acid‐promoted cyclization and an oxidative aromatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Azaspiro[4.6]undec‐7‐enes from N‐Tosyl‐N‐(3‐arylpropargyl)‐tethered 3‐Methylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ols.
Authors: Yeh Ming‐Chang P. , Liang Chia‐Jung , Fan Chern‐Wei , Chiu Wei‐Hang , Lo Jun‐Yuan
Published: March 2013

Cyclopropanation of cyclohexenols of type (I) leads to bicycloheptanols like (III) whose reaction with FeCl3 allows a simple and mild access to azaspiroundecenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Step Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydropyrroles via a Formal 5‐endo Cycloisomerization of Ugi 4‐CR/Propargyl Adducts.
Authors: Polindara‐Garcia Luis A. , Miranda Luis D.
Published: March 2013

In some cases, 2,5‐dihydropyrroles are also obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Promoted Divergent Reactions of Enaminones: Efficient Synthesis of Fused Pyrroles with Different Substitution Patterns.
Authors: Jiang Bo , Yi Mian‐Shuai , Tu Man‐Su , Wang Shu‐Liang , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: March 2013

Acetic acid is used as a solvent and a Broensted acid to promote the reaction of arylglyoxals, enaminones and mercaptans.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselectivity‐Reversed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Liu Hongxin , Wu Huayue , Luo Zhenli , Shen Jie , Kang Guowei , Liu Bidai , Wan Zhifu , Jiang Jun
Published: March 2013

The first organocatalytic asymmetric C1 aldol reaction of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds to isatins and dihydrofurandiones is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Assembly of Highly Substituted Indoles by Dual Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Knapp John M. , Zhu Jie S. , Tantillo Dean J. , Kurth Mark J.
Published: March 2013

The three‐component reaction of o‐bromoiodoarenes, primary amines and ketones or aldehydes involves a Buchwald—Hartwig reaction and an arene—alkane coupling to produce different types of the desired heterocyclic system.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Formylation of 1‐(2‐Oxiranylmethyl)‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindole with DMF/(COCl)2: The Pyrrole vs. Oxirane Nucleophilicity.
Authors: Ivanov Andrei V. , Ushakov Igor A. , Markova Marina V. , Falicheva Svetlana Yu. , Mikhaleva Al'bina I. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: March 2013

Treatment of the title oxiranylmethylindole (I) with the formylating reagent system DMF/(COCl)2 starts with oxirane ring opening [→(II)] followed by formylation of the pyrrole ring [→(IV)] and ends with the rather unexpected formylation of the hydroxy group in (IV) [→(V)].
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient and Aerobic Protocol for the Synthesis of N‐Heteroaryl Substituted 9‐Arylcarbazolyl Derivatives via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Ligand‐Free Suzuki Reaction.
Authors: Rao Xiaofeng , Liu Chun , Qiu Jieshan , Jin Zilin
Published: March 2013

Moreover, the catalytic system is successfully extended to the cross‐coupling of N‐heteroaryl halide (VII) and various aryl boronic acids (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium(III)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component [4 + 3] Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Han Xinping , Li Hui , Hughes Russell P. , Wu Jimmy
Published: March 2013

A variety of biologically important cyclohepta[b]indole derivative is prepared via regio‐ and diastereoselective cycloaddition of indolyl cations with dienes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Phosphine—Diolefin‐Promoted Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of Pyrazoles with (Hetero)aromatic Bromides: The Case of Chloroarenes Revisited.
Authors: Rampazzi Vincent , Massard Alexandre , Richard Phillippe , Picquet Michel , Le Gendre Pierre , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille
Published: March 2013

The combination of cubane (I)/PPH is found to catalyze the coupling of aryl and heteroaryl bromides with pyrazole (II) and its derivatives (V) under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Catalytic [4 + 1] Annulations Catalyzed by Quinidine: Enantioselective Synthesis of Multi‐Functionalized Isoxazoline N‐Oxides.
Authors: Guo Zhi‐Wei , Xie Jian‐Wu , Chen Ce , Zhu Wei‐Dong
Published: March 2013

Quinidine is proved to be the most efficient organocatalyst for the synthesis s of title compounds which are obtained mostly with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(acac)2 Catalyzed Oxidative C—H Bond Amination of Azoles with Amines under Base‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Wagh Yogesh S. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: March 2013

A direct oxidative C‐H bond amination of azoles with aliphatic and aromatic amines is achieved using the copper‐bis‐acetylacetonate complex as a catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of a Robust and Efficient Homogeneous Silver(I) Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of Azides onto Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: McNulty James , Keskar Kunal
Published: March 2013

The catalyst is effective at loadings as low as 0.5 mol% and thermally stable.