bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sulphur-rich volcanic eruptions triggered extreme hydrological events in Europe since AD 1850
Authors: Di Salvo Cristina , Sottili Gianluca
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols, by reflecting solar radiation and acting as cloud condensation nuclei, play a key role in the global climate system. Given the contrasting microphysical and radiative effects of SO2 on rainfall amounts and intensities, the combined effects of these two factors are still poorly understood. Here, we show how concentrations of volcanic sulphate aerosols in the atmosphere, as derived from Greenland ice core records, are strictly correlated with dramatic variations of hydrological cycle in Europe. Specifically, since the second half of the 19th century, the intensity of extreme precipitations in Western Europe, and associated river flood events, changed significantly during the 12–24 months following sulphur-rich eruptions. During the same period, volcanic SO2 exerts divergent effects in central and Northern Europe, where river flow regimes are affected, in turn, by the substantial reduction of rainfall intensity and earlier occurrences of ice break-up events. We found that the high sensitivity of North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) to atmospheric SO2 concentrations reveals a complex mechanism of interaction between sulphur-rich eruptions and heat exchange between Ocean and atmosphere with substantial impacts on hydrological regime in Europe.
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization
Authors: Eyring Veronika , Bony Sandrine , Meehl Gerald A. , Senior Catherine A. , Stevens Bjorn , Stouffer Ronald J. , Taylor Karl E.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations (1850–near present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP; (2) common standards, coordination, infrastructure, and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble; and (3) an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and CMIP historical simulations to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP historical simulations, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. Participation in CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs by individual modelling groups will be at their own discretion and will depend on their scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions: – How does the Earth system respond to forcing? – What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases? – How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios? This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and CMIP6 historical simulations, and includes a brief introduction to the 21 CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs.
The effect of chalk representation in land surface modelling
Authors: Rahman Mostaquimur , Rosolem Rafael
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Modelling and monitoring of hydrological processes in the unsaturated zone of the chalk, which is a porous medium with fractures, is important to optimize water resources assessment and management practices in the United Kingdom (UK). However, efficient simulations of water movement through chalk unsaturated zone is difficult mainly due to the fractured nature of chalk, which creates high-velocity preferential flow paths in the subsurface. Complex hydrology in the chalk aquifers may also influence land surface mass and energy fluxes because processes in the hydrological cycle are connected via non-linear feedback mechanisms. In this study, it is hypothesized that explicit representation of chalk hydrology in a land surface model influences land surface processes by affecting water movement through the shallow subsurface. In order to substantiate this hypothesis, a macroporosity parameterization is implemented in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), which is applied on a study area encompassing the Kennet catchment in the Southern UK. The simulation results are evaluated using field measurements and satellite remote sensing observations of various fluxes and states in the hydrological cycle (e.g., soil moisture, runoff, latent heat flux) at two distinct spatial scales (i.e., point and catchment). The results reveal the influence of representing chalk hydrology on land surface mass and energy balance components such as surface runoff and latent heat flux via subsurface processes (i.e., soil moisture dynamics) in JULES, which corroborates the proposed hypothesis.
Empirical Study on Drought Adaptation of Regional Rainfed Agriculture in China
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Ma Qing , Chen Siyu , Deng Lan , Jiang Jingyi
Published: May 2016

Abstract. As global surface temperature continues to rise, increasing evidences have shown that social and natural systems are deeply influenced by climate change. The government and farmers' awareness, as well as measures to adapt to these climate-driven changes, are critical for local sustainable development. In this study, we established a conceptual model of the relationship among human adaptation, development demand and environment changes to analyze the mechanism of agricultural drought adaptation based on an empirical research at the famer and government level. These results show that under the impact of climate change, the study area of drought risk has continued to expand. With this condition, the government and farmers have constantly taken measures to control the development demand and adjust to environmental changes in order to adapt to agricultural drought. Interactions among environmental changes, development demand and adaptation measures have kept the regional nature-society-economy compound ecosystem in dynamic balance. In addition, the effect of these adaptation measures always has an inertia that may induce a longer and deeper impact on the region, which is considered when making adaptation strategies. Rainfed areas are considered to be the most sensitive and unstable to environment change. This study reveals the mechanism of adaptation from a macroscopic perspective and may provide some references on measures and strategies for drought adaptation in other rainfed areas.
Miscellaneous / Diverse
Authors: Schei Edvin , Vatten Lars , Schei Berit , Krüger Øystein , Nymoen Erik
Published: May 2016

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Biobanks in Norway – funding by the Research Council
Authors: Johne Berit
Published: May 2016

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Scientific scope of integrating research activities in the Janus Serum Bank and Cancer Registry of Norway
Authors: Langseth Hilde , Gislefoss Randi , Ivar Martinsen Jan , Tretli Steinar
Published: May 2016

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How can clinical biobanks and patient information be adapted for research – Establishing a hospital based data warehouse solution
Authors: Reed Wenche , Jor Sissel , Bjugn Roger
Published: May 2016

The use of human biological material and related clinical information is central in basic research, translational research and clinical research. Extracting this information from hospital information systems is time-consuming and labor intensive. Establishing a data warehouse is a possible solution to extract the information in an efficient and secure way. An information model for a data warehouse has been developed at the Oslo University Hospital in collaboration with Akershus University Hospital. Being hospitals, the overall information model is patientcentered. The model also allows for appropriate data exchange between different organizations. The model is described with a focus on some of the major conditions for success with respect to the legal and organizational framework of Norwegian hospitals. A web-based information and tracking system for clinical biobanks is an important element of the model, and one of the aims of the national project Biobank Norway
Biospecimen quality program in the biobank of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Authors: Paltiel Liv , Aarem Jeanette , Bækken Siri , Stensrud Nina K. , Harbak Kari
Published: May 2016

Background: The biological material collected, processed and stored in biobanks are important research tools and it is important to minimize preanalytical variations to provide researchers with high quality biological material that will give reproducible results. Methods: To minimize the preanalytical variations caused by sample collection, processing and storage, we have established a biospecimen quality program. It consists of quality assurance aspects as well as quality control programs to measure adherence to protocols and sample integrity. The quality control program includes measurements and evaluation of the DNA quality and quantity before storage, i.e. concentration, purity, fragmentation and PCR success, and long term storage programs for plasma, urine and RNA. Conclusions: The Biobank at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health has established a biospecimen quality program that ensures high quality specimens and provides the documentation required to use the biomaterial in a best possible way.
Peeking into the black box of privacy – biobank participants on the importance of recognition
Authors: Ursin Lars Øystein , Steinsbekk Kristin Solum
Published: May 2016

Biobank research deals with personal information and data from blood and tissue analysis, making the questions of legitimate recruitment of participants and handling of their data to be intimately connected with the issue of privacy. Thus, identification of the privacy interests of biobank participants is vital to the legitimacy of biobank projects. In this article, we ask: How do participants articulate the nature of privacy issues in biobanking? Here we report from a focus group study on biobank participants’ view of privacy and consent in relation to biobank research. Based on our analysis, we found that participants viewed privacy as a concept that describes several dimensions of the fundamental need to be recognized and respected as an individual and as a person. Interestingly, the needs to be recognized and respected were also viewed as the basic purpose of biobank consent
Shared Decision Making, Fast and Slow: Implications for Informed Consent, Resource Utilization, and Patient Satisfaction in Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Bernstein Joseph , Kupperman Eli , Kandel Leonid Ari , Ahn Jaimo
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Through shared decision making, the physician and patient exchange information to arrive at an agreement about the patient’s preferred treatment. This process is predicated on the assumption that there is a single preferred treatment, and the goal of the dialog is to discover it. In contrast, psychology theory (ie, prospect theory) suggests that people can make decisions both analytically and intuitively through parallel decision-making processes, and depending on how the choice is framed, the two processes may not agree. Thus, patients may not have a single preferred treatment, but rather separate intuitive and analytic preferences. The research question addressed here is whether subjects might reveal different therapeutic preferences based on how a decision is framed.

Methods: Five clinical scenarios on the management of tibial plateau fractures were constructed. Healthy volunteers were asked to select among treatments offered. Four weeks later, the scenarios were presented again; the facts of the scenario were unchanged, but the description was altered to test the null hypothesis that minor changes in wording would not lead the subjects to change their decision about treatment. For example, incomplete improvement after surgery was described first as a gain from the preoperative state and then as a loss from the preinjury state.

Results: In all five cases, the variation predicted by psychology theory was detected. Respondents were affected by whether choices were framed as avoided losses versus potential gains; by emotional cues; by choices reported by others (ie, bandwagon effect); by the answers proposed to them in the question (ie, anchors); and by seemingly irrelevant options (ie, decoys).

Discussion: The influence of presentation on preferences can be highly significant in orthopaedic surgery. The presence of parallel decision-making processes implies that the standard methods of obtaining informed consent may require further refinement. Furthermore, if the way that information is portrayed makes surgery more or less appealing, the use of services may be subject to unwanted influence. If surgery were accepted preoperatively by the patient’s intuitive process but evaluated after the fact by the analytic process (or vice versa), well-indicated and well-performed surgery may still fail to provide patient satisfaction.
The Correspondence between Syntax and Semantics
Authors: Teimi Cherif
Published: May 2016

The issue of Interfaces is central to linguistic studies. Modern linguistics, especially semantic studies, has given a special interest to this topic. However, up till very recently, the issue has been dealt with mainly from a syntactico-centric point of view. Throughout the development of linguistic theories, there has been a rooted idea in generative grammar that meaning is generated from syntactic structure. In fact, although we adopt the Conceptual Semantics framework, which considers meaning to be too rich and multidimensional to be encoded in purely syntactic mechanisms, we shall deal with the correspondence between syntax and semantics where these two components directly correlate with one another. In other words, we will deal with the topic from the angle where syntax bears all semantic relations.
Translation of Religious Terminology: al-fat-h al-islami as a Model
Authors: Al-Halawani Ali
Published: May 2016

This paper is an attempt to illustrate the importance of understanding the religious and cultural background of the ST in the translation process in order to reach an accurate and precise translation product in the TL. The paper affirms that differences between cultures may cause complications which are even more serious for the translator than those arising from differences in language structures. The sample of the study is concerned with an Islamic term, namely al-fat-h al-Islami-commonly rendered into English as Islamic Conquest or Invasion- a religiously and culturally bound term/concept. The paper starts by defining culture, and then follows with an extensive lexical analysis of the selected term/concept. The study proves that it is difficult to translate this concept into the TL simply due to the lack of optimal or even near optimal cultural equivalents. The skill and the intervention of the translator are most crucial in this respect because, above all, translation is an act of communication. It is hoped that this study will provide a more precise equivalent of this significant concept; a matter which may better reflect the innate peaceful nature of Islam as a religion. The in-depth descriptive analytical method this study follows can be used to analyze other religiously and culturally bound terms/concepts.
A Study on Derivational Affixes of Indonesian Noun-Formation in Newspaper Editorial: A Semantic Perspective
Authors: Zainuddin Zainuddin
Published: May 2016

This study aimed at investigating the types of derivational affixes of Indonesian noun-formation in newspaper editorial of kompas. Kompas newspaper is wide circulation or it has a tremendous reading circulation in Indonesia. This study used a descriptive qualitative method by using the theory of structural linguistics to interprete the grammatical meaning carried out in the process of derivational affixes of Indonesian noun-formation. The method of analysis data applied distributional method in terms of classifyng lexical category of Indonesian derived nouns producing affixation. The theory referring to the patterns of derivation and structure, which was developed by Aronoff & Fudeman (2005). The object of the study is a derivational affixes of Indonesian noun-formation that exist in newspaper editorial of Indonesian kompas. Based on the analysis of the data the findings showing that there are 7 types of derivational affixes of Indonesian noun-formation exists in the newspaper editorial (tajuk rencana) of kompas namely (1) suffix -an, (2) infix -em- + suffix -an, (3) infix -el-, (4) confix per-an, (5) confix ke-an, (6) confix pe-an and (7) confix pen-an. These types are considered important viewed from the morphology study in the field of linguistics. This is to say that the phenomena referring to the point of the function of the language is considered.
The Grammatical Ways of Expressing the Future in English and their Corresponding Forms in Azerbaijani
Authors: Nuriyeva Saadat
Published: May 2016

Belonging to different language families, the English and Azerbaijani languages differ in all the aspects (grammar, phonetics and lexis) of the language. Therefore, as non-native speakers, Azerbaijanis have many difficulties in learning English. Many scholars try to eliminate those difficulties by comparing and analyzing the languages, finding out the similarities and differences between the languages compared. One of the main problems for Azerbaijani learners of English is learning the ways of expressing futurity in English to be able to select proper means of expression while translating from English into Azerbaijani and vice versa. The development of linguistics in the last few decades has been so quick and manifold that a new insight has been implemented concerning the current problems. It gave rise to the development of the comparative typological investigation of non-kindred languages. We shall try to investigate future tense in English basing upon quantitative typology that investigates this or that phenomena existing in two compared languages. The aim of our investigation is to show the grammatical ways of expressing the future in contemporary English, reveal similarities and differences between the ways of expressing future in English and Azerbaijan and, consequently, provide corresponding forms in Azerbaijani. As English is much richer in the ways of expressing future action than Azerbaijani, we will analyze and provide all the possible ways of conveying them in Azerbaijani. There are many controversial and quarrel some points concerning the future tense problem in English and Azerbaijani. The article highlights these problems by providing prominent linguists’ theoretical points of view as well as the author’s own analysis and approach to the stated problems.
Students’ Perception on Social Media in Writing Class at STKIP Muhammadiyah Rappang, Indonesia
Authors: Sakkir Geminastiti , Rahman Qashas , Salija Kisman
Published: May 2016

Almost all students use social media, but few lecturers use it in their teaching process. This study examines students’ perceptions of the use of social media in the process of teaching English in STKIP Rappang Muhammadiyah, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study was conducted using a mixed method, including quantitative and qualitative data. Data were collected using a questionnaire that collected background information of participants, a four-point Likert scale to gauge the students’ perceived use of social media in class, and open-ended questions to gather more data rich in the beliefs, attitudes, wishes and concerns of students regarding the use of social media in the writing classroom. Findings from this study indicate that the majority of students showed a positive attitude toward and a willingness to use social media in the writing classroom. However, factors such as large classes, lack of training on the use of the Internet, and the lack of facilities could be possible barriers to the use of social media in the classroom.
Accentual Structure in Spoken English—Has It Been Overanalyzed?
Authors: Qojayeva Shahla
Published: May 2016

Pronouncing words with the correct stress plays an important role in communication. This has been investigated by different phoneticians, Torsuyev and Gibson amongst others, who have analyzed the different accentual patterns of English words and defined a large number of different accentual patterns. In this paper the author experimentally challenges the concept of complex accentual structures by investigating the pattern of standard British English speakers. Using the PRAAT program, a software package which is widely used in phonetic experimental research, the fundamental parameters of frequency of tone, intensity and time were measured and used to define accentual patterns of polysyllabic words as spoken by two modern standard English speakers. This study demonstrated that polysyllabic words, phrases and abbreviations exhibit only four distinct accentual-syllabic patterns. This is in direct contrast to previous work and demonstrates that accentual structure in spoken English has been over analyzed and made unnecessarily complex.
The Relationship between Perceptual Learning Styles and Reading Comprehension Performance of Iranian EFL Learners
Authors: Chavosh Milad , Davoudi Mohammad
Published: May 2016

Reading comprehension is one of the most important aspects in the process of language learning. Individual differences in foreign language learning have also been a common theme among L2 researchers and various factors such as gender, aptitude, motivation, and learning styles have been the subject of numerous studies indicating their effect on language learning. Along the same lines, this study focused on the relationship between perceptual learning styles and L2 reading comprehension and how well each perceptual learning style contributes to L2 reading comprehension. The study was carried out on 60 Iranian foreign language learners. The results of statistical analyses indicated that only tactile and kinesthetic learning styles had a significant relationship with L2 reading comprehension performance. Moreover, the findings of the study revealed that the tactile learning style was the best predictor of L2 reading comprehension performance. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that teachers should try to accommodate different learning styles in teaching reading comprehension. If the educational settings become compatible with the learners’ personal orientations, learners may be able to engage in educational activities more and will thus gain an advantage in learning.
A Genre-based Study of Insurance Sales Agent-Client Interactions in Transformational China’s Rural Areas
Authors: Wang Weichao
Published: May 2016

Based on 10 authentic audio-recorded data, the study aims to explore the dynamics of the insurance sales agent-client interactions in transformational China’s rural areas from a socio-cultural perspective. It sets out from generalizing the specific discursive patterns from moves and steps (Askehave & Swales, 2001; Bhatia, 2005) of the utterances made in the agent-client interactions, governed by communicative purposes. For the first move, warming up, it deserves more attention as it serves crucial functions in the interactions. The paper delineates the different types and functions of warming up, and relates them to the underlying operating mechanism of rural agent-client interactions; another vital move, establishing credentials and trust, has also been analyzed in details, since trust is the pillar stone in the conclusion of insurance sales. Through the analysis, we hope to depict the transforming nature of the modern Chinese rural society, where old and traditional value system has been, for a large part, demolished, while new value system is yet to be established.
Benchmarking Helps a Utility Chart a Path to Success
Authors: Hanley Kipp
Published: May 2016

Achieve results by “knowing where you're going” using benchmarking techniques that help your utility identify goals and chart progress toward excellence in processes, staff morale, and customer satisfaction.
A pharmacoeconomic analysis of the use of single MMC instillation in low risk NMIBC in Italy
Authors: Colombo Renzo , Pellucchi Federico , Rocchini Lorenzo , Maccagnano Carmen , Katz Pablo , Pegoraro Valeria
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer accounts for 5-10% of all cancers in Europe and up to 85% patients presents a noninvasive tumor, whose treatment of choice is the transurethral bladder resection (TURB) paired with adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Despite several clinical trials showed that this treatment is safe and decreases recurrences by 17% to 44% this practice is limited for many reasons. The study objective is to analyze the economical advantages of the single immediate post operative Mitomycin C instillation in Non Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) low-risk patients.METHODS: A cost-benefit analysis was performed evaluating the economical gain that would raised from a scenario with a single immediate post operative mitomycin C instillation in each low-risk NMIBC patient who underwent to TURB. Net present value and cost-benefit ratio were calculated and sensitivity analyses were performed. Base case analysis was performed considering tumor recurrence rate reduction of 11.7% and a TURB costs of 2,167.0 €, while sensitivity analyses were performed using a recurrence rate reduction of 19.2% and 15.0% and a TURB cost of 2,472.93 €. The discount rate was 2%.RESULTS: The single immediate post operative instillation of mitomycin C resulted to be cost-beneficial with a cost-benefit ratio that goes from 0.48 to 0.79 when compared to TURB alone raising a Net Present Value that goes from 660,284.39 € to 2,650,530.79 €.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that even assuming conservative parameters for recurrence rates reduction, a single immediate post operative mitomycin C instillation in low risk NMIBC patients would lower not only the recurrence rate but also the caring cost for bladder cancer.
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Eandi Mario
Published: May 2016

Anemia is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to the inability of the kidneys to release sufficient erythropoietin to regulate the production of red blood cells. Administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) is highly effective in correcting anemia of CKD. The ESAs currently approved in Italy are epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin theta, darbepoetin alfa, CERA and biosimilars epoetin alfa and epoetin zeta. All the ESAs are effective in correcting renal anemia and increasing hemoglobin levels, but the choice of which to use should also take into account their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, their administration route, and economic issues. However, regarding the optimal use of ESAs an issue that remains controversial is the most appropriate dose conversion between epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa. In fact clinical experience demonstrates that the dose relationship between epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa is non proportional across the dosing spectrum. In this review is presented an update on the latest available evidence in the treatment of anemia in CKD patients, with particular reference to the definition of the correct conversion ratio EPO:DARB.
Pharmacologic and economic differentiation of drugs for RA in Italy
Authors: Berto Patrizia , Eandi Mario
Published: May 2016

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive and degenerative illness, which affects about 0.5% of the adult population with significant social costs. In Italy there are approximately 300,000 people with RA, with twice as many women than men. RA causes progressive deformity and disability and is associated with numerous co-morbid conditions that reduce the life expectancy of 5-10 years. The costs of RA have a serious impact on the entire community, especially in terms of disability, hospitalization and medical care. In Italy has been estimated that cost of illness could reach about 1,600 million euros, of which over two thirds are represented by indirect costs. The treatment of RA is evolving and the introduction of biological drugs has resulted in a significant progress in terms of therapeutic possibilities. Etanercept, the only soluble receptor of TNF-alfa currently approved appears to be cost-effective and it is recommended by major guidelines for the treatment of RA.  http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v3i3.201
Pediatric Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Jason Leonard , Barker Kristen , Brown Abigail
Published: May 2016

Research on pediatric Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is reviewed in this article. Many recent articles in this area highlight the existence of key differences between the adult and pediatric forms of the illness. This review article provides an overview of pediatric ME/ CFS, including epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis. Challenges to the field are identified with the hope that in the future pediatric cases of ME/CFS can be more accurately diagnosed and successfully managed.
Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections
Authors: Barbui Anna Maria , Girmenia Corrado , Limerutti Giorgio
Published: May 2016

A proper diagnostic strategy of invasive fungal infections (IFI) is a very important component in the management of infectious complications in hematological patients. A good diagnostic approach should be adapted to the patient in relation to the underlying disease, stage of disease, localization of infection and immune status. None of the diagnostic markers can be entirely adopted for medical decision making, and sometimes it’s useful to use the combination of several microbiological tests.The diagnosis of IFI must therefore have a multidisciplinary approach that includes clinical suspicion, microbiological results and radiological evidence.
Congress announcement: Pharma eMarketing Congress 2011
Authors: Maina Silvia
Published: May 2016

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Metabolic syndrome in adults: relation with diet and other lifestyle factors
Authors: Kataria Ishu , Chadha Ravinder , Pathak Renuka
Published: May 2016

Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors that has the potential of developing into cardiovascular disease or increase the susceptibility to it. It is present worldwide with now even developing countries getting overwhelmed by its burden. With a shift towards unhealthy diet coupled with sedentary lifestyle, development of metabolic syndrome is on the rise even among young adults. One of the main causes of this problem is faulty diet, so any means to reduce the incidence of the syndrome involves the modification of the existing diets rich in saturated fat, sodium and cholesterol. This review focusses on efficacy of different dietary patterns for combating the syndrome along with other lifestyle risk factors. It also highlights newer advancements in the field of Metabolic Syndrome, which can serve as potential strategies to combat it. Public health interventions targeting adults, therefore, should center on prevention through education, modification of diet and lifestyle, and focusing on environment, so that these changes are acceptable and sustainable.
L’apport des technologies multimédias en évaluation didactique de la traduction
Authors: Gardy Philippe
Published: May 2016

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude menée auprès de 88 étudiants en première année de traduction (anglais-français) quant aux apports potentiels de technologies multimédias au processus d’évaluation des travaux des étudiants. La comparaison des résultats obtenus par les apprenants ayant bénéficié d’une rétroaction vidéo et de ceux ayant reçu une rétroaction traditionnelle met en évidence une amélioration des résultats des premiers. Par ailleurs, une analyse qualitative met en exergue un net renforcement de leur perception des aspects positifs de l’évaluation. Ainsi, le recours à la vidéo peut être considéré comme un outil efficace dans le cadre d’un processus d’évaluation à visée formative des travaux des étudiants en traduction, et ce, indépendamment de la taille du groupe d’apprenants.
Deficiencias del texto de partida en la traducción de textos destinados a la enseñanza y divulgación de la ciencia
Authors: Garrido Carlos
Published: May 2016

Le présent article définit et délimite de façon précise le concept dedéficienceoudéfaut dans le texte de départlors de la traduction communicative de textes scientifiques didactiques et de vulgarisation, tout en le différenciant d’autres concepts voisins (comme les passages qui suscitent chez le traducteur l’introduction d’améliorations, des passages inexacts dus à une légitimesimplification pédagogique, etc.). Par la suite, l’article propose une classification spécifique de ces déficiences, à partir d’un vaste échantillon de traductions vers l’espagnol et le portugais, publiées et inédites (réalisées par l’auteur), de fragments d’articles d’encyclopédie, de manuels et de livres et articles de vulgarisation rédigés en anglais et en allemand. La classification proposée des déficiences qui apparaissent fréquemment dans les textes d’origine destinés à l’enseignement et la vulgarisation de la science et qui doivent être corrigées dans le corps du texte cible de la traduction, établit une distinction, au niveau hiérarchique supérieur, entredéficiences factuellesd’une part, en contradiction avec la désignation de la vérité connue ou avec une correspondance adéquate entre les composants verbal et iconique du texte (six sous-catégories) etdéficiences formellesd’autre part, qui lèsent la rigueur expressive ou l’efficacité communicative (huit sous-catégories). Finalement, l’article analyse les diverses exigences cognitives liées à la détection et la correction de telles déficiences dans le cadre de la traduction communicative.
Análisis textual y jurídico comparado para la traducción: el caso de las capitulaciones matrimoniales alemanas y españolas
Authors: Holl Iris , Elena Pilar
Published: May 2016

La comparaison interlinguistique et interculturelle de types de textes juridiques met en évidence les traits distinctifs des systèmes juridiques dont ils font partie, tout en révélant les différentes conventions textuelles qui caractérisent les langues juridiques nationales. Par conséquent, l’analyse comparative peut entraîner des résultats intéressants pour la traduction de textes juridiques impliquant deux systèmes juridiques différents et deux cultures linguistiques différentes. Cet article a pour but de prouver cette hypothèse en comparant des contrats de mariage allemands et espagnols. La méthodologie proposée se fonde sur l’étude comparative juridique et textuelle.
Sensitivity enhancement of capacitive tumor necrosis factor-α detection by deposition of nanoparticles on interdigitated electrode
Authors: Yagati Ajay Kumar , Park Jinsoo , Kim Jungsuk , Ju Heongkyu , Chang Keun-A , Cho Sungbo
Published: May 2016

An interdigitated electrodes (IDE) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was fabricated to enhance the capacitive detection of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and compared with a bare IDE. A TNF-α immunosensor was developed by covalently conjugating TNF-α antibodies with 3-mercaptopropionic acid by a carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide reaction on the AuNP/IDE. After the application of human serum samples containing various concentrations of TNF-α to the sensing electrode, changes in both the impedance spectrum and the electrode interfacial capacitance were measured. The capacitance changes were dependent on the TNF-α concentration in the range of 1 pg ml−1 to 10 ng ml−1, and the device had the calculated detection limit of 0.83 pg ml−1. The developed AuNP/IDE-based immunosensor was successfully used for the capacitive detection of the binding of TNF-α to its antibody, and was found to be feasible for the analysis of TNF-α in human blood serum.
Improvement of multilayer graphene crystallinity by solid-phase precipitation with current stress application during annealing
Authors: Uddin Md. Sahab , Ichikawa Hiroyasu , Sano Shota , Ueno Kazuyoshi
Published: May 2016

To improve the crystallinity of multilayer graphene (MLG) films by solid-phase precipitation, a new method by which current stress is introduced during annealing of a carbon-doped cobalt (Co-C) layer using cobalt (Co) as the catalyst has been investigated. The effects of current stress on the formation and crystallinity of MLG films were investigated by comparing the characteristics of the films annealed at the same temperature with and without current by taking into account the temperature rise due to Joule heating. The characteristics obtained by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that the MLG films produced were crystalline in nature and their crystallinity increased with applied current stress at the same temperature. From SEM observations, beside Joule heating, enhancement of Co grain size by agglomeration induced by current stress may be the potential reason for the improvement of the crystallinity of MLG films. We have also improved the uniformity of MLG films by depositing an additional copper (Cu) capping layer over the Co-C layer. Current stress application can lead to low-temperature fabrication of MLG with higher crystallinity by solid-phase precipitation.
Stronger cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress is correlated with larger decrease in temporal sensitivity
Authors: Yao Zhuxi , Zhang Liang , Jiang Caihong , Zhang Kan , Wu Jianhui
Published: May 2016

As a fundamental dimension of cognition and behavior, time perception has been found to be sensitive to stress. However, how one’s time perception changes with responses to stress is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress-induced cortisol response and time perception. A group of 40 healthy young male adults performed a temporal bisection task before and after the Trier Social Stress Test for a stress condition. A control group of 27 male participants completed the same time perception task without stress induction. In the temporal bisection task, participants were first presented with short (400 ms) and long (1,600 ms) visual signals serving as anchor durations and then required to judge whether the intermediate probe durations were more similar to the short or the long anchor. The bisection point and Weber ratio were calculated and indicated the subjective duration and the temporal sensitivity, respectively. Data showed that participants in the stress group had significantly increased salivary cortisol levels, heart rates, and negative affects compared with those in the control group. The results did not show significant group differences for the subjective duration or the temporal sensitivity. However, the results showed a significant positive correlation between stress-induced cortisol responses and decreases in temporal sensitivity indexed by increases in the Weber ratio. This correlation was not observed for the control group. Changes in subjective duration indexed by temporal bisection points were not correlated with cortisol reactivity in both the groups. In conclusion, the present study found that although no significant change was observed in time perception after an acute stressor on the group-level comparison (i.e., stress vs. nonstress group), individuals with stronger cortisol responses to stress showed a larger decrease in temporal sensitivity. This finding may provide insight into the understanding of the relationship between stress and temporal sensitivity.
Temporal patterns of dissolved organic matter biodegradability are similar across three rivers of varying size
Authors: Coble Ashley A. , Marcarelli Amy M. , Kane Evan S. , Toczydlowski David , Stottlemyer Robert
Published: May 2016

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition may be an important determinant of its fate in freshwaters, but little is known about temporal variability in DOM composition and the biodegradability of DOM in northern temperate watersheds. We measured biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) via incubation assays and DOM composition using optical indices on 11 dates in three Lake Superior tributaries. Percent BDOC (%BDOC) and BDOC concentrations were seasonally synchronous across these watersheds, despite that they vary in size by orders of magnitude (1.7 to 3400 km2). Relative to %BDOC, BDOC concentrations were more tightly constrained among sites on any given date. BDOC also varied within seasons; for example, %BDOC on two different dates in winter were among the highest (29% and 54%) and lowest (0%) values observed for each site (overall %BDOC range: 0 to 72%). DOM composition varied the most among tributaries during a summer storm event when BDOC (both as percent and concentration) was elevated but was remarkably similar among tributaries during fall, spring, and winter. Multivariate models identified humic‐like and tryptophan‐like fluorophores as predictors of %BDOC, but DOM composition only described 21% of the overall variation in %BDOC. Collectively, these three rivers exported ~18 Gg C yr−1 as DOC and ~2 Gg C yr−1 as BDOC, which corresponded to 9 to 17% of annual DOC exported in biodegradable form. Our results suggest much of the C exported from these northern temperate watersheds may be biodegradable within 28 days and that large pulses of labile DOM can be exported during storm events and spring snowmelt.
Spatiotemporal processes that contribute to hydrologic exchange between hillslopes, valley bottoms, and streams
Authors: Bergstrom Anna , Jencso Kelsey , McGlynn Brian
Published: May 2016

Quantifying how watershed structure influences the exchanges of water among component parts of a watershed, particularly the connection between uplands, valley bottoms, and in‐stream hydrologic exchange, remains a challenge. However, this understanding is critical for ascertaining the source areas and temporal contributions of water and associated biogeochemical constituents in streams. We used dilution gauging, mass recovery, and recording discharge stations to characterize streamflow dynamics across 52 reaches, from peak snowmelt to base flow, in the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental forest, Montana, USA. We found that watershed‐contributing area was only a significant predictor of net changes in streamflow at high moisture states and larger spatial scales. However, at the scale of individual stream reaches, the lateral contributing area in conjunction with underlying lithology and vegetation densities were significant predictors of gross hydrologic gains to the stream. Reach lateral contributing areas underlain by more permeable sandstone yielded less water across flow states relative to those with granite gneiss. Additionally, increases in the frequency of steps across each stream reach contributed to greater hydrologic gross losses. Together, gross gains and losses of water along individual reaches resulted in net changes of discharge that cumulatively scale to the observed outlet discharge dynamics. Our results provide a framework for understanding how hillslope topography, geology, vegetation, and valley bottom structure contribute to the exchange of water and cumulative increases of stream flow across watersheds of increasing size.
Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern Himalaya
Authors: Mishra Rajeeb Lochan , Singh I. , Pandey A. , Rao P. S. , Sahoo H. K. , Jayangondaperumal R.
Published: May 2016

We present here the results of a paleoseismic investigation carried across a ~10 m high fault scarp at Panijhora village, West Bengal in northeastern India. Accelerator Mass Spectrometer analyzed 14C radiocarbon age constraints from six detrital charcoal samples ranging between 1688 B.C. and A.D. 1152 are consistent with the great medieval earthquake of A.D. 1255 that is interpreted to have produced a minimum observed fault slip of ~5 m in the trench exposure. Recalibration of radiocarbon ages from previous studies at Harmutty, Nameri, and Marha in the eastern Himalaya using Bayesian statistical analyses further substantiates the possibility that the A.D. 1255 earthquake might have ruptured the Himalayan front over a length of ~800 km from ~85.87° to 93.76°E longitudes.
Future acidification of marginal seas: A comparative study of the Japan/East Sea and the South China Sea
Authors: Luo Yiming , Boudreau Bernard P.
Published: May 2016

The response of marginal (peripheral) seas to ocean acidification on short and long time scales is not well established. Through modeling, we examine the future acidification of two adjacent marginal seas, the South China Sea (SCS) and the Japan/East Sea (J/ES). Our results illustrate the importance of unique features in determining their acidification. The J/ES basin will become completely undersaturated with regard to calcite rapidly in the next few decades, while the SCS basin will experience relatively slower acidification. During its acidification, the J/ES will continually act as a sink for atmospheric CO2, whereas the SCS will temporarily switch from a source to a sink during the peak pCO2 interval, only to return slowly to being a source again. Marginal sea acidification will be determined by multiple factors, including their connections with the open ocean and their unique physical and biogeochemical dynamics, in addition to the level of atmospheric CO2.
Aerosol data assimilation using data from Himawari‐8, a next‐generation geostationary meteorological satellite
Authors: Yumimoto K. , Nagao T.M. , Kikuchi M. , Sekiyama T.T , Murakami H. , Tanaka T.Y. , Ogi A. , Irie H. , Khatri P. , Okumura H. , Arai K. , Morino I. , Uchino O. , Maki T.
Published: May 2016

Himawari‐8, a next‐generation geostationary meteorological satellite, was launched on 7 October 2014 and became operational on 7 July 2015. The advanced imager on board Himawari‐8 is equipped with 16 observational bands (including three visible and three near‐infrared bands) that enable retrieval of full‐disk aerosol optical properties at 10 min intervals from geostationary (GEO) orbit. Here we show the first application of aerosol optical properties (AOPs) derived from Himawari‐8 data to aerosol data assimilation. Validation of the assimilation experiment by comparison with independent observations demonstrated successful modeling of continental pollution that was not predicted by simulation without assimilation and reduced overestimates of dust front concentrations. These promising results suggest that AOPs derived from Himawari‐8/9 and other planned GEO satellites will considerably improve forecasts of air quality, inverse modeling of emissions, and aerosol reanalysis through assimilation techniques.