bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Factors in Deviant Behaviors of Elementary School Students in Taiwan and Japan
Authors: Chen Yi-Gean , Cheng Jao-Nan , Liang Chung-Ming , Sato Mikio
Published: May 2012

In recent years, there has been an increase in deviant behaviors of students in Japan and Taiwan. The similarities and differences between the deviant behaviors of students in these 2 countries were investigated. A total of 516 and 476 valid questionnaires were obtained from Taiwan
and Japan, respectively, in this study. Results indicated that there were fewer deviant behaviors among students in Taiwan than in Japan. Social control, authoritative teacher discipline, and parents' laissez-faire parenting were common factors implicated in deviant behaviors of students in
both countries. The factor most frequently affecting the deviant behaviors of Japanese students was social control. For Taiwanese students authoritative teacher discipline was the factor with the greatest effect.
Understanding Knowledge-Sharing Motivation, Incentive Mechanisms, and Satisfaction in Virtual Communities
Authors: Chen Chia-Shen , Chang Shih-Feng , Liu Chih-Hsing
Published: May 2012

Virtual communities have gained popularity as a means for individuals to learn and share knowledge. However, knowledge-sharing motivation, incentive mechanisms, and satisfaction in these communities have not been examined in detail. Using survey data from 169 community members, we investigated
the conditions under which motivation, incentive mechanisms, and satisfaction affect knowledge-sharing behavior. We found that the incentive mechanism is a significant predictor of a virtual community member's motivation to obtain knowledge, and that the incentive mechanism and motivation
do not positively affect a member's satisfaction that causes him/her to engage willingly in knowledge sharing with others in virtual communities.
Sport Participation and Self-Esteem as Mediated by Perceived Peer Acceptance and Sport Self-Concept in Taiwanese College Students
Authors: Chen Wen-Ing , Chen Chen-Yueh , Lin Yi-Hsiu , Chen Tien-Tze
Published: May 2012

In this study we posited that sport participation would be positively associated with self-esteem through the mediating variables of perceived peer acceptance and sport self-concept. A survey was completed by 489 Taiwanese college students using a 2-stage sampling design and structural
equation modeling revealed that sport participation positively predicts peer acceptance and sport self-concept. Additionally, peer acceptance and sport self-concept were found to positively predict self-esteem.
Carbon dioxide captured by multi-walled carbon nanotube and activated charcoal: A comparative study
Authors: Khalili Soodabeh , Ghoreyshi Asghar , Jahanshahi Mohsen
Published: May 2012

this study, the equilibrium adsorption of CO2 on activated charcoal (AC) and
multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were investigated. Experiments were
performed at temperature range of 298-318 K and pressures up to 40 bars. The
obtained results indicated that the equilibrium uptakes of CO2 by both
adsorbents increased with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. In
spite of lower specific surface area, the maximum amount of CO2 uptake
achieved by MWCNT at 298K and 40 bars were twice of CO2 capture by AC (15
mmol.g-1 compared to 7.93 mmol.g-1). The higher CO2 captured by MWCNT can be
attributed to its higher pore volume and specific structure of MWCN T such as
hollowness and light mass which had greater influence than specific surface
area. The experimental data were analyzed by means of Freundlich and Langmuir
adsorption isotherm models. Following a simple acidic treatment procedure
increased marginally CO2 capture by MWCNT over entire range of pressure,
while for AC this effect appeared at higher pressures. Small values of
isosteric heat of adsorption were evaluated based on Clausius-Clapeyron
equation showed the physical nature of adsorption mechanism. The high amount
of CO2 capture by MWCNT renders it as a promising carrier for practical
applications such as gas separation.
Measurement accuracy with a new dental panoramic radiographic technique based on tomosynthesis
Authors: Kitai Noriyuki , Mukai Yousuke , Murabayashi Manabu , Kawabata Atsushi , Washino Kaei , Matsuoka Masato , Shimizu Ichirou , Katsumata Akitoshi
Published: May 2012

Objective:

To investigate measurement errors and head positioning effects on radiographs made with new dental panoramic radiograph equipment that uses tomosynthesis.

Materials and Methods:

Radiographic images of a simulated human head or phantom were made at standard head positions using the new dental panoramic radiograph equipment. Measurement errors were evaluated by comparing with the true values. The phantom was also radiographed at various alternative head positions. Significant differences between measurement values at standard and alternative head positions were evaluated. Magnification ratios of the dimensions at standard and alternative head positions were calculated.

Results:

The measurement errors were small for all dimensions. On the measurements at 4-mm displacement positions, no dimension was significantly different from the standard value, and all dimensions were within ±5% of the standard values. At 12-mm displacement positions, the magnification ratios for tooth length and mandibular ramus height were within ±5% of the standard values, but those for dental arch width, mandibular width, and mandibular body length were beyond ±5% of the standard values.

Conclusions:

Measurement errors on radiographs made using the new panoramic radiograph equipment were small in any direction. At 4-mm head displacement positions, no head positioning effect on the measurements was found. At 12-mm head displacement positions, the measurements for vertical dimensions were little affected by head positioning, while those for lateral and anteroposterior dimensions were strongly affected.
The state, race, and immigrant adaptation: A comparative analysis of the Korean diaspora in Japan and the United States
Authors: Suzuki Kazuko
Published: May 2012

What accounts for varying forms of adaptation of immigrants to host countries? Despite their common ethnic origin, Korean immigrants demonstrate very different adaptation pa erns in Japan and the United States. By elucidating the importance of different national peculiarities in racial ideology, this article argues that Korean immigrants are racialized differently given different circumstances and structural conditions in these two countries. Employing a cross-national comparison focusing on a single ethnic group, this study shows that cultural and racial similarities between immigrants and the mainstream of the host society do not guarantee smooth assimilation. This article concludes that in the long run, differences in modes of incorporation are more relevant to immigrant adaptation than visible racial or cultural differences between the immigrants and the mainstream of the host society.

Spanish
¿Cómo se explican las diversas formas de adaptación de inmigrantes en los países receptores? A pesar de su origen étnico común, los inmigrantes coreanos han mostrado patrones de adaptación muy diferentes en Japón y los Estados Unidos. Al mostrar la importancia de las diferentes peculiaridades nacionales en la ideología racial, este artículo argumenta que los inmigrantes coreanos son racializados diferencialmente de acuerdo a las distintas circunstancias y las condiciones estructurales en estos dos países. A través de una comparación transnacional centrada en un solo grupo étnico, este estudio muestra que las similitudes raciales y culturales entre los inmigrantes y la mayoría de la sociedad de acogida, no garantizan una fácil asimilación. En este artículo se concluye que, en el largo plazo, las diferencias en los modos de incorporación son más relevantes para la adaptación de los inmigrantes que las visibles diferencias raciales / culturales entre los inmigrantes y la generalidad de la sociedad receptora.

French
Comment expliquer les formes variables de l'adaptation des immigrants dans le pays hôte ? En dépit de leur origine ethnique commune, les immigrants coréens ont montré des modes d'adaptation très différents au Japon et aux Etats-Unis. En montrant l'importance de certaines particularités nationales pour l'idéologie raciale, cet article soutient que ces immigrants coréens sont racialement différenciés en fonction des situations et des conditions structurelles différentes dans ces deux pays. Par le biais d'une comparaison transnationale portant sur un seul groupe ethnique, ce e étude montre que les similarités culturelles et raciales entre les immigrants et la société-hôte traditionnelle ne sont pas les garantes d'une assimilation aisée. Cet article conclut que, sur le long-terme, les modes d'incorporation sont plus importants pour l'adaptation des immigrants que les différences raciales/culturelles visibles entre les immigrants et la société traditionnelle de l'Etat-hôte.
Designing and implementing their own future: Grassroots efforts among the Maya of Guatemala
Authors: Krogstad Allison D.
Published: May 2012

In the Kaqchikel Maya town of San Jorge La Laguna, Guatemala, a fight to reclaim lost land in 1992, though unsuccessful, eventually led the community to become one of the first Maya towns on Lake Atitlán to have a garbage dump, a drainage system, and an environmental education agenda. The efforts of San Jorge, along with the efforts of other communities, have led to the creation of national organizations such as Coordinadora Nacional Indígena y Campesina (CONIC), and have attracted the a ention of foreigners with organizations such as Mayan Families. By striving to improve their immediate environment and learning about the global impact of their actions, the people of San Jorge La Laguna are providing both a physical and an ideological space for themselves in the future.
Protective Effect of T. violacea Rhizome Extract Against Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats
Authors: Olorunnisola Olorunnisola Sinbad , Bradley Graeme , Afolayan Anthony Jide
Published: May 2012

The present study examines the effect of methanolic extract of T. violacea rhizomes on high cholesterol (2%) diet fed rats (HCD). At the end of 4 weeks, serum total protein, albumin, reduced glutathione (GSH), and markers of oxidative stress viz., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS—a marker of lipid peroxidation), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the serum, aorta, liver and heart of HCD and normal rats were assessed and compared. A significant (p < 0.05) elevation in TBARS, and a reduction (p < 0.05) in serum total protein, albumin, GSH and antioxidant enzyme activities was observed in tissues of HCD fed rats compared with the normal group. Co-administration of crude extracts of T. violacea rhizomes protected the liver, heart, serum and aorta against HCD-induced lipid peroxidation in a dose dependant manner. The activities of the extract (500 mg/kg) compared favorably with gemfibrozil. The extracts also protected against HCD-induced reduction in serum total protein, GSH and restored the activities of antioxidant tissues (liver, heart and aorta) enzymes to near normal values. This result suggested that consumption of T. violacea rhizome may help to protect against hypercholesterolemia- induced oxidative stress diseases in the heart and liver.
Physicochemical Characterization and Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation of Hydroxymethylferrocene:β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex
Authors: Iacovino Rosa , Caso Jolanda Valentina , Rapuano Filomena , Russo Agostino , Isidori Marina , Lavorgna Margherita , Malgieri Gaetano , Isernia Carla
Published: May 2012

An inclusion complex of hydroxymethylferrocene (FeMeOH) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was prepared in the solid state by different techniques such as physical mixture, coprecipitation, kneading and freeze-drying. The formation of the inclusion complex was confirmed by X-ray Powder Diffractometry and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy. In aqueous solution, the 1:1 stoichiometry was established by a Job plot. The inclusion complex formation was also investigated by NMR and the stability constant (Kb) of the complex was determined to be 478 M−1, which is in agreement with that obtained with UV-Vis tritation (Kb = 541.3 M−1). The phase solubility study showed a diagram classified as BS type and that the solubility of FeMeOH was slightly increased in the presence of β-CD. Furthermore, utilizing phase solubility diagram data, the Kb was estimated to be equal to 528.0 M−1. The cytotoxic activity of FeMeOH and its complexation product with β-CD was determined using the MTT-assay on MDA-MB-231 cell line, showing that the inclusion complex has a higher capability of inhibiting cell growth compared to that of pure FeMeOH.
A QSAR Study of Environmental Estrogens Based on a Novel Variable Selection Method
Authors: Yi Zhongsheng , Zhang Aiqian
Published: May 2012

A large number of descriptors were employed to characterize the molecular structure of 53 natural, synthetic, and environmental chemicals which are suspected of disrupting endocrine functions by mimicking or antagonizing natural hormones and may thus pose a serious threat to the health of humans and wildlife. In this work, a robust quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model with a novel variable selection method has been proposed for the effective estrogens. The variable selection method is based on variable interaction (VSMVI) with leave-multiple-out cross validation (LMOCV) to select the best subset. During variable selection, model construction and assessment, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) principles for regulation of QSAR acceptability were fully considered, such as using an unambiguous multiple-linear regression (MLR) algorithm to build the model, using several validation methods to assessment the performance of the model, giving the define of applicability domain and analyzing the outliers with the results of molecular docking. The performance of the QSAR model indicates that the VSMVI is an effective, feasible and practical tool for rapid screening of the best subset from large molecular descriptors.
Applying Causal Mapping to Tourism Research: A Case Study of American College Students' Experiences in China Study Abroad Programs
Authors: Bliss Brooke , Li Xiang , Meng Fang , Harrill Rich
Published: May 2012

This article utilizes causal mapping technique to examine how influential psychological factors in one's judgment, both conscious and unconscious, contribute to tourist behaviors. Through analyzing qualitative data generated from extensive interviews of two US college students who participated
in study abroad programs in China, this research provides insight into the students' decision-making process, particularly influencers that affect these decisions when choosing the programs. Students' specific motivations, origin of perceptions, the strength of influential relationships, and
the ramifications of in-country experiences were also discussed. The study demonstrates the utility of causal mapping in deciphering tourists' thought processes. Further, the results provide insights and implications about marketing China as a study abroad destination for American students.
Information Usefulness Versus Ease of Use: Which Makes a Destination Website More Persuasive?
Authors: Xie Hui , Kerstetter Deborah , Mattila Anna S. , Buzinde Christine , Morais Duarte B.
Published: May 2012

It is important that destination marketing organizations (DMOs) understand how website design influences consumers' interest in visiting a destination. Grounded in psychological theories of emotions, this study proposes a model to predict interest in visiting the destination. Results
of structural equation modeling indicate that perceived information usefulness and perceived ease of use have a positive effect on perceived enjoyment, which in turn has a positive impact on interest in visiting the destination. In addition, perceived ease of use has a much stronger effect
on interest in visiting than perceived information usefulness. Implications for marketing practice and future research are discussed.
Gender Bias and Demographics VIS-À-VIS Managing Turkish Hospitality Industry Personnel
Authors: McCuddy Michael K. , Pinar Musa , Birkan Ibrahim
Published: May 2012

Within the large and growing body of research on gender issues is a concern with gender bias in managerial decisions and actions. Unfortunately, mixed evidence exists as to whether men and women differ in how they enact their organizational roles and deal with their employees. Focusing
on the perceptions of employees in Turkey's hospitality industry, this article reports on a study designed to ascertain the extent to which gender bias is perceived to exist in six managerial activities as they relate to managing human resources, and whether the perception of gender bias is
affected by employees' demographic characteristics. Results demonstrate the existence of a gender bias for three of the six managerial activities, as well as the differential impact of the demographic characteristics on the managerial activities. Implications of the results for the Turkish
hotel industry are explored.
Cohort Analysis of Tourists' Spending on Lodging During Recreational Fishing Trips
Authors: Yi Sangchoul , Day Jonathon , Cai Liping A.
Published: May 2012

Utilizing Palmore's analytic strategy in cohort analysis, the present study was designed to investigate cohort differences and longitudinal change in lodging expenditure on recreational fishing trips. The study examined recreational fishing tourists' lodging expenditure behavior in
the context of rural tourism. National survey data for 2001 and 2006 fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation were analyzed to conduct cohort analysis. Findings showed that lodging expenditure in 2006 increased as much as 40% from figures for 2001. That increase was primarily due
to changes in tourists' taste and social structure. The study pays particular attention to the social changes anticipated as baby boomers retire. The senior baby boomer cohort in this study provided an explanation for why and how senior baby boomer tourists behaved differently than the broader
tourism market. Academically, the study approached tourism's economic contribution at the macrolevel (tourism industry wide) and microlevel (tourists' spending behavior). The study suggested that the macroapproaches and microapproaches could provide in-depth understanding of tourists' behavior.
Built Heritage Conservation, Urban Development, and Tourism: Singapore in the 21st Century
Authors: Henderson Joan C.
Published: May 2012

The article discusses the dynamics of the relationship between heritage conservation and urban development and consequences for tourism with particular reference to the city-state of Singapore. Government policies are examined and reveal that heritage is seen by officials to serve multiple
purposes, not least as a tourist resource. Its economic role is appreciated, but awareness of sociocultural and political value is also apparent. Conflicts arise, however, between the demands of urban development in pursuit of economic growth and heritage conservation. The former tend to have
priority in decision making, which can lead to negative outcomes. Specific examples of historic waterfront properties and their transformation into tourism and leisure spaces are employed as illustrations which also suggest the dilemmas inherent in the adaptive reuse of old buildings. While
Singapore is a distinctive case, its study affords insights into general challenges of conserving built heritage in rapidly developing cities with a global orientation that are also international tourist destinations.
Cross-Cultural Comparsion of International Tourist Destination Images
Authors: Chang Hsuan-Hsuan
Published: May 2012

The researchers undertook an empirical examination of the tourist images of Taiwan prior to and after visiting a Taiwanese tourist night market. A survey was distributed at Shilin night Market and generated 230 responses from Japanese, 171 from US/Canadian, and 95 from Mandarin-speaking
Chinese tourists. The data analysis indicated significant differences between the trip characteristics of respondents from the three groups. The images held by visitors from Japan and Hong Kong/Macau/China were found to be more positive after than before they visited the night market. However,
the tourism images held by visitors from the US and Canada were the same after as before visiting. The results indicated that the changes between induced (before the trip) and complex tourism images (after the trip) varied on the basis of nationality, age, occupation, education, and income.
The researchers suggest that the Taiwan Tourism Bureau and organizations associated with the tourist night market should implement marketing strategies targeted at international tourists, including promotion and product development, on the basis of their nationality and/or cultural background.
Mitochondrial Genetic Differentiation of Spirlin (Actinopterigii Cyprinidae) in the South Caspian Sea basin of Iran
Authors: Seifali Mahvash , Arshad Aziz , Moghaddam Faezeh Yazdani , Esmaeili Hamid Reza , Kiabi Bahram H. , Daud Siti Khalijah , Aliabadian Mansour
Published: May 2012

Background

Knowledge about Alburnoides remains lacking relative to many other species, resulting in a lack of a systematic position and taxonomic diagnosis. Basic biological information for Alburnoides has been constructed, and it is necessary to understand further and obtain more information about this species. Its phylogenetic relationships are still debated and no molecular data have been used to study this taxon in Iran. A holistic approach for genetic methods was adopted to analyze possible spirlin population differences at selected centers in the south Caspian Sea basin of Iran.

Methods

The phylogenetic relationships were determined based on 774 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 32 specimens of spirlin from nine locations in the south Caspian Sea drainage basin of Iran. The nucleotide sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods.

Results

The mitochondrial gene tree largely supports the existence of three major clades. The western populations (clade I) may be considered as Alburnoides eichwaldii, whereas the Talar river populations (clade II) are represented as Alburnoides sp. 1 and the eastern populations (clade III) may be distinct taxa of Alburnoides sp.2.

Conclusion

This molecular evidence supports the hypothesis that A. bipunctatus does not exist in the south Caspian Sea basin of Iran, and that the western and eastern populations are distinct taxa.
Cross-Genome Clustering of Human and C. elegans G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Authors: Nagarathnam Balasubramanian , Kalaimathy Singaravelu , Balakrishnan Veluchamy , Sowdhamini Ramanathan
Published: May 2012

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest groups of membrane proteins and are popular drug targets. The work reported here attempts to perform cross-genome phylogeny on GPCRs from two widely different taxa, human versus C. elegans genomes and to address the issues on evolutionary plasticity, to identify functionally related genes, orthologous relationship, and ligand binding properties through effective bioinformatic approaches. Through RPS blast around 1106 nematode GPCRs were given chance to associate with previously established 8 types of human GPCR profiles at varying E-value thresholds and resulted 32 clusters were illustrating co-clustering and class-specific retainsionship. In the significant thresholds, 81% of the C. elegans GPCRs were associated with 32 clusters and 27 C. elegans GPCRs (2%) inferred for orthology. 177 hypothetical proteins were observed in cluster association and could be reliably associated with one of 32 clusters. Several nematode-specific GPCR clades were observed suggesting lineage-specific functional recruitment in response to environment.
Estimation of Duration of Symptoms in Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using HbA1c or Glycated Albumin
Authors: Kawabe Akitsu , Seta Takashi , Fujii Sumie , Yamada Masayo , Oki Shogo , Murai Jun , Saito Hiroshi , Koga Masafumi
Published: May 2012

Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus (FT1DM) develops as a result of very rapid and almost complete destruction of pancreatic β cells. Because of an abrupt increase in plasma glucose, HbA1c and glycated albumin (GA) might increase along with duration of symptoms in FT1DM patients. We attempted to devise a formula to estimate duration of symptoms based on the increased levels in HbA1c or GA. Four patients who developed FT1DM during the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus and in whom HbA1c was measured before onset were investigated in this study. The percents of the estimated duration of symptoms calculated from HbA1c (four patients) and GA (two patients) to the actual duration were 137 ± 88% and 122%, respectively. In FT1DM patients in whom HbA1c and/or GA before onset and at the time of ketoacidosis are measured, duration of symptoms might be estimated with using the increased levels in HbA1c or GA.
Produção e nutrição do capim-Marandu submetido a doses de zinco no solo
Authors: Beraldo José Marcos Garrido , Prado Renato de Mello , Cortez Ruan Waldir Mendoza , Mello Adilson José Rocha , Taniguchi Carlos Alberto Kenji
Published: May 2012

O zinco é o micronutriente mais limitante à produção de forrageiras, entretanto, tem pouca informação para capim-marandu. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de zinco no estado nutricional e na produção de massa seca do capim-Marandu. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação da UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, em vaso preenchido com 3 dm de amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Zn = 0,4 mg dm-3). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis doses de Zn (0; 15; 30; 60; 120 e 240 mg dm-3) e quatro repetições. Realizaram-se dois cortes nas plantas com intervalo de 30 dias, determinando-se o número de folhas e de perfilhos por vaso, a altura e massa seca da parte aérea e determinou-se o teor de Zn na parte aérea. Após o segundo corte, avaliaram-se a concentração de zinco no solo e a massa seca de raiz. A aplicação de Zn ao solo incrementou a sua concentração no solo e a absorção pelo capim-marandu, atingindo a máxima produção de massa seca com teor de Zn na parte aérea de 140 e 181 mg kg-1, para primeiro e segundo corte respectivamente.
Operational profiling of temperature using ground-based microwave radiometry at Payerne: prospects and challenges
Authors: Löhnert U. , Maier O.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. The motivation of this study is to verify theoretical expectations placed on ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) techniques and to confirm whether they are suitable for supporting key missions of national weather services, such as timely and accurate weather advisories and warnings. We evaluate reliability and accuracy of atmospheric temperature profiles retrieved continuously by the microwave profiler system HATPRO (Humidity And Temperature PROfiler) operated at the aerological station of Payerne (MeteoSwiss) in the time period August 2006–December 2009. Assessment is performed by comparing temperatures from the radiometer against temperature measurements from a radiosonde accounting for a total of 2107 quality-controlled all-season cases. In the evaluated time period, the MWR delivered reliable temperature profiles in 86% of all-weather conditions on a temporal resolution of 12–13 min. Random differences between MWR and radiosonde are down to 0.5 K in the lower boundary layer and increase to 1.7 K at 4 km height. The differences observed between MWR and radiosonde in the lower boundary layer are similar to the differences observed between the radiosonde and another in-situ sensor located on a close-by 30 m tower. Temperature retrievals from above 4 km contain less than 5% of the total information content of the measurements, which makes clear that this technique is mainly suited for continuous observations in the boundary layer. Systematic temperature differences are also observed throughout the retrieved profile and can account for up to ±0.5 K. These errors are due to offsets in the measurements of the microwave radiances that have been corrected for in data post-processing and lead to nearly bias-free overall temperature retrievals. Different reasons for the radiance offsets are discussed, but cannot be unambiguously determined retrospectively. Monitoring and, if necessary, corrections for radiance offsets as well as a real-time rigorous automated data quality control are mandatory for microwave profiler systems that are designated for operational temperature profiling. In the analysis of a subset of different atmospheric situations, it is shown that lifted inversions and data quality during precipitation present the largest challenges for operational MWR temperature profiling.
Particle sizing calibration with refractive index correction for light scattering optical particle counters and impacts upon PCASP and CDP data collected during the Fennec campaign
Authors: Rosenberg P. D. , Dean A. R. , Williams P. I. , Dorsey J. R. , Minikin A. , Pickering M. A. , Petzold A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Optical particle counters (OPCs) are used regularly for atmospheric research, measuring particle scattering cross sections to generate particle size distribution histograms. This manuscript presents two methods for calibrating OPCs with case studies based on a Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP) and a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP), both of which are operated on the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements BAe-146 research aircraft. A probability density function based method is provided for modification of the OPC bin boundaries when the scattering properties of measured particles are different to those of the calibration particles due to differences in refractive index or shape. This method provides mean diameters and widths for OPC bins based upon Mie-Lorenz theory or any other particle scattering theory, without the need for smoothing, despite the highly nonlinear and non-monotonic relationship between particle size and scattering cross section. By calibrating an OPC in terms of its scattering cross section the optical properties correction can be applied with minimal information loss, and performing correction in this manner provides traceable and transparent uncertainty propagation throughout the whole process. Analysis of multiple calibrations has shown that for the PCASP the bin centres differ by up to 30% from the manufacturer's nominal values and can change by up to approximately 20% when routine maintenance is performed. The CDP has been found to be less sensitive than the manufacturer's specification with differences in sizing of between 1.6 ± 0.8 μm and 4.7 ± 1.8 μm for one flight. Over the course of the Fennec project in the Sahara the variability of calibration was less than the calibration uncertainty in 6 out of 7 calibrations performed. As would be expected from Mie-Lorenz theory, the impact of the refractive index corrections has been found to be largest for absorbing materials and the impact on Saharan dust measurements made as part of the Fennec project has been found to be up to a factor of 3 for the largest particles measured by CDP with diameters of approximately 120 μm. In an example case, using the calibration and refractive index corrections presented in this work allowed Saharan dust measurement from the PCASP, CDP and a Cloud Imaging Probe to agree within the uncertainty of the calibration. The agreement when using only the manufacturer's specification was poor. Software tools have been developed to perform these calibrations and corrections and are now available as open source resources for the community via the SourceForge repository.
Experimental mineralization of crustacean eggs: new implications for the fossilization of Precambrian–Cambrian embryos
Authors: Hippler D. , Hu N. , Steiner M. , Scholtz G. , Franz G.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Phosphatized globular microfossils from the Ediacaran and lower Cambrian of South China represent an impressive record of early animal evolution and development. However, their phylogenetic affinity is strongly debated. Understanding key processes and conditions that cause exceptional egg and embryo preservation and fossilization are crucial for a reliable interpretation of their phylogenetic position. We conducted phosphatization experiments on eggs of the marbled crayfish Procambarus that indicate a close link between early mineralization and rapid anaerobic decay of the endochorional envelope. Our experiments replicated the different preservational stages of degradation observed in the fossil record. Stabilization of the spherical morphology was achieved by pre-heating of the eggs. Complete surface mineralization occurred under reduced conditions within one to two weeks, with fine-grained brushite (CaHPO4 · 2H2O) and calcite. The mechanisms of decay, preservation of surface structures, and mineral replacement in the experiment were likely similar during fossilization of Cambrian embryos.
Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the early to middle Holocene Chipalamawamba Beds (Malawi Basin, Africa)
Authors: Van Bocxlaer B. , Salenbien W. , Praet N. , Verniers J.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. We describe the Chipalamawamba Beds, early to middle Holocene deposits at the southern margin of long-lived Lake Malawi. The beds are exposed because of downcutting of the upper Shire River. The Chipalamawamba sediments are medium to coarse, yellow to brown sands deposited in lenses varying in horizontal extent from a few meters to several hundreds of meters. Four units are recognized; the first three mainly contain lacustrine sediments deposited during lake high-stands about 10.6–9.7 cal ka BP (Unit 1), 7.6–6.5 cal ka BP (Unit 2) and 5.9–5.3 cal ka BP. Sediments of Unit 4 top units 1 to 3, are coarser and display regular foresets and oblique-bedding, suggesting deposition in riverine environments after installation of the Shire River (~5.0 ka BP). Freshwater mollusk assemblages and bioturbations regularly occur in the lacustrine sediments, but are largely absent from Unit 4. Diverse and often contradicting hypotheses on the lake levels of Lake Malawi have been proposed for the early and middle Holocene. The Chipalamawamba Beds allow straight-forward recognition of water levels and provide strong evidence for oscillating lake levels during this period, rather than continuous high or low levels. Sedimentation rates have been high and individual shell beds have typically been deposited during a few decades. Because the Chipalamawamba Beds contain a sequence of mollusk assemblages with intervals between subsequent shell beds ranging from a century to a few millennia, they enable paleontological analysis of the fauna with unusually high temporal resolution. That some mollusk lineages inhabiting Lake Malawi are in the early stages of diversification and radiation increases the paleobiological relevance of these beds.
Magnitude and timing of Equatorial Atlantic surface warming during the last glacial bipolar oscillations
Authors: Weldeab S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. We present core top and down core sample analyses of Mg/Ca in tests of planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (variety pink) from the eastern Tropical-Equatorial Atlantic. Multivariate analysis of the core top data shows that Mg/Ca varies by 8 ± 2% and 1 ± 0.9% per unit sea surface temperature (SST) (°C) and salinity (psu) changes, respectively, indicating that temperature exerts the most dominant control on planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca variation. A centennially resolved record of Mg/Ca-based SST estimates from the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic (EEA) exhibits a close correlation between episodes of equatorial surface water warming, the onset of massive melt-water inputs into the North Atlantic (Heinrich events H3–H6), and rapid drop of air temperature over Greenland, indicating that the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic responded very sensitively to millennial-scale bipolar oscillations of the last glacial and marine isotope stage 3. Rapid EEA SST rise between 0.8 °C and 2 °C synchronous with the onset of Heinrich events is consistent with the concept of Tropical Atlantic warmth in response to meltwater-induced perturbation of Atlantic meridional ocean circulation (AMOC). The persistence of elevated EEA SST after the abrupt termination of Heinrich events and the spatial heterogeneity pertaining the direction, magnitude, and duration of thermal changes in the Equatorial Atlantic, as indicated by our and other proxy records, is at variance with model results that suggest a basin-wide SST rise during and rapid surface cooling after the end of Heinrich events. Our study emphasizes that changes in wind fields and wind-induced low latitude zonal surface currents were crucial in shaping the spatial heterogeneity and duration of Equatorial Atlantic surface water warmth.
On the influence of cell size in physically-based distributed hydrological modelling to assess extreme values in water resource planning
Authors: Egüen M. , Aguilar C. , Herrero J. , Millares A. , Polo M. J.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. This paper studies the influence of changing spatial resolution on the implementation of distributed hydrological modelling for water resource planning in Mediterranean areas. Different cell sizes were used to investigate variations in the basin hydrologic response given by the model WiMMed, developed in Andalusia (Spain), in a selected watershed. The model was calibrated on a monthly basis from the available daily flow data at the reservoir that closes the watershed, for three different cell sizes, 30, 100, and 500 m, and the effects of this change on the hydrological response of the basin were analysed by means of the comparison of the hydrological variables at different time scales for a 3-yr-period, and the effective values for the calibration parameters obtained for each spatial resolution. The variation in the distribution of the input parameters due to using different spatial resolutions resulted in a change in the obtained hydrological networks and significant differences in other hydrological variables, both in mean basin-scale and values distributed in the cell level. Differences in the magnitude of annual and global runoff, together with other hydrological components of the water balance, became apparent. This study demonstrated the importance of choosing the appropriate spatial scale in the implementation of a distributed hydrological model to reach a balance between the quality of results and the computational cost; thus, 30 and 100-m could be chosen for water resource management, without significant decrease in the accuracy of the simulation, but the 500-m cell size resulted in significant overestimation of runoff and consequently, could involve uncertain decisions based on the expected availability of rainfall excess for storage in the reservoirs. Particular values of the effective calibration parameters are also provided for this hydrological model and the study area.
A study of meteorologically and seismically induced water level and water temperature oscillations in an estuary located on the west coast of India (Arabian Sea)
Authors: Mehra P. , Prabhudesai R. G. , Joseph A. , Kumar V. , Agarvadekar Y. , Luis R. , Viegas B.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. The study examines the observed storm-generated sea-level oscillations (June 2007 and November 2009) along with the Sumatra geophysical tsunami (September 2007), indicating similarities in the sea-level response in the Mandovi estuary of Goa in the eastern Arabian Sea. Sea-level and surface meteorological measurements collected during storms exhibit strong synoptic disturbances leading to the coherent oscillations in the estuary with significant energy bands centred at periods of 24, 45, and 80 min. In particular, during the sporadic atmospheric event of June 2007, the atmospheric pressure dipped by ~12 mb, the wind direction stabilized to ~249° with peak wind speed up to 16 m s−1 and the positive sea-level surge swelled up by ~40 cm. Also, the water temperature cooled down by ~4.5 °C. Approximately 3 days prior to the 12 September 2007 Sumatra earthquake, the water temperature at Verem station started exhibiting a distinctly stronger semidiurnal oscillation (with a relatively larger variance of ~17.9 °C2 in contrast to a lesser variance of ~12 °C2 during the preceding normal days) and these well-defined oscillations continued to manifest for a week after the earthquake. The pre-earthquake enhanced seawater temperature oscillations observed at this tropical estuary provides an indication that routine monitoring of seawater temperature from tropical estuaries with fine temporal resolution may provide early information about impending coastal earthquakes.
Sensitivity of a distributed temperature-radiation index melt model based on AWS observations and surface energy balance fluxes, Hurd Peninsula glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica
Authors: Jonsell U. Y. , Navarro F. J. , Bañón M. , Lapazaran J. J. , Otero J.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. We use an automatic weather station and surface mass balance dataset spanning four melt seasons collected on Hurd Peninsula Glaciers, South Shetland Islands, to investigate the point surface energy balance, to determine the absolute and relative contribution of the various energy fluxes acting on the glacier surface and to estimate the sensitivity of melt to ambient temperature changes. Long-wave incoming radiation is the main energy source for melt, while short-wave radiation is the most important flux controlling the variation of both seasonal and daily mean surface energy balance. Short-wave and long-wave radiation fluxes do, in general, balance each other, resulting in a high correspondence between daily mean net radiation flux and available melt energy flux. We calibrate a distributed melt model driven by air temperature and an expression for the incoming short-wave radiation. The model is calibrated with the data from one of the melt seasons and validated with the data of the three remaining seasons. The model results deviate at most 140 mm w.e. from the corresponding observations using the glaciological method. The model is very sensitive to changes in ambient temperature: a 0.5 °C increase results in 56 % higher melt rates.
The Nicaragua Case: A Response to Judge Schwebel
Authors: Reichler Paul S.
Published: May 2012

Judge Stephen Schwebel has every right to attack the International Court of Justice's judgment in the Nicaragua case and to defend his dissenting opinion. But he goes too far when he accuses Nicaragua of perpetrating a "fraud on the Court." A response is appropriate, especially from counsel cited by Judge Schwebel for "proposing, developing, and arguing Nicaragua's case."
Paul Bowles's First Insight into the Interaction with North African Alterity in “Tea on the Mountain”
Authors: Gomes Fernando
Published: May 2012

In his early short story “Tea on the Mountain,” the novelist Paul Bowles explores the motifs of North African alterity and the impossibility of true contact with the other, due to the enduring influence of colonialist discourse, which would later become obsessive themes in his more mature fiction.
The Mediterranean: What, Why, and How
Authors: Clement Richard W.
Published: May 2012

This article is concerned with the nature of the field of Mediterranean Studies.
Perpetration of Aggressive Behaviors Against Peers and Teachers as Predicted by Student and Contextual Factors
Authors: Khoury‐Kassabri Mona
Published: May 2012

This study uses an ecological/contextual theory to explore how students’ perpetration of violence and other aggressive behaviors is associated with individual factors such as gender, age, and perception of school climate, and contextual factors such as cultural affiliation, school climate, and teacher characteristics among 4th‐ through 6th‐grade Jewish and Arab students in Israel. A questionnaire testing the use of aggressive behavior in school was completed by 120 homeroom teachers and 3,375 students. The results of the study show that levels of perpetration of violence and other aggressive behaviors vary between classes (15.20% directed against students and 7.33% directed against teachers). At the teacher–classroom level, higher levels of perpetration were found in classes with a lower percentage of girls and in classes with fewer or less clear and consistent policies to deal with aggressive behaviors. At the individual level, gender and perception of school climate were found to be associated with levels of perpetration of aggression. The “Discussion” section highlights the importance of improving school climate in order to deal more effectively with violence and aggressive behaviors in schools. Aggr. Behav. 38:253‐262, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic Anisotropy of Cr7Ni Spin Clusters on Surfaces
Authors: Corradini Valdis , Ghirri Alberto , Garlatti Elena , Biagi Roberto , De Renzi Valentina , del Pennino Umberto , Bellini Valerio , Carretta Stefano , Santini Paolo , Timco Grigore , Winpenny Richard E. P. , Affronte Marco
Published: May 2012

The problem of the experimental and theoretical determination of magnetic anisotropy in isolated molecular spin clusters is addressed here. To this end, the case of molecular Cr7Ni rings sublimated in ultrahigh vacuum conditions and assembled in an ordered fashion on Au(111) surface is addressed and investigated using X‐ray magnetic dichroism (XMCD) and theoretical calculations. Fixing the experimental conditions at a temperature T = 8 K and a magnetic field of 5 T, the angular‐dependence of the dichroic signal reveals an easy‐axis anisotropy for the Ni magnetization along the direction perpendicular to the ring while the magnetization of the whole Cr7Ni molecule is preferentially aligned within the ring plane. These features are well reproduced by spin Hamiltonian simulations, which reflect the character of the S = 3/2 first excited multiplet, dominating at T = 8 K and 5 T. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that local spin orbit interactions determine an easy axis anisotropy at the Ni site while the Cr magnetic moment turns out to be more isotropic. This is the first direct observation of the interplay between the single ion and the overall magnetic anisotropy in complex (polynuclear) molecular systems.
Enhancement of Thermoelectric Figure of Merit by the Insertion of MgTe Nanostructures in p‐type PbTe Doped with Na2Te
Authors: Ohta Michihiro , Biswas Kanishka , Lo Shih‐Han , He Jiaqing , Chung Duck Young , Dravid Vinayak P. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: May 2012

The thermoelectric properties of crystalline melt‐grown ingots of p‐type PbTe–xMgTe (x = 1–3 mol%) doped with Na2Te (1–2 mol%) were investigated over the temperature range of 300 K to 810 K. While the powder X‐ray diffraction patterns show that all samples crystallize in the NaCl‐type structure with no MgTe or other phases present, transmission electron microscopy reveals ubiquitous MgTe nanoprecipitates in the PbTe. The very small amounts of MgTe in PbTe have only a small effect on the electrical transport properties of the system, while they have a large effect on thermal transport significantly reducing the lattice thermal conductivity. A ZT of 1.6 at 780 K is achieved for the PbTe containing 2% MgTe doped with 2% Na2Te.