The Mitochondrial D‐Loop Is An Error‐Prone Reference For Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Of Common Deletion Frequency
Authors: Poburko Damon , Li Brian , Kalinowski Pola , Mulamba Bob , Gershome Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

Changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and the common deletion that affect electron transport chain function are associated with diverse age‐ and disease‐related pathologies of the heart, vasculature and other major organs. Changes in mtDNA and common deletion copy number to date have been studied as relative changes using qPCR, often using the mitochondrial D‐Loop (DL) as an internal mtDNA reference. However, the fraction of mtDNA containing triple‐stranded DNA (tsDNA) in the DL ranges from ~0 to >95% between tissue types and varying with cells cycle, such that DL copy number could be 1.0–1.5× that of mtDNA copy number. While difficult to assess by qPCR, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) provides the absolute measurement of copy number required to assess whether changes in the fraction triple‐stranded DL significantly affects assays using the DL as a reference.

OBJECTIVE

To develop cost effective, duplex assays for mtDNA copy number and common deletion using DNA‐binding dyes and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), and to test if variations in tsDNA DL affect measured changes in mtDNA copy number or common deletion frequency.

METHODS

Total genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated from rat A7r5 aorta smooth muscle cells and freshly isolated rat aorta, heart, brain, gastrocnemius, and liver using commercial kits. Primers were selected for mtDNA references (DL, ND1), mitochondrial common deletion (ND3, ND4 and ND5) and nuclear references (Eif2c1, beta‐actin). DNA copy number was analyzed using the EvaGreen dye on a Bio‐Rad QX200.

RESULTS

Based on bioinformatics, Eif2C1 is a single copy number gene, while beta‐actin primers detected ~3 beta‐actin genes (i.e. two pseudogenes). Counting mtDNA copy number as DL/(2*beta‐actin*beta‐actin copy #), A7r5 and aorta had 756 ±2 and 249 ± 86 (n = 9) mtDNA/cell, consistent with published values. The ND3/DL ratio was 0.7 – 0.8 in A7r5 cells and varied between rat tissues (0.4 – 0.9), giving unusually high common deletion frequencies of 20–30% and 10–60%. Using ND1 as a reference, the DL/ND1 ratio was ~1.2–1.3 in A7r5 cells, while the ratio of ND3, ND4 and ND5 to ND1 were all ~1.0. The results were consistent with DL primers were detecting tsDNA D‐Loop. Treating A7r5 cells with the replication terminator 2′,3′‐dideoxycytidine caused DL/ND1 ratios to fall (1.31 ± 0.08 to 1.21 ± 0.05), while ND3/ND1 ratios were unaffected (1.02 ± 0.01 vs 1.05 ± 0.04), consistent with inhibition of rapid DL turn‐over. In gDNA from rat tissues, DL/ND1 showed much greater variation than ND3/ND1, suggesting that variation in the fraction of DL containing tsDNA is a significant confounding factor when comparing mtDNA copy number and common deletion between tissues or experimentally imposed conditions.

CONCLUSION

The D‐Loop is an error prone reference for analyses of mtDNA, imposing up to ~60% error in estimates of mtDNA copy number and common deletion frequency. Future studies should avoid the use of the DL as a reference. Further, ddPCR provides a novel and simple method for detecting changes the frequency of tsDNA in the mitochondrial D‐Loop.

Support or Funding Information

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation