bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Aspects of Canada's International Financial Relations
Authors: Blyth C. D.
Published: June 2006

One of the effects of the war upon Canadians has been to make us more conscious of our international financial relations. The rapid changes during the war, bringing with them problems which demanded immediate solutions, have radically altered Canadian economic relations with the rest of the world, and have made for a new awareness of the implications of these changes and the new responsibilities accompanying them. The war showed how adaptable nations can be under the pressure of circumstances, but the ability of human beings under pressure to adapt themselves to their environment often outruns their ability to understand thoroughly what is happening, and to make the more fundamental adjustments which new situations require. The full significance of war-time changes on our balance of payments and international position will probably not be entirely clarified for some time to come, but new potentialities have been revealed of previously unplumbed depths of capacity.

Along with the revelations of productive capacity came new experience with the financial aspects of Canada's international economic relations and the currency problems which are inherent in the structure of the Canadian balance of payments. Being closely allied to internal finance and the larger questions of the economic mobilization of total war, these international financial factors may have been overshadowed at times. But the full significance of the war-time international relations of the Canadian economy should not be overlooked, for they clearly show the extent to which full use of Canadian productive facilities is dependent upon external and special demand, and provide further evidence of how closely geared general activity in Canada is to exports. Studies of national income and expenditure show the place which the net export of goods and services has in the maintenance of national economic activity. So long as the Canadian economy maintains its present structure, it will be highly dependent upon the stimulus of external demand, since income generators like internal investment and consumption do not appear to have the potentialities under present circumstances which would permit them in themselves to maintain Canadian production at a high level.
Trade Union Policy Under Full Employment
Authors: Forsey Eugene
Published: June 2006

I do not propose to discuss here the problems of the transition from war to peace, or how unions can help to get full employment in the first place. I am concerned with the more fundamental problem of the place of unions in a society which has achieved full employment in peace-time, without sacrificing any of the essential freedoms, and which wants to keep both full employment and freedom. I am assuming that full employment involves planning. I am assuming also that unions are not just nuisances but, in one form or another, permanent and desirable social institutions. Can we plan production without planning wages, hours, and conditions of work? If full employment involves planning these also, where do the unions come in ? Must they sacrifice their traditional freedom to bargain collectively on behalf of their members, and suffer a sea-change into something, if not rich and strange, at least very different from what they have ever been before? Or can the community do this part of its planning through collective bargaining? Can we continue to have purely sectional bargaining, plant by plant, industry by industry, or must the various unions act as a unit according to a general wage policy laid down by some central organization? Must trade unionism change its functions, or its structure, or both?

These questions have been widely discussed in Britain, and to some extent also in the United States; in Canada, as far as I know, hardly at all. If we mean business when we talk of full employment, especially full employment in a free society, it is high time they were. For they are not by any means minor questions. Mrs. Wootton goes so far as to say that “Of all the possible points of conflict between conscious planning of priorities and traditional freedoms, the regulation of wages is likely to prove the most stormy”; and of course in this context “wages” include hours and conditions of work—not only what is paid, but what it is paid for. In Canada, freedom to bargain collectively can scarcely be called one of the “traditional” freedoms; for most Canadian workers it is still a recent, hard won, and imperfect conquest. But it is none the less prized for that, and it will not be easily surrendered, even as the price of full employment. For of all the freedoms, this is perhaps the one that comes closest home to the ordinary worker.
Some Management Responsibilities for Good Industrial Relations
Authors: Little Elliott M.
Published: June 2006

The subject of industrial relations was never of more vital importance than A at the present time, not alone to those directly involved but possibly to our whole economic and social life. It requires but a glance at the daily newspapers to indicate to thinking people that something is wrong, very wrong, with the human relationships in too many phases of North American industry. I am not suggesting that the blame should fall on any one group in industry. Good industrial relations are a joint responsibility, a two-way affair, just as any friendship. Happy industrial relations are just like happy marriages. Success in either of these two important fields of endeavour depends on how sincerely we want success, and how hard we are prepared to strive to attain that objective. Good industrial relations, like happy marriages, are no accident.

Industrial relations have been in a state of flux and evolution in recent years. Interest in that field was greatly stimulated during the war. In the war period we largely submerged our differences in our concentration on the job in hand, the forced fellowship of a nation in peril. Now, in the critical period of adjustment, the accumulated strains of the war years are coming to the surface. Our collective failure to anticipate, and adequately solve them is not only threatening to blot out our vision of a better post-war world, but is preventing our recovery and delaying our return to the higher standards of living which we all seek.
The Future of Immigration into Canada
Authors: Angus H. F.
Published: June 2006

It may seem strange that I should write on immigration at a time when Canadians economically displaced during the course of the war have not yet been absorbed into gainful occupations. Comprising men and women released from the services, workers no longer required in war-time industries, and persons of Japanese race removed from the defence zone in British Columbia, these Canadians may themselves be considered as economically equivalent to waves of immigration. These waves are beyond our control but, in making our plans, it is important to know whether or not they will be followed by other waves. The answer to this question depends on Canadian policy, which can not only decide if there are to be other waves, but can determine both their size and their composition. If we postpone consideration of our immigration policy until our reconstruction policy has taken shape there is a serious danger of overlooking the importance of laying a sound foundation for the future development of Canada.

If plans are to be made for the long run we must know if Canadian immigration policy is to be positive, negative, or neutral.

It is possible for an immigration policy to take the form of exclusion and control the form of prohibition, but there are several reasons for thinking such an extreme policy unlikely except as a temporary expedient in an emergency. The first of these reasons is national prestige. Through the exertions of her people and through the fantastic fortunes of the recent war, Canada has won a position of great importance in the world. Without a very substantial increase in her own population it will be impossible for Canada to retain her relative importance when other nations of equal or greater population rebuild their shattered lives.
The Impact of Sudden Accessions of Treasure upon Prices and Real Wages
Authors: Michell H.
Published: June 2006

During the course of history there have been three occassions upon which great masses of treasure—gold and silver—have suddenly, or within the span of a comparatively few years, been released and thrown upon the world's markets. These occasions have been at the end of the fourth century B.C., when Alexander the Great captured the hoards of the Persian kings; during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when the treasures of Mexico and Peru were brought to Europe by the Spaniards, and during the nineteenth century with the discovery of gold first in California and Australia and later in Alaska and South Africa. We are singularly fortunate in having for our consideration, price series which exhibit the effect of these sudden accessions of treasure for all three periods. The object of the present article will be to examine the first two of these momentous happenings.
Administration and Politics: The Case of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Authors: Hodgetts J. E.
Published: June 2006

The economist J. B. Say once wrote that “our duty with regard to errors is not to revive them, but simply to forget them.” Complete acceptance of this doctrine would expose the political scientist to ruin, for the study of government is largely the study of errors and man's clumsy efforts to correct them. The history of errors, so far as government control of radio broadcasting in Canada is concerned, centres on the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission which struggled for survival between 1932 and 1936. Our concern, however, is not with this history of errors but rather with the attempt, through the creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, to correct these errors. In particular, our interest is focussed on the pressing problems of integrating administration and politics in the public interest, through the device of an independent government corporation.

In 1900, Professor Frank Goodnow first differentiated between politics and administration by suggesting that all activities involved in expressing the will of the state should be classified as “politics,” while all operations necessary to the execution of the will of the state should be termed “administration.” The harmonization of these two activities, according to Goodnow, depends on the subordination of one to the other. In a parliamentary system, harmonization in the public interest is presumably obtained by having the agents responsible for the execution of the will of the state dominated by the agents responsible for its expression. This simple bifurcation has been complicated by the fact that the cabinet, the supreme instrument of party government, has become responsible in large measure for both the expression and execution of the will of the state. In certain sectors of governmental activity the party (partisan) character of cabinet supervision has led to the demand for a withdrawal from its hands of the direct responsibility for “politics” and “administration.”
General Equilibrium Analysis and Public Policy
Authors: Timlin Mabel
Published: June 2006

It is the intention in this paper to conduct an inquiry into the relations between general equilibrium analysis and public policy by the indirect method of examining the place of such analysis in the solution of a definite economic problem. The problem selected is the possibility of raising wages without raising prices. Traditional partial equilibrium theory made the solution of this problem a fairly simple one, but modern general equilibrium considerations, dynamic qualifications on these, and institutional changes in the organization of business and labour have opened up such areas of indeterminateness in the formation of prices that we may no longer trust the answers given by the simpler generalizations.

In the development of ideas during this paper, the term “degree of monopoly” will be employed rather frequently. The term will be used in Professor Lerner's sense of the ratio between the excess of price over marginal cost and price itself. In terms of Figure 1, this is the ratio RP/MP. This definition has limitations but it is retained as the simplest to which analysis may be referred and sufficient for the particular purposes for which it is required here.

The idea that the rise of wages in relation to prices may have consequences for the levels of employment and national income is, of course, based upon the Keynesian hypothesis that larger wage incomes in relation to national income as a whole tend to mean a lower level of savings, and the corollary that a lower level of net new investment will be needed to maintain a given level of employment and income where the wage share is higher. There is also some opinion that changes in the degree of monopoly during the business cycle are such as to aggravate the operation of the disequilibrating forces. For example, Dr. M. Kalecki in an article published in Econometrica in April, 1938, suggests that the Keynesian analysis respecting the relation between wages and prices requires emendation and expansion because it appears from his statistical and theoretical analysis that the degree of monopoly increases with recessions of the business cycle and decreases with its upward phase. If this be so, Dr. Kalecki points out that the cyclical redistribution of income carries with it the necessity of attaching a larger quantity of new investment to any given level of national income as the level of national income recedes, though this reasoning is qualified for effects of falling wages on the foreign balance.
A Fuel Policy for Canada
Authors: Allcut E. A.
Published: June 2006

The importance of fire to mankind has been understood from the earliest times and is indicated by the inclusion of fire in the four elements recognized by the Greeks and by mediæval scientists. Its significance was augmented during the Industrial Revolution and its aftermath, the Communication Revolution, when heat began to be used to generate power for driving machinery and for transporting people and materials over ever-increasing distances at higher and still higher speeds. It is not too much to say that modern civilization is largely based on heat, as energy derived from other sources forms a very small fraction of the world's consumption. In 1936, it was estimated that, of the world's supply of energy, coal contributed 63 per cent, oil 18 per cent, wood 12 per cent, natural gas 5 per cent, and water power 2 per cent. Many attempts have been made to obtain power from the sun, to tap the heat of the earth, to use wind and tidal power but, though some of these projects have worked satisfactorily, the total amount of power produced by them is negligible. About 40 per cent of the energy derived from fuel is used as power, the remaining 60 per cent being employed for heating purposes.
Malthus's Total Population Theory: A Restatement and Reappraisal
Authors: Spengler Joseph J.
Published: June 2006

Commentators on Malthus's population theory have generally based their remarks upon the Essay, particularly upon his observation that “population invariably increases where the means of subsistence increase, unless prevented by some very powerful and obvious checks” which are resolvable into “moral restraint, vice, and misery.” They have overlooked important passages in the Essay, having to do with the circumstances on which depend the increase and the availability of subsistence, and, therefore, the growth of population. They have overlooked his extended consideration of the question of population in the Principles where his primary concern was the increase of the supplies on which population growth depends. They have, therefore, missed his total population theory, and the manner in which it developed.

It is our purpose, in this essay, to discover the whole of Malthus's population theory, and to indicate, in some measure, the views of earlier and contemporary writers regarding elements of which this theory is composed. In section I we discuss Malthus's theory of economic progress and the “effectual demand” for labour, as it relates to the population question. While this discussion is based upon the Principles much more than upon the Essay and other writings, it is evident, as we state in the conclusion, that Malthus's theory of demand probably evolved out of his consideration of the population question. In section II, we examine Malthus's treatment of industrialization, in which he apparently found a workable solution to both the problem of economic progress and the question of population.
Estimate of the Gross Value of Construction in Canada, 1940
Authors: Firestone O. J.
Published: June 2006

The construction industry is the main durable consumer goods industry in Canada. Among the producer goods industries it ranked fourth in 1929 and fifth in 1938. Construction activity is marked by fluctuations which are greater than those of any other sphere of economic activity in this country. In other words, the construction cycle, itself an important factor in determining the shape of the trade cycle, shows when reproduced on a comparative basis, a considerably greater distance between the upper and lower turning points than the trade cycle. Estimates prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics show that the volume of construction in this country declines to one-third or one-fourth of its volume in prosperous times. These estimates cover only part of the construction field. An attempt is therefore made in this paper to estimate the gross value of all construction activity in Canada. If the resulting estimate is correct, the Construction Census only accounts for 55 per cent of the total.
The Preservation of Civil Liberties
Authors: Clokie H. McD.
Published: June 2006

The historic controversy over the “rights of the subject” has again come into public prominence and gives evidence of being here to stay for a considerable period. The occasion of the new interest in the topic was apparently the notable departure from customary procedures in the espionage cases, but once attention was directed to the issue additional grounds for grave anxiety were found in the treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses in the province of Quebec. It would be a mistake, however, to consider that these particular examples of the invasion of civil liberties reveal a novel form of arbitrary conduct in Canadian government. The essential conditions of the situation have been present in most parts of the country for many years, though generally unobserved and unchallenged. Indeed, the current alarm might easily have been dissipated and the recent events might have been a warning only to the most sensitive if those responsible had expressed the least nominal regret at their mistakes.
The Life Cycle of French-Canadian Urban Families
Authors: Lamontagne Maurice , Falardeau J.-C.
Published: June 2006

The literature of scientific studies, either demographic, economic, or sociological, on Canadian families, is rather thin. Except for some valuable local monographs and theses interred in university libraries, one must rely almost exclusively on excellent but very few general studies of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Among such are the 1931 Census monograph on the Canadian family, the 1937-8 national survey on the Canadian family income and expenditure pattern and, more recently, the remarkable series of studies by Dr. Enid Charles on the trends and differences in Canadian family size as revealed by the last Census of 1941.

The French-speaking part of Canada geographically concentrated in the Province of Quebec represents, within the Canadian context, a culturally and politically conscious social structure. At present, this society, owing to rapid industrialization and concomitant adjustments, includes areas and communities of all the possible transitional shades from the solid, old-settled, rural type, to the more complex, dynamic, and urbanized variety. Studies of French-Canadian families in any of these differentiated areas are also scarce. The traditional type of French-Canadian rural family has been ably studied by the Canadian sociologist follower of the Le Play School of Social Science, Léon Gérin, especially in his monograph entitled the Habitant de Saint-Justin. More recently, Horace Miner scientifically analysed for the first time, the relationships between land and the family in rural Quebec. Both of these studies stress the following basic features of the traditional rural French-Canadian family: a high degree of familism and of internal solidarity, a fundamental functional relationship with the tenure system of large family-ownership of the farm as well as with a peculiar pattern of land inheritance which consists in the passing of the whole farm, undivided, to only one inheriting son in each family.
The Combines Investigation Commission and Post-War Reconstruction
Authors: Bladen V. W.
Published: June 2006

In this paper only two aspects of the problem are explored: first, the case for anti-trust; and second, the adequacy of the existing legislation. Other aspects of great importance are neglected. Three which call for serious discussion in the near future are: the criteria for judging the behaviour of monopolists, as a basis for regulation in cases where monopoly is deemed desirable or inevitable; the problems presented by the widespread development of international cartel agreements especially in relation to government negotiations for freeing international trade; the difficult problems of eliminating the abuse of patent rights as an instrument of monopoly while retaining the advantages of the patent system. These last two aspects have received much attention in the United States, and Canadians would be well advised to study the findings of the Bone Committee on Patents1 and the Kilgore Committee on Scientific and Technical Mobilization.

One other limitation should be stated: this paper, like most discussions of post-war problems, is based on the assumption that there will be a return to something like the pre-war system of capitalist free enterprise. Though the degree of government interference with the system proposed by even the most conservative groups would constitute a considerable advance from the pre-war status, this assumption appears not unreasonable for Canada in the calculable future (no long period, in my view). The importance of the matters discussed depends on the correctness of this assumption; but the making of the assumption implies no preference, one way or the other, as between possible economic systems.
The Scope and Method of Economics
Authors: Daly F. St. L.
Published: June 2006

This being the first meeting of the Club devoted to methodology, we are following a rather consistent tradition among economists of being mainly interested in economic problems, not in the problem of what economics is. Fifty years ago John Neville Keynes wrote the Scope and Method of Political Economy and since that time only one full book in English, that I know of, has been published on this topic—Lionel Robbins's The Nature and Significance of Economic Science.

If I seem to adopt a tone of finality upon matters concerning which we all speak with equal authority, excuse it as the necessary brevity to avoid a tedious repetition of “it seems to me” and “in my opinion.” The ideas presented are all simple, one-cylinder ideas, meant as an introduction to discussion and presented, not by an authority but by someone who, like you, is an economist and needs occasionally to pinch himself and say, “What manner of man am I?”

The first thing that should be stressed about economic method is that it should be economic method, not methods. It would be bad to think of method as deductive or inductive, for the interrelation is too close. For an economist, the division is fatal. Put them in different stalls and there is no offspring.

Deductive is the often criticized a priori reasoning. If demand is constant and elastic, what happens to total revenue when price is cut? Answer: total revenue increases.
Malthus's Total Population Theory: A Restatement and Reappraisal
Authors: Spengler Joseph J.
Published: June 2006

In this section, consisting of five parts, we examine: (i) Malthus's views on “luxury”; (ii) his appraisal of the frequently expressed “export of work” argument; (iii) in what sense his doctrine was counter-revolutionary; (iv) his stand on measures to encourage marriage and natality; and (v) his position on optimum population.
Unifying the British Civil Service: Some Trends and Problems
Authors: Hodgetts J. E.
Published: June 2006

When Sir Charles Trevelyan and Sir Stafford Northcote referred in their famous report of 1853 to the British Civil Service, they were undoubtedly indulging in wishful thinking. Applied to the administrative branch, the term suggested a degree of uniformity in conditions of service and a centralization of controls which was completely lacking. Horace Mann, first secretary to the Civil Service Commission, described the Service to the London Statistical Society in 1868 as “a chaotic mass of unorganized elements … an aggregation of separate departments governed, in many points, by no principle.” Nevertheless, three generations later, in 1931, the Royal (Tomlin) Commission on the Civil Service could point with justifiable satisfaction to the gradual process by which “a measure of common regulation and common staffing” had been achieved.

While this unification has been the work of reformers who succeeded Trevelyan and Northcote after the middle of the last century, it is clear that the foundations of a centralized bureaucracy were laid much earlier. Under the banner of “economical reform,” Burke, Pitt, Lord Liverpool, and others introduced measures which not only reduced administrative expenditures but also cleared away the feudal barnacles, which had clung so long to the ship of state. Economical or administrative reform was the conservative counterpart of parliamentary reform, the two alternating in popularity during the century following 1780. The removal of pensioners and sinecurists (1780-1850), the abolition of the sale of public offices (1809), and the extinction of the casual system of paying civil servants out of fees and perquisites were typical constructive changes fostered by the economical reformers. These preliminary measures were necessary before the modern bureaucracy could be erected on stable foundations.
Canada's Balance of International Payments, 1940–5
Authors: Knox F. A.
Published: June 2006

The long delay in making peace and in economic reconstruction threatens to bring upon the world an acute scarcity of United States dollars. Countries overseas, particularly on the continent of Europe, have not made the progress in production and exports which would make possible the balancing of their transactions with dollar countries, except at levels so low as to be ruinous to world trade and a most serious threat to the prosperity of North America. In this situation Canada's role is a dual one. We share with the United States a productive power enhanced by war; other nations need our products in replacing war's destruction; to countries overseas Canadian dollars are as scarce as American dollars. Yet when the United States looks abroad at the ranks of the countries to whose need for American dollars it must seriously attend, Canada is to be found in the line-up.

The familiar features of Canada's economic structure, together with American commercial policy, have conspired to bring it about that our trade with the United States, while naturally greater than with any other country, is an unbalanced one; we buy there more than we are permitted to sell. We must sell others more than we buy from them and use the proceeds to settle our debts in the United States. We are dependent therefore upon the free convertibility and a high value of sterling in New York. When sterling has fallen there, so has the Canadian dollar; when the convertibility of sterling into American dollars has been restricted, rigid control of the use of American dollars has been forced upon us. Thus important policy decisions may well await us in the not too distant future. It is appropriate therefore that we should look again at our past for possible guidance.
Parliamentary Representation in Canada
Authors: Ward Norman
Published: June 2006

The statistical analyses of representation in the Canadian House of Commons which follow are based on a file of approximately 2,200 cards, each card representing a Canadian member of Parliament. The file covers the entire period from 1867 to the present, the following information being sought in each case: name, date and place of birth, party affiliation and electoral record, constituencies represented, occupation or economic interests, religion, education, previous experience in municipal or provincial politics, and career after leaving the House of Commons. Some of this information, such as names and constituencies represented, was readily obtainable from official sources, and much of the rest was equally accessible in such reference books as the Canadian Parliamentary Guide, Who's Who, etc. Some of it, however, such as the “post-M.P.” career of a man who did not attain the Elysian fields of the Senate or the Bench, was difficult and often impossible to secure, for most reference books of biography show a regrettable tendency to drop names from their pages unless the individual concerned is continuously successful in his career. Defeated or retired members are for this reason often hard to trace, unless there is some justification for their prominence as a citizen other than their political undertakings. Another point on which it has been impossible to find satisfactory data is that of members' education.
The Impact of the Sterling-Dollar Crisis on the Maritime Economy
Authors: Petrie J. R.
Published: June 2006

To understand the peculiar implications of sterling devaluation for the Maritimes, it appears necessary to review briefly the nature of the Maritime economy. The economy of the Maritime region, including Newfoundland, has long been based upon the exploitation of the major resources of the area: the forest, the farm, the sea, and the combination of Newfoundland iron ore and Nova Scotia coal. It was aptly termed by the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations a “wood-wind-water” economy. The Maritimes are essentially a primary producing area, and the secondary industries are for the most part engaged in processing forest, farm, and sea products, and in the production of steel and steel products. There are, of course, other secondary industries producing consumer goods such as textiles, boots and shoes, brushes, and other specialized products. These plants are usually small, and confined to the local market. Many have survived competition from Ontario and Quebec with difficulty.

Traditionally most of the Maritimes' key products—lumber, pulp and paper, fish, apples, and potatoes—have been exported. With the exception of pulp and paper produced on the mainland, these exports have gone for the most part to sterling markets; in Newfoundland, even pulp and paper products have gone to Britain. The United Kingdom has been the traditional market for lumber and apples; fish has gone to the United Kingdom, the British West Indies, and Australia. Most of the exported potatoes have gone to the Latin American countries, principally Cuba and the Argentine, as seed stock.
Public Administration and the Public Interest
Authors: Boudreau A. J.
Published: June 2006

The subject which I have chosen is not one that it is possible to discuss adequately, much less exhaust, in a short paper. I believe, however, that it is fast becoming one of the major fundamental problems of democracies. With a world-wide challenge confronting democratic institutions, no one can feel complacent about our political future in the broad sense, and no amount of wishful or traditional thinking will replace serious reconsideration of some aspects of government as we understand it.

It might be appropriate to start with a few definitions. It is relatively easy to find a comprehensive definition of the term “public administration.” A former president of the United States, some fifty years ago, defined it as “a detailed and systematic execution of public law.” Leonard D. White, in his book Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, writes: “In its broadest sense, public administration consists of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfillment or enforcement of public policy, as declared by the competent authorities.”

It is not so easy, however, to obtain agreement as to what exactly represents public interest as applied to public administration. In a democracy, the public must reach wide agreement on the duties to be performed by government; or in other words, the objectives of public policy must correspond fairly well with public views concerning the proper functions which should belong to governmental activity. Otherwise the efficient administration of these functions becomes almost a practical impossibility. But the word public is difficult to encompass in a restrictive definition. It is composed of individuals, groups, institutions with different ideals, philosophies, and interests. Consequently, public interest must necessarily represent a working compromise and be subject to continuous redefinition, as need arises, in the process of achieving an often delicate balance among conflicting interests.
Economic Theory and Immigration Policy
Authors: Timlin Mabel F.
Published: June 2006

This paper has been written with only limited objectives in mind; the subject has too many ramifications throughout the fields of population and economic theory to make possible even rudimentary analysis of all its aspects. The first section will give consideration to the usefulness of optimum theory and general economic theory in the formulation of immigration policies; the second section will give a brief outline of a few of the hypotheses suggested by theory and of some of the quantitative inquiries which would be useful in testing hypotheses. Two great fields of inquiry must for the most part be left out; the systematic discussion of the relations between immigration and emigration and of the relations between population increase and wage theory cannot be undertaken here. Either one of them, attacked singly, would be probably too extensive for a paper of this length. Certain aspects of both will however enter briefly into other phases to be discussed below.
Some Aspects of Provincial-Municipal Relations
Authors: Crawford K. Grant
Published: June 2006

Before attempting to deal with the problems of provincial-municipal relations one might well ponder the following comments of some who have previously delved into the problems of the relationship between governments: “A student should enter the field of intergovernmental fiscal relations with modesty and even humility…. It is a field in which students and committees, one after another, have spoken their piece, registered complaints, made recommendations and achieved no action. It is a field mined with explosives; beneath a placid surface lie some very deep emotions ready to burst into flame at the slightest provocation. If discretion were the determining factor, the student might well choose some other field to conquer.” The problems of provincial-municipal relations are of such urgency and importance, however, that the risks of indiscretion must be incurred. The urgency, from the municipal view point, arises from the increasing pressure on the limited municipal finances; its importance lies in the necessity of preserving the reality of local self-government in a democracy. On the surface the problem appears to be a financial one but the political aspects may be of even greater significance in the long run.
The Role of Capital in Canadian Economic Development Before 1875
Authors: Pentland H. C.
Published: June 2006

This discussion of capital grows out of investigation of the history of labour in Canada. Four major systems of organizing labour for the production of goods may be distinguished in the course of Canadian history. Each of these involved its peculiar methods of production, of organizing the labour market, and its characteristic attitudes of employers and employees. The change from one system to another is what is meant by economic development in this paper. The questions inevitably arise, why a period features one type of labour organization rather than another and why one system is displaced by another. These questions have led to concern with capital accumulation, importation, and investment, for it would appear that the availability and uses of capital are crucial to the answers. The role of capital is important, no doubt, to other fields of study as well. Many useful things about capital have been said by Canadian scholars, but no broad and coherent review of the whole subject appears to exist. The present is an exploratory paper, covering approximately two of the stages of development remarked above, and the change from one to the other.

About the middle of the nineteenth century, the Province of Canada was transformed from a raw, staple-producing area to a rounded, integrated economy that might be called metropolitan. Signs of the change were visible in 1830, unmistakable in 1840. By 1850 change had gone too far to be turned back, and 1860 and 1870 can denote only the filling out of the home-market exchange economy already implicit. Purely extractive industry was overlaid with a secondary development involving an elaborate transportation system, a capitalistic agriculture, an extensive list of manufactures that appear to have been efficient in their day, and a creditable financial structure. Probably the most telling evidence of the transformation was the fact that this colony, so recently at the mercy of the fluctuations of imperial markets for one or two commodities, could undertake successfully to swallow an empire of its own in the years after 1867.
Industrial Relations and Government Policy
Authors: Jamieson Stuart
Published: June 2006

The rapid growth in size and strength of the trade union movement has been one of the most revolutionary developments on the North American continent during the past ten to fifteen years. The very size and scope of this movement, and the tremendous impact which it has had on the national economies of the United States and Canada, have given rise to widespread agitation for greater governmental intervention and control in industrial relations.

This agitation has created a serious dilemma. There is as yet no clear and consistent body of principles by which to determine in what manner and to what degree governments should seek to regulate labour-employer relations. There is little agreement as to what the primary objective of governmental policy should be. Should it concentrate on reducing strikes and lockouts to the absolute minimum? Or (which is not the same thing by any means) should it be concerned primarily with encouraging collective bargaining as a means of achieving stable and harmonious day-to-day relations? Should it seek to bring about an exact “balance of power” between organized labour and employers by an equal distribution of legal privileges to and equal restrictions upon each party? Or is its primary duty to protect the rights and liberties of individuals against the possible abuse of power by either or both parties?
Problems of Economic and Social Change in Guatemala
Authors: Britnell G. E.
Published: June 2006

It is apparent to the most casual observer that Guatemala possesses natural advantages which, if properly utilized, should make it possible for the Republic to achieve a relatively favourable position among the nations of the Americas both in living standards and in economic stability. Yet development down to the middle of this century has barely scratched the surface of these latent possibilities.

Behind this paradox lies the unusual nature of Guatemala's endowment. Geological history has given this mountainous, tropical country extremely fertile volcanic soils and a range of altitudes which offers a wide variety of climates. Yet, by the same token, the rugged and broken topography has hampered transportation and communication and created such obstacles to all types of development that potentially productive areas still remain virtually inaccessible. These same factors tend to perpetuate the cultural isolation which continues to characterize large segments of the rural population of the Republic.

There are, of course, many other problems besides transportation and communications. For example, the Pacific coastal plain–the most promising agricultural area in Guatemala–will remain largely unproductive until its malaria and other debilitating diseases have been conquered. In a population predominantly rural settlement tends, at present, to be concentrated in the central and western highlands where a large Indian population cultivates marginal land on a subsistence basis, while more productive agricultural areas frequently lack labour.
The Evolution of the Social Credit Movement
Authors: Irving John A.
Published: June 2006

Although the doctrines of Social Credit have been systematically and extensively promoted throughout many parts of the British Commonwealth and the United States for nearly thirty years, it is only in Alberta that there has emerged a Social Credit movement sufficiently strong to win and maintain political power. It is proposed, in the present paper, to trace the historical development of this movement with specific reference to those data that are essential for its interpretation as a phenomenon of mass psychology. Such an approach must be restrictive and selective: data of primary importance to the economist, the political scientist, and even the sociologist must necessarily be omitted.

The Social Credit upsurge in Alberta was essentially a people's movement which sought to reform, but not to revolutionize, the existing social order by changing the pattern of certain existing institutions. It has passed through the four stages which constitute the natural history of a social movement—social unrest, popular excitement, formalization, and institutionalization; and it has exhibited, in the course of its evolution, the five mechanisms of reform movements—agitation, esprit de corps, morale, ideology, and operating tactics. From the perspective of social psychology, the movement may best be understood if, taking its more general sociological aspects for granted we consider its appeal to the people of Alberta in terms of its leadership, its philosophy, and its techniques of organization and promotion. In analysing this particular social movement, the social psychologist is faced with two serious methodological difficulties: he must be careful not to confuse the evolution of the movement with the political history of Alberta, especially after 1935; and he must, as far as possible, present the movement as a dynamic rather than a static social phenomenon.
Post-War International Trade Arrangements
Authors: Urquhart M. C.
Published: June 2006

International discussions with a view to establishing improved conditions in international trade began early in the war. There was a general feeling that world trading relations during the inter-war period, particularly after 1929, had been most unsatisfactory. It was realized also that at the conclusion of hostilities large quantities of capital equipment would have been destroyed or worn out, that the relative financial position of the major trading countries would be drastically altered, and that the productive structures and capacities of all but a few of the belligerents would be badly disrupted. Since wide reconversion and reconstruction were going to be necessary in any event, national economies could perhaps be moulded with a view to fitting in with more liberal trading policies and, if the type of framework for expanding multilateral trade could be established, there was less possibility of countries developing what they might feel later were vested rights in restrictive business practices.

Consequently, as early as 1942, a series of international discussions was begun with the object of establishing those monetary and trade relations which would provide the desired framework for international trade. The outcome has been the establishment of, or provision for, a number of interrelated international institutions. While the whole programme has included many provisions, such as UNRRA., E.R.P. and the like, to meet temporary problems, and while some of these are of great importance in helping to place disrupted economies in a position where they can play their part in a restored world economy, from the long-run point of view the major achievements are four in number: the establishment of an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the establishment of an International Monetary Fund; the preparation of a final draft of a charter to establish an International Trade Organization; and the conclusion of the Geneva Trade Agreement, lowering barriers to trade among the most important trading nations of the world.
The Development of National Accounts in Canada
Authors: Goldberg Simon A.
Published: June 2006

World events during the past twenty years, the great depression and the war, have challenged economists to improve and enlarge their theoretical framework. The stresses and strains of this period have brought forward vitally important problems which demanded solution. At the same time, these events helped to produce an environment which responded more generously to the social scientist's quest for new data. There can be little doubt that there was an intimate interdependence between developments in economic theory and analysis, and the growth and systematization of quantitative data.

Perhaps the most significant of these developments has been in the field of national accounts. The purpose of this paper is briefly to describe and illustrate this development in Canada, as follows: (1) summary of work on national income in Canada, 1918-41; (2) some principles involved in the new departure of national accounting; (3) the work of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in preparing national accounts for Canada; (4) some illustrative applications of national accounts to economic analysis and policy; (5) problems of concepts and statistics involved in national accounting; and (6) lines of future development.

A Summary of Work on National Income in Canada, 1918-41. When it was decided in 1944 to undertake the preparation of a new set of national accounts, in line with Canadian needs and developments elsewhere, we were fortunate in having at our disposal a great deal of pioneer work on national income in Canada.