bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promoting Early Literacy via Practicing Invented Spelling: A Comparison of Different Mediation Routines
Authors: Levin Iris , Aram Dorit
Published: April 2013

The present study compared the effects of different mediation routines provided to kindergartners from families of low socioeconomic status on the students' invented spelling attempts and on their gains obtained on spelling and other early literacy skills (letter naming, sounds of letters, word segmentation, and word decoding). The effects of the spelling mediation routines were assessed beyond the contribution of the students' self‐regulation and baseline literacy levels. Participants (N = 197, mean age = 5.5 years) were randomly divided into four groups within each of 10 classrooms. Three groups underwent individual intervention sessions of inventing five words' spellings twice weekly for 16 weeks. Group 1 experienced process–product mediation, providing information both on the process of inventing spelling (sound‐to‐grapheme mapping) and on the product (naming the letters and spelling the word). Group 2 experienced product mediation only. Group 3 experienced spelling with no mediation. Group 4 (no intervention) experienced the regular kindergarten curriculum. Results indicate that the process–product mediation routine was most productive for all students, both in the short and long term, beyond their self‐regulation and baseline early literacy levels. Students who started with higher self‐regulation and poorer early literacy skills gained more from training. The results question the assumption, shared by previous studies, that promotion of invented spelling should be by providing students with one‐step‐up solutions to compare with those they produced, because the process–product mediation was most productive for students of a wide range of spelling levels.
Optofluidic Platform for Real‐Time Monitoring of Live Cell Secretory Activities Using Fano Resonance in Gold Nanoslits
Authors: Wu Shu‐Han , Lee Kuang‐Li , Chiou Arthur , Cheng Xuanhong , Wei Pei‐Kuen
Published: April 2013

An optofluidic platform for real‐time monitoring of live cell secretory activities is constructed via Fano resonance in a gold nanoslit array. Large‐area and highly sensitive gold nanoslits with a period of 500 nm are fabricated on polycarbonate films using the thermal‐annealed template‐stripping method. The coupling between gap plasmon resonance in the slits and surface plasmon polariton Bloch waves forms a sharp Fano resonance with intensity sensitivity greater than 11 000% per refractive index unit. The nanoslit array is integrated with a cell‐trapping microfluidic device to monitor dynamic secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) from human acute monocytic leukemia cells in situ. Upon continuous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, MMP‐9 secretion is detected within 2 h due to ultrahigh surface sensitivity and close proximity of the sensor to the target cells. In addition to the advantage of detecting early cell responses, the sensor also allows interrogation of cell secretion dynamics. Furthermore, the average secretion per cell measured using our system well matches previous reports while it requires orders of magnitude less cells. The optofluidic platform may find applications in fundamental studies of cell functions and diagnostics based on secretion signals.
A Simulation‐Based Approach in Support of Project Management Training for Systems Engineers
Authors: Cohen Izack , Iluz Michal , Shtub Avraham
Published: April 2013

Project management is taught in most systems engineering graduate programs. Project management courses and training aids traditionally focus on aspects of project scope—for instance, scheduling and resource allocation methods—and tend to neglect product scope elements such as system performance. This article offers a simulation‐based approach for project management training that integrates project and product aspects within simulation training. The result is an integrated approach that guides the trainee through the initiation, conceptual design, planning and execution phases of the simulated project. The trainee explores the tradeoffs between project and product constraints and demands—just as if he or she were working on a real job. A pilot experiment that we conducted and the trainees' evaluations of the simulation provide an initial indication that the proposed approach is efficient, motivating us to suggest a framework for its use in systems engineering programs.
Conditional inference given partial information in contingency tables using Markov bases
Authors: Karwa Vishesh , Slavkovic Aleksandra
Published: April 2013

In this article, we review a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for performing conditional inference in contingency tables in the presence of partial information using Markov bases, a key tool arising from the area known as algebraic statistics. We review applications of this algorithm to the problems of conditional exact tests, ecological inference, and disclosure limitation and illustrate how these problems fall naturally in the setting of inference with partial information. We also discuss some issues associated with computing Markov bases which are needed as an input to the algorithm.WIREs Comput Stat2013, 5:207–218. doi: 10.1002/wics.1256

This article is categorized under:

Data: Types and Structure > Traditional Statistical Data
Permeability evolution in carbonate fractures: Competing roles of confining stress and fluid pH
Authors: Ishibashi Takuya , McGuire Thomas P. , Watanabe Noriaki , Tsuchiya Noriyoshi , Elsworth Derek
Published: April 2013

Key Points

We explore the permeability evolution of fractures in carbonate rock.

Permeability evolution transits from increasing to decreasing.

Pressure solution and free face dissolution causes permeability evolution.
Coupled hydrogeomorphic and woody‐seedling responses to controlled flood releases in a dryland river
Authors: Wilcox Andrew C. , Shafroth Patrick B.
Published: April 2013

Key Points

Geomorphic effectiveness of floods varied temporally as plants grew larger

Floods killed small woody seedlings as a result of both bed scour and burial

Floods produced greater seedling mortality among tamarisk than willow
The role of the DEAD‐box RNA helicase DDX3 in mRNA metabolism
Authors: Soto‐Rifo Ricardo , Ohlmann Théophile
Published: April 2013

DDX3 belongs to the DEAD‐box proteins, a large family of ATP‐dependent RNA helicases that participate in all aspects of RNA metabolism. Human DDX3 is a component of several messenger ribonucleoproteins that are found in the spliceosome, the export and the translation initiation machineries but also in different cytoplasmic mRNA granules. DDX3 has been involved in several cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cancer, innate immune response, and also as a host factor for viral replication. Interestingly, not all these functions require the catalytic activities of DDX3 and thus, the precise roles of this apparently multifaceted protein remain largely obscure. The aim of this review is to provide a rapid and critical overview of the structure and functions of DDX3 with a particular emphasis on its role during mRNA metabolism. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:369–385. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1165

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Introducing Video‐Assisted Thoracoscopy for Trauma into a South African Township Hospital
Authors: Oosthuizen George V. , Clarke Damian L. , Laing Grant L. , Bruce John , Kong Victor Y. , Van Staden Nadia , Muckart David J. J.
Published: April 2013

Background

The use of video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is well established in trauma practice. This modality is readily available to centers with well‐equipped operating facilities but may be challenging to introduce into resource‐constrained institutions such as many South African township hospitals. We implemented VATS for retained post‐traumatic pleural collections in our institution in 2007, and we have now performed an audit of the first 3 years of our experience.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients who had undergone VATS from June 2007 to May 2010, and statistical analysis was performed to elucidate the findings.

Results

Forty‐three patients were examined, 40 of whom (93 %) were male. The mean age was 32 years (range: 15–52 years). Thirty‐five patients (81 %) had stab injuries, 6 (14 %) had blunt injuries, and 2 (4 %) had gunshot wounds. Mean time from injury to VATS was 12.4 days (range: 3–31 days). Thirteen patients (30 %) had empyema at the time of VATS. The mean time from VATS to discharge was 9 days (range: 3–30 days). The postoperative complication rate was 14 % and included pneumonia (n = 3) and re‐collections (n = 3, two of which were managed by reinsertion of a chest drain, and one cleared without further intervention). Further analysis revealed a longer postoperative length of stay when empyema was present at VATS (8 days for no empyema vs. 11 days when empyema was present; p = 0.027). The incidence of empyema increased progressively the longer the delay between injury and VATS (0 % for VATS performed in week 1, 32 % for VATS in week 2, 50 % for VATS in week 3, and 60 % for VATS beyond week 3; p = 0.019). The incidence of empyema increased when >1 chest drain was inserted prior to VATS (15 % for 0–1 chest drain vs. 43 % for >1 chest drain; p = 0.043).

Conclusions

Introducing VATS for retained post‐traumatic collections into a relatively resource‐constrained township hospital in South Africa is safe and effective. Consideration should be given to performing VATS early and avoiding the use of a second and third chest drain for retained collections. This approach may lead to decreased incidence of empyema and shorter overall hospital stay.
Estimating the rate of increase for the finless porpoise with special attention to predictions for the Inland Sea population in Japan
Authors: Hashimoto Midori , Shirakihara Kunio , Shirakihara Miki , Hiramatsu Kazuhiko
Published: April 2013

The finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis inhabits coastal waters and rivers in East Asia and is exposed to various human activities. This species is listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to a reduction in abundance. Although human‐induced mortality can be a threat to porpoise populations, future anthropogenic impacts have not been quantitatively evaluated due to lack of demographic information. Adequate future population projections are needed to form the basis for conservation measures before the population declines to critical levels. We conducted a population viability analysis for the population of finless porpoise in the Inland Sea, Japan using a Leslie matrix model composed of age‐specific survival and fertility rates. We described the uncertainty in the annual rate of increase (λ) for the finless porpoise using randomly sampled estimates of survival rate for other cetaceans with similar life histories. Plausible median estimates of λ ranged from 1.041 (age at first reproduction [AFR] = 7) to 1.056 (AFR = 5). Future population changes and extinction probabilities were predicted after combining these estimates with a predicted human‐induced mortality rate (M) and available abundance estimates. The extinction probability after 100 years was 0 %. However, the probability of the quasi‐extinction (<100 individuals) was as high as 79.0 % after 100 years. The results also suggest that the persistence of the finless porpoise population could be achieved with a small effort to reduce anthropogenic mortality.
Evaluation of hardboard manufacturing process wastewater as a feedstream for ethanol production
Authors: Groves Stephanie , Liu Jifei , Shonnard David , Bagley Susan
Published: April 2013

Waste streams from the wood processing industry can serve as feedstream for ethanol production from biomass residues. Hardboard manufacturing process wastewater (HPW) was evaluated on the basis of monomeric sugar recovery and fermentability as a novel feedstream for ethanol production. Dilute acid hydrolysis, coupled with concentration of the wastewater resulted in a hydrolysate with 66 g/l total fermentable sugars. As xylose accounted for 53 % of the total sugars, native xylose-fermenting yeasts were evaluated for their ability to produce ethanol from the hydrolysate. The strains selected were, in decreasing order by ethanol yields from xylose (Y  p/s, based on consumed sugars), Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785 (CBS 6054), Pachysolen tannophilus ATCC 60393, and Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 46537. The yeasts were compared on the basis of substrate utilization and ethanol yield during fermentations of the hydrolysate, measured using an HPLC. S. stipitis, P. tannophilus, and K. marxianus produced 0.34, 0.31, and 0.36 g/g, respectively. The yeasts were able to utilize between 58 and 75 % of the available substrate. S. stipitis outperformed the other yeast during the fermentation of the hydrolysate; consuming the highest concentration of available substrate and producing the highest ethanol concentration in 72 h. Due to its high sugar content and low inhibitor levels after hydrolysis, it was concluded that HPW is a suitable feedstream for ethanol production by S. stipitis.
Joint Space Height Correlates with Arthroscopic Grading of Wrist Arthritis
Authors: Bear David M. , Moloney Gele , Goitz Robert J. , Balk Marshall L. , Imbriglia Joseph E.
Published: April 2013

Background

Osteoarthritis of the radiocarpal joints is commonly encountered by hand surgeons. To date, there is no well-defined method of radiographically grading osteoarthritis of the wrist.

Methods

Preoperative radiographs of 48 patients undergoing wrist arthroscopy were evaluated retrospectively. Images were graded subjectively by five surgeons based on overall severity of arthritis, osteophytes, subchondral cysts, and subchondral sclerosis. The joint space height (JSH) ratio was calculated by measuring the space of the mid-radioscaphoid and mid-radiolunate joints and dividing each by the height of the capitate. Arthroscopic grading of arthritis was obtained from operative records and compared to subjective and objective grades. ANOVA testing evaluated for statistical significance with p<0.05. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was determined using Pearson's correlation analysis and Cohen's kappa coefficient.

Results

Objective measurement using the JSH ratio demonstrated a significant decrease as arthroscopic arthritis grade increased for both radioscaphoid and radiolunate joints. Subjective grading of radioscaphoid and radiolunate joints was able to detect moderate/severe, but not mild arthritis. Subjective grading underestimated the degree of arthritis, particularly in the radiolunate joint. Inter-rater reliability was better for objective compared to subjective grading.

Conclusions

Subjective grading of wrist arthritis can detect moderate/severe radiocarpal arthritis but poorly evaluates early arthritis and underestimates severity. Objective grading using the JSH ratio accurately grades radioscaphoid arthritis and detects early radiolunate arthritis. The JSH ratio more accurately assesses radiocarpal arthritis compared with subjective grading. As there currently is no accepted method to radiographically grade wrist arthritis, the JSH ratio represents a promising option.
Micellization and Interfacial Interaction Behaviors of Gemini Cationic Surfactants–CTAB Mixed Surfactant Systems
Authors: Mohamed Dalia Emam , Negm Nabel A. , Mishrif Marwa R.
Published: April 2013

The interfacial and micellization behaviors of binary mixtures of two gemini cationic surfactants and conventional the cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant were studied at various molar ratios. From the equilibrium surface tension measurements, the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) data were obtained as functions of the composition. Values of the CMC were analyzed according to the regular solution model developed by Rubingh for mixed micelles. Two interaction parameters were obtained for each system, the interaction at the interface, and in the micellar phase. The results showed that micellization and adsorption properties of the studied mixed systems depend on the spacer chain lengths of the gemini surfactants and their ratio in the mixed systems.
Regioisomers of Phosphatidylcholine Containing DHA and Their Potential to Deliver DHA to the Brain: Role of Phospholipase Specificities
Authors: Chen Su , Subbaiah Papasani V.
Published: April 2013

Because neurons cannot synthesize docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a dietary supplement of DHA in the form of phospholipids is recommended for maintaining proper brain functions. A model for delivering dietary sn‐2‐DHA phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to the brain involves phospholipase A2 based deacylation/reacylation cycle followed by delivery of DHA through high‐density lipoproteins that bind to the brain capillary endothelial cells in the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Our previous study demonstrated preference of endothelial lipase (EL) for PtdCho species that contain sn‐2‐DHA, resulting in production of sn‐2‐DHA lysoPtdCho that is preferentially taken up by the brain. However, since CoA‐dependent reacylation of lysoPtdCho with DHA at the sn‐2 position is not favored in vivo, we proposed that sn‐1‐DHA PtdCho in the diet may be a superior source of DHA for the brain. To test this hypothesis, DHA PtdCho regioisomers were prepared, and their hydrolysis by physiologically relevant phospholipases was determined. The data presented here show that: (1) group X secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) is about threefold more active than group V sPLA2 in releasing sn‐2 fatty acids from DHA regioisomers, and (2) EL shows its specificity for DHA PtdCho species in a concentration independent manner, suggesting that the enzyme could play a major role in generating free sn‐1‐DHA or/and sn‐2‐DHA lysoPtdCho from the regioisomers in the BBB. We propose that PtdCho species containing sn‐1‐DHA may have the advantages of both “preserving” DHA in deacylation/reacylation cycle and releasing free DHA in the BBB for uptake by the brain.
Ethnic Migrants’ Employment and Industry Distribution in the Cities of China
Authors: Zhang Jijiao , Yin Peng
Published: April 2013

In recent years, urban researchers have differentiated the concept of ethnic niches into industrial and occupational niches. This research was done in four selected cities in four different areas of China: Shenzhen (South), Huhhot (North), Qingdao (East), and Kunming (West). An important aspect of understanding a multiethnic city is to explore the labor market performance of ethnic groups. This paper mainly covers the employment and industry distribution of ethnic migrants(Korean, Mongolian, Yi, Bai, Hui, and Dai) in cities of China.
Global regularity for the energy-critical NLS on \( S^{3} \)
Authors: Wang Xuecheng , Pausader Benoit , Tzvetkov Nikolay
Published: April 2013

We establish global existence for the energy-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation on

\mathbb{S}^{3}

. This follows similar lines to the work on

\mathbb{T}^{3}

but requires new extinction results for linear solutions and bounds on the interaction of a Euclidean profile and a linear wave of much higher frequency that are adapted to the new geometry.
Enrichment map profiling of the cancer invasion front suggests regulation of colorectal cancer progression by the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, gremlin‐1
Authors: Karagiannis George S. , Berk Aaron , Dimitromanolakis Apostolos , Diamandis Eleftherios P.
Published: April 2013

The cancer invasion front (CIF), a spatially‐recognized area due to the frequent presence of peritumoral desmoplastic reaction, represents a cancer site where many hallmarks of cancer metastasis occur. It is now strongly suggested that the desmoplastic microenvironment holds crucial information for determining tumor development and progression. Despite extensive research on tumor‐host cell interactions at CIFs, the exact paracrine molecular network that is hardwired into the proteome of the stromal and cancer subpopulations remains partially understood. Here, we interrogated the signaling pathways and the molecular functional signatures across the proteome of a desmoplastic coculture model system of colorectal cancer progression. We discovered a group of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists that coordinates major biological programs in CIFs, including cell proliferation, invasion, migration and differentiation processes. Using a mathematical model of cancer cell progression, coupled to in vitro cell migration assays, we demonstrated that the prominent BMP antagonist gremlin‐1 (GREM1) may trigger motility of cancer cell cohorts. Our data collectively demonstrate that the desmoplastic CIFs deploy a microenvironmental signature, based on BMP antagonism, in order to regulate the motogenic fates of cancer cell cohorts invading the adjacent stroma.
The determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in the Central and Eastern European Countries: The importance of institutions
Authors: Tintin Cem
Published: April 2013

This study investigates the determinants of FDI inflows in six Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) by incorporating the traditional factors and institutional variables over the 1996–2009 period. The study identifies whether and how these determinant factors differ across four investor countries (EU-15, the US, China, and Japan). The results verify the positive and economically significant role of GDP size, trade openness, EU membership, and institutions (measured by economic freedoms, state fragility, political rights, and civil liberties indices) on FDI inflows. The results also reveal the existence of notable differences in the determinant factors across four investor countries.
A molecular and ecological analysis of the trematodePlagiorchis elegansin the wood mouseApodemus sylvaticusfrom a periaquatic ecosystem in the UK
Authors: Boyce K. , Hide G. , Craig P.S. , Reynolds C. , Hussain M. , Bodell A.J. , Bradshaw H. , Pickles A. , Rogan M.T.
Published: April 2013

The prevalence of the digeneanPlagiorchissp. was investigated in a natural wood mouse population (Apodemus sylvaticus) in a periaquatic environment. Classical identification was complemented with the use of molecular differentiation to determine prevalence and verify species identity. Use of the complete ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 and partial 28S rDNA gene sequences have confirmed that the species reported at this location wasPlagiorchis elegansand notPlagiorchis murisas reported previously. This underlines the difficulties in identification of these morphologically similar parasites.Plagiorchis elegansis typically a gastrointestinal parasite of avian species but has also been reported from small mammal populations. Although the occurrence of this digenean inA. sylvaticusin the UK is rare, in the area immediately surrounding Malham Tarn, Yorkshire, it had a high prevalence (23%) and a mean worm burden of 26.6 ± 61.5. The distribution ofP. elegansfollowed a typically overdispersed pattern and both mouse age-group and sex were determined to be two main factors associated with prevalence. Male mice harboured the majority of worms, carrying 688 of 717 recovered during the study, and had a higher prevalence of 32.4% in comparison to only 8.7% in the small intestine of female mice. A higher prevalence of 43% was also observed in adult mice compared to 14% for young adults. No infection was observed in juvenile mice. These significant differences are likely to be due to differences in the foraging behaviour between the sexes and age cohorts of wood mice.
Paradoxical effects of short-term antidepressant treatment in fMRI emotional processing models in volunteers with high neuroticism
Authors: Di Simplicio M. , Norbury R. , Reinecke A. , Harmer C. J.
Published: April 2013

Background

Short-term antidepressant administration has been reported to decrease amygdala response to threat in healthy volunteers and depressed patients. Neuroticism (N) is a risk factor for depression but has also been associated with slow or incomplete remission with antidepressant drug treatment. Our aim was to investigate early selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) administration neural effects on implicit processing of fearful facial expressions in volunteers with high levels of N.

Method

Highly neurotic subjects received 20 mg/day citalopram versus placebo for 7 days in a double-blind, between-groups design. On the last day haemoperfusion and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during a gender discrimination task with fearful and happy faces were acquired. A control group of non-neurotic volunteers was also tested.

Results

High-N volunteers had reduced responses to threatening facial expressions across key neural circuits compared to low-N volunteers. SSRI treatment was found to elevate resting perfusion in the right amygdala, increase bilateral amygdalae activation to positive and negative facial expressions and increase activation to fearful versus happy facial expressions in occipital, parietal, temporal and prefrontal cortical areas.

Conclusions

These results suggest that 7 days of SSRI administration can increase neural markers of fear reactivity in subjects at the high end of the N dimension and may be related to early increases in anxiety and agitation seen early in treatment. Such processes may be involved in the later therapeutic effects through decreased avoidance and increased learning about social ‘threat’ cues.
BARTÓK'S REVISIONS TO THE INSTRUMENTATION OF ‘DUKE BLUEBEARD'S CASTLE’
Authors: Keréfky Márton
Published: April 2013

The full score of Béla Bartók's one-act operaDuke Bluebeard's Castle(1911) reached its final form through many intermediate stages and after many years. The most comprehensive revision had been carried out in 1917 beforeBluebeardwas finally put on the programme of the Budapest Opera House. Bartók's revisions concerned not only the ending of the opera and the vocal parts but also the instrumentation. On the basis of all available primary sources, the present article examines how the instrumentation changed between 1911 and 1925, when the full score was published by Universal Edition. As a result of experiences gained during rehearsals ofThe Wooden Princein 1917, Bartók added two instruments, the celesta and the xylophone, which he had originally not used inBluebeard. However, the original score included two tenor tuba parts, which he later replaced with trumpets and trombones. In the revised score Bartók applied new instrumental techniques, corrected an unplayable passage, made the orchestral material thinner in favour of the vocal parts, and altered the instrumentation in order to emphasize motivic connections. Most of these alterations, however, do not represent a conceptual change in the opera's instrumentation but rather realize Bartók's original ideas in a more precise and more elaborate way.
London, Barbican: Michael Zev Gordon's ‘Bohortha’
Authors: Barlow Jill
Published: April 2013

Michael Zev Gordon had an intriguing idea in choosing to centre his new piece – Bohortha – on a visit he made to the small hamlet of this name that lies in a remote Cornwall peninsula, close to the sea: he sought to explore the concept of ‘the passing of time’. So it was that the world première of Bohortha was performed by the BBC Symphony Orchestra at the Barbican on 3 October 2012, opening a programme to also include Mahler's highly emotive Rückert Lieder and was then completely outflanked after the interval by a rare performance of Shostakovich's starkly political Symphony No. 4.
Jerusalem, Music Centre: Andre Hajdu
Authors: Miller Malcolm
Published: April 2013

An 80th birthday concert full of the spirit of youthful exploration reflected the innovative interactive aesthetic of Andre Hajdu, the Hungarian-Israeli composer, whose oeuvre is gradually gaining wider international exposure. Presented by the Jerusalem Music Centre on 29 March 2012, the programme featured works from the last quarter of a century for chamber duo and solo piano, including two premières, culminating in an improvisational interactive jam session by an array of students and colleagues, joined by the composer himself at the piano. To begin was Hajdu's Sonatine for Flute and Cello (1990) ‘in the French style’ performed with panache by the flautist Yossi Arnheim and cellist Amir Eldan. It is an elegantly written work radiating the spirit of Hajdu's teachers Milhaud and (less overtly) Messiaen, with whom he studied in Paris in the 1950s and 60s. Beneath the light-hearted veneer of polyphonic textures is a serious, plangent expressiveness. The first movement, libre et gai, moves from the chirpy, Poulenc-like delicacy of a cat-and-mouse imitative chase, building tension towards a final stretto. In the second movement, molto moderato, Arnheim wove a lyrical cantilena for flute over gentle cello accompaniments, giving way to rarified high cello registers shadowed by eloquent lower lines of the flute. An exuberant dance-like finale, Libre mais un peu rythmé, increased in drama before receding to a tranquil conclusion.
Teaching–learning-based optimal interval type-2 fuzzy PID controller design: a nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots
Authors: Khooban Mohammad Hassan , Alfi Alireza , Abadi Davood Nazari Maryam
Published: April 2013

This paper introduces an optimal interval type-2 fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller to achieve the best trajectory tracking for nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots (WMRs). In the core of the proposed method, a novel population-based optimization algorithm, called teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), is employed for evolving the parameters of the controller as well as the parameters of the input and output membership functions. Two PID controllers are designed for each of two wheels separately whereas each controller has two inputs and one output that are logically connected by nine rules. The controller can handle the problem of integrated kinematic and dynamic tracking in the presence of uncertainties. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed control scheme.
Is the São Francisco River a geographic barrier to gene flow in trees ofHandroanthus ochraceus?
Authors: de Abreu Moreira Patrícia , Fernandes G. Wilson
Published: April 2013

Many landscape features represent geographic barriers to gene flow, and promote genetic discontinuity. Rivers are effective barriers. However, most studies on this subject have focused on animals and only a few have focused on plants. We studied the genetic structure and gene flow of the tropical treeHandroanthus ochraceus(Bignoniaceae) on both banks of the São Francisco River in a Brazilian seasonally dry tropical forest. The São Francisco is located in eastern Brazil and is 600 m wide at the study site. Our hypothesis was that the river is a geographic barrier to gene flow ofH. ochraceustrees. We sampled two populations on the left bank and one population on the right bank. We used seven microsatellites to genotype 212 individual plants. All populations had low polymorphism and genetic diversity, but high inbreeding. There was no genetic differentiation among populations and, consequently, the estimated gene flow was high for all pairs of populations. The genetic relatedness among individuals from populations of the same margin did not differ from the relatedness among individuals from populations of opposite margins. Hence, the São Francisco River is not an effective geographic barrier to gene flow amongH. ochraceuspopulations.
Improvement of X-ray reflectivity calculations on a multilayered surface
Authors: Fujii Yoshikazu
Published: April 2013

X-ray reflectometry is a powerful tool for investigating rough surface and interface structures. Presently, X-ray reflectivity is based on Parratt formalism, accounting for the effect of roughness by the theory of Nevot–Croce. However, the calculated results showed a strange phenomenon in that the amplitude of the oscillation because of interference effects increases in the case of a specific roughness of the surface. We propose that the strange results originated from the currently used equation because of a serious error in which the Fresnel transmission coefficient in the reflectivity equation is increased at a rough interface, and the increase in the transmission coefficient completely overpowers any decrease in the value of the reflection coefficient because of lack of consideration in diffuse scattering. In the present study, we present a new improved formalism that corrects this error, and thereby derives an accurate analysis of X-ray reflectivity from a multilayer surface, taking into account the effect of roughness-induced diffuse scattering.
Design as communication in microstrategy: Strategic sensemaking and sensegiving mediated through designed artifacts
Authors: Stevens John
Published: April 2013

This paper relates key concepts of strategic cognition in microstrategy to design practice. It considers the potential roles of designers' output in strategic sensemaking and sensegiving. Designed artifacts play well-known roles as communication media; sketches, renderings, models, and prototypes are created to explore and test possibilities and to communicate these options within and outside the design team. This article draws on design and strategy literature to propose that designed artifacts can and do play a role as symbolic communication resources in sensemaking and sensegiving activities that impact strategic decision making and change. Extracts from interviews with three designers serve as illustrative examples. This article is a call for further empirical exploration of such a complex subject.
Parental risk perception and influenza vaccination of children in daycare centres
Authors: OFFUTT-POWELL T. N. , OJHA R. P. , QUALLS-HAMPTON R. , STONECIPHER S. , SINGH K. P. , CARDARELLI K. M.
Published: April 2013

Little information is available about perceptions of influenza vaccination of parents with healthy children in daycare. Therefore, we systematically explored the relationship between parental risk perception and influenza vaccination in children attending daycare. We distributed a self-administered paper survey to parents of children aged 6–59 months attending licensed daycare centres in Tarrant County, Texas. We used conditional logistic regression with penalized conditional likelihood to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% profile likelihood confidence limits (PL) for parental risk-perception factors and influenza vaccination. A high level of parental prevention behaviours (OR 9·1, 95% PL 3·2, 31) and physician recommendation (OR 8·2, 95% PL 2·7, 30) had the highest magnitudes of association with influenza vaccination of healthy children in daycare. Our results provide evidence about critical determinants of influenza vaccination of healthy children in daycare, which could help inform public health interventions aimed at increasing influenza vaccination coverage in this population.
Salinity evolution and mechanical properties of snow-loaded multiyear sea ice near an ice shelf
Authors: Gough A.J. , Mahoney A.R. , Langhorne P.J. , Haskell T.G.
Published: April 2013

Sea ice often forms attached to floating ice shelves. Accumulating snow can depress its freeboard, creating a flooded slush layer that may subsequently freeze to form snow ice, rejecting brine as it freezes. The resulting salinity profile determines the mechanical properties of the sea ice. We provide measurements of snow-loaded, multiyear sea ice from summer to winter. Brine from a slush layer is not completely expelled from the sea ice when the slush refreezes to form snow ice. Measurements of sea ice salinity and temperature indicate that the fate of this brine depends on the permeability of the sea ice below it. The sea ice in this study was also deformed by a nearby ice shelf over eleven years at a strain rate
$$--><$> \dot{{\epsilon}} $$$
= (-8 ± 3) × 10-4 yr-1 (or 3 × 10-11 s-1). From transects of sea ice thickness and structure we estimate an effective Young's modulus at medium scales for sea ice mostly composed of snow ice of 0.1 GPa < E < 0.4 GPa, suggesting that this eleven year old sea ice cover has similar mechanical properties to warm first year sea ice. This is important for the parameterisations needed to simulate multiyear sea ice in the complex region near an ice shelf.
Three-Dimensional X-Ray Photoelectron Tomography on the Nanoscale: Limits of Data Processing by Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Hajati Shaaker , Walton John , Tougaard Sven
Published: April 2013

In a previous article, we studied the influence of spectral noise on a new method for three-dimensional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (3D XPS) imaging, which is based on analysis of the XPS peak shape [Hajati, S., Tougaard, S., Walton, J. & Fairley, N. (2008). Surf Sci602, 3064–3070]. Here, we study in more detail the influence of noise reduction by principal component analysis (PCA) on 3D XPS images of carbon contamination of a patterned oxidized silicon sample and on 3D XPS images of Ag covered by a nanoscale patterned octadiene layer. PCA is very efficient for noise reduction, and using only the three most significant PCA factors to reconstruct the spectra restores essentially all physical information in both the intensity and shape of the XPS spectra. The corresponding signal-to-noise improvement was estimated to be equivalent to a reduction by a factor of 200 in the required data acquisition time. A small additional amount of information is obtained by using up to five PCA factors, but due to the increased noise level, this information can only be extracted if the intensity of the start and end points for each spectrum are obtained as averages over several energy points.
Abortion and Citizenship Rights in a Devolved Region of the UK
Authors: Horgan Goretti , O'Connor Julia S.
Published: April 2013

The 1998 Belfast Agreement seemed to promise women in Northern Ireland equality. This article examines the extent to which that promise has been met by exploring abortion rights in the region. It situates abortion within a citizens’ rights framework. The article explores the interconnectedness of civil, political and social rights and the implications of an inability to vindicate any aspect of those rights.
The Dance of Justice
Authors: WTE  , JHR
Published: April 2013

Time appears in the development of law in several capacities. One of its powers is to provide relief for courts gridlocked in contradictory claims of hierarchy. That is the topic of this editorial. A showcase is provided by the Melki saga, as it recently unfolded in a rich and rushed contention between the French courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union.
How the Debt Crisis Exposes the Development of Solidarity in the Euro Area
Authors: Borger Vestert
Published: April 2013

Concept of solidarity – Factual vs. normative solidarity – Development of solidarity in the euro area – Transition from negative to positive solidarity – Solidarity as a legal concept – European Stability Mechanism – European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism – European Financial Stability Facility – Pringle judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union – ECB bond-buying programmes
Positively Valenced, Calming Political Ads
Authors: Arendt Florian , Marquart Franziska , Matthes Jörg
Published: April 2013

We investigated whether political print ads were able to moderate the influence of automatic affective gut reactions (i.e., implicit attitudes) on overtly expressed evaluations (i.e., explicit attitudes) of foreigners. In accordance with the feeling-as-information theory ( Schwarz, 2012 , In Van Lange et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage), we assumed that political ads containing positive, calming stimuli (e.g., nature pictures) signal a benign environment and thus should lead to less-effortful processing in subsequent situations. Due to the fact that the implicit–explicit correspondence is assumed to be higher under less-effortful processing, we hypothesized that these political print ads are able to increase the implicit–explicit correspondence. We tested this in an experiment in which participants (N = 164) were exposed to three positively valenced, calming ads of a European right-wing party (treatment group 1), or three negatively valenced, arousing ads of the same party (treatment group 2), or bogus ads (control group). As predicted, implicit attitudes better predicted explicit attitudes in participants who watched the positively valenced, calming ads. Thus, these participants based their overtly expressed evaluation of foreigners more on their (mostly negative) automatic gut reactions. In contrast, we found that egalitarian-related nonprejudicial goals predicted explicit attitudes in participants who watched negatively valenced, arousing ads. Thus, the content of these ads seemed to be “too strong” for participants and activated egalitarian-related values, which in turn predicted explicit attitudes. Taken together, our findings underline the importance of considering the relationship between explicit and implicit attitudes when studying the effects of political advertising.
Influence of Age-Rating Label Salience on Perception and Evaluation of Media
Authors: Jöckel Sven , Blake Christopher , Schlütz Daniela
Published: April 2013

A recent reform of the German protection-of-minors laws demanded the increase of salience factors for the packages of audiovisual media products. This study evaluated the effects of an increase in salience factors of age-rating labels for video games and movies. We used eye-tracking technology in a 2 (Parents, Sons) x 2 (Old, New label) experimental design with 52 parent–son dyads. We measured attention to the age-rating labels and attitude toward the media content. Increased attention to the age-rating labels could be demonstrated. Eye-tracking data showed more frequent and prolonged perception of the more salient age-rating labels. The new age-rating labels were more likely to be fixated and were gazed at longer than their old counterparts. At the same time, this did not automatically lead to a reduction in age-inappropriate media attractiveness. Unintended effects that approached marginal significance were found for adolescent boys: The enhanced attention to new age-rating labels was accompanied by an increased attractiveness of age-inappropriate media. Independent of the type of label shown to parents, they neither allowed their sons to use inappropriate media, nor were they willing to buy such video games or movies for them. Increasing salience factors for age-rating labels is a double-edged sword, resulting in increased awareness of age-rating, but not a reduction in attractiveness of age-inappropriate content.
Banking the brain
Authors: Amarasinghe Myanthi , Tan Hannah , Larkin Samantha , Ruggeri Barbara , Lobo Sarah , Brittain Philip , Broadbent Matthew , Baggaley Martin , Schumann Gunter
Published: April 2013

Mental health diagnoses are largely based on clinical observation and symptom reports, rather than biological evidence. A biobank that collects biological samples should allow the identification of disease mechanisms and more effective treatments.
Biogeography of the uncultured marine picoeukaryote MAST-4: temperature-driven distribution patterns
Authors: Rodríguez-Martínez Raquel , Rocap Gabrielle , Salazar Guillem , Massana Ramon
Published: April 2013

The MAST-4 (marine stramenopile group 4) is a widespread uncultured picoeukaryote that makes up an important fraction of marine heterotrophic flagellates. This group has low genetic divergence and is composed of a small number of putative species. We combined ARISA (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) and ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) clone libraries to study the biogeography of this marine protist, examining both spatial and temporal trends in MAST-4 assemblages and associated environmental factors. The most represented MAST-4 clades appeared adapted to different temperature ranges, and their distributions did not suggest clear geographical barriers for dispersal. Distant samples sharing the same temperature had very similar assemblages, especially in cold temperatures, where only one clade, E1, dominated. The most highly represented clades, A and E1, showed very little differentiation between populations from distant geographical regions. Within a single site, temporal variation also followed patterns governed by temperature. Our results contribute to the general discussion on microbial biogeography by showing strong environmental selection for some picoeukaryotes in the marine environment.
Association between living environment and human oral viral ecology
Authors: Robles-Sikisaka Refugio , Ly Melissa , Boehm Tobias , Naidu Mayuri , Salzman Julia , Pride David T
Published: April 2013

The human oral cavity has an indigenous microbiota known to include a robust community of viruses. Very little is known about how oral viruses are spread throughout the environment or to which viruses individuals are exposed. We sought to determine whether shared living environment is associated with the composition of human oral viral communities by examining the saliva of 21 human subjects; 11 subjects from different households and 10 unrelated subjects comprising 4 separate households. Although there were many viral homologues shared among all subjects studied, there were significant patterns of shared homologues in three of the four households that suggest shared living environment affects viral community composition. We also examined CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) loci, which are involved in acquired bacterial and archaeal resistance against invading viruses by acquiring short viral sequences. We analyzed 2 065 246 CRISPR spacers from 5 separate repeat motifs found in oral bacterial species of Gemella, Veillonella, Leptotrichia and Streptococcus to determine whether individuals from shared living environments may have been exposed to similar viruses. A significant proportion of CRISPR spacers were shared within subjects from the same households, suggesting either shared ancestry of their oral microbiota or similar viral exposures. Many CRISPR spacers matched virome sequences from different subjects, but no pattern specific to any household was found. Our data on viromes and CRISPR content indicate that shared living environment may have a significant role in determining the ecology of human oral viruses.
Strong coupling of plant and fungal community structure across western Amazonian rainforests
Authors: Peay Kabir G , Baraloto Christopher , Fine Paul V A
Published: April 2013

The Amazon basin harbors a diverse ecological community that has a critical role in the maintenance of the biosphere. Although plant and animal communities have received much attention, basic information is lacking for fungal or prokaryotic communities. This is despite the fact that recent ecological studies have suggested a prominent role for interactions with soil fungi in structuring the diversity and abundance of tropical rainforest trees. In this study, we characterize soil fungal communities across three major tropical forest types in the western Amazon basin (terra firme, seasonally flooded and white sand) using 454 pyrosequencing. Using these data, we examine the relationship between fungal diversity and tree species richness, and between fungal community composition and tree species composition, soil environment and spatial proximity. We find that the fungal community in these ecosystems is diverse, with high degrees of spatial variability related to forest type. We also find strong correlations between α- and β-diversity of soil fungi and trees. Both fungal and plant community β-diversity were also correlated with differences in environmental conditions. The correlation between plant and fungal richness was stronger in fungal lineages known for biotrophic strategies (for example, pathogens, mycorrhizas) compared with a lineage known primarily for saprotrophy (yeasts), suggesting that this coupling is, at least in part, due to direct plant–fungal interactions. These data provide a much-needed look at an understudied dimension of the biota in an important ecosystem and supports the hypothesis that fungal communities are involved in the regulation of tropical tree diversity.