bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No release of histamine and substance P in capsaicin‐induced neurogenic inflammation in intact human skin in vivo: a microdialysis study
Authors: PETERSEN L. J. , WINGE K. , BRODIN E. , SKOV P. S.
Published: April 2006

Background
Studies in rodents ‘skin have indicated substance P to be the main inflammatory mediator involved in neurogenic inflammation, acting partly by release of histamine from skin mast cells. The mediators released in neurogenic inflammation in human skin remain to be determined.

Objectives
To determine the effects of intradermally injected and topically applied capsaicin on the release of histamine and substance P and skin responses in intact human skin in vivo.

Methods
Extracellular skin levels of histamine and substance P were measured by microdialysis technique and assayed by enzyme and radio immunoassays. Two kinds of dialysis fibres (210μm, 2 kDa, and 500 μm, 20 kDa) were inserted intradermally into forearm skin for studies of histamine release to topically administered capsaicin and intradermally injected capsaicin and substance P.

Results
Baseline histamine skin levels were 8.0 ± 0.7 nM. Intradermally injected capsaicin (0.3–30μM, 7.5–750 pmol) caused significantly and dose‐related flare and pain reactions, but no significant histamine release or weals. Intradermally injected substance P (1 and 3 μM, 25 and 75 pmol) released significant amounts of histamine (peak levels being 90 and 475 nM), evoked weal‐and‐flare reactions, but did not cause pain. Capsaicin 2% ointment, applied on the skin for 2.5 h, increased skin blood flow by 300–400% as measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, elicited a longstanding burning sensation, but did not release histamine. Substance P‐like immunoreactivity (SP‐LI) was below the 1.8 pM detection limit following insertion of 20 kDa dialysis fibre and after intradermal injection of capsaicin 3μM. Intradermal injection of injection of 1 μM of substance P increased SP‐LI levels to values greater than 4500 pM, confirming the ability of the dialysis fibre to recover this peptide.

Conclusions
Capsaicin‐induced neurogenic activation does not involve the release of histamine from mast cells or detectable amounts of substance P release from sensory nerves in normal human skin in vivo.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine inhibits Na absorption and stimulates C1 secretion across canine tracheal epithelial sheets
Authors: TAMAOKI J. , CHIYOTANI A. , TAKEMURA H. , KONNO K.
Published: April 2006

Background
5‐Hydrozytryptamine (5‐HT) can be released from mast cells and platelets through an IgE‐dependent mechanism and may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchoconstriction. However, the effect of 5‐HT on ion transport by airway epithelium remains uncertain.

Objective
To determine whether 5‐HT alters electrical and ion transport properties of C1‐secreting epilhelia and, if so, what subtype of 5‐HT receptors is involved, we studied canine tracheal epithelium under short‐circuit conditions in vitro.

Methods
Canine tracheal mucosa was mounted in Lucite half‐chambers and the responses of short‐circuit current (lsc), transepithelial potential difference (PD) and tissue conductance (G) were measured. ln addition, ion fluxes were directly measured using 22Na and 36C1.

Results
Mucosal addition of 5‐HT caused a rapid increase in lsc, which was accompanied by the increases in PD and G, whereas submucosal 5‐HT had no effect. In the presence of amiloride, 5‐HT and its receptor agonists dose‐dependently increased lsc, with the rank order of potency being 5‐HT > α‐methyl‐5‐HT>2‐methyl‐5HT>5‐carboxamidotryptamine. The effect of 5‐HT was inhibited by ketanserin and spiperone but not by ondansetron. 5‐HT increased C1 flux from the submucosa to the mucosa with a slight inhibition of Na flux to the opposite direction.

Conclusion
5‐HT inhibits airway epithelial Na absorption and stimulates C1 secretion. The latter action predominates the former and is mediated by 5‐HT2 receptors. These effects may result in the increase in water movement toward the airway lumen.
Delineation of PLA2 epitopes using short or long overlapping synthetic peptides: interest for specific immunotherapy
Authors: KAMMERER R. , KETTNER A. , CHVATCHKO Y. , DUEOUR N. , TIERCY J.‐M. , CORRADIN G. , SPERTINI F.
Published: April 2006

Background
Venom immunotherapy is definitely indicated in severe systemic anaphylactic reactions to bee stings. but is not devoided of risks of anaphylaxis. Safer methods of Immunotherapy need to be developed.

Objective
To delineate phospholipase A2 Tcell epitopes using shoti I5mer vs long 40–60mer overlapping peptides, and to approach the potential interest of a venom immunotherapy based on the use of long peptides (1–60. 51–99. 90–134) mapping the whole phospholipase A2 molecule vs a restricted number of immunodominant epitopes.

Methods
Proliferation of a CD8+ T cell depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction and short‐term T‐cell lines from unselected bee venom hypersensitive patients in response to phospholipase A2 synthetic peptides.

Results
Whereas T‐cell proliferation to 15mer overlapping peptides was weak, T‐cell response to long overlapping peptides was in contrast vigorous in all patients, mostly directed to C‐terminal peptide 90–134. Our results did not support the concept of rare dominant T‐cell epitopes. and disclosed T‐cell responses to multiple epitopes in several patients. No significant IgE‐binding to long overlapping peptides was detected except in one patient against peptide 90–134.

Conclusion
15mer peptides might not be sensitive enough to fully delineate all potential T‐cell epitopes scattered along the allergen. Since they do not bind IgE in vitro or only weakly, and taking into account a T‐cell response frequently directed to multipie epitopes, long overlapping peptides may represent ideal tools for immunotherapy.
Non‐specific airway hyperresponsiveness in mono‐sensitive Sicilian patients with allergic rhinitis. Its relationship to total serum IgE levels and blood eosinophils during and out of the pollen season
Authors: DI LORENZO G. , MANSUETO P. , MELLUSO M. , MORICI G. , NORRITO F. , PELLITTERI M. ESPOSITO , DI SALVO A. , COLOMBO A. , CANDORE G. , CARUSO C.
Published: April 2006

Background
Initial attempts to evaluate the association between allergic rhinitis and nonspecific bronchial responsiveness has produced conflicting results. In fact, some studies showed a strong correlation and other failed to find an association. However, little is known about the effect of natural specific allergen exposure on the bronchial reactivity of mono‐sensitive patients with rhinitis in the southern Mediterranean area, in relation to skin reactivity to allergens, total serum IgE levels and blood eosinophiis.

Objectives
The significance of the association between allergic rhinitis, and abnormal airway responsiveness with regard to the pathogenesis of asthma is unclear. For this reason, we have studied non‐specific bronchiai hyperreactivity. in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, with reference to the responsible allergen. The aim of the study was to correlate the responsiveness to bronchoprovocation with methacholine in subjects a with allergic rhinitis during and out of the pollen season with total serum IgE and blood eosinophils.

Methods
Fourty‐nine non‐smoking patients with clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and mono‐sensitive skinprick tests to pollen allergens were enrolled in the study. Twenty patients suffered from seasonal rhinitis to Parietaria pollen. 15 patients to Gramineae pollen and 14 patients to Olea pollen. In all patients lung function measurements (assessed as response to methacholine). tolal serum IgE and blood eosinophii counts were measured during and out of the pollen season.

Results
During pollen season. 16 out of 49 rhinitis patients demonstrated values of bronchial responsiveness measured as response to inhaled metbacholine in the asthmatic range whereas out of the pollen season only eight patients were in the asthmatic range. By analysing the results with reference to the responsible allergen, during the pollen season 5 out of 16 patients were Parietaria ‐sensitive and out of the pollen season seven out of eight patients. Finally, in Parietaria ‐sensitive rhinitis bronchial responsiveness signifi‐cantly correlated, during and out of the pollen season, with total serum IgE and with blood eosinophil counts.

Conclusions
Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that Parietaria is more important than Olea and Gramineae as a risk for developing non‐ specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. On the whole, present observations provide further evidence that there is an interrelationship of allergen kind, total serum IgE. eosinophil and bronchial hyperressponsiveness suggesting that they may play a role in the development of bronchial asthma in rhinitis patients.
Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is accompanied by increased mast cell numbers in the absence of leucocyte infiltration
Authors: ANDERSON D. F. , MACLEOD J. D. A. , BADDELEY S. M. , BACON A. S. , McGILL J. I. , HOLGATE S. T. , ROCHE W. R.
Published: April 2006

Background
Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is the most common allergic disease to affect the eye. occurring alone or in association with allergic rhinitis. Infiltration with mast cells and eosinophils is characteristic of the chronic forms of allergic conjunctivitis such as vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. and these cell types also contribute significantly to allergic inflammation in the skin. Indirect evidence for a similar pattern of cellular events in SAC comes from studies which demonstrate raised eosinophil and neutrophil numbers in conjunctival scrapings and elevated levels of mast cell tryptase in tears following allergen challenge.

Objective
To directly characterize the inflammatory cell infiltrate in SAC and to determine its clinical relevance.

Methods
We employed specific immunohistochemical staining to count masi cells, eosinophiis and neutrophiis in the conjunctival epithelium and lamina propria of eight atopic patients with SAC in, and 12 SAC patients out of the hay fever season. Sixteen patients with no history of ocular allergy were used as control subjects.

Results
Mast cells were absent from normal epithelium. During the pollen season median mast cell numbers in the lamina propria were found to be increased by 6I'J(in patients with SAC compared with normals (P= 0.012). Eosinophils were found in the lamina propria in less than half of the symptomatic patients with SAC and in only three patients were eosinophils present in the epithelium. The neutrophil numbers in the lamina propria of patients with SAC tended to be higher than normals but these changes did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion
Conclusion These data based on the direct assessment of conjunctival tissue provide evidence that symptoms occur in SAC in the absence of detectable recruitment of eosinophils or neutrophils. This suggests that this disorder is related to mast cell‐mediated changes.
Mouse/human chimeric IgGl and IgG4 antibodies directed to the house dust mite allergen Der p 2: use in quantification of allergen specific IgG
Authors: SCHUURMAN J. , PERDOK G. J. , MUELLER G. A. , BENJAMIN D. C. , TAN K. YONG , CHAPMAN M. D. , AALBERSE R. C.
Published: April 2006

Background and Objective
Chimeric mouse/human monoclonal IgGl and IgG4 antibodies were developed against the house dust mite allergen Der p 2. These chimeric IgG antibodies, hIgG1‐Dp2 A and hIgG4‐Dp2 A, have the same binding characteristics as the previously reported chimeric hIgE‐Dp2 A and are composed of the heavy chain variable domains and light chains ot the original murine monoclonal antibody 2B12., whereas the heavy chain constant domains have been replaced by the human IgGl or IgG4 heavy chain. The expression level of hIgG1‐Dp2 A and hIgG4‐Dp2 A was 1 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively.

Methods and Results
Since all IgG in these culture supernatants is allergen‐specific. they are useful reference reagents and enable the calculation of the amount of allergen specific IgG l and IgG4 antibodies in absolute IgG amounts. The results obtained with two panels of sera from patients in immunotherapeutic treatment were evaluated and compared in Der p 2 IgE, IgGl and IgG4 RAST and with reversed lgG4 RAST using labelled purified Der p 2. Close agreement between the results for the two IgG4 assays was found.

Conclusion
With these chimeric reference reagents the quantities of isotype specific antiallergen antibodies can be calculated and compared.
The Role of Probiotics in the Management of Allergic Disease
Authors: Boyle R. J. , Tang M. L. K.
Published: April 2006

Probiotics have recently been advocated for the prevention and treatment of allergic disease (AD). In clinical practice they are increasingly being used for these purposes. Here we review the evidence base for the use of probiotics in the management of AD. We find support for their use in the treatment of childhood eczema, but the clinical significance of any treatment effect is uncertain. There is also evidence to support the use of probiotics in the prevention of childhood eczema. However the available evidence suggests that probiotics are not an effective treatment for allergic airway diseases. Probiotics may be more effective when used early in life, and they may have a particular role in gastrointestinal AD. The relative efficacy of different probiotic strains in the management of AD is not well established, and further work is needed to establish their mechanisms of action. In summary probiotics are likely to play a part in the management of childhood eczema in the future, and further studies are warranted to precisely define their role.
Cytokine responses to allergens during the first 2 years of life in Estonian and Swedish children
Authors: Böttcher M. F. , Jenmalm M. C. , Voor T. , Julge K. , Holt P. G. , Björkstén B.
Published: April 2006

Background
The prevalence of atopic disease among children in the formerly socialist countries in Europe, with a life style similar to that prevailing in Western Europe 30–40 years ago, is low, whereas there has been a pronounced increase in industrialized countries over the last decades. The environment during infancy influences the risk of developing allergy for many years, perhaps even for life.

Objective
To investigate the development of allergen‐specific cytokine responses during the first 2 years of life in two geographically adjacent countries with marked differences in living conditions and incidence of atopic diseases, i.e. Estonia and Sweden.

Methods
The development of immune responses to food (β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) and ovalbumin (OVA)) and inhalant (cat and birch) allergens was studied from birth up to the age of 2 years in 30 Estonian and 76 Swedish infants. Clinical investigation and skin prick tests were performed and blood samples were obtained at birth and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months.

Results
The levels of IL‐5, IL‐10 and IL‐13 secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with BLG, OVA and cat allergen in Estonian and Swedish infants declined during the first 3 months of life. All cytokines then progressively increased in the Swedish infants, indicating the replacement of non‐specifically responding immature cord blood T cells with specific T memory cells, which are primed postnatally. The resurgence of allergen‐specific responses in the Estonian infants was less marked. These differences were particularly notable for birch‐specific T cell responses, which correlated with development of atopic disease in the Swedish children.

Conclusions
The development of specific T cell memory to food and inhalant allergens during the first 2 years of life differs between infants living in Sweden and Estonia, and mirrors the disparate patterns of expression of allergic disease which subsequently develops in the respective populations.
100 years of ‘Allergy’: can von Pirquet's word be rescued?
Authors: Kay A. B.
Published: April 2006

It is 100 years since Clemens von Pirquet wrote his classic paper introducing the term ‘allergy’. Although the word is no longer used in the way he intended, his concept of ‘changed reactivity’ laid the foundation for the modern science of immunology.
Blister fluid proteinases in bullous skin diseases
Authors: FRÄKI JORMA E.
Published: April 2006

Blister fluids from various vesiculo-bullous skin diseases were found to hydrolyse several proteinase substrates at almost the same pH optima as healthy human skin extracts. Hydrolysis rates of substrates by different blister samples were found to vary greatly. High hydrolysis rates were found in dermatitis herpetiformis (hydrolysis of casein at pH 75) and in acute infected eczema (hydrolysis of haemoglobin at pH 3.5 and casein at pH 7.5), whilst slow hydrolysis rates were found in burn blisters.
Delusions of infestation: treatment by depot injections of neuroleptics
Authors: FRITHZ ANDERS
Published: April 2006

Fifteen patients with monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis manifesting as delusions of infestation have been treated by depot injections of neuroleptic drugs (fluphenazine decanoate or cisflupentixole decanoate). Several of the patients had formerly been treated with neuroleptics by mouth with little or no effect. During the injection treatment eleven patients became totally symptom free, three patients improved and one was unaffected. No serious side-effects were observed.
CALCUL DU GRADIENT VERTICAL DU CHAMP DE GRAVITE ou DU CHAMP MAGNETIQUE MESURE A LA SURFACE DU SOL*
Authors: BARANOV V.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

It is known that good use can be made of calculating the second vertical derivative of gravitational and magnetic fields. The first derivative, or Vertical Gradient, has the same properties, Like the second derivative, it does not depend on the locally linear regional anomaly. Moreover, the gradient is less affected by experimental errors.

The report gives a practical method of calculating the vertical gradient. Its application is identical to that in general use for calculating the second derivative, except that the numerical coefficients are different. The method also allows the establishment of formulae for downward extension of the field and its derivatives.
THE APPLICATION OF RESISTIVITY METHODS IN ESTABLISHING THE BASE OF THE WATER‐BEARING ROCKS IN THE CANNOCK CHASE COALFIELD*
Authors: POLAK EDWARD JAN
Published: April 2006

Abstract

In the Cannock Chase Coalfield the rocks of the overburden are heavily waterlogged, thus constituting a source of difficulty and even danger to the miner. In order to ensure maximum safety with the maximum use of reserves, the area has been investigated by boreholes and by resistivity surveys.

In this paper a short summary of the resistivity work is given, with especial reference to electrode arrangement and methods of interpretation used. Where applicable, comparison between resistivity evidence and borehole data is shown.
HYDROLOGICAL SURVEYS IN THE CATANIA AREA BY MEANS OF ELECTRICAL SOUNDINGS*
Authors: BREUSSE J. J. , HUOT G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Exploration of the Catania region was carried out for over a year by means of electrical soundings. The thickness of the overburden (lava and alluvium) was thus computed and the contour map of the blue clays basement shows the existence of several buried channels where new wells were drilled, all of them successful.
THE PREPARATION OF PAPERS FOR “GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING” AND THEIR PRESENTATION AT TECHNICAL MEETINGS
Authors: BRUCKSHAW J. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The efficient production of “Geophysical Prospecting” depends upon the co‐operation of the individual authors and this paper serves as a guide for them. Some suggestions are also made on the presentation of papers at meetings in the hope of promoting successful discussions.
ROLE JOUÉ PAR LA CORRECTION LUNI‐SOLAIRE EN PROSPECTION GRAVIMETRIQUE*
Authors: NEUMANN R.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The luni‐solar corrections are considered under the three following aspects:

Quality of results: the application of tidal corrections to all stations is pointless as long as the operations do not substantially exceed two hours.

Working conditions: it seems possible to increase the duration of programs without any loss of precision, but operating in such a way requires particular care.

Behaviour of gravity meters: the introduction of tidal corrections allows to separate three kinds of instrumental drifts; a good knowledge of the mean operational drift enables to appreciate the quality of a given set of measurements.

An example is given to show the possibility in some cases to detect small errors which are close to the limit of precision of the instrument.
REFLECTION SURVEY IN ROUGH TOPOGRAPHY*
Authors: SELEM A. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The problems connected with reflexion surveys in areas of rough topography consist of choosing proper equipment and of making careful near‐surface corrections. This paper illustrates some solutions to these problems that have been adopted in a survey which has recently started in a hily coastal area, in Southern Italy.

As the area is characterized by a youthful and very actively eroded topography of Post‐Miocene clays and litoral clastic sediments, both rotary and percussion drilling were necessary whilst all the seismic equipment had to be light to allow straight lines to be shot as far as possible. Details are given of the truckmounted, light equipment which has been designed for this special purpose.

In connection with the youthful topography of the area being surveyed, the criteria for the proper computation of the near‐surface corrections is discussed. The great differences in elevation, combined with variations in the surface and near‐surface materials, necessitated a careful analysis before deciding the thickness of the correction zone. The results are shown of the preliminary tests carried out in order to determine the average thickness of the low‐velocity zone. The solution adopted for drawing the reference surface determining the base of the correction zone for the whole of the area is subseqently explained.

Reference datum is drawn so as to follow gently, and with segments of constant slopes, the general features of the rough topographic relief at a depth ranging from 30 to 60 metres from the surface. Criteria for the routine checking of velocity variations in the correction zone are illustrated. Such checks are based on both uphole time analyses and refraction “first breaks” plots, with deeper shot holes at constant intervals.

Unsatisfactory results necessitate longer spreads for “low velocity tests” and uphole shooting from deeper holes and the reference datum is deepened for the particular area where this becomes necessary.

The final cross‐sections are shown and although, as yet, no deep holes, are available to check the seismic data, the general appearance of the cross‐sections seems to indicate that subsurface data are free from the influence of topography and of the velocities in the near‐surface formations.
RESISTIVITY CURVES FOR A CONDUCTING LAYER OF FINITE THICKNESS EMBEDDED IN AN OTHERWISE HOMOGENEOUS AND LESS CONDUCTING EARTH*
Authors: KOEFOED O.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

A method is described for computing master resistivity curves. It is a modification of that devised by Ehrenburg and Watson, but is superior as a shorter time is required for the computations. A collection of 31 master curves for the three layer case is presented.
ON SURFACE‐WAVES IN LOOSE MATERIALS OF THE SOIL*
Authors: KORSCHUNOW A.
Published: April 2006

For the first time a method of observing the effects of hammering and of small blasts has been applied in a series of experiments on various soils, using a three component set of small mechanical leaf spring seismographs. The seismograms have been subjected to a thorough harmonic analysis. By means of these experiments, the theoretical concept of Rayleigh waves generated in a layer overlying a semi infinite medium has been confirmed. The dispersion curves resulting from different experiments correspond well with theoretical dispersion curves.

It may be. concluded that every seismic pulse generates a specific Rayleigh wave mechanism in loose layers. The depth of penetration of the Rayleigh wave mechanism and its frequency spectrum depend upon the delivery of energy and upon the consistence of the particular soil.

Most of the energy delivered is transformed into surface‐waves, and it is obvious that the direct reading of pulses in seismograms effects mainly group velocities of the Rayleigh wave mechanism. Thus, all endeavours to procure information about near surface layers of loose soils by refraction seismic work, as the present investigations show, meet with far more difficulties than has been assumed in the past.

With regard to the determination of the critical frequencies of the generated surface waves, the method of harmonic analysis of seismograms is superior to the usual dynamic method of soil mechanics, since rotating weights do not give the characteristic phase velocities and transversal wave velocities necessary for judging the consistency of loose soils.

Finally, a method of determining the absorption of surface waves is discussed.
ON THE EFFECT OF POISSON'S RATIOS OF ROCK STRATA ON THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS OF PLANE WAVES*
Authors: KOEFOED O.
Published: April 2006

Calculations are presented of reflection coefficients of plane longitudinal waves incident at oblique angles on boundary planes between elastic media. It is shown that the manner in which these reflection coefficients vary with the angle of incidence is strongly affected by the values of the Poisson's ratios of the two media. It appears that, contrary to a conclusion arrived at by Muskat and Meres, the reflection coefficient may vary appreciably with the angle of incidence in the range between O° and 30°. Possibilities of practical application of this phenomenon are discussed.
ON SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA WITH APPLICATIONS IN THE BETUN AREA, SOUTH SUMATRA*
Authors: Kleyn A. H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

An analytical solution of refraction problems in anisotropic media is based on the expression for the refraction angle in an uniaxial anisotropic medium with vertical axis and elliptic anisotropy. The theory is applied to a test on the anisotropic behaviour of the sedimentary section in the vicinity of Betun, South Sumatra, employing the results from a refraction profile, a well velocity survey and a radial well survey. It is concluded that, in the Betun area, the anisotropy factor is variable with depth. Its maximum value may be as high as 1.15 in the middle part of the section.
SOME PROBLEMS OF SHALLOW REFRACTION INVESTIGATIONS*
Authors: DOMZALSKI W.
Published: April 2006

The term shallow refraction, as used in this paper, refers to investigations confined to the superficial layer of rocks, composed primarily of unconsolidated material. To define the scope of the discussion it will be assumed that the term shallow refraction applies to work of which the lower limit is approximately 300 feet and the upper of the order of a few feet. The consideration of the small magnitude of quantities measured (distances and times) determines the perspective of the problems involved, since difficulties encountered in the interpretation, although equally disturbing whether in deep or shallow work, will cause a greater percentage of error in the latter case. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate these problems. The factors considered include the location of the geophone spread in relation to the topography of the site, influence of the ground conditions in the vicinity of geophones on recorded times, consideration of the shallow uphole shots and problems arising from the repeated use of the same shothole. The rapid variation in the vertical velocity of the overburden and errors due to it are discussed together with the effects of a non homogeneous unconsolidated material and velocity reversal. The effects of the ill‐defined solid rock surface are also considered. It appears that as the depth of investigations becomes shallower, the limits of the practical capabilities of the method are approached, because the differences between the theoretical assumptions and the actual conditions become more pronounced.
GEOELECTRIC EXPLORATION OF INCLINED THIN BEDS AND ORE VEINS*
Authors: ŠUMI F.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTS

The equation for the deformation of the homogeneous electrical field caused by a long inclined thin plate, is given. By means of this equation a diagram is designed for the direct depth determination of the upper and the lower edge and for the inclination of the plate. The equation and the diagram are proved by small scale model measurements and applied in field exploration.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SEISMIC REFLECTION AMPLIFIERS*
Authors: HERMONT A. J.
Published: April 2006

During the last two years the Exploration and Production Research Laboratory, Shell Development Company, Houston, Texas, had occasion to evaluate a number of seismic amplifier channels submitted by various seismic contractors and manufacturers. From this study, material for the present paper has been collected.

The modern trends to be found in the electrical design of up‐to‐date equipment are reviewed, and opinions of the E & P Research Laboratory, not necessarily shared by the industry, are expressed. No specific designs are mentioned, the material being presented in a general way.

The over‐all elementary channel is discussed briefly and the various components are described functionally.

Filtering is mentioned from a point of view of minimum requirements for an average reflection survey, and absolute sensitivity, minimum useful signal voltage from a geo‐phone, and noise are discussed.

Gain control is treated in two regions–the automatic control region and the initial control region. For the former, static and dynamic control characteristics are discussed, and the factors influencing the control range are brought out. For the latter, it is pointed out when a system is said to require obligatory or optional initial suppression.

Harmonic distortion, originating in the inductive components of the input circuit due to low‐frequency roller energy, is presented in a manner facilitating understanding of the distribution of low‐frequency filtering along the channel.
INTERPRETATION METHOD FOR WELL VELOCITY SURVEYS
Authors: WALLING DEAN , SAVIT CARL H.
Published: April 2006

“Cable” and other extraneous energy in well velocity surveys may be identified and distinguished from “formation” energy by using phase relationships. Conventional instruments with at least two different narrow band‐pass filters provide sufficient data to achieve good results even in the presence of extreme amounts of interference. The method is illustrated by laboratory tests and an actual well survey.
SUPERMULTIPLICATION DES CHARGES ET DES SISMOGRAPHES AU SAHARA (ZONE NORD)*
Authors: POMMIER GILBERT , RICHARD HENRI
Published: April 2006

In desert countries, reflection seismic prospecting is often very difficult due to bad surface conditions, which adversely affect the quality of the reflections. From the beginning the Northern Sahara proved to be particularly unfavourable. In 1954 a series of systematic tests led to a shooting method which gave satisfactory results. This method used a high multiplicity of the shotholes (up to 100 per shotpoint) combined with a high multiplicity of geophones (up to, and sometimes more than 100 per trace). The method has proved effective and relatively economical to run since 1954. The evident conclusion is, that, under special conditions, high multiplicity may be very helpful in the future.
THEORETISGHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DEN EINFLUSS DER VERWITTERUNGSSCHICHT AUF DAS SPEKTRUM ELASTISCHER WELLEN IN DER REFLEXIONSSEISMIK
Authors: MENZEL HEINZ , ROSENBACH OTTO
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The following assumptions are made in the mathematical treatment of the problem. Below a plane earth's surface there is a three‐layered elastic medium the interfaces of which are parallel to the earth's surface. The uppermost layer represents the weathered layer in which the velocity of propagation of seismic waves increases linearly with depth. The two lower layers, the so‐called intermediate layer and the substratum each have a constant velocity. The surface of the earth is acted on simultaneously by a normal pressure N in the form of a Heaviside pulse. The seismic wave thus generated is propagated through the elastic media.

The aim of the investigation is to study the shape of the wave

1) in the intermediate layer, after the wave has entered it the first time

2) at the earth's surface, after the wave has been reflected once at the interface between the intermediate layer and the substratum.

The mathematical solutions can in both cases be expressed as series of Bessel functions. Some numerical examples illustrate the quasi‐periodic nature of the solutions. The pseudo‐frequency is determined by the gradient of velocity in the uppermost layer; it assumes a value of approximately 50 c.p.s. for a gradient of appr.
ÉTUDE DES VITESSES DU KARROO À MADAGASCAR*
Authors: CHEREAU J. Y.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The Karroo of Madagascar is a thick continental deposit of sandstone with some shale, but no characteristic beds. Where it outcrops, velocities have been measured through bore hole surveys. It seems that they depend primarily on the age, but long refraction soundings show a progressive increase of the velocity with depth and a weak differentiation of the marker beds. These results may possibly be brought in accordance by discriminating between the present position and the deepest position of a bed through its geologic history. Thus we must admit very important erosions which, according to regional geologic data, seem possible. If we make the appropriate correction due to this distinction, all the velocity measurements fall near the curve proposed by Faust for an average shale and sand section.
SOME PRACTICAL RESULTS OF AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTING IN SWEDEN*
Authors: TÖRNQVIST G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

In 1956 a total profile length of about 10,000 kilometers was surveyed in Sweden by a new airborne electromagnetic method. The purpose of the survey was to direct ground parties to areas where conducting ore bodies (sulphides etc.) might be found and to eliminate barren ground. In this method an electromagnetic rotating field is used and the variations in both the real and imaginary components of the applied field are measured. The airborne work can be done with one plane towing a bird on a long cable or with two planes without cable connection. The two‐plane method has proved to have definite advantages over other methods, as shown by practical examples. The relation between the magnitude of the anomaly over background noise in relation to the flying altitude and the transmitter‐receiver distance is demonstrated, as well as different types of anomalies obtained. The use of this airborne method for the mapping of shallow structures in oil field terrains is discussed.

The equipment for the ensuing electromagnetic ground investigations is briefly described and examples are given of anomalies obtained.
SOME MODEL EXPERIMENTS RELATING TO ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AIRBORNE WORK*
Authors: HEDSTRÖM E. H. , PARASNIS D. S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

After a discussion of the underlying principles, some electromagnetic model experiments made primarily in connection with the development of the ABEM airborne method are described. The experiments were made on thin vertical and horizontal conductors of “infinite” extent with coil arrangements involving one transmitter and one receiver unit. The in‐phase and out‐of‐phase components of the field picked up by the receiver were measured in percent of the amplitude of the normal field at the receiver. In this case 1° phase‐shift corresponds to 1.75 % of the normal field amplitude. The experiments were made on a scale 600–2000 times smaller than the natural scale. The ores and overburdens normally encountered in the field were simulated by sheets of Cu, Al, Zn and Pb of varying thicknesses. The frequencies used were 500, 880 and 1500 c/s. The variation of the secondary fields with the thickness, resistivity and depths of the conductors causing them is discussed in some detail. The bearing of the laboratory work on ground and especially airborne electromagnetic methods is indicated. A few miscellaneous experiments are also described. The results of an airborne survey over a known ore body and those of the corresponding model experiments are given. The ABEM airborne electromagnetic method and the so‐called “Canadian” method are briefly compared in the light of the model experiments described.
SEISMIC MODEL EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING REFLECTED REFRACTIONS*
Authors: KOEFOED O. , VAN EWYK J. G. , BAKKER W. T.
Published: April 2006

Seismic model experiments are described in which long strips of plexiglass were used as models. One end of the strip was sawn off at an oblique angle and, at the opposite end, the strip was excited by means of a barium titanate transducer. The experiments showed that, if the width of the strip was sufficiently small, an anomalous reflection against the oblique end occurred which travelled in the longitudinal direction of the strip. This anomalous reflection did not occur when the width of the strip was large. These results are explained on the basis of Fresnel's theory. It is inferred that, in the subsurface, refracted waves may be reflected against fault planes without the law of reflection being satisfied, provided that the refracted wave is propagated in a sufficiently thin high velocity layer.
SYMPOSIUM ON CHANGES OF SHAPE OF SEISMIC PULSES*
Authors: ANSTEY N. A.
Published: April 2006

Theoretical work on seismic pulse propagation must, of necessity, use advanced mathematical methods. To the general reader these researches may seem far removed from the necessities of commercial geophysics; this paper attempts to show in non‐mathematical terms that the basic potential of the seismic method permits the obtaining of considerably more information than is currently expected, and that, of all the advances which are required to realise that potential, a knowledge of the laws governing the transmission of the seismic pulse is most desired.
ASPECTS THÉORIQUESIET PRATIQUES DE LA DÉTERMINATION DES VITESSES D'INTERVALLE EN SISMIQUE RÉFLEXION*
Authors: CHEREAU J. Y. , LEDOUX Y.
Published: April 2006

Conventional or continuous velocity logging generally fail to solve the problem of velocities in the whole area of a seismic survey. Surface measurements often bring a large amount of additional information: effect of shallow layers, change of facies, correlations. The authors present a theoretical view on the physical meaning of interval velocities. After a short synthesis of the diverse formulae formerly proposed (Faust, West), the practical manner of using these formulae and the accurate interpretation obtained with the help of geological and geophysical data are shown. Several characteristical examples are finally explained and commented on.
THE USE OF ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTORS FOR THE EVALUATION OF GRAVIMETRIC TERRAIN CORRECTIONS*
Authors: BOTT M. H. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

A method is described in which the major part of gravimetric terrain corrections may be estimated by digital computing methods.
SOME DEPTH FORMULAE FOR LOCAL MAGNETIC AND GRAVITY ANOMALIES
Authors: SMITH R. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Some mathematical inequalities are proved and their relevance to the interpretation of local magnetic and gravity anomalies is discussed. They can be applied to the readings of either a vertical magnetometer or a total field magnetometer or a gravimeter and yield a maximum possible value for the depth below the earth's surface of the top surface of the body producing the anomaly.
ON THE DETECTION OF A SPRING OF MINERAL WATER AT BAD PETERSTAL, SCHWARZWALD, AS A RESULT OF PREVIOUS CO2– MEASUREMENTS IN THE GROUND AIR
Authors: BUDDE E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

In nine small areas in the Black Forest measurements were made of the CO2 content of ground air, using a method which is based on the difference in heat conductivity between CO2 on one side and N2 and O2 on the other. Measurements during four days yielded four strong CO2 anomalies. At one of these a well was sunk, which gave a considerable discharge of mineral water.
SYMPOSIUM ON THE USE OF BOREHOLE DATA IN GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION*
Authors: LEVANTO A. E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

A 3‐component flux gate magnetometer has been built for use in 1½ inch drill‐holes. It has an accuracy of 1 mgs. It requires 2–3 men to operate it and they can take measurements in up to 3 100 metre holes in one day. The instrument has definitely proved its worth in describing the‘general’ geology of an ore‐body, and it is now used on a routine basis.
ON ELASTIC SURFACE WAVES AT A CYLINDRICAL HOLE IN AN INFINITE SOLID*
Authors: STILKE G.
Published: April 2006

Solutions for the propagation of elastic waves at the surface of a cylindrical hole of infinite length are derived from the wave equation for a perfectly elastic and isotropic medium. It is found that the phase and group velocities depend on the ratio between the wave length and the circumference of the cylindrical hole. These surface waves can be classified into different orders. They differ in the calculated dispersion curves, in the range of possible wave lengths (cut‐off‐frequencies), and in the amplitude proportion of the components of the displacement vector. For very short wave lengths these waves converge to normal Rayleigh waves.

These results are used to explain some of the multiple onsets and disturbances on seismograms, obtained in practical seismic investigations in the mines of Siegerland.

The conformity of theoretical and practical results is limited, because the idealised suppositions on which the computation is based, such as perfect elasticity, homogeneous and isotropic medium, and circular cross section of the mine gallery are met only approximately in practice.
IMPROVEMENT IN THE QUALITY OF DEEP REFLECTIONS BY UNIFORMLY LINEAR SHOTPOINT ARRAYS*
Authors: PIERAU H. , MULLER W.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

By means of demonstration material, the author reports on the successful application of a shooting technique for seismic reflection operations, which has proved to work satisfactorily in those parts of the North‐West German prospective oil area which are unfavourable to reflections. The shooting technique is characterized by uniformly linear shotpoint arrangements which are parallel with the geophone spread and reach from one end of the spread to the opposite. All charges are detonated simultaneously.

Technical details of the method are discussed, particularly the problem of the most favourable geophone spreads in continuous profiling as well as the position of the uphole geophone. The difference in quality of reflections obtained by the normal pattern shooting and the linear shotpoint arrangement is demonstrated by seismograms. The special problems involved in the interpretation of the seismic records are referred to.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL REMANENT MAGNETIZATION IN THE INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC ANOMALIES
Authors: GIRDLER R. W. , PETER G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

An example is given from the Gulf of Aden of a total intensity magnetic anomaly which cannot be explained by a body assumed to be magnetized in the direction of the Earth's present magnetic field. It is enferred that the natural remanent magnetization is much greater than the induced magnetization and computations have been made which suggest the presence of igneous rocks with a reverse magnetization. The example illustrates that it is important to know the ratio of remanent to induced magnetization and the direction of remanent magnetization for the correct interpretation of magnetic anomalies.
DIRECTIONAL SCANNING WHEN PLAYING‐BACK SEISMIC MAGNETIC RECORDS*
Authors: SEELIS KARL‐HEINZ
Published: April 2006

Abstract

In this paper we describe and give examples of procedures of magnetic playback which make it possible to emphasize particular reflections with respect to other reflections of differing step‐out. The procedure consists of 100% mixing between non‐adjacent channels, using either direct or, more frequently, reversed‐polarity mixing signals. This procedure allows the effective separation of differently inclined reflections.
PHENOMENES ANORMAUX EN SISMIQUE REFLEXION*
Authors: MICHON D.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Abnormal phenomenons such as refractions and diffractions are more readily seen on cross‐sections produced in magnetic processing offices than on single records. The result is that the understanding of these phenomenons intervenes more and more in the interpretation of the data.

Our purpose is to proceed here to a restatement of the geometric properties related to these phenomenons and to make an attempt to distinguish between what is useful for the interpretation and what is not.

To begin with we shall call our attention on diffractions and refractions over faults permitting to recognize the faults or to precise them, then on diffractions caused by irregularities of the surface forming the common boundary of heterogeneous media (more or less deep erosion surface, basement rock, …). The following phenomenons are classified as parasites:

refractions following very shallow horizons, mostly related to topographic accidents,

diffractions on the upward path caused by shallow faults,

diffractions in the horizontal plane, found either in marine seismic or in case of heterogeneities “wrapt up” inside of an homogeneous overthrust.
ETUDE SUR MODELE ULTRASONIQUE DU PROBLEME DES COUCHES MINCES EN SISMIQUE REFRACTION
Authors: LAVERGNE M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Difficulties may arise in refraction seismic surveys in the case of thin layers.

Seismograms have been realized by means of ultrasonic model techniques and have led to some results about the propagation of refracted waves along thin layers. The velocities of propagation have been determined as a function of the layer thickness.

When the layer thickness is small compared to the wave length, it is shown that:

— the velocities of propagation of refracted waves can be up to 6 % less than the velocities along thick layers.

— the attenuation of amplitude with distance becomes large.

— the determination of depth from measurements of delays gives doubtful results.

Experiments have been run on two dimensional models but extension of the results to three dimensional cases is possible.
THE INDUCED POLARIZATION METHOD IN ORE INVESTIGATION*
Authors: ŠUMI F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The method of induced polarization is being more and more used for sulphide ore exploration. The purpose of the present paper is to show that the decay‐time of the polarization curve represents a characteristic property of polarized media and consequently of various ores. The decay‐times for various minerals, determined by laboratory measurements, are given in table form. Although the intervals of the decay‐times partially overlap, the decay‐time does to a certain degree supplement the data of induced polarization. Further, a method of interpretation in cases in which there is a superposition of the polarization effects of bodies with different decay‐times, is discussed. Laboratory results as well as examples of field and bore hole measurements, in cases in which standard geophysical methods did not yield satisfactory results, are given.