bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arrumar a forma?
Authors: Stigger Veronica
Published: April 2023

Como Cristo pelas estações da Via Crúcis, a que a paixão do título A paixão segundo G.H. faz referência, a protagonista de Clarice Lispector se desloca por vários aposentos de seu apartamento até chegar ao quarto da empregada, onde para. Seu percurso se interrompe diante da falta do que arrumar no ambiente limpo, iluminado e organizado de Janair. Se “arrumar é achar a melhor forma”, quase como “desgasta[ndo] pacientemente a matéria até gradativamente encontrar sua escultura imanente”, que forma ela pode extrair do que vê como um “vazio seco”?
Unification of Tarekat in Indonesia: A Critical Review
Authors: Hidayat Ziaulhaq
Published: April 2023

This study aims to conduct a critical review of a dissertation on the unification of tarekat in Indonesia. To understand how critical review works, a summary will be made of the dissertation that is used as the object of study. The critical review work step is carried out by trying to present an overview of the dissertation that will be critically reviewed to provide an overview of the material being analyzed. Content analysis is a characteristic of this study, with which opinion interpretations are carried out. The findings of the study explain that this dissertation explains that the Sufistic thoughts of Ahmad Khatib Sambas are considered unique compared to other Sufis, because Ahmad Khatib Sambas succeeded in combining two large orders, namely the Qadiriyah and Naqsyabandiyah Orders which then taught them separately. Apart from that, this tarekat has a quite prominent spirit of activism, as evidenced by several resistance movements against colonialism sponsored by followers of the Qadiriyah and Naqsyabandiyah Tarekat. The results of the critical review show that this research has not succeeded in answering what is at the core of the research problem. The research findings presented are too broad, so they do not focus on the main discussion. In addition, this study also failed to present novelty from previous studies.
Adriamycin-loaded Gelatin Microspheres in the Treatment of Bone Tumors
Authors:   School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi Province, China, Zhou Shaolong , Shi Xiujiang ,   School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi Province, China, Chen Yi ,   School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi Province, China, Li Li ,   School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi Province, China, Chen Chen ,   School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi Province, China
Published: April 2023

Objective: This study harnessed adriamycin-loaded gelatin microspheres (ADM-GMS) to examine their properties and in vitro release characteristics, and explore their effect on human osteosarcoma U-20s cell strain and its mechanism. Methods: ADM-GMS was prepared using the emulsification-crosslinking method. The scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the shape of microspheres, and particle size and distribution were measured using a laser particle size device. The drug loading rate and encapsulation rate were calculated by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and the drug release performance of the microspheres to adriamycin (ADM) was evaluated. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of ADM-GMS on human osteosarcoma U-20s cell strain in vitro. Results: We determined an optimal material ratio of 1:10 for ADM-GMS, with which the microspheres showed a round shape and excellent dispersity. The average particle size with the optimal material ratio was 14.02±1.67μm, with a drug loading rate of 6.05±0.26% and an encapsulation rate of 84.27±3.10%. ADM-GMS had excellent sustained-release properties and a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of human osteosarcoma U-20s. Conclusion: ADM-GMS, prepared with a material ratio of 1:1, has a promising slow-release ability and an anti-bone tumor effect with a lower Semi-inhibitory concentration. Thus, this ADM gelatin delivery system is worthy of further clinical research. However, the detection method in this study is simple and weakly supported by clinical trials, and more investigations are required for further verification.
The Influence of House Price on The Average Age of First Marriage in China
Authors: Ma Zunbo , Ma Luyao , Yang Zhiyi , Wang Yibo , Wang Zige
Published: April 2023

With the rapid development of economy, the domestic environment is characterized by the rapid rise of housing prices and the encouragement of marriage and childbearing by policies, and the age of first marriage in China has also changed. Based on the data from 1998 to 2021, this paper builds a model to measure the effect of the average house price in China on the age of first marriage, and supplements the control variables such as the population difference between men and women, the enrollment rate of senior high school and the expenditure of maternity insurance fund to describe the changes of the age of first marriage in China in detail. Through empirical analysis, we come to the conclusion that the high average house price has significantly delayed the age of first marriage in China. Accordingly, this study suggests that the state should promote relevant housing policies to curb the rapid growth trend of housing prices while ensuring the rigid demand of residents' housing.
المكافحة الكيميائية لفطر Fusarium solani المعزول من بذور نبات الفاصوليا (صنف محلي) معمليا وتحت ظروف الصوبة
Authors: سليمان عبد الله نجاح , علي سعد محمد , عبد الرحيم محمد صالح
Published: April 2023

أستخدم في هذه التجربة خمس مبيدات فطرية Captan-Benlate-Vitavax-Rizolex-Rovral لمكافحة فطر Fusarium solani المعزول من بذور نبات الفاصوليا (صنف محلي) وأجريت المكافحة الكيميائية في المعمل باستخدام سبع تراكيز لكل مبيد (0 ، 25 ، 50 ، 100 ، 200 ، 400 ، 800 جزء  في المليون) علي جنس الفيوزاريم المختبر والنامي غلي بيئة     PDAوتم أخذ القراءات للنمو الطولي للفطر على فترات محددة وتوضح النتائج تثبيط نمو الفطر F.solani بعد 192 ساعة من التحضين عند التركيز 200 جزء في المليون من المبيد رايزوليكس وثبط النمو عند التركيز 400 جزء في المليون من المبيد كابتان وبنليت وثبط النمو الفطري عند التركيز  800 جزء في المليون من المبيد روفرال وفيتافاكس ولوحظ وجود فروق معنوية لتداخل الفترات والمبيدات والتراكيز ، كماأجريت المكافحة الكيميائية للفطر تحت ظروف الصوبة باستخدام نفس المبيدات سالفة الذكر ، وذلك بمعاملة بذور الفاصوليا بثلاث تراكيز من المبيد تبين من نتائج دراسة تأثيرها معاملة بذور الفاصوليا بالمبيدات المشار إليها لمكافحة الفطر  أن مبيد االفيتافاكس يعطي أقل نسبة موت للبذور قبل وبعد الإنبات  يليه مبيد البنليت والرايزوليكس ثم مبيد الكابتان وأخيراً الروفرال واشارت النتائج إلى وجود فروق معنوية لزمن الاصناف وكذلك للمعاملات وفروق معنوية بين الزمن والمعاملات ، وتبين من النتائج إختلاف تأثيرات المبيدات المختلفة وكذلك التراكيز المستخدمة على أطوال المجموع الجذر ، وكذلك على الوزن الطازج والجاف للمجموع الخضري والجذري .
تأثير موعد القطف على جودة ثمار التفاح صنف "رد ديليشيص" المعدة للاستهلاك الطازج والتخزين
Authors: جادالله سليمان
Published: April 2023

أجريت هذه الدراسة خلال موسمي 2001 و 2002 على ثمار التفاح (M.  domestica)  صنف "رد ديليشيص" Delicious Red النامية تحت ظروف منطقة الجبل الأخضر وذلك بغرض دراسة تأثير ثلاثة مواعيد قطف (28 / 8 و 07 / 9 و 24 / 9- 2001 و 2002) ، على جودة الثمار المعدة للاستهلاك المباشر أو للتخزين لمدة 172 يوم عند 0°م ورطوبة نسبية 88 ± 3 %) .    أشارت نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن موعد القطف الثالث (24 / 9) كان الأمثل لقطف الثمار لغرض الاستهلاك الطازج مقارنة بالموعدين الآخرين , حيث كانت ثمار هذا الموعد في مرحلة النضج التام ، وبذلك تفوقت جودتها الاستهلاكية من حيث ارتفاع محتواها من المواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية وتطور لونها الخارجي وانخفاض محتواها من الحموضة والنشا مقارنة بثمار موعدي القطف الأول والثاني ، كما إن ثمار موعد القطف الثالث قد ازداد وزنها وحجمها مقارنة بثمار موعد القطف الأول مما أضفى على مظهر الثمار تأثيرا ايجابيا.  كما أشارت نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى إن موعد القطف الثاني (7 / 9) كان أنسب موعد من بين المواعيد المشمولة بهذه الدراسة لغرض التخزين ، فقد تفوقت جودة ثمار هذا الموعد معنويا عن ثمار موعد القطف الأول والثالث عند نهاية فترة التخزين وقد انحصر هذا التفوق في انخفاض نسبة التالف من الثمار نتيجة الأمراض والأضرار الفسيولوجية . ولم تظهر النتائج وجود أية تداخلات معنوية بين مواعيد القطف الثلاث بعد تخزينها من حيث  نسبة الحموضة ، نسبة المواد الصلبة الذائبة,  صلابة الثمار والفقد في الوزن .
تأثير درجة حرارة التخزين على ثمار التفاح صنف " ديليشيص" النامية تحت الظروف الليبية
Authors: جادالله سليمان
Published: April 2023

أجريت هذه الدراسة خلال موسم عامي 2003 و 2004 على ثمار التفاح (M.  domestica) صنف "ديليشيص" "Delicious" النامية تحت الظروف المناخية السائدة في المنطقة الشرقية من ليبيا (منطقة الجبل الأخضر) بهدف تحديد أفضل درجة حرارة ( 0  ، 3  ، 5°م) لتخزين ثمار هذا الصنف بجودة عالية لمدة 5 أشهر . حيث تراوحت الرطوبة النسبية في المبردات ما بين 88 ± 3% . وبتتبع التغيرات في بعض الصفات الكيميائية والطبيعية للثمار وكذلك الإصابة بالكائنات الممرضة عند نهاية فترة التخزين . وجد أن صلابة الثمار ومحتواها من الحموضة والمواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية قد انخفض معنويا وبصورة متدرجة بارتفاع درجة حرارة التخزين . بينما ارتفعت معنويا نسبة الفقد في وزن الثمار ونسبة التالف منها بارتفاع درجة حرارة التخزين . وقد لوحظ في هذه الدراسة أن صلابة ثمار التفاح ومحتواها من الحموضة بشكل عام تنخفض بالتخزين مقارنة بما كانت عليه في الثمار عند القطف . وأكدت هذه الدراسة على أن الصنف " ديليشيص" من الأصناف ذات القدرة التخزينية الجيدة حتى عند تخزينه على درجات حرارة مرتفعة نسبيا (3°م) ، حيث كانت نسبة الفقد في وزن ثماره و نسبة التالف منها مقبولة تجاريا . إلا أن الثمار التي خزنت عند 0°م كانت عالية الجودة من ناحية الطعم والنكهة واللذان عكسهما احتفاظ الثمار بقدر أعلى من الحموضة والمواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية والصلابة مما يشجع على إطالة فترة تخزين تلك الثمار (عند 0°م) لفترة أطول من فترة التخزين المستهدفة بهذه الدراسة (5 أشهر) أو يضفى ميزة لتلك الثمار حيث يتوقع بقاءها لفترة عرض أطول في السوق وبشكل عام لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة المواد الصلبة الذائبة لهذا الصنف عند نموه تحت الظروف المحلية مما قد يدعو إلى اختبار تخزين ثمار هذا الصنف المنزرع محليا عند درجات حرارة غير موصى بها في المراجع . أجريت هذه الدراسة خلال موسم عامي 2003 و 2004 على ثمار التفاح (M.  domestica) صنف "ديليشيص" "Delicious" النامية تحت الظروف المناخية السائدة في المنطقة الشرقية من ليبيا (منطقة الجبل الأخضر) بهدف تحديد أفضل درجة حرارة ( 0  ، 3  ، 5°م) لتخزين ثمار هذا الصنف بجودة عالية لمدة 5 أشهر . حيث تراوحت الرطوبة النسبية في المبردات ما بين 88 ± 3% . وبتتبع التغيرات في بعض الصفات الكيميائية والطبيعية للثمار وكذلك الإصابة بالكائنات الممرضة عند نهاية فترة التخزين . وجد أن صلابة الثمار ومحتواها من الحموضة والمواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية قد انخفض معنويا وبصورة متدرجة بارتفاع درجة حرارة التخزين . بينما ارتفعت معنويا نسبة الفقد في وزن الثمار ونسبة التالف منها بارتفاع درجة حرارة التخزين . وقد لوحظ في هذه الدراسة أن صلابة ثمار التفاح ومحتواها من الحموضة بشكل عام تنخفض بالتخزين مقارنة بما كانت عليه في الثمار عند القطف . وأكدت هذه الدراسة على أن الصنف " ديليشيص" من الأصناف ذات القدرة التخزينية الجيدة حتى عند تخزينه على درجات حرارة مرتفعة نسبيا (3°م) ، حيث كانت نسبة الفقد في وزن ثماره و نسبة التالف منها مقبولة تجاريا . إلا أن الثمار التي خزنت عند 0°م كانت عالية الجودة من ناحية الطعم والنكهة واللذان عكسهما احتفاظ الثمار بقدر أعلى من الحموضة والمواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية والصلابة مما يشجع على إطالة فترة تخزين تلك الثمار (عند 0°م) لفترة أطول من فترة التخزين المستهدفة بهذه الدراسة (5 أشهر) أو يضفى ميزة لتلك الثمار حيث يتوقع بقاءها لفترة عرض أطول في السوق وبشكل عام لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة المواد الصلبة الذائبة لهذا الصنف عند نموه تحت الظروف المحلية مما قد يدعو إلى اختبار تخزين ثمار هذا الصنف المنزرع محليا عند درجات حرارة غير موصى بها في المراجع .
عزل واختبار القدرة الإمراضية للفطريات الممرضة المحمولة على بذور أصناف الحمص المزروعة بالجبل الأخضر
Authors: سليمان عبد الله نجاح
Published: April 2023

أجريت هذه الدراسة خلال الموسم الزراعي 2005-2004 إفرنجي بكلية العلوم جامعة عمر المختار ، حيث استهدفت عزل وتعريف الممرضات الفطرية المحمولة على بذور أصناف الحمص المدروسة واختبار قدرتها الإمراضية . بينت عمليات عزل الفطريات من عينات البذور لصنفي الحمص المحلي وصنف حمص LIC ، تلوث وإصابة عينات البذور المختبرة بأنواع مختلفة من الفطريات حيث تم عزل وتعريف عدد 12 نوع فطري مختلف وهي Aspergillus ustus, A. candidus , A. niger, Chaetomium bost\rychodes, Fusarium oxysporium, Phomopsis sp., Pencillium frequentans, Pythium ultimum, Rhizopus sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Thielaviopsis sp. Cladosporium sp. تم اختبار القدرة الإمراضية للفطريات التي تم عزلها وذلك بحقنها على عوائلها الأصلية ولوحظ من نتائج اختبار القدرة الإمراضية للفطريات المعزولة من بذور الحمص صنف محلي فروق معنوية بين البذور التي تم زراعتها في ترب ملوثة بالفطريات المعزولة والبذور المزروعة في ترب خالية من المسبب المرضي كنباتات محكمة في نسبة موت البذور قبل الإنبات وموت البادرات بعد الإنبات والدليل المرضي وطول البادرات وطول الجذر والوزن الكلي الطازج والجاف وتشير النتائج إلى أن فطر Fusarium oxysporum أعطي أعلى نسبة موت قبل وبعد الإنبات . وتوضح نتائج اختبار القدرة الإمراضية للفطريات المعزولة من بذور الحمص LIC فروق معنوية بين البذور التي تم زراعتها في ترب ملوثة بالفطريات المعزولة والبذور المزروعة في ترب خالية من المسبب المرضي كنباتات محكمة في نسبة موت البذور قبل الإنبات ونسبة موت البادرات ، والدليل المرضي وطول الجذر والوزن الكلي الطازج والجاف ، وتشير النتائج إلى أن فطر Pythium ultimum أعطى أعلى نسبة موت قبل وبعد الإنبات .
دراسة تجريبية حول تأثير المبيد الحشري كلوربايروفوس على الجرذان البيضاء الخلايا البدينة والكريات البيضاء
Authors: الدرسي ابراهيم , عمر العوامي افضيل , محمود غياث , الكاسح رافع
Published: April 2023

تهدف هذه الدراسة لمعرفة تأثير المبيد الحشري كلوربايروفوس (Chlorpyrifos) وهو من المركبات الفسفورية العضوية على تواجد وتوزيع الخلايا البدينة(Mast cells) والخلايا الكروية البيضاء (Globule leukocytes) في أمعاء و قصيبات رئات الجرذان .

واستخدم لهذا الغرض 110 جرذاً ذكراً بحيث قسمت الجرذان إلى أربعة مجاميع : خصصت المجموعة الأولى كمجموعة تحكم وأعطيت المجموعة الثانية جرع يومية مقدارها  من قيمة، أما المجموعتين الثالثة والرابعة فقد أعطيت جرعة واحدة مقدارها  و  من قيمة  على التوالي علماً بأن الجرعة نصف المميتة  كان مقدارها 81.2 ملغم / كجم من وزن الجسم . [الدرسي ، 2005] .

لقد تم الكشف عن تواجد مكثف للخلايا البدينة في طبقة المخاطية (Mucosa) وتحت المخاطية (Submucosa) وفي الطبقة العضلية الملساء (Muscularis) لكل من الأمعاء وقصيبات رئات الجرذان المعرضة للمبيد الحشري بجرعات يومية .

أما الخلايا الكروية البيضاء فقد كانت محصورة في الطبقة الظهارية (Intraepithelial) لمخاطية الأمعاء وقصيبات الرئات في الجرذان المجرعة بالمبيد بجرعات يومية .

أثبتت الفحوصات النسيجية الكيمياوية أن محتوى حبيبات (Granules) هاتين الخليتين هو مزيج من متعدد السكريد المخاطي الحامضية والمتعادلة (Acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides) وذلك بعد تفاعلها الموجب مع صبغة PAS وصبغة AB pH2.5 وصبغة AB pH2.5/PAS .
تفعيل الوعي البيئي لتنمية الغطاء النباتي ومكافحة التصحر بمنطقة الجبل الأخضر
Authors: فركاش محمد , حسين الزبيدي داخل , عبد ربه محمد محمد
Published: April 2023

يستهدف هذا البحث بصفة أساسية التعرف علي المستويات المعرفية للزراع ومربي الحيوانات الخاصة بمجال تنمية الغطاء النباتي ومكافحة التصحر ، تم تصميم استمارة استبيان تتكون من ثلاثة أجزاء ، يختص الجزء الأول بالتعرف علي مسببات تدهور الغطاء النباتي ، والجزء الثاني يتعلق بالأهمية النسبية لمصادر المعلومات التي يعتمد عليها المبحوثون في الحصول علي معلوماتهم حول الغطاء النباتي والتصحر، ويختص الجزء الثالث بالمستويات المعرفية للمبحوثين ، بمجالات أسباب التصحر ، طريقة الرعي ، الظروف الجوية ، تأثير السلوك البشري ، كما تم اختيار (50) مبحوثا من الزراع والمربين للحيوانات وبنسبة (10%) من إجمالي المبحوثين ، وتم استخدام النسب المئوية والجداول التكرارية ، والدرجة المتوسطة لمصادر المعلومات في تحليل بيانات هذا البحث . وقد أظهرت النتائج أن الإذاعة المرئية والمسموعة مثلتا المرتبة الأولي من حيث الأهمية النسبية بدرجة متوسطة بلغت (2.90) درجة ، كما أشارت النتائج إلي انخفاض المستوي المعرفي بشكل عام في جميع المجالات المبحوثة .

ويوصي الباحثون بضرورة التنسيق بين الجهات ذات العلاقة بتنمية الغطاء النباتي وإعداد برامج مخطط لها جيدا ، وكذلك تفعيل دور الإسكان الرعوي باعتباره نواة لتنمية الغطاء النباتي ومكافحة التصحر
تخطيط النمو المتوازن في القطاع الزراعي في العراق (محافظة واسط كنموذج تطبيقي)
Authors: السعدي عثمان حسين
Published: April 2023

يهدف هذا البحث إلى استعمال البرمجة الخطية في تخطيط النمو المتوازن في القطاع الزراعي في العراق ، وتم اختيار محافظة واسط كحالة تطبيقية . وقد استخدمت نوعين من الأسعار في النموذج لتعظيم دالة الهدف هي الأسعار الثابتة المحلية ، والأسعار العالمية (دولار) على الترتيب . تم جمع المعلومات اللازمة من وزارة الزراعة العراقية ، وهيئة التخطيط ، إضافة إلى الدراسات العلمية ذات العلاقة .

نتيجة التحليل أظهرت إمكانية بناء نموذج للنمو المتوازن في محافظة واسط على ضوء الخصائص الجغرافية والبيئية وطبيعة التربة إضافة إلى الموارد المتاحة من المياه والقوى العاملة ، وذلك عن طريق إيجاد تركيب محصولي أمثل يتضمن زراعة محاصيل الذرة الصفراء زهرة الشمس ، القمح والشعير لجميع المساحة المتاحة للزراعة واستبعاد محصول الرز . بلغت قيمة دالة الهدف (211746.857) مليون دينار عراقي بالأسعار الثابتة ، أو ما يعادل (138.810) مليون دولار أمريكي بالأسعار العالمية . على ضوء هذه النتيجة يوصي الباحث بالعمل على تطبيق نموذج النمو المتوازن في المناطق الأخرى من العراق وفق الخصائص البيئية والجغرافية والموارد الإنتاجية المتاحة في كل منطقة .
المكونات الكيميائية والخصائص التخمرية لأوراق بعض من أشجار غابات منطقة الجبل الأخضر - ليبيا
Authors: ميلاد ابراهيم
Published: April 2023

استهدفت هذه الدراسة تحديد القيمة الغذائية ونمط التخمر لأوراق بعض من أشجار غابات منطقة الجبل الأخضر في الشمال الشرقي من ليبيا ، شملت عينات من كل من الشماري Arbutus pavarii ، البطوم Pistacia lentiscus ، الشعرة Juniperus phoenicea ، الخروب Ceratonia siliqua والبلوط Quercus coccifera . أظهرت التحاليل الكيميائية التقريبية بأن النسبة المئوية لكل من البروتين الخام ، الألياف الخام ، الدهن الخام والمعادن الكلية تتراوح بين (6.3 – 11.3) ، (25.0 – 37.0) ، (5.7 – 17.0) و (3.1 – 8.5) على التوالي . قياسات الغاز الناتج من تخمر العينات تراوحت بين 137.3 – 170.0 مل/جم مادة جافة وذلك بعد تحضينها معمليا مع سائل كرش الأغنام في ظروف لا هوائية لمدة 72 ساعة . كان إنتاج غاز التخمر التجمعي بعد 48 أو 72 ساعة مرتفعاً في عينة أوراق الشعرة (P < 0.01) مقارنة ببقية العينات والتي لم يوجد بينها اختلافات معنوية (P > 0.05) . القيم المقدرة للطاقة الأيضية والمادة العضوية المهضومة كانت 5.23 ، 5.76 ، 5.33 ، 5.70 و 5.73 ميجاجول/كجم مادة جافة و 35.5 ، 39.2 ، 36.2 ، 38.3 و 38.7% لكل من الشماري ، الشعرة ، البطوم ، الخروب والبلوط على التوالي ولم تكن هذه القيم مختلفة معنويا (P > 0.05) . تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن أواق بعض أشجار هذه الغابات يمكن إدخالها كمصادر محلية في تغذية المجترات تحت ظروف التغذية غير المكثفة ، بالإضافة إلى ذلك فإن نمط التخمر قد يشير إلى وجود عوامل مضادة للتخمر يمكن اعتبارها .
Effect of heat stress and body condition score on the occurrence of puerperal disorders in Holstein cows
Authors: MELLADO Miguel , HERRERA Claudia D. , DE SANTIAGO Ángeles , VELIZ Francisco G. , MELLADO Jesús , GARCÍA José E.
Published: April 2023

Aim of the study: To evaluate the association between temperature-humidity index (THI) and body condition score (BCS) at calving and retained placenta (RP), puerperal metritis, clinical ketosis, and mastitis in Holstein cows in a hot environment Area of study: Northeastern Mexico. Material and methods: This is a retrospective cohort study (n= 12,102 lactations from January 2017 to December 2021) using univariate logistic regressions. The outcome variables were periparturient diseases, and the predictor variables were BCS and thermal stress at calving. Main results: Cows calving with a THI > 82 were 30% more likely (prevalence 16.8% vs 13.7%; p < 0.01) to have RP than cows whose parturition occurred with moderate or low thermal stress (THI < 82 units). Cows calving with THI > 82 had significantly increased chances of having metritis than cows calving with THI < 82 (prevalence 15.6 vs 13.4; p < 0.01). Cows calving with a THI > 82 were 1.8 times more likely to have clinical ketosis (7.6% vs 4.4%; p < 0.01) than cows calving with THI < 82 units. Cows with BCS at calving ≥ 3.5 had half the risk of having RP (prevalence 10.4 vs 19.1%, p < 0.01) than cows with BCS < 3.5. Likewise, the risk of metritis decreased (p < 0.01) with BCS ≥3.5 at calving (prevalence 10.9 vs 17.4%). Research highlights: Heat stress at calving was associated with an increased risk for RP, puerperal metritis, and clinical ketosis compared to cows undergoing mild or no heat stress at parturition. Also, cows with BCS ≥ 3.5 were less likely to present RP and metritis, but high body fatness was associated with an increased risk for clinical ketosis.
Professionally-oriented Discourse in Foreign Language Teaching in HEIs
Authors: Antufieva Viktoriia , Holubova Hanna , Lisovska Alla , Kuleshova Karyna , Oriekhova Larysa
Published: April 2023

Objective: The peculiarities of professionally oriented discourse in teaching a foreign language in High Education Institutions are a key factor in improving knowledge of the subject matter and developing students' professional competencies. In modern realities, the use of lexical and semantic groups and professional terminology is becoming increasingly important to improve mastery of the educational material and the possibility of implementing the acquired skills in practical activities. The research aims to conduct an analytical study of the theoretical and methodological foundations of professionally oriented discourse and the peculiarities of its use in teaching a foreign language in High Education Institutions. Such a policy can improve the peculiarities of teaching professionally-oriented discourse, which is an important segment in learning a foreign language. Moreover, it can also improve approaches to organizing the learning process.Methods: Using scientific research methods, the article presents logically consistent material on the development and feasibility of implementing High Education Institutions policy with an increased focus on mastering professional-oriented discourse as a condition for further employment of students and improvement of their professional competencies.Results: Attention is paid to the theoretical provisions of professionally oriented discourse and its quality of development in modern realities. The results of the study can be useful in formulating policies for organizing the educational process and ensuring the improvement of the quality of education in modern globalization processes. The article investigates the peculiarities of the educational process and typifies the key elements of professionally oriented discourse, taking into account the development of modern information technologies.Conclusions: Recommendations for the formation of the most relevant skills for students in mastering professionally oriented discourse in learning a foreign language are given.
Influências das produções televisivas para a experiência turística – o caso do Carnaval de Torres Vedras, Portugal
Authors: Carvalho Ana Paula dos Santos , López-Bonilla Jesús Manuel , Almeida António Sérgio Araújo de
Published: April 2023

A pesquisa sobre os efeitos audiovisuais na experiência turística está muito focada nos comportamentos dos turistas. São ainda escassos os estudos sobre o papel da televisão no turismo e as estratégias económicas emancipadoras para o desenvolvimento local. Este estudo interpreta os efeitos das produções televisivas na experiência da visita ao Carnaval de Torres Vedras (Portugal), através da pesquisa de campo, análise documental e inquérito aos visitantes. O principal objetivo foi identificar um conjunto de fatores e atributos que possam contribuir para a afirmação turística e emancipação comunitária. Os resultados apontam para uma resposta positiva, ou seja, é possível que os efeitos das produções televisivas contribuam para a afirmação turística do Carnaval de Torres Vedras
NutrUgraft - preoperative supplementation in ultra HD liposuction with ultrasound-guided rectus abdominis fat transfer: a prospective longitudinal cohort clinical study
Authors: Salomone Paloma , Viaro Maurício Schneider
Published: April 2023

Liposuction triggers an inflammatory response as a result of surgical trauma. Preoperative dietary supplementation has been implemented to enhance recovery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients’ perceptions of the use of preoperative dietary supplementation through a questionnaire. We conducted a prospective study of 80 healthy patients, 2 men, and 78 women, with a mean age of 34.8 years. Thirty days before surgery, all patients have prescribed the NutrUgraft protocol: CoQ10 200 mg, Dimpless 40 mg, Biointestil 300 mg, and IBS Care 100 mg. The Impact® dietary supplement was also prescribed, 1 unit daily for 7 days. On postoperative day 30, patients answered 5 objective questions: (1) How do you rate your healing? Good, fair, or poor; (2) Did you feel safer by receiving preoperative supplementation? Yes, no, or indifferent; (3) Postoperatively, your bowel: functioned normally, constipated, or had diarrhea; (4) Postoperatively, did you develop fibrosis? Yes, no, or I don’t know; and (5) If undergoing another surgery in the future, would you like to receive preoperative supplementation again? Yes, no, or indifferent. Of 80 patients evaluated, 80% classified their healing as good, 90% reported feeling safer by receiving preoperative supplementation, 85% reported that their bowel functioned normally postoperatively, 80% reported not developing fibrosis, and 91.25% would like to receive supplementation again if undergoing another surgery. Based on the results, patients had a positive perception of all topics evaluated, thus highlighting the importance of dietary supplementation in the preoperative period of plastic surgery.
Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of nateglinide on human ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines
Authors: z Samet , ekerci G , ksel Furkan , Tekin Suat
Published: April 2023

Objective: Nateglinide, an oral anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes, activates ATP-dependent potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells and induces insulin secretion. Numerous antidiabetic medicines, particularly metformin, are known to drastically reduce the viability of cancer cells. This study examined the effects of nateglinide on the DNA and viability of human ovarian (A2780), prostate (LNCaP), and colon (Caco-2) cancer cells.

Materials and methods: Initially in the study, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µM doses of nateglinide were administered for 24 hours to A2780, LNCaP, and Caco-2 cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used to measure cell viability. Using Graphpad Prism 8, the inhibitory logarithmic concentration values (LogIC50) of nateglinide in A2780, LNCaP, and Caco-2 cells were computed based on the results of the MTT experiment. These doses were applied to A2780, LNCaP, and Caco-2 cells for the Comet assay. The Bonferroni-corrected Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare groups, and a value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: In A2780 and LNCaP cell lines, only 1000 μM nateglinide concentration decreased cell viability (p<0.05), whereas in Caco-2 cells, all concentrations except 1 μM reduced cell viability (p<0.05). The Comet assay indicated that nateglinide produced DNA damage by increasing the tail lengths and tail moments of A2780, LNCaP, and Caco-2 cells (p<0.05) and reducing the head diameters (p<0.05).

Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, nateglinide has cytotoxic effects on human ovarian, prostate and colon cancer cell lines and may possess anticancer properties.
Digital Transformation in Public Policy during the New Order at the Regional Revenue and Management Agency of Sumedang Regency
Authors: Sumantri Ii
Published: April 2023

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 has brought significant changes in human life, including in dealing and working from manual to digital. Besides that, the existence of Covid-19 has also changed a new order of life which is called the new Normal. The Sumedang Regency Government at the Sumedang Regency Regional Revenue and Management Agency has responded to this challenge by implementing digital transformation in public policy by implementing an Electronic Based Government System (SPBE) policy through a service known as e-Office. This study aims to analyze the digital transformation of the Regional Revenue and Management Agency of Sumedang Regency. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The results of the study show that digital transformation of policies and public services at the Sumedang Regency Revenue and Management Agency has gone very well with the application of e-office. The application of e-office applications in addition to implementing several central and regional government policies, is also used as an internal service tool to assess the work of apparatus in carrying out basic tasks and functions individually . In this study it was also found that e-office applications still need to be developed between local governments and other parties with the concept of collaboration.
Ampliación de la distribución geográfica de Liolaemus torresi (Núñez, Navarro, Garín, Pincheira-Donoso y Meriggio, 2003) (Squamata, Liolaemidae) en la Región de Antofagasta
Authors: Mella Ávila Jorge , Marambio-Alfaro Yery , Fernández Maldonado Belén
Published: April 2023

Se describe el registro del Dragón de Torres-Mura Liolaemus torresi en una nueva localidad, camino a Paposo, en la Región de Antofagasta (Chile), lo que extiende la distribución geográfica conocida de la especie, 92 km más al sur.
Influence of ambient temperature on reproduction ofthe red-headed cricket (Gryllus assimilis)
Authors: Hermansa Natalia , Kustra Kamil , Trela Magdalena , Lis Marcin
Published: April 2023

Red-headed crickets were kept in glass insectariums equipped with drinkers, food containers and peat boxes for laying eggs. In the first stage of the experiment, the insects were divided into three groups, kept at 20°C, 25°C and 29°C, respectively. Three days after placing the crickets in the insectariums, the eggs were counted. In the second stage, the eggs (15 pcs.) were placed in boxes with peat in insectariums and exposed to the same temperatures as the females were kept at 20°C, 25°C and 29°C respectively, and the time in which the larvae hatch in each container was observed.It was found that the thermal conditions of the environment influence the number of eggs laid by female Gryllus assimilis and the length of the embryonic period in red-headed crickets. It is estimated that in the temperature range of 20–29°C, increasing the temperature by 1°C shortens the time needed to hatch the larvae from the eggs by 2 days.
An Empirical Study on the Validity of the AES Systems Juku and iWrite for Continuation Writing Task Assessment
Authors: Luo Ziqing , Luo Si
Published: April 2023

The automatic English scoring (AES) systems are coming to the forefront of English learners’ minds with their speed, accuracy and personalized feedback. However, fewer researchers have studied the validity of AES systems in assessing narrative texts such as continuation writing tasks. Therefore, this paper empirically investigates the scoring between two AES systems, Juku and iWrite, and the difference in scoring validity between these two systems and the teacher.

This study mainly uses a quantitative method. The subjects of the study were the continuation writing tasks scores of 30 senior high school students in a Chinese middle school. Each task was scored by a professional teacher, Juku and iWrite, all with a perfect score of 25. Then the scores were statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0.

The results of the analysis showed that (1) iWrite was more consistent and correlated with manual scoring than Juku. (2) In terms of mean scores, the manual scores were significantly higher than the Juku and iWrite scores. (3) In terms of discrimination, the system scores were not as good as the manual scores, but the latter were more subjective. (4) In terms of accuracy and stability, the AES systems were higher than manual scoring. Therefore, learners can use the AES scoring system as a reference and practice narrative writing based on the system’s feedback on grammar and the teacher’s feedback on plot and content.
Carbon Costs and Credit Risk in a Resource-Based Economy: Carbon Cost Impact on the Z-Score of Canadian TSX 260 Companies
Authors: Oyegunle Adeboye , Weber Olaf , Elalfy Amr
Published: April 2023

Climate risks and climate risk-related policies on carbon threaten the ability of economies to thrive and will impact the credit risk of many sectors, primarily high-emitting sectors. Higher credit risks will also affect lenders if their credit portfolios are exposed to climate change risks. The introduction of carbon pricing policies will exacerbate this threat in resource-based economies such as Canada. While some research exists on climate exposure and risks to lending portfolios, there is a knowledge gap on how carbon pricing impacts individual commercial credit risk. Consequently, this study analyzes the effect of different carbon pricing scenarios on Altman’s z-score. Using the Canadian TSX 260 data between 2010 and 2020 as a sample, this paper applied the costs of different carbon prices using the Canadian Government’s carbon price regime of $0 to $170 to analyze Altman’s z-score variables until 2030. The results suggest that carbon price will significantly impact the credit risk of companies in high-emitting industries, such as the energy sector. We conclude that climate policy exposure in the form of carbon costs will have a real impact on credit risk and that lenders must consider carbon emissions as part of their credit risk assessment.
Diabetes Prediction with the Help of Machine Learning
Authors: Choutele Akash Ashok
Published: April 2023

“The first WHO Global Report on Diabetes was launched on World Health Day 7th April 2016 and was dedicated to Diabetes” (Roglic G. WHO Global report on diabetes, 2016). Diabetes was recognized as a serious medical condition even in ancient times, but it does not appear that clinicians or other physicians dealt with it frequently. Increases in the prevalence of this disease over the past few decades have had a chilling effect on human health and development. This research is all about diabetic patients and how diabetes can be detected early using data science and machine learning algorithms. Based on diagnostic measurements, the purpose of the research is to make a diagnostic determination as to whether a patient suffers from diabetes.
Personalized Travel Recommendation Systems: A Study of Machine Learning Approaches in Tourism
Authors: Badouch Mohamed , Boutaounte Mehdi
Published: April 2023

Recommender systems that utilize machine learning algorithms are a prominent tool in the design and implementation of personalized tourism experiences. These systems analyze user data to generate recommendations for destinations, attractions, accommodations, and activities based on user preferences, behavior, and similarity to other users. Collaborative filtering and content-based filtering are two widely used machine learning algorithms in recommender systems, and hybrid systems that combine both approaches have shown to be effective in producing more accurate recommendations. Tourism recommendation systems (TRS) provide several benefits, including personalization, convenience, improved user experience, and increased revenue for tourism businesses. These systems can suggest destinations, attractions, accommodations, and activities that match user preferences and past behaviors, ultimately simplifying the trip planning process. Machine learning algorithms can be trained on large datasets to generate personalized recommendations, and can continuously improve their effectiveness by incorporating new data and user feedback. This paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of various types of recommendation systems (RS), including those based on user preferences, behaviors, demographic profiles, and social network judgments. The paper also presents a comparison table for these approaches. Additionally, the paper discusses the different stages of the travel process and the sources of data that can be used to develop a recommender system. The concluding section of the paper highlights the importance of personalized recommendations in the tourism industry and the potential for future research in this area.
On Variance Components Estimators in Repeated
Measurements Model
Authors: Kori Hayder Abbood
Published: April 2023

In this article, we focus our study on estimation the variance components in the two methods: the maximum likelihood function and the maximum penalized likelihood function of the repeated measurements model, which contain three random effects as well as random error, comparing between these estimators based on the mean square error , we also studied the bias and variance for each estimator and supported the theoretical side with an applied example to illustrate the results.
Investigation of In- Vitro Method of Antiulcer Activity
Authors: Kumar Roshan
Published: April 2023

It has long been known that medicinal plants include traditional therapeutic ingredients for the treatment and prevention of illnesses and disorders. In order to find out if hydroalcoholic extracts of fenugreek seeds may be used to treat ulcers, this study tested the extracts' capacity to neutralize acids and their ability to block H+/K+ - ATPase. A 1000 mg/ml concentration of the Seeds extract significantly reduced the acidity from 11.90 at the normal 500 mg/ml of Aluminium hydroxide + Magnesium hydroxide to 6.10. The maximum percentage of inhibition of the H+/K+ - ATPase was shown by petals extract at a concentration of 400 g/ml, which is less than the typical dose of esmoprazole (73.82%). The IC 50 value of extract of fenugreek seeds is shown to be 100 g/ml when compared to the average dose of esmoprazole, which is 82.5 g/ml. According to the findings of this study, fenugreek seeds contain compounds that have the ability to neutralize acids and block enzymes, making them a potential alternative treatment for digestive problems.
Removal of Emulsified Oils in Contaminated Water by Air Flotation and Filtration Techniques
Authors: Erdeni Abid Ahmad
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted for the purpose of removing the emulsion oils that polluted water, as a processing unit was designed and manufactured by the researcher, the two phases included a basin for the air flotation to separate the emulsion oil in the water. For the purpose of removing the remaining water polluted oil, and samples were taken after (10,20,40) minutes to test the effect of time in the treatment method with air, as well as samples after nominating the candidates to test their efficiency.

 The results demonstrated the efficiency of both the flotation basin with air and two filters high efficiency in removing the emulsion polluted water, as it was the highest efficiency of the flotation basin at 40 minutes and the removal rate was 98. 33 %, as well as the candidates have proven efficiency in removing the remaining oil from the bundle of cavity, and that the highest removal rate is (96, 100) %, respectively, for both sponge filter and Eucalyptus powder filter, and this is confirmed by the results of the concentration of Turbidity.
Recent Advancement in Self Emulsifing Drug Delivery System
Authors: Bist Vijay Laxmi , Faruk Abdul
Published: April 2023

Every day, researchers make new attempts to identify neurotherapeutics, but few of them make it to clinical trials. The main cause is their low bioavailability, which is connected to low water solubility, low permeability through biological membranes, and the hepatic first-pass metabolism. However, the most significant challenge in administering drugs to the brain is overcoming the blood-brain barrier. In order to get around it, intranasal administration has become more popular, sometimes even more so than oral administration. Because of its structure, the nasal cavity can bypass the blood-brain barrier and transport drugs to the brain directly. Nasal absorption increases the systemic bioavailability of highly processed substances because they bypass the hepatic first-pass metabolism. However, due to their unique physicochemical properties, most neurotherapeutics must be synthesized in lipidic nanosystems as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). To load large quantities of lipophilic medicines into micro or nanoemulsions, these isotropic mixes of oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants are diluted in water. The goal of SEDDS is to increase the stability of labile pharmaceuticals against enzymatic activity, boost drug penetration through absorptive membranes, and reduce the likelihood of drug precipitation at absorption sites. Therefore, improved brain targeting and bioavailability of medications might be anticipated by combining the benefits of SEDDS with those of the intranasal route for brain delivery. In order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the intranasal administration of pharmaceuticals loaded in SEDDS, this paper provides a comprehensive characterization of SEDDS as a lipidic nanosystem. Finally, the in vivo effects of intranasal or oral delivery of SEDDS, showing their superiority over standard solutions or suspensions, are described.
ỨNG DỤNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP AHP ĐỂ CHI TIẾT CẤP ĐỘ RỦI RO DO SẠT LỞ Ở TỈNH KHÁNH HÒA
Authors: Võ Anh Kiệt  , Bùi Văn Chanh
Published: April 2023

Trong những năm gần đây, sạt lở ở tỉnh Khánh Hòa xuất hiện ngày càng nhiều và gây thiệt hại rất lớn. Tuy nhiên, cấp độ rủi ro do sạt lở đất trong Quyết định 18/2021/QĐ-TTg ngày 22 tháng 4 năm 2021 của Thủ tướng Chính phủ chưa chi tiết nên gây khó khăn trong công tác cảnh báo cấp độ rủi ro cũng như phòng chống, ứng phó ở địa phương. Do đó, xây dựng chi tiết cấp độ rủi do sạt lở do mưa lớn cho tỉnh Khánh Hòa là rất cần thiết. Nghiên cứu này, cấp độ rủi do sạt lở đất cho tỉnh Khánh Hòa được xây dựng từ các bản đồ địa hình, địa chất, thổ nhưỡng, thảm phủ, sử dụng đất, số liệu mưa và điều tra xã hội học. Các bản đồ địa chất, địa hình, thổ nhưỡng, thảm phủ thực vật và số liệu mưa được sử dụng để xây dựng bản đồ hiểm họa; cùng với số liệu điều tra xã hội học và bản đồ sử dụng đất được sử dụng để xây dựng bản đồ chỉ số rủi ro sạt lở bằng phương pháp IPCC với trọng số được tính bằng phương pháp phân tích hệ thống phân cấp (AHP). Trọng số các thành phần trong AHP được kiểm tra với trận mưa lớn nhất năm 2018. Bộ trọng số đảm bảo đủ tin cậy được sử dụng để xây dựng bản đồ chỉ số rủi ro và chi tiết cấp độ rủi ro dựa trên Quyết định 18, phương pháp thống kê.
Desenvolvimento infantil, atividade e linguagem: implicações para a formação e as práticas pedagógicas de professores de Educação Infantil
Authors: Bortolanza Ana Maria Esteves , Corrêa Cíntia Resende , Veronez Marisângela Nandi
Published: April 2023

O presente artigo objetiva compreender as implicações do tripé conceitual de macro categorias – desenvolvimento infantil, atividade e linguagem, tendo em vista a formação de professores da Educação Infantil e suas práticas pedagógicas. A pesquisa é parte de um estudo bibliográfico (2020), fundamentado nos princípios da Teoria Histórico-Cultural. Os resultados apontam a necessidade da formação docente fundamentada com um arcabouço teórico-metodológico, que dê subsídios aos professores em sua formação e atuação, em virtude que precisam compreender como a criança aprende e se desenvolve para organizarem o trabalho docente e planejarem suas práticas pedagógicas de maneira a ampliar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento das crianças. Conclui-se que, para isso, o trabalho docente autônomo, crítico e criativo e as práticas pedagógicas podem potencializar o desenvolvimento das crianças.
Docência durante a pandemia de COVID-19: aspectos metacognitivos de professoras da Educação Infantil
Authors: Ferreira Eliane Vanderlei , Francisco Welington
Published: April 2023

Apoiando-se na abordagem metacognitiva para buscar entender os processos elaborados por professores/as da Educação Infantil durante as vivências escolares no ensino virtual, este artigo teve o objetivo de investigar quais elementos metacognitivos estiverem presentes no trabalho docente e quais transformações pessoais e profissionais aconteceram. Utilizou-se da pesquisa qualitativa, realizando um Grupo Focal com a participação de seis professoras da Educação Infantil da rede pública e da Análise Textual Discursiva para tratar os dados. Após a interpretação, identificaram-se três categorias, sendo a categoria “Relação entre a tecnologia e a formação docente” apresentada aqui. Os resultados apontaram que as docentes, além de utilizarem e avaliarem o próprio repertório de conhecimentos, precisaram adquirir novos conhecimentos a partir de experiências e habilidades metacognitivas, incluindo tanto aspectos cognitivos – tarefas específicas de conhecimento e julgamentos de aprendizagem, planejamentos e avaliação de resultados; quanto aspectos afetivos – sentimentos de dificuldade, estimativa de esforço e correção de soluções.
Effect of Caw Thorne Cooksey Exercise in Patient with Multiple Sclerosis: An Evidence Based Review
Authors: M Patel Heena , Jani Pooja V
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is progressive autoimmune disease it affects many areas of brain such as cerebellum or central vestibular pathways, that can produce vestibular dysfunction. Caw Thorne–Cooksey exercise is a vestibular rehabilitation program that tries to achieve vestibular compensation by adaptation, habituation and substitution based on the mechanisms of neuroplasticity. It builds up to a tolerance mechanism and the more diligently and regularly they are carried out, the symptoms will disappear. Aim: The aim of the study is to find effect of Caw Thorne Cooksey exercise in improving balance, gait and mobility in patient with multiple sclerosis. Methodology: Articles are in English, Free open access, full text, last 5-years studies from search engines like PubMed, research gate and google scholar which shows effect of caw Thorne Cooksey exercise in patient with multiple sclerosis. Result: Articles reviewed showed positive effect of caw Thorne Cooksey exercise. Hence it plays an important role in rehabilitation of multiple sclerosis patient because of this exercise is build up tolerance mechanism. Conclusion: It is concluded that Caw Thorne Cooksey exercise plays an important role in rehabilitation of multiple sclerosis patient but there are very few recent evidences supporting it so more researches should be conducted on it.
Nowe priorytety i wyzwania w polityce pieninej bankw centralnych na wiecie po 2000r.
Authors: Klimiuk Zbigniew
Published: April 2023

Do pocztku lat 90. XX w., na pierwszym planie zada polityki gospodarczej by wariant opierajcy si na walce z inflacj, a gwnym narzdziem ksztatowania sytuacji na rynku pienino-kredytowym staa si cisa regulacja poday pienidza. Natomiast stopy procentowe miay odzwierciedla przede wszystkim warunki rwnowagi midzy popytem na fundusze poyczkowe a ich poda.Ten wariant polityki pieninej stosowany by zasadniczo do pocztku lat 90., kiedy to zacz by zastpowany strategi bezporedniego celu inflacyjnego (chocia niektre pastwa stosoway go rwnie w latach pniejszych). Polityka pienina oparta na strategii BCI zdobya ogromn popularno wrd bankw centralnych i do niedawna bya stosowana przez wikszo krajw. Ponadto w tej dekadzie zaistnia po raz pierwszy, wany rwnie dla wspczesnej polityki monetarnej problem, przebijania bbli cenowych na rynkach aktyww przez banki centralne. W cigu ostatnich dwch lat (20192021) nastpiy zmiany w strategii polityki pieninej FED, ktre s wynikiem dowiadcze wyniesionych z kryzysu finansowego w latach 20072009, a take wyzwa zwizanych z pandemi COVID-19. Spucizn po globalnym kryzysie finansowym bya utrzymujca si w gospodarce amerykaskiej niska stopa inflacja. Pomimo najduszej w historii (bo trwajcej ponad 10 lat) ekspansji, przez wiksz cz poprzedniej dekady inflacja w Stanach Zjednoczonych ksztatowaa si na poziomie poniej 2%. W zwizku z tym pojawiay si obawy zwizane ze skutecznoci amerykaskiej polityki pieninej, w tym niebezpieczestwo pojawienia si tendencji deflacyjnych w przypadku wystpienia szokw negatywnych. Jednoczenie dziki dugookresowej ekspansji nastpi znaczcy wzrost zatrudnienia, w wyniku czego stopa bezrobocia obniya si do historycznie niskiego poziomu. Skonio to wielu ekonomistw do wniosku, e obserwowana wczeniej odwrotna zaleno midzy poziomem inflacji a stop bezrobocia (krzywa Philipsa) ulega osabieniu, co oznaczao, e wysoki poziom zatrudnienia na rynku pracy nie niesie zagroenia w postaci presji inflacyjnej. Neutralna stopa procentowa jest kluczowym pojciem w polityce pieninej, gdy okrela poziom realnych stp procentowych odpowiadajcy rwnowadze makroekonomicznej, w ktrej wystpuje pene zatrudnienie oraz stabilna i umiarkowana inflacja.