bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los clivajes Estado/Iglesia y centro/periferia en el México del siglo XXI. Reflexiones respecto a la actualidad y funcionalidad de la teoría de clivajes para el caso mexicano
Authors: Martínez Rubén Torres
Published: September 2012

Durant le XXe siècle, le système de parti hégémonique au Mexique n’a pas permis d’entrevoir l’existence de clivages politiques et sociaux au sein de la société mexicaine. Les analystes et les chercheurs ne se sont jamais occupés d’employer la théorie des clivages pour un cas comme celui du Mexique. À partir de l’an 2000, on peut observer deux projets de nation historiquement opposés. Ces deux projets sont aujourd’hui représentés par deux partis politiques : le Parti Action Nationale et le Parti de la Révolution Démocratique. En suivant cette même logique, on peut constater l’existence de deux clivages : a) le clivage État-Église, et b) le clivage centre-périphérie, ou en direction du nationalisme mexicain. À partir de l’utilisation du concept de clivage en tant qu’outil d’analyse, il devient possible de valider des lignes de rupture et de confrontation existantes dans le Mexique contemporain.
El cine de la Guerra Civil y la función de la vanguardia cinematográfica.
Authors: Veres Luis
Published: September 2012

Cet article analyse le cinéma espagnol consacré à la guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939), en le resituant dans le cadre de la naissance des avant-gardes historiques. Ainsi, il établit une évaluation critique des différents films réalisés tant par les républicains que par les franquistes. Il revient également sur leur fonction dans la diffusion de certains stéréotypes historiographiques et mémoriels au cœur de l'histoire récente de l'Espagne.
Hardiness in relation to organisational commitment in the Human Resource Management field
Authors: Ferreira Nadia
Published: September 2012

Orientation: Employees’ hardiness is increasingly recognised as an aspect of their well-being and feelings of career success. Psychological well-being and feelings of subjective career success have positive implications for the motivation, satisfaction, performance and commitment of young talented staff.Research purpose: The study empirically investigated the relationship between an individual’s hardiness (measured by the Personal Views Survey II [PVS-II]) and organisational commitment (measured by the Organisational Commitment Scale).Motivation for the study: Research on an individual’s hardiness profile as an aspect of their career well-being and success and how these attributes influence their psychological attachment to the organisation, is needed to guide human resource career development support practices aimed at retaining valuable staff.Research design, approach and method: A quantitative survey was conducted on a convenience sample of predominantly Black (92.2%) and female (71%) employed adults (N = 355) at managerial and staff levels in the human resource management field.Main findings: Correlational and multiple regression analyses revealed a number of significant relationships between the two variables.Practical/managerial implications: Managers and human resource practitioners need to recognise how people’s hardiness relates to their sense of psychological attachment to the organisation. Organisations concerned with the retention and well-being of their equity staff members need to find a way to enhance and develop their hardiness and commitment.Contribution/value-add: The research contributes new insights into and knowledge of the factors that influence their employees’ hardiness and how these relate to their organisational commitment. The results may be used to inform career development support interventions that aim to increase employees’ sense of career well-being and success.
Effects of acute organophosphate ingestion on cognitive function, assessed with the mini mental state examination
Authors: Jayasinghe SS
Published: September 2012

Background:

Chronic damage to the central nervous system resulting in cognitive impairment has been shown with repeated, low doses of organophosphorus (OP) exposure over month or years.

Aim:

The study aimed to find out whether there is any cognitive impairment following acute OP exposure that could be detected by a simple screening instrument, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), in clinical settings.

Settings and Design:

A cohort study.

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted with matched controls. Consecutive patients admitted to the hospital with acute ingestion of OP were recruited. Cognitive function was assessed with the MMSE, digit span test, test of long-term memory function and concentration. Patients were assessed twice: at 1 and 6 weeks of exposure.

Statistical Analysis:

Continuous variables were analyzed with the paired and unpaired T-tests. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Discrete variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test.

Results:

There were 60 patients and 61 controls. The mean age (SD) of the patients and controls was 31.5 (11.6) and 31.3 (11.8) years, respectively. Forty-two patients turned up for the second assessment. Significant impairment of cognitive function was seen in the total score of MMSE (95% CI −2.5 to −0.3), orientation (95% CI −1 to −0.2) and language (95% CI −0.9 to −0.1) domains of MMSE, digit span test (95% CI 0.1-1.7) and test of long-term memory function (95% CI 0.3-2.3) in the first assessment compared with the controls. When the results of the second assessment were compared with the controls, no significant differences were seen.

Conclusion:

Although there was a slight transient cognitive impairment detected with the screening tests following acute OP ingestion, no long-term cognitive defects was detected.
Trends of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance pattern in new cases and previously treated cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in referral hospitals in northern India
Authors: Maurya AK , Kant S , Nag VL , Kushwaha RAS , Dhole TN
Published: September 2012

Background:

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is one of major current challenges to global public health. The transmission of resistant strains is increasing as a burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients in extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases in India.

Aim and Objectives:

The aim was to study trends of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance pattern in new cases and previously treated cases of EPTB in referral hospitals in northern India.

Study Design and Setting:

A prospectively observational study and referral medical institutions in northern India.

Materials and Methods:

All EPTB specimens were processed for Ziehl Neelsen staining, BACTEC culture and BACTEC NAP test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. All M. tuberculosis complex isolates were performed for radiometric-based drug susceptibility pattern against streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol using the 1% proportion method.

Results:

We found that 165/756 (20.5%) isolates were identified as M. tuberculosis complex by the NAP test. We observed that 39.9% were resistant to first-line antitubercular drugs. The resistance rate was higher in previously treated patients: H (30.3%), R (16.3%), E (15.7%) and S (16.3%). MDR-TB was observed in 13.4%, but, in new cases, this was 11.4% and 19.1% of the previously treated patients (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

MDR-TB is gradually increased in EPTB cases and predominant resistance to previous treated cases of EPTB. The molecular drug sensitivity test (DST) method can be an early decision for chemotherapy in MDR-TB patients. The International Standards of TB Care need to be used by the RNTCP and professional medical associations as a tool to improve TB care in the country.
Does follistatin gene have any direct role in the manifestation of polycystic ovary syndrome in Indian women?
Authors: Dasgupta S , Pisapati SVS , Kudugunti N , Kathragadda A , Godi S , Reddy MB
Published: September 2012

Background:

Out of a panel of 37 candidate genes tested for linkage with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the strongest evidence of linkage was reported in the follistatin (FST) gene region. Subsequently, a couple of studies outside India investigated the FST gene for the presence of any mutations and its association with PCOS and the results were found to be largely inconsistent probably due to differences in the ethnic backgrounds and small sample sizes.

Aims:

To screen the FST gene for mutations and to establish their association pattern with PCOS among a large cohort of South Indian women.

Settings and Design:

Case-control study.

Materials and Methods:

PCOS cases were recruited according to the 2003 Rotterdam diagnostic criteria. All the exons of the FST gene were amplified and analyzed in all the cases and controls for the presence of mutations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing.

Results:

A total of 549 women consisting of 250 PCOS cases and 299 controls were recruited for the study. No mutations were found in any of the exons of the FST gene in our Indian sample which is consistent with an earlier finding among the Asian women from Singapore. Although three of the four cohorts of Caucasian background studied earlier reported variants, none of them could establish a strong association with PCOS.

Conclusions:

The occurrence of the exonic variants of FST gene seems to be dependent on the ethnic background of the subjects under study and its role in the PCOS pathophysiology cannot be established with hitherto available evidence.
The utility of repeat enzyme immunoassay testing for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: Garimella PS , Agarwal R , Katz A
Published: September 2012

Over the last 20 years, the prevalence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile (C. diff) disease has increased. While multiple tests are available for the diagnosis of C. diff infection, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing for toxin is the most used. Repeat EIA testing, although of limited utility, is common in medical practice. To assess the utility of repeat EIA testing to diagnose C. diff infections. Systematic literature review. Eligible studies performed >1 EIA test for C. diff toxin and were published in English. Electronic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE were performed and bibliographies of review articles and conference abstracts were hand searched. Of 805 citations identified, 32 were reviewed in detail and nine were included in the final review. All studies except one were retrospective chart reviews. Seven studies had data on number of participants (32,526), and the overall reporting of test setting and patient characteristics was poor. The prevalence of C. diff infection ranged from 9.1% to 18.5%. The yield of the first EIA test ranged from 8.4% to 16.6%, dropping to 1.5-4.7% with a second test. The utility of repeat testing was evident in outbreak settings, where the yield of repeat testing was 5%. Repeat C. diff testing for hospitalized patients has low clinical utility and may be considered in outbreak settings or when the pre-test probability of disease is high. Future studies should aim to identify patients with a likelihood of disease and determine the utility of repeat testing compared with empiric treatment.
Forskolin
Authors: Wagh VD , Patil PN , Surana SJ , Wagh KV
Published: September 2012

Forskolin is the first pharmaceutical drug and product derived from a plant to be approved in India by the DCGI in 2006. Forskolin (7beta-acetoxy-8, 13-epoxy-1a, 6β, 9a-trihydroxy-labd-14-en-11-one) is a diterpenoid isolated from plant Coleus forskohlii (Lamiaceae). It is a lipid-soluble compound that can penetrate cell membranes and stimulates the enzyme adenylate cyclase which, in turn, stimulates ciliary epithelium to activate cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) by reducing aqueous humor inflow. The topical application of forskolin is capable of reducing IOP in rabbits, monkeys, and humans. In its drug interactions, forskolin may act synergistically with epinephrine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Whereas the effects of anti-clotting medications like warfarin, clopidogre, aspirin, anoxaparin, etc., may be enhanced by forskolin. Forskolin is contraindicated in the medications for people with ulcers as forskolin may increase acid level. Forskolin has a very good shelf-life of five years. Recently, its Ophthalmic inserts and in situ gels for sustained and delayed-release drug delivery systems were tested in New Zealand Albino Rabbits for its antiglaucoma efficacy. This drug review explains Forskolin as a drug, its antiglaucoma potential and recent findings of forskolin as an antiglaucoma agent. The literature search method used for this review was different databases and search engines like PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Google, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPA).
Female with rash, acute kidney failure and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Atlani M , Gandhi P , Gulwani H , Kaur S
Published: September 2012

This case describes a 42-year-old female with longstanding history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Felty syndrome (FS). She presented with acute renal kidney failure, skin rash and hemoptysis. A clinical suspicion of small vessel vasculitis (SVV) was thought, serology was also positive for various markers of SVV. However, these serology markers could be false-positive in a patient of rheumatoid arthritis. A renal biopsy was performed that led to the final diagnosis of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Patient was managed according to the standard guidelines for therapy (plasmafiltration and immunosuppression). It is challenging to manage a patient of RA, in the presence of Felty syndrome-related granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Patient initially showed signs of improvement, but finally succumbed to complications of therapy. The case provides insight into the diagnosis and management of such cases.
Improvements of organic aerosol representations and their effects in large-scale atmospheric models
Authors: Tost H. , Pringle K. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Organics dominate the composition of the atmospheric aerosol, especially in the fine mode, influencing some of its characteristics such as the hygroscopicity, which is of climatic relevance for the Earth system. This study targets an improvement in the description of organic aerosols suitable for large-scale modelling, making use of recent developments based on laboratory and field measurements. In addition to the organic mass and particle number distribution, the proposed method keeps track of the oxidation state of the aerosol based on the OH exposure time, describing some of its chemical characteristics. This study presents the application of the method in a global chemistry climate model, investigates the sensitivity to process formulations and emission assignments, provides a comparison with observations and analyses the climate impact. Even though the organic aerosol mass distribution is hardly affected by the new formulation, it shows impacts (regionally of the order of 10 % to 20 %) on parameters directly influencing climate via the direct and indirect aerosol effects. Furthermore, the global distribution of the organic O:C ratio is analysed in detail, leading to different regimes in the oxidation state: low O:C ratios over the tropical continents due to small OH concentrations caused by OH depletion in chemical reactions, and enhanced oxidation states over the tropical oceans based on less OH scavengers and at high altitudes due to longer atmospheric residence time. Due to the relation between O:C ratio and the aerosol hygroscopicity the ageing results in a more physically and chemically consistent description of aerosol water uptake by the organic aerosol. In comparison with observations reasonable agreement for the O:C ratio within the limits of a global model of the simulations is achieved.
Carbon fluxes in the Canadian Arctic: patterns and drivers of bacterial abundance, production and respiration on the Beaufort Sea margin
Authors: Ortega-Retuerta E. , Jeffrey W. H. , Babin M. , Bélanger S. , Benner R. , Marie D. , Matsuoka A. , Raimbault P. , Joux F.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. During August 2009, measurements of bacterial abundance and nucleic acid content were made along with production and respiration in coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean), an area influenced by the Mackenzie River inflow. The main purpose was to evaluate bacterial organic carbon processing with respect to local sources, mainly primary production and river inputs. Bacterial production and abundance generally decreased from river to offshore waters and from surface to deep waters. In contrast, the percentage of high nucleic acid bacteria was higher in deep waters rather than in surface or river waters. Statistical analyses indicated that bacterial production was primarily controlled by temperature and the availability of labile organic matter, as indicated by total dissolved amino acid concentrations. Direct comparisons of bacterial carbon demand and primary production indicated net heterotrophy was common in shelf waters. Net autotrophy was observed at stations in the Mackenzie River plume, suggesting that the carbon fixed in plume waters helped fuel net heterotrophy in the Beaufort Sea margin.
High frequency fluctuations in the heat content of an ocean general circulation model
Authors: Huerta-Casas A. M. , Webb D. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The transport and storage of heat by the ocean is of crucial importance because of its effect on ocean dynamics and its impact on the atmosphere, climate and climate change. Unfortunately, limits to the amount of data that can be collected and stored mean that many experimental and modelling studies of the heat budget have to make use of mean datasets where the effects of short term fluctuations are lost. In this paper we investigate the magnitude of the resulting errors by making use of data from OCCAM, a high resolution global ocean model. The model carries out a proper heat balance every time step so any imbalances that are found in the analysis must result from the use of mean fields. The study concentrates on two areas of the ocean affecting the El Nino. The first is the region of tropical instability waves north of the Equator. The second is in the upwelling region along the Equator. It is shown that in both cases, processes with a period of less than five days can have a significant impact on the heat budget. Thus, analyses using data averaged over five days or more are likely to have significant errors. It is also shown that if a series of instantaneous values is available, reasonable estimates can be made of the size of the errors. In model studies, such values are available in the form of the datasets used to restart the model. In experimental studies they may be in the form of individual unaveraged observations.
The Swindon Foot and Ankle Questionnaire: Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?
Authors: Waller Rosemary , Manuel Peter , Williamson Lyn
Published: September 2012

Objectives. Despite increased awareness of the high prevalence and significance of foot and ankle problems in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), feet remain neglected. Reasons may include the perception that feet are difficult to assess, they are not included in the DAS28, and lack of freely available foot screening tools specific for RA. Methods. The Swindon Foot and Ankle Questionnaire (SFAQ) is a simply worded 10-point foot and ankle screening questionnaire with diagrams of feet and ankles for use in general rheumatology outpatients. All RA patients on our electronic database were invited to complete the questionnaire and attend clinic for assessment. Patients assessed clinically were scored out of 10 using the parameters from the questionnaire. The SFAQ was compared to the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI), DAS28, HAQ, HAD, and OSRA scores. Results. 597 questionnaires were sent, 301 (50%) returned, and 137 seen in clinic. There was good correlation between the postal SFAQ score, clinic score (), and the MFPDI (). Neither of the foot scores correlated with other RA disease outcome measures. 75% patients completed the picture. 73% corresponded to clinical findings. 45% of patients required an intervention following clinical review and trended towards higher scores. Conclusions. The SFAQ was quick to complete and correlated with the MFPDI. Lack of association with standard RA outcome measures suggests that relying on these scores alone may miss foot pathology. The diagrams were a useful complement. This simple screening tool could aid identification of RA foot and ankle problems.
Integrative Control of Energy Balance and Reproduction in Females
Authors: Garcia-Garcia R. M.
Published: September 2012

There is a strong association between nutrition and reproduction. Chronic dietary energy deficits as well as energy surpluses can impair reproductive capacity. Metabolic status impacts reproductive function at systemic level, modulating the hypothalamic GnRH neuronal network and/or the pituitary gonadotropin secretion through several hormones and neuropeptides, and at the ovarian level, acting through the regulation of follicle growth and steroidogenesis by means of the growth hormone-IGF-insulin system and local ovarian mediators. In the past years, several hormones and neuropeptides have been emerging as important mediators between energy balance and reproduction. The present review goes over the main sites implicated in the control of energy balance linked to reproductive success and summarizes the most important metabolic and neuroendocrine signals that participate in reproductive events with special emphasis on the role of recently discovered neuroendocrine peptides. Also, a little overview about the effects of maternal nutrition, affecting offspring reproduction, has been presented.
Synthesis of by the Flux Method
Authors: Maruyama Yuki , Izawa Chihiro , Watanabe Tomoaki
Published: September 2012

has been successfully synthesized using Bi2O3–B2O3 eutectic flux. In particular, we succeeded in synthesizing a low-temperature-phase crystal (α-) at 1073 K as well as high-temperature-phase crystal (β-). The morphology of α- and β- particles prepared by the flux method is a euhedral crystal. In contrast, the morphology of particles prepared by solid state reaction differs: α- is aggregated and β- is necked. Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra indicate that the absorption edge is at a longer wavelength for β- than for α- with β- absorbing light of wavelengths up to nearly 400 nm.
The Effects of Continuous Blood Purification for SIRS/MODS Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hongliang Tian , Rong Zeng , Xiaojing Wang , Rao Sun , Lun Li , Jinhui Tian , Nong Cao , Kehu Yang
Published: September 2012

Background. Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) has aroused great concern in recent years because its effect on clearing inflammatory mediators and its mechanism of clinical effects in the treatment of critical illness has also become a research direction.Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of continuous blood purification for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) patients.Methods. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to assess randomized controlled trials on CVVH.Results. 11 RCTs involving a total of 414 patients were included. Compared with the control group, CVVH for SIRS/MODS patients has several advantages including better effects on clearing the plasma inflammatory mediators IL-6 [SMD3d=−0.45, 95%CI, (−0.83, −0.07),SMD7d=−1.07, 95%CI, (−1.52, −0.62)], on plasma TNF-alfa [SMD3d=−0.87, 95%CI, (−1.69, −0.04),SMD7d=−1.42, 95%CI, (−2.49, −0.35)], lower white blood cell (WBC) count [MD=2.61, 95%CI, (1.49, 3.73)], shorter hospital stays [MD=−7.21days, 95%CI, (−10.68, −3.74)] and better stability of hemodynamics. However, there is no significant difference in the mortality rate [MODS:RR=0.62, 95%CI, (0.38, 1.01), SIRS:RR=0.75, 95%CI, (0.57, 1.08)].Conclusions. The study showed that CVVH was able to eliminate inflammatory mediators (TNF-alfa, IL-6) in plasma effectively, lower WBC count and shorter hospital stays than conventional therapeutic measures.
A Robot for the Unsupervised Grit-Blasting of Ship Hulls
Authors: Souto Daniel , Faiña Andres , Deibe Alvaro , Lopez-Peña Fernando , Duro Richard J.
Published: September 2012

This paper describes the design and the control architecture of an unsupervised robot developed for grit blasting ship hulls in shipyards. Grit blasting is a very common and environmentally unfriendly operation, required for preparing metallic surfaces for painting operations. It also implies very unhealthy and hazardous working conditions for the operators that must carry it out. The robot presented here has been designed to reduce the environmental impact of these operations and completely eliminate the health associated risks for the operators. It is based on a double frame main body with magnetic legs that are able to avoid the accumulation of ferromagnetic dust during its operation. The control system presents a layered structure with four layers that are physically distributed into two separate components in order to facilitate different operational modes as well as to increase the safety requirements of the system. A low-level control component has been implemented on the robotic unit itself, and a mission planning and control component has been developed on a base station that is also used for interaction with the operator, when the monitoring of the robot's operation is required. This base station component contains three layers of the control system that permit the manual, semiautonomous and autonomous operation of the whole system. A prototype of the robot has been implemented and tested in realistic environments, ascertaining that the design and the control system are perfectly suited to the functions which the robot must carry out.
Comparison of Robot-Aided Shoulder Exercise to Weight-Based Exercise
Authors: Pei Yanling , Kim Youngwoo , Obinata Goro , Genda Eiichi , Stefanov Dimitar
Published: September 2012

In this study, we propose a new design method of motion and external force trajectories for the rehabilitation of inner shoulder muscles based on the biomechanical analysis of the upper limbs. The method is assumed to use a robot manipulator; therefore, it enjoys the advantage of providing 3-dimensional trajectories and applied forces to the patient. Both the trajectories of rehabilitation motion and the applied force by the robot are designed in the same planning stage, in order to maximize the rehabilitation efficiency evaluation function based on the biomechanical analysis of the patient for each joint's torque, each muscle's force, and each joint's reaction force. In order to focus the spotlight on the advantages of the proposed robot-aided method, an example is given for comparison with a weight-based method which is supposed to use a weight for providing force to the patient. The comparison demonstrates the advantage of the proposed method in a quantitative manner from several rehabilitation points of view.
Implementation of an Intelligent Adaptive Controller for an Electrohydraulic Servo System Based on a Brain Mechanism of Emotional Learning
Authors: Sadeghieh Ali , Roshanian Jafar , Najafi Farid
Published: September 2012

In this paper, an experimental analysis of identification and an online intelligent adaptive position tracking control based on an emotional learning model of the human brain (BELBIC) for an electrohydraulic servo (EHS) system is presented. A mathematical model of the system is derived and the parameters of the model are identified. The BELBIC is designed based upon this dynamic model and utilized to control the real laboratorial EHS system. The experimental results are compared to those obtained from an optimal PID controller to prove that classic linear controllers fail to achieve good tracking of the desired output, especially when the hydraulic actuator operates at various frequencies and pressures. The results demonstrate an excellent improvement in control action, without any increase in control effort, for the proposed approach. Finally, it can be concluded from the experimental results that the BELBIC is able to respond quickly to any disturbance and variation in the system parameters, showing a high degree of adaptability and robustness due to its online learning ability.
Mejores son huertos de cacao y achiote que minas de oro y plata: huertos especializados de los choles del Manche y de los k’ekchi’es
Authors: Barrera Laura Caso , Fernández Mario Aliphat
Published: September 2012

Este artículo examina, desde una perspectiva etnohistórica, las relaciones económicas y sociales entre los choles del Manché, lacandones y acaláes, hablantes de choltí, de las tierras bajas mayas del sur, con los k’ekchi’es del Ah Xoy y la Verapaz, basadas en los agrosistemas de producción de la triada de cacao-achiote-vainilla, durante los siglos dieciséis y diecisiete. El intercambio de cacao y achiote por plumas de quetzal, algodón, copal, sal, así como hachas y machetes de origen europeo, constituyó un complejo sistema de intercambio entre choles, lacandones y k’ekchi’es. Se establecieron relaciones entre puntos de encuentro y puertos de entrada de gran importancia para entender los sistemas de comercio prehispánicos. Entre 1689 y 1695 las poblaciones choles y lacandonas fueron sometidas por los españoles y reubicadas fuera de sus territorios, lo que ocasionó su extinción. Con la desaparición de estos grupos se pensó que el conocimiento del cultivo asociado de cacao-achiote-vainilla se había perdido; sin embargo, este trabajo demuestra que los kekchi’es se convirtieron en receptores de esa sabiduría. Este artículo analiza el impresionante agrosistema cacao, achiote y vainilla de los antiguos choles y lacandones y su pervivencia hasta la actualidad en los huertos especializados de los k’ekchi’es del norte de Alta Verapaz.
Le Nouveau Management Public est-il pathogène ?
Authors: Abord de Chatillon Emmanuel , Desmarais Céline
Published: September 2012

Le Nouveau Management Public (NMP) induit de profonds changements dans les services publics de nombreux pays depuis trente ans. S’il existe un ensemble de discours sur les conséquences humaines des changements organisationnels et managériaux qu’il entraîne, l’impact de ces changements sur la souffrance au travail n’a pas été mesuré empiriquement. Notre recherche se propose d’examiner l’impact de ces évolutions sur une forme spécifique de souffrance au travail : l’épuisement professionnel. Pour cela nous présentons les résultats d’une enquête menée dans une collectivité territoriale française mettant en relation la perception, par les agents, de changements liés au NMP et des indicateurs d’intensification et de souffrance au travail. L’analyse réalisée sur un échantillon de 1118 agents publics permet d’indiquer que le NMP a un impact sur l’épuisement professionnel par l’intermédiaire de ses effets sur la charge de travail perçue par les agents et sur le climat de violence psychologique.
La caractérisation et le management des déviances organisationnelles liées à la mise en oeuvre d’une démarche de performance publique : application au contexte public local français
Authors: Carassus David , Favoreu Christophe , Gardey Damien , Marin Pierre
Published: September 2012

Bien que depuis plus d’une vingtaine d’années le management par la performance se soit très largement diffusé au sein des organisations publiques des pays occidentaux, force est de constater les difficultés d’implantation et d’institutionnalisation de ces pratiques. Cet article vise à étudier, sous l’angle théorique de la déviance et du changement organisationnel, les différentes difficultés et résistances rencontrées lors de la mise en oeuvre d’une démarche de changement, ainsi que les facteurs et processus permettant de limiter les blocages internes et organisationnels. Une étude de cas, conduite au sein d’un établissement public français, permet de caractériser et d’approfondir la dynamique des déviances organisationnelles publiques ainsi que les facteurs influençant celle-ci.
Débat public et jeux sur les indicateurs. L’exemple du « taux d’élucidation » et du « nombre de gardes à vue »
Authors: Gibert Patrick , Benzerafa Alilat Manel
Published: September 2012

Le « taux d’élucidation » des crimes et délits est un indicateur de mesure de la performance de la police. Sévèrement critiqué, il fait néanmoins partie du dispositif de management par objectifs de la sécurité intérieure en France. Le nombre de gardes à vue a nourri un débat public très vif dans les années 2009-2011. Les deux indicateurs sont liés par l’hypothèse selon laquelle la garde à vue serait un levier majeur du taux d’élucidation. La mise en exergue d’effets de structures, explique l’essentiel de l’amélioration de la performance, et contredit la rationalité de l’augmentation des mesures de contrainte.
La gestion des « déviances » des associations par les pouvoirs publics : une autonomie conditionnelle
Authors: Valéau Patrick , Annette Fréderic
Published: September 2012

Souvent qualifiées de « parapubliques », les associations financées par les pouvoirs publics ne peuvent être réduites à de simples exécutants. Cet article présente une série de neuf exemples de « déviance » d’associations, puis examine les moyens dont disposent les représentants des pouvoirs publics pour les contrôler. Partant de là, nous recommandons une gestion qualifiée d’« autonomie conditionnelle » : une autonomie a priori très large, mais révocable lorsque les « déviances » observées dépassent le seuil jugé raisonnable. Nous discutons, ce faisant, de la question des coûts d’agence dans le cadre des partenariats asymétriques.
Relation d’agence et comportements déviants : le cas des entreprises publiques au Cameroun
Authors: Begne Jean-Marie
Published: September 2012

Généralement, la logique des résultats qu’induit la relation d’agence favorise chez les dirigeants des comportements opportunistes générateurs de déviances organisationnelles. Ces comportements sont analysés sur un échantillon de 16 entreprises publiques camerounaises, l’objectif étant de dégager les conditions à la fois de préservation de cette logique et de minimisation des risques de déviance induits. Les déviances relevées tels que la corruption et les détournements de fonds, résultent d’un déséquilibre entre l’organisation et les institutions. L’identification des dispositifs contraignants pour les gestionnaires publics et le contrôle de leurs comportements sont ainsi recommandés pour aligner leurs intérêts sur ceux de l’Etat – actionnaire.
Chirality
Authors: Lakhtakia Akhlesh
Published: September 2012

Chiral media have the ability to discriminate between left‐handed and right‐handed electromagnetic fields. These media can be classified into two types: (1) isotropic chiral media and (2) structurally chiral media. The molecules of a naturally occurring isotropic chiral medium are handed, while an artificial chiral medium can be made by randomly dispersing electrically small, handed inclusions (such as springs) in an isotropic achiral host medium. The molecules or inclusions in a structurally chiral medium, such as a chiral nematic liquid crystal, are randomly positioned but have helicoidal orientational order. Structurally chiral media can also be artificially fabricated either as stacks of uniaxial laminae or using thin‐film technology. Formulations for electromagnetic fields in both classes of chiral media are succinctly presented here.
Introduction
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is the most widely used means for classifying the extent of cancer spread. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, Sixth Edition provides the new, internationally agreed‐upon standards to describe and categorize cancer stages and progression. Published in affiliation with the International Union Against Cancer (UICC), this guide contains important new and updated organ‐specific classifications that oncologists and other professionals who treat patients with cancer must use to adequately classify tumours for prognosis and treatment. This introduction provides a history of the TNM system, the principles of the classification of cancers and general rules of the TNM system applicable to all sites. Headings used in the TNM system to classify tumours for specific anatomical regions and sites are also provided with definitions.
Head and Neck Tumours
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

In TNM 7, there is a change in the T1 and T2 categories of nasopharynx, and a subdivision of T1 thyroid carcinoma, but the Head and Neck chapter remains largely unaltered. A new classification of upper aerodigestive malignant melanoma is introduced. These highly malignant tumours are classified in a manner similar to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, i.e., omitting T1 and T2 and keeping only stages III and IV.
Pharynx
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Lung and Pleural Tumours
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The classification of lung carcinoma in TNM‐7 has had major changes. These were based on a retrospective study of over 80,000 cases carried out by a committee of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) working closely with the UICC and AJCC. The lung classification provides a single scheme applicable to all histological types of lung carcinoma and is also applicable for carcinoids. There are important changes in the T3, T4, and M categories as well as in stage grouping. For example, T3: separate nodule(s) in same lobe (was T4 in TNM 6) T4: separate tumour nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe (was M1 in TNM 6) M1a: malignant pleural or pericardial effusion (was T4 in TNM 6)
Urethra
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Hemoglobin decline, function, and mortality in the elderly: The cardiovascular health study
Authors: Zakai Neil A. , French Benjamin , Arnold Alice M. , Newman Anne B. , Fried Linda F. , Robbins John , Chaves Paulo , Cushman Mary
Published: September 2012

While anemia is associated with poor functional and mortality outcomes in the elderly, the impact of hemoglobin decline is less studied. We evaluated the determinants and consequences of hemoglobin decline in 3,758 non‐anemic participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective cohort of community‐dwelling elderly ≥65 years old at baseline and followed for up to 16 years. Hemoglobin was measured at baseline and 3 years later and anemia defined by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. We modeled hemoglobin decline in two ways: (1) per each 1 g/dL decrease in hemoglobin and (2) development of anemia by the WHO criteria. Among participants without baseline anemia, hemoglobin decreased by 0.4 g/dL and 9% developed anemia over 3 years. Baseline increasing age, female sex, diabetes, and kidney disease predicted hemoglobin decline over 3 years. Baseline increasing age, being African‐American, and kidney disease predicted anemia development over 3 years. Hemoglobin decline was associated with subsequent worse cognitive function in men and anemia development with subsequent worse cognitive function in women. Both anemia development (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.15, 1.69) and hemoglobin decline (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04, 1.18 per 1 g/dL decrease) predicted subsequent mortality in men and women. Hemoglobin decreases identified a large group of elderly individuals at risk for subsequent adverse outcomes who would not be identified using the WHO anemia criteria. These data may allow clinicians to identify at‐risk elderly individuals for early intervention to improve the quality and quantity of life. Am. J. Hematol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromosome 2p gain in monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis and in early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Fabris Sonia , Mosca Laura , Cutrona Giovanna , Lionetti Marta , Agnelli Luca , Ciceri Gabriella , Barbieri Marzia , Maura Francesco , Matis Serena , Colombo Monica , Gentile Massimo , Recchia Anna Grazia , Anna Pesce Emanuela , Di Raimondo Francesco , Musolino Caterina , Gobbi Marco , Di Renzo Nicola , Mauro Francesca Romana , Brugiatelli Maura , Ilariucci Fiorella , Lipari Maria Grazia , Angrilli Francesco , Consoli Ugo , Fragasso Alberto , Molica Stefano , Festini Gianluca , Vincelli Iolanda , Cortelezzi Agostino , Federico Massimo , Morabito Fortunato , Ferrarini Manlio , Neri Antonino
Published: September 2012

Recent studies have described chromosome 2p gain as a recurrent lesion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We investigated the 2p gain and its relationship with common prognostic biomarkers in a prospective series of 69 clinical monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (cMBL) and 218 early stage (Binet A) CLL patients. The 2p gain was detected by FISH in 17 patients (6%, 16 CLL, and 1 cMBL) and further characterized by single nucleotide polymorphism‐array. Overall, unfavorable cytogenetic deletions, i.e., del(11)(q23) and del(17)(p13) (P = 0.002), were significantly more frequent in 2p gain cases, as well as unmutated status of IGHV (P < 1 × 10−4) and CD38 (P < 1 × 10−4) and ZAP‐70 positive expression (P = 0.003). Furthermore, 2p gain patients had significantly higher utilization of stereotyped B‐cell receptors compared with 2p negative patients (P = 0.009), and the incidence of stereotyped subset #1 in 2p gain patients was significantly higher than that found in the remaining CLLs (P = 0.031). Transcriptional profiling analysis identified several genes significantly upregulated in 2p gain CLLs, most of which mapped to 2p. Among these, NCOA1 and ROCK2 are known for their involvement in tumor progression in several human cancers, whereas among those located in different chromosomes, CAV1 at 7q31.1 has been recently identified to play a critical role in CLL progression. Thus, 2p gain can be present since the early stages of the disease, particularly in those cases characterized by other poor prognosis markers. The finding of genes upregulated in the cells with 2p gain provides new insights to define the pathogenic role of this lesion. Am. J. Hematol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gas/Festkörper‐Reaktionen aliphatischer Amine mit Thiohydantoinen: Kraftmikroskopie und neue Mechanismen
Authors: Kaupp Gerd , Schmeyers Jens
Published: September 2012

Autoren, die eine „Zuschrift”︁ veröffentlichen wollen, sollten vor der Abfassung ihres Manuskripts unbedingt die „Hinweise für Autoren”︁ lesen, die jeweils im Januarheft eines Jahrgangs nach dem Inhaltsverzeichnis gedruckt sind; auf Anforderung können sie auch von der Redaktion erhalten werden.
Comparative assessment of scoring methods to evaluate the conservation value of pond and small lake biodiversity
Authors: Rosset V. , Simaika J. P. , Arthaud F. , Bornette G. , Vallod D. , Samways M. J. , Oertli B.
Published: September 2012

Fresh waters are among the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Practical tools to measure their biodiversity value are needed for their effective conservation. Besides species richness, other aspects of biodiversity, including the threat level of species also need to be considered. Currently, existing scoring methods for assessing the conservation value of freshwater fauna and flora assemblages are varied, and guidelines to select an appropriate method are lacking.

In this paper, it is hypothesized that scores to assess the conservation value of assemblages can vary markedly according to the type of method used. To test this, four types of scoring methods were applied differing in the weight given to Red List categories and in the expression of the score, i.e. either using mean per species or the assemblage as a whole, on sets of dragonfly and macrophyte data collected from varied types of small lakes and ponds in three different countries (France, Switzerland and South Africa).

The comparison of the different types of methods showed that the type of method used had a marked impact on the assessment of the conservation value of a water body: the expression per species or per assemblage as the weight given to Red List categories changed the value of a given water body.

Overall, results also confirmed that the different types of methods could be applicable in different geographical areas and types of standing water bodies, independently of the original area where the method was developed.

Results illustrated that, besides the species richness assessment commonly used, calculating conservation value as a mean per species is useful because it provides additional information. Overall, using methods expressed as a mean per species and coupling the Red List with other criteria gave the best performance.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Host–Guest Supramolecular Complex with Photoregulated Delivery of Nitric Oxide and Fluorescence Imaging Capacity in Cancer Cells
Authors: Kandoth Noufal , Malanga Milo , Fraix Aurore , Jicsinszky László , Fenyvesi Éva , Parisi Tiziana , Colao Ivana , Sciortino Maria Teresa , Sortino Salvatore
Published: September 2012

Herein we report the design, preparation, and properties of a supramolecular system based on a tailored nitric oxide (NO) photodonor and a rhodamine‐labeled β‐cyclodextrin conjugate. The combination of spectroscopic and photochemical experiments shows the absence of significant interchromophoric interactions between the host and the guest in the excited states. As a result, the complex is able to release NO under the exclusive control of visible light, as unambiguously demonstrated by direct detection of this transient species through an amperometric technique, and exhibits the typical red fluorescence of the rhodamine appendage. The supramolecular complex effectively internalizes in HeLa cancer cells as proven by fluorescence microscopy, shows a satisfactory biocompatibility in the dark, and induces about 50 % of cell mortality upon irradiation with visible light. The convergence of all these properties in one single complex makes the present host–guest ensemble an appealing candidate for further delevopment of photoactivatable nanoscaled systems addressed to photostimulated NO‐based therapy.