bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Characteristics-Based Water Purification Model Using Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over Non-Linearly Stretched Permeable Surfaces
Authors: Obalalu Adebowale Martins , Olayemi Olalekan Adebayo , Salaudeen Salaudeen Adebayo , Adeshola Adediran Dauda , Ojewola Olusegun Babatunde , Akindele Akintayo Oladimeji , Oladapo O.A.
Published: June 2024

Sequel to all the published facts on the hydrothermal of pure water on a permeable expanding/contracting surface with thermodynamic irreversibilities convey iron (III) oxide and copper hybrid nanoparticles as applicable in industry and engineering, nothing is known about the importance of viscous dissipation and the Joule heating. The current paper addresses the natural convective flow of pure water, / nanofluid and-hybrid nanofluid, (a novel advanced nanofluid composited of and nanoparticles) induced by a non-linearly stretching permeable sheet with velocity slip using a numerical scheme. The equations obtained are solved numerically via Galerkin Weighted Residual Method (GWRM), in the limiting sense, the present results conform with the existing work. Analyses reveal that a 20% concentration of nanoparticles in a base fluid is more effective in the augmentation of heat transfer than a 10% concentration. Also, the nonlinearity parameter increased the heat transfer rate for the hybrid nanosuspension. The report of this study will be of benefit to chemical engineering and nanotechnology advancement.
The Behavior of Thin-Walled Cylinders with Ribs Regarding the Energy Absorption Capability on High-Velocity Impact
Authors: Hardi Witono , Abdul Aziz Mohammad Shalahuddin , Umron Amat
Published: June 2024

Many industries and automotive companies use thin-walled cylinders as energy-absorbing devices. Researchers have previously investigated various parameters related to thin-walled cylinders and their behavior under impact loads. When the impactor hits the thin-walled cylinder from the axial direction, it causes the bending of the cylinder wall on an axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric pattern, depending on the ratio of diameter divided by wall thickness. In addition, the length of the specimen influences the deformation mode that occurs. This study discusses how installing ribs on the cylinder walls affects energy absorption capabilities. We conducted the research by making modeling based on the finite element method by making various specimens according to the experimental scenarios. We experimented with an aluminum alloy cylinder with a diameter of 50 cm, a thickness of 1.5 mm, and a length of 200 mm. Then, successively, we installed ribs with a length of 2 mm and a thickness of 3.5 mm, one rib, two ribs, three ribs, four ribs, and five ribs. The impactor hits the specimen from the axial direction to one end at high speed while the other is given fixed support. The results obtained from the experiment are total deformation, reaction force, absorbed energy, and deformation pattern. The experimental results show that adding ribs changes the deformation pattern from previously non-axis-symmetric to axis-symmetric. The total deformation decreases, the reaction force becomes smaller, and the ability to absorb energy equals the total kinetic energy. This result is a recommendation for manufacturing in an energy absorption structural system. Keywords: rib, deformation mode, wall thickness, energy absorption, reaction force.
Preparation and Characterization of Nickel Ferrite (NiFe2O4) Nanoparticles by Surfactant-Free Electrochemical Method
Authors: Nabila Roida , Utama Riski Agung Nata , Widiyastuti Widiyastuti , Nurtono Tantular , Setyawan Heru
Published: June 2024

Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) Nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple surfactant-free electrochemical method at room temperature using iron plates as the cathode and anode electrode. nickel sulfate hexahydrate solution used as the electrolyte has a concentration of 0.04 M and pH 10. The voltage applied varied from 6, 9, and 12 V. We found that voltage and hydroxyl ions (OH-) presence have an important role in the formation of nickel ferrite nanoparticles. Particle size can be controlled by voltage. Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were produced in the form of gray powder and exhibited ferromagnetic properties. Material produced exhibits spinel oxide characteristics that confirms nickel ferrite presence. Nickel ferrite produced are nearly spherical with narrow size distribution having the size that can be classified as nanomaterial. Good electrochemical performance is legitimately observed for NiFe2O4 prepared in this work. This simple method is promising as a facile synthesis method for nickel ferrite nanoparticles.
Response Optimisation and Modelling of Experimental Data on the Performance of Lasienthera africanum Leaves Extract as a Corrosion Inhibitor on Mild Steel in Hydrochloric-Induced Environment
Authors: Okuma Silas Oseme , Ofuyekpone Okiemute Dickson , Nwaeju Cynthia Chinasa , Obaseki Martins , Ogagavwodia Ejovi Okuma
Published: June 2024

In this study, the CCD response surface methodology was used to model and optimise the performance of Lasienthera africanum leaves extract (LALE) as a corrosion inhibitor on mild steel. The experimental parameters were assessed at different immersion time and inhibitor concentration to determine the optimum conditions for corrosion mitigation. Using experimental results of the corrosion characteristics such as the weight loss, corrosion rate, and inhibition efficiency of LALE, new models were developed, the significance of which was tested using variance analysis. The developed RSM models of WL, CR, and IE were accurate and reliable, and their P-values were 0.0001, which is less than 0.05. Likewise, the R2-statistics (R2, adjusted-R2, and predicted-R2), adequate precision, and diagnostic plots were also used as a means to ascertain the degree of accuracy and adequacy of the WL, CR, and IE models. In addition, optimization of the corrosion inhibition process for LALE revealed that the optimum conditions for maximum IE, minimum WL, and CR were achieved at a concentration of 93.93 ppm and an immersion time of 228 hrs. Under these settings, the inhibition efficiency, weight loss, and corrosion rate were 93.85%, 0.294g and 3.267 mm/y, respectively. Therefore, the models are considered ideal for prediction with a confidence level of 95%, and the optimal combination is suitable for the corrosion inhibition process design. Hence these models can be recommended for applications such as oil well acidizing and pickling pipelines.
Bilayer Solar Steam Generator by Co-Gelation Method
Authors: Pamuji Annisa Nur Fidyanti , Juliananda Juliananda , Widiyastuti Widiyastuti , Nurtono Tantular , Setyawan Heru
Published: June 2024

The interfacial solar steam generator presents a viable and environmentally conscious solution for generating fresh water from seawater. The interfacial solar steam generator is accomplished through the integration of a photothermal material with a supporting material, resulting in a bilayer structure. In general, the efficiency of achieving a bilayer structure by the coating of a photothermal material on the surface of a substrate is limited. This is due to the potential for separation and variations in coating thickness, which can result in a drop in the rate of evaporation. In this study, a bilayer structure was successfully obtained through the implementation of a co-gelation technique utilizing a biomass-derived substrate, aerogel cellulose, and magnetite (Fe3O4) as photothermal materials. Additionally, we investigate the impact of magnetic fields on the evaporation rate of photothermal materials. The bilayer solar steam generator obtained demonstrates a notable evaporation rate of 1.87 kg.m-2h-1, which is sufficient to meet the daily water requirements of individuals.
Effect of Doping ZnO on Activated Carbon Prepared from Waste Paper for Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Wardah Jauharatul , Winardi Sugeng , Madhania Suci , Rozy Mohammad Irwan Fatkhur , Kusdianto K.
Published: June 2024

Accumulation of untreated and unrecycled paper has a negative impact on the environment. Like liquid waste handling, paper waste handling is also still being developed. It is known that activated carbon (AC) is one of the promising adsorbents that can be used to solve the environmental issue. Activated carbon can be made from organic waste, such as waste paper. The objective of this study is to investigate the operation condition of the pyrolysis process to obtain the activated carbon. The furnace temperature was set at 400°C for 1 hour under N2 stream with a flow rate of 0.5 L/min. To provide a synergistic effect in the adsorption process, ZnO was derived from ZnCl2 as a chemical activator for making active carbon. While Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O with different concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 M was grown into the pores of activated carbon. The photocatalytic activity of AC/ZnO was identified in the degradation process of methylene blue as a model of organic pollutants. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to characterize the product. The morphology of ZnO was observed in the form of a flower-like and occupying the surface of activated carbon. The photocatalytic activity showed that the methylene blue was completely degraded.
Utilization of Adsorbent Based on Rice Straw (Oryza sativa) for Cr(VI) Ions Reduction in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Harmami Harmami , Ulfin Ita , Ramadhan Baswara Gilang , Madurani Kartika A.
Published: June 2024

In this study, we utilized an adsorbent based on rice straw for reducing hexavalent chromium ions (Cr (VI)) in an aqueous solution. The rice straw as adsorbent raw material was washed, dried, and powdered. Rice straw powder was heated at 450°C for 2 hours to obtain rice straw adsorbent. The adsorbent was activated with 1M H3PO4 for 4 hours. Characterization of the adsorbent was done using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) method. FTIR spectra showed the presence of hydroxy, carboxylic, aromatic, and ether groups on the surface of the rice straw and the made adsorbent. The reduction of Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solutions was carried out using the adsorption batch method. The adsorption process was conducted in various the Cr (VI) solutions pH for 1-5 and variations in contact time for 5-720 minutes. The highest percentage reduction of Cr (VI) reached 66.90%. It has occurred at pH 2 and equilibrium at 600 minutes of contact time.
National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Emergency Action Plan Development and Implementation in Sport
Authors: Scarneo-Miller Samantha E. , Hosokawa Yuri , Drezner Jonathan A. , Hirschhorn Rebecca M. , Conway Darryl P. , Elkins Gregory A. , Hopper Michael N. , Strapp Edward J.
Published: June 2024

Objective

An emergency action plan (EAP) is a written document detailing the preparations and on-site emergency response of health care professionals and other stakeholders to medical emergencies in the prehospital setting. The EAP is developed to address any type of catastrophic injury response and should not be condition specific. The objective of this National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement is to provide evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations for developing and implementing an EAP for sports settings.

Methods

These recommendations were developed by a multidisciplinary expert panel that performed (1) a comprehensive review of existing EAP evidence, (2) a modified Delphi process to define consensus recommendations, and (3) a strength of recommendation taxonomy determination for each recommendation.

Results

An EAP is an essential tool designed to facilitate emergency preparedness and an efficient, coordinated emergency response during an athletic event. A comprehensive EAP should consider modes to optimize patient outcomes, the various stakeholders needed to develop the plan, the factors influencing effective implementation of the EAP, and the roles and responsibilities to ensure a structured response to a catastrophic injury.

Conclusions

These evidence-informed recommendations outline the necessary steps for emergency planning and provide considerations for the immediate management of patients with catastrophic injuries. Increasing knowledge and implementation of the EAP to manage patients with catastrophic injuries improves the overall response and decreases errors during an emergency.
Dictionary of Southern African place names
Authors: Eloff C.C.
Published: June 2024

No abstract available.
Effectiveness of coma arousal therapy on patients with disorders of consciousness – A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kumar Sanjiv , Agarwal Nupur , Sanal Thankappan S
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND:

Disorders of consciousness (DOC) incorporate stages of awareness and arousal. Through coma arousal therapy sensory deprivation experienced by patients with DOC can be mitigated. Nevertheless, consensus concerning its effectiveness on these patients is still fractional.

PURPOSE:

This review aims to investigate the effectiveness of coma arousal therapies on patients with DOC.

METHODS:

A meta-analysis was performed by searching electronic databases using search terms, the studies investigating the effect of coma arousal therapy in patients with DOC using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised and Glasgow Coma Scale as outcome measures were included. The risk of bias was assessed, using Cochrane and Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Further, analysis was conducted for the included studies.

RESULTS:

Out of 260 studies, 45 trials were reviewed and assessed for bias, with 31 studies included for analysis. The analysis demonstrates a significant difference in pre- and post - sensory stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation. Sensory stimulation showed the greatest mean difference of −4.96; 95% CI = -5.76 to - 4.15. The patients who underwent intervention after 3 months of illness showed significant improvement.

CONCLUSION:

The result shows that sensory stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct stimulation can improve behavioral outcomes of patients with DOC, wherein sensory stimulation is found to be more effective.
Blood–brain barrier disruption and edema formation due to prolonged starvation in wild-type mice
Authors: Hossain M. Ibrahim , Haque Mehjabeen , Akter Maria , Sharmin Sabrina , Ahmed Asif
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Different types of diseases have been treated by restricted caloric intake or fasting. Although during this long time, fasting protective measures, for example, supplements, are given to the patients to protect vital organs such as the liver and kidney, little attention is given to the brain. The current research aims to investigate hypoglycemia due to prolonged fasting disrupts blood–brain barrier (BBB) in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques were used to examine the expression of different genes. Evans blue extravasation and wet–dry technique were performed to evaluate the integrity of BBB and the formation of brain edema, respectively.

RESULTS:

We confirmed that hypoglycemia affected mice fasting brain by examining the increased expression of glucose transporter protein 1 and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. We subsequently found downregulated expression of some genes, which are involved in maintaining BBB such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in astrocytes and claudin-5 (a vital component of BBB) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR1) in endothelial cells by ISH. We also found that prolonged fasting caused the brain endothelial cells to express lipocalin-2, an inflammatory marker of brain endothelial cells. We performed Evans blue extravasation to show more dye was retained in the brain of fasted mice than in control mice as a result of BBB disruption. Finally, wet–dry method showed that the brain of prolonged fasted mice contained significantly higher amount of water confirming the formation of brain edema. Therefore, special attention should be given to the brain during treatment with prolonged fasting for various diseases.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results demonstrated that hypoglycemia due to prolonged fasting disrupts BBB and produces brain edema in wild-type mice, highlighting the importance of brain health during treatment with prolonged fasting.
Safety and efficacy of tirofiban in preventing neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke (TREND): Protocol for an investigator-initiated, multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, masked endpoint trial
Authors: Wang Jing , Li Sijie , Li Chuanhui , Wu Chuanjie , Song Haiqing , Ma Qingfeng , Ji Xunming , Zhao Wenbo ,   for the TREND Investigators
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Antithrombotic therapy prevents adverse ischemic events following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Intravenous tirofiban provides desirable antiplatelet effects, especially in patients who are vulnerable to neurological deterioration (ND).

AIM:

The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that intravenous administration of tirofiban, initiated within 24 h of ictus and continued for consecutive 72 h, would be more effective than aspirin in reducing the risk of ND within 72 h of enrollment among patients with potentially atherothrombotic ischemic stroke.

METHODS:

The Safety and Efficacy of Tirofiban in Preventing Neurological Deterioration in Acute Ischemic Stroke (TREND) trial is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, masked endpoint study. Its eligibility criteria included AIS secondary to potential atherosclerosis, a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ranging from 4 to 20 points, ineligibility for recanalization therapy, and administration within 24 h postsymptom onset. Randomization was performed at a 1:1 ratio to allocate 420 patients into two groups to receive an intravenous tirofiban bridge to oral antiplatelet drugs or direct oral antiplatelet drugs.

OUTCOMES:

The primary outcome is the proportion of patients with a ≥4-point increase in NIHSS score within 72 h of intervention compared to the score at enrollment. The key secondary outcomes include changes in NIHSS score, modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at 90 days, and dichotomized mRS scores (0–2 vs. 3–6 and 0–1 vs. 2–6) at 90 days. The safety variables are symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, any intracerebral hemorrhage, and systemic hemorrhage within 72 h after randomization and 90-day mortality.

CONCLUSIONS:

The TREND trial may identify the suitability of intravenous tirofiban as a routine clinical strategy to prevent ND in patients with AIS within 24 h of the onset of symptoms.

TRIAL REGISTRATION:

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT04491695).
Is the Spectrum of Bacterial Infection in Open Long-bone Fractures of the Lower Limb Changing?
Authors: Abel Livingston , Joseph Christina Marie , Ashok Anand , Ganesan Krupakaran , Samuel Sumant , Veeraraghavan Balaji
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Recent literature suggests a significant risk of infection by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) in open Grade III fractures. Our prospective study aimed to identify the rate of infection with multidrug-resistant GNB (MDR-GNB) in open Grade III fractures and also study its clinical outcome.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective cohort study was conducted from November 2015 to May 2017 on Gustilo and Anderson Grade III open long-bone fractures of the lower limb. Demographic data, injury details, time from injury to receiving antibiotics, and index procedure were noted. Length of hospital stay, number of additional surgeries, and occurrence of complications were also noted. In infected open fractures, bacteriology and resistance pattern of the isolated microorganism were noted. Clinical outcomes of all included study patients were measured at 9 months.

Results:

A total of 231 patients with 275 open fractures involving femur, tibia, or fibula were studied. There was clinical suspicion of infection in 84 patients (36.4%) with 99 fractures (36%). Culture was positive in 43 patients (51.2%). MDR-GNB infection was seen in 19 patients representing 8.2% of all included study patients. Patients with MDR-GNB infection required a significantly higher percentage of additional surgical procedures than patients with non-MDR-GNB infection (2.2% vs. 0.8%, P < 0.0001) and had a lower return to work status (5.3% vs. 30.7%, P = 0.03), suggesting MDR-GNB infections have a worse outcome.

Conclusion:

Our study showing a high rate of MDR-GNB infection in open fractures highlights the therapeutic challenges involved in treating this nosocomial problem. MDR-GNB infection in open fractures is a serious cause of morbidity and poor outcome.
Spatial Profiles in Triple-negative Breast Cancer: Unraveling the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Wu Cheng-Han , Chiu Yu-Chiao
Published: June 2024

Objective:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become an important treatment option for cancer. However, the predictive power of current biomarkers is limited for treatment response, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Investigation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) may provide biological insights into the response to ICIs by uncovering the interactions among tumor and immune cells. Emerging technologies of spatial transcriptomics (ST) and proteomics allow clinical researchers to better understand the TME.

Data Sources and Study Selection:

We reviewed the results of articles published in the past 10 years worldwide.

Results:

Emerging spatial profiling technologies can be classified into image-based and sequencing-based methods, both of which preserve information on tissue architecture with gene expression and/or protein abundance profiles. Here, we reviewed articles studying TNBC using spatial profiling techniques. By integrating spatial profiles, recent studies showed the relevance of gene and protein expression profiles in the TME of different subgroups. These ST and proteomic characteristics were shown to be associated with patients’ survival.

Conclusion:

The application of spatial profiling techniques to cancer research has significantly advanced our understanding of breast cancer biology, particularly in the context of TNBC. We are confident that the technology has the potential to revolutionize the prediction of treatment outcomes in the near future. By elucidating the nuances within the TME, spatial profiling opens up new possibilities for personalized strategies for immunotherapy.
Successful Conversion Surgery after Ceritinib Monotherapy in a Patient with Advanced Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Harboring SQSTM1-ALK fusion
Authors: Wang Qi-An , Lee Chao-Wei , Wu Ren-Chin , Wu Chiao-En
Published: June 2024

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an intermediate malignant neoplasm, and approximately 50% of patients are anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive (ALK+). Given this unique trait, ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), initially developed for ALK+ nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, were expected to be effective. Subsequently, crizotinib, a first-generation ALK-TKI, was approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, and other generations of ALK-TKIs have since been tested for their efficacy. In this study, we report a case of unresectable IMT who showed a partial response to ceritinib, a second-generation ALK-TKI, allowing conversion surgery to be performed. Furthermore, the patient was found to have a rare ALK translocation, sequestosome 1 (5)-ALK (20), detected by next-generation sequencing. In conclusion, this case presents real-world evidence to establish the role of ceritinib as a first-line treatment for ALK+ IMT, which can contribute to further studies on ALK+ IMT.
Second Primary Malignancy after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Single Institute Experience
Authors: Tan Tran-Der , Chiou Lun-Wei
Published: June 2024

Background:

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is a curative treatment for various hematologic malignancies and some benign hematologic diseases. However, in addition to chronic graft-versus-host disease, second primary malignancy is also a long-term adverse effect.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively collected long-term follow-up data of 380 patients who had undergone transplantation (autologous in 184 with 126 long-term survivors and allogeneic in 196 patients with 100 long-term survivors) between 2001 and 2021 and analyzed the incidence and types of second primary malignancy.

Results:

Twelve patients had second primary malignancy, including five with head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), three with myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML), one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), one with esophageal SCC, one with breast cancer, and one with papillary thyroid cancer. Of eight patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants, five had head and neck, one had esophageal, one had breast, and one had papillary thyroid cancer. Of four patients who underwent autologous transplants, three had MDS/AML, and one had ALL. The cumulative incidence of second malignancy was 6% at 10 years and 16% at 19 years, and the postautologous and postallogeneic transplant rates were 5% versus 7% at 10 years and 15% versus 17% at 19 years.

Conclusion:

The occurrence of a second malignancy after HCT is a crucial issue of concern, and an early diagnosis is essential for posttransplant patients.
Papules to Pseudovesicular Lesions over Chest: A Mirror to Breast Malignancy
Authors: Patel Jigna , Pariath Kira
Published: June 2024

Here, we present a case of carcinoma telangiectoides in an unknown case of breast carcinoma presenting as multiple discrete to confluent, raised, solid, erythematous to skin-colored papules to plaques approximately 0.5–2 cm in size over an erythematous base over the chest. On the basis of clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of carcinoma telangiectoides was made. Diagnosis is difficult due to varying clinical presentations, but histopathology aids in the diagnosis. Through the present case, dermatologists should become aware of the diverse manifestations of cutaneous involvement of breast cancer. Early detection of cutaneous involvement may provide a window of opportunity for timely diagnosis and treatment of the primary tumor and prevent spread.
Metabolic Comorbidities in Pediatric Psoriasis—A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in South-Asian Children
Authors: Joseph Ranjana E. , Sathishkumar Dharshini , Gupta Ankan , Korula Sophy
Published: June 2024

Background:

There is only limited data on the association between psoriasis and metabolic comorbidities in South-Asian children.

Objective:

To examine metabolic comorbidities among South-Asian children with and without psoriasis.

Materials and Methods:

A hospital-based, comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted in children with and without psoriasis over 19 months. Anthropometric, clinical, and metabolic comorbidity details (including disease extent and severity scores, obesity, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid abnormalities, and metabolic syndrome) were obtained in both groups according to standard criteria.

Results:

Fifty-eight children with psoriasis (25 males/33 females, age 11.3 ± 3.0 years, range 4 to 17 years) and 62 children without psoriasis (37 males/25 females, age 11.0 ± 3.6 years, range 4 to 18 years) were recruited. The prevalence of obesity (31.0% versus 14.5%, P = 0.031, odds ratio 2.65) and metabolic syndrome (18.6% versus 4.6%, P = 0.044, odds ratio 4.68) were higher in children with psoriasis than without. The prevalence of other metabolic comorbidities (systemic hypertension, pre-diabetes, lipid abnormalities, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) was not different between children with and without psoriasis and between obese and non-obese children with psoriasis. Among children with psoriasis, those with abdominal obesity had significantly lower disease severity and extent scores than those without.

Conclusion:

Psoriasis is associated with a significantly higher prevalence of obesity and close to significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in South-Asian children. Screening for metabolic comorbidities is essential even in non-obese children with psoriasis. Disease extent and severity are less in obese compared to non-obese South-Asian children with psoriasis.
A case report of basosquamous carcinoma of thigh – An unusual location
Authors: Ingale Yaminy Pradeep , Ghatge Rutika Madan , Kale Narendra Chindhu , Pawar Ranjit D
Published: June 2024

Basosquamous cell carcinoma (BSC), also known as metatypical carcinoma, is an uncommon form of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that is thought to be aggressive and more likely to spread to other parts of the body. The head-and-neck area is where it often first manifests itself. BSC is an uncommon tumor with diverse forms and unpredictable symptoms. Our case is a 75-year-old male with a nonhealing ulcer on his right thigh for 4–5 years. We received a biopsy from the margins, which revealed basosquamous carcinoma, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The highly aggressive nature of the tumor, the higher incidence of recurrence, and the possibility of metastasis make an early diagnosis of BSC crucial which is differentiating it with BCC, in which the low risk of metastasis and recurrences is there, minimal risks are observed in limbs far from the cephalic region. Due to their clinical similarities, it is hard to distinguish between BSC and BCC clinically. Histopathology could aid in prompt diagnosis and precise treatment. An immunohistochemical examination might yield additional information for a more precise diagnosis. Here, we describe a rare case of BSC presented as unusually located ulcer on the thigh.

The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, Patient care and procedural skills, Systems-based practice.
Vaccination equity: Exploring immunization coverage for selected vaccines in urban Bengaluru’s elderly community
Authors: Sangeetha M. D. , Deepthi R. , Menon P. K. Sreenath , Veeresappa D K
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Globally, the proportion of elderly individuals is steadily increasing, posing significant challenges for health-care systems. Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing vaccine-preventable diseases and associated morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In India, there is no national immunization schedule dedicated to the elderly group. This study aimed to explore the vaccination coverage for selected vaccines, namely pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Influenza, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among the elderly residing in urban Bengaluru.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2023. Data were collected from 132 elderly participants living in three wards of Rajajinagar, Bengaluru. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, health conditions, and vaccination status. The data were analyzed using EPI data 3.1 Software, and the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to assess the association of demographic variables with vaccine intake.

Results:

The results showed that vaccination uptake for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines was nil, while for COVID-19 vaccines, 4.5% of participants had not taken any dose, 6.8% had taken the first dose, 57.6% had taken the second dose, and 31.1% had taken the booster dose. Sociodemographic analysis revealed significant associations between vaccine uptake and variables such as age, socioeconomic status (below the poverty line card holder), and body mass index.

Conclusion:

The low uptake of vaccines in the elderly population highlights the need for specialized strategies and initiatives to increase vaccination coverage. The study recommends suitable measures to improve vaccination coverage among elderly, creating awareness among healthcare professionals and the general population, and enhancing vaccine accessibility and availability to promote healthy aging in India.
Building healthy foundations: Screening for 4 D’s (defects at birth, diseases, deficiencies, and development delays) among under-five children under the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram program in Bengaluru, South India
Authors: Deepthi R. , Siraja Ameenah Anwar Hussain , Santhosh Gokul , Vinaya M
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

The 1st 2000 days of a child’s life from conception to five years of age are the most crucial days for early childhood development. The Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) is an ongoing screening screening program aims to screen the children not only in these crucial years but until they are 18 years of age and routinely refers them to higher centers for further management. Our study aimed to determine the 4 Ds – defects, deficiency, disease, and disability for children under five years of age, screened under RBSK.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in one rural and two urban Primary Health Centers (PHCs) under the field practice area of government medical college in Bengaluru, South India. All the children registered under the anganawadi centers of the selected PHCs were included. Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and mid upper-arm circumference were collected. Data was also collected from RBSK reports.

Results:

Among the 760 children screened, 41.6% deficiencies, 2.6% childhood diseases, and 0.3% disabilities and zero (0) defects were detected.

Conclusion:

The reporting of deficiencies was substantial (41.6%) under the RBSK program. But, the reporting of developmental delay and defects was not regular and was very low. To enhance its effectiveness, strategies include improving infrastructure and resources, strengthening screening and early detection through trained health-care workers, and standardized tools. Capacity building and training for health-care professionals are essential, as is community engagement through awareness campaigns and collaboration with local organizations.
Knowledge and awareness about biomedical waste segregation and disposal among medical and paramedical students at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai
Authors: Abinaya V. , Devi V. Kalpana , Sivaranjani P. , Ananthi B.
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Wastes produced by health-care facilities are unique in terms of generation, composition, treatment, and disposal when compared to other general wastes. Inappropriate handling of biomedical waste (BMW) led to several health risks from sharps injuries, the spread of infections, and the release of toxic substances into the environment. Not many studies throw insight into the difference in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) across medical and paramedical students related to BMW segregation and disposal. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness levels regarding BMW segregation and disposal among medical and paramedical students at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, India.

Methods:

A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 632 participants, including medical (3rd and 4th years) and paramedical students. The questionnaire assessed their KAP related to BMW management. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and a comparison was made between medical and paramedical students using appropriate statistical tests.

Results:

The results revealed that medical students (3rd and 4th years) exhibited better KAP in BMW management than paramedical students. Medical students demonstrated a more comprehensive understanding of BMW segregation, disposal methods, and associated health risks. They also displayed a higher level of awareness regarding the importance of proper BMW management for environmental and public health protection.

Conclusion:

Our findings emphasize the need to strengthen educational interventions targeting paramedical students to enhance their understanding of proper BMW management practices.
Linking infant and young child feeding practices to Z-scores: Unraveling the impact on childhood stunting and wasting
Authors: Gosalia Vibha Vinodkumar , Jasani Krishna Mahendrabhai , Misra Late Shobha V.
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Poor infant feeding practices predispose children to nutritional disorders which may persist into early childhood with life-long consequences. We aimed to find out prevalence of malnutrition among children aged less than six years and to assess infant and young children feeding practices and their impact on malnutrition.

Methods:

An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2021 and May 2022 among children up to six years of age registered in the Anganwadi centers of Rajkot district. Using the formula n = Z
2
pq/e
2, a sample size of 504 was estimated, including 10% nonresponders. Samples were drawn using a multistage simple random sampling method. The z scores related to the anthropometric measurements were estimated using the World Health Organization Anthro 2011 software. We reported prevalence of different types of malnutrition and infant and young child feeding practices. A logistic regression was used to identify significant factors for stunting and wasting (P < 0.05).

Results:

The mean age of the children was 32.43 months (SD 18.7 months). The prevalence of stunting and wasting was found 36.7% and 30.5%, respectively. The prevalence of prelacteal feeding practices was 72.8%. Less than one-fourth (21.4%) of children were exclusively breastfed and 77.9% of the children received complementary feeding at appropriate age. The binary logistic regression model showed that stunted growth was strongly associated with exclusive breastfeeding and complementary foods’ introduction at the appropriate age.

Conclusion:

As compared to national, state, and district averages, the prevalence of wasting was remarkably higher among children included in the study. In addition, the study underscores the disturbingly high prevalence of prelacteal feeding practices, which can have a detrimental effect on the health of newborns.
COVID-19 reduces immune competence and precipitates superinfections
Authors: Finsterer Josef , Scorza Fulvio A.
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

Whether infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be complicated by immune suppression is under debate, but the following case suggests decreased immune competence during and after a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Case Report:

The patient is a 50-year-old woman with a previous history of transient hyperthyroidism, allergy against ambrosia, and burn-out syndrome, who experienced a mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 during which she developed candida pharyngitis, which was successfully treated with miconazole. Twenty-eight days after clinical recovery from the SARS-CoV-2 infection, she developed right-sided zoster oticus with vestibular neuronitis and was successfully treated with acyclovir.

Conclusions:

The case suggests that infection with SARS-CoV-2 can weaken immune competence and precipitate the development of candidiasis and focal infection with the zoster virus. Even mild infections with SARS-CoV-2 may be complicated by immune-compromise and immune-concomitant superinfections, which is why coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients should strengthen their immune system not only during but also after the infection.
Trends and practices of weaning in infants across India: A comprehensive review
Authors: Jha Piyush K. , Shukla Samarth , Acharya Sourya
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

Weaning is a critical phase in an infant’s life, during which there is a transition from exclusive breastfeeding or formula feeding to consuming solid foods. Weaning is a critical step in determining a child’s nutritional status, growth, and general health. India is a multiethnic and culturally diverse nation and has a variety of weaning practices that are affected by local customs, religious beliefs, and socioeconomic concerns. Malnutrition brought on by inadequate weaning methods used in infancy and early childhood may have an impact on cognitive, motor and social, development and productivity of the child, more importantly manifesting in later ages. Weaning customs in India have a long history of being ingrained in both family and cultural traditions. The variety of Indian cuisine is reflected in the meals that are offered to the infant during weaning. Homemade food commonly prepared like mashed fruits and vegetables, lentil soups, and rice porridge are the most popular. However, the inclination by parents toward professionally produced infant foods and formulas has increased because of urbanization and globalization; there have been observable changes in weaning practices over the past few decades because of changing lifestyles and easier access. These foods are frequently thought of as more convenient but may not be as nutrient-dense as homemade alternatives. Not following the medically recommended mandate of an exclusive diet of mother’s breast milk to the infant, many parents often begin introducing complementary foods as early as four months. Still most concerningly also the timing of weaning commencement varies significantly across areas and communities. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the current trends and practices of weaning in infants across India, underscoring the importance of culturally sensitive and informed strategies to ensure the well-being of the nation’s youngest population.
A cross sectional study of determinants of bone mineral density among postmenopausal women with special reference to anthropometric and lifestyle factors in an urban slum of Mumbai
Authors: Mer Hetal Tejas , Jenifa JB , Rawat Shalini , Kadiyala Prathyusha
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim:

Osteoporosis significantly compromises the quality of life of postmenopausal women. There are DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) losses for postmenopausal women who suffer from osteoporosis. Therefore, this study was taken up with the objective to determine prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among postmenopausal women and to study the association of their anthropometric parameters and lifestyle factors with their bone mineral density (BMD). To study the determinants of BMD among postmenopausal women with special reference to anthropometric and lifestyle factors in an urban slum.

Materials and Methods:

A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban slum of Mumbai. The study was conducted among 148 postmenopausal women. BMD of the study group was measured using portable, noninvasive Calcaneum Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, and T-score reading was noted. Lifestyle factors and dietary habits were assessed through a prestructured, validated questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated with a standard procedure. No trial was conducted in the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20) was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

The prevalence of osteopenia among study participants was found to be 43.9% and that of osteoporosis was 12.8%. Their BMI was in the range of 16.44–39.18 kg/m2. Walking, stretching exercises, and yoga were the form of exercise being practiced by 29.1% of postmenopausal women.

Conclusions:

BMD was significantly associated with age, socioeconomic status, BMI, exercise, walking, and consumption of fruits. Negative correlation was found between duration since menopause and BMD T-score reading, which implied that duration since menopause had an inverse relationship with BMD.
Prediction equations for detecting COVID-19 infection using basic laboratory parameters
Authors: Dasgupta Shirin , Das Shuvankar , Chakraborty Debarghya
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a global pandemic during 2019 to 2022. The gold standard method of detecting this disease is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, RT-PCR has a number of shortcomings. Hence, the objective is to propose a cheap and effective method of detecting COVID-19 infection by using machine learning (ML) techniques, which encompasses five basic parameters as an alternative to the costly RT-PCR.

Materials and Methods:

Two machine learning-based predictive models, namely, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), are designed for predicting COVID-19 infection as a cheaper and simpler alternative to RT-PCR utilizing five basic parameters [i.e., age, total leucocyte count, red blood cell count, platelet count, C-reactive protein (CRP)]. Each of these parameters was studied, and correlation is drawn with COVID-19 diagnosis and progression. These laboratory parameters were evaluated in 171 patients who presented with symptoms suspicious of COVID-19 in a hospital at Kharagpur, India, from April to August 2022. Out of a total of 171 patients, 88 and 83 were found to be COVID-19-negative and COVID-19-positive, respectively.

Results:

The accuracies of the predicted class are found to be 97.06% and 91.18% for ANN and MARS, respectively. CRP is found to be the most significant input parameter. Finally, two predictive mathematical equations for each ML model are provided, which can be quite useful to detect the COVID-19 infection easily.

Conclusion:

It is expected that the present study will be useful to the medical practitioners for predicting the COVID-19 infection in patients based on only five very basic parameters.
Prevalence and factors contributing to stunted growth in young children of Khordha district, Odisha: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Sah Rahul K. , Panda Paramjot , Agrawal Sanjana , Tripathy Snehasish , Negi Sapna , Mehta Vini
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Stunting, indicating chronic malnutrition in children, remains a pressing concern globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. India, despite substantial efforts, continues to grapple with high rates of stunting, impacting child development and health outcomes. Understanding the multifaceted factors contributing to stunting is crucial for targeted interventions and policy formulation.

Methods:

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Balipatana, Khordha district, Odisha, India among 400 children. A survey employing structured questionnaires and WHO Anthropometric guidelines for data collection was used. Statistical analyses including Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to uncover significant associations.

Results:

The study revealed a stunting prevalence of 28% among children under five, with 7% severe and 21% moderate stunting. Regression analysis revealed key risk factors included low birth weight (1.5–2.5 kg), parental illiteracy, lower household income (Rs. 1000–15000), inadequate toilet facilities, and specific drinking water sources.

Conclusion:

The findings align with global concerns about stunting, emphasizing the complex interplay of socioeconomic and environmental factors. Interventions targeting parental education, household economic status, and improving sanitation and drinking water facilities are imperative. By addressing these factors, focused efforts can be made to reduce childhood stunting, ensuring a healthier future for the nation’s children.