bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standardisation is the key to the sustained, rapid and healthy development of stem cell‐based therapy
Authors: Zhang Jing , Suo Moran , Wang Jinzuo , Liu Xin , Huang Huagui , Wang Kaizhong , Liu Xiangyan , Sun Tianze , Li Zhonghai , Liu Jing
Published: April 2024

Background

Stem cell‐based therapy (SCT) is an important component of regenerative therapy that brings hope to many patients. After decades of development, SCT has made significant progress in the research of various diseases, and the market size has also expanded significantly. The transition of SCT from small‐scale, customized experiments to routine clinical practice requires the assistance of standards. Many countries and international organizations around the world have developed corresponding SCT standards, which have effectively promoted the further development of the SCT industry.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive literature review to introduce the clinical application progress of SCT and focus on the development status of SCT standardization.

Results

We first briefly introduced the types and characteristics of stem cells, and summarized the current clinical application and market development of SCT. Subsequently, we focused on the development status of SCT‐related standards as of now from three levels: the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), important international organizations, and national organizations. Finally, we provided perspectives and conclusions on the significance and challenges of SCT standardization.

Conclusions

Standardization plays an important role in the sustained, rapid and healthy development of SCT.
Possible alternative strategies to implement basophil activation testing in multicentric studies
Authors: Bourgoin Pénélope , Dupont Thomas , Agabriel Chantal , Carsin Ania , Verles Aurélie , Cabanski Maciej , Vitaliti Alessandra , Busnel Jean‐Marc
Published: April 2024

The Basophil Activation Test (BAT) enables flow cytometry characterization of basophil reactivity against specific allergenic molecules. The focus now revolves around democratizing this tool, but, as blood sample stability could be challenging, after having developed a simplified approach, herein, we aimed to characterize two strategies for implementing BAT in multicentric studies: store and ship blood before or after sample processing. Fresh heparin‐ and EDTA‐anticoagulated whole blood samples followed both BAT workflows: “collect, store, process & analyze” or “collect, process, store & analyze”. Storage temperatures of 18–25 °C or 2–8 °C and preservation times from 0 to 7 days were considered. Interleukin‐3 was also evaluated. With the “collect, store, process & analyze” workflow, heparin‐anticoagulated blood and 18–25 °C storage were better than other conditions. While remaining possible, basophil activation exhibited a possible reactivity decay after 24 h. Under the conditions tested, interleukin‐3 had no role in enhancing basophil reactivity after storage. Conversely, the “collect, process, store & analyze” workflow demonstrated that either heparin‐ or EDTA‐anticoagulated blood can be processed and kept up to 7 days at 18–25 °C or 2–8 °C before being analyzed. Various strategies can be implemented to integrate BAT in multicentric studies. The “collect, store, process & analyze” workflow remains a simplified logistical approach, but depending on time required to ship from the clinical centers to the reference laboratories, it might not be applicable, or should be used with caution. The “collect, process, store & analyze” workflow may constitute a workflow improvement to provide significant flexibility without impact on basophil reactivity.
Establishing effective interpretation criteria in hair analysis to distinguish between passive and active cocaine exposure: Insights from authentic hair samples collected from professional individuals exposed to cocaine
Authors: Ramírez Fernández María del Mar , Wille Sarah M. R. , Meert Natalie , Eliaerts Joy , Samyn Nele
Published: April 2024

Interpretation results of hair analysis, particularly for cocaine, can be challenging due to the need to differentiate between active use or passive contamination. Our study aimed to assess the impact of varying degrees of passive cocaine exposure hair analysis results and their interpretation. Hair samples (n = 25) were categorized based on the declared cocaine exposure of volunteers: (a) high, involving handling up to several kilograms of cocaine powder from dismantling illegal distribution sites; (b) medium, where staff dealt with cocaine blocks (up to kilograms); and (c) low, with staff in contact with up to grams of cocaine for laboratory analysis. Hair samples were decontaminated using dichloromethane, water, and methanol. The samples and final wash were analyzed for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, cocaethylene, m‐OH‐benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester using a validated UPLC‐MS/MS method. Cocaine hair concentrations ranges were as follows (pg/mg): high (n = 53 segments) < LLOQ(32)‐7046; medium (n = 91) < LLOQ‐939; and low (n = 54) < LLOQ‐292. All hair samples had concentrations below the LLOQ for cocaethylene, ecgonine methyl ester, and m‐OH‐benzoylecgonine. Applying the SoHT cocaine cut‐off in combination with a hair/wash ratio criterion identified 97% of the samples as contaminated. This study advocates for a comprehensive approach in evaluating cocaine hair concentrations. This involves integrating the 500 pg/mg decision limit for cocaine with a criterion comparing wash and hair concentration. Additionally, confirming the presence of specific metabolites is crucial. This multifaceted method effectively distinguishes between environmental contamination and active cocaine usage. The research contributes significantly to refining cocaine exposure assessment in professional contexts.
First Application of Non‐Metallic A2B Type Silicon Corrole Complexes in Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Liu Zhen‐Wu , Yang Gang , Xu Shi‐Yin , Xie Wan‐Yue , Yao Yan‐Fang , Xiao Xin‐Yan , Si Li‐Ping , Liu Hai‐Yang
Published: April 2024

In this study, we have successfully synthesized two non‐metallic‐based silicon corrole complexes (F10C−Si, F10C−CN−Si) and used them as HER electrocatalysts for the first time. Electrochemical studies indicate the electrocatalytic HER may go via EE‐CEEC (E: electron transfer step, C: chemical step) pathway. Notably, it can be seen that the introduction of electron‐withdrawing cyano group on the meso‐phenyl of the corrole macrocycle may enhance the catalytic activity of silicon corrole complexes. In DMF with TsOH as the proton source, F10C−CN−Si exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) of 331.48 s−1 and a high catalytic efficiency (C.E) of 1.29. Furthermore, the catalytic prowess of the silicon corrole complexes extends to neutral aqueous solution, with F10C−CN−Si achieving a TOF of 52.72 h−1 at an overpotential of 1188 mV. This study extends the application of non‐metallic‐based silicon corrole molecular catalysts in the electrocatalytic HER field.
Equilibrium Study of Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Syngas
Authors: Li Chen , Wang Peili
Published: April 2024

Fugacity coefficients for the components in the gas mixture are determined using the Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equation of state. The Gibbs free energy minimization method is employed to determine the equilibrium composition of the components for CO2 reforming of CH4 to syngas. To utilize CO2 efficiently and avoid carbon deposition, CO2 composition in the initial feed should not be greater than 1 (nCH4,0 = 1), and the reaction is preferably operated at atmospheric pressure. Setting nCH4,0:nCO2,0 to 1:1, and increasing nO2,0 in the feed from 0 to 1.0 to adjust the initial composition, results in a decrease in the syngas equilibrium yield, and a increase in both nCO2,e and nH2O,e. The temperature required for complete carbon deposition removal decreased. Considering the effective utilization of CO2 at nCH4,0:nCO2,0 1:1, it is recommended to set nO2,0 in the feed to less than 0.5.
Optimal design and analysis of a grid‐connected hybrid renewable energy system using HOMER Pro: A case study of Tumbatu Island, Zanzibar
Authors: Said Thani R. , Kichonge Baraka , Kivevele Thomas
Published: April 2024

This study addresses the pressing issue of quality electricity access in remote regions, with a specific focus on Tumbatu Island in Tanzania. Most studies on quality improvement concentrate on low‐voltage distribution lines and leave high‐voltage (HV) transmission lines behind. It is essential to address quality issues in HV lines due to their critical role in electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure. The objective of the study is to improve the voltage profile on the island's HV transmission line by identifying the optimal hybrid energy system comprising solar PV, wind turbine, and battery technologies. The study begins by presenting the total power demand and consumption on Tumbatu Island, which are important factors in designing an efficient energy system. The findings reveal a power demand of 7173 kW and a consumption of 28540 kWh/day, with an average scaled value of 1507.9 and 6000 kWh/day. To achieve the desired voltage profile improvement, the research incorporates HOMER Pro software for simulating and analyzing various hybrid system configurations. Essential input parameters, such as costs, resources, technology components, and load, are considered in the simulation process. The software generates a ranked list of options based on the system's net present cost (NPC). The simulation results demonstrate that the integration of solar PV, wind turbine, and HV lines provides a substantial improvement in the voltage profile, increasing it from 29.6 to 31.23 kV during peak demand periods. This solution proves to be the most economically viable, with the lowest NPC of $4,003,851 and a relatively short payback period of 3.79 years. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most influential parameter in the system's performance. Wind speed is found to have the greatest impact, emphasizing its significance in the design and operation of the hybrid energy system. The implementation of this optimal hybrid renewable energy system on Tumbatu Island will not only improve the voltage profile and meet the island's energy needs but also shall contribute to global efforts in reducing pollution and the cost of electricity to the Tumbatu Island population. Moreover, it addresses the current and future demands for clean energy, underlining its importance in achieving sustainable and accessible electricity in sub‐Saharan Africa and beyond.
Study on the impact of low‐temperature stress on winter wheat based on multi‐model coupling
Authors: Chen Jiameng , Zhang Peiyan , Liu Junming , Deng Jingyuan , Su Wei , Wang Pengxin , Li Ying
Published: April 2024

Crop growth models, such as the WOrld FOod STudies (WOFOST) model, mimic the mechanistic processes involved in crop development, growth, and yield production. The accuracy of simulation is decreased in unfavorable low‐temperature settings because these models do not accurately represent crop response processes in low‐temperature stress. Enhancing the WOFOST crop growth model's accuracy in simulating crops' responses to cold temperatures is the aim of this work. Given its vulnerability to low temperatures, the inquiry uses winter wheat in Henan Province as a focal point. It integrates the WHEATGROW wheat phenology model with the Frost model of Lethal Temperature 50 (FROSTOL) inside the framework of the crop growth model. This link aims to improve simulation accuracy and supplement the model's mechanisms, particularly when it comes to the impact of low temperatures on crop development. The study uses Long Short‐Term Memory networks to build a yield model that integrates remote sensing data with information from simulated crop models. Under low temperatures, the leaf area index, total above ground biomass, and total weight of storage organs of the model WWF—which combines FROSTOL and WHEATGROW with WOFOST—show a considerable decline. It was discovered that there is a greater improvement in simulation accuracy of the linked model WWF relative to the WOFOST model in frost years than in normal years, based on a comparison analysis between typical frost years and normal years. To be more precise, the improvement is 8.03% in frost years and 1.98% in regular years. When all is said and done, the coupled model advances our knowledge of how winter wheat is impacted by low temperatures.
Hepatoprotective efficacy of quinoa seed extract against CCl4‐ induced acute liver toxicity in rat model
Authors: Arshad Maria , Kousar Shabana , Din Ahmad , Afzaal Muhammad , Faisal Muhammad Naeem , Sharif Mian Kamran , Rasheed Hina , Saeed Farhan , Akram Noor , Ahmed Faiyaz , Khan Mahbubur Rahman
Published: April 2024

The current research explored the possible protective effect of chenopodium quinoa extract against CCl4 acute liver toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups with six rats in each group. CCl4 (Carbon tetrachloride) was administered at a dose rate of 2 mL/kg b.w. intra‐peritoneally once a week for 3 weeks. The plant extract was given through oral gavage for a period of 21 days. Group I served as a normal group which was given with basal diet. Group II was referred to as a positive control group and received CCl4 2 mL/kg body weight (i.p.). Group III was the standard treatment group and received 2 mL/kg CCl4 (i.p.) and 16 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) silymarin. Group IV was the plant treatment group, which received 2 mL/kg CCl4 (i.p.) and 600 mg/kg body weight of quinoa seed extract (p.o.). Group V was the combined treatment group, which received 2 mL/kg CCl4 (i.p.) accompanied with a combination of silymarin (p.o.) 16 mg/kg body weight and quinoa seed extract (p.o.) 600 mg/kg body weight. The liver biomarkers were assessed along with histopathological analysis to observe the changes in the liver. The outcome suggested that the treatment, which was given with the combination of silymarin and quinoa seed extract, significantly enhanced the antioxidant levels, reduced the oxidative stress, and restored the liver function as evidenced by biochemical parameters histopathological studies. The hepatoprotective potential may be due to the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of quinoa seed extract.
NISAR S‐SAR Digital Beamforming Architecture and Implementation
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Mishra Suneela , Mishra Anish Kumar , Sharma Diksha
Published: April 2024

ISRO(Indian Space Research Organization) and JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), NASA are jointly developing a state‐of‐the‐art L&S band SAR, planned to be launched through GSLV during 2023‐24. The conventional SAR systems has a limitation of providing higher spatial resolution as well as wider swath coverage simultaneously[6]. The NASA‐ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is based on a novel SAR concept, which will be utilized to image wide swath as high resolution of stripmap SAR, also called SweepSAR[1]. NISAR uses Digital Beam Forming on receive along with SweepSAR concept to get the advantage of lesser transmit power, immunity to range ambiguities with narrower receive beams, improved SNR and noise equivalent sigma naught as compared to conventional SAR system and directly radiating arrays with digital beamforming[5].

In this paper, digital beamforming (DBF)[2] technique being used in NISAR S‐SAR receive chain is presented. The paper focuses on the DBF architecture, methodology, mathematical equations, practical implementation challenges and strategies used for mitigation of such challenges in order to achieve desired performance. Subsequently, DBF Hardware implementation algorithm and improvement in S‐SAR performance as a result of DBF technique is discussed.
Performance Analysis of Electro‐Hydraulic Actuation System Using Multi‐Domain Physics‐Based Modeling
Authors: Kumar Kollipara Hari Krishna Pavan , Belusonti Venkata Kaushik , Moon Suk‐Min , Krishnasamy Venkateswaran , Aejaj Kadri
Published: April 2024

Multi‐domain physics‐based modeling is a versatile technique in the discipline of numerical modeling to solve engineering problems and it is an essential tool for predicting and simulating the multi‐domain physics behavior of interacting complex engineering systems [1]. But most of the modern‐day engineering systems are quite complex and developing physics‐based models of these systems needs critical domain expertise from various fields of physics and engineering. The complex nature of these systems makes it challenging and time‐consuming to develop high‐fidelity physics‐based models. Hence the data‐driven or hybrid approaches are still being extensively used in many industries despite their limited usability and scalability, unlike the physics‐based models. Though the COTS tools like SIMSCAPE, DYMOLA, etc. are providing readily available foundational blocks for physics‐based modeling they are not always sufficient to represent the custom component designs that made up these complex systems. Hence this paper recommends the development of physics‐based component models that can be re‐used. These component models when developed like modular blocks can improve the re‐usability during system model development. This can reduce the dependency on the critical domain expertise of the engineers. While emphasizing the importance of physics‐based modeling techniques this paper presents how this approach can enable the fault injection into system models and help identification of reasons for faults like pressure oscillations on an Electro‐Hydraulic Actuation System.
Digital Threads – benefits, challenges, and best practices
Authors: Gery Eran
Published: April 2024

The premise of Digital Engineering (DE) – a term coined by the US DoD, is to introduce efficiency and agility into engineering practices based on digital representations of complex systems under development. DE aims to foster early and virtual validations, virtual exploration of solutions and design robustness by automating current document centric engineering processes. As stated by the DoD, DE is expected to result in shortening delivery time, reduced cost of development driving increased quality and trust that the intended system will indeed satisfy the stakeholder needs. The core technological pillars of digital engineering are model based engineering, designation of authoritative sources of truth to avoid ambiguity and inconsistency and establishing technological platforms to facilitate collaboration, security, and IP protection across all stakeholders. “Digital Threads” is an information architecture that aims to establish digital continuity across product lifecycle activities, foster engineering integrity, effective change management, tradeoff analysis, and dissemination of operational data. Digital threads are an essential part of the DoD Digital Engineering strategy. There are technological challenges to implement digital threads, as it requires to establish a digital fabric across various modeling and engineering operational environments. As of today, this topic is still in its infancy and the industry is seeking solutions and standards for it.
Engineering Sustainable System of Systems: A Holistic Approach for a Brighter Future
Authors: Forlingieri Marco , Gschwind Andreas , Gery Eran
Published: April 2024

This article highlights the importance of System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) in achieving sustainability goals. System of Systems (SoS), as systems with significant and enduring environmental impact, play a critical role in overall sustainability efforts. The article first introduces the foundations of SoSE and Design for Sustainability. It then identifies eight essential capabilities for developing sustainable system of systems, emphasizing a holistic approach that considers processes, methods, technologies, people, and the environment. Finally, it outlines the challenges of such approach and indicates future work. Despite the difficulties associated with adopting this approach, the paper highlights the profound significance and implications that complex systems have on the environment in which they operate.
Does the firm's life cycle matter in the relationship between short‐term debt and investment efficiency?
Authors: Abuhommous Ala'a Adden Awni
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we investigate the role of short‐term debt in investment efficiency, and we examine the impact of the firm's life cycle stages on this relationship. Using data from non‐financial companies in the United States from 1971 to 2021, we argue that the short‐term debt may reduce the information asymmetries and discipline the management decisions, thus improving the investment efficiency. We argue, however, that the relationship varies throughout different life cycle stages. We find that short‐term debt positively influences investment efficiency and over‐investment. Furthermore, the firm's life cycle significantly impacts investment efficiency, with the introduction and growth stages negatively associated with it. The life cycle also affects the relationship between short‐term debt and investment efficiency, particularly during the growth stage. These results emphasis the role of short‐term debt and the firm's life cycle in mitigating information asymmetries and shaping management behaviour.
Impact of maternal HIV infection on perinatal outcomes: A systematic review
Authors: Atowoju Inioluwa , Dawer Prachi , Asrani Manisha , Panjiyar Binay
Published: April 2024

Background

Maternal HIV infection remains a significant global health concern with potential repercussions on perinatal outcomes. Emphasis on early intervention to improve peri‐ and postnatal outcomes in infected mothers and infants is a valid therapeutic concern.

Objectives

To comprehensively analyze perinatal outcomes associated with maternal HIV infection and evaluate adverse effects associated with the HIV infection in the existing literature.

Search Strategy

A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar was conducted from 2013 to September 2023, using relevant MeSH terms.

Selection Criteria

The included studies encompassed original studies, cross‐sectional, prospective, retrospective studies and observational studies focused on perinatal outcomes in the context of maternal HIV infection.

Data Collection and Analysis

The selected studies underwent rigorous data collection and comprehensive quality checks and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines.

Main Results

Nine eligible studies from Brazil, China, India, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, the USA, and Canada were included. These studies have consistently demonstrated that maternal HIV infection is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The analysis revealed a higher risk of preterm birth (OR 1.57, 95% CI: 1.39–1.78), low birth weight (OR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.18–1.49), and small for gestational age (OR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.24–1.53) among infants born to mothers living with HIV. Notably, the impact of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on these outcomes varied, but maternal HIV infection remained a significant risk factor regardless of income level and geographic region.

Conclusion

Maternal HIV infection is consistently associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and improved prenatal care in pregnant women with HIV infection.
Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Govender Vani , Moodley Dhayendre , Naidoo Megeshinee , Connoly Cathy , Ngcapu Sinaye , Abdool Karim Quarraisha
Published: April 2024

Objective

There is a high prevalence and incidence rate of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) during pregnancy in adolescent girls and young women in Africa. The association between STIs and pregnancy outcomes in a hyperepidemic HIV setting has not been well described.

Methods

Pregnant women, HIV‐1 negative and <28 weeks' gestation at three primary health clinics in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa were enrolled from February 2017 to March 2018. Vaginal swabs collected at the first and later antenatal visits were stored and retrospectively tested for HSV‐2, Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at the end of the study. The association between STIs detected at first and later antenatal visits and pregnancy outcome was assessed using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age and treatment received for symptomatic STIs.

Results

Testing positive Mycoplasma genitalium at the first antenatal visit was significantly associated with low birth weight (odds ratio [OR] 5.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–15.98). Testing positive for T. vaginalis at the repeat visit was significantly associated with preterm births (OR 2.37; 95% CI: 1.11–5.03), low birth weight (OR 2.56; 1.16–5.63) and a composite adverse pregnancy outcome (OR 2.11; 95% CI: 1.09–4.08). Testing positive for HSV‐2 at the repeat visit was also likely associated with experiencing a preterm birth or any adverse pregnancy outcome (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 0.86–13.3) (P = 0.096).

Conclusions

Among predominantly asymptomatic STIs, M. genitalium detected at baseline visit was significantly associated with low birth weight, while T. vaginalis detected at the repeat visit in later pregnancy was significantly associated with preterm birth. Further research is warranted to study the impact of etiological testing of STIs at more than one antenatal visit and empirical treatment on pregnancy outcomes.
Administration of adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon relieves cancer cachexia by mitigating inflammation in tumour‐bearing mice
Authors: Massart Isabelle S. , Kouakou Axell‐Natalie , Pelet Nathan , Lause Pascale , Schakman Olivier , Loumaye Audrey , Abou‐Samra Michel , Deldicque Louise , Bindels Laure B. , Brichard Sonia M. , Thissen Jean‐Paul
Published: April 2024

Background

Cancer cachexia is a life‐threatening, inflammation‐driven wasting syndrome that remains untreatable. Adiponectin, the most abundant adipokine, plays an important role in several metabolic processes as well as in inflammation modulation. Our aim was to test whether administration of AdipoRon (AR), a synthetic agonist of the adiponectin receptors, prevents the development of cancer cachexia and its related muscle atrophy.

Methods

The effect of AR on cancer cachexia was investigated in two distinct murine models of colorectal cancer. First, 7‐week‐old CD2F1 male mice were subcutaneously injected with colon‐26 carcinoma cells (C26) or vehicle (CT). Six days after injection, mice were treated for 5 days with AdipoRon (50 mg/kg/day; C26 + AR) or the corresponding vehicle (CT and C26). Additionally, a genetic model, the ApcMin/+ mouse, that develops spontaneously numerous intestinal polyps, was used. Eight‐week‐old male ApcMin/+ mice were treated with AdipoRon (50 mg/kg/day; Apc + AR) or the corresponding vehicle (Apc) over a period of 12 weeks, with C57BL/6J wild‐type mice used as controls. In both models, several parameters were assessed in vivo: body weight, grip strength and serum parameters, as well as ex vivo: molecular changes in muscle, fat and liver.

Results

The protective effect of AR on cachexia development was observed in both cachectic C26 and ApcMin/+ mice. In these mice, AR administration led to a significant alleviation of body weight loss and muscle wasting, together with rescued muscle strength (P < 0.05 for all). In both models, AR had a strong anti‐inflammatory effect, reflected by lower systemic interleukin‐6 levels (−55% vs. C26, P < 0.001 and −80% vs. Apc mice, P < 0.05), reduced muscular inflammation as indicated by lower levels of Socs3, phospho‐STAT3 and Serpina3n, an acute phase reactant (P < 0.05 for all). In addition, AR blunted circulating levels of corticosterone (−46% vs. C26 mice, P < 0.001 and −60% vs. Apc mice, P < 0.05), the predominant murine glucocorticoid known to induce muscle atrophy. Accordingly, key glucocorticoid‐responsive factors implicated in atrophy programmes were—or tended to be—significantly blunted in skeletal muscle by AR. Finally, AR protected against lipid metabolism alterations observed in ApcMin/+ mice, as it mitigated the increase in circulating triglyceride levels (−38%, P < 0.05) by attenuating hepatic triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid uptake by the liver.

Conclusions

Altogether, these results show that AdipoRon rescued the cachectic phenotype by alleviating body weight loss and muscle atrophy, along with restraining inflammation and hypercorticism in preclinical murine models. Therefore, AdipoRon could represent an innovative therapeutic strategy to counteract cancer cachexia.
A facile microwave‐mediated method of 1,4‐dihydropyridine carboxylates synthesis by multicomponent reaction
Authors: Pachipulusu Shravya , Merugu Karuna Sree , Bhonsle Ramakrishna Rao , Kurnool Aravind
Published: April 2024

An innovative green procedure has been devised to prepare derivatives of 1,4‐dihydropyridine (1,4‐DHP). This method works with a catalyst process using ethanol as solvent under microwave irradiation conditions, enabling swift reactions (<30 min) with impressive yields (90%–96%). It contributes to an environmentally friendly and easily executable process by using the energy efficiency method. Within 30 min, this method underscores ecologically conscious practices and offers simple purification, streamlining the process by omitting column chromatography. This method highlights the efficacy and eco‐friendly nature of synthesizing 1,4‐DHPs. This method combines four component reactions, utilizing EtOH as the solvent and triethylamine as the catalyst. Furthermore, the product was characterized by diverse spectroscopic analysis.
Breast percent density changes in digital mammography pre‐ and post‐radiotherapy
Authors: Mohammadi Sana , Ghaderi Sadegh , Mohammadi Mahdi , Ghaznavi Hamid , Mohammadian Kamal
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Breast cancer (BC), the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide, presents a public health challenge and affects mortality rates. Breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) is a common treatment, but the risk from residual disease necessitates radiotherapy. Digital mammography monitors treatment response by identifying post‐operative and radiotherapy tissue alterations, but accurate assessment of mammographic density remains a challenge. This study used OpenBreast to measure percent density (PD), offering insights into changes in mammographic density before and after BCT with radiation therapy.

Methods

This retrospective analysis included 92 female patients with BC who underwent BCT, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, excluding those who received hormonal therapy or bilateral BCT. Percent/percentage density measurements were extracted using OpenBreast, an automated software that applies computational techniques to density analyses. Data were analysed at baseline, 3 months, and 15 months post‐treatment using standardised mean difference (SMD) with Cohen's d, chi‐square, and paired sample t‐tests. The predictive power of PD changes for BC was measured based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

The mean age was 53.2 years. There were no significant differences in PD between the periods. Standardised mean difference analysis revealed no significant changes in the SMD for PD before treatment compared with 3‐ and 15‐months post‐treatment. Although PD increased numerically after radiotherapy, ROC analysis revealed optimal sensitivity at 15 months post‐treatment for detecting changes in breast density.

Conclusions

This study utilised an automated breast density segmentation tool to assess the changes in mammographic density before and after BC treatment. No significant differences in the density were observed during the short‐term follow‐up period. However, the results suggest that quantitative density assessment could be valuable for long‐term monitoring of treatment effects. The study underscores the necessity for larger and longitudinal studies to accurately measure and validate the effectiveness of quantitative methods in clinical BC management.
Comparative single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis of immune response to inactivated vaccine and natural SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: He Shuai , Liu Shu‐Qiang , Teng Xiang‐Yun , He Jin‐Yong , Liu Yang , Gao Jia‐Hui , Wu Yue , Hu Wei , Dong Zhong‐Jun , Bei Jin‐Xin , Xu Jian‐Hua
Published: April 2024

Uncovering the immune response to an inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine (In‐Vac) and natural infection is crucial for comprehending COVID‐19 immunology. Here we conducted an integrated analysis of single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) data from serial peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples derived from 12 individuals receiving In‐Vac compared with those from COVID‐19 patients. Our study reveals that In‐Vac induces subtle immunological changes in PBMC, including cell proportions and transcriptomes, compared with profound changes for natural infection. In‐Vac modestly upregulates IFN‐α but downregulates NF‐κB pathways, while natural infection triggers hyperactive IFN‐α and NF‐κB pathways. Both In‐Vac and natural infection alter T/B cell receptor repertoires, but COVID‐19 has more significant change in preferential VJ gene, indicating a vigorous immune response. Our study reveals distinct patterns of cellular communications, including a selective activation of IL‐15RA/IL‐15 receptor pathway after In‐Vac boost, suggesting its potential role in enhancing In‐Vac‐induced immunity. Collectively, our study illuminates multifaceted immune responses to In‐Vac and natural infection, providing insights for optimizing SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine efficacy.
Considerable differences in management of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with biliary atresia
Authors: Liliemark Ulrika , Psaros Einberg Afrodite , Svensson Jan F. , Fischler Björn
Published: April 2024

Objectives

Patients with biliary atresia (BA) and ongoing cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may have poorer outcomes after Kasai portoenterostomy than uninfected patients. Still, there is no consensus on the usefulness of viral testing and antiviral treatment (AVT). This study aims to explore the need for future research on AVT for CMV infection by assessing how CMV infection in BA patients is managed in different centers.

Methods

An online questionnaire with 10 questions was offered to participants at an international congress on BA, organized in collaboration with the European Reference Network for rare liver diseases in 2022. Answers to questions were either dichotomic or multiple choices of different numeric intervals. Ongoing CMV infection was defined by detecting cytomegalovirus‐immunoglobulin M (CMV‐IgM) in serum or cytomegalovirus‐deoxyribonucleic acid (CMV‐DNA) by polymerase chain reaction in blood or urine.

Results

There were 43 respondents from 36 centers in 26 countries. The total number of BA patients per year was between 208 and 380 from centers with 0–5 to >20 BA patients yearly (median 6–10). CMV infection was tested in 27 centers (75%), of which 18 (67%) use AVT. The rate of CMV infection varied between 0%–5% and 40%–50% (median 5%–10%). Willingness to treat the infection did not differ between centers with low and high rates of CMV infection.

Conclusions

Most centers test for CMV infection, and a considerable proportion use AVT despite the lack of evidence of its benefits. A future randomized study on treating CMV infection in BA patients is necessary and feasible.
The impact of exchange rate and exchange rate volatility on tourism demand using disaggregated data
Authors: Rookayyah Imamboccus , Seetanah Boopen , Nunkoo Robin , Jaffur Zameelah Khan
Published: April 2024

The present study investigates the impacts of exchange rate and exchange rate volatility on inbound tourism demand in Mauritius, using annual data covering the period 1999–2019 and a panel autoregressive distributed lag model. In particular, we consider 17 major tourism markets for Mauritius. The sample is further divided into Eurozone (7 countries) and non‐Eurozone (10 countries) for additional insights. The results show that in the long run, both the exchange rate and its volatility have negative and significant impacts on tourism demand across the three samples considered, while income in the home country has a positive and significant effect on tourism demand. On the other hand, relative price is found to have a significant and negative effect on tourism demand only for the overall sample of 17 countries, while for both the Eurozone and non‐Eurozone, the impact is insignificant. The empirical results suggest that policymakers should give consideration to stronger monetary and fiscal regulations to increase tourism demand.
Glenohumeral morphological predictors of recurrent shoulder instability following arthroscopic Bankart repair
Authors: Hurley Eoghan T. , O'Grady Jack , Davey Martin S. , Levin Jay M. , Mojica Edward S. , Gaafar Mohammed , Dickens Jonathan F. , Delaney Ruth A. , Mullett Hannan
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate glenohumeral morphological features on a magnetic resonance arthrogram (MRA) to determine risk factors for recurrence of anterior shoulder instability following arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR).

Methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent ABR between 2012 and 2017 was performed to identify patients who had recurrence of instability following stabilisation (Group 1). These were pair‐matched in a 2:1 ratio for age, gender and sport with a control (Group 2) who underwent ABR without recurrence. Preoperative MRAs were evaluated for risk factors for recurrence, with glenoid bone loss and Hill–Sachs lesions also measured. Multilinear and multilogistic regression models were used to evaluate factors affecting recurrence.

Results

Overall, 72 patients were included in this study, including 48 patients without recurrence and 24 patients with recurrent instability. There was a significant difference between the two groups in mean glenoid bone loss (Group 1: 7.3% vs. Group 2: 5.7%, p < 0.0001) and the rate of off‐track Hill–Sachs lesions (Group 1: 20.8% vs. Group 2: 0%, p = 0.0003). Of the variables analysed in logistic regression, increased glenoid anteversion (p = 0.02), acromioclavicular (AC) degeneration (p = 0.03) and increased Hill–Sachs width were associated with increased risk of failure. Increased chondral version (p = 0.01) and humeral head diameter in the anteriorposterior view were found to be protective and associated with a greater likelihood of success.

Conclusion

Glenoid anteversion was a risk factor for recurrent instability, whereas increased chondral version and humeral head diameter were associated with higher rates of success following ABR. Glenoid bone loss, presence of an off‐track Hill–Sachs lesion, increased Hill–Sachs width and AC degeneration were also associated with failure. These findings should be used by surgeons to stratify risk for recurrence following ABR.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Small deviations between planned and performed bone cuts using a CT‐based robotic‐arm‐assisted total knee arthroplasty system
Authors: Zambianchi Francesco , Matveitchouk Nikita , Pavesi Marco , Clemenza Sebastiano , Cuoghi Costantini Riccardo , Marcovigi Andrea , Seracchioli Stefano , Catani Fabio
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Computed tomography (CT)‐based robotic system for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has shown improved accuracy compared to conventional. This study was designed to (1) confirm the accuracy of the robotic system in achieving the plan and (2) establish the alignment and positioning deviation between final components and planning, by measuring the discrepancy between final implant alignment and the corresponding planned cut.

Methods

Ninety‐six cementless robotic‐arm assisted (RA) TKAs were assessed. Bone resections were performed using the haptically controlled robotic arm. Alignment in the coronal and sagittal plane and resection depth of the distal femoral and proximal tibial cuts were recorded with a navigation planar probe. After final components were impacted, the probe was positioned on each implant surface to determine its alignment and positioning.

Results

The mean tibial resections and implanted tibial component's positioning were 0.4 mm (standard deviation, SD: 0.6) and 0.9 mm (SD: 0.8), respectively, higher than planned (p < 0.01). The tibial sagittal cut had 19/96 cases (19.8%) of ±1° outliers from plan. In 40/96 cases (41.7%), the tibial component was more prominent than planned of more than 1 mm. The mean femoral resections and impacted femoral component's positioning was 0.1 mm (SD: 0.8) and 0.2 mm (SD: 0.7), respectively, higher than planned. In 23/96 cases (24.0%), the femoral sagittal cut and femoral component coronal alignment deviated more than ±1° from plan.

Conclusions

The computed tomography‐based robotic‐assisted TKA system showed good accuracy regarding bone preparation and component's positioning relative to the planning. Cementless tibial component impaction resulted in the most deviation from plan, with a large proportion of cases resulting in being more prominent than planned.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Evaluating the effect of pulse energy on femtosecond laser trabeculotomy (FLT) outflow channels for glaucoma treatment in human cadaver eyes
Authors: Luo Shangbang , Mikula Eric R. , Khazaeinezhad Reza , Bradford Samantha M. , Zhang Fengyi , Jester James V. , Juhasz Tibor
Published: April 2024

Background and Objectives

Femtosecond laser trabeculotomy (FLT) creates aqueous humor outflow channels through the trabecular meshwork (TM) and is an emerging noninvasive treatment for open‐angle glaucoma. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of pulse energy on outflow channel creation during FLT.

Materials and Methods

An FLT laser (ViaLase Inc.) was used to create outflow channels through the TM (500 μm wide by 200 μm high) in human cadaver eyes using pulse energies of 10, 15, and 20 μJ. Following treatment, tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The channels were imaged using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and assessed as full thickness, partial thickness, or not observable.

Results

Pulse energies of 15 and 20 μJ had a 100% success rate in creating full‐thickness FLT channels as imaged by OCT. A pulse energy of 10 μJ resulted in no channels (n = 6), a partial‐thickness channel (n = 2), and a full‐thickness FLT channel (n = 2). There was a statistically significant difference in cutting widths between the 10 and 15 μJ groups (p < 0.0001), as well as between the 10 and 20 μJ groups (p < 0.0001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the 15 and 20 μJ groups (p = 0.416).

Conclusions

Fifteen microjoules is an adequate pulse energy to reliably create aqueous humor outflow channels during FLT in human cadaver eyes. OCT is a valuable tool when evaluating FLT.
Mass spectrometry for neurosurgery: Intraoperative support in decision‐making
Authors: Pekov Stanislav I. , Bormotov Denis S. , Bocharova Svetlana I. , Sorokin Anatoly A. , Derkach Maria M. , Popov Igor A.
Published: April 2024

Ambient ionization mass spectrometry was proved to be a powerful tool for oncological surgery. Still, it remains a translational technique on the way from laboratory to clinic. Brain surgery is the most sensitive to resection accuracy field since the balance between completeness of resection and minimization of nerve fiber damage determines patient outcome and quality of life. In this review, we summarize efforts made to develop various intraoperative support techniques for oncological neurosurgery and discuss difficulties arising on the way to clinical implementation of mass spectrometry‐guided brain surgery.
Identification and validation of a novel anoikis‐related prognostic model for prostate cancer
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Lv Wenzhi , Luan Yang , Cai Wei , Min Xiangde , Feng Zhaoyan
Published: April 2024

Background

Anoikis resistance is a hallmark characteristic of oncogenic transformation, which is crucial for tumor progression and metastasis. The aim of this study was to identify and validate a novel anoikis‐related prognostic model for prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

We collected a gene expression profile, single nucleotide polymorphism mutation and copy number variation (CNV) data of 495 PCa patients from the TCGA database and 140 PCa samples from the MSKCC dataset. We extracted 434 anoikis‐related genes and unsupervised consensus cluster analysis was used to identify molecular subtypes. The immune infiltration, molecular function, and genome alteration of subtypes were evaluated. A risk signature was developed using Cox regression analysis and validated with the MSKCC dataset. We also identify potential drugs for high‐risk group patients.

Results

Two subtypes were identified. C1 exhibited a higher level of CNV amplification, immune score, stromal score, aneuploidy score, homologous recombination deficiency, intratumor heterogeneity, single‐nucleotide variant neoantigens, and tumor mutational burden compared to C2. C2 showed a better survival outcome and had a high level of gamma delta T cell and activated B cell infiltration. The risk signature consisting of four genes (HELLS, ZWINT, ABCC5, and TPSB2) was developed (area under the curve = 0.780) and was found to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in PCa patients. Four CTRP‐derived and four PRISM‐derived compounds were identified for high‐risk patients.

Conclusions

The anoikis‐related prognostic model developed in this study could be a useful tool for clinical decision‐making. This study may provide a new perspective for the treatment of anoikis‐related PCa.
An activation mechanism for cyclic degradation of clays in bounding surface plasticity
Authors: Palmieri Francesca , Taiebat Mahdi
Published: April 2024

During undrained cyclic loading, clayey soils experience substantial stiffness and strength degradation when subjected to shear amplitudes exceeding a critical threshold. This paper presents an enhanced bounding surface rate‐independent plasticity model, an evolution of the previous SANICLAY model, tailored to capture this specific behavior during cyclic loading. A distinguishing feature of the proposed model is the introduction of an activation mechanism. This mechanism triggers degradation modeling based on the applied cyclic shear amplitude. To measure this amplitude, the activation mechanism incorporates a novel state variable that serves as a proxy for the applied cyclic stress. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated by comparing it to experimental data from various materials subjected to cyclic shearing under undrained conditions. The study encompasses a broad range of constant strain or stress amplitudes. Compared to the reference model, the proposed model exhibits improved predictive accuracy for the stress‐strain response of clays at small amplitudes of cyclic loading and large number of cycles. Furthermore, it accounts for strength degradation due to cyclic loading.
Social processes influencing nursing students in passing the nursing licensure examination: A grounded theory approach
Authors: Granger Jumpee , Napa Wilai , Buadong Dongruethai , Punyoo Jiraporn
Published: April 2024

Aim

To explore the strategies used by nursing students in passing the nursing licensure examination.

Design

This study uses a classic grounded theory design to explore the social processes influencing a nursing license examination.

Methods

Eight graduate students participated in this research study and were interviewed in‐depth twice. The Classic Grounded Theory method of Glaser was applied to collect and analyse the data until saturation was reached.

Results

The findings revealed that students who passed the nursing licensure examination described the strategies as a preliminary model comprising a core category, Reviewing (Phase 1), which consisted of two sub‐categories: Entering Time and Reviewing Styles. Additionally, two other main categories emerged: the Tutoring category (Phase 2) and the Testing Practice category (Phase 3). It was observed that each course (subject) does not necessarily follow a specific order in traversing these phases; they may move back and forth between them until the conclusion of the examination. Furthermore, it was found that the time allocated to Entering Time and completing the three phases significantly influences the successful passing of the nursing licensure examination.