bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes with sacubitril/valsartan in outpatients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: The ARIADNE registry
Authors: Maggioni Aldo P. , Clark Andrew L. , Barrios Vivencio , Damy Thibaud , Drozdz Jaroslaw , Fonseca Candida , Lund Lars H. , Kalus Stefanie , Ferber Philippe C. , Hussain Rizwan I. , Koch Cornelia , Zeymer Uwe ,   the ARIADNE investigators
Published: September 2022

Aims

ARIADNE aimed to assess the association between effects of sacubitril/valsartan and no sacubitril/valsartan treatment and clinical characteristics, functional capacity, and clinical outcomes (cause‐specific mortality and hospitalizations) in outpatients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Methods

ARIADNE was a prospective European registry of 9069 patients with HFrEF treated by office‐based cardiologists or selected primary care physicians. Of the 8787 eligible for analysis, 4173 patients were on conventional HF treatment (non‐S/V group), whereas 4614 patients were either on sacubitril/valsartan treatment at enrolment or started sacubitril/valsartan within 1 month of enrolment (S/V group). We also generated a restricted analysis set (rS/V) including only those 2108 patients who started sacubitril/valsartan treatment within the month prior to or after enrolment.

Results

At the baseline, average age of patients enrolled in the study was 68 years, and 23.9% (2099/8787) were female. At the baseline, the proportions of patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III symptoms were 30.9 (1288/4173), 42.8 (1974/4614), and 48.2% (1015/2108), in non‐S/V, S/V, and rS/V groups, respectively. After 12 months of treatment, the proportion of patients with NYHA Class III at baseline who improved to Class II was 32.0% (290/907) in the non‐S/V group vs. 46.3% (648/1399) in S/V group and 48.7% (349/717) in rS/V group. The overall mortality rate was 5.0 per 100 patient‐years. Rates of HF hospitalizations were high (20.9, 20.3, and 21.2 per 100 patient‐years in the non‐S/V, S/V, and rS/V groups, respectively). Emergency room visits without hospitalization occurred in 3.9, 3.2, and 3.9% of patients in the non‐S/V, S/V, and rS/V groups, respectively.

Conclusions

This large HFrEF European registry provides a contemporary outcome profile of outpatients with HFrEF treated with or without sacubitril/valsartan. In a real‐world setting, sacubitril/valsartan was associated with an improvement of symptoms in patients with HFrEF compared with the conventional HFrEF treatment.
N‐Iodosuccinimide (NIS) Promoted Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Disulfides Starting from Isothiocyanates Under Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Yang Cheng‐Li , Xiao Hua‐Qing , Dong Zhi‐Bing
Published: September 2022

Under transition‐metal‐free conditions, a series of unsymmetrical disulfides could be quickly and conveniently obtained by NIS (N‐Iodosuccinimide)‐promotion in one pot manner. This method features mild conditions, easy operation, short reaction time and wide substrate scopes. It's noteworthy that the desired products could be obtained in moderate to good yields from inexpensive and easily available starting materials, providing an alternative way to afford various unsymmetrical disulfides.
A deep and systematic review of the intrusion detection systems in the fog environment
Authors: Yi Lizhi , Yin Mei , Darbandi Mehdi
Published: September 2022

Fog computing has arisen to complement cloud computing, offering a cost‐effective architecture to power the Internet of things. Fog computing is a network computing and service paradigm that expands cloud computing and services to the network's edge to solve the cloud's fundamental shortcomings, like a lack of location awareness, mobility, and latency. Besides, fog devices may have security issues because fog nodes are near end‐users and have limited computational power. As the linked devices in the Internet of things grow exponentially, so does the potential for cyber‐attack. Intrusion detection systems have been developed as a feasible tool for detecting and preventing harmful activity in this vein. This work used a systematic literature review to examine intrusion detection system approaches in a fog environment. By categorizing intrusion detection systems in the literature, we produce a review. An intrusion detection system's characteristic is early identification of an attack and the decrease of false alarms as a result. Some of the issues that these systems' designers will face are also discussed. Recall rate, detection rates, detection delay, and detection precision were the parameters that received the most attention. This report will serve as a roadmap for future network intrusion detection studies in fog computing.
Effects of white mulberry powder fortification on antioxidant activity, physicochemical, microbial and sensorial properties of yogurt produced from buffalo milk
Authors: Sheikh Sania , Siddique Farzana , Ameer Kashif , Ahmad Rabia Shabbir , Hameed Aneela , Ebad Asma , Mohamed Ahmed Isam A. , Shibli Sahar
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sun‐dried white mulberry fruit powder (WMFP) at addition levels of 2%, 4%, and 6% for enhancing nutritional value and improving the quality of yogurt during refrigerated storage. Results showed that the highest (p < .05) antioxidant activity of 54.53 ± 0.15% was observed in 6% WMFP‐added yogurt samples. Highest pH of 4.53 ± 0.08 was observed in control. Significantly highest (p < .05) acidity (1.12 ± 0.02%) was recorded in the yogurt with 6% WMFP‐added yogurt samples on 28th day. Moreover, the addition of WMFP elevated the total soluble solids up to 20.05 ± 0.02 °Brix and water‐holding capacity up to 55.06 ± 0.34% and lessened the syneresis value (22.92 ± 0.25) in 6% yogurt samples. 2% WMFP‐added yogurt sample was given the highest sensory score in terms of overall acceptability by the panelists (8.00 ± 0.00). Thus, it was concluded that fruit powder of white mulberry can be used to improve physicochemical and sensory properties of fortified yogurt. WMFP addition to yogurt enhanced its antioxidant potential and physicochemical quality. The study introduces white mulberry‐enriched yogurt and suggests the food industries to launch this product in the market.
Systematic and Bibliometric Analysis of Magnetite Nanoparticles and Their Applications in (Biomedical) Research
Authors: Fleming Charlotte L. , Golzan Mojtaba , Gunawan Cindy , McGrath Kristine C.
Published: September 2022

Recent reports show air pollutant magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering various field applications of MNPs because of developments in nanotechnology, the aim of this study is to identify major trends and data gaps in research on magnetite to allow for relevant environmental and health risk assessment. Herein, a bibliometric and systematic analysis of the published magnetite literature (n = 31 567) between 1990 to 2020 is completed. Following appraisal, publications (n = 244) are grouped into four time periods with the main research theme identified for each as 1990–1997 “oxides,” 1998–2005 “ferric oxide,” 2006–2013 “pathology,” and 2014–2020 “animal model.” Magnetite formation and catalytic activity dominate the first two time periods, with the last two focusing on the exploitation of nanoparticle engineering. Japan and China have the highest number of citations for articles published. Longitudinal analysis indicates that magnetite research for the past 30 years shifted from environmental and industrial applications, to biomedical and its potential toxic effects. Therefore, whilst this study presents the research profile of different countries, the development in research on MNPs, it also reveals that further studies on the effects of MNPs on human health is much needed.
Advances in research project IBUMECO2: project and process description, methodology, and goals expected
Authors: Gallego Fernández Luz M. , Estévez Esmeralda Portillo , Baena‐Moreno Francisco M. , Vilches Arena Luis F. , Rubia Benito Navarrete
Published: September 2022

In this work, the research project IBUMECO2 is presented for the first time. This project rises as a need to implement negative emissions technologies and circular economy approaches in our current energy production system. The overall goal of the project is the integration of CO2 capture and utilization in biogas upgrading plants in combination with membrane technology for solvent regeneration. The integration of CO2 capture and utilization in biogas upgrading plants is pivotal for two main reasons: (1) it allows to obtain biomethane, a potential substitute of natural gas; (2) the utilization of the CO2 contained in biogas makes the idea a negative emission technology. The implementation of membrane technology for solvent regeneration makes the process affordable and includes it in a circular economy framework. In this paper, the project and the process are deeply described, including potential technological improvements identified by a state‐of‐the‐art, the methodology and goals expected. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD8+ T cell memory is sustained in mice by hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Chen Yi‐Ting , Su Yu‐Chia , Or Yee‐Ern , Cheng Chin‐Fu , Kung John T.
Published: September 2022

Background and Aims:

Long‐lasting immunological memory is the ultimate goal of vaccination. Homeostatic maintenance of memory CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (MemCD8TCs) is thought to be mediated by IL‐15/IL‐15R heterodimer (15HD)‐expressing myeloid cells. Nonmyeloid hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) also express 15HD, but their role in maintaining MemCD8TC homeostasis is unknown.

Approach and Results:

We engineered a genetically engineered mouse in which IL‐15R complementary DNA (cDNA) had been inserted in‐frame with lecithin‐retinol acyltransferase gene and bred onto an IL‐15R‐KO (15R‐KO) genetic background (L15R) that expressed IL‐15R in HSCs at normal levels, but not in other liver cells. Outside of the liver of L15R mice, IL‐15R expression was found in a number of organs, but not in dendritic cells and macrophages. The low IL‐15R expression in the bone marrow (BM) of L15R mice was eliminated by the reconstitution of lethally‐irradiated L15R mice with 15R‐KO BM to generate L15RC mice. Because MemCD8TC maintenance is mediated by 15HD, not empty IL‐15R, 15HD content in L15R mice was determined and found for liver, lung, kidney, and heart. L15R and L15RC mice developed and maintained long‐lasting, systemic antigen‐specific MemCD8TCs that were efficacious against tumor growth and Listeria monocytogenes infection in an antigen‐specific manner. Among the four organs with 15HD content, liver‐associated MemCD8TCs were different from those found in the lung, kidney, and heart in two ways: (1) they were quantitatively the most numerous, and (2) they appeared uniquely in the form of clusters in a specialized structure, sinusoidal niches of the liver.

Conclusions:

The liver, the largest organ of the body, is endowed with the capability of effectuating long‐lasting functional cytotoxic T cell memory.
Experimental study on heat transfer augmentation in a double pipe heat exchanger utilizing jet vortex flow
Authors: Jawarneh Ali M. , Al‐Widyan Mohamad , Al‐Mashhadani Zain
Published: September 2022

This paper examines experimentally the effect of jet vortex technology on enhancing the heat transfer rate within a double pipe heat exchanger by supplying the heat exchanger with water at different vortex strengths. A vortex generator with special inclined holes with different inlet angles was designed, manufactured, and integrated within the heat exchanger. In this study, four levels of Reynolds number for hot water in the annulus (Reh) were used, namely, 10,000; 14,500; 18,030; and 19,600. Similarly, four levels of Reynolds number for cold water in the inner tube (Rec) were used, namely, 12,000; 17,500; 22,500; and 29,000. As for the inlet flow angle (θ), four different levels were selected, namely, 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. The temperature along the heat exchanger was measured utilizing 34 thermocouples installed along the heat exchanger. It was found that increasing the inlet flow angle (θ) and/or the Reynolds number results in an increase in the local Nusselt number, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and the ratio of friction factor. It is revealed that the percentage increase in the average Nusselt number due to swirl flow compared to axial flow was 10%, 40%, and 82% for an inlet flow angle of 30°, 45°, and 60°, respectively.
Measuring population‐level cure patterns for cancer patients in the United States
Authors: Xia Changfa , Yu Xue Qin , Chen Wanqing
Published: September 2022

While the life expectancy of cancer survivors has substantially improved over time in the United States, the extent to which cancer patients are cured is not known. Population‐level cure patterns are important indicators to quantify cancer survivorships. This population‐based cohort study included 8978,721 cancer patients registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) databases between 1975 and 2018. The primary outcome was cure fractions. Five‐year cure probability, time to cure and median survival time of uncured cases were also assessed. All four measures were calculated using flexible parametric models, according to 46 cancer sites, three summary stages, individual age and calendar year at diagnosis. In 2018, cure fractions ranged from 2.7% for distant liver cancer to 100.0% for localized/regional prostate cancer. Localized cancer had the highest cure fraction, followed by regional cancer and distant cancer. Except for localized breast cancer, older patients generally had lower cure fractions. There were 38 cancer site and stage combinations (31.2%) that achieved 95% of cure within 5 years. Median survival time of the uncured cases ranged from 0.3 years for distant liver cancer to 10.9 years for localized urinary bladder cancer. A total of 117 cancer site and stage combinations (93.6%) had increased cure fraction over time. A considerable proportion of cancer patients were cured at the population‐level, and the cure patterns varied substantially across cancer site, stage and age at diagnosis. Increases in cure fractions over time likely reflected advances in cancer treatment and early detection.
Effects of classification, feature selection, and resampling methods on bankruptcy prediction of small and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Papíková Lenka , Papík Mário
Published: September 2022

Small and medium‐sized enterprises are the pillars of an economy, and their poor performance has a negative impact on living standards of population and country development. This study analyzes real‐life data of 89,851 small and medium‐sized enterprises, out of which 295 have declared bankruptcy. The analysis is performed via 27 financial ratios. The study framework combines seven classifications and three resampling and seven feature selection methods. Out of all classification methods applied, CatBoost has achieved the best results for all combinations of resampling and feature selection methods. CatBoost surpassed the results of other classification methods for the area under curve parameter, achieving a value of 99.95%. The application of resampling methods on different classification models has not identified a statistically significant level of improvement in any of the resampling methods. This finding has also been observed for feature selection methods. Based on these findings, we assume that individual resampling and feature selection methods do not improve model performance compared with the original imbalanced sample's results. Our results suggest that, even though the data sample may be significantly imbalanced with a minority of bankrupt companies, most classification algorithms can handle this imbalance and achieve interesting results. Moreover, our findings provide broad practical application for all stakeholders who could need to detect bankrupting companies.
In Silico Modeling for Ex Vivo Placental Transfer of Morphine
Authors: Ho Harvey , Zhang Shengjie , Kurosawa Ken , Chiba Koji
Published: September 2022

Morphine may be administered in pregnant women as an analgesic agent. The transplacental pharmacokinetics (PK) of morphine varies during pregnancy because of physiological and metabolic changes. In this work, we use a multi‐compartment model to simulate ex vivo human placental transfer studies of morphine. The computational model is based on a recently published model for metformin with both passive and active transport kinetics. Modifications were made to incorporate morphine‐specific transfer parameters. Parameters for the PK models were determined via the nonlinear regression method. In addition, the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method was used for the global parameter analysis of the model. Simulation results show good agreement between the model and observed fetal and maternal morphine concentrations. In addition, the lower efflux of morphine from fetal to maternal plasma reflects reduced P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) transport as pregnancy progresses, which leads to slower clearance of morphine in the maternal plasma. The LHS analysis also indicates the more significant roles played by the passive diffusion parameters than the active transport parameter on the fetal/maternal morphine concentrations. In conclusion, we used an in silico model to investigate the transplacental properties of morphine and to predict the in vivo transplacental properties of morphine when PK parameters change.
The Use of Pregnancy Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Renally Cleared Drugs
Authors: Coppola Paola , Kerwash Essam , Cole Susan
Published: September 2022

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) could be used to predict changes in exposure during pregnancy and possibly inform medicine use in pregnancy in situations where there are currently no available clinical data. The Medicines and Healthcare Product Regulatory Agency has been evaluating the available models for a number of medicines cleared by the kidney. Models were evaluated for ceftazidime, cefuroxime, metformin, oseltamivir, and amoxicillin. Because the passive renal process contributes significantly to the renal elimination of these drugs and changes of the process during pregnancy have been implemented in existing pregnancy physiology models, simulations using these models can reasonably describe the pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime changes during pregnancy and appears to generally capture the changes in the other medicines; however, there are insufficient data on drugs solely passively cleared to fully qualify the models. In addition, in many cases, active transport processes are involved in a drug's renal clearance. Knowledge of changes in renal transport functions during pregnancy is emerging, and incorporation of such changes in current physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling software is a work in progress. Filling this gap is expected to further enhance predictive performance of the models and increase the confidence in predicting pharmacokinetic changes in pregnant women for other renally cleared drugs.
Fetal Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Pharmacologic Management
Authors: Strasburger Janette F. , Eckstein Gretchen , Butler Mary , Noffke Patrick , Wacker‐Gussmann Annette
Published: September 2022

One of the most successful achievements of fetal intervention is the pharmacologic management of fetal arrhythmias. This management usually takes place during the second or third trimester. While most arrhythmias in the fetus are benign, both tachy‐ and bradyarrhythmias can lead to fetal hydrops or cardiac dysfunction and require treatment under certain conditions. This review will highlight precise diagnosis by fetal echocardiography and magnetocardiography, the 2 primary means of diagnosing fetuses with arrhythmia. Additionally, transient or hidden arrhythmias such as bundle branch block, QT prolongation, and torsades de pointes, which can lead to cardiomyopathy and sudden unexplained death in the fetus, may also need pharmacologic treatment. The review will address the types of drug therapies; current knowledge of drug usage, efficacy, and precautions; and the transition to neonatal treatments when indicated. Finally, we will highlight new assessments, including the role of the nurse in the care of fetal arrhythmias. The prognosis for the human fetus with arrhythmias continues to improve as we expand our ability to provide intensive care unit–like monitoring, to better understand drug treatments, to optimize subsequent pregnancy monitoring, to effectively predict timing for delivery, and to follow up these conditions into the neonatal period and into childhood. Coordinated initiatives that facilitate clinical fetal research are needed to address gaps in knowledge and to facilitate fetal drug and device development.
The time course of disuse muscle atrophy of the lower limb in health and disease
Authors: Hardy Edward J. O. , Inns Thomas B. , Hatt Jacob , Doleman Brett , Bass Joseph J. , Atherton Philip J. , Lund Jonathan N. , Phillips Bethan E.
Published: September 2022

Short, intermittent episodes of disuse muscle atrophy (DMA) may have negative impact on age related muscle loss. There is evidence of variability in rate of DMA between muscles and over the duration of immobilization. As yet, this is poorly characterized. This review aims to establish and compare the time‐course of DMA in immobilized human lower limb muscles in both healthy and critically ill individuals, exploring evidence for an acute phase of DMA and differential rates of atrophy between and muscle groups. MEDLINE, Embase, CINHAL and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to April 2021 for any study of human lower limb immobilization reporting muscle volume, cross‐sectional area (CSA), architecture or lean leg mass over multiple post‐immobilization timepoints. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS‐I. Where possible meta‐analysis was performed using a DerSimonian and Laird random effects model with effect sizes reported as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) at various time‐points and a narrative review when meta‐analysis was not possible. Twenty‐nine studies were included, 12 in healthy volunteers (total n = 140), 18 in patients on an Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) (total n = 516) and 3 in patients with ankle fracture (total n = 39). The majority of included studies are at moderate risk of bias. Rate of quadriceps atrophy over the first 14 days was significantly greater in the ITU patients (MD −1.01 95% CI −1.32, −0.69), than healthy cohorts (MD −0.12 95% CI −0.49, 0.24) (P < 0.001). Rates of atrophy appeared to vary between muscle groups (greatest in triceps surae (−11.2% day 28), followed by quadriceps (−9.2% day 28), then hamstrings (−6.5% day 28), then foot dorsiflexors (−3.2% day 28)). Rates of atrophy appear to decrease over time in healthy quadriceps (−6.5% day 14 vs. −9.1% day 28) and triceps surae (−7.8% day 14 vs. −11.2% day 28), and ITU quadriceps (−13.2% day 7 vs. −28.2% day 14). There appears to be variability in the rate of DMA between muscle groups, and more rapid atrophy during the earliest period of immobilization, indicating different mechanisms being dominant at different timepoints. Rates of atrophy are greater amongst critically unwell patients. Overall evidence is limited, and existing data has wide variability in the measures reported. Further work is required to fully characterize the time course of DMA in both health and disease.
Study on functionalized acidic imidazolium‐based ionic liquids as effective adsorbents for HCHO storage
Authors: Guo Xin , Ren ChunXiao , Jiang Siqi , Li Jisheng , Zhang Shuai , Wang Yichuan , Ma Weiting , Yang Ye , Ma Chenglong , Su Zhiyong , Wang Zhiyuan , Hu Yufeng , Liu Zhichang
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Recent works have shown how to develop methods with specific economic and environmental aspects; this is the main motivation for research on energy efficient processes and environmentally friendly materials for formaldehyde (HCHO) storage. One specific goal is to improve the adsorption capacity for HCHO by constructing closely contacted connections with absorbents.

RESULTS

In this study, two ionic liquids (ILs), 1‐methylimidazole hydrogen sulfate [MIM][HSO4] and Imidazole hydrogen sulfate [IM][HSO4] as newly developed absorbents for HCHO storage are applied for the first time. Based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results, it is concluded that their exceptional capacity for storage of HCHO is 31.07 and 34.60 (g formaldehyde)⋅(mol ionic liquid)−1, respectively. In addition, to study the renewability of HCHO, the decomposition rates of the reaction products (as a function of decomposition time and decomposition temperature) were measured. The optimal kinetic model was selected to satisfy the formation and decomposition processes of the products. Thereafter, the activation energy (E), pre‐finger factor (A), decomposition rate constant of the decomposition reaction, and the rate constant of the reaction were determined. NMR results confirmed that the higher storage capacity of HCHO in [MIM][HSO4] and [IM][HSO4] is mostly attributed to the stronger covalent bonds between the ionic liquids (ILs) and HCHO.

CONCLUSION

These ILs are, thus, promising candidates as adsorbents for the design of air depollution processes. This study may provide new insights into the use of ILs for storage of HCHO for low‐cost, high‐performance, and environmentally benign adsorbents for indoor air purification. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Mesoscale and local‐scale climatology of extreme temperature events in Niigata, Japan
Authors: Nishi Akifumi , Kusaka Hiroyuki , Nakamura Shingo
Published: September 2022

In this study, we analysed the characteristics of extreme temperature events (ETEs) that occurred in Niigata City, located in the coastal region of the Sea of Japan. The results show that there was a tropical cyclone (TC) in the vicinity of Japan (in the latitude range of 29.0°–45.8°N and longitude range of 123.2°–139.2°E) on 60% of the days when ETEs occurred in Niigata City (TOP10 days in the past 30 years, 0.09 percentile). Furthermore, the strong east‐southeast to southeast winds caused by the TCs and winds over the mountains reached Niigata City. These results indicate that ETEs in Niigata City are caused by southeasterly foehn winds associated with TCs. It is generally believed that ETEs in Niigata City increase the risk of heatstroke. However, the index for heatstroke risk level is not high despite the extreme temperatures. This is because the downslope winds from the mountains become strong, and humidity decreases during the ETE event. A comparison of the results of this study with those of previous studies shows that the favourable atmospheric conditions for the ETE event and the impact of the ETE on local weather and human life differ greatly between the Pacific and Sea of Japan coasts.
Development and validation of a reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet method for abemaciclib‐related substance detection in bulk drugs
Authors: Ni Ronghua , Du Xiao , Huang Rongrong , Wu Wenyi , Xu Jingqiu , Ma Xiaofei , Cai Liangliang
Published: September 2022

Abemaciclib is an effective selective cyclin‐dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors for cancer therapy. The abemaciclib‐related substances influence its efficacy and safety, and are important in process preparation studies and quality control. Thus, a reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the detection of related substances in its bulk drug. The separation of abemaciclib and related substances was performed on a Phenomenon Gemini C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The ultraviolet detection wavelength was 280 nm. Mobile phase A was composed of a mixed solution of aqueous solution and acetonitrile (9:1, v/v). The aqueous solution (pH 2.5) contained 0.025‐mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and 0.4% triethylamine. Mobile phase B was composed of acetonitrile. This novel method exhibits good system suitability, specificity, precision, stability, linearity (0.1–20 μg/ml), repeatability, and durability. Among abemaciclib and related substances, the lowest limit of detection and quantitation were 0.02 and 0.06 μg/ml, respectively, for abemaciclib. The recovery rates for related substances were above 95%. In addition, a novel degradation product was found during the process. In summary, a reliable reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for abemaciclib‐related substance detection in bulk drugs.
Ultrasound Simulation Training for Radiology Residents—Curriculum Design and Implementation
Authors: Alexander Lauren F. , McComb Barbara L. , Bowman Andrew W. , Bonnett Stephanie L. , Ghazanfari Samantha M. , Caserta Melanie P.
Published: September 2022

Medical simulation training can be used to improve clinician performance, teach communication and professionalism skills, and enhance team training. Radiology residents can benefit from simulation training in diagnostic ultrasound, procedural ultrasound, and communication skills prior to direct patient care experiences. This paper details a weeklong ultrasound simulation training curriculum for radiology residents during the PGY‐1 clinical internship. The organization of established teaching methods into a dedicated course early in radiology residency training with the benefit of a multi‐disciplinary approach makes this method unique. This framework can be adapted to fit learners at different skill levels or with specific procedural needs.
Allocation and transfer of photosynthetic 13C in the vegetation‐soil system and its response to permafrost degradation
Authors: Che Lina , Xuan Liqiang , Wan Luhe
Published: September 2022

The Xing'an Mountains, located on the southern edge of the Eurasian permafrost zone, are sensitive to permafrost degradation. In particular, the impact of wetland degradation in permafrost regions on carbon sequestration capacity cannot be ignored. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the allocation and transfer of photosynthetic 13C in the wetland vegetation‐soil system and its response to permafrost degradation. Three regions with different types of permafrost were selected predominantly continuous and island permafrost (located in Mohe); sparse island permafrost (located in Heihe); and isolated patches of permafrost (located in Yichun). The effects of permafrost degradation on the allocation and transfer of photosynthetic 13C in trees, shrubs, herb vegetation, and mosses were investigated using isotope tracing techniques, redundancy analysis, and structural equation modeling. Mohe had the largest 13C excess and more transfer of shrubs and herbs to the underground carbon pool. The recoveries of photosynthate‐13C for Larix gemlini, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Sphagnum sp. were significantly different in different permafrost regions using Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc comparisons of means tests. The amount of Δphotosynthate‐13C transfer was larger in Mohe than in Heihe and Yichun. The allocation of photosynthetic 13C in the plant roots in the three permafrost regions was positively correlated with the total soil phosphorus content. The active layer thickness was an important factor affecting the transfer of Δphotosynthate‐13C. The allocation and transfer of photosynthetic 13C to the subsurface were larger in the predominantly continuous and island permafrost areas than in the sparse island and isolated patch permafrost regions. The allocation and transfer of photosynthetic 13C in the vegetation‐soil system were affected by the soils' physicochemical properties and the environmental changes after permafrost degradation.
Design, development, and face validation of an intubation simulation device using real‐time force data feedback
Authors: Rao Gopikrishna M. , Rao Vishwanatha M. , Juang Jeremy , Benoit Justin , Feng Allen L. , Song Phillip C.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To develop a novel laryngoscope device capable of dynamically measuring force and torque measurements in real‐time during intubation and to explore the efficacy of such a device through a face validation simulation.

Methods

The torque sensor laryngoscope is designed for use during intubation and is modeled after a standard, single‐use plastic laryngoscope. After device calibration, a face validation study was performed with intubation experts in the field. Quantitative data (intubation force metrics) and qualitative data (expert feedback on the device) were collected from three intubations using a Mac blade and three intubations with the Miller blade.

Results

Three experts (two anesthesiologists and one otolaryngologist) participated in the study. The mean maximum force exerted with the Mac blade was 24.5 N (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.3–26.8). The average force exerted was 13.6 N (95% CI, 11.7–15.5). The average total suspension time was 13.1 s (95% CI, 10.4–15.8). The average total impulse was 164.6 N·s (95% CI, 147.9–181.4). The mean maximum force exerted with the Miller blade was 31.6 N (95% CI, 26.4–36.8). The average force exerted was 15.8 N (95% CI, 13.8–17.9). The average total suspension time was 11.3 s (95% CI, 9.9–12.6). The average total impulse was 216.2 N·s (95% CI, 186.5–245.9). The mean maximum force (p = .0265) and total impulse (p = .009) were significantly higher in the Miller blade trials than in the Mac blade trials. Survey results found that this device, while bulky, intubated similarly to standard‐use models and has potential as an intubation teaching tool.

Conclusion

The torque sensor laryngoscope can measure and display real‐time intubation force metrics for multiple laryngoscope blades. Initial validation studies showed a significantly lower maximum force and total impulse when intubating with the Mac blade than with the Miller blade. Face validation survey results were positive and suggested the potential for this device as a teaching tool.

Level of Evidence

Level 5.
Design and Investigation of an Eco‐Friendly Wound Dressing Composed of Green Bioresources‐ Soy Protein, Tapioca Starch, and Gellan Gum
Authors: Lin Che‐Wei , Wu Po‐Ting , Chuang Er‐Yuan , Fan Yu‐Jui , Yu Jiashing
Published: September 2022

In the fields of biomedicine and tissue engineering, natural polymer‐based tissue‐engineered scaffolds are used in multiple applications. As a plant‐derived polymer, soy protein, containing multiple amino acids, is structurally similar to components of the extra‐cellular matrix (ECM) of tissues. It is biological safety provided a good potential to be material for pure natural scaffolds. Moreover, as a protein, the properties of soy protein can be easily adjusted by modifying the functional groups on it. In addition, by blending soy protein with other synthetic and natural polymers, the mechanical characteristics and bioactive behavior of scaffolds can be facilitated for a variety of bio‐applications. In this research, soy protein and polysaccharides tapioca starch are used, and gellan gum to develop a protein‐based composite scaffold for cell engineering. The morphology and surface chemical composition are characterized via micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The soy/tapioca/gellan gum (STG) composite scaffolds selectively help the adhesion and proliferation of L929 fibroblast cells while improving the migration of L929 fibroblast cells in STG composite scaffolds as the increase of soy protein proportion of the scaffold. In addition, STG composite scaffolds show great potential in the wound healing model to enhance rapid epithelialization and tissue granulation.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Polymerization of Perfluoroalkyl Iodide and Aromatic Alkynes for the Synthesis of Perfluoroalkylated Poly(enyne)s
Authors: Tian Wen , Yao Guanfei , Hu Rongrong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: September 2022

Fluoropolymers with unique structures, high chemical stability, heat resistance, hydrophobicity, and insulation to electricity, have attracted much attention, owing to their applications in low surface energy coatings, dielectric materials, solid electrolytes, ion exchange membranes, and so on. However, the synthetic approaches for fluoropolymers are quite limited, and it is crucial to develop new synthetic approaches for the pursuing of new fluoropolymer structures. Herein, a series of soluble conjugated fluoropolymers with unique 1,3‐enyne structures embedded in the polymer chain and perfluoroalkyl group as sidechains are synthesized in high yields of up to 96% from a palladium‐catalyzed polymerization of aromatic terminal diynes and perfluorobutyl iodide in 1,4‐dioxane at 80 °C using K2CO3as the base. The chemical structures of the fluoropolymers are fully characterized by gas permeation chromatography (GPC),1H,13C,19F NMR, and IR spectra, together with the comparison with the spectra of the small molecular model compound, confirming their expected polymer structures with high selectivity, high molecular weights of up to 60 500 g mol−1, good solubility, high thermal resistance, and hydrophobicity. This efficient polymerization provides a convenient tool for the preparation of fluoropolymers, promoting the development of polymer synthetic methodology and the exploration of new fluoropolymer structures and materials.
Facial Preparation of Segregated Poly(butylene succinate)/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Foams with Superior Conductive Properties via Synergistic Effect of High Pressure Solid Phase Molding and Supercritical Fluid Foaming
Authors: Huang An , Lin Jialin , Tian Genlin , Tan Bin , Wu Fangjuan , Geng Lihong , Peng Xiangfang , Fang Hui
Published: September 2022

Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) have been demonstrated to have many advantages. However, agglomeration of conductive fillers or segregation of conductive networks in CPCs always results in weak mechanical properties and limited conductivity. To address this issue, four types of poly(butylene succinate)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PBS/CNT) CPC with different conductive network structures are prepared: PBS/CNT‐I: melt mixing with hot pressing (145 °C, 10 MPa), PBS/CNT‐II: solution mixing with hot pressing (145 °C, 10 MPa), PBS/CNT‐III: solution mixing with hot pressing (100 °C, 10 MPa), PBS/CNT‐IV: solution mixing with hot pressing (100 °C, 60 MPa). The results show that PBS/CNT‐IV CPC has the highest mechanical properties, conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's modulus of PBS/CNT‐IV are 119%, 58%, and 37% higher than that of PBS/CNT‐III CPC, respectively. Subsequently, PBS/CNT‐IV CPCs with different CNT contents are prepared. The mechanical, crystallization, electrical and thermal conductivities, and rheological properties as well as foamability are studied. Compared with PBS/5.0 wt.% CNT‐IV CPC, the foamed specimen shows 97% enhancement in conductivity. In general, this work offers a simple, environmentally‐friendly approach for manufacturing CPC with high conductivity and good mechanical property and is instructive for construction of a segregated network structure in low‐melt‐viscosity semi‐crystalline polymer.
On uniform convergence of the inverse Fourier transform for differential equations and Hamiltonian systems with degenerating weight
Authors: Mogilevskii Vadim
Published: September 2022

We study pseudospectral and spectral functions for Hamiltonian system and differential equation  with matrix‐valued coefficients defined on an interval with the regular endpoint a. It is not assumed that the matrix weight is invertible a.e. on . In this case a pseudospectral function always exists, but the set of spectral functions may be empty. We obtain a parametrization of all pseudospectral and spectral functions σ by means of a Nevanlinna parameter τ and single out in terms of τ and boundary conditions the class of functions y for which the inverse Fourier transform converges uniformly. We also show that for scalar equation  the set of spectral functions is not empty. This enables us to extend the Kats–Krein and Atkinson results for scalar Sturm–Liouville equation  to such equations with arbitrary coefficients and and arbitrary non trivial weight .
Influence of cerebral infarction on both bladder and urethral activities and changes after tramadol administration in rats
Authors: Nagamine Satoko , Kamijo Tadanobu Chuyo , Ashikari Asuka , Miyazato Minoru
Published: September 2022

Aims

We investigated the changes in bladder and urethral function after cerebral infarction (CI) and the influence of tramadol on these functions.

Methods

Twenty‐eight female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal and CI groups. In the awake condition, metabolic cage study and blood pressure were evaluated. Under urethane anesthesia, the intravenous effect of tramadol (0.01–1 mg/kg), which has both µ‐opioid receptor stimulation and inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, on continuous cystometry, and simultaneous measurements of bladder and urethral perfusion pressure (UPP) were recorded. Infarcted lesions were examined by staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride, a marker of mitochondrial enzyme activity.

Results

CI rats showed impaired sympathetic activity with Horner's syndrome and lower blood pressure. In metabolic cage study, urinary frequency during the dark phase was increased in CI rats. On bladder activity, in CI rats, the baseline pressure threshold for inducing bladder contractions was significantly lower (p < 0.01), and the intercontraction interval was prolonged after tramadol administration. On urethral activity, the baseline UPP was significantly lower in CI rats than in normal rats and it did not change after tramadol administration. Residual urine rate was significantly increased in normal rats, but not in CI rats. CI rats showed brain infarction including the cortex and hypothalamus, which is a center of the autonomic nervous system.

Conclusions

CI‐induced ischemic brain damage results in impairment of both bladder and urethral functions, in addition to decreased sympathetic activity. Bladder overactivity after CI can be improved by tramadol; however, urethral activity cannot be improved by it.
Promoting physical activity via physical therapist following knee replacement: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pellegrini Christine A. , Brown Debbie , DeVivo Katherine E. , Lee Jungwha , Wilcox Sara
Published: September 2022

Background

Outpatient physical therapy may be an opportune time to promote aerobic physical activity after knee replacement; however, it is unknown if it is feasible to integrate a physical activity intervention within standard physical therapy.

Objective

To examine the feasibility and acceptability of a physical activity intervention delivered within outpatient physical therapy for adults after knee replacement.

Methods

As part of a cluster randomized trial, adults with knee replacement starting outpatient physical therapy were recruited across four physical therapy sites. Sites were randomized and physical therapists delivered either an enhanced physical activity intervention or a control condition. The enhanced physical activity intervention consisted of standard postoperative physical therapy plus goal setting, problem‐solving, and use of motivational interviewing techniques to promote 150 minutes/week of aerobic moderate intensity physical activity. The control group received standard postoperative physical therapy only. Feasibility and acceptability were determined based on recruitment and retention rates at 12 weeks after surgery. Outcomes including objectively measured physical activity, pain, and self‐reported function were examined at the baseline postoperative visit and 12 weeks later.

Results

Thirty‐three percent of candidates screened were randomized (n = 45) and retention at 12 weeks after surgery was 91% (no difference by condition). Moderate‐intensity activity increased, pain decreased, and self‐reported function improved, but there were no statistically significant group differences between baseline and 12 weeks.

Conclusion

Implementing a physical activity intervention within outpatient physical therapy for adults after knee replacement is feasible; however, in this pilot study, changes were not observed in moderate intensity physical activity as compared to standard postoperative physical therapy. Future studies are needed to explore additional low‐cost strategies and the optimal time to promote physical activity after knee replacement.
Treatment preference changes after exposure to treatment in adults with chronic low back pain
Authors: Lanier Vanessa M. , Lohse Keith R. , Hooker Quenten L. , Francois Sara J. , van Dillen Linda R.
Published: September 2022

Background

Patients' pretreatment preferences can influence outcomes of nonpharmacologic treatments for musculoskeletal pain. Less is known about how patients' treatment preferences change following exposure to treatment.

Objective

To examine the effect of exposure to treatment and change in disability and pain on treatment preference ratings of two exercise‐based treatments for people with chronic low back pain (LBP).

Design

Secondary analysis of a subsample of participants from a randomized clinical trial.

Setting

Academic research setting.

Participants

Individuals with chronic LBP (n = 83).

Interventions

6 weekly sessions of motor skill training (MST) or strength and flexibility exercise (SFE).

Main Outcome Measures

Prior to treatment, participants completed a treatment preference assessment measure (TPA) describing MST and SFE. Participants rated four attributes (effectiveness, acceptability/logicality, suitability/appropriateness, convenience) of each treatment on a 5‐point Likert scale (0–4) with higher scores indicating higher ratings. An overall preference rating was calculated as the mean of the attribute ratings. The TPA was administered 12 months post treatment to reassess participants' ratings of the treatment they received.

Results

Participants who received MST rated their preference for MST higher 12 months post treatment and participants who received SFE rated their preference for SFE lower. Smaller improvements (to worsening) in pain were associated with a reduction in preference ratings in the SFE group, whereas the MST group generally increased their ratings regardless of pain. Changes in disability were not related to changes in preference ratings.

Conclusions

Participants changed their preference ratings of two exercise‐based treatments for LBP after exposure to the treatment. Participants who received the less familiar MST viewed this treatment more favorably 12 months post treatment, and this change was less contingent on changes in disability/pain than for participants in the SFE group. Assessing preference ratings at various times during treatment is crucial to understand a person's preference for and perceptions of a treatment.