bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Puérperas dependientes de crack: dificultades y facilidades afrontadas en el cuidado al recién nacido
Authors: Xavier Daiani Modernel , Gomes Giovana Calcagno , Ribeiro Juliane Portella , Mota Marina Soares , Alvarez Simone Quadros , Santos da Silva Mara Regina
Published: February 2018

Introducción: los recién nacidos de dependientes de crack sufren los efectos de la dependencia ya en las primeras horas de vida y pueden presentar cuadro de irritabilidad, sudoración, hipertonía y dificultad en los ciclos de sueño y vigilia. Esta realidad requiere el auxilio profesional a la puérpera usuaria de crack para su instrumentalización al cuidado del recién nacido. Objetivo: conocer dificultades y facilidades de puérperas dependientes de crack en el cuidado al recién nacido. Método: se realizó investigación con enfoque cualitativo en una maternidad del sur de Brasil, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 18 puérperas. Resultados: desde el análisis de contenido, se identificaron como dificultades: abstinencia de la droga, no lactancia, falta de respaldo familiar, vigilancia de los profesionales del Consejo Tutelar (Similar al Bienestar Familiar en Colombia), falta de habilidad para la realización de cuidados directos al recién nacido, miedo a lastimarlo y falta de condiciones financieras. Como facilidades, se encontró que el recién nacido llore poco, sea tranquilo y quieto; respaldo de la familia, vecinos y amigos, y auxilio financiero del compañero y familiares. Conclusión: puérperas dependientes de crack necesitan de auxilio para que cumplan su rol de cuidadoras del recién nacido. Deben ser identificadas durante el embarazo y acompañadas de forma a que realicen el prenatal, orientadas acerca de los cuidados con el niño y recibidas en servicios de apoyo.
Relação entre estresse percebido com coping e estressores de pacientes em pré-operatório de revascularização miocárdica
Authors: Esplendori Gabriela Feitosa , Siqueira Costa Ana Lúcia , Souza-Talarico Juliana Nery de
Published: February 2018

La enfermedad coronaria se destaca entre las enfermedades cardiovasculares al victimizar pacientes en todo el mundo. En el periodo preoperatorio de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica (CRM), ocurre estrés. Objetivo: averiguar la relación entre estrés percibido con coping y con estresores de pacientes en preoperatorio de CRM. Materiales y método: enfoque cuantitativo y transversal. La muestra se compuso de 105 pacientes coronariopatas internados en hospital cardiológico. Se utilizaron Escala de Estrés Percibido, Inventario de Estrategias de Coping y dos preguntas abiertas cuyas respuestas fueron cuantificadas y categorizadas. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizó regresión lineal multivariada. Resultados: mayor estrés percibido se relacionó con mayor Escape y esquiva (β = 0,416, p < 0,001), mayor Afrontamiento (β = 0,353, p = 0,001), menor Autocontrol (β = –0,226, p = 0,024), Sexo femenino (β = –0,173, p = 0,048) y “Síntomas clínicos” (β = 0,235, p = 0,015). “Búsqueda por ocupar la mente” (β = –0,196, p = 0,047) y “Afrontar la cirugía como instru- mento de mejoría/cura” (β = –0,255, p = 0,009) se relacionaron con menor estrés percibido. Conclusiones: el estrés percibido sufre variabilidad según determinados estresores y coping. Tales relaciones se deben tener en cuenta para la planeación de la asistencia en enfermería con el fin de reducir el estrés preoperatorio de pacientes coronariopatas.
Contextos de cuidado à criança e ao adolescente com diabetes mellitus: uma abordagem socioambiental
Authors: Oliveira Stella Minasi de , Gomes Giovana Calcagno , Xavier Diani Modernel , Pintanel Aline Campelo , Montesó María Pilar , Rocha Laurelize Pereira
Published: February 2018

Estudio de enfoque cualitativo, de carácter exploratorio, descriptivo y explicativo, que tuvo como marco metodológico la Grounded Theory. Objetivo: conocer los distintos entornos de cuidado al niño y el adolecente con Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Materiales y métodos: entrevista con 14 familiares en el periodo de marzo a diciembre del 2015, en Brasil y España. Se obtuvieron los datos por medio de entrevista y se analizaron por la codificación abierta, axial y selectiva. Resultados: se encontró que la familia subsidia el cuidado al niño y el adolecente con DM principalmente en el entorno domiciliar y escolar. La comunidad y servicios de salud fueron otros contextos referidos para el cuidado. Se destacaron el vínculo y apoyo recibidos en los servicios de salud. Se mencionaron el centro de salud, las unidades básicas, el hospital y los servicios privados como contextos en los que se realizan exámenes y citas médicas con especialistas, además de realizar el control de la glicemia y el examen periódico de los pies. Los niños y adolescentes en general son hospitalizados en situaciones de emergencia. Conclusiones: se concluyó como medidas necesarias el acompañamiento, apoyo y seguimiento continuos del niño o adolecente con DM en los distintos entornos en que transita, pues estas influyen su vivir y pueden aportar a su salud.
Suporte aos pais que vivenciam a perda do filho neonato: revisão de literatura
Authors: Lari Larissa Rodrígues , Shimo Antonieta Keiko Kakuda , Carmona Elenice Calentim , Lopes María Helena Baena de Moraes , Campos Claudinei José Gomes
Published: February 2018

Objetivos: investigar y discutir publicaciones acerca del soporte relacionado al duelo de padres que vivencian la pérdida del hijo neonato. Material y método: revisión crítica de literatura con búsqueda en las bases de datos CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO y Scopus, de artículos publicados entre enero del 2010 y julio del 2017, utilizando análisis temática para el tratamiento de los datos recolectados. Resultados: se diseñaron tres categorías temáticas: 1) apoyo y soporte a los padres que vivencian la experiencia de la pérdida del hijo neonato; 2) sentimientos de los padres ante situaciones de muerte y duelo, y 3) participación de los padres en el proceso de tratamiento y pronóstico del hijo. Se destacaron algunas necesidades: mejor preparo de los profesionales, comunicación adecuada; formación de memoria del neonato, vínculo de los padres en el proceso de muerte. Conclusiones: se evidencia la diversidad cultural en la experiencia de duelo, la que se debe considerar en el cuidado al enlutado; la continuidad del vínculo con familiares luego del proceso de muerte/morir del neonato puede ser fuente de prevención de trastornos durante el duelo. Reflexionar sobre directrices, políticas y formación curricular ampliada puede traer diferencial al equipo de salud en la asistencia al duelo y, por ende, a la salud mental.
Divergent Market Responses to Human Capital Reorganizations
Authors: Cowan E. James , Denning Karen C , Anderson Anne , Yang Xiaohui
Published: February 2018

The stock market response to human capital downsizing events is on average negative. Firms maximize value by signalling to investors the types and nature of their capital budgeting decisions. Human capital restructuring is one such capital budgeting signal. This paper expands on previous research by examining market reactions to firm characteristics, specific firm decisions and certain external macroeconomic conditions. We find that the market response to the human capital downsizing events is firm specific and depends on macroeconomic conditions. We confirm our results using robustness testing. For firms responding positively to the downsizing event, size or analyst following, the firm’s technological intensity and simultaneous asset reorganization are significant contributors to the market response. For the positive subsample, a positive movement in the business cycle and the commercialization of the internet are associated with positive market returns for downsizing events. Significant factors for firms responding negatively include potential financial distress and offshoring. Technological intensity is also a significant influence, but is different for the two subsamples. For positive responding firms, the market may perceive that the firm is pro-actively managing its costs. For the negative responding firms, the market may perceive that knowledge workers may not be available when and if the firm recovers. For the negative subsample, commercialization of the internet and white-collar outsourcing intensify the negative market response.
Enterprise Value and Intellectual Capital: Study of BSE 500 Firms
Authors: Sharma Priti
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the intellectual capital coefficient of the firms under study and to study the relationship, if any between intellectual capital and intellectual capital and its constituents. In this empirical paper, analytical research design has been used. Pulic’s VAIC (modified) has been used to estimate the intellectual capital of BSE S&P 500 listed firms from 2007-2016. The data has been collected from CMIE and collected data has been analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear multiple regression analysis using CMIE PROWESS. Findings show that almost all firms under study have a good VAIC score means above 4 and the top VAIC scorer firms were mainly from refinery, metal, cement, steel, tobacco. Correlation analysis and Linear multiple regression analysis show that M/B ratio has a significant relationship with VACA, VAHU, Research and Development (Innovation capital) and Advertisement expenses (customer capital). Year-wise results depicts that value of adjusted R2 is increasing, in 2007 it was just .164 and in the year 2016 it is .607 which infers that VAIC’s role is improving in measuring the market value of firms under study. Year wise analysis shows that adjusted R2 is improving, so findings may serve as significant input for the firms to use intellectual capital as the main factor for improving the market value of firms. This paper will definitely contribute to the existing literature.
Adaptive Cost Accounting Control: Issues in Realizing Deming Synergy
Authors: Gaber Mohamed , Lusk Edward J.
Published: February 2018

We report on a consultation addressing the re-configuration of a Standards Cost Accounting System of a major MNC. We identified two fundamental theoretical issues pertinent to this re-configuration: Their Standards Cost Accounting [SCA] System was (1) not adaptive within their control time frame, and (2) the holistic systemic protocols espoused by W. Edwards Deming were not used to condition the decision-making framework addressing control. We developed an adaptive Decision Support System [SCA:DSS] that offered the following integrated systemic features: (i) The SCA:DSS is parametrized using the Marketing/Sales sub-budget as approved by corporate-level management and (ii) is used to set the control standards for direct Materials & Labor costs and ABC related allocations, (iii) A detailed interactive profiling of production activity is produced at a time when adaptive corrective actions would still be reasonably possible, and (iv)  Adaptive: Best, Stasis and Corrective Action Cases regarding the effect of these corrective actions on the contribution margin are displayed. However, even given the adaptive design features and the explicit designs to effect holistic integration over the pilot division and the central headquarters of the firm, the SCA: DSS failed to be implemented. We offer valuable insights into this failure-to-launch that may be indispensable in effecting a synergetic environment where adaptive holistic cost control may be realized. In this paper all of the technical functionalities of the SCA: DSS are detailed and a working illustration is provided. The SCA: DSS is offered as a free download without restrictions to its use.
Nipple-Invasive Primary Carcinomas: Clinical, Imaging, and Pathologic Features of Breast Carcinomas Originating in the Nipple
Authors: Sanders Mary Ann , Brock Jane E. , Harrison Beth T. , Wieczorek Tad J. , Hong Xuefei , Guidi Anthony J. , Dillon Deborah A. , Max Leslie , Lester Susan C.
Published: February 2018

Context

Patients choosing to retain the nipple when undergoing therapeutic or prophylactic mastectomy are at risk for cancers arising at that site.

Objective

To identify cases of invasive carcinoma arising within the nipple and to investigate their clinical, imaging, biologic, and staging features.

Design

Carcinomas were identified by prospective review of surgical and consult cases at 4 hospitals.

Results

The 24 patients identified presented with symptoms related to the nipple. Mammography did not detect the cancer in most cases. Ten patients (42%) had skin changes from ductal carcinoma in situ involving nipple skin (Paget disease), with small foci of invasion into the dermis, and 6 of those 10 carcinomas (60%) stained positive for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The remaining 14 patients (58%) presented with a nipple mass or with skin changes. These were larger invasive carcinomas of both ductal and lobular types. Only 2 of those 14 carcinomas (14%) were HER2+. Three of 15 patients (20%) undergoing lymph node biopsy had a single metastasis. No patients have had recurrent disease.

Conclusions

Rare, invasive, primary nipple carcinomas typically present as subtle nipple thickening or an exudative crust on the skin. Imaging studies are often nonrevealing. A variety of histologic and biologic types of carcinomas occur, similar to cancers arising deeper in the breast. Although the carcinomas invaded into the dermis, some with skin ulceration, the likelihood of lymph node metastasis was no higher than carcinomas of similar sizes. Patients who choose to preserve their nipple(s) should be aware of the possibility of breast cancer arising at that site and to bring any observed changes to the attention of their health care providers.
Identification of DNA molecular markers by comparison of Pinus densiflora and Pinus sylvestris chloroplast genomes
Authors: Kim Sang-Chul , Lee Jei-Wan , Baek Seung-Hoon , Ahn Ji-Young , Hong Kyung-Nak
Published: February 2018

Background: Identifying and characterizing genetic variation can clarify the molecular basis of biological phenomena in plants. In particular, related or morphologically similar species can be distinguished by molecular markers. Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. is a species that is distributed in the Korean peninsula, the Japanese archipelago, and China's Shandong and Manchu Provinces and has long been harvested for timber. However, it is difficult to distinguish P. densiflora from Pinus sylvestris L. both morphologically and phylogenetically. The complete chloroplast genome of P. densiflora has not yet been reported. In this study, we sequenced the P. densiflora chloroplast genome in order to identify the molecular markers that can be used to distinguish this species from P. sylvestris.

Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from P. densiflora samples obtained from the clone bank of the National Forest Seed Variety Center and was sequenced on an Ion Torrent platform. Filtered sequences were assembled with P. sylvestris sequences used as a reference and gene annotation was performed. The chloroplast genome sequences of the two species were aligned and the number and location of forward, reverse, complement and palindromic matches were determined. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion mutations (Indels) were identified and analyzed by PCR.

Results: The P. densiflora chloroplast genome consisted of circular double-stranded DNA with 119,835 bp compared to 119,758 bp for P. sylvestris. Between the two Pinus chloroplast genomes, we identified 73 SNPs and 171 Indels; two gene regions with amplification products ≤ 300 bp (rpoC1 and trnM-trnV) were validated as molecular markers.

Discussion: PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed differences between P. sylvestris and P. densiflora at the molecular level. These differences can be used to distinguish between these two species, which is not possible by microscopy-based morphological examination.
Microplastics in the environment: Much ado about nothing? A debate
Authors: Backhaus Thomas , Wagner Martin
Published: February 2018

This manuscript documents a debate between the two authors on the issue of microplastics in the environment. It was sparked by a recent viewpoint article published by G. A. Burton in Environmental Science and Technology ( http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05463 ). Currently, the text contains only the introduction, which sets the scene for the article. Martin is currently writing the first commentary, which we plan to have online on the 26th of February 2018. Thomas will then follow up with his comment & rebuttal two weeks later.
Compositional and functional analysis of the gut microbiota of Radix auricularia (Linnaeus) via high-throughput Illumina sequencing
Authors: Hu Zongfu , CHEN Xi , CHANG Jie , YU Jianhua , TONG Qing , LI Shuoguo , NIU Huaxin
Published: February 2018

Widely distributed across the world, the freshwater snail Radix auricularia plays an important role in freshwater systems. In this study, gut bacterial communities of R. auricularia were characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, then intestinal bacteria were compared at different growth stages: adult snails (AS) (with complete gonadal development) and juvenile snails (JS) (with incomplete gonadal development). We obtained 251,072 high quality sequences which were clustered into 1,196 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 97% sequence identity. The predominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, followed by Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Other bacterial species such as Tenericutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were present to a lesser extent. 52 bacterial families and 55 genera were found in > 1% of each sample. A large number of species could not be successfully identified. 469 core OTUs were found to make up 39.38% of all OTUs and 88.38% of all sequences. Samples obtained from juvenile organisms possessed higher ratios of Ruminococcaceae, Subdoligranulum, and Faecalibacterium than adult species. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene data was used to predict function, showing that genes related to metabolism and environmental information processing were rich in snail samples.
Adaptation of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Guideline in Iranian Adult Women
Authors: Bastani Parvin , Mallah Fateme , Rasouli Fard Leili
Published: February 2018

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common disease which present as symptomatic descent of the anterior or posterior vaginal wall prolapse, uterus or apical prolapse subsequent to hysterectomy, and entrocele. Since, social and cultural factors have impact on interval between symptoms incidence and seek for medical care, diagnosis method and treatment process, it was important to prepare a guideline for management of the Iranian women with POP.
A bibliometric analysis in gene research of myocardial infarction from 2001 to 2015
Authors: Zhou Huaqiang , Tan Wulin , Qiu Zeting , Song Yiyan , Gao Shaowei
Published: February 2018

Objectives

We aimed to evaluate the global scientific output of gene research of myocardial infarction and explore their hotspots and frontiers from 2001 to 2015, using bibliometric methods.

Methods

Articles about the gene research of myocardial infarction between 2001 and 2015 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). We used the bibliometric method and Citespace V to analyze publication years, journals, countries, institutions, research areas, authors, research hotspots, and trends. We plotted the reference co-citation network, and we used key words to analyze the research hotspots and trends.

Results

We identified 1,853 publications on gene research of myocardial research from 2001 to 2015, and the annual publication number increased with time. Circulation published the highest number of articles. United States ranked highest in the countries with most publications, and the leading institute was Harvard University. Relevant publications were mainly in the field of Cardiovascular system cardiology. Keywords and references analysis indicated that gene expression, microRNA and young women were the research hotspots, whereas stem cell, chemokine, inflammation and cardiac repair were the frontiers.

Conclusions

We depicted gene research of myocardial infarction overall by bibliometric analysis. Mesenchymal stem cells Therapy, MSCs-derived microRNA and genetic modified MSCs are the latest research frontiers. Related studies may pioneer the future direction of this filed in next few years. Further studies are needed.
Genomic analysis of morphometric traits in bighorn sheep using the Ovine Infinium® HD SNP BeadChip
Authors: Miller Joshua M. , Festa-Bianchet Marco , Coltman David W.
Published: February 2018

Elucidating the genetic basis of fitness-related traits is a major goal of molecular ecology. Traits subject to sexual selection are particularly interesting, as non-random mate choice should deplete genetic variation and thereby their evolutionary benefits. We examined the genetic basis of three sexually selected morphometric traits in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): horn length, horn base circumference, and body mass. These traits are of specific concern in bighorn sheep as artificial selection through trophy hunting opposes sexual selection. Specifically, horn size determines trophy status and, in most North American jurisdictions, if an individual can be legally harvested. Using between 7,994–9,552 phenotypic measures from the long-term individual-based study at Ram Mountain (Alberta, Canada), we first showed that all three traits are heritable (h2 = 0.15–0.23). We then conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) utilizing a set of 3,777 SNPs typed in 76 individuals using the Ovine Infinium® HD SNP BeadChip. We found suggestive association for body mass at a single locus (OAR9_91647990). The absence of strong associations with SNPs suggests that the traits are likely polygenic. These results represent a step forward for characterizing the genetic architecture of fitness related traits in sexually dimorphic ungulates.
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707 grown with biphenyl expresses a cytochrome caa3 oxidase that uses cytochrome c4 as electron donor
Authors: Sandri Federica , Musiani Francesco , Selamoglu Nur , Daldal Fevzi , Zannoni Davide
Published: February 2018

Combining peroxidase activity‐based heme staining (TMBZ/SDS/PAGE) with mass spectrometry analyses (Nano LC‐MS/MS) of protein extracts from wild‐type and appropriate mutants, we provide evidence that the polychlorinated biphenyl degrader Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707 primarily expresses a caa3‐type cytochrome c oxidase (caa3‐Cox) using cytochrome (cyt) c4 as an electron donor in cells grown with biphenyl versus glucose as the sole carbon source. Homology modeling of KF707 caa3‐Cox using the three‐dimensional structure of that from Thermus thermophilus highlights multiple similarities and differences between the proton channels in subunit I of the aa3‐ and caa3‐Cox of Paracoccus and Thermus spp., respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the presence of a caa3‐Cox using cyt c4 as an electron donor in a Pseudomonas species.
Quantifying Anthropogenic Dust Emissions
Authors: Webb Nicholas P. , Pierre Caroline
Published: February 2018

Anthropogenic land use and land cover change, including local environmental disturbances, moderate rates of wind‐driven soil erosion and dust emission. These human‐dust cycle interactions impact ecosystems and agricultural production, air quality, human health, biogeochemical cycles, and climate. While the impacts of land use activities and land management on aeolian processes can be profound, the interactions are often complex and assessments of anthropogenic dust loads at all scales remain highly uncertain. Here, we critically review the drivers of anthropogenic dust emission and current evaluation approaches. We then identify and describe opportunities to: (1) develop new conceptual frameworks and interdisciplinary approaches that draw on ecological state‐and‐transition models to improve the accuracy and relevance of assessments of anthropogenic dust emissions; (2) improve model fidelity and capacity for change detection to quantify anthropogenic impacts on aeolian processes; and (3) enhance field research and monitoring networks to support dust model applications to evaluate the impacts of disturbance processes on local to global‐scale wind erosion and dust emissions.
Ocean Chlorophyll as a Precursor of ENSO: An Earth System Modeling Study
Authors: Park Jong‐Yeon , Dunne John P. , Stock Charles A.
Published: February 2018

Ocean chlorophyll concentration, a proxy for phytoplankton, is strongly influenced by internal ocean dynamics such as those associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Observations show that ocean chlorophyll responses to ENSO generally lead sea surface temperature (SST) responses in the equatorial Pacific. A long‐term global Earth system model simulation incorporating marine biogeochemical processes also exhibits a preceding chlorophyll response. In contrast to simulated SST anomalies, which significantly lag the wind‐driven subsurface heat response to ENSO, chlorophyll anomalies respond rapidly. Iron was found to be the key factor connecting the simulated surface chlorophyll anomalies to the subsurface ocean response. Westerly wind bursts decrease central Pacific chlorophyll by reducing iron supply through wind‐driven thermocline deepening but increase western Pacific chlorophyll by enhancing the influx of coastal iron from the maritime continent. Our results mechanistically support the potential for chlorophyll‐based indices to inform seasonal ENSO forecasts beyond previously identified SST‐based indices.
Hekla Volcano, Iceland, in the 20th Century: Lava Volumes, Production Rates, and Effusion Rates
Authors: Pedersen G. B. M. , Belart J. M. C. , Magnússon E. , Vilmundardóttir O. K. , Kizel F. , Sigurmundsson F. S. , Gísladóttir G. , Benediktsson J. A.
Published: February 2018

Lava flow thicknesses, volumes, and effusion rates provide essential information for understanding the behavior of eruptions and their associated deformation signals. Preeruption and posteruption elevation models were generated from historical stereo photographs to produce the lava flow thickness maps for the last five eruptions at Hekla volcano, Iceland. These results provide precise estimation of lava bulk volumes: V1947–1948 = 0.742 ± 0.138 km3, V1970 = 0.205 ± 0.012 km3, V1980–1981 = 0.169 ± 0.016 km3, V1991 = 0.241 ± 0.019 km3, and V2000 = 0.095 ± 0.005 km3 and reveal variable production rate through the 20th century. These new volumes improve the linear correlation between erupted volume and coeruption tilt change, indicating that tilt may be used to determine eruption volume. During eruptions the active vents migrate 325–480 m downhill, suggesting rough excess pressures of 8–12 MPa and that the gradient of this excess pressure increases from 0.4 to 11 Pa s−1 during the 20th century. We suggest that this is related to increased resistance along the eruptive conduit.
Particulate Organic Matter Composition in Stream Runoff Following Large Storms: Role of POM Sources, Particle Size, and Event Characteristics
Authors: Johnson Erin R. , Inamdar Shreeram , Kan Jinjun , Vargas Rodrigo
Published: February 2018

Large storm events possess significant erosive energy capable of mobilizing large amounts of sediment and particulate organic matter (POM) into fluvial systems. This study investigated how stream POM composition varied as a function of the watershed POM source, particle size, storm event magnitude, and seasonal timing. POM composition was characterized for multiple watershed sources and for stream POM following storms in a second‐order forested stream. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) amount, C:N ratio and isotopic content (13C and 15N) were determined for solid phase POM, whereas dissolved organic C, total N concentrations, and fluorescence characteristics were determined for solution/extracted POM. Key findings from this study were the following: (1) Composition of POM varied greatly with watershed sources with forest floor litter being C and N rich and labile, while stream banks and bed were C and N poor and recalcitrant. (2) Summer storms mobilized more carbon and nitrogen‐rich labile sources, while winter events mobilized more carbon‐ and nitrogen‐poor refractory material from near‐stream sources. (3) POM composition varied by size class, with the coarse POM showing more C and N rich and labile properties, while the fine POM displayed more degraded and refractory properties. If climate variability increases the magnitude and intensity of large storm events, our observations suggest that this will not only increase the inputs of POM to aquatic systems but also result in the delivery of coarser, C and N rich, and more bioavailable POM to the stream drainage network.
The Big Picture: Imaging of the Global Geospace Environment by the TWINS Mission
Authors: Goldstein J. , McComas D. J.
Published: February 2018

Encircling our planet at distances of 2.5 to 8 Earth radii is a dynamic plasma population known as the ring current (RC). During geomagnetic storms, the solar wind's interaction with Earth's magnetic field pumps petaJoules of energy into the RC, energizing and transporting particles. To measure the global geospace response, RC imaging is performed by capturing energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) created by charge exchange between geospace ions and the neutral exosphere. The H exosphere is itself imaged via its geocoronal Lyman‐α glow. Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS) is a stereoscopic ENA and Lyman‐α imaging mission that has recorded the deep minimum of solar cycle (SC) 23 and the moderate maximum of SC 24, observing geospace conditions ranging from utterly quiet to major storms. This review covers TWINS studies of the geospace response published during 2013 to 2017. Stereo ENA imaging has revealed new dimensionality and structure of RC ions. Continuous coverage by two imagers has allowed monitoring storms from start to finish. Deconvolution of the low‐altitude signal has extended ENA analysis and revealed causal connections between the trapped and precipitating ion populations. ENA‐based temperature and composition analyses have been refined, validated, and applied to an unprecedented sequence of solar activity changes in SC 23 and SC 24. Geocoronal imaging has revealed a surprising amount of time variability and structure in the neutral H exosphere, driven by both Sun and solar wind. Global models have been measurably improved. Routine availability of simultaneous in situ measurements has fostered huge leaps forward in the areas of ENA validation and cross‐scale studies.
Nonsense Mutations and Suppression
Authors: Herrington Muriel B
Published: February 2018

A nonsense mutation occurs when a sense codon, one that codes for an amino acid, is changed to a chain‐termination codon, UAG, UAA or UGA. A nonsense suppressor can result from a second mutation affecting the translational apparatus. This mutation enables the cell to insert an amino acid in response to the nonsense codon, resulting in a wild‐type or near wild‐type phenotype. Some suppressor mutations change the anticodon of a transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) so that it can pair with the nonsense codon. Other suppressors increase the readthrough of the nonsense mutation. Readthrough occurs at low levels but changes in the ribosome, tRNA or in translation factors can increase readthrough by altering the initial selection steps, proofreading or quality control in decoding the messenger RNA. Manipulation of the accuracy of translation holds promise as a method for the treatment of genetic diseases, many of which result from nonsense mutations.

Key Concepts

Suppression results when one mutation counteracts the effect of another mutation to give a wild‐type phenotype.

The nonsense codons UAG, UAA and UGA do not code for amino acids, but signal the end of the protein‐coding sequence in the mRNA.

Nonsense suppression competes with chain termination.

Errors occur during translation and include reading a nonsense codon as sense as well as misreading and frameshifting.

Decoding during elongation involves conformational changes in the ribosome, tRNA and EF‐Tu.

Changes in the ribosome or other components of the translational apparatus can modify decoding and thus enhance or reduce readthrough of nonsense codons.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Lapierre Pascal
Published: February 2018

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an organ‐specific autoimmune disease resulting from a loss of immunological tolerance against hepatocyte autoantigens. In the absence of treatment, this disease is fatal. Distinctive characteristics of AIH include hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of autoantibodies and interface hepatitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. AIH is a rare disease with an estimated point prevalence in Europe and North America of 50–200 cases per million. The pathogenesis of AIH remains unknown. AIH is believed to result from a combination of liver‐specific susceptibility factors, faulty immune tolerance mechanisms (central and peripheral) as well as host and environmental susceptibility factors. Patients respond well to immunosuppressive treatment, but 10–20% of patients are unable to achieve remission using standard treatment. Through a better understanding of AIH pathogenesis as well as cellular(s) and molecular(s) effectors involved, new and effective site‐specific immunotherapies are being developed to induce long‐term remission in patients with minimal deleterious side effects.

Key Concepts

Autoimmune hepatitis is characterised by a loss of tolerance against hepatocytes leading to the progressive destruction of the hepatic parenchyma.

About 70–90% of AIH patients are women.

Hallmark characteristics of AIH include hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of autoantibodies and an interface hepatitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates.

Type 1 AIH is characterised by the presence of ANA and/or SMA autoantibodies while Type 2 AIH is characterised by the presence of anti‐LKM1 and/or anti‐LC1 autoantibodies.

There is a genetic association between AIH and HLA class II genes suggesting a role for CD4+T cells autoimmune response in AIH pathogenesis.

Conventional therapy for AIH patients consists of nonspecific immunosuppression, usually through the use of a combination of prednisone/prednisolone and azathioprine.

New biologics‐based specific immunotherapies are currently in development and aim to induce long‐term remission with minimal unwanted side effects.
Emerging Chemicals Targeting Aromatase: Protective Compounds or Endocrine Disruptors?
Authors: Di Nardo Giovanna , Gilardi Gianfranco
Published: February 2018

Aromatase is the enzyme converting androgens into estrogens in the last step of steroid hormone synthesis. Being part of the endocrine system, it is one of the most important targets for compounds ranging from drugs developed since the 1980s for breast cancer treatment, to different kinds of xenobiotics from different sources such as food, pollution and cosmetics.

Different pathologies correlate with abnormal levels of estrogens produced by aromatase that is expressed also in different extragonadal sites as a single protein. Thus, a compound that inhibits aromatase activity can be protective towards pathologies that correlate with high levels of estrogens and dangerous for pathologies that correlate with low levels of these hormones.

We review the effect of known protective and dangerous compounds such as the endocrine disruptors on aromatase activity focusing on the so‐called emerging pollutants that are warning the world attention owing to their wide use and the potential to contaminate surface water.

Key Concepts

Aromatase is the enzyme converting androgens into estrogens and it is the product of a single gene in most species.

Estrogens unbalance is nowadays associated with different abnormal conditions and pathologies.

Aromatase is the target for drugs currently used mainly for breast cancer therapy.

Aromatase is the target for natural compounds that have been shown to have health benefits.

Some of the so‐called endocrine disrupting chemicals that produce adverse health effects target aromatase.

Some emerging pollutants behave as endocrine disrupting chemicals and were found to affect aromatase activity.
Cyanobacteria: Wonderful Microorganisms for Basic and Applied Research
Authors: Cassier‐Chauvat Corinne , Chauvat Franck
Published: February 2018

Cyanobacteria, the only prokaryotes to perform photosynthesis, are fascinating organisms. They are regarded as the oldest phylum of bacteria that shaped the oxygenic atmosphere of our planet, and the progenitor of the plant‐chloroplast. Contemporary cyanobacteria colonise most water (fresh, brackish and marine) and soils of our planet, as free‐living or symbiotic organisms, and generate a large part of the oxygen and the biomass for the biosphere. Hence, a few edible cyanobacteria are being tested as a way to replenish O
2
, provide food and recycle wastes (CO
2
and urea) during long‐term space missions. Furthermore, cyanobacteria also synthesise a vast array of biologically active metabolites with great potential for human health and industries. Thus, cyanobacteria constitute promising microbial factories for the production of chemicals from highly abundant natural resources: solar energy, CO
2
, minerals and waters (even polluted).

Key Concepts

Cyanobacteria are ancient organisms.

Cyanobacteria are environmentally important organisms.

Cyanobacteria produce a huge biomass for the food chain.

Cyanobacteria are widely diverse organisms.

Cyanobacteria have a versatile metabolism of great biotechnological interest.
Engineered Living Materials: Prospects and Challenges for Using Biological Systems to Direct the Assembly of Smart Materials
Authors: Nguyen Peter Q. , Courchesne Noémie‐Manuelle Dorval , Duraj‐Thatte Anna , Praveschotinunt Pichet , Joshi Neel S.
Published: February 2018

Vast potential exists for the development of novel, engineered platforms that manipulate biology for the production of programmed advanced materials. Such systems would possess the autonomous, adaptive, and self‐healing characteristics of living organisms, but would be engineered with the goal of assembling bulk materials with designer physicochemical or mechanical properties, across multiple length scales. Early efforts toward such engineered living materials (ELMs) are reviewed here, with an emphasis on engineered bacterial systems, living composite materials which integrate inorganic components, successful examples of large‐scale implementation, and production methods. In addition, a conceptual exploration of the fundamental criteria of ELM technology and its future challenges is presented. Cradled within the rich intersection of synthetic biology and self‐assembling materials, the development of ELM technologies allows the power of biology to be leveraged to grow complex structures and objects using a palette of bio‐nanomaterials.
Dodecylamine‐Induced Synthesis of a Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Comb for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes
Authors: Lu Qian , Zhong Yijun , Zhou Wei , Liao Kaiming , Shao Zongping
Published: February 2018

Host materials that can provide both a strong absorbability of soluble intermediate polysulfides and a high electronic conductivity are in high demand to realize practical applications of Li–S batteries. Here, the rational design of an N‐doped carbon comb (NCC) as a new type of sulfur host for Li–S batteries, delivering a favorable performance, particularly a good cycling stability and rate capability, is reported. A novel dodecylamine micelle‐induced self‐assembling method is first proposed for constructing the NCC host which is built from close‐packed hollow submicron carbon spheres. The interconnected carbon frameworks create good electrical conductive pathways. In addition, the high porosity and the N doping of the NCC host effectively suppress sulfur losses during cycling through synergistic physisorption and chemisorption effects. As a result, cathodes with 71 wt% of sulfur deposited in the NCC host possess superior capacities of 1090 and 553 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 2 C, respectively. After 300 cycles at 1 C, a reversible capacity of 562 mAh g−1 is retained. Even at a high sulfur loading of 83 wt%, favorable performance is realized.
Practical Reagents and Methods for Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Phosphorothiolations
Authors: Kovács Szabolcs , Bayarmagnai Bilguun , Aillerie Alexandre , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: February 2018

New late‐stage phosphorothiolation methods are disclosed that allow the efficient transfer of SP(O)(OR)2groups to diversely functionalized substrates using nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents. The nucleophilic reagent, tetramethylammoniumO,O‐dimethyl phosphorothioate, was synthesized in near‐quantitative yield from Me3SiP(O)(OMe)2, elemental sulfur and Me4NF. Its umpolung withN‐bromophthalimide provided the electrophilic reagent,O,O‐dimethyl‐S‐(N‐phthalimido)phosphorothioate. Complementary methods based on these reagents enable the phosphorothiolation of diversely functionalized alkyl halides, arenediazonium salts, arylboronic acids and electron‐rich arenes in good yields under mild conditions.

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Polyamide 6 modified polypropylene with remarkably enhanced mechanical performance, thermal properties, and foaming ability via pressure‐induced‐flow processing approach
Authors: Fu Dajiong , Chen Feng , Peng Xiangfang , Kuang Tairong
Published: February 2018

Pressure‐induced‐flow (PIF) processing has been considered as an efficient approach to prepare high‐performance polymer materials. In this study, the effects of PIF processing on various properties of PP/PA6 blend, including the microstructure, thermal, and mechanical properties, as well as foaming behavior, were investigated. The results showed that PIF processing had a significant effect on the microstructure of PP/PA6 blend. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of PP/PA6 blend was greatly improved. Compared to its counterparts without PIF processing, the mechanical strength of PIF PP/PA6 blend was remarkably enhanced, which was even higher than that of PIF PP (Polypropylene). PIF processing could both strengthen and toughen PP/PA6 blend. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results also indicated that PIF PP/PA blend had higher strength under dynamic mechanical conditions. Furthermore, the PP/PA6 foams with and without PIF processing were fabricated using a batch foaming method. With PIF processing, the resultant PP/PA6 blend displayed a significantly enhanced foaming ability with higher cell density and larger expansion ratio.
Structure and properties of wool keratin/poly (vinyl alcohol) blended fiber
Authors: Liu Rangtong , Li Liang , Liu Shuping , Li Shujing , Zhu Xueying , Yi Mengmeng , Liao Xilin
Published: February 2018

Taking into account the difficulty to spin pure keratin fibers, blended fibers of keratin/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) are developed by wet spinning. Effects of keratin content on the structure and properties of blended fibers are analyzed by the combination of scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA), and tensile test. The results indicate that the blended fibers have an average diameter about 110 μm with oblate cross section and rough surface. The hydrogen bonds are established between PVA and keratins during the spinning process. The curves of thermal performances of blended fibers are between those of keratin and PVA. In the case of the mechanical properties of blended fibers, they gradually decrease with an increase in keratin content. Hence, it should be pointed out that to obtain satisfactory fibers, the content of keratin in the blended solution has to be less than or equal to 15%.
Photothermal‐Induced Nanowelding of Metal–Semiconductor Heterojunction in Integrated Nanowire Units
Authors: Ghosh Pintu , Lu Jinsheng , Chen Ziyao , Yang Hangbo , Qiu Min , Li Qiang
Published: February 2018

An improvised and comparatively inexpensive method for welding semiconductors and metal nanowires (NWs) utilizing a plasmon‐enhanced photothermal effect is presented in this article. Different types of heterojunction‐based (single Schottky junction and back‐to‐back Schottky junctions) electronic nanodevices are fabricated by welding various combinations of silver and ZnO NWs on two gold electrodes using continuous wave laser (λ = 532 nm) shots. It is inferred from the current–voltage characteristic curves of these devices that the junction formed between the ZnO nanowire (NW) and the gold electrode demonstrates Schottky barrier‐like behavior, whereas the junctions between silver‐and‐gold and silver‐and‐ZnO behave like ohmic contacts. The maximum currents obtained for a single Schottky junction and back‐to‐back Schottky junctions corresponding to the applied bias voltage 40 V are 42 µA and 7 µA, respectively. This plasmon‐enhanced nanowelding technique extends the range of applications of nanowelding in fabrication of electronic nanodevices.
Medical Student Perception of Resident Versus Attending Contributions to Education on Co‐Supervised Shifts During the Emergency Medicine Clerkship
Authors: Byrne Richard , Barbas Brian , Baumann Brigitte M. , Patel Sundip N.
Published: February 2018

Objective

The objective was to assess medical student perception of resident and attending contributions to nine Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education educational objectives during their emergency medicine (EM) clerkship.

Methods

This was a prospective survey study of fourth‐year medical students during their EM clerkship in a single academic emergency department. Students anonymously completed end‐of‐shift surveys if supervised by both resident and attending physicians. Students estimated the relative educational contribution from resident and attending on a 100‐point visual analog scale (–50 to 50) with –50 = 100% resident contribution, +50 = 100% attending contribution, and 0 = equal contributions by resident and attendings. Nine educational objectives were surveyed: evidence‐based medicine (EBM), clinical knowledge, chart documentation, bedside teaching, patient throughput, interpersonal communication, oral patient presentations, efficiency, and procedural instruction.

Results

We collected 274 surveys from 65 students. Of the nine objectives, students perceived that residents contributed more than attendings in eight of nine (results reported as mean values with 95% confidence intervals): clinical knowledge –4.5 (–7.3 to –1.7), chart documentation –8.0 (–12.0 to –4.0), bedside teaching –8.6 (–12.0 to –5.2), throughput –13.0 (–16.4 to –9.6), oral presentations –14.2 (–17.3 to –11), efficiency –14.4 (–17.6 to –11.3), procedural instruction –20.2 (–24.0 to –16.5), and interpersonal communication –13.5 (–17.7 to –9.4). The sole outlier favoring attendings was EBM: 5.5 (1.9 to 9.1).

Conclusions

Medical students perceive resident physicians to contribute more than attendings for most of their EM educational objectives, with faculty providing the greatest contribution to their EBM training.
Concentrated slurry formation via drawdown and incorporation of wettable solids in a mechanically agitated vessel
Authors: Wood Thomas , Simmons Mark J. H. , Greenwood Richard W. , Stitt E. Hugh
Published: February 2018

This article describes the effect of vessel configurations on the drawdown and incorporation of floating solids to prepare concentrated alumina slurries in stirred tanks. The impeller speed and power draw required to incorporate all dry powder within four seconds, NJI and PJI, are used to evaluate incorporation performance. The effect of impeller type is assessed, with pitched blade impellers proving to be the most effective across the full range of solid contents considered. At higher solids content the energy demand is shown to increase dramatically, with a 100‐fold increase in energy required to add 1% w/w more solid at 50% by weight compared to 1% by weight. Analysis of impeller power numbers show this coincides with a transition from constant power number to a region where power number increases linearly with decreasing Reynolds number. Contrary to studies at low solids content, the presence of baffles is shown to inhibit drawdown. © 2018 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1885–1895, 2018