bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of a Water Softening Sludge Into Pozzolanic Paving Material
Authors: Watt Ronald D. , Angelbeck Donald I.
Published: February 2018

Recent and future environmental regulations created a critical need for new environmentally sound sludge‐disposal techniques in the water‐supply field. Several sludge‐disposal concepts utilizing sludge as a raw material for product manufacture could serve as a basis for meeting this need. This article describes research on the use of water coagulation‐softening sludge as a raw material for the manufacture of pozzolanic road‐base construction material.
Some Sound Basic Steps for Financial Planning
Authors: Sayles Dwight R. , Stratton Roel K.
Published: February 2018

A utility board made up of businessmen or professional people in the community must have a sound information base in order to make knowledgeable decisions with an understanding of the consequences. This article considers the information needs and involved processes of policymaking for an expanding utility.
The Development of the Controlled Buoyancy System for Installation of Submerged Pipelines
Authors: Berg Harry
Published: February 2018

The need to install pipe at greater underwater depths than ever before has led to the development of the controlled buoyancy system. The method involves maintaining the water level in a submerged and buoyant vessel constant through the proper balancing of air volume under changing water‐pressure conditions. The method was refined through actual applications in the installations of submerged outfall pipelines, but the system can be applied to other types of pipelines
The Safe Drinking Water Act and the Water Utility Owner
Authors: Adams Oscar H.
Published: February 2018

The effects of the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act on the water‐utility owner are explained with particular attention to monitoring requirements, public notification, and record keeping.
Northern Ontario Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Gerritsen E.D.
Published: February 2018

Traditional water main design and construction methods must be adapted to suit specific northern climatic conditions. Special consideration must be given to depth of frost penetration, the effect of frost on pipe loading, installation of water mains in rock, and the selection of pipe materials.
Does Utility Management Have Social Responsibilities?
Authors: Lachky Constance C.
Published: February 2018

The social responsibilities of a utility include aspects of water quality, service, rates, and public communication, but neither the best interests of the utility or of the public can be dismissed in establishing the limits of such responsibility.
A Proposal for Competitive Negotiation of Architect and Engineer Services
Authors: Oberson Frank
Published: February 2018

There is a need for further improvement in the selection and procurement of architect‐engineer (A‐E) services by federal agencies. The alternatives for strengthening this process involve the use of competitive negotiation techniques. Professional excellence is emphasized and fee is considered only after excellence and interest have been established.
Demineralization of Brackish Municipal Water Supplies‐Comparative Costs
Authors: Miller E.F.
Published: February 2018

The reverse osmosis process has become the least‐cost option for demineralization of the bulk of brackish water supplies in the western US.
The Reverse Osmosis Water‐Treatment Plant at Minitonas, Man.
Authors: Adams H.J. , Brant W.H.
Published: February 2018

The development and operation of the first municipal reverse osmosis water‐treatment plant in Canada are described with Information about the process, cost, and water quality.
Survey and Comparison of California Water Agencies‐Rate Structure
Authors: Reiter Glenn M.
Published: February 2018

Because of the wide range of such variables as source of supply, service‐area size and density, growth, energy costs, and tax supports, the comparison of prices among various water utilities is impossible.
Current Trends in Water Reclamation Technology
Authors: Garrison Walter E. , Miele Robert P.
Published: February 2018

Research during the past ten years has led to the design and use of water‐reclamation processes to treat water for recreational, industrial, and irrigation reuse and for groundwater recharge.
Direct Filtration
Authors: Culp Russell L.
Published: February 2018

Direct filtration of raw waters that are low in turbidity, color, plankton, and coliform organisms and free of paper fibers is a comparatively low cost option that can produce good quality water reliably.
Alternatives for Management of Small Community Water Systems
Authors: Hale C. Clark
Published: February 2018

Passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is forcing the recognition of the crisis of management in small community systems much earlier than the condition would have been recognized normally.
Architecture and the Water works‐Designing With Nature
Authors: Spreiregen Paul D. , Sultan Martin B.
Published: February 2018

A case study of how plans for a water‐treatment plant expansion, denied because of visual intrusion of the design on a historic and natural park setting, were revised to meet the approval of the controlling agency.
Blending the Finished Product with the Environment
Authors: Larkin Donald G.
Published: February 2018

Good planning, environmental assessment, public input, design, and construction are required to ensure blending of a facility with its environment.
A Model to Predict Concentration and Head‐ Loss Profiles in Filtration
Authors: Adin Avner , Rebhun Menahem
Published: February 2018

A nonconventional theoretical approach presents an accumulation‐detachment model emphasizing the key role of breakthrough curves in filter design.
Water Rates for Industry Should be Equitable
Authors: Graeser H.J.
Published: February 2018

In many instances across the country water rates for industry are extremely low, possibly loss rates; and in other areas, where industry is captive, industrial rates are extremely high while domestic rates are far too low. It is becoming increasingly accepted practice to consider the matter of system demand, both hourly and daily peaks on the cost of water service. Demand metering may be the most practical solution.
Report on EPA Regulations
Authors: Kimm Victor J.
Published: February 2018

The development of the Safe Drinking Water Act, obstacles that are being faced in enforcing the program, and action being taken to overcome those obstacles are reviewed.
Moles Not Weight Are Corresponding Quantities
Authors: Hubbs Stephen A.
Published: February 2018

The two points of view included here do not argue the validity of MCLs for organics. What is contested is—premised MCLs—whether halogenated compounds be considered strictly on a total weight per unit weight of water basis or by some other criteria. The EPA treatise is an excerpt from a forthcoming Federal Register statement. Mr. Hubb's statement was made before the Natl. Drinking Water Advsy. Council recently.
Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Pollution
Authors: Myslinski Elizabeth , Ginsburg Walter
Published: February 2018

Macroinvertebrates are a useful indicator of water‐quality changes such as those caused by the introduction of pollutants that affect these organisms.
Traducciones Al Español De La Journal AWWA
Authors: Cleasby J. L. , Arboleda J. , Burns D. E. , Prendiville P. W. , Savage E. S.
Published: February 2018

Translations of specific articles from the Journal American Water Works Association are available in Spanish, and may be purchased through the AWWA order department. Filtration, cast iron pipe, developing countries, chlorine residuals, and vandalism are topics covered in these articles.
When a Manager “Talks” to the Public
Authors: Lattie James E.
Published: February 2018

Advice and practical hints are given that will help water agency personnel establish and maintain an effective public information program.
How Wisconsin Makes Equitable Training Available to Operators of Small Utilities
Authors: Lissack J.L.
Published: February 2018

When two operators here, eight there, and so on are interested in attending a seminar but are too scattered to get together, this technique may be an answer.
International Collaboration for Improving Water Supply in Developing Countries
Authors: Dieterich B.H.
Published: February 2018

The efforts of international agencies to develop “safe” drinking water supplies in developing countries is outlined.
Evaluating Fluoride Concentrations in Community Water Supplies
Authors: Dangel Robert A.
Published: February 2018

Guidelines for the water‐utility operator and for state surveillance personnel are reviewed concerning fluoridation operations.
Arsenic Contamination of Water Wells in Nova Scotia
Authors: Grantham David A. , Jones John F.
Published: February 2018

A single reported case of arsenic intoxication set in motion a large‐scale investigation aimed at tracking the occurrence and sources of arsenic in well water and determining safe levels of concentration. The investigators' resulting recommendations focus on eliminating further instances of exposure to arsenic contamination through a program of water‐supply surveillance and other precautions.
Frequency Distributions for Coliform Bacteria in Water
Authors: Pipes Wesley O. , Ward Pamela , Ahn S.H.
Published: February 2018

An examination of the frequency distributions most commonly used to estimate mean coliform densities in flowing water compares their reliability in describing coliform data obtained from sample tests.
Depletion Allowance for Groundwater Mining: Pros and Cons
Authors: Knowles Tommy , Rayner Frank
Published: February 2018

Texas’ experience with groundwater mining and the implications of a recently approved cost depletion allowance (or owners of groundwater resources are discussed.
Comparison of Commercial Filter Aids
Authors: Arora Madan Lal
Published: February 2018

A comparison of filter aids shows that they can be evaluated on the basis of least‐cost when providing either equal weights or equal volumes of the filter aids.
Tubular Settlers—A Technical Review
Authors: Willis Roderick M.
Published: February 2018

The basic factors involved in tubular‐settler design are discussed and parameters to ensure good design are suggested.
Control Systems From the Operator's Point of View
Authors: Garrett Jerry W.
Published: February 2018

Designers say automation is good. Operators wonder whether it will work. Outlined below are methods an operator can use to judge the design and ease the implementation of automated control systems.
Fresno, Calif., Subsurface Drain Collector‐Deep Well Recharge System
Authors: Bianchi William C. , Nightingale Harry I. , McCormick Robert L.
Published: February 2018

A system is described that greatly expands the geological profiles that can be used as recharge areas. Water is filtered through sandy soil, collected in agricultural drain placed in the shallow‐perched water table, and gravity‐fed into a specially designed recharge well.
A Method for Integrating Engineering and Economic Planning
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: February 2018

In committing limited resources for system expansion, water utilities are under increasing pressure to strike an appropriate balance between supply and demand. A method for reliably assessing the several factors affecting this balance is presented.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Midkiff William S.
Published: February 2018

This comment pertains to the article “Arsenic Contamination of Water Wells in Nova Scotia,” by David A. Grantham and John F. Jones, which appeared in the December 1977 issue of Journal AWWA.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Grantham David A. , Jones John F.
Published: February 2018

The authors reply to the preceding comments on their article “Arsenic Contamination of Water Wells in Nova Scotia” (Journal AWWA, December 1977).
Proposed Regulations on Organic: Prudent Assumptions
Authors: Krusé Cornelius W.
Published: February 2018

The proposed organics regulations are discussed. When the animal carcinogenicity of chloroform was established it was prudent to assume that humans ingesting low levels over a long period of time would be at some increased risk of cancer. However, the animal data upon which risk estimates were made for chloroform exposure, were sparse and inconsistent. The estimates provide an estimate of one excess cancer case per year for each 10 million persons exposed. This excess is so small as to escape detection by normally used methodologies.
The Use of Particle Counting in Developing Plant Design Criteria
Authors: Tate Carol H. , Trussell R.R.
Published: February 2018

Turbidity measurement has traditionally been a primary indicator of treatment effectiveness, but turbidity is an indirect measurement that does not always provide the complete information sought from pilot‐plant investigations. The authors report on their evaluation of particle‐counting techniques, which have been found to be useful in pilot‐plant process evaluation and optimization.
Large‐Volume Sampling of Water Supplies for Microorganisms
Authors: Jakubowski Walter , Chang Shih‐Lu , Ericksen Theadore H. , Lippy Edwin C. , Akin Elmer W.
Published: February 2018

Identification of the causative agents of waterborne disease outbreaks often requires the transportation of large volumes of water to the laboratory for processing or the shipment of bulky equipment to the outbreak site, which can result in delays in processing samples and failure to identify the infectious agent. Portable, large‐volume sampling devices can facilitate the examination of water supplies for viruses, Giardia cysts, and bacteria.
Fiscal Planning and Water Conservation in Madison, Wis.
Authors: Deibert Larry E.
Published: February 2018

A water‐conservation program in this Wisconsin community helped to ease fiscal problems brought about by an increasing peak‐day usage demand.
Corrosion Control by Deposition of CaCO3 Films: Part 3, A Practical Approach for Plant Operators
Authors: Merrill Douglas T. , Sanks Robert L.
Published: February 2018

Part 3 describes the solving of water‐conditioning problems that cannot be entirely worked on the Caldwell‐Lawrence diagrams. Some practical aspects of plant operations are discussed as well.
Colloid‐Chemical Parameters for Coagulant Dose Control
Authors: Verma Subhash , Chaudhuri Malay
Published: February 2018

Colloid charge can be measured using the colloid‐titration technique, instead of zeta‐potential, with comparable results.
Contaminants In Drinking Water: Prudence, Not Rashness
Authors: Kimm Victor J.
Published: February 2018

The move to control organic contaminants was not based on the notion of an immediate health hazard but rather on indications of long‐term health risks, and regulatory action is wise public policy, both authorized and compulsory under the law.
The Application of Filtration Theory to Pilot‐Plant Design
Authors: Adin Avner , Baumann E. Robert , Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

As drinking water quality standards become more stringent and the need for filtration in water treatment increases, the use of pilot studies prior to filter design is increasing correspondingly. A review of filtration theory as it applies to pilot‐plant design is backed by descriptions of basic pilot‐scale equipment and analyses of actual studies.
The Use of Chloramine for Reduction of Trihalomethanes and Disinfection of Drinking Water
Authors: Brodtmann Noel V. , Russo Peter J.
Published: February 2018

One part of the proposed organics regulations prohibits use of chloramine as primary disinfectant on the grounds that it is a poor biocide. One water department that has used chloramine as a primary disinfectant for over 30 years describes its biocidal effectiveness as measured under actual treatment plant conditions.
An Evaluation of the Organics–Carbon Adsorbable Method for Use With Potable Water
Authors: Otson Rein , Bothwell Peter D. , Williams David T.
Published: February 2018

A lack of precision in some results obtained when Ottawa tap water was monitored over a year's time by the organics‐carbon adsorbable method led to a thoroughgoing evaluation of the procedure.
Conducting a Leak Detection Search
Authors: Heim Paul M.
Published: February 2018

Recently, the increase in energy, water treatment, and distribution costs has forced utilities to reevaluate the problem of water loss and leakage control. Current leak detection methods include sonic detection and the use of tracer gases to locate leaks when sonic methods are impractical.
Should Computers Be Used for Engineering or Business Programs?
Authors: Gant John H.
Published: February 2018

Depending on the characteristics of the computer and the effective use of foreground and background programming, a digital computer installed for water system control automation can utilize batch programs for business accounting, solving engineering problems, mathematical modeling of the distribution system, or analyzing future water schedules.
Chlorination and Coagulation of Humic and Fulvic Acids
Authors: Babcock David B. , Singer Philip C.
Published: February 2018

The findings of an investigation of chloroform yields resulting from the chlorination of naturally occurring humic and fulvic acids before and after coagulation suggest that chloroform levels in drinking water can be lowered by reducing the total organic carbon content of the raw water or by reducing the amount of chlorine added during treatment.
Water User Demand: Cost Allocation and Taxation
Authors: Jack Stuart , Berubé Clement , Demard Hubert
Published: February 2018

This study analyzes the impact of user demands on the design and operation of the Sainte Foy, Que., municipal water system. A method for allocating joint water costs to individual user groups is developed, and a tax structure oriented to management of demand is proposed.
An Extensive Salmonella Typhimurium Outbreak of Probable Waterborne Origin
Authors: Zaki Mahfouz H. , Miller George S. , Sheppard Robert J. , Harris David , McLaughlin Mary C.
Published: February 2018

A massive outbreak of salmonella gastroenteritis triggered an exploration of probable sources and modes of transmission and the institution of preventive measures to avert future outbreaks.
Comparison of Methods for Determination of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water
Authors: Dressman Ronald C. , Stevens Alan A. , Fair Jerry , Smith Bradford
Published: February 2018

Several methods have been published for the analysis of volatile organohalides in water by liquid‐liquid extraction. The authors compare these methods to one another and to the purge‐and‐trap method with regard to both quantitative and qualitative accuracy.
Minerals and Mortality
Authors: Robertson J.S.
Published: February 2018

A rise in mortality in men aged 45 to 64 in Scunthorpe, England, followed immediately after the town's water supply was artificially softened. The theory that water hardness might affect the incidence of cardiovascular disease is refuted here, but it is possible that the relationship between hard water and mortality might be an effect of calcium or magnesium from hard water on case fatality rates. Alternative theories and evidence that lead or sodium associated with the use of soft water might exert a harmful influence are outlined.
Crib Deaths and Sodium in Water
Authors: Robertson J.S. , Parker V.
Published: February 2018

Analysis of sudden deaths in infancy over a thirty‐year period during which there were two changes in the sodium content of the water supply indicates that this form of mortality was significantly greater in the decade when sodium levels exceeded 100 mg/L. The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that hypernatraemia is a significant factor leading to crib death.
A Service Center Complex Designed for Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Tinkey A.M.
Published: February 2018

Described here are the past, present, and projected operational requirements successfully incorporated by the St. Louis County Water Co. in the design of its new service center complex.
Testing of Home Use Carbon Filters
Authors: Taylor Raymond H. , Allen Martin J. , Geldreich Edwin E.
Published: February 2018

Consumers are buying and installing point‐of‐use carbon filtration devices at an increasing rate, with little or no guarantee of their advertised efficacy for water quality improvement, and no knowledge of the possible bacterial growth that may occur within the granular activated carbon cartridge.
The Helical Flow Reactor Clarifier: An Innovation in Water Treatment
Authors: Wyness David Keith
Published: February 2018

The helical flow reactor clarifier is a hydraulically driven system designed to form and maintain a rotating, conical‐shaped sludge blanket, through which water would flow upward in an expanding spiral path. This design minimizes the energy input required for the maintenance of a sludge blanket and eliminates the mechanical problems associated with more conventional clarifiers.
Design Criteria and Process Schemes for GAC Filters
Authors: Sontheimer Heinrich
Published: February 2018

Most chemical pollutants that are hazardous to human health can be removed by granular activated carbon treatment if the right design is selected and the adsorption efficiency is controlled. Some questions are as yet unanswered regarding the application of activated carbon treatment but exchange of information on an international level can ensure progress toward safer drinking water.
The Cost Of Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption Treatment in the US
Authors: Gumerman Robert C. , Culp Russell L. , Clark Robert M.
Published: February 2018

Cost curves for 99 different unit processes that are utilized in water treatment systems ranging in capacity from 2500 gpd to 200 mgd were developed by a consultant for the EPA Drinking Water Research Division. A discussion of twelve of the processes is presented here.
Analytical Note: A Dilution Strategy for Dilute Conductivity Measurements
Authors: Barrett Richard
Published: February 2018

Because a drop in conductivity is not directly proportional to dilution, time‐consuming trial and error procedures often are employed to bring the measured conductance into the appropriate range. Presented here is a more convenient method for dilute conductivity measurements.
The Logistic Curve as a Model for Carbon Bed Design
Authors: Oulman Charles S.
Published: February 2018

The technique for determining design parameters for activated carbon columns described here can be used for scaling up the design of a carbon column from laboratory and pilot scale to full scale.
Feasibility Studies on Liquid Ion Exchange for Alum Recovery From Water Treatment Plant Sludges
Authors: Cornwell David A. , Lemunyon Roger M.
Published: February 2018

In the final article of a three‐part series on the use of liquid ion exchange procedures for aluminum recovery from water treatment plant sludges, a specific procedure for the purification of aluminum prior to recycling is presented. Batch tests were conducted to develop appropriate extraction and stripping equilibrium curves. The study determined that more than 95 percent recovery of soluble aluminum is feasible.
Grounding of Electric Circuits to Water Services: National Electrical Code Versus AWWA Policy
Authors: Steffan Robert F.
Published: February 2018

For more than 65 years the subject of electrical grounding to water pipes has been disputed by the promulgators of the National Electrical Code and the American Water Works Association. The evolution to date of the code and AWWA policy statements regarding It are summarized here.
Conducting a Regular Main Flushing Program
Authors: Pattison Philip L.
Published: February 2018

As standards for water quality are constantly improving, the public is demanding higher quality water and better service. Annual main flushing should be a part of every utility's regular maintenance program to ensure that water quality does not diminish after water flows from the source of supply into the pipe network.
Dual Distribution Systems Analysis
Authors: Deb Arun K. , Evans Michael P.
Published: February 2018

Described here is a system model for technical and economic analysis of an urban water system having potable, subpotable, and nonpotable sources and dual or multiple distribution systems.
The Effects of Water Conservation Kits on Water Use
Authors: Morgan W. Douglas , Pelosi Peter
Published: February 2018

Currently many conservation methods are being tested, but few utilities know the quantitative effects of a particular conservation campaign. The effectiveness of a water conservation campaign in. Oxnard, Calif., is evaluated here.
Algal Concentration as a Quality Parameter of Finished Drinking Waters In and Around Pittsburgh, Pa.
Authors: Kay George P. , Sykora Jan L. , Burgess Richard A.
Published: February 2018

Blooming species are difficult to eradicate from water supply systems and may pass through distribution lines intact at concentrations of several thousand cells per millilitre, possibly affecting the palatability of finished water and posing potential health hazards to consumers.
Pumping Station Reliability: How and How Much
Authors: Valcour Henry C.
Published: February 2018

A higher degree of reliability or a higher percentage of successful pumping station operations could be achieved by the adoption of reliability classifications and appropriate design criteria for attaining each level.
Notes and Comments: On Measuring the Velocity of Water in a Paddled Flocculator
Authors: Saatci Ahmet M. , Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

The equation developed here is proposed as a more accurate description of the data shown in Fig. 8 of Anand G. Bhole's article, “Measuring the Velocity of Water in a Paddled Flocculator,” Journal AWWA, February 1980.
Aggressive Water: Assessing the Extent of the Problem
Authors: Millette James R. , Hammonds Arthur F. , Pansing Michael F. , Hansen Edward C. , Clark Patrick J.
Published: February 2018

That corrosion caused by aggressive water not only carries the threat of distribution system deterioration but also poses a potential health hazard is generally recognized. But just how widespread is the problem? And how serious? A national survey covering water suppliers serving approximately one fifth of the US population shows almost 70 percent of the representative utilities to have moderately to highly aggressive waters.
The Costs of Internal Corrosion in Water Systems
Authors: Ryder Robert A.
Published: February 2018

A study conducted for the Seattle Water Department found that costs of corrosion of consumer plumbing and piping were ten times higher for initial capital and twenty times higher for annual maintenance than distribution system corrosion costs.
Monitoring and Controlling Corrosion by Potable Water
Authors: Mullen Edward D. , Ritter Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

At reasonable cost, the Middlesex Water Company's corrosion monitoring and control program has improved water quality, saved chemical treatment costs, and protected both the distribution system and the consumers’ piping.
Federal Help for Aging Distribution Systems: Tempting, But Unwise
Authors: Kuranz Joseph H.
Published: February 2018

All water utilities should have a distribution system master plan. The plan should project the utility's short‐term and reasonably longterm distribution system rehabilitation, reinforcement, replacement, and extension requirements. Based on sound engineering and economic principles, the plan would permit a utility to schedule the orderly achievement of these goals and meet the financial requirements through realistic water rates and operating surplus programs.
Hydropower: Inflation‐Proof Energy From Water Supply Dams
Authors: Linzell Lewis E.
Published: February 2018

Water utilities with water supply dams have the potential for developing hydropower, thereby assuring a nearly inflation‐proof source of power and energy.
Price Elasticity—One More Time
Authors: Seidel Harris F.
Published: February 2018

This presentation disputes the logic of price elasticity as it relates to rate increases and decreased water consumption.
Water Reuse for Groundwater Recharge: An Overview
Authors: Roberts Paul V.
Published: February 2018

For many water‐short areas where planned recycling of dwindling water resources is or soon will be a necessity, artificial recharge of groundwater aquifers with reclaimed water is among the more promising approaches to reuse. When the end of the cycle is domestic consumption, however, the path is hedged with unresolved questions. What are the important health issues? What water quality standards are appropriate at the points of recharge and extraction? What alternatives are available in water reclamation technology for producing water suitable for recharge? How do these alternatives perform in practice? How does water quality change during percolation and in the groundwater zone? How much do percolation and groundwater passage contribute to overall system reliability? What benefits and problems have been experienced in practice? It was the goal of the symposium summarized here∗ to make progress toward defining and answering these questions.
Groundwater Recharge Operations in California
Authors: Asano Takashi , Wassermann Kurt L.
Published: February 2018

The legislative directive contained in the California Water Code dictates that all possible steps be taken to encourage the development of water reclamation facilities to help meet the state's growing water requirements. Groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater is an approach to water reuse that results in the planned augmentation of groundwater supplies.
Treatment Technology to Meet the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Inorganics: Part 5
Authors: Sorg Thomas J. , Logsdon Gary S.
Published: February 2018

The fifth in a series summarizing existing treatment technology to meet the inorganic National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, this report describes current methods for removing barium and radionuclides from drinking water.
Evaluation and Treatment of Synthetic Organics in Drinking Water Supplies
Authors: Trussell R. Rhodes , Trussell Albert R.
Published: February 2018

Source surveys, source analyses, risk assessments, alternatives for dealing with contamination problems, cost‐benefit analyses, and full‐scale GAC treatment are among the practical strategies water utilities might use in meeting regulatory requirements for the control of synthetic organic contaminants in drinking water.
The Monochloramine–GAC Reaction in Adsorption Systems
Authors: Kim Byung R. , Snoeyink Vernon L.
Published: February 2018

Simulation studies using a steady state model reveal that factors such as influent NH2CI concentration, flow rate, contact time, GAC bed depth, and particle size are important in the design of GAC adsorption systems. Field observations indicate that the model predictions are reasonable estimates of GAC dechlorination performance.
Keeping a Century‐Old Water System Young
Authors: Jackson Ray A.
Published: February 2018

Like many cities, Richmond, Va., faces in addition to normal maintenance problems the complications resulting from an aging system encompassing a variety of materials installed over a span of many years. (Some pipe still in service dates back to 1832.) The utility's experiences are relevant not only to other now‐elderly systems but to all those whose own century mark is but a matter of time.
Taste as an Indicator for Drinking Water Quality
Authors: Zoeteman B.C.J. , Piet G.J. , Postma L.
Published: February 2018

Application of the traditional principle that drinking water should be tasteless, odorless, colorless, and transparent through taste assessment can contribute significantly to better quality drinking water and reduced health risks to the consumer.
Designing Equitable Water Rates: What Managers Need to Know
Authors: Ide William J.
Published: February 2018

Since future water rates will not only be higher but significantly so, utility managers must be able to perform or supervise the in‐depth studies and analyses needed for formulating recommendations as to the extent and shape of the rate changes to be brought about.
Drinking Water Chlorination: A Practice Unrelated to Cancer Mortality
Authors: Tuthill Robert W. , Moore Gary S.
Published: February 2018

The practice of chlorination in preference to other methods of disinfection should not be phased out until there is stronger epidemiological and clinical evidence to support the charge that it produces serious health risks, and until the potential health effects of substitute disinfectants are carefully explored.
An overview of European water treatment practice
Authors: Knoppert P.L. , Oskam G. , Vreedenburgh E.G.H.
Published: February 2018

The philosophy behind new treatment designs in Europe is to remove total organic carbon and synthetic organic contaminants in successive treatment steps—storage, flocculation, settling, ozonation, rapid and slow sand filtration, and granular activated carbon filtration—rather than only in the GAC filters. The idea is to combine physical, chemical, and biological removal mechanisms In an integrated system to achieve optimum removal of micropollutants.
Cancer mortality and public drinking water in St. Louis city and county
Authors: Marienfeld Carl J. , Collins Michael D. , Wright Harley T. , Reddy Ravula , Shoop Gary , Roberts Kay K. , Rust Philip
Published: February 2018

The results of recent studies do not appear to implicate drinking water as a major factor in producing the considerably higher cancer mortality rates in the city of St. Louis than in St. Louis County, pointing instead to such socioeconomic factors as low income, low educational level, and occupation as a laborer and to air pollution.
Raw water studies determine siting of new intake
Authors: Hutcheon Boyce C. , Smith David W.
Published: February 2018

A four‐year program of daily sampling from selected points extending beyond the original intake proved successful in establishing a reliable intake location for Ottawa's Britannia plant. Regardless of weather conditions or seasons, representative Ottawa River water samples were obtained through plastic hoses connected to submerged stanchions. Since the 150‐m intake extension was constructed in 1977, no adverse water conditions have resulted from intense storms or spring runoff.
Comparison of the biocidal efficiency of alternative disinfectants
Authors: Hoff John C. , Geldreich Edwin E.
Published: February 2018

Of all the current potential alternatives to free residual chlorine for drinking water disinfection (ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines), ozone is the most potent biocide. Chlorine dioxide is about on a par with hypochlorous acid, but in contrast to free residual chlorine, its efficiency increases substantially as pH increases in the range at which disinfection is usually applied. Chloramines are weaker biocides than hypochlorite ion, the least efficient form of free residual chlorine. Precise quantitative ranking of biocidal efficiencies is not possible because efficiencies differ with different microorganisms and experimental conditions. Laboratory studies are not always directly applicable to disinfectant use in the field.
Waterborne disease: occurrence is on the upswing
Authors: Lippy Edwin C.
Published: February 2018

Three of the waterborne disease outbreaks in 1979 typified problems common to many water systems. Investigation of the outbreaks identified as causative factors deficiencies in water treatment practices and plant operation and a breakdown in surveillance activities designed to protect public health. Preliminary information indicates that a total of 45 outbreaks occurred during 1979, increasing the annual average of outbreaks to 36 for the four‐year period from 1976 to 1979. This represents a 50 percent increase over the 1971–75 average of 24. The five‐year averages have steadily increased from an annual average of ten during 1951–55. Before that period the trend was declining.
Evaluating costs and benefits of alternative disinfectants
Authors: Clark Robert M.
Published: February 2018

Environmental Protection Agency regulation of the maximum contaminant level for total trihalomethanes, along with the discovery that THMs are formed during the disinfection process, has led to increased scrutiny of disinfection practices. An analysis of the cost–benefit ratios of chlorination and other methods of disinfection concludes that the benefits associated with any type of disinfection far outweigh the costs.
Water conservation devices for new or existing dwellings
Authors: Sharpe William E.
Published: February 2018

Until now the utility manager has been compelled to test and demonstrate water conservation devices in selected homes within the community prior to recommending their widespread use. Such efforts are often limited by inadequate monitoring and nonstandard evaluations. These independent tests are duplicative and delay conservation program implementation, but they have been required because of a lack of good performance data for many water conservation devices and fixtures. Some information on the performance of water conservation devices is now available and is discussed in this article.
Virus removal by coagulation and flocculation
Authors: Malek Beji , George Dennis B. , Filip Daniel S.
Published: February 2018

In communities that are treating relatively clear water (turbidity less than 50 ntu), conventional water treatment processes have been modified by eliminating either the sedimentation process or the flocculation process. This modified system is referred to as direct filtration. Coagulant dosages used in direct filtration systems are much lower than dosages used in conventional treatment systems (less than 20 mg/L). It is therefore important to assess the effectiveness of coagulation and flocculation for virus removal at low coagulant dosages and also to determine the role of turbidity in the interaction between virus and the coagulants.
Detection of trace organics in well water near a solid waste landfill
Authors: DeWalle Foppe B. , Chian Edward S.K.
Published: February 2018

The majority of municipal and industrial solid wastes is disposed of in landfills. Although sanitary landfill guidelines have reduced the immediate public health hazards from vector exposure, environmental degradation can occur through leaching of organics and inorganics from the solid waste by infiltrating rainwater. This study evaluates the migration of leachate containing trace contaminants away from a solid waste landfill located upstream from an artesian well field operated by a local water company.
Selecting polymers for direct filtration
Authors: Yeh Hsuan‐Hsien , Ghosh iganka M.
Published: February 2018

Cationic polymers with low to medium molecular weights and high charge densities are ideally suited for direct filtration. Rapid mixing at a velocity gradient of 300‐650 sec‐1 for 3–6 min is necessary before filtration. In most cases slow flocculation may be avoided. Modified jar tests with high intensity mixing followed immediately by particle size distribution analysis should be the method of choice for selecting polymers for direct filtration. For optimum filtration, an optimum floc size distribution exists that depends on filter and particulate characteristics.
Estimating color in Hazen units by spectrophotometry
Authors: Crowther Joan , Evans John
Published: February 2018

A simple colorimetric procedure was developed for apparent color determinations utilizing platinum‐cobalt standards and expressing the results in Hazen units. The method entails measuring the absorbance of a sample with a colorimeter using two broad band filters; a second absorbance reading is required to obtain a suitable correction for particulates. With this method, the human response factor is minimized, and the precision, as estimated by standard deviation, is one Hazen unit.
Demonstration testing of alum recovery by liquid ion exchange
Authors: Cornwell David A. , Cline Gary C. , Przybyla John M. , Tippin David
Published: February 2018

A 0.63‐L/s sludge flow liquid ion exchange alum recovery plant was tested at the Tampa (Fla.) water filtration plant. Two equipment setups were tested: one providing a rapid mix of sludge and solvent and the other a slow mix. Both were able to recover more than 90 percent of the aluminum and to reduce the dry weight of the sludge as predicted by acidification. Operating costs for a full‐scale system were estimated at about the same as the value of the recovered alum. The economic considerations for installation would be based on treatment costs for the original sludge compared to those for the alum‐free residual.
Spectrophotometric determination of chlorine dioxide
Authors: Harp Daniel L. , Klein R.L. , Schoonover D.J.
Published: February 2018

Spectrophotometric procedures based on the oxidation of chlorophenol red (CPR), a pH indicator, can determine trace amounts of chlorine dioxide in water. Procedures for measuring three concentration ranges have been developed: 0–0.1 mg/L, 0–0.2 mg/L, and 0–1.0 mg/L. A total of four reagents and a laboratory or portable spectrophotometer were used. The reaction of CPR with chlorine dioxide is very specific, with no interference noted from hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, chromate, permanganate, ferric iron, chloramines, turbidity, or sample temperature. At a 0.46‐mg/L chlorine dioxide concentration, the precision of the method as standard deviation is ±0.003 mg/L.
Discussion—The costs of compliance: an EPA estimate for organics control
Authors: Ari Metin , Crittenden John C.
Published: February 2018

A paper examining the costs for compliance with organics control regulations (Clark, R.M. & Dorsey, P. The Cost of Compliance: An EPA Estimate for Organics Control. Jour. AWWA, 72:8:451 [Aug. 1980]) prompted a discussion of the use of various configurations of multistage adsorbers to improve cost efficiency.
The politics of water
Authors: MacNeil Robert
Published: February 2018

The co‐author of public television's MacNeil/Lehrer Report believes that the United States faces a water shortage potentially more serious than any energy shortage. He discusses drought, emergency planning, farming and irrigation, a national water policy, water conservation and importation, desalination, use of icebergs, and federal regulation of and involvement in the water supply industry.
Controlling trihalomethanes with powdered activated carbons
Authors: Anderson Mark C. , Butler Rhendal C. , Holdren Fred J. , Kornegay Billy H.
Published: February 2018

The application of powdered activated carbon for organics control has been limited because of the assumption that large dosages are necessary. A plant‐scale study was conducted to examine the feasibility of trace organic control through the use of powdered carbon. Results indicate that a powdered carbon, especially formulated for a specific removal, can be successful in reducing trihalomethane formation levels up to 56 percent at carbon dosages considerably less than previously reported. The study demonstrates that the right powdered carbon can reduce trihalomethane levels by adsorbing the precursors.
Declining‐rate filtration
Authors: Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

The use of declining‐rate filtration in new plants is increasing because it produces better quality water and requires less available head loss. Critical to the conversion of constant‐rate or constant‐level filter plants to declining‐rate operations is the total head loss required for the declining‐rate plant and variations in the water level after conversion. Several alternatives for converting to declining‐rate filtration are available.
Continuous, automated, and low‐cost monitoring of the organic content in water
Authors: Davenport R.J. , Wynveen R.A. , Cooper W.J.
Published: February 2018

In the experimental phase the electrochemical organic content analyzer has been shown to be sensitive to individual organic compounds found in water. Future applications in monitoring and control operations in water treatment plants appear promising.
Notes and comments: leaching of organics from a PVC‐polyethylene‐plexiglass pilot plant
Authors: Kreft P. , Trussell A. , Lang J. , Kavanaugh M. , Trussell R.
Published: February 2018

Tests were performed to determine the potential of a water treatment pilot plant constructed from conventional materials to release or remove organic compounds as it is used to model water treatment. The results indicate that the use of a pilot plant constructed of judiciously selected plastic materials may not interfere with studies of organics removal.
Success story uncovered
Authors: Wright Robert R.
Published: February 2018

The story behind the cover photograph on the August 1981 JOURNAL AWWA is told. The granular activated carbon columns in the photograph were installed in Lee County, Florida, while the author's firm was general water consultant to the county. These units and a chlorine dioxide feed system were designed and installed to remove taste, odor, and trihalomethanes.
Evaluating mediums and plating techniques for enumerating bacteria in water distribution systems
Authors: Means Edward G. , Hanami Lynn , Ridgway Harry F. , Olson Betty H.
Published: February 2018

Two drinking water distribution systems, one containing chlorinated surface water, the other unchlorinated groundwater, were sampled bimonthly from June 1978 through September 1979 to evaluate mediums and plating techniques for bacterial enumeration. Both total and pigmented bacterial colonies were counted by using several different mediums at 20° C and 35° C incubation conditions with both the spread plate and pour plate methods. Results showed the pour plate method to be inferior to the spread plate method for the enumeration of total and pigmented bacteria in both distribution systems.
On a national water utilities bank
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: February 2018

Establishing a national water utilities bank would create a credit allocation mechanism favoring water utilities at the expense of private borrowers, taxpayers, and the health of the economy.
Improving productivity through work measurement
Authors: Parsons Ralph C.
Published: February 2018

Utilities have traditionally avoided work measurement or the establishment of job standards because the activities involved were considered too varied or difficult to define. However, improvements in productivity based on work measurement can be achieved by means of a simple, consistent reporting system. Other benefits of this technique include more reliable manpower projections, more efficient utilization and control of equipment, and more realistic and better‐documented budgets.
Specific and chelate exchangers: new functional polymers for water and wastewaster treatment
Authors: Calmon C.
Published: February 2018

The discovery that polar groups attach to polymeric matrices has enabled many types of synthetic ion‐exchange materials to be used in water and wastewater treatments because of their high selectivity and specificity.
Costs for small systems to meet the national interim drinking water regulations
Authors: Stevie Richard G. , Clark Robert M.
Published: February 2018

The Safe Drinking Water Act's National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR) have a definite financial impact on small water utilities. This paper examines the cost structure and financial problems of these small utilities and presents, for selected cases, estimates of the costs that small water utilities may incur in meeting NIPDWR requirements.
Crisis‐ridden water systems should go private
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: February 2018

Municipal water systems that are unable to maintain and expand their systems should become private businesses rather than seek government subsidies to cure their financial ills. Two solutions to the capital shortage have been offered. Because restrictive price controls have been imposed by political bodies, the solution of a federal subsidy program is undesirable. The second solution, deregulation and privatization of the industry, would accomplish price decontrol, which would in turn solve our urban water problems.
Removing trihalomethane precursors by permanganate oxidation and manganese dioxide adsorption
Authors: Colthurst Jean Marie , Singer Philip C.
Published: February 2018

Pretreatment of drinking water with potassium permanganate can result in the oxidation of THM precursors. Additionally, the manganese dioxide precipitate that is generated by the reduction of permanganate can adsorb THM precursors.