bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Synergy between Palmitate and TNF-α for CCL2 Production Is Dependent on the TRIF/IRF3 Pathway: Implications for Metabolic Inflammation
Authors: Ahmad Rasheed , Al-Roub Areej , Kochumon Shihab , Akther Nadeem , Thomas Reeby , Kumari Manju , Koshy Merin S. , Tiss Ali , Hannun Yusuf A. , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Sindhu Sardar , Rosen Evan D.
Published: April 2018

The chemokine CCL2 (also known as MCP-1) is a key regulator of monocyte infiltration into adipose tissue, which plays a central role in the pathophysiology of obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance. It remains unclear how CCL2 production is upregulated in obese humans and rodents. Because elevated levels of the free fatty acid (FFA) palmitate and TNF-α have been reported in obesity, we studied whether these agents interact to trigger CCL2 production. Our data show that treatment of THP-1 and primary human monocytic cells with palmitate and TNF-α led to a marked increase in CCL2 production compared with either treatment alone. Mechanistically, we found that cooperative production of CCL2 by palmitate and TNF-α did not require MyD88, but it was attenuated by blocking TLR4 or TRIF. IRF3-deficient cells did not show synergistic CCL2 production in response to palmitate/TNF-α. Moreover, IRF3 activation by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid augmented TNF-α–induced CCL2 secretion. Interestingly, elevated NF-κB/AP-1 activity resulting from palmitate/TNF-α costimulation was attenuated by TRIF/IRF3 inhibition. Diet-induced C57BL/6 obese mice with high FFAs levels showed a strong correlation between TNF-α and CCL2 in plasma and adipose tissue and, as expected, also showed increased adipose tissue macrophage accumulation compared with lean mice. Similar results were observed in the adipose tissue samples from obese humans. Overall, our findings support a model in which elevated FFAs in obesity create a milieu for TNF-α to trigger CCL2 production via the TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 signaling cascade, representing a potential contribution of FFAs to metabolic inflammation.
The Impact of Maternal Microbes and Microbial Colonization in Early Life on Hematopoiesis
Authors: McCoy Kathy D. , Thomson Carolyn A.
Published: April 2018

All body surfaces are colonized by microbes, which occurs through a dynamic process over the first few years of life. Initial colonizing microbes are transferred from the maternal microbiota to the newborn through vertical transmission. Postnatal maturation of the immune system is heavily influenced by these microbes, particularly during early life. Although microbial-mediated education of the immune system is better understood at mucosal sites, recent data indicate that the systemic immune system is also shaped by the microbiota. Bacterial products and metabolites produced through microbial metabolism can reach distal sites, and metabolites derived from the maternal microbiota can cross the placenta and are present in milk. Recent studies show that the microbiota can even influence immune development in primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow. This review outlines our current knowledge of how the microbiota can impact hematopoiesis, with a focus on the effects of maternal and early-life microbiota.
Pentecostals and apartheid: Has the wheel turned around since 1994?
Authors: Resane Kelebogile T.
Published: April 2018

The article gives a brief origin of the three classical Pentecostal denominations in South Africa, namely the Apostolic Faith Mission, the Full Gospel Church of God, and the Assemblies of God. The aim is to demonstrate the Pentecostals’ docility in the socio-political space in South Africa due to their church governance, structures and polity designed along racial lines. The main question is: Has the wheel in these churches turned around since 1994 after the dawn of democracy in South Africa? The conclusion suggests that these churches should demonstrate intrinsic reformation by continuing with proclamation and participation activities to demonstrate their alignment with the new democratic dispensation. A brief summary is given of these churches’ current activities in answer to the main question.
Do the Benefits of Electronic Cigarettes Outweigh the Risks?
Authors: Bond Christine M , Barry Arden R
Published: April 2018

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scph47
Authors: Roy Myrella
Published: April 2018

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Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: emissions, occurrence and potential sources
Authors: Adcock Karina E. , Reeves Claire E. , Gooch Lauren J. , Leedham Elvidge Emma C. , Ashfold Matthew J. , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. , Chou Charles , Fraser Paul J. , Langenfelds Ray L. , Mohd Hanif Norfazrin , O'Doherty Simon , Oram David E. , Ou-Yang Chang-Feng , Phang Siew Moi , Samah Azizan Abu , Röckmann Thomas , Sturges William T. , Laube Johannes C.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric measurements of the ozone-depleting substance CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) are reported from ground-based stations in Australia, Taiwan, Malaysia and the United Kingdom, together with aircraft-based data for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Building on previous work, we find that, since the gas first appeared in the atmosphere in the 1960s, global CFC-113a mixing ratios have been increasing monotonically to the present day. Mixing ratios of CFC-113a have increased by 40 % from 0.50 to 0.70 ppt in the Southern Hemisphere between the end of the previously published record in December 2012 and February 2017. We derive updated global emissions of 1.7 Gg yr−1 on average between 2012 and 2016 using a two-dimensional model. We compare the long-term trends and emissions of CFC-113a to those of its structural isomer, CFC-113 (CClF2CCl2F), which still has much higher mixing ratios than CFC-113a, despite its mixing ratios and emissions decreasing since the 1990s. The continued presence of northern hemispheric emissions of CFC-113a is confirmed by our measurements of a persistent interhemispheric gradient in its mixing ratios, with higher mixing ratios in the Northern Hemisphere. The sources of CFC-113a are still unclear, but we present evidence that indicates large emissions in East Asia, most likely due to its use as a chemical involved in the production of hydrofluorocarbons. Our aircraft data confirm the interhemispheric gradient as well as showing mixing ratios consistent with ground-based observations and the relatively long atmospheric lifetime of CFC-113a. CFC-113a is the only known CFC for which abundances are still increasing substantially in the atmosphere.
Wintertime photochemistry in Beijing: Observations of ROx radical concentrations in the North China Plain during the BEST-ONE campaign
Authors: Tan Zhaofeng , Rohrer Franz , Lu Keding , Ma Xuefei , Bohn Birger , Broch Sebastian , Dong Huabin , Fuchs Hendrik , Gkatzelis Georgios I. , Hofzumahaus Andreas , Holland Frank , Li Xin , Liu Ying , Liu Yuhan , Novelli Anna , Shao Min , Wang Haichao , Wu Yusheng , Zeng Limin , Hu Min , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Wahner Andreas , Zhang Yuanhang
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The first wintertime in-situ measurements of hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxy (HO2) and organic peroxy (RO2) radicals (ROx = OH + HO2 + RO2) in combination with observations of total reactivity of OH radicals, kOH in Beijing are presented. The field campaign “Beijing winter finE particle STudy – Oxidation, Nucleation and light Extinctions” (BEST-ONE) was conducted at the suburban site Huairou near Beijing from January to March 2016. It aimed to understand oxidative capacity during wintertime and to elucidate the secondary pollutants formation mechanism in the North China Plain (NCP). OH radical concentrations at noontime ranged from 2.4 × 106 cm−3 in severely polluted air (kOH ~ 27 s−1) to 3.6 × 106 cm−3 in relatively clean air (kOH ~ 5 s−1). These values are nearly two-fold larger than OH concentrations observed in previous winter campaign in Birmingham, Tokyo, and New York City. During this campaign, the total primary production rate of ROx radicals was dominated by the photolysis of nitrous acid accounting for 46 % of the identified primary production pathways for ROx radicals. Other important radical sources were alkene ozonolysis (28 %) and photolysis of oxygenated organic compounds (24 %). A box model was used to simulate the OH, HO2 and RO2 concentrations based on the observations of their long-lived precursors. The model was capable of reproducing the observed diurnal variation of the OH and peroxy radicals during clean days with a factor of 1.5. However, it largely underestimated HO2 and RO2 concentrations by factors up to 5 during pollution episodes. The HO2 and RO2 observed-to-modeled ratios increased with increasing NO concentrations, indicating a deficit in our understanding of the gas-phase chemistry in the high NOx regime. The OH concentrations observed in the presence of large OH reactivities indicate that atmospheric trace gas oxidation by photochemical processes can be highly effective even during wintertime, thereby facilitating the vigorous formation of secondary pollutants.
Impact of disturbance electric fields in the evening on prereversal vertical drift and spread F developments in the equatorial ionosphere
Authors: Abdu Mangalathayil A. , Nogueira Paulo A. B. , Santos Angela M. , de Souza Jonas R. , Batista Inez S. , Sobral Jose H. A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Equatorial plasma bubble/spread F irregularity occurrence can present large
variability depending upon the intensity of the evening prereversal
enhancement in the zonal electric field (PRE), that is, the F region
vertical plasma drift, which basically drives the post-sunset irregularity
development. Forcing from magnetospheric disturbances is an important source
of modification and variability in the PRE vertical drift and of the
associated bubble development. Although the roles of magnetospheric
disturbance time penetration electric fields in the bubble irregularity
development have been studied in the literature, many details regarding the
nature of the interaction between the penetration electric fields and the
PRE vertical drift still lack our understanding. In this paper we have
analyzed data on F layer heights and vertical drifts obtained from
digisondes operated in Brazil to investigate the connection between magnetic
disturbances occurring during and preceding sunset and the consequent
variabilities in the PRE vertical drift and associated equatorial spread F (ESF) development. The
impact of the prompt penetration under-shielding eastward electric field and
that of the over-shielding, and disturbance dynamo, westward electric field
on the evolution of the evening PRE vertical drift and thereby on the ESF
development are briefly examined. Keywords. Ionosphere (ionospheric irregularities)
High-frequency productivity estimates for a lake from free-water CO2 concentration measurements
Authors: Provenzale Maria , Ojala Anne , Heiskanen Jouni , Erkkilä Kukka-Maaria , Mammarella Ivan , Hari Pertti , Vesala Timo
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Lakes are important actors in biogeochemical cycles and a powerful natural
source of CO2. However, they are not yet fully integrated in carbon global
budgets, and the carbon cycle in the water is still poorly understood. In
freshwater ecosystems, productivity studies have usually been carried out
with traditional methods (bottle incubations, 14C technique), which are
imprecise and have a poor temporal resolution. Consequently, our ability to
quantify and predict the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is limited: the
estimates are prone to errors and the NEP cannot be parameterised from
environmental variables. Here we expand the testing of a free-water method
based on the direct measurement of the CO2 concentration in the water. The
approach was first proposed in 2008, but was tested on a very short data set
(3 days) under specific conditions (autumn turnover); despite showing
promising results, this method has been neglected by the scientific
community. We tested the method under different conditions (summer
stratification, typical summer conditions for boreal dark-water lakes) and on
a much longer data set (40 days), and quantitatively validated it comparing
our data and productivity models. We were able to evaluate the NEP with a
high temporal resolution (minutes) and found a very good agreement (R2≥0.71) with the models. We also estimated the parameters of the
productivity–irradiance (PI) curves that allow the calculation of the NEP
from irradiance and water temperature. Overall, our work shows that the
approach is suitable for productivity studies under a wider range of
conditions, and is an important step towards developing this method so that
it becomes more widely used.
Variability in copepod trophic levels and feeding selectivity based on stable isotope analysis in Gwangyang Bay of the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Chen Mianrun , Kim Dongyoung , Liu Hongbin , Kang Chang-Keun
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Trophic
preference (i.e., food resources and trophic levels) of different copepod
groups was assessed along a salinity gradient in the temperate estuarine
Gwangyang Bay of Korea, based on seasonal investigation of taxonomic results
in 2015 and stable isotope analysis incorporating multiple linear regression
models. The δ13C and δ15N values of copepods in the bay
displayed significant spatial heterogeneity as well as seasonal variations,
which were indicated by their significant relationships with salinity and
temperature, respectively. Both spatial and temporal variations reflected
those in isotopic values of food sources. The major calanoid groups (marine
calanoids and brackish water calanoids) had a mean trophic level of 2.2
relative to nanoplankton as the basal food source, similar to the bulk
copepod assemblage; however, they had dissimilar food sources based on the
different δ13C values. Calanoid isotopic values indicated a mixture
of different genera including species with high δ15N values (e.g.,
Labidocera, Sinocalanus, and Tortanus), moderate
values (Calanus sinicus, Centropages, Paracalanus,
and Acartia), and relatively low δ15N values
(Eurytemora pacifica and Pseudodiaptomus). Feeding
preferences of different copepods probably explain these seasonal and spatial
patterns of the community trophic niche. Bayesian mixing model calculations
based on source materials of two size fractions of particulate organic matter
(nanoplankton at < 20 µm vs. microplankton at
20–200 µm) indicated that Acartia and
Centropages preferred large particles; Paracalanus,
Calanus, Eurytemora, and Pseudodiaptomus
apparently preferred small particles. Tortanus was typically
carnivorous with low selectivity on different copepods. Labidocera
preferred marine calanoids Acartia, Centropages, and
harpacticoids; on the other hand, Sinocalanus and Corycaeus
preferred brackish calanoids Paracalanus and
Pseudodiaptomus. Overall, our results depict a simple energy flow of
the planktonic food web of Gwangyang Bay: from primary producers
(nanoplankton) and a mixture of primary producers and herbivores
(microplankton) through omnivores (Acartia, Calanus,
Centropages, and Paracalanus) and
detritivores
(Pseudodiaptomus, Eurytemora, and harpacticoids)
to carnivores (Corycaeus, Tortanus, Labidocera,
and Sinocalanus).
Latitudinal variations of δ30Si and δ15N signatures along the Peruvian shelf: quantifying the effects of nutrient utilization versus denitrification over the past 600 years
Authors: Doering Kristin , Ehlert Claudia , Martinez Philippe , Frank Martin , Schneider Ralph
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The sedimentary stable nitrogen isotope compositions of bulk organic matter (δ15Nbulk) and silicon isotope composition of diatoms (δ30SiBSi) both mainly reflect the degree of past nutrient utilization by primary producers. However, in ocean areas where anoxic and suboxic conditions prevail, the δ15Nbulk signal ultimately recorded within the sediments is also influenced by water column denitrification causing an increase in the subsurface δ15N signature of dissolved nitrate (δ15NO3−) upwelled to the surface. Such conditions are found in the oxygen minimum zone off Peru, where at present an increase in subsurface δ15NO3− from North to South along the shelf is observed due to ongoing denitrification within the pole-ward flowing subsurface waters, while the δ30Si signature of silicic acid (δ30Si(OH)4) at the same time remains unchanged. Here, we present three new δ30SiBSi records between 11° S and 15° S and compare these to previously published δ30SiBSi and δ15Nbulk records from Peru covering the past 600 years. We present a new approach to calculate past subsurface δ15NO3− signatures based on the correlation of δ30SiBSi and δ15Nbulk signatures at a latitudinal resolution for different time periods. Our results show source water δ15NO3− compositions during the last 200 years, the Current Warm Period (CWP) and during short-term arid events prior to that, which are close to modern values increasing southward from 7 to 10 ‰ (between 11° S and 15° S). In contrast, humid conditions during the Little Ice Age (LIA) reflect consistently low δ15NO3− values between 6 and 7.5‰. Furthermore, we are able to relate the short-term variability in both isotope compositions to changes in the ratio of nutrients (NO3− : Si(OH)4) taken up by different dominating phytoplankton groups (diatoms and non-siliceous phytoplankton) under the variable climatic conditions of the past 600 years.
Vertically migrating phytoplankton drive seasonal formation of subsurface negative preformed nitrate anomalies in the subtropical North Pacific and North Atlantic
Authors: Letscher Robert T. , Villareal Tracy A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Summertime drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon in the absence of measurable nutrients from the mixed layer and subsurface negative preformed nitrate (preNO3) anomalies observed for the ocean's subtropical gyres are two biogeochemical phenomena that have thus far eluded complete description. Many processes are thought to contribute including biological nitrogen fixation, lateral nutrient transport, carbon overconsumption or non-Redfield C : N : P organic matter cycling, heterotrophic nutrient uptake, and the actions of vertically migrating phytoplankton. Here we investigate the seasonal formation rates and potential contributing mechanisms for negative preformed nitrate anomalies (oxygen consumption without stoichiometric nitrate release) in the subsurface and positive preformed nitrate anomalies (oxygen production without stoichiometric nitrate drawdown) in the euphotic zone at the subtropical ocean time series stations ALOHA in the North Pacific and BATS in the North Atlantic. Non-Redfield −O2 : N stoichiometry for dissolved organic matter (DOM) remineralization is found to account for up to ~ 15 mmol N m−2 yr−1 of negative preNO3 anomaly formation at both stations. Residual negative preNO3 anomalies in excess of that which can be accounted for by non-Redfield DOM cycling are found to accumulate at a rate of ~ 32–46 mmol N m−2 yr−1 at station ALOHA and ~ 46–87 mmol N m−2 yr−1 at the BATS station. These negative anomaly formation rates are in approximate balance with positive preNO3 anomaly formation rates from the euphotic zone located immediately above the nutricline in the water column. Cycling of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and heterotrophic nitrate uptake can contribute to the formation of these preNO3 anomalies, however a significant fraction, estimated at ~ 50–95 %, is unexplained by the sum of these processes. Vertically migrating phytoplankton possess the necessary nutrient acquisition strategy and biogeochemical signature to quantitatively explain both the residual negative and positive preNO3 anomalies as well as the mixed layer dissolved inorganic carbon drawdown at stations ALOHA and BATS. TEP production by the model Rhizosolenia mat system could provide accelerated vertical transport of TEP as well as link the three processes together. Phytoplankton vertical migrators, although rare and easily overlooked, may play a large role in subtropical ocean nutrient cycling and the biological pump.
Salinity changes and anoxia resulting from enhanced run-off during the late Permian global warming and mass extinction event
Authors: van Soelen Elsbeth E. , Twitchett Richard J. , Kürschner Wolfram M.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The late Permian biotic crisis had a major impact on marine and terrestrial environments. Rising CO2 levels following Siberian Trap volcanic activity were likely responsible for expanding marine anoxia and elevated water temperatures. This study focuses on one of the stratigraphically most expanded Permian–Triassic records known, from Jameson Land, East Greenland. High-resolution sampling allows for a detailed reconstruction of the changing environmental conditions during the extinction event and the development of anoxic water conditions. Since very little is known about how salinity was affected during the extinction event, we especially focus on the aquatic palynomorphs and infer changes in salinity from changes in the assemblage and morphology. The start of the extinction event, here defined by a peak in spore : pollen, indicating disturbance and vegetation destruction in the terrestrial environment, postdates a negative excursion in the total organic carbon, but predates the development of anoxia in the basin. Based on the newest estimations for sedimentation rates, the marine and terrestrial ecosystem collapse took between 1.6 and 8 kyr, a much shorter interval than previously estimated. The palynofacies and palynomorph records show that the environmental changes can be explained by enhanced run-off and increased primary productivity and water column stratification. A lowering in salinity is supported by changes in the acritarch morphology. The length of the processes of the acritarchs becomes shorter during the extinction event and we propose that these changes are evidence for a reduction in salinity in the shallow marine setting of the study site. This inference is supported by changes in acritarch distribution, which suggest a change in palaeoenvironment from open marine conditions before the start of the extinction event to more nearshore conditions during and after the crisis. In a period of sea-level rise, such a reduction in salinity can only be explained by increased run-off. High amounts of both terrestrial and marine organic fragments in the first anoxic layers suggest that high run-off, increased nutrient availability, possibly in combination with soil erosion, are responsible for the development of anoxia in the basin. Enhanced run-off could result from changes in the hydrological cycle during the late Permian extinction event, which is a likely consequence of global warming. In addition, vegetation destruction and soil erosion may also have resulted in enhanced run-off. Salinity stratification could potentially explain the development of anoxia in other shallow marine sites. The input of freshwater and related changes in coastal salinity could also have implications for the interpretation of oxygen isotope records and seawater temperature reconstructions at some sites.
A new bed elevation model for the Weddell Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Jeofry Hafeez , Ross Neil , Corr Hugh F. J. , Li Jilu , Morlighem Mathieu , Gogineni Prasad , Siegert Martin J.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present a
new digital elevation model (DEM) of the bed, with a 1 km gridding, of the
Weddell Sea (WS) sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The DEM has a
total area of ∼ 125 000 km2 covering the Institute, Möller
and Foundation ice streams, as well as the Bungenstock ice rise. In
comparison with the Bedmap2 product, our DEM includes new aerogeophysical
datasets acquired by the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS)
through the NASA Operation IceBridge (OIB) program in 2012, 2014 and 2016. We
also improve bed elevation information from the single largest existing
dataset in the region, collected by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
Polarimetric radar Airborne Science Instrument (PASIN) in
2010–2011, from the relatively crude measurements determined in the field
for quality control purposes used in Bedmap2. While the gross form of the new
DEM is similar to Bedmap2, there are some notable differences. For example,
the position and size of a deep subglacial trough (∼ 2 km below sea
level) between the ice-sheet interior and the grounding line of the
Foundation Ice Stream have been redefined. From the revised DEM, we are able
to better derive the expected routing of basal water and, by comparison with
that calculated using Bedmap2, we are able to assess regions where hydraulic
flow is sensitive to change. Given the potential vulnerability of this sector
to ocean-induced melting at the grounding line, especially in light of the
improved definition of the Foundation Ice Stream trough, our revised DEM will
be of value to ice-sheet modelling in efforts to quantify future
glaciological changes in the region and, from this, the potential impact on
global sea level. The new 1 km bed elevation product of the WS
sector can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1035488.
Mapping the Vegetation of Lake Tana Basin in Ethiopia Based on Google Earth Images
Authors: Chuangye Song , Nigatu Lisanework , Beneye Yibrah , Abdulahi Abdurezak , Lin Zhang , Dongxiu Wu
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Lake Tana basin is one of the most important watersheds of Nile basin. It is of great importance for the economy and politics of Ethiopia. In past decades, natural vegetation of Lake Tana basin was heavily destroyed for continuous expansion of cropland. Vegetation conservation and restoration have to be performed in order to protect natural environment and maintain the biodiversity in Lake Tana basin. To provide detailed information of actual vegetation for planning of vegetation conservation and restoration, in this research we mapped the vegetation of Lake Tana basin based on high spatial resolution images provided by Google earth and field survey data, through the approach of visual interpretation. A total of 31972 polygons were generated to represent the vegetation patches of Lake Tana basin on the map, and the validation based on surveyed vegetation plots indicated that 90.6 % patches were correctly identified. The statistics of vegetation map indicated that natural vegetation (natural forest, woodland, bush land, grassland and wetland) occupies 14.32 % of the basin area, plantation forest occupies 1.92 % of the basin area, cultivated land occupies 61.8 % of the basin area, water body, village and urban occupy 20.8 %, 0.68 % and 0.46 % of the total area of Lake Tana basin respectively. Doi of the dataset used for map production is doi:10.4121/uuid:48d45053-36f6-411b- 96b1-7ae0e22d56d0. We expected that this vegetation map could benefit vegetation conservation and restoration in Lake Tana basin.
Spatiotemporal Assimilation/Interpolation of Discharge Records
through Inverse Streamflow Routing
Authors: Fisher Colby K. , Pan Ming , Wood Eric F.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Poorly monitored river flows in many regions of the world have been hindering our ability to accurately estimate global water usage as well as the budgets and variability of the global water cycle. In-situ gauging sites, as well as a number of satellite-based systems, make observations of river discharge throughout the globe; however, these observations are often sparse due to, e.g., the sampling frequencies of sensors or a lack of reporting. Recently, efforts have been made to develop methods to integrate these discrete observations to gain a better understanding of the underlying processes. This paper presents an application of a fixed interval Kalman smoother based model, called Inverse Streamflow Routing (ISR), to generate spatially and temporally continuous river discharge fields from discrete observations. The method propagates the observed information across all reachable parts of the river network (up/downstream from gauging point) and all reachable times (before/after observation time) using a two-sweep procedure that first propagates information backward in time to the furthest upstream locations (inverse routing) and then propagates it forward in time to the furthest downstream locations (forward routing). The key advantages of this approach are that it (1) maintains all the physical consistencies embodied by a diffusive wave routing model (flow confluence relationships on the river network and the resulting mass balance, wave velocity and diffusivity), (2) updates the lateral influx (runoff) at pixel level (furthest upstream) to guarantee exhaustive propagation of observed information, (3) works both with a first guess of initial river discharge conditions from a routing model (assimilation) and without a first guess (pure interpolation of observations). Two sets of experiments are carried out under idealized conditions as well as real-world conditions provided by U.S. Geological Survey observations. Results show that the method can effectively reproduce the spatial and temporal dynamics of river discharge in each of the experiments presented. The performance is driven by the density of the gauge network as well as the quality of the data being assimilated. We find that when assimilating the actual USGS observations, the performance decreases relative to our idealized scenario; however, we are still able to produce an improved discharge product at each validation site. With further testing as well as global application, ISR may prove to be a useful method for extending our current network of global river discharge observations.
Recent evolution and associated hydrological dynamics of a vanishing Tropical Andean glacier: Glaciar de Conejeras, Colombia
Authors: Morán-Tejeda Enrique , Ceballos Jorge Luis , Peña Katherine , Lorenzo-Lacruz Jorge , López-Moreno Juan Ignacio
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Glaciers in the inner tropics are rapidly retreating due to atmospheric warming. In Colombia, this retreat is accelerated by volcanic activity, and most glaciers are in their last stages of existence. There is general concern about the hydrological implications of receding glaciers, as they constitute important freshwater reservoirs and, after an initial increase in melting flows due to glacier retreat, a decrease in water resources is expected in the long term as glaciers become smaller. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive study of the evolution of a small Colombian glacier, Conejeras (Parque Nacional Natural de los Nevados), that has been monitored since 2006, with special focus on the hydrological response of the glacierized catchment. The glacier shows great sensitivity to changes in temperature and especially to the evolution of the ENSO phenomenon, with great loss of mass and area during El Niño warm events. Since 2006 it has suffered a 37% reduction from 22.45 ha to 12 ha in 2017, with an especially abrupt reduction since 2014. During the period of hydrological monitoring (June 2013 to December 2017) streamflows at the outlet of the catchment experienced a noticeable cycle of increasing flows up to mid-2016 and decreasing flows afterwards. The same kind of cycle was observed for other hydrological indicators, such as slope of the rising flow limb or the monthly variability of flows. We observed an evident change in the daily hydrograph: from a predominance of days with a pure melt-driven hydrograph up to mid-2016, to an increase in the frequency of days with flows less influenced by melt after 2016. Such a hydrological cycle is not directly related to fluctuations of temperature or precipitation; therefore, it is reasonable to consider that it is the response of the glacierized catchment to retreat of the glacier. Results confirm the necessity for small-scale studies at a high temporal resolution in order to understand the hydrological response of glacier-covered catchments to glacier retreat and imminent glacier extinction.
HESS Opinions: Deep learning as a promising avenue toward knowledge discovery in water sciences
Authors: Shen Chaopeng , Laloy Eric , Albert Adrian , Chang Fi-John , Elshorbagy Amin , Ganguly Sangram , Hsu Kuo-lin , Kifer Daniel , Fang Zheng , Fang Kuai , Li Dongfeng , Li Xiaodong , Tsai Wen-Ping
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Recently, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a revolutionary and versatile tool transforming industry applications and generating new and improved capabilities for scientific discovery and model building. The adoption of DL in water science has so far been gradual, but the related fields are now ripe for breakthroughs. This paper proposes that DL-based methods can open up a viable, complementary avenue toward knowledge discovery in hydrologic sciences. In the new avenue, machine-learning algorithms present competing hypotheses that are consistent with data for scientists to further evaluate. Interrogative studies are invoked to interpret DL models. In addition, we lay out several opinions shared by authors: (1) deep learning may bring forth transformative progress to the field of hydrology due to its ability to assimilate big data and identify commonalities and differences; (2) The community may benefit greatly from a variety of shared datasets and open competitions; (3) Big hydrologic data can be obtained via various ways including data compilation and working with citizen scientists, which offers the co-benefits of education and stakeholder engagement; (4) Water sciences, and hydrology in particular, offer a unique set of challenges that can, in turn, stimulate advances in machine learning; and (5) An urgent need for research is hydrology-customized methods for interpreting knowledge extracted by deep learning.
Cold-to-warm flow regime transition in snow avalanches
Authors: Köhler Anselm , Fischer Jan-Thomas , Scandroglio Riccardo , Bavay Mathias , McElwaine Jim , Sovilla Betty
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Large avalanches usually encounter different snow conditions along their track. When they release as slab avalanches comprising cold snow, they can subsequently develop into powder snow avalanches entraining snow as they move down the mountain. Typically, this entrained snow will be cold (T < −1 °C) at high elevations near the surface, but warm (T > −1 °C) at lower elevations or deeper in the snow pack. The intake of thermal energy in the form of warm snow is believed to cause a flow regime transition. Measurements of flow regime transitions are performed at the Vallée de la Sionne avalanche test site in Switzerland using two different radar systems. The data are then combined with snow temperatures calculated with the snow cover model SNOWPACK. We define transitions as complete, when the deposit at runout is characterized only by warm snow, or as partial, if there is a warm flow regime but the furthest deposit is characterized by cold snow. We introduce a transition factor Ft, based on the runout of cold and warm flow regimes, as a measure to quantify the transition type. Finally, we parameterize the snow cover temperature along the avalanche track by the altitude Hs, which represents the point where the average temperature of the uppermost 0.5 m changes from cold to warm. We find that Ft is related to the snow cover properties, i.e. approximately proportional to Hs. Thus, the flow regime in the runout area and the type of transition can be predicted by knowing the snow cover temperature distribution. We find, that, if Hs is more than 500 m above the valley floor for the path geometry of Vallée de la Sionne, entrainment of warm surface snow leads to a complete flow regime transition and the runout area is reached by only warm flow regimes. Such knowledge is of great importance since the impact pressure and the effectiveness of protection measures are greatly dependent on the flow regime.
Review of Sustainable Energies Use in Greenhouses in Greece
Authors: Vourdoubas John
Published: April 2018

Greenhouses consume large amounts of energy compared with other agricultural activities contributing to environmental pollution. However the current advances in sustainable energy technologies allow the use of benign energy sources for heat and power generation in them. Various renewable and high efficiency energy technologies are currently used in Greece or could be used in the near future in them. The technologies are mature, reliable and cost-effective. Among them the direct geothermal energy, solid biomass, solar-PV, waste heat re-use and co-generation of heat and power. Their use in small or larger greenhouses reduces the environmental pollution due to fossil fuels use, lowers the dependence on imported fuels, promote investments and create jobs in the local societies. Currently modern hydroponic greenhouses in northern Greece use co-generation of heat and power systems fuelled with natural gas. Heat is used in the greenhouses and the generated power is fed into the grid. Others utilize direct geothermal fluids for space heating. Solid biomass is also used for heating them. All of them can cover all the heating needs in greenhouses. Industrial rejected heat from lignite fired power plants in northern Greece could be easily used in the future for heating them. At the same time the high solar irradiance allows the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for power generation in them. Further integration of sustainable energies in greenhouses in Greece requires the governmental support both in the form of financial subsidies and in removing the existing barriers preventing their use.
Academic and Behavioral Interventions for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders (EBD): A Systematic Review
Authors: Kuo Nai-Cheng , Aniezue Loretta , Herzberg Ashley , Cruz Stephanie , Rodriguez Olivia
Published: April 2018

Teachers who work with students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) play a vital role in public education, but they often experience a wide range of challenges when working with this group of students. To improve the quality of instruction for students with EBD, teachers not only need to equip themselves with a repertoire of up-to-date evidence-based practices, but also know the limitations of these practices. Through a systematic review of empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 2006 and early 2018, this study reviews and discusses practical teaching and research implications on serving and supporting students with EBD in public education.
The Influence of Dostoyevsky's The Brothers Karamazov on the Plays of Arthur Miller
Authors: Abbotson Susan
Published: April 2018

One of the most consistent thematic elements we find in Miller's plays, from his early student writings to Mr. Peters' Connections, is his exploration of the love and rivalry to be found between brothers. Many have viewed this concern as being rooted in Miller's personal feelings of both admiration and resentment toward his older brother Kermit. But while this may have allowed Miller to create his dramatic siblings with more authenticity, might not this fascination with loving brothers at odds have another, more literary source? And more than that, what if this book also contained many other seeds of Miller's growing existential philosophy and literary tropes? Dostoyevsky was one of the first major authors to whom the young Miller was exposed, and this essay explores the possible influence of The Brothers Karamazov on Miller's work.
The Reproductive Imperative ofThe Road
Authors: Bellamy Brent Ryan
Published: April 2018

This article explores the gender dynamic of Cormac McCarthy's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Road (2006). It engages the novel's post-apocalyptic survival narrative from three different perspectives within the novel: first, the man, whom the world seems to be set against; second, the boy, who has a fundamental openness to the world; and third, the woman's aborted narrative. Though few critics take it up (Nell Sullivan is perhaps the most prominent), this article argues the woman offers a third interpretive path through the novel. Her story remains crucial to the cohesion and successful completion of the plot, yet the novel does not present its telling. Drawing on queer theory and Marxist-feminist analysis, this article explores an impasse: The Road effectively banishes the woman from its pages, despite the fact that she is necessary to the flourishing of the man and the boy. I argue that the novel works as narrative precisely because of the aborted emplotment of the woman and the appearance of the new woman at plot's end. The Road creates a reproductive imperative that binds the fantasy of beginning anew with the ideology of gender. It insists that reaching any future whatsoever means women must have babies.
“See the Wild Man Two Bits”: James Robert, Disability, and Personhood in Blood Meridian
Authors: Ploskonka Mitchell
Published: April 2018

This article seeks to situate James Robert, the idiot in Blood Meridian, within the larger contextual and literary history of idiocy. The robust field of disability studies is employed to help interpret a conspicuously overlooked character in McCarthy scholarship. In order to stress Robert's conformity to and deviation from the novel's ableist social constructions, physical disability is discussed in relation to the scalp hunters. Next, a history of idiocy in America and a discussion on literary idiots leads to a discussion of James Robert's function in the text, his relationship with Judge Holden, and the question of personhood in the novel.
Transformational Leadership Facilitates Innovation Capability: The Mediating Roles of Interpersonal Trust
Authors: Hui Lei , Phouvong Sengphet , Phong Le Ba
Published: April 2018

Innovation capability is widely accepted as an important means to attain sustain competitive advantage for firms before the rapidly changing of business environment and increasingly competitive pressure. The main goal of this study is to explore an effective way to successfully improving innovation capability for firms based on examining the relationship between transformational leadership style, interpersonal trust, and innovation capability of Vietnamese firms. The authors apply Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) to test the impacts of transformational leadership, interpersonal trust on innovation capability by using data collected from 195 participants in Vietnamese firms. The result revealed that transformational leadership and interpersonal trust significantly affect innovation capability. In addition, interpersonal trust mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovation capability. The findings highlights the need of practicing transformational leadership to foster employee trust and finally to enhance innovation capability for firms. The findings of this study contribute to filling the theoretical gaps which call for research on antecedent factors of innovation capability.
Teacher Candidates Perceptions of a Course Assignment Designed to Support a Teacher Performance Assessment
Authors: Brown Carmen Sherry
Published: April 2018

To guide and support teacher candidates in developing the knowledge and skills they need in the classroom, teacher preparation programs must prepare students in acquiring the experience and expertise needed to demonstrate mastery of general knowledge in the specific subject or content area. In addition, teacher preparation programs must support candidates in maintaining knowledge of professional preparation and education competence that will guide student development. Therefore, faculty in teacher preparation programs are critical in supporting pre-service teachers in acquiring and developing the knowledge and skills in order to be effective and efficient in the classroom and to meet licensure requirements. To support the alignment of early childhood coursework in a teacher preparation program with a Teacher Performance Assessment (edTPA), the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a redesigned course assignment that was intended to support the edTPA. The findings indicated that there are opportunities for candidates to develop their practice through course assignments that are aligned with the language and expectations of the edTPA.
The Courts and the Restitution of Indigenous Territories in Malaysia
Authors: Subramaniam Yogeswaran , Nicholas Colin
Published: April 2018

The Courts and the Restitution of Indigenous Territories in Malaysia

Despite enjoying distinct and privileged constitutional statuses, the Indigenous minorities of Malaysia, namely, the natives of Sabah, natives of Sarawak and the Peninsular Malaysia Orang Asli continue to endure dispossession from their customary lands, territories and resources. In response, these groups have resorted to seeking justice in the domestic courts to some degree of success. Over the last two decades, the Malaysian judiciary has applied the constitutional provisions and developed the common law to recognise and protect Indigenous land and resource rights beyond the literal confines of the written law. This article focuses on the effectiveness of the Malaysian courts in delivering the preferred remedy of Indigenous communities for land and resource issues, specifically, the restitution or return of traditional areas to these communities. Despite the Courts’ recognition and to a limited extent, return of Indigenous lands and resources beyond that conferred upon by the executive and legislative arms of government, it is contended that the utilisation of the judicial process is a potentially slow, costly, incongruous and unpredictable process that may also not necessarily be free from the influence of the domestic political and policy debates surrounding the return of Indigenous lands, territories and resources.
The Case of the Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Convergence, Divergence and Mutual Reinforcement
Authors: MacKay Fergus
Published: April 2018

The Case of the Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Convergence, Divergence and Mutual Reinforcement

The judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case of Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname is noteworthy for a number of reasons. Particularly important is the Court’s repeated citation and incorporation of various provisions of the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples into its interpretation of the American Convention on Human Rights. This aids in greater understanding of the normative value of the Declaration’s provisions, particularly when coupled with the dramatic increase in affirmations of that instrument by UN treaty bodies, Special Procedures and others. The Court’s analysis also adds detail and further content to the bare architecture of the Declaration’s general principles and further contributes to the crystallisation of the discrete, although still evolving, body of law upholding indigenous peoples’ rights. Uptake of the Court’s jurisprudence by domestic tribunals further contributes to this state of dynamic interplay between sources and different fields of law.
Review: Locating U.S. Government Information Handbook, 3rd ed.
Authors: Olson Carl P.
Published: April 2018

Web guides of all kinds suffer from a brief shelf life, owing to rapid changes and redesigns in the online environment. It is almost a pity that the authors of this work devised such excellent chapters on FDSys and Census, as the former will be superseded by govinfo.gov, while American Factfinder has its successor in Alpha testing. Happily, this third-edition work has a sufficient strength of organization, comprehensive resources, and easy-to-follow guides and background information that it can stay useful for several years at least.