Multidecadal elevation changes from spy satellite images: application to glaciers and landslides
Authors: Dehecq Amaury , Gardner Alex , Alexandrov Oleg , Shean David , Lacroix Pascal 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Earth&amp;#8217;s surface has evolved dramatically over the last 50 years as a consequence of anthropogenic activities and climate change. The observation of such changes at decadal scales is often limited to sparse in-situ observations. The growth of satellite remote-sensing has enabled such monitoring at regional/global scales but generally over less than two decades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;More than 2 million images have been acquired by American reconnaissance (&amp;#8220;spy&amp;#8221;) satellites &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;on photographic film&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; from the 1960s to the 1980s, and progressively declassified. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ith &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;near-global coverage and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; meter to sub-meter resolution, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;these images have a large potential for many geoscience applications. However &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the photographic archive represents a unique set of challenges: pre-processing of the scans, correction of the image distortion caused during storing and scanning, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;poorly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; known camera position&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and parameters. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The vast majority of studies using these data rely on tedious manual processing of the data, hindering regional scale applications.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Here&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, we present the existing datasets and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; the development of an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;automated &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;processing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; pipeline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. We will focus in particular on images acquired &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the Hexagon mapping camera (1973-1980, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;12 missions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) at 6-9 m ground resolution. A fully automated workflow has been developed to detect the 1081 fiducial markers present on the image, correct for distortion and stitch the different parts of the image, scanned in multiple sections. The pre-processed images are then &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;used &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) at 24 m resolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; with&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;open-source &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;developed workflow &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;is able to automatically solve &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;the unknown &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;camera position&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;orientation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and optimally aligns &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the DEMs &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;to an ancillary DEM for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;determination of elevation change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The application to ~600 images has revealed systematic biases in the retrieved elevation, up to 30 m error, linked to uncertainties in the camera parameters (focal length, lens distortion). We present a methodology to refine these parameters using an ancillary DEM only, without use of manual Ground Control Points. The KH-9 elevation is then validated against existing maps in Europe and Alaska and shows a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vertical accuracy of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;~5 m &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(68% interval) to 10-15 m (95% interval)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;sufficient for the study of large surface deformation (glaciers, landslides).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Finally, we conclude with several use of these data for the estimation of 40 years geodetic glacier mass balance in Europe and Alaska, and irrigation-triggered landslides in South Peru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;