bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Group Singing on Mood
Authors: Unwin Margaret M. , Kenny Dianna T. , Davis Pamela J.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the effects of singing on the mood of singers. Participants, a community sample of volunteers, were randomly assigned to either a singing (experimental) or a listening to singing (control) group. The singers participated in a half-hour session of singing while the listeners sat and listened to the singing group. The Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (P.O.M.S.) was administered immediately before and after the singing session and again one week later. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) (3 x 2 factorial with three levels of time and two levels of group) were conducted on each of the P.O.M.S. subscales. Multivariate F tests indicated that significant changes occurred on the P.O.M.S. sub-scales (tension, anger, fatigue, vigour and confusion) for both the singing and listening groups over time. There was no significant group-time interactions indicating that both groups responded in a similar fashion to the singing session, although the effects for singing were more robust. The results of this study indicate that both singing and listening to singing can alter mood immediately after participation in a short singing session, and that some of these effects were evident in the P.O.M.S. scores one week later. These results suggest that a longer and more vigorous singing session is needed to obtain additional benefits of singing over listening.
The Influence of Music on Temporal Perceptions in an on-hold Waiting Situation
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Jacob Céline
Published: March 2007

Several experiments have shown that on-hold telephone music affects the estimation of projected time before hang-up. However, the cognitive mechanisms of this effect have not been investigated, although a separate series of studies have shown that music affects time perception. Therefore an experiment was carried out in which subjects had to wait on the telephone, with the on-hold message accompanied or not by music. Results show that compared with the control condition without music, the presence of music leads to: (1) an underestimation of time spent and (2) an over-estimation of projected time passed to hang-up.
Aspects of Private Piano Teacher Decision-Making in London, England
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R.
Published: March 2007

Aspects of the decision-making of 15 private piano teachers in south-western and western London in 16 policy areas are described: six examples of administrative decisions; four examples of student-related decisions; three examples of curricular decisions; and three examples of instructional decisions. The findings, based on in-depth focused interviews, show private piano teaching as a predominantly part-time occupation in which teachers are comparatively isolated, relatively independent and localised decision- makers. The decision-making process is egalitarian rather than hierarchical and institutions primarily function in an advisory or supportive capacity. Despite a decision-making role that is wider, especially in regard to the prominence of administrative function, than that typical in institutional teaching, the majority of private piano teachers are more interested in traditional teaching functions, e.g. student-related, curricular and instruc- tional matters, than in the administrative, organisational or business aspects of their studios. Implications for further research are then discussed.
Stress, Coping and Stage Fright in Professional Musicians
Authors: Steptoe Andrew
Published: March 2007

Recent research on the processes underlying musical performance anxiety indicates that cognitive and physiological factors are both involved. The cognitive disturbances centre around worries concerning potential catas- trophes, performance quality and exaggerated beliefs about the importance of any particular musical performance. It is argued that stage fright and more general stresses in musicians' careers are related. A survey of career stress in professional orchestral musicians and student musicians is described. Finally, the implications for coping strategies in the management of stage fright are outlined.
Real-time Visual Feedback in the Development of Vocal Pitch Accuracy in Singing
Authors: Welch Graham F. , Howard D. M. , Rush C.
Published: March 2007

It has been conjectured that the development of vocal pitch accuracs Mn siiging is partly determined by the quality of feedback available to an error labelling schema (Welch. 1985 [a] and lb]). As a practical applicationl of this theoretical construct to the classroom, a micro-computer-based nvsteni (Howard and Welch, 1987) has been developed to provide real-time visual feedback of vocal pitch production to the user. This system has recentiv undergone initial trials with a class of seven-year-old children in a Bristol school. The sample (n =32) was divided into three matched groups: (a) experimental interactive, (b) experimental non-interactive, and (c) control, based on an initial system-driven assessment of their socal pitch accuracy Groups (a) and (b) used the system and the control group (c) uindertook singing activities of a more traditional nature. After one schoiol term. socal pitch accuracy was re-assessed. The two experimental groups recorded a signiticant improvement in their vocal pitch matching ability cmpared to the control group. The results are seen as supportive of the previouLslv stated theoretical position and confirm that action can encouralrac the underlsin.it developmental process (Welch, 1986).
Music as Motion: A Synopsis of Alexander Truslit's (1938) Gestaltung und Bewegung in der Musik
Authors: Repp Bruno H.
Published: March 2007

Truslit's (1938) monograph, rarely cited nowadays and found in few academic libraries, contains profound insights into the motional character of music and the performer's role in shaping it. His ideas are highly relevant to contemporary attempts to understand the nature of musical motion and its communication in performance, and, although often speculative and sup- ported only by very marginal data, they provide a valuable source of hypotheses for the more extensive and precise empirical inquiries that are feasible now. To bring Truslit's important theoretical contribution to the attention of contemporary researchers and musicians, this paper presents a highly condensed and annotated translation of his book.
Emotional Expression in Music Performance: Between the Performer's Intention and the Listener's Experience
Authors: Gabrielsson Alf , Juslin Patrik N.
Published: March 2007

Nine professional musicians were instructed to perform short melodies using various instruments - the violin, electric guitar, flute, and singing voice - so as to communicate specific emotional characters to listeners. The performances were first validated by having listeners rating the emotional expression and then analysed with regard to their physical characteristics, e.g. tempo, dynamics, timing, and spectrum. The main findings were that (a) the performer's expressive intention had a marked effect on all analysed variables; (b) the performers showed many similarities as well as individual differences in emotion encoding; (c) listeners were generally successful in decoding the intended expression; and (d) some emotional characters seemed easier to communicate than others. The reported results imply that we are unlikely to find performance rules independent of instrument, musical style, performer, or listener.
Cue Abstraction as a Component of Categorisation Processes in Music Listening
Authors: Deliege Irene
Published: March 2007

This research will attempt to apply the principles of categorisation set forth by Rosch in the area of semantic and conceptual representation to the processes of music listening. Results obtained in previous studies on segmentation of entire pieces have tended to suggest the existence of a cue abstraction process, that is, the identification of invariance between cues determining the high level groupings. Within the principle of verticality proposed by Rosch, cues can thus be regarded as operating at the basic level, while groups can be regarded as constituting a higher hierarchically level of structure or superordinal level. Altematively, all the variations of cue structures encountered in a musical composition could be conceived of as functioning at a subordinate level (taking into account Rosch's principle of horizontality). The research reported here is based on this latter alternative. Four different paradigms were used within the framework of one experiment in order to explore the viability of cue abstraction processes during listening. The four tasks required of the subjects were the evaluation of the frequency of occurrence of motifs, their classification into families on the basis of abstracted cues and on the basis of components of those cues, and evaluation of degrees of similarity between motifs.
The Redemption of Thalidomide:
Authors: Timmermans Stefan , Leiter Valerie
Published: March 2007

In this paper we examine how a standardized drug distribution system contributed to a therapeutic and symbolic make-over of thalidomide. In the 1960s, thalidomide was seen as a horror drug that caused severe birth defects among over 10,000 babies who were exposed to it in utero. Currently, thalidomide is viewed as a potentially life-saving drug which is being distributed in the USA. We discuss this transformation from a social worlds perspective, showing how the standardized drug distribution system normalized the risk of foetal birth defects, while preserving the autonomy of health care professionals. The distribution system accomplished this transformation by focusing on the risk associated with female reproductive behaviour, and by providing close reproductive surveillance of female patients. This standardized system solidified social inequalities and professional power relationships, revealing assumptions about trust, responsibility and risk.
The Zimbabwe Bush Pump
Authors: de Laet Marianne , Mol Annemarie
Published: March 2007

In this paper we investigate the intricacies of an admirable water pumping device - the Zimbabwe Bush Pump `B' type - so as to find out what makes it an `appropriate technology'. This turns out to be what we call the `fluidity' of the pump (of its boundaries, or of its working order, and of its maker). We find that in travelling to intractable places, an object that isn't too rigorously bounded, that doesn't impose itself but tries to serve, that is adaptable, flexible and responsive - in short, a fluid object - may well prove to be stronger than one which is firm. By analyzing the success and failure of this device, its agency and the way in which it shapes new configurations in the Zimbabwean socio-technical landscape, we partake in the current move in science and technology studies to transform what it means to be an actor. And by mobilizing the term love for articulating our relation to the Bush Pump, we try to contribute to shaping novel ways of `doing' normativity.
Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies:
Authors: Wajcman Judy
Published: March 2007

This Comment reflects upon the relationship between gender and technology, and how it has been theorized in recent decades. I argue that while feminist approaches have had considerable influence on mainstream social studies of science and technology, tensions remain. I go on to explore the proliferation of feminist research which conceptualizes technology as culture. I suggest that the contemporary focus on cultural representation and consumption, exciting and productive as it is in many respects, has contributed to the neglect of design studies. These are necessary to fully elucidate how gender relations figure in the construction of technology.
How Ditch and Drain Become a Healthy Creek
Authors: Lee Stuart , Roth Wolff-Michael
Published: March 2007

We describe and theorize how `grass-roots' environmental activists create a `healthy stream' in their municipality. We frame this activity as a work of creating the creek in a new series of relations in the community that are more consistent with those articulated by stream ecology. This work, which we follow by tracing the activists' use of scientific register and inscriptions, involves re-presenting the creek in numerous localities. But this also means literally remaking the creek by engineering it to conform to the configuration of a `healthy stream'. Thus, not only are the discursive relations that create the creek in the municipal hall or local school reconfigured, but the physical relations that construct the material creek are also altered. Highlighting the social-material hybrid from which the activists' agency emerges, we relate the representations, material work and relations they use to transform both the creek and the community.
On Telling Regulatory Tales
Authors: Turner R. Steven
Published: March 2007

The analysis of technoscientific regulatory controversies is now an established genre within science studies, with a small but important methodological and meta-literature. That literature has only rarely noted how published accounts of particular controversies inevitably employ narrational strategies, including decisions about emplotment, time-frames, character-motivation, and the use of tropes, to endow these stories with political and epistemological meaning. In an exercise designed to recover these narrational elements and promote narrative consciousness, this paper presents two separate accounts of a single important controversy: Canada's recent regulatory experience with the Monsanto Corporation's recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST). The discussion points out the different narrational strategies employed in each account, and analyses how these strategies interact with explicit or theory-based interpretive approaches to determine how the accounts contribute to `public moral argument' about regulatory affairs. It concludes with broader speculations on the advantages that a greater reliance on narrative form has to offer the field of controversy-analysis and science studies in general.
The Genetically Modified (GM) Food Labelling Controversy
Authors: Klintman Mikael
Published: March 2007

In the debate surrounding genetically modified (GM) food, intense controversies pertain over whether, or how, GM food products ought to be labelled. This paper examines how the GM-supportive and GM-sceptical alliances use arguments regarding labelling so as to strengthen their respective positions. It is an examination of conflicting arguments across social coalitions, corporations and policy-makers, mainly in the USA, but with certain European comparisons. The empirical material consists of written statements by the different groups. The paper suggests that the ideological and epistemological tenets are radically transformed, or even `crossed over', between GM proponents and opponents when the focus is moved from GM per se to labelling. Two types of crossovers are identified: (i) the crossover of ideologies, and (ii) the crossover of epistemologies. The paper concludes that, while implementing mandatory GM labelling may have several democratic advantages, it is more urgent that both alliances become more reflexive and communicative concerning inconsistent or eclectic crossovers - both ideological and epistemological.
Between Knowledge and Practice
Authors: Palladino Paolo
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I examine the historical development of a clinical test for `familial adenomatous polyposis' (FAP), an inherited condition which often leads to cancer of the colon. By paying attention to continuities and changes, especially in the engagement between those medical professionals and patients involved in the development of this test, I reconsider the relationship between knowledge and practice, with an eye to Michel Foucault's and Paul Rabinow's competing notions of `bio-power' and `biosociality'. I conclude by offering some speculative suggestions for further avenues of inquiry into the constitution of the `subject'.
Style and Substance in Psychology
Authors: Hartley James , Sotto Eric , Pennebaker James
Published: March 2007

The results from four studies are reported separately to test the idea that influential articles in psychology will be more readable than less influential ones. This idea is upheld when the papers involved are ones that have been highly rated by fellow colleagues (Studies 1 and 2) but it is not supported when the papers involved are highly-cited journal articles (Studies 3 and 4).
Autonomy's End
Authors: Winskel Mark
Published: March 2007

Despite their obvious limitations as explanatory concepts, `technological autonomy' and `determinism' have often been associated with nuclear power. This paper reviews the persistency of notions of `autonomy' and `determinism' in the context of the British nuclear power programme. In the corporatist and technocratic setting of the nationalized British Electricity Supply Industry (ESI), the perceived imperatives of nuclear power technology were often allowed priority in policymaking, to the extent that an appearance of the technology's autonomy and determinism was maintained for 30 years. This had its conveniences: technical rationales disguised more contestable institutional and political interests supporting the programme. At the same time, senior politicians and scientists at times displayed a faith in the technology approximating a belief in its autonomy and deterministic power, particularly during geopolitical or industrial crises.

ESI privatization was associated with the marginalization of nuclear power in Britain. Once the Government's wider mission to liberalize electricity supply was threatened by unanticipated disclosures regarding the cost of nuclear electricity, it proved willing to abandon its longstanding support for the technology. As institutional and political support for the nuclear programme was removed, the fallacy of its supposed autonomy was exposed. Whilst Langdon Winner accurately identified the preconditions necessary for the introduction of inherently political technologies such as nuclear power, in reality these were ever-present requirements, however hidden by the apparent power of the technology itself. Nevertheless, the persistence of notions of autonomy and determinism reflects a significant aspect of the sociotechnical relations of nuclear power.
An Exploratory Study of Kuhnian Paradigms in Theoretical High Energy Physics
Authors: Crane Diana
Published: March 2007

An exploratory study of the characteristics of paradigms in theoretical high energy physics indicates that: (1) the four elements of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions — symbolic generalizations (fundamental principles), metaphysical paradigms (heuristic models), values for evaluating theories (breadth, testability, elegance, consistency with fundamental principles) and exemplars (models that serve as concrete problem-solutions) - are present in theoretical high energy physics, but they do not always function as he suggests; (2) the reception accorded a new theory by high energy theorists is a function of its breadth and testability; other things being equal, the broader and more testable the theory, the more sustained and energetic the response; (3) the process of cognitive change in high energy theory did not, at least from 1960-75, follow the sequence of anomaly, crisis, and revolution. The fundamental principles of the field have not been questioned for decades, and exemplars are rejected if they cannot be tested precisely or if they are not confirmed. Models which have been successfully tested form the basis for the development of new models in a manner that suggests a pattern of scientific change that has been proposed by Holton.
Replicating Replication? Aspects of the Social Construction of Learning in Planarian Worms
Authors: Travis G.D.L.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines some of the social processes involved in the replication of experiments on planarian worms. In conformity with the results of a previous study by Collins, scientists are shown to be conducting negotiations over the characteristics of the expenmental phenomenon in question. Evidence is also presented to show that explanations and arguments that would normally be thought of as part of the philosophy or sociology of science became issues In the scientific debate.
Entering the Nuclear Arms Race: The Soviet Decision to Build the Atomic Bomb, 1939-45
Authors: Holloway David
Published: March 2007

This paper traces the path from the discovery of nuclear fission in Berlin in December 1938 to the Soviet decision of August 1945 to launch an all-out effort to develop the atomic bomb. There were, properly speaking, three main Soviet decisions during this period. The first was taken in 1940, when senior members of the Academy of Sciences decided not to turn to the government for funds for an expanded programme of research into nuclear fission. The second was taken in 1942, when Stalin, after learning of German, British and American work, approved a small-scale effort to develop the atomic bomb. The third decision was that of August 1945, when Stalin asked those in charge of the 'uranium problem' to break the American atomic monopoly as quickly as possible.
How Socially Distinctive is Cognitive Deviance in an Emergent Science? The Case of Parapsychology
Authors: Gordon Michael D.
Published: March 2007

In the 1930s a deviant science, parapsychology, penetrated the boundaries of academia and underwent a degree of institutionalization therein. This paper analyzes these developments using the analytic categories found in recent sociological studies of the emergence of new disciplines (and subdisciplines) in science. It is shown that parapsychology's emergence displays characteristics typical of non-deviant sciences at their emergence, and, more particularly, that those who undertook parapsychological research had a similar distribution of social status to psychologists who were active in similar well-established fields.
Establishing KEK in Japan and Fermilab in the US: Internationalism, Nationalism and High Energy Accelerators
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian
Published: March 2007

Comparison of the prehistories of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in the US, and Kō Enerugii Butsurigaku Kenkyusho (KEK) in Japan, reveals the working of both internationalism and nationalism in high energy physics. International communication and competition helped to create a number of structural parallels from the 1930s to the 1960s; for example, in the postwar period both countries formed their first inter-university government-supported accelerator laboratories; at the turn of the 1960s nuclear physicists in both countries debated about the choice of design for their next higher energy accelerator; and both chose proton synchrotron designs traceable to a common conceptual root. Although Fermilab and KEK progressed through analogous stages in 1960-65, national circumstances caused these developments to diverge in the late 1960s, resulting in a sizeable cut in scale and costly delays in the establishment of KEK.
The American Breeders' Association: Genetics and Eugenics in an Agricultural Context, 1903-13
Authors: Kimmelman Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

The American Breeders' Association was the first national membership-based organization promoting genetic and eugenic research in the United States. Founded by agricultural scientists in 1903, the ABA was a national analogue of those regional agricultural societies active in support of scientific agriculture. I argue that the agricultural context of the Association was crucial for the development of American genetics and for the course of the American eugenics movement. The practical interests of agricultural scientists encouraged early attention to Mendelian, biometric and cytological studies, resulting in widespread adoption of such methods by American scientists, thanks to the extensiveness of the nation's agricultural research system. Also, consonant social aims of the eugenics movement and the Country Life movement, which involved many ABA agriculturalists, helps account for the eugenicists' rapid and easy access to a national organization and journal.
Three Models of Policymaking: Expert Advice in the Control of Environmental Lead
Authors: Collingridge David , Douglas Jenny
Published: March 2007

The paper compares three models of policymaking — synoptic rationality, mixed scanning and disjointed incrementalism — through the example of policies concerning the control of lead in the environment. Particular attention is given to the demands each model makes on expert advice. Lindblom's criticisms of synoptic rationality are found to be very telling, the most serious problems for this view arising in the present case study from the vast quantity of technical information which decisions about controlling lead would require. Similar criticism is made against mixed scanning; to the extent that it says more than disjointed incrementalism it makes too great a demand on expert advice. Disjointed incrementalism, on the other hand, is found to give a good description of policymaking in this area, being well adapted to the limited information which is available. The case study also provides a refutation of the main criticisms which have been made of disjointed incrementalism.
Three Blind Spots? A Comment on the Sociology of Science by a Puzzled Outsider
Authors: Delamont Sara
Published: March 2007

A sociologist from another specialism read a selection of literature from the last fifteen years of the sociology of science. Three lacunae were discovered, each an area apparently neglected by sociologists of every theoretical persuasion writing in the sociology of science. These three omissions are: treating science as a variety of work; studying the socialization of scientists and learning environments in science; and researching gender divisions in science. It is argued that neglect of these areas is causing the sociology of science to depart from its own agenda and programme.
The Social Study of Science in Latin America
Authors: Vessuri Hebe M. C.
Published: March 2007

Since World War II, scientific activity has grown significantly in Latin America, and with it there has been a modest development of the social study of science (SSS). This paper investigates the changing significance of the work of science planners and social thinkers with respect to the understanding of the social role of science in Latin America. On the basis of this study it is argued that, despite promising signs, institutional developments in SSS in Latin America are very fragile, and that the chances for their survival and success lie in their capacity to demonstrate their ability to bridge the `research gap' between academia, public decision-making and industry.
`External Factors' and `Ideology' in the Earliest Drafts of Darwin's Theory
Authors: Manier Edward
Published: March 2007

Darwin's textual representation of the theory of the transmutation of species is a web of evidence, logic, figurative discourse and artful rhetoric addressing the highly diverse philosophical presuppositions of his audience. His metaphors served multiple functions which must be analyzed before his argument can be accurately interpreted. Published versions slyly present a theory in docile and complete conformity to the methodological ideology dominating and legitimating early nineteenth-century British natural and human science. Their ironic rhetorical strategy creates an appearance of conformity to an ideology he opposed to the point of causing the `whole fabric to totter and fall'. This is true, not only of his methodological views, but also of his positions on larger metaphysical issues: materialism and the relation of the social instincts to the moral sentiments. The cultural circle to whose work Darwin responded included individuals whose opposed positions concerning the cultural and methodological issues raised by his theory freed him from slavish attachment to any school and enabled him to construct a flexible foundation for the human sciences. The terms `external factors' and `ideology' here refer only to particular sorts of information used in the construction of a scientific text but not subject to consensual methodological and interpretative criteria. Darwin had to form a new field of inquiry and assemble a new community from competent investigators who did not share a common technical form of discourse: the earliest drafts of his theory were therefore heavily influenced by such factors.
Scientific Discovery by Computer as Empirical Refutation of the Strong Programme
Authors: Slezak Peter
Published: March 2007

In his manifesto for the `strong programme' in the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK), David Bloor expressed its diametric opposition to the `mentalist' or `teleological' model of `rationalist' philosophers, saying that `there can be no doubt that if the teleological model is true then the strong programme is false'. The `teleological' point of view can be seen embodied in the mentalism of contemporary interdisciplinary research under the heading of `cognitive science', and particularly in computer models of artificial intelligence (AI). In this sense, the enterprise of cognitive science, encompassing psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience and AI constitutes a massive empirical challenge to SSK's claims for the social causation of belief. Of particular interest is the AI work on scientific discovery as a special case of heuristic problem solving: the possibility of computers autonomously making fundamental scientific discoveries is providing dramatic confirmation of the `teleological' view that there are principles of rationality and a `scientific method' which are independent of social factors.
Levers and Counterweights: A Laboratory that Failed to Raise the World
Authors: Scott Pam
Published: March 2007

According to Bruno Latour in his paper `Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World', laboratories are irreplaceable sources of political strength which override traditional political forces. Latour's conclusions are based on a study of Pasteur and his work with anthrax in nineteenth-century France. This paper takes as a case study a contemporary Australian laboratory established to work on exotic animal disease viruses, including Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus, to illustrate some of the shortcomings of Latour's approach. Laboratories do not always raise the world, whatever that may mean. Among other inadequacies, Latour fails to provide a comprehensive analysis of the complexity of the social forces that operate in any particular context. Traditional political forces provide an environment or context which may encourage or thwart the potential power of laboratories.
Russian Academic Science Today: Its Societal Standing and the Situation within the Scientific Community
Authors: Mirskaya Elena Z.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the present situation of Russian academic science, and explicates both the direct causes and the deep social roots of its recent crisis. The unfavourable position of Russian science is partly linked to traditional notions of the essence of Russian society, in which modern science exists as an inorganic, alien section, completely dependent on authorities whose current interests are not oriented towards modernization and the support of science. This approach suggests a way of understanding the social history of Russian science. A description of the spreading and growing crisis in the Russian Academy of Sciences after 1992 makes clear the background and atmosphere within which, in March 1994, a diagnostic study of the academic community was undertaken. This paper presents and interprets the survey's results in relation to major aspects of scientific activity: motivation, moods and intentions of scientists; their evaluation of the general situation in science and personal conditions of research; and current problems of science financing and organization. A compound picture derived from these data does not allow any definite predictions of the Academy's future: the processes revealed contain possibilities for both its positive transformation and its decay.
The Moral Legitimation of Modern Science: Bhadralok Reflections on Theories of Evolution
Authors: Raina Dhruv , Habib S. Irfan
Published: March 2007

This paper takes up the discussion of a nineteenth-century theory of science — that of biological evolution — among members of the Indian National Council of Education, and in the pages of an important journal called The Dawn, published from Calcutta between 1897 and 1913. It discusses how, toward the turn of the century, science was legitimated as a morally worthy endeavour among the Bengali Bhadralok community. The debate pursued in The Dawn was representative of the anxieties and aspirations of that community, which had embarked upon the project of modernity, and was the first on the Indian continent to take modern Western science seriously. The socio-political context of the debate is important, in that the nationalist struggle for freedom from British rule was gathering momentum, and received notions of progress and social evolution were open to questioning and challenge. While colonialism is a backdrop for this study, the paper's main focus is the act of cultural redefinition of modern science in a non-Western context.
In Praise of Futile Gestures: How Scientific is the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge?
Authors: Collins H. M.
Published: March 2007

Calls for sociologists of knowledge to be committed to their subjects are examined critically. The idea of `commitment to commitment' is shown to be based either on fallacious reasoning or on a disguised call for commitment to the author's favoured causes. The `universal' and `local inevitability' arguments are analyzed and shown to be wrong. The former suggests that every scientific claim includes a commitment, willy-nilly; the latter says that analysts will be `captured', whether they like it or not. A particular case of the reception of a case study of a controversy is described; the reception of this case went against expectations, and some speculations are offered about the cause. Instances where the subject of a sociological study is also the object of study are looked at. Finally, good reasons for commitment are set out: one thing that the sociologist of science should engage in is `analytic critique of science', and this involves commitment.
American Gangs and British Subcultures: A Commentary
Authors: Whitfield R.G.
Published: March 2007

As this highly topical article comparing English and American gang structures and sub-cultures originates from the United States, we thought it appropriate to askMr. Whitfield, a distinguished member of the Probation Ser vice, to provide a commentary, which is printed below (The Editors).
Healthy Families
Authors: Scott Edward M. , Scott Kathy L.
Published: March 2007

A study of the ingredients necessary for a healthy family: an adequate genetic and psycho-genetic pool; the exist ence of a family "myth" which provides symbolism, value and structure; an appropriate 'love-style' between spouses, and an acceptance of private and mutual territory in work, play and in decision making.
The Impact of Psychodrama and Role Playing in the Correctional Environment
Authors: Schramski Thomas G. , Harvey David R.
Published: March 2007

The authors provide a selected review of research evaluating the impact of psychodrama and role playing in correctional environments . The review encompasses experimental, quasi-experimental, case and descriptive studies over the past 50 years, as well as recommendations for future research. The paper concludes with some implications for practitioners.
How Much of the Clinical Predictability of Dangerousness Issue is Due to Language and Communication Difficulties?: Some Sample Courtroom Questions and Some Inspired but Heady Answers
Authors: Webster C.D. , Webster Christopher D.
Published: March 2007

If the golfer hits many golf balls but always in a dense fog so that he does not know how the shots really turn out, and therefore, he has no opportunity for making such corrections as might be necessary, it is unlikely that the fact that he has hit several golf balls, under such circumstances, will result in improving his game. Similarly, when a psychiatrist makes many diagnostic evaluations but lacks the opportu nity or fails to follow up his diagnostic conclusions to determine whether or not they were, in fact, and by objective indices, correct, his diagnostic accuracy is not likely to improve (Ziskin, 1975, p. 216).
American Forensic Psychiatry in the Eighties
Authors: Colbach Edward M.
Published: March 2007

In these litigious days every large American city has one or more psychiatrists who devote much of their time to forensic issues. I am one of these people, in solo private practice in Portland, Oregon. What is a forensic psychiatrist? What do I do? What special problems and challenges does my work present? What have I learned about the American legal system? These are some of the issues I will address.
Women and Crime-A Contemporary Controversy
Authors: Crump Anna
Published: March 2007

Myths are hydra-headed. No sooner is one head lopped off than two grow in its place. The lower intelligence of women is no longer a tenable myth; a new myth emerges-that of the modern violent woman and the criminogenic effects of the 'new feminism' and/or the women's liberation movement. The issue is still being argued.
A Description of Self Reports of Convicted Child Molesters Following Incarceration
Authors: Kaplan Meg S.
Published: March 2007

Child molestation occurs at a rather high rate in the United States. A reduction may depend on the ability of law enforcement personnel to ascertain the extent to which a child molester continues to be interested in child molestation following incarceration. Seventyfour convicted child molesters under New York State Parole Supervision were interviewed in an attempt to determine: 1. whether or not they had received counseling; 2. if they perceived that counseling was effective; and 3. to identify which, if any, reported urges to molest children following incarceration.

Results indicated that most of the subjects had not received specific sexual counseling while incarcerated and that 80% reported that they were not in need of counseling. Implications of these findings are discussed as well as the need to educate parole officers concerning the importance of community after care.
Class and the Economics of Crime
Authors: Gordon David M.
Published: March 2007

Then in his second semester at Eastern District High School, he gave up working in school altogether. "I don't really know why, and I don't want to rational ize about it, but it may have been that I had been systematically de-educated. With all the emphasis on discipline, all the fire gets damped down. I knew I had a given role in society, and you wonder what do you need to know about Plato to fix the engine of an automobile. Anyhow, I flew apart, I began cutting classes, gambling in the bathroom, the whole bit... I picked pockets. I was a little crook.
Redefining the Question of Revolution
Authors: Weinbaum Batya
Published: March 2007

The Marxist concept of revolution is that the means of production should be taken away from those who currently own them. But even after removal of productive properties from the once-ruling classes, women's oppres sion has continued, in socialist countries. Socialists explain this, inadequately, in two ways: either as a problem of inherited consciousness and ideology lagging behind structural economic change; or, as a problem of underdevelopment, forc ing women to continue sacrificing equality, no matter what class takes control. I have been pursuing a further problem: what other structural economic changes must be made to free women from oppression? Like a Marxist, I am looking for a material basis; as a feminist, I am looking for what is going on underneath the problems identified by Marxism as well.
Organizing to Overcome Uneven Development: The Case of the U.S. South
Authors: Malizia Emil , Malizia Emil
Published: March 2007

A brief summary of the historical forces shaping the southern political economy points to convergence of production structures between the South and the rest of the U.S. without comparable convergence of consumption or distributional structures. An interpretation of these forces from the perspec tives of capital and labor is offered to better understand recent trends and future possibilities. Reasons are given to explain the relative attractiveness of the South to corporate investments. Continued growth of southern productive capacity relative to the rest of the U.S. is anticipated. Reasons why the South has again become a target of organized labor are cast in relation to past successes and fail ures. Barriers to organizing are not expected to prevent the spread of unioniza tion in the South. The interpretation suggests an intensification of struggle between labor and capital as southern organizing spreads and as transnational or other large-scale corporations depress wages and worker expectations outside of the South. The interpretation has important implications for spatial relations and class relations in the U.S. Eventual equalization of wage rates and profit rates will reduce the unevenness of regional development without necessarily increasing the labor share of total product within the U.S. The changing agendas of organized labor and corporate capital will affect the overall distribution of power in the U.S. political economy.
The Underdevelopment of Atlantic Canada
Authors: Veltmeyer Henry , Veltmeyer Henry
Published: March 2007

A preliminary study of the structure of capitalist underdevelop ment in the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Departing from a critique of a Staples Theory that reduces this problem to the spatial distribution of economic factors and a Dependency Theory based on exchange relationships, the author suggests a more rewarding approach based on Marx's theory of capitalist development. Connecting the regional and class conditions of underdevelopment, the author argues that the workings of capitalism has created in Atlantic Canada the condi tions of a reserve army for industries in Central Canada. This position is sup ported with appropriate statistics on the history and structure of capital and labor in the region.
Negative Labor Vailues and the Joint Production Technique: A Debate in the Marxian Transformation Problem
Authors: Mohtadi A.
Published: March 2007

This short paper focuses on a debate between M. Morishima and G. Catephores on the one hand, and I. Steedman on the other. It deals with the question of negative labor value in a commodity produced under joint production techniques with no fixed capital and examines the feasibiliy of that question. It demonstrates that Steedman's position, regardless of its internal consistency, is implausible, and that Morishima and Catephores's critique of Steedman is subject to certain limitations. It may be possible to overcome these limitations along the lines suggested, if the latter scheme is to be valid under more general circumstances.
Samir Amin and the Theory of Imperialism: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Barone Charles A.
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to provide, from a Marxist perspective, a critical understanding of Amin's theory of imperialism. The paper is broken down into two parts. The first part discusses Amin's theory of capitalist expansion; the second part, his theory of persistent backwardness. It is argued that, although Amin's work in many ways represents an improvement over dependency theory, nevertheless it is confined by the methodologicial limitations inherent in dependency theory. More specifically, the paper shows how Amin's analysis is restricted to the sphere of circulation, and why such a restriction is detrimental to a complete understanding of imperialism.
Crisis, Contradictions, and Conservative Controversies in Contemporary U.S. Capitalism
Authors: Campen James T. , MacEwan Arthur
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a critique of the conservative economics that became ascendent at the beginning of the 1980s. To understand the rise of conservative economics and its implications, we begin with a brief discussion of the current economic crisis. We then turn to the substance of conservative positions, giving primary attention to two controversies among conservatives which reflect the limits and contradictions of contending conservative programs. First, we examine the conservatives' inability to agree upon an approach to the macroeconomic issues of inflation and unemployment. We counterpose here the stance of traditional conservatives to that of "supply-side" economists, emphasizing both the arguments of the supply-siders and the available empirical evidence that relates to their claims. Second, we examine the conservatives' differences over the role that government should play in responding to the structural and institutional aspects of the current crisis. In this arena, "free-marketeers" confront the advocates of actively interventionist pro-capitalist programs, usually promoted under such rubrics as "reindustrialization." We conclude the essay with a brief assessment of the significance of the divergent conservative positions in promoting and shaping the economic policies of the Reagan Administration.
Underconsumption, Over-Investment and the Origins of the Great Depression
Authors: Devine James N.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the role of underconsumption tendencies in the laws of motion of capitalism. First, underconsumption theories are examined. My conclusion is that underconsumption forces play a direct role only under restrictive supply and demand conditions, i.e., when labor-power is abundant and investment is depressed. Then, for the capitalist mode of production, I derive a theory of over investment relative to consumer demand that applies when economic expansion does not pull real wages up as fast as productivity grows. Third, I develop the theory of the underconsumption trap as one result of an economic downturn. I argue that theory of over-investment relative to consumer demand is a plausible story of the 1920s and the origins of the Great Depression of the 1930s, while the underconsumption trap was an important reason why the Depression was so deep and long. Finally, I comment on the possible applicability of the theories to the post-World War II era.
Urban Squeeze Plays: New York City Crises of the 1930s and 1970s
Authors: Hoffman Joan
Published: March 2007

During the 1930s, and again in the 1970s, New York City experienced serious fiscal crises during which the financial community openly exerted their power in the city. This paper analyzes those crises and the economic contexts in which they occurred. It will be argued that the essential causes of the most recent crisis were not subject to the control of the politicians in New York City and can be found in some of the systemic characteristics of United States capitalism. The paper will focus, specifically, on business cycles, nationally based secular trends which undermine city tax bases and expand revenue demands, the fragmented nature of local governments, the efforts by the capitalist class to expand profits by reducing benefits previously won by the workers, and on the response of the banking system to both secular and cyclical trends. All cities were subject to these pressures (and information on other cities is included), but New York was-especially hard hit by the last three factors. The "solution" to both of the city's crises helped to alleviate the economic problems in the financial community, but they impaired the overall economic health of the city.