bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The last forum of accountability? State secrecy, intelligence and freedom of information in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dobson Melina J.
Published: February 2019

The official mechanisms of intelligence oversight and accountability in the United Kingdom are arguably disjointed and ineffective. Thus, informal actors such as journalists, have played a more significant role. In addition, a rise of whistleblowers and leakers, such as Chelsea Manning, have highlighted the importance of online archives as an avenue for accountability. The United Kingdom is legally bound to place official documents on the public record at the National Archives. Sensitive material on intelligence and other security subjects majorly impedes the bulk release of documents. Inevitably, the inclination to ‘weed’ sensitive material from mundane documents has resulted in a costly declassification process. Evidence suggests that historians successfully investigated these subjects through the use of archives, despite the efforts of officials to obfuscate. This article argues that historians increasingly constitute the last forum of accountability and that routine declassification is an important, but neglected aspect of our machinery of intelligence oversight.
Brexit, CANZUK, and the legacy of empire
Authors: Bell Duncan , Vucetic Srdjan
Published: February 2019

The Brexit referendum triggered a feverish debate over the future of Britain. Critics warn of a country stripped of its international influence, while advocates insist that it marks the beginning of a new phase in British engagement with the world. This article explores a notable development in the ideological debate. Some prominent Brexit supporters endorse the idea of CANZUK, a union of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. We analyse CANZUK as an attempt to develop a fruitful post-Brexit imaginary and as a case of transnational elite advocacy. We begin by placing CANZUK in the context of debates over the ‘Anglosphere’. We then map the CANZUK advocacy network. Next, we examine past plans for uniting English-speaking polities, tracing the idea back to late 19th-century debates over settler colonialism. We end by sketching some reasons to be sceptical about the project.
Optimal design of reduced-order observers with specified eigenvalues and performance measurement of minimizing estimation errors using evolutionary optimization
Authors: Chou Fu-I , Cheng Ming-Yang
Published: February 2019

A new method is proposed in this paper which designs a reduced-order observer of a non-observable-form-based dynamical system such that: (i) the eigenvalues are specified to satisfy desired convergence performance, (ii) a full-rank condition is satisfied, and (iii) a quadratic performance measurement of the deviation of the estimates from the actual states is minimized so as to reduce the large error occurring during the transient period of observation. The proposed approach combines the merits of both the orthogonal functions approach and evolutionary optimization. By solving a Sylvester equation, the proposed optimal design method can not only be used to design the reduced-order observer of a non-observable-form-based dynamical system, but also can avoid the shortcomings of approaches already existing in relevant literatures. Two examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed new optimization method on the performance of state estimations. From the demonstrative examples, it can be seen that the estimated state errors asymptotically converge quickly to zero. In addition, the performance measurement values based on the proposed optimal design approach are apparently much lower than those based on the existing nonoptimal design method.
Crime and terror of social exclusion: The case of 13 imams in Bulgaria
Authors: Panayotov Bogdan
Published: February 2019

According to conventional wisdom, radicalization is explained through the presence in a city of, for example, organized crime, melting pots, illegal drugs and arms trafficking. However, the Bulgarian case (and specifically the precedent of 2014) challenges this logic because it shows a correlation between social marginalization and radicalization. This article explores this link and determines that the causes of radicalization include the lack of an adequate state presence in areas inhabited by certain marginalized minority groups in Bulgaria and the latter’s choice to adopt radical views to gain money and merely to make both ends meet.
Functionalization of electrospun nanofibers by using titanium dioxide and 1,3,7-Trimethyl xanthine for developing ultraviolet protection
Authors: Saricam Canan , Okur Nazan , Göcek İkilem
Published: February 2019

In this study, the functionalization of nanofibers by incorporating different particles and additives into the polymeric matrix for developing ultraviolet protective materials was investigated. Titanium dioxide was selected because of its known characteristic of being a widely used material for obtaining ultraviolet protection. Besides, 1,3,7-Trimethyl xanthine, which was used previously in medical applications to decrease the harm of ultraviolet radiation on DNA, was used to see its potential in obtaining ultraviolet protective nanofibers. By using these two different additives in different concentrations, functionalized polyamide 6.6 nanofibers were produced, their ultraviolet protection property and ratings were recorded, and the results were evaluated comparatively. Addition of titanium dioxide in all concentrations significantly improved ultraviolet protection of polyamide 6.6 nanofibers for both UVA- and UVB-type radiations. Moreover, ultraviolet protection factor value of polyamide 6.6 nanofibers was considerably enhanced by incorporation of 1,3,7-Trimethyl xanthine in the concentrations of 15 and 20% w/w of the polymer; which of their protection ratings were defined as “excellent protection” for both.
Is “Business as Usual” Enough to Be Hispanic-Serving? Becoming a Hispanic-Serving Research Institution
Authors: Marin Patricia
Published: February 2019

This study focuses on an emerging Hispanic-Serving Research Institution (HSRI) and seeks to understand its Hispanic-serving identity as seen through the eyes of senior campus administrators. Findings suggest that instead of asking whether an institution is Hispanic-serving, it may be more appropriate to ask about the extent to which an institution is Hispanic-serving, acknowledging the ongoing identity development that may be required of institutions and supporting the need to expand the existing HSI (Hispanic-serving institution) narrative.
Optimization in an asymmetric Lanchester (n, 1) model
Authors: Hy Manh D , Vu My A , Nguyen Nam H , Ta Anh N , Bui Dinh V
Published: February 2019

Counter-terrorism is a global task that every nation is concerned about. To improve operations against terrorism, many nations carry out counter-terroristic operations not only by themselves but also in cooperation with other nations. In this paper, we propose an extended the Kaplan-Kress-Szechtman model to cope with multi-party counter-terrorism. The optimal control problem for this model is studied. Our main tool is Pontryagin’s maximal principle. The optimal intelligence level and individual reinforcement of each party are found. The numerical results show that counter-terrorism operations in cooperative models are more effective than that in single models.
Paternal Postnatal Depression Among Fathers of Newborn in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shaheen Naila A. , AlAtiq Yousra , Thomas Abin , Alanazi Hussam Ali , AlZahrani Ziad E. , Younis Samah Abdul Ra’ouf , Hussein Mohamed A.
Published: February 2019

Paternal postnatal depression (PPND) is not a commonly recognized phenomenon. The aim of the study was to identify the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) cutoff for Saudi fathers, to estimate PPND prevalence and to determine the risk factors of PPND among fathers of newborn in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study of fathers with babies born up to 6 months prior to the survey was conducted. Fathers were screened using EPDS and demographic questionnaire. The fathers were selected using systematic random sampling from visitors to the birth registration office. A subsample of participants from the postnatal wards in a tertiary care was invited for additional evaluation by a psychologist using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for major depressive disorders. Receiver operating characteristic curve was utilized to identify fathers with depression; a cutoff of 8/9 was optimal to achieve sensitivity 77.8% and specificity 81.3%. Adjusted prevalence of PPND was reported with corresponding Wilson 95% confidence interval. Two hundred and ninety fathers completed the EPDS and demographic questionnaire. Of 72 invited participants, 57 (79.16%) attended the diagnostic interview. The average age of fathers was 34.97 ± 8.56 years, the average maternal age was 29.18 ± 7.41 years, average age of the newborn was 43.13 ± 35.88 days. PPND adjusted prevalence was 16.6% (95% CI [8.5, 25.6]). Paternal mental health needs equal attention during and postdelivery of newborn. Fathers should receive perinatal and postnatal mental health assessment to prevent behavioral problems in their children and disruption of relationship with their spouse.
Hypoperfusion in lenticulostriate arteries territory related to unexplained early neurological deterioration after intravenous thrombolysis
Authors: Zhou Ying , Zhong Wansi , Wang Anli , Huang Wanyun , Yan Shenqiang , Zhang Ruiting , Liu Chang , Fu Jingjing , Jiaerken Yeerfan , Lou Min
Published: February 2019

Background

Early neurological deterioration occurs in approximately 10% acute ischemic stroke patients after thrombolysis. Over half of the early neurological deterioration occurred without known causes and is called unexplained early neurological deterioration.

Aims

We aimed to explore the development of early neurological deterioration at 24 h after thrombolysis, and whether it could be predicted by the presence of baseline hypoperfusion in lenticulostriate arteries territory in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our prospectively collected database of acute ischemic stroke patients in the unilateral middle cerebral artery territory who had baseline perfusion image and received thrombolysis. Unexplained early neurological deterioration was defined as ≥ 2 points increase of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) from baseline to 24 h, without known causes. Hypoperfusion lesions in different territories were identified on perfusion maps.

Results

A total of 306 patients were included in analysis. Patients with pure lenticulostriate arteries hypoperfusion (defined as the presence of hypoperfusion in lenticulostriate artery territory, but not in middle cerebral artery terminal branch territory) were more likely to have unexplained early neurological deterioration than others (27.6% vs. 6.1%; OR, 5.974; p = 0.001), after adjusting for age, baseline NIHSS and onset to treatment time.

Conclusions

Patients presenting hypoperfusion in pure lenticulostriate arteries territory were easier to experience unexplained early neurological deterioration.
Computed tomography perfusion as a predictor of delayed cerebral ischemia and functional outcome in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: A single center experience
Authors: Fragata Isabel , Alves Marta , Papoila Ana Luísa , Nunes Ana Paiva , Ferreira Patrícia , Diogo Mariana , Canto-Moreira Nuno , Canhão Patrícia
Published: February 2019

Background

Computed tomography (CT) perfusion has been studied as a tool to predict delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and clinical outcome in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of the study was to determine whether quantitative CT perfusion performed within 72 hours after admission can predict the occurrence of DCI and clinical outcome as measured with a modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months after ictus.

Methods

Cerebral perfusion was assessed in a prospective cohort of patients with acute SAH. CT perfusion parameters at <72 h post SAH were quantitatively measured in the main vascular territories and represented as whole-brain means. Spearman rank correlation coefficient and generalized additive regression models for binary outcome were used.

Results

A total of 66 patients underwent CT perfusion at <72 h. Poor clinical grade on admission was correlated with worse cerebral perfusion in all parameters. Multivariable analysis yielded an association of time to peak (TTP; odds ratio (OR) = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77, 1.02; p = 0.083) with the occurrence of DCI. We also found an association of TTP values with poor outcome, with an 8% increase in the odds of mRS > 3 for each one second increase in TTP at admission (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.17; p = 0.061).

Conclusions

We identified an association of early TTP changes with DCI and poor clinical outcome. However, there were no associations with cerebral blood flow or mean transit time and DCI/clinical outcome. CT perfusion still remains to be validated as a tool in predicting outcome in SAH.
A radiologist’s approach to CT KUB for the urologist
Authors: Coates James D.C. , Wilkinson Christopher T.L.
Published: February 2019

In this article we review the computed tomography imaging features of renal and ureteric calculi, the secondary signs of renal tract calculi and their possible complications. Most calculi appear as high-density foci due to their composition, whereas other signs that may be appreciated include the soft-tissue rim sign in the ureter, upstream renal tract dilation and peri-ureteric or peri-renal stranding. The most accurate means of measuring a calculus is in the coronal plane on bone windows. We also provide a systematic approach to interrogating computed tomography of the kidneys, ureter and bladder for the urologist, with examples of other conditions that may present as renal colic and are apparent on computed tomography.

Level of evidence: Not applicable as no original research is being proffered.
A 2-Year Cost Analysis of Maximum Nonoperative Treatments in Patients With Symptomatic Lumbar Stenosis or Spondylolisthesis That Ultimately Required Surgery
Authors: Adogwa Owoicho , Davison Mark A. , Lilly Daniel T. , Vuong Victoria D. , Desai Shyam A. , Moreno Jessica , Cheng Joseph , Bagley Carlos
Published: February 2019

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Objectives:

The purpose of this study is to characterize the utilization and costs of maximal nonoperative therapies (MNTs) within 2 years prior to spinal fusion surgery in patients with symptomatic lumbar stenosis or spondylolisthesis.

Methods:

A large insurance database was queried for patients with symptomatic lumbar stenosis or spondylolisthesis undergoing index 1-, 2-, or 3-level lumbar decompression and fusion procedures between 2007 and 2016. This database consists of 20.9 million covered lives and includes private/commercially insured and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries. The utilization of MNTs within 2 years prior to index surgery was assessed by cost billed to the patient, prescriptions written, and number of units billed.

Results:

A total of 27 877 out of 3 423 114 (0.8%) eligible patients underwent posterior lumbar instrumented fusion. Patient MNT utilization was as follows: 11 383 (40.8%) used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 19 770 (70.9%) used opioids, 12 414 (44.5%) used muscle relaxants, 14 422 (51.7%) received lumbar epidural steroid injection (LESI), 11 156 (40.0%) attended physical therapy/occupational therapy, 4005 (14.4%) presented to the emergency department, and 4042 (14.5%) received chiropractor treatments. The total direct cost associated with all MNTs prior to index spinal fusion was $28 241 320 ($1013.07 per/patient). LESI comprised the largest portion of the total cost of MNT ($15 296 941, 54.2%), followed by opioids ($3 702 463, 13.1%) and NSAIDs ($3 058 335, 10.8%).

Conclusions:

Opioids are the most frequently prescribed and most used therapy in the preoperative period. Assuming minimal improvement in pain and functional disability after maximum nonoperative therapies, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio for MNT could be highly unfavorable.
Should the patella be everted during primary total knee arthroplasty? A systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses
Authors: Grassi Alberto , Compagnoni Riccardo , Ferrua Paolo , Pasqualotto Stefano , Zaolino Carlo , Zaffagnini Stefano , Randelli Pietro
Published: February 2019

Patellar eversion during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a debated issue. The aim of this study is to perform a review of overlapping meta-analyses analyzing clinical outcomes of patellar eversion compared to noneversion. A search was performed in PubMed\MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs;l comparison between TKAs with or without patellar eversion; and at least one outcome, such as reoperation rate, pain, and functional scores. Meta-analyses were evaluated with the A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Review (AMSTAR) score, addressing the most relevant one with the Jadad algorithm. Three meta-analyses were identified and included in this review. No significant differences were found regarding complications, quadriceps strength, functional, and radiological outcomes. The meta-analysis by Zan et al. was selected as the best available one. Patellar eversion group showed a shorter tourniquet time but a longer skin incision. In conclusion, eversion and noneversion techniques did not demonstrate any significant or clinically relevant difference.

Level of Evidence: Level II, systematic review of meta-analyses
The Evidence on School-Based Health Centers: A Review
Authors: Arenson Michael , Hudson Philip J. , Lee NaeHyung , Lai Betty
Published: February 2019

Context. Pediatricians working toward health equity require health care delivery mechanisms that take on dual roles: mitigating the health effects of a maladaptive social ecosystem while simultaneously working to improve the ecosystem itself. School-based health centers (SBHCs) perform these dual roles by providing medical, mental/behavioral, dental, and vision care directly in schools where young people spend the majority of their time, maximizing their opportunity to learn and grow. Evidence Acquisition. Databases were searched extensively for research studies published between January 2000 and December 2018. Evidence Synthesis. The authors began with 3 recent high-impact reviews that covered SBHC history, health outcomes, cost-benefit, and impact on health equity. Informed by these articles, the authors organized the evidence into 4 broad categories of impact: Financial, Physical Health (including medical, vision, and dental), Mental Health, and Educational Outcomes. Using these 4 categories, the authors then performed a robust literature search using PubMed for studies that fit into these themes. Conclusions. SBHCs increase access to health services for children, families, and communities, which ultimately leads to positive short- and long-term outcomes in service of a broad range of stakeholders. Educational impact requires further attention on both outcomes and methodological approaches. Three current public health topics of importance were identified that SBHCs might be well-suited to address: Youth Gun Violence, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and the Health of American Indian/Alaskan Native communities in the United States.
Who Needs What? Perceptions of Patients and Caregivers in Oncology Phase 1 Trials
Authors: Rezash Victoria , Reed Janice , Gedeon Barbara , Parsons Eric , Siedlecki Sandra , Daniels Bradley , Shepard Dale R
Published: February 2019

Background:

The study design and nature of oncology phase 1 clinical trials create a uniquely vulnerable patient population yet little research has been conducted to identify the added burden these trials create for both cancer patients and their caregiver(s).

Objective:

Examining the perceptions and needs of patients and their caregivers participating in phase 1 oncology clinical trials, the investigators tested the hypothesis that the caregiver will exhibit a higher level of burden and/or distress than the patient.

Method:

A mixed-methods exploratory process utilizing patient and caregiver interviews and quality-of-life questionnaires was used to assess the psychosocial burdens associated with oncology clinical trial participation. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the responses were 8 performed.

Result:

Both patients and caregivers reported similar themes identifying the burdens and benefits related to phase 1 clinical trial participation. However, the caregivers’ expressed burden exceeded that of the patients’ validating the study’s hypothesis.

Conclusion:

The need for ongoing additional support services for not only the patient but also the caregiver was identified.
Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) Improves Multiple Physiological Markers of Health
Authors: Bach Donna , Groesbeck Gary , Stapleton Peta , Sims Rebecca , Blickheuser Katharina , Church Dawson
Published: February 2019

Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) is an evidence-based self-help therapeutic method and over 100 studies demonstrate its efficacy. However, information about the physiological effects of EFT is limited. The current study sought to elucidate EFTs mechanisms of action across the central nervous system (CNS) by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) and heart coherence (HC); the circulatory system using resting heart rate (RHR) and blood pressure (BP); the endocrine system using cortisol, and the immune system using salivary immunoglobulin A (SigA). The second aim was to measure psychological symptoms. Participants (N = 203) were enrolled in a 4-day training workshop held in different locations. At one workshop (n = 31), participants also received comprehensive physiological testing. Posttest, significant declines were found in anxiety (−40%), depression (−35%), posttraumatic stress disorder (−32%), pain (−57%), and cravings (−74%), all P < .000. Happiness increased (+31%, P = .000) as did SigA (+113%, P = .017). Significant improvements were found in RHR (−8%, P = .001), cortisol (−37%, P < .000), systolic BP (−6%, P = .001), and diastolic BP (−8%, P < .000). Positive trends were observed for HRV and HC and gains were maintained on follow-up, indicating EFT results in positive health effects as well as increased mental well-being.
Study protocol for a pragmatic trial of the Consult for Addiction Treatment and Care in Hospitals (CATCH) model for engaging patients in opioid use disorder treatment
Authors: McNeely Jennifer , Troxel Andrea B. , Kunins Hillary V. , Shelley Donna , Lee Joshua D. , Walley Alexander , Weinstein Zoe M. , Billings John , Davis Nichola J. , Marcello Roopa Kalyanaraman , Schackman Bruce R. , Barron Charles , Bergmann Luke
Published: February 2019

Background

Treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly effective, yet it remains dramatically underutilized. Individuals with OUD have disproportionately high rates of hospitalization and low rates of addiction treatment. Hospital-based addiction consult services offer a potential solution by using multidisciplinary teams to evaluate patients, initiate medication for addiction treatment (MAT) in the hospital, and connect patients to post-discharge care. We are studying the effectiveness of an addiction consult model [Consult for Addiction Treatment and Care in Hospitals (CATCH)] as a strategy for engaging patients with OUD in treatment as the program rolls out in the largest municipal hospital system in the US. The primary aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of CATCH in increasing post-discharge initiation and engagement in MAT. Secondary aims are to assess treatment retention, frequency of acute care utilization and overdose deaths and their associated costs, and implementation outcomes.

Methods

A pragmatic trial at six hospitals, conducted in collaboration with the municipal hospital system and department of health, will be implemented to study the CATCH intervention. Guided by the RE-AIM evaluation framework, this hybrid effectiveness-implementation study (Type 1) focuses primarily on effectiveness and also measures implementation outcomes to inform the intervention’s adoption and sustainability. A stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial design will determine the impact of CATCH on treatment outcomes in comparison to usual care for a control period, followed by a 12-month intervention period and a 6- to 18-month maintenance period at each hospital. A mixed methods approach will primarily utilize administrative data to measure outcomes, while interviews and focus groups with staff and patients will provide additional information on implementation fidelity and barriers to delivering MAT to patients with OUD.

Discussion

Because of their great potential to reduce the negative health and economic consequences of untreated OUD, addiction consult models are proliferating in response to the opioid epidemic, despite the absence of a strong evidence base. This study will provide the first known rigorous evaluation of an addiction consult model in a large multi-site trial and promises to generate knowledge that can rapidly transform practice and inform the potential for widespread dissemination of these services.

Trial registration: NCT03611335
Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Advanced Germ Cell Tumor Treated at a Tertiary Cancer Center in Brazil
Authors: Vasconcellos Vitor Fiorin , Bastos Diogo Assed , Pereira Allan A. Lima , Watarai Gabriel Yoshiyuki , Pereira Bruno Rodriguez , de Godoy Adriana , Almeida-Silva Jamile , Muniz David Queiroz Borges , Guglielmetti Giuliano Betoni , Nahas William Carlos , Dzik Carlos
Published: February 2019

PURPOSE

Reported treatment outcomes for patients with advanced germ cell tumors (aGCT) are based mainly on series from developed nations. Data from low- and middle-income countries are underrepresented.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

From 2000 to 2015, a retrospective analysis identified 300 patients with aGCT treated at our institution. Kaplan-Meier methods were used for analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) according to the International Germ Cell Consensus Classification Group (IGCCCG).

RESULTS

Patients’ median age was 28 years. According to the IGCCCG, 57% had good-, 18.3% intermediate-, and 24.7% poor-risk disease. Median α-fetoprotein levels were 2.9, 243, and 3,998 ng/mL, and those of human chorionic gonadotropin were 0.4, 113, and 301.5 mUI/mL in IGCCCG good-, intermediate-, and poor-risk groups, respectively. At a median 46 months of follow-up, 93 PFS events and 45 deaths had occurred and estimated 5-year PFS and OS were 69% and 85%, respectively, including 83% and 95.3% in good-risk, 70.9% and 83.6% in intermediate-risk, and 35.1% and 62.2% in poor-risk patients, respectively. In multivariable analysis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2 was a significant independent prognostic factor with a hazard ratio of 2.58 (95% CI, 1.55 to 4.29; P < .001) and 6.20 (95% CI, 2.97 to 12.92; P < .001) for PFS and OS, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Brazilian patients with aGCT in this cohort had similar outcomes as patients in the IGCCCG database. In comparison with contemporary series, patients with intermediate- and poor-risk aGCT had slightly inferior PFS and OS, possibly due to a high percentage of patients with poor performance status and less use of high-dose chemotherapy.
Tau modulates Schwann cell proliferation, migration and differentiation following peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Yi Sheng , Liu Qianyan , Wang Xinghui , Qian Tianmei , Wang Hongkui , Zha Guangbin , Yu Jun , Wang Pan , Gu Xiaosong , Chu Dandan , Li Shiying
Published: February 2019

Tau protein (encoded by the gene microtubule-associated protein tau, Mapt) is essential for the assembly and stability of microtubule and the functional maintenance of the nervous system. Tau is highly abundant in neurons and is detectable in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, whether tau is present in Schwann cells, the unique glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, is unclear. Here, we investigated the presence of tau and its coding mRNA, Mapt, in cultured Schwann cells and find that tau is present in these cells. Gene silencing of Mapt promoted Schwann cell proliferation and inhibited Schwann cell migration and differentiation. In vivo application of Mapt siRNA suppressed the migration of Schwann cells after sciatic nerve injury. Consistent with this, Mapt-knockout mice showed elevated proliferation and reduced migration of Schwann cells. Rats injected with Mapt siRNA and Mapt-knockout mice also exhibited impaired myelin and lipid debris clearance. The expression and distribution of the cytoskeleton proteins α-tubulin and F-actin were also disrupted in these animals. These findings demonstrate the existence and biological effects of tau in Schwann cells, and expand our understanding of the function of tau in the nervous system.
Arp2/3-branched actin regulates microtubule acetylation levels and affects mitochondrial distribution
Authors: Shi Peng , Wang Yuan , Huang Yuxing , Zhang Chunlei , Li Ying , Liu Yaoping , Li Tingting , Wang Wei , Liang Xin , Wu Congying
Published: February 2019

Actin and microtubule cytoskeletons regulate cell morphology, participate in organelle trafficking and function in response to diverse environmental cues. Precise spatial-temporal coordination between these two cytoskeletons is essential for cells to live and move. Here, we report a novel crosstalk between actin and microtubules, in which the branched actin maintains microtubule organization, dynamics and stability by affecting tubulin acetylation levels. We observed that acetylated tubulin significantly decreases upon perturbation of the Arp2/3-branched actin. We subsequently discover that HDAC6 participates in this process by altering its interaction with tubulin and the Arp2/3-stabilizer cortactin. We further identify that the homeostasis of branched actin controls mitochondrial distribution via this microtubule acetylation-dependent mechanism. Our findings shed new light on the integral view of cytoskeletal networks, highlighting post-translational modification as another possible form of cytoskeletal inter-regulation, aside from the established crosstalks through structural connection or upstream signaling pathways.
KIF5A and KLC1 expression in Alzheimer’s disease: relationship and genetic influences
Authors: Hares Kelly , Miners Scott , Scolding Neil , Love Seth , Wilkins Alastair
Published: February 2019

Background: Early disturbances in axonal transport, before the onset of gross neuropathology, occur in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. Kinesin superfamily motor proteins (KIFs) are responsible for anterograde protein transport within the axon of various cellular cargoes, including synaptic and structural proteins. Dysregulated KIF expression has been associated with AD pathology and genetic polymorphisms within kinesin-light chain-1 (KLC1) have been linked to AD susceptibility. We examined the expression of KLC1 in AD, in relation to that of the KLC1 motor complex (KIF5A) and to susceptibility genotypes.

Methods: We analysed KLC1 and KIF5A gene and protein expression in midfrontal cortex from 47 AD and 39 control brains.

Results: We found that gene expression of both KIF5A and KLC1 increased with Braak tangle stage (0-II vs III-IV and V-VI) but was not associated with significant change at the protein level. We found no effect of KLC1 SNPs on KIF5A or KLC1 expression but KIF5A SNPs that had previously been linked to susceptibility in multiple sclerosis were associated with reduced KIF5A mRNA expression in AD cortex.

Conclusions: The findings raise the possibility that genetic polymorphisms within the KIF5A gene locus could contribute to disturbances of axonal transport, neuronal connectivity and function across a spectrum of neurological conditions, including AD.
ЛИЧНЫЙ СОСТАВ КЛАССНЫХ ЧИНОВ ПОЛИЦЕЙСКИХ УПРАВЛЕНИЙ В СИБИРИ (ПО СПИСКАМ ТОМСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ ЗА 1914-1916 ГОДЫ)
Authors: Khramtsov Alexander Borisovich
Published: February 2019

Цель. Статья посвящена исследованию социально-профессионального состава классных чинов уездных полицейских управлений в Сибири (на примере списков полицейских Томской губернии за 1914–1916 гг.).Метод или методология проведения работы. В работе применялся комплекс методов научного познания, среди них: анализ документов, логический, обобщения и историко-сравнительный. Для избежания описательности и необоснованных выводов использовались статистические методы, а также системный подход к выявлению ключевых вопросов данной темы.Результаты. По спискам установлено, что должностной и количественный состав полицейского управления зависел от площади подведомственной ему территории уезда, количества в нем населения и соответственно от «нарезки» станов. Чиновники полиции в основном имели гражданские чины. На классные должности могли назначаться лица без чинов, со средним или домашним образованием. В списках, наряду с положительными характеристиками службы полицейских, встречаются отрицательные заключения о соответствии должности, по таким причинам как: неопытность, малоподвижность, неуравновешенность, преклонность лет и другие. «Сибирская среда» как основной источник пополнения кадрового состава местной полиции в условиях войны, не могла обеспечить правильную организацию полицейской службы.Область применения результатов. Исследование обширных и многогранных данных о личном составе полицейских управлений в Сибири позволяет выявить источники комплектования административного аппарата управления, численность, состав, социальные характеристики, особенности прохождения службы чиновников и в целом оценить кадровую политику правительства в имперскую эпоху. Научно-практическая ценность работы состоит в том, что впервые вводимые в научный оборот архивные документы могут быть использованы для изучения различных аспектов истории правоохранительной системы России в целом и Сибири в частности.
НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЕ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ НА СЕВЕРНОМ КАВКАЗЕ В ПЕРИОД РЕВОЛЮЦИИ И ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ
Authors: Krinko Evgeny Fedorovich
Published: February 2019

Цель. Статья посвящена национальной политике и государственным преобразованиям на Северном Кавказе в период Революции и Гражданской войны.Методология. Автор использовал принципы историзма, системного анализа и институциональный подход. Результаты. Свержение монархии вызывало подъем национальных движений на Северном Кавказе. Распад прежних государственных структур сопровождался кардинальным переформатированием политико-правового пространства региона. Наряду с созданием новых форм организации власти происходило восстановление традиционных политических институтов. С приходом к власти большевиков в Петрограде на Северном Кавказе усилились сепаратистские настроения. В прежних губерния и областях провозглашались республики. При этом первоначально часть из них не выступала за выход из состава России. Однако поиск новых национально-государственных форм осложняли Гражданская война и иностранная интервенция. Руководители Белого движения выступали за сохранение единой России. Это стало одной из причин их поражения на юге страны. Победа большевиков, декларировавших право наций на самоопределение, означала новый этап национально-государственного строительства на Северном Кавказе.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в исторической науке и образовании.
ПРОБЛЕМА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ: КОНТУРЫ ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИАЛЬНОГО ПОДХОДА
Authors: Voronov Vasily Mikhailovich
Published: February 2019

Цель. Прояснить контуры экзистенциального подхода к проблеме идентичности как альтернативного теоретико-методологической позиции в сравнении с эссенциалистским и конструктивистким подходами.Методология. Исследование базируется на философской рефлексии, которая понимается в качестве особого метода, позволяющего анализировать социокультурные феномены, опираясь на социогуманитарные дисциплины и литературно-художественное осмысление действительности. Теоретико-методологическая позиция в основном определяется идеями экзистенциальной аналитики (М. Хайдеггер) и логотерапии (В. Франкл). Методологическое значение для исследования имеют общие установки феноменологии и экзистенциализма, а также концепция нарративной идентичности П. Рикёра.Результаты. Сформулированы некоторые концептуальные положения экзистенциального понимания идентичности как целостного феномена. Показан экзистенциальный характер проблемы социально-антропологической идентичности, конституирующийся связанностью смысложизненных вопросов «кто я?» и «ради чего?». Прояснена связь уровней социально-антропологической идентификации: персонального, социокультурного и антропологического.Область применения результатов. Результаты могут использоваться для разработки социально-политических программ, связанных с проблематикой развития человеческого потенциала и патриотического воспитания в качестве теоретико-методологических оснований. Материалы могут включаться в курсы и модули преподавания социальной философии и философской антропологии.
ТРАДИЦИИ И ПАРАДИГМЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ
Authors: Maslova Ekaterina Sergeevna
Published: February 2019

В статье рассматриваются дисциплинарные парадигмы, в контексте которых проблема идентичности исследовалась в гуманитарном дискурсе. Цель статьи состоит в анализе проблематической ситуации деструктивного плюрализма и фрагментации дисциплинарных и концептуальных подходов к исследованию идентичности в современном гуманитарном дискурсе, а также возможных путей его преодоления.Методом критического анализа существующих в литературе интерпретаций плюрализма концепций идентичности и подходов к ее исследованию, автор устанавливает, что проблематический характер этого плюрализма обусловлен реальным кризисом идентичности личности в обществе постмодерна. Современному постмодернистскому кризису идентичности соответствует фрагментация и плюрализм дисциплинарных подходов и внутридисциплинарных парадигм, применяемых в исследовании идентичности. Фрагментированный, дискретный плюрализм современных исследований идентичности нередко соединяется также с релятивизацией идентичности, абсолютизацией ее текучести и изменчивости в духе философских принципов постмодернизма.Реализация междисциплинарности на практике оказывается проблематичной, т.к. открывает, не только новые возможности, но и новые проблемы и ограничения. Гораздо более проблематичной, чем междисциплинарная интеграция, оказывается внутридисциплинарная концептуальная интеграция подходов к исследованию идентичности.Автор приходит к выводу о том, что возможны две основных модели преодоления деструктивного плюрализма и фрагментации исследований идентичности. Первая модель выдержана в контексте принципов постмодернистской философии и постнеклассических стандартов научной рациональности.Вторая модель преодоления деструктивного плюрализма и фрагментации исследований идентичности основана на принципах и стандартах гуманитарной классической научной рациональности. В основе второй модели лежит создание целостной интегральной концепции идентичности на базе продуктивной философской парадигмы и междисциплинарной интеграции существующих подходов.
Securing Gates of a Protected Area: A Hybrid Game and Queueing Theory Modeling Approach
Authors: Deutsch Yael , Golany Boaz
Published: February 2019

The prevention of malicious attacks on secured areas, such as airports and government installations, is a major concern everywhere as terror organizations increase their global reach. Typically, traffic in and out of such protected areas happens through well-defined gates. An attacker who wants to penetrate the area has to do it through one of the gates, and the defender who protects the area tries to prevent it by inspecting the incoming traffic. The trade-off faced by the defender is that increased inspections adversely affect the vast majority of innocent people passing through the gates by causing longer queues and discomfort. We combine game theory considerations with queueing theory analysis to address such situations. We formulate and analytically solve a defender–attacker game that takes place at multiple gates of a secured area. The gates are modeled as M/M/N queueing systems, where the “N”s are chosen strategically by the defender and may vary among the gates. Our analysis shows scenarios where even a limited number of guards is sufficient to deter would-be attackers and there is no need to assign additional guards even if they are available at no further cost.
Budgeting, Psychological Contracts, and Budgetary Misreporting
Authors: Gallani Susanna , Krishnan Ranjani , Marinich Eric J. , Shields Michael D.
Published: February 2019

This study examines the effect of psychological contract breach on budgetary misreporting. Psychological contracts are mental models or schemas that govern how employees understand their exchange relationships with their employers. Psychological contract breach leads to feelings of violation and can occur even when employees’ economic contracts are fulfilled. We study the effects of psychological contract breach on three common types of employee participation in budgeting that differ in the degree of employees’ influence over their approved budgets. These include affirmative budgeting (full influence), consultative budgeting (moderate influence), and authoritative budgeting (low influence). When organizations communicate that employees will be involved in budgeting, employees develop psychological contracts of affirmative budgeting. If employees subsequently experience authoritative or consultative budgeting, their psychological contracts are breached. Employees who experience psychological contract breach seek redress through budgetary misreporting. Experimental results indicate that psychological contract breach partially mediates the relation between budgeting type and budgetary misreporting. Results also indicate asymmetry in the effects of psychological contract breach versus repair. Effects of breach on budgetary misreporting persist even after the breach no longer occurs.

This paper was accepted by Shivaram Rajgopal, accounting.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3067 .
The Role of Individual and Organizational Expertise in the Adoption of New Practices
Authors: Greenwood Brad N. , Agarwal Ritu , Agarwal Rajshree , Gopal Anandasivam
Published: February 2019

New information pertinent to organizational decision making, even when publicly available, may not diffuse rapidly in the form of adoption and transformation of organizational practices. In this study, we examine how different markers of expertise, each representative of human capital at both individual and organizational levels, moderates the speed of response to new information. We do so in the context of medical device utilization, viz. stents, for the treatment of stable coronary arterial disease by physicians practicing in hospitals. Results show that physicians possessing specialized expertise developed through deliberate practice adopt new guidelines significantly faster, as compared with physicians endowed with general expertise reflected in elite schooling or tenure. Furthermore, we observe significant spillovers within organizations from expertise gained through deliberate practice, indicating that physicians with expertise markers associated with deliberate practice are able to act as influential agents and help diffuse new practices within the organization. Our study thus extends the literature on both information diffusion and expertise by providing quantitative and qualitative evidence of the mechanisms at play in the adoption of new best practices.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1246 .
On a Firm’s Optimal Response to Pressure for Gender Pay Equity
Authors: Anderson David , Bjarnadóttir Margrét V. , Dezső Cristian L. , Ross David Gaddis
Published: February 2019

We present a theory of how a rational, profit-maximizing firm would respond to pressure for gender pay equity by strategically distributing raises to reduce the pay gap between its female and male employees at minimum cost. Using formal analysis and pay data from a real employer, we show that (1) employees in low-paying jobs and whose pay-related observables are similar to those of men at the firm are most likely to get raises; (2) counterintuitively, some men may get raises, and giving raises to certain women would increase the pay gap; and (3) a firm can reduce the gender pay gap as measured by a much larger percentage than the overall increase in pay to women at the firm. We also identify the conditions under which a firm could “explain away” a gender pay gap using other pay-related observables, such as job category, as well as the conditions under which this strategy would backfire. Our paper helps explain some empirical puzzles, such as the tendency for some men to get raises after gender equity pay reviews, and yields a rich set of implications for empirical research and practice.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1248 .
Anamnesis and queer  poe(/li)tics: Dissident sexualities and the erotics of transgression in Cyprus
Authors: Karayanni Stavros Stavrou
Published: February 2019

This article examines queer Cyprus issues in terms of national and sexual identity politics, queer historiography and a transgressive aesthetic of desire. It relies on the premise that focusing on the personal experience of desire offers a mode of narrative that may mitigate the displacement of queer experience and subvert systemic oppression. At various moments and most prominently in Part D, the writing attempts a discursive performance whose context, tone and character adjust themselves to the article’s engagement with queer politics of Cyprus. As an ultimate goal, this performance seeks to contribute less to the much-rehearsed debates on sexual identities and more to their attendant politics of power and to the poetics of desire. Along with the pursuit of sexual fulfilment, the poetics of desire become fundamental elements in constructing a sense of personal sexual history. As I examine the legacies of colonial orientalism within the context of queer desire, I explore the possibility of spaces where dissenting sexualities may inscribe a trajectory while in the grip of strictures that determine gender, sexual and national performance. By turning attention to personal spaces, this article delineates a subjective consciousness whose personal imaginings expand into queer embodiments that unfold across and beyond.