bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA E ESTUDOS SOCIAIS EM JOHN DEWEY E DELGADO DE CARVALHO * THE TEACHING OF HISTORY AND SOCIAL STUDIES ON JOHN DEWEY AND DELGADO DE CARVALHO
Authors: Nascimento Thiago
Published: September 2015

 

Resumo: A memória de muitos professores de História e historiador es, sobretudo a dos que atuaram na luta contra os Estudos Sociais e as licenciaturas curtas no decorrer dos anos de 1970 e 1980, tende a associar fortemente os Estudos Sociais à política educacional adotada após a ascensão dos militares ao poder. No entanto, as primeiras discussões em torno do tema se remetem, no Brasil, aos anos de 1920 no contexto da introdução do movimento da Escola Nova no país. Nos anos antecedentes ao golpe civil-militar de 1964, constituiu-se no Brasil uma concepção de Estudos Sociais que teria longa vida, muitas leituras e releituras, cujo principal expoente foi Carlos Delgado de Carvalho. Nesse artigo, analisamos a influência da filosofia educacional de John Dewey para o ensino de Estudos Sociais e a obra de Delgado de Carvalho.

Palavras-chave: Ensino de História; Estudos Sociais; Escola Nova; Delgado de Carvalho.

 

Abstract: The memory of many history teachers and historians, especially those who served in the fight against the Social Studies and the graduate short over the years 1970 and 1980, tends to strongly associate the social studies with the education politics adopt after the rise of the military government. However, the early discussions about the topic are refers, in Brazil, to the year 1920 in connection with the introduction of the New School movement in the country. In the years before the 1964 military government in Brazil constructed of a conception social studies that would have long life and lots of reading and rereading, whose principal exponent was Carlos Delgado de Carvalho. In this article we analyze the influence of the educational philosophy of John Dewey for teaching social studies and the work of Delgado de Carvalho.

 

Keywords: Teaching of History; Social studies; New School; Delgado de Carvalho.

 
O DEPARTAMENTO DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA DE SÃO PAULO E A INTERIORIZAÇÃO DOS PARQUES INFANTIS: O CASO DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO * THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF SÃO PAULO AND THE INTERIORIZATION OF CHILDREN PLAYGROUNDS: THE CASE OF RIBEIRÃO PRETO
Authors: Fonseca Sérgio César da , Ferreira Débora Menengotti , Prandi Maria Beatriz Ribeiro
Published: September 2015

Resumo: A história da Educação Infantil no Brasil conta com polí ticas públicas voltadas para a assistência e a saúde das crianças pobres. Entre essas políticas, surge, em 1934, no Estado de São Paulo, o Parque Infantil, instituição hibrida que assumia responsabilidades não somente pela educação dos alunos que recebia, mas, t ambém, pela assistência médica, dentária, alimentação e recreação dos mesmos. Gradativamente, a proposta da instituição se difundiu por algumas cidades do Estado e até mesmo da Federação e, em 1951, por intermédio do Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo, o projeto torna-se realidade também na cidade de Ribeirão Preto. O presente estudo se propõe a analisar o processo de interiorização dos referidos Parques Infantis.

Palavras-chave: História da Educação; Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo; Parque Infantil.

Abstract: The history of the Infantile Education in Brazil has public policies focused for the care and health of poor children. Among these policies, appears in 1934 in the state of São Paulo, the Children's Playground, hybrid institution that assumed responsibility not only for the education of students who received, but also for medical care and dental care, meals and recreation of them. Gradually, the proposal of the institution was spread by some cities in the state, and also of the Federation, and in 1951, through the Department of Physical Education of the State of São Paulo, the project becomes a reality in the city of Ribeirão Preto. This study aims to analyze the process of interiorization of these Children's Playgrounds.

Keywords: History of Education; Department of Physical Education of the State of São Paulo; Children's Playground.
News and Progress 2011-2013
Authors: Olsen Erla
Published: September 2015

The following scientists have defended a PhD Thesis in 2011-2013.
The use of Fróðskaparrit
Authors: Bloch Dorethe
Published: September 2015

Through the last years at the annual session of Fróðskaparfelag the use of Fróðskaparrit has been shown. The distribution between the different sciences is treated, thenationality of the authors and the language they have used. Also the length of the papers and the number of papers in each number. In this paper it is shown in graphs and one table.
Differences between tithe accounts and the material reality behind them – the case of the Faeroe Islands
Authors: Guttesen Rolf
Published: September 2015

The rules for payment of tithe varied in the 19th century in the Faeroe Islands. Concerning wool tithe, there are some issues, never dealt with before, to be examined, as the tithe was paid for each slaughtered lamb, but the tithe was paid in wool. The problem is that the lambs and older sheep were slaughtered in autumn, while the wool was removed from the older sheep (not the lambs) in May and June. Therefore, the collection of wool could not wait for the slaughter in autumn. How was this problem resolved in practical terms, and how was the collection organized? There was an ‘on account’ system that is described in this article. Another accounting system was practiced when it came to the young of the Manx Shearwater, called lírar in Faeroese. The material base of this tithe consisted of a limited number of units that could not be divided further into smaller units. Therefore, it was necessary over time to keep records of the distributed tithe and the arrears so that the three recipients, king, clergyman and church, could have their rightful share.
Soil fertility and disturbance interact to drive contrasting responses of co‐occurring native and nonnative species
Authors: Peltzer Duane A. , Kurokawa Hiroko , Wardle David A.
Published: September 2015

Some plant functional groups such as nonnative invasive and nitrogen (N)‐fixing plants are widely thought to have consistent, coordinated differences in their functional traits relative to other groups such as native and non ‐N‐fixing plants. Recent evidence suggests that these trait differences between groups can be context dependent, varying with environmental factors such as resource availability and disturbance. However, many previous comparisons among plant groups differing in invasion status have not standardized growth form between groups or have compared species that do not co‐occur, which could result in invasion status per se being confounded with other factors. We determined growth and leaf functional trait responses of 20 co‐occurring woody species, that is, five species within each of four functional groups (native N‐fixers, native non ‐N‐fixers, nonnative [invasive] N‐fixers and nonnative [invasive] non‐N‐fixers), to factorial combinations of soil fertility and defoliation treatments in a mesocosm experiment to test each of two hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that nonnative invasive and N‐fixing species will have functional traits associated with rapid resource acquisition whereas natives and non ‐N‐fixing species will have traits linked to resource conservation. Second, we hypothesized that plant growth and leaf traits of nonnative and N‐fixing species will be more strongly influenced by environmental factors (i.e., soil fertility and disturbance) than will natives and non‐N‐fixers. Plant growth, foliar nutrients, and leaf structural traits varied among plant functional groups in a manner consistent with our first hypothesis. Support for our second hypothesis was mixed; origin (native vs. nonnative) and soil fertility rarely interacted to determine plant growth or variation in leaf traits whereas interactions involving N‐fixing ability and soil fertility were common. Further, there were no consistent interactive effects between plant groupings and disturbance. Our results demonstrate that variation in growth and functional traits among plant species were driven primarily by the relatively large responses of nonnative N‐fixers to soil fertility, rather than by consistent differences between other plant functional groups. These findings highlight the importance of resource availability in determining trait or performance differences among plant functional groups, and provide insights into the assembly of plant functional traits in novel communities of co‐occurring native and nonnative species.
Testing a Theoretical Model of Immigration Transition and Physical Activity
Authors: Chang Sun Ju , Im Eun-Ok
Published: September 2015

The purposes of the study were to develop a theoretical model to explain the relationships between immigration transition and midlife women’s physical activity and test the relationships among the major variables of the model. A theoretical model, which was developed based on transitions theory and the midlife women’s attitudes toward physical activity theory, consists of 4 major variables, including length of stay in the United States, country of birth, level of acculturation, and midlife women’s physical activity. To test the theoretical model, a secondary analysis with data from 127 Hispanic women and 123 non-Hispanic (NH) Asian women in a national Internet study was used. Among the major variables of the model, length of stay in the United States was negatively associated with physical activity in Hispanic women. Level of acculturation in NH Asian women was positively correlated with women’s physical activity. Country of birth and level of acculturation were significant factors that influenced physical activity in both Hispanic and NH Asian women. The findings support the theoretical model that was developed to examine relationships between immigration transition and physical activity; it shows that immigration transition can play an essential role in influencing health behaviors of immigrant populations in the United States. The NH theoretical model can be widely used in nursing practice and research that focus on immigrant women and their health behaviors. Health care providers need to consider the influences of immigration transition to promote immigrant women’s physical activity.
Attentiveness to Community Needs and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Niger Delta Region
Authors: Obisike Ebere Ellison , Adalikwu-Obisike Justina
Published: September 2015

Given the fact that most literature on the activities of the Oil Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Niger Delta region focuses on corporate inattentiveness to the needs of the communities and the chronic corporate and government socioeconomic irresponsibility, this study used Stakeholder theory and critical ethnography research method to examine the relationship between attentiveness to the needs of communities in the Niger Delta region and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

While acknowledging that CSR has several definitions, we support McWilliams and Siegel (2001) 's assertion that CSR is the ability of a business corporation to go beyond legal and ethical compliance by engaging in business practices that seem to encourage some social good, above the interest of the corporation and that which is stipulated by law. The major aim of this paper was to offer practical solutions to the challenges facing natural gas development and exploitation in Nigeria. Data collected from five oil producing communities (Obagi, Obelle, Omoku, Ogbogu, and Obite) in Niger Delta between 2010 and 2013 were analyzed. The adoption of critical ethnography research method allowed these authors to objectively present their findings. This study concludes that only management practices, which support open and continuous dialogue with all the stakeholders and corporate socioeconomic policies that favour socio-cultural, environmental and economic concerns of all stakeholders will reap the full benefits of the Nigerian emerging economy.
Genetic Map and QTL Analysis of Agronomic Traits in a Diploid Potato Population using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers
Authors: Manrique‐Carpintero Norma C. , Coombs Joseph J. , Cui Yuehua , Veilleux Richard E. , Buell C. Robin , Douches David
Published: September 2015

Genetic maps now can be constructed using thousands of genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for identification of markers closely associated with agronomic traits. A diploid mapping population for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was developed from a pseudo‐testcross between a homozygous line S. tuberosum Group Phureja DM 1‐3 516 R44 and a heterozygous outcrossing S. tuberosum Group Tuberosum clone, RH89‐039‐16. The population of 96 individuals was evaluated for seven traits in two consecutive years (2012 and 2013). Yield (total tuber yield [TTY], average tuber weight [ATW], and number of tubers per plant [TS]), food quality (specific gravity [SPGR]), and plant development traits (vigor, maturity [Mat], and tuber end rot [TER]) were studied. Sixteen different quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified. A QTL with major effects at 11.9 cM corresponding to 3.7 Mb on chromosome V of potato genome assembly explained between 20.3 and 75.7% of variance for TS, ATW, vigor, Mat, and TER. For TTY, ATW and SPGR, the QTL was detected at 6.4 and 12.9 cM. The other 15 QTL were located on chromosomes I, II, III, IV, V, VI, IX, X, and XII. In general, the results confirmed QTL previously identified for yield, SPGR, and Mat in diploid and tetraploid populations. The Infinium 8303 Potato Array provides an efficient means of scoring genomewide markers for constructing high‐resolution genetic maps and thereby facilitates identification of genomic regions closely associated with genes coding for agronomic traits of interest.
Reconciling Full-Cost and Marginal-Cost Pricing
Authors: Ray Korok , Gramlich Jacob
Published: September 2015

Despite the clear prescription from economic theory that a firm should set price based only on variable costs, firms routinely factor fixed costs into pricing decisions. We show that full-cost pricing (FCP) can achieve the optimal price. FCP marks up variable cost with the contribution margin per unit, which, in equilibrium, includes the fixed cost. FCP converges to the optimal price when the firm can estimate its equilibrium income. We compare FCP to alternative pricing algorithms that require less information, but converge to optimal price under more narrow conditions than FCP.
A Century of Germinal Matrix Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Autopsied Premature Infants: A Historical Account
Authors: Hefti Marco M. , Trachtenberg Felicia L. , Haynes Robin L. , Hassett Catherine , Volpe Joseph J. , Kinney Hannah C.
Published: September 2015

The care of premature infants in the 20th century is remarkable for technical advances that have dramatically improved survival, but little is known about temporal changes in the neuropathology of the premature infant over this time frame. We hypothesize that the autopsy rate of germinal matrix hemorrhage changed in the 20th century relative to combined influences of clinical interventions that were both harmful and helpful. We examined germinal matrix hemorrhage with intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) in 345 premature infants (gestational age 25–36 weeks) autopsied at Boston Children's Hospital from 1914 to 2015. There was a median of 19 cases/decade (range 7–68). Over the course of the study median gestational age decreased from 33 to 27 gestational weeks ( P < 0.001), and median postnatal survival increased from 2 to 26 days ( P = 0.02). The incidence of GMH-IVH increased from 4.7% before 1960 to 50.0% from 1975 to 1980, and then decreased to 12.5% after 2005 ( P < 0.001). The incidence of GMH-IVH increased >3-fold around the time of the introduction of positive pressure ventilation into premature intensive care in the mid–1960s. The increased incidence of GMH-IVH in the 1970s–1980s likely reflects respiratory and hemodynamic imbalances complicating mechanical ventilation. We speculate that the subsequent decreased incidence of GMH-IVH likely reflects stabilization of respiratory function with improvements in ventilators and in ventilator management beginning in the 1970s and the use of surfactant and antenatal steroids in the 1980s.
Mathematical modeling of energy transfer to sheet surface layers and optimization of roll bonding strength
Authors: Sanchuli Abolfazl , Parsa Mohammad Habibi , Ghasemi Hamid M. , Mirzadeh Hamed
Published: September 2015

A scratch-brushing model which is applicable for roll bonding processes is proposed. This model was suggested based on the mechanical energy transfer from a rotating brush to the surface of sheet metal in order to produce a thin brittle layer. There were good agreements between the model predictions and the experimental data from this work and the literature. The effects of annealing temperature and brushing time on the formation of the thin brittle layer and joint strength of the roll bonded sheets were also examined. It was shown that annealing temperature changed the microhardness variation along the thickness direction. The results showed that there was an optimum brushing time for attaining highest bond strength. After the optimum brushing time, the brushed surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy. It was also observed that the brushing direction, parallel or normal to the rolling direction, had some influence on the quality of the roll bonded sheets. For clarification of this phenomenon, the adhered interface was examined in the scanning electron microscope.
Productivity of potato-boro rice cropping pattern in Haor ecosystem
Authors: Karim Md Mahboob , Bhuiya Md Sultan Uddin , Hossain SM Altaf
Published: September 2015

A study was conducted at PurbaTethulia village, in Dingaputa haor of Mohangonj Upazila in Netrakona district during the period from October 2011 to April 2012. The objective of the study was to diversify and intensify crops in the research site and to develop a more productive cropping pattern. In the trial, Potato-Boro rice-Fallow cropping pattern was followed. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with five replications. The agronomic productivity (rice equivalent yield t ha-1) of the Potato-Boro rice-Fallow cropping pattern was 24.32 t ha-1with economic productivity (gross margin Tk ha-1) of 163210 and the benefit cost ratio of 1.80. Potato-Boro rice pattern may be disseminated in haor areas of similar environment.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 247-251, August 2015
A CS Recovery Algorithm for Model and Time Delay Identification of MISO-FIR Systems
Authors: Liu Yanjun , Tao Taiyang
Published: September 2015

This paper considers identifying the multiple input single output finite impulse response (MISO-FIR) systems with unknown time delays and orders. Generally, parameters, orders and time delays of an MISO system are separately identified from different algorithms. In this paper, we aim to perform the model identification and time delay estimation simultaneously from a limited number of observations. For an MISO-FIR system with many inputs and unknown input time delays, the corresponding identification model contains a large number of parameters, requiring a great number of observations for identification and leading to a heavy computational burden. Inspired by the compressed sensing (CS) recovery theory, a threshold orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm (TH-OMP) is presented to simultaneously identify the parameters, the orders and the time delays of the MISO-FIR systems. The proposed algorithm requires only a small number of sampled data compared to the conventional identification methods, such as the least squares method. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation results.
Antibody Fragments and Their Purification by Protein L Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Rodrigo Gustav , Gruvegård Mats , Van Alstine James
Published: September 2015

Antibodies and related proteins comprise one of the largest and fastest-growing classes of protein pharmaceuticals. A majority of such molecules are monoclonal antibodies; however, many new entities are antibody fragments. Due to their structural, physiological, and pharmacological properties, antibody fragments offer new biopharmaceutical opportunities. In the case of recombinant full-length antibodies with suitable Fc regions, two or three column purification processes centered around Protein A affinity chromatography have proven to be fast, efficient, robust, cost-effective, and scalable. Most antibody fragments lack Fc and suitable affinity for Protein A. Adapting proven antibody purification processes to antibody fragments demands different affinity chromatography. Such technology must offer the unit operation advantages noted above, and be suitable for most of the many different types of antibody fragments. Protein L affinity chromatography appears to fulfill these criteria—suggesting its consideration as a key unit operation in antibody fragment processing.
Homeostasis as the Mechanism of Evolution
Authors: Torday John
Published: September 2015

Homeostasis is conventionally thought of merely as a synchronic (same time) servo-mechanism that maintains the status quo for organismal physiology. However, when seen from the perspective of developmental physiology, homeostasis is a robust, dynamic, intergenerational, diachronic (across-time) mechanism for the maintenance, perpetuation and modification of physiologic structure and function. The integral relationships generated by cell-cell signaling for the mechanisms of embryogenesis, physiology and repair provide the needed insight to the scale-free universality of the homeostatic principle, offering a novel opportunity for a Systems approach to Biology. Starting with the inception of life itself, with the advent of reproduction during meiosis and mitosis, moving forward both ontogenetically and phylogenetically through the evolutionary steps involved in adaptation to an ever-changing environment, Biology and Evolution Theory need no longer default to teleology.
Nanoparticle-Surface Interactions in Geometrical Separation Devices
Authors: Malanoski Anthony , Johnson Brandy , Erickson Jeffrey , Sun Carrie , Scoggins Connie , Nasir Mansoor , Bongard Jason , Moore Martin
Published: September 2015

This study sought to demonstrate the impact of surface-target interactions in a device bearing geometrical features through evaluations of chemical modification to the surface and alteration of the charge state of both surface and targets. The movement of commercial fluorescent nanoparticles through a field of geometric features was monitored based on the output of the field measured at different points transverse to the direction of flow. Modification of the device surfaces using carboxylate, amine, phenyl, and fluorinated groups was considered. The functional group on the surface was found to significantly impact biased particle movement in the device with amine groups leading to the greatest differences. Other factors, such as flow rate, pH, and initial particle concentration, were also found to have a significant impact on particle concentrations across the feature field.
Linear and Non-Linear Approaches for Statistical Seasonal Rainfall Forecast in the Sirba Watershed Region (SAHEL)
Authors: Djibo Abdouramane , Karambiri Harouna , Seidou Ousmane , Sittichok Ketvara , Philippon Nathalie , Paturel Jean , Saley Hadiza
Published: September 2015

Since the 90s, several studies were conducted to evaluate the predictability of the Sahelian rainy season and propose seasonal rainfall forecasts to help stakeholders to take the adequate decisions to adapt with the predicted situation. Unfortunately, two decades later, the forecasting skills remains low and forecasts have a limited value for decision making while the population is still suffering from rainfall interannual variability: this shows the limit of commonly used predictors and forecast approaches for this region. Thus, this paper developed and tested new predictors and new approaches to predict the upcoming seasonal rainfall amount over the Sirba watershed. Predictors selected through a linear correlation analysis were further processed using combined linear methods to identify those having high predictive power. Seasonal rainfall was forecasted using a set of linear and non-linear models. An average lag time up to eight months was obtained for all models. It is found that the combined linear methods performed better than non-linear, possibly because non-linear models require larger and better datasets for calibration. The R2, Nash and Hit rate score are respectively 0.53, 0.52, and 68% for the combined linear approach; and 0.46, 0.45, 61% for non-linear principal component analysis.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and DFT Calculations of Three New Cyano(phenylsulfonyl)indoles and a Key Synthetic Precursor Compound
Authors: Montgomery William , Lopchuk Justin , Gribble Gordon , Jasinski Jerry
Published: September 2015

Three cyano-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole derivatives, 3-cyano-1-(phenylsulfonyl) indole, (I), 2-cyano-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole, (II), and 2,3-dicyano-1-(phenylsulfonyl) indole, (III), and a key synthetic precursor 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl) indole-3-carboxamide, (IV), have been synthesized and their structures determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. (I), C15H10N2O2S, is orthorhombic with space group P 212121 and cell constants: a = 4.9459(3) Å, b = 10.5401(7) Å, c = 25.0813(14) Å, V = 1307.50(14) Å3 and Z = 4. (II), C15H10N2O2S, is monoclinic with space group C 2/c and cell constants: a = 18.062(2) Å, b = 11.293(2) Å, c = 15.922(3) Å, α = 90°, β = 124.49(2)°, g = 90°, V = 2676.7 Å3 and Z = 8. (III), C16H9N3O2S, is triclinic with space group P-1 and cell constants: a = 8.1986(8) Å, b = 9.6381(11) Å, c = 9.8113(5) Å, α = 95.053(6)°, β = 101.441(6)°, g = 108.071(9)°, V = 713.02(11) Å3 and Z = 2. (IV), C19H20N2O3S, is orthorhombic with space group P ccn and cell constants: a = 13.7605(8) Å, b = 27.3177(14) Å, c = 9.7584(6) Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, g =90°, V = 3668.2(4) Å3 and Z = 8. All four compounds have the same indole nitrogen phenylsulfonyl substituent and (I), (II), and (III) are nitrile derivatives. (IV) is a tert-butylamide. In the crystals, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the indole and phenylsulfonyl groups are 85.4(2)° (I), 87.2(7)° (II), 75.1(7)° (III), and 88.6(2)° (IV), respectively. Additionally, DFT geometry-optimized molecular orbital calculations were performed and frontier molecular orbitals of each compound are displayed. Correlation between the calculated molecular orbital energies (eV) for the surfaces of the frontier molecular orbitals to the electronic excitation transitions from the absorption spectra of each compound has been proposed.
Use of Molecular Imaging Markers of Glycolysis, Hypoxia and Proliferation (18F-FDG, 64Cu-ATSM and 18F-FLT) in a Dog with Fibrosarcoma: The Importance of Individualized Treatment Planning and Monitoring
Authors: Zornhagen Kamilla , Clausen Malene , Hansen Anders , Law Ian , McEvoy Fintan , Engelholm Svend , Kjær Andreas , Kristensen Annemarie
Published: September 2015

Glycolysis, hypoxia, and proliferation are important factors in the tumor microenvironment contributing to treatment-resistant aggressiveness. Imaging these factors using combined functional positron emission tomography and computed tomography can potentially guide diagnosis and management of cancer patients. A dog with fibrosarcoma was imaged using 18F-FDG, 64Cu-ATSM, and 18F-FLT before, during, and after 10 fractions of 4.5 Gy radiotherapy. Uptake of all tracers decreased during treatment. Fluctuations in 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT PET uptakes and a heterogeneous spatial distribution of the three tracers were seen. Tracer distributions partially overlapped. It appears that each tracer provides distinct information about tumor heterogeneity and treatment response.
Modeling of a Mass-Spring-Damper System by Fractional Derivatives with and without a Singular Kernel
Authors: Gómez-Aguilar José , Yépez-Martínez Huitzilin , Calderón-Ramón Celia , Cruz-Orduña Ines , Escobar-Jiménez Ricardo , Olivares-Peregrino Victor
Published: September 2015

In this paper, the fractional equations of the mass-spring-damper system with Caputo and Caputo–Fabrizio derivatives are presented. The physical units of the system are preserved by introducing an auxiliary parameter σ. The input of the resulting equations is a constant and periodic source; for the Caputo case, we obtain the analytical solution, and the resulting equations are given in terms of the Mittag–Leffler function; for the Caputo–Fabrizio approach, the numerical solutions are obtained by the numerical Laplace transform algorithm. Our results show that the mechanical components exhibit viscoelastic behaviors producing temporal fractality at different scales and demonstrate the existence of Entropy 2015, 17 6290 material heterogeneities in the mechanical components. The Markovian nature of the model is recovered when the order of the fractional derivatives is equal to one.
Metrics and Energy Landscapes in Irreversible Thermodynamics
Authors: Andresen Bjarne
Published: September 2015

We describe how several metrics are possible in thermodynamic state space but that only one, Weinhold’s, has achieved widespread use. Lengths calculated based on this metric have been used to bound dissipation in finite-time (irreversible) processes be they continuous or discrete, and described in the energy picture or the entropy picture. Examples are provided from thermodynamics of heat conversion processes as well as chemical reactions. Even losses in economics can be bounded using a thermodynamic type metric. An essential foundation for the metric is a complete equation of state including all extensive variables of the system; examples are given. Finally, the second law of thermodynamics imposes convexity on any equation of state, be it analytical or empirical.
Fuel Economy Improvement of a Heavy-Duty Powertrain by Using Hardware-in-Loop Simulation and Calibration
Authors: Liu Bolan , Ai Xiaowei , Liu Pan , Zhang Chuang , Hu Xingqi , Dong Tianpu
Published: September 2015

Fuel economy efficiency is one of the most important parameters for vehicle powertrains, which is of particular interest for heavy-duty powertrain calibration. Conventionally, this work relies heavily on road tests, which cost more and may lead to long duration product development cycles. The paper proposes a novel hardware-in-loop modeling and calibration method to work it out. A dSPACE hardware-based test bench was successfully established and validated, which is valuable for a more efficient and easier shift schedule in calibration. Meanwhile, a real-time dynamic powertrain model, including a diesel engine, torque converter, gear box and driver model was built. Typical driving cycles that both velocity and slope information were constructed for different road conditions. A basic economic shift schedule was initially calculated and then optimal calibrated by the test bench. The results show that there is an optimal relationship between an economic shift schedule and speed regulation. By matching the best economic shift schedule regulation to different road conditions; the fuel economy of vehicles can be improved. In a smooth driving cycle; when the powertrain applies a larger speed regulation such as 12% and the corresponding shift schedule; the fuel consumption is smaller and is reduced by 13%. In a complex driving cycle, when the powertrain applies a smaller speed regulation such as 5% along with the corresponding shift schedule; the fuel consumption is smaller and is reduced by 5%. The method thus can provide guidance for economic calibration experiments of off-road heavy-duty vehicles.
Economic and Environmental Performances of Small-Scale Rural PV Solar Projects under the Clean Development Mechanism: The Case of Cambodia
Authors: De Schepper Ellen , Lizin Sebastien , Durlinger Bart , Azadi Hossein , Van Passel Steven
Published: September 2015

The two core objectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are cost-effective emission reduction and sustainable development. Despite the potential to contribute to both objectives, solar projects play a negligible role under the CDM. In this research, the greenhouse gas mitigation cost is used to evaluate the economic and environmental performances of small-scale rural photovoltaic solar projects. In particular, we compare the use of absolute and relative mitigation costs to evaluate the attractiveness of these projects under the CDM. We encourage the use of relative mitigation costs, implying consideration of baseline costs that render the projects profitable. Results of the mitigation cost analysis are dependent on the baseline chosen. To overcome this drawback, we complement the analysis with a multi-objective optimization approach, which allows quantifying the trade-off between economic and environmental performances of the optimal technologies without requiring a baseline.
Study and Implementation of a Two-Phase Interleaved Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Vehicle and DC-Microgrid Systems
Authors: Lai Ching-Ming , Lin Yuan-Chih , Lee Dasheng
Published: September 2015

The objective of this paper is to implement a two-phase, interleaved, bidirectional DC/DC converter topology with an improved voltage conversion ratio for electric vehicle (EV) and DC-microgrid systems. In this study, a two-phase interleaved charge-pump topology is introduced to achieve a high voltage conversion ratio with very simple control circuits. In discharge mode, the circuit topology acts as a voltage-multiplier boost converter to achieve a high step-up conversion ratio (48 V to 240 V). In charge mode, the circuit topology acts as a voltage-divider buck converter to achieve a high voltage step-down conversion ratio (240 V to 48 V). The circuit configuration, operating principle, steady-state analysis and the closed-loop control of the proposed converter are presented. Experiments conducted on a laboratory prototype with 500 W power-rating are presented to verify the effectiveness. The maximum efficiency levels in discharge and charge modes are about 97.7% and 98.4% respectively.
Influence of pH on Morphology and Structure during Hydrolytic Degradation of the Segmented GL-b-[GL-co-TMC-co-CL]-b-GL Copolymer
Authors: Márquez Yolanda , Martínez Juan , Turon Pau , Franco Lourdes , Puiggalí Jordi
Published: September 2015

Hydrolytic degradation in media having a continuous variation of pH from 2 to 12 was studied for a copolymer having two polyglycolide hard blocks and a middle soft segment constituted by glycolide, trimethylene carbonate, and ɛ-caprolactone units. The last units were susceptible to cross-linking reactions by γ irradiation that led to an increase of the molecular weight of the sample. Nevertheless, the susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation was enhanced with respect to non-irradiated samples and consequently such samples were selected to analyze the degradation process through weight loss measurements and the evaluation of changes on molecular weight, morphology, and SAXS patterns. Results reflected the different hydrolytic mechanisms that took place in acid and basic media and the different solubilization of the degradation products. Thus, degradation was faster and solubilization higher in the basic media. In this case, fibers showed a high surface erosion and the formation of both longitudinal and deep circumferential cracks that contrasted with the peeling process detected at intermediate pHs (from 6 to 8) and the absence of longitudinal cracks at low pHs. SAXS measurements indicated that degradation was initiated through the hydrolysis of the irregular molecular folds placed on the amorphous interlamellar domains but also affected lamellar crystals at the last stages. Subsequent heating processes performed with degraded samples were fundamental to reveal the changes in microstructure that occurred during degradation and even the initial lamellar arrangement. In particular, the presence of interfibrillar domains and the disposition of lamellar domains at different levels along the fiber axis for a determined cross-section were evidenced.
Long Street: A Map of Post-Apartheid Cape Town
Authors: Spissu Giovanni
Published: September 2015

No map fully coincides with the territory it represents. If the map and territory do not coincide, what can the map capture of the territory? According to Bateson, the answer is its differences. Drawing from Gregory Bateson’s ideas, we can envision an ethnographic representation of the city through which we can represent the urban territory through the different ways its inhabitants perceive it. In this article, I describe the process that led me to build a map of post-apartheid Cape Town from Long Street. I took inspiration from Bateson’s book Naven and compared it with the District Six Museum map in Cape Town with the objective of representing post-apartheid Cape Town through its differences.
Immersive Virtual Environment Technology to Supplement Environmental Perception, Preference and Behavior Research: A Review with Applications
Authors: Smith Jordan
Published: September 2015

Immersive virtual environment (IVE) technology offers a wide range of potential benefits to research focused on understanding how individuals perceive and respond to built and natural environments. In an effort to broaden awareness and use of IVE technology in perception, preference and behavior research, this review paper describes how IVE technology can be used to complement more traditional methods commonly applied in public health research. The paper also describes a relatively simple workflow for creating and displaying 360° virtual environments of built and natural settings and presents two freely-available and customizable applications that scientists from a variety of disciplines, including public health, can use to advance their research into human preferences, perceptions and behaviors related to built and natural settings.
Molecular Identification of Dendrobium Species (Orchidaceae) Based on the DNA Barcode ITS2 Region and Its Application for Phylogenetic Study
Authors: Feng Shangguo , Jiang Yan , Wang Shang , Jiang Mengying , Chen Zhe , Ying Qicai , Wang Huizhong
Published: September 2015

The over-collection and habitat destruction of natural Dendrobium populations for their commercial medicinal value has led to these plants being under severe threat of extinction. In addition, many Dendrobium plants are similarly shaped and easily confused during the absence of flowering stages. In the present study, we examined the application of the ITS2 region in barcoding and phylogenetic analyses of Dendrobium species (Orchidaceae). For barcoding, ITS2 regions of 43 samples in Dendrobium were amplified. In combination with sequences from GenBank, the sequences were aligned using Clustal W and genetic distances were computed using MEGA V5.1. The success rate of PCR amplification and sequencing was 100%. There was a significant divergence between the inter- and intra-specific genetic distances of ITS2 regions, while the presence of a barcoding gap was obvious. Based on the BLAST1, nearest distance and TaxonGAP methods, our results showed that the ITS2 regions could successfully identify the species of most Dendrobium samples examined; Second, we used ITS2 as a DNA marker to infer phylogenetic relationships of 64 Dendrobium species. The results showed that cluster analysis using the ITS2 region mainly supported the relationship between the species of Dendrobium established by traditional morphological methods and many previous molecular analyses. To sum up, the ITS2 region can not only be used as an efficient barcode to identify Dendrobium species, but also has the potential to contribute to the phylogenetic analysis of the genus Dendrobium.
Diagnostic Modalities for Invasive Mould Infections among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant and Solid Organ Recipients: Performance Characteristics and Practical Roles in the Clinic
Authors: Haidar Ghady , Falcione Bonnie , Nguyen M.
Published: September 2015

The morbidity and mortality of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant patients with invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remain high despite an increase in the number of effective antifungal agents. Early diagnosis leading to timely administration of antifungal therapy has been linked to better outcomes. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of IFIs remains challenging. The current gold standard for diagnosis is a combination of histopathology and culture, for which the sensitivity is <50%. Over the past two decades, a plethora of non-culture-based antigen and molecular assays have been developed and clinically validated. In this article, we will review the performance of the current commercially available non-cultural diagnostics and discuss their practical roles in the clinic.
Pyrolysis Model Development for a Multilayer Floor Covering
Authors: McKinnon Mark , Stoliarov Stanislav
Published: September 2015

Comprehensive pyrolysis models that are integral to computational fire codes have improved significantly over the past decade as the demand for improved predictive capabilities has increased. High fidelity pyrolysis models may improve the design of engineered materials for better fire response, the design of the built environment, and may be used in forensic investigations of fire events. A major limitation to widespread use of comprehensive pyrolysis models is the large number of parameters required to fully define a material and the lack of effective methodologies for measurement of these parameters, especially for complex materials. The work presented here details a methodology used to characterize the pyrolysis of a low-pile carpet tile, an engineered composite material that is common in commercial and institutional occupancies. The studied material includes three distinct layers of varying composition and physical structure. The methodology utilized a comprehensive pyrolysis model (ThermaKin) to conduct inverse analyses on data collected through several experimental techniques. Each layer of the composite was individually parameterized to identify its contribution to the overall response of the composite. The set of properties measured to define the carpet composite were validated against mass loss rate curves collected at conditions outside the range of calibration conditions to demonstrate the predictive capabilities of the model. The mean error between the predicted curve and the mean experimental mass loss rate curve was calculated as approximately 20% on average for heat fluxes ranging from 30 to 70 kW·m−2, which is within the mean experimental uncertainty.
Exploring the Possibilities of Biological Fabrication of Gold Nanostructures Using Orange Peel Extract
Authors: Castro Laura , Blázquez María , González Felisa , Muñoz Jesús , Ballester Antonio
Published: September 2015

Development of nanotechnology requires a constant innovation and improvement in many materials. The exploration of natural resources is a promising eco-friendly alternative for physical and chemical methods. In the present work, colloidal gold nanostructures were prepared using orange peel extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The initial pH value of the solution and the concentration of the gold precursor had an effect on the formation and morphology of nanoparticles. The method developed is environmentally friendly and allows control of nanoparticles. By controlling the pH and, especially, the gold concentration, we are able to synthesize crystalline gold nanowires using orange peel extract in the absence of a surfactant or polymer to direct nanoparticle growth, and without external seeding. UV-VIS spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the nanoparticles obtained by biosynthesis.
Beeswax-Colophony Blend: A Novel Green Organic Coating for Protection of Steel Drinking Water Storage Tanks
Authors: Abdikheibari Sara , Parvizi Reza , Moayed Mohammad , Zebarjad Seyed , Sajjadi Seyed
Published: September 2015

Beeswax-colophony blend is mainly used as a sealant mixture for preservation applications. The beeswax itself, however, has had a long way in history taking part in conservation processes including mummification. In this research, this blend was used as a protective coating for drinking water distribution tanks. Initially, a layer with 400 μm thickness was applied on a sand blasted mild steel plate. The long-term electrochemical behavior of the coating was investigated by open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical microbiological characteristics of the coating, microbial and chemical examinations were performed on drinking water samples that had been in contact with the coating. Furthermore, its behavior in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) in a wastewater treatment plant was investigated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Regarding the consistency of experimental results, it was concluded that this proposed recyclable blend could be considered as a novel green organic coating and also a good corrosion barrier even in aggressive environments.
Petrology, Palynology, and Geochemistry of Gray Hawk Coal (Early Pennsylvanian, Langsettian) in Eastern Kentucky, USA
Authors: Hower James , Eble Cortland , O'Keefe Jennifer , Dai Shifeng , Wang Peipei , Xie Panpan , Liu Jingjing , Ward Colin , French David
Published: September 2015

This study presents recently collected data examining the organic petrology, palynology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Gray Hawk coal bed. From the Early Pennsylvanian, Langsettian substage, Gray Hawk coal has been mined near the western edge of the eastern Kentucky portion of the Central Appalachian coalfield. While the coal is thin, rarely more than 0.5-m thick, it has a low-ash yield and a low-S content, making it an important local resource. The Gray Hawk coal palynology is dominated by Lycospora spp., and contains a diverse spectrum of small lycopods, tree ferns, small ferns, calamites, and gymnosperms. The maceral assemblages show an abundance of collotelinite, telinite, vitrodetrinite, fusinite, and semifusinite. Fecal pellet-derived macrinite, albeit with more compaction than is typically seen in younger coals, was observed in the Gray Hawk coal. The minerals in the coal are dominated by clay minerals (e.g., kaolinite, mixed-layer illite/smectite, illite), and to a lesser extent, pyrite, quartz, and iron III hydroxyl-sulfate, along with traces of chlorite, and in some cases, jarosite, szomolnokite, anatase, and calcite. The clay minerals are of authigenic and detrital origins. The occurrence of anatase as cell-fillings also indicates an authigenic origin. With the exception of Ge and As, which are slightly enriched in the coals, the concentrations of other trace elements are either close to or much lower than the averages for world hard coals. Arsenic and Hg are also enriched in the top bench of the coal and probably occur in pyrite. The elemental associations (e.g., Al2O3/TiO2, Cr/Th-Sc/Th) indicate a sediment-source region with intermediate and felsic compositions. Rare metals, including Ga, rare earth elements and Ge, are highly enriched in the coal ashes, and the Gray Hawk coals have a great potential for industrial use of these metals. The rare earth elements in the samples are weakly fractionated or are characterized by heavy-REE enrichment, indicating an input of natural waters or probably epithermal solutions.