bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Financial Reporting Standards Are Coming: Are You Ready?*/LES NORMES D'INFORMATION FINANCIÈRE INTERNATIONALES ARRIVENT: PRÊTS À LA CONVERSION?
Authors: Martin Peter , Mezon Linda , Forristal Tim , Labelle Réal , Radcliffe Vaughan S. , Gaa James C.
Published: April 2008

In June 2006, shortly after the Accounting Standards Board (AcSB) announced that Canada would be adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the Canadian Academic Accounting Association sponsored a session entitled “International Financial Reporting Standards Are Coming: Are You Ready?” and invited presentations on the topic by representatives of the AcSB, practitioners, and academics with diverse teaching and research perspectives. The session included an overview of the anticipated challenges arising from the AcSB's strategy for the adoption of IFRS in Canada for the business community and the implications for accounting education and research. This paper summarizes the presentations at the forum.

En juin 2006, peu après que le Conseil des normes comptables (CNC) ait annoncé l'adoption par le Canada des normes d'information financière internationales (IFRS), l'Association canadienne des professeurs de comptabilité tenait un colloque ayant pour thème le degré de préparation des intéressés aux normes d'information financière internationales et sollicitait des exposés sur le sujet auprès des représentants du CNC, des praticiens et des professeurs, envisageant la question sous les divers angles de l'enseignement et de la recherche. Le colloque comportait un tour d'horizon des défis que supposera pour les entreprises la stratégie d'adoption des IFRS proposée par le CNC au Canada et des conséquences qui en découleront pour la formation et la recherche en comptabilité. Le présent article contient un résumé des exposés présentés à l'occasion de ce forum.
Effect of Low-Dose Naloxone Infusion on Fentanyl Requirements in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Darnell Cindy Maria , Thompson Jennifer , Stromberg Daniel , Roy Lonnie , Sheeran Paul
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE. Sedating critically ill patients often involves prolonged opioid infusions causing opioid tolerance. Naloxone has been hypothesized to limit opioid tolerance by decreasing adenylate cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation. The study purpose was to investigate the effect of low-dose naloxone on the maximum cumulative daily fentanyl dose in critically ill children.

METHODS. We conducted a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-control trial from December 2002 through July 2004 in a university PICU. We enrolled 82 children age 1 day to 18 years requiring mechanical ventilation and fentanyl infusions anticipated to last for >4 days were eligible for enrollment. Those receiving additional oral analgesia or sedation, having a history of drug dependence or withdrawal, or having significant neurologic, renal, or hepatic disease were excluded. In addition to fentanyl infusions, patients received low-dose naloxone or placebo infusions. Medications were adjusted using the Modified Motor Activity Assessment Scale. Withdrawal was monitored using the Modified Narcotic Withdrawal Scale. Intervention was a low-dose naloxone infusion (0.25 μg/kg per hour) and the main outcome variable was the maximum cumulative daily fentanyl dose (micrograms per kilogram per day).

RESULTS. There was no difference in the maximum cumulative daily fentanyl dose between patients treated with naloxone (N = 37) or those receiving placebo (N = 35). Adjustment for the starting fentanyl dose also failed to reveal group differences. Total fentanyl dose received throughout the study in the naloxone group (360 μg/kg) versus placebo (223 μg/kg) was not statistically different. Placebo patients trended toward fewer rescue midazolam boluses (10.7 vs 17.8), lower total midazolam dose (11.6 mg/kg vs 23.9 mg/kg), and fewer rescue fentanyl boluses (18.5 vs 23.9).

CONCLUSIONS. We conclude that administration of low-dose naloxone (0.25 μg/kg per hour) does not decrease fentanyl requirements in critically ill, mechanically ventilated children.
Detection and analysis of porcine circovirus type 1 in Hungarian wild boars: Short communication
Authors: Cságola Attila , Kiss István , Tuboly Tamás
Published: April 2008

Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) is considered to be a non-pathogenic virus detected in cell cultures, vaccines or products used for cell culture preparations, all of them of porcine origin. Serological evidence and genetic studies suggested that PCV1 was widespread in domestic pigs. The presence of PCV1 in wild boars in Germany was also described using serological methods. This paper reports the first detection of PCV1 in Hungarian wild boars. Samples were collected at slaughterhouses and processed for polymerase chain reactions. The complete genome of PCV1 detected in the samples was determined and compared with the available PCV1 sequences of the GenBank database. The genomes formed two distinct clusters with minimum differences, where the Hungarian wild boar PCV1 (WB-H8) grouped together with genomes originating from domestic swine from China and Australia and with a genome detected in a porcine pepsin product.
Onkoplasztikai szemlélet az emlőrák sebészetében – új kihívás a jövő emlősebészeinek?r
Authors: ifj Romics László , Weiler-Mithoff Eva , Cooke Timothy G. , George W. David
Published: April 2008

Absztrakt

Az összefoglaló értekezésben a szerzők ismertetik az emlősebészet új irányzatának, az onkoplasztikai emlősebészetnek a jelenlegi lehetőségeit és leggyakrabban alkalmazott műtéti technikáit. A medline és pubmed rendszerbeni keresés a következő kulcsszavakkal és keresztreferenciákkal történt: “oncoplastic breast surgery”, “breast reconstruction”, “breast conserving surgery” és “reduction mammoplasty”. Csak az angol nyelvű összefoglaló, valamint eredeti közleményeket és hivatkozásaikat dolgoztuk fel. Az irodalomban meglepően heterogének az onkoplasztikai emlősebészet műtéti módszerei. A lokális lebenyekkel történő parciális emlőrekonstrukció megfelelő indikációs körrel történő alkalmazása jelentősen javítja az emlőmegtartó műtetek esztétikai eredményét. A más testtájról származó lebenyekkel történő parciális és teljes emlőrekonstrukciós beavatkozások az előzőknél jóval bonyolultabbak, elvégzésük a lehetőségekhez képest legjobb esztétikai eredmény elérése érdekében jelentős emlő-onkoplasztikai képzés nélkül nem ajánlott. A szabad lebenyekkel történő emlőpótlás a plasztikai sebész szakorvos, nem pedig az onkológiai emlősebész feladata. Következtetésként megállapítható, hogy az emlőrák sebészi kezelésében az onkoplasztikai szemlélet elsajátítása kulcsfontosságú lesz a jövő emlősebészei számára. Az onkoplasztikai emlősebészek képzése interdiszciplináris feladat, melynek lényege az emlő sebészeti onkológiai alapelveinek és az esztétikai/rekonstruktív emlősebészet lényegének ötvözése.
Occurence of thyroid autoimmunity in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Körner Anna , Tóth-Heyn Péter , Dezsőfi Antal , Veres Gábor , Madácsy László , Arató András
Published: April 2008

Ismert, hogy azok a betegek, akikben egy autoimmun betegség már kialakult, fokozottan veszélyeztetettek más autoimmun betegségek fellépésével szemben. Korábban a szerzők kimutatták, hogy 1-es típusú diabéteszben szenvedő betegekben a coeliakia előfordulása gyakoribb, mint a háttérpopulációban. Az autoimmun pajzsmirigybetegség az 1-es típusú diabétesz leggyakoribb társbetegsége, amely általában az élet második évtizedében, az 1-es típusú diabétesz manifesztációját követően lép fel.
Célkitűzés:
Mindezek alapján a szerzők megvizsgálták a thyreoidea-autoimmunitás, illetve az autoimmun pajzsmirigybetegségek előfordulási gyakoriságát 1-es típusú diabéteszben szenvedő betegekben. Választ kerestek arra a kérdésre is, hogy változik-e a thyreoidea-autoimmunitás prevalenciája azokban a gyermekekben, akik a diabétesz mellett coeliakiában is szenvednek.
Módszerek:
268 1-es típusú diabéteszben, valamint 48 1-es típusú diabéteszben és coeliakában szenvedő betegben az autoimmun pajzsmirigybetegségek irányába szűrővizsgálatot végeztek a thyreoglobulin- és a peroxidáz-ellenes antitestek vizsgálatával. Pozitivitás esetén a betegséget a pajzsmirigyfunkció vizsgálatával, illetve ultrahang elvégzésével igazolták.
Eredmények:
Vizsgálataik szerint a pajzsmirigyellenes antitestek előfordulási gyakorisága szignifikánsan magasabb volt azokban az 1-es típusú diabéteszes betegekben, akik egyidejűleg coeliakában is szenvedtek (1-es típusú diabétesz: 43 (16%), 1-es típusú diabétesz + coeliakia: 16 (33,3%,
p
< 0,01). A thyreoiditis talaján kialakult hypothyreosis is gyakrabban fordult elő azokban a diabéteszes betegekben, akik coeliakiásak voltak.
Következtetések:
A szerzők hangsúlyozzák, hogy a coeliakiában szenvedő 1-es típusú diabéteszes betegekben az autoimmun pajzsmirigybetegség fellépésének nagyobb valószínűsége miatt ennek a populációnak az autoimmun pajzsmirigybetegségek iránti rendszeres szűrése feltétlenül indokolt.
The evidence-based invasive therapy of stabil angina pectoris
Authors: Becker Dávid , Merkely Béla
Published: April 2008

Az invazív kardiológia elterjedésével, új hazai centrumok megnyitásával ma már mindenki számára elérhetővé vált a koronarográfia és a szükséges coronariarevascularisatio. Az akut coronariabetegségek (ST-elevatiós myocardialis infarctus, ST-elevatióval nem járó akut coronariaszindróma) invazív ellátásának indikációs köre mára kikristályosodott. Ugyanakkor a stabil coronariabetegség megítélése, invazív kivizsgálásának indikációja több tényezőtől függ, meghatározása összetett feladat. Tartalmazza a klinikai rizikóstratifikációt (köztük a klasszikus rizikófaktorok elemzését), a balkamra-funkció meghatározását, a terheléses vizsgálatokat és a koronarográfia alapján történő anatómiai rizikóbecslést. A szerzők a jelenleg rendelkezésre álló adatok, vizsgálatok és ajánlások alapján összefoglalják a stabil coronariabetegség rizikóstratifikációját és invazív kivizsgálásának indikációit.
Hyperplastic and inflammatory fibroid polypoid lesions of the stomach. Case report and a mini review
Authors: Szigeti Nóra , Fábián György , Tornóczky Tamás , Hunyady Béla , Wittmann István
Published: April 2008

A szerzők egy 75 éves nőbeteg esetét ismertetik, akinek jelentős felső gastrointestinalis vérvesztése hátterében egy nagyméretű hyperplasticus polypust, valamint egy kisebb inflammatoricus fibroid polypust találtak, melyeket endoszkópos úton sikeresen eltávolítottak. Az eset kapcsán irodalmi adatok felhasználásával összefoglalják a gyomor polipjainak endoszkópos képét, szövettani jellemzőiket, etiológiájukat, a Helicobacter pylorival való kapcsolatukat, malignizálódási hajlamukat, valamint kezelésüket.
Rare complication of COPD: spontaneous thoracic wall lung hernia
Authors: Vincze Károly , Almuhtadi Khaled , Kelemen Kornél , Horváth Gyula , Tóth László
Published: April 2008

A szerzők krónikus obstruktív szindrómás, COPD-s betegük spontán mellkasfali sérvét ismertetik. Bemutatják a ritka kórkép osztályozását, klinikai vonatkozásait, a patoanatómiai jellemzőket, valamint az alkalmazott képalkotó diagnosztika értékét. A mellkasi CT-vizsgálat kapcsán használt speciális szoftver segítségével létrehozott 3D-rekonstrukciós képek egyértelmű diagnózist biztosítottak. A kórkép rendkívüli ritkasága ellenére a COPD rohamos elterjedtsége miatt számítani lehet hasonló eset vagy esetek előfordulására.
The conodont genusTeridontus(Miller, 1980) from the Early Ordovician of Montagne Noire, France
Authors: Serpagli Enrico , Ferretti Annalisa , Nicoll Robert S. , Serventi Paolo
Published: April 2008

The conodont genus Teridontus was introduced in 1980 by Miller and was based on the Late Cambrian species Oneotodus nakamurai Nogami, 1967 from the Yencho Member of the Fengshan Fm. of northeast China. Teridontus was later reported from either the Upper Cambrian or Lower Ordovician (Landing et al., 1980; Miller, 1980; Landing and Barnes, 1981; Landing, 1983; An et al., 1983, 1985; Ni et al., 1983; Peng et al., 1983; Nowlan, 1985; Landing et al., 1986; Bagnoli et al., 1987; An, 1987; Buggisch and Repetski, 1987; Pohler and Orchard, 1990; An and Zheng, 1990; Seo and Ethington, 1993; Wang, 1993; Lehnen, 1994; Nicoll, 1994; Seo et al., 1994; Ji and Barnes, 1994; Taylor et al., 1996; Lehnert et al., 1997; Jia, 2000; Dubinina, 2000; Pyle and Barnes, 2002; Zeballo et al., 2005) sediments in numerous localities around the world, but a unanimous interpretation of the composition of the Teridontus apparatus organization was far from accepted.
Syzygial brachials from the upper Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic, Ladinian) of Poland and their implication for an early origin of comatulid crinoids
Authors: Salamon Mariusz A. , Zatoń Michat , Gorzelak Przemysław
Published: April 2008

According to Ubaghs (1978), syzygies are brachial articulations in which radiating ridges and furrows on the two joint faces oppose each other rather than interlock as in symplexies. Cryptosyzygies differ from syzygies by having very short ridges that may be replaced by rows of tubercles or granules, with a tendency toward irregular arrangement and disappearance. Among Triassic crinoids, only representatives of the orders Isocrinida Sieverts-Doreck, 1952 and Comatulida Clark, 1908 had cryptosyzygial or syzygial brachial articulation, respectively. According to Rasmussen (1978), among Isocrinidae the articulations of primibrachial 1 and 2 and secundibrachial 1 and 2 were cryptosyzygial or synarthrial (but see also comments in Simms, 1988a). Among Comatulida, syzygial articulations generally occur between brachials 3 and 4 and in more distal arm parts.
Silurian Gastropoda from southeastern and west-central Alaska
Authors: Rohr David M. , Blodgett Robert B. , Frýda Jiří
Published: April 2008

Additional Silurian (Ludlovian) gastropods are described from the Heceta Formation in the Alexander terrane on Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska. Species includeSpinicharybdis krizin. sp.,Spinicharybdis boucotin. sp.,Morania wagnerin. sp.,Haplospira craigin. sp.,Australonemasp.,Pachystrophiacf.gotlandica(Lindström, 1884), andMedfrazyga gilmullin. sp. An additional new Silurian species,Morania nixonforkensisn. sp., is described from the Nixon Fork subterrane of the Farewell terrane of west-central Alaska.

The spine-bearingSpinicharybdisis placed into a new subfamily Spinicharybdiinae together withHystricocerasJahn, 1894. Joint occurrences of generaBeraunia, Coelocaulus, andMorania, as well as members of subfamily Spinicharybdiinae in the gastropod fauna from the Heceta Formation, support its close relationship with gastropod fauna of Bohemia. Additionally, the occurrence of the genusMedfrazygasuggests a faunal link between the Alexander and Farewell terranes of Alaska.Medfrazyga gilmullin. sp. is the oldest known and the only early Paleozoic member of the family Palaeozygopleuridae.
Patterns in the evolution of nares size and secondary palate length in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida): implications for hypoxia as a cause of end-Permian tetrapod extinctions
Authors: Angielczyk Kenneth D. , Walsh Melony L.
Published: April 2008

Seemingly consistent proportional differences in several palatal structures have been noted between Permian and Triassic anomodont therapsids for nearly a century. These patterns have been cited as evidence in support of a decline in atmospheric oxygen concentrations that may have contributed to end-Permian terrestrial extinctions. However, it is not known whether the observed differences are significant, or whether they stem from continued directional selection. If they are not significant, or if their timing does not match that proposed for the oxygen decline, support for the hypoxia-based extinction scenario would be weakened. We tested whether the internal nares and bony secondary palate, two palatal features proposed to be related to respiratory efficiency, are significantly larger in Triassic anomodonts, and whether the variation can be attributed to a long-term tendency for increase. Results based on raw data indicate that Triassic anomodonts have significantly larger secondary palates than Permian anomodonts. They also have significantly larger internal nares, but only when primitive, morphologically-divergent specimens are not considered. Although nares and palate size are correlated with stratigraphic occurrence, available data reject the hypothesis that the observed differences were the result of a long-term trend. Most of these findings are consistent with the predictions of the hypoxia scenario. However, removing the effects of body size and phylogeny causes some of the differences to break down, indicating that if selection for increased respiratory efficiency affected these characters, it was most likely not the only factor to do so. Therefore, the characters provide only weak evidence in support of the hypoxia scenario, and we recommend against their use for this purpose. Our results emphasize the need for caution when invoking presumed differences between Permian and Triassic vertebrates as support for hypoxia, or other extinction scenarios, without a rigorous study of the character(s) in question.
Effect of differential moisture distribution on the shortening of steel-reinforced concrete columns
Authors: Seol H. C. , Kwon S.-H. , Yang J.-K. , Kim H.-S. , Kim J.-K.
Published: April 2008

This paper presents experimental and analytical studies on the causes of differences between reinforced concrete (RC) and steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) column behaviour with a focus on moisture diffusion. The results of experiments on the long-term behaviour of RC and SRC columns have shown that the shortening of SRC columns tends to be overestimated by the methods generally used to predict the shortening of RC columns. Moisture diffusion coefficient and surface factor of the concrete used in the SRC column specimens were determined from experiments and an analysis on moisture diffusion was conducted to determine the progress of moisture diffusion in the SRC column specimens. The analytical results indicated that the progress of moisture diffusion in SRC columns is quite different from that in RC columns. Analyses on differential drying shrinkage and differential drying creep were also performed by analysing the progress of moisture diffusion at each point in an SRC column section. The results indicated that obstruction of the moisture diffusion route causes a reduction in both drying shrinkage and drying creep in the SRC columns. The differential moisture distribution should therefore be taken into account in order accurately to predict SRC column shortening.
Development of a Proactive Community Medical Services Plan in Georgia
Authors: Clyde J. David , Mamulaishvili Zaza , Bentsen Lan , Thoem Terry
Published: April 2008

The Oil & Gas industry has stated that health of employees and local communities is a core element of sustainable development. Working with communities to improve their health delivery capabilities through training, systems and equipment, a company can create an infrastructure and culture that can be sustained after the initial company sponsorship.

The Health Assessment for Frontera operations in Georgia found that the local medical resources lacked equipment to provide a level of care meeting western standards needed to support large field operations. Critical care equipment at the regional hospital was unreliable or non-functional and medical supplies were extremely limited. The hospital building was old and needed significant repair.

The Health Assessment also identified an infant mortality rate of 36 deaths per 1,000 live births in the country. Lack of equipment, inadequately trained medical providers, and lack of communications from rural areas all contributed to a dysfunctional system. Failure in the triage system in the rural areas also contributed to the problem.

Frontera devised a "proactive community medical/health services plan" that would benefit the region. Elements of the plan were: 1) to provide limited renovations to the hospital facility, 2) to provide some critical care equipment (e.g. life monitor, defibrillator, sterilizer) for use with both the local population and the field workers, 3) to develop a mobile prenatal care service to area villages, 4) to provide updated training in high-risk obstetrical care to a few providers for the program, and 5) to improve the telecommunications between the regional medical center and the tertiary care facilities in Tblisi.

Our paper will discuss this process of identifying needs, coordination with local and central health personnel, community and company representatives to devise a community medical/health plan that is cost-effective, practical and sustainable.
Cleanup of Offshore Emulsion Spill, an Experimental Approach
Authors: Zekri Abdulrazag Y. , Chaalal Omar , Ghannam Mamdouh
Published: April 2008

An emulsion leak during offshore oil production operations is a real problem facing the oil industry. No work has been reported in the literature covering a technique for offshore emulsion spill cleanup. A vacuum collection system was used in this project to study the possibility of mechanical removal of emulsion spills. The system consists of sea water unit, emulsion-collecting system, vacuum unit, and air distributors. A number of operating parameters were tested such as air flow rate 0.0167×103-0.15×103 m3/sec), emulsion spill thickness (0.6-3.5 mm), the height of water column in the emulsion removal system (0.40-0.85 m), and the collection unit hole size and density. The system has been tested before for the oil spill and found to be simple, fast cleaning process, efficient with minimum cost. The results of this study indicated that hole density in the collection unit has an affect on the emulsion cleanup process; and increasing the air flow rate increases the amount of emulsion removed from the system until a certain rate at which the opposed effect was observed, i.e. the studied system exhibited an optimum air flow rate for the collection of emulsion. In addition to that, the height of the water column has an effect on the cleaning process, an optimum water column height is needed to be determined for any designed emulsion removal system similar to the system used in this study.
Organization Design Considerations for Effectively Addressing HSSE Program Requirements in Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Moreau R. L.
Published: April 2008

A key to effectively addressing health, safety, security, environmental, and regulatory (HSSE) program requirements in oil and gas operations is to first have in place effective and structured management systems that provide for continuous and visible management commitment and leadership throughout the organization, especially at the senior management level. The success of these programs is a direct result of line execution effectiveness, which in turn influences the HSSE organizational model that is in place to support them.

The objective of this presentation will be to discuss factors that should be addressed when developing a HSSE organization and staffing plan for a new organization. These factors can also be applied to an existing HSSE organization to improve its effectiveness. One of the factors will be the importance of setting up a HSSE organization that provides the appropriate level of support to the business unit while still maintaining line management responsibility and accountability for HSSE program implementation and performance. Other items that will be discussed include the importance of identifying key HSSE considerations, drivers and challenges early in the process to ensure that staffing and training needs are identified early in the process. The paper will then address the importance of establishing the appropriate metrics to continually measure the effectiveness of the organizational model and its strategies.
Safe Working Load vs. Maximum Gross Weight: How Much Can We Lift Safely?
Authors: Hamzah Nurul Ezalina , Karuppiah K. Samunathan , Hashim M Shahrizal , M Ali Azhar
Published: April 2008

Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB) had been using only Safe Working Load (SWL) as a guideline to lift the load of a container in the cargo lifting operation in Peninsular Malaysia Operations. The standard of practice which required only SWL visibly marked on the container, was used widely in offshore and onshore operations until the recent findings of the latest release of British Standard EN 12079:1999 which detail out a few more important piece of information that should be displayed on the container. The old practice required only SWL visibly marked and this practice had generated a lot of confusions among the personnel and crane operators that dealt with lifting activities. Furthermore, due to the lack of written standards and procedures, some of the containers were marked with either or both Maximum Gross Weight (MGW) and SWL. The crane operators had to use their own judgments to execute the lifting operation. Aside from that, safety was also at stake because a lot of the containers were poorly marked and missing other crucial information such as load test certification.

Efforts were taken to correct this practice by strictly following the standards and proper documentations were prepared as a guideline to all personnel. The new BS 12079 requires all offshore containers to have a plate attached to the container that bears the information of serial number, MGW, tare mass, payload, certification number and design temperature. By having this information, the safety during cargo lifting operations was improved and personnel involved gained more comprehension of the lifting guidelines.

This paper presents the lesson learnt regarding the disadvantages of the old practice and steps taken to improve the cargo lifting safety in PCSB by introducing and implementing the new BS 12079.
The Value of Adding Curative Malaria Kits to Management Programs for Prevention of Falciparum Malaria Among People Working in Malarious Countries for a Major Oilfield Service Company—A Web-Based Survey
Authors: Berg Johannes , Roukens Anna H. , Barbey Alex , Visser Leo G.
Published: April 2008

In this cross-sectional study using a web-based questionnaire, we evaluated the performance indicators of a comprehensive malaria management program that includes the provision of curative malaria kits (CMKs) to non-immune employees working for a major oilfield service company who are potentially exposed to falciparum malaria. In addition, the program's effect on employee knowledge level, employee satisfaction with the program, and the use of self-diagnosis and standby treatment were evaluated. Furthermore, we also evaluated the program's possible influence on adherence to malaria prophylaxis. Due to a lack of studies about the risk of malaria in long-term residents, which causes difficulties for health professionals when advising this group, we also attempted to calculate the absolute risk for this group of respondents.

2552 employees who were exposed to malaria responded. Regarding preventive measures, 70% (1127 of 2465) of respondents reported chemoprophylaxis use during the time they were considered to be at risk. The respondents receiving training and a CMK reported a higher use of malaria prophylaxis and had more knowledge of malaria. The rapid self-diagnostic malaria test was used by 35% (602 of 1703) of the respondents who received the Curative Malaria Kit. One third of all respondents visited a doctor for malaria symptoms during the last 24 months. Almost half of hospitalizations of respondents who visited a doctor because of malaria symptoms were due to malaria (according to doctors’ diagnoses).

This survey shows the importance of providing instructions for the rapid malaria diagnostic test and the use of curative malaria medication, and demonstrates the clear benefits of a comprehensive program for controlling the risk for malaria in this population.
Health Risk Assessment (HRA) Software
Authors: Saada Gabriel , Mika Frano , De Sanctis Sabatino
Published: April 2008

Nowadays Health Risk Assessment is part of project's activities in Oil and Gas Industry. To deal with this issue in a standardized, efficient and effective way Saipem developed in-house dedicated software. This HRA software provides a framework to identify health hazards, evaluate health risks, identify exposed persons and determine appropriate control and recovery measures with the overall intent of protecting employees’ health.

Health hazards are grouped into physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic/psychosocial and geographical categories. The authors are briefly presenting the use of the software and the training system of the personnel envisaged to use it.

Saipem innovating approach consists of developing and implementing a standardized process, reachable and sharable through intranet, that will help to create in few days an interactive, specific project tailor made web database, for health risks management and occupational illness prevention. As all data related to health hazards are already included in the central server database, the team developing the HRA has to select the country where the project is located to have automatically the geographical hazards all the personnel is exposed to, then to choose the specific hazards to which employees are exposed to and automatically will have "route of exposure", "consequences" and the "potential hazard and harm rating before mitigation" for each specific hazard. The next step is to choose, among the ones already proposed in the system, the appropriate "control" and "recovery measures", to mention the "frequency" and "duration" of exposure and to "evaluate the risk after mitigation". Going to the field the team will have to evaluate the HRA prepared and to ensure that all "hazards" have been identified and assessed, all "functions" covered, to check the effectiveness of the actual "control" and "recovery" measures in place and then to draw a "Remedial Action Plan (RAP)" based on a gap analysis. Regular yearly review will be carried out as part of the formal review process of the suitability and effectiveness of the HSE-MS; in addition, any significant change which may impact on health risk will trigger a review of the HRA. The team can also consult all previous HRAs conducted on other similar projects.

Occupational doctors, evaluating the medical fitness, can consult the HRA prepared on a specific worksite and understand the health risks to which the employee they are checking is exposed to.

Performed and structured using the developed software the HRA becomes not only "user friendly" but also easy to interpret and manage by the Project Managers. It is also time, efforts and costs saving contributing thus to improve the cost-effectiveness of the project.
The Benefits of Anti Malarial Chemoprophylaxis Concerning OffShore Activities In High Risk Malaria Areas
Authors: Mika Frano , De Sanctis Sabatino , Nicosia Vincenzo , Vasile Catalin , Dalida Ronan
Published: April 2008

Malaria still represents an important health problem for all companies which operate in high-risk malaria areas. Different malaria management strategies have been developed, most of them focused especially on prevention.

Among malaria preventive measures, chemoprophylaxis is considered to be the most efficacious1. Its effectiveness is estimated to about 93%2. That means that approximate 7% from exposed people to malaria could get the disease instead of taking chemoprophylaxis.

The key point of chemoprophylaxis effectiveness is represented by the individual compliance, especially when a long lasting regimen is necessary3.

Individual compliance could be reinforced using many methods. Among them, the policy of compulsory anti-malarial chemoprophylaxis (further called compulsory regimen) is frequently applied to employees. This kind of measure seems to be benefic for onshore activities but its advantage is disputable when is applied for offshore activities. Some authors suggest that taking anti-malarial medications only prior to travel may prevent more possible malarial events by improving traveler's compliance4. Moreover, the improper use of anti-malarial drugs is direct related to increased resistance of Plasmodium species to available drugs5.
e-SHRIMP: One Year On
Authors: Finney R. W. , Campbell J.
Published: April 2008

The Environmental, Social and Health Risk and Impact Management Process (e-SHRIMP) was developed by a taskforce1 of the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP). It delivers additional value in Oil and Gas projects through enhanced quality, consistency and industry alignment. It builds on good practice and shared learning of a number of OGP member companies and presents a lifecycle environmental assessment and management approach. This enables not only OGP members but other smaller and national oil and gas companies to benefit from industry experience.

Formally launched in 2007 at the OGP HSE Management Workshop in Delhi and presented at the Asia-Pacific SPE HSE Conference in Bangkok, e-SHRIMP has now been available to OGP Members and other users for one year. This presentation will demonstrate the essential features and values of the product and focus on how e-SHRIMP has been applied though the HSE Management Systems of OGP member companies, report user experience and identify potential aspects for future improvement and refinement. Early identification of project risks or opportunities;Linking ESIA with project decision-making;Integration of the ESIA into the engineering design process to mitigate impacts;A consistent process to aid delivery on time and on budget;A structured framework for contract awards;Enhancing corporate memory by the application of experience and learning andEnhanced shareholder confidence.

Entry to e-SHRIMP is through a signposted matrix which maps project lifecycle phases against key environmental, social, health, risk impact categories. Underpinning the matrix is a ‘toolbox’ of work aids and practical tools, which prompt the user with checklists, specimen Scopes of Work and additional guidance. In contrast to other high-level guidance, e-SHRIMP takes a pragmatic approach and offers a comprehensive and flexible assessment process, an environmental issue assurance plan and generic guides and tools. It is supported by a set of Annexes which include a User Guide and Glossary of Definitions.

The common set of tools can be shared and flexibly custom-fit to the user's specific project. The structured approach will establish a valuable platform in company projects, Joint Ventures and help to define clear project HSE requirements for Contractors.
Health, Safety & Environmental Performance Data Mining Using Statistical Implicative Analysis
Authors: Gallerati Piergiorgio
Published: April 2008

In the framework of data mining, this work aims to discover new and useful knowledge from huge databases of employees' HS&E (health, safety and environmental) performances. The new approach presented in this work is the use of the Statistical Implicative Analysis, which is an original statistical method based on implication intensity measure, dedicated to rule extraction and analysis.

While classical statistical methods can very well describe the distribution of a variable or the intersection of two variables, it appears to have limitations when treating multidimensional data, and in general is not fit to present an overall view of the analysis performed. Statistical Implicative Analysis can give impressive results with multidimensional data and can reveal relationships of intersection and similarity among variables.

Statistical Implicative Analysis is used in this work to extract cause-effect relationships, with the overall aim of understanding the HS&E performances of employees and to target goals and initiatives accordingly. It will seek to demonstrate an improvement over prior methods in terms of achieving useful data mining for the purpose of developing more effective solutions.

In an intrinsically hazardous industry, a better understanding of these processes has the potential to lead to improved safety methods, reduction of costs due to poor or improper practices, and, most importantly, fewer injuries and fatalities.
Global Statistics From Spreadsheets to "WOW" Reports
Authors: Speidel Durwin , Wedel Frederick L.
Published: April 2008

Over the years, small- and medium-sized oilfield service companies have struggled with gathering information for the accurate reporting of data from their global field locations. Many of their customers require, as a condition of continuing business with them, to accurately report global statistics in a timely manner. Until deployment of their new system, this has been a laborious process, with no meaningful information shared inside the company. The objective of this paper is to describe how an oilfield service company transitioned from a prior system of pouring over hundreds of spreadsheets to a timely, useful, and informative global internet data-gathering system. By taking the necessary steps to bring the system into the modern age, they not only satisfy their customers' expectations in this area, but have been able to leverage the information to continuously improve their company programs.

The transition from collecting data from spreadsheets to using a global system has been a paradigm shift for some. This paper will share the good and the bad stories related to this paradigm shift, as well as the solutions found that worked. The paper explores the evolution of this modern technology as it applies to health, safety and environmental data gathering. Finally, the challenges still to come are discussed such as underreporting, over reporting, the validation of data, the effects of "real time" and changing data and the inconsistency of definitions for such things as injuries and motor vehicle crashes/severity. Through the use of their global system and building "WOW" reports their journey to accurate, real-time statistics has become a reality.
Making Human Rights Training Accessible: The IPIECA Human Rights Training Toolkit for the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Social Responsibility Working Group _
Published: April 2008

The oil and gas industry operates in some of the most challenging places in the world and faces complex human rights related issues both at home and abroad. These issues include dealing with local conflict, corruption, indigenous rights, labour rights and managing relationships with governments and a range of external stakeholders.

In 2006, the International Petroleum Industry Conservation Association (IPIECA) produced the Human Rights Training Toolkit, a collaborative effort by members of the Social Responsibility Working Group in sharing expertise and practices to develop an industry-wide training template. It was created to promote human rights awareness within the petroleum industry, focusing on awareness and education, identification of risks and opportunities, and practical actions related to implementation. The training template is comprised of a presentation, workbook, trainer's manual and a resource guide. This paper will describe the content of the training materials and initial learnings gained by individual companies who have begun integrating the Toolkit into their human rights awareness activities.

The Toolkit draws on existing public materials where possible and includes an overview of core international human rights treaties and instruments, a discussion on the role of business, as well as an overview of the "stakeholder" concept. The Toolkit is accessible to the public free of charge at the IPIECA website www.ipieca.org in both English and French. The Toolkit will also be available in Spanish from 2008.

The target audience for the Toolkit is company business managers that have requested assistance to better understand human rights issues in their operations, raise awareness in their workforce, anticipate human rights issues and manage them effectively.

A preliminary survey of companies using the Toolkit has generated positive feedback. The main strength of the Toolkit is its versatility and companies' ability to customize the Toolkit template to include their own human rights policies and regional or operation-specific materials. The Toolkit is being used by many companies to complement human rights training sessions, and the global audience ranges from security personnel, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) managers and newly-appointed Directors to human resources staff and employees in high-risk countries.
Accident and Incident Investigation
Authors: Hanooman Akash
Published: April 2008

BP Trinidad and Tobago (BPTT) is the largest Gas Producer in Trinidad and Tobago with an approximate gas output of 450 000 Barrels of oil per day equivalent. At BPTT, Safety takes top priority. One important aspect of safety is the process of learning from past incidents. The scope of this paper is limited to the process of incident notification, investigation and distribution of lessons learned within BPTT.

For years, BPTT did not have a rigorous process in place for incident notification. The previous process was complex and not easily understood, roles and responsibilities were unclear and there was no accountability and guidance for distribution of lessons learned. In addition, various procedures were in existence therefore creating conflicting processes. The result being ineffective communication of lessons derived from incident investigations. Hence, this paper would explain how these problems were solved.

To correct these problems, a comprehensive and user-friendly procedure was developed which included the relevant aspects of all existing procedures at the business unit. Therefore, one standard procedure was created. This procedure included clear roles and responsibilities, definitions for all incident categories to be reported in the incident notification form and in "Traction", (our web based system database for recording incidents and tracking corrective actions that result from investigations). Many flowcharts were used to enhance understanding of the notification, investigation and lessons learned process.

There is also greater accountability for incident investigations and distribution of lessons learned since all incidents in operations are tracked using our incident log and reviewed on a weekly basis with those which are overdue, being flagged for immediate action. In addition, BPTT's "Traction (Online action tracking system)" is a valuable computerized software tool used effectively for reporting of incidents, input of action items from investigations and monitoring of these actions for closure. Communication of lessons learned are thus monitored to the point were they are communicated to the affected teams as well as the general workforce.

This paper would effectively describe how we deal with accident and incident notification and investigations to ensure that lessons learned are communicated effectively, thus preventing reoccurrence of similar incidents.
Risk and Safety Training Using Virtual Reality (VRSafety)
Authors: Høiset Stian , Glittum Eli
Published: April 2008

Flammable gas emissions create a high potential for accidents, and gas emissions on the Norwegian continental shelf are mainly caused by human errors. The information generated from the gas hazard analysis tools (FLACS, KFX, Fluent) is not easily understood by operators, managers and designers. A software application based on Virtual Reality technology has been developed. By combining realistic 3D CAD models of the actual offshore installation with advanced CFD (computational fluid dynamic) codes for gas hazard analysis, StatoilHydro wants to increase awareness of safety barrier philosophy, risk levels and communicate emergency preparedness measures.

VRSafety is used to improve the understanding of gas leak hazards in operator and manager training. Gas hazard situations are communicated by: visualising the effect of a hazardous gas leak in a real 3D module with different wind conditions anddemonstrate effectiveness of process safety systems, such as gas detection, ignition source control and need for automatic actions, effect of deluge etc.

The training scenarios are designed around six steps of development in a gas leak situation – leak source, gas dispersion, ignition, explosion, fire and deluge. The VR application is fully interactive, it is possible to simulate and visualise new incidents online (can however involve time-consuming recalculations).

VRSafety is developed for Hydro and Statoil (now StatoilHydro) by Christian Michelsen Research. The project started in November 2003 and has been financed through R&D programs and The Research Council of Norway.

Initial use of software application based on Virtual Reality technology has demonstrated that personnel obtain a better understanding of the hazard potential associate with a gas leak situation, and increased awareness of barrier philosophy, risk levels and emergency preparedness measures. VRSafety training sessions have lead to increased interdisciplinary communication and discussion on safety issues.
How Well Do Companies Embed Learning From Industrial Incidents
Authors: de Wit Monique , Peuscher Willem
Published: April 2008

Many companies put a lot of effort into incident investigations to improve their overall HSE performance and to circumvent reoccurrence of the incidents. However embedding the findings from incident investigations is a complex activity in a global company. Often incident alerts are sent around, but are these alerts effective to provide structural learning and does the right information reach the right people at the right time in the right format?

In this paper failures and successes in the Learning From Incident (LFI) process over various years are presented, as identified in several mini Learning from Incident reviews. Structural changes recently made in the learning from incidents organization and processes are described to ensure effective learning and feedback. This includes appointment of LFI coordinators and regular review of trends and external incidents by LFI review teams.

Furthermore three types of "alerts" to support the LFI process are discussed, Action Alerts to ensure actions are taken, Leadership Alerts to address underlying causes, and Awareness Alerts accompanied by learning packs (interactive exercises) to suit the shop floor target audience.

Ongoing efforts focus on reaching the target audience (especially contractors out in the field), better incorporate relevant learning (like history alerts) in existing processes and development of better communications materials and learning exercises.

The above should lead to an improved LFI Process through increased mindfulness, increased awareness of direct causes and associated learning, increased awareness of underlying causes and actions to address these, and more embedded learning in the HSE MS and other systems and processes.

As long as repeated incidents occur in a company, the HSE management system and the learning from incidents process is apparently flawed. Therefore the significance of this paper is to help companies to review and improve their structure of the "learning from incidents" process.