bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Renal Transplantation in a Highly Sensitised Child—8 Years On
Authors: Quinlan Catherine , Awan Atif , Gill Denis , Waldron Mary , Little Dilly , Hickey David , Conlon Peter , Keogan Mary
Published: January 2012

Highly sensitised children have markedly reduced chances of receiving a successful deceased donor renal transplant, increased risk of rejection, and decreased graft survival. There is limited experience with the long-term followup of children who have undergone desensitization. Following 2 failed transplants, our patient was highly sensitised. She had some immunological response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) but this was not sustained. We developed a protocol involving sequential therapies with rituximab, IVIg, and plasma exchange. Immunosuppressant therapy at transplantation consisted of basiliximab, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. At the time of transplantation, historical crossmatch was ignored. Current CDC crossmatch was negative, but T and B cell flow crossmatch was positive, due to donor-specific HLA Class I antibodies. Further plasma exchange and immunoglobulin therapy were given pre- and postoperatively. Our patient received a deceased donor-kidney-bearing HLA antigens to which she originally had antibodies, which would have precluded transplant. The graft kidney continues to function well 8 years posttransplant.
Molecular Regulation of Striatal Development: A Review
Authors: Evans A. E. , Kelly C. M. , Precious S. V. , Rosser A. E.
Published: January 2012

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is a complex organ that processes and coordinates activities of the body in bilaterian, higher-order animals. The development of the brain mirrors its complex function as it requires intricate genetic signalling at specific times, and deviations from this can lead to brain malformations such as anencephaly. Research into how the CNS is specified and patterned has been studied extensively in chick, fish, frog, and mice, but findings from the latter will be emphasised here as higher-order mammals show most similarity to the human brain. Specifically, we will focus on the embryonic development of an important forebrain structure, the striatum (also known as the dorsal striatum or neostriatum). Over the past decade, research on striatal development in mice has led to an influx of new information about the genes involved, but the precise orchestration between the genes, signalling molecules, and transcription factors remains unanswered. We aim to summarise what is known to date about the tightly controlled network of interacting genes that control striatal development. This paper will discuss early telencephalon patterning and dorsal ventral patterning with specific reference to the genes involved in striatal development.
How Can the Microbiologist Help in Diagnosing Neonatal Sepsis?
Authors: Paolucci Michela , Landini Maria Paola , Sambri Vittorio
Published: January 2012

Neonatal sepsis can be classified into two subtypes depending upon whether the onset of symptoms is before 72 hours of life (early-onset neonatal sepsis—EONS) or later (late-onset neonatal sepsis—LONS). These definitions have contributed greatly to diagnosis and treatment by identifying which microorganisms are likely to be responsible for sepsis during these periods and the expected outcomes of infection. This paper focuses on the tools that microbiologist can offer to diagnose and eventually prevent neonatal sepsis. Here, we discuss the advantages and limitation of the blood culture, the actual gold standard for sepsis diagnosis. In addition, we examine the utility of molecular techniques in the diagnosis and management of neonatal sepsis.
Usage and Attitudes of Physicians in Japan Concerning Traditional Japanese Medicine (Kampo Medicine): A Descriptive Evaluation of a Representative Questionnaire-Based Survey
Authors: Moschik E. C. , Mercado C. , Yoshino T. , Matsuura K. , Watanabe K.
Published: January 2012

Kampo medicine has been the primary medical model in Japan until the mid 1800s, regained a prominent role in today's Japanese medical system. Today, 148 herbal Kampo formulas can be prescribed under the national health insurance system, allowing physicians to integrate Kampo in their daily practice. This article aims to provide information about the extent to which Kampo is now used in clinics throughout Japan and about physician's current attitudes toward Kampo. We used the results of a 2008 survey that was administered to physicians throughout Japan (n= 684). The data showed that 83.5% of physicians currently use Kampo in the clinic, although the distribution of physicians who use Kampo differ widely depending on the specialty and provided a breakdown of Kampo usage by specialty. It will be interesting to see how each specialty incorporates Kampo into its respective field as Kampo continues to play a pertinent role in Japanese medical system.
Frequency of Thyroid Nodules among Patients with Colonic Polyps
Authors: Duran Cevdet , Gokturk Huseyin Savas , Kulaksizoglu Mustafa , Bakdik Suleyman , Unler Gulhan Kanat , Erbayrak Mustafa , Ozkaya Guven , Pamuk Baris Onder , Gonen Mustafa Sait
Published: January 2012

Aim. Colonic polyps and thyroid nodules are common diseases and their frequency increases with age. In the literature, there is no study investigating the coexistence of colonic polyps and thyroid nodules. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate thyroid nodule prevalence in patients with colonic polyps.Material and Methods. Sixty-six patients with colonic polyps and 146 patients without colonic polyps enrolled into the study. Age and sex matched control group was composed from patients without colonic polyps. Colonoscopic examinations, thyroid ultrasonographies were performed in all patients, and TSH were measured.Results. Male/female ratio in polyp and control groups were 40/26 versus 68/78, respectively (P=0.058). Mean ages were similar in both groups (53.3±11.4versus,51.8±11.4,P=0.373). Thyroid nodule was detected in 44 (66.7%) patients with polyps and in 61 (41.8%) controls (P=0.001). Patients with adenomatous polyps had 5 or more thyroid nodules compared to patients with hyperplastic polyps (P=0.03). Thyroid nodules were more prevalent among patients aged 50 or older compared to 50 years or less (P=0.023).Conclusion. Thyroid nodules were detected more common in patients with colonic polyps. Further studies are needed to clarify this coexistence.
Nematode Parasites and Associates of Ants: Past and Present
Authors: Poinar George
Published: January 2012

Ants can serve as developmental, definitive, intermediate, or carrier hosts of a variety of nematodes. Parasitic ant nematodes include members of the families Mermithidae, Tetradonematidae, Allantonematidae, Seuratidae, Physalopteridae, Steinernematidae, and Heterorhabditidae. Those nematodes that are phoretically associated with ants, internally or externally, are represented by the Rhabditidae, Diplogastridae, and Panagrolaimidae. Fossils of mermithids, tetradonematids, allantonematids, and diplogastrids associated with ants show the evolutionary history of these relationships, some of which date back to the Eocene (40 mya).
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide Based on the Shuttlelike Nano-CuO-Modified Electrode
Authors: Yang Geng , Chen Fu , Yang Zhousheng
Published: January 2012

CuO nanocrystals were prepared with hydrothermal synthesis method. The morphology of the nano-CuO was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared shuttlelike CuO nanocrystals were modified to glass carbon electrode (GCE) to form nano-CuO/GCE modified electrode. The obtained modified electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic property towards hydrogen peroxide in 0.01 M NaOH containing 0.09 M KCl electrolyte. Under the optimal experiment conditions, the electrocatalytic response current of this sensor was proportional to the H2O2concentration in the range of 0.02 μM~250 μM with a detection limit down to 7 nM (signal/noise = 3). The sensitivity was calculated to be 227 μA/mM. The H2O2sensor exhibited low detection limit, fast response time, and good reproducibility and could be applied to determine hydrogen peroxide.
Synergistic Applications of MD and NMR for the Study of Biological Systems
Authors: Fisette Olivier , Lagüe Patrick , Gagné Stéphane , Morin Sébastien
Published: January 2012

Modern biological sciences are becoming more and more multidisciplinary. At the same time, theoretical and computational approaches gain in reliability and their field of application widens. In this short paper, we discuss recent advances in the areas of solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that were made possible by the combination of both methods, that is, through their synergistic use. We present the main NMR observables and parameters that can be computed from simulations, and how they are used in a variety of complementary applications, including dynamics studies, model-free analysis, force field validation, and structural studies.
Periradicular Tissue Responses to Biologically Active Molecules or MTA When Applied in Furcal Perforation of Dogs' Teeth
Authors: Zairi Anna , Lambrianidis Theodoros , Pantelidou Ourania , Papadimitriou Serafim , Tziafas Dimitrios
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was the comparative evaluation of inflammatory reactions and tissue responses to four growth factors, or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), or a zinc-oxide-eugenol-based cement (IRM) as controls, when used for the repair of furcal perforations in dogs’ teeth. Results showed significantly higher inflammatory cell response in the transforming growth factorβ1 (TGFβ1) and zinc-oxide-eugenol-based cement (IRM) groups and higher rates of epithelial proliferation in the TGFβ1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) groups compared to the MTA. Significantly higher rates of bone formation were found in the control groups compared to the osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1). Significantly higher rates of cementum formation were observed in the IGF-I and bFGF groups compared to the IRM. None of the biologically active molecules can be suggested for repairing furcal perforations, despite the fact that growth factors exerted a clear stimulatory effect on cementum formation and inhibited collagen capsule formation. MTA exhibited better results than the growth factors.
Turnover of Focal Adhesions and Cancer Cell Migration
Authors: Nagano Makoto , Hoshino Daisuke , Koshikawa Naohiko , Akizawa Toshifumi , Seiki Motoharu
Published: January 2012

Cells are usually surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), and adhesion of the cells to the ECM is a key step in their migration through tissues. Integrins are important receptors for the ECM and form structures called focal adhesions (FAs). Formation and disassembly of FAs are regulated dynamically during cell migration. Adhesion to the ECM has been studied mainly using cells cultured on an ECM-coated substratum, where the rate of cell migration is determined by the turnover of FAs. However, the molecular events underlying the disassembly of FAs are less well understood. We have recently identified both a new regulator of this disassembly process and its interaction partners. Here, we summarize our understanding of FA disassembly by focusing on the proteins implicated in this process.
Effect of Material Nonlinearity on Large Deflection of Variable‐Arc‐Length Beams Subjected to Uniform Self‐Weight
Authors: Athisakul Chainarong , Phungpaingam Boonchai , Juntarakong Gissanachai , Chucheepsakul Somchai
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a large deflection of variable‐arc‐length beams, which are made from nonlinear elastic materials, subjected to its uniform self‐weight. The stress‐strain relation of materials obeys the Ludwick constitutive law. The governing equations of this problem, which are the nonlinear differential equations, are derived by considering the equilibrium of a differential beam element and geometric relations of a beam segment. The model formulation presented herein can be applied to several types of nonlinear elastica problems. With presence of geometric and material nonlinearities, the system of nonlinear differential equations becomes complicated. Consequently, the numerical method plays an important role in finding solutions of the presented problem. In this study, the shooting optimization technique is employed to compute the numerical solutions. From the results, it is found that there is a critical self‐weight of the beam for each value of a material constant n. Two possible equilibrium configurations (i.e., stable and unstable configurations) can be found when the uniform self‐weight is less than its critical value. The relationship between the material constant n and the critical self‐weight of the beam is also presented.
A Role for Bcl-2 in Notch1-Dependent Transcription in Thymic Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Sionov Ronit Vogt , Kfir-Erenfeld Shlomit , Spokoini Rachel , Yefenof Eitan
Published: January 2012

Notch1 is a transcription factor important for T-cell development. Notch1 is active in double negative (DN) thymocytes, while being depressed in double positive (DP) thymocytes. Synchronously, the expression of Bcl-2 becomes downregulated during the transition from DN to DP thymocytes. We previously observed that overexpression of an intracellular active Notch1 (ICN) in Bcl-2-positive 2B4 T cells leads to the transcription of Notch1-regulated genes. However, these genes were not induced in Bcl-2-negative DP PD1.6 thymic lymphoma cells overexpressing ICN. Here we show that, when Bcl-2 is simultaneously introduced into these cells, Notch-regulated genes are transcribed. Only in the presence of both Bcl-2 and ICN, PD1.6 thymic lymphoma cells become resistant to glucocorticoid (GC)-induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that Bcl-2 plays a role in modulating Notch1 function in T cells.
Urinary Bisphenol A and Hypertension in a Multiethnic Sample of US Adults
Authors: Shankar Anoop , Teppala Srinivas
Published: January 2012

Background. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, with >93% of US adults having detectable BPA levels in urine. Recent animal studies have suggested that BPA exposure may have a role in several mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension, including weight gain, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. However, no previous human study has examined the association between markers of BPA exposure and hypertension.Methods. We examined urinary BPA levels in 1380 subjects from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2003-2004. Main outcome-of-interest was hypertension, defined as blood pressure-reducing medication use and/or blood pressures >140/90 mm of Hg (n=580).Results. We observed a positive association between increasing levels of urinary BPA and hypertension independent of confounding factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus and total serum cholesterol levels. Compared to tertile 1 (referent), the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of hypertension associated with tertile 3 was 1.50 (1.12−2.00);P-trend = 0.007. The association was consistently present in subgroup analyses by race/ethnicity, smoking status, BMI, and diabetes mellitus.Conclusions. Urinary BPA levels are associated with hypertension, independent of traditional risk factors.
Low Dose Theophylline Showed an Inhibitory Effect on the Production of IL-6 and IL-8 in Primary Lung Fibroblast from Patients with COPD
Authors: Zhang Jing , Feng Ming-xiang , Qu Jie-ming
Published: January 2012

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the abnormal and chronic lung inflammation. We hypothesized that lung fibroblasts could contribute to the local inflammation and investigated whether low dose theophylline had a beneficial effect on fibroblasts inflammation. Subjects undergoing lobectomy for bronchial carcinoma were enrolled and divided into COPD and control groups according to spirometry. Primary human lung fibroblasts were cultured from peripheral lung tissue distant to tumor tissue. There was a significant increase in both the mRNA expressions and protein levels for IL-6 and IL-8 in fibroblasts in COPD group, and the values were negatively correlated with lung function (P<0.05). For COPD fibroblasts, the protein levels of IL-6 and IL-8 decreased from 993.0 ± 738.9 pg/mL to 650.1 ± 421.9 pg/mL (P=0.014) and from 703.1 ± 278.0 pg/mL to 492.0 ± 214.9 pg/mL (P=0.001), respectively, with 5 μg/mL theophylline treatment. In addition, theophylline at the dose of 5 μg/mL reduced the increased production of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by 1 μg/mL LPS in primary human lung fibroblasts. Our data suggest that lung fibroblasts participate in the chronic inflammation in COPD by releasing IL-6 and IL-8, and low dose theophylline can alleviate the proinflammatory mediators’ production by fibroblasts.
Molecular Mechanisms of Neonatal Brain Injury
Authors: Thornton Claire , Rousset Catherine I. , Kichev Anton , Miyakuni Yasuka , Vontell Regina , Baburamani Ana A. , Fleiss Bobbi , Gressens Pierre , Hagberg Henrik
Published: January 2012

Fetal/neonatal brain injury is an important cause of neurological disability. Hypoxia-ischemia and excitotoxicity are considered important insults, and, in spite of their acute nature, brain injury develops over a protracted time period during the primary, secondary, and tertiary phases. The concept that most of the injury develops with a delay after the insult makes it possible to provide effective neuroprotective treatment after the insult. Indeed, hypothermia applied within 6 hours after birth in neonatal encephalopathy reduces neurological disability in clinical trials. In order to develop the next generation of treatment, we need to know more about the pathophysiological mechanism during the secondary and tertiary phases of injury. We review some of the critical molecular events related to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis during the secondary phase and report some recent evidence that intervention may be feasible also days-weeks after the insult.
The Fukushima Event: The Outline and the Technological Background
Authors: D'Auria Francesco , Galassi Giorgio , Pla Patricia , Adorni Martina
Published: January 2012

The paper deals with the evaluation of the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) accident in Units 1 to 4: an attempt is made to discuss the scenario within a technological framework, considering precursory documented regulations and predictable system performance. An outline is given at first of the NPP layout and of the sequence of major events. Then, plausible time evolutions of relevant quantities in the different Units, is inferred based on results from the application of numerical codes. Scenarios happening in the primary circuit and containment (three Units involved) are distinguished from scenarios in spent fuel pool (four Units involved). Radiological releases to the environment and doses are approximately estimated. The event is originated by a natural catastrophe with almost simultaneous occurrence of earthquake and tsunami. These caused heavy destruction in a region in Japan much wider than the land around the NPP which was affected by the nuclear contamination. Key outcome from the work is the demonstration of strength for nuclear technology; looking at the past, misleading Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) data and inadequacy in licensing processes have been found. Looking into the future keywords are Emergency Rescue Team (ERT), Enhanced Human Performance (EHP), and Robotics in Nuclear Safety and Security (RNSS).
Purpura Fulminans Secondary toStreptococcus pneumoniaeMeningitis
Authors: Alvarez Erick F. , Olarte Karen E. , Ramesh Mayur S.
Published: January 2012

Purpura fulminans (PF) is a rare skin disorder with extensive areas of blueblack hemorrhagic necrosis. Patients manifest typical laboratory signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Our case describes a 37-year-old previously healthy man who presented with 3 days of generalized malaise, headache, vomiting, photophobia, and an ecchymotic skin rash. Initial laboratory workup revealed DIC without obvious infectious trigger including unremarkable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biochemical analysis. There was further progression of the skin ecchymosis and multiorgan damage consistent with PF. Final CSF cultures revealedStreptococcus pneumoniae. Despite normal initial CSF biochemical analysis, bacterial meningitis should always be considered in patients with otherwise unexplained DIC as this may be an early manifestation of infection. PF is a clinical diagnosis that requires early recognition and prompt empirical treatment, especially, in patients with progressive altered mental status, ecchymotic skin rash, and DIC.
Consumer Spending and Customer Satisfaction: Untying the Knot
Authors: Sephton Peter
Published: January 2012

The recession of 2007–2009 has led to renewed interest in forecasting discretionary consumer spending and whether marketing variables contain predictive content. Using the ACSI customer satisfaction index and both linear and nonlinear methods, this note suggests the index fails to enhance our understanding of the temporal evolution of discretionary spending.
Confocal Endomicroscopy of Colorectal Polyps
Authors: Ussui Vivian M. , Wallace Michael B.
Published: January 2012

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is one of several novel methods that provide real-time, high-resolution imaging at a micron scale via endoscopes. CLE has the potential to be a disruptive technology in that it can change the current algorithms that depend on biopsy to perform surveillance of high-risk conditions. Furthermore, it allows on-table decision making that has the potential to guide therapy in real time and reduce the need for repeated procedures. CLE and related technologies are often termed “virtual biopsy” as they simulate the images seen in traditional histology. However, the imaging of living tissue allows more than just pragmatic convenience; it also allows imaging of living tissue such as active capillary circulation, cellular death, and vascular and endothelial translocation, thus extending beyond what is capable in traditional biopsy. Immediate potential applications of CLE are to guide biopsy sampling in Barrett's esophagus and inflammatory bowel disease surveillance, evaluation of colorectal polyps, and intraductal imaging of the pancreas and bile duct. Data on these applications is rapidly emerging, and more is needed to clearly demonstrate the optimal applications of CLE. In this paper, we will focus on the role of CLE as applied to colorectal polyps detected during colonoscopy.
Electron Beam Irradiation Dose Dependently Damages theBacillusSpore Coat and Spore Membrane
Authors: Fiester S. E. , Helfinstine S. L. , Redfearn J. C. , Uribe R. M. , Woolverton C. J.
Published: January 2012

Effective control of spore-forming bacilli begs suitable physical or chemical methods. While many spore inactivation techniques have been proven effective, electron beam (EB) irradiation has been frequently chosen to eradicateBacillusspores. Despite its widespread use, there are limited data evaluating the effects of EB irradiation onBacillusspores. To study this,B. atrophaeusspores were purified, suspended in sterile, distilled water, and irradiated with EB (up to 20 kGy). Irradiated spores were found (1) to contain structural damage as observed by electron microscopy, (2) to have spilled cytoplasmic contents as measured by spectroscopy, (3) to have reduced membrane integrity as determined by fluorescence cytometry, and (4) to have fragmented genomic DNA as measured by gel electrophoresis, all in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, cytometry data reveal decreased spore size, increased surface alterations, and increased uptake of propidium iodide, with increasing EB dose, suggesting spore coat alterations with membrane damage, prior to loss of spore viability. The present study suggests that EB irradiation of spores in water results in substantial structural damage of the spore coat and inner membrane, and that, along with DNA fragmentation, results in dose-dependent spore inactivation.
Molecular Bases and Phenotypic Determinants of Aromatase Excess Syndrome
Authors: Fukami Maki , Shozu Makio , Ogata Tsutomu
Published: January 2012

Aromatase excess syndrome (AEXS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by gynecomastia. This condition is caused by overexpression ofCYP19A1encoding aromatase, and three types of cryptic genomic rearrangement aroundCYP19A1, that is, duplications, deletions, and inversions, have been identified in AEXS. Duplications appear to have causedCYP19A1overexpression because of an increased number of physiological promoters, whereas deletions and inversions would have induced wideCYP19A1expression due to the formation of chimeric genes consisting of a noncoding exon(s) of a neighboring gene andCYP19A1coding exons. Genotype-phenotype analysis implies that phenotypic severity of AEXS is primarily determined by the expression pattern ofCYP19A1and the chimeric genes and by the structural property of the fused exons with a promoter function (i.e., the presence or the absence of a natural translation start codon). These results provide novel information about molecular mechanisms of human genetic disorders and biological function of estrogens.
A Vectorial Capacity Product to Monitor Changing Malaria Transmission Potential in Epidemic Regions of Africa
Authors: Ceccato Pietro , Vancutsem Christelle , Klaver Robert , Rowland James , Connor Stephen J.
Published: January 2012

Rainfall and temperature are two of the major factors triggering malaria epidemics in warm semi-arid (desert-fringe) and high altitude (highland-fringe) epidemic risk areas. The ability of the mosquitoes to transmitPlasmodiumspp. is dependent upon a series of biological features generally referred to as vectorial capacity. In this study, the vectorial capacity model (VCAP) was expanded to include the influence of rainfall and temperature variables on malaria transmission potential. Data from two remote sensing products were used to monitor rainfall and temperature and were integrated into the VCAP model. The expanded model was tested in Eritrea and Madagascar to check the viability of the approach. The analysis of VCAP in relation to rainfall, temperature and malaria incidence data in these regions shows that the expanded VCAP correctly tracks the risk of malaria both in regions where rainfall is the limiting factor and in regions where temperature is the limiting factor. The VCAP maps are currently offered as an experimental resource for testing within Malaria Early Warning applications in epidemic prone regions of sub-Saharan Africa. User feedback is currently being collected in preparation for further evaluation and refinement of the VCAP model.
Optimal Portfolios with End-of-Period Target
Authors: Shiraishi Hiroshi , Ogata Hiroaki , Amano Tomoyuki , Patilea Valentin , Veredas David , Taniguchi Masanobu
Published: January 2012

We study the estimation of optimal portfolios for a Reserve Fund with an end-of-period target and when the returns of the assets that constitute the Reserve Fund portfolio follow two specifications. In the first one, assets are split into short memory (bonds) and long memory (equity), and the optimality of the portfolio is based on maximizing the Sharpe ratio. In the second, returns follow a conditional heteroskedasticity autoregressive nonlinear model, and we study when the distribution of the innovation vector is heavy-tailed stable. For this specification, we consider appropriate estimation methods, which include bootstrap and empirical likelihood.
Lung Cancer and Human Papilloma Viruses (HPVs): Examining the Molecular Evidence
Authors: Prabhu Priya R. , Jayalekshmi D. , Pillai M. Radhakrishna
Published: January 2012

Human papilloma virus (HPV), known to be an etiological agent for genital cancers, has been suggested also to be a possible contributory agent for lung cancer. Alternatively, lung cancer, formerly considered to be solely a smoker's disease, may now be more appropriately categorised into never smoker's and smoker's lung cancer. Through this paper we attempt to bring forth the current knowledge regarding mechanisms of HPV gaining access into the lung tissue, various strategies involved in HPV-associated tumorigenesis in lung tissue.
Pure Motor Monoparesis in the Leg due to a Lateral Medullary Infarction
Authors: Tsuda Hiromasa , Tanaka Kozue , Kishida Shuji
Published: January 2012

A 76-year-old man with essential hypertension abruptly presented with slight left-sided leg weakness, despite normal strength in the other extremities. Left-sided Babinski's reflex was detected. There were no other neurologic abnormalities. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a small infarction in the lower lateral medulla oblongata on the left side. Cranial magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated an absence of flow of the left vertebral artery. He became asymptomatic within 10 days under intravenous antiplatelet agent. The corticospinal tract fibers innervating the lower extremity caudal to the pyramidal decussation might be involved. We emphasize that this is a first reported case of pure motor monoparesis in the leg due to lateral medullary infarction.
A Dynamic Model for Fishery Resource with Reserve Area and Taxation
Authors: Huo Hai-Feng , Jiang Hui-Min , Meng Xin-You
Published: January 2012

The present paper deals with a dynamic reaction model of a fishery. The dynamics of a fishery resource system in an aquatic environment consists of two zones: a free fishing zone and a reserve zone. To protect fish population from over exploitation, a control instrument tax is imposed. The existence of its steady states and their stability are studied. The optimal harvest policy is discussed next with the help of Pontryagin′s maximum principle.
Our theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulation.
EMDR in Competition with Fate: A Case Study in a Chinese Woman with Multiple Traumas
Authors: Poon Maggie Wai-Ling
Published: January 2012

This paper described the application of eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) for addressing the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a Chinese woman who had experienced multiple traumas in her childhood. EMDR is an integrative therapeutic intervention that uses a standardized eight-phase approach to treatment. It is also a proven, effective, and efficient treatment for trauma. In this client with multiple traumas, the etiological event that lay the foundation of her dysfunctional responses was reprocessed first. The successful resolution of this event allowed the positive treatment effects to transfer to other traumatic events of a similar theme. This case also illustrates the importance of identifying a culturally appropriate positive cognition (PC) in contributing to the success of the treatment.
Recovery of Donor Meadows ofPosidonia sinuosaandPosidonia australisContributes to Sustainable Seagrass Transplantation
Authors: Verduin Jennifer J. , Paling E. I. , van Keulen M. , Rivers Lotte E.
Published: January 2012

Donor meadow recovery is important in deciding whether removal of material from natural seagrass meadows is a sustainable activity. Thus an investigation into meadow regrowth was undertaken as part of a large-scale seagrass rehabilitation effort in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Several plug extraction configurations were examined inPosidonia sinuosaandPosidonia australismeadows to monitor shoot growth into plug scars. No significant differences in shoot growth between extraction configurations were observed, and both species increased their shoot numbers over two years, withP. sinuosashowing a significantly better recovery rate thanP. australis.P. sinuosashoot recovery into extracted areas was2.2±0.1shoots over 24 months, similar to shoot changes in controls (2.3 shoots over the same period).P. australisshoot recovery for each configuration was 0.8 ± 0.3 shoots in 24 months compared with 1.5 shoots in the controls. Based on the number of regrowing shoots, the predicted recovery time of a meadow is estimated at 4 years forP. sinuosaand three years forP. australis. Different plug extraction configurations do not appear to affect meadow recovery, and it can be concluded that established meadows of both species are sustainable providers of planting units for rehabilitation measures.
Redsharc: A Programming Model and On-Chip Network for Multi-Core Systems on a Programmable Chip
Authors: Kritikos William V. , Schmidt Andrew G. , Sass Ron , Anderson Erik K. , French Matthew
Published: January 2012

The reconfigurable data-stream hardware software architecture (Redsharc) is a programming model and network-on-a-chip solution designed to scale to meet the performance needs of multi-core Systems on a programmable chip (MCSoPC). Redsharc uses an abstract API that allows programmers to develop systems of simultaneously executing kernels, in software and/or hardware, that communicate over a seamless interface. Redsharc incorporates two on-chip networks that directly implement the API to support high-performance systems with numerous hardware kernels. This paper documents the API, describes the common infrastructure, and quantifies the performance of a complete implementation. Furthermore, the overhead, in terms of resource utilization, is reported along with the ability to integrate hard and soft processor cores with purely hardware kernels being demonstrated.
Effects of Three Types of Oil Dispersants on Biodegradation of Dispersed Crude Oil in Water Surrounding Two Persian Gulf Provinces
Authors: Zolfaghari-Baghbaderani Azadeh , Emtyazjoo Mozhgan , Poursafa Parinaz , Mehrabian Sedigheh , Bijani Samira , Farkhani Daryoush , Mirmoghtadaee Parisa
Published: January 2012

Objective. To determine the most effective and biodegradable dispersant of spilled oil in water surrounding two Persian Gulf provinces.Methods. This study compared the effects of three dispersants, Pars 1, Pars 2, and Gamlen OD4000 on removal of oil in two Persian Gulf provinces' water. Overall, 16 stations were selected. Using the Well method, the growth rate of isolated bacteria and fungi was identified. To specify the growth rate of microorganisms and their usage of oil in the presence of the above-mentioned dispersants, as exclusive sources of carbon, the bacteria were grown in culture medium for 28 days at 120 rpm,30∘C, and their optical density was measured by spectrophotometry. Then, we tested biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in microorganisms.Results. The highest growth rate was documented for the growth of microorganisms on either Pars 1 or Pars 2 dispersants or their mixtures with oil. However, the culture having microorganisms grown on Pars 1 had higher BOD and COD than the other two dispersants (9200 and 16800 versus 500 and 960,P<0.05). Mixture of oil and Pars 2 as well as oil and Pars 1 dispersants showed the highest BODs and CODs, respectively. In the Bahregan province, microorganisms grown on Pars 2 had maximum amount of BOD and COD in comparison with Pars 1 and Gamlen dispersants (7100 and 15200 versus 6000 and 10560,P<0.05).Conclusion. Pars 1 and Pars 2 were the most effective dispersants with highest degradability comparing Gamlen. In each region, the most suitable compound for removing oil spill from offshores with least secondary contamination should be investigated.
Increased Plasma Levels of the APC-Interacting Protein MAPRE1, LRG1, and IGFBP2 Preceding a Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in Women
Authors: Ladd Jon J. , Busald Tina , Johnson Melissa M. , Zhang Qing , Pitteri Sharon J. , Wang Hong , Brenner Dean E. , Lampe Paul D. , Kucherlapati Raju , Feng Ziding , Prentice Ross L. , Hanash Samir M.
Published: January 2012

Longitudinal blood collections from cohort studies provide the means to search for proteins associated with disease before clinical diagnosis. We investigated plasma samples from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) cohort to determine quantitative differences in plasma proteins between subjects subsequently diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) and matched controls that remained cancer-free during the period of follow-up. Proteomic analysis of WHI samples collected before diagnosis of CRC resulted in the identification of six proteins with significantly (P < 0.05) elevated concentrations in cases compared with controls. Proteomic analysis of two CRC cell lines showed that five of the six proteins were produced by cancer cells. Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 (MAPRE1), insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG1), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were individually assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 58 pairs of newly diagnosed CRC samples and controls and yielded significant elevations (P < 0.05) among cases relative to controls. A combination of these four markers resulted in a receiver operating characteristics curve with an area under the curve value of 0.841 and 57% sensitivity at 95% specificity. This combination rule was tested in an independent set of WHI samples collected within 7 months before diagnosis from cases and matched controls resulting in 41% sensitivity at 95% specificity. A panel consisting of CEA, MAPRE1, IGFBP2, and LRG1 has predictive value in prediagnostic CRC plasmas. Cancer Prev Res; 5(4); 655–64. ©2012 AACR.
Susceptibility to Vaccinia Virus Infection and Spread in Mice Is Determined by Age at Infection, Allergen Sensitization and Mast Cell Status
Authors: Domenico Joanne , Lucas Joseph J. , Fujita Mayumi , Gelfand Erwin W.
Published: January 2012

Background: Patients, especially young children, with atopic dermatitis are at an increased risk of developing eczema vaccinatum, a severe reaction to the smallpox vaccine, either through direct vaccination or indirect contact with a person recently vaccinated. Methods: Using a mouse model of infection, the severity of vaccinia-induced lesions was assessed from their appearance and viral DNA content. The response to vaccinia inoculation was assessed in young and adult mice, allergen-sensitized mice, and in mast cell-deficient mice. Results: Young age, sensitization to an allergen prior to infection, and a mast cell deficit, accomplished by using mast cell-deficient mice, resulted in more severe viral lesions at the site of inoculation, according to lesion appearance and viral DNA content. All three factors combined demonstrated maximal susceptibility, characterized by the severity of primary lesions and the development of secondary (satellite) lesions, as occurs in eczema vaccinatum in humans. Resistance to the appearance of satellite lesions could be restored by adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived mast cells from either wild-type or cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide-deficient mice. Primary lesions were more severe following the latter transfer, indicating that cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide does contribute to the protective activity of mast cells against infection. Conclusions: The combination of young age, allergen sensitization and a mast cell deficit resulted in the most severe lesions, including satellite lesions. Understanding the factors determining the relative resistance/sensitivity to vaccinia virus will aid in the development of strategies for preventing and treating adverse reactions which can occur after smallpox vaccination.
Effects of Bepotastine and Fexofenadine on Histamine-Induced Flare, Wheal and Itch
Authors: Tanizaki Hideaki , Ikoma Akihiko , Fukuoka Miyuki , Miyachi Yoshiki , Kabashima Kenji
Published: January 2012

Background: Urticaria is mainly caused by mast cell-derived histamine through the histamine H1 receptor. Antihistamines are occasionally used on demand upon a recurrence of urticaria; therefore, rapidly acting agents should be explored. The onset of action is assumed to depend on time to maximum concentration (Tmax), but the speed of action needs to be evaluated not only through blood concentration analysis but also by measuring in vivo effectiveness. Methods: In this study, we chose two representative second-generation antihistamines (bepotastine and fexofenadine) with relatively short Tmax values and evaluated their effects on histamine-induced skin responses using both visual and laser Doppler imaging scales. Results: Suppression of histamine-induced flare and itch was observed 3 and 6 h after administration of both antihistamines. Attenuation of itch was seen 30 min after the administration of each drug and thereafter until 6 h. In addition, bepotastine suppressed flare formation after only 30 min following application. Conclusion: These results suggest that antihistamines suppress histamine-induced itch and flare, followed by wheal formation, and that bepotastine suppresses skin symptoms sooner after administration than fexofenadine does, which is relatively consistent with the Tmax results.
Multiorgan Infiltration by CD8+ T Cells and 1p;16p Translocation in a Patient with Hypogammaglobulinemia and a Reduced Number of B Cells
Authors: Vultaggio Alessandra , Matucci Andrea , D’Elios Mario Milco , Andreucci Elena , Giglio Sabrina , Annunziato Francesco , Zupo Simonetta , Maggi Enrico
Published: January 2012

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) disorders are the most common form of clinically significant primary immunodeficiencies found in adults. There is now clear evidence that CVID includes a group of clinically and genetically heterogenous conditions. In addition to recurrent infections, some patients are highly prone to granulomatous lesions. Rarely, CVID may be characterized by an increased number of circulating CD8+ T cells with tissue infiltration. We report a unique case of CVID associated with a sarcoidosis-like disease and polyclonal CD8+ T cell expansion with multiple tissue infiltration occurring in a subject with the chromosome translocation t(1;16). No sequence variant in TACI, APRIL, BAFF, ICOS or BTK genes was discovered. Cytometric analysis showed that the chemokine receptors expressed on peripheral and tissue CD8+ T cells are responsible for the tissue homing of the cells. Moreover, CD8+ T cells produced high amounts of IFN-γ, but not IL-4 and IL-17, with regular expression of the transcription factor Vav1. Genes coding for IL-32 and FRAP1, both involved in the regulation of memory T cell differentiation, are located in the translocation breakpoint. This suggests that a chromosomal abnormality plays a role in the clinical features of this phenotypic variant of CVID.
Relationship between Atrophy of the Medial Temporal Areas and Cognitive Functions in Elderly Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki , Kato Takashi , Ito Kengo , Makizako Hyuma , Doi Takehiko , Yoshida Daisuke , Shimokata Hiroshi , Washimi Yukihiko , Endo Hidetoshi , Suzuki Takao
Published: January 2012

Aim: The current study sought to determine which types of cognitive function are related to atrophy of the bilateral medial temporal areas including the entorhinal cortex (MTA-ERC) in elderly adults. Methods: The subjects were 96 elderly adults (mean age 75.3 years) with mild cognitive impairment. Subjects underwent Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, logical memory I and II (WMS-R, LM I and II), Rey complex figure retention tests after 3 and 30 min (RCF-3 min and RCF-30 min), digit span backword (DSB), digit symbol-coding (DSC), Stroop Color and Word Test-Interference List (SCWT-IL) as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were divided into elderly adults without or with mild to moderate MTA-ERC atrophy, and those with severe atrophy. Results: In all subjects, MTA-ERC atrophy showed significant relationships with age (r = 0.43), education (r = –0.25), WMS-R, LM I (r = –0.21), DSC (r = –0.32), and SCWT-IL (r = 0.32). The mild to moderate atrophy group showed significant relationships between MTA-ERC atrophy and age (r = 0.34), DSC (r = –0.28), and SCWT-IL (r = 0.25). In contrast, in the severe atrophy group, MTA-ERC atrophy was correlated significantly with RCF-3 min (r = –0.70) and RCF-30 min (r = –0.74). The linear regression model included demographic variables and cognitive tests; two variables to survive the step-wise analysis were age (β = 0.374) and SCWT-IL (β = 0.247) in all subjects. Age (β = 0.301), and RCF-30 min (β = –0.521) and age (β = 0.460) remained as a significant variable in the mild to moderate atrophy and severe atrophy groups, respectively. Conclusion: Executive function tests such as SCWT-IL may be useful as a screening tool to identify mild to moderate MTA-ERC atrophy and a decline in the RCF test may suggest severe MTA-ERC atrophy in elderly adults with MCI.
Discontinuous versus Continuous Drinking of Ethanol in Peripubertal Rats: Effect on 24-Hour Pattern of Hypophyseal-Gonadal Axis Activity and Anterior Pituitary Oxidative Stress
Authors: Fernández-Mateos Pilar , Jiménez-Ortega Vanesa , Cano Barquilla Pilar , Cardinali Daniel P. , Esquifino Ana I.
Published: January 2012

Aims: Discontinuous (weekend) consumption of alcohol is common in adolescents and young adults. This study therefore assesses, in peripubertal male rats, the effect of discontinuous as compared to chronic feeding of ethanol or control liquid diet. Methods: Animals received an ethanol liquid diet (6.2 % w/v) starting on day 35 of life. Every week for 5 weeks, the discontinuous ethanol group received the ethanol diet for 3 consecutive days and the control liquid diet for 4 days. At the 5th week, 24 h after the last ethanol administration to the discontinuously ethanol-treated animals, rats were killed at 4-hour intervals beginning at 09.00 h. Chronically administered rats received the ethanol diet until immediately before study. Results: Disrupted 24-hour rhythmicity together with a significant nocturnal increase in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and prolactin (PRL) occurred in the discontinuous ethanol group. Plasma ethanol levels were undetectable at 24 h after the last ethanol treatment. In contrast, after chronic ethanol administration, plasma PRL was increased late in scotophase while LH and testosterone decreased; blood ethanol levels were 2-fold greater than those in discontinuously ethanol-administered rats killed immediately after ethanol withdrawal. Circulating testosterone positively correlated with LH levels in control rats only. Chronic administration of ethanol significantly augmented mean expression of pituitary nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, Per1 and Per2 genes and disrupted their diurnal rhythmicity. Decreased NOS-1 and NOS-2 expression during scotophase, together with suppression of the rhythm in Per1 and Per2 expression, were found in the discontinuous ethanol group. Conclusions: Abstinence after discontinuous drinking of alcohol in rats, as compared to chronic administration of ethanol, is accompanied by increases of plasma LH and testosterone, a greater PRL response and a less pronounced oxidative damage of the anterior pituitary.