bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysing the financial needs addressed by South African consumers when using credit products
Authors: Venter Jan M. P. , Botha Annerie
Published: December 2016

Individuals in South African are experiencing increasing financial stressed due to the deterioration in the economy and restrictions imposed by the National Credit Act, No. 43 of 2005. The paper investigates the financial needs addressed by users of credit products. Human needs are firstly classified according to Alderfer’s ERG theory. Hereafter financial needs which individuals addressed when using credit products were analysed. The results indicate that consumers are also using credit products to address other financial needs than that for which the products were developed for. This could be partly due to the limitation in accessing appropriate credit products due to the requirements imposed by the credit legislation.
Risk management is every managers’ responsibility: Are HR practitioners ready for the challenge
Authors: Zulu Pascal Siphelele
Published: December 2016

Risk and Enterprise Risk Management has become a strategic imperative in most organisations and government departments over the years. Most company boards and government entities in South Africa have adopted various corporate governance frameworks as a mechanism to direct and control the operations of their organisations. As a result, risk management and enterprise risk management has become every manager’s responsibility. The key question that the study investigates is whether HR managers are aware of this strategic imperative and ready to be risk champions in their environment. Data was collected from forty eight (48) HR Managers and Practitioners from private companies and sixty eight (68) HR Managers and Practitioners from government departments and government companies in Durban, Kwazulu-Natal and Cape Town, Western Cape using both personal interviews and questionnaires which were distributed to one hundred and fifty (150) employees, of which one hundred and sixteen (116) questionnaires were completed (return rate 77.3%). The results of this paper indicate that, in general and across all sectors, HR practitioners’ levels of understanding of corporate governance and risk management is limited.
Residential mortgage crisis - an Islamic finance perspective
Authors: Seresht Mostafa Beheshti , Najafi Hasna Haj
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we try to analyze the US residential mortgage crisis in the light of the financial principles of Shari’ah. For this purpose, we will firstly present a summery of the US residential mortgage crisis. Then, in the second part of the paper, we will explore relevant financial principles of Shari’ah law. In this part, special attention is paid to analyze the residential mortgage crisis according to Shari’ah principles and Shia interpretation of Shari’ah through Civil Code of Iran. The main claim is that if mortgage transactions had been concluded in compliance with the principles of Shari’ah law, the whole chain of crisis would not have occurred.
Stress test for risk assessment under Basel framework applied in banking industry
Authors: Mahalingam Maheswaran , Rao D. N.
Published: December 2016

Currrent paper provides the analisis of the Basel accords and regulatory measures, especially paying attention to stress test approaches. Authors show regulatory milestones for Indian banks and their risk management framework. Risk Analytical Methodology in banks and macro economic stress testing are also dscribed. Future focus of further research needs to assess Indian banks’ risk model among the existing stress test framework and analytical preparedness.
Leading internal and external sources of credit risk in the top South African banks
Authors: Moloi Tankiso
Published: December 2016

This paper aimed at identifying the leading credit risk indicators in the South African banking context as well as the development of an integrated leading credit risk indicator model. A content analysis was used as a data extraction methodology and structural equation modelling was used as a data analysis methodology. The results obtained indicated that utilising the structural equation modelling, gross savings, and prime overdraft rates, number of judgements, business insolvencies and unemployment rates were formulated as leading economic and market (external) indicators of credit risk in the South African banking context. Similarly, utilising the principal component analysis, bank asset quality, bank asset concentration as well as bank trading and hedging activities were formulated as leading bank specific (internal) indicators of credit risk in the South African banking context. The Integrated Leading Credit Risk Indicator Model (ICRIM) was formulated utilising the accepted leading credit risk indicators. The ICRIM parameters were benchmarked against the generally accepted fit indices such as the RMSEA, comparative fit (baseline comparison) as well as the Hoelter and its results output were found to be consistent with these generally accepted fit indice
Task performance fraud risk assessment on forensic accountant and auditor knowledge and mindset in Nigerian public sector
Authors: Popoola Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson , Che-Ahmad Ayoib , Samsudin Rose Shamsiah
Published: December 2016

This paper discusses task performance fraud risk assessment and forensic accountant and auditor knowledge and mindset in the Nigerian public sector. The aim of the study is to examine the fraud risk assessment in the Nigerian public sector through the efficient utilisation of forensic accountant and auditor knowledge and mindset. The effect will enhance the corporate governance and accountability practices among public sector accountants and auditors in Nigeria.
Employee perceptions of the influence of diversity dimensions on co-worker interactions and daily organizational operations
Authors: Reddy Atasha , Parumasur Sanjana Brijball
Published: December 2016

This study assesses employee perceptions of the influence of diversity dimensions (race, gender, religion, language, sexual orientation, attitudes, values, work experience, physical ability, economic status, personality) on their interactiions with co-workers as well as on their organization in its daily operations. These perceptions were also compared and gender related correlates were assessed. The study was undertaken in a public sector Electricity Department in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The population includes 100 employees in the organization, from which a sample of 81 was drawn using simple random sampling. Data was collected using a self-developed, pre-coded, self-administered questionnaire whose reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings reflect that employees perceive that their interactions with co-workers are most likely to be influenced by attitudes, work experience and personality and that daily organizational operations are most likely to be influenced by race, work experience and attitudes. Furthermore, religion and sexual orientation are perceived as having the least influence on co-worker interaction and day-to-day organizational operations. In the study it was also found that employees perceive that race followed by gender influences day-to-day organizational operations to a larger extent than it influences co-worker interactions. Recommendations made have the potential to enhance the management of workforce diversity.
"Much ado about nothing": Short selling ban effectiveness on bank stock prices
Authors: Galloppo Giuseppe , Aliano Mauro , Youssef Abdelmoneim
Published: December 2016

Most regulators around the world reacted to the 2007-09 crisis by imposing bans on short selling. Using data from seven equity markets, this study empirically examines the impact of the 2008 short-selling bans on financial stocks. Using panel and matching techniques, evidence indicates that bans on short-selling (i) on the whole widen volatility both in terms of High-Low spread and GARCH analysis, (ii) were not able to reduce systematic risk, (iii) overall failed to support prices. On the whole our results are in line with previous literature.
The quality of institutions and financial development in mena countries: An empirical investigation
Authors: Gazdar Kaouthar , Cherif Mondher
Published: December 2016

This paper provides new evidence that sheds light on the influence of institutional quality on financial development using data from Middle East and North African (MENA) countries over the period of 1984-2007. To measure institutional quality we construct a yearly composite index (INST) using the International Country Risk Guide’s (ICRG). The results of both panel data and IV techniques of estimation show that the institutional quality is more relevant for banking sector than for stock market development. Examining the impact of five sub-indicators of the composite ICRG index on financial sector development, we find that some institutional aspects matter more than others do. While law and order are the most relevant determinant of banking sector development, corruption and investment profile are of secondary importance for banking sector development. We also find that, investment profile is the most relevant determinant of stock market development. It has a positive significant effect on market index and stock market liquidity.
Financial deepening and economic growth in nigeria (1981-2012): A managerial economic perspective
Authors: Igwe Anthony , Edeh Chukwudi Emmanuel , Ukpere Wilfred Isioma
Published: December 2016

The objective of this study is to determine the impact of financial deepening on economic growth in Nigeria. The supply leading hypothesis was adopted as the theoretical framework of the study. Data for analysis was for the period 1981-2012 obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The explanatory variables were logged values of broad money supply/GDP and Credit to the private sector/GDP. The times series data were tested for stationarity using the ADF unit root tests of stationarity and were found to be stationary at first difference. The Engle-Granger Cointegration technique and Error correction model were used for the test of long run relationship. Findings reveal that money supply (MS) is positive and weakly significant in determining economic growth. However, credit to the private sector was negative and not significant in the short run. The speed of adjustment of the ECM is 25.51%. This implies that if there are short run fluctuations, GDP will converge to its long run equilibrium path at a speed of about 25.51% in each period .The conclusion is that financial deepening does not have the desired impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Hence, there is a need for increase and improvement in access to private credit to enhance economic growth and investment.
Development and validation of an organizational justice measurement instrument for a South African context
Authors: Ledimo Ophillia
Published: December 2016

Measuring organisational justice in a South African context is a concern as the concept is multi-dimensional and there is no comprehensive definition; therefore, an integrative and well-developed measure of organisational justice can advance the measurement and analysis of this concept. This study investigates the development and validity of an organisational justice measuring instrument (OJMI), and determines the relationships between the different dimensions of the concept organisational justice. Data was gathered from 289 participants, employed in a public service organisation. To analyse the data the descriptive and inferential statistics used are Cronbach alpha coefficient, means, the explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). It was found that the model fitted the data well and the measurement of each dimension, namely strategic direction; distributive, procedural, interactional, informational, diversity management; customer relations; service delivery innovation as well as ethical leadership and management justice were confirmed to be statistically significant and positive. These results indicate that OJMI is a reliable and valid measure that organisations need in order to measure perceptions of fairness, and to monitor trends of fair practices. The validated measuring instrument for organisational justice and the conducted analysis of the interrelationships between the different dimensions of the concept will enable organisations to initiate proactive and reactive interventions to facilitate justice and fair practices
How do corporate governance mechanisms affect a firm’s potential for bankruptcy?
Authors: Hanani Rhesa Theodorus , Dharmastuti Christiana Fara
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this thesis is to understand the effects of corporate governance mechanisms on the potential for bankruptcy. This study is done by utilizing the linear regression fixed effect vector decomposition model on 30 listed firms from the consumer goods sector of Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2010-2012 periods. The results of the study indicate that: the board of commissioners’ independence and size of the commissioners’ board pose a significant positive effect on the potential for bankruptcy; the presence of an audit committee and the presence of a nomination and remuneration committee pose a significant negative effect and institutional ownership and managerial ownership do not significantly affect the potential for bankruptcy
The application of statistical and/or non-statistical sampling techniques by internal audit functions in the South African banking industry
Authors: Van Der Nest Daniel P. , Smidt Louis , Lubbe Dave
Published: December 2016

This article explores the use by internal audit functions of audit sampling techniques in order to test the effectiveness of controls in the banking sector. The article focuses specifically on the use of statistical and/or non-statistical sampling techniques by internal auditors. The focus of the research for this article was internal audit functions in the banking sector of South Africa. The results discussed in the article indicate that audit sampling is still used frequently as an audit evidence-gathering technique. Non-statistical sampling techniques are used more frequently than statistical sampling techniques for the evaluation of the sample. In addition, both techniques are regarded as important for the determination of the sample size and the selection of the sample item
Characteristics of companies with a higher risk of financial statement fraud: Five case studies
Authors: Toit Elda du , Vermaak Frans N.S.
Published: December 2016

Various characteristics can be observed in the financials and the behaviour of companies engaging in accounting irregularities. This article explores the usefulness of such characteristics by analysing the financial statements of five companies accused of alleged accounting irregularities. The analysis involves quantitative and qualitative analyses for each of the companies, compared to a relevant control sample. The quantitative study consisted of financial statement analyses. The qualitative study involved an analysis of the narrative reports that form part of the published annual report. Nine of the characteristics initially identified were not reliable indicators of accounting irregularities. However, the nine remaining characteristics were positive indicators for the detection of accounting irregularities. Eight additional characteristics, not initially identified, were noted as potential indicators of accounting irregularities.
Does corporate governance affect dividend policy: Evidence from ASEAN emerging market
Authors: Ahmad Gatot Nazir
Published: December 2016

This research-work uses a survey which comes from three different countries in ASEAN region i.e Indonesian, Thailand and Malaysian. This work integrate whole data from above all countries to examine whether firms that do corporate governance practising will pay higher dividends. This study has two issues: how regulation of stock exchange affects good corporate governance and how corporate governance affects value of the firm. Using OLS regression, our finding shows that good corporate governance practices has positive sign to dividend payout. Our finding may contribute to corporate governance literature. First, result finding support Jensen’s (1986) that states free cash flow not reduce dividends pay out. Second, integrating empirical model from three different countries in ASEAN region.
Trends and prospects of tax reforms in China
Authors: Lim Yoo Ho , Man Yoon Sung
Published: December 2016

This study aims to identify the reform trends in Chinese tax systems with emphasis on the structural tax reduction policy that has been enforced in China’s socialist market economy system for the past 10 years. This study also intends to draw the implications of such tax reforms by identifying the relationship between China’s socialist and capitalist market economy systems along with other related tax systems and describing the tax policy trends for the last 10 years. A comparison and analysis of the differences in viewpoints on taxation between these market economy systems is also conducted. The core and specific contents of this study on structural tax reduction policy that has been enforced in China over the past decade are arranged.
Is the South African exchange rate volatile? Application of the arch framework
Authors: Mokoma Thato Julius , Moroke Ntebogang Dinah
Published: December 2016

This study applies the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model to forecast exchange rate volatility in South Africa for the period 1990Q1 to 2014Q2. The ARCH (1) and ARCH (2) models were constructed using four variables; namely, exchange rate, gross domestic product, inflation and interest rates. Upon addressing the issue of stationarity, the models were fitted and the ARCH (1) model was found to be fit. This model revealed a high volatility of exchange rate compared to the ARCH (2) model. Prior to forecasting, the selected model was subjected to a battery of diagnostics tests and was found to be stable and well specified. The forecasts from the ARCH (1) model proved that in the near future, exchange rate will not be highly volatile though SA will experience depreciation in its currency.
The impact of fiscal policy on inflation in Nigeria
Authors: Otto Godly , Ukpere Wilfred Isioma
Published: December 2016

Inflation is a major problem in Nigeria. To stabilize the economy, policy makers have often used fiscal and monetary policies to address inflation. For efficacy of policy, it is important to know the likely influence of each of these on inflation in order to properly prescribe a solution. This work attempts to see the impact of fiscal policy on inflation. This is necessary because of the current demands of the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), which is likely to increase government spending and possible inflation. Using data from the Central Bank of Nigeria spanning 32 years, the study used an ordinary least squares regression analysis, and observed that fiscal policy impacts on inflation but such impact is not significant. Therefore, government may on the basis of this study, implement the agreement it had with the Academic Staff Union of Universities without the fear of inflation.
Mergers, liquidations and bankruptcies in the European banking sector
Authors: Lazarides Themistokles , Drimpetas Evaggelos , Kyriazopoulosr George
Published: December 2016

The inactivity of banks may be the result of a number of events, such as merger & acquisition (M&A), liquidation, default-bankruptcy, etc. All these phenomena of inactivity contribute to the same result, the reform of the European banking sector and they may have the same causes.
The paper will address the issue of inactivity and will try to detect its causes using econometric models. Six groups of indicators are examined: performance, size, ownership, corporate governance, capital adequacy or capital structure and loan growth. Three econometric methods (Probit, Logit, OLS) have been used to create a system that predicts inactivity.
The results of the econometric models show that from the six groups of indicators, four have been found to be statistically important (performance, size, ownership, corporate governance). Two have a negative impact (ownership, corporate governance) on the probability of inactivity and two positive (performance, size). The paper’s value and innovation is that it has given a systemic approach to find indicators of inactivity and it has excluded two groups of indicators as non-statistically important (capital adequacy or capital structure and growth).
Auditor report and earnings management: Evidence from FTSE 350 companies in the UK
Authors: Alhadab Mohammad
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the relationship between audit report and real-based and accrual-based earnings management based on a UK sample. Prior research has mostly focused on US data and examined the relationship between auditor report (qualified vs. non-qualified) and earnings management (proxied by discretionary accruals), and found evidence that qualified audit report is positively associated with the level of discretionary accruals. Despite the importance of the role of audit firms to constrain the use of earnings management, there is no research to date has examined the relationship between auditor reports and real earnings management activities based on UK sample. This paper therefore fills this gap in the literature by providing the first evidence for UK FTSE 350 companies that auditor report is positively associated with real and accrual earnings management. The paper also provide evidence that firms received qualified audit report share different characteristics as compared to firms received un-qualified audit report.
The influence of CSR, innovation and supply chain partnership on firm competitiveness
Authors: Chinomona Elizabeth , Omoruyi Osas
Published: December 2016

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is crucial for competitive advantage and survival of firms globally. In the pursuit of excellence, many firms have embarked on CSR programs, considering that it is not a financial burden but a strategic roadmap to increase and maintain their brand reputation, to overcome competitive pressures successfully and to efficiently and effectively lower operating cost with profit maximisation through innovation and supply chain partnership. However, in the process of becoming good players of CSR to society, innovative dimension for sustainability as well as an organisation’s supply chain partnership may be essential determinants to enhance good firm business processes and performance activities. In other words, to realise CSR, firms should have a strong environmental measure and well-integrated supply chain practices closely related to their business objectives and structures. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to examine the influence of CSR on innovation, supply chain partnership and firm competitiveness on firms around Vanderbijlpark, South Africa. Through a quantitative method using smart PLS, this study tested the relationships among the four variables, which are CSR, innovation, supply chain partnership and firm competitiveness. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between the four proposed hypotheses. H1: There is a positive relationship between CSR and innovation; H2: There is a positive relationship between CSR and supply chain partnership; H3: There is a positive relationship between innovation and firm competitiveness; H4: There is a positive relationship between supply chain partnership and firm competitiveness. The proposed study is expected to have practical and theoretical implications to policy makers and managers. In addition, it will provide added insights and new knowledge to the existing body of literature hitherto not studied extensively in South African firms.
An empirical study of the relationship between earnings forecasts and risk profile
Authors: Malekian Esfandiar Kale Basti , Mohammad Vahdani
Published: December 2016

A new approach to examine the relationship between the excess of forecast based on characteristics toward management forecast and business risk is provided in this research at companies listed on the stock exchange in Tehran.The customary (traditional (approach is based on the regression of management forecast errors of past years. Therefore, the observable and unobservable inputs, such as managements, incentive misalignment, are used to predict management forecast errors. In this study, the future earnings is at first estimated by using characteristics including earnings per share, loss indicator, Neg. accruals per share , Pos. accruals per share ,asset growth , dividend indicator (non-payment of the dividend), Book-to-market value, share price and dividend per share for companies. Based on that, a criterion (CO) for estimating the earnings forecast error was developed, which is the alternative forecasted errors. One should notice that, business risk is considered as a measure of company performance. In this study, measures of business risk are volatility of earnings and dividend ratio. Research findings show that, there is a significant relationship between the CO and volatility of earnings, on the contrary there is no significant relationship between this criteria and dividend ratio.
An Innovation from Across the Line: The American Drinker and Liquor Regulation in Two Ontario Border Communities, 1927-1944
Authors: Malleck Dan
Published: December 2016

This essay examines the perceptions of American drinkers in Ontario border communities as discussed in the records of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario. It argues that Americans in the regulatory discourse of the LCBO represented “the other,” a stereotype of improper drinking behaviour leading to immorality and social disorder. While beverage-room proprietors courted the American drinker, the LCBO was wary of the American presence in border communities. Americans represented a pressure to violate the laws. With Americans came social disorder. This perception was not simply bred from anti-Americanism, however. Instead, this essay argues that the othering of Americans came from the perceived links between affluence and decadence. The American other in the liquor regulatory discourse was a distinctly different being than, and a decidedly serious threat to, the idealized Canadian.
The Politics of Gaming in the “Garden Province”
Authors: McKenna Peter
Published: December 2016

Province-sponsored gambling or “gaming” has become enormously popular in Canada. In August 2005, the Charlottetown Driving Park Entertainment Centre or “racino” opened on Prince Edward Island (PEI), complete with some 225 video lottery terminals (VLTs). This gaming decision involved a host of gambling stakeholders, politicians, anti-gambling groups, the media, and the general public. Like similar gaming policy outcomes in other provincial jurisdictions, it highlighted the lack of public consultation and the power of governments to force such controversial decisions through. More important, the racino decision revealed that PEI was no longer immune to the politics of gambling in Canada.
Municipal Reform in New Brunswick: Minor Tinkering in Light of Major Problems
Authors: Martin Geoffrey R.
Published: December 2016

For the past 15 years, the legal framework within which New Brunswick’s municipalities operate has been unsettled. In the Frank McKenna era, there was considerable uncertainty because the provincial government undertook the forced amalgamation of a number of communities and engineered the replacement of the City of Moncton Police Force with the RCMP. Further, in 1996, the McKenna government implemented a new unconditional grant system, which redistributed a smaller sum of money to municipalities and Local Service Districts (LSDs) based on a new, controversial formula; however, this new unconditional grant system was never fully phased in. The Bernard Lord government, elected in 1999, responded to municipal discontent by freezing the phase-in. In addition, for the past eight years, interested parties have been discussing new legislation to replace the existing Municipalities Act, which dates back to 1967 and arises from the Equal Opportunity era. During the past seven years, New Brunswick has been going through a constant series of meetings on municipal reform, yet this has resulted only in minor tinkering. This article will survey the problems in the New Brunswick municipal sector, principally in the areas of the provincial-municipal funding relationship, the antiquated Municipalities Act, and the lack of democratic, rural self-government. The central argument is that New Brunswick has been averse to making changes to address the greatest problems and that, for a variety of reasons, major changes look unlikely in the near- to medium-term.
Dating and Gating: The Moral Regulation of Men and Women at Victoria and University Colleges, University of Toronto, 1920-60
Authors: Gidney Catherine
Published: December 2016

This essay provides a gendered examination of residence life at Victoria and University colleges, University of Toronto, from the 1920s to the 1960s. Focussing specifically on archivally rare minute books of "house" and executive residence councils, it illuminates the ways in which residence culture sustained and reinforced existing gender norms. Concerned in particular about female chastity and domesticity, administrators imposed more stringent regulations on female students than they did on males. Female student leaders often became complicit in this process. While rules remained remarkably the same during this period, subtle but noticeable changes in gender expectations did occur.
Sortie de crise linguistique au Québec; L’apprentissage du français par les immigrants selon les données du recensement fédéral de 2001
Authors: Anctil Pierre
Published: December 2016

La question de l’apprentissage d’une langue seconde par les immigrants a été un enjeu politique de première importance au Québec au cours de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. À Montréal en particulier, où une majorité francophone cohabitait avec une minorité anglophone, les nouveaux citoyens ont eu tendance historiquement à s’assimiler plutôt du côté des locuteurs de l’anglais. Après la Révolution tranquille, un mouvement a émergé parmi les nationalistes francophones pour modifier cette tendance et convaincre les allophones de se joindre à la majorité démographique. Des données récentes extraites du recensement canadien de 2001 montrent que les effets des lois linguistiques québécoises commencent à se faire sentir de plus en plus à Montréal et que, dans ce contexte, la connaissance du français a progressé au sein des communautés immigrantes récemment arrivées. Accompagnée d’une hausse du bilinguisme et d’une relative stabilité des langues patrimoniales non officielles, cette tendance semble augurer d’un nouvel équilibre linguistique dans la ville.
“Thinking like a River”: The Making of Hugh MacLennan’s Environmental Consciousness
Authors: Forkey Neil S.
Published: December 2016

Hugh MacLennan (1907-90), although most often identified with themes of Canadian cultural dualism and Maritime regional identity, contributed to the growing chorus of environmental concern that emerged between the 1960s and 1970s. Two collections of essays, Seven Rivers of Canada (1961) and Rivers of Canada (1974), best demonstrate this interest. In the 13 years between the publication of the first and second volumes, MacLennan’s environmental consciousness was awakened. A distinct change of tone appears in the 1974 collection. Here, he moved from a glorification of the “heroic” age of exploration that occupied his attention in Seven Rivers of Canada to an urgency to protect Canadian rivers from pollution and damming. This epiphany is best exemplified by his insistence that Canadians must begin to “think like a river” if they were to understand the span of time and space involved in the national experience.
Supporting First Nations Secondary Students Studying Away From Home: A Case History of Policy Gone Awry
Authors: Paquette Jerald
Published: December 2016

In 2003, the Northern Nishnawbe Education Council (NNEC) invited proposals for a review of its support services for the secondary students that it sponsors. The author was the successful bidder on that contract and this is the story of the lessons that emerged from that work first in regard to educational policy in general and then in regard to First Nations education in particular. The single most important lesson for the larger world of educational policy, a literature replete with stories of implementation failure, is to “be careful what you wish for, because, against all odds, you just might get it!” Among the more important lessons for the Aboriginal and First Nations educational community are the dangers associated with preferential hiring policies that place unqualified people in professionally very demanding student-support and administrative roles, all the more so when the people in question, although ethnically and “racially” as well as legally “Indian,” lack any ties to the communities they serve.
La Grande Séduction? The Immigration of Foreign-Trained Physicians to Canada, c. 1954-76
Authors: Mullally Sasha , Wright David
Published: December 2016

Over the course of its history, Canada has always welcomed a steady number of foreign-born and foreign-trained doctors; however, the period 1954-1976 witnessed a unique event in twentieth-century Canadian medical and immigration history. In the context of a “national doctor shortage,” many provinces aggressively recruited doctors from abroad, licensing over 10,000 new foreign-trained physicians, more doctors than the provinces graduated domestically during this period. By the mid-1970s many communities—particularly those in rural and or remote regions—were serviced primarily by foreign-trained doctors. This essay examines this experiment in managing physician resources through targeted immigration, exploring regional differences in the goals and outcomes of these practices. The results of the dramatic influx of foreign-trained doctors were threefold: (1) the period witnessed a steady reduction in the inequality of physicians between provinces; (2) foreign-trained doctors were more likely to set up practice in non-urban settings, creating an urban-rural divide in physician services; and (3) the arrival of thousands of foreign-trained doctors managed to save the embryonic universal health insurance systems that had been mandated by the 1966 Medicare Act of Canada. The essay concludes by placing the Canadian reliance on international medical graduates in this period in a broader international context and making comparisons to contemporary Canadian health policy.
Locating Family: Asian-Canadian Historical Revisioning in Linda Ohama’s Obaachan’s Garden and Ann Marie Fleming’s The Magical Life of Long Tack Sam
Authors: Davis Rocío G.
Published: December 2016

This essay analyzes the family portrait documentary projects of two Asian Canadian filmmakers, Linda Ohama’s Obaachan’s Garden (2001) and Ann Marie Fleming’s The Magical Life of Long Tack Sam (2003) as projects that make family stories important sources for Asian Canadian historical revisioning. These documentaries blend private stories and public histories to rework historical inscriptions of Asian Canadian subjects, introducing them into the nation’s political and social records, inviting us to rethink the ways in which national histories have been articulated. The discussion of these documentary films focusses on the ways Ohama and Fleming use family stories—and the possibilities offered by film imagery—to recover and recreate the past, and to claim for their forebears and, by extension, for themselves, a place in Canada’s historical and cultural narrative of itself.
Cultural Authority and Canadian Public Broadcasting in the 1930s: Hector Charlesworth and the CRBC
Authors: Vipond Mary
Published: December 2016

The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), created as Canada’s first public broadcaster in 1932, struggled throughout its short existence to establish its legitimacy and authority as a cultural and social force in a North American environment dominated by entertainment-oriented commercial broadcasting. This study focusses on the views of Hector W. Charlesworth, the chairman of the commission, in order to tease out his vision of the organization’s cultural mission. Charlesworth believed it possible to use a modern medium of mass communication like radio to uplift the life of the nation in the Arnoldian sense. While the CRBC failed institutionally by 1936, Charlesworth was successful enough in defining the national and social goals of public service broadcasting that the project was not abandoned but refined and reorganized under the aegis of a new cultural authority, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
The Woods Gordon Report, Accountability, and the Postwar Reconstruction of the National Film Board of Canada
Authors: Wagman Ira
Published: December 2016

Historical accounts of the postwar National Film Board (NFB) typically begin with the purges of NFB staff against the backdrop of the Red Scare. This article revisits this period by situating the Film Board within a context of postwar economic reconstruction. It focusses on an administrative review of the NFB by the consulting firm Woods Gordon. This article suggests that the report was part of a broader effort to redefine cultural agencies in economic terms. It also represented the emerging influence of accounting discourses in producers of “accountability” within government affairs. In conjunction with a new National Film Act, the Woods Gordon report was part of a series of measures that placed the NFB on the sidelines of two major developments: the distribution of movies to television and shifts in federal film policy priorities towards feature films and the development of the cultural industries.
Repertoire and Reception: Radio and Music in St. John’s, Newfoundland, 1930-45
Authors: Webb Jeff A.
Published: December 2016

Casual observers might conclude that “Newfoundland music” consisted of variants of Irish and English traditional music and that these forms were undermined by such things as American popular culture during and after the Second World War. This essay examines the broad range of popular music available through the radio and concert hall before the arrival of American troops, and shows that while the occupation of the city by servicemen enhanced the access to American popular culture, it did not introduce something new. People embraced the foreign popular culture as something cosmopolitan and modern. There was a little resistance to American popular culture; Newfoundlanders did not perceive it as threatening a Newfoundland culture, but some people saw music on the radio as a threat to local musical initiative.
Searching for Our Alma Maters: Women Professors in Canadian Fiction Written by Women
Authors: Robbins Wendy , Sutherland Robin , Luo Shao-Pin
Published: December 2016

Campus fiction is typically character-driven and, in the hands of male writers, satirical and comic, exploring the lives and foibles of individual professors, institutional dynamics, and sexual politics. In the hands of women authors in Canada, however, campus fiction since the 1940s has been a more serious matter. An ill fit in the faculty body whoever she is, from prim spinster to pregnant feminist, the fiction’s academic women generally feel like “outsiders within” (Collins 2000). The 11 texts studied here serve as what Jean-François Lyotard calls “legitimating forms of discourse” (quoted in Tambling 1991, 98) on such issues as the dearth of role models for women professors, difficulties in finding a balance between work and life, professional self-doubt, marginalization, and sexual harassment. Articulating women’s perspectives and patterns of experience, these narratives, albeit fictional, are one way for academic women “to know ourselves” and possibly to plot change.
A Critical Interrogation of Contemporary Discourses of Physical (In)Activity amongst Canadian Children: Back to the Future
Authors: McDermott Lisa
Published: December 2016

Considerable public discourse is devoted to the topics of childhood (in)activity and obesity in Canada, which are commonly marked by phrases such as “public health threat,” “crisis,” and “unprecedented levels of sedentary behaviour.” The intent of this discussion, by way of a governmentally informed socio-historical discourse analysis, is to interrogate critically both the contemporary public discourses of childhood (in)activity that represent it as a “new” and “unprecedented” crisis facing the individual and the nation, and the effects produced through such a representation. Historical documents, including a 1978 article from The Canadian magazine that examined the poor fitness level of Canadian children, are used comparatively to assess the merit of such claims. Far from being new or unprecedented, the contemporary “crisis” of childhood (in)activity and obesity displays continuities with the past. Physical activity, thus, is a central technology of health governance within the contemporary Canadian landscape.
Quests versus Transgressive Journeys: Contradictions of Female and National Identity in Marian Engel’s Monodromos and The Glassy Sea
Authors: Gault Cinda
Published: December 2016

Marian Engel was associated with other writers applauded for their attention to female and national identities in an era conditioned by the Canadian nationalist and second-wave feminist movements, yet she seemed to run against the grain of her times. Critics often expressed frustration that they could not extol her literary talents more supportively. In this essay, the author re-reads the novels Engel wrote before and after her Governor General Award winning novel, Bear, that were not received as positively. Her re-reading locates critical resistance in the misreading of quests. Instead of pursuits of female and national identity, the journeys figured in these novels are themselves transgressions, in that their point is to prove the inability of identity to challenge historical forces that make women uncomfortable in national space.
Inside and Outside the Hyena’s Belly: Nega Mezlekia and the Politics of Time and Authorship
Authors: Milz Sabine
Published: December 2016

After first-time author Nega Mezlekia won the Governor General’s Award for non-fiction with his memoir Notes from the Hyena’s Belly: Memories of My Ethiopian Childhood, Anne Stone, an established Canadian writer, came out in the media with the claim that she had written all but 20 pages of the draft that went to Mezlekia’s publisher. This essay examines the authorship controversy that followed these allegations by teasing out the politics of time and authorship that underlie the controversy and textual level of Mezlekia’s memoir. It shows that the textual and extratextual dimensions of the memoir are loci of isochronic and allochronic forces that co-exist and clash on highly uneven terms in the contact zones of authorship, narrative form, textual narrative, and copyright. While this essay focusses on a specific case, its objective transcends this specificity in that it explores the positive potential of allochronic time as a force that complicates the modern legal and cultural notions of the imprinted author, of the space- and time-independent nature of print, and of an isochronic world in which everything happens at the same universal intervals of time.
Uneasy Abolitionists: Canada, the Death Penalty, and the Importance of International Norms, 1962-2005
Authors: Thompson Andrew S.
Published: December 2016

From the early 1960s to 2005, with Canada’s ratification of the 1989 Second Optional Protocol of the International Covenant of Political and Civil Rights, norms relating to the abolition of the death penalty have been advanced only incrementally, and in many respects tentatively. The process of making Canada abolitionist began at the level of high politics as an attempt to simultaneously make the criminal justice system more humane and bring Canada into the modern era. Parliament officially removed the death penalty from Canada’s Criminal Code in 1976 and defeated a motion to have it reinstated in 1987, and yet both debates were deeply divisive and did little to settle the issue for Canadians, the majority of whom still favoured the practice. This reluctance was later reflected in two high-profile cases involving the extradition of violent fugitives to the United States to face execution that were heard before the Supreme Court of Canada in 1991 and 2000. Indeed, since the initial efforts to remove capital punishment from the Criminal Code, the abolitionist norm has had a tenuous hold in Canada, its eventual strengthening occurring only with the combination of the increase in authority of the Canadian judiciary in the era of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the emergence of definitive norms and laws at the international level.
A Long-Standing Canadian Tradition: Citizenship Revocation and Second-Class Citizenship under the Liberals, 1993-2006
Authors: Anderson Christopher G.
Published: December 2016

Although Canadians are said to be equal as citizens, citizenship revocation distinguishes the Canadian-born, who possess their citizenship as of right, from the foreign-born, for whom it is a privilege that can be taken away. This essay reviews three efforts to change the revocation process during 1993-2006 within the context of Canadian revocation policies since Confederation. These proposals would have significantly increased this rights-based disparity. Moreover, the politics of citizenship in Canada and the meaning of being Canadian changed significantly as discussions around citizenship revocation became embedded within a new discourse and politics of national security after 2001.
Le projet d’histoire du travail au Nouveau-Brunswick et la communauté du Madawaska : comment construire des partenariats durables
Authors: Lang Nicole
Published: December 2016

Le projet ARUC Histoire du travail au Nouveau-Brunswick (LHTNB) vise à démontrer que l’expérience ouvrière est une composante importante et essentielle de notre patrimoine provincial. Grâce à des partenariats avec divers organismes communautaires, notre équipe de recherche a organisé des activités publiques et participé à des projets de collaboration dans plusieurs régions de la province. Cet article vise deux objectifs. Dans un premier temps, nous évaluons la nature et l’efficacité des partenariats développés dans une région acadienne du Nouveau-Brunswick, le Madawaska. Plusieurs questions sont soulevées. Ainsi, a-t-on réussi à développer de véritables partenariats au Madawaska? Peut-on réellement parler d’un « partage de l’autorité » entre notre équipe de recherche et nos partenaires communautaires dans cette région? Quel rôle réserve-t-on au public depuis les débuts du projet? Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons l’impact des activités publiques et des projets de collaboration sur la communauté madawaskayenne et nous tentons de dégager des leçons que notre équipe de recherche peut tirer de ces expériences.
Building Participation in the Outreach for the Documentary The Water Front
Authors: Miller Elizabeth
Published: December 2016

This essay describes how a local story effecting one hard-hit Michigan town becomes part of an international collaborative effort in outreach. Shared authority in the outreach phase of documentary filmmaking is often over looked by academics and filmmakers alike. As an independent documentary filmmaker, the author uses her documentary film, The Water Front as a case study to explore the challenges and opportunities of using new media tools to maximize outreach efforts on a subject of international importance—water privatization.