bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of disturbed and undisturbed loam soil
Authors: Abrisqueta J.M. , Plana V. , Ruiz Canales A. , Ruiz-Sánchez M.C.
Published: May 2014

The soil water content-pressure head curve (theta(h)), described by van Genuchten, was used to predict some hydraulic characteristics of a Xeric torriorthent soil. Experimental data of volumetric soil water content (theta) and pressure head (h) were adjusted to the model, obtaining the three independent parameters used to calculate the unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity (K) and soil water diffusivity (D). The K(theta) functions for disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were statistically different pointing to the effect of soil structure on soil water flow. For soil moisture values close to saturation, K values were >/= 0.392 and >/= 0.019 cm hE1, for undisturbed and disturbed soils, respectively. These low values would reflect the loam texture of the soil studied. In absence of roots capable of absorbing water, a supply of more than 4 L mE2 hE1 will lead to water-logging and losses through evaporation and runoff.
Improving soil surface properties: a driving force for conservation tillage under semi-arid conditions
Authors: Murillo J.M. , Moreno F. , Madejón E. , Girón I.F. , Pelegrín F.
Published: May 2014

The effect of long term conservation tillage (CT) application on soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration, and on stratification ratios (SR) of SOC, soluble organic carbon (SOCs), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and protease activity (PA) has been studied. The SR was established dividing values of these variables at 0-5 cm depth by values at 10-25 cm depth. The results were compared with those obtained under traditional tillage (TT). The study was conducted in a wheat-sunflower crop rotation established in 1991 under rainfed conditions in south-west Spain. The results showed here correspond to the years 2001 (sunflower) and 2002 and 2004 (wheat). Despite a slight increase in SOC and the SR of SOC under CT compared to TT, noticeable and significant increases of SR of SOCs, MBC and PA were recorded in CT compared to TT. These increases reveal that the stratification of SOC under CT have consequences on soil functions beyond that of potentially sequestering more C in the soil. CT also improved soil quality by softening the loss of CaCO3, compared to TT.
Review. Specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods using commercial methods: from chromogenic media to real-time PCR
Authors: Jantzen M.M. , Navas J. , Corujo A. , Moreno R. , López V. , Martínez-Suárez J.V.
Published: May 2014

Listeriosis is one of the most important food-borne diseases. A variety of culture and rapid methods are available for the detection of Listeria spp. in foods. Although the presence of L. innocua may indicate potential contamination with L. monocytogenes, only the latter species is pathogenic for humans. Therefore, the most adequate tests are those which specifically detect L. monocytogenes. Chromogenic media is currently the most common method used for the presumptive identification of L. monocytogenes. Some tests like those based on antigen detection are fast and easily applied, but only a few may specifically detect L. monocytogenes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction is increasingly applied in food diagnostics for the detection of L. monocytogenes due to the availability of different specific commercial test methods. Microarrays and biosensors are some examples of new technologies that might be used routinely for the detection of L. monocytogenes in foods in the future.
Efficacy of a Spanish modified live virus vaccine against homologous porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection
Authors: Álvarez E. , Fernández-García A. , Prieto C. , Martínez-Lobo J. , Simarro I. , Castro J. M.
Published: May 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the protective properties of the Spanish MLV vaccine Amervac-PRRS® against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection with the homologous wild-type strain5710. The experimental design comprised eighteen 3-week old pigs randomly divided into three groups. Animals fromgroup A received one dose of MLV vaccine Amervac-PRRS on days –42 and –21. Animals from groups B and C served as infected and uninfected controls, respectively. On day 0, pigs from groups A and B were intranasally challenged with homologous strain 5710 and 18 days after challenge all pigs were euthanized. The results reported in this study show that, although the titre of neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination was modest, MLV vaccine Amervac-PRRS® provided protection against homologous PRRSV infection and drastically reduced post-challenge viremia and completely block PRRSV dissemination to peripheral tissues.
Orthoamide und Iminiumsalze, LXXXIV [1]. Die Synthese von starken Formylierungsmitteln im präparativen Großmaßstab: Tris(dichlormethyl)amin / Orthoamides and Iminiumsalts LXXXIV [1]. The Synthesis of Strong Formylating Reagents on a Large Preparative Scale: Tris(chloromethyl)amine
Authors: Kantlehner Willi , Ziegler Georg , Scherr Oliver , Csiesielski Michael , Goeppert Alain , Wezstein Markus , Mezger Jochen , Ivanov Ivo C. , Leonhardt Sylvia
Published: May 2014

Tris(chloromethyl)amine (4) can be prepared by chloromethylation of urotropin with paraformaldehyde or 1,3,5-trioxane and ethyl-trichlorosilane in good yields. Photochlorination of tris(chloromethyl)amine affords tris(dichloromethyl)amine (2). Both reactions can be performed on large scale.
Preparation of CdO Rhombus-Like Nanostructure and Its Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Tadjarodi Azadeh , Imani Mina , Kerdari Hamed , Bijanzad Keyvan , Khaledi Dorsan , Rad Maryam
Published: May 2014

In this work, a special rhombus-like structure of CdO composed of particles at the nanometre scale was successfully synthesized for the first time. A facile hydrothermal process with a post-reaction calcination was employed to prepare this nanomaterial. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the obtained rhombus-like structure consists of nanoparticles with an average size of 29 nm. The band gap energy of 1.9 eV based on a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) showed that the product can be favourable to photoactivity in the visible region of sunlight. The prepared sample was employed to destruct carcinogenic azo dyes, such as Congo Red (CR), Malachite Green (MG) and Crystal Violet (CV). The obtained results showed that the CdO with the special morphology was able to effectively catalyse the degradation of these pollutants. The related decolourization efficiencies were obtained by up to 100% after various lengths of time of light irradiation. It was concluded that the photodegradation of the mentioned organic dyes under visible light irradiation by a CdO rhombus-like nanostructure follows the first-order reaction kinetics. The effect of the initial pH and contact time on the percentage of the decolourization of these organic dyes was also studied.
As concepções de verdade histórica e intersubjetividade no conhecimento histórico de jovens estudantes do ensino médio
Authors: Fronza Marcelo
Published: May 2014

Este artigo investigou como os jovens estudantes brasileiros do ensino médio de quatro escolas públicas compreendem as ideias sobre o significado da verdade histórica e da intersubjetividade no conhecimento histórico. Assim, são citadas as investigações sobre a verdade histórica e objectividade a partir dos trabalhos de Isabel Barca (2000) e as considerações teóricas de filósofos da história e historiadores (SCHAFF, 1983; CERTEAU, 2006; DRAY, 1969, 1980; WALSH, 1979; McCULLAGH, 1984, 1998; MARTIN, 1989, 1993). Pretendeu também verificar como os alunos lidam com a ideia de intersubjetividade quando suas identidades são confrontadas com o conhecimento histórico (RÜSEN, 2007; LUKÁCS, 2003). Utilizou um instrumento de pesquisa com o objetivo de diagnosticar como os jovens compreendem a relação entre verdade histórica e a intersubjetividade. A intenção é apresentar as respostas dos estudantes a uma pergunta desse instrumento de investigação: O que é história para você? Esta questão visa entender as ideias dos jovens sobre se há um acesso epistêmico a realidade ou há um corte epistemológico entre o sujeito cognoscente e realidade investigada (BARCA, 2000). Pretendeu detectar se estes alunos compreendem que a história é um conhecimento que organiza a orientação do sentido de tempo (RÜSEN, 2001, 2009, 2010a).Palavras-chave: Educação História; Intersubjetividade; Verdade Histórica; Concepção de História.
Canadian Sports History: Some Comments to Urban Historians
Authors: Mott Morris
Published: May 2014

Ces dix ou quinze dernières années ont vu la parution d'un nombre considérable de publications consacrées à l'histoire des sports au Canada. La plupart de ces ouvrages sont de piètre qualité, mais un certain nombre d'entre eux devraient constituer une source précieuse de renseignements pour les spécialistes de l'histoire urbaine. L'existence de plusieurs études exemplaires sur l'histoire des sports et des loisirs en Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis ainsi que le fait, généralement accepté, semble-t-il, à l'heure actuelle, qu'une bonne histoire des sports peut se doubler d'une bonne histoire socio-culturelle, devraient favoriser la rédaction d'études plus nombreuses et de meilleure qualité consacrées à l'évolution des sports au Canada.
Canada's Urban History in Architecture, Part One
Authors: Gowans Alan
Published: May 2014

Architecture is politics in three dimensions." That is a useful principle to keep in mind when you walk around any town or city, or drive through the countryside in Canada. It means that the kind of buildings people put on a landscape do more than merely reflect prevailing political or social views or economic conditions. They also play a large part in shaping those political and social views. Through architecture, establishments make the most dramatic statement of things officially believed in and hoped for. Architecture requires too much money and time ever to be a private art, ever to represent personal musings about life or sensibility to environment. Paintings or poems may be produced in garrets with little or no resources or commitment to an audience, but never buildings. They are always involved in community life to some degree and if they are of any size, they may affect that life for centuries. Because of these relationships between it and society, architecture makes the most lasting statements about history that can ever be made — history made visible for those who know how to see, history speaking to those who know how to listen.
Bibliography: Recent Publications Relating to Canada's Urban Past
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: May 2014

This bibliography will appear annually in each October issue of the Urban History Review. It is organized to follow the categories and format of A.F J. Artibise and G.A. Stelter, Canada's Urban Past: A Bibliography to 19 SO and Guide to Canadian Urban Studies (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981).
Dr. Philippe Hamel and the Public Power Movement in Quebec City, 1929-1934: The Failure of a Crusade
Authors: Dirks Patricia
Published: May 2014

La lutte menée de 1929 à 1934 en vue défaire approprier la distribution de l'électricité par l'administration municipale de Québec avait été suscitée par r intention bien arrêtée d'un dentiste en vue, le docteur Philippe Hamel, de délivrer ses concitoyens des griffes du cartel de l'électricité. Au début, l'attaque dirigée par le Dr Hamel sur la compagnie Quebec Power, qui jouissait d'un monopole à Québec depuis 1923, avait été soutenue par les associations d'hommes d'affaires locaux, sauf exception notable, la Chambre de commerce. La Quebec Power ayant coopéré aux projets de la Chambre de commerce visant à attirer les grandes entreprises à Québec, et Hamel s'étant montré favorable à l'étatisation de l'électricité, les deux mouvements conjugués provoquèrent un affrontement amer lorsque l'administration municipale parut gagnée à la cause du dentiste. Enfin de compte, les dissensions au sein du milieu des affaires, les conflits de personnalité et les rivalités politiques aidèrent la Quebec Power dans sa défense, orchestrée avec soin, devant les pouvoirs municipaux, puis provinciaux. L'engagement du Dr Hamel dans le mouvement nationaliste canadien-français et son association avec l'Ecole sociale populaire durant les années 30 donnèrent une dimension exceptionnelle à son attaque contre le cartel de l'électricité à Québec. L'allure de croisade que prenait sa campagne pour faire intervenir l'Etat dans le domaine de l'électricité afin d'assurer une certaine concurrence se retourna contre lui entre les mains de la Quebec Power et de ses alliés, contribuant ainsi à faire échouer le mouvement pour l'étatisation de l'électricité dont le Dr Hamel avait été le fer de lance en ces années-là à Québec.
Land and People: Property Investment in Late Pre-Industrial Montréal
Authors: Sweeny Robert C. H. , Laing Hogg Grace
Published: May 2014

Based on a systematic analysis of commutations, this article evaluates the historical significance of new findings on the value of real estate in Montréal in the 1840s, A series constructed from these notarial deeds indicates that property values in all parts of the city were high and that there was a major property cycle over the decade. An estimate of the importance of real estate investment reveals that it would have been substantially more important for both capital accumulation and class formation within the city than international trade. Prior to industrialisation, few popular class families could have afforded the purchase of either a home or a workshop. Property values and housing costs were so high relative to wages, they were a major reason contributing to the high levels of transience among the city's immigrant families and in part explain the rapid development of tenement housing in the wake of the great fire of 1852.
The Search for Heritage in Ottawa's Lower Town
Authors: Newton Michael
Published: May 2014

De nos jours, Ottawa corrpte peu de bâtiments qui datent de la première phase de la croissance urbaine qu'a connue la Basse-Ville entre 1836 et 1850 environ, même si la plus grande partie des activités commerciales et la majorité de la population y étaient concentrées. La plupart de ces constructions ont aujourd'hui piètre apparance, comme d'ailleurs la majeure partie du quartier. Ceci s'explique par le fait que le gouverneur Dalhousie et l'intendance britannique, constructeurs du canal Rideau, avaient résolu de planifier et de réglementer la ville embryonnaire par la location à bail des terrains. L'intendance possédait de plein droit à peu près la moitié de Bytcwn à l'origine, y compris toute la Basse-Vil le. Aux entrepreneurs éventuels, on louait des parcelles, habituellement pour trente ans. C'est pourquoi les constructeurs sérieux, ainsi que les spéculateurs, hésitant à investir dans des bâtiments solides, en construisaient plutôt de provisoires et branlants. Les premières constructions en dur remontent à la fin des années 1840, date à laquelle l'accession à la propriété fut possible. Cependant, la location à bail ne disparut pas complètement avant les années 1870 et la combinaison des deux régimes fonciers prolongea la tendance à construire des bâtiments provisoires. Dans le cas de la Basse-Ville, les relations concernant la propriété furent fondamentales dans l'évolution du paysage urbain.
The Ottawa Typhoid Epidemics of 1911 and 1912
Authors: Lloyd Sheila
Published: May 2014

Severe typhoid epidemics in Ottawa in 1911 and 1912 prompted vigorous agitation for corrective measures to protect the city's health. Despite a proven crisis, reformers met strong resistance from an orthodox political and business community that over two decades had maintained an indifferent record on health questions. The confrontation produced some changes, but once the immediate crisis ended, the familiar pattern reasserted itself.
The Search for Pure Water in Ottawa: 1910-1915
Authors: Warfe Chris
Published: May 2014

In the second decade of the twentieth century, concern over the purity of Ottawa's water supply, heightened by a series of typhoid epidemics, led to protracted efforts by certain social elites to provide alternatives. None were successful. But when the pure water question intersected with a problem of supply that impaired the capacity to fight fires and consequently drove up insurance rates, the business community became engaged. An immediate solution was found. The provision of pure water in Ottawa was, in effect, a product of economic imperatives, not health needs.
Mass Transit and Private Ownership: An alternative Perspective on the Case of Toronto
Authors: Davis Donald F.
Published: May 2014

For more than thirty years Toronto has been renowned for the quality and efficiency of its public transportation. Studies have repeatedly described the Toronto Transit Commission or TTC as "probably the finest mass transportation system in the new world." One statistic alone establishes its uniqueness: it was the only North American transit system to increase its total patronage between 1946 and 1971. While not quite as successful as the TTC, mass transit systems elsewhere in Canada have generally out-performed their American counterparts. As a result, analysts have credited them with an important role in making Canadian cities more viable and livable than those of the United States. Yet urban transportation has received scant attention from Canadian historians. But the era of neglect now seems to be passing for a recent article by Michael Doucet in the Urban History Review has attempted to put Toronto's unique development in historical perspective.
The City of Kingston Archives
Authors: MacDermaid Anne
Published: May 2014

Kingston's three centuries of existence have been filled with a wealth of interesting detail. In 1673, the establishment of a fort at the junction of the Cataraqui and St. Lawrence Rivers and Lake Ontario by Count Frontenac; the landing and settlement of the United Empire Loyalists in 1784 and following years; the excitement as a garrison town during the War of 1812 and the building of Fort Henry to protect the town; the incorporation as a town in 1838; the brief spell of glory as Capital of the United Canadas from 1841 to 1844; incorporation as a city in 1846; the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1861; the funeral of Sir John A. Macdonald in 1891; the establishment of several major industries from 1900 to 1960; the sailing Olympics of 1976—all combine to give a depth to Kingston's history and to provide intriguing avenues for scholarly exploration.
Urban Histotry in the British Idiom
Authors: Checkland S. G.
Published: May 2014

1. The British approach Five volumes have now appeared in the series Studies in Urban History. They are sufficient to provide a basis for some consideration of the state of British urban history and the progress it has made since the Leicester conference of 1966. The British have, of course, their own way of doing things, deeply rooted in their own experience. It is perhaps rated by Canadians as below that of the Americans. Among the reasons for this is the fact that the historical evolution of Canadian cities approximates more to the American than to the British; this is reinforced by the British reserve about compelling conceptual frameworks either economic or sociological. There is also a British unwillingness to make more than minor concessions to the quantitative. And, of course, as in all fields of scholarship, there is a good deal less British output than American.
The Port of Saint John, New Brunswick, 1867-1911 : Exploration of an Ecological Complex
Authors: McGahan Elizabeth
Published: May 2014

Periodically, urban historians have been reminded of the need to view the development of cities as a process. In tracing the growth of the Port of Saint John, 1867-1911, the theoretical perspective of ecology is employed to examine the process by which one urban community was integrated, through its transport node, into a larger eco-system of cities.
Primary Source Materials for the History of Nothern Ontario Mining Towns: The Case of Cobalt, Ontario
Authors: Baldwin Doug
Published: May 2014

In July 1909 the entire northern half of the town of Cobalt was destroyed by fire. Fanned by high winds, the blaze swept unchecked through the ruck of flimsy frame houses that stretched along either side of Cobalt's major thoroughfare. "The fire," wrote the local newspaper, "raged like a fiend. The sparks ran like skirmishers of disaster.... Behind was the awful roar of falling buildings, in front was a blazing, surging demon of fire fanned by the stiff breeze, leaping many feet to its next vantage point." More than sixty years after this conflagration, I wrote: "Despite continued overcrowding, Cobalt was spared the repetition of another such major fire.... Today, however, this menace still hovers above the town." In May 1977, less than a year after these words were written, disaster struck once again.
J. W. Bengough and the Millenium in Hogtown : A Study of Motivation in Urban Reform
Authors: Kutcher Stan
Published: May 2014

The ending of Victoria's century saw urban Canada experience a variety of changes. In cities west of the Maritimes, commercial activities made way for industrial concentrations, populations soared, and the compact pedestrian city changed into a socially differentiated order as streetcar tracks imposed their metallic will on the social geography of the city. Agitation for pure milk, public ownership of utilities, housing codes, city planning, playgrounds, and efficient provision of essential services represented a response to this urban revolution. This response, arising from a belief that the process of change could be directed, was, from the perspective of many of those involved, an attempt to make the city into what they felt it should be.
Barth, G. Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver
Authors: Artibise A. F. J.
Published: May 2014

Although this book is a fairly detailed history of San Francisco and Denver, it is also much more than this since it places these two cities in the larger historical context of western civilization. Instant cities were not peculiar to North America; they go back at least to the Hellenic migration, and they dotted the landscape of Europe in the Middle Ages. In the first chapter of this book, Professor Barth unfolds the story of instant cities in Europe; and in chapter two he contrasts and compares chaotic San Francisco and Denver with the Mormons' planned instant city in Utah. The third chapter describes the differences between the two cities and the older, more static far western communities, particularly Santa Fe, New Mexico; Monterey, California; and Champoeg, Oregon. The balance of the book carefully weaves the San Francisco and Denver experiences together, explaining how and why the cities grew, and when and why they evolved into ordinary cities. Much of this part of the book deals with quality of life in these two cities and illustrates what the obsession with making money did to environment, social status, dreams and culture.
McGowan, Don C. Grassland Settlers: The Swift Current Region During the Era of the Ranching Frontier
Authors: Artibise A. F. J.
Published: May 2014

A common complaint of Canadian urban historians is that a general, comparative history of urban development in Canada is next to impossible since so few studies of individual towns and cities have been completed. Fortunately, this situation is changing since this study of the development of the Swift Current region is only one of several such studies completed and published in recent years.
Some Comments Concerning a Meeting of Ontario Historical Geographers
Authors: Norris Darrell A.
Published: May 2014

The title is misleading: participants from outside Ontario, historical geography, or geography not only attended the March 20 meeting at McMaster University, but also stimulated some of the more worthwhile exchanges that occurred. The programme focussed on two themes: the urban historical geography of Ontario and of Canada's native peoples.* In the session devoted to the latter theme, Conrad Heidenreich (York University) put forward strong arguments for greater teaching and research emphasis on the historical geography of Canada's Native Peoples. Other disciplines, he argued, had ignored important spatial and environmental issues and had at times neglected, distorted or even destroyed important evidence.
Delainey, W.P., and Sarjeant, W.A.S. Saskatoon, The Growth of a City, Part I; The Formative Years, 1882-1960
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

Although the urban dimension of prairie society has generally been ignored, the history of Saskatoon has not. The publication of John Archer, Historic Saskatoon (1948), was followed by Eric Knowles and Bruce Peel, The Saskatoon Story, 1882-1952 (1952), and by Sally P. Clubb, Saskatoon: The Serenity and the Surge (1966). There have also been many articles, theses, and studies written that deal with specific aspects of Saskatoon's history. The most recent additions to this growing body of literature are two volumes in a projected three volume project undertaken by the Saskatoon Environmental Society and entitled "Saskatoon - Past, Present, and Potential." Volume I was Sally P. Clubb and W.A.S. Sarjeant, Saskatoon's Historic Buildings and Sites (1973); and volume II is Saskatoon, The Growth of a City, 188 2-1960. A third volume, to be published in the near future, will deal with the period from 1960 to the present. Both published volumes are available from the Saskatoon Environmental Society, P.O. Box 1372, Saskatoon S7K 3N9.
A Local Society in Urban and Provincial Affairs: The History and Achievements of the Saskatoon Environmental Society
Authors: Steck Warren F. , S. Sarjeant William A.
Published: May 2014

The late 1960's were the pioneer years of grass-roots environment protection movements in North America. In Canada and the United States, hundreds of hopeful organizations were born from concern about the growing assault on the natural environment by a host of human activities. For most of these groups the immediate issue was pollution; the immediate aim was a "clean-up11. Success here was often more deadly than failure, for many organizations could not sustain their activism beyond the initial goals. By 1970 the first wave of popular environmental enthusiasm was ebbing, with many groups either disappearing or being swallowed up by larger ones. As the seventies arrived, it was difficult to see whether the environmental movement would grow and mature, or simply fade and vanish as an effective force.
NATIONAL MAP COLLECTION PUBLICATIONS: A RESPONSE
Authors: Wilson J. Donald
Published: May 2014

A book review often includes criticism unpalatable to an author or publisher but the reviewer's right to openly express his opinions should not be challenged. In this letter, therefore, I would like only to clarify several points raised by John Taylor in his review of Ottawa in Maps and Winnipeg in Maps.
The City of Edmonton Archives
Authors: LaRose Helen
Published: May 2014

In October, 1938 a resolution was passed by Edmonton City Council "That a Committee be set up to have charge of the Archives of the City, consisting of the Senior of the Commissioners and two other citizens to be selected by Council, some to be a permanent Committee on Archives". The first meeting was held on December 1st, 1938 with W.E. Edmonds as President. The minutes of this meeting indicate that the Committee were to collect various historical items for display, photographs of early Edmonton, documentary evidence about Fort Edmonton and information on how the Hudson's Bay Company and early settlers obtained land grants. As well the Committee were to gather histories of early churches and pioneers. Several meetings were held to organize the work of the Committee and in October 1939, it was decided to add to the Committee, the City Librarian, Mr. H.C. Gourlay. Mr. Gourlay was later appointed to act as City Archivist and arrangements were made to house any material collected in the Library Building. An appropriation of $500.00 was authorized for equipment and other vital purchases.
Social Troubles in Calgary in the Mid-1890's
Authors: Klassen Henry C.
Published: May 2014

Recently the social troubles of urban centres have become a major concern of numerous writers. Little attention has been paid, however, to such phenomena in the frontier urban community, whose story has most after been related in terms of glowing progress. I am currently investigation the human problems and attempted remedies in the mid-1890's. During this period, irregular employment inadequate housing, poverty, crime, imperfect sanitation, and disease all played a part in giving Calgary society a dark and harsh side. Some preliminary thoughts and findings on this side of Calgary's society are outlined below.
Les Archives Municipales de la Ville de Montréal
Authors: Gérin-Lajoie Henri
Published: May 2014

En 1912, l'échevin Victor Morin jette les hauts cris et propose au Conseil "l'établissement d'un système rationnel pour la conservation des archives des divers services de la Cité".
Locating Selected Occupations: Ottawa, 1870
Authors: Cross Doreen
Published: May 2014

Evidence of the increasing interest of historical geographers and historians in the urban past is shown in the recent literature and in the development of a recent conference on urban North America. The themes of mobility, residential patterns, class structure and occupational structure within the city appear to be of particular interest. The present study takes the form of a preliminary and exploratory investigation into the occupational structure of Ottawa in 1870 and seeks to add to a growing Canadian literature.
Halifax 1815-1914: "Colony to Colony"
Authors: Sutherland David
Published: May 2014

The classical view of nineteenth-century Halifax maintains that, as a garrison community, dependent on the fortunes of war, the town endured ,fa long trance" while peace prevailed between 1815 and 1914. Preliminary research suggests, however, that the dynamics of economic and social change in the Nova Scotian capital were more complex than conventional wisdom allows. Significantly, while the transition to peace after 1815 occasioned acute community dislocation, circumstances generated not so much apathy as entrepreneurial self-assertion. Led by such notables as Enos Collins and Samuel Cunard, the resident merchant community vigorously pursued the eighteenth-century Loyalist ideal of making Halifax the dominant commercial entrepot within eastern British America. Concentrating their efforts on the fisheries, the West Indies carrying trade, and the export of timber to Britain, local capitalists demonstrated that the port could prosper as a peacetime trading centre. By the early 1830s, more goods were crossing Halifax's docks than during the peak years of war. Furthermore, the town's population, which had declined to 11,156 in 1817, had risen to an estimated 16,000 by 1832.
Vancouver in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: MacDonald Norbert
Published: May 2014

By 1900 Vancouver was firmly established as British Columbia's leading city. It had long since outdistanced New Westminster in the population race» and in the 1890's had gradually moved ahead of Victoria. Not only did it have a transcontinental railroad connection, but it was also the Canadian terminus of a regular steamship service to the Orient. With a population of 25,000, it had an up to date electric street railway system, was the focal point of the province's lumber and shingle industry, and the range of goods and services available in the city could meet the needs of the region's lumbermen, fishermen, farmers and urban dwellers. Occasionally its businessmen reached as far afield as the Kootenays, the Yukon and the Prairies in their search for opportunities.
Geography's Contribution to the Historical Study of Urban Canada
Authors: Marshall John U.
Published: May 2014

Urban geographers and historical geographers have only recently emerged from a decade of mutual isolationism. Urban geographers, or more generally urban/economic geographers, were caught up in the quantitative revolution which swept through geography beginning in the mid-fifties. The computerized techniques of this "new geography" could be exploited most effectively in studies involving large amounts of numerical data, and it is well known that such data are relatively hard to come by for the past. Small wonder that urban geographers have focussed their attention almost exclusively on the contemporary city. Historical geographers, on the other hand, have generally abstained from quantification, partly no doubt as a result of the paucity of appropriate data, but partly also as a matter of methodological conviction. It is possible to argue, in fact, that historical geography as a self-conscious sub-discipline has developed largely as a reaction to the evident successes of the quantitative urban/economic school; but I shall not pursue that argument here.
The Utility of Quantitative Sources in the Study of Transportation and the Growth of Ontario and Quebec Urban Hierarchy, 1861-1901: An Example
Authors: Marple David
Published: May 2014

A recent issue of Urban History Review noted references for historians interested in the connection between the railroad and urban growth in Canada. Resources included the records of the Canadian National Railway and from various departments of transportation within the Canadian government in the 19th century.
Approaches in the Historical Study of Literacy
Authors: Graff Harvey J.
Published: May 2014

The nineteenth-century city, and most especially the Canadian city, provides a rich arena for quantitative studies of literacy. The key is the availability of sources for such a project - for the manuscript census remains the best starting-point for the systematic study of literacy. Researchers who have used these schedules have ignored the literacy data, often dismissing it without consideration. This has resulted in a lost dimension in their work for these schedules provide the easiest, most direct, and perhaps the best information on the problem. The manuscript census furnishes the researcher with a relatively complete and unbiased roster of the people of a given geographical region, differentiating between those who could and could not read or write. Secondly, it provides a tremendous amount of direct information - demographic and economic - on each head of household as well as the rest of the members. It also serves as a standard measurement, as the same question was asked of each respondent. These schedules are useful for the United States from 1840 and for Canada from 1861, while the Canadian urban census of 1851 permits analysis on the basis of signatures for heads of households.
The National Map Collection
Authors: Dahl Edward H.
Published: May 2014

The National Map Collection of the Public Archives of Canada holds over 13,000 maps, plans, charts and other related materials of Canadian urban centres, dating from the earliest extant plans to the most recently produced large-scale plan, and ranging in nature from general town plans to maps showing individual city lots. Until now, the demand from interior decorators for copies of these maps has probably exceeded the demand from urban historians. I expect this situation will change as maps gain in prominence among the documents consulted and researched by urban historians.
Photographic Resources for Urban History in the Public Archives
Authors: Birrell A. J.
Published: May 2014

Whatever the interest of the urban historian, he is still likely to consult the pictorial resources available to him only for the most trivial purposes.
A Preface
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: May 2014

First discussions regarding this review occurred in late 1970 and involved people from a number of disciplines, universities, institutions and regions. There was consensus on purpose, but we determined in addition to canvass as broad a section of 'urbanologists1 as we knew to obtain their advice and good opinion. We also sought contributors. We doubtless overlooked some, but that is more a reflection on our ignorance than on their emminence. To them we offer apology and solicit future support and contributions. Among those canvassed the reaction was generally favorable. Indeed, there seemed to be need for some sort of little review and sufficient support to warrant its publication.
Urban History in Canada: Present State and Future Prospects
Authors: Armstrong Frederick H.
Published: May 2014

When I prepared an article on "Urban history in Canada" for the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee's Urban History Group Newsletter in December, 1969, I felt that it was best to include a note that "so many developments are taking place, these comments will probably have to be amplified and modified before long". If anything this was an underestimate: new urban history courses continue to appear, the rapid flow of books continues to build up, more source materials are available, the first urban history session of the Canadian Historical Association was held at St. John's and now we have a Canadian urban history newsletter.
The Urban Worlds of Latin and Anglo America: PrefatoryThoughts
Authors: Morse Richard M.
Published: May 2014

This introductory paper examines some of the main questions raised by the papers presented to the urbanization symposium in Vancouver. Comparisons between the Latin American urban experience and that of the United States and Canada revealed basic contrasts in spite of some broad hemispheric similarities. Differences were particularly apparent in the residual influence of native society on later European settlement, in the role of the state versus private commerce in growth and development, and in the differing class structures.
Urban Renewal, Rehabilitation, and Remodelling of Santiago, Chile
Authors: de Ramón Armando , Larráin José Manuel
Published: May 2014

We study the history of the changes in Santiago, Chile, between 1780 and 1880 to verify the stages of urban renewal and the role of state and private investment in the processes. We find that before 1780 the dominant characteristic is conservation, i.e., repair or rebuilding of existing stock of buildings. Between 1780 and 1880 the stages were habilitation, rehabilitation, and remodelling of buildings and spaces for optimum use of urban land. Involved also were more intensive use and the creation of better and more expeditious communication to knit the various quarters of the city together and to provide communication with surrounding entities, such as the port and centres of supply. These stages and developments may follow each other but also may occur in superimposed rhythm. In the earlier years, state investment in new infrastructure is paramount; that investment, in turn, leads both to the development of new quarters and the entrance of private investors who profit from the unearned increment brought about by the state investment.
The Morphology of Nineteenth-Century Cities in the United States
Authors: Conzen Michael P.
Published: May 2014

Set within the context of varying traditions of Western urbanism, the U.S. city is considered as a partially autonomous creation, and emphasis is placed on the development of its physical forms during the crucial period of the nineteenth century. Nine distinguishing morphological characteristics such as low density, indistinct urban fringes, and short life of buildings are given special stress. Five broad themes, ranging from the nature of the American environment to the cultural value of land and government, are suggested as possible explanations of American physical urban traits. This is followed by a review of concepts and general findings regarding the three basic components of American urban form: land use ecology, history of building fabric, and cadastral patterns. The essay closes with a more detailed analysis of trends in the last category, given the dearth of conceptual clarity concerning this component. General changes in and representative examples of simple and complex urban ground plans of U.S. cities in the nineteenth century include colonial antecedents, new town foundations, and mature town accretions and modifications both on urban fringes and within densely-built urban cores. Finally, a preliminary division of the century into three morphogenetic periods is offered with a view to stimulating further development of the suggested framework.
L’apocalypse dans l’islam, d’hier à aujourd’hui, de la tradition à la blogosphère
Authors: Milot Jean-René , Castel Frédéric
Published: May 2014

Que ce soit dans le judaïsme, le christianisme ou l’islam, la littérature apocalyptique a scruté les textes fondateurs pour y déceler des indices, des « signes » permettant de reconnaître l’approche de « l’Heure » pour s’y préparer et donner un sens à la terreur appréhendée. Dans l’islam cette recherche a pris une tournure particulière. Aujourd’hui comme hier, pour combler les silences du Coran, un foisonnement d’hadiths complaisants, inspirés de l’apocalyptique judéo-chrétienne, donne libre cours à des spéculations répondant à des besoins de piété mais aussi à une quête de légitimité pour un activisme politique débridé. Cet article montre comment s’est construite l’apocalyptique musulmane pour enfin relever que certains éléments comme le Dadjal (Antéchrist) connaissent actuellement un développement exponentiel sur Internet, milieu virtuel qui aura permis l’émergence d’une pensée hybride (jumelant tradition musulmane et conspirationisme occidental) et sauvage voulant donner sens aux troubles du temps présent.
Un imaginaire de la fin cinématographique. Lecture croisée de The Tree of Life de Terence Malick et de Melancholia de Lars von Trier
Authors: Gervais Bertrand
Published: May 2014

L’industrie cinématographique nous a donné, ces dernières décennies, une quantité impressionnante de films à caractère apocalyptique. Ces films couvrent l’ensemble des situations associées à une fin du monde, depuis les premières annonces de la fin jusqu’au monde d’après la fin. Les films oscillent entre des Apocalypses traditionnelles et des apocalypses intimes, de ces fins vécues sur un mode restreint et qui condensent le destin de l’humanité entière. Des films tels que The Tree of Life de Terence Malick (2010) et Melancholia de Lars von Trier (2011), qui seront décrits ici, sont de telles apocalypses intimes qui se tiennent en retrait des spectacles à grand déploiement. Malgré tout, d’importances différences les séparent, surtout en ce qui a trait à leur traitement de la fin et de ses significations. Car, si le premier s’ouvre sans compromis à un imaginaire chrétien, où la fin est envisagée dans la perspective d’une renaissance à Dieu, suggérant de façon à peine voilée que la vie se poursuit après la mort, le second engage une posture résolument athée et déclare plutôt, dans un matérialisme radical, que toute vie cesse une fois la mort venue. Ces films engagent des imaginaires de la fin distincts, l’un, un imaginaire traditionnel à bien des égards et teinté de transcendance, l’autre, un imaginaire contemporain, de facture nihiliste.
Property in Licences and the Law of Things
Authors: Essert Christopher
Published: May 2014

A theoretical account of property rights needs to identify what, if anything, is distinctive about property rights as opposed to other sorts of rights; what makes them the sorts of rights that they are. An important and prominent account of the distinctiveness of property rights claims that they are rights to things. I argue against this view: I show that a government-issued licence (to fish or to drive a taxi or to operate a radio station, say) is not a right to a thing but should nevertheless count as a property right. I consider two different arguments for this rights-to-things view: one is based on the Hohfeldian structure of property rights, and one relies on the importance of information costs in the law of property. While each of these arguments teaches us important lessons about property, none can properly support the conclusion that property is rights to things. I suggest that abandoning the rights-to-things view of property can lead to important insights into property theory more generally.
Archives and Technological Selection
Authors: Lundemo Trond
Published: May 2014

The archive is not a place for the undifferentiated storage of the past: the political role of the archive is to select what to include as the past and what to discard, in order to regulate the future. These selections are prescribed by laws and regulations, but they are also determined by the archival techniques available for inscription, storage, indexing and access. The author analyses the technological selections of two ages of the archive. The first age is that of the intermedial archive emerging after the end of the text archive monopoly, with the gramophone, photograph and, in particular, film. The gaps and contradictions resulting from this configuration of media are investigated through a discussion of the media set-up of Albert Kahn’sLes archives de la planète(1908-1931). The second age is that of the digital archives, and the digitization of analogue material, again withLes archives de la planèteas an example. Instead of understanding these ages of archival technologies as autonomous and separate, the author argues that they should be approached as “superimposed” archival regimes in order to tease out the current interrelations between analogue and digital archives.
Current kinematics and dynamics of Africa and the East African Rift System
Authors: Stamps D. S. , Flesch L. M. , Calais E. , Ghosh A.
Published: May 2014

Although the East African Rift System (EARS) is an archetype continental rift, the forces driving its evolution remain debated. Some contend buoyancy forces arising from gravitational potential energy (GPE) gradients within the lithosphere drive rifting. Others argue for a major role of the diverging mantle flow associated with the African Superplume. Here we quantify the forces driving present‐day continental rifting in East Africa by (1) solving the depth averaged 3‐D force balance equations for 3‐D deviatoric stress associated with GPE, (2) inverting for a stress field boundary condition that we interpret as originating from large‐scale mantle tractions, (3) calculating dynamic velocities due to lithospheric buoyancy forces, lateral viscosity variations, and velocity boundary conditions, and (4) calculating dynamic velocities that result from the stress response of horizontal mantle tractions acting on a viscous lithosphere in Africa and surroundings. We find deviatoric stress associated with lithospheric GPE gradients are ∼8–20 MPa in EARS, and the minimum deviatoric stress resulting from basal shear is ∼1.6 MPa along the EARS. Our dynamic velocity calculations confirm that a force contribution from GPE gradients alone is sufficient to drive Nubia‐Somalia divergence and that additional forcing from horizontal mantle tractions overestimates surface kinematics. Stresses from GPE gradients appear sufficient to sustain present‐day rifting in East Africa; however, they are lower than the vertically integrated strength of the lithosphere along most of the EARS. This indicates additional processes are required to initiate rupture of continental lithosphere, but once it is initiated, lithospheric buoyancy forces are enough to maintain rifting.