bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of advanced linearized gyrokinetic collision operators using a moment approach
Authors: Frei B.J. , Ball J. , Hoffmann A.C.D. , Jorge R. , Ricci P. , Stenger L.
Published: September 2021

The derivation and numerical implementation of a linearized version of the gyrokinetic (GK) Coulomb collision operator (Jorge et al., J. Plasma Phys., vol. 85, 2019, 905850604) and of the widely used linearized GK Sugama collision operator (Sugama et al., Phys. Plasmas, vol. 16, 2009, 112503) is reported. An approach based on a Hermite–Laguerre moment expansion of the perturbed gyrocentre distribution function is used, referred to as gyromoment expansion. This approach allows the considering of arbitrary perpendicular wavenumber and expressing the two linearized GK operators as a linear combination of gyromoments where the expansion coefficients are given by closed analytical expressions that depend on the perpendicular wavenumber and on the temperature and mass ratios of the colliding species. The drift-kinetic (DK) limits of the GK linearized Coulomb and Sugama operators are also obtained. Comparisons between the gyromoment approach and the DK Coulomb and GK Sugama operators in the continuum GK code GENE are reported, focusing on the ion-temperature-gradient instability and zonal flow damping, finding an excellent agreement. It is confirmed that stronger collisional damping of the zonal flow residual by the Sugama GK model compared with the GK linearized Coulomb (Pan et al., Phys. Plasmas, vol. 27, 2020, 042307) persists at higher collisionality. Finally, we show that the numerical efficiency of the gyromoment approach increases with collisionality, a desired property for boundary plasma applications.
Something old, something blue: bereavement and institutional ageism in The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil
Authors: Lammon Marissa
Published: September 2021

The dystopian fiction genre within Western media has historically highlighted the flaws associated with societal attempts to achieve an unattainable ideal – or utopia. Through storytelling, these texts highlight the present issues in society, and among them, readers find deeply concerning messages about dehumanisation and oppression. The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil by Stephen Collins is uniquely placed within this larger genre due to the exceptional use of negative space; that is, the text communicates multiple meanings through what Collins includes and does not include. The following article engages in a deep reading of The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil through textual analysis to interpret and describe the message Collins communicates highlighting institutional ageism and bereavement. Consideration for the use of both negative and positive space within narrative construction reveals a story that encourages societal and social change to better care for the mentally ill, geriatric population.
Orderings of component level versus system level at active redundancies for coherent systems with dependent components
Authors: Yan Rongfang , Wang Junrui , Lu Bin
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the issue of stochastic comparison of multi-active redundancies at the component level versus the system level. Based on the assumption that all components are statistically dependent, in the case of complete matching and nonmatching spares, we present some interesting comparison results in the sense of the hazard rate, reversed hazard rate and likelihood ratio orders, respectively. And we also obtain two comparison results between relative agings of resulting systems at the component level and the system level. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results.
Solution Enumeration by Optimality in Answer Set Programming
Authors: PAJUNEN JUKKA , JANHUNEN TOMI
Published: September 2021

Given a combinatorial search problem, it may be highly useful to enumerate its (all) solutions besides just finding one solution, or showing that none exists. The same can be stated about optimal solutions if an objective function is provided. This work goes beyond the bare enumeration of optimal solutions and addresses the computational task of solution enumeration by optimality (SEO). This task is studied in the context of answer set programming (ASP) where (optimal) solutions of a problem are captured with the answer sets of a logic program encoding the problem. Existing answer set solvers already support the enumeration of all (optimal) answer sets. However, in this work, we generalize the enumeration of optimal answer sets beyond strictly optimal ones, giving rise to the idea of answer set enumeration in the order of optimality (ASEO). This approach is applicable up to the best k answer sets or in an unlimited setting, which amounts to a process of sorting answer sets based on the objective function. As the main contribution of this work, we present the first general algorithms for the aforementioned tasks of answer set enumeration. Moreover, we illustrate the potential use cases of ASEO. First, we study how efficiently access to the next-best solutions can be achieved in a number of optimization problems that have been formalized and solved in ASP. Second, we show that ASEO provides us with an effective sampling technique for Bayesian networks.
Foreign judges of the Pacific as agents of global constitutionalism
Authors: Dziedzic Anna
Published: September 2021

Studies of global constitutionalism have focused on the transnational movement of constitutional law through the citation of foreign judgments. However, little attention has been paid to the movement of constitutional judges themselves. This article considers how the foreign judges who sit on courts of constitutional jurisdiction in Pacific island states can be understood as part of the phenomenon of global constitutionalism. It identifies three ways in which foreign judges can be agents of global constitutionalism: as mechanisms for the diffusion of constitutional ideas, as expressions of global constitutional values and as objects of transnational legal transfer. An empirical analysis comparing the citation practices of local and foreign judges in constitutional cases in nine Pacific states suggests that the use of foreign judges on constitutional courts does contribute to the international movement of constitutional ideas. However, a critical analysis of foreign judges as expressions and objects of global constitutionalism sheds light on a range of tensions in the role of constitutional judges and understandings of global constitutionalism.
Global constitutionalism in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Chien-Chih
Published: September 2021

In contrast with the decline of liberal constitutionalism around the world, liberal constitutionalism seems to be resilient in Taiwan. Weaving together several threads of history, law and politics, this article first argues that foreign legal education and identity concerns explain why judicial review and constitutional development more broadly in Taiwan have not only flourished but mirrored both German and American constitutional jurisprudence. Second, it maintains that the case of Taiwan poses another challenge to the concept of global constitutionalism since the number of referenced jurisdictions is quite limited.
Post-Traumatic Growth among Older People after the Forced Lockdown for the COVID–19 Pandemic
Authors: Celdrán Montserrat , Serrat Rodrigo , Villar Feliciano
Published: September 2021

We explored post-traumatic growth (PTG) in older adults immediately after the forced lockdown in Spain during March to April, 2020, due to the COVID–19 pandemic. The study also tried to identify the variables that predict PTG, focusing on the experience of COVID, sociodemographic variables, and social resources. In total 1,009 people aged 55 years and older participated in the study and completed an online questionnaire comprising the following elements: The short form of the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-SF), sociodemographic and social resources questions, and their experiences of COVID–19 (if they had been infected themselves or if they had experienced the loss of someone close). Results showed that only a quarter of the participants experienced higher PTG after the forced lockdown, with only age and social resources being correlated with scores on the PTGI-SF. Looking at the strengths that older adults put into action to combat the pandemic and its social and health consequences could be an important consideration when planning future social policies for this and other pandemics.
Extreme Ozone Loss Following Nuclear War Results in Enhanced Surface Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Bardeen Charles G. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Toon Owen B. , Mills Michael J. , Vitt Francis , Xia Lili , Jägermeyr Jonas , Lovenduski Nicole S. , Scherrer Kim J. N. , Clyne Margot , Robock Alan
Published: September 2021

For the first time, we use a modern climate model with interactive chemistry including the effects of aerosols on photolysis rates to simulate the consequences of regional and global scale nuclear wars (injecting 5 and 150 Tg of soot respectively) for the ozone layer and surface ultraviolet (UV) light. For a global nuclear war, heating in the stratosphere, reduced photolysis, and an increase in catalytic loss from the HOx cycle cause a 15 year‐long reduction in the ozone column, with a peak loss of 75% globally and 65% in the tropics. This is larger than predictions from the 1980s, which assumed large injections of nitrogen oxides (NOx), but did not include the effects of smoke. NOx from the fireball and the fires provide a small (5%) increase to the global average ozone loss for the first few years. Initially, soot would shield the surface from UV‐B, but UV Index values would become extreme: greater than 35 in the tropics for 4 years, and greater than 45 during the summer in the southern polar regions for 3 years. For a regional war, global column ozone would be reduced by 25% with recovery taking 12 years. This is similar to previous simulations, but with a faster recovery time due to a shorter lifetime for soot in our simulations. In‐line photolysis provides process specific action spectra enabling future integration with biogeochemistry models and allows output that quantifies the potential health impacts from changes in surface UV for this and other larger aerosol injections.
Tropospheric Age‐of‐Air: Influence of SF6 Emissions on Recent Surface Trends and Model Biases
Authors: Orbe Clara , Waugh Darryn W. , Montzka Stephen , Dlugokencky Edward J. , Strahan Susan , Steenrod Stephen D. , Strode Sarah , Elkins James W. , Hall Bradley , Sweeney Colm , Hintsa Eric J. , Moore Fred L. , Penafiel Emma
Published: September 2021

The mean age since air was last at the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitude surface is a fundamental property of tropospheric transport. Here we approximate the mean age in terms of an age” (), derived from surface and aircraft measurements of that are broader in spatial scope and cover a longer time period (1997–2018) than considered previously. At the surface, increases from near‐zero values north of N to 1.5 years over the Southern Hemisphere (SH) extratropics, with the largest meridional gradients occurring in the tropics. By comparison, vertical gradients in are weak throughout, with only slight increases/decreases with height in the NH/SH. The broader spatial coverage of the measurements reveals strong variations in the seasonal cycle of within the (sub)tropics that are weaker over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, compared to over the Indian Ocean. Observations from 2000 to 2018 reveal that the age at sites in the SH has been decreasing by 0.12 years/dec. However, this decrease is not due to changes in transport but, rather, is likely related to changes in emissions, which have increased globally and reportedly shifted from northern midlatitudes into the subtropics. Simulations, which reproduce the age trends, show no decreases in an age‐of‐air tracer, reinforcing the fact that represents only an approximation to the mean age. Finally, the modeled ages are older than observed, by 0.3–0.4 years throughout the southern extratropics. We show that this bias is partly related to an overestimation in simulated near emissions regions, likely reflecting a combination of uncertainties in emissions and model transport.
Bayesian LSTM With Stochastic Variational Inference for Estimating Model Uncertainty in Process‐Based Hydrological Models
Authors: Li Dayang , Marshall Lucy , Liang Zhongmin , Sharma Ashish , Zhou Yan
Published: September 2021

Significant attention has recently been paid to deep learning as a method for improved catchment modeling. Compared with process‐based models, deep learning is often criticized for its lack of interpretability. One solution is to combine a process‐based hydrological model with a residual error model based on deep learning to give full scope to their respective advantages. In classical residual error models, Bayesian inference via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is commonly used to provide an estimation of the uncertainty. However, deep neural networks tend to have excessively large numbers of parameters, making MCMC an unsuitable approach. Here, we introduce an alternative to Bayesian MCMC sampling called stochastic variational inference (SVI) which has recently been developed for Bayesian deep learning in Natural Language Processing. We implement SVI in a Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) network and construct residual error models in process‐based hydrological models. This approach is examined in the contrasting geographical and climatic characteristics of two catchments from China, the Tangnaihai catchment and the Shiquan catchment. Compared with the Bayesian linear regression model, the Bayesian LSTM provides better uncertainty estimates. Specifically, the proposed method improves the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) by over 10% in both two catchments. In the Tangnaihai catchment, it provides more than 10% narrower uncertainty intervals in terms of Sharpness with slightly superior Reliability. In the Shiquan catchment, it provides comparable uncertainty intervals with better Reliability. Further, our study highlights the scalability of SVI to high‐dimensional parameter spaces in hydrological applications (e.g., distributed hydrological models, groundwater models).
Transitional genomes and nutritional role reversals identified for dual symbionts of adelgids (Aphidoidea: Adelgidae)
Authors: Dial Dustin T , Weglarz Kathryn M , Aremu Akintunde O , Havill Nathan P , Pearson Taylor A , Burke Gaelen R , von Dohlen Carol D
Published: September 2021

Many plant-sap-feeding insects have maintained a single, obligate, nutritional symbiont over the long history of their lineage. This senior symbiont may be joined by one or more junior symbionts that compensate for gaps in function incurred through genome-degradative forces. Adelgids are sap-sucking insects that feed solely on conifer trees and follow complex life cycles in which the diet fluctuates in nutrient levels. Adelgids are unusual in that both senior and junior symbionts appear to have been replaced repeatedly over their evolutionary history. Genomes can provide clues to understanding symbiont replacements, but only the dual symbionts of hemlock adelgids have been examined thus far. Here, we sequence and compare genomes of four additional dual-symbiont pairs in adelgids. We show that these symbionts are nutritional partners originating from diverse bacterial lineages and exhibiting wide variation in general genome characteristics. Although dual symbionts cooperate to produce nutrients, the balance of contributions varies widely across pairs, and total genome contents reflect a range of ages and degrees of degradation. Most symbionts appear to be in transitional states of genome reduction. Our findings support a hypothesis of periodic symbiont turnover driven by fluctuating selection for nutritional provisioning related to gains and losses of complex life cycles in their hosts.
The chemistry of branched condensed phosphates
Authors: Dürr-Mayer Tobias , Qiu Danye , Eisenbeis Verena B. , Steck Nicole , Häner Markus , Hofer Alexandre , Mayer Andreas , Siegel Jay S. , Baldridge Kim K. , Jessen Henning J.
Published: September 2021

Condensed phosphates may exist as linear, cyclic or branched structures. Due to their important role in nature, linear polyphosphates have been well studied. In contrast, branched phosphates (ultraphosphates) remain largely uncharacterised, because they were already described in 1950 as exceedingly unstable in the presence of water, epitomized in the antibranching-rule. This rule lacks experimental backup, since, to the best of our knowledge, no rational synthesis of defined ultraphosphates is known. Consequently, detailed studies of their chemical properties, reactivity and potential biological relevance remain elusive. Here, we introduce a general synthesis of monodisperse ultraphosphates. Hydrolysis half-lives up to days call the antibranching-rule into question. We provide evidence for the interaction of an enzyme with ultraphosphates and discover a rearrangement linearizing the branched structure. Moreover, ultraphosphate can phosphorylate nucleophiles such as amino acids and nucleosides with implications for prebiotic chemistry. Our results provide an entry point into the uncharted territory of branched condensed phosphates.
Unified AI framework to uncover deep interrelationships between gene expression and Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologies
Authors: Beebe-Wang Nicasia , Celik Safiye , Weinberger Ethan , Sturmfels Pascal , De Jager Philip L. , Mostafavi Sara , Lee Su-In
Published: September 2021

Deep neural networks (DNNs) capture complex relationships among variables, however, because they require copious samples, their potential has yet to be fully tapped for understanding relationships between gene expression and human phenotypes. Here we introduce an analysis framework, namely MD-AD (Multi-task Deep learning for Alzheimer’s Disease neuropathology), which leverages an unexpected synergy between DNNs and multi-cohort settings. In these settings, true joint analysis can be stymied using conventional statistical methods, which require “harmonized” phenotypes and tend to capture cohort-level variations, obscuring subtler true disease signals. Instead, MD-AD incorporates related phenotypes sparsely measured across cohorts, and learns interactions between genes and phenotypes not discovered using linear models, identifying subtler signals than cohort-level variations which can be uniquely recapitulated in animal models and across tissues. We show that MD-AD exploits sex-specific relationships between microglial immune response and neuropathology, providing a nuanced context for the association between inflammatory genes and Alzheimer’s Disease.
Combined toxic effects of aflatoxin B2 and the protective role of resveratrol in Swiss albino mice
Authors: Gündüz Alperen , Yalçın Emine , Çavuşoğlu Kültiğin
Published: September 2021

In this study, the toxic effects of aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) on Swiss albino mice and the protective effects of resveratrol were investigated. Physiological (body weight, liver and kidney weight), biochemical (aspartate aminotransferase-AST, alanine transaminase-ALT, blood urea nitrogen-BUN, creatinine, malondialdehyde-MDA and glutathione-GSH) and cytogenetic parameters (micronucleus-MN in buccal epithelium, erythrocyte and leukocyte cells and chromosomal aberrations-CAs) were used to determine the toxic effects. Additionally, scavenging effects of resveratrol against superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were also investigated. In experimental period, mice were divided into six groups and the groups were treated with tap water, 10 mg/kg b.w resveratrol, 20 mg/kg b.w resveratrol, 20 µg/kg b.w. AFB2, 10 mg/kg b.w resveratrol + 20 µg/kg b.w AFB2, 20 mg/kg b.w resveratrol + 20 µg/kg b.w AFB2, respectively. As a result, the scavenging effects of resveratrol increased with increasing dose and the superoxide, H2O2 and DPPH radical scavenging activity of resveratrol were 74.9%, 79.1% and 49.2%, respectively. AFB2 administration caused a significant decrease in physiological parameters, and these decreases regressed in AFB2 + resveratrol treated groups. Serum ALT and AST activities, BUN and creatinine levels were higher in the AFB2 treated group compared to the control group and serious abnormalities were found in MDA and GSH levels in the kidney and liver. In the group treated with AFB2 + 20 mg/kg resveratrol, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine levels decreased significantly and GSH levels increased compared to only-AFB2 treated group. AFB2 triggered MN formation in buccal epithelium, erythrocyte and leukocyte cells and CAs in bone marrow cells. The application of 20 mg/kg resveratrol together with AFB2 was decreased the MN and CAs frequency. Resveratrol exhibited a recovery effect in the range of 40.9–80.5% against AFB2 toxicity in all tested parameters. In this study, it was determined that AFB2 caused serious changes in selected physiological, biochemical and cytogenetic parameters while resveratrol displayed a protective role against these toxic effects.
Novel interferon-sensitive genes unveiled by correlation-driven gene selection and systems biology
Authors: Cheroni Cristina , Manganaro Lara , Donnici Lorena , Bevilacqua Valeria , Bonnal Raoul J. P. , Rossi Riccardo L. , De Francesco Raffaele
Published: September 2021

Interferons (IFNs) are key cytokines involved in alerting the immune system to viral infection. After IFN stimulation, cellular transcriptional profile critically changes, leading to the expression of several IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) that exert a wide variety of antiviral activities. Despite many ISGs have been already identified, a comprehensive network of coding and non-coding genes with a central role in IFN-response still needs to be elucidated. We performed a global RNA-Seq transcriptome profile of the HCV permissive human hepatoma cell line Huh7.5 and its parental cell line Huh7, upon IFN treatment, to define a network of genes whose coordinated modulation plays a central role in IFN-response. Our study adds molecular actors, coding and non-coding genes, to the complex molecular network underlying IFN-response and shows how systems biology approaches, such as correlation networks, network’s topology and gene ontology analyses can be leveraged to this aim.
Genomic characterization and outcome evaluation of kinome fusions in lung cancer revealed novel druggable fusions
Authors: Li Binghao , Qu Hao , Zhang Jing , Pan Weibo , Liu Meng , Yan Xiaobo , Huang Xin , He Xuexin , Lin Dong , Liu Sisi , Guan Ruting , Wu Yong , Ou Qiuxiang , Bao Hua , Xu Youbin , Wu Xue , Shao Yang , Lin Nong
Published: September 2021

Kinase fusions represent an important type of somatic alterations that promote oncogenesis and serve as diagnostic markers in lung cancer. We aimed to identify the landscape of clinically relevant kinase fusions in Chinese lung cancer and to explore rare kinase rearrangements; thus, providing valuable evidence for therapeutic decision making. We performed genomic profiling of 425 cancer-relevant genes from tumor/plasma biopsies from a total of 17,442 Chinese lung cancer patients using next generation sequencing (NGS). Patients’ clinical characteristics and treatment histories were retrospectively studied. A total of 1162 patients (6.66%; 1162/17,442) were identified as having kinase fusions, including 906 adenocarcinomas (ADCs) and 35 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). In ADC, 170 unique gene fusion pairs were observed, including rare kinase fusions,SLC12A2-ROS1,NCOA4-RET, andANK3-RET. As for SCC, 15 unique gene fusions were identified, among which the most frequent wereEML4-ALKandFGFR3-TACC3. Analyses of oncogenic mutations revealed a dual role for the gene fusions,CCDC6-RETandFGFR3-TACC3, in driving oncogenesis or serving as acquired resistance mechanisms to kinase inhibitors. In addition, our real-world evidence showed that patients with recurrent kinase fusions with low frequency (two occurrences) could benefit from treatment with kinase inhibitors’ off-label use. Notably, patients with stage IV ADC who had novelRORB-ALKorAFF2-RETfusions, but no other known oncogenic driver mutations, demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes on tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Our data provide a comprehensive overview of the landscape of oncogenic kinase fusions in lung cancer, which assist in recognizing potentially druggable fusions that can be translated into therapeutic applications.
Particle-hole symmetry and the reentrant integer quantum Hall Wigner solid
Authors: Shingla Vidhi , Myers Sean A. , Pfeiffer Loren N. , Baldwin Kirk W. , Csáthy Gábor A.
Published: September 2021

The interplay of strong Coulomb interactions and of topology is currently under intense scrutiny in various condensed matter and atomic systems. One example of this interplay is the phase competition of fractional quantum Hall states and the Wigner solid in the two-dimensional electron gas. Here we report a Wigner solid at ν = 1.79 and its melting due to fractional correlations occurring at ν = 9/5. This Wigner solid, that we call the reentrant integer quantum Hall Wigner solid, develops in a range of Landau level filling factors that is related by particle-hole symmetry to the so called reentrant Wigner solid. We thus find that the Wigner solid in the GaAs/AlGaAs system straddles the partial filling factor 1/5 not only at the lowest filling factors, but also near ν = 9/5. Our results highlight the particle-hole symmetry as a fundamental symmetry of the extended family of Wigner solids and paint a complex picture of the competition of the Wigner solid with fractional quantum Hall states.
Orientational self-sorting: formation of structurally defined Pd4L8 and Pd6L12 cages from low-symmetry dipyridyl ligands
Authors: Li Ru-Jin , Marcus Adam , Fadaei-Tirani Farzaneh , Severin Kay
Published: September 2021

Structurally defined Pd4L8 and Pd6L12 coordination cages are obtained from low-symmetry dipyridyl ligands.
Graphite prelithiation by solid electrochemical corrosion of lithium metal with a superficial mosaic structure
Authors: Yang Si-Yu , Yue Xin-Yang , Dai Wang-Qi , Wang Dong-Lei , Xia He-Yi , Qiao Yan , Fu Zheng-Wen
Published: September 2021

Prelithiation by solid electrochemical corrosion of lithium metal has been created with a graphite surface being modified by a mosaic structure.
Shape transformations of Pt nanocrystals enclosed with high-index facets and low-index facets
Authors: Xiao Chi , Tian Na , Li Wei-Ze , Qu Xi-Ming , Du Jia-Huan , Lu Bang-An , Xu Bin-Bin , Zhou Zhi-You , Sun Shi-Gang
Published: September 2021

Shape transformation between high-index faceted Pt nanocrystals and low-index faceted ones have been achieved by an electrochemical square-wave potential method.
Umbrella inversion of ammonia redux
Authors: Bouakline Foudhil
Published: September 2021

Does Umbrella inversion motion of ammonia really correspond to a back-and-forth oscillation between its two equilibrium molecular structures, i.e., dynamical localization over the two potential wells, as described by the textbook picture?
First-principles materials simulation and design for alkali and alkaline metal ion batteries accelerated by machine learning
Authors: Jin Lujie , Ji Yujin , Wang Hongshuai , Ding Lifeng , Li Youyong
Published: September 2021

This Perspective is intended to reveal and envisage how the introduction of machine learning techniques accelerates first-principle materials simulation and design for alkali and alkaline metal-ion batteries.
Direct aryl–aryl coupling of pentacene on Au(110)
Authors: Chen Shenwei , Cai Zeying , Ou Zengfu , Wang Zhiqiang , Guo Donghui , Zhong Dingyong
Published: September 2021

We realized the direct aryl–aryl coupling of pentacenes on Au(110) surfaces at 470 K, with the linear and T-shaped dimers as the predominant products.
Absorption, distribution, and toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the brain: a review
Authors: Cao Yuexin , Ng Carla
Published: September 2021

This review integrates current understanding on uptake, accumulation and distribution of PFAS in the brain, along with potential neurotoxic outcomes.
Indoor black carbon and brown carbon concentrations from cooking and outdoor penetration: insights from the HOMEChem study
Authors: Sankhyan Sumit , Patel Sameer , Katz Erin F. , DeCarlo Peter F. , Farmer Delphine K. , Nazaroff William W , Vance Marina E.
Published: September 2021

Black carbon and brown carbon emissions were investigated for different indoor activities and during periods of no activity in a test house as a part of the HOMEChem study.
Controlled lignosulfonate depolymerizationviasolvothermal fragmentation coupled with catalytic hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation in a continuous flow reactor
Authors: Brandi Francesco , Antonietti Markus , Al-Naji Majd
Published: September 2021

This study presents an efficient and controlled catalytic valorization of a real side product of the agroforestry industry,i.e., sodium lignosulfonate (LS), in a continuous flow system to either monomers or oligomers.
Direct oxidative carboxylation of terminal olefins to cyclic carbonates by tungstate assisted-tandem catalysis
Authors: Calmanti Roberto , Selva Maurizio , Perosa Alvise
Published: September 2021

Cyclic organic carbonates can be prepared directly from various terminal olefins via green tandem tungstate-based catalysis.
Exploration of benign deep eutectic solvent–water systems for the highly efficient production of furfurylamine from sugarcane bagasse via chemoenzymatic cascade catalysis
Authors: Li Qing , Di Junhua , Liao Xiaolong , Ni Jiacheng , Li Qi , He Yu-Cai , Ma Cuiluan
Published: September 2021

A benign deep eutectic solvent–water system for the highly efficient production of furfurylamine from sugarcane bagasse via chemoenzymatic cascade catalysis.
Direct analysis of cotton swipes for plutonium isotope determination by microextraction-ICP-MS
Authors: Manard Benjamin T. , Metzger Shalina C. , Rogers Kayron T. , Ticknor Brian W. , Zirakparvar N. Alex , Roach Benjamin D. , Bostick Debra A. , Hexel Cole R.
Published: September 2021

This study demonstrates a method for determining the isotopic composition of low-level (sub-pg) plutonium (Pu) directly from a cotton swipe.
Advances in implant surface modifications to improve osseointegration
Authors: Zhu Guang , Wang Guocheng , Li Jiao Jiao
Published: September 2021

Presenting the latest advances in surface modification of titanium and titanium alloy implants by physical, chemical and biological methods.
Tunable photochemical 6π heterocyclization reactions mediated by a boron Lewis acid
Authors: Ma Lishuang , Feng Wenxu , Shang Hongyan , Lin Xufeng , Xi Yanyan
Published: September 2021

The regulation effect of boron Lewis acid catalyst on the photoinduced 6π heterocyclization was investigated by using multi-configurational ab initio calculations.
Structural elucidation and synthesis of a dimeric degradation impurity during long-term stability studies of oxycodone hydrochloride injection
Authors: Zhuang Tao , Jin Jian , Ma Yurong , Ren Xia , Liang Lingzhi , Du Wei , Liu Bifeng , Liu Xin , Zhang Guisen
Published: September 2021

An unknown degradation product (impurity-I) observed in oxycodone hydrochloride injection was proposed as an oxycodone aldol dimer using 2D LC-QTOF MS/MS, and impurity-I was synthesized and verified by 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR spectroscopy techniques.
Heteroditopic receptor flexibility – an important design principle for effective ion pair extractants based on carboxylate studies
Authors: Zakrzewski Maciej , Piątek Piotr
Published: September 2021

Potassium carboxylate salt binding and extraction experiments of a heteroditopic receptor series reveal that conformational freedom is an important factor affecting salt extraction efficiency.
Chemoselective synthesis of long-chain alkyl-H-phosphinic acids via one-pot alkylation/oxidation of red phosphorus with alkyl-PEGs as recyclable micellar catalysts
Authors: Kuimov Vladimir A. , Malysheva Svetlana F. , Belogorlova Natalia A. , Gusarova Nina K. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: September 2021

Alkyl-PEG recyclable micellar catalysts are used for the chemoselective and effective synthesis of long-chain n-alkyl-H-phosphinic acids via the one-pot alkylation/oxidation of red phosphorus in the multi-phase alkyl bromide/KOH/H2O/toluene system.
Total synthesis of bioactive tetracyclic norditerpene dilactones
Authors: Zhang Yuna , Li Xinxin , Xu Tao
Published: September 2021

Tetracyclic norditerpene dilactones are an important class of terpenoids that have been isolated from both terrestrial and marine sources, typically from Podocarpus plants and from filamentous fungi.
Construction of a new Au27Cd1(SAdm)14(DPPF)Cl nanocluster by surface engineering and insight into its structure–property correlation
Authors: Xu Liyun , Li Qinzhen , Li Tianrong , Chai Jinsong , Yang Sha , Zhu Manzhou
Published: September 2021

Surface engineering with a functional DPPF ligand and Cd atom is employed on a Au38 nanocluster to obtain a Au–Cd alloy nanocluster, that is, Au27Cd1. The difference in properties between Au38 and Au27Cd1 indicates the importance of the surface structure.
DFT study of phenol alkylation with propylene on H-BEA in the absence and presence of water
Authors: Dutta Sajal Kanti , Agarwal Vishal
Published: September 2021

Water reduces the activation barrier of the rate-limiting step of phenol alkylation with propylene in H-BEA. This, in turn, increases the transition-state theory rate coefficient by two orders-of-magnitude, suggesting much faster alkylation.
Multiple valence electron detachment following Auger decay of inner-shell vacancies in gas-phase DNA
Authors: Li Wen , Kavatsyuk Oksana , Douma Wessel , Wang Xin , Hoekstra Ronnie , Mayer Dennis , Robinson Matthew S. , Gühr Markus , Lalande Mathieu , Abdelmouleh Marwa , Ryszka Michal , Poully Jean Christophe , Schlathölter Thomas
Published: September 2021

A K-shell vacancy in DNA that is induced by a (therapeutically relevant) soft X-ray of MeV carbon ion, decays by Auger processes accompanied by emission of at least 3 low energy electrons.
Revisiting the promise of Bi-layer graded cathodes for improved Li-ion battery performance
Authors: Chowdhury Ridwanur , Zhao Yan , Xia Yuhua , Ouyang Mengzheng , Brandon Nigel , Banerjee Aayan
Published: September 2021

Experimental results show that bi-layer graded cathodes exhibit higher discharge capacity with increasing C-rates compared to conventional monolayer electrodes, along with an increase in energy and power density.
Redox-catalysis flow electrode desalination in an organic solvent
Authors: Wei Qiang , Tang Lufan , Ramalingam Karthick , Liang Mengjun , Ma Jinxing , Shi Yumeng , Hui Kwun Nam , Hui Kwan San , Chen Fuming
Published: September 2021

An organic redox flow electrode in FCDI is proposed to achieve quick salt removal and low energy consumption. The energy consumption is zero using a photoanode as the driving force.
Superior rate-capability and long-lifespan carbon nanotube-in-nanotube@Sb2S3 anode for lithium-ion storage
Authors: Yang Z. Y. , Yuan Y. F. , Zhu M. , Yin S. M. , Cheng J. P. , Guo S. Y.
Published: September 2021

Sb2S3 is successfully anchored inside a carbon nanotube-in-nanotube via a multi-step method based on metal–organic framework and carbon nanotubes. The composite exhibits superior lithium storage performance.
A flowerlike FePt/MnO2/GOx-based cascade nanoreactor with sustainable O2 supply for synergistic starvation-chemodynamic anticancer therapy
Authors: Kou Yunkai , Dai Zhichao , Cui Ping , Hu Zunfu , Tian Lu , Zhang Feifei , Duan Haiqiang , Xia Qiying , Liu Qingyun , Zheng Xiuwen
Published: September 2021

A novel flowerlike multifunctional cascade nanoreactor, BSA-GOx@MnO2@FePt (BGMFP), was prepared for synergistic starvation-chemodynamic anticancer therapy.
Energy transfer cooperation between ligands and EuIII ions in molecular europium complexes for vapoluminescence sensing (reversible on/off emission switching) and hybrid white LED/plant-growth applications
Authors: Rajendran Marikumar , Devi Rachna , Mund Sibani , Singh Kasturi , Vaidyanathan Sivakumar
Published: September 2021

In a europium complex, two ancillary ligands were designed to provide complete energy transfer to the Eu(iii) ion.
Turning on high-rate-capability fluorescence resonance energy transfer in a quantum dot-molecule system via high pressure
Authors: Li Bo , Cao Bifa , Zhou Qiao , Li You , Bao Yongjun , Shi Ying , Liu Cailong , Jin Mingxing , Gao Jianbo , Ding Dajun
Published: September 2021

High pressure turns on a high-rate FRET from CdSe/ZnS QDs to a Rhodamine640 molecule in the liquid phase, Ice VI phase and Ice VII phase successfully.
Exosomes derived from LPS-stimulated human thymic mesenchymal stromal cells enhance inflammation via thrombospondin-1
Authors: Li Qianru , Li Jing , Sun Lei , Sun Yun , Zhao Fei , Liu Pingping , Peng Xin , Xuan Xiaoyan , Li Yun , Wang Peng , Tan Chen , Du Ying
Published: September 2021

Inflammatory response mediated by immune cells is either directly or indirectly regulated by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Accumulating evidence suggests that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is highly expressed in response to inflammation. In this work, we isolated and identified human thymic mesenchymal stromal cells (tMSCs) and detected the expression of TSP-1. We found that tMSCs expressed TSP-1 and Poly (I:C) or LPS treatment promoted the expression of TSP-1. Further, we isolated and identified exosomes originating from tMSCs (MEXs). Notably, exosomes derived from LPS-pretreated tMSCs (MEXsLPS) promoted the polarization of macrophages to M1-like phenotype and IL-6, TNF-α secretion as well as the pro-inflammatory differentiation of CD4+T cells into Th17 cells. Upon silencing the expression of TSP-1 in tMSCs, the pro-inflammatory effects of MEXsLPS were suppressed. Therefore, these findings uncovered TSP-1 as the principal factor in MEXsLPS pro-inflammatory regulation.
A secure and efficient range query method for two‐layer wireless sensor networks
Authors: Deng Yun , Kang Yanping
Published: September 2021

Traditional range query methods of work still have shortcomings in node energy consumption and privacy security, so a two‐layer secure and efficient range query method for wireless sensor networks is proposed. In the data storage stage, the sensing node obtains the data ciphertext and timestamp by the Advanced Encryption Standard encryption algorithm, receives the new encryption constraint chain by the reverse 0–1 encoding method and Hash‐based Message Authentication Code encryption algorithm, and sends the chain to the storage node. In the query response phase, the storage node responds to the request of the base station and sends the data that meet the query requirements. After receiving the data, the base station verifies the consistency with the new encryption constraint chain and timestamp. During the experiment, the energy consumption is analysed from three aspects: the number of data collected in the period, the data length of the sensing node and the partition factor of the encryption constraint chain. The results show that this method has low energy consumption and can maintain the consistency of data.
Photo-chemo-dynamical analysis and the origin of the bulge globular cluster Palomar 6
Authors: Souza S. O. , Valentini M. , Barbuy B. , Pérez-Villegas A. , Chiappini C. , Ortolani S. , Nardiello D. , Dias B. , Anders F. , Bica E.
Published: September 2021

Context. Palomar 6 (Pal6) is a moderately metal-poor globular cluster projected towards the Galactic bulge. A full analysis of the cluster can give hints on the early chemical enrichment of the Galaxy and a plausible origin of the cluster.

Aims. The aim of this study is threefold: a detailed analysis of high-resolution spectroscopic data obtained with the UVES spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) at ESO, the derivation of the age and distance of Pal6 from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometric data, and an orbital analysis to determine the probable origin of the cluster.

Methods. High-resolution spectra of six red giant stars in the direction of Pal6 were obtained at the 8 m VLT UT2-Kueyen telescope equipped with the UVES spectrograph in FLAMES+UVES configuration. Spectroscopic parameters were derived through excitation and ionisation equilibrium of Fe I and Fe II lines, and the abundances were obtained from spectrum synthesis. From HST photometric data, the age and distance were derived through a statistical isochrone fitting. Finally, a dynamical analysis was carried out for the cluster assuming two different Galactic potentials.

Results. Four stars that are members of Pal 6 were identified in the sample, which gives a mean radial velocity of 174.3  ±  1.6 km s−1 and a mean metallicity of [Fe/H] = −1.10 ± 0.09 for the cluster. We found an enhancement of α-elements (O, Mg, Si, and Ca) of 0.29< [X/Fe] < 0.38 and the iron-peak element Ti of [Ti/Fe] ∼ +0.3. The odd-Z elements (Na and Al) show a mild enhancement of [X/Fe] ∼ +0.25. The abundances of both first- (Y and Zr) and second-peak (Ba and La) heavy elements are relatively high, with +0.4 <   [X/Fe]  <  +0.60 and +0.4 <   [X/Fe]  <  +0.5, respectively. The r-element Eu is also relatively high with [Eu/Fe] ∼ +0.6. One member star presents enhancements in N and Al, with [Al/Fe] > +0.30, this being evidence of a second stellar population, further confirmed with the NaON-Al (anti)correlations. For the first time, we derived the age of Pal 6, which resulted to be 12.4 ± 0.9 Gyr. We also found a low extinction coefficient RV = 2.6 for the Pal 6 projection, which is compatible with the latest results for the highly extincted bulge populations. The derived extinction law results in a distance of 7.67 ± 0.19 kpc from the Sun with an AV = 4.21 ± 0.05. The chemical and photometric analyses combined with the orbital-dynamical analyses point out that Pal 6 belongs to the bulge component probably formed in the main-bulge progenitor.

Conculsions. The present analysis indicates that the globular cluster Pal 6 is located in the bulge volume and that it was probably formed in the bulge in the early stages of the Milky Way formation, sharing the chemical properties with the family of intermediate metallicity very old clusters M 62, NGC 6522, NGC 6558, and HP 1.
Frost resistance of hazelnut varieties in the Central Black Earth Region of Russia
Authors: Saveleva Natalya , Zemisov Alexander , Yushkov Andrey , Borzykh Nadezhda , Chivilev Vladislav
Published: September 2021

The I. V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center has concentrated a hazelnut genotypes collection of various ecological and geographical origin. Based on existing collection contemporary breeding work pointed at creating of new adapted to the soil and climate conditions of the Central Black Earth Region varieties of nuts. In this paper, we analyzed the indicators of frost resistance of hazelnut varieties of the species Corylus avellana L. and Corylus pontica C. (Koch.). Based on a comparative assessment valuable genotypes identification for producing and further breeding was the main purpose of the study. The paper shows the results of studying of 37 hazelnut varieties by the reaction to temperature decrease up to −40°C after standard quenching. We have identified the sources of high frost resistance, among which a special place is occupied by a new Schelkunchik variety. This genotype has no damage of the bark and cambium tissues, reversible damage of wood and vegetative buds, and a low level of male inflorescences lethality (2%). We have identified the frost resistance potential of the varieties Moskovskiy rubin, Ivanteevskiy krasniy, Pushkinskiy krasniy, Moscovskiy ranniy, Academik Yablokov. It is sufficient for cultivation of those varieties at the conditions of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia.
Adjustment of culture media to optimize in vitro rhizogenesis of domestic plums of various origins
Authors: Kovalenko Natalia , Polivara Nadezhda
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the results of the adjustment of 18 modifications of culture medium based on MS medium composition – Murashige and Skoog (1962) for in vitro rhizogenesis of 10 varieties of domestic plum. There were used 4 nutrient media with a full amount of macro- and microelements – MS1 with a different combination of phytohormones, 1 medium without hormones – MSc, 13 media – MS2 with half the amount of macronutrients, differing in hormonal composition. It was found that the maximum number of rooted microshoots from 21.2 to 52.2 % was on MS2–8 medium, from 11.2 to 43.1 % on MS2–5. The analysis showed that into the medium increases the percentage of microplants by 12-17 % comparing with the medium MS2–5 and MS2–7 without FA. The distinctiveness of nutrient media by the type of auxin (IAA, NAA, IBA) made it possible to clarify that IBA is the most optimal of the auxins, and the concentration of 1.7 mg/l is borderline for the growth reactions of plum varieties. It was revealed that in vitro root formation depends not only on the compositions of growth substances in the nutrient medium, but also on the genotype of the variety.
Propagation of phytosanitary clones by in vitro culture
Authors: Dubchak Marcela , Sultanova Olga , Bondarchuk Viktor
Published: September 2021

This article presents the process of accelerated reproduction of healthy clones of grapes, including the following stages: growing young shoots of the original plants of clones, introducing tops into in vitro culture, microclonal cuttings, adaptation of microplants to ex vitro culture, transplanting into cassettes with a soil substrate, transferring plants to a greenhouse for growing to the condition of vegetative seedlings and planting in a pre-propagation mother stock. For the successful implementation of each of the above operations in the SPIHVFT, a Cultural Complex has been equipped, consisting of a number of interconnected premises: a sterile box, a culture chamber and a vegetation chamber. The use of this Complex allows multiplying the required number of plants during the year, to grow vegetative seedlings by the spring of the next year and plant them in the pre-propagation “Pre-base” mother plant. After a year, grafted vegetative seedlings grown from the vines of the mother plant were used for laying the mother stock.
The dynamics of the development of harmful insects on the mother planting of basic grape plants in the Rostov region
Authors: Arestova Natalia , Ryabchun Irina
Published: September 2021

The study results on prevalence of the main harmful insects on the mother planting of the basic grape plants of the Rostov region: rose leafhopper, buffalo treehopper, tree cricket, tobacco and grape thrips, which are polyphagous phytophages, are presented. As a result of the negative impact of harmful organisms the plant normal development is disrupted. The spread and increase in the insect harmfulness in the Rostov region is facilitated by an increase in the average annual temperature to 9.5-11.6 °C in the last 10-15 years, which is the lower limit for their survival. A close direct relationship was revealed between the average annual temperature and the leafhopper and thrip harmfulness: r=0.72-0.89 and an unobvious dependence of the tree cricket harmfulness on thermal conditions (r=0.59). The phytosanitary control system in the mother planting made it possible to restrain the harmful organism development, with a harmfulness not exceeding 1.3 points for thrips and 2 points for other insects for further reproduction of practically healthy grape planting material while maintaining the status basic plants.