bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Envenomation by Trachinus draco and Pain Management
Authors: Gulen Muge , Sari Sezai
Published: August 2020

We report a case of a 42-y-old female patient who sustained a sting to the neck from a Trachinus draco fish. She subsequently developed complications including arytenoid membrane edema secondary to either the local anesthetic agent administered to the wound or the dracotoxin itself. The patient was examined in the emergency department after the sting. Local anesthesia with lidocaine was administered to the areas of injury at another hospital before presenting to our hospital emergency department. The patient reported that her pain partially decreased but hoarseness developed and she had difficulty breathing after the local anesthetic was administered. Laryngeal examination by our hospital's otolaryngologist revealed edema of the patient's right arytenoid membrane without evidence of vocal cord swelling. Computed tomography of the neck revealed edema in the right arytenoid membrane on the side of the neck where the local anesthetic had been injected. The patient, who was given supplementary treatment, was discharged without any complications on the seventh day of hospitalization. The principle treatment for these types of stings includes immersion in hot water, analgesic therapy, and observation for signs of local and systemic envenomation. We recommend using caution when injecting local anesthetic agents in the neck because of underlying vital structures.
Holistic Analysis of Coronavirus Literature: A Scientometric Study of the Global Publications Relevant to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), MERS-CoV (MERS) and SARS-CoV (SARS)
Authors: Şenel Engin , Topal Fatih Esad
Published: August 2020

Objectives:

In late December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia caused by an unknown pathogen was reported from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The pathogen has been identified as a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease has been named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to perform the first holistic scientometric evaluation of coronavirus publications.

Methods:

Our main source for this study was Web of Science Collection database. All items published between 1980 and 2019 were included. A distribution map of global production in coronavirus literature and scientometric networks were generated.

Results:

The United States, China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Netherlands were the most productive countries. Publications in coronavirus literature have been produced from almost every country in the world, except for some countries in Asia and Africa.

Conclusion:

While in the 1980s, the United States and developed countries from Europe were major source countries and the virus was identified only as an animal disease in the literature and its biological and genetic structure was investigated, in the 2000s, China became a major contributor of coronavirus literature because the SARS outbreak originated from southern China. Almost all most-cited publications in this period are related to SARS and the ACE2 protein.
Deep Disagreement, Hinge Commitments, and Intellectual Humility
Authors: Johnson Drew
Published: August 2020

Why is it that some instances of disagreement appear to be so intractable? And what is the appropriate way to handle such disagreements, especially concerning matters about which there are important practical and political needs for us to come to a consensus? In this paper, I consider an explanation of the apparent intractability of deep disagreement offered by hinge epistemology. According to this explanation, at least some deep disagreements are rationally unresolvable because they concern ‘hinge’ commitments that are unresponsive to rational considerations. This explanation, if correct, seems to have troubling implications for how we should respond to deep disagreement. If my position on a topic is not responsive to rational considerations, then what choice have I but to dogmatically hold to that position, and simply dismiss the views of those with whom I disagree? I address this problem by identifying an attitude of intellectual humility that is appropriate to have towards one's hinge commitments, and suggest that this attitude provides the basis for a non-rational, constructive way to resolve deep disagreement.
ARCHAEOLOGY AT RAS MUARI: SONARI, A BRONZE AGE FISHER-GATHERERS SETTLEMENT AT THE HAB RIVER MOUTH (KARACHI, PAKISTAN)
Authors: Biagi Paolo , Nisbet Renato , Spataro Michela , Starnini Elisabetta
Published: August 2020

This paper describes the results of the surveys carried out along Ras Muari (Cape Monze, Karachi, Sindh) by the Italian Archaeological Mission in Lower Sindh and Las Bela in 2013 and 2014. The surveyed area coincides with part of the mythical land of the Ichthyophagoi, mentioned by the classical chroniclers. Many archaeological sites, mainly scatters and spots of fragmented marine and mangrove shells, were discovered and AMS dated along the northern part of the cape facing the Hab River mouth. The surveys have shown that fisher and shell gatherer communities temporarily settled in different parts of the headland. They began to exploit the sea resources during the Neolithic. However, the most important discovery consists of a unique fishers’ settlement with rectangular stone-walled structures located on a limestone terrace near Sonari (SNR-1), the first ever found along the northern coast of the Arabian Sea. The AMS dates show that it was settled mainly during the first half of the third millennium cal bc when the Indus Civilisation flourished in the area. Considering the importance of the discovery, all the material culture remains from the Sonari sites have been described and analysed in detail and, whenever possible, framed into the different phases of environmental changes and human adaptation to the coastal environment that have been interpreted thanks to a good series of AMS dates from marine and mangrove shells.
Petrogenesis of a rare Ediacaran tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite suite, Egypt, and implications for Neoproterozoic Gondwana assembly
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Fattah M
Published: August 2020

Most tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suites are Archean–Palaeoproterozoic in age, but those of Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic age are scarce. A rare Ediacaran high-Al TTG suite has been identified at the Fannani Igneous Complex (FIC) in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield, which is essentially composed of amalgamated Neoproterozoic island-arc Pan-African composite terranes that contain several ophiolitic sutures. The FIC exhibits a wide range of SiO2, Al2O3, Sr and Zr, shows moderate rare earth element (REE) enrichment, and K, Ti, Nb, Y and heavy REE depletion. It is a subsolvus suite with clear orogenic affinities and strong arc-geochemical signatures. The precise U–Pb zircon thermal ionization mass spectrometry age obtained (607.4 ± 1.95 Ma) indicates oceanic subduction extended to late stages of the East African Orogeny. The FIC exhibits87Sr/86Sr compositions of 0.70346–0.71091 (Sr(i)ratio, 0.70284), and143Nd/144Nd of 0.51254–0.51270 (ϵNd(t) = +5.12 to +7.16), typical of modern oceanic-arc rocks (as Japan-arc basalts), and suggestive of mantle sources and island-arc settings. The FIC possesses low values of Yb (1.55 ppm), Nb (14 ppm) and Y (24 ppm), and high ratios of Sr/Y (27), Zr/Sm (46) and Nb/Ta (11.8), typical of magmas produced by anatexis of a basaltic slab. Partial melting models show that the FIC magma was generated by melting (F= 0.25–0.50) of a subducted oceanic crust transformed into eclogite, leaving 10–25% garnet in the residue. The FIC and similar complexes produced via slab melting during the closure of the Mozambique Ocean formed large juvenile belts along the East African Orogen that sutured East and West Gondwana together into a united supercontinent.
Immediate and delayed psychological effects of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in China
Authors: Gan Yiqun , Ma Jinjin , Wu Jianhui , Chen Yidi , Zhu Huanya , Hall Brian J.
Published: August 2020

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected public health and wellbeing. In response to the pandemic threat of the coronavirus epidemic, several countries, including China, adopted lockdown and quarantine policies, which may cause psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the psychological impact of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in China as well as the corresponding risk factors and protective factors.

Methods

We examined the immediate (2-week) and delayed (2-month) impact of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine on psychological distress in a national sample of 1390 Chinese residents.

Results

No immediate impact of province-wide lockdown on psychological distress was observed, whereas personal quarantine increased individuals’ anxiety, fear, and anger. Despite the lack of initial association, psychological distress increased among those in province-wide lockdown. Self-stigma and personal control both significantly moderated the association between lockdown and psychological distress, but in different directions. Those with higher self-stigma and lower personal control were more impacted by the lockdown. Government support moderated the impact of quarantine on psychological distress, but not that of lockdown.

Conclusions

The delayed effects of lockdown and quarantine on psychological distress were observed, and self-stigma, social support, and perceived control moderate the relationships. This study is the first to demonstrate the psychological costs of province-wide lockdowns on individuals’ mental health, providing evidence of the need for mitigation strategies and timely public mental health preparedness in countries with recent outbreaks of COVID-19.
Self-authorizing action: Onlet me Xin English social interaction
Authors: Hoey Elliott M.
Published: August 2020

This article contributes to conversation analytic research on the formatting of imperative actions by focusing on the English first person imperativelet me/lemme Xas it appears in a range of naturally occurring interactions. I argue thatlemme Xis a practice for displacing what was projectably relevant in a given environment in favor of a self-authorized action. This as a result tends to advance the speaker's interests/initiatives. The analysis accounts for speakers’ apparent presumption of permission in unilaterally undertaking theirlemme Xaction by reference to the placement, design, and subsequent orientations to the self-authorized action. The construction is discussed in terms of the distribution of agency and it is suggested thatlemme Xis particularly suited to advancing activities that favor autonomous action by the speaker and which involve the recipient only minimally. (Conversation analysis, imperatives, directives, English, agency)*
Investigating Dance Improvisation: From Spontaneity to Agency
Authors: Ravn Susanne
Published: August 2020

This article argues that the performance of a dance entails varying degrees of openness and spontaneity and that, on these terms, any dance can be considered improvised. The first part substantiates this claim, whereupon the second part deals with the contingent question as to how dancers then handle openness and spontaneity differently in improvisation practices. To answer this question, the article turns to enactive and phenomenological clarifications of agency—our capacity to perform acts—and by analyzing the improvisation of Danish performer Kitt Johnson, indicates how this clarification can help us understand the different ways agency is exercised when improvising.
Toward an interdisciplinary integration between multi-agents systems and multi-robots systems: a case study
Authors: Botelho Wagner Tanaka , Marietto Maria Das Graças Bruno , Mendes Eduardo De Lima , Sousa Daniel Rodrigues De , Pimentel Edson Pinheiro , da Silva Vera Lúcia , dos Santos Tamires
Published: August 2020

Multi-Robot System (MRS) is composed of a group of robots that work cooperatively. However, Multi-Agent System (MAS) is computational systems consisting of a group of agents that interact with each other to solve a problem. The central difference between MRS and MAS is that in the first case, the agent is a robot, and in the second, it is a software. Analyzing the scientific literature, it is possible to notice that few studies address the integration between MAS and MRS. In order to achieve the interdisciplinary integration, the theoretical background of these areas must be considered in this paper, so that the integration can be applied using a case study of decentralized MRS. The objective of this MRS is to track and surround a stationary target. Also, it has been implemented and validated in the robot simulator called Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform (V-REP). In the validation of the proposed MRS, a scenario with three robots and a stationary target were defined. In the tracking task, the robot can detect the target whose position is not known a priori. When the detection occurs, the V-REP informs the target position to the robot because the environment is discretized into a grid of rectangular cells. After that, all the robots are directed to the target, and the surround task is realized. In this task, a mathematical model with direct communication between the robots was used to keep the robots equidistant therefrom and from each other.
Ultra-processed food industry regulation for tackling obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases in the Brazilian legislature: many proposals, no enactments
Authors: Mariath Aline Brandão , Martins Ana Paula Bortoletto
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To assess efforts of the Brazilian legislature to regulate ultra-processed food industry practices related to obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases during the first 4 years of the United Nations’ Decade of Action on Nutrition.

Design:

We searched the Chamber of Deputies and Federal Senate internal databases to identify bills under consideration between 2016 and December 2019. Keywords related to the main recommendations of international organisations regarding the regulation of food industry practices were used. Descriptive and content analysis of the bills were carried out.

Setting:

Brazilian legislature (Chamber of Deputies and Federal Senate).

Participants:

None.

Results:

Eighty-four bills were identified. The most frequently addressed topics were: nutrition labelling (38·1 %), marketing of unhealthy products (30·9 %), availability of unhealthy products (26·2 %) and critical nutrients content (14·3 %). Only 9·5 % of bills have proposed taxation on unhealthy products. No bill was passed during that period; 2·4 % were rejected and 10·7 % archived. Among the bills still under consideration, 52·4 % have not been passed in any Committee.

Conclusions:

Although many bills have been introduced, no regulation of ultra-processed food industry practices has been enacted by the Brazilian legislature by 2020. It is likely that no positive impact on population nutrition in Brazil will be achieved by the end of the United Nation’s Decade of Action on Nutrition, in 2025 – especially regarding those goals set by the Brazilian government which were supposed to have been achieved by 2019.
Unknown effects of social innovations
Authors: Zürn Michael
Published: August 2020

The omnipresence of radical uncertainty asks for a concept of causality that moves beyond the notion of predicted probabilities. Protean power is a most important contribution to move International Relations research in this direction. Yet, some of the key components need further grounding in existing concepts and debates. First, protean power should include the notion of directionality in order to be power. Second, it should allow for an analysis of the different forms of relation between protean power and different types of uncertainties. And it should focus on features of the power relationship instead of the context in which it takes place to be able to transfer it to contexts other than uncertainty.
A simple method to simultaneously increase the gain and bandwidth of wearable antennas for application in medical/communications systems
Authors: Khajeh-Khalili Farzad , Shahriari Ali , Haghshenas Fatemeh
Published: August 2020

In this paper, a simple and efficient method to increase the gain and bandwidth of the wearable antennas used in several medical/communications systems is presented. To increase the gain and bandwidth simultaneously, the triple transmission lines (TTLs) method has been used. With this method, the frequency ranges of 1.7–2.5 and 5.4–5.95 GHz are covered with dual-band responses. Also, the simulated maximum gain at 2 and 5.8 GHz is equal to 8.26 and 9.86 dB, respectively. Using the TTLs method, the second frequency band (5.4–5.95 GHz) is achieved. Also, the gain improvement in operating frequencies is more than 4 dB compared to the conventional antenna. The dimensions of the proposed wearable high-gain antenna are 80 × 92 × 2 mm3 or 0.57 × 0.67 × 0.01 λg3 at 2 GHz. Finally, a dual-band sample antenna for use in medical systems was fabricated with a flexible felt substrate and its characteristics were measured. There is a good fit between the measurement and simulation results.
Biomarker Distributions in (Sub)‐Arctic Surface Sediments and Their Potential for Sea Ice Reconstructions
Authors: Kolling Henriette M. , Stein Ruediger , Fahl Kirsten , Sadatzki Henrik , de Vernal Anne , Xiao Xiaotong
Published: August 2020

To evaluate the present sea ice changes in a longer‐term perspective, the knowledge of sea ice variability on preindustrial and geological time scales is essential. For the interpretation of proxy reconstructions it is necessary to understand the recent signals of different sea ice proxies from various regions. We present 260 new sediment surface samples collected in the (sub‐)Arctic Oceans that were analyzed for specific sea ice (IP25) and open‐water phytoplankton biomarkers (brassicasterol, dinosterol, and highly branched isoprenoid [HBI] III). This new biomarker data set was combined with 615 previously published biomarker surface samples into a pan‐Arctic database. The resulting pan‐Arctic biomarker and sea ice index (PIP25) database shows a spatial distribution correlating well with the diverse modern sea ice concentrations. We find correlations of PBIP25, PDIP25, and PIIIIP25 with spring and autumn sea ice concentrations. Similar correlations with modern sea ice concentrations are observed in Baffin Bay. However, the correlations of the PIP25 indices with modern sea ice concentrations differ in Fram Strait from those of the (sub‐)Arctic data set, which is likely caused by region‐specific differences in sea ice variability, nutrient availability, and other environmental conditions. The extended (sea ice) biomarker database strengthens the validity of biomarker sea ice reconstructions in different Arctic regions and shows how different sea ice proxies combined may resolve specific seasonal sea ice conditions.
The GFDL Earth System Model Version 4.1 (GFDL‐ESM 4.1): Overall Coupled Model Description and Simulation Characteristics
Authors: Dunne J. P. , Horowitz L. W. , Adcroft A. J. , Ginoux P. , Held I. M. , John J. G. , Krasting J. P. , Malyshev S. , Naik V. , Paulot F. , Shevliakova E. , Stock C. A. , Zadeh N. , Balaji V. , Blanton C. , Dunne K. A. , Dupuis C. , Durachta J. , Dussin R. , Gauthier P. P. G. , Griffies S. M. , Guo H. , Hallberg R. W. , Harrison M. , He J. , Hurlin W. , McHugh C. , Menzel R. , Milly P. C. D. , Nikonov S. , Paynter D. J. , Ploshay J. , Radhakrishnan A. , Rand K. , Reichl B. G. , Robinson T. , Schwarzkopf D. M. , Sentman L. T. , Underwood S. , Vahlenkamp H. , Winton M. , Wittenberg A. T. , Wyman B. , Zeng Y. , Zhao M.
Published: August 2020

We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4.1), which builds on component and coupled model developments at GFDL over 2013–2018 for coupled carbon‐chemistry‐climate simulation contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. In contrast with GFDL's CM4.0 development effort that focuses on ocean resolution for physical climate, ESM4.1 focuses on comprehensiveness of Earth system interactions. ESM4.1 features doubled horizontal resolution of both atmosphere (2° to 1°) and ocean (1° to 0.5°) relative to GFDL's previous‐generation coupled ESM2‐carbon and CM3‐chemistry models. ESM4.1 brings together key representational advances in CM4.0 dynamics and physics along with those in aerosols and their precursor emissions, land ecosystem vegetation and canopy competition, and multiday fire; ocean ecological and biogeochemical interactions, comprehensive land‐atmosphere‐ocean cycling of CO2, dust and iron, and interactive ocean‐atmosphere nitrogen cycling are described in detail across this volume of JAMES and presented here in terms of the overall coupling and resulting fidelity. ESM4.1 provides much improved fidelity in CO2 and chemistry over ESM2 and CM3, captures most of CM4.0's baseline simulations characteristics, and notably improves on CM4.0 in (1) Southern Ocean mode and intermediate water ventilation, (2) Southern Ocean aerosols, and (3) reduced spurious ocean heat uptake. ESM4.1 has reduced transient and equilibrium climate sensitivity compared to CM4.0. Fidelity concerns include (1) moderate degradation in sea surface temperature biases, (2) degradation in aerosols in some regions, and (3) strong centennial scale climate modulation by Southern Ocean convection.
Methane Emissions in a Chemistry‐Climate Model: Feedbacks and Climate Response
Authors: Heimann I. , Griffiths P. T. , Warwick N. J. , Abraham N. L. , Archibald A. T. , Pyle J. A.
Published: August 2020

Understanding the past, present, and future evolution of methane remains a grand challenge. Here we have used a hierarchy of models, ranging from simple box models to a chemistry‐climate model (CCM), UM‐UKCA, to assess the contemporary and possible future atmospheric methane burden. We assess two emission data sets for the year 2000 deployed in UM‐UKCA against key observational constraints. We explore the impact of the treatment of model boundary conditions for methane and show that, depending on other factors, such as CO emissions, satisfactory agreement may be obtained with either of the CH4 emission data sets, highlighting the difficulty in unambiguous choice of model emissions in a coupled chemistry model with strong feedbacks. The feedbacks in the CH4‐CO‐OH system, and their uncertainties, play a critical role in the projection of possible futures. In a future driven by large increases in greenhouse gas forcing, increases in tropospheric temperature drive, an increase in water vapor, and, hence, [OH]. In the absence of methane emission changes this leads to a significant decrease in methane compared to the year 2000. However, adding a projected increase in methane emissions from the RCP8.5 scenario leads to a large increase in methane abundance. This is modified by changes to CO and NOx emissions. Clearly, future levels of methane are uncertain and depend critically on climate change and on the future emission pathways of methane and ozone precursors. We highlight that further work is needed to understand the coupled CH4‐CO‐OH system in order to understand better future methane evolution.
The Effectiveness of the South‐to‐North Water Diversion Middle Route Project on Water Delivery and Groundwater Recovery in North China Plain
Authors: Zhang Chong , Duan Qingyun , Yeh Pat J.‐F. , Pan Yun , Gong Huili , Gong Wei , Di Zhenhua , Lei Xiaohui , Liao Weihong , Huang Zhiyong , Zheng Longqun , Guo Xueru
Published: August 2020

The South‐to‐North Water Diversion Middle Route Project (MRP), which started its operation in December 2014, was designed to transfer water from Danjiangkou Reservoir (DR) in Hanjiang River Basin to North China Plain (NCP) to alleviate water shortage and long‐term groundwater depletion in the water‐receiving region. This study investigates the effectiveness of actual MRP operation during 2015–2018 using the observed water budget data collected from DR and the groundwater level data from 559 monitoring wells. Assuming that MRP was in operation during 2005–2014, ensemble water diversion simulations were performed to study the sensitivity of MRP effectiveness to two important factors: the downstream water demand of DR (Dwd) and the ratio (Ir) of water diversion volume (Qd) replacing groundwater pumping in NCP. Even though the observed and simulated mean annual Qd during 2015–2018 (i.e., 4.3 and 7.0 km3/year, respectively) failed to meet the original water delivery target of 9.5 km3/year due to its short operation and the coincidence with a dry cycle, MRP is effective in groundwater recovery as an increasing trend (+0.3 km3/year) in groundwater storage (GWS) was observed in NCP during 2015–2018. MRP's effectiveness is sensitive to Dwd and Ir. Dwd should not exceed 23.0 km3/year to guarantee Qd reaching the original target, and Ir should not be less than 33% to guarantee GWS recovery. Those findings suggest that a reasonable decrease of Dwd and an increase of Ir are the recommended pathway to ensure the effectiveness of MRP in meeting both water delivery and groundwater recovery targets.
Modeling Transition Metals in East Asia and Japan and Its Emission Sources
Authors: Kajino Mizuo , Hagino Hiroyuki , Fujitani Yuji , Morikawa Tazuko , Fukui Tetsuo , Onishi Kazunari , Okuda Tomoaki , Kajikawa Tomoki , Igarashi Yasuhito
Published: August 2020

Emission inventories of anthropogenic transition metals, which contribute to aerosol oxidative potential (OP), in Asia (Δx = 0.25°, monthly, 2000–2008) and Japan (Δx = 2 km, hourly, mainly 2012) were developed, based on bottom‐up inventories of particulate matters and metal profiles in a speciation database for particulate matters. The new inventories are named Transition Metal Inventory (TMI)‐Asia v1.0 and TMI‐Japan v1.0, respectively. It includes 10 transition metals in PM2.5 and PM10, which contributed to OP based on reagent experiments, namely, Cu, Mn, Co, V, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cd, and Cr. The contributions of sectors in the transition metals emission in Japan were also investigated. Road brakes and iron‐steel industry are primary sources, followed by other metal industry, navigation, incineration, power plants, and railway. In order to validate the emission inventory, eight elements such as Cu, Mn, V, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Cr in anthropogenic dust and those in mineral dust were simulated over East Asia and Japan with Δx = 30 km and Δx = 5 km domains, respectively, and compared against the nation‐wide seasonal observations of PM2.5 elements in Japan and the long‐term continuous observations of total suspended particles (TSPs) at Yonago, Japan in 2013. Most of the simulated elements generally agreed with the observations, while Cu and Pb were significantly overestimated. This is the first comprehensive study on the development and evaluation of emission inventory of OP active elements, but further improvement is needed.
Public Health and Climate Benefits and Trade‐Offs of U.S. Vehicle Electrification
Authors: Peters D. R. , Schnell J. L. , Kinney P. L. , Naik V. , Horton D. E.
Published: August 2020

Vehicle electrification is a common climate change mitigation strategy, with policymakers invoking co‐beneficial reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) and air pollutant emissions. However, while previous studies of U.S. electric vehicle (EV) adoption consistently predict CO2 mitigation benefits, air quality outcomes are equivocal and depend on policies assessed and experimental parameters. We analyze climate and health co‐benefits and trade‐offs of six U.S. EV adoption scenarios: 25% or 75% replacement of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, each under three different EV‐charging energy generation scenarios. We transfer emissions from tailpipe to power generation plant, simulate interactions of atmospheric chemistry and meteorology using the GFDL‐AM4 chemistry climate model, and assess health consequences and uncertainties using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Benefits Mapping Analysis Program Community Edition (BenMAP‐CE). We find that 25% U.S. EV adoption, with added energy demand sourced from the present‐day electric grid, annually results in a ~242 M ton reduction in CO2 emissions, 437 deaths avoided due to PM2.5 reductions (95% CI: 295, 578), and 98 deaths avoided due to lesser ozone formation (95% CI: 33, 162). Despite some regions experiencing adverse health outcomes, ~$16.8B in damages avoided are predicted. Peak CO2 reductions and health benefits occur with 75% EV adoption and increased emission‐free energy sources (~$70B in damages avoided). When charging‐electricity from aggressive EV adoption is combustion‐only, adverse health outcomes increase substantially, highlighting the importance of low‐to‐zero emission power generation for greater realization of health co‐benefits. Our results provide a more nuanced understanding of the transportation sector's climate change mitigation‐health impact relationship.
Genesis of the Antarctic Slope Current in West Antarctica
Authors: Thompson Andrew F. , Speer Kevin G. , Schulze Chretien Lena M.
Published: August 2020

The stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) depends on ocean heat transport toward its base and remains a source of uncertainty in sea level rise prediction. The Antarctic Slope Current (ASC), a major boundary current of the ocean's global circulation, serves as a dynamic gateway for heat transport toward Antarctica. Here, we use observations collected from the Bellingshausen Sea to propose a mechanistic explanation for the initiation of the westward‐flowing ASC. Waters modified throughout the Bellingshausen Sea by ocean‐sea‐ice and ocean‐ice‐shelf interactions are exported to the continental slope in a narrow, topographically steered western boundary current. This focused outflow produces a localized front at the shelf break that supports the emerging ASC. This mechanism emphasizes the importance of buoyancy forcing, integrated over the continental shelf, as opposed to local wind forcing, in the generation mechanism and suggests the potential for remote control of melt rates of WAIS' largest ice shelves.
Temperature and Fluid Pressurization Effects on Frictional Stability of Shale Faults Reactivated by Hydraulic Fracturing in the Changning Block, Southwest China
Authors: An Mengke , Zhang Fengshou , Chen Zhaowei , Elsworth Derek , Zhang Lianyang
Published: August 2020

A shale fault reactivated during multistage hydraulic fracturing in the Changning block in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China, accompanied a cluster of small earthquakes with the largest reaching ML ~ 0.8. We illuminate the underlying mechanisms of fault reactivation through measurements of frictional properties on simulated fault gouge under hydrothermal conditions. Velocity‐stepping experiments were performed at a confining pressure of 60 MPa, temperatures from 30 to 300°C, pore fluid pressures from 10 to 55 MPa, and shear velocities between 0.122 and 1.22 μm/s. Results show that the gouge is frictionally strong with coefficient of friction of 0.6–0.7 across all experimental conditions. At observed in situ pore fluid pressure (30 MPa), the slip stability response is characterized by velocity strengthening at temperatures of 30–200°C and velocity weakening at temperatures of 250–300°C. Increasing the pore fluid pressure can increase values of (a − b) at temperatures ≥200°C, narrowing the temperature range where velocity weakening occurs. At the in situ temperature (90°C), the simulated gouge shows only velocity strengthening behavior and aseismic slip at elevated pore fluid pressures, contrary to the observed seismicity. We postulate that the aseismic slip at elevated pore fluid pressures may trigger seismicity by activating adjacent earthquake‐prone faults.
The Lithospheric Structure of the Gibraltar Arc System From Wide‐Angle Seismic Data
Authors: Gómez de la Peña Laura , Grevemeyer Ingo , Kopp Heidrun , Díaz Jordi , Gallart Josep , Booth‐Rea Guillermo , Gràcia Eulàlia , R. Ranero César
Published: August 2020

In continental settings, seismic failure is generally restricted to crustal depth. Crustal structure is therefore an important proxy to evaluate seismic hazard of continental fault systems. Here we present a seismic velocity model across the Gibraltar Arc System, from the Eurasian Betics Range (South Iberian margin), across offshore East Alboran and Pytheas (African margin) basins, and ending onshore in North Morocco. Our results reveal the nature and configuration of the crust supporting the coexistence of three different crustal domains: the continental crust of the Betics, the continental crust of the Pytheas Basin (south Alboran Basin) and onshore Morocco, and a distinct domain formed of magmatic arc crust under the East Alboran Basin. The magmatic arc under the East Alboran Basin is characterized by a velocity structure containing a relatively high‐velocity lower crust (~7 km/s) bounded at the top and base by reflections. The lateral extension of this crust is mapped integrating a second perpendicular wide‐angle seismic profile along the Eastern Alboran basin, together with basement samples, multibeam bathymetry, and a grid of deep‐penetrating multichannel seismic profiles. The transition between crustal domains is currently unrelated to extensional and magmatic processes that formed the basin. The abrupt transition zones between the different crustal domains support that they are bounded by crustal‐scale active fault systems that reactivate inherited structures. Seismicity in the area is constrained to upper‐middle crust depths, and most earthquakes nucleate outside of the magmatic arc domain.
A Comparison on the E‐Change Pulses Occurring in the Bi‐Level Polarity‐Opposite Charge Regions of the Intracloud Lightning Flashes
Authors: Shi Dongdong , Wang Daohong , Wu Ting , Takagi Nobuyuki
Published: August 2020

We have compared the E‐change pulses occurring in the upper positive charge region (UPCR) and the middle negative charge region (MNCR) of 41 normal intracloud (IC) flashes. E‐change pulses can be roughly grouped into isolated pulses and pulse trains with both positive and negative polarities. Although isolated pulses occurred about equally in UPCR and MNCR, there were much more pulse trains in MNCR than UPCR. Overall, the average amplitude, rise time, half‐peak width, and fall time of isolated pulses (pulse trains) are 56% larger (115% larger), 31% faster (43% slower), 25% narrower (46% wider), and 26% shorter (62% longer) in UPCR than in MNCR. Interestingly, in the same charge region, positive and negative pulses share similar characteristics. Based on a typical well‐structured IC, it was found that the majority of isolated pulses in both UPCR and MNCR occurred at or close to the leader tips. In contrast, about 30% UPCR pulse trains occurred at or close to the tip, while the remaining 70% pulse trains occurred in the leader channel retracing along the leader channel away from the flash origin; for MNCR pulse trains, about 60% occurred close to the tip, and 40% occurred in the channel with a backward extension to the flash origin. Based on these characteristics, we have discussed the physical nature of various types of pulses and pointed out that a leader is likely to progress with a fluctuating behavior when it is neutralizing space charge distributed in a region with sufficient thickness and width.
Integrating Suspended Sediment Flux in Large Alluvial River Channels: Application of a Synoptic Rouse‐Based Model to the Irrawaddy and Salween Rivers
Authors: Baronas J. Jotautas , Stevenson Emily I. , Hackney Christopher R. , Darby Stephen E. , Bickle Michael J. , Hilton Robert G. , Larkin Christina S. , Parsons Daniel R. , Myo Khaing Aung , Tipper Edward T.
Published: August 2020

A large portion of freshwater and sediment is exported to the ocean by a small number of major rivers. Many of these megarivers are subject to substantial anthropogenic pressures, which are having a major impact on water and sediment delivery to deltaic ecosystems. Due to hydrodynamic sorting, sediment grain size and composition vary strongly with depth and across the channel in large rivers, complicating flux quantification. To account for this, we modified a semi‐empirical Rouse model, synoptically predicting sediment concentration, grain‐size distribution, and organic carbon (%OC) concentration with depth and across the river channel. Using suspended sediment depth samples and flow velocity data, we applied this model to calculate sediment fluxes of the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) and the Salween (Thanlwin), the last two free‐flowing megarivers in Southeast Asia. Deriving sediment‐discharge rating curves, we calculated an annual sediment flux of
Mt/year for the Irrawaddy and
Mt/year for the Salween, together exporting 46% as much sediment as the Ganges‐Brahmaputra system. The mean flux‐weighted sediment exported by the Irrawaddy is significantly coarser (D84 = 193 ± 13 μm) and OC‐poorer (0.29 ± 0.08 wt%) compared to the Salween (112 ± 27 μm and 0.59 ± 0.16 wt%, respectively). Both rivers export similar amounts of particulate organic carbon, with a total of
Mt C/year, 53% as much as the Ganges‐Brahmaputra. These results underline the global significance of the Irrawaddy and Salween rivers and warrant continued monitoring of their sediment flux, given the increasing anthropogenic pressures on these river basins.
Improving Data‐Driven Global Weather Prediction Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks on a Cubed Sphere
Authors: Weyn Jonathan A. , Durran Dale R. , Caruana Rich
Published: August 2020

We present a significantly improved data‐driven global weather forecasting framework using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to forecast several basic atmospheric variables on a global grid. New developments in this framework include an off‐line volume‐conservative mapping to a cubed‐sphere grid, improvements to the CNN architecture and the minimization of the loss function over multiple steps in a prediction sequence. The cubed‐sphere remapping minimizes the distortion on the cube faces on which convolution operations are performed and provides natural boundary conditions for padding in the CNN. Our improved model produces weather forecasts that are indefinitely stable and produce realistic weather patterns at lead times of several weeks and longer. For short‐ to medium‐range forecasting, our model significantly outperforms persistence, climatology, and a coarse‐resolution dynamical numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. Unsurprisingly, our forecasts are worse than those from a high‐resolution state‐of‐the‐art operational NWP system. Our data‐driven model is able to learn to forecast complex surface temperature patterns from few input atmospheric state variables. On annual time scales, our model produces a realistic seasonal cycle driven solely by the prescribed variation in top‐of‐atmosphere solar forcing. Although it currently does not compete with operational weather forecasting models, our data‐driven CNN executes much faster than those models, suggesting that machine learning could prove to be a valuable tool for large‐ensemble forecasting.
Patagonian Aridification at the Onset of the Mid‐Miocene Climatic Optimum
Authors: Trayler Robin B. , Kohn Matthew J. , Bargo M. Susana , Cuitiño José I. , Kay Richard F. , Strömberg Caroline A. E. , Vizcaíno Sergio F.
Published: August 2020

Fossil‐rich sediments of the Santa Cruz Formation, Patagonia, Argentina, span the initiation of the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO), the most recent period of warm and wet conditions in the Cenozoic. These conditions drove the expansion of tropical and subtropical ecosystems to much higher latitudes, with the fossiliferous Santa Cruz Formation recording one of the southernmost examples. We collected new carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of herbivore tooth enamel from fossils ~17.4 to 16.4 Ma in age to investigate ecological and climatic changes across the initiation of the MCO. Enamel δ13C values are consistent with a C3‐dominated ecosystem with moderate precipitation and a mix of wooded and more open areas. Serially sampled teeth reveal little zoning in δ13C and δ18O values, suggesting little seasonal variation in water and plant isotope compositions or seasonal changes in diet. Carbon isotope‐based estimates of mean annual precipitation (MAP) are consistent with aridification, with MAP decreasing from ~1,000 ± 235 mm/yr at 17.4 Ma to ~525 ± 105 mm/yr at the start of the climatic optimum (~16.9 Ma). This decrease corresponds to increasing global temperatures, as indicated by marine proxy records, and was followed by a rebound to ~840 ± 270 mm/yr by ~16.4 Ma. In comparison to a modern mean annual temperature (MAT) in the region of ~8°C, oxygen isotopes indicate high MAT (at least 20°C) at the onset of the MCO at 16.9 Ma and a significant increase in MAT to ~25°C by 16.4 Ma.
Seismic Coupling Quantified on Inferred Décollements Beneath the Western Syntaxis of the Himalaya
Authors: Jouanne François , Munawar Naveed , Mugnier Jean‐Louis , Ahmed Awais , Awan Adnan Alam , Bascou Pascale , Vassallo Riccardo
Published: August 2020

We used episodic GNSS measurements to quantify the present‐day velocity field in the northwestern Himalaya from the Himalayan foreland to the Karakoram Range. We report a progressive N‐S compressional velocity gradient with two noticeable exceptions: in the Salt Range, where important southward velocities are recorded, and in Nanga Parbat, where an asymmetrical E‐W velocity gradient is recorded. A review of Quaternary slip along active thrusts both in and out of sequence allows us to propose a 14 mm/yr shortening rate. This constraint, together with a geometrical model of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), allows us to propose estimations of the slip distributions along the active faults. The lower flat of the MHT is characterized by ductile slip, whereas the coupling increases along the crustal ramp and along the upper flat of the MHT. The basal thrust of the Potwar Plateau and Salt Range presents weak coupling, which is interpreted as the existence of a massive salt layer forming an excellent décollement. In the central part of the frontal Salt Range, the velocities suggest the existence of a southward horizontal flux in the massive salt layer. The simulations also suggest that the velocities recorded in Nanga Parbat can be explained by active westward thrusting along the fault that borders the massif to the west. Simulations suggest that the slip along this fault evolves with depth from 5 mm/yr ductile slip near the MHT to no slip along the upper part of the fault.
The Greater Himalayan Thrust Belt: Insight Into the Assembly of the Exhumed Himalayan Metamorphic Core, Modi Khola Valley, Central Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sudip , Larson Kyle P. , Martin Aaron J. , Guilmette Carl , Smit Matthijs A. , Cottle John M.
Published: August 2020

Strike‐parallel tectonometamorphic discontinuities within the Himalayan metamorphic core are typically interpreted to reflect thrust‐sense movement. However, there is disagreement on the nature and sense of movement across one such structure in central Nepal. Using an integrated approach, this study characterizes multiple structural breaks in the Modi Khola region. Thermobarometric calculations combined with petrochronological investigation show that rocks across the Sinuwa thrust record similar histories with prograde garnet growth ca. 35 Ma and peak pressures of ~11.0 kbar, anatexis at ca. 28 Ma, and followed by cooling and exhumation between ca. 24 and 15 Ma. Rocks below the structurally lower Bhanuwa fault record similar garnet growth at ca. 35 Ma and pressures of ~11.5 kbar but experienced melting and retrogression after ca. 21 Ma. Finally, rocks in the footwall of the Main Central thrust, the structurally lowest break investigated, record prograde metamorphism ca. 17–13 Ma with peak pressures of ~7.0 kbar. This down‐structural migration of prograde metamorphism, anatexis, and subsequent cooling and exhumation of the footwall is consistent with models of progressive underplating and in‐sequence thrusting. When paired with published cooling ages across the Bhanuwa fault, results from this study are consistent with normal‐sense reactivation of the structure during middle‐late Miocene time. This new data set shows that the final assembly of the Himalayan metamorphic core is a result of progressive deformation and juxtaposition of multiple thrust sheets through a combination of in‐sequence thrusting, out‐of‐sequence thrusting, and normal faulting. We refer to this as the Greater Himalayan thrust belt.
The role of selenium metabolism and selenoproteins in cartilage homeostasis and arthropathies
Authors: Kang Donghyun , Lee Jeeyeon , Wu Cuiyan , Guo Xiong , Lee Byeong Jae , Chun Jang-Soo , Kim Jin-Hong
Published: August 2020

As an essential nutrient and trace element, selenium is required for living organisms and its beneficial roles in human health have been well recognized. The role of selenium is mainly played through selenoproteins synthesized by the selenium metabolic system. Selenoproteins have a wide range of cellular functions including regulation of selenium transport, thyroid hormones, immunity, and redox homeostasis. Selenium deficiency contributes to various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, liver disease, and arthropathy—Kashin–Beck disease (KBD) and osteoarthritis (OA). A skeletal developmental disorder, KBD has been reported in low-selenium areas of China, North Korea, and the Siberian region of Russia, and can be alleviated by selenium supplementation. OA, the most common form of arthritis, is a degenerative disease caused by an imbalance in matrix metabolism and is characterized by cartilage destruction. Oxidative stress serves as a major cause of the initiation of OA pathogenesis. Selenium deficiency and dysregulation of selenoproteins are associated with impairments to redox homeostasis in cartilage. We review the recently explored roles of selenium metabolism and selenoproteins in cartilage with an emphasis on two arthropathies, KBD and OA. Moreover, we discuss the potential of therapeutic strategies targeting the biological functions of selenium and selenoproteins for OA treatment.
The JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 axis in bone development, physiology, and pathology
Authors: Sims Natalie A.
Published: August 2020

Bone growth and the maintenance of bone structure are controlled by multiple endocrine and paracrine factors, including cytokines expressed locally within the bone microenvironment and those that are elevated, both locally and systemically, under inflammatory conditions. This review focuses on those bone-active cytokines that initiate JAK–STAT signaling, and outlines the discoveries made from studying skeletal defects caused by induced or spontaneous modifications in this pathway. Specifically, this review describes defects in JAK1, STAT3, and SOCS3 signaling in mouse models and in humans, including mutations designed to modify these pathways downstream of the gp130 coreceptor. It is shown that osteoclast formation is generally stimulated indirectly by these pathways through JAK1 and STAT3 actions in inflammatory and other accessory cells, including osteoblasts. In addition, in bone remodeling, osteoblast differentiation is increased secondary to stimulated osteoclast formation through an IL-6-dependent pathway. In growth plate chondrocytes, STAT3 signaling promotes the normal differentiation process that leads to bone lengthening. Within the osteoblast lineage, STAT3 signaling promotes bone formation in normal physiology and in response to mechanical loading through direct signaling in osteocytes. This activity, particularly that of the IL-6/gp130 family of cytokines, must be suppressed by SOCS3 for the normal formation of cortical bone.