bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endogenously Synthesized n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnant fat‐1 Mice Decreases Mammary Cancer Risk of Female Offspring by Regulating Expression of Long Noncoding RNAs
Authors: Li Jiaomei , Li Kelei , Gao Jinlong , Guo Xiaofei , Lu Mengqing , Li Zihao , Li Duo
Published: December 2018

Scope

The present study investigates the precise mechanism by which maternal n‐3 PUFAs decrease mammary cancer risk of offspring in terms of epigenetics.

Methods and results

Transgenic fat‐1 and wild‐type C57BL/6J littermates are fed an n‐6 PUFAs diet during pregnancy. Wild‐genotype offspring of fat‐1 mothers (fat‐1 group) are compared with wild‐genotype offspring of C57BL/6J mothers (control group) in breast cancer risk. Fat‐1 group shows a significantly lower tumor incidence and smaller tumor volume compared with control group. n‐3 PUFAs in fat‐1 mothers change the expression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA, 53 upregulated and 45 downregulated) in mammary glands of offspring. The lncRNA changes are associated with the changes of mRNA in multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, especially NF‐κB, Jak‐STAT, and MAPK pathways. Expression of key protein in these pathways, namely p65, p60, STAT3, Jak1, and p38, are significantly inhibited in fat‐1 group. In line with these results, reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis are also observed in mammary epithelial of fat‐1 group than control group.

Conclusion

The anticancer effect of maternal n‐3 PUFAs is related to the regulation of lncRNA expression, which can further regulate the susceptibility of offspring to breast cancer.
Code of ethics for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (Revised): Report of Task Group 109
Authors: Skourou Christina , Sherouse George W. , Bahar Nina , Bauer Linda A. , Fairobent Lynne , Freedman D. Jay , Genovese Lisa M. , Halvorsen Per H. , Kirby Neil A. , Mahmood Usman , Ozturk Naim , Osterman K. Sunshine , Serago Christopher F. , Svatos Michelle M. , Wilson Melissa L.
Published: December 2018

The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) has established a comprehensive Code of Ethics for its members. The Code is a formal part of AAPM governance, maintained as Professional Policy 24, and includes both principles of ethical practice and the rules by which a complaint will be adjudicated. The structure and content of the Code have been crafted to also serve the much broader purpose of giving practical ethical guidance to AAPM members for making sound decisions in their professional lives. The Code is structured in four major parts: a Preamble, a set of ten guiding Principles, Guidelines that elucidate the application of the Principles in various practice settings, and the formal Complaint process. Guidelines have been included to address evolving social and cultural norms, such as the use of social media and the broadening scope of considerations important in an evolving workplace. The document presented here is the first major revision of the AAPM Code of Ethics since 2008. This revision was approved by the Board of Directors to become effective 1 January 2019.
Examining Endocrine Disruptors Measured in Newborn Dried Blood Spots and Early Childhood Growth in a Prospective Cohort
Authors: Yeung Edwina H. , Bell Erin M. , Sundaram Rajeshwari , Ghassabian Akhgar , Ma Wanli , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Louis Germaine M.
Published: December 2018

Objective

The goal of this study was to determine whether newborn concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and bisphenol A (BPA) are associated with early childhood growth.

Methods

A total of 1,954 singletons and 966 twins from the Upstate KIDS Study (born 2008‐2010) were included in this study. Newborn dried blood spot concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and BPA were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Children’s weight and height were reported from birth through 3 years of age. Repeated measures were modeled using generalized linear mixed models.

Results

PFOS and PFOA were associated with lower BMI (−0.078 kg/m2 [−0.12 to −0.038] and −0.076 kg/m2 [−0.17 to −0.051] per 1 standard deviation increase in log PFOS and PFOA, respectively) and not with early obesity among singletons. Inconsistent associations were observed for twins. BPA levels were higher among neonates with a neonatal intensive care unit stay (P < 0.001), making associations difficult to interpret.

Conclusions

Perfluorinated alkyl substances did not exhibit obesogenic associations with early measures of childhood growth. Blood‐based BPA measures are limited by the nonpersistent nature of the chemical, and unknown sources from hospital settings may present only transient exposures.
A New Glioblastoma Targeting Therapy Concept by Using Square Shaped Janus Drug Carrier Assisted with 3D Printed External Magnetic Wearables
Authors: Wei Chaochao , Liu Yu , Tian Xue , Li Ruolei , Tong Wanqing , Wang Shuhua , Xin Hongbo , Hu Ping , Wang Xiaolei
Published: December 2018

At present, the clinical treatment of malignant glioma is still unsatisfactory. The existence of the blood–brain barrier hinders most chemical and biological drugs to reach the brain tissue. In this study, a square‐shaped Janus drug carrying system, which incorporated with high infrared responsiveness, large drug loading capacity, and reliable magnetic targeting capabilities is synthesized. Combined with an external 3D printed magnetic wearable equipment, this carrying system can effectively penetrate the blood–brain barrier in both in vitro and in vivo tests, it is thus applied to two different targeting tumor therapies (including glioma). Animal experiments demonstrate the multiple therapeutic effects of the proposed system. The subsequent studies imply that the obtained carrier has no obvious toxic effects on the organs of animals. Different from the classical biochemical targeting method, this study uniquely combines the porous Janus nanocarrier with an external wearable magnetic guidance device (physical targeting), which is a promising target therapeutic concept with impressive flexibility and reliability.
Biodegradable Ultrasmall‐in‐Nano Gold Architectures: Mid‐Period In Vivo Distribution and Excretion Assessment
Authors: Cassano Domenico , Summa Maria , Pocoví‐Martínez Salvador , Mapanao Ana‐Katrina , Catelani Tiziano , Bertorelli Rosalia , Voliani Valerio
Published: December 2018

The persistence of metals in the body after the designed theranostic action has hampered the clinical translation of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) to clinics. Therefore, the appealing behaviors of NPs for healthcare applications are still on the bench‐side. Here, quantitative evaluation in healthy murine models show that gold comprised in passion fruit‐like nanoarchitectures (NAs) are excreted daily over a 10 d period by both renal and biliary pathways after biodegradation to the building blocks. Furthermore, histological analyses confirm the absence of nephrotoxicity and the remarkable biocompatibility of NAs up to the higher tested amount of 150 mg kg−1. These in vivo findings demonstrate that NAs are the first full‐inorganic disassembling nanoplatforms exhibiting a noticeable excretion rate from model organisms. Such results are a significant step in bringing noble metal nanotheranostics to the forefront of cancer treatments once again.
On the Compressibility Properties of the Wine‐Rack‐Like Carbon Allotropes and Related Poly(phenylacetylene) Systems
Authors: Degabriele Edera P. , Attard Daphne , Grima‐Cornish James N. , Caruana‐Gauci Roberto , Gatt Ruben , Evans Kenneth E. , Grima Joseph N.
Published: December 2018

Poly(phenylacetylene) sheets that mimic the geometry of a wine‐rack‐like structure have been predicted to exhibit negative Poisson's ratios off‐axis. However, their potential to exhibit negative linear compressibility (NLC) has remained largely unexplored. In this work, the compressibility and other mechanical properties of wine‐rack‐like poly(phenylacetylene) networks with 1,2,4,5 tetra‐substituted phenyls as well as their equivalent with allene or cyclobutadiene centres are simulated to assess their ability to exhibit negative linear compressibility on‐axis and off‐axis. It is shown that some of these systems can indeed exhibit negative linear compressibility whilst others exhibit a near‐zero compressibility. The results are compared to the compressibility properties of other poly(phenylacetylene) networks reported in literature as well as with those predicted from the analytical model for an idealised wine‐rack structure deforming through hinging. Results suggest that these mechanical properties are arising from a wine‐rack‐like mechanism, and there is a good agreement with the theoretical model, especially for systems with longer acetylene chains whose geometry is closer to that of the idealised wine‐rack.
Numerical robustness of extended Kalman filtering based state estimation in ill‐conditioned continuous‐discrete nonlinear stochastic chemical systems
Authors: Kulikov G. Yu. , Kulikova M. V.
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a case study investigation of numerical robustness of extended Kalman filters used for estimation of stochastic chemical systems with ill‐conditioned measurements. Here, we consider both a batch reactor model and that of a continuously stirred tank reactor. Our purpose is to explore performance of extended Kalman filtering–based state estimators when the measurement model becomes increasingly ill conditioned. In this way, we determine numerically robust methods, which are suitable for accurate estimation of stochastic chemical systems in the presence of round‐off and other disturbances. We examine both conventional filters and their square‐root forms. All these algorithms are implemented by means of the conventional matrix inversion used in their measurement update steps and the Moore‐Penrose pseudoinversion as well. Furthermore, the square‐root filters under investigation are obtained in two ways, namely, by solving square‐root moment differential equations and by square rooting the filter itself. We show that only the square‐root filters grounded in the second approach (with use of stable orthogonal decompositions) are numerically robust and provide the excellent estimation accuracy within all our ill‐conditioned stochastic chemical system scenarios considered in this paper. In addition, the convectional filters and the square‐root variants based on solving moment equations are rather sensitive to round‐off and may be useful and accurate if the chemical system at hand is rather well conditioned.
Sliding mode control for N‐coupled reaction‐diffusion PDEs with boundary input disturbances
Authors: Gu Jian‐Jun , Wang Jun‐Min
Published: December 2018

This paper develops the sliding mode control (SMC) design for N‐coupled reaction‐diffusion parabolic PDEs with boundary input disturbances. In order to reject the disturbances, the backstepping‐based boundary SMC law is constructed to steer the system trajectory to a suitable sliding surface and then maintain sliding motion on the surface thereafter, resulting in the exponential convergence to the zero equilibrium state. The well‐posedness of the closed‐loop system is established based on a detailed spectral analysis and Riesz basis generation. Finally, a simulation example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the SMC design.
Fish community response to habitat variables in two restored side channels of the lower Platte River, Nebraska
Authors: Uerling Caleb C. , Hamel Martin J. , Pegg Mark A.
Published: December 2018

Anthropogenic alterations to large rivers ranging from impoundments to channelization and levees have caused many rivers to no longer access the floodplain in a meaningful capacity. Floodplain habitats are important to many riverine fishes to complete their life‐history strategies. The fish community and species of fish that inhabit floodplain habitats are often dictated by the type of habitat and the conditions within that habitat (e.g., temperature, water velocity, depth, and discharge). As mitigation and restoration projects are undertaken, it is imperative that managers understand how various habitat components will affect the fish community in floodplain habitats. We collected fish and habitat data from two restored side channels with different structural designs on the lower Platte River, Nebraska, to determine how habitat variables predicted species diversity and individual species presence. We found a decrease in discharge in the main‐stem river resulted in increased diversity in one of the side channels, with the greatest diversity values occurring during summer. No habitat variables performed well for predicting fish species diversity for an adjacent side channel with more uniform depth and velocity and no groundwater inputs. However, several native riverine fish species in this side channel were shown to be associated with high temperature, dissolved oxygen, main‐stem discharge, and discharge variability. These results highlight the importance of considering the physical design of restored floodplain habitats when attempting to enhance fish communities.
Protective Effects of Uncultured Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction on Testicular Injury Induced by Torsion-Detorsion in Rats
Authors: Zhou Liuhua , Song Kaiwei , Xu Luwei , Zhao Feng , Tian Hongqiang , Zhou Changcheng , Xu Zhongle , Ge Yuzheng , Wu Ran , Jia Ruipeng
Published: December 2018

Torsion-detorsion (T/D)-induced testicular injury may lead to male subfertility and even infertility. Stem cell therapy provides an alternative to attenuate testicular injury and promote spermatogenesis. Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) can be acquired conveniently without in vitro expansion, which may avoid the potential risks of microbial contamination, xenogenic nutritional sources, etc., during cell culture. In this study, we investigate the protective effects of autologous uncultured SVF on testicular injury and spermatogenesis in a rat model of T/D. Animals were randomly divided into sham, T/D+ phosphate-buffered saline, and T/D + SVF groups (18 rats in each group). SVF was isolated, labeled with lipophilic fluorochrome chloromethylbenzamido dialkylcarbocyanine, and transplanted into T/D testis by local injection. At 3, 7, 14, and 28 days F surgery, testicular tissue and serum samples were harvested for histopathological, immunohistochemical, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Histopathological findings demonstrated severe injury in the testis with decreased Johnsen’s score led by T/D, while uncultured SVF reduced testicular injury and elevated the decreased score. Injected SVF cells were mainly integrated into interstitial region and seminiferous tubules, enhanced the secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor and stem cell factor in the testis, contributed to the declining level of malondialdehyde and restoration of hormonal homeostasis, and then reduced the injury of Leydig cells and germ cells, as well as promoting spermatogenesis. Our findings demonstrated that autologous uncultured SVF could protect the testis from testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury and promote spermatogenesis, which provide significant clinical implications for the prevention of infertility induced by testicular T/D. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:383–391
Mechanisms of Self‐Assembly and Energy Harvesting in Tuneable Conjugates of Quantum Dots and Engineered Photovoltaic Proteins
Authors: Liu Juntai , Mantell Judith , Di Bartolo Natalie , Jones Michael R.
Published: December 2018

Photoreaction centers facilitate the solar energy transduction at the heart of photosynthesis and there is increasing interest in their incorporation into biohybrid devices for solar energy conversion, sensing, and other applications. In this work, the self‐assembly of conjugates between engineered bacterial reaction centers (RCs) and quantum dots (QDs) that act as a synthetic light harvesting system is described. The interface between protein and QD is provided by a polyhistidine tag that confers a tight and specific binding and defines the geometry of the interaction. Protein engineering that changes the pigment composition of the RC is used to identify Förster resonance energy transfer as the mechanism through which QDs can drive RC photochemistry with a high energy transfer efficiency. A thermodynamic explanation of RC/QD conjugation based on a multiple/independent binding model is provided. It is also demonstrated that the presence of multiple binding sites affects energy coupling not only between RCs and QDs but also among the bound RCs themselves, effects which likely stem from restricted RC dynamics at the QD surface in denser conjugates. These findings are readily transferrable to many other conjugate systems between proteins or combinations of proteins and other nanomaterials.
Long‐Term Perfusion Culture of Monoclonal Embryonic Stem Cells in 3D Hydrogel Beads for Continuous Optical Analysis of Differentiation
Authors: Kleine‐Brüggeney Hans , van Vliet Liisa D. , Mulas Carla , Gielen Fabrice , Agley Chibeza C. , Silva José C. R. , Smith Austin , Chalut Kevin , Hollfelder Florian
Published: December 2018

Developmental cell biology requires technologies in which the fate of single cells is followed over extended time periods, to monitor and understand the processes of self‐renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming. A workflow is presented, in which single cells are encapsulated into droplets (Ø: 80 µm, volume: ≈270 pL) and the droplet compartment is later converted to a hydrogel bead. After on‐chip de‐emulsification by electrocoalescence, these 3D scaffolds are subsequently arrayed on a chip for long‐term perfusion culture to facilitate continuous cell imaging over 68 h. Here, the response of murine embryonic stem cells to different growth media, 2i and N2B27, is studied, showing that the exit from pluripotency can be monitored by fluorescence time‐lapse microscopy, by immunostaining and by reverse‐transcription and quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR). The defined 3D environment emulates the natural context of cell growth (e.g., in tissue) and enables the study of cell development in various matrices. The large scale of cell cultivation (in 2000 beads in parallel) may reveal infrequent events that remain undetected in lower throughput or ensemble studies. This platform will help to gain qualitative and quantitative mechanistic insight into the role of external factors on cell behavior.
Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 1
Authors: Wang Yu‐Chen , Ke Yaling , Zhao Yi
Published: December 2018

The cover image is based on the Advanced Review The hierarchical and perturbative forms of stochastic Schrödinger equations and their applications to carrier dynamics in organic materials by Yi Zhao et al., DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1375.

image
Black hole entropy and soft hair
Authors: Haco Sasha , Hawking Stephen W. , Perry Malcolm J. , Strominger Andrew
Published: December 2018

Abstract

A set of infinitesimal Virasoro L ⊗ Virasoro R diffeomorphisms are presented which act non-trivially on the horizon of a generic Kerr black hole with spin J. The covariant phase space formalism provides a formula for the Virasoro charges as surface integrals on the horizon. Integrability and associativity of the charge algebra are shown to require the inclusion of ‘Wald-Zoupas’ counterterms. A counterterm satisfying the known consistency requirement is constructed and yields central charges c

L
= c

R
= 12J. Assuming the existence of a quantum Hilbert space on which these charges generate the symmetries, as well as the applicability of the Cardy formula, the central charges reproduce the macroscopic area-entropy law for generic Kerr black holes.
A note on the complex SYK model and warped CFTs
Authors: Chaturvedi Pankaj , Gu Yingfei , Song Wei , Yu Boyang
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We discuss the connections between the complex SYK model at the conformal limit and warped conformal field theories. Both theories have an SL(2, ℝ) × U(1) global symmetry. We present comparisons on symmetries, correlation functions, the effective action and the entropy formula. We also use modular covariance to reinterpret results in the complex SYK model.
Revisiting the asymptotic dynamics of General Relativity on AdS3
Authors: González Hernán A. , Matulich Javier , Pino Miguel , Troncoso Ricardo
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The dual dynamics of Einstein gravity on AdS3 supplemented with boundary conditions of KdV-type is identified. It corresponds to a two-dimensional field theory at the boundary, described by a novel action principle whose field equations are given by two copies of the “potential modified KdV” equation. The asymptotic symmetries then transmute into the global Noether symmetries of the dual action, giving rise to an infinite set of commuting conserved charges, implying the integrability of the system. Noteworthy, the theory at the boundary is non-relativistic and possesses anisotropic scaling of Lifshitz type.
Global Changes in Children's Lives
Authors: Gielen Uwe P. , Kim Sunghun
Published: December 2018

This Element compares the nature of childhood in four representative societies differing in their subsistence activities: bands of Australian hunter-gatherers, Tibetan nomadic pastoralists, peasants and farmers residing in Maya villages and towns, and South Korean students growing up in a digital information society. In addition, the Element traces a variety of intertwined global changes that have led to sharply reduced child mortality rates, shrinking family sizes, contested gender roles, increased marriage ages, long-term enrollment of children (especially girls in educational institutions), and the formation of 'glocal' identities.
Beyond Combination: How Cosmic Consciousness Grounds Ordinary Experience
Authors: SHANI ITAY , KEPPLER JOACHIM
Published: December 2018

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, our purpose is to propose and motivate a novel and scientifically informed variant of cosmopsychism, namely, the view that the experiences of ordinary subjects are ultimately grounded in an all-pervading cosmic consciousness. Second, we will demonstrate that this approach generates promising avenues for addressing familiar problems of phenomenal constitution. We use stochastic electrodynamics (SED) as the physical bedrock of our approach, supplementing it with key insights about the nature of consciousness long emphasized in eastern philosophy and other wisdom traditions. We proceed to show that our approach substantiates an intriguing way of thinking about the dynamical emergence of ordinary consciousness from cosmic consciousness, identifying the latter with the vacuum state of quantum field theory. Finally, we argue that the present approach is well suited to address problems of phenomenal constitution, in particular as they pertain to the qualities and structure of experience and to the generation of subjects.
An ecological model of adaptation to displacement: individual, cultural and community factors affecting psychosocial adjustment among Syrian refugees in Jordan
Authors: Wells Ruth , Lawsin Catalina , Hunt Caroline , Said Youssef Omar , Abujado Fayzeh , Steel Zachary
Published: December 2018

Background.

There is a need for ecological approaches to guide global mental health programmes that can appropriately address the personal, family, social and cultural needs of displaced populations. A transactional ecological model of adaptation to displacement was developed and applied to the case of Syrian refugees living in Jordan.

Methods.

Syrian and Jordanian psychosocial workers (n = 29) supporting the Syrian refugee community in Jordan were interviewed in three waves (2013–2016). A grounded-theory approach was used to develop a model of key local concepts of distress. Emergent themes were compared with the ecological model, including the five ADAPT pillars identified by Silove (2013).

Results.

The application of the ecological concept of niche construction demonstrated how the adaptive functions of a culturally significant concept of dignity (karama) are moderated by gender and displacement. This transactional concept brought to light the adaptive capacities of many Syrian women while highlighting the ways that stigma may restrict culturally sanctioned opportunities for others, in particular men. By examining responses to potentially traumatic events at the levels of individual, family/peers, society and culture, adaptive responses to environmental change can be included in the formulation of distress. The five ADAPT pillars showed congruence with the psychosocial needs reported in the community.

Conclusions.

The transactional concepts in this model can help clinicians working with displaced people to consider and formulate a broader range of causal factors than is commonly included in individualistic therapy approaches. Researchers may use this model to develop testable hypotheses.
A linearised model for calculating inertial forces on a particle in the presence of a permeate flow
Authors: Garcia Mike , Ganapathysubramanian B. , Pennathur S.
Published: December 2018

Understanding particle transport and localisation in porous channels, especially at moderate Reynolds numbers, is relevant for many applications ranging from water reclamation to biological studies. Recently, researchers experimentally demonstrated that the interplay between axial and permeate flow in a porous microchannel results in a wide range of focusing positions of finite-sized particles (Garcia & Pennathur, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 2 (4), 2017, 042201). We numerically explore this interplay by computing the lateral forces on a neutrally buoyant spherical particle that is subject to both inertial and permeate forces over a range of experimentally relevant particle sizes and channel Reynolds numbers. Interestingly, we show that the lateral forces on the particle are well represented using a linearised model across a range of permeate-to-axial flow rate ratios. Specifically, our model linearises the effects of the permeate flow, which suggests that the interplay between axial and permeate flow on the lateral force on a particle can be represented as a superposition between the lateral (inertial) forces in pure axial flow and the viscous forces in pure permeate flow. We experimentally validate this observation for a range of flow conditions. The linearised behaviour observed significantly reduces the complexity and time required to predict the migration of inertial particles in permeate channels.
Mach stem deformation in pseudo-steady shock wave reflections
Authors: Shi Xiaofeng , Zhu Yujian , Yang Jiming , Luo Xisheng
Published: December 2018

The deformation of the Mach stem in pseudo-steady shock wave reflections is investigated numerically and theoretically. The numerical simulation provides the typical flow patterns of Mach stem deformation and reveals the differences caused by high-temperature gas effects. The results also show that the wall jet, which causes Mach stem deformation, can be regarded as a branch of the mainstream from the first reflected shock. A new theoretical model for predicting the Mach stem deformation is developed by considering volume conservation. The theoretical predictions agree well with the numerical results in a wide range of test conditions. With this model, the wall-jet velocity and the inflow velocity from the Mach stem are identified as the two dominating factors that convey the influence of high-temperature thermodynamics. The mechanism of high-temperature gas effects on the Mach stem deformation phenomenon are then discussed.
Deconstructing organizational resilience: A multiple-case study
Authors: Yılmaz Börekçi Dilek , Rofcanin Yasin , Heras Mireia L. , Berber Aykut
Published: December 2018

This study extends previous research on organizational resilience by focusing on its relational resilience dimension and integrating with its operational resilience dimension. Our main goal is to understand relational resilience construct and complement it with operational resilience construct to have a complete and balanced picture of organizational resilience. We analyze complementary contributions of relational and operational resilience on organizational resilience in survival and sustainability dimensions. A multiple-case study has been conducted on two manufacturing and two service organizations. This study has conceptualized relational resilience beyond its survival dimension and extended it in sustainability dimension. This understanding enables congruence with the recent conceptualization of organizational and operational resilience in survival and sustainability aspects.
Lonely But Not Alone: Neuroticism Mediates the Relationship Between Social Network Size and Loneliness in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Rigon Arianna , Duff Melissa C. , Beadle Janelle
Published: December 2018

Objectives:Although individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often report higher levels of social isolation, little is known about the factors influencing their self-perception of loneliness. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between loneliness, social network size, and personality variables (neuroticism and extraversion) after TBI, and in particular whether specific personality variables mediate the relationship between social network size and perception of loneliness.Methods:Here, we assessed self-reported loneliness, personality variables, and social network size of 24 individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI and 41 healthy comparison participants. We then carried out a mediation analysis to examine whether personality variables mediated the relationship between loneliness and social network size.Results:Our results indicate that individuals with TBI reported higher levels of loneliness and neuroticism, but there was no group difference in social network size or extraversion. The mediation analysis revealed that the association between social network size and loneliness was mediated by neuroticism, but not by extraversion.Conclusions:Our findings show that neuroticism is an intervening variable in the relationship between social network size and self-perception of loneliness in individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI, and presents a new possible target for clinicians and rehabilitators seeking to address reports of loneliness and social isolation in TBI. (JINS2019,25, 266–274)
Entwicklung und Prävention von Essstörungen und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Schuck Kathrin , Schneider Silvia
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung. Essstörungen und Adipositas (krankhaftes Übergewicht) stellen bedeutsame Gesundheitsstörungen dar und können schwere und langfristige Gesundheitsschäden für die Betroffenen und hohe Behandlungskosten für das Gesundheitssystem nach sich ziehen. Aufgrund der Tendenz zur Chronifizierung, der langwierigen Therapie sowie der Schwere der Begleit- und Folgeerkrankungen klinisch manifester Essstörungen und Adipositas können wirksame Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung der Entstehung und Manifestation eine wichtige Rolle in der Verbesserung der Gesundheit auf der Populationsebene spielen. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über verschiedene Essstörungen und die Adipositas sowie Informationen über deren Entstehung und Verbreitung. Zudem bietet die Arbeit einen narrativen Überblick über bestehende Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung der Entstehung und Manifestation von Essstörungen und Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter im deutschsprachigen Raum und deren Wirksamkeit. Die Studienlage zeigt, dass universelle Präventionsprogramme zur Prävention von Essstörungen und Adipositas fast ausschließlich im Schulbereich stattfinden und routinegemäß kleine Effekte zeigen. Die Effektstärken selektiver und indizierte Präventionsmaßnahmen in Risikogruppen sind tendenziell etwas höher, jedoch ist die Reichweite in die Gesellschaft bei diesen Programmen geringer. Langzeiteffekte bestehender Präventionsprogramme sind nicht hinreichend belegt. Es bedarf weiterer Arbeit um erfolgversprechende Programme langfristig in gesellschaftliche Strukturen zu implementieren und Effekte zu evaluieren. Zudem bedarf es einer Verbesserung bisheriger Ansätze zur Förderung der Reichweite von Präventionsmaßnahmen (z.B. Verbesserung der Inanspruchnahme durch sozial benachteiligte Gruppen oder Risikogruppen). Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist unklar, ob präventive Maßnahmen zur Förderung eines gesunden Gewichtsmanagements bei Kindern und Jugendlichen auch zu einer Reduktion von Esstörungspathologie führen können.
The Relationships Between Dissolved Zinc and Major Nutrients Phosphate and Silicate Along the GEOTRACES GA02 Transect in the West Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Middag R. , de Baar H. J. W. , Bruland K. W.
Published: December 2018

Dissolved zinc (Zn) has a nutrient‐type distribution in the ocean that more closely resembles the distribution of silicate (Si) than phosphate (PO4). However, Zn is a trace‐nutrient and mostly present in the organic fraction of phytoplankton rather than the siliceous frustule. It has been suggested the coupling of Zn and Si is caused by the strong depletion of nutrients in the Southern Ocean, possibly combined with scavenging of Zn. Here we assess the distribution of Zn and nutrients along the conduit of southward traveling waters of northern origin and northward traveling waters of Antarctic origin to unravel the influence of various water masses and local biogeochemical processes in the Atlantic Ocean. The distribution of Zn and Si is governed by mixing such that influence of remineralization is barely distinguishable, whereas the distribution of PO4 is influenced by both processes. The subsurface water masses that supply nutrients to the surface ocean are depleted in Zn. Indeed, the Southern Ocean water masses play a driving role, but remarkably, also subsurface water masses from northern high‐latitude origin are depleted in Zn. Both northern and southern high‐latitude waters have a relatively high Zn:PO4 uptake and remineralization ratio, implying it is Zn availability and not only chronic iron limitation that leads to increased Zn uptake in the high‐latitude regions. The limited supply of Zn to the surface Atlantic Ocean can explain the lack of an Atlantic Zn remineralization signal and indicates Zn might play a role in phytoplankton community composition and productivity.
Total Pressure Dependence of Sulfur Mass‐Independent Fractionation by SO2Photolysis
Authors: Endo Yoshiaki , Danielache Sebastian O. , Ueno Yuichiro
Published: December 2018

Sulfur Mass‐Independent Fractionation (S‐MIF) may provide a clue to understanding Earth's early atmosphere. We examined total pressure dependence of the S‐MIF produced by SO2photolysis. Isotopic self‐shielding is known to produce S‐MIF, which could be changed by both the partial pressure of SO2(pSO2) and by the total pressure (pTotal). Our experimental results show that both Δ33S and Δ36S values are constant when total pressure is below 10 kPa at constantpSO2, whereas they decrease as total pressure increases. The result suggests that pressure broadening of the SO2absorption line is responsible for the S‐MIF. The modeled high‐resolution isotopologue cross sections can reproduce our experimental results and its changes depending on bothpSO2andpTotal. Consequently, we conclude that the Archean Δ33S and Δ36S correlation can only be achieved when the total pressure of the Archean atmosphere was below 100 kPa, or it was produced in the upper atmosphere.
Al/Fe Mineral Controls on Soil Organic Carbon Stock Across Tibetan Alpine Grasslands
Authors: Fang Kai , Qin Shuqi , Chen Leiyi , Zhang Qiwen , Yang Yuanhe
Published: December 2018

Adequate understanding of the controlling factors of soil carbon (C) stock is crucial for improving the predictability of Earth System Models in exploring terrestrial C‐climate feedback. Current studies, however, mainly focus on climatic and edaphic variables and rarely explore the effects of mineral protection in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) stock over broad geographic scale. Particularly, the relative importance of mineral protection compared with other factors is unclear. Based on large‐scale soil inventory, here we filled this knowledge gap by exploring the effects of Al/Fe‐(hydr) oxides on SOC and three C fractions across Tibetan alpine grasslands via linear regression, partial correlation, and variance partitioning analyses, and also by comparing the degree of mineral protection in alpine grasslands with other ecosystems. Our results showed that SOC and C fractions across Tibetan alpine grasslands were regulated by Al/Fe‐(hydr) oxides, with the incorporation of mineral variables increasing the explained variations by 10.1% for SOC content, 13.4% for coarse particulate organic matter, 12.6% for microaggregate associated C, and 21.9% for silt and clay associated C. Moreover, the contribution of mineral effects exceeded that of climatic and edaphic factors, particularly in the silt and clay associated C fraction. In addition, about 15.8 ± 12.0% of SOC pools were associated with Fe, which was equal to or higher than those in temperate and tropical‐subtropical ecosystems. Taken together, these results demonstrate the significant role of Al/Fe minerals in the stabilization of SOC across Tibetan alpine grasslands, highlighting the importance of incorporating C‐mineral interactions into ESMs for better understanding the terrestrial C‐climate feedback.
Formation Conditions for Nanoparticles in a Fault Zone and Their Role in Fault Sliding
Authors: Cai Zhou‐rong , Lu Li‐juan , Huang Qiang‐tai , Li Jian‐feng , Zhong Li‐feng , Xiang Jun‐yang , Xia Bin , Liu Hai‐ling
Published: December 2018

Recent high‐velocity rotary shear experiments results show that spherical nanoparticles can reduce fault friction dramatically during seismic slip. But questions like what are the roles of the nanoparticles in the whole slip are largely open problems. In this study, two types of nanoparticles were found in the Red River fault zone, including agglomerated nanoparticles in the ductile shear zone and spherical nanoparticles adjacent to the brittle faults. To ascertain the formation of these nanoparticles and explore the role of nanoparticles, the experiments under high temperature and pressure were conducted. The results of the experiments and of the previous studies suggest that the spherical nanoparticles can produce at the low temperature, which may lubricate the fault and significantly reduce the dynamic coefficient of friction. With the rise in temperature, the spherical nanoparticles are elongated or deformed to the agglomerated nanoparticles, which may no longer lubricate the fault, and lead the fault slip to slow down until it stops. Accordingly, this paper summarizes the role of these nanoparticles throughout the whole process of fault sliding.
The 3D Geophysical Investigation of a Middle Cretaceous to Paleocene Regional Décollement in the Cordillera of Northern Canada and Alaska
Authors: Hayward Nathan
Published: December 2018

A new approach to the 3D inversion and interpretation of gravity data is applied to the crustal architecture of the northern Cordillera of Canada and Alaska. The technique models the distribution and depth extent of rocks with systematic density contrasts, such as sedimentary or intrusive rocks. In the northern Cordillera, the geometry of low‐density zones, primarily associated with middle to Late Cretaceous granitic intrusions, and Neoproterozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, is defined. Variation in the depth extent of these zones delimits a surface, interpreted herein as a regional décollement syntectonic with, or postdating, middle Cretaceous intrusions, but predating and displaced ~430 km by the Eocene‐aged Tintina fault. The décollement trends N35°E and shallows from a depth of ~15–20 km beneath Selwyn basin to ~11 km beneath the Mackenzie Mountains. Here surface faults echo the décollement geometry, linked to fold and thrust belt development between the middle Cretaceous and Paleocene. The décollement continues southward for an unknown distance into northern British Columbia, but the Liard line represents a structural discontinuity between the fold and thrust belts of the Mackenzie Mountains and northern Rocky Mountains. The décollement's northwestern extent is broadly defined by surface faults in the northern Ogilvie Mountains. However, prior to Tintina fault displacement, the décollement was likely connected to a fold and thrust belt and related décollement in east‐central Alaska. Estimates of post‐middle Cretaceous exhumation suggest regional tectonic modification of the décollement, possibly including the presently active detachment inferred for the weak lower crust.
Life History Theory and Recovery From Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Richardson George B. , Blount Taheera N. , Hanson-Cook Blair S.
Published: December 2018

Recovery has emerged as an important paradigm in addictions treatment but the field has yet to achieve consensus on how it should be defined and measured. The recovery construct has been extended beyond sustained reductions in use or abstinence to enhancements in global health/well-being and also prosocial community reintegration. However, few studies have included these broader domains in their measurement of recovery and few scientific theories have been advanced to explain why reductions in substance use occasion these broader life changes. This article applies life history theory to recovery for the first time to help define recovery, advance recovery measurement, and explain why broad change across multiple life domains should facilitate sustained recovery progress. We conclude with a discussion of future directions and challenges for future research informed by our life history framework for recovery.
CD36 plays a critical role in proliferation, migration and tamoxifen-inhibited growth of ER-positive breast cancer cells
Authors: Liang Yu , Han Hao , Liu Lipei , Duan Yajun , Yang Xiaoxiao , Ma Chuanrui , Zhu Yan , Han Jihong , Li Xiaoju , Chen Yuanli
Published: December 2018

Tamoxifen inhibits estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer growth while CD36 potentiates cancer metastasis. The effects of CD36 on proliferation/migration of breast cancer cells and tamoxifen-inhibited ER-positive cell growth are unknown. In this study, we correlated the mortality of breast cancer patients to tumor CD36 expression levels. We also found CD36 was higher in ER-rich (MCF-7>T-47D~ZR-75-30) than ER-negative (MDA-MB-231) cells. CD36 siRNA decreased viability and migration of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with more potent effects on MCF-7 cells. Inversely, high expressing CD36 enhanced cell growth/migration. Mechanistically, CD36 increased expression of genes responsible for cell proliferation, migration and anti-apoptosis. CD36 also activated ERα and ER-targeted genes for cell cycles, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2). Tamoxifen inhibited CD36 and p-ERK1/2 in ERα-positive but not ERα-negative cells. Reciprocally, inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth by tamoxifen was attenuated by high expressing CD36. CD36, ERα and p-ERK1/2 expression was higher in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/TAMR) cells than normal MCF-7 cells. However, CD36 siRNA restored the capacity of tamoxifen inhibiting MCF-7/TAMR cell growth. CD36 antibody inhibited cell growth and expression of ERα, p-ERK1/2 and CCND1. Therefore, our study unveils a pro-tumorigenic role of CD36 in breast cancer by enhancing proliferation/migration of breast cancer cells while attenuating tamoxifen-inhibited ER-positive cell growth.
Whole exome sequencing for the identification of CYP3A7 variants associated with tacrolimus concentrations in kidney transplant patients
Authors: Sohn Minji , Kim Myeong Gyu , Han Nayoung , Kim In-Wha , Gim Jungsoo , Min Sang-Il , Song Eun Young , Kim Yon Su , Jung Hun Soon , Shin Young Kee , Ha Jongwon , Oh Jung Mi
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify genotypes associated with dose-adjusted tacrolimus trough concentrations (C0/D) in kidney transplant recipients using whole-exome sequencing (WES). This study included 147 patients administered tacrolimus, including seventy-five patients in the discovery set and seventy-two patients in the replication set. The patient genomes in the discovery set were sequenced using WES. Also, known tacrolimus pharmacokinetics-related intron variants were genotyped. Tacrolimus C0/D was log-transformed. Sixteen variants were identified including novel CYP3A7 rs12360 and rs10211 by ANOVA. CYP3A7 rs2257401 was found to be the most significant variant among the periods by ANOVA. Seven variants including CYP3A7 rs2257401, rs12360, and rs10211 were analyzed by SNaPshot in the replication set and the effects on tacrolimus C0/D were verified. A linear mixed model (LMM) was further performed to account for the effects of the variants and clinical factors. The combined set LMM showed that only CYP3A7 rs2257401 was associated with tacrolimus C0/D after adjusting for patient age, albumin, and creatinine. The CYP3A7 rs2257401 genotype variant showed a significant difference on the tacrolimus C0/D in those expressing CYP3A5, showing its own effect. The results suggest that CYP3A7 rs2257401 may serve as a significant genetic marker for tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in kidney transplantation.
Differences in collembola species assemblages (Arthropoda) between spoil tips and surrounding environments are dependent on vegetation development
Authors: Vanhée Benoit , Devigne Cédric
Published: December 2018

Spoil tip production is one of the most extreme means of soil destruction, replacing the native soil with a coarse substrate. In this paper, we aim to determine the colonization of soil biota in new substrates, using collembola assemblages as an indicator. In Northern France, we sampled collembola communities in 11 coal mine spoil tips and their surroundings divided in four stages of vegetation development: bare soil, meadow, shrub and tree covers. We demonstrated that collembola assemblages of spoil tips were different from those observed in the surrounding native soil. Collembola communities on bare soil were characterized by pioneer (based on theIndvalindex) or exotic species (new in Northern France). However, homogenization occurred with development of vegetation cover. Indeed, our data showed no difference in springtail diversity between spoil tips and their corresponding environments regarding the tree vegetation cover. Using theIndvalmethod, we defined pioneer, colonizing, opportunist or stenoecious species as a function of substrate affinities. Using the same method, we defined specialists, elective, preferring or indifferent species as a function of vegetation cover affinities, showing similarities with previously published surveys. Hence, our results were obtained by a focused analysis of species and their particularity. Finally, we discussed the interest in and the complementarity between the species analysis approach and the methodology dealing with functional traits and of its importance in the decision process of restoration and/or conservation of nature.