bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BODILY REFORM AS HISTORICAL PRACTICE: THE SEMANTICS OF RESISTANCE IN MODERN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Comaroff Jean
Published: September 2007

This paper seeks to explore why rituals of bodily reform play so prominent a role in movements of social reconstruction, particularly in collective action which never attains the level of explicit historical discourse. I argue that the crucial signifying role of the body here derives from its position as primary mediator between the self and the sociocultural context. In the case of a protest movement in modern South Africa, I show how the semantics of bodily affliction and reform permit participants to address and redress the historical roots of their conflict‐laden experience. Here, sociocultural contradiction takes tangible shape in the ‘natural’ contradictions of the human body, and reconstitution proceeds by alike drawing upon media from the body's seemingly inexhaustible stock. But in this, the body is more than mere ‘natural alibi’ or set of unmotivated signs; it provides implements determined by an inherent, natural logic which engages in what is a reciprocally determining relationship with the semantic logic of specific sociohistorical projects.
SYMBOLIC FOODS: PREGNANCY CRAVINGS AND THE ENVIOUS FEMALE
Authors: Obeyesekere Gananath
Published: September 2007

In my article I intend to show that the pregnancy cravings by Sri Lankan women constitute a system of personal symbols that must be understood in relation to the female role and the psychological problems engendered by it. I define personal symbols as those operating simultaneously at the level of both personality and culture. Through the notion of personal symbols, I intend to bridge the conventional distinction between private and public symbols and between culture and emotion. I show that pregnancy desires, which may be constituted as symptoms in the West, have been converted into personal symbols in South Asia since antiquity and given public meaning and validation.
UNDERLYING PRESUPPOSITIONS IN SOLVING TWO‐TERM SERIES PROBLEMS
Authors: Natsopoulos Dimitris , Syngollitou Efi
Published: September 2007

Researchers are traditionally interested in the sort of psychological processes in which the subjects are engaged when solving two‐ and three‐term series problems under time restrictions. Three models, the Linguistic (Clark), the Spatial Imagery Theory (mainly Huttenlocher) and the Mixed (Sternberg) propose alternative views for explaining the cognitive processes involved during problem solving. The present study was designed to examine the kind of presuppositions the native speakers use when solving two‐term series problems under no time restrictions with four classes of adjectives: Ratio (or spatial) with and without context. Ordinal1 and Ordinal2 without context. The results show: (1) contrary to the theories absolute presuppositions is the predominant answer pattern on all adjective groups; (2) context exerts a strong effect on the form of presuppositions elicited by the subjects; (3) the unmarkedness‐markedness concept appears pshychologically inconsistent; and (4) presuppositions in two‐term series problems under no time restrictions seem to reflect a different sort of cognitive processes from that espoused by the models mentioned.
SIMILARITY AND DISSIMILARITY IN VALUE PATTERNS OF ISRAELI KIBBUTZ AND CITY ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Sohlberg Shaul C.
Published: September 2007

As part of a larger study on value patterns in Israeli adolescents, a Hebrew version of the Rokeach Value Survey was given to a sample of 160 Jewish urban and kibbutz subjects from State (nonreligious) and Religious State Schools. City subjects were more materialistic and achievement‐oriented in their value patterns, while kibbutz subjects emphasized values related to self‐actualization and interpersonal relationships. Religious students stressed both orthodox‐religious and national values, while subjects from State schools preferred values of personal wellbeing. With the sole exception of the urban nonreligous sample, boys and girls were very much alike in their value patterns. In terms of instrumental values, kibbutz‐city and religious‐nonreligious intergroup differences were relatively small: however, with regard to terminal value patterns large intergroup differences were found. The results can be explained by the existing differences in socialization practices and life styles in the four subcultural milieus.
TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS*
Authors: Jonkergouw Th.
Published: September 2007

This article raises the question of how to organise associations of psychologists in such a way that they will be successful in the nineties. From the point of view of a sociologist of work and organisation by discipline and experience the importance of the use of different types of power to obtain compliance of the association's membership is stressed (section 1). The process of organisation building is treated in section 2. Attention is paid to the functions that associations have to fulfill for their members in order to be and remain influential (section 3). The association's policy is influenced itself by organisational dynamics, consequence of the segmentation process in society and profession and the accompanying shift in power relations (section 4). The best way to handle a number of professional issues (section 5) is by choosing for a strategic policy (section 6). The article is concluded (section 7) with a list of 20 commandments to ensure that one's association will be successful in the next decade.
STRESS AMONG PALESTINIAN WOMEN UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION; WOMEN'S APPRAISAL OF STRESSORS, THEIR COPING MODES, AND THEIR MENTAL HEALTH
Authors: Punamäki Raija‐Leena
Published: September 2007

Psychological responses and mental health of 174 Palestinian women living in the occupied West‐Bank and the Gaza Strip were studied through a stress model. Thirty‐five Palestinian women living in Israel proper who had not been exposed to military occupation were interviewed as a comparison group. The stress process studied consists of women's appraisal of threat and the importance of the stressors in their lives, the estimation of their own resources to cope with stress, actual coping modes, and mental health outcomes.

Women living under military occupation tended to appraise their environment as highly threatening and their experiences as strain‐producing. At the same time they believed they had sufficient assets, especially collective and ideological resources, to deal with the stressors. This tendency was particularly evident among victims of political violence. Women strongly exposed to hardships of military occupation tended to employ more social and political activity and less inactive and accommodative coping modes than did less traumatized women.

Exposure to stressful events, characteristic to military occupation and armed conflict, tended to deteriorate women's mental health, as indicated by severe anxiety, depression, hostile feelings and psychiatric symptoms, and also deteriorating their general health. Multiple regression analysis of the data pertaining to the stress process indicated not only the existence of objective stressors but also the appraisal of their harmfulness, the coping modes as well as vulnerability‐protective factors which determine the outcomes of the stress process. A good economic situation, sufficient social support, and religious commitment functioned as protective factors in stress process, i.e., they were able to diminish the impact of exposure to stressors on women's mental health.

In the case of the Palestinian women the hardships due to military occupation and national struggle initiated a different stress process than did the daily life difficulties. This indicates that in studies on psychological functioning in a political and armed conflict, the collective level of coping, values, norms, ideology as well as the concrete political aims of the society should be included in analysis and interpretation.
VALUES MOTHERS HOLD FOR HANDICAPPED AND NONHANDICAPPED PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN JAPAN, PUERTO RICO, AND THE UNITED STATES MAINLAND*
Authors: Quirk Mark , Ciottone Robert , Minami Hirofumi , Wapner Seymour , Yamamoto Takiji , Ishii Shinji , Lucca‐Irizarry Nydia , Pacheco Angel
Published: September 2007

This study examines the values held by mothers in Japan, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Mainland for their handicapped and nonhandicapped preschoolers in the contexts of home and school. In order to study values, mothers from the three cultures were asked to rank twelve value items relating to four value areas: physical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural.

The value rankings were different in the three cultures and depended upon the home and school contexts. The presence of a diagnosed orthopedic and/or neurological impairment in the child had no overall effect on value ratings but did interact with culture and context to influence mothers' values.
LA MÈRE ET SON BÉBÉ: VARIATIONS CULTURELLES ANALYSE CRITIQUE DE LA LITTÉRATURE*
Authors: Sabatier Colette
Published: September 2007

Infant‐caretaking as a complex activity is a part of the culture. Each country, each ethnic group has his own norms, theories and practices. Three facets of the mother‐infant relationship (from the point of view of the mother) can be identified: they are practices (nursing and home stimulations), representations and folk theories, and styles of interaction. They all vary in function of environmental, social and cultural factors, the strength of each is discussed here. Also, the first part of this paper informs the reader on methodological problems in this kind of studies. And, in the last one, mother‐infant relationship in the migration context is studied.
THE EFFECT OF CULTURE AND GENDER ON SELF‐REPORTED ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Florian Victor , Zernitsky‐Shurka Ester
Published: September 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between cultural affiliation, gender and assertive behavior in two distinct socio‐cultural groups. Ninety‐seven Israeli Arab students and 97 Israeli Jewish students, of both sexes, filled out the Assertion Inventory (Gambrill and Richey 1975) during a class meeting. Analysis of the results indicated differences between the two cultural groups. In general, Arab participants showed a lower level of assertiveness than their Jewish counterparts. Differences between gender and interaction of culture x gender were found in certain factors related to behavior in specific social situations. These findings were discussed on the basis of accepted social behavior within various cultural contexts.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX OF SUBJECT AND PHOTO IN THE HEMISPHERIC SPECIALIZATION OF FACIAL RECOGNITION
Authors: Carroo Agatha White , Latham Joyce M.
Published: September 2007

This study was conducted to assess the effects of sex of subject, sex of photo, and hemispheric specialization on the ability of male (n = 21) and female (n = 21) subjects to recognize previously seen black and white male and female faces. Results indicated better performance with female faces and a significant interaction for sex of photo and laterality. Overall performance was best for female photos and worst for male photos in the LVF. A greater number of false alarms occurred in the LVF with male photos. The differential processing of distinctive cues of male and female faces by the LVF and RVF was discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES IN EMBEDDED FIGURES TASKS*
Authors: Pennings Albèr
Published: September 2007

The starting point of the investigation was the field dependence‐independence construct as measured with the Embedded Figures Test of H.A. Witkin. An overview of the research on the information‐processing strategies in solving the items of this test was converging into a theory in which strategies for a successful solution can be located on a bipolar dimension with at one extreme a simultaneous strategy and at the other extreme a successive strategy. A new administration procedure for evaluating the use of four solution strategies was developed: the simultaneous, the successive, the extemalized‐successive and the global‐manipulatory strategy. Based on the prediction that the use of strategies was related to sex and age, we carried out an experiment involving groups of ten boys and ten girls of 5, 6 and 7 years of age, who were given eight tasks with the new administration procedure. No. significant difference was found between boys and girls. However, significant differences existed in strategy profiles in six of the eight tasks between the three age groups.
REALITY MONITORING, PSYCHOLOGICAL TOOLS, AND COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY IN BILINGUALS: THEORETICAL SYNTHESIS AND PILOT EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION*
Authors: Kozulin Alex
Published: September 2007

An attempt was made to bring about a theoretical synthesis of such seemingly unrelated concepts as ‘reality monitoring’ (belonging to contemporary American cognitive psychology), ‘psychological tools’ (suggested by Russian psychologist, Lev Vygotsky in the 1930s), and ‘cognitive flexibility in bilinguals’ (developed by Canadian researchers in the 1970s). Psychological tools of symbolic character which‐as Vygotsky and his followers suggested‐mediate human actions and mental operations, were shown to improve reality monitoring, i.e., subject's ability to discriminate between memories of words that he/she either spoke or merely thought. The concept of cognitive flexibility was applied to reality monitoring in Russian‐English bilinguals. It was shown that greater cognitive flexibility associated with balanced bilingualism enhances a subject's ability to discriminate memories of words said and words thought. Suggestions are made concerning further possible experimental investigations.
THE CHINESE PERSPECTIVES ON MORAL JUDGMENT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Ma Hing Keung
Published: September 2007

Kohlberg's theory of moral development is extended and revised. The Chinese perspectives on moral development are integrated into the present 6‐stage model. The last three stages are: (4) Golden mean orientation and social system; (5) Majority rights and individual rights, and (6) Universal ethical principles of natural harmony. The first three stages are hypothesized to be cultural universal but the last three stages are supposed to have a cultural component. For each of the Stages 4, 5 and 6, a general structure is constructed and then a Chinese sub‐structure and a Western sub‐structure are derived from their corresponding general structure. Confucian and Taoistic philosophies are employed to elaborate some of the characteristics of the Chinese sub‐structures.
CHILD‐REARING BELIEFS WITHIN DIVERSE SOCIAL STRUCTURES: MOTHERS AND DAY‐CARE PROVIDERS IN MEXICO*
Authors: Holloway Susan D. , Gorman Kathleen S. , Fuller Bruce
Published: September 2007

The child‐rearing beliefs of 32 mothers and 36 day‐care providers in Mexico were compared. Day‐care providers expected children to master developmental skills at an earlier age than did mothers. Day‐care providers more strongly valued the development of independent and cooperative behavior, and placed less importance on obedience. They also reported employing more flexible and nonauthoritarian discipline strategies than did mothers. Mothers and caregivers did not differ in the extent to which they attributed the success of their discipline strategies to their own actions rather than to external factors. Also examined was how mothers' beliefs differed in families characterized by interdependent versus individualistic social structures. In interdependent families, mothers were more likely to believe in later mastery of developmental skills and to make external attributions. These findings suggest that Mexican children experience incongruous social norms as they move between home and day care settings, and that these norms, at least within the home, are associated with the social structural features of the setting.
LA FONCTION PSYCHOMÉTRIQUE DES ÉNIGMES TRADITIONELLES AFRICAINES
Authors: Ngub'usim Mpey‐Nka
Published: September 2007

Within the context of the problems raised by the use of tests in Africa, this study attempts to demonstrate how traditional practices can improve the situation, by proposing that enigmas be used as a psychometric instrument. In fact, this well known and widely used game in Africa is one of the major components of the oral tradition and as such, performs various important functions, as, for instance, the acquisition and evaluation of basic knowledge and vocabulary, while favoring the acquisition of a sense of competition in children. Presenting a new outlook on the practice of this traditional game in the African milieu, this paper describes the process by which the author, through many experimental studies carried out in Zaïre, is attempting to build a test measuring creativity.
CROSS‐CULTURAL COMPARABILITY OF TEMPERAMENT AMONG JAPANESE AND AMERICAN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Windle Michael , Iwawaki Saburo , Lerner Richard M.
Published: September 2007

The generalizability of temperament, as measured by the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS‐R) (Windle and Lerner 1986), was investigated through a series of data analytic procedures comparing the item responses of Japanese and American preschool children. Consistent with the results of an American preschool sample, a nine‐factor model emerged for the sample of Japanese preschool children. Configurational similarity of salient and non‐salient factor loadings for the nine temperament constructs across the two cultural groups was supported via congruence coefficients which ranged from 0.73 to 0.98 (Mdn = 0.91). Restricted (confirmatory) simultaneous group models for each of the nine temperament constructs indicated that the factor loading patterns were invariant across the two preschool samples, thus supporting the equality of scale metrics or units of measurement across groups. Statistical tests of differences in factor means between the two cultural samples suggested that the primary caregivers of Japanese preschoolers, relative to the primary caregivers of American preschoolers, rated their children as higher in Activity Level ‐ Sleep and lower in Approach ‐ Withdrawal, Flexibility ‐ Rigidity, Quality of Mood, and Rhythmicity‐Sleep; no statistically significant differences in mean levels were reported for Activity Level ‐ General, Task Orientation, Rhythmicity‐Eating and Rhythmicity‐Daily Habits.
RELIABILITY AND FACTORIAL VALIDITY OF THE JUNIOR EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: Wilson David , Mundy‐Castle Alastair , Greenspan Ruth
Published: September 2007

Six‐hundred and thirteen girls and 601 boys in Zimbabwe completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ). The reliability of the Neuroticism (N) and Social Desirability (L) factors was acceptable but the Psychoticism (P) and Extraversion (E) factors possessed modest reliability. While the factorial validity of the P, N and L scales was acceptable, the factorial validity of the E scale was poor. L scores were significantly correlated with N and P scores among girls and boys. Whereas Zimbabwean girls reported higher P scores than did Canadian girls, Zimbabwean boys reported lower P scores than did Canadian boys. Zimbabwean girls and boys reported lower E and N and higher P scores than their Canadian counterparts. This study provides broad support for Eysenck's basic personality model, but it does not support the use of this version of the JEPQ, and especially the E scale, among Zimbabwean children.
EXPOSURE TO INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AND FORMAL SCHOOLING AS FACTORS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Sinha Geeta
Published: September 2007

The influence on psychological differentiation exerted by exposure to industrial and urban environments and to formal schooling was investigated with the help of Story‐Pictorial EFT administered on 240 7–10‐year‐old children belonging to the Santhal tribe residing in and around an industrial city in Bihar. A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA performed on differentiation scores revealed significant main effects of industrial and urban exposures, and of schooling. Significant 3‐way interaction effect indicated that the impact of urbanization in the industrial and non‐industrial settings varied with exposure to formal schooling, and that the main effects in spite of their being statistically significant have to be taken with caution. Impact of the three factors on psychological differentiation is interpreted in terms of changes induced through acculturation that alter the experiential base of the individual as well as cultural characteristics of this environment.
CREATIVITY AND CROSS‐CULTURAL VARIATION
Authors: Lubart Todd I.
Published: September 2007

Is the nature of creativity essentially the same around the globe? The effect of cultural factors on creativity is reviewed. Distinct Western and Oriental perspectives on the definition of creativity and the creative process are described. Culture is also shown to channel creative activity by promoting certain domains, social groups, and characteristic ways of approaching the world. The effects of world‐view and pressure for conformity are then presented as cultural features that relate to the nurturance of creativity across domains. The cultural variation described is supported by ethnographic and experimental evidence. Limitations on the scope of the review and methodological issues in cross‐cultural research on creativity are also discussed. The effects of culture on creativity are understood within an interactive framework that incorporates both the person and the environment.
THE COGNITIVE IMPLICATIONS OF STUDIES ON FACIAL ASYMMETRY: A GENERAL DISCUSSION
Authors: Bruyer Raymond
Published: September 2007

This General Discussion surveys studies on asymmetry and neuropsychological deficits in the production of several kinds of facial activities, with the main purpose of scrutinizing the field in search of its contribution to neuropsychology considered as a particular domain (or method) of cognitive psychology. In this respect, four points are emphasized: the object of research (cognitive processes, not brain mechanisms), the information‐processing approach of a complex process of which the facial behavior is only the overt end‐product, the specificity of mechanisms underlying facial expression, and the single‐case methodology.
THE ACCULTURATION OF AUTONOMY EXPECTATIONS IN CHINESE HIGH SCHOOLERS RESIDING IN TWO WESTERN NATIONS•
Authors: Feldman S. Shirley , Rosenthal Doreen A.
Published: September 2007

In two studies, conducted in the United States and Australia, first‐ and second‐generation high schoolers of Chinese descent, together with adolescents from the host culture (Euro‐Americans and Anglo‐Australians) and from Hong Kong were asked about their age expectations for behavioral autonomy. ANOVAS of 19 items and the total Teen Timetable score revealed that in both countries acculturation was very gradual. On many items second generation Chinese students were more like their Hong Kong than their Western counterparts. Rate of acculturation varied with domain, with age expectations for heterosexual interactions showing the least influence of the host culture. Discriminant analyses revealed that using all 19 items, the groups of subjects could be placed in their cultural/generational groups significantly better than by chance. Results were interpreted in terms of cultural beliefs and special factors faced by immigrant families.
ACTIVITÉ MÉTACOGNITIVE DE L'ENFANT ET DIFFICULTÉ DE LA TÂCHE COGNITIVE
Authors: Vezin Jean François
Published: September 2007

The influence of the type of difficulty of a cognitive task on metacognitive activity (metacognitive experiences and metacognitive strategies) was studied in six‐ and eight‐year‐old children. Children had to make decisions about the correspondence of statements and drawings presented in pairs one after the other, starting either with a statement, or with a picture. They encounter two kinds of difficulties: (1) one due to the information conveyed by drawing (non‐correspondence with the statement); (2) another due to the order in which the statements and drawings are presented: when the drawing comes first the child must retain it in his memory until a statement can guide him in his decoding of it; this difficulty is unexpected given the expectations the child has due to the cognitive task proposed.

The principal findings were as follows: (1) Compared to the six‐year‐olds, the eight‐year‐olds demonstrated three times more metacognitive control strategies for expressing information, more cognitive skills (reasoning), and a higher level of performance (understanding and recall). (2) The two types of difficulties do not have the same effects: (a) the difficulty due to the information conveyed by the drawing leads to an increase in the latency time; the performance (understanding) is not as good; (b) in the case of difficulty due to the statement‐drawing order, twice as many verbalizations expressing metacognitive experiences and a decrease in the latency time were observed. The interpretation of the findings underscores the importance for the child of the indicators he has to orient him in mobilizing metacognitive and cognitive activities.
HANDEDNESS AND CONFORMITY IN A SMALL ISOLATED COMMUNITY*
Authors: Provins K.A.
Published: September 2007

The inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha are a socially and geographically isolated community, highly inter‐related by blood or marriage with a large average family size. The handedness characteristics of a sample of 76 people out of the total Tristan population of 264 were assessed on eight criteria by personal interview. All subjects wrote with the right hand and only two could be classified as otherwise left‐handed (i.e. 2.6%). Seven out of eight of those interviewed who claimed a left‐handed parent were themselves right‐handed and had only right‐handed brothers or sisters. It is concluded that any genetic factor determining left‐handedness must be very weak and a preferred explanation of the findings is offered in terms of social pressures such as (i) deference to authority and (ii) group conformity.
TOWARDS AN INTERNATIONAL PROFESSION OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: AN ANGLO‐SWEDISH PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Parker Adrian
Published: September 2007

Previous reviews of the international trends in the development of clinical psychology as a profession have identified the United Kingdom and the Nordic States as countries where the role of the psychologist is approximating that in North America. The article presents a review of the historical and current influences on the development of clinical psychology in the United Kingdom and in Sweden. In Europe, where clinical psychology is mainly a Health Service profession rather than a private practice, independence of the management and medical responsibility of the psychiatrist has become more of a key issue. Of the two major ‘schools’ of clinical psychology, identified in Britain with the behavioral approach of the Maudsley Institute of Psychiatry and the psychodynamic approach of the Tavistock Clinic, the behavioral school tended to dominate in Britain until the 1970s. In Sweden, the psychodynamic approach importing many of the aspects of British Object Relations Theory, gained ascendence. This resulted in a split between the more academic form of clinical psychology in Sweden, which had produced research of international importance (e.g. the role of psychological factors in stress‐related illness), and professional education in psychology with its emphasis on psychotherapeutic training. Whereas in Britain, during the 1970s, clinical psychology broke away from psychiatry, became more eclectic, and entered the general medical and health areas, these changes failed to take place in Sweden. On the other hand, private practice amongst psychologists in Sweden has shown a dramatic increase during recent years and there are now some clear trends towards eclecticism in the education of psychologists. The issue of medical responsibility remains unresolved in Sweden. That British clinical psychology has reached more progressive and cordial professional relationships in this respect may be, in part, due to the status of the scientist‐practitioner role that the initial behavioral emphasis achieved. The major contributions of and trends in British and Swedish clinical psychology are discussed with a view to identifying international trends.
DEGRÉ DE CONTACT ET STRESS ACCULTURATIF DANS LE PROCESSUS D'ADAPTATION DES RÉFUGIÉS AFRICAINS
Authors: Dompierre Sylvie , Lavallée Marguerite
Published: September 2007

This study examines some aspects of the adaptive process of African refugees taking up residence in Quebec city, a rather culturally homogenous area. Considering that acculturative stress and degree of contact and participation with the host society are strong indicators of one's adjustment to a new culture, the main hypothesis is that the more contact and participation one establishes with the host society, the less acculturative stress he will report. Out of 62 subjects who voluntarily accepted to participate in the study, 57 were retained for analysis. Results reveal no significant relationship between stress and contact. Multiple regression analyses used to determine the significant predictor variables indicate that age and length of stay explain 19.5% of the total variance for stress while length of stay, sex and adaptive options explain 44% of the total variance for contact. These results tend to demonstrate that, for African refugees, degree of contact is a better indicator of adaptation than stress.
Giving a Reason for Unfairness: Effects of a Rationale upon Australian Students' Performances Within an Implicit Reward Situation
Authors: Sharpley Christopher F.
Published: September 2007

Two experimental conditions (giving a rationale vs no‐rationale for “unfair” rewards) were compared under an implicit reward paradigm in which “target” subjects received rewards directly and contingently for improvements on a simple motor skills task while “peer” subjects who were also performing the same task received no rewards. Data showed that there were significant reinforcement effects on the behavior of both target and peer subjects during the implicit reward situation when no rationale was given for the “unfair” application of rewards. However, when a rationale was given for the non‐reward of the peer subjects, neither target nor peer subjects showed significant increases in responses from baseline. Implications for group reinforcement practices are discussed.
Intention to Migrate, Job Opportunities and Aspiration for Better Pay: An Information Integration Approach
Authors: Mullet Etienne , Neto Felix
Published: September 2007

This study examines (a) the relationship between intention to migrate, aspiration for better pay, and job opportunities in host countries in samples of Portuguese and French adolescents, and young French adults; and (b) the relationship between intention to return to country of origin, pay and job opportunities in Portuguese migrant workers living in France. In the two Portuguese groups, the model that best accounts for intentional processes is multiplicative. This finding partially explains why a minimal change in one of the two parameters can have repercussions that are apparently disproportional with this change. In the two French groups, the models that best account for intentional processes are the additive model (for young adults) and a unifactorial model (in adolescents). The discussion centres on possible links between these cross‐cultural differences and recent findings on the effect of task difficulty and perceived stakes on integration rules.
Psychological Peculiarities and Acoustical Environment Changes
Authors: Nosulenko Valery N.
Published: September 2007

In this paper all psychological aspects of global change that concern acoustical environment changes are discussed. It is revealed that an acoustical environment has undergone essential qualitative changes: Human auditory perception is now mostly mediated by technical means and modern technologies. The general aspects of the research approach and some results are outlined. The problem of acoustical environment pollution is discussed and proposals for international cooperative research are made.
Decreasing Infant Mortality as a Global Demographic Change: A Challenge to Psychology
Authors: Kaĝitçibaşi Çiĝdem
Published: September 2007

Decreasing infant mortality is taken up as a demographic phenomenon which constitutes one aspect of a broader conceptualization of “Global Change”. At the root of the global environmental problems faced today is the population issue. With sharp increases in the rates of infant and child survival, the question of what happens to those who survive assumes greater importance. With new policy shifts focusing on early childhood care and development, psychologists' expertise is now being called upon. Psychological knowledge is required especially in the cross‐culturally valid conceptualization and assessment of human development. When made applicable to large numbers of children and parents, such knowledge can be used for detection and screening of risk cases and for establishing the environmental factors promoting psychosocial development.
The Mission and Role of Psychology in a Traumatised and Changing Society: The Case of South Africa
Authors: Hickson Joyce , Kriegler Susan
Published: September 2007

At present there is a “crisis” in psychology in South Africa. A mental health investigation has been initiated and a national task force appointed in order to reform the profession in all its aspects. These events are the result of a deep sense of unease about the mission, relevance and image of the profession and an awareness that mainstream psychology is irrelevant to the nature and needs of the majority black population. Presently psychology in South Africa is at a crossroads. This paper identifies the mental health needs of the majority black population and suggests professional training programmes for future psychologists and the utilisation of services and resources in delivery systems. The article also re‐defines the psychologist's role in a divided and traumatised society.
Reactions to Violation of Normative Standards: A Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Shame and Guilt
Authors: Bierbrauer Günter
Published: September 2007

This study investigates the responses from individuals from three culture groups (Germans, Kurds, and Lebanese) following the violation of legal, religious, and traditional norms. The three samples formed two main groups with regard to their cultural orientation; the German sample showed an individualistic orientation whereas the other two samples (Kurds and Lebanese) showed a clear collectivistic orientation. As hypothesized by cross‐cultural researchers, it was expected that individuals from collectivistic cultures would respond to normative violations with more shame and individuals from individualistic orientations with more guilt. The findings show that subjects from collectivistic cultures respond with more shame and guilt than subjects from the individualistic culture. However, there was no distinction with regard to the degree of guilt between the two main culture groups. Since the three culture groups show a similar religious outlook in terms of monotheism (Christianity and Islam), it was suggested that this factor increases the degree of guilt even for subjects with a collectivistic background. Moreover, it was found that the Kurds and Lebanese showed a greater willingness to keep to the norms of religion and tradition, and less willingness to allow state laws to intervene in family and ingroup disputes.
Procedural Justice and Culture
Authors: Lind E. Allan , Earley P. Christopher
Published: September 2007

The past fifteen years have seen the development of a considerable research literature on the social psychology of procedural justice (see Lind & Tyler, 1988, for a review). Procedural justice research reveals some serious shortcomings in the exchange theories that have traditionally dominated Western analyses of the social psychology of groups, and in so doing, the procedural justice literature has important ramifications for cross‐cultural psychology. Results from a number of studies conducted in the United States and Western Europe show that individualistic, self‐interest based models of human behaviour are insufficient to explain procedural justice phenomena. Instead, procedural justice effects frequently reveal strong group‐oriented concerns and motivations even in cultural contexts generally thought to be characterized by individualistic orientations. The research literature also shows that if a group's procedures are judged to be fair, people are more likely to show group‐oriented behaviour and to hold more favourable attitudes toward the group and its leaders. These findings have led to the development of a theory of justice judgments—the Lind and Tyler group‐value theory—which is based on group norms and relations rather than on social exchange theory. We describe a general model of social behaviour that integrates group‐ and individually‐oriented behaviour, and we discuss the implications of the model for social and cross‐cultural psychology.
Effets de la catégorisation simple et de la catégorisation croisée sur les stéréotypes
Authors: Doraï Mohamed
Published: September 2007

L'objectif de ce travail était d'appliquer le paradigme expérimental du croisement des catégories à l'étude des relations entre des sujets de nationalités différentes. Dans cette perspective, une expérience a été menée avec 28 sujets américains et 28 français. Comme attendu, en situation de catégorisation simple chaque groupe de sujets Américains ou Français a évalué positivement son groupe et dévalorisé l'autre. Ces effets ont été annulés en situation de catégorisation croisée. Cependant, cette annulation ne persiste pas lors d'un post‐test réalisé trois semaines plus tard. Une discussion de ces effets a été établie.
Exploring the Dimensions of Chinese Person Perception with Indigenous and Imported Constructs: Creating a Culturally Balanced Scale
Authors: Yik Michelle Siu Mui , Bond Michael Harris
Published: September 2007

This research compares the relative effectiveness of imported and indigenous measures of personality perception for Hong Kong Chinese. The first study reports on the extraction of six factors of self‐perception using bipolar, adjective rating scales from the U.S.A. tapping the Big Five (Digman, 1990), and Openness to Experience (McCrae & Costa, 1985; 1987). The second study reports on the extraction of six factors of self‐perception derived from scales developed indigenously by Chinese psychologists. In the third study, the overlap of the imported and the indigenous dimensions is examined, and their relative power in explaining various criterion measures is assessed. The imported factors adequately explained all but one of the indigenous factors, although in complex combinations. Neither scale was better than the other in predicting the criterion variables. Imported measures may cut the phenomenal world differently from indigenous measures, but still enable scientists to predict behaviours just as effectively. In consequence, if replicated with other criterion variables, the present results would challenge the investment required to develop local instrumentation on scientific grounds.
Sense of Closeness to Parents and Family Rules: A Study of Arab and Jewish Youth in Israel
Authors: Mikulincer Mario , Weller Aron , Florian Victor
Published: September 2007

The present study investigated adolescents' perception of closeness to their parents and family rules restricting their conduct, in Arab and Jewish Israeli samples. A total of 854 11th‐grade high school students reported their perceptions by a self‐report questionnaire. Overall, the results indicate that the Arab youths perceived more closeness toward their parents and more rules restricting their conduct, compared with their Jewish counterparts. In both cultures, girls reported more restrictions on dating and leaving home than boys. Among Israeli Arab adolescents a positive association was uncovered between closeness to parents and number of rules. No such pattern was evident among Israeli Jewish youth. These and additional findings are discussed within the context of Triandis' cross‐cultural dimension of collectivism‐individualism.
Les corrélats comportementaux et conjugaux des attentes d'efficacité en matière de résolution de problèmes personnels
Authors: Bélanger Claude , Sabourin Stéphane , Dulude Diane , Wright John
Published: September 2007

L'objectif de cette recherche est d'étudier la relation entre les attentes d'efficacité personnelle en matière de résolution de problèmes, diverses conduites de résolution de problèmes et le degré de satisfaction conjugale des sujets. L'échantillon se compose de 40 couples qui ont complété l'Échelle d'Ajustment Dyadique, l'Inventaire de Résolution de Problèmes Personnels et qui ont participé à une discussion filmée sur ruban magnétoscopique. Les comportements sont codifiés à l'aide du Système Global de Cotation des Interactions Conjugales. Les résultats confirment la présence d'une relation entre les attentes d'efficacité personnelle, les comportements observés en situation de résolution de problèmes et le degré de satisfaction conjugale des femmes et des hommes. Les résultats obtenus démontrent aussi que les variables comportementales ont des fonctions de cumul dans la relation entre les attentes d'efficacité personnelle et la satisfaction conjugale. Les implications théoriques de ces résultats sont discutées.
Heart‐rate Reactivity and the Type A Behaviour Pattern in Three Age Groups of Australian Children
Authors: Sharpley Christopher F. , Power Shane D. , Mollard Susan J. , Parsons Geraldine M.
Published: September 2007

The relationship between the Type A Behaviour Pattern and heart‐rate reactivity to the onset of a typical stressor was investigated with a sample of Australian boys and girls from three age‐grade levels: preschool, middle‐elementary, and upper‐elementary. Behaviour Pattern was measured with the Matthews Youth Test for Health (Matthews & Angulo, 1980), and data were collected on children's second‐by‐second heart rate during rest and the stressor tasks. Reactivity to the onset of the stressor task (a puzzle game or mental arithmetic), was assessed. Results indicated that there were expected age differences in resting and stressor task heart rates, but that there was no significant difference in heart‐rate reactivity between children classified as Type A or B Behaviour Pattern, either for the entire sample, for two extreme subsamples, or within each of the three age groups.
On the Place of Culture in Psychological Science
Authors: Misra Girishwar , Gergen Kenneth J.
Published: September 2007

Based on a positivist‐empiricist mode of inquiry, mainstream psychology has been vigorously engaged in characterizing human lives in terms of mechanistic and individualistic constructions, with the aim of predicting and controlling the behaviour of acultural and decontextualized others. Committed to a belief in psychological universals, this enterprise is directed at verifying a peculiarly Western intelligibility. In doing so, it ignores the possibilities of other systems of understanding grounded in different cultures and “culture” remains marginalized in the psychological discourse. Viewed in terms of enablements and constraints, differing cultures may contribute a range of psychological intelligibilities, thus enriching the capacities for human relationship. This position is explored by contrasting an Indian with a Western conception of human functioning, with respect to grounding assumptions, and implications of a culturally informed psychology are discussed.
Structuration éducative parentale et fonctionnement cognitif des jeunes enfants
Authors: Pageau Danis , Palacio‐Quintin Ercilia
Published: September 2007

Un grand nombre de recherches ont tenté de vérifier la relation entre attitudes parentales et développement intellectuel des enfants. Parmi les approches utilisées, celle de Lautrey (1980) se distingue par le fait qu'elle s'inspire de la théorie du développement cognitif de Piaget. La présente recherche, qui va dans le même sens, a pour but de vérifier la relation entre le type de structuration éducative parentale et le fonctionnement cognitif d'enfants québécois de 5 ans. La structuration éducative parentale est mesurée avec le QSEP (Palacio‐Quintin et Lavoie 1986). Le fonctionnement cognitif est mesuré à l'aide des épreuves de libres combinaisons d'objets élaborées par Orsini‐Bouichou (1982). Les résultats, obtenus à partir d'un échantillon de 47 familles, indiquent qu'une faible structuration éducative, autant chez les mères que chez les pères, est reliée à un moins bon fonctionnement cognitif que la structuration éducative parentale souple ou rigide.
A New Paradigm for Studying Word Recognition During Reading—Explorations with Word Frequency Effects
Authors: Lété Bernard , Zagar Daniel , Pynte Joël
Published: September 2007

Four experiments were carried out to investigate the use of a new paradigm to study word recognition in reading. A new version of self‐paced reading (APS 2) makes the distinction between word display time (pressing time = PT) and the blank screen (releasing time = RT). Each time represents a particular processing stage: PT represents lexical identification, and RT represents the use of lexical information. The two stages differentiate pre‐ and post‐lexical processes, respectively. Word frequency is manipulated to affect the two predefined stages of processing. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 showed that (1) frequency affects target PT and RT, and post‐target RT when subjects read texts, and (2) the frequency effect was observed only with target PT when subjects read the same words in word‐list context. Descriptive analyses showed that the observed effect on target PT in fact depended upon the subjects' reading strategies and perceptual constraints. This result was replicated in Experiment 4, in which a frequency post‐effect was observed. Finally, a general framework is proposed to clarify the control of hand movements in APS 2.
Six Years in the Cognitive and Metacognitive Life of 71 Families
Authors: Larivée Serge , Normandeau Sylvie , Bouffard‐Bouchard Thérèse , Peyrade Thérèse , Parent Sophie , Tremblay Richard‐E.
Published: September 2007

Seventy‐one families from a low socio‐economic background, each with a son at risk of developing psychosocial problems at the onset of the study, were observed three times over a six‐year period while solving a combinatorial task presented on a microcomputer. The permutations task was used to gather information with regard to cognitive functioning and cognitive self‐regulation of the families, which were observed as a developmental unit. Cognitive functioning was assessed according to three variables: cognitive strategies, performance, and completion of the task. Six self‐regulatory activities were assessed: task definition, planning, supervision, evaluation, parental support, and sharing of responsibilities. Although inefficient strategies were mainly used across the six years, the cognitive level of functioning improved over the years. Cognitive self‐regulatory activities most often used across time were supervision and parental support. Differences were observed in the three time periods for supervision, task definition, parental support, and individual involvement. Results indicated a link between cognitive strategies used by the families to solve the task and their self‐regulatory activities. Results are interpreted within both the Piagetian and Vygotskian perspectives. Families' cognitive self‐regulatory activities observed in this study are an example of parental disengagement and children's growing involvement in a joint activity.