bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Aggregating Immunoglobulin in Hyperimmune Equine Anti-Pneumococcal Sera
Authors: Zolla Susan , Goodman Joel W.
Published: December 2022

The antibodies in hyperimmune equine anti-pneumococcal sera which have been described as ultracentrifugally heterogeneous with sedimentation coefficients of 9 S to 15 S were shown to be noncovalently linked aggregates of 6.3 S globulins. The aggregates were dissociated by detergents, urea and elevated salt concentrations but were unaffected by reducing or chelating agents.

A goat antiserum produced by immunization with an SXII-horse-anti-SXII specific precipitate reacted with an immunoglobulin which was antigenically distinct from γG-, γM- and T globulins. This horse immunoglobulin appeared to be the reversibly aggregating protein and was the major antibody type in hyperimmune anti-pneumococcal sera. It was antigenically demonstrable in all of 12 horse sera tested, whether fresh or stored, normal or immune. The relative levels of the immunoglobulin seemed to be related to intensity of the immune response rather than to duration of storage of the sera. Its antigenic specificity could not be simulated by proteolysis, reduction and alkylation, or heat denaturation of other horse immunoglobulins.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Heart Tissue
Authors: Espinosa Enrique , Kaplan Melvin H.
Published: December 2022

An acid extraction procedure for the solubilization of cardiac antigens present in washed homogenates of myocardium is described. The organ specificity of antigenic components of acid extracts of human heart was studied by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescent techniques. Two antigens, restricted in organ distribution to heart and skeletal muscle, were demonstrated. As indicated by immunofluorescence, these antigens were both localized to sarcolemmal and subsarcolemmal structures of myocardial fibers. One of these antigens was found widely distributed among mammalian species while the other was found only in primate species. Both antigens were susceptible to digestion by trypsin and pepsin, and were found relatively thermolabile. Partial purification of these antigens was obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by Sephadex G 200 gel filtration. The relationship of heart antigens in such acid extracts to streptococcal cross-reactive antigens(s) is considered.
Modification of the Amino Groups of Rabbit γG-Globulin
Authors: Ljaljevic M. , Ljaljevic J. , Parker C. W.
Published: December 2022

We have demonstrated that a variety of amino reagents markedly influence the ability of rabbit γG-antibody to mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pig skin. The amino reagents which were screened and found to cause inactivation included acetic anhydride, potassium cyanate, picryl sulfonate, phthalic anhydride, and N-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone. The possibility that the inactivation might be due to modification of the antibody-combining site was excluded by equilibrium dialysis or fluorescence enhancement or both.

The only amino reagent studied in detail which failed to produce marked inactivation was ethyl acetimidate. Ethyl acetimidate, unlike the amino reagents cited above, replaces the cationic ε-ammonium groups of lysine with the positively charged amidine function so that overall protein charge is not altered. While the failure of ethyl acetimidate to produce inactivation might suggest that an alteration of average protein charge is the basis for inactivation, experiments in which rabbit antibody was sequentially treated with ethyl acetimidate and picryl sulfonic acid indicate that this explanation may not be correct. Limited substitution of the amidinated protein by picryl groups, presumably at lysyl residues which had failed to react with ethyl acetimidate, resulted in complete loss of PCA reactivity even though protein charge was altered very little.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Enzymatic Reactivation of Antibody-Neutralized Poliovirus
Authors: Keller Robert
Published: December 2022

The infectivity of poliovirus type 2, neutralized by rabbit γ-globulin, was reactivated by papain digestion. However, virus which had been neutralized by papain-produced univalent 3.5 S Fab fragments was not reactivated by equivalent digestions. Proteolysis with pepsin in the absence of reducing agents, leading to the conversion of 7 S γ-globulin to bivalent 5 S F(ab′)2 fragments, was not capable of reactivating neutralized virus. Infectivity of such complexes was reestablished following the reductive cleavage of F(ab′)2 units into univalent 3.5 S Fab′ fragments. Virus neutralized by enzymatically derived peptic fragments F(ab′)2 could also be reactivated by reduction alone. The infectivity of enzymatically reactivated virus was sharply reduced following reaction with goat anti-rabbit γ-globulin antibody, demonstrating that the enzymatic reestablishment of virus infectivity was not the result of the dissociation of antibody fragments from virus. Inhibition of the reactivation developed in zones of high excess of anti-rabbit γ-globulin as well as with univalent anti-rabbit Fab fragments, indicating that reneutralization did not occur as a result of the formation of secondary immune aggregates. These findings suggest that the reestablishment of neutralization was due to the coupling of the heterologous globulins with Fab fragments attached to virus and that this accessory component provides the structural configuration necessary for virus neutralization.

On the basis of this investigation, it is proposed that the efficiency of virus neutralization is not only affected by the specificity of recognition of the antigen-binding sites, but is significantly dependent on the size and possibly the configuration of the globulin structure.
Immunologic and Immunochemical Studies in the Hamster
Authors: Fugmann Ruth A. , Sigel M. Michael
Published: December 2022

The capability of the hamster to produce 19 S antibody was demonstrated. The presence, amount and persistence of this immunoglobulin in hamster serum appeared to be markedly influenced by the antigen used for immunization. Antibody of the 19 S class was detected in animals immunized with influenza virus and with sheep erythrocytes. In the former case it was present in significant amounts only in the early phase of immunization, whereas in the latter case hemolytic activity associated with this antibody predominated in all antisera examined. No 19 S antibody was found in anti-bovine γ-globulin sera.

The presence of two populations of 7 S immunoglobulins of differing electrical charge was demonstrated in immune sera following immunization with sheep erythrocytes, with influenza virus, and with bovine γ-globulin. These antibodies could not be distinguished by sucrose gradient centrifugation, treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, nor by their reactivity in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and complement-fixation tests. There was an indication that the faster migrating of the two IgG populations differed from the other by virtue of greater agglutinating capacity.
Kinetics of Erythrocyte and Lymphocyte Agglutination by PHA
Authors: Stewart C. C. , Nakeff A. , Ingram M.
Published: December 2022

Using a quantitative agglutination technique, the kinetics of erythrocyte and lymphocyte agglutination by purified Phaseolus vulgaris extracts have been determined. It was found that lymphocytes and erythrocytes are agglutinated in the same manner and that a measurable loss of lymphocyte agglutinating activity occurred when PHA was adsorbed onto erythrocytes.
Protein a from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Forsgren Arne
Published: December 2022

By gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis protein A from S. aureus was shown to give one precipitation line against normal guinea pig serum and two lines against guinea pig anti-EA serum. The single line of normal serum corresponded to γ2-globulin and the double lines of immune serum to γ1- and γ2-globulin. The two nonidentical lines for γ1- and γ2-globulin could not be explained by heterogeneity of the protein A preparation. No reaction was detected between protein A and guinea pig γM-globulin.
Protein a from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Forsgren Arne
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this study was to establish which regions of guinea pig γ1- and γ2-globulins react with protein A from S. aureus. In each case the Fc fragment inhibited the reaction between protein A and anti-EA γ1- and γ2-globulin. No reactions between protein A and the Fab and F(ab')2 fragments were observed.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Horiuchi Atsushi , Waksman Byron H.
Published: December 2022

Adult rats received 467 r of whole body irradiation with shielding of the thymus and, immediately after, intrathymic or intravenous injection of centrifuged “soluble” or heat-aggregated BγG. Following challenge with BγG in complete adjuvant 3 weeks later, the formation of hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody and the development of Arthus and delayed skin reactivity were specifically inhibited, the effect being greater with soluble than aggregated antigen and much greater with intrathymic than intravenous antigen. Delayed reactivity was only partly inhibited by doses of antigen which completely suppressed other responses. Challenge at 10 weeks showed that specific inhibition was present but much diminished.
Inhibition of Guinea Pig Complement by Maleopimaric Acid and Other Derivatives of Levopimaric Acid
Authors: Glovsky M. Michael , Becker Elmer L. , Halbrook Noah J.
Published: December 2022

Diels Alder addition products of levopimaric acid are a class of newly discovered potent inhibitors of guinea pig complement. Maleopimaric acid, one of the most potent inhibitors in this class, was chosen to study the sites in the complement sequence where the inhibition occurred.

Maleopimaric acid inhibits the formation of EAC′1a from C′ and EA and promotes the dissociation of C′1a from EAC′1a. This latter action does not appear to occur through a chelation of Ca ++. The inhibitor does not affect the stability of binding of C′4 to EAC′4. The formation of EAC′1a,4,2a from EAC′1a,4 + C′2 is depressed by maleopimaric acid. This inhibition is greater than can be accounted for by the action of maleopimaric acid on C′1a. Maleopimaric acid does not change the rate of decay of C′2a on EAC′1a,4,2a, nor does it act by chelating Mg ++.

The formation of EAC′1a,4,2a,3 from C′3 + EAC′1a,4,2a is not interfered with nor is the immune adherence activity of the former intermediate affected by maleopimaric acid. In the presence of the inhibitor EAC′1a,4,2a,3,5, EAC′1a,4,2a,3,5,6 and EAC′1a,4,2a,3,5,6,7 cannot be generated with purified components from the appropriate preceding intermediates. Maleopimaric acid prevents the generation in rabbit serum of chemotactic activity from the activated (C′5, C′6, C′7)ac complex, and inhibits the activity of the already formed chemotactic factor by dissociating it.

Not inhibited by maleopimaric acid are the addition of C′8 and C′9 activity to EAC′1a,4,3,5,6,7 and the subsequent conversion to E*.
The Immunoglobulin Response in Intact and Splenectomized Calves Infected with Anaplasma Marginale
Authors: Klaus G. G. B. , Jones E. W.
Published: December 2022

Two groups of 4-month-old calves (group I intact, group II splenectomized) were infected with Anaplasma marginale. The kinetics of the immunoglobulin response throughout anaplasmosis were assayed by means of the radial diffusion test. In group I, IgM levels increased about 7 days before the onset of patent infection and reached a peak of 200% above the preinfection value for the group. This macroglobulinemia persisted for a long period. Concentrations of IgG increased 11 days after the initial increase in IgM, but the IgG response was neither pronounced nor prolonged. All the calves in group II died. In these, both the IgM and complement-fixing antibody responses were significantly delayed, although some of them synthesized appreciable amounts of IgM before death. It was postulated that enhanced severity of anaplasmosis in splenectomized animals resulted from, 1) decreased sensitivity to low levels of parasite antigens, leading to delayed antibody synthesis and 2) impaired phagocytosis of anaplasma, due to the absence of splenic reticuloendothelial system.
Fixation of C′ and C′la by Rabbit γG- and γM-Antibodies with Particulate and Soluble Antigens
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Tada Tomio , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: December 2022

C′ and C′1a fixation by γG- and γM-antibodies was studied with A substance and type A human erythrocytes as antigens and specifically purified rabbit antibodies. In soluble antigen systems, the maximal C′ fixation by γG-antibody was obtained at the equivalence antigen to antibody ratio, whereas the maximal fixation by γM-antibody was obtained in excess antibody. At the optimal antigen to antibody ratio for C′ fixation, the C′-fixing activity of the γG- and γM-antibodies was comparable on a molar basis. Essentially no C′ fixation was observed by soluble antigen-γM-antibody complexes formed in excess antigen. Comparisons of C′1a fixation by γG- and γM-antibodies in both soluble and cell antigen systems indicated that γM-antibody is more effective than γG-antibody on the cell surface, while the effect was reversed when the soluble antigen was used. It was confirmed that a single γM-antibody molecule on the cell surface established one C′1a-fixing site. The γM-antibody complexes with insoluble A substance had much higher C′ and C′1a-fixing activities than those combined with soluble A substance. The different efficiency of C′1a fixation by γM-antibody, depending on the nature of antigen, was ascribed to the number and distribution of antigenic determinants on the surface of antigen involved. The results strongly suggested that a combination of γM-antibody molecules with antigen through multiple combining sites is essential for the induction of C′-fixing activity by γM-antibody.
Stability of Human Leukocyte Granules Which Contain Histamine
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Patterson Roy
Published: December 2022

The stability of human leukocyte granules has been determined in several media. Distilled water alone caused release of almost all of the granular histamine. Ionic solutions of granules were stable provided that sufficient sucrose or other appropriate compounds were also present. Granules were not extruded into the medium during histamine release. In these properties leukocyte granules differ from those reported for rat peritoneal mast cells. The release of β-glucuronidase was quantitatively less than the release of histamine in these experiments.
Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interaction in the Antigen-Induced Blastogenic Response of Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Hersh Evan M. , Harris Jules E.
Published: December 2022

Glass bead column purified lymphocyte suspensions have reduced blastogenic responses to antigen when compared to unseparated leukocyte suspensions in vitro. Culture of these purified lymphocytes on macrophage monolayers generally restored the cells response to antigen. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was unaffected by column purification. The antigens used were streptolysin O (SLO), streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), purified protein derivative (PPD) and small pox vaccine (POX). The response of the unseparated leukocytes, separated lymphocytes and separated lymphocytes on monolayers were 76%, 74% and 74% blasts generated in response to PHA; 18%, 0.0% and 10.0% blasts generated in response to SLO; 14.0%, 0.5% and 8.5% in response to SK-SD; 6%, 0% and 6% in response to PPD; and 7.5%, 0% and 1% in response to POX. The response of separated and unseparated cells to antigen but not to PHA was found to be dependent on the density of cells in culture. For Leighton tubes the optimal cell concentrations were 3 to 4 × 106 lymphocytes and 0.2 to 0.6 × 106 macrophages per culture. Separation of the lymphocytes and macrophages by a semi-permeable membrane prevented the restoration of blastogenesis. These results are consistent with the view that macrophage uptake of antigen and macrophage-lymphocyte interaction are necessary for the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to antigen in vitro.
The Effects of Heterologous Anti-Thymocyte Sera in Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , Asofsky Richard
Published: December 2022

Rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum was separated into its immunoglobulin fractions. Two parameters of homograft reactivity, the graft-vs.-host reaction and skin graft rejection, were used to assay the suppressive activity of IgM, IgG and IgG subunits. The IgG preparation was found to contain the most activity. A small amount of activity was present in the IgM preparation. The divalent F(ab)2 subunit was less than one-sixth as active as intact IgG while the univalent Fab piece seemingly had no in vivo effect. Maximal anti-thymocyte sera activity appeared to be dependent on intact IgG, suggesting that its mechanism of action involved a biologic function determined by the Fc part of the molecule. In addition, the crude globulin preparation contained more activity than could be accounted for on the basis of its IgG content alone, implying that different immunoglobulin fractions act in a synergistic manner.
Amphibian Plasma Cells
Authors: Cowden Ronald R. , Dyer Robert F. , Gebhardt Bryan M. , Volpe E. Peter
Published: December 2022

Cells with the light microscopic and ultrastructural features of mamalian plasma cells were observed in lympoid tissues of long-term stimulated Bufo marinus, the marine toad. Cells with this morphology were the only cells which could be stained by the fluorescent antibody method. The cellular basis of immunoglobulin formation in cold-blooded vertebrates thus appears to be the same as that in mammals. Bufo marinus plasma cells were most abundant in the kidney lymphoid tissue, and in the margins of granulomas formed at the sites of injection of antigen in complete adjuvant.
Induced Localization of Allergic Adrenalitis and Encephalomyelitis at Sites of Thermal Injury
Authors: Levine Seymour , Hoenig Eugene M.
Published: December 2022

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was produced by active immunization with neural antigen and by passive transfer with living lymphoid cells. The lesions of both types of EAE localized around areas of brain damaged by heat, as has been reported in the past for a number of other nonspecific brain injuries. Allergic adrenalitis was also produced by active immunization and by passive transfer. Induced localization of both forms of adrenalitis at sites of thermal injury was demonstrated for the first time. Heat lesions 5 days or older were effective. Induced localization occurred within 24 hr and was organ specific. However, 1-day-old heat lesions of brain and 1- or 2-day-old heat lesions of adrenal were not conducive to localization of the corresponding autoimmune disease. The ineffectiveness of these very recent heat lesions was not related to a systemic stress reaction. The longer duration of the period of ineffectiveness in the adrenal was paralleled by a slower evolution of the healing process in the adrenal as compared to the brain, and both may be related to some local tissue characteristic specific for the adrenal.
Induction of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity and Serologic Unresponsiveness to Tubercle Bacilli in Newborn and Young Cuinea Pigs
Authors: Janicki Bernard W. , Aron Stephen A.
Published: December 2022

The age at sensitization with tubercle bacilli was shown to have a marked influence on the expression of tuberculin skin reactivity in young guinea pigs. Animals varying in age from 0 to 4 weeks old were injected with 5 mg (dry weight) of heat-killed M. tuberculosis (H37Rv strain) and skin tested 2 weeks later with 5 µg of PPD. Only the 4-week-old animals exhibited tuberculin hypersensitivity to the same degree as similarly-sensitized adult animals. Evidence was provided to indicate that the failure of the younger animals to exhibit skin reactivity may reflect a nonspecific deficiency of the skin rather than a fault in functional immune capacity. The effect of varying the size of the sensitizing dose on tuberculin skin reactivity was not as striking as varying the age at sensitization. Positive skin reactions were noted following the use of sensitizing doses ranging from 0.125 mg to 5.0 mg when the animals were skin tested 2 weeks after injection. In contrast, the serologic reactivity of the sensitized young animals decreased as the sensitizing dose was increased above 0.5 mg. The 5-mg dose was found to induce serologic unresponsiveness quite effectively in newborn animals. Serologic unresponsiveness represented at least a 100-fold decrease in the circulating antibody response. It was suggested that serologic unresponsiveness may reflect a form of specific immune suppression. The implications of these findings to the use of acquired immunologic tolerance in guinea pigs as a model for study of the mechanisms of immunity in tuberculosis are discussed.
Human Serum Interactions with Candida Albicans
Authors: Chilgren Richard A. , Hong Richard , Quie Paul G.
Published: December 2022

Clumping of Candida albicans occurred when the organisms were incubated in normal human serum. This clumping of yeast and mycelia apparently accounts for the decrease in colony-forming units previously described. Homogenization of serum after incubation showed that clumping did not bring about organism death. Clumping of C. albicans did not occur in sera from three patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and furthermore these sera inhibited clumping in normal sera. The inhibitor of clumping present in the sera of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis has been identified as specific IgG C. albicans antibody.
Comparative Antigenic Study of Besnoitia Jellisoni, B. Panamenis and Five Toxoplasma Gondii Isolates
Authors: Suggs M. , Walls K. W. , Kagan I. G.
Published: December 2022

Besnoitia jellisoni and B. panamensis were compared antigenically with five Toxoplasma gondii isolates. These were found to be related antigenically as shown by the CF, IHA and IFA serologic tests. Not all of the T. gondii isolates revealed the same degree of related antigenicity to Besnoitia. The T. gondii RH antigen showed no antigenic crossing with the Besnoitia antiserum in the CF and IFA tests, but cross-reactions were observed when T. gondii RH antiserum was reacted with Besnoitia antigen. The other Toxoplasma isolates crossed antigenically with both species of Besnoitia in the CF test, and all the Toxoplasma isolates were found to cross with both Besnoitia species in the IHA test.

The IHA test with absorbed sera revealed that of the Toxoplasma isolates, the T. gondii RH was antigenically the least related to the Besnoitia. The comparative antigenic studies of these two genera suggested that an antigenically related spectrum of organisms exists with the Besnoitia and the T. gondii RH isolate at opposite ends of the spectrum. The other Toxoplasma isolates were found to have strong antigenic similarities between the two extremes with the T. gondii VI-6 chicken isolate being closer to the Besnoitia and the T. gondii Taylor isolate closer to the T. gondii RH isolate. These studies also showed that there are antigenic differences among the Toxoplasma group.
Properties of Erythrocytes Stabilized with Sulfosalicylic Acid and Their Use in an Indirect Hemagglutination Test with Influenza Virus Rnp-Antigen
Authors: Becht H.
Published: December 2022

Erythrocytes can be fixed with sulfosalicylic acid. The human blood group substances that have been tested are not destroyed The fiexd. cells behave differently toward hemagglutinin from influenza viruses in contrast to native erythrocytes. The stabilized cells can be coated with RNP-antigen prepared from infected chorioallantoic membranes and used in a sensitive indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of antibodies. RNP-antigen inhibits the hemagglutination reaction specifically. Blocking tests can therefore be used to titrate antigen-containing material.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness, Immunity and Enhancement in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Liauw H. L.
Published: December 2022

Progressive and fatal experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs was accompanied by the development of delayed hypersensitivity and low-titered ciruclating antibody to central nervous system (CNS) antigens. Inoculation with cyclophosphamide and allogeneic CNS tissue suspension produced a long-lasting immunologic unresponsiveness in which subsequent lethal challenge with allogeneic CNS tissue did not produce disease and related immunologic responses. Delayed hypersensitivity to allogeneic CNS antigens could not be demonstrated. Only partial suppression of EAE, accompanied by the development of delayed hypersensitivity and high-titered circulating antibodies, followed challenge of such unresponsive guinea pigs with xenogeneic (rabbit or dog) CNS tissue.

Similar inoculation of allogeneic or xenogeneic CNS suspension, but without cyclophosphamide, produced immunity to subsequent lethal challenge. Both delayed hypersensitivity and high-titered 7 S, γ2 complement-fixing antibodies were then present. Passive transfer of such high-titered allogeneic antibody partially protected normal recipients against lethal challenge, whereas sera from immunologically unresponsive animals or from animals with antibodies to xenogeneic CNS tissue were ineffective. After active challenge with allogeneic CNS tissue, guinea pigs which had also received sera from paralyzed, dying animals developed more severe disease and died at a faster rate than control animals.
Induction of Erythema-Wheal Reactions by Soluble Antigen-γE Antibody Complexes in Humans
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko
Published: December 2022

The activity of soluble antigen-antibody complexes to induce erythema-wheal reactions in humans was studied using a ragweed antigen-human antibody system. It was found that γE-antibody complexes induced positive skin reactions, whereas neither γG- nor γA-antibody complexes did. The skin reactivity of γE-antibody complexes depended on composition of the complexes. Analysis by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation strongly suggests the requirement of two or more antibody molecules for the formation of an active complex. The mechanisms involved in the induction of skin reactivity by the formation of complexes are discussed.
Heterologous Antisera-Enhanced Hemolysin in Sera and Tissue Extracts
Authors: Uyeki Edwin M. , Klassen Robert S.
Published: December 2022

A technique is described for determining serum and tissue hemolysin titers in microliter quantities using a modification of the Jerne technique for hemolysin plaque-forming cells. The technique permits the visualization of augmented hemolysis resulting from the addition of rabbit anti-mouse sera. The enhanced antibody is a γ-globulin as characterized by several criteria. A γ-globulin or 7 S hemolysin was demonstrated in serum collected from animals injected 5 days previously with sheep red blood cells. A comparison of hemolysin plaque-forming cells and serum hemolysin titers indicated that peak levels of the developed hemolysin plaque-forming cells appeared 1 week prior to peak serum levels of developed hemolysin.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Malley A. , Amkraut A. A. , Strejan G. , Campbell D. H.
Published: December 2022

Rhesus monkeys sensitized by intradermal inoculations with either Ascaris suum extracts or an electrophoretically purified fraction developed wheal and flare reactions upon intradermal challenge. Persistence of the skin reactivity in the sensitized animals lasted between 40 and 90 days, and all animals responded to restimulation with Ascaris extracts and attained their previous level of sensitivity.

None of the sensitized animals showed any sign of either Arthus or delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Attempts to demonstrate circulating anti-Ascaris antibody by PCA or precipitin (ring) tests were unsuccessful. However, the presence of homologous skin-fixing antibody in the sera of Ascaris-sensitized rhesus monkeys was demonstrated by in vitro histamine release from passively sensitized monkey lung tissue.

These studies indicate that crude Ascaris extract contains two components, separated by electrophoresis, with distinct biologic properties. The cathode migrating fraction 1) is nontoxic in guinea pigs, 2) induces wheal and flare reactions in normal animals, 3) elicits wheal and flare reactions in sensitized animals and 4) releases histamine from passively sensitized monkey lung tissue. The anode migrating fraction is toxic in guinea pigs and is unable to 1) sensitize normal animals, 2) elicit wheal and flare reactions in sensitized animals and 3) release histamine from passively sensitized lung tissue.
The Production of Antisera to Human γG Subclasses in Rabbits Using Immunological Unresponsiveness
Authors: Spiegelberg H. L. , Weigle W. O.
Published: December 2022

It has been demonstrated that human γG immunoglobulins (γG) can be divided into four subclasses on the basis of antigenic differences in the heavy chain (1, 2). The antigenic differences between the subclasses are not pronounced and it is therefore difficult to obtain subclass-specific antisera. In the past, antisera usually have been produced in primates, because primates form more antibodies toward subclass-specific determinants than do rodents. However, even in primates, most of the antibodies that are produced react with γG of all subclasses and only after prolonged immunization and appropriate absorption can subclass-specific antisera be obtained. In addition, primates are not easily maintained in laboratories and not all of them form subclass-specific antibodies. For these reasons experiments were undertaken to develop a method to produce human γG subclass-specific antisera in rabbits. Since it has recently been shown that under certain conditions rabbits can form antibodies to one portion of the γG molecule while remaining unresponsive to another (3), rabbits were rendered tolerant to one γG subclass and immunized with γG of another subclass.
Regulation of Cellular Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Morris Alan , Möller Göran
Published: December 2022

Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from hyperimmunized or primarily immunized donors into normal syngeneic recipients caused an efficient suppression of cellular 19 S synthesis against sheep red blood cells subsequent to antigenic stimulation, as compared to the response in mice given antigen only. Thus, endogenously produced antibodies may play a regulatory role also in the primary immune response and act to terminate 19 S synthesis. However, the same recipients exhibited a marked stimulation of 7 S synthesis at the cellular and humoral level as well. It was concluded that the phenomenon of antibody suppression functions in a feedback system to terminate 19 S synthesis in the primary and secondary response. In addition, the same phenomenon permits the selective stimulation of such antigen-sensitive cells that can compete efficiently for antigen with the serum antibodies.
Studies on the Ontogeny of the Mouse Immune System
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Herzenberg Leonard A.
Published: December 2022

It has been shown that cells which have the potential to differentiate into immunoglobulin-producing cells appear in the yolk sac, liver and caudal half of the embryo by the 9th day of gestation. Late in pregnancy these cells are found in the thymus, gut, lung, spleen, femur and peripheral blood. Certain of the data suggest that immunoglobulin-producing cell lines and those cells which mediate cell-bound immune responses arise early in gestation as separate cell populations. It has been shown that immunoglobulin synthesis per se is independent of the thymus.
Antigenic Variants of Arboviruses
Authors: Henderson J. R.
Published: December 2022

Seven antigenically distinct subpopulations of virus were recognized among 32 viral clones recovered after plating various chick embryo tissue culture passage levels of the parent Arg-B strain of EE virus. Each of the distinct clones was antigenically stable for at least seven passages in a single type of susceptible host. Virus populations from clones which were antigenically identical when grown in one host remained identical after propagation in other hosts. However, when one type of viral clone was propagated in different hosts, the antigenic properties of progeny virus from each host type were distinctly different. There appeared to be some relationship between the persistence of different clone types, the antigenic nature of cloned viruses and their rates of replication in tissue culture.
Antigenicity of Guanidinated and Amidinated Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: December 2022

Extensive modification of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by guanidination, amidination, or by succinylation and amidination resulted in a protein antigenic to rabbits. The introduced groups created new antigenic patches which incorporated parts of the carrier protein without greatly impairing the already existing antigenic determinants on BSA. Antibodies produced against modified BSA had no specificity against the introduced groups if they were attached to another carrier protein (e.g., ovalbumin). The antibodies produced were of IgG type in early and late immunization and were separated into distinct specificities by absorption.
Observations Concerning the Pathogenesis of E. Coli Infections in Mice
Authors: Medearis Donald N. , Kenny Jean F.
Published: December 2022

Two strains of E. coli, serotypes 07 and 0111, which had been found to differ strikingly in their ability to kill mice after intraperitoneal inoculation were compared in order to define certain aspects of the pathogenesis of E. coli infections. Bacteriolytic, bactericidal and opsonizing capacity of 07 antisera was strikingly less for 07 than 0111 antiserum was for 0111, despite the fact that homologous antisera contained comparable quantities of agglutinating antibody for the two organisms. The more virulent organism, 07, resisted phagocytosis by macrophages in vivo and by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro; in addition it persisted intraperitoneally and multiplied. Thus these studies define an important role for phagocytosis in the pathogenesis of virulent E. coli infections.
The Role of Proliferation in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Feldman Joseph D.
Published: December 2022

Heavily irradiated nondividing lymphoid cells from immune donor Lewis rats were capable of transferring DH to neutral recipients. Serial transfer of DH beyond a second passage failed and was only occasionally achieved in secondary recipients. Cells from immune donors could not be boosted by antigen or PPD to enhance serial transfer or the severity of DH. These results indicated that cellular proliferation was not a necessary part of the expression of DH. Lymphoid cells acquired immunologic competence to transfer DH only after continuous in vivo incubation with antigen and only after the donors exhibited positive skin reactions.
Neutralizing Activity in Nasal Secretions and Serum in Resistance of Volunteers to Parainfluenza Virus Type 2
Authors: Tremonti Lawrence P. , Lin Juey-Shin L. , Jackson George Gee
Published: December 2022

Twenty-six volunteer subjects were challenged intranasally with parainfluenza virus type 2. Their response to the challenge was evaluated with respect to the prechallenge serum and nasal neutralizing activity against the infecting virus. Ninety-two per cent of the individuals possessed prechallenge serum antibody to the virus, and 42% had neutralizing activity in the nasal wash specimen. Following challenge, 14 of the volunteers became infected. Illness occurred in 29% of infected persons as an all-or-nothing phenomenon, independent of virus shedding. Nasal antibody prevented infection or markedly reduced virus shedding. Serum antibody was effective in reducing infection in direct relation to the height of the titer, but if nasal antibody was present the effect was augmented about fourfold. A serologic antibody response was the most sensitive index of infection. The most demonstrable effect of antibody was the reduction of illness, then virus shedding. Increasing immunity to infection was found with 1) a low titer of serum antibody alone, 2) low serum antibody plus nasal antibody and 3) a high titer of serum antibody. No infection occurred in a small number of subjects with high titers of serum antibody plus neutralizing activity in the nasal secretions.
Biologic Properties of Rat Antibodies
Authors: Bloch Kurt J. , Morse Herbert C. , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

Radioimmunoelectrophoresis was used to define the distribution of antigen-binding activity in rat sera during the course of an immune response to a single injection of DNP-BGG emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Binding of labeled antigen to IgM, IgA, IgGa and IgGb was found as early as day 4; more intense binding to IgA, IgGa and IgGb was seen in antisera from weeks 2 to 6. The IgM precipitin are did not bind antigen after week 5, nor after a second injection of antigen.

All four immunoglobulin classes were identified in sera from twelve different rat strains.
Properties of 19 S Antibodies in Complement Fixation
Authors: Cunniff Ruth V. H. , Cole Hollace H. , Stollar B. David
Published: December 2022

Concentrations of urea which had no permanent effect on the C′ fixation activity of IgG antibodies rapidly inactivated the C′ fixation ability of human and rabbit macroglobulins. The kinetics of inactivation at varying temperatures and urea concentrations were studied. Urea lowered the temperature range at which an apparently localized structural change occurred in the IgM molecule with no change in the size or the antigen-binding activity of the molecule.
Immunoglobulins Produced in Response to Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infections of Man
Authors: Ishii Keizo , Matsunaga Yasuko , Kono Reisaku
Published: December 2022

Thirty serum specimens were collected at intervals over the course of illness and during convalescence from six human cases of infection with Japanese encephalitis virus diagnosed by serologic tests. These sera were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and the antibody activities present in the various fractions were determined. HI and neutralizing antibody activities occurred in both IgM and IgG classes of immunoglobulins, but CF activity was present only in the IgG class. These findings would explain why HI and neutralizing antibodies appear earlier in the course of infection than do CF antibodies. The time at which antibody initially appeared in the IgG serum fractions differed between individual patients, and ranged from the first week to the fifth week after onset of infection. A relatively high proportion of the total antibody was found in IgM fractions in sera taken 4 weeks after onset, and some IgM was present as late as 6 months after onset. CF antibody (representing IgG) was shown to appear early in the course of infection in patients with a previous history of JE vaccination and in some older patients who might have experienced prior JE infection; this was considered to indicate a secondary antibody response to the JE virus.
The Biologic Role of Host Antigens in Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Zhdanov V. M. , Chepulis G.-K. S.
Published: December 2022

An immunologic phenomenon is described: induction of susceptibility of mice to infection by chicken embryo-adapted NDV in animals rendered “tolerant” to chicken embryo antigens. “Tolerant” mice developed pulmonary lesions and viremia after intranasal inoculation of NDV and the virus could subsequently be maintained in mice by direct passage. Susceptibility to the virus was not induced in animals injected as newborns with heterologous antigens.
Anti-Nuclear Antibodies in Mice
Authors: Teague Perry O. , Friou George J. , Myers Lynn L.
Published: December 2022

Indirect immunofluorescent antiglobulin techniques were utilized to examine the incidence of autoimmune anti-nuclear antibodies in aging retired-breeder and virgin A/J, aging retired-breeder DBA/1J, and aging virgin (A/JxDBA/1J)F1 hybrid mice. The incidence of anti-DNP antibody in aging retired-breeder A/J animals increased almost linearly to approximately 90% by 23 months of age. The greater incidence in 8-month-old retired-breeder females than in both retired-breeder males and virgin females of the same age disappeared as more animals in each group began to produce anti-DNP antibody during aging. Anti-DNA antibody was also produced spontaneously during aging, but only in very old animals. Aging DBA/1J (retired-breeders) and AJDF1 hybrids never developed either anti-DNP or DNA antibodies. The injection of calf thymus DNP or DNA, combined with complete Freund's adjuvant, did not induce 4 ½-month-old virgin A/J mice to produce anti-DNP or DNA antibodies. Similar treatments of 8-month-old retired-breeder A/J mice which lacked anti-DNP antibody prior to injection resulted in the production of antibody reactive with both calf and rabbit thymus DNP and autochthonous nuclei (LE cell formation). Antibody with specificity for DNA could not be detected in these sera. The injection of BSA or complete Freund's adjuvant alone also resulted in anti-DNP antibody production. In contrast, DBA/1J and (A/JxDBA/1J)F1 hybrids given similar injections did not produce anti-DNP or DNA antibodies.
Modification of Meningococcal Polysaccharide Antigens for Use in Passive Hemagglutination Tests
Authors: Hammond Bruce W. , Kingsbury David T. , Weiss Emilio
Published: December 2022

Lipopolysaccharide antigens derived from the cell walls of several Gram-negative bacteria by any of the commonly employed procedures have little erythrocyte-sensitizing activity. Their adsorption onto the erythrocyte can be greatly enhanced, however, by treatment with heat or mild alkali (1). The nature of the chemical change brought about by these procedures is not known, but it has been correlated with the removal of some of the lipid (1) or of O-acetyl (2).

Passive hemagglutination tests have been performed with crude or purified antigens derived from Neisseria meningitidis using tanned (3, 4) or untanned erythrocytes (5–7), which presumably adsorb, respectively, protein (8) or carbohydrate moieties. Adsorption of N. meningitidis carbohydrate requires pretreatment of the antigen with mild alkali. The observations reported here indicate that hindrance of carbohydrate adsorption is eliminated by removal of the sialic acid.

The strains of N. meningitidis used were CL-4, L-1, and NOR 20, groups A, B and C, respectively.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Mayer M. M. , Miller J. A. , Shin H. S.
Published: December 2022

Partially purified guinea pig C′2 (Borsos, T., Rapp, H. J. and Cook, C. T., J. Immun., 87: 330, 1961) is adsorbed on EAC′4 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit anti-Forssman and guinea pig C′4) suspended in 0.005 M Veronal buffer, pH 8.5, containing 0.059 M NaCl, 0.002 M MgCl2, and 5.8% sucrose. After two washings with the same buffer, the C′2 is eluted at 0°C with 0.005 M Veronal buffer, pH 6.5, containing 0.147 M NaCl and 0.05% gelatin. The product is stable and contains no guinea pig antigens other than C′2. However, it is contaminated with proteins from the sheep erythrocytes, mostly hemoglobin. For most purposes, this is not objectionable. If necessary, the contaminants may be removed by two successive electrophoretic separations on polyacrylamide gel. For improved stability, the C′2 is eluted from the gel with 0.005 M Veronal buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.147 M NaCl and 0.05% gelatin, or with 0.15 M NaF containing 2% l-lysine.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Stolfi R. L.
Published: December 2022

A new inhibitor, with specificity for the reaction of the eighth component of guinea pig complement (C′8), has been generated in vitro. This inhibitor may be detected in partially purified preparations of C′8 which have lost hemolytic reactivity after storage at 0 to 4°C under conditions of low ionic strength (0.04 M relative NaCl concentration) at pH 7.5. The C′8 inhibitor also may be detected in preparations of partially purified C′8 which have lost hemolytic reactivity after treatment with extremely low concentrations of trypsin. This inhibitor was called the C′8 analogue because it appeared to be generated from the hemolytically active species of the C′8 molecule after some minor molecular alteration which resulted in the loss of hemolytic activity without change in the sedimentation constant of the molecule (7.8 S), and with very little change in the net electrical charge of the molecule.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Nelson R. A. , Gigli I.
Published: December 2022

An attempt has been made to study certain proteins of the complement system from a variety of different species of vertebrates and invertebrates. The major portion of the data has been accumulated on the hemolytic reactivity and physicochemical characterization of C′1 and C′9, using sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit antibody in combination with other purified components isolated from either guinea pig or human serum. Our first studies involved the fractionation of shark serum and clearly demonstrated a remarkable similarity of C′1 and C′9 with respect to specific reactivity; i.e., hemolytic units per microgram of protein when compared with guinea pig or human components, but some other physicochemical differences were apparent. Shark C′1 reacted much more efficiently on cells sensitized with shark antibody than on cells sensitized with rabbit antibody. Similar experiments have been performed with sera from other species. A final aspect of this preliminary survey concerns the distribution in different species of the protein on the surface of cells reacting in immune adherence; i.e., the protein which binds with the site on sensitized sheep cells in the state, EAbC′4,3.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Ward P. A.
Published: December 2022

Human eosinophils obtained by dextran sedimentation of human blood containing a leukocyte differential with greater than 75% eosinophils have been studied for chemotaxis using the modified Boyden chamber. Eosinophils respond to fresh homologous serum treated with immune complexes or plasmin. Ultracentrifugal analysis in sucrose density gradients reveals that neutrophils and eosinophils respond chemotactically to identical fractions from the gradients. In serum treated with immune complexes, the zone of chemotactic activity sediments with a moderately rapid velocity corresponding to the position of C′(5,6,7)a; whereas in the plasmin-treated serum, activity is confined to the upper portion of the gradient, probably representing the C′3 fragment. Like neutrophils, eosinophils also respond to soluble bacterial factors. Thus, eosinophils and neutrophils appear to respond to identical chemotactic factors. When human C′5 (β1F globulin) prepared according to the method of Nilsson and Müller-Eberhard is treated with trypsin, chemotactic activity for neutrophils appears.