bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CYBERCRIME AND GLOBAL SECURITY THREATS: A CHALLENGE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: WIDYA SETIABUDI SUMADINATA
Published: June 2023

This research aims to examine the challenges faced in handling cyber crimes and global security threats from the perspective of international law. In the digital era, cyber crimes are increasing and causing detrimental impacts both at the national and international levels. Therefore, international cooperation and strong law enforcement are needed to overcome this challenge. The research method used in this study is a descriptive-analytical approach. This research was conducted by analyzing regulations and policies that apply at the international and national levels, as well as literature studies from reliable sources. The results of the research show that the challenges faced in handling cyber crime and global security threats cannot be solved individually by a country. Strong international cooperation and harmonization of international law are needed to overcome this challenge. International cooperation between countries in the field of information and technology is very important to build better cybersecurity.
CIVIL LAWSUITS TO PROTECT TRADEMARKS FROM ELECTRONIC INFRINGEMENT (A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE SAUDI SYSTEM AND FRENCH LAW)
Authors: AHMED MOHAMED FATHY ELKHOLY
Published: June 2023

As a result of the tremendous development in information technology, websites appeared, which in turn facilitated the great development in trade and its transformation from traditional trade to electronic commerce, so trade became carried out through a world that does not include any physical presence, but communication is done electronically and the volume of electronic exchange expanded, and this development had a great impact on intellectual property rights, especially trademarks, with increased competition, and trademarks were one of the most damaged intellectual property rights. Through what is known as electronic robbery, where after opportunistic people registered websites in the name of trademarks, and when the company that owns the mark wanted to register a website with the mark, it found that there is already a site that it does not own, and if the signatory wanted to pay a lot of money, this resulted in disputes and disputes between the owners of those marks and the registrars of electronic addresses, and we will address through this research the civil lawsuits that the injured person resorts to from registering his trademark to obtain his right if he is subjected to this type of burglary Through civil lawsuits such as unfair competition lawsuit or tort lawsuit approved by the French legislator or through specialized committees approved by some regulations such as the Saudi regulator such as the Committee for the Resolution of Violation of the Competition Law.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF CORPORATE INSOLVENCY RESOLUTION PROCESS UNDER INDIA’S INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016 IN RESOLUTION OF DISTRESSED ASSETS AND CONTAINMENT OF NON-PERFORMING ASSETS AND REDUCTION IN OCCURRENCE OF FRAUDS OF BANKS IN INDIA
Authors: MAHENDER PAL ARORA, VIKALP SHRIVASTAVA  , MAHENDER PAL ARORA, VIKALP SHRIVASTAVA
Published: June 2023

The paper describes the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 of India and its role in resolution of distressed assets and how and in what manner it has helped in containing Non-performing assets and also how and to what extent it has contributed to reduction in occurrence of frauds in banks in India and appraises its efficiency against a number of benchmarks. The goal of the Code is to consolidate numerous legislations on the subject and provide a single, unified and vital platform for revival and/or liquidation of corporate and non-corporate bodies and self- proprietors. The main and substantial policy and procedural changes envisaged in the Code targets to salvage the movable and immovable assets engaged in the distressed organizations in a time-bound manner to protect the interests of not only creditors but also employees, workers, government dues and others involved. An attempt has been made to understand as to how far the corporate insolvency resolution process under the code is effective for resolving distressed assets and containing non-performing assets and occurrence of frauds in banks of India and why it is being recognized that bankruptcy law in India is not enough to manage the bad loan situation in India and more action is required on the NPAs than what is available through the Bankruptcy Code.
GUARANTEE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY ON THE ISSUANCE OF ELECTRONIC LAND CERTIFICATES
Authors: DAMIANUS KRISMANTORO
Published: June 2023

The Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency has issued a new regulation, Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning Regulation (Permen) Number 1 of 2021 on Electronic Certificates, to replace Conventional Certificates with Electronic Certificates. This decision has faced mixed opinions from supporters and opponents regarding legal certainty and appropriateness. Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Ministerial Regulation requires that Electronic Certificates must be secure, reliable, and responsible. This article discusses the issue of Electronic Certificates using doctrinal legal research. The results show that Electronic Certificates are necessary for modernizing land services and improving business ease and public services. Land services must be carried out professionally, safely, and accountably using information and communication technology.
THE POSITION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ON WARS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Authors: NADHEER SAMI ABDEL WAHID
Published: June 2023

The problem that the research deals with focuses on the fact that war is an act that contradicts the principles of the United Nations, which prohibit aggression and the use of force in international relations.

The research aims to discuss the position of international law on resorting to war, in managing relations between states.

The research concluded that the policies of the major powers tend to try to adapt the policies of war, in a way that does not contradict the position of international law, by developing new generations of wars, which do not entail responsibility on the state.
LEVYING THE LEVEL OF IMPORTANCE OF THE BANK LENDING PROCEDURES IN THE NORTHEN PHILIPPINES
Authors: ROLLY SAN JOSE
Published: June 2023

The operation of private commercial banks in the modern economy is very important to the functioning of the modern financial system. They do this by initiating credit programs in the form of loans and investments, which allows them to bring into our midst the component of the total money supply that is viewed as being of the utmost relevance. The purpose of this study is to determine the significance of bank policies and procedures, in addition to the challenges that these institutions faced during the course of their lending operations at private commercial banks located in the four (4) communities that make up Region 02 in the Philippines. This study's objective is to determine the significance of bank policies and procedures, in addition to the challenges that these institutions faced during the course of their lending operations. In other words, the purpose of the study is to provide a solution to the question, "What difficulties did these institutions encounter while carrying out their lending operations?" According to the findings of this study, lending procedures enable financial institutions to more precisely evaluate the potential downsides of providing borrowers with credit. It enables the bank to evaluate the creditworthiness of the consumers, which in turn decreases the risk that the customers will be unable to repay the loans they have taken out. Having transparent loan procedures is good for both the borrower and the lending institution. This is because it makes it easier to comprehend the circumstances of the loan, such as the interest rate and the repayment schedule. As a consequence of this clarity, the borrower is able to create precise plans, which guarantees that the transaction will be transparent.
THE CHALLENGES OF THE IMPACT INVESTING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA
Authors: ATIN GARG, SAPNA ARORA
Published: June 2023

There have been a lot of discussions about the Impact Investment Industry (III), and despite having multiple unique benefits, it is still not reaching mainstream investing. This industry is facing some unique challenges as it is a bridge between for-profit investing and charity/philanthropy. So, this study discovered the critical challenges faced by the different stakeholders in the impact investing highlighted by the existing literature. The study used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included 116 documents published between 2009 till 2021. The descriptive, thematic, and content analysis is done to achieve the objective. After reviewing the existing literature, the authors found multiple stakeholders operating in the III, such as impact investors, social entrepreneurs, intermediaries, and regulatory bodies. They are exposed to different challenges which are unique to each stakeholder. The study categorized all the challenges into the seven major categories/factors: Portfolio Management, Human Resource, Compliance, Ecosystem Deficiency, Investors Management, Access to Capital, and Geographic challenges. The study recommended that to address the challenges in the III, the academician and practitioners should conduct joint research and consider country-specific analysis based on more extensive primary data.  At last, the study concluded that a joint task force is to be formulated based on Triple Helix Model to strengthen the III ecosystem.
DESIGN OF A FRAMEWORK FOR DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS FROM ANDROID-EMBEDDED SMARTPHONES
Authors: ASLAM J. KARJAGI, S. A. QUADRI
Published: June 2023

Mobile forensic acquisition is a critical aspect of modern criminal investigations, as mobile devices have become an essential part of our daily lives. Yet, forensic investigators aiming to extract data from current mobile devices in a forensically sound manner have faced substantial difficulties due to the robust security features of these devices, such as encryption. Conventional forensic data-collecting techniques are no longer viable, necessitating the development of new techniques that work by evading security measures and taking advantage of system flaws. The CLOUD Act is a US law that gives foreign governments the authority to demand information from US-based Cloud Service Providers or to eavesdrop on conversations, which makes it more difficult to do forensic analysis on mobile devices. To address these issues and evaluate contemporary forensic data extraction approaches in light of the contentious regulation of encryption and governmental access to encrypted devices, this article suggests a new model for mobile forensic acquisition. One of the major challenges faced by forensic investigators is the constantly evolving nature of mobile devices and their software. As manufacturers release new models with different security features and operating systems, forensic experts must adapt their techniques to keep up with these changes. Additionally, the use of encryption is becoming more widespread among consumers, which makes it more difficult for forensic experts to access data on these devices. Therefore, it is essential that forensic investigators stay up to date with the latest advancements in mobile technology and develop new techniques for data extraction that can keep pace with these advancements.
THE WOMEN'S RIGHTS POST-DIVORCE: ASSESING THE ROLES OF RELIGIOUS COUNSELORS AND COMMUNITY LEADERS IN PAREPARE
Authors: RUSDAYA BASRI
Published: June 2023

This study focuses on three issues: the description of the fulfillment of post-divorce women's rights in Parepare City, the role of religious counselors in socializing post-divorce women's rights in Parepare City, and the role of community leaders in educating the public about the fulfillment of post-divorce women's rights in Parepare City. This is qualitative research with a normative legal orientation. Research findings indicate a Summary of fulfillment rights Post-divorce women in Parepare City have not obtained their maximum entitlements. This is evidenced by the fact that several divorced and widowed women who have been divorced by their spouses still have not fully acquired their rights. The absence of counseling materials related to post-divorce women's rights issues indicates that the function of religious instructors in socializing post-divorce women's rights in Parepare City has not been carried out effectively. In Parepare City, the role of community leaders in educating the community about women's rights post-divorce has been fulfilled; however, the provision of material related to women's rights post-divorce was not made explicit and the syllabus was not systematically compiled. Although, within the jurisdiction of the Parepare Religious Court, judges ex officio have conferred women's rights after a divorce, the judge's decision is considered null and void because judges do not have the authority to carry out their decisions in the Religious Courts.
EFFORTS TO PREVENT THE CRIMINAL ACTION OF CORRUPTION THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A WORK UNIT FOR THE PROCUREMENT OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REGULATION OF THE LKPP INSTITUTION NO. 10 YEAR 2021
Authors: AAN ASPHIANTO
Published: June 2023

Objectives: This article is intended to research and identify factors that may be the cause of criminal corruption in the procurement of goods and services. government. Methods: Research was conducted using the statute approach and the conceptual approach. Secondary data is the data used in writing this article, namely interview data as complementary acquired by no direct action of the author. Data collection techniques in research: this is literature studies (Library Research) conducted with the method of researching ingredient references, or what is known as secondary ingredient law. About Procurement: government goods and services, and regulations related to others, related to Presidential Decree Number 12 of 2021 concerning Changes to Regulations President Number 16 of 2018. The following step is descriptive-qualitative data, which is presented data and information that is then analyzed using a variety of conclusions. Results: UKPBJ is directly involved in planning, management, procurement of goods through a provider or applicable self-management. In LKPP Institutional Regulation Number 10 of 2021, concerning not quite enough answers. Conclusion: Therefore, it could be concluded that because corruption occurs in procurement of goods and services, among others, greed (getting personal profit), abuse of authority, and taking advantage of opportunity. Regulation 10 of the LKPP for 2021.
DIGITIZATION OF HEALTH SERVICES IN MOROCCO AND ITS ROLE IN FACING THE CORONA CRISIS
Authors: LAHOUCINE BELASRI, AHDEID MOHAMMED
Published: June 2023

This study sought to define the concept of health digitization and its place in Moroccan legislation and the argument for it in light of the technological and informational development taking place in the world, while listing the areas that were concerned with this type of health services in Morocco during the Corona (Covid 19) crisis, whether in the administrative aspect or Through physical or psychological telemedicine. The study also pointed to a number of obstacles to downloading the digital transition in the field of health, the most prominent of which is the digital divide and the weakness of the legislative arsenal concerned with digital health. The study followed the description and analysis approach when presenting the concept of digital health management and its place in Morocco, with the extrapolation approach by tracking models and practical applications of health digitization in the Corona period, to conclude a number of results, most notably: the fact that digital health is an integral part of the digital transition of management in which Morocco has engaged. For a while, and the fields of intervention of this type of services are many and varied during the Corona period.
STRATEGY AND LEGAL APPROACH IN OPTIMIZING BUSINESS: NEW REGULATION TO ESTABLISH MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES
Authors: NININ ERNAWATI, ROULI ANITA VALENTINA
Published: June 2023

This study analyzes how the enactment of the Indonesian Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation on the ease of doing business for MSEs in Depok City, West Java. We investigate optimum strategies to create a resourceful circumstance for MSEs through the regulation called PT. Perorangan. We utilized a normative juridical approach to present diverse challenges regarding individual limited liability companies as legal entities in Indonesia by comparing the legal norms formed between one regulation and another. This research found that Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation positively affects the MSEs, not exclusively in Depok City, West Java. Our study implies that entrepreneurs get some help and convenience in legal affairs. The strategy carried out by the Government of Depok, West Java, is to create ease of doing business for MSEs through PT. Perorangan is by far relevant to increase public awareness about the legal aspects.
MASS LINE METHOD AND GRAMSCI’S PHILOSOPHY OF PRAXIS TO RITUAL PROPRIETY: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: GARY LILIENTHAL, NEHALUDDIN AHMAD
Published: June 2023

Jaspers, in 1949, coined the term ‘Axial Age’, as an age in which humans apparently became more analytical and reflective. Despite this great age, humanity is arguably still balanced in continuing regression against the former axial age. The overall research objective of this paper is therefore to examine critically the contemporary socialist attempt at combatting this regression. Chinese politics is a process of image creation, that, in turn generates new knowledge in the people, while ‘politics in command’ infers the same precept that Gramsci had called the ‘philosophy of praxis’. The mass line was a systematic and enduring set of programs and policies, prescribing the optimal form of propriety between the masses and the Party’s leadership. Xunzi had written a full account of the origin of ritual propriety and its relationship to these problematic facets of human nature. The research question asks how putting politics in command could inform party leadership by means of the philosophy of praxis. The argument sets out to bring proof for the proposition that deployment of the mass line would allow the gleaning of an epistemology of ritual propriety between the superstructure and the masses. The research paradigm is a cumulative synthesis made into new knowledge, built on top of well-established research. Thus, the manuscript’s research methodology is the construction of an argument constrained within a legal narrative concerning the various facets of Gramsci’s exegeses on folklore. Without the philosophy of praxis, governments would want to eradicate any folklore that challenged the ruling party’s worldview and legitimacy, charging such challengers as having been derelict in their externally imposed duties. This kind of contradiction is thus managed in the sole interests of a ruling class, and its unintended artifact is a truncation of creativity both within and by hegemonic groups. Gramsci conceived of the resultant subaltern groupings as being deliberately created by linguistic irradiation, so creating a war of position of self-developed identities against externally imposed identities. Combatting this, the mass line establishes the dialectical position of political activity as differentiation in the superstructures, inferring that to improve quality of life, the political activity must take control of the superstructure.
THE CONCEPT OF DEFENSE PLANNING IN BUILDING THE MILITARY FORCE POSTURE OF INDONESIAN MARINE CORPS
Authors: ARIP SUPRIYADI, MOELJADI, ADI KUSUMANINGRUM, SUSILO
Published: June 2023

The objective of this study is analyzing the Concept of Defense Planning in Building the Military Force Posture of Indonesian Marine Corps (IDMC). The methodology used is qualitative research with descriptive approach. The result of study shows that several constraints exist in defense planning, such as, personnels welfare and professionalism, varieties and inter-operability of weaponry, deterrence aspect, limited weapory, equipments, and training support, combat gears and equipments which are mostly in their maximum years of service, weaponry technology, and budget support. The concept of defense planning in building military force posture is an effort of the military in defining the objective, resources, and method of operation (strategy) necessary in reaching the objective of IDMC vision and mission. In implementing the vision and mission, IDMC establishes five-yearly strategic planning in the program of building the force posture, namely, the readiness of weaponry, non weaponry, facilities, facilities, and infrastructure, modernizing and enhancing the weaponry, facilities and infrastructure, as well as naval reinforcement which could support the main tasks of IDMC.
ANALYSIS OF HATE SPEECH PERPETRATORS ON SOCIAL MEDIA THROUGH CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: MULIATY, BASO AMANG, IMRAN EKA SAPUTRA B
Published: June 2023

Social media not only has a positive impact but also provides an opportunity for someone to commit a crime, one of which is hate speech which can be detrimental to the perpetrators themselves, society, and the country itself. However, there are still people who are unfamiliar with regulations prohibiting hate speech on social media which can violate the rule of law and cause anxiety to other members of society, so analysis is needed to identify the factors that caused this crime. The purpose of this study is to find out what factors cause someone to hate speech on social media. The research method used is library research, with a causal approach and a juridical approach—research materials consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary materials. The processed data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively, namely describing the data in a quality manner in the form of sentences that are orderly, logical, and effective. The research results obtained are factors that cause a person to make hate speech on social media, consisting of internal factors or factors from within the individual; and external factors. Among the many factors that cause someone to make hate speech on social media, it is the factor within the individual that is often the main cause of someone to make hate speech on social media.
THE PROSECUTOR'S LEGAL POLICY IN ENACTING RESTORATIVE JUSTICE ON CRIMINAL CASE
Authors: HARDIANTO DJANGGIH, ELVI SUSANTI SYAM, SYAHRUL GUNAWAN
Published: June 2023

The Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia has a strategic role and obligation in optimising the law enforcement process, including through progressive policies. One form of this policy is the regulation of the mechanism for stopping prosecution through Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020. This study aims to examine two main issues: First, How is restorative justice adopted in Indonesian criminal law? Second, How is the substance in the prosecutor's regulation number 15 of 2020 according to the perspective of restorative justice? This study is a doctrinal legal research with a conceptual and statutory approach. Data was obtained from primary and secondary legal materials which were inventoried through a literature study. The Data were then analyzed qualitatively with descriptive-analytical presentation. The finding concludes that: First, in the Indonesian context, restorative justice was initially unknown in the Criminal Code, but it gradually began to be adopted through criminal law reforms such as the SPPA Law, which regulates restorative justice in the form of a diversion policy. Restorative justice can also be used in certain types of crimes, such as minor offenses, cases involving women in conflict with the law, and narcotics offenses. Second, the substance of Prosecutor's Office Regulation No. 15 of 2020 is primarily consistent with the concept of restorative justice. A number of provisions have prioritized the peace aspect by involving all parties, both victims and perpetrators, in a fair and impartial manner. The basic considerations, qualifications, and exceptions are also prepared proportionally while preserving the law and public interests in mind. As a result of this legal policy, the paradigm in criminal case settlement has shifted from a retributive (punishment) approach based on due process of law to one that is rehabilitative and restitutive based on a restorative justice approach.
THE ATTORNEY'S AUTHORITY IN DETERMINING STATE FINANCIAL LOSSES IN CORRUPTION CRIMES
Authors: HENDRA KARIANGA, ALI RAHMAN
Published: June 2023

The Attorney General's Office has the power to objectively assess state financial losses and make a Determination. In contrast, states have the power to assess and decide upon their own financial losses due to criminal acts to corruption, BPK and BPKP are responsible. The Office of the Prosecutor only relies on the attributive authority granted by the Prosecutor's Law which requires the Public Prosecutor to conduct investigations and finalize case files, including files for determining state financial losses. The Attorney General's Office losses in state finances need not be verified by the BPK and/or BPKP or any other auditing authorities and may be determined independently are transparent, real, and not complicated, and the proof will be easy to present before the court. If, on the contrary, namely complicated, not simple, and complex, then coordinate with the BPK and/or BPKP or other auditing institutions so that figuring out how much money the state lost are submitted to the authorized institution.
LEGAL PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS IN DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
Authors: HULMAN PANJAITAN, NINDYO PRAMONO
Published: June 2023

Digital transactions or also known as e-commerce transactions are already a demand and necessity. It has brought several advantages for consumers in conducting transactions because it makes it easier and has penetrated the boundaries of space and time. Even though it must be recognized that there are negative impacts in the form of legal problems that are often detrimental to the rights and interests of consumers, such as goods that are sent late or not sent at all, hidden defects in the goods sent, and errors in the delivery of goods, for which several legal institutions are needed to protect the rights and interests of consumers who are harmed. From the perspective of civil law, it is necessary to question the validity of electronic contracts made in the form of standard clauses which form the basis of the legal relationship between consumers and business actors in digital transactions. Through secondary data in the form of primary and secondary legal materials, it can be seen that Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, and the Civil Code can be used as legal institutions to protect consumers from legal problems they experience. From the perspective of civil law, electronic contracts as the basis for legal relations between consumers and business actors made in the form of standard clauses, are valid according to the law following Article 1338 of the Civil Code in conjunction with Article 1320 of the Civil Code. Its enforcement is of course limited by Article 1337 of the Civil Code and Article 18 of Law No. 8 of 1999.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC LEGAL STUDY ON FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSACTIONS: MAQASHID SHARIA PERSPECTIVE
Authors: HANNANI
Published: June 2023

This paper discussed the impact of digital technology on various economic activities, particularly on the financial sector, which led to the emergence of Fintech. Indonesia was seen as having significant potential for Fintech development due to its geography, growing middle class, and underdeveloped financial product market. The research utilized a descriptive and qualitative literature review approach to analyze the development of Fintech in Indonesia through the lens of Maqashid Sharia. The research analyzed the need for Fintech compliance with Islamic commercial law, which excluded Maysir, Gharar, and Riba. The Maqashid Sharia approach was suggested as a way to ensure that Fintech adhered to Islamic principles. Fintech was described as the hybridization of technology with traditional financial services and explained that it gradually replaced incumbents with better and more efficient services. The importance of Fintech transactions being in compliance with Islamic law, which was based on the Quran and Hadith.
RESEARCH TO COMPLETE THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF VIETNAM'S STOCK MARKET TO MEET INTERNATIONAL TRENDS
Authors: THI THU HUONG DINH, NGUYEN GIAC TRI
Published: June 2023

In the integration trend, Vietnam needs to mobilize capital for economic growth through the financial market, so it is of great interest to study and perfect the legal framework to create a foundation for the development of the stock market. Research on the basis of surveying 100 subjects who are the relevant Boards of Directors, Heads and Deputy Heads of some securities companies in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi to see the actual application of the legal framework. stock market in Vietnam. The results show that the current legal framework is relatively complete, but there are still some shortcomings in terms of consistency and timeliness in amending and supplementing the system of legal documents, payment and clearing. lack of systematicity, as well as a number of regulations on accounting, information disclosure and supervision that have not met practical needs. From there, the study proposes a number of solutions in the direction of building a legal framework in line with international practices, improving consistency and timeliness, completing the payment and clearing system as well as other regulations. information regulations. This contributes to a healthy legal environment for the Vietnamese stock market to develop in response to the trend of international integration.
PROPORTIONALITY OF BIAS-MOTIVATION AND HATE CRIME: AN OVERVIEW OF HATE CRIME LAWS
Authors: GARY LILIENTHAL NEHALUDDIN AHMAD,
Published: June 2023

This article's overall research objective will be to critically analyze the foundational theory of hate crimes. The research question asks to what extent hate crimes are grounded in a foundational commonplace style of elaboration of statutory rules, as propounded by Nicolaus the Sophist, on the bases of the so-called ‘final headings’. The argument seeks to sustain the view that the so-called hate crimes are cognate to final headings elaborations in order to ground commonplace judicial denunciation. The research paradigm identifies underlying norms; therefore, the research methodology is doctrinal, establishing a legal narrative analysis.In extended synthesis, a statute might not proscribe fighting words of racial animus any more than those of hatred of the victim’s family. Regulation of the words’ subject inferred elaboration by the heading of the just and the appropriate. The enigma of the ‘something more’ criterion is ostensibly an elaboration of the possible and the beneficial. Hate crime laws apply to conduct motivated by hate, instead of hate speech. Hate suggests a consequential vitiation of reputation, so that hate crime laws are impliedly elaborated based on the final heading of the appropriate. Online symbolic rhetoric is arguably the enigmatic ‘something more’ and elaborated by the final headings of the possible and the beneficial. Hate crime laws require extraordinary police inquiries into offenders' motives. This conflation of duty and avoiding turning a blind eye implies final headings elaboration by the appropriate and the just. A measurement of victim vulnerability by association with a suffering group is the primary indicium of commonplace, elaborated by the final heading of the beneficial. The key to a hate crimes prosecution for social media actions would be hostility as a vicious error, as already elaborated as being equivalent to hatred, susceptible to elaboration by the final heading of appropriateness.
ANALYSIS OF ADVANCES IN VIETNAM'S LAND LAW: AN INSIGHT INTO THE 2013 LAND LAW AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: GIOI PHAN MINH
Published: June 2023

The Land Law is one of the most concerned laws in Vietnam. Although the 2013 Land Law – the current Land Law has achieved many positive advances, some of its contents have not kept up with the rapid development in the economy and society of Vietnam today. This study examines the advances made in Vietnam's land law, with a focus on the 2013 Land Law and its implementation. In this study, we analyze the legal framework for land use in Vietnam, including the historical context of land reform and the development of the current land law. We also review the implementation of the 2013 Land Law, including its impact on land ownership, land use rights, and land management practices. Lastly, we provide a detailed analysis of the advances made in the 2013 Vietnam's land law, as well as the challenges and opportunities for further progress in land governance in Vietnam.
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FACTUAL ACTION AS ABSOLUTE COMPETENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS
Authors: ZAINUDDIN MUHAMMAD RINALDY BIMA, MUSLIM HAQ M.,
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study is to examine the Administrative Decisions (Beschikking) in Law Number 30 of 2014 about Government Administration Relating to the Administrative Court Law and the Legal Implications of Factual Action on the authority of the Administrative Court. This research employs normative legal research techniques, to explore legal issues that are relevant to the topics discussed by analyzing primary and secondary materiil law. The method for gathering legal materials is to make an effort to catalog and support relevant materiil Law, which is directly related to the themes utilized to support further systematization of writing. The study's findings demonstrate that the expansion of the meaning of administrative decisions, the discussion of what constitutes official action or factual action, and the enlargement of the Administrative Court's absolute competence are the legal implications that ensue.
ADR ADVOCACY, STRATEGIES & PRACTICES FOR IPR
Authors: ATHREYA D. GOWSHINI
Published: June 2023

Intellectual Property Rights is considered to be a legal right which is granted to the person who is considered to be the originator or the composer of an original work or invention for a stipulated period of time. In the modernized world, along with the tangible assets, intangible assets also play a vital role. All types of IP rights are considered to be an intangible asset. Protecting these IP Rights is an essential part in business. It is the responsibility of the owner to protect his business IP rights.  IP related lawsuits are initially filed in District Court, with appeal to the High Court. Alternative Dispute Resolution is a process used to resolve conflicts outside of the judicial system. The mechanism of arbitration will have legal obligation on the parties whereas the Mediation procedure is not so. Arbitration and Mediation process is used in IP related disputes which will be helpful for speedy disposal of the case and it is cost efficient to the parties which is one of the advantages to the parties. Disputes dealing with Business, Trade, Commerce and contracts, family related disputes, tortious liability can be sorted through ADR process. Similarly, ADR Process is used to solve IP Related disputes also. In order to disburden the judiciary from pending IP cases and for rendering justice without many complications, lawsuit can be filed through ADR mechanism. Based in Geneva, Switzerland, the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Centre was established in the year of 1994 with the aim to solve the intellectual property disputes through ADR Mechanism. The author will be highlighting the comparative analysis of ADR process with US and UK.
THE EFFECTS OF WORKSHOP INTERVENTION ON RESEARCH WRITING SKILLS
Authors: HENE LIBIANO HAPINAT DON ANTON ROBLES BALIDA, VIOLETA VILONERO GUILLERGAN,
Published: June 2023

This study examined the effectiveness of a workshop intervention in improving research writing skills of undergraduate students. A quasi-experimental design was used with forty-seven volunteer participants. Pre- and post-intervention surveys were conducted to measure perceived research writing skills. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for evaluation. Results indicated a significant improvement in average research writing skills after the workshop. The study found a positive correlation between workshop effectiveness and students' research writing skills, as well as a positive relationship between research writing skills and confidence. However, no significant relationship was observed between the workshop intervention and confidence. These findings highlight the efficacy of workshop interventions in enhancing research writing skills among undergraduates. Universities and colleges should consider offering targeted training sessions and workshops for specific skills to boost academic performance. These results can guide evidence-based practices for improving research writing skills in undergraduate students.
NGUYEN TRAI's THOUGHTS ON ETHICS, EDUCATION AND THEIR MEANINGS IN VIETNAM TODAY
Authors: NGOC UYEN PHAN THI
Published: June 2023

Nguyen Trai (1380-1442) was a great thinker in Vietnam around the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries. His ideas in many disciplines arose from the reality of fighting Ming invaders to defend the land and establish the early Le dynasty. Among those principles, Nguyen Trai's perspective on ethics and education is one of the most distinctive, representing patriotism, love for the people, a lifetime struggle for national independence, and people's happiness. The article “Nguyen Trai's thoughts on ethics and education and their meaning in Vietnam today” focuses on the content and characteristics of that thought, drawing its meaning for the duties of training morality and fostering knowledge for Vietnamese people today in order to meet the requirements of the country's industrialization and modernization.
CHANGING GENDER ROLES IN AGRICULTURE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF HUNZA AND SUBURBAN AREAS OF LAHORE
Authors: ZAIN KHADIJA SUNANA ALAM, SHEHLA A. YASIN, GUL-I-HINA,  TAYYABA SOHAIL,
Published: June 2023

The current study is a comparative analysis with an aim to explore the changing gender roles in the agricultural practices of Lahore and Hunza. The qualitative study design was used to conduct the study. Participants from Hunza and Suburban areas of Lahore were taken for the current research because Hunza is a far-off, less developed area where women are mainly responsible for agriculture and Lahore is a cosmopolitan city with all technological facilities. 12 participants, who were actively engaged with agriculture, with an equal number of men and women were taken from both geographical locations through purposive sampling. A semi-structured interview protocol was prepared keeping in view literature and personal observations, which consisted of 16 open-ended questions. Thematic analysis was the data analysis method. 7 major themes were extracted through analysis namely, Various agricultural tasks and gender roles, decision-making, marketing of crops and financial independence, Cultural Restrictions for Female Farmers, Challenges in Agricultural Activities, Technology and agriculture, and Gender-Oriented Agricultural programs. It was found that females from Hunza made independent decisions regarding crop selection, and new varieties of seed selection but females from suburban areas of Lahore did not find to be engaged at this level. Unlike the females from Lahore, Hunza women sold vegetables in their indigenous markets and had control over their income. Due to cultural restrictions, females from Lahore did not participate in different agricultural programs. Females and males from Hunza participated in agricultural programs due to their availability of time and desire. This research is a valuable contribution to fill in the existing gaps in the literature review and comparing the different roles males and females play in different agricultural activities in both geographical locations and the novel findings related to decision making etc.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON MARKET RETURN AND MARKET CAPITALIZATION IN BANKING SECTOR OF PAKISTAN
Authors: AHSAN AZIM ABDULLAH, KASHIF AMIN,
Published: June 2023

This study investigated the influence of corporate governance practices on bank market return and market capitalization in Pakistan. A sample of 19 commercial banks was selected using a simple random sampling method, and data was collected from 2010 to 2020. The study employed pooled OLS, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect models to analyze the relationship. The findings revealed mixed results concerning the impact of corporate governance variables on market return. The regression results highlight the influential role of director compensation and audit meetings on market capitalization, revealing a significant positive correlation with higher firm values. In contrast, variables such as board size, board composition, independent directors, and audit committee size and independence exhibit a lack of statistical significance in their impact on market capitalization. Moreover, board independence demonstrates statistical significance solely under the pooled OLS and Fixed Effect models. Similarly, variables including board size, board composition, director compensation, audit committee meeting frequency, and audit independence display no significant association with market return. These findings align with previous research in the field.
IMPACT OF TELESCHOOL TRANSMISSION PROGRAMS IN PAKISTAN ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC
Authors: KOMAL IQBAL SURRAYA TAJ, TEHSEEN TAHIR, UMBREEN ISHFAQ, RANI GUL,
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the tele-school transmission program in Pakistan on students' academic achievement during the 2019 pandemic. The objectives of the study were to analyze the level of tele-school program usage by primary school students in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the level of academic achievement of primary school students in different subjects during this challenging period. The study population comprised 360 government girls' primary schools in the Haripur district. The reliability of the measurement scale was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, and all statements were found to be reliable. Data were collected, scored, tabulated, and analyzed using mean, mode, Spearman correlation, and regression analyses as tests of statistical significance. The findings revealed that the tele-school transmission program significantly improved students' academic achievement across different subjects, including English, Urdu, Math, and Science. Both urban and rural areas experienced the benefits of this program. This research highlights the positive impact of tele-schooling during the pandemic and provides valuable insights for educational policymakers, administrators, and stakeholders to enhance remote learning strategies in similar crisis situations.
IMPACT OF DANCE EDUCATION LEARNING MODEL DEVELOPMENT (ICOSRIE) TO IMPROVE COLLEGE STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE SKILLS
Authors: SITTI RAHMAH, ABDUL HASAN SARAGIH, EFENDI NAPITUPULU
Published: June 2023

This study aims to develop an educational dance learning model for basic education with a model called ICOSRIE. The method used was research and development. This research was conducted in small-scale and large-scale trials. In developing this model, the test was carried out twice, namely the pre-test and the post-test (before and after being given treatment). The stages carried out in the trial include: (1) conducting a pre-test to measure the initial ability of college students about educational dance courses for kindergarten and elementary school using instruments that have been tested, (2) providing treatment of the ICOSRIE learning model in Educational Dance Courses for Kindergarten and Elementary School, (3) holding a post-test to measure the ability of college students after being treated. Based on statistical calculations, the average cognitive pre-test learning outcomes in large group trials were 39.82, mode 12, median 40, standard deviation 4.02, and variance 16.18. While the average cognitive post-test learning outcomes in large group trials were 80.01, mode 24, median 81.66, standard deviation 4.81, and variance 23.14. Histograms of pre-test and post-test cognitive learning outcomes were obtained in large group trials. Based on statistical calculations, the average value of cognitive pre-test learning outcomes in small group trials was 33.66, mode 50, median 35, standard deviation 14.69, and variance 219.92. Meanwhile, the average cognitive post-test learning outcomes in small group trials were 71.33, mode 80, median 71.66, standard deviation 8.04, and variance 64.70. The average difference in small-group cognitive learning outcomes among students during the pre-test was 10, with a standard deviation of 4,408. While the average cognitive learning outcomes of students during the post-test were 21.10 with a standard deviation of 2,025. The results of the statistical test obtained a p-value of 0.001, asserting that it can be concluded that there are small group cognitive learning outcomes in students during the pre-test and post-test after being given the ICOSRIE learning model. The average difference in cognitive learning outcomes of large groups of students during the pre-test was 11.95, with a standard deviation of 1,207. Meanwhile, the average cognitive learning outcomes of students during the post-test were 24.61 with a standard deviation of 1,443. The results of the statistical test obtained a p-value of 0.001, asserting that there are cognitive learning outcomes in large groups of students during the pre-test and post-test after being given the ICOSRIE learning model.
THE USE OF EUPHEMISMS BY TSAMARAAMANY IN THE TSAMADENGAN PODCAST: A STYLISTIC STUDY
Authors: IKHWAN M. SAID TASYA NURUL ANNISA, NURHAYATI,
Published: June 2023

This study aims to describe the types and functions of euphemisms used by TsamaraAmany in the TsamaDengan Podcast. This type of research falls under qualitative descriptive research. The data collection method used in this study is observation with the techniques of note-taking, recording, and non-participatory observation. The data source for this research is taken from 25 audio recordings of the TsamaDengan Podcast from April 12, 2022, to December 6, 2022. The data consists of oral data containing euphemistic language styles in the TsamaDengan Podcast. The results of the study show that there are data containing euphemistic language styles observed based on their types and functions. There are 10 types of euphemisms found, figurative expression, flippancies, remodelling, circumlocutions, clipping, one for one substitutions, part for whole euphemisms, understatement, borrowing, and colloquial language. As for the functions, there are four classifications, namely speech softening, confidentiality, education, and danger avoidance.