bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes and Memoranda
Authors: W. L. C.
Published: May 2009

TheBulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1889 contains a report upon a physical investigation of the waters off the southern coast of New England in the schooner Grampus during the summer of 1889, by Professor W. Libbey of Princeton College. This forms the first instalment of a series which promises to throw much light on the relations of temperature and salinity to the distribution of fishes and their food, and was itself directly suggested by researches upon the shad and the menhaden.

The observations cover the area between lat. 39° N. and lat. 41° 10′ N., and long. 70° W. to long. 71° 30′ W., soundings being obtained as nearly as possible every 10′ along lines 10′ apart. At each station a very complete series of temperature observations was made, and samples were collected at surface, bottom, and in the deeper soundings at an intermediate point. The specific gravities of these samples were determined by means of a Kilgard salMBImeter.

The temperature profiles along meridians of longitude are of great interest, extending as they do from near the coast over the edge of the continental plateau into deep water. The bathy-isothermal line of 50° F. shows a remarkable curvature off the continental platform, which the report says “would seem to point to a mechanical intrusion of cold water from the surface of the continental platform.” The conclusion is confirmed by the specific gravity observations; and the report goes on to say, “The existence of this body of warm water off the continental edge may offer an explanation of the richness of this particular spot in all forms of marine life, as shown by the successful dredging of the Albatross upon it.”
The Effect of Light on the Growth of Sporelings of the Intertidal Red Alga Plumaria Elegans (Bonnem.) Schm
Authors: Boney A. D. , Corner E. D. S.
Published: May 2009

Sporelings of the marine red alga Plumaria elegans, grown under continuous illumination from a fluorescent tube, show a maximum rate of cell production at a light energy flux of 10 ergs/sec/mm2 in the range 380—720 mμ. This amount of light energy is low, but compares closely with that illuminating Plumaria in its natural habitat at Wembury during the period of the year when the plant is producing spores.
Breathing Movements inEntobdella Soleae(Trematoda, Monogenea) from the Skin of the Common Sole
Authors: Kearn G. C.
Published: May 2009

An undulating movement of the body was observed inEntobdella soleae, a monogenean found on the blind surface of a mud-dwelling flat-fish,Solea solea, at Plymouth. The movement is described and shown to have a breathing function, the rate of undulation increasing with decreasing oxygen content of the ambient sea water and vice versa.

The relationship between the movement and micro-habitat is discussed and the phenomenon is compared with breathing movements in other muddwelling animals.

A similar movement was noted in three other skin-parasitic monogeneans:Acanthocotylesp. from Raiaclavata, Pseudocotyle squatinaefromSquatina squatinaandLeptocotyle minorfromScyliorhinus canicula.
The Fecundity of Plaice From the Coasts of Norway
Authors: Bagenal T. B.
Published: May 2009

An analysis has been made of plaice fecundity at four localities in Norway. The fish tended to be larger than those used in other fecundity investigations, and the comparison between localities has been made by considering the average egg number expected in a 50 cm fish. In general the plaice off Norway had more eggs than in the North Sea or round the British Isles. At Arendal in the Skagerrak the fecundity was 355 thousand for 50 cm, which is lower than has been found in the Kattegat, but a little higher than I found at Bergen (317 thousand eggs). At Arendal and Bergen the fecundity was higher than has been found in the North Sea but lower than in localities farther north in Norway. In Trondheim Fjord the plaice fecundity was very high indeed. Among the eleven fish examined it varied from 673 thousand to nearly ½ million eggs, and for an average 50 cm plaice would be 819 thousand. The female fish on the coast outside the fjord were quite different and contained about half the number of eggs (407 thousand for 50 cm). These coast plaice were very similar to those caught in the vicinity of Tromso where a 50 cm fish would have about 400 thousand eggs.
The Vertical Distribution of Euphausiids Near Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (‘Discovery’ Sond Cruise, 1965)
Authors: Baker A. De C.
Published: May 2009

During the autumn of 1965 a detailed study was carried out by members of the National Institute of Oceanography and Scripps Institution of Oceanography into the vertical distribution of the micronekton, plankton and sonic scattering layers in the upper 1000 m at a position off Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. This is one of a number of similar papers by various authors on the vertical distribution of the animal groups sampled (Angel, 1969; Clarke, 1969). A background to the investigation, including the hydrology of the area studied, has been given in an introductory paper by Currie, Boden & Kampa (1969).
Effects of Changes in Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations on Ventilation Rhythms in Onuphid Polychaetes
Authors: Dales R. Phillips , Mangum Charlotte P. , Tichy Joseph C.
Published: May 2009

Spontaneous rhythmic activity in the lugwormArenicola marina(L.) is believed to be under control of a pacemaker located in the ventral nerve cord and oesophageal plexus (Wells, 1937). Since the rhythmic component which often dominates the spontaneous behaviour of polychaete worms consists of movements resulting in irrigation of the tube or burrow, and thus ventilation of respiratory surfaces, pacemaker control of the rhythm differs strikingly from reflex control of ventilation in other animals.
Underwater Daylight and Moonlight Measurements in the Eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Kampa Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2009

SOND Cruise 1965 aboard the R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ afforded the opportunity for short-term estimation of the penetration of daylight at midday into three regions of the eastern North Atlantic, evaluation of the fluctuations in the character of noonday light at depth in a restricted area over a 2-month period, and a determination of the penetration of moonlight in this area at the full of the moon.
The Tidal Rhythm and Rhythm of Feeding and Digestion in Cardium Edule
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: May 2009

The view that bivalve molluscs are ideally adapted to fulfilling a mode of life in which the processes of feeding and digestion are continuous has long been accepted by most zoologists. An increasing amount of evidence, how ever, is being put forward to suggest that the opposite is true, that is, that bivalves are discontinuous in their feeding and digestive habits.
Letter from Wilfrid T. Grenfell, Esq., M.R.C.S.
Authors: Grenfell W. T.
Published: May 2009

At the request of the Secretary I venture to send you a brief account of the voyage we made last year in the smack “Albert” 97 tons register, belonging to the Council of the Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen.
The Range of Biomass in Intertidal Sand, with Special Reference to the Bivalve Tellina Tenuis
Authors: McIntyre A. D.
Published: May 2009

Because of the attention at present focused on the artificial rearing of plaice and other flat fish, there has been a revival of interest in the shallow sandy areas where the first bottom stages of these fish live. An additional interest in such areas derives from the growing threat of marine pollution. A need is being increasingly felt for more basic data on the structure of animal communities in unpolluted coastal waters, and on the range of natural variation within these communities so that base lines can be set, against which changes due to pollution may be assessed. With all these interests in mind, a detailed study is at present under way from the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, of the fauna of Scottish coastal waters. This paper, dealing with some of the preliminary results, describes the range of macrobenthic biomass of intertidal sand communities, and discusses the variations.
The Effect of China Clay on the Sediments of St Austell and Mevagissey Bays
Authors: Portmann J. E.
Published: May 2009

Although a good deal of attention has been paid to the type of sediments found in the south-western English Channel as a whole (see, for example, Allen, 1899; Stride, 1959, 1963; Flemming & Stride, 1967) very little work has been done on the local distribution of sediments in the immediate coastal area. The only data on the sediments in St Austell and Mevagissey Bays appear to have been given by Holme (1961), but even he provides details for only three stations. Some information on sediments in these bays in less recent times can be obtained from early Admiralty surveys, although the accuracy of some of the very old data may be questioned.
The Biology of Eurydice Pulchra [Crustacea: Isopoda]
Authors: Fish Susan
Published: May 2009

Eurydice pulchra Leach is a common intertidal isopod of sandy beaches. Its occurrence around the British Isles has been described by Jones & Naylor (1967), and Salvat (1966) has described the life cycle and intertidal distribution of the species on the west coast of France. There are several records of its intertidal distribution in Britain (Elmhirst, 1931; Pirrie, Bruce & Moore, 1932; Rees, 1939; Watkin, 1942; Brady, 1942; Holme, 1949; Southward, 1953; Colman & Segrove, 1955; Perkins, 1956; M. Ladle, unpublished) and these suggest that its distribution is variable. Watkin (1942) found that the population structure of E. pulchra in late March and early April was comprised of ‘two distinct groups’ and similar findings were made in July by Scott (1960). The present study was made on a large intertidal population in the sands of the Dovey Estuary, Cardinganshire.
The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Distribution of the Amphipod Pectenogammarus Planicrurus, with Particular Reference to Grain Size
Authors: Morgan Edward
Published: May 2009

The distribution of Pectenogammarus planicrurus Reid around the British coast appears to be restricted to a few scattered areas. As far as is known it has only been recorded in three localities.

The first of those is the ‘type locality’, described by Reid (1940), at Saltdean, Sussex. Here the upper region of the shore consists mainly of flint pebbles, the middle shore mainly of sand with patches of flint and chalk pebbles and the lower shore of boulders of chalk on a solid chalk base. Reid found it plentiful under stones near high water mark.

In a brief survey of the south coast beaches, from Brighton, Sussex, to Deal, Kent, in the summer of 1965, P. planicrurus was found in large numbers on the chalk and flint beaches associated with the coastal outcropping of the chalks of the North and South Downs. By far the largest populations were found at Seaford, Sussex, where, unlike Saltdean, the pebbles and gravel extend down to low water and P. planicrurus was not restricted to the upper part of the beach as it was at Saltdean. It appears that the ‘type locality’ described by Reid (1940) does not give a true picture of the vertical range of distribution of the species.

The second locality is at Port Erin, Isle of Man, where Jones (1948) observed P. planicrurus ‘under stones’ between H.W.N. and L.W.N. at Spaldrick on the north side of Port Erin Bay. Jones did not find this species in sufficient numbers to formulate a general idea of its habitat.
An Infestation of Adult Lernaeocera [Copepoda] on Wild Sole, Solea Solea, Kept under Hatchery Conditions
Authors: Slinn D. J.
Published: May 2009

Fish are perhaps one of the most highly parasitized of animal groups, and the unnatural crowding which occurs in hatcheries and aquaria favours the greatly increased possibility of heavy infestation by some parasites. Such hazards have been recognised in freshwater fishes for some time (see, for example, Dogiel, Petrushevski & Polyanski, 1961), and diseases of marine fishes are now beginning to receive increasing attention (Sindermann, 1966).
Seasonal Variations in Inorganic Phytoplankton Nutrients in the Inshore Waters of Cardigan Bay
Authors: Sykes J. B. , Boney A. D.
Published: May 2009

Until recently there has been very little information on the quantities of phytoplankton nutrients in the Irish Sea. Slinn (1958–1966) has reported the weekly variations in the nutrient concentrations at a station off Port Erin, Isle of Man, and studies on the nutrient conditions in the Menai Straits have been carried out by Jones (unpublished) and Ewins & Spencer (1967). Liss (1969) has reported on the results of winter surveys of reactive silicate near the Irish coast, and from three stations near the Welsh coast (Anglesey, the Lleyn Peninsula and Fishguard). The present paper describes studies carried out in the inshore waters near Aberystwyth in Cardigan Bay during 1967 and 1968. This investigation formed part of a study of the seasonal occurrence of the phytoplankton and the growth conditions in this shallow, inshore region.
Physiological Adaptations of two Species of Centipede (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha) to Life on the Shore
Authors: Binyon John , Lewis J. G. E.
Published: May 2009

The osmotic pressure and sodium concentration of the coelomic fluid of two species of httoral centipede have been measured and compared with those of a terrestrial one. A similar value of about 45 % sea water was obtained for all three species. Weight changes and longevity experiments in normal and diluted sea water suggest that littoral species are less permeable than terrestrial ones and it is suggested that the enlarged salivary glands of littoral species could be the site of salt secretion. A comparison is drawn with teleost and other examples whose body fluids are hypotonic to their environment.
Notes on the Biology of Some Pogonophora
Authors: Southward A. J. , Southward E. C.
Published: May 2009

Observations have been made on living pogonophores obtained from the continental slope to the south-west of the British Isles and from the continental shelf off the west coast of Ireland.

The blood of five species examined contains haemoglobin in solution. The tube appears to be freely permeable to water, but less so to electrolytes and small molecules.

The appearance and behaviour of living embryos is noted and the spermatozoon of one species figured. Possible feeding and other behaviour is discussed and it is concluded that the best line of future investigation lies with the shallow-water forms found in the Arctic Ocean.
The Role of Endogenous Rhythms in Vertical Migration
Authors: Harris John E.
Published: May 2009

Photographic recording at hourly intervals of a group of animals contained in a small tank kept in continuous darkness has revealed a 24 h cycle of locomotor activity in Daphnia magna and in Calanus helgolandic

A change in periodicity of the rhythm in Daphnia kept under continuous illumination suggests that the cycle is not determined by external stimuli

The phasing of the cycle differs in the two animals, but in both there is an increase in activity during the hours of darkness.

In Calanus and possibly also in Daphnia, the cycle of activity is absent in the winter months.
The Fecundity of Icelandic Plaice
Authors: Bagenal T. B.
Published: May 2009

This paper is one of a series on the fecundity of the plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. over a wide area of its geographical distribution and is concerned with the number of ripening eggs in the roes of female Icelandic plaice prior to spawning (see Bagenal, 1962, for references to other areas).

Thirty-eight plaice were caught by the Icelandic research vessel ‘Maria Julia’ on 23 and 24 March 1961 in the Midnessjor area. They were measured and weighed and the otoliths were extracted. The ovaries were preserved in modified Gilson's fluid (Simpson, 1951). I am very grateful to Mr Jon Jonsson who kindly made all the arrangements and Mr Gunnar Joakimsson who prepared the material in Iceland. The fish were very ripe and a few had developed translucent eggs, but spawning had not begun. The subsampling and statistical treatment of the results were the same as before (Bagenal, 1962). The otoliths, after being kept dry, were very difficult to read.

The Icelandic plaice are an isolated population, separated by deep water from the rest of Europe, and there are several spawning areas. currents move clockwise round Iceland and will carry the fertilized eggs and young larvae from Midnessjor and the S.W. coast spawning areas (Thomsen, 1948) to the good nursery grounds of Faxa Bay. Tåning (1929, 1948) has given accounts of the Faxa Bay plaice biology and suggests that ‘the eggs and tiny fry, which are found in the Bay in the spring months, seem mainly to come from the outside, for the greater part most probably from S.W. Iceland’. The eggs from the population offish considered in this paper, from Midnessjór, would drift into Faxa Bay which forms a good nursery ground.
Behaviour and Distribution of the Archiannelid Trilobodrilus Heideri
Authors: Boaden P. J. S.
Published: May 2009

The interstitial archiannelid Trilobodrilus heideri was found to be photophobic, fairly tolerant of low salinities and responsive to water current. This latter response of orientation and progression toward a water source was gradually lost by specimens suddenly transferred to low salinities. Rhythmic gregariousness was shown to occur in this species. The relation of this rhythm to tidal factors is postulated. It is shown how the demonstrated responses may affect the position occupied by T. heideri on the shore
Comparison of Several Methods of Determining Inorganic Phosphate in Sea Water
Authors: Jonesx P. G. W. , Spencer C. P.
Published: May 2009

Five methods of estimating dissolved inorganic phosphate in sea water are compared. Membrane-filtered inshore water from the Menai Straits was used in the study.

Wooster and Rakestraw's method gave higher results than Harvey's procedure. This was caused by some unidentified factor resulting in a non-sensitized reduction of molybdate in the former method.
Microscopic Marine Organisms in the Service of Hydrography
Authors: Cleve P. T.
Published: May 2009

It has for a long time been known that the sea abounds in microscopic organisms, both animal and vegetable. Among the former are entomostraca, infusoria, radiolarians, foraminifera, as well as larvae of mollusca, radiates, and bryozoa. Among the plant-life the mass consists of diatoms, cilioflagellates, flagellates, and certain unicellular chlorophyllaceous algae. For these pelagic forms Prof. Hensen has proposed the name plankton, which has been universally accepted.
The Regulations of the Local Sea Fisheries Committees in England and Wales
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: May 2009

The powers conferred on the Board of Trade, under the Sea Fisheries Regulation Act of 1888, to create, upon the application of a County or Borough Council, a local Fisheries District, and to provide for the constitution of a Local Fisheries Committee for the regulation of the sea fisheries carried on within the district, have been requisitioned by the majority of the Councils of the maritime counties of England and Wales, and at the present time Fisheries Districts and Fisheries Committees are constituted around nearly the whole coast line, the Committees having jurisdiction over all fishing carried on within the three-mile limit. The only portion of coast still unprovided for is that which lies in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, between Happisburg and Dovercourt.
Contributions to Marine Bionomics: II. The Function of Antero-lateral Denticulations of the Carapace in Sand-burrowing Crabs
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: May 2009

The antero-lateral margins of the carapace in many of the crabs of our own and of foreign coasts are beset with a row of teeth or spines, which vary in character and number in different species and genera. In the Oxyrhyncha (Spider-crabs) the whole surface of the carapace is generally studded with spines and stiff hairs of a peculiar character, but there is no general restriction of these processes of the carapace to the antero-lateral margins of the body. These crabs, moreover, do not adopt burrowing habits. Their armature of spines, tubercles, and hairs is employed, as is well known, for protective purposes: in some cases possibly as an actual defence against attack, in others (i.e., Eurynome aspera) as a means of protective resemblance to their surroundings; but in the great majority as mere pegs and hooks for the fixation of foreign bodies, such as algae, hydroids, polyzoa, and ascidians, for purposes of concealment and disguise.

In the Catometopa (Land-crabs, etc.) the carapace is usually smooth over its whole surface. These animals often burrow in sand, but for the most part their burrows are permanent subterranean tunnels and chambers.

In the Cyclometopa, however—the group which includes most of our commoner British crabs—the back of the carapace is generally smooth, while the antero-lateral margins are in most forms conspicuously serrated. Most of these animals inhabit sandy or gravelly areas, and show a marked propensity towards burrowing habits. Their burrows are never permanent channels or tunnels in the sand, but are mere temporary excavations, the sand, mud, or gravel being in actual contact with their bodies when imbedded.
Hydrographic and Nutrient Chemistry Surveys in the Western English Channel during 1961 and 1962
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I. , Boalch G. T.
Published: May 2009

In 1959 and 1960 eight surveys were made in an area about 54 x 83 km in the English Channel immediately south of Plymouth (Armstrong & Butler, 1962b). Measurements of temperature and salinity and of phosphate and silicate concentrations showed a good deal of variation from place to place so that it would be difficult to accept results from any one station as typical of the area. The density distributions suggested a general eastward movement in the winter and, in summer, a movement of surface water offshore from the English coast, with a corresponding onshore movement of deeper water.
Environmental Factors Controlling the Epipsammic Flora on Beach and Sublittoral Sands
Authors: Steele J. H. , Munro A. L. S. , Glese G. S.
Published: May 2009

The degree of exposure of a beach to wave action largely determines particle size, sorting and beach gradient (King, 1959) and these, in turn, have a dominant effect on the animal communities within the sand (Swedmark, 1964; Mclntyre, 1969). It is likely, however, that the main turnover of energy, as indicated by the rapid removal of oxygen (Brafield, 1964; Hamilton & Greenfield, 1967), is due to bacteria and algae. On sheltered muddy beaches, motile diatoms can be of considerable importance (Aleem, 1950; Perkins, 1960) but for a relatively exposed beach at Firemore, Loch Ewe, on the west coast of Scotland, Fig. 1, there was negligible unattached plant material, living or dead, and the primary production by the diatoms attached to the sand grains was low (Steele & Baird, 1968). Further, these diatoms did not show evidence of heterotrophy (Munro & Brock, 1968; Mclntyre, Munro & Steele, 1970) yet, at low water mark on this beach, the populations of attached diatoms are relatively uniform to a depth of 20–30 cm in the sand and show no sign of pigment degradation or decreased photosynthetic ability. These conditions at low water mark differ from those at a water depth of 5–10 m where chlorophyll concentration in the upper 5 cm of the sand is higher but where pigment degradation and blackening of the sand, indicating reducing conditions, are usually found below 10 cm depth of sand.
An Oil Dispersant's Effect on the Microflora of Beach Sand
Authors: Bloom Stephen A.
Published: May 2009

Oil pollution in marine waters has been a subject of growing concern and has stimulated a variety of pollution studies. Past methods of dealing with the problem have been mechanical, which are effective on land, and chemical which, in the past, have used highly toxic detergents, usually in open waters (Spooner, 1969).
The Vertical Distribution of Mesopelagic Fishes Collected on the SOND Cruise
Authors: Badcock Julian
Published: May 2009

The features of the vertical distribution of meso- and bathypelagic fishes are poorly known. Much of our present knowledge is based upon data collected on the early, major expeditions (i.e. Brauer, 1906; Murray & Hjort, 1912; Jespersen, 1915; Jespersen & Tåning, 1926; Norman, 1929, 1930; Regan & Trewavas, 1929, 1930; Benin, 1934, 1937; Ege 1934 1948, 1953, 1957; Bertelsen, 1951; Parr, 1960; Ebeling, 1962; Ebeling & Weed, 1963; Nafpaktitis, 1968). Fishing depths were not accurately determined, the depth of net generally being calculated from the length of wire out and the wire angle to the water surface. Closing nets were infrequently used. From these reports a general appreciation of vertical distributions has been possible. More recently, distribution studies mostly made in restricted areas using open nets with depths more accurately determined indicate a limited vertical distribution for each species (Aron, 1962; Pearcy, 1964; Pearcy & Laurs, 1966; Lavenberg & Ebeling, 1967; Paxton, 1967).
A Tidal Rhythm in the Response of the Barnacle,Balanus Balanoides, to Water of Diminished Salinity
Authors: Arnold D. C.
Published: May 2009

Some years ago it was shown that adult limpets,Patella vulgata(L.), could give a graded response to water of diminished salinity, the precise extent of which varied according to the tide level from which the individual was drawn (Arnold, 1957). This response, an upward movement of the front edge of the shell, accompanied by protrusion of the cephalic and mantle tentacles, was elicited by dilutions of sea water with a salinity as low as 17‰ in the case of limpets living near H.W.N.T., but was not shown to salinities below about 27‰ by those settled near L.W.S.T. Such a difference in tolerances and behaviour could be expected to play an important part in the lives of intertidal organisms, especially those of a sessile or sedentary habit, since it would permit populations inhabiting the higher levels of the shore to maintain activity despite the generally disadvantageous nature of prolonged exposure to the air. Moreover, those species capable of such adaptations might, under estuarine conditions, evolve physiologically different populations specially fitted for life under conditions of low salinity. Such studies are thus of value not only in regard to the biology of the particular species concerned, but also for fuller understanding of the general conditions of intertidal and estuarine life and their practicability as routes toward establishment of a terrestrial mode of life. Subsequent studies have revealed the salinity tolerances of a number of intertidal organisms, including those of the larvae of both the commoner barnacles and several families of polychaetes (Bhatnagar & Crisp, 1965; Lyster, 1965). Investigation with media of various compositions suggests that in both limpets and barnacles the response is essentially to the presence of chloride ion, modulated by the presence of calcium ion (Arnold, 1959; Barnes & Barnes, 1958).
Studies in the Fine Structure and Taxonomy of Flagellates in the GenusPavlovaI. A Revision ofPavlova Gyrans, The Type Species
Authors: Green J. C. , Manton I.
Published: May 2009

When first described, as the type species of a new genus (Butcher, 1952),Pavlova gyranswas thought to be separable fromOchromonasby only one major character, namely the lateral instead of the supposedly terminal insertion of the strongly anisokont flagella. It was therefore natural to include it in the class Chrysophyceae and to interpret other structural features in accordance with this view. This practice has been continued to some extent subsequently and the three named species which are now recorded in the literature are all in varying degrees in need of emended descriptions. For this particular genus is deceptive. Not only are there unusual fixation difficulties, as already noted by Butcher, but even when examined alive its appearance can suggest the presence of characters which are not in fact what they seem to be and mask others which are essential for taxonomic guidance. Even when all these difficulties have been overcome, certain details are so unusual as to be without known parallel among the ‘brown’ flagellates which have so far been studied with the electron microscope.
The habits and feeding organs of Dentalium entalis
Authors: Morton J. E.
Published: May 2009

The Scaphopoda or tusk-shells are the smallest and most uniform class of molluscs. They burrow in sand of medium to coarse shelly grade, and specialize on a diet of hard-shelled microbenthos, particularly Foraminifera. Dentalium entalis L. is the commonest West European species, and may become locally dominant. Le Danois (1948) has described a ‘Dentalietum’ in deeper water sandy ground at about 100 fathoms in the southern Celtic Sea. Stephen (1933) discusses the distribution of D. entalis in the northern North Sea, where it is largely restricted to the ‘Offshore zone’, the southern limit being marked by the 60 m line. Low salinity is probably responsible for its absence from the southern North Sea; and in general it seems limited more by hydrographic conditions than by the relative abundance of foraminiferan food. For example, in Stephen's Thyasira+ Foraminifera Zone, it is no more than sparsely present. Holme (1953) finds Dentalium entalis rare or absent near Plymouth, though it was relatively common at the Eddystone Grounds at the end of last century (Allen, 1899). It has today receded to the mouth of the Channel, in coarse deposits resulting from fairly strong scour, and Holme suspects it to be one of the list of species sensitive to recent hydrographic changes in the area.

For the living material used in this study I am greatly indebted to Mr N. A. Holme, who collected it in deeper water in the Celtic Sea on a 1953 cruise of the R.R.S. ‘Discovery II’. With it were collected Chlamys opercularis, Caryophyllia and in places Astropecten irregularis; there were also many of the tusk-shaped serpulid tube worm Ditrupa arietina which as I found can impose a neat deception on the uncritical hunter for scaphopods.
Ecology of the genus Acanthochondria Oakley (Copepoda parasitica)
Authors: Kabata Z.
Published: May 2009

Among the parasites of the branchial chamber of the flatfishes of the Eastern North Atlantic, those belonging to the genus Acanthochondria (fam. Chondracanthidae, tribe Cyclopiformes) occupy a conspicuous place. Both their relatively large size and their abundance, render them easily noticeable even to a casual observer, in spite of the protective nature of their environment. It is a reflexion on the state of our knowledge of marine parasites that, not withstanding their accessibility, very little is known about the animals of this genus.

The genus Acanthochondria was erected by Oakley (Leigh-Sharpe and Oakley, 1927) for the chondracanthids, which until then were included in Chondracanthus Delaroche, 1811, and which differed from the other members of that genus in the absence of the cephalic barbs and the dorsal and ventral processes. They were also characteristic in their preference for the flatfish hosts.
The spawning of Arenicola marina (L). I. The breeding season
Authors: Howie D. I. D.
Published: May 2009

As a result of work by Pirlot (1933), Newell (1948), Smidt (1951) and Duncan (1953) it has become accepted that on European coasts the lugworm has a restricted breeding season occurring only in the autumn. Previously, several workers had stated that this species also spawns in the spring. Kyle (1896) reported that at St Andrews spawning took place between January and March and again between July and September. Similarly, Gamble and Ashworth (1898) and Ashworth (1904) found that on the Lancashire coast the laminarian variety spawned in the spring, although the littoral variety spawned during late summer.
The Larvæ of the Decapoda Macrura and Anomura of Plymouth
Authors: Webb Gladys E.
Published: May 2009

The larvæ of the Decapod Macrura occur throughout the year in the tow-nettings taken in Plymouth Sound; while during the summer months they form an important and conspicuous feature of the coastal plankton.

In only a few cases have their life-histories been fully worked out, owing probably to the difficulty of rearing the larvæ under artificial conditions; and the literature on the subject is consequently both scanty and scattered. It has therefore been suggested that a brief review of the larvæ already described, together with a few additional ones which have been identified during two years' examination of the Plymouth plankton, from 1917–1919, might be of some use to future investigators.

The object of the present paper is to enable future workers to see at a glance how far these forms have been investigated, and especially to facilitate the identification of the living larvæ from the tow-nets.

No attempt has been made to describe the appendages in detail, as such particulars can generally be found in the literature cited. A general outline drawing is given of the more important forms in their first larval stage, and a figure of the telson and uropods in the fourth or last larval stage is also shown.

As the coloration of the larva is often of great assistance in identifying the living animal, it is here described rather fully, and, whenever possible, the drawings and the colour notes have been made from the living larva. In cases where no direct observations were available the colour descriptions are quoted from other authorities.
Intersexes in Gammarus Chevreuxi and Related Forms
Authors: Sexton E. W. , Huxley Julian S.
Published: May 2009

Since 1912 extensive investigations have been carried on in the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth on the genetics of Gammarus Chevreuxi Sexton, a brackish-water amphipod (Allen and Sexton '17 and '20, see also Sexton '13 and Sexton and Matthews '13).

During the course of the work, numerous individuals have appeared showing abnormalities in sexual behaviour or structure. In view of the interest attaching to such forms, especially after the work of Goldschmidt ('20), Banta ('16), Sturtevant ('20) and others, it was deemed advisable to collate and publish the available data in spite of their some what fragmentary character.

In normal circumstances, the males of Gammarus chevreuxi mate with the females some days (3 to 9 days) before fertilisation is due to take place. Unless the female is mated for the first time she will normally be carrying in her brood-pouch a brood of developing embryos. After hatching, the young are carried about 24 hours before extrusion, and during that time they come to the anterior end of the brood-pouch and feed on what the mother is eating. Finally they are extruded by a voluntary opening of the brood-pouch. Immediately afterwards the female moults, whereupon fertilisation occurs and a new batch of eggs is extruded into the pouch.

The pair have by now separated, and remain separated usually until the embryos have gone through about half their development in the pouch.

Cannibalism is of fairly frequent occurrence, the male eating the female immediately after she has moulted. It is extremely rare for the normal female to eat a male.
A Quantitative Study of the Meiofauna of an Exposed Sandy Beach, at Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire
Authors: Gray John S. , Rieger Reinhard M.
Published: May 2009

Quantitative studies of the meiofauna of marine littoral sediments have been attempted only recently. Much of the work has been done in sheltered areas such as the Danish waddens (Muus, 1967), and in estuaries (Barnett, 1968; Capstick, 1959; Rees, 1940; Riemann, 1966), or in tideless areas such as the Baltic (Fenchel & Jansson, 1966; Fenchel, Jansson & von Thun, 1967; Jansson, 1968). Beaches exposed to tides and wave action have received less attention. Renaud-Debyser (1963) studied quantitative temporal variations in the meiofauna of beaches at the Bassin d'Arcachon, France, and Island of Bimini, Bahamas. Renaud-Debyser & Salvat (1963) have compared quantitatively the meio- and macrofauna of four beaches in the English Channel and six on the Atlantic coast of France. Schmidt (1968, 1969) has analysed quantitatively the distribution and population dynamics of the meiofauna of a number of beaches on the Island of Sylt off the German North Sea coast. Recently Mclntyre (1969) has reviewed the ecology of the meiobenthos. Subsequent to Mclntyre's review, in the U.S.A. quantitative investigations of the Gastrotricha (Hummon, unpublished) and Tardigrada (Pollock, 1970) of Massachusetts beaches have been made. Tropical beach meiofauna has been studied in India (Mclntyre, 1968), on the east coast of Malaya (Renaud-Mornant & Serene, 1967) and in Tuamotu, Polynesia (Salvat & Renaud-Mornant, 1969).
The Larval Shell of Some Prosobranch Gastropods
Authors: Fretter Vera , Pilkington Margaret C.
Published: May 2009

Growth of shells of larvae ofNassarius reticulatus(L.) andCrepidula fornicata(L.) reared in the laboratory under constant temperature (14 °C) and illumination (155 lx) occurs by the addition of successive strips secreted at the mantle edge. Growth lines on the embryonic teloconch also indicate intermittent growth; the protoconch secreted by the shell gland has no such lines. There is evidence that growth periods are short and pauses separating them prolonged. The diameter of the older whorls of the shells of these and six other species examined increase with the volume of the viscera. This change in diameter is made possible by the flexibility of the organic matrix, the funda-mental constituent of the shell. The matrix, secreted as fibres at the mantle edge, forms sheets, and provides sites for the deposition of calcareous concretions; at metamorphosis the concretions apparently initiate the formation of crystals. The concretions also sculpture the surface of the shell producing a pattern sufficiently conspicuous to allow identification of some species with the aid of only the stereomicroscope. For example, large concretions form longitudinal rows over the protoconch and teloconch ofLittorina neritoides(L.) and smaller ones combine to form a more decorative pattern inRissoa sarsiLoven. In other species details of the surface design require a scanning electron micro-scope. Interspecific differences in the arrangement of concretions may be traceable to differences in the pallial glands which secrete the matrix.
Line-Fishing on the Continental Slope III. Mid-Water Fishing with Vertical Lines
Authors: Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The results of bottom line fishing have shown that significant catches can be made down to 3000 m depth at several positions on the continental slope off south-west England (Forster, 1968). But when hooks were lifted off the bottom either deliberately or accidentally very few fish were taken. The chances of catching bathypelagic fish in mid-water by baited hooks therefore seemed slender. In 1966 when thin white lines were tried, they were bitten through several times, always at about 1100 m depth. Trials with baited hooks set on thin wire lines in 1967 showed that the black scabbard fish Aphanopus carbo could be taken at this depth. In 1968 and 1970 during the course of short voyages on R.V. ‘Sarsia’ further vertical line hauls were made, taking Aphanopus regularly and also two species of deep-water squaloids.
Heterotrophic Utilization of Dissolved Organic Compounds in the Sea III. Measurement of the Oxidation Rates and Concentrations of Glucose and Amino Acids in Sea Water
Authors: Andrews P. , Williams P. J. Leb.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

One of the longstanding problems in marine biology has been to determine the quantitative importance of bacteria in the regeneration of the inorganic nutrients. There probably still is no entirely satisfactory way of studying this. It is currently believed that although a variety of marine organisms may utilize soluble organic compounds, bacteria dominate this activity. Thus, a measurement of the amount of soluble organic material oxidized will give a first approximation of bacterial activity. Such an estimate may have to be revised at a later date to allow for the activity of other micro-organisms.
On the Seasonal Abundance of Young Fish XII. the Years 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970
Authors: Russell F. S. , Demir Necla
Published: May 2009

Observations made with the 2 m ring-trawl off Plymouth during the years 1967,1968, 1969 and 1970 indicate that the increased abundance of young fish, excluding clupeids, reported for the year 1966 has been maintained.

For the collections made in 1969 the species of clupeids, Arnoglossus, sand-eels and Callionymus have been separately identified.

The year 1969 was characterized by the high numbers of post-larvae of Phrynorhontbus norvegicus. For the first time on record a post-larva of Sargus sargus was caught. Unusual abundance of post-larvae of the bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, was recorded for May 1970.
Hydrology of the Ythan Estuary With Reference to Distribution of Major Nutrients and Detritus
Authors: Leach J. H.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

A long-term ecological study is being carried out in the Ythan Estuary in north-eastern Scotland. An understanding of the hydrology of the estuary is a prerequisite for future studies into energy relationships in lower trophic levels of the food web. Much of current research into the estuarine environment is concerned with large coastal-plain systems where physical and chemical characteristics are so different from those of shallow estuaries, such as the Ythan, that comparisons of environmental data are untenable. The present investigation reports information collected between October 1966 and September 1968 on major environmental factors and their effect on the distribution of nutrients and detritus in the ecosystem. Results of a concomitant study of algal productivity in a mudflat of the estuary are reported in Leach (1970).
Hydrographic Observations in the Eastern Irish Sea With Particular Reference to the Distribution of Nutrient Salts
Authors: Jones P. G. W. , Folkard A. R.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Studies on the physical hydrography of the Irish Sea, based mainly on temperature and salinity observations, have been made by Bowden (1955) and Lee (1960). The current systems in various parts of the Irish Sea have been investigated by Bowden & Sharaf El Din (1966), Harvey (1968), Ramster & Hill (1969) and Hill & Ramster (1971). Various smaller-scale physical observations made by other workers have been listed by the above authors.

There are not as many references in the literature to the distribution of nutrient salts in the Irish Sea. Jones & Haq (1963) measured phosphate in Liverpool Bay as part of an investigation into the distribution of the alga Phaeocystis. Slinn & Offlow (1968) have made regular routine measurements of phosphate, nitrate and silicate over a number of years off Port Erin, Isle of Man. Ewins & Spencer (1967) measured phosphate, organic phosphorus, nitrate and silicate in the Menai Straits, and Liss (1969) surveyed the distribution of silicate in the western Irish Sea.

During recent years the Fisheries Laboratory at Lowestoft has investigated the distribution and ecology of plankton and larval plaice in the Irish Sea, and a supporting programme of both physical and chemical hydrographic observations has been made in the area. Ramster & Hill (1969) and Hill & Ramster (1971) have summarized the results of the Lowestoft current measurements. The present paper describes an investigation into the distribution of temperature, salinity, phosphate, nitrate and silicate. The occurrence of Phaeocystis is also reported as an extension of the earlier work by Jones & Haq (1963).
The Relation between Dinoflagellates and the Bioluminescence of Sea Water
Authors: Tett P. B.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Dinoflagellates have often been held responsible for a large part of the phosphorescence of the surface waters of the sea. In temperate waters, dinoflagellates are seldom the most abundant constituents of the phytoplankton, and until recently little experimental evidence has been available to support this assertion. Until recently there have been few careful attempts to determine which particular species of dinoflagellates are luminescent, or to relate total luminescence to numbers of dinoflagellates present.
The Plague of Octopus on the South Coast, and its effect on the Crab and Lobster Fisheries.
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: May 2009

Until the spring of 1899 the true or common octopus (Octopus vulgaris, L.) had been comparatively rare in the neighbourhood of Plymouth during the past ten or twelve years—i.e. since the opening of the Plymouth Laboratory in 1888. Specimens could only be obtained for the aquarium at long intervals, in spite of the tempting inducements offered to fishermen. As much as ten shillings has more than once been given to fishermen for a specimen of this voracious mollusk. On the other hand, the smaller and less powerful octopod known as Eledone cirrosa was almost always obtainable, and the octopus tank in the aquarium was rarely devoid of several specimens.

In the early part of last year (1899) the situation began to change, and we were for the first time able to keep the tank supplied with a number of true octopus, since which date there has been no difficulty in procuring an unlimited number of specimens, either from the professional fishermen or in the ordinary course of our own fishing operations.

We noticed this increase in the abundance of octopus before there was any means of judging whether it was a purely local phenomenon, or was observable over a wider area. The first specimens were brought to us in January, and from May onwards they were obtained in increasing abundance. Early in the same year, however (though I have no exact record of the date), a visitor from the Channel Islands informed me that the increase of octopus in those islands was so great as to have already caused much damage to the shell fisheries there, since the octopus entered the pots of the fishermen, and destroyed the crabs and lobsters which had been caught.
The further spread of Elminius modestus in the British Isles to 1959
Authors: Crisp D. J. , Southward A. J.
Published: May 2009

Since the surveys described in our last report (Crisp, 1958) on the distribution in north-west Europe of the immigrant Australasian barnacle, Elminius modestus Darwin, the species has become much commoner along the western coasts and has finally spread to Ireland (Beard, 1957). In this report we present the results of surveys made in 1958–9 along the eastern side of the Irish Channel and in the Isle of Man, as well as full records of a survey of the Irish coast in 1958. The methods employed were similar to those described previously (Crisp, 1958; Bishop & Crisp, 1958).
The larval development of two species of gastrocotylid trematode parasites from the gills of Trachurus trachurus
Authors: Llewellyn J.
Published: May 2009

Plymouth scad (horse-mackerel) Trachurus trachurus (L.) are known to harbour three species of monogenean trematode gill parasites, of which two belong to the Gastrocotylidae and one to the Microcotylidae. The oncomiracidia (= newly hatched larvae) of these parasites have already been described (Llewellyn, 1957a), but nothing is known of the developmental stages intervening between the oncomiracidia and the adults. Bychowsky (1957) has stated that some information is available about the larval development of 13 monogenean families, leaving 15 families, including the Gastrocotylidae, about whose larval development nothing is known. The ontogenetic development of the Gastrocotylidae is of especial interest since the oncomiracidia are bilaterally symmetrical, but the adults invariably show an extreme degree of asymmetry.
On the sexual biology of Pandalus borealis (Crustacea Decapoda) III. The initiation of the female phase
Authors: Carlisle D. B.
Published: May 2009

In the second paper of this series (Carlisle, 1959 b) I have described the results of various experimental manipulations upon the termination of the male phase in the protandric hermaphrodite Pandalus borealis Krøyer. In this paper I shall be concerned with the effects of such interference upon the initiation of the female phase of the life history.