bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ŠUMSKI POŽARI U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI I EVALUACIJA ŠTETA
Authors: Usčuplić Midhat
Published: January 2022

Šumski požari su česti u Bosni i Hercegovini, iako ovo područje nije

visokog rizika u Evropi. Postoje dva kritična perioda požara: proljeće (mart-april) i

ljeto (jul-avgust), iako se šumski požari povremeno mogu pojaviti tokom cijele godine.

Proljetni požari uzrokuju da lokalno stanovništvo spaljuje korov i druge ostatke biljaka, kada su čisti

njihovo zemljište, koje se nalazi uz šume, za novu poljoprivrednu kulturu. Ljetne vatre su blizu...

Vezano za posjetitelje i stope šteta koje uzrokuju daleko su veće od proljetnih.

Pojava šumskih požara očigledno zavisi od ljudskih aktivnosti (čak 98% su muškarci

uzrokovano). U prošlosti su korišteni različiti pristupi u procjeni šteta od šumskih požara.

Nova metoda koja se razmatra zasniva se na: a) stopi izgorjelog šumskog drva, kontroli požara

troškovi kao i troškovi rekultivacije (direktni gubici) i b) ekološke posljedice

šumskih požara (indirektnih gubitaka).
ADAPTACIJA I DISTRIBUCIJA EVROPSKOG DABRA (Castor fiber L.), NAKON REINTRODUKCIJE U RIJECI SEMEŠNICI
Authors: Kunovac Saša , Hadžić Izet
Published: January 2022

UDK 599.322.3:639.112(282.249)

U radu su dati prvi rezultati monitoringa unesene populacije dabrova, na lokalitet rijeke Semešnice. Prikazana je metodologija kao i rezultati monitoringa koji je proveo Šumarski fakultet, Univerziteta u Sarajevu, i Lovačko društvo «Semešnica» iz Donjeg Vakufa, četiri mjeseca nakon re-introdukcije dabrova na ovaj lokalitet.
KARAKTERISTIKE MEDONOSNE PČELE (Apis mellifera L.) NA PODRUČJU UNSKO–SANSKOG KANTONA
Authors: Trožić-Borovac Sadbera , Škrijelj Rifat , Alijagić Sulejman
Published: January 2022

UDK 638.12(497.6)

Rad je prikaz rezultata mjerenja dužine rilice, kubitalnog indeksa kod medonosne pčele Apis melifera L. i intervjua sa vlasnicima šest pčelinjaka Unsko-sanskog kantona. Odabrani parametri su relevantni za utvrđivanje podvrste ili pasmine medonosne pčele koja se uzgaja na ovom području, a to je ujedno i cilj rada. Na osnovu rezultata dužine rilice koja se kreće u intervalu od 6,30 do 7,00 mm, sa prosječnom dužinom od 6,56 mm, zaključuje se da je ovo kranjska pčela Apis mellifera carnica (POLLMAN, 1879). Vrijednosti kubitalnog indeksa kreću se u intervalu od 2,20 do 3,00 mm, sa prosjekom od 2,63 mm što je takođe svojstveno kranjskoj pčeli.

Uslijed različitog porijekla matica, kao nasadnog materijala, rezultat je nehomogen genetski sastav pčela koje se uzgajaju na šest analiziranih pčelinjaka na području Unsko-sanskog kantona. Opći ekološki uvjeti (klima, vegetacija) u buduć- nosti će omogućavati prespektivan razvoj pčelarstva na ovom području. Ono bi zahtijevalo kontrolu unosa matica radi sprečavanja zaraznih oboljenja koja još nisu prisutna na ovom prostoru. Upoređujući rezultate dobivene u ovom radu sa rezultatima dobivenim na prostoru Kantona Sarajevo, zapaže se da je nasadni materijal sa Unsko- sanskog kantona manje nehomogen.
ZDRAVSTVENO STANJE ŠUMSKE VEGETACIJE OTOKA VELIKI BRIJUN, NACIONALNI PARK BRIJUNI, HRVATSKA
Authors: Novak Agbaba Sanja , Ćelepirović Nevenka
Published: January 2022

UDK 630*4:502.4(497.5)(210.7 Veliki Brijun)

Nacionalni park Brijuni smješten je u sjevernom dijelu Jadranskog mora uz zapadnu obalu poluotoka Istre. Na najvećem otoku, Veliki Brijun, provedeno je preliminarno istraživanje zdravstvenog stanja šumske vegetacije. Zabilježeni su simptomi bolesti i oštećenja, te determinirani njihovi uzročnici. Zdravstveno stanje šumske vegetacije je pregledano na osam lokacija. Skupljeni su uzorci biljnog materijala i gljiva za laboratorijsku analizu. Preliminarni zdravstveni pregled pokazao je sljedeće bolesti i oštećenja: pjegavost lišća Quercus ilex i Laurus nobilis, sušenje pojedinih grana i vrhova stabala Cupressus sempervirens i Calocedrus decurens, osip iglica bora i simptomi napada ksilofagnih kukaca na Pinus halepensis i Pinus brutia, oštećenja od divljači na različitim vrstama drveća i oštećenja sastojina Quercus ilex uzrokovana gljivom Phellinus sp.
ENERGETSKI POTENCIJAL DRVNE BIOMASE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Authors: Jovanović Branimir , Musić Jusuf , Lojo Ahmet
Published: January 2022

UDK 630*33:620.91(497.6)

Šume i šumska zemljišta sa učešćem od preko 50 % u ukupnoj površini BiH predstavljaju veliki izvor obnovljivih vidova energije, posebno drvne biomase. Ekološke, sociološke i ekonomske pogodnosti upotrebe ovog energenta snažan su argument u prilog istraživanju mogućnosti njegovog većeg korištenja. U ovom radu izvršena je procjena energetskog potencijala drvne biomase u BiH kao neophodne polazne osnove za buduće naučno-istraživačke aktivnosti na ovom polju. Rezultati rada pokazuju da BiH, srazmjerno svojoj površini, ima prilično veliki energetski potencijal u drvnoj biomasi u iznosu od 2,9 mil. t/god. Mogućnost njenog efikasnijeg korištenja ovisi prije svega od zainteresovanosti i spremnosti nadležnih institucija da na odgovarajući način educiraju potencijalne potrošače o svim pogodnostima i prednostima koje njena upotreba pruža, ali i da ih na adekvatan način finansijski stimuliše.
EFEKTI OBNAVLJANJA LUŽNJAKA U SREMU NA JEDNOJ TRAJNOJ OGLEDNOJ POVRŠINI – NAKON DVE DECENIJE
Authors: Bobinac Martin
Published: January 2022

UDK 630*23:582.632.2(497.113 Srem)

Efekti obnavljanja lužnjaka analizirani su na jednoj trajnoj oglednoj površini (P=0,20 ha), koja je formirana na staništu šume lužnjaka i poljskog jasena (Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum roboris Jov. et Tom. 1979, subass. aceretosum-na vlažnijim semiglejnim i suvljim glejnim zemljištima) na području jugozapadnog Srema (R. Srbija). Istraživanja na oglednoj površini tokom 2 decenije obuhvataju period nastanka sastojine, strukturnu izgrađenost podmladka u 8. godini i mladika u 19. godini. Sastojina je nastala kombinovanom obnovom u sistemu oplodne seče, uz prethodnu primenu herbicida (Gligosat sa 480 g.·L-1 ) sa ciljem uništavanja izdanački regenerisanih vrsta iz sprata žbunja. U osmoj godini na oglednoj površini drvenaste vrste su bile zastupljene sa 89500 kom·ha-1, a lužnjak je bio zastupljen sa 42000 kom·ha-1. U ukupnoj strukturi podmlatka lužnjak je bio zastupljen sa 46,9%, poljski jasen sa 0,8%, druge vrste drveća-edifikatora sa 14,5%, a 37,7% činile su vrste žbunja. U mladiku, u starosti devetnaest godina, evidentirano je devet vrsta drveća, sa ukupno 12341 stabala po ha-1 sa debljinom preko 1 cm, a učešće lužnjaka je 68,3% (8430 kom·ha-1). U periodu od 8. do 19. godine mortalitet lužnjaka se procenjuje na 80%.
UTICAJ PATOGENE GLJIVE SPHAEROPSIS SAPINEA NA IZUMIRANJE ČETINARSKIH VRSTA U SRBIJI I CRNOJ GORI
Authors: Milijašević Tanja
Published: January 2022

UDK 630*44:582.4(497.1)

         632.4:582.4(497.1)

Sphaeropsis sapinea je široko rasprostranjena parazitna gljiva u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori. Konstatovana je na Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, P. halepensis, P. jeffrey, P. peuce, P. pinaster, P. ponderosa, P. peuce, P. pinea, P. mugo, P. heldreichii, Abies concolor, Cedrus atlantica, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus virginiana i Thuja occidentalis. Najveće štete uzrokuje u kulturama i urbanim sredinama na crnom i alepskom boru. Pinus heldreichii, tercijerni relikt i balkanski subendemit je nov domaćin u ovim zemljama. Najčešći simptomi su izumiranje pupoljaka, izbojaka i četina iz tekuće vegetacije, grana sa vrha, nekroza i zakržljalost šišarica. Kritičan period za infekcije je od sredine aprila do sredine maja. Može da ostvari infekciju preko pupoljaka u proleće, pre njihovog otvaranja i u leto u vreme njihovog formiranja, kroz koru mladih izbojaka i preko četina. Promena boje inficiranih četina uočljiva je početkom juna, da bi sredinom ovog meseca one postale žutosmeđe. Piknidi gljive konstatovani su na ovogodišnjim izbojcima i četinama, pupoljcima, muškim i ženskim cvetovima, jednogodišnjim i dvogodišnjim šišaricama i u kori starijih grana.
MODERNE KOLOVOZNE KONSTRUKCIJE NA ŠUMSKIM KAMIONSKIM PUTEVIMA
Authors: Kozar Senad , Sokolović Dževada , Bajrić Muhamed
Published: January 2022

UDK 630*38:625.711.84

Gradnja šumskih puteva koja je u dalekoj prošlosti bila na niskom stručnom nivou, danas u savremenim uslovima ide u korak sa modernim htijenjima, pa je postala sve složenija  i zahtjevnija.

Pojava vozila većeg saobraćajnog opterećenja, kao i potreba za što bržim transportom velikih količina drvne mase, uslovili su gradnju otpornijih kolovoznih konstrukcija.

Gradnja savremenog kolovoza na šumskim putevima u BiH veoma je aktuelno pitanje, jer postojeće stanje ne zadovoljava potrebe šumarstva kao privredne grane.

Cijena gradnje gornjeg stroja puta sa savremenim kolovozom participira sa 60 – 70 % u ukupnim troškovima njegove gradnje, te stoga zahtijeva prethodnu detaljnu ekonomsku analizu.

U radu je dat pregled razvoja kolovoznih konstrukcija na šumskim putevima. Na konkretnim šumskim putevima izvršeno je poređenje ekonomskih i tehničkih karakteristika za kolovoz od makadama i asfaltnu kolovoznu konstrukciju.
IDENTIFICATION OF WOOD AND WOOD - BORING INSECTS OF THE ICONS OF BERATI`S MIDDLE - AGE MUSEUM IN ALBANIA: FIRST STEPS OF THEIR RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION
Authors: Lato Entela , Ajdinaj Dritan , Quku Doklea , Thoma Hektor
Published: January 2022

UDK 674.5:595.7(496.5 Berati)

There are about 350 icons at the deposit of the Middle Age Museum of Berati, among 4500 items of very precious wooden artwork heritage, all over Albania, Actually four of these icons are under restoration process and our first scientific collaboration in this process consisted in identification of wood and wood-boring insects.

The technique used for the anatomic study of the icons wood was the resin inclusion. After chemical treating of small samples in resin (butyl based) and their thermal treating in thermostat (temperature 60ºC for 12 hours), anatomic sections were prepared by microtome. The microscope observations showed that three icons belong to Juglans regia L. (very typical specie of the forests of that area) and only one belongs to Populus sp., probably Populus alba L., because it is the only one specie naturally grown in Osumi valley in the south of Albania.

Accurate observations and measurements have been done for the inspection of wood deterioration, which showed considerable fungi decay and insect damages, especially from Anobium punctatum. The method of vacuum was used for insect disinfection of icons. The process of wood identification is going on for the other icons in the restoration process.
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF FORESTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Authors: Ballian Dalibor
Published: January 2022

UDK 582.475:575.2(497.6)

         582.916.16:575.2(497.6)

This paper presents research of genetic variability of forest trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Three species have been analyzed (Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)) using different methods. The most detailed analyses have been performed on Silver fir. All applied methods have demonstrated high degree of genetic diversity.
TROŠKOVI GOSPODARENJA ŠUMSKIM RESURSIMA U FEDERACIJI BIH I UPRAVLJANJE TROŠKOVIMA
Authors: Delić Sabina , Avdibegović Mersudin , Bećirović Dženan , Marić Bruno , Mutabdžija Senka , Brajić Amila , Pružan Emsad
Published: January 2022

UDK 630*6/.9(497.6)

This paper deals with the forestry production cost analyses realised in Federation of B&H. The results of research point out on high differences of production costs between individual forest enterprises, caused by various ways of cost calculation, as well as by various production conditions. Therefore, the data obtained from enterprises are not comparable in whole, and as such, the data could not be used as the bases for calculation of an objective forestry production cost.

To effect the activity based costing (e.g. activity of silviculture or forest utilization) is of particular importance. The used methodology is based on traditional costing, which is appropriate only for calculating direct costs, and not adequate to determine overhead (indirect) costs. Regarding these costing methods for calculating costs in forest enterprises, their performed forest activities are not appropriately valued. Today, as overhead costs are of considerable importance, the demand for more accurate costing methods has increased in the field of forest management. ABC (Activity Based Costing) method is a new dimension of cost analysis to record costs for each forest activities, towards objective forest management cost production determined. At the same time, it reveals the necessary costs for each activity, assures the proper layout of overhead costs to the forest activities.

On the base of the defined forest activities for realization of forest management goals, as well as forest production capacities, we could understand the forest enterprises ability to achieve the goals and also to pay rent for using forest resources.
PREVOĐENJE TRAKTORSKIH VLAKA UZDUŽNOG NAGIBA DO 12% U PRILAZNE KAMIONSKE PUTEVE
Authors: Bajrić Muhamed , Pičman Dragutin , Sokolović Dževada , Gurda Safet
Published: January 2022

UDK 630*38

The paper presents one of the possible approaches to construction of the forest truck access roads, in this case transformation of the main skid roads with longitudinal slope up to 12%. Such an approach to construction of forest truck roads can generate significant financial savings. It assumes significantly smaller volume of earthworks, in particular in preparation of the ground and the lower road layer, and thus lower financial investment in road construction. Through a detailed comparative analysis of the estimated measures and estimated costs of transition and new construction works, the paper clearly indicates the specific phases of works in which scale and cost of construction works differences are emphasized. It also considers the ecological segment which has been increasingly emphasized lately, and with this approach to road construction it fully comes to the fore.
PRESENCE OF MISTLETOE (Viscum album L.) ON URBAN TREES OF SARAJEVO
Authors: Treštić Tarik , Mujezinović Osman , Čabaravdić Azra , Veselinović Tatjana
Published: January 2022

UDK 582.728.4:630*27(497.6 Sarajevo)

This paper has identified the presence of mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. album) on the trees in the urban part of Sarajevo. The mistletoe is a semi-parasitic flowering plant, which grows on a large number of hosts. In general, mistletoes are specialized species, which parasite only on particular trees and shrub species. They cause the dying of different forest species and the decorative trees. As for the forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the most important is mistletoe on fir (V. album ssp. abietis), while in terms of fruit trees and trees in urban areas, the mistletoe particularly grow on deciduous species (V. album ssp. album).

Researches for the purpose of this paper were effectuated in 2008 in the area of municipality Novo Sarajevo. Mistletoe (V. album ssp. album) has been identified on 37 infected trees, or on 12 species belonging to 5 families and 7 genera. The analysis of number of shrubs in the crowns of infected trees identified the intensity of the infection by this semi-parasitic species.

The mistletoe is a primary harmful agent on urban trees and shrubs. Larger number of mistletoe shrubs exhausts the infected host, and it makes the host suitable for the attack by other secondary harmful insects and pathogens. Thus, it is recommended to remove the mistletoe shrubs, even in early stage of development of disease, while the trees are still infected (1-2 shrubs) to a lesser degree.
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITON OF SOME SOILS IN CENTRAL PART OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN RELATION TO SOIL TYPE, REGION AND LAND USE
Authors: Hukić Emira , Tvica Mirza
Published: January 2022

UDK 631.416/.417:630*114(497.6)

Elemental composition of the surface soil layers has a direct effect on soil productivity and an important role in the quality of the terrestrial ecosystems. Herein, soil has the function of a geochemical sink and natural buffer, controlling the release of contaminants to hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biota. Vertical distribution of HNO3 pressure digested concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, P, S, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn is determined in three rather common soil types: Cambisol, Dystric, Cambisol, Eutric and Fluvisol in central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Site differences, with the reference to soil parent material, dominantly influenced element distribution and accumulation. In addition to land-use, forest seedling production influenced significant (p<0.05) decrease of Ca in Ajdinovići, Mg in Žepče and S in all three sites in 0 to 30 cm soil depth. Summary data for element concentrations for this central region, reported with medians, were: 0.76 g/kg Na, 9.30 g/kg K, 3.54 g/kg Ca, 5.28 g/kg Mg, 27.9 g/kg Fe, 43.7 g/kg Al. 0,98 g/kg Mn, 0.5 g/kg P, 0.27 g/kg S, 3.46 mg/kg Cd, 18.4 mg/kg Co,

99.5 mg/kg, 24.7 mg/kg Cu, 65.1 mg/kg Ni, 30.6 mg/kg Pb, 90.7 mg/kg Zn.
ENDEMIC AMPHIPOD NIPHARGUS ILIDZENSIS SHÄFFERNA 1922, (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA) WITHIN THE PROTECTED AREA OF CANTON SARAJEVO
Authors: Trožić-Borovac Sadbera , Bašić Lara , Hafner Dubravka , Mušović Aldijana
Published: January 2022

UDK 574.587:595.371(497.6 Sarajevo)

         595.371:502.17(497.6 Sarajevo)

The paper is the result of a research into the composition of benthos of the hydro-system within the protected area of Vrelo Bosne (water source of River Bosna) and the wider region during 2009 - 2010 period. The aim of the paper is to establish the state of the populations of the endemic species of amphipod Niphargus illidzensis S., get an overview of the underlying ecological conditions within the habitats, conduct a morpho-metrical analysis of the specimens and designate the new habitats of this species. By analysing the basic physical/chemical and biological (phytobenthos and macrozoobenthos) parameters a high-quality level of water inside the habitats of this endemic species of amphipods was established: the water source of River Bosna (four), stream Stojčevac and the water source in the area of Blažuj. The highest number of specimen was recorded in stream Stojčevac where the longest specimen was also noted – 22 mm. The source in the area of Blažuj (potable water bottling plant Dijamant) is the new habitat for this species which was previously only noted in the area of Avala and Topčider near Belgrade. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the ecology and the current state of this endemic species after its repeated description dating from 1974.
ASSESSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS TO CONSERVE THE ENDEMIC SPECIES Picea omorica (Pančić) Purk. IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Authors: Ioras Florin , Dautbašić Mirza , Abrudan Ioan Vasile , Mujezinović Osman , Ratnasingam Jegatheswaran
Published: January 2022

UDK 582.475:502.131.1(497.6)

Adoption and implementation of sustainable biodiversity conservation policy is essential for sustaining natural resources. But development of effective strategies to achieve them is problematic. This is often the case due to the limited knowledge about the impact of biodiversity conservation policies on livelihood of local people. This study uses dichotomous choice format to assess cost and willingness to engage in the conservation of an endemic species – Picea omorica (Pančić) Purk.in Bosnia Herzegovina. The empirical data was generated from sites in the vicinity of Srebrenica, north east Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data was analyzed with the aid of the logit regression model. The study showed that the respondents’ mean willingness to pay per year to conserve the pine was 1.4 percent of their income from non-timber forest products. The decision to conserve Picea omorica was influenced by factors such as cost associated with conservation, income from non-timber forest products, the distance of the respondent’s residence to the site location, education and occupation.
ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF RIVER DRINJAČA
Authors: Salkić Ramiz , Trožić-Borovac Sadbera , Selimović Mehdin , Škrijelj Rifat , Hafner Dubravka
Published: January 2022

UDK: 574.587(282.249 Drinjača)”2012”

More and more intensive unplanned use of water resources in Europe and beyond, have turned the efforts for stopping exploitation and reduction of available freshwater ecosystems. According to the provisions of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), biotic parameters, especially the benthos organisms (zoological component) gives the greatest significance in the appropriate way of identifying the ecological status and typology. This paper presents the application of different biotic indices in assessing the ecological status of the river Drinjača. The analysis reveals a high diversity in the composition of phytobenthos and macrozoobenthos with domination of preimaginal stage of aquatic insects. Acoording to the indices applied, water of the river Drinjača at locations upstream and downstream of the confluence of Jadar is oligo to betamesosaprobic. A high ecological status has been determined by applying biotic indices on the macrozoobenthos composition ehich takes this part of the stream as referent to all other waterstreams of the same type on the territory of Bosnia and Herzeogovina.
ECOLOGICAL, PRODUCTIVE AND SILVICULTURAL CATEGORISATION OF COPPICE BEECH STANDS IN THE AREA OF SARAJEVO CANTON
Authors: Balić Besim , Višnjić Ćemal , Vojniković Sead , Ibrahimspahić Aida , Lojo Ahmet , Avdagić Admir
Published: January 2022

UDK: 630*222:582.632.2 (497.6 Sarajevo)

          582.632.2:630*5(497.6 Sarajevo)

The paper represents a methodological approach in categorization of coppice beech stands in Sarajevo Canton area in relation to their ecological, productive, structural and silvicultural characteristics. For the collection of necessary data, method of temporary experimental surfaces, systematically allocated in squares 200 meters distant from each other has been used, in accordance to design of simple systematic sample. Concentric circles whose radius depend on tree diameter has been used as sample units (STOJANOVİĆ & DRİNİĆ, 1975). Data have been conducted in 659 locations. Stands have been categorized in three categories in relations to predefined criteria of categorization based on stand environment, productiveness, structure, economic value and fostering needs. For each of the categories, average units of basic productive indicators of the stand have been determined: number of trees, basal area, volume and volume increment per year for marked and unmarked, as well as same indicators of marking timber volume and the intensity of felling. Statistical significance of difference between the indicators has been tested by the method of variant analysis. Based on the results, indirect conversion has been recommended for the first stand category, direct and combined conversion for second one, and third category didn't need conversion because they have predominantly protective character
DAMAGE ON STANDING TREES DURING WOOD SKIDDING (WINCHING PHASE) BY CABLE SKIDDER TIMBERJACK 225 A
Authors: Gurda Safet , Musić Jusuf , Sokolović Dževada , Bašić Mahir
Published: January 2022

UDK: 630*37:630*4    

Hauling of heavy and voluminous load (wood) partially through forest wastelands and partially on built roads makes this the most expensive phase, which is also technically the most challenging and most damaging for the forest eco-system. Although it is clear that the realisation of this phase in forest harvesting cannot be completed without certain forest damage, in expert and scientific circles there is general consent that by careful planning and execution in forestry, this damage can be brought down to an ‘acceptable’ level.  

One of the reliable indicators of stand damage is the amount of mechanical damage resulting from forest harvesting operations. This damage can be ascertained rather easily and correctly, and the environmental and economic consequences of mechanical damage of standing trees are better known than those resulting from damaging saplings or the soil. (Martinić, 2000).  Pertaining to this, this paper presents the measuring and analysis of mechanical damage to standing trees as a result of hauling trees using the cable skidder ‘Timberjack 225 A’ in the forest unit 17,  Management Unit ‘Gornja Stavnja’, Forest Management Company ‘Gornjebosansko’. The amount of damage was analysed, the place where it occurred on the tree, the level of damage and the surface of the inflicted damage. All the stated analyses were carried out for two ways of skidding wood using a winch (falling and ascending). 

Results show, among others, that the stand damage expressed in the percentage of damaged trees of the total tree count is 15.41%, which is the upper limit Martinić (1993) ascertained for this phase of forest harvesting, including the variability of working methods and techniques. Almost half of the damage is stated in the first third of the distance between the skidder path and transport boundary, with the largest amount of damage occurring on the most valuable part of the tree (butt end), especially during slope skidding.
GAME DAMAGES IN CANTON SARAJEVO AND CENTRAL BOSNIA CANTON
Authors: Kunovac Saša , Bašić Mustafa , Starogorčić Kemal , Šatrović Edin
Published: January 2022

UDK: 639.11:630*45(Kanton Sarajevo)
           639.11:630*45(Srednjobosanski kanton)
Human – wildlife conflicts have a long history. Due to continuous growth of the human population, demands for an increase of arable land, raw materials production and living space, man and game were and are direct competitors for space and resources worldwide. Conflicts between humans and game can occur for many reasons, but one of the main causes are certainly damage by game occurs at crops, orchards, livestock, beehives and other forms of human assets. According to  previous researches in Europe, most damage is caused by wild ungulates, esspecially wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) and red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) (GORYNSKA, 1981; CSANYİ and LEHOCZKİ 2010; COZZİ et al 2015). Damages can reach significant values, in France more than 8 million €  in 2004/2005 (MAİLLARD et al 2010); 12 million €  in 2010 in Poland (FRACKOWİAK et al 2013), and 8-10 million € per year in Hungary in the last decade (CSANYİ et al 2014). In Croatia, during four years, average annual payment amount was 559,977.49 € (NOVOSEL et al 2012).
 In this paper, we determined causes, collected and analyzed data on the reported claims of game damages from two cantons in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period of five years. All damages are sorted by category, cause and by year. We also discussed the legal obligations in terms of damage prevention, notification, claim and assessment of damage, as well as the economic effects of damage in Canton Sarajevo and Central Bosnia Canton.
A brief history of the foundation of an emblematic university in the rain forest of Ecuador and an innovative approach to the design and planning of academic program curricula for Latin America
Authors: Jarrín-V. Pablo , Coronel Daniel
Published: January 2022

The marginal role of higher education in Latin America led to technological dependency, poor economic growth, and social inequity.  In the article, we discuss the challenging context in which higher education in Latin America developed and explain the motives behind the creation of a public university in the tropical rain forest of Ecuador. New and reformed higher education institutions in Latin America require innovative approaches to design academic programs and implement novel educational paradigms. We propose a quantitative and unorthodox method for analyzing the structure of program curricula in this historical and social context. This approach highlights the need for strategic academic planning and informed public policies. The inherent variation in program curricula across universities can be systematized in a presence-absence matrix, with courses and academic programs as columns and rows. By representing the patterns of variation in curricular structure across universities in the space provided by canonical axes, new perspectives arise which can lead to the development of further discussions towards optimal and innovative academic programs. The methods presented could be extended into the study of how academic disciplines, fields of study, and conceptual approaches to the design of program curricula vary and are structured across sociocultural contexts.
Molecular dynamics study of structure-property relations of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), partially unzipped carbon nanotubes (PUCNT), and damage evolution in nanocomposites of SWCNT with polyethylene (SWCNT-PE)
Authors:   , Ababtin Sultana Abdullah
Published: January 2022

This study employs the Modified Embedded Atom Method with Bond Order (MEAM-BO) atomic potential as first used to capture single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) properties accurately. We updated the MEAM-BO potential parameters to produce a MEAM-BO* potential for the SWCNT system. Calculating the wavenumber of the radial breathing mode (RBM), elastic properties, and folding energy (DELTA E) of SWCNT which are all associated with bond curvature was considered. Interestingly, MEAM-BO* including the SWCNT data base, improved the previous fit of the C-H system. Further discussed is how we constructed five different partially unzipped carbon nanotubes (PUCNT) and investigate the mechanical properties and self-healing of the simplest PUCNT by using molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, we studied the exploration of damage evolution and the mechanical response of a polyethylene/single wall carbon nanotube composite (SWCNT-PE) at different stress states, temperatures, and strain rates which are studied through utilizing atomistic simulations. The SWCNT-PE composite was expanded perpendicular to the nanotube direction and damage was computed in terms of the void number density (void nucleation) and void volume
The Balkan War and Its Implications for Islamic Socio-Political Life in So utheast Europe (1876-1914 AD)
Authors: Elma Beyza
Published: January 2022

This research describes the historical series of the occurrence of the Balkan Wars and the implications thereof for Muslim life there. This study took three main problems, namely (1) the causes of the Balkan Wars, (2) the chronology of the Balkan wars, and (3) What are the implications of the Balkan wars on the socio-political life of Islam in Southeast Europe. The research method used in this thesis is the historical research method. 4 stages, namely (1) Heuristics, (2) Source / Verification Criticism, (3) Interpretation and (4) Historiography. There are two approaches used in this study, namely the political and sociological approaches. While the theory I use in this research is theory. conflict and social change theory. The results of the research that the authors obtained are: chronologically, the Balkan war was preceded by the problem of Macedonia which in the end was used as an excuse to legitimize the war. Basically, the main cause of this Balkan war was due to the ambition and personal grudge between the respective rulers of the Balkan countries and the Ottoman Empire. It was also driven by the decline of the sultanate, Russian domination, the Turkish-Italian war (1911-1912), the idea of nationalism, propaganda, the formation of the Balkan alliance and the failure of diplomacy. The outbreak of the Balkan war not only resulted in geo-political changes but also was a humanitarian catastrophe for Muslims in the Balkans who at that time had to accept the fact that their situation was no longer the same as when it was led by Muslims because authority had shifted to non-Muslims.
Benefits of Computer Assistive Software and Minimum Requirements
Authors: Hendel Russell Jay
Published: January 2022

Use of computer assisted software (CAS), typically combined with a problem-solving pedagogy, is common in 1) mathematics, 2) STEM, 3) writing, 4) certification exam preparation, and 5) business training. Since there are many competing CAS products, a user must know I) what benefits to expect from good CAS, and II) what the minimum requirements are. I) The benefits of good CAS are I-A) increased student mastery due to increased practice leading to self-efficacy, I-B) heightened awareness of objectivity, encouraging a perception that achievement is based on effort and work, thus increasing inclusion and diversity, and I-C) increased outreach to weaker students who benefit from graduated levels of problem difficulty afforded by the CAS . II) The requirements for a good CAS are II-A) a large database of problems, II-B) a classification of problems using the two-four dozen topics corresponding to the daily topics in a 15-week course syllabus, taught two to three days a week, and II-C) at least 3 levels of graduated difficulty (easy, moderate, advanced) of practice problems for each topic. Note especially that minimally the software is exclusively used for storage implying that these ideas can be implemented manually without using any computer. Simple implementation methods for creating such software are presented for both mathematics and writing courses (both education and business oriented). The assurance that the minimum requirements enumerated lead to the benefits listed is provided by the four educational pillars of Hendel.
Interdisciplinary Background Helps Communication in Pandemic: Learning Multidisciplinary Field of Biomedical Engineering
Authors: Hashimoto Shigehiro
Published: January 2022

The global community has accelerated the spread of the virus. Medicine alone cannot solve the pandemic. Understanding information from specialists is not easy. Information is overflowing due to the progress of networks. Individuals are required to have the ability to sort huge information. How do you use information for your personal behavior? Following social campaign can lead to inconsistencies in individual behavior. The field of biomedical engineering is not limited to the fusion of medicine and engineering, but is a complex field including various fields: biology, informatics, etc. In the courses, students have the opportunity to learn pandemic-related techniques: air purification techniques (clean room), sterilization techniques (cell culture). Multi-disciplinary fields supply education to understand complex issues. They improve communication skills of students on global problems.
Phonetic Phenomena in the "Yanbu" Dialect and its Linguistic Origins
Authors: Saber Khaled , Hamouda Ahmad
Published: January 2022

This study deals with the dialect of Yanbu region and its acoustic behavior that constitute special landmarks in the wide local dialect range and trying to provide historical analysis for the Acoustic phenomena of this supported dialect.in order to stand on an important side of the historical linguistic lesson, showing a form of language movement and evolutional use, dating for a temporal and spatial period of time of its extended history.

In order to achieving this scientific purpose, the study highlights the most exciting scientific interesting acoustic phenomenon in this dialect. This treatment included the following dialect phenomenon: emphasis of (A), phonetic substitution of (s) to (S*), (ð) to(d), (h) to (w), (q)to(γ), (γ) to (q) and (θ) to (t), simplification and other substitutions.
Review on the Role of rural Saving and Credit Cooperatives in Improving Rural Farmers‘ Socio-economic Activities in Ethiopia
Authors: Abel Feleke
Published: January 2022

Rural Saving and Credit Cooperatives (RuSACCOs) are the main financial solution of the people who have low income level.Rural saving and credit cooperatives are considered to have immense potential in financing short term loans for agricultural production technologies and undertake off-farm income generating activities in rural areas where both the state and the private sector have failed. Cooperatives and socio-economic development in Ethiopia has its own Economic significance, Employment creation, income generation and poverty reduction, Social protection, Cooperative representation. Cooperatives have a long history in Ethiopia. Traditional forms of collective action such as iqub found that a traditional form of rotating savings and credit association; work groups such as jige, wonfel, and debo, which help in mobilizing labor resource (Labour sharing); and idir, a traditional association which provides insurance for members during death and other accidents. . Rural saving and credit cooperatives have their own challenges that retard their financial solution to their members and the economical contribution to a country. In Ethiopia, the development of SACCOs is low due to the existence of different challenges. Some of the most important challenges include lack of capacity for providing competent managerial services, limited participation of members in decision making and controlling activities (because of limited capacity and skill), and lack of finance, basic infrastructure, and market information against the need for a better linkage of cooperative members. And recommending Government cooperative agency offices, Unions, and NGOs should provide sustainable technical training for cooperatives technical staffs on financial planning, financial management, and inventory handling issues are the possible recommendations. Saving and credit cooperatives play a crucial role in economic and social development for rural farmers in Ethiopia.
Language Vitality, Attitude and Endangerment: Understanding from Field Work among Lodha Speakers
Authors: Dutta Shuvam
Published: January 2022

Lodhas are marginalized scheduled tribe groups in West Bengal, India. They are called as criminal tribes till the revocation of the Criminal Tribes’ Act of 1952. Lodha is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken by Lodhas in some villages of West Bengal, India. This paper has four objectives. First, this paper discussed about the effect of the dominant languages. Here we made an attempt to study the impact of Bangla influencing on Lodha language. This paper also talks about Language attitude of this community. To grow up their economy now they try to interact with the non-tribal Indo-Aryan population and they try to forget their own language. So we will discuss in detail their language attitude to know the present condition of Lodha. We discuss the socio-economic condition of Lodha. How this condition creates a barrier against them, we will discuss this in our paper by exemplified the situation. At last, this paper is to assess the nature and degree of language endangerment of Lodha based on UNESCO’s Language Vitality and Endangerment framework.
The Bird’s Head Motif with a Volute Beak in the System of the Eastern European Version of the Scythian Animal Style and its Probable Origins
Authors:   M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kantorovich Anatoliy
Published: January 2022

The Eastern European Scythian animal style is characterized by some peculiarities both in the repertoire and in artistic technique that distinguish this local version of the Scythian-Siberian animal style from another ones. The article describes the motif of a separate head of a bird of prey with a twirled (in development — volute) beak as a good local marker of the Eastern European Scythian animal style. This is one of the most characteristic repertoire preferences, much less inherent in other local variants of the Scythian-Siberian animal style (excluding the Pazyryk art). The article characterizes morphological types of numerous images of this kind, these types were revealed by the author in the course of classification of images of the Scythian local variant of the animal style. The author reveals the stylistic dynamics of this motif in chronological context against the general background of implementation of the mega-image of bird in the Eastern European Scythian animal style. Also analogues from other local variants of the Scythian-Siberian world are presented. There are determined probable origins of the discrete head of bird of prey with twirled beak in the Eastern European Scythian animal style, where this motif is regular during the 7th—4th centuries BC, i. e. throughout the existence of this local variant. The study supports the version of the polycentric origin of the Scythian-Siberian animal style and the Scythian-Siberian cultural and historical community as a whole.
Archaeozoological Data of Xiongnu Burial and Settlement Complexes in Transbaikalia: Comparison Issues
Authors:   Institute of Earths Crust, Siberian Brunch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Klementiev Alexey , Bazarov Bilikto ,   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Miyagashev Denis ,   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

At present, significant archaeozoological material has been accumulated from the Transbaikal archaeological sites of the Xiongnu era. This material was obtained both from settlement complexes and from burial structures. An important point is the comparison of these functionally different sites. One of the directions in this case is the correlation of archaeozoological materials. Our work provides information on the osteological collection from the Mangirtuy settlement, data on the sacrificial bone remains of animals from the graves of the Sudzhinsky burial ground in Ilmovaya Pad, Nur-Tukhum and Gudzhir-Myge. Information on the burial sites of Tsaram and Egiin-Gol is also used. Using the example of cattle, we consider the possibility of attribution of bone remains (skulls and phalanges), their description and interpretation. Comparison of information from functionally different sites allows us to talk about the main importance of the producing economy in the Xiongnu husbandry. Cattle-breeding was the leading branch for the bulk of the population. The same domestic ungulate was also a sacrificial animal during the burial practices of the Xiongnu.
Landscape Environment of Hillforts and Kurgans of Scythian Time within the Don Forest Steppe Region
Authors:   Voronezh State Pedagogical University, Razuvaev Yury , Chendev Yury ,   Belgorod State National Research University
Published: January 2022

The article offers a reconstruction of the landscape in the 6th—3rd centuries BC in the environs of 24 sites of Scyphoid and Gorodets archaeological cultures. Information on previous soil and palynological analyses is summarized, and the results of the latest studies of buried soils are published. A modern soil map offers an approximate view of the vegetation of the Don basin in the past. Hillforts and barrows of the Scyphoid culture are concentrated in the territories of typical forest steppe, while the fortified settlements of Gorodets are found in the more forested northern territory. This may be due to the difference in management systems, especially farming (tillage and slash-and-burn farming). Under the earthen defensive ramparts of all the studied hillforts of Early Iron Age, associated with forest valley-river landscapes, the soils with properties of forest formation have been identified, however, in many cases preserving the features of Chernozems of the drier Bronze Age. Qualities of paleosoils suggest the process of afforestation of river valleys and adjacent sections of watersheds at the beginning of Early Iron Age. Kurgans, which demonstrate the military-elitist appearance of the material culture and mobility of their creators, are situated in the interfluvial meadow-steppes and are separated from the nearest hillforts under the forests by the local relief. Localization of these and other sites confirms the existence of different economic and cultural types among the population of the Scythian era.
Alien in Tandem with Predator: animal statuses and military ranks of the buried in the Solokha barrow
Authors:   Tyumen State University, Kozlov Sergei
Published: January 2022

The present article attempts to transcode the “animal” status of those buried in the first monumental burial ground of the Scythians in the Lower Dnieper region — the famous Solokha barrow. Solokha’s materials are seen as an optimal case for such kind of study. On the one hand, two burials from different periods and of different statuses were found underneath the mound. On the other hand, each of the burials contained artefacts with depictions of wild and mythological predators, which makes it possible to correlate the statuses of the buried with the depictions of beasts. Based on the analysis of the funeral contexts in Solokha, and taking into account the semantics of animal styles, it is possible to conclude that the lateral grave belonged to a legitimate king of the Scythians (conventionally, “Oktamasades”) whose status was clearly marked by feline-shaped predators, and the central one — to a “prince” (conventionally, “Orikos”) who died at a young age and forever remained on the primary, “wolf” stage of military initiation.
Two-horned Lamellar Lunulas of the Roman Period in the Crimea: distribution, dating (by materials from the Frontovoye 3 Burial Ground)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mastykova Anna , Sviridov Alexey ,   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

The article addresses two-horned lamellar silver lunula pendants of the late Roman Period, found in burials 13 and 94 of Frontovoye 3 burial ground in the South-West Crimea. The distribution of lunulas of similar types in the Crimea and adjacent territories, their dating and methods of wearing have been studied. In most cases, these pendants are found in burial complexes of the second half of the 3rd century in Crimea, on the territory of Northern Dagestan, in Kalmykia and in the basin of the Lower Don. At the same time, for the Crimea and the Sarmatian steppe, the data of the lunulas serve as chronological indicators for the second half of the 3rd century. One of their variants (no. 3) from Frontovoye-3 burial ground is more typical for the Crimea, rarely found outside its borders and has an earlier dating, within the first half of the 3rd century AD. Methods of wearing lunula pendant with the costume of those buried in Northern Dagestan, Kalmykia and the Lower Don differs from their use in the Crimea. In the area between the Don, the Volga and the Caucasian ridge, lunulas are usually found in necklaces, where they are combined with spiral-shaped bronze beads ending in 14 sided beads, usually carnelian. However, such necklaces are completely absent among the Crimean burials.
The Legend of Gycia, Stanislas Sestrencewicz-Bohusz, and Catherine II
Authors:   V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Khrapunov Nikita
Published: January 2022

This article analyses the reasons which made Stanislas Sestrencewicz-Bohusz (Siestrzeńcewicz-Bohusz, also Sestrentsevich or Sestrenzewitsch, 1731—1826) to study the history of the Crimea and to write one of the first monographs on the subject, which still determines some trends in the Crimean studies. It has been shown that Sestrencewicz, the head of Catholic church in Russia, who tried to establish normal relations between the Polish elite and the Russian government after the first partition of Rzeczpospolita, composed a verse drama of the story of the relations between Chersonesus and Bosporus as described in the 53rd chapter of De administrando imperio by Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Sestrencewicz supplied the main character of his drama, Gycia by name, with well-recognizable traits of Catherine II and put up the idea of the necessity of peaceful cooperation between the Chersonesites (Russians) and Sarmatians (Poles). It has been supposed that the ideas embodied in the drama made Catherine II and her favorite Grigorii Potemkin to order Sestrencewicz to write the history of the Crimea. After the unification of the Crimea with Russia in 1783, the writing of its history became a matter of public importance. Sestrencewicz knew ancient languages and therefore could read sources in original. His sincere pro-Russian position appeared in his interpretation of the liquidation of the khanate as the end of the Crimean history. The events in Sestrencewicz’s creative biography are uncovered against the background of the Russian state ideology and the ideas of Enlightenment about the history of the Crimea.