bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary values of the annual changes of the magnetic elements in the Pacific Ocean as determined from the Carnegie results, 1909–1929, and the Galilee results, 1905–1908
Authors: Johnston H. F.
Published: February 2008

This is the third paper giving the preliminary values of the annual changes of the magnetic elements for the various oceans, as deduced from the observations on the Galilee, 1905–1908, and on the Carnegie, 1909–1929. The other papers1 give the results for the Atlantic and Pacific oceans including the observations taken on Cruise VII of the Carnegie to July 28, 1929. The present paper gives the values for the North and Central Pacific Ocean deduced from the further observations of the Carnegie taken previous to her tragic destruction by fire following an explosion in Apia Harbor, Samoa, November 29, 1929.

Various stations in the neighborhood of intersections of Cruise VII with previous tracks have been employed. Seventeen positions are used to which the observations are referred; the observations were selected having due regard to the uniformity of the distribution of the magnetic elements around the reference points. The preliminary values for Cruise VII have been used, since the small corrections which will be made in the final reductions will not affect the annual changes given in Table 1. The observations on board the Carnegie were arranged at such times as to make corrections for diurnal variations negligible.
Provisional sunspot‐numbers for May to June
Authors: Brunner W.
Published: February 2008

(Dependent alone on observations at Zürich Observatory and its station at Arosa)
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory April to May, 1930
Authors: Ledig Paul G.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S.; longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m W. of Gr.)

There were no magnetic storms recorded in April 1930.
Vorläufiger Bericht über den von der Carnegie‐Institution gestifteten bidlingmaier'schen Doppelkompass
Authors: Von Fanselau G. , Grotewahl M.
Published: February 2008

Die Aufgabe war, für die Messung der Horizontal‐Intensität ein Bordinstrument zu schaffen, das hauptsächlich auf dem Luftschiff zur Verwendung kommen sollte in Gebieten von

0.02 < II < 0.21Γ

es ist zugleich auch an Bord von Seefahrzeugen verwendbar.

Die Wahl fiel auf den Bidlingmaier'schen Doppelkompass1, der sich sowohl an Bord des Schiffes Cecilie2 wie des Luftschiffes Italia3 bewährt hatte. Hierbei war entscheidend, dass die Thomsonrose schon nach Bidlingmaiers Untersuchungen die beste Gestalt der höheren Glieder der Ablenkungen hat und seetüchtig befunden war. Es hatte sich aber damals gezeigt, dass bei dem alten Originalgerät kleine Fehler in der Entfernungseinstellung leicht vorkommen konnten. Da diese nun mit der 3. Potenz eingehen, könnten sie das Resultat stark beeinflussen. Darum wurde von vornherein die Methode mit festen Entfernungen gewählt, und zwar kommen 3 Entfernungen in Anwendung, die jederzeit wieder mit grosser Sicherheit realisiert werden konnten. Es geschieht dies, nach einem Konstruktionsvorschlag der Askania‐Werke, durch Blockieren der beiden Zahnstangen mittels Hineinschrauben s von je einem Konus.
Valeurs moyennes annuelles et marche séculaire des éléments magnétiques à świder (pologne) dans le cours des années 1921–1929
Authors: Kalinowski St.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude, 52° 06′.9 N; longitude, 21° 15′.2 E)

Valeurs moyennes des éléments
Notes on Aurora Australis
Authors: Kidson Edward
Published: February 2008

In looking through some of our rainfall records recently, I extracted the following notes regarding aurorae. They are not exhaustive, but may be of interest.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1930
Authors: Ledig Paul G.
Published: February 2008

OCTOBER TO DECEMBER, 1930

(Latitude 12° 02′.7S.; longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m W. of Gr.)
A photographic method of changing the ratio of ordinate‐scale to abscissa‐scale
Authors: Peters William J. , Green J. W.
Published: February 2008

This method is proposed for the purpose of reproducing magnetograms or other continuous photographic records made at different observatories on the same scales as regards both time and value of magnetic or other recorded element with all the minutiae of detail. Two photographic exposures are made, one of the photographic record, the second of the resulting negative. In both exposures the sensitized paper is inclined at predetermined angles which depend upon the magnifications required of the abscissae and ordinates, respectively, and upon the condition that the respective scales be uniform throughout the final positive. Theoretically there is no limit to the choice of ratio desired between the scale of ordinate and the scale of abscissa. Practically the limit is fixed by the depth of focus available, and the smallest stop usable, or by the number of repetitions of the operation of two exposures. Experiments were made in which the final ordinates were made about three times as long as the original with respect to the abscissae in the one operation of two exposures.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1931
Authors: Ledig Paul G.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S.; longitude, 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m W. of Gr.)

February 13, 1931—There was a short magnetic disturbance on February 13, beginning at 8h 58m (Greenwich mean time), with a rise of 28γ in five minutes in the horizontal‐intensity trace. The disturbance was characterized by several sharp peaks and bays in horizontal intensity and by marked variations in the declination and vertical intensity. There was no sign of the subnormal horizontal‐intensity values that usually mark magnetic storms at this observatory, either during the storm or thereafter. The storm ended February 13 at about 22h. The ranges were 6′.0, 140γ, and 36γ in declination, horizontal intensity and vertical intensity, respectively.
Preliminary summary of data on the present distribution of magnetic declination within the Arctic zone
Authors: Weinberg Boris P.
Published: February 2008

The determinations of the magnetic elements in the arctic regions are so irregularly distributed over the territory as well as in time that it is very difficult to find their distribution for a definite epoch in a manner sufficiently trustworthy—even for the declination, which up to the present has been determinined about three times as often as the inclination or the horizontal component.

For solving this problem I had to operate by the method of successive approximations relating to an element e and to its secular variation (annual change) e′. I used largely the method of reducing the values of e and e′ to angularly equidistant points by means of preliminary values (also successively corrected) of the gradients de/dϕ and de/dλ of the element e, and similar gradients of e′ for latitude ϕ and longitude λ.
Auroral observations and magnetic conditions at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory, July 1930 to June 1931
Authors: Ulrich Franklin P.
Published: February 2008

This report is a continuation of the reports,2 begun in 1923, of the investigation concerning the relation between aurora, the Earth's magnetic field, and radio reception.

Instruments and methods—The instruments and methods as outlined in the report for 1923–24 were used during these observations.
Magnetic activity—some results of the measure adopted at Stockholm
Authors: Duvall C. R.
Published: February 2008

In accordance with the report of Dr. A. Crichton Mitchell, adopted at the Stockholm meeting in August 1930, considerable work has been done by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in working up results of the measure adopted for trial. In addition to a fair amount of work on the first half of 1931, the two years 1929 and 1930 have been completed for the Department's two observatories, Watheroo (latitude 30° 19′ south, longitude 115° 53′ east, 244 meters above sea‐level) and Huancayo (latitude 12° 03′ south, longitude 75° 20′ west, 3,350 meters above sea‐level). As traces of declination, D, horizontal intensity, H, and vertical intensity, Z, are made at these observatories the measure, namely, (HRH+ZRZ) /10,000, was computed. Ranges for the Greenwich day were worked to the nearest γ (0.00001 C. G. S. unit) and three figures only were used in H and Z.
Summary of the year's work, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Fleming J. A.
Published: February 2008

The year July 1, 1930, to June 30, 1931, was devoted largely to developing undertakings already inaugurated and to the reduction and discussion of accumulated observational material rather than to the launching of new enterprises and extensive acquirement of new data. Accordingly, effort was concentrated on the discussion and preparation for publication of a large amount of material already accumulated in the magnetic survey and at the observatories in Peru and Western Australia and in beginning interpretation of the results. Excellent progress was also made in compiling the vast material pertaining to oceanology, biology, and meteorology secured on Cruise VII of the Carnegie, to the end that the first volume presenting the physical oceanographic results may be issued in 1932.

The year was also marked by the active participation of the staff in aiding formulation of plans for one of the greatest international projects for the acquirement of geophysical data yet attempted—the Jubilee International Polar Year proposed in 1932–33. Data in terrestrial magnetism and electricity are sorely needed in the polar regions, where extreme conditions in the variations of the natural phenomena exist, in order to provide more reliable material in the large areas above 60° north and south latitude for extension of the Gaussian harmonic analyses which have heretofore been practically limited to the region between latitude 60° north and 60° south because of the paucity of polar data.
Provisional solar and magnetic character‐figures, Mount Wilson Observatory, October, November, and December 1931
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Sternberg Elizabeth E.
Published: February 2008

In addition to the following magnetic storms, in which the total range in H exceeded 100γ, three storms of slightly less intensity were recorded on November 8, 15, and 26, respectively.

During the storm from October 4–6 two sunspot‐groups were near the central meridian, but no special activity was observed in either of them. Three very small areas of bright hydrogen within 25° of the center of the solar disk were active at the time of the magnetic storm of October 12–13. Two of these bright areas were near small spots but the third was not associated with any group. The most intense storm of the quarter, that of October 29–31, was probably due to activity associated with an average‐sized group which was more than 50° west of the central meridian at the beginning of the storm.
Abstract of supplementary resolutions of the International Commission for the Polar Year 1932–1933
Authors: Harradon H. D.
Published: February 2008

The Sub‐Commission for Actinometric Researches during the Polar Year 1932–33, appointed at the Conference of Directors at Copenhagen in 1929, having presented a program for these researches, the International Commission for the Polar Year at its meeting at Leningrad in August 1930, designated Messrs. H. Dominik and A. F. Wangenheim to study the question of actinometric instruments, and the President of the Commission, Dr. D. la Cour, requested these gentlemen to act as a Sub‐Committee for this subject. After considering the program, Messrs. Dominik and Wangenheim signified their approval of it.
Louis Agricola Bauer in the progress of science as exemplified in terrestrial magnetism
Authors: Littlehales G. W.
Published: February 2008

It is indeed fitting that this issue of the International Quarterly JOURNAL OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY should be selected to emphasize that this one, among the instrumentalities fashioned by Louis Agricola Bauer as tools of investigation in those earth‐sciences which cluster about terrestrial magnetism, was the agency designed to be the expression of the record of progress. It was to serve the Olympian purpose—inspiring to him—to find the meaning of Professor Clerk Maxwell's passage, “What cause, whether exterior to the Earth or in its inner depths, produces such enormous changes in the Earth's magnetism, that its magnetic poles move slowly from one part of the globe to another? When we consider that the intensity of the magnetization of the great globe of the Earth is quite comparable with that which we produce with much difficulty in our steel magnets, these immense changes in so large a body force us to conclude that we are not yet acquainted with one of the most powerful agents in Nature, the scene of whose activity lies in those inner depths of the Earth, to the knowledge of which we have so few means of access.”

Mirrored in this JOURNAL, which, in its entirety, is a literary memorial to the earnestness of his endeavors, are the gathered means and resources—now monuments to the dignity of his aims—by which he brought into association the work to be done in the magnetic survey of the globe, the institution for doing it, and the men to direct and perform the researches to augment its results—unique shipping engaged in perfecting magnetic surveying on all the oceans, skillful observers penetrating the most remote lands with standardized magnetic instruments, and finally the Department of Research in Terrestrial Magnetism busy with the mathematico‐physical analysis of the magnetic field of the Earth.
Louis A. Bauer and the Zi‐Ka‐Wei Observatory
Authors: de Moidrey J.
Published: February 2008

My scientific relations with Bauer extended over nearly four decades, dating from the time when I was appointed director of the Magnetic Service of the Zi‐Ka‐Wei Observatory. It was also about this time that he began the publication of his invaluable international JOURNAL OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. It has now happened that his death has coincided almost exactly with my retirement from active service and this fact has impelled me to contribute a few lines to this special number dedicated to his memory.

In addition to the great interest which Bauer has manifested through all these years in our magnetic work in China, I believe that he took a special interest in the series of more or less disconnected studies which I was able to publish from 1918 to the time of my retirement a few months ago. These papers which are of very unequal value, bear the title of “Etudes sur le magnétisme terrestre.” They consist of 39 studies embracing about 350 pages, with a considerable number of graphs. It is not easy to evaluate the debt that these papers owe to Bauer.
The magnetic survey and observatory‐net of the United States
Authors: Heck N. H.
Published: February 2008

Seldom is it given to a mortal to dream a great dream and then live to see its realization. Such an experience was granted to Louis Agricola Bauer. His dream came a little before the beginning of the present century, and, when about a quarter of that century had passed, it was far on the way to realization. The dream related to the covering of the entire Earth with accurate measurements of terrestrial magnetism and allied phenomena so that scientific studies could be made for the Earth as a whole.
Seasonal magnetic variations at Apia
Authors: Glover P. W.
Published: February 2008

§1—This paper is an account of a preliminary investigation into seasonal changes in the terrestrial magnetic elements as recorded at the Apia Observatory, Western Samoa.

§2—Four months—January, April, July, and October representative of the seasons summer, autumn, winter, and spring, respectively—were selected for study, and the means of the diurnal variations for “all days” for each of the quantities horizontal force, declination, and vertical force over the five‐year period 1916–20 inclusive, were formed from the data given in the Apia Observatory publication “Summary of Magnetic Observations 1912–1920.” It was considered that this selection of months over the period named should be sufficient to show the trend of any seasonal changes and to indicate in a general way, the results to be expected from a more detailed investigation.
Observed air‐Earth current and maintenance of Earth's charge
Authors: Gish O. H.
Published: February 2008

From an examination of the electrograms obtained at Washington, D.C., Tucson, Arizona, Watheroo, Western Australia, and Huancayo, Peru, it is found that, while with many of the moderate changes in air‐potentials there are no corresponding changes in the air‐conductivity, which undergoes much change within rather restricted limits, yet cases where changes in the air‐conductivity of both signs are in inverse relation to simultaneous changes in the air‐potentials are abundant.

In these cases the changes in air‐potential are doubtless dependent upon those in air‐conductivity. Although the converse, a dependence of air‐conductivity upon air‐potential may be expected, yet it does not seem to occur to the extent that theoretical deductions of Schweidler, Behacker, and Swann indicate. On the basis of those deductions, it was thought that on account of the nature of the exposure of the tubes through which air is aspirated from the outside in the conductivity‐measurements, the “electrode‐effect” would be greater than the theory implies. However, from this preliminary examination it appears that conductivity‐changes which are dependent upon the electric field generally become conspicuous only when the electric intensity reaches about ±300 volts or more per meter, although some exceptions have been noted. When these large intensities are of the normal sign (that is, positive potential gradient), then the negative conductivity drops abruptly to approximately zero‐value, whereas the positive conductivity remains quite unchanged. The positive conductivity suffers a similar abrupt drop when the intensity is of opposite sign, whereas the negative conductivity in this case shows no perceptible change. The registrations of air‐potential at such times are, however, not suitable for quantitative study. These should be registered with a less sensitive recorder and a more active collector in order that results such as described above may be more satisfactorily compared with theory. However the data as they stand, seem to justify some qualitative conclusions.
On the vertical component of the Earth‐current in mountainous regions
Authors: Koenigsberger J. G.
Published: February 2008

O. H. Gish has directed attention to the possibility that the vertical component of the earth‐current, which flows from the base to the summit of a mountain (if supposed to carry positive electricity) may be caused by a difference in the concentration of the hydrogen‐ions in the water of the soil. O. Hecker and the writer in 1923 and 1924 made some series of observations on a Swiss mountain composed of dense Jurassic limestone. The electrodes, in one series of observations, were in the surface soil, and in another they were inside the mountain in old galleries in dry limestone or on good conducting ore. The values (0.05 to 0.08 volt per 100 meters) were always approximately (±30 per cent) the same, and not very different from the values observed by V. Oberguggenberger near Innsbruck. The meteorological conditions (rain, dry weather, heat, and cold) were such as not to have caused differences in the values of more than 5 to 10 per cent.
The anomalous mountain‐effect in Earth‐current measurements
Authors: Gish O. H.
Published: February 2008

Dr. Koenigsberger kindly referred his above note on the vertical component of the earth‐current in mountainous regions to the writer for comment before publication.

Such points as he brings out will doubtless be welcomed by all, as an aid toward a better understanding of the anomaly presented by this mountain‐effect in earth‐current measurements. For the observations which he and O. Hecker made in mine‐galleries within a mountain of Jurassic limestone the conditions which he describes are such that to explain the results due to electrochemical action is not easy.
Provisional sunspot‐numbers for June, July, and August 1932
Authors: Brunner W.
Published: February 2008

(Dependent alone on observations at Zürich Observatory and its station at Arosa)
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory April to June 1932
Authors: Hartnell Geo.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N.; longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)

The principal magnetic storm recorded was that of May 29 to 30, regarding which some notes were published in the June number of the JOURNAL (p. 193). The particulars there given are correct except that more careful later measurements indicate the ranges were: D, 71′; H, 477γ; Z, in excess of 425γ as the record went beyond the sheet.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory January to June 1932
Authors: Ledig Paul G.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S.; longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m W. of Gr.)

There was only one major disturbance recorded during the first six months of 1932.
Werte der Kugelfunktionen und deren Ableitungen für die wichtigsten erdmagnetischen Observatorien
Authors: Fanselau G.
Published: February 2008

Es liegt in der Natur geophysikalischer Probleme, dass man bei deren Behandlung häufig gezwungen ist, zu Reihendarstellungen zu greifen. Unter den hierbei hauptsächlich zur Verwendung gelangenden Funktionsreihen spielen die Kugelfunktionen wegen der entsprechenden Erdgestalt eine ausgezeichnete Rolle. Um nun die vielen Untersuchungen besonders erdmagnetischer Natur, zu, deren Ausführung solche Funktionen gebraucht werden, zu erleichtern, sind in den folgenden Tabellen die Werte der Kugelfunktionen mitgeteilt für eine Anzahl der wichtigsten erdmagnetischen Observatorien.
Robert Lee Faris, 1862–1932
Authors: Heck N. H.
Published: February 2008

Captain Robert Lee Faris, Assistant Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, died suddenly at his home in Washington, D.C., on October 5, 1932. He was born at Caruthersville, Missouri, on January 13, 1868, was educated in the public schools, and received the degree of civil engineer from the University of Missouri in 1890. Before entering the service of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, he completed a year's work as assistant engineer with the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, on the survey of the Missouri River. During his service in the Coast and Geodetic Survey, extending over a period of more than forty years, he became thoroughly familiar with all the activities of that bureau, both through extended experience in the field and various administrative assignments in the office.
Mesures magnétiques et carte magnétique des isogones de la Moldavie et Bessarabie (Roumanie)
Authors: Procopiu Par St.
Published: February 2008

1. Variations séculaires en Roumanie—Les mesures précises de la déclinaison, inclinaison, et composante horizontale du magnétisme terrestre, effectuées par Kreil, en 1858, aussi bien pour les territoires qui appartenaient à l'empire au triche‐hongrois, que pour cinq localités de l'ancienne Roumanie, ont permis à Hepites et Murât, après une campagne magnétique dans l'ancienne Roumanie, où ils ont étudié 72 localités entre 1898 et 1900, de déduire les variations séculaires annuelles.

Ces variations annuelles, pour l'époque 1858–1900, sontΔD=−5′.1 ΔI=−1′.5 ΔH= +0.00017 Pour les années suivantes, l'Observatoire magnétique de Bucarest qui a fonctionné pendant l'intervalle mai 1898 à mai 1901, toujours sous la direction de Hepites et Murât, d'après des mesures magnétiques absolues, a donné pour Bucarest les variations séculaires annuelles suivantes:1900 ΔD=−3′.4 ΔI=−0′.8 ΔH=+0.000101901 ΔD=−6′.7 ΔI=−1′.6 ΔH= +0.00011Ilen résulte que, jusqu'en 1901, la déclinaison et l'inclinaison y diminuaient et la composante horizontale augmentait annuellement.
Variations in the electric field in the atmosphere measured in Johannesburg, South Africa, during 1929 and 1930
Authors: Halliday E. C.
Published: February 2008

A description is given of the construction of an electrograph recording photographically and of the setting up of an installation to obtain continuous records of the absolute value of the potential gradient above the surface of the Earth. Using this apparatus, continuous records were made over a period of 22 months, and a statistical survey of the data obtained is given. The existence of a maximum of potential gradient in mid‐summer as well as in winter is demonstrated. This and other minor phenomena are considered to be due to the effects of a variation in the relative distribution of wind‐directions during the year, and in some months during the course of the day. The argument is based upon the publications of Chree, Whipple, and Wait, on the influence of pollution and the concentration of condensation‐nuclei on the atmospheric potential‐gradient.
Japanese ursigram, September to December, 1932
Authors: Nagaoka H.
Published: February 2008

The following tables summarize the cosmic data as broadcast weekly (see this JOURNAL, 37, 487–488, 1932) from the Tokyo Radio Station, JAN. The following designations are used to indicate magnetic conditions as determined from records made at the Kakioka Observatory: 0 = calm; 0.5 = rather calm; 1 = slight disturbance; 1.5 = disturbance; 2 = great disturbance. The groups and numbers of sunspots are as observed at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory.

The table of Kennelly‐Heaviside Layer heights is self‐explanatory.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1932
Authors: Cairns J. E. I.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S.; longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m W. of Gr.)

There were no marked disturbances during October and November, 1932.
Correlation between sunspot‐activity and daily ranges of terrestrial magnetic elements at Apia, Western Samoa, 1905 to 1929
Authors: Glover P. W.
Published: February 2008

This paper is an account of the attempt to correlate the annual mean daily ranges of the terrestrial‐magnetic elements horizontal force, vertical force, and declination as measured at the Apia Observatory during the 25‐year period 1905 to 1929 with the annual means of the Wolfer sunspot‐numbers.

By the annual mean daily range of an element is meant the annual mean of the differences between the greatest and least of the monthly means of the hourly mean values. The reason for using the hourly mean values is that the data concerning the absolute ranges are not available over the entire period. The magnetic data are taken from the published reports of the Observatory, while the final relative sunspot‐numbers are those published by Wolfer and later by Brunner in Terrestrial Magnetism.
Sur les rapports entre l'activité magnétique et les valeurs absolues de la composante horizontale
Authors: Eblé Par L.
Published: February 2008

On sait qu'il existe une certaine relation entre l'activité magnétique et la valeur absolue de la composante horizontale au même jour: c'est ainsi qu'à la suite d'un orage magnétique, la composante horizontale H reste faible et ne reprend que lentement la valeur qu'elle avait auparavant. Il en résulte, comme corollaire, que la valeur moyenne de H aux cinq jours calmes internationaux de chaque mois, que nous désignerons par H*, doit être supérieure à la moyenne générale H pour le même mois. C'est ce que j'ai vérifié pour la Station de Val‐Joyeux sur onze années, de 1921 à 1931.
Possible stellar origin of high‐speed ions
Authors: Gunn Ross
Published: February 2008

It is noted that the observed state of rest of numerous ionized calcium clouds guarantees that all interstellar space is substantially neutral. The author has shown that the solar atmosphere is permeated by strong electric fields and this suggests that negative ions might be accelerated and move off into space with energies of some millions of volts. Study of the process of emission indicates that only within a sunspot are conditions such that a negative ion can traverse the solar atmosphere and acquire energy comparable to the potential difference between the Sun proper and its high atmosphere. An electron or negative ion which succeeds in traversing the layer emerges at high speed and attracts to itself, from the high atmosphere, a neutralizing positive ion by a mechanism equivalent to electrostatic attraction; and, finally, the two ions, forming a neutral pair, leave the Sun at precisely the same velocity. The energy of the neutral stream is estimated to be a very small but appreciable fraction of the energy radiated by the sunspot. The effects of these ions plunging into the Earth's atmosphere are considered and it is possible that they produce the aurora.

Neutral ion‐pairs of solar origin can have no relation to the penetrating‐radiation because of their low energy, but similar processes in early‐type stars will give rise to neutral ion‐pairs of approximately 1010 electron‐volt energies. It is suggested that these energetic neutral ion‐pairs which perhaps get separated on entering the Earth's magnetic field or by collisions in the Earth's atmosphere are identical with the penetrating‐radiation. Reasons are given for believing that the distribution of such particles in space is nearly uniform.
Effects of turbulent air‐flow in some apparatus used in atmospheric‐electric measurements
Authors: Gish O. H.
Published: February 2008

Several experimental results which appear in the literature have stimulated further inquiry into the theory of such apparatuses the Ebert ion‐counter and of the Gerdien conductivity‐apparatus. For example, Hewlett1 reports that sometimes the saturation‐potential (critical potential) of the Gerdien apparatus used by him varied from more than 200 volts to less than 80 volts. For ions of mobility 1.5 cm/sec per volt/cm and for the average rate of air‐flow in this apparatus, the saturation‐potential according to the usual method of calculation should probably be near 400 volts. He thought that the change in saturation was likely attributable to a change in the average mobility of the ions in the air. However, calculation again on the usual basis implies that for a saturation‐potential of 80 volts the average mobility is probably more than four or five times the small‐ion mobility commonly reported for ions in the atmosphere. Although such mobilities are not to be ruled out, yet their occurrence in the required proportion seems very unlikely. The only alternative assumption is that the theory on which the calculations are based is not sufficiently comprehensive.
Tabellen zur Berechnung des Magnetfeldes bei symmetrischer Spulenanordnung
Authors: Fanselau Von G.
Published: February 2008

Zur Erzeugung der in der erdmagnetischen Messtechnik sehr häufig erforderlichen Zusatzfelder bedient man sich jetzt in immer weitgehendem Masse der galvanischen Methode. In allen diesen Fällen steht man vor der Aufgabe, beim Entwerfen des Spulenaggregates die Grösse des Feldes aus den elektrischen und geometrischen Bedingungen erst einmal roh abzuschätzen und dann, wenn es sich nicht nur um eine relative Messung handelt, nach genauer Ausmessung des fertigen Aggregats möglichst exakt zu berechnen. Aber auch bei relativen Messungen ist es oft unbedingt erforderlich, über die Güte der Homogenität des erzeugten Magnetfeldes orientiert zu sein, um nicht schwer kontrollierbare Ungenauigkeiten in die Messung hineinzubekommen. Um alle diese in der Praxis sich sehr häufig wiederholenden Rechnungen zu erleichtern, wurden am hiesigen Observatorium Tabellen für Spulenfelder angelgt, die mit einer Genauigkeit von mindestens ± 1γ die Grundfelder sowie deren Inhomogenitäten rasch zu ermitteln gestatten.
Potential‐gradient variation on Martha's Vineyard
Authors: Dwight C. H.
Published: February 2008

Continuous photographic record was made on fourteen calm days in the summer of 1931 at a specially constructed hut on the flat plains of the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Maxima occur approximately at midnight and at 14h; minima occur at about 4h and 21h, agreeing in part with the times usually observed for the extremes of this element.
Fifth General Assembly of the Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity at Lisbon, Portugal, September 14 to 23, 1933
Authors: Fleming J. A. , Harradon H. D.
Published: February 2008

The Fifth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was held at Lisbon, Portugal, September 14 to 23, 1933. The Portuguese National Committee, under the able presidency of Professor Da Costa Lobo, had arranged a full program of receptions and excursions. There were receptions by the President of the Republic, by the Minister of Public Instruction, by the Municipality of Lisbon, and by the Ministers of Commerce and of the Navy. As the concluding session of the Assembly, an excursion was made to Coimbra where the congressists were the guests of the University and where a visit to the Geophysical Institute and the new magnetic observatory was arranged for those interested.
Summary of the year's work, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Fleming J. A.
Published: February 2008

Effort has been chiefly concentrated during July 1, 1932, to June 30, 1933, as in the previous year, on the study of the extensive observational material in hand, particularly that obtained on the last cruise of the Carnegie and at the Department's two observatories, rather than to the amassing of new data. However, the Department has taken an active part in the inauguration and maintenance of the two American Polar Year stations at Point Barrow and College‐Fairbanks, Alaska, and has collected data for secular‐variation studies at a number of repeat‐stations in South America.

General statistical methods for research on diurnal variations, together with schemes for numerical and graphical work suitable for handling the largest possible amount of material, have been developed in a series of papers. The procedure has been applied to magnetic diurnal‐variation at Watheroo and Huancayo observatories and has already yielded convincing results. Thus, the diurnal variation of declination at such an equatorial station as Huancayo is found to vary considerably even on very quiet days. At Watheroo, on quiet days in southern summer, the horizontal intensity has, on the average, a small diurnal variation, because Watheroo is situated in the transitional zone between the equatorial and the polar types of the variation ; individual days, however, exhibit either the equatorial or the polar type quite markedly, indicating that the focus of the diurnal atmospheric current‐system passes on some days several degrees of latitude south, on other days north, of Watheroo. Furthermore, the passage of the focus is retarded or accelerated on some days by a few hours, and the intensity of the current varies by a large fraction of its average value; these features are indicated in simultaneous changes of the diurnal variations of declination and of vertical intensity.
On the value of the ratio of the number of uncharged nuclei (N0) to the number of charged nuclei of one sign (N±) at Washington, D.C
Authors: Torreson O. W.
Published: February 2008

According to present conceptions of the mechanism of ionic equilibrium in the free atmosphere, the ratio N0/N± is a constant. This requires that the ratio N±/NA, where NA is the total number of nuclei per cc in the atmosphere, also be a constant. Attention is directed to published data showing the diurnal variation in charged nuclei of one sign (N+) in March 1932, and to other data showing the diurnal variation in total nuclei (NA) in the same month though in different years. From these data a curve for the diurnal variation in the ratio N+/NA is obtained, and it is seen that the ratio is not constant through the day but changes considerably and has a maximum value about 5 or 6 hours, 75° west meridian mean time. Whether the variation is real or is due to instrumental or observational difficulties must be found from future investigations. The highest value of the ratio occurs at the time of highest humidity and the suggestion is made that nuclei, laden with moisture, at such times are caught in the passages of the Aitken counter and values of NA then obtained are too small. If this occurs, it is of concern to the many users of Aitken counters.
Present status of the investigation on dynamic and tilting deviations in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Peters William J.
Published: February 2008

This investigation began in 1928 with the study of tilting deviations produced by the inclinations of the planes of the compass‐card when subjected to simple harmonic motion over or under a horizontal axis, as in the ideal rolling of a ship in a non‐resisting medium or the bed of a swing under its horizontal axis, Such a swing was used in the first experiments, but the results showed the necessity of automatic action and of continuous records throughout the phases of the swing‐motion, which are not possible in visual observations.

A swing was then designed and constructed in the instrument‐shop of the Department. It is made entirely of brass and actuated by an electric motor installed so far away that the motor has no magnetic effect on the compasses to be used in the experiments. The record is obtained by a motion‐picture camera located on the swing‐frame.
Johannes Paulus van der Stok
Authors: van Everdingen E.
Published: February 2008

Johannes Paulus van der Stok was born January 14, 1851, at Zuilen, studied from 1867 at the University of Utrecht, and took his degree of doctor in mathematics and physics in 1874. Buys Ballot was one of his teachers.

After having been about two years teacher at the gymnasium of The Hague, Dr. Van der Stok was appointed sub‐director of the Royal Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory at Batavia. In 1882 he succeeded Dr. Bergsma as director of the Observatory and resigned as such in 1899, when he returned to Holland.
American URSI broadcasts of cosmic data
Authors: Ennis C. C.
Published: February 2008

The data for terrestrial magnetism, sunspots, solar constant, and auroræ are the same as given in previous tables.

The first three columns of the Table give (1) the magnetic character according to the scale 0–2 of the International Commission of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, (2) the type featuring the day other than normal by the letters b, p, o, and i for days marked by bay, rapid pulsations, long‐period oscillations, and irregular oscillations, respectively, and (3) the hour and minute of Greenwich mean time marking the beginning of a storm, the end of the storm being indicated in the footnote to the Table. The next two columns give the data relating to sunspots: (1) the number of groups of spots and (2) the total number of spots. It is to be noted that sunspot‐numbers such as those from Zürich can be obtained from the number of groups and spots given in the Table by the formula N = k (10g + s), where k for Mount Wilson is about 0.7.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory, April to June 1934
Authors: Hartnell Geo.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude, 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)
A mechanical‐optical method of reduction of pairs of auroral plates
Authors: Chapman S.
Published: February 2008

(1) In this paper a new method is suggested for the reduction of the great number of pairs of auroral plates that have accumulated during the Polar Year, and will continue to be obtained in future. The existing methods of determining the height and geographical situation of the aurorae require plate‐measurement and mathematical calculation. There should, it would seem, be some mechanical‐optical method which, despite a possibly considerable initial cost for the equipment needed, would in the long run save much time, labor, and money. The impulse to think out such a method came from suggestions made to me by Dr. la Cour, at Brussels in July 1934 and, more effectively, at London in September 1934.
On the propagation of magnetic storms
Authors: Egedal J.
Published: February 2008

In a report presented to the Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Professor A. Tanakadate has compiled the times of three sudden commencements of magnetic storms for more than twenty magnetic observatories distributed over the Earth. This material is of great interest for the study of the propagation of magnetic storms, especially on account of its homogeneity, arising from the fact that most of the instruments from the records of which the data have been derived, are of the same type (la Cour's quick‐running magnetographs and “Variomètres de Copenhague”).

The data given in Professor Tanakadate's report refer for all observatories to the “first maximal deviation,” and only for a small number of observatories to the “very beginning” of the sudden commencement. For this examination only times for the “first maximal deviation” have been used.
Arthur Schuster's work on periodicities
Authors: Bartels J.
Published: February 2008

Geophysics and cosmical physics owe to Sir Arthur Schuster the fundamental discovery that research on periodicities, cycles, and related phenomena requires, besides purely analytical calculations, such as harmonic analysis or Fourier series, essentially statistical considerations based on the theory of probability. His first paper on this subject, which appeared in this Journal, gives the outline of a theory which was later applied to various meteorological, terrestrial‐magnetic, and cosmical periodicities. These classical papers, the study of which should be part of the training of every geophysicist, are: (1) On the investigation of hidden periodicities with application to a supposed 26‐day period of meteorological phenomena (Terr. Mag., 3, 13‐41, 1898); (2) The periodogram of magnetic declination as obtained from the records of the Greenwich Observatory during the years 1871‐1895 (Cambridge, Trans. Phil. Soc., 18, 107‐135, 1899); (3) On the spectrum of an irregular disturbance (Phil. Mag., 5, 344‐346, 1903); (4) The periodogram and its optical analogy (Proc. R. Soc., A, 77, 136‐140, 1906); (5) On the periodicity of sunspots (Phil. Trans. R. Soc., A, 206, 69‐100, 1906); and (6) On the periodicity of sunspots (Proc. R. Soc., A, 85, 50‐53, 1911).
American URSI broadcasts of cosmic data July to September 1934
Authors: Ennis C. C.
Published: February 2008

The data for terrestrial magnetism, sunspots, solar constant, and auroræ are the same as given in previous tables.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, July to September 1934
Authors: Parkinson W. C.
Published: February 2008

July 3—This small disturbance of comparatively short duration was marked by a sudden commencement in all three elements. The time of the commencement, taken from the trace of the Mitchell vertical‐intensity inductometer, was 10h32m25s (±3 seconds), G. M. T. At this time the horizontal intensity increased by 20 gammas in four minutes of time and small decreases were noted in declination and vertical intensity. Small but rapid fluctuations ensued until 13h after which normal conditions were resumed.
Vilhelm Carlheim‐Gyllensköld 1859–1934
Authors: Ljungdahl Gustaf S.
Published: February 2008

Dr. Vilhelm Carlheim Gyllensköld died in Stockholm December 13, 1934. Up to the last few weeks before his death, he was actively engaged on the work which had claimed his chief interest during life—the Earth's magnetism and allied phenomena.

He was born in Stockholm October 17, 1859. In 1877 he became a student at the University of Uppsala, where he received his doctor's degree in 1897. He interrupted his studies to participate in the First International Polar Year 1882–83 as a member of the Swedish expedition to Cape Thordsen, Spitzbergen. Carlheim‐Gyllensköld's part in this Expedition, which was under the leadership of Ekholm, was to carry out the auroral observations, while Solander made those of terrestrial magnetism. Considering the technical difficulties with which an auroral observer of that time had to deal, it must be recognized that the results of this, his first geophysical work, were most remarkable, especially because of the care and devotion which thoroughly distinguish it. In particular, his investigations of the spectrum of the aurora seem to be among the most accurate ever made. During this Expedition his lifelong interest in the science of the Earth's magnetism appears to have been aroused.
American URSI broadcasts of cosmic data October to December, 1934
Authors: Ennis C. C.
Published: February 2008

The data for terrestrial magnetism, sunspots, solar constant, and auroræ are the same as given in previous tables.

The first three columns of the Table give (1) the magnetic character according to the scale 0–2 of the International Commission of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, (2) the type featuring the day other than normal by the letters b, p, o, and i for days marked by bay, rapid pulsations, long‐period oscillations, and irregular oscillations, respectively, and (3) the hour and minute of Greenwich mean time marking the beginning of a storm, the end of the storm being indicated in the footnote to the Table. The next two columns give the data relating to sunspots: (1) the number of groups of spots and (2) the total number of spots. It is to be noted that sunspot‐numbers such as those from Zürich can be obtained from the number of groups and spots given in the Table by the formula N = k (10g+s), where k for Mount Wilson is about 0.7.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1934
Authors: Hand Eoline R.
Published: February 2008

There was only one disturbance of note during the quarter, namely, that recorded during December 3–4. It began at 22h, G.M.T., December 3 and ended the following day at 8h. The ranges were: Declination, 47′.9: horizontal intensity, 148γ: vertical intensity, 147γ.
Continuation of the Oceanic Magnetic Survey of The Carnegie Institution of Washington by The British Admiralty
Authors: Fleming J. A.
Published: February 2008

One of the major objectives of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington has been the accomplishment of the magnetic and electric survey of the Earth both on land and on sea. The Institution's earliest work at sea was done with the chartered vessel Galilee during 1905–08. The experience gained during her three cruises proved conclusively that oceanic observations of the magnetic elements sufficiently precise for practical and scientific needs could be assured only by a vessel designed specially for such work. The Carnegie was accordingly designed in 1908 primarily for magnetic and electric surveys and investigations and her construction and equipment were completed in 1909. Through the seven cruises of this unique vessel during 1909–29 in all oceans, the international character of the activities of the Carnegie Institution of Washington is probably as widely recognized as through any other of its agencies. The theoretical and practical values of the knowledge acquired and of the resulting discussions of the Earth's magnetic and electrical fields are attested by many expressions of appreciation made by the leading hydrographical establishments and by investigators of geophysics in all countries.
Bericht Über die erdmagnetische Neuaufnahme Oesterreichs 1930.0
Authors: Toperczer Von M.
Published: February 2008

In den Jahren 1928, 1929, und teilweise auch noch 1930 wurde eine erdmagnetische Aufnahme für das Gebiet des heutigen Oesterreich durchgeführt. Veranlasst wurde sie teilweise auch durch Bedürfnisse der Praxis, da ja seit der letzten Landesaufnahme durch J. Liznar,1 die sich auf die Epoche 1890.0 bezog, fast 40 Jahre vergangen waren. Es wurde daher auch für die Neuaufnahme als Reduktionsepoche 1930.0 gewählt, sodass nunmehr zwischen den einzelnen Landesaufnahmen auf österreichischem Gebiet (Kreil 1850.0, Liznar 1890.0) ein Zeitraum von je 40 Jahren liegt. Erhöhte Bedeutung gewinnt die Neuaufnahme Oesterreichs dadurch, dass annähernd gleichzeitig auch analoge Arbeiten in den benachbarten Ländern (Schweiz, Bayern, Polen, und der Tschecho‐slovakei) stattfanden, deren Ergebnisse teilweise auch schon veröffentlicht sind.