bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety and Complications of Percutaneous Kidney Biopsies in 715 Children and 8573 Adults in Norway 1988–2010
Authors: Tøndel Camilla , Vikse Bjørn Egil , Bostad Leif , Svarstad Einar
Published: July 2012

Background and objectives

Skepticism about performing renal biopsies is often because of uncertainty regarding risk of complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and relevant complications of renal biopsies in pediatric and adult patients in a large national registry study.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Kidney biopsies reported in the Norwegian Kidney Biopsy Registry from 1988 to 2010 were included. Risk factors for major complications (blood transfusion and/or surgical or catheter intervention) were analyzed using logistic regression statistics.

Results

Of the 9288 biopsies included, 715 were from children, and 8573 were from adults (≥18 years). Median age was 49 years (range=2 weeks to 94 years). Gross hematuria appeared after biopsy in 1.9% of the patients; 0.9% of patients needed blood transfusion, and 0.2% of patients needed surgical intervention/catheterization. The frequencies were 1.9%, 0.9%, and 0.2% in adults and 1.7%, 0.1% and 0.1% in children, respectively; 97.9% of the biopsies were without complications. In unadjusted analyses, risk factors for major complications were age>60 years, estimated GFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, systolic hypertension, acute renal failure, and smaller clinical center size (<30 biopsies/yr). Adjusted analyses (adjusted for age and/or estimated GFR) showed higher odds ratios (OR) only for smaller clinical center (OR=1.60 [1.02–2.50]) and low estimated GFR (estimated GFR=30–59 ml/min per 1.73 m2 [OR=4.90 (1.60–14.00)] and estimated GFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 [OR 15.50 (5.60–43.00)]).

Conclusions

Percutaneous renal biopsy is a low-risk procedure in all ages. Reduced estimated GFR and smaller center size are associated with an increased risk of major complications.
Long-term radiosurgery effects in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Vale Fernando L. , Bozorg Ali M. , Schoenberg Mike R. , Wong Kondi , Witt Thomas C.
Published: July 2012

Epilepsy surgery is an effective treatment for medically resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). To minimize complication rates and potentially improve neuropsychology outcomes, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been explored as an alternative. Two pilot trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of SRS for the treatment of medically resistant TLE, with seizure-free outcomes for approximately 65% of patients at last follow-up. Despite encouraging results, no conclusive long-term outcomes are available for SRS. This article discusses a single patient who presented with recurrent seizures, worsening headaches, and persistent abnormal MRI findings 7 years and 8 months after SRS.

This 29-year-old woman with a history of medically refractory complex partial seizures since childhood was referred for evaluation. Medical management had failed in this patient. The workup was compatible with left mesial temporal lobe onset, with MRI findings suggestive of mesial temporal sclerosis. In 2003, at the age of 23 years, she underwent Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) targeting the left temporal mesial area with a dose of 24 Gy at the 50% marginal isodose line. After GKS, the patient's seizures decreased in frequency over several months, but auras were persistent. Nine months after treatment, she developed worsening headaches. A follow-up MRI study demonstrated a thick, irregular, enhancing lesion in the medial part of the temporal lobe. She was placed on corticosteroids, with resolution of her headaches.

Her seizures and headaches recurred in March 2010. An MRI study showed a 2.2-cm, ill-defined, enhancing cystic lesion in the left mesial temporal lobe with T2 and FLAIR hyperintensity, which was presumably radiation induced. At that time, the patient opted for left temporal lobe resection to control her seizures. Histological examination showed moderately severe, remote, longstanding sclerosis at the level of the hippocampus. A vascular lesion was identified, and it was most consistent with radiation-induced capillary hemangioma. The entorhinal region was severely damaged, with hemorrhage, necrosis, neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and hemosiderin deposition. There was evidence of radiation vasculopathy.

Radiation-induced lesions after SRS for the treatment of epilepsy are not well documented. Although GKS is a promising technique for the treatment of medically resistant TLE, the ideal candidate is not yet well defined. The selection of the appropriate technical parameters to obtain a desirable functional effect without histological damage to the surrounding neural tissue remains a challenge. This case illustrates the need for long-term follow-up when radiosurgery is used for epilepsy.
An Equivalent Electrical Circuit Model of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on Mathematical Modelling
Authors: Hinaje Melika , Raël Stéphane , Noiying Panee , Nguyen Dinh An , Davat Bernard
Published: July 2012

Many of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) models proposed in the literature consist of mathematical equations. However, they are not adequately practical for simulating power systems. The proposed model takes into account phenomena such as activation polarization, ohmic polarization, double layer capacitance and mass transport effects present in a PEM fuel cell. Using electrical analogies and a mathematical modeling of PEMFC, the circuit model is established. To evaluate the effectiveness of the circuit model, its static and dynamic performances under load step changes are simulated and compared to the numerical results obtained by solving the mathematical model. Finally, the applicability of our model is demonstrated by simulating a practical system.
The Ganges and the GAP: An Assessment of Efforts to Clean a Sacred River
Authors: Das Priyam , Tamminga Kenneth R.
Published: July 2012

For centuries, the Ganges River in India has been the locus of sacred rites for the Hindus. The religious significance of the Ganges is physically manifested in ghats (stepped landings) that form the land-water interface. Besides serving as a site for religious bathing and cremation, the ghats are also tied to people’s livelihoods and are an inseparable part of their daily lives. Today, the increasingly urbanized Ganges basin sustains more than 40 percent of India’s population. At the same time, industrialization and the pressures of a growing population along its banks have contributed to alarming levels of pollution in the river. In 1985, the federal government of India launched the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) with the primary objective of cleaning the river. However, characterized by centralized planning and control with little public participation, the GAP had limited impact. In 2011, the government launched yet another clean up program—the National Ganga River Basin Project—with support from the World Bank. In this paper, we take a closer look at the programs to highlight the tenuous relationship between the need for ‘efficient’ management of environmental problems and public participation. Can public participation fit into the technocratic model that is often adopted by environmental programs? What approaches to participation kindle authorship and empowerment among those who share a deep relationship with the river and the ghats? Can religious practices be accommodated within scientific frameworks of adaptive management and resilience? We argue that rethinking the relationship between pollution control programs and participation is crucial for any effort to clean the Ganges, restore its waterfront, and catalyze broader regeneration in the Ganges basin.
Outcome and complications after dual mobility total hip replacement
Authors: Autefage A. , Dembour T. , Chancrin J.-L. , Guillaumot P.
Published: July 2012

Objectives: To report the clinical and radiographic outcome of a canine total hip prosthesis with a dual mobility acetabular component, with a minimum of six months follow-up.

Methods: The outcome of dogs that underwent primary cemented unilateral dual mobility hip prosthesis surgery by one of the authors for hip dysplasia or trauma, and which had a minimum of six months clinical and radiologic follow-up, was evaluated.

Results: Fifty dogs were included in the study. Follow-up ranged from six to 38 months (mean 14.4 months). Perioperative complications were acetabular collapse (n = 1) and greater trochanter fracture (n = 1), both of which were successfully managed perioperatively. Postoperative complications were aseptic loosening of the acetabular component (n = 2; both surgically revised), implant sepsis (n = 3; all explanted), acetabular fracture (n = 1; conservatively managed), greater trochanter fracture (n = 1; conservatively managed) and sciatic neurapraxia (n = 1). No cases of postoperative luxation or femoral implant aseptic loosening were encountered. Outcome was poor for three cases (3 implant sepsis), fair for three cases (including 1 acetabular component loosening and 1 acetabular fracture), and good or excellent for 44 cases (88%).

Clinical significance: There were not any cases of postoperative coxofemoral luxation observed in this series of 50 dogs with dual mobility hip prosthesis. Studies with more patients and longer follow-up are needed to confirm the satisfactory results observed to date with this implant.
Reducing susceptibility artefacts in magnetic resonance images of the canine stifle following surgery for cranial cruciate ligament deficiency
Authors: Grierson J. , Lamb C. R. , David F. H.
Published: July 2012

Background: Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the postoperative canine stifle are adversely affected by susceptibility artefacts associated with metallic implants.

Objectives: To determine empirically to what extent susceptibility artefacts could be reduced by modifications to MR technique.

Methods: Three cadaveric limbs with a tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO), tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA), or extra-capsular stabilization (ECS) implant, respectively, were imaged at 1.5T. Series of proton density and T2-weighted images were acquired with different combinations of frequency-encoding gradient (FEG) direction and polarity, stifle flexion or extension, echo spacing (ES), and readout bandwidth (ROBW), and ranked. The highest rank (a rank of 1) corresponded to the smallest artefact.

Results: Image ranking was affected by FEG polarity (p = 0.005), stifle flexion (p = 0.01), and ROBW (p = 0.0001). For TPLO and TTA implants, the highest ranked images were obtained with the stifle flexed, lateromedial FEG, and medial polarity for dorsal images, and craniocaudal FEG and caudal polarity for sagittal images. For the ECS implant, the highest ranked images were obtained with the stifle extended, a proximodistal FEG and proximal polarity for dorsal images, and craniocaudal FEG and cranial polarity for sagittal images.

Clinical significance: Susceptibility artefacts in MR images of postoperative canine stifles do not preclude clinical evaluation of joints with ECS or TTA implants.

Part of this study was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Radiology, Albuquerque, NM, October 2011.
Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture; an analysis of variability and drivers of emissions from field experiments
Authors: Rees R. M. , Augustin J. , Alberti G. , Ball B. C. , Boeckx P. , Cantarel A. , Castaldi S. , Chirinda N. , Chojnicki B. , Giebels M. , Gordon H. , Grosz B. , Horvath L. , Juszczak R. , Klemedtsson Å. K. , Klemedtsson L. , Medinets S. , Machon A. , Mapanda F. , Nyamangara J. , Olesen J. , Reay D. , Sanchez L. , Sanz Cobena A. , Smith K. A. , Sowerby A. , Sommer M. , Soussana J. F. , Stenberg M. , Topp C. F. E. , van Cleemput O. , Vallejo A. , Watson C. A. , Wuta M.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Nitrous oxide emissions from a network of agricultural experiments in Europe and Zimbabwe were used to explore the relative importance of site and management controls of emissions. At each site, a selection of management interventions were compared within replicated experimental designs in plot based experiments. Arable experiments were conducted at Beano in Italy, El Encin in Spain, Foulum in Denmark, Logården in Sweden, Maulde in Belgium, Paulinenaue in Germany, Harare in Zimbabwe and Tulloch in the UK. Grassland experiments were conducted at Crichton, Nafferton and Peaknaze in the UK, Gödöllö in Hungary, Rzecin in Poland, Zarnekow in Germany and Theix in France. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured at each site over a period of at least two years using static chambers. Emissions varied widely between sites and as a result of manipulation treatments. Average site emissions (throughout the study period) varied between 0.04 and 21.21 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, with the largest fluxes and variability associated with the grassland sites. Total nitrogen addition was found to be the single most important determinant of emissions, accounting for 15% of the variance (using linear regression) in the data from the arable sites (p < 0.0001), and 77% in the grassland sites. The annual emissions from arable sites were significantly greater than those that would be predicted by IPCC default emission factors. Variability in N2O within sites that occurred as a result of manipulation treatments was greater than that resulting from site to site and year to year variation, highlighting the importance of management interventions in contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation.
Governing processes for reactive nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere in relation to ecosystem, climatic and human health impacts
Authors: Hertel O. , Skjøth C. A. , Reis S. , Bleeker A. , Harrison R. , Cape J. N. , Fowler D. , Skiba U. , Simpson D. , Jickells T. , Kulmala M. , Gyldenkærne S. , Sørensen L. L. , Erisman J. W. , Sutton M. A.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds have different fates in the atmosphere due to differences in governing processes of physical transport, deposition and chemical transformation. Nr compounds addressed here include reduced nitrogen (NHx: ammonia (NH3) and its reaction product ammonium (NH4+)), oxidized nitrogen (NOy: nitrogen monoxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and their reaction products) as well as organic nitrogen compounds (organic N). Pollution abatement strategies need to take into account these differences in the governing processes of these compounds when assessing their impact on ecosystem services, biodiversity, human health and climate. NOx (NO + NO2) emitted from traffic affects human health in urban areas where the presence of buildings increases the residence time in streets. In urban areas this leads to enhanced exposure of the population to NOx concentrations. NOx emissions have little impact on nearby ecosystems because of the small dry deposition rates of NOx. These compounds need to be converted into nitric acid (HNO3) before removal through deposition is efficient. HNO3 sticks quickly to any surface and is thereby either dry deposited or incorporated into aerosols as nitrate (NO3−). In contrast to NOx compounds, NH3 has potentially high impacts on ecosystems near the main agricultural sources of NH3 because of its large ground-level concentrations along with large dry deposition rates. Aerosol phase NH4+ and NO3− contribute significantly to background PM2.5 and PM10 (mass of aerosols with a diameter of less than 2.5 and 10 μm, respectively) with an impact on radiation balance as well as potentially on human health. Little is known quantitatively and qualitatively about organic N in the atmosphere, other than that it contributes a significant fraction of wet-deposited N, and is present in both gaseous and particulate forms in the atmosphere. Further studies are needed to characterize the sources, air chemistry and removal rates of organic N emissions.
INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF STEARIC ACID ON RUBBER–BRASS ADHESION
Authors: Ziegler Elisabeth , Macher Johannes , Gruber Dieter , Pölt Peter , Kern Wolfgang , Lummerstorfer Thomas , Feldgitscher Claudia , Holzner Armin , Trimmel Gregor
Published: July 2012

The influence of stearic acid loading on the adhesion of rubber to brass-plated steel wires was investigated. The so-called squalene method was employed to investigate the adhesion interface built up during the vulcanization reaction. Variation of the stearic acid loading has a direct influence on the bonding interface and at the same time also has a strong influence on the rubber properties. The surface of the sulfidated wires was analyzed using optical, focus variation, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Increasing amounts of stearic acid accelerated the sulfidation reaction. Furthermore the focus variation microscopy data were used to calculate roughness parameters of the sulfidated wires. Rubber properties and adhesion values were measured for natural rubber compounds with variable amounts of stearic acid. In most cases the adhesive strength exceeded the cohesive strength of the rubber.
HIV and tuberculosis – science and implementation to turn the tide and reduce deaths
Authors: Harries Anthony D , Lawn Stephen D , Getahun Haileyesus , Zachariah Rony , Havlir Diane V
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Every year, HIV‐associated tuberculosis (TB) deprives 350,000 mainly young people of productive and healthy lives. People die because TB is not diagnosed and treated in those with known HIV infection and HIV infection is not diagnosed in those with TB. Even in those in whom both HIV and TB are diagnosed and treated, this often happens far too late. These deficiencies can be addressed through the application of new scientific evidence and diagnostic tools.

Discussion

A strategy of starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) early in the course of HIV infection has the potential to considerably reduce both individual and community burden of TB and needs urgent evaluation for efficacy, feasibility and broader social and economic impact. Isoniazid preventive therapy can reduce the risk of TB and, if given strategically in addition to ART, provides synergistic benefit. Intensified TB screening as part of the “Three I's” strategy should be conducted at every clinic, home or community‐based attendance using a symptoms‐based algorithm, and new diagnostic tools should increasingly be used to confirm or refute TB diagnoses. Until such time when more sensitive and specific TB diagnostic assays are widely available, bolder approaches such as empirical anti‐TB treatment need to be considered and evaluated. Patients with suspected or diagnosed TB must be screened for HIV and given cotrimoxazole preventive therapy and ART if HIV‐positive. Three large randomized trials provide conclusive evidence that ART initiated within two to four weeks of start of anti‐TB treatment saves lives, particularly in those with severe immunosuppression. The key to ensuring that these collaborative activities are delivered is the co‐location and integration of TB and HIV services within the health system and the community.

Conclusions

Progress towards reducing HIV‐associated TB deaths can be achieved through attention to simple and deliverable actions on the ground.

John Donne, Meditation XVII, Devotions upon Emergent Occasions:

… any mans death diminishes me because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee ….
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency presenting as a rash
Authors: Crushell Ellen , O'Leary Daire , Irvine Alan D , O'Shea Anne , Mayne Philip D , Reardon William
Published: July 2012

We report on the case of a 2‐year‐old girl recently diagnosed with Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency who originally presented in the neonatal period with a distinctive rash. At 11 weeks of age she developed seizures, she had acquired microcephaly and developmental delay. The rash deteriorated dramatically following commencement of phenobarbitone; both rash and seizures abated following empiric introduction of pyridoxine and folinic acid as treatment of possible vitamin responsive seizures. We postulate that phenobarbitone in combination with MTHFR deficiency may have caused her rash to deteriorate and subsequent folinic acid was helpful in treating the rash and preventing further acute neurological decline as commonly associated with this condition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subtelomeric deletion of chromosome 10p15.3: Clinical findings and molecular cytogenetic characterization
Authors: DeScipio Cheryl , Conlin Laura , Rosenfeld Jill , Tepperberg James , Pasion Romela , Patel Ankita , McDonald Marie T. , Aradhya Swaroop , Ho Darlene , Goldstein Jennifer , McGuire Marianne , Mulchandani Surabhi , Medne Livija , Rupps Rosemarie , Serrano Alvaro H. , Thorland Erik C. , Tsai Anne C.‐H. , Hilhorst‐Hofstee Yvonne , Ruivenkamp Claudia A.L. , Van Esch Hilde , Addor Marie‐Claude , Martinet Danielle , Mason Thornton B.A. , Clark Dinah , Spinner Nancy B. , Krantz Ian D.
Published: July 2012

We describe 19 unrelated individuals with submicroscopic deletions involving 10p15.3 characterized by chromosomal microarray (CMA). Interestingly, to our knowledge, only two individuals with isolated, submicroscopic 10p15.3 deletion have been reported to date; however, only limited clinical information is available for these probands and the deleted region has not been molecularly mapped. Comprehensive clinical history was obtained for 12 of the 19 individuals described in this study. Common features among these 12 individuals include: cognitive/behavioral/developmental differences (11/11), speech delay/language disorder (10/10), motor delay (10/10), craniofacial dysmorphism (9/12), hypotonia (7/11), brain anomalies (4/6) and seizures (3/7). Parental studies were performed for nine of the 19 individuals; the 10p15.3 deletion was de novo in seven of the probands, not maternally inherited in one proband and inherited from an apparently affected mother in one proband. Molecular mapping of the 19 individuals reported in this study has identified two genes, ZMYND11 (OMIM 608668) and DIP2C (OMIM 611380; UCSC Genome Browser), mapping within 10p15.3 which are most commonly deleted. Although no single gene has been identified which is deleted in all 19 individuals studied, the deleted region in all but one individual includes ZMYND11 and the deleted region in all but one other individual includes DIP2C. There is not a clearly identifiable phenotypic difference between these two individuals and the size of the deleted region does not generally predict clinical features. Little is currently known about these genes complicating a direct genotype/phenotype correlation at this time. These data however, suggest that ZMYND11 and/or DIP2C haploinsufficiency contributes to the clinical features associated with 10p15 deletions in probands described in this study. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Anodic Polarization Upon Electrochemically Grown Oxide Films on p‐Si, Studied by Ellipsometric and Capacitance Measurements
Authors: Mercier J. J. , Fransen F. , Cardon F. , Madou M. J. , Gomes W. P.
Published: July 2012

Electrochemically grown p‐Si/SiO2 structures were anodically biased in a glycol‐water‐KNO3 electrolyte at voltages below the growth voltage and studied as a function of time by means of ellipsometric and capacitance measurements. In all cases, including zero bias, further growth of the oxide film was observed by ellipsometry. The growth mechanism appeared to be different for low and for high biasing voltages. From the comparison between ellipsometric and capacitance results, additional evidence was collected for the hypothesis that water or a species originating from water diffuses into the oxide film, modifying its dielectric properties and possibly leading to erroneous determinations of the layer thickness by capacitance measurements.
Mechanism of Electrochemical Dye Sensitization: Effects of Semiconductor Doping Level and Reducing Agent on the Photocurrent Quantum Yield
Authors: Nakao Masashi , Itoh Kiminori , Watanabe Tadashi
Published: July 2012

The electrochemical spectral Sensitization of SnO2 and ZnO electrodes with rhodamine B and rose bengal has been studied in acetonitrile. The photocurrent quantum yield was shown to depend remarkably on the doping level of the semiconductor electrodes. The quantum yield approached unity under the most preferable conditions. The effect of hydroquinone on the Sensitization process (supersensitization) also depended on the semiconductor doping level. These results, together with the fluorescence quenching behaviors of the dyes adsorbed on the semiconductors, are taken into account to elucidate the mechanism of electrochemical spectral sensitization and supersensitization.
Laser Isotope Separation by Combining Isotopically Selective Condensation with Infrared Vibrational Predissociation
Authors: Philippoz J.‐M. , Calpini B. , Monot R. , van Den Bergh H.
Published: July 2012

The feasibility of a new, two‐laser, isotope separation scheme is tested. The first laser induces isotopically selective condensation in the collisional region of a free jet of SF6 diluted in Ar. Thus a molecular beam containing non‐clustered 32SF6 and clustered 34SF6〈m〉Ar〈n〉 is produced. The second laser, which acts in a second chamber in the collision free part of the molecular beam, then separates the SF6 isotopomers in space by infrared vibrational predissociation of the clusters, which is followed by the recoil of the fragments containing 34SF6 away from the beam centroid. The magnitude of the fragment recoil is measured, as well as the effect of SF6 dilution on the vibrational predissociation spectrum in the 9–11 μm region.
Fully Resonant Sum and Difference Frequency Mixing Spectroscopy
Authors: Dick Bernhard , Hochstrasser R. M.
Published: July 2012

High resolution spectra obtained via sum and difference frequency generation are presented for the mixed crystal system azulene in naphthalene. The fully resonant susceptibility χ(2) has line narrowing capabilities and predicts dephasing induced resonances related to the PIER‐4 and DICE resonances known from χ(3) Spectroscopy.
Intercalation of Graphite by Aluminum Chloride. Influence of Graphite Properties on Intercalation Rate
Authors: Baiker Alfons , Habegger Erich , Schlögl Robert
Published: July 2012

Kinetics of the intercalation of several well characterized graphites by aluminum chloride in the presence of chlorine were investigated in the 500 to 660 K temperature range. Temperature was the decisive parameter determining the stage of the intercalation compound. The intercalation rate depended on temperature, on graphite properties, and on partial pressures of aluminum chloride and chlorine. Crystalline perfection and amount of prismatic edges were found to be important graphite properties determining the intercalation rate. With all graphite types, the intercalation rate was linear with time in the early part of the intercalation, i.e. to about 50% of the saturation uptake. Intraparticle aluminium concentration profiles measured by electron microprobe exhibited no significant gradient of the intercalate in the intercalated region, indicating that the intercalation process was not limited by diffusion of the intercalate into the interspaces of the graphites.
Time Operator, D‐Fluctuations, and Microscopic Irreversibility in Spectroscopic Processes
Authors: Chatzidimitriou‐Dreismann C. A.
Published: July 2012

Prigogine has emphasized that there is a “degeneracy” in quantum theory, where the Hamiltonian plays a dual role as (a) the generator of time evolution and (b) the energy observable. This prevents the exact treatment of irreversible phenomena on the microscopic quantum mechanical level. The removal of the aforementioned degeneracy can be achieved with the aid of a star‐unitary similarity transformation depending explicitly on the star‐Hermitian operator of the “intrinsic time”. Its physical significance is shown in the context of luminescence spectroscopy, where a novel kind of (dynamically induced or D‐) fluctuations around steady photoemission states is predicted. A photon counting/spectroscopic experiment has been performed which permits to detect D‐fluctuations and, at the same time, allows us to resolve broad spectroscopic bands by detection of the underlying finer “pure” vibronic transitions. The experimental findings clearly show the physical significance of Prigogine's Microscopic Theory.
Comparative Dynamics of Constrained Mass Action Kinetics
Authors: Siré Ernst‐Olof
Published: July 2012

By using the concept of μ‐molar mass action kinetics (MAK), which have the advantage to guarantee the boundedness of the reaction space, Willamowski (1978) tried to prove that every mixed molar MAK is topologically equivalent to its associated μ‐molar MAK. We show that this statement holds only for very restricted cases, whereas for more general cases counterexamples have been constructed. We give also a brief account of forthcoming publications, to demonstrate topological equivalences of certain μ‐molar MAK with general MAK and replicator equations of polynomial type.
Slowing Down Ligand Mobility by the Coordination of Macrocycles — a NMR and Conductivity Study on M(II)([15]crown‐5) Complexes
Authors: Dickert F. L. , Gumbrecht W. , Hellmann S. W. , Waidhas M. F.
Published: July 2012

The hydrophobic properties of [15]crown‐5 enable the formation of inner sphere complexes with ClO−4 as a ligand in inert solvents such as CH3NO2. Conductivity and NMR measurements reveal the existence of M(II)([15]crown‐5)(ClO4)2 and [M(II)([15]crown‐5)(ClO4)]+ (M(II) = Co, Mg, Zn, Ca) in solution. The unusually slow methanol exchange rate between [M(II)([15]crown‐5)(CH3OH)2]++ (M(II) = Co, Mg, Zn) and bulk solvent can be explained by the cavity diameter of the macrocyclic ligand applying a donor acceptor model.
Photoelectrochemical Studies of Dye Sensitization at Silver Chloride Single Crystals
Authors: Gerischer Heinz , Bressel Burkhard
Published: July 2012

Photocurrents due to dye sensitization have been measured at silver chloride single crystals used as a thin membrane between two electrolytic contacts. Doping of the crystals with divalent cations raised the quantum yield significantly by eliminating traps for electron capture in the bulk and forming a depletion layer of Ag+‐vacancies at the contact with an Ag+ containing electrolyte which enhances the transfer of the injected electrons into the bulk. Specifically adsorbed Ag+‐ions on the crystal surface shift the energy position of the conduction band edge to more positive redox potentials, enhancing in this way the rate of electron transfer from excited states to the conduction band of AgCl, but acting on the other hand also as traps for electrons and as efficient recombination centers.
Polymerlegierungen
Authors: Schmitt B. J.
Published: July 2012

The term polymer blends describes mixtures of polymers that differ from each other in their chemical and physical properties. As in the case of metal alloys, no simple combining of the properties of the individual components occurs, but new properties result. For example, a polymer blend that contains phases of different modules, as compared with conventional polymer organic solids, reacts to mechanical stress with completely different dynamics ‐ Characteristic of polymer blends, apart from the chemical structure of the components, are, in particular, the phase structure and the conformation of the chain molecules in the phases. The thermodynamic interaction of individual chain segments and the molecule conformation can be determined by neutron scattering. ‐ The phase structure ‐ the formation of supermolecular structures – is based on separation phenomena in the solution or melt. Hence thermodynamic investigations are intended to shed light on the laws relating to the mixing and separating of high molecular weight polymers. The phase structure of polymer blends is intended to be derived from experimental characteristic data of the individual components. – The existence of upper miscibility gaps – corresponding to lower critical solution temperatures – is common for amorphous high polymer blends. This behavior can be appropriately described by an equation of Patterson and Flory. If the changes in entropy and enthalpy are known for the contact of individual segments, the separation temperature for given molar weights can be calculated in advance from characteristic data of the individual components, e. g. thermal expansion coefficients. – Polymer blends encompass a broad spectrum of chemical and morphological structures and properties. The formation of interfaces as an adhesion‐promoting layer is essential in multiphase polymer blends for technical applications.
Experimental Observations on the Effect of the Rates of Hydride Formation and Decomposition on the Plateau Pressures of Intermetallic Compound Hydrides
Authors: Park Choong‐Nyeon , Flanagan Ted B.
Published: July 2012

It is observed that the rates of hydride formation or decomposition affect the subsequent plateau pressures of the intermetallic‐H systems which have been examined here, LaNi5‐H and LaCo5‐H and ZrMn2‐H. When small aliquots of hydrogen are added or removed in the two‐phase coexistence region, the plateau pressures for hydride formation and decomposition are higher and lower, respectively, than when large aliquots are employed. Thus the use of large aliquots of hydrogen reduces hysteresis in these systems. This effect illustrates the metastability of these plateau pressures. It introduces complicating features into some technological applications of metal hydrides, e.g., heat pump applications where constant and predictable plateau pressures are required.
Thermodynamics, Conductivity and Photochemical Effects of Sulphur Ammonia Solutions
Authors: Prestel H. , Schindewolf U.
Published: July 2012

Experimental results on the thermodynamics, on the electrical conductivity and on the optical behavior of sulphur ammonia solutions are reported. The thermodynamics obtained by ammonia vapor pressure measurements yield no deeper insight into the nature of the solutions. From the conductivity it follows that ionic species are formed which have the character of a strong electrolyte and which are extremely photosensitive. This photosensitivity also is revealed by reversible changes of the optical spectra (main absorption bands at 295, 450 and 580 nm) on illumination with filtered light which depletes or enhances the absorption bands with slight red or blue shifts. The experiments are proving that in the solutions a series of not yet defined species are present whose equilibrium concentrations are established very slowly.
Catalysis of Hydrazine Oxidation by Sulfonated Phthalocyanines
Authors: Gadooni J. , Onken U.
Published: July 2012

The oxidation of hydrazine by oxygen was investigated in single liquid phase in the presence of the catalysts cobalttrisulfophthalocyanine (CoTrSP) and coppertetrasulfophthalocyanine (CuTeSP). The employed apparatus was a continuously stirred tank reactor with a liquid volume of 210 ml. The effects of reactant and catalyst concentrations, pH and temperature on the reaction rate were determined. The reaction order of oxygen with CoTrSP and CuTeSP is ‐ 1.0 and ‐0.33 respectively. With respect to hydrazine, the reaction order with CoTrSP is + 0.5 and with CuTeSP + 1.0. At pH 12.4 a maximum value of the reaction rate is observed. The apparent energies of activation are 13.9 kJ/mol for CoTrSP and 12.1 kJ/mol for CuTeSP. A mechanism for the explanation of the inhibition by educt is proposed.
Kinetics of the Formation of Ordered Domains on Surfaces: Theoretical Considerations and Monte‐Carlo Simulation
Authors: Binder K.
Published: July 2012

When an adsorbed monolayer which initially is in a disordered state is suddenly brought to a temperature in the regime of the ordered phase, domains of the ordered phase are predicted to form and grow with time t after the quench according to a power law, i.e. linear dimension L(t) ∞ tx. At the same time, the structure function S(k,t) is predicted to satisfy a scaling law, S(k,t) = S̄(k,tx), k being the difference between the wave vector observed in the scattering and the Bragg wave vector describing the long range order. The theoretical ideas which lead to this behaviour are briefly reviewed, and evidence from simulations of simple lattice gas models and Potts models is presented. Particular attention is paid to the question whether the exponent x is universal, and what “universality classes” exist. It is also discussed how quenches to a critical point may yield information on the critical dynamics of adsorbed layers. Both the case of conserved and of nonconserved coverage is considered, which should apply to either chemisorbed monolayers or to physisorbed layers coexisting with the gas phase.
Einflüsse struktureller Gegebenheiten auf den Verlauf von heterogenen Festkörperreaktionen
Authors: Oswald H. R. , Reller A.
Published: July 2012

A concept for investigations on the reactivity of solids is presented. Structural and morphological features as well as topotactical relationships between parent and product phases influencing the course of heterogeneous solid state reactions are emphasized. As it is shown, consistent mechanistic and kinetic interpretations afford, however, complementary studies by time and temperature dependent, e. g. thermoanalytical measurements under carefully controlled experimental conditions. The examples treated comprise thermal decompositions of selected transition metal complexes, mixed metal oxides and sulfides.
Chemical Kinetics Models for Complex Reacting Flows
Authors: Bowman Craig T.
Published: July 2012

Analytical models for complex reacting flows require coupling of the transport equations with an appropriate model for the chemical source term. In this paper, various approaches for incorporating chemical kinetics into complex flow models are discussed. A hierarchy of kinetics models of increasing complexity are presented, beginning with simple one‐parameter models based on local chemical equilibrium and ending with multi‐parameter detailed models, comprising many elementary chemical reactions. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the different modelling approaches are illustrated by quantitative comparisons of model predictions with experimental data. The complexity of the chemical kinetics model which can be incorporated into a flow model decreases as the complexity of the flow situation increases; hence, systematic methods for the reduction of the size of reaction mechanisms are required. Several strategies for this reduction are presented, and the effects of the reduction on model predictions are described.
Modelling of an Adiabatic, Catalytic Fixed Bed Reactor with Catalyst Deactivation and Pore‐Diffusional Effects for the Methanation of CO
Authors: Christoph R. , Baerns M.
Published: July 2012

The initial activity of a catalyst for the methanation of residual CO in excess of hydrogen at temperatures below ca 520 K decreases from the onset of operation to a steady state value which subsequently remains constant. Based on the kinetics of CO hydrogenation, pore diffusion and catalyst deactivation, the time‐dependent activity behaviour of a single pellet in which the chemical reaction rate is determined by pore diffusion and that of an adiabatic catalytic fixed bed reactor was simulated for different conditions of operation. For both the deactivating pellet and the reactor bed the time‐dependent activity profiles vary with experimental conditions during initial operation. The time dependence of the overall activity of a single pellet is compared with experimental data (0.2 bar ≦ pco ≦ 0.4 bar; pH2 = 10 bar, 483 K ≦ T ≦ 503 K).
Activity coefficients in the system NaCl + Na2 succinate + H2O at 25°
Authors: Esteso Miguel A. , Fernandez‐Merida Luis , Hernandez‐Luis Felipe F. , Gonzalez‐Diaz Oscar M.
Published: July 2012

Mean ionic activity coefficients of NaCl and Na2Succ (Succ = Succinate ion) in their aqueous mixtures, NaCl + Na2Succ + H2O, were determined at total ionic strengths of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mol kg−1, from the emf measurements of galvanic cells. The results obtained were fitted to both the Harned rule and the Pitzer equations. Because the mixture studied is unsymmetrical, the higher‐order electrostatic terms must be taken into account to fit properly the values obtained for this thermodynamic parameter.
Transition Phenomena in Poly(diacetylene) Solutions Studied by Electric Birefringence Measurements
Authors: Hennecke Manfred , Oppermann Wilhelm
Published: July 2012

An external electric field induces strong birefringence in solutions of poly(diacetylenes) when they are in the red (low temperature) form. The transient behaviour and the field‐strength dependence of the steady‐state birefringence reveal that the orientation of particles is predominantly due to a permanent dipole moment rather than to the anisotropy of polarizability. The estimated permanent dipole moments are in the order of tenthousand Debye units, this order of magnitude being incompatible with single macromolecules. Thus the view that aggregated particles are formed at low temperatures is supported by our experiments.
Correlation of Third Virial Coefficients to Second Virial Coefficients
Authors: Nhu Nguyen Van , Iglesias Gustavo A. , Kohler Friedrich
Published: July 2012

A correlation is given for the prediction of third virial coefficients of pure substances and mixtures in terms of second virial coefficients. The substance properties which are needed for the correlation are the critical temperature, the reduced dipole moment, and the parameters for the hard body modelling the molecule. The correlation gives the third virial coefficient C in the temperature interval 0.85 < T/Tc < 1.5 within the experimental accuracy. For lower temperatures the correlation predicts positive values of C throughout, in contradiction to the current opinion, and this is made plausible by additional arguments. Values of C of polar components are highly sensitive on the reduced dipole moment. Mixture values of C are in similar agreement to experiment as pure component values.
Evaluation of local residual stress distribution of stator core in a rotating machine
Authors: Kai Yuichiro , Tsuchida Yuji , Todaka Takashi , Enokizono Masato
Published: July 2012

It is well known that magnetic properties deteriorate in constructed cores due to conditions of stress such as riveting and welding during the manufacturing process, or punching and shearing during the cutting of the electrical steel sheets. Therefore, it is important to know the relationship between the stress and magnetic properties of electrical steel in order to design electrical machinery. In this paper, the local residual stress distribution on the cross section of the stator core in a rotating machine is measured with an X‐ray stress measurement device. As a result, the difference in the residual stress distribution of each component is obtained in the teeth and core back of the stator core. In addition, we estimated the deterioration of the magnetic properties in the teeth region. We demonstrate that the magnetic properties of the electrical steel sheet deteriorated due to the residual stress. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(3): 1–8, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21271
Active device‐less voltage equalization charger using capacitors, diodes, and an AC power source
Authors: Uno Masatoshi , Tanaka Koji
Published: July 2012

Conventional cell/module voltage equalizers or equalization chargers based on traditional DC‐DC converters require numerous switches or transformers as the number of series connections increases; therefore, their cost and complexity tend to increase and their reliability decreases as the number of connections increases. This paper proposes a novel voltage equalization charger that consists only of passive components such as capacitors, diodes, and a transformer. The fundamental operating principle, major features, and derivation of equivalent DC circuits are presented. A symmetrical configuration is also proposed to mitigate the RMS current flowing through energy storage cells in the charging process. Simulations and experimental charging and cycle tests were performed on series‐connected electric double‐layer capacitor modules to demonstrate the equalization performance. The experimental and simulation results were in good agreement, and the voltage imbalances were gradually eliminated as time elapsed even during charge‐discharge cycling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(3): 39‐48, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21288
Graduates' reactions to recruitment process outsourcing: A scenario‐based study
Authors: Claus Wehner Marius , Giardini Angelo , Kabst Rüdiger
Published: July 2012

This study examines how successive outsourcing of recruitment activities to an external provider—also known as recruitment process outsourcing (RPO)—affects graduates' reactions. Using an experimental scenario technique, a total of 158 graduates participated in four hypothetical scenarios that have been developed as an experimental between‐subject design. Results provide support for negative effects of the extent of RPO on graduates' satisfaction with the recruitment process and company attractiveness. More‐over, mediated by graduates' satisfaction with the recruitment process and company attractiveness, an increasing extent of RPO negatively influences job‐acceptance intentions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Loss of relaxor properties due to dipolar interactions in ferroelectrics: A 2D Monte Carlo study
Authors: García‐Zaldívar O. , Díaz‐Méndez R. , Calderón‐Piñar F. , Peláiz‐Barranco A.
Published: July 2012

The behavior of the dielectric response in relaxor ferroelectric materials is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulations of a simple two‐dimensional (2D) generic model. It is showed that the shifting with the frequency of the peak of the temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity ε can be obtained just by considering a randomly distributed pinning anisotropy for the out‐plane projection of the polar nanoregions. It is also showed that the consideration of a weak long‐range dipolar interaction between nanodomains continuously drives the system to a non‐relaxor ferroelectric state in which a single peak is observed for the dielectric permittivity.
Evolutionary Attitudes and Literacy Survey (EALS): Development and Validation of a Short Form
Authors: Short Stephen D. , Hawley Patricia H.
Published: July 2012

The Evolutionary Attitudes and Literacy Survey (EALS) is a multidimensional scale consisting of 16 lower- and 6 higher-order constructs developed to measure the wide array of factors that influence both an individual’s endorsement of and objection to evolutionary theory. Past research has demonstrated the validity and utility of the EALS (Hawley et al., Evol Educ Outreach 4:117–132, 2011); however, the 104-item long-form scale may be excessive for researchers and educators. The present study sought to reduce the number of items in the EALS while maintaining the validity and structure of the long form. For the present study, and following best practices for short-form construction, we surveyed a new sample of several hundred undergraduates from multiple majors and reduced the long form by 40% while maintaining the scale structure and validity. A multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis supported strong factorial invariance across samples, and therefore verified structure and pattern between the six higher-order constructs of the long-form EALS and the EALS short form (EALS-SF). Regression analysis further demonstrated the short form’s validity (i.e., demographics and openness to experience) and replicated previous findings. In the end, the EALS-SF may be a versatile tool that may be used whole or in part for a variety of research areas, including curricular effectiveness of courses on evolution and/or biology.