bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atypical Presentations of Huntington Disease‐like 2 in South African Individuals
Authors: Narotam‐Jeena Heena , Guttman Mark , van Hillegondsberg Ludo , van Coller Riaan , Krause Amanda , Carr Jonathan
Published: May 2024

Background

Huntington disease‐like 2 (HDL2) is a neurodegenerative disorder, affecting only individuals of African ancestry. Full penetrance occurs in individuals with 40 repeats or more.

Objective

To describe the phenotypic variability of HDL2 in a group of mixed ancestry individuals from South Africa.

Methods

Eight patients were assessed with analysis of repeat size and magnetic resonance brain imaging. We applied the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS), but in deceased patients (4), this was estimated from video material.

Results

Cognitive domains were more severely affected than motor; UHDRS motor scores were notable for bradykinesia, and to a slightly lesser extent, for rigidity and dystonia; a single patient had marked chorea. Repeat lengths ranged from 45 to 63 (median, 52).

Conclusion

This South African group of mixed ancestry HDL2 individuals presented with severe cognitive and behavioral impairments, with lesser degrees or absence of chorea. This presentation is possibly related to large repeat sizes.
New York BH providers achieve success in pay equity for MH, SUD care
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: May 2024

A multi‐year effort by the New York state behavioral healthcare com‐munity to achieve parity between Medicaid and commercial health insurance has finally come to fruition as indicated in the state's final budget, allowing New Yorkers to access mental health and addiction care in their local communities.
Liberal arts schools become labs for college mental health innovation
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: May 2024

When leaders of a charitable foundation asked the presidents of 13 liberal arts colleges to identify an area of common need for funding, there was little hesitation in the response. “Very quickly all of the presidents agreed that mental health was the largest challenge facing these institutions,” Lori Collins‐Hall, senior vice president and chief operating officer at Sterling College in Craftsbury Common, Vermont, told MHW.
Parametric Bernstein operators based on contagion distribution
Authors: Kanita  , Deo Naokant
Published: May 2024

This paper proposes the extended form of the
‐Bernstein operators with the Pólya–Eggenberger distribution, also known as contagion distribution, using the integral operators for
. We will refer to these sequence of operators as the “Parametric‐Bernstein operators based on contagion distribution” or simply the modified form of
‐Bernstein operators. These operators are defined with the help of two parameters, namely,
and
. We observe the significance of both these parameters. Subsequently, we calculate their moments and on the basis of Korovkin's approximation theorem we assert that our defined operators converge for a real valued continuous function
. We give some basic properties, study the Voronovskaya type asymptotic result and discuss the
‐statistical approximation of our operators. We also use the modulus of continuity to study the rate of convergence. Alongside our primary work, we have also defined the King‐type modification that preserves the operators at
and
. Further, using modulus of continuity, we compare the properties and behavior of both the operators.
Quantification of water exchange across the blood‐brain barrier using noncontrast MR fingerprinting
Authors: Thomson Emma L. , Powell Elizabeth , Gandini Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A. M. , Parker Geoff J. M.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

A method is proposed to quantify cerebral blood volume () and intravascular water residence time () using MR fingerprinting (MRF), applied using a spoiled gradient echo sequence without the need for contrast agent.

Methods

An in silico study optimized an acquisition protocol to maximize the sensitivity of the measurement to and changes. Its accuracy in the presence of variations in , , and was evaluated. The optimized protocol (scan time of 19 min) was then tested in a exploratory healthy volunteer study (10 volunteers, mean age 24 3, six males) at 3 T with a repeat scan taken after repositioning to allow estimation of repeatability.

Results

Simulations show that assuming literature values for and , no variation in , while fitting only and , leads to large errors in quantification of and , regardless of noise levels. However, simulations also show that matching , , , and , simultaneously is feasible at clinically achievable noise levels. Across the healthy volunteers, all parameter quantifications fell within the expected literature range. In addition, the maps show good agreement between hemispheres suggesting physiologically relevant information is being extracted. Expected differences between white and gray matter (p < 0.0001) and (p < 0.0001) are observed, and show no significant differences, p = 0.4 and p = 0.6, respectively. Moderate to excellent repeatability was seen between repeat scans: mean intra‐class correlation coefficient of , , , and .

Conclusion

We demonstrate that regional simultaneous quantification of , , , and using MRF is feasible in vivo.
Diffusion tensor brain imaging at 0.55T: A feasibility study
Authors: Kung Hao‐Ting , Cui Sophia X. , Kaplan Jonas T. , Joshi Anand A. , Leahy Richard M. , Nayak Krishna S. , Haldar Justin P.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of diffusion tensor brain imaging at 0.55T with comparisons against 3T.

Methods

Diffusion tensor imaging data with 2 mm isotropic resolution was acquired on a cohort of five healthy subjects using both 0.55T and 3T scanners. The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the 0.55T data was improved using a previous SNR‐enhancing joint reconstruction method that jointly reconstructs the entire set of diffusion weighted images from k‐space using shared‐edge constraints. Quantitative diffusion tensor parameters were estimated and compared across field strengths. We also performed a test–retest assessment of repeatability at each field strength.

Results

After applying SNR‐enhancing joint reconstruction, the diffusion tensor parameters obtained from 0.55T data were strongly correlated () with those obtained from 3T data. Test–retest analysis showed that SNR‐enhancing reconstruction improved the repeatability of the 0.55T diffusion tensor parameters.

Conclusion

High‐resolution in vivo diffusion MRI of the human brain is feasible at 0.55T when appropriate noise‐mitigation strategies are applied.
The perceptions of first point of contact roles in primary care by pre‐registration students of the allied health professions
Authors: Empson Emma , May Susan
Published: May 2024

Aim

To develop a better understanding of the perceptions of first point of contact roles within primary care by pre‐registration students of the Allied Health Professions (AHPs).

Background

General practice in the UK is under growing pressure from declining general practitioner (GP) numbers and increased service demand. The National Health Service (NHS) is attempting to mitigate this demand by making more effective use of its highly experienced workforce through the creation of first contact practitioners (FCPs). Working in primary care, FCPs are highly experienced AHPs with three or more years of relevant clinical experience.

Methods

An abductive qualitative research approach underpinned by a descriptive phenomenological methodology was adopted. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the focus group transcripts.

Findings

Twenty two final‐year pre‐registration AHP students participated in three focus groups. Two themes with sub‐themes were identified: (1) Understanding of the role—pathway to the role; role clarity; and sources of knowledge. (2) Impact on service—positives and challenges.

Conclusions

This study synthesised new findings from the previously unexplored FCP stakeholder of pre‐registration AHP students. Participants generally understood the FCP's purpose of unburdening GPs and perceived the FCP model to contribute to the solution of rising clinical and financial pressures within the NHS, and primary care specifically. However, there was confusion regarding the scope of practice of an FCP. It is vital that the future workforce understand this role through effective education.
Management of fetal head and neck masses: Evaluation of prenatal factors associated with airway obstruction and decision for definitive airway and ex‐utero intrapartum treatment at birth
Authors: Schmoke Nicholas , Nemeh Christopher , Wu Yeu Sanz , Wilken Terri , Wang Pengchen , Kurlansky Paul , Maddocks Alexis , Nhan‐Chang Chia‐Ling , Miller Russell , Simpson Lynn L. , Duron Vincent
Published: May 2024

Objective

Fetal head and neck masses can result in critical airway obstruction. Our study aimed to evaluate prenatal factors associated with the decision for a definitive airway, including ex‐utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), at birth among at‐risk fetuses.

Methods

A single‐institution retrospective review evaluated all fetal head and neck masses prenatally diagnosed from 2005 to 2023. The primary outcome was the decision for a definitive airway at birth, including intubation, tracheostomy, or EXIT.

Results

Thirty four patients were included, with 23 deliveries occurring at our institution. 8/23 (35%) patients received a definitive airway at birth, six underwent an EXIT procedure, and two required intubation only. Patients who received a definitive airway had higher rates of polyhydramnios (50% vs. 7%, p = 0.03), tracheal narrowing on ultrasound (US) (50% vs. 0%, p = 0.01), tracheal displacement on US (63% vs. 0%, p < 0.01), abnormal fetal breathing on US (50% vs. 0%, p = 0.01), tracheal narrowing or displacement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (75% vs. 7%, p < 0.01), and larger mass maximum diameter (7.9 vs. 4.3 cm, p = 0.02). In our series, 100% of patients with polyhydramnios, tracheal narrowing or displacement on either US or MRI, and abnormal fetal breathing on US received a definitive airway at birth.

Conclusion

Prenatal findings of tracheal narrowing or displacement, polyhydramnios, and abnormal fetal breathing are strongly associated with the decision for a definitive airway at birth and warrant mobilization of appropriate resources.
Dual ionotropic crosslinked biopolymer magnetic nanocomposites as 5‐Fluorouracil nanocarrier for potential colorectal cancer treatment
Authors: Chia Jing Jie , Ali Roshafima Rasit , Balasundram Vekes , Yusefi Mostafa , Teow Sin‐Yeang , Tarmizi Zatil Izzah Ahmad , Shameli Kamyar
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to synthesize dual‐crosslinked chitosan‐alginate nanocomposites (Cs‐Alg/IO NCs) using green‐synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IO, Fe3O4 NPs) for drug delivery application. The NCs, formed via ionotropic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) as crosslinking agents for Cs and Alg, respectively, and further characterized for physiochemical properties. The presence of Fe3O4 NPs and 5‐Fluorouracil (5FU) increased hydrodynamic size (153.12 ± 0.57 to 207.64 ± 3.59 nm). Morphological studies revealed NC agglomeration within nanoscales. 5FU‐loaded Cs‐Alg/IO NCs (Cs‐Alg/IO 5FU NCs) exhibited superparamagnetic behavior and sustained drug release under various pH conditions. Cytotoxicity assays on colon cancer cells (HCT116 and HT‐29) and normal colon cells (CCD‐112) indicated higher cancer cell selectivity (selectivity index, SI = 1.91) in 2D models. Elevated IC50 values in 3D models were linked to lower drug loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE). Overall, the study highlights the potential of dual‐crosslinked biopolymer NCs with green‐synthesized Fe3O4 NPs for developing an anticancer drug delivery system in colorectal cancer treatment.

Highlights

Synthesis of 5FU‐loaded dual crosslinked Cs‐Alg/IO NCs and Cs‐Alg IPN.

Physicochemical characterization of cross‐linked magnetic nanocarriers.

Investigation of sustained drug release using superparamagnetic nanocarriers.

Evaluation of selective cytotoxicity for Cs‐Alg/IO 5FU NCs.
Impact of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes on the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of guar gum hydrogel
Authors: Sharma Swati , Bhende Manisha , Verma Himanshu Ranjan , Mulwani Priyanshi
Published: May 2024

This research investigates the transformative impact of incorporating unmodified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (um‐MWCNTs) on properties of guar gum (GG)‐based hydrogel. The study focuses on the enhancement of thermal stability, mechanical strength, and electrical properties of hydrogel composite. Thermal analysis reveals a significant increase in residual weight remaining at 430°C from 3% to 10% with the addition of 0.2 wt% um‐MWCNTs to GG hydrogel. Viscoelastic properties of hydrogel composite investigated by rheology analysis observed that enhancements in storage modulus from 0.2 to 2.2 MPa indicative of enhanced structural integrity. Moreover, electrical conductivity exhibits a substantial increase with the addition of nanotubes, indicating the potential applicability of the composite in electronic and sensing applications. This research showcases the potential of GG/um‐MWCNT composites for diverse applications in biomedicine, sensors, and advanced materials.

Highlights

Distribution of um‐MWCNTs into guar‐gum matrix to obtain maximum benefits.

Inclusion of um‐MWCNTs improves the rheological properties of GG/um‐MWCNTs composites.

Rheological properties can be tuned with um‐MWCNT content.

MWCNTs improved thermal stability of the GG hydrogel.

MWCNTs improved electrical conductivity of the GG hydrogel.
Dolomitic lime and silicate in no‐till: Nutritional status, soil fertility, and soybean agronomic performance
Authors: Cassim Bruno Maia Abdo Rahmen , Rodrigues André Oliveira , Besen Marcos Renan , Minato Evandro Antonio , Paschoeto Gabriel Ferrari , Lima Rodrigo Sakurada , Otto Rafael , Inoue Tadeu Takeyoshi , Batista Marcelo Augusto
Published: May 2024

Limestone is the most widely used agricultural input for soil acidity correction and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) fertilization. However, other materials have the potential to fulfill these purposes, such as steel slags, also known as silicates. Silicates have higher solubility than limestone, serving as agents for increase pH in no‐till, in addition to being a source of Ca, Mg, and silicon (Si). This study aimed to compare the effects of surface application of dolomitic lime and calcium magnesium silicate on soil chemical properties, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] nutritional status, and grain yield under no‐till. The experiment was installed in the northwest Paraná State, Brazil, on a Rhodic Eutrustox. Lime and silicate rates were applied by broadcasting before the sowing of soybean. Silicate treatment increases soil Ca2+, pH, and base saturation up to a depth of 0.10 m. By contrast, liming effects on soil chemistry were restricted to the 0.05 m top layer after 24 months of application. The acidity correction and Ca2+ supply to greater soil depths and the increased leaf Si as a beneficial element provided by silicate treatment contributed to increasing soybean yield in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Lime application, regardless of the rate, did not improve soybean yield. Waste from the steel industry can be used as acidity correctives and source of Si, Ca, and Mg, improving the agronomic performance of soybean.
Electronic Structure Engineering of Pt–Ni Alloy NPs by Coupling of Gold Single Atoms on N‐Doped Carbon for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Le Thanh Duc , Kim Dong‐Seog , Tran Tuong Van , Urupalli Bharagav , Shin Gi‐Seung , Oh Geun‐Jae , Yu Yeon‐Tae
Published: May 2024

Improving the catalytic activity and durability of platinum‐based alloy catalysts remains a formidable challenge in the context of renewable energy electrolysis applications. Herein, a facile and rapid photochemical deposition strategy for the synthesis of gold single atoms (Au SAs) anchored on N‐doped carbon is presented. These Au SAs serve as a charge redistribution support for Pt–Ni alloy nanoparticles (PtNiNPs/AuSA‐NDC), creating an extended electron‐donating interface with Pt–Ni alloy sites. Consequently, the PtNiNPs/AuSA‐NDC hybrid catalyst manifests exceptional catalytic performance and durability in both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under acidic conditions. Specifically, in ORR, it exhibits a half‐wave potential (0.92 V vs RHE), with a mass activity 20.4 times superior to Pt/C at 0.9 V. In HER, PtNiNPs/AuSA‐NDC demonstrates a notably reduced overpotential of 19.1 mV vs RHE at 10 mA cm−2 and a mass activity 38 times higher than Pt/C (at 0.25 mV). Furthermore, this hybrid catalyst displays outstanding durability, with only an 8.0 mV decay observed for ORR and a 6.9 mV decay for HER after 10 000 cycles. Theoretical calculations provide insight into the mechanism, demonstrating that isolated Au sites effectively modulate the electronic structure of Pt–Ni alloy sites, facilitating intermediate adsorption and enhancing reaction kinetics.
Simultaneous Biofilm Disruption, Bacterial Killing, and Inflammation Elimination for Wound Treatment Using Silver Embellished Polydopamine Nanoplatform
Authors: Ding Meng , Zhang Yu , Li Xiaoye , Li Qiang , Xiu Weijun , He Ao , Dai Zhuo , Dong Heng , Shan Jingyang , Mou Yongbin
Published: May 2024

Due to the presence of spatial barriers, persistent bacteria, and excessive inflammation in bacteria biofilm‐infected wounds, current nanoplatforms cannot effectively address these issues simultaneously during the therapeutic process. Herein, a novel biomimetic photothermal nanoplatform integrating silver and polydopamine nanoparticles (Ag/PDAs) that can damage biofilms, kill bacterial persisters, and reduce inflammation for wound treatment is presented. These findings reveal that Ag/PDAs exhibit a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity through direct damage to the bacterial membrane structure. Additionally, Ag/PDAs demonstrate a potent photothermal conversion efficiency. When combined with near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation, Ag/PDAs effectively disrupt the spatial structure of biofilms and synergistically eradicate the resident bacteria. Furthermore, Ag/PDAs show remarkable anti‐inflammatory properties in counteracting bacterium‐induced macrophage polarization. The in vivo results confirm that the topical application of Ag/PDAs significantly suppress Staphylococcus aureus biofilm‐infected wounds in murine models, concurrently facilitating wound healing. This research provides a promising avenue for the eradication of bacterial biofilms and the treatment of biofilm‐infected wounds.
Volumetric Additive Manufacturing of SiOC by Xolography
Authors: Huang Kai , Franchin Giorgia , Colombo Paolo
Published: May 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) of ceramics has significantly contributed to advancements in ceramic fabrication, solving some of the difficulties of conventional ceramic processing and providing additional possibilities for the structure and function of components. However, defects induced by the layer‐by‐layer approach on which traditional AM techniques are based still constitute a challenge to address. This study presents the volumetric AM of a SiOC ceramic from a preceramic polymer using xolography, a linear volumetric AM process that allows to avoid the staircase effect typical of other vat photopolymerization techniques. Besides optimizing the trade‐off between preceramic polymer content and transmittance, a pore generator is introduced to create transient channels for gas release before decomposition of the organic constituents and moieties, resulting in crack‐free solid ceramic structures even at low ceramic yield. Formulation optimization alleviated sinking of printed parts during printing and prevented shape distortion. Complex solid and porous ceramic structures with a smooth surface and sharp features are fabricated under the optimized parameters. This work provides a new method for the AM of ceramics at µm/mm scale with high surface quality and large geometry variety in an efficient way, opening the possibility for applications in fields such as micromechanical systems and microelectronic components.
Integration of artificial intelligence with medical diagnostic sonography
Authors: Boman R. , Penkala S. , Chan R. H. M. , Joshua F. , Cheung R. T. H.
Published: May 2024

Rapid changes in artificial intelligence (AI) have already impacted the medical field. While the use of AI to assist medical diagnosis has been documented, AI is continually expanding within medical applications. AI applications in sonography and their effect on ultrasound examinations and sonographers are still indeterminate. Six papers were reviewed to investigate AI applications and effects within the sonography field. These papers provided results on a range of ultrasound applications including breast, obstetric, skin lesions, carotid, blood flow and cardiac ultrasound imaging when combined with AI. In this narrative review, the application of AI demonstrated that accuracy and speed of clinical diagnosis can be improved. These six aspects of ultrasound imaging combined with AI demonstrated the potential to assist the operator and clinicians with a diagnosis in various applications and settings. Additionally, AI can be beneficial to telehealth applications for rural and remote areas where healthcare access can be limited. These changes are opportunities to assist with medical care to provide benefits to patients, sonographers and clinicians as AI transitions to a positive integration within many aspects of clinical care.
Quantitative determination of lobeglitazone sulfate and glimepiride in combined tablet by robust high‐performance thin layer chromatographic method
Authors: Sen Ashim Kumar , Sarkar Tantul , Sen Dhanya B. , Maheshwari Rajesh A. , Zanwar Aarti S. , Dumpala Rajesh L.
Published: May 2024

A combination of fixed dose tablet containing 0.5 mg lobeglitazone sulfate (LBZ) and 1 mg glimepiride (GLM) has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing glycemic control in diabetes. The projected work aimed to develop and validate a high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic (HPTLC) methodology for the precise quantification of both the drugs in tablet formulations. The HPTLC analysis utilized aluminium plates layered with silica gel 60F254, and the solvent system consisted of ethyl acetate, benzene, and hexane (4:3:1 v/v/v) followed by densitometric scanning at 238 nm. The Rf value was found to be 0.68 ± 0.001 for LBZ and 0.48 ± 0.002 for GLM. The methodology exhibited linearity in the range of 100–2000 ng/band for LBZ and 200–4000 ng/band for GLM, with correlation coefficients of 0.9988 and 0.9981, respectively. Exceptional sensitivity was observed, with detection limits of 23.86 ng/band for LBZ and 58.26 ng/band for GLM, along with quantification limits of 72.32 ng/band for LBZ and 176.55 ng/band for GLM. The method demonstrated precision (% relative standard deviation of peak area < 2) and accuracy (recovery between 97% and 102%). The suggested method is suitable for quantifying both the drugs in tablets, making it useful for routine quality control in laboratories.
Side‐chain symmetry‐breaking strategy on porphyrin donors enables high‐efficiency binary all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells
Authors: Zou Wentao , Zhang Xu , Shen Haojiang , Zhang Wenqing , Jiang Xinyue , Ni Liaohui , Shen Can , Geng Longlong , Hao Xiaotao , Yang Yingguo , Wang Xunchang , Yang Renqiang , Sun Yanna , Kan Yuanyuan , Gao Ke
Published: May 2024

Side‐chain symmetry‐breaking strategy plays an important role in developing photovoltaic materials for high‐efficiency all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (ASM OSCs). However, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of ASM OSCs still lag behind their polymer‐based counterparts, which can be attributed to the difficulties in achieving favorable morphology. Herein, two asymmetric porphyrin‐based donors named DAPor‐DPP and DDPor‐DPP were synthesized, presenting stronger intermolecular interaction and closer molecular stacking compared to the symmetric ZnP‐TEH. The DAPor‐DPP:6TIC blend afforded a favorable morphology with nanoscale phase separation and more ordered molecular packing, thus achieving more efficient charge transportation and suppressed charge recombination. Consequently, the DAPor‐DPP:6TIC‐based device exhibited superior photovoltaic parameters, yielding a champion PCE of 16.62% higher than that of the DDPor‐DPP‐based device (14.96%). To our knowledge, 16.62% can be ranked as one of the highest PCE values among the binary ASM OSC filed. This work provides a prospective approach to address the challenge of ASM OSCs in improving film morphology and further achieving high efficiency via side‐chain symmetry‐breaking strategy, exhibiting great potential in constructing efficient ASM OSCs.
Leveraging the Supercomputer Fugaku for the Assessment of Droplet/Aerosol Transmission Risks in COVID‐19 Mitigation Efforts
Authors: Bale Rahul , Tsubokura Makoto
Published: May 2024

This work delves into the significant advancements in epidemiological modeling and public health policy driven by detailed, quantitative analyses of COVID‐19 aerosol transmission utilizing the capabilities of the supercomputer Fugaku, the world's fastest supercomputer in 2020. By integrating novel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques integrated in the multi‐physics solver CUBE, we achieved scalable, high‐resolution simulations essential for modeling micrometer‐sized virus‐containing aerosols, revolutionizing our understanding of transmission risks in various societal contexts. This innovation significantly reduced the time‐to‐solution for these intricate simulations and allowed for the quick creation of digital twins that captured a broad range of social scenarios with substantial transmission risks. These efforts required a significant amount of computational resources, which were provided for through Fugaku, during COVID‐19. The detailed transmission risk assessments that were produced through this work had a significant impact on public health policies and public behavior throughout Japan, exemplifying a pivotal shift in the digital transformation of epidemiology and the proactive management of pandemic‐related challenges. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Multi‐response optimization of characteristics for graphite reinforced biodegradable PVA‐fumaric acid cross‐linked composite: A gray‐fuzzy logic‐based hybrid approach
Authors: Kafaltiya Saurabh , Agrawal Pawan Kumar , Sharma Pragya , Singh V. K. , Bhaskar Jitendra , Chauhan Sakshi , Verma Akarsh
Published: May 2024

In the current investigation, enhancement in the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and decrement in the moisture absorption capabilities of polyvinyl alcohol was observed by cross‐linking it with different weight percentages (wt. %) of fumaric acid and reinforcing them along with sulfuric acid‐modified graphite particles. The effects of altering the cross‐linking duration and fumaric acid wt. % were investigated in the resulting composite using the Taguchi L16 experimental design method. As in this contemporary era of rapid industrial expansion and fierce competition, the primary goals of manufacturers revolve around the production of high‐quality goods at optimal costs within a specified timeframe. Therefore, to save both cost and time, the authors have utilized a technique known as “gray‐fuzzy optimization” to balance competing goals between mechanical (toughness, elongation and strength) and physical (water intake capacity) attributes. The present approach aimed to reduce the experimentation expenses and increase the effectiveness of composite manufacturing by considerably reducing the intricacy of practical multi‐response optimization issues. Response graphs and analysis of variance tests were also utilized to calculate the percentage contribution of the input variables and provide model significance.

Highlights

Polyvinyl alcohol is cross‐linked with different weight percentages (wt. %) of fumaric acid, and reinforced them with sulfuric acid‐modified graphite particles.

Enhancement in mechanical properties, thermal stability, and decrease in moisture absorption capabilities were perceived for the fabricated composite.

Effects of altering the cross‐linking duration and fumaric acid wt. % were investigated in the resulting composite using the Taguchi L16 experimental design.

Gray‐fuzzy optimization technique was utilized to balance competing goals between water intake and mechanical attributes like toughness, elongation and strength.

Response graphs and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were also utilized to evaluate the percentage contribution of input variables and provide model significance.
NNLL resummation for projected three-point energy correlator
Authors: Chen Wen , Gao Jun , Li Yibei , Xu Zhen , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Zhu Hua Xing
Published: May 2024

Abstract

The projected energy correlator measures the energy deposited in multiple detectors as a function of the largest angular distance xL = (1 − cos χL)/2 between detectors. The collinear limit xL → 0 of the projected energy correlator is particularly interesting for understanding the jet-substructures, while the large logarithms of xL could potentially spoil the perturbation theory and must be resummed. As a necessary ingredient for its resummation at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy, we calculate the two-loop jet functions for the projected three-point energy correlator (E3C), using direct integration method and the parameter space Integration-by-Part (IBP) method. We then present the NNLL resummation for e+e− annihilation and an approximate NNLL resummation for pp → jj process, where the two-loop hard constant is estimated in the latter case. The convergence is improved and the hadronization effect in the collinear limit is suppressed when considering the ratio of E3C distribution to two-point energy-energy correlator (EEC). Our results show potential in precision determination of strong coupling constant using energy correlators from both e+e− data and pp data.
Identifying topological structures with adjoint mode filtering
Authors: Bergner Georg , González-Arroyo Antonio , Soler Ivan
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We present new investigations on the Adjoint Filtering Method (AFM), a proposal for filtering gauge configurations by using adjoint zero modes. This method relies on the existence of the Supersymmetric Zero Mode (SZM), whose density follows the gauge action density for classical configurations. We review how a similar construction on the lattice is implemented based on the overlap operator and test the method against smooth configurations showing a remarkable agreement with the expected densities even when pairs of fractionals instanton/anti-instantons are present and noise is added. Then we explore the application of the method to Monte Carlo generated configurations based on SU(2) gauge group. The tuning of the parameters and quantitative results are explicitly shown for a T3 × R lattice. We show explicit examples comparing the AFM to the density obtained from the Gradient Flow. The agreement is remarkable for some specific configurations containing fractional instantons with the advantage that the AFM does not modify the underlying structures.
The two upper critical dimensions of the Ising and Potts models
Authors: Wiese Kay Jörg , Jacobsen Jesper Lykke
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We derive the exact actions of the Q-state Potts model valid on any graph, first for the spin degrees of freedom, and second for the Fortuin-Kasteleyn clusters. In both cases the field is a traceless Q-component scalar field Φα. For the Ising model (Q = 2), the field theory for the spins has upper critical dimension $${d}_{{\text{c}}}^{{\text{spin}}}$$ = 4, whereas for the clusters it has $${d}_{{\text{c}}}^{{\text{cluster}}}$$ = 6. As a consequence, the probability for three points to be in the same cluster is not given by mean-field theory for d within 4 < d < 6. We estimate the associated universal structure constant as $$C=\sqrt{6-d}+\mathcal{O}{\left(6-d\right)}^{3/2}$$. This shows that some observables in the Ising model have an upper critical dimension of 4, while others have an upper critical dimension of 6. Combining perturbative results from the ϵ = 6 – d expansion with a non-perturbative treatment close to dimension d = 4 allows us to locate the shape of the critical domain of the Potts model in the whole (Q, d) plane.
Phases of Pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons
Authors: Koutroulis Fotis , McCullough Matthew , Merchand Marco , Pokorski Stefan , Sakurai Kazuki
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We study the vacuum dynamics of pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons (pNGBs) for SO(N + 1) → SO(N) spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking. We determine the magnitude of explicit symmetry breaking consistent with an EFT description of the effective potential at zero and finite temperatures. We expose and clarify novel additional vacuum transitions that can arise for generic pNGBs below the initial scale of SO(N + 1) → SO(N) spontaneous symmetry breaking, which may have phenomenological relevance. In this respect, two phenomenological scenarios are analyzed: thermal and supercooled dark sector pNGBs. In the thermal scenario the vacuum transition is first-order but very weak. For a supercooled dark sector we find that, depending on the sign of the explicit symmetry breaking, one can have a symmetry-restoring vacuum transition SO(N – 1) → SO(N) which can be strongly first-order, with a detectable stochastic gravitational wave background signal.
Magnons and spikes for $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 linear quivers and their non-Abelian T-duals
Authors: Roychowdhury Dibakar
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We compute the spectra associated with various semiclassical string states that propagate over $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 Gaiotto-Maldacena backgrounds. As an interesting special case, for the Abelian T- dual solution, we discover giant magnon and single spike configurations while imposing appropriate boundary conditions. However, for Sfetsos-Thompson backgrounds, one has to adopt a different string embedding which reveals “modified” dispersion relations both for magnons and spikes. These results boil down into the standard dispersion relations in the limit when the rank of the associated SU(Nc) color gauge group becomes large enough. We further generalize our analysis in the presence of flavor D6 branes. Our analysis reveals a new set of dispersion relations, which shows that both magnons and spikes are ceased to exist in the presence of flavor excitations.
A (2+1)-dimensional domain wall at one-loop
Authors: Ogundipe Kehinde , Evslin Jarah , Zhang Baiyang , Guo Hengyuan
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We consider the domain wall in the (2+1)-dimensional ϕ4 double well model, created by extending the ϕ4 kink in an additional infinite direction. Classically, the tension is m3/3λ where λ is the coupling and m is the meson mass. At order O(λ0) all ultraviolet divergences can be removed by normal ordering, less trivial divergences arrive only at the next order. This allows us to easily quantize the domain wall, working at order O(λ0). We calculate the leading quantum correction to its tension as a two-dimensional integral over a function which is determined analytically. This integral is performed numerically, resulting in −0.0866m2. This correction has previously been computed twice in the literature, and the results of these two computations disagreed. Our result agrees with and so confirms that of Jaimunga, Semenoff and Zarembo. We also find, at this order, the excitation spectrum and a general expression for the one-loop tensions of domain walls in other scalar models.
De-projecting the EFThedron
Authors: Chiang Li-Yuan , Huang Yu-tin , Rodina Laurentiu , Weng He-Chen
Published: May 2024

Abstract

The space of Wilson coefficients of EFT that can be UV completed into consistent theories was recently shown to be described analytically by a positive geometry, termed the EFThedron. However, this geometry, as well as complementary numerical methods of semi-definite programming, have so far focused on the positivity of the partial wave expansion, which allows bounding only ratios of couplings. In this paper we describe how the unitarity upper bound of the partial waves can be incorporated. This new problem can be formulated in terms of the well known L-moment problem, which we generalize and solve from a geometrical perspective. We find the non-projective generalization of the EFThedron has an infinite number of non-linear facets, which in some cases have remarkably simple descriptions. We use these results to derive bounds on single couplings, finding that the leading derivative operators are bounded by unity, when normalized by the cut-off scale and loop factors. For general operators of mass dimension 2k we find the upper bound is heavily suppressed at large k, with an 1/k fall-off.
Geometry of the spectral parameter and renormalisation of integrable sigma-models
Authors: Lacroix Sylvain , Wallberg Anders
Published: May 2024

Abstract

In the past few years, the unifying frameworks of 4-dimensional Chern-Simons theory and affine Gaudin models have allowed for the systematic construction of a large family of integrable σ-models. These models depend on the data of a Riemann surface C (here of genus 0 or 1) and of a meromorphic 1-form ω on C, which encodes the geometry of their spectral parameter and the analytic structure of their Lax connection. The main subject of this paper is the renormalisation of these theories and in particular two conjectures describing their 1-loop RG-flow in terms of the 1-form ω. These conjectures were put forward in [1] and [2] and were proven in a variety of cases. After extending the proposal of [1] to the elliptic setup (with C of genus 1), we establish the equivalence of these two conjectures and discuss some of their applications. Moreover, we check their veracity on an explicit example, namely an integrable elliptic deformation of the Principal Chiral Model on $${{\text{SL}}}_{\mathbb{R}}\left(N\right)$$.
Remarks on integrability of $$\mathcal{N}$$ = 1 supersymmetric Ruijsenaars-Schneider three-body models
Authors: Galajinsky Anton
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Integrability of $$\mathcal{N}$$ = 1 supersymmetric Ruijsenaars-Schneider three-body models based upon the potentials $$W\left(x\right)=\frac{2}{x}$$, $$W\left(x\right)=\frac{2}{{\text{sin}}x}$$, and $$W\left(x\right)=\frac{2}{{\text{sinh}}x}$$ is proven. The problem of constructing an algebraically resolvable set of Grassmann-odd constants of motion is reduced to finding a triplet of vectors such that all their scalar products can be expressed in terms of the original bosonic first integrals. The supersymmetric generalizations are used to build novel integrable (iso)spin extensions of the respective Ruijsenaars-Schneider three-body systems.
Tri-unification: a separate SU(5) for each fermion family
Authors: Navarro Mario Fernández , King Stephen F. , Vicente Avelino
Published: May 2024

Abstract

In this paper we discuss SU(5)3 with cyclic symmetry as a possible grand unified theory (GUT). The basic idea of such a tri-unification is that there is a separate SU(5) for each fermion family, with the light Higgs doublet(s) arising from the third family SU(5), providing a basis for charged fermion mass hierarchies. SU(5)3 tri-unification reconciles the idea of gauge non-universality with the idea of gauge coupling unification, opening the possibility to build consistent non-universal descriptions of Nature that are valid all the way up to the scale of grand unification. As a concrete example, we propose a grand unified embedding of the tri-hypercharge model $${\text{U}}{\left(1\right)}_{Y}^{3}$$ based on an SU(5)3 framework with cyclic symmetry. We discuss a minimal tri-hypercharge example which can account for all the quark and lepton (including neutrino) masses and mixing parameters. We show that it is possible to unify the many gauge couplings into a single gauge coupling associated with the cyclic SU(5)3 gauge group, by assuming minimal multiplet splitting, together with a set of relatively light colour octet scalars. We also study proton decay in this example, and present the predictions for the proton lifetime in the dominant e+π0 channel.
Deciphering the function of the fifth class of Gα proteins: regulation of ionic homeostasis as unifying hypothesis
Authors: Abu Obaid Asmaa , Ivandic Ivan , Korsching Sigrun I.
Published: May 2024

Trimeric G proteins transduce signals from a superfamily of receptors and each G protein controls a wide range of cellular and systemic functions. Their highly conserved alpha subunits fall in five classes, four of which have been well investigated (Gs, Gi, G12, Gq). In contrast, the function of the fifth class, Gv is completely unknown, despite its broad occurrence and evolutionary ancient origin (older than metazoans). Here we show a dynamic presence of Gv mRNA in several organs during early development of zebrafish, including the hatching gland, the pronephros and several cartilage anlagen, employing in situ hybridisation. Next, we generated a Gv frameshift mutation in zebrafish and observed distinct phenotypes such as reduced oviposition, premature hatching and craniofacial abnormalities in bone and cartilage of larval zebrafish. These phenotypes could suggest a disturbance in ionic homeostasis as a common denominator. Indeed, we find reduced levels of calcium, magnesium and potassium in the larvae and changes in expression levels of the sodium potassium pump atp1a1a.5 and the sodium/calcium exchanger ncx1b in larvae and in the adult kidney, a major osmoregulatory organ. Additionally, expression of sodium chloride cotransporter slc12a3 and the anion exchanger slc26a4 is altered in complementary ways in adult kidney. It appears that Gv may modulate ionic homeostasis in zebrafish during development and in adults. Our results constitute the first insight into the function of the fifth class of G alpha proteins.
An antifungal compound secreted by termite workers, phenylacetic acid, inhibits the growth of both termite egg-mimicking fungus and entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Nakashima M. , Mitaka Y. , Inagaki T. , Matsuura K.
Published: May 2024

Social insects live in closely related family groups but face risks of intrusion and infection by pathogenic and parasitic microbes. To cope with the microbes invading their nests and feeding sites, social insects produce various types of antimicrobial substances. Subterranean termites occupy microbe-rich decaying wood and soil at high density, expanding their nest area by exploring and feeding on wood outward from the royal chamber (room for kings and queens). Although antimicrobial agents have been identified in many termite species, few studies have investigated those used by foraging workers in decaying wood under development, which is richer in microbes than the well-sterilized royal chamber and its surroundings. Here, we report that phenylacetic acid, an antifungal aromatic compound, is secreted by foraging workers of the Japanese subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus. The compound was detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of ethyl acetate extracts of shelter papers infested with the workers, and antimicrobial tests demonstrated that it inhibits the germination and/or mycelial growth of the entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana) and the termite egg-mimicking fungus Athelia termitophila. Our study provides new insights into the antimicrobial defense mechanisms of termites, including by combining different types of antimicrobial substances secreted by different castes, and thus the survival strategy of entomopathogenic and parasitic fungi in termite nests.
Correlation of microscopic tumor extension with tumor microenvironment in esophageal cancer patients
Authors: Igbo Benjamin Terfa , Jentsch Christina , Linge Annett , Plesca Ioana , Kuzay Yalçin , Löck Steffen , Kumaravadivel Mani Sankari , Doms Susanne , Stolz-Kieslich Liane , Pollack Daniela , Brückmann Sascha , Tittlbach Hannes , Weitz Jürgen , Aust Daniela , Apolle Rudi , Schmitz Marc , Troost Esther G. C.
Published: May 2024

Objective

In the era of image-guided adaptive radiotherapy, definition of the clinical target volume (CTV) is a challenge in various solid tumors, including esophageal cancer (EC). Many tumor microenvironmental factors, e.g., tumor cell proliferation or cancer stem cells, are hypothesized to be involved in microscopic tumor extension (MTE). Therefore, this study assessed the expression of FAK, ILK, CD44, HIF-1α, and Ki67 in EC patients after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy followed by tumor resection (NRCHT+R) and correlated these markers with the MTE.

Methods

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor resection specimens of ten EC patients were analyzed using multiplex immunofluorescence staining. Since gold fiducial markers had been endoscopically implanted at the proximal and distal tumor borders prior to NRCHT+R, correlation of the markers with the MTE was feasible.

Results

In tumor resection specimens of EC patients, the overall percentages of FAK+, CD44+, HIF-1α+, and Ki67+ cells were higher in tumor nests than in the tumor stroma, with the outcome for Ki67+ cells reaching statistical significance (p < 0.001). Conversely, expression of ILK+ cells was higher in tumor stroma, albeit not statistically significantly. In three patients, MTE beyond the fiducial markers was found, reaching up to 31 mm.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the overall expression of FAK, HIF-1α, Ki67, and CD44 was higher in tumor nests, whereas that of ILK was higher in tumor stroma. Differences in the TME between patients with residual tumor cells in the original CTV compared to those without were not found. Thus, there is insufficient evidence that the TME influences the required CTV margin on an individual patient basis.

Trial registration number and date

BO-EK-148042017 and BO-EK-177042022 on 20.06.2022, DRKS00011886, https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00011886.
Novel PHOTOPERIOD-1 gene variants associate with yield-related and root-angle traits in European bread wheat
Authors: Makhoul Manar , Schlichtermann Rica-Hanna , Ugwuanyi Samson , Weber Sven E. , Voss-Fels Kai P. , Stahl Andreas , Zetzsche Holger , Wittkop Benjamin , Snowdon Rod J. , Obermeier Christian
Published: May 2024

Key message

PHOTOPERIOD-1 homoeologous gene copies play a pivotal role in regulation of flowering time in wheat. Here, we show that their influence also extends to spike and shoot architecture and even impacts root development.

The sequence diversity of three homoeologous copies of the PHOTOPERIOD-1 gene in European winter wheat was analyzed by Oxford Nanopore amplicon-based multiplex sequencing and molecular markers in a panel of 194 cultivars representing breeding progress over the past 5 decades. A strong, consistent association with an average 8% increase in grain yield was observed for the PpdA1-Hap1 haplotype across multiple environments. This haplotype was found to be linked in 51% of cultivars to the 2NS/2AS translocation, originally introduced from Aegilops ventricosa, which leads to an overestimation of its effect. However, even in cultivars without the 2NS/2AS translocation, PpdA1-Hap1 was significantly associated with increased grain yield, kernel per spike and kernel per m2 under optimal growth conditions, conferring a 4% yield advantage compared to haplotype PpdA1-Hap4. In contrast to Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1, the Ppd-A1 gene exhibits novel structural variations and a high number of SNPs, highlighting the evolutionary changes that have occurred in this region over the course of wheat breeding history. Additionally, cultivars carrying the photoperiod-insensitive Ppd-D1a allele not only exhibit earlier heading, but also deeper roots compared to those with photoperiod-sensitive alleles under German conditions. PCR and KASP assays have been developed that can be effectively employed in marker-assisted breeding programs to introduce these favorable haplotypes.