bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПОШИРЕНІСТЬ HELICOBACTER PYLORI СЕРЕД ПАЦІЄНТІВ З ЦУКРОВИМ ДІАБЕТОМ 2 ТИПУ ТА ХРОНІЧНИМ ГАСТРИТОМ
Authors: Sirchak E. S. , Patskun S. V.
Published: July 2017

РЕЗЮМЕ. Helicobacter pylori (HP) є однією з найпоширеніших бактеріальних інфекцій у світі, близько половини людства є інфікованими. Не менш поширеною є ця інфекція у хворих на цукровий діабет (ЦД).Мета – виявити ступінь поширення НР-інфекції серед пацієнтів з цукровим діабетом 2 типу (ЦД 2 типу) та хронічним гастритом (ХГ).Матеріали і методи. На базі ендокринологічного та гастроентерологічного відділень ЗОКЛ імені А. Новака обстежено 95 пацієнтів віком від 35 до 65 років (середній вік складав (51,2±3,4)). У 65 обстежених виявлено ЦД 2 типу та ХГ, які склали І групу пацієнтів. Дане дослідження проводили за участі 37 (57,0 %) жінок та 28 (43,0 %) чоловіків. Для порівняння було сформовано ІІ групу, яка включила 30 пацієнтів з ХГ без ДЦ ІІ типу. В ІІ групі чоловіків було 18 (60,0 %), жінок – 12 (40,0 %). Середній вік осіб ІІ групи склав (44,6±6,8) років. У контрольну групу ввійшли 20 практично здорових осіб (чоловіків було 12 (60,0 %), жінок – 8 (40,0 %). Середній вік складав (41,5±4,2) років.Висновки. 1. Поширеність НР-інфекції серед пацієнтів з ЦД 2 типу та ХГ є нижчою, ніж серед осіб з хронічним гастритом (без ЦД 2 типу), а саме 52,0 % та 77,0 % відповідно.2. У хворих на ЦД 2 типу з ХГ НР-інфікування вище у віковій групі від 46 до 55 років і становить 67 %, що може свідчити про інфікування НР вже на фоні ЦД 2 типу.3. Встановлена пряма кореляційна залежність між інфікуванням НР та порушенням толерантності до глюкози у хворих на ЦД 2 типу та ХГ (між НР-інфікованістю та рівнем HbA1c (r=0,85, р<0,01) та рівнем глюкози крові натще (r=0,54, р<0,05).
СУЧАСНІ АСПЕКТИ ДІАГНОСТИКИ ГАСТРОЕЗОФАГЕАЛЬНОЇ РЕФЛЮКСНОЇ ХВОРОБИ
Authors: Boiko T. V.
Published: July 2017

Резюме: Гастроезофагеальна рефлюксна хвороба (ГЕРХ) надзвичайно поширене захворювання зумовлене порушенням моторно-евакуаторної функції органів гастроезофагеальної зони, яке характеризується  спонтанним закидом шлункового або дуоденального вмісту в стравохід, що призводить до ураження його дистального відділу з розвитком у ньому запальних  та ерозивно-виразкових уражень. Серед дорослого населення поширеність ГЕРХ становить до 40%.Мета роботи − проаналізувати сучасні погляди науковців і основні методи діагностики ГЕРХ.В діагностиці ГЕРХ потрібно орієнтуватися на рекомендації Монреальського консенсуса, згідно якого захворювання може бути діагностовано при наявності як мінімум одного із трьох критеріїв: а) характерних симптомів захворювання; в) інструментального підтвердження наявності патологічного гастроезофагеального рефлюксу в осіб з симптомами ГЕРХ; с) змін слизової оболонки стравоходу, гістологічного дослідження біоптату.Згідно V Маастрихтcького консенсусу рекомендовано проводити ерадикацію H-pylori незалежно  від наявності чи відсутності симптомів ГЕРХ при наявності прямих показів.Діагноз ГЕРХ встановлюється на підставі клінічних критеріїв, якщо пацієнта турбує печія більше ніж двічі на тиждень впродовж трьох місяців і довше. Для діагностики ГЕРХ запропоновані  тест з ІПП, альгінатний тести. Показом до проведення езофагогастродуоденоскопії (ЕГДС) у пацієнтів з ГЕРХ  є наявність тривожних симптомів (дисфагія, нудота, кровотеча, зменшення маси тіла), неефективність пробного лікування (негативні альгінатний або омепразоловий тести), тривалий перебіг захворювання, вік більше 50 років. ЕГДС виконують для виявлення або виключення значних пошкоджень в окремих випадках. При типових симптомах ГЕРХ проводити ЕГДС не потрібно. При проведенні ЕГДС беруть біоптат стравоходу при ускладненнях ГЕРХ, новоутвореннях, для діагностики еозинофільного езофагіту. Для кількісного визначення впливу кислоти на стравохід та оцінки асоціації між печією та епізодами рефлюксу використовують рН-метрію в стравоході або імпеданс-метрію протягом 24 год. Стравохідний імпеданс рН застосовують у пацієнтів зі стійкими симптомами рефлюксу, які погано відповіли на стандартну терапію для оцінки як кислотної, так і некислотної рефлюксної хвороби. Для виявлення мінімальних уражень слизової оболонки стравоходу у хворих на ГЕРХ застосовують хромоскопію, ендоскопію з високою роздільністю та збільшенням, вузьку спектральну ендоскопію.Таким чином, основним методом діагностики гастроезофагеальної рефлюксної хвороби є езофагогастродуоденоскопія. Сучасні ендоскопічні технології дають можливість діагностувати ГЕРХ на ранній стадії.
Инцидентность венозных тромбозов в европейской популяции: роль хирургических вмешательств
Authors: Siao Y.
Published: July 2017

У статті розглянуто інцидентність і роль хірургічних втручань у розвитку венозних тромбозів. За даними проведеного огляду встановлено, що понад 70 % тромбозів глибоких вен нижніх кінцівок після загальнохірургічних операцій перебігають безсимптомно, при цьому фатальна тромбоемболія легеневої артерії часто є першим і єдиним проявом венозного тромбозу, посідаючи третє місце в загальній структурі причин раптової смерті. Венозні тромбоемболічні ускладнення супроводжуються поверхневим тромбофлебітом у 25 % хворих, при цьому в більшості випадків діагностується тромбоз глибоких вен, а в 3,9 % випадків виникає тромбоемболія легеневої артерії. Серед чинників хірургічного ризику венозних тромбоемболій спостерігається зв'язок із загальною анестезією, тривалістю операції більше 2 год, тромбоцитозом, наявністю асциту, хронічної серцевої недостатності, гіпоальбумінемією.
Ендоскопічна папілосфінктеротомія у хворих на цироз печінки з наявністю холестазу
Authors: Dzygal A. F.
Published: July 2017

Мета дослідження: аналіз способів хірургічних втручань у хворих із провідними симптомами цирозу печінки, (ЦП), ускладненим холедохолітіазом, для вибору індивідуальної тактики їх лікування.Матеріали і методи. З числа 1117 обстежених хворих з підозрою на ЦП, жовчнокам’яну хворобу, гострий холецистит та механічну жовтяницю відібрали 52 пацієнти з клінічними проявами біліарного блоку внаслідок холедохолітіазу. 42 хворим з їх числа виконували ендоскопічну папілосфінктеротомію (ЕПСТ) з літекстракцією, ЕПСТ з механічною літотрипсією, стентування та балонну дилатацію, а також назобіліарне дренування.Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Сформульовано показання та протипоказання до виконання ендоскопічної операції у хворих на ЦП, ускладнений холедохолітіазом. Наведені окремі деталі виконання різних типів ЕПСТ – типової або канюляційної, атипової або неканюляційної та змішаної. Виконання ЕПСТ супроводжувалося літекстракцією у 33 хворих. ЕПСТ виявилася успішною у 35 з 37 хворих. Ускладнення після, які виявлені під час операції або розвинулися впродовж 24 год після неї, спостерігали в 6 із 37 хворих.Висновки. Ефективність ЕПСТ у хворих на ЦП при холедохолітіазі та розвитку механічної обструкції жовчовивідних шляхів сягає 94,6 %, що дозволяє рекомендувати  її як операцію вибору при лікуванні хворих із непрохідністю загальної жовчної протоки, що виникла внаслідок холедохолітіазу, а також вважати дане хірургічне втручання ефективним методом лікування вказаного контингенту хворих із високим ступенем операційного ризику.
Випадок успішного консервативного лікування шлункової нориці як одного з багатьох ускладнень виразкової хвороби дванадцятипалої кишки
Authors: Desiateryk V. I. , Doronin V. H. , Buryk O. V. , Askerov A. A. , Aheenko L. P. , Miroshnychenko V. M.
Published: July 2017

У публікації наведено клінічне спостереження одного пацієнта М. протягом останніх шести років. У 2010 р. пацієнт М., 46 років був направлений в центр гострого панкреатиту з підозрою на гострий тяжкий панкреатит, а через 12 год після госпіталізації прооперований з приводу перфоративної виразки дванадцатипалої кишки з поширеним перитонітом на тлі ви­разкового стенозу дванадцатипалої кишки. Виконано ушивання виразки з накладанням попереду-ободового гастроентероанастомозу. Систематичного лікування не отримував. У лютому 2016 р. госпіталізований в хірургічне відділення з флегмоною передньої черевної стінки, причиною якої була пенетрація виразки гастроентероанастомозу в передню черевну стінку. Після розкриття флегмони відкрилася шлункова нориця, яка закрилася на тлі інтенсивної протизапальної терапії і приймання мак­симальних доз пантапразолу.У квітні 2016 р. виконано резекцію шлунка і гастроентероанастомоз за Ру. В подальшому було три епізоди кровотеч, які усували консервативно.У кінці 2016 р. з'явилися труднощі при ковтанні їжі, діагностовано стеноз нижньої третини стравоходу, пройшов курс лікування в торакальному відділенні за допомогою бужування, прохідність відновлена. Повторно оглянутий в квітні 2017 р., стан задовільний, ковтання вільне. На ФГДС у ділянці гастроентероанастомозу рецидивна виразка.Хворому запропоновано стаціонарне лікування у відділенні гастроентерології та обстеження з підозрою на синдром Золлінгера–Еллісона.
Поліморфізм генів apo-1 / fas, ctla-4 та bcl-2 у пацієнтів, оперованих із приводу вузлової патології щитоподібної залози
Authors: Sheremet M. I. , Sydorchuk L. P. , Shidlovskyi V. O. , Bedeniuk A. D. , Kurochkin G. S. , Levitsky A. V.
Published: July 2017

Мета роботи: провести аналіз частоти поліморфних варіантів генів BCL-2 (rs17759659), CTLA-4 (rs231775), APO-1/Fas (rs2234767) у хворих, оперованих із приводу вузлової патології щитоподібної залози із урахуванням її виду вузловий зоб на фоні автоімунного тиреоїдиту, аденома щитоподібної залози. Матеріали і методи. Проведено аналіз частоти поліморфних варіантів генів BCL-2 (rs17759659), CTLA-4 (rs231775), APO-1/Fas (rs2234767) у 125 хворих, оперованих з приводу вузлової патології щитоподібної залози із урахуванням її виду – вузлового зоба на фоні автоімунного тиреоїдиту, аденома щитоподібної залози. Також обстежено 25 практично здорових донорів. Дослідження поліморфізму генів проводили методом полімеразної ланцюгової реакції в режимі реального часу.Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Мутація генів BCL-2 (rs17759659) та CTLA-4 (rs231775) у гомозиготному стані у хворих, оперованих з приводу вузлової патології щитоподібної залози, зустрічається із частотою 3,2–4,0 % без вірогідної різниці між хворими на патологію щитоподібної залози та здоровими. Мутація гена APO-1/Fas (rs2234767) у гомозиготному стані серед обстежених не траплялася взагалі.
Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Neural Networks in Young and Older Adults
Authors: Martin Andrew K. , Meinzer Marcus , Lindenberg Robert , Sieg Mira M. , Nachtigall Laura , Flöel Agnes
Published: July 2017

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be a viable tool to improve motor and cognitive function in advanced age. However, although a number of studies have demonstrated improved cognitive performance in older adults, other studies have failed to show restorative effects. The neural effects of beneficial stimulation response in both age groups is lacking. In the current study, tDCS was administered during simultaneous fMRI in 42 healthy young and older participants. Semantic word generation and motor speech baseline tasks were used to investigate behavioral and neural effects of uni- and bihemispheric motor cortex tDCS in a three-way, crossover, sham tDCS controlled design. Independent components analysis assessed differences in task-related activity between the two age groups and tDCS effects at the network level. We also explored whether laterality of language network organization was effected by tDCS. Behaviorally, both active tDCS conditions significantly improved semantic word retrieval performance in young and older adults and were comparable between groups and stimulation conditions. Network-level tDCS effects were identified in the ventral and dorsal anterior cingulate networks in the combined sample during semantic fluency and motor speech tasks. In addition, a shift toward enhanced left laterality was identified in the older adults for both active stimulation conditions. Thus, tDCS results in common network-level modulations and behavioral improvements for both age groups, with an additional effect of increasing left laterality in older adults.
Using Event-related Potentials to Inform the Neurocognitive Processes Underlying Knowledge Extension through Memory Integration
Authors: Varga Nicole L. , Bauer Patricia J.
Published: July 2017

To build a general knowledge base, it is imperative that individuals acquire, integrate, and further extend knowledge across experiences. For instance, in one episode an individual may learn that George Washington was the first president. In a separate episode they may then learn that Washington was the commander of the Continental Army. Integration of the information in memory may then support self-derivation of the new knowledge that the leader of the Continental Army was also the first president. Despite a considerable amount of fMRI research aimed at further elucidating the neuroanatomical regions supporting this ability, a consensus has yet to be reached with regards to the precise neurocognitive processes involved. In the present research, we capitalized on the high temporal resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs) to inform the time course of processes elicited during successful integration and further extension of new factual knowledge. Adults read novel, related stem facts and were tested for self-derivation of novel integration facts while ERPs were recorded. Consistent with current theoretical models, memory integration was first triggered by novelty detection within 400 msec of experience of a second, related stem fact. Two additional temporally staged encoding processes were then observed interpreted to reflect (1) explicit meaning comprehension and (2) representation of the integrated relation in memory. During the test for self-derivation, a single ERP was elicited, which presumably reflected retrieval and/or recombination of previously integrated knowledge. Together, the present research provides important insight into the time course of neurocognitive processing associated with the formation of a knowledge base.
The Impossibility of Liberal Secularism: Religious (In)tolerance, Spirituality, and Not-Religion
Authors: Crosson J. Brent
Published: July 2017

This article re-thinks the problem of religious (in)tolerance by analyzing the 2015 deportation of three “Hindu priests” from a Caribbean nation for the practice of obeah. Defined popularly as “witchcraft” or “African tradition,” obeah was first criminalized as the alleged inspiration for the largest slave uprising of the eighteenth century British Caribbean. I argue that the recent deportations in a nation that constitutionally enshrines freedom of conscience foregrounds some of the foundational limits of liberal secularism. I trace a genealogy of liberalism to critique the secular ideal of the “freedom from difference.” I suggest that attempts to invoke “spirituality” as a more inclusive idiom for denigrated forms of “not-religion” such as obeah extend rather than eliminate these limits of liberal secularism. I close by drawing some parallels with anti-Muslim nationalism in theu.s.and suggest some ways of thinking about a trinary formation of religion, not-religion, and secular power in modern nation-states.
The Intracloud Lightning Fraction in the Contiguous United States
Authors: Medici Gina , Cummins Kenneth L. , Cecil Daniel J. , Koshak William J. , Rudlosky Scott D.
Published: July 2017

This work addresses the long-term relative occurrence of cloud-to-ground (CG) and intracloud (IC; no attachment to ground) flashes for the contiguous United States (CONUS). It expands upon an earlier analysis by Boccippio et al. who employed 4-yr datasets provided by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and the Optical Transient Detector (OTD). Today, the duration of the NLDN historical dataset has more than tripled, and OTD data can be supplemented with data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). This work is timely, given the launch of GOES-16, which includes the world’s first geostationary lightning mapper that will observe total lightning (IC and CG) over the Americas and adjacent ocean regions. Findings support earlier results indicating factor-of-10 variations in the IC:CG ratio throughout CONUS, with climatological IC fraction varying between 0.3 and greater than 0.9. The largest values are seen in the Pacific Northwest, central California, and where Colorado borders Kansas and Nebraska. An uncertainty analysis indicates that the large values in the northwest and central California are likely not due to measurement uncertainty. The high IC:CG ratio (>4) throughout much of Texas reported by Boccippio et al. is not supported by this longer-term climatology. There is no clear evidence of differences in IC fraction between land and coastal ocean. Lightning characteristics in six selected large regions show a consistent positive relationship between IC fraction and the percent of positive CG flashes, irrespective of lightning incidence (flash density), dominant season, or diurnal maximum period.
Practical Considerations for Computing Dimensional Spectra from Gridded Data
Authors: Durran Dale , Weyn Jonathan A. , Menchaca Maximo Q.
Published: July 2017

Spectra are often computed from gridded data to determine the horizontal-scale dependence of quantities such as kinetic energy, vertical velocity, or perturbation potential temperature. This paper discusses several important considerations for the practical computation of such spectra. To ensure that the sum of the spectral energy densities in wavenumber space matches the sum of the energies in the physical domain (the discrete Parseval relation), the constant coefficient multiplying the spectral energy density must properly account for the way the discrete Fourier transform pair is normalized. The normalization factor appropriate of many older FORTRAN-based fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) differs from that in Matlab and Python’s numpy.fft, and as a consequence, the correct scaling factor for the kinetic energy (KE) spectral density differs between one-dimensional FFTs computed using these two approaches by a factor equal to the square of the number of physical grid points. A common algorithm used to compute two-dimensional spectra as a function of the total-wavenumber magnitude sums the contributions from all pairs of x- and y-component wavenumbers whose vector magnitude lies with a series of bins. This approach introduces systematic short-wavelength noise, which can be largely eliminated though a simple multiplicative correction. One- and two-dimensional spectra will differ by a constant if computed for flows in which the KE spectral density decreases as a function of the wavenumber to some negative power. This constant is evaluated and the extension of theoretical results to numerically computed FFTs is examined.
Reliability Bounds for Exponential Mixtures
Authors: Bhattacharjee Manish C.
Published: July 2017

We obtain some new reliability bounds for the class of life distributions which are exponential mixtures. It is shown that our bounds often improve on the usual DFR upper bound as well as those contained in the recent results of Shaked, Heyde and Leslie, Hall , and Brown. Simple sufficient conditions, under which such is the case, are developed. The main thrust of our findings is that our bounds are tighter for moderate to heavy departures from exponentiality. Among other results, it is shown that every DFR survival probability with a finite mean is stochastically strictly dominated by an exponential mixture. An application of our methods yields a new bound on the tail of the equilibrium distribution of a DFR renewal process, which can be tighter than the corresponding results of Brown.
On Consistency of a Kernel Estimate of a Density Function
Authors: Basu A. K. , Sahoo D. K.
Published: July 2017

Given a sequence of i. i. d. random variables the Lr( r⩾ 1) convergence of kernel type estimators of their common density function is studied. Also, strong consistency of the estimators is considered in the case when the random variables form a stationary sequence not necessarily i. i. d.
Utilization of Additional Information in Non-Parametric Tests
Authors: Banerjee Tathagata
Published: July 2017

For the single sample problem of testing for location against one-sided alternatives under the non parametric set-up, the question of utilization of additional information is examined. Considering the case of the sign test it is shown that if suitable bounds to the ratio of the densities at the median and the known quantile are available it is possible to construct a more sensitive test by using a combination of the sign test statistic and the number of exceedances above the known quantile.
Combining Alternative Rank Tests for the Multiple Regression Problem
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore , Banerjee Tathagata
Published: July 2017

In this paper we consider the problem of testing absence of regression under the nonparametric multiple regression set up with m predictors. Usual rank tests for this problem are based on particular systems of scores, the test criteria being quadratic forms in m linear rank statistics. Different standard tests correspond to different choices of the system of scores. In this paper we have proposed a test statistic which is based on the simultaneous choice of more than one system of scores. Asymptotic null distribution of the test criterion is a chisquare with m df as in the case of the usual tests. However, the use of several systems of scores results in the improvement of the asymptotic power over the test based on any one of the systems. Ofcourse the use of the test criterion in practice involves the estimation of indices involving the parent density f( . ). Certain standard estimates of these indices are noted in the last section.
On the Operating Characteristic Function for the Exponential Family
Authors: Walker D.M. , Weber N.C.
Published: July 2017

This note investigates the behaviour of the function h( θ) used in Wald's approximation to the operating characteristic function of a sequential probability ratio test for testing a parameter in an exponential family density.
Generalised Likelihood Ratio Tests for Two-Parameter Exponentals Under Type I Censoring
Authors: Mantelle Lily Llorens , Ghosh Malay
Published: July 2017

The paper considers generalized likelihood ratio tests for the equality of the location, parameters and⁄or the failure rates of k independent location and scale parameter exponentials when observations are censored in time. For testing the equality of the failure rates, asymptotic null distributions of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) criteria are obtained. Also, asymptotic distributions of GLRT criteria are obtained under local alternatives. For testing the equality of the location parameters, asymptotic null distributions of the GLRT criteria are obtained.
A New Solution of a Balanced Incomplete Block Design
Authors: Singh Manjit , Kaur Jagroop
Published: July 2017

Solution of a new balanced incomplete block design for v=22, b=44, r=l4, k=7 and λ=4 is given. The design is obtained using the method of symmetrically repeated differences.
Fixed Precision Estimation of a Positive Location Parameter of a Negative Exponential Population
Authors: Mukhopadhyay N.
Published: July 2017

Sequential confidence intervals for the positive location parameter of a negative exponential population are studied when the scale parameter is unknown. Since traditional fixed-width confidence intervals here do not lead to satisfactory solutions, we propose a different approach to construct “fixed-precision” confidence intervals for the location. Various asymptotic properties of our confidence interval procedure are discussed briefly.
Minimal Complete Class of Linear Unbiased Estimators of Population Mean for a Special Sampling Design1
Authors: Patel J. A. , Patel H. C.
Published: July 2017

In this paper we give a complete description of the minimal complete subclass of C the class of all homogeneous linear unbiased estimators of a finite population mean for the extremely special case of taking sample of size 2 units from a population of size 4, where only samples containing units ( U1, Ui+ 1) have equal positive probability.
On Robust Designs
Authors: Mandal Nripes Kumar
Published: July 2017

Box and Draper (1975) proposed a criterion of robustness against the presence of wild observations for the problem of estimation of Xβ in the response surface model E( Y) = Xβ, D(Y) = σ2.I. Gopalau and Dey (1976) elttended this concept to block designs setting, for the problem of estimation of σ2. In the present note an attempt has been made to examine the robustness of block designs for the problem of estimation of any full set of orthonormal varietal contrasts.
Characterization of a Bivariate Geometric Distribution
Authors: Asha G. , Nair N. Unnikrishnan
Published: July 2017

In this paper two characterizations in terms of the properties of the residuai life distribution of a bivariate seometric model is established.
Estimation of the Parameter in the Fisher Nile's Problem Under Entropy Loss
Authors: Farsipour N. Sanjari
Published: July 2017

Estimation of the parameter in the problem of the Nile is treated as a decision problem with entropy loss. It is shown that the minimum risk scale equivariant estimator dominates the incomplete sufficient unbiased estimators. Sharper bounds for the equivariant estimator are derived which may be used to obtain the values of the same from the sample with sufficient accuracy.
Delayed Response in Randomized Play-The-Winner Rule; A Decision Theoretic Outlook
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Uttam , Biswas Atanu
Published: July 2017

In the context of comparing two treatments in clinical trials, randomized play-the-winner rule is used with a goal to treat more patients by the better treatment. On its basis some decision rules are proposed taking delayed response into account. Some exact and asymptotic results of the decision rules are studied. Minimax decison rule is also obtained.
A Lower Bound on the L-Class of Life Distributions and its Applications
Authors: Chaudhuri Gopal , Deshpande Jayant V. , Dharmadhikari A. D.
Published: July 2017

Two life distributions F and G can be ordered with respect to their Laplace transforms. We say that F is Laplace­larger than G if [Formula: see text] for all s ⩾ 0, where [Formula: see text]. Let F be a distribution function with finite mean µ. Then F is said to belong to the L-class of life distributions if F is Laplace-larger than G, where G is exponential with the same mean µ. In this paper we obtain a lower bound on [Formula: see text] in terms of µ. Some applications are indicated through examples.
On Extensions of an Inequality of Kolmogorov
Authors: Chandra Tapas K. , Ghosal Subhashis
Published: July 2017

The inequality of Kolmogorov (Sankhya, 1963) has been extended to a sequence of independent sub-Gaussian and other random variables. All the earlier results in the literature on this problem concerned only on the very special case of Bernoulli variables. We use martingale inequalities to establish a key result. A similar inequality is also proved for U-statistics based on exchangeable random variables.
A Numerical Bayesian Approach to Spatial Data Analysis
Authors: Mukherjee Indranil , Ghosh Himadri , Chatterjee Aditya
Published: July 2017

Investigators in diverse fields of scientific investigations (specially the geo-statisticians) have long been concerned with the so called Regionalised Variable (ReV) or variables whose values are in some way related to their positions in space. In such situations it becomes sometimes necessary to estimate the values for certain measures based on the ReV over some suitable blocking or redivision of the space. In thls paper we deliniate a numerical Bayesian method based on the Gibbs sampling approach towards solving this class of problems whlch is capable of being tuned to various situations arising in the geological and other investigations dealing with ReVs. The paper deals with the problem of estimating the volume of an accumulation, from a data comprising of heights of the accumulation at random points, in some details and also reports the results of a few numerical applications of the methodology developed.
Combining P-Values: A Single Experiment Evaluation
Authors: Tsao C. Andy
Published: July 2017

Via a Single Experiment Evaluation, we examine the performance of many classical methods of combining P-values and give certain characterizations of them. The issue of choice of weights is also addressed.
Step-Stress Accelerated Life Testing for Weibull Distribution with Non-Constant Shape Parameter
Authors: Dharmadhikari A.D. , Rahman Md. Monsur
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a step-stress accelerated life test for Weibull distribution with non-constant shape parameter. Proposed model is developed for two stress levels. While changing the stress, one expects that mean time to failure (MTTF) would decrease. Therefore, we choose MTTF as a nonnegative and monotonically decreasing function of stress. Assuming the scale parameter fixed, the shape parameter is function of stress through the link function of MTTF. On the basis of the proposed model, we describe the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation procedure to estimate the parameters involved in the model. Expression of the Fisher's information matrix has been derived. A simulation is carried out. The reliability and percentile estimates with their confidence limits at used stress level are obtained. For given values of the parameters, the optimum stress change time has been obtained by minimizing the variance of a stated percentile.
On Gaussian Correlation Inequalities for Rectangles and Symmetric Sets
Authors: Bhandari Subir K. , Basu Ayanendranath
Published: July 2017

Pitt's conjecture (1977) that P( A ∩ B) ≥ P( A) P( B) under the Nn (0, In) distribution of X, where A, B are symmetric convex sets in IRn still lacks a complete proof. This note establishes that the above result is true when A is a symmetric rectangle while B is any symmetric convex set, where A, B ∈ IRn. We give two different proofs of the result, the key component in the first one being a recent result by Hargé (1999). The second proof, on the other hand, is based on a rather old result of Šidák (1968), dating back a period before Pitt's conjecture.
A Lower Confidence Limit for Reliability of a Coherent System with Independent Exponential Components
Authors: Chaudhuri Gopal
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we solve an oldest open problem of finding estimate interval for system reliability via the CHA algorithm (Chaudhuri et al 2001) following the Easterling (Jour. Amer. Statist. Asso., 1972) approach. We consider a coherent system composed of exponential components; the components arc assumed to be statistically independent. A closed form expression for the standard error of the system reliability, for a given mission of duration, is obtained. The method of calculating the 100(1- α)% lower confidence limit for the system reliability is illustrated for a simple series system with three independent exponential components. Both methods of simulation and numerical integration techniques are used for calculations. This paper basically extends the results of Easterling to any coherent system.
Bayesian Analysis of Mean Parameter in a Pareto Distribution
Authors: Ali M. Masoom , Woo Jungsoo
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we derive some Bayes estimators of mean parameter in a Pareto distribution under the square error, linex and another loss function for a non­informative and a gamma prior. Bayes risks of Bayes estimators for mean parameter are compared numerically with each other. Also, Bayes confidence intervals of mean parameter in the Pareto distribution are numerically compared by help of Binary­Search Method for which computer­aided simulation is used.
Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites with synthetic boehmite nanosheets at room temperature and low temperature
Authors: Liu Xin , Sun Tao , Wu Zhanjun , He Huiyong
Published: July 2017

The nanosheet boehmite (AlOOH) was synthesized and used as reinforcing agent to toughen carbon fiber-reinforced polymers. The purity, morphology, size and composition of the AlOOH nanosheets were investigated by the methods of XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR, respectively. Interlaminar fracture toughness for mode II deformation was investigated for carbon fiber-reinforced polymers toughened by AlOOH nanosheets varying the contents at room temperature (RT, 293k) and at low temperature (LT, 77k). The fracture surfaces were examined by SEM to correlate with the interlaminar fracture properties. The results indicated that the synthesized AlOOH nanosheets were pure crystalline and of high purity. By TEM, the thickness of the lamellar AlOOH sample is about 22 nm. The end-notched flexure test results show that interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer with the same content AlOOH nanosheets (0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 wt.%) at LT is higher than that at RT. The interlaminar fracture toughness reaches the highest when the AlOOH nanosheets content equals 2% at RT. But at LT, the highest interlaminar fracture toughness appeared in the carbon fiber-reinforced polymers without AlOOH nanosheets.
The Determination and Significance of Low Blood Carboxyhaemoglobin Levels
Authors: Bowden C. H. , Woodhall W. R.
Published: July 2017

The method described by Whitehead and Worthington (1961) for the determination of carboxyhaemoglobin has been examined and minor modifications are suggested. The sensitivity and specificity of the method has been confirmed at low COHb saturations.

Forty-two non-smokers and 58 smokers were examined at various times of day using this technique. The mean COHb values obtained in the morning prior to smoking were 0.7 per cent. for non-smokers and 1.5 per cent for smokers; the difference in means was highly significant. In the afteroon, smokers gave a mean value of 2.7 per cent. It is calculated that a saturation of 8 per cent. COHb will be achieved “normally” by a smoker only in exceptional circumstances.

The significance of the results in relation to the reconstruction of fatal transportation accidents is briefly discussed.
Two Cases of Addiction to Heroin by Smoking
Authors: Bartholomew Allen A. , Bruce David W.
Published: July 2017

Two cases of addiction to heroin by smoking are presented in detail. The method of taking the drug is described and illustrated. An account is given of the treatment which was employed to withdraw the drug by initial substitution of morphine by injection and termination of intake under cover of the partial antagonist amiphenazole.
Report of the Traffic Safety Division of the Arizona Highway Department
Authors: Camps F. E.
Published: July 2017

To those of us who read, it must be a constant source of frustration that we have no access to information which may be of use to us.

For this reason those who have not the opportunity—in an enormous mass of information—to read this immaculate periodic report of the Traffic Safety Division of the Arizona Highway Department must be an eye-opener. It might even impress our Minister of Transport when she is considering decisions.

For this reason Medicine, Science and the Law reproduces the periodic report with due permission, but without any humility.

Pages 1–9, June 1966 issue of Arizona Safety Sad-istics.

Perhaps we might be humble to see such a realistic approach. On this occasion Medicine, Science and the Law will be willing to receive comments for publication in its next number.
The Application of a Micro-Elution Technique Using Anti-Human Globulin for the Detection of the S, S, K, Fya, Fyb and JKa Antigens in Stains
Authors: Lincoln Patrick J. , Dodd Barbara E.
Published: July 2017

A micro-elution technique using anti-globulin is described which increases the number of blood group antigens detectable in bloodstains. When compared with the older inhibition technique it is shown to be not only markedly more sensitive but to require far less stained material for each individual test.

Yet another advantage is that the antigens detectable by this method are those which appear to withstand well the passage of time by remaining active in stains for many months. This is in contrast to the majority of red cell enzymes which, while being readily detectable, do not usually give readable results beyond about 8 weeks.
Indecent Exposure: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Gayford J. J.
Published: July 2017

A review of the literature on indecent exposure including the historical and legal aspects and proposed changes in the law. The exhibitionist himself, the circumstances under which he exposes himself and its effect on his victims, are reviewed. An evaluation is made of the various methods of treatment and court disposal.
Alcohol and Drowning—The Geelong Experience, 1957–1980
Authors: Plueckhahn Vernon D.
Published: July 2017

The resident population in the Geelong coronial district is approximately 250 000 persons and has almost doubled since 1957. The autopsy rate for all persons dying by accident is virtually 100 per cent, with specimens being taken for blood alcohol concentration on all such deaths. The ‘Geelong Experience’ concerning alcohol and drowning is based on the post-mortem findings and the history of the events which surrounded 238 fatal submersions during the 24-year period, 1957 to 1980. Males greatly predominated over females and 139 drownings occurred in males aged 15 years and older. No female had an autopsy blood alcohol concentration (BAC) greater than 0.08 per cent (18 mmol/L) whereas such concentrations were present at autopsy in 35 per cent of all drowned males aged 15 years and older. Of the deceased males in the 30 to 64 years age group, 45 per cent of those submersed while swimming or surfing and 75 per cent of those falling or slipping into water had autopsy BACs greater than 0.150 per cent (33 mmol/L). Of these latter males, 8 (that is, 33 per cent) had autopsy BACs greater than 0.25 per cent (55 mmol/L).
A Subject for Inquest—Two Cases of Woodworkers' Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sarvesvaran R. , Bowen D. A. LI.
Published: July 2017

Two fatal cases of woodworkers' adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity are described. They fall into the category of prescribed diseases which is related to insurable employment involving the manufacture of wood furniture. Such unusual work-related carcinoma must be the subject of a coroner's inquiry.
Retracted Confessions: Legal, Psychological and Psychiatric Aspects
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , MacKeith James A. C.
Published: July 2017

This brief review paper is concerned with the phenomenon of retracted confession statements from legal, psychological and psychiatric viewpoints. The importance of distinguishing between three psychologically different types of ‘false confession’ is emphasized. The paper provides the clinician with a conceptual framework and ways of assessing alleged false confession cases.
Inconsistency in Dental Evidence
Authors: Hill I. R.
Published: July 2017

Dental evidence has been proved to be the most useful single method of confirming identity, especially in mass disasters, but its usefulness is being compromised by inaccuracies in charting. These may be no more than an inconvenience, but they may make identification difficult. This paper describes three cases in which errors in charting caused some difficulty during forensic examinations of bodies, and delayed the identification of these victims.
‘Emotional Abuse’ Referrals to a Scottish Children's Panel Reporter over Five Years
Authors: Furnell James R. G. , Dutton Philip V. , Harris John
Published: July 2017

Difficulties of definition, investigation and establishment in ‘emotional abuse’ of children have resulted in both a lack of clinical information and uncertainty among professional practitioners about the topic. This paper reports a survey of all suspected cases referred, under Section 32(2)(c) of the Social Work (Scotland) Act (1968), to a Reporter to a Children's Panel over five consecutive years. The source allowed consideration of demographic and clinical features of children and families, professional response and involvement, and outcome. The results suggested that children and families referred for suspected ‘emotional abuse’ had features in common with physically abusing adults and victims, including multiple social disadvantage and risk of alcohol or drug abuse. Many of the children referred were young, and likelihood of referral declined with increasing age. Referring agencies appeared to become more discriminating in parts of legislation used; a variety of agencies were involved with cases. The Reporter's initial decisions were usually supported by the Sheriff” Court. Proposed categories for cases, based on main clinical features, achieved high interrater reliability between two judges and may form a potential basis for classification and prognosis.
Attribution of Blame for Criminal Acts and its Relationship with Type of Offence
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Singh Krishna K.
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between type of offence and attribution of blame by offenders for their criminal activity. The Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory (GBAI) was administered to 139 prisoners at Grendon Psychiatric Prison, and 37 psychiatric patients with a forensic history. As predicted, a significant relationship with type of offence was found. Subjects who had committed sexual offences reported the strongest remorse for their offence, and those who had committed violent offences (e.g. homicide, grevious bodily harm) were more likely to attribute their offence to mental factors (e.g. loss of self-control, depression).
Contaminating Antibodies May Produce Unexpected Reactions in Counter-Current Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Boettcher B.
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT: The possibility of contaminating antibodies in an antiserum causing reactions in countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis at low antigen concentrations, though not at higher concentrations, was raised, and also argued against, in a recent, widely-publicized legal case.

This study has demonstrated that, in this technique, precipitin bands can be produced in tests involving low concentrations of antibodies only where there are also low concentrations of antigen, not where there are higher concentrations of antigen. These results indicate that, under appropriate circumstances, in counter-current Immunoelectrophoresis, a low concentration of contaminating antibodies in an antiserum could produce a precipitin band with a low concentration of an unsuspected antigen. This possibility points up the necessity of establishing the identities of the reacting antigens and antibodies in such tests, using a different procedure, such as the double radial immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony) technique. It is suggested that the value of counter-current immunoelectrophoresis in forensic testing should be given consideration.
Mortality following Release from Prison
Authors: Harding-Pink Deborah
Published: July 2017

We have studied deaths occurring after release from prison in the Canton of Geneva during the period 1982–86. The mortality rate during the first year after release was about 5 deaths/1000 person years, a rate over four times the age-adjusted rate in the general population.

The majority of deaths were due to overdose by opiate drugs among young, frequently imprisoned drug abusers, and occurred within the first few weeks after release. Likely risk factors include loss of tolerance to opiates while in prison, and psychological and social stresses following release.
High and Low Offenders Compared
Authors: Griffiths A.W.
Published: July 2017

Prisoners with extensive criminal histories were compared with those having a relatively minor history of crime in respect of a large number of variables, in order to evaluate factors associated with recidivism and hence of predictive use. It was found that most of the generally regarded concomitants of delinquency were more prevalent in the high offenders, some much more so. Of special significance were a history of mental illness and prolonged absence from the parental home in childhood.
Suicide by Electrocution
Authors: Fernando Ravindra , Liyanage S.
Published: July 2017

Electrocution is a rare mode of suicide. In Sri Lanka, where the suicide rate is extremely high, ingestion of liquid pesticides is the commonest method used. The case of a 34-year-old labourer of the Electricity Board, who committed suicide using 220–240 volt domestic electricity supply is described. He had been suffering from a depressive illness for some time. Suicide by electrocution has not been documented in Sri Lanka before.
Suicidal Strangulation by Ligature: Three Case Reports
Authors: Claydon S. M.
Published: July 2017

Self-strangulation by ligature is distinctly uncommon. It is distinct from self-suspension in cases of hanging, the latter being a far more common form of suicide. Self-strangulation must be separated from homicidal strangulation and from accidental sexual asphyxia. The ligature in suicidal strangulation may be knotted or tightened like a tourniquet. As the ligature is tightened the face and neck may become congested due to slow venous compression. Laryngeal fractures are rare and injuries are mild and often confined to the single ligature mark around the neck.

The three cases discussed here were initially treated by the police as suspicious. Detailed examination of the scene and of the deceased person, along with investigation of the circumstances leading to the death, produced clear verdicts of suicide in all three cases.
Suicide and Parasuicide in Singapore (1986)
Authors: Peng Kok Lee , Choo Aw Soh
Published: July 2017

Suicide and parasuicide rates have increased in Singapore since 1980 and in 1986 were estimated to be 13.1 per 100,000 and 92 per 100,000 respectively. Those most prone to suicidal behaviour are the Indians and the aged above 70 years. Jumping from a height is still the commonest method of suicide and self-poisoning is the most popular method of parasuicide.
Seclusion: An International Comparison
Authors: Mason T
Published: July 2017

A review of the national and international literature on seclusion of psychiatric patients established its wide use throughout the countries located with use of primary or secondary published data. Although the form seclusion took varied considerably, with some embroiling the concept under the rubric of restraint, it became apparent that in the extremes of violence it was unavoidable.

All the countries reviewed expressed concerns regarding the use of seclusion including the non-psychiatrized country highlighted, but were unable to provide a realistic practical alternative as an emergency measure.
1. Fettler's Disease with Smoke Inhalation: Particles within the Lung
Authors: Mitchelson B P , Drysdale H C , Balfour A J
Published: July 2017

In August 1985, a 72-year-old man died in the Manchester air disaster. Transmission electron microscopy of his lung tissue revealed not only inhaled smoke particles, but a large population of distinctive particles with different characteristics. These contain silicon and iron, as well as carbon and oxygen, and are thought to be related to his occupation as a fettler and to the extensive fibrosis seen on routine histology.
2. Absent-Mindedness and Shop-Lifting — A Case Study
Authors: Harper D J
Published: July 2017

This article briefly reviews the literature describing the role of absent-mindedness in shop-lifting. In addition, a case study is described which illustrates how a psychological formulation of such cognitive failures can aid the forensic clinician's understanding of shop-lifting.
4. Sudden Cardiac Ischaemic Death Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Elfawal M A
Published: July 2017

Association between systemic lupus erythematosus and coronary atherosclerosis has been reported only rarely in the medical literature. Sudden ischaemic cardiac death in such cases is an uncommon terminal event, particularly in young patients. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis in these cases may be similar to those seen in the classic coronary disease. A case of a 22-year-old female systemic lupus patient is presented in whom sudden death was found at autopsy to be due to extensive coronary atherosclerosis.