bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current state of concussion prevention strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, controlled studies
Authors: Schneider Daniel K , Grandhi Ravi K , Bansal Purnima , Kuntz George E , Webster Kate E , Logan Kelsey , Barber Foss Kim D , Myer Gregory D
Published: June 2016

Objective

The aim of the current review was to systematically identify, evaluate and synthesise trials that examine concussion prevention via equipment, educational programmes and training programmes.

Data sources

PubMed and EBSCO host (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus).

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

The electronic databases PubMed and EBSCO were searched using the phrases:concussion prevention equipment,concussion prevention trainingandconcussion prevention education. Included studies utilised a prospective study design to evaluate the preventative effect of: (1) equipment, (2) training or (3) educational programmes on the incidence of concussions in comparison to a control group.

Data extraction

Demographic data and intervention methods were recorded. Intervention and control group concussion rates and superficial head injury rates were extracted and combined using random-effects relative risk meta-analysis.

Results

14 studies evaluated interventions of novel protective equipment. One prospective investigation evaluated an educational programme. The relative risk of concussion for participants enrolled in the interventional arms of trials was not significantly different from that in standard practice arms (RR=0.78, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.11, χ2=1.8, p=0.17; I2=85.3%, 95% CI 71.5% to 90.8%). The relative risk of concussion for participants wearing protective equipment (ie, headgear, full face shields) relative to their counterparts wearing standard or no equipment, calculated from seven available reports, showed no effect of intervention (RR=0.82, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.20, χ2=1.06, p=0.30; I2=86.7%, 95% CI 73.3% to 91.8%). The relative risk of superficial head injury for participants wearing protective equipment relative to their counterparts, calculated from three reports, showed a significant risk reduction (RR=0.41, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.56, χ2=34.13, p<0.0001; I2=53.1%, 95% CI 0% to 85.2%).

Conclusions

Prospective controlled studies indicate that certain protective equipment may prevent superficial head injury, but these items are suboptimal for concussion prevention in sport.
Effectiveness of a structured educational intervention using psychological delivery methods in children and adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the CASCADE intervention
Authors: Christie Deborah , Thompson Rebecca , Sawtell Mary , Allen Elizabeth , Cairns John , Smith Felicity , Jamieson Elizabeth , Hargreaves Katrina , Ingold Anne , Brooks Lucy , Wiggins Meg , Oliver Sandy , Jones Rebecca , Elbourne Diana , Santos Andreia , Wong Ian C K , O'Neil Simon , Strange Vicki , Hindmarsh Peter , Annan Francesca , Viner Russell M
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide with a particular increase in children <5 years. Fewer than 1 in 6 children and adolescents achieve recommended glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values.

Methods

A pragmatic, cluster-randomized controlled trial assessed the efficacy of a clinic-based structured educational group incorporating psychological approaches to improve long-term glycemic control, quality of life and psychosocial functioning in children and adolescents with T1D. 28 pediatric diabetes services were randomized to deliver the intervention or standard care. 362 children (8–16 years) with HbA1c≥8.5% were recruited. Outcomes were HbA1c at 12 and 24 months, hypoglycemia, admissions, self-management skills, intervention compliance, emotional and behavioral adjustment, and quality of life. A process evaluation collected data from key stakeholder groups in order to evaluate the feasibility of delivering the intervention.

Results

298/362 patients (82.3%) provided HbA1c at 12 months and 284/362 (78.5%) at 24 months. The intervention did not improve HbA1c at 12 months (intervention effect 0.11, 95% CI −0.28 to 0.50, p=0.584), or 24 months (intervention effect 0.03, 95% CI −0.36 to 0.41, p=0.891). There were no significant changes in remaining outcomes. 96/180 (53%) families in the intervention arm attended at least 1 module. The number of modules attended did not affect outcome. Reasons for low uptake included difficulties organizing groups and work and school commitments. Those with highest HbA1cs were less likely to attend. Mean cost of the intervention was £683 per child.

Conclusions

Significant challenges in the delivery of a structured education intervention using psychological techniques to enhance engagement and behavior change delivered by diabetes nurses and dietitians in routine clinical practice were found. The intervention did not improve HbA1c in children and adolescents with poor control.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN52537669, results.
Veterinary anthropology explored
Authors: Gardiner Andrew
Published: June 2016

Veterinary and social scientists came together at the Centre for Medical Anthropology at the University of Edinburgh in April to discuss areas of common interest and the possibility of defining a new interdisciplinary field of ‘veterinary anthropology’. Andrew Gardiner, one of the organisers of the international meeting, reports
Effects of exercise on alterations in redox homeostasis in elite male and female endurance athletes using a clinical point-of-care test
Authors: Lewis Nathan A. , Towey Colin , Bruinvels Georgie , Howatson Glyn , Pedlar Charles R.
Published: June 2016

Exercise causes alterations in redox homeostasis (ARH). Measuring ARH in elite athletes may aid in the identification of training tolerance, fatigued states, and underperformance. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined ARH in elite male and female distance runners at sea level. The monitoring of ARH in athletes is hindered by a lack of reliable and repeatable in-the-field testing tools and by the rapid turnaround of results. We examined the effects of various exercise intensities on ARH in healthy (non-over-reached) elite male and female endurance athletes using clinical point-of-care (POC) redox tests, referred to as the free oxygen radical test (FORT) (pro-oxidant) and the free oxygen radical defence (FORD) (antioxidant). Elite male and female endurance athletes (n = 22) completed a discontinuous incremental treadmill protocol at submaximal running speeds and a test to exhaustion. Redox measures were analyzed via blood sampling at rest, warm-up, submaximal exercise, exhaustion, and recovery. FORD was elevated above rest after submaximal and maximal exercise, and recovery (p < 0.05, d = 0.87–1.55), with only maximal exercise and recovery increasing FORT (p < 0.05, d = 0.23–0.32). Overall, a decrease in oxidative stress in response to submaximal and maximal exercise was evident (p < 0.05, d = 0.46). There were no gender differences for ARH (p > 0.05). The velocity at lactate threshold (vLT) correlated with the FORD response at rest, maximal exercise, and recovery (p < 0.05). Using the clinical POC redox test, an absence of oxidative stress after exhaustive exercise is evident in the nonfatigued elite endurance athlete. The blood antioxidant response (FORD) to exercise appears to be related to a key marker of aerobic fitness: vLT.
Vegetation recovery following fire and harvest disturbance in central Labrador — a landscape perspective
Authors: Miranda Brian R. , Sturtevant Brian R. , Schmelzer Isabelle , Doyon Frédérik , Wolter Peter
Published: June 2016

Understanding vegetation recovery patterns following wildfire and logging disturbance is essential for long-term planning in sustainable forestry. Plot-scale studies indicate differences in revegetation rates and postdisturbance composition in Labrador, Canada, following fire in comparison with harvest but do not necessarily capture the full range of relevant landscape variability. Using a satellite-based land cover classification that distinguishes forest, woodland, shrub, lichen, and bare ground, we applied partial least-squared regression (PLS) to derive empirical models of vegetation dynamics following fire and harvest. Forest recovery rates were found to be generally slow and sensitive to predisturbance land condition and site quality (potential productivity). We found that, although disturbance type was not specifically retained in the model, estimated rates of vegetation recovery were faster for a typical harvest compared with a typical fire (i.e., 50% recovery at 14 years versus 33 years, respectively). Indeed, the model predicts important regeneration delay following fire that appears sensitive to both site quality and area burned. Understanding factors affecting broad-scale vegetation recovery relationships can help guide future sustainable forestry and wildlife habitat initiatives in the region, in part by parameterizing landscape simulation models used for strategic decision support.
Viability and germination of Scots pine seeds after freezing of harvested cones in vitro
Authors: Nygren Markku , Himanen Katri , Ruhanen Hanna
Published: June 2016

Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) cone and seed water contents were analyzed in two consecutive seasons during maturation stage in the autumn and in January and March before seed dispersal. Cones with different water contents were subjected to 2 h of freezing at −30 °C, and seed viability and laboratory germination of seeds from individual cones after treatment were analyzed. Seed water content could be well predicted with the measurement of the cone water content, and the general relationship between these two could be described with a generalized logistic function. On average, the water content of cones was 5%–10% units higher than the seeds inside them. The higher the cone water content at the onset of freezing treatment, the higher the proportion of seeds with apparent damage (based on visual inspection of seeds using X-ray images) in that particular cone. High water content in cones also resulted in decreased germination after freezing treatment. The critical cone water content for 50% germination after freezing at −30 °C was approximately 31.3% (fresh mass basis). This corresponds to 21.6% water content in seeds.
Sum rules for leptons
Authors: Spinrath Martin
Published: June 2016

There is a wide class of models which give a dynamical description of the origin of flavor in terms of spontaneous symmetry breaking of an underlying symmetry. Many of these models exhibit sum rules which relate on the one hand mixing angles and the Dirac CP phase with each other and/or on the other hand neutrino masses and Majorana phases with each other. We will briefly sketch how this happens and discuss briefly the impact of renormalization group corrections to the mass sum rules.
Are Survey Weights Needed? A Review of Diagnostic Tests in Regression Analysis
Authors: Bollen Kenneth A. , Biemer Paul P. , Karr Alan F. , Tueller Stephen , Berzofsky Marcus E.
Published: June 2016

Researchers apply sampling weights to take account of unequal sample selection probabilities and to frame coverage errors and nonresponses. If researchers do not weight when appropriate, they risk having biased estimates. Alternatively, when they unnecessarily apply weights, they can create an inefficient estimator without reducing bias. Yet in practice researchers rarely test the necessity of weighting and are sometimes guided more by the current practice in their field than by scientific evidence. In addition, statistical tests for weighting are not widely known or available. This article reviews empirical tests to determine whether weighted analyses are justified. We focus on regression models, though the review's implications extend beyond regression. We find that nearly all weighting tests fall into two categories: difference in coefficients tests and weight association tests. We describe the distinguishing features of each category, present their properties, and explain the close relationship between them. We review the simulation evidence on their sampling properties in finite samples. Finally, we highlight the unanswered theoretical and practical questions that surround these tests and that deserve further research.
Functional Data Analysis
Authors: Wang Jane-Ling , Chiou Jeng-Min , Müller Hans-Georg
Published: June 2016

With the advance of modern technology, more and more data are being recorded continuously during a time interval or intermittently at several discrete time points. These are both examples of functional data, which has become a commonly encountered type of data. Functional data analysis (FDA) encompasses the statistical methodology for such data. Broadly interpreted, FDA deals with the analysis and theory of data that are in the form of functions. This paper provides an overview of FDA, starting with simple statistical notions such as mean and covariance functions, then covering some core techniques, the most popular of which is functional principal component analysis (FPCA). FPCA is an important dimension reduction tool, and in sparse data situations it can be used to impute functional data that are sparsely observed. Other dimension reduction approaches are also discussed. In addition, we review another core technique, functional linear regression, as well as clustering and classification of functional data. Beyond linear and single- or multiple- index methods, we touch upon a few nonlinear approaches that are promising for certain applications. They include additive and other nonlinear functional regression models and models that feature time warping, manifold learning, and empirical differential equations. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future directions.
Alternative pathways for angiotensin II production as an important determinant of kidney damage in endotoxemia
Authors: Rosa Rodolfo Mattar , Colucci Juliana Almada , Yokota Rodrigo , Moreira Roseli Peres , Aragão Danielle Sanches , Ribeiro Amanda Aparecida , Arita Danielle Yuri , Watanabe Ingrid Kazue Mizuno , Palomino Zaira , Cunha Tatiana Sousa , Casarini Dulce Elena
Published: June 2016

Sepsis is an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response against an infection and a major public health issue worldwide. This condition affects several organs, and, when caused by Gram-negative bacteria, kidneys are particularly damaged. Due to the importance of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in regulating renal function, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of endotoxemia over the renal RAS. Wistar rats were injected with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (4 mg/kg), mimicking the endotoxemia induced by Gram-negative bacteria. Three days after treatment, body mass, blood pressure, and plasma nitric oxide (NO) were reduced, indicating that endotoxemia triggered cardiovascular and metabolic consequences and that hypotension was maintained by NO-independent mechanisms. Regarding the effects in renal tissue, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was diminished, but no changes in the renal level of NO were detected. RAS was also highly affected by endotoxemia, since renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and ACE2 activities were altered in renal tissue. Although these enzymes were modulated, only angiotensin (ANG) II was augmented in kidneys; ANG I and ANG 1–7 levels were not influenced by LPS. Cathepsin G and chymase activities were increased in the endotoxemia group, suggesting alternative pathways for ANG II formation. Taken together, our data suggest the activation of noncanonical pathways for ANG II production and the presence of renal vasoconstriction and tissue damage in our animal model. In summary, the systemic administration of LPS affects renal RAS, what may contribute for several deleterious effects of endotoxemia over kidneys.
Current advances in invertebrate vision: insights from patch-clamp studies of photoreceptors in apposition eyes
Authors: Frolov Roman V.
Published: June 2016

Traditional electrophysiological research on invertebrate photoreceptors has been conducted in vivo, using intracellular recordings from intact compound eyes. The only exception used to be Drosophila melanogaster, which was exhaustively studied by both intracellular recording and patch-clamp methods. Recently, several patch-clamp studies have provided new information on the biophysical properties of photoreceptors of diverse insect species, having both apposition and neural superposition eyes, in the contexts of visual ecology, behavior, and ontogenesis. Here, I discuss these and other relevant results, emphasizing differences between fruit flies and other species, between photoreceptors of diurnal and nocturnal insects, properties of distinct functional types of photoreceptors, postembryonic developmental changes, and relationships between voltage-gated potassium channels and visual ecology.
Viewing Extrinsic Proteotoxic Stress Through the Lens of Amyloid Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sapp Valerie , Jain Mohit , Liao Ronglih
Published: June 2016

Proteotoxicity refers to toxic stress caused by misfolded proteins of extrinsic or intrinsic origin and plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the current understanding of mechanisms underlying proteotoxicity and its contribution in the pathogenesis of amyloid cardiomyopathy.
Transcriptional Dysregulation of Adipose Tissue Autophagy in Obesity
Authors: Maixner Nitzan , Bechor Sapir , Vershinin Zlata , Pecht Tal , Goldstein Nir , Haim Yulia , Rudich Assaf
Published: June 2016

There is growing interest in understanding how dysregulated autophagy may contribute to pathogenesis of disease. Most frequently, disease states are associated with diminished autophagy, mostly attributed to genetic variation in autophagy genes and/or to dysfunctional posttranscriptional mechanisms. In human adipose tissue (AT), in obesity, expression of autophagy genes is upregulated and autophagy is likely activated, associating with adipose dysfunction. This review explores the emerging role of transcriptional mechanisms regulating AT autophagy in obesity.
A Linearized Relaxing Algorithm for the Specific Nonlinear Optimization Problem
Authors: Horai Mio , Kobayashi Hideo , Nitta Takashi G.
Published: June 2016

We propose a new method for the specific nonlinear and nonconvex global optimization problem by using a linear relaxation technique. To simplify the specific nonlinear and nonconvex optimization problem, we transform the problem to the lower linear relaxation form, and we solve the linear relaxation optimization problem by the Branch and Bound Algorithm. Under some reasonable assumptions, the global convergence of the algorithm is certified for the problem. Numerical results show that this method is more efficient than the previous methods.
Evaluation of Different Power of Near Addition in Two Different Multifocal Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Unsal Ugur , Baser Gonen
Published: June 2016

Purpose.To compare near, intermediate, and distance vision and quality of vision, when refractive rotational multifocal intraocular lenses with 3.0 diopters or diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses with 2.5 diopters near addition are implanted.Methods.41 eyes of 41 patients in whom rotational +3.0 diopters near addition IOLs were implanted and 30 eyes of 30 patients in whom diffractive +2.5 diopters near addition IOLs were implanted after cataract surgery were reviewed. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity, intermediate visual acuity, near visual acuity, and patient satisfaction were evaluated 6 months later.Results. The corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuity were the same between both groups (p=0.50andp=0.509, resp.). The uncorrected intermediate and corrected intermediate and near vision acuities were better in the +2.5 near vision added intraocular lens implanted group (p=0.049,p=0.005, andp=0.001, resp.) and the uncorrected near vision acuity was better in the +3.0 near vision added intraocular lens implanted group (p=0.001). The patient satisfactions of both groups were similar.Conclusion. The +2.5 diopters near addition could be a better choice in younger patients with more distance and intermediate visual requirements (driving, outdoor activities), whereas the + 3.0 diopters should be considered for patients with more near vision correction (reading).
Antiknock Performance of Interlayered High-Damping-Rubber Blast Door under Thermobaric Shock Wave
Authors: Li Xiudi , Miao Chaoyang , Wang Qifan , Geng Zhengang
Published: June 2016

The long duration and high impulse shock wave of thermobaric bomb threatens the security of underground structures. To obtain high resistance blast door against thermobaric shock wave, firstly, the dynamic mechanic property of high damping rubber was studied by split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment and the stress-strain relationship of high damping rubber under average strain rate of 5200/s was obtained. Secondly, the numerical model of interlayered high-damping-rubber blast door was established with ANSYS/LS-DYNA code based on test results, and the antiknock performance of interlayered high-damping-rubber blast door under thermobaric shock wave was analyzed by contrast with ordinary blast door. The results showed that the midspan displacement of the blast door decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of thickness of the high-damping-rubber interlayer, and the optimal thickness of the high-damping-rubber interlayer for energy consuming was 150 mm in the calculation condition of this paper. With the increase of the distance between the interlayer and the front surface of the door, the midspan displacement of the blast door decreased continually. The midspan maximum displacement of interlayered high-damping-rubber blast door decreased 74.5% in comparison to ordinary blast door. It showed that the high-damping-rubber structure can effectively improve the antiknock performance of blast door under thermobaric shock wave.
The Effects of Chunghyul-Dan (A Korean Medicine Herbal Complex) on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review
Authors: Jung Woo-Sang , Kwon Seungwon , Cho Seung-Yeon , Park Seong-Uk , Moon Sang-Kwan , Park Jung-Mi , Ko Chang-Nam , Cho Ki-Ho
Published: June 2016

Chunghyul-dan (CHD) is a herbal complex containing 80% ethanol extract and is composed of Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Phellodendri Cortex, Gardeniae Fructus, and Rhei Rhizoma. We have published several experimental and clinical research articles on CHD. It has shown antilipidemic, antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic, and inhibitory effects on ischemic stroke recurrence with clinical safety in the previous studies. The antilipidemic effect of CHD results from 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase and pancreatic lipase‐inhibitory activity. The antihypertensive effect likely results from the inhibitory effect on endogenous catecholamine(s) release and harmonization of all components showing the antihypertensive effects. Furthermore, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects on endothelial cells are implicated to dictate the antiatherosclerotic effects of CHD. It also showed neuroprotective effects on cerebrovascular and parkinsonian models. These effects of CHD could be helpful for the prevention of the recurrence of ischemic stroke. Therefore, we suggest that CHD could be a promising medication for treating and preventing cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. However, to validate and better understand these findings, well‐designed clinical studies are required.
Carrier Current Line Systems Technologies in M2M Architecture for Wireless Communication
Authors: Chen Hua-Ching , Wu Chia-Lun , Sun Jwo-Shiun , Feng Hsuan-Ming
Published: June 2016

This paper investigates the Carrier Current Line Systems (CCLS) technologies of Machine to Machine (M2M) architecture which applied for mobile station coverage working with metro, high speed railway, and subway such as analysis for public transport of an indoor transition system. It is based on the theory and practical engineering principle which provide guidelines and formulas for link budget design to help designers fully control and analyze the single output power of uplink and downlink between Fiber Repeaters (FR) and mobile station as well as base station. Finally, the results of this leakage cable system are successfully applied to indoor coverage design for metro rapid transit system which are easily installed cellular over fiber solutions for WCDMA/LTE access is becoming Ubiquitous Network to Internet of Thing (IOT) real case hierarchy of telecommunication.
Research on Algorithm of Three-Dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks Node Localization
Authors: Minlan Jiang , Jingyuan Luo , Xiaokang Zou
Published: June 2016

This paper proposes a three-dimensional wireless sensor networks node localization algorithm based on multidimensional scaling anchor nodes, which is used to realize the absolute positioning of unknown nodes by using the distance between the anchor nodes and the nodes. The core of the proposed localization algorithm is a kind of repeated optimization method based on anchor nodes which is derived from STRESS formula. The algorithm employs the Tunneling Method to solve the local minimum problem in repeated optimization, which improves the accuracy of the optimization results. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Random distribution of three-dimensional wireless sensor network nodes can be accurately positioned. The results satisfy the high precision and stability requirements in three-dimensional space node location.
A Survey of Crowd Sensing Opportunistic Signals for Indoor Localization
Authors: Pei Ling , Zhang Min , Zou Danping , Chen Ruizhi , Chen Yuwei
Published: June 2016

Sensor-rich smartphone enables a novel approach to training the fingerprint database for mobile indoor localization via crowd sensing. In this survey, we discuss the crowd sensing based mobile indoor localization in terms of foundational knowledge, signals of fingerprints, trajectory of obtaining fingerprints, indoor maps, evolution of a fingerprint database, positioning algorithms, state-of-the-art solutions, and challenges. The survey concludes that the crowd sensing is a low cost solution of generating and updating an organic fingerprint database. Although the crowd sensing concept is widely accepted by the academic community in these years, there are a lot of unsolved problems which hinder the concept of transferring into a practical system. We address the challenges and predict future trends in the end.
Effect of Strain on Thermal Conductivity of Si Thin Films
Authors: Zhang Xingli , Wu Guoqiang
Published: June 2016

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations are employed to gain an understanding of the effect of strain on the thermal conductivity of Si thin films. The analysis shows that the strain has an appreciable influence on the thermal conductivity of Si thin films. The thermal conductivity decreases as the tensile strain increases and increases as the compressive strain increases. The decrease of the phonon velocities and surface reconstructions generated under strain could explain well the effects of strain on the thermal conductivity of Si thin films.
Dominant Eye and Visual Evoked Potential of Patients with Myopic Anisometropia
Authors: Wang Qing , Wu Yili , Liu Wenwen , Gao Lin
Published: June 2016

A prospective nonrandomized controlled study was conducted to explore the association between ocular dominance and degree of myopia in patients with anisometropia and to investigate the character of visual evoked potential (VEP) in high anisometropias. 1771 young myopia cases including 790 anisometropias were recruited. We found no significant relation between ocular dominance and spherical equivalent (SE) refraction in all subjects. On average for subjects with anisometropia 1.0–1.75 D, there was no significant difference in SE power between dominant and nondominant eyes, while, in SE anisometropia ≥1.75 D group, the degree of myopia was significantly higher in nondominant eyes than in dominant eyes. The trend was more significant in SE anisometropia ≥2.5 D group. There was no significant difference in higher-order aberrations between dominant eye and nondominant eye either in the whole study candidates or in any anisometropia groups. In anisometropias >2.0 D, the N75 latency of nondominant eye was longer than that of dominant eye. Our results suggested that, with the increase of anisometropia, nondominant eye had a tendency of higher refraction and N75 wave latency of nondominant eye was longer than that of dominant eye in high anisometropias.
Animal Models of Cystic Fibrosis Pathology: Phenotypic Parallels and Divergences
Authors: Lavelle Gillian M. , White Michelle M. , Browne Niall , McElvaney Noel G. , Reeves Emer P.
Published: June 2016

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The resultant characteristic ion transport defect results in decreased mucociliary clearance, bacterial colonisation, and chronic neutrophil-dominated inflammation. Much knowledge surrounding the pathophysiology of the disease has been gained through the generation of animal models, despite inherent limitations in each. The failure of certain mouse models to recapitulate the phenotypic manifestations of human disease has initiated the generation of larger animals in which to study CF, including the pig and the ferret. This review will summarise the basic phenotypes of three animal models and describe the contributions of such animal studies to our current understanding of CF.
Biotransformation of Cholesterol and 16α,17α-Epoxypregnenolone and Isolation of Hydroxylase inBurkholderia cepaciaSE-1
Authors: Zhu XiangDong , Pang CuiPing , Cao Yuting , Fan Dan
Published: June 2016

The metabolism of cholesterol is critical in eukaryotes as a precursor for vitamins, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Some steroid compounds can be transformed into precursors of steroid medicine by some microorganisms. In this study, the biotransformation products of cholesterol and 16α,17α-epoxypregnenolone produced byBurkholderia cepaciaSE-1 were investigated, and a correlative enzyme, hydroxylase, was also studied. The biotransformation products, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-oxocholesterol, and 20-droxyl-16α,17α-epoxypregn-1,4-dien-3-one, were purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The hydroxylase was isolated from the bacterium and the partial sequences of the hydroxylase, which belong to the catalases/peroxidase family, were analyzed using MS/MS analyses. The enzyme showed activity toward cholesterol and had a specific activity of 37.2 U/mg of protein at 30°C and pH 7.0.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Polytrauma: Actor and Target
Authors: Huber-Lang Markus , Wiegner Rebecca , Lampl Lorenz , Brenner Rolf E.
Published: June 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are considered indispensable in regeneration processes after tissue trauma. MSCs are recruited to damaged areas via several chemoattractant pathways where they function as “actors” in the healing process by the secretion of manifold pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, pro‐ and anticoagulatory, and trophic/angiogenic factors, but also by proliferation and differentiation into the required cells. On the other hand, MSCs represent “targets” during the pathophysiological conditions after severe trauma, when excessively generated inflammatory mediators, complement activation factors, and damage‐ and pathogen‐associated molecular patterns challenge MSCs and alter their functionality. This in turn leads to complement opsonization, lysis, clearance by macrophages, and reduced migratory and regenerative abilities which culminate in impaired tissue repair. We summarize relevant cellular and signaling mechanisms and provide an up‐to‐date overview about promising future therapeutic MSC strategies in the context of severe tissue trauma.
High School Students Are a Target Group for Fight against Self-Medication with Antimalarial Drugs: A Pilot Study in University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Kabongo Kamitalu Ramsès , Aloni Michel Ntetani
Published: June 2016

Aim. To assess the self-medication against malaria infection in population of Congolese students in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Medical records of all students with malaria admitted to Centre de Santé Universitaire of University of Kinshasa from January 1, 2008, to April 30, 2008, were reviewed retrospectively.Results. The median age of the patients was 25.4 years (range: from 18 to 36 years). The majority of them were male (67.9%). Artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs) was the most used self-prescribed antimalarial drugs. However, self-medication was associated with the ingestion of quinine in 19.9% of cases. No case of ingestion of artesunate/artemether in monotherapy was found. All the medicines taken were registered in DRC. In this series, self-prescribed antimalarial was very irrational in terms of dose and duration of treatment.Conclusion. This paper highlights self-medication by a group who should be aware of malaria treatment protocols. The level of self-prescribing quinine is relatively high among students and is disturbing for a molecule reserved for severe disease in Congolese health care policy in management of malaria.
Case Report of Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation after Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Nakashima Takahiro , Matsuda Keiji , Okuda Takumi , Tono Tetsuya , Takaki Minoru , Hayashi Tamon , Hanamure Yutaka
Published: June 2016

Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF) is a relatively rare condition and is mainly seen in children. We report of a 7-year-old girl suffering from AARF after cochlear implantation (CI). Fortunately, early diagnosis based on three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT) was made, and the patient was cured with conservative therapy. Nontraumatic AARF, which is also known as Grisel’s syndrome and occurs subsequent to neck infections or ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgery, represents only a small fraction of AARF cases. Two factors are mainly thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the condition estimated, namely, (i) neck immaturity in children and (ii) infiltration by inflammatory mediators around the upper neck joint, easily permitted by the neck vasculature. AARF should be suspected in case of torticollis developing after ENT surgery.
Genetic Variation in theIL-6andHLA-DQB1Genes Is Associated with Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Waldron Paul Ravi , Belitskaya-Lévy Ilana , Chary Aarthi , Won Johann , Winters Mark , Monto Alexander , Ryan James , Lazzeroni Laura C. , Holodniy Mark
Published: June 2016

Background. Millions of people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide and 30% spontaneously clear the infection. Reasons for HCV clearance without antiviral treatment are not well understood.Methods. Blood was collected for DNA analysis from patients with chronic HCV infection or evidence of spontaneous clearance. To overcome anticipated limitations of small sample size, primary analyses consisted of a candidate gene analysis of 12 preselected genes based on known association with host immunologic response to HCV infection. To further reduce the impact of multiple testing on power, a single likelihood ratio test was conducted for each gene using all associated SNPs assayed on the Illumina Quad 610/660W chip. Step-down permutation methods were used to adjust for multiple testing in all analyses.Results. Ninety-five and 62 patients with HCV chronic infection or spontaneous clearance, respectively, were included for analysis.HLA-DQB1(p=1.76⁎10-5) andIL-6(p=0.0007) genes were significantly associated with spontaneous HCV clearance.IL-28Bwas not significantly associated with spontaneous clearance (p=0.17).Conclusion. Our whole-gene analytic strategy identified a previously unreported association of IL-6 with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. We also confirmed the finding that HLA-DQB1 is associated with spontaneous resolution of HCV infection.
Particle Size-Dependent Antibacterial Activity and Murine Cell Cytotoxicity Induced by Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Zhao Lin , Duan Guangxin , Yang Zaixing , Weber Jeffrey K. , Liu Xu , Lu Shunyi , Meng Xuanyu , Xu JiaYing
Published: June 2016

Recent studies have indicated that graphene and its derivative graphene oxide (GO) engage in a wide range of antibacterial activities with limited toxicity to human cells. Here, we systematically evaluate the dependence of GO toxicity on the size of the nanoparticles used in treatments: we compare the cytotoxic effects of graphene quantum dots (GQDs, <15 nm), small GOs (SGOs, 50–200 nm), and large GOs (LGOs, 0.5–3 μm). We synthesize the results of bacterial colony count assays and SEM-based observations of morphological changes to assess the antibacterial properties that these GOs bring into effect againstE. coli. We also use Live/Dead assays and morphological analysis to investigate changes to mammalian (Murine macrophage-like Raw 264.7) cells induced by the presence of the various GO particle types. Our results demonstrate that LGOs, SGOs, and GQDs possess antibacterial activities and cause mammalian cell cytotoxicity at descending levels of potency. Placing our observations in the context of previous simulation results, we suggest that both the lateral size and surface area of GO particles contribute to cytotoxic effects. We hope that the size dependence elucidated here provides a useful schematic for tuning GO-cell interactions in biomedical applications.
The Reinforcement Effect of Nano-Zirconia on the Transverse Strength of Repaired Acrylic Denture Base
Authors: Gad Mohammed , ArRejaie Aws S. , Abdel-Halim Mohamed Saber , Rahoma Ahmed
Published: June 2016

Objective.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporation of glass fiber, zirconia, and nano-zirconia on the transverse strength of repaired denture base.Materials and Methods.Eighty specimens of heat polymerized acrylic resin were prepared and randomly divided into eight groups (n=10): one intact group (control) and seven repaired groups. One group was repaired with autopolymerized resin while the other six groups were repaired using autopolymerized resin reinforced with 2 wt% or 5 wt% glass fiber, zirconia, or nano-zirconia particles. A three-point bending test was used to measure the transverse strength. The results were analyzed using SPSS and repeated measure ANOVA and post hoc least significance (LSD) test (P≤0.05).Results.Among repaired groups it was found that autopolymerized resin reinforced with 2 or 5 wt% nano-zirconia showed the highest transverse strength (P≤0.05). Repairs with autopolymerized acrylic resin reinforced with 5 wt% zirconia showed the lowest transverse strength value. There was no significant difference between the groups repaired with repair resin without reinforcement, 2 wt% zirconia, and glass fiber reinforced resin.Conclusion.Reinforcing of repair material with nano-zirconia may significantly improve the transverse strength of some fractured denture base polymers.
Minimally Invasive Treatment of Infrabony Periodontal Defects Using Dual-Wavelength Laser Therapy
Authors: Al-Falaki Rana , Hughes Francis J. , Wadia Reena
Published: June 2016

Introduction. Surgical management of infrabony defects is an invasive procedure, frequently requiring the use of adjunctive material such as grafts or biologics, which is time-consuming and associated with expense and morbidity to the patient. Lasers in periodontal regeneration have been reported in the literature, with each wavelength having potential benefits through different laser-tissue interactions. The purpose of this case series was to assess the efficacy of a new dual-wavelength protocol in the management of infrabony defects. Materials and Methods. 32 defects (one in each patient) were treated using ultrasonic debridement, followed by flapless application of Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium, Scandium, Gallium, Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser (wavelength 2780 nm), and final application of diode laser (wavelength 940 nm). Pocket depths (PD) were measured after 6 months and repeat radiographs taken after one year. Results. The mean baseline PD was 8.8 mm (range 6–15 mm) and 6 months later was 2.4 mm (range 2–4 mm), with mean PD reduction being 6.4 ± 1.7 mm (range 3–12 mm). There was a significant gain in relative linear bone height (apical extent of bone), with mean percentage bone fill of 39.7 ± 41.2% and 53% of sites showing at least 40% infill of bone. Conclusion. The results compare favourably with traditional surgery and require further validation through randomised clinical controlled trials.
Beyond the Internet of Things: The Social Networking of Machines
Authors: Pticek Marina , Podobnik Vedran , Jezic Gordan
Published: June 2016

Communication is a prerequisite for any form of social activity, including social networking. Nowadays, communication is not reserved only for humans, but machines can also communicate. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art technology in the area of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication by comparing the M2M concept with other related research paradigms such as Wireless Sensor Networks, Cyber-Physical Systems, Internet of Things, and Human-Agent Collectives. Furthermore, the paper analyses trends in the interconnecting of machines and identifies an evolutionary path in which future (smart) machines will form mostly or completely autonomous communities bonded through social connections. Such communities— machine social networks—will be formed dynamically, just like human connections, and based on the needs of machines, their context, and state of their environment. Finally, the paper outlines the current evolutionary stage and identifies key research challenges of machine social networking.
Upregulation ofα3β1-Integrin in Podocytes in Early-Stage Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Sawada Kaichiro , Toyoda Masao , Kaneyama Noriko , Shiraiwa Sawako , Moriya Hitomi , Miyatake Han , Tanaka Eitaro , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Miyauchi Masaaki , Kimura Moritsugu , Wada Takehiko , Fukagawa Masafumi
Published: June 2016

Background. Podocyte injury plays an important role in the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Downregulation ofα3β1-integrin expression in podocytes is thought to be associated with podocyte detachment from the glomerular basement membrane, although the mechanisms remain obscure. To determine the mechanism of podocyte detachment, we analyzed the expression levels ofα3β1-integrin in podocytes in early and advanced stages of DN.Methods. Surgical specimens from DN patients were examined byin situhybridization, and the expression levels ofα3- andβ1-integrin subunits in glomeruli of early (n=6) and advanced (n=8) stages were compared with those of normal glomeruli (n=5). Heat-sensitive mouse podocytes (HSMP) were cultured with TGF-β1 to reproduce the microenvironment of glomeruli of DN, and the expression levels of integrin subunits and the properties of migration and attachment were examined.Results. Podocytes of early-stage DN showed upregulation ofα3- andβ1-integrin expression while those of advanced stage showed downregulation. Real-time PCR indicated a tendency for upregulation ofα3- andβ1-integrin in HSMP cultured with TGF-β1. TGF-β1-stimulated HSMP also showed enhancedin vitromigration and attachment on collagen substrate.Conclusions. The results suggested that podocyte detachment during early stage of DN is mediated through upregulation ofα3β1-integrin.
Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Morgensztern Daniel , Herbst Roy S.
Published: June 2016

The outcomes for patients with previously treated advanced stage non–small lung cancer (NSCLC) are very poor, with a modest benefit from chemotherapy over best supportive care. Immunotherapy offers a novel approach for the treatment of these patients, with two anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, recently approved by the FDA based on large randomized clinical trials showing increased overall survival compared with standard second-line docetaxel. Although only a subset of patients benefit from these drugs, the treatment is usually well tolerated and the responses are often durable, with an unprecedented number of survivors 3 years after starting the therapy. The next steps should be the identification of reliable predictors for benefit from immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors and the pursuit of well-designed combination therapies. In this article, we review the rationale for the use of checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC, the data from phase I and randomized clinical trials, and future directions. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3713–7. ©2016 AACR.
Retinopathy of Prematurity: Therapeutic Strategies Based on Pathophysiology
Authors: Cayabyab Rowena , Ramanathan Rangasamy
Published: June 2016

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) continues to be a major preventable cause of blindness and visual handicaps globally. With improved perinatal care, improved survival of moderately preterm infants, and limited resources for oxygen delivery and monitoring, more mature preterm infants are developing severe ROP in developing countries. The pathophysiology of ROP is characterized by two phases. Phase I ROP is due to vaso-obliteration beginning immediately after birth secondary to a marked decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Phase II begins around 33 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). During this phase, VEGF levels increase, especially if there is retinal hypoxia with increasing retinal metabolism and demand for oxygen leading to abnormal vasoproliferation. Since the original description of ROP in 1942 by Terry et al. [Am J Ophthalmol 1942;25:203-204], four epidemics of ROP have been observed. Prevention or early treatment of ROP involves careful titration of oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter (SpO2). Optimal SpO2 target remains elusive. Most of the large trials have focused on either a low SpO2 (85-89%) or a high SpO2 (91-95%) from the first day of birth to 36 weeks' PMA. Although the incidence of severe ROP and bronchopulmonary dysplasia decreased significantly, predischarge mortality was higher in these studies. Use of graded SpO2 during the 2 different phases of ROP (early, low SpO2 during phase I vs. late, high SpO2 during phase II) may be the best approach to prevent this disabling condition. Further trials should focus on this strategy. Other biological agents that are currently being studied include IGF-1 with IGF-binding protein-3 (rhIGF-1 + rhIGFBP-3) and propranolol. For advanced stages of ROP, laser ablation of avascular retina, early treatment of ROP (ETROP) protocol, intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF antibodies (e.g. bevacizumab) and vitrectomy are used to protect central vision and prevent retinal detachment. Long-term complications such as refractory errors, recurrence of ROP and risk of retinal detachment require continued follow-up with an ophthalmologist through adolescence and beyond. Optimal nutrition including adequate intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreasing infection/inflammation to promote normal vascularization are important strategies. Screening guidelines for ROP based on local incidence of ROP in different regions of the world are very important. Oxygen therapy is clearly a modifiable risk factor to decrease ROP that needs further study. Understanding the two phases of ROP will help to identify appropriate therapeutic strategies and improve visual outcomes in many preterm infants globally.