bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plato's Cave Revisited
Authors: Vallée Robert
Published: February 2008

Plato's cave, as described in The Republic, is considered as a source of inspiration for a mathematical presentation of the process of perception and decision. The epistemological operator allows for a description of some aspects of a system's epistemological subjectivity. The involvement of inverse transfers of the system's structures is discussed. Consideration of the epistemo‐praxiological cave and the physicist's cave gives further interpretations to Plato's allegory.
The Essence of AI: A New Unifying Concept and its Programming
Authors: Musès C.
Published: February 2008

Recognition, Learning, and Inference are considered to be the three “bugbear” problems in Artificial Intelligence. The first two are described as having a close relationship and the third, inference, is seen as part of the process. The place of digital programming is discussed in relation to these new concepts.
The Concept of Fuzzy Systems
Authors: Lin Yi
Published: February 2008

The concept of L‐fuzzy systems is introduced as a generalisation of that of general systems. A universal structure of a special kind of L‐fuzzy system is given, some mapping properties of L‐fuzzy systems are studied and a number of open questions posed.
Communications
Authors: Turchin Valentin , Joslyn Cliff
Published: February 2008

The development of the philosophy of cybernetics, particularly in relation to human values and moral philosophy, is discussed.
Contemporary Systems and Cybernetics
Authors: Rudall B.H.
Published: February 2008

New Communications Systems will Affect Computer Jobs? One of the constant worries about the new high‐tech developments that are announced with such frequency is their effect on the employment market. Throughout the ages each new discovery has affected the working patterns of society but more than ever before the rapid growth in new technology has quickly altered not only the way in which we work but the number of people who can work. It does not require a social scientist or a cybernetician working in this field to inform society of the effects that will accrue from the apparently never ending technological advances that are being announced, and subsequently implemented. Each one produces a scare of enormous proportions. In the 1950s the computer was to put most people out of work, the microcomputer “revolution” was later expected to make sure that those who kept their jobs would soon be redundant. Fortunately, these predictions were not true and although the world's workforces have changed in so many instances to accommodate the new technology the age of total leisure or of mass unemployment has yet to arrive.
A Theory of Information for Vague Concepts. Outline of Application to Approximate Reasoning
Authors: Jumarie Guy
Published: February 2008

By combining the subjective probabilistic viewpoint of fuzziness with the entropy of deterministic functions, it is possible to expand an information theory of fuzzy sets which is fully compatible and consistent with the classical Shannonian information theoretic framework. A model of transinformation between fuzzy sets, which could be of help in approximate reasoning can be obtained, an interesting feature of which is that it can be duplicated in the framework of fuzzy set theory.
A Framework Model for CAL Programs
Authors: Hadi Owaied Hussein , Stylios George
Published: February 2008

A framework model for the design and implementation of computer assisted learning (CAL) programs is described. The model is flexible enough to accept most domains and can deliver knowledge in a simulated form, similar to that of a teacher in a classroom. A major feature of the model is its division into four submodels: the knowledge base, the dialogue, the plan, and the task specification. The knowledge base has been considered as two classes of knowledge: structural and functional. The construction of the dialogue submodel as a tree structure co‐ordinates domain specific reasoning with the plan submodel which generates a wide range of possible formats for user response.
Communications
Authors: James Brennig
Published: February 2008

In a discussion of what constitutes a problem and its original solution, the concepts of Roman and Arabic problems are introduced. Most problems in the Universe are Roman and the brain is likened to a Roget Map so that the connection between problem and solution is thought to run parallel.
Artificial Intelligence and Constituent Analysis
Authors: Muses C.
Published: February 2008

Constituent analysis is discussed in relation to the concept of something and the thing itself, i.e. concept as opposed to constitution or reality. This is applied to the deduction of conclusions from premisses, testing hypotheses for validity. The deficiencies of computer language in this connection can be addressed by means of constituent analysis. The relevance of deductive and inductive approaches is shown in the CID programming language, which embodies one of the essentials of intelligence.
Knowledge Engineering, Human Experts and Intelligent Systems
Authors: Buckner Gary , Shah Vivek
Published: February 2008

Knowledge Engineering (KE) focuses on ways for extending man‐machine interaction to solve problems of human endeavours. Efforts by knowledge engineers can lead to refinements in the capability of communicating, preserving, and recalling human knowledge. Insight is provided into the advancement of the concepts, methodologies and develop‐ment processes employed when KE activities are undertaken.
Decision‐making Systems in Human Memory Modelling
Authors: Mrchev Simeon J.
Published: February 2008

The development of a method of human memory quantitative modelling is described. This consists of a “factor list” or verbal expert answers, which is realised by a Decision‐Making System in Human Memory Modelling (DMSHMM). This comprises three subsystems: Information Securing (IS), Planning of Scientific Investigations (PSI) and Expert Estimation (EE). The way in which the different functions of the human memory work and interact are mathematically transcribed.
Contemporary Systems and Cybernetics
Authors: Rudall B.H.
Published: February 2008

Lasers and Optical Fibres in Robotics A recent article on “Lasers and Optical Fibres in Robotics” by Elzbieta Marszalec and Janusz Marszalec of the Technical Research Centre of Finland, published in the Industrial Robot (Vol. 17 No. 3, 1990, pp. 149–53) outlines the role and benefits of the integration of lasers and fibre optics into robotic systems. The article says that robotic systems are required to be more intelligent and possess a certain degree of adaptability to unstructured environments. As a necessary condition in this case robots must be equipped with a number of sensors and measuring systems whose output data constitute input values for adaptive control algorithms. Some sensors used for this purpose are based on laser and optical fibre technology. Indeed robots are also used more often for flexible manufacturing, including non‐contact processing operations involving laser radiation. The integration of different optoelectronic devices may well influence the design of new robots and their successful applications. The authors clearly believe that combining lasers and fibre optics into robotics systems can increase productivity and the application of robots in hostile environments. By reviewing the use of lasers in measurement, laser‐robot processing, and discussing optical fibre sensors and other optical fibres systems, the researchers are convinced that there is a good prospect for the wider exploitation of these technologies in robotics and automation.
Perturbed Living Organisms: A Cybernetic Approach Founded on Photon Emission Stochastic Processes
Authors: Kochel Bonawentura
Published: February 2008

A new approach to living organisms with irreversibly perturbed homeostatis, based on the integrated moving average IMA (0,1,1) and autoregressive‐integrated moving average ARIMA (1,2,1) linear stochastic models of non‐stationary photon emission processes, is proposed. The approach consists of introducing a stochastic formulation of the transfer function and memory functional into a general description of non‐equilibrium states of perturbed organisms. A memory function‐based quantitative measure of perturbed biohomeostasis has also been proposed and discussed.
On Pattern Analysis in the Non‐Convex Case
Authors: Cuevas Antonio
Published: February 2008

The problem of estimating a k‐dimensional body from a random sample of points is discussed and a natural estimate, first proposed by Grenander, is considered. Two consistency results together with a convergence rate for this estimate are given, and some open problems are proposed.
Minimum Mutual Information in Image Restoration
Authors: Noonan Joseph P. , Marcus James R.
Published: February 2008

The mathematical and theoretical development required for using the minimum mutual information technique in image restoration is presented. Results from an implementation of the minimum mutual information technique are shown to demonstrate its capabilities. The results establish that minimum mutual information is a viable image restoration approach without the convergence problems usually associated with similar techniques.
Communications
Authors: Engel Alejandro B. , Bezerra Silvio J. , Arie Siguemituzo
Published: February 2008

The mathematical model and computer algorithm reported in a previous issue of this journal have been tested on 21 normal heart moulds by comparing the true volume value, measured by Archimedes' principle, with the predicted theoretical volume.
Fuzzy Matrix Games Considering the Criteria of the Players
Authors: Campos Lourdes , Gonzalez Antonio
Published: February 2008

A new method to solve zero‐sum two‐person games with imprecise values in their matrices of pay‐offs is suggested. The natural lack of precision generated by the use of fuzzy numbers in a fuzzy game requires the use of subjective criteria by the players in the resolution model. We apply a ranking function, the Average Value, which allows the decision makers to take into account their subjectivity. The use of this function raises again the solution of the fuzzy game when two criteria, one for each player, are used.
A Cybernetic Approach to Information Systems and Organisational Learning
Authors: de Raadt J.D.R.
Published: February 2008

The viability of a social system is dependent upon its ability to generate information and learn. This requires an appropriate arrangement of its information systems, incorporating two types of recursions and reflecting two methods of learning. The first method generates information; the second one invokes it from a higher organisational level. Notwithstanding these recursions, the system will not learn unless it is able to face a certain level of inclemency from its environment that compels it into a learning mode.
On Additive Systems
Authors: Lin Yi
Published: February 2008

Systems with the so‐called “additive” property are studied. This kind of system is an abstract in the language of systems theory of some useful structures in mathematics, such as topology. Some mapping properties between additive systems are given and open questions are posed.
Communications Understanding Ourselves and Others: A Systems View
Authors: Kleiner Brian H.
Published: February 2008

A structural approach to human personality, which helps to unify the key concepts of the major theories of personality with particular reference to Freudian and Jungian philosophy, is proposed.
Modern Forms of Alienation in High‐complexity Environments: A Systems Approach
Authors: Geyer Felix
Published: February 2008

Alienation will be viewed as a generic term for different kinds of information‐processing problems in human individuals, viewed as autopoietic, variable‐boundary systems. Applying general systems theory (GST), especially second‐order cybernetics, to alienation theory not only results in a reconceptualisation and increased mutual comparability of existing (e.g. Marxist and psychoanalytic) theories of alienation, but also presents a rationale for subsuming several typical, modern, “information‐overload” problems in Western societies under the rubric of alienation theory. Such problems include those of selection and scanning, assimilation, flexibility, overchoice, and self‐realisation or self‐actualisation — problems which typically occur in complex and fast‐changing environments.
A Six‐compartment Model to Study the Kinetics of 14C‐labelled Glucose
Authors: Cherruault Y. , Sarin V.B.
Published: February 2008

The problems of absorption and elimination by an organism through its natural processes are in reality quite complicated, and can be analysed more easily in terms of general compartment theory. In the present study a six‐compartment model is considered in order to study the kinetics of a 14C‐labelled glucose. For identification purposes an optimisation method isu sed based on the properties of an Archimedes spiral, to transform the unknown parameters involved in δ, the deviation of the drug concentrations from the observed concentration, into a single variable. The solution thus requires the global minimum of a function of a single variable. The results obtained are compared with those obtained with the generalised least squares method.
On the Role of Lag Selection in Minimum‐Relative‐Entropy Spectral Estimation
Authors: Papademetriou Rallis C.
Published: February 2008

The possibility of improving the quality of the minimum relative entropy spectral estimates by properly selecting the set of autocorrelation values is demonstrated. The study concentrates on two aspects: resolvability and accuracy of peak location. Several numerical examples are given.
A Topological Approach to Architectural Design
Authors: Pearlman Wolf
Published: February 2008

One of the neglected roles of experiment is the creation of phenomena which then become the centrepiece of theory. The belief that seminal experiments in architectural design must now be reclassified to represent genuine paradigms of “created phenomena” is discussed. The remedy suggested is their analysis, critical evaluation and scrutiny of seminal texts to open the way for the development of topological approaches to design and extension of cybernetics into the field of architecture and construction.
Communications
Authors: Chen Z.
Published: February 2008

Conceptual integration of existing information systems provides an alternative way of approaching a kind of metasystem, namely, meta‐information systems. Since various external views can be generated from the same set of information systems for different information needs, a DBMS (database management systems) metaphor is a useful approach.
The Status of Requisite Variety
Authors: Dewhurst David
Published: February 2008

Ashby's concept of requisite variety is not a generally applicable law but a limited tautology. Attempts to regard it as an empirical truth ignore a wide class of contradictory phenomena and may cause options to be missed in designing effective controllers. However, the concept does provide one strategy among others, which may be applicable in certain specific control situations.
Elements of Morphogenesis and Pattern Recognition Methods in the Process of Engineering Creation
Authors: Przystupa F.W.
Published: February 2008

In the creation process, treated holistically, the stages of chaotic inspiration, ideas classification, selection and decision may be traced. Known models of engineering creativity have aimed usually at one of these stages, which becomes thus particularly emphasised. Frequently positive statements saying that “brainstorming is a useful process at the initial stage of creation” or that “morphological processes are recommended at the stage of details determination” can be found. Such statements, together with the creativity models based on them, diminish the possibility of the application of the stages mentioned above, though they will appear, even independently of the creator's consciousness. A model, however, of creativity (designing, constructing) which will not unnecessarily stress any stage of design and will be applicable to all creative activities may be suggested. A creator's searching for an inspired solution is a typical creative process which may be treated as a catastrophe model. In the selection, one of many methods of pattern recognition may be proposed. A specific model of creativity is presented and also a technique of method implementation using computer techniques.
Communications
Authors: James Brennig
Published: February 2008

Aristole's concept of knowledge is introduced and a general theory of pattern in space derived and discussed in its many dimensional forms. The ideas developed are presented as examples of neurone activity.
A Mathematical Proof of the Definition of the Science of Science
Authors: Lin Yi , Ma Yonghao
Published: February 2008

A new approach of general systems theory is used to study the feasibility of the definition of the theory so‐called the science of science. General scientific theory is studied as a system. The technique, well used by Bertrand Russell in his famous Russell paradox, is applied to show that the theory of science of science cannot exist. A new definition of the theory of science of science is given, so that paradoxes similar to Russell's paradox will not occur in the new theory of science of science developed on the new definition.
Expert Control for a Robot Body
Authors: Andreae John H. , MacDonald Bruce A.
Published: February 2008

Mobile robots with dextrous hands and sophisticated sensory systems will require intelligent, knowledge‐based, expert controllers. A design is developed for a robot controller which can acquire task knowledge as it interacts in the world with its human users. The design is based on four reasonable assumptions which lead to a theoretical framework for robot learning systems. The framework is called a multiple‐context learning system. It is a production system with multiple templates for forming productions as the system interacts with the world. Elaborations of the framework and experimental tests of the system are discussed.
Communications Norbert Wiener Biography — Some Revisions to the Review
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: February 2008

Professor Masani has pointed out that my review of his biography of Norbert Weiner (Kybernetes, Vol. 20 No. 1, 1991, pp. 11–16) contains a number of statements that are erroneous or misleading.
A Chance‐constraint Programming Approach to the Capital Pricing Model
Authors: Östermark Ralf
Published: February 2008

A probabilistic setting is utilised in order to explain capital asset pricing, and an alternative expression for the beta‐risk premium of the Standard Capital Asset‐Pricing Model (CAPM) is derived. It is shown that the extended beta‐coefficient has the potential to explain the company‐size effect and the tendency towards underestimation of the systematic risk within the standard CAPM framework.
Reflections of a Cybernetician on the Practice of Planning
Authors: Beer Stafford
Published: February 2008

The author gives his reflections as a cybernetician on the practice of planning in a presentation directed at a professional audience of planners.
Philosophy, Semantics and Cybernetics
Authors: George Frank
Published: February 2008

The background and origins of Cybernetics are viewed from a philosophical standpoint, with special emphasis on semantics. Artificial Intelligence is regarded as a central aspect of Cybernetics and both Artificial Intelligence and Cybernetics as part of Information Science. The principal concentration is with Cybernetics itself.
New Resources and Wider Horizons for Cybernetics
Authors: Musès C.
Published: February 2008

Some new and powerful resources for cybernetics and system theory are explored, stemming from number theory, chronotopology, and the cybernetics of history — a field previously not considered.
Cybernetics, Technological Barriers and Education
Authors: Rose J.
Published: February 2008

Cybernetics is a powerful unifying concept. It can break down the barriers existing within technology itself, as well as those dividing science from technology. But these barriers are ultimately symbols of general cultural attitudes and consequently a general change of attitude will also be needed. This general change must be achieved through education and the development of the interdisciplinary science of cybernetics.
An Efficient Methodology for the Physical Sciences
Authors: Adomian G. , Rach R.C. , Meyers R.E.
Published: February 2008

The decomposition model has demon‐strated accurate and physically realistic solutions of systems modelled by non‐linear equations. Linear or determin‐istic equations become simple special cases and the result is a general method of solution connecting the fields of ordinary and partial differential equations. No linearisation or resort to numerically intensive discretised methods is involved. The avoidance of these limiting and restrictive methods offers physically correct solutions as well as insights into the behaviour of real systems where non‐linear effects play a crucial role. In difficult applications, such as those now approached by computational fluid dynamics, the potential saving in computation will be substantial. The method clearly offers the potential of a significant step forward in the rapid solution of complex applications in a time and memory‐saving manner with important implications for computa‐tional analysis and modelling.
Medical Cyberlogics
Authors: Garber Mark R. , Ushakov Igor A.
Published: February 2008

Cybernetics is a branch of science which was originally based on the explanation of certain phenomena by reference to biology and medicine. Further development in cybernetics contributed greatly to the development of technical systems. It is proposed that now is the time for the methodological and technical approaches of cybernetics to be applied to biological and medical research, in conjunction with currently used technical and scientific methods. Some possible applications of the “ideology” of cybernetics to medicine are discussed. In particular, the development and treatment of cancer and psychofrenia are considered in terms of feedback. The role of feedback in social systems and states is also analysed.
How to Achieve the Best in Life: Two Philosophers' Points of View
Authors: Nicolau Edmond
Published: February 2008

The views of two philosophers who have recently published books on Ethics are discussed by a distinguished cybernetician. The link between philosophy and cybernetics is examined in relation to life and it is demonstrated that both philosophers arrive at the same conclusion which is that a cybernetic attitude must be adopted.
A Six‐Compartment Linear Mammillary Model
Authors: Cherruault Y. , Sarin V.B.
Published: February 2008

Mathematical models have been constructed to aid in the understanding of the pharmacokinetics of different drugs. Gives a mathematical analysis of the courses over time of absorption, distribution and elimination of a drug in a six‐compartment linear mammillary model. A mammillary model is a compartmental model in which a central compartment (the udder of a cow) is related to all other compartments, but there are no relations between the latter. This linear mammillary model can be used to study the kinetics of protein metabolism in the organism. An optimization method (ALIENOR) is used which reduces the unknown parameters involved to a single variable. Thus, the problem requires the global minimum of a function of a single variable. The results obtained with the method described are compared with those obtained with the generalized least‐squares method.
Non‐linear Processing in Artificial Synapses
Authors: Engel Alejandro B.
Published: February 2008

Analyses the possibility of allowing non‐linear synaptic processing in Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) both theoretically and practically. The simple computer simulations described strongly suggest that this is a viable alternative, and preferable to ANN with just linear synapses, because of the savings in hardware (fewer components are needed) and software (reduction in training time) when dealing with similar problems. Derives some considerations regarding a possible relationship between the parallel processor proposed and living nerve cells.
Communications
Authors: Adeagbo‐Sheikh A.G.
Published: February 2008

In the construction of Beer's Predictive Model for control of operations in “complex probabilistic systems” a major exercise is the adjustment of resources to meet current productivity values so as to stabilize overall system output. There arise, however, certain theoretical problems in this adjustment exercise and this communication examines some of them.
A Pattern‐based Interpretation of the US Economic System
Authors: Billeter‐Frey Ernst P.
Published: February 2008

Analyses the economic system slice‐wise, taking the main economic activities for a year together. Within this slice the development of the economic activities is characterized by plus or minus signs according to an increase or decrease of the activities. This yearly sequence of plus and minus signs is taken as a pattern. Analyses these economic patterns according to cybernetic and economic criteria. Sign‐equivalent patterns are taken together as groups. The chronological development of these groups gives the profiles of the economy. The development of profiles is quite concordant with the business cycle of the economy in question.
A New Compensation Method to Improve the Positioning Accuracy of Robots in Real Time
Authors: Niedermayr E. , Roth N.
Published: February 2008

Describes an innovative error compensation method to improve the static positioning accuracy of industrial robots or other servo‐driven manipulation devices. As well as the theoretical formulation, shows experimental results for quantitative estimation and verification of the method. Outlines integration concepts for this error compensation technique within commercial robot controllers.
The Nature of Creativity
Authors: James Brennig
Published: February 2008

Discusses the problem of creativity and examines situations in the universe where it exists.
Support for Organizational Processes
Authors: Robertson Ian
Published: February 2008

Introduces the work of the UK's Manchester University Informatics Process Group on the full understanding of the control of systems. Suggests that a dialogue with workers with cybernetic interest could be promising.
Cybernetic Filters and Management Information Systems
Authors: de Raadt J.D.R.
Published: February 2008

Examines two types of cybernetic filters which can be incorporated in a management information system (MIS). The design of these filters is dependent on the type of uncertainties which an organization experiences in its environment and also on the response time of the organization to environmental disturbances. The response time is in turn determined by Ashby's law of requisite variety. Incorporating these cybernetic filters into an MIS has three effects on the organization. First, it eliminates managerial activity in any organizational level which is not conducive to equilibrium and, consequently, consenes managerial resources Secondly, it blocks the conveyance of noise — in the customary heaps of computer printouts manufactured by the MIS — to management. Thirdly, it ensures that information is conveyed to the level of regulation which can most aptly deal with a particular disturbance.
A Systems Study and the Fallacy of Perseus
Authors: Mullen Thomas
Published: February 2008

Considers a systems model of changes in industrial structure, employment and income levels. A country subsidizes imported resources to augment its existing resource base and to develop an export promotion strategy. This is leveraged with borrowed money. According to neo‐classical economic theory, factors of production are paid in proportion to their output contribution. Economic growth occurs when the return from a higher rate of factor utilization exceeds the cost of subsidization. In the study of ordinary differential equations, simultaneous changes in variables can be treated as part of a dynamic system subject to constraints. At any moment resources are fixed, and we may assume D'Alembert's principle of virtual work with respect to the internal constraints of the system. Subsidized economic growth shares a paradigm with analytical dynamics, the stability of motion around the neighbourhood of a singular point. The classical analytical‐topological methods which describe asymptotic stability are used to investigate economic policy.
The Illusion that Man Constructs Reality — A Retrograde Trend in the Cybernetical Movement
Authors: Masani P.R.
Published: February 2008

Based primarily on the belief that it is man who constructs reality, a trend has grown in recent years to regard cybernetics as superseding the scientific methodology. Shows the untenability of this belief, its reliance on imprecise language, in particular on the ambiguous term “system”, and reiterates that sound cybernetics is just a part of the scientific tradition, firmly rooted in two Objectivity Axioms. The constructivist trend has drawn attention away from serious and difficult problems, and put the focus on the superficial and the trivial. Offers some suggestions as to how the cybernetical movement can regain contact with the advancing frontiers of science.
Fixed Points and Interacting Subjects
Authors: Vallée Robert
Published: February 2008

Presents the fixed‐point paradigm and its aspects from vector algebra to dynamical systems, not forgetting eigenbehaviours. Then considers the problem of subjects (and objects) in interaction, using the author's concepts of observation operator, pragmatical operator and epistemo‐praxiological loop which give rise to the intervention of a fixed point. More precise conclusions are obtained in the recurrent case. A comparison is made with Heinz von Förster's views on subject and object.
Making Alphabet Soup: Blending VSM, STS and TQM
Authors: Leonard Allenna
Published: February 2008

Many opportunities exist to combine different models in the cybernetics and systems field to assist groups and organizations to be more effective. Brings together three models, the Viable System Model, Socio‐Technical Systems and Total Quality Management, to consider their potential usefulness in an integrated approach. It examines their common roots in the concepts of systems and environments, communications, the modelling process, variety, feedback and autonomy. Their differences of emphasis and some limitations are also noted. A suggestion is made regarding how they might be brought together in a single application using the Viable Systems Model as one of three possible frameworks. Other systems models and where they might fit within this framework are also noted. Finally, co‐operation and experiment among practitioners of different models is urged as having great potential benefit to client organizations.
More Thoughts on Continuity and Logic
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: February 2008

In the current debate on appropriate representations of uncertainty, it is usual to assume a finite set of events to be discriminated. A similar bias is apparent in much discussion in neurophysiology and cognitive psychology, and it entails de‐emphasis of the property of continuity (“in the large”), necessary for interpolation, extrapolation and ranking. The importance of continuity is acknowledged in recent discussions related to fuzzy set theory, which acknowledge linguistic variables. Argues that this is an important development and that much other discussion is of restricted applicability because it fails to recognize continuity.
Fuzzy Identification of Systems: A New Cybernetic Method
Authors: Negoita Gh.M. , Canciu V.V.
Published: February 2008

A mathematical tool for the fuzzy identification of a system is presented. This hybrid mathematical method combines the fuzzy description of input space and the description of input‐output relations using the Bézier interpolation technique. This is a computationally simple method for designing a curve(surface). Its efficiency is expressed in its powerful application in controlling the shape of a described curve (surface), both simplifying the determination of the parameters of input‐output relations, qualititively by precision and quantitatively by decreasing the number of control points (values) required. Shows an application of the method to computer‐aided identification of the steady‐state operating points of a thermal engine.
Informational Observation Theory: An Extension to Two Continuous Sets of Events
Authors: Padet Colette
Published: February 2008

An analysis is proposed of the consequences of the limitations inherent in observation processes PA and PB on the joint, marginal and conditional entropies of two continuous sets A and B of events, observed by means of PA and PB. These events can be statistically dependent. Properties of asymmetry appear which do not exist in the Shannonian model. They induce a new definition of mutual information.
From Entropy of Fuzzy Sets to Fuzzy Set of Entropies: A Critical Review and New Results
Authors: Jumarie Guy
Published: February 2008

In the present literature on fuzzy sets and fuzzy information, there is much confusion between entropies of fuzzy sets and fuzzy sets of entropies. After a thorough critical review of this question, proposes a unified approach based on the theory of deterministic functions. One must carefully distinguish between index of fuzziness, uncertainty of fuzziness and uncertainty of randomness on the one hand; and uncertainty of fuzzy sets and uncertainty of possibility on the other hand. This new framework could provide new approaches to management of uncertainty originating from both probability and possibility distributions.
Communications
Authors: Levary Reuven R.
Published: February 2008

Neural networks which are integrated with rule‐based systems having a knowledge base offer more capabilities than networks not integrated with such systems.
An Overview of Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Galletly John E.
Published: February 2008

Presents an overview of the field of genetic algorithms, pioneered in the field of natural adaptive systems and simulated in software. They are shown as representing a novel optimization strategy which is receiving much attention. In machine learning they are a component of classifier systems which are able to extract rules from data. The algorithms discussed are based on the principles of population genetics and biology.
Multidimensional Capital and Dynamical Systems
Authors: Carrier Bruno
Published: February 2008

Formulates a new theoretical basis for a formal approach to strategies for multidimensional investment. Summarizes the concepts on which the model is based and shows how they are combined within a dynamic schema. In order to prepare operational policies for multidimensional investment, enlarges the basic notion underlying investment epistemology, i.e. capital. Defines and analyses the concept of multidimensional capital and develops the notion of how to model dynamic networks of interacting active units, w hich self‐organize a multidimensional field into which systemic strategies of investment can be inserted
On the Probability of Error in Fuzzy Discrimination Problems
Authors: Pardo J.A. , Taneja I.J.
Published: February 2008

The decision rule which minimizes the probability of error, in the discrimination problem, is the Bayes decision rule which assigns x to the class with the highest a posteriori probability. This rule leads to a partial probability of error which is given by Pe(x) = 1−max p(C2lx) for each x e X. Prior to observing X, the probability of error associated with X is defined as Pe = EX [Pe(x)]. Tanaka, Okuda and Asai formulated the discrimination problem with fuzzy classes and fuzzy information using the probability of fuzzy events and derived a bound for the average error probability, when the decision in the classifier is made according to the fuzzified Bayes method. The aim is to obtain bounds for the average error probability in terms of (αβ)‐information energy, when the decision in the classifier is made according to the fuzzified Bayes method.
Communications
Authors: Chen Z.
Published: February 2008

Investigates the dual relationship between systems and their users in the context of information systems. Summarizes the result as system‐user duality, which contains two facets: multiple‐user views on a single logical system, and a single physical system adapted to multiple‐user models. Not only gives a better understanding on the role of users in systems, but also suggests an important principle of designing systems adapted to user models
Our Computational Culture: From Descartes to the Computer
Authors: Dreyer Berg R.
Published: February 2008

It has been assumed that electronic computers and telematics are part of an electronic revolution which causes to obsolesce many of the perceptual, psychic and social cultural effects of phonetic literacy and typography and their subsequent perceptual, psychic, and social effects, particularly as they relate to the lifestyles and production techniques we associate with the seventeenth‐century new science and the mechanical Industrial Revolution. Shows that the digital computer, “the ultimate assembly line”, and its various effects represent a vast extention and amplification of centuries‐old trends, and, indeed, seem to present us with habits and attitudes at odds with those induced by older electronic media such as radio and television. Among the results of digital technologies are business‐as‐usual 24 hours a day and societal breakdown which occurs as a result of continuing acceleration and the splitting apart of human functions and human psyche.
Communications
Authors: Maimon Oded , Braha Daniel
Published: February 2008

The problem of design is to find the best mapping between specifications and a solution space. A key operation that is involved in the early stages of the design process is the synthesis operation. This short communication employs a framework previously published by the authors, to formulate a simple variant of the synthesis problem of the design. The problem is proved to be computationally intractable, thus leading to a practical conclusion that heuristics should be searched for.
Non‐linear Trainable Classifier in IRd
Authors: Pascadi Manuela A. , Pascadi Mihai V.
Published: February 2008

Describes a new kind of non‐linear trainable classifier, successfully tested in computer‐vision pattern recognition. Class regions are not described, as usually, through analytical means but as a reunion of standard sets. Defines the notion of E‐separability for the class regions in the feature space IRd considered as a metric space with a distance related to the Euclidean distance. Studies and proves the convergence of the decision regions to the class regions in this metric space. For a given E (is a member of) provides a stopping rule for the training phase. Then describes the working phase, showing how classification actually takes place. Finally, presents significant results.
Implementation and Comparison of Three Neural Network Learning Algorithms
Authors: Huang Tom , Zhang Chuck , Lee Sam , Wang Hsu‐Pin (Ben)
Published: February 2008

The performance of a welding process determines not only the cost, but also the quality of the product. How to control the welding process in order to ensure good welding performance with less cost and higher Productivity has become critical. The objective of this study is twofold: (1) developing artificial neural networks to predict welding performance using different learning algorithms: back propagation, simulated annealing and tabu search; (2) comparing and discussing the performance of neural networks trained using those algorithms. Statistical analysis shows that back propagation is able to make more accurate prediction than the other algorithms for this particular application. However, all three algorithms demonstrate impressive flexibility and robustness.
Communications
Authors: Brecht Michael
Published: February 2008

Presents a new theory about the communication structure used by ocean‐living odontocetes. Draws conclusions from eight biological singularities in dolphin communication found in empirical research but not yet put into a systematic context. They suggest the interpretation that in dolphin communication information is encoded by way of SOund PAttern VAriation. Discusses the formal prerequisites of this theory; negative and positive predictions are made. Interprets both the results of Bastian's communication experiment and the scouting behaviour observed in the wild as evidence that dolphins possess a highly developed SOund PAttern VAriation LAnguage (SOPAVALA). Complements this by examining considerations concerning the evolutionary process which may have made this development possible. Discusses characteristic features of the proposed new language structure and suggests how to decode successfully and understand a dolphin's SOPAVALA, should it exist.
Forum
Authors: Cooper Charles H. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: February 2008

Computer literacy is a nebulous term which defies a clear and concise definition. The inability to properly define this term makes it difficult for managers to gain a clear understanding of their roles as they apply to computer literacy. This contribution presents concepts which will enable managers to understand computer literacy better. The main emphasis is based on a model known as ASK (Awareness, Skill, Knowledge). These factors help to provide an effective method of defining a manager's role as it pertains to the various elements of computer literacy. The role of training as it pertains to managers and organizations is also addressed.
Are All Problems Roman?
Authors: Brennig James D.
Published: February 2008

Examines the question in relation to the universe. Suggests the field of language may produce a Roman explanation. Relates to the understanding of the brain.
Contemporary Systems and Cybernetics
Authors: Rudall B.H.
Published: February 2008

Selected reports and surveys of current research and developments in systems and cybernetics are given. They include: Science in the UK, Management Cybernetics, Neural Nets, Computer‐designed Drugs, and Medical Cybernetics.
Future Vision: Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Organizational Success
Authors: Buckner Gary D. , Shah Vivek
Published: February 2008

In management cybernetics, artificial intelligence is altering the ways in which computers are usable as problem‐solving tools. The talent of humans at thus smartly creating and operating tools is indeed a feature of human‐based brainpower. Actualization of “man‐machine” interaction is of paramount importance since the innovative application of all knowledge‐based resources is increasingly impacting on global economic power and, consequently, success of every organization. At the same time, questions have arisen about the extent to which computers can intelligently complete tasks. Presents a methodology whereby change as necessary to extend synergistically the capabilities of both humans and their machines can be implemented successfully.
Communications
Authors: Chen Wu
Published: February 2008

Puts forward a new method for decomposing relational schemas by using semi‐equivalence relations based on pansystems methodology. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for determining whether there exists a subschema logically available in a given relational schema decomposition.
Contemporary Systems and Cybernetics
Authors: Rudall B.H.
Published: February 2008

Gives reports and surveys of selected current research and developments in systems and cybernetics. They include: Cybernetics and Education, Automation and Cybernetics, Fuzzy Control in Real Life and Machine Vision.
Self‐organization and Intermittency in Social Systems: Towards a Science of Complexity
Authors: Garciá‐Olivares Antonio
Published: February 2008

The concept of self‐organization proposed by Von Foerster and developed recently by I. Prigogine and the “synergetics” of H. Haken state a framework that promises to be fruitful in the construction of theories synthesizing the microscale and the macroscale points of view in complex systems. This concept may be especially interesting in human sciences, like sociology, where the duality microsociology/ macrosociology remains. Tries to identify explicitly the main features defining the self‐organization of microelements that produce a macroscopic system, and applies the concept to phenomena of social evolution, suggesting a formulation of the micro/macro relationship in social sciences in terms of the probabilistic field theory.
Boolean Representation of Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Drossos Costas , Markakis George
Published: February 2008

Characterizes the well known set‐representation of fuzzy sets (Négotia‐Ralescu), as a P(X)‐valued Boolean, Dedekind cut, and at the same time generalizes it to general Boolean algebras. Uses the theory of Boolean powers and Boolean‐valued Dedekind cuts.
Models of Matching of Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Di Nola Antonio , Pedrycz Witold , Sessa Salvatore
Published: February 2008

Develops a general framework for processes of matching fuzzy quantities. Indicates how different hierarchy levels of matching indices are constructed from a relational way of description of the matching process. Making use of max‐min and min‐max fuzzy relation equations, respectively, clarifies how the entire matching proceeds. Moreover formulates an inverse problem. The method provided here enables us to distinguish regions of the universe of discourse in which the quantities are specified, which are considered as fully supporting the given concept (completely matching observed); completely excluded with respect to this concept; and being of a borderline character. As a consequence the results of matching can have a thorough interpretation.
Communications
Authors: Skyttner Lars
Published: February 2008

An important segment of the life‐saving functions of higher organisms consists of a distress‐signalling complex. Presents a hypothesis concerning the generic existence of these. Discusses the qualities, activation and function of the signals in connection with different senses and channels against the background of systems theory. Examines a complex of formalized distress signals among animals and analyses various aspects of their reception. Also examines a corresponding man‐made complex with electronic channel augmentation from a national as well as an international point of view. Finally, notes the development of electronic distress signals, incomprehensible to humans.
Linking Network Organization to Holographic Design: Future Industrial Organization
Authors: Johannessen Jon‐Arild , Hauan Arnulf
Published: February 2008

Discusses possible future approaches to questions of industrial organization. Suggests a meta‐model of an organization producing goods which combines the information requirements of management and control functions and critical requirements of a holographic (heterarchic) organization. Suggests a conceptual framework that provides a method of linking information and communication. Makes a distinction between information‐network organization and communication‐network organization. Discusses various architectural designs in terms of how their properties can serve the governing mechanism of the organization. Argues that synergetic effects are, ideally, optimized through fully integrated communication networks. Also discusses advantages gained through the use of communication‐related technology with the aim of shortening idea‐to‐product time‐cycles. The questions of architectural design and the technological options cannot be treated separately or extracted from the organizational context. Successful implementation of such technology is dependent on simultaneous development of high‐level “communicative competence”, i.e. the ability to create and convey metaphoric knowledge in ways that enhance the holographic qualities of the organization.