bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Feminism in Latin America
Authors: Gargallo Francesca
Published: February 2020

This chapter offers a critical survey of feminism in Latin America, highlighting the contributions of prominent Latin American feminists in art, politics, and philosophy. The essay begins with a discussion of the pioneering feminist ideas of Juana Inés de la Cruz and their reception in Latin American feminist thought; and it continues with an elucidation of contemporary feminist critiques of the neoliberal paradigm of “multiculturalism.” The chapter also discusses how, around 1995, Latin American feminism became split in the academy: on the one hand, there were those Latin American feminists who favored the strategy of diversifying the curriculum and including gender issues within the existing institutional and academic frameworks; and, on the other hand, there were those Latin American feminists who favored a more subversive strategy of ignoring traditional forms of academic recognition and privileging the engaged thought and action of the women’s movement.
Stylized Resistance
Authors: Rivera Berruz Stephanie
Published: February 2020

The chapter explores the perceptual and epistemic structures of boomerang perception, as developed by María Lugones, by focusing on contemporary lived experiences of Latinas of commercialization and homogenization. Boomerang perception is the mechanism through which people of color are constructed through a white imaginary lens and denied subjectivity. The internalization of boomerang perception subsequently yields horizontal hostilities whereby people of color construct each other through white eyes and engender a fake/real dichotomy that polices the boundaries of communities. The commercialization of Latina identity in the 21st century serves as one example that draws out the ways in which boomerang perception is internalized and plays on the production of the real/fake dichotomy. Drawing on Gloria Anzaldúa’s notion of conocimiento, the chapter subsequently considers the possibilities of resistance through the development of style politics that can transform embodied ways of knowing. In this capacity, the chapter takes up the project of chonga stylized politics as exemplifying practices of conocimiento.
Anecdotal Evidence
Authors: Cubitt Sean
Published: February 2020

Ecocritique is a practice of radical questioning, as essential to the critical armoury as feminism and postcolonialism have become. Anecdotes are ecocritical because they focus on encounters, concentrated moments of crisis when social ordering and ecological forces clash. Bringing ecological criticism to bear on case studies of popular culture in the twenty-first century, Anecdotal Evidence argues that the humanities have a vital role to play in rethinking politics today. Treating contemporary Hollywood movies, streaming video media, and mass image databases as anecdotes about waste, debt, and obligation reveals the deep intertwining of history and ecology in culture. An original take on Anthropocene anxieties and technological paranoia, the book proposes that the digital humanities still need the traditional skills of close reading to understand our contemporary condition. Only because the environment has a history is it possible to intervene environmentally. Because we continually misrecognise the historical production of environments, the first task of ecocritique is to bring our formative concept of ecology into crisis. Its final task will be to achieve the good life for everything connected by the historical implication of humans in ecology, and ecology in humans. No politics can be undertaken in our times except through media: ecocritical humanities have a key role in rethinking ecopolitics in the twenty-first century.
Visual Art, Ethical Witnessing, and Resistance
Authors: Callahan William A.
Published: February 2020

The chapter engages with another popular approach to visual international politics: visuals as a site of resistance to power, both through producing critical artwork and by ethically witnessing international crises. To trace these issues, the chapter analyzes the work of Ai Weiwei, a world-famous artist-activist whose ethical witnessing creatively resists China’s authoritarian party-state. It shows how Ai’s art presents ideological resistance to state power, in both the traditional sense of liberal resistance to authoritarian state oppression and the hermeneutical sense, in which it is necessary to decode his work for its “meaning” as the social construction of the visual. The chapter then considers how Ai’s documentary film Human Flow (2017) provokes transnational resistance through its “visual construction of the social”—and of the global. It thus examines how visual art can serve as an ethical witness to resist reigning political regimes, and how it also can excite affective communities of sense to creatively resist reigning political aesthetics. Chapter 6 thus highlights the need to appreciate the dynamic tension that entangles cultural governance and resistance.
Conclusion
Authors: Callahan William A.
Published: February 2020

The book’s conclusion considers how the author’s filmmaking and garden-building experiences reframe questions of theory, method, and ethics. It recounts how using the visibility and the visuality strategies to examine images and artifacts from Euro-America, the Middle East, and Asia allows us to address questions of ideology and affect in interesting ways. It argues that we need to think beyond critical IR’s focus on inside/outside and self/Other as sites of identity, security, and exclusion to better appreciate how visuals engage in broader projects of social-ordering and world-ordering. While it is common to respond to the challenges of the “post-truth” era by deconstructing “fake news,” the conclusion argues that political critique also needs to creatively produce films that, for example, move and connect people to creatively build affective communities of sense to fight such populism. Although the book focuses on visual IR to critique verbal-textual modes of analysis, it concludes that we need to also expand from our focus on the visual to appreciate multisensory IR, while reconsidering the role of the verbal/multisensory dynamic in international politics. Finally, it argues that it’s best not to frame sensible politics as a subdiscipline of IR, because sensible politics can serve as an oblique entry into broader considerations of social theory and international studies.
The Puzzle of Counterproliferation
Authors: Mehta Rupal N.
Published: February 2020

A brief introduction describes the scope of the project, the key questions, and why they deserve attention. It focuses specifically on two important questions: why would states opt to end their nuclear weapons pursuit and which set of policy levers is most likely to succeed in achieving this outcome? Second, this chapter presents the core argument in brief: the decision to end a nuclear program is significantly impacted by external factors. Further, it presents the existing literature—both scholarship examining nuclear decision-making as well as the research on inducements in international relations—that is used as the foundation for the analysis. Lastly, it defines nuclear reversal and establishes a framework for analyzing its variation, introduces the utility of bargaining with rewards and sanctions. It concludes by providing an overview of the entire book project and brief introductions of each chapter.
Theory of Nuclear Reversal
Authors: Mehta Rupal N.
Published: February 2020

This chapter presents the core theoretical framework in this study: an analysis of nuclear reversal at the systemic level and the conditions under which the international community is able to induce a proliferator to abandon a nascent nuclear program. Specifically, it introduces a novel theoretical approach that highlights the necessity to negotiate with both positive and negative inducements in the shadow of military force. In addition to including the core hypotheses for empirical testing, it includes a discussion of probabilistic conditions to help examine a broader set of proliferation cases. These conditions include the impact of leadership change on the association between inducements and nuclear reversal, as well as how a proliferator’s relationship with the United States influences the likelihood of nuclear reversal. It concludes with potential limitations and overarching policy implications of the framework.
Evidence from the Historical Record
Authors: Mehta Rupal N.
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides a series of quantitative, large-n analyses of nuclear reversal that test the core propositions and hypotheses derived in Chapter 2. It expands on existing work to systematically examine all states that engaged in nuclear weapons activity. It overviews the data on rewards (political, military, or economic) and punishments (economic or military) for analysis. It presents several statistical tests of the six hypotheses derived in Chapter 2. Using a time-series panel study that incorporates a variety of model specifications examining the impact of inducements on nuclear reversal, it finds significant support for the theoretical framework introduced earlier. Further, it finds support for the probabilistic conditions that examines special circumstances of leadership change and nuclear reversal among allies and adversaries. Appendix 3.1 presents a battery of robustness checks to provide additional support for the findings.
Foreign Policy Under Modi
Authors: Mohan C. Raja
Published: February 2020

Foreign policy has been one of the unexpected areas of focus for the Modi government. This chapter begins with a brief overview of Modi’s inheritance and principal contributions like departure from the long standing non-aligned international position of India. Modi has embraced realpolitik over moralpolitik through his emphasis on ‘India First’, and as a result, India, which was hesitant in the past to draw closer to any major power, has done so with the United States of America. In the next section, India’s engagement with major powers like the United States of America, China, Russia, Europe and Japan is analyzed, and the idea that a structural shift could be observed as India moved closer to the West is discussed. However, India’s neighborhood challenges have been accumulating, and the Modi government has not been able to transcend them. In conclusion, the Modi regime has also focused on soft power with gusto, but this has been neutralized by internal fault lines fueled by vigilante groups.
Fixing Testadura’s Error
Authors: Seeley William P.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 8 returns to the puzzle of locating art. It explores a range of case studies which demonstrate how categorizing an artwork guides attention and shapes perception. The discussion thereby demonstrates that knowledge of normative conventions governing artistic appreciation shapes the perception of artworks. The psychology and neuroscience of perception can be used to model and explain these processes. The diagnostic recognition framework for engaging art therefore obviates the common perceptual mechanisms, dissolves the normative dimension of appreciation arguments, and points toward a resolution of the puzzle of locating art.
The Past, Present, and Future of the Canon of Ancient Anatolian Art
Authors: Helft Susan
Published: February 2020

Scholarship on the ancient Near East has not yet considered how the formation of a discrete set of objects and monuments has shaped our understanding of Anatolian civilizations. This chapter explores this issue by “testing” the canon of ancient Anatolian art and archaeology, with a focus on art. What is the canon, how was it formed, and does it meet the needs of today’s art historians and archaeologists? This exercise makes clear that the lists of Anatolian objects and sites chosen for modern consumption are the result of Mesopocentric viewpoints on the one hand, and of Turkish nationalist agendas on the other. For the canon of ancient Anatolia to more accurately represent the diversity of Anatolian cultures, the current canon needs to shed its Mesopotamian baggage and be more geographically and typologically inclusive. This chapter also advocates for a move away from comparisons between canons (which have contributed to a derivative view of ancient Anatolian art) and toward a thematic view. A case study on the topos of the hunt is meant to reset the relationship between the Anatolian and Mesopotamian canons and demonstrate the potential for more conceptual approaches to reinvigorate the canon for the future.
Past Resurrections
Authors: Chalabi Tamara
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores the growing need to work with antiquity through contemporary art in order to engage wider audiences with heritage. All too often archaeology is seen through a vague prism of heritage that is disconnected from the present, but working with present-day artists, especially from areas of conflict, interacting with “heritage” offers a dynamic and much-needed exchange. Today, the lauded role of the artist in a society in which the art world is an ever-growing platform can allow for a different conversation on heritage than the current one, which is more limited to dry, policy-related agency papers or the less accessible academic world of Art History and Archaeology. While issues of identity and national, racial, and geographic delineations are so contested today, antiquity—rather than serving to enrich debates—has mostly been too remote in the discussion or consciousness to have the nuanced impact that it can through contemporary art.
The Consequences of the Destruction of Syrian Heritage on the Syrian Identity and Future Generations
Authors: Kanjou Youssef
Published: February 2020

This chapter is a lament on the tremendous material and human losses from war in Syria. Palmyra and the Old City of Aleppo are two disastrous examples. The sites of Mari, Ebla, and Emar have been looted, and archaeological investigations have ceased. All of this desecration deprives Syrians of knowledge about their identity. What are the underlying causes of this massive destruction of cultural heritage? One is the legalistic and alienating way the government preserved and presented antiquities, leaving people with little agency or understanding of their heritage. During the recent war, antiquities have been exploited by extremists for propaganda purposes to gain monetary and ideological support. At this critical juncture, it is important to educate Syrians about their heritage so that they will appreciate and protect it. Syrian school children currently have no such opportunity. History tells us, however, that Syria has the resources to recover and prosper again.
The Assyrians: Then and Now
Authors: Shamon Ramsen
Published: February 2020

This chapter results from the author’s experience growing up in the Assyrian diaspora where he learned to love and appreciate his ancient heritage. He interviews Assyrians living in the United States, Europe, and Iraq. They discuss the relevance of their cultural heritage in response to questions focusing on canonical monuments, such as the Assyrian lamassu the Code of Hammurabi, as well as the destruction of artifacts and monuments by ISIS. Among the interviewees, there is great pride in their ancient heritage, which they understand to have universal significance, and museums around the world are revealed to serve as important points of connection between today’s Assyrians and their material heritage.
Bringing the Past to a Living Room Near You
Authors: Topçuoğlu Oya
Published: February 2020

Museum shops everywhere sell merchandise inspired by artifacts in museum collections. But to access this merchandise one must visit the museum itself or its website. What if people encountered elegant objects exquisitely decorated with imagery from world-renowned artifacts and archaeological sites from their own lands when they went shopping for teacups or salad bowls? Would it enhance their understanding, change their perception, or increase their interest in their country’s past? This chapter explores the use of archaeological heritage in Turkey in the creation of the “Anatolian Civilizations” and “World Heritage” collections by Paşabahçe, Turkey’s first and the world’s third largest producer of glassware. Embodying the company’s mission to “preserve Anatolia’s cultural heritage for future generations,” these collections of decorative objects representing canonical artifacts and ancient sites from Anatolia aim to introduce the region’s archaeological heritage to a wider audience. However, produced in limited editions with price tags between $75 and $350, they are within the reach of only a small, educated, urban group.
Meaningful Inefficiencies
Authors: Gordon Eric , Mugar Gabriel
Published: February 2020

Public trust in civic organizations is low. And many public-serving organizations assume that greater efficiency will build trust. As a result, they are quick to adopt new technologies to enhance what they do. However, efficiency, in the sense of charting a path to a goal with the least amount of friction, can sometimes be at odds with the goal of building trust. This book is about those practices that challenge the normative applications of “smart technologies” in order to build or repair trust with publics. Based on over 60 interviews with change makers in public-serving organizations throughout the United States, as well as detailed case studies, this book provides a practical and deeply philosophical picture of civic life in transition. It is a book about design, but not necessarily about designers. Without coordinating, these civic designers embedded within organizations have adopted an approach to public engagement we call “meaningful inefficiencies,” or the deliberate design of less efficient over more efficient means of achieving some ends. This book illustrates how civic designers are creating meaningful inefficiencies in less than ideal conditions and encourages a rethinking of how innovation within public-serving organizations is understood, applied, and sought after. Different from market innovation, civic innovation is not just about invention and novelty; it is concerned with building communities around novelty, and cultivating deep and persistent trust. It involves a plurality of publics (not just a single public good); it creates the conditions for those publics to play; and it results in people caring for the world.
A Tear in the Fabric of Time
Authors: Carlson Hasler Laura
Published: February 2020

This chapter presents the archive as a critical feature of the ancient Near Eastern political landscape. The need to collect and preserve documents is endemic to many first millennium empires, not only for pragmatic purposes of organizing information, but in order to emblemize cultural power. This ancient symbolism of power through the archive is comparable, though not identical, to contemporary notions of archive, especially within literary and postcolonial discourses. The point is not that the communities that produced Ezra-Nehemiah replicated such power on an imperial scale but rather that archives—on a variety of scales and in a range of forms—preserve, and indeed produce, institutional memory and signal cultural vitality.
A Constitution for Israel According to the Torah
Authors: Kaye Alexander
Published: February 2020

This chapter describes the new legal centralism that Herzog brought to religious Zionism in Palestine and Israel. He composed the draft of a constitution for Israel that was based on traditional Jewish law (halakha). To allow halakha to be more suited to the needs of a modern democracy, he used inventive interpretations of precedent to make halakha more egalitarian and more acceptable to people who were not Orthodox Jews. He also created a vision of halakha that conformed to the theoretical framework of modern European legal centralism. These changes are understood against the backdrop of European colonialism. Herzog’s adoption of European jurisprudence was similar to the intellectual strategies of many nationalist leaders, who resorted to European modes of thought in their struggle against European colonial rule.
Modernizing the Chief Rabbinate
Authors: Kaye Alexander
Published: February 2020

This chapter deals with the effects of legal centralization on the institutions and procedures of the Chief Rabbinate of Palestine and, after 1948, Israel. An institution established by the British Mandate, the Chief Rabbinate became far more powerful in the late 1940s and early 1950s, under the tenure of Isaac Herzog and Benzion Ousiel. During that time, a series of reforms were enacted that imported the structure and procedures of modern European law into the Israeli rabbinate. As part of these reforms, regional rabbinical courts were, under protest, made subordinate to a rabbinical court of appeals in Jerusalem and made subject to new procedural rules. Rabbinical enactments were crafted to create a uniformity of practice among Israel’s diverse Jewish communities. At the same time, rabbinical court rulings were published for the first time in the format of secular law reports and rabbinical committees composed halakhic law books, in the model of modern legal codes, which they intended to be the law for all citizens of Israel.
“Gentile Courts” in a Jewish State
Authors: Kaye Alexander
Published: February 2020

After failing to impose halakha as the law of Israel, religious Zionists had to negotiate between their desire for the successful establishment of the state and their sense that the state had abandoned the Torah. To do so, they interpreted halakhic precedent in a way that endorsed the state and its institutions but did not concede their pursuit of halakhic law. In the 1950s, Shaul Yisrael and other rabbis argued that the biblical monarchy could serve as a model for a Jewish democratic government. But while their innovative interpretations endorsed Israel’s government, they often condemned Israel’s courts and judges at the same time. Many religious Zionist rabbis considered these courts, even though they were run mainly by Jews, to be classified as “Gentile courts” according the halakha, and prohibited Jews to use them. Although this prohibition was generally observed in the breach, it underlined the antagonism between the state’s legal institutions and Jewish religious leaders.
Setting the Stage
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca
Published: February 2020

Most readers of Plato are familiar with the cave allegory, which compares human beings to prisoners in a cave whose only notion of reality consists of shadows they see projected on the wall. Building on arguments that the cave represents the polis, or political community, this chapter brings to light various indications in Plato’s Republic that each polis creates its own unique version of the cave. Hence, there is not merely one cave, but rather an entire world of cave-like polities. Three major implications emerge from recognizing Plato’s vision of the world as a world of caves: (a) Plato’s view of the world is much more egalitarian than traditionally believed; (b) Plato recognizes that no culture is homogenous; and (c) Plato sees the potential in cross-cultural interaction for intellectual liberation.
Socrates the Foreigner?
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca
Published: February 2020

This chapter investigates why Socrates, an Athenian, presents himself as a foreigner in the Phaedrus. It argues that Socrates’ puzzling presentation of himself as a foreigner helps his interlocutor Phaedrus become more aware of how engagement with foreigners can help us see ourselves in a different light, making the familiar seem strange. By then mirroring Phaedrus’ reaction to the speech of the foreigner Lysias, Socrates helps Phaedrus see the tension implanted in him through his Athenian upbringing to, on the one hand, admire and learn from foreigners and, on the other, to dominate and steal from them. The dialogue’s critique of Athenian imperialism helps to explain why the dialogue ends with an Egyptian myth that critiques the art of writing. Plato’s engagement with this foreign discourse reveals that, like his teacher Socrates as portrayed in the dialogues, he takes seriously the provocation to self-examination that can arise from cross-cultural engagement.
Drinking for speaking
Authors: Hoey Elliott M.
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyzes conversations where people are drinking in order to show how they coordinate speaking and drinking. It reviews research on multi-activity and drinking and builds a case for looking at the coordination of social interaction and drinking behaviors. The analysis provides a quantitative summary of where people initiate the act of drinking with respect to interaction; qualitative analyses of where non-speaking and speaking participants initiate drinking; and how participants resolve the conflict that arises when they are selected to speak next in the middle of a drinking action. The analysis concludes with a discussion of modality and action construction, and the discussion summarizes the findings and connects them to lapses, multi-activity, and social action.
Lapse resolution
Authors: Hoey Elliott M.
Published: February 2020

This chapter describes lapse resolution, or the ways in which speakers restart conversational interaction after a momentary lapse. It points out the practical issue is that participants have “nothing” to do next, which is what resulted in the lapse. The analysis then proceeds to describe three alternatives for “where” to go after a lapse: 1) indicate that ending the interaction is relevant; 2) continue or pick up with something that can be traced to previous discourse; or 3) start up with some completely new course of action or activity. These demonstrate the ways in which people draw on the structure of the conversation, the things which were located in the interaction-so-far, the things which they brought to the interaction, and the situated environment itself as resources for lapse resolution. Suggestive quantitative evidence is provided for a preference for continuation after a lapse.
Political Leadership Performance in a Mediatized World
Authors: Sørensen Eva
Published: February 2020

Political communication is becoming increasingly mediatized. Mediatization refers both to a gradual increase in the role of the media in political communication and the spillover effects that this increase has had on the way politics takes place and is organized and relatedly, the performance of political leadership. Of particular importance for political leadership styles is the surge of drama politics, the fragmentation of political communication and the active role of citizens in political communication. Chapter 9’s typology of democratic political leadership performance lays the ground for an analysis of how paternalist, populist, engaged, and interactive political leadership styles are affected by the increased mediatization. The analysis suggests that an interactive political leadership style is more viable than the other three political leadership styles to patterns of mediatization in the age of governance.
A Window of Opportunity for Prevention Policy Design
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily
Published: February 2020

Prevention appears to be ‘an idea whose time has come’, but the idea is vague. Prevention is a broad concept that represents many ways to define problems and seek to solve them, while preventive policymaking often seems to involve the complete reform of government. Indeed, it is such a wide-ranging idea that it can cover the entirety of social policy and policymaking. Yet, policy studies demonstrate that the scope for major policy change is limited to a small number of areas. Further, many governance reform agendas have come and gone without making an impact. It is far more difficult to identify that the ‘time has come’ for specific policy solutions. Instead, we would expect few problems to receive sufficient attention to prompt major change, and to conclude that policy is as much about the changes that governments don’t make. We use ‘multiple streams analysis’ to demonstrate this difference between heightened attention to a vague idea versus the selection of specific policy solutions and policymaking reforms. We identify two very different categories of ‘window of opportunity’. The first is a single opportunity to select a vague solution to a confusing problem. The second is a series of opportunities to select more specific policy instruments with reference to specific people and problems. We use Social Construction and Policy Design to show how policymakers combine emotion and evidence to make those choices and sell them with reference to ‘target populations’.
Environmental and Systemic Effects on Prevention Policy
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily
Published: February 2020

Policy actors may combine cognition and emotion to simplify their choices, or turn a complex problem into a small number of issues and objectives. However, they do so in an environment that remains complex and affects the impact of any policy. Policymakers try to deliver policy in environments containing many policymakers and influencers spread across many levels and types of government, operating in many organizations and networks with their own rules and language, and responding in different ways to relevant socio-economic conditions and events. Or, policymaking takes place in a ‘complex system’ that can amplify or dampen policymaker energy, and policy outcomes can ‘emerge’ at local levels, often despite central government attempts to control them. Consequently, it is relatively straightforward to identify central government policies, as collections of statements of intent and policy instruments, but difficult to predict or track their effects. Instead, policy theories and concepts help us understand the impact of choice in a ‘multi-centric’ policymaking environment.
The Scottish Government’s Decisive Shift to Prevention
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily
Published: February 2020

The Scottish Government faces the same ‘prevention puzzle’ as the UK government, but often argues that it deals with it in different ways. Some of this potential distinctiveness relates to a Scottish ‘policy style’ or ‘approach’, in which it encourages relatively consensual policy consultation and delivery. However, as Chapter 4 suggests, a lot of the ‘Scottish approach’ is aspirational. Further, many policymaking differences relate to the size of the Scottish Government, its responsibilities, and the scale of its task. If we account for such differences, the Scottish and UK governments often seem to respond in similar ways to the dilemmas posed by multi-centric policymaking and Westminster-style accountability. In the absence of clear and systematic differences between them, we need to produce empirical analysis of how each government: (a) makes sense of prevention policy, and (b) produces models of preventive policymaking. In that context, the Scottish Government experience provides a rich source of case study evidence on how governments address policy problems, and how territorial governments act while operating within wider multi-level systems.
Prevention and Criminal Justice
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily
Published: February 2020

First, we describe the general issues that governments face when pursuing social and criminal justice policies in a multi-centric environment. Both governments manage the same tensions between relatively punitive and individual versus supportive and population-wide measures to reduce crime, as part of an overall cross-cutting focus on prevention and early intervention. Second, we identify the historic policymaking strategies that UK governments have used to combine social policy and criminal justice policy, often with reference to target populations who—according to several UK ministers—do not pay their fair share to society and do not deserve state help. Third, we show how such trends influence preventive policies in specific areas such as drugs policy, in which the UK still reserves responsibility for drugs classification. Fourth, we use this UK context to identify the extent to which Scottish policy has a greater emphasis of social over criminal justice. To do so, we use the case study of a window of opportunity for a public health approach to serious violence. We focus on Scotland as the relatively innovative government on this issue, to provide context for initial analysis of the UK government’s proposed policy shift.
“Nor is the Printing of such Miscellanies … unpresidented”
Authors: McCarthy Erin A.
Published: February 2020

This chapter traces the influence of Poems, by J.D. in poetry collections published in the 1640s and 1650s. It begins by surveying prefaces and title pages that offer accounts of gathering and organizing manuscript sources for print publication. Although editors have sometimes challenged the veracity of these accounts, they show that the diverse agents responsible for poetic publication believed readers would prefer accurate, authoritative texts. Such texts were necessary to memorialize poets in print. After the publication of the 1635 edition of Poems, by J.D., biography became an important paradigm for reading poems, especially by members of the clergy. A final section considers the power and pervasiveness of this model in relation to an ambitious poet who resisted it: John Milton.
‘Factor to a Worthy Principle’
Authors: Mills Simon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 4 begins with an account of Robert Huntington’s collecting of inscriptions and coins in Syria. It goes on to describe Huntington’s antiquarian acquisitions in Egypt, exploring what his letters reveal about the market for antiquities in the seventeenth century, and Huntington’s dependence on the Catholic missionaries and French commercial infrastructures. The second part of the chapter focuses on two early English journeys to Palmyra. Huntington’s 1678 expedition reveals largely the perils of travel beyond the relative safety of the city limits. In 1691, William Hallifax had more success, yet the chapter explains the problems he faced in attempting to copy the then unknown Palmyrene script, and in describing unfamiliar objects through the lens of long-familiar books.
Conclusion: Benchmarks from the British–Irish Process
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer
Published: February 2020

Analysis of the process by which a stable peace was secured in Northern Ireland after decades of low-level war and civil unrest suggests a number of features that account for this development. First, policy paradigms and the modes of thought in which they were embedded have evolved: debates about sovereignty, democracy, and equality have followed a distinctive path, from being wedded to specific cultural understandings to becoming broad concepts with application in a much wider domain than that of Northern Ireland. Second, these changes helped to bring the two sovereign states together in cooperative conflict management and peacemaking and permitted the formation of shared policy. Third, political, cultural, and ideological change has also facilitated limited convergence between parties within Northern Ireland. However, these processes of change have not seen the emergence of any consensus on Northern Ireland’s future, highlighting that region’s continuing dependence on effective British–Irish stewardship. Notwithstanding the achievements of the peace process, the new ideological currents unleashed by Brexit and the related political exigencies have exposed strains in Northern Ireland’s political architecture and have shown its vulnerability to stresses in the British–Irish political relationship.
Guarantees of Legal Stability in the Strict Sense
Authors: Ortino Federico
Published: February 2020

The aim of this chapter is to inquire whether, and if so, the extent to which, investment treaties contain guarantees of strict legal stability. More specifically, this chapter asks whether investment treaties contain provisions (a) guaranteeing that contractual undertakings vis-à-vis the foreign investment are respected (contractual stability in the strict sense); and/or (b) ensuring that adverse regulatory changes will not be applied to foreign investments (regulatory stability in the strict sense). First, the chapter finds that legal stability in the strict sense does represent one of the guarantees in international investment treaties, provided specifically through investment treaties’ umbrella clauses and stabilization clauses. Second, based on an examination of recent arbitral decisions, the role of legal stability within the FET standard remains at best ambiguous.
Laying the Foundations
Authors: Williams J. Robert G.
Published: February 2020

This chapter outlines a metaphysics of the representational content of action and perception. This is built on a teleosemantic account of perceptual content borrowed from Neander, which is here generalized to give an account of the content of action-guiding states. The key ingredient of such stories is an account of biological function, and this chapter lays out and responds to a central challenge to such approaches. After presenting Neander’s account, the chapter will show how to generalize this to the case of action-guiding states. The final section of this chapter takes a final look at these, the ultimate basis for representation on my three-layer story.
The Relationship between Disability Non-Discrimination Law and Quota Schemes
Authors: Waddington Lisa
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores the relationship between disability quota schemes and non-discrimination law in Europe. While at first sight they seem to sit uneasily beside each other, the chapter reveals how, in some instances, quota schemes can serve to facilitate compliance with non-discrimination legislation. At the same time, the chapter explores seeming incompatibilities between the two approaches and considers whether there are differences between common and civil law jurisdictions in this respect. Tentative conclusions suggest that there is a greater willingness to establish quota schemes through legislation in civil law jurisdictions compared to common law jurisdictions, and that quota schemes in civil law jurisdictions are more likely to provide for the imposition of a levy in the case that employers fail to meet their quota obligations through employing the required number of people with disabilities. There also seems to be some indication that there is greater awareness of the potential for conflict or tension, in various forms, between non-discrimination law and quota schemes in common law jurisdictions than in civil law jurisdictions. Finally, the two schemes operating in the common law states are only applicable to the public sector—whilst in civil law states quotas are generally applied to both public and private sector employers. This may indicate different perceptions regarding the role of public sector employers and the legitimacy of imposing quota requirements.
Enforcing Anti-Discrimination Law in Greece
Authors: Yannakourou Stamatina , Goulas Dimitris
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyses the causes of the courts’ limited role in the enforcement of anti-discrimination law in Greece. The authors identify substantive law barriers stemming from the courts’ conservatism to implement an unfamiliar legal framework, as well as procedural deficiencies of the individual litigation system itself. They reveal how these, separately and in combination, affect the judicial enforcement of anti-discrimination law. It is argued that anti-discrimination law will not be enforced effectively in Greece as long as it cannot be accommodated within the rules of more traditional areas of law, such as civil law, labour law, and civil procedure law. Therefore, a broader proactive enforcement strategy should be developed, associating the courts institutionally with the Ombudsman as equality body, in order to obtain remedies that would not only benefit individuals but also seek to achieve a more systematic change of policies, practices, and societal attitudes.
Gender Discrimination in Romania through the Case Law of the ECtHR
Authors: Brodeală Elena
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores some of the barriers to the application of non-discrimination law in Romania through the few gender discrimination cases from the country that have reached the ECtHR. Unlike the other contributions in this volume, this chapter does not focus on the national legislation on non-discrimination implementing EU law or on the national case law on sex discrimination. This is due to the poor availability of sources, but also due to the fact that the ECtHR cases offer a more comprehensive view of the domestic (mis)application of the non-discrimination principle, since they were adjudicated under Article 14 ECHR, which has much broader scope than EU anti-discrimination law as transposed in the national legislation.
Evaluation of conventional troponin I testing for the detection of myocardial dysfunction in children
Authors: McGovern Eimear , Voss Christine , Hemphill Nicole M , Sanatani Shubhayan , Barakauskas Vilte , Harris Kevin C
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Troponin is a marker of myocardial injury but is not well studied in children. Our primary objective was to ascertain the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of conventional troponin I for the detection of acute myocardial dysfunction in previously healthy children. Our secondary objective was to identify clinical predictors of myocardial dysfunction in the setting of elevated troponin.

Study Design

This was a retrospective chart review in a single, paediatric, tertiary care centre of troponin tests performed in all admitted children over a 4-year period. Demographics, symptoms, signs, chest x-ray, ECG, and echocardiogram abnormalities were documented. Myocardial dysfunction was presumed to be absent when the patient had a normal cardiac assessment, with or without echocardiography, and did not re-present.

Results

From January 2014 through December 2017, 566 patients had troponin tested as a screen for myocardial injury. Troponin was positive in 38 of 566 cases (6.7%). Myocardial dysfunction was detected in 9 of 566 cases (1.6%). Troponin was elevated in six of nine cases of myocardial dysfunction. The sensitivity of conventional troponin I for detecting acute myocardial dysfunction was 66% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30 to 93%). The specificity was 94% (95% CI 92 to 96%). PPV was 16% (95% CI 6 to 31%) and NPV 99% (95% CI 98 to 100%). An abnormal ECG was more prevalent in patients with a true positive versus a false-positive troponin result (P=0.03).

Conclusion

Troponin testing identified few cases of myocardial dysfunction. We found the test to have only 66% sensitivity. Troponin testing as a screen for myocardial injury in children has limited utility.
Quotas, the Electoral System Type and the Election of Young Women
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Sundström Aksel
Published: February 2020

This article focuses on a specific group of legislators facing large hurdles during recruitment processes, namely young women. Building on the institutional literature, we hypothesize that gender quota regulations, youth quotas, and proportional representation (PR) electoral systems should particularly benefit young women. Our quantitative study, capturing one hundred elections conducted between 2012 and 2017, finds partial support for our expectations. For the three hypotheses, we find that legislative quotas and voluntary party quotas for both youths and gender do not significantly increase the share of young women. In contrast, PR electoral systems render the electoral arena less discriminatory toward younger women.
Identification of a transcriptional regulatory module that reduces leaf temperature in poplar under heat stress
Authors: Song Yuepeng , Xuan Anran , Bu Chenhao , Liu Xiaoge , Zhang Deqiang
Published: February 2020

A stable leaf temperature provides plants with a suitable microenvironment for photosynthesis. With global warming, extreme temperatures have become more frequent and severe; therefore, it is increasingly important to understand the fine regulation of leaf temperature under heat stress. In this study, five poplar species (Populus tomentosa, Populus simonii, Populus euphratica, Populus deltoides and Populus trichocarpa) that live in different native environments were used to analyze leaf temperature regulation. Leaf temperatures were more stable in Populus simonii and Populus euphratica (adapted to water-deficient regions) under elevated ambient temperature. Although transpiration contributes strongly to leaf cooling in poplar, the thicker epidermis and mesophyll and lower absorbance of Populus simonii and Populus euphratica leaves also help reduce leaf temperature, since their leaves absorb less radiation. Co-expression network and association analysis of a natural population of P. simonii indicated that PsiMYB60.2, PsiMYB61.2 and PsiMYB61.1 play dominant roles in coordinating leaf temperature, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in response to heat stress. Individuals with CT-GT-GT genotypes of these three candidate genes have significantly higher water-use efficiency, and balance leaf temperature cooling with photosynthetic efficiency. Therefore, our findings have clarified the genetic basis of leaf cooling among poplar species and laid the foundation for molecular breeding of thermostable, water-conserving poplar varieties.
The temporal RNA virome patterns of a lesser dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea) colony revealed by deep sequencing
Authors: Paskey Adrian C , Ng Justin H J , Rice Gregory K , Chia Wan Ni , Philipson Casandra W , Foo Randy J H , Cer Regina Z , Long Kyle A , Lueder Matthew R , Frey Kenneth G , Hamilton Theron , Mendenhall Ian H , Smith Gavin J , Wang Lin-Fa , Bishop-Lilly Kimberly A
Published: February 2020

The virosphere is largely unexplored and the majority of viruses are yet to be represented in public sequence databases. Bats are rich reservoirs of viruses, including several zoonoses. In this study, high throughput sequencing (HTS) of viral RNA extracted from swabs of four body sites per bat per timepoint is used to characterize the virome through a longitudinal study of a captive colony of fruit nectar bats, species Eonycteris spelaea in Singapore. Through unbiased shotgun and target enrichment sequencing, we identify both known and previously unknown viruses of zoonotic relevance and define the population persistence and temporal patterns of viruses from families that have the capacity to jump the species barrier. To our knowledge, this is the first study that combines probe-based viral enrichment with HTS to create a viral profile from multiple swab sites on individual bats and their cohort. This work demonstrates temporal patterns of the lesser dawn bat virome, including several novel viruses. Given the known risk for bat–human zoonoses, a more complete understanding of the viral dynamics in South-eastern Asian bats has significant implications for disease prevention and control. The findings of this study will be of interest to U.S. Department of Defense personnel stationed in the Asia-Pacific region and regional public health laboratories engaged in emerging infectious disease surveillance efforts.