bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFICIENCY OF THE BITTERLICH POINT SAMPLING AND THE METHOD OF FIXED AREA SAMPLING WITH STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN Pinus taeda PLANTATIONS
Authors: Druszcz João Paulo , Machado Sebastião Do Amaral , Nakajima Nelson Yoshihiro , Rosot Nelson Carlos , Hosokawa Roberto Tuyoshi
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study aimed to compare two methods of sampling, one is the method of variable area represented by the Bitterlich point (PB) sampling and the other is the method of fixed area represented by circular plots (PC) with structural variation, the cross sampling cluster (CC) and the line sampling cluster (CL). Precision and efficiency in estimation of the variables mean DBH (cm), number of trees (N/ha), basal area (m2/ha) and total volume (m3/3) in three plantation conditions of Pinus taeda L., located in the city of Carambeí, Paraná, were assessed. In simultaneous analysis of the three conditions to estimate the mean DBH and number of trees per hectare variables, the sampling method of fixed area with Circular Plot (PC) was the most accurate and efficient. The Bitterlich point sampling method (PB) was more accurate and efficient for the estimation of basal area and total volume variables. The two structures of sampling method of the fixed area with Cross Cluster (CC) and with Line Cluster (CL) demonstrated good results being the line cluster superior to the cross cluster.ResumoEficiência do método de amostragem de Bitterlich e de área fixa com variações estruturais em plantações de Pinus taeda. O estudo visou comparar dois métodos de amostragem, sendo eles o de área variável, o qual foi representado pelo método Ponto de Bitterlich (PB) e o de área fixa, representado pela Parcela Circular (PC) e as variações estruturais em Conglomerado em Cruz (CC) e Conglomerado em Linha (CL) com subunidades circulares. Foram avaliadas a precisão e eficiência para a estimativa da variável DAP médio (cm), número de árvores (N/ha), área basal (m2/ha) e volume total (m3/ha), em três condições de plantações, localizadas no município de Carambeí, PR. Na análise simultânea das três condições para a estimativa da variável DAP médio (cm) e número de árvores (N/ha), o método de área fixa com Parcela Circular (PC) foi o mais preciso e eficiente. Para a estimativa da variável área basal (m2/ha) e volume total (m3/ha), o método de área variável Ponto de Bitterlich foi mais preciso e eficiente. As duas estruturas do método de área fixa, utilizando-se o Conglomerado em Cruz (CC) e o Conglomerado em Linha (CL) apresentaram resultados precisos e eficientes, entretanto, o CL foi superior ao CC.Palavras-chave: Eficiência relativa; precisão; reflorestamento.
QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE COPAÍBA PRODUZIDAS EM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS E NÍVEIS DE SOMBREAMENTO
Authors: Dutra Tiago Reis , Grazziotti Paulo Henrique , Santana Reynaldo Campos , Massad Marília Dutra
Published: September 2015

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de dois volumes de diferentes substratos e níveis de sombreamento sobre a qualidade de mudas de copaíba. O experimento foi conduzido por 130 dias em DBC casualizados no esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo avaliados dois volumes (180 e 280 cm³) dos substratos Bioplant®; 70% vermiculita + 30% casca de arroz carbonizada; 40% vermiculita + 30% casca de arroz carbonizada + 30% fibra de côco; 50% vermiculita + 30% casca de arroz carbonizada + 20% areia; e 70% vermiculita + 15% casca de arroz carbonizada + 15% vermicomposto. Essas dez combinações foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro blocos com diferentes intensidades luminosas: 0, 30, 50 e 70% de sombreamento. O uso de 180 cm³ de substrato foi suficiente para produzir mudas de copaíba com bom desenvolvimento e índice de qualidade. Os substratos 70V+30CA, 40V+30CA+30FC, 50V+30CA+20A, 70V+15CA+15VC apresentaram-se superiores em relação ao Bioplant® para produção de mudas da espécie em estudo. Os resultados demonstraram que as mudas de copaíba comportaram-se de forma distinta em relação aos níveis de sombreamento avaliados, demonstrando possuírem grande plasticidade adaptativa.AbstractQuality of copaiba seedlings produced in two volumes of substrates and shading levels. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of two volumes of substrate and levels of shading on seedling quality of copaiba. The experiment was conducted for 130 days in a randomized block design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, we evaluated two volumes (180 e 280 cm³) of the five following substrates: Bioplant®, 70% vermiculite + 30% carbonized rice hulls, 40% vermiculite + 30% carbonized rice hulls + 30% coir, 50% vermiculite + 30% carbonized rice hulls + 20% sand and 70% vermiculite + 15% carbonized rice hulls + 15% vermicompost residue textiles. These ten combinations were randomly distributed in four blocks, accordingly to the following distinct brightness: 0, 30, 50 and 70 percentages of shading. The use of 180 cm³ substrate was enough to produce seedlings of copaiba with good development and quality index. The substrates 70V+30CA, 40V+30CA+30FC, 50V+30CA+20A, and 70V+15CA+15VC showed slight superiority over Bioplant® for seedlings of such species. The results revealed that the copaiba seedlings behaved differently in relation to shading levels evaluated, it demonstrates they have great adaptive plasticity.Keywords: Copaifera langsdorffii; production of seedlings; levels of brightness; containers.
FOREST DYNAMICS IN THE EASTERN AMAZON WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SAPOTACEAE SPECIES
Authors: Pequeno Reis Leonardo , Marques dos Reis Pamella Carolline , Ruschel Ademir Roberto , Macedo Silva José Natalino , Pereira de Carvalho João Olegário , Lopes de Souza Agostinho , Hofmann Mota Soares Marcio , Ninokata Miyahara Roberto Koichi
Published: September 2015

AbstractSapotaceae species are among the most dominant tree species in the Amazon forest and are high valued timbers. This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) over a dense tropical rain forest with special reference to Sapotaceae species, to generate information helping decision making in forest management. In 1997, out of a 1050 ha forest area located in the municipality of Moju, State of Pará, Brazil, 200 ha were selected to be logged applying a logging intensity of 23 m3 ha-1 and RIL techniques. To monitor forest dynamics, 22 permanent sample plots (11 ha sampling area) were established and all trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm were measured in years 1995, 1998 and 2010. In the whole observation period, mortality and ingrowth of Sapotaceae species were, respectively, 1.5% year-1 and 1.0% year-1. Trees with full overhead light grew 0.39 cm year-1 and those completely shaded grew only 0.16 cm year-1. Mortality higher than ingrowth indicates that the population of Sapotaceae species still need a period longer than 13 years to recover equilibrium after RIL, despite showing increased diametric growth rates.ResumoDinâmica de uma floresta no leste da Amazônia com ênfase às espécies de Sapotaceae. As espécies de Sapotaceae estão entre as mais dominantes na floresta amazônica e possuem alto valor comercial. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da Exploração de Impacto Reduzido (EIR) sobre uma floresta ombrófila densa com ênfase às espécies de Sapotaceae para gerar informações que possam subsidiar decisões a serem tomadas sobre o manejo de florestas nativas. De uma área florestal de 1.050 ha, situada no município de Moju, PA, foram selecionados 200 ha para EIR com intensidade de 23 m3 ha-1 em 1997. O monitoramento florestal foi feito com 22 parcelas permanentes (11 ha), sendo medidas todas as árvores com DAP ≥ 10 cm, nos anos de 1995, 1998 e 2010. No período total (1995 a 2010) a mortalidade das espécies de Sapotaceae foi de 1,5% ano-1 e o ingresso de 1,0% ano-1. As árvores com copas totalmente expostas à luz tiveram o incremento de 0,39 cm ano-1 e aquelas totalmente cobertas o incremento foi de 0,16 cm ano-1. A mortalidade maior que o ingresso indica que as espécies de Sapotaceae necessitam de um período maior que 13 anos para recuperar o equilíbrio após a EIR, apesar do aumento no crescimento diamétrico.Palavras-chave: Impacto pós-colheita; mortalidade; manejo florestal.
De vernieuwende aanpak van de kantorenleegstand door de provincie Utrecht.
Authors: de Vries H.J. (Henk)
Published: September 2015

De vernieuwende aanpak van de kantorenleegstand door de provincie Utrecht: de structuurvisie en voorzienbaarheid in verband met planschade en de inzet van het inpassingsplan voor de reductie van in bestemmingsplannen opgenomen plancapaciteit voor kantoren. Een aanpak die onder de Omgevingswet niet meer op vergelijkbare wijze mogelijk is, tenzij alsnog de reikwijdte van het projectbesluit wordt verbreed!

In dit artikel gaat de auteur in op de stappen 3 en 4 van de Utrechtse aanpak van kantorenleegstand. Centraal daarbij staat de rol van de provinciale instrumenten (de structuurvisie en het inpassingsplan) en de wijze waarop door de provincie geprobeerd wordt het risico op te honoreren planschadeclaims zo veel mogelijk te beperken. Aan de in vergelijking hiermee optredende nadelen wanneer zou zijn gekozen voor het vaststellen van algemene regels wordt eveneens aandacht besteed. Daarbij komen ook zaken als taakverwaarlozing en interbestuurlijk toezicht aan de orde.
Results on genetic analysis of pasteurella multocida isolated from local Mongolian cattle
Authors: Solongo E , Batbaatar V , Enkhtuul B , Lundaa Ts , Khulan J , Erdenebaatar J
Published: September 2015

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) a small gram-negative coccobacillus, is part of the normal oral flora of many animals, including the pig, bovine, fowl and cat. High morbidity and mortality rates are associated with significant economic losses to the livestock. The aim of this study is to analyze and distinguish phenotypically and genotypically differences between virulent strain isolated from Mongolian cattle and its physically induced mutant strain. For PCR detection, we used specific primers (KMT1T7-FWD, KMT1SP6-R) targeting for kmt1 gene of P. multocida, and specific primers for five serogroups of P. multocida. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed by the Applied Biosystem 3130 xl Genentic Analyzers, using KMT1T7 and KMT1SP6 primers. Completely assembled sequences were aligned with CLUSTAL W and phylogenetic analyses were conducted using MEGA 6.1version.The results of microbiological testing revealed there is no significant importance discrepancy between strains which are P. multocida 18 and P. mutlocida 144. In fermentation studies, P.mutocida18 were using glucose, sucrose, sorbet, mannose, and mannitol, whereas, it didn’t fermentxylose, dulcitol, and raffinose. But P. multocida 144 used fructose, sucrose, sorbet, mannose, mannitol, xylose, and raffinose, whereas it did not use dulcitol. P. multocida detection by standard PCR result was 460 bps specific bands and multiplex-PCR showed 750bpsspecific bands, indicating that ‘B’ serotype of P. multocida. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Mongolian strains and its mutants were very closely correlated each to other by 93%, while other strains including P.multocidaand Pasteurella spp sequences of which were obtained from gene bank were evolutionary related.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.15(2) 2015; 22-26
Biological rehabilitation in the degraded land, a case study of Shariingol Soum of Selenge Aimag in Mongolia
Authors: Khishigjargal B , Kishigsuren N , Dolgormaa Sh , Baasandorj Ya
Published: September 2015

Land is degraded and abandoned by intensive usages from mining and agriculture activities in the northern part of Mongolia. Especially agriculture land usage without rotation is one of the reasons of soil fertility loss. Land degradation is not only becoming an ecological degradation, but also decrease of economic benefits.We have conducted a survey on the planting perennial in the abandoned and degraded land. Planting perennials in the degraded lands is considering a one of the important technologies for plant regeneration (Institute of Geoecology, MAS. 2002). Lands are traditionally used for pasture and animal husbandry, but in recent decades multiple land use has increased rapidly in Mongolia. Especially, the mining activities have been implemented rapidly.From the result, we can see that, the wintering of Medicago falcata L is 70-76 percent and yield is 12-16.4 centner/ha in the abandoned land, and 80-85 percent for wintering and yield is 2-3.5 centner/ha in the degraded land from mining activities. Due to planting perennial, xerophyte plants increased by 12 percent and mesophyte plants increased by 45 percent in the abandoned land. In contrast, mesophyte plants decreased by 2 percent, and xerophyte plants decreased by 8 percent in the degraded land from mining activities.Journal of agricultural sciences №15 (02): 106-112, 2015
PEX and PP Water Pipes: Assimilable Carbon, Chemicals, and Odors
Authors: Connell Matthew , Stenson Alexandra , Weinrich Lauren , LeChevallier Mark , Boyd Shelby L. , Ghosal Raaj R. , Dey Rajarshi , Whelton Andrew J.
Published: September 2015

Eleven brands of plastic drinking water pipe were evaluated for assimilable organic carbon (AOC) release at 23°C for 28 days: polyvinyl chloride, high‐density polyethylene, polypropylene (PP), and cross‐linked polyethylene (PEX) pipes. Three of eight PEX pipe brands exceeded a 100 µg/L AOC microbial regrowth threshold for the first exposure period, and no brands exceeded this value on day 28. No AOC increase was found for PP or PEX‐a1 pipes; the remaining pipe brands contributed marginal AOC levels. Pipe water quality impacts were more fully evaluated for two PEX‐b brands and one PP brand. PEX pipes caused greater odor than the PP pipe and released more organic carbon as well as volatile and semi‐volatile organic compounds. Water quality impacts were less after 30 days. Regulated and unregulated contaminants were found in three PEX plumbing systems. Drinking water odors were attributed to toluene, ethyl‐tert‐butyl ether, and unidentified contaminants.
Rapid Urban Growth and Change in Urban and Municipal Limits of Bahawalpur City, Pakistan: A Spatio-Periodical Discourse
Authors: Muhammad Mohsin  , Muhammad Nasar-u-minAllah Bhalli
Published: September 2015

Cities all around the world being crowded rapidly with accelerating urban growth and resultant urbanization particularly in developing countries. Currently, Bahawalpur City is also experiencing rapid urban growth and change in its urban and municipal limits. Therefore, the key objectives of this research were to overview the urban population growth with passage of time, expansion in urban area and resultant delimitations in municipal limits of the city. Data about population figures and spatial change have been derived from various sources including census reports, Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA), Punjab Development statistics etc. Periodical urban growth of the city is divided into four phases characterized with notable events that geared up the urban growth; particularly the last phase has brought more rapid changes. The population of the city is also surging rapidly. Urban area of Bahawalpur City was extended from 4,308.40 acres in 1974 to 7,373.9 acres in 2010, and had caused substantial reduction in agricultural land area and significant addition in residential area. Resultantly, City’s municipal limits also have been altered and reclassified due to this urban stress and extended enormously with considerable fluctuations in agricultural and non-agricultural land area. Presently, City is continuously expanding outward, mostly in the form of housing colonies, roads, shops etc.
Major Selection among Saudi Male University Students: a Multinomial Logit Model
Authors: Jiang Guoping
Published: September 2015

Major selection is an important decision faced by all university freshmen. The topic has been studied thoroughly in individualistic cultures, particularly the US and Europe. The topic has not been as intensely investigated in the Middle East, an area influenced heavily by Islamic collectivist culture. Because of digital media and globalization, the Middle East is shifting toward individualism. Given this, we used a sample of male students at a science and engineering university to explore mechanisms that drive major selection in Saudi Arabia. A multinomial logistic analysis shows that family and high school teachers are important factors in their decision making process. Ease of study is also a factor considered when choosing a major.
Mídia social em contexto de hibridismo e multimodalidade: o percurso da experiência na formação de mestres e doutores
Authors: Schlemmer Eliane
Published: September 2015

Este artigo se contextualiza no Grupo de Pesquisa Educação Digital (GPe-dU Unisinos/CNPq), vinculado à linha de pesquisa Educação, Desenvolvimento e Tecnologias, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Unisinos e parte da problemática: Como as mídias sociais podem contribuir com o processo de formação de professores-pesquisadores em contexto de hibridismo e multimodalidade? Seu objetivo consiste em compreender e discutir os significados construídos em relação à docência para a formação do professor-pesquisador em contexto de hibridismo e multimodalidade, quando um dos espaços disponibilizados para a prática pedagógica é uma mídia social. A pesquisa, exploratória e qualitativa, é inspirada no método cartográfico e faz uso da observação; de textos e fotografia digitais; de discursos; e de acompanhamento da experiência (trilhas). Para a análise dos dados utiliza a análise textual discursiva. Os principais resultados evidenciam que as mídias sociais podem contribuir com a formação do professor-pesquisador tanto por meio da criação de grupos no âmbito das atividades acadêmicas curriculares quanto no âmbito da prática de pesquisa e da orientação. Os dados indicam que um número significativo de sujeitos continua interagindo nos grupos, mesmo após seu término, o que contribui para que se constitua enquanto uma comunidade virtual de aprendizagem e de prática, além disso, a cada novo semestre, novos sujeitos passam a integrar essa comunidade, o que enriquece as trocas, dando origem a um processo de formação continuada.
Reflexões sobre o Ofício Divino à luz do Documento de Aparecida
Authors: Lins Gomes Eunice Simões , Silveira da Fonseca Ramon Silva , De Araujo Raimundo Jonas Periarde
Published: September 2015

O presente estudo tem como proposta desenvolver uma reflexão sobre a Liturgia das Horas e sua forma adaptada, o Ofício Divino das Comunidades, sob o prisma do Documento de Aparecida. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, adotando como instrumento de análise a revisão bibliográfica. Fomentou-se a discussão da relação do Ofício Divino com o sacerdócio comum de todo o povo de Deus; a sua proposta de ressignificação da realidade humana, apresentando a unidade de seu sentido; a possível tensão existente entre a forma inculturada do rito em uma realidade latino-americana sua edição típica romana; as oportunidades de aprofundamento mistagógico da fé; bem como sua característica como fonte de espiritualidade e meditação bíblica.
L’attualità della “ecclesiologia fondamentale” della Lumen gentium: invito a una rilettura in chiave del simbolismo cristologico-trinitario
Authors: Žak Lubomir
Published: September 2015

Il presente contributo riflette sulla Lumen gentium dal punto di vista della sua attualità. Questa viene cercata non tanto nelle singole prese di posizione o formulazioni della Lumen gentium, considerate importanti perché in grado di stimolare l’ecclesiologia postconciliare. L’attualità che sta al centro dell’interesse dell’Autore viene intravista piuttosto nell’impostazione ecclesiologico-ermeneutica di fondo della costituzione. Si parte dal presupposto che tale impostazione si stagli con sufficiente chiarezza quando la Lumen gentium viene interpretata in quell’orizzonte fondamentale di pensiero, che fu adoperato dai padri conciliari per elaborare le loro riflessioni su tutti i grandi temi della dottrina cattolica. Esso consiste nella centralità ermeneutica della Rivelazione di Dio triuno in Gesù Cristo, ossia nel voler trattare ciascun tema, inclusi i temi di ecclesiologia, sub Revelationis luce. L’Autore si impegna a sviluppare l’interpretazione della Lumen gentium a partire da come questo presupposto viene concretizzato da K. Rahner. Il teologo gesuita considera, infatti, la Rivelazione trinitaria centrale per la teologia proprio per il fatto che essa permette di elaborare un pensiero credente adeguato, fondato sulla visione della persona di Cristo come “simbolo reale”, in quanto in Lui si manifesta realmente Dio Padre. Secondo Rahner, ciò che vale di Cristo, vale anche della Chiesa, essendo essa “simbolo reale” della presenza di Cristo i mezzo agli uomini. Alla luce di una tale visione della Chiesa, l’Autore fa vedere come nella Lumen gentium è presente, in effetti, una prospettiva ermeneutica che segue la logica del “simbolo”. Essa emerge in modo esplicito o implicito laddove, nella costituzione, viene tematizzato il rapporto tra vescovo e collegio dei vescovi, vescovo e Chiesa locale, Chiesa locale e Chiesa universale e via dicendo, rapporto per il quale vale che una realtà è simboleggiata dall’altra. Interpretare la Lumen gentium in questi termini significa ammettere che la Chiesa e tutto ciò che essenzialmente fa parte di essa sono di indole “simbolica”. L’Autore cerca di dimostrare, che al centro di tale comprensione simbolica della Chiesa e degli elementi di ecclesialità sta, in ogni caso, quella verità che è centrale per la simbolicità della persona di Cristo: la Sua sostanziale identità relazionale di origine trinitaria. Questa verità porta a dover affermare che tutto ciò che è ecclesiale è sostanzialmente relazionale.
Mapping the conformational landscape of a dynamic enzyme by multitemperature and XFEL crystallography
Authors: Keedy Daniel A , Kenner Lillian R , Warkentin Matthew , Woldeyes Rahel A , Hopkins Jesse B , Thompson Michael C , Brewster Aaron S , Van Benschoten Andrew H , Baxter Elizabeth L , Uervirojnangkoorn Monarin , McPhillips Scott E , Song Jinhu , Alonso-Mori Roberto , Holton James M , Weis William I , Brunger Axel T , Soltis S Michael , Lemke Henrik , Gonzalez Ana , Sauter Nicholas K , Cohen Aina E , van den Bedem Henry , Thorne Robert E , Fraser James S
Published: September 2015

Determining the interconverting conformations of dynamic proteins in atomic detail is a major challenge for structural biology. Conformational heterogeneity in the active site of the dynamic enzyme cyclophilin A (CypA) has been previously linked to its catalytic function, but the extent to which the different conformations of these residues are correlated is unclear. Here we compare the conformational ensembles of CypA by multitemperature synchrotron crystallography and fixed-target X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) crystallography. The diffraction-before-destruction nature of XFEL experiments provides a radiation-damage-free view of the functionally important alternative conformations of CypA, confirming earlier synchrotron-based results. We monitored the temperature dependences of these alternative conformations with eight synchrotron datasets spanning 100-310 K. Multiconformer models show that many alternative conformations in CypA are populated only at 240 K and above, yet others remain populated or become populated at 180 K and below. These results point to a complex evolution of conformational heterogeneity between 180-–240 K that involves both thermal deactivation and solvent-driven arrest of protein motions in the crystal. The lack of a single shared conformational response to temperature within the dynamic active-site network provides evidence for a conformation shuffling model, in which exchange between rotamer states of a large aromatic ring in the middle of the network shifts the conformational ensemble for the other residues in the network. Together, our multitemperature analyses and XFEL data motivate a new generation of temperature- and time-resolved experiments to structurally characterize the dynamic underpinnings of protein function.
Protein biogenesis machinery is a driver of replicative aging in yeast
Authors: Janssens Georges E , Meinema Anne C , González Javier , Wolters Justina C , Schmidt Alexander , Guryev Victor , Bischoff Rainer , Wit Ernst C , Veenhoff Liesbeth M , Heinemann Matthias
Published: September 2015

An integrated account of the molecular changes occurring during the process of cellular aging is crucial towards understanding the underlying mechanisms. Here, using novel culturing and computational methods as well as latest analytical techniques, we mapped the proteome and transcriptome during the replicative lifespan of budding yeast. With age, we found primarily proteins involved in protein biogenesis to increase relative to their transcript levels. Exploiting the dynamic nature of our data, we reconstructed high-level directional networks, where we found the same protein biogenesis-related genes to have the strongest ability to predict the behavior of other genes in the system. We identified metabolic shifts and the loss of stoichiometry in protein complexes as being consequences of aging. We propose a model whereby the uncoupling of protein levels of biogenesis-related genes from their transcript levels is causal for the changes occurring in aging yeast. Our model explains why targeting protein synthesis, or repairing the downstream consequences, can serve as interventions in aging.
Distinct mechanisms define murine B cell lineage immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) repertoires
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Chunlin , Yang Qunying , Kantor Aaron B , Chu Hiutung , Ghosn Eliver EB , Qin Guang , Mazmanian Sarkis K , Han Jian , Herzenberg Leonore A
Published: September 2015

Processes that define immunoglobulin repertoires are commonly presumed to be the same for all murine B cells. However, studies here that couple high-dimensional FACS sorting with large-scale quantitative IgH deep-sequencing demonstrate that B-1a IgH repertoire differs dramatically from the follicular and marginal zone B cells repertoires and is defined by distinct mechanisms. We track B-1a cells from their early appearance in neonatal spleen to their long-term residence in adult peritoneum and spleen. We show that de novo B-1a IgH rearrangement mainly occurs during the first few weeks of life, after which their repertoire continues to evolve profoundly, including convergent selection of certain V(D)J rearrangements encoding specific CDR3 peptides in all adults and progressive introduction of hypermutation and class-switching as animals age. This V(D)J selection and AID-mediated diversification operate comparably in germ-free and conventional mice, indicating these unique B-1a repertoire-defining mechanisms are driven by antigens that are not derived from microbiota.
Posthumanisme /nymaterialisme og nomadisme - affektive brytninger av barnehagens observasjonspraksiser
Authors: Otterstad Ann Merete , Nordbrønd Brit
Published: September 2015

This article challenges observation as a method in early childhood, justified as a mapping tool for creating knowledge about children. Observation as data material is about writing down already known categorisation about children and their development. Categories and categorisation make a foundation for correspondence and coherence   - connections that might create generalising knowledge about children in early years. The article is about a research project conducted in a child-centre over a two-year period. We had an on-going conversation with the personnel around theories about ‘child development’. In the article we experiment with observation based on posthuman/newmaterial theories. Our specific interests are to explore the complexities around observation by asking; why observations, what do we expect through observation, and what might observation as datamaterial be/become? We are inspired by the Norwegian film “Kitchen Stories” (Salmer fra Kjøkkenet, Hamer, 2003) both as affect/provocation and desire (Koro-Ljungberg & MacLure, 2013). We search for affective bending and messiness (Lather, 2007; Law, 2004) to disturb and challenge observation as dominating paradigm in the field of early years, to break some patterns around the positioning of data material. Artikkelen utfordrer observasjon i barnehagen ut fra at metoden brukes som verktøy for å kartlegge og danne grunnlaget for utvikling av kunnskap om barn.  Observasjon som datamateriale innebærer iakttagelser og nedtegnelser av allerede gitte kategoriseringer om barn og barns utvikling.  Kategorier og kategorisering legger grunnlag for mønster som har i seg ideer om korrespondanse og koherens – sammenhenger som kan bidra til generaliserende kunnskap om barna i barnehagen. Omrisset av artikkelen dreies rundt et forskningsarbeid gjort i en barnehage over en toårs-periode, der vi sammen med de ansatte diskuterer teorier om barn og barns ’utvikling’. Vi bruker posthumane/ny-materielle teorier for å eksperimentere med observasjon som metode. Vi er inspirert av den norske filmen ’Salmer fra kjøkkenet’ (Hamer, 2003), både som affekt/provokasjon (Koro-Ljungberg & MacLure, 2013) og som mulighet til å eksperimentere med hva observasjon som datamateriale kan være. Vi søker i artikkelen å benytte affektive brytninger og messyness (Lather, 2007; Law, 2004) for å prøve ut hvordan filmen sammen med teoretisk tenkning kan virke som drivkraft med og i et forskningsprosjekt.
The importance of looking at someone looking through a pirates telescope
Authors: Ødegaard Elin Eriksen
Published: September 2015

This article will address methodological issues concerning the making of knowledge.Drawing on a recent case study from an early childhood educational setting, I will give detailed descriptions of the process of video analysis including the process of transcription and the uses of logs. An aspiration is to create transparency by displaying an analytical process as dynamic, and show how theoretical positions and the researcher her/himself is intertwined in the construction of the empirical base, and thereby in the construction of knowledge. A meta-case is made, and will thereby serve as an example of epistemological reflexivity; how a process of analysis gives certain views and certain truths. To put it in a narrative idiom, this article contains a researcher’s learning story about the importance of looking at someone looking through a pirate’s telescope, to put it in words indicating a meta perspective on a case study called Captain Andreas and his Crew (Ødegaard 2006a, 2007). The article will also, on the basis of a creation of a meta-case, contribute to rethinking truths of children’s meaning-making, gender- and identity-work; boys using swords for battles, as the mention of pirates indicates. The article will problematize whether boys using swords for play battles necessarily can be seen as gendering stereotype masculinity.
Quantifying the effect of sentiment on information diffusion in social media
Authors: Ferrara Emilio , Yang Zeyao
Published: September 2015

Social media has become the main vehicle of information production and consumption online. Millions of users every day log on their Facebook or Twitter accounts to get updates and news, read about their topics of interest, and become exposed to new opportunities and interactions. Although recent studies suggest that the contents users produce will affect the emotions of their readers, we still lack a rigorous understanding of the role and effects of contents sentiment on the dynamics of information diffusion. This work aims at quantifying the effect of sentiment on information diffusion, to understand: (i) whether positive conversations spread faster and/or broader than negative ones (or vice-versa); (ii) what kind of emotions are more typical of popular conversations on social media; and, (iii) what type of sentiment is expressed in conversations characterized by different temporal dynamics. Our findings show that, at the level of contents, negative messages spread faster than positive ones, but positive ones reach larger audiences, suggesting that people are more inclined to share and favorite positive contents, the so-calledpositive bias. As for the entire conversations, we highlight how different temporal dynamics exhibit different sentiment patterns: for example, positive sentiment builds up for highly-anticipated events, while unexpected events are mainly characterized by negative sentiment. Our contribution represents a step forward to understand how the emotions expressed in short texts correlate with their spreading in online social ecosystems, and may help to craft effective policies and strategies for content generation and diffusion.
Lectotypification of Indian taxa of Leucas (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Singh Rajeev Kumar
Published: September 2015

Seventeen species and five varieties of Indian Leucas R. Br. are lectotypified here: Leucas angustissima Sedgw., L. ciliata Benth., L. clarkei Hook.f., L. decemdentata (Willd.) Sm. var. angustifolia (Wall. ex Benth.) V.Singh, L. eriostoma Hook.f. var. lanata Hook.f., L. helicterifolia Haines, L. hyssopifolia Benth., L. lamiifolia Desf., L. lanata Benth., L. lanceaefolia Desf., L. longifolia Benth., L. montana (B. Heyne ex Roth) Spreng., L. prostrata (Hook.f.) Gamble, L. pubescens Benth., L. rosmarinifolia Benth., L. stelligera Wall. ex Benth., L. stricta Benth., L. suffruticosa Benth., L. vestita Benth. var. angustifolia Hook.f., L. vestita Benth. var. oblongifolia Hook.f., L. vestita Benth. var. sericostoma Hook.f. and L. wightiana Wall. ex Benth.
Coralline algae as a globally significant pool of marine dimethylated sulfur
Authors: Burdett Heidi L. , Hatton Angela D. , Kamenos Nicholas A.
Published: September 2015

Marine algae are key sources of the biogenic sulfur compound dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), a vital component of the marine sulfur cycle. Autotrophic ecosystem engineers such as red coralline algae support highly diverse and biogeochemically active ecosystems and are known to be high DMSP producers, but their importance in the global marine sulfur cycle has not yet been appreciated. Using a global sampling approach, we show that red coralline algae are a globally significant pool of DMSP in the oceans, estimated to be ~110 × 1012 moles worldwide during the summer months. Latitude was a major driver of observed regional‐scale variations, with peaks in polar and tropical climate regimes, reflecting the varied cellular functions for DMSP (e.g., as a cryoprotectant and antioxidant). A temperate coralline algal bed was investigated in more detail to also identify local‐scale temporal variations. Here, water column DMSP was driven by water temperature, and to a lesser extent, cloud cover; two factors which are also vital in controlling coralline algal growth. This study demonstrates that coralline algae harbor a large pool of dimethylated sulfur, thereby playing a significant role in both the sulfur and carbon marine biogeochemical cycles. However, coralline algal habitats are severely threatened by projected climate change; a loss of this habitat may thus detrimentally impact oceanic sulfur and carbon biogeochemical cycling.
Day‐to‐day variability of equatorial electrojet and its role on the day‐to‐day characteristics of the equatorial ionization anomaly over the Indian and Brazilian sectors
Authors: Venkatesh K. , Fagundes P. R. , Prasad D. S. V. V .D. , Denardini C. M. , de Abreu A. J. , de Jesus R. , Gende M.
Published: September 2015

The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is a narrow band of current flowing eastward at the ionospheric E region altitudes along the dayside dip equator. Mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields over the equator results in the formation of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), which in turn generates large electron density variabilities. Simultaneous study on the characteristics of EEJ and EIA is necessary to understand the role of EEJ on the EIA variabilities. This is helpful for the improved estimation of total electron content (TEC) and range delays required for satellite‐based communication and navigation applications. Present study reports simultaneous variations of EEJ and GPS‐TEC over Indian and Brazilian sectors to understand the role of EEJ on the day‐to‐day characteristics of the EIA. Magnetometer measurements during the low solar activity year 2004 are used to derive the EEJ values over the two different sectors. The characteristics of EIA are studied using two different chains of GPS receivers along the common meridian of 77°E (India) and 45°W (Brazil). The diurnal, seasonal, and day‐to‐day variations of EEJ and TEC are described simultaneously. Variations of EIA during different seasons are presented along with the variations of the EEJ in the two hemispheres. The role of EEJ variations on the characteristic features of the EIA such as the strength and temporal extent of the EIA crest has also been reported. Further, the time delay between the occurrences of the day maximum EEJ and the well‐developed EIA is studied and corresponding results are presented in this paper.
Thermal conductivity of H2O‐CH3OH mixtures at high pressures: Implications for the dynamics of icy super‐Earths outer shells
Authors: Hsieh Wen‐Pin , Deschamps Frédéric
Published: September 2015

Thermal conductivity of H2O‐volatile mixtures at extreme pressure‐temperature conditions is a key factor to determine the heat flux and profile of the interior temperature in icy bodies. We use time domain thermoreflectance and stimulated Brillouin scattering combined with diamond anvil cells to study the thermal conductivity and sound velocity of water (H2O)‐methanol (CH3OH) mixtures to pressures as high as 12 GPa. Compared to pure H2O, the presence of 5–20 wt % CH3OH significantly reduces the thermal conductivity and sound velocity when the mixture becomes ice VI‐CH3OH and ice VII‐CH3OH phases at high pressures, indicating that the heat transfer is hindered within the icy body. We then apply these results to model the heat transfer through the icy mantles of super‐Earths, assuming that these mantles are animated by thermal convection. Our calculations indicate that the decrease of thermal conductivity due to the presence of 10 wt % CH3OH induces a twofold decrease of the power transported by convection.
Nanostructuring and Phase Transformations in the β‐Alloy Ti‐15Mo during High‐Pressure Torsion
Authors: Gatina Svetlana , Semenova Irina , Leuthold Jörn , Valiev Ruslan
Published: September 2015

In this paper, the processes of grain refinement and phase transformations in the Ti‐15Mo β‐alloy during high‐pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature are investigated. The non‐monotonic character of the variation of the ω‐phase volume fraction has been demonstrated for an increasing number of turns; in particular, the HPT processing of 1 turn leads to the precipitation of 10% ω‐phase from the β‐matrix, but at 10 turns of HPT a reverse phase transformation is observed. It is shown that nanostructure formation with a minimum content of the ω‐phase allows for achievement of significant strengthening in the alloy while preserving a relatively low elastic modulus.
Rare genomic rearrangement in a boy with Williams–Beuren syndrome associated to XYY syndrome and intriguing behavior
Authors: Dutra Roberta L. , Piazzon Flavia B. , Zanardo Évelin A. , Costa Thais Virginia Moura Machado , Montenegro Marília M. , Novo‐Filho Gil M. , Dias Alexandre T. , Nascimento Amom M. , Kim Chong Ae , Kulikowski Leslie D.
Published: September 2015

Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) is caused by a hemizygous contiguous gene microdeletion of 1.55–1.84 Mb at 7q11.23 region. Approximately, 28 genes have been shown to contribute to classical phenotype of SWB with presence of dysmorphic facial features, supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS), intellectual disability, and overfriendliness. With the use of Microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization and other molecular cytogenetic techniques, is possible define with more accuracy partial or atypical deletion and refine the genotype‐phenotype correlation. Here, we report on a rare genomic structural rearrangement in a boy with atypical deletion in 7q11.23 and XYY syndrome with characteristic clinical signs, but not sufficient for the diagnosis of WBS. Cytogenetic analysis of G‐banding showed a karyotype 47,XYY. Analysis of DNA with the technique of MLPA (Multiplex Ligation‐dependent Probe Amplification) using kits a combination of kits (P064, P036, P070, and P029) identified an atypical deletion on 7q11.23. In addition, high resolution SNP Oligonucleotide Microarray Analysis (SNP‐array) confirmed the alterations found by MLPA and revealed others pathogenic CNVs, in the chromosomes 7 and X. The present report demonstrates an association not yet described in literature, between Williams–Beuren syndrome and 47,XYY. The identification of atypical deletion in 7q11.23 concomitant to additional pathogenic CNVs in others genomic regions allows a better comprehension of clinical consequences of atypical genomic rearrangements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Work participation in adults with Marfan syndrome: Demographic characteristics, MFS related health symptoms, chronic pain, and fatigue
Authors: Velvin Gry , Bathen Trine , Rand‐Hendriksen Svend , Geirdal Amy Østertun
Published: September 2015

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a severe autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder that might influence peoples work ability. This cross sectional study aims to investigate work participation in adults with verified MFS diagnosis and to explore how the health related consequences of MFS and other factors might influence work participation. The prevalence of health problems in young adults compared to older adults with MFS was examined in association to work participation. A postal questionnaire including questions about work participation, demographic characteristics, MFS related health problems, chronic pain, and fatigue was sent to 117 adults with verified MFS (Ghent 1), and 62% answered. Fifty‐nine percent were employed or students, significantly lower work participation than the General Norwegian Population (GNP), but higher than the Norwegian population of people with disability. Most young adults worked full‐time despite extensive health problems, but the average age for leaving work was low. Few had received any work adaptations prior to retiring from work. In multiple logistic regression analysis, only age, lower educational level and severe fatigue were significantly associated with low work participation; not MFS related health problems or chronic pain. Fatigue appears to be the most challenging health problem to deal with in work, but the covariance is complex. Focus on vocational guidance early in life, more appropriate work adaptations, and psychosocial support might improve the possibility for sustaining in work for adults with MFS. More research about work challenges in adults with MFS is needed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Propane σ‐Complexes on PdO(101): Spectroscopic Evidence of the Selective Coordination and Activation of Primary CH Bonds
Authors: Zhang Feng , Pan Li , Choi Juhee , Mehar Vikram , Diulus John T. , Asthagiri Aravind , Weaver Jason F.
Published: September 2015

Achieving selective CH bond cleavage is critical for developing catalytic processes that transform small alkanes to value‐added products. The present study clarifies the molecular‐level origin for an exceptionally strong preference for propane to dissociate on the crystalline PdO(101) surface via primary CH bond cleavage. Using reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show that adsorbed propane σ‐complexes preferentially adopt geometries on PdO(101) in which only primary CH bonds datively interact with the surface Pd atoms at low propane coverages and are thus activated under typical catalytic reaction conditions. We show that a propane molecule achieves maximum stability on PdO(101) by adopting a bidentate geometry in which a HPd dative bond forms at each CH3 group. These results demonstrate that structural registry between the molecule and surface can strongly influence the selectivity of a metal oxide surface in activating alkane CH bonds.
Ein robuster mesoionischer Pyridylcarben‐Cobalt‐Komplex als Elektrokatalysator für die Wasserstoff‐Produktion
Authors: van der Meer Margarethe , Glais Estelle , Siewert Inke , Sarkar Biprajit
Published: September 2015

Das erste Beispiel für einen CoIII‐Komplex mit einem mesoionischen Pyridylcarben‐Liganden wird vorgestellt. Der Komplex ist ein effizienter Elektrokatalysator für die H2‐Produktion bei sehr niedriger Überspannung und sehr hohen Wechselzahlen unter Verwendung einer Glaskohlenstoff‐Arbeitselektrode. Die entsprechenden Triazol‐Komplexe zeigen keinerlei katalytische Aktivität unter identischen Bedingungen. Die bemerkenswerte Stabilität der Co‐C(Carben)‐Bindung gegenüber Säuren ist sehr wahrscheinlich ein Grund für die hohe Effizienz des Katalysators. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse öffnen ein neues Forschungsgebiet für funktionale Hydrogenasemodelle unter Verwendung von Carben‐basierten Liganden.
Mechanism‐Driven Elaboration of an Enantioselective Bromocyclopropanation Reaction of Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Taillemaud Sylvain , Diercxsens Nicolas , Gagnon Alexandre , Charette André B.
Published: September 2015

A stereoselective bromocyclopropanation of allylic alcohols using dibromomethylzinc bromide is described. Spectroscopic studies to monitor the formation of transient intermediates not only led to the development of a more‐atom‐economical halocyclopropanation reaction, but also highlighted the unique role of ether additives in the process. The desired bromo‐substituted cyclopropanes were isolated in high yields and excellent diastereo‐ as well as enantioselectivities using readily available reagents.
Nanoporous Materials Can Tune the Critical Point of a Pure Substance
Authors: Braun Efrem , Chen Joseph J. , Schnell Sondre K. , Lin Li‐Chiang , Reimer Jeffrey A. , Smit Berend
Published: September 2015

Molecular simulations and NMR relaxometry experiments demonstrate that pure benzene or xylene confined in isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (IRMOFs) exhibit true vapor–liquid phase equilibria where the effective critical point may be reduced by tuning the structure of the MOF. Our results are consistent with vapor and liquid phases extending over many MOF unit cells. These results are counterintuitive since the MOF pore diameters are approximately the same length scale as the adsorbate molecules. As applications of these materials in catalysis, separations, and gas storage rely on the ability to tune the properties of adsorbed molecules, we anticipate that the ability to systematically control the critical point, thereby preparing spatially inhomogeneous local adsorbate densities, could add a new design tool for MOF applications.
Single Unit Cell Bismuth Tungstate Layers Realizing Robust Solar CO2 Reduction to Methanol
Authors: Liang Liang , Lei Fengcai , Gao Shan , Sun Yongfu , Jiao Xingchen , Wu Ju , Qamar Shaista , Xie Yi
Published: September 2015

Solar CO2 reduction into hydrocarbons helps to solve the global warming and energy crisis. However, conventional semiconductors usually suffer from low photoactivity and poor photostability. Here, atomically‐thin oxide‐based semiconductors are proposed as excellent platforms to overcome this drawback. As a prototype, single‐unit‐cell Bi2WO6 layers are first synthesized by virtue of a lamellar Bi‐oleate intermediate. The single‐unit‐cell thickness allows 3‐times larger CO2 adsorption capacity and higher photoabsorption than bulk Bi2WO6. Also, the increased conductivity, verified by density functional theory calculations and temperature‐dependent resistivities, favors fast carrier transport. The carrier lifetime increased from 14.7 to 83.2 ns, revealed by time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, which accounts for the improved electron‐hole separation efficacy. As a result, the single‐unit‐cell Bi2WO6 layers achieve a methanol formation rate of 75 μmol g−1 h−1, 125‐times higher than that of bulk Bi2WO6. The catalytic activity of the single‐unit‐cell layers proceeds without deactivation even after 2 days. This work will shed light on designing efficient and robust photoreduction CO2 catalysts.