bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vitrectorhexis Versus Forceps Capsulorhexis for Anterior and Posterior Capsulotomy in Congenital Cataract Surgery
Authors: Hazirolan Dicle O. , Altiparmak Ugur E. , Aslan Bekir S. , Duman Sunay
Published: April 2009

Purpose:

To compare the results of anterior and posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis created using forceps with those created using vitrector in eyes suffering from congenital cataract.

Methods:

Twenty-eight eyes with congenital cataract were included in the study. The anterior and posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexes were created using microforceps in 17 eyes or through a vitrector in 11 eyes.

Results:

Corneal edema (
P
= .56) and anterior chamber flare (
P
= 1.0) were comparable in both groups. In addition, the time for optical axis clarity was also similar between the groups (
P
= .98).

Conclusion:

The current results suggest that the use of both techniques appears to be equally safe and effective for the achievement of anterior and posterior capsulorhexis.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:104–107.]
Development and Evaluation of a Women's Health Support System at a Japanese Company
Authors: Ariyoshi Hiromi
Published: April 2009

This research was designed to evaluate a work environment in which all female employees can work safely and comfortably by developing a health support system for women in the workplace. With consent from management, the occupational health nurse invited an OB/GYN physician, contracted from outside the company, to act as a specialist adviser. Because health-related concerns unique to women are sometimes difficult to differentiate from mental health issues, a health management system was developed to ensure that the psychological health of workers is promoted and maintained. After development of this system, case studies were reviewed and evaluated for menstrual disorders, perinatal health management, and menopausal disorders. Intraoffice cooperation and support were garnered from the Personnel Department, the Sexual Harassment Measures Committee, the industrial physician, and the Health and Safety Committee. In addition, through the review of the case studies, the roles for care on every level were clarified. The number of female employees who opted for early retirement due to menstrual disorders, miscarriage, or menopausal disorders was also reduced. It is believed that as a result of this study, a health management system for health-related concerns unique to women and based on mental health care measures in the workplace was developed and supportive measures were practiced. In the future, it will be important to continue to comprehensively view and create a work environment in which all female staff members can work safely and comfortably.
Managers' Perceptions of the Current and Future Role of Occupational Health Nurses in Australia
Authors: Mellor Gary , St John Winsome
Published: April 2009

Occupational health nurses face competition from other professionals in the field of occupational health and safety. This study investigated managers' perceptions of Australian occupational health nurses' roles. Managers were asked to rate the importance of occupational health nurses' activities and the time they believe occupational health nurses do or should dedicate to each activity now and in the future. The questionnaire included 22 activity statements grouped into eight areas of practice that were thought to constitute the occupational health nurse role, based on the Australian College of Occupational Health Nurses standards. Data revealed that emergent roles focused on injury prevention, health promotion, management, and research were of increasing importance, with more time being needed for them in the future. Fulfilling these expectations may place occupational health nurses in competition with other occupational health and safety personnel for particular responsibilities and may require negotiation to gain support for taking on these role activities. Fulfilling these emergent role activities effectively will require appropriate professional development and advanced education.
Occupational Health Nurses—The Solution to Absence Management?
Authors: Wallace Myra A.
Published: April 2009

Business and industry are currently focused on increasing employee productivity, reducing employee injuries and lost work time, and minimizing costs. Absence from work due to either injury or health-related leave negatively affects both direct and indirect costs. Absenteeism, regardless of reason, negatively impacts company profit. To decrease the multiple costs of unplanned absences, the occupational health nurse can collaborate with Human Resources professionals and management to create cost-saving short- and long-term disability programs, manage Family and Medical Leave Act programs, and case manage the care of all employees with workers' compensation claims.
Tuberculosis Testing Update
Authors: Tompkins Olga S.
Published: April 2009

Global occupational health nurses can choose from several options to address specific noncompliance challenges that prevent accurate tuberculosis testing and interpretation.
Bilateral Retinal Detachment After Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Al-Rashaed Saba , Abboud Emad , Al-Dhibi Hassan
Published: April 2009

A 37-year-old man developed retinal detachment after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in both eyes. Causes for the retinal breaks were a horseshoe tear and a giant tear. Both eyes were treated by vitrectomy and scleral buckle. Four months later, the patient developed a recurrent detachment in the right eye with cataract that was managed surgically. Both retinas were flat after a 20-month follow-up period. Bilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after LASIK for correction of myopia can be a serious complication. Patients should be informed about the possibility of this complication. Previous reports of retinal detachments after LASIK and possible related mechanisms were also reviewed.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:180–184.]
Advantages of Using a Ray-traced, Three-Dimensional Rendering System for Spectral Domain Cirrus HD-OCT to Visualize Subtle Structures of the Vitreoretinal Interface
Authors: Glittenberg Carl , Krebs Ilse , Falkner-Radler Christiane , Zeiler Florian , Haas Paulina , Hagen Stefan , Binder Susanne
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:

To create a ray-traced, three-dimensional display system for Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) that improves the visualization of subtle structures of the vitreoretinal interface.

Patients and Methods:

High-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) data for epiretinal membranes (17 eyes), macular holes (11 eyes), and posterior vitreal detachments (17 eyes) were collected. A display system that visualizes the acquired data using ray-tracing algorithms was designed and compared with the Cirrus HD-OCT 2.0 advanced visualization software system. The area around the vitreoretinal interface was visualized using a 100-µm-thick internal limiting membrane (ILM) fitted slab as well as ILM and retinal pigment epithelium surface reconstructions.

Results:

Subtle structures could be visualized more distinctly using the ray-traced, three-dimensional rendering software.

Conclusion:

A ray-traced visualization system improves the visualization of subtle structures in and around the vitreoretinal interface.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:127–134.]
Analysis of the Outer Retina Reconstructed by High-Resolution, Three-Dimensional Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Kaluzny Jakub J. , Wojtkowski Maciej , Sikorski Bartosz L. , Szkulmowski Maciej , Szkulmowska Anna , Bajraszewski Tomasz , Fujimoto James G. , Duker Jay S. , Schuman Joel S. , Kowalczyk Andrzej
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to demonstrate an analysis of an outer retinal layer reconstructed by the three-dimensional and high-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) instrument.

Patients and Methods:

New measurement protocols for SD-OCT and methods of analysis and visualization of the individual segmented retinal layer reconstructed by SD-OCT were proposed. Three contour maps representing mutual distances between the basal part of the retinal pigment epithelium, the junction between the inner and outer segments of photoreceptors, and a reference contour representing the shape of a healthy retina were introduced.

Results:

The analysis of the outer retina was performed on pathological eyes. Three cases of central serous chorioretinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy are demonstrated.

Conclusion:

Three contour maps reconstructed for clinical cases demonstrate high variability of observed patterns depending on analyzed pathology. The authors believe this can help to present OCT data simultaneously in a more comprehensive and convenient way to assist in everyday clinical diagnosis.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:102–108.]
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy in 830-nm Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Kaluzny Bartlomiej J. , Szkulmowska Anna , Szkulmowski Maciej , Bajraszewski Tomasz , Kowalczyk Andrzej , Wojtkowski Maciej
Published: April 2009

This article presents for the first time the potential of 830-nm spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in the evaluation of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. SD-OCT is an imaging technique that can be used for in vivo cross-sectional corneal visualization. The important features of SD-OCT instruments include improved sensitivity and short acquisition time, which improves the quality of the tomograms compared with conventional time domain OCT. Tomograms of the corneas of three patients in different stages of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy are presented. The authors conclude that 830-nm SD-OCT provides clinically valuable cross-sectional assessment of pathomorphological changes in Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy in vivo.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:198–200.]
Resident-Performed Prophylactic Retinopexy and the Risk of Retinal Detachment
Authors: Levin Marc , Naseri Ayman , Stewart Jay M.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:

To examine the natural history of retinopexies performed by ophthalmology residents at university-affiliated clinics and to determine the rate of progression to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Patients and Methods:

Charts of patients receiving prophylactic thermal coagulation between 1997 and 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. Outcome measures included subsequent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and additional prophylactic treatments.

Results:

Review of the medical records identified 166 eyes with peripheral retinal lesions treated by resi dents, with an average follow-up of 2.4 ± 0.2 years. At presentation, only 43.4% of patients were symptomatic. Two (1.2%) eyes developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment during follow-up, with each arising in a previously healthy area of retina in a patient with a history of detachment of the fellow retina. Twenty-five eyes (15%) received at least one additional prophylactic procedure.

Conclusion:

The rate of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment following prophylactic retinopexy performed by residents at hospital-based clinics is low, supporting this standard practice.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:120–126.]
Novel Observations and Potential Applications Using Digital Infrared Iris Imaging
Authors: Roberts Daniel K. , Lukic Ana S. , Yang Yongyi , Moroi Sayoko E. , Wilensky Jacob T. , Wernick Miles N.
Published: April 2009

Digital infrared iris photography using a modified digital camera system was performed on approximately 300 subjects seen during routine clinical care and research at one facility. Because this image database offered an opportunity to gain new insight into the potential utility of infrared iris imaging, it was surveyed for unique image patterns. Then, a selection of photographs was compiled that would illustrate the spectrum of this imaging experience. Potentially informative image patterns were observed in subjects with cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, Posner–Schlossman syndrome, iridociliary cysts, long anterior lens zonules, nevi, oculocutaneous albinism, pigment dispersion syndrome, pseudophakia, suspected vascular anomaly, and trauma. Image patterns were often unanticipated regardless of preexisting information and suggest that infrared iris imaging may have numerous potential clinical and research applications, some of which may still not be recognized. These observations suggest further development and study of this technology.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:207–216.]
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Fundus Autofluorescence Findings in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Authors: Sayanagi Kaori , Sharma Sumit , Kaiser Peter K.
Published: April 2009

A 39-year-old man with pseudoxanthoma elasticum who had a loss of vision was examined using digital imaging. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) detected subfoveal deposits that coincided with hyperautofluorescent areas on fundus autofluorescence imaging. These deposits seemed to cause the patient's rapid visual loss because no angioid streaks or choroidal neovascularization were present in the fovea. These deposits were not observed on fundus and infrared photography. SD-OCT combined with fundus autofluorescence imaging may be a useful tool for diagnosis of the atypical deposits in patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum, which could lead to visual loss.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:195–197.]
Microbiological Spectrum of Organisms Isolated From Explanted Scleral Buckles
Authors: Wirostko William J. , Covert Douglas J. , Han Dennis P. , Connor Thomas B. , Kim Judy E. , Hammersley Jill , Lindgren Kevin
Published: April 2009

Scleral buckle removal is an uncommon procedure performed for various reasons. Microbiological information on explanted scleral buckles remains limited. The authors identified 37 cases of scleral buckle removal during an 18-year period. Bacterial cultures isolated an organism in 4 of 9 patients (44%) with clinical infection. Organisms identified included methicillinresistant
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Mycobacterium abscessus
, and coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus
species. Bacterial cultures isolated an organism in 3 of 11 patients (27%) without clinical infection. Organisms identified included
Nocardia
species,
Alcaligenes xylosoxidans
, and
Mycobacterium chelonae
. Scleral buckles appearing clinically infected may be associated with more virulent organisms and a greater chance of identifying an organism. Bacterial cultures may be of value for scleral buckles upon removal.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:201–202.]
Fixation Point After Successful Macular Hole Surgery With Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling
Authors: Yanagita Tomohiko , Shimizu Kimiya , Fujimura Fusako , Takano Masahiko
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:

This study evaluated the fixation points of macular holes using scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry before and after surgery with internal limiting membrane peeling.

Patients and Methods:

This prospective non-comparative study examined 21 eyes (21 patients) with macular holes. Hole size and distance between preoperative and postoperative fixation points were measured.

Results:

The fixation points were located on the superior edge of the macular hole in 18 (86%) cases preoperatively and shifted centrally in 15 (71.4%) cases postoperatively. Macular hole size correlated well with the distance moved by the fixation points (r = .83,
P
< .0001).

Conclusion:

Scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry facilitated pinpointing of fixation points before and after surgery. The correlation between macular hole size and fixation point shift suggests that the retina around the hole moves centripetally after surgery.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:109–114.]
Fluctuations in the biochemical composition of the Patagonian stone crab Platyxanthus patagonicus A. Milne Edwards, 1879 (Platyxanthidae: Brachyura) throughout its reproductive cycle
Authors: Dima Jimena B. , De Vido Norma A. , Leal Gustavo A. , Barón Pedro J.
Published: April 2009

We analyzed the gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indices, reproductive condition and biochemical composition of the digestive gland, gonads and claw muscle of the Patagonian stone crab over a one-year period. In females, the maximum HSI occurred in spring (gonad recovery period) and summer (maximum maturity period). The maximum female GSI values were found in summer, and fell to minimum values in fall and winter. In males, the highest GSI was observed during winter, which coincided with a non-mating period. The claw muscle biochemical composition did not significantly differ between seasons for either sex, except for the significantly lower glycogen content observed in winter relative to fall and summer in males. For both sexes, the claw muscle contained 72.4 to 81.2% moisture, 12.3 to 19.8% protein, 0.3 to 1.0% fat, 1.1 to 2.7% ash and 0.1 to 1.4% glycogen. In both sexes, the digestive gland was the main storage site for lipids. In the ovary, lipid and protein contents were higher in spring and summer, and decreased to significantly lower values after spawning. Moisture showed the opposite pattern and neither glycogen nor ash contents showed significant differences between seasons. The biochemical composition of the testes-vasa deferentia complex did not show significant seasonal fluctuations, except for higher moisture content in fall compared to summer and spring.
Spatial patterns in the population structure of the whelk Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1766) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the Canarian Archipelago (eastern Atlantic)
Authors: Ramírez Rubén , Tuya Fernando , Haroun Ricardo J.
Published: April 2009

The goal of this study was to determine the consistency of the vertical distribution patterns of the predatory whelk, Stramonita haemastoma, in the rocky intertidal zone of the Canarian Archipelago (eastern Atlantic) across a hierarchy of five orders of magnitude of horizontal spatial variability (from tens of m to hundreds of km). In general, this species showed a consistent vertical zonation pattern across islands, with the majority of the specimens (74.65%) found in the mid intertidal zone. This result most likely reflects the whelk’s preference for a habitat with a large amount of potential prey but minimal stress induced by swells and desiccation. The mean abundance (0 to 1.73 ± 0.40 ind m-2, mean ± SE) and size structure (7 to 45 mm in shell length) of S. haemastoma in the Canarian Archipelago was considerably lower compared to those from continental areas in the Atlantic Ocean, which suggests that there are some differences between these populations. Natural mechanisms (e.g. isolation or poor recruitment events) and human perturbations (e.g. exploitation of intertidal resources) might influence the spatial distribution patterns.
Dyes, Natural
Authors: Cofrancesco A. J.
Published: April 2009

From the earliest times humans admired the beautiful natural colors of plants and minerals and sought to enhance human appearance by color. Ancient peoples used these dyes in cosmetics,food, and as medicine. The greatest use of natural dyes occurred when the art of weaving was developed. A few synthetic dyes were manufactured before 1856, but the big break through in synthetic dye manufacture came from Perkin who developed the synthesis for the dye Mauve. Synthetic dyes replaced natural dyes, but natural dyes are making a comeback. Hand dyeing is popular and there is an ever increasing demand for natural dyes as food colorings. This article discusses those natural dyes formerly manufactured. Basic categores include anthraquinones; napthoquinone dyes; indigoid dyes, and the natural food colors.The use of biogenic sources for color is a common practice, and for the most part, these do not produce adverse reactions. However, a few biogenic substances have been linked to allergic type reactions. Literature makes reference to carmine and annatto. Regulations of natural dyes are not numerous, but are discussed here.
Food Toxicants, Naturally Occurring
Authors: Hoskins Fred H.
Published: April 2009

Food products are fundamentally mixtures of chemical compounds. That certain of these compounds may produce human toxicities has been known before recorded time. Because human diets are normally composed of large numbers of different foods, only minute quantities of any specific toxic materials are consumed. Thus, dilution exerts a significant protection effect against acute toxication. Toxicants are substances, which upon ingestion, produce changes in homeostasis that are threatening to the normal function of the organism. There are substantial differences in the toxicity thresholds of individuals to specific agents. Some of the naturally occurring food toxicants discussed are aflatoxin, caffeine, goitrin, oxalic acid, and solanine. Groups include toxic proteins, peptides, amides, amino acids, alkaloids, oligosaccharides, essential minerals and heavy trace elements, cyanogenic glycosides, phytoalexins, antinutrients, vitamins, mycotoxins, nitrates. There is little specific legislation that pertains to natural toxicants in food.
Gemstone Materials
Authors: Nassau Kurt
Published: April 2009

There are three types of gemstones defined by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission: (1) natural gemstones are found in nature and at the most are enhanced; (2) imitation or simulated fake, faux, etc., material resembles the natural appearance and is frequently only colored glass or plastic; and (3) synthetic material is the exact duplicate of the natural material having the same composition and properties of the natural material, but is made in the laboratory. The word gem cannot be used for synthetic gemstones. Important manufacturing methods are crystal growth from the melt or crystal growth from solution. High temperature‐high pressure (HTHP) and the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process are the main synthesis routes. Distinguishing between natural and synthetic gemstones is one of the tasks of a trained gemologist.
Gemstone Treatment
Authors: Nassau Kurt
Published: April 2009

Color and clarity are the two attributes that give gemstones used in jewelry value. Gemstones deficient in color or clarity can be enhanced. Almost worthless material can at times be converted into valuable‐appearing gemstones. An estimated two‐thirds of all colored gemstones used in jewelry have been treated. Identification of the use of treatments and disclosure of enhancements to the purchaser are important. Heat and radiation treatments of gems are common. Other treatments include bleaching, impregnations, crack fillings and dyeing. Surfaces of gems can be modified with waxes, paints, etc. Laser drillings to burn out inclusions are frequent. Lattice diffusion changes the material's atoms and is considered unethical. A trained gemologist is needed for identification of treated gems. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission lists guidelines for the sale of treated gemstones.
2‐Butanone
Authors: Hoell Detlef , Mensing Thomas , Roggenbuck Rafael , Sakuth Michael , Sperlich Egbert , Urban Thomas , Neier Wilhelm , Strehlke Guenter
Published: April 2009

2‐Butanone is the second most important commercially produced ketone after acetone. It is produced primarily by dehydrogenation of 2‐butanol. 2‐Butanone is used as a solvent in paints and adhesives and shows increasing demand. As a low‐boiling solvent with low viscosity, high solids concentration, and wide diluents' tolerance, 2‐butanone has wide application in polymer industry, where it is considered as a strong competitor to ethyl acetate. In the chemical industry, 2‐butanone can be used as an activator for oxidative reactions, as extractive agent, solvent, and as a chemical intermediate. In 2005, it was removed from the list of hazardous air pollutants.

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Catalytic Dehydrogenation ofsec‐Butyl Alcohol (SBA) in the Gaseous Phase4.2.MEK as a Byproduct of the Fischer‐Tropsch Coal‐to‐Liquid Process4.3.Liquid‐Phase Oxidation ofn‐Butane4.4.Oxidation ofsec‐Butylbenzene According to the Hock Phenol Synthesis4.5.Direct Oxidation ofn‐Butenes (Hoechst‐Wacker Process)5.Quality, Storage, Transportation6.Uses7.Economic Aspects8.Toxicology and Occupational Health8.1.Occupational Exposure8.2.Toxicokinetics and Metabolism8.2.1.Absorption8.2.1.1Oral Exposure8.2.1.2.Inhalation Exposure8.2.1.3.Dermal Exposure8.2.2.Distribution8.2.3.Metabolism8.2.4.Elimination and Excretion8.2.5.Mechanism of Action8.2.6.Toxic Effects8.2.6.1.Oral Exposure8.2.6.2.Inhalation Exposure8.2.6.3.Occupational Health8.2.6.4.Regulations
Disinfectants
Authors: Siebert Jörg , Harke Hans‐Peter
Published: April 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Definitions3.Application4.Efficacy Testing Methods, Requirements for Efficacy5.Formulations6.Active Ingredients6.1.Alcohols6.2.Aldehydes6.3.Peroxy and Peroxo Acids6.4.Phenols6.5.Cation‐Active Compounds6.6.Amphoteric Compounds6.7.Alkylamines6.8.Inorganic Compounds7.Toxicology
Indicator Reagents
Authors: Sabnis Ram W. , Ross Erwin , Köthe Jutta , Naumann Renate , Fischer Wolfgang , Mayer Wilhelm‐Dietrich , Wieland Gerhard , Newman Ernest J. , Wilson Charles M.
Published: April 2009

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.pH Indicators2.1.Theory2.2.Errors2.3.Color‐Change Transition2.4.Classification2.4.1.Azo pH Indicators2.4.2.Nitro pH Indicators2.4.3.Phthalein pH Indicators2.4.4.Sulfonephthalein pH Indicators2.4.5.Triphenylmethane pH Indicators2.4.6.Benzein pH Indicators2.4.7.Fluorescent pH Indicators2.4.8.Miscellaneous pH Indicators2.4.9.Mixed Indicators2.5.pH Indicator Papers2.6.pH Indicators for Nonaqueous Solutions3.Adsorption Indicators4.Fluorescent Indicators5.Chemiluminescent Indicators6.Redox Indicators7.Metal Indicators7.1.Volumetry (Complexometry)7.2.Colorimetry and Photometry7.3.Structure7.4.Ligand Classes7.4.1.Ligands Forming Five‐Membered Chelate Rings7.4.2.Ligands Forming Six‐Membered Chelate Rings8.Analytical Test Kits
Design of Experiments
Authors: Soravia Sergio , Orth Andreas
Published: April 2009

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.General Remarks1.2.Application in Industry1.3.Historical Sidelights1.4.Aim and Scope2.Procedure for Conducting Experimental Investigations: Basic Principles2.1.System Analysis and Clear Definition of Objectives2.2.Response Variables and Experimental Factors2.3.Replication, Blocking, and Randomization2.4.Interactions2.5.Different Experimental Strategies2.6.Drawback of the One‐Factor‐at‐a‐Time Method3.Factorial Designs3.1.Basic Concepts3.2.The 22Factorial Design3.3.The 23Factorial Design3.4.Fractional Factorial Designs4.Response Surface Designs4.1.The Idea of Using Basic Empirical Models4.2.The Class of Models Used in DoE4.3.Standard DoE Models and Corresponding Designs4.4.Using Regression Analysis to Fit Models to Experimental Data5.Methods for Assessing, Improving, and Visualizing Models5.1.R2Regression Measure andQ2Prediction Measure5.2.ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Lack‐of‐Fit Test5.3.Analysis of Observations and Residuals5.4.Heuristics for Improving Model Performance5.5.Graphical Visualization of Response Surfaces6.Optimization Methods6.1.Basic EVOP Approach Using Factorial Designs6.2.Model‐Based Approach6.3.Multi‐Response Optimization with Desirability Functions6.4.Validation of Predicted Optima7.Designs for Special Purposes7.1.Mixture Designs7.2.Designs for Categorical Factors7.3.Optimal Designs7.4.Robust Design as a Tool for Quality Engineering8.Software
Heterokaryon‐Based Reprogramming for Pluripotency
Authors: Pereira Carlos Filipe , Fisher Amanda G.
Published: April 2009

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the ability to self‐renew, execute multiple lineage paths, and dominantly reprogram differentiated cells upon cell fusion. Here, we describe an approach that reprograms human B lymphocytes toward pluripotency by generating inter‐species heterokaryons with mouse ES cells. This induces a human ES‐specific gene expression profile, in which the extent and the rapidity of conversion allows us to compare the capacity of different mouse ES cell lines to dominantly induce pluripotency. This approach, coupled with pharmacological inhibition, gene knock‐out, or knock‐down permits factors that are required to directly induce reprogramming to be defined individually, as well as in combination. Experimental heterokaryons provide a simple and tractable approach to address the mechanisms underlying direct reprogramming to pluripotency. The procedure requires 5 days to complete. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 9:4B.1.1‐4B.1.14. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Real‐time signal processing by adaptive repeated median filters
Authors: Schettlinger K. , Fried R. , Gather U.
Published: April 2009

In intensive care, a basic goal is to extract the signals from very noisy time series in real time. We propose a robust online filter with an adaptive window width, which yields a smooth representation of the denoised data in stable periods and which is also able to trace typical patterns such as level shifts or trend changes with small time delay. Several versions of this method are evaluated and compared with a simulation study and on real data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear adaptive tracking‐control synthesis for functionally uncertain systems
Authors: Zwierzewicz Zenon
Published: April 2009

The paper is concerned with the problem of adaptive tracking system control synthesis. It is assumed that a nonlinear, feedback linearizable object dynamics (model structure) is (partially) unknown and some of its nonlinear characteristics can be approximated by a sort of functional approximators. It has been proven that proportional state feedback plus parameter adaptation are able to assure its asymptotic stability. This form of controller permits online compensation of unknown model nonlinearities and exogenous disturbances, which results in satisfactory tracking performance. An interesting feature of the system is that the whole process control is performed without requisite asymptotic convergence of approximator parameters to the postulated ‘true’ values. It has been noticed that the parameters play rather a role of slack variables on which potential errors (that otherwise would affect the state variables) cumulate. The system's performance has been tested via Matlab/Simulink simulations via an example of ship path‐following problem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Never Mind All That Environmental Rubbish, Get On With Your Architecture’
Authors: Dean Penelope
Published: April 2009

Could the primacy of green architecture in recent years be eroding the discipline? Is it reducing architecture to a mere ‘environmental techno‐science’? Penelope Dean argues for a revised environmental agenda that is driven by ideas and concepts rather than subservient technologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meteorological Architecture
Authors: Rahm Philippe
Published: April 2009

Philippe Rahm hails the emergence of a new meteorological architecture, in which the invisible takes precedence over the visible, and the atmospheric, conduction of heat, perspiration and shifting weather and climate conditions are foregrounded. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breeding the Future
Authors: Oksiuta Zbigniew
Published: April 2009

For Zbigniew Oksiuta energy from the sun offers the greatest potential for architecture, as the essential life‐giving force for all living things. Here he urges a future of architecture that is biological, as demonstrated by his own featured bioforms that investigate the cultivation of new types of organisms and living biological products outside the confines of natural evolution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overlooked the Day Before: The Work of Pierre Huyghe
Authors: Lally Sean
Published: April 2009

Guest‐editor Sean Lally describes two projects by artist Pierre Huyghe that use the materials and strategies of stage design ‐ lighting, sound, fog and other atmospheric effects ‐ and introduce them into everyday contexts. This effectively blurs the real with the fictional and calls us to question our own sense of reality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy Histories
Authors: Gissen David
Published: April 2009

David Gissen asks how architectural history might be reshaped by the new focus on energies, which will leave the conventions of the discipline redundant. Through three projects he investigates how the tools and preoccupations of history might be reinvented; whether it is through visualisations and conceptual reconstructions of a previously gas‐guzzling age or through an atmospheric and climatic archive that replaces the primacy of the photographic archive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Instinctive Sense of Space and Boundary
Authors: Blaisse Petra
Published: April 2009

Petra Blaisse of Inside Outside describes how the studio focuses on the boundary of interior and exterior space, adding and subtracting highly tactile and sensuous layers. She highlights the significance of the invisible to her work ‐ whether light, scent or texture ‐ and how the future of design will be opening the way to ‘the sheer biology of things’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential Futures
Authors: Lally Sean
Published: April 2009

Mindful of the need to stimulate speculation and ‘jump‐start future endeavours’, Sean Lally set his students at the Rice School of Architecture, in Houston, the task of questioning the notion of the boundary and investigating the realm of materiality associated with energy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Royal Institution
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: April 2009

David Littlefield describes how Sir Terry Farrell's rethinking of the Royal Institution in Mayfair has led to a rationalisation and redesign that has transformed the premises from a tatty Georgian labyrinth into an airy series of modern spaces, Farrell having effectively re‐imagined ‘the building while retaining the essence of what made it special in the first place’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced Surfactant Uptake in Three Dimensional Assemblies of VOx Nanotubes Improves Reversible Li+ Intercalation and Charge Capacity
Authors: O'Dwyer Colm , Lavayen Vladimir , Tanner David A. , Newcomb Simon B. , Benavente Eglantina , González Guillermo , Torres Clivia M. Sotomayor
Published: April 2009

The relationship between the nanoscale structure of vanadium pentoxide nanotubes and their ability to accommodate Li+ during intercalation/deintercalation is explored. The nanotubes are synthesized using two different precursors through a surfactant‐assisted templating method, resulting in standalone VO
x (vanadium oxide) nanotubes and also “nano‐urchin”. Under highly reducing conditions, where the interlaminar uptake of primary alkylamines is maximized, standalone nanotubes exhibit near‐perfect scrolled layers and long‐range structural order even at the molecular level. Under less reducing conditions, the degree of amine uptake is reduced due to a lower density of V4+ sites and less V2O5 is functionalized with adsorbed alkylammonium cations. This is typical of the nano‐urchin structure. High‐resolution TEM studies revealed the unique observation of nanometer‐scale nanocrystals of pristine unreacted V2O5 throughout the length of the nanotubes in the nano‐urchin. Electrochemical intercalation studies revealed that the very well ordered xerogel‐based nanotubes exhibit similar specific capacities (235 mA h g−1) to Na+‐exchange nanorolls of VOx (200 mA h g−1). By comparison, the theoretical maximum value is reported to be 240 mA h g−1. The VOTPP‐based nanotubes of the nano‐urchin 3D assemblies, however, exhibit useful charge capacities exceeding 437 mA h g−1, which is a considerable advance for VOx based nanomaterials and one of the highest known capacities for Li+ intercalated laminar vanadates.
Towards Thermoconductive, Electrically Insulating Polymeric Composites with Boron Nitride Nanotubes as Fillers
Authors: Zhi Chunyi , Bando Yoshio , Terao Takeshi , Tang Chengchun , Kuwahara Hiroaki , Golberg Dimitri
Published: April 2009

Ultilizing boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) as fillers, composites are fabricated with poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, poly(vinyl butyral), or poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) as the matrix and their thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties are evaluated. More than 20‐fold thermal conductivity improvement in BNNT‐containing polymers is obtained, and such composites maintain good electrical insulation. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the BNNT‐loaded polymers is dramatically reduced because of interactions between the polymer chains and the nanotubes. Moreover, the composites possess good mechanical properties, as revealed by Vickers microhardness tests. This detailed study indicates that BNNTs are very promising nanofillers for polymeric composites, allowing the simultaneous achievement of high thermal conductivity, low CTE, and high electrical resistance, as required for novel and efficient heat‐releasing materials.
Efficient Reduction of Graphite Oxide by Sodium Borohydride and Its Effect on Electrical Conductance
Authors: Shin Hyeon‐Jin , Kim Ki Kang , Benayad Anass , Yoon Seon‐Mi , Park Hyeon Ki , Jung In‐Sun , Jin Mei Hua , Jeong Hae‐Kyung , Kim Jong Min , Choi Jae‐Young , Lee Young Hee
Published: April 2009

The conductivity of graphite oxide films is modulated using reducing agents. It is found that the sheet resistance of graphite oxide film reduced using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is much lower than that of films reduced using hydrazine (N2H4). This is attributed to the formation of CN groups in the N2H4 case, which may act as donors compensating the hole carriers in reduced graphite oxide. In the case of NaBH4 reduction, the interlayer distance is first slightly expanded by the formation of intermediate boron oxide complexes and then contracted by the gradual removal of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups along with the boron oxide complexes. The fabricated conducting film comprising a NaBH4‐reduced graphite oxide reveals a sheet resistance comparable to that of dispersed graphene.
Diatomaceous Lessons in Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials
Authors: Losic Dusan , Mitchell James G. , Voelcker Nicolas H.
Published: April 2009

Silicon, in its various forms, finds widespread use in electronic, optical, and structural materials. Research on uses of silicon and silica has been intense for decades, raising the question of how much diversity is left for innovation with this element. Shape variation is particularly well examined. Here, we review the principles revealed by diatom frustules, the porous silica shells of diatoms, microscopic, unicellular algae. The frustules have nanometer‐scale detail, and the almost 100 000 species with unique frustule morphologies suggest nuanced structural and optical functions well beyond the current ranges used in advanced materials. The unique frustule morphologies have arisen through tens of millions of years of evolutionary selection, and so are likely to reflect optimized design and function. Performing the structural and optical equivalent of data mining, and understanding and adopting these designs, affords a new paradigm in materials science, an alternative to combinatorial materials synthesis approaches in spurring the development of new material and more nuanced materials.
Recent Progress in Syntheses and Applications of Dumbbell‐like Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Chao , Xu Chenjie , Zeng Hao , Sun Shouheng
Published: April 2009

This paper reviews the recent research progress in the syntheses and applications of dumbbell‐like nanoparticles (NPs). It first describes the general synthesis of dumbbell‐like NPs that contain noble metal and magnetic NPs/or quantum dots. It then outlines the interesting optical and magnetic properties found in these dumbbell NPs. The review further highlights several exciting application potentials of these NPs in catalysis and biomedicine.
Laser diagnostic investigation of the bubble eruption patterns in the freeboard of fluidized beds: Simultaneous acetone PLIF and stereoscopic PIV measurements
Authors: Müller C. R. , Hartung G. , Hult J. , Dennis J. S. , Kaminski C. F.
Published: April 2009

For the first time PIV has been applied simultaneously with acetone‐PLIF in the freeboard of a fluidized bed. Here, the eruption profile of single bubbles and a continuous stream of bubbles were studied. As stereoscopic PIV was applied the out‐of‐plane component of the velocity was also measured. The out‐of‐plane component is not negligible. The observed bubble eruption patterns were in general agreement with the bubble model of Levy and Lockwood,24 Yorquez‐Ramirez and Duursma5 and Solimene et al.1 No qualitative difference between the eruption of a single bubble and a stream of bubbles was observed. Based on the calculated vorticity of the gas in the freeboard, it was found that the bubble induced turbulence decays fairly rapidly. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Coronary heart disease of females: lessons learned from nonhuman primates
Authors: Clarkson Thomas B. , Mehaffey Margaret H.
Published: April 2009

The cynomolgus monkey model has contributed to significant advances regarding the understanding of coronary artery atherosclerosis of females. There are currently 8 million women in the United States living with heart disease, necessitating further study and understanding of this leading cause of morbidity and mortality for postmenopausal women. Specifically, studies involving the monkey model have allowed greater understanding of the effect of the stage of reproductive life, time since menopause, and the extent of subclinical atherosclerosis as determinates of estrogen‐mediated effects on arteries. Utilizing the commonalities among monkeys and human beings, these studies have shown that postmenopausal atherosclerosis is associated with the premenopausal reproductive timeframe. In addition, monkey studies have shown that estrogen deficiency during the premenopausal stage is extremely relevant regarding the progression of atherosclerosis. After several postmenopausal years, however, studies have shown that estrogen has no beneficial effects on atherosclerosis progression and may, in fact, be deleterious. Studies using the monkey model are currently underway to investigate further uses and possibilities of postmenopausal hormone therapy for treating menopausal symptoms while protecting the breast and uterus and inhibiting the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. These studies will hopefully clarify the role of estrogen and eliminate the need for the possibly harmful progestin effects through the use of a highly selective estrogen receptor modulator. Am. J. Primatol. 71:785–793, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual size dimorphism in Asian colobines revisited
Authors: Grueter Cyril C. , van Schaik Carel P.
Published: April 2009

Asian colobines exhibit a wide range of sexual dimorphism in body mass. Some species are monomorphic, whereas others are strongly dimorphic. Strong sexual dimorphism is generally viewed as the consequence of intense male contest competition over access to mates, but this idea appears not to explain variation in sexual dimorphism in Asian colobines. Our results show that modular colobines, i.e. species in which social units aggregate into higher‐level bands or often associate, have significantly higher levels of sexual dimorphism in body mass than the nonmodular ones. This finding was corroborated by means of phylogenetically controlled methods and multiple regression analyses. The results suggest that living in a modular society intensifies the contest competition among males, which is further exacerbated by the continuous presence of all‐male units. Am. J. Primatol. 71:609–616, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of extant Pan species and subspecies using the enamel–dentine junction morphology of lower molars
Authors: Skinner Matthew M. , Gunz Philipp , Wood Bernard A. , Boesch Christophe , Hublin Jean‐Jacques
Published: April 2009

Previous research has demonstrated that species and subspecies of extant chimpanzees and bonobos can be distinguished on the basis of the shape of their molar crowns. Thus, there is potential for fossil taxa, particularly fossil hominins, to be distinguished at similar taxonomic levels using molar crown morphology. Unfortunately, due to occlusal attrition, the original crown morphology is often absent in fossil teeth, and this has limited the amount of shape information used to discriminate hominin molars. The enamel–dentine junction (EDJ) of molar teeth preserves considerable shape information, particularly in regard to the original shape of the crown, and remains present through the early stages of attrition. In this study, we investigate whether the shape of the EDJ of lower first and second molars can distinguish species and subspecies of extant Pan. Micro‐computed tomography was employed to non‐destructively image the EDJ, and geometric morphometric analytical methods were used to compare EDJ shape among samples of Pan paniscus (N = 17), Pan troglodytes troglodytes (N = 13), and Pan troglodytes verus (N = 18). Discriminant analysis indicates that EDJ morphology distinguishes among extant Pan species and subspecies with a high degree of reliability. The morphological differences in EDJ shape among the taxa are subtle and relate to the relative height and position of the dentine horns, the height of the dentine crown, and the shape of the crown base, but their existence supports the inclusion of EDJ shape (particularly those aspects of shape in the vertical dimension) in the systematic analysis of fossil hominin lower molars. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Size variation in early human mandibles and molars from Klasies River, South Africa: Comparison with other middle and late Pleistocene assemblages and with modern humans
Authors: Royer Danielle F. , Lockwood Charles A. , Scott Jeremiah E. , Grine Frederick E.
Published: April 2009

Previous studies of the Middle Stone Age human remains from Klasies River have concluded that they exhibited more sexual dimorphism than extant populations, but these claims have not been assessed statistically. We evaluate these claims by comparing size variation in the best‐represented elements at the site, namely the mandibular corpora and M2s, to that in samples from three recent human populations using resampling methods. We also examine size variation in these same elements from seven additional middle and late Pleistocene sites: Skhūl, Dolní Věstonice, Sima de los Huesos, Arago, Krapina, Shanidar, and Vindija. Our results demonstrate that size variation in the Klasies assemblage was greater than in recent humans, consistent with arguments that the Klasies people were more dimorphic than living humans. Variation in the Skhūl, Dolní Věstonice, and Sima de los Huesos mandibular samples is also higher than in the recent human samples, indicating that the Klasies sample was not unusual among middle and late Pleistocene hominins. In contrast, the Neandertal samples (Krapina, Shanidar, and Vindija) do not evince relatively high mandibular and molar variation, which may indicate that the level of dimorphism in Neandertals was similar to that observed in extant humans. These results suggest that the reduced levels of dimorphism in Neandertals and living humans may have developed independently, though larger fossil samples are needed to test this hypothesis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.