bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of catatonia
Authors: Van Den Eede Filip , Van Hecke Jan , Van Dalfsen Arjen , Van den Bossche Bart , Cosyns Paul , Sabbe Bernard G.C.
Published: June 2005

Purpose

Evidence indicates that classical antipsychotics may aggravate non-malignant and malignant catatonia (MC). Atypical antipsychotics are less likely to cause movement disorders than classical antipsychotics and they are being frequently prescribed in disorders that can be associated with catatonia. Therefore, the important question that arises is whether atypical antipsychotics have a role to play in the treatment of catatonia.

Materials and methods

A Medline search was performed to locate papers on the use of atypical antipsychotics in catatonia published between 1970 and 31st December 2004.

Results

The literature on the use of atypical antipsychotics in catatonia consists of case reports and retrospective studies. In most cases of non-MC a reduction of the catatonic symptoms is reported upon treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Cases of MC relate mainly to the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which is considered as an iatrogenic stuporous variant of MC caused by antipsychotics.

Conclusion

There are indications that atypical antipsychotics may be useful in non-MC. As a consequence, one should not only focus on the possible extrapyramidal and autonomic side effects of these drugs, but also on the possible beneficial effects on certain brain functions and on the catatonic symptomatology. However, randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effect of these drugs, and caution is advisable, since cases of NMS have been linked to treatment with atypical antipsychotics. There is no evidence to prescribe atypical antipsychotics in MC.
Arabidopsis ubiquitin‐specific protease 6 (AtUBP6) interacts with calmodulin
Authors: Moon Byeong Cheol , Choi Man Soo , Kang Yun Hwan , Kim Min Chul , Cheong Mi Sun , Park Chan Young , Yoo Jae Hyuk , Koo Sung Cheol , Lee Sang Min , Lim Chae Oh , Cho Moo Je , Chung Woo Sik
Published: June 2005

Calmodulin (CaM), a key Ca2+ sensor in eukaryotes, regulates diverse cellular processes by interacting with many proteins. To identify Ca2+/CaM‐mediated signaling components, we screened an Arabidopsis expression library with horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated Arabidopsis calmodulin2 (AtCaM2) and isolated a homolog of the UBP6 deubiquitinating enzyme family (AtUBP6) containing a Ca2+‐dependent CaM‐binding domain (CaMBD). The CaM‐binding activity of the AtUBP6 CaMBD was confirmed by CaM mobility shift assay, phosphodiesterase competition assay and site‐directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, expression of AtUBP6 restored canavanine resistance to the Δubp6 yeast mutant. This is the first demonstration that Ca2+ signaling via CaM is involved in ubiquitin‐mediated protein degradation and/or stabilization in plants.
Biomineralization in diatoms: Characterization of novel polyamines associated with silica
Authors: Sumper Manfred , Brunner Eike , Lehmann Gerhard
Published: June 2005

Pattern formation during silica biomineralization in diatoms appears to depend on long‐chain polyamines as well as proteins covalently modified with polyamines (silaffins). Recently, the complete genome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana has been sequenced making this species an attractive model organism for future studies on biomineralization. Mass‐ and NMR‐spectroscopic analysis of the long‐chain polyamines from this diatom species reveals the existence of a complex population with as yet unknown structural features. These include complex methylation patterns, different attachment moieties as well as the existence of quaternary ammonium functionalities.
Metabolic barrel representations with various patterns of neonatal whisker deafferentation in rats
Authors: Shin Jung‐Won , Lee Doo‐Jae , Jung Hyuk‐Sang , Sohn Nak‐Won
Published: June 2005

With various patterns of whisker deafferentation, C3 whisker stimulation produced divergently shaped metabolic barrel representations in layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex. Whisker deafferentation results in functional and structural reorganization of the barrels in the primary somatosensory cortex. The present study examines the alteration of the metabolic barrel representations in layer IV with various configurations of selective whisker deafferentation in neonates, using [14C]2‐deoxyglucose autoradiography. The deafferentation was produced by unilateral ablation of whiskers, leaving certain follicles intact. Configurations of intact follicles included: (I) row C follicles; (II) B3, C3, and D3 follicles; (III) B3, B4, C3, and C4 follicles; (IV) C2, C3, D2, and D3 follicles. The metabolic C3 barrel representations in layer IV after the deafferentations were found to have expanded only toward the barrel sites in which the corresponding whiskers were ablated, with no expansion toward the neighboring barrels. Expansion toward row D was significantly more pronounced than expansion toward row B, and expansion toward the C2 barrel was significantly more pronounced than expansion toward the C4 barrel. From these results, it can be inferred that asymmetric intrinsic structural connections are reflected in the functional metabolic barrel representation under the condition of neural plasticity in the barrel cortex following whisker deafferentation.
Ethnic Entrepreneurship and Ethnic Identity: A Case Study among the Liangshan Yi (Nuosu) in China
Authors: Heberer Thomas
Published: June 2005

In this article the connection between entrepreneurship and ethnic identity is examined. Two central arguments are put forward. First, market forces and private sector development are diminishing the influence of the clan on Nuosu-Yi entrepreneurs. Although the clan can fulfil important functions in the start-up of new ventures, it also tends to become a burden on successful enterprises. Concurrently, clan-transcending institutions are emerging. Secondly, entrepreneurs oscillate between their roles as bearers of tradition on the one hand and harbingers of modernity on the other. Furthermore I argue that the drawing of borders between Nuosu-Yi and Han entrepreneurs is a significant expression of ethnic identity. Identity is not just an individual process but also a collective one. Consequently the identity-giving impact of entrepreneurship can take place only in interaction with other groups (Han). Nuosu-Yi entrepreneurs develop ethnic consciousness as there exists a strong cultural nationalism among entrepreneurs as well as among other Yi. Their goal is a desire for respect within the Chinese nation state that could be obtained by means of entrepreneurship and economic development.
The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China. By Mark Elvin. [New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. xxviii+564 pp. ISBN 0-300-10111-2.]
Authors: Edmonds Richard Louis
Published: June 2005

Mark Elvin's books often deal with big ideas over large swathes of Chinese history and this book is no exception. The Retreat of the Elephants attempts to describe three millennia of environmental change and environmental ideas in China and to produce conclusions about the nature of Chinese environmental thought as well as experience. It is a masterful tour de force. As such, there is something of interest for everybody. The book is divided into three sections: the first sets the scene and looks at some general cases of degradation over time; the second section concentrates on case studies; and the final section provides textual analysis to elucidate changes in the Chinese view of their environment.

The book begins with a simple geography and history lesson. This is helpful for the non-specialist but provides an overly simple and unusual regionalization. Then again, this approach, accompanied with a style that often translates lesser place names into literal translations, does help to open access to the book for a wider audience. Later in the book, however, there is a tendency to digress about Latin names of plants and stories of the supernatural, with wonderful esoteric translations of Chinese poetry and texts. Elvin's translations use words that would require most of us to thumb through a very thick English dictionary although Elvin kindly introduces these Scottish, Welsh and old English terms to us and provides good explanations on the stories behind many of the Chinese textual allusions. These are delightful and help to clarify the points being made. Still, with such almost overwhelming detail of textual analysis later in the book, it is not completely clear for whom the book is written.
Beyond Harmonization: Trade, Human Rights and the Economy of Sacrifice
Authors: ORFORD ANNE
Published: June 2005

This article engages with the current internationalist debate about the ‘linkage’ or the proper relationship of trade and human rights law. The debate, as played out in activist commentary, scholarly journals and the reports of international institutions, is largely concerned with the substantive obligations or normative commitments involved in the two fields. This article seeks to address instead the forms of law (the patterns of relations and subject positions) that transmit, frame or accompany these obligations and commitments. It suggests that focusing on this question of the forms of law is helpful, perhaps even necessary, in developing an understanding of the political effects of appealing to democratic participation as a counter to the excesses of economic globalization. The particular focus of the article is on WTO agreements that pursue the goal of regulatory harmonization as a means of achieving greater market access and economic integration. It explores the relationship between the form of law mandated by these harmonization agreements (the form of sacrifice), and the form of law envisaged in an appeal to democratic political participation (the form of abandonment).
International Humanitarian Law, War Criminality and Child Recruitment: The Special Court for Sierra Leone's Decision in Prosecutor v. Samuel Hinga Norman
Authors: HAPPOLD MATTHEW
Published: June 2005

The recent decision of the Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone in Prosecutor v. Samuel Hinga Norman not only addresses the status of child recruitment as a war crime, but also provides an insight into how international criminal tribunals determine what conduct is criminal in international law. However, the authority of the decision is weakened by the unconvincing evidence relied upon by the Appeal Chamber in coming to its conclusions and by a strong dissent from Justice Robertson. The decision's faults, however, merely reflect problems in the process whereby violations of international humanitarian law are criminalized.
Geochemistry of Mauritius and the origin of rejuvenescent volcanism on oceanic island volcanoes
Authors: Paul Debajyoti , White William M. , Blichert‐Toft Janne
Published: June 2005

We report new trace element concentrations and Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic ratios for basalts from the three lava series of Mauritius. Older Series lavas, which represent the shield‐building phase of Mauritius, are isotopically similar to other lavas produced by the Réunion mantle plume. The Intermediate and Younger Series lavas, erupted after a hiatus of millions of years, have more depleted isotopic signatures than the Older Series. Incompatible element abundances and major element compositions suggest that the extent of melting was greatest for the Older Series, smallest for the Intermediate Series, and intermediate for the Younger Series. Volcanic evolution on Mauritius is thus broadly similar to the Hawaiian pattern, with lavas of the rejuvenescent phase being produced by small degrees of melting of a more depleted source than the shield phase. We propose that both shield and rejuvenescent phase magmas are derived from a lithologically heterogeneous or “plum pudding” mantle plume that consists of pods or veins of low‐solidus‐temperature material such as eclogite or pyroxenite embedded in peridotite matrix. The plums have a less depleted isotopic signature than the matrix. In the vertical stem of the plume, melting is zoned: at greatest depth, only the plums melt; at intermediate depth, both plums and matrix melt, and at shallowest depth, only the matrix melts. Shield stage magmas are hybrids of melts produced in all three zones. As the plume flattens out against the lithosphere and is dragged downstream of the stem, some melting continues due to buoyant lateral spreading of the plume. In this region, although both plums and matrix are melting, melts produced carry the isotopic signature of the matrix because incompatible elements in the plums were previously stripped during melting in the vertical stem of the plume. The relatively small degree melts produced in the melting tail, which give rise to rejuvenescent stage volcanism, thus carry the isotopic signature of the matrix. From a consideration of thermal and isotopic equilibrium, we judge the scale of heterogeneity to be about 102 m.
High‐velocity lid of East Antarctica: Evidence of a depleted continental lithosphere
Authors: Kuge Keiko , Fukao Yoshio
Published: June 2005

In broadband seismograms from shallow earthquakes occurring south of New Zealand recorded at the South Pole, we found significant arrivals 40–70 s after the first SH arrivals at distances of 29°–35° and 20–50 s after the first P arrivals at distances of 28°–35°. These waves traversing beneath East Antarctica can be modeled by slightly modifying one‐dimensional P and S wave velocity structures of the Canadian shield. In the obtained velocity models, a velocity reduction below the lithosphere forms a deep low‐velocity zone. S waves turning below the low‐velocity zone explain the SH waveforms observed at 29°–55°. The observed P waveforms, however, suggest that a corresponding reduction in P velocity is smaller. These P and S wave velocity variations are likely to be a manifestation of a depleted continental lithosphere (high concentrations of olivine and magnesium number (Mg # = 100Mg/(Mg + Fe)). For a lithospheric composition more depleted than that of the underlying mantle, the temperature profile estimated from our velocity models is smooth from the lithosphere to the underlying mantle. Lithospheric depletion can also explain that the velocity anomaly in the lithosphere is larger for S than for P waves. Were the composition to be assumed uniform throughout the upper mantle, a large temperature gradient would be required at the bottom of the lithosphere, implying a heat sink which is unlikely to be sustainable. Thus a difference in composition between the lithosphere and underlying mantle leads to a reasonable estimate of temperature profile that is consistent with the observed seismic waveforms.
Characterization of transport properties of argillaceous sediments: Application to the Callovo‐Oxfordian argillite
Authors: Revil A. , Leroy P. , Titov K.
Published: June 2005

We consider the case of a cylindrical cored specimen of a saturated argillaceous sediment located between two reservoirs filled with an electrolyte. One of the boundaries of the sample is submitted to a sharp pressure (or salinity change). The migration of the resulting pressure (or saline) front through the core specimen is responsible for the apparition of an electrical field, which is called the streaming potential (the diffusion potential for a salinity gradient, respectively). The temporal variation of this electrical field is recorded with Ag/AgCl nonpolarizable electrodes and used to monitor the evolution of the pressure (or saline) front between the two reservoirs. There is a finite interval of time before which the steady state condition holds through the core. In both cases, the electrical potentials exhibit a relaxation with a relaxation time constant depending on the square of the length of the cylindrical core specimen and on its hydraulic (or ionic) diffusivity. The experiments described here provide new methodologies to determine the hydraulic and ionic diffusivities of clay‐rich materials. These experiments confirm also the predictions of a transport model developed recently for such materials and illustrate a powerful geophysical method to obtain transport properties, not only in the laboratory, but also in the field using a network of nonpolarizable electrodes to remotely monitor dissipation processes occurring inside the investigated system.
Physical and biological controls on the latitudinal asymmetry of surface nutrients and pCO2 in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific
Authors: Jiang Ming‐Shun , Chai Fei
Published: June 2005

Surface nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the central (CEP) and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) show much higher concentrations to the south than to the north of the equator. In this study, the physical and biological controls on this asymmetry are investigated using a coupled physical‐biogeochemical model. Two numerical experiments are conducted to examine the effects of asymmetrical photosynthetic efficiency (α) due to asymmetrical iron supply about the equator. The experiment with asymmetrical photosynthesis produces improved results as compared with historical observations. A nitrate budget analysis suggests that in the EEP the divergence of upwelling waters controls the surface nitrate asymmetry with additional contribution from the South Equatorial Current (SEC) carrying nutrient‐rich Peru upwelling water. The changes of α affect the surface nitrate distribution but not the overall asymmetry. The SEC further carries excess nitrate to the west and thus extends the asymmetry in the east to the CEP. In the CEP, however, stronger northward than southward transport tends to reduce the nitrate asymmetry, while the asymmetrical photosynthesis would help to maintain it. Similar processes also control the distributions of surface silicate and DIC in the equatorial Pacific, which is also affected by the air‐sea CO2 exchange. The asymmetrical photosynthesis influences the distribution of surface DIC, pCO2, and the air‐sea CO2 flux, by redistributing about 20% CO2 flux from the north to the south of the equator. Owing to the adjustment of air‐sea CO2 flux, however, the net surface DIC change is smaller than the direct change associated with primary production.
AO/NAO response to climate change: 1. Respective influences of stratospheric and tropospheric climate changes
Authors: Rind D. , Perlwitz J. , Lonergan P.
Published: June 2005

We utilize the GISS Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model and eight different climate change experiments, many of them focused on stratospheric climate forcings, to assess the relative influence of tropospheric and stratospheric climate change on the extratropical circulation indices (Arctic Oscillation, AO; North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO). The experiments are run in two different ways: with variable sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to allow for a full tropospheric climate response, and with specified SSTs to minimize the tropospheric change. The results show that experiments with tropospheric warming or stratospheric cooling produce more positive AO/NAO indices. Experiments with tropospheric cooling or stratospheric warming produce a negative AO/NAO response. For the typical magnitudes of tropospheric and stratospheric climate changes, the tropospheric response dominates; results are strongest when the tropospheric and stratospheric influences are producing similar phase changes. Both regions produce their effect primarily by altering wave propagation and angular momentum transports, but planetary wave energy changes accompanying tropospheric climate change are also important. Stratospheric forcing has a larger impact on the NAO than on the AO, and the angular momentum transport changes associated with it peak in the upper troposphere, affecting all wavenumbers. Tropospheric climate changes influence both the AO and NAO with effects that extend throughout the troposphere. For both forcings there is often vertical consistency in the sign of the momentum transport changes, obscuring the difference between direct and indirect mechanisms for influencing the surface circulation.
Version 8 SBUV ozone profile trends compared with trends from a zonally averaged chemical model
Authors: Rosenfield Joan E. , Frith Stacey M. , Stolarski Richard S.
Published: June 2005

A statistical time series analysis was applied to the new version 8 merged Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) data set of ozone profiles for the years 1979–2003. Linear trends for the 1979–1997 time period are reported and are compared to trends computed using ozone profiles from the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) zonally averaged coupled model. Observed and modeled annual trends between 50°N and 50°S were a maximum in the higher latitudes of the upper stratosphere, with Southern Hemisphere (SH) trends greater than Northern Hemisphere (NH) trends. The observed upper stratospheric maximum annual trend is −7.0 ± 2.0%/decade (2σ) at 47.5°S and −4.7 ± 1.3%/decade at 47.5°N, to be compared with the modeled trends of −5.8 ± 0.3%/decade in the SH and −5.2 ± 0.3%/decade in the NH. Both observed and modeled trends are most negative in winter and least negative in summer, although the modeled seasonal difference is less than observed. Model trends are shown to be greatest in winter because of a repartitioning of chlorine species and the increasing abundance of chlorine with time. The model results illustrate the trend differences that can occur at 3 hPa depending on whether ozone profiles are in mixing ratio or number density coordinates and on whether they are recorded on pressure or altitude levels.
Atmospheric controls of the heat balance of Zongo Glacier (16°S, Bolivia)
Authors: Sicart Jean Emmanuel , Wagnon Patrick , Ribstein Pierre
Published: June 2005

Tropical glaciology includes investigation of climate variability in poorly documented regions of large surface‐atmosphere energy exchanges. This study examines the surface energy fluxes of the Bolivian Zongo Glacier (16°S, 68°W, 6000–4900 m asl) in order to identify the atmospheric variables that control melting. Measurements from 1998 to 2000 taken from two meteorological stations in the ablation area are analyzed. During the progressive development of the wet season from September to January, melting energy was high: Solar irradiance was close to its summer solstice peak, clouds were sporadic, and albedo was low. During the core of the wet season from January to April the magnitudes of the net short‐wave (+) and net long‐wave (−) radiation fluxes were reduced by frequent clouds and snowfalls so that melting energy was moderate. In the dry season from May to August, melting energy was small because of the energy losses essentially in long‐wave radiation but also in sublimation. The turbulent sensible heat flux to the ice (+) generally offsets the energy loss in latent heat (−), except in the dry season, when sublimation prevailed because of strong wind and dry air. Solar radiation was the main source of energy, but the seasonal changes of the melting energy were driven by long‐wave radiation. In particular, clouds sharply increased the emittance of the thin high‐altitude atmosphere. Closely linked to clouds and humidity, the main seasonal variables of low‐latitude climates, long‐wave radiation is a key variable in the energy balance of tropical glaciers.
Potential of electrical resistivity tomography to infer aquifer transport characteristics from tracer studies: A synthetic case study
Authors: Vanderborght Jan , Kemna Andreas , Hardelauf Horst , Vereecken Harry
Published: June 2005

With time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), transport processes in the subsurface can be imaged and monitored. The information content of obtained spatiotemporal data sets opens new ways to characterize subsurface spatial variability. Difficulties regarding a quantitative interpretation of the imaged transport may arise from the fact that data inversion used in ERT is generally underdetermined and that ERT data acquisition is often limited to two‐dimensional (2‐D) image planes. To address this problem, we conducted a numerical tracer experiment in a synthetic heterogeneous aquifer with preset variability and spatial correlation of the hydraulic conductivity and monitored the tracer breakthrough in a 2‐D image plane perpendicular to the mean flow direction using time‐lapse ERT. The tracer breakthrough patterns in the image plane were interpreted using equivalent transport models: an equivalent convection dispersion equation to characterize the spatially averaged breakthrough and a stream tube model to characterize local breakthrough curves. Equivalent parameters derived from simulated and from ERT inverted concentrations showed a good agreement, which demonstrates the potential of ERT to characterize subsurface transport. Using first‐order approximate solutions of stochastic flow and transport equations, equivalent model parameters and their spatial variability were interpreted in terms of the local‐scale dispersion and the spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity. The spatial correlations of the stream tube velocity and of the hydraulic conductivity were found to be closely related. Consequently, the hydraulic conductivity spatial correlation may be inferred from stream tube velocity distributions, which can be observed with sufficiently high spatial resolution using ERT.
Subduction‐related metasomatism in the thinning lithosphere: Evidence from a composite dunite‐orthopyroxenite xenolith entrained in Mesozoic Laiwu high‐Mg diorite, North China Craton
Authors: Chen Li‐Hui , Zhou Xin‐Hua
Published: June 2005

The North China Craton (NCC) lost its Archean keels in the Phanerozoic. Prevalent and intensive magmatism, mineralization, and development of extensional basins in the late Mesozoic NCC imply that the late Mesozoic could be the key stage for this transformation. Ultramafic xenoliths in the Early Cretaceous high‐Mg diorites of Shandong province might provide key information about the transformation of subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the NCC. Here we present a unique composite dunite‐orthopyroxenite xenolith from Tietonggou, one of the high‐Mg diorite‐dominated plutons in Laiwu, Shandong province. The petrography and mineral chemistry of the xenolith suggest complicated metasomatic processes, which occurred before its entrainment in the host magma. Early stage metasomatism includes the growth of intergranular phlogopite and clinopyroxene and the development of a phlogopite‐ and amphibole‐bearing clinopyroxenite veinlet. Late‐stage metasomatism (termed Si (Na) metasomatism) is characterized by the growth of secondary orthopyroxene, Na‐rich plagioclase and amphibole with resorption of olivine and clinopyroxene, and the decomposition of phlogopite. The xenolith has exceptionally high concentrations of Na2O and Al2O3 and shows enrichments in Cs, Rb, Th, U, K, and the light rare earth elements. It also shows positive Pb and Sr anomalies and negative Nb, Ta, P, and Ti anomalies in a primitive mantle normalized spider gram. The geochemistry, as well as the elevated δ18O, suggests that this Si (Na) metasomatism is associated with subduction. The secondary orthopyroxene in the orthopyroxenite portion of the xenolith has exceptionally low Mg# values, which may be the result of reaction between silica‐rich melts and olivine with high melt:rock ratios. Mg‐Fe disequilibrium of the minerals in the orthopyroxenite indicates that Si (Na) metasomatism may have been introduced shortly before entrainment of the xenolith in the host magma. Correlation of the Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic compositions of ultramafic xenoliths, high‐Mg diorites, and adakitic granites of the Tietonggou indicates there may be a genetic relationship between these rocks. Thus we propose that the SCLM beneath Shandong may have been metasomatized by a slab‐derived melt. Since Si (Na) metasomatism occurred at the key stage of lithospheric thinning, oceanic subduction might have been involved in the thinning process.
Seasonal variability of the mixed layer depth in the Mediterranean Sea as derived from in situ profiles
Authors: D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Iudicone Daniele , de Boyer Montegut Clement , Testor Pierre , Antoine David , Marullo Salvatore , Santoleri Rosalia , Madec Gurvan
Published: June 2005

A new 0.5° resolution Mediterranean climatology of the mixed layer depth based on individual profiles of temperature and salinity has been constructed. The criterion selected is a threshold value of temperature from a near‐surface value at 10 m depth, mainly derived by a method applied on the global (de Boyer Montégut et al., 2004 dBM04). With respect to dBM04, the main differences reside in the absence of spatial interpolation of the final fields and in the improved spatial resolution. These changes to the method are necessary to reproduce the Mediterranean mixed layer's behavior. In the derived climatological maps, the most relevant features of the basin surface circulation are reproduced, as well as the areas prone of the deep water formation are clearly identified. Finally, the role of density in the definition of the mixed layer's differing behaviors between the oriental and the occidental regions of the basin is presented.
Seismic recording of small zero frequency displacement from moderate events
Authors: Pino Nicola Alessandro , Di Luccio Francesca
Published: June 2005

The use of modern broadband seismometers allows the observation of dynamic and static near‐field effects. In the fortunate case of the great 1994 Bolivia earthquake a 6 mm coseismic permanent offset was observed at distances of about 600 km. On the other hand no surface static displacement from moderate events has been observed yet. This is mainly due to the intrinsic difficulties in the instrument removal. In the present paper we analyze broadband waveforms from a couple of events in southern Italy, recorded at distance of 50 km, by applying the technique for instrument removal recently introduced by Zhu [2003]. We derive stable and reliable measures of very small coseismic static offset produced by moderate magnitude earthquakes. Our results, successfully tested against synthetic prediction, give permanent displacement of a few tenths of millimeters, one order of magnitude smaller than usual geodetic resolution.
Shifts of seasons at the European mid‐latitudes: Natural fluctuations correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Paluš Milan , Novotná Dagmar , Tichavský Petr
Published: June 2005

Daily mean near‐surface air temperature series from seven European locations were processed in order to obtain reliable estimates of instantaneous phases of the annual cycle as an objective measure of timing of seasons. The recent changes of the latter do not depart from the range of natural phase fluctuations observed in the historical temperature records. Significant, geographically dependent correlations of the phase fluctuations with the North Atlantic Oscillation index, as well as weaker, negative correlations with the El Niño Southern Oscillation index have been observed.
The effects of flavoxate hydrochloride on voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ currents in human urinary bladder
Authors: Tomoda Toshihisa , Aishima Manami , Takano Naruaki , Nakano Toshiaki , Seki Narihito , Yonemitsu Yoshikazu , Sueishi Katsuo , Naito Seiji , Ito Yushi , Teramoto Noriyoshi
Published: June 2005

The effects of flavoxate hydrochloride (Bladderon®, piperidinoethyl‐3‐methylflavone‐8‐carboxylate; hereafter referred as flavoxate) on voltage‐dependent nifedipine‐sensitive inward Ba2+ currents in human detrusor myocytes were investigated using a conventional whole‐cell patch‐clamp. Tension measurement was also performed to study the effects of flavoxate on K+‐induced contraction in human urinary bladder.

Flavoxate caused a concentration‐dependent reduction of the K+‐induced contraction of human urinary bladder.

In human detrusor myocytes, flavoxate inhibited the peak amplitude of voltage‐dependent nifedipine‐sensitive inward Ba2+ currents in a voltage‐ and concentration‐dependent manner (Ki=10 μM), and shifted the steady‐state inactivation curve of Ba2+ currents to the left at a holding potential of −90 mV.

Immunohistochemical studies indicated the presence of the α1C subunit protein, which is a constituent of human L‐type Ca2+ channels (CaV1.2), in the bundles of human detrusor smooth muscle.

These results suggest that flavoxate caused muscle relaxation through the inhibition of L‐type Ca2+ channels in human detrusor.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 25–32. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706284
Simple bond length dependence: A correspondence between reactive fluid theories
Authors: Dyer Kippi M. , Perkyns John S. , Pettitt B. M.
Published: June 2005

Two elementary models of reactive fluids are examined, the first being a standard construction assuming molecular dissociation at infinite separation; the second is an open mixture of nondissociative molecules and free atoms in which the densities of free atoms and molecules are coupled. An approximation to the density of molecules, to low order in site density, is derived in terms of the classical associating fluid theory variously described by Wertheim [J. Chem. Phys. 87, 7323 (1987)] and Stell [Physica A 231, 1 (1996)]. The results are derived for a fluid of dimerizing hard spheres, and predict dependence of the molecular density on the total site density, the hard sphere diameter, and the bond length of the dimer. The results for the two reactive models are shown to be qualitatively similar, and lead to equivalent predictions of the molecular density for the infinitely short and infinitely long bond lengths.
Water in carbon nanotubes: Adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties from molecular simulation
Authors: Striolo A. , Chialvo A. A. , Gubbins K. E. , Cummings P. T.
Published: June 2005

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the adsorption of water in single-walled (6:6), (8:8), (10:10), (12:12), and (20:20) carbon nanotubes in the 248–548 K temperature range. At room temperature the resulting adsorption isotherms in (10:10) and wider single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNs) are characterized by negligible water uptake at low pressures, sudden and complete pore filling once a threshold pressure is reached, and wide adsorption/desorption hysteresis loops. The width of the hysteresis loops decreases as pore diameter narrows and it becomes negligible for water adsorption in (8:8) and (6:6) SWCNs. Results for the isosteric heat of adsorption, density profiles along the pore axis and across the pore radii, order parameter across the pore radii, and x-ray diffraction patterns are presented. Layered structures are observed when the internal diameter of the nanotubes is commensurate to the establishment of a hydrogen-bonded network. The structure of water in (8:8) and (10:10) SWCNs is ordered when the temperature is 298 and 248 K, respectively. By simulating adsorption isotherms at various temperatures, the hysteresis critical temperature, e.g., the lowest temperature at which no hysteresis can be detected, is determined for water adsorbed in (20:20), (12:12), and (10:10) SWCNs. The hysteresis critical temperature is lower than the vapor-liquid critical temperature for bulk Simple Point Charge-Extended (SPC∕E) water model.
Modeling flexible amphiphilic bilayers: A solvent-free off-lattice Monte Carlo study
Authors: Wang Zun-Jing , Frenkel Daan
Published: June 2005

We present a simple, implicit-solvent model for fluid bilayer membranes. The model was designed to reproduce the elastic properties of real bilayer membranes. For this model, we observed the solid-fluid transition and studied the in-plane diffusivity of the fluid phase. As a test, we compute the elastic-bending and area-compressing moduli of fluid bilayer membranes. We find that the computed elastic properties are consistent with the available experimental data.
A simulation method for the calculation of chemical potentials in small, inhomogeneous, and dense systems
Authors: Neimark Alexander V. , Vishnyakov Aleksey
Published: June 2005

We present a modification of the gauge cell Monte Carlo simulation method [A. V. Neimark and A. Vishnyakov, Phys. Rev. E 62, 4611 (2000)] designed for chemical potential calculations in small confined inhomogeneous systems. To measure the chemical potential, the system under study is set in chemical equilibrium with the gauge cell, which represents a finite volume reservoir of ideal particles. The system and the gauge cell are immersed into the thermal bath of a given temperature. The size of the gauge cell controls the level of density fluctuations in the system. The chemical potential is rigorously calculated from the equilibrium distribution of particles between the system cell and the gauge cell and does not depend on the gauge cell size. This scheme, which we call a mesoscopic canonical ensemble, bridges the gap between the canonical and the grand canonical ensembles, which are known to be inconsistent for small systems. The ideal gas gauge cell method is illustrated with Monte Carlo simulations of Lennard-Jones fluid confined to spherical pores of different sizes. Special attention is paid to the case of extreme confinement of several molecular diameters in cross section where the inconsistency between the canonical ensemble and the grand canonical ensemble is most pronounced. For sufficiently large systems, the chemical potential can be reliably determined from the mean density in the gauge cell as it was implied in the original gauge cell method. The method is applied to study the transition from supercritical adsorption to subcritical capillary condensation, which is observed in nanoporous materials as the pore size increases.
Some results on the eigenfunctions of the quantum trigonometric Calogero–Sutherland model related to the Lie algebra E6
Authors: Fernández Núñez J. , García Fuertes W. , Perelomov A. M.
Published: June 2005

The quantum trigonometric Calogero–Sutherland models related to Lie algebras admit a parametrization in which the dynamical variables are the characters of the fundamental representations of the algebra. We develop here this approach for the case of the exceptional Lie algebra E6.
Measurements of energy dependence of properties of polycapillary x-ray lens by using organic glass as a scatterer
Authors: Sun Tianxi , Ding Xunliang
Published: June 2005

In order to reduce dead time in the detector system, an organic glass is used as a scatterer. By using the backscattered spectra from the organic glass, the energy dependence of the focal spot size, transmission efficiency, divergence, and output focal distance (OFD) of the polycapillary x-ray lens (PCXRL) is measured efficiently over a broad energy range. The axial scanning method is devised to measure the energy dependence of the OFD. The halo effect is studied by measuring the spatial distribution of x rays with various energies in the beam focused by the PCXRL.
X-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism studies of annealed magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Schmalhorst J. , Sacher M. , Thomas A. , Brückl H. , Reiss G. , Starke K.
Published: June 2005

The magnetic and chemical interface properties of Mn–Ir∕Co–Fe∕Al+oxidation∕Ni–Fe magnetic tunnel junctions are investigated for different barrier thickness, oxidation times, and annealing conditions by x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. For underoxidized samples the formation of Co–Fe–Al alloy at the lower barrier interface during optimal annealing is observed. For optimally oxidized and overoxidized samples FeOx is formed during oxidation, which is reduced by Mn diffusing to the barrier during annealing. The reduction of FeOx is accompanied by an increase of the interfacial magnetic Fe moment, whereas the Co moments hardly change with the postannealing. Comparison of these results with transport properties of the junctions shows that their polycrystalline structure has to be taken into account to understand the annealing temperature and oxidation state dependence of the tunneling magnetoresistance effect.
Nonlocal symmetries and the Kaup–Kupershmidt equation
Authors: Reyes Enrique G.
Published: June 2005

Computational and geometric aspects of nonlocal (infinitesimal) symmetries of nonlinear partial differential equations are considered. In particular, the relation of nonlocal symmetries with classical, generalized and internal symmetries is briefly discussed. A nonlocal symmetry for the Kaup–Kupershmidt equation is introduced and studied in some detail. Some explicit particular solutions are found with its help, and a Darboux-like transformation is also obtained.
Hydrogen bonding in ethanol under shear
Authors: Petravic Janka , Delhommelle Jerome
Published: June 2005

We study the dependence of viscosity of ethanol on shear rate using constant volume and constant pressure nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, with the emphasis of the interrelationship between breaking, stability, and alignment of hydrogen bonds and shear thinning at high shear rates. We find that although the majority of hydrogen bond breakings occur at low shear rates, we do not observe shear thinning until there is some shear-induced alignment of the hydrogen bonds with the direction of shear.
Principal bundle structure of quantum adiabatic dynamics with a Berry phase which does not commute with the dynamical phase
Authors: Viennot David
Published: June 2005

A geometric model is proposed to describe the Berry phase phenomenon when the geometric phase does not commute with the dynamical phase. The structure used is a principal composite bundle in which the adiabatic transport appears as a horizontal lift. The formulation is applied to a simple quantum dynamical system controlled by two lasers.
Quantum theoretical study of electron solvation dynamics in ice layers on a Cu(111) surface
Authors: Andrianov I. , Klamroth T. , Saalfrank P. , Bovensiepen U. , Gahl C. , Wolf M.
Published: June 2005

Recent experiments using time- and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission (2PPE) spectroscopy at metal/polar adsorbate interfaces succeeded in time-dependent analysis of the process of electron solvation. A fully quantum mechanical, two-dimensional simulation of this process, which explicitly includes laser excitation, is presented here, confirming the origin of characteristic features, such as the experimental observation of an apparently negative dispersion. The inference of the spatial extent of the localized electron states from the angular dependence of the 2PPE spectra has been found to be non-trivial and system-dependent.
Lagrangian dynamics of commutator errors in large-eddy simulation
Authors: van der Bos Fedderik , Geurts Bernard J.
Published: June 2005

In large-eddy simulations of turbulent flow only the flow structures with length scales larger than the local filter width Δ are explicitly resolved. We analyze the dynamic effect associated with spatial variations in the filter width. With the introduction of such a nonuniform filter width a number of additional closure terms emerges, generally referred to as commutator errors. The dynamic effect of the commutator errors is shown to correspond to the apparent local creation or destruction of turbulent flow scales, depending on, respectively, a decrease or an increase in Δ along the flow path. This Lagrangian context suggests significant correlation between the material derivative of the filter width and the production or dissipation of kinetic energy due to the commutator error. This is confirmed by novel a priori analysis of turbulent mixing. An explicit Lagrangian model for the commutator error in the momentum equations is proposed. Additionally, the dynamic effect of a skewed filter on the commutator error is investigated. It is shown that skewed filters induce both dissipative and dispersive behaviors, which are explicitly retained in the new Lagrangian model.
Heat capacity of a p-H2–p-D2–Ne solid solution: Effect of (p-D2)Ne clusters
Authors: Bagatskii M. I. , Minchina I. Ya. , Bagatskii V. M.
Published: June 2005

The heat capacity of a solid solution of 1% p-D2 and 0.25% Ne in p-H2 is investigated in the interval ΔT=0.5–4 K. An excess heat capacity ΔCNe of this solution exceeding the heat capacity of the solution of 1% p-D2 in p-H2 is detected and analyzed. It is found that below 2 K the dominant contribution to the heat capacity ΔCNe is made by the rotation of the p-D2 molecules in (p-D2) Ne-type clusters. The number of (p-D2) Ne clusters in the solid sample is strongly dependent on the conditions of preparation. The splitting of the J=1 level of the p-D2 molecules in the (p-D2) Ne clusters, Δ=3.2 K, is consistent with the theoretical estimate.
Description of a Heisenberg ferromagnet above the Curie point as a spin liquid
Authors: Kuz’min E. V.
Published: June 2005

A Heisenberg ferromagnet (F) with spin S=1/2, found in a spin-liquid (SL) state at temperatures above the Curie point τC, is considered. In this spin-liquid state there is no long-range magnetic order but the short-range order is preserved, and the spin correlation functions are isotropic. The spin liquid is described in the framework of a second-order theory by the method of temperature Green functions. The main thermodynamic characteristics of the spin liquid are found as the result of a self-consistent numerical solution of a system of three integral equations. The Curie point τC+, at which the dc magnetic susceptibility at wave vector q=0 diverges, is determined. A comparison of the thermodynamic characteristics of the system in the F state (τ⩽τC, spin-wave theory) and in the SL state (τ⩾τC+) is made. It is shown that τC+>τC, and a modification of spin-wave theory in which τC reaches the value τC+ is indicated. At the point of the F-SL phase transition the spin correlation functions suffer a finite discontinuity, and with increasing temperature they fall off ∝ 1/τ. The heat capacity of the ferromagnet at τ→τC goes to infinity, while in the SL state the heat capacity remains finite at the point τC+ and falls off for τ≫τC+ in proportion to 1/τ2. The susceptibility obeys the Curie-Weiss law.
Phase transitions in a ferromagnet with biquadratic exchange and hexagonal single-ion anisotropy
Authors: Fridman Yu. A. , Kosmachev O. A. , Eingorn B. L.
Published: June 2005

The phase states and the spectra of elementary excitations of a ferromagnet with a biquadratic exchange interaction and a spin-2 magnetic ion are investigated. The phase diagrams of the system are constructed for different relationships among the material constants. It is shown that the phase diagram is substantially altered at large values of the single-ion anisotropy constants and biquadratic exchange constant.
Low-temperature anomalies of the physico-mechanical characteristics of pseudoamorphous titanium nickelide
Authors: Bakai A. S. , Brik V. V. , Kuzmenko V. M. , Lazareva M. V. , Neklyudov I. M. , Starodubov Ya. D. , Chernyaeva T. P. , Gorbatenko V. M.
Published: June 2005

A study is made of the structure, mechanical properties, and electrical resistance of crystalline and pseudoamorphous (obtained by rolling at 300 K by 50 and 90%) titanium nickelide in both the initial state and after annealing to different temperatures in the interval 513–893 K. It is found that the resistivity of polyamorphous Ti–Ni exceeds 200 μΩ⋅cm, falls off monotonically with increasing annealing temperature, and has a minimum in the low-temperature region 4.2–50 K (Tmin=17–19 K). In the temperature interval 4.2–20 K a nonmonotonic temperature dependence of the ultimate strength of polyamorphous Ti–Ni is observed which increases with increasing degree of deformation by rolling of the investigated material. The results are analyzed. It is conjectured that the observed anomaly of the temperature dependences of the ultimate strength and resistivity are due to low-temperature polyamorphism of the pseudoamorphous Ti-Ni in the temperature interval 10–20 K.