bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Centered Design Crucial to Unmanned Systems Operator &
Mission Success
Authors: MacDonald Brian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The use and operation of unmanned systems are becoming more commonplace and as
missions gain complexity, our warfighters are demanding increasing levels of
system functionality. At the same time, decision making is becoming increasingly
data driven and operators must process large amounts of data while also
controlling unmanned assets. Factors impacting robotic/unmanned asset control
include mission task complexity, line-of-sight/non-line-of-sight operations,
simultaneous UxV control, and communication bandwidth availability.

It is critical that any unmanned system requiring human interaction, is designed
as a “human-in-the-loop” system from the beginning to ensure
that operator cognitive load is minimized and operator effectiveness is
optimized. Best practice human factors engineering in the form of human machine
interfaces and user-centered design for robotic/unmanned control systems
integrated early in platform concept and design phases can significantly impact
platform mission success and operator effectiveness with regard to intuitive
controls and cognitive load.
ADVANCED PERCEPTION SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE AUTONOMY
Authors: Flannigan William C. , Rigney Michael P. , Alley Kevin J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

An approach for a perception system for autonomous vehicle navigation is
presented. The approach relies on low-cost electro-optical (EO) sensors for
terrain classification, 3D environment modeling, and object/obstacle
recognition. Stereo vision is used to generate real-time range maps which are
populated into a hybrid probabilistic environment model. Textural and spectral
cues are utilized for terrain classification and spatial contextual knowledge is
proposed to augment object recognition performance.
REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC COOLING TECHNOLOGY AND
APPLICATION GUIDE1
Authors: AbdulNour Bashar , Pokoyoway Andrew , Ramadan Bassem
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The cooling load required to cool power electronics in modern combat vehicles is
continuously increasing due to the rise of power consumption and the high
thermal load of current theaters of operation. Advances in semiconductor
technology have led to increased power dissipation from electronic chips while
reducing their size. This has resulted in increased demand to remove the heat
from these chips in order to prevent them from overheating leading to failure.
In many circumstances, electronics cooling is provided through enhanced
ventilation or air-handling units of the vehicle interior. However, the military
has unique requirements for achieving thermal management of electronic devices
such as Line Replaceable Units (LRUs). Some of these requirements include low
weight, high efficiency, and reliability. Therefore, it is important that
critical electronics be cooled effectively using conventional and/or advanced
cooling technologies.

The primary objective of this work is to develop a Line Replaceable Unit Cooling
Technology (LRUCT) summary database and application guide of current and future
cooling technologies, and to assess readiness level of each technology,
location/situation to be used, and characteristics. The guide will allow rapid
development of LRU cooling concepts and to assist in the evaluation of the
different cooling methods that best fit a specific application; thus, supporting
system and subsystem level selection and LRU designs.
High-Power Large Format Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Ferguson Scott , Nechev Kamen , Kelley Dan , Goldwasser Elisabeth
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Saft America, inc. Space and Defense Division (SDD), located in Cockeysville,
Maryland, is the world leader in providing state of the art Li-ion systems for
the demanding defense and space markets. Recent efforts have focused on the
industrialization of the technology. Since 2004 Saft SDD has been developing a
higher volume manufacturing capability of the entire cell and battery
manufacturing processes. This effort is focused under two ManTech programs. The
Army ManTech Program with TARDEC focuses on high power batteries for use in
military ground vehicles. The USAF ManTech Program with AFRL focuses on ultra
high power cells for use in aviation batteries. The goals of both programs are
to industrialize the high performance technology so that they are available to
the military as reliable products at an affordable cost, while improving the
technology.

Efforts to date have yielded improvements in performance, reliability, and cost.
Advances have been realized for improving the power and cold temperature
performance of the high power cells. Power in excess of 20kW/kg has been
realized. The improved power performance from the cells improves the overall
efficiency of the energy storage system. Power efficiencies in excess of 95%
have been demonstrated for typical military hybrid vehicle duty cycles of 150A
continuous cycling. This high power efficiency allows for low heat generation in
a large battery system, with less than 800W of heat generation for a 400V hybrid
vehicle battery pack. Storage and operation at demanding temperature extremes
has also been developed and industrialized. Operation at temperature less than
-40°C has also been successfully demonstrated and high temperature
stability has also been improved. Plant operational improvements and design
activities, with an emphasis on manufacturability, have led to a lean production
operation for the electrode, cell, and battery manufacturing activities. These
efforts have led to a dramatic reduction in cell cost since 2004, resulting in a
large cost avoidance to the military.
Automotive Grade Nanophosphate Cells, Modules and Pack
Evaluation
Authors: Osgood Anthony , Salani Joe , Carmen David , Alexander Les
Published: November 2024

Abstract:

A123 has developed automotive grade Nanophosphate™ cells in both
cylindrical and prismatic formats. US Army TARDEC has been testing and providing
support for cell improvements and characterization. In addition A123Sytems has
been building module and packs for US Army evaluation and commercial
applications. The purpose of the work in this report has been to evaluate the
cells, modules and packs for military applications. The work was to take a
critical look at commercial grade cell module and pack designs and evaluate them
against military criteria. The results would help the US Army TARDEC determine
if Commercial off the shelf products from A123 could meet performance
specifications without significant design changes. Data presented will include
charge discharge cycling, module and pack configuration, DOT qualification
testing.
VEHICLE DYNAMIC MODELING & SIMULATION: COMPARING A FINITE-ELEMENT
SOLUTION TO A MULTI-BODY DYNAMIC SOLUTION
Authors: Jayakumar Paramsothy , Wasfy Tamer
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The dynamic response of two multibody systems, a planar mechanism and a spatial
robot, are generated using an explicit time integration finite element code and
a multi-body dynamics code. Comparisons are made of the dynamic solution
including body motion, joint constraint forces, conservation of energy, and CPU
time. While finite-element simulation offers accurate modeling of structural
flexibility, multibody dynamic simulation demonstrates the capability to produce
accurate and efficient results.
SIMULTANEOUS TOPOGRAPHY OPTIMIZATION OF A VEHICLE HULL AND TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF THE ASSEMBLY INTERFACE FOR BLAST MITIGATION
Authors: Tan Huade , Goetz John , Tovar Andrés , Renaud John E.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Structural optimization efforts for blast mitigation seek to counteract the
damaging effects of an impulsive threat on critical components of vehicles and
to protect the lives of the crew and occupants. The objective of this
investigation is to develop a novel optimization tool that simultaneously
accounts for both energy dissipating properties of a shaped hull and the
assembly constraints of such a component to the vehicle system. The resulting
hull design is shown to reduce the blast loading imparted on the vehicle
structure. Component attachment locations are shown to influence the major
deformation modes of the target and the final hull design.
NOVEL HPC CONSIDERATIONS FOR ADVANCED CFD
Authors: Posey Stan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the current state of scalable CFD for high-performance
computing (HPC) clusters at industry-scale, and provides a review of novel
technologies that can enable additional levels of CFD parallelism beyond
today’s conventional approach. Recent trends in HPC offer opportunities
for CFD solution performance increases from the use of parallel file systems for
parallel I/O, and a second level of solver parallelism through hybrid CPU-GPU
co-processing.
INFLUENCE OF SHOCK ABSORBER MODEL FIDELITY ON THE PREDICTION OF
VEHICLE HALF ROUND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Masini Chris , Yang Xiaobo
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Model based design techniques are being used increasingly to predict vehicle
performance before building prototype hardware. Tools like ADAMS and Simulink
enable very detailed models of suspension components to be developed so vehicle
performance can be accurately predicted. In creating models of vehicle systems,
often there is a question about how much component detail or model fidelity is
required to accurately model system performance. This paper addresses this
question for modeling shock absorber performance by comparing a low fidelity and
high fidelity shock absorber model.

A high fidelity and low fidelity mathematical model of a shock absorber was
developed. The low fidelity shock absorber model was parameterized according to
real shock absorber hardware dimensions. Shock absorber force vs. velocity
curves were calculated in Simulink. The results from the low fidelity and high
fidelity model were compared to shock absorber force vs. velocity test
results.

New vehicle designs must meet requirements for maximum driver’s seat
acceleration during half round testing. These requirements have created a need
for predicting half round performance. The low fidelity and high fidelity shock
absorber models were placed in a 7 Degree-of-Freedom vehicle model. Maximum
driver’s seat acceleration was calculated and simulation results were
compared to half round test results from a prototype vehicle for a 10mph,
8” half round test.
FUNCTIONALLY-GRADED NPR (NEGATIVE POISSON’S RATIO) MATERIAL
FOR A BLAST-PROTECTIVE DEFLECTOR
Authors: Ma Zheng-Dong , Bian Hongxin , Sun Ce , Hulbert Gregory M. , Bishnoi Krishan , Rostam-Abadi Farzad
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A functionally-graded NPR (Negative Poisson’s Ratio) material concept has
been developed for a critical Army application – blast protection. The
objective is to develop a combined computational design methodology and
innovative structural-material concept for a blast-protective deflector, which
can concentrate material into areas most needed and adapt its shape utilizing
the blast energy to improve blast mitigation and crew protection. Included in
the computational design methodology is optimal deflector shape design and
optimal NPR material distribution to further improve the protection while
minimizing the C.G. height of the vehicle and the weight of the deflector.
Structures fabricated using this new concept react to the explosion and
reconfigure themselves under the blast force to provide maximum blast
protection. The presented research work consists of two basic approaches to
deflector design: optimal deflector shape design and optimal NPR material
configuration and distribution in the innovative deflector.
Durability Analysis for Off-Road Vehicle Stowage
Systems
Authors: Purushothaman Nammalwar , Critchley James , Hulings Jessica , Joshi Amarendra
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Durability analysis as applied to high mobility off-road ground vehicles involves
simulating the vehicle on rough terrains and cascading the loads throughout the
structure to support the verification of various components. For components
within the hull structure, the rigid body accelerations of the hull are
transformed to the component location producing a prescribed g-load time
history. This modeling method works extremely well for items which are bolted in
place but is inappropriate for stowage systems such as boxes and shelves where
cargo can experience intermittent contact and impacts. One solution is to create
a dynamic contact nonlinear finite element model of the stowage solution with
supported cargo and subject them to the same acceleration profile. This approach
effectively resolves the stresses needed to perform fatigue evaluations but is a
computationally and labor intensive process. The resources required for single
design point verification cannot be justified for simple stowage elements, not
to mention the possibility of design iteration. To address the need for rapid
assessment of stowage systems, a simplified model is presented then tuned and
validated relative to the finite element contact model. This model uses a set of
particles to represent the stowed component and interacts with the stowage
surface through an effective stiffness, allowing it to be thrown free of the
surface and collide generating increased loads. All three approaches
(transformed g-loads, FE contact, and particle approximation) are demonstrated
with loose cargo in a stowage box. The three models demonstrate similar
performance for mild excitations and more vigorous inputs result in larger loads
from the two contact models. The load profiles generated by the particle
approximation are demonstrated to be consistent with the variability of the
overall durability process, justifying their use as an independent predictive
tool.
CROSS-DOMAIN OPTIMIZATION OF MOTORSPORTS TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY DESIGN
Authors: Bishop Lynn W. , Houghton Kristian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses cross-domain optimization of lean technologies developed
through motorsports as applied to military vehicle design. Optimization of
performance objectives eliminates the reiterative assessments utilized in
standard validation and verification of product development. This paper
describes the enhancement of overall vehicle reliability, durability, and
performance through utilization of front-loaded design, development,
engineering, and prototyping activity. Cross-domain optimization, using a Design
of Experiments approach (DOE) and the integration of CAE tools, predictably
allows for the efficient and accurate solution of challenges prior to full scale
prototype build and, congruently, eliminates the necessity for multiple variants
often required throughout many testing phases. This paper illustrates,
systematically, the reduction of build phases while introducing a new paradigm
for military vehicle design.
Coupled CFD-Thermal Analysis
Authors: Pang Jing
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The both CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and thermal analyses are used to
predict a vehicle system thermal performance during the design development. The
vehicle wall temperatures and compartments temperatures under various climatic
conditions are predicted in MuSES thermal analyses. The temperature and air flow
distributions inside the vehicle compartment are predicted in Star CCM+ CFD
analyses.

Recently, GDLS, Thermal Analytics, and CD-adapco jointly developed a CFD thermal
analysis panel. This panel can be used to apply all boundary conditions to MuSES
model and StarCCM+ CFD model by a few button clicks. It can map convection
coefficients predicted in CFD analysis to the MuSES model boundaries; and vise
versa, map wall temperatures and heat rates predicted in MuSES models to the
boundaries in StarCCM+ models. Using this panel, the MuSES analysis and StarCCM+
analysis can be coupled to predict vehicle thermal performance with higher
accuracy. Besides, most model inputs can be combined into an Excel data file and
reviewed by numerous colleagues. The tedious model set up procedure is
simplified. Human data entry errors can be avoided and the design updates can be
easily accommodated to the analysis models.

This paper is to introduce the concept of this developed CFD-Thermal Analysis
Panel, as well as the discussions about how the mapped convection coefficients
and mapped temperature boundary conditions affect the analysis results.
Application of An Integrated HPC Reliability Prediction Framework to HMWWV Suspension System
Authors: Ghiocel Dan M. , Negrut Dan , Lamb David , Gorsich David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This research paper addresses the ground vehicle reliability prediction process
based on a new integrated reliability prediction framework. The paper is an
extension of the paper presented last year at the GVSETS symposium. The
integrated stochastic framework combines the computational physics-based
predictions with experimental testing information for assessing vehicle
reliability. The integrated reliability prediction approach incorporates the
following computational steps: i) simulation of stochastic operational
environment, ii) vehicle multi-body dynamics analysis, iii) stress prediction in
subsystems and components, iv) stochastic progressive damage analysis, and v)
component life prediction, including the effects of maintenance and, finally,
iv) reliability prediction at component and system level. To solve efficiently
and accurately the challenges coming from large-size computational mechanics
models and high-dimensional stochastic spaces, a HPC simulation-based approach
to the reliability problem was implemented. The integrated HPC stochastic
approach combines the computational stochastic mechanics predictions with
available statistical experimental databases for assessing vehicle system
reliability. The paper illustrates the application of the integrated approach to
evaluate the relliability of the HMMWV front-left suspension system.

DISCLAIMER: The HMMWV dynamic model and the suspension system configuration used
in this research are slightly different than the actual HMMWV hardware. Thus,
the presented results do not reflect in detail the real HMMWV suspension system
behavior. The intent of the paper is to discuss the integrated reliability
methodology and to highlight qualitative aspects.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A NONLINEAR ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM INCORPORATING A NEGATIVE STIFFNESS SPRING
Authors: Loh Robert N. K. , Thanom Witt , Brock Derrick
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The analysis and design of a novel active suspension system incorporating a
negative stiffness spring are investigated in this paper. The suspension
structure consists of the mechanism that employs a combination of ordinary and
negative stiffness springs and damping element. The resulting system yields
superior performance in terms of mobility, maneuverability, and stability,
particularly in harsh terrains and/or off-road environment. However, its
dynamics are highly nonlinear and cannot be handled directly by conventional
design techniques and methodologies. In this paper, the formulation of the
proposed active suspension system consists of two phases: analysis and
synthesis. In the analysis phase, nonlinear controls based on the advanced
feedback linearization methodologies of the differential geometric theory is
considered. The approach renders the difficult task of developing nonlinear
controls rather simple. In the synthesis phase, which is required for real-world
implementation and mechanization, observer-based controls are conducted.
Extensive simulation studies show that the system can effectively reject all the
harsh road disturbances while stabilizing the vehicle platform remarkably well.
Hence, not only the specific active suspension system can increase the vehicle
mobility and maneuverability, provide a stable platform for weapon firings and
improved target hit probabilities, but it can also lower the power consumption
of the vehicle, reduce the absorbed power by the driver, and improve the overall
fuel economy of the vehicle.
AN INTEGRATED ROLLOVER MITIGATION STRATEGY FOR MILITARY
TRUCKS
Authors: Hopkins Brad , Taheri Saied , Ahmadian Mehdi , Reid Alexander
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Military vehicles in the field are often required to perform severe emergency
maneuvers to avoid obstacles and/or escape enemy fire. This paper proposes a
combined direct yaw control (DYC) and emergency roll control (ERC) system to
mitigate rollover in the studied military vehicle. The DYC uses a differential
braking strategy to stabilize the vehicle yaw moment and is intended to reduce
the risk of untripped rollovers and also help prevent the vehicle from skidding
out, thus allowing the driver to maintain control of the vehicle. The ERC uses
actuators located near the vehicle suspension to apply an upward force to the
vehicle body to counter the roll angle. An off-road tire model was used with the
overall vehicle model in commercially available vehicle simulation software to
simulate emergency maneuvers on various driving surfaces. Simulation results
show that the proposed control strategy helps prevent both tripped and untripped
rollovers on various driving surfaces.
A STATISTICS-BASED DAMAGE MODEL THAT ACCOUNTS FOR SCALE
EFFECTS
Authors: Gurson Arthur L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this context, a damage model is a mathematical algorithm that is used to
predict if and when in a given loading history a structure will fail by ductile
fracture. Increments in a damage parameter are related to strain increments and
state of stress. The damage model would operate as part of a numerical
simulation, or separately on an output file. A scale effect in ductile fracture
is widely recognized from test data, where a large structure tends to fail at
lower strain than a smaller structure that is geometrically similar and of the
same material. Most damage models are not scale sensitive, and when they are
calibrated to data from small laboratory specimens, they will tend to
over-predict the performance (i.e., energy absorbing capability) of a larger
structure. Another factor is scatter in test results even when specimens are
made with care to be as identical as possible. Both of these factors are
addressed in the proposed statistics-based damage model. Scale effects and
scatter become part of the actual material behavior, rather than perceived
effects of variability in specimen preparation or test procedures. In addition,
it is found that the statistical approach leads to improved calibration of the
model for the effects of triaxiality and Lode parameter.
BENEFITS OF INTRA-VEHICLE DISTRIBUTED NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Jedynak Mr. David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Curtiss-Wright has developed an advanced, open system architectural approach to
Vehicle Electronics, based on our vast experience in providing military
electronics to many programs for ground, sea, and air platforms. This experience
has provided Curtiss-Wright with a unique understanding of key architectural
concepts which provide for highly successful implementation of specific Vehicle
Electronics suites to meet Ground Combat System program and platform
requirements. This Open-Standard and COTS based Intra-Vehicle Network Reference
Architecture was previously presented the paper “Ground Combat Systems
Common Vehicle Electronics Architecture and Applications” (D. Jedynak,
et al., 2010) and will be summarized and described in terms of the US
Army’s VICTORY Architecture in this paper as a foundation for
discussion. Clarification is provided for the differences between federated and
distributed architectures with regard to function, and how physical and
functional system implementations are decoupled. Key Metrics associated with the
concepts of Interoperability, Risk Mitigation, Upgradeability / Obsolescence
Mitigation, Scalability, as well as Space, Weight and Power (SWaP) optimization
are presented. Advanced Concepts are presented, including Commonality, Thermal
Management, Cost Optimization, and Warfighter Benefit.
An Approach to CBM System Design
Authors: Prasad Srinivasa , Zachos Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As the industry looks towards Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) as the next
maintenance paradigm, OEMs and suppliers are looking into their readiness in
meeting the CBM challenges for the future. The US armed forces are currently
investigating CBM for their Tactical and Combat vehicles as a means of improving
combat readiness & equipment reliability, and reducing maintenance
costs.

Many cutting-edge technologies will have to be integrated in designing the CBM
systems that will support the next generation of vehicles. While most of the
required technologies exist, a comprehensive design will be required to make CBM
systems feasible and economical.
ACCELERATING PROGRAM DELIVERY THROUGH OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Norton Anthony , Solu Turhan , Wettlaufer Edward , Amrine James
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

It is generally accepted that structural optimization has been responsible for
achieving component and system weight reduction for multiple applications, but
often these methods are considered only as a tool to reduce vehicle weight later
in a vehicle design. This paper proposes earlier and broader application of the
technology during a military vehicle program.

An optimization driven design approach will reduce development time, through
fewer design iterations, while creating robust design directions not influenced
by design history. The proactive use of optimization technologies throughout a
development program yield benefits in terms of vehicle weight (and therefore
increased payload), improve performance and protection while reducing material
costs.
SMSS™: An Unmanned Ground Vehicle Approach
to Lightening the Load for Squad Mission Support
Authors: Mills Myron E. , Nimblett Donald W.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In response to critical need to lighten the infantryman’s load, SMSS was
developed in collaboration with the US Army’s Maneuver Center of
Excellence (MCoE). SMSS is an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV), the size of a
compact car, designed to transport cargo for dismounted operations. SMSS
lightens the load, carrying extended mission equipment, food, weapons, water,
and ammunition. SMSS was designed with the right combination of size, weight
carrying, volumetric efficiency, transportability, and modularity to optimize
the cargo carrying and transportability of the system. This paper defines the
scope of the problem of combat overloading and reviews the SMSS approach as one
solution.
REMOTE MUNITIONS DEPLOYMENT FROM AN UNMANNED GROUND
VEHICLE
Authors: Gray Jeremy P. , Mason James R. , Griffin Patrick R. , Dean Charles E.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Unmanned Ground Vehicle’s (UGV) are becoming more adapted and have
increased mission capabilities to support Warfighter ground forces. Researchers
develop and enhance unmanned ground vehicles to better aid Warfighters and
increase their mission capabilities while mitigating their risk. High risk
missions are often performed for infiltration of potential hazardous points of
interests that contain anti-personnel obstacles. Ground forces have
traditionally utilized live munitions to quickly create a footpath through these
anti-personnel obstacles. These munitions often require personnel to be exposed
to enemy detection/fire during placement.

This paper presents the development of an UGV remote deployment system to
mitigate Warfighters risk by generating a stand-off distance between the
obstacle(s) and the ground forces. The stand-off distance enables ground forces
to stage, arm, and deploy the munitions from a covered/concealed position.
Solutions that encompass low cost, rapid fielding, high mobility and durability,
munitions accuracy, and leverage of existing fielded equipment have been
considered. This paper discusses the deployment system development, integration
with the UGV, and the proof of concept testing results.
RED RAVEN, THE LINKED-BOGIE PROTOTYPE
Authors: Mekhtarian Ara , Horvath Joseph , Lin C.T.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

RedRAVEN is a pioneered autonomous robot utilizing the innovative Linked-Bogie
dynamic frame, which minimizes platform tilt and movement, and improves traction
while maintaining all the vehicle’s wheels in contact with uneven
surfaces at all times. Its unique platform design makes the robot extremely
maneuverable since it allows the vehicle’s horizontal center of gravity
to line up with the center of its differential-drive axle. Where conventional
differential-drive vehicles use one or more caster wheels either in front or in
the rear of the driving axle to balance the vehicle’s platform, the
Linked-Bogie design utilizes caster wheels both in the front and in the rear of
the driving axle. Without using any springs or shock absorbers, the dynamic
frame allows for compensation of uneven surfaces by allowing each wheel to move
independently. The compact and lightweight ground vehicle also features a
driving-wheel neutralizing mechanism, a rigid aluminum frame, and a translucent
polycarbonate weatherproofing shell.
LIGHT TACTICAL WHEELED VEHICLES – A FUEL EFFICIENT SOULTION
ENABLED BY BOOSTED DOWN SIZED ENGINES MANAGED WITH OPEN CONTROL
SYSTEMS
Authors: Johnson Gustav
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Modern medium and heavy duty Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) diesel engines take
advantage of state-of-the-art technologies to deliver excellent performance
while meeting the most stringent emissions legislation. While some of these
technologies offer significant advantages in terms of engine efficiency,
performance and weight versus traditional military engines, others are driven
purely by the need to meet emissions standards. In order to successfully adapt
these COTS engines for military use and fuel (JP-8), the emissions-only systems
must be removed and the engine recalibrated for maximum efficiency. The
downsized, turbocharged engine would enable a simultaneous improvement in engine
weight, performance and efficiency in one of the DoD’s largest fleet of
vehicles - High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), when compared to
the current configuration. This paper will illustrate how a modern diesel engine
was quickly developed from COTS to military-ready configuration for potential
use in programs like the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV)
recapitalization and repower programs. The conversion of a 2011 model year COTS
engine is shown as a case study for defense application as funded by TARDEC.
HIGH TEMPERATURE (250 °C) SIC POWER MODULE FOR MILITARY
HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Schupbach R. M. , McPherson B. , McNutt T. , Lostetter A. B. , Kajs John P. , Castagno Scott G
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this paper, the authors present a line of newly developed high performance SiC
power modules, HT-2000, for military systems and applications. The HT-2000
series of modules are rated to 1200V, are operational to greater than 100A, can
perform at temperatures in excess of 250 °C, and can be constructed with
SiC MOSFETs, JFETs, or BJTs. The newly developed module implements a novel
ultra-low parasitic packaging approach that enables high switching frequencies
in excess of 100 kHz, and weighs in at just over 100 grams (offering
>4× mass reduction in comparison with industry standard power brick
packaging technology). The paper discusses testing results of these modules in
actual system applications, including: (a) complete static characterization vs.
temperature, and (b) switching performance.
FUEL CONSUMPTION TEST PROCEDURES FOR MILITARY WHEELED HYBRID
VEHICLES
Authors: Taylor Wayne T.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy Methodology Study was conducted by the
Automotive Instrumentation Division, US Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC),
Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Maryland, from June 2006 through August 2009. The
program objectives were to develop a test protocol that can be used to evaluate
the fuel consumption characteristics of a hybrid electric vehicle regardless of
weight class, battery chemistry, and/or driveline configuration, and to
characterize the performance of currently developed hybrid vehicles and tactical
wheeled vehicle prototypes with regard to fuel consumption and energy usage.
Eleven hybrids and eight conventional vehicles were provided for the methodology
study. Fuel consumption tests were conducted on a wide spectrum of terrains
ranging from level paved road surfaces to hilly cross country secondary road
surfaces. Test vehicles were operated over the full range of speed capabilities
on each of the terrain scenarios. Results for ground-up or conversion hybrid
vehicle designs were compared to conventional vehicles of similar test weight or
of the original chassis design in the case of conventional vehicles converted to
hybrid propulsion. In accordance with a Design of Experiment (DOE) established
by US Army Tank Automotive Research Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC),
individual test trials were conducted with conventional and hybrid comparison
vehicles in a leader-follower arrangement. Electrical energy storage system
State of Charge (SOC) correction methods were evaluated and established to
present hybrid vehicle fuel economy and consumption by correcting fuel
measurements to a ΔSOC=ZERO fuel economy. Candidate vehicles were also
characterized for power loss, weight distribution, center of gravity, and
selected automotive performance capabilities.
Electrode material enhancements for lead-acid
batteries
Authors: Murray William , Jagannathan Sudhakar , Malo Frank
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Exide Technologies has received a contract from TARDEC to develop a 4HN format
battery with AGM separator technology. In addition to redesigning the current
flooded battery to use Absorbed Glass Mat separator, the battery will be the
test vehicle for materials research aimed at improving battery performance. The
effort is split into two main topics: ceramic additives for positive and carbon
additives for negative active materials.
EFFICIENT PTO DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Authors: Fussner Doug , Marquardt Brent , Miller John , Faux Dan , Goryca Mary , McGough Matthew , Manning Pete
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in partnership with Ker-Train Research Inc.
is developing an advanced Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) power take-off (PTO)
drive system to improve fan drive efficiency and increase on-board electrical
power generation. This presentation provides information on the integration
methods, advantages of the Ker-Train drives and electronic controls, and future
plans for this TARDEC project. Fan drive, PTO Generator drive and Accessory
Alternator drive system information, hardware design and controls are presented.
Plans for testing at SwRI are also discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF ACCELERATED DURABILITY PROTOCOLS FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL
CELL SYSTEMS
Authors: Walluk Mark R. , Smith Daniel F. , Trabold Thomas A. , Dewey Scott B.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based auxiliary power units (APUs) offer a quiet and
efficient platform for remote power generation. SOFC systems often utilize a
reformer subsystem which converts hydrocarbon fuels into a hydrogen-rich
effluent stream utilized by the fuel cell stack for electrical power generation.
Rochester Institute of Technology’s Center for Sustainable Mobility (RIT
/ CSM) has conducted research to analyze potential system failures and develop
accelerated durability protocols for SOFC systems. Based on this experimental
and analytical study, it has been shown that solid carbon formed during fuel
reformation is quantifiable, predictable, and affects SOFC system
durability.

RIT / CSM further developed accelerated durability protocols for SOFC carbon
related failure modes, utilizing carbon concentration measurements from SOFC
systems combined with post-processing of system operational parameters. Fully
integrated SOFC systems were employed to generate a concentration of carbon over
various usage profiles, with carbon measured using a real-time photo-acoustic
instrument. Additional system parameters, including temperature, pressure,
reformer effluent composition, and reactant mass flows were also measured on
full SOFC systems to determine the total carbon mass in the effluent stream.
This research has demonstrated that application of accelerated thermal cycles
significantly accelerates the mass of carbon formed during reformate production
relative to nominal SOFC operating conditions.
SAMPLING-BASED RBDO USING STOCHASTIC SENSITIVITY AND DYNAMIC KRIGING
FOR BROADER ARMY APPLICATIONS
Authors: Choi K.K. , Lee Ikjin , Zhao Liang , Noh Yoojeong , Lamb David , Gorsich David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The University of Iowa has successfully developed Reliability-Based Design
Optimization (RBDO) method and software tools by utilizing the sensitivity
analysis of the fatigue life; and applied RBDO to Army ground vehicle components
to obtain reliable optimum designs with significantly reduced weight and
improved fatigue life. However, this method cannot be applied to broader Army
application problems due to lack of sensitivity analysis in many application
areas. Thus, for broader Army applications, a sampling-based RBDO method using
surrogate model has been developed recently. The Dynamic Kriging (DKG) method is
used to generate surrogate models, and a stochastic sensitivity analysis is used
to compute the sensitivities of probabilistic constraints with respect to
independent and correlated random variables. Once the DKG method accurately
approximates the responses, there is no further approximation in the estimation
of the probabilistic constraints and stochastic sensitivities, and thus the
sampling-based RBDO can yield very accurate optimum design. For computational
efficiency of the sampling-based RBDO method for large-scale engineering
problems, a parallel computing is proposed. Numerical examples verify that the
proposed sampling-based RBDO finds the optimum designs very accurately and
efficiently.
GPS-BASED MOBILITY POWER ANALYSIS OF MILITARY VEHICLES
Authors: Ayers Paul , Bozdech George
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Determining the required power for the tractive elements of off-road vehicles has
always been a critical aspect of the design process for military vehicles. In
recent years, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric
drives to improve stealth capabilities. The electric motors that power the wheel
or tracks require an accurate estimation of the power and duty cycle for a
vehicle during certain operating conditions. To meet this demand, a GPS-based
mobility power model was developed to predict the duty cycle and energy
requirements of off-road vehicles. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to
estimate the forces developed during locomotion are determined from the GPS
data, and these forces include the following: the gravitational, acceleration,
motion resistance, aerodynamic drag, and drawbar forces. Initial application of
the mobility power concept began when three U.S. military’s Stryker
vehicles were equipped with GPS receivers while conducting a proofing mission at
the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) in Hawaii on a soil with a known rating cone
index (RCI). An analysis was conducted on the GPS data which allowed for the
variation in the Stryker’s mobility power to be estimated as the vehicle
traversed the terrain. The subsequent power duty cycle and required energy for
the vehicle was determined along with predicted specific energy consumption and
production values. Initial validation of the mobility power model began by
tracking a hybrid 2006 Toyota Highlander during acceleration tests and on-road
maneuvers. The model had an R2 and average absolute percent error of
0.91 and 12.9% respectively during the acceleration tests. The predicted and
measured mobility power duty cycles were similar during the on-road maneuvers
while an R2 and average absolute error of 0.44 and 7.1 kW was
attained.
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF A MULTIBODY DYNAMICS MODEL OF THE
SUSPENSION SYSTEM OF A TRACKED VEHICLE
Authors: Wasfy Tamer M. , O’Kins James , Ryan David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A time-accurate multibody dynamics model of the suspension system of a tracked
vehicle is experimentally validated using a full-scale tracked-vehicle on an
N-post motion simulator. The experiments consist of harmonic excitations at
various amplitudes and frequencies and ramp excitations of the vehicle
road-wheels (without the track), with each road wheel under one linear actuator
of the N-post motion simulator. A high-fidelity multibody dynamics model of the
vehicle along with the N-post motion simulator is constructed. The multibody
dynamics model consists of rigid bodies, joints, rotational springs (that
include non-linear rotational stiffness, damping and friction), actuators and
contact surfaces. The rigid bodies rotational equations of motion are written in
a body-fixed frame with the total rigid-body rotation matrix updated each time
step using incremental rotations. Connection points on the rigid bodies are used
to define joints between the bodies including revolute, cylindrical, prismatic
and bracket joints. A penalty model is used to impose the joint and normal
contact constraints. The contact model detects contact between discrete points
on the surface of each wheel (master contact surfaces) and a polygonal surface
representation of the linear actuators dishpans (slave contact surfaces). A
recursive bounding box/bounding sphere contact search algorithm is used to allow
fast contact detection. An asperity friction model is used for the contact
friction forces. The governing equations of motion are solved along with
joint/constraint equations using a time-accurate explicit solution procedure.
The time-histories of the suspension system rotational deflections are
experimentally measured for the various input motion excitations. The
experimental measurements are compared with the results predicted using the
computational model. The comparison shows that the model can predict with
reasonably good accuracy the test tracked-vehicle’s dynamic
response.
BALANCE OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR SURVIVABILITY AND MOBILITY IN
THE DEMONSTRATOR FOR NOVEL DESIGN (DFND) VEHICLE CONCEPTS
Authors: Kaplin Casey A. , Houghton Kristian B.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses the balance of performance parameters of occupant
survivability and vehicle mobility during trade study analysis and simulation
for the TARDEC Demonstrator for Novel Design (DFND) vehicle concepts. Occupant
survivability and vehicle mobility are often competing attributes in the design
of current armor protected tactical and combat ground vehicles. Increased armor
weight and high stand-off height parameters are favorable for occupant
survivability during underbelly blast events but are detrimental to vehicle
dynamics mobility performance. TARDEC and Pratt & Miller Engineering are
implementing a motorsports based design process and simulation approach using a
holistic systems engineering trade study to develop potential concepts that
maximize force protection, vehicle mobility, and vehicle survivability. A number
of specialized simulation tools including hypervelocity explicit finite element
analysis and multi-body simulation are used interactively to provide accurate
representations of blast and mobility events.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR ONLINE MONITORING OF HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE
SYSTEMS
Authors: Dib Gerges , Karpenko Oleksii , Klaser Jacob , Udpa Lalita
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Materials and parts in complex systems, such as ground vehicles, can suffer from
fatigue due to use, age and other stresses experienced during service. It is
therefore essential to evaluate damage and predict the remaining life,
reliability and safety of the vehicle. This paper describes the design of a
wireless system for real-time monitoring of ground vehicles using Lamb waves.
The proposed approach integrates sensor technology, signal processing and
wireless networking into a single solution for online structural health
monitoring (SHM). Lamb wave inspection is accomplished by inexpensive
piezoelectric transducer patches (PZT), which are surface-mounted on the
critical components of the vehicle without interrupting its operation. Lamb wave
scattering from damage is obtained by comparing the recorded signal with the
healthy sample and then damage-related features are identified using Probability
Diagnostic Imaging (PDI). The problem of multiple Lamb wave modes is addressed
by new Mode Decomposition (MD) algorithm based on Time-Frequency Representation
(TFR) of the differenced signal. Hardware components of the proposed system
include Sensor Nodes (SN) designed for Lamb wave actuation and data acquisition;
and a basestation, where signal processing is implemented. The schematic of
wireless sensor network (WSN) is presented and finally, communication protocol
for wireless data transmission between SN's and a basestation is
described.
OPEN MANAGEMENT GROUP DATA DISTRIBUTION SERVICE (OMG-DDS) AS A DATA
TRANSPORT FOR VEHICULAR INTEGRATION FOR C4ISR/EW INTEROPERABILITY (VICTORY)
SERVICES
Authors: Elliott Leonard , Williams Nikia , Siddapureddy Venu
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A key objective of the Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability
(VICTORY) Architecture is to use open standards to increase the portability of
C4ISR/EW systems and enhance interoperability within military ground vehicles.
When possible these technologies are adopted by VICTORY and when existing
specifications are inadequate, best-practices are used to develop the necessary
adaptations. Many Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) publish/subscribe messaging
solutions are available and the Open Management Group (OMG) Data-Distribution
Service (DDS) is one such technology that provides open interfaces, open data
formats, and open protocols. This paper will discuss the current VICTORY
messaging approach and the benefits and disadvantages of using OMG-DDS as a data
transport for VICTORY services.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW-COST MOBILE ROBOT FOR MINE
DETECTION
Authors: Pajaziti A. , Cheok K. , Radovnikovich M. , Baftiu I. , Godo G.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

There is a dire need for low-cost mobile robots for the purpose of mine detection
and disposal. Countries with low gross domestic product (GDP) and infected with
landmines generally cannot support expensive high-tech solution. A de-mining
mobile robot has to be cost effective compared to local labor costs. Presently
commercially available mobile robots consist of mainly custom made parts. The
design and manufacturing of such parts make the robots very expensive. This
paper describes how careful selection of commercially available parts leads to
reducing the development time and costs for a demining robot while ensuring its
reliability, convenient operation and application domain. An actual example of
how a low cost mine detection robot was successfully integrated within two
months is outlined.
Fuel-Flexible Fuel Cell Systems for Military Power
Generator
Authors: George Paul , Contini Vince , Thornton Doug
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Fuel Cell Systems offer high efficiency, quiet, clean, low signature power
generation. To be useful for military applications they must use commonly
available logistic fuels: JP8 is the primary fuel of choice. This paper reports
the results of 1000 hour tests of innovative hardware to desulfurize and reform
JP8. Results from early testing of a 6 kW fully integrated PEM fuel cell system
operating on JP8 are also presented.