bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intranasal Immunization with Nasal Immuno-Inducible Sequence-Fused Antigens Elicits Antigen-Specific Antibody Production
Authors: Sasaki Hiraku , Suzuki Yoshio , Morimoto Kodai , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Uchida Koichiro , Iyoda Masayuki , Ishikawa Hiroki
Published: November 2024

Intranasal immunization is one of the most effective methods for eliciting lung mucosal immunity. Multiple intranasal immunization with bacterial polypeptide, termed as a modified PnxIIIA (MP3) protein, is known to elicit production of a specific antibody in mice. In this study, a nasal immuno-inducible sequence (NAIS) was designed to remove the antigenicity of the MP3 protein that can induce mucosal immunity by intranasal immunization, and was examined to induce antigen-specific antibodies against the fused bacterial thioredoxin (Trx) as a model antigen. A NAIS was modified and generated to remove a large number of predicted MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)-I and MHC-II binding sites in parent protein PnxIIIA and MP3 in order to reduce the number of antigen epitope sites. For comparative analysis, full-length NAIS291, NAIS230, and NAIS61 fused with Trx and 6× His tag and Trx-fused 6× His tag were used as antigen variants for the intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice every two weeks for three immunizations. Anti-Trx antibody titers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) IgA obtained from NAIS291-fused Trx-immunized mice were significantly higher than those from Trx-immunized mice. The antibody titers against NAIS alone were significantly lower than those against Trx alone in the serum IgG, serum IgA, and BALF IgA. These results indicate that the NAIS contributes to antibody elicitation of the fused antigen as an immunostimulant in intranasal vaccination vaccines. The results indicate that the NAIS and target inactivated antigen fusions can be applied to intranasal vaccine systems.
Expression and Immune Response Profiles in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) During Pathogen Challenge and Infection
Authors: Saleh Ahmed A. , Mohamed Asmaa Z. , Elnesr Shaaban S. , Khafaga Asmaa F. , Elwan Hamada , Abdel-Aziz Mohamed F. , Khaled Asmaa A. , Hafez Elsayed E.
Published: November 2024

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are economically significant species in Mediterranean countries, serving essential roles in the aquaculture industry due to high market demand and nutritional value. They experience substantial losses from bacterial pathogens Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae, particularly at the onset of the summer season. The immune mechanisms involved in fish infections by V. anguillarum and S. iniae remain poorly understood. This study investigated their impact through experiments with control and V. anguillarum- and S. iniae-infected groups for each species. Blood samples were collected at 1, 3, and 7 days post bacterial injection to assess biochemical and immunological parameters, including enzyme activities (AST and ALT), oxidative markers (SOD, GPX, CAT, and MDA), and leukocyte counts. Further analyses included phagocyte activity, lysozyme activity, IgM levels, and complement C3 and C4 levels. Muscle tissues were sampled at 1, 3, and 7 days post injection to assess mRNA expression levels of 18 immune-relevant genes. The focus was on cytokines and immune-related genes, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-γ), major histocompatibility complex components (MHC-IIα and MHC-IIβ), cytokine receptors (CXCL-10 and CD4-L2), antimicrobial peptides (Pleurocidin and β-defensin), immune regulatory peptides (Thymosin β12, Leap 2, and Lysozyme g), and Galectins (Galectin-8 and Galectin-9). β-actin was used as the housekeeping gene for normalization. Significant species-specific responses were observed in N. Tilapia and E. Sea Bass when infected with V. anguillarum and S. iniae, highlighting differences in biochemical, immune, and gene expression profiles. Notably, in N. Tilapia, AST levels significantly increased by day 7 during S. iniae infection, reaching 45.00 ± 3.00 (p < 0.05), indicating late-stage acute stress or tissue damage. Conversely, E. Sea Bass exhibited a significant rise in ALT levels by day 7 in the S. iniae group, peaking at 33.5 ± 3.20 (p < 0.05), suggesting liver distress or a systemic inflammatory response. On the immunological front, N. Tilapia showed significant increases in respiratory burst activity on day 1 for both pathogens, with values of 0.28 ± 0.03 for V. anguillarum and 0.25 ± 0.02 for S. iniae (p < 0.05), indicating robust initial immune activation. Finally, the gene expression analysis revealed a pronounced peak of TNF-α in E. Sea Bass by day 7 post V. anguillarum infection with a fold change of 6.120, suggesting a strong species-specific pro-inflammatory response strategy. Understanding these responses provides critical insights for enhancing disease management and productivity in aquaculture operations.
Role of Myeloid Cell-Specific Adenylyl Cyclase Type 7 in Lipopolysaccharide- and Alcohol-Induced Immune Responses
Authors: Hu Yawen , Patial Sonika , Saini Yogesh , Yoshimura Masami
Published: November 2024

Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that alcohol use causes various abnormalities in the immune system and compromises immune functions. However, the mechanistic understanding of ethanol’s effects on the immune system remains limited. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) regulates multiple processes, including immune responses. Earlier research indicated that type 7 adenylyl cyclase (AC7) regulates the immune system and is highly responsive to ethanol. Therefore, we hypothesized that AC7 is a central player in regulating the effects of alcohol on innate immune responses. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a myeloid lineage-specific AC7 KO mouse model and compared the effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatment on their innate immune responses induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Our results demonstrate that AC7 KO mice had significantly lower survival rates under LPS challenge. Chronic ethanol consumption rescued AC7 KO mice from LPS-induced death. AC7 KO and ethanol, acute and chronic, affected several measurements of cytokine mRNA expressions, including IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-10 in the lung and liver. In a few cases, statistical analysis indicated that these two factors interacted, suggesting that AC7 played some role in ethanol’s effect on cytokine expression. Thus, this study demonstrated AC7’s role in ethanol’s effect on the innate immune response.
Chronological Dynamics of Neuroinflammatory Responses in a High-Fat Diet Mouse Model
Authors: Bae Heekyong R. , Shin Su-Kyung , Lee Ji-Yoon , Choi Seong-Su , Kwon Eun-Young
Published: November 2024

Obesity is known to affect various tissues and contribute to conditions such as neuroinflammation. However, the specific mechanisms and time-dependent progression of these effects across different tissues remain unclear. In this study, we monitored gene expression at intervals to examine the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on brain, liver, adipose, and muscle tissues in male C57/BJ mice, with a particular focus on neuroinflammation. Early inflammatory responses exhibit a progression that starts in the liver, extends to adipose tissue, and subsequently involves muscle and brain tissues. Although the brain did not show significant gene expression of inflammatory responses, mechanisms leading to neuroinflammation increased after 24 weeks, possibly through systemic chronic inflammation (SCI). Notably, mitochondrial complex I activity serves as a biomarker to indicate the inflammatory transition from the liver to adipose and other tissues caused by SCI. These similar gene expression dynamics were also observed in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s patients and in an Alzheimer’s mouse model treated with a HFD. These results suggest that initially, the brain suppresses inflammatory responses, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), more than other tissues in response to a HFD. However, at the onset of SCI, the brain eventually exhibits inflammatory dynamics similar to those of other tissues. This underscores the significance of our findings, indicating that the early kinetics of chronic IFN-γ response and mitochondrial complex I activity inhibition serve as crucial biomarkers, emerging early in various conditions, including obesity and aging.
A Novel 14mer Peptide Inhibits Autophagic Flux via Selective Activation of the mTORC1 Signalling Pathway: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: García Porta Cloe , Mahfooz Kashif , Komorowska Joanna , Garcia-Rates Sara , Greenfield Susan
Published: November 2024

During development, a 14mer peptide, T14, modulates cell growth via the α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR). However, this process could become excitotoxic in the context of the adult brain, leading to pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent work shows that T14 acts selectively via the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This pathway is essential for normal development but is overactive in AD. The triggering of mTORC1 has also been associated with the suppression of autophagy, commonly observed in ageing and neurodegeneration. We therefore investigated the relationship between T14 and autophagic flux in tissue cultures, mouse brain slices, and human Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus. Here, we demonstrate that T14 and p-mTOR s2448 expression significantly increases in AD human hippocampus, which was associated with the gradual decrease in the autophagosome number across Braak stages. During development, the reduction in T14 positively correlated with pTau (Ser202, Thr205) and two selective autophagy receptors: p62 and optineurin. In vitro studies also indicated that T14 increases p-mTOR s2448 expression, resulting in the aggregation of polyubiquinated substances. The effective blockade of T14 via its cyclic variant, NBP14, has been validated in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. In this study, NBP14 significantly attenuated p-mTOR s2448 expression and restored normal autophagic flux, as seen with rapamycin. We conclude that T14 acts at the α-7 receptor to selectively activate the mTORC1 pathway and consequently inhibit autophagic flux. Hence, this study describes a further step in the process by which T14 could drive neurodegeneration.
Antibiofilm Effects of Novel Compounds in Otitis Media Treatment: Systematic Review
Authors: Jotic Ana , Savic Vujovic Katarina , Cirkovic Andja , Božić Dragana D. , Brkic Snezana , Subotic Nikola , Bukurov Bojana , Korugic Aleksa , Cirkovic Ivana
Published: November 2024

Otitis media (OM) is a frequent disease with incidence rate of 5300 cases per 100,000 people. Recent studies showed that polymicrobial biofilm formation represents a significant pathogenic mechanism in recurrent and chronic forms of OM. Biofilm enables bacteria to resist antibiotics that would typically be recommended in guidelines, contributing to the ineffectiveness of current antimicrobial strategies. Given the challenges of successfully treating bacterial biofilms, there is an growing interest in identifying novel and effective compounds to overcome antibacterial resistance. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the novel compounds with antibiofilm effects on bacterial biofilm formed by clinical isolates of OM. The systematic review included studies that evaluated antibiofilm effect of novel natural or synthetic compounds on bacterial biofilm formed from clinical isolates obtained from patients with OM. The eligibility criteria were defined using the PICOS system: (P) Population: all human patients with bacterial OM; (I) Intervention: novel natural or synthetic compound with biofilm effect; (C) Control standard therapeutic antimicrobial agents or untreated biofilms, (O) Outcome: antibiofilm effect (biofilm inhibition, biofilm eradication), (S) Study design. The PRISMA protocol for systematic reviews and meta-analysis was followed. From 3564 potentially eligible studies, 1817 duplicates were removed, and 1705 were excluded according to defined exclusion criteria. A total of 41 studies with available full texts were retrieved by two independent authors. Fifteen articles were selected for inclusion in the systematic review which included 125 patients with OM. A total of 17 different novel compounds were examined, including N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), tea tree oil, xylitol, eugenol, Aloe barbadensis, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Acacia arabica, antisense peptide nucleic acids, probiotics Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus oralis, Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA), bioactive glass, green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles, radish, silver nanoparticles and acetic acid. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly studied pathogen, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae. Biofilm inhibition only by an examined compound was assessed in six studies; biofilm eradication in four studies, and both biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication were examined in five studies. This systematic review indicates that some compounds like NAC, prebiotics, nanoparticles and MESNA that have significant effects on biofilm are safe and could be researched more extensively for further clinical use. However, a lack of data about reliable and efficient compounds used in therapy of different types of otitis media still remains in the literature.
Anti-Atopic Dermatitis Effect of Azalomycin F on 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene-Induced Mice and Potential Mechanism
Authors: Zhao Wenjia , Zhu Jianping , Luo Xinrong , Lian Fengxian , Yang Yanli , He Su , Zhu Jinzhou , Yuan Ganjun
Published: November 2024

Azalomycin F (AZF) is a kind of antibiotic with antifungal and antibacterial activities, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. In this study, we evaluated the effects of AZF on atopic dermatitis (AD) and its possible molecular mechanisms. Mice with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced AD-like skin lesions were topically treated with 10–30 mg/kg AZF on their dorsal skin for 12 days. Observations focused on skin lesion scores, the frequency of scratching, and histopathological alterations in the skin. In addition, IgE and inflammatory cytokine levels in serum were assessed. The results indicated that topical application of 10–20 mg/kg AZF could reduce skin lesion scores and scratching frequencies in AD mice, while 15–20 mg/kg AZF decreased epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration. Additionally, the serum levels of IgE, IFN-γ, IL-4, TSLP and IL-1β were reduced with 10–20 mg/kg AZF treatment. Moreover, RNA-Seq was employed to reveal the potential molecular mechanisms underlying anti-AD effects of AZF. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the most significantly differentially expressed genes are predominantly enriched in signaling pathways such as NF-κB and TNF. Protein–protein interaction network analysis identifies the key genes including Il1b, Tnf, and Cxcl1. In summary, 15 mg/kg AZF effectively alleviates the inflammatory response in AD mice, and the potential mechanism may involve the regulation of key signaling pathways like NF-κB and TNF, thereby reducing inflammatory factor levels and eliciting an anti-inflammatory effect. These findings provide valuable scientific evidence for the development of novel natural drugs for the treatment of AD.
Effect of Low-Frequency, Low-Energy Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Neuronal and Microglial Cells Injured with Amyloid-Beta
Authors: Merighi Stefania , Nigro Manuela , Travagli Alessia , Fernandez Mercedes , Vincenzi Fabrizio , Varani Katia , Pasquini Silvia , Borea Pier Andrea , Salati Simona , Cadossi Ruggero , Gessi Stefania
Published: November 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology covering about 70% of all cases of dementia. It is associated with neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death, which are involved in disease progression. There is a lack of effective therapies, and halting this process represents a therapeutic challenge. Data in the literature suggest several neuroprotective effects of low-frequency, low-energy pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on biological systems, and clinical studies report that PEMF stimulation is safe and well tolerated. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of PEMF exposure on oxidative stress and cell death in in vitro-injured cellular models of neurons and microglia. SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, and N9 microglial cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Aβ peptide. Reactive oxygen production, mitochondrial integrity, and cell death modulation were investigated through 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) and 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbo-cyanine iodide (JC-1) biochemical assays, fluorescence, and MTS experiments. Cells were exposed to PEMFs producing a pulsed signal with the following parameters: pulse duration of 1.3 ms and frequency of 75 Hz. The outcomes demonstrated that PEMFs defended SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ peptide- or H2O2-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and cell death. Furthermore, in microglia activated by LPS or Aβ peptide, they reverted the reduction in mitochondrial potential, oxidative damage, and cell death. Overall, these findings imply that PEMFs influence the redox state of the cells by significantly boosting antioxidant levels in both injured microglia and neuronal in vitro cells mimicking in vitro AD.
Targeting Age-Related Impaired Bone Healing: ZnO Nanoparticle-Infused Composite Fibers Modulate Excessive NETosis and Prolonged Inflammation in Aging
Authors: Kim Do-Yeun , Ryu Jeong-Hyun , Kim Jae-Hyung , Lee Eun-Hye , Baek Jeong-Hwa , Woo Kyung Mi
Published: November 2024

Bone defects present significant challenges in clinical contexts, particularly among the elderly, and are often linked to altered innate immune responses; however, underlying mechanisms remain to be understood. This study investigates immune changes in early bone healing in aged mice, emphasizing the effects of zinc in modulating inflammatory processes. By exploring the role of zinc and NETosis in this process, we seek to develop novel therapeutic strategies that could improve bone repair in aging populations. Critical-sized calvarial bone defects were induced in young (8-week-old) and aged (18-month-old) mice, with RNA sequencing analysis. Zinc oxide nanoparticle-infused polycaprolactone (ZnPCL) scaffolds were then fabricated using electrospinning, and their effects on intracellular zinc levels, NETosis, M2 polarization, and bone formation were assessed through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In aged mice, bone healing was delayed, inflammation was prolonged, and NETosis was excessive. RNA sequencing identified alterations in zinc ion transport genes, alongside excessive NETosis. Aged mouse neutrophils exhibited low intracellular zinc levels. ZnPCL fibers effectively reduced NETosis and inflammation, promoted M2 macrophage polarization, and enhanced new bone formation, thereby improving bone healing in aged mice. This study demonstrates that ZnO nanoparticle-infused biomaterials, ZnPCL, effectively deliver zinc to neutrophils, reduce NETosis, promote M2 polarization, and enhance bone healing in aged mice.
Characteristics and Expression Analysis of the MYB-Related Subfamily Gene in Rosa chinensis
Authors: Zhu Yongjie , Deng Yuzheng , Yao Yandong , Yao Kangding , Pan Xuejuan , Wu Xuetong , Liu Zhiya , Zhang Jitao , Su Wanyi , Liao Weibiao
Published: November 2024

MYB-related transcription factors (TFs) subfamily is a subfamily of MYB TFs, which are mainly involved in plant secondary metabolism, growth and development, and stress response. To explore the function of MYB-related subfamily genes in Rosa chinensis, this study systematically analyzed characters of the MYB-related subfamily members in R. chinensis with bioinformatic analysis using the genomic data of R. chinensis and investigated their expression characteristics using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results show that 100 MYB-related proteins were identified in R. chinensis. Proteins are mainly found in the nucleus. Chromosome localization revealed that all MYB-related genes are mapped to seven chromosomes and are distributed in clusters. Collinear analysis shows that 13 pairs of MYB-related genes had a collinear relationship, indicating R. chinensis may have evolved its MYB-related subfamily gene through fragment duplication. The analysis of motifs and conserved domains shows that Motif 3 is the most conserved motif. There are numerous ABA and MeJA response elements in MYB-related genes. ABA and MeJA treatments significantly shortened the vase life of R. chinensis, while the flower diameter on day 3 was the largest, suggesting that ABA and MeJA might induce MYB-related gene expression during cut flower senescence. The expression of MYB-related genes is tissue specific, most of which show the highest expression levels in petals. Notably, among six plant growth regulator treatments, ABA treatment significantly increased RcMYB002 expression in R. chinensis, suggesting that RcMYB002 may be a crucial gene for ABA response. This study provides a reference for further research on the function of MYB-related genes in R. chinensis.
Searching for Old and New Small-Molecule Protein Kinase Inhibitors as Effective Treatments in Pulmonary Hypertension—A Systematic Review
Authors: Jasińska-Stroschein Magdalena , Glajzner Paulina
Published: November 2024

Treatment options for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have improved substantially in the last 30 years, but there is still a need for novel molecules that can regulate the excessive accumulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and consequent vascular remodeling. One set of possible candidates are protein kinases. The study provides an overview of existing preclinical and clinical data regarding small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors in PAH. Online databases were searched from 2001 to 2023 according to PRISMA. The corpus included preclinical studies demonstrating alterations in at least one PH-related parameter following chronic exposure to an individual protein kinase inhibitor, as well as prospective clinical reports including healthy adults or those with PAH, with primary outcomes defined as safety or efficacy of an individual small-molecule protein kinase inhibitor. Several models in preclinical protocols (93 papers) have been proposed for studying small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors in PAH. In total, 51 kinase inhibitors were tested. Meta-analysis of preclinical results demonstrated seralutinib, sorafenib, fasudil hydrochloride, and imatinib had the most comprehensive effects on PH with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-proliferative potential. Fasudil demonstrated more than 70% animal survival with the longest experimental period, while dasatinib, nintedanib, and (R)-crizotinib could deteriorate PAH. The substances targeting the same kinases often varied considerably in their activity, and such heterogeneity may be due to the variety of causes. Recent studies have addressed the molecules that affect multiple networks such as PDG-FRα/β/CSF1R/c-KIT/BMPR2 or FKBP12/mTOR. They also focus on achieving a satisfactory safety profile using innovative inhalation formulations Many small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors are able to control migration, proliferation and survival in PASMCs in preclinical observations. Standardized animal models can successfully reduce inter-study heterogeneity and thereby facilitate successful identification of candidate drugs for further evaluations.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Liver Cirrhosis: Unraveling of a Complex Relationship
Authors: Nesci Antonio , Ruggieri Vittorio , Manilla Vittoria , Spinelli Irene , Santoro Luca , Di Giorgio Angela , Santoliquido Angelo , Ponziani Francesca Romana
Published: November 2024

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the in the background of multiple metabolic diseases and a key process in liver disease progression and cirrhosis decompensation. ED affects liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in response to different damaging agents, causing their progressive dedifferentiation, unavoidably associated with an increase in intrahepatic resistance that leads to portal hypertension and hyperdynamic circulation with increased cardiac output and low peripheral artery resistance. These changes are driven by a continuous interplay between different hepatic cell types, invariably leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, with a subsequent loss of proper vascular tone regulation and fibrosis development. ED evaluation is often accomplished by serum markers and the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) measurement of the brachial artery to assess its NO-dependent response to shear stress, which usually decreases in ED. In the context of liver cirrhosis, the ED assessment could help understand the complex hemodynamic changes occurring in the early and late stages of the disease. However, the instauration of a hyperdynamic state and the different NO bioavailability in intrahepatic and systemic circulation—often defined as the NO paradox—must be considered confounding factors during FMD analysis. The primary purpose of this review is to describe the main features of ED and highlight the key findings of the dynamic and intriguing relationship between ED and liver disease. We will also focus on the significance of FMD evaluation in this setting, pointing out its key role as a therapeutic target in the never-ending battle against liver cirrhosis progression.
Does Endometrial Thickness or Compaction Impact the Success of Frozen Embryo Transfer? A Cohort Study Analysis
Authors: Aslih Nardin , Atzmon Yuval , Bilgory Asaf , Shibli Abu Raya Yasmin , Sharqawi Moamina , Shalom-Paz Einat
Published: November 2024

Background: In frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles, optimal endometrial thickness on ovulation day is typically 7–8 mm before progesterone administration. Recent studies have highlighted the significant inverse correlation between ongoing pregnancy rates and changes in endometrial thickness during the secretory phase after progesterone exposure, particularly by the day of embryo transfer (ET). This study aims to investigate how changes in endometrial thickness from the end of the proliferative phase to ET impact FET outcomes. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study involving 247 FET cycles, divided into hormonally based (102) and ovulatory-based (145) groups. Patients were monitored through transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) and blood tests. On ET day, we assessed endometrial thickness and changes compared to the last day of the proliferative phase, defining endometrial compaction as a decrease in thickness. We analyzed data to identify factors predicting cycle outcomes. Results: The study reported chemical and clinical pregnancy rates of 47.4% and 38.1%, respectively. Endometrial compaction was observed in 37.2% (92/247) of cycles, with corresponding rates of 48.9%, 32.6%, and 29.5% for chemical, clinical, and ongoing pregnancies, compared to 46.4%, 41.3%, and 28.9% in cycles without compaction. These differences were not statistically significant, and patterns of endometrial thickness change were similar across different FET protocols and progesterone exposure durations. Conclusions: The main factors influencing cycle outcomes were maternal age, embryo transfer protocol, and endometrial thickness on ET day, with endometrial compaction showing no correlation with improved outcomes.
A Case Study of a Macro-Landslide in the High Mountain Areas of the Ecuadorian Andes: “La Cría” at the Azuay Province (Ecuador)
Authors: Torrijo Francisco Javier , Álvarez Santiago , Garzón-Roca Julio
Published: November 2024

Large landslides, known as macro-landslides, pose a significant threat to the safety and stability of communities living in mountainous areas. In this work, an evaluation of a macro-landslide that occurred in the La Cría community (Azuay province, Ecuador) is conducted. This macro-landslide covered an extensive area of approximately 443 hectares and affected a population that is mainly dedicated to agriculture. Historically, a landslide was already identified in the area in the 1973 geological map. However, there has recently been a significant increase in the speed of the landslide, causing damage to infrastructure and homes, and directly affecting 97 homes of various structural typologies. The study area is characterised by its geological instability, influenced by the presence of reservoirs for agriculture. In addition, the community of La Cría within the landslide has experienced considerable population growth. The study conducted combines the use of a landslide susceptibility map with a multicriteria analysis (which considers the interactions of geological, hydrological and land use) and a stability evaluation based on limit equilibrium methods. The results show that most of the territory assessed, approximately 55%, presents with a very high susceptibility to landslides, and reveal that the geology and the interactions between local geology and water resource management are needed to prevent and mitigate the risks associated with mass movements in the area.
17-4 Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel: Soft-Tough Heat Treatment Mechanism and Thermal Fatigue Characteristics
Authors: Hsieh Ping-Yu , Wu Bo-Ding , Hung Fei-Yi
Published: November 2024

This study selected 17-4PH (Type 630) precipitation-hardening stainless steel as the raw material. After subjecting the material to precipitation hardening and softening heat treatments, the effects of these treatments on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties were investigated, along with a thermal fatigue test. The results showed that after the precipitation hardening heat treatment, the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of 17-4PH stainless steel increased. However, the ductility was around 2%, indicating a severe brittleness effect, which is unfavorable for ordnance applications. A double aging treatment for 12 h resulted in a combination of softness and ductility, with an ultimate tensile strength of 900 MPa, ductility of 26%, and hardness HRC 28. These material properties are suitable for cold forging in ordnance and other applications. In addition, a thermal fatigue test was conducted on the softened 17-4PH material from 750 °C to room temperature. After 3000 thermal cycles, there was no significant change in material properties, ensuring it can withstand 3000 rounds of gunfire in a barrel with excellent durability. Furthermore, XRD and fracture surface analysis confirmed that the softening mechanism of 17-4PH stainless steel and its high-temperature phase stability could provide a reference for cold forging and high-temperature applications.
Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots from Cellulose and Construction of a Fluorescent Probe for 6-Mercaptopurin Quantitative Detection
Authors: Xu Qiang , Dong Jiayi , Yan Guiqin , Yi Rongnan , Yang Xiaojing
Published: November 2024

With cellulose as the precursor and ethylenediamine as the N source, N-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were synthesized by a simple and feasible one-pot hydrothermal method. The whole process did noSchemet need a strong acid or strong base and avoided interference from inorganic salt residues. The whole process lasted only 3 h and avoided any complex postprocessing. Because of the outstanding optical properties of N-GQDs, a high-efficiency 6-mercaptopurine fluorescent probe based on the inner filter effect of fluorescence was established. The detection range was 0.2–60 μM and the detection limit was 0.05 μM. This method can preliminarily detect 6-mercaptopurine in human urine and avoids any sample preparation or extraction in advance and brings satisfactory results.
Optical and Geometrical Properties from Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy Data
Authors: Youssef George , Huynh Nha Uyen T. , Nacy Somer
Published: November 2024

Terahertz waves are nondestructive and non-ionizing to synthetic and natural materials, including polymeric and biological materials. As a result, terahertz-based spectroscopy has emerged as a suitable technique to uncover fundamental molecular mechanisms and material properties in this electromagnetic spectrum regime. In terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), the material’s optical properties are resolved using the raw time-domain signals collected from the sample and air reference data depending on accurate prior knowledge of the sample geometry. Alternatively, different spectral analysis algorithms can extract the complex index of refraction of optically thick or optically thin samples without specific thickness knowledge. A THz-TDS signal without apparent Fabry–Pérot oscillations is commonly associated with optically thin samples, whereas the terahertz signal of optically thick samples exhibits distinct Fabry–Pérot oscillations. While several extraction algorithms have been reported a priori, the steps from reducing the time-domain signal to calculating the complex index of refraction and resolving the correct thickness can be daunting and intimidating while obscuring important steps. Therefore, the objective is to decipher, demystify, and demonstrate the extraction algorithms for Fabry–Pérot-absent and -present terahertz signals for various polymers with different molecular structure classifications and nonlinear optical crystal zinc telluride. The experimental results were in good agreement with previously published values while elucidating the contributions of the molecular structure to the stability of the algorithms. Finally, the necessary condition for manifesting Fabry–Pérot oscillations was delineated.
The Doping of a Carbon Coating with Phosphorus as a Potential Way of Improving the Biological Properties of Diamond-like Carbon
Authors: Jastrzębski Krzysztof , Grabarczyk Jacek , Niedzielski Piotr , Jędrzejczak Anna , Sobczyk-Guzenda Anna , Szymański Witold , Kamińska Marta , Skibska Beata
Published: November 2024

The potential of diamond-like carbon coatings in medicine can be increased by doping them with various elements. Such modifications especially affect the biological properties of the synthetized films. In the following research, phosphorus was introduced into the carbon matrix by means of the chemical vapor deposition technique and using an organic precursor. With the addition of about 1.6 and 4.3 at% of dopant, not only was the surface roughness increased, but significant changes in both the mechanical and biological properties were also observed. The presence of phosphorus reduced the hardness of DLC coatings but still improved this parameter in comparison to the substrate material—AISI316LVM. A biological examination revealed the bacteriostatic potential of doped coatings regardless of their chemical composition. Increasing the amount of phosphorus improved the proliferation of osteoblasts (Saos-2 cell), but the opposite effect was achieved for the endothelial cell line (EA.hy926). Another important aspect is the reduction in platelet activation, especially for low amounts of dopant.
Improvement of the Foaming Agent Feeding Process to an Electric Arc Furnace by Analyzing the Sound Generated by an Electric Arc and the Coefficient of Variation of Active Power Consumption
Authors: Schwietz Józef , Panic Bogdan , Saternus Mariola , Pieprzyca Jacek , Janiszewski Krystian
Published: November 2024

Electric arc furnaces are commonly used in foamed slag technology for the production of steel from steel scrap through an electric process. The effects of using this technology include increased efficiency, reduced consumption of refractory materials, reduced energy consumption, reduced electrode wear, and improved arc stability. The world is constantly looking for solutions to optimize the feeding of the foaming agent to the electric furnace, including determining the moment of starting its feeding. The authors propose using two parameters to determine the optimal moment of introducing the foaming agent: the change in the sound level emitted by the arc furnace and the fluctuations in active power consumption. In order to determine the above parameters, tests were carried out on an industrial alternating UHP arc furnace with a capacity of 70 tons. The sound intensity level was determined at which the feeding of the foaming agent to the furnace’s working space should begin. A moving coefficient of power consumption variation was developed and decision variables of the software for online foaming agent feeding were determined. As a result of implementing the developed solutions to the electric furnace control system and conducting comparative tests, savings were obtained in the form of reduced foaming agent consumption.
Structural and Thermal Characterization of Bluepha® Biopolyesters: Insights into Molecular Architecture and Potential Applications
Authors: Martinka Maksymiak Magdalena , Andrä-Żmuda Silke , Sikorska Wanda , Janeczek Henryk , Chaber Paweł , Musioł Marta , Godzierz Marcin , Kowalczuk Marek , Adamus Grazyna
Published: November 2024

This study presents an in-depth molecular and structural characterization of novel biopolyesters developed under the trademark Bluepha®. The primary aim was to elucidate the relationship between chemical structure, chain architecture, and material properties of these biopolyesters to define their potential applications across various sectors. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis identified the biopolyesters as poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] (PHBH) copolymers, containing 4% and 10% molar content of hydroxyhexanoate (HH) units, respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis of PHBH oligomers, produced via controlled thermal degradation, further confirmed the chemical structure and molecular architecture of the PHBH samples. Additionally, multistage electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) provided insights into the chemical homogeneity and arrangement of comonomer units within the copolyester chains, revealing a random distribution of hydroxyhexanoate (HH) and hydroxybutyrate (HB) units along the PHBH chains. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns demonstrated partial crystallinity in the PHBH samples. The thermal properties, including glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and melting enthalpy (ΔHm), were found to be lower in PHBH than in poly(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), suggesting a broader application potential for the tested PHBH biopolyesters.
TCNQ and Its Derivatives as Electrode Materials in Electrochemical Investigations—Achievement and Prospects: A Review
Authors: Starodub Tetiana , Michalkiewicz Slawomir
Published: November 2024

7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is one of the most widely used effective surface electron acceptors in organic electronics and sensors, which opens up a very interesting field in electrochemical applications. In this review article, we outline the historical context of electrochemically stable selective electrode materials based on TCNQ and its derivatives and their development, their electrochemical characteristics, and the experimental aspects of their electrochemical applications. TCNQ-modified electrodes are characterized by long-term stability, reproducibility, and a low detection limit compared to other sensors; thus, their use can increase determination speed and flexibility and reduce investigation costs. TCNQ and its derivatives can also be successfully combined with other detector materials for cancer-related clinical diagnostic testing. Examples of simple, rapid, and sensitive detection procedures for various analytes are provided. Applications of new electrochemically stable TCNQ-based metal/covalent–organic hybrid frameworks, with exceptionally large surface areas, tunable pore sizes, diverse functionality, and high electrical conductivity, are also presented. As a result, they also offer enormous potential as revolutionary catalysts, drug carrier systems, and smart materials, as well as for use in gas storage. The use of TCNQ compounds as promising active electrode materials in high-power organic batteries/energy storage devices is discussed. We hope that the information featured in this review will provide readers with a good understanding of the chemistry of TCNQ and, more importantly, help to find good ways to prepare new micro-/nanoelectrode materials for rational sensor design.
Viscoelastic Behavior of Cellular Biomaterials Based on Octet-Truss and Tetrahedron Topologies
Authors: Hedayati Reza , Shokrnia Mohammad , Alavi Melikasadat , Sadighi Mojtaba , Aghdam Mohammad Mohammadi
Published: November 2024

Cellular biomaterials offer unique properties for diverse biomedical applications. However, their complex viscoelastic behavior requires careful consideration for design optimization. This study explores the effective viscoelastic response of two promising unit cell designs (tetrahedron-based and octet-truss) suitable for high porosity and strong mechanics. The asymptotic homogenization (AH) method was employed to determine effective longitudinal and shear moduli, as well as Poisson’s ratio, across various relative densities. Finite element simulations (ABAQUS) validated the AH results, demonstrating good agreement (<10% discrepancies). Additionally, analytical models and compression tests on 3D-printed lattice structures supported the theoretical predictions. The study revealed a strong correlation between relative density and the effective modulus of both designs. Notably, the tetrahedron-based design exhibited superior modulus, making it favorable for high loading levels, particularly when used as a high-density configuration. Both designs demonstrated minimal time-dependent elastic modulus changes and a near-constant Poisson’s ratio (0.34–0.349 for octet-truss, 0.316–0.326 for tetrahedron) across a 5–50% relative density range. While minimal, time-dependent modulus reduction needs to be considered in longer-term simulations (t>107 s). This study provides valuable insights into the viscoelastic behavior of these unit cells using the homogenization method, with potential applications in various biomedical fields.
The Formation Mechanisms of np-Fe in Lunar Regolith: A Review
Authors: Xiong Mingchao , Wu Yanxue , Yao Wenqing , Chen Zilei , Yu Yingying , Li Xia , Yan Pan , Li Xiongyao , Zeng Xiaojia
Published: November 2024

Nanophase iron (np-Fe) is widely distributed on the surface of lunar soil particles, forming as a result of space weathering. These np-Fe particles contribute to the reddening and darkening of the visible to near-infrared spectra of weathered lunar material and serve as critical indicators for assessing the maturity of lunar soil. (1) This article reviews the proposed formation mechanisms of np-Fe particles from studies of Apollo and Luna soils, including the thermal reduction of iron melts, vapor deposition caused by micrometeorite impacts, and hydrogen reduction due to solar wind exposure. (2) Additionally, recent findings from the analysis of Chang’E-5 lunar soil are highlighted, revealing new mechanisms such as sub-solidus decomposition of olivine, impact-driven disproportionation, and FeO eutectic reactions. (3) Experimental studies simulating space weathering through laser and ion irradiation are also discussed and compared. Despite extensive research, a definitive understanding of np-Fe particle formation remains elusive. Previous lunar soil samples have been collected from the near side of the Moon. This year, the Chang’E-6 mission has successfully returned the first-ever lunar soil samples from the far side. These samples are expected to exhibit unique space weathering characteristics, providing new insights into the formation mechanisms of np-Fe in lunar soil.
A Comparative Study of Precision Surface Grinding Using Additively Fabricated Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) Wheels with Continuous and Serrated Working Surfaces
Authors: Zieliński Dawid , Deja Mariusz , Zator Mateusz
Published: November 2024

Nowadays, high requirements imposed by mechanical components make it necessary to develop modern production methods. Additive technologies have been dynamically developing in recent years, showing many advantages associated with the fabrication of elements with complex geometries and structures. One of the areas where the potential of additive technologies is exploited is the rapid tooling sector, which is based on the rapid production of tools and components used in various manufacturing methods. Currently, apart from industrial additive fabrication using metal and plastic powders, desktop and low-cost devices for additive manufacturing are gaining more and more importance in the production of functional elements. This paper presents the experimental results obtained from testing the micro-abrasive acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene ABS tools fabricated by fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology and reinforced with SD 28/20 diamond grains uniformly distributed on the working surface of the tools after they were made. Precision surface grinding operations of 41Cr4 alloy steel were carried out on a portable five-axis CNC milling machine using wheels with continuous and serrated working surfaces. The tool with a serrated working surface enabled a more efficient material removal and produced a better surface finish. In particular, a low wear rate of both FFF-printed tools was confirmed after all experiments. Promising results were obtained, showing the potential for a wider industrial application of the tested tools.
Study of the Straw Compaction Degree as a Function of Moisture Content, Particle Size and Process Temperature
Authors: Wilczyński Dominik , Talaśka Krzysztof , Wałęsa Krzysztof , Wojtkowiak Dominik , Kryszczyński Kuba , Kołodziej Andrzej , Konecki Karol , Urbaniak Łukasz
Published: November 2024

The paper presents research on the process of densifying rye-wheat straw for its use in producing mouldable biofuel. The straw used in the research is a waste material from a farm located in Wielkopolska, resulting from the cultivation of triticale for the purpose of producing feed for pig farming. The aim of the study is to determine the utilisation of this material for the production of an agglomerate for energy purposes, such as heating the farm’s infrastructure. The research was conducted for two moisture levels of straw: M = 10% and 30%. Before the experiment, the straw was cut into particles of the desired size: S = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mm. The densification process was carried out at temperatures T = 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 °C, subjecting the straw to a compaction pressure of 15 MPa. Based on experimental studies, two values of the densification degree were determined: x1—the densification degree under load; and x2—the densification degree after unloading. The densification degree x2 is more relevant from the perspective of storage and transport. ANOVA analysis of the results showed that the most significant factors affecting x1 were particle size S and process temperature T, with higher x1 values obtained for straw moisture of 30%. The ANOVA analysis of the densification degree after unloading (x2) revealed that higher x2 values were achieved for straw with 10% moisture and the smallest particle size of 10 mm. The most significant factors affecting x2 were particle size and moisture content. Studies of the friction coefficient between the straw and the materials of the densification equipment components indicated that the optimal process temperature is 150 °C. The conducted research and the obtained results determined the optimal input parameters for the process and also provided a solid support for further studies, including investigation of the influence of other factors, such as binders.