bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ferumoxytol‐based cerebral blood volume estimates using quantitative R1 and relaxometry
Authors: Rivera‐Rivera Leonardo A. , Schubert Tilman , Knobloch Gesine , Turski Patrick A. , Wieben Oliver , Reeder Scott B. , Johnson Kevin M.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Cerebral perfusion is commonly assessed clinically with dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI using a bolus injection of gadolinium‐based contrast agents, resulting in semi‐quantitative values of cerebral blood volume (CBV). Steady‐state imaging with ferumoxytol allows estimation of CBV with the potential for higher precision and accuracy. Prior CBV studies have focused on the signal disrupting
effects, but ferumoxytol also has high signal‐enhancing T1 relaxivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare CBV estimation using T1 and
, with the goal of understanding the contrast mechanisms and quantitative differences.

Methods

Changes in R1 (1/T1) and
(1/
) were measured after the administration of ferumoxytol using high‐resolution quantitative approaches. Images were acquired at 3.0T and R1 was estimated from an ultrashort echo time variable flip angle approach, while
was estimated from a multiple gradient echo sequence. Twenty healthy volunteers were imaged at two doses. CBV was derived and compared from relaxometry in gray and white matter using different approaches.

Results

R1 measurements showed a linear dependence of blood R1 with respect to dose in large vessels, in contrast to the nonlinear dose‐dependence of blood
estimates. In the brain parenchyma,
showed linear dose‐dependency whereas R1 showed nonlinearity. CBV calculations based on
changes in tissue and ferumoxytol blood concentration estimates based on R1 relaxivity showed the lowest variability in our cohort.

Conclusions

CBV measurements were successfully derived using a combined approach of R1 and
relaxometry. Magn Reson Med 79:3072–3081, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Daumenkino der Moleküle
Authors: Hayes Stuart A. , Epp Sascha W. , Miller R. J. Dwayne
Published: November 2017

Bewegungen auf atomarer Ebene und molekulare Strukturveränderungen sind Grundphänomene in Chemie und Physik. Schon lange träumt die Wissenschaft davon, diese Prozesse auf den fundamentalen Längen‐ und Zeitskalen direkt zu beobachten. Solche „Molekülfilme“ werden durch Methoden möglich, bei denen ein kurzer Laser‐Pumppuls eine Reaktion startet und nach einer gewissen Verzögerung ein zweiter kurzer Probepuls ihren momentanen Zustand festhält. Für atomare Auflösung benötigt der Probepuls sehr kurze Wellenlängen, etwa Röntgenstrahlung oder Elektronen. Unsere Methode nutzt ultraschnelle Elektronenbeugung mit dem Vorteil relativ kompakter Experimente im Vergleich zu Freie‐Elektronen‐Lasern für Röntgenstrahlung. Damit gelingen uns erste Molekülfilme, die den Ablauf von Reaktionen im atomaren Detail zeigen. Sie geben Einblick in die Auswahlmechanismen, nach denen chemische Reaktionen einen bestimmten Reaktionspfad unter vielen Pfaden wählen.
Fein und schnell
Authors: Kloth Philipp , Wenderoth Martin
Published: November 2017

Die Verbindung von atomar auflösenden Techniken wie Rastertunnelmikroskopie mit optischen Pump‐Probe‐Methoden bietet neue Möglichkeiten, dynamische mikroskopische Prozesse zu erforschen. Unsere Untersuchungen der photogenerierten Ladungsdynamik an einer Galliumarsenid‐Oberfläche zeigen beispielhaft, wie bedeutend solche Charakterisierungen für eine weitere Miniaturisierung in der Mikroelektronik sein können. Das Forschungsfeld befindet sich aber erst im Anfangsstadium, neben optischen werden auch elektronische Pump‐Probe‐Methoden getestet. Es wird sicherlich noch einige Jahre dauern, bis diese Techniken reif für eine breitere Anwendung sind.
Röntgenblick für Magnete
Authors: Donnelly Claire , Heyderman Laura J. , Gliga Sebastian , Guizar‐Sicairos Manuel
Published: November 2017

Wirbel und Wände – das Innere eines Magneten ist komplexer als es den Anschein hat. Mit Hilfe von Röntgenstrahlen ist es unserer Gruppe aus Forschern vom Paul Scherrer Institut, der ETH Zürich und der Universität Glasgow gelungen, die magnetische Struktur mikrometergroßer Proben mit bisher unerreichter Auflösung abzubilden.
LightSpectra macht das Smartphone zum Spektrometer
Authors: Wosnitzka Damian , Laumann Daniel , Wilhelm Thomas , Kuhn Jochen
Published: November 2017

Spektroskopische Untersuchungen sind in den Naturwissenschaften unverzichtbar. Die App LightSpectra ermöglicht Spektroskopie des sichtbaren Lichts, wenn sie mit einem geeigneten Aufsatz ergänzt wird.
Die magnetische Kerzenflamme
Authors: Schlichting Hans J.
Published: November 2017

Die seit einigen Jahren auf dem Markt befindlichen Supermagnete sind so stark, dass Experimente am Schreibtisch möglich werden, für die früher in Laboren einiger Aufwand getrieben werden musste. Unter ihrem Einfluss werden sogar Flammen magnetisch.
Bei Flut sinkt der Wasserspiegel im Brunnen
Authors: Schlichting Hans J.
Published: November 2017

Kürzlich wies der englische Wissenschaftsjournalist Marcus Chown auf ein schon in der Antike diskutiertes geophysikalisches Rätsel hin. Demnach hat der griechische Philosoph Poseidonius um etwa 100 v. Chr. an der Atlantikküste von Spanien in der Nähe des heutigen Cadiz bemerkt, dass der Wasserstand in einem Brunnen immer dann sinkt, wenn aufgrund der Gezeiten die Flut kommt und umgekehrt.
Jens Harders Alpha … directions
Authors: Mecke Klaus
Published: November 2017

Die Geschichte des Universums vom Urknall bis zur Entstehung des Menschen in 2000 Zeichnungen: Jens Harders Wissenschaftscomic erzählt episch von unserem Bild der Welt.
Brownian dynamic study of an enzyme metabolon in the TCA cycle: Substrate kinetics and channeling
Authors: Huang Yu‐ming M. , Huber Gary A. , Wang Nuo , Minteer Shelley D. , McCammon J. Andrew
Published: November 2017

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and citrate synthase (CS) are two pacemaking enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Oxaloacetate (OAA) molecules are the intermediate substrates that are transferred from the MDH to CS to carry out sequential catalysis. It is known that, to achieve a high flux of intermediate transport and reduce the probability of substrate leaking, a MDH‐CS metabolon forms to enhance the OAA substrate channeling. In this study, we aim to understand the OAA channeling within possible MDH‐CS metabolons that have different structural orientations in their complexes. Three MDH‐CS metabolons from native bovine, wild‐type porcine, and recombinant sources, published in recent work, were selected to calculate OAA transfer efficiency by Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations and to study, through electrostatic potential calculations, a possible role of charges that drive the substrate channeling. Our results show that an electrostatic channel is formed in the metabolons of native bovine and recombinant porcine enzymes, which guides the oppositely charged OAA molecules passing through the channel and enhances the transfer efficiency. However, the channeling probability in a suggested wild‐type porcine metabolon conformation is reduced due to an extended diffusion length between the MDH and CS active sites, implying that the corresponding arrangements of MDH and CS result in the decrease of electrostatic steering between substrates and protein surface and then reduce the substrate transfer efficiency from one active site to another.
Trajectories of ethnic neighbourhood change: Spatial patterns of increasing ethnic diversity
Authors: Zwiers Merle , van Ham Maarten , Manley David
Published: November 2017

Western cities are increasingly ethnically diverse, and in most cities, the share of the population belonging to an ethnic minority is growing. Studies analysing changing ethnic geographies often limit their analysis to changes in ethnic concentrations in neighbourhoods between 2 points in time. Such a temporally limited approach limits our understanding of pathways of ethnic neighbourhood change and of the underlying factors contributing to change. This paper analyses full trajectories of neighbourhood change in the 4 largest cities in the Netherlands between 1999 and 2013. Our modelling strategy categorises neighbourhoods based on their unique growth trajectories of the ethnic population composition, providing insight in processes of ethnic segregation and its drivers. Our main conclusion is that the ethnic composition in neighbourhoods remains relatively stable over time. We however find evidence for a slow trend towards deconcentration of ethnic minorities and increased population mixing in most neighbourhoods. Spatial mixing appears to be driven by the selective mobility patterns of the native Dutch population as a result of urban restructuring programmes. However, these pathways towards deconcentration are mitigated by processes of ethnic natural growth that reinforce existing patterns of segregation. Despite an increasing inflow of the native Dutch into ethnic concentration neighbourhoods, segregation at the top and bottom ends of the distribution seems to be persistent: High concentrations of ethnic minorities in disadvantaged neighbourhoods versus high concentrations of the native population in more affluent neighbourhoods continue to be a feature of Dutch cities.
The potential for Assemblage thinking in population geography: Assembling population, space, and place
Authors: Duffy Paula , Stojanovic Tim
Published: November 2017

This study explores “Assemblage” thinking as an approach to population geography research. The paper highlights the recent prominence of Assemblage thinking in human geography, before exploring the potential opportunities for engagement by population geographers. In particular, we focus on the production of place as co‐constituted by the material (space) and the discursive (knowledge, process, and practice). Considering the Assemblage practice of “Rendering Technical,” we reflect on the role that population geography plays in authorising knowledge and supporting policy. This is investigated through a critical taxonomic analysis of recent Scottish demographic data. It is argued on the one hand that this captures key economic and population characteristics of “place,” while on the other hand, it offers a limited technical knowledge. We conclude that a reflexive approach to research using Assemblage thinking may challenge the intimate relationship between population geographers and the state.
Characterization of CVD Heavily B‐Doped Diamond Thin Films for Multi Electrode Array Biosensors
Authors: Pippione Giulia , Olivero Paolo , Fischer Martin , Schreck Matthias , Pasquarelli Alberto
Published: November 2017

Nanocrystalline diamond is an excellent material for the fabrication of Multi Electrode Arrays used to monitor the activity of biological cells and tissues. Yet, the overall performances in terms of background noise, electrochemical activity and transparency for fluorescence detection, are difficult to optimize. The aim of this study is to obtain an orientative guide on how to reach a good compromise between the competing properties. For this purpose, several samples of diamond films were produced under a variety of synthesis conditions, to be employed in the fabrication of amperometric Multi Electrode Arrays. After the fabrication, the samples were characterized from a structural, electrical, electrochemical and optical point of view in order to find possible correlations with the parameters adopted in their production.
The plan of enrichment designs for dealing with high placebo response
Authors: Zhang Xiangmin , Chen Yeh‐Fong , Tamura Roy
Published: November 2017

To deal with high placebo response in clinical trials for psychiatric and other diseases, different enrichment designs, such as the sequential parallel design, two‐way enriched design, and sequential enriched design, have been proposed and implemented recently. Depending on the historical trial information and the trial sponsors' resources, detailed design elements are needed for determining which design to adopt. To assist in making more suitable decisions, we perform evaluations for selecting required design elements in terms of power optimization and sample size planning. We also discuss the implementation of the interim analysis related to its applicability.
A simple, doubly robust, efficient estimator for survival functions using pseudo observations
Authors: Wang Jixian
Published: November 2017

Survival functions are often estimated by nonparametric estimators such as the Kaplan‐Meier estimator. For valid estimation, proper adjustment for confounding factors is needed when treatment assignment may depend on confounding factors. Inverse probability weighting is a commonly used approach, especially when there is a large number of potential confounders to adjust for. Direct adjustment may also be used if the relationship between the time‐to‐event and all confounders can be modeled. However, either approach requires a correctly specified model for the relationship between confounders and treatment allocation or between confounders and the time‐to‐event. We propose a pseudo‐observation–based doubly robust estimator, which is valid when either the treatment allocation model or the time‐to‐event model is correctly specified and is generally more efficient than the inverse probability weighting approach. The approach can be easily implemented using standard software. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate this approach under a number of scenarios, and the results are presented and discussed. The results confirm robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach. A real data example is also provided for illustration.
Comparison study on hysteretic energy dissipation and displacement components between cast‐in‐place and precast piers with high‐strength bars
Authors: Zhuo Wei‐Ding , Liu Zhao , Zhang Jian‐Dong , Zhang Wen‐Ming
Published: November 2017

Precast piers incorporated with high‐strength bars (≥500 MPa) have great potential to accelerate bridge construction and enhance seismic performance. Four large‐scale pier column specimens using high‐strength bars by cast‐in‐place (CIP) and precast construction were experimentally studied. The distinctions of damage pattern between CIP and precast piers were characterized by plastic hinge and toed hinge, which expounded the smaller damage in precast piers. In contrast with CIP piers, the energy dissipation of precast pier was reduced by approximately 50–60% after pier yielding. An appropriate reinforcement ratio was essential for CIP piers to maintain enough displacement ductility and prevent premature fracture of energy dissipation bars. In terms of displacement components, the plastic term of precast pier was much smaller than that of CIP pier, and the gap opening‐induced displacement predominates after pier yielding. The toed hinge was elaborated to disclose the displacement mechanism in precast piers. The experimental findings in this paper can provide additional input for seismic design of precast piers with high‐strength bars.
Ruhestandsmigration und Reurbanisierung
Authors: Engfer Uwe
Published: November 2017

In the debate about recent trends in elderly migration in Germany a controversy arose about a possible change of patterns. With respect to former generations of retired persons many studies (in different countries) gave evidence of the fact that a change of residence in retirement in many instances was a ‘counterurbanisation’. On balance the elderly population left the central cities of agglomerations and went to the peripheral regions or more generally from urban to rural regions. At issue is now whether this pattern of retirement migration still exists or whether seniors nowadays move into the cities as well. In the media, in politics and in real estate business the suspected trend is often treated as a matter of fact, but empirical evidence is still rare. The study presented here investigates the suspected change towards reurbanisation in retirement migration with an analysis of aggregate data. The data base INKAR (indicators and maps of spacial and urban development) is used to examine developments from 1995 to 2012. The results show that there is indeed a structural transformation of elderly migration in Germany. The urban out-migration of seniors has decreased considerably and more and more big cities (especially in East Germany) turn up with a surplus of in-migration of older adults.
Probability of Alzheimer's disease in breast cancer survivors based on gray‐matter structural network efficiency
Authors: Kesler Shelli R. , Rao Vikram , Ray William J. , Rao Arvind ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Breast cancer chemotherapy is associated with accelerated aging and potentially increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

We calculated the probability of AD diagnosis from brain network and demographic and genetic data obtained from 47 female AD converters and 47 matched healthy controls. We then applied this algorithm to data from 78 breast cancer survivors.

Results

The classifier discriminated between AD and healthy controls with 86% accuracy (P < .0001). Chemotherapy‐treated breast cancer survivors demonstrated significantly higher probability of AD compared to healthy controls (P < .0001) and chemotherapy‐naïve survivors (P = .007), even after stratifying for apolipoprotein e4 genotype. Chemotherapy‐naïve survivors also showed higher AD probability compared to healthy controls (P = .014).

Discussion

Chemotherapy‐treated breast cancer survivors who have a particular profile of brain structure may have a higher risk for AD, especially those who are older and have lower cognitive reserve.
Square Pegs and Round Holes: The Free Movement of Persons Under EEA Law
Authors: FRANKLIN Christian NK
Published: November 2017

Whilst the European Union’s aim of achieving an ‘ever closer Union’ is not an objective of EEA cooperation, homogeneity demands that we follow the same path: as the Union gets ever closer, so too does EEA cooperation, in light of the demands of the fundamental principle of homogeneity. This is particularly well demonstrated by looking at developments in the field of the free movement of persons. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA Court) in this field shows that in situations where homogeneity is put to the test, there seems little to suggest that a more national sovereignty-friendly approach has been adopted than under EU law. Notwithstanding the integral differences between the EU and EEA legal constructs, the EFTA Court has proven highly adept at keeping pace with EU developments in the field through a number of bold and creative interpretations of EEA law, and by using different tools to arrive at uniform conclusions.
The Duty of Mind: Ethical Capacity in a Time of Crisis
Authors: Ryus Caitlin , Baruch Jay
Published: November 2017

In a disaster, physicians are forced to make challenging and heartbreaking ethical decisions under conditions of physical and emotional exhaustion. Evidence shows that the conditions of stress that mark disasters can undermine the process of ethical decision-making. This results in biased allocation of scarce resources, fewer utilitarian and altruistic decisions, and a wider variation in decisions. Stress also predisposes clinicians to decision strategy errors, such as premature closure, that lead to poor outcomes. The very ability to make sound and ethical decisions is thus a scarce resource. Ethical frameworks underpinning disaster protocols enumerate many physician obligations, but seldom articulate the risk posed by having decisions made ad hoc by decision-makers who are compromised by the stress of the concurrent crisis. We propose, therefore, that a “duty of mind”—the obligation to make critical decisions under the clearest possible state of thought—be added to ethical frameworks for disaster response. Adding the duty of mind to the pillars on which planning is based would force attention to a moral imperative to include decision support tools in disaster planning. By moving the consideration of possible choices to a moment when time and consultation facilitate clear and considered thought, the duty of mind is upheld. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:657–662)
Distribution of shapes of orthogonal lattices
Authors: EINSIEDLER MANFRED , RÜHR RENÉ , WIRTH PHILIPP
Published: November 2017

It was recently shown by Aka, Einsiedler and Shapira that if
$d>2$
, the set of primitive vectors on large spheres when projected to the
$(d-1)$
-dimensional sphere coupled with the shape of the lattice in their orthogonal complement equidistribute in the product space of the sphere with the space of shapes of
$(d-1)$
-dimensional lattices. Specifically, for
$d=3,4,5$
some congruence conditions are assumed. By using recent advances in the theory of unipotent flows, we effectivize the dynamical proof to remove those conditions for
$d=4,5$
. It also follows that equidistribution takes place with a polynomial error term with respect to the length of the primitive points.
Centreline and cross-glacier air temperature variability on an Alpine glacier: assessing temperature distribution methods and their influence on melt model calculations
Authors: SHAW THOMAS E. , BROCK BEN W. , AYALA ÁLVARO , RUTTER NICK , PELLICCIOTTI FRANCESCA
Published: November 2017

The spatio-temporal distribution of air temperature over mountain glaciers can demonstrate complex patterns, yet it is often represented simplistically using linear vertical temperature gradients (VTGs) extrapolated from off-glacier locations. We analyse a network of centreline and lateral air temperature observations at Tsanteleina Glacier, Italy, during summer 2015. On average, VTGs are steep (<−0.0065 °C m−1), but they are shallow under warm ambient conditions when the correlation between air temperature and elevation becomes weaker. Published along-flowline temperature distribution methods explain centreline observations well, including warming on the lower glacier tongue, but cannot estimate lateral temperature variability. Application of temperature distribution methods improves simulation of melt rates (RMSE) in an energy-balance model by up to 36% compared to the environmental lapse rate extrapolated from an off-glacier station. However, results suggest that model parameters are not easily transferable to glaciers with a small fetch without recalibration. Such methods have potential to improve estimates of temperature across a glacier, but their parameter transferability should be further linked to the glacier and atmospheric characteristics. Furthermore, ‘cold spots’, which can be >2°C cooler than expected for their elevation, whose occurrence is not predicted by the temperature distribution models, are identified at one-quarter of the measurement sites.
The Politics of Policy: The Initial Mass Political Effects of Medicaid Expansion in the States
Authors: CLINTON JOSHUA D. , SANCES MICHAEL W.
Published: November 2017

Whether public policy affects electoral politics is an enduring question with an elusive answer. We identify the impact of the highly contested Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 by exploiting cross-state variation created by the 2012 Supreme Court decision inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius. We compare changes in registration and turnout following the expansion of Medicaid in January of 2014 to show that counties in expansion states experience higher political participation compared to similar counties in nonexpansion states. Importantly, the increases we identify are concentrated in counties with the largest percentage of eligible beneficiaries. The effect on voter registration persists through the 2016 election, but an impact on voter turnout is only evident in 2014. Despite the partisan politics surrounding the ACA–a political environment that differs markedly from social programs producing policy feedbacks in the past—our evidence is broadly consistent with claims that social policy programs can produce some political impacts, at least in the short-term.
ON THE COMPLEMENT OF THE ZERO-DIVISOR GRAPH OF A PARTIALLY ORDERED SET
Authors: DEVHARE SARIKA , JOSHI VINAYAK , LAGRANGE JOHN
Published: November 2017

In this paper, it is proved that the complement of the zero-divisor graph of a partially ordered set is weakly perfect if it has finite clique number, completely answering the question raised by Joshi and Khiste [‘Complement of the zero divisor graph of a lattice’,Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 89(2014), 177–190]. As a consequence, the intersection graph of an intersection-closed family of nonempty subsets of a set is weakly perfect if it has finite clique number. These results are applied to annihilating-ideal graphs and intersection graphs of submodules.
THE ROMAN KINGS IN OROSIUS’HISTORIAE ADVERSVM PAGANOS
Authors: Gassman Mattias
Published: November 2017

We are ruled by judges whom we know, we enjoy the benefits | Of peace and war, as if the warrior Quirinus, | As if peaceful Numa were governing (Claud.IV Cons. Hon.491–3).

With these words the poet Claudian lauds the Emperor Honorius on the occasion of his fourth consulship in 398 by comparing him to Rome's deified founder, Romulus-Quirinus, and to Numa Pompilius, its second king, who was proverbial for wisdom and piety. Claudian's panegyric stands in a long literary tradition in which the legendary Roman kings were depicted as models of statesmanship. This exemplary tradition left its mark on a broad array of late antique works, including historical compendia such as the pseudo-AurelianDe uiris illustribus, which narrates the kings’ deeds as soldiers and statesmen, and the writings of antiquarians such as Macrobius and Servius, who collected information on the kings’ invention of cults and calendars. Servius’ interest in the kings implies that they featured in the teaching provided by other late antiquegrammaticias well, and thus that most literate Latin-speakers would have had some knowledge of their deeds. Advanced education in rhetoric likewise drew on Virgil and other school texts for historicalexemplaincluding Romulus and Numa, who appear in panegyrics and in brief histories, such as Eutropius’Breviary, that probably served as reference texts for the political elite. The kings thus loomed large in Roman perceptions of the founding of their empire, which began with the heroic Romulus, was strengthened by Numa's establishment of the Roman cultic system, and was secured by the later kings’ political and military successes.
ASSESSING A DEMONSTRATION FARM APPROACH FOR TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN PASTORAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF NORTHERN PATAGONIA: PARTICIPANTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF STAKEHOLDER ROLES AND INNOVATIONS
Authors: FRANK MARKUS , EASDALE MARCOS H. , KAUFMANN BRIGITTE
Published: November 2017

Using a qualitative case study design, a demonstration farm approach implemented in northern Patagonia, Argentina, was assessed to examine differences in perceptions between participating stakeholder groups regarding their roles and how these affect the collaboration process. Moreover, differences in stakeholder perceptions regarding positive impacts and constraints of the implemented innovation (supplemental feeding of small ruminants) were assessed, as one exemplary innovation to improve low-external-input pastoral livestock systems. Three cases of demonstration farm projects were selected and a total of 31 semi-structured and narrative interviews were carried out with participating livestock keepers, extension workers and scientists. Together with information gained by employing visual tools and participant observation, data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results reveal that major decisions regarding the collaboration process were taken by scientists in advance, hence, livestock keepers' participation was used to meet predetermined objectives, which is characteristic to the concept of functional participation. While scientists seemed to transfer the control principles of on-station research to the on-farm situation, extension workers recognised the need for replacing teaching by the aim of creating learning opportunities. Here, incongruences in role understanding indicate an overall lack of joint role definition and the need of balancing power differences. Livestock keepers' perceptions of the supplemental feeding strategy highlight substantial management constraints for implementation, which were not recognised by scientists and extension workers, nor were they captured by the monitoring system implemented. We recommend furnishing the demonstration farm approach with principles, methods and tools of collaborative learning, to create a change in actors' understanding of roles and to induce a shift towards increased transdisciplinarity.
GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND GRAIN YIELD STABILITY OF ETHIOPIAN WHITE LUPIN (LUPINUS ALBUS L.) LANDRACES
Authors: ATNAF MULUGETA , WEGARY DAGNE , DAGNE KIFLE , TESFAYE KASSAHUN
Published: November 2017

Genotype by environment interaction is a common phenomenon in crop production and remains an important issue in genotype evaluation and recommendation. However, no detailed multi-environment evaluation of Ethiopian white lupin has been undertaken so far. Thus, this study was undertaken with the objectives to evaluate the performance and stability of white lupin landraces in six locations; and characterize white lupin growing environments in Ethiopia. Twelve white lupin landrace collections of Ethiopia were evaluated across six different locations in Ethiopia during the 2014/15 main growing season using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The genotype main effect plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplots analysis was used to visualize the patterns of the interaction components. The results depicted that the tested landraces had differential performances across locations implying the presence of crossover interaction. The first two principal components (PC1 = 41.6% and PC2 = 21.8%) of the GGE explained 63.4% of the GGE sum of squares. All test locations were found to be representative with different degrees of reliability whereby Finote Selam and Dibate were found to be most representative. In addition, all test locations, except Mandura and Injibara, had generally similar and good discriminating power. Finote Selam and Dibate were found to be the most representative and discriminating environments and are characterized as most desirable test locations for white lupin improvement in northwestern Ethiopia. G2 was found to be the highest yielding and most stable landrace across the test environments, and hence identified as most desirable genotype recommended for production.
THE FRENCH IN EXILE AND POST-WAR INTERNATIONAL RELIEF, c. 1941–1945
Authors: HUMBERT LAURE
Published: November 2017

This article explores Free French responses to Allied planning for post-war international relief in Europe. A number of French experts in exile, often veterans of the League of Nations, advocated international co-operation with the nascent United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). For such figures, participating in the UNRRA could bring critical knowledge, political legitimacy, experience, and funds. They also hoped that this participation could bolster French prestige in the wake of the recent experience of defeat and foreign occupation. Their efforts had little impact on the early development of international relief, yet the contacts and exchanges between French and Allied planners resulted in a political imperative that gave a new impetus to the post-war restructuring of French relief abroad. Studying the complex inter-relationship between French foreign policy and humanitarian efforts during the Second World War can offer historians a framework through which to reconsider French attempts to reassert their power globally. Crucially, this article argues that the UNRRA was used by a number of French expert planners as a platform from which to pursue broader political aims, notably the reassertion of republican legitimacy and the re-establishment of national sovereignty.
A Critical Analysis of Life Imprisonment in Malawi
Authors: Gumboh Esther
Published: November 2017

The abolition of the mandatory death penalty for murder in Malawi has attracted attention to life imprisonment as a possible punishment for capital crimes. This article considers the human rights challenges that life imprisonment in Malawi raises in view of the Bill of Rights and Malawi's international obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and other international and regional human rights instruments that prescribe various standards for punishment. The article argues that, in the absence of a clear statutory definition of life imprisonment and an inadequate release system, the application of life imprisonment in Malawi is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights and international standards on punishment.
Broken Promises: Constitutional Litigation for Free Primary Education in Swaziland
Authors: Skelton Ann , Kamga Serges Djoyou
Published: November 2017

Swaziland's Constitution of 2005 promised that every Swazi child would have the right to free primary school education, within three years of the constitution coming into operation. That date having passed, a civil society group took the matter to court. The case initially fared well, but in a subsequent application for performance on the original order, the court balked at making an immediately enforceable order, citing lack of resources as an obstacle. That approach was upheld by the Supreme Court. This article examines the courts’ pronouncements within the Swazi constitutional context. It discusses judicial deference, avoidance and pragmatism. Swaziland's free primary education judgments are compared with those of courts in South Africa. The remedial orders of those courts demonstrate that, although educational goods and services cannot be delivered overnight, creativity and oversight by the courts can ensure that an immediate start is made towards delivering on the constitutional promise.
Nitrogen use efficiency in spring wheat: genotypic variation and grain yield response under sandy soil conditions
Authors: MANSOUR E. , MERWAD A. M. A. , YASIN M. A. T. , ABDUL-HAMID M. I. E. , EL-SOBKY E. E. A. , ORABY H. F.
Published: November 2017

Agricultural practices are likely to lower nitrogen (N) fertilization inputs for economic and ecological limitation reasons. The objective of the current study was to assess genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and related parameters of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) as well as the relative grain yield performance under sandy soil conditions. A sub-set of 16 spring wheat genotypes was studied over 2 years at five N levels (0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 kg N/ha). Results indicated significant differences among genotypes and N levels for grain yield and yield components as well as NUE. Genotypes with high NUE exhibited higher plant biomass, grain and straw N concentration and grain yield than those with medium and low NUE. Utilization efficiency (grain-NUtE) was more important than uptake efficiency (total NUpE) in association with grain yield. Nitrogen supply was found to have a substantial effect on genotype; Line 6052 as well as Shandawel 1, Gemmiza 10, Gemmiza 12, Line 6078 and Line 6083 showed higher net assimilation rate, more productive tillers, increased number of spikes per unit area and grains per spike, extensive N concentration in grain and straw, heavier grains, higher biological yield and consequently maximized grain yield. The relative importance of NUE-associated parameters such as nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery as potential targets in breeding programmes for increased NUE genotypes is also mentioned.
Remember, Celebrate, and Forget? The Martin Luther King Day and the Pitfalls of Civil Religion
Authors: WEISS JANA
Published: November 2017

2016 marked the twentieth anniversary of the establishment of the Martin Luther King Day, which honors the civil rights leader and recognizes the contributions of African Americans. However, the holiday has also become a day of debate over King's legacy and, in turn, over the (mis)use of the nation's civil religion. On the one hand, the civil religious narrative of enduring unity, of the Promised Land, and of King as the nation's redeemer, which evolved around the implementation of the holiday during the 1970s and early 1980s, appealed to a broad audience and forged a sense of unity. On the other hand, it also masked real progress and lead to a symbolic “pseudo-integration” of African Americans. Hence, as the ideals of the Declaration of Independence seemed to be finally achieved, it is not surprising that King has been succcessfully turned into a poster boy against affirmative action.
Thailand in a Larger Universe: The Lingering Consequences of Crypto-Colonialism
Authors: Herzfeld Michael
Published: November 2017

The present parochialism of Thai studies, although partial, suggests parallels with the situation of Modern Greek studies in the early 1970s. The cultural and political conditions attendant on both in the respective time periods—especially the prudery, emphasis on bourgeois notions of respectability, and restrictions on the scope and content of scholarship—suggest that a comparative framework, already emergent, would benefit both Thailand and Thai studies today. Thailand and Greece both represent conditions of “crypto-colonialism,” in which the combination of adulation and resentment of powerful Western nations produces a distinctive set of attitudes. Important cultural and political consequences flow from this shared condition, as is also contrastively demonstrated by the two countries’ very different recent histories. For example, censorship, once deeply intrusive but now virtually nonexistent in Greece, was instantiated by absent voices and official surveillance at the Thai studies conference at which this article was originally presented. A defensive posture, such censorship exposes an underlying sense of political weakness and cultural embarrassment.
Population and reproductive characteristics of the hermit crabPagurus proximusKomai, 2000 (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) in the northern part of the species range
Authors: Kornienko Elena S. , Selin Nikolai I. , Korn Olga M.
Published: November 2017

The population and reproductive characteristics of the hermit crabPagurus proximusKomai, 2000 have been examined in the northern part of the species range (Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). The average population density was 4–5 ind m−2in winter and spring, 10 ind m−2in summer and autumn; the biomass was 7–9 and 18–19 g m−2, respectively. Hermit crabs were found at a depth of 0 to 12 m but were most numerous at about 3 m depth with an average population density of up to 26 ± 7 ind m−2. The shield length of males varied from 1.3 to 7.8 mm and females from 1.2 to 6.7 mm. The male to female ratio was close to 1 but varied with size and season. Females attained sexual maturity at a shield length of more than 1.3 mm. Ovigerous females were found from December to August. The proportion of ovigerous females increased from 7% in December to 93% in late April; however, the embryos in clutches remained at early developmental stage until May. The mass release of larvae was observed at the beginning of June. A subsequent spawning probably took place in July. The main factors contributing to the high abundance ofP. proximusin the investigated area are the presence of the embryonic diapause synchronizing the release of larvae at the most favourable time for their development, high fecundity, the presence of at least two egg clutches during the reproductive season, and total absence of parasites.
Contempt – Where the modularity of the mind meets the modularity of the brain?
Authors: Bzdok Danilo , Schilbach Leonhard
Published: November 2017

“Contempt” is proposed to be a unique aspect of human nature, yet a non-natural kind. Its psychological construct is framed as a sentiment emerging from a stratification of diverse basic emotions and dispositional attitudes. Accordingly, “contempt” might transcend traditional conceptual levels in social psychology, including experience and recognition of emotion, dyadic and group dynamics, context-conditioned attitudes, time-enduring personality structure, and morality. This strikes us as a modern psychological account of a high-level, social-affective cognitive facet that joins forces with recent developments in the social neuroscience by drawing psychological conclusions from brain biology.
Affect in social media: The role of audience and the presence of contempt in cyberbullying
Authors: Cocea Mihaela
Published: November 2017

Gervais & Fessler's Attitude–Scenario–Emotion (ASE) model is a useful tool for the detection of affect in social media. In this commentary, an addition to the model is proposed – the audience – and its role in the manifestation of affect is discussed using a cyberbullying scenario. The presence of contempt in cyberbullying is also discussed.
Above and below the surface: Genetic and cultural factors in the development of values
Authors: Dellantonio Sara , Pastore Luigi , Esposito Gianluca
Published: November 2017

In the Attitude–Scenario–Emotion (ASE) model, social relationships are subpersonnally realized by sentiments: a network of emotions/attitudes representing relational values. We discuss how relational values differ from moral values and raise the issue of their ontogeny from genetic and cultural factors. Because relational values develop early in life, they cannot rely solely on cognition as suggested by the notion of attitude.
Contempt as the absence of appraisal, not recognition, respect
Authors: Mason Michelle
Published: November 2017

Gervais & Fessler's defense of a sentiment construct for contempt captures features distinguishing the phenomenon from basic emotions and highlights the fact that it comprises a coordinated syndrome of responses. However, their conceptualization of contempt as the absence of respect equivocates. Consequently, a “dignity” culture that prescribes respect does not thereby limit legitimate contempt in the manner the authors claim.
On the substantial contribution of “contempt” as a folk affect concept to the history of the European popular institution of charivari
Authors: Neagota Bogdan , Benga Ileana , Benga Oana
Published: November 2017

The integration of the folk affect concept of “contempt” into the analysis of the complex institution known generally as charivari is mutually beneficial for both ethno-anthropology (which may thus access inner causes for disputed social and collective behaviors) and evolutionary psychology (which may thus study the length of tradition together with the width of the institution spread, serving the same social functions).
Sentiments and the motivational psychology of parental care
Authors: Schaller Mark
Published: November 2017

Beyond its implications for contempt, it remains to be determined whether the sentiment concept might be applied usefully to other domains of social affect. This commentary considers its applicability to the domain of parental caregiving. Characteristic features of sentiments are considered in conjunction with empirical research on the motivational psychology of parental care.
Further implications in analyzing contempt in modern society
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: November 2017

The target article by Gervais & Fessler represents a comprehensive analysis of contempt but is not fully adequate in addressing how contempt produces hatred, how contempt is used manipulatively by aspiring leaders, and how contempt can be cured or at least mitigated. This commentary addresses these concerns.
Including pride and its group-based, relational, and contextual features in theories of contempt
Authors: Sullivan Gavin Brent
Published: November 2017

Sentiment includes emotional and enduring attitudinal features of contempt, but explaining contempt as a mixture of basic emotion system affects does not adequately address the family resemblance structure of the concept. Adding forms of individual, group-based, and widely shared arrogance and contempt is necessary to capture the complex mixed feelings of proud superiority when “looking down upon” and acting harshly towards others.
Is humility a sentiment?
Authors: Weidman Aaron C. , Tracy Jessica L.
Published: November 2017

Gervais & Fessler reintroduce the concept of a sentiment as a framework for conceptualizing contempt, a construct with both attitudinal and emotional components. We propose that humility might also fit this mold. We review recent findings regarding the antecedents, phenomenology, and functional consequences of humility, and discuss why conceptualizing it as a sentiment may advance our understanding of this construct.
Grounded cognition: Comparing Language × Space interactions in first language and second language
Authors: AHLBERG DANIELA KATHARINA , BISCHOFF HEIKE , KAUP BARBARA , BRYANT DOREEN , STROZYK JESSICA VANESSA
Published: November 2017

The experiential traces account claims that language comprehension in one's first language (L1) is based on the reactivation of experiential traces that stem from experiencing the corresponding objects, states, or events. However, it remains unclear to what extent this is transferable to second language (L2) comprehension. In the present study, we compared German L1 speakers with German L2 speakers whose L1 uses similar or different spatial terms as German. In an adaptation of the Stroop paradigm, participants were instructed to respond to the font color of German spatial prepositions (e.g.,auf“on,”über“above,” andunter“under/below”) by either an upward or a downward hand movement, resulting in compatible or incompatible responses. We found significant compatibility effects for all speakers, but also clear differences between speakers of different L1s. The results thereby support the assumption that experiential traces built during L1 usage play an important role in L2 processing.
Hypoarticulation in infant-directed speech
Authors: ENGLUND KJELLRUN T.
Published: November 2017

An established finding in research on infant-directed speech (IDS) is that vowels are hyperarticulated compared to adult-directed speech (ADS). Studies showing this investigate point vowels, leaving us with a rather weak foundation for concluding whether IDS vowels are hyperarticulated within a particular language. The aim of this study was to investigate a large sample of vowels in IDS and to elicit speech in a natural situation for mother and infant. Acoustical and statistical analyses for /æ:, æ, ø:, ɵ, o:, ɔ, y:, y, ʉ:, ʉ, e:, ɛ/ show a selective increase in formant frequencies for some vowel qualities. In addition, vowels had higher fundamental frequency and were generally longer in IDS, but the difference between long and short vowels were comparable between IDS and ADS. With an additional front articulation and less lip protrusion in IDS compared to ADS, it is argued that IDS is hypoarticulated.