bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Existence of BPS vortices in string theory
Authors: Chen Xiao , Wang Shu
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we establish an existence theorem for the BPS vortex equations, which arise in the effective theory of a brane‐antibrane system in string theory. Our main strategy is as follows: First, the problem is reduced in a nonlinear elliptic equation over
, and for which a subsolution and supersolution pair is obtained by weighted Sobolev space techniques and a variational argument, then the existence of a bounded solution is proved by a monotone iteration method. Moreover, the asymptotic behavior of the solution is analyzed, and the solution for original BPS equations can be recovered.
Optimal feedback control problems driven by fractional evolution hemivariational inequalities
Authors: Jiang Yirong
Published: April 2018

This article investigates optimal feedback controls of a system driven by fractional evolution hemivariational inequalities. An existence result with respect to feasible pairs is obtained by applying the Cesari property and a fixed‐point theorem for multivalued maps. Under some suitable assumptions, it is proved that there exists at least 1 optimal feedback control pair of the Lagrange problem. An illustrating example is given.
Adreno‐muscarinic synergy in the male human urinary outflow tract
Authors: Walther Sebastian , Strittmatter Frank , Hennenberg Martin , Gratzke Christian , Stief Christian G. , Roosen Alexander
Published: April 2018

Aim

To examine putative interaction between adrenergic and muscarinic contractile activation in the human urinary outflow tract.

Methods

Tissue from the trigone and prostatic urethra was obtained from 12 cystectomy and 16 prostatectomy specimen. Contractions were elicited by exposure to exogenous agonists before and after inhibition of Rho kinase and protein kinase c (PKC). Immunofluorescence and Western‐blot studies were performed using antibodies to muscarinic M3‐receptors (M3‐R) and alpha1A‐adrenoreceptors (alpha1A‐AR). The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01227447.

Results

There was strong co‐localization of M3‐R and alpha1A‐AR on trigonal and urethral myocytes. Western blot analysis revealed a significantly higher expression of alpha1A‐AR in the superficial than in the deep trigone. Phenylephrine (PE, 1 μm) augmented contractions induced by carbachol (CA, 3 μm) to more than threefold control in the male superficial trigone, and to about sevenfold control in the proximal urethra. No such potentiation could be detected in female bladder outlet. Both PKC inhibitor GF 109203X and Rho kinase inhibitor Y‐27632 reduced responses to 1 μM PE as well as to 3 μM CA significantly. However, the synergistic effect of the combined intervention remained proportionally unaffected.

Conclusions

Muscarinic and adrenergic receptor activation exerts a strong synergistic effect in the male human bladder trigone and proximal urethra.
Quantification of liver function by linearization of a two‐compartment model of gadoxetic acid uptake using dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Simeth Josiah , Johansson Adam , Owen Dawn , Cuneo Kyle , Mierzwa Michelle , Feng Mary , Lawrence Theodore S. , Cao Yue
Published: April 2018

Dynamic gadoxetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the investigation of liver function through the observation of the perfusion and uptake of contrast agent in the parenchyma. Voxel‐by‐voxel quantification of the contrast uptake rate (k1) from dynamic gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI through the standard dual‐input, two‐compartment model could be susceptible to overfitting of variance in the data. The aim of this study was to develop a linearized, but more robust, model. To evaluate the estimated k1 values using this linearized analysis, high‐temporal‐resolution gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI scans were obtained in 13 examinations, and k1 maps were created using both models. Comparison of liver k1 values estimated from the two methods produced a median correlation coefficient of 0.91 across the 12 scans that could be used. Temporally sparse clinical MRI data with gadoxetic acid uptake were also employed to create k1 maps of 27 examinations using the linearized model. Of 20 scans, the created k1 maps were compared with overall liver function as measured by indocyanine green (ICG) retention, and yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.72. In the 27 k1 maps created via the linearized model, the mean liver k1 value was 3.93 ± 1.79 mL/100 mL/min, consistent with previous studies. The results indicate that the linearized model provides a simple and robust method for the assessment of the rate of contrast uptake that can be applied to both high‐temporal‐resolution dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI and typical clinical multiphase MRI data, and that correlates well with the results of both two‐compartment analysis and independent whole liver function measurements.
Equus asinus remains (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the protohistoric site of Pech Maho (Sigean, South of France) and variation in donkey size during the Iron Age
Authors: Boulbes N. , Gardeisen A.
Published: April 2018

The equid deposits exhumed from the Pech Maho oppidum are a unique source of information for documenting the morphology of these animals during the Iron Age. About a hundred remains were attributed to the domestic donkey, which is the focus of this study, and confirm the presence of this species in the south of Gaul before Romanisation. Up until now, only rare elements of this species had been recorded throughout the territory. The donkey from Pech Maho is characterised by its small size with a withers height of less than 1 m (0.96) and a weight of about 100 kilos. Archaeological comparisons show that this small size was common during the Iron Age in the North Mediterranean Basin.
Structural Modulation of Chromic Response: Effects of Binding‐Site Blocking in a Conjugated Calix[4]pyrrole Chromophore
Authors: Březina Václav , Ishihara Shinsuke , Lang Jan , Hanyková Lenka , Ariga Katsuhiko , Hill Jonathan P. , Labuta Jan
Published: April 2018

Herein, we modulate the chromic response of a highly colored tetrapyrrole macrocycle, namely, tetrakis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐oxocyclohexadien‐2,5‐yl)porphyrinogen (OxP) by structural modification. N‐Benzylation at the macrocyclic nitrogen atoms leads to stepwise elimination of the two calix[4]pyrrole‐type binding sites ofOxPand serial variation of the chromic properties of the products, double N‐benzylatedBz2OxPand tetra N‐benzylatedBz4OxP. The halochromic (response to acidity) and solvatochromic (response to solvent polarity) properties were studied by using UV/Vis spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy in nonpolar organic solvents. Titration experiments were used to generate binding isotherms to elucidate their binding properties with difluoroacetic acid. Differences in the halochromic properties of the compounds allowed construction of a colorimetric scale of acidity in nonpolar solvents, as the compounds in the seriesOxP,Bz2OxP, andBz4OxPare increasingly difficult to protonate but maintain their propensity to change color upon protonation. The concurrent effects of binding‐site blocking and modulation of acidity sensitivity are important new aspects for the development of colorimetric indicators.
Youths in foster care with language delays: Prevalence, causes, and interventions
Authors: Krier Jessie C. , Green Tonika Duren , Kruger Ashley
Published: April 2018

Children in the foster care system often face many educational challenges, including having an increased risk of language delays compared to the general population, with an estimated 35%–73% of the foster youth population experiencing language difficulties. Language delays are caused by many factors, but for children in foster care, one major antecedent is child abuse and neglect. Early delays greatly impact long‐term outcomes for children, including delays in their reading, writing, and social competence. This article explores possible causes of language delays for youths in foster care, describes the negative impact of language delays, and identifies evidence‐based practices for early intervention within the child welfare system and primary and secondary schools, specifically targeting practices for school psychologists, school counselors, school social workers, and speech pathologists.
A path to the powerhouse: systems‐to‐structure approaches for studying mitochondrial proteins
Authors: Pagliarini David J.
Published: April 2018

The young investigator award from the Protein Society was a special honor for me because, at its essence, the goal of my laboratory is to define what obscure proteins do. Years ago, I stumbled into mitochondria as a venue for this work, and these organelles continue to define the biological theme of my laboratory. Our approaches are fairly broad, reflecting my own somewhat unorthodox training among diverse scientific fields spanning organic synthesis, chemical biology, mechanistic biochemistry, signal transduction, and systems biology. Yet, whatever the theme or the discipline, we aim to understand how proteins work—especially those that hide in the dark corners of mitochondria. Below, I recount my own path into this arena of protein science, and describe how my experiences along the way have shaped our current multi‐disciplinary efforts to define the inner workings of this complex biological system.
Highly Symmetric Quintic Quotients
Authors: Candelas Philip , Mishra Challenger
Published: April 2018

The quintic family must be the most studied family of Calabi‐Yau threefolds. Particularly symmetric members of this family are known to admit quotients by freely acting symmetries isomorphic to . The corresponding quotient manifolds may themselves be symmetric. That is, they may admit symmetries that descend from the symmetries that the manifold enjoys before the quotient is taken. The formalism for identifying these symmetries was given a long time ago by Witten and instances of these symmetric quotients were given also, for the family , by Goodman and Witten. We rework this calculation here, with the benefit of computer assistance, and provide a complete classification. Our motivation is largely to develop methods that apply also to the analysis of quotients of other CICY manifolds, whose symmetries have been classified recently. For the quotients of the quintic family, our list contains families of smooth manifolds with symmetry , and , families of singular manifolds with four conifold points, with symmetry and , and rigid manifolds, each with at least a curve of singularities, and symmetry . We intend to return to the computation of the symmetries of the quotients of other CICYs elsewhere.
Structure refinement of membrane proteins via molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Dutagaci Bercem , Heo Lim , Feig Michael
Published: April 2018

A refinement protocol based on physics‐based techniques established for water soluble proteins is tested for membrane protein structures. Initial structures were generated by homology modeling and sampled via molecular dynamics simulations in explicit lipid bilayer and aqueous solvent systems. Snapshots from the simulations were selected based on scoring with either knowledge‐based or implicit membrane‐based scoring functions and averaged to obtain refined models. The protocol resulted in consistent and significant refinement of the membrane protein structures similar to the performance of refinement methods for soluble proteins. Refinement success was similar between sampling in the presence of lipid bilayers and aqueous solvent but the presence of lipid bilayers may benefit the improvement of lipid‐facing residues. Scoring with knowledge‐based functions (DFIRE and RWplus) was found to be as good as scoring using implicit membrane‐based scoring functions suggesting that differences in internal packing is more important than orientations relative to the membrane during the refinement of membrane protein homology models.
Inconsistencies in dosage practice in children with overweight or obesity: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Gade Christina , Christensen Hanne R. , Dalhoff Kim P. , Holm Jens Christian , Holst Helle
Published: April 2018

Obesity can affect the pharmacokinetics of most drugs, which may result in under‐ or overdosing if traditional pediatric dosing strategies are used. To investigate currently applied dosage strategies in children with overweight or obesity (overweight/obesity), in a clinical treatment facility. In particular, whether dosing guidelines were available and metrics of body size applied. A retrospective cohort study of 200 patients admitted to the Danish Children′s Obesity Clinic. Data were collected from 2007 to 2015. Overweight/obese children 3‐18 years were included if they had at least one drug prescription. Overall there were 658 prescriptions, primarily analgesics, psychotropics, asthma medications, and antibiotics. Except for one prescription, guidelines for dosage of overweight/obese children were not available in the clinic. In one prescription of gentamicin, the dose was adjusted by a metric body size. Otherwise dose was predominately prescribed either by total body weight or as fixed dose by age, in accordance with the recommendations of normal weight children. In drugs with a narrow therapeutic interval, we found large interindividual variations in dosing regimens, that is, for gentamicin, paracetamol, and prednisolone. Reduction of dose to the maximum recommended adult dose was common practice, when the dose calculated by total body weight (ie, mg/kg) exceeded this maximum. This study highlights the shortage of dosing guidelines in overweight/obese children. We found a large interindividual variability in dosage regimens, even in drugs with narrow therapeutic intervals. The clinicians rely on “best practice”, as evidence‐based dosage regimens are missing for many drugs prescribed during childhood.
Structural connectivity and formation mechanism of monometallic cluster fullerenes YCN@Cn (n = 68–84)
Authors: Zhao Wen‐Juan , Cao Ai‐Hua , Tian Jian‐Lei , Gan Li‐Hua
Published: April 2018

Excited by the recently experimental reports of monometallic cluster fullerenes, we examined the electronic and geometrical properties of monometallic cluster fullerenes YCN@Cn with size from C68 to C84 by density functional theory and statistical thermodynamic calculations. The calculations demonstrate that the thermodynamically favored isomers of YCN@Cn are in good agreement with available experimental results. Morphology analysis shows that the lowest‐energy YCN@Cn species are structurally connected by C2 insertion/extrusion and Stone–Wales rotation, which can be promoted under high temperature; enthalpy–entropy interplay can change the relative abundances of low‐energy isomers significantly at high temperature. All the results suggest that there is a structural evolution among these metallic cluster fullerenes in discharge condition, and thus, can rationalize their structural diversity in the soot and partly disclose their formation mechanism. The geometrical structures, electronic properties of these endohedral fullerene were discussed in detail.
Mechanism of nucleophilic fluorination promoted by bis‐tert‐alcohol‐functionalized crown‐6‐calix[4]arene
Authors: Pliego Josefredo R.
Published: April 2018

Theoretical calculations were performed to elucidate the ability of the recently reported bis‐tert‐alcohol‐functionalized crown‐6‐calix[4]arene (BACCA) molecule to promote nucleophilic fluorination of alkyl mesylates with cesium fluoride reagent. It was found that a similar structure, named BACCAt, can separate the cesium fluoride ion pair in tert‐butanol solution. This separation has a free energy cost, even considering the double hydrogen bonds with the fluoride ion. The solvent has an important effect on the stabilization of this complex, due to interaction with the high dipole moment of the separated ion pair. The observed rate acceleration effect involves a structure with double hydrogen bonds between the BACCAt and the centers of negative charges of the SN2 transition state. The predicted free energy barrier of 27.3 kcal mol−1 is in excellent agreement with the estimated experimental value of 26.2 kcal mol−1.
Respiratory exacerbation in a young adult with cystic fibrosis and tricuspid atresia
Authors: Wood Jamie , Sawyer Abbey , Mulrennan Siobhain , Bullock Andrew
Published: April 2018

Tricuspid atresia (TAt) is a complex congenital heart defect (CHD) characterized by the absence of the tricuspid valve and right ventricular hypoplasia requiring surgery in childhood, the Fontan procedure. We present a case of a 21‐year‐old male with TAt and cystic fibrosis (CF), who underwent a Fontan procedure in childhood, presenting to an adult CF clinic with severe deterioration in his respiratory status and multi‐organ dysfunction associated with CF. This report describes problems associated with the management of a CF respiratory exacerbation and extrapulmonary manifestations of CF in the unique situation of a Fontan circulation, a circulation with absence of a subpulmonary ventricle and pulsatile pulmonary arterial blood flow where maintenance of systemic cardiac output is totally dependent on good respiratory function and low pulmonary artery pressures.
A rapid and simple sample pretreatment method coupled with HPLC–UV for the simultaneous determination of eight insecticides in fruits
Authors: Wang Xuemei , Wang Huan , Huang Pengfei , Ma Xiaomin , Du Xinzhen , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: April 2018

A specific, precise and accurate high‐performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection was established for the simultaneous determination of eight insecticides in fruit samples. Samples were extracted with acetone and cleaned using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique. Under the optimized conditions, wide linearity ranges (5.0–2000 μg kg−1) were obtained for the eight insecticides and the correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.9985 to 0.9994. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.27–1.85 and 0.90–6.18 μg kg−1, respectively, and acceptable reproducibility (RSD < 6.6% for intra‐day, < 9.2% for inter‐day) were achieved. The recovery rates for all insecticides at two spiked levels of 20 and 50 μg kg−1 in fruits samples ranged from 85.9 to 110.4%, and the relative standard deviations were in the range of 3.3–8.9%. The results demonstrated clearly that the approach developed provides reliable, simple, rapid and environmentally friendly quantification and identification of eight insecticides in fruits. These results not only gave insights about the insecticides but also contributed to environmental protection and food safety.
Cardiomyocyte Maturation Requires TLR3 Activated Nuclear Factor Kappa B
Authors: Hodgkinson Conrad P. , Pratt Richard E. , Kirste Imke , Dal-Pra Sophie , Cooke John P. , Dzau Victor J.
Published: April 2018

The process by which committed precursors mature into cardiomyocytes is poorly understood. We found that TLR3 inhibition blocked cardiomyocyte maturation; precursor cells committed to the cardiomyocyte lineage failed to express maturation genes and sarcomeres did not develop. Using various approaches, we found that the effects of TLR3 upon cardiomyocyte maturation were dependent upon the RelA subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). Importantly, under conditions that promote the development of mature cardiomyocytes NFκB became significantly enriched at the promoters of cardiomyocyte maturation genes. Furthermore, activation of the TLR3-NFκB pathway enhanced cardiomyocyte maturation. This study, therefore, demonstrates that the TLR3-NFκB pathway is necessary for the maturation of committed precursors into mature cardiomyocytes.
A hair ice observation in Devon
Authors: Robbins James , Gill Philip
Published: April 2018

Hair ice is a rare type of ice formation that resembles thin strands of hair and is found only on rotting wood in specific weather conditions and locations. The peculiar formation of the ice is dependent on the presence of a particular fungus on dead wood from broadleaf woodland, which helps to shape the ice hairs and prevents them from recrystallising. This article details a recent sighting of hair ice at Buckland Abbey in Devon and describes this interesting and unusual phenomenon, as well as outlining the formation process.
Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 3
Authors: Lee Chang Ho , Han Seung Ryul , Lee Seong‐Wook
Published: April 2018

The cover image, by Chang Ho Lee et al., is based on the Advanced Review Therapeutic applications of group I intron‐based trans‐splicing ribozymes DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1466.

image
Anatomical variation in the form of inter- and intra-individual laterality of the calcaneofibular ligament
Authors: Yoshizuka Hisayoshi , Shibata Kentaro , Asami Toyoko , Kuraoka Akio
Published: April 2018

The lateral ligament complex of the ankle is involved in a large proportion of ankle sprains. The calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) is often involved in severe injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomical variation and laterality of the CFL to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of CFL-related injuries. This study utilized 110 paired ankles from 55 formalin-fixed Japanese cadavers (33 male and 22 female). The length and width of the CFL and the angle created by the CFL and long axis of the fibula (CF angle) were measured after exposing the CFL by careful dissection from the surrounding tissues. The results revealed that each parameter exhibited a wide range of values and showed unique patterns of frequency distribution, among which only the length was normally distributed. Among the parameters, only the CF angle showed no significant correlation with the other parameters. Analysis of laterality revealed that the mean left CF angle was significantly greater than the value on the opposite side (p < 0.05) and that the values of the bilateral CF angle showed no significant correlation at the individual level. The present results revealed not only detailed information regarding the CFL morphology, but also inter- and intra-individual laterality regarding the CFL traveling angle. It is likely that the differences in the quality and quantity of mechanical stress against each leg may have caused this morphologic laterality of the CFL.
A Collaborative Community Education Model: Developing Effective School-Community Partnerships
Authors: DePetris Thea , Eames Chris
Published: April 2018

Despite school-community partnerships having much potential to provide educational organisations with authentic teaching and learning opportunities through community-based action projects, they remain under-utilised largely due to the structural constraints and pressures faced by teachers. This study helps fill a gap in scholarly discourse about the specific ways in which school-community partnerships can effectively be developed by providing an in-depth account of an 18-month pilot project with the aim to develop a conservation education program (Kids Greening Taupō) through a partnership structure in Aotearoa New Zealand. An evaluation of the pilot project was conducted using an ethnographic approach, which sought stakeholder perspectives about the program's developmental process through an interpretive lens. Qualitative data were collected through participant observation, semi-structured interviews and document analysis, and then thematically analysed. The findings provided in this article illuminate stakeholder insights and perspectives about the structures established and processes utilised over the three broad stages of program planning, implementation and maintenance, and the resultant environmental initiatives and programs. Through this study, a Collaborative Community Education Model has emerged that may serve as a potential framework or starting point for those interested in creating a new school-community partnership or to modify an existing one.
Coupling and stability of interfacial waves in liquid metal batteries
Authors: Horstmann G. M. , Weber N. , Weier T.
Published: April 2018

We investigate the coupling dynamics of interfacial waves in liquid metal batteries and its effects on the battery’s operation safety. Similar to aluminium reduction cells, liquid metal batteries can be highly susceptible to magnetohydrodynamically exited interfacial instabilities. The resulting waves are capable of provoking short-circuits. Owing to the presence of two metal-electrolyte interfaces that may step into resonance, the wave dynamics in liquid metal batteries is particularly complex. In the first part of this paper, we present a potential flow analysis of coupled gravity–capillary interfacial waves. While we are focusing here on liquid metal batteries with circular cross-section, the theory is applicable to arbitrary stably stratified three-layer systems. Analytical expressions for the amplitude ratio and the wave frequencies are derived. It is shown that the wave coupling can be completely described by two independent dimensionless parameters. We further provide a decoupling criterion that suggests that wave coupling will be present in most future liquid metal batteries. In the second part, the theory is validated by comparing it with multiphase direct numerical simulations. An accompanying parameter study is conducted to analyse the system stability for interfaces coupled to varying degrees. Three different coupling regimes are identified involving characteristic coupling dynamics. For strongly coupled interfaces we observe novel instabilities that may have beneficial effects on the operational safety.
Dynamics of liquid imbibition through paper with intra-fibre pores
Authors: Chang Sooyoung , Seo Jaedeok , Hong Seokbin , Lee Duck-Gyu , Kim Wonjung
Published: April 2018

We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the dynamics of liquid imbibition through paper. The Washburn equation is widely used to describe the dynamics of capillary flow through paper, but this classical model has limited accuracy, which often makes it difficult to use in developing analytic systems such as paper-based microfluidic devices. We here report that the internal cavity of the cellulose fibres composing paper is significantly responsible for the limited accuracy of the Washburn equation. Our experiments demonstrated that liquid can be absorbed in the internal cavity of the cellulose fibres as well as in the inter-fibre pores formed by the fibre network. We developed a mathematical model for liquid imbibition by considering the flow through the intra-fibre pores based on experimental measurements of the intra-structure of cellulose fibres. The model markedly improves the prediction of the liquid absorption length, compared with the results of the Washburn equation, thus revealing the physics behind the limits of the Washburn equation. This study suggests that the accurate description of capillary imbibition through paper require parameters characterizing the internal pores of the cellulose fibres comprising the paper. Our results not only provide a new insight into porous media flows with different sized pores, but also provide a theoretical background for flow control in paper-based microfluidic systems.
An analytical solution to the aeroelastic response of a two-dimensional elastic plate in axial potential flow
Authors: Medina Cory , Kang Chang-kwon
Published: April 2018

This paper presents a novel analytical model that predicts the two-way coupled aeroelastic response of a linear elastic plate in axial potential flow, including the effects of plate curvature. The plate deforms in dynamic balance of the inertia, elastic, and aerodynamic forces. Analytical solutions are obtained by deriving the generalized aerodynamic force with respect to the beam eigenfunctions, which are expressed in a Chebyshev polynomial expansion. Exact expressions are derived for the generated lift, thrust and required input power. The derived solution agrees well with the results reported in the literature for plate flutter and flapping wings.
Stop Smoking Practitioners’ understanding of e-cigarettes’ use and efficacy with particular reference to vapers’ socioeconomic status
Authors: Hiscock Rosemary , Arnott Deborah , Dockrell Martin , Ross Louise , McEwen Andy
Published: April 2018

Introduction: We have undertaken four online surveys of Stop Smoking Service (SSS) practitioners in England, between 2011 and 2016, in order to enhance our understanding of e-cigarettes: a fast moving new phenomenon. It is important to understand whether e-cigarettes can ameliorate or exacerbate health inequalities given that smoking is one of the most serious causes of excessive mortality and morbidity among disadvantaged groups globally.

Aims: To update findings of previous surveys and examine socioeconomic status differences in e-cigarette use and efficacy.

Methods: Analysis was undertaken of electronic surveys, particularly, the most recent 2016 survey (n = 514) and 2015/16 SSS client routine monitoring data.

Results: SSS practitioners were becoming more positive about e-cigarettes: 42% agreed that e-cigarettes were a good thing compared with 15% in 2011. Reported use of e-cigarettes among SSS clients was low (about 3%) despite higher quit rates (63% of clients reported being quit at four week follow-up, compared with 51% overall). Where socioeconomic differences in e-cigarettes’ efficacy for quitting were identified, affluent and working smokers were advantaged.

Conclusions: Low use of e-cigarettes by clients and practitioner opinions suggest that further education of SSS staff is needed if they are to adopt the current service recommendations about e-cigarettes.
The Politics of Mourning in the Neoliberal State
Authors: SKITOLSKY LISSA
Published: April 2018

Recently American scholars have examined the politics of mourning in relation to anti-black racism in the United States. Drawing on the work of queer theorist Maggie Nelson, I will illustrate that a political sense of mourning is also relevant to queer theory and life as a way to bear witness to the violence of the sex-gender system even as we find ways of navigating through it. Lastly, I will defend the claim that a sense of mourning-without-end is political for any marginalized population that suffers from social death and from the disavowal of its suffering through the normalization of violence against them.
A Job for Philosophers: Causality, Responsibility, and Explaining Social Inequality
Authors: ZHENG ROBIN
Published: April 2018

People disagree about the causes of social inequality and how to most effectively intervene in them. These may seem like empirical questions for social scientists, not philosophers. However, causal explanation itself depends on broadly normative commitments. From this it follows that (moral) philosophers have an important role to play in determining those causal explanations. I examine the case of causal explanations of poverty to demonstrate these claims. In short, philosophers who work to reshape our moral expectations also work, on the back end, to restructure acceptable causal explanations—and hence solutions—for social inequality. Empirical and normative inquiry, then, are a two-way street.
‘The Terror and Scourge of the Barrio’: Representations of Youth Crime and Policing on Nicaraguan Television News
Authors: WEEGELS JULIENNE
Published: April 2018

This paper explores the meanings that youth crime and policing acquire in the context of their mediated representation on the televised news in Nicaragua. In particular, it explores this question by juxtaposing the televised imagery of the apprehended juvenile delinquent with the discursive treatment of his person by both police and reporters on Nicaragua's most watched news shows,Acción 10andCrónica TN8. The police are presented as heroic protagonists who serve and protect the barrio through ‘communitarian policing’ whilst the juvenile delinquent – the ‘pinta’ – is excluded and stigmatised. This turns such youths into socially expendable and ‘tainted, discounted’ outsiders who can be treated as such. In this way, through the news,pintasare targeted for ‘removal’ from the barrio, and their mediated arrests become ‘spectacular performances’ of community. A discrepancy appears, then, between the police's communitarian discourse and its reactionary practice.
In the Beginning: The Socratic Turn in Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues
Authors: Collins Susan D.
Published: April 2018

Catherine Zuckert's Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues presents the dramatic order of the dialogues as the narrative arc of Socrates's philosophical investigations. Focusing on the opening chapters of the work, I consider the place in this dramatic order of Socrates's intellectual autobiography in the Phaedo, Symposium, and Apology and his famous turn from the study of the heavens to the study of the human things. I examine in particular Zuckert's account of the problem of the cause or causes of the whole that motivated this turn and the doctrine of the ideas in the inquiry that followed it.
Response to Contributors
Authors: Zuckert Catherine H.
Published: April 2018

The demonstrated willingness of ten knowledgeable scholars to read and comment on parts of my work is, indeed, a great honor. As Mary Keys's introductory remarks show, the contributors are friends. However, although their comments are generally appreciative, they are by no means uncritical. I thus welcome the opportunity to respond to them.
סודו של רבי חסדאי קרשקש: למשמעותם של ״סוד התפילה״ ו״סוד הבטחון״ בספר אור ה׳
Authors: סתיו אברהם
Published: April 2018

הוגים רבים בימי הביניים התייחסו לחלקים מסוימים במשנתם כאל ״סוד.״ על תופעה זו בקרב המקובלים אין צורך כלל להכביר במילים, שהרי כל תורתם היא בבחינת ״תורת סוד.״ אך גם בקרב בעלי המחשבה הפילוסופית רווחת גישה זו, ודוגמה בולטת לכך היא הרמב״ם, שכתב כבר בהקדמת ספרו שבכוונתו לכתוב רק בראשי פרקים, לגלות טפח ולכסות טפחיים. גם במהלך הספר אין הוא נמנע מלהעיר מפעם לפעם ״כי הוא סוד מסודות המציאות וסתר מסתרי תורה״ (מורה נבוכים, א, כו), ״זה סוד גדול מן הסודות״ (שם, א, ל), וכדומה. תופעה זו שימשה כר פורה למחקר במאות השנים האחרונות.
Seven cases of probable endotoxin poisoning related to contaminated glutathione infusions
Authors: Johnstone T. , Quinn E. , Tobin S. , Davis R. , Najjar Z. , Battye B. , Gupta L.
Published: April 2018

We report seven cases of probable endotoxin poisoning linked to contaminated compounded glutathione. Five of the cases were using the infusions for treatment of Lyme disease highlighting the risks of using compounded sterile preparations for unapproved indications, especially if the quality of source products cannot be assured.
IN DEFENSE OF PROCEDURAL RIGHTS (OR ANYWAY, PROCEDURAL DUTIES): A RESPONSE TO WELLMAN
Authors: Enoch David
Published: April 2018

In a recent paper Christopher Heath Wellman argues that—with some important qualifications—there are no procedural rights. And it's not as if he is squeamish about his examples: even someone who is “convicted” and “punished” by lottery is not wronged—their rights are not violated—if in fact they are guilty of the relevant crime. I respond, rejecting Wellman's conclusion and argument. I also show how the discussion has important wider implications.
Lessons Learnt About Conducting a Multilingual Nutrition Survey in Switzerland: Results from menuCH Pilot Survey
Authors: Chatelan Angeline , Marques-Vidal Pedro , Bucher Sabine , Siegenthaler Stefan , Metzger Nathalie , Zuberbühler Christine Anne , Camenzind-Frey Esther , Reggli Andrea , Bochud Murielle , Beer-Borst Sigrid
Published: April 2018

This paper informs about the implementation of the first trilingual Swiss nutrition pilot survey and lessons learnt in terms of recruitment, participation, data collection feasibility, and data management. The population-based cross-sectional nutrition pilot survey took place between June and November 2013. Six trained dietitians interviewed 276 adults aged 18-75 years residing in the cantons of Bern (German), Vaud (French) or Ticino (Italian). Food consumption was assessed with two non-consecutive computer-assisted 24-Hour Dietary Recalls (24HDR), applying a trilingual version of GloboDiet® adapted to specific requirements of Switzerland. The first interview was face-to-face and included anthropometric measurements while the second was by phone. Quality controls consisted mainly in the descriptive analysis of data at food level, and the observation and rating of 21 interviews (4%) by coordinators. Net participation rate was 29%. Participants and non-participants were similar: mean [±SD] age was 49±16 and 47±16 years, and women proportion 49.6% and 49.8%, respectively. Training and data collection proved feasible and deliverable in the six months using the newly developed survey instruments. Dietitians followed the standard operating procedures. Quality controls on food consumption data showed comparable results between face-to-face and phone 24HDR, and across dietitians (median number of reported food items per 24HDR: 27). Procedures to transfer and clean food consumption data were developed. The implementation concept proved applicable in the trilingual Swiss context. Additional resources were planned for increasing participation rate and facilitating data cleaning.
Turonian Sea Level and Paleoclimatic Events in Astronomically Tuned Records From the Tropical North Atlantic and Western Interior Seaway
Authors: Jones Matthew M. , Sageman Bradley B. , Meyers Stephen R.
Published: April 2018

Multiple hiatuses punctuate the Middle to Upper Turonian Substages of the Western Interior Basin (WIB, USA), interrupting an otherwise highly resolved and relatively conformable Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic record. To determine the duration and possible causes of these hiatuses, while simultaneously reconstructing Turonian carbon cycling, we develop a new astronomically tuned carbon isotope (δ13C) chemostratigraphy from time‐equivalent organic carbon‐rich shales of the tropical North Atlantic (Demerara Rise—Ocean Drilling Program Leg 207). A Gaussian kernel smoothing and cross‐correlation technique is also introduced to quantitatively correlate the astronomically tuned Demerara Rise δ13C chemostratigraphy to coeval records globally. This analysis reveals a general consistency among ages for Turonian δ13C excursions from astronomical and radioisotopic timescales. It also indicates that a positive oxygen isotope excursion at Demerara Rise, previously interpreted to signify cooling, is synchronous (~±200 ka) with the Ogbourne Hardground in the English Chalk, the Bass River—Magothy sequence boundary, and an expansive mid‐Turonian hiatus in the WIB. However, the event is not concurrent with maximum regression in the WIB. Trends in δ13C, and additional geochemical data from Demerara Rise (weight percent total organic carbon, weight percent carbonate, and C/N), are consistent with oceanic upwelling conditions modulated by monsoonal winds, which drove significant organic carbon burial instep with several prominent positive δ13C excursions (e.g., Hitchwood #2‐3). Moreover, δ13C and weight percent total organic carbon preserve strong obliquity power (~1 Ma). This suggests that higher cross‐equatorial insolation gradients resulting from changes in Earth's axial tilt intensified monsoonal winds, strongly influencing tropical Atlantic organic carbon burial and Turonian carbon cycling dynamics following Ocean Anoxic Event 2.
The Relationships Between Regional Quaternary Uplift, Deformation Across Active Normal Faults, and Historical Seismicity in the Upper Plate of Subduction Zones: The Capo D'Orlando Fault, NE Sicily
Authors: Meschis M. , Roberts G. P. , Robertson J. , Briant R. M.
Published: April 2018

In order to investigate the deformation within the upper plate of the Calabrian subduction zone, we have mapped and modeled a sequence of Late Quaternary paleoshorelines tectonically deformed by the Capo D'Orlando normal fault, NE Sicily, which forms part of the actively deforming Calabrian Arc. In addition to the 1908 Messina Strait earthquake (Mw7.1), this region has experienced damaging earthquakes, possibly on the Capo D'Orlando Fault; however, it is not considered by some to be a potential seismogenic source. Uplifted Quaternary paleoshorelines are preserved on the hangingwall of the Capo D'Orlando Fault, indicating that hangingwall subsidence is counteracted by regional uplift, likely because of deformation associated with subduction/collision. We attempt to constrain the relationship between regional uplift, crustal extensional processes, and historical seismicity, and we quantify both the normal and regional deformation signals. We report uplift variations along the strike of the fault and use a synchronous correlation technique to assign ages to paleoshorelines, facilitating calculation of uplift rates and the fault throw rate. Uplift rates in the hangingwall increase from 0.4 mm/year in the center of the fault to 0.89 mm/year beyond its SW fault tip, suggesting 0.5 mm/year of fault‐related subsidence, which implies a throw rate of 0.63 ± 0.02 mm/year, and significant seismic hazard. Overall, we emphasize that upper plate extension and related vertical motions complicate the process of deriving information on the subduction/collision process, such as coupling and slip distribution on the subduction interface, parameters that are commonly inferred for other subduction zones without considering upper plate deformation.
Earth Day Message from an Astronaut on the Space Station
Authors: Feustel Andrew
Published: April 2018

NASA astronaut and geoscientist Drew Feustel reminds us: High above Earth, you see no borders; you barely see cities. You do see evidence of Earth’s raw power.
Scaling of Drizzle Virga Depth With Cloud Thickness for Marine Stratocumulus Clouds
Authors: Yang Fan , Luke Edward P. , Kollias Pavlos , Kostinski Alex B. , Vogelmann Andrew M.
Published: April 2018

Drizzle is frequently observed in marine stratocumulus clouds and plays a crucial role in cloud lifetime and the radiation budget. Most drizzling stratocumulus clouds form drizzle virga below cloud base, where subcloud scavenging and evaporative cooling are important. We use unique ground‐based cloud radar observations (1) to examine the statistical properties of drizzle frequency and virga depth and (2) to test a simple analytical relationship derived between drizzle virga thickness (Hv) and cloud thickness (Hc). Observations show that 83% of marine stratocumulus clouds are drizzling although only 31% generate surface precipitation. The analytical expression for Hv is derived as a function of Hc and subcloud relative humidity considering in‐cloud accretion and subcloud evaporation of drizzle drops. The derived third‐order power law relationship,
, shows good agreement with long‐term observational data. Our formula provides a simple parameterization for drizzle virga of stratocumulus clouds suitable for use in models.
Controls on Early‐Rift Geometry: New Perspectives From the Bilila‐Mtakataka Fault, Malawi
Authors: Hodge M. , Fagereng Å. , Biggs J. , Mdala H.
Published: April 2018

We use the ∼110‐km long Bilila‐Mtakataka fault in the amagmatic southern East African Rift, Malawi, to investigate the controls on early‐rift geometry at the scale of a major border fault. Morphological variations along the 14 ± 8‐m high scarp define six 10‐ to 40‐km long segments, which are either foliation parallel or oblique to both foliation and the current regional extension direction. As the scarp is neither consistently parallel to foliation nor well oriented for the current regional extension direction, we suggest that the segmented surface expression is related to the local reactivation of well‐oriented weak shallow fabrics above a broadly continuous structure at depth. Using a geometrical model, the geometry of the best fitting subsurface structure is consistent with the local strain field from recent seismicity. In conclusion, within this early‐rift, preexisting weaknesses only locally control border fault geometry at subsurface.
Ultrafast z-scanning for high-efficiency laser micro-machining
Authors: Chen Ting-Hsuan , Fardel Romain , Arnold Craig B
Published: April 2018

High-throughput laser micro-machining demands precise control of the laser beam position to achieve optimal efficiency, but existing methods can be both time-consuming and cost-prohibitive. In this paper, we demonstrate a new high-throughput micro-machining technique based on rapidly scanning the laser focal point along the optical axis using an acoustically driven variable focal length lens. Our results show that this scanning method enables higher machining rates over a range of defocus distances and that the effect becomes more significant as the laser energy is increased. In a specific example of silicon, we achieve a nearly threefold increase in the machining rate, while maintaining sharp side walls and a small spot size. This method has great potential for improving the micro-machining efficiency of conventional systems and also opens the door to applying laser machining to workpieces with uneven topography that have been traditionally difficult to process.
Ultra-broadband on-chip twisted light emitter for optical communications
Authors: Xie Zhenwei , Lei Ting , Li Fan , Qiu Haodong , Zhang Zecen , Wang Hong , Min Changjun , Du Luping , Li Zhaohui , Yuan Xiaocong
Published: April 2018

On-chip twisted light emitters are essential components of orbital angular momentum (OAM) communication devices1, 2. These devices address the growing demand for high-capacity communication systems by providing an additional degree of freedom for wavelength/frequency division multiplexing (WDM/FDM). Although whispering-gallery-mode-enabled OAM emitters have been shown to possess some advantages3, 4, 5, such as compactness and phase accuracy, their inherent narrow bandwidths prevent them from being compatible with WDM/FDM techniques. Here, we demonstrate an ultra-broadband multiplexed OAM emitter that utilizes a novel joint path-resonance phase control concept. The emitter has a micron-sized radius and nanometer-sized features. Coaxial OAM beams are emitted across the entire telecommunication band from 1,450 to 1,650 nm. We applied the emitter to an OAM communication with a data rate of 1.2 Tbit/s assisted by 30-channel optical frequency combs (OFCs). The emitter provides a new solution to further increase capacity in the OFC communication scenario.
Correction: Author Correction: Integrated genomic analyses of de novo pathways underlying atypical meningiomas
Authors: Harmancı Akdes Serin , Youngblood Mark W. , Clark Victoria E. , Coşkun Süleyman , Henegariu Octavian , Duran Daniel , Erson-Omay E. Zeynep , Kaulen Leon D. , Lee Tong Ihn , Abraham Brian J. , Simon Matthias , Krischek Boris , Timmer Marco , Goldbrunner Roland , Omay S. Bülent , Baranoski Jacob , Baran Burçin , Carrión-Grant Geneive , Bai Hanwen , Mishra-Gorur Ketu , Schramm Johannes , Moliterno Jennifer , Vortmeyer Alexander O. , Bilgüvar Kaya , Yasuno Katsuhito , Young Richard A. , Günel Murat
Published: April 2018

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 14433 (2017) Published online 14 February 2017; Updated 20 April 2018 In this Article, a subset of the H3K27ac ChIP-seq data (15 benign meningiomas and 2 dura samples (Sample IDs: MN-297, MN-288, MN-292, MN-163, MN-1037, MN-105, MN-201, MN-249, MN-191, MN-1066, MN-169, MN-291, MN-24, MN-79, MN-1044, CONTROL1, CONTROL2) was reported previously in a publication by the corresponding author1.
Publisher Correction: Nfat/calcineurin signaling promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination by transcription factor network tuning
Authors: Weider Matthias , Starost Laura Julia , Groll Katharina , Küspert Melanie , Sock Elisabeth , Wedel Miriam , Fröb Franziska , Schmitt Christian , Baroti Tina , Hartwig Anna C. , Hillgärtner Simone , Piefke Sandra , Fadler Tanja , Ehrlich Marc , Ehlert Corinna , Stehling Martin , Albrecht Stefanie , Jabali Ammar , Schöler Hans R. , Winkler Jürgen , Kuhlmann Tanja , Wegner Michael
Published: April 2018

The originally published version of this Article omitted Tanja Kuhlmann and Michael Wegner as jointly supervising authors. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.