bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Equality of Women and Men as an Independent Fundamental Right
Authors: Van De Streek Hillie
Published: June 2012

The equality of women and men is included in the Treaty of Lisbon as an independent fundamental right for good reason. Women are not a minority and participate fully in the Christian Democratic view of humankind. It is high time to translate this principle into policy, as an aim to be actively pursued. Equality is not a goal in itself. When women's talents get a chance to blossom, this will not only benefit the economy but also strengthen political decision-making. Thus, it is not only jurists and politicians, but also—and indeed, especially—our theologians and philosophers, who should immerse themselves in what Christian Democratic tradition has to say about the equality of women and men.
Market Environment, Assortment Policy, and Performance of Small Retailers
Authors: Cadeaux Jack , Dubelaar Chris
Published: June 2012

This study surveys small retail pharmacies to examine the relationship between managers’ perceptions of local market environments, their stated assortment policies, and their reported performance levels for a large product category. Managers report wider assortments when market diversity and market munificence are high. In turn, wider assortments have a positive effect on reported relative category sales and stock. In addition, market uncertainty has a direct negative effect on reported margins. This study controls for both store space as well as the potential direct performance effects of the local market environment faced by small retailers.
Arabidopsis F‐box protein containing a Nictaba‐related lectin domain interacts with N‐acetyllactosamine structures
Authors: Stefanowicz Karolina , Lannoo Nausicaä , Proost Paul , Van Damme Els J.M.
Published: June 2012

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains a small group of bipartite F‐box proteins, consisting of an N‐terminal F‐box domain and a C‐terminal domain sharing sequence similarity with Nictaba, the jasmonate‐induced glycan‐binding protein (lectin) from tobacco. Based on the high sequence similarity between the C‐terminal domain of these proteins and Nictaba, the hypothesis was put forward that the so‐called F‐box‐Nictaba proteins possess carbohydrate‐binding activity and accordingly can be considered functional homologs of the mammalian sugar‐binding F‐box or Fbs proteins which are involved in proteasomal degradation of glycoproteins. To obtain experimental evidence for the carbohydrate‐binding activity and specificity of the A. thaliana F‐box‐Nictaba proteins, both the complete F‐box‐Nictaba sequence of one selected Arabidopsis F‐box protein (in casu At2g02360) as well as the Nictaba‐like domain only were expressed in Pichia pastoris and analyzed by affinity chromatography, agglutination assays and glycan micro‐array binding assays. These results demonstrated that the C‐terminal Nictaba‐like domain provides the F‐box‐protein with a carbohydrate‐binding activity that is specifically directed against N‐ and O‐glycans containing N‐acetyllactosamine (Galβ1‐3GlcNAc and Galβ1‐4GlcNAc) and poly‐N‐acetyllactosamine ([Galβ1‐4GlcNAc]n) as well as Lewis A (Galβ1‐3(Fucα1‐4)GlcNAc), Lewis X (Galβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc, Lewis Y (Fucα1‐2Galβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc) and blood type B (Galα1‐3(Fucα1‐2)Galβ1‐3GlcNAc) motifs. Based on these findings one can reasonably conclude that at least the A. thaliana F‐box‐Nictaba protein encoded by At2g02360 can act as a carbohydrate‐binding protein. The results from the glycan array assays revealed differences in sugar‐binding specificity between the F‐box protein and Nictaba, indicating that the same carbohydrate‐binding motif can accommodate unrelated oligosaccharides.
Changes in contraceptive choice after emergency contraception
Authors: Lo Sue S.T. , Ho Pak‐Chung
Published: June 2012

Objective

To determine whether women use emergency contraception (EC) repeatedly instead of regular contraception methods if they have access to EC.

Methods

Data from the records of 9201 women who underwent EC 11 014 times in the years 2006 through 2008 at Hong Kong clinics were retrospectively analyzed. The χ2 test was used to look for associations between demographic characteristics and repeated EC use and the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the significance of changes in contraceptive use over time.

Results

A total of 10 845 courses of EC pills and 168 intrauterine devices were provided to the 9201 women, 89.4% of whom used EC once and 8.5% twice within a year. Using EC more than twice was only associated with unstable relationships. The percentages of women using no contraceptives during intercourse decreased from 20.6% at baseline to 4.7% four to 6 weeks after EC, 4.0% at 6 months, and 3.4% at 12 months. The percentages of women using highly effective methods of contraception increased from 3.5% to 20.8%, 27.3%, and 27.7% at the same time points.

Conclusion

The low rate of repeated EC use and the positive changes in contraceptive choice after EC are reassuring.
Global H3K27 trimethylation and EZH2 abundance in breast tumor subtypes
Authors: Holm Karolina , Grabau Dorthe , Lövgren Kristina , Aradottir Steina , Gruvberger-Saal Sofia , Howlin Jillian , Saal Lao H. , Ethier Stephen P. , Bendahl Pär-Ola , Stål Olle , Malmström Per , Fernö Mårten , Rydén Lisa , Hegardt Cecilia , Borg Åke , Ringnér Markus
Published: June 2012

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and its core member enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) mediate the epigenetic gene silencing mark: trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3). H3K27me3 is characteristic of the chromatin at genes involved in developmental regulation in undifferentiated cells. Overexpression of EZH2 has been found in several cancer types such as breast, prostate, melanoma and bladder cancer. Moreover, overexpression is associated with highly proliferative and aggressive types of breast and prostate tumors. We have analyzed the abundance of EZH2 and H3K27me3 using immunohistochemistry in two large and well‐characterized breast tumor data sets encompassing more than 400 tumors. The results have been analyzed in relation to the molecular subtypes of breast tumors (basal‐like, luminal A, luminal B, HER2‐enriched and normal‐like), as well as in subtypes defined by clinical markers (triple negative, ER+/HER2−/Ki67low, ER+/HER2−/Ki67high and HER2+), and were validated in representative breast cancer cell lines by western blot. We found significantly different expression of both EZH2 and H3K27me3 across all subtypes with high abundance of EZH2 in basal‐like, triple negative and HER2‐enriched tumors, and high H3K27me3 in luminal A, HER2‐enriched and normal‐like tumors. Intriguingly, the two markers show an inverse correlation, particularly for the basal‐like and triple negative tumors. Consequently, high expression of EZH2 was associated with poor distant disease‐free survival whereas high expression of H3K27me3 was associated with better survival. Additionally, none of 182 breast tumors was found to carry a previously described EZH2 mutation affecting Tyr641. Our observation that increased expression of EZH2 does not necessarily correlate with increased abundance of H3K27me3 supports the idea that EZH2 can have effects beyond epigenetic silencing of target genes in breast cancer.
Seasonal variation in kangaroo tooth enamel oxygen and carbon isotopes in southern Australia
Authors: Brookman Tom H. , Ambrose Stanley H.
Published: June 2012

Serial sampling of tooth enamel growth increments for carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses ofMacropus(kangaroo) teeth was performed to assess the potential for reconstructing paleoseasonality. The carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel apatite carbonate reflects the proportional intake of C3and C4vegetation. The oxygen isotopic composition of enamel reflects that of ingested and metabolic water. Tooth enamel forms sequentially from the tip of the crown to the base, so dietary and environmental changes during the tooth's formation can be detected. δ13C and δ18O values were determined for a series of enamel samples drilled from the 3rd and 4th molars of kangaroos that were collected along a 900 km north–south transect in southern Australia. The serial sampling method did not yield pronounced seasonal isotopic variation patterns inMacropusenamel. The full extent of dietary isotopic variation may be obscured by attenuation of the isotopic signal during enamel mineralisation. Brachydont (low-crowned)Macropusteeth may be less sensitive to seasonal variation in isotopic composition due to time-averaging during mineralisation. However, geographic variations observed suggest that there may be potential for tracking latitudinal shifts in vegetation zones and seasonal environmental patterns in response to climate change.
A Source of Bias in Public Opinion Stability
Authors: DRUCKMAN JAMES N. , FEIN JORDAN , LEEPER THOMAS J.
Published: June 2012

A long acknowledged but seldom addressed problem with political communication experiments concerns the use of captive participants. Study participants rarely have the opportunity to choose information themselves, instead receiving whatever information the experimenter provides. We relax this assumption in the context of an over-time framing experiment focused on opinions about health care policy. Our results dramatically deviate from extant understandings of over-time communication effects. Allowing individuals to choose information themselves—a common situation on many political issues—leads to the preeminence of early frames and the rejection of later frames. Instead of opinion decay, we find dogmatic adherence to opinions formed in response to the first frame to which participants were exposed (i.e., staunch opinion stability). The effects match those that occur when early frames are repeated multiple times. The results suggest that opinion stability may often reflect biased information seeking. Moreover, the findings have implications for a range of topics including the micro–macro disconnect in studies of public opinion, political polarization, normative evaluations of public opinion, the role of inequality considerations in the debate about health care, and, perhaps most importantly, the design of experimental studies of public opinion.
Pole's Piety? The Devotional Reading of Reginald Pole and his Friends
Authors: OVERELL M. ANNE
Published: June 2012

In this examination of the piety and devotional books of Reginald Pole and his friends, three booklists are compared: Pole's own, and those of Marcantonio Flaminio and Michael Throckmorton. The article also probes their comments and choices about reading and prayer, sacrament and preaching, as well as the observations of contemporaries. Piety in Pole's household was nourished principally by the Bible, the Fathers and the Imitation of Christ, but scriptural commentaries by suspect reformers also became part of their devotional reading, moulding religious identities which were unusual and became dangerous.
The Beginnings of Anglican Theological Education in South Africa, 1848–1963
Authors: DENIS PHILIPPE
Published: June 2012

Various attempts at establishing Anglican theological education were made after the arrival in 1848 of Robert Gray, the first bishop of Cape Town, but it was not until 1876 that the first theological school opened in Bloemfontein. As late as 1883 half of the Anglican priests in South Africa had never attended a theological college. The system of theological education which developed afterwards became increasingly segregated. It also became more centralised, in a different manner for each race. A central theological college for white ordinands was established in Grahamstown in 1898 while seven diocesan theological colleges were opened for blacks during the same period. These were reduced to two in the 1930s, St Peter's College in Johannesburg and St Bede's in Umtata. The former became one of the constituent colleges of the Federal Theological Seminary in Alice, Eastern Cape, in 1963.
The Chorepiscopoi and Controversies over Orthopraxy in Sixth-Century Mesopotamia
Authors: WOOD PHILIP
Published: June 2012

This article re-examines the development of thechorepiscopoiusing hagiographic sources in Syriac. These suggest that more peripheral regions of the Roman world, such as Osrhoene, with an ‘open frontier’ with local pagans, retained these subepiscopal structures into the sixth century. Furthermore, these structures fostered the independent activity of the parts of the institutional Church in defiance of their bishops in times of disagreement over doctrine. This localised emphasis explains in turn the defence of ascetic customs that had once been categorised as heteropraxy.
The ‘Ecclesiarum Belgicarum Confessio’ and the Attempted ‘Calvinisation’ of the Orthodox Church under Patriarch Cyril Loukaris
Authors: TSAKIRIS VASILEIOS
Published: June 2012

The Calvinistic Confession of Faith written by the patriarch of Constantinople, Cyril Loukaris, is considered to be the most important product and at the same time the manifesto of the attempted union of the Protestant and Orthodox Churches. Presenting evidence which has been neglected in previous research, this article aims to revise this communis opinio by demonstrating that the book that was actually meant to become the theological foundation for the envisaged union was in fact the Ecclesiarum Belgicarum Confessio, a bilingual (Latin and Greek) publication (1623, 1627, 1648) containing the Βelgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism and several canons of the Synod of Dordrecht.
Multidimensionale Familientherapie (MDFT) bei cannabisbezogenen Störungen
Authors: Tossmann Peter , Jonas Benjamin , Rigter Henk , Gantner Andreas
Published: June 2012

Fragestellung: Erstmals in Deutschland wurde die Wirksamkeit der Multidimensionalen Familientherapie (MDFT) bei Jugendlichen mit cannabisbezogenen Störungen untersucht. Methodik: Es wurde eine randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie (RCT) mit zwei Versuchsbedingungen und vier Nachbefragungen (drei, sechs, neun und zwölf Monate nach Studienbaseline) durchgeführt. Als Vergleich diente ein einzeltherapeutisches Verfahren (Jugendpsychotherapie, JUP), das im Berliner Therapieladen üblicherweise bei dieser Thematik eingesetzt wird (Treatment as usual, TAU). Es nahmen 120 Jugendliche zwischen 13 und 18 Jahren teil, die nach DSM-IV missbräuchlichen oder abhängigen Cannabiskonsum aufwiesen. Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich zur Studienbaseline verzeichneten Teilnehmer beider Treatments im Zwölf-Monats-Follow-Up eine deutliche Reduktion ihres Cannabiskonsums, sowie signifikante Verbesserungen konsumbezogener Probleme und psychischer Auffälligkeiten. In der Reduktion des Cannabiskonsums erwies sich MDFT signifikant effektiver als JUP (d = 0,31). Schlussfolgerungen: MDFT stellt ein viel versprechendes Therapieverfahren bei cannabisbezogenen Störungen von Jugendlichen dar.
Online-Spielsucht als Kompensationsversuch posttraumatischer Belastung
Authors: Langenbach Michael , Schütte Julia
Published: June 2012

Hintergrund: Pathologischer Internetgebrauch (PIG), eine stoffungebundene Verhaltenssucht ( Grüsser, Poppelreuter, Heinz, Albrecht & Sass, 2007 ), scheint in seiner Prävalenz zuzunehmen. Eine erhebliche Komorbität von PIG und psychischen und psychosomatischen Störungen ist belegt. Im Rahmen stationärer psychotherapeutischer Behandlungen wurden wir in den vergangenen Jahren zunehmend konfrontiert mit Patienten mit PIG. Fallbeschreibung: Als Beitrag zu einem besseren Verständnis der psychodynamischen Funktion von PIG und Online-Spielen, die die Nutzer dazu bewegt, sich exzessiv dem Spielen hinzugeben und ihre Alltagsbezüge zu vernachlässigen, stellen wir zwei erwachsene Patienten vor, die wegen depressiver Störungen auf unserer Psychotherapiestation behandelt wurden. Im Verlauf der Behandlung stellten sich eine ausgeprägte Online-Spielsucht und traumatisierende Ereignisse in der Biographie als wichtige Problembereiche heraus. Schlussfolgerungen: Wir nehmen an, dass die Patienten im Spiel in der virtuellen Welt einen intermediären Raum reinszenieren, der es ihnen ermöglicht, die traumatischen Introjekte zu bearbeiten und erregende Affekte ohne das Gefühl einer Bedrohung auszuleben. Bei Patientinnen und Patienten mit PIG sollte das Bestreben, ein traumatisches Ereignis zu bewältigen, in der Genese der Online-Spielsucht berücksichtigt werden.
Mindfulness as Self-Regulated Attention
Authors: Burg Jan M. , Wolf Oliver T.
Published: June 2012

Empirical research has demonstrated associations between heart rate variability (HRV) and the regulation of emotion and behavior. Similarly, self-regulation of attention to one’s experience of the present moment in an accepting and nonjudgmental manner is an essential characteristic of mindfulness that promotes emotional and behavioral regulation and psychological well-being. The present study investigated the relationship between mindfulness and HRV. A total of 23 undergraduate psychology students completed a recently developed measure of mindfulness, the mindful breathing exercise (MBE), which assesses the ability to mindfully stay in contact with one’s breath during breathing meditation. Moreover, indices of HRV were measured during a short version of the MBE. As predicted, positive correlations were found between indices of HRV and mindfulness. The findings demonstrate that the ability to mindfully regulate one’s attention is associated with higher HRV, a physiological correlate of physical and psychological health, and therefore support on a physiological level the potential benefit of the implemented mindfulness exercises in mindfulness-based clinical interventions.
Predictive Inference Activation
Authors: Gras Doriane , Tardieu Hubert , Nicolas Serge
Published: June 2012

Predictive inferences are anticipations of what could happen next in the text we are reading. These inferences seem to be activated during reading, but a delay is necessary for their construction. To determine the length of this delay, we first used a classical word-naming task. In the second experiment, we used a Stroop-like task to verify that inference activation was not due to strategies applied during the naming task. The results show that predictive inferences are naturally activated during text reading, after approximately 1 s.
Attitudes Toward Statistics Among Swiss Psychology Students
Authors: Zimprich Daniel
Published: June 2012

Students’ attitude toward statistics plays an important role in their statistics achievement. The present research tests the factorial structure and predictors as well as outcomes of the Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics in a sample of 346 Swiss psychology students. A confirmatory factor analysis validated the four-factor structure of the questionnaire (Affect, Cognitive Competence, Value, and Difficulty). Last math grade and sex were predictors of students’ attitude toward statistics, which in turn explained 30% of the variance in statistics achievement. The results demonstrate the importance of students’ feelings and opinions about statistics, over and above competence variables.
Media Guidelines for the Responsible Reporting of Suicide
Authors: Bohanna India , Wang Xiangdong
Published: June 2012

Background: The media have a powerful influence on those at risk of suicide. Evidence linking sensational media reporting with imitative suicidal behavior continues to grow, prompting the widespread development of guidelines for media professionals on the reporting of suicide. While such guidelines have been widely implemented, only a small amount of research has addressed their use and effectiveness. Aims: To conduct a systematic literature review aimed at critically evaluating the evidence concerning the use and effectiveness of media guidelines for reporting on suicide. Methods: All research publications that addressed the effectiveness of media guidelines against a variety of outcome measures were examined. Results: The findings highlight cases in which guideline implementation has successfully mitigated imitative suicides. Significant variability in the effect of guidelines on the quality of suicide reporting was observed between studies, and research suggests journalist awareness, use, and opinion of guidelines is generally low. The critical positive effects of media collaboration and training on reporting are noted. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of this review suggest that the guidelines can change reporting style and prevent imitative suicide, but that approaches centered on consultation, collaboration, media ownership, and training are likely to achieve the greatest success.
Suicidality in the Veterinary Profession
Authors: Platt Belinda , Hawton Keith , Simkin Sue , Dean Rachel , Mellanby Richard J.
Published: June 2012

Background: Suicide rates are elevated in the veterinary profession in several countries, yet little is known about possible contributory and preventive factors. Aims: To obtain information from veterinarians with a history of suicidal ideation or behavior about the factors associated with suicidality in their profession. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods interview study with 21 UK veterinarians who had attempted suicide or reported recent suicidal ideation. Interview topics included work and nonwork contributory factors, coping mechanisms, and preventive factors. Results: Self-poisoning was the most common method used or considered by participants. Common contributory factors were workplace relationships, career concerns, patient issues, number of hours and volume of work, and responsibility, although two-thirds of participants reported co-occurring difficult life events. Around half had received a psychiatric diagnosis following their suicidal behavior. Several possible preventive measures were suggested by participants. Conclusions: Several work- and non-work-related contributory factors to suicidality in the veterinary profession were identified. Future preventive measures may involve better promotion of support services, formal support for recent graduates, and improving employers’ attitudes toward work-life balance.
Evaluation of a Resource for People Bereaved by Suicide
Authors: Hawton Keith , Sutton Lesley , Simkin Sue , Walker Dawn-Marie , Stacey Gemma , Waters Keith , Rees Sian
Published: June 2012

Background: Self-help resources are an important means of supporting people bereaved by suicide. These require careful evaluation. Aims: To evaluate the use and impact of Help is at Hand, a hardcopy and online booklet produced as part of England’s suicide-prevention strategy. Methods: Data were collected on numbers of copies distributed and online access, and on users’ views about the resource through questionnaires, interviews, and a focus group. Results: Large numbers of copies of Help is at Hand were obtained by a range of organizations, but far fewer directly by individuals, although the resource was extensively accessed online. Evaluation of individuals’ responses to the resource was challenging. However, most respondents were very positive about the overall format and content and especially sections on experiencing bereavement and practical matters relating to the death. The main complaint was delay in gaining access to Help is at Hand. Conclusions: Evaluation of resources for people bereaved by suicide is difficult but worthwhile. Help is at Hand was largely well received. The main problem was with regard to individuals gaining access to it, especially at a time when they most needed it. Promotion of resources such as Help is at Hand needs to be prioritized.
Comparison of Journals of Suicidology
Authors: Goldblatt Mark J. , Schechter Mark , Maltsberger John T. , Ronningstam Elsa
Published: June 2012

Background: Three English-language journals deal explicitly with suicide phenomena. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has analyzed the subject content of these three journals. Aims: To review the abstracts of the three suicide-related journals in order to clarify the subjects of the papers. Methods: We examined all abstracts of every paper published in Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, Archives of Suicide Research, and Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior for the 5 years between 2006 and 2010, and categorized each paper by subject. Results: We found that the journals were similar with respect to subject allocation. Most papers dealt with epidemiological issues (32.7–40.1% of abstracts); prevention (5.8%–15.3%) and research (8.3%–10.6%) were next best represented subjects. Clinical papers comprised from 2.8% to 8.2% of the studies published. Conclusions: English-language suicide journals publish a preponderance of epidemiological studies. Clinical studies are relatively underrepresented.
Quantification of sediment‐water interactions in a polluted tropical river through biogeochemical modeling
Authors: Trinh Anh Duc , Meysman Filip , Rochelle‐Newall Emma , Bonnet Marie Paule
Published: June 2012

Diagenetic modeling presents an interesting and robust way to understand sediment–water column processes. Here we present the application of such a model to the Day River in Northern Vietnam, a system that is subject to high levels of domestic wastewater inputs from the Hanoi metropolitan area. Experimental data from three areas of different water and sediment quality, combined with some additional data from the river, are used to set up and calibrate a diagenetic model. The model was used to determine the role of the sediments as a sink for carbon and nutrients and shows that in the dry season, 27% of nitrogen, 25% of carbon, and 38% of phosphorus inputs into the river system are stored in sediments. The corresponding numbers during the rainy season are 15%, 10%, and 20%, respectively. The diagenetic model was then used to test the impact of an improvement in the treatment of Hanoi's municipal wastewater. We show that improved wastewater treatment could reduce by about 17.5% the load of organic matter to the sediment. These results are the first to highlight the importance of sediments as a potential removal mechanism of organic matter and nutrients from the water column in this type of highly impacted tropical urban river, further demonstrating that rivers need to be considered as reaction sites and not just as inert conduits.
High‐resolution reconstruction of southwest Atlantic sea‐ice and its role in the carbon cycle during marine isotope stages 3 and 2
Authors: Collins Lewis G. , Pike Jennifer , Allen Claire S. , Hodgson Dominic A.
Published: June 2012

Recent modeling suggests that changes in Southern Ocean sea‐ice extent potentially regulated the exchange of CO2release between the ocean and atmosphere during glacials. Unfortunately, a lack of high‐resolution sea‐ice records from the Southern Ocean has prevented detailed testing of these model‐based hypotheses with field data. Here we present high‐resolution records of Southern Ocean sea‐ice, for the period 35–15 cal ka BP, derived from diatom assemblages measured in three glacial sediment cores forming an ∼8° transect across the Scotia Sea, southwest Atlantic. Chronological control was achieved through a novel combination of diatom abundance stratigraphy, relative geomagnetic paleointensity data, and down‐core magnetic susceptibility and ice core dust correlation. Results showed that the winter sea‐ice edge reached its maximum northward extent of ∼53°S, at least 3° north of its modern limit, between ∼25 and ∼23.5 cal ka BP, predating the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Maximum northward expansion of the summer sea‐ice edge also pre‐dated the LGM, advancing to at least 61°S, and possibly as far north as 55°S between ∼31 and ∼23.5 cal ka BP, a ∼12° advance from its modern position. A clear shift in the seasonal sea‐ice zone is evident following summer sea‐ice edge retreat at ∼23.5 cal ka BP, potentially related to austral insolation forcing. This resulted in an expanded seasonal sea‐ice zone between ∼22.5 cal ka BP and deglaciation. Our field data confirm that Southern Ocean sea‐ice had the physical potential to influence the carbon cycle both as a physical barrier and more importantly through the suppression of vertical mixing and cycling of pre‐formed nutrients. Our data indicates that Southern Ocean sea‐ice was most effective as a physical barrier between ∼31 and ∼23.5 cal ka BP and as a mechanism capable of reducing vertical mixing between ∼22.5 cal ka BP and deglaciation. However, poor correlations with atmospheric CO2 variability recorded in ice cores, particularly the lack of a CO2response during a rapid sea‐ice meltback event, recorded at our study sites at the same time as Antarctic Isotopic Maximum 2, suggest that Southern Ocean sea‐ice in the Scotia Sea did not play a controlling role in atmospheric CO2 variation during the glacial.
Emplacement and dewatering of the world's largest exposed sand injectite complex
Authors: Sherry Timothy J. , Rowe Christie D. , Kirkpatrick James D. , Brodsky Emily E.
Published: June 2012

Sandstone injectites form by up or down‐section flow of a mobilized sand slurry through fractures in overlying rock. They act as reservoirs and high‐permeability conduits through lower permeability rock in hydrocarbon systems. The Yellow Bank Creek Complex, Santa Cruz County, California is the largest known exposure of a sandstone injectite in the world. The complex contains granular textures that record processes of sand slurry flow, multiple pore fluids, and dewatering after emplacement. The injection was initially mobilized from a source containing both water and hydrocarbons. The water‐sand slurry reached emplacement depth first, due to lower fluid viscosity. As the sand slurry emplaced, the transition from slurry flow to pore water percolation occurred. This transition resulted in preferred flow channels ∼6 mm wide in which sand grains were weakly aligned (laminae). The hydrocarbon‐sand slurry intruded the dewatering sands and locally deformed the laminae. Compaction of the injectite deposit and pore fluid escape caused spaced compaction bands and dewatering pipes which created convolutions of the laminae. The hydrocarbon‐rich sand slurry is preserved today as dolomite‐cemented sand with oil inclusions. The laminae in this injectite are easily detected due to preferential iron oxide‐cementation of the well‐aligned sand laminae, and lack of cement in the alternating laminae. Subtle textures like these may develop during sand flow and be present but difficult to detect in other settings. They may explain permeability anisotropy in other sand deposits.
Disappearance of equatorial plasma bubble after interaction with mid‐latitude medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance
Authors: Otsuka Y. , Shiokawa K. , Ogawa T.
Published: June 2012

We report simultaneous observations of an equatorial plasma bubble and a Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (MSTID) in 630‐nm airglow images taken with an all‐sky airglow imager at Shigaraki (34.9°N, 136.1°E; dip angle of the geomagnetic field ∼49°), Japan. Clear depletion of the 630‐nm airglow intensity was observed as the equatorial plasma bubble propagated eastward, whereas the MSTID, which had a wavefront aligned from northwest to southeast, propagated southwestward. This result indicates that MSTIDs do not propagate at the same velocity as the ambient plasma, which is clearly shown by the eastward motion of the plasma bubbles. We found that the airglow depletion caused by the plasma bubble disappeared when the plasma bubble encountered the MSTID. The plasma depletion could be filled with ambient rich plasma that moved into the plasma‐depleted region byE × B drift associated with the MSTID, indicating that MSTIDs are accompanied by electric field perturbations.
Mudflat runnels: Evidence and importance of very shallow flows in intertidal morphodynamics
Authors: Fagherazzi S. , Mariotti G.
Published: June 2012

Mudflats are often dissected by nearly‐parallel runnels separated by ridges. High resolution data of tidal velocity and sediment concentration measured in a mudflat runnel in Willapa Bay, Washington State, USA, indicate that very shallow flows draining the mudflat platform are concentrated in the runnels. These flows, with water depths of few tens of centimeters, are characterized by velocities close to the flood and ebb maxima associated to the regional flow when the mudflat is submerged. The corresponding shear stresses are higher than the critical stress for erosion, thus suggesting possible remobilization of surface sediments. Moreover, suspended sediment concentrations in the runnel are greater than those associated with the regional tidal flow, and comparable to concentrations during energetic wave conditions. All this evidence indicates that shallow flows in runnels are important morphodynamic agents producing noteworthy geomorphic work.
Bringing physics to life at the submesoscale
Authors: Lévy Marina , Ferrari Raffaele , Franks Peter J. S. , Martin Adrian P. , Rivière Pascal
Published: June 2012

A common dynamical paradigm is that turbulence in the upper ocean is dominated by three classes of motion: mesoscale geostrophic eddies, internal waves and microscale three‐dimensional turbulence. Close to the ocean surface, however, a fourth class of turbulent motion is important: submesoscale frontal dynamics. These have a horizontal scale of O(1–10) km, a vertical scale of O(100) m, and a time scale of O(1) day. Here we review the physical‐chemical‐biological dynamics of submesoscale features, and discuss strategies for sampling them. Submesoscale fronts arise dynamically through nonlinear instabilities of the mesoscale currents. They are ephemeral, lasting only a few days after they are formed. Strong submesoscale vertical velocities can drive episodic nutrient pulses to the euphotic zone, and subduct organic carbon into the ocean's interior. The reduction of vertical mixing at submesoscale fronts can locally increase the mean time that photosynthetic organisms spend in the well‐lit euphotic layer and promote primary production. Horizontal stirring can create intense patchiness in planktonic species. Submesoscale dynamics therefore can change not only primary and export production, but also the structure and the functioning of the planktonic ecosystem. Because of their short time and space scales, sampling of submesoscale features requires new technologies and approaches. This paper presents a critical overview of current knowledge to focus attention and hopefully interest on the pressing scientific questions concerning these dynamics.
The potential for a great earthquake along the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone
Authors: Hsu Ya‐Ju , Ando Masataka , Yu Shui‐Beih , Simons Mark
Published: June 2012

Interseismic GPS data along the Hualien‐Suao coast (NE Taiwan) shows a pattern of strain accumulation that is consistent with a potential future large shallow earthquake along the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone. The measured shortening rate parallel to the Ryukyu Trench is 80 mm/yr, about twice of the shortening rate perpendicular to the Ryukyu Trench. We invert for slip‐deficit rates and the geometric configuration of the plate interface. Our preferred fault model dips 10° northward and extends about 70 km from the Ryukyu Trench to a depth of 13 km. The slip‐deficit rate exhibits a left‐lateral motion of 78 mm/yr and a normal motion of 36 mm/yr on a 290°‐trending fault. The slip rate budget of the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone is close to the plate convergence rate, suggesting the plate interface is fully locked. Assessments of seismic hazard in this region need to consider the potential threat from Mw7.5∼8.7 tsunami earthquakes generated by shallow ruptures.
The correlation of ULF waves and auroral intensity before, during and after substorm expansion phase onset
Authors: Rae I. Jonathan , Watt Clare E. J. , Murphy Kyle R. , Frey Harald U. , Ozeke Louis G. , Milling David K. , Mann Ian R.
Published: June 2012

We present case studies of the evolution of Ultra‐Low Frequency (ULF) magnetic wave amplitudes and auroral intensity through the late growth phase and the expansion phase of the substorm cycle. We present strong evidence that substorm‐related auroral enhancements are clearly and demonstrably linked to ULF wave amplitudes observed at the same location. In all three case studies presented, the correlation analysis shows that the ULF wave activity and auroral intensities are highly correlated at close to zero lag. We discuss four possible explanations that may be able to explain both the timing and the high correlations between these two phenomena, including a simple coincidence, an artifact of instrumental effects, the response of the ionosphere to magnetic waves and auroral particle precipitation, and finally, that ULF waves and auroral particle precipitation are physically linked at their source. We discount coincidence and instrumental effects since we present multiple events where instrumental effects have a negligible contribution, and we find that the ionospheric response to waves and precipitation can explain some, but not all, of the results contained within this paper. Specifically, the ionospheric response to substorm waves and auroral precipitation cannot explain the result backed up by previous studies that the onset of ULF wave activity and the onset of auroral particle precipitation occur at the same time and in the same location. This leaves the possibility that ULF waves and auroral particles are physically linked at their source. We therefore re‐emphasize the importance of ULF wave observations in fully understanding the mechanism or mechanisms responsible for rapid auroral brightenings.
What determines the spatial pattern in summer upwelling trends on the U.S. West Coast?
Authors: Seo Hyodae , Brink Kenneth H. , Dorman Clive E. , Koracin Darko , Edwards Christopher A.
Published: June 2012

Analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) from coastal buoys suggests that the summertime over‐shelf water temperature off the U.S. West Coast has been declining during the past 30 years at an average rate of −0.19°C decade−1. This cooling trend manifests itself more strongly off south‐central California than off Oregon and northern California. The variability and trend in the upwelling north of off San Francisco are positively correlated with those of the equatorward wind, indicating a role of offshore Ekman transport in the north. In contrast, Ekman pumping associated with wind stress curls better explains the stronger and statistically more significant cooling trend in the south. While the coast‐wide variability and trend in SST are strongly correlated with those of large‐scale modes of climate variability, they in general fail to explain the southward intensification of the trend in SST and wind stress curl. This result suggests that the local wind stress curl, often topographically forced, may have played a role in the upwelling trend pattern.
The effect of biological activity, CaCO3 mineral dynamics, and CO2 degassing in the inorganic carbon cycle in sea ice in late winter‐early spring in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Papadimitriou S. , Kennedy H. , Norman L. , Kennedy D. P. , Dieckmann G. S. , Thomas D. N.
Published: June 2012

A large‐scale geographical study of the ice pack in the seasonal ice zone of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, took place from September to October 2006. Sea ice brines with a salinity greater than 58 and temperature lower than −3.6°C were sampled from 22 ice stations. The brines had large deficits in total alkalinity and in the concentrations of the major dissolved macronutrients (total dissolved inorganic carbon, nitrate, and soluble reactive phosphorus) relative to their concentrations in the surface oceanic water and conservative behavior during seawater freezing. The concentration deficits were related to the dissolved inorganic carbon‐consuming processes of photosynthesis, CaCO3 precipitation, and CO2 degassing. The largest concentration deficits in total dissolved inorganic carbon were found to be associated with CaCO3 precipitation and CO2 degassing, because the magnitude of the photosynthesis‐induced concentration deficit in total dissolved inorganic carbon is controlled by the size of the inorganic nutrient pool, which can be limited in sea ice by its openness to exchange with the surrounding oceanic water.
Dayside thermal structure of Venus' upper atmosphere characterized by a global model
Authors: Brecht A. S. , Bougher S. W.
Published: June 2012

Observations of Venus' dayside thermal structure are being conducted through ground based observatories. These temperature measurements, along with those from several instruments onboard the current Venus Express mission, are augmenting the previous thermal structure data from past missions (e.g., Veneras', Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Pioneer Venus Probes). These recent ground‐based and VEx observations reveal the Venus dayside lower thermosphere to be considerably warmer and dynamically important than previously understood. In this study, a three dimensional general circulation model, the Venus Thermospheric General Circulation Model (VTGCM), is used to provide dayside temperature predictions for comparison to these recent ground based observations. Such a comparison serves to identify and quantify the underlying thermal processes responsible for the observed dayside temperature structure. The VTGCM reproduces the dayside temperatures observed near 110 km at noon from 40°S to 40°N very well. In addition, the global winds generated by these warm dayside temperatures are shown to give rise to dayside upwelling (divergence) and nightside subsidence (convergence) resulting in nightside warming near the anti‐solar point at ∼104 km. Corresponding nightside temperatures reach ∼198 K, in accord with averaged measurements. This agreement implies (1) it is important for GCMs to include the updated radiative heating and cooling rates presented in Roldán et al. (2000) and (2) the current VTS3 and VIRA empirical models are in‐sufficient in representing the warm regions observed in the thermal structure of the dayside lower thermosphere (∼100 to 130 km) and need to be updated.
Simultaneous Measurement of Glucose Blood–Brain Transport Constants and Metabolic Rate in Rat Brain using in-vivo1H MRS
Authors: Du Fei , Zhang Yi , Zhu Xiao-Hong , Chen Wei
Published: June 2012

Cerebral glucose consumption and glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier are crucial to brain function since glucose is the major energy fuel for supporting intense electrophysiological activity associated with neuronal firing and signaling. Therefore, the development of noninvasive methods to measure the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) and glucose transport constants ( KT: half-saturation constant; Tmax: maximum transport rate) are of importance for understanding glucose transport mechanism and neuroenergetics under various physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, a novel approach able to simultaneously measure CMRglc, KT, and Tmax via monitoring the dynamic glucose concentration changes in the brain tissue using in-vivo1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and in plasma after a brief glucose infusion was proposed and tested using an animal model. The values of CMRglc, Tmax, and KT were determined to be 0.44±0.17  μmol/g per minute, 1.35±0.47  μmol/g per minute, and 13.4±6.8 mmol/L in the rat brain anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The Monte-Carlo simulations suggest that the measurements of CMRglc and Tmax are more reliable than that of KT. The overall results indicate that the new approach is robust and reliable for in-vivo measurements of both brain glucose metabolic rate and transport constants, and has potential for human application.
Quantitative Importance of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Determined by Incorporation of 13C from [2-13C]- and [3-13C]Glucose into TCA Cycle Intermediates and Neurotransmitter Amino Acids in Functionally Intact Neurons
Authors: Brekke Eva M F , Walls Anne B , Schousboe Arne , Waagepetersen Helle S , Sonnewald Ursula
Published: June 2012

The brain is highly susceptible to oxidative injury, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) has been shown to be affected by pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury. While this pathway has been investigated in the intact brain and in astrocytes, little is known about the PPP in neurons. The activity of the PPP was quantified in cultured cerebral cortical and cerebellar neurons after incubation in the presence of [2-13C]glucose or [3-13C]glucose. The activity of the PPP was several fold lower than glycolysis in both types of neurons. While metabolism of 13C-labeled glucose via the PPP does not appear to contribute to the production of releasable lactate, it contributes to labeling of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and related amino acids. Based on glutamate isotopomers, it was calculated that PPP activity accounts for ∼6% of glucose metabolism in cortical neurons and ∼4% in cerebellar neurons. This is the first demonstration that pyruvate generated from glucose via the PPP contributes to the synthesis of acetyl CoA for oxidation in the TCA cycle. Moreover, the fact that 13C labeling from glucose is incorporated into glutamate proves that both the oxidative and the nonoxidative stages of the PPP are active in neurons.
Robust Quantification of Microvascular Transit Times via Linear Dynamical Systems using Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy Data
Authors: Chinta Lakshminarayan V , Lindvere Liis , Stefanovic Bojana
Published: June 2012

Vascular transit time is an important indicator of microcirculatory health. We present a second-order-plus-dead-time (SOPDT) model for robust estimation of kinetic parameters characterizing microvascular bolus passage using two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) in anesthetized rats receiving somatosensory stimulation. This methodology enables quantification of transit time, time-to-peak, overshoot, and rate of bolus passage through the microvascular network. The overall transit time during stimulation, of 2.2±0.1 seconds, was shorter ( P∼0.0008) than that at rest (2.7±0.2 seconds). When compared with conventional γ-variate modeling, the SOPDT modeling yielded better quality of fit both at rest ( P<0.0001) and on activation ( P<0.001).
Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 in Central Nervous System Injury: A Focused Review
Authors: Simard J Marc , Woo S Kyoon , Schwartzbauer Gary T , Gerzanich Volodymyr
Published: June 2012

The sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1)-regulated NCCa-ATP channel is a nonselective cation channel that is regulated by intracellular calcium and adenosine triphosphate. The channel is not constitutively expressed, but is transcriptionally upregulated de novo in all cells of the neurovascular unit, in many forms of central nervous system (CNS) injury, including cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The channel is linked to microvascular dysfunction that manifests as edema formation and delayed secondary hemorrhage. Also implicated in oncotic cell swelling and oncotic (necrotic) cell death, the channel is a major molecular mechanism of ‘accidental necrotic cell death’ in the CNS. In animal models of SCI, pharmacological inhibition of Sur1 by glibenclamide, as well as gene suppression of Abcc8, prevents delayed capillary fragmentation and tissue necrosis. In models of stroke and TBI, glibenclamide ameliorates edema, secondary hemorrhage, and tissue damage. In a model of SAH, glibenclamide attenuates the inflammatory response due to extravasated blood. Clinical trials of an intravenous formulation of glibenclamide in TBI and stroke underscore the importance of recent advances in understanding the role of the Sur1-regulated NCCa-ATP channel in acute ischemic, traumatic, and inflammatory injury to the CNS.