bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure And Martensitic Transformation in Ni44Mn43.5Sn12.5-xAlx Heusler Alloys
Authors: Maziarz W. , Czaja P. , Czeppe T. , Góral A. , Litynska-Dobrzynska L. , Major Ł. , Dutkiewicz J.
Published: July 2013

Alloys with constant Ni/Mn ratio equal to 1.01 of nominal compositions Ni44Mn43.5Sn12.5-xAlx (x = 0, 1, 2 and 3) were induction cast, homogenized in vacuum for 6 hours at 1000ºC, annealed for 1 h at 900 and water quenched for solution treatment (ST). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed that the quenched alloys undergo martensitic transformation with martensite start temperatures (Ms) ranging from - 140 up to - 80ºC. An increase of Ms temperature with increasing of the aluminum content as well as the linear relationship between Ms and the conductive electron concentration (e/a) was observed. DSC has been used also to estimate the associated entropy change from the transformation heat Q and peak position temperature Tp; corresponding to ΔS ≈ Q/Tp. X-Ray diffraction phase analyses performed at room temperature proved that in all ST alloys the L21 Heusler structure is present. However, a different degree of order of this phase was observed, what was manifested by a decrease of intensity of the 111 superlattice reflection of the L21 structure with an increase of Al content. The ordering behavior was also proven by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations, particularly electron diffraction patterns. The evolution of microstructure after different treatments was also illustrated by light microscopy observations.
Modification of the Hypo-Eutectic Al-Si Alloys with an Exothermic Modifier
Authors: Lipiński T. , Szabracki P.
Published: July 2013

Results of studies on the modification of AlSi7Mg alloy with an exotherimc modifier are presented in the paper. MgO, Cr2O3, Na2O2, NaNO3, Na2MoO4 were used as modifiers in the amount of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25%, and Cr2O3+Al, NaNO3+Al, Na2MoO4+Al were applied as exothermic modifiers with Al as the reducing agent in the amount of 0.04-0.3%. The analyzed modifiers were incorporated in line with factorial design 23. The Inmold modification method was applied. The microstructure of selected modified alloys was presented, and their tensile strength, percentage elongation and Brinell hardness number were given in graphic form. The results of the study indicate that the use of modifiers delivering an exothermic effect influences the effectiveness of silumin modification.
Synthesis of Zno Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition of Basic Zinc Carbonate
Authors: Hutera B. , Kmita A. , Olejnik E. , Tokarski T.
Published: July 2013

The paper presents a method for obtaining nanoparticles of ZnO by thermal decomposition of the Zn-containing compounds. The experiment was based on the thermal decomposition of basic zinc carbonate to zinc oxide (with a content of 58-61 wt.%). Basic zinc carbonate was analysed by derivatography and then annealed at a selected temperature (about 600ºC) for about 1 h. Products of thermal decomposition of the compound were studied by XRD analysis and SEM scanning microscopy.
Application of Crystal Plasticity Model for Simulation of Polycrystalline Aluminum Sample Behavior During Plain Strain Compression Test
Authors: Wajda W. , Madej Ł. , Paul H.
Published: July 2013

Capabilities of crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model in application to modeling polycrystalline aluminum sample behavior during plain strain compression test are discussed within the present work. To simplify analysis of material behavior during plain strain compression the aluminum specimen is composed of only three grains, both in experiment and numerical simulation. To reconstruct appropriate grains morphology a digital material representation (DMR) technique is used. The predicted/calculated values of loads and pole figures are compared with the experimental data. Calculated results remain in good agreement with experimental data what highlight predictive capabilities of the proposed approach in modeling material behavior under loading conditions. The conclusions regarding model capabilities and possible improvements during further work are also drawn in the paper.
Tem Investigation of Phases Formed During Aluminium Wetting of MgO at [100], [110] and [111] Orientations
Authors: Morgiel J. , Sobczak N. , Pomorska M. , Nowak R. , Wojewoda-Budka J.
Published: July 2013

The interaction of liquid aluminium (5N) with single crystal MgO substrates of [100], [110] and [111] orientations (surface roughness <1 nm) were studied using sessile drop wettability test performed at 1000ºC for 1 hour in vacuum (5 x 10-6 mbar). The observations performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the interaction of liquid metal with MgO crystals in all cases resulted in the formation of reaction products region (RPR) of thickness varying from ∽40 up to ∽80 microns in depth. In each case the RPR consisted mainly of coarse dendrite-like crystallites of few microns thick surrounded by net of much thinner channels. Occasionally away from the RPR centre the areas built of much finner but also dendrite- or filament-like crystallites were noted. The thin foils for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations were cut using focused ion beam system (FIB) both from drop/RPR as well as RPR/MgO interfacial regions. The electron diffractions proved that the dominating coarse dendrite-like crystallites are of the same α-Al2O3 type throughout the whole RPR for all substrates orientations. Similarly, the colonies of finer crystallites always showed diffraction patterns characteristic for MgAl2O4 spinel. Therefore, the performed investigation indicated, that both the reaction layer depth and the reaction path represented by the sequence and type of phases present in Al/MgO RPR remain roughly similar for all examined orientations, i.e. that the substrate orientation control neither reaction kinetics, nor affects final phase composition of RPR.
Sem and Tem Studies of NiAl2O4 Spinel Phase Distribution in Alumina Matrix
Authors: Konopka K. , Litynska-Dobrzynska L. , Dutkiewicz J.
Published: July 2013

Methods of enhancing of mechanical properties of ceramic-metal composites, particularly fracture toughness by introducing dispersed metal particles such as W, Mo, Ni, Al, etc to a ceramic matrix are well known. However, the dependence of the microstructures, especially interfaces, on the properties of composites is not well understood yet. Moreover, the ceramic-metal interfaces play a crucial role in tailoring the composite properties.

In this paper we examine the alumina matrix composite with NiAl2O4 spinel phase and present the SEM and TEM studies of spinel distribution, size and crystallographic orientation. The composites were prepared by sintering Al2O3 and Ni powders below the melting point of Ni in argon. During the process of sintering the spinel phase appeared. It was not homogeneously distributed in the alumina matrix. The spinel phase areas were linked together and constituted an almost continuous form. We observed that the distribution and size of spinel influenced the fracture toughness of the composite.
Study of Ni-20Cr Coatings for High Temperature Applications – A Review
Authors: Kumar M. , Singh H. , Singh N.
Published: July 2013

Hot corrosion is a serious problem in various high temperature applications. The thermal spray coatings provides possible solution to counter the problem of hot corrosion in high temperature environment and enhances the life of equipment. Ni-20Cr alloy compositions require long initiation time at which the hot corrosion process moves from the initiation stage to the propagation stage. In this review, the performance of Ni-Cr coatings by different investigators has been presented to understand the mechanism of hot corrosion under different environments.
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria in the Ternary Cu-Pb-Fe System
Authors: Onderka B. , Jendrzejczyk-Handzlik D. , Fitzner K.
Published: July 2013

Using experimental data available in the literature, two binary systems, namely Cu-Pb and Fe-Pb were recalculated. Next, accepting Cu-Fe phase diagram assessment as given by Ansara and Jansson, the ternary Cu-Fe-Pb system was analyzed. Calculated equilibrium lines and thermodynamic functions are compared with existing experimental data. Good agreement was found between the calculated diagram and the experimental results. Having the system optimized, functional dependences of the logarithms of the activity coefficients on temperature and concentrations for Cu, Fe and Pb in the liquid solution are given.
The Nitrogen Content Effect on Carbonitride Coagulation in 40Cr8 Steel with Micro-Additions V and V + Al
Authors: Głowacz E. , Adrian H. , Osuch W.
Published: July 2013

The work examines the effect of nitrogen and micro-additions V and V+Al on the austenite grain size and the coagulation of carbonitride precipitates in 40Cr8 steel. The analyzed materials underwent heat treatment consisting in holding the material at 1200ºC for 1h, which was next exposed to furnace cooling down to 820ºC and maintained at this temperature for 20hrs, and subsequently quenched in water. With the application of electron microscopy, the microstructure and the formed carbonitride precipitates were examined. The SigmaScanPro software was used to perform the quantitative metallographic analysis of the precipitates. The study demonstrated that increase in the content of nitrogen inhibits the coagulation rate of carbonitrides, whereas aluminium favours the tendency for coagulation and efficiently inhibits the austenite grain growth.
Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of Aisi 316L Stainless Steel Used for Implants in Human Urinary System
Authors: Walke W. , Przondziono J.
Published: July 2013

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate physicochemical and electrochemical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel with modified surface, used for implants in human urinary system. In order to simulate conditions, which occur in the tissue environment of the urinary system, the test pieces were exposed in a urinary solution at temperature of T=37 ±1ºC, for a period of 30 days. Evaluation of physicochemical properties of biomaterial was made on the basis of surface chemical analysis (XPS). To evaluate the effects which occur on the surface of the examined steel, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method was also employed. Analysis of test results shows favourable influence of the suggested surface treatment of AISI 316L stainless steel. Samples having electrolytically polished and chemically passivated surface featured the best physicochemical and electrochemical characteristics.
Spatial Distribution of Cementite Particles in Fe-0.67% C Steel
Authors: Matusiewicz P. , Czarski A.
Published: July 2013

The particles arrangement in material space is represented by point field determined by the particle reference points, i.e., particle centers which can be described by the pair-correlation function (PCF) g3(r); r - correlation distance. Information about g3(r) can be obtained by stereological method based on the PCF g2(r), which describes the point field on the planar section determined by the centers of particle planar sections. In this paper the arrangement of cementite (Fe3C) particles during coarsening in Fe - 0,67%C steel at 715ºC in a form of two materials (A, B) of different microstructure of the coarse spheroidite (with different matrix grain size and particles position) was investigated. In material A, the particles are mainly at grain (subgrain) boundaries of fine-grained matrix. In material B, particles are mainly inside grains of coarse-grained ferrite. For material A, the empirical PCF g2(r) for a long time of coarsening (600 hours) is shifted towards larger r and is more flat near the g2(r) =1 than the one of coarsening for 50 hours. For material B, the g2(r) for both annealing times are not significantly different. This is consistent with the results of the probability density function f2(d) analysis for diameter (d) of the particle sections. Obtained PCF g2(r) are similar to the PCF g2(r) for planar section of the Stienen model. This means that for both type of microstructures the PCF - g3(r) =1, i.e., particles are distributed randomly in space and the sizes of the neighboring particles are correlated with each other.
Transient one-dimensional model of coal carbonization in a stagnant packed bed
Authors: Polesek-Karczewska Sylwia , Kardaś Dariusz , Wardach-Święcicka Izabela , Grucelski Arkadiusz , Stelmach Sławomir
Published: July 2013

In the present paper, the one-dimensional model for heat and mass transfer in fixed coal bed was proposed to describe the thermal and flow characteristics in a coke oven chamber. For the purpose of the studied problem, the analysis was limited to the calculations of temperature field and pyrolytic gas yield. In order to verify the model, its theoretical predictions for temperature distribution during wet coal charge carbonization were compared with the measurement results found in the literature. In general, the investigation shows good qualitative agreement between numerical and experimental data. However, some discrepancy regarding the temperature characteristics at the stage of evaporation was observed.
Gender, Vertical Height and Horizontal Distance Effects on Single-Leg Landing Kinematics: Implications for Risk of non-contact ACL Injury
Authors: Ali Nicholas , Rouhi Gholamreza , Robertson Gordon
Published: July 2013

There is a lack of studies investigating gender differences in whole-body kinematics during single-leg landings from increasing vertical heights and horizontal distances. This study determined the main effects and interactions of gender, vertical height, and horizontal distance on whole-body joint kinematics during single-leg landings, and established whether these findings could explain the gender disparity in non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rate. Recreationally active males (n=6) and females (n=6) performed single-leg landings from a takeoff deck of vertical height of 20, 40, and 60 cm placed at a horizontal distance of 30, 50 and 70 cm from the edge of a force platform, while 3D kinematics and kinetics were simultaneously measured. It was determined that peak vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and the ankle flexion angle exhibited significant gender differences (p=0.028, partial η2=0.40 and p=0.035, partial η2=0.37, respectively). Peak VGRF was significantly correlated to the ankle flexion angle (r= -0.59, p=0.04), hip flexion angle (r= -0.74, p=0.006), and trunk flexion angle (r= -0.59, p=0.045). Peak posterior ground reaction force (PGRF) was significantly correlated to the ankle flexion angle (r= -0.56, p=0.035), while peak knee abduction moment was significantly correlated to the knee flexion angle (r= -0.64, p=0.03). Rearfoot landings may explain the higher ACL injury rate among females. Higher plantar-flexed ankle, hip, and trunk flexion angles were associated with lower peak ground reaction forces, while higher knee flexion angle was associated with lower peak knee abduction moment, and these kinematics implicate reduced risk of non-contact ACL injury.
Reliability of Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric Knee Extension and Flexion when using the REV9000 Isokinetic Dynamometer
Authors: Pereira de Carvalho Froufe Andrade Alberto César , Caserotti Paolo , Pereira de Carvalho Carlos Manuel , André de Azevedo Abade Eduardo , Jaime da Eira Sampaio António
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of isokinetic and ISO knee extensor and flexor muscle strength when using the REV9000 (Technogym) isokinetic dynamometer. Moreover, the reliability of several strength imbalance indices and bilateral ratios were also examined. Twenty-four physically active healthy subjects (age 23±3 years) underwent three testing sessions, two on the same day and a third, 7 days later. All sessions proceeded in the same order: five concentric contractions at 60ºs-1 followed by an isometric contraction (5 seconds) and five eccentric contractions (60ºs-1). The results of this study showed a high reproducibility in eccentric (0.95-0.97), concentric (0.95- 0.96) and isometric (0.93-0.96), isokinetic strength for knee extensor and flexor muscles, thus indicating that the REV9000 isokinetic dynamometer can be used in future sports performance studies. A low-to-moderate reliability was found in the isokinetic strength bilateral ratios while the Hamstring:Quadricep concentric ratio showed moderate reliability. The highest reliability (>0.90) was observed in the dynamic control ratio (Hamstring eccentric:Quadricep concentric) which consequently confirms that it is a more valid indicator for imbalanced reciprocal parameters and can be used in rehabilitation and sports medicine.
Effect of Kinesio Tape Application on Calf Pain and Ankle Range of Motion in Duathletes
Authors: Merino-Marban Rafael , Mayorga-Vega Daniel , Fernandez-Rodriguez Emilio
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the kinesio tape immediately after its application and after a duathlon competition on calf pain and the ankle range of motion in duathletes. A sample of 28 duathletes (age 29.11 ± 10.35 years; body height 172.57 ± 6.17 cm; body mass 66.63 ± 9.01 kg; body mass index 22.29 ± 2.00 kg/m2) were recruited from the competitors in a duathlon sprint. The Numerical Pain Rating Scale and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion measures were obtained at baseline, immediately after taping and 10 to 15 minutes after ending the duathlon competition. The kinesio tape was applied on the calf of duathletes 20 to 90 minutes before the competition, only on one of their legs (experimental leg) with the other leg acting as a control (control leg) in a randomized order. According to the between-group comparison, no differences were found immediately after the application of the kinesio tape and after the competition in the ankle range of motion and calf pain. However, a significant difference from baseline to immediately after taping was found in the ankle range of motion in the experimental leg. Applying the kinesio tape on the calf seems to immediately increase ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, but not after a duathlon competition. Applying the kinesio tape on the calf does not reduce muscle pain immediately or after a duathlon competition, but it appears to control an increase in pain.
Home Advantage in Men’s and Women’s Spanish First and Second Division Water Polo Leagues
Authors: Prieto Jaime , Gómez Miguel-Ángel , Pollard Richard
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to quantify the home advantage in both men’s and women’s First and Second Division water polo leagues, to compare the results obtained according to sex of participants and the level of competition, and to test for possible differences in home advantage when considering the interaction between these two factors. The sample comprised four seasons from 2007-2008 to 2010-2011 for a total of 1942 games analyzed. The results showed the existence of home advantage in both men’s and women’s First and Second Divisions. After controlling for the competitive balance of each league in each season, there was a significant difference between men’s and women’s leagues, with higher home advantage for men’s leagues (58.60% compared with 53.70% for women’s leagues). There was also a significant difference between the levels of competition, with greater home advantage for the Second Division (57.95% compared with 54.35% for First Division). No significant differences in home advantage were found when considering the interaction between sex of participants and the level of competition. The results in relation to sex of participants and the level of competition are consistent with previous studies in other sports such as football or handball.
Effects of a Circuit Training Program on Muscular and Cardiovascular Endurance and their Maintenance in Schoolchildren
Authors: Mayorga-Vega Daniel , Viciana Jesús , Cocca Armando
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a circuit training program along with a maintenance program on muscular and cardiovascular endurance in children in a physical education setting. Seventy two children 10-12 years old from four different classes were randomly grouped into either an experimental group (n = 35) or a control group (n = 37) (two classes for each group). After an eight-week development program carried out twice a week and a four-week detraining period, the experimental group performed a four-week maintenance program once a week. The program included one circuit of eight stations of 15/45 to 35/25 seconds of work/rest performed twice. Abdominal muscular endurance (sit-ups in 30 seconds test), upper-limbs muscular endurance (bent arm hang test), and cardiovascular endurance (20-m endurance shuttle run test) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the development program, and at the end of the maintenance program. After the development program, muscular and cardiovascular endurance increased significantly in the experimental group (p < 0.05). The gains obtained remained after the maintenance program. The respective values did not change in the control group (p > 0.05). The results showed that the circuit training program was effective to increase and maintain both muscular and cardiovascular endurance among schoolchildren. This could help physical education teachers design programs that permit students to maintain fit muscular and cardiovascular endurance levels.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Identification of Aircraft Aerodynamic Derivatives
Authors: Lichota Piotr , Lasek Maciej
Published: July 2013

This article investigates identification of aircraft aerodynamic derivatives. The identification is performed on the basis of the parameters stored by Flight Data Recorder. The problem is solved in time domain by Quad-M Method. Aircraft dynamics is described by a parametric model that is defined in Body-Fixed-Coordinate System. Identification of the aerodynamic derivatives is obtained by Maximum Likelihood Estimation. For finding cost function minimum, Lavenberg-Marquardt Algorithm is used. Additional effects due to process noise are included in the state-space representation. The impact of initial values on the solution is discussed. The presented method was implemented in Matlab R2009b environment.
Assessment of the Concept of a Propeller Working in a Slot in the Middle of Wing of a Micro Air Vehicle
Authors: Mieloszyk Jacek , Galinski Cezary
Published: July 2013

Two configurations of micro-airplanes are compared in this paper. The first, very innovative one, has a propeller working in a slot in the middle of the wing. The second airplane has more classical configuration with a pusher propeller. Advantages and disadvantages of both configurations are evaluated, which makes it possible to assess what are the best possible mission types for each micro-airplane.
Numerical Analysis of Flow Averaging Tubes in the Vortex-Shedding Regime
Authors: Kabacinski Mirosław , Lachowicz Cyprian T. , Pospolita Janusz
Published: July 2013

This paper presents a study on flowmeters oscillatory motion when subjected to periodical, enforced vibrations induced by vortex-shedding. The proposed mathematical modelling of flow was compared to corresponding numerical simulation, in form of modal analysis. The frequencies of vortices generation and detachment were calculated for a number of flow velocities in two different flowmeter profile variants. The performed modal evaluation enabled estimating their natural frequencies, and in consequence the acquired data helped us to determine flow velocity for which the analyzed structures were prone to resonant vibrations.
Closure of dilates of shift-invariant subspaces
Authors: Soto-Bajo Moisés
Published: July 2013

Let V be any shift-invariant subspace of square summable functions. We prove that if for some A expansive dilation V is A-refinable, then the completeness property is equivalent to several conditions on the local behaviour at the origin of the spectral function of V, among them the origin is a point of A*-approximate continuity of the spectral function if we assume this value to be one. We present our results also in a more general setting of A-reducing spaces. We also prove that the origin is a point of A*-approximate continuity of the Fourier transform of any semiorthogonal tight frame wavelet if we assume this value to be zero.
The box parameter for words and permutations
Authors: Prodinger Helmut
Published: July 2013

The box parameter for words counts how often two letters w j and w k define a “box” such that all the letters w j+1; ..., w k−1 fall into that box. It is related to the visibility parameter and other parameters on words. Three models are considered: Words over a finite alphabet, permutations, and words with letters following a geometric distribution. A typical result is: The average box parameter for words over an M letter alphabet is asymptotically given by 2n − 2n H M/M, for fixed M and n → ∞.
The one-point Lindelöfication of an uncountable discrete space can be surlindelöf
Authors: Okunev Oleg
Published: July 2013

We prove that the one-point Lindelöfication of a discrete space of cardinality ω 1 is homeomorphic to a subspace of C p (X) for some hereditarily Lindelöf space X if the axiom
Superconductivity of MgB2 Composited with Mg-Zn Alloys
Authors: Kawabata T. , Namiki T. , Matsuda K. , Tokai D. , Murakami S. , Nishimura K.
Published: July 2013

The three-dimensional penetration method combined with semi-solid casting was used to fabricate metal-powder composite superconducting materials of MgB2 with magnesium alloys: MgB2/Mg - xwt% Zn (x = 1, 3, 6, 9). X-ray diffraction measurements indicated predominant peak patterns of MgB2 and a host alloy. Measured electrical resistivity (ρ) versus temperature showed a clear signal of superconducting transition at about 34 K for all the samples cut out from the composites. External field (H) dependence of ρ(T,H) provided upper critical field of about 5 T. A volume fraction of the superconducting state of the sample estimated from a low external field part of magnetization was almost the same as the nominal ratio of MgB2 powder against the host material. A magnetic hysteresis loop observed at 5 K suggested that an addition of Zn element to magnesium host-matrix little changed the critical current density (Jc). A comparison of the present results with the previous ones of MgB2/Mg-Al-Zn systems confirmed that simultaneously doped Al and Zn were necessary to enhance Jc. Specific heat measurements of the sample with an external field showed that the bulk superconductivity of MgB2 was well conserved in the composites.
Hrtem Observation of the Precipitates in Cu and Ag Added Al-Mg-Si Alloys
Authors: Tokuda M. , Matsuda K. , Nagai T. , Kawabata T. , Nakamura J. , Ikeno S.
Published: July 2013

It has been known that Cu- and Ag-added Al-1.0mass%Mg2Si alloys (Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy and Al-Mg-Si-Ag alloy) have higher hardness and elongation than those of Al-1.0mass%Mg2Si alloy. In this study, the aging behaviour of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy, Al-Mg-Si-Ag alloy and (Cu+Ag)-addition Al -1.0 mass% Mg2Si alloy has been investigated by hardness test and TEM observation. The Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Ag alloy has the fastest age-hardening rate in the early aging period and the finest microstructure at the peak hardness among three alloys. Therefore the microstructure of the precipitate in Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Ag alloy has been investigated by HRTEM observation to understand the effect of Cu and Ag addition on aging precipitation.
Impact Loads in Steel Connections
Authors: Barata Pedro , Rigueiro Constança , Santiago Aldina , Rodrigues Joã Paulo
Published: July 2013

After attacks on World Trade Center (2001), Madrid (2004), London (2005) and Mumbai (2008), special attention was given to the study of robust structures subjected at different accidental loads, allowing localized failure without being damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original cause. The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) showed problems in the design of structural elements: columns collapse, beams buckling and brittle failure of connections. Concerning this last topic, it was realised that the joint structural details plays very significant role behaviour in struc-tures subjected to accidentals loads. The accidental loads may result from an object impact, blast, explosions, earthquake and fire.

The work presented in this paper corresponds to the first work package of the research project Im-pactfire, currently in development at the University of Coimbra; the behaviour of steel beam-column connections against accidental impact loading is the main objective of the project. The cur-rent paper is focused in: i) characterization of the impact scenarios in steel structures, ii) influence of strain rate sensitivity steel material model, and iii) previous research studies on the behaviour of steel beam-column connections against impact loading. At the end, the experimental programme of the research project Impactfire is presented.
Fire Safe Steel Structures - Case Studies
Authors: Outinen Jyri
Published: July 2013

This paper presents practical applications of fire protection methods of steel framed buildings and enlightens the research in the background. The challenges to be met are partly due to the fact that especially the commercial buildings are getting bigger all the time and then also the area to be protected is larger. This leads very often to performance based design. In performance based design the realistic circumstances of the building, fire loads, dimensions, use and the fire risks are evaluated so that a sufficient safety level is achieved. In this kind of design normally part of the structural protection is done by traditional methods. This means that it’s no use of doing protection with too complicated ways, if some part of the structures is possible to protect cost-effectively and easily.
Development of Database for the In-Service Inspection of the Concrete Structures of the Finnish Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Al-Neshawy Fahim , Piironen Jukka , Sistonen Esko , Vesikari Erkki , Ferreira Miguel
Published: July 2013

The in-service inspections are an essential part of aging management and condition monitoring of the nuclear power plants. The purpose of the in-service inspections is to prevent the damage of concrete structure from being increased to such a degree that they could risk the normal operation or safety of nuclear power plant structures. The in-service inspections are generally divided into three categories: visual inspections, special inspections, and monitoring and measurements.

The paper is about the development of a database for the in-service inspections data of the nuclear power plants concrete structures. The objectives of the database are to (i) collect the essential and up-to-date data of the condition and the performance of the NPP concrete structures, (ii) store and update these data effectively, (iii) allow sophisticated search strategies, (iv) produce detailed reports automatically for the condition and the performance of the NPP concrete structures and (v) enable data transfer to other software for further analysis.

The design process of the database includes the system analysis, the logical and physical design, and then the final system implementation ant testing. The structure of the database includes the information about the concrete structural and the surrounding climate, electronic documents and digital photos, visual investigation and diagnosis reports and non-destructive and destructive test results. The structure of the database is established to reflect the time dependent structural and functional performance of the concrete structures. The implementation phase involves in-service inspection raw data collection, validation, and harmonization for general use in the NPP. The raw data will be provided by each plant from their files and records and testing laboratories.

Organization of the in-service inspection results in the database will be useful to define in-service inspection and monitoring programs and establish maintenance strategies. In addition, this database will allow access to the data needed for development of ageing trends which in turn will indicate when critical stage is expected or emphasize when remedial actions are needed. It will also enhance the decision-making process for preventing or mitigating ageing effects by providing information for continued service evaluations and remaining service life estimates.
Everett’s Hypernarrator
Authors: Roof Judith
Published: July 2013

Abstract:

The narrators of Percival Everett’s many novels have become hypernarrators, fronting a far more complex, systemic, multidimensional effect that reflects the growing complexity and paradigmatic shifts of narrative itself. Insofar as narrators are an effect of the narrative, the narrators of Everett’s later novels such as Erasure, American Desert, and Glyph, point to a species of narrative that produces a rich, polyvalent resonance from the dissonances of simultaneity and multidirectionality. Many of Everett’s novels explore the construction and dimensionality of the narrator in narratives that destabilize any possibility of linearity, continuity, predictable cause/effect relationships, or correlations of signification. These narrators simultaneously expose the means by which narrators are constructed in narrative and extend and amplify the possibilities of narrators no longer tied to the imaginary Newtonian coordinates of impersonation.
Les investissements dans les entreprises privées de l'industrie et du commerce — Réalisations en 1955 et perspectives pour 1956 d'après une enquête auprès des chefs d'entreprises
Authors: Gilson J.
Published: July 2013

Le mouvement d'expansion des investissements, déjà constaté en 1954, s'est poursuivi en 1955, mais presque exclusivement dans des grandes entreprises. L'abaissement du prix de revient, mais aussi l'accroissement de la production sont les buts principaux des investissements dans l'industrie. L'autofinancement n'a rien perdu de sa prépondérance, mais le marché financier a tenu une place importante, en 1955, dans le financement des investissements.

Perspectives d'une nouvelle progression des investissements en 1956.
La localisation des cultures et des productions animales en France
Authors: Klatzmann Joseph
Published: July 2013

L'I.N.S.E.E. a récemment publié un ouvrage sur la localisation des productions agricoles en France. Il a paru intéressant d'en publier quelques extraits dans Études et Conjoncture.

On se préoccupe en effet de plus en plus, actuellement, des problèmes d'aménagement régional. Or, la réussite des programmes de mise en valeur exige la réalisation préalable d'études approfondies, conduites suivant une méthode scientifique. Un ouvrage qui apporte à la fois une méthode et des résultats, dans un domaine aussi important que l'agriculture, présente donc un intérêt tout particulier. Les extraits publiés ci-après donneront une idée de son contenu à un public étendu. Mais il est clair que c'est seulement en se reportant à l'ouvrage lui-même que le lecteur intéressé soit par les questions agricoles, soit par le problème général de la localisation, pourra en avoir une vue d'ensemble.

Le problème de la localisation est, dans ce travail, envisagé sous ses différents aspects : décrire la situation actuelle, l'expliquer, enfin étudier les moyens de l'améliorer. Il comprend de ce fait trois parties, intitulées respectivement : la localisation actuelle des cultures et des productions animales, les facteurs de la localisation des productions agricoles, les bases théoriques d'une localisation rationnelle des productions agricoles.

Voici, à titre d'introduction à la lecture des extraits, quelques passages de la préface, rédigée par M. F.-L. Closon, directeur général de l'I.N.S.E.E.
Solon, libérateur d'Éleusis dans les « Histoires » d'Hérodote
Authors: L'Homme-Wery Louise-Marie
Published: July 2013

L'épigramme funéraire d'Isidotè, qui associe l'olbos — le bonheur que donnent les Mystères d'Eleusis dans la mort — au sort des jumeaux d'Argos, invite à considérer que la notion d'olbos éleusinien est de même présente dans le chapitre d'Hérodote I, 29-31 : Solon y développe son concept du bonheur en faisant indirectement référence à la libération de la Terre Noire d'Eleusis qu'il rappelle dans les trimètres ïambiques du fragment 30 G.-P.
Les nourritures de l'âme. Essai sur la fonction nutritive et séminale dans la biologie d'Aristote
Authors: Margel Serge
Published: July 2013

L'étude sommaire et schématique que nous proposons d'engager a pour enjeu principal le rapport d'implication entre la nourriture assimilée par un être vivant et l'élaboration séminale d'un germe de reproduction, tel qu'il est décrit dans les deux premiers livres de la Génération des animaux d'Aristote. Notre essai tentera tout d'abord d'exposer 1) en quoi consistent les conditions nutritives de la formation du sperme et 2) comment ces conditions doivent s'articuler pour impliquer par cette formation, une différence fonctionnelle des sexes ; après quoi, il s'agira de démontrer 1) que cette différenciation est inscrite dans le principe calorifique et animal de la nourriture et 2) que l'introduction d'une âme intelligente dans le processus de la génération du vivant n'est possible que par l'auto-effacement d'un tel principe.
Le culte impérial dans la compétition des titres sous le Haut-Empire. Une lettre d'Antonin aux Éphésiens
Authors: Collas-Heddeland Emmanuelle
Published: July 2013

La lettre d'Antonin permet d'étudier la querelle qui opposa les trois grandes cités d'Asie Mineure, Éphèse, Pergame et Smyrne, à propos des titres, et notamment celui de «néocore des Augustes». Ce titre était lié au culte impérial provincial, une cité «néocore des Augustes» était «gardienne du temple impérial provincial». Il n'apparaît sur les monnaies et dans les inscriptions que sous les Flaviens, au moment même où il est contesté par une cité rivale. Il conférait à la cité la primauté dans la province lorsque avaient lieu la réunion du koinon et la célébration du culte impérial provincial. Ce document conduit à une nouvelle évaluation des répercussions du culte impérial provincial dans la vie des cités et du rôle de l'empereur dans la vie des provinces de l'Empire.
Measuring Variability in Encounter Norms Among Scuba Divers and Snorkelers: An Application of the Potential for Conflict Index
Authors: Vaske Jerry J. , Heesemann Lauren M. , Loomis David K. , Cottrell Stuart C.
Published: July 2013

The structural norm approach was combined with the Potential for Conflict Index (PCI2) to examine differences in normative tolerances for varying levels of people at one time (PAOT) both within and between scuba divers and snorkelers. Data were obtained from scuba divers
(n = 975) and snorkelers (n = 609) in the Florida keys. Each group evaluated their encounter norms for seeing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and >25 scuba divers (and snorkelers) at one time on scales from “extremely unacceptable” to “extremely acceptable.”
Both groups rated 0 in-group PAOT less positively than 5 PAOT, perhaps a function of safety. In general, however, as the number of scuba divers or snorkelers increased, mean acceptance decreased. Scuba divers could tolerate about 10 other divers or snorkelers. Snorkelers could tolerate more
snorkelers (about 17) than divers (about 10). PCI2 values suggested that there was greatest consensus that 25 or more PAOT was unacceptable and 5 PAOT was most acceptable. Combining the structural norm approach with PCI2 facilitates understanding research findings and
formulating management standards.
Stakeholder Perceptions of Indicators of Tourism Use and Codes of Conduct in a Coastal Protected Area in Alaska
Authors: Pomeranz Emily F. , Needham Mark D. , Kruger Linda E.
Published: July 2013

This article focuses on a collaborative approach for addressing impacts of watercraft-based tourism in Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness, Alaska. This approach is the Wilderness Best Management Practices (WBMP) and involves codes of conduct for managing use in this area. This article
examines use-related indicators that stakeholders prioritize for inclusion in the WBMP and stakeholder motivations for complying with these codes of conduct. Interviews with tour operators, agency personnel, cruise industry representatives, and local residents showed that vessel use levels,
noise, pollution, and impacts on wildlife (e.g., seals) were important social and environmental indicators. Economic and institutional indicators were considered to be less important and included opportunities for inclusive stakeholder communication. Motivations for compliance mainly involved
self-interest reasons (e.g., company image, public relations), but some stakeholders were motivated by peer pressure, awareness, and a sense of stewardship.
Phylogenetic influences on leaf trait integration inPelargonium(Geraniaceae): Convergence, divergence, and historical adaptation to a rapidly changing climate
Authors: Jones Cynthia S. , Martínez‐Cabrera Hugo I. , Nicotra Adrienne B. , Mocko Kerri , Marais Elizabeth M. , Schlichting Carl D.
Published: July 2013

•Premise of the study:Trait integration may improve prediction of species and lineage responses to future climate change more than individual traits alone, particularly when analyses incorporate effects of phylogenetic relationships. The South African genusPelargoniumcontains divergent major clades that have radiated along the same seasonal aridity gradient, presenting the opportunity to ask whether patterns of evolution in mean leaf trait values are achieved through the same set of coordinated changes among traits in each clade.

•Methods:Seven leaf traits were measured on field‐collected leaves from one‐third of the species (98) of the genus. Trait relationships were examined using phylogenetic regression within major clades. Disparity analysis determined whether the course of trait evolution paralleled historical climate change events.

•Key results:Divergence in mean trait values between sister clades A1 and A2 was consistent with expectations for leaves differing in longevity, despite strong similarity between clades in trait interactions. No traits in either clade exhibited significant relationships with multivariate climate axes, with one exception. Species in clades C and A2 included in this study occupied similar environments. These clades had similar values of individual trait means, except for δ13C, but they exhibited distinctive patterns of trait integration.

•Conclusions:Differing present‐day patterns of trait integration are consistent with interpretations of adaptive responses to the prevailing climate at the time of each clade's origin. These differing patterns of integration are likely to exert strong effects on clade‐level responses to future climate change in the winter rainfall region of South Africa.
Community shifts under climate change: Mechanisms at multiple scales
Authors: Gornish Elise S. , Tylianakis Jason M.
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: Processes that drive ecological dynamics differ across spatial scales. Therefore, the pathways through which plant communities and plant–insect relationships respond to changing environmental conditions are also expected to be scale‐dependent. Furthermore, the processes that affect individual species or interactions at single sites may differ from those affecting communities across multiple sites.

• Methods: We reviewed and synthesized peer‐reviewed literature to identify patterns in biotic or abiotic pathways underpinning changes in the composition and diversity of plant communities under three components of climate change (increasing temperature, CO2, and changes in precipitation) and how these differ across spatial scales. We also explored how these changes to plants affect plant–insect interactions.

• Key results: The relative frequency of biotic vs. abiotic pathways of climate effects at larger spatial scales often differ from those at smaller scales. Local‐scale studies show variable responses to climate drivers, often driven by biotic factors. However, larger scale studies identify changes to species composition and/or reduced diversity as a result of abiotic factors. Differing pathways of climate effects can result from different responses of multiple species, habitat effects, and differing effects of invasions at local vs. regional to global scales. Plant community changes can affect higher trophic levels as a result of spatial or phenological mismatch, foliar quality changes, and plant abundance changes, though studies on plant–insect interactions at larger scales are rare.

• Conclusions: Climate‐induced changes to plant communities will have considerable effects on community‐scale trophic exchanges, which may differ from the responses of individual species or pairwise interactions.
Les réactions des acteurs locaux à Monastir dans le contexte de l'après-révolution tunisienne
Authors: Hellal Mohamed
Published: July 2013

Ville du Sahel tunisien, Monastir avait été l’une des priorités urbaines dans l’agenda de l’ancien président Habib Bourguiba (1956-1987) qui avait décidé de faire de sa ville natale une cité moderne. Mais, après le coup d’Etat du 7 novembre 1987, le président Zine El Abidine Ben Ali la marginalisa. Aujourd’hui, un an après la révolution, les Monastiriens essaient de remédier à la situation. Cet article analyse les rapports et les conflits entre les acteurs urbains de Monastir dans ce contexte politique exceptionnel, qui aura sans doute une répercussion sur l’avenir de la ville. Il s’agit notamment de voir quelle sera la marge de manœuvre de la ville de Monastir, prise en tenaille entre des acteurs privés et le pouvoir central fragilisé, et dans quelle mesure la municipalité pourra-t-elle appliquer une politique urbaine décentralisée qui lui permettra de résoudre ses problèmes comme beaucoup de municipalités du pays.
Adopting Principles of Mission-Based Management in Continuing Education Administration
Authors: Cheramie Kimberly V.
Published: July 2013

To align funding and resource management, academic medical centers have adopted variations of mission-based management and budgeting. Although the implementation of this management approach can be complex in its data collection and reporting, there are lessons that continuing education departments and provider units can take from the philosophy of mission-based management.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(7):289–290.
Tension Band Plating of a Nonunion Anterior Tibial Stress Fracture in an Athlete
Authors: Merriman Jarrad A. , Villacis Diego , Kephart Curtis J. , Rick Hatch George F.
Published: July 2013

The authors present a rare technique of tension band plating of the anterior tibia in the setting of a nonunion stress fracture. Surgical management with an intramedullary nail is a viable and proven option for treating such injuries. However, in treating elite athletes, legitimate concerns exist regarding the surgical disruption of the extensor mechanism and the risk of anterior knee pain associated with intramedullary nail use. The described surgical technique demonstrates the use of tension band plating as an effective treatment of delayed union and nonunion anterior tibial stress fractures in athletes without the potential risks of intramedullary nail insertion.