bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence that human autoimmune thrombocytopenia mediated by both immunoglobulin isotypes IgM and IgG is an independent disease entity
Authors: Stahl Dorothea , Hoemberg Marc , Cassens Uwe , Pachmann Ulrich , Sibrowski Walter
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) is a bleeding disorder caused by clonally restricted self‐reactive antibodies with specificity for platelet glycoproteins. Anti‐platelet autoantibodies in AITP mainly belong to the IgG class. The occurrence of anti‐platelet autoantibodies of the IgM isotype has been reported, and AITP is partially mediated by antibodies of both isotypes, IgM and IgG. Using a technique of quantitative immunoblotting of immunoglobulins on self‐tissues, followed by multiparametric statistical analysis of the data, we here demonstrate that patients with IgM‐ and IgG‐mediated AITP are readily discriminated from patients with IgM‐mediated AITP as well as from patients with IgG‐mediated AITP at the basis of self‐reactive antibody repertoires of isotypes IgM and IgG toward non‐platelet antigens of human origin. Our data suggest that, in view of the important physiological functions of self‐reactive antibody repertoires, human AITP mediated by both immunoglobulin isotypes IgG and IgM may be an independent disease entity. The role of autoantibody isotype for the pathophysiology of AITP might currently be underestimated, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in AITP might profit from considering autoantibody isotype more carefully.
Intravascular lymphoma associated with haemophagocytic syndrome: a very rare entity in western countries
Authors: Terrier Benjamin , Aouba Achille , Vasiliu Viorel , Charlier Caroline , Delarue Richard , Buzyn Agnès , Hermine Olivier
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is a rare and aggressive disorder, characterised by frequent cutaneous and neurological involvement and medullary infiltration. In rare cases particularly in Asia, IVL can be associated with haemophagocytic syndrome (IVL‐HS). Here, we report the case of a 61‐year‐old Caucasian female who presented with IVL‐HS. Bone marrow biopsy showed haemophagocytic features and medullary localisation of a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Liver biopsy showed exclusive sinusoidal infiltration by large B cells. Treatment by polychemotherapy associated with rituximab induced a rapid complete remission. Unfortunately, death occurred as a consequence of septic shock. Early recognition of IVL‐HS by performing bone marrow biopsy is critical to start rapidly appropriate treatment. The role of rituximab in the management of IVL‐HS remains to be established.
Transfusional hemosiderosis and combined chelation therapy in sickle thalassemia
Authors: Tsironi M. , Polonifi K. , Deftereos S. , Farmakis D. , Andriopoulos P. , Moyssakis I. , Aessopos A.
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Although the indications for transfusions in sickle cell syndromes are well listed, and chronic transfusion has become practicable since the recent advances in chelation therapy have essentially eliminated the risk of secondary iron overload, multi‐transfused, non‐compliant to long‐term chelation therapy patients confront the complication of iron overload and secondary hemosiderosis. In thalassemia major patients, combined therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone has maximized tissue iron removal and may reduce the overall occurrence of hemosiderotic heart failure. Despite this, safety and contradictions of chelating agents are still controversial. The aim of this report is to present the results of this combination in a long‐term transfused sickle β‐thalassemic patient suffering from severe heart failure and liver dysfunction.
Dapsone for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adults – a report on 90 patients
Authors: Damodar Sharat , Viswabandya Auro , George Biju , Mathews Vikram , Chandy Mammen , Srivastava Alok
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Data on 90 patients (55 adults and 35 children) with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and a platelet count of <50 × 109/L treated with dapsone at a dose of 1–2 mg/kg/d are presented. A response was observed in 57 (63.3%) patients. The average time for response was 3.5 months (range 1–9) and the average duration of treatment with dapsone was 10.4 months (range 4–14). Overall response rates of 65.7% and 61.8% were observed in children and adults respectively. Side effects requiring discontinuation of therapy were observed in three (2%) patients. These results demonstrate that dapsone is an effective, inexpensive and well‐tolerated treatment for chronic ITP, in both children and adults and could be considered for patients who fail steroid therapy.
A simple open comedone extraction technique for Favre–Racouchot disease
Authors: Kaya T. I. , Tursen U. , Yazici A. C. , Ikizoglu G.
Published: September 2005

Favre–Racouchot disease (FRD) is a common disease characterized by solar elastosis and large open comedones and cysts. This disorder mainly affects elderly Caucasian men who have had a great deal of exposure to the sun. Patients having FRD continuously develop numerous large open comedones that could cause a cosmetic problem. We performed a simple and effective extraction technique for these open comedones using a standard dissecting forceps. This technique is well tolerated and no complications were observed. We suggest this comedone extraction technique as a simple alternative treatment for this common cosmetic problem.
The photoadaptive response to ultraviolet exposure in human skin using ultraviolet spectrophotometry
Authors: Hennessy Alison , Oh Carol , Rees Jonathan , Diffey Brian
Published: September 2005

Background: Both pigmentation and non‐pigmentary processes contribute to the development of photoadaptation yet the exact contribution of either in the resting state and in response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is unclear. The purpose of this study was to estimate independently these changes occurring in the epidermis following repeated exposure to UV in two groups with differing degrees of constitutive pigmentation.

Methods: We describe a mathematical model for explaining the spectral absorbance of excised human epidermis based on the absorbance of constituent chromophores. The model was applied to spectral absorbance data measured on samples of epidermis excised from pre‐irradiated skin and from skin obtained following UV irradiation on 3 successive days.

Results: We found that in Asian skin there was only a mild photoadaptive response, principally by a small increase in pigmentation. On the other hand, the significant adaptive response in Caucasian skin was through hyperplasia of the epidermis, with tanning contributing only to a much smaller degree.

Conclusion: This study has enabled us to study independently the pigmentary and non‐pigmentary pathways and has shown that in those people with a lower degree of constitutive pigment, the primary mechanism of photoadaptation is via the non‐pigmentary route.
Photoaggravated pityriasis rubra pilaris
Authors: Evangelou G. , Murdoch S. R. , Palamaras I. , Rhodes L. E.
Published: September 2005

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare papulosquamous condition with an estimated incidence of one in 35 000 to one in 50 000. Psoralen and ultraviolet A (UVA) therapy has been used in its treatment but some patients are reported to be clinically photosensitive. We describe the photoinvestigation of a patient with PRP in whom sensitivity to broadband UVA was demonstrated.
Myosin 5a Controls Insulin Granule Recruitment During Late‐Phase Secretion
Authors: Ivarsson Rosita , Jing Xingjun , Waselle Laurent , Regazzi Romano , Renström Erik
Published: September 2005

We have examined the importance of the actin‐based molecular motor myosin 5a for insulin granule transport and insulin secretion. Expression of myosin 5a was downregulated in clonal INS‐1E cells using RNAinterference. Stimulated hormone secretion was reduced by 46% and single‐cell exocytosis, measured by capacitance recordings, was inhibited by 42% after silencing. Silencing of Slac‐2c/MYRIP, which links insulin granules to myosin 5a, resulted in similar inhibition of single‐cell exocytosis. Antibody inhibition of the myosin 5a–Slac‐2c/MYRIP interaction significantly reduced the recruitment of insulin granules for release. The pool of releasable granules independent of myosin 5a activity was estimated to approximately 550 granules. Total internal reflection microscopy was then applied to directly investigate granule recruitment to the plasma membrane. Silencing of myosin 5a inhibited granule recruitment during late phase of insulin secretion. In conclusion, we propose a model where insulin granules are transported through the actin network via both myosin 5a‐mediated transport and via passive diffusion, with the former playing the major role during stimulatory conditions.
An evaluation of the breastfeeding support skills of midwives and voluntary breastfeeding supporters using the Breastfeeding Support Skills Tool (BeSST)
Authors: Moran Victoria Hall , Dykes Fiona , Edwards Janet , Burt Sue , Whitmore Mary
Published: September 2005

The promotion of breastfeeding has been established as a global public health issue. Despite this global agenda, breastfeeding initiation and duration rates remain low in many countries. The lack of provision of adequate support to the breastfeeding mother is an important contributory factor to shorter duration of breastfeeding. Health professionals and voluntary breastfeeding supporters are in a prime position to work collaboratively to provide comprehensive support to the breastfeeding mother. However, a comparative evaluation of the breastfeeding support skills of voluntary breastfeeding supporters and health professionals has never been conducted. This study aimed to assess the breastfeeding support skills of midwives and Breastfeeding Network (BfN) supporters. Breastfeeding support skills were assessed using a between‐subjects design conducted with 15 midwives and 15 BfN supporters in the north‐west of England. Support skills were measured using the prevalidated Breastfeeding Support Skills Tool (BeSST), a questionnaire and video tool. Total scores on the BeSST were significantly higher in the BfN group (mean = 42.5 ± 6.4 SD) than in the midwife group (mean = 30.7 ± 8.2 SD) [t (26.5) = 4.4, P < 0.0001]. The BfN group has the breastfeeding support skills necessary to provide adequate assistance for breastfeeding mothers. An interagency and interdisciplinary collaborative model is crucial to developing a coherent and cohesive approach to the support infrastructure for breastfeeding women.
Low‐income mothers, nutrition and health: a systematic review of qualitative evidence
Authors: Attree Pamela
Published: September 2005

Diet is a key issue for UK health policies, particularly in relation to poorer socio‐economic groups. From a public health perspective, the government's role is to help low‐income families to make healthy food choices, and to create the conditions to enable them to make healthy decisions. Arguably, however, current policy on nutrition and health is influenced by individualist and behavioural perspectives, which fail to take into account the full impact of structural factors on food choices. This paper draws on a systematic review of qualitative studies that prioritize low‐income mothers’ accounts of ‘managing’ in poverty, synthesizing a subset of studies that focus on diet, nutrition and health in poor families. Synthesis findings are explored in the context of dominant discourses concerning individual responsibility for health and gendered societal values concerning ‘good’ mothering. The paper concludes that a shift in emphasis in health policies, affording a higher priority to enabling measures that tackle the underlying determinants of health, would be advantageous in reducing nutritional inequities for low‐income mothers and their children.
Household dietary strategies to enhance the content and bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium of selected rice‐ and maize‐based Philippine complementary foods
Authors: Perlas Leah A. , Gibson Rosalind S.
Published: September 2005

Philippine complementary foods are predominantly plant‐based, with a low content of readily available iron, zinc, and calcium, and a relatively high amount of phytate, a potent inhibitor of mineral absorption. Some of the phytate is water soluble, and hence can be removed by soaking. In this study we have compared the iron, zinc, and calcium content, and estimated iron and zinc bioavailability of rice‐ and maize‐based Filipino complementary foods prepared with and without soaking and/or enrichment with chicken liver, egg yolk, small soft‐boned fish, and mung bean grits. Analysis of iron, zinc, and calcium were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry, and phytate (based on hexa‐(IP6) and penta‐inositol phosphate (IP5) by HPLC; corresponding [Phy]/[Fe] and [Phy]/[Zn] molar ratios were calculated as predictors of iron and zinc bioavailability. Addition of chicken liver, followed by egg yolk, resulted in the greatest increases in iron and zinc content for both the rice‐ and maize‐based complementary foods, whereas addition of small dried fish with bones had the greatest effect on calcium. The IP5 + IP6 content and [Phy]/[Zn] molar ratios were higher in the maize‐ than rice‐based complementary foods, and were reduced by soaking, although only the maize plus mung bean grits, with and without soaking, had [Phy]/[Zn] molar ratios above 15. Enrichment with animal protein or soaking has the potential to enhance the content of absorbable iron, zinc, and probably calcium to varying degrees in rice‐ and maize‐based Philippine complementary foods.
The first cytochrome P450 in ferns
Authors: Canals Daniel , Irurre‐Santilari Josep , Casas Josefina
Published: September 2005

The fern Polypodium vulgare is a phytoecdysteroid (PE)‐producing plant. Cultures of P. vulgare prothalus produce PE, whereas prothalus‐derived callus cultures do not. However, this callus line can transform topically applied ecdysone (E) to 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E), which is the last step in the biosynthetic pathway of the main plant PE. This hydroxylation is catalysed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme. E treatment of the callus line results in an increased amount of P450, showing a linear correspondence between the amount of P450 and in vivo E 20‐hydroxylation activity, estimated by measuring the bioconversion of E to 20E. This activity can be inhibited by molecules that bind to the P450‐heme group. E shows a P450‐substrate‐binding spectrum with microsomes that overexpress the P450 protein. Finally, a P450 protein was purified from E‐treated calli, this being the first P450 to be described in the pterydophyte group.
Characterization of the molten globule state of retinol‐binding protein using a molecular dynamics simulation approach
Authors: Paci Emanuele , Greene Lesley H. , Jones Rachel M. , Smith Lorna J.
Published: September 2005

Retinol‐binding protein transports retinol, and circulates in the plasma as a macromolecular complex with the protein transthyretin. Under acidic conditions retinol‐binding protein undergoes a transition to the molten globule state, and releases the bound retinol ligand. A biased molecular dynamics simulation method has been used to generate models for the ensemble of conformers populated within this molten globule state. Simulation conformers, with a radius of gyration at least 1.1 Å greater than that of the native state, contain on average 37%β‐sheet secondary structure. In these conformers the central regions of the two orthogonal β‐sheets that make up the β‐barrel in the native protein are highly persistent. However, there are sizable fluctuations for residues in the outer regions of the β‐sheets, and large variations in side chain packing even in the protein core. Significant conformational changes are seen in the simulation conformers for residues 85–104 (β‐strands E and F and the E‐F loop). These changes give an opening of the retinol‐binding site. Comparisons with experimental data suggest that the unfolding in this region may provide a mechanism by which the complex of retinol‐binding protein and transthyretin dissociates, and retinol is released at the cell surface.
Differential expression pattern of the novel serine/threonine kinase, STK33, in mice and men
Authors: Mujica Alejandro O. , Brauksiepe Bastienne , Saaler‐Reinhardt Sigrid , Reuss Stefan , Schmidt Erwin R.
Published: September 2005

Serine/threonine kinase 33 (STK33/Stk33) is a recently discovered gene whose inferred amino acid sequence translation displays characters typical for a calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase (CAMK). In this study we analysed the STK33/Stk33 RNA and protein distribution and the localization of the protein. The STK33/Stk33 expression pattern resembles those of some related members of the CAMK group. STK33/Stk33 displays a nonubiquitous and, in most tissues, low level of expression. It is highly expressed in testis, particularly in cells from the spermatogenic epithelia. Moreover, significant expression is detected in lung epithelia, alveolar macrophages, horizontal cells in the retina and in embryonic organs such as heart, brain and spinal cord. A possible role of STK33/Stk33 in spermatogenesis and organ ontogenesis is discussed.
Isolation and identification of antimicrobial components from the epidermal mucus of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Bergsson Gudmundur , Agerberth Birgitta , Jörnvall Hans , Gudmundsson Gudmundur Hrafn
Published: September 2005

The epidermal mucus of fish species has been found to contain antimicrobial proteins and peptides, which is of interest in regard to fish immunity. An acidic extract from the epidermal mucus of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. This activity varied significantly when salt was added to the antimicrobial assay, and was eliminated by pepsin digestion. No lysozyme activity was detected in the extract. By using weak cationic exchange chromatography together with reversed‐phase chromatography, and monitoring the antimicrobial activity, we have isolated four cationic proteins from the mucus extract. Using N‐terminal and C‐terminal amino acid sequence analysis, together with MS, the antimicrobial proteins were identified as histone H2B (13 565 Da), ribosomal protein L40 (6397 Da), ribosomal protein L36A (12 340 Da) and ribosomal protein L35 (14 215 Da). The broad spectra of antimicrobial activities in the cod mucus and the characterization of four antimicrobial polypeptides suggest that mucus compounds contribute to the innate host defence of cod.
The effect of temperature on the size and population density of dinoflagellates in larvae of the reef coral Porites astreoides
Authors: Edmunds Peter J. , Gates Ruth D. , Leggat William , Hoegh‐Guldberg Ove , Allen‐Requa Laurie
Published: September 2005

Abstract. Pre‐settlement events play an important role in determining larval success in marine invertebrates with bentho‐pelagic life histories, yet the consequences of these events typically are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the pre‐settlement impacts of different seawater temperatures on the size and population density of dinoflagellate symbionts in brooded larvae of the Caribbean coral Porites astreoides. Larvae were collected from P. astreoides at 14–20 m depth on Conch Reef (Florida) in June 2002, and incubated for 24 h at 15 temperatures spanning the range 25.1°–30.0°C in mean increments of 0.4±0.1°C (±SD). The most striking feature of the larval responses was the magnitude of change in both parameters across this 5°C temperature range within 24 h. In general, larvae were largest and had the highest population densities of Symbiodinium sp. between 26.4°–27.7°C, and were smallest and had the lowest population densities at 25.8°C and 28.8°C. Larval size and symbiont population density were elevated slightly (relative to the minimal values) at the temperature extremes of 25.1°C and 30°C. These data demonstrate that coral larvae are highly sensitive to seawater temperature during their pelagic phase, and respond through changes in size and the population densities of Symbiodinium sp. to ecologically relevant temperature signals within 24 h. The extent to which these changes are biologically meaningful will depend on the duration and frequency of exposure of coral larvae to spatio‐temporal variability in seawater temperature, and whether the responses have cascading effects on larval success and their entry to the post‐settlement and recruitment phase.
Parasite‐mediated shell alterations in Recent and Holocene sub‐Antarctic bivalves: the parasite as modeler of host reaction
Authors: Ituarte Cristián , Cremonte Florencia , Zelaya Diego G.
Published: September 2005

Abstract. New data on shell reactions elicited by larval digeneans in bivalves from Recent sub‐Antarctic populations and late Holocene Patagonian deposits are reported. Shell alterations, which are traces of digenean trematode infections, were found affecting intertidal bivalve populations from Malvinas (Falkland) Islands, Burdwood Bank, Beagle Channel, and from Holocene deposits at Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). The bivalve species involved belonged to the families Nuculanidae, Cyamiidae, and Neoleptonidae. Such reactions consisted of quite unusual dome or igloo‐shaped calcifications on the inner shell surface; the similarities and uniqueness of this reaction in different bivalve species reported here suggest that the invasive agent is the same. Based on previous findings of morphologically identical shell alterations in Gaimardia trapesina (Bivalvia, Gaimardiidae) from Magellanic and sub‐Antarctic waters, it is suggested that the parasites responsible for the traces reported here belong to a digenean platyhelminth species of the Gymnophallidae genus Bartolius. The host bivalves reported here belong to three different superfamilies, and share a similar crystalline shell microstructure: aragonite with homogeneous structure. After a review of the available information dealing with bivalve shell‐mantle reactions against digeneans, it is hypothesized that parasites are responsible for the modeling of the host response they elicit. However, although the specific characteristics of the reaction depend on the parasite, they would probably be constrained by some characteristics of the host shell structure.
The reproductive biology of Amathys lutzi, an ampharetid polychaete from hydrothermal vents on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Blake Elizabeth A. , Van Dover Cindy Lee
Published: September 2005

Abstract. The reproductive biology of polychaetes includes a diverse array of characteristics that sometimes have been related to features of the habitat and others times appear to be phylogenetically constrained. The reproductive biology of polychaetes from deep‐sea hydrothermal vents is of particular interest, given the continuing supply of food when vents are active and the ephemeral nature of the vent environment. As part of a survey of reproductive attributes of vent polychaetes, we undertook a descriptive study of the anatomy of the ampharetid polychaete, Amathys lutzi, which lives in mucus‐lined tubes attached to mussel shells or rocks at hydrothermal vent sites along the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. Reproductive features of ampharetids from the Logatchev vent site were examined with serial sections under light microscopy and with transmission electron microscopy. Members of A. lutzi are gonochoric and lack external sexual dimorphism. Gonads are associated with 3 pairs of mixonephridia found laterally in the anterior region of the polychaete. Oocytes undergo extraovarian oogenesis and are released into the coelom in the previtellogenic phase. Maximum oocyte diameter is∼190 μm, suggesting lecithotrophic development. Within individual females, oocyte size‐frequencies suggest the presence of cohorts of maturing oocytes, consistent with periodic release of gametes. There is no evidence for sperm storage in females. Early stages of developing sperm are also found in the coelom; mature sperm fit the general description of ect‐aquasperm. These reproductive characteristics of individuals of A. lutzi are similar to those of the Pacific vent ampharetid, Amphisamytha galapagensis.
The digestive tract of Helicoradomenia (Solenogastres, Mollusca), aplacophoran molluscs from the hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Todt Christiane , Von Salvini‐Plawen Luitfried
Published: September 2005

Abstract. Species of Helicoradomenia are constantly found at hydrothermal vent sites of the eastern and western Pacific Ocean. The digestive tract of 2 species of the genus was investigated with special focus on the ultrastructure and histochemistry of epithelia and glandular organs. The preoral cavity and foregut epithelia are composed of microvillous main cells, secretory cells producing protein‐rich substances, and sensory cells with specialized cilia. The foregut bears a pair of glands with 3 types of extremely long‐necked glandular cells surrounded by musculature. Each glandular cell opens directly into the radula pocket without a gland duct. The large radula apparatus consists of pairs of denticulated bars resting on a flexible radular membrane without elaboration of a subradular membrane. The midgut has a narrow, mid‐dorsal tract of ciliary cells, but most of the epithelium is composed of digestive cells with a highly developed lysosomal system. The hindgut is lined by ciliated cells and free of glands. The foregut and radula seem to be highly efficient in the capture of relatively large, motile prey. Food contents within the midgut lumen and within some of the large secondary lysosomes indicate a triploblastic metazoan prey of non‐cnidarian origin. The digestive tract is not adapted to microvory and there is no indication of a symbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria.
A new mode of colony multiplication by modified budding in the ascidian Clavelina gemmae n. sp. (Clavelinidae)
Authors: Turon Xavier
Published: September 2005

Abstract. A new mechanism of asexual multiplication of colonies is described in a colonial ascidian of the genus Clavelina (Aplousobranchiata). The mechanism consisted of the production of star‐shaped buds that originate from a basal vessel that bends anteriorly and extends along the dorsal region of the zooids. Once they are well developed, the buds detached easily and were dispersed by water movement. Analysis of the fine structure of the buds revealed that they were a modification of the stolonic budding common in this genus. Time‐lapse video recordings showed that released buds required several days to develop, allowing for a potentially significant dispersal range. The buds underwent organogenesis during which the central part gave rise to a new blastozooid with a defined polarity; the arms of the star gave rise to stolons. A new species is defined based on the presence of this type of budding and on other morphological features. The significance of these findings, which adds to the known mechanisms of asexual reproduction in ascidians, is discussed in relation to the biology and distribution of the species.
EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THYMBRA CAPITATA, THYMUS MASTICHINA AND THYMUS CAMPHORATUS ESSENTIAL OILS
Authors: MIGUEL MARIA GRAÇA , FALCATO‐SIMÕES MARIANA , FIGUEIREDO ANA CRISTINA , BARROSO JOSÉ M. GONÇALVES , PEDRO LUÍS G. , CARVALHO LUÍS M.
Published: September 2005

The essential oils of Thymbra capitata, Thymus mastichina and Thymus camphoratus, collected during the vegetative phase, were predominantly composed of oxygen‐containing monoterpenes (61–76%). Carvacrol was the dominant component of T. capitata oil (72%), 1,8‐cineole (49%) dominated that of Th. mastichina, and linalool (17%), linalyl acetate (15%) and 1,8‐cineole (11%) dominated Th. camphoratus oil. The essential oils and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) showed weak free radical scavenging ability in peanut oil when compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In sunflower oil, both the essential oils and the synthetic antioxidants exhibited relatively low free radical scavenging ability. Significant differences in the acid value were detected after several days’ storage. From day 55 of storage until the end of the experiment, the acid value for both peanut and sunflower oil with added essential oils was similar and significantly lower than that of the control, but significantly higher than those with added BHA and BHT.
EFFECT OF PACKAGING MATERIALS AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON SUNFLOWER OIL QUALITY
Authors: KUCUK M. , CANER C.
Published: September 2005

Glass and polyethylenterephthalate (PET) bottles filled with sunflower oil were stored under both light and dark and with/without headspace to determine the effects of light, air, packaging materials and storage time on the stability of sunflower oil. Peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids, soap content and iodine number were measured to determine stability of sunflower oil every 3 months until 9 months. Glass bottles recorded lower oxidation values than oils packaged in PET. The oxidation proceeded faster in packages stored in light than in darkness, and in those with headspace. The best quality oil was found stored in the dark, free of air and packed in glass and then in PET. Even though glass gave the best protection against oxidation, PET bottles offer adequate protection (especially in the dark). This study showed that air, packaging and storage time all have an effect on the stability of sunflower oil.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF VANASPATI MARKETED IN INDIA
Authors: JEYARANI T. , REDDY S. YELLA
Published: September 2005

Nine different brands of commercial vanaspati were analyzed for their various physicochemical characteristics. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra showed the characteristic peak at 966/cm corresponding to trans compounds for all the samples examined. The fatty acid composition showed that the trans fatty acid (elaidic acid) content ranged from 5.9 to 30.0%. The other fatty acids were palmitic acid followed by oleic, stearic and linoleic acids. The solid fat content determined by differential scanning calorimetry showed that the samples contained 54–67% solids at 20C, 42–59% at 25C and 0.2–19% at 40C. The slip melting point varied between 39 and 40C. The textural evaluation was carried out using cone penetrometry at 3, 20 and 25C. The fat having the highest trans content showed the highest hardness index. However, there was no direct correlation between the fatty acid composition and consistency.
Development and Persistence of West Nile Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG in Viremic Blood Donors
Authors: Prince Harry E. , Tobler Leslie H. , Lapé-Nixon Mary , Foster Gregory A. , Stramer Susan L. , Busch Michael P.
Published: September 2005

West Nile Virus (WNV) antibody development and persistence were investigated in blood donors who made WNV RNA-positive (viremic) donations in 2003. Plasma samples from the index donations and follow-up serum or plasma samples were tested for WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Antibody development was investigated with 154 samples collected from 84 donors 1 to 21 days after their RNA-positive, antibody-negative, index donation. WNV IgM and IgA were first detected on day 3, and all samples collected after day 9 were WNV IgM and IgA positive; WNV IgG was first detected on day 4, and all samples collected after day 16 were positive. Antibody persistence in this donor group (index donations antibody negative) was evaluated by using 128 samples collected from 89 donors on days 22 to 440 of follow-up; 88% of samples were WNV IgM positive, 86% were WNV IgA positive, and 100% were WNV IgG positive. In linear regression analysis, trendlines for WNV IgM and IgA reached the value discriminating positive from negative results at 218 days and 232 days of follow-up, respectively. Similar WNV IgM and IgA persistence trends characterized 27 donors whose index samples were positive for WNV IgM and IgA, as well as 14 donors whose index samples were positive for WNV IgG but negative for WNV IgM. These findings show that WNV IgG emerges after WNV IgM and IgA and that both WNV IgM and IgA typically persist for at least 6 months after infection. Thus, unlike some other flavivirus infections, WNV infection is not characterized by a relatively rapid disappearance of virus-specific IgA.
Cultivation of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
in Liquid Media and Determination of Its In Vitro Susceptibilities to Quinolones
Authors: Takei Masaya , Yamaguchi Yuko , Fukuda Hideyuki , Yasuda Mitsuru , Deguchi Takashi
Published: September 2005

The cultivation of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
by use of fastidious broth (FB) was evaluated. FB was found to be able to support the growth of all
N. gonorrhoeae
strains tested in this study without a rapid decrease in the viable count after exponential growth. After 24 h of incubation at 35°C with 5% CO
2
, viable counts of all strains reached over 10
8
CFU/ml in FB. Similar growth of the wild-type strain and its target-altered quinolone-resistant derivatives was observed. The susceptibilities of laboratory-adapted strains and clinical isolates to quinolones were tested by the microdilution method using FB. The MICs determined by microdilution were not significantly different from those determined by the agar dilution method recommended by the CLSI (formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards). Moreover, the concentration-dependent time-kill of quinolones such as gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin was observed in FB. At 2 to 4 times the MIC, gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin were predominantly bactericidal against
N. gonorrhoeae
WHO A. At the MIC, the activities of both quinolones ranged from bactericidal to bacteriostatic. At 0.25 to 0.5 times the MIC, gonococcal growth was comparable to that of the growth control. These results suggest that the cultivation of
N. gonorrhoeae
by use of FB may be useful for evaluation of the antibacterial effects of quinolones.
Standardization and Interlaboratory Reproducibility Assessment of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis-Generated Fingerprints of
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Seifert Harald , Dolzani Lucilla , Bressan Raffaela , van der Reijden Tanny , van Strijen Beppie , Stefanik Danuta , Heersma Herre , Dijkshoorn Lenie
Published: September 2005

A standard procedure for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of macrorestriction fragments of
Acinetobacter baumannii
was set up and validated for its interlaboratory reproducibility and its potential for use in the construction of an Internet-based database for international monitoring of epidemic strains. The PFGE fingerprints of strains were generated at three different laboratories with ApaI as the restriction enzyme and by a rigorously standardized procedure. The results were analyzed at the respective laboratories and also centrally at a national reference institute. In the first phase of the study, 20
A. baumannii
strains, including 3 isolates each from three well-characterized hospital outbreaks and 11 sporadic strains, were distributed blindly to the participating laboratories. The local groupings of the isolates in each participating laboratory were identical and allowed the identification of the epidemiologically related isolates as belonging to three clusters and identified all unrelated strains as distinct. Central pattern analysis by using the band-based Dice coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with mathematical averaging as the clustering algorithm showed 95% matching of the outbreak strains processed at each local laboratory and 87% matching of the corresponding strains if they were processed at different laboratories. In the second phase of the study, 30
A. baumannii
isolates representing 10 hospital outbreaks from different parts of Europe (3 isolates per outbreak) were blindly distributed to the three laboratories, so that each laboratory investigated 10 epidemiologically independent outbreak isolates. Central computer-assisted cluster analysis correctly identified the isolates according to their corresponding outbreak at an 87% clustering threshold. In conclusion, the standard procedure enabled us to generate PFGE fingerprints of epidemiologically related
A. baumannii
strains at different locations with sufficient interlaboratory reproducibility to set up an electronic database to monitor the geographic spread of epidemic strains.
Use of Two Selective Media and a Broth Motility Test Can Aid in Identification or Exclusion of
Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Luna Vicki A. , Peak K. Kealy , Veguilla William O. , Reeves Frank , Heberlein-Larson Lea , Cannons Andrew C. , Amuso Phil , Cattani Jacqueline
Published: September 2005

During the anthrax attack of 2001, the Florida Department of Health (FDOH) Bureau of Laboratories in Tampa received hundreds of isolates suspected of being
Bacillus anthraci
s. None were confirmed to be
B. anthracis
since most isolates were motile and not even in the
Bacillus cereus
group. Although the sentinel laboratories now send fewer isolates to FDOH laboratories, should another attack occur the number of isolates submitted would likely increase dramatically, and this upsurge would seriously challenge personnel who are expected to be busy examining an increased number of environmental samples. We examined two selective and differential growth media and alternative motility methods that could be used to streamline the processing of suspicious isolates. Of 60 isolates previously sent to the FDOH laboratory, 56 were endospore-forming gram-positive rods and only 7 grew on mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin B agar and/or the
Anthracis
chromogenic agar. Microscopic observation of early-log-phase growth (2 to 3 h) in a shaking broth was the best method to detect motility in 40 isolates that appeared nonmotile in the motility media investigated. One of these growth media and microscopic examination of shaken broth cultures can be used to show that an isolate is not
B. anthracis
before expensive molecular and antibody-based tests are performed. By doing so, costs could be reduced and analysis time shortened.
Improvement in Laboratory Diagnosis of Wound Botulism and Tetanus among Injecting Illicit-Drug Users by Use of Real-Time PCR Assays for Neurotoxin Gene Fragments
Authors: Akbulut D. , Grant K. A. , McLauchlin J.
Published: September 2005

An upsurge in wound infections due to
Clostridium botulinum
and
Clostridium tetani
among users of illegal injected drugs (IDUs) occurred in the United Kingdom during 2003 and 2004. A real-time PCR assay was developed to detect a fragment of the neurotoxin gene of
C. tetani
(TeNT) and was used in conjunction with previously described assays for
C. botulinum
neurotoxin types A, B, and E (BoNTA, -B, and -E). The assays were sensitive, specific, rapid to perform, and applicable to investigating infections among IDUs using DNA extracted directly from wound tissue, as well as bacteria growing among mixed microflora in enrichment cultures and in pure culture on solid media. A combination of bioassay and PCR test results confirmed the clinical diagnosis in 10 of 25 cases of suspected botulism and two of five suspected cases of tetanus among IDUs. The PCR assays were in almost complete agreement with the conventional bioassays when considering results from different samples collected from the same patient. The replacement of bioassays by real-time PCR for the isolation and identification of both
C. botulinum
and
C. tetani
demonstrates a sensitivity and specificity similar to those of conventional approaches. However, the real-time PCR assays substantially improves the diagnostic process in terms of the speed of results and by the replacement of experimental animals. Recommendations are given for an improved strategy for the laboratory investigation of suspected wound botulism and tetanus among IDUs.
Genotyping of
Madurella mycetomatis
by Selective Amplification of Restriction Fragments (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) and Subtype Correlation with Geographical Origin and Lesion Size
Authors: van de Sande Wendy W. J. , Gorkink Roy , Simons Guus , Ott Alewijn , Ahmed Abdalla O. A. , Verbrugh Henri , van Belkum Alex
Published: September 2005

One of the causative organisms of mycetoma is the fungus
Madurella mycetomatis
. Previously, extensive molecular typing studies identified Sudanese isolates of this fungus as clonal, but polymorphic genetic markers have not yet been identified. Here, we report on the selective amplification of restriction fragment (AFLP) analysis of 37 Sudanese clinical isolates of
M. mycetomatis
. Of 93 AFLP fragments generated, 25 were polymorphic, and 12 of these 25 polymorphic fragments were found in a large fraction of the strains. Comparative analysis resulted into a tree, composed of two main (clusters I and II) and one minor cluster (cluster III). Seventy-five percent of the strains found in cluster I originated from central Sudan, while the origin of the strains in cluster II was more heterogeneous. Furthermore, the strains found in cluster I were generally obtained from lesions larger than those from which the strains found in cluster II were obtained (chi-square test for trend,
P
= 0.03). Among the 12 more commonly found polymorphisms, 4 showed sequence homology with known genes. Marker A7 was homologous to an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from
Aspergillus oryzae
, 97% identical markers A12 and B3 matched a hypothetical protein from
Gibberella zeae
, and marker B4 was homologous to casein kinase I from
Danio rerio
. The last marker seemed to be associated with strains originating from central Sudan (
P
= 0.001). This is the first report on a genotypic study where genetic markers which may be used to study pathogenicity in
M. mycetomatis
were obtained.
Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis by Smear, Culture, and PCR Using Universal Sample Processing Technology
Authors: Chakravorty Soumitesh , Sen Manas Kamal , Tyagi Jaya Sivaswami
Published: September 2005

Definitive and rapid diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is challenging since conventional techniques have limitations. We have developed a universal sample processing (USP) technology for detecting mycobacteria in clinical specimens. In this study, this technology was evaluated blindly on 99 extrapulmonary specimens collected from 87 patients. USP-processed specimens were submitted to smear microscopy for detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB), culture, and two PCR tests targetingdevR(Rv3133c) and IS6110gene sequences. On the basis of clinical characteristics, histology and cytology, conventional microbiology results, and response to antitubercular therapy, 68 patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis. Although USP smear and culture were significantly superior to conventional microbiology, which was not optimized (P< 0.0001), these approaches fell short of PCR tests (P< 0.0001). The low yields by smear and culture are attributed to the paucibacillary load in the specimens. The highest sensitivity in PCR was achieved whendevRand IS6110test results were combined; the sensitivity and specificity values were 83 and 93.8%, 87.5 and 100%, and 66.7 and 75%, respectively, in pleural fluid, needle-biopsied pleural tissue, and lymph node specimens. In conclusion, the application of USP technology, together with clinicopathological characteristics, promises to improve the accuracy and confidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis.
Widespread Distribution of Disinfectant Resistance Genes among Staphylococci of Bovine and Caprine Origin in Norway
Authors: Bjorland Jostein , Steinum Terje , Kvitle Bjørg , Waage Steinar , Sunde Marianne , Heir Even
Published: September 2005

We demonstrate here a widespread distribution of genes mediating efflux-based resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in staphylococci from unpasteurized milk from 127 dairy cattle herds and 70 dairy goat herds. QAC resistance genes were identified in 21% of the cattle herds (qacA/B,smr,qacG, andqacJ) and in 10% of the goat herds (qacA/Bandsmr). Further examination of 42 QAC-resistant bovine and caprine isolates revealed the following genes:qacA/B(12 isolates) was present in four different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS),smr(27 isolates) was detected in eight different CoNS species and inStaphylococcus aureuson a previously reported plasmid (pNVH99),qacG(two isolates) was detected on two plasmids (pST94-like) inStaphylococcus cohniiandStaphylococcus warneri, andqacJ(two isolates) was found inStaphylococcus hominisandStaphylococcus delphinion a plasmid (pNVH01) previously found in equine staphylococci. Isolation of indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) CoNS types from tank milk and mammary quarter milk samples in a dairy cattle herd suggested that these QAC-resistant staphylococci were of intramammary origin. Indistinguishable or closely related PFGE types of bovine QAC-resistant CoNS were observed in different herds. One particular bovineS. warneriPFGE type was isolated repeatedly from samples collected during a 30-month period in a herd, showing long-term persistence. In conclusion, it seems that the widespread distribution of staphylococci carrying QAC resistance genes in Norwegian dairy cattle and goat herds is the result of both the intra- and interspecies spread of QAC resistance plasmids and the clonal spread of QAC-resistant strains.
M Protein Gene (
emm
Type) Analysis of Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci from Ethiopia Reveals Unique Patterns
Authors: Tewodros Wezenet , Kronvall Göran
Published: September 2005

The genetic diversity of group A streptococcal (GAS) isolates obtained in 1990 from Ethiopian children with various streptococcal diseases was studied by using
emm
gene sequence analysis. A total of 217 GAS isolates were included: 155 and 62 isolates from throat and skin, respectively. A total of 78 different
emm/st
types were detected among the 217 isolates. Of these, 166 (76.5%) belonged to 52 validated reference
emm
types, 26 (11.9%) belonged to 16 already recognized sequence types (
st
types) and 25 (11.5%) belonged to 10 undocumented new sequence types. Resistance to tetracycline (148 of 217) was not correlated to
emm
type. Isolation rate of the classical rheumatogenic and nephritogenic strains was low from cases of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), respectively. Instead, the recently discovered
st
types were overrepresented among isolates from patients with ARF (3 of 7) and AGN (9 of 16) (
P
< 0.01) compared to isolates from subjects with tonsillitis and from healthy carriers (10 of 57 and 16 of 90, respectively). In contrast to rheumatogenic strains from the temperate regions, more than half of the isolates from ARF (four of seven) carried the genetic marker for skin preference,
emm
pattern D, although most of them (six of seven) were isolated from throat. Of 57 tonsillitis-associated isolates, 16 (28%) belonged to
emm
pattern D compared to <1% in temperate regions. As in other reports
emm
patterns A to C were strongly associated with throat, whereas
emm
pattern D did not correlate to skin. This first large-scale
emm
typing report from Africa has demonstrated a heterogeneous GAS population and contrasting nature of GAS epidemiology in the region.