bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of displacement currents on the response of helicopter electromagnetic systems
Authors: Yin Changchun , Hodges Greg
Published: July 2005

For the purpose of shallow-earth geophysical mapping, progressively higher frequencies have been developed for helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) systems. However, concern has been expressed about the vulnerability of high-frequency EM signals to the influence of the displacement current, especially the phase shift of the HEM signal resulting from the finite speed of light that describes the propagation of the EM wave in free space. In this paper we investigate the influence of the displacement current and the finite speed of light on HEM responses, based on a full solution of the EM field for a conductive, magnetically, and dielectrically polarizable earth half-space and an overlying half-space of air with free-space dielectric permittivity. We calculate the amplitude change and the phase shift of the HEM signal and the change in the apparent resistivity. We find that the displacement current, when both the air and the earth half-space assume the free-space dielectric permittivity, has a small influence on the HEM signal, while substantial influence may occur when the earth is dielectrically polarizable. The finite speed of the EM propagation in free space does not result in significant phase changes in the HEM signal.
Seismoelectric and seismomagnetic measurements in fractured borehole models
Authors: Zhu Zhenya , Toksöz M. Nafi
Published: July 2005

Seismoelectric and seismomagnetic fields generated by seismic waves in fluid-saturated fractured borehole models are experimentally investigated with an electrode and a Hall-effect sensor. In a borehole with a horizontal fracture, the Stoneley and flexural waves induce seismoelectric and seismomagnetic fields on the borehole wall and an electromagnetic wave propagating at light speed at the horizontal fracture. In a borehole with a vertical fracture, the acoustic field generated by a monopole or dipole source is similar to that in a borehole without a vertical fracture. However, the acoustic wave propagating along the vertical fracture induces seismoelectric and seismomagnetic fields, whose apparent velocities are equal to that of a Stoneley wave. Experimental results show that two different kinds of electric and magnetic fields are generated by acoustic waves in borehole models with horizontal and/or vertical fractures. One is an electromagnetic wave propagating with light speed. The second is a stationary or localized seismoelectric and seismomagnetic field. Seismoelectric and seismomagnetic measurements might be a new logging technique for exploring fractures in a borehole.
Seismic tomographic interpretation of Paleozoic sedimentary sequences in the southeastern North Sea
Authors: Nielsen Lars , Thybo Hans , Glendrup Martin
Published: July 2005

Seismic wide-angle data were recorded to more than 300-km offset from powerful airgun sources during the MONA LISA experiments in 1993 and 1995 to determine the seismic-velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle along three lines in the southeastern North Sea with a total length of 850 km. We use the first arrivals observed out to an offset of 90 km to obtain high-resolution models of the velocity structure of the sedimentary layers and the upper part of the crystalline crust. Seismic tomographic traveltime inversion reveals 2–8-km-thick Paleozoic sedimentary sequences with P-wave velocities of 4.5–5.2 km/s. These sedimentary rocks are situated below a Mesozoic-Cenozoic sequence with variable thickness: ∼2–3 km on the basement highs, ∼2–4 km in the Horn Graben and the North German Basin, and ∼6–7 km in the Central Graben. The thicknesses of the Paleozoic sedimentary sequences are ∼3–5 km in the Central Graben, more than 4 km in the Horn Graben, up to ∼4 km on the basement highs, and up to 8 km in the North German Basin. The Paleozoic strata are clearly separated from the shallower and younger sequences with velocities of ∼1.8–3.8 km/s and the deeper crystalline crust with velocities of more than 5.8–6.0 km/s in the tomographic P-wave velocity model. Resolution tests show that the existence of the Paleozoic sediments is well constrained by the data. Hence, our wide-angle seismic models document the presence of Paleozoic sediments throughout the southeastern North Sea, both in the graben structures and in deep basins on the basement highs.
Investigating the hydrogeology of a water-supply area using direct-current vertical electrical soundings
Authors: Lenkey László , Hámori Zoltán , Mihálffy Péter
Published: July 2005

The drinking water of Budapest (Hungary) is supplied by wells located along the Danube River. In one of the water-supply areas, groundwater polluted by nitrate flows from the upper terrace of the river toward the lower terrace and the production wells. In order to protect the wells from pollution, the waterworks of Budapest has to know the hydrogeology of the area in detail. Since groundwater flow strongly depends on the type and distribution of the subsurface materials, we made 230 dc vertical electrical soundings (VES) in the lower terrace over an area of 6 [Formula: see text] to map the subsurface conditions. There is a 200–300-m-wide high-resistivity zone (200–400 ohm-m) running parallel to the river and separated from the upper terrace by a 200–500-m-wide low-resistivity zone (<50 ohm-m). The low resistivity is due to silty and clayey sand, as indicated by monitoring wells. These sediments have low hydraulic conductivity; therefore, they form a hydraulic barrier against the polluted groundwater flow coming from the upper terrace. Except in the northern part of the area, they protect the lower terrace. In the northern part of the area, the lower terrace is narrow, and the low hydraulic conductivity zone is not well developed. Therefore, the polluted groundwater can seep through the lower terrace and reach the production wells. One-dimensional vertical electrical soundings can still be successfully used to map the shallow subsurface resistivity conditions over a large area. The results of the soundings greatly contribute to the understanding of the hydrogeology of the area.
Cutaneous Adverse Effects With HER1/EGFR-Targeted Agents: Is There a Silver Lining?
Authors: Peréz-Soler Román , Saltz Leonard
Published: July 2005

The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) is dysregulated in many solid tumors, making it an attractive target for anticancer therapy. A number of agents that target this receptor are in use or in development. A specific adverse effect common to this class of agent is a papulopustular rash, usually on the face and upper torso, which generally occurs in a dose-dependent manner. Little is known about the etiology of this rash, and there are no clear evidence-based management recommendations. Histologic data indicate that rash may be caused by HER1/EGFR inhibition in skin, although this has not been confirmed. Findings suggest that there is a relationship between the development of rash and response and/or survival, making rash a potential surrogate marker of activity. Data from multiple studies with cetuximab and erlotinib show a consistent relationship between rash and response, as well as between rash and survival. The relationship between rash and clinical outcome is currently less consistent for gefitinib. Some studies report a correlation, whereas others do not. The cause of the possible relationship between rash and clinical benefit remains unclear at this time, and additional studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of this observation.
Abnormal Cytology Predicts Poor Prognosis in Cancer Patients With Pericardial Effusion
Authors: Gornik Heather L. , Gerhard-Herman Marie , Beckman Joshua A.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Pericardial tamponade is a life-threatening disorder caused by varying medical conditions. Malignancy and complications of its treatment are a common cause of pericardial effusion. The natural history of pericardial effusion remains largely unknown. We investigated the association of malignancy with adverse outcomes after pericardiocentesis.

Patients and Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing pericardiocentesis at a single institution between January 1, 1999, and January 31, 2003, were included. Death was confirmed with the Social Security Death Index. Survival estimates were obtained by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression was performed to determine the clinical characteristics associated with death.

Results

Two hundred nineteen patients underwent pericardiocentesis during the study period. The effusion was cancer-related in 43.8% of cases. Median survival was 59.6 weeks (95% CI, 24.3 to 94.8 weeks). During the follow-up period, 47.9% of patients died. Cancer-related pericardial effusion was associated with decreased survival (median, 15.1 weeks). Abnormal fluid cytology was further associated with poor prognosis among patients with malignancy (median survival, 7.3 v 29.7 weeks; P = .022). Patients with cancer-related pericardial effusion were more likely to require repeat pericardiocentesis (OR = 6.0; P = .001) and pericardial surgery (odds ratio [OR] OR = 5.7; P < .001). Cancer-related effusion and abnormal cytology were independent predictors of death in a multivariate model.

Conclusion

Malignancy is the most common cause of pericardial effusion in a tertiary care center. Cancer-related pericardial effusion is associated with adverse outcomes, and abnormal cytology further worsens prognosis. The poor survival among cancer patients with pericardial effusion and abnormal fluid cytology may have important implications for management.
Prediction of MYCN Amplification in Neuroblastoma Using Serum DNA and Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Gotoh Takahiro , Hosoi Hajime , Iehara Tomoko , Kuwahara Yasumichi , Osone Shinya , Tsuchiya Kunihiko , Ohira Miki , Nakagawara Akira , Kuroda Hiroshi , Sugimoto Tohru
Published: July 2005

Purpose

MYCN amplification (MNA) indicates a poor prognosis in neuroblastoma (NB) and is routinely assayed for therapy stratification. We aimed to develop a diagnostic tool to predict MYCN status using serum DNA, which, in cancer patients, predominantly originates from tumor-released DNA.

Patients and Methods

Using DNA-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we simultaneously quantified MYCN (2p24) and a reference gene, NAGK (2p12), and evaluated MYCN copy number as an MYCN/NAGK (M/N) ratio in 87 NB patients whose MYCN status had been determined by Southern blotting. Of these patients, 17 had MYCN-amplified NB, and 70 had nonamplified NB.

Results

The serum M/N ratio in the MNA group (median, 199.32; range, 17.1 to 901.6; 99% CI, 107.0 to 528.7) was significantly (P < .001) higher than the ratio in the non-MNA group (median, 0.87; range, 0.25 to 4.6; 99% CI, 0.82 to 1.26; Mann-Whitney U test). The sensitivity and specificity of the serum M/N ratio as a diagnostic test were both 100% when the serum M/N ratio cutoff was set at 10.0. Among six MNA patients whose clinical courses were followed, the serum ratios decreased to the normal range in the patients in remission (n = 3), whereas the ratios increased to high levels in the patients who relapsed (n = 2) or failed to achieve remission (n = 1).

Conclusion

Measurement of the serum M/N ratio seems to be a promising method for accurately assessing MYCN status in NB, although a larger set of patients needs to be examined to confirm this result.
Serum Proteomic Fingerprinting Discriminates Between Clinical Stages and Predicts Disease Progression in Melanoma Patients
Authors: Mian Shahid , Ugurel Selma , Parkinson Erika , Schlenzka Iris , Dryden Ian , Lancashire Lee , Ball Graham , Creaser Colin , Rees Robert , Schadendorf Dirk
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Currently known serum biomarkers do not predict clinical outcome in melanoma. S100-β is widely established as a reliable prognostic indicator in patients with advanced metastatic disease but is of limited predictive value in tumor-free patients. This study was aimed to determine whether molecular profiling of the serum proteome could discriminate between early- and late-stage melanoma and predict disease progression.

Patients and Methods

Two hundred five serum samples from 101 early-stage (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] stage I) and 104 advanced stage (AJCC stage IV) melanoma patients were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) time-of-flight (ToF; MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry utilizing protein chip technology and artificial neural networks (ANN). Serum samples from 55 additional patients after complete dissection of regional lymph node metastases (AJCC stage III), with 28 of 55 patients relapsing within the first year of follow-up, were analyzed in an attempt to predict disease recurrence. Serum S100-β was measured using a sandwich immunoluminometric assay.

Results

Analysis of 205 stage I/IV serum samples, utilizing a training set of 94 of 205 and a test set of 15 of 205 samples for 32 different ANN models, revealed correct stage assignment in 84 (88%) of 96 of a blind set of 96 of 205 serum samples. Forty-four (80%) of 55 stage III serum samples could be correctly assigned as progressors or nonprogressors using random sample cross-validation statistical methodologies. Twenty-three (82%) of 28 stage III progressors were correctly identified by MALDI-ToF combined with ANN, whereas only six (21%) of 28 could be detected by S100-β.

Conclusion

Validation of these findings may enable proteomic profiling to become a valuable tool for identifying high-risk melanoma patients eligible for adjuvant therapeutic interventions.
Phase II/III Study of Doxorubicin With Fluorouracil Compared With Streptozocin With Fluorouracil or Dacarbazine in the Treatment of Advanced Carcinoid Tumors: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E1281
Authors: Sun Weijing , Lipsitz Stuart , Catalano Paul , Mailliard James A. , Haller Daniel G.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Optimal treatments for metastatic carcinoid tumor remain undefined, and the role of chemotherapy for symptomatic patients with progressive disease is uncertain.

Patients and Methods

Two hundred forty-nine patients with advanced carcinoid tumors were randomized to either doxorubicin with fluorouracil (FU/DOX) or streptozocin with fluorouracil (FU/STZ). Patients crossed over to the dacarbazine (DTIC) treatment after disease progression following first-line treatment (either FU/DOX or FU/STZ), and 73 patients were assigned to one of these three treatments based on their previous treatment or on abnormal baseline cardiac or renal function.

Results

In the randomized group, there was no difference between FU/DOX and FU/STZ in response rates (15.9% v 16%) and progression-free survival (4.5 v 5.3 months). FU/STZ (24.3 months) was superior to FU/DOX (15.7 months; P = .0267) in median survival. The response rate of crossover DTIC treatment was 8.2%, with a median survival of 11.9 months. Hematologic toxicities were the major treatment-related toxicities for both FU/DOX and FU/STZ, and mild to moderate renal toxicity was reported in 40 (34.8%) of 115 patients in the FU/STZ arm.

Conclusion

Response to all three treatment regimens were modest. FU/STZ improved survival compared with the doxorubicin-based regimen, suggesting that the combination should be considered to be an active regimen of therapy when chemotherapy is judged to be an option for selected patients with carcinoid tumors.
Prognostic Value of Translocation t(11;18) in Tumoral Response of Low-Grade Gastric Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Type to Oral Chemotherapy
Authors: Lévy Michaël , Copie-Bergman Christiane , Gameiro Christine , Chaumette Marie-Thérèse , Delfau-Larue Marie-Hélène , Haioun Corinne , Charachon Antoine , Hemery François , Gaulard Philippe , Leroy Karen , Delchier Jean-Charles
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To determine the impact of translocation t(11;18) on response to oral alkylating agents in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (GML).

Patients and Methods

Fifty-three patients with a GML were studied. Helicobacter pylori--positive patients (n = 34) received anti–H pylori treatment and H pylori–negative patients (n = 19) or patients who failed to respond to anti–H pylori treatment received oral alkylating agents. t(11;18) was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from frozen gastric biopsies.

Results

t(11;18) was detected in 32% of patients. It was more prevalent in H pylori--negative as compared with H pylori--positive patients (12 of 19 v five of 34 patients; P = .0005). Among 31 H pylori–eradicated patients, t(11;18) was detected in three patients, all of whom experienced treatment failure, and it was absent in 28 patients: 21 patients (75%) were in remission and seven patients (25%) experienced treatment failure (P = .03). Among 21 patients who received an alkylating agent, t(11;18) was detected in 12 patients: five patients (42%) were in remission and seven patients (58%) experienced treatment failure. t(11;18) was absent in nine patients: eight patients (89%) were in remission and one patient (11%) experienced treatment failure by the end of treatment. Four patients in remission relapsed during follow-up (median, 7 years): they all had t(11;18). Durable remission was obtained in eight (89%) of the nine patients without t(11;18) versus one of the 12 patients (8%) with t(11;18) (P = .0003).

Conclusion

Presence of t(11;18) in GML is predictive of resistance to oral alkylating agents, with less than 10% of durable remission at long-term follow-up.
Blood Pressure and Body Mass Index in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer
Authors: Sagstuen H. , Aass N. , Fosså S.D. , Dahl O. , Klepp O. , Wist E.A. , Wilsgaard T. , Bremnes R.M.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To evaluate blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) in long-term survivors of testicular cancer (TC) treated with different modalities.

Patients and Methods

One thousand eight hundred fourteen patients treated for unilateral TC in Norway (1980 to 1994) were invited to participate in a follow-up study (1998 to 2002), including measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and BMI. Of these patients, 1,289 patients (71%) participated in the study. The patients were categorized into four treatment groups: surgery (n = 242), radiotherapy (n = 547), and two chemotherapy groups, cumulative cisplatin dose ≤ 850 mg (n = 402) and cumulative cisplatin dose more than 850 mg (n = 98). A control group consisted of healthy males from the Tromsø Population Study (n = 2,847).

Results

At diagnosis, age-adjusted regression analyses showed no differences between the treatment groups for any variables. After a median follow-up time of 11.2 years, age-adjusted SBP and DBP were significantly higher for both chemotherapy groups compared with the surgery group. Chemotherapy-treated patients had increased odds for hypertension at follow-up compared with the surgery group, and the odds were highest for the cisplatin more than 850 mg group (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.0). The cisplatin more than 850 mg group had a significantly higher 10-year BMI increase and a higher prevalence of obesity at follow-up than the surgery group. Compared with healthy controls, chemotherapy-treated patients had, at follow-up, increased SBP, increased DBP, excessive BMI increase, and a higher prevalence of hypertension.

Conclusion

Five to 20 years after therapy, cured TC patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy had significantly higher levels of blood pressure, a higher prevalence of hypertension, and an excessive weight gain compared with patients treated with other modalities and compared with healthy controls.
Variability and Sample Size Requirements of Quality-of-Life Measures: A Randomized Study of Three Major Questionnaires
Authors: Cheung Yin-Bun , Goh Cynthia , Thumboo Julian , Khoo Kei-Siong , Wee Joseph
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To compare the variability and sample size requirements of the global quality-of-life (QOL) scores of the following three major QOL instruments: the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G), Functional Living Index–Cancer (FLIC), and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30).

Patients and Methods

Cancer patients were randomly assigned to answer two of the three instruments using an incomplete block design (n = 1,268). The instruments were compared in terms of coefficient of variation, effect size in detecting a difference between patients with different performance status, and correlation coefficient between scores at baseline and follow-up.

Results

The FACT-G and FLIC had significantly smaller coefficients of variation than the EORTC QLQ-C30 (both P < .05). The FLIC also had significantly larger correlation coefficients between scores at baseline and follow-up than the EORTC QLQ-C30 (P < .05). The FACT-G and the FLIC had a larger effect size in a cross-sectional and longitudinal setting, respectively, than the EORTC QLQ-C30 in differentiating patients with different performance status (both P < .05).

Conclusion

In some aspects, the FACT-G and FLIC global QOL scores had smaller variability and larger discriminative ability than the EORTC QLQ-C30. Further research using other criteria to compare the three instruments is recommended.
IncreasedHER2Gene Copy Number Is Associated With Response to Gefitinib Therapy in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Positive Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Cappuzzo Federico , Varella-Garcia Marileila , Shigematsu Hisayuki , Domenichini Irene , Bartolini Stefania , Ceresoli Giovanni L. , Rossi Elisa , Ludovini Vienna , Gregorc Vanesa , Toschi Luca , Franklin Wilbur A. , Crino Lucio , Gazdar Adi F. , Bunn Paul A. , Hirsch Fred R.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is significantly associated with the presence of increased copy number and/or activating mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR). Preclinical data indicate that HER2, a member of the EGFR family, could enhance TKI sensitivity.

Patients and Methods

HER2 gene copy numbers per cell were evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in 102 NSCLC patients treated with gefitinib, and previously evaluated for EGFR status by FISH, immunohistochemistry, and presence of mutations.

Results

Patients with HER2 high copy number (high polysomy and gene amplification [HER2 FISH positive]) represented 22.8% of patients, and compared with patients with no or low gain (HER2 FISH negative), had significantly better objective response (OR, 34.8% v 6.4%; P = .001), disease control rate (DCR, 56.5% v 33.3%; P = .04), time to progression (TTP, 9.05 v 2.7 months; P = .02), and a trend toward longer overall survival (OS, 20.8 v 8.4 months; P = .056). HER2 protein expression investigated by immunohistochemistry was positive in only five of 72 (7%) patients analyzed and all 89 patients tested by DNA sequencing were negative for mutations in HER2 exon 20. Patients with HER2 FISH-positive tumors displaying increased expression of EGFR protein, gene gain, or mutations (EGFR positive) had a significantly better OR, DCR, TTP, and OS than patients negative for both receptors.

Conclusion

Increased copy number of the HER2 gene is associated with gefitinib sensitivity in EGFR-positive patients, supporting use of HER2 FISH analysis for selection of patients for TKI therapy.
Assessing the Benefit of Radiation Therapy After Breast-Conserving Surgery for Ductal Carcinoma-In-Situ
Authors: Hayman James A. , Kabeto Mohammed U. , Schipper Matthew J. , Bennett Jonathan E. , Vicini Frank A. , Pierce Lori J.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To assess women's preferences regarding the trade-off between the risks and benefits of treatment with radiation therapy (RT) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS).

Patients and Methods

Utilities were obtained from 120 patients and 210 nonpatients for eight relevant health states using standard gambles.

Results

Differences in utilities obtained from patient and nonpatient participants between health states were relatively similar. Reduction in the likelihood of local recurrence associated with RT did not result in higher utilities. Utilities for noninvasive recurrence were only lower after initial treatment with RT. Patient and nonpatient participants had the lowest utilities for invasive local recurrence, regardless of initial treatment or manner of salvage therapy. When comparing patient and nonpatient utilities directly, patients had higher utility for being without recurrence after initial RT and lower utility for invasive recurrence salvaged by mastectomy after initial BCS alone. None of the clinical or sociodemographic factors examined explained more than 5% of the variability in the patients' or nonpatients' utilities or their differences.

Conclusion

The principal benefit associated with adding RT to BCS for DCIS seems to be its ability to reduce invasive recurrences.
Rapid Switching Between Transdermal Fentanyl and Methadone in Cancer Patients
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano , Ferrera Patrizia , Villari Patrizia , Casuccio Alessandra
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the clinical effects of switching from transdermal (TTS) fentanyl to methadone, or vice versa, in patients with a poor response to the previous opioid.

Patients and Methods

A prospective study was carried out on 31 patients who switched from TTS fentanyl to oral methadone, or vice versa, because of poor opioid response. A fixed conversion ratio of fentanyl to methadone of 1:20 was started and assisted by rescue doses of opioids, and then doses were changed according to clinical response. Pain and symptom intensity, expressed as distress score, were recorded before switching doses of the two opioids and after subsequent doses. The number of changes of the daily doses, time to achieve stabilization, and hospital stay were also recorded.

Results

Eighteen patients were switched from TTS fentanyl to methadone, and seven patients were switched from methadone to TTS fentanyl. A significant decrease in pain and symptom intensity, expressed as symptom distress score, was found within 24 hours after switching took place in both directions. Unsuccessful switching occurred in six patients, who were subsequently treated with an alternative therapy.

Conclusion

A rapid switching using an initial fixed ratio of fentanyl to methadone of 1:20 is an effective method to improve the balance between analgesia and adverse effects in cancer patients with poor response to the previous opioid. No relationship between the final opioid dose and the dose of the previous opioid has been found.
Increasing Minority Participation in Cancer Clinical Trials: The Minority-Based Community Clinical Oncology Program Experience
Authors: McCaskill-Stevens Worta , McKinney Martha M. , Whitman Cynthia G. , Minasian Lori M.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Minority-Based Community Clinical Oncology Program (MBCCOP) seeks to enhance minority participation in cancer clinical trials by building clinical trials outreach and management capacity in healthcare institutions serving large numbers of minority cancer patients. This article examines temporal trends in MBCCOP accruals to cancer prevention and control (CP/C) and cancer treatment trials and the racial distribution of study participants, along with the major factors affecting minority enrollment.

Methods

We used NCI databases to analyze temporal trends in overall accruals and accruals by race. We analyzed transcripts from an NCI-sponsored meeting with MBCCOP principal investigators and data from a follow-up survey to identify factors affecting minority enrollment.

Results

Between 1992 and 2003, annual patient accruals to treatment trials increased 39% despite little change in the number of MBCCOP grantees. During this same period, annual participant accruals to CP/C trials more than doubled. Between 1995 and 2003, minorities comprised 51% to 67% of the MBCCOP patients accrued to cooperative group treatment trials compared with ≤ 23% of the patients accrued by other cooperative group members and affiliates. Major factors affecting minority enrollment include the availability of “clinically relevant” protocols, regulatory requirements, characteristics of the patient population, and the level of support from sponsoring institutions and community physicians.

Conclusion

MBCCOPs have demonstrated their ability to facilitate the participation of racial/ethnic minorities in clinical trials. However, the contributions that they could make to the design and conduct of minority-focused research studies merit further exploration.
Predicting Success in Online Psychology Courses: Self-Discipline and Motivation
Authors: Waschull Stefanie B.
Published: July 2005

This article addresses factors associated with student success in online psychology courses. Prior to beginning an online course, students completed measures of self-discipline and motivation, time commitment, study skills, preference for text-based learning, access to technology, and technology experience. Schrum and Hong (2002) proposed that these student characteristics predict online course success. I used scores on these factors to predict student performance in online introductory psychology and online human growth and development courses. Self-discipline and motivation was the only factor predictive of online psychology course success. My results contradict the model proposed by Schrum and Hong but are consistent with research on the role of motivation in success.
Using Monte Carlo Software to Teach Abstract Statistical Concepts: A Case Study
Authors: Raffle Holly , Brooks Gordon P.
Published: July 2005

Violations of assumptions, inflated Type I error rates, and robustness are important concepts for students to learn in an introductory statistics course. However, these abstract ideas can be difficult for students to understand. Monte Carlo simulation methods can provide a concrete way for students to learn abstract statistical concepts. This article describes the MC4G computer software (Brooks, 2004) and the accompanying instructor's manual (Raffle, 2004). It also provides a case study that includes both assessment and course evaluation data supporting the effectiveness of Monte Carlo simulation exercises in a graduate-level statistics course.
Teaching Students about Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination: An Interview with Susan Fiske
Authors: Hackney Amy
Published: July 2005

Susan T. Fiske is professor of psychology, Princeton University (PhD, Harvard University; honorary doctorate, Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium). She wrote Social Cognition (with Taylor) on how people make sense of each other. Currently, she investigates emotional prejudices (pity, contempt, envy, and pride) at cultural, interpersonal, and neural levels. She won the American Psychological Association's Early Career Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest for antidiscrimination testimony and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues' Allport Intergroup Relations Award for ambivalent sexism theory (with Glick). She edits the Annual Review of Psychology (with Schacter and Kazdin) and the Handbook of Social Psychology (with Gilbert and Lindzey). She just finished Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology and a year as President of the American Psychological Society.

Amy Hackney received her BA in psychology from Indiana University and her MS and PhD in social psychology from Saint Louis University. She began her career as an assistant professor of psychology at Georgia Southern University in the Fall of 2003. She teaches courses in social psychology, psychology and law, psychology of gender, and research methods. She conducts research on racial and gender stereotypes and prejudice. She is particularly interested in how stereotypes and prejudice affect jury decision making and how minority members experience and cope with prejudice.
Critically Evaluating Competing Theories: An Exercise Based on the Kitty Genovese Murder
Authors: Sagarin Brad J. , Lawler-Sagarin Kimberly A.
Published: July 2005

We describe an exercise based on the 1964 murder of Catherine Genovese—a murder observed by 38 witnesses, none of whom called the police. Students read a summary of the murder and worked in small groups to design an experiment to test the competing theories for the inaction of the witnesses (Americans' selfishness and insensitivity vs. diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance). A pretest–posttest assessment revealed a significant increase in students' ability to design experiments to test competing theories, and anonymous feedback revealed that the exercise encouraged students to appreciate the complexity of trying to explain real-world phenomena.
Using Students' Personal Ads to Teach about Interpersonal Attraction and Intimate Relationships
Authors: Isbell Linda M. , Tyler James M.
Published: July 2005

Many students have beliefs about interpersonal relationships that are inconsistent with empirical research. For example, some students report that attractiveness is less important than personality when choosing romantic partners; however, evidence suggests the opposite (Sprecher & Regan, 2002). Our activity in which students wrote personal ads and anonymously exchanged them examined and challenged students' relationship beliefs. Students read ads aloud and discussed how the ads related to important issues in interpersonal research (e.g., how men and women respond differently when reporting sexual partner preferences, but not long-term dating or marriage preferences). Pre-and postactivity knowledge measures indicated that the activity increased students' knowledge of interpersonal relationship research. In addition, students evaluated the activity as a fun, valuable, and interesting learning experience.
FGF8 is required for cell survival at distinct stages of nephrogenesis and for regulation of gene expression in nascent nephrons
Authors: Grieshammer Uta , Cebrián Cristina , Ilagan Roger , Meyers Erik , Herzlinger Doris , Martin Gail R.
Published: July 2005

During kidney morphogenesis, the formation of nephrons begins when mesenchymal nephron progenitor cells aggregate and transform into epithelial vesicles that elongate and assume an S-shape. Cells in different regions of the S-shaped body subsequently differentiate into the morphologically and functionally distinct segments of the mature nephron. Here, we have used an allelic series of mutations to determine the role of the secreted signaling molecule FGF8 in nephrogenesis. In the absence of FGF8 signaling, nephron formation is initiated, but the nascent nephrons do not express Wnt4or Lim1, and nephrogenesis does not progress to the S-shaped body stage. Furthermore, the nephron progenitor cells that reside in the peripheral zone, the outermost region of the developing kidney, are progressively lost. When FGF8 signaling is severely reduced rather than eliminated, mesenchymal cells differentiate into S-shaped bodies. However, the cells within these structures that normally differentiate into the tubular segments of the mature nephron undergo apoptosis, resulting in the formation of kidneys with severely truncated nephrons consisting of renal corpuscles connected to collecting ducts by an abnormally short tubular segment. Thus, unlike other FGF family members, which regulate growth and branching morphogenesis of the collecting duct system, Fgf8 encodes a factor essential for gene regulation and cell survival at distinct steps in nephrogenesis.
Inactivation of FGF8 in early mesoderm reveals an essential role in kidney development
Authors: Perantoni Alan O. , Timofeeva Olga , Naillat Florence , Richman Charmaine , Pajni-Underwood Sangeeta , Wilson Catherine , Vainio Seppo , Dove Lee F. , Lewandoski Mark
Published: July 2005

To bypass the essential gastrulation function of Fgf8 and study its role in lineages of the primitive streak, we have used a new mouse line,T-Cre, to generate mouse embryos with pan-mesodermal loss of Fgf8expression. Surprisingly, despite previous models in which Fgf8 has been assigned a pivotal role in segmentation/somite differentiation, Fgf8 is not required for these processes. However, mutant neonates display severe renal hypoplasia with deficient nephron formation. In mutant kidneys, aberrant cell death occurs within the metanephric mesenchyme (MM),particularly in the cortical nephrogenic zone, which provides the progenitors for recurring rounds of nephron formation. Prior to mutant morphological changes, Wnt4 and Lim1 expression, which is essential for nephrogenesis, is absent in MM. Furthermore, comparative analysis of Wnt4-null homozygotes reveals concomitant downregulation of Lim1 and diminished tubule formation. Our data support a model whereby FGF8 and WNT4 function in concert to induce the expression of Lim1 for MM survival and tubulogenesis.
DrosophilaPipe protein activity in the ovary and the embryonic salivary gland does not require heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Zhu Xianjun , Sen Jonaki , Stevens Leslie , Goltz Jason S. , Stein David
Published: July 2005

The Drosophila pipe gene encodes ten related proteins that exhibit amino acid sequence similarity to vertebrate heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase. One of the Pipe isoforms, which is expressed in the ventral follicular epithelium, is a key determinant of embryonic dorsoventral polarity, suggesting that Pipe-mediated sulfation of a heparan sulfate proteoglycan provides a spatial cue for dorsoventral axis formation. We used several approaches to investigate this possibility in the work described here. We determined the nucleotide alterations in 11 different pipealleles. Ten of the mutations specifically affect the pipe isoform that is expressed in the ovary. Among these ten mutations, two alter an amino acid in the putative binding site for 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate, the universal sulfate donor. Using Alcian Blue, a histochemical stain that detects sulfated glycans, we observed a novel, pipe-dependent macromolecule in the embryonic salivary glands. Genes known to participate in the formation of heparan sulfate in Drosophila are not required for the production of this material. To investigate whether a heparan sulfate proteoglycan is involved in pipe function in dorsoventral patterning, we generated females carrying follicle cell clones mutant for heparan sulfate synthesis-related genes. Embryos from follicles with mutant clones did not exhibit a dorsalized phenotype. Taken together, our data provide evidence that Pipe acts as a sulfotransferase, but argue against the hypothesis that the target of Pipe is a heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan.
Logistic analysis of veterans' eligibility-status changes
Authors: Gao Jian , Wang Ying , Engelhardt Joseph
Published: July 2005

Currently, the US Department of Veterans Affairs provides medical care to more than four million veterans across the nation. Given the limited resources and increasing demand, the US Department of Veterans Affairs Health Administration (VA) is required by law to ensure that veterans with similar economic status and eligibility priority have similar access to VA health care, regardless of where they reside. This study, using descriptive statistics and logistic regression techniques, examines the factors that affect veterans' eligibility-status changes. This study found that veterans' demographics are correlated with the likelihood of eligibility-status conversion. More importantly, this study concludes that eligibility-status changes have a geographic pattern. These findings are important and useful in planning workload, as well as improving equal access of health care.
Management support and perceived consumer satisfaction in skilled nursing facilities
Authors: Metlen Scott , Eveleth Daniel , Bailey Jeffrey J
Published: July 2005

How managers 'manage' employees influences important firm outcomes. Heskett, Sasser, and Schlesinger contend that the level of internal support for service workers will influence consumer satisfaction. This study empirically explores how skilled nursing facility (SNF) managers affect consumer satisfaction by encouraging employee effectiveness and listening to employees to determine how to improve employee effectiveness. We extend previous research by proposing management as a form of internal support and demonstrating its relationship to service process integration, as a distinct form of internal support. The results of our individual-level investigation of 630 nursing assistants from 45 SNFs provide support for our two-part hypothesis. First, active management support and process integration, as elements of internal support, do lead to increased employee satisfaction and employee effectiveness. Second, the increased employee satisfaction and effectiveness was positively related to consumer satisfaction, as evaluated by the service workers. Thus, there is a positive influence of management's internal support of nursing assistants on perceived consumer satisfaction.
The willingness to donate blood: an empirical analysis of socio-demographic and motivation-related determinants
Authors: Tscheulin Dieter K , Lindenmeier Jörg
Published: July 2005

Since the willingness to donate blood is not very high among large parts of the population, a better understanding of the determinants for the willingness to donate blood is of significant importance. This article is intended to contribute to higher uniformity of results in the context of research on blood donation behaviour. Exploratory factor analysis and non-parametric tests are used to accomplish this. Potentially important socio-demographic and motivation-related variables particularly affecting the willingness to donate blood are examined.

As an addition to the existing literature, the influence of the individual importance of structural characteristics of blood donation facilities, such as the standard of the facility's medical equipment or the training of the facility's staff, will be tested for its effects on the willingness to donate blood. The analysis will also include the influence of direct or indirect personal involvement on the part of the respondent. The results of the study indicate that typical blood donors are young women or men who are studying or possess a higher level of education. Furthermore, potential blood donors can easily be attracted by pecuniary incentives and word of mouth. Unlike non-donors, potential blood donors are not idle, have no fear of infections due to the donation and want reasonable opening hours of blood donation facilities.
Some Near-IR Spectral Emission Characteristics of the Inductively Coupled Plasma
Authors: Stubley E. A. , Horlick G.
Published: July 2005

Several spectrochemical measurement systems have been used for the characterization of near-IR emission spectra from the inductively coupled plasma, with particular emphasis on the determination of sulphur. Background emission spectra of Ar and N2/Ar ICPs and the emission spectrum of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) are presented and the major emission lines of Ar, N, C, O and S are tabulated. These measurements and data cover the spectral region from about 3 µm to 0.7 µm and were obtained using a Fourier transform spectrometer. Detection limits for the determination of sulfur using a monochromator in combination with either a Si photodiode, a Si photodiode array or a PbS detector at the 0.922 and 1.046 µm lines are presented. The best detection limit (20 ppm) was obtained with the Si photodiode detector at the 0.922 µm line.
Spectroscopic Frequency Calibration of Tunable Dye Lasers
Authors: Hamer Cheryl A. , Spoonhower John P.
Published: July 2005

A simple, inexpensive technique for optogalvanic frequency calibration of tunable dye lasers is presented. Its feasibility is demonstrated in the acquisition of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectrum of a weakly emitting species. This experiment reveals a number of problems inherent in the use of tunable dye lasers in low-light-intensity investigations, for example, in obtaining PLE spectra or in obtaining resonance Raman enhancement profiles.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Iodine-Doped Poly(Phenyl)Acetylene
Authors: Ferraro John R. , Martin Kathleen , Furlani Anita , Russo Maria Vittoria
Published: July 2005

The complementation of Resonance Raman, Raman Polarization data, and far infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the nature of the iodine moiety in iodine-doped poly(phenyl)acetylene. For the molar concentration range of iodine/polymer of 1 to 5, the predominant iodine entity in the iodine-doped conductive polymer appears to be I5-.
Thomson Scattering as a Diagnostic of Atmospheric Pressure Discharges
Authors: Scheeline Alexander , Zoellner Michael J.
Published: July 2005

Thomson scattering is reviewed as a diagnostic technique for the determination of electron energy distributions and concentrations in a plasma. Both theoretical and experimental aspects are considered, and scattering spectra which would be expected for high voltage spark discharges and inductively coupled plasmas at atmospheric pressure are computed. A nonlinear method bearing the same relationship to Thomson scattering as CARS does to linear Raman spectroscopy is mentioned, and its properties are compared to the more common linear Thomson technique. Related plasma diagnostics involving high power laser scattering are also discussed.
Diffuse Reflectance Interferometric Spectroscopy in the Far Infrared Region
Authors: Ferraro John R. , Martin Kathleen
Published: July 2005

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy in the far infrared (FIR) has been found to be feasible to ∼40 cm−1. High-density polyethylene powder was used as the non-absorbing matrix and diluent. DRIFT spectra in the FIR of compounds representing organic, inorganic, corrdination, glass, catalysts, and others are presented, and are compared with Nujol mull transmission spectra. Other sampling techniques are suggested, including specular (external reflectance—1 pass) reflectance in the FIR.
Analysis of the Aroma of the Intact Fruit of Coffea Arabica by GC-FT-IR
Authors: Purcell James M. , Magidman Paul
Published: July 2005

Gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to analyze preconcentrated headspace samples of the volatile mixture emanating from the intact fruit of Coffea arabica. Among the components identified were carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isovaleraldehyde, water, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone.
Rapid Scanning Constant Energy Synchronous Fluorescence Spectrometry: A Comparison of Flow Cells
Authors: Kerkhoff M. Jonell , Inman E. L. , Voigtman E. , Hart L. P. , Winefordner J. D.
Published: July 2005

Rapid scanning constant energy synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (RSCESFS) is evaluated for flow cell design, scan speed, and constant energy interval choice. Analytical figures of merit for several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are given for several experimental conditions, for several flow cells, and for both RSCESFS and conventional (nonscanning) fluorescence spectrometry. With RSCESFS, absolute detection limits as low as 700 fg, linear dynamic ranges as great as five orders of magnitude and the time to record a complete 350 nm spectrum as short as 17 s have been obtained.