bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1QS 9:12–11:22. The Maskil
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

The concluding section of 1QS focuses on the figure of the Maskil or Master. (In 4QSe this place is occupied by a calendrical text, Otot). The first part of this chapter (1QS 9:12–25) contains the statutes for the Maskil. His main responsibilities concern the assessment of members, both at admission and later. He must also be of exemplary character. The later part of this chapter (1QS 9:26–11:22) contains the hymn of the Maskil. It outlines the times of prayer and the ethical commitments of the Maskil and concludes with the praise of God. This prayer has a mystical dimension, entailing fellowship with the angels and a beatific vision.
1QSa. The Rule of the Congregation
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

1QSa and 1QSb were published separately from 1QS but had apparently been sown on to the end of the manuscript. They are often described as “annexes” of 1QS. 1QSa is introduced as “the rule for the whole congregation of Israel in the latter days.” It is not, then, a rule for the yaḥad or sectarian association, but for all Israel in the messianic age. The congregation includes women and children but this fact carries no implications for the make-up of the yaḥad. The association retains a special place in eschatological Israel. The last section of 1QSa (2:11–22) describes the protocol for a meal when the messiah is present, which is notable for the fact that the priest takes precedence. 1QSa 2:11-12, which refers to God “begetting” the messiah, has been controversial, but the reading should be retained.
4QSf (4Q260)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSf of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Welshburbia
Authors: Ugolini Wendy
Published: June 2024

‘Welshburbia: Welshness in the English Suburbs’ examines English suburbia as a site of Welsh identity formation in the first half of the twentieth century. For the descended Welsh, the experience of living on the margins in English suburbs could reinforce their own sense of liminality or ‘outsider’ status. In particular, the chapter explores how some twentieth-century artists, now prominently celebrated in Wales, were influenced and conditioned by their upbringing in the English suburbs. It frames English artists and writers of Welsh parentage such as David Jones, Norman Lewis, and John Osborne as transcultural subjects, highlighting how their childhood suburban experiences informed their creative development. This chapter also provides a case study of Lambeth-born poet, Edward Thomas examining his display of dual allegiances during the First World War and those of the wider Thomas sibling group.
First World War Identities
Authors: Ugolini Wendy
Published: June 2024

‘First World War Identities’ focuses on the military phenomenon of the mobilization and enlistment of English men with Welsh antecedents into active service units during the First World War. In particular, it addresses the identity politics behind the establishment of the 15th (1st London Welsh), Royal Welch Fusiliers. It underlines how, for a cohort of male English volunteers, Wales and Welshness held some form of meaning at the point of their military enlistment. It analyses Lloyd George’s wartime relationship with the London Welsh soldier, William Pugh Hinds, the son of John Hinds MP, to illuminate the ways in which politicized displays of Welsh patriotism in the metropolis were implicated in the military voluntarism of a cohort of English soldiers. It provides a case study of the dual identity construction of David Jones who immortalized his military service in the Royal Welch Fusiliers in the epic poem, In Parenthesis (1937).
Imagining Wales from England
Authors: Ugolini Wendy
Published: June 2024

‘Imagining Wales from England’ addresses the literary, artistic, and dramatic works which emerged from the functioning of English Welsh duality in the first half of the twentieth century. It explores the influence of Welsh painter, Augustus John, addressing the network of English Welsh artists who congregated around John in London around the time of the First World War, as well as assessing his children’s relationship with their Welsh heritage. It investigates how some English writers living within diasporic communities, on the borderlands with Wales, or with homes in Wales, creatively made use of imagined interconnections, providing a case study of the author Richard Hughes and analysing the life writing and literary output of authors such as John Owen and Margiad Evans. It highlights the willingness of Welsh national institutions to promote a fluid conception of Welshness which accommodates English artists of Welsh extraction.
Introduction
Authors: Sfakianakis John
Published: June 2024

Saudi Arabia’s envisaged transformation—Vision 2030—is of monumental size, particularly in view of the short period of time over which it is being implemented. Regardless of whether the Vision is at face value too ambitious in several of its targets, it offers a clear course of action and is calling upon all the institutions of the state and society to gear up and cooperate to achieve a common goal. The Vision has introduced a fundamental policy shift in response to low oil prices which started tumbling around mid-2014. Diversifying the economy, creating jobs for nationals in the private sector, and implementing a gradual but noteworthy, fiscal consolidation programme are key priorities. Vision 2030 was a realization that the old system was defunct and that something needed to be done to address deep-seated structural challenges. The pillars that had supported the monarchy for decades—religion, business, and the royal family—have been shaken down and new rules put in place.
Social Protection in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alaref Jumana
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the social protection provided by the government of Saudi Arabia. In 2016, Saudi Arabia adopted Vision 2030 as a strategic plan to build a vibrant society, diversify the economy while reducing oil dependence, and modernize the public sector. The Vision triggered commendable steps to reform the nation’s social protection policies and programmes. The chapter examines the extent to which social welfare programmes currently play a role in improving welfare, productivity, and human capital among Saudis. It clarifies that social protection is a web of interconnected policies and programmes instead of being the responsibility of only one ministry or one actor.
The International Arbitration of Territorial Disputes
Authors: Siniver Asaf
Published: June 2024

This book provides the first comparative and systematic analysis of the role of international arbitration in the settlement of interstate territorial disputes. It does so by addressing the disciplinary gap between International Relations (IR) and International Law (IL) scholarships on arbitration, which is a legal method of dispute settlement, distinct from the more popular diplomatic methods of bilateral negotiations and third-party mediation, and the other legal method of dispute settlement, namely adjudication (‘judicial settlement’). The book presents a novel political-legal framework of analysis to explain under what conditions states are more likely to pursue a legal settlement of their territorial dispute via arbitration as opposed to mediation, which is by far the most popular method of peaceful third-party intervention in territorial disputes. In so doing, the book reclaims the sui generis nature of arbitration as a unique legal-political method which can enable party flexibility and autonomy that are often found in mediation, whilst providing a final and legally binding solution which is associated with adjudication. The book traces the historical evolution of international arbitration and locates its unique place in the scholarship and practice of peaceful dispute settlement by drawing on IR and conflict resolution studies as well as legal jurisprudence. Drawing on a wide range of primary sources, including interviews, archival research, and official documents, and employing qualitative research methods, the book applies its framework to four contemporary cases of international arbitration: The arbitration over the Rann of Kutch between India and Pakistan (1966–1968); the Beagle Channel arbitration between Chile and Argentina (1971–1977), the Taba arbitration between Egypt and Israel (1986–1988), and the South China Sea arbitration between the Philippines and China (2013–2016).
Settling Territorial Disputes
Authors: Siniver Asaf
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides an essential literature review to locate international arbitration with the International Relations and International Law disciplines. It begins by outlining the significant yet often overlooked terminological differences between conflict management, which is mostly found in IR studies, and dispute settlement, which is more closely associated with legal scholarship. In so doing, this review also charts the pertinent differences between conflicts and disputes, and indeed between the ‘political’ and the ‘legal’ domains of the enquiry. The bulk of the chapter outlines the differences between mediation (the most popular method of peaceful third-party dispute settlement) and arbitration (the least popular but most successful), as well as adjudication, the other legal method of dispute settlement.
In Defense of Alien Structure
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

This chapter defends the claim that there are alien languages and that alien metaphysical structure is possible, and responds to some arguments to the contrary. Part of the discussion is focused on specific purported examples of alien languages, where one kind of example is of what is dubbed a flat language where all subsentential expressions are of the same type. One argument against alien languages that is considered is centered on the idea that all entities can be referred to or at least quantified over. Another argument is centered on the idea that all languages must employ predication. The chapter also discusses whether the kinds of considerations that Donald Davidson has presented regarding the possibility of alternative conceptual schemes speak against the possibility of alien languages.
Alien Metaphysics
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

This chapter is about metaphysics and metametaphysics. It discusses some different ways of conceiving of the possibility of alien structure. The question of whether structure of the reality is familiar or alien need not be an either/or issue: the familiar and the alien can coexist, in various ways. The nature of ontology and ontological commitment is discussed. Specifically, is the very idea of ontology somehow tied to how reality is represented by relatively familiar languages? The chapter also discusses how the possibility of alien structure affects various contemporary ontological debates. It discusses how it affects how we should think of plenitudinous views in ontology. It discusses how it relates to the idea that ontological debates are verbal. It discusses how it relates to the doctrine of quantifier variance.
Sentences and Truth
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

Up until this point the focus has been on how languages can differ at the subsentential level and corresponding issues on the metaphysics side. The main questions discussed in this chapter are: Are there alien languages that do not employ sentences? Are there alien languages in the business of describing the world but such that their sentences are not properly assessed in terms of truth or falsity but in terms of something else? The focus lies on difficulties in making sense of talk of alternatives to sentences and alternatives to truth, and how to deal with those difficulties. Along the way, the chapter discusses philosophical views emphasizing the primacy of sentences over subsentential expressions, associated with Frege and Quine, and their potential implications for debates over the alien.
And Beyond
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

This is a brief concluding chapter, summarizing main lessons and pointing the way to future research. What specific problems might be such that appeal to alien structure might help resolve those problems? Might further empirical research into what natural languages there are be fruitful? In this book I have focused on descriptive, fact-stating language. But what broadly alien kinds of non-descriptive, broadly expressivist languages can there be, and might some such languages along some relevant dimension be better than familiar languages?
Voyagers in deep time
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the concept of plate tectonics, which helps explain why there is consistency in tectonic action across a wide region. Plate tectonics brings context and consistency to volcanic activities, active fault systems, and mountain building. We learn about the different styles of fault displacement: normal extensional, reverse thrust fault and horizontal strike-slip. When a strike slip fault displacement jumps to a parallel fault a coffin-shaped pull-apart basin forms and fills with sediment. Two pull apart basins along the Sticklepath Fault through Devon reveal that the fault underwent several kilometres of displacement over the past few tens of millions of years, through the eras of the Cenozoic,
The big tilt
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

In the 17th century Robert Hooke, in charge of experiments at the newly founded Royal Society, lectured on how earthquakes lithified and raised fossils out of the sea. Hooke was born at the western tip of the Isle of Wight above the best exposed Cenozoic tectonics in Britain, where at Alum Bay the whole Paleogene geological sequence is tilted almost vertical, with the layers exposed in the cliffs. At the beginning of the 19th century the geologist William Smith sought to explain the consistent tilt across much of England whereby the geological strata dip down to the east, which we now understand is a consequence of the domal uplift of Britain and Ireland at the beginning of the Cenozoic, with its centre in the Irish Sea. Before this time almost all the region, lay underwater beneath a warm Cretaceous sea. The geological exposure provided the opportunity for the British geologist Murchison to classify and name three of the geological periods: the Permian, the Devonian and the Silurian. We also consider the complex process of geological radio-isotope age-dating.
The starter ocean
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the structure and composition of the ocean floor and how the Paleocene volcanic activity in the Hebrides reflects the attempt to open up a new spreading ridge ‘oceanic’ plate boundary. A series of concentrated igneous dyke swarms at Skye, Mull, Arran and in Antrim together acted as a southwesterly plate boundary diversion to the pre-existing NE-SW band of strike-slip faulting that existed before 60 million years ago, separating Greenland from the continental margin of northwest Europe. The combination of volcanic magma chambers, dyke swarms and lava-fields means that the crust of Skye can be said to have become one third oceanic. These separate spreading ridges, each with 2-3 km of dilation are linked by strike-slip ‘transform faults’ :a fault style first identified by Canadian geophysicist John Tuzo Wilson in the 1960s. Magma in the igneous dykes propagated sideways from magma chambers beneath central volcanoes, as observed in several eruptions on Iceland over the past forty years. Once the magma in the dyke broke through to the surface the dyke would not grow any longer. While standard dykes are 30-50km long and a metre wide, for a period the volcanoes produced giant dykes, that could be ten times as long and ten times or more wide, propagated to the southeast across north Wales and northern England and far across the southern North Sea. These giant dykes, sourced principally from the Mull and Slieve Gullion volcanoes reflect an attempt to create a new plate boundary cutting Britain in two, but only succeeded in splitting the crust by about 200 metres. It took many tens of cubic kilometres of magma to fill a giant dyke, requiring an enormous magma chamber, far larger than any identified in recent eruptions worldwide.
The Encouragement of Spiritual Friends
Authors: Aalders Cynthia
Published: June 2024

Through a rich variety of spiritual friendship, enacted within intra-generational relationships, women used letters, diaries, and other life writings to learn religious belief and life together. Taking a broad view of friendship, this chapter notes the porous relational boundaries between friends and siblings and observes the possibilities for spiritual friendship between women as well as between women and men. It focuses on the mutuality of such relationships and considers literary interactions as conversations, a term that highlights the personal and interactive nature of such encounters. Friends often turned to each other in distressing circumstances, when various cultural voices urged their resignation to illness or death. More than a cultural trope, resignation was a religious directive, and is here analysed as a subject of conversation between spiritual friends of various denominational commitments. When analysed as acts of spiritual friendship, women’s literary interactions illuminate one of the hidden ways in which women constituted religious communities, for these informal literary encounters helped women not only to think through religious ideas and personal faith commitments, but to articulate what they believed, and so guide friends’ responses to suffering within religious communities.
Life Writing as Spiritual Legacy
Authors: Aalders Cynthia
Published: June 2024

Preserved and cherished as spiritual legacy, women’s life writings continued to be read after the death of their authors, thus forming community memory and continuing to shape religious identity. Building on the work of scholars who have highlighted the ways in which an historiographical emphasis on print culture has obscured women’s influence in eighteenth-century intellectual and literary worlds, this chapter considers the afterlives of women’s spiritual life writings and illuminates women’s ongoing, posthumous authority in varied religious contexts. This authority was perpetuated through future generations of women who were active more frequently than men as the keepers of manuscripts and, with them, spiritual meaning.
Lie symmetries and reductions
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we use the machinery of Lie groups and Lie algebras to introduce the concept of a continuous symmetry of a differential equations. We analyse the symmetry reduction, and describe the Painlevé test for integrability.
The Essence of Restitution
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter first explains what the Law of Restitution is about: it is the law of gain-based remedies. It discusses the nature of restitutionary remedies, which may be categorized as personal or proprietary, and explains their characteristics. It then discusses when restitutionary remedies are awarded, including to reverse unjust enrichment, to deprive benefits from a wrongdoer, and to vindicate property rights. It explains the justification for recognizing an independent Law of Restitution. It sets out the principal types of restitutionary remedy: money had and received, money paid to the use of the defendant, reasonable value of property and services, account of profits, restitutionary damages, recognition of a beneficial interest, equitable charge, subrogation, rectification, rescission, and interest.
Necessity
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

In English law, the ambit and rationale of necessity within the Law of Restitution is a matter of some uncertainty. This chapter considers whether the principle of necessity has any significance in underpinning the recognition of particular grounds of restitution within the Law of Unjust Enrichment. The relevance of the principle of voluntariness is analysed, along with the reasons for its underdeveloped nature. The doctrines of necessitous intervention by a stranger and agency of necessity are considered. Necessity in the context of marine adventures is also examined, with a consideration of the issues of salvage and general average.
Restitutionary Claims and Remedies to Vindicate Property Rights
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter distinguishes between claims to vindicate property rights where the claim is proprietary and where the claim is personal. Proprietary remedies at Law are very limited. Personal claims to vindicate property rights at Law are ones of strict liability. Equity proprietary remedies to vindicate equitable property rights encompass the constructive trust, the lien, and subrogation. Personal claims to vindicate property rights in Equity mainly take the form of the claim for knowing receipt, and this is a claim that requires proof of fault. Finally, the chapter considers the reasons for the differences between the Common Law and equitable claims.
Defences Arising from Changes in the Defendant’s Circumstances
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines those general defences to restitutionary claims which are concerned with changes in the defendant’s circumstances once an enrichment has been received. The first such defence is estoppel, which has a particularly important role in the context of restitutionary claims and generally applies as a complete defence, although qualifications to this are examined. Then the defence of ministerial receipt is examined. Finally, the defence of change of position is considered and the chapter identifies its salient elements, both as regards causation and acting in good faith. The final part of the chapter examines the relationship between the various defences.
Reflective Luminosity
Authors: Goldstein Simon
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the principle of Reflective Luminosity: if you know that you know p, then you omega know p. The chapter develops six benefits of this principle: it explains how assertion and action could require omega knowledge; it explains why three iterations of knowledge seems like the same thing as four; it explains the unconfident examinee case; it explains why questions about second-order knowledge are unusual; it predicts that the margin for error principle is normally true; it can predict that you are justified in believing the margin for error principle. The chapter develops five costs of the principle: it does not allow testifiers with different levels of reliability to produce different amounts of knowledge; it does not generalize to two types of revenge cases of counterexamples to KK; it doesn’t allow you to remember seeing something without being certain of it; it leads to various kinds of trouble about justified belief when combined with various theories of justified belief. The chapter goes on to consider several weakenings of Reflective Luminosity that retain some of the benefits while avoiding some of the costs.
Conclusion
Authors: Goldstein Simon
Published: June 2024

This chapter begins by critically comparing the three theories of omega knowledge in the book. Each theory has its own costs and benefits. The costs of Variable Margins are too high to accept. This leaves Reflective Luminosity and Fragility. It is difficult to say which theory is better, because their benefits and costs do not neatly contain one another. The chapter ends by tying up loose ends: first, it discusses the status of the omega infallibilist principle that you are permitted to be certain of p iff you omega know p; second, it discusses the connection between iterations of knowledge and the strength of one’s epistemic position; third, it discusses how to extend the discussion beyond safety based theories of knowledge; fourth, it discusses whether debates about knowledge versus omega knowledge could be verbal.
The explanatory argument
Authors: Thorstad David
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents a programmatic explanatory argument for the reason-responsive consequentialist view. Historically, consequentialists have defended their view on the basis of its ability to recover clear, correct, and unifying explanations of a diverse array of normative phenomena. In this chapter, I show how the reason-responsive consequentialist view accounts for a range of normative claims about inquiry that have eluded philosophical analysis including duties to avoid cognitive clutter; norms of friendship; and norms of logical non-omniscience. In traditional consequentialist fashion, the explanatory argument takes these explanatory successes as evidence for the correctness of the reason-responsive consequentialist view.
Brain Plasticity and Prediction of Response to Psychotherapy
Authors: Zacharek Sadie J. , Gabrieli John D. E. , Hofmann Stefan G.
Published: June 2024

Psychotherapy improves the mental health of many patients, and such improvement must occur through change (plasticity) in the human brain. Such plasticity can be measured with neuroimaging to reveal the neural mechanisms of psychotherapy. Here we review what is known about neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neurochemical plasticity associated with one well-validated form of psychotherapy—cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)—for the most common mental health difficulty—anxiety disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia). CBT, like other behavioral and pharmacological treatments, is effective for about half of patients, and presently there is no scientific basis for clinicians or patients to select a particular treatment that is most likely to be effective for an individual patient (precision or personalized medicine). We review evidence about neuroimaging measures (biomarkers), collected prior to CBT interventions, that are associated with or predictive of patient response to treatment. With further advancement, such predictive biomarkers may allow for individualized selections of treatments that lead to higher rates of therapeutic benefits for patients.
An Interpersonal Perspective on the Physiological Stress Response
Authors: Smith Timothy W. , Cundiff Jenny M.
Published: June 2024

Stress management and related interventions are useful in the prevention and treatment of a variety of medical conditions, including coronary heart disease (CHD). These interventions improve emotional adjustment and reduce physiological stress responses that otherwise contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of the disease process. However, most of these interventions are based on a largely intrapersonal view of the psychophysiology of stress, with an emphasis on dampening physiological stress responses directly through relaxation, meditation or biofeedback approaches, or cognitive-behavioral approaches that alter stress-engendering cognitive processes (e.g., appraisals, cognitive distortions, rumination, worry). The present chapter presents an interpersonal view of stress and its impact on the development and course of CHD and discusses its implications for adjunctive interventions with this population. Based in the interpersonal tradition in clinical and personality psychology, this model identifies the two basic social motives of connection with others and status relative to others as key influences on physiological stress responses. The related dimensions of the interpersonal circumplex—affiliation and control—and other concepts in the interpersonal perspective provide an organizing framework for psychosocial risk and protective factors for CHD, as well as the psychophysiological mechanisms linking them with the disease process. Therapeutic implications of the affiliation dimension for stress management and related interventions include reduction of expression of and exposure to hostility, as well as increased expression of and exposure to warmth. For the control dimension, cultivation of autonomy as an alternative to both effortful expression of control or dominance and excessive deference or submissiveness is a potentially valuable focus for intervention. In pursuing these goals, several current psychological therapies can be incorporated into an interpersonally enhanced approach to stress management.
Integrating Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback into Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Authors: Gevirtz Richard N.
Published: June 2024

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the most popular “third wave” therapies. In scores of head-to-head studies with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), research shows ACT to be either comparable or superior. This chapter describes the core principles of ACT in relationship to current neuroscience formulations and known mechanisms impacted by heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB). Combining HRVB with ACT offers advantages for a variety of physical, stress-related, and psychological disorders. The author concludes that ACT is a better fit with HRVB than CBT or other therapeutic approaches. A case example illustrates the integration of ACT and HRVB.
Compassionate Bodies, Compassionate Minds
Authors: Petrocchi Nicola , Ottaviani Cristina
Published: June 2024

The evolutionary approach has been increasingly used to deepen our understanding of human psychology. In this chapter, in line with the evolution-informed bio-psycho-social approach of compassion-focused therapy (CFT), we will conceptualize compassion as a purely human motivational system evolved from the caregiving motivation. This evolutionary framework will help us understand the psychophysiological changes that compassion generates in our organism, particularly in the parasympathetic nervous system, and how these can be voluntarily induced and used to promote therapeutic change. Several case narratives will illustrate the psychophysiological and emotional impact of helping clients experience compassion for themselves and others. Using a neurovisceral integration model, we will suggest how activating a compassionate motivation, both toward self and others, will promote emotional regulation and feelings of intra- and inter-personal safeness. Improved self-regulation will help clients respond flexibly and more courageously to changing and challenging environments, one being precisely the therapeutic path.
Microeconomics in Words
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

The claims of economists about the successes and failures of markets have enormous influence in public debates, yet the sources of those claims are often unclear. This book demystifies microeconomic analyses by showing how they depend on simplifying assumptions and ethical judgments that could be made differently. Because microeconomics is a model-based discipline, the book addresses what makes outcomes efficient in models of markets, and it questions when market efficiency is desirable. To make the material more accessible and to provide context for the ideas, the book adopts a word-based rather than mathematical approach and uses many examples from literary classics. Starting with the basic model of supply and demand, the book layers on complications of taxes, market failures and their solutions, limitations on correcting them, and transaction costs and institutions. It focuses on both the insights and the limitations of economic analyses—not only what has been formally proven but also what is discussed less formally in academic articles. The book then turns to the topics of free trade and controversial markets for cigarettes and transplant organs to show how the tools and concepts that have been developed are used, and not used, in practice. Readers should develop a deep understanding of microeconomic analyses and be able to make better judgments about what is learned from them.
Mapping Gains from Trade
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the basic model of supply and demand. Assuming no distortions, it shows how prices guide producers and consumers to an efficient equilibrium without centralized direction. In this simple model, the creation of a market can only make people better off, and private charity and public regulation can only make outcomes worse—results that are all overturned in later chapters. The chapter also considers why policies such as minimum wages and price controls might be desirable even though they are inefficient according to market values. The chapter does consider an alternative value system, one based on needs rather than wealth, but it is the values of the market that are typically used in microeconomic analyses.
The Visible Footprint
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter continues the study of how prices efficiently guide decisions in models with multiple markets that do not have distortions. It begins with two simple textbook examples to illustrate production, consumption, and trade. It then proceeds to the two welfare theorems, with attention to their assumptions to consider what they imply about outcomes of real markets. The chapter then turns to richer models and considers how efficient markets may not be part of an efficient social outcome. It ends with an appreciative interpretation of the welfare theorems and relates them to Adam Smith’s conception of the invisible hand.
The Inferno of Market Failure
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces inefficiencies from the traditional sources of market power, externalities, and asymmetric information. The continuing assumption that we as observers have no limitations allows for a better understanding of the sources of market failure and their correction with regulation, taxation, or the creation of markets. A central idea of the chapter is that inefficiency is caused not by evildoers but by firms and consumers like any others, so there is no need for punishment, but simply a need to change incentives. The chapter discusses the discomfiting result that some harmful actions and outcomes are desirable in microeconomic models.
A Theory of Public Political Morality
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that contemporary democratic institutions are insufficient to ensure that political leaders do not manipulate voters’ preferences using persuasion and disinformation. Thus, new mechanisms are needed to prevent charismatic political leaders from abusing their power. The chapter answers this challenge; it argues that insights from the Confucian ideal of virtue politics and contemporary debates in Confucian democratic theory suggest a new approach to improving democratic control over political leaders. Finally, this chapter develops a conception of public political morality as a precondition that politicians of all political stripes must meet before occupying leadership positions within a democratic institutional framework. Public political morality is centred on the virtue of public-spiritedness, the moral disposition of humility, honesty, rejecting factional views, and a deliberative stance.
The Rector’s Daughter
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter documents the early life of Emily Davies, from her birth in 1830 through to her late twenties, when she was still the living-at-home daughter of a now elderly evangelical clergyman in the industrial north-east of England, intellectually voracious but apparently unaware of any kind of women’s movement. The most significant event in her life in this period was becoming close friends with three other young women: Jane and Annie Crow and, through them, Elizabeth Garrett, who would herself become a leading figure in the women’s movement. The chapter also focuses on two of Davies’s relations. Her father, John Davies, was a strict evangelical and thwarted intellectual, a maverick who courted controversy and suffered from perennial ill health. Her oldest brother, John Llewelyn Davies, also a clergyman, was an eminent Cambridge scholar, a Christian Socialist follower of F. D. Maurice, and a prominent member of the liberal broad church intelligentsia.
Girton and Newnham
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter summarizes the extension of the provincial scheme of lectures for ladies to Cambridge itself and the establishment of a hall of residence, which would ultimately become Newnham College, setting this in the context of reform in the university more generally. The main focus, however, is on the growth of Davies’s college and its establishment, as Girton College, on the outskirts of Cambridge. It was a fraught process, marked as much by internal dissension as by external opposition, and its analysis puts into focus Davies’s particular strategy and priorities, as well as her socially and politically conservative prejudices. It explores how these led her repeatedly into conflict with the leading liberals within the university, who essentially shared her aims, and threatened to alienate even her closest allies.
The Private and the Public Will in the Indian Contract Act
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

Continuing with part II’s overarching concerns, the chapter zeroes in on the doctrinal discourse of contract. It argues that classical legal thought’s concept of contract increasingly displaced the property right at the core of the emerging ontology of the law under Crown rule in the subcontinent. After considering key moments in the emergence of the law of contract before the Indian Contract Act of 1872, the chapter undertakes a close reading of the Act, itself, demonstrating how its vision of contractual entitlement was undergirded by the so-called will theory upon which classical legal thought more generally was premised. Rather than simply a means of privileging party intention or championing voluntarism, as the chapter further argues, the will theory was just as much about reserving a place within ‘the law of contract/the market’ for the public will of the state as it was for its private counterpart.
The Factory and Development
Authors: Hirst Samuel J.
Published: June 2024

In the 1930s, the provincial Anatolian city of Kayseri came to host what the Turkish government trumpeted as “the largest industrial establishment…of the whole Near East,” and this chapter uses local history to reflect on the significance of Soviet industrial aid to Turkey. Globally, the Great Depression saw the spread of state planning, much of it influenced by Soviet achievements. Observers at the time and scholars since have been prone to search foreign emulation of Soviet practices for far-reaching effects on state-society relations and economic models. This chapter demonstrates that the Kemalists were already pursuing social change in Kayseri before the Soviet-designed factory opened its doors and that modern textile production had less-than-anticipated impact in a key area: female labor. The chapter also shows that the Kemalists’ adoption of import substitution industrialization emerged as much from their own priorities as it did from Soviet influence. The chapter argues that the industrial projects were most significant in spillover effects in spheres from cinema to linguistics. It uses Kayseri’s role in the development of Turkish civilian aviation to show that the joint industrial projects contributed to a new mode of interstate cooperation.
Governance by stealth, and India’s Ministry of Home Affairs
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

India’s Ministry of Home Affairs, with its striking durability, and ability to adapt to the transition from colonial rule to post-colonial governance, is a remarkable example of institutional resilience. Following the end of British rule in 1947, the colonial Home Department mutated into the Home Ministry of the Indian Republic. How a colonial institution whose key task was to hold Indian nationalism at bay, and subsequently became the architect of the post-colonial state and nation, is one of the main questions to which I respond in this book. I offer Home’s singular expertise in ‘governance by stealth’—the use of minimum force to generate maximum order—as the key to this paradox. My analysis, based on declassified secret files of the Home Ministry, correspondence of key stakeholders, autobiographies and biographies of key leaders and civil servants, and interviews, explores the multiple roles of the ministry, with its penchant for governance by stealth as my focus.
The Widows
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

This chapter traces the many paths taken by Franz Lehár’s operetta The Merry Widow in Rio de Janeiro. Staged in a variety of locales and performed in different contexts, the operetta’s popularity fueled a local multilingualism and became central to the local explorations of intermedial connections between music and sound through the mixing of live performances and new technologies and media. The chapter discusses connections and disconnections about music and language in the city stages and their limitations for exploring issues of national belonging. The Merry Widow eventually branched off from main theaters of the city center to be welcomed in the circus, where it was reworked by Black composers and performers, and by Spanish performers who dominated the circus circuit. In this chapter, issues of race are coupled with cosmopolitanism as a shared experience of a few, while suggesting that timbre and instrumental ensemble formations can illuminate a shared soundscape that evades borders. The chapter brings to the fore the performances of artists such as Benjamin de Oliveira, Gisela Morosini, Cremilda de Oliveira, Ismênia Matheus, and Lili Cardona, among others.
Cosmopolitan Traditions
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

This chapter turns to the spread of opera in Rio de Janeiro, and Italian opera in particular, to consider the genre as an integral part of a turn-of-the-20th-century cosmopolitan urban tradition, as well as a part of the local tradition. The chapter invites a shift from the focus on opera as a delimiter of social and national boundaries to operatic music as a border-crossing agent during an early period of globalization. It considers the process of opera’s dis-assemblage as a counterweight to the idea of an organic “musical work.” The chapter also explores the opera Il Guarany (1870) by Antônio Carlos Gomes as crucial in the process of transforming a cosmopolitan tradition into a local tradition, while addressing ways in which the selection of canons and the process of solidifying musical traditions intertwine.
Adaptation of complex interventions for people with long-term conditions: a scoping review
Authors: Uddin Jamal , Joshi Vicky L , Wells Valerie , Faruque Mithila , Mashreky Saidur R , Movsisyan Ani , Evans Rhiannon , Moore Graham , Taylor Rod S
Published: June 2024

Adaptation seeks to transfer and implement healthcare interventions developed and evaluated in one context to another. The aim of this scoping review was to understand current approaches to the adaptation of complex interventions for people with long-term conditions (LTCs) and to identify issues for studies performed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Bibliographic databases were searched from 2000 to October 2022. This review involved five stages: (i) definition of the research question(s); (ii) identifying relevant studies; (iii) study selection; (iv) data charting; and (v) data synthesis. Extraction included an assessment of the: rationale for adaptation; stages and levels of adaptation; use of theoretical frameworks, and quality of reporting using a checklist based on the 2021 ADAPT guidance. Twenty-five studies were included from across 21 LTCs and a range of complex interventions. The majority (16 studies) focused on macro (national or international) level interventions. The rationale for adaptation included intervention transfer across geographical settings [high-income country (HIC) to LMIC: six studies, one HIC to another: eight studies, one LMIC to another: two studies], or transfer across socio-economic/racial groups (five studies), or transfer between different health settings within a single country (one study). Overall, studies were judged to be of moderate reporting quality (median score 23, maximum 46), and typically focused on early stages of adaptation (identification and development) with limited outcome evaluation or implementation assessment of the adapted version of the intervention. Improved reporting of the adaptation for complex interventions targeted at LTCs is needed. Development of future adaptation methods guidance needs to consider the needs and priorities of the LMIC context.
Epidemiology of Pediatric Dog Walking-Related Injuries Among Children Presenting to US Emergency Departments, 2001 to 2020
Authors: Maxson Ridge , Leland Christopher R. , Meshram Prashant , Goldfarb Sarah I. , Okeke Laurence , McFarland Edward G.
Published: June 2024

Background:

Dog walking is associated with a significant injury burden among adults, but the risk of injury associated with dog walking among children is poorly understood. This study describes the epidemiology of children treated at US emergency departments for injuries related to leash-dependent dog walking.

Methods:

The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was retrospectively analyzed to identify children (5 to 18 years of age) presenting to US emergency departments between 2001 and 2020 with dog walking-related injuries. Primary outcomes included annual estimates of injury incidence, injury characteristics, and risk factors for fracture or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Weighted estimates, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated using NEISS sample weights.

Results:

An estimated 35,611 children presented to US emergency departments with injuries related to dog walking. The mean age of patients was 11 years, and most patients were girls (63%). Over half (55%) of injuries were orthopaedic, and patients commonly injured their upper extremity (57%) and were hurt while falling when pulled or tripped by the leash (55%). The most frequent injuries were wrist strain/sprain (5.6%), finger strain/sprain (5.4%), and ankle strain/sprain (5.3%). On multivariable analysis, injured children aged 5 to 11 years were more likely to have sustained a TBI (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-9.7) or fracture (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.3). Boys were more likely than girls to have experienced a fracture (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5).

Conclusions:

Dog walking-related injuries in children are primarily orthopaedic and involve the upper extremity. Younger children and boys are at greater risk for serious dog walking-related injuries.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.