bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing policy focus through organizational reform? The case of the pharmaceutical unit in the European Commission
Authors: Vestlund Nina Merethe
Published: June 2014

This article contributes to the debate on the significance of organizational structure for administrative decision behaviour by exploring the effects of a reorganization in the European Commission. It is shown that the move of the pharmaceutical unit from DG Enterprise to DG SANCO impacted on the process of developing a regulatory framework on information to patients. After the reorganization, the focus of the policy process changed from industry to public health and other action alternatives became salient, which eventually led to changes in the policy outcome. The article demonstrates how horizontal specialization systematically tips the scales in the direction of certain actors, solutions, interests and concerns in decision processes, eventually resulting in a change of policy focus. The gap between organizational structure and administrative decision behaviour is thus not as large as is often assumed in the literature.
Exploration of novel heat and flame-resistant poly(urethane–imide)/functional layered silicate-based foams
Authors: Kausar Ayesha
Published: June 2014

Poly(urethane–imide) (PUI)/hydroxyl functional montmorillonite (MMT; H-MMT) nanocomposites and foams have been prepared with modified layered silicates (hydroxyl-modified H-MMT) via in situ polymerization. The physical properties of PUI/H-MMT nanocomposites and foams were investigated and were found to be dependent on the structure of polyurethane, functional groups of the modifiers, and chemical reaction between the hydroxyl of H-MMT and matrix. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed imprecise honeycomb cellular structure with increased cell density and reduced cell size compared with pure PUI foam. Compression strength and modulus of PUI/H-MMT 1 foam (1 wt% nanofiller) were 26.5 MPa and 4 GPa, respectively, which were augmented to 31 MPa and 7 GPa in PUI/H-MMT 5 foam (5 wt% nanofiller). Thermogravimetric results for 10% thermal decomposition temperature of PUI/H-MMT 1–5 foams were in the range of 476–511°C. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed that PUI/H-MMT 1 foam had glass transition temperature of 155°C which was enhanced to 161°C in PUI/H-MMT 5 foam. Limiting oxygen index and UL 94 results showed that PUI/H-MMT 1–5 foams exhibited enhanced nonflammability (V-0 rating) with the clay loading.
Deadlock-free scheduling of knowledgeable manufacturing cell with multiple machines and products
Authors: Yan Hong-Sen , Yang Hong-Bing
Published: June 2014

Under the stochastic production environment of uncertain job arrival, processing times and product demands, the deadlock-free scheduling is studied for a kind of knowledgeable manufacturing cell with multiple machines and products. First, the expected cost objective function is established based on continuous Markov chain with a discount factor, and a stochastic dynamic programming model is obtained by the virtual self-transfer method. Then, the properties of optimal objective function are analyzed and proved, and a heuristics approximate dynamic programming algorithm is proposed, which can effectively overcome the curse of dimensionality problem in the process of solving the dynamic programming model. With the above settled as premises, the deadlock-free scheduling strategy for knowledgeable manufacturing cell is proposed to control the processing rate and avoid system deadlock simultaneously. Finally, a case study is conducted to demonstrate and validate the effectiveness of the deadlock-free scheduling approach.
An efficient dynamic modelling approach for high-speed planar parallel manipulator with flexible links
Authors: Chen Zhengsheng , Kong Minxiu , Ji Chen , Liu Ming
Published: June 2014

An efficient dynamic modelling approach was presented for planar parallel manipulator with flexible links. To increase the accuracy of the model, an improved curvature-based finite element method (ICFE) was developed for discretisation of the flexible links. Then, a novel approach for analysis of the coupling between rigid-body motion and flexible-body motion was proposed, and compared to the regular geometrical method, the proposed method was accurate and easy to implement. With the aforementioned proposed methods, the Kane equation was integrated to formulate the dynamic model of a 3RRR planar parallel manipulator. Finally, comparison studies were performed to validate the proposed ICFE and the integrated dynamic modelling method. Compared to the regular curvature-based finite element method (CFE), the ICFE exhibits improved accuracy with equivalent degrees of freedom. Additionally, the proposed integrated dynamic model shows a good agreement with the Abaqus model. Therefore, it was concluded that the proposed dynamic modelling method herein was efficient and accurate for parallel manipulators with flexible links, demonstrating reasonable potentials for model based control.
Algorithm for the solution of elastoplastic half-space impact: Force-indentation linearisation method
Authors: Big-Alabo Akuro , Harrison Philip , Cartmell Matthew P
Published: June 2014

The governing equation of a half-space impact is generally nonlinear and it is normally solved using numerical techniques that are mostly conditionally stable and require many iteration steps for convergence of the solution. In this paper, we present the force-indentation linearisation method (FILM), an approximate technique that produces closed-form solutions of piecewise linearisation of the governing nonlinear differential equation and is capable of producing accurate impact response for an elastoplastic half-space impact. In contrast to the existing numerical techniques, which discretise the impact force or variable of interest in the time-domain, the present technique discretises the impact force with respect to the indentation using successive piecewise linear approximations. Generalised closed-form solutions were derived for each piecewise approximation, and this was used to develop an iterative algorithm for updating the solutions from one piecewise approximation to the next. The results of the present technique matched with results obtained by direct numerical integration of the governing nonlinear differential equation for a half-space impact, and the FILM was found to converge to the results of the numerical solution after a few iterations, typically between five and 10 iterations. The FILM is simple, is inherently stable, converges quickly, gives accurate results and can be implemented manually; these features make it potentially more attractive than the comparable numerical methods.
Stress assessment and fatigue behavior evaluation of components with defects based on the finite element method and lock-in thermography
Authors: Fan Junling , Guo Xinglin , Wu Chengwei , Zhao Yanguang , Guo Qiang
Published: June 2014

The relationships between the stress concentration factors Kts to the depths h and diameters Φ of blind holes were investigated based on the finite element method. The E-Mode, built-in the lock-in thermographic technique, was used to determine the stress distribution around blind holes and to predict the variation of Kts. Good predictions were achieved between the thermography and finite element method. The Altair Li software and Altair software were, separately, used to study the variations of the intrinsic dissipation and temperature increment during fatigue process for the purpose of damage status analysis. These two signals were considered as fatigue damage markers to rapidly predict the fatigue limits of components with different blind holes and then to determine the fatigue notch coefficient Kf. Theoretical results validate the capability of the lock-in thermography for fatigue evaluation.
Determination method of dynamic distorted scaling laws and applicable structure size intervals of a rotating thin-wall short cylindrical shell
Authors: Luo Z , Zhu YP , Zhao XY , Wang DY
Published: June 2014

This study investigates the applicability of distortion models for predicting dynamic characteristics of a rotating thin-wall short cylindrical shell. The significance of this study is that it provides a necessary scaling law, applicable structure size intervals, and its boundary functions, which can guide the design of distortion models. Sensitivity analysis and governing equations are employed to establish the scaling law between the model and the prototype. Then a commonly used 7050 aluminum alloy cylindrical shell is analyzed as a prototype. The determination of applicable structure size intervals is discussed, and the boundary functions of the applicable structure size intervals are investigated. The applicability of the scaling law and the applicable intervals of rotating thin-wall short cylindrical shell are verified numerically. The results indicate that distortion models that satisfy the structure size applicable intervals can predict the characteristics of the prototype with good accuracy.
An integrated estimation/guidance approach for seeker-less interceptors
Authors: Kumar G Saroj , Ghose Debasish , Vengadarajan A
Published: June 2014

This paper addresses the problem of intercepting highly maneuverable threats using seeker-less interceptors that operate in the command guidance mode. These systems are more prone to estimation errors than standard seeker-based systems. In this paper, an integrated estimation/guidance (IEG) algorithm, which combines interactive multiple model (IMM) estimator with differential game guidance law (DGL), is proposed for seeker-less interception. In this interception scenario, the target performs an evasive bang–bang maneuver, while the sensor has noisy measurements and the interceptor is subject to acceleration bound. The IMM serves as a basis for the synthesis of efficient filters for tracking maneuvering targets and reducing estimation errors. The proposed game-based guidance law for two-dimensional interception, later extended to three-dimensional interception scenarios, is used to improve the endgame performance of the command-guided seeker-less interceptor. The IMM scheme and an optimal selection of filters, to cater to various maneuvers that are expected during the endgame, are also described. Furthermore, a chatter removal algorithm is introduced, thus modifying the differential game guidance law (modified DGL). A comparison between modified DGL guidance law and conventional proportional navigation guidance law demonstrates significant improvement in miss distance in a pursuer-evader scenario. Simulation results are also presented for varying flight path angle errors. A numerical study is provided which demonstrates the performance of the combined interactive multiple model with game-based guidance law (IMM/DGL). Simulation study is also carried out for combined IMM and modified DGL (IMM/modified DGL) which exhibits the superior performance and viability of the algorithm reducing the chattering phenomenon. The results are illustrated by an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study in the presence of estimation errors.
Study of the effects of age and body mass index on the carotid wall vibration: Extraction methodology and analysis
Authors: Yousefi Rizi Fereshteh , Setarehdan Seyed Kamaledin , Behnam Hamid , Alizadeh Sani Zahra
Published: June 2014

This study aims to non-invasively extract the vibrations of the carotid wall and evaluate the changes in the carotid artery wall caused by age and obesity. Such evaluation can increase the possibility of detecting wall stiffness and atherosclerosis in its early stage. In this study, a novel method that uses a phase-tracking method based on the continuous wavelet transform calculates the carotid wall motion from the ultrasound radio frequency signals. To extract the high-frequency components of the wall motion, wall vibration, the empirical mode decomposition was then used. The posterior wall (intima-media) motion and vibration were extracted for 54 healthy volunteers (mean age: 33.87 ± 14.73 years), including 13 overweight subjects (body mass index > 25) and 14 female participants using their radio frequency signals. The results showed that the dominant frequency of the wall vibration correlates with age ( r = −0.5887, p < 0.001) and body mass index ( r = −0.4838, p < 0.001). The quantitative analysis further demonstrated that the dominant frequency of the vibration in the radial direction of the carotid wall decreases by age and is lower in overweight subjects. Besides, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the wall vibration showed significant correlations with age ( r = −0.5456, p < 0.001) and body mass index ( r = −0.5821, p < 0.001). The peak-to-peak amplitude also decreases by age and is lower in overweight subjects. However, there were no significant correlations between these features of the wall vibrations and systolic/diastolic blood pressure and sex. Our proposed measures were certified using the calculated arterial stiffness indices. The average power spectrum of the elderly subjects’ wall motion in the frequency range of the wall vibration (>100 Hz) is decreased more in comparison with the young subjects. Our results revealed that the proposed method may be useful for detecting the stiffness and distortion in the carotid wall that occur prior to wall thickening caused by age as an early-stage atherosclerotic sign.
The Too-Much-Talent Effect: Team Interdependence Determines When More Talent Is Too Much or Not Enough
Authors: Swaab Roderick I. , Schaerer Michael , Anicich Eric M. , Ronay Richard , Galinsky Adam D.
Published: June 2014

Five studies examined the relationship between talent and team performance. Two survey studies found that people believe there is a linear and nearly monotonic relationship between talent and performance: Participants expected that more talent improves performance and that this relationship never turns negative. However, building off research on status conflicts, we predicted that talent facilitates performance—but only up to a point, after which the benefits of more talent decrease and eventually become detrimental as intrateam coordination suffers. We also predicted that the level of task interdependence is a key determinant of when more talent is detrimental rather than beneficial. Three archival studies revealed that the too-much-talent effect emerged when team members were interdependent (football and basketball) but not independent (baseball). Our basketball analysis also established the mediating role of team coordination. When teams need to come together, more talent can tear them apart.
Young Children Bet on Their Numerical Skills
Authors: Vo Vy A. , Li Rosa , Kornell Nate , Pouget Alexandre , Cantlon Jessica F.
Published: June 2014

Metacognition, the ability to assess one’s own knowledge, has been targeted as a critical learning mechanism in mathematics education. Yet the early childhood origins of metacognition have proven difficult to study. Using a novel nonverbal task and a comprehensive set of metacognitive measures, we provided the strongest evidence to date that young children are metacognitive. We showed that children as young as 5 years made metacognitive “bets” on their numerical discriminations in a wagering task. However, contrary to previous reports from adults, our results showed that children’s metacognition is domain specific: Their metacognition in the numerical domain was unrelated to their metacognition in another domain (emotion discrimination). Moreover, children’s metacognitive ability in only the numerical domain predicted their school-based mathematics knowledge. The data provide novel evidence that metacognition is a fundamental, domain-dependent cognitive ability in children. The findings have implications for theories of uncertainty and reveal new avenues for training metacognition in children.
Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise
Authors: Gubler Timothy , Pierce Lamar
Published: June 2014

Are poor physical and financial health driven by the same underlying psychological factors? We found that the decision to contribute to a 401(k) retirement plan predicted whether an individual acted to correct poor physical-health indicators revealed during an employer-sponsored health examination. Using this examination as a quasi-exogenous shock to employees’ personal-health knowledge, we examined which employees were more likely to improve their health, controlling for differences in initial health, demographics, job type, and income. We found that existing retirement-contribution patterns and future health improvements were highly correlated. Employees who saved for the future by contributing to a 401(k) showed improvements in their abnormal blood-test results and health behaviors approximately 27% more often than noncontributors did. These findings are consistent with an underlying individual time-discounting trait that is both difficult to change and domain interdependent, and that predicts long-term individual behaviors in multiple dimensions.
The front lines of the “back door”: Navigating (dis)engagement, coercion, and pleasure in women’s anal sex experiences
Authors: Fahs Breanne , Gonzalez Jax
Published: June 2014

Despite the frequent depiction of heterosexual anal sex in pornography, and growing indications that heterosexual couples engage in anal sex, almost no research has examined women’s subjective experiences with receptive anal sex with men. This study draws upon qualitative interviews with 20 American women (mean age = 34, SD = 13.35) from diverse ages and backgrounds to illuminate five themes in women’s narratives about receptive anal sex: (1) initial resistance followed by submission; (2) initial interest followed by withdrawal from subsequent anal sex experiences; (3) violence and coercion surrounding anal sex; (4) social norming (e.g. men’s male friends normalizing heterosexual anal sex; seeing anal sex as normative after watching pornography); and (5) pleasurable experiences with anal eroticism. Implications for the re-evaluation of consent, imagining a continuum of sexualized violence, heteronormative assumptions about access to and power over women, silences surrounding non-penetrative anal eroticism, and women’s (dis)engagement with anal sex are explored.
Adaptive recurrent Chebyshev neural network control for permanent magnet synchronous motor servo-drive electric scooter
Authors: Lin Chih-Hong
Published: June 2014

Because of unknown nonlinearity and time-varying characteristic of electric scooter with V-belt continuously variable transmission system driven by using permanent magnet synchronous motor, its accurate dynamic model is difficult to establish for the design of the linear controller in whole system. In order to conquer this difficulty and raise robustness, an adaptive recurrent Chebyshev neural network control system is proposed to control for permanent magnet synchronous motor servo-drive electric scooter with V-belt continuously variable transmission under lumped nonlinear external disturbances in this study. The adaptive recurrent Chebyshev neural network control system consists of a recurrent Chebyshev neural network control and a compensated control with estimation law. In addition, the online parameter tuning methodology of the recurrent Chebyshev neural network and the estimation law of the compensated controller can be derived by using the Lyapunov stability theorem. Moreover, the two optimal learning rates of the recurrent Chebyshev neural network based on the discrete-type Lyapunov function are proposed to guarantee the convergence of tracking error. Finally, comparative studies are demonstrated by experimental results in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Celecoxib-induced increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and apoptosis in HA59T human hepatoma cells
Authors: Cheng H-H , Chou C-T , Lu Y-C , Lu T , Chi C-C , Tseng L-L , Liu S-I , Cheng J-S , Kuo C-C , Liang W-Z , Jan C-R
Published: June 2014

Celecoxib has been shown to have antitumor effect in previous studies but the mechanisms are unclear. The effect of celecoxib on cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and viability in HA59T human hepatoma cells was explored. The Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye fura-2 was applied to measure [Ca2+]i. Celecoxib at concentrations of 10–50 μM induced a [Ca2+]i rise in a concentration-dependent manner. The response was reduced by 80% by removing Ca2+. Celecoxib induced Mn2+ influx, leading to quenching of fura-2 fluorescence. Celecoxib-evoked Ca2+ entry was suppressed by nifedipine, econazole, SK&F96365, and protein kinase C modulators. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, incubation with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin nearly abolished celecoxib-induced [Ca2+]i rise. Incubation with celecoxib abolished thapsigargin-induced [Ca2+]i rise. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 abolished celecoxib-induced [Ca2+]i rise. At 1–50 μM, celecoxib inhibited cell viability by less than 20%, which was not reversed by chelating cytosolic Ca2+ with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N, N, N′, N′-tetraacetic acid/acetoxy methyl (BAPTA/AM). Celecoxib (10–50 μM) also induced apoptosis. In sum, in HA59T hepatoma cells, celecoxib induced a [Ca2+]i rise by evoking phospholipase C-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ entry via protein kinase C-sensitive store-operated Ca2+ channels. Celecoxib also caused cell death via apoptosis.
Protective effects of sodium p-aminosalicylic acid on learning and memory via increasing the number of basal forebrain choline acetyltransferase neurons in manganese-exposed rats
Authors: Li S-J , Meng H-Y , Deng X-F , Fu X , Chen J-W , Huang S , Huang Y-S , Luo H-L , Ou S-Y , Jiang Y-M
Published: June 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of sodium p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS-Na) on learning and memory via increasing the number of basal forebrain choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) neurons in manganese (Mn)-exposed rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into following groups: the normal control I, II, and III groups, the model I, II, and III groups, low- and high-dose PAS-Na treatment (L- and H-PAS) group, PAS-Na prevention (PAS-P) group, and PAS-Na treatment (PAS-T) group. The model I, II, and III groups, L- and H-PAS, and PAS-T groups received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 15 mg/kg manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O) for 3 or 12 weeks, while the normal control I, II, and III groups received i.p. injection of an equal volume of saline; L- and H-PAS and PAS-T groups received back subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of PAS-Na (100 and 200 mg/kg) for the next 5 or 6 weeks, whereas model I and II group received back s.c. injection of an equal volume of saline. However, PAS-P group received back s.c. injection of 200 mg/kg PAS-Na + i.p. injection of 15 mg/kg MnCl2·4H2O for 12 weeks. Mn exposure significantly reduced the ability of spatial learning and memory capability, while PAS-Na prevention recovered it. Mn decreased the number of ChAT-positive neurons in vertical limb nucleus of the basal forebrain diagonal band/horizontal limb nucleus of the basal forebrain diagonal band and ChAT protein activity and treatment or prevention with PAS-Na restored those comparable with control. In brief, our results showed that PAS-Na may have protective effects on learning and memory against Mn via increasing the number of ChAT-positive neurons and activity of ChAT protein.
Effect of diallyl disulfide on acute gastric mucosal damage induced by alcohol in rats
Authors: Lee I-C , Baek H-S , Kim S-H , Moon C , Park S-H , Kim S-H , Shin I-S , Park S-C , Kim J-C
Published: June 2014

This study investigated the gastroprotective effects of diallyl disulfide (DADS), a secondary organosulfur compound derived from garlic ( Allium sativum L.) on experimental model of ethanol (EtOH)-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The antiulcerogenic activity of DADS was evaluated by gross/histopathological inspection, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and lipid peroxidation with antioxidant enzyme activities in the stomach. DADS (100 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage 2 h prior to EtOH treatment (5 ml/kg). The animals were killed 1 h after receiving EtOH treatment. Pretreatment with DADS attenuated EtOH-induced gastric mucosal injury, as evidenced by decreased severity of hemorrhagic lesions and gastric ulcer index upon visual inspection. DADS also prevented histopathological alterations and gastric apoptotic changes caused by EtOH. An increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase was observed in the gastric tissues of EtOH-treated rats that coincided with increased serum TNF-α and interleukin 6 levels. In contrast, DADS effectively suppressed production of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by EtOH. Furthermore, DADS prevented the formation of gastric malondialdehyde and the depletion of reduced glutathione content and restored antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in the gastric tissues of EtOH-treated rats. These results indicate that DADS prevents gastric mucosal damage induced by acute EtOH administration in rats and that the protective effects of DADS may be due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Can initial lactate levels predict the severity of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning?
Authors: Doğan NÖ , Savrun A , Levent S , Günaydın GP , Çelik GK , Akküçük H , Çevik Y
Published: June 2014

Introduction:

Accidental carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication is a major cause of unintentional poisoning. This study aimed to determine the value of initial lactate levels in patients with CO poisoning and to evaluate its utilization in the emergency department (ED).

Methods:

A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out among patients with CO intoxication, who were admitted to the ED between April 1, 2011 and April 1, 2012. The study data were extracted from a hospital database system using International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnosis codes. The patients were analyzed according to lactate levels, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels, electrocardiographic manifestations, and clinical features at admission to the ED.

Results:

A total of 74 patients with CO poisoning were enrolled in this study. The average COHb value of the patients was 21.5 ± 13.9%. A total of 50 patients (67.6%) received normobaric oxygen treatment and 24 patients (32.4%) received hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment. The patients who received HBO treatment had increased lactate levels compared with patients receiving normobaric oxygen treatment (2.3 mmol/L vs. 1.0 mmol/L, p < 0.001). The lactate levels were positively correlated with COHb values ( r = 0.738, p < 0.001). We determined that a lactate level of 1.85 mmol/L has a sensitivity of 70.8% and a specificity of 78.0% to predict the HBO treatment needed in CO poisoning.

Conclusion:

In evaluating patients with CO poisoning, an initial lactate level could be taken into consideration as an adjunctive parameter of severity, together with the clinical criteria and levels of COHb.
Ascites associated with uterine leiomyoma in a 22-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Seo MR , Sung JY , Cho HJ , Ryu HJ , Choi H-J , Park C-Y , Baek HJ
Published: June 2014

Ascites in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients has a variety of etiologies, which usually require different treatment options. Our case was a 22-year-old patient with an unusual combination of ascites, uterine leiomyoma and SLE. The patient presented with painless ascites of an inflammatory nature. However, the ascites was not related to peritonitis and SLE disease activity. The ascites disappeared following laparotomy and tumor resection without additional medication. Gynecologic benign tumors including uterine leiomyoma can be the cause of ascites in SLE patients. Clinicians should be aware of that possibility in case painless ascites occurs in females with SLE.
Myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus frequently manifests as longitudinal and sometimes occurs at low disease activity
Authors: Li X-Y , Xiao P , Xiao H-B , Zhang L-J , Pai P , Chu P , Chan T-M
Published: June 2014

Background

Transverse myelitis (TM) is a relatively infrequent but severe complication in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Owing to its rarity and unfavorable outcome, we investigated its general features on MRI and incidence in the context of lupus activity, to facilitate early recognition and treatment.

Methods

We report a case of a young man with clinically inactive lupus nephritis but who presented with a sudden attack of myelitis. We performed systematic literature search in Medline to study the clinical features of SLE-related TM.

Results

From 1960 to April 2013, a total of 72 articles containing 194 cases of lupus myelitis were found. Among acquired articles, 93 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The majority of the cases (88.8%) were female. Longitudinal myelitis was the predominant imaging finding on MRI (71.4%, 45/63). Nearly two-thirds (61/94) of lupus myelitis occurred in association with active lupus, and one-third (33/94) occurred in low disease activity.

Conclusions

Upon literature review, we found myelitis in SLE more frequently manifested as longitudinal on MRI. Although lupus myelitis often presented at an active phase of SLE, one-third of events happened in the presence of low disease activity. Early initiation of effective immunosuppressive therapy facilitated recovery.
Dr Eugenia Rose Aylmer Cooper (1898–1991): Manchester's renowned female anatomist and neurohistologist
Authors: Shreeve David R
Published: June 2014

Having excelled in histology, Dr Eugenia Cooper, following graduation in medicine in Manchester, embarked on a career spanning 44 years in anatomy and histology at Manchester University. Her inimitable character was readily remembered by those she had taught. She was the first female graduate to gain an MD with gold medal for her thesis on the histology of the endocrine organs. However, her main study was the development of the human brainstem from the early weeks of gestation, which remains the basis for anatomical understanding today. More controversial was her theory on circulation and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid. On retiring as Reader in Histology, she expressed disappointment at not being appointed a professor, which she considered was due to her gender. Possibly to compensate for this, she had studied law as an additional interest. She continued in research for a further 10 years in reproductive pharmacology. After retirement she donated her medals to the University, three to be awarded in medicine and histology, which have now lapsed, but the medals in computer science and music continue to be important rewards.
An Asclepiad family – The Chamberlens and DeLaunes, 1569–1792: Five generations of surgeons, physicians, accoucheurs and apothecaries
Authors: Russell Lesley
Published: June 2014

When in 1747 Dr Peter Chamberlen wrote in his apologia, ‘A Voice in Rhama', that he was nursed up (as from the Cradle) to all Parts of Physick, and that in Asclepiad-Families, he was not referring simply to his father and uncle, the Peters (Younger and Elder) Chamberlen of obstetric forceps’ fame. They were surgeons and accoucheurs; his mother’s family counted clergymen as well as physicians and apothecaries among their number and the young Peter must indeed have grown up in a family steeped in both medical practice and religious study. Both families were refugees from the religious terrors of sixteenth century France, arriving in England in the second half of the reign of Elizabeth l. Both were to find fortune and royal patronage as they became established in their new lives. One was to found a medical dynasty that lasted through five generations, the other to produce a generation whose varied accomplishments died as the eldest son outlived all his siblings, only one of whose children became an apothecary – and he was to predecease his uncle. This is a brief biography of these two families, bound together by the ties of marriage, profession, faith and nationality.
One hundred and twenty years from the former ‘Pavilion for Clinical Observation' to the National Lunatic Asylum, later Institute of Psychiatry – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Mathias Cátia , Verçosa Neide , Anselmé Célia , Nardi Antonio E
Published: June 2014

The Pavilion for Clinical Observation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, also known as the Pavilion for Admissions, was designed by Professor of Psychiatry João Carlos Texeira Brandão (1854–1921). It was based on the influence of French alienism as a forum for the screening and evaluation of possible mental illness and the forwarding to the National Lunatic Asylum of patients so diagnosed. It was officially created by the Federal Brazilian Decree number 1559 of October 1893 in order to assess the appropriate disposal of suspects sent by the police. The Pavilion was the first University Psychiatric Hospital in Brazil, a pioneer in the integration of teaching, research and clinical practice. The Chair of Clinical Psychiatry, established in 1881, did not until then have a specific place for teaching and practical experience. Over the years subjects were examined and treated, based not only on theories arising from French and later German medical literature but also on the psychiatric practice developed in the Pavilion for Clinical Observation. This was the germ of the consolidation of psychiatric knowledge in Brazil, giving it status and generating a genuinely Brazilian Psychiatric Science.
Preparing Medical Graduates for an Interconnected World
Authors: Stütz Alexander , Green Wendy , McAllister Lindy , Eley Diann
Published: June 2014

Preparing medical graduates who are competent to work in a global environment requires broad integration of international and intercultural perspectives throughout the medical curriculum. Employing Leask and Bridge’s “conceptual framework of internationalisation of the curriculum,” this article first highlights the emphasis placed on international mobility, global health, and cultural competency as ways to address internationalization of the curriculum within the discipline of medicine. Second, it highlights the influence of national and regional contexts on internationalizing the curriculum by comparing approaches from Germany and Australia. A review of the literature reveals that in spite of some contextual differences, medicine seems to struggle with a disciplinary understanding of an internationalized curriculum that is comprehensive and coherent. This article argues that what is needed instead is a transformative approach to learning and to curriculum development in medicine. Finally, implications for future research and practice are considered.
Moving and Learning
Authors: Peterson Kay , DeCato Lisa , Kolb David A.
Published: June 2014

This article introduces ways in which movement can enhance one’s understanding of how to learn using Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) concepts of the Learning Cycle, Learning Styles, and Learning Flexibility. The theoretical correspondence between the dialectic dimensions of the Learning Cycle and the dimensions of the Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) framework create a hypothesized integrated typology of learning and movement styles that expand the description of Learning Style to include the movement affinities. These suggested relationships are facilitated by the existing theories and grounded by movement observations and interviews of more than 200 adult learners. From the theoretical relationships and observations, the authors propose descriptions of the movement affinities for each of the nine styles in the Kolb Learning Styles Inventory 4.0 (KLSI 4.0) and suggest that increasing one’s movement flexibility, or the ability to move using a full range Effort and motion through space, provides a catalyst for learning and promotes Learning Flexibility. These hypothesized relationships will form the basis for future empirical research.
Rumor as Revenge in the Workplace
Authors: Bordia Prashant , Kiazad Kohyar , Restubog Simon Lloyd D. , DiFonzo Nicholas , Stenson Nicholas , Tang Robert L.
Published: June 2014

Two studies that examined the role of revenge in rumor transmission and involved working adults as participants are reported. Study 1 used hypothetical scenarios to manipulate organizational treatment of an employee and the believability of a rumor. Participants had higher intention to transmit a harmful rumor when the organization broke job-related promises (i.e., breached the psychological contract) and revenge motivation mediated this relationship. Believability of the rumor had no effect. Study 2 used a field survey methodology and, controlling for social desirability, replicated the results for self- and peer-reported rumor transmission behavior. Study 2 also showed that participants’ belief in negative reciprocity norm strengthened the relationship between breach and revenge motivation.
The Role and Impact of Nurses in American Elementary Schools
Authors: Lineberry Michelle J. , Ickes Melinda J.
Published: June 2014

School nurses are tasked with the critical job of keeping students safe and well. Due to competing demands for resources in schools, the impact of school nurses must be demonstrated to secure their jobs. A systematic review of the literature from 1937 to 2013 was conducted to show the efficacy of school nursing activities in American elementary schools. While some studies of immunization compliance, attendance rates, body mass index screening, vision screening, and follow-up are promising, results are mixed and additional evidence is needed. The impact of school nurses on educational and health outcomes must continue to be evaluated and more rigorous evaluation methods should be explored. Suggestions for future research and collaborations are discussed.
How Cell-Autonomous Is Neuronal Migration in the Forebrain? Molecular Cross-Talk at the Cell Membrane
Authors: van den Berghe Veronique , Stappers Elke , Seuntjens Eve
Published: June 2014

In the adult brain, different cell types communicate with each other through cell–cell contacts and brain activity is regulated at the cell membrane. But long before the brain is fully functional, different excitatory and inhibitory cell types generated at distinct places migrate through the developing brain to their final position. The elements guiding these migrating neurons, either structural axonal scaffolds or chemical guidance factors, are relatively well described. However, the molecules involved in the individual short-timed membrane contacts migrating cells make with other cells during their migration process are less well understood. This update focuses on recent novel insights into the molecular nature of these cell–cell contacts and the cross-talk taking place at the cell membrane.
Quantitative Investigations of Axonal and Dendritic Arbors
Authors: Parekh Ruchi , Ascoli Giorgio A.
Published: June 2014

The branching structures of neurons are a long-standing focus of neuroscience. Axonal and dendritic morphology affect synaptic signaling, integration, and connectivity, and their diversity reflects the computational specialization of neural circuits. Altered neuronal morphology accompanies functional changes during development, experience, aging, and disease. Technological improvements continuously accelerate high-throughput tissue processing, image acquisition, and morphological reconstruction. Digital reconstructions of neuronal morphologies allow for complex quantitative analyses that are unattainable from raw images or two-dimensional tracings. Furthermore, digitized morphologies enable computational modeling of biophysically realistic neuronal dynamics. Additionally, reconstructions generated to address specific scientific questions have the potential for continued investigations beyond the original reason for their acquisition. Facilitating multiple reuse are repositories like NeuroMorpho.Org , which ease the sharing of reconstructions. Here, we review selected scientific literature reporting the reconstruction of axonal or dendritic morphology with diverse goals including establishment of neuronal identity, examination of physiological properties, and quantification of developmental or pathological changes. These reconstructions, deposited in NeuroMorpho.Org , have since been used by other investigators in additional research, of which we highlight representative examples. This cycle of data generation, analysis, sharing, and reuse reveals the vast potential of digital reconstructions in quantitative investigations of neuronal morphology.
Thermo-mechanical vibration and instability of carbon nanocones conveying fluid using nonlocal Timoshenko beam model
Authors: Afkhami Zahra , Farid Mehrdad
Published: June 2014

In this paper, thermo–mechanical vibration analysis of carbon nanocones (CNCs) conveying fluid based on nonlocal elasticity theory is investigated. The governing equations are developed using Hamilton’s principle and a general eigenvalue problem is obtained by discretizing the resulting equations using the finite element method. In this paper, the non-uniform cross-section Timoshenko beam theory is utilized and the influences of apex angle, top radius, length, temperature change, thickness, small-scale parameter, and flow direction are surveyed on the fundamental frequency and the critical flow velocity associated with an instability condition. The results of the present study have been validated with available results in the literature. It is found that the apex angle has a considerable effect on the instability behavior of CNCs. Also, critical flow velocity is reduced by increasing the small-scale parameter. Furthermore, the direction of fluid has a crucial effect on both the fundamental frequency and critical flow velocity.
It All Depends on the Beholder
Authors: Zapata-Sepúlveda Pamela , Jara-Labarthé Vanessa , Espinoza-Verdejo Alex
Published: June 2014

This article arose out of the interests and concerns of a group of Chilean social science researchers (psychology, social work, and philosophy) who wanted to reflect upon and analyze the phenomenon of gender-based domestic violence among urban Aymara women residents in northern Chile in a critical and interdisciplinary manner. After working on two research projects funded by a Spanish state agency, whose objective was the diagnosis of indexes and forms of domestic violence among these women, the authors begin to reflect after recognizing their initial Westernized and colonized vision of the concept of violence and how this view changed during the course of the research. At the same time, we focused our thinking on clarifying ethical issues that emerged after we conducted the research, mainly concerning the question of whether “the act of investigation” could have been a way of perpetuating patterns of violence among local Andean communities, due to the Westernized approach we used as researchers.
Adrift at the Margins of Urban Society
Authors: Galster George , Santiago Anna Maria , Lucero Jessica
Published: June 2014

We quantify how social detachment (measured as neither working nor attending school) of low-income African-American and Latino young adults relates to their teen neighborhood conditions. Data come from retrospective surveys of Denver Housing Authority (DHA) households. Because DHA household allocation mimics quasirandom assignment to neighborhoods throughout Denver County, this program represents a natural experiment for overcoming geographic selection bias. Our multilevel, mixed-effects logistic analyses found significant relationships between neighborhood safety and population composition and odds of social detachment of low-income, minority young adults that can be interpreted as causal effects. The strength of these relationships was often contingent on gender and ethnicity, however. We draw conclusions for macroeconomic, income-support, subsidized housing and community development policy.
Planning Skills of Adolescents With ADHD
Authors: Boyer Bianca E. , Geurts Hilde M. , Van der Oord Saskia
Published: June 2014

Objective: This study assesses planning skills of adolescents with ADHD using a multi-method assessment and explores subtype differences between inattentive and combined subtypes. Method: One hundred fifteen adolescents with ADHD and 34 typically developing controls completed subtests of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Results: No group differences were found on the D-KEFS. The BADS Zoo Map test showed longer completion times in the inattentive than in the combined subtype and controls. The BRIEF showed more planning problems in adolescents with ADHD (both subtypes) than in controls, with the combined subtype showing most problems on overall executive functioning. Conclusion: Only a proportion of adolescents with ADHD shows planning deficits. To capture these planning problems in adolescents with ADHD, it seems important to use multiple measures of planning, both ratings and “less structured” neurocognitive measures of planning.
The Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With ADHD
Authors: Rokeach Alan , Wiener Judith
Published: June 2014

Objective: This study compared the romantic relationships of adolescents with and without ADHD with regard to romantic involvement, relationship content, and relationship quality. Method: A community sample of 58 participants (30 ADHD, 28 Comparison), ages 13 to 18, completed questionnaires assessing various features of romantic relationships. Results: Adolescents with ADHD reported having more romantic partners than their typically developing (TD) peers. Females with ADHD were found to have shorter romantic relationships than TD adolescents while males with ADHD reported their age of first intercourse to be nearly 2 years sooner than TD peers. Irrespective of gender, adolescents with ADHD had nearly double the number of lifetime sexual partners. However, the romantic relationships of adolescents with and without ADHD did not differ on levels of aggression or relationship quality. Conclusion: Given the outcomes associated with poor-quality romantic relationships, comprehensive assessments of adolescents with ADHD should include queries into their romantic relationships.
HIV Testing Patterns Among Urban YMSM of Color
Authors: Leonard Noelle R. , Rajan Sonali , Gwadz Marya V. , Aregbesola Temi
Published: June 2014

The heightened level of risk for HIV infection among Black and Latino young men who have sex with men (YMSM) is driven by multilevel influences. Using cross-sectional data, we examined HIV testing patterns among urban YMSM of color in a high–HIV seroprevalence area (ages 16 to 21 years). Self-reported frequency of testing was high, with 42% of youth reporting testing at a greater frequency than recommended guidelines. There were no differences between less frequent and more frequent testers on sexual risk behaviors. Most (80%) youth cited reassurance of HIV-negative status as a reason for testing. Further, over half of the sample reported numerous other reasons for HIV testing, which spanned individual, partner, social, and structural levels of influence. Approximately half of respondents indicated that peers, family members, and counselors influenced their motivation to get tested. Of concern, their first HIV test occurred approximately 2 years after their first sexual experience with another male. These results indicate the need to consider developmental issues as well as comprehensive, multilevel efforts to ensure that YMSM of color test at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommended frequency but not less than this or too frequently.
A Replication of “Corruption and Elections
Authors: Goel Rajeev K. , Mazhar Ummad
Published: June 2014

Using cross-national panel data, Krause and Méndez recently studied whether voters retract support from political candidates who they think are corrupt. Their main finding is that corruption in public office is effectively punished by voters. Given the well-known issues with adequately measuring corruption, this note examines the sensitivity of extant findings to an alternate corruption measure. We fail to find a statistically robust effect of corruption on electoral outcomes.