bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How client attachment affects information verification in commercial valuation practice
Authors: Klamer Pim , Gruis Vincent , Bakker Cok
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Information verification is an important factor in commercial valuation practice. Valuers use their professional autonomy to decide on the level of verification required, thereby creating an opportunity for client-related judgement bias in valuation. The purpose of this paper is to assess the manifestation of client attachment risks in information verification.

Design/methodology/approach

A case-based questionnaire was used to retrieve data from 290 commercial valuation professionals in the Netherlands, providing a 15 per cent response rate of the Dutch commercial valuation population. Descriptive and inferential statistics have been used to test research hypotheses involving relations between information verification and professional features that may indicate client attachment such as an executive job level and brokerage experience.

Findings

The results reveal that valuers acting at partner level within their organisation obtain lower scores on information verification compared to lower-ranked valuers. Also, brokerage experience correlates negatively to information verification of valuation professionals. Both findings have statistical significance.

Research limitations/implications

The results reflect valuers’ reasoning behaviour rather than actual behaviour. Replication of findings through experimental design will contribute to research validity.

Practical implications

Maintaining close client contact in a competitive environment is important for business continuity yet may foster client attachment. The associated downside risks in valuation practice call for higher awareness of (subconscious) client influence and the development of attitudinal scepticism in valuer training programmes.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the few that explore possible sources of valuer judgement bias by relating client-friendly valuer features to a key area of valuation i.e. information verification.
Benchmark on themselves: CEO-directors’ influence on the CEO compensation
Authors: Francis Bill , Hasan Iftekhar , Zhu Yun
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not the chief executive officers’ (CEO) compensation is affected by the compensation of the outside directors sitting on their board, who are also CEOs of other firms.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors collect CEOs’ and CEO-directors’ compensation data from Execucomp. The authors then match the CEO-directors’ compensation with appointing firms’ CEO compensation and financial statements, from Execucomp and Compustat, respectively. The sample contains 7,561 firm-year observations from 1996 to 2010, with 1,213 distinct S&P 1500 firms and 1,563 distinct CEO-directors. The authors use ordinary least squared method with firm and year fixed effect in most of the analysis.

Findings

With both annual and excess compensation, the authors find strong evidence that CEO-directors’ compensation is related to the compensation of the CEO. Causally, when CEO-director overturns his/her excess compensation from negative to positive, the CEO is more likely to have similar upward change in the following year, while more interestingly, the opposite does not hold. These findings are persistent over time and remain robust to various additional tests.

Research limitations/implications

Due to the data availability, this paper investigates the S&P 1500 public firms.

Originality/value

It is the first work that investigates the link between board members’ external compensation and the CEO’s compensation. This sheds new light on the process of the CEO’s compensation design, in regard to both the information being utilized in the design procedure and the CEO’s influence on his/her own compensation. Second, this paper adds additional evidence to the choice of peer groups in compensation construction. Third, the authors enhance the understanding of the role of CEO-directors. The authors show that CEO-directors may be the ally of CEO, and help in justifying CEO’s compensation, especially when underpaid.
EBT3-based dosimeter in characterizing UVA–LEDs with lambertian radiation pattern
Authors: Omar Ahmad Fairuz , Chiong Wan Long , Tan Wei Yee , Wong Jia Wen
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to propose an area under the curve model to represent ultraviolet (UV) exposure doses on EBT3 films (in mJ/cm2). The model was developed on a cross-section of the exposed films using visible absorbance method. Ultraviolet–A light emitting diodes (UVA–LEDs) with 20° and 60° half angle with distinctive peak emission wavelengths between 365 to 405 nm are used in this experiment. No similar experimental setup or findings have been reported thus far, though the various application of EBT3 for the measurement of solar UV (A + B) have been published since EBT3 is commercially available.

Design/methodology/approach

Two sets of UVA–LEDs were used as the UV radiation source in the experiment. The first set contains of four 5 mm low power UVA–LEDs with the 20° half angle and peak emission wavelength at 365, 375, 385 and 400 nm. The second set contains of five surface mount high power UVA–LEDs with the 60° half angle and peak emission wavelength at 365, 375, 385, 305 and 400 nm. The illumination setup for the two sets of LEDs is different between each other to obtain sufficient dose distribution on the films for spectroscopy analysis. This is due to the different illumination angle and irradiance intensity by each set of LEDs.

Findings

UV–LED with a peak emission of 365, 375 and 385 nm able to produce UV doses accurately measurable using EBT3 films, UVA–LEDs with peak emission at 395 nm and above produced much lower accuracy with R2. From both set of LEDs, it can be concluded that peak emission wavelength of UVA–LED does influence the discoloration of the films. Shorter wavelength (higher energy) of UVA–LEDs discolors EBT3 films much intense compared to longer wavelength for a given UV dose exposure.

Originality/value

Despite various practical applicability and advantages of UV–LEDs, there are still no standard methods in measuring UV–LED radiation output. The proposed approach not only allows us to obtain the dose of UV–LED, where the sensitivity of measurement is wavelength (energy) depended but also allows us to visually observe the illumination pattern of invisible UV radiation through the application of EBT3 films.
Investigation of anodic dissolution behaviour of intermetallic compound in Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder alloy by cyclic voltammetry
Authors: Ahmad Ibrahym , Abu Seman Anasyida , Mohamad Ahmad Azmin
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanism of electrochemical dissolution of SAC305 solder in mild acid solution.

Design/methodology/approach

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to obtain electrochemical dissolution peaks followed by chronoamperometery (CA) to investigate the dissolution mechanism at each peak. Structural and microstructural characterization was performed to verify the CA analysis. Potentiodynamic polarization was performed afterwards to determine the corrosion potential of every phase in SAC305.

Findings

The early cycle of CV exhibits only dissolution peaks of β-Sn until intermetallic compound (IMC) peaks emerged at a later cycle. CA performed for 24 h at selected potentials reveals that β-Sn can be removed completely from the sample without disrupting the IMC network at a suitable potential. This was later verified by XRD and SEM. Potentiodynamic polarization determined the corrosion potential of IMC as −0.36 V.

Originality/value

The mechanism of anodic dissolution of SAC305 was studied and proposed.
Social information use about novel aposematic prey is not influenced by a predator's previous experience with toxins
Authors: Hämäläinen Liisa , Mappes Johanna , Rowland Hannah M. , Thorogood Rose
Published: June 2019

Aposematism is an effective antipredator strategy. However, the initial evolution and maintenance of aposematism are paradoxical because conspicuous prey are vulnerable to attack by naïve predators. Consequently, the evolution of aposematic signal mimicry is also difficult to explain.

The cost of conspicuousness can be reduced if predators learn about novel aposematic prey by observing another predator's response to that same prey. On the other hand, observing positive foraging events might also inform predators about the presence of undefended mimics, accelerating predation on both mimics and their defended models.

It is currently unknown, however, how personal and social information combines to affect the fitness of aposematic prey. For example, does social information become more useful when predators have already ingested toxins and need to minimize further consumption?

We investigated how toxin load influences great tits' (Parus major) likelihood to use social information about novel aposematic prey, and how it alters predation risk for undefended mimics. Birds were first provided with mealworms injected with bitter‐tasting chloroquine (or a water‐injected control), before information about a novel unpalatable prey phenotype was provided via video playback (either prey alone, or of a great tit tasting the noxious prey).

An experimentally increased toxin load made great tits warier to attack prey, but only if they lacked social information about unpalatable prey. Socially educated birds consumed fewer aposematic prey relative to a cryptic phenotype, regardless of toxin load. In contrast, after personally experiencing aposematic prey, birds ignored social information about palatable mimics and were hesitant to sample them.

Our results suggest that social information use by predators could be a powerful force in facilitating the evolution of aposematism as it reduces predation pressure on aposematic prey, regardless of a predator's toxin load. Nevertheless, observing foraging events of others is unlikely to alter frequency‐dependent dynamics among models and mimics, although this may depend on predators having recent personal experience of the model's unpalatability.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Estimation of groundwater storage from seismic data using deep learning
Authors: Lähivaara Timo , Malehmir Alireza , Pasanen Antti , Kärkkäinen Leo , Huttunen Janne M.J. , Hesthaven Jan S.
Published: June 2019

Convolutional neural networks can provide a potential framework to characterize groundwater storage from seismic data. Estimation of key components, such as the amount of groundwater stored in an aquifer and delineate water table level, from active‐source seismic data are performed in this study. The data to train, validate and test the neural networks are obtained by solving wave propagation in a coupled poroviscoelastic–elastic media. A discontinuous Galerkin method is applied to model wave propagation, whereas a deep convolutional neural network is used for the parameter estimation problem. In the numerical experiment, the primary unknowns estimated are the amount of stored groundwater and water table level, while the remaining parameters, assumed to be of less of interest, are marginalized in the convolutional neural network‐based solution. Results, obtained through synthetic data, illustrate the potential of deep learning methods to extract additional aquifer information from seismic data, which otherwise would be impossible based on a set of reflection seismic sections or velocity tomograms.
Low‐frequency anisotropy in fractured and layered media
Authors: Pang Shuo , Stovas Alexey
Published: June 2019

Computing effective medium properties is very important when upscaling data measured at small scale. In the presence of stratigraphic layering, seismic velocities and anisotropy parameters are scale and frequency dependent. For a porous layer permeated by aligned fractures, wave‐induced fluid flow between pores and fractures can also cause significant dispersion in velocities and anisotropy parameters. In this study, we compare the dispersion of anisotropy parameters due to fracturing and layering at low frequencies. We consider a two‐layer model consisting of an elastic shale layer and an anelastic sand layer. Using Chapman's theory, we introduce anisotropy parameters dispersion due to fractures (meso‐scale) in the sand layer. This intrinsic dispersion is added to anisotropy parameters dispersion induced by layering (macro‐scale) at low frequencies. We derive the series coefficients that control the behaviour of anisotropy parameters at low frequencies. We investigate the influences of fracture length and fracture density on fracturing effect, layering effect and combined effect versus frequency and volume fraction of sand layer. Numerical modelling results indicate that the frequency dependence due to layering is not always the dominant effect of the effective properties of the medium. The intrinsic dispersion is not negligible compared with the layering effect while evaluating the frequency‐dependent properties of the layered medium.
Impact of reimbursement program on liver‐related mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Beijing, China
Authors: Li Min , Kong Yuan Yuan , Wu Shan Shan , Zhou Jia Ling , Wu Xiao Ning , Wang Lin , Su Jian Ting , Ou Xiao Juan , You Hong , Xie Xue Qin , Wei Zai Hua , Jia Ji Dong
Published: June 2019

Objective

Since July 1, 2011 antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus infection has been listed as a reimbursable expense for medical insurance in Beijing. This study aimed to assess the impact of this program on liver‐related death for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

Profiles of patients with CHB discharged between January 2008 and December 2015 were retrieved from the Beijing hospital discharge database. Liver‐related deaths in these patients occurring between January 2008 and December 2017 were retrieved by linking them to the death certification database. Liver‐related mortality (number of deaths divided by the observed person‐years) before and after this program was launched was calculated and compared. A Poisson regression was performed to assess the strength of association (risk ratio [RR]) between the reimbursement program and liver‐related mortality.

Results

Information on 35 943 discharged patients (17 114 patients with non‐cirrhotic and 18 829 with compensated cirrhotic CHB) was retrieved. Altogether 3 832 liver‐related deaths during the 190 695 person‐years were observed. After the reimbursement program was launched, liver‐related mortality per 100 person‐years dropped from 0.38% to 0.16% for patients with non‐cirrhotic CHB, and from 4.03% to 3.39% for those with compensated cirrhosis. The program was associated with a lower risk of developing liver‐related death for patients with non‐cirrhotic CHB (RR 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30‐0.52) and those with compensated cirrhosis (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.78‐0.89).

Conclusion

Coverage of antiviral therapy by basic medical insurance reduced the risk of developing liver‐related death for patients with non‐cirrhotic and with compensated cirrhotic CHB.
Allopatric divergence drives the genetic structuring of an endangered alpine endemic lizard with a sky‐island distribution
Authors: Atkins Z. S. , Amor M. D. , Clemann N. , Chapple D. G. , While G. M. , Gardner M. G. , Haines M. L. , Harrisson K. A. , Schroder M. , Robert K. A.
Published: June 2019

Anthropogenic climate change is causing a world‐wide reduction of alpine habitat, leaving many high‐elevation species restricted to sky‐islands and vulnerable to extinction. Understanding the genetic parameters of these populations provides key insight into species diversity, dispersal capacity and vulnerability to disturbance. We examined the impact of past climatic variation on a threatened alpine endemic lizard, the Guthega skink, Liopholis guthega. We analysed SNP and mtDNA data to determine the population structure and phylogeny within this species, providing an understanding of the species’ relatedness, dispersal and viability. We identified significant genetic structure, with the split between populations in Koscuiszko National Park, New South Wales (NSW) and the Bogong High Plains, Victoria (VIC) consistent with Plio‐Pleistocene divergence. However, we also detected evidence of possible historical introgressive hybridization between some NSW populations and the VIC populations. Marked within‐site population structure and significant population differentiation among sites within each state were found, indicating a limited dispersal capacity. Higher levels of genetic diversity within NSW support the correlation between elevation and diversity and implicate Kosciuszko National Park as a historic refugia. Low contemporary habitat availability, little to no capacity for elevational progression and low genetic diversity, particularly in VIC, leaves L. guthega highly vulnerable to threatening processes associated with climate change. Conservation management should consider genetic rescue as a potential method to enhance genetic diversity across this species’ range.
Political Uncertainty and Finance: A Survey
Authors: Dai Lili , Zhang Bohui
Published: June 2019

An emerging stream of literature investigates the impact of political uncertainty on financial markets. In this survey, we review this line of literature from four perspectives, namely, asset prices, corporate policies, financial intermediaries, and economy and households, suggesting that political uncertainty generally increases market friction and as a result changes corporate behavior and adversely affects the economy. At the end of the survey, we discuss a few future directions worth being explored in view of the relationship between political uncertainty and finance.
Activation of mTORC1 signalling in rat skeletal muscle is independent of the EC‐coupling sequence but dependent on tension per se in a dose‐response relationship
Authors: Rindom Emil , Kristensen Anders M. , Overgaard Kristian , Vissing Kristian , de Paoli Frank Vincenzo
Published: June 2019

Aim

mTORC1 is regarded as an important key regulator of protein synthesis and hypertrophy following mechanical stimuli in skeletal muscle. However, as excitation and tension development is tightly coupled in most experimental models, very little and largely indirect evidence exist for such a mechanosensitive pathway. Here, we sought to examine whether activation of mTORC1 signalling is dependent on tension per se in rat skeletal muscle.

Methods

To examine the mechanosensitivity of mTORC1, rat EDL muscles were exposed to either excitation‐induced eccentric contractions (ECC), passive stretching (PAS) with identical peak tension (Tpeak) and Tension‐Time‐Integral (TTI), or ECC with addition of inhibitors of the myosin ATPases (IMA). To further explore the relationship between tension and mTORC1 signalling, rat EDL muscles were subjected to PAS of different magnitudes of Tpeak while standardizing TTI and vice versa.

Results

PAS and ECC with equal Tpeak and TTI produced similar responses in mTORC1 signalling despite different modes of tension development. When active tension during ECC was nearly abolished by addition of IMA, mTORC1 signalling was reduced to a level comparable to non‐stimulated controls. In addition, when muscles were exposed to PAS of varying levels of Tpeak with standardized TTI, activation of mTORC1 signalling displayed a positive relationship with peak tension.

Conclusions

The current study directly links tension per se to activation of mTORC1 signalling, which is independent of an active EC‐coupling sequence. Moreover, activation of mTORC1 signalling displays a positive dose‐response relationship with peak tension.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: high mortality in patients with non‐severe alcoholic hepatitis
Authors: Bennett Kris , Enki Doyo G. , Thursz Mark , Cramp Matthew E. , Dhanda Ashwin D.
Published: June 2019

Background

Alcoholic hepatitis is a serious complication of alcohol misuse. Severe alcoholic hepatitis with its high mortality, has been investigated in detail but ‘nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis’ is poorly characterised. Survival of this group of patients is unknown.

Aim

To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine 28‐day, 90‐day and 1‐year mortality of patients with nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis.

Methods

The protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42018107451). Embase, Medline and Cochrane Central databases were searched until July 2018. All study designs reporting mortality rates in patients with nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis were eligible. Mortality data were extracted and meta‐analysis performed using a random effects model. Risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane risk of bias or National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for case series studies.

Results

Twenty‐five studies (n = 1372 patients; 12 prospective) met criteria. Nonsevere was variably defined based on bilirubin, prothrombin time, and creatinine. Twenty‐eight day mortality (17 studies; n = 993) was 6% (95% CI 3%‐9%; I2 = 67.3%; P < 0.001), 90‐day mortality (15 studies; n = 755) was 7% (4%‐11%, I2 = 64.2%; P < 0.001) and 1‐year mortality (five studies; n = 234) was 13% (4%‐24%; I2 = 72%; P = 0.006). Subgroup analyses by method of diagnosis (histological vs clinical) or study design (prospective vs retrospective) did not reveal differences in mortality.

Conclusion

Nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis is not benign with 6% and 13% 28‐day and 1‐year mortality, respectively. This systematic review demonstrates the paucity of high quality studies in patients with nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis. Our analysis suggests that patients who do not meet criteria for severe alcoholic hepatitis are an important and hitherto overlooked clinical group. Full characterisation of clinical outcome and development of treatment strategies to reduce mortality in this group is a priority.
Hair cortisol concentration in pre‐ and postpartum dairy cows, and its association with body condition, hock health, and reproductive status
Authors: Endo Natsumi , Kitamura Tomoya , Okubo Mitsuyuki , Tanaka Tomomi
Published: June 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the profiles of hair cortisol concentrations as an index of chronic stress in dairy cows in association with their health, nutrition, and reproductive parameters. For 25 Holstein dairy cows, hair was collected from the tail switch −19.2 ± 11.4, 44.8 ± 11.9, 103.0 ± 9.9, and 168.0 ± 9.7 days postpartum (L0, L1, L2, and L3, respectively). Body condition scores were negatively correlated with hair cortisol concentrations (r = −0.255), and hock health scores were positively correlated with hair cortisol concentrations (r = 0.236, p < 0.05). Hair cortisol concentrations during the postpartum period showed different patterns according to the time of first artificial insemination (AI) and fertility. Cows that were submitted to first AI by 86 days postpartum showed a peak hair cortisol concentration at L1, whereas cows with delayed first AI had a peak at L2. The hair cortisol concentrations of subfertile (≥168 days) cows were significantly higher at L1 and L2 compared with L0, whereas hair cortisol concentrations of fertile cows (<168 days) were not different among the sampling times. These results indicate that cows with health problems appear to experience greater chronic stress, which may impair their reproductive function.
Towards a ‘manifesto’ for super‐recognizer research
Authors: Ramon Meike , Bobak Anna K. , White David
Published: June 2019

This article provides a response to five excellent commentaries on our article ‘Super‐recognizers: From the lab to the world and back again’. Specifically, the response summarizes commonalities between these commentaries. Based on this consensus, we propose a flexible framework for the assessment of superior face recognition and outline guiding principles to advance future work in the field.
Adult weight management patients' perceptions of family dynamics and weight status
Authors: Pratt Keeley J. , Ferriby Megan , Brown Callie L. , Noria Sabrena , Needleman Bradley , Skelton Joseph A.
Published: June 2019

Our overall objective was to describe the parent‐child, romantic, and family dynamics of adult weight management program (WMP) patients, and associations with children's and partners' weight status. First, we determined if family functioning mediated the effect between parent‐child feeding practices and perceived child weight status, and romantic relationship anxiety and avoidance and perceived partner weight status. Second, we assessed if perceived child and partner weight status moderated the associations between family functioning and parent‐child feeding practices and romantic relationship anxiety and avoidance, respectively. Patients (N=203) who resided with a child and partner from two WMPs completed assessments of parent‐child feeding practices (Child Feeding Questionnaire), romantic relationship anxiety and avoidance (Relationship Structures Questionnaire), family functioning (Family Assessment Device General Functioning Scale), and perceived child and partner weight status. Bivariate analyses determined differences in weight status and relationship dynamics and family functioning, and mediation and moderation analyses were conducted to answer the two research questions. Family functioning was not a mediator between romantic relationship dynamics and partner weight status or parent‐child dynamics and child weight status. Lower family functioning was associated with higher parent‐child restrictive feeding practices, only among children with overweight/obesity. Similarly, lower family functioning was associated with higher anxiety and avoidance in romantic relationships, only for partners with overweight/obesity. Patients with children and/or partners with overweight/obesity reported more impaired family dynamics and functioning, compared to patients with children and/or partners with a healthy weight status.
“Puffy shirt appearance”: Cell crowding at low magnification may represent nevoid melanoma
Authors: Moyer Amanda B. , Diwan A. Hafeez
Published: June 2019

Background

Melanoma, particularly nevoid melanoma, can masquerade as benign. Helpful differentiating features include nuclear pleomorphism, atypia, prominent nucleoli, absent maturation, and increased mitotic figures. These can be subtle and easily missed unless carefully sought. Thus, the “puffy shirt appearance” concept was born from a Seinfeld episode in which the namesake character unintentionally agreed to wear a pirate‐like puffy shirt. Consequently, he found himself out of place, sporting an outfit with “too much shirt in too little space”. Similarly, at low‐power, nevoid melanoma appears to have “too many cells in too little space”. This is more pronounced and easier to appreciate when there is an associated nevus, where crowded, subtly malignant melanocytes stand out from the evenly distributed, more spaced out benign melanocytes.

Methods

Twelve practicing dermatopathologists familiar with the puffy shirt concept in the context of melanoma were surveyed.

Results

Hundred percent of participants found it most helpful as a triaging tool, prompting additional work up including higher magnification evaluation, additional levels, consultation, and/or immunohistochemistry.

Conclusions

The crowded cells in the “puffy shirt appearance” catch the eye and should provoke a more thorough inspection of the lesion. This sign is not pathognomonic for melanoma, but prompts more careful evaluation and helps prevent misdiagnosis.
Earthquake‐strengthening policy for commercial buildings in small‐town New Zealand
Authors: Filippova Olga , Noy Ilan
Published: June 2019

New Zealand introduced a seismic retrofitting policy in the wake of the catastrophic Canterbury earthquakes of 2010–11. The aim was to enforce seismic strengthening of earthquake‐prone commercial buildings throughout the country. This study focuses on regional urban centres and the economic obstacles to strengthening their aging building stock. In investigating one town, Whanganui, we describe conditions, analyse cases, and identify incentives that apply equally to many other towns in New Zealand. We argue that incentives that suit high‐growth, high‐value major urban centres are a poor fit for the periphery. Around the world, many places need to upgrade their privately‐owned building stock to protect it from disasters, while governments face similar challenges as they struggle to initiate the strengthening of commercial buildings. We analyse the current incentive schemes that aim to support the achievement of policy goals and suggest alternative incentive schemes that can be implemented to improve strengthening outcomes.
What happened to the Second World? Earthquakes and postsocialism in Kazakhstan
Authors: Bankoff Greg , Oven Katie
Published: June 2019

There is an assumption that with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Second World ceased to exist. Yet the demise of the Communist bloc as a geopolitical reality did not mean that it stopped exerting a defining influence over how people think and behave. This article examines how the postsocialist state in Kazakhstan deals with potential crises such as earthquakes and the extent to which the Soviet legacy still shapes intellectual debates, state structures, and civil society organisations in in that country. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews, this paper re‐examines the Second World in its historical context and re‐establishes it as a conceptual framework for considering disaster risk reduction in the former Soviet bloc. It argues that it is essential to pay attention to this legacy in Kazakhstan both in policy and practice if earthquake risk reduction is to be made more effective.
Why trust you? Security cooperation within humanitarian NGO networks
Authors: Schneiker Andrea
Published: June 2019

Although the literature is increasingly concerned with cooperation among humanitarian non‐governmental organisations (NGOs), we still lack studies that explain cooperation under conditions of competition. Drawing on 22 semi‐structured interviews, this article argues that trust is the driving force behind security‐related cooperation within networks of humanitarian NGOs. Which type of trust comes into play and how trust is built depends on the structure of a network. In small, stable networks, trust is typically based on experience, whereas shared identity is at the heart of trust in large, unstable networks. In the latter case, cooperation among humanitarian NGOs is exclusive and comparable to a form of club governance, because NGOs are kept out based on their identity—that is, if they adopt a different operational interpretation of the humanitarian principles.
The Picturescue Movement: restoring photographs following the 2011 tsunami in Japan
Authors: Miyamae Ryohei , Atsumi Tomohide
Published: June 2019

After the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, volunteers participated in the recovery of lost photographs. This effort—which we call the Picturescue Movement—subsequently began to organise photograph restoration gatherings. We conducted field research during the gatherings in Noda, one of the tsunami‐stricken areas. We have also carried out research on restoration gatherings in the city of Rikuzentakata. A comparison of findings across these two localities identifies two approaches to photograph restoration gatherings: ‘aiming’ and ‘staying'. The aiming approach, employed in Rikuzentakata, emphasises returning photographs to their owners quickly, whereas the latter approach, used in Noda, is one in which volunteers stay with survivors for some time and encourage them to recall the past at their own pace. We conclude that the staying approach is more likely than the aiming approach to promote disaster recovery among survivors.
The dual discourse of urban resilience: robust city and self‐organised neighbourhoods
Authors: Meriläinen Eija
Published: June 2019

Resilience has become a dominant disaster governance discourse. It has been criticised for insufficiently addressing systemic vulnerabilities while urging the vulnerable to self‐organise. The urban resilience discourse involves a particular disconnect: it evokes ‘robustness’ and unaffectedness at the city scale on the one hand, and self‐organisation of disaster‐affected people and neighbourhoods on the other. This paper explains and illustrates the dual discourse through a case study on the reconstruction of informal and low‐income settlements in the aftermath of the fire in Valparaíso, Chile, in 2014, focusing on the communication contents of two non‐governmental organisations (NGOs). These NGOs deployed the discourse differently, yet both called for affected neighbourhoods to build a more robust city through self‐organisation, and both suggested their work as the missing link between self‐organisation and robustness. A danger in deploying the dual discourse is that it requires people who live in informal and low‐income settlements to earn their right to the robust city through ‘better’ self‐organisation based on fragmented visions.
Bortezomib consolidation following autologous transplant in younger and older patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in two phase III trials
Authors: Straka Christian , Knop Stefan , Vogel Martin , Müller Jürgen , Kropff Martin , Metzner Bernd , Langer Christian , Sayer Herbert , Jung Wolfram , Dürk Heinz A. , Salwender Hans , Wandt Hannes , Bassermann Florian , Gramatzki Martin , Rösler Wolf , Wolf Hans‐Heinrich , Brugger Wolfram , Fischer Thomas , Liebisch Peter , Engelhardt Monika , Einsele Hermann
Published: June 2019

Objective

A post hoc analysis of two phase III trials was carried out to explore the influence of age and treatment factors on the effect of bortezomib consolidation on progression‐free survival (PFS) post autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT).

Methods

Patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma were assigned to one of two trials (ClinicalTrials.gov IDs: NCT00416273, NCT00416208), which were conducted in parallel, based on age (18‐60 or 61‐75 years, respectively). Following induction and ASCT, patients were randomized 1:1 to four 35‐day cycles of bortezomib consolidation (1.6 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22) or observation only.

Results

Median PFS with bortezomib consolidation vs observation was 33.6 vs 29.0 months (P = 0.3599) in patients aged 18‐60 years (n = 202), and 33.4 vs 26.4 months (P = 0.0073) in patients aged 61‐75 years (n = 155), respectively. Bortezomib consolidation post‐ASCT appeared to equalize outcomes between older and younger patients who received prior treatment of differing intensity. This suggests that the effect of consolidation may be relative and may depend on the composition and intensity of induction and high‐dose therapy.

Conclusion

Older patients receiving less intensive prior treatment could experience a larger PFS benefit from bortezomib consolidation.
Dementia‐friendly community indicators from the perspectives of people living with dementia and dementia‐family caregivers
Authors: Wu Suh‐Mian , Huang Hsiu‐Li , Chiu Yi‐Chen , Tang Li‐Yu , Yang Pei‐Shan , Hsu Jung‐Lung , Liu Chien‐Liang , Wang Woan‐Shyuan , Shyu Yea‐Ing L.
Published: June 2019

Aims

To identify dementia‐friendly communities’ indicators and their current conditions in Taiwan from the perspectives of people with dementia and dementia‐family caregivers.

Design

This qualitative study explored the opinions and experiences of people with dementia and dementia‐family caregivers regarding dementia‐friendly communities.

Methods

Participants (16 people with dementia and 20 family caregivers) were recruited from neurological clinics, day care centres for people with dementia and support groups for family caregivers in the Taipei community from July ‐ October, 2016. Data were collected in face‐to‐face interviews, which were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed by Miles and Huberman's (1994) guidelines.

Results

Similar indicators for dementia‐friendly communities were identified in Taiwan as in other countries, including dementia‐friendly care services, dementia‐friendly hospitals, dementia‐friendly community environment, dementia‐friendly transportation, dementia‐friendly stores and shops, dementia friendly people, integrated dementia‐related information and community contribution‐ and ‐involvement opportunities for people with dementia. However, Taiwanese people with dementia and family caregivers described no emphasis on the potential of people with dementia to contribute to developing dementia‐friendly communities and more top‐down expectations for the government's role.

Conclusion

These indicators can be a guide for developing and evaluating dementia‐friendly communities in Taiwan. Differences between Taiwan and Western developed countries in indicators for dementia‐friendly communities can be further explored. Community nursing assessment, interventions, and evaluation based on these dementia‐friendly communities indicators can be further developed.

Impact

This study developed indicators for dementia‐friendly communities in an Asian country. These indicators can be used as a guide for developing and evaluating dementia‐friendly communities.
Delaying voiding, limiting fluids, urinary symptoms, and work productivity: A survey of female nurses and midwives
Authors: Pierce Heather M. , Perry Lin , Gallagher Robyn , Chiarelli Pauline
Published: June 2019

Aim

To examine the relationships between workplace bladder practices, urinary symptoms, and work productivity.

Design

Cross‐sectional observational survey.

Methods

Surveys were distributed June–November 2016 to at least 600 female nurses and midwives at three urban hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Nurses self‐reported restricted workplace access to toilets, delaying voiding, limiting of fluid intakes and urinary symptoms at work. Logistic modelling was used to examine whether nurses’ bladder practices impaired their time management, ability to concentrate or perform physical demands.

Results

Of 353 useable surveys, one in five nurses (22.4%; N = 79) reported restricted access to toilets at work, most (77.1%; N = 272) delayed voiding and one in four (26.9%; N = 95) limited fluid intakes to delay voiding at work. Almost half the sample had urinary symptoms at work (46.7%; N = 165); delaying voiding increased the likelihood of impaired mental concentration and limiting fluid intakes increased the likelihood of impaired time management.

Conclusion

As workplace access to toilets and related bladder practices are modifiable, associated urinary symptoms and productivity loss may be preventable.

Impact

Nurses’ often experience restricted accesses to amenities due to job demands and workplace environments. The impact of nurses’ poor bladder practices in the workplace is not known. In this study most nurses delayed voiding and many purposefully limited fluid intakes at work. These behaviours impacted a nurse's ability to manage time and/or concentrate at work. Results have implications for nurses’ personal health, the design of workplace environments, workforce management, occupational health policy, and patient care.
Chemical and physical treatments damage Caucasian and Afro‐ethnic hair fibre: analytical and image assays
Authors: Bloch L.D. , Goshiyama A.M. , Dario M.F. , Escudeiro C.C. , Sarruf F.D. , Velasco M.V.R. , Valente N.Y.S.
Published: June 2019

Background

Sensory and structural characteristics of hair can be modified by chemical and physical treatments, as dyeing, brushing, but also by external factors, as sunlight radiation. However, quantitative data relating damage to the degree of hair curliness and treatments are missing.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of chemical and physical treatments on different types of hair.

Methods

In this study, we compared the effects of bleaching/dyeing, thioglycolate‐based straightening, brushing/flat iron and UVA/Vis radiation on different types of hair: Caucasian (straight dark brown, straight blond, wavy dark brown and curly dark brown) and Afro‐ethnic hair.

Results

Bleaching/dyeing and UVA/Vis radiation increased combing work of Afro‐ethnic hair tresses, indicating damage to the cuticle scales, which was confirmed by SEM images. Further, bleaching/dyeing caused wear on cuticles with high protein loss and reduction on the tryptophan content, independently of the hair curliness, which characterizes those procedures as very aggressive to hair structure. Straightening using ammonium thioglycolate, due to the oxidative treatment evolved, caused significant colour fading in brown/black tresses, while UVA/Vis radiation affected the colour of only blond hair tresses since they are poor in eumelanin, the photoprotective and photostable melanin molecule.

Conclusion

The combination of analytical and image techniques contributed to understanding how the hair shape is related to the type of damage caused by several chemical and physical treatments. These findings contribute to the development of safety cosmetics that insure the beauty of curly hair, both Caucasian and Afro‐ethnic hair.
Creating Guardians of Physiologic Birth: The Development of an Educational Initiative for Student Midwives in the Netherlands
Authors: Thompson Suzanne M. , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne J. , Low Lisa Kane , De Vries Raymond
Published: June 2019

Women want positive birth experiences with high quality maternity care that is neither too much, too soon, nor too little, too late. Research confirms the effectiveness of midwifery care, and the midwifery approach to birth as physiologic may counter the upward trend of the unnecessary medicalization of birth. The role of guardian of physiologic birth is seen as central to midwifery practice; however, medical hegemony has led to the subordination of midwives, which inhibits them in fulfilling the role as guardian of physiologic birth. Learning to become powerful advocates of physiologic birth creates midwives able to speak up for effective, evidence‐based maternity care and challenge the unnecessary use of obstetric intervention. Midwifery education has a role to fulfil in molding midwives who are able to assume this role. This brief report describes the development of an educational prototype aimed at increasing student midwife agency as an advocate of physiologic birth. This was done using rapid prototyping (RP) methodology, in which important stakeholders gave input and feedback during the educational design and development process. Input from stakeholders led to the inclusion of persuasive communication strategies and discussion and debate as teaching methodologies in order to increase student midwife agency to argue for physiologic birth. Reflective evidence‐based practice, using the Optimality Index‐Netherlands, allowed students to reflect on their practice while providing a framework for discussion. Working with the RP methodology allowed for the development of a prototype that reflected the needs of midwifery stakeholders and was mindful of material and human resources.
Influence of supracrestal tissue attachment thickness on radiographic bone level around dental implants: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Díaz‐Sánchez María , Soto‐Peñaloza David , Peñarrocha‐Oltra David , Peñarrocha‐Diago María
Published: June 2019

The present systematic review and meta‐analysis was carried out to determine the extent to which supracrestal tissue attachment (STA) thickness affects marginal bone loss (MBL) around dental implants. An electronic search was conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and complementary sources covering the period up to June 2018. The studies were meta‐analyzed based on implant position with respect to the alveolar bone crest (crestal/supracrestal). The MBL values were categorized according to STA width (thick/thin). Of the 1062 eligible titles, nine articles were included in the review. The implants were positioned crestal or supracrestal with respect to the alveolar ridge. The difference between (thin/thick) STA was statistically significant among analytical subsets in terms of lesser MBL (crestal‐positioned: weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.52, 95% CI [0.03‐1.01]; P = 0.036; supracrestal‐positioned: WMD = 1.26; 95% CI [1.12‐1.39]; P = 0.00; pooled analysis: WMD = 0.73; 95% CI [0.033‐1.13]; P < 0.01). Implant positioning and patient age showed statistical significance in the meta‐regression analysis. The heterogeneity explained by age was R2 = 39.8%. Despite its limitations, the present study demonstrates that implants with thin STA result in greater MBL. There is moderate certainty of the evidence for a large effect of MBL prevention “in favor” of a thick STA environment in crestal‐positioned implants and the pooled analysis, but lesser certainty when only supracrestal‐positioned implants are considered. No trials studying this topic in subcrestal‐positioned implants were found.
Deciphering the conditions of tochilinite and cronstedtite formation in CM chondrites from low temperature hydrothermal experiments
Authors: Vacher Lionel G. , Truche Laurent , Faure François , Tissandier Laurent , Mosser‐Ruck Régine , Marrocchi Yves
Published: June 2019

Tochilinite/cronstedtite intergrowths are commonly observed as alteration products in CM chondrite matrices, but the conditions under which they formed are still largely underconstrained due to their scarcity in terrestrial environments. Here, we report low temperature (80 °C) anoxic hydrothermal experiments using starting assemblages similar to the constituents of the matrices of the most pristine CM chondrite and S‐rich and S‐free fluids. Cronstedtite crystals formed only in S‐free experiments under circumneutral conditions with the highest Fe/Si ratios. Fe‐rich tochilinite with chemical and structural characteristics similar to chondritic tochilinite was observed in S‐bearing experiments. We observed a positive correlation between the Mg content in the hydroxide layer of synthetic tochilinite and temperature, suggesting that the composition of tochilinite is a proxy for the alteration temperature in CM chondrites. Using this relation, we estimate the mean precipitation temperatures of tochilinite to be 120–160 °C for CM chondrites. Given the different temperature ranges of tochilinite and cronstedtite in our experiments, we propose that Fe‐rich tochilinite crystals resulted from the alteration of metal beads under S‐bearing alkaline conditions at T = 120–160 °C followed by cronstedtite crystals formed by the reaction of matrix amorphous silicates, metal beads, and water at a low temperature (50–120 °C).