bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Electrode/Electrolyte Interface Study during the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction in Acidic Electrolytes
Authors: Yao Yao , Delmo Ernest Pahuyo , Shao Minhua
Published: September 2024

Electrochemical CO2 Reduction (CO2R) in acidic electrolytes has gained significant attention owing to higher carbon efficiency and stability than in alkaline counterparts. However, the proton source and the role of alkali cations for CO2R are still under debate. By using rotating ring disk electrode and surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy, we find that a neutral/alkaline environment at the interface is necessary for CO2R even in acidic electrolytes. We also confirm that water molecules, rather than protons serve as the proton source for CO2R. Alkali cations in the outer Helmholtz plane activate H2O and promote the desorption of adsorbed carbon monoxide. Additionally, the solvated CO2, or CO2(aq), is the actual reactant for CO2R. This study provides a deeper understanding of the electrode/electrolyte interface during CO2R in acidic electrolytes and sheds light on further performance improvement of this system.
Bioactive Potential of the Sulfated Exopolysaccharides From the Brown Microalga Halamphora sp.: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiapoptotic Profiles
Authors: Mansour Fatma Ben , Guermazi Wassim , Chamkha Mohamed , Bellassoued Khaled , Salah Hichem Ben , Harrath Abdel Halim , Aldahmash Waleed , Rahman Md Ataur , Ayadi Habib
Published: September 2024

This study aims to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) extracted from the microalgae species Halamphora sp., as well as to evaluate their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti‐apoptotic activities. The crude extracellular polysaccharides from the halophilic diatom Halamphora sp. were found to be extracellular heterosulfated anionic polysaccharides containing carbohydrates (76.33 ± 1.80%), proteins (0.15 ± 0.02%), uronic acids (5.44 ± 0.08%) and sulfate (7.56 ± 0.86%). The lowest protein (0.24%) and lipid (0.15%) contents suggested that EPS was highly pure. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the carbohydrate fraction consisted of xylose, l‐galactose, d‐galactose, glucose, ribitol, mannose, and inositol with corresponding mole percentages of 40.55, 13.25, 13.00, 9.95, 9.82, 2.90, and 2.28, respectively. In vitro, tests showed a high total antioxidant capacity probably related to l‐galactose followed by d‐galactose, uronic acid, and ribitol. In addition, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) demonstrated effective antimicrobial Gram + properties with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 12 mm. Molecular docking showed an antiapoptotic effect, as the best docking score was generated due to the interaction of xylose and caspase 3 (−6.9 kcal/mol) and l‐galactose and caspase 3 (−5 kcal/mol). Overall, the findings of this study suggest the possibility of using the EPS extract of Halamphora sp. as an additive for nutraceutical and cosmetic purposes.
Harnessing Intrinsic Properties of Two‐Dimensional Materials for Advanced Electrochemical Catalytic Applications
Authors: Lee Tae Hyung , Jun Sang Eon , Choi Seungwon , Jang Ho Won
Published: September 2024

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials have ignited extensive research across various fields due to their intrinsic structural, electronic, chemical, and mechanical properties, which are markedly different from those of conventional 3D materials. In the fields of electrochemical catalysis and gas sensing, 2D materials can play vital roles by leveraging their superiorities to accelerate interfacial charge transport and surface catalytic reactions. This review summarizes the advantages of 2D materials, including stackability, tunable bandgap, intrinsic atomic structure, flexibility, and large specific surface area. Furthermore, the recent approaches utilizing 2D materials as active catalysts and sensing materials are explored. Finally, the key challenges and prospects of 2D materials in electrochemical catalysis and gas sensing are discussed.
CHO stable pool fed‐batch process development of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein production: Impact of aeration conditions and feeding strategies
Authors: Reyes Sebastian‐Juan , Pham Phuong Lan , Durocher Yves , Henry Olivier
Published: September 2024

Technology scale‐up and transfer are a fundamental and critical part of process development in biomanufacturing. Important bioreactor hydrodynamic characteristics such as working volume, overhead gas flow rate, volumetric power input (P/V), impeller type, agitation regimen, sparging aeration strategy, sparger type, and kLa must be selected based on key performance indicators (KPI) to ensure a smooth and seamless process scale‐up and transfer. Finding suitable operational setpoints and developing an efficient feeding regimen to ensure process efficacy and consistency are instrumental. In this investigation, process development of a cumate inducible Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) stable pool expressing trimeric SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein in 1.8 L benchtop stirred‐tank bioreactors is detailed. Various dissolved oxygen levels and aeration air caps were studied to determine their impact on cell growth and metabolism, culture longevity, and endpoint product titers. Once hydrodynamic conditions were tuned to an optimal zone, various feeding strategies were explored to increase culture performance. Dynamic feedings such as feeding based on current culture volume, viable cell density (VCD), oxygen uptake rate (OUR), and bio‐capacitance signals were tested and compared to standard bolus addition. Increases in integral of viable cell concentration (IVCC) (1.25‐fold) and protein yield (2.52‐fold), as well as greater culture longevity (extension of 5 days) were observed in dynamic feeding strategies when compared to periodic bolus feeding. Our study emphasizes the benefits of designing feeding strategies around metabolically relevant signals such as OUR and bio‐capacitance signals.
Cross‐sectional online survey on the perspectives of more than 1100 Austrian therapists on integrating nature in psychotherapy
Authors: Aigner Sandra Elisabeth , Dale Rachel , Pfeifer Eric , Probst Thomas , Winter Stefanie , Herburger Bernhard , Pieh Christoph , Humer Elke
Published: September 2024

Background

Integrating natural environments into therapeutic practices is increasingly recognised for its positive effects on mental health recovery. However, there is limited research on how nature is utilised in psychotherapeutic treatments. This study aimed to fill this gap by providing initial data on the frequency and application of nature‐integrating psychotherapy. Additionally, it explores psychotherapists' attitudes towards the potential and limitations of integrating nature into psychotherapy under practical conditions.

Methods

A total of N = 1190 Austrian psychotherapists (mean age: 53.75 ± 10.84 years; 74.9% female; 19.9% psychodynamic, 47.9% humanistic, 23.0% systemic, 9.2% behavioural) participated in a cross‐sectional online survey assessing personality traits (Big Five Inventory), connectedness to nature (NCI), professional experiences in integrating aspects of nature in psychotherapy and estimated potentials and risks of nature‐integrating interventions.

Results

The majority of participating psychotherapists reported experience with conducting psychotherapy in nature (65.9%) and with integrating nature materials into their treatments (79.1%). Differences in some personality traits among psychotherapeutic orientations were observed, whereas the NCI did not differ. Overall, systemic therapists had the most positive attitude towards integrating nature into psychotherapy, whereas the opposite was observed for psychodynamic psychotherapists. Several aspects were found to also be affected by an interaction between orientation and gender.

Conclusions

Results indicate that nature‐integrating psychotherapy is both common and valued among Austrian psychotherapists, with differences observed across therapeutic orientations and genders. These differences highlight the need for further research to better understand the factors influencing psychotherapists' approaches to nature integration in clinical practice.
Taking a tiny step back: The impact of planning on a bumpy goal pursuit
Authors: Bayuk Julia , Basoglu K. Asli
Published: September 2024

Across varied domains, prior research has examined the impact of setbacks and goal‐inconsistent behaviors on goal pursuit. A large setback, whether a result of an external hurdle or an internally‐driven goal‐inconsistent behavior, may suggest that the goal is not really feasible and goal disengagement is ideal. Yet, a minor setback or a goal‐deviation may just be a bump in the road that can, and often should, be overcome, especially for important, long‐term goals. So, not all setbacks signal that failure is inevitable and goal pursuit should be put on hold. Forming a goal‐directed plan shifts individuals from a deliberative to an implemental mindset and is commonly recommended by both academics and practitioners to help individuals pursue important goals and disengage from unachievable goals. But are plans beneficial when small, goal‐related setbacks occur? Specifically, this article examines the impact of minor bumps in the road (experiencing small setbacks, engaging in minor goal‐inconsistent behaviors) on continued goal pursuit. In three studies, field and lab, and across two different domains (eating healthy and saving money), we (1) show that small, seemingly acceptable setbacks can negatively influence goal pursuit when one has formed a plan, and (2) empirically demonstrate that when small setbacks occur, having a plan may increase feeling of action crisis and ultimately decrease interest in continued goal pursuit.
Rapid Screening of Active Components with Thrombin Inhibitory Activity from Peach Kernel Based on Affinity Ultrafiltration Coupled with UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Huang Shiyi , Zhang Jiajia , He Xiangchang , Huang Chencun , He Weihe , Zhao Hongqing , Dai Jie , Xu Guangming
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Peach kernel (PK), one of the medicinal and edible plants, has been widely used in the treatment of clinical thrombotic diseases and exhibited great therapeutic effects. However, the effective substances and targets are still obscure. Methods: A method consisting of affinity ultrafiltration (AUF) coupled with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy (UPLC−Q‐TOF‐MS) was established to rapidly screen active components that inhibit thrombin, a key mediator in coagulation cascade. The binding energy and sites were analyzed by molecular docking to evaluate the binding capacity of thrombin‐ligand complexes, and the thrombin inhibitory activity of screened ligands was further validated via in vitro and in vivo tests. Results: two potential thrombin ligands (L‐arginine and cytidine) were screened by AUF‐HPLC and identified by UPLC−Q‐TOF‐MS. The ligands with anti‐thrombin structure exhibited great affinity with thrombin. The anticoagulant bioactivity of ligands was validated by a significant reduction in thrombosis in zebrafish tails and the potential mechanism could be related to direct inhibition of thrombin. Conclusion: The systematic screening of anti‐thrombin active components in PK based on AUF‐UPLC−Q‐TOF‐MS is a feasible and effective method, providing valuable information for the future development of direct thrombin inhibitors.
In Vitro Assessment of Immunobiological Effectivity of Synthetic Non‐Ionic Glycolipids
Authors: Paulovičová Ema , Paulovičová Lucia , Poláková Monika
Published: September 2024

Immunobiological activity of selected decyl and (thio)dodecyl hexopyranosides based on d‐glucose, d‐galactose, N‐acetyl d‐glucosamine and d‐mannose and their effect on leukemia cell lines L1210 and HL‐60 and Candida‘s biofilm were studied. Alkyl d‐glucosides and d‐galactosides showed mainly similar antiproliferative properties on leukemia cell lines, while N‐acetyl d‐glucosaminides revealed diverse properties with lower efficacy. Also, the cytokine response of RAW 264.7 macrophages was significantly influenced by the type of sugar moiety and (thio)alkyl chain length. Contrary to the proliferation results, d‐glucosides and d‐galactosides did not reveal so evident similarities in induction of cytokines. The C. albicans biofilm treatment with the (thio)alkyl glycosides resulted in a significant reduction of Candida cell proliferation resembling the structure and concentration differences of glycosides. The activity of tested derivatives (GalOC12 > GlcOC12 ≈ ManOC12 > GlcNAcOC12) against the C. albicans azole‐sensitive clinical strain biofilm differ from the efficacy against C. albicans multiazole‐resistant clinical strain biofilm (GlcOC12 > ManOC12 ≈ GalOC12 > GlcNAcOC12). The obtained data clearly demonstrated that the structure of saccharide unit caused different bioimmunological behaviour of such glycosides regardless of the same aglycone length.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of CuO NPs and B‐CuO NPs Obtained from Livistona Chinensis Leaf Extract
Authors: Veg Ekhlakh , Raza Azam , Rai Smita , Sharma Swati , Pandey Anushka , Imran Ahmad Mohammad , Jabeen Sabeeha , Joshi Seema , Khan Tahmeena
Published: September 2024

Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit fascinating size‐dependent chemical and physical characteristics that make them useful for a variety of applications. The present paper reports the green synthesis of CuO NPs and B‐doped CuO NPs (B‐CuO NPs) from Livistona chinensis leaf extract. Not much work has been reported on the use of the plant extract for the fabrication of NPs, particularly those of Cu and its doped counterparts. Various spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the synthesized NPs. In the FT‐IR spectra, peaks obtained at 504 cm−1 to 600 cm−1 were due to Cu−O vibrations. The energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) spectra confirmed the CuO NPs’ composition and B's presence inside the NPs. The peak pattern in the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum confirmed the crystalline and monoclinic phases of the NPs. The average crystalline size of CuO NPs and B‐CuO NPs was 19.56 nm and 17.30 nm respectively. The CuO and B‐CuO NPs were tested against three Gram‐positive bacterial strains namely Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus and three Gram‐negative Escherichia coli, Salmonella abony, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa through Agar well diffusion method and it was found that CuO NPs showed higher activity than B‐CuO NPs. Gentamicin was used as the positive control. The antibacterial activity may be due to the cell wall disruption by induction of innate and adaptive host immune response, generating toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and stimulating intracellular effects.
Novel Sulfonylamido Benzoxazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterisation, Molecular Docking, DFT, and Antimicrobial Activity Investigations
Authors: Faydali Nagihan , Erol Meryem , Temiz Arpaci Ozlem , Kuyucuklu Gulcan , Semih Salan Alparslan
Published: September 2024

In this work, numerous novel 2‐(p‐ethyl/fluorophenyl)‐5‐[(p‐substitutedphenyl)sulfonylamido]benzoxazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and structurally characterized using 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis approaches. The antimicrobial activity against several Gram (+) bacteria, Gram (−) bacteria, and fungal species was determined using the in vitro microdilution technique. A molecular docking analysis was performed on all produced compounds utilizing the S. aureus gyrase complex with ciprofloxacin and DNA. Two of the most effective compounds against S. aureus, N4 and N9, have binding energies of −8.7 kcal/mol and −8.6 kcal/mol, respectively, and their interactions have been demonstrated in 2D and 3D. Furthermore, utilizing the 6–311G(d,p) base set and DFT/B3LYP theory, MEP analysis, geometric optimization, and molecular reactivity analysis (HOMO‐LUMO) of N4 and N9 were performed, and the results were presented. All compounds’ theoretical ADMET profiles were computed as well. With all of this knowledge, this study could be a pioneer in the development of novel anti‐S. aureus compounds.
Glycerol as a Feedstock for Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Husna Maratul , Tabak Yasemin , Yıldız Meltem
Published: September 2024

Glycerol, defined simply as a colorless, sweet syrupy liquid extracted from fatty substances through saponification, is an alcohol with three hydroxyl (OH–) groups in its structure. Glycerol has many uses in the consumer market. It is used primarily in personal care products, as an adhesive and sealing agent and many applications. Glycerol, whose name is propane‐1,2,3‐triol, standardized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), CHO open formula CH2OH–CHOH–CH2OH. It can be said that glycerol, a by‐product of biodiesel, is produced in very high quantities. Retention of the produced glycerol will lead to cost increases and environmental problems that may directly affect the development of the biodiesel market. Due to the supply of glycerol to the market in large quantities, glycerol prices have hit the bottom, and therefore, the income and profitability of biodiesel production factories from the sale of glycerol have decreased. This situation clearly shows that the excess of glycerol now poses an obstacle to developing the biodiesel market. This article aims to list the valuable chemicals into which glycerol, produced in large quantities as a biodiesel by‐product, can be converted under a single heading and to detail the studies carried out on this subject.
TYRO3 and EPHA2 Expression Are Dysregulated in Breast Cancer
Authors: de Aguiar Ananda Cristina Fernandes , Ferreira Nancy Cristina Ferraz de Lucena , Borba Maria Amelia Carlos Souto Maior , Filho Darley de Lima Ferreira , Leitão Glauber Moreira , Mattos Luiz Alberto , Filho José Luiz de Lima , Martins Danyelly Bruneska Gondim
Published: September 2024

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are involved in cell growth, motility, and differentiation. Deregulation of RTKs signaling is associated with tumor development and therapy resistance. Potential RTKs like TAM (TYRO3, AXL, MERTK), RON, EPH, and MET have been evaluated in many cancers like lung, prostate, and colorectal, but little is known in breast tumors. In this study, 51 luminal breast cancer tissue and 8 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes were evaluated by qPCR for the expression of TAM, RON, EPHA2, and MET genes. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the correlation to clinical data. TYRO3 is related to tumor subtype and stage, patient's age, smoking habits, and obesity. MET expression is correlated to EPHA2 and TAM gene expression. EPHA2 expression is also related to aging and smoking habits. The expression levels of the TAM and EPHA2 genes seem to play an important role in breast cancer, being also influenced by the patient's lifestyle.
The Structural Diversity of Encapsulin Protein Shells
Authors: Giessen Tobias W.
Published: September 2024

Subcellular compartmentalization is a universal feature of all cells. Spatially distinct compartments, be they lipid‐ or protein‐based, enable cells to optimize local reaction environments, store nutrients, and sequester toxic processes. Prokaryotes generally lack intracellular membrane systems and usually rely on protein‐based compartments and organelles to regulate and optimize their metabolism. Encapsulins are one of the most diverse and widespread classes of prokaryotic protein compartments. They self‐assemble into icosahedral protein shells and are able to specifically internalize dedicated cargo enzymes. This review discusses the structural diversity of encapsulin protein shells, focusing on shell assembly, symmetry, and dynamics. The properties and functions of pores found within encapsulin shells will also be discussed. In addition, fusion and insertion domains embedded within encapsulin shell protomers will be highlighted. Finally, future research directions for basic encapsulin biology, with a focus on the structural understand of encapsulins, are briefly outlined.
HydroDynamic contrast Recanalization (HDR): Description of a new crossing technique for coronary chronic total occlusions
Authors: Carlino Mauro , Nascimbene Angelo , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Yarrabothula Akshitha , Colombo Antonio , Nakamura Sunao , Azzalini Lorenzo , Hanif Bashir , Iqbal M. Bilal , Arain Salman A.
Published: September 2024

Background

Intraplaque delivery of contrast has been utilized during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) of chronic total occlusions (CTO) to delineate anatomy and to facilitate wire crossing. Its utility as a tool to accomplish primary crossing of CTOs has not been described or validated.

Aims

We describe a new technique leveraging the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of intraplaque contrast injection to accomplish primary crossing of CTOs: HydroDynamic contrast Recanalization (HDR).

Methods

HDR is an antegrade crossing method for coronary CTOs based on the synergistic use of contrast microinjections and polymer jacketed wires. We present a retrospective, first‐in‐man, case series utilizing HDR for CTO PCI in patients with favorable CTO anatomy (visible proximal segment and identifiable distal target). The primary outcome was procedural success. The secondary outcome was any procedural complications.

Results

A total of 43 patients with 45 CTOs underwent CTO PCI with HDR. Mean patient age was 64.3 ± 11 years. The mean Japanese CTO and PROGRESS CTO scores were 2.3 ± 0.7 and 1.8 ± 0.7, respectively. CTO complexity was high, with an ambiguous or blunt cap in 34 occlusions (76%); lesion length ≥ 20 mm in 27 occlusions (60%); and moderate/heavy calcification in 36 occlusions (80%). Procedural success using HDR was 100%. There were no complications.

Conclusions

This study shows the utility of HDR in CTO PCI. HDR appears to be a safe and promising new contrast‐based primary crossing technique in selected patients. This strategy warrants further evaluation in larger prospective studies.
Asymmetric Alkylative Difunctionalization of Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds by Aliphatic C─H Bond Activation
Authors: Yan Zilong , Wang Shang , Mao Xinyu , Xing Dong
Published: September 2024

This paper highlights the latest advancements in asymmetric alkylative difunctionalization of carbon–carbon double bonds by utilizing aliphatic C─H substrates as alkyl radical precursors. By integrating different hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes with various transition metal catalytic systems, various alkane substrates can be efficiently converted into corresponding alkyl radicals, which then participate in radical additions to carbon–carbon double bonds followed by stereoselective functionalizations with a third component. These strategies leverage inexpensive, abundant, and readily available alkane feedstocks to rapidly construct complex chiral molecules, demonstrating high step and atom economy. This paper focuses on recent progress and applications in this area, provides a comprehensive perspective on current developments, and suggests future directions in alkane‐involved asymmetric transformations.
Scientific challenges faced by Mn‐based layered oxide cathodes with anionic redox for sodium‐ion batteries
Authors: Zheng Chao , He Shengnan , Gan Jiantuo , Wu Zhijun , She Liaona , Gao Yong , Yang YaXiong , Lou Jiatao , Ju Zhijin , Pan Hongge
Published: September 2024

In the realm of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), Mn‐based layered oxide cathodes have garnered considerable attention owing to their anionic redox reactions (ARRs). Compared to other types of popular sodium‐ion cathodes, Mn‐based layered oxide cathodes with ARRs exhibit outstanding specific capacity and energy density, making them promising for SIB applications. However, these cathodes still face some scientific challenges that need to be addressed. This review systematically summarizes the composition, structure, oxygen‐redox mechanism, and performance of various types of Mn‐based cathodes with ARRs, as well as the main scientific challenges they face, including sluggish ion diffusion, cationic migration, O2 release, and element dissolution. Currently, to resolve these challenges, efforts mainly focus on six aspects: synthesis methods, structural design, doped modification, electrolyte design, and surface engineering. Finally, this review provides new insights for future direction, encompassing both fundamental research, such as novel cathode types, interface optimization, and interdisciplinary research, and considerations from an industrialization perspective, including scalability, stability, and safety.
Agronomic performance of soybean with varied planting dates, row configurations, and seeding rates on two different soil textures
Authors: Kelly F. Read , Bond Jason A. , Bryant Corey J. , Irby J. Trenton , Cook Don R. , Krutz L. Jason
Published: September 2024

Planting date, row configuration, and seeding rate are three critical factors in obtaining maximum soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain yield and can vary based on soil texture. Therefore, two studies were conducted at the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS. The first study was conducted from 2019 to 2021 and sought to determine the effects of planting date (optimal and delayed 21 days), and row configuration (single‐, twin‐, and triple‐row) on soybean growth, development, and grain yield. The second study was conducted in 2021 with three site‐years to determine the effects of seeding rate (130,000, 180,000, and 220,000 seeds acre−1) in a triple‐row configuration on soybean grain yield compared to a single‐row configuration at 130,000 seeds acre−1 on two soil textures (silt loam and clay). Both studies were repeated on silt loam and clay soil textures in every site‐year. In the first study, the optimal planting date increased soybean grain yield regardless of soil texture. On both soil textures, twin‐ and single‐row configuration yields were equivalent, but triple‐row configuration reduced soybean grain yield up to 9%. Similarly, triple‐row configuration reduced soybean density and height at R3 and R8 growth stages. In the second study, increasing triple‐row configuration soybean seeding rate by at least 38% provided similar soybean grain yields to a single‐row configuration at 130,000 seeds acre−1. These data indicate that triple‐row soybean planting configurations do have some benefits, but that future research should focus on equipment limitations experienced in the current research.
Investigation on Swelling of Agar‐Based Antibacterial Hydrogels for Hard‐to‐Heal Wound Dressings
Authors: Szarlej Paweł , Piłat Edyta , Gnatowski Przemysław , Cieśliński Hubert , Sienkiewicz Maciej , Kucińska‐Lipka Justyna
Published: September 2024

Despite a wide range of available wound treatments, hard‐to‐heal wounds still pose a challenge. Hydrogels are often used as dressings for these wounds, because they sustain moisture in the wound environment, supporting the natural healing process. However, it is still not fully understood how physicochemical properties of hydrogel matrix affect the drug release process. Thus, detailed swelling kinetics examination coupled with modeling is needed together with studies on drug release. In this regard, several hydrogels based on plant‐derived agar and modified with amikacin sulfate were investigated. The main properties of hydrogels were examined focusing on detailed swelling kinetics. Drug release was studied as microbiological activity against E. coli and S. Epidermidis strains. The obtained hydrogels were characterized by high swelling, reaching values in range from 465–1300 %, fitting the second order kinetics mode and exhibiting the quasi‐Fickian diffusion properties. Furthermore, there was no correlation found between swelling properties and antibacterial activity against tested strains. The results confirmed that presented hydrogel materials have desirable properties for application as dressings for hard‐to‐heal wounds. The suggested compositions are a promising base for modification with other active substances (e. g., regenerative, anti‐inflammatory) and studying the broader correlation between swelling and drug release.
Exploring Enzyme Encapsulation Efficiency in MOFs Using Eco‐Friendly Approaches
Authors: Hieu Vo Trung , Lin Shang‐Wei , Lin Miao‐Chun , Kuan Pu‐Yun , Chen Jing‐Hui , Huang Hsin‐Kai , Liu Wen‐Tzu , Xu Hui , Li Ao , Hsu Yu‐An , Wan Lei , Khanh Lam Phuc , Chou Lien‐Yang , Yang Hsiao‐Ching , Shieh Fa‐Kuen
Published: September 2024

The encapsulation of protein enzymes in metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) has been recognized as an effective enzyme immobilization approach. In this study, we demonstrated the influence of enzyme amount and the isoelectric points (pI) of different enzymes on the enzyme loading capacity in both mechanochemical (ball‐milling) and water‐based approaches. We found that increasing enzyme amounts enhances MOF enzyme loading without compromising activity, while the MOF shell protects encapsulated enzymes from proteinase K degradation through its size‐sheltering mechanism. However, an excess of enzymes can hinder the formation of ZIF‐90. Moreover, enzymes with low pI values (e. g., catalase, pI 5.4) facilitate encapsulation in MOFs, whereas enzymes with high pI values (e. g., lysozyme, pI 11.35) are more challenging to encapsulate. The simulation results revealed that increasing the enzyme amounts and pI values raises the activation energy necessary for MOF formation. This study highlights the crucial role of enzyme properties in the encapsulation process within MOFs, providing valuable insights for fabricating enzyme‐MOF biocomposites for diverse applications, such as protein drug delivery.
Characteristics of PD‐1+CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood and synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Chen Yan‐juan , Chen Yong , Chen Ping , Jia Yi‐qun , Wang Hua , Hong Xiao‐ping
Published: September 2024

Objectives

PD‐1 plays a crucial role in the immune dysregulation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the specific characteristics of PD‐1+CD4+ T cells remain unclear and require further investigation.

Methods

Circulating PD‐1+CD4+ T cells from RA patients were analysed using flow cytometry. Plasma levels of soluble PD‐1 (sPD‐1) were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Single‐cell RNA sequence data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial tissue of patients were obtained from the GEO and the ImmPort databases. Bioinformatics analyses were performed in the R studio to characterise PD‐1+CD4+ T cells. Expression of CCR7, KLF2 and IL32 in PD‐1+CD4+ T cells was validated by flow cytometry.

Results

RA patients showed an elevated proportion of PD‐1+CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood, along with increased plasma sPD‐1 levels, which positively correlated with TNF‐α and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Bioinformatic analysis revealed PD‐1 expression on CCR7+CD4+ T cells in PBMCs, and on both CCR7+CD4+ T cells and CXCL13+CD4+ T cells in RA synovium. PD‐1 was co‐expressed with CCR7, KLF2, and IL32 in peripheral CD4+ T cells. In synovium, PD‐1+CCR7+CD4+ T cells had higher expression of TNF and LCP2, while PD‐1+CXCL13+CD4+ T cells showed elevated levels of ARID5A and DUSP2. PD‐1+CD4+ T cells in synovium also appeared to interact with B cells and fibroblasts through BTLA and TNFSF signalling pathways.

Conclusion

This study highlights the increased proportion of PD‐1+CD4+ T cells and elevated sPD‐1 levels in RA. The transcriptomic profiles and signalling networks of PD‐1+CD4+ T cells offer new insights into their role in RA pathogenesis.
Dynamic endoscopic progression of gastrointestinal tract involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A pediatric case report
Authors: Pan Jianwei , Liu Bo , Zhang Huihua , Li Zhongyue
Published: September 2024

Gastrointestinal tract involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is extremely rare, with limited documentation of endoscopic manifestations. We report a 19‐month‐old girl who presented with repeated diarrhea and bloody stools, accompanied by recurrent pulmonary infections, anemia, hypoproteinemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly with lymphadenopathy. Initial treatment with antibacterial agents, mesalazine, thalidomide, and prednisone led to temporary improvement; however, the symptoms repeatedly relapsed. She underwent three digestive endoscopies, but until the third endoscopy, a definitive diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis was established through biopsy. While upper gastrointestinal tract findings were not significant, notable changes were observed in the colorectal region. A colonoscopy revealed progression from erythema to diffuse hyperemia and edema, with erythema, erosion, and superficial ulcers extending into the distal ileal mucosa. Genetic analysis identified a BRAF‐V600E mutation. Following treatment with chemotherapy (vincristine and prednisone) and the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib, the patient demonstrated significant clinical improvement within days. At the 1‐year follow‐up, the patient had normal bowel movements and a weight gain of 2.5 kg. Early gastrointestinal endoscopy with multiple biopsies in suspected children can facilitate early detection. Dabrafenib is a viable treatment option for Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Current Progress and Challenges in the Development of Pharmacotherapy for Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatohepatitis
Authors: Zhi Yang , Dong Yinuo , Li Xiaoyun , Zhong Wei , Lei Xiaohong , Tang Jieting , Mao Yimin
Published: September 2024

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a severe form of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), poses a significant threat to global health. Despite extensive research efforts over the past decade, only one drug has received market approval under accelerated pathways. In this review, we summarise the pathogenesis of MASH and present a comprehensive overview of recent advances in phase 2–3 clinical trials targeting MASH. These trials have highlighted considerable challenges, including low response rates to drugs, limitations of current surrogate histological endpoints, and inadequacies in the design of MASH clinical trials, all of which hinder the progress of MASH pharmacotherapy. We also explored the potential of non‐invasive tests to enhance clinical trial design. Furthermore, given the strong association between MASLD and cardiometabolic disorders, we advocate for an integrated approach to disease management to improve overall patient outcomes. Continued investigation into the mechanisms and pharmacology of combination therapies may offer valuable insights for developing innovative MASH treatments.
Generative mechanism analysis of ground fissure in the Nairobi–Malaba Railway area across the East African Rift
Authors: Li Yuandong , Zhang Xin , Li Xiaojun , Zhou Zhenghua , Hao Bin , Pan Jingmin
Published: September 2024

As the Nairobi–Malaba Railway traverses the East African Rift Valley, it has complex engineering geological conditions due to the development of its geological formations. Since March 2018, four large ground fissures have occurred in the East African Rift Valley area crossed by the Nairobi–Malaba Railway engineering construction, posing a significant threat to the safety of the railway engineering. According to the field investigation, it is initially considered that the ground fissures are caused by the loss of strength of the lower soil layers. In view of the fact that the settlement occurred during the rainy season and no earthquake events were recorded in the local and nearby areas during that period, it is inferred that the ground fissures originated from the subduction of the underlying soil layer by the submerged erosion of groundwater. For this reason, a further field investigation was conducted and a geological trench was directly excavated to the underlying rock for the uneven ground settlement, which revealed that the overlying soil layers are mainly silty clay layers and volcanic ash layers, and there are some deep and long cracks of a certain width on the underlying volcanic rock layer and there is gas flow spilling from the cracks. The field investigation also found the existence of some penetrating holes in the volcanic rock layer and caves beneath the volcanic rock layer. Based on the field investigation and phenomenological analysis, it is concluded that during the rainy season, the alternating action phenomenon of downward seepage of water in the surface soil layer and upward reflux of water beneath the volcanic rock layer happened through the cracks and penetrating holes on the volcanic rock layer, and the alternating effect of groundwater flow causes some silty clay and volcanic ash particles to flow into the caves and cracks beneath the volcanic rock layer, which leads to the generation of ground fissures. In addition, to further confirm the reliability of this interpretation of the generative mechanism of ground fissures, related results of conventional geotechnical tests on the overlying soil were studied, which verified the conclusion obtained.
Mechanisms behind the high mortality rate in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: Unmasking a three‐headed monster
Authors: Echeverría Luis E. , Serrano‐García Angie Yarlady , Rojas Lyda Z. , Berrios‐Bárcenas Enrique A. , Gómez‐Mesa Juan Esteban , Gómez‐Ochoa Sergio A.
Published: September 2024

Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), the most severe form of target organ involvement in Chagas disease, is characterized by a complex pathophysiology and a unique phenotype that differentiates it from other cardiomyopathies, highlighting its worse prognosis compared to other aetiologies of heart failure. The three pathophysiological mechanisms with the largest impact on this differential mortality include rapidly progressive heart failure, a high incidence of stroke, and a high burden of ventricular arrhythmias. However, despite significant advances in understanding the unique molecular circuits underlying these mechanisms, the new knowledge acquired has not been efficiently translated into specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this unique cardiomyopathy. The lack of dedicated clinical trials and the limited CCC‐specific risk stratification tools available are evidence of this reality. This review aims to provide an updated perspective of the evidence and pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the higher mortality observed in CCC compared to other cardiomyopathies and highlight opportunities in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of the disease.
Sol–Gel Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles and Its Use as Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Mai Xuan T. , Duong Tuan M. , Nguyen Duc N. , To Tung H. , Luc Hoang H. , Tran Phong D. , Le Ly T.
Published: September 2024

Copper and copper‐based catalysts have been recognized as attractive heterogeneous catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction. Herein, the synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles via a sol–gel process using agar as the dispersant agent followed by thermal annealing at 400, 600, and 800 °C is reported on. Evolution of chemical composition, morphology, and crystallinity of CuO nanoparticles in function the annealing temperature is examined. These CuO nanoparticles are assayed as catalysts for the CO2 electrochemical reduction in a 0.1 m NaHCO3 or 0.1 m KHCO3 solution saturated with CO2, generating hydrogen, carbon monoxide, formate, and acetate as products. Among the CuO catalysts assayed, the CuO‐400 sample obtained at the annealing temperature of 400 °C leads to the highest formate production selectivity with a Faradaic efficiency of 26% at −0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode.
Measurement and coupling analysis of the efficiency of resource‐based treatment of municipal solid waste in Chengdu–Chongqing area
Authors: Wang Xianning , Zhou Huiyan , Liu Juan
Published: September 2024

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is crucial for carbon cycle, residents' lives, and green circular economy development, but quantitative research is limited in efficiency and regional synergy. Considering the regional characteristics of Chengdu and Chongqing, this study establishes the input–output indicator system of MSW treatment in 16 cities in the Chengdu–Chongqing area, constructs the Data Envelopment Analysis model and the coupling coordination degree model, and makes an in‐depth study on the efficiency and environmental benefits of MSW resource treatment from 2012 to 2021. The research conclusion is as follows: first, the improvement of MSW treatment efficiency can be enhanced through reasonable policies and measures to promote sustainable urban development and socioeconomic benefits. The input and output levels of MSW treatment in 16 cities all show an upward trend. Second, the 16 MSW treatment systems have good average pure technical efficiency (Chongqing 0.9879, Chengdu 0.9805), average scale efficiency (Nanchong 0.9396), and average comprehensive efficiency (Nanchong 0.9148), but the overall comprehensive efficiency needs improvement. Third, in 2021, Chengdu's ecological and environmental benefits are better than Chongqing's, while Chongqing has a certain degree of input redundancy and output deficiency. Fourth, in the coupling analysis of resource treatment efficiency and environmental improvement benefits in Chengdu and Chongqing between 2012 and 2021, the coordination between resource treatment and environmental improvement in Chengdu lags behind that in Chongqing, but overall, the coupling is improving. Finally, suggestions for improving the efficiency of MSW resource treatment and promoting environmental improvement are presented from the front, middle, and back ends, respectively, to provide a reference for the policy‐making of city managers.
Exploring composite edible coatings for shelf life extension and quality preservation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Kathirvelu Thejesh , Xavier Janifer Raj , Innasimuthu Nelson , Chauhan Om Prakash
Published: September 2024

Composite edible coatings developed using food grade generally recognized as safe biopolymers are being explored as surface coatings to preserve the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to formulate composite edible coatings for shelf‐life extension of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by delaying senescence attributes. Beeswax 5.0 (% w/v) and gum arabic 10.0 (% w/v) coatings were used for coating mature tomatoes by dipping; the pretreated fruits were dipped one by one for 30 s in the coating solution to obtain a uniform coating, while enhanced freshness formulation containing hexanal 0.5 (% v/v) was used as a surface spray. Parameters such as color change based on Commission internationale de l'Éclairage values, moisture content (%), pH, total soluble solid content (Brix º), ascorbic acid and lycopene content (mg/100 g), titratable acidity, and reducing and total sugars (g/100 g) were compared with uncoated tomatoes. The results revealed that composite edible coatings, particularly 0.5% (v/v) hexanal sprays, extended the shelf life of tomatoes as observed from the changes in physico‐chemical parameters of coated and uncoated fruits. Furthermore, the coatings could be used to delay senescence and postharvest changes of tomatoes for up to 35 days under refrigeration.
Automation of historical weather data rescue
Authors: Zhang Y. , Sieber R. E.
Published: September 2024

Data rescuers worldwide have been trying to retrieve millions of valuable weather historical records so the observations contained in those records are preserved, searchable, analysable and machine readable. The majority of the records are written by hand, in print or cursive handwriting. Automatic transcriptions to date have not been reliable or sufficiently accurate on handwritten data so most of the historical records are transcribed manually. Recent attempts integrate artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically transcribe the historical records but the results have not been promising. Currently there is no end‐to‐end workflow to automatically transcribe historical handwritten tabular records into digital datasets. We propose a workflow that uses AI to automate the handwriting transcription process. The workflow is tested using the historical climate records from the Data Rescue: Archives and Weather (DRAW) project. This workflow is composed of five steps: (1) image pre‐processing, (2) text line segmentation, (3) bounding boxes detection, (4) AI‐enabled optical character recognition (OCR) and (5) layout re‐arrangement. These steps are modular to better accommodate future advances (e.g., new image training data, better layout detectors). We hope the workflow proposed can serve as a guideline that is easily replicable and can be utilized to transcribe other historical datasets.
A novel deep learning‐based technique for driver drowsiness detection
Authors: Mukherjee Prithwijit , Roy Anisha Halder
Published: September 2024

Every year, many people lose their lives because of road accidents. It is evident from statistics that drowsiness is one of the main causes of a large number of car accidents. In our research, we wish to solve this major problem by measuring the drowsiness level of the human brain while driving. The study aims to develop a novel technique to detect different alertness levels (i.e., awake, moderately drowsy, and maximally drowsy) of a person while driving. A hybrid model using a stacked autoencoder and hyperbolic tangent Long Short‐Term Memory (TLSTM) network with attention mechanism is designed for this purpose. The designed model uses different biopotential signals, such as electroencephalography (EEG), facial electromyography (EMG), and different biomarkers, such as pulse rate, respiration rate galvanic skin response, and head movement to detect a person's alertness level. Here, the stacked autoencoder model is used for automated feature extraction. TLSTM is used to predict a person's alertness level using stacked autoencoder network‐extracted features. The proposed model can classify awake, moderately drowsy, and maximally drowsy states of a person with accuracies of 99%, 98.3%, and 98.6%, respectively. The novel contributions of the paper includes (i) incorporation of an attention mechanism into the TLSTM network of the proposed hybrid model to focus on the emphatic states to enhance classification accuracy, and (ii) utilization of EEG, facial EMG, pulse rate, respiration rate, galvanic skin reaction, and head movement pattern to assess a person's alertness level.
Hong Kong Poison Information Centre: Annual report 2021
Authors: Chow Tin Yat Anthony , Chan Chi Keung , Ng Sze Hong , Tse Man Li
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The Hong Kong Poison Information Centre (HKPIC) has been providing consultation services to healthcare professionals and collecting epidemiological data on poisoning in Hong Kong since 2005.

Objective

To analyse and report the poisoning data from HKPIC in 2021.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted on all poisoning cases recorded in the Poison Information and Clinical Management System of HKPIC in 2021.

Results

A total of 3973 poisoning cases were analysed. There was an increase of approximately 10% in total poisoning cases compared to 2020, bringing the total caseload back to the pre‐COVID era. Teenage (13–19 years) poisoning incidence continued to rise, reaching a recorded high of 16.2% of total poisoning cases. Notably, poisoning cases involving selective serotonin receptor inhibitors showed a significant increase, along with the use of the antidote cyproheptadine. The majority of these cases involved individuals under the age of 20 presenting with suspected self‐harm. Compared to 2020, the number of poisoning‐related deaths decreased by 25%, from 48 to 36 deaths in 2021, resulting in a case fatality rate of 1.0%. Additionally, six interesting cases and two poisoning clusters were discussed.

Conclusions

The 16th annual report provides valuable information on poisoning patterns in Hong Kong during the second year of the COVID‐19 pandemic, highlighting significant changes compared to previous reports.