bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic rice rhizosphere fungi produce cellulase and chitinase as a biological control agent
Authors: Minarseh L , Kuswinanti T
Published: September 2023

Food crop security and security is a challenge in the agricultural sector to produce quality and healthy food products for consumption by the community. The use of synthetic fungicides to induce plant resistance negatively affects the abundance and diversity of biological agents.Cellulose enzymes and chitinase enzymes are capable lytic enzymes that degrade the cell walls of pathogenic fungi in plants. This study aims to isolate organic rice rhizosphere fungi and test their ability to produce cellulase and chitinase enzymes. Isolate the rice rhizosphere fungi using the spread-plate method, while testing the isolates producing cellulose enzymes using CMC mediaand testing isolates producing chitinase enzymes usingCDYA mediaadded with colloidal chitin.Penicillium sp. had the highest enzyme Hydrolysis Capacity (HC) value of 1.70 mm for cellulase and 1.19 mm for chitinase, followed byPaecilomycessp. with an HC of 1.52 mm for cellulaseand 1.12 mm for chitinase.Aspergillus sp. the HC of the cellulase and chitinase was 1.10 mm and 1.04 mm, while Trichoderma sp. the cellulose and the chitinase HC were 1.03 mm and 1.02 mm.
Evaluation the durable resistance of soybean varieties toward leaf rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Authors: Rusicha F A , Sarilla A D N
Published: September 2023

The main disease of soybean plants is leaf rust caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi which can cause a decrease in the yield of up to 60% and has the potential to reduce seed quality. The use of resistant varieties is the main component of rust disease control. The purpose of this research was to determine the resistance level of several soybean varieties to the rust disease caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and its effect on the production of each variety. To evaluate the resistance reaction of soybean varieties to rust disease, the IWGSR system was used, as the intensity level of the disease and its effect on the production of each tested soybean variety. The results showed that the Detap 1 variety counted the lowest disease intensity of 22.84% with a susceptible disease reaction and had high productivity, followed by the Agromulyo, Anjasmoro, and Devon 1 varieties which categorized a mildly susceptible disease reaction with a disease intensity of 25.34%, 27.46%, and 28.70% respectively. The Derap 1 and Edamame varieties have a high disease intensity of 35.18% and 29.31% with susceptible disease reactions. The production of the highest number of pods was the Agromulyo variety.
Insect pests population of stored maize in four regencies of South Sulawesi
Authors: Amir Rahmat Thabrani Ashari , Madani Humairah , Aqriani Resky
Published: September 2023

Information on species, insect pest populations that attack and storage conditions determines the control strategy. This study aims to determine the various types of post-harvest pest s population in maize kernels stored in four in South Sulawesi. Identification of post-harvest insect pests at the Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hasanuddin Makassar. Sampling using the direct capture method (hand sampling) and manual instruments. Sampling was carried out by taking samples of corn kernels in sacks from five points and taking samples of the corn kernels that were scattered on the floor of the warehouse. The results showed that 10 spesies of insects were found including 9 spesies of pests namelySitophilus sp. Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Corcyra cephalonica, Carpophilus sp, Araecerus fasciculatus, Lophocateres pusillus, Rhyzopertha dominca, Tribolium castaneumandOryzaephilus surinamensisand one species of parasitoid :Anisopteromalus calandrae.Sitophilus sp. is the most common species found in all districts with a total population of 636 individuals thenCryptolestes ferrugineuswith 53 individuals andT. castaneumwith 37 individuals. Post-harvest pest populations in all districts were found more commonly around 73% in piles of sacks compared to populations found in spilage commodities, namely around 27%.
Morpho-physiological characterization of bacterial grain rot in rice seed from Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi
Authors: Darmawan A A , Sahlan F K , Nurmujahidin N
Published: September 2023

Bacterial Grain Rot caused by Burkholderia glumae is an important disease of rice. In South Sulawesi, this seed-borne pathogen has been detected in several places. There were some reports from the farmers regarding rice yield loss due to this disease. This study aimed to isolate and characterize morpho-physiologically bacterium causing grain rot of rice in the main rice-producing areas of Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. Samples were obtained from 10 districts. Several grains of rice were isolated and grown in King’s B medium. Morphological characteristics were determined by the color, form, edge, and elevation of colonies. KOH solubility, catalase test, anaerobic growth, toxoflavin production assay, production of fluorescent pigment, and colony color on YDC medium were performed to determine physiological characteristics. 1 isolate from each area was found which has similar morphological traits to B. glumae. Colonies that were yellow, yellowish white, creamy white, and grayish white, with a circular form, entire edge, and convex elevation. The result of physiological characterization showed that all isolates tested positive for KOH solubility and catalase test as well. All isolates showed negative reactions for anaerobic growth, production of fluorescent pigment, and colony color on YDC medium. 5 isolates were able to produce yellow pigment (toxoflavin), so it can be concluded that all of the isolates that have been characterized morpho-physiologically are presumably confirmed as B. glumae.
Evaluation of hybrid maize tolerance under low nitrogen condition based on stress tolerant index and stress susceptibility index
Authors: Priyanto S B , Syahruddin K , Efendi R
Published: September 2023

Nitrogen (N) deficiency in maize could cause a yield decrease than normal conditions. Yield reduction is one of the main concerns of plant breeders in stress conditions selection. This study aimed to identify the low N tolerant hybrid maize. This research was conducted at the IP2TP field station of the Indonesian Cereal Research Institute in Maros, South Sulawesi, from June to October 2021. The experiment was arranged in the study using a nested Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Replication was nested in the level of N fertilizer. Seventy-five maize genotypes and two levels of N fertilizer (N1=100 kg N ha−1 and N2=200 kg N ha−1) were used in this study. Each genotype was replicated two times at each fertilizer level. The variable observed was maize yield. Two tolerance indexes, such as the Stress Tolerant Index (STI) and Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI), were used to determine the maize’s tolerance to low N conditions. The results showed that the test hybrids showed tolerance level variations according to the SSI and STI indices. Seven hybrids were tolerant, and ten were susceptible based on two indices. Six hybrids were tolerant according to SSI but susceptible according to STI. Five hybrids were tolerant based on STI but susceptible based on SSI. Hybrid CML 465 x AVLN 109-3, AVLN 109-3 x VL1016518, CAL 1471 E x B 11, AVLN 86-4 X 1026-12, CML 465 x CAL 1473, VL1016518 x P7 and CML 161X CI 32 hybrids were tolerant maize based on SSI and STI indexes. These hybrids can be used as low N tolerant maize breeding materials in the next breeding program.
The adaptation top crosses of anthocyanins corn in lowland zone of Palu Indonesia
Authors: Ketut Suwitra I , Wahyuni Andi Nirma , Rahayu Heni SP , Syafruddin  , Amalia Anugerah Fitri , Haryanto Bambang , HG Yasin
Published: September 2023

Anthocyanins corn held to increase of human health, the color of seeds was orange to black. The experiment was to studied characters of some families as top crosses anthocyanins corn under interaction genotypes (G), and season (S) in valley of Palu in Indonesia. The experiment was conducted by randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental farm of Sidondo under two season rainy and dry condition. There are ten top crosses populations as anthocyanins corn as candidate included check to evaluated on 2017. The objective of experiment was to study of characters and to find of which is genotypes was stable and high yield to promoting as candidate for F1 top crosses varieties. Interaction data between genotype (G) and season (S) were analyzed manually. The result show that there are significant interaction GxS and founded the genotypes would be promising as new F1 candidate was PMU(S1) Synt. F. C1-2-3xtester: PPH(S1) C2. The potential would be founded 6.0 - 7.0 t/ha, characters of candidate was scored one of plant aspect, position of ear height is middle of plant height, and there are 45 days for anthesis. The released top crosses of anthocyanin corn would be develop under poor farmers for aims to increase income, health and anticipated of mall nutrition.
Role of benzyladenine in regeneration of mulu bebe banana planlets in vitro
Authors: Pasang F , Riadi M , Dachlan A
Published: September 2023

Banana is a type of local fruit that has the potential to become a leading commodity. Mulu Bebe bananas are local bananas in Indonesia originating from North Maluku. The lack of readily available sources of seed sources restricts banana cultivation. Tissue culture techniques are expected to produce seeds en masse relatively quickly. The study aims to determine the effect of various concentration levels of appropriate BA growth regulators in regenerating mulu bebe banana plantlets in vitro. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Bio-Science and Plant Reproductive Biotechnology, Teaching Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 3 treatment levels, namely BA (0 ppm, 3.5 ppm, and 7 ppm). Further tests were carried out with the Honest Significant Difference (HSD)/ Tuckey 0.05 test. The results showed that treatment with BA administration at various concentrations had a significant effect on the number of shoots and number of leaves but had no significant effect on root number.
Segregation patterns and transgressive segregation for agronomic characters in red chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Laris Variety of M3 generation after gamma-irradiation
Authors: Sadiyah Nyimas , Karyanto Agus , Rugayah  , Ramadiana Sri , Imantaka Julianto
Published: September 2023

The information on genetic parameters need to be known in relation to the selection process for breeding of high yielding plant genotypes. This study aims to estimate the frequency distribution, segregation pattern, and transgressive segregation for agronomic characters in M3 generation of red chili “Laris” variety after gamma-ray irradiation. The research was conducted at the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung from September 2018 to May 2019. This research used single plant method. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test at the 1% level of significance for normal distribution fit and segregation pattern analysis. Transgressive segregation can be seen through the frequency distribution of M3 generation plants compared to M0. Results of this study indicated that the characters of dichotomous height, flowering age, harvesting age, plant height, branching level, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight per plant had a normal distribution and associated with quantitative characters. The number of primary branches had a non-normal distribution and termed as a qualitative character. The segregation pattern of the number of primary branches follows a 15:1 ratio which indicates that the controlling gene is regulated by two genes that work in a double dominant epistatic manner. Transgressive segregation which has a positive value was found in the characters of dichotomous height, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight per plant.
Amorphophallus muelleri blume diversity based on morphological characteristics in South Sulawesi
Authors: Ashan Muh Aswad , Haris Bahrun Abd. , Reflinur  , Ashan Muh Dzulkifly
Published: September 2023

Porang is an alternative carbohydrate source plant that contains the highest glucomannan among other Amorphophallus species in Indonesia. Amorphophallus muelleri Blume is an important species of the genus Amorphophallus, which belongs to the same subspecies A. bulbifer and A. yuloensis. A. muelleri Blume has good disease resistance and heat tolerance tendency, and high KGM content. Kinship relationships can be used as a basis for assembling more potential genotypes. To find out the kinship between existing varieties we must exploration and identify. This research was carried out using qualitative methods analysed in the numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system version 2.02i (NTSYS) program. The genetic materials used in this study were explored from wild growing habitat in agroforestry areas in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results obtained that the MR6 and BL10 genotypes which had a similarity coefficient value of 1.00, between genotypes MR4, MR9, MR10, BT4 and BT10 had a similarity coefficient value of 1.00, between genotypes BT5 and BT7 have a similarity coefficient value of 1.00, and between genotypes BT1, BT2, BT9 have a similarity coefficient value of 1.00. Furthermore, BL1, BL4, and BL6 contribute significantly of the variation as showed by PC1.
Practical rain measurement
Authors: Saloko S A , Elfatma O , Santi I S , Hidayat A , Ridho M , Siregar A K , Rangkuti R R
Published: September 2023

Watering is a very important thing at the plant nursery stage. Without proper watering, the growth of the seedlings will be disrupted. In the process of watering must pay attention to several things, such as watering time and water discharge. At this time, most independent smallholders do not understand how to use a rain gauge or what is often called an ombrometer. These farmers prefer to use the old way of looking at the state of the soil in the watering process rather than using an ombrometer. In this case, as we know, buying an ombrometer is quite expensive. An ombrometer is a rain gauge which is also often referred to as a rain gauge. This tool is installed in an open place without protection or shade so that rainwater will be caught directly by this tool. The unit used is millimeters with an accuracy of reading up to 0.1 mm. Currently, practical rain gauges that are self-made without using factory machines are still not validated. The purpose of this research is to the results of simple ombrometer (C) accuracy and precision tests compared to Observatory Ombrometers, Ordinary Ombrometers, and Automatic Weather Stations (AWS). The location of the research test was in the oil palm nursery area at the Research and Experimental Garden of the Yogyakarta Community Plantation Academy. Rainfall data were obtained from Nine Practical Rain Gauges (C), Observatory-type Ombrometers (A), Ordinary Ombrometers (B), and Automatic Weather Station (AWS). Statistical methods are used to test accuracy and precision. The results of the C test compared to AWS have a precision value of 95.9% and an accuracy of 88.7%. Comparison of C with A shows a precision value of 99.6% and an accuracy value of 98.3%. The results of testing C against B show a precision value of 99.5% and an accuracy of 97.5%.
Study on designing measurement system of thermal conductivity based on one-dimensional steady-state method
Authors: Amdani R Z , Harto A W , Amri A F , Praharasti A S , Nurhikmat A , Kusumaningrum A , Susanto A , Hariyadi S , Februanta N , Siswoprayogi
Published: September 2023

Thermal conductivity has wide application in various fields such as in agricultural and food sectors. In a food industry, measuring the thermal conductivity is designed to optimize the thermal process such as drying, sterilization, and freezing. In this study, a system to measure thermal conductivity is designed according to one-dimensional steady state method through Fourier formula. The experiment uses samples consisting of rice-based product (rice grain, rice powder, rice flour, cooked rice) and whole milk powder. The analysis will be performed in the range of 15-30 minutes on its steady condition. The results are verified with the literature data and evaluated through degree equivalence calculation. As a result, the system can distinguish the samples which has different texture and composition. Furthermore, the system can figure the increasing trend of thermal conductivity with the raise of moisture content. However, in most case, thermal conductivities of the measured samples have higher value compared to the literature data (2-4 times higher). The disparity due to the variation of heating temperature, sample condition, measurement technique, and analysis. Several finding to gain more reliable system can be done by improving the insulation or evaluating the mathematical calculation into a two-dimension approximation. In general, the design of the system is plausible for measuring the thermal conductivity.
Effects of using tractors and providing organic materials on soil compaction on performance of corn plants
Authors: Mariadi S , Iqbal  , Faridah S N
Published: September 2023

The majority of the corn farming process is still carried out manually in Indonesia. Given how much labor is required for corn growing, this is inefficient. Utilizing agricultural equipment and tools, efforts are made to increase corn cultivation’s production and effectiveness. Agricultural equipment and instruments are used during all stages of corn crop production, including tillage, planting, weeding, fertilizing, controlling pests and diseases, and harvesting. The mechanical and physical characteristics of the soil may be adversely affected by this activity. Organic matter treatment can lessen the negative effects on the use of agricultural machinery and equipment. In addition, the result of this research activity is an increase in corn productivity due to the addition of organic matter to the field.
Moisture sorption isotherm characteristics of sago flour
Authors: Adil S , Muhidong J , Yumeina D
Published: September 2023

The equilibrium moisture content of sago flour is essential information, especially for predicting the product’s shelf-life, which can be affected by various factors, such as temperature, relative humidity, and packaging condition. This research was conducted to study the characteristic of moisture sorption isotherm and determine the best mathematical equation model for studying sago flour’s isotherm sorption characteristics. Sago flour was stored in an incubator at a 10-80% humidity range with temperature variations of 30°C and 40°C. Humidity setting was done using various types of salt solutions. This study showed that all the sorption curves were found to be Type II. The higher the RH in the incubator, the higher the equilibrium moisture content of the material. Meanwhile, the water sorption capacity decreased with increasing temperature. Different models were fitted to the data, including Oswin, Chung-Pfost, and Halsey models. The Chung-Pfost model was found as the best model to represent the experimental data in the water activity range of 0.1-0.8.
Estimation of the Indonesian drought based on phenology vegetation analysis of maize
Authors: Habibie Muhammad Iqbal , Nurda Nety
Published: September 2023

Climate change has a widespread influence on food essentials. Climate change is a pressing issue in Indonesia, a rapidly developing country. As a result, to forecast dryness during maize production in Indonesia’s Central East Java districts, it was proposed that a study be done on vegetation phenology. The study uses the vegetation to calculate the NDWI (Water Index) and Temperature (LST), calculate drought severity based on precipitation data. NDWI and LST were obtained from Landsat 8 OLI with a spatial resolution of 30 m and were used to identify water shortage and temperature within the study area. The inquiry was finished in 2018 and showed that the vegetation phenology was based on the growing season. The growing season of maize report from the NDVI (Vegetation Index) trajectories that April 2018 was the maize planting season, and the harvest was completed in later August. Additionally, LST analysis found that the temperature was higher in mid and southern Central East Java, Indonesia. To validate the data, rainfall information was used to compute the drought severity using SPI method to identify drought-prone areas. Drought severity validation data were validated for vegetation phenology analysis in 2018.
Detection of paddy rice drought stress with sentinel image vegetation index and the relation with productivity in Allatengae Village, Bantimurung District, Maros Regency
Authors: Marfuah G , Useng D
Published: September 2023

Maros Regency is one of the rice storage areas in South Sulawesi. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics for Maros Regency in 2020, the harvested area of rice decreased by 10.11% or 4,849.55 Ha compared to 2018 and rice production decreased by 16.96% or 37,719.68 tons. This causes the productivity of rice also decreased. One of the factors causing the decline in rice production in Maros Regency is drought. Sentinel 2 imagery is one of the remote sensing data that can be used to detect rice drought using the drought index method. This study aims to detect dryness of paddy rice in Allatengae Village using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery based on NDDI index analysis and determine the relationship between drought index and rice productivity. The method used is the Normalized Difference Drought Index (NDDI) method to determine the dryness level of paddy fields based on NDVI and NDWI parameters and uses regression and correlation analysis methods. From the results of this study, dry rice in Allatengae Village was detected in September and October 2021. In September (42 HST), the average NDDI value was 0.0254 and was in a mild drought condition while in October (62 HST), the average NDDI value is 0.2425 and is in moderate class drought conditions. From the results of the analysis of the relationship between the drought index and rice productivity, there is a strong (negative) correlation, where the higher the NDDI index value, the lower the rice productivity value.
Performance test of emitters made from sago midribs in drip irrigation systems
Authors: Haruki Harvhianti , Suhardi  , Munir Ahmad , Aziz Abdul , Waris Abdul
Published: September 2023

Increasing water use efficiency can be done by using the right irrigation system according to the needs of the plants. One option for efficient water supply is a drip irrigation system. The research aims to obtain conditions with high drip uniformity values. The study was conducted by testing the level of drip uniformity at several water source head pressures conducted with three replications. The indicator of uniformity is based on the coefficient of variance. The test results show that the uniformity value is higher at lower pressures than at higher heads. The uniformity value indicated by the coefficient of friction at high head pressure for the end and the middle section is better than the lower head pressure. The test results for the middle samples with heads of 19 cm, 62 cm, and 113 cm were 44.92, 23.40, and 9.16, respectively, while for the end samples with heads of 30 cm, 66 cm, and 115 cm were 46.39, 14.43 and 10.36, respectively. These values indicate that the relationship between head pressure and coefficient of variation is inversely proportional. The low coefficient of variation means that the water distribution is evenly distributed. So it can be said that using sago midrib material is feasible as an emitter. In addition, the resulting discharge value is small, so it qualifies as an emitter.
Effect of cocoa pulp as a coating for fresh eggs in terms of physical and chemical qualities during storage period
Authors: Jambang N , Hakim L
Published: September 2023

Eggs as a source of animal protein have a high nutritional content and since they are categorized as a fresh food, eggs are easily got damaged. Preservation technology is needed to maintain the quality of fresh eggs during storage in order to ensure safe consumption. This study aimed at determining the effect of cocoa pulp as a coating for fresh eggs in terms of physical and chemical qualities during storage. The study used a completely randomized design experiment with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were without cocoa pulp coating (P0), cocoa pulp coating with a concentration of 97.5% (P1); 95% (P2); 92.5% (P3); and 90% (P4). The variables observed were weight loss, specific gravity, pH, water, ash and fat content. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance continued with the Honest Significant Difference Test. The results showed that different concentrations of cocoa pulp did not give a significant difference (P>0.05) on specific gravity, ash and fat content; gave a significant difference (P<0.05) on pH and gave a very significant difference (P<0.01) on weight loss and moisture content. The average weight loss (g) in treatments P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 were 9.187; 1.828; 0.346; 0.4255 and 0.234 respectively. Egg content specific gravity 1.024; 1.038; 1.049; 1.045 and 1.061. pH 8.282; 7.547; 7.692; 7.742 and 7.457. Moisture content (%) 70.791; 72.341; 74.309; 76.020 and 76.245. Ash content (%) 0.841; 0.754; 0.836; 0.844 and 0.833. Fat content (%) 9.551; 8.196; 8.658; 8.540 and 7.988.
Efficiency design of mini factory for soy protein concentrate-based high protein biscuits
Authors: Huda S , Achmad S R , Yarlina V P , Yudha E P
Published: September 2023

Choosing the right method for planning a mini-plant layout with the most efficient material handling is crucial to minimize its cost of production. This study aims to create the efficient layout design for soy concentrate-based high protein biscuit mini factory, as well as to evaluate the financial feasibility of the mini factory with the most efficient layout design. Layout generation methods used in this study were the Systematic Layout Planning and BLOCPLAN algorithm. The layout efficiency was evaluated through the calculation of rectilinear distance and material handling cost. The financial aspects on the feasibility study were evaluated through the calculation of rectilinear distance and material handling cost. The SLP method was able to generate the most efficient layout design with a material handling distance of 13.78 m and material handling cost of IDR 79,537 per month, while the BLOCPLAN algorithm was able to generate a layout design with a material handling distance of 15.56 m and material handling cost of IDR 89,397 per month. It could be concluded that the most efficient layout design for the high-protein biscuit mini factory was the one generated from the SLP method, which had the Net Present Value of IDR 14,619,251; Internal Rate of Return of 12.38%, and Payback Period of 4.42 years.
An overview: the effect of fermentation and roasting methods on cocoa quality
Authors: Awaliyah Fitri , Langkong Jumriah , Syarifuddin Adiansyah
Published: September 2023

Cocoa is Indonesia’s most important commodity and one that can contribute to economic development but has a problem, which is the low quality of cocoa produced. Differences in cocoa type, roasting and fermentation affect the quality content of cocoa such as antioxidants, free fatty acid and the fat profile of cocoa. Of the different methods of cocoa bean processing that affect the changes in antioxidant compounds are fermentation and roasting. Fermentation is best with 6 days in producing the aroma flavor of cocoa precursors and bulk cocoa type with an optimal time of 5-7 and fine cocoa type with an optimal time of 3-4 days. Superheated steam method slows down the rate of decline in antioxidant content, this condition is different from the conventional roasting method commonly used because it removes a lot of cocoa antioxidant content and accelerates the decline in antioxidant activity. Non-fermentation treatment results in low free fatty acid values while fermentation treatment can increase free fatty acid content but can be controlled by the addition of alkalization. on the fat profile geographical location such as differences in country of origin affects the content of fatty acid composition but fermentation and roasting processes has no significant effect on the fatty acid composition of cocoa.
The effect of preheated whey protein concentrate addition on high protein biscuit
Authors: Andoyo R , Rahmasari S D , Moody S D , Nurhasanah S
Published: September 2023

WPC (Whey Protein Concentrate) is a product that has a high biological value (BV) and nutritional composition with a protein content ranging from 34–80%. WPC can be applied in the development of high protein food products such as biscuits. However, the excessive use of WPC might result in a hard texture that will have an impact on decreasing the palatability of the product. Preheated treatment can be used to modify WPC so that it loses its functional properties as a structure builder. WPC will be denatured and cause the formation of whey protein aggregates. The denaturation that occurs makes WPC tend to lose its reactivity and become more stable. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preheated WPC in a high protein biscuit. There were 7 treatments; control biscuit (without WPC), biscuits with the addition of non-preheated (NPH) and preheated (PH) WPC with 11%, 13%, and 15% protein content. The results showed that the addition of preheated WPC could produce better physical and sensory characteristics when compared to biscuits using non-preheated WPC. Biscuits PH 11% can produce the best characteristics with a hardness value of 1,171.543 g; crumb structure with small pores; porosity 18.944%; and a DF value of 2.482. This is also supported by the results of the triangle test, where the panellists could not distinguish the colour, taste, and texture of the biscuit when it was compared with the control.
Antibacterial inhibitory test of tomi-tomi fruit (Flacourtia iinermis Roxb) extracts against pathogenic bacteria in improving food safety
Authors: Nendissa Sandriana J
Published: September 2023

The tomi-tomi fruit (Flacourtia inermis Roxb) is a rare plant. This fruit has benefits as a flavourings spice and also traditional medicine used by the community, besides it also contains tannins and flavonoid compounds that can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in food. To support the use of tomi-tomi fruit (F. inermis Roxb) and increase its application in supporting food safety, the purpose of this study is to test and see the antibacterial inhibitory power of tomi-tomi fruit extract against pathogenic bacteria, namely Gram-Negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-Positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). This study is an experimental study using the Disc Diffusion method to determine the inhibitory power of bacterial growth using ethanol solvents with concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%. The results showed that of the three concentrations of tomi-tomi fruit extract tested against pathogenic bacteria, it turned out that the ethanol extract concentration of tomi-tomi 75% had a very strong inhibitory power category in S. aureus bacteria of 39 mm, S. typhimurium of 32.7 mm and B. cereus of 34.0 mm. Thus, tomi-tomi fruit ethanol extract has an inhibitory power that can be used for decontamination of 3 types of bacteria, especially in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria which have very strong inhibitory power, to maintain quality and improve food safety, among others rice, milk, cheese, fish, and meat that is often contaminated.
Germinated rice: an overview of gaba, phenolic components and antioxidant activity
Authors: Duka Febby Suzanna , Rahman Andi Nur Faidah
Published: September 2023

This article provides an overview of various studies reporting the correlation and mechanism of increased GABA, phenolic components, and antioxidant reactions in sprouted rice. Sprouted rice is viewed as a functional food because it contains nutrients such as GABA, antioxidants, and other metabolites that are excellent for health. The germination process significantly increases the availability of nutrients such as GABA by 15.4-fold and antioxidant activity by 0.43%. Germination not only adds to the nutrients already present but also introduces new components such as inositol, g-oryzanol, ferulic acid, phytic acid, zinc, tocotrienols, potassium, and prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors. Thus, sprouted rice products can be used as a means of dietary improvement and also as health-promoting foods.
Isothermic model of porang tuber (Amorphophallus muelleri B) flour
Authors: Fadila  , Muhidong J , Salim I
Published: September 2023

Porang tuber (Amorphophallus muelleri B) is a tuber from the Araceae family with a high glucomannan content (15-64% dry basis). Things that can be done to extend the shelf life of porang tuber flour are by doing the flouring process. This research aims to determine the isothermic curve model of Porang tuber (Amorphophallus muelleri B) flour, namely, the isothermic curve model used to estimate the equilibrium moisture content about the rh of storage. The research method used was to store samples of porang tuber flour in a desiccator with an rh interval of 17-80%. Storage was carried out until the sample’s water content reached equilibrium. Parameters of water content and determination of the best model based on the highest R2 value at the end of storage of porang tuber samples while in the desiccator. The results of the research that has been done show that a material’s water content is affected by temperature and storage rh. To determine the best model, it is shown with the model that has the highest R2 value. The Henderson model and Chung-Pfost model is the model that has the highest R2 value. The value obtained at 30 °C is 0.9556, and at 40 °C is 0,9838. The model with the highest R2 value indicates that the model is the best and most appropriate model that can be used to describe the best water absorption in porang tuber flour.
Formulation of purple yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) extract powder to ice cream making
Authors: Tahir M M , Burhan Z , Fahira N N , Tayang S H , Murti H K
Published: September 2023

Ice cream is a frozen food product made from milk with added sweetener. The addition of purple yam and mangosteen peel extract powder has the potential to enhance the product’s nutritional compounds. Purple yam and mangosteen peel extract powder have a high antioxidant content. The research aims to find out the best formulation of ice cream with the addition of purple yam and mangosteen extract powder on the physical and sensory properties, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanin compounds. This method used ice cream formulations with different concentrations of the two factors, purple yam, and mangosteen peel extract powder and continued to the organoleptic test, antioxidant test, anthocyanin test, ice cream melting speed, and overrun. Results obtained in the research showed the best three sensory properties based on the organoleptic test were 40% Purple yam + 0.2 % mangosteen; 40% Purple Yam + 0.6 % mangosteen; 50% Purple Yam + 0.4% mangosteen. The best overall formulation is 50% purple yam + 0.4% mangosteen peel extract powder with an overrun value of 2.53%, melting speed of 2.14%, and antioxidant activity of 89.63%, moreover 27.13 CyE/g of total anthocyanin. The research concluded that the additional purple yam and mangosteen peel extract powder could improve the ice cream’s antioxidant activity and the total anthocyanin.
The effect of soaking time on brown rice germination by using different types of water
Authors: Kakisina Stevano William , Rahman Andi Nur Faidah
Published: September 2023

This research is the initial stage of the entire process of developing a functional drink based on germinated brown rice flour. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of the type of water used and it’s relation to the duration of soaking brown rice in the germination process. From previous research, it is known that the germination process can significantly increase Gamma-aminobutyic acid (GABA) levels. GABA itself is a bioactive component which is a requirement so that this product can later be said to be a functional food. The type of water used in this study was bottled mineral water and Reserve Osmosis (RO) water with a variation of soaking time of 12 and 24 hours. The parameters observed were moisture content, ash content and carbohydrate content. The results showed that the highest water content was obtained from soaking in mineral water for 24 hours (10.9%). The highest ash content was obtained from soaking for 24 hours in mineral water (1.67%). The highest carbohydrate content was obtained from the control treatment (78.65%).
Utilization of shrimp shell as a substitute ingredient in mineral and protein enrichment of tempeh steak product
Authors: Djalal Muspirah , Fathanah Nurul , Hidayat Serli Hatul , Ainani Andi Fadiah , Yolanda Dewi Sisilia , Kasmira  , Nur Farahdiba Suriadi A
Published: September 2023

Indonesia has great potential for seafood products and has imported seafood products as one main imported product for the marine industry. The imported shrimp is deshelled, so the shell has a great potential to end waste and can be harmful if disposed to the environment. In this study, the shrimp shell will be utilized as a substitute in the production of tempeh steak to determine the effect of different concentrations of Shrimp Shell Flour (SSF) addition to the tempeh product. This study resulted that the addition of SSF added the ash (mineral) and protein content and lowered the water content along with the higher concentration of SSF added. The addition of SSF did not have an effect on the fat and carbohydrate content of the product produced. It can be concluded that the SSF can be utilized as a substitute to increase the ash (mineral) and protein content of tempeh steak products.
Formulation of carrageenan with different treatments on the chemical and sensory qualities of seaweed boba
Authors: Nur Isma Auliah
Published: September 2023

Boba is the main ingredient derived from tapioca flour for boba drinks. One effort to increase fiber nutrition and antioxidants in boba drinks is to substitute carrageenan flour. This study aims to determine the effect of adding carrageenan to bubble pearls on the chemical and organoleptic qualities of bubble pearls. The research design used RAK (Randomized Block Design) with two factor, namely variations of carrageenan and tapioca flour. The results showed that the chemical and organoleptic analysis of bubble pearl with the best formulation was treatment P1 (Tapioca flour: 60% and carrageenan with immersion method 40%) with a moisture content of 25.01%, ash content 6.73%, fat content 0.21%, protein content is 1.28%, carbohydrate content is 66.77%, and fiber content is 5.61% by organoleptic test, taste 6.42, aroma 5.92, texture 6.23 and color 5.08.
The proportion of moringa leaves and empty oil palm fruit bunches for making good bokashi and its application dosage for okra
Authors: Nurseha  , Dyaksa O C , Prihanani  , Sagala D , Mulatsih S , Nurlianti  , Dermawan R
Published: September 2023

This study aimed to obtain the appropriate proportion of moringa leaves and empty oil palm fruit bunches for making good bokashi according to standard organic fertilizers and their application dosage to okra plants. The experiment of the combination of moringa leaf and empty palm oil fruit bunches (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) and the application dosage to okra plants (10, 15, 20, and 25 tons ha−1) were arranged according to a completely randomized design with three replication. The results showed that single moringa leaf bokashi with a C/N ratio of 2.8 became 6-7.5 in moringa leaves-empty oil palm fruit bunches bokashi. The mixed bokashi in a ratio of 1:1 had a crumb texture and was black. Bokashis in a ratio of 1:2 and 1:3 had a slight crumb texture and blackish-brown colour. Only the number of leaves was affected by the ratio of moringa leaves and empty palm oil bunches and the application dose. The composition of moringa leaves and empty oil palm fruit bunches and the application dosage did not significantly affect the growth and yield of okra plants. However, the growth and yield of okra plants tended to be better at a 1:2 ratios of 10 tons ha−1 application dose.
The growth of the garlic of Lumbu Hijau variety in three different microclimatic conditions
Authors: Cartika I , Sardin  , Kirana R , Hasyim A , Idris I , Kartiwa G M , Minanda M A , Samuel C , Rizqulloh M A , Ayu W S
Published: September 2023

More than 90% of the need for garlic consumption in Indonesia is supplied from imports. One of the efforts to minimize the dependence on the import of garlic is through microclimate manipulation sub-tropical conditions in the growth chamber. This study aims to examine the growth of the early vegetative phase and bulb of garlic in three different microclimatic conditions. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design with four replications. The treatments consisted of three microclimatic conditions, i.e. (1) Smart Growth Chamber (SGC) in a tray with solar spectrum of LED irradiation conditions with a constant intensity of 10.000 lux; light/dark period of 14/10 hours controlled temperature of 22-25°C and humidity of 60–70%; (2) open field in trays, and uncontrolled microclimate (control 1); and (3) open field in mulched plots; and uncontrolled microclimate (control 2). The parameters observed were the plant height, growth rate, chlorophyll content, bulb size and qualitative character. Data analysis used was the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by LSD significant difference test using the PKBT-Stat 3.1 version. The results of the study showed the initial success in manipulating microclimatic conditions through planting in SGC. The plant height, growth rate, chlorophyll content and bulb size in SGC were higher than control 1 and control 2.
Increased Yield of Three Shallot Varieties from Seed with Addition of Liquid Organic Fertilizer in the Highlands
Authors: Marpaung A E , Karo B , Barus S , Hutabarat R C , Tarigan R , Napitupulu D , Sembiring P
Published: September 2023

Shallots are a vegetable commodity that is considered used as a spice in cooking, so the need of the consumer is high. To supply this high consumption is needed increased productivity. Productivity can be increased by using varieties suitable for the growing environment, quality seeds, and proper fertilization. One of the uses of quality seeds is from seeds, but to obtain high production from seeds, appropriate fertilization is necessary. The goal of the study is to establish the liquid organic fertilizers type and the shallot variety from true shallot seed (TSS) can increase yield in the highlands. This research was conducted in IP2TP Berastagi, with a height of 1340 m asl and andisol. This study was conducted from May to September 2018. The Randomized Block Design factorial was used as a research design with 3 replications. The first factor is liquid organic fertilizer (LOF): Without LOF, Rabbit manure LOF, Fish fertilizer LOF, and Fish LOF. The second factor is shallot varieties from seed: Bima, Trisula, and Tuktuk. The results showed that the growth of shallots had no effect in giving liquid organic fertilizer to the seeds. The Trisula shallot variety can adapt to grow and produce well in highlands, while the Tuk-tuk variety is only adapted for growth and the Bima variety is less adaptive for growth and yield. The Trisula shallot variety with rabbit manure liquid organic fertilizer was able to give the best results compared to other treatment combinations (increased the yield by 13.70 – 65.10%.). The Trisula variety can be recommended for planting in highlands by utilizing LOF of rabbit manure.
Characteristics of bokashi organic fertilizer from etawa goat feces
Authors: Saputra Imran , Syaiful Syatrianti Andi , Musa Yunus
Published: September 2023

Livestock waste such as feces, urine, and leftover feed left without further treatment can harm the environment in the form of air, water, and soil pollution. Therefore, efforts are needed to process livestock waste into useful products in the form of organic fertilizers. Livestock waste that has the potential to be a source of organic fertilizer is etawa goat waste. Etawa goat feces processing technology in the form of bokashi fertilizer made from fermented livestock and agricultural wastes using EM-4. Bokashi fertilizer contains a variety of essential macro and micronutrients needed by plants and can improve soil fertility and quality. This research aims to determine whether bokashi fertilizer with the main ingredients of etawa goat feces has various formulations, specifically P1 (bokashi pure etawa goat feces), P2 (bokashi etawa goat feces with roasted husks), P3 (bokashi etawa goat feces with tea dregs), and P4 (bokashi feces etawa goat with sawdust) has physical and chemical characteristics according to SNI organic fertilizer (Indonesian National Standard-2011). This research method uses a descriptive research design. The research data were obtained through laboratory analysis of various formulations of etawa goat feces bokashi fertilizer samples and compared the results with the solid organic fertilizer standard SNI (Indonesian National Standard)-2011. Based on the results of the research showed that etawa goat feces bokashi fertilizer with various formulations, specifically P1 (bokashi pure etawa goat feces), P2 (bokashi etawa goat feces with roasted husks), P3 (bokashi etawa goat feces with tea dregs), and P4 (bokashi feces etawa goat with sawdust) has physical and chemical characteristics that are following the solid organic fertilizer standard SNI-2011, except for the C/N ratio and the number of macronutrients (N, P, and K).
Financial feasibility of introduced rice cultivation technology on tidal type B (case of Belanti Siam Village, Pandih Batu District, Pulang Pisau Regency)
Authors: D Y Rina , Hairani A , Sulaeman Y , Annisa W
Published: September 2023

The Food Estate program in the tidal swampland of Central Kalimantan was implemented to anticipate the food crisis in Indonesia. To obtain information on the financial feasibility of introduced rice cultivation technology on tidal type B, dissemination was carried out in Belanti Siam Village, Pandih Batu District, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, covering an area of 12 hectares in dry season 2021. The introduced rice cultivation technology package which calledPanca Kelolaconsists of water management, land preparation, amelioration and fertilization, adaptive varieties, and management of plant-disturbing organisms. The results of the dissemination showed that the introduced cultivation technology increased the production of high yield inbred rice by 39.20% (1,044.3 kg ha−1) and 48.5% (1,782.6 kg ha−1) of high yield hybrid rice compared to farmer’s technology. Economically, rice cultivation technology using hybrid rice varieties with transplanting systems and inbred rice varieties with direct seed planting systems were profitable and efficient. Rice cultivation technology using hybrid rice varieties with transplanting systems can be developed on a wide scale. Farmer’s perception of introduced rice cultivation technology was positive.