bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“He Be God Who Made Dis Man”
Authors: Wegmann Andrew N.
Published: January 2018

Wegman maintains that spreading Christianity and overseeing the conversion of Africans played a significant role in motivating black Americans like Lott Cary to emigrate to Africa. This chapter focuses on African American theologists and leaders who went to Liberia with missionary goals in mind. These black evangelicals immediately formed churches such as Providence Baptist Church and worked tirelessly to spread the gospel to Africans.
Experiments in Colonial Citizenship in Sierra Leone and Liberia
Authors: Everill Bronwen
Published: January 2018

Looking at African resettlement in Sierra Leone and Liberia within the context of the Atlantic world and movements like that in Haiti to define citizenship and subjecthood, Everill argues that these resettlement projects spawned numerous innovations in self-representation and constitutionalism. She maintains that, experimenting with ideas of colonial citizenship and representation, empires sought to retain and expand their influence in the wake of the American, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions for indepedence. Polities that did not consider themselves empires, however, like the United States, had to navigate ideas of citizenship, representation, and independence as they expanded beyond their original borders. As a result, she argues, the structures of colonial governance in early Sierra Leone and Liberia reflected the emergence of two competing models of constitutional colonial development.
Rewriting Their Own History; or, the Many Paul Cuffes
Authors: Hetrick Matthew J.
Published: January 2018

Paul Cuffe was one of the earliest black supporters of African recolonization efforts but this fact became inconvenient for abolitionists in the 1830s as they worked hard to resist the movement. A hero of many and revered for his independence and leadership, Cuffe’s interest in emigration complicates the story of black resistance to colonization. Antislavery leaders of the 1830s realized this and sought to rewrite the historical record and erase this aspect of Cuffe’s life. This chapter traces this process and seeks to restore the complex side of Cuffe and his work.
The Changing Legacy of Civil War Colonization
Authors: Magness Phillip W.
Published: January 2018

Abraham Lincoln supported the colonization of black Americans to Africa and a number of other locations, yet some historians are reluctant to explore this topic because of the implications for what this support means to his legacy as the “Great Emancipator.” The standard argument goes that Lincoln once supported colonization but changed his mind by the time he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Magness explores new sources to argue against this interpretation. He shows that Lincoln supported colonization until his death, and he explores the implications of this revelation.
Home Front
Authors: Pleasants Julian M.
Published: January 2018

Home Front tells about the extraordinary transformation of North Carolina as a result of World War II. Emphasis is on the large number of military bases; selective service; rationing and the sale of war bonds; German submarine warfare off the coast; women in the war; racial issues; German prisoners of war in the state; North Carolina’s heroes; and the contributions made by the textile, tobacco, farming, shipbuilding, and lumber industries during the war.
Historians and the Postwar Liberal Consensus
Authors: Heale Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how historians have employed the paradigm of the “liberal consensus” in their work about the postwar United States. It underlines the concept’s pervasiveness within the historiography, even if often employed quite differently by different historians. While recent studies of modern American conservatism in particular have challenged the existence of any consensus during this period, the chapter notes that there remains strong evidence to support the view that a consensus ideology existed among a political and intellectual elite.
Red-Hunting and Internal Security
Authors: Goodall Alex
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the linkage between the liberal consensus and coercive projects of political control, assessing why most Americans remained wedded to the ideal of consensus despite evidence of continuing social and political conflict. Efforts to build a national loyalty apparatus linked longstanding concerns about non-elite social and political groups with new efforts to control the expansion of state bureaucracies. One result was the radical left’s systematic exclusion from mainstream political life, while the intense political fallout produced by anticommunist overreach created a new political concept, “McCarthyism,” that was used to challenge efforts to limit free political expression and action. Red-hunting and the opposition it generated therefore helped to delimit a more closed political space, in which both radical-left and right-wing politics were circumscribed in favor of a core set of more centrist political axioms. To describe the outcome as a product of “consensus” downplays the role of both conflict and coercion in engineering these new political norms, but the idea of consensus cannot be ignored in the history of postwar red-hunting; the era’s debates revealed a consistent effort to deploy claims of consensus, whether in support of the need to root out subversives or to defend civil liberties.
Sunbelt Patriarchs
Authors: Shermer Elizabeth Tandy
Published: January 2018

This chapter studies the parallel rise of Barry Goldwater and Lyndon Johnson. In doing so, it reveals that the emergent and development-hungry Sunbelt of the Southwest and South stood outside the liberal consensus framed by the northeastern establishment. Indeed, the chapter signifies that the corporate elite of the so-called Steelbelt was less than unified in support of its core principles, as manifested by the efforts of some business leaders to employ inward investment and political contributions as a means to ensure that the Sunbelt remained an oasis of anti-New Dealism from the 1930s to the 1960s.
Neither Russia nor the United States
Authors: Manley Elizabeth S.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 addresses three inter-related strategies employed by women following the demise of the Trujillato to reconstruct the body politic in the face of drastic political transition, a second U.S. occupation, and general social upheaval. First, Dominican women again called on the rhetoric of motherhood and maternalism in support of a return to domestic tranquility and for a nation free of dictatorial politics and foreign meddling. Second, political participation by women served to demonstrate a re-envisioning of the nature of Dominican politics through their burgeoning support of full gendered equality. Third, as now long-term members of a number of inter-American organizations, women called for continental solidarity to return sovereignty to Latin American nations plagued by foreign intervention, particularly their own. These strategies demonstrate both the potential for maternal politics as a form of national healing as well is its limitations for creating true gender equity.
Modes of Production in Southern California at the End of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Patterson Thomas C.
Published: January 2018

Looking at archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence from Southern California through the lens of modes of production raises interesting questions about our understanding of the practices and institutions of the First Nation peoples who lived there immediately before and after the Spaniards arrived in the late eighteenth century. This chapter argues that an analysis employing Marxian concepts of mode of production, social formation, articulation, uneven and combined development, and most importantly contradiction provides an alternative understanding as well as a means for assessing existing explanations in circumstances where the available evidence actually supports several theoretically grounded accounts.
Early Agricultural Modes of Production in Mesoamerica
Authors: Ochoa Guillermo Acosta
Published: January 2018

The revolution in food production has been a recurring topic in archaeology. This chapter discusses some of the processes preceding the origins of food production and presents new findings from the State of Chiapas and the Basin of Mexico. The domestication of plants can be traced back to the early Holocene (ca. 10,000–8,000 BCE), but it is only in the period between 6,000 and 5,000 BCE when a radical change in the human modification of the environment, the emergence of the first sedentary societies in the Basin of Mexico, and the appearance of an extensive agricultural system in the lowlands of Middle America took place. These changes cannot be explained exclusively from the analysis of the mode of production. The mode of reproduction and the ecological history of the first agricultural communities should also be taken into account.
The Tributary Mode of Production and Justifying Ideologies
Authors: Rosenswig Robert M.
Published: January 2018

In his definition of the tributary mode of production, Eric Wolf proposes that those societies that extract economic surplus through political means generate religious models of the cosmos where supernatural beings provide a metaphor of tribute relations in the human world. As Wolf puts it, “…public power is thus transformed into a problem of private morality." This is a classic Marxist assertion that religion creates false consciousness and motivates people to act against their material interests. Rather than assuming this proposition is correct, anthropological data can be employed to assess it. This chapter evaluates whether a society’s mode of production corresponds to beliefs about the structure of the cosmos using ethnographic data from the eHRAF World Cultures database. Do societies where tribute is extracted by political means have similar justifying ideologies? Conversely, do societies where surplus extraction occurs through kin relations lack such justifying ideologies? My goal is to evaluate Wolf’s intuitively logical proposition with anthropological data. The implications of this evaluation are at the heart of a materialist understanding of causation by empirically evaluating whether material conditions influence ideational beliefs.
Bronze Economy and Mode of Production
Authors: Ling Johan , Cornell Per , Kristiansen Kristian
Published: January 2018

Control over the exchange of metal was crucial for the reproduction of society during the Bronze Age of Eurasia. In order to enter the global metal trade network, Bronze Age societies of temperate Europe exploited differential geographical control over valued products such as amber, tin, copper, and textiles in the development of regional specializations and in the creation of surplus value. Working from a Marxist perspective we argue that such regional interdependence and division of labour define a Bronze Economy, which formed part of a Eurasian Bronze Age Social Formation.
Colonialism, Articulation, and Modes of Production at an Early Seventeenth-Century English Colony in the Western Caribbean
Authors: Orser Charles E.
Published: January 2018

Early-modern European colonialism necessarily involved the transplantation of an existing capitalist mode of production into an unfamiliar environment. A key issue in the transplantation involved articulating with pre-existing forms of production and distribution. Understanding the process of articulation helps to explain the colonialist process and the expansion of capitalism in a broad way. The early seventeenth-century English colony of Providence Island in the Western Caribbean provides a useful, specific example.
To Be Seen or Not to Be Seen!
Authors: Peluso Daniela
Published: January 2018

By comparing the different ways in which Ese Eja marriages commence, Peluso describes the power relations in which marriages are embedded. Two forms of marriage co-exist in the same community: one legitimized by the public involvement of kin and neighbors in the union, the other a secret in which couples are united without any public acknowledgment thereby challenging the underlying mechanisms of power in the community. Despite their generally poor outcomes, secret unions present a means for individuals to bask in a short-lived reprieve from social demands—although they also leave behind the support of their kin. Peluso provides a case study of a secret marriage in which the bride’s father intervened and forced the transformation of his daughter’s private marriage into a public one to ensure he had a voice in her future. This case reveals with striking clarity the relationship between power and “speech” in an Ese Eja village.
“Poor Me, I Have No Cousin”
Authors: Chernela Janet
Published: January 2018

Chernela’s analysis describes the consequences of globalization on Kotiria (also known as Wanano) kinship and marriage. Drawing on the insights of Robert Murphy (1971), she examines a number of the major themes that reoccur throughout this book, such as the dialectic between rules and practice, the relationship between structural intransigence and agency fuelled by needs and desires, and the emergence of innovation and practical considerations. If one looks at the formal model of Kotiria kinship and marriage, one might predict that they are constrained by a narrow range of alternatives when they choose a spouse. However, drawing on recent history, Chernela selects case studies that illustrate the range of possibilities actually open to the Kotiria. She presents cases in which marriage rules were disregarded or changed, as well as a case in which a descent group simply passed out of existence because of its members’ unwillingness to violate their own marriage rules.
Population Migrations, Colonization, and Social Changes in the Late Prehistoric Lower Yangtze River
Authors: Jiao Tianlong
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents a case study that challenges commonly used approaches in Chinese archaeology to population migration, diffusion, colonization, and material culture change. The dramatic decline of the Liangzhu culture in the Lower Yangtze River Delta around 2000 BC has been extensively investigated. Environmental disasters such as rising sea-level and flooding were suggested by some as the main factors, while others highlighted internal social conflicts or the exhaustive use of jades as the responsible forces. This chapter instead argues that the decline of Liangzhu culture was a dynamic process in which waves of population migrations from the Guangfulin culture in the north was the primary cause. These migrants were organized colonizers who were forced to expand southward by violent conflicts in the Central Plain. Archaeological data suggest the Guangfulin conquered the Liangzhu land and restructured the cultural landscape of the Lower Yangtze River Delta.
Images of Evangelization and Archipelagos of Spanish Colonialism in Latin America and the Philippines
Authors: Beaule Christine D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter uses a small set of religious artifacts to support a broad comparative argument about the impact of Catholic evangelization efforts (and colonialism more generally) on indigenous cultures in the southern Andes and Philippines. A set of religious images used as evangelical tools of conversion by diasporas of Spanish Catholic missionaries from both regions are used to document variability in ways that Spanish culture infiltrated indigenous ideologies. Differences in sociopolitical complexity and population densities are the reasons why religious art and architecture show different levels of transculturation in the two regions. Indigenous imagery permeates Andean religious Colonial Period art and architecture, while it is virtually absent from the Philippine examples. This variability is also the basis for reconceptualizing the Spanish empire as an archipelago of islands of colonial influence in a broader geopolitical landscape claimed by an imperial power.
A Tale of Two E Groups
Authors: Doyle James A.
Published: January 2018

E Groups represent the first monumental gathering spaces in the Maya lowlands, and their distribution represents a social map of the landscape shared by distinct, autonomous communities. This chapter examines the biographies of the E Groups in two such neighboring communities, El Palmar and Tikal, Guatemala. Residents of both communities experimented with scale and aesthetics in analogous ways as they cooperated to build the monumental cores of each center. The patterns of social engagement in the E Groups at El Palmar and Tikal; however, radically diverged. Environmental change and shifts in the political landscape contributed to the abandonment of El Palmar’s E Group, while the inhabitants of Tikal continued to invest in construction in the Mundo Perdido E Group complex. The focused case study of these two communities suggests possibilities for why some people migrated away from certain E Group centers in the Early Classic (250-600 CE) while their neighbors did not.
The History, Function, and Meaning of Preclassic E Groups in the Cival Region
Authors: Estrada-Belli Francisco
Published: January 2018

This chapter summarizes archaeological data and interpretations regarding 13 E Groups from the Cival region mapped and excavated by the Holmul Archaeological Project between 2000 and 2015. In the Middle (1000-350 BCE) and Late Preclassic (350 BCE-0 CE) periods Cival was the main political and ritual center in this region of northeastern Petén. Over the course of the Late Preclassic Period, four additional E Groups were built at Cival and nine more have been found so far at surrounding minor centers. These data from E Group complexes provide a coherent sample of architectural chronology, dimension, orientation and evidence of ritual behavior. Excavations in the Cival Main Plaza provide the most complete example of a Middle Preclassic E Group available to date. The ritual function of Cival’s earliest E Group focused on solar hierophanies that uniquely connected, calendrical, metereological and geomantic observations within a single locality. Subsequent Late Preclassic complexes in the region were built following the same principles according to each site’s peculiar topographic setting. In accordance with their initial function as place-making devices for emerging communities, E Groups in the Late Preclassic Period were associated with the emergence of regional political systems as centers of religious and political interactions.
Epilogue
Authors: Chase Diane Z. , McAnany Patricia A. , Sabloff Jeremy A.
Published: January 2018

As architectural complexes, E Groups served to anchor in place the earliest peoples who lived in the Maya lowlands around 1000 BCE. In retrospect, this architectural complex provided a temporal and cosmological charter for fixed places of emerging significance on an otherwise fluid landscape. The demonstrated duration and ritual importance of E Groups suggests that they were key elements in the formation of a Maya identity. We consider both the durability of E Groups and the tremendous change that occurred in their political and social situatedness.
Access to First-Choice Foods and Settlement Failure at French Azilum
Authors: Costura Maureen
Published: January 2018

Food preferences at the late 18th century refugee site of French Azilum in northern Pennsylvania were complicated by factors of status, national origin, and the desire for familiarity. Those fleeing the French and Haitian Revolutions, and the enslaved individuals accompanying them, were heirs to a tradition of hierarchical access to preferred foods. The consumption of these preferred foods bolstered their claims to status and belonging during a time of extreme, violent transformation of their social world. While documentary sources at Azilum portray a picture of food scarcity, excavations show expenditures of resources for high status, imported food items as well as lower status types of meat. Given the artifacts found, it seems likely that either the aristocratic French and Haitian refugees were preferentially importing only the highest status food items like coffee, chocolate, wine and sugar, or that the excavated areas are reflective of the diets of the enslaved individuals at the site.
Pots Sauvage
Authors: Morgan David W. , Macdonald Kevin C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter uses archival and archaeological data to identify the broad range of cultural trajectories that may have contributed to the creolization of the colonoware assemblage present at the Whittington site in Louisiana. Between 1788 and 1816 this site was the plantation residence of Marie-Thérèse Coincoin, a formerly enslaved woman of African parentage who found freedom through an extended liaison with a French bourgeois. Analysis focuses on colonowares deposited in a single household midden feature dating ca. 1788-1794, yet even such a narrow time slice produces a prodigious web of possible contributions. The most common colonoware vessels in this midden are bowls, especially with everted, folded rims and rounded lips. Some of the decorated pottery from the assemblage has strong Native American connections, especially in terms of the types Natchitoches Engraved and Chickachae Combed. It is worth noting, however, that some of the red and black slipped techniques and their fabrics have parallels with coeval West and Central African wares. While the slipped vessels, including ‘untempered’ vessels, could be speculatively viewed as African contributions to creolized assemblages, the majority of vessels resemble an array of Native American wares, and it is likely that the Coincoin assemblage had many makers of different ethnicity.
Hemingway and Italy
Authors: Cirino Mark , Ott Mark P.
Published: January 2018

The introduction provides an overview on Hemingway’s association with Italy, both his biographical connection and through the resonance of his Italian work. The introduction continues to trace the narrative of the volume, providing the context of each essay and the loose narrative that emerges from our sequence. He first traveled to Italy in the crucible experience of 1918, as a volunteer with the Red Cross serving the Italian Army during World War I. Hemingway’s writing on Italy presented a constant and relentless criticism of Italian fascism. For this reason, he felt unwelcome in the country until after World War II and the election of 1948 that democratized Italy. Soon after, he returned to Italy, but as a wealthy celebrity
Sitwell beyond the Semiotic
Authors: Bryant Marsha
Published: January 2018

Reclaiming Edith Sitwell’s Façade as a central text of experimental modernism, this essay calls for cultural approaches that move her poetry beyond psycho-biographical interpretations. Ironically, Sitwell remained a marginal figure in women’s poetry during her feminist recovery in the 1990s. This wave of poststructuralist and psychoanalytic criticism often drew from Julia Kristeva to emphasize gender subversion. Pushing back against Sitwell’s outsider status, Bryant revisits the performance text of Façade in the contexts of race and empire. A complex interplay of parodic and imperialist meanings shapes Façade—a riotous text crucial in any account of modernism. Bryant also revisits the essay itself, considering Sitwell’s renewed status for a new generation of scholars.
Edith Sitwell’s Critical Self-Doubling
Authors: Richardson Laura
Published: January 2018

Contrary to a long history of scholarship that considers Sitwell’s personality a major detriment to her historical and contemporary reception, this chapter understands Sitwell’s self-marketing strategy as genius critical self-doubling. To this end, Sitwell’s most important genre is criticism, in which she displays a penchant for often unattributed self-reference and self-explication. Sitwell doubles herself in her criticism, forging an arbitrary division between Sitwell the empirical critic and Sitwell the poet-philosopher; the empirical critic functions as a stand-in for the critico-literary institution, providing an “external” imprimatur for the poet-philosopher. Examining Noël Coward’s creation of Sitwell’s parodic poet-doppelgänger, Hernia Whittlebot, thus allows an understanding of Sitwell’s own self-doubling as integral to her self-marketing genius—Whittlebot’s relationship to Sitwell reenacts Sitwell’s approach to her own work. More broadly, these relations are a microcosm for the institution of modernist literary criticism that developed conterminously with the maturation and solidification of Sitwell’s strategies of authorship.
Youthful Horizons
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 pieces together Ley’s childhood in Berlin. It attributes his early fascination with science through his consumption of popular science and science fiction. By analyzing the themes and representations in his favorite books, this chapter presents Ley as an idealistic dreamer, who longed to become an explorer during the First World War and the early years of Weimar Germany.
The PM Years and the Science Writers at War
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 continues the narrative by charting Ley’s role as a weapons expert and journalist during the Second World War. This chapter puts forth a more complex argument surrounding the role of science writers and their perception of a totalitarian menace that fostered irrationalism, authoritarian obedience to a state-issued truth, and cultist deference to pseudoscience. The science writers engaged in a public campaign to save hearts and minds by associating scientific thinking with democratic freedom. They waged a war against totalitarianism, as they simultaneously used the history of science to glorify the anti-authoritarian truth-seekers of the past.
The Tom Corbett Years
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

Following the success of Conquest, Ley became quite famous as a “rocket scientist,” who could excite American audiences about the impending future of interplanetary travel and satellites. Along with von Braun, he contributed articles to notable magazines, while appearing on television programs such as Disney’s “Man in Space.” Ley’s latest edition of Rockets became a best-seller. This chapter documents Ley’s importance as a cultural producer, at a time when popular culture became saturated with images of rockets and space travel. From television’s Tom Corbett, Space Cadet to the design of Disneyland’s “Tomorrowland,” Ley was an ever-present figure, working behind the scenes. This chapter revisits themes of Ley’s romantic science, as it analyzes enchanted representations of spaceflight in popular media.
The Sputnik Challenge
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the myriad of Ley’s activities during the late 1950s, when his status as a scientific celebrity and rocket expert peaked. It follows his pre-Sputnik and post-Sputnik tactics. Not only did Ley encourage millions of Americans to believe in American “firsts” in 1955 and 1956, but also he encouraged Americans to express resentment, anger, and shock following the launch of Sputnik I in 1957. In newspaper columns that circulated across the United States, Ley expressed fears of missile gaps and cultural lag with the Soviet Union. While historians have analyzed the role of politicians during the Cold War, they have not recognized the role of Ley as America’s rocket expert, who now shared the stage with Wernher von Braun.
Epilogue
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

Willy Ley died of a heart attack just weeks before the lunar landing in July 1969. This epilogue describes the reactions of his family and friends, who mourned his loss amid the broader celebration of Apollo 11. It also recounts the successful efforts to name a Moon crater in his honor. Whereas most craters bear the names of scientists or science fiction writers, Ley became the first citizen on the Moon after spending most of his life as an outsider to the centers of research and development. Despite his outsider status, he had done so much to engineer the Space Age. The book closes with reflections on his legacy as a spaceflight advocate.
Signs That Sing
Authors: Maring Heather
Published: January 2018

Signs That Sing argues that Anglo-Saxon poets wrote by drawing from a broad range of verbal resources: oral tradition, ecclesiastical literature, and Christian liturgy. Hybrid oral, written, and liturgical ways of speaking form a fundamental poetic strategy in Old English verse. In the field of medieval literature, written oral-traditional idioms, such as formulaic systems, themes, typescenes, and story patterns, are commonly recognized as hybrid expressions. Signs That Sing describes two other major types of hybrid poetic expression: ritual signs and idioms that fuse oral and literate modes of interpretation. This book demonstrates how hybrid expressions play meaningful roles in Advent Lyrics (Christ I), “Alms-Giving,” Andreas, The Battle of Maldon, Beowulf, Deor, The Dream of the Rood, Genesis A/B, The Gifts of Men, Soul and Body I and II, Thureth, Widsith, and select riddles. By viewing hybrid expressions as a creative resource for Anglo-Saxon poets, we are in a better position to appreciate the rhetorical complexity of their poems. Ultimately, Signs That Sing presents new ways of reading and interpreting Old English poems, while offering scholars of orality and ritual studies theoretical and practical implications for the study of hybrid texts.
Refiguring Hybrid Oral-Literate Signs
Authors: Maring Heather
Published: January 2018

This is the first of three chapters that examines poems in which oral-traditional themes play a distinctly metaphorical role. Old English oral-connected themes are a rich resource for creating and framing narrative subjects. When poets make such themes metaphorical, they are using a strategy consonant with the reading practices of medieval Christian textual communities. Chapter 4 describes how the two themes explored in previous chapters bear metaphorical meaning in The Phoenix, Exeter Riddle 47 (“Book Moth”), and the Advent Lyrics (Christ I). Being transplanted to unusual narrative contexts, they profit from literate modes of interpretation. Used allegorically and metaphorically, the devouring-the-dead theme describes the fate of the soul during the Apocalypse, in hell, and in heaven. The lord-retainer theme in the Advent Lyrics serves as a metaphor for humanity’s renewed covenant with God. These metaphorical uses of oral-connected themes constitute a rhetorical category made possible by hybrid poetics. They exemplify how Anglo-Saxon poets fused oral-traditional and literate modes of signification.
Bright Voice of Praise
Authors: Maring Heather
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 is the second of three chapters focused on oral-literate idioms, this time introducing a new theme—called “poet-patron”—and charting its written oral-connected versions and oral-literate (metaphorical) versions. In Widsith and Deor the theme, as an oral-traditional idiom, portrays poets and patrons as characters who exemplify the symbiosis of appropriate socio-political deeds and words of praise. In Advent Lyrics, The Gifts of Men, “Alms-Giving,” and Thureth the theme metaphorically represents the interrelationship between God’s generosity and human praise.
A Sea Voyage in The Dream of the Rood
Authors: Maring Heather
Published: January 2018

This is the third of three chapters describing oral-connected idioms transformed by Christian hermeneutics. The sixth chapter focuses on a typescene rather than a theme. The sea voyage typescene arises in purely metaphoric capacity in The Dream of the Rood, where the typescene’s motifs overlap with descriptions of Christ’s crucifixion. The embedded sea-voyage typescene supports and elaborates upon the patristic navis crucis concept (Cross as ship). The poem fuses the metonymic implications of the sea-voyage typescene with the navis crucis metaphor, making the oral-connected typescene a hybrid figure. By understanding how hybrid poetics can embed typescenes and themes in “unusual” scenarios, we can perceive strains of signification that would otherwise remain silent.
Afterword
Authors: Maring Heather
Published: January 2018

In addition to summarizing briefly the book’s findings, the Afterword explains how the decorated initial “R” (pictured on the cover of Signs That Sing) in Arundel MS 16 represents hybrid poetics at work. The “R,” which begins the Vita et miracula Sancti Dunstani, is an author portrait of Osbern, an eleventh-century monk and precentor of Christ Church Cathedral Priory at Canterbury. The portrait of Osbern—as an author using hybrid signs—intersects with Exeter Riddle 26 (“Bible” or “Gospel”). These two examples span poetry and prose, the vernacular and Latin, and Anglo-Saxon and the early Anglo-Norman periods, suggesting future directions for research on hybrid poetics.
Introduction
Authors: Curry Christopher
Published: January 2018

In the introduction, Christopher Curry provides a theoretical foundation for the thematic chapters that follow. He discusses the notion that the Bahamas represents a unique geo-political space settled by loyalists at the end of the American Revolution. Racial identities inscribed in law, customs, and practices became the source of friction between black and white loyalists in the Bahamas. Such friction in fact was initiated during the course of the Revolutionary War but was amplified in the Bahamas due to competing aspirations. One group was seeking greater freedom under the protection of British promises and proclamations; and the other, already possessing liberty, was attempting to gain economic advantages as potential slave-owning planters. Curry argues that black loyalists were cultural carriers of a revolutionary movement reflected in their attitudes to work, demands for freedom, and their efforts to establish important religious and social institutions.
Their Struggle with Freedom from Bondage
Authors: Curry Christopher
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 explores the political activism of black loyalists as they fought for their freedom in Lord Dunmore’s “Negro Courts” established in Nassau and Abaco by 1787. The courts represented a rare and unprecedented public space where black men and women not only affirmed their rights as British subjects but contested counter-claims by white loyalists who were bent on re-enslaving them. Where legal redress failed, black loyalists turned to alternative strategies including flight and armed resistance. The Abaco rebellion of 1787–1788 demonstrates the multifaceted nature of black Loyalist political activism.
Setting Their Feet Down
Authors: Curry Christopher
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 focuses on the emerging black loyalist social institutions, including churches and schools that reinforced the development of self-reliant communities in Nassau and Abaco. Beyond the immediate need to fight for freedom, black loyalists established churches and schools that eventually became important centers of black community activity. The significance of the black loyalist impact on social institutions in the Bahamas can be measured by the fact that almost all of the denominational churches established between 1784 and 1800 were either founded or led by black itinerant preachers originating from the thirteen colonies in America. Much like their counterparts in Nova Scotia and Jamaica, black loyalists exiled to the Bahamas not only established the first Baptist and Methodist churches, but transmitted a unique brand of evangelical Christianity based on the revivalism of the Great Awakening.
Labor, Land, and the Law
Authors: Curry Christopher
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 turns to the importance of work and labor relations for black loyalists in the Bahamas. It argues that similar to their counterparts in Nova Scotia, black loyalists in the Bahamas were often denied access to land and property, complicating their efforts to earn a living free of dependent relations with whites. Acquiring land was not the only obstacle facing black loyalists. They were often forced into coercive and exploitative labor relations with more affluent white loyalists in order to pay off debt owed, or simply, as a means to escape starvation and poverty. Despite the innumerable challenges facing black loyalists, there is convincing evidence that they succeeded in carving out important niches in the urban work environment of Nassau.
Autobiography and Ghost Story
Authors: Vetter Lara
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 examines the first half of The Sword Went Out to Sea, her first postwar novel, arguing that its construction relies upon two disparate genres, autobiography and ghost story, that exist in an inexorable tension, constantly interrogating one another. H.D. wrote throughout her career in autobiographical modes. In this novel, in an implicit critique of her own previous autobiographical novels, H.D.’s narrator, Delia Alton, is so obsessively self-focused that her psyche becomes unstable and the narrative explodes under the pressure of its repetitive autobiographical excess. Readers are offered a tediously transparent autobiographical story that simultaneously asks them to believe, impossibly, in the materiality of ghosts. They are thus confronted with central, unanswerable questions about truth and the nature of reality.
Mysticism and Time Travel
Authors: Vetter Lara
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 examines the structural break that occurs in the middle of The Sword Went Out to Sea, and the concomitant fragmentation of narrator and narrative voice. This break can be traced, again, to the merging of two genres—mysticism and time travel—that coexist but destabilize one another. Though H.D. had been interested in mysticism decades earlier, the war compels her to revise her way of thinking about it. In Sword, a traumatized Delia experiences an apocalyptic vision that thrusts her into a liminal space, at once in time and out of time, and launches her as time traveller into the historical vignettes that comprise the second half of the novel.
The Mystery
Authors: Vetter Lara
Published: January 2018

The Mystery, completed in 1951, represents an interlude in H.D.’s postwar prose. By the 1950s, H.D.’s interest in global affairs began to diminish, and The Mystery returns to a more utopic sensibility in its quest for a world free of war and to a renewed faith in the supernatural. Bringing together a trickster figure, the magician, with the descendants of the Moravian movement, The Mystery very much straddles a divide in her career, and this chapter traces the ways in which the text draws on many of the devices and themes of Sword and White Rose—the critique of narrative, the use of historical fiction as genre, the time traveling narrator—but from a more hopeful perspective that re-privileges the transcendent feminine presence that readers encountered in her Trilogy.
Human Biology in Ancient Complex Societies
Authors: Klaus Haagen D. , Harvey Amanda R. , Cohen Mark N.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter examines previous archaeological thinking regarding the origins, scales, forms of evidence, and nature of social complexity in the human past. As a relative newcomer to this topical area, bioarchaeological approaches are shown to bring unique theoretical and empirical perspectives on these issues. Unique strengths of the bioarchaeological approach include compelling ways of looking at power, hierarchy, and heterarchy, the embodiment of social realities into human behavior and biology, and avenues to bridge long-standing divides between mortuary archaeology and bioarchaeology. The authors also discuss a number of challenges in the bioarchaeology of social complexity, including how best to grapple with typological thinking and interpretation of social structures from human skeletal remains. The chapter closes with a preview summary of the following chapters in the volume.
The Bioarchaeology of Early Social Complexity in Bronze Age Spain
Authors: Jiménez-Brobeil Sylvia A. , Roca María G.
Published: January 2018

From ca. 2200 to 1430 B.C., the people at Cerro de la Encina participated in the El Argar culture of Bronze Age Europe, which was an emergent state-level society defined by rather clear sociopolitical class divisions, settlement hierarchies, and gendered differentiation in mortuary treatments. The authors describe health variation and social status in a small sample of 30 individuals and aim to overcome this issue via cross-contextual comparisons of multiple lines of evidence including funerary treatment. The authors find that nearly all signs of elevated morbidity correlate to individuals in lower status funerary contexts. This chapter sheds new light on the potential biocultural consequences of emergent sociopolitical hierarchy in Spain and proposes new questions and research agendas for the bioarchaeology of Bronze Age Western Europe.
The Pigi Athinas Tumuli Cemetery of Macedonian Olympus
Authors: Tritsaroli Paraskevi
Published: January 2018

The Middle-Late Bronze Age (1620–1500 B.C.) was a period of emerging and intensifying social complexity involving small-scale settlement hierarchies, but the archaeological understanding of social organization at this time has remained limited. In a comparative case study of funerary treatment and skeletal biology, the authors consider the distribution of multiple skeletal pathological conditions between distinct tumuli-style burials at Pigi Athinas. Though social rank may have started to displace the centrality of kinship, subtle variations in both funerary and bioarchaeological data indicated the most important structuring factors were sex and age distinctions. Over time, the influence of differential diets, divisions of gender, and ritual feasting appear as the people participated in a widespread Mycenaean system that shaped both gender and health in ancient Greece.
A Hierarchy of Values
Authors: Schug Gwen Robbins
Published: January 2018

Bioarchaeological insights help elucidate persistent questions on the internal social organization of the Indus (or Harappan) civilization in northwest India and Pakistan during the height of its urban phase, 2200–1900 B.C. This culture was highly complex, as shown through settlement hierarchies, bureaucracies, craft specialization, and communication and trade networks spanning some 1 million square kilometers of territory. Despite over a century of archaeological study, Indus social organization has remained difficult to define, especially with perceived lack of evidence for clear social differentiation. Robbins Schug examines osteological and funerary data to test the notion of a decentralized, heterarchical Harappa. Skeletal trauma and other forms of pathological data show independently how the people of Harappa experienced differential levels of vulnerability, violence, and exclusion of individuals in various spatially distinct mortuary settings, which is most consistent not with heterarchy but a system of vertical social stratification instead.
Hopewell Hierarchy or Heterarchy?
Authors: Cook Della Collins , Brinker Ruth A. , Knabel Robin Moser , Salter-Pedersen Ellen
Published: January 2018

Chapter 11, part retrospective and part meta-analysis, takes a critical look at the bioarchaeological evidence of Hopewell social organization spanning much of Eastern North America from 200 B.C. to A.D. 500. Past archaeological work considered Hopewell as generally heterarchical and egalitarian. This synthesis of funerary pattern variation and a host of biological data discern patterns consistent with embodied social inequalities, with evidence of better health and diet associated with those of inferred high status. While acknowledging the substantial heterarchical dimensions of Hopewell social organization, Cook et al. suggest that the pendulum has swung too far from hierarchical models and any archaeological conception of the Hopewell tradition must engage the evidence of hierarchy visible in the remains of its people.
Center and Satellite
Authors: Ross-Stallings Nancy A.
Published: January 2018

The Mississippi River Delta between A.D. 1400 and 1600 was a resource-rich area with a large variety of domestic and wild resources, allowing Mississippian people to be better nourished than many. Yet community-level hierarchies may have been a major factor structuring biological stress across the landscape. Ross-Stallings compares health status from human remains from the Hollywood site (a high-status mound center) and the Flowers #3 site (a low-ranked satellite of the Hollywood center). Greater prevalence of biological stress and poorer diets are found among the people of the satellite settlement, which reflected differential access to resources. This was further underscored by an extractive economic relationship, as the Hollywood chiefs likely siphoned off various forms of tribute in the form of food from their subaltern neighbors.
“When Is Enough, Enough?”
Authors: Johns Willie , Bridenstine Stephen
Published: January 2018

In order for the Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) to successfully represent the tribe it must be fully engaged with the community it serves. One way therefore to measure the impact of the program is to solicit feedback from the people themselves. Historically the Seminole Tribe of Florida is made up of speakers of two related but culturally distinct languages—Miccosukee and Creek. Language affiliation and cultural identity are intertwined and distinct. Today this traditional dichotomy is made more complex by the cultural and biological influence of non-Seminole peoples. Willie Johns offers a Creek historical perspective, from a respected elder who has a long history of working very closely with the THPO.
Building Capacity in a Tin Can
Authors: Backhouse Paul N.
Published: January 2018

Institutional histories are often rarely considered when measuring the performance of an organization. This is largely because the metrics that are used to measure performance are derived from the world of business and are therefore geared towards optimization. The following chapter goes against the grain in presenting a biographical institutional history which examines the temporal evolvement of the THPO. As the Seminole Tribe of Florida undertakes to launch a Tribal-wide computerized permitting system for on-reservation development, the reality is that less than a decade ago requests for cultural review were more typically obtained by happenstance during trips to the on-reservation trading post for gas. Examined through a historical lens the fluidity of organizational dynamics underscores the administrative and technological leaps felt necessary by the Tribe to productively conduct heritage management in the early twenty-first century.
Archaeometry
Authors: Cancel Juan J. , Backhouse Paul N.
Published: January 2018

The archaeometry section is crucial to the operation of all the THPO areas. The philosophy of the section is technological inclusivity—providing the tools and support for applications like GIS Portal and the hardware to enable mobile mapping. These solutions can be operationalized both by staff and the Tribal community. This inclusivity has resulted in some dynamic projects that have been the calling card of the THPO within the community and have forged connections that transcend cultural differences. The ability to generate maps and other digital and physical media promotes collaborative dialogue and active engagement between the community and the THPO, allowing active participation by all constituents and informed cultural heritage decision-making. This is perhaps exemplified by the concept of participatory mapping in which stakeholder groups within the Tribal communities actively work together to provide the information that is then geographically realized. The resultant maps often allow Tribal elders the ability to visually communicate cultural information with younger generations accustomed to receiving information in a geographic format.