bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the Video Analysis Scale of Engagement (VASE) for people with advanced dementia
Authors: Daniel Lai L.L. , Crutch Sebastian J. , West Julian , Harding Emma , Brotherhood Emilie V. , Takhar Rohan , Firth Nicholas , Camic Paul M.
Published: May 2021

Background: The current study sought to develop a valid, reliable and unobtrusive tablet computer-based observational measure to assess engagement of people with advanced dementia. The Video Analysis Scale of Engagement (VASE) was designed to enable the rating of moment-by-moment changes in engagement during an activity, which would be useful for both future research and current residential care.

Methods: An initial version of the VASE was tested. Face validity and content validity were assessed to validate an operational definition of engagement and develop an acceptable protocol for the scale. Thirty-seven non-professional and professional volunteers were recruited to view and rate level of engagement in music activities using the VASE.

Results: An inter-class coefficient (ICC) test gave a high level of rating agreement across professionals and non-professionals.  However, the ICC results of within-professionals were mixed. Linear mixed modelling suggested that the types of interventions (active or passive music listening), the particular intervention session being rated, time period of video and the age of raters could affect the ratings.

Conclusions: Results suggested that raters used the VASE in a dynamic fashion and that the measure was able to distinguish between interventions. Further investigation and adjustments are warranted for this to be considered a valid and reliable scale in the measurement of engagement of people with advanced dementia in a residential care setting.
Public trust and genomic medicine in Canada and the UK
Authors: Savić-Kallesøe Sarah , Middleton Anna , Milne Richard
Published: May 2021

Background: Genomic medicine could improve precise risk stratification, early prevention, and personalised treatment across a broad spectrum of disease. As this reality approaches, questions on the importance of public trust arise. The success of genomic medicine initiatives is influenced by the public’s trust and willingness to engage. Specific social actors influential in the public's trust have been identified by the “Your DNA, Your Say” study, including doctors, researchers, and governments. This paper aims to identify and examine which specific social actors, if any, in Canada and the United Kingdom (UK) are the most trustworthy and influential to engage the public in genomic medicine.

Methods: Using data from the ‘Your DNA, Your Say’ study, logistic regression models and Pearson’s chi-square tests were conducted to explore trust in social actors across Canada and the UK.

Results: The results demonstrate Canada and the UK significantly differ in public trust and willingness to donate. Non-profit researchers, domestic doctors, and personal doctors were identified to be the most influential and trustworthy social actors in Canada and the UK.

Conclusions: The comparative results indicate that both countries would benefit from engaging the public through doctors and non-profit researchers. The UK could additionally support public trust by engaging with the public through the National Health Service. However, the results suggest that whilst public trust is significant, it may be neither necessary nor sufficient in influencing willingness to donate. Future research could do well to investigate how the importance of public trust compares in countries with lower public trust.
The Impact of Patent Portfolio on Competitive Landscape of Digital Signage Apparatus
Authors:   Research Center for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy and Management, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia, Hendrix Tommy , Berliandaldo Mahardhika ,   Bureau for General Affairs, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Apriliyadi Eki Karsani ,   Research Center for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy and Management, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia, Tri Ajie Firman ,   Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The digital signage market has been flourishing every year, and this situation opens up new commercialization opportunities for stakeholders related to the acceleration function. The modern world has allowed technological innovation to satisfy market demands, primarily based on portfolio of patent information. The digital signage apparatus became an economical solution for the costly technology in the digital era. The purpose of this paper was to find the impact of the competitive landscape on the digital signage apparatus towards e-commerce development based on a patent portfolio from the WIPO database. The research was performed based on the patent information using Innograph software and information related to digital signage apparatus resulting in a total of 146 registered patents and 40 patents matching the research subjects. The results revealed that the patent portfolio on the digital signage apparatus has high perceived usefulness, but only few industries used this as a reference in benchmarking their technological competitiveness. This paper is beneficial to the industry that seeks for the impact of the latest technological implementation amidst the competitive commercialization of the digital signage apparatus. Keywords: Competitive Landscape; Digital Signage Apparatus; Impact; Patent Portfolio.
Reconstruction of the First Web Space Using the Wide-Second Dorsal Metacarpal Artery Perforator Flap
Authors: Choi Su Hyun , Cheon Ho Jun , Oh Sang Ho , Woo Sang Hyun
Published: May 2021

Purpose: This study evaluated the functional and aesthetic outcomes of a wide-second dorsal metacarpal artery perforator flap for reconstruction of the first web space of the hand. This flap sets the proximal edge of the extensor retinaculum as the distal limit.Methods: We measured the preoperative and postoperative angles of the first web space and assessed the quality of the donor site scar in eight patients.Results: The average flap size was 5.5 × 2.8 cm (range, 5.0 × 1.5 cm to 5.0 × 6.0 cm), and all flaps survived completely. The mean postoperative angle was 53°. The mean Vancouver Scar Scale score of the donor site was 4 points, and the patients had near-normal thickness and vascularity values. There was no distortion of the scar, and patients were satisfied with the scar appearance of the donor site.Conclusion: The wide-second dorsal metacarpal artery perforator flap is a useful technique to reconstruct large defects of the first web space. It is easy to raise, thin, and pliable, and has excellent color and tissue matching.
The Usefulness of Radial Column Plate in Distal Radius Fracture: Indications and Results
Authors: An Sung Jin , Lee Sang Hyun , Kim Dong Hee , Jang Hyo Seok , Hong Sung Min , Kim Hak Sang
Published: May 2021

Purpose: The most common surgical treatment for distal radius fracture is internal fixation using volar locking plates, but it is sometimes difficult to maintain reduction with them. Therefore, this research reports the results of surgical treatment with additional radial column plates.Methods: We analyzed 12-month follow-up results in 100 cases. The patients had the B or C types of distal radius fractures, in accordance with AO classification, and underwent surgical treatment at our hospital from May 2013 to December 2019. There were 16 cases of B-type and 84 cases of C-type fractures. Out of these, 87 were treated with volar locking plates (V group) and 13 had additional radial column plates (VR group). The results of surgical treatment were examined clinically by measuring the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) and Mayo wrist score, and radiologically by measuring the radial length, radial inclination, and volar tilt, before and after surgery.Results: After treatment, the radiographic average in the V group showed a radial length of 12.3 mm, radial inclination of 20.2°, and volar tilt of 5.8°, while the VR group showed 11.6 mm, 22.3°, and 9.0° respectively. A statistically significant difference was found in the DASH score, and the DASH score showed good results in the VR group.Conclusion: Additional radial column plate fixation is worth considering because it provides clinically and radiologically satisfactory results in treatment of B and C types distal radius fracture involving articular surface.
EDITAR VS. CONSTRUIR: UNA ECOLOGÍA DE LO INVISIBLE. AMPLIFICAR LA COMPRENSIÓN DE LAS TÉCNICAS DE PROYECTO
Authors: Álvarez Benítez Paula Victoria
Published: May 2021

Este artículo persigue una amplificación de la comprensión de las técnicas de arquitectura, vinculándolas a una “ecología de lo invisible”: la atención prestada a variables cualitativas existentes en el contexto, apenas perceptibles y a menudo desestimadas por los regímenes de valor asentados. Este proceder –que podría ser rastreado en el diseño arquitectónico a lo largo de la historia– ha adquirido un valor nuevo, tras la crisis económico-financiera, como crítica a los modelos de desarrollo que dominaron en el cambio de siglo, lo cual también dificulta su comprensión. Para aclarar este punto, se analizan sus claves en tres proyectos fechados en los años precedentes a la crisis: la propuesta de Cedric Price para el concurso Design of Cities en Manhattan (1998), la remodelación de la plaza Léon Aucoc (1996) y la Escuela de Administración de Empresas (2006), ambas en Burdeos, de Lacaton & Vassal. Si los dos primeros han sido leídos como formas de “no intervención”, asociados a una renuncia a diseñar y construir, el tercero escapa a esta lectura, lo cual nos ayudará a reconsiderarlos en clave propositiva. La metodología de análisis se fija en los proyectos y en cómo han sido mediados en diversos canales y para diferentes públicos, desde las revistas especializadas a las “imágenes pobres” compartidas en las aplicaciones web de servidores de mapas. El análisis evidencia el papel crucial de la edición que, al privilegiar ciertos discursos, orienta consecuentemente las prácticas.
Postpartum depression and anxiety among mothers of preterm neonates in western Kenya
Authors: Sakari Philip Simiyu , Mwanzia Lydia , Chesire Irene
Published: May 2021

Background/Aims

Taking care of a preterm neonate can be stressful for a mother, given the baby's illness and lower survival rate. As medical needs for the preterm neonate take centre stage in the newborn unit, the mother and her role can be overshadowed, resulting in neglect of her physical and emotional needs. This may lead to postpartum depression and anxiety; if undetected and untreated, this can result in maternal dysfunction, which can also adversely affect the neonate. However, few studies have been carried out on the effect of preterm neonates on mothers' psychological state in low-resource countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and sociodemographic characteristics associated with postpartum depression and anxiety in mothers of preterm neonates, and to determine mothers' perceptions towards nurses' support.

Methods

This was a hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study involving 262 mothers with preterm neonates, who were selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected using the self-reporting Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Beck's Anxiety Inventory and the Nurse Parent Support Tool. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24.0. Descriptive statistics used included frequencies and percentages, while inferential statistics to determine associations between categorical variables involved the chi-square test. P≤0.05 was considered significant.

Results

The prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety was 65.5% and 63.3% respectively. A significant association existed between depression and marital status (P=0.049) and also level of education (P=0.035). There was also a significant association between anxiety and age (P=0.049), education (P=0.009) and occupation (P=012). Almost a third (31.7%) of participants indicated that nurses were not helpful in allaying their worries and 28.2% reported that nurses were not concerned regarding their feeding and sleep.

Conclusions

The prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety was higher among single, young or teenage mothers with a low level of education and low socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, it seemed that the mental wellbeing of mothers with preterm babies was not a priority for most nurses attending to their babies. The authors recommend that nurses' roles are expanded to include screening for postpartum depression and anxiety, and providing psychosocial support to mothers of preterm neonates who are hospitalised in the newborn unit.
Dinâmica de satélites artificiais ao redor da lua Namaka
Authors: Lopes Lima Júnior Edielcio Antonio , Dos Santos Carvalho Jean Paulo
Published: May 2021

Namaka é um dos dois satélites naturais do planeta anão Haumea, localizado no Cinturão de Kuiper, região com distância de cerca de 30 a 50 unidades astronômicas. Neste trabalho, investigamos a dinâmica e as características orbitais de satélites artificiais em torno da lua Namaka, considerando a atração gravitacional de Haumea, uma perturbação predominante na órbita do veículo espacial, cujo efeito pode afastá-lo de sua órbita nominal. A partir de simulações numéricas, órbitas de baixa altitude são analisadas, determinando a região com maior tempo de vida, ou seja, o tempo em que o veículo espacial demora para colidir com a superfície de Namaka. Encontramos órbitas com maior tempo de vida ao redor de Namaka para altitudes entre 1,1RN e 1,2RN (Raio de Namaka).
Evolução Orbital dos Exoplanetas (TRAPPIST-1e e TRAPPIST-1g) que estão na Zona Habitável da Estrela TRAPPIST-1
Authors: Maciel Samara Rebeka Pita , Carvalho Jean Paulo dos Santos
Published: May 2021

A abordagem central baseia-se no problema de três corpos, em que é analisada a dinâmica secular de um sistema composto por uma estrela central e dois planetas sob influência gravitacional mútua, considerando a perturbação devido ao efeito da atração gravitacional do terceiro corpo em órbita elíptica e inclinada até a terceira ordem do potencial perturbador. Apresentamos uma análise da evolução orbital dos exoplanetas que estão na zona habitável da estrela. O software Maple é usado para fazer as integrações numéricas, outro software também utilizado é o Universe Sandbox para comparar o resultado obtido das integrações das equações analíticas devido a perturbação do terceiro corpo. Mostramos que os exoplanetas (TRAPPIST-1e e TRAPPIST-1g) que estão na zona habitável da estrela TRAPPIST-1 permanecem dentro da zonal habitável ao longo do tempo.
Developing a Computer Simulation Game as a Training Tool for Mine Self-Escape in Underground Coal Mine
Authors: Harisman Hendra , Stothard Phillip , Aflah Nurul
Published: May 2021

– Gaming technology has been growing these years rapidly. The game engines have the capability of creating a very realistic virtual environment model. This technology can also be used for mining purposes. In this research, the game engine is specifically used to develop a mine self-escape simulation game for training purposes. The game engine which is used to develop the simulation game is Unreal Engine 3. The main advantage of using such a simulation game as a training tool is because it allows the trainee to experience a dangerous situation while not being put in danger. This kind of training is considered better than conventional briefing, normally conducted by showing a video or pamphlet. Studies have shown that people retain more information when they are involved interactively in the learning process. In this research, a computer simulation game as a training tool for underground coal mine self-escaped has been successfully created using fire scenarios. The player/trainee should follow some procedures to get to the safety zone
RUNWAY INCURSIONS IN NORWAY 2009-2019: A CASE STUDY OF EXTENDED INVESTIGATION REPORTS
Authors:   Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, EID JARLE , JENSEN PREBEN B. ,   Flesland Air traffic Control, Avinor Air Navigation Services
Published: May 2021

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to examine case studies from extended investigations of runway incursions in Norway from 2009-2019. Runway incursions involves an incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the runway and represents a relatively frequent threat to safety in the aviation industry. A content analysis and classification of the extended investigation reports (N=7) revealed 42 explanatory factors that could be condensed into four categories related to perception, procedural errors, memory and decision-making. When mapped onto the theoretical framework of situational awareness about 70% of the explanatory factors were related to misperception of information, improper comprehension of information or incorrect projection of future actions, respectively. The present study suggests that situational awareness can serve as a useful theoretical framework to identify deficits in human factors associated with runway incursion incidents. The results from this study contributes to inform investigation into aviation hazards and training of air traffic controllers.
ASSESSMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CANDIDATES TO THE AVIATION HIGH SCHOOL IN DĘBLIN
Authors:   Laboratory of Dietetics and Obesity Treatment, Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, GAŹDZIŃSKA AGATA , TURCZYŃSKA MARTA ,   Laboratory of Dietetics and Obesity Treatment, Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, JAGIELSKI PAWEŁ ,   Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University, Medical College
Published: May 2021

Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status of candidates to the General Aviation High School in Dęblin using selected anthropometric indices and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Methods: A total of 103 candidates to the General Aviation High School in Dęblin (88 boys and 15 girls) participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 14.7±0.46 years. The nutritional status was assessed based on measurements of body weight, body height, and calculated BMI. The results were interpreted using growth charts. The body composition was determined by means of the bioelectrical impedance method. Results: Mean BMI of the girls was 20.6±3.0 kg/m2 (16.3 to 26.2 kg/m2) and of the boys 20.1±2.5 kg/m2 (14.4 to 27.8 kg/m2). Most of the examined adolescents (73.3% of girls and 75% of boys) had normal body weight. There were no significant differences in nutritional status in relation to the gender of the participants. 3.4% of the boys were found to be underweight. None of the girls showed features of malnutrition. Overweight, according to BMI, was diagnosed in 13.3% of the girls and 10.2% of the boys, obesity in 6.7% of the girls and 1.1% of the boys. Too low body fat percentage was observed in almost half of the boys examined. Conclusions: The majority of the General Aviation High School candidates examined were of normal body weight. No significant differences were noted between the nutritional status and the gender of the participants, based on BMI. Overweight and obesity diagnosed on the basis of body fat percentage was significantly more frequent in the group of girls. There is a need to educate youth about the health consequences of abnormal body weight, both underweight and overweight.
Poverty and education in Scotland: reality and response
Authors: McKinney Stephen J. , Hall Stuart , Lowden Kevin
Published: May 2021

The aim of this chapter is to critically examine child poverty and the impact of child poverty on school education in contemporary Scotland and the reactions and responses to this impact on school education by official bodies and groups. The chapter maps out the levels of poverty in Scotland, the different approaches to the measurement of poverty and the nature and extent of child poverty. There is a critical analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the current practice in the measurement of poverty and there is a discussion on the evidence focused on the impact of child poverty on school education. Finally, the chapter explores some of the responses and interventions that have been introduced and the ongoing debates about the effectiveness of these interventions.
Policy framings of religion and belief: consolidating the muddle
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the overarching themes framing religion and belief in 21st-century public policy. This reveals a long gap from around 1945 to about 2000 when religion and belief were barely noticed in the public sphere, underpinned by vaguely secular assumptions. At the same time, the religion and belief landscape was changing dramatically, just as few people were watching. What seemed to subsequently burst back into public prominence was a preoccupation with religion and belief as deeply problematic. This has landed in policy approaches focused predominantly on extremism, cohesion, and equality, each designed to manage the risk. As responses, the dominant policy spaces imply a degree of anxiety about religion and belief as risky and problematic, and in need of a solution. These broad responses to the 'problem' of public religion and belief form an important part of the context for what happens about religion and belief in spaces of learning.
Religion and belief in university practices
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses religion and belief in university practices. In many ways, universities continue to reflect their Christian medieval roots (directly or by pastiche), hanging on to the gowns and hoods, titles, and roles of a Christian age. This legacy is deep in the contemporary higher education landscape. A crucial challenge is how to work out a place for education — in universities, as for schools — which emerges out of a Christian past, and to some extent present, while at the same time taking fully and authentically on board the contemporary religion and belief landscape, which is Christian, secular, plural, and non-religious all at once. The problem is that universities tend to pick up where schools leave off, continuing the confusion with a subtextual replaying in both teaching and operations of old binaries and tropes about science versus religion, secular versus sacred, private versus public, and resource versus risk. These are all built deeply into the epistemologies of disciplines, as well as reflected in the day-to-day operations of institutions.
The future of religion and belief literacy: reconnecting a chain of learning
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter summarises what each learning sphere suggests about religion and belief. Religion and belief continue in a public sphere that largely thinks of itself as post-Christian, post-religious, and secular, while having limited understanding of either religion and belief or the secular. This makes it a particularly difficult subject for discussion and learning. As the previous chapters show, messages about religion and belief are messy and often contradictory within learning spaces, as well as between one learning space and another. While this might be said of all sorts of topics, this one has some particular features that single it out. First, the woolly secular-mindedness at its root often stops the conversation before it begins. Second, what is being discovered in this space is a lack of ability to talk about religion and belief. Third, at their core, religion and belief engage with existential questions in which everybody has a stake, regardless of how they answer them. Fourth, religion and belief deal in both certainty and doubt. These characteristics of religion and belief both strain the chain of learning and make it more difficult to reconnect. The chapter then applies a religion and belief literacy analysis to explore how the chain of learning might be reconnected.
The policy analysis movement in Colombia: the state of the art
Authors: Sanabria-Pulido Pablo , Rubaii Nadia , Guzmán-Botero Andrés
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a broad overview and a big-picture assessment of the “state of the art” of policy analysis in Colombia, tracing the policy analysis movement from the 1950s to the 1991 Constitution to the present. It proposes the examination of policy analysis progression in Colombia based on historical and analytical background by identifying key actors. It also looks at a scientific approach to public policy in the Colombian context, citing the role of international missions in the second half of the 20th century as defining forces that laid the groundwork for the early institutional and organizational developments in Colombia's public administration. The chapter delves into the policy analysis that started to develop key roots within the administrative apparatus of Colombia, particularly at the national level of government. It focuses on the current state of policy analysis practices in Colombia.
Policy analysis, bureaucratic capacity and public administration reforms in Colombia
Authors: Ramírez María Fernanda , Isaza Carolina
Published: May 2021

This chapter critically assesses the capacity of bureaucratic actors and institutions in Colombia to engage in policy analysis and evaluates the extent to which bureaucratic reforms have contributed to increasing capacity. It undertakes a policy analysis of administrative policies in Colombia in terms of both the design and characteristics of public administration reforms and the conditions for their implementation, such as the bureaucratic capacity of public organizations. It also illustrates the design of administrative policies in Colombia that has been historically based on the global North's approaches to public administration. The chapter analyzes Weberian approaches that were influential in the 19th and 20th centuries and considers New Public Management (NPM) as the main current approach in Colombian public administration. It identifies the characteristics of administrative policies of Colombia in a timeline starting with the Constitution of 1991 and finishing in 2018.
Metropolitan governance and policy analysis in Colombia
Authors: Leyva Santiago , Sanabria-Pulido Pablo , Rodríguez-Caporalli Enrique
Published: May 2021

This chapter illustrates the explanatory capacity of path-dependency models for understanding the pattern of metropolization, making the case for the importance of metropolitan institutions as key policy actors or tools. It explains why and how a long period of 50 years of experimentation along metropolitan lines has failed to lead to a solid national and homogenous approach towards metropolitan policy analysis. It also highlights the policy spillovers throughout the 24 conurbated regions that have developed naturally in the process of urbanization and conurbation of Colombia. The chapter explores the 24 metro-regions in terms of the challenges they face given their population, municipal fragmentation, and institutional capacities. It provides a path-dependent explanation of the trajectories and critical junctures that have shaped Colombian metro-policies in a problematic way.
Policy analysis for decision making in Colombian local governments
Authors: Avellaneda Claudia N. , Bello-Gómez Ricardo A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter applies a unique approach to examining policy analysis at the local level, confirming which local government officials use policy analysis and under what circumstances. It explores the availability of policy analysis tools and techniques and their use by Colombian local governments. It also introduces policy analysis and performance management as tools to achieve local effectiveness, including a framework to understand “when and who” is expected to use policy analysis in local governments. The chapter explains the use of policy analysis by local governments for the formulation, implementation and evaluation of their Municipal Development Plan. It develops some conclusions and suggests some prescriptions to enhance local policy analysis in Colombia.
Policy analysis in the education sector in Colombia
Authors: García Sandra , Maldonado Darío , Muñoz-Cadena Sarah
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents a detailed case study of policies governing the hiring, training, compensation, and evaluation of schoolteachers. It traces reforms over a period of two decades and identifies key actors and competing decision criteria at each stage of the policy process. It also looks at teacher policy to illustrate the practice of policy analysis in education policy in Colombia at the national level after the 1990s reforms. The chapter uses reform in policies regarding public school teachers as a case to analyse the process of policy formulation and implementation in the education sector in Colombia. It defines several issues that have a direct impact on the quality of primary and secondary education.
Technocracy, decision making and economic policy in Colombia
Authors: Villaveces-Niño Marta Juanita , Caballero-Argáez Carlos
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains the strong theoretical and practical connection of policy analysis to economic analysis, making economic policy an important element of any comprehensive country study of policy. It highlights how economic technocracy played a crucial role in building the capacity for policy analysis in the realm of economic policy by using several concrete examples of economic policy decisions informed by analysis. It also defines institutional willingness for economic change, as the capacity of public agencies responsible for the design and execution of economic policy adjust and reform the rules and the organizations responsible for economic management. The chapter discusses decision making in several key moments of the recent economic history of Colombia in the context of institutional flexibility and the presence of technocracy. It discusses the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s, which challenged the creativity of policy makers given the international and political restrictions.
Social policy, target populations and policy analysis in Colombia
Authors: Leyva Santiago , Olaya Carlos Andrés
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores persistent inequality and poverty for historically excluded groups despite dramatically increased expenditures in social policy as an issue of considerable importance in Colombia. It illustrates how the truncated nature of the Colombian welfare system contributes to the problem of poverty and inequality. It also documents how even the widespread use of targeted social policies for specific populations cannot attain the redistributive policy outcomes associated with a more general approach to welfare policy. The chapter introduces the general changes to social policies by looking into the expansion of basic welfare and then exploring the evolution of policy targeting. It points out the limited achievements of Colombia in terms of the redistribution of income through the concept of the truncated state.
Policy analysis and NGOs in Colombia
Authors: Appe Susan , Telch Fabian
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in policy analysis in institutional spaces in Colombia. It explains how NGOs exert substantial influence on social, political, and economic spheres globally, representing diverse efforts of collective action, political intervention, social service delivery, and watchdog activity over government and business sectors. It also elaborates that NGOs provide many public services and advance many other important public goods through policy analysis and advocacy. The chapter reviews definitions and terms related to the third sector in the context of Colombia, followed by an outline of Colombia's third sector government relations over the past several decades. It also examines the role of NGOs in policy analysis through the lens of the Colombian Confederation of Nongovernmental Organizations in the postagreement, the peace process, and in the implementation and monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals in Colombia.
Media, evidence and policy analysis in Colombia
Authors: Vieira-Silva Juan Guillermo
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the media as another critical actor in Colombian society and explores the power of the media in shaping policy agendas and discourse. It stresses how the media is a relevant topic of exploration in Colombia given the history of major media outlets being owned by elite political families or having other strong connections with political parties. It also examines the extent to which journalists rely on both technical and political sources. The chapter illustrates how policy-relevant information is processed by the media. It argues that public policy journalism in Colombia is in its fledgling stage and that it is more complex than traditional political journalism mainly based on testimonies and media archives.
Conceptualising austerity, welfare and employment relations
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

This chapter develops a framework for understanding the link between welfare and employment relations. This is followed by a more detailed analysis of austerity neoliberalism and uneven development. The trend towards increased social and geographical inequalities is assessed as directly related to changes in the distribution of power and income away from the working class. The chapter concludes by exploring the way this is contested by trade unions and social movements.
Embedding neoliberal austerity: from New Labour to the Conservative government
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

I will explore in this chapter the argument that whilst there were important policy shifts, the continuities with the Thatcher economics and social policy reflected neoliberal politics pursued by the NL government led by Tony Blair. In other words, this brand of neoliberalism has paved the way to the market fundamentalism and austerity politics of the current 2019 Conservative administration. The examination of the NL legacy is critical to understanding what I term the embedding of neoliberalism in welfare and employment policy. The chapter starts with an analysis of NL employment and welfare policies and then an overview of the coalition/Conservative government’s reforms. As well as tracking key policy changes, the chapter will cover responses and engagements of key actors in relation to welfare and work including trade unions and social movements
Challenging welfare conditionality and insecure work
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws on research undertaken for Sheffield TUC focusing on the impact of welfare reform on low pay insecure work. Sheffield has been identified as comprising the highest proportion of workers paid below the minimum wage. The chapter analyses the way Universal Credit welfare conditionality funnels people into low paid and insecure work - reinforcing contingent work. The chapter explores strategies of resistance by the trade unions and welfare rights organisation assessing the potentials and challenges with mobilising and engaging marginalised workers and claimants.
Towards a more inclusive labour market: lessons from Denmark
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

The chapter argues that Denmark offers important lessons for developing a critique of austerity and neoliberalism in the UK. The Danish model of coordinated collective bargaining, social redistribution and key role for trade unions in welfare policy are important features of an inclusive labour market. Investment in childcare is a crucial element in the way welfare supports access to employment. Denmark has forged progressive active labour market policies such as job rotation where the trade unions play a key role in assisting unemployed into employment which offers training and in work support.
Managing superdiversity? Examining the intercultural policy turn in Europe
Authors: Abdou Leila Hadj , Geddes Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter critically assesses an 'intercultural policy turn' evident in many European cities. It identifies the drivers of this turn and asks whether an intercultural policy approach to immigrant integration is an adequate response to the growing reality of superdiversity in urban spaces. The chapter is in conversation with the rich scholarship on immigrant integration in Europe in the political and social sciences. Integration is about 'imagining what the state can actively do to “nationalize” newcomers and re-constitute the nation-state under conditions of growing cultural diversity'. This cultural diversity has become an increasing phenomenon which policymakers in Europe have struggled to come to terms with. The growing diversification of society is particularly evident in cities: places where international migrants mostly settle. An increasing number of cities are not only ethno-culturally diverse, but they have become superdiverse spaces and home to people who vary not only as with regards to their ethnic, national, religious, and linguistic backgrounds, but also with relation to age, gender, migration status, as well as varying degrees of transnational ties, resulting in a complex composition of society. Population groups are not only different from each other but also exhibit significant internal diversity.
Transmigration: the rise of flexible migration strategies as part of superdiversity
Authors: Geldof Dirk , Schrooten Mieke , Withaeckx Sophie
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses transmigration. Within the fields of migration studies and superdiversity, transmigration and its impact on social policy are still underexplored. Yet, the rising number of transmigrants within Europe — from outside the EU as well as intra-EU-mobility — does not only challenge ideas of belonging and integration, but also existing concepts of governance and social policy. By foregrounding the cases of Brazilian, Ghanaian, and Moroccan transmigrants residing in Belgium in 2014–15, the chapter contributes to a scientific debate regarding these topics. It presents the results of a research project in the two main superdiverse Belgian cities (Brussels and Antwerp), focusing on the social problems and vulnerabilities that relate to transmigration and its inherent temporality and the way that these are experienced and addressed by social workers in superdiverse urban areas within policy frameworks that often do not (yet) recognise the changing context.
Urban planning and the challenge of superdiversity
Authors: Pemberton Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the role of urban planning in responding to migration-related superdiversity. While previous research has been undertaken on urban planning and the multicultural city as well as planning and diversity in the city, little attention to date has focused on the challenges of increasing superdiversity for urban planning. Urban planning has engaged with diversity in three main ways: i) to manage social difference in situations where difference has been associated with disadvantage or interpreted as disorderly; ii) to commodify and use the features of cities for urban tourism or urban regeneration purposes; and iii) to regulate public spaces and facilities where there is conflict over their use between ethnic groups. In relation to superdiversity, this means that a broad view of urban planning is required, and which involves urban planning being defined as a key element of wider strategies of urban governance and management. In so doing, urban planners need to think about how to balance competing interests, how to recognise and address specific needs, and how to respond to people in increasingly diversified (or diversifying) settings.
Poverty in Italy
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

Italy is one of the EU countries that was hardest hit by the 2008 financial crisis and is also slowest in recovering, even compared to other Mediterranean countries that share some of its societal features. Poverty has steadily increased throughout the period following 2008, and no clear indication of a trend reversal is yet visible. Working poor, the young, children and migrant foreign households are the main victims of the situation. Also the territorial divide has deepened, with the Southern regions bearing the brunt of the crisis much more, and for a longer time, than the Centre-North ones. According to the authors, the duration and depth of the crisis in Italy, and its impact on poverty, were largely a consequence of long-term structural features of the Italian economy, of its weak and fragmented social safety net, with its high expectations concerning family solidarity and the gender division of labour on the one hand, of its sluggish growth since the 1990s on the other. Governments’ austerity choices in reaction to the crisis (and under pressure from the EU) have further strengthened these features, although the recent introduction of a minimum income provision has marked an important change in the policy approach to poverty.
Re-embedding the economy within digitalized foundational sectors: The case of platform cooperativism
Authors: Arcidiacono Davide , Pais Ivana
Published: May 2021

Activists and scholars are proposing the idea of platform cooperativism as a way to democratize the governance of extractive platforms of digital capitalism. Platform Cooperativism reworks the idea of the cooperative model, adapting it to the new challenges of digital technology with a participatory governance model based on a multistakeholder approach with the aim of redistributing part of the value generated to the community. The chapter aims to compare capitalist platforms with cooperative platforms in two foundational sectors (transport and welfare). Platform co-ops are characterized not only by localism, but also by their desire to scale differently from the capitalist model (scale deep instead of scale up), through partnerships with other operators and through alternative financial tools (impact investing and patient capital). While the transport sector was a forerunner in trialling digital platforms, the welfare sector only recently began the process, with all the consequences in terms of the advantages and disadvantages for early adopters compared with late followers. However, important differences also exist between platforms that begin as green-field start-ups and brown-field platforms; the former are more prevalent in transport, the latter in the welfare sector, due in part to greater barriers to entry for people lacking sector-specific skills and experience.
The non-profit paradox after the 2008 financial crisis: How to survive within a changing scenario
Authors: Busso Sandro , Dagnes Joselle
Published: May 2021

The chapter explores the Italian market for social welfare, focusing on the key features and main changes of the nonprofit sector within this field. The nonprofit sector has undoubtedly played a pivotal role in welfare systems over the last thirty years for economic and political factors, but its growth and marketization has provoked tension and threatened its potential in advancing citizenship. Tensions have been further exacerbated by the economic crisis: resource constraints and the growing uncertainties have indeed endangered citizens’ rights, triggering workers’ exploitation and value extraction. These effects are common across the market and the nonprofits are not immune. Specifically, the model of value extraction that has spread in this sector is based on low intensity mechanisms rather than on large scale “predatory” strategies, and on a prevalent redistribution, rather than appropriation, of the economic value. Despite its lower visibility, we show that such a model has profound implications for citizenship, affecting the quality of service offered and lowering labour standards and rights for workers.
Planning with citizenship: An idea whose time has come in Greater Manchester?
Authors: Froud Julie , Hodson Mike , Johal Sukhdev , Wei Hua , Williams Karel
Published: May 2021

The chapter argues for a different kind of planning with citizen participation and different socio-economic priorities. Drawing on the example of the Greater Manchester city region, the authors outline the limits of developer led regeneration, which has encouraged rapid expansion of buy to let and other properties mainly for younger people in the centre, with almost no provision for low income households. The chapter proposes a refocus on rethinking planning as civic future, emphasising collective provision of foundational infrastructures and a different configuration of actors including citizen participation. The chapter starts with a comparison of UK post-1945 town hall planning and more recent developer led regeneration, based on 12 socio-economic drivers. These two periods are then examined, drawing some lessons from Vienna and Bologna. On this basis, we sketch a possible civic future for Manchester recognising that it is politically difficulty to break with development led regeneration.
Housing and the grounded city: Rent extraction and social innovations
Authors: Bricocoli Massimo , Salento Angelo
Published: May 2021

This chapter questions the contemporary forms of civil society engagement with housing, starting from the assumption that the concrete importance of specific initiatives of social innovation should be assessed in relation to existing problems. Since the basis of housing problems is not only the decline of public housing policies, but the increasing strength of rent extraction on urban land, the contributions from communities and the civil society should be assessed on their ability to counter the extraction of unearned rents from urban land. Referring mainly to Italian cases, the chapter shows that many experiments tackle some symptoms or side effects of this trend while some alleged social innovations are even an integral part of the problem. However, some experiments can be considered as examples of a radical progressive vision on housing, as they switch from the idea of property to one of access, and prevent the capture of urban land value.
Changing food supply chains: The role of citizens and civil society organizations in working towards a social economy
Authors: Mostaccio Fabio
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the role of citizens and civil society organizations in a social economy and their capabilities to influence food supply chains. Using detailed case studies to analyse the exploitation of immigrant workers in agriculture as well as the response of civil society organizations, the chapter outlines potential contributions by Solidarity Purchasing Groups to the development of the Foundational Economy. In order to do so, it reviews the role of Alternative Food Networks such as Farmer’s Markets and Solidarity Purchase Groups in local food supplies; it also argues that Foundational Economy thinking proposes a trans-scalar approach from the local to the national territory for food supply chains. Finally, it underlines how this approach could be useful for the development of policies to support international urban food programs.