bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IN SEARCH FOR SHARED CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL PROTOTYPES
Authors: Zorn Stefan , Hemmer Michael , Gericke Kilian
Published: June 2023

Prototyping is essential for knowledge acquisition and, thus, for informed decision-making in product development. The gold standard is still the use of physical prototypes. However, with the increase in computing capacity, it is becoming easier also to use virtual prototypes.

The selection of prototyping approaches often starts with the distinction between physical and virtual prototypes and therefore excluding a broad range of possibilities early on.

This paper explains why a selection of prototypes based on the distinction between physical and virtual is not necessarily the best solution and suggests a selection approach based on characteristics which offer the possibility to avoid this limitation. Therefore the characteristics of physical prototypes commonly used in literature are analysed and reduced to a generally valid selection. Examples of virtual prototypes are selected and analysed regarding their characteristics. All elaborated characteristics are then tested for their applicability to the examples of virtual prototypes.
INDIVIDUALIZATION IN ENGINEERING DESIGN EDUCATION: IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ADAPTIVE E-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT (ADE-LE)
Authors: Kossack Frederike , Bender Beate
Published: June 2023

Well-educated engineers are key for successful engineering design in product development. Due to varying school education and technical backgrounds, the students have different prerequisites for the acquisition of competences. Subject of this paper is to show the methodical implementation of the prototype AdE-Le suited to the curriculum at Ruhr-University-Bochum and the open source learning platform Moodle. Aim is to evaluate the didactic potential to support engineering students with heterogeneous competence levels. The general needs and existing approaches for E-Learning environments as a means to individualize learning content in engineering design are discussed. Major aim is to reduce the linkage between the students' technical background and their exam success. AdE-Le as an exemplary application is developed based on the didactical concept of Constructive Alignment. Due to a harmonization of learning methods and contents in Engineering Design across the members of the Scientific Society for Product Development the results of this investigation can be transferred to other Universities.
INTEGRATING SENSORS IN PRODUCTS: A NEW TOOL FOR DESIGN EDUCATION
Authors: Briard Tristan , Jean Camille , Aoussat Améziane , Véron Philippe
Published: June 2023

This paper present a pedagogical tool to address a lack of creative approach in traditional education on embedded sensors. The tool is built in a systematic way from the data sheet information of a large number of different sensors. The tool presents the main monitoring capabilities of embedded sensors on cards to assist students in the creative stages of product design. An experiment was conducted to test its educational potential with 30 Masters students in product design. The statistical analysis on the experiment data indicate that the tool enables the improvement of knowledge on embedded sensors, with a more significant gain in advanced thinking skills. Finally, the tool is easy to implement in product design education and accessible to a wide range of students.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF SKETCH QUALITY ON THE SHARED UNDERSTANDING OF DESIGN DYADS
Authors: Letting Cynthia , Krishnakumar Sandeep , Johnson Erin , Soria Zurita Nicolas , Menold Jessica
Published: June 2023

While a significant amount of research has documented the importance of design artefacts in design communication, relatively little work has investigated the effect of design artefact quality on the development of a shared understanding between designers. In the current work we focus specifically on sketch quality and the effect of sketch quality on the shared understanding of design dyads. A controlled study with 22 design dyads (44 designers) was conducted to understand the relationship between sketch quality and shared understanding. Results suggest that design artefact quality, measured by sketch understandability, does not predict the shared understanding of a design concept. Our findings hold implications for the fundamental ways in which we evaluate sketch quality and the importance of artefact fidelity for communicative acts.
A KNOWLEDGE-BASED IDEATION APPROACH FOR BIO-INSPIRED DESIGN
Authors: Chen Liuqing , Cai Zebin , Jiang Zhaojun , Long Qi , Sun Lingyun , Childs Peter , Zuo Haoyu
Published: June 2023

Bio-inspired design (BID) involves generating innovative ideas for engineering design by drawing inspiration from natural biological phenomena and systems, using a form of design-by-analogy. Despite its many successes, BID approaches encounter research challenges including unstructured data and existing models that hinder comprehension and processing, limited focus on finding biological knowledge compared to defined problems, and insufficient guidance of the ideation process with algorithms. This paper proposes a knowledge-based approach to address the challenges. The approach involves transforming unstructured data into structured knowledge, including information about natural sources, their benefits, and applications. The structured knowledge is then used to construct a semantic network, enabling designers to retrieve information for BID in two ways. Furthermore, a three-step ideation method is developed to encourage divergent thinking and explore additional potential solutions by drawing inspiration and utilizing knowledge. The knowledge-based BID approach is implemented as a tool and design cases are conducted to illustrate the process of applying this tool for BID.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY INDICATORS TO DESIGN SUSTAINABLE ELECTRIC OUTBOARDS: RESULTS FROM WORKSHOPS WITH INDUSTRIAL EXPERTS
Authors: Saidani Michael , Bayless John , Huey Dylan , Kim Harrison , Anderson Kevin
Published: June 2023

To help industries in their sustainable and circular transition from internal combustion engine production to electric motor production, the deployment of (i) a sound environmental impact assessment methodology, such as life cycle analysis, coupled with (ii) Design for Re-X tools, such as circularity indicators, is instrumental. To demonstrate the industrial relevance and complementary of both approaches, two consecutive workshops are conducted with a major original equipment manufacturer of recreational boats and their associated engines. On this basis, two circularity indicator-based tools were used to quantify and enhance (i) the circularity potential of the electric outboard as a whole, and (ii) the circularity performance of the two most impactful components, based on the LCA results: the electric motor unit and the lithium-ion battery pack. In all, the practice sessions supported the generation of strategic and operational ideas to improve the circularity of the electric outboard. As the industrial participants found both frameworks easy to use and efficient, all the details and resources used to conduct, replicate, or adapt such workshops in other industrial contexts are shared.
MACHINE LEARNING FOR PARAMETRIC COST ESTIMATION OF AXISYMMETRIC COMPONENTS
Authors: Manuguerra Luca , Mandolini Marco , Germani Michele , Sartini Mikhailo
Published: June 2023

Machine learning (ML) is a well-established research topic in Industry 4.0 is boosting its adoption. ML is also used for manufacturing cost estimation during design. Such approaches are commonly used to estimate the cost of mass-produced parts. Many consolidated historical data are available for training the regression models. Unfortunately, very often, such a database of data is not available.

The paper defines an ML approach for parametric cost estimation of axisymmetric components. The data for training the ML model derives from automatic software for analytically estimating the manufacturing cost. With a proper set of simulations, the tool can generate a large amount of data for training. The paper presents the steps for developing a parametric cost model using ML. The approach is based on CRoss Industry Standard Process for Data Mining method. The proposed method was used to develop one cost model (to estimate the total cost that considered raw material and manufacturing cost). The obtained Relative Error is 23.52% ± 1.37%, coherent with E2516 − 11, Standard Classification for Cost Estimate Classification System.
A META-ANALYSIS TO ASSESS SMARTPHONE DISPOSAL DESTINATIONS: THE CHALLENGES OF INCREASING VALUE RECOVERY
Authors: Sonego Monique , Echeveste Márcia Elisa Soares , Conte Manoela
Published: June 2023

Providing the correct destination at the end of the product's use phase is essential for value recovery and to reduce the environmental impact at this lifecycle stage. To understand the e-waste recycling behavior among users, this article aims to identify the most common destinations given to smartphones when they are no longer used. A systematic literature review was carried out, and 13 studies were selected for a meta-analysis. The variable is the selection of the most common destinations for e-waste: reuse and recycling (recovered value), storage and informal collection (missed value), and household waste (destroyed value). The results present a summarized measure with the combined proportion of the studies for each category. Studies were weighted by the precision of confidence interval estimates presented in Forest Plots. The main results point out common problems and demonstrate how the strategies and policies adopted in each country can influence the chosen methods of disposal. These specificities require unique strategies to deal with local problems. As a secondary contribution, this study proposes guidelines to reduce e-waste generation and to create awareness and infrastructure to increase value recovery.
MAPPING THE JOURNEYS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS AND CITIZENS USING WEARABLE DEVICES FOR REMOTE CARDIAC MONITORING
Authors: Suresh Kumar Sagar , Andreakou Eva , Tzachsan Marianna , Maier Anja M.
Published: June 2023

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is one of the most prevalent cardiac diseases in the world. How might we design patient journeys improving quality of life using wearable cardiac devices for continuous out of hospital monitoring and support? Most of the studies to date have emphasised the technical aspects of implementing such devices with less focus on human factors. As such, remote cardiac monitoring appears to be burdened by poor patient adherence. This research study proposed a journey map based on Roger's technology adoption model to understand the challenges faced by AF patients and non/asymptomatic patients in using wearable devices to monitor their health. Data from semi-structured interviews conducted in Denmark with 12 participants aged 24 to 65 years was used. Interview results show that citizens prefer tracking heart activity only in conjunction with other measures such as steps or sleep and do not feel motivated to track their heart activity on a daily basis. Patients view wearables as a valuable tool to check if their health is all right, although apprehension that devices can cause unnecessary worry can lead to their rejection. Finally, recommendations for the design of patient journeys when using wearables were made.
MBSE INCORPORATING TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR FOR THE DESIGN OF ROBOT-LIKE SYSTEMS
Authors: Ziegler Klara , Volpert Marcus , Amm Maximilian , Vogel-Heuser Birgit , Stahl Karsten , Zimmermann Markus
Published: June 2023

Complex systems typically consist of many components and are subject to many requirements. Approaches like the V-Model support complex systems design by providing guidelines on how to break down large systems into smaller pieces. Models built with SysML provide documentation on an abstract level. However, neither incoporates detailed information on components that may be relevant for design decisions. In robot-like systems, e.g., the choice of transmissions will depend on the system dynamics of the robot. This is modeled in the time domain, where detailed time-dependent component interaction is considered. The design perspective, however, is best represented in the property domain. Here, requirements on static component properties are formulated.

This paper presents a generic approach that connects the property and time domains to enable early-stage design decisions. The approach is applied to a 1-link robot system with a simple demonstrator transmission model, including properties that are typically not considered in the early design phase, like a nonlinear stiffness characteristic with backlash.
A METHOD FOR REDUCING FUZZINESS AND ACCELERATING NEW PRODUCT MODELLING IN CAD: THE CASE OF DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING
Authors: Bluntzer Jean-Bernard , Barret Régis , Ostrosi Egon
Published: June 2023

Improvements in product development can increase the competitiveness of firms. However, new product development in CAD systems involves difficulties and uncertainties that increase along with the pressure to develop the products. A distinct characteristic of CAD modeling for new product development is its uncertainty. This is because the information is usually approximate and incomplete during CAD modeling. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to propose a robust and flexible CAD approach to reduce uncertainty and accelerate new product modeling in the context of design for manufacturing. This methodology permits the convergence towards different product forms depending on the selected manufacturing process. Application of this approach has shown that when uncertainty is high, approving a complete CAD modeling results in a delay in product development. In contrast, CAD modeling using fuzzy models results in a gain of valuable development time because the model is completed when knowledge about manufacturing technologies, company fit and capabilities, and markets is available.
MODELLING TECHNICAL SYSTEMS IN THE EARLY PHASE: PROPOSING A FORMAL DEFINITION FOR THE SYSTEM CONCEPT
Authors: Albers Albert , Hünemeyer Sebastian , Kubin Alexander , Pfaff Felix , Schlegel Michael , Rapp Simon
Published: June 2023

The task of developing “concepts” is common in all fields of engineering, especially in the early phases of product development. However, an in-depth literature analysis showed that authors - often depending on different contexts in design research, education, and industry - define the term “concept” in differing ways. The aspect of reference-based development is rarely addressed in existing definitions. This indicates that there is a need for an updated and concise concept definition. In this paper, the authors propose a new definition of the term “system concept” within the context of SGE - System Generation Engineering that incorporates the findings from the literature analysis. The definition was reflected on in two case-studies. The first one contained the system concept for automotive display and operating systems, the second one the system concept for a kinesthetic-haptic VR interface. The proposed definition contains the relevant characteristics identified from the literature review and supports both current activity-based process models and reference-based development, as practical application has shown.
MODELLING THE DESIGN OF MODELS: AN EXAMPLE USING CRISP-DM
Authors: Kannengiesser Udo , Gero John S.
Published: June 2023

Design is widely understood as a domain-independent notion, comprising any activity concerned with creating artefacts. This paper shows that models can be viewed as artefacts, and that the design of models resembles the design of artefacts in other domains. The function-behaviour-structure (FBS) ontology of design is applied to models, mapping generic characteristics of models derived from literature on modelling onto basic, design-ontological categories. An example of model design, namely the CRISP-DM model for designing data mining models, is analysed and compared with models of designing in other domains (systems engineering, mechanical engineering, software engineering, and service design). The results show that there are fundamental commonalities but also differences, revealing the need for further research in developing a theory of model design.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF GENERATIVE DESIGN TOOLS ON DESIGN PROCESS AND DESIGNER BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Saadi Jana , Yang Maria
Published: June 2023

Developments in artificial intelligence (AI) are opening the possibilities for the development of more advanced design tools. An example of these innovations are generative design tools, in which the generation of complex and high performing products is possible. This study investigates the use of generative design tools and how they may influence the design process and designer behaviour. Six interviews of interdisciplinary designers were conducted to understand the implications of using generative design tools. It was observed that generative design tools primarily allow for quantitative inputs to the tool while qualitative metrics, such as aesthetics, are considered indirectly by designers. The subjectivity of the designer and how they incorporate the quantitative and qualitative metrics in the generative design tool can lead to differing outcomes between designers. Notable differences in tool usage are also observed between expert and novice computational designers. Additional studies should be conducted to further understand the extent generative design tools impact the design process, designer behaviour, and design outcomes.
ON THE TREATMENT OF REQUIREMENTS IN DFAM: THREE INDUSTRIAL USE CASES
Authors: Endress Felix , Rieser Jasper , Zimmermann Markus
Published: June 2023

Optimization-driven design offers advantages over traditional experience-based mechanical design. As an example, topology optimization can be a powerful tool to generate body shapes for Additive Manufacturing (AM). This is helpful, when (1) load paths are non-intuitive due to complex design domains or boundary conditions, or (2) the design process is to be automated to minimize effort associated with experience-based design. However, practically relevant boundary conditions are often difficult to put into a formal mathematical language to, for example, either feed it into a topology optimization algorithm, or provide precise quantitative criteria for CAE-supported manual design. This paper presents a survey of three industry use cases and identifies three types of requirements: the first can be directly cast into parts of an optimization problem statement (∼ 40%), the second is considered indirectly by adapting the optimization problem without explicit reference to the requirement (∼ 20%), and the third is only assessed after the design is finalized (∼ 40%). For categories 2 and 3 we propose directions of improvement to support formulating complex design tasks as unambiguous design problems.
A METHOD TO SUPPORT THE IMPROVEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERS IN PRODUCT AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Authors: Albers Albert , Klippert Monika , von Klitzing Moritz , Rapp Simon
Published: June 2023

The product engineering process as part of the product life cycle includes product and production system development as well as production. In integrated product and production engineering (PPE), knowledge transfer is an important success factor. Optimizing the efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge transfers can, for example, support the avoidance of costly, production-related changes to the product design. The current state of research describes different models of knowledge transfer as well as factors that influence it. Some results show how the speed and quality of knowledge transfer can be improved by implementing so-called interventions. However, those models either represent abstract contexts of knowledge transfer or focus only on product engineering. Therefore, a literature analysis is conducted to identify the system of objectives for a method, that supports the improvement of knowledge transfer in PPE. Subsequently, the system of objectives is operationalized to provide the basis for the InKTI – Interdepartmental Knowledge Transfer Improvement Method, which is applicable, supports the user in improving knowledge transfers in PPE, and aims to increase the quality and speed of knowledge transfers.
PLATFORM APPROACH FOR MODULARISING BATTERY ELECTRIC FAST FERRIES
Authors: Seidenberg Tobias , Disselkamp Jan-Philipp , Jürgenhake Christoph , Anacker Harald , Dumitrescu Roman , Papanikolaou Apostolos
Published: June 2023

The transportation sector is responsible for a relevant share of the total emissions and offers great potentials. It is necessary to implement as many zero-emission mobility systems as possible in the shortest time. For fast ferries, which are a relevant transport manner for a large share of the global population, technical issues could be solved and the successful operation was demonstrated. Up to today high-speed ships have been fully individually designed because physical effects demand for an individual optimisation for each use-case. Specifically for battery electric ships the overall efficiency is crucial to ensure not only an ecological but also economical operation.

With today's methods the design and production of such an individual designed ferry does take too long. To cover the rising demand, new approaches for mass production need to be established.

In this paper we describe a method for designing a platform for ships with the example of a battery electric fast ferry. The focus is on the actual modularisation, as other aspects like requirements or results of our example case are published elsewhere and are therefore just included briefly.

The method is validated on the world's first battery powered high-speed ferry.
PREVENTING THE OVERCONSUMPTION AND DISPOSAL OF REFILL AT HOME FAST-MOVING CONSUMER GOODS – INTERVENTIONS THAT SUPPORT CIRCULAR CONSUMER JOURNEYS
Authors: Tassell Catriona , Aurisicchio Marco
Published: June 2023

Context and problem: Reuse is positioned as a strategy capable of countering single-use overconsumption and disposal. For refill at home FMCGs, consumers are responsible for carrying out behaviours that enable this, such as keeping and using products for a prolonged period. However, it is not known if consumers actually fulfil these responsibilities. Aim: This research aims to understand the extent to which consumer reuse behaviours supports the intended reduction in impact and, if not, consider how best to improve it. Method: In-depth interviews with 15 consumers were conducted where the behaviour chain method was used to map resource journeys for 31 refill at home offerings. Results: Five models of consumer behaviour increased the impact of reuse. The critical moments which led consumers to carry out these behaviours were identified, uncovering intervention areas. Conclusions: The behaviour models and critical moments offer a first attempt to systematically analyse how and where actual consumer behaviour can increase the impact of refill at home FMCGs. The results call for focussed interventions across the consumer journey that support reuse components as part of a system.
PROMOTING SUPPLY CHAIN SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING ECO-DESIGNING
Authors: Bouhlel Houssem Abdallah , Gaha Raoudha , Daaboul Joanna , Chaker Abdelbadia
Published: June 2023

The climate change and the new regulations imposed to slow down this process have pushed major actors around the world to apply sustainable measures in order to meet governmental obligations. The packaging industry has a major role in fighting climate change and the environmental social and financial disasters. In fact, packaging requires substantial number of natural resources and is often disposed of in ways that harm the environment. Supply chain managers realized that packaging design is the root to solve all the problems packages create throughout their entire life cycle. Therefore, a thorough study about influencing the design process should be prioritized. This paper provides a systematic review of industrial packaging eco-design applied to the supply chain. It aims to conceptualize the definition of industrial packaging eco-design and supply chain sustainability to categorize main parameters to its implementation and to identify the limitations of current research and its prospects.
REDUCING PROTOTYPE FABRICATION TIME THROUGH ENHANCED MATERIAL EXTRUSION PROCESS CAPABILITY
Authors: Parry Georgia Rose , Felton Harry James , Ballantyne Robert , Su Shuo , Hicks Ben
Published: June 2023

3D printing is a widely used technology for automating the fabrication of prototypes. The benefits are wide reaching, and include low required expertise, accurate geometric form and the processibility of many materials. However, production of certain forms – especially large forms – can be slow. From review of the sub-systems, the hotend is commonly found to be the limiting factor. To improve this, a modified nozzle design is considered that incorporates a flat copper plate within the flow stream. Analytical simulation was used to guide this design before experimental methods validated the modifications. The maximum volumetric rate for the standard hotend nozzle is 14 mm3/s. The best performing modified nozzle increased the maximum volumetric flow rate to 26 mm3/s – an 86% increase. A series of popular parts were further considered, demonstrating a maximum ∼48% fabrication time reduction, and a mean of ∼23%. This enables 3D printed prototypes to be made more efficiently – both with regards to the design cycle and energy use – and allows designers to use the technology more rapidly than previously possible. By extension, this improves the efficiency of the design process.
STUDYING THE DESIGN PROCESS IN CONSTRAINED ENVIRONMENT: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO ANALYZING INFORMAL METAL WORKING ENTERPRISES IN TANZANIA
Authors: Keshwani Sonal , Jagtap Santosh , Opiyo Eliab Z.
Published: June 2023

Product design is one of the key features of intellectual and creative abilities of humans. Activities of product design have attracted not only experts, but also those without any design training. Many people - working in metalworking microenterprises in the informal sector of developing countries - engage in the activities of designing and manufacturing products. However, since extant design research is mainly undertaken in developed countries, there is scarce knowledge about design activities in informal metalworking microenterprises in developing countries. This paper aims to address this issue by uncovering some aspects of design processes in such microenterprises. In particular, we explored: various product attributes that these microenterprises consider in designing products, the process steps they follow in requirements identification and solution generation, and resources (e.g., design methods, training, etc.) available to them. To explore these aspects, we conducted semi-structured interviews in 24 informal metalworking microenterprises in Tanzania. The findings have important implications for supporting their design activities.
SUPPORTING CHANGEABILITY QUANTIFICATION IN PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS VIA CLUSTERING ALGORITHM
Authors: Machchhar Raj Jiten , Aeddula Omsri Kumar , Bertoni Alessandro , Wall Johan , Larsson Tobias
Published: June 2023

The design of Product-Service Systems (PSS) is challenging due to the inherent complexities and the associated uncertainties. This challenge aggravates when the PSS being considered has a longer lifespan, is expected to encounter a dynamic context, and integrates many novel technologies. From systems engineering literature, one of the measures for mitigating the risks associated with the uncertainties is incorporating means in the system to change internally as a response to change externally. Such systems are referred to as value-robust systems, and their development largely relies on Tradespace exploration and synthesis. Tradespace exploration and synthesis can be challenging and a time-consuming task due to dimensionality. In this light, this paper aims to present an approach that enables the population of the Tradespace and then, supports the synthesis of such a Tradespace using a clustering algorithm for support changeability quantification in PSS. The proposed method is also implemented on a demonstrative case from the construction machinery industry.
SUPPORTING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES BY ARTIFACT-ORIENTED DESCRIPTION AND SELECTION OF METHODS
Authors: Ammersdörfer Theresa , Inkermann David , Müller Johannes , Mandel Constantin , Albers Albert , Tekaat Julian , Schierbaum Anja , Anacker Harald , Bitzer Michael , Kleiner Sven , Herrmann Jan-Phillip , Krause Patrik
Published: June 2023

Systems Engineering (SE) is becoming increasingly relevant in industrial application since more stakeholders are involved in engineering activities. To implement SE, companies have to adapt existing engineering processes and methods. This adaption requires knowledge about new methods as well as their integration into the engineering activities. In order to ensure goal-oriented identification of methods for different SE activities in this contribution an action field profile and the Systems Engineering Method Matrix are proposed. The development of both tools is driven by the assumption that most SE activities and methods can be described based on the artefacts the deliver. In order to get feedback about the proposed tools, semi-structured interviews with two industry partners were conducted, focussing on the tool's usability. These interviews underline the basic usability of the tools and their support to identify SE activities to be supported by (new) methods. Moreover, requirements for further development and adaption are derived from the interviews.
SYSTEM VALUE ANALYSIS: MODEL AND EXAMPLE
Authors: Lavi Emilia , Reich Yoram
Published: June 2023

Systems design, being a socio-technical discipline, is highly affected by available technologies, the global economy, the state of the environment, and social issues. Hence, in recent years, the ultimate objective of design started to shift from best-performance systems to ones providing value to customers, enterprises, and society. This paper presents a holistic concept of system value, equipping the stakeholders participating in the design process with a broad view of this measure. The contribution of this paper includes a proposal for general system value taxonomy, which can be used as a foundation for a comprehensive, case-specific, system value model (SVM). As an all-round perspective of value is possible only when all stakeholders are represented, we suggest deploying the PSI framework for mapping the relevant stakeholders. The system value analysis of Tesla's Model Y electrical vehicle is demonstrated, as a test case for SVM application. We conclude that a detailed analysis of SVM, performed by a carefully chosen group of diverse stakeholders, highlights less conventionally discussed aspects of the system during design decision processes, hence is expected to improve the system's overall value.
THE SITUATEDNESS OF DESIGN CONCEPTS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM DESIGN TEAMS IN ENGINEERING
Authors: Gero John , Milovanovic Julie
Published: June 2023

Situatedness in design suggest that designing is situated within the design process or the cognitive actions taken by the designer, the designer's expertise and know-how, the designer's experience generally and the interactions in the specific design task being undertaken as well as the interactions with the design artefact generated. In this paper, we analyzed the situatedness of design concepts generated by teams of professional engineers during a design task. The method combines protocol analysis, Natural Language Processing and network theory to provide a representation and a measurement of design situatedness overtime. Providing empirical evidence of the situatedness of concepts has been overlooked in design research. The method and results presented in this paper outlines the foundation to empirically explore design situatedness.
THE SYSTEMATIC FEEDBACK METHOD FOR IDEATION MODE IN WORKSHOPS
Authors: Akaki Mayu , Maeno Takashi
Published: June 2023

To encourage creativity through ideation mode in design thinking, we conducted three workshops dealing with regional challenges with 44 participants. The systematic feedback method applied to the workshops supports the multi-disciplinary participants to feedback during the ideation mode to diverge ideas from diverse perspectives. The method is composed of feedback cards and the process of using them. Two kinds of cards encourage communication within the team. The next three cards aim to diverge the viewpoints of the feedback systematically to support the team to imagine the possibility of the idea evolving from a bird's eye view.

Through quantitative analysis of the survey, we identified the significant and positive correlations between acceptance of the team's idea and team creativity, the effectiveness of the method on team creativity, and the team's characteristics that firmly realized the effect of the method. By categorizing the free comments, we indicated the valid functions and improvements that need further research in the future. Identified valid functions were not only diverging minds and perspectives but encouraging communication and understanding of the team members leading to acceptance and creativity.
TYPES OF PARTLY CONFIGURABLE PRODUCTS IN HIGH-VARIETY, LOW-VOLUME CONTEXT
Authors: Heikkinen Teuvo , Juuti Tero
Published: June 2023

Research on partly configurable products is emerging. Key concepts of these types of products have been scarcely synthetized, as definitions of partly configurable products in high-variety, low-volume industrial context are limited. These products incorporate modular and integral designs, which calls for an overview on the relations of key concepts defining them. The problem is approached through an exploratory literature review, which allowed an overview of the key concepts over product modularity and partly configurable products. Those were synthetized further define partly configurable products. As a result, four types of partly configurable products are given. This review supports vantage over the key concepts and their relations for reuse with partly configurable products in academia. For practitioners the presented attributes and given examples support in understanding of concepts and their relations with partly configurable products.
UNDERSTANDING RESILIENCE OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Boahen Samuel , Oviroh Peter Ozaveshe , Austin-Breneman Jesse , Miyingo Emmanuel W. , Papalambros Panos Y.
Published: June 2023

Resilience is a widely studied concept that is a key objective in the design and development of sustainable systems. This is especially true for the agricultural systems critical to food production, economic viability, and sustainability of our communities, as farmers seek to meet increasing demand in the face of shocks such as climate change and natural disasters. Although there is a rich body of work examining resilience, there is limited understanding of how the concept of resilience should be tailored for agricultural systems. This study seeks to address this gap by performing a systematic literature review of 50 papers selected from SCOPUS using the PRISMA protocol. A summary of research topics and characteristics by geographical region is presented. The paper also categorizes the types of shocks studied and the corresponding response methods. Results suggest that the focus of resilience research changes by region, which may indicate that design strategies and objectives should also differ by region. Furthermore, the work identifies a need for more simulation-based quantitative research into the impact of resilience.
UTILIZING THE EMBODIMENT FUNCTION RELATION AND TOLERANCE MODEL FOR ROBUST CONCEPT DESIGN
Authors: Li Jiahang , Horber Dennis , Keller Christoph , Grauberger Patric , Goetz Stefan , Wartzack Sandro , Matthiesen Sven
Published: June 2023

The early use of Robust Design (RD) supports the development of product concepts with low sensitivity to variation, which offers advantages for reducing the risk of costly iterations. Due to the lack of approaches for early evaluation of product robustness, the embodiment-function-relation and tolerance (EFRT-) model was developed, which combines the contact and channel approach and tolerance graphs. The information exchange of both approaches offers a high potential for reliable robustness evaluation results. However, that potential currently relies unused, since the link between applicable robustness criteria and the extended information is missing. To solve this problem, four research steps were determined: (1) understanding of robustness, (2) collection of RD principles, (3) identification of EFRT-model information and (4) mapping of RD principles and information. The results show nine adapted RD principles, the identified model information for the robustness evaluation, the evaluation criteria as well as their mapping. Utilizing the mapping and the proposed criteria in this contribution, a more comprehensive robustness evaluation in early stages is enabled.
A SPECTRUM OF STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE TAKING IN EARLY-STAGE DESIGN
Authors: Rieken Elizabeth , Bond Kathleen , Best Rachel Moore , Burleson Grace , Brubaker Eric Reynolds
Published: June 2023

Stakeholder perspective taking is a critical skill in early-stage problem exploration and framing. We examined stakeholder perspective taking within an early-stage design team of engineers at NASA to begin to understand in what ways and under what conditions designers adopt stakeholder perspectives in the context of professional engineering organizations. Our findings identify a spectrum of perspective taking during problem framing deliberations that ranges from (1) fully taking the stakeholder's point of view (POV), (2) interpreting the stakeholder's POV using the designer's POV, (3) implanting the stakeholder's POV into the designer's POV, to (4) fully taking the designer's own POV. We also identify and describe conditions that appeared to encourage or hinder perspective taking in this setting. These findings are significant because they suggest ways to gauge and encourage the skill of stakeholder perspective taking among professional engineers working on real-world design challenges with societal implications.
ALIGNING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS PROCESSES WITH DESIGNERS' NATURAL COGNITIVE FLOW
Authors: Reeling Hunter Scott , She Jinjuan
Published: June 2023

Engineering design in new product development is a constant battle between creativity and strict structure. As researchers look to optimize the process, each stage is placed under a microscope to put designers in the best position to develop better products for companies in a cost effective manner. One idea in improving product development is the concept of incorporating the Human-centered Design into functional analysis. However, critiques of these functional analysis methods cite an unnecessary amount of resources needed to invest in these steps, a restriction in creativity, and a high necessary level of effort from the design teams. The goal of this research will be to address these critiques by incorporating theories from cognitive research and Human-centered Design into the functional analysis process. This work will propose a new method aimed to improve the quality of the function model of the design space, increase the creativity freedom of the designers, and be accessible to engineering students and industry engineers alike.
ASSESSING EYE GAZE PATTERNS BETWEEN INTERMEDIATE AND ADVANCED DESIGN SKETCHERS
Authors: Howell Bryan , Jackson Asa River , Edwards Alexandra M. , Kilbourn-Barber Katherine , Bliss Kaylee , Morgan Addie Payne
Published: June 2023

One difficulty with sketching pedagogy is the tendency to assess growth according to outcomes, as opposed to processes. We assessed eye gaze patterns between advanced and intermediate design sketchers and anticipated correlations between eye-gaze practices and sketching proficiency. Participants sketched two different objects using analogue materials, a potted plant from memory, and a MacBook from observation.

The study utilised Tobii 3 adjustable eye-tracking glasses and Tobii Pro data processing software. Twenty-five design sketching students and six design sketching instructors participated in the study.

Metrics measured include the quantity of reference line gazes, eye movement during line creation (targeting vs tracking), eye fixation duration, work checks per minute and subject gazes per minute.

The results show a difference in gaze patterns between intermediate and advanced sketchers, both in terms of practice and consistency. Eye-tracking sketching behaviours has revealed a new understanding of how teaching gaze habits could lead to improved methods of design sketching instruction.
ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCT DESIGN AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS ESSENTIAL SKILLS' FOR TOMORROW
Authors: Gallindo Viviane , Lim Melissa , Boora Aasish , Castro Gabriela , Das Monikuntala , Silva Arlindo
Published: June 2023

This paper explores the assessment of Critical and Creative Thinking skills among Product Design and Engineering (PDE) students, whose profession holds significant potential for addressing the complex challenges facing global societies. In today's globalized world, higher education institutions must equip students to solve both local and global problems. The lack of emphasis on assessing critical problem-solving skills has led to growing concerns among employers and organizations that graduates may not be adequately prepared to meet the demands of the 21st-century workplace, including PDE.

This paper uses a case study approach to evaluate the performance of final-year PDE students, specifically their Critical and Creative Thinking abilities. The study assesses two groups, Group A and Group B, which produce solutions focused on the marketplace and design sustainable solutions, respectively. The study concludes that solving wicked problems that require sustainable solutions demands a higher level of these skills. The study's findings are consistent with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's 2022 report, which also highlighted low levels of CriT and CreT in students at the same level studied for this paper.
AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATION FOR PULMONARY AUSCULTATION LEARNING AID
Authors: Hireche Lyna , Medina-Galvis Sergio-Camilo , Rusca Roger , Pinsault Nicolas , Thomann Guillaume
Published: June 2023

During some applied anatomy lessons, physiotherapist students must develop a skill of locating and recognizing underlying anatomical elements, from surface palpations, or through clinical tools on their classmates. For this, precise procedures exist and students have to mobilize knowledge acquired from different types of resources: support documents from the teacher, anatomical charts (books, drawings, diagrams), dissection videos or even internet resources. They also need more practical time and exercises. The issues facing students relate to the availability of these resources during the procedure, their relevance, the mobilisation of resources to practice and the applicability in a real situation.

This project stems from a desire to make Augmented Reality technology available to students, to help in learning precise clinical procedure, in our case the location of the auscultation points using a stethoscope. The aim would be to supplement the real environment of the student during his learning on a person, by the possibilities of having additional resources according to its needs (auscultation points superimposed on a 3D representation of the lungs).
BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO REPAIR IN REPAIR CAFES
Authors: Masclet Cédric , Mazudie Jasmine Laura , Boujut Jean-François
Published: June 2023

For some years now, a part of the population in Europe has been willing to moderate its consumption and to enter into a sustainable waste reduction perspective. Repair is an important lever in the sustainability of products. It requires appropriate approaches depending on the actors involved, whether they are public, private or at the consumer level. Repair cafés are thus born of local citizen initiatives to act on the life cycle of everyday consumer products. We conducted a qualitative study based on a series of semi-structured interviews with the actors of repair cafés in the Grenoble area (France) and carried out an analysis of qualitative data. This analysis, according to three pre-defined fields, technology-competencies-motivations, reveals the perception of the actors on the current obstacles and opportunities for the development of the amateur repair practice. The results obtained support studies already carried out on the subject and show that design is still failing to match amateur reparation requirements. Besides, the social role of these third places takes precedence over the ecological and economic dimension of repair.
BARRIERS FROM A SOCIO-TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE TO IMPLEMENT DIGITALISATION IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES – A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Hane Hagström Malin , Bergsjö Dag , Wahrén Henrik
Published: June 2023

With the paradigm shift towards Industry 4.0 and digitalisation, manufacturing engineers face several unexplored challenges; in the products for which they are designing production, in the equipment they are designing to realise production systems and in the digitalisation impact on engineering processes. Today's manufacturing system design processes are still based on traditional engineering methods and have difficulties to cope with increased complexity. The aim of this systematic literature review is to explore drivers and barriers to implement digitalisation in engineering processes from a socio-technical perspective. The identified general barriers were cyber security, lack of competence, lack of standards, large investments and resistance to change. For the engineering processes the main drivers were increased product complexity, servitisation, data driven design and engineering productivity, with the main barriers culture, excess amount of data, integration of tools. cyber security and data quality. The study shows the complexity of the challenge, and that it is not only the technology that is the top barrier. Further research is recommended to develop approaches of successful engineering digitalisation implementations.
CHALLENGES OF PRODUCT MODULARIZATION METHODS IN SMES: LESSONS LEARNED FROM A MANUFACTURER OF RIGID INFLATABLE BOATS
Authors: Silva Tiago , Santos Cláudio
Published: June 2023

Nowadays, Western rigid inflatable boat (RIB) manufacturers are facing increased competition from Asian and Middle East producers and the need to push the modularization of their product architecture. Many modularization techniques have been developed to support this effort, being the Modular Function Deployment a well-established multi-stage modularization technique with applications in several industries. Despite the reported literature, the challenges and learnings from the application of modularization techniques have focused on large organizations and complex product systems. In this paper, a case study is presented with the objective of analysing the MFD process implementation in the context of an SME manufacturer of RIB. A learning framework focused on the project and process perspectives is used to facilitate the systematic extraction of lessons from the experience of the MFD implementation. This paper contributes to the modularization techniques literature by observing a modularization method as a learning process and makes it evident the call for more investigation on the implementation process of modularization methods.