bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIV-25 Investigating the Use of Cover Crop Inclusion and Preservation in Silages with Addition of Molasses, Homofermentative and Heterofermentative Bacterial Mixes
Authors: Brody Tio , Silva Aghata , Franco Arturo Macias , Holton Graham , Mazza Pedro , Field Alexa N , Fonseca Mozart A
Published: November 2023

The use of cover crops in agriculture has had positive effects on soil health and sustainability. In the western US, utilizing cover crops for silage production provides many of the same soil health benefits while providing forage for ruminants, serving multiple sectors with the same water costs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of mixed grass and legume silage combined with different inoculants on silage quality and in vitro rumen fermentation. Four silage mixes (100% sorghum [0SB], 67% sorghum + 33% soybean [33SB], 33% sorghum + 67% soybean [67SB], and 100% soybean [100SB]) were prepared and 6 treatments were applied to each mix 1) homofermentative lactic acid producing bacteria (LB), 2) heterofermentative lactic and acetic acid producing bacteria (LB+), 3) molasses, 4) molasses and LB (MLB), 5) molasses and LB+ (MLB+), and 6) no inoculant (control). Silage mixes plus inoculants were made in triplicate, vacuum sealed in plastic bags, and ensiled for 60 days at 25°C. Once bags were opened, 200 mg air-dried of each silage treatment were incubated in 14 mL of buffering media and 4 mL of rumen inoculum. Each incubation spanned for 48 h with gas production measured at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48-h post-incubation. Total gas production (TGP), pH, ammonia and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Ammonia concentrations were greater when samples were inoculated with LB, and the least for MLB+ (P < 0.05); however, no differences were observed between silage mixes (P > 0.05). Total VFA concentrations were similar across treatments (P > 0.05). However, butyrate was greater for 33SB silages mixes inoculated with MLB (P > 0.05). Valerate concentration was greater for all treatments inoculated with molasses (P < 0.001). Isobutyrate and Isovalerate concentrations were only different when comparing between silage concentrations, where 0SB silages had the greatest concentration (P < 0.05). Although no differences were observed on TGP (P > 0.05), pH of samples incubated with no inoculant, LB, and LB+ were higher than all samples inoculated with molasses (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the use of mixed grass and legume silages with up to 33% soybean inclusion appears to be beneficial to ruminal fermentation. However, variable results might be produced depending on the inoculant used. The incorporation of these cover crop varietals and their subsequent inclusion in silos for livestock feed represents a viable and effective application for producers currently utilizing cover crops in their operations.
PSX-19 Does Housing Pigs with Access to a Ramp Alter Pig Behavior During the Nursery period?
Authors: Kasakamu Mary L , Young Jennifer M , Samuel Ryan S , Wagner Sarah A , Byrd Christopher J
Published: November 2023

Previous work by our group has found that housing pigs with a ramp in the pen during only the nursery period increased the speed of trailer ramp loading at marketing. However, the presence of the ramp may also alter pig behavior during the nursery period. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether ramp exposure affects pig behavior during the nursery period. We predicted that pigs exposed to a ramp would exhibit reduced aggressive behaviors, but similar eating, drinking, and postural behaviors during the nursery period compared with pigs not given access to a ramp. Two hundred four pigs (17 to 21 d of age) were placed in 8 pens (n = 24 to 27 pigs per pen) that were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) RAMP (n = 4 pens; standard commercial pen equipped with a ramp), or 2) CONTROL (n = 4 pens; standard commercial pen without a ramp). One day after placement (D1) and again 18 days later (D2), incidences of eating, drinking, aggressive, and postural (standing, lying) behaviors within each pen were collected for a period of 60 min at 0800, 1200, and 1600 h using a 5-min instantaneous scan sampling strategy. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS with treatment, experimental day (D1, D2), hour (0800, 1200, 1600 h), and all 2-way interactions as fixed effects. Pen was included as a random effect. No treatment differences (P > 0.55) were detected for the evaluated behaviors. Greater incidences of eating were observed on D2 than on D1 (P < 0.0001). There were fewer pigs drinking at 1600 h on D1 than all other time points (P < 0.04) except for 1200 h on D1 (P = 0.64). There were also fewer pigs drinking at 1200 h on D1 than at 1600 h on D2 (P = 0.047). A greater incidence of aggressive behavior was observed at 0800 h on D1 compared with all other time points (P < 0.01), with no other differences observed (P > 0.40). Standing behavior was greater at 0800 h on D1 compared with all other time points (P < 0.02) except for 1600 h on D2 (P = 0.42). There were also fewer incidences of standing at 1600 h on D1 than 0800 or 1200 h on D2 (P = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Finally, there were more lying incidences at 1600 h on D1 than all other time points (P < 0.02) except for 1200 h on D1 (P = 0.81). Taken together, eating, drinking, aggressive, and postural behaviors changed by experimental day and hour after weaning. However, pig behavior was not altered due to ramp exposure.
PSX-26 A Comparison of Buffer Type and Methodology in Determination of in Vitro Digestibility of Four Bermudagrass Cultivars
Authors: Boggier Abigail E , Hines Abbigail R , da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , Smith Brandon B
Published: November 2023

Buffers are an essential component in various biochemical and biophysical assays, enabling the control of pH shifts in the environment. The Tilley and Terry (1963) and Goering Van Soest (1970) methods dominate in vitro forage digestibility research with equally viable results. However, the methods utilize distinct buffer solutions to control the in vitro environment. Given this divergence, it is of interest whether differences in estimates are a factor of the methodology, or the buffer solutions employed in the method. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) methodology and buffer solution on digestibility estimates of four bermudagrass cultivars. We conducted our experiment as a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure. Approximately 1,000 mL of rumen content (solid and liquid fractions) were collected from two ruminally fistulated heifers in each of two periods (blocks). The samples were separated into two 500-mL aliquots; the first aliquot was subjected to the procedures of Tilley and Terry (1963), and the second aliquot was subjected to the Goering and Van Soest (1970) procedure. Duplicate samples of four bermudagrass cultivars (Coastal, Russell, Tifton 44, Tifton 85) were placed in 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks and incubated according to the assigned in vitro method. One-half of the samples in each method received the methodologically prescribed buffer solution, and the other one-half in each method received the opposite buffer. There was no effect of in vitro method (P = 0.78), buffer solution (P = 0.53), or bermudagrass cultivar (P = 0.46), or their interactions (P ≥ 0.23) on IVDMD estimates in this experiment. Results are interpreted to mean that buffer type is not pivotal to methodological success, and both methods will yield similar estimates of digestibility.
PSXIII-25 The Effect of Adding Rumalato on Enteric Methane Production in Goats
Authors: Romero-Huelva Manuel , Romero Pedro , Martinez Laura , Mallo Juan Jose , Puyalto Monica , Yañez David
Published: November 2023

Livestock production significantly contributes to anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, one of the main sources being enteric methane (CH4) produced during rumen fermentation. Recent metanalysis have shown that the use of specific CH4 inhibitors represents the nutritional strategy with most potential. However, despite the extensive research conducted in the last years, the number of products available for the livestock sector is still very limited. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of using a rumen modulator additive (Rumalato) on enteric CH4 emissions. Twelve adult non-pregnant goats (45.2 kg BW) were allocated to either control (CTL) or Rumalato (RUMA) included at 12 g/d in a completely randomized design. Both groups were fed a diet consisting of 60 % concentrate and 40 % alfalfa hay. Goats were adapted to the treatments for two weeks before going into respirometry chambers for 3 consecutive days to measure CH4. The three days of measurement per animal were averaged. Data were statistically analyzed by variance analysis with Proc GLM procedure of SAS studio (methane emission = block + treatment + average + error). The average daily dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ between CTL and RUMA treatments. The CH4 yield, CH4 emission per kg of DMI was 15% less in the case of RUMA (22.2 vs 26.1 L/kg DMI, for RUMA and CTL respectively, P = 0.044). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with Rumalato showed potential to reduce enteric CH4 production without compromising feed intake.
PSXIV-4 Body Condition and Production Status Impacts on Estrus Indicators in Beef Cattle on a Producer Farm
Authors: Arowolo Jeremiah , Kolikapongu Ramya Sri , Namani Sharath Chandra , Brown Jalani , Holmes Bryanna , Whitley Niki C , Moawad Adel R R
Published: November 2023

The use of artificial insemination (AI) in cattle can increase farm profitability by increasing the genetic merit of offspring, but animal body condition (fatness) and stage of production can influence breeding efficacy. Therefore, during an on-farm AI session, the effect of body condition score and production status (nursing offspring or not) on indicators of estrus (readiness for breeding) was examined. Thirty-six cows 3 to 12 years of age and having previously had at least one calf were used. Cows were estrus synchronized by the owners using the Co-Synch with CIDR fixed time AI protocol (GnRH and CIDR on day 0 followed by CIDR removal and prostaglandin on day 7 with AI and GnRH on day 10). At AI using cryopreserved semen from a commercial source (Premier Select Sires), body condition score was assessed (1-9; 1 = emaciated, 9 = obese), and indicators of estrus (presence of mucous, pink color of vulva, turgid and open cervix and easy insemination) were noted. On this farm, body condition scores for the animals the producer chose to estrus synchronize ranged from 3 to 5. Animals were nursing calves 3 to 5 months of age (n = 15) or were not nursing calves (n = 21). Statistical analysis (with SAS) indicated that nursing negatively impacted body condition as well as number of estrus indicators noted at AI and that body condition tended to be positively related to the number of estrus indicators noted.
PSXIV-19 Gas Flux By Calves from Dams Identified as Either High Or Low Methane Emitters
Authors: Friend Emalee J , Gunter Stacey A , Moffet Corey A
Published: November 2023

Eight (BW = 398 ± 8 kg) Red Angus heifers were used to examine the similarity between respiration gas parameters of dams and their offspring. The CH4, CO2 emissions, and O2 consumption of heifers were measured over a 70-day period using an automated head-chamber system that measured CO2, CH4, and O2 fluxes. Heifers grazed native mixed-grass prairie and were given a daily supplement of 1.025 kg of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets via the automated head-chamber system. Heifers were then artificially inseminated using sexed semen from a single Black Angus sire. The emissions of the offspring (BW = 284 ± 7 kg; 7 heifers, 1 steer) were measured at 11 months of age over a 70-day period. Like the dams, during their measurement period, the offspring grazed native mixed-grass prairie and were given a daily supplement of 1.025 kg of alfalfa pellets via the automated head-chamber system. Means for CH4, CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, CH4:CO2 ratio, respiratory quotient, and heat production were compared between dams and their calf by regressing maternal parameters on the parameters of the calves and using beginning dam and offspring BW as covariates. Methane emissions of the dams and their offspring had an excellent Pearson’s correlation (ρ = 0.79). Carbon dioxide emissions and O2 consumption had an excellent Pearson’s correlation among dams and their offspring (ρ = 0.88 and 0.91, respectively). Heat production as well as the CH4:CO2 ratio also had an excellent and good Pearson’s correlation (ρ = 0.91 and 0.67, respectively). The respiratory quotient correlation was good (ρ = 0.60). These results indicated that CH4 and CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, the CH4:CO2 ratio and HP production from offspring have a good Pearson’s correlation with the dam’s emissions. Hence, even with this small dataset, there is evidence that beef cattle can be selected for lower greenhouse gas emissions.
PSXIV-3 3-Nitrooxypropanol Dosages to Reduce Methane Emission By Feedlot Beef Cattle
Authors: Pedrini Cibeli A , Machado Fábio S , Niehues Maria B , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Kindermann Maik , Tamassia Luis , Walker Nicola , Gandra Jefferson
Published: November 2023

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP, Bovaer, DSM Nutritional Products) at different levels in feedlot beef cattle diets on productive performance, biological efficiency, and methane (CH4) emissions. Thirty Nellore bulls (iBW, 407 ± 6 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatments with ten replicates (animal) per treatment. The animals were fed a high-concentrate feedlot diet for 87 days, according to the three treatments: 1) 0, Control (no addition of 3-NOP); 2) Bovaer75 (75 mg/kg DM of 3-NOP), 3) Bovaer100 (100 mg/kg DM of 3-NOP,). Gas emissions (CH4 and H2) were evaluated individually using the GreenFeed unit (C-Lock, USA), while the variables of dry matter intake (DMI) were evaluated using digital feeders (Intergado System, Brazil). Body weights of yearling bulls were recorded after 16-h fasting at the beginning and end of the experiment. Data were submitted to be analyzed using PROC MIXED from SAS 9.4, evaluated by orthogonal contrasts, with a significance level of 5%. Initial BW was used as a covariate when significant to adjust the statistic model. No differences on DMI (kg/d and %BW, P = 0.323) were observed between control animals and those fed with Bovaer. Animals fed with Bovaer75 had greater ADG than control and Bovaer100, (1.73 vs. 1.63 and 1.60 kg/d; P = 0.038 and P = 0.025, respectively) and better biological efficiency than control (⁓127.0 vs 135.3 kg DMI/15 kg carcass produced, P < 0.023). A similar result was observed for carcass gain, in which animals supplemented with Bovaer 75 had greater gains than the control. Animals fed 75 and 100 mg/kg DM of Bovaer emitted respectively 33.7% and 42.7% less methane per se (g/d, P < 0.01) compared with control, and additionally produced more hydrogen (P < 0.01) vs control. There were significant reductions in the measured methane yield in relation to DMI (CH4: DMI, P < 0.01) and methane intensity (CH4/ADG, P < 0.01) for animals fed the two levels of Bovaer, in comparison with the control, as well as a significant difference in the reduction of CH4 in relation to the biological efficiency for the animals fed with Bovaer (P < 0.01). We conclude that feeding Bovaer consistently reduces methane emission from feedlot cattle, in which the reduction intensity increased over the dosages evaluated in the current study.
PSVII-17 Differential Freeze/Thaw Rates Affect Water-Holding Capacity and Lipid Oxidation in Beef Rib Primal Cuts
Authors: Stafford Chandler , Taylor Mackenzie , Bird Troy , Matarneh Sulaiman
Published: November 2023

Fresh meat is vulnerable to microbial contamination and loss of quality. Hence, freezing is used to mitigate these issues during transport and storage. However, freezing may negatively impact the same quality characteristics it was meant to preserve, resulting in products that are dissatisfying to the consumer. During the freezing process of meat, water forms ice crystals of various shapes and sizes. The degree of ice crystal growth, mainly due to the freezing rate, has been shown to affect several meat quality characteristics, including tenderness, juiciness, and color. Previous research has primarily evaluated the effect of freezing/thawing on the quality of beef retail cuts. To the best of our knowledge, however, minimal research has been devoted to examining the impact of freezing/thawing on the quality of beef primal and sub-primal cuts. Therefore, this study aimed to gain deeper insight into the histological, ultrastructural, and physiochemical changes occurring in whole beef ribs in response to different freezing/thawing treatments. To achieve our objective, we purchased 32 choice beef rib primals from a local harvest facility 24 h postmortem. Ribs were vacuum packaged and randomly divided into four groups (8 ribs/group). The first group was frozen in a −20 °C freezer (slow freezing), stored in the same freezer for 12 weeks, and thawed at 4 °C for 24 h (slow thawing). The second group was frozen in an ultralow temperature freezer (−80 °C; fast freezing), stored in the same freezer for 12 weeks, and thawed at 4 °C for 48 h. The third and fourth groups were frozen and stored in the same manner as groups one and two, respectively, but were thawed in a water bath (10 °C) for 8 h (fast thawing). Two 2.5-cm-steaks from the middle and each end were collected to represent the entire rib. One steak from each of the three areas was used for color, cook loss, and tenderness evaluation, while the other three supplied tissue for drip loss and lipid oxidation analysis. Data were analyzed using the mixed model of SAS with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. No differences were observed in color or tenderness between the treatments (P > 0.05). However, slow thawing increased drip loss, regardless of the freezing rate (P < 0.05). Greater cook loss was observed in the fast frozen-slow thawed samples compared with fast frozen-fast thawed samples (P < 0.05). The slow frozen-fast thawed steaks had greater lipid oxidation than the slow frozen-slow thawed treatment (P < 0.05). In general, our data show that subjecting whole beef rib sections to fast freezing may reduce water loss at the expense of increased lipid oxidation. This demonstrates that additional research is needed to further optimize beef primal cut storage.
PSXI-22 Different Initial Body Weight and Dietary Supplementation of Tryptophan, Threonine, and Methionine on Feeding Behavior Index of Growing Pigs Under a Sanitary Challenge
Authors: da Valini Graziela Alves Cunha , Méthot Steve , Remus Aline , Hauschild Luciano
Published: November 2023

Sanitary challenges (SC) can affect growth and revenue of pig production. The reduction in growth performance result from a decrease in daily feed intake (DFI). Besides, feeding behavior patterns may be also affected for pigs under SC. The extent of this impact might depend on the initial body weight (BW) of pigs. Additionally, supplementing tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine (Met) above NRC requirements may attenuate inflammation and modulates DFI under SC. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate initial BW variation and SC effect on feeding behavior of growing pigs fed supplemented diet with Trp, Thr, and Met at 100 or 120% of NRC recommended levels. Eighty gilts were categorized into two groups according to initial BW; light (23±0.8 kg) and heavy (29±1.0 kg). Both BW groups were group-housed for 14 days trial in a good or poor SC. Pigs within SC poor were orally inoculated with 2×109 CFU of Salmonella typhimurium, and fresh manure from a pig farm was spread on the floor. In contrast, pigs within SC good were not inoculated, nor was manure spread. Two diets (D) were provided within each SC: control (CN) or supplemented (AA+) diet with Trp, Thr, and Met:Lysine at 120% of NRC recommended levels. Pigs were individually fed through automatic feeders. Indexes of irregularity of feed intake (IIFI), meal duration (MD), and total intake (TI) were calculated based on real-time information registered by the feeders. For each pig, a monotonically increasing step function using relative cumulative DFI and relative time (after 14 days) was obtained, and linear regression models were fitted. The areas between the step function and the regression line were summed to obtain the IIFI. The means were compared using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was an interaction for SCxD for TI, MD, and IIFI (P < 0.10, Table 1). Pigs within good SC fed AA+ had lower TI and shorter MD than CN diet (P < 0.05), however, pigs within poor SC fed CN or AA+ diet had no differences in TI and MD. Pigs within good SC fed AA+ had greater IIFI than CN diet, whereas pigs within poor SC fed CN had decreased IIFI than AA+ diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BW influenced TI, and MD, as heavy pigs had a greater TI and MD than the light pigs (P = 0.01), with no changes in IIFI (P > 0.10). Pigs in poor SC had a greater IIFI meaning they had fewer longer meals and greater DFI compared with pigs in good SC. Increasing Trp, Thr, and Met ratio influenced the pigs feeding behavior likely due to changes in TI. Additionally, the IIFI may be a tool to detect on set SC due to salmonella infection.
PSXIII-8 Effects of Dietary Lactobacillus Reuteri on Immune Responses, Blood Profiles, Intestinal Morphology, and Ileal Gene Expression of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Ha Sewon , Kyoung Hyunjin , Park Kyeong Il , Kim Yonghee , Ahn Jinmu , Lee Jae In , Nam Jinwook , Kim Kimoon , Kang Yonggu , Park Youngmin , Shin Ikcheol , Song Minho
Published: November 2023

Weaning period is critical for gut health and immunity of pigs due to negative effect of weaning stress. Probiotics can be a potential alternative to antibiotics. However, there is limited information on potential mechanism of gut health and immunity of dietary Lactobacillus reuteri. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Lactobacillus reuteri on immune responses, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and ileal gene expression of weaned pigs. A total of 48 weaned pigs [average initial body weight (BW) = 6.51 ± 0.87 kg; 21 days old] were allotted to 2 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (block: initial BW and sex). Dietary treatments had 6 replicate pens with 4 pigs per pen and fed for 4 weeks. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal weaner diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.02% Lactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 (LR). The LR was obtained from a commercial company (ILDONG Bioscience Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). Blood samples were collected from randomly selected one pig per pen on day 1, 7, 14, and 28. Serum was obtained from the blood sample to measure immune responses. On the last day of the experiment, the pigs were euthanized to collect small intestinal segments for intestinal morphology. Ileal mucosa were collected from ileal tissue for gene expression analysis. Measurements were serum cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) using ELISA kits, blood profiles using an automated hematology analyzer, intestinal morphology using hematoxylin and eosin method, and ileal gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines using qRT-PCR. Data were analyzed by using PROC GLM of SAS. Experimental unit was a pen. Statistical model for immune responses, blood profiles, and intestinal morphology included dietary treatments as a main effect and initial BW as a covariate. The t-test was used for the comparison of ileal gene expression. Pigs fed LR had drecreased (P < 0.05) serum TNF-α and IL-6 on day 7 and serum TGF-β1 on day 14 than those fed CON. In addition, pigs fed LR had greater (P < 0.05) hemoglobin concentration on day 7 than those fed CON, but had reduced (P < 0.05) hematocrit on day 14. Pigs fed LR had greater (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum than those fed CON. The LR upregulated (P < 0.05) claudin-1 gene compared with CON, but downregulated (P < 0.05) interleukin-8 and TNF-α genes. In conclusion, addition of dietary Lactobacillus reuteri in weaner diets improved intestinal morphology, modulated blood profiles and immune responses, and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines.
PSIII-21 Effects of Supplementing Carinata Meal Compared with Cottonseed Meal on Performance, Intake, and Digestibility in Backgrounding Beef Heifers Consuming a Corn Silage-Based Diet
Authors: Schulmeister Tessa M , Tarnonsky Federico , Podversich Federico , Vargas Juan , Maderal Araceli B , Marenchino Ignacio Fernandez , Cuervo Wilmer , Lopez Camila Gomez , Gonella Angela M , Dubeux Jose C B , DiLorenzo Nicolas
Published: November 2023

The value of carinata, a non-food oilseed crop, has been demonstrated as a high-quality jet fuel alternative and successful cover crop in the southeastern U.S.; however, research is limited regarding carinata as an alternative for commonly used protein sources in livestock. Eighty-four Angus crossbred heifers were used in a generalized randomized block design to evaluate the effects of supplementing carinata meal compared with cottonseed meal on performance, intake, and digestibility in a backgrounding corn silage-based diet. Treatments included: corn silage only (CS), corn silage + Brassica carinata meal (BCM) at 10% (BCM10) or 20 % (BCM20) inclusion, or corn silage + cottonseed meal at 10% inclusion (CSM). Protein sources were mixed with corn silage prior to delivery and provided ad libitum, with individual intake measured using the GrowSafe system. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS. An effect of treatment was observed (P < 0.01) for final body weight (BW), average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio, where CS was least. Dry matter intake (DMI; kg/d) was greatest (P = 0.01) for BCM10 compared with CS, yet BCM20 and CSM did not differ from CS or BCM10. No effect of treatment was observed on DMI as a percentage of BW (P = 0.35) or residual feed intake (P = 0.94). Heifers receiving CSM had the greatest (P < 0.01) intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Intake of crude protein (CP; P < 0.01) was least for CS and greatest for BCM20 and CSM, with BCM10 intermediate. Digestibility of all nutrients was least (P < 0.01) for CS, and greatest (P < 0.01) for BCM20 in CP and NDF, only, where BCM10 and CSM did not differ. Digestibility of DM, OM, and ADF was less (P < 0.01) in BCM10, greater in BCM20, while CSM did not differ between BCM10 and BCM20. Carinata supplemented at 10% diet DM performed similarly to cottonseed meal in backgrounding beef heifers fed a corn silage-based diet, thereby enhancing its value in the southeastern U.S.
PSIII-28 A Novel Direct-Fed Microbial Supports in Vitro Intestinal Integrity Upon Clostridium Perfringens Challenge
Authors: Boll Erik Juncker , Cappellozza Bruno I , Copani Giuseppe
Published: November 2023

Gastrointestinal pathogens cause productive, health, welfare, and financial losses to the beef cattle herd. Among these pathogens, Clostridium perfringens type A is of interest given its prevalence, negative effects on intestinal health, and subsequent losses caused in beef animals. Based on this rationale, we hypothesized that a novel direct-fed microbial (DFM) formulation would support the gut barrier integrity upon a challenge with C. perfringens type A. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate how a novel DFM can support the in vitro integrity of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers exposed to C. perfringens type A. Human cancer-derived epithelial intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers were seeded in transwells for approximately 20 days. A DFM mixture containing Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus licheniformis, and B. subtilis (BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus; Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark) was then administered to the apical side of the cell monolayers at 1.0 × 108 CFU/transwell. Then, C. perfringens type A (ATCC #13124) was added at 2.8 × 107 CFU/transwell. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured over a 16-h period, after which area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. By itself, C. perfringens type A led to a TEER decrease that reached its lowest levels at 6.5 h post-pathogen administration. Overall mean decrease in TEER was in the order of 19.3% when compared with control cells. The DFM mixture supported the integrity of the intestinal cell monolayers both with and without the C. perfringens type A challenge, improving AUC by 24.5 and 19.1%, respectively, when compared with non-challenged control cells. In comparison with the negative control cells (C. perfringens-treated), improvements on AUC ranged from 45.6 to 39.4% vs. DFM and DFM + pathogen. In conclusion, these data support our hypothesis that a DFM mixture containing L. animalis, P. freudenreichii, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis (BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus) supports the gut barrier integrity with or without the pathogenic challenge.
PSXII-27 Effect of Feed Additives in the Production of Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Ubeda Emanuely Zequim , Filho Edson Martins Ribeiro , Miranda Matheus Alves , Ferreira Reginaldo Nassar , Figueiredo Cibelle Borges , Nunes Gabriela Vitória Pinto , Peron Hugo Jayme Matias Coelho
Published: November 2023

The mitigation of greenhouse gases is a strong trend in promoting the intensification of ruminant production through greater efficiency in the use of dietary energy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the NC Conf Engorda Greentech mineral mixture containing feed additives to replace the regular mineral mixture in corn-based substrates on the production of gases and methane. The experiment was carried out under anaerobic conditions using ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor bottles at 39 ºC containing artificial saliva, ruminal fluid, and two grams of substrates from each treatment: (MI) Control, 1.62 g of corn and 0.38 g of mixture mineral; and (MM) 1.28 g of corn and 0.72 g of NC Conf Engorda Greentech (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 0.326% of glucomannans, 0.253% of mannans, 0.200% monensin and 1x106· kg-1 UFC of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 h using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. There was a 24.53% decrease in the total gas production in the MM treatment (64.79 mL) compared with the MI substrate (48.90 mL; P = 0.0084; Table 1). Methane production decreased from 46.5 to 14.91 mL in the presence of MM (P < 0.001). A reduction from 71.96 to 30.59 mL of methane was observed for every 100 mL of gas produced when feed additives were included (P < 0.001). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain is a precursor of mannans, which, like glucomannans, acts as a prebiotic, and together with monensin, influences the selection of the ruminal microbiota and modifies the volatile fatty acid profile, increasing the molar proportion of propionate, and consequently reducing methane production. The addition of the NC Conf Engorda Greentech mineral mixture with glucomannans, mannans, monensin, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreased the production of gases and methane in a corn-based substrate.
PSXIII-21 Effects of Bacterial Direct-Fed Microbial Mixtures on Beef Cattle Feeding Behavior
Authors: Silva Kaliu Gabriel Scaranto , Sarturi Jhones O , Johnson Bradley J , Rodrigues Barbara , Dos Reis Beatriz
Published: November 2023

The effects of bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) mixtures on beef cattle feeding behavior were evaluated. Six ruminally cannulated crossbred Angus steers (BW = 520 ± 30 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Steers were offered a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet to ad libitum during three, 28 d periods (21-d adaptation and 7-d collection). Treatments assigned were: 1) Control (no DFM, lactose carrier only); 2) Treat-A [L. animalis, P. freudenreichii; B. subtilis; and B. licheniformis, at 1:1:1:3 ratio, respectively; totaling 6 × 109 CFU (50mg)/animal-daily minimum (Chr.Hansen]; and 3) Treat-B, the same DFM combination, but with doses at 1:1:3:1 ratio. Bacterial counts were approximately 30% greater than the minimum expected. The DFM diluted mixtures and carrier (Control) were pre-weighed and stored at -20°C until incorporated into the diet (2 g· animal-1· /day-1) 10 min prior to feeding. For mixing, approximately 1 kg (as is) of the diet being offered was removed from the individual recipient, DFM was mixed by hand, and the mixture was incorporated into the feed allocated for the day. The feeding behavior assessment consisted of a 24 h continuous visual observation (every 5 min) performed by trained personnel. Animals were assessed on d 26 of each period (no other management other than cleaning of the stall), while time spent eating, ruminating, resting, active, and drinking were taken. Time spent chewing was accounted for by adding time spent eating and ruminating. In addition, records allowed the count of the number of meals taken, as well as the time spent on each meal. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with animal considered as the experimental unit, the fixed effects of treatment, and random effect of square, period, and animal (square). F-test protected pre-planned orthogonal contrasts was used to compare Control vs. Treat-A and Control vs. Treat-B. Meal number (16/d) and length (8 min/meal) were not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.54). Main feeding behavior variables consisting of rumination (198 min/d), eating (117 min/d), chewing (315 min/d), drinking (22 min/d), resting (929 min/d), and active (174 min/d) were not affected (P ≥ 0.24) by treatments. A tendency was observed (P = 0.08) where animals offered the Treat-B spent numerically less time ruminating per unit of digestible DM and OM intake compared with Control (13.5 vs. 15.5, and 13.7 vs 15.6 min/kg, respectively). Other behaviors measured in min/kg of DM, NDF, and ADF intake were not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by treatments [rumination (11.5, 60.2, and 181), eating (6.5, 34.4, and 104), chewing (18, 94.6, and 285), and drinking (1.2, 6.6, and 19.8) min/kg, respectively]. The bacterial DFM mixtures offered appear not to directly affect the feeding behavior of beef cattle consuming a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet.
PSV-27 Serum Mineral and Vitamin Concentrations in Central Performance Tested Rambouillet Rams with and Without Angular Limb Deformities
Authors: Laverell Dylan , Murphy Tom W , Smylie Jacob , Kersh Aaron , Engle Terry E , Stewart Whit C
Published: November 2023

Angular limb deformities (ALD) have historically affected 3 to 18% of Rambouillet ram lambs enrolled in central performance tests in the Northern great plains. Osteochondrosis, the underlying pathology of ALD, results in varying degrees of abnormal ossification in long bones and limits ram welfare and performance under extensive rangeland conditions. The objective of this research was to quantify serum mineral and 25-hydroxyvitamin D differences in rams with and without (non-affected) ALD. A total of 25 ram lambs (age = 189 ± 19 d; n = 13 ALD, n = 12 non-affected) were evaluated. Serum and body weight (BW) were collected on d 0, 28, 56, 83, and 112 of the test. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, macrominerals (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, P, and S), and microminerals (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn) were quantified. Traits were analyzed as repeated measures with fixed effects of ALD status, sampling timepoint, and their interaction. An autoregressive type-I covariance structure with heterogenous variance was used to model the random ram effect. The ALD status x sampling timepoint interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.03) for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Mg concentrations. Rams with ALD had greater 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration at d 83 and 112 and greater Mg concentration at d 28 and 112 (P ≤ 0.05; Table 1). The main effect of ALD status was significant for serum Cl and greater for ALD than non-affected rams (3,672 ± 38.8 vs. 3,500 ± 38.3 mg/L; P < 0.001). Ram BW and serum concentration of all other minerals were similar between ALD and non-affected. Sampling timepoint affected several serum mineral concentrations as Ca generally increased with time, Co peaked at d 28, and Na decreased with time (P ≤ 0.03). Not surprisingly, BW also increased over time (P < 0.001). The range in serum mineral concentrations and percentage of rams deficient were: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (non-affected 32 to 241 mmol/L, 17%; ALD 35 to 160 mmol/L, 15%), Mg (non-affected 10.7 to 44.1 mg/L, 14%; ALD 11.7 to 45.0 mg/L, 14%), Cl (non-affected 3,066.3 to 4,024.5 mg/L, 21%; ALD 3,068.4 to 4,072.5 mg/L, 12%). While ALD and non-affected rams differed in key serum vitamin and mineral element concentrations, it’s a multifaceted disorder in which perinatal, endocrine, genetic, and nutritional conditions need to be researched to fully understand the etiology and mitigate its incidence.
PSVII-25 Utilization of a Small Ruminant Model for Teaching/ Learning Scientific Approaches to Nutritional and Reproductive Management
Authors: Brackett Maggie M , Baptiste Raquel Q , Hite John , Baptiste Quinn , Knights Marlon
Published: November 2023

This study used Spanish Kiko goats as a small ruminant model (SRM) for teaching animal science courses via experiential laboratory-based methods at a small liberal arts college in the Southeastern United State. Perceivably, the SRMs presents an accessible and sustainable teaching tool for undergraduate education at institutions with limited resources, such as cattle facilities. The use of mature (> 3 years old) bucks (male model 1, 2 & 3), does (female model 1 & 2), and kids (kid model 1, 2, 3; 8 months old) as SRMs in 4 courses and resultant learning is reported herein. SRMs were fed, late weaned, and continuously bred to simulate the nutritional and reproductive management practiced in rotationally grazed strictly forage-fed cattle. Growth performances amongst bucks (pre and post pubertal; Figure 1), does (pre- and post-partum Figure 2), and kids (pre and post weaning Figure 3) were recorded and analyzed. Feed intake trials (Figures 4 and 5), fecal analysis, and apparent DMD were conducted. The benefits of continuous suckling and postweaning management of does and kids were realized as 100% of does and kids successfully transited each breeding period. In addition, kids approached market weights (15.53 kg) at 136 days postpartum (Figure 3) and does were rebred at first postpartum estrus (62 days). The use of pre-breeding season reproductive tract examinations via ultrasound and BSE in female and male SRMs enabled effective evaluations of the poor reproductive performance of the cattle herd (59.3% pregnancy rate in 2022). The use of SRMs allowed for learning ruminant gastrointestinal and reproductive system physiology. Subsequently, comprehension of the impact of mineral and vitamin deficiencies on the annually declining reproductive performance of rotationally grazed cattle was enhanced. Conclusively, the use of SRMs supported my learning and is recommended for teaching/learning in animal sciences at institutions with limited resources.
Reflections on Law in Context
Authors: Twining William
Published: November 2023

During 1958–9 Patrick Atiyah was my neighbour in Khartoum. This was my first year of full-time teaching and he closely affected my academic development as mentor, colleague, and friend. That friendship has survived our various wanderings, a second period as colleagues at Warwick, and another recent phase as neighbours in Iffley. Like many others, I owe him an enormous intellectual debt. This paper explores one phase of our relationship: the genesis of the ‘Law in Context’ series
Conceptions of Public Policy
Authors: Bell John
Published: November 2023

Section 24 of the Social Security Act 1975 provided that, if a woman was under pensionable age when her husband died and he had made sufficient national insurance contributions, ‘[a] woman who has been widowed shall be entitled to a widow’s allowance at the weekly rate specified in relation thereto in Schedule 4, Part I, paragraph 5 …’ Along came Mrs Connor, who satisfied the age requirement and her husband had satisfied the contribution requirements. Yes, he was dead and she was a widow, so could she please have the widow’s allowance? One snag, a jury at Leeds Crown Court had found her guilty of the manslaughter of her husband, in that the cause of his death was a wound made by a knife which Mrs Connor was wielding. The Divisional Court in R. v. National Insurance Commr., ex. p. Connor2 had no difficulty in refusing Mrs Connor her widow’s allowance on the ground that ‘public policy demands the court to drive the applicant from the seat of justice’
Abstract Payment Undertakings
Authors: Goode Roy
Published: November 2023

This essay is concerned with a particular form of undertaking which appears to break every principle of law governing the formation of contracts. I refer to the abstract payment undertaking, a money promise which is independent of the transaction that gives it birth and which is considered binding when received by the beneficiary (or sometimes even when issued by the promisor) without acceptance, consideration, reliance, or execution in solemn form. The type of contract (if it be such) generated by an abstract payment undertaking fits neither the bilateral nor the unilateral model. It is not bilateral, for no promise is given in exchange; nor is it unilateral in the ordinary sense, for its irrevocability does not depend on the performance, or even the commencement of performance, of a designated act or forbearance
The Basis of Tortious Liability
Authors: Cane Peter
Published: November 2023

One of the most important, fruitful, and controversial lines of argument conceived by Patrick Atiyah goes as follows: it is an over-simplification to divide the law of obligations according to whether the obligation in question is imposed by law or voluntarily assumed. ‘A more adequate and more unifying conceptual structure for the law of obligations can be built around the interrelationship between the concepts of reciprocal benefits, acts of reasonable reliance, and voluntary human conduct.,1 In developing this argument Atiyah has concentrated on the law of contract, and he issued a very important disclaimer: I do not, of course, want to suggest that the whole law of obligations can be rewritten in terms of a few simple principles drawn from notions of benefit and reliance. Society and social and economic relationships are too complex in the modern industrial world for over-simplifications of this nature.
Ireland
Authors: McGovern Patricia , Matthews Áine
Published: November 2023

Ireland was slow to implement Council Regulation (EEC) No 3842/86 of 1 December 1986 laying down measures to prohibit the release for free circulation of counterfeit goods (‘the 1986 Regulation’).In fact, it was only with the implementation of the European Communities (Counterfeit Goods) Regulations 1990that EC Regulation 3842/86 was, rather belatedly, given effect to in Ireland. However, failure to secure uniform implementation of the 1986 Regulation throughout the European Communities resulted in a limited operation of external border controls and undermined the functioning of this Regulation.
Italy
Authors: Barbuto Raffaella , Arista Raffaella
Published: November 2023

As a Member State of the European Union, Italy must apply the European Community legislation. In the past, the Italian legislator failed to adopt immediately provisions necessary to put in practice the first generation of Community Regulations on border measures, that is, Regulations (EEC) No 3842/86and 3077/87. In fact, these Regulations became applicable by the Italian customs authorities as late as 1991, when Article 35 of Law No 428 of 29 December 1990appointed the Direzione Generale delle Dogane e Imposte Indirette (General Directorate of Customs and Indirect Taxes), a section of the Ministry of Finance, as the Italian administrative body competent to process applications for action by customs authorities under the Regulations.
Slovak Republic
Authors: Hák Jan
Published: November 2023

National legislation on border measures in respect of goods suspected of infringing an intellectual property right already existed in the Slovak Republic prior to the entry into force of EC Regulation No 1383/2003(‘the Regulation’) in the form of Law No 271/2001 Coll. Further to the adoption of the new Regulation and its Implementing Regulation,this Law was replaced by Law No 200/2004 Coll, ‘laying down the measures to be taken against imported, exported and parallel imported goods which infringe an intellectual property right’(‘the 2004 Law’).
Adaptation and implementation of an employee mental health disclosure decision aid tool in a real-world sample
Authors: Stratton Elizabeth , Glozier Nick
Published: November 2023

Making decisions about disclosing mental health conditions in the workplace is complicated. A previous randomized controlled trial showed that web-based decision aid tool (READY?) helped employees make decisions and improved mental health. We aimed to evaluate the implementation of this tool and its outcomes when scaled up by a governmental health and safety agency. We used website analytics and event data of those using the decision aid tool, and self-report stage of decision-making, distress, engagement, and usability data from consenting users of READY? over the first year of it being made publicly available. Over the year 2021, 100 adults opted in to be involved in the research evaluation of the program. This study replicated the previous Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) that showed at post-intervention; a later stage of decision-making (t1,99 = 6.308, P < .001) with a large effect size (d = 0.87), and psychological distress was significantly reduced (t1,99 = 3.088, P < .001) with a moderate effect size (d = 0.41). READY? facilitated disclosure with 36.3% deciding to disclose after use. Disclosure was associated with a greater reduction in mental ill-health symptoms than non-disclosure [F(2,31) = 18.67, P < .001] with a moderate effect size (d = 0.64). Engagement, usage, and attrition rates were favourable when compared with other digital mental health approaches in community samples. This study shows that READY? is successfully implemented in a real-world sample. Aligning with the RCT results, for many, disclosure can be positive, research should continue to focus on developing organization-wide tools to create better supported and safe workplaces that promote disclosure.