bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GAC adsorption treated pulp and paper mill effluents using ozone as a pre-treatment
Authors: Kreetachat T. , Damrongsri M. , Vaithanomsat P.
Published: July 2016

This research examined the impact of ozonation on lignin-derived and aliphatic compounds ratio (L/A ratio) in secondary pulp and paper mill effluents. Afterwards, adsorption process was employed to investigate the adsorption behavior of ozonized compounds on granular activated carbon (GAC). Phenol and isopentanoic acid (IPA) were practically used as substitute of lignin-derived and aliphatic compounds, respectively. The paper presents the results obtained at laboratory scale with ozone and GAC adsorption as a mean to obtain effluents suitable as reclamation for pulp and paper industry, which requires very stringent limitation in terms of DOC and color removal. The conversion of recalcitrant nature of pulp and paper mill wastewater had been moderate in term of L/A ratio after time interval of ozonation.

After ozonation pre-treatment, the adsorption experimental was performed to investigate the adsorption behaviors of phenol and IPA from aqueous solutions onto GAC compared with the decolorization behaviors in real effluents. The best isotherm models fitted to phenol and IPA adsorption on PPHO were determined in the order of Ridlich-Peterson isotherm > Langmuir isotherm > Freundlich isotherm. The IPA was adsorbed strongly on GAC as compared with phenol due to its properties. The maximum adsorption capacity of phenol and IPA on GAC were 0.32 g.g-1 and 0.65 g.g-1, respectively. As result in real effluents, the adsorption capacity of color from the ozonized effluents on GAC was 132.93 ADMI unit.L/mg which was much higher than those of non-ozonized effluents (78.78 ADMI unit.L/mg) and synthetic lignin solutions (55.97 ADMI unit.L/mg).
Efficiency of Ozone, Activated Carbon and Microorganisms in Decolorisation of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent
Authors: Apiwatanapiwat W. , Phochinda W. , Kreetachat T. , Vaithanomsat P.
Published: July 2016

The efficiency of decolorisation and COD removal from pulp and paper mill effluent using ozone, activated carbon and microorganism were compared. The results showed that the highest color removal efficiency of 83.42% was obtained when ozone method was used with optimal pH 9 and retention time 60 min. However, the COD was decreased only by 5.50% at pH 9 and retention time 40 min. Similar COD removal efficiency of 68.99% was observed when activated carbon with pH 2 and retention time 180 min was employed and for microbial method, the COD removal efficiency of 77.67% was obtained when pH 7 and retention time 6 days was applied. While the efficiency in color removal using the microbial method was lower (36.2%) which was at pH 4.5 and retention time 2 days than that removed using activated carbon which was 79.79% at pH 2 and retention time 180 min.

When an operation cost for each method was compared, it was found that the microbial treatment consumed the cost of 587.82 US dollar/1,000 L for color removal and 29,760 US dollar/1,000 L for COD removal whereas the ozone treatment consumed the lowest cost for both color and COD removal of 24.0 US dollar/1,000 L and 9.3 US dollar/1,000 L, respectively. Similarly, the activated carbon adsorption method consumed low cost for both color and COD removal of 40.62 US dollar/1,000 L.
Comparison of ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate on phosphorus removal and membrane fouling in MBR treating BAF effluent of municipal wastewater
Authors: Li Xin , Liu Yali , Liu Fangfang , Liu Aimin , Feng Qilan
Published: July 2016

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used for treating biological aerated filter effluent in a municipal wastewater plant, and chemical phosphorus removal was accomplished in the MBR. The results showed that ferric chloride of 20 mg/L and aluminum sulfate of 30 mg/L were the optimal dosages for total phosphorus (TP) removal, and the TP removal efficiency was over 80%. In long-term continuous operations, both ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate effectively mitigated membrane fouling, with the corresponding growth rate of transmembrane pressure decreased to 0.08 and 0.067 kPa/d, respectively. Sludge particle sizes analysis demonstrated that the decrease of particle sizes lower than 50 μm was the main reason for membrane fouling control. Simultaneously, the proteins and polysaccharide (PS) concentrations in the MBR supernatant were analyzed, and the PS concentration significantly decreased to 2.02 mg/L at aluminum sulfate of 30 mg/L, indicating the flocculation of aluminum sulfate on PS was the main reason for mitigation of membrane fouling.
Challenges and perspectives for the protection of masonry structures in historic centers: the role of innovative materials and techniques
Authors: Valluzzi Maria Rosa
Published: July 2016

Lessons learned from natural events which caused severe damage to existing constructions have repeatedly shown the high vulnerability of historically important masonry, often worsened by inaccurate or dubious applications of modern or innovative interventions. Especially in the field of new technologies and materials applied to historical assets, experimental validation integrated at multi-disciplinary level is essential, to implement correct choices able to balance the respect of tradition and the requirements of innovation. The common objective is the transmission of educational values through the conservation of the historical identity of constructions which have survived over time and are still functional today. Planning agreements among academic and industrial research, management and governing bodies constitute preconditions for selecting consistent strategies for the protection of the built environment. However, the effects of technical advances and trends on historical assets should be carefully evaluated when influencing common practices, before recommendations, standards or execution protocols based on sufficiently long-lasting experience are available. This paper discusses a series of issues involved in the complex process of methodological and operative options currently feasible in the field of historical masonry structures. It also focuses on the progressive role of composite materials and the consequent implications on the implementation of preservation criteria.
Phase equilibria in the system Ca4Al6O12SO4 – Ca2SiO4 – CaSO4 – H2O referring to the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements
Authors: Winnefeld Frank , Lothenbach Barbara
Published: July 2016

This paper presents thermodynamic calculations of the stable hydrate assemblages in calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing different amounts of ye’elemite, calcium sulfate and belite. The ternary diagrams developed in this paper can be used directly to assess the long-term composition of such calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing belite. The phase diagram was validated using experimental data from literature. The ternary diagrams developed can be used to read out directly the stable hydrate assemblage of calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing belite based on their initial composition.
Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers
Authors: Habert Guillaume , Ouellet-Plamondon Claudiane
Published: July 2016

The contribution of building materials’ production to environmental impacts becomes significant in the new energy efficient buildings that are currently built. Among those materials, cement represents a major part of the embodied carbon footprint of buildings. Development of alternatives to traditional Portland cement have emerged over the last decades; however, their environmental assessment over their life cycle have resulted in conflicting results, which give a confusing picture of the strategic path to be followed. This paper focuses on the alkali-activated cement and concrete and points out the variability linked with the choice of energy source for the production of the activators and precursors. A review of existing studies is then performed in order to highlight the main benefits of these alternative cements in terms of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, the results presented here highlight further research trends for new cements and concrete.
Calcium oxychloride formation in pastes containing supplementary cementitious materials: Thoughts on the role of cement and supplementary cementitious materials reactivity
Authors: Suraneni Prannoy , Azad Vahid Jafari , Isgor Burkan O. , Weiss William Jason
Published: July 2016

Over the last decade many concrete pavements in North America have begun to show excessive damage at the joints. This damage appears to be due to two primary causes: classic freeze-thaw damage due to local saturation caused by the pooling of water at the joints, and formation of an expansive phase known as calcium oxychloride due to a reaction between chloride-based deicing salts and calcium hydroxide in concrete. This letter explores the formation of calcium oxychloride in cementitious matrices based on constituent materials and mixture compositions. Low temperature differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to quantify the amount of calcium oxychloride and calcium hydroxide, respectively. Thermodynamic modeling was used to predict calcium hydroxide contents from the constituent material compositions. It is shown that calcium oxychloride contents are well correlated with calcium hydroxide contents in cementitious pastes. Supplementary cementitious materials, such as fly ash and slag, can reduce calcium oxychloride formation by reducing the amount of calcium hydroxide. Complexities in the determination of reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials based on their replacement level and different water-to-cement ratios are discussed. Although it is clear that supplementary cementitious materials are beneficial in reducing calcium oxychloride formation, additional analysis tools are needed to more accurately quantify the specific mechanisms (such as dilution, pozzolanic or hydraulic reaction, changes in cement hydration) that result in the beneficial aspects of each supplementary cementitious material.
Advances in near-neutral salts activation of blast furnace slags
Authors: Bernal Susan Andrea
Published: July 2016

The utilisation of near-neutral salts as activators to produce alkali-activated slag cements offers several technical advantages, including reduced alkalinity of the binders, minimising the risk associated with handling of highly alkaline materials, and better workability of the fresh paste compared to that of sodium silicate-activated slag cements. Despite these evident advantages, the delayed setting and slow early-age mechanical strength development of these cements have limited their adoption and commercialisation. Recent studies have demonstrated that these limitations can be overcome by selecting slags with chemistry which is more prone to react with near-neutral salts, or by adding mineral additives. A brief overview of the most recent advances in alkali-activation of slags using either sodium carbonate or sodium sulfate as activators is reported, highlighting the role of material design parameters in the kinetics of reaction and phase evolution of these cements, as well as the perspectives for research and development of these materials.
Improved clinical, functional and work outcomes in spondyloarthritides during real-life adalimumab treatment in central–eastern Europe
Authors: Szántó Sándor , Poór Gyula , Opris Daniela , Iaremenko Oleg , Procházková Leona , Kuuse Reet , Nagy Orsolya , Chernyshov Valentyn , Géher Pál
Published: July 2016

Aim:
Adalimumab effectiveness on clinical, functional and work-related outcomes was evaluated in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis treated in routine clinical practice in central–eastern Europe.
Methods:
Patients (n = 555) were followed for 12 months. Primary end point was percentage of patients with a treatment response (≥50% decrease from baseline in Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index or ≥1.2 point decrease from baseline in Disease Activity Index-28 joint for axial or peripheral symptoms, respectively). Functional status was evaluated by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index. Working ability was evaluated by the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire − Specific Health Problem.
Results:
76.1% of patients with axial symptoms and 83.5% with peripheral symptoms achieved a treatment response. Frequency of extra-articular manifestations decreased. Improvements were observed in functional status and workability. No new safety signals were observed.
Conclusion:
Adalimumab was effective and well tolerated during real-world use in central–eastern Europe.
The effects of some microelements supplementation - selenium, zinc and copper into dairy cows feeds on their health and reproductive performances
Authors: Joksimovic-Todorovic Mirjana , Davidovic Vesna , Bojanic-Rasovic Mirjana
Published: July 2016

Microelements such as selenium, zinc and copper are indispensable nutrients
for preserving major physiological functions, improving reproductive
characteristics and overall health state. By their adequate use different
ailments are prevented, while at the same time they have a positive effect on
fertility and resistance. Insufficient quantities of these microelements,
inadequate absorption and interaction with other microelements may lead to
the impairment of the immune response due to metabolic and oxidative stress.
In recent years, mainly organic forms of microelements have been administered
to animals because they show better biological availability and can be
retained longer in the organism. Besides, organic forms improve quality of
products for human nutrition. Antioxidants should be added in optimal
quantities in food for dairy cows with the aim of maximizing immune function
and protection of tissues.
The quality of goat meat and it’s impact on human health
Authors: Ivanovic Snezana , Pavlovic Ivan , Pisinov Boris
Published: July 2016

Today, goats are spread throughout the world. They live in small or large
herds and in different areas and environments. Because of its distinctive
taste and desired chemical composition, goat meat is increasingly consumed in
Serbia. As animal foods, it is rich in protein, vitamins and minerals, but
contains very little fat, especially cholesterol. The aim of this review
paper is to highlight some health benefits, nutritional values and potential
use of goat meat. On the chemical composition of goat meat affect race,
gender, productivity and adaptability to stress, environment, management,
diet, weight at slaughter and health condition as well as slaughter and
procedures with the carcasses after slaughter. Average chemical composition
of lean goat meat contains about 75.42% water, 3.55% fat, 19.95 % protein and
1.06% mineral matter. The energy value is about 580 kJ per 100 g. The goat
meat has about the same nutritional value as well as sheep meat. Due to low
content of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, goat meat in the human diet
is healthier alternative compared to other types of red meat. Polyunsaturated
fatty acids prevalent in goatmeat, and the diet rich in unsaturated fatty
acids is correlated with a reduced risk of stroke and coronary disease. In
addition, in goat meat are present the essential amino acids such as lysine,
threonine and tryptophan. Regardless to the nutritional value, goat meat is
still less appreciated due to their specific smell and taste, the more if the
animal is older.
Composition of raw milk from conventional and organic dairy farming
Authors: Kucevic Denis , Trivunovic Snezana , Bogdanovic Vladan , Cobanovic Ksenija , Jankovic Dobrila , Stanojevic Dragan
Published: July 2016

Possible differences between composition of raw milk due to dairy farming
system (organic vs conventional) as well as seasonal variations were
investigated. The samples were analysed during one year. A total of 6.782
samples of raw milk were collected (4.496 from organic farming). Dairy farms
were located in the northern part of Republic of Serbia (Province of
Vojvodina). The principle of analysis of raw milk samples was in accordance
with the methodology by midinfrared spectrometry and flow cytometry. The
fixed effect of system of farming and season (winter, spring, summer and
fall) have shown a high statistical significance (P < 0.01) on all examined
milk parameters except fat, total solids and somatic cell count, where the
impact was slightly lower (P < 0.05). Significant difference wasn't found in
number of bacterial colonies (P > 0.05). Composition of milk is also affected
by a number of other factors, therefore it is recommended to involve factors
such as nutrition of dairy cows, breed and farm management.
Acidity of selected industrial wood species in Serbia
Authors: Popovic Mladjan , Djiporovic-Momcilovic Milanka , Gavrilovic-Grmusa Ivana , Popovic Jasmina
Published: July 2016

The acidity of wood has an important role in many areas of wood applications.
Hence, this paper presents a study on the acidity of beech, fir and poplar,
as the representatives of the most industrially utilized wood species in
Serbia. The contents of both the soluble and insoluble acids were determined
through the extraction methods with cold distilled water and sodium acetate
solution, respectively, followed by the titration with sodium hydroxide
solution. The acidity strongly differs among the three wood species used in
this research. The amount of insoluble acids was the highest in fir, almost
twice as much than in poplar, and about 68 % higher than in fir wood species.
Such differences also showed a strong correlation with the gel times of UF
adhesive mixes with hot water extracts.
Syntactic features of written discourse at early primary school age - a longitudinal approach
Authors: Ivanovic Maja
Published: July 2016

By the acquisition of written language form during the first years of
schooling, the child starts to move away from the elementary structures by
including new, more complex constructions into the existing base. The aim of
this paper is to study the ability of producing different clause types in the
texts of first- and fourth-grade primary school students, i.e. to study the
existing differences in the syntactic structures of texts between the older
and younger students. The initial research as well as the repeated measuring
after three years included forty-two students of one primary school from
Belgrade. Since in both the first and the second cycle of the study each
child composed three texts, the corpus consisted of 252 texts. The analysis
of the obtained material was performed using the SPSS software package. The
results provide an insight into the average length of texts and sentences
produced by first-grade and fourth-grade students. The longer the duration of
schooling, the lower the number of simple clauses (both basic and extended),
as well as coordinate clauses, while the number of constructions with
subordinate clauses is increasing. This finding confirms the fact that early
primary school age children are expanding their syntactic competence, i.e.
that their later language development continues in the school period. This
can be helpful for teachers in the process of literacy acquisition and in
developing the strategies that facilitate reaching the higher levels of
competence in written discourse and evolving of children?s syntax towards the
writing patterns of adult speakers.
Formulating textual tasks based on mathematical expressions in the fourth grade of primary school
Authors: Cutura Ilijana , Vulovic Nenad
Published: July 2016

The paper deals with the characteristics of students? products of independent
writing in mathematics instruction. The importance of the research stems from
a relatively low achievement of primary school students in Serbia on
international tests of trends of students? achievement in mathematics and
sciences, as well as from the prominent need, proven both empirically and
theoretically, to devote attention to writing not solely in language
instruction, considering a low level of basic and functional literacy of
students. The aim of the research was to study the characteristics of
students? products in which they translated mathematical expressions into
textual form. The criteria for analysing students? products were the
following: mathematical accuracy, reality of the context, variety and
originality of topics, dominant types of text structuring and normative,
lexical and syntactic characteristics. The sample included 198 fourth-grade
primary school students. Standard quantitative and qualitative methodological
procedures were used. The findings indicate that the students have not been
sufficiently trained to translate mathematical expressions into the form of
textual tasks. Although they recognised and complied with the rules of the
genre and functional style, students did not pay attention to the reality of
the context and quantities. They also neglected other aspects that are not
directly related to mathematics instruction: innovativeness in selecting the
topics of textual tasks, orthographic and grammatical accuracy of the
text/textual task, choice of vocabulary and syntactic complexity of
sentences. The results also suggest that it is necessary to devote more
attention to open-ended problems and the quality of linguistic expression in
the instruction of all school subjects.
Formative value of descriptive grades in mathematics instruction for beginners
Authors: Djelic Jasmina , Maricic Sanja , Spijunovic Krstivoje
Published: July 2016

Descriptive grading has been implemented in the first grade of primary school
in the Republic of Serbia from 2003. The monitoring of this system novelty
has been absent since research community most often dealt with teachers?
attitudes and their self-evaluation of the competences for descriptive
grading. This form of grading, which stems from the social constructivist
paradigm, is observed as the trigger of development of the formative approach
in assessment, which has been in the focus of theoreticians and practitioners
in the past thirty years, especially in the United States of America and
Great Britain. The method of content analysis was applied to 316 descriptive
grades in mathematics given to first grade primary students. The quality of
three key elements was assessed: the description of academic achievement, the
description of students? engagement and the recommendations to achieve
further progress, as well as the balance of quality between the elements of
the same descriptive grade. Research results have shown that descriptive
grades mostly lack the necessary formative capacity. This means that the
majority of students this sample of grades was prepared for did not receive
quality and comprehensive feedback, which would be conducive for their
further education. Formative assessment, as one of the implications of the
constructivist theoretical grounding, demands a high level of development of
teacher competences for monitoring the progress and assessing the students,
which has not been confirmed in the present research.
Reliability and Validity of Force Platform Measures of Balance Impairment in Individuals With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Harro Cathy C. , Marquis Alicia , Piper Natasha , Burdis Chris
Published: July 2016

Background

Complex movement and balance impairments in people with Parkinson disease (PD) contribute to high fall risk. Comprehensive balance assessment is warranted to identify intrinsic fall risk factors and direct interventions.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of 3 balance measures of a force platform (FP) system in people with PD.

Methods

Forty-two community-dwelling individuals with idiopathic PD completed the testing protocol. Test-retest reliability was assessed for the Limits of Stability Test (LOS), Motor Control Test (MCT), and Sensory Organization Test (SOT). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [2,1]) were calculated to determine test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change. Validity was assessed by comparing the FP measures with criterion gait and balance measures using Pearson product moment correlations. Multiple regression analyses examined the contribution of PD characteristics to FP measures.

Results

All primary FP variables demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=.78–.92). The SOT and LOS demonstrated fair to good correlations with criterion measures, whereas the MCT had fair correlations to balance measures only. Both SOT composite equilibrium and MCT average latency were moderately associated with disease severity.

Limitations

This study's sample had a relatively small number of participants with a positive fall history, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.

Conclusions

This study's findings provide support that FP measures are reliable and valid tests of balance impairment in people with PD. Disease severity was significantly associated with SOT and MCT measures, perhaps reflecting that these tests are meaningful indicators of decline in postural control with disease progression. Force platform measures may provide valuable quantitative information about underlying balance impairments in people with PD to guide therapeutic interventions for fall risk reduction.
Contesting the Public School
Authors: Wilson Terri S.
Published: July 2016

Although technically open to all, charter schools often emphasize distinctive missions that appeal to particular groups of students and families. These missions, especially ones focusing on ethnic, linguistic, and cultural differences, also contribute to segregation between schools. Such schools raise normative questions about the aims of education. Are they a troubling retreat from an integrated public school system? Or are they new public spaces relevant to the needs of certain communities? Through a case study of one potentially counterpublic school, I describe how this school embodied aspects of public-ness. I argue that a counterpublic framework—in emphasizing shared decision making, expanded discursive space, and a publicist orientation—offers resources for considering under what circumstances distinctive schools might serve public goals.
Prevalence of Malocclusion in Western Nepal
Authors: Baral Prakash
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Malocclusion is the improper relationship of maxillary and mandibular teeth. The prevalence of malocclusion varies in different populations of the world.Objective: To study the prevalence of malocclusion in western part of Nepal and to evaluate the gender variation in occurrence of malocclusion.Materials & Method: A total of 1284 subjects were studied. Out of them 656 were male and 628 were female. Intra-oral examination was carried out to assess occlusal types of Class I, II, III according to Angle’s classification of malocclusion, and various occlusal characteristics like crowding, spacing, cross-bite, open-bite and deep bite were recorded. Gender variation in malocclusion characteristics were tested using chi-square test (p<0.05).Result: The present study showed that Class I occlusion type with malocclusion was more prevalent than Class II and Class III malocclusions. Class I was seen in 71.5% , Class II div 1 in 20.7%, Class II div 2 in 3.9% cases and Class III in 4.1% cases. Among the occlusal characteristics; crowding (61.3%), deep bite (29.5%) and spacing (10.5%) were most prevalent.Conclusion: Class I malocclusion was most prevalent type of malocclusion in western Nepalese subjects. There was no significant gender dimorphism between male and female in prevalence of various malocclusion characteristics.
Maxillary Canine Impactions in Orthodontic Patients: A Study
Authors: Upadhyaya Chandan , Kafle Dashrath
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Dental anomalies involving alterations in number, size and structure of teeth often present a major challenge for dental practitioners. Many of these undiagnosed and untreated dental anomalies may ultimately present complex clinical problems in the areas of orthodontics, prosthodontics, endodontics and restorative dentistry. Maxillary canines are important aesthetically and functionally, but impacted ones are more difficult and time consuming to treat. Permanent maxillary canine impaction has been reported in 1-5% of the population.Objective: To determine the prevalence of impacted maxillary canine in patients visiting to Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal.Materials & Method: The study was conducted with a total number of 341 orthodontic patients. The study consisted of clinical and radiographic examinations of the patients who visited Department for Orthodontics for orthodontic treatment. Descriptive statistics was calculated for gender groups and anatomical positions of the impacted canine.Result: A total of 18 (5.29%) orthodontic patients (male 5.83%, female 5.0%) were found to have maxillary canine impaction.Conclusion: The prevalence of impacted maxillary canines in Nepalese orthodontic patients is 5.29%. The occurrence is slightly higher in males
Evaluation of Composite Cephalometric Norms in South Indian Subjects
Authors: Chiurupatya Lalitha , Jaitly Anupriya , Sesham Vasumurthy , Yelchuru Sri Harsha
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Cephalometrics is an important diagnostic tool in formulating comprehensive treatment planning in orthodontics. Different norms for different ethnic groups are essential to achieve accurate treatment results.Objective: The present study aims in standardizing norms for composite cephalometric analysis in South Indian subjects.Materials & Method: A sample size of 40 subjects included 20 males and 20 females of age ranging between 18-30 years represented South Indian sample. Patients’ cephalogram was taken in the natural head position. Individual norms from various cephalometric analyses were taken and synthesized into a composite analysis based on the idea of diagnostic block were evaluated.Results: Parameters like upper incisor to NA, lower incisor to NB, interincisal angle, IMPA and upper incisor to SN suggested increased values indicating proclination of anterior teeth and mild convexity of soft tissues to be esthetically acceptable in South Indian subjects.Conclusion: Different set of cephalometric norms for different ethnic groups should be formulated so as to guide the orthodontist and surgeon to optimize the treatment plan based on local norms
Magic Clips for Fixed Retention
Authors: Prakash Amit , Chamania Satish , Kambalyal Prabhuraj B.
Published: July 2016

Despite major advances in orthodontic tooth movement, orthodontic retention remains a major problem. It has been estimated that only 10% of the population who have received orthodontics are still in acceptable occlusion as judged by orthodontists 20 years after retention. One of the means of maintaining stability has been the use of fixed retainers. This article will describe a very simple and effective method of stabilizing the retainer during bonding using clip. The method of stabilizing the fixed retainer described in this article is the most simplest, economical, least time consuming and also very effective method.
A Society Apart: Rural Chinese Catholics and the Historiography of ‘Otherness’
Authors: Marie Wong Stephanie
Published: July 2016

This article examines the theme of ‘otherness’ in historical scholarship on rural Chinese Catholic communities. Whereas studies of the Jesuit Mission in China tend to emphasise the potential harmony between Christianity and elite Confucian culture, a methodological turn towards local history during the 1980s and 90s has revealed that ‘otherness’ or ‘separation’ may be a more helpful heuristic lens for understanding the situation of the vast majority of Catholics in rural China. This article surveys English-language and Chinese-language micro-histories of rural villages. It maps three general historiographical views by which historians explain Catholic villagers’ ‘otherness’ as the result of cultural dissonance, socio-economic inequality or relative political power. By periodising these centuries of history according to the feasibility of opting out of mainstream society, this article seeks to show how Chinese Catholic identity continues to be forged at the ever-moving borderline between Catholic and non-Catholic society.
Buddhist Nationalism and Burmese Christianity
Authors: Mang Pum Za
Published: July 2016

Buddhist nationalists in Burma have characterised Christianity as a Western religion and accused Christians in the country of being more loyal to the West than to the motherland. This essay, however, argues that Christianity is not Western, but global, and that Christians in Burma are not followers of the West, but Burmese who remain as loyal to their homeland as do their fellow Burmese. It is stressed in this article that the indigenous form of Christianity after the exodus of the missionaries from Burma in 1966 has proved that Burmese Christianity should be seen not as a Western religion, but as a part of world Christianity. This article also contends that a combination of social change, political milieu, tribal religion and the cross-cultural appropriation of the gospel has contributed to religious conversion among the ethnic Chin, Kachin and Karen from tribal religion to Christianity.
Base-Free Selective Oxidation of Glycerol over LDH Hosted Transition Metal Complexes Using 3% H2O2 as Oxidant
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Shang Congxiao , Wu Gongde , Liu Xianfeng , Liu Hao
Published: July 2016

A series of transition metal sulphonato-Schiff base complexes were intercalated into Mg–Al layered-double hydroxides (LDHs). The obtained catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRD, N2 sorption, SEM and elemental analysis, and then were used in the selective oxidation of glycerol (GLY) using 3% H2O2 as an oxidant. It was found that their catalytic performances were closely related to the loading of active complexes, the Schiff base ligands and the metal centers of the catalysts, as well as the reaction conditions. The optimal conversion of GLY was 85.0%, while the selectivity of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) was 56.5%. Moreover, the catalysts could be reused at least 10 times.
Intermediate Filaments and Polarization in the Intestinal Epithelium
Authors: Coch Richard , Leube Rudolf
Published: July 2016

The cytoplasmic intermediate filament cytoskeleton provides a tissue-specific three-dimensional scaffolding with unique context-dependent organizational features. This is particularly apparent in the intestinal epithelium, in which the intermediate filament network is localized below the apical terminal web region and is anchored to the apical junction complex. This arrangement is conserved from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to humans. The review summarizes compositional, morphological and functional features of the polarized intermediate filament cytoskeleton in intestinal cells of nematodes and mammals. We emphasize the cross talk of intermediate filaments with the actin- and tubulin-based cytoskeleton. Possible links of the intermediate filament system to the distribution of apical membrane proteins and the cell polarity complex are highlighted. Finally, we discuss how these properties relate to the establishment and maintenance of polarity in the intestine.
Three Strategies for the Design of Advanced High-Entropy Alloys
Authors: Tsai Ming-Hung
Published: July 2016

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have recently become a vibrant field of study in the metallic materials area. In the early years, the design of HEAs was more of an exploratory nature. The selection of compositions was somewhat arbitrary, and there was typically no specific goal to be achieved in the design. Very recently, however, the development of HEAs has gradually entered a different stage. Unlike the early alloys, HEAs developed nowadays are usually designed to meet clear goals, and have carefully chosen components, deliberately introduced multiple phases, and tailored microstructures. These alloys are referred to as advanced HEAs. In this paper, the progress in advanced HEAs is briefly reviewed. The design strategies for these materials are examined and are classified into three categories. Representative works in each category are presented. Finally, important issues and future directions in the development of advanced HEAs are pointed out and discussed.
Thermal Perception in the Mediterranean Area: Comparing the Mediterranean Outdoor Comfort Index (MOCI) to Other Outdoor Thermal Comfort Indices
Authors: Golasi Iacopo , Salata Ferdinando , De Lieto Vollaro Emanuele , Coppi Massimo , De Lieto Vollaro Andrea
Published: July 2016

Outdoor thermal comfort is an essential factor of people’s everyday life and deeply affects the habitability of outdoor spaces. However the indices used for its evaluation were usually developed for indoor environments assuming still air conditions and absence of solar radiation and were only later adapted to outdoor spaces. For this reason, in a previous study the Mediterranean Outdoor Comfort Index (MOCI) was developed, which is an empirical index able to estimate the thermal perception of people living in the Mediterranean area. In this study it was compared numerically (by using the data obtained through a field survey) with other selected thermal indices. This comparison, performed in terms of Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient, association Gamma, percentage of correct predictions and cross-tabulation analysis, led to identify the MOCI as the most suitable index to examine outdoor thermal comfort in the interested area. As a matter of fact it showed a total percentage of correct predictions of 35.5%. Good performances were reported even in thermophysiological indices as the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). Moreover it was revealed that adaptation and acclimatization phenomena tend to have a certain influence as well.
The Double Binds of Indigeneity and Indigenous Resistance
Authors: Ludlow Francis , Baker Lauren , Brock Samara , Hebdon Chris , Dove Michael
Published: July 2016

During the twentieth century, indigenous peoples have often embraced the category of indigenous while also having to face the ambiguities and limitations of this concept. Indigeneity, whether represented by indigenous people themselves or others, tends to face a “double bind”, as defined by Gregory Bateson, in which “no matter what a person does, he can’t win.” One exit strategy suggested by Bateson is meta-communication—communication about communication—in which new solutions emerge from a questioning of system-internal assumptions. We offer case studies from Ecuador, Peru and Alaska that chart some recent indigenous experiences and strategies for such scenarios.
China’s Indigenous Peoples? How Global Environmentalism Unintentionally Smuggled the Notion of Indigeneity into China
Authors: Hathaway Michael
Published: July 2016

This article explores how global environmental organizations unintentionally fostered the notion of indigenous people and rights in a country that officially opposed these concepts. In the 1990s, Beijing declared itself a supporter of indigenous rights elsewhere, but asserted that, unlike the Americas and Australia, China had no indigenous people. Instead, China described itself as a land of “ethnic minority” groups, not indigenous groups. In some sense, the state’s declaration appeared effective, as none of these ethnic minority groups launched significant grassroots efforts to align themselves with the international indigenous rights movement. At the same time, as international environmental groups increased in number and strength in 1990s China, their policies were undergoing significant transformations to more explicitly support indigenous people. This article examines how this challenging situation arose, and discusses the unintended consequences after a major environmental organization, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), carried out a project using the language of indigeneity in China.
Indigenous ExtrACTIVISM in Boreal Canada: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles and Sovereign Futures
Authors: Willow Anna
Published: July 2016

This article approaches contemporary extractivism as an environmentally and socially destructive extension of an enduring colonial societal structure. Manifested in massive hydroelectric developments, clearcut logging, mining, and unconventional oil and gas production, extractivism removes natural resources from their points of origin and dislocates the emplaced benefits they provide. Because externally imposed resource extraction threatens Indigenous peoples’ land-based self-determination, industrial sites often become contested, politicized landscapes. Consequently, I also illuminate the struggles of those who strive to turn dreams for sovereign futures into reality through extrACTIVIST resistance to extractivist schemes. Presenting four case synopses—from across Canada’s boreal forest and spanning a broad range of extractive undertakings—that highlight both sides of the extractivism/ACTIVISM formulation, this article exposes the political roots of resource-related conflicts and contributes to an emerging comparative political ecology of settler colonialism. While extractivism’s environmental effects are immediate and arresting, these physical transformations have significant cultural consequences that are underlain by profound political inequities. I ultimately suggest that because extractivism is colonial in its causal logic, effective opposition cannot emerge from environmentalism alone, but will instead arise from movements that pose systemic challenges to conjoined processes of social, economic, and environmental injustice.
“Indigenizing” Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States
Authors: Coté Charlotte
Published: July 2016

The food sovereignty movement initiated in 1996 by a transnational organization of peasants, La Via Campesina, representing 148 organizations from 69 countries, became central to self-determination and decolonial mobilization embodied by Indigenous peoples throughout the world. Utilizing the framework of decolonization and sustainable self-determination, this article analyzes the concept of food sovereignty to articulate an understanding of its potential for action in revitalizing Indigenous food practices and ecological knowledge in the United States and Canada. The food sovereignty movement challenged the hegemony of the globalized, neoliberal, industrial, capital-intensive, corporate-led model of agriculture that created destructive economic policies that marginalized small-scale farmers, removed them from their land, and forced them into the global market economy as wage laborers. Framed within a larger rights discourse, the food sovereignty movement called for the right of all peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food and the right to define their own food and agricultural systems. “Indigenizing” food sovereignty moves beyond a rights based discourse by emphasizing the cultural responsibilities and relationships Indigenous peoples have with their environment and the efforts being made by Indigenous communities to restore these relationships through the revitalization of Indigenous foods and ecological knowledge systems as they assert control over their own foods and practices.
Intersystem Implications of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Advancing Health Promotion in the 21st Century
Authors: Barnes Michael , Heaton Thomas , Goates Michael , Packer Justin
Published: July 2016

The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) theory and life course theory (LCT) are emerging fields of research that have significant implications for the public health and health promotion professions. Using a DOHaD/LCT perspective, social determinants of health (SDH) take on new critical meaning by which health promotion professionals can implement DOHaD/LCT guided interventions, including recommended policies. Through these interventions, public health could further address the sources of worldwide chronic disease epidemics and reduce such disease rates substantially if related policy, programs, and interdisciplinary and multi-sector collaboration are emphasized. Additional characteristics of the most effective interventions involve context-specific adaptation and societal structures that impact upstream, early life environments on a broad scale, influencing multiple locations and/or diseases.
Origin-Oriented Elemental Profile of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Central European Suburban Conditions
Authors: Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta , Majewski Grzegorz , Błaszczak Barbara , Klejnowski Krzysztof , Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja
Published: July 2016

Twenty-four-hour samples of fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5; particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 µm) were collected in a suburban (quasi-rural) area in Racibórz (Poland) between 1 January 2011 and 26 December 2012. The samples were analyzed for the contents of 28 elements. Sources of PM2.5 were identified and the contribution of each source to the PM2.5 concentration was assessed using an enrichment factor (EF) analysis, a principal component analysis (PCA), and multi-linear regression analysis (MLRA). In the cold season (January–March and October–December 2011–2012), the mean ambient concentration of PM2.5 in Racibórz was 48.7 ± 39.4 µg·m−3, which was much higher than at other suburban or rural sites in Europe. Additionally the ambient concentrations of some toxic PM2.5-bound elements were also high, i.e., the mean ambient concentrations of PM2.5-bound As, Cd, and Pb were 11.3 ± 11.5, 5.2 ± 2.5, and 34.0 ± 34.2 ng·m−3, respectively. In the warm season (April–September 2011–2012), the PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound element concentrations in Racibórz were comparable to the concentrations noted at other suburban (or rural) sites in Europe. Our findings suggest that elemental composition and concentrations of PM2.5 in Racibórz are mainly influenced by anthropogenic emissions, i.e., the energy production based on coal and biomass combustion, traffic, and industry.
Methylsulfonylmethane Induces p53 Independent Apoptosis in HCT-116 Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Karabay Arzu , Koc Asli , Ozkan Tulin , Hekmatshoar Yalda , Sunguroglu Asuman , Aktan Fugen , Buyukbingol Zeliha
Published: July 2016

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is an organic sulfur-containing compound which has been used as a dietary supplement for osteoarthritis. MSM has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as exhibit apoptotic or anti-apoptotic effects depending on the cell type or activating stimuli. However, there are still a lot of unknowns about the mechanisms of actions of MSM. In this study, MSM was tested on colon cancer cells. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that MSM inhibited cell viability and increased apoptotic markers in both HCT-116 p53 +/+ and HCT-116 p53 −/− colon cancer cells. Increased poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) fragmentation and caspase-3 activity by MSM also supported these findings. MSM also modulated the expression of various apoptosis-related genes and proteins. Moreover, MSM was found to increase c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation in both cell lines, dose-dependently. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that MSM induces apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cells regardless of their p53 status. Since p53 is defective in >50% of tumors, the ability of MSM to induce apoptosis independently of p53 may offer an advantage in anti-tumor therapy. Moreover, the remarkable effect of MSM on Bim, an apoptotic protein, also suggests its potential use as a novel chemotherapeutic agent for Bim-targeted anti-cancer therapies.