bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patomechanisms of hepatic steatosis
Authors: Fülöp Péter , Paragh György
Published: February 2010

Az elhízás és hozzá társuló kórállapotok, így az inzulinrezisztenciát kísérő nem alkoholos zsírmájbetegség a világ egészségügyi rendszereire jelentős terhet rónak. A betegség kialakulásának első lépése a májban történő trigliceridlerakódást kísérő elzsírosodás, amely később gyulladáshoz, illetve májzsugorhoz és májrákhoz is vezethet. A steatosis hátterében a májba történő nagy mennyiségű zsírsavbeáramlás és a szervben megfigyelhető fokozott lipogenesis, valamint a zsírsav-oxidációs és -szekréciós utak relatív csökkenése áll. Jelen összefoglalónkban ezen molekuláris mechanizmusokra világítunk rá. Ezek megértése fontos adalékul szolgálhat az elhízás és az inzulinrezisztencia mellett kialakuló májbetegség, illetve a következményes kardiometabolikus következmények hátterének tisztázásához.
Epidemiology of smoking in Hungary – a national representative study
Authors: Tombor Ildikó , Paksi Borbála , Urbán Róbert , Kun Bernadette , Arnold Petra , Rózsa Sándor , Demetrovics Zsolt
Published: February 2010

Tanulmányunkban áttekintjük a magyar felnőtt lakosság körében készült, a dohányzás prevalenciáját becslő országos reprezentatív felméréseket.
Célkitűzés:
Az Országos lakossági adatfelvétel az addiktológiai problémákról (OLAAP) felmérés dohányzásra vonatkozó eredményeinek bemutatása, valamint ezek összevetése a korábbi vizsgálatok eredményeivel.
Módszer:
A kutatás célpopulációja a 18–64 éves magyarországi népesség. A nettó minta nagysága 2710 fő volt. Az adatfelvétel részben személyes kérdezéssel, részben önkitöltős módszerrel történt.
Eredmények:
A magyar felnőtt lakosság 36,1%-a dohányzik (29,9%-a napi rendszerességgel). A nemi arányokat tekintve a férfiak 40,6%-a, míg a nők 31,7%-a dohányos (a napi dohányosok aránya nemek szerint 34,6%, illetve 25,3%). A dohányzás szempontjából kockázati tényezőként azonosítható a férfi nem, az alacsonyabb életkor, az alacsonyabb iskolai végzettség, a kedvezőtlenebb szocioökonómiai státus, valamint a szülők dohányzása.
Következtetések:
Eredményeink a korábbi évek heterogén eredményei közül a magasabb dohányzási prevalenciákat támasztják alá, illetve enyhe mértékű növekedést feltételeznek, amiért a dohányzás nők körében történt emelkedése felelős. A férfiak esetében stagnálás figyelhető meg.
Controlling Florida Betony (Stachys floridana) with Herbicides
Authors: Czarnota Mark A.
Published: February 2010

In the southeastern United States, Florida betony continues to be a problem weed in both turfgrass and ornamentals. Several herbicides including atrazine, dichlobenil, and glyphosate can provide good control (greater than 70%) of Florida betony, but their uses are limited. Over the past several years, many additional herbicides have been added to the turf market. New herbicides evaluated in this study included the sulfonylurea herbicides foramsulfuron, metsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron; the picolinic acids clopyralid and fluroxypyr; and the aryl triazinone herbicide carfentrazone in combination with 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop. In both the 2004 and 2005 trials, all sulfonylurea herbicides provided greater than 83% control of Florida betony at 10 wk after treatment. Other herbicides that provided less than 80% control of Florida betony in 2004 and 2005 included clopyralid, fluroxypyr, and the carfentrazone combination treatment. Selective control of Florida betony in ornamentals, however, still remains a challenge, as none of these herbicides are labeled for ornamentals.
Glyphosate-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) Populations in the Western Australian Grain Belt
Authors: Owen Mechelle J. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: February 2010

Glyphosate-resistance evolution in weeds is evident globally, especially in areas where transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops dominate. Resistance to glyphosate is currently known in 16 weed species, including rigid ryegrass in Australia. Following the first report of glyphosate resistance in 1998, there are now 78 documented glyphosate-resistant populations of rigid ryegrass in grain-growing regions of southern Australia. In some regions where glyphosate-resistance evolution has already occurred in rigid ryegrass, transgenic glyphosate-resistant canola was introduced in 2008, further highlighting the need to monitor glyphosate-resistance evolution in weeds. A rigid ryegrass population (WALR70) was collected in 2005 from a crop field in Esperance, Western Australia, after it had survived applications of glyphosate. Dose–response experiments confirmed resistance in the population, with the glyphosate rate resulting in 50% mortality (LD50) for WALR70 being 11 times greater than that for a susceptible biotype. The WALR70 population also had low levels of resistance to some acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)- and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides (diclofop, fluazifop, clodinafop, tralkoxydim, chlorsulfuron, and imazethapyr), but was susceptible to other herbicide modes of action, such as atrazine, trifluralin, and paraquat. Two other rigid ryegrass populations assessed in this study were also confirmed to be resistant to glyphosate. The increasing number of glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass populations in Australia is of concern to growers because of the importance of glyphosate in intensive cropping systems and the introduction of glyphosate-resistant canola to this region.
Imaging of larynx: Diagnostic value of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Maksimovic R.M. , Banko B.A. , Milovanovic J.P.
Published: February 2010

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are enabling more precise diagnosis and treatment planning in patients with diseases of the larynx. The aim of this article is to describe the role of these methods in assessment of the laringeal diseases and key local anatomic characteristics important for spread of the disease. CT and MRI have a valuable contribution to the staging of the tumors due to the possibility to show the relationship to the ventricular complex, involvement of the subumucosal spaces, defining craniocaudal and anterposterior extension, laringeal cartilage invasion, as well as regional lymph node metastases.
Nonvibrating segment predicting glottis carcinoma
Authors: Vukasinovic M.M. , Djukic V.B. , Stankovic P.D. , Krejovic-Trivic S.B. , Milovanovic J.P. , Mikic A. , Ugrinovic A.B. , Dragisic M.N.
Published: February 2010

Endovideolaryngostroboscopy is the obliged evaluation tool in our everyday practice. Standardized protocol in management of broad spectrum of vocal pathology is useful in clinical, scientific and educational evaluation of patient from the first interview till the end of the treatment. Using of contemporary computerized multidimensional analysis of stroboscopic image we are approaching to optimum evaluation of any kind of interpersonal communication disorder. There were 66 patients in prospective clinical study of correlation between suspect endovideolaryngostroboscopic findings and histo-pathology verification of glottis carcinoma. Asymmetric and irregular vibrations with absent mucosal wave or absent vibrations of one part or of the whole vocal fold was improved as carcinoma in 85% of patients. The most frequent diagnosis was Ca planocellularae invasivum G2 NG 2, with subsequent open chordectomy. In every case of hoarseness longer more than 14 days, endovideolaryngostroboscopy is the golden standard for evaluating the need for microlaryngoscopy and biopsy.
Hearing damage caused by noise
Authors: Milovanovic A.P. , Djukic V.B. , Milovanovic J.P. , Trivic A.S. , Milovanovic A.N. , Arsovic N.A. , Corac A.M.
Published: February 2010

Introduction: Noise is most common profession risk, as well as risk from environment, for hearing loss. Top limit for industrial noise is 85 dB. Objectives: Aim of our study was to determined all number of recognized professional diseases in our country, as well as to see which of industries are with highest prevalence of professional hearing damage caused by noise. Materials and method: We use an cohort study for analyzing patient histories which were hospitalized in the Institute of occupational health. All of them have recognized professional disease hearing loss. In order to be recognized as cases of a professional hearing damage, all of them had to satisfy all legal requirements. Results: Average age of patients with professional damage of cochlear nerve was 50 y. They have high total time period as well as exposed time period. In 2003. and 2004.,. there was highest number of detected and recognized cases of such professional diseases. More than half of examined patients had lesion between 30 and 40 percent following tables of F. S. Most of them were metal and mining industry workers. Conclusion: Following results of the study we can conclude that regular medical examinations of workers in all industries are necessary, specially in metal and mining industry. It is also needed to use personal protection items and to provide appropriate medical education of both workers and the management staff of said industries in order to prevent this kind of profession disease.
Bilateral vocal paralysis phonosurgery in adults
Authors: Milovanovic J.P. , Djukic V.B. , Milovanovic A.P. , Djordjevic V.Z. , Arsovic N.A. , Radosic N. , Stevandic N. , Slijepcevic N.A.
Published: February 2010

Ordinary clinical manifestation of the patient with bilaterla vocal fold paralysis is inability of abducting the cords with a result of narrowing the glottic space , causing inspiratory stridor and mild dysphonia. Such patients can be life threatened due to narrowing airway. Some kind of surgery has to be performed on these patients in order to enlarge the airway. When we treat patients with OPG, the most reasonable way is to gradually enlarge airway at glottic level and there are several surgical methods for achieving this. The least aggressive and the safest procedures are posterior transversal chordektomy (PTC) or medial aritenoidektomy (MA), after which we can perform extended versions of some of these methods or combination of both. Bilateral vocal fold paralysis has to be diagnostically different from stenosis of posterior komisure, even though the procedures such as medial aritenoidektomy, posterior transversal chordektomy and total aritenoidektomy can be performed in both cases. The patients have to be explained that the aim of the procedure is to enlarge airway to the detriment of voice quality and voice capabilities.
Foreign bodies of the lower respiratory tract
Authors: Ugrinovic A.B. , Djukic V.B. , Erdevicki Lj.V. , Arsenijevic S.D. , Milovanovic J.P. , Andric S.D. , Radoic N.N.
Published: February 2010

Aspiration of foreign bodies of the lower respiratory tract is the most common cause of accidental death in children under 6 years of age in the United States. The aim of the study was to actualize the problem of foreign bodies in modern society, to determine the most common types of foreign body, who and why usually aspires foreign body, whether the incidence is changing, and to define principles for optimal prevention. During our five-year study, we had 166 cases of aspiration of foreign bodies of the lower respiratory tract. The incidence is highest in children under three years of age (54.8%). Cough (94.6%) and breathing difficulties (78.9%) were the dominated symptoms. The majority of aspirated objects were grain (peanuts, walnuts, sunflower seeds) - 29.5%. Localization of foreign bodies was mainly in the right and left main bronchus, and the most common complications were atelectasis and emphysema. All patients had undergone a rigid upper tracheobronchoscopy and foreign body was found in 80 patients (48%). There was no need to perform neither tracheotomy, nor any further surgical treatment, as for example thoracotomy, in any patient. Good education is the best prevention.
Forensic importance of face, mouth, teeth, ear, throat, nose and labyrinth injuries
Authors: Milovanovic A.P. , Djukic V.B. , Milovanovic J.P. , Krejovic-Trivic S.B. , Milovanovic A.N. , Keku D.P. , Grajic M.M.
Published: February 2010

Evaluation of bodily injuries and diminished general vital activity from face and facial bones injuries accompanied by scars and disfiguration ranges from 5 to 50 percent depending on the disfiguration, loss of function and degree of aesthetic marring. They are graded accordingly and they may be: mild (5 to 20%), medium (20 to 35%) and serious when the degree of bodily injury and diminished general vital activity is 35 to 50%. Percentage of bodily injuries and diminished general vital activity from jaw defects ranges from 30 to 80 percent depending on the disfiguration, loss of function and degree of aesthetic marring. Percentage of bodily injuries and diminished general vital activity from nose structure nasal pyramid defects ranges from 10 to 20 percent depending on the disfiguration, loss of function and degree of aesthetic marring. Partial loss of nose structure is estimated at 15%, whereas the complete one may go up to 30%. Diminished general vital activity and percentage of bodily injury with partial laringektomy ranges from 20 to 40 %. In case of subtotal laringektomy, this is up to 60% and with total one, it reaches 80%.
Notch: From fly wings to human hematological tumors
Authors: Mirandola Leonardo , Larocca Sara , Rea Katia , Palma Giovanni , Comi Paola , Chiaramonte Raffaella
Published: February 2010

Notch history begins in 1919 with Thomas Hunt Morgan studies on fruit fly mutants. From then, this gene aroused lively interest in the scientific community since it is involved in a wide variety of processes, including morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and stem cell maintenance. Deregulation of Notch signaling characterizes several human tumors. Hematopoietic system is affected by mutations of Notch receptors, Notch ligands, and proteins controlling their stability. Approximately 60% T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients carry activating Notch1 mutations prompting blasts growth. In addition, multiple myeloma is characterized by Notch signaling hyper-activation due to an abnormal expression of the Jagged2 ligand; this affects not only myeloma cells, but also their interaction with bone marrow microenvironment, influencing tumor burden and bone disease. These findings make Notch a rational target of a therapeutic approach. Inhibitors of the Notch activating enzyme, ?-Secretase, have been successfully used in vitro and in vivo and are currently under clinical trials for T-ALL and breast cancer. Yet a wide use of these inhibitors is prevented by frequently occurring drug resistance. To elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, a number of pathways have been identified mediating Notch biological effects: AKT and c-Myc are frequently deregulated in leukemic patients and account for resistance to ?-Secretase inhibitors by acting downstream Notch receptor. Therefore, the interaction of Notch with other cancer-associated proteins should be clarified to predict the biological outcome of a Notch targeted therapy and possibly, to exploit combined treatments against the key deregulated elements in Notch-associated cancers.
Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the breast
Authors: Popovic Lazar , Jovanovic Darjana , Matovina-Brko Gorana , Petrovic Dragana , Nikin Zoran , Roganovic Tatjana
Published: February 2010

Primary breast lymphoma is rare location of this disease. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common histological subtype. We presented two cases of primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the breast and reviewed a literature about this topic.
Eulerian elastoplasticity: Basic issues and recent results
Authors: Bruhns O.T.
Published: February 2010

Traditional formulations of elastoplasticity in the presence of finite strain and large rotation are Eulerian type and widely used; they are based upon, among other things, the additive decomposition of the stretching or the Eulerian strain-rate into elastic and plastic parts. In such formulations, yield functions and objective rate constitutive equations are expressed in terms of objective Eulerian tensor quantities, including the stretching, the Kirchhoff stress, internal state variables, etc. Each of these quantities transforms in a corotational manner under a change of the observing frame. According to the principle of material frame-indifference or objectivity, each constitutive function should be invariant, whenever the observing frame is changed to another one by any given time-dependent rotation. In this work the general form of constitutive equations is discussed. Several frequently used objective rates are analyzed with respect to their serviceability to develop a self-consistent formulation, i.e. to be integrable to deliver an elastic in particular hyperelastic relation for vanishing plastic deformation. This would be of great importance, e.g., for so-called spring back calculations in metal forming.
Radiation and mass transfer effects on unsteady MHD free convection flow of an incompressible viscous fluid past a moving vertical cylinder
Authors: Gnaneswara Reddy , Bhaskar Reddy
Published: February 2010

The interaction of free convection with thermal radiation of a viscous incompressible unsteady MHD flow past a moving vertical cylinder with heat and mass transfer is analyzed. The fluid is a gray, absorbing-emitting but non-scattering medium and the Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The governing equations are solved using an implicit finite-difference scheme of Crank-Nicolson type. Numerical results for the transient velocity, the temperature, the concentration, the local as well as average skin-friction, the rate of heat and mass transfer for various parameters such as thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter and Schmidt number are shown graphically. It is observed that, when the radiation parameter increases the velocity and temperature decrease in the boundary layer. Also, it is found that as increase in the magnetic field leads to decrease in the velocity field and rise in the thermal boundary thickness.
Cyber space bullying
Authors: Popovic-Citic Branislava
Published: February 2010

Cyber space bullying is a relatively new phenomenon that has received increased attention by scientists, researchers and practitioners in recent years. It is usually defined as an intentionally and repeatedly expression of aggression towards other people through information and communication technologies. Cyber space bullying is characterized by all the primary characteristics of traditional bullying and some specifics ones that clearly differ it from other forms of bullying. In addition to the analysis of characteristics and specifics of cyber space bullying, the paper describes the basic forms of cyber space bullying (flaming, harassment, denigration, impersonation, outing, trickery, exclusion, stalking and happy slapping), as well as, the types of cyber space bullies (vengeful angel, power-hungry, revenge of the nerd, mean girls and inadvertent). The main goal of this paper is to provide initial theoretical guidelines for designing future empirical research on the complex phenomenon of cyber space bullying.
The Role of Client Advocacy in the Development of Tax Professionals’ Advice
Authors: Bobek Donna D. , Hageman Amy M. , Hatfield Richard C.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: A primary responsibility of tax professionals is to be an advocate for their clients (AICPA 2000). Prior studies have shown mixed results on how the advocate role influences tax professionals’ decision processes and outcomes (e.g., Cloyd and Spilker 1999; Davis and Mason 2003; Barrick et al. 2004; Kahle and White 2004). In this study, we consider how advocacy may be at least partially context-specific, introduce the construct of client-specific advocacy, and thoroughly examine the influence of advocacy attitudes on a number of steps in the judgment and decision-making process. Consistent with attitude theory, we report experimental results that suggest client characteristics influence tax professionals’ advocacy attitudes. We also find that client-specific advocacy influences process variables such as the weighting of evidence and decision outcomes such as the recommendation of tax advice. The results of the study indicate that tax professionals may be unintentionally influenced by client attributes when making judgments and may have difficulty separating their advocacy and evidence evaluation roles.
Voluntary Disclosure of Auditor-Provided Tax Service Fees
Authors: Bedard Jean C. , Falsetta Diana , Krishnamoorthy Ganesh , Omer Thomas C.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: This study examines the decisions of firms to voluntarily disclose tax fees paid to their external auditors. Although the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began requiring public companies to disclose fees paid to auditors in 2000, separate disclosure of tax service fees as a component of those fees was not required until 2003. During this period, there was increased scrutiny by the SEC on many aspects of the auditor-client relationship, and by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) on the sale of tax shelters by large public accounting firms to their clients. Hence, we predict that the decisions of firms that buy tax services from their auditors to voluntarily disclose fees for those services will be significantly influenced by political costs associated with heightened regulatory scrutiny. Results show that the likelihood of separate disclosure of tax fees in 2002 is negatively associated with the ratio of nonaudit service fees (NAS) to total fees, thus supporting the political cost hypothesis. Importantly, we find that the negative association of political cost and disclosure is exacerbated by both audit committee governance and audit firm size. We also find the disclosure decision to be positively associated with agency costs (institutional ownership and size) and negatively associated with the relative amount of deferred taxes, firm profitability, and auditor change. In summary, these results shed light on the roles played by two important players in the corporate governance structure of a firm (the audit committee and the audit firm) in determining a firm’s voluntary disclosure practices.
Photoacoustic operation modes for determination of absorption spectra of SiGe mixed crystals
Authors: Maliński M. , Chrobak Ł.
Published: February 2010

This paper presents comparison of two photoacoustic modes of determination of optical absorption spectra of semiconductors illustrated with the results obtained for SiGe crystals. Experimental transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra of SiGe crystals as well as appropriate models for determination of optical absorption coefficient spectra are given. The idea and experimental set-up of the analyzed methods are presented too. From the fitting procedure of theoretical characteristics to experimental transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra and after computations of the optical absorption coefficient spectra, three components of the optical absorption coefficient spectra of SiGe crystals were identified, i.e., band to band transitions, Urbach tail and free carriers absorption. Their parameters are given and discussed in the paper. At the end, the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, such a comparison of the two PA methods of determination of the optical absorption spectra has not been done before.
Determination of bulk values of twist elasticity coefficient in a chiral smectic C* liquid crystal
Authors: Kuczyński W. , Nowicka K. , Dardas D. , Jeżewski W. , Hoffmann J.
Published: February 2010

A method is described for determination of bulk values of a twist elastic coefficient for smectic c-director in chiral smectic liquid crystals with a helical structure. The method was applied to 4-methylbutyloxy phenyl-4-octyloxy-benzoate (C8) in the chiral smectic C* phase. The measurements were performed using optical detection in a small deformation limit. In contrast to the usual methods, initial deformation of the helix (caused by strong surface interactions) was avoided by using homeotropic aligned thick samples. The critical temperature dependence of the measured coefficient was observed. The relation between the measured parameter and the smectic C order parameter is presented.
The Poland competitiveness and the trade connections in reference to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and former USSR
Authors: Maceikianec Tadeusz
Published: February 2010

In the paper is presented multiaspectual indicatory statistical analysis (TI, RCA, IIT, ESI) of the Polish trade with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and former USSR in the reference to UE-15 countries. The chosen group of countries encloses all the former republics of the USSR (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan) and Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia. Studied countries were divided into two groups - UE and non UE. It was showed that in the first group had appeared a tendency to levelling the competitiveness and to the growth of cooperation, in second however the level of cooperation is close to the zero and the level of competitiveness diminishes in relation to Poland. 1.
Profitability Analysis of Non-Timber Forest Products Marketing in Eastern Hills of Nepal: Looking for an Alternative Marketing Approach to Benefit the Poor
Authors: Pandit BH , Subedi R , Kumar C
Published: February 2010

Key words: Nepal; NTFP trading; profitability; poor people; collectors; tradersDOI: 10.3126/init.v1i0.2675The Initiation Vol.1 2007 p.16-28
Watershed Management toward Livelihood Improvement
Authors: Sthapit Keshar Man
Published: February 2010

DOI: 10.3126/init.v1i0.2676The Initiation Vol.1 2007 p.29-31
Collaborative Forest Management in Nepal: Stepping towards managing productive forests of Terai with social inclusion
Authors: Paudyal Dhananjaya
Published: February 2010

DOI: 10.3126/init.v1i0.2683The Initiation Vol.1 2007 p.65-71
Review of High Altitude Wetlands Initiatives in Nepal
Authors: Karki Jhamak B
Published: February 2010

DOI: 10.3126/init.v1i0.2691The Initiation Vol.1 2007 p.104-110
SUFFREC & its Outcomes
Authors: Gotame Bharat , Thapaliya Bishu Prasad
Published: February 2010

DOI: 10.3126/init.v1i0.2694The Initiation Vol.1 2007 p.149-150
A Definition, Description, and Framework For Advanced Practice in Dietetics
Authors: Wildish Deborah Ellen (Boyko) , Evers Susan
Published: February 2010

Purpose: We explored advanced practice (AP) across the diversity of dietetics to develop a definition, description, and framework for guiding future education, research agendas, and policy development.

Methods: The process began with a literature review and discussion with dietitians exploring AP in other countries. Various concepts were identified, and these informed the phase 1 survey questions. Phase 1 was a 36-item survey created in SurveyMonkey, engaging a purposeful sample of key stakeholders (n=136). A modified Delphi approach, involving seven dietitians from different geographical locations and practice areas, finalized the phase 2 survey. An e-mail link to this 50-item survey was sent to a random sample of dietitians (n=885). The proposed AP framework entailed an iterative approach, integrating survey results with AP literature.

Results: Response rates were 40% for phase 1 and 35% for phase 2. In phase 1, 83% of respondents agreed that a depth and breadth definition captured all dietetic job roles, and 95% agreed that it differentiated AP from entry-level practice. Descriptive statistics are presented to provide demographic information and level of agreement with themes relevant to AP.

Conclusions: A framework is presented, and discrepancies with phase 2 results indicate areas for professional development, such as leadership, mentorship, and outcome measurement.
True Images: Metaphor, Metonymy and Montage in Marcel Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu and Jean-Luc Godard's Histoire(s) du cinéma
Authors: Heywood Miriam
Published: February 2010

This article compares the poetics of Marcel Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu and Jean-Luc Godard's Histoire(s) du cinéma in order to realign our understanding of metaphor, metonymy and montage with the inter-formal dialogues that new media artworks increasingly demand of audiences. An analysis of Godard's ‘quotation’ of Proust's words and ideas from Le Temps retrouvé sets out an explicit rivalry between text and image. However, drawing on formalist and structuralist approaches to both literature and cinema, including Roman Jakobson and Gérard Genette, as well as more recent discussions developed by Gilles Deleuze and Lev Manovich, I will argue that the nature of the image manifested in both artworks corresponds to a shared aesthetic that exceeds distinctions between word and image, literature and video.
Beauvoir the Mythoclast
Authors: Le Doeuff Michèle
Published: February 2010

This article argues that although Simone de Beauvoir goes as far as any philosopher in her analysis of oppressive myths, she too creates ‘others’ for herself, such as children who believe in dreams or fairy tales. Beauvoir's The Second Sex appears to make a clear distinction between myths (mythologization) and facts with respect to women's situation. The first volume of her autobiography, Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, also critiques some of the myths which dominate women's lives; at the same time, the adoption of Simone's mythologies by her younger sister Hélène is presented less as a myth structure than as an eclectic collection of good and bad objects that strives for coherence only in fantasy. Like the Greeks, the young Simone sets herself against ‘the Barbarians’ — to the embarrassment of the author. Myths and mythologies (including religion) are the enemies of philosophy for Hegel amongst others. Yet while Beauvoir is clear about the importance of emancipation from religion, she does not find it easy to situate herself as a philosopher (that is what we have done for her). Philosophy too has acted as an instrument of male domination. Perhaps Barthes's ‘mythologies’ provided a more comfortable framework for the analysis of bourgeois life in her autobiography — which includes a (truly philosophical) crucial element of self-critique. Equally, looking back on her later life, it is striking to what extent she continued to act out bourgeois mythologies of the role of the accepting woman in the face of male infidelity, just as her mother did. Perhaps her ascetic refusal to offer a positive image of a female heroine relates to this problematic relationship to the imaginary, saturated from childhood with mythologies that she wished to reject, and critiqued by the rational philosophical tradition which cannot acknowledge its own use of fiction.
Developmental morphology of seedling and shoot and phylogenetic relationship ofDiplobryum koyamae(Podostemaceae)
Authors: Koi Satoshi , Kato Masahiro
Published: February 2010

We demonstrated that saltational evolution was recurrent in the body plans of seedlings of the aquatic angiosperm Podostemaceae, in contrast to other angiosperms with seedlings having almost common body plans.Diplobryum koyamae, transferred to the genusHydrodiscusdescribed in this paper, has long‐floating shoots with an anchoring disk‐like base and is rootless. Such a body plan is distinct from other members of Asian Podostemoideae comprising reduced or moderate shoots borne on the root. Here, our molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed thatH. koyamaeis sister to a crustose‐rooted group ofHanseniella, HydrobryumandThawatchaiawithin Asian Podostemoideae. The germinating embryo was devoid of plumule and radicle, and comprised a single cotyledon and a short hypocotyl, which produced an adventitious shoot endogenously. The leaves are formed in the absence of the shoot apical meristem, accompanying the separation of lightly stained cells. Comparison with other species of Asian Podostemoideae having the plumule and the adventitious root in the seedling, along with their phylogenetic relationship, suggests that saltational evolution occurred in the seedling body plan ofH. koyamaeleading to the extraordinary adult body plan, as in the separate clade ofDalzellia, Indodalzellia, andIndotristichaof the subfamily Tristichoideae.
Comparing the performance of sampling plans that use a single regulatory limit based upon total aflatoxins to sampling plans that use dual limits based upon B1 and total aflatoxins
Authors: Whitaker T. , Slate A. , Adams J. , Birmingham T. , Giesbrecht F.
Published: February 2010

The European Commission (EC) aflatoxin sampling plan for ready-to-eat tree nuts such as almonds requires that
each of the three 10 kg laboratory samples must all test less than 2 ng/g aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 4 ng/g total aflatoxins
(AFT) for the lot to be accepted. Exporters have observed that the AFB1/AFT ratio varied greatly from sample to
sample and the ratio appeared to average more than 50%. Because of the concern that dual limits associated with
the EC aflatoxin sampling plans may reject more lots than similar sampling plans that use a single limit based upon
total aflatoxins, studies were designed with the objectives to (a) measure the distribution of AFB1/AFT ratio values
using sample test results associated with testing U.S. almond lots exported to the European Union; (b) use Monte
Carlo methods to develop a model to compute the effects of using dual limits based upon AFB1 and AFT on the
probability of accepting almond lots; and (c) compare the probability of accepting almond lots using the current
Codex aflatoxin sampling plans for tree nuts when using single limits versus the use of dual limits. The study
results showed that the mean and median among 3,257 AFB1/AFT ratio values was 87.6% and 91.9%, respectively,
indicating that the distribution among the ratio values was negatively skewed. Only 31% of the 3,257 AFB1/AFT
ratio values are less than the mean ratio of 87.6%. Codex aflatoxin sampling plans for tree nuts using a single limit
based upon total aflatoxins had the highest probability of accepting lots at all lot concentrations when compared to
the probability of accepting lots with dual limits. As the AFB1 limit decreased from 90 to 50% of the total limit, the
probability of rejecting lots at all concentrations increased when compared to the Codex aflatoxin sampling plans
with a single limit based upon total aflatoxins.
Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2008-2009
Authors: Shephard G. , Berthiller F. , Dorner J. , Krska R. , Lombaert G. , Malone B. , Maragos C. , Sabino M. , Solfrizzo M. , Trucksess M. , van Egmond H. , Whitaker T.
Published: February 2010

This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2008 and
mid-2009. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin,
patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. Developments in mycotoxin analysis continue, with emphasis on novel
immunological methods and further description of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, particularly as multimycotoxin
applications for different ranges of mycotoxins. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some
aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
A short geostatistical study of the three-dimensional spatial structure of fumonisins in stored maize
Authors: Casado M. Rivas , Parsons D. , Magan N. , Weightman R. , Battilani P. , Pietri A.
Published: February 2010

The heterogeneous three-dimensional spatial distribution of mycotoxins has proven to be one of the main limitations
for the design of effective sampling protocols. Current sample collection protocols for mycotoxins have been
designed to estimate the mean concentration and fail to characterise the spatial distribution of the mycotoxin
concentration due to the aggregation of the incremental samples. Geostatistical techniques have been successfully
applied to overcome similar problems in many research areas. However, little work has been developed on the
use of geostatistics for the design of sampling protocols for mycotoxins. This paper focuses on the analysis of the
two and three-dimensional spatial structure of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in maize in a bulk store using a
geostatistical approach and on how results help determine the number and location of incremental samples to be
collected. The spatial correlation between FB1 and FB2, as well as between the number of kernels infected and the
level of contamination was investigated. For this purpose, a bed of maize was sampled at different depths to generate
a unique three-dimensional data set of FB1 and FB2. The analysis found no clear evidence of spatial structure in
either the two-dimensional or three-dimensional analyses. The number of Fusarium infected kernels was not a
good indicator for the prediction of fumonisin concentration and there was no spatial correlation between the
concentrations of the two fumonisins.
Effect of gallic acid on Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production
Authors: Romero S. , Alberto M. , Vaamonde G.
Published: February 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the gallic acid influence on Aspergillus carbonarius growth and
ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis. A mixed inoculum was used in Czapek Yeast Extract Agar and growth and OTA
production was observed at 100 to 500 mg/l of the phenolic compound. Slower colony growth rates and longer lag
phases were observed with increasing concentration and 500 mg/l was totally inhibitory for A. carbonarius growth.
OTA production decrease was observed even at the lower concentration assayed. Gallic acid could be used as a
natural antimicrobial for the control of ochratoxigenic A. carbonarius.
Aflatoxin accumulation and kernel infection of maize hybrids inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Windham G. , Hawkins L. , Williams W.
Published: February 2010

Over a three year period, we compared aflatoxin accumulation and kernel infection in maize hybrids inoculated with
Aspergillus flavus isolate NRRL 3357, A. flavus isolate NRRL 19772, Aspergillus parasiticus isolate NRRL 6111, and
all combinations of these isolates. Maize hybrids were inoculated with the Aspergillus strains using the side-needle
technique at 7 days after midsilk (50% of the plants had silks emerged). Aspergillus kernel infection and aflatoxin
contamination were determined at ca. 63 days after midsilk. A. flavus isolate 3357 induced high levels of aflatoxin
contamination in the maize grain which was similar to levels found when this isolate was combined with the other
two Aspergillus isolates. Kernel infection levels were higher in one hybrid when a combination of isolates including
isolate 3357 was used. A. flavus isolate 3357 has been used to evaluate maize germplasm for aflatoxin resistance
in the south-eastern USA for over 30 years. Our studies determined that inoculating plants with A. flavus isolate
3357 alone was sufficient for inducing aflatoxin contamination in grain at our location. A combination of A. flavus
isolates which include isolate 3357 might be more effective in increasing levels of kernel infection and could also
induce higher levels of aflatoxin at locations that do not favour disease development.
Aflatoxigenesis induced in Aspergillus flavus by oxidative stress and reduction by phenolic antioxidants from tree nuts
Authors: Mahoney N. , Molyneux R. , Kim J. , Campbell B. , Waiss A. , Hagerman A.
Published: February 2010

Almonds, pistachios, and walnuts grown in California have an aggregate value of over $3.3 billion, with a large
proportion of the crop being exported. Mycotoxin contamination affects this value, because importing nations,
and in particular the European Community (EC), apply strict regulatory levels for aflatoxins, formed by infection
of the product by Aspergillus species. Conformance with such limits can best be achieved by capitalising on natural
resistance factors inherent to the nuts. Differential resistance of tree nut species to aflatoxin formation, with walnuts
being least susceptible, led to research which established that the hydrolysable tannins in walnut pellicle were
responsible for this effect. This observation has now been extended to show that the addition to Aspergillus flavus
growth media of natural antioxidants present in tree nuts, such as hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids and phenolic
acids, decrease maximum aflatoxin by as much as 99.8%. There is evidence that aflatoxin formation is exacerbated
by oxidative stress on the fungus and therefore compounds capable of relieving such stress should limit aflatoxin
accumulation. The addition of tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide to the media induced oxidative stress in A. flavus and
stimulated peak aflatoxin production with high levels being maintained, rather than declining as in control samples.
Aflatoxin formation was significantly inhibited by incorporation into the media of the antioxidant, tannic acid. A
similar effect was seen for drought-stressed cultures, with increased aflatoxigenesis being reduced in the presence
of gallic or caffeic acids. Increasing antioxidant natural products in tree nuts may restrict the ability of A. flavus to
biosynthesise aflatoxins, thus achieving conformity with regulatory limits.
LASIK for Myopia and Astigmatism Using the SCHWIND AMARIS Excimer Laser: An International Multicenter Trial
Authors: Arbelaez Maria Clara , Aslanides Ioannis M. , Barraquer Carmen , Carones Francesco , Feuermannova Alena , Neuhann Tobias , Rozsival Pavel
Published: February 2010

PURPOSE:

To assess the efficacy, predictability, and safety of LASIK for the surgical correction of low to moderate myopia with astigmatism using the SCHWIND AMARIS excimer laser.

METHODS:

Six international study sites enrolled 358 eyes with a manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) from −0.50 to −7.38 diopters (D) (mean sphere: −3.13±1.58 D) with up to −5.00 D of astigmatism (mean: −0.69±0.67 D). All eyes underwent treatment with the nonwavefront-guided aspheric algorithm of the SCHWIND AMARIS excimer laser. All eyes were targeted for emmetropia. Refractive outcomes and corneal higher order aberrations were analyzed pre- and postoperatively. Visual quality was assessed using photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity. Six-month postoperative outcomes are reported.

RESULTS:

At 6 months postoperative, the MRSE for all eyes was −0.21±0.20 D, and 96% (343/358) of eyes had MRSE within ±0.50 D. Uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 98% (351/358) of eyes, and no eyes lost 2 or more lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. The total corneal higher order aberrations root-mean-square increased by 0.09 µm, spherical aberration increased by 0.08 µm, and coma increased by 0.04 µm postoperatively. Photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity did not change 6 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Treatment of myopia with astigmatism using the SCHWIND AMARIS excimer laser is safe, efficacious, predictable, and maintains visual quality. [J Refract Surg. 2010;26:88–98.]
Comparison of the Colvard, Procyon, and Neuroptics Pupillometers for Measuring Pupil Diameter Under Low Ambient Illumination
Authors: Schallenberg Maurice , Bangre Valerie , Steuhl Klaus-Peter , Kremmer Stephan , Selbach J. Michael
Published: February 2010

PURPOSE:

To compare three different pupillometers (Colvard, Procyon, and Neuroptics) for determining pupil diameter at 0.04 and 0.4 lux ambient illumination.

METHODS:

In 92 eyes of 46 healthy volunteers, pupil diameter was measured at 0.04 and 0.4 lux. After dark adaptation for 2 minutes, measurements were performed with each device by two examiners. Interobserver agreement, instrument agreement, and repeatability were analyzed.

RESULTS:

Mean pupil diameter was 6.63±0.68 mm, 6.24±1.01 mm, and 6.99±0.67 mm at 0.04 lux and 6.22±0.74, 4.64±1.04, and 6.73±0.72 mm at 0.4 lux with the Colvard, Procyon, and Neuroptics pupillometers, respectively. The interobserver disagreement ranged within narrower limits for the Colvard (0.04 lux: −1.0 to 0.5 mm; 0.4 lux: −0.75 to 1.0 mm) and Neuroptics (0.04 lux: −1.0 to 0.5 mm; 0.4 lux: −1.7 to 0.7 mm) than for the Procyon (0.04 lux: −0.74 to 1.14 mm; 0.4 lux −1.82 to 2.4 mm) under both light conditions. Instrument agreement ranged within narrower limits for the Colvard versus Neuroptics (0.04 lux: −1.3 to 0.75 mm; 0.4 lux: −1.55 to 1.40 mm) than for the Neuroptics versus Procyon (0.04 lux: −1.06 to 2.69 mm; 0.4 lux: 0.18 to 3.69 mm) or Colvard versus Procyon (0.04 lux: −0.63 to 2.60 mm; 0.4 lux: −0.32 to 3.13 mm) at both light levels. At 0.04 lux, repeatability showed no measurement difference outside ±0.5 mm for the Colvard and Neuroptics; for the Procyon, 25% of consecutive measurements showed a difference >±0.5 mm. At 0.4 lux, 2.5% of consecutive measurements for the Colvard and 5% for the Neuroptics differed by >±0.5 mm; for the Procyon, 13% of measurements differed by more than this amount.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pupil diameters under both light conditions were largest with the Neuroptics pupillometer and smallest with the Procyon. The most “examiner independent” Procyon pupillometer performed poorly. The underestimation of the pupil diameter might have severe consequences for refractive surgery patients. The Neuroptics pupillometer showed a high interobserver agreement and repeatability and therefore high safety. [
J Refract Surg.
2010;26:134–143.]
Thiol–Ene Click Chemistry
Authors: Hoyle Charles E. , Bowman Christopher N.
Published: February 2010

Following Sharpless′ visionary characterization of several idealized reactions as click reactions, the materials science and synthetic chemistry communities have pursued numerous routes toward the identification and implementation of these click reactions. Herein, we review the radical‐mediated thiol–ene reaction as one such click reaction. This reaction has all the desirable features of a click reaction, being highly efficient, simple to execute with no side products and proceeding rapidly to high yield. Further, the thiol–ene reaction is most frequently photoinitiated, particularly for photopolymerizations resulting in highly uniform polymer networks, promoting unique capabilities related to spatial and temporal control of the click reaction. The reaction mechanism and its implementation in various synthetic methodologies, biofunctionalization, surface and polymer modification, and polymerization are all reviewed.
New organosoluble copoly(ether‐amide‐imide)s based on N,N′‐(4,4′‐diphenylether)bistrimellitimide in the main chain: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Shabanian Meisam , Aleyasin Neda
Published: February 2010

A new series of copoly(ether‐amide‐imide)s (CoPEAIs) 7a–f were synthesized through the direct polycondensation reaction of N,N′‐(4,4′‐diphenylether)bistrimellitimide 1 with 1,5‐naphthalene diamine 2, 3,4‐diamino benzophenone 3 in the presence of adipic acid 4, fumaric acid 5 and terephthalic acid 6 as a second diacid in a medium consisting of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), triphenyl phosphite (TPP), calcium chloride and pyridine (Py). The resulted polymers were fully characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, elemental analyses, inherent viscosity, solubility tests and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the CoPEAIs 7a–c were evaluated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques and derivative of thermogravimetric (DTG) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.