bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
God Is Nothing but Talk: Modernity, Language, and Prayer in a Papua New Guinea Society
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: November 2004

This article brings together theories of local modernity and of linguistic ideology to analyze the way the Urapmin of Papua New Guinea have encountered modern linguistic ideology through their Christianization. Against the prevailing anthropological focus on the indigenization of modernity, this article argues the importance of attending to cases in which people grasp the content of modernity on its own terms. Studying this kind of local modernity allows us to model an important kind of contemporary cultural change and discover neglected aspects of modernity as refracted through the experiences of people new to it. Here, an analysis of the Urapmin encounter with modern linguistic ideology reveals that ideology's rootedness in a model that ties meaning to intention and truthfulness and favors the speaker over the listener in the construction of meaning. It is suggested that an awareness of the biases of this ideology can open up new topics in linguistic anthropology. [modernity, linguistic ideology, religion, Christianity, Melanesia]
Like Water for Chocolate: Feasting and Political Ritual among the Late Classic Maya at Xunantunich, Belize
Authors: LeCount Lisa J.
Published: November 2004

Subtle differences in the context of feasting and manners of food consumption can point to underlying levels of civil and social competition in state‐level societies. Haute cuisine and high styles of dining are characteristic of societies with fully developed civil and social hierarchies such as Renaissance Europe and the Postclassic Aztec. Competitive yet socially circumscribed political and social organizations such as the Classic lowland Maya may have prepared elaborate diacritical meals that marked status, but the nature of feasting remained essentially patriarchal. Ancient Maya feasting is recognizable through archaeologically discernible pottery vessel forms that were used to serve festival fare such as tamales and chocolate. Comparison of ceramic assemblages across civic and household contexts at the site of Xunantunich, Belize, demonstrates that drinking chocolate, more so than eating tamales, served as a symbolic cue that established the political significance of events among the Classic Maya. [feasting, ancient Maya, pottery analysis, chocolate]
Transnational Migration in Rural Oaxaca, Mexico: Dependency, Development, and the Household
Authors: Jeffrey H Cohen
Published: November 2004

Contradictory models of dependency and development have dominated the discussion of migration between Mexico and the United States. Transnational models of migration resolve these contradictions by defining a series of interdependencies (economy and society, for example). Using data collected in a rural Zapotec community in Oaxaca, Mexico, this article focuses on three areas: the stage‐specific development of transnational movement; the domestic cycle, household decision making, and migration/remittance outcomes; and the changing nature of community participation. Rooting the discussion in household decision making captures the important role local social variability and economic dynamism play in understanding transnational processes and advancing migration studies. [households, migration, transnationalism, dependency and development, Oaxaca, Mexico]
Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft: On Performing Ethnography in the Classroom
Authors: Hriskos Constantine
Published: November 2004

In teaching a class on what is arguably the most "sensational" area of anthropological study, i.e., the practices, beliefs, and behaviors that have been essentialized as magic, witchcraft, and religion by western theorists, one is faced with the problem of legitimizing something that many of our students view as unbelievable. Teaching a course in this area at a small, liberal arts college in Maine, I had to come to terms with just these sorts of problems, i.e., how do we get people to enter into, posit and understand other ways of seeing and being that are radically different from their own? This paper discusses the structure (emic/etic) that I use to expose my students to problems of framing and understanding various ethnographic works through performing them, interpreting them, and debating them in class.
Craft and Community: Traditional Arts in Contemporary Society
Authors: O'Conner Francis A.
Published: November 2004

Craft and Community: Traditional Arts in Contemporary Society. Shalom D. Staub. ed. Philadelphia, Pa. The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies and the Pennsylvania Heritage Affairs Commission, 1988.
Rethinking History and Anthropology in the City
Authors: McDonogh Gary W.
Published: November 2004

The new urban history facilitated dialogue about objects, methods and interpretations that subsequently have shaped urban anthropology in important ways. Starting from personal reflections on those convergences, especially reference to European studies, the article also explores two other dialogues triangulation of theory and practice. It first suggests how urban anthropology has been informed by other intersections with studies of space and place and mass media (underscoring differences with regard to history). It also raises questions about ongoing distinctions between anthropological approaches historical understandings of the city and their implications for the future of fields. [Europe, history, space, mass media, anthropological theory]
Urban History, Urban Anthropology, and the Study of Migrants in Cities
Authors: Brettell Caroline B.
Published: November 2004

The "city as context" offers a useful way to talk about connections (actual and potential) between urban history and urban anthropology in the study of immigrants. Several varying characteristics of cities, as they influence the insertion and incorporation of immigrants are explored. These include the historical depth of immigration in particular cities, the presence or absence of residentially‐segregated immigrant receiving areas, the nature of the immigrant labor market (including enclave economies), and a dominant set of values (an urban ethos) shaping economic and institutional life in a given city. [City as context, immigration, ethnic enclaves, urban ethos]
History and Anthropology Reflections on Visits across Borders
Authors: Rogers Susan Carol
Published: November 2004

This short commentary on Louise Tilly's paper offers a reflection on the usefulness of recognizing disciplinary borders, taking as a point of departure her description of a shift over the past twenty‐five years in dominant styles of analysis in urban history from structural to cultural approaches. Careful consideration of cross‐disciplinary differences in the meanings attributed to such apparently shared terms as "structure" and "culture" promises both to enhance the fruitfulness of exchange across disciplines and to clarify our own disciplinary practices. [History, anthropology, culture, structure, academic disciplines]
Real Jordanians Don't Decorate Like That! The Politics of Taste among Amman's Elites
Authors: Beal E. Anne
Published: November 2004

Elites in Amman are divided over matters of taste, and preferences for particular villas, furnishings, and clothing extend far beyond the problem of keeping up with the Husseini's; more broadly, ideas about taste and corresponding consumption practices instantiate Jordanian conceptions of membership in various moral and political communities. This paper explores the articulation of elites' consumption practices with conceptions of the modem and the traditional as well as the role of consumption in ongoing disputes among elites over the question of who is and who is not a legitimate Jordanian citizen. [Middle East, taste, consumption, national identity, modernity]
Farm Power without Farmers
Authors: Lobao Linda , Meyer Katherine , Harper Douglas
Published: November 2004

As America's small farmers dwindle to a precious few, they remain national icons with broad public support and impressive political clout. This paradox highlights the economic, political, and symbolic power of farming in the United States, all of which may not suffice to save family farms.
Connecting Communities: On and Offline
Authors: Wellman Barry
Published: November 2004

The Internet is no longer a separate world for the techno-savvy. Tens of millions of people around the world now go online daily. Rather than isolating users in a virtual world, the Internet extends communities in the real world. People use it to connect in individualized and flexible social networks rather than in fixed and grounded groups.
The Work-Home Crunch
Authors: Gerson Kathleen , Jacobs Jerry A.
Published: November 2004

The decade-long debate over whether Americans are working longer hours is misleading. Indeed, while well-educated professionals are working more hours than they used to, others with less education are working fewer. And the people under the most pressure are not just overburdened at work. Increasingly, these single parents and two-income couples find themselves in a time squeeze between home and work.
In Their Own Words: Making the Most of Qualitative Interviews
Authors: Weiss Robert S.
Published: November 2004

Successfully conducting in-depth interviews requires much more than being a good listener. Researchers must choose interview subjects carefully, push for concrete details, and pore over reams of transcripts to develop their stories. But the result can be a rich and compelling understanding of people's lives.
Insights into the Oxidation Chemistry of 2‐Hydroxypurine by Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Goyal Rajendra N. , Sangal Aditi
Published: November 2004

The oxidation chemistry of 2‐hydroxypurine has been investigated in phosphate containing supporting electrolytes at pH 1.4–9.8 at a pyrolytic graphite electrode by voltammetric studies, spectral studies, controlled potential electrolysis and related techniques. The kinetics of decay of the UV‐absorbing intermediate generated during electrooxidation was followed spectrophotometrically and the decay occurred in a pseudo‐first‐order reaction. The course of the electrode reaction has been deduced to involve a 6e, 6H+ oxidation of 2‐hydroxypurine via the formation of 2, 8‐dihydroxypurine. The electrooxidation of 2‐hydroxypurine has been found to be an EC reaction (electrode reaction followed by chemical reactions) in which charge transfer is followed by competitive chemical reactions. A detailed interpretation of the redox mechanism of 2‐hydroxypurine has been presented.
Synthesis of [3H], [13C215N] and [14C]Sch 66336 (Sarasar™)
Authors: Hesk D. , Cesarz D. , Magatti C. , Voronin K. , Lavey C. , McNamara P. , Koharski D. , Saluja S. , Hendershot S. , Pham H. , Truong V.
Published: November 2004

[3H]Sch 66336 was prepared at a specific activity of 1.35 Ci/mmol by Ru(Ph3P)3Cl2 catalysed exchange with tritiated water. [13CN]Sch 66336 was synthesized from potassium [13C]cyanide and [13C15N2]urea in 29% overall yield from potassium [13C]cyanide. [14C]Sch 66336 was synthesized from potassium [14C]cyanide in 31% yield. A second synthesis, from N‐Boc‐4‐hydroxy[14C]piperidine, gave [14C]Sch 66336 labelled in a different site in 19% overall yield. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective synthesis of radiolabelled avermectins
Authors: McKillican Bruce P. , Perine Jeffrey W. , Simmons Dana P. , Wilson Timothy E.
Published: November 2004

The natural products avemectin B1a 1a and B1b 1b were each site‐specifically 14C labelled at carbon 23 in a convergent synthesis for metabolism, residue, and environmental studies. The 12‐step radiosynthesis involved a stereoselective aldol condensation and later a coupling to a protected avermectin degradate 2 in a one‐pot Wittig condensation/spiroketalization to reconstitute the dioxaspirane configuration found in the natural products. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain lactate synthesis in thiamine deficiency: A re‐evaluation using 1H‐13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Navarro Darren , Zwingmann Claudia , Hazell Alan S. , Butterworth Roger F.
Published: November 2004

Region‐selective accumulation of brain lactate occurs in TD; however, the mechanisms responsible have not been elucidated fully. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were therefore used to investigate de novo lactate synthesis from [1‐13C]glucose in vulnerable (medial thalamus) and nonvulnerable (frontal cortex) brain regions of rats made thiamine deficient by administration of the central thiamine antagonist pyrithiamine. De novo synthesis of lactate was increased in the medial thalamus to 148% and 226% of pair‐fed control values at presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of thiamine deficiency, respectively, whereas no such changes were observed in the frontal cortex. Administration of a glucose load selectively worsened the changes in medial thalamus. Pyruvate recycling and peripherally derived lactate did not contribute significantly to the lactate increase within the thiamine‐deficient brain. Increases in immunolabeling of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (LDH1 and LDH5) were observed in the medial thalamus of thiamine‐deficient animals. Metabolic impairment due to thiamine deficiency thus results in increased glycolysis, increased LDH immunolabeling of neurons and astrocytes and increased de novo synthesis of lactate in brain regions vulnerable to thiamine deficiency. These results are consistent with the notion that focal lactate accumulation participates in the worsening of neurologic symptoms in thiamine‐deficient patients. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymerizable Ester‐Type Banana Liquid Crystals: A Comparative Study of Mesophase Behavior
Authors: Fodor‐Csorba Katalin , Jákli Antal , Galli Giancarlo
Published: November 2004

Two families of ester‐type banana monomers are presented, 1,3‐phenylene bis{4‐[4′‐(10‐undecenyloxy)benzoyloxy]benzoate}s and 1,3‐phenylene bis{[4′‐(10‐undecenyloxy)]‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐4‐carboxylate}s, in which the nature of the substituents on the central phenyl ring and the side arms was varied. The mesophase behavior of the monomers, including B2 and B7 phases, was correlated with their chemical structure and was compared with that of analogous azomethine‐type banana mesogens. It is also shown that the banana monomers can be incorporated into new architectures of liquid crystal polymers.
Fluorinated 2‐Vinylcyclopropane Copolymers as Low Surface Energy Materials
Authors: Galli G. , Ragnoli M. , Bertolucci M. , Ober C.K. , Kramer E.J. , Chiellini E.
Published: November 2004

The surface structure and surface energy properties of fluorinated 2‐vinylcyclopropane copolymers were investigated. The copolymers were prepared by free radical ring opening polymerization of fluorinated 1 and non‐fluorinated 2 2‐vinylcyclopropanes. NEXAFS experiments proved that the film surface was ordered with the fluorinated side groups possessing a relatively high orientational order. Contact angle measurements with different interrogating liquids permitted the polymer surface tension to be estimated. These surfaces showed both hydrophobic and oleophobic character, consistent with a low surface energy.
Costs of managing urinary and faecal incontinence in a sub‐acute care facility: A “bottom‐up” approach
Authors: Morris Alastair R. , Ho Maria Theresa , Lapsley Helen , Walsh Joan , Gonski Peter , Moore Kate H.
Published: November 2004

Aims

To measure accurately the direct costs of managing urinary and faecal incontinence in the sub‐acute care setting.

Materials and Methods

Prospective observational study was undertaken in two sub‐acute care units in a metropolitan hospital. A consecutive series of 29 consecutive patients with urinary and/or faecal incontinence, who were in‐patients in a geriatric rehabilitation or sub‐acute neurologic unit underwent routine timed voiding protocol, as per usual care. Face‐to‐face bedside recordings of all incontinence care, with detailed cost analysis, were undertaken.

Results

A total of 3,621 occasions of continence care were costed. The median time per 24 hr spent caring for incontinence per patient was 109 min (interquartile range 88–140). Isolated urinary incontinence episodes occurred in 28 patients (96.5%), mixed urinary/faecal incontinence episodes observed in 79.3%, and episodes of pure faecal incontinence were seen in 62%. The median costs of incontinence care in the sub‐acute setting was $49AU per 24 hr, the major share ($41) spent on staff wages. The incontinence tasks of toileting assistance, pad changes, bed changes and catheter care were spread evenly across the three 8 hr shifts of duty.

Conclusions

As our population demographics include an increasingly greater portion of the elderly, for whom long term institutional care is becoming relatively more scarce, provision of care in the sub‐acute unit that may allow rehabilitation and return to home warrants scrutiny. This is the first study that delineates the costs of managing urinary and faecal incontinence in the sub‐acute care setting. Such costs are substantial and place a heavy burden upon night‐time carers. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A rational approach to mass matrix diagonalization in two‐dimensional elastodynamics
Authors: Paraskevopoulos E. A. , Talaslidis D. G.
Published: November 2004

A variationally consistent methodology is presented, which yields diagonal mass matrices in two‐dimensional elastodynamic problems. The proposed approach avoids ad hoc procedures and applies to arbitrary quadrilateral and triangular finite elements. As a starting point, a modified variational principle in elastodynamics is used. The time derivatives of displacements, the velocities, and the momentum type variables are assumed as independent variables and are approximated using piecewise linear or constant functions and combinations of piecewise constant polynomials and Dirac distributions. It is proved that the proposed methodology ensures consistency and stability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants are more efficacious than wild‐type adenovirus Type 5 for the treatment of high‐risk neuroblastomas in preclinical models
Authors: Parikh Nehal S. , Currier Mark A. , Mahller Yonatan Y. , Adams Lisa C. , Di Pasquale Betsy , Collins Margaret H. , Cripe Timothy P.
Published: November 2004

Background

High‐risk neuroblastoma (Nb) is incurable using current treatment regimens in the majority of patients. Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel approach being tested for several types of adult cancers.

Objectives

To compare the susceptibility of Nb tumor models to oncolytic adenovirus and HSV mutants and delineate the mechanisms of resistance or sensitivity.

Methods

Human Nb cell lines were used to determine susceptibility to adenovirus type 5 wild‐type and HSV1 mutant (NV1066) infection, adenovirus receptor expression, support of NV1066 replication, and induction of apoptosis. Human xenograft tumors in immunodeficient mice were evaluated for histological effects and tumor response to intratumoral injection of an oncolytic HSV mutant.

Results

All eight Nb cell lines tested in culture were relatively resistant to infection with wild type and attenuated adenoviruses. Cells expressed the cocksackie‐adenovirus attachment receptor (CAR) but had low or absent expression of the internalization receptors (αvβ3, αvβ5 integrins). In contrast, all cells were uniformly sensitive to infection with the attenuated HSV mutant, NV1066. Productive virus replication and induction of apoptosis were observed in HSV‐infected cells. CHLA‐20 and LAN‐5 xenograft tumors injected with a single dose of NV1066 showed a significant antitumor response, and the animals had a prolonged survival post infection in comparison to the PBS‐treated control group. HSV injected tumors showed extensive areas of necrosis and morphologic evidence of apoptosis.

Conclusions

Nb tumor models are resistant to adenovirus mediated oncolysis but highly sensitive to HSV mediated oncolysis. Further studies of HSV virotherapy as a novel treatment for Nb are warranted. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystinosis
Authors: Thoene J. G.
Published: November 2004

Nephropathic cystinosis is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism characterized by the lysosomal storage of the disulphide amino acid cystine. It produces a variety of clinical manifestations including failure to thrive, the renal Fanconi syndrome, eye findings, and end‐stage renal disease. A variety of phenotypes are known; however, the molecular defect underlying any of the forms has not yet been identified. Therapy of cystinosis with cysteamine averts the otherwise inevitable renal failure, but systemic therapy does not improve the corneal keratopathy. A number of presentations in this review detail approaches to gene identification, systemic therapy with cysteamine, measurement of cystine, and pathophysiological effects at the cellular and clinical level.
Prenatal diagnosis and therapy for a patient with vitamin B12‐responsive methylmalonic acidaemia
Authors: Soda H. , Ohura T. , Yoshida I. , Aramaki S. , Aoki K. , Inokuchi T. , Mikami H. , Narisawa K.
Published: November 2004

The prenatal therapy is described of a patient with vitamin B12‐responsive methylmalonic acidaemia during the last 10 days of gestation with oral administration of vitamin B12 (20mg/day) given to a mother did not normalize her urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid (MMA), which was 14.5 mmol/mol creatinine at 32 weeks of gestation. Before delivery, the mother was excreting 18.9±3.3 mmol MMA/mol creatine (mean value at 7 days after vitamin B12 therapy), as well as at 32–37 weeks of gestation with no therapy. After birth, the level of MMA in the infant's urine was remarkably elevated (500–700mmol/mol creatinine); the level of MMA in maternal urine decreased dramatically after delivery. Compared with two previous reports, the length of administration was not sufficient to reduce maternal MMA excretion. In future, the length of the therapy, route of administration and total dose of vitamin B12 to maintain an efficient level of vitamin B12 in an affected fetus should be considered.
Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency in an adult: Deterioration due to administration of valproic acid
Authors: Horiuchi M. , Imamura Y. , Nakamura N. , Maruyama I. , Saheki T.
Published: November 2004

A 24‐year‐old patient had symptoms of lethargy, convulsions and hyperammonaemia during valproic acid therapy. Cessation of valproic acid treatment brought about an improvement both of the symptoms and of the hyperammonaemia. However, enzymatic analysis after the cessation of valproic acid therapy revealed a complete absence of carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS) activity in liver biopsy. A unique polypeptide band, corresponding to the control CPS protein in molecular weight (‘CPS‐like’ protein), was found in normal amounts in the patient's liver on sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This CPS‐like protein seemed to be more labile than the control, because the polypeptide band became faint after freeze‐thawing. Intravenous administration ofl‐alanine resulted in a significant increase of serum urea and a transient increase of blood ammonia concentrations. These results strongly suggest that the patient has a labile CPS protein with no activityin vitro but some activityin vivo. We consider that valproic acid may have disrupted some metabolic adaptation by reducingN‐acetylglutamate in the liver, which in combination with CPS deficiency induced severe hyperammonaemia.
Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis defects examined in cytokine‐stimulated fibroblasts
Authors: Milstien S. , Kaufman S. , Sakai N.
Published: November 2004

Incubation of primary skin fibroblast cultures with the cytokines interferon‐γ and tumour necrosis factor‐α stimulates thede novo pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Fibroblasts from patients with the two most common types of genetic defects of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism that cause hyperphenylalaninaemia show characteristic pterin responses predicted by the nature of the defect. Cells from a child with 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency produce higher than normal levels of neopterin and no biopterin. Fibroblasts from dihydropteridine reductase‐deficient children produce normal levels of tetrahydrobiopterin, which gradually becomes partially oxidized, and higher than normal levels of neopterin. As a model for cells with the rarest form of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, lack of GTP cyclohydrolase activity, normal fibroblasts were treated with 2,4‐diamino‐6‐hydroxypyrimidine to inhibit GTP cyclohydrolase activity by >90%, the level expected in patients with a GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency. Neopterin and biopterin synthesis rates of <10% of normal levels were readily detectable. Therefore, analysis of the patterns of the pterins synthesized by fibroblasts can aid in the diagnosis of the hyperphenylalaninaemias caused by disorders of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism.
Isolated dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase deficiency presenting with developmental delay
Authors: Clayton P. T. , Eckhardt S. , Wilson J. , Hall C. M. , Yousuf Y. , Wanders R. J. A. , Schutgens R. B. H.
Published: November 2004

A boy aged 21 months who was being investigated for developmental delay and failure to thrive was found to have punctate epiphyseal calcification. He had no evidence of rhizomelic shortening of the limbs or cataracts. Investigation revealed defective plasmalogen synthesis due to isolated deficiency of dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase (DHAP‐AT). The parents were consanguineous and a sister was similarly affected, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Hitherto, recessively inherited isolated DHAP‐AT deficiency has only been described in patients with a phenotype similar to that of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. This report indicates that the same biochemical disorder can be associated with a less severe phenotype.
Elevated ozone in the troposphere over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Chandra S. , Ziemke J. R. , Tie Xuexi , Brasseur Guy
Published: November 2004

Tropospheric column ozone (TCO) is derived from differential measurements of total column ozone from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and stratospheric column ozone (SCO) from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). It is shown that TCO during late spring and summer months over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at northern mid‐latitudes is about 50–60 Dobson Units (DU) which is about the same as over the continents of North America, Europe and Asia (except high altitude mountain regions), where surface emissions of NOx from industrial sources, biomass and biofuel burning, and biogenic emissions are significantly larger. The zonal characteristics of TCO derived from satellite measurements are generally simulated by a global chemical transport model called MOZART‐2, but some discrepancies are also shown. The model results are analyzed to delineate the relative importance of surface NOx emission, lightning NOx and stratospheric flux.
Comparison of aerosol chemistry transport model simulations with lidar and Sun photometer observations at a site near Paris
Authors: Hodzic A. , Chepfer H. , Vautard R. , Chazette P. , Beekmann M. , Bessagnet B. , Chatenet B. , Cuesta J. , Drobinski P. , Goloub P. , Haeffelin M. , Morille Y.
Published: November 2004

The ability of the aerosol chemistry transport model CHIMERE to simulate the vertical aerosol concentration profiles at a site near the city of Paris is evaluated using routine elastic backscatter lidar and Sun photometer measurements. The comparisons of model aerosols with measurements are carried out over a full year time period between October 2002 and September 2003. The methodology we propose here is new: From the model concentration outputs (optical properties varying with chemical composition and mass vertical distribution) we simulate the lidar backscattering profiles and compare them with the observed ones. The comparisons demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce correctly the aerosol vertical distributions and their temporal variability. However, the aerosol load within the boundary layer is generally underestimated by the model, in particular during the afternoon hours and the summertime period. Several sensitivity tests indicate that this underestimation may have two origins: the lack of secondary organic and, to a lesser extent, mineral aerosols inside the model. The second deficiency is due to the absence of erosion/resuspension of soil material in the primary aerosol sources considered here; the first deficiency is probably due to incomplete knowledge about the formation of organic species in a photochemically active atmosphere. The results also show that the particles ranging from 0.08 to 1.25 μm in radius represent more than 89% of the volume backscattering at 532 nm, while the coarse particles are not efficient in terms of optical properties. The missing aerosol mass must therefore be found within the accumulation mode.
A natural linear scaling coupled-cluster method
Authors: Flocke N. , Bartlett Rodney J.
Published: November 2004

It is shown that using an appropriate localized molecular orbital (LMO) basis, one is able to calculate coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) wave functions and energies for very large systems by performing full CCSD calculations on small subunits only. This leads to a natural linear scaling coupled-cluster method (NLSCC), in which total correlation energies of extended systems are evaluated as the sum of correlation energy contributions from individual small subunits within that system. This is achieved by defining local occupied orbital correlation energies. These are quantities, which in the LMO basis become transferable between similar molecular fragments. Conventional small scale existing molecular CCSD codes are all that is needed, the local correlation effect being simply transmitted via the appropriate LMO basis. Linear scaling of electronic correlation energy calculations is thus naturally achieved using the NLSCC approach, which in principle can treat nonperiodic extended systems of infinite basis set size. Results are shown for alkanes and several polyglycine molecules and the latter compared to recent results obtained via an explicit large scale LCCSD calculation.
Low-temperature ordering effects in diblock copolymer melts from lattice simulation
Authors: Wołoszczuk S. , Banaszak M. , Jurga S. , Pakula T. , Radosz M.
Published: November 2004

A lattice simulation of a model diblock copolymer melt is presented. In a series of simulation experiments an 8-8 diblock melt is quenched from an athermal state to 47 lower temperatures. A set of simulation boxes, 30×32×30, 40×32×60, 50×32×30, and 60×32×30, is used in order to explore the size effects. Energy, specific heat, copolymer end-to-end distance, lamellar spacing, and the degree of interfacial ordering are reported. For all sizes considered, the low-temperature interfacial ordering is noticeable.
Dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy of primary and secondary alkoxy radicals
Authors: Jin Jin , Sioutis Ilias , Tarczay György , Gopalakrishnan Sandhya , Bezant Andrew , Miller Terry A.
Published: November 2004

Dispersed fluorescence (DF) spectra of 1-propoxy, 1-butoxy, 2-propoxy, and 2-butoxy radicals have been observed under supersonic jet cooling conditions by pumping different vibronic bands of the B̃-X̃ laser induced fluorescence excitation spectrum. The DF spectra were recorded for both conformers of 1-propoxy, three conformers of the possible five of 1-butoxy, the one possible conformer of 2-propoxy, and two conformers of the possible three of 2-butoxy. Analysis of the spectra yields the energy separations of the vibrationless levels of the ground X̃ and low-lying Ã electronic state as well as their vibrational frequencies. In all cases, the vibrational structure of the DF spectra is dominated by a CO stretch progression yielding the νCO stretching frequency for the X̃ state and in most cases for the Ã state. In addition to the experimental work, quantum chemical calculations were carried out to aid the assignment of the vibrational levels of the X̃ state and for some conformers the Ã state as well. Geometry optimizations of the different conformers of the isomers were performed and their energy differences in the ground states were determined. The results of the calculation of the energy separations of the close-lying X̃ and Ã states of the different conformations are provided for comparison with the experimental observations.
Thermodynamic anomalies in a lattice model of water
Authors: Pretti M. , Buzano C.
Published: November 2004

We investigate a lattice-fluid model of water, defined on a three-dimensional body centered cubic lattice. Model molecules possess a tetrahedral symmetry, with four equivalent bonding arms, aiming to mimic the formation of hydrogen bonds. The model is similar to the one proposed by Roberts and Debenedetti [J. Chem. Phys. 105, 658 (1996)], simplified in that no distinction between bond “donors” and “acceptors” is imposed. Bond formation depends both on orientation and local density. In the ground state, we show that two different ordered (ice) phases are allowed. At finite temperature, we analyze homogeneous phases only, working out phase diagram, response functions, the temperature of maximum density locus, and the Kauzmann line. We make use of a generalized first-order approximation on a tetrahedral cluster. In the liquid phase, the model exhibits several anomalous properties observed in real water. In the low temperature region (supercooled liquid), there are evidences of a second critical point and, for some range of parameter values, this scenario is compatible with the existence of a reentrant spinodal.
Tunneling of excess electron from free and trapped states
Authors: Fedorenko S. G. , Burshtein A. I.
Published: November 2004

The association of an excess electron with scavengers in nonpolar solvents is considered assuming that the free electron performs the free diffusion during the lifetime between sequential places of temporary localization. The reaction of a free electron during this motion is at first taken into account along with a tunneling of the localized electron. When the mean step length between sequential localizations is short the reaction of the excess electron is diffusional and the free state contribution to the total reaction rate is negligible. In the opposite case, when this reaction becomes essentially hopping, the corresponding rate is significantly accelerated due to a faster diffusion of the free electron.
Viscoelastic properties of dendrimers in the melt from nonequlibrium molecular dynamics
Authors: Bosko Jaroslaw T. , Todd B. D. , Sadus Richard J.
Published: November 2004

The viscoelastic properties of dendrimers of generation 1–4 are studied using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. Flow properties of dendrimer melts under shear are compared to systems composed of linear chain polymers of the same molecular weight, and the influence of molecular architecture is discussed. Rheological material properties, such as the shear viscosity and normal stress coefficients, are calculated and compared for both systems. We also calculate and compare the microscopic properties of both linear chain and dendrimer molecules, such as their molecular alignment, order parameters and rotational velocities. We find that the highly symmetric shape of dendrimers and their highly constrained geometry allows for substantial differences in their material properties compared to traditional linear polymers of equivalent molecular weight.
Multiphonon vibrational relaxation in liquids: Should it lead to an exponential-gap law?
Authors: Ma Ao , Stratt Richard M.
Published: November 2004

The profound differences between solids and liquids notwithstanding, high-frequency vibrational energy relaxation in liquids seems to be well described by assuming that the excess energy is being transferred into discrete overtones of some fundamental intermolecular vibrations—precisely the way it is in crystalline solids. In a solid-state context, this kind of analysis can be used to justify the observation that relaxation rates fall off exponentially with the energy being transferred. Liquids, however, have a substantial degree of disorder, causing their relevant intermolecular spectra to have correspondingly diffuse band edges and large bandwidths. It is therefore not at all obvious what should become of this exponential-gap-law phenomenology. We show in this paper how near exponential-gap-law behavior can still be derived for vibrational energy relaxation in liquids. To do so, we take advantage of the simple dynamics that the high-frequency relaxation has when it is launched from an individual instantaneous configuration. Interestingly, the physically relevant region turns out not to be true asymptotic limit of our formalism, but for realistic liquid parameters the behavior in the physical regime differs only slightly from an exact exponential-gap law and is strikingly independent of the details of the intermolecular spectra.
Effective charge of colloidal particles
Authors: Diehl Alexandre , Levin Yan
Published: November 2004

A new dynamical definition of the effective colloidal charge, especially suitable for the Monte Carlo and Molecular-dynamics simulations, is proposed. It is shown that for aqueous colloidal suspensions containing monovalent counterions the “dynamical” effective charge agrees perfectly with the “statistical” effective charge calculated using the Alexander prescription. In the case of multivalent ions, the effective charge behaves in a qualitatively different way from the predictions of the Poisson–Boltzmann theory.
The ‘co‐morbidity roundabout’: a framework to guide assessment and intervention strategies and engineer change among people with co‐morbid problems
Authors: KAY‐LAMBKIN FRANCES J. , BAKER AMANDA L. , LEWIN TERRY J.
Published: November 2004

This paper describes the nature and consequences of co‐morbidity, as applied to co‐occurring mental health and alcohol/other drug (AOD) use problems. The ‘co‐morbidity roundabout’ is introduced as a useful metaphor for conceptualizing the current experiences of people with co‐occurring mental health and AOD use problems. In order to successfully negotiate the ‘roundabout’, the ‘drivers’ (people with co‐morbid mental health and AOD use problems) must consider a range of internal and external conditions (knowledge about services, support from family, friends, health providers, motivation to change, etc.), account for their vehicle's characteristics (other conditions and demands, including social/legal/financial issues), keep their travel itinerary in mind (plans for change including treatment) and navigate through the many detours and dead‐ends that they may confront (eligibility for services, accessibility of treatments, etc.). Co‐morbidity is a major contributing factor in ‘drivers’ failing to successfully negotiate, or even becoming ‘stuck’ on, the ‘roundabout’. A summary of relevant treatment research is also presented, including descriptions of brief interventions and more intensive treatment approaches. Finally, the ‘co‐morbidity roundabout’ metaphor is expanded to assist clinicians to translate the findings from this treatment research into clinical practice. Further suggestions are made for improved navigation through and exit from the ‘roundabout’, including recommendations for the use of a stepped‐care approach to the assessment and treatment of clients with co‐morbid mental health and AOD use problems.
Safety and Efficacy of L‐tryptophan and Behavioral Incentives for Treatment of Cocaine Dependence: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Jones Hendrée E. , Johnson Rolley E. , Bigelow George E. , Silverman Kenneth , Mudric Tim , Strain Eric C.
Published: November 2004

L‐tryptophan (ie, tryptophan) has shown promise as a pharmacotherapy in cocaine addiction treatment. Abstinent contingent voucher incentives have shown efficacy in abstinence initiation and maintenance for treatment of cocaine dependence. The present study evaluated these two approaches singly and in combination in a relapse prevention + treatment design. A double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled design was used. Cocaine‐dependent patients (N = 199) were stratified and randomized to one of four groups: tryptophan + contingent vouchers, tryptophan + non‐contingent vouchers, placebo + contingent vouchers, and placebo + non‐contingent vouchers. The study included residential stabilization (4—9 days), where patients achieved initial cocaine abstinence; outpatient treatment evaluation (16 weeks), where patients received medication, vouchers, and urine testing thrice weekly; and disposition. Main outcomes were retention in treatment, urinalysis, self‐reported drug use, and self‐reported side effects. Tryptophan did not significantly prevent relapse to cocaine use or attenuate cocaine use after relapse. Contingent vouchers significantly increased the time to cocaine relapse and produced less cocaine use relative to non‐contingent vouchers. Results demonstrate the sensitivity of this methodology for detecting decreases in cocaine use, as evidenced by significant changes of the contingent voucher conditions; this suggests that tryptophan's lack of efficacy was not due to model insensitivity for detecting significant differences in cocaine use. This study also showed that contingent vouchers were effective in the novel experimental model of relapse prevention.
Non‐metazoan Class III Nucleotidyl Cyclases: Novel Forms and Functions
Authors: Schaap Pauline
Published: November 2004

Nucleotidyl cyclases synthesize cAMP or cGMP in response to various forms of sensory input. Their regulation and function in mammalian hormone action and neurotransmission has been well characterized over the past 40 years. More recently a much broader repertoire of adenylyl‐ and guanylyl cyclase forms is emerging from studies of more basal eukaryotes and prokaryotes. These cyclases play crucial roles in the development, physiology and pathogenicity of these organisms. This series of reviews highlights both unique and highly conserved aspects of the activation mechanisms of these enzymes, as compared to those of their mammalian descendants. IUBMB Life, 56: 527‐528, 2004
The impact of e‐mail marketing on brand loyalty
Authors: Merisavo Marko , Raulas Mika
Published: November 2004

The study examines the effects of e‐mail marketing on brand loyalty and also reveals the kinds of e‐mail content valued by consumers. Data were gathered from 890 consumers, who were users of a multinational cosmetics brand and had received regular permission‐based e‐mail messages from the marketer. Results reveal that regular e‐mail marketing has positive effects on brand loyalty. E‐mail‐activated consumers visited retail stores. Consumers exposed to e‐mail marketing recommended the brand to their friends. Loyal customers appreciated regular communication and various other information content from the brand more than mere offers. These results encourage marketers to keep in frequent contact with customers via e‐mail with the aim of enhancing brand loyalty.
Evaluating potential brand associations through conjoint analysis and market simulation
Authors: Hal Dean Dwane
Published: November 2004

A novel method for evaluating the benefits of a potential brand association is presented. The uniqueness of the method is considering brand association as just another product attribute, subject to the usual analysis used to determine the attributes desired by consumers in a new product. The method was illustrated using automobile tires as the product, and designation of the tire as the “Official” tire of NASCAR as the brand association. A set of tire profiles was created, describing hypothetical tires as combinations of levels of five attributes. Subjects ranked these profiles for preference, and this preference was decomposed through conjoint analysis to yield part‐worths for each attribute level for each subject. Association with NASCAR had an average impact of 14.8 percent on consumer preference, comparable with that of speed rating (13.8 percent), and not much below that of brand (20.5 percent). Rudimentary market simulation suggested that associating the underdog tire brand with NASCAR would result in dramatically improved market share. Evaluating potential brand associations by their simulated effects on market share may be a useful managerial tool.
Japan's mobile internet success story – facts, myths, lessons and implications
Authors: Lindmark Sven , Bohlin Erik , Andersson Erik
Published: November 2004

The paper investigates the evolution of the successful mobile internet service i‐mode in Japan, identifies the relevant explanatory factors, and provides implications for the further development of mobile data communications in Europe. In conclusion, the paper argues that there must be a balanced and efficient mix of industry coordination, service experimentation, and dynamic competition in order to provide a foundation for mobile data success in Europe.
Wireless R&D in the EU: a review
Authors: Bohlin Erik , Andersson Erik
Published: November 2004

This paper examines Europe‐wide research initiatives co‐ordinated on a European Union level through the successive EU Research Framework Programmes (FP), particularly through its sub‐programme Information Society Technologies (IST). The IST vision of future wireless systems is described, and an overview of research activities concerning mobile communications of IST in FP6 and FP5 is presented, including project problem and technology areas, and specific projects that are of particular interest in the 4G context are highlighted. The paper concludes with an outlook on future mobile research priorities.
Lymphangioma Circumscriptum: An Example of Whimster's Hypothesis
Authors: Martínez‐Menchón T. , Mahiques‐Santos L. , Febrer‐Bosch I. , Valcuende‐Cavero F. , Fortea‐Baixauli J. M.
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Lymphangioma circumscriptum is an uncommon hamartomatous malformation that is not only localized to an area of skin, but also spreads to subcutaneous tissue and muscle (Whimster's hypothesis). We describe a 7‐year‐old boy with a bluish plaque on the left side of the back and abdomen with clusters of translucent vesicles (frog spawn). Magnetic resonance imaging showed the lymphangioma had spread to muscles and even fat adjacent to the left kidney. We decided against radical surgery as it would have been too aggressive, and limited excision can produce new surface lymphangiomas.
An Unusual Cutaneous Lesion as the Presenting Sign of Spinal Dysraphism in a Preterm Infant
Authors: Tatli M. Mansur , Kumral Abdullah , Duman Nuray , Ozkan Sebnem , Ozkan Hasan
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  We present a preterm female infant with an unusual vascular nevus on the lumbosacral and gluteal regions. Our clinical diagnosis was probable twin nevus, with a blanched nevus adjacent to a telangiectatic nevus, later complicated by ulceration. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral region revealed that her conus medullaris level was at L4 and the spinal cord was tethered by an intraspinal lipoma, without evidence of a hemangioma. We could not find any literature reporting the association of twin nevus with spinal dysraphism.