bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Methodology in Estimating and Interpreting Water‐Extractable Phosphorus in Animal Manures
Authors: Vadas P. A. , Kleinman P. J. A.
Published: June 2006

Manure water‐extractable phosphorus (WEP) data are used in indices and models to assess P transport in runoff. Methods to measure WEP vary widely, often without understanding the effect on how much P is extracted. We conducted water extractions on five dairy, swine, and poultry manures to assess single and sequential extractions, drying manures, solution to solid (cm3 g−1) extraction ratios, and P determination method. We found little difference in WEP of single or sequential extractions. Increasing extraction ratio from 10:1 to 250:1 resulted in more WEP recovered, but in a diminishing fashion so that ratios of 200:1 and 250:1 were not significantly different. Patterns of increased WEP with extraction ratio varied with manure type, presence of bedding material, and drying treatment. Fresh and air‐dried manures had similar patterns, but differed substantially from oven‐dried (90°C) manures. The differential effect of oven‐drying on WEP was greatest for dairy and poultry manure, and less for swine manure. We analyzed water extracts colorimetrically before and after digestion, to examine the potential effect of P determination by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. Digested extracts always contained more P. For manures with bedding, drying decreased the difference in P measured before and after digestion. The opposite was true for manures without bedding. Results highlight the influence of methodology on manure WEP measurement and caution needed when comparing data across studies using different WEP methods. Overall, our results point to a need for a standard manure water extraction method.
Impact of Transgenic Bt Maize Residues on the Mycotoxigenic Plant Pathogen Fusarium graminearum and the Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma atroviride
Authors: Naef Andreas , Zesiger Thierry , Défago Geneviève
Published: June 2006

Transformation of maize with genes encoding for insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) could have an impact on the saprophytic survival of plant pathogens and their antagonists on crop residues. We assessed potential effects on the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON)‐producing wheat and maize pathogen Fusarium graminearum and on the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride Purified Cry1Ab protein caused no growth inhibition of these fungi on agar plates. Cry1Ab concentrations above levels common in Bt maize tissue stimulated the growth of F. graminearum The fungi were also grown on γ‐radiation‐sterilized leaf tissue of four Bt maize hybrids and their non transgenic isolines collected at maize maturity on a field trial in 2002 and 2003. Both fungi degraded the Cry1Ab protein in Bt maize tissue. Fungal biomass quantification with microsatellite‐based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays revealed differential fungal growth on leaf tissue of different maize varieties but no consistent difference between corresponding Bt and non‐Bt hybrids. Generally, year of maize tissue collection had a greater impact on biomass production than cultivar or Bt transformation. The mycotoxin DON levels observed in maize tissue experiments corresponded with patterns in F. graminearum biomass, indicating that Bt transformation has no impact on DON production. In addition to bioassays, maize leaf tissue was analyzed with a mass spectrometer‐based electronic nose, generating fingerprints of volatile organic compounds. Chemical fingerprints of corresponding Bt and non‐Bt leaf tissues differed only for those hybrid pairs that caused differential fungal biomass production in the bioassays. Our results suggest that Cry1Ab protein in maize residues has no direct effect on F. graminearum and T. atroviride but some corresponding Bt/non‐Bt maize hybrids differ more in composition than Cry protein content alone, which can affect the saprophytic growth of fungi on crop residues.
Experimental Oxidative Dissolution of Sphalerite in the Aznalcóllar Sludge and Other Pyritic Matrices
Authors: Hita Raúl , Torrent José , Bigham Jerry M.
Published: June 2006

After the collapse on 25 Apr. 1998 of the Aznalcóllar mine tailings dike in southwestern Spain, 45 km2 of the Guadiamar valley were covered by a pyritic sludge containing up to 2% sphalerite (ZnS). Later, the sludge was mechanically removed and calcium carbonate was plowed into the soil to immobilize heavy metals. By June 2001 more than 60% of the sulfides in the residual sludge had oxidized and soil Zn contents reached locally phytotoxic levels. Therefore, the oxidative dissolution of sphalerite in the sludge and other pyritic samples was examined. Flow‐through oxidation experiments showed that: (i) about 5 and 17% of the sludge Fe and Zn were in soluble form, respectively, because the sludge sample had been partly oxidized in the field; (ii) the oxidation rates of the residual pyrite and sphalerite were similar; (iii) the overall sulfide oxidation rate was relatively unaffected by the addition of calcite; and (iv) poorly crystalline Fe (hydr)oxides containing Zn in occluded form and Zn (hydroxi)carbonates were formed in the presence of calcite. The rate of oxidation of reference sphalerite greatly increased when it was incorporated in the sludge or in a reference pyrite matrix. This enhancement was due to galvanic interaction because pyrite oxidation was depressed in the presence of sphalerite. Oxidation by Fe3+ ions was less important because the oxidation rates of native sphalerite were not greater at low than at high pH. The fast oxidation rate of sphalerite in the Aznalcóllar sludge indicates a need for quick adoption of remediation measures in similar accidents elsewhere. The use of calcite amendments has little influence on the oxidation rate but does result in the accumulation of Zn in relatively insoluble forms.
Demonstration of Methods to Reduce E. coli Runoff from Dairy Manure Application Sites
Authors: Meals Donald W. , Braun David C.
Published: June 2006

Contamination by bacteria is a leading cause of impairment in U.S. waters, particularly in areas of livestock agriculture. We evaluated the effectiveness of several practices in reducing Escherichia coli levels in runoff from fields receiving liquid dairy (Bos taurus) manure. Runoff trials were conducted on replicated hay and silage corn (Zea mays L.) plots using simulated rainfall. Levels of E. coli in runoff were ∼104 to 106 organisms per 100 mL, representing a significant pollution potential. Practices tested were: manure storage, delay between manure application and rainfall, manure incorporation by tillage, and increased hayland vegetation height. Storage of manure for 30 d or more consistently and dramatically lowered E. coli counts in our experiments, with longer storage providing greater reductions. Manure E. coli declined by >99% after ∼90 d of storage. On average, levels of E. coli in runoff were 97% lower from plots receiving 30‐d‐old and >99% lower from plots receiving 90‐d‐old manure than from plots where fresh manure was applied. Runoff from hayland and cornland plots where manure was applied 3 d before rainfall contained ∼50% fewer E. coli than did runoff from plots that received manure 1 d before rainfall. Hayland vegetation height alone did not significantly affect E. coli levels in runoff, but interactions with rainfall delay and manure age were observed. Manure incorporation alone did not significantly affect E. coli levels in cornland plot runoff, but incorporation could reduce bacteria export by reducing field runoff and interaction with rainfall delay was observed. Extended storage that avoids additions of fresh manure, combined with application several days before runoff, incorporation on tilled land, and higher vegetation on hayland at application could substantially reduce microorganism loading from agricultural land.
Surface and Subsurface Phosphorus Losses from Fertilized Pasture Systems in Ohio
Authors: Owens L. B. , Shipitalo M. J.
Published: June 2006

Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient and critical to agricultural production, but it is also a problem when excessive amounts enter surface waters. Summer rotational grazing and winter feeding beef pasture systems at two fertility levels (56 and 28 kg available P ha−1) were studied to evaluate the P losses from these systems via surface runoff and subsurface flow using eight small (0.3‐1.1 ha), instrumented watersheds and spring developments. Runoff events from a 14‐yr period (1974‐1988) were evaluated to determine the relationships between event size in mm, total dissolved reactive phosphorous (TDRP) concentration, and TDRP transport. Most of the TDRP transported was via surface runoff. There were strong correlations (r2 = 0.45‐0.66) between TDRP transport and event size for all watersheds, but no significant (P = 0.05) correlations between TDRP concentration and event size. Flow‐weighted average TDRP concentrations from the pasture watersheds for the 14‐yr period ranged from 0.64 to 1.85 mg L−1 with a few individual event concentrations as high as 85.7 mg L−1 The highest concentrations were in events that occurred soon after P fertilizer application. Average seasonal flow‐weighted TDRP concentrations for subsurface flow were <0.05 mg L−1 Applying P fertilizer to pastures in response to soil tests should keep TDRP concentrations in subsurface flow at environmentally acceptable levels. Management to reduce runoff and avoidance of P fertilizer application when runoff producing rainfall is anticipated in the next few days will help reduce the surface losses of P.
Salmonella Survival in Manure‐Treated Soils during Simulated Seasonal Temperature Exposure
Authors: Holley Richard A. , Arrus Katia M. , Ominski Kimberly H. , Tenuta Mario , Blank Gregory
Published: June 2006

Addition of animal manure to soil can provide opportunity for Salmonella contamination of soil, water, and food. This study examined how exposure of hog manure‐treated loamy sand and clay soils to different simulated seasonal temperature sequences influenced the length of Salmonella survival. A six‐strain cocktail of Salmonella serovars (Agona, Hadar, Heidelberg, Montevideo, Oranienburg, and Typhimurium) was added to yield 5 log cfu/g directly to about 5 kg of the two soils and moisture adjusted to 60 or 80% of field capacity (FC). Similarly, the Salmonella cocktail was mixed with fresh manure slurry from a hog nursery barn and the latter added to the two soils at 25 g/kg to achieve 5 log cfu/g Salmonella Manure was mixed either throughout the soil or with the top kilogram of soil and the entire soil volume was adjusted to 60 or 80% FC. Soil treatments were stored 180 d at temperature sequences representing winter to summer (−18, 4, 10, 25°C), spring to summer (4, 10, 25, 30°C), or summer to winter (25, 10, 4, −18°C) seasonal periods with each temperature step lasting 45 d. Samples for Salmonella recovery by direct plating or enrichment were taken at 0, 7, and 15 d post‐inoculation and thereafter at 15‐d intervals to 180 d. Salmonella numbers decreased during application to soil and the largest decreases occurred within the first week. Higher soil moisture, manure addition, and storage in the clay soil increased Salmonella survival. Salmonella survived longest (≥180 d) in both soils during summer‐winter exposure but was not isolated after 160 d from loamy sand soil exposed to other seasonal treatments. For all but one treatment decimal reduction time (DRT45d) values calculated from the first 45 d after application were ≤30 d and suggested that a 30‐d delay between field application of manure in the spring or fall and use of the land would provide reasonable assurance that crop and animal contamination by Salmonella would be minimized.
Integrin Signaling via RGD Peptides and Anti-β1 Antibodies Confers Resistance to Apoptosis in Islets of Langerhans
Authors: Pinkse Gabrielle G.M. , Bouwman Wendy P. , Jiawan-Lalai Reshma , Terpstra O.T. , Bruijn Jan A. , de Heer Emile
Published: June 2006

Islet transplantation is associated with a high rate of early graft failure caused by early immune attack and poor functionality of islets. Apoptosis of islet cells appears soon after islet isolation and primarily involves the β-cell. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ligation to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins on survival of the islets of Langerhans following islet isolation. Islets that had been cultured for 24 h on collagen type I showed an islet survival of 59.7 ± 8.7%, while islets that had been cultured on collagen type IV and laminin showed an islet survival of 88.6 ± 10.3 and 94.3 ± 5.6%, respectively. Islets that had been pretreated with anti-β1 antibodies and argenin-glycin-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides showed a decrease in the level of apoptosis by a factor of 2.5 and 3.1, respectively, and an increase of phospho-Akt Ser 473 activity by a factor of 3.1 and 2.9, respectively, compared with untreated islets. When detached from their natural ECM surrounding in the pancreas, islet cells undergo apoptosis, unless islets are cultured on collagen IV or laminin or treated with anti-β1 integrin antibodies or RGD peptides to mimic ECM ligation. These results indicate that inhibition of anoikis may offer opportunities to improve function and viability of islet cells.
Akt Induces β-Cell Proliferation by Regulating Cyclin D1, Cyclin D2, and p21 Levels and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-4 Activity
Authors: Fatrai Szabolcs , Elghazi Lynda , Balcazar Norman , Cras-Méneur Corentin , Krits Irina , Kiyokawa Hiroaki , Bernal-Mizrachi Ernesto
Published: June 2006

Proliferation is the major component for maintenance of β-cell mass in adult animals. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-kinase pathway is a critical regulator of β-cell mass. Pancreatic β-cell overexpression of constitutively active Akt in mice (caAktTg) resulted in marked expansion of β-cell mass by increase in β-cell proliferation and size. The current studies provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in β-cell proliferation by Akt. Proliferation of β-cells in caAktTg was associated with increased cyclin D1, cyclin D2, and p21 levels and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (cdk4) activity. To determine the role of cdk4 in β-cell proliferation induced by Akt, we generated caAktTg mice that were homozygous, heterozygous, or nullizygous for cdk4. The results of these studies showed that deletion of one cdk4 allele significantly reduced β-cell expansion in caAktTg mice by decreased proliferation. CaAktTg mice deficient in cdk4 developed β-cell failure and diabetes. These experiments suggest that Akt induces β-cell proliferation in a cdk4-dependent manner by regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin D2, and p21 levels. These data also indicate that alteration in levels of these cell cycle components could affect the maintenance of β-cell mass in basal states and the adaptation of β-cells to pathological states resulting in diabetes.
Analysis of Polymorphisms of the Interleukin-18 Gene in Type 1 Diabetes and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Testing
Authors: Szeszko Jeffrey S. , Howson Joanna M.M. , Cooper Jason D. , Walker Neil M. , Twells Rebecca C.J. , Stevens Helen E. , Nutland Sarah L. , Todd John A.
Published: June 2006

Recently, the interleukin-18 cytokine gene (IL18) was reported to be associated with type 1 diabetes. In the present report, we calculated that the reported genotypes of the two 5′ region/promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), −607 (C→A) (rs1946518) and −137 (G→C) (rs187238), were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). We therefore investigated the association of the −607 and −137 SNPs in a U.K. type 1 diabetic Caucasian case-control collection (1,560 case and 1,715 control subjects tested at −607 and 4,323 case and 4,610 control subjects tested at −137) as well as a type 1 diabetic Caucasian collection comprised of families of European ancestry (1,347 families tested at −137 and 1,356 families tested at −607). No evidence for association with type 1 diabetes was found, including for the −607 A/A and C/A genotypes. To evaluate whether common variation elsewhere in the gene was associated with disease susceptibility, we analyzed eight IL18 tag SNPs in a type 1 diabetic case-control collection (1,561 case and 1,721 control subjects). No evidence for association was obtained (P = 0.11). We conclude that common allelic variation in IL18 is unlikely to contribute substantially to type 1 diabetes susceptibility in the populations tested and recommend routine application of tests for HWE in population-based studies for genetic association.
ACE Inhibitor or Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist Attenuates Diabetic Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Coppey Lawrence J. , Davidson Eric P. , Rinehart Thomas W. , Gellett Jill S. , Oltman Christine L. , Lund Donald D. , Yorek Mark A.
Published: June 2006

ACE inhibition and/or blocking of the angiotensin II receptor are recognized as first-line treatment for nephropathy and cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. However, little information is available about the potential benefits of these drugs on diabetic neuropathy. We examined vascular and neural activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats that were treated for 12 weeks with enalapril, an ACE inhibitor, or l-158809, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. A prevention protocol (group 1) as well as three intervention protocols (treatment was initiated after 4, 8, or 12 weeks of diabetes [groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively]) were used. Endoneurial blood flow and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were impaired in all groups of untreated diabetic rats. In group 1, treatment of diabetic rats with enalapril or l-158809 partially prevented the diabetes-induced decrease in endoneurial blood flow and MNCV. In groups 2–4, intervention with enalapril was more effective in reversing the diabetes-induced impairment in endoneurial blood flow and MNCV than l-158809. The superoxide level in the aorta and epineurial arterioles of diabetic rats was increased. Treatment of diabetic rats with enalapril or l-158809 reduced the superoxide level in the aorta in all groups but was less effective in epineurial arterioles. Acetylcholine and calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) cause vasodilation in epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve, which was impaired by diabetes. Treatment of diabetic rats (all groups) with enalapril or l-158809 completely prevented/reversed the diabetes-induced impairment in CGRP-mediated vascular relaxation. Treatment with enalapril or l-158809 was also effective in improving impaired acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation, but the efficacy was diminished from groups 1 to 4. These studies suggest that ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers may be effective treatments for diabetes and vascular and neural dysfunction. However, the efficacy of these treatments may be dependent on when the treatment is initiated.
Identification of TUB as a Novel Candidate Gene Influencing Body Weight in Humans
Authors: Shiri-Sverdlov Ronit , Custers Anne , van Vliet-Ostaptchouk Jana V. , van Gorp Patrick J.J. , Lindsey Patrick J. , van Tilburg Jonathan H.O. , Zhernakova Sasha , Feskens Edith J.M. , van der A Daphne L. , Dollé Martijn E.T. , van Haeften Timon W. , Koeleman Bobby P.C. , Hofker Marten H. , Wijmenga Cisca
Published: June 2006

Previously, we identified a locus on 11p influencing obesity in families with type 2 diabetes. Based on mouse studies, we selected TUB as a functional candidate gene and performed association studies to determine whether this controls obesity. We analyzed the genotypes of 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around TUB in 492 unrelated type 2 diabetic patients with known BMI values. One SNP (rs1528133) was found to have a significant effect on BMI (1.54 kg/m2, P = 0.006). This association was confirmed in a population enriched for type 2 diabetes, using 750 individuals who were not selected for type 2 diabetes. Two SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with rs1528133 and mapping to the 3′ end of TUB, rs2272382, and rs2272383 also affected BMI by 1.3 kg/m2 (P = 0.016 and P = 0.010, respectively). Combined analysis confirmed this association (P = 0.005 and P = 0.002, respectively). Moreover, comparing 349 obese subjects (BMI >30 kg/m2) from the combined cohort with 289 normal subjects (BMI <25 kg/m2) revealed that the protective alleles have a lower frequency in obese subjects (odds ratio 1.32 [95% CI 1.04–1.67], P = 0.022). Altogether, data from the tubby mouse as well as these data suggest that TUB could be an important factor in controlling the central regulation of body weight in humans.
Increased Myocardial Oxygen Consumption Reduces Cardiac Efficiency in Diabetic Mice
Authors: How Ole-Jakob , Aasum Ellen , Severson David L. , Chan W.Y. Anna , Essop M. Faadiel , Larsen Terje S.
Published: June 2006

Altered cardiac metabolism and function (diabetic cardiomyopathy) has been observed in diabetes. We hypothesize that cardiac efficiency, the ratio of cardiac work (pressure-volume area [PVA]) and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2), is reduced in diabetic hearts. Experiments used ex vivo working hearts from control db/+, db/db (type 2 diabetes), and db/+ mice given streptozotocin (STZ; type 1 diabetes). PVA and ventricular function were assessed with a 1.4-F pressure-volume catheter at low (0.3 mmol/l) and high (1.4 mmol/l) fatty acid concentrations with simultaneous measurements of MVo2. Substrate oxidation and mitochondrial respiration were measured in separate experiments. Diabetic hearts showed decreased cardiac efficiency, revealed as an 86 and 57% increase in unloaded MVo2 in db/db and STZ-administered hearts, respectively. The slope of the PVA-MVo2 regression line was increased for db/db hearts after elevation of fatty acids, suggesting that contractile inefficiency could also contribute to the overall reduction in cardiac efficiency. The end-diastolic and end-systolic pressure-volume relationships in db/db hearts were shifted to the left with elevated end-diastolic pressure, suggesting left ventricular remodeling and/or myocardial stiffness. Thus, by means of pressure-volume technology, we have for the first time documented decreased cardiac efficiency in diabetic hearts caused by oxygen waste for noncontractile purposes.
Defective Induction of CTLA-4 in the NOD Mouse Is Controlled by the NOD Allele ofIdd3/IL-2and a Novel Locus (Ctex) Telomeric on Chromosome 1
Authors: Lundholm Marie , Motta Vinicius , Löfgren-Burström Anna , Duarte Nadia , Bergman Marie-Louise , Mayans Sofia , Holmberg Dan
Published: June 2006

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), or CD152, is a negative regulator of T-cell activation and has been shown to be associated with autoimmune diseases. Previous work has demonstrated a defect in the expression of this molecule in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice upon anti-CD3 stimulation in vitro. Using a genetic approach we here demonstrate that a novel locus (Ctex) telomeric on chromosome 1 together with the Idd3 (Il-2) gene confers optimal CTLA-4 expression upon CD3 activation of T-cells. Based on these data, we provide a model for how gene interaction between Idd3 (IL-2), Ctex, and Idd5.1 (Ctla-4) could confer susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. Additionally, we showed that the Ctex and the Idd3 regions do not influence inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) protein expression in NOD mice. Instead, as previously shown, higher ICOS levels in NOD mice appear to be controlled by gene(s) in the Idd5.1 region, possibly a polymorphism in the Icos gene itself.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in clinically normal horses and donkeys
Authors: Sinclair Melissa D. , Mealey Katrina L. , Matthews Nora S. , Peck Ken E. , Taylor Tex S. , Bennett Brad S.
Published: June 2006

Objective—To determine the disposition of a bolus of meloxicam (administered IV) in horses and donkeys (Equus asinus) and compare the relative pharmacokinetic variables between the species.

Animals—5 clinically normal horses and 5 clinically normal donkeys.

Procedures—Blood samples were collected before and after IV administration of a bolus of meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg). Serum meloxicam concentrations were determined in triplicate via high-performance liquid chromatography. The serum concentration-time curve for each horse and donkey was analyzed separately to estimate standard noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables.

Results—In horses and donkeys, mean ± SD area under the curve was 18.8 ± 7.31 μg/mL/h and 4.6 ± 2.55 μg/mL/h, respectively; mean residence time (MRT) was 9.6 ± 9.24 hours and 0.6 ± 0.36 hours, respectively. Total body clearance (CLT) was 34.7 ± 9.21 mL/kg/h in horses and 187.9 ± 147.26 mL/kg/h in donkeys. Volume of distribution at steady state (VDSS) was 270 ± 160.5 mL/kg in horses and 93.2 ± 33.74 mL/kg in donkeys. All values, except VDSS, were significantly different between donkeys and horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The small VDSS of meloxicam in horses and donkeys (attributed to high protein binding) was similar to values determined for other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Compared with other species, horses had a much shorter MRT and greater CLT for meloxicam, indicating a rapid elimination of the drug from plasma; the even shorter MRT and greater CLT of meloxicam in donkeys, compared with horses, may make the use of the drug in this species impractical.
Evaluation of isoflurane and sevoflurane vaporizers over a wide range of oxygen flow rates
Authors: Ambrisko Tamas D. , Klide Alan M.
Published: June 2006

Objective—To examine the accuracy and precision of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthetic vaporizers.

Sample Population—5 identcal isoflurane and 5 identical sevoflurane vaporizers.

Procedures—Oxygen flow rates from 0.02 to 10 L/min were used with different vaporizer dial settings. Agent concentrations were measured at the common gas outlet by use of a refractometer. Accuracy was defined as the difference between measured agent concentrations, and dial settings were expressed as a percentage of the applied dial settings. Precision was defined as SD of the measured agent concentrations for each combination of dial setting and flow.

Results—Isoflurane values were generally greater than the dial settings. Accuracy of the isoflurane vaporizer was > 20% when 0.6% and 1% was dialed. Accuracy of the sevoflurane vaporizer was always within ± 20% but decreased at 0.02 L/min flow and at combinations of high flow and high dial settings. Overall precision of the isoflurane vaporizer was better than that of the sevoflurane vaporizer.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A possible explanation for the inaccuracy of the isoflurane vaporizer may be that it was manufactured to be accurate with air but not oxygen, which must be accounted for when using the vaporizer with oxygen, especially with nonrebreathing systems. The sevoflurane vaporizer may not deliver accurate agent concentrations at high flow and high dial settings. Both vaporizers are suitable for clinical use with a wide range of oxygen flow rates if these precautions are properly addressed.
Analgesic effects of subarachnoidally administered hyperbaric opioids in horses
Authors: Natalini Cláudio C. , Polydoro Alexandre da S. , Linardi Renata L.
Published: June 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effects of subarachnoidally administered hyperbaric morphine, buprenorphine, and methadone on avoidance threshold to noxious electrical stimulation of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions in horses.

Animals—6 healthy adult horses.

Procedures—Horses were assigned to receive subarachnoid administration of hyperbaric morphine (0.01 mg/kg), buprenorphine (0.001 mg/kg), methadone (0.01mg/kg), or 10% dextrose solution in equal volumes (5 mL). Electrical stimulation was applied every 10 minutes for 60 minutes and every 30 minutes for 120 minutes after subarachnoid injection over the dermatomes of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions, and the avoidance threshold voltage was recorded. Heart and respiratory rate, blood gas tensions, serum electrolyte concentrations, and sedative effects were also evaluated.

Results—Administration of 10% dextrose solution did not change the avoidance threshold. Morphine and methadone significantly increased the avoidance threshold by 10 minutes after injection, which lasted until 120 minutes after subarachnoid administration in the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions. Profound analgesia (avoidance threshold > 40 V) was achieved in all regions. Buprenorphine also significantly increased the avoidance threshold by 10 minutes (36 V) after injection, which lasted 60 minutes and was considered moderate. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and blood gas tensions stayed within reference range. No ataxia, signs of sedation, or CNS excitement were observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Subarachnoid administration of hyperbaric morphine or methadone produces intense analgesia for 120 minutes over the dermatomes of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic areas without cardiorespiratory depression, ataxia, or CNS excitement in horses.
Correlation of mitochondrial protein expression in complexes I to V with natural and induced forms of canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lopes Rosana , Solter Philip F. , Sisson D. David , Oyama Mark A. , Prosek Robert
Published: June 2006

Objective—To identify qualitative and quantitative differences in cardiac mitochondrial protein expression in complexes I to V between healthy dogs and dogs with natural or induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Sample Population—Left ventricle samples were obtained from 7 healthy dogs, 7 Doberman Pinschers with naturally occurring DCM, and 7 dogs with DCM induced by rapid right ventricular pacing.

Procedures—Fresh and frozen mitochondrial fractions were isolated from the left ventricular free wall and analyzed by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. Protein spots that increased or decreased in density by 2-fold or greater between groups were analyzed by matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or quadrupole selecting, quadrupole collision cell, time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Results—A total of 22 altered mitochondrial proteins were identified in complexes I to V. Ten and 12 were found in complex I and complexes II to V, respectively. Five were mitochondrial encoded, and 17 were nuclear encoded. Most altered mitochondrial proteins in tissue specimens from dogs with naturally occurring DCM were associated with complexes I and V, whereas in tissue specimens from dogs subjected to rapid ventricular pacing, complexes I and IV were more affected. In the experimentally induced form of DCM, only nuclear-encoded subunits were changed in complex I. In both disease groups, the 22-kd subunit was downregulated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Natural and induced forms of DCM resulted in altered mitochondrial protein expression in complexes I to V. However, subcellular differences between the experimental and naturally occurring forms of DCM may exist.
Comparison of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic findings with histologic features of benign and malignant superficial lymph nodes in dogs
Authors: Nyman Helena T. , Lee Marcel H. , McEvoy Fintan J. , Nielsen Ole L. , Martinussen Torben , Kristensen Annemarie T.
Published: June 2006

Objective—To compare and correlate B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonographic characteristics with histopathologic findings of benign and malignant superficial lymph nodes in dogs.

Study Population—50 superficial lymph nodes that were normal, abnormally large on physical examination, or represented regional lymph nodes draining an area of suspected primary malignancy in 30 dogs.

Procedures—Before excision, lymph nodes were evaluated via B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography to assess size, echogenicity, presence of a hilus, acoustic transmission, and vascular flow. Formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of excised lymph nodes were stained with H&E and examined for the presence and extent of necrosis, fibrosis, fat, metastases, and tissue heterogeneity. To assess vascularity, the number and distribution of vessels stained by the Verhoeff van Gieson technique were recorded.

Results—In superficial lymph nodes, a varied echogenicity corresponded to tissue heterogeneity. The ultrasonographic detection of a hilus was associated with the presence of fibrous tissue, fat, or both in the hilar region. Acoustic enhancement corresponded to presence of areas of intranodal necrosis. There was significant correlation between both the distribution and the number of vessels detected via ultrasonography and that detected by histopathology. The amount of flow estimated via ultrasonography was typically higher than that estimated via histologic examination.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that histopathologic changes in canine lymph nodes have associated ultrasonographic changes and suggest that lymph node ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of lymph nodes in dogs in general and in dogs with neoplastic disease in particular.
Evaluation of the effects of the opioid agonist morphine on gastrointestinal tract function in horses
Authors: Boscan Pedro , Van Hoogmoed Linda M. , Farver Thomas B. , Snyder Jack R.
Published: June 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effects of morphine administration for 6 days on gastrointestinal tract function in healthy adult horses.

Animals—5 horses.

Procedures—Horses were randomly allocated into 2 groups in a crossover study. Horses in the treatment group received morphine sulfate at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg, IV, every 12 hours for 6 days. Horses in the control group received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution at a dosage of 10 mL, IV, every 12 hours for 6 days. Variables assessed included defecation frequency, weight of feces produced, intestinal transit time (evaluated by use of barium-filled spheres and radiographic detection in feces), fecal moisture content, borborygmus score, and signs of CNS excitement and colic.

Results—Administration of morphine resulted in gastrointestinal tract dysfunction for 6 hours after each injection. During those 6 hours, mean ± SD defecation frequency decreased from 3.1 ± 1 bowel movements in control horses to 0.9 ± 0.5 bowel movements in treated horses, weight of feces decreased from 4.1 ± 0.7 kg to 1.1 ± 0.7 kg, fecal moisture content decreased from 76 ± 2.7% to 73.5 ± 2.9%, and borborygmus score decreased from 13.2 ± 2.9 to 6.3 ± 3.9. Mean gastrointestinal transit time was also increased, compared with transit times in control horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Morphine administered at 0.5 mg/kg twice daily decreased propulsive motility and moisture content in the gastrointestinal tract lumen. These effects may predispose treated horses to development of ileus and constipation.
Underlying medical conditions in cats with presumptive psychogenic alopecia
Authors: Waisglass Stephen E. , Landsberg Gary M. , Yager Julie A. , Hall Jan A.
Published: June 2006

Objective—To identify underlying medical conditions in cats with a presumptive diagnosis of psychogenic alopecia.

Design—Case series.

Animals—21 adult cats referred with a presumptive diagnosis of psychogenic alopecia.

Procedures—A detailed behavior and dermatologic questionnaire was completed by the primary caregiver, and complete behavioral and dermatologic examinations were performed. A standard diagnostic testing protocol that included cytologic examination of skin scrapings, fungal culture of hairs, evaluation of responses to parasiticides and an exclusion diet, assessment for atopy and endocrinopathies, and histologic examination of skin biopsy specimens was used to establish a definitive diagnosis in all cats. Cats that did not respond to an elimination diet were treated with methylprednisolone acetate to determine whether pruritus was a factor.

Results—Medical causes of pruritus were identified in 16 (76%) cats. Only 2 (10%) cats were found to have only psychogenic alopecia, and an additional 3 (14%) cats had a combination of psychogenic alopecia and a medical cause of pruritus. An adverse food reaction was diagnosed in 12 (57%) cats and was suspected in an additional 2. All cats with histologic evidence of inflammation in skin biopsy specimens were determined to have a medical condition, but of 6 cats without histologic abnormalities, 4 had an adverse food reaction, atopy, or a combination of the 2, and only 2 had psychogenic alopecia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that psychogenic alopecia is overdiagnosed in cats. Thorough diagnostic testing should be done before ascribing a behavioral cause to hair loss in cats.
Comparison of results of computed tomography and radiography with histopathologic findings in tracheobronchial lymph nodes in dogs with primary lung tumors: 14 cases (1999–2002)
Authors: Paoloni Melissa C. , Adams William M. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Kurzman Ilene , Vail David M. , Hardie Robert J.
Published: June 2006

Objective—To compare results of computed tomography (CT) and radiography with histopathologic findings in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLNs) in dogs with primary lung tumors.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—14 client-owned dogs.

Procedures—Criteria for inclusion were diagnosis of primary lung tumor, use of thoracic radiography and CT, and histologic confirmation of TBLN status. Medical records were reviewed for signalment; history; and physical examination, clinicopathologic, radiographic, CT, surgical, and histopathologic findings.

Results—Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy was not identified via radiography in any dogs. Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 5 dogs via CT. Six dogs had histologic confirmation of metastasis to TBLNs. Radiographic diagnosis yielded 6 false-negative and no false-positive results for tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy. Computed tomography yielded 1 falsenegative and no false-positive results. Sensitivity of CT for correctly assessing TBLN status was 83%, and specificity was 100%. Positive predictive value was 100%, and negative predictive value was 89%. Dogs with lymphadenopathy via CT, histologic confirmation of TBLN metastasis, or primary tumors with a histologic grade > 1 had significantly shorter survival times than their counterparts.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of CT evaluation of TBLN status were in agreement with histopathologic findings and more accurate than use of thoracic radiography for evaluating TBLNs in dogs with primary lung tumors. Computed tomography imaging should be considered as part of the staging process to more accurately assess the TBLNs in dogs with primary lung tumors.
Evaluation of protection against virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in calves that had maternal antibodies and were vaccinated with a modified-live vaccine
Authors: Zimmerman Alicia D. , Boots Robin E. , Valli Jennifer L. , Chase Christopher C. L.
Published: June 2006

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of an adjuvanted modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine against challenge with a virulent type 2 BVDV strain in calves with or without maternal antibodies against the virus.

Design—Challenge study.

Animals—23 crossbred dairy calves.

Procedures—Calves were fed colostrum containing antibodies against BVDV or colostrum without antiBVDV antibodies within 6 hours of birth and again 8 to 12 hours after the first feeding. Calves were vaccinated with a commercial modified-live virus combination vaccine or a sham vaccine at approximately 5 weeks of age and challenged with virulent type 2 BVDV 3.5 months after vaccination. Clinical signs of BVDV infection, development of viremia, and variation in WBC counts were recorded for 14 days after challenge exposure.

Results—Calves that received colostrum free of antiBVDV antibodies and were vaccinated with the sham vaccine developed severe disease (4 of the 7 calves died or were euthanatized). Calves that received colostrum free of anti-BVDV antibodies and were vaccinated and calves that received colostrum with antiBVDV antibodies and were vaccinated developed only mild or no clinical signs of disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the modified-live virus vaccine induced a strong protective immune response in young calves, even when plasma concentrations of maternal antibody were high. In addition, all vaccinated calves were protected against viral shedding, whereas control calves vaccinated with the sham vaccine shed virus for an extended period of time.
Bifunctional sulfur-silicon podands as new nucleophilic ionophores in acyl transfer reactions. Influence of monovalent cations on the reaction kinetics
Authors: ŁLęska Bogusława , Schroeder Grzegorz , Gierczyk Błażej , Rybachenko Volodimir
Published: June 2006

Two bifunctional sulfur-silicon nucleophilic ionophores 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propanethiol (Nu1) and 3-(tri-2-methoxyethoxysilyl)-propanethiol (Nu2) were used as reagents in the acyl transfer reaction studied by kinetic methods. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electro-spray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI MS) were used for determination of the stoichiometry and stability constants of the complexes made by the podands and lithium or sodium ions in acetonitrile solution.
Determination of vanadium content in soils by slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using KO300G as the stabilizing agent
Authors: Barałkiewicz Danuta , Gramowska Hanka , Ren Krzysztof , Mleczek Mirosław
Published: June 2006

A direct and sensitive method for the determination of vanadium concentrations in soil is developed using ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (USSSETAAS). The surfactant, KO300G, is used as the stabilizing agent. The precision and accuracy of the method are investigated. The detection limits are 0.6 and 0.7 µg 1−1 for SRM Montana Soil 2711 and SRM Soil — S, respectively. The method is applied to determine the vanadium content in 10 soil samples from the Wielkopolska region.
Synthesis of heptapeptides and analysis of sequence by tandem ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Jia Chenxi , Qi Wei , He Zhimin , Yang Haoming , Qiao Bin
Published: June 2006

Two heptapeptides have been prepared by Fmoc methodology using Wang resin as solid support. For attachment of the first amino acid, several coupling systems were evaluated, and DIC/DMAP system could give yields of >99% and low levels of racemization. The selection of scavenger combination to deprotect side chains revealed that H2O/p-cresol was good at scavenging trityl and 1,2-ethanedithiol was highly efficient for scavenging t-butyl. Through shortening the preactivation time to 5 min, the racemization which occurred during formation of amide bonds coupled by HBTU was minimized. The crude peptides were characterized by RP-HPLC and MS, and sequenced by MS/MS to acquire reliable amino acid sequence information.
Preparation of N-aryl-ketonitrone spin traps
Authors: Hassan Inas , Lauricella Robert , Tuccio Béatrice.
Published: June 2006

The syntheses of seven N-aryl-C,C-dialkoxycarbonylnitrones 1–7, six of which were original, were achieved from the appropriate aryl-nitroso compounds. These ketonitrones were found to trap efficiently carbon-centred free radicals in aqueous media, yielding stable aminoxyl radicals whose EPR spectra lasted several days. The two penta-deuterated compounds 6 and 7 were also found to be efficient at trapping methoxyl radical. Their various spin adducts showed simple three line signals, very sensitive to the polarity of the environment. This study represents the very first use of linear ketonitrones as spin traps.
Hg (II) extraction in a PEG-based aqueous two-phase system in the presence of halide ions. I. Liquid phase analysis
Authors: Bulgariu Laura , Bulgariu Dumitru
Published: June 2006

The partition behaviour of Hg (II) was studied in an aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) — (NH4)2SO4 two-phase system as a function of halide, halide concentration, and pH. For a system prepared by mixing equal volumes of 40 % (w/w) PEG (1550) with 40 % (w/w) (NH4)2SO4, Hg(II) remains almost exclusively in the salt-rich phase. The addition of NaX (X = Cl−, Br−, I−) enhances Hg (II) partition into the PEG-rich phase due to the formation of halide complexes. The efficiency of halide extractants increases in the order: Cl− < Br− < I−. Mercury extraction is improved at lower halide ion concentration by higher stock salt solution acidity. From the distribution coefficients determined as a function of halide ion concentration, the extracted species were identified. The Hg (II) extractability is determined by the type and stability of the Hg (II) halide species, and depends on the stock salt solution acidity. The observed behaviour is discussed and a possible extraction mechanism is proposed.
Theoretical studies on the binding affinities of β-cyclodextrin to small molecules and monosaccharides
Authors: Chen Sicong , Teng Qiwen , Wu Shi
Published: June 2006

Equilibrium geometries and electronic structures of complexes between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and some small molecules as well as monosaccharides were investigated by Austin Model 1 (AM1) to obtain binding energy of the complexes. It was indicated that β-CD could bind the structurally similar solvent molecules and monosaccharides because of the negative binding energy of the complexes, and especially could show the chiral binding ability to monosaccharides with more hydroxyl groups, due to its chiral characteristics. The complexes were stabilized by the hydrogen bonding between β-CD and guests. Based on the AM1 optimized geometries, the IR spectra were calculated by AM1 method. Vibration frequencies of O-H bonds in the guests were red-shifted owing to the weakening of the O-H bonds with the formation of the complexes.
Heteroareno-annelated estranes by triene cyclization
Authors: Watanabe Masataka , Matsumoto Taisuke , Mataka Shuntaro , Thiemann Thies
Published: June 2006

17-Thienyl-and 17-benzo[b]thienyl-3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraenes were synthesized by either sequential or one-pot Suzuki cross-coupling and Wittig olefination reactions. At 160 °C, heteroaryl substituted steroids were observed to undergo thermal intramolecular cyclization to produce E-ring heteroareno-annelated estranes.
The influence of solvent molecules on NMR spectrum of barbituric acid in the DMSO solution
Authors: Żuchowski Grzegorz , Zborowski Krzysztof
Published: June 2006

This work shows the modification of barbituric acid (BA) chemical shifts by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) molecules. The discussed changes are caused by creation of the H-bonded associates formed by barbituric acid with DMSO in solution. Free molecule of barbituric acid, the cluster of BA with two DMSO molecules and two different clusters of BA with four DMSO units are taken into consideration. The chemical shifts of these systems have been calculated and the obtained results have been compared with experimental data. Theoretical calculations predict a significant downfield shift for imino protons of barbituric acid involved in intermolecular-N-H...DMSO hydrogen bonds. The influence of the solvent molecules on other nuclei chemical shifts, especially protons of barbituric acid methylene group, is also reported.

The calculations have involved Hartree-Fock and several Density Functional Theory methods. All methods correctly describe experimental 1H and 13C NMR spectra of barbituric acid. The best consistence between experiment and theory is observed for the BLYP functional. Four approximations of magnetic properties calculations embedded in the Gaussian’98 package have been tested. The results of the performed calculations indicate that from a practical point of view the GIAO method should be preferred.