bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Medical Model? Disability, Formal Justice, and the Exception for the "Profoundly Impaired"
Authors: Goering Sara
Published: February 2007

The formal justice model proposed by Anita Silvers in Disability, Discrimination, and Difference emphasizes the social model of disability and the need for full equality of opportunity, and it suggests that a distributive model of justice that gives special benefits to individuals with disabilities is self-defeating. Yet in that work, Silvers allows an exception for the "profoundly impaired." In this paper, I show how the formal justice theory falls short when it comes to defining and dealing with "profoundly impaired" individuals and explore the ways in which making the exception raises serious theoretical concerns for the grounding of the formal justice model.
Operation Blue, ULTRA: DION--The Donation Inmate Organ Network
Authors: Bartz Clifford Earle
Published: February 2007

Presently more than 80,000 Americans await an organ transplant,
while 10 to12 people die each day because of the lack of organs. The
program proposed here would allow federal inmates additional "time off"
for agreeing to become living donors or to provide organs or their bodies
upon death. Such a program could add 100 to 170 thousand new organ donors
to the pool, with another 10 to 12 thousand added annually. If the program
were applied to all state inmates, up to 4 million new donors might be
added, with another 10 to 13 thousand added annually. Given the extreme
need for more organ donors and the need for more living donors, the
current National Transplant Act of 1984 and the Uniform Anatomical Gift
Act must be amended, while still retaining control of donation procedures.
Seven Dimensions of Portability for Language Documentation and Description
Authors: Bird Steven , Simons Gary
Published: February 2007

The process of documenting and describing the world's languages is undergoing radical transformation with the rapid uptake of new digital technologies for capture, storage, annotation, and dissemination. While these technologies greatly enhance our ability to create digital data, their uncritical adoption has compromised our ability to preserve this data. Consequently, new digital language resources of all kinds-lexicons, interlinear texts, grammars, language maps, field notes, recordings-are proving difficult to reuse and less portable than the conventional printed resources they replace. This article is concerned with the portability of digital language resources, specifically with their ability to transcend computer environments, scholarly communities, domains of application, and the passage of time. We review existing software tools and digital technologies for language documentation and description, and analyze portability problems in the seven areas of CONTENT, FORMAT, DISCOVERY, ACCESS, CITATION, PRESERVATION, and RIGHTS. We articulate the values that underlie our intuitions about good and bad practices, and lay out an extensive set of recommendations to serve as a starting point for the community-wide discussion that we envisage.*
"We Become Brave by Doing Brave Acts": Teaching Moral Courage through the Theater of the Oppressed
Authors: Gillespie Diane , Brown Kate H
Published: February 2007

Kate Brown and Diane Gillespie introduce a performative text, created in the ethics classroom, that they argue has the
power to transform participants. Relying on the work of Paulo Friere and Augusto Boal, Brown and Gillespie bring
improvisational theater exercises to their occupational therapy students in an attempt to make students' experiences the
center of the syllabus and to represent the turmoil of ethical decision making in a classroom turned laboratory.
Multi-authored and multi-read, the dramatic text embodies its authors and readers in its protagonists, as the boundaries
among reading and writing and decision making dissolve.
"Fixing" Katie and Eilish: Medical Documentaries and the Subjection of Conjoined Twins
Authors: Clark David L. , Myser Catherine
Published: February 2007

Myser and Clark analyze the cultural representations of conjoined twins (so-called Siamese twins) in medical
documentaries. They argue that medical documentaries seem to perform a descriptive function for lay audiences, but also
function as a prescriptive force that reproduces the cultural assumption that there must be singular self correlated to a
single body. Their primary analytical focus is three documentaries about the Irish conjoined twins Katie and Eilish Holton
and their family: Mark Galloway's Katie and Eilish and Life without Katie and the subsequent 20/20 TV segment on
the surviving family.
Nationalism and Identity Politics in the Balkans: Greece and the Macedonian Question
Authors: Roudometof Victor
Published: February 2007

The dispute between Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia (FYROM) is a symbolic struggle concerning legitimate
rights over "Macedonia"--the name, the territory, and the loyalty of
its inhabitants. The dispute was created by two conflicting national
narratives. In the Balkans, nation-building has emphasized
particularistic over universalistic criteria. Local national narratives
were instrumental in establishing the legitimate possession of a
territory by a particular ethnic group. Historically, these narratives
are tied to local nationalisms since their function is to designate a
territory as the exclusive homeland of a particular nation. The
Macedonian narrative views Macedonia as occupied by the
Macedonian nation and suggests the existence of national
minorities in Bulgaria and Greece. The Greek narrative does not
acknowledge the existence of a Macedonian nation and considers
the existence of a Macedonian minority within Greece to be a
manifestation of Macedonian irredentism. The Macedonian narrative
directly questions the Greek narrative's assumption of historical
continuity. The strong Greek reaction against FYROM's declaration
of independence is a response to this implicit threat to modern
Greek identity.
Creating Distraction after Destruction: Representations of the Military in Greek Film
Authors: Stassinopoulou Maria A.
Published: February 2007

This article discussses representations of the military,viewed by some
historians as the major force in twentieth-century Greek politics,
in mainstream Greek film from 1952 to 1963. Based on a wide sample of
films, it challenges the accepted view that Greek mainstream film of the
post-Civil War years did not interact with questions of immediate
political interest. Genre film, it is argued, followed generic formulas
but still included comments on contemporary events. For example, when
read in the context of the well-known Aviators' Trial, The Skies are Ours
(1953) acquires a historical specificity otherwise missed. Representations
of German officers of the occupation forces during the Second World War
are discussed in a comparative framework to demonstrate the degree of
acceptance of the armed forces and military values in this time period,
as for example in the films Barefoot Batallion (1954) and The Island of
the Brave (1959).
Morphologies and Functions of Self-Criticism in Modern Times: Has the Author Come Back?
Authors: Ricci Roberta
Published: February 2007

The practice of reflecting upon oneÕs own art is probably as old as literature. Nowadays the custom has taken on a new significance, since we consider the literary text to be an open work with ever-expanding borders, including those heterogeneous practices which adorn and accompany the bound text: titles, epigraphs, dedications, notes, inscriptions, etc. Consequently the interactions between text and paratext, writer and reader, the producer of the text and its user, its owner and its producer, and the reciprocal nature of literary experience are my concerns here. In this article I will be using modern examples of self-consciousness in epitexts (SabaÕs Storia e cronistoria del ÔCanzoniereÕ) and peritexts such as prefaces (EcoÕs Il nome della rosa, SvevoÕs La coscienza di Zeno, CalvinoÕs Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno) and afterwords (SavinioÕs Hermaphorodito, GaddaÕs La cognizione del dolore, TabucchiÕs Si sta facendo sempre piu tardi). I here suggest three main functions of authorial criticism which can be very well present at the same time and integrated. First, it may be a list of real or potential variants, as in SabaÕs critical work. Secondly, self-commentary can occur as self-censorship or moral and poetic justification. This is the case of SabaÕs essay and GaddaÕs post-face in La Cognizione del dolore. Finally, self-commentary can place the text within an historical and linguistic tradition, as with Calvino's preface, or within a line of personal development, as with Svevo' s preface. In most cases authorial commentaries, I propose, are responsive. They arise out of an authorÕs reaction to his text, sometimes printed earlier, and are by definition dependent upon that text for their meaning. I hope to show the importance of reading these texts for precise information about the laborious process of creating literature and its historical and literary setting.
The Sound of Evolution
Authors: Ames Eric
Published: February 2007

This essay tracks the emergence of comparative musicology in Germany circa 1900, concentrating on the use of the phonograph by Carl Stumpf and Erich Moritz von Hornbostel, founders of the Berlin Phonogram Archive. The phonograph served as a scientific instrument for charting the evolution of music, based on recordings of "exotic melodies" performed at ethnographic exhibitions and other urban venues. Situating the discipline in the context of historical debates about evolution, colonialism, modernity, and mass culture, this essay argues that comparative musicology took shape and assumed resonance as a mode of phonographic discourse that aimed to make evolution audible.
Monsters, New Women and Lady Professors: A Centenary Look Back at Gabrielle Reval
Authors: Van Slyke Gretchen Jane
Published: February 2007

In the early 1900s Gabrielle R�val wrote several semi-autobiographical best-sellers about the first graduates of the Ecole normale secondaire de jeunes filles. Participating in a major shift in educational institutions and middle-class images of femininity, these pioneering women professors struggled for accep-tance in a society that feared and abhorred them. They also contended with the Third Republic's desires to contain many unintended consequences resulting from this educational innovation. R�val's inside views of the private and professional lives of these "new women" throw a stark light on the paradoxes and contradictions upon which the Third Republic's experiment in women's education was founded. (GvS)
A Time to Remember: The Reinvention of the Communist Hero in Post-Communist China
Authors: Wang Xiaoying
Published: February 2007

The paper provides a critical perspective on the ideological and cultural transformation of post-communist China through a close reading of a recent Chinese film. “A Time to Remember,” directed by the son of a famous war-time communist general and premiered in Beijing in 1998, is set in Shanghai of the 1930s and has as its protagonists a communist leader, his female assistant, and an American doctor, who also serves as narrator. The paper analyzes the film’s revisionist reading of the communist revolution and shows how the film reinvents the traditional war-time communist hero in keeping with the ideological and cultural agenda of China’s current market reforms.
The Formation of Genres in the Renaissance and After
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: February 2007

Updating the concept of genres as associational complexes, this paper analyzes the key role in formation played by metaphors and other figures. These work to evoke the genre’s associational domain. The figures may be deployed by the writer even before the genre has become an explicit convention recognizable by name. Some such figures (like the reed of pastoral) are well known. But the paper shows that the main genres all have their characteristic tropes.
Theorizing Genres--Interpreting Works
Authors: Seitel Peter
Published: February 2007

My goal in theorizing genre is to fortify interpretation – to enhance one’s ability to understand and appreciate particular works as literary art. Genre in this sense is a lens through which historical and aesthetic features of a work become more visible, a mode of deductive critical reasoning that develops interpretive hypotheses. It is based on previous conceptualizations of genre as represented world, as framework of expectation, and as “a tool for living” deployed within and outside of institutional discursive practices. This deductive tool is shown to develop interesting, unforeseen, and falsifiable interpretations in a close study of three traditional oral genres of the Haya people of northwestern Tanzania.
Questions of Genre in Early Nineteenth-Century French Painting
Authors: Bann Stephen
Published: February 2007

This article looks specifically at the issue of genre as it was understood and debated in relation to painting in early nineteenth-century France. This was a period in which the traditional hierarchy of the genres, established with the foundation of the Academy under Louis XIV, was increasingly under attack. The supremacy of history painting, which traditionally obeyed a number of inflexible requirements as regards size, subject matter etc., was infinged notably by the efforts of the younger generation of painters to depict material of relevance to contemporary history. The argument here is focused specifically on the work of Louis Hersent, L�opold Robert and Paul Delaroche. It advances the more general point that genre distinctions were not simply an obstacle to individual development, but enabled such artists to achieve success through circumventing and trangressing the principles of the regulated hierarchy.
Does Size Really Matter? Weight and Values in Public Health
Authors: Jutel Annemarie
Published: February 2007

The medical community has long regarded obesity and
overweight as serious health risks, and popular culture reflects these
concerns. A focus on body weight reduction motivates many contemporary
exercise and diet practices, especially among women. Yet, there is
significant evidence that those risks have been exaggerated, that weight
loss regimens may be more detrimental to health than moderate obesity,
and that pressure to be thin leads to disordered eating and unhealthy
lifestyle choices. This paper examines the problematic manners in which
some national health policies regard the problems of overweight and
obesity. It contends that concepts of aesthetics, grounded in 19th-century
beliefs about the body, guide clinicians to emphasize measurement of
the body in health assessment at potential cost to individual wellness.
Plato's Conception of the Relations Between Moral Philosophy and Medicine
Authors: Moes Mark
Published: February 2007

The first part of this article construes crucial passages
from the Platonic dialogues as evidence that Plato takes medicine as
a model for moral philosophy and as one of the organizing principles
for his writing of the dialogues. The second part reflects upon the
significance of one of the most debatable implications of the model: the
comparison between health and illness, on the one hand, and moral virtue
and moral vice, on the other. It articulates 10 illuminating aspects of
this comparison and two potentially serious objections to it. The third
part of this article examines what the model implies about the roles of
medicine and moral philosophy in the political community and about the
natures of doctor-patient and philosopher-interlocutor relationships. It
highlights Socrates' criticisms of a kind of politics that covers over
moral causes of social disorders by means of Band-Aid legislation, and
emphasizes that according to the model, both the doctor and the moral
teacher confront agents who must cooperate in the process of reform and
accept whatever responsibility they have for their conditions.
Genetic Conflict and Apoptosis
Authors: LeGrand Edmund K
Published: February 2007

The benefits of apoptosis in the
removal of unnecessary, damaged, or dangerous cells are dependent on the
altruism resulting from the absence of genetic conflict between genes
in cells. However, this altruism can be exploited by self-promoting or
ultra-selfish genes. These self-promoting genes can be endogenous, as
with neoplasia or germ cell mutations, or exogenous, as with cellular
pathogens. The fundamental flaw of apoptosis is that its development
and maintenance as a system is constantly opposed by the emergence of
self-promoting genes. Since apoptotically impaired cells cannot be relied
on to kill themselves, apoptotic input from other cells is required for
controlling self-promoting genes. Certain unique features of germ cell
development, such as linkage by cytoplasmic bridges and the requirement
for granulosa or Sertoli cells, appear to serve this requirement for
control of self-promoting genes.
Markets and Medicine: Barriers to Creating a "Business Case for Quality"
Authors: Casalino Lawrence
Published: February 2007

Systematically improving the quality of medical care requires the creation and implementation of organized processes by health plans, hospitals, and physician groups. But to a considerable extent the medical market in the United States financially penalizes organizations that invest in improving quality, rather than rewarding them. This article explores the ways in which the market as presently constituted fails to reward investments in quality improvement and describes efforts newly underway to create a "business case for quality." It briefly suggests measures to that could be taken by public and private policymakers--by government as purchaser and regulator of medical care, and by large employers who in effect make policy through their health insurance purchasing decisions--to create a business case for quality.
Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Dysfunctional Relationship
Authors: Fisher Morris A
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest and most
profitable industries in the world, and in the United States, the industry
has a particularly privileged economic position. Yet the cost of drugs
in the United States is higher than anywhere else, due largely to the
fact that the industry is focusing increasingly on marketing rather than
on the development of meaningful new medications: available evidence
does not support claims of great expense for the development of new
drugs. Because of its vast resources, the pharmaceutical industry has
assumed an increasing influence in medicine, which, given the differences
in values and priorities between medicine and the drug companies, is a
cause for concern. The pharmaceutical industry has acted to maximize its
profits in ways that frequently conflict with medicine's need for truth
and full disclosureindeed, the industry has arguably worked to compromise
physicians' judgments, as well as academic standards. As a result,
despite government regulation there have been unnecessary adverse effects
from drugs. The experience with butorphanol (Stadol®) exemplifies
problems in the current system and the harm that can result. Changes
are suggested to make the pharmaceutical industry more responsive to
the needs of patients and physicians.
Xunzi's Systematic Critique of Mencius
Authors: Chong Kim Chong
Published: February 2007

Some commentators hold that Xunzi's criticism of Mencius' thesis that human nature is good depends more on Xunzi's definition of xing or nature than on substantive argument. Some also claim that Xunzi is committed to accepting Mencius' thesis. A more precise account of Xunzi's critique is offered here, based on an elaboration of his distinction in the "Xing e pian" between ke yi (capacity) and neng (ability). Others have noted this distinction, but no one has sufficiently appreciated its role in making Xunzi's critique more systematic and substantive than it is usually thought to be.
The Ethical Significance of Shame: Insights of Aristotle and Xunzi
Authors: Cua A. S. (Antonio S.)
Published: February 2007

A constructive interpretation of the Confucian conception of shame is offered here. Xunzi's discussion is considered the locus classicus of the Confucian conception of shame as contrasted with honor. In order to show his conception as an articulation and development of the more inchoate attitudes of Confucius and Mencius, an excursion is made into the Lunyu and the Mengzi. Aristotle's conception of shame is used as a sort of catalyst, an opening for appreciating Xunzi's complementary insights.
Renegade Emotion: Buddhist Precedents for Returning Rationality to the Heart
Authors: Hershock Peter D
Published: February 2007

By drawing out the critical implications of a Buddhist understanding of persons and emotions, it is suggested here that we see emotions as relational transformations through which the direction and qualitative intensities of our interdependence are situationally negotiated, enhanced, and revised. Historical and critical precedents are then offered for reassessing the association of reasoning with the practices of definition and argument, and the consequent association of the operational structure of rationality with that of reality. Reason is better seen as an emotion that has long been renegade and that--especially as institutionalized in the form of global, control-biased technological development--can remain so only at considerable social, cultural, and spiritual risk.
Koans in the Dogen Tradition: How and Why Dogen Does What He Does with Koans
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: February 2007

A hallmark of Dogen's legacy is his introduction of Chinese Ch'an koan literature to Japan in the first half of the thirteenth century and his unique and innovative style of interpreting dozens of koan cases, many of which are relatively obscure or otherwise untreated in the annals. What constitutes the distinctiveness of Dogen's approach? According to Hee-Jin Kim's seminal study, Dogen shifts from an instrumental to a realizational model of koan interpretation. While this essay agrees with some features of Kim's approach, especially his emphasis on the importance of language, it is argued that Kim overlooks the diversity of aims and intentions in Dogen's use of rhetorical and narrative strategies to highlight diverse doctrinal and ritual themes. There is no single underlying view of koans for Dogen, who continually modifies his interpretive approach to particular cases in order to articulate specific themes.
Future of Academic/Research Librarians: A Period of Transition -- To What?
Authors: Hardesty Larry L
Published: February 2007

Academic libraries face an increased challenge in attracting
qualified librarians. The author analyzes available data to determine
the validity of explanations offered for this shortage. Despite the
shortage, he does not anticipate significant salary increases for
academic librarians. However, he believes that academic librarianship
will continue to attract individuals, many later in life, because of the
positive attributes of the profession. Increased emphasis on recruitment
is vital in sustaining the profession.
The History of the Book: Introduction, Overview, Apologia
Authors: Jenisch Jared
Published: February 2007

This article traces the development of the comparatively recent
field of intellectual endeavor known as the "history of the book,"
explores its relation to older approaches to the study of books and
the printed word, and provides an overview of the kinds of literature
currently available on the state of the field. It then gives an account
of the relevance of this field of study to librarians and librarianship.
The Information Commons: The Academic Library Of The Future
Authors: MacWhinnie Laurie A
Published: February 2007

Increasing use of technology as a means of accessing information
and the recent shift towards cooperative learning and group study have
brought changes in the way students use academic libraries and library
resources. Academic libraries have experimented with new ways to combine
information resources, technology, and research assistance. Some have
reconfigured their physical space and redesigned services to meet the new
challenges by adopting the idea of the information commons or a central
location that provides computers, information resources in various
formats, and staff assistance. Although they may share similar goals
and some common features, academic institutions have taken a variety
of approaches in designing, funding, and staffing their information
commons. This article is an overview of several information commons
in the United States and Canada and explores some of their missions,
features, and strengths and weaknesses.
Student vs. Search Engine: Undergraduates Rank Results for Relevance
Authors: Nowicki Stacy
Published: February 2007

This study investigated six popular search engines
to determine their effectiveness in returning results relevant to
college students' information needs. Though the search engines generally
performed poorly, a lack of computer skills and an inability to construct
appropriate search statements limited students' success. Keywords:
search engines, World Wide Web, relevance, college students, information
literacy, computer literacy.
Social Sciences Literature and Electronic Information
Authors: Budd John , Christensen Corrie
Published: February 2007

Most colleges and universities have expanded, and are expanding, access
to electronic information resources. A question remains: to what extent
are researchers making use of these resources as part of their inquiry
and publishing activities? The present study investigates citation
practices by authors of journal articles and includes a study of the
potential incorporation of full-text and full-image resources into
published work in eight social science disciplines. It also includes
a brief survey of a sample of authors of the examined journal articles.
Key Concepts: Associationism
Authors: Spitzer Manfred
Published: February 2007

Associationism can be broadly defined as a school of thought in philosophy and psychology that holds that mental activity can be accounted for by processes that combine simple elements or ideas. More than a century ago, scientific psychology started taking measurements of word associations, and only a few years later, word associations became a major research tool in psychiatry. With the advent of neurobiology and the discovery of the neuron, the term association came to denote physical connections between cells or parts of the brain. The resulting ambiguity made the concept highly fruitful and at the same time introduced the risk of committing categorical mistakes and of engaging in unfounded speculation, since little was known about the actual functioning of neurons. In modern cognitive neuroscience, computational models provide the critically needed link between the psychological and the biological approaches. The concept of association, with its biological, psychological, and computational connotations, provides the framework needed for further experimental research. Its potential for contributing to our understanding of psychopathology can hardly be overestimated.
Harold Macmillan's "Winds of Change" Speech: A Case Study in the Rhetoric of Policy Change
Authors: Myers Frank
Published: February 2007

A political leader who decides to change policy confronts a
heterogeneous audience comprised of old supporters who may feel betrayed
and potential new supporters who may be suspicious of the leader's
motives. Analysis of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's "Winds of Change"
speech in 1960 on British relations with Africa reveals techniques used
when a leader confronts this rhetorically challenging situation.
A Decade of Changes in Undergraduate Education: A National Study of System "Transformation"
Authors: Astin Alexander W , Keup Jennifer R , Lindholm Jennifer A
Published: February 2007

Evidence from two longitudinal student databases collected nearly a decade apart suggests that undergraduate education in the United States has been "transformed" in many ways that are consistent with national reform efforts that emerged during the 1980s. Institutions have strengthened their capacity to foster faculty-student interaction, student-student interaction, and student engagement in community service. Institutions show diminished capacity, however, to foster academic engagement and social activism among students.
20th Century Postsecondary Practices and Policies to Control Gay Students
Authors: Dilley Patrick
Published: February 2007

This paper traces three forms of control taken by postsecondary regulations of the sexual mores of gay male college students, through institutional responses to particular acts: expulsion of those found, or believed, to engage in homosexual activity; the implementation of undercover "sting" operations; and the attempted prevention of student organizing. Despite changes in these patterns since the 1950s, respondents still comment on how these practices influenced both their activities and their sense of identity.
Reaching for the Brass Ring: The U.S. News & World Report Rankings and Competition
Authors: Ehrenberg Ronald G
Published: February 2007

The annual U.S News & World Report ranking of the nation's academic institutions exacerbates their competitiveness. Institutions, trying to influence the rankings, alter their behavior in ways that misserve individual students and higher education as a whole. However, institutions should not use the rankings as an excuse for failing to collaborate in ways that make sense both educationally and financially. The paper suggests how USNWR rankings could encourage such collaborations.
Preparing and Socializing New Faculty Members
Authors: Rosser Vicki J
Published: February 2007

This review provides an overview on three books that offer advice to graduate
students and new faculty members. The goal of these publications is to supplement
and support graduate students and new faculty members with details
and reinforcement that may broaden their professional and academic socialization.
These books were selected for review because of their broad audience
appeal and because they represent the most current and comprehensive professional
guides for advanced graduate students and new faculty members.
Back to the Future: The Globalization of Agriculture in Historical Context
Authors: Coclanis Peter A.
Published: February 2007

Despite the breathless nature of much contemporary writing on
globalization, agriculture, and food security, these issues are hardly
new. This essay argues that integrated markets for many agricultural
products existed well over a century ago, and, in examining the process
and results of this earlier period of globalization, provides some
lessons for today.
A Single Microbial Sea: Food Safety as a Global Concern
Authors: Glavin Margaret O'K
Published: February 2007

Foodborne disease is a significant public health problem worldwide,
with enormous human and economic costs. Food safety systems designed to
protect consumers face several challenges: the emergence of new pathogens
and other hazards, the reemergence of pathogens and other hazards
thought to be controlled, and the heightened threat of food as a vehicle
for bioterrorism. Global food trade contributes to and magnifies these
challenges through the introduction of contamination from one country to
another; the multiplication of opportunities for contamination as food
travels longer distances and over longer periods of time; the magnified
impact of contamination as products reach more people over a wider area;
and the difficulty of knowing the origin or history of a food that has
been shipped through multiple countries. In responding to these threats,
national governments and international bodies must answer a number of
key questions. What are the gaps in existing food safety systems? What
responsibility do developed countries have to improve systems in less
developed countries? What is the role of international bodies? This
article argues that global standards focused on public health outcomes,
and national food safety systems based on those standards, are essential
to protect public health and support the continued expansion of global
food trade.
The Impact of Trade Liberalization on China's Agriculture and Rural Economy
Authors: Huang Jikun , Rozelle Scott
Published: February 2007

This paper analyzes the effect of China's trade liberalization
process on the nation's rural economy. Although some leaders fear there
will be substantial negative effects on China's rural sector and food
security, a closer examination shows that the World Trade Organization
(WTO) accession is part of a longer-term, efficiency-enhancing process
of liberalization and opening to the outside world. When analyzed from
this angle, the impacts of WTO reform, while not trivial, reflect trends
already evident, many of which are positive. For example, while WTO
accession may accelerate price decreases for certain crops, such as wheat
and corn, prices should rise and export opportunities should increase
for commodities such as meats, fruit, and fish. Rural wages in most
sectors that employ rural workers should also rise. Finally, this paper
describes a number of different ways that China and its rural residents
will be able to protect themselves after trade rules are liberalized.
The Globalization of Nothing
Authors: Ritzer George
Published: February 2007

Globalization is not a singular process with uniform results, but a
term that encompasses a number of transnational processes. This essay
distinguishes between two broad sub-processes under the larger heading of
globalization—glocalization (the integration of the global and the
local) and grobalization (the imposition of the global on the local). It
also explores the distinction between nothing (forms that are centrally
conceived and controlled and largely lacking in distinctive content)
and something (forms that are indigenously conceived and controlled and
comparatively rich in distinctive content). The article focuses on two
pairings that result from relating these sets of concepts—the
grobalization of nothing and the glocalization of something. In the
realm of culture in general and consumption in particular, the conflict
between these two processes is a central issue in the world today. The
triumph of the grobalization of nothing promises cultural homogeneity,
while the glocalization of something offers at least some hope for
cultural heterogeneity in a world in which the truly local has almost
entirely disappeared.
The Development of British Interests in Chile's Norte Chico in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Mayo John
Published: February 2007

By 1820, much of Spanish South America had achieved independence, and Spain was on the defensive in those areas where her flag still flew. Amongst the countries that gained their independence in this period was Chile, which after the battle of Maipú in April 1818, faced no further threats to its existence from Spain. For many of the new nations, the period immediately after independence was one of political instability, shading into civil war, and Chile was no exception. However, in comparison with many of its neighbors, the period of instability was short, and the physical destruction not great.
Silencing the Unmentionable: Non-Reproductive Sex and the Creation of a Civilized Argentina, 1860-1900
Authors: Berco Cristian
Published: February 2007

In 1886 the Argentine Congress adopted a new penal code for the country which replaced the existing, and often contradictory, maze of colonial laws and localbandos—ad hoc decrees—that had hitherto regulated criminal procedure. Although it is worth examining the provisions of theCódigo Penalas a fruitful indication of nineteenth-century legal development that witnessed an increasing centralization of power by the Argentine state, scholars have completely ignored one momentous omission in the code. As it quickly becomes apparent after perusing its pages, the new penal code had no provision regulating consensual sodomy, a practice that until then had been severely punished and was considered second in gravity only to heresy and treason. Indeed, the utter silence concerning consensual sodomy in the code effectively decriminalized it. Sodomy shifted from a crime punishable by death to a lawful activity between consenting adults in private. This sudden legal change raises a variety of questions that bear on the process of Argentine state formation and illuminate the connection between sexuality and nation building.
Sowing “Seeds of Goodness” in Depression-Era Chile: Politics, the “Social Question,” and the Labor Ministry's Cultural Extension Department
Authors: Barr-Melej Patrick
Published: February 2007

A contributor to La Lei, the journalistic mouthpiece of Chile's reformist Radical Party, attended a peculiar cultural event on a mild spring evening in 1909 that evidently made quite an impression. Workers with their spouses and children, all donning their best suits and dresses, had gathered in one of the capital's dance halls to enjoy what the onlooker grasped as an evening of “aesthetic enjoyment without ostentation.” As the writer noted, “For three hours I was enchanted by the order, by the discretion, by the culture of the dancers. [The cultured worker] is a natural friend of order, he does not let himself be convinced by high-sounding words, nor does he accept subversive ideas; the revolutionary preaching of the Utopians and those without spirits repulse him. He loves tranquillity and has a profound respect for republican laws. A man of this nature is not only a pillar of our democracy but also an unceasing producer of wealth and social well being.” What the writer recognized as “culture” evidently was conducive to the perpetuation of liberal democracy, the defense of the economic order, and the preservation of social peace during the so-called Parliamentary Republic (1891-1925). Indeed, if workers were culturally educated, if they properly understood, imitated, and enjoyed a “mainstream” culture, they would be less apt to engage in disruptive political endeavors, or so it was suggested in La Lei.
Bourbon Absolutism and Marriage Reform in Late Colonial Spanish America
Authors: Saether Steinar A.
Published: February 2007

The study of marriageways in colonial Latin America has altered and deepened our understanding of the societies and cultures within the Spanish and Portuguese empires of the New World. During the last thirty or forty years a series of studies have explored the complex and varied patterns of marriage and family formation in colonial Latin America. Inspired by the work of Peter Laslett, Lawrence Stone and Louis Flandrin among others, historians of the region have produced a rich historical literature on the demographic, social and cultural aspects of colonial marriageways. Most studies have focused on the late colonial period, and the years after 1778 when the Pragmática sanción de matrimonios (first issued in Spain in 1776) was extended to Spanish America. One effect of the new law was an astonishing outpouring of reports, questions, lawsuits and regulations concerning marriage, which in turn have been seized upon by historians to reconstruct important aspects of late colonial Latin American societies. Despite the frequent use of these sources, the legislation itself has received little serious attention, and several basic misunderstandings prevail regarding its background and meaning. As a consequence, the political implications of marriage have been poorly understood.
Memory, Mimesis, Tragedy: The Scene Before Philosophy
Authors: Kottman Paul A
Published: February 2007

Through an interpretation of a well-known incident from Herodotus—the Athenian reception of the early tragedy The Fall of Miletus by Phrynicus—Kottman argues that the origins of tragedy lie not, as Vernant, Segal and others have suggested, in a mimetic presentation of political life or in a consciously fictional questioning of the city. Rather, by focusing on the singular reaction of the Athenians to The Fall of Miletus, Kottman posits a "pre-philosophical" approach to the origins of theatre, one that stresses the shared, living memory of the spectators. Instead of witnessing the mimesis of a legendary figure, the audience instead partakes of a mimesis of quite a different sort. Through this more originary mimesis, Kottman argues for a re-evaluation of the relationship between mimesis and politics more generally, in light of this early attempt by Phrynicus to stage the political prior to the philosophical.
Choreographies of Protest
Authors: Foster Susan Leigh
Published: February 2007

This essay reconstructs nonviolent protest during three moments in recent
US history—the lunch counter sit-ins of 1960, the ACT-UP die-ins
of the late 1980s, and the Seattle WTO protests in 1999, asking of them
the kinds of questions that a dance scholar might pose. By showing how
bodies make articulate choices based on their intelligent assessment of
other bodies, the essay frames a new perspective on individual agency
and collective action.
Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case
Authors: Roberts Kenneth M.
Published: February 2007

Latin American populism is generally associated with the developmental stage of import substitution industrialization; it is thus widely presumed to have been eclipsed by the debt crisis of the 1980s and the free market reforms of the neoliberal era. However, the leadership of Alberto Fujimori in Peru suggests that new forms of populism may be emerging despite the fiscal constraints of neoliberal austerity. This new variant of populism thrives in a context where economic crisis and social dislocation undermine traditional representative institutions, enabling personalist leaders to establish unmediated relationships with heterogeneous, atomized masses. Political support can be cultivated through populist attacks on entrenched political elites or institutions, along with targeted but highly visible poverty alleviation programs. This new form of populist autocracy complements the efforts of neoliberal technocrats to circumvent the representative institutions that are integral to democratic accountability. The Peruvian case thus demonstrates that populism has been transformed rather than eclipsed during the neoliberal era and that it should be decoupled theoretically from any particular phase or model of economic development.
Left and Right With Chinese Characteristics: Issues and Alignments in Deng Xiaoping's China
Authors: Nathan Andrew J. , Shi Tianjian
Published: February 2007

A 1990 national sample survey shows that the Chinese population was concerned with issues relating to reform, economic and social grievances, and democracy. Although neither political issues nor social cleavages were the same as in the West, the same dynamics affected the process of ideological alignment. Social position and cognitive sophistication help explain why members of the population hold liberal or conservative attitudes.
The Transformation of the Swedish Model: Economic Ideas, Distributional Conflict, and Institutional Change
Authors: Blyth Mark
Published: February 2007

This article examines the transformation of the Swedish model of economic regulation from an ideational perspective. While the majority of arguments about the decline of the Swedish model have focused on the role of structural factors, this article looks to illuminate the ideational factors that made possible both the emergence and the transformation of the Swedish model. The article details how, during the 1930s and 1940s, economic ideas provided the Swedish state and its trade union allies with the means to construct the institutions of the Swedish model. By the 1970s, however, Swedish business suffered diminishing returns to continued participation within these institutions and responded to labor's challenges by adopting a two-pronged strategy of withdrawal from and ideological contestation of labor's supporting institutions. The politics of ideas was key in this regard. During the 1980s Swedish business marshaled alternative economic ideas to contest and thus delegitimate existing institutions and the patterns of distribution they made possible. Swedish business thus began the process of overturning the Swedish model long before capital mobility or domestic inflation was ever a problem. By highlighting these factors, the article offers an explanation of the transformation of the Swedish model that stresses the centrality of ideational contestation for understanding institutional change in general.
The Fourth Wave of DemocracyandDictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World
Authors: McFaul Michael
Published: February 2007

The transition from communism in Europe and the former Soviet Union has only sometimes produced a transition to democracy. Since the crumbling of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, most of the twenty-eight new states have abandoned communism, but only nine of these have entered the ranks of liberal democracies. The remaining majority of new postcommunist states are various shades of dictatorships or unconsolidated “transitional regimes.” This article seeks to explain why some states abandoned communism for democracy while others turned to authoritarian rule. In endorsing actorcentric approaches that have dominated analyses of the third wave of democratization, this argument nonetheless offers an alternative set of causal paths from ancien regime to new regime that can account for both democracy and dictatorship as outcomes. Situations ofunequaldistributions of power produced the quickest and most stable transitions from communist rule. In countries with asymmetrical balances of power, the regime to emerge depends almost entirely on the ideological orientation of the most powerful. In countries where democrats enjoyed a decisive power advantage, democracy emerged. Conversely, in countries in which dictators maintained a decisive power advantage, dictatorship emerged. In between these two extremes were countries in which the distribution of power between the old regime and its challengers was relatively equal. Rather than producing stalemate, compromise, and parted transitions to democracy, however, such situations in the postcommunist world resulted in protracted confrontation between relatively balanced powers. The regimes that emerged from these modes of transitions are not the most successful democracies but rather are unconsolidated, unstable, partial democracies.
The Challenge of September 11 to Secularism in International Relations
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: February 2007

The attacks of September 11, 2001, highlight the general absence of attention to religion in international scholarship. The absence is understandable, for it arises from the secularized nature of the authority structure of the international system, described here as the “Westphalian synthesis.” Over the past generation, though, the global rise of public religion has challenged several planks of the synthesis. The sharpest challenge is “radical Islamic revivalism,” a political theology that has its roots in the early twentieth century and that gave rise to al-Qaeda. If international relations scholars are to understand the events of September 11, they ought to devote more attention to the way in which radical Islamic revivalism and public religion shape international relations, sometimes in dramatic ways.