bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of the prosobranchTrichotropis borealisBroderip & Sowerby, and the systematic position of the Capulidae
Authors: Graham Alastair
Published: May 2009

The anatomy of some members of the family Calyptraeidae has been adequately described by previous workers (Kleinsteuber, 1913; Giese, 1915; Moritz, 1938), and aconsiderable amount of information has been published on the feeding and the unusual reproductive activities ofCrepidula(Orton, 1912; Coe, 1944) Of the anatomy and way of living of the members of those other families of gastropods (Trichotropidae and Capulidae) that Thiele (1929) has unitedwith the calyptraeids in his Stirps Calyptraeacea, much less is known. Orton (1912) and Yonge (1938) have described the feeding mechanism ofCapulus ungaricus;and the anatomy ofThyca,a parasitic member of the same family, has been briefly described by Koehler & Vaney (1912). Nothing seems to be known of the anatomy or way of life of members of the Trichotropidae. Yet an investigation of some of these points seems overdue in the lightof Lebour's discovery (1937) thatCapuluspasses through an echinospira larval stage. This stage does not occur in other members of the Calyptraeacea, although present in two other groups of the mesogastropods, the Lamellariacea and the Cypraeacea. The idea at once presents itself that the capulids may perhaps be more accurately classified as members of one or other of these two groups rather than as members of the Calyptraeacea. The work recorded in the following pages was directed towards answering this question, and would suggest that the original classification is the more correct. The names used are those of Winckworth (1932).
The nervous control of luminescent responses in polynoid worms
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: May 2009

Some preliminary observations on luminescence in polynoid worms have been presented in a previous paper (Nicol, 1953). These animals produce light in scales (elytra) which cover the dorsal surface of the body. The source of the light lies in a layer of unicellular epithelium on the lower surface of the scale. Histologically, this tissue consists of columnar cells (photocytes), characterized by the presence of coarse eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm. The nervous supply of the elytrum derives from a nerve trunk which ascends the stalk or elytrophore and proceeds to a ganglion in the centre of the scale. From this ganglion nerves radiate peripherally and proceed to the photocytes, and to sensory receptors on the dorsal surface and at the margin of the scale (Bonhomme, 1942).
Studies on the culture of a marine diatom
Authors: Spencer C. P.
Published: May 2009

Little is known of the biochemistry of diatoms, although many workers have reported growth experiments with the unicellular algae of the marine phyto-plankton. Experiments have often been performed without due regard for the appropriate control of physical and chemical conditions. Many reports contain only incomplete data of the growth under a given set of conditions, and it is often impossible to say whether the effects recorded are upon the growth rate, the total crop, or both. Other studies have been reported which included the addition of organic matter to cultures which were only uni-algal and not bacteria-free. At the present time even the mere maintenance of stock cultures of the marine unicellular algae is perforce an empirical matter. Results in replicate cultures often show gross differences in growth that are apparent on inspection by eye alone, and insufficient information is available regarding the nature of these variations in growth to allow the rational development of improved culture media. Due therefore to a lack of suitable techniques, most of the results available are difficult, if not impossible, to interpret in terms of the biochemical activities of the algae.
The proboscis apparatus of Arenicola
Authors: Wells G. P.
Published: May 2009

The anterior end of Arenicola contains an elaborately organized apparatus which has hitherto escaped accurate description, although it is of evident importance in the processes of extrusion and withdrawal of the proboscis, and exhibits striking variations within the genus as at present constituted. The ‘proboscis apparatus”, as it will be termed, includes the following components: (i) the proboscis itself and the first part of the oesophagus, together constituting the anterior portion of the gut; and (ii) the retractor sheath and gular membrane (“first septum” or ‘first diaphragm” of previous authors), both of which, in the writer's view, are derived from the first septum. Although of diverse morphological origin, these components are built together into a functionally unified whole. The purpose of the following paper is to give an account of the anatomy of the apparatus on which later studies of its mode of action can be based. The three species to be described, A. ecaudata Johnston, A. claparedii Levinsen and A. marina L., are chosen to represent the three sections into which the genus naturally falls. It will be shown that the proboscis apparatus undergoes characteristic structural modifications in each of the three, although its basal plan is always the same. So great are the divergences that probably each of them extrudes its proboscis in a different way.
The biology ofAsterias rubens L. IV. Variation in the sex ratio
Authors: Vevers H. G.
Published: May 2009

There are few records in the literature of the relative proportions of the sexes in natural populations of echinoderms, and the samples studied have mostly been small. Selenka (1867) has stated that in Holothurians in general males are rarer than females, and Becher (1907) found that males were very rare in Rhabdomolgus ruber. Koehler (1907) noted that in the ophiuroidOphiacantha vivipara there were more females than males.
On the use of antibiotics for isolating bacteria-free cultures of marine phytoplankton organisms
Authors: Spencer C. P.
Published: May 2009

In the course of some studies on the kinetics of growth and the biochemical activities of a marine diatom it became desirable to obtain bacteria-free cultures. The classical method of obtaining such pure algal cultures involves either repeatedly washing single cells in sterile medium or obtaining discrete bacteria-free algal colonies by growth on a solid medium. Both these methods have been widely applied to fresh-water species by Pringsheim (1946) and others, whilst Chu (1946) has used both methods with the marine diatom Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg) Wm. Smith forma minutissima.
The aquarium and sea-water circulation system at the Plymouth Laboratory
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

The aquarium or tank room, to which visitors are admitted on payment of a small charge, was not designed primarily for public display, but was intended principally to facilitate scientific observations on the habits and life histories of marine animals. This original purpose it has never lost, but of recent years it has increasingly catered also for the steadily growing number of people interested in natural history, and for numerous classes of school-children brought by their teachers. Since the aquarium was re-opened in November 1946 attendances have shown a big increase over comparable pre-war figures.
The Reproduction and Growth of the Pilchard
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

In my paper on the Reproduction of Fishes occurring at Plymouth, published in this Journal, vol. i, p. 10, 1889, I identified as the egg of the pilchard, a pelagic egg commonly found in the tow-net in summer, and distinguished by three obvious characters, namely: (1) an unusually large perivitelline space; (2) a single large oil-globule in the vitellus; (3) a completely subdivided yolk. I also stated that ripe spawning pilchards occurred off Plymouth between June and October, but always at some distance from land, being usually taken in mackerel nets worked to the south of the Eddystone. My identification of the egg, taken in the sea, was founded upon a comparison between it and the eggs pressed from the ripe but dead female pilchards obtained from mackerel fishermen. The latter eggs were already dead, and did not float, but sank in sea water, but they possessed a single oil-globule, and the yolk in them consisted of a number of yolk-spheres. The large perivitelline space was absent, because it is only formed when living eggs are extruded into sea water.

Raffaele had previously described two kinds of pelagic eggs found at Naples, which he recognised, from their divided yolk and the characters of the larvæ hatched from them, as belonging to some species of Clupeoid. The larger of these eggs he attributed to Clupea pilchardus, but did not give his reasons. This egg is in all respects similar to that identified as belonging to the pilchard by myself at Plymouth. It is well known that the sardine of the French coast and of the Mediterranean is the same species of fish as the pilchard of Devon and Cornwall.
Note on a British Cephalopod—Illex eblanæ (Ball)
Authors: Hoyle William E.
Published: May 2009

Ashort time ago I received from my friend Mr. J. T. Cunningham a Cephalopod which had been taken by a trawler in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, with the remark that it appeared to fit well with the description of Ommastrephes eblanæ (Ball) as given by Forbes and Hanley, and that it undoubtedly belonged to the genusIllex of Steenstrup.
The absorption and loss of radioactive and non-radioactive manganese by the lobster,Homarus vulgaris
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Ward Eileen
Published: May 2009

Inactive Mn concentrations have been measured in lobster tissues. In the internal tissues of fresh animals, muscle contains 0.5–1.1 μg/g wet tissue, hepatopancreas contains 4.1–5.7 μg/g, excretory organs contain 2–5.5 μg/g and the blood contains 1.4–3.8 μg/g. Gill Mn concentrations are very variable and up to 30 μg/g are found. About 98 % of the Mn in the body lies in the calcified exoskeleton. Concentrations in the carapace are variable and are of the order of 100–300 μg/g of wet tissue. Possible ways in which the body Mn content may be controlled have been studied.

Manganese is lost from the blood during starvation and is absorbed so slowly from solution in sea water that normally an appreciable amount of the body Mn must be absorbed from food. Absorption from the stomach takes place via the hepatopancreas and the amount absorbed appears to be proportional to the Mn concentration of the stomach fluid. Similarly, there is no evidence that the slow absorption of Mn from solution in sea water across the gills can in any way be controlled and it may be a passive rather than an active process.
The development and function of the oviducal gland in Balanus balanoides
Authors: Walley L. J.
Published: May 2009

In North Wales settlement and metamorphosis of Balanus balanoides occur in May and the animals breed for the first time in the following November. Three weeks after metamorphosis the oviducal glands appear as epidermal invaginations in the basal segments of the first pair of cirri. At first there is no lumen or external duct but these develop during the next fortnight. The wall of the gland is a columnar epithelium which increases in height as the gland increases in size. During mitosis this epithelium exhibits the pattern of cell movements characteristic of similar epithelia in vertebrate embryos.
On some amphipods from the coast of Norfolk
Authors: Hamond R.
Published: May 2009

Details are presented here of four species of amphipod from Norfolk waters, including descriptions of Melita reidi sp.nov. and of Parapleustes sp., as well as comments upon an unusual young Siphonoecetes sp., and on a population of Amphilochus spencebatei. The Melita is very small, pale and blind, and apparently lives interstitially.

During a study of the amphipods of Norfolk (in preparation for publication) a species of amphipod apparently new to science has been found, and is described below; comments are also made here on the taxonomic characters of three other species found locally. The area concerned (including a station list) is described by Hamond (1963).
Marine Ciliata from Plymouth: Peritricha, Vaginicolidae
Authors: Felinska Maria
Published: May 2009

Some marine ciliates, chiefly belonging to the genus Cothurnia are recorded from Plymouth and figured. Three new species are described.

Little has been published on the Ciliata from Plymouth waters. The publications of de Morgan (1925, 1926) alone provide a detailed description of some species. In the last edition of the Plymouth Marine Fauna (Marine Biological Assoc, 1957) many species have been recorded not described by de Morgan but which were occasionally mentioned in the works of other authors, and included those investigated by the present writer during her visits to the Plymouth Laboratory in the years 1953 to 1963. Recently, a list of Protozoa observed at Plymouth has been published by Lackey & Lackey (1963).
Further observations on green flagellates with scaly flagella: the genus Heteromastix korshikov
Authors: Manton I. , Rayns D. G. , Ettl H. , Parke M.
Published: May 2009

A light and electron microscopical study has been carried out on the morphology and microanatomy of two marine species of Heteromastix and less completely on two freshwater samples from the same genus, one only of which is named; this one is, however, important as the type species of the genus (H. angulata Korsh.). Agreement in salient features indicates that Bipedinomonas N. Carter andAnisomonas Butcher, under which the marine species were previously described, should be discarded as later synonyms of Heteromastix Korsh. Apart from the nomenclatural clarification the most important new findings concern the details of the periplast on cell body and flagella, the presence of stellate scales as well as plate-scales on both types of surface, the presence within the body of a starch shell not giving the normal colour reaction with iodine, and of a characteristic fibrous ‘root’ joining the flagellar bases to the plastid surface. A major finding of electron microscopical interest is the clarity with which the formation of scales and of flagellar hairs has been traced to the Golgi cisternae. These observations are an important addition to previous knowledge concerning genera of related green flagellates possibly referable to the class Prasinophyceae.
Observations on the behaviour of the planulae larvae ofClava squamata
Authors: Williams G. Brinley
Published: May 2009

The preoccupation of many workers in recent years with the detailed analysis of the settlement behaviour of the larvae of numerous sedentary invertebrates has contributed significantly to our understanding of the various factors influencing the secondary orientation reactions of animals as formulated by Fraenkel & Gunn. Investigations with the planula larvae of hydroids along these lines has hitherto been largely ignored. The intertidal hydroidClava squamataMüller has a distribution restricted to the larger fucoids in the littoral zone and during the summer months liberates its planulae in large numbers.

Detailed examination of the distribution of colonies indicated that the planulae probably possess clearly defined patterns of behaviour which assists them in locating substrates suitable for colonization. The planulae which are released in response to light are normally found to be photopositive on inert surfaces and to settle photopositively. OnAscophyllum, however, the normal substrate in nature, the older larvae are photonegative. The crawling activity of the planulae is considerably influenced by the texture and contour of surfaces. On rough and pitted surfaces activity is considerably reduced indicating a thigmokinetic response of the larvae. Water currents influence behaviour, planulae orientating positively to the direction of flow. The possible significance of these patterns of behaviour in the substrate selection and distribution of the species is discussed.
On a Species of Siphonophore Observed at Plymouth
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

Last autumn the occurrence of a small Siphonophore in the produce of the surface tow-nets attracted my attention. I first noticed it in the contents of a small net, worked five miles south of the Eddystone, on September 12th, and afterwards it was obtained in great abundance close to the. Plymouth Breakwater, and even inside the Sound. It was brought in numbers to the Laboratory almost every day up to about the middle of October, but after the end of that month it was not seen again.
North Sea Investigations
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: May 2009

The reasons which induced the Association to undertake this work, and the nature of the investigations proposed to be carried out, will be familiar to readers of this Journal (see vol. ii, No. 2, p. 88), and need not be here recapitulated. I shall, therefore, confine myself to a brief account of such progress nshas already been made.

Grimsby was selected as head-quarters, as being the port from which the largest number of boats work, and, in fact, the head-quarters of the North Sea Trawling Industry. A local body, the Marine Fisheries Society, has for the last few years been carrying on work in Grimsby, principally in connection with the culture of sea fish, and for that purpose has erected an aquarium or hatchery at Cleethorpes, a small watering-place and fishing village on the outskirts of the town. It was felt that it would be of great advantage if the Association could secure the co-operation and assistance of this Society, and communications accordingly passed between the Director and Mr. 0. T. Olsen, Secretary of the Society and also a member of the Association, and to whose energy and enthusiasm the foundation and subsequent success of the Society are in great measure due. As a result the Society at once promised every assistance in their power, and furthermore placed their premises at Oleethorpes at my disposal for such work as could be most conveniently carried on there. The hatchery contains glass and slate tanks of various sizes, with apparatus for circulating the water, and its reservoir is connected with the sea pump of the adjacent public baths, so that direct communication with the Humber can be established at any time.
The Colours OfOphiocomina Nigra(Abildgaard): III. Carotenoid Pigments
Authors: Fontaine A. R.
Published: May 2009

The red to orange-yellow colours of the ophiuroid,Ophiocomina nigra, are due to carotenoid pigments contained in specialized lipocytes. These cells are dendritic, with their cell bodies located in the dermis below a melanocyte layer and with dendrites approaching, but not penetrating, the epidermis. The lipocytes are either yellow or orange-red.

Five principal pigments were detected in addition to two minor constituents, at least one of which may be an artifact. These major pigments are: β-carotene, an acid carotenoid similar to mytiloxanthin, and four xanthophylls of uncertain identity.
Seasonal Variations of Spicule Size in Hymeniacidon Perleve
Authors: Stone A. R.
Published: May 2009

Jørgensen (1944) showed that young specimens of the siliceous freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris L. obtained their skeletal silica from the water and demonstrated that, under experimental conditions, a relationship existed between the size of the microscleric spicules produced and the concentration of dissolved silicate in the culture medium. The thickness of the microscleres increased with increasing concentration of dissolved silicate in the medium but no changes were detected in the lengths of the microscleres or in the size of the megascleres. Prior to this report Jewell (1935) showed that specimens of 5. lacustris with normal spiculation were rarely found in natural waters with a silicate content below 0.005 to 0.01 mm Si02. Hartman (1958) suggested that the greater thickness of siliceous spicules found in specimens of Haliclona caniculata Hartman collected in winter from New England shores, compared with spicules from summer-collected specimens, might reflect the increased concentration of dissolved silicate in the sea water during the winter months. Similar effects have been demonstrated experimentally in calcareous sponges: Maas (1906) showed that calcareous sponge larvae reared in calcium-free water produced no mineral spicules but organic ‘spiculoids’ of similar form. A relationship between spicule size and environmental silicate has not, in the past, been conclusively demonstrated for any siliceous sponge in field conditions.
Electro-Osmosis in Squid Axons
Authors: Stallworthy W. B.
Published: May 2009

When electro-osmosis is observed through a substance (or tissue) certain inferences can be made about the fine structure of the substance. These include the presence of a zeta potential whose sign is the same as that of the electrode towards which water moves, and the presence of interstices or channels large enough to allow ions to move through them and to sweep along more water molecules than those carried as hydration shells. Channels too large may permit both positive and negative ions to move or at least allow a counter flow of water to reduce the net (observable) movement of water molecules.
Mucus-Secreting Cells from the Alimentary Canal ofCiona Intestinalis
Authors: Thomas N. W.
Published: May 2009

The secretion of mucus has been most intensively studied in goblet cells and mucous salivary gland cells from mammals, particularly laboratory rodents. It was therefore thought desirable to characterize mucous cells from the gut ofCiona intestinalis(L.), in which mucus has an important role in food capture, the formation of a food chain, the protection of the gut lining from physical and chemical abrasion and the formation of faeces. The alimentary canal ofCionais composed of five regions: (I) a perforated pharynx, (II) a short tapering oesophagus, (III) an ovoid ridged stomach, (IV) an intestine and (V) a rectum. Previous authors (Roule, 1884; Yonge, 1925; Van Weel, 1940; Millar, 1953; Fouque, 1954) have described the preponderance of mucus-secreting cells which occur in the oesophagus, intestine and rectum. It is these three regions that have now been studied in more detail, with the use of histochemical and electron-microscopic techniques.
Molybdenum in Some Ocean and Estuarine Waters
Authors: Head P. C. , Burton J. D.
Published: May 2009

Knowledge of the distribution of molybdenum in sea water is needed for an understanding of the behaviour of the element in the geochemical cycle of weathering and sedimentation and for the assessment, in relation to environmental levels, of its possible utilization by marine organisms. The principal measurements of molybdenum in sea water are summarized in Table 1; the results of earlier investigations (Ernst & Hoermann, 1936; Bardet, Tchakirian & Lagrange, 1938; Noddack & Noddack, 1940) are excluded from this summary as later work suggests that they were inaccurate. The summary indicates that molybdenum is a comparatively uniformly distributed trace element in sea water with a concentration usually in the range of 9–13 µg/l. Except for waters directly affected by continental drainage or other localized influences, the only values appreciably below this range appear to be those reported by the early workers cited above, by Zhavoronkina (1960) for a single sample from the Atlantic, and by Brooks (1965) for waters off New Zealand.
Pure-Cone Retinae and Retinomotor Responses in Larval Teleosts
Authors: Blaxter J. H. S. , Staines Mary
Published: May 2009

A pure-cone retina has been reported in the larval stages of teleosts from three families, viz. the salmonOncorhynchusspp. by Ali (1959), the herringClupea harengusby Blaxter & Jones (1967) and plaicePleuronectes platessaby Blaxter (1968 a). There is also an absence of any retinomotor responses (movement of retinal masking pigment and changes in the relative positions of the visual cells) until the rods develop, which is usually at metamorphosis where this is clear-cut. Most adult teleosts are known to have a duplex retina.
On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton VII. Seasonal Survey of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretion by Calanus in the Clyde Sea-Area
Authors: Butler E. I. , Corner E. D. S. , Marshall S. M.
Published: May 2009

In a recent study (Butler, Corner & Marshall, 1969) it was found that the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in soluble form by Calanus finmarchicus caught at Garroch Head in the Clyde sea-area was significantly higher in spring when plant food was plentiful, than in autumn when plant food was in relatively short supply. The present survey has extended this earlier study to include more detailed data at all times of the year, particular attention being paid to the spring diatom increase of 1969 when plant food in the sea near Garroch Head rose above the level which Beklemishev (1962) regards as inducing superfluous feeding, a wasteful process partially involving the inefficient assimilation of foodstuffs (see ‘Discussion’, p. 549).
The Life-history of the Pilchard
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

We have recently begun to receive from the French Ministère de la Marine a monthly journal entitled Pêches Maritimes, and published as a supplement to the Revue Maritime et Coloniale. The number for August of this journal commences with an article on La biologie de la sardine, by M. Paul Guéry. This article consists chiefly of summaries of the researches of four zoologists on the reproduction and life-history of the sardine. We have the summaries given under the following headings:
A Contribution to the Natural History of the English Grey Mullets [Pisces, Mugilidae]
Authors: Hickling C. F.
Published: May 2009

Three species of grey mullet have been recognized in the English fauna, namely, Thick-lipped, Thin-lipped, and Golden. There have been several revisions of the Mugilidae, and the names preferred here are: Thick-lipped grey mullet, Crenimugil labrosus (Risso); Thin-lipped grey mullet, Liza ramada (Risso); Golden grey mullet, Liza aurata (Risso).
Anaerobic Survival of the CrustaceansCorophium Volutator, C. ArenariumandTanais Chevreuxi
Authors: Gamble J. C.
Published: May 2009

The overriding metabolic advantages of aerobic as compared with anaerobic respiration have resulted in its use by the majority of multicellular organisms. However, in some habitats oxygen is limiting to such an extent that anaerobic respiration becomes a necessity for survival. It has frequently been demonstrated that the extent of anaerobiosis depends, obviously, on the degree of oxygenation of the environment (see reviews by von Brand, 1944, 1945; Beadle, 1961). Hence, not only are there entirely anaerobic organisms but many other organisms exist which, in times of anoxic stress, are able to undergo a partial, or facultative, anaerobiosis. Lindeman (1942) discovered that, at low temperature, aquatic chironomid larvae could survive the entire winter anaerobically in the anoxic hypolimnion of freshwater lakes. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, pond-living crayfish of the genusCambarusare more resistant to low oxygen concentration than stream-living individuals (Park, 1945). Walshe (1948) has also been able to establish a similar relationship in a group of stream and ditch dwelling chironomid larvae.
Improved Methods of Sampling Post-Larval Young Fish and Macroplankton
Authors: Southward A. J.
Published: May 2009

In recent years the general adoption of high-speed plankton samplers has given new impetus to studies of the distribution and survival rate of larval and post-larval fishes; instruments ranging in size from the small Hardy Indicator type to enlarged versions of the Gulf III have been widely employed (e.g. Glover, 1953, 1961; Gehringer, 1952, 1962; Ahlstrom, Isaacs, Thrailkill & Kidd, 1958; Bary, de Stefano, Forsyth & van den Kerkhof, 1958; Bridger, 1958; Hempel, 1959, 1964; Miller, 1961; Kinzer, 1962, 1966; Clarke, 1964; Beverton & Tungate, 1967). At Plymouth a version of the Gulf III proved exceptionally useful for rapid surveys of the distribution of macroplankton indicator species in the Western English Channel and approaches in 1958–60 (Southward, 1962).
The Distribution of the Major and Some Minor Elements in Marine Animals I. Echinoderms and Coelenterates
Authors: Riley J. P. , Segar D. A.
Published: May 2009

Many metallic elements are concentrated by marine animals to levels far in excess of their concentrations in sea water itself. This concentration extends not only to those elements which are known to have biochemical functions, but also to others which have no established biological role (e.g. cadmium and lead). Little is known about the mechanisms by which trace elements are concentrated, or about the manner in which they are held in the tissues. As a preliminary to the investigation of concentration mechanisms, reliable data are required concerning the distribution of the elements in a variety of marine animals.
Observations on the Behaviour of Conchoecia Spinirostris
Authors: Angel M. V.
Published: May 2009

Recently Lochhead (1968) has described the feeding and swimming behaviour of Conchoecia based on observations of C. spinirostris Claus and a species that was probably C. curta Lubbock. During the last four biological cruises by R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ observations have been made on living specimens of C. spinirostris which supplement Lochhead's observations.
Salinity Preference in Corophium Volutator
Authors: McLusky Donald S.
Published: May 2009

It has been suggested (McLusky, 1968 a) that migrations of Corophium volutator (Pallas) may occur in response to salinity. This suggestion was based on distributional evidence from the estuary of the River Ythan, Aberdeenshire, and assumed that the animals are able to detect salinity and exhibit a behavioural response to it. The presence and nature of such a response has been investigated by means of choice experiments. Burrowing, swimming and feeding behaviour of C. volutator have been studied by Meadows & Reid (1966) and Morgan (1965).
Responses ofAsterias Rubensto Olfactory Stimuli
Authors: Castilla J. C. , Crisp D. J.
Published: May 2009

In 1883 Romanes first demonstrated the capacity of starfish to detect the presence of food. He claimed to be able to lead them in any direction by holding a piece of crab an inch or two from the end of one of the arms. He concluded that if the food was not more than a few inches away the starfish could smell it and move towards it. Milligan (1915 a-c) observed thatAsterias rubensmoved towards a dead pipefish from distances of 1½ in to 2 ft., and emphasized that the determined movement left no doubt that the starfish could smell the fish. Regnart (1928) found thatA. rubenscould locate food hidden in a bait chamber, moving away from the aerator in the centre of the tank.
Some Results of the International Fishery Investigations
Authors: Johnstone Jas.
Published: May 2009

It is always an unsatisfactory task to attempt to summarize the results of an extensive piece of scientific work while this is still in progress. The conclusions made during the course of a series of researches are necessarily tentative ones, and subject to more or less modification when the work comes to an end. Even the main facts elicited during the investigation do not at the time present themselves in their real proportions. One fails to appreciate the importance of some, and may be tempted to give emphasis to others which do not possess the significance assigned to them. Such considerations apply with special force to the following sketch of the main results apparent so far from the work of the International Fishery Investigations in the Northern European seas. Nine countries—Britain, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Finland, The Netherlands, Norway, Russia, and Sweden—are engaged in these researches. Each country has its own staff of scientific men (and women); its own exploring vessels and laboratories; and its own publications. Controlling and supervising all this work is the International Council, operating through the Bureau at Copenhagen, and the Central Laboratory at Christiania.
Some Observations upon the Peripheral Nervous System of the Hagfish,Myxine Glutinosa
Authors: Bone Quentin
Published: May 2009

Observations are described upon the innervation of striated muscles, the innervation of the slime glands, and the subcutaneous innervation in the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L. It is shown that the two types of striated muscle fibre receive different types of motor innervation. Presumed sensory endings are described from above the striated muscle fibres of the ventral part of the body, and are similar to those endings near to the dorsal root ganglia whichcan be traced to their cells of origin within the ganglia. It is suggested that these endings are proprioceptive in function. Other endings within the outer edge of the myosepta are described, which may possibly also have a proprioceptive function. A rich plexus of neurons is described upon the capsule of the slime glands, and these neurons, like those of the subcutaneous plexus, receive pericellular terminations from the axons of central cells. It is suggested that they are motor to smooth muscle fibres, in the slime-gland plexus being related to the expulsion of slime (together with the action of striated muscle fibres), and in the subcutaneous plexus playing some role in the control of the venous blood in the subcutaneous sinuses.
The Development And Larva of Styela Coriacea
Authors: Millar R. H.
Published: May 2009

Larvae of the ascidian Styela coriacea (Alder and Hancock) were obtained by artificial fertilization and from an incubating adult. The larval cerebral vesicle has a normal otolith but no ocellus.
Chemical Changes In Sea Water off Plymouth in 1961
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I.
Published: May 2009

The results of analysis of sea water samples from the International Hydrographic Station E1 (500 02' N., 40 22' W.) are given in graphical form and as integral mean values for the water column of 70 m. Winter maximum values (in January) of 044/xg atom phosphate P/l. and 0-53^g atom ' T o t a l ' P/L, with 315/xg atom Si/1, were found. The phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations were unusually low. The spring decreases were 0-21/xg atom P/l. and 272 fig atom Si/1.
Experimental Infection of Two Species of Wrasse With The Digenean Proctoeces Subtenuis
Authors: Freeman R. F. H.
Published: May 2009

Two species of wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.) and Crenilabrus melops (L.) were experimentally infected with the digenean Proctoeces subtenuis (Linton) collected from Scrobicularia plana (da Costa). The fishes were killed 1-24 days after infection, and the parasite population of their guts examined. About 20 % of the introduced parasites survived for 2-3 days, but the degree of infection decreased with time, the smallest specimens surviving longest. No significant differences were found between parasites from invertebrate and experimental vertebrate hosts.

P. major Yamaguti, 1934, and P. insolitus (Nicoll, 1915) are declared synonymous with P. subtenuis (Linton, 1907

The bearing of these results on the life cycle of P. subtenuis is discussed
The Oxidation of Sulphide by the Haem Compounds From the Blood of Arenicola Marina
Authors: Patel Shakunt , Spencer C. P.
Published: May 2009

Blood from Arenicola marina has been shown to contain an active catalyst of sulphide oxidation. This activity is associated with the respiratory pigments. Purified native haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin from this animal have similar activity in this respect to the analogous mammalian respiratory pigments and to mammalian hemiglobin. The oxidation product of Arenicola haemoglobin (the brown pigment) which is formed under conditions which might be expected to produce a hemiglobin is, in contrast, a very active catalyst of sulphide oxidation.
The Seasonal Changes in Body Weight, Biochemical Composition, and Oxygen Uptake of two Common Boreo-Arctic Cirripedes,Balanus BalanoidesandB. Balanus
Authors: Barnes H. , Barnes Margaret , Finlayson D. M.
Published: May 2009

The seasonal changes in the body weight and composition of two common boreo-arctic species of cirripedes, Balanus balanoides and B. balanus have been followed.

At a constant size (age under constant growth conditions) the body weight is closely related to the season. Increase in body weight takes place rapidly during the spring as reserves are laid down. These reserves are subsequently utilized for gonadal development.

The changes in B. balanus are more gradual than in B. balanoides and probably reflect differences in the habitat conditions.

The reserves, although contributing to the gonads, are not themselves adequate for their total tissue.
The Oyster Culture of the Ancient Romans
Authors: Günther R. T.
Published: May 2009

While engaged in the examination of some vase pictures which have been stated to represent certain parts of the shores of the Bay of Pozzuoli as it existed in Roman times, I was struck by two drawings of Roman Oyster culture grounds, or ostrearia, which seem to me to be of considerable interest, not only as affording us direct information concerning the method of oyster culture employed by the Romans in the neighbourhood of Baiæ, but also because they show clearly that that method was the same as the one which still survives and is still carried on, in common with so many other Roman customs in the same locality, exactly as it was nearly two thousand years ago.
An Examination of the Present State of the Grimsby Trawl Fishery, with especial reference to the Destruction of Immature Fish. Revision of Tables.
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: May 2009

About a year subsequent to the appearance of my paper on the Grimsby Trawl Fishery my attention was directed to certain arithmetical errors in the table on pp. 406 and 407 (pp. 70 and 71 of the Reprint). These errors are in truth, considerable, though fortunately not of a nature to affect the arguments brought forward in the text, as will appear to such of my readers as may be at pains to compare the revised edition with the original.
Heterotrophic Utilization of Dissolved Organic Compounds in the Sea I. Size Distribution of Population and Relationship between Respiration and Incorporation of Growth Substrates
Authors: Williams P. J. Le B.
Published: May 2009

Many aspects of the food web in the sea are ill understood: none more than the quantitative aspects of the heterotrophic activity of micro-organisms. Heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic material by micro-organisms was recognized and discussed in principle by such workers as ZoBell, Waksman and Rakestraw in the thirties. There has been very little subsequent progress in understanding the details of the process, principally because of the lack of a suitable approach. Parsons and Strickland (1961) revived interest in this field when they introduced a simple radiochemical technique to follow the uptake of individual soluble organic compounds; subsequently Williams & Askew (1968) developed a method to measure the respiration of such compounds in sea-water samples.
The Decomposition of Crude oil Residues in Sand Columns
Authors: Johnston R.
Published: May 2009

The fouling of formerly clean sandy shores by the weathered residues of crude oil is all too familiar. Vigorous use of solvent emulsifiers can restore the beach ‘whiter than white’ but this damages the creatures which normally live in and on the sand. Unless the oil pollution is continual, the beach will usually rid itself of oil aided by waves and tides. Sometimes the disappearance of the oil may amount to no more than its bodily removal elsewhere or its burial out of sight, but inevitably, its ultimate destruction must be as the result of photochemical and biological processes. For intertidal sands where oil may become buried by wave action, the photochemical aspect is perhaps less important than for floating oil and the biological pathway is more important. In the experiments described here an attempt is made to investigate the rate of oil destruction by natural beach micro-organisms. Under the experimental conditions used, it is not difficult to sustain over a period of several months a fairly representative model of a beach with its populations of bacteria, diatoms and interstitial benthic animals.
The Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Decapods [Crustacea: Natantia] Collected on the Sond Cruise 1965 I. The Caridea
Authors: Foxton P.
Published: May 2009

This study forms a contribution to a series (Angel, 1969; Clarke, 1969; Baker, 1970; Badcock, 1970) describing the biological results of a detailed investigation of the ecology of an oceanic area located in the eastern North Atlantic, close to the island of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands). The scientific background and objectives of the investigation, conducted during September to December 1965, have been described elsewhere (Currie, Boden & Kampa, 1969). Our main interest lay in the biological composition and acoustic characteristics of sonic scattering layers, and it was therefore considered essential to sample the principal elements of the pelagic fauna within the depth range 0–1000 m in as quantitative and detailed a manner as was technically possible. The resulting biological collections represent a unique body of material, the analysis of which is directly pertinent to the vertical distribution, diurnal migration and ecological interrelationships of the mesopelagic fauna.
Development, Fecundity and Brooding Behaviour of the Amphipod,Marinogammarus Obtusatus
Authors: Sheader M. , Chia Fu-Shiang
Published: May 2009

Marinogammarus obtusatusDahl, an intertidal amphipod, was first described by Dahl (1938). Prior to this date it appears that this species was often confused with and identified asM. marinus. In later years,M. obtusatushas been shown to be common around the coast of Britain (Sexton & Spooner, 1940), and in a preliminary survey of Cullercoats Bay, Northumberland, we have found that this species is by far the commonest amphipod present.
On the Occurrence of Multiple Rows of ‘Teeth’ in the Shell of the Dog-WhelkNucella Lapillus
Authors: Cowell E. B. , Crothers J. H.
Published: May 2009

The common dog-whelk,Nucella(=Thais, =Purpura) lapillus(L.), is often selected for ecological, physiological and genetical study. In recent years most workers have based their investigations on the work of Moore (1936; 1938a, b) and most have used his observation that ‘at the onset of maturity, growth of the (shell) lip ceases and instead the region near the lip thickens, while the lip itself becomes rounded and a series of rounded “teeth” develop on its inner side which still further occlude the opening’. It has been assumed that all animals showing these features are adult, and have ceased growing, for Moore goes on to say ‘occasional specimens are taken in which the presence of a second set of teeth within the marginal ones indicates that the original stoppage of growth was followed by a second slight growing period, this in turn being replaced by a second period of thickening and growth stoppage, but such specimens are too rare to be a serious source of error.’ This assumption has been incorporated into most subsequent reviews of shore ecology.
Respiration inChondracanthus Zeide la Roche (Copepoda)
Authors: Krishnaswamy S.
Published: May 2009

In spite of the keen interest evinced in the taxonomy of the parasitic copepods, there is little information on their metabolic rate, though the respiration of free-living forms has been studied by such workers as Marshall & Orr (1955, 1957), Clarke & Bonnett (1939), Zeuthen (1947), Raymont & Gauld (1951), Gauld & Raymont (1953) and Conover (1956). Since the rate of oxygen consumption is a reflexion of the metabolic rate of an animal, it was felt that a study of the rate of oxygen consumption of a copepod parasite would be of interest.Chondracanthus zeiDe la Roche, 1811, is easily available and large.
A linear pattern on the sea floor and its interpretation
Authors: Stride A. H.
Published: May 2009

The redistribution of sediments by tidal streams has been demonstrated in a number of ways in the seas around Britain. For example, the numerous banks in the North Sea are elongated parallel to the streams, while the depth and position of certain channels are subject to such important changes in position that re-surveys have to be made each year or so (Robinson, 1956). In the same region the streams, reaching about a knot or more at the surface, have wrought a large area of sand floor into ridges normal to their path. Off the Dutch coast the grade of the sand (Jarke, 1956) decreases in their inferred direction of advance (Stride & Cartwright, 1958). Similar relief is found even at 90 fathoms near the edge of the continental shelf, at the western approaches to the English Channel (Cartwright & Stride, 1958). Pratje (1950) has shown that the occurrence and grade of loose sediment on the floor of the Channel as a whole is directly related to the velocity of the streams overhead.
Electron microscopical observations on a very small flagellate: the problem of Chromulina pusilla Butcher
Authors: Manton Irene
Published: May 2009

The marine plankton flagellate hitherto known as Chromulina pusilla Butcher is one of the smallest of algal cells, being of bacterial dimensions (1–1.5µ, Butcher, 1952). For this reason it had seemed of interest to investigate its structure with the electron microscope as part of a general programme on ciliated cells in plants which has been in progress for some years. It soon became apparent, however, that there were more points of importance than had been expected at the outset. In particular the anatomical findings showed that the formal taxonomic description based on the light microscope was not only incomplete (an unavoidable consequence of the very small size), but that, as a further consequence of these physical limitations, it contained some rather fundamental misconceptions regarding the taxonomic position of the organism. By the kindness of correspondents and collaborators it was fortunately possible at once to follow up the anatomical evidence biochemically, and the combined data make the conclusion unavoidable that this organism is not a member of the Chrysophyceae (to which group the genus Chromulina properly belongs) but that its affinities lie in or near the Chlorophyceae. This naturally raises some difficult nomenclatural questions which cannot all be immediately resolved. The anatomical facts for this particular species are not, however, in themselves dependent on nomenclature, and since this organism is not merely an electron microscopical curiosity but is also exceedingly abundant in coastal waters near the British Isles, it is perhaps of some value to students of plankton that they should be made available.
On the sexual biology of Pandalus borealis (Crustacea Decapoda) I. Histology of incretory elements
Authors: Carlisle D. B.
Published: May 2009

Anatomical and histological details are here given of two organ systems, which, my experiments lead me to believe, may secrete hormones concerned in the sex reversal that overtakes all male Pandalus borealis Kroyer. The descriptions eschew any attempt at detailed cytology, and refer exclusively to prawns taken from the population of Gullmarf jord in south-west Sweden. There is reason to believe that, as with Palaemon (= Leander) serratus (cf. Carlisle, 1955), different populations may vary widely in the detailed topography of the endocrine organs, as well as in appearance, life history and growth rate (cf. Horsted & Smidt, 1956).