bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PKK-Related Asylum Applications from Turkey
Authors: Güler Arzu
Published: August 2017

More than forty thousand people in Turkey lost their lives because of PKK terrorist organization. While fighting against PKK since 1984, it is necessary for Turkey to limit some rights of PKK-related people through arrest, detention and interrogation for the pressing objectives of national security, territorial integrity and public order. Based on such limitations, there are PKK-related asylum applications from Turkey. However, these asylum applicants are quite restrictively excluded from refugee status and are commonly found as credible witnesses for their well-founded fear of persecution mainly for reason of political opinion. This paper questions the reasons that make such applicants granted refugee status by examining six case laws with positive decisions. It identifies two reasons, first, restrictive application of exclusion clauses and second, the subjectivity in the understanding of ‘necessary', which is one of the required conditions to limit human rights. Then, it provides three tentative suggestions for Turkey to enable applicants aiding and/or funding PKK to be excluded from refugee status and to prevent its counter-terrorism measures to be perceived as persecution by countries of asylum: a universally accepted definition of what constitutes terrorist offences, a stronger international presentation of counter-terrorism measures as necessary in a democratic society and a strict adherence to zero tolerance policy on torture.
I Am Safe While Playing; I Know You Feel the Same Emotions
Authors: Ertaş Behiye
Published: August 2017

In this study, games were prepared in order to reduce the traumas that immigrant children experienced during migration or where they migrated, socialization, development of empathic skills, and adaptation to the new surroundings. It is thought that prepared games will provide positive contributions to the physical and mental health of children.
Hydrological Risk Phenomena and Flood Analysis
Authors: Buta Constantin , Omer Ichinur , Andronic Andreea
Published: August 2017

This paper is one detailed research of the major river basins of the Romanian North Dobrogea, Taita River Catchment. The Taita River has a catchment size of about 591 km 2 and is flowing into the Black Sea through Topraichioi Lake after 57 km. Upstream it has an elevation about 240 m height and 0 m at downstream (the reference is the Black Sea). The complexity of this research study is given, on the one hand, by the descriptive side of the natural aspects (geological, morphological, climatic aspects, hydrology and the soil) and, on the other hand, by the practical side, boosted by the information system processing of data. This study presents the theoretical concepts concerning the hazards and the risk, which, for a better interpretation of the impact of these phenomena, are supplemented by the maps, graphs and photographs.
O BANCO DE ALIMENTOS DA CEASA DE MARINGÁ (PR) E SUA ATUAÇÃO NA PROMOÇÃO DA SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE MARINGÁ
Authors: Pinheiro Júnior Zenóbio Sales , De Vicente Vinicius Renan Rigolin , Gomes Sueli De Castro
Published: August 2017

A problemática do descarte de resíduos gerados pelas atividades humanas tem ganhado importância crescente nos últimos anos. Em contraste com a fome, que é um dos principais problemas do mundo atual e se reflete tanto pela falta de comida quanto pelo acesso a alimentação de má qualidade, percebe-se nos grandes centros urbanos um imenso desperdício de víveres que, em ótimas condições para consumo humano, deixam de ser aproveitados. Em diversos municípios brasileiros existem programas sociais, sustentados tanto por órgãos públicos quanto por ONGs, voltados para a contenção desse constante desperdício de alimentos que, embora não atendam às expectativas do comércio, se encontram em condições de consumo. O Banco de Alimentos de Maringá, vinculado à Ceasa Maringá, é mantido e pelo governo estadual, em conjunto com ações de ordem privada, e regulamentado em esfera federal pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social. Assentado numa extensa rede que envolve comerciantes, entidades filantrópicas e pessoas desprovidas de meios próprios para atender suas necessidades alimentares básicas, mostra-se uma adequada ferramenta para combater as perdas de gêneros alimentícios e garantir a segurança alimentar de parte da população mais carente da Região Metropolitana de Maringá. Este artigo visa destacar a importância social, ambiental e econômica desta relevante iniciativa de abastecimento e segurança alimentar.
AVALIAÇÃO DO CAMPO TÉRMICO URBANO E PROJEÇÕES MICROCLIMÁTICAS: UM ESTUDO DE CASO NO CAMPUS I DA UFPB
Authors: De Freitas Anne Falcão , Dos Santos Joel Silva , De Lima Rita Baltazar
Published: August 2017

As alterações ocorridas no sistema climático urbano são processos relacionados ao adensamento urbano e às diferentes formas de uso e cobertura do solo. E o seu estudo se reveste de importância fundamental no processo de planejamento e gestão sustentável das cidades. Diante deste contexto que o presente estudo tem como o objetivo principal de avaliar o campo térmico do espaço intra-urbano do Campus I da UFPB e verificar como as diferentes formas de uso e cobertura do solo alteram o campo térmico e realizar projeções de cenários futuros a respeito da dinâmica microclimática da área de estudo. Para isso foram feitas medições da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar durante o inverno e o verão, utilizando termohigrômetro em 9 pontos da área de estudo. Verificado o nível de conforto térmico da população e a relação com o tipo de cobertura de solo de cada ponto analisado foi utilizado o Índice de Thom e os cenários foram feitos com o programa Arc Gis® e os dados do IPCC para projeções dos anos: 2020; 2030, 2040, 2050 e 2060. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar o microclima local atual e futuro e identificar alterações no ambiente provocadas pelo adensamento de construções. As áreas com alta concentração de materiais impermeáveis mostraram nível de desconforto térmico classificado como desconfortável, principalmente no verão, que com o passar dos anos tende a ficar muito desconfortável. Tais resultados podem subsidiar dados para o planejamento do espaço intra-urbano.
PROPOSIÇÃO DE UM ÍNDICE PARA AVALIAÇÃO E MAPEAMENTO QUALITATIVO DE ÁREAS VERDES PÚBLICAS (IQUAV): UMA APLICAÇÃO NA ÁREA URBANA DE POÇOS DE CALDAS – MG
Authors: Santos Rafael Gonçalves , Ferreira Marta Felícia Marujo
Published: August 2017

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar, por meio do desenvolvimento de um Índice Qualitativo de Áreas Verdes Públicas (IQUAV), a influência desses espaços na qualidade ambiental urbana, concomitante á análise da percepção ambiental da população no município de Poços de Caldas (MG). Para mapeamento e análise do IQUAV foram considerados aspectos urbanísticos, ecológicos e sociais, com o objetivo de verificar o estado de conservação, a distribuição e a quantidade de equipamentos disponíveis, com base na avaliação de 26 variáveis inseridas em 6 parâmetros: conforto, lazer, acessibilidade, socialização, manutenção, arborização. A influência das áreas verdes públicas no sistema de espaços urbanos foi avaliada segundo a percepção ambiental da população, analisando-se 78 áreas verdes, com 156 moradores entrevistados. Os resultados indicam que aproximadamente metade das Regiões Urbanas Homogêneas (RUH) do município apresentaram ausência ou reduzido número de áreas verdes públicas, em sua maioria classificadas como regular no IQUAV, demostrando a disparidade encontrada entre centro-periferia no município. O mapeamento Índice Qualitativo de Áreas Verdes Públicas (IQUAV) no município de Poços de Caldas constitui uma importante ferramenta e instrumento no planejamento urbano, fornecendo diretrizes para o ordenamento do sistema de espaços urbanos livres e futuras areas verdes públicas a serem instaladas no município.
GEOMORFOLOGIA AMBIENTAL
Authors: De Melo Felippe Pessoa
Published: August 2017

Resenha do livro: GUERRA, Antonio José Teixeira; MARÇAL, Mônica dos Santos. (ORG.). Geomorfologia ambiental. 3ª. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 2010. 189 p.
Fabrication of Macroporous Silicon in Organic Electrolytes and their Luminescence
Authors: Li Wu Lin , Yang Wen Jing , Long Mei , Li Gen Rong , Ma Yan , Zou Xiao , Xu Yi , Li Yan Fei
Published: August 2017

The quasi-regular arrangements porous silicon was fabricated by by electrochemical process using organic solutions with front-side illumination, and SEM showed that the morphology of porous silicon was dependent sensitively on the current density, organic electrolytes and their concentration. The results indicate that N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is the best organic solution and quasi-regular arranged pores can be well organized in 20%HF/DMF solution. The luminescence shows fresh porous silicon can emit the red luminescence at room temperature and quench after nanoporous layer destroyed.
Antiwear Behavior of CuO Nanoparticles as Additive in Bio-Based Lubricant
Authors: Gulzar Mubashir , Masjuki H.H. , Kalam M.A. , Varman M. , Zulkifli N.W.M.
Published: August 2017

This work presents and discusses the anitwear characteristics of surface modified CuO nanoparticle suspensions in bio-based lubricant. 1.0 wt% unmodified as well as surface modified CuO nanoparticles (nominal size of 50 nm), were dispersed in base oil using an ultrasonic probe. Wear protection was evaluated by using Four-Ball Extreme Pressure (EP) testing and sliding wear tests. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis of the worn surface shows that: surface modification helped to improve the dispersion stability of CuO nanoparticles and related suspension show high EP characteristics in terms of load wear index and low cylinder liner wear due to surface mending effect of nanoparticles.
Quasi-Static Compressive Characteristics of Cu-Containing Closed-Cell Aluminum Foams
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Zan , Ding Jian , Qiu Chuan Rong , Xia Xing Chuan , Zhao Wei Min
Published: August 2017

Closed-cell aluminum foam with different percentages of Cu was prepared by melt foaming method.The effect of Cu element on the quasi-static compressive properties of aluminum foam was investigated, both under as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The results showed that Cu element distributed in cell wall matrix mainly in the forms of Al-Cu solid solutions and AlCu3, Al6.1Cu1.2Ti2.7 intermetallics. Meanwhile, Cu-containing foams possessed much higher compressive strength than the commercially pure aluminum foams. Additionally, proper heat treatment could further improve the yield strength of Cu-containing foams and the effect of aging treatment was more obvious than the homogenizing heat treatment under the present conditions and the reasons were discussed.
Effect of Quenching Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Mg-9Li-4Al-1Zn-0.5Y Alloy
Authors: Duan Chao , Huang Jin Liang
Published: August 2017

This paper studies the effect of different solution temperature and quenching medium on Microstructure and hardness of Mg-9Li-4Al-1Zn-0.5Y alloy by means of optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and hardness testing. The results show that in the solution process, the higher of the solution temperature is, more of the second phase dissolved in β phase. In the quenching process, the higher of the cooling rate is, more of the second phase dissolved in the β phase precipitates from the super-saturation β matrix, which can greatly weaken the solution strengthening effect. The hardness of the investigated alloy reaches its highest value with solution treatment at 648K and water-quenched treatment, increased from 58HB to 108HB.
Research Progress on the Effect of Stray Current on Properties of Cement-Based Materials in China
Authors: Li Gao Nian , Wang Bao Min
Published: August 2017

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the effect of stray current on the properties of cement-base materials in subway engineering. In the actual service process, reinforced cement-based systems suffer from various erosive conditions, the degradation mechanisms in reinforced cement-based systems due to the combined effects of stray current and environmental multi-factors have been a serious problem in civil engineering for many years. This paper reviews the research achievements on the properties of cement-based materials under the multi-factor coupling conditions such as stray current and soft water, chloride ion, sulfate, stress, freezing and thawing cycle and so on. Furthermore, the improvement of cement-based materials on stray current resistance is also generalized in it. Prospects of cement-based materials for durability under environment multi-factor coupling actions are also presented.
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Coated with 18-Crown-6 Ether Film for 2,4,6-Trinitrotolurene (TNT) Vapor Detection
Authors: Phuvanatai Pavaris , Phetchakul Toempong
Published: August 2017

The 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapor detection by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) coated with 18-crown-6 ether film is introduced. The film acts as selective or sensitive layer for detecting TNT molecule. The frequency shift response is depend on the amount of mass of molecule adhere on the coated film surface. In this study, the concentrations of TNT vapor which is related to responses are studied. It shows that the TNT vapor concentration is related to the time for steady state condition and the frequency shift response. The high concentration vapor will increase the frequency shift response but increase the steady state time.
Simulation on the Compression Molding Process of Biomass Material
Authors: Xu Gui Ying , Gao Huan Fang , Huang Guo Wen , Zhou De Wen
Published: August 2017

ANSYS finite element analysis theory was employed to simulate the process of biomass compression molding. The analysis and calculation like element selection, material attribute setting, mesh generation, contact pair establishment, load and constrain applying and solver setting were finished. The results shows that: The biomass produced in this mold contains heterogeneous density where the density in one end is higher than the other end; There is still shear stress at the section of molding fuel, which cannot be removed after molding; moreover, along with the natural expansion of biomass material after compression, crack is likely to appear on the surface of biomass molding fuel. With respect to mold, it is obvious that, the stress of top of compression material to mold is the largest, which is caused by the concentrated stress on mold generated by joint action of friction between raw material and mold, larger extrusion force at top and deformation force of raw material resisting compression. Thus, the abrasion of this mold at this part is the largest.
Preparation of Cerium Dioxide Film by Anodization in Na2C2O4-NH3∙H2O-H2O-(CH2OH)2 Electrolyte
Authors: Liu Xiao Zhen , Rong Wei Ren , Liu Xiao Zhou , Ren Xiao Hui , Chen Jie , Zhu Ying
Published: August 2017

The cerium dioxide films were prepared with cerium foils as raw materials by anodization in Na2C2O4-NH3∙H2O-H2O-(CH2OH)2 electrolyte. The anodic cerium oxide film was heat treated at 550°C. The cerium dioxide films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive analyses of X-ray (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques and scanning electron microcopy (SEM), respectively. The anodic cerium oxide film is semi crystalline film. The heat treated anodic cerium oxide film at 550°C is the fluorite-structured cerium dioxide film, and the crystal structure of the cerium dioxide film becomes more complete than that of the anodic cerium oxide film. The cerium dioxide film is porous film. The water, ethylene glycol and CO2 are adsorbed in the anodic cerium oxide film. The adsorbing water, ethylene glycol and CO2 in the anodic cerium oxide film are removed at 550°C. The cerium dioxide film has strong absorption in the range of 1400~4000cm-1.
Proposal of an Educational Methodology to Analyze Cutting Temperature in Turning Operations by Infrared Themography
Authors: Medina Nuria , Miguel V. , Manjabacas M. Carmen , Coello Juana , Martínez Alberto
Published: August 2017

The present work develops a learning methododology based on experiments related to the cutting temperature concept in turning processes. This proposal allows students to measure the temperature actually reached during a typical turning operation with a semi-automatic lathe. Temperature data are collected by a thermographic camera, which implies acquiring competences in this technique. The different tests involved in the practical experiment are defined for various cutting speeds and feed rates, and for a constant depth of cut. Two different materials are considered to point out the influence of turning parameters on cutting temperature.
Valuation of Strategies for the Incorporation of 3D Printing Contents in the Teaching of Subjects Linked to Productive Processes from Different Approaches
Authors: García-Domínguez Amabel , Claver Juan , Camacho Ana Maria , Sebastián Miguel Ángel
Published: August 2017

Additive manufacturing is a growing field of study. Among these technologies, 3D printing, which has traditionally been associated with products obtained by deposition of polymer layers, is becoming more and more accessible. Today, these kind of technologies are not only common as professional tools, but also as teaching resources and they are present in our homes too. Thus, the incorporation of these technologies as a teaching strategy in courses in the area of manufacturing and design is analyzed.
Evaluation of a coal sample from Birtley engineering (Canada) ltd.
Authors: Nandi B N , Nixon S E , Moffatt B H
Published: August 2017

Mr. F.J. Horvat, Manager, Birtley Engineering (Canada) Ltd. requested the Energy Research Laboratories for a complete evaluation of a coal labelled CS & MT 1190 Comp. - 1.60A involving a petrographic analysis, a Gieseler plasticity, dilatation tests, and
an examination of the semi-coke. The sample was received in a plastic bag on October 15, 1974. The particle size of the coal sample was below 1/8".
The additive preparation unit - manual of operation and commissioning
Authors: Skubnik M
Published: August 2017

Construction of the additive preparation unit (APU) was completed and the unit is ready for commissioning. The first part of this report describes the unit operation, shows a process flow sheet rate, gives instructions for the startup, steady state and shut-down
procedures as well as measures on the fire and explosion prevention. The second part of the report deals with commissioning which should be done in two steps: first step - equipment performance tests in which data on dryer and classifier performance are generated and all other equipment as well as
safety devices tested; second step - a commissioning run in which, while verifying design parameters of this highly automated unit, a representative sample of the additive shall be prepared. The unit is rated at approximately 115 kg of a 9 wt % Fe additive production per shift. The unit starting
material is a 60 wt % water slurry and final product is a minus 74 pm powder. The production rate is limited by the dryer rated at of 32.5 kg/hr of a 5 wt% moisture content additive.
Prediction of solids concentrations in the CANMET hydrocracking demonstration reactor
Authors: de Bruijn T J W
Published: August 2017

A previously derived transient model was used to predict solids concentration profiles in the CANMET hydrocracking demonstration reactor. Numerous simulations were performed using various gas and liquid flows, additive sizes and concentrations. The sensitivity of
the solids concentration profiles towards variation in physical properties such as liquid viscosity and surface tension was also investigated. A critical evaluation was made of some of the assumptions used in the only other report, to study solids concentration profiles in the CANMET demonstration
reactor. Steady state results from the transient model agreed reasonably well with those of the steady state model used in the previous study. Particle diameter, liquid viscosity, solids dispersion coefficient and product vaporization were the parameters influencing the solids concentrations most. A
larger particle size and reduced liquid viscosity increased the particle free settling velocity resulting in increased concentrations predominantly near the reactor bottom. A similar response occurred when the solids dispersion coefficient was reduced whereas product vaporization mostly influenced
the concentration level, not the distribution along the reactor length.Other parameters such as liquid flow, gas flow, gas holdup and liquid surface tension influenced the solids concentration profiles only slightly. Nevertheless, if the conditions were such that the system was close to where
accumulation of solids would occur, even a change in these parameters could make the difference between accumulation or not.
Engineering documentation for coprocessing pilot plant: piping and instrument diagrams (P&Id's) for 2 bbl/day (PP3-3) pilot plant at EMR
Authors: Chase J D
Published: August 2017

This report brings together the main task of a contract (04MK.23375-4-7072) to Partec Lavalin Inc. for the Energy Research Laboratory to provide engineering documentation for a 2 bbl/day coprocessing pilot plant. This main task involves the production of 13
piping and instrument diagrams P&ID's for the hydrocracking pilot plant which handles a feedstock comprised of up to 45% slurry of ground coal in heavy oil or bitumen. These P&ID's will be the basis from which the piping and instrumentation is fabricated. Instrument panel
drawings and instrument loop drawings are prepared directly from the P&ID's. Some additional background material (including the sequence of events which preceded this contract, and also various milestones during this contract) are provided, which is fitting for this, the first report, on
EMR's coprocessing pilot plant facility.
Study of pore structure and reactivity of Canadian coal-derived chars
Authors: Ng S H , Fung D P C , Kim S D , Kozak A
Published: August 2017

The pore volume, surface area, compressibility and reactivity of 12 chars derived from Canadian coals ranking from lignite to anthracite, have been determined by mercury porosimetry, gas adsorption-desorption with N 2 and CO2 adsorbates, helium and mercury
densities and thermogravimetric technique. A comparison of the pore structure between the chars and their parent coals was made based on the results obtained from these techniques. The reactivity of chars was correlated with their physical and chemical properties. It has been found that a single
relationship exists between the helium density and the carbon content of the coals and their chars. The chars are more porous but less compressible when compared with their parent coals.
Combustion performance of Coal Valley coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Lee G K , Tait K M
Published: August 2017

The combustion performance of Coal Valley coal was evaluated in CCRL's pilot-scale utility boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic, and thermal analyses were performed. The coal handled and pulverized easily, ignited readily and produced stable flames. The
combustion of this coal with conventional burner technology produced moderately high levels of nitrogen oxide but the levels of sulphur dioxide were less than the current Canadian national emission guidelines. The friable fly ash did not present slagging or fouling problems on high temperature
boiler surfaces, but the low resistivity of the fly ash indicated that dust collection efficiencies may be low in electrostatic precipitators designed for higher sulphur coals.
Repeatability and reproducibility for coal proximate analyses
Authors: Farrell M
Published: August 2017

Experimental data for moisture, ash, volatile, sulphur and calorific analyses submitted by laboratories participating in CANMET's Service Program for the Evaluation of Characterization Samples were subjected to statistical treatment using ASTM method E-691 to
yield precision values presented for Canadian coals of various ranks. The experimental data were collected in accordance with the provisions of ASTM statistical methods E-691 and E-180. The data from laboratories claiming to employ the most recent edition of ASTM standard methods were utilized in
the calculations. The ASTM approved method of calculating the statistics of repeatability and reproducibility produced results which are shown along with the ASTM accepted values of repeatability and reproducibilty for each analysis. The CANSPECS data were are presented in a manner that will
establish procedures to compile and compare analytical method data repeatability and reproducibility. As the volume of CANSPECS data from other measures of coal quality become statistically significant further reports will be written on this topic.
Bubbling fluidized bed combustion of Syncrude coke
Authors: Anthony E J , Becker H A , Code R K , McCleave R W , Stephenson J
R
Published: August 2017

Trials on the burning of Syncrude coke (solid residue of Athabasca oil sands after processing at the Syncrude plant, Fort McMurray, Alberta), were performed in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) pilot plant (bed area 0.155 m2 ). The coke is high in
sulphur, up to 7% by mass, and reduction of SO2 emissions is therefore necessary. An Athabasca limestone was used as the SO2 sorbent. The conditions of the trials were mean coke particle diam. 0.26 mm; mean limestone particle diam. 0.34 - 0.94 mm; fluidizing velocity 0.8 - 1.3 m/s; excess air,
up to 7%; recycle ratio (fraction of cyclone catch recycled) 0 - 0.83; Ca/S mole ratio 1.7 - 2.9; bed temperature 966 - 1105 ° C. The high bed temperatures were needed to achieve stable burning and reasonable combustion efficiency. The combustion efficiency as measured by carbon burnup was
77 - 97%. At these temperature levels, sulphur capture was influenced most strongly by bed temperature. The capture was unexpectedly good up to 1050 ° C then fell sharply, practically to zero above 1100 ° C. It is concluded that Syncrude coke can be burned by AFBC with acceptable
combustion efficiency and sulphur capture at bed temperatures of 950-1050 ° C and fluidizing velocities up to 1.3 m/s. Syncrude coke is high in vanadium, 0.18% by mass, as well as in sulphur. The results indicate that the vanadium is fixed in the ash and is not selectively concentrated in
any of the product streams.
Exit discontinuity in slurry bubble columns
Authors: de Bruijn T J W , Reilly I G , MacIntyre D , Scott D S
Published: August 2017

The exit discontinuity in slurry bubble columns, i.e., the difference in the apparent solids concentration at the very top of the column (Ct) and the concentration in the effluent (C e ), was studied in a 0.3 m ID bubble column, using air as the gas phase, water,
a light hydrocarbon oil (Varsol) and trichloroethylene as liquids and glass beads of different sizes and density as solids. The results showed that the drop in solids concentration occurs in a very small layer at the gas/liquid interface. By changing the column exit configuration and removing the
gas/liquid interface the exit discontinuity disappeared. The extent of the exit discontinuity depended on the liquid properties and appeared to be related to the foaming tendency of the liquid. In addition, in those systems where the exit discontinuity was significant, it depended on the solids
properties and the gas and liquid superficial velocities. The magnitude of the exit discontinuity, expressed as Ct/C e , decreased with increasing superficial gas velocity in the water and Varsol systems. In trichloroethylene no exit discontinuity was observed. The correlation Ct/Ce = 1 + 0.5(U g
/Vt)4. 4 derived by others from measurements in an air/water system,accurately predicted the exit discontinuity in water. Predictions for the other systems were not in agreement with our measurements. The exit discontinuity in Varsol was very much larger, particularly when foaming was not
suppressed.
Beneficiation of lignite by oil agglomeration as an integral part of coprocessing
Authors: Ikura M , Kelly J F , Capes C E
Published: August 2017

The low cost of Canadian low-rank coals makes them prime feedstocks for coprocessing with bitumens and heavy oils. Depending on the coal concentration in the feed slurry, the high ash level in some of these coals can cause operational problems as well as reduce
the overall process efficiency and the net liquid product yield. To reduce the ash content in the feed slurry, oil agglomeration can be used for coal beneficiation (deashing) as an integral part of coprocessing technology. However, an optimum integrated approach requires the use of undiluted bitumen
or heavy oil feedstocks as a bridging liquid. Also, low-rank coals as well as oxidized higher rank coals often possess a relatively hydrophilic surface. This makes the application of oil agglomeration extremely difficult. A novel method of beneficiating low-rank coals for coprocessing by oil
agglomeration using a part of the feed bitumen for coprocessing has been conceived and developed. This method overcomes the hydrophilic surface problem of low-rank coals and allows the use of undiluted coprocessing feed oils as viscous as vacuum bottoms. Experimental results on the beneficiation of
a Canadian lignite with vacuum bottoms are presented. The efficiency of the process was evaluated in terms of combustibles recovery and ash rejection. The agglomeration of Willowbunch lignite (ash content from 20 to 22 wt % on a mf basis) with Interprovincial Pipe Line (IPPL conventional crude)
vacuum bottoms resulted in 51 to 97 wt % combustibles recovery and a corresponding 77 to 42 wt % ash rejection. The effects of vacuum bottoms concentration, operating temperature, and processing time on the beneficiation performance are discussed.
Combustion evaluation of high conversion h-oil residue in the CCRL pilot-scale flame tunnel furnace
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The handling properties and combustion, flame and heat transfer characteristics of H-Oil residue were investigated and compared with those of a commercially available No. 6 fuel oil. This investigation indicated that if the H-Oil residue sample is maintained
above 165 °C it can be handled, pumped and atomized in the same equipment utilized for No. 6 fuel oil to give very similar combustion flame and heat transfer characteristics.
Combustion and atomization tests on two densecoal slurry products - final report
Authors: Whaley H , Wong J K L , Thambimuthu K V , Banks G N
Published: August 2017

The combustion performance of two DENSECOAL slurry products made from Alberta foothills coal was assessed in CCRL's pilot-scale utility boiler. A commercial coal water fuel (CWF), made from Cape Breton coal, was used as the reference fuel. Combustion tests
indicated that ignition was very unstable for the DENSECOAL slurries compared with the commercial CWF and neither slurry could be recommended as an acceptable boiler fuel. It is suggested that the fuel rheology be modified to improve spray quality and that a higher proportion of more volatile coal
be incorporated into the coal blend.
Combustion evaluation of gulf Canada DRB residue in the CCRL pilot-scale flame tunnel furnace
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The handling properties and combustion, flame and heat transfer characteristics of DRB residue were investigated and compared with those of a commercially available No. 6 fuel oil. This investigation indicated that if the DRB residue sample is maintained above
238 °C it can be handled, pumped and atomized in the same equipment utilized for No. 6 fuel oil to give very similar combustion flame and heat transfer characteristics.
Combustion evaluation of Petro-Canada CANMET residue in CCRL pilot-scale flame tunnel furnace
Authors: Wong J K , Banks G N , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The handling properties and combustion, flame and heat transfer characteristics of CANMET residue were investigated and compared with those of a commercially available No. 6 fuel oil. Results indicated that if the CANMET residue sample is maintained above 260
°C it can be handled, pumped and atomized in the same equipment utilized for No. 6 fuel oil to give very similar combustion flame and heat transfer characteristics. However, this residue has a tendency to coke at the burner tip, leading to unstable flame and furnace conditions. Larger scale
operations and/or modifications in the burner refractory quarl may surmount this tendency.
Comparison of interlaboratory mass spectral hydrocarbon type determinations by the Robinson method
Authors: Lafleur R J , Clugston D M , Dureau R
Published: August 2017

A mass spectroscopie method developed by Robinson for determining hydrocarbon types in petroleum distillates was adopted for use on the Finnigan 4500 gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy system. An interlaboratory test was conducted at CANMET with the
cooperation of two industrial laboratories to verify the performance of the method on the Finnigan. Five samples of middle distillates were analyzed by each of the three laboratories and the results are compared. Overall agreement among the laboratories was satisfactory and results were generally
within 5-10% of each other. More rigorous interlaboratory testing would be required to establish more precise variation limits. It can be concluded, however, that the Finnigan system can successfully reproduce the Robinson method.
Low NOx/SOx burner trials: CFB Gagetown
Authors: Lee G K , Philp R J
Published: August 2017

The effectiveness of a staged burner concept with limestone injection to control nitrogen (N0x ) and sulphur oxides (SO2 and SO3) emissions from a pulverized coal fired generator at Canadian Forces Base Gagetown has been successfully demonstrated. The retrofit
installation was capable of achieving up to 50% reduction in NOx and SO2 emissions from the combustion of Eastern Canadian coals containing 3% sulphur and 10% ash, with an improvement in generator efficiency. The limestone injection multi-staged burner (LIMB) installation was safely and
reliably operated during the 1987/88 heating season following a number of design modifications to the coal burner and limestone metering systems. Its overall performance will be monitored during the next two heating seasons to evaluate its long-term availability.
Hydrocracking of IPPL vacuum tower bottoms using iron sulphate additive prepared at the CANMET demonstration plant: runs 86 - CG - 227 to 231
Authors: Liu D D S , Sears P L , Dawson W H
Published: August 2017

Hydrocracking experiments were carried out from 430 ° C to 450 ° C on IPPL vacuum bottoms containing 1.4 wt % FeSO 4 .H 2 0 produced from the demoplant grinder at 75% classifier speed. The size of the additive was much finer than that used in
previous runs 86-CG-222 to 226. In both series, conditions and run durations were similar. A comparison of the two series was made to examine the effect of additive particle size on operation. Ash distribution followed the bubble column sedimentation-dispersion theory indicating a better dispersion
than was found in runs 86-CG-222 to 226 in which coarser FeS0 4 .H 2 0 particles were used. With the coarser FeSO 4 .H 2 0 the ash concentration at reactor bottom was much higher than expected for a well dispersed slurry bubble column reactor. At 430 ° C using fine additive (run 86-CG-228)
conversions were lower than with coarser additive (run 86-CG- 222); at 440 ° C (runs 86-CG-223 and 229) conversions were about the same; and at >450 ° C (runs 86-CG-230 and 231) conversions were higher with fine additive than with coarse additive (runs 86-CG- 224 and 225). Both
the temperature at the reactor bottom and the conversions were sensitive to a small change in gas rate. This indicates that the flow was close to the boundary of transition between bubbling and foaming flow regimes. In both series, asphaltene and TIOR concentrations in the reactor increased rapidly
at temperatures above 440 ° C. At >445 ° C, conversion of asphaltene into TIOR in the bottom part of the reactor was observed possibly because of low ash concentration. No reactor bottom sample was taken for 18 h just prior to run 86-CG-231 at 450 ° C because of a
mechanical problem with Pt. 1 sampling port. This resulted in coking at the reactor bottom about 3 h into the run. This upset makes it difficult to compare the operability at 450 ° C with run 86-CG-226 in which the coarse iron sulphate particles were used.
Analytical methods for determining molecular weight of coals, bitumens and heavy oils - a review
Authors: Coulombe S
Published: August 2017

This report reviews current methods used for determining molecular weight of fossil fuels. It emphasizes the strengths and weaknesses of the different methods when applied to the types of samples that may be encountered in upgrading
research.
Combustion evaluation of CBDC Phalen/Lingan coal middlings
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K L , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The combustion performance of a Cape Breton Development Corporation (CBDC) middlings sample of coal produced by the Victoria Junction Preparation Plant from the combined feed of Phalen and Lingan colliery coals was evaluated in CCRL's pilot-scale research boiler.
This coal sample handled and flowed without difficulty through the conveying and'combustion system. The coal pulverized and ignited readily to produce bright stable flames at greater than 99% combustion efficiency. The flames and combustion efficiencies were comparable to those from the
commercially available thermal reference coal. The furnace bottom ash formed a fluid slag deposit over the - hot refractory surfaces. This slag volume was greater than that obtained from a Harbour/Lingan #26 collieries mixture, which was previously tested at CCRL (ERL Report 85-05CF). The higher
slag volume was undoubtedly due to the higher ash content of the middlings. The ash deposits on the water walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Because of the higher sulphur content of the middlings product (2.1% compared with 1.2% in
the previous CBDC coal sample), the sulphur dioxide emissions were about twice the level of the earlier tests and well above the current Canadian national emission guidelines. The nitrogen oxide emissions also exceeded the guidelines, but could be significantly reduced through the utilization of
modern low-NO X burner technology.
Results of fibec test program at Canadian forces base Halifax dockyard
Authors: Friedrich F D , Razbin V V
Published: August 2017

As part of the national management plan for NO x control, Environment Canada has drafted emissions regulations for industrial boilers to encourage the use of best available technology economically achievable (BATEA). National Defence Canada, as a major boiler
owner, has undertaken to demonstrate low- NOx burners in two plants. One is fuelled by natural gas with No. 2 fuel oil backup and one is fuelled by Bunker C oil. This report describes the results of combustion tests on the second demonstration - a package watertube boiler at CFB Halifax Dockyard
which has been retrofitted with a heavy-oil burner employing flue gas recirculation (FGR) and a limited amount of air staging. Tests were conducted with No. 6 Bunker C oil, with and without FOR, over the load range of the boiler. Both efficiency and emissions were measured. It was found that FGR has
only a limited effect in reducing NO x w hen firing No. 6 Bunker C oil. The draft regulations permit NO x e missions of 110 ng/J, but the measured values typically exceeded this limit by about 50%. CO emissions were well below the limit and with a fuel sulphur content of about 2%, SO2
emissions were close to double the allowable limit.
CANMET process development unit for hydrocracking and coprocessing research
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , Sears P L , de Bruijn T J W , Dawson W H , Kelly J F
Published: August 2017

The CANMET process development unit (PDU) for coprocessing up to one half tonne per day (3 bbl/d) of coal and heavy oil or bitumen is described. The PDU, which is located at CANMET's Energy Research Laboratories, consists of a slurry preparation unit, 10-L and
18-L tubular reactors and a 10-L continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), with product fractionation, gas cleaning and recycle. Reactors are equipped with hydrogen quenching systems for stabilizing highly exothermic reactions and with sampling ports to withdraw samples to study properties of the
reacting materials. A computer control and data acquisition system is being added to implement process automation. Also, a gamma-ray scanner is installed with the tubular reactors for on-line fluid dynamic studies at operating conditions. The features of the PDU are described along with the results
of three commissioning runs.
A literature-review of gas separation membranes
Authors: Giddings T M , Farnand B A
Published: August 2017

A literature review has been made of membranes for the separation of gases. Applications which are presently feasible include the recovery of hydrogen from ammonia purge streams, catalytic cracker purge gas, hydrotreater off-gas, separation of carbon dioxide from
hydrocarbons for enhanced oil recovery, and purification of nitrogen gas from compressed air. Selectivity of membranes to various gas streams depends on differences in molecular weight and also on large differences in chemical properties such as hydrophobicity and hydrophylicity. Although many gas
separations are presently possible, further development is required to separate other gas streams such as hydrogen sulphide/carbon dioxide or organic vapours.
Specific dilatation of coking coals: a means of reconciling the ruhr and Audibert-Arnu dilatation methods
Authors: St James J W , MacPhee J A , Price J T , Grasnden J F
Published: August 2017

The Ruhr and the Audibert-Arnu methods are two International Standard (ISO) tests for evaluating the caking properties of coal which are widely used in North America and Europe. These two methods were examined with the intent of reconciling the different
expansion data. Factors which affect per cent dilatation are discussed. Dilatation is shown to be primarily dependent on the mass of air dried coal charged into the retort tube provided that furnace ramp rate, inside tube radius, water added to the coal, and particle size distribution of the sample
are the same. It was found that expansion data, when reported on an air dried weight specific basis, are nearly method independent. The experimental work in support of this observation involved performing dilatation analysis on weighed test specimens (coal pencils), with a known added water content,
using the Ruhr and Audibert-Arnu methods.
Phase analysis of coal combustion ashes
Authors: De Iribarne A P , Iribarne J , Anthony E J , Bondin J
Published: August 2017

The phase composition of coal combustion ashes is important in regard to their potential uses. It is shown that a combination of phase separation techniques with X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and conventional chemical analysis, including elemental
analysis and wet chemistry, can be used to obtain a fairly complete phase composition. These techniques include procedures for identifying calcium silicates, aluminates and ferrites and their quantitative estimates. A new method for quantitatively determining CaO in the presence of large amounts of
Ca(OH)2 has been developed which uses phase separation as a previous step to chemical titration.
Optimal conditions for CANMET coprocessing of Rheinish coal and refinery VTB
Authors: Liu D D S , Kelly J F , Ikura M , Torres-Ordonez R J , Lenz U
Published: August 2017

A series of coprocessing PDU experiments was conducted using 30 wt % Rheinish brown coal and refinery vacuum tower bottoms. Runs were carried out in CANMET's hydroprocessing and process development unit (PDU) using a 10-L tubular reactor. Three key operating
variables were examined: slurry space velocity, reactor temperature and superficial gas velocity. The maximum pitch (525°C+) and, coal (THF insolubles) conversions were 94.3 wt % and 98.0 wt %, respectively. Pitch, coal (THF insolubles) and asphaltene conversions were determined and
properties of the products were measured. Gas holdups as a function of reactor height were measured by a narrow beam gamma-ray densitometer. Space mean holdups and effective space times, which were defined as quotients of the mean liquid holdup to the nominal weight slurry hourly space velocity,
were derived. Statistical analyses of conversions and fractional yields indicated that the responses could be characterized by temperature and effective space time. For pitch conversion, the effects of these two variables were found to be nearly independent, thus the linear model was applicable.
However, the effects of the interaction of these two variables were significant for coal and asphaltene conversions. Empirical response surfaces were generated for the presentation of experimental results. Predicted conversions and yields agree well with the experimental data. By superimposing pitch
and coal conversions response surfaces, an operation domain was determined to achieve high pitch conversion and avoid significant regressive reaction.
'[E]k wat seunsagtig onbehoed wou leef'
Authors: Van Schalkwyk Phil
Published: August 2017

No abstract available.
Modeling the partitioning of organic chemical species in cloud phases with CLEPS (1.1)
Authors: Rose Clémence , Chaumerliac Nadine , Deguillaume Laurent , Perroux Hélène , Mouchel-Vallon Camille , Leriche Maud , Patryl Luc , Armand Patrick
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The new detailed aqueous phase mechanism Cloud Explicit Physico-chemical Scheme (CLEPS 1.0), which describes the oxidation of isoprene-derived water-soluble organic compounds, is coupled with a warm microphysical module simulating the activation of aerosol particles into cloud droplets. CLEPS 1.0 was then extended to CLEPS 1.1 to include the chemistry of the newly added di-carboxylic acids dissolved from the particulate phase. The resulting coupled model allows for predicting the aqueous phase concentrations of chemical compounds originating from particle dissolution, mass transfer from the gas phase and in-cloud aqueous chemical reactivity. The aim of the present study was more particularly to investigate the effect of particle dissolution on cloud chemistry. Several simulations were performed to assess the influence of various parameters on model predictions and to interpret long-term measurements conducted at the top of the puy de Dôme (PUY, France) in marine air masses. Specific attention was paid to carboxylic acids, whose predicted concentrations are on average in the lower range of the observations, with the exception of formic acid, which is rather overestimated in the model. The different sensitivity runs highlight the fact that formic and acetic acids mainly originate from the gas phase and have highly variable aqueous-phase reactivity depending on the cloud acidity, whereas C3–C4 carboxylic acids mainly originate from the particulate phase and are supersaturated in the cloud.