bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New cave-dwelling amphipods (Lysianassidae, Hadziidae) from the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola)
Authors: Jaume Damià , Wagner H.P.
Published: April 2019

Two new stygobiont amphipods are described from anchialine caves located in the Jaragua region (Pedernales Prov., Dominican Republic, Hispaniola). Ottenwalderia kymbalion gen. et sp. nov. is the first lysianassoid known to have penetrated into completely fresh waters, and the fourth colonizing hypogean habitats. Bahadzia jaraguensis sp. nov. is the second representative of this West Indian thalasso-stygobiont genus to be reported from fresh waters; it exhibits the most troglomorphic aspect (i.e. elongation of first antennae and sixth pereiopods) recorded for the genus. Its diagnosis is complemented with a key to the species of the genus Bahadzia. The in situ swimming behaviour of both taxa is briefly described. It is postulated that both amphipods share a rather recent, Plio-Pleistocene marine origin, having invaded passively the continental waters in the way described by the so-called Regression model.
The host-parasite relationship between the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea: Branchiura): epithelial mucous cell response, cortisol and factors which may influence parasite establishment.
Authors: Nolan D.T. , van der Salm A.L. , Wendelaar Bonga S.E.
Published: April 2019

The effects of short-term infection with the branchurian crustacean ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus, and the fish stress hormone cortisol (which is reported to stimulate mucus discharge), were studied on the mucous cell population of the head skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Argulus infection did not raise plasma cortisol significantly and had no effect on the number of epidermal mucous cells in the head skin. Cortisol was administered twice to groups of trout via the food, significantly elevating circulating plasma cortisol at 24 h post feeding without affecting numbers of mucous cells, and increasing the numbers of vesicles in the upper cells of the epidermis. Subsequent infection with the parasite (6 Argulus/fish) did not affect either plasma cortisol or total numbers of mucous cells at 48 h post-infection with the parasite, but led to a significantly lower parasite infestation per fish in the cortisol-administered groups. A 24 h culture system was used to expose pieces of trout skin to 50 ng/ml cortisol in vitro to investigate whether cortisol alone would stimulate reductions in mucous cell numbers. These were unaffected by the addition of cortisol. The in vivo and in vitro results are discussed in relation to the current understanding of crustacean host-parasite interactions.
Size as indicator of origin of salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae)
Authors: Nordhagen J.R. , Heuch P.A. , Schra T.A.
Published: April 2019

Salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)from farmed Atlantic salmon have been implicated in the drastic sea trout and salmon stock declines found in Ireland and Norway. Can salmon lice from farmed and wild fish be distinguished? The hypothesis has been advanced that the treatment of salmon infested with salmon lice with organophosphate pesticides has resulted in the evolution of early maturing, smaller female lice, which are favoured because they have the chance to reproduce before treatment. Salmon lice on wild fish have been reported to be larger and have more eggs in their egg strings (sacks) than lice on farmed fish. The question is whether the size differences between the lice are genetically fixed or an expression of phenotypic plasticity. In this study, lice from wild and farmed fish were collected and measured, and it was found that the former were significantly larger. When larvae from these two sources were raised on salmon at the same temperature, they bad the same growth rate and morphology. Larvae from the wild lice were raised at 8.7°C and 12.2°C, and attained a significantly larger size at the lower temperature. These results suggest that the salmon louse size is plastic and consequently a poor indicator of salmon louse origin.
Amphi-Atlantic distribution of the subterranean amphipod family Metacrangonyctidae (Crustacea, Gammaridea)
Authors: Jaume Damià , Christenson Keith
Published: April 2019

Members of the strictly stygobiont, continental subterranean amphipod family Metacrangonyctidae are reported for the first time outside the Old World. Two new species of Metacrangonyx are described from two widely separated localities in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), one facing the Caribbean and the other the Atlantic ocean. The discovery of metacrangonyctids in the western Atlantic suggests that they are an ancient subterranean lineage tied to the shores of the Tethys belt, and thus weakens previous biogeographic arguments raised to favour their separate and independent family status with respect to the Hadziidae. The discovery in the Mediterranean of marine populations of metacrangonyctids is reported as well, and both findings are used to test the reliability of the scenario currently held for the origin and evolution of this peculiar group of stygobiont amphipods. It is concluded that Metacrangonyx is a thalassoid lineage already present in the shores of the western Tethys before the complete aperture of the central North Atlantic (circa 110 Myr BP), and with marine populations persisting at both shores of this ocean until some time in the Quaternary, in case they have not yet disappeared. Evidence derived from Hispaniolan and Balearic Metacrangonyx does not support the correspondence between species-groups and the time at which precise waves of colonization of continental ground waters took place (after Turonian and Senonian marine regressions, respectively) as is assumed to occur for Old World taxa.
Simplifying hydrozoan classification: inappropriateness of the group Hydroidomedusae in a phylogenetic context
Authors: Marques Antonio C.
Published: April 2019

The systematics of Hydrozoa is considered from the viewpoint of logical consistency between phylogeny and classification. The validity of the nominal taxon Hydroidomedusae (including all groups of Hydrozoa except the Siphonophorae) is discussed with regard to its distinctness and inclusive relationships. In general, phylogenetic systematic evidence suggest that the use of the term Hydroidomedusae is inappropriate given our current level of understanding. It is concluded that no new, or resurrected, names are necessary before or until a broader phylogenetic revision of the Hydrozoa is accomplished.
Newly-discovered muscle in the larva of Patella coerulea (Mollusca, Gastropoda) suggests the presence of a larval extensor
Authors: Damen Peter , Dictus Wim J.A.G.
Published: April 2019

The development of the muscular system of the gastropod mollusc Patella has been thoroughly studied. As a result, two larval retractors, the main and accessory larval retractor, had been described in the larva of Patella. These muscles were supposed to be responsible for the retraction of the larval body into the shell. Previously no larval extensors, which would be responsible for the extension of the larval body out of the shell, have been described. Using cell-lineage tracer injection and phalloidin staining of muscles, a newly-discovered muscle is herein identified in the larva of Patella coerulea. A functional model is presented in which two muscles are responsible for the extension of the larva, the newly-discovered muscle together with the previously recognized but inaccurately named accessory larval retractor. In our model, the latter muscle does not seem to function as a retractor but rather as an extensor.
Boolean logic and character state identity: pitfalls of character coding in metazoan cladistics
Authors: Jenner Ronald A.
Published: April 2019

A critical study of the morphological data sets used for the most recent analyses of metazoan cladistics exposes a rather cavalier attitude towards character coding. Binary absence/presence coding is ubiquitous, but without any explicit justification. This uncompromising application of Boolean logic in character coding is remarkable since several recent investigations have nominated absence/presence coding as the most problematic coding method available for standard cladistic analysis. Moreover, the prevalence of unspecified “absence” character states in the published data sets introduces a discrepancy between the theoretical foundations of phylogenetic parsimony and current practices in metazoan cladistics. Because phylogenetic parsimony assumes transformation of character states, its effective operation breaks down when not all character states are carefully delimited. Examples of resulting meaningless character state transformations are discussed in two categories: 1) when unspecified “absence” states are plesiomorphic; and 2) when unspecified “absence” states are apomorphic (character reversals). To facilitate future progress in metazoan cladistics, the mandatory link between comparative morphology and character coding needs to be reestablished through a more explicit study of morphological variation prior to character coding, and through a more explicitly experimental approach to character coding.
Cladistic analyses of molecular characters: The good, the bad and the ugly
Authors: Telford Maximilian J.
Published: April 2019

Molecular cladistics is an emerging discipline in which any heritable molecular characteristic can be treated in the same way that a traditional cladist would treat a morphological character. Taxa that share specific derived molecular characters (synapomorphies)are recognized as more closely related to each other than they are to other taxa without these characters. Herein, I point out that molecular characters are susceptible to the same problems of homoplasy and uncertain polarity as morphological characters and illustrate these problems (and point towards a general solution) using examples from the Metazoa.
Four Ponto-Caspian and one American gammarid species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) recently invading Polish waters
Authors: Jazdzewski Krzysztof , Konopacka Alicja , Grabowski Michal
Published: April 2019

The paper discusses recent drastic changes in the composition of Polish gammarid fauna, that occurred at the end of 20th century. This change was caused by the invasion of five alien species - four of Ponto-Caspian origin (Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, D. villosus, Obesogammarus crassus and Pontogammarus robustoides) and one of American origin (Gammarus tigrinus). Probable invasion routes are presented.
New data on the crab Binkhorstia ubaghsii (Late Maastrichtian; NE Belgium, SE Netherlands)
Authors: van Bakel Barry W.M. , Jagt John W.M. , Fraaije René H.B. , Coole Yvonne
Published: April 2019

Well-preserved material of Binkhorstia ubaghsii reveals some additional information that helps clarify the taxonomic affinities with the Torynommidae of this Late Cretaceous crab from the Maastricht area of Belgium and Netherland
Galatheids, chirostylids and porcellanids (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) from the Eocene and Oligocene of Vicenza (northern Italy)
Authors: De Angeli Antonio , Garassino Alessandro
Published: April 2019

At Monte Magrèa series of calcarenites of Ypresian and Lutetian age is exposed. The anomuran faunas were collected from the lower strata in this succession, along the road from Monte MagrË to Monte di Malo. These levels, indurated and white in color, contain nummulitid foraminifera, nodules and fragments of coralligenous algae, and moulds of corals, molluscs and other decapod crustaceans (e.g. Cyamocarcinus angustifrons Bittner, 1883).
Decapod crustaceans from the Oligocene of the Ligure Piemontese Basin, northern Italy
Authors: De Angeli Antonio , Marangon Sergio
Published: April 2019

Lithologically, the decapod-bearing levels of Rupelian (Oligocene) age in the Ligure Piemontese Basin, are characterized by an alternation of greyish blue marls with nodular elements and silt-rich, occasionally sandy, marls. The fossil studied for the present note have been collected mainly from pebbles or nodules which were eroded out of the higher levels exposed of this sedimentary complex, referred to as the ‘Formazione di Molare’. These levels overli the ‘Formazioni continentali delle Brecce di Costa Cravara e Pianfolco’, studied by Charrier et al. (1964) and dated as Early Rupelian. The levels yielding brachyuran fossils were attributed by Allasinaz (1987) to the transition between the ‘Formazione di Molare’ and the overlying ‘Marne di Rigoroso’, and by Bianco (1985) and Balossino & Bianco (1986) to the biozone of the foraminifer Operculina complanata (Defrance).
Cretaceous and Cenozoic decapod crustaceans of Jamaica
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Portell Roger W. , Collins Joe S.H.
Published: April 2019

In the last decade, a rebirth in interest of Jamaican fossil crustaceans has occurred. A summary of known material is provided together with some indications of the directions that future studies should take.
Interpreting ecology and physiology of fossil decapod crustaceans
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M.
Published: April 2019

Decapods are the most diverse and complex group of crustaceans, adapted for life in all parts of the marine environment, many aquatic habitats, and some terrestrial niches. With this diversity of life styles, a vast range of morphotypes of decapods has evolved, exploiting almost every imaginable variation in morphology of the complex exoskeleton that characterizes them. Many of the morphological variants are a response to exploiting a particular niche in which the organisms live or an adaptation to particular behavioral characteristics. Assessing the significance of morphological variation in the fossil record is challenging because of the taphonomic overprint that results in loss of soft tissue, preservation of partial remains of hard parts, and vastly reduced numbers of preserved individuals as contrasted to the once-living population. The purpose of the present paper is to identify aspects of morphology that may be useful in interpreting the behavioral responses of the organism to its environment, with primary emphasis on morphological features of the exoskeleton that are not expressed on all individuals but that occur at low, and unpredictable, frequencies.
First record of Calappoidea and Dromioidea from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Maastrichtian) of NW Madagascar
Authors: Garassino Alessandro , Pasini Giovanni
Published: April 2019

The crustaceans from the marine Berivotra Formation, dated as late Cretaceous, from 50 km south of Mahajanga, Madagascar contains macrurans, brachyurans and thalassinideans. Two brachyuran families, Raninidae and Dynomenidae, were previously identified with the genera Notopocorystes, Caloxanthus, Titanocarcinus, Xanthosia, and Dromiopsis. Fragmentary material now also allows the recognition of Dromioidea, Calappoidea and Xanthoidea.
The phylogeny, systematics and fossil record of the Goneplacidae MacLeay (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) revisited
Authors: Karasawa Hiroaki , Kato Hisayoshi
Published: April 2019

We review the Goneplacidae and review the various alternative hypotheses concerning membership within the family. We offer anew cladistic based hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships within the group.
Cenozoic decapod crustacean assemblages from northeast Japan
Authors: Kato Hisayoshi
Published: April 2019

Decapod crustacean faunas from the Cenozoic of NE Japan are discussed and summarized in relation to marine climates and molluscan faunas.
Fossils and decapod phylogeny
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Dixon Christopher
Published: April 2019

An expanded series of morphological characters developed for a cladistic analysis of extant decapods has yielded a new hypothesis for the phylogeny of the group. Application of this database to selected fossil genera produces some interesting results and demonstrates the feasibility of treating fossils as full and equal partners in the study of decapod phylogenetic relationships. In addition, it seems clear that rigorous cladistic methods can be used to evaluate the phylogenetic positions of fossils, rather than ad hoc speculation.
Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical reappraisal of cladistic characters
Authors: Jenner Ronald A.
Published: April 2019

This paper critically assesses all morphological cladistic analyses of the Metazoa that were published during the last one and a half decades. Molecular and total evidence analyses are also critically reviewed. This study focuses on evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of the ‘acoelomate’ worms: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida. This paper consists of two parts. In Part I, all recently proposed sister group hypotheses and the supporting synapomorphies for these phyla are evaluated. Discrepancies in the treatment of corresponding characters in different cladistic analyses are identified, and where possible, resolved. In Part II, the overall phylogenetic significance across the Metazoa of all characters relevant for placing the ‘acoelomate’ worms is examined. The coding and scoring of these characters for other phyla are evaluated, and uncertainties in our understanding are pointed out in order to guide future research. The characters discussed in this paper are broadly categorized as follows: epidermis and cuticle, reproduction and sexual condition, development, larval forms, coeloms and mesoderm source, nervous system and sensory organs, nephridia, musculature, digestive system, and miscellaneous characters. Competing phylogenetic hypotheses are compared in terms of several criteria: 1) taxon sampling and the fulfillment of domain of definition for each character; 2) character sampling; 3) character coding; 4) character scoring and quality of primary homology; 5) quality of the proposed diagnostic synapomorphies as secondary homologies. On the basis of this study I conclude that a sister group for the Platyhelminthes has not yet been unambiguously established. A clade minimally composed of Neotrochozoa (Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura, Annelida) emerges as the most likely sister group of the Nemertea on the basis of morphological and total evidence analyses. Finally, morphological data currrently favor a sister group relationship of Gnathostomulida and Syndermata (probably plus Micrognathozoa). In contrast, molecular or total evidence analyses have not identified a reliable sister group of Gnathostomulida.Further progress in our understanding of metazoan phylogeny crucially depends on the improvement of the quality of currently adopted cladistic data matrices. A thorough reassessment of many of the more than 70 morphological characters discussed here is necessary. Despite the recent compilation of comprehensive data matrices, the power to test competing hypotheses of higher-level metazoan relationships is critically compromised due to uncritical data selection and poor character study in even the most recently published cladistic analyses.
Morphological data, extant Myriapoda, and the myriapod stem-group
Authors: Edgecombe Gregory D.
Published: April 2019

The status of Myriapoda (whether mono-, para- or polyphyletic) and position of myriapods in the Arthropoda are controversial, an impediment to evaluating fossils that may be members of the myriapod stem-group. Parsimony analysis of 319 characters for extant arthropods provides a basis for defending myriapod monophyly and identifying those morphological characters that are necessary to assign a fossil taxon to the Myriapoda. The alliance of hexapods and crustaceans need not relegate myriapods to the arthropod stem-group; the Mandibulata hypothesis accommodates Myriapoda and Tetraconata as sister taxa. No known pre-Silurian fossils have characters that convincingly place them in the Myriapoda or the myriapod stem-group. Because the strongest apomorphies of Myriapoda are details of the mandible and tentorial endoskeleton, exceptional fossil preservation seems necessary to recognise a stem-group myriapod.
Bidder’s organ in the female of Bufo ictericus : morphological characterization
Authors: Farias C.F. , de Brito-Gitirana L. , Carvalho-e-Silva S.P.
Published: April 2019

Bidder’s organ has been cited as a structure present only in males of the toad family Bufonidae, and is used as a systematic characteristic. In this study, we examined females of Bufo ictericus in order to ascertain whether this structure also occurs in females. Macroscopic observations and light microscopy technique for paraffin embedding were performed. This study reveals that females of Bufo ictericus can have a Bidder’s organ with typical morphology, and in close spatial relationship with the ovary. This suggests that the Bidder’s organ is not an exclusive structure for male toads, but that it may also occur in active females.
Creating Maryland’s Paper Money Economy, 1720–1740: The Confluence of Political Constituencies, Economic Forces, Transatlantic Markets, and Law
Authors: Grubb Farley
Published: April 2019

The British North American colonies were the first western economies to rely on colony-specific legislature-issued paper money as a medium of exchange for domestic transactions. The creation of paper money regimes arose piecemeal among the colonies, making each story unique. Maryland’s story is the most complex among the colonies, since the emission of paper money resulted from an attempt to control and manipulate the tobacco market. The paper discusses how market forces, legal maneuverings, and the power of various constituencies combined to shape Maryland’s particular paper money system, assesses its successes and failures, and identifies the winners and losers among Maryland’s political classes as a result of this paper money experiment.
A Royal Letter, in Arabic, by Sultan ʿAẓīm al-Dīn I of Sulu (1747)
Authors: Donoso Isaac , Kacimi Mourad
Published: April 2019

This article presents an analysis of the only known official Arabic document from the Sultanate of Sulu (Philippine Archipelago), a royal response by Sultan ʿAẓīm al-Dīn I (Alimudín) to the Spanish King Philip V, dated September 12, 1747. Among the consequences of this correspondence was a sojourn to Manila and the conversion of the sultan to Christianity. An edition of the Arabic text is herewith supplied, together with an edition with variant readings of the historical Spanish translation and, finally, a modern English translation of the original Arabic text.
The Responsibility Not to Veto: A Genealogy
Authors: Vilmer Jean-Baptiste Jeangène
Published: April 2019

The responsibility not to veto is the idea that the Permanent Five at the UN Security Council should voluntarily refrain from using their veto in the event of atrocities. There are currently three veto-restraining initiatives, one of them from a P5 member, France. Despite its importance in diplomatic and UN circles, this debate has attracted little academic attention. This is partly because of the difficulty to access primary sources such as the details of the French proposal that circulated among the P5. Empirically focused and using diplomatic archives and experience, this article intends to fill such a gap. It provides the most detailed picture of the RN2V genealogy to date while offering a behind-the-scenes perspective on how the idea emerged and developed inside the French administration. It then unpacks the French strategy, its motivations and diplomatic efforts toward the P5, Group of 4, other states, and nongovernmental organizations, and eventually makes four recommendations for the initiative to have a chance of progressing among the Permanent Three.
Risky Business? The Energy Charter Treaty, Renewable Energy, and Investor-State Disputes
Authors: Tienhaara Kyla , Downie Christian
Published: April 2019

Global energy governance has received increased attention from scholars and policymakers in recent years. Much of the discussion has focused on the inadequacy of the current institutional architecture, particularly in light of the urgent need to decarbonize energy systems. However, little attention has been given to the capacity of global institutions to promote investment in renewable energy. This article considers claims by proponents of the Energy Charter Treaty, the most developed trade and investment treaty in the global energy architecture, that it can play an important role in this regard. Specifically, it examines the ECT’s investor-state dispute settlement mechanism. Drawing on scholarship in global governance, law, and economics and an analysis of recent investor-state disputes, the article argues that there are problems with the assumptions underlying the claims of the ECT’s proponents. Critically, there is still a lack of evidence that the ECT has a positive impact on flows of investment in any sector, including the renewable energy sector. There is also a risk that ISDS could be used by the fossil fuel industry to impede a clean energy transition. States should approach accession to the ECT with caution and consider other mechanisms to reduce risk for renewable energy investors.
Governance and Water Progress for the Rural Poor
Authors: Nelson-Nuñez Jami , Pizzi Elise
Published: April 2019

While the world succeeded in meeting the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people without access to improved water sources, many were left behind. As the new Sustainable Development Goals aim to reach universal access by 2030, this article assesses the shortcomings of the MDGs and identifies factors that explain progress for the hardest to reach: the rural poor. The article draws on newly available data on water access by wealth quintiles and finds that rural governance quality is more important for extending water access to the rural poor than to the rich. Government capacity to design and implement policy is particularly important. This article extends the research on inequities in global development progress and the distributive effects of governance quality in development outcomes.
Leaving the Doors Open or Keeping Them Closed? The Impact of Transparency on the Authority of Peer Reviews in International Organizations
Authors: Carraro Valentina , Jongen Hortense
Published: April 2019

Although transparency is frequently employed to enhance the legitimacy of public organizations, several scholars point to its potentially negative implications. This study analyzes the impact of transparency on the authority of peer reviews in international organizations. Authority, here conceived as rooted in legitimacy beliefs, is crucial for peer reviews to produce effects. This research is based on results from an online survey and forty-three interviews with actors involved in two United Nations peer reviews: the Universal Periodic Review in human rights and the Implementation Review Mechanism in the fight against corruption. The article shows that transparency positively affects the perceived development of pressure, yet negatively influences mutual learning and appears to be unable to ensure equal treatment of states.
Networking Responsibility
Authors: Seaman Kate
Published: April 2019

The rapid rise of the Responsibility to Protect and its establishment within the global lexicon is nothing short of astounding. However, there are a number of questions that remain unanswered: Who has the Responsibility to Protect? Who are they protecting? What are the wider implications of this concept of responsibility? How is the concept being operationalized? Regional and subregional organizations are seen as key actors in the operationalization of the Responsibility to Protect, providing increased legitimacy and accountability. This article situates these organizations within a wider “network of responsibility” and examines the impact this engagement has on norm contestation, diffusion, development, and operationalization. The article highlights the potential that regional and subregional organizations have for acting as “linchpins” within a network of responsibility. It also demonstrates the challenges surrounding this role, and the wider implementation and operationalization of the concept.
Choosing among Options for Regulatory Cooperation
Authors: Winslett Gary
Published: April 2019

When states face a regulatory difference that impedes commerce between them, they have a range of options to choose from in how to pursue regulatory cooperation on that issue. They may attempt to unilaterally impose their position, attempt to negotiate binding agreements, promote mutual recognition, utilize networked governance, create private standards, rely on business self-regulation, or choose not to pursue cooperation. Each of these choices has implications for the commerce and international relations on that issue, and so the choice of policy route is of vital importance. This article builds on lobbying, regulation, and trade scholarship to advance a theory that explains how states choose a regulatory cooperation pathway.
Axial sampling height outperforms site as predictor of wood trait variation
Authors: Dória Larissa C. , Podadera Diego S. , Lima Rivete S. , Lens Frederic , Marcati Carmen R.
Published: April 2019

Covariation amongst wood traits along the stem axis is important to maintain hydraulic integrity ensuring sufficient sap flow to the canopy. Here, we test how wood traits (co)vary along the trunk and whether two seasonally dry Brazilian habitats (cerrado and caatinga) influence this variation in two co-occurring species, Tocoyena formosa (Rubiaceae) and Tabebuia aurea (Bignoniaceae). The samples were collected at five heights along the main trunk of three individuals per species in both sites. We used light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to observe the wood traits. Out of 13 wood traits, nine show relationships with sampling height: eight traits predict height in T. formosa and five in T. aurea. Contrastingly, only three traits show differences between sites and only for T. formosa. The intratrunk wood variation is reflected by the hydraulically weighted vessel diameter showing a curvilinear relationship, disagreeing with the prediction of a continuous vessel widening from tip to base. In both species, the largest vessels are linked to the thinnest intervessel pit membranes. Wood density increases basipetally for both species, being site-dependent and correlated with vessel traits in T. formosa, and site-independent and determined by fiber wall thickness in T. aurea. Furthermore, the functional role of rays was found to be different for each species, and may be related to the marked difference in ray composition. In conclusion, both species show a unique adaptation to deal with height-related constraints using species-specific co-variation amongst wood traits, while site does not contribute much to the wood variation.
Désir Cannibale: Kelly Sinnapah Mary’s Notebook of No Return
Authors: Gosine Andil
Published: April 2019

This article considers the practice of Guadeloupe-based Indo-Caribbean artist Kelly Sinnapah Mary. Her ongoing project Notebook of No Return, as with her other works, conveys her complex subjectivity, forsaking both mournful and celebratory narratives of Indians living in the Caribbean after Indentureship, and foregrounding the fast-moving, ever-evolving, and rootless character of our existence. Sinnapah Mary creates visual images which both assert the presence of an underrepresented people and reveal the spaces in which pleasure and violence are simultaneously generated and entwined. I argue that Sinnapah Mary’s representation of the Indo-Caribbean body—in relationship to and continuous with those of animals, and as animalistic—provides a provocative and promising agenda for Indo-Caribbean life after Indentureship.
Idealized Bodies – Embodied Ideals: Young Female Audiences and Their (Re)Negotiations of the Bollywood Heroine in Trinidad
Authors: Klien-Thomas Hanna
Published: April 2019

Film heroines have been an integral part of Hindi cinema’s long-standing transnational circuits and, in more recent times, of global Bollywood. Due to current changes in the reception context, young audiences in Trinidad are confronted with the need to make meaning of heroines within disjunctive cultural formations, both in negotiating heroines of newly released films as well as renegotiating established icons. This article offers a historical overview of Hindi cinema, related notions of idealized Indian womanhood, and marginalized viewing pleasures. Secondly, drawing on interviews conducted in Trinidad between 2010 and 2013, it gives insights into the signifying practices of young women. The focus is on how young women exert discursive and interpretative power to selectively reconfigure heroines and star texts, thereby signifying Indianness as well as a space to express their desires.
On Hastily Declaring Platonic Dialogues Spurious: the Case of Critias
Authors: Tarrant Harold
Published: April 2019

This paper takes issue with the thesis of Rashed and Auffret that the Critias that has come down to us is not a genuine dialogue of Plato. Authors do not consider the style of the Critias, which should be a factor in any complete study of authorship. It observes the widespread consensus that the style of the Timaeus and Critias are virtually inseparable. It surveys a wide range of stylistic studies that have tended to confirm this, before answering a possible objection that cites the similarity of style between the genuine Laws and Philip of Opus’ Epinomis. Since the main argument used by Rashed and Auffret relies on an inconsistency between Timaeus and Critias consideration is given to the types of inconsistency found within Platonic dialogues and sequences of dialogues, particularly the hiatus-avoiding dialogues including Timaeus itself and Laws. Finally, alternative explanations of the alleged inconsistency are offered.
Typification and identity of five taxa of Peliosanthes (Asparagaceae), with proposal of the new name P. pumila for P. violacea var. minor
Authors: TANAKA NORIYUKI
Published: April 2019

Lectotypes are designated for Peliosanthes campanulata (basionym: Lourya campanulata), P. courtallensis and P. neilgherrensis, and determined for two varieties of P. violacea, P. violacea var. violacea and P. violacea var. minor, which were dually lectotypified in previous papers. Peliosanthes violacea var. minor is regarded as a distinct species and named P. pumila.
Two new larval species of the genus Erythraeus (Erythraeus) (Acari: Erythraeidae) from Iran
Authors: KHANJANI MOHAMMAD , MIRMOAYEDI ALI-NAGHI , FAYAZ BAHMAN ASALI , SHARIFIAN TAHEREH
Published: April 2019

Two new species of the subgenus Erythraeus are described from western Iran: Erythraeus (Erythraeus) populi sp. nov.from pear lace bug, Stephanitis pyri F. (Heteroptera: Tingidae), and E. (E.) chrysoperlae sp. nov. from a green lacewing,Chrysoperla kolthoffi (Navas) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). A key to the Iranian larval species of the subgenus Erythraeus (Erythraeus) is given, as is data on leg setae and measurements for all 44 species of the subgenus.
A review of Ancorina, Stryphnus, and Ecionemia (Demospongiae, Astrophorida, Ancorinidae), with descriptions of new species from New Zealand waters
Authors: KELLY MICHELLE , SIM-SMITH CARINA
Published: April 2019

New collections of New Zealand ancorinid sponges with sanidasters, regular and sanidaster-like microrhabds, andamphiaster-like microscleres, has prompted us to review the integrity of ancorinid genera Ancorina Schmidt, EcionemiaBowerbank, and Stryphnus Sollas (Demospongiae, Astrophorida, Ancorinidae). The varietal name in Ancorina progressa(von Lendenfeld 1907) var. diplococcus Dendy, 1924 has been elevated to full species status, and A. stalagmoides (Dendy,1924) has been redescribed. Two new species, A. bellae sp. nov., from the Three Kings Islands, and A. globosa sp. nov.,from Campbell Rise, have been described. Two New Zealand species previously assigned to Ancorina by Dendy (1924)have been transferred to Ecionemia: E. alata (Dendy 1924) and E. novaezelandiae (Dendy 1924). The genus Stryphnus isrecorded for the first time in New Zealand waters, and 6 new species are described here; S. poculum sp. nov., S. levis sp.nov., S. novaezealandiae sp. nov., S. spelunca sp. nov., and S. atypicus sp. nov. Specimens identified as Asteropus simplex(Carter 1879) by Dendy (1924) and Bergquist (1968), a genus without triaenes, have been transferred to Stryphnus and renamed as S. ariena sp. nov., as all specimens contained rare triaenes.
A new species of the hermit crab genus Areopaguristes Rahayu & McLaughlin, 2010 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae) discovered in the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef of Belize, Caribbean Sea
Authors: LEMAITRE RAFAEL , FELDER DARRYL L.
Published: April 2019

A new species of hermit crab, Areopaguristes tudgei, family Diogenidae, is fully described and illustrated, including acolor photograph. A dense population of this new species was discovered living intertidally in a concealed habitat undercoral boulders covered with calcareous algae, on the crest to fore-reef zone in Carrie Bow Cay, a small island located onthe western Caribbean Mesoamerican Barrier Reef of Belize. This new species, the 24rd of Areopaguristes Rahayu &McLaughlin, 2010, and fourth known in this genus from the western Atlantic, is superficially similar to those of thePaguristes tortugae complex. As in species of that complex, A. tudgei n. sp. has dense plumose setation on the chelipeds,and at least in females, a fringe of plumose setae on the dorsolateral margins of the chelae, and on the dorsal margins ofthe walking legs. The presence in A. tudgei n. sp. of this setal arrangement, previously considered the only definingcharacter of the P. tortugae complex, can be attributed to convergence. The new species is contrasted with all other westernAtlantic congeners, and a key is presented to aid in their identification. A list of all western Atlantic species of Paguristes sensu lato and their current generic assignments is included.
A new species of Lycodon Boie, 1826 (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam
Authors: LUU VINH QUANG , ZIEGLER THOMAS , HA NGHIA VAN , LE MINH DUC , HOANG TUOI THI
Published: April 2019

We describe a new species of the genus Lycodon based on an adult male specimen from Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. Lycodon namdongensis sp. nov. is differentiated from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: dorsal scales in 17−17−15 rows, all smooth; supralabials 8; infralabials 10; one large loreal on each side, separated from the eye; cloacal single; ventral scales 218 (plus two preventral scales); subcaudals 85, paired; a total length of 723 mm; tail / total length ratio 0.205; dorsal head pattern whitish grey; dorsal surface of body with 23 narrow greyish cream bands; dorsal surface of tail with 14 cream bands; ventral surface of body mostly cream with a few small dark spots posteriorly; ventral surface of tail dark grey. Based on molecular comparisons, Lycodon namdongensis sp. nov. is recovered as a sister species to L. futsingensis with strong support values from all three analyses. The new species is at least 6.5% genetically divergent from other species within this clade as shown by a fragment of more than 1000 pbs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b. This discovery increases the number of Lycodon species known from Vietnam to 15.
Evolution of Pre- and Postconvective Environmental Profiles from Mesoscale Convective Systems during PECAN
Authors: Hitchcock Stacey M. , Schumacher Russ S. , Herman Gregory R. , Coniglio Michael C. , Parker Matthew D. , Ziegler Conrad L.
Published: April 2019

During the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field campaign, 15 mesoscale convective system (MCS) environments were sampled by an array of instruments including radiosondes launched by three mobile sounding teams. Additional soundings were collected by fixed and mobile PECAN integrated sounding array (PISA) groups for a number of cases. Cluster analysis of observed vertical profiles established three primary preconvective categories: 1) those with an elevated maximum in equivalent potential temperature below a layer of potential instability; 2) those that maintain a daytime-like planetary boundary layer (PBL) and nearly potentially neutral low levels, sometimes even well after sunset despite the existence of a southerly low-level wind maximum; and 3) those that are potentially neutral at low levels, but have very weak or no southerly low-level winds. Profiles of equivalent potential temperature in elevated instability cases tend to evolve rapidly in time, while cases in the potentially neutral categories do not. Analysis of composite Rapid Refresh (RAP) environments indicate greater moisture content and moisture advection in an elevated layer in the elevated instability cases than in their potentially neutral counterparts. Postconvective soundings demonstrate significantly more variability, but cold pools were observed in nearly every PECAN MCS case. Following convection, perturbations range between −1.9 and −9.1 K over depths between 150 m and 4.35 km, but stronger, deeper stable layers lead to structures where the largest cold pool temperature perturbation is observed above the surface.
Start-up Inertia versus Flexibility: The Role of Founder Identity in a Nascent Industry
Authors: Zuzul Tiona , Tripsas Mary
Published: April 2019

Through an inductive, comparative study of four early entrants in the nascent air taxi market, we examine why start-ups, generally characterized as flexible, malleable entities, might instead exhibit inertial behavior. While two of the firms engaged in ongoing experimentation and adaptation, two firms actively reinforced their original venture concepts, even in the face of environmental shifts and declining firm performance. Comparisons of the firms revealed the importance of founders’ identities. Two founders saw themselves as “revolutionaries” building novel ventures to drive radical change. In contrast, two sets of founders saw themselves as “discoverers” identifying new opportunities and exploiting them to build successful businesses. We propose that these identities contributed to the firms’ inertia and flexibility primarily through the mechanism of identity affirmation. Acting in a manner consistent with their self-views, revolutionary founders committed to and actively reinvested in radical venture concepts, rejecting potentially adaptive changes that they felt compromised novelty. In contrast, discoverer founders prioritized experimentation and change in reaction to shifting conditions. We propose an emergent framework exploring how, in a nascent industry, a founder’s identity can set off self-reinforcing cycles of firm inertia or flexibility.
Duality in Diversity: How Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Cultural Heterogeneity Relate to Firm Performance
Authors: Corritore Matthew , Goldberg Amir , Srivastava Sameer B.
Published: April 2019

How does cultural heterogeneity in an organization relate to its underlying capacity for execution and innovation? Cultural diversity is commonly thought to present a tradeoff between task coordination and creative problem solving, with diversity arising primarily through cultural differences between individuals. In contrast, we propose that diversity can also exist within persons when individuals hold multiple cultural beliefs about the organization. We refer to these different forms as interpersonal and intrapersonal cultural heterogeneity. We argue that the former tends to undermine coordination and portends worsening firm profitability, while the latter facilitates creativity and supports greater patenting success and more positive market valuations. To evaluate these propositions, we use computational linguistics to identify cultural content in employee reviews of nearly 500 publicly traded firms on a leading company review website and then develop novel, time-varying measures of cultural heterogeneity. Our empirical results lend support for our two core propositions, suggesting the need to rethink the performance tradeoffs of cultural heterogeneity: it may be possible to reap the creativity benefits of higher intrapersonal heterogeneity and, at the same time, the efficiency benefits of lower interpersonal heterogeneity.
Early Otorrhea Rates: A Randomized Trial of Ciprofloxacin versus Saline Drops after Tympanostomy Tubes
Authors: Gabarain Gabriel , Baird Rachel , Morisada Megan , Anne Samantha , Hopkins Brandon
Published: April 2019

Objective:

The objectives of this study are to evaluate incidence, duration, and quality of life (QOL) impact of early tympanostomy tube otorrhea and tube patency when comparing topical ciprofloxacin versus normal saline use in the perioperative period.

Methods:

Overall, 200 patients undergoing tube placement between November 19, 2015, and September 12, 2016, were randomized to intraoperative plus 5 days of either topical ciprofloxacin or normal saline. Parents or caregivers reported the incidence, duration, and QOL impact of early otorrhea via 4 weekly surveys. In addition, the patient’s otorrhea history and tube patency were evaluated at a 4- to 6-week postoperative visit.

Results:

Survey and in-office follow-ups were completed on 128 patients. The overall otorrhea incidence was 23.9% for normal saline and 16.7% for ciprofloxacin ( P = .32). The week-by-week otorrhea incidence was not statistically different. The percentage of days otorrhea was present, likewise, was not statistically different (normal saline 4.5%, ciprofloxacin 2.8%; P = .74). The QOL impact was not statistically different (normal saline 1.2, ciprofloxacin 1.5; P = .71). Tube patency was not statistically different, with only 1 of 280 ears occluded at follow-up.

Conclusion:

We find no difference in the incidence, duration, and QOL impact of early tympanostomy tube otorrhea or tube patency between ciprofloxacin and normal saline. This supports the option to substitute normal saline for ciprofloxacin in ears without an active ear infection at the time of tube placement, which would reduce both cost and unnecessary antibiotic use.

Level of Evidence:

1b
Double-Layer Tympanic Membrane Graft in Type I Tympanoplasty
Authors: Bedri Es-hak , Korra Bilen , Redleaf Miriam , Worku Alemayehu
Published: April 2019

Background:

Some discussion remains among otologists regarding the best grafts for tympanic membrane closure. It is unclear whether double-layer grafts are superior to single-layer and whether single-layer cartilage is superior to fascia or perichondrium alone. The objective of the current study was to examine the relative efficacy of single-layer versus double-layer tympanic membrane grafting techniques.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective review of the medical records was used to address the objective of the study. Patients operated on in an over/under technique by the same surgeon underwent single-layer perichondrium or single-layer perichondrium with a cartilage island, or a double-layer of perichondrium combined with periochondrium with a cartilage island. The outcomes assessed were tympanic membrane reperforation and hearing improvement.

Results:

A total of 135/177 (76%) perichondrium grafts had no reperforation, and 43/55 (78%) perichondrium with cartilage island grafts had no reperforation; 352/390 (90%) of the double-layer closures had no reperforation. There was no statistically significant difference in reperforation rates between the 2 single-layer techniques ( P = .926). The difference in reperforation rates after the double-layer closure versus the perichondrium single-layer closure was statistically significant ( P = .001), as was the difference in reperforation rates after the double-layer closure versus the cartilage island single-layer closure ( P = .02). All 3 groups showed statistically significant hearing improvement postoperatively ( P < .0001). Preoperative hearing levels ( P = .179), postoperative hearing ( P = .857), and decibels of hearing improvement ( P = .356) were the same for all 3 groups.

Conclusion:

Double-layer closure gives lower tympanic membrane reperforation rates than does single-layer closure, as well as similar hearing outcomes.