bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of S. Aureus in Butter and Ghee in Some Markets in Nyala Locality, South Dafour State, Sudan
Authors: Khalid Garalla A. , Abubaker El Ayis A.
Published: October 2022

This study was aiming at investigating S. aureus in butter and ghee in Nyala city in South Darfour State during the year 2021. A total of 80 milk products' samples (40 butter and 40 ghee) were collected from 4 markets (Nyala, El Ban gadeed, Manawashy and El Laloba) in Nyala Locality. Samples were examined bacteriologically using conventional and rapid API methods. All butter samples (100%) collected from El Laloba and Manawashy markets were positive for S. aureus. Eighty percent of the samples collected from Nyala market were positive for S. aureus. Sixty percent of the samples collected from El Ban gadeed market were positive for S. aureus. All ghee samples (100%) collected from El Laloba and El Bangadeed markets were negative for S. aureus. Sixty percent of the samples collected from Nyala and Manawashy markets were positive for S. aureus. The prevalence of S. aureus in butter samples in Nyala Locality was 85%. The prevalence of S. aureus in butter samples in Nyala Locality was 30%. Butter in Nyala Locality is highly contaminated and ghee is less contaminated with S. aureus. Pasteurization and heat treatment are highly recommended before processing of milk.
Working and Usage of Arduino as a Tool for Study and Research
Authors: Yadav Abhishek
Published: October 2022

This paper explores the working precept and functions of an Arduino board. This additionally explores on how it can be used as a device for learn about and lookup works. Arduino board can furnish a speedy device in development of VLSI check bench particularly of sensors. Main benefits are quickly processing and effortless interface. Today, with the growing range of human beings and the usage of open supply software programs and hardware units' day after day, technological knowhow is forming a new dimension by way of making difficult matters appear less difficult and interesting. These open sources supply free or certainly low costs, dependable and inexpensive technology. This paper provides a glimpse of kind of Arduino boards, working principles, software program implementation and their applications.
Computer-Assisted Instructional Strategies and Learning Outcomes of Pupils in Pre-Basic Private Schools in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Oluwatoyin Fashiku, Christopher , Olujoke Jembola Emily , Baba Ayoku Oba
Published: October 2022

The study was on the influence of computer-assisted learning instructional strategies on learning outcomes of pupils in Pre-Basic private schools in Southwestern Nigeria. The descriptive survey research design was used in the study. The population comprised 14,266 teachers in Southwestern Nigeria's pre-basic and primary schools. A sample of 378 primary school teachers were selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. The study used the Management of Computer Assisted Learning, Instructional Strategies and Learning Outcomes in Pre-basic Schools Questionnaire (MACALISLOPS-Q), Teachers’ Observation Schedule on CAL Application (TOSCALA) and Test of Skill Acquisition on CAL in Pre-basic Schools (TESACALPS) for data collection. Data collected were analysed using percentages and mean scores for research questions while the hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Variance. The results showed that the types of CAL facilities and equipment used in teaching in the study area were Computer desktop/laptop (81.2%), interactive whiteboard (53.9%), television (75.6%), smartphones 59.4%, Digital Video Disks and Compact Disks (69.4%). Results further showed a significant influence of CAL on children's Literacy and Numeracy (F-= 4.517, p<0.05), The study concluded that Management of Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) and instructional strategies have a significant influence on learning outcomes of private pre-basic school children in Southwestern Nigeria it was recommended among others that: stakeholders in education and non-governmental organisations should procure CAL facilities and equipment in Pre-Basic schools, the provided CAL technology should be well managed and appropriate instructional strategies should be used in facilitating learning among the children in Pre-Basic Schools in the study area.
“网易见外”语音转文字质量评估研究
Authors:   浙江越秀外国语学院, 黄 旦华
Published: October 2022

随着计算机技术和人工智能的发展，语音转文字的识别质量得到极大的提高，也被广泛的应用于商业、教育、和翻译等领域。本文以西班牙学者罗梅罗--弗雷斯科（Pablo Romero-Fresco）等人提出的“NER模型”为基础，采用“NR模型”，以TED的演讲为素材，使用“网易见外”将其转换为文字，通过详细分析4种错误类别，3个级别的错误，最终计算出语音转写的准确率—这也是评估语音转文字质量的重要标准。结果显示，语音识别虽然识别准确率达到了98%，但还是存在不同类型的错误，后期需要人工积极干预才能取得满意的结果。研究结果还表明，“网易见外”在断句的准确性、识别单词的准确性方面还有较大的改进空间。
Characterization of Dark Energy and Derivation of Hubble’s Constant Using Harmonic Quintessence
Authors: Worsley Andrew , Peters James F. , Worsley Joseph
Published: October 2022

In this paper, using harmonic quintessence, it is shown that the fundamental parameterization of dark energy can be determined using Planck’s constant. This allows the derivation of the mass density, and in turn we obtain the energy density of dark energy. This characterization of dark energy also allows the derivation of an averaged value of Hubble’s constant, which is in keeping with results from the Planck telescope. It is also possible to confirm the vacuum electric permittivity, magnetic permeability and the field equations for dark energy and corroborate the continued expansion of the Universe. This establishes the fundamental element of the Universe, derived from Planck’s constant, as Harmonic Quintessence.
Charged Particle Attraction and Repulsion Explained: A Detailed Mechanism Based on Particle Wave-Functions
Authors: Traill Declan
Published: October 2022

The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the particles’ wave-functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of these wave-functions, causing a change in the particles’ momenta.
Value Investing: Evidence From Listed Companies in China’s Banking Industry During the COVID-19 Epidemic
Authors: Qin Xi , Zhu Tao
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this paper is to explore the influencing factors of return on investment (ROI) from listed companies in China’s banking industry during the COVID-19 epidemic. Based on value investing perspectives, a simple accounting -based fundamental analysis is employed to establish the conceptual framework of this research which aims to discover the relationship between ROI and the historic financial indices documented in financial statements. The results from the empirical analysis shows that average three-year earning per share has a significant positive impact on ROI,while PB and NPL ratios have a significant negative impact on ROI, however, the size of the bank does not have an impact on ROI.
ANALISIS SERVICE EXPERIENCE DI DESA WISATA CISAAT
Authors: Noviyanti Adelia , Mulyati  , Hamiyati
Published: October 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis service experience yang diberikan oleh pengelola homestay di Desa Wisata Cisaat bagi para tamu staycation yang menggunakan pelayanan homestay mereka. Ada 4 dimensi yang mengukur mengenai service experience atau pengalaman pelayanan yang didapatkan oleh konsumen atau wisatawan, yang terdiri atas Hedonik (Hedonics), Ketenangan Pikiran (Peace of Mind), Keterlibatan (Involvement), dan Pengakuan (Recognition) yang dikemukakan oleh Otto dan Brent Ritchie. Keempat dimensi ini perlu menjadi perhatian bagi para pengelola homestay untuk memastikan apakah mereka memahami pengalaman pelayanan yang seharusnya mereka berikan kepada para tamu atau wisatawan yang menggunakan pelayanan homestay mereka.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode survei. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari 8 orang pemilik homestay di Kampung Cisaat, Desa Cisaat yang tersebar di 1 rukun warga dan 8 rukun tetangga. Teknik pengambilan data dan sumber data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara mendalam menggunakan pedoman wawancara, serta dokumentasi berupa foto dan rekaman suara dari responden secara langsung.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa para responden memahami pentingnya memberikan pengalaman pelayanan yang berkesan untuk tamu-tamu yang menginap di homestay mereka. Keseluruhan responden menyadari pentingnya memberikan pengalaman pelayanan yang berkesan bertujuan agar tamu mereka mau kembali dan menggunakan jasa yang mereka tawarkan. Untuk memenuhi pengalaman pelayanan yang berkesan ini diberikan pemilik homestay melalui penyediaan fasilitas yang layak digunakan serta kemampuan mereka dalam melayani para tamu yang menginap dimana mereka bisa memastikan tamu merasa aman dan nyaman.

Memperhatikan service experience atau pengalaman pelayanan yang akan didapatkan tamu penting bagi para pengelola jasa seperti para pengelola homestay di Desa Wisata Cisaat. Dengan memperhatikan 4 dimensi service experience atau pengalaman pelayanan yaitu Hedonik (Hedonics), Ketenangan Pikiran (Peace of Mind), Keterlibatan (Involvement), dan Pengakuan (Recognition) para pengelola jasa ini dapat mengetahui aspek-aspek yang sekiranya bisa membantu mereka mewujudkan service experience atau pengalaman pelayanan yang berkesan untuk tamu atau konsumen yang menggunakan jasa mereka.
The Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 To Cultural Heritage Tourism Prambanan Temple Compounds
Authors: Nuria Dewi Larasati
Published: October 2022

COVID-19 outbreak began at the end of 2019, affecting various sectors around the world, including Indonesia's tourism sector, which saw major effects of COVID-19. Prambanan temple compounds, located in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region, has also been affected by Covid-19. This research aims to identify the general profile of Prambanan temple compounds, the impact of Covid-19 on the Prambanan temple compounds and identify the next action by stakeholders to develop Prambanan temple compounds during and after the Covid-19 pandemic.

The type of research used is qualitative to describe the situation and conditions that occur in the field as they are. This study took place in the Prambanan Temple Compounds, which is located in Prambanan District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. Data collection techniques in this study were in-depth interviews, observation and document review.

Prambanan, the largest Hindu temple compound in Indonesia that consist of Prambanan Temple (also called Loro Jonggrang), Sewu Temple, Bubrah Temple and Lumbung Temple, The Prambanan site, has been designated as one of the strategic national areas and managed by Taman Wisata Candi, Ltd (TWC). Prambanan Temple Compounds has been badly affected by COVID-19. During the pandemic, there was a drastic decrease in the number of tourists, both domestic and foreign tourists. PT TWC adapts to the conditions by taking various actions and strategies in order to create a safe and attractive environment for the tourists.
Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Housekeeping Department Terhadap Tingkat Kepuasan Tamu Menginap Di Hotel Santika Premiere Harapan Indah Bekasi
Authors: Wahyu Niken Utami , Mulyati  , Oktaviani Maya
Published: October 2022

This study aims to determine the Influence of the Quality of Service of the Housekeeping Department To the Satisfaction Level of the Guests Staying at Hotel Santika Premiere Harapan Indah Bekasi. Data collection method survey approach with correlational. The population in this study is a hotel with a total sample of 80 respondents consisting of male and female. Determination of the sample in this study using the slovin formula with data collection Techniques using a questionnaire (questionnaire) quality of service of the housekeeping department and the level of satisfaction of the guests. Hypothesis test data were analyzed by simple linear regression. The results of the calculation of the correlation coefficient values obtained rhitung is by 0,673> rtabel is of 0.220, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between the variables of service quality and guest satisfaction. The next known value Sig. (2-talled) between service quality and guest satisfaction is of 0.000 < 0.05, which means there is a significant correlation between the quality of service of the housekeeping department with the level of satisfaction of the guests staying at Hotel Santika Premiere Harapan Indah Bekasi. Implications the results of this study that there is a positive relationship between the quality of service of the Housekeeping Department to the satisfaction level of the guests staying at Hotel Santika Premiere Harapan Indah Bekasi. The application of quality Housekeeping service can provide a strong influence on the satisfaction of the guests staying at the hotel that the implementation of the duties and responsibilities of Housekeeping Department in Hotel Santika Premiere Harapan Indah Bekasi implemented properly and done with attention to standard operating pocedur (SOP).
Analisis Pengaruh E-Commerce terhadap Perkembangan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat
Authors: Lismula Riska Julianti Ade
Published: October 2022

Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) memiliki peran yang sangat penting bagi pertumbuhan perekonomian Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif Deskriptif yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh E-commerce terhadap perkembangan UMKM di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Responden dari penelitian ini sebanyak 450 orang yang merupakan  para pelaku UMKM yang telah memanfaatkan E-Commerce dalam kegiatan jual beli. Teknik dalam pengumpulan data adalah wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi, serta teknik analisis data yang di gunakan adalah Miles dan Huberman. Jenis E-commerce yang digunakan oleh masyarakat cukup berfariasi yaitu Shopee, Lazada, Jual Beli Online (JBO) yang memanfaatkan platform Facebook dan lain-lain namun dalam penggunaannya JBO lah yang merupakan E-Commerce yang paling banyak di gunakan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa pengaruh E-Commerce terhadap perkembangan UMKM adalah meningkatkan penghasilan, peningkatan aset dan bentuk usaha, peningkatan produksi barang , mempermudah pemasaran dan promosi serta jangkauan pasar yang lebih luas dan tanpa batas.
Pengaruh Sistem Informasi Akuntansi dan E-Commerce terhadap Kinerja UMKM Di Kota Bandar Lampung
Authors: Silvia Dewi , Sari Meita Sekar Sari , Salma Nur
Published: October 2022

Permasalahan yang dihadapi UMKM di Kota Bandar Lampung adalah UMKM yang kurang memperhatikan pengelolaan uang perusahaan sehingga menyebabkan kelangkaan harga operasional sekaligus menambah variasi produk. Masalah lain yang dihadapi UMKM di Bandar Lampung adalah konsumen yang beragam. Hal ini tidak berkembang karena pelaku UMKM jarang beriklan atau berpromosi secara langsung atau melalui media sosial. Untuk siap bersaing dan bertahan dalam dunia bisnis yang sangat kompetitif, UMKM harus memiliki akses ke sistem akuntansi dan e-commerce. Populasi analisis UMKM terdaftar di Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM. Prosedur pengambilan sampel dengan sampling yang ditargetkan. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa sistem info akuntansi memiliki dampak negatif yang penting terhadap kinerja UMKM di Bandar Lampung. E-commerce memiliki konsekuensi yang diperlukan dan berdampak negatif terhadap kinerja UMKM di kota Bandar Lampung.
Pengelolaan Destinasi Wisata Kuliner dalam Mendukung Pariwisata Berkelanjutan Di Desa Suranadi
Authors: Ciptari Putu Dewi Kartini , Wibawa I Gede Jaya Satria , Suardana I Ketut Putu
Published: October 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengelolaan destinasi wisata kuliner dalam mendukung pariwisata berkelanjutan di Desa Suranadi. Data dianalisis dengan metode kualitatif yang diperoleh dengan teknik observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Temuan dikaji dengan teori manajemen Luther Gulick. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa temuan sebagai berikut: Pertama, struktur dan kerangka pengelolaan destinasi wisata kuliner di Desa Suranadi. Kedua, keterlibatan pemangku kepentingan dalam pengelolaan destinasi wisata kuliner di Desa Suranadi berjalan baik. Ketiga, Pengelolaan tekanan dan perubahan destinasi wisata kuliner di Desa Suranadi.
Sudut Pandang Ekonomi Islam atas Pariwisata Buatan
Authors: Latifah Eny , Lailiyah
Published: October 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sudut pandang ekonomi Islam pariwisata buatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Tehnik analisis data dengan memadukan triangulasi data yang meliputu observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan wisata buatan di Taman Kuliner Paciran (TKP) merupakan wujud dari upaya untuk menterjemahkan visi Islam yang rahmatan lil ‘alamin, kesejahteraan, kebaikan, kemakmuran bagi alam semesta dan termasuk manusia di dalamnya. Dalam menjalankan upaya tersebut harus sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip pengembangan yang ada dalam Islam yaitu tidak ada penindasan antara pekerja dan pemilik modal. Praktek pengembangan ekonomi Islam yang ada di Taman Kuliner Paciran (TKP) selalu mengutamakan proses kerjasama dan saling tolong menolong dengan melibatkan prinsip Tauhid (keimanan), ‘Adl (keadilan), Nubuwwah (kenabian), Khilafah (Pemerintahan), Ma’ad (hasil).
Pengembangan Literasi Melalui Kegiatan KODIE Mengajar Pada Anak Panti Asuhan di Kota Medan
Authors: Sinaga Linda Teresia , Sitanggang Sumaria , Situngkir Ratih , Siregar Debby , Sihombing Widya
Published: October 2022

KODIE FE UNIMED melaksanakan program yaitu KODIE Mengajar. Program ini diselenggarakan oleh Divisi Pengabdian Masyarakat KODIE FE UNIMED. KODIE Mengajar ini dilaksanakan di lima panti asuhan sekitar Medan. Tujuan dilaksanakannya kegiatan ini adalah untuk mengayomi, memberikan edukasi, dan meningkatkan budaya literasi kepada anak-anak di panti asuhan. Sebelum dilaksanakan kegiatan ini, terlebih dahulu pihak pengabdian masyarakat membagi volunteer menjadi lima tim yang akan ditempatkan ke masing-masing panti asuhan yang sudah menjalin kerja sama. Dalam proses kegiatan belajar mengajar berlangsung, peneliti melihat bahwa antusiasme anak-anak dalam belajar sangat tinggi.  Kegiatan proses belajar mengajar ini berjalan dan terealisasi dengan baik sehingga berdampak positif bagi anak-anak, pihak panti serta para volunteer.
Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere and the Making of Tanzania
Authors:   Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation, Butiku Joseph Waryoba
Published: October 2022

This article is about Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere. It examines the main ideas that propelled his decision to become a full-time politician (1954) and establish a political party – The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and use it to mobilize the people of Tanganyika to demand independence from the British. The article examines a number of related issues and themes in the history of Tanzania and Nyerere’s contributions to it. It starts with a section on Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere – the person , where it shows who Mwalimu Nyerere himself said he was, the ideas and principles he stood for, and the way he elaborated and used them to mobilize the people of Tanzania for independence. It notes the sacrifices he made in keeping with what he said he was, for instance by resigning from important positions of responsibility for different reasons at different times. The paper then elaborates on Nyerere’s fundamental principles and beliefs: that people (men and women) are the purpose of society, and that modern states could and should be established on the basis of the principles of the traditional African society. In the last section, the paper elaborates on the type of nation Nyerere wanted to build and provides reflections on Nyerere’s achievements and disappointments as leader of an African country in the early independence period.
Book Review: Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History
Authors:   University of Dar es Salaam, Edward Frank
Published: October 2022

Since the inception of the Historical Association of Tanzania (HAT) in the late 1960s, a significant body of historical literature on Tanzania has been produced. An overview of the produced knowledge reveals that there has been an accentuation temporally on the pre-colonial and post-colonial periods, and thematically on political, economic and social structures. A defining characteristic of almost all the literature published in that period is its theoretical and methodological subscription to grand narratives, particularly the nationalist and materialist narratives. Before its stasis in 2000, HAT had produced three big monographs, namely A History of Tanzania (1969), Tanzania under Colonial Rule (1981) and Zanzibar under Colonial Rule (1991). Its members had also published many individual works in the form of articles, book chapters and books. Invariably, the works focused on specific themes and areas. John Iliffe’s A Modern History of Tanganyika (1979), which followed the approach of P. H. Clarke’s A Short History of Tanganyika: Mainland of Tanzania (1966), is the only individual publication to have transcended the conspicuously thematic and areal limitations of the ranks and file of HAT. Iliffe’s work explored in detail the pre-colonial and colonial aspects, largely covering the whole of Mainland Tanzania.
Maendeleo: From Colonial to Postcolonial Development in Tanzania
Authors:   University of Helsinki, Koponen Juhani
Published: October 2022

This article argues that the concept of maendeleo, which conflates development with progress, has served many contradictory purposes in Tanzania, and traces how it has worked its way through different phases of Tanzanian development history. The starting point is the recognition that the concept of development, and maendeleo even more so, has a great variety of meanings and it is not possible to pick up one as ‘correct’. Rather, the argument goes, it is this ambiguity where the concept derives its power from. While everybody can agree on its significance, many things can be accommodated under its umbrella. It has been made such a concept by its history which has allowed it to accumulate various meanings. The article maps the process of how this happened in Tanzania. The German colonialists introduced the notion in the guise of development of exploitable resources. The British followed the lead, formalizing the idea of mutual benefit as dual mandate and adding “native welfare” to it. A crucial shift occurred during the transition from the late colonial to early postcolonial development. As colonialism approached its end, the idea of development seemed to be in danger to outlive its political usefulness, but it was rescued by African nationalists as maendeleo. They appropriated the concept and made use of it in their independence campaign and later elevated it to a major prop for their rule. The article concludes that while maendeleo undoubtedly has been a politically successful concept, it has been much less effective as a guide for economic and social transformation. This raises the question whether the very concepts of development and maendeleo have become part of the problem rather than that of the solution.
BREXIT: Is Britain against the European Union or Globalisation? Some Lessons for East Africa
Authors:   University of Dar es Salaam, Sumbai Gasiano G. N.
Published: October 2022

The establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 was a response to the growing US economic, military and political influence on the ailing economies of Western Europe after WWII. Under the leadership of France, the founding members resisted Britain’s attempts to join the Community. Not until 1973 did they allow it to become a member of the Community. From the beginning, the EEC struggled to position itself as a capitalist bloc, ready to cooperate with the USA in defending vital capitalist interests against the perceived communist threats and the struggles against each other for economic interests all over the world. The USA, as leader of the capitalist bloc, closely checked the development of the EEC and later of the European Union (EU) as well in order to defend American interests in Western Europe. In the post-Cold War period, the USA enjoyed American unipolar hegemony and continued to challenge the EU, a powerful economic bloc which was a threat to the US economy. The EU had been looking at the US-British Special Relationship as a barrier to its progress. Britain used all the means at its disposal to protect and promote the British-American joint interests in Western Europe. However, these traditional capitalist economic blocs cooperated to defend capitalist interests against fascism and communism, but were in constant struggle among themselves. The demise of the Russian brand of communism resulted in the need to re-examine the US-EU relations as the EU wanted to stand on its own feet and did not want to be under the US shadow. This paper shows that Britain’s Exit (BREXIT) from the EU is Britain’s attempt to maintain its special relationship with the USA against the growing influence of the EU on the domestic policies of individual member states. It is shown in this paper that, as a regional bloc, the East African Community (EAC) can learn the manifestation of globalisation and its effects on regional integration. The constant struggle between supranationalism and nationalism and ways of harmonising various approaches to solving regional challenges are the important lessons that the EAC can learn from BREXIT.
The History of Cultural Heritage Research and Teaching in Tanzania
Authors:   University of Dar es Salaam, Kessy Emanuel T.
Published: October 2022

The history of heritage research in Tanzania can be traced back to the end of the 19th century. While researching on Tanzanian heritage was important because most of it was not preserved in literary form, nonetheless it was, in many ways, inappropriately represented. Sometimes it was done with a political inclination to support the colonial domination ideology whereby any form of social, political and economic achievement in Africa was unattainable in the absence of external intervention by races from outside the African continent. In order to maintain that, very limited initiative was taken by the colonialists to train local experts. To rectify this situation, the postcolonial government took initiatives to develop heritage training infrastructures in order to reconstruct the crooked history. While that has already taken shape with positive results, there are still several challenges to overcome. As practice of modern archaeology increasingly requires the use of advanced and expensive scientific equipment, facilities and associated techniques, a danger arises if a developing country like Tanzania won't match up the pace because the quality research products are subject to technological advancement of a particular era. Associated with this is a need to develop a national-based financial body for heritage research to free the country from donor funding dependency which, sometimes, do not align to national research agenda. This paper traces the history of cultural heritage research and training in Tanzania and highlights key factors that contributed to the present state in the country. A comparative overview of the respective aspects under review is made between colonial and postcolonial Tanzania.
Revival of the New East African Community: A New Era of Economic Integration or Re-division among African Regional Powers?
Authors:   University of Dar es Salaam, Sumbai Gasiano G. N.
Published: October 2022

This paper examines the forces behind the revival of the East African Community in 1999 and its impact on the structural economic relations in East African countries. It uses political economy as a guiding theory in the analysis. Drawing on a range of written sources ranging from documents of the East Africa Community itself and Southern Africa Development Community such as declarations, protocols, policy statements, trade statistics and parliamentary speeches and secondary sources such as books and newspapers, this paper demonstrates that the interface between the global and regional forces relating to the demise of the Cold War and an effort to create new regional and global structural relations in the post-Cold War caused East African states to revive the defunct East African Community as part of the post-Cold War realignment. Kenya as a regional economic powerhouse driven by agricultural, manufacturing, financial and tourism sectors struggled to protect her national economic interests through regional integration that would limit the growing influence of the post-Apartheid South Africa in eastern Africa. Despite the revival of the Community, the integration did not facilitate Tanzania and Uganda to address the colonial structural economic imbalances, some of which were economic legacies and others emerged during the post-colonial period. Therefore, Tanzania and Uganda continued to depend on Western Europe, North America, Japan and China as their major trading partners, source of capital and technology while Kenya continued to be a regional economic powerhouse.
African Documentary Film: Jean Marie Teno and Hybridism in Afrique, je te Plumerai
Authors:   University of Dar es Salaam, Mwakalinga Mona N.
Published: October 2022

Documentary film has been known for its capacity to interrogate issues of social, economic, cultural and political significance, but this interrogation has been at headlocks with African governments who use the documentary genre as showcasing and praising tool. This article examines the utilization of documentary films in Africa by African governments such as Tanzania, and by independent African filmmakers such as Jean Marie Teno. Jean Marie Teno’s film “Afrique, je te Plumerai” is examined and its role in the struggle for social, political, economic, and cultural emancipation of the Cameroonian, thus African people is revealed. Through the use of distinct mixed modes of cinematic address, Teno has created a hybrid documentary genre that invites and calls for a diversified filmic style that allows for self-expression, new images, and voices. Teno has created an African documentary film that juxtaposes two distinctive traditions; African oral narrative tradition and Western filmic technique to shake the African people to action. By artfully combining contemporary images with archival film footage, discontinuity narrative structure and fictionalized images the film challenges perspectives and offers viewers a far greater understanding of both history and present condition of misuse of political powers. Teno has pushed the envelope of documentary genre further and African documentary furthest.
CONN functional connectivity toolbox (RRID:SCR_009550), Version 12
Authors: Nieto-Castanon Alfonso
Published: October 2022

The CONN functional connectivity toolbox provides seed-to-voxel and ROI-to-ROI functional connectivity estimation and inference. The toolbox implements aCompCor strategy for physiological (and other) noise source reduction, first-level General Linear Model for correlation and regression connectivity estimation removing typical confounding effects, and second-level random-effect analyses. The toolbox is designed to work with both resting state scans and block designs where rest is another block amongst other conditions.
CONN functional connectivity toolbox (RRID:SCR_009550), Version 17
Authors: Nieto-Castanon Alfonso
Published: October 2022

CONN is a Matlab-based cross-platform software for the computation, display, and analysis of functional connectivity in fMRI (fcMRI). Connectivity measures include seed-to-voxel connectivity maps, ROI-to- ROI connectivity matrices, graph properties of connectivity networks, generalized psychophysiological interaction models (gPPI), intrinsic connectivity, local correlation and other voxel-to-voxel measures, independent component analyses (ICA), and dynamic component analyses (dyn-ICA). CONN is available for resting state data (rsfMRI) as well as task-related designs. It covers the entire pipeline from raw fMRI data to hypothesis testing, including spatial coregistration, ART-based scrubbing, aCompCor strategy for control of physiological and movement confounds, first-level connectivity estimation, and second-level random-effect analyses and hypothesis testing.
Heritage Reconstruction and People in Post-Trauma Social Recovery
Authors:   Centre for Cultural Heritage, International Forum Bosnia, Hadžimuhamedović Amra
Published: October 2022

The article draws on research conducted in 2019 in support of ARC-WH’s commitment to contributing to discussions on heritage reconstruction and how it relates to the post-trauma recovery of communities by shifting the focus from physical buildings and ensembles to people. It builds on research into the history of approaches to heritage under post-conflict or other post-catastrophe conditions during the 20th and 21st centuries and analysis of international agencies and organizations’ policies and projects, with a particular, if not exclusive, focus on UNESCO, ICCROM, the World Bank, and ICOMOS, as well as on discussions and correspondence with the authors of the 21 essays and papers in the fields of the philosophy and theory of cultural heritage, the politics and economics of heritage, psychology, anthropology, law and justice, contemporary technologies, and axiological analysis of heritage based on direct contact and discussion with people. Comparative analysis of these essays, which testify to the inseparability of concept from context, makes clear the need for further investigation and continuous development of the terminology, evaluations, prioritization, and methodologies current in the field of heritage perpetuation. The conclusion draws attention to the fact that, despite the not insignificant differences in how the role of heritage is perceived in different cultural, historical, and economic contexts – in refugee camps, diaspora communities, under siege conditions, or in returnee communities – people nonetheless find anchorage in cultural heritage that helps them retain their hold on their lives, however disrupted and shaken they may have been. This restorative drive derives from the need to resist and build resilience. Integrating the reconstruction of cultural heritage within the overcoming of societal trauma and in socio-economic recovery is a complex and lengthy process, in which the intangible expressions of heritage seek forms to embody them. The integrated reconstruction of cultural heritage should be based on the fulness of heritage’s socio-economic and psychological significance for people and for heritage communities, and as such should itself be inclusive, participatory, and resilient.
Peace-building through Heritage Rebuilding: Inclusive Heritage Discourse and Post-war Recovery in Bosnia
Authors:   Centre for Cultural Heritage, International Forum Bosnia, Hadžimuhamedović Amra
Published: October 2022

The mass destruction of Bosnian cultural heritage was used as a tool of ethnic cleansing and genocide during the final decade of the 20th century. This paper examines it and the post-war response to that destruction and process of coming to terms with the resultant social trauma in terms of their potential for (re)defining the complex relations between heritage reconstruction and building human resilience. A quarter century after the end of armed conflict in Bosnia and the signing of the Dayton peace agreement, the processes of post-war social and economic recovery are still underway, with cultural heritage playing a non-negligible role in them. The integration of heritage in implementing the peace agreement is reflected in all the post-war phases of Bosnian life at two parallel levels. The first is the official level, overdetermined by the balance of political consensus and tensions, expressed through the legislative framework and the activities of public institutions. At that level, heritage discourse, including the determination of what heritage is reconstructible, has served the politics of the day, which have over the past 25 years oscillated between impulses towards ever deeper social division, on the one hand, and a search for connective values for the establishment of social trust, on the other. This paper presents an analysis of how authorized heritage discourse (AHD), as expressed through the activities of the Commission to protect National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the international organizations –UNESCO, the Council of Europe, and the European Commission – have reflected and supported this post-war politics and the economic reality. There is also a contrasting analysis of the inclusive discourse on heritage, established through attempts by individuals and communities to use the reconstruction of damaged cultural landscapes to realise a non-discriminatory approach to the right to heritage and its evaluation, given the need to process social trauma. The example of Bosnia throws light on how confronting the violent reformulation of cultural memory as a means of ethnic cleansing, genocide, and post-war exclusionism can revive inclusive discourse on heritage as a spontaneous method of building social and societal resilience and ultimately a tool for peacebuilding.
Historical Trauma and Cultural Heritage: INTIQAL-2030 in the Gaza Strip .
Authors:   Première Urgence Internationale, Gaza, the occupied Palestinian territory, Kollia Maria Eleni , AlAmasi Rafif , Anabtawi Nada
Published: October 2022

This paper is a contribution to the discourse on historical trauma and associated processes in the occupied Palestinian territory and more specifically the Gaza Strip. It has two parts. The first reframes the concept of historical trauma to fit Papadopoulos’ trauma grid model, which proposes the existence of positive, neutral, and negative responses to it. Cultural heritage is presented as a central tool for strengthening neutral and positive responses while mitigating negative ones. The authors then introduce “INTIQAL-2030”, an innovative programme implemented in the Gaza Strip by Premiere Urgence Internationale (PUI), as a case study offering an intervention framework that utilizes cultural heritage to promote positive and neutral response to historical trauma.
ALIPH’s Experience Protecting Heritage to Build Peace: The Early Lessons of ALIPH’s Efforts to Protect Heritage in Conflict and Post-conflict Areas
Authors:   International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas (ALIPH), Freland Valéry , Fiebig Alexandra , Balbo Andrea
Published: October 2022

Founded in March 2017, ALIPH or the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas supports heritage protection initiatives in crisis situations. Based on feedback from ten international and local heritage organisations with active projects in Afghanistan, Cote d’Ivoire, Iraq, Mali, and North-East Syria, this article addresses the challenges facing, benefits of, and opportunities related to heritage protection in conflict areas, with regard to sustainable development and peacebuilding. Supporting the heritage sector in conflict areas involves a set of challenges, from the security of heritage professionals and shortages of materials to the constantly evolving political situations. The political dimension of heritage protection is hardly understated in crisis situations. Constant dialogue, coordination, and advocacy with local authorities are key conditions for successful and sustainable intervention on the ground. This article argues that heritage protection makes an important symbolic and material contribution to recovery in conflict and post-conflict contexts. This is achieved by re-affirming the sense of identity within diverse communities, as well as by engaging and retaining local expertise and workforces and so stimulating local economies. Noting the impressive number of climate-change-affected regions situated in conflict-prone areas, the article also discusses the potential of heritage rehabilitation in mitigating at least some of the effects of climate change, e.g., by promoting local building techniques and materials. To continue to harness the benefits of cultural heritage protection, efforts should be pursued both at the level of international advocacy and through concrete on-the-ground interventions that demonstrate the benefits of heritage protection for peacebuilding and sustainable development.
The Bigger Picture of Recovery: Conservation Challenges related to Living Heritage and Value and Belief Systems in the Preservation and Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage at Patan Durbar Square
Authors:   Institute of Conservation, University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria, Haselberger Martina
Published: October 2022

"The monuments at Patan Durbar Square in Nepal have been conserved, recovered, and reconstructed with enormous effort, following the damage and devastation caused by a series of earthquakes in 2015. Collaborative work by the Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust, the Nepalese Department of Archaeology, the Institute of Conservation at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna, and local craftsmen, working with the local community, has made a significant contribution in this respect. Several factors are decisive for the recovery of cultural heritage after a natural disaster: the availability of craftsmen familiar with traditional construction techniques and of heritage preservation professionals, comprehensive surveys and assessments, building materials, pre-disaster documentation, and the long-term commitment of financial support. How have these factors influenced efforts and progress in the case of Patan Durbar Square? What were the challenges and how were they solved? In Patan, tangible and intangible cultural heritage are closely linked and related to each other. The living culture is an essential characteristic of Patan and of Nepal more generally and so also a major criterion in the site’s inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage is just as important as the preservation of tangible artworks and sites. This article examines to what degree craftsmanship, religious practices, and festivities and traditions (cyclical renewal) have represented an advantage or an obstacle for conservation and reconstruction efforts in Patan. The analysis is illustrated with selected case studies, while field-tested solutions for reconciling the preservation of both tangible and intangible heritage are pointed out."
Cultural Heritage: A Gateway for Exiting the Syrian Crisis
Authors:   ACE Architects & Consulting Engineers, Damascus, Syria, Rajab Luna
Published: October 2022

Our complicated relationship with our environment is a perennial stimulus to the development of material and immaterial cultural heritage and has contributed substantially to environmental development, It is the reason human beings are such a central element in post-crisis reconstruction, especially in historic cities and around archaeological sites. Ten years of war and crisis in Syria have resulted in the destruction of cultural heritage and in the hearts, minds, and lives of the country’s citizens. The crucial role that reconstruction and recovery of cultural heritage has to play in rebinding war-torn communities and reintegrating Syrians of all religions, nationalities, and political affiliations is clear from a recent survey by the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums in Syria, which showed Syrians’ overwhelming rejection of the theft or destruction of cultural heritage – a result with promise for rebuilding social cohesion and cultural heritage in tandem. The accounts by Syrians, inside and outside the country, of their experiences and their attitudes toward cultural heritage presented in this paper offer valuable insight into cultural heritage’s potential role in human-centred post-war reconstruction.
The Post-earthquake Recovery of Tower C in Durrës, Albania
Authors:   Cultural Heritage without Borders, Albania, Hadžić Lejla , Mamani Elena , Lloja Anisa
Published: October 2022

After the devastating earthquake that struck Albania on 26 November 2019, Cultural Heritage without Borders Albania launched a recovery project for one of the Roman-era towers of Durrës city walls. Tower C had partially collapsed, exposing three phases of historical development: the turn of the 5th to the 6th century C. E., the 13th century, and the 17th century. Destruction of this valuable heritage site at the centre of the largest port city in Albania prompted considerable reaction from the citizens of Durrës and the recovery process is being kept under tight scrutiny by both the local and the professional community. The site is visited by scores of locals every day, each with a different opinion of what to do and whether or not to reconstruct. This chapter explores aspects of stakeholder inclusion, drawing on our experience engaging and empowering professionals and local communities through conservation processes. The site is being used to bring together senior and ancillary craftspeople, professors and students, and senior and young professionals, so that the conservation process can serve continuous intergenerational learning and exchange. Training and engagement with the real challenges involved in any new conservation provides them an exceptional opportunity to learn about cultural heritage and their selves. Working together means challenging and hopefully overcoming differences and animosities.
Towards Sustainable Post-War Recovery of the Old City of Aleppo: Evaluation of the Rehabilitation of the Suq al-Saqatiyya as a Pilot Project
Authors:   Fatih Sultan Mehmet Waqf University, Istanbul, Turkey, Kasmo Ruba , Kuteifan Lina
Published: October 2022

Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Its location has kept it at the centre of international communication and commerce and helped it to revive despite the repeated destruction it has witnessed over its long history. In addition to its majestic citadel and the hectares of contiguous urban fabric, the city boasts one of the largest historic commercial zones in the region. This urban core is filled with covered suqs, commercial facilities, manufacturing units, religious buildings, and public services. Unfortunately, the battle of Aleppo, from 2012 to 2016, resulted in a drastic level of physical destruction of the urban fabric and infrastructure and disrupted the social and economic life of the city. The historic commercial zone was among the worst damaged sections, with about 40% of structures either lost or severely damaged. A general strategy was set in 2018 to plan and implement the recovery process of the city. It defined the terms of collaboration between local authorities and international contributors and elaborated on the actions required and timeframes, based on priorities, limitations, and possibilities. Under the strategy, the historic commercial zone was singled out as a priority area for reconstruction and the Suq al-Saqatiyya chosen as a pilot project to examine the available tools and establish a model for future works. This paper discusses and evaluates the rehabilitation project at the Suq al Saqatiyya (2018-2019). The evaluation covers physical interventions, but also the participatory approach taken in the project, the training of local craftspeople, and the actions taken to help shop owners come back and open their shops.