bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining a Data Driven and Mechanistic Model to Predict Capacity and Potential Curve‐Degradation
Authors: Stadler Jochen , Fath Johannes , Ecker Madeleine , Latz Arnulf
Published: July 2024

This work compares a state of the art data‐driven model to predict the state of health (SoH) in lithium ion batteries with a new prediction model based on the mechanistic framework. The mechanistic approach attributes the degradation to individual components such as loss of available capacity on each electrode as well as loss of cyclable lithium. By combining the mechanistic framework with data‐driven models for the component losses based on a design of experiment, we achieve a cycle aging model that can predict capacity degradation as well as degradation‐induced changes to the discharge potential curve. Using this cycle aging model alongside with a semi‐empirical calendar aging model, we present a holistic aging model that we validate on independent validation tests containing time‐variant load profiles. While the purely data‐driven model is better at predicting the SoH, the mechanistic model clearly has it advantages in a deeper understanding that can potentially enhance the current methods of tracking and updating the characteristic open‐circuit voltage curve over lifetime.
When compassion, aka karuna, enters the Indian psychotherapy space: A mixed‐method case‐series study of compassion‐focused therapy in depression
Authors: Sengupta Pramita , Saxena Priya
Published: July 2024

Background

Compassion‐focused therapy (CFT) is transdiagnostic. It primarily targets shame and self‐criticism in persons with depression. While there have been studies in the West to explore the beneficial effects of CFT, there is a need to unpack how CFT functions in the East.

Method

This study aimed to explore the utility and process of CFT in North‐East India. The authors tailored a 12‐session CFT module based on the suggestions of three local mental health professionals. A mixed‐method design was employed. Five mental health service users in a tertiary mental healthcare hospital diagnosed with depression based on ICD‐10 criteria were recruited in the study. For quantitative measurements, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Others as Shamer Scale (OAS), Fears of Compassion Scales (FOC), The Forms of Self‐Criticizing and Reassuring Scale (FSCRS) and Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales (CEAS) were administered. Three time point assessments were taken, that is, baseline, post‐intervention and 1‐month follow‐up. To understand the process of CFT, qualitative narrative analysis was undertaken on session notes, memos and reflective journals focusing on the nature of compassion, blocks of compassion, sense of shame and self‐criticality.

Results

Quantitative findings indicated improvement of depressive symptoms and changes in sense of shame, fear of compassion, self‐criticality, self‐reassuring tendencies and compassionate engagements and actions. The qualitative findings shed light on the process of CFT.

Conclusion

The authors discussed the findings anchoring the existing theories of CFT and relevant studies. The findings support the preliminary evidence of the utility of CFT in persons with depression.
Consumer behavior in immersive virtual reality retail environments: A systematic literature review using the stimuli‐organisms‐responses (S‐O‐r) model
Authors: Erensoy Aysu , Mathrani Anuradha , Schnack Alexander , Elms Jonathan , Baghaei Nilufar
Published: July 2024

With the rising popularity of immersive virtual reality (iVR) technologies, retailers are increasingly seeking innovative ways to create unique digital shopping experiences for their consumers. However, existing literature lacks a unified and comprehensive review that examines the interplay between virtual stimuli and consumer behavior in iVR shopping environments. To fill this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review, employing the Stimulus‐Organisms‐Responses (S‐O‐R) model as the underlying theoretical framework. This review analyzed empirical research on consumer behavior in iVR retail environments by focusing on experimental studies. Following the thematic analysis, we categorized the outcomes into descriptive themes to better comprehend consumer behavior within each theme. Our findings provide valuable insights for retailers and marketers aiming to enhance the consumer shopping experience using iVR technologies and suggest directions for future research.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Oxalis corymbosa Extracts
Authors: Attique Sana , Ibrahim Muhammad , Khan Changeez , Ali Akbar , Qadir Rahman , Khan Ajmir , Al‐Salahi Rashad , Abuelizz Hatem A. , da Silva Medeiros Paulo , Moreira Sampaio Olívia , Campos Curcino Vieira Lucas
Published: July 2024

This work aimed to assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Oxalis corymbosa extracts. Biochemical analyses were conducted on various plant parts, utilizing enzymatic and non‐enzymatic assays. Parameters such as total soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were also evaluated to elucidate the role of bioactive chemical compounds. The antimicrobial screening of extracts was performed against the bacterial and fungal strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, respectively. Results indicated that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, anthocyanin content, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were most abundant in the O. corymbosa leaves. Moreover, total ascorbate peroxidase content, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content were found to be higher in the roots compared to other parts. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis identified chlorogenic acid as the major component, followed by gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, and salicylic acid. Regarding antibacterial potential, each extract exhibited significant activity, with methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts demonstrating the maximum inhibition zone against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. These findings highlight the substantial antioxidant and antibacterial potential of different parts of O. corymbosa, suggesting their promising applications as ingredients in various nutraceutical products.
Bimetallic Catalysts in Acetylene Semi‐Hydrogenation: Conceptual Advances and Challenges
Authors: Tiwari Garima , Sarkar Saibalendu , Jagirdar Balaji R.
Published: July 2024

The hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene is of great industrial interest. Achieving both high selectivity and high conversion of acetylene to ethylene via semi‐hydrogenation is quite challenging. Bimetallic catalysts offer opportunities to selectively control reaction pathways by altering the electronic and geometric properties of active sites on the catalyst surface. Recent advancements in the synthesis of bimetallic catalysts enabled the creation of random alloys, intermetallics, segregated structures, or single‐site alloys with precision. These catalysts could be tailored for semi‐hydrogenation of acetylene by tuning the features including adsorption energy, active site isolation, and the d‐band center. Modern machine learning tools are also helpful for catalyst design. In this article, an overview of the conceptual advances in the design aspects of bimetallic catalysts, advances and challenges involved in the acetylene semi‐hydrogenation, has been presented.
Hollow Carbon Nanorods Modified Screen Printed Electrodes for Sensitive Lactate Biosensing
Authors: Ayni Ezgi , Dunya Hamza , Yildirim‐Tirgil Nimet
Published: July 2024

This novel work details the development and comprehensive characterization of a highly sensitive and selective lactate biosensor system, leveraging the modification of screen‐printed electrodes (SPEs) with hollow carbon nanorods (HCNs). The HCN synthesis involved a multi‐step procedure utilizing iron (III) oxyhydroxide (β‐FeOOH) nanorods as sacrificial templates. Extensive characterization through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) substantiated the successful fabrication of HCNs replete with substantial cavities. To assess the efficacy of surface modification, HCNs were applied to SPEs using drop casting and electrodeposition methods, enabling a comparative analysis of these techniques in the context of biosensor systems. Lactate detection was accomplished effectively, revealing a linear range of 1 μM to 300 μM for drop casting and 10 μM to 300 μM for electrodeposition, with corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.55 μM and 2.8 μM. The biosensor system exhibited exceptional stability, repeatability, and selectivity. Furthermore, real sample analyses employing spiked serum samples demonstrated remarkable accuracy, achieving recoveries of up to 109 % for drop casting and 111 % for electrodeposition methods. In summary, the presented HCN‐modified SPEs offer a highly sensitive, selective, and stable platform for lactate detection, showcasing their significant potential across a spectrum of applications, including clinical diagnostics and bioprocess monitoring.
Synthesis, Characterization and Interconversion of p–Tolylsulfone‐Functionalized Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Couples
Authors: Krappmann Daniel , Hirsch Andreas
Published: July 2024

We report the synthesis and characterization of library of new 2,3–disubstituted norbornadiene/quadricyclane couples. For the first time, the para–tolylsulfone moiety was employed as electron–withdrawing substituent in combination with a variety of different electron donors as counterparts. Comprehensive characterization was conducted for every interconversion couple. By comparison with structurally related molecules published before we established the tosyl moiety as suitable alternative to previously investigated ester functionalities by providing similar photophysical properties. The photo–induced interconversion behavior was investigated via UV/Vis‐ and NMR–spectroscopy. The UV/Vis experiments were carried out exclusively in acetonitrile, whereas several solvents were investigated in the NMR studies. A detailed description and comparison of the isomerization behavior is provided, while examining relevant optical properties like λmax and λonset. Thereby, an enhanced red‐shift up to λmax=394 nm combined with an λonset value of 469 nm could be generated which is necessary for potential applications.
Improved Electrochemical Peptide Synthesis Enabled by Electron‐Rich Triaryl Phosphines
Authors: Shinjo‐Nagahara Shingo , Okada Yohei , Hiratsuka Goki , Kitano Yoshikazu , Chiba Kazuhiro
Published: July 2024

While remarkable progress has been made in the development of peptide medicines, many problems related to peptide synthesis remain unresolved. Previously, we reported electrochemical peptide synthesis using a phosphine as a potentially recyclable coupling reagent. However, there was room for improvement from the point of view of reaction efficiency, especially in the carboxylic acid activation step and the peptide bond formation step. To overcome these challenges, we searched for the optimal phosphine. Among phosphines with various electronic properties, we found that electron‐rich triaryl phosphines improved the reaction efficiency. Consequently, we successfully performed electrochemical peptide synthesis on sterically hindered and valuable amino acids. We also synthesized oligopeptides that were challenging with our previous method. Finally, we examined the effect of substituents on the phosphine cations, and gained some insights into reactivity, which will aid researchers designing reactions involving phosphine cations.
Poly[2]catenane Gels Based on Sequential Assembly of Small Molecules†
Authors: Zhang Hanwei , Li Jinsa , Hu Ziqing , Ji Xiaofan
Published: July 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Polycatenane gels have attracted extensive attention due to their high degree of freedom and mobility. However, the syntheses of poly[2]catenane gels reported to date all rely on the polymer as the backbone. Herein, we prepared poly[2]catenane gels based on entirely sequential assembly of small molecules. Monomer M1 with two unclosed rings was first prepared, which self‐assembled to form supramolecular polymers (SPs) via hydrogen bonding and π‐π interactions. Upon adding small molecule monomers M2 and M3 with aldehyde groups, ring closing of SPs occurred because the amino groups in the SPs reacted with M2 to form imine bonds. In addition, M3, which had twice the number of aldehyde groups as M2, enabled SPs to ring‐close, causing the proceeding of crosslinking process at the same time. Thus linear SPs were transformed into poly[2]catenane gel networks. Due to the presence of hydrogen bonds in the poly[2]catenane gel, the gel also possessed stimulus responsiveness and self‐healing properties.
Understanding the Temperature Effect on Carbon‐Carbon Coupling during CO2 and CO Electroreduction in Zero‐Gap Electrolyzers†
Authors: Zhuansun Mengjiao , Wang Xuan , Teng Wenzhi , Wang Yuhang
Published: July 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Cu‐catalyzed electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and CO reduction reaction (CORR) are of great interest due to their potential to produce carbon‐neutral and value‐added multicarbon (C2+) chemicals. In practice, CO2RR and CORR are typically operated at industrially relevant current densities, making the process exothermal. Although the increased operation temperature is known to affect the performance of CO2RR and CORR, the relationship between temperatures and kinetic parameters was not clearly elaborated, particularly in zero‐gap reactors. In this study, we detail the effect of the temperature on Cu‐catalyzed CO2RR and CORR. Our electrochemical and operando spectroscopic studies show that high temperatures increase the activity of CO2RR to CO and CORR to C2H4 by enhancing the mass transfer of CO2 and CO. As the rates of these two processes are highly influenced by reactant diffusion, elevating the operating temperature results in high local CO2 and CO availability to accelerate product formation. Consequently, the *CO coverage in both cases increases at higher temperatures. However, under CO2RR conditions, *CO desorption is more favorable than carbon‐carbon (C—C) coupling thermodynamically at high temperatures, causing the reduction in the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C2H4. In CORR, the high‐temperature‐augmented CO diffusion overcomes the unfavorable adsorption thermodynamics, increasing the probability of C—C coupling.
Survival trends among patients with metastatic non–small cell lung cancer before and after the approval of immunotherapy in the United States: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database–based study
Authors: Wang Yating , Kondrat Kyle , Adhikari Janak , Nguyen Quynh , Yu Qian , Uprety Dipesh
Published: July 2024

Background

In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration approved nivolumab as the first immunotherapy for patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, population‐based survival benefit studies after the introduction of immunotherapy in lung cancer are lacking. This study examined overall survival (OS) and cancer‐specific survival in patients with NSCLC in the pre immunotherapy and immunotherapy eras.

Methods

This study used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, which spanned 17 registries from 2000 to 2020. Two cohorts were delineated: preimmunotherapy (2010–2014) and immunotherapy (2015–2020), which coincided with nivolumab’s approval.

Results

This study included 191,802 patients, 90,807 in the preimmunotherapy era and 100,995 in the immunotherapy era. OS was significantly higher in the immunotherapy era, as shown by Kaplan–Meier curves (1‐year OS, 40.1% vs. 33.5%; 3‐year OS, 17.8% vs. 11.7%; 5‐year OS, 10.7% vs. 6.8%; median OS, 8 vs. 7 months; p < .001 by log‐rank test). Similarly, cancer‐specific survival improved in the immunotherapy era (1‐year survival, 44.0% vs. 36.8%; 3‐year survival, 21.7% vs. 14.4%; 5‐year survival, 14.3% vs. 9.0%; median OS, 10 vs. 8 months; p < .001 by log‐rank test). Survival rates were significantly better in the immunotherapy era, as confirmed by multivariate analysis with a Cox proportional hazards model after adjusting for age, sex, race, income, and geographical area (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.830; 95% CI, 0.821–0.840; p < .001).

Conclusions

In summary, the survival rate of patients with metastatic NSCLC has improved since the introduction of immunotherapy.
A phase 2 study of a brachyury‐targeting vaccine in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of advanced chordoma
Authors: Cote Gregory M. , Conley Anthony P. , Attia Steven , Van Tine Brian A. , Seetharam Mahesh , Chen Yen‐Lin , Gafoor Zarina , Heery Christopher , Pico‐Navarro Cesar , Adams Tatiana
Published: July 2024

Background

This was a single‐arm, phase 2 clinical trial of Bavarian Nordic (BN)‐Brachyury vaccine plus radiotherapy (RT) designed to determine the objective response rate (ORR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and safety of the combination in chordoma.

Methods

A total of 29 adult patients with advanced chordoma were treated with two subcutaneous priming vaccine doses of modified vaccinia Ankara‐Bavarian Nordic (MVA‐BN)‐Brachyury and one vaccine dose of fowlpox virus (FPV)‐Brachyury before RT. After RT, booster vaccinations were given with FPV‐Brachyury every 4 weeks for 4 doses, then every 12 weeks (week 110). A minimum RT dose of >8 Gy in one fraction for each target was required. Response was evaluated by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 (mRECIST), where only radiated lesions were considered targets, and by standard RECIST 1.1 in a subset of patients.

Results

Two of 26 evaluable patients experienced durable partial response (PR) (ORR of 7.7%; 90% confidence interval [CI], 2.6–20.8]) by mRECIST 1.1. A total of 21 patients (80.8%; 90% CI, 65.4–90.3) had stable disease, and three patients (11.5%; 90% CI, 4.7–25.6) had progressive disease as best response per mRECIST 1.1. Median PFS was not reached during the study.

Conclusions

This trial confirms the safety of BN‐Brachyury and RT. Although the study did not meet the predefined study goal of four responses in 29 patients, we did observe two PRs and a PFS of greater than 2 years. For a vaccine‐based study in chordoma, an ultra‐rare disease where response rates are low, a randomized study or novel trial designs may be required to confirm activity.
Non‐orthogonal multiple access‐based task processing and energy optimization in vehicular edge computing networks
Authors: Shi Lei , Li Zepeng , Zhao Shuangliang , Fan Yuqi , Qian Dingjun
Published: July 2024

Vehicular edge computing (VEC) is envisioned as a promising approach to process explosive vehicle tasks, where vehicles can choose to upload tasks to nearby edge nodes for processing. However, since the communication between vehicles and edge nodes is via wireless network, which means the channel condition is complex. Moreover, in reality, the arrival time of each vehicle task is stochastic, so efficient communication methods should be designed for VEC. As one of the key communication technologies in 5G, non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can effectively increase the number of simultaneous transmission tasks and enhance transmission performance. In this article, we design a NOMA‐based task allocation scheme to improve the VEC system. We first establish the mathematical model and divide the allocation of tasks into two processes: the transmission process and the computation process. In the transmission process, we adopt the NOMA technique to upload the tasks in batches. In the computation process, we use a high response‐ratio strategy to determine the computation order. Then we define the optimization objective as maximizing task completion rate and minimizing task energy consumption, which is an integer nonlinear problem with lots of integer variables and cannot be solved directly. Through further analysis, we design a heuristics algorithm which we name as the AECO (average energy consumption optimization) algorithm. By using the AECO, we obtain the optimal allocation strategy by constantly adjusting the optimal variables. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm has a significant number of advantages.
Tricyclic 1,4‐Diphosphinines: Local vs. Global Aromaticity
Authors: Kalisch Tim , Brehm Philipp C. , Streubel Rainer
Published: July 2024

1D and 2D
(Sigma only model) calculations were performed on recently established tricyclic 1,4‐diphosphinines as well as related benzene and pyrazine derivatives. The study was extended to evaluate the effect of the fused rings on the overall aromatic properties with a special focus on functional groups such as carbenes. The effect of non‐aromatic heterocycles on the local ring current of the central ring is small, while aromatic heterocycles (e. g. NHC, imidazolium) lead to a global aromaticity. A higher sulfur content of the adjacent five‐membered rings reduces the central ring current. The comparison to related tricyclic benzene and pyrazine derivatives showed that the 1,4‐diphosphinine systems resemble more closely the situation in the benzene derivatives than the pyrazines. The effect of charged systems was studied using bis(TTF)‐fused 1,4‐diphosphinines and, according to
values, the neutral form doesn't possess significant aromaticity but the tetracation resembles the global aromatic situation observed for other heterocycles in this study.
Optical Emission Spectra of Molecular Excitonic Polariton Computed at the First‐Principles Level QED‐TDDFT
Authors: Deng Shanhao , Yang Junjie , Shao Yihan , Ou Qi , Shuai Zhigang
Published: July 2024

In microcavity, strong coupling between light and molecules leads to the formation of hybrid excitations, i. e., the polaritons, or exciton‐polaritons. Such coupling may alter the energy landscape of the system and the optical properties of the material, making it an effective approach for controlling the light emission from molecular materials. However, due to the complexity of vibrational modes, spectroscopic calculations for organic exciton‐polaritons remain to be challenging. In this work, based on the linear‐response quantum‐electrodynamical time‐dependent density functional theory (QED‐TDDFT), we employ the thermal vibrational correlation function (TVCF) formalism to calculate the molecular optical spectrum of the lower polaritons (LP) at first‐principles level for three molecules, i. e., anthracene, distyrylbenzenes (DSB), and rubrene. The polaron decoupling effect is confirmed from our first‐principles computations. The theoretical emission spectra of LP provide new insights for aiding molecular and device design in microcavities that are otherwise hindered due to the lack of vibrational information.
Towards Sustainable Production of Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate: Non‐Biological Catalytic Syntheses of Biomass‐Derived Constituents
Authors: Lee Jechan , Park Chanyeong , Fai Tsang Yiu , Andrew Lin Kun‐Yi
Published: July 2024

Renewable chemicals, which are made from renewable resources such as biomass, have attracted significant interest as substitutes for natural gas‐ or petroleum‐derived chemicals to enhance the sustainability of the chemical and petrochemical industries. Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), which is a copolyester of 1,4‐butanediol (1,4‐BDO), adipic acid (AA), and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) or terephthalic acid (TPA), has garnered significant interest as a biodegradable polymer. This study assesses the non‐biological production of PBAT monomers from biomass feedstocks via heterogeneous catalytic reactions. The biomass‐based catalytic routes to each monomer are analyzed and compared to conventional routes. Although no fully commercialized catalytic processes for direct conversion of biomass into 1,4‐BDO, AA, DMT, and TPA are available, emerging and promising catalytic routes have been proposed. The proposed biomass‐based catalytic pathways toward 1,4‐BDO, AA, DMT, and TPA are not yet fully competitive with conventional fossil fuel‐based pathways mainly due to high feedstock prices and the existence of other alternatives. However, given continuous technological advances in the renewable production of PBAT monomers, bio‐based PBAT should be economically viable in the near future.
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Multicarbon Products on Non‐Copper Based Catalysts
Authors: Huang Jiayi , Liu Qianwen , Huang Jianmei , Xu Ming , Lai Wenchuan , Gu Zhiyuan
Published: July 2024

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) to value‐added multicarbon (C2+) products offers a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality and storing intermittent renewable energy. Copper (Cu)‐based electrocatalysts generally play the predominant role in this process. Yet recently, more and more non‐Cu materials have demonstrated the capability to convert CO2 into C2+, which provides impressive production efficiency even exceeding those on Cu, and a wider variety of C2+ compounds not achievable with Cu counterparts. This motivates us to organize the present review to make a timely and tutorial summary of recent progresses on developing non‐Cu based catalysts for CO2‐to‐C2+. We begin by elucidating the reaction pathways for C2+ formation, with an emphasis on the unique C−C coupling mechanisms in non‐Cu electrocatalysts. Subsequently, we summarize the typical C2+‐involved non‐Cu catalysts, including ds‐, d‐ and p‐block metals, as well as metal‐free materials, presenting the state‐of‐the‐art design strategies to enhance C2+ efficiency. The system upgrading to promote C2+ productivity on non‐Cu electrodes covering microbial electrosynthesis, electrolyte engineering, regulation of operational conditions, and synergistic co‐electrolysis, is highlighted as well. Our review concludes with an exploration of the challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.
Numerical investigation of thermal damage in rocks under high‐voltage electric pulse
Authors: Zhu Xiaohua , Liu Siqi , Liu Weiji , Zhou Xin , Tang Wuji
Published: July 2024

The high‐voltage electric pulse fracturing (HVEPF) technology represents a novel and highly promising approach in rock fracturing. The investigation of thermal damage inflicted upon rocks by high‐voltage electrical pulses under multi‐physical field coupling is of great significance in the development of deep geothermal energy. This study establishes a damage model for rocks under electric fragmentation conditions by integrating electric field, heat transfer field, and solid mechanics field. Based on the developed damage model, the insulating properties, temperature variations, and forms of damage of rocks during electric fracturing are explored. Subsequently, the influence of voltage on rock damage status is investigated. The findings reveal that damage to the rock does not occur immediately after electrical breakdown; rather, it increases with the growth of current and temperature within the breakdown channel. Initial damage occurs at the ends of the breakdown channel, followed closely by damage in the central region of the channel. The predominant form of damage in rocks is tensile failure, with shear failure playing a secondary role, and the volume of damage increases with voltage. These results elucidate the characteristics of rock damage during electric fracturing, providing valuable insights for the engineering application of electric fracturing techniques.
Unraveling spatial heterogeneity of soil legacy phosphorus in subtropical grasslands
Authors: Qiu Jiangxiao , Zhi Ran , Boughton Elizabeth H. , Li Haoyu , Henderson Charlotte R. B. , Petticord Daniel F. , Sparks Jed P. , Saha Amartya , Reddy K. Ramesh
Published: July 2024

Humans have profoundly altered phosphorus (P) cycling across scales. Agriculturally driven changes (e.g., excessive P‐fertilization and manure addition), in particular, have resulted in pronounced P accumulations in soils, often known as “soil legacy P.” These legacy P reserves serve as persistent and long‐term nonpoint sources, inducing downstream eutrophication and ecosystem services degradation. While there is considerable scientific and policy interest in legacy P, its fine‐scale spatial heterogeneity, underlying drivers, and scales of variance remain unclear. Here we present an extensive field sampling (150‐m interval grid) and analysis of 1438 surface soils (0–15 cm) in 2020 for two typical subtropical grassland types managed for livestock production: Intensively managed (IM) and Semi‐natural (SN) pastures. We ask the following questions: (1) What is the spatial variability, and are there hotspots of soil legacy P? (2) Does soil legacy P vary primarily within pastures, among pastures, or between pasture types? (3) How does soil legacy P relate to pasture management intensity, soil and geographic characteristics? and (4) What is the relationship between soil legacy P and aboveground plant tissue P concentration? Our results showed that three measurements of soil legacy P (total P, Mehlich‐1, and Mehlich‐3 extractable P representing labile P pools) varied substantially across the landscape. Spatial autoregressive models revealed that soil organic matter, pH, available Fe and Al, elevation, and pasture management intensity were crucial predictors for spatial patterns of soil P, although models were more reliable for predicting total P (68.9%) than labile P. Our analysis further demonstrated that total variance in soil legacy P was greater in IM than SN pastures, and intensified pasture management rescaled spatial patterns of soil legacy P. In particular, after controlling for sample size, soil P was extremely variable at small scales, with variance diminished as spatial scale increased. Our results suggest that broad pasture‐ or farm‐level best management practices may be limited and less efficient, especially for more IM pastures. Rather, management to curtail soil legacy P and mitigate P loading and losses should be implemented at fine scales designed to target spatially distinct P hotspots across the landscape.
Long‐distance swimming by African lions in Uganda
Authors: Braczkowski A. , Ochse L. , Atukwatse B. , Cornille O. , O'Bryan C. , Lindsey P. , Kotze R. , Gibson L. , Biggs D.
Published: July 2024

Earth's most imperiled and iconic wildlife are facing tough decisions under increasing human pressure and limited resources. Swimming across rivers and water bodies filled with high densities of predators may be one such example. In African lions Panthera leo, previous water crossings (recorded in the peer‐reviewed and gray literature, on film, and found using Google Search, and YouTube) have recorded distances ranging from <10 to 100 m, with some resulting in mortality by Nile Crocodiles Crocodylis niloticus. However, we observed a coalition of male lions swimming >1 km across Uganda's Kazinga channel located in the Queen Elizabeth National Park six times, and recorded this behavior on film on February 1st 2024. We speculate that three factors could be driving these lions to take long‐distance swims with a high density of crocodiles and hippos Hippopotamus amphibius, namely (1) the lack of lionesses in this ecosystem, (2) intraspecific fights over territory with other male coalitions, and (3) the only other land connection giving lions access to the peninsula is a small road bridge with a strong human presence.
Distribution patterns of soil bacteria, fungi, and protists emerge from distinct assembly processes across subcommunities
Authors: Kayiranga Alexis , Isabwe Alain , Yao Haifeng , Shangguan Huayuan , Coulibaly Justin Louis Kafana , Breed Martin , Sun Xin
Published: July 2024

Environmental change exerts a profound effect on soil microbial domains—including bacteria, fungi, and protists—that each perform vital ecological processes. While these microbial domains are ubiquitous and extremely diverse, little is known about how they respond to environmental changes in urban soil ecosystems and what ecological processes shape them. Here we investigated the community assembly processes governing bacteria, fungi, and protists through the lens of four distinct subcommunities: abundant, conditionally rare, conditionally abundant, and rare taxa. We show that transient taxa, including the conditionally rare and conditionally rare or abundant taxa, were the predominant subcommunities. Deterministic processes (e.g., environmental filtering) had major roles in structuring all subcommunities of fungi, as well as conditionally rare and abundant protists. Stochastic processes had strong effects in structuring all subcommunities of bacteria (except rare taxa) and conditionally rare protists. Overall, our study underscores the importance of complementing the traditional taxonomy of microbial domains with the subcommunity approach when investigating microbial communities in urban soil ecosystems.
Diets of white‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) inhabiting limestone forests: The effects of habitat fragmentation and implication for conservation
Authors: Lai Ying , Chen Yanqiong , Zhang Kechu , Huang Zhonghao
Published: July 2024

Information about wildlife diets is crucial for comprehending how species adapt to varying environments in fragmented habitats and for developing effective conservation strategies. White‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) are exclusively found in fragmented limestone forests in southwestern China. To investigate the effects of habitat fragmentation on langurs' diets, we collected published dietary data and relevant environmental factors spanning from 1996 to 2021 at two regions with different degrees of fragmentation (Banli > Bapen), from 10 studies (three of Banli and seven of Bapen). The results demonstrated that the diets of white‐headed langurs were significantly influenced by environmental factors, including habitat fragmentation, annual rainfall, and mean annual temperature. Food item diversity index was significantly and positively affected by the fragmentation index, the higher fragmentation the langurs suffered, the more diverse food items they consumed. Besides, fruit consumption was negatively influenced by annual rainfall and the consumption of other items was influenced by mean annual temperature. Notably, although there are no significant differences in the feeding proportions of food items or food item diversity indices were observed between the Banli and Bapen groups, the Banli groups extensively consumed ground‐supported kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), a plant rarely recorded in the dietary preferences of the Bapen groups, implying that the large plants likely lacking in the fragmented limestone forests. Our findings provide evidence of the major impact of habitat fragmentation on the dietary composition of white‐headed langurs, highlighting the need of considering the possibility that the habitats of the white‐headed langurs have all undergone extreme fragmentation, inferring the conservation efforts should prioritize protecting native vegetation and reducing human disturbance.
Multireceptor Analysis for Evaluating the Antidiabetic Efficacy of Karanjin: A Computational Approach
Authors: Nag Sagnik , Stany B. , Mishra Shatakshi , Kumar Sunil , Mohanto Sourav , Ahmed Mohammed Gulzar , Mathew Bijo , Subramaniyan Vetriselvan
Published: July 2024

Background

Diabetes mellitus, notably type 2, is a rising global health challenge, prompting the need for effective management strategies. Common medications such as metformin, insulin, repaglinide and sitagliptin can induce side effects like gastrointestinal disturbances, hypoglycemia, weight gain and specific organ risks. Plant‐derived therapies like Karanjin from Pongamia pinnata present promising alternatives due to their historical use, holistic health benefits and potentially fewer adverse effects. This study employs in silico analysis to explore Karanjin's interactions with diabetes‐associated receptors, aiming to unveil its therapeutic potential while addressing the limitations and side effects associated with conventional medications.

Methodology

The research encompassed the selection of proteins from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), followed by structural refinement processes and optimization. Ligands such as Karanjin and standard drugs were retrieved from PubChem, followed by a comprehensive analysis of their ADMET profiling and pharmacokinetic properties. Protein–ligand interactions were evaluated through molecular docking using AutoDockTools 1.5.7, followed by the analysis of structural stability using coarse‐grained simulations with CABS Flex 2.0. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using Desmond 7.2 and the OPLS4 force field to explore how Karanjin interacts with proteins over 100 nanoseconds, focusing on the dynamics and structural stability.

Results

Karanjin, a phytochemical from Pongamia pinnata, shows superior drug candidate potential compared to common medications, offering advantages in efficacy and reduced side effects. It adheres to drug‐likeness criteria and exhibits optimal ADMET properties, including moderate solubility, high gastrointestinal absorption and blood–brain barrier penetration. Molecular docking revealed Karanjin's highest binding energy against receptor 3L2M (Pig pancreatic alpha‐amylase) at −9.1 kcal/mol, indicating strong efficacy potential. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable ligand–protein complexes with minor fluctuations in RMSD and RMSF, suggesting robust interactions with receptors 3L2M.

Conclusion

Karanjin demonstrates potential in pharmaceutical expansion for treating metabolic disorders such as diabetes, as supported by computational analysis. Prospects for Karanjin in pharmaceutical development include structural modifications for enhanced efficacy and safety. Nanoencapsulation may improve bioavailability and targeted delivery to pancreatic cells, while combination therapies could optimize treatment outcomes in diabetes management. Clinical trials and experimental studies are crucial to validate its potential as a novel therapeutic agent.
Chemoselective Synthesis of Cyanoformamides from Isocyanates and a Highly Reactive Nitrile Anion Reservoir
Authors: Miele Margherita , Castoldi Laura , Roller‐Prado Alexander , Pisano Luisa , Pace Vittorio
Published: July 2024

The direct addition of a nitrile anion to isocyanates is reported for a straightforward preparation of valuable cyanoformamides. Through the proper activation of an adequate silicon‐ate complex precursor (PhMe2SiCN) with a Lewis base (potassium tert‐amylate) under Barbier‐type conditions, the cyanide was instantaneously released, thus yielding the desired motif with full chemocontrol. No particular structural restriction was noticed for engaging in the transformation a wide series of commercially available isocyanates.
Advanced In Situ and Operando Characterization Techniques for Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Kaikai , Luo Dan , Ma Qianyi , Lai Xiaoyong , He Lijun , Chen Zhongwei
Published: July 2024

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIB) are increasingly recognized as a promising next‐generation energy storage technology, prized for their affordability and high safety profile. Yet, their widespread adoption is challenged by complex reaction mechanisms and the evolving nature of both the electrode material and interfaces, which remain critical barriers. This review underscores the utility of in situ and operando characterization techniques in AZIB systems, offering invaluable tools for tracking these intricate processes and deepening understanding of energy storage mechanisms. This review presents an extensive overview of cutting‐edge in situ and operando methods, emphasizing their crucial role in structural investigations of materials and interfaces during electrochemical processes. This review particularly focuses on the synergistic application of various in situ techniques, delving into the nuances of experimental setups and data interpretation. Finally, it addresses current challenges in the field and proposes potential strategies, aiming to enhance the impact and broaden the application of these techniques for future advancements and mechanistic insights in AZIB research.
Two main highstands during the last interglacial: Insights from palaeoshorelines and marine terraced deposits along the Ionian coast of the Apulia region, southern Italy
Authors: De Santis Vincenzo , Montagna Paolo , Scicchitano Giovanni , Mastronuzzi Giuseppe , Pons‐Branchu Edwige , Scardino Giovanni , Ortiz José E. , Sánchez‐Palencia Yolanda , Torres Trinidad , Caldara Massimo
Published: July 2024

Field data, U‐Th dating and amino acid racemisation (AAR) and epimerisation (IAE) analyses were performed in a sector of the Ionian coast of Apulia. Palaeoshoreline 1 (PS1) was identified at +40 ± 5 m with the associated terraced deposit 1 (TD1). Palaeoshoreline 2 (PS2) was identified at +30 ± 2 m with the associated terraced deposit 2 (TD2), characterised by five sub‐units. The sub‐units that mark the transgression have an age of 127.851 ± 1.47 ky BP (by U‐Th dating) and 128.4 ± 26.2 ky BP (by AAR); one of sub‐units marking the highstand falls within aminozone E (MIS 5.5) based on IAE. Palaeoshoreline 3 (PS3) was identified at +19 ± 2 m with the associated terraced deposit 3 (TD3); they mark the occurrence of a second, lower elevation MIS 5.5 highstand. TD3 dates back to aminozones E–D (MIS 5.5‐MIS 5.3) based on IAE and to 122.49 ± 1.25 ky BP by U‐Th dating. We considered two scenarios where the first highstand of MIS 5.5 occurred at 125 and 123 ky BP, with a sea level at +7.5 ± 1.5 m; we then calculated the uplift rate of PS2 for both scenarios: it resulted to be 0.18 ± 0.03 mm/year. These uplift rates were used to calculate the position of PS3 at 122.49 ± 1.25 (rounded to ⁓122 ky BP) as well as the position of the layer dated to 127.851 ± 1.47 ky BP (rounded to ⁓128 ky BP). The position of PS3 at the time of its formation (i.e., the sea level at ⁓122 ky BP, corresponding to the second highstand of MIS 5.5) was calculated to be −2.96 ± 5.42 m for Scenario 1 and −3.32 ± 5.47 m for Scenario 2. The sea level obtained by the layer dated to ~128 ky BP was found to have a value of −11.79 ± 6.29 m. Finally, we reconstructed a relative sea level (RSL) trend suggesting two main highstands during MIS 5.5, with the earlier higher than the second.
Development of novel intrusion detection in Internet of Things using improved dart game optimizer‐derived optimal cascaded ensemble learning
Authors: Shali A. , Chinnasamy A. , Selvakumari P.
Published: July 2024

Background of the Study

Internet of things (IoT) industry has accelerated its development with the support of advanced information technology and economic expansion. A complete industrial foundation includes software, chips, electronic components, IoT services, integrated systems, machinery, and telecom operators, which the gradual improvement in the IoT industry system has formulated. As the exponential growth of IoT devices increases, the attack surface available to cybercriminals enables them to carry out potentially more damaging operations. As a result, the security sector has witnessed a rise in cyberattacks. Hackers use several methods to copy and modify the information in the IoT environment. Machine learning techniques are used by the intrusion detection (ID) model to determine and categorize attacks in IoT networks.

Objectives

Thus, this study explores the ID system with the heuristic‐assisted deep learning approaches for effectively detect the attacks in the IoT. At first, the IoT data are garnered in benchmark resources. Then, the gathered data is preprocessed to perform data cleaning. Next, the data is transformed and fed to the feature extraction stage. The feature extraction is performed with the help of one‐dimensional convolutional neural network (1D‐CNN), where the features are extracted from the target‐based pooling layer. Then, these attained deep features are fed to the ID phase, where the cascaded ensemble learning (CEL) approach is adopted for detecting the intrusions. Here, the hyperparameter tuning is done with a new suggested improved darts game optimizer (IDGO) algorithm. Here, the main objective of the developed algorithm helps to maximize accuracy in ID.

Findings

Throughout the experimental findings, the developed model provides 86% of accuracy. Thus, the finding of the developed model shows less detecting time and higher detection efficiency.
GIJA:Enhanced geyser‐inspired Jaya algorithm for task scheduling optimization in cloud computing
Authors: Abualigah Laith , Hussein Ahmad MohdAziz , Almomani Mohammad H. , Zitar Raed Abu , Daoud Mohammad Sh. , Migdady Hazem , Alzahrani Ahmed Ibrahim , Alwadain Ayed
Published: July 2024

Task scheduling optimization plays a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency and performance of cloud computing systems. In this article, we introduce GIJA (Geyser‐inspired Jaya Algorithm), a novel optimization approach tailored for task scheduling in cloud computing environments. GIJA integrates the principles of the Geyser‐inspired algorithm with the Jaya algorithm, augmented by a Levy Flight mechanism, to address the complexities of task scheduling optimization. The motivation for this research stems from the increasing demand for efficient resource utilization and task management in cloud computing, driven by the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the growing reliance on cloud‐based services. Traditional task scheduling algorithms often face challenges in handling dynamic workloads, heterogeneous resources, and varying performance objectives, necessitating innovative optimization techniques. GIJA leverages the eruptive dynamics of geysers, inspired by nature's efficiency in channeling resources, to guide task scheduling decisions. By combining this Geyser‐inspired approach with the simplicity and effectiveness of the Jaya algorithm, GIJA offers a robust optimization framework capable of adapting to diverse cloud computing environments. Additionally, the integration of the Levy Flight mechanism introduces stochasticity into the optimization process, enabling the exploration of solution spaces and accelerating convergence. To evaluate the efficacy of GIJA, extensive experiments are conducted using synthetic and real‐world datasets representative of cloud computing workloads. Comparative analyses against existing task scheduling algorithms, including AOA, RSA, DMOA, PDOA, LPO, SCO, GIA, and GIAA, demonstrate the superior performance of GIJA in terms of solution quality, convergence rate, diversity, and robustness. The findings of GIJA provide a promising solution quality for addressing the complexities of task scheduling in cloud environments (95%), with implications for enhancing system performance, scalability, and resource utilization.
Extraction and identification of bioactive compounds from areca nut (Areca catechu L.) and potential for future applications
Authors: Guo Ziyuan , Wang Zihan , Luo Yinghua , Ma Lingjun , Hu Xiaosong , Chen Fang , Li Daotong , Jia Min
Published: July 2024

Areca (Areca catechu L.) nut is a tropical plantation fruit cultivated mainly in South and Southeast Asia. As a chewing hobby, it has become the most common psychoactive substance in the world, besides tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine. Areca catechu contains abundant nutrients and active components such as alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, proteins, and vitamins, which have been reported to have anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti‐depressant, anti‐hypertensive, anti‐fatigue, and other biological properties. However, at present, the resource utilization rate of the whole‐plant areca nut is low, which not only causes resource waste but also damages the environment. Establishing effective, safe, and environmentally friendly techniques and methods is necessary for the comprehensive utilization of A. catechu resources. In this review, we summarized the traditional and advanced methods for the extraction and identification of main bioactive substances in A. catechu and compared the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Furthermore, the possible trends and perspectives for future use of A. catechu are also discussed. Our objective is to extend the application of this bioactive ingredient to improve the added value, provide valuable information for developing new A. catechu products and derivatives, and improve the comprehensive utilization of areca nut resources.