bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: FeCl3‐Catalyzed Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Piperidines and Tetrahydropyrans.
Authors: Guerinot Amandine , Serra‐Muns Anna , Gnamm Christian , Bensoussan Charlelie , Reymond Sebastien , Cossy Janine
Published: August 2010

The method is developed to prepare the cis‐2,6‐piperidines and cis‐2,6‐tetrahydrofurans with high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of 2‐Arylquinolines.
Authors: Sueki Shunsuke , Okamoto Chiharu , Shimizu Isao , Seto Keisuke , Furukawa Yukio
Published: August 2010

A facile method for the synthesis of 2‐arylquinolines via Yb(O‐Tf)3‐catalyzed reaction of anilines, arylaldehydes and 1,1‐diethoxyethane is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Enantioselective One‐Pot Three‐Component Access to Indoloquinolizidines by a Michael Addition—Pictet—Spengler Sequence.
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Dai Xiaoyang , Nie Linlin , Fang Huihui , Chen Jie , Ren Zhongjiao , Cao Weiguo , Zhao Gang
Published: August 2010

The title method is potentially useful in combinatorial library construction and the synthesis of natural alkaloids.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective 7‐endo‐trig/Ring Contraction Cascade to Construct Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Li Xinyu , Li Cheng , Zhang Wenjing , Lu Xiang , Han Shiqing , Hong Ran
Published: August 2010

N‐Acyliminium ion, in cooperation with a novel rearrangement, is designed to initiate the highly stereoselective 7‐endo‐trig/ring contraction cascade as exemplified in the broad substrate scope on the construction of the substituted pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolines [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Condensation of 3‐Aminothiophene‐2‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Aldehydes and Meldrum′s Acid.
Authors: Lichitsky B. V. , Belyi R. M. , Komogortsev A. N. , Dudinov A. A. , Krayushkin M. M.
Published: August 2010

A new and convenient three‐component, one‐pot synthesis of previously unknown thieno[3,2‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Push—Pull Alkenes from Cyclic Ketene‐N,N′‐acetals: A Wide Span of Double Bond Lengths and Twist Angles.
Authors: Ye Guozhong , Chatterjee Sabornie , Li Min , Zhou Aihua , Song Yingquan , Barker Bobby Lloyd , Chen Chunlong , Beard Debbie J. , Henry William P. , Pittman Charles U.
Published: August 2010

Push‐pull alkene structures are synthesized from cyclic ketene‐N,N′‐acetals or their analogues, generated in situ.
ChemInform Abstract: A Piperidinium Triflate Catalyzed Biginelli Reaction.
Authors: Ramalingan Chennan , Park Su‐Jung , Lee In‐Sook , Kwak Young‐Woo
Published: August 2010

The three‐component reaction which uses special heterocyclic aldehydes to give biopertinent hydropyrimidines opens a broad field of versatility (20 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Trichloromethylpyrimidines and Trichloromethylpyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidines from Alkyl 2‐(Diaminomethylidene)‐3‐oxobutyrates and Trichloroacetonitrile.
Authors: Voronkova V. A. , Komkov A. V. , Dorokhov V. A.
Published: August 2010

The reaction between ketene aminals (I) and trichloroacetonitrile leads to functionalized pyrimidines (III), which can be used as precursor for novel pyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidines (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Dibenz[b,f]oxepines from 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene.
Authors: Samet A. V. , Marshalkin V. N. , Lyssenko K. A. , Semenov V. V.
Published: August 2010

The peri‐nitro group in 1,3‐dinitrodibenz[b,f]oxepine (I) is selectively substituted by O‐ and S‐nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: The Intramolecular Amination of Allenes.
Authors: Feast George C. , Page Lee W. , Robertson Jeremy
Published: August 2010

Rhodium‐bound nitrenoids are trapped by tethered allenes generating a variety of structures such as aminocyclopropanes (III) and methylene aziridines (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Reaction Using the Bestmann—Ohira Reagent: A Regioselective Synthesis of Phosphonyl Pyrazole Rings.
Authors: Mohanan Kishor , Martin Anthony R. , Toupet Loic , Smietana Michael , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques
Published: August 2010

A new one‐pot multicomponent reaction involving the use of an aldehyde, a cyanoacid derivative, and the Bestmann‐Ohira reagent (BOR) is developed for the synthesis of substituted phosphonyl pyrazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Novel 15(10→1)Abeomuurolane Sesquiterpenes from Cosmo sulphureus.
Authors: Wu Jyh‐Horng , Chang Yi‐Fu , Tung Yu‐Tang , Tsuzuki Minoru , Izuka Akira , Wang Sheng‐Yang , Kuo Yueh‐Hsiung
Published: August 2010

cosmosoic acid (Ia), cosmosaldehyde (Ib)
ChemInform Abstract: Sesterterpenes from the Sponge Dysidea sp.
Authors: Yang Xiaoxia , Shao Zhiyu , Zhang Xingqun
Published: August 2010

isolation and structural elucidation of one new sesterterpene, scalarester (I), along with four known scalarane
ChemInform Abstract: Cyanogen Bromide as Dehydrosulfurizing Agent for the Synthesis of Nβ‐Fmoc‐Amino Alkyl Isonitriles from Nβ‐Fmoc‐Amino Alkyl Thioformamides.
Authors: Vishwanatha T. M. , Hemantha H. P. , Sureshbabu V. V.
Published: August 2010

An optimized ultrasound promoted procedure for the synthesis of the thioformamides is developed and their conversion to isonitriles is described briefly (no yields given).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiopure 2,6‐Disubstituted Piperidines Bearing One Alkene‐ or Alkyne‐Containing Substituent: Preparation and Application to Total Syntheses of Indolizidine‐Alkaloids.
Authors: Liu Hui , Su Deyong , Cheng Guolin , Xu Jimin , Wang Xinyan , Hu Yuefei
Published: August 2010

Starting with the known precursor (I), a library of 18 optically active 2,6‐disubstituted piperidines such as (VI) carrying one alkene or alkyne moiety is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Total Synthesis of Hainanensine via an Unusual Rearrangement—Annulation Cascade.
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Wei , Li Wei‐Dong Z.
Published: August 2010

Formic acid mediated cascade rearrangement/annulation reaction is the key step to the preparation of alkaloid precursors (II), which are further functionalized to hainanensine (III) and its dimethyl analogue.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New C19‐Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum hemsleyanum var. circinatum.
Authors: Gao Feng , Liu Xiao‐Yu , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: August 2010

hemsleyanines E (I), F (II), and G (III)
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Indole Alkaloids from the Marine‐Derived Bacterium Aeromonas sp. CB101.
Authors: Cai Sheng‐Xin , Li De‐Hai , Zhu Tian‐Jiao , Wang Feng‐Ping , Xiao Xiang , Gu Qian‐Qun
Published: August 2010

arsindolines A (Ia) and B (Ib)
ChemInform Abstract: New Nemadectin Congener from Streptomyces microflavus Neau3: Fermentation, Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Biological Activities.
Authors: Xiang Wen‐Sheng , Wang Ji‐Dong , Wang Ming , Wang Xiang‐Jing
Published: August 2010

Bioactivity‐guided fractionation of the Streptomyces microflavus neau3 fermentation broth leads to the isolation of the new compound (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Antibacterial and Antilarval Compounds from Marine Gorgonian‐Associated Bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SCSIO 00856.
Authors: Gao Cheng‐Hai , Tian Xin‐Peng , Qi Shu‐Hua , Luo Xiong‐Ming , Wang Ping , Zhang Si
Published: August 2010

The new compound macrolactin V (Ia) is isolated from the title bacillus together with the known diastereoisomer (Ib) and 3 other known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin‐Glass‐Type State in Complex Nonmagnetic Systems
Authors: Tareyeva E. E. , Schelkacheva T. I. , Chtchelkatchev N. M.
Published: August 2010

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Correlation Effects in the Iron Pnictides
Authors: Si Qimiao , Abrahams Elihu , Dai Jianhui , Zhu Jian‐Xin
Published: August 2010

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid State Electro‐reduction in Liquid Salts
Authors: Chen George Z.
Published: August 2010

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultra‐fast Dynamics in Solids: Non‐Equilibrium Behaviour of Magnetism and Atomic Structure
Authors: Bennemann K. H.
Published: August 2010

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkynes Between Main Group Elements: From Dumbbells via Rods to Squares and Tubes
Authors: Gleiter Rolf , Werz Daniel B.
Published: August 2010

Review: 470 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: P4 Activation by Late‐Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Caporali Maria , Gonsalvi Luca , Rossin Andrea , Peruzzini Maurizio
Published: August 2010

Review: 284 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Isolable Dialkylsilylene and Its Derivatives. A Step Toward Comprehension of Heavy Unsaturated Bonds
Authors: Kira Mitsuo
Published: August 2010

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of π‐Conjugated Polymers by Organometallic Polycondensation
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: August 2010

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteronuclear Double Bonds E=E′ (E: Heavy Group 14 Element, E′: Group 13—16 Element)
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya. , Sekiguchi Akira , Escudie Jean , Ranaivonjatovo Henri
Published: August 2010

Review: syntheses and chemical properties; 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational and Supramolecular Properties of Main Chain and Cyclic Click Oligotriazoles and Polytriazoles
Authors: Chow Hak‐Fun , Lau Kwun‐Ngai , Ke Zhihai , Liang Yuting , Lo Chui‐Man
Published: August 2010

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inside HDAC with HDAC Inhibitors
Authors: Bertrand Philippe
Published: August 2010

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heptacene and Beyond: The Longest Characterized Acenes
Authors: Zade Sanjio S. , Bendikov Michael
Published: August 2010

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Simple, Neutral Triatomic Molecules to Complex Chemistry
Authors: Yu Tao , Cristiano Rodrigo , Weiss Richard G.
Published: August 2010

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heuristic Thinking Makes a Chemist Smart
Authors: Graulich Nicole , Hopf Henning , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: August 2010

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Template Approaches to Conjugated Polymer Micro‐and Nanoparticles
Authors: Kelly Timothy L. , Wolf Michael O.
Published: August 2010

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “Click” Methodologies: Efficient, Simple and Greener Routes to Design Dendrimers
Authors: Franc Gregory , Kakkar Ashok K.
Published: August 2010

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Macromolecular Multi‐Chromophoric Scaffolding
Authors: Schwartz Erik , Le Gac Stephane , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M. , Nolte Roeland J. M. , Rowan Alan E.
Published: August 2010

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Vinylogation to Alkynylogation: Extending the Reactivity of Enolates
Authors: Xu Bo , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: August 2010

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Asymmetric Gold Catalysis
Authors: Sengupta Sujata , Shi Xiaodong
Published: August 2010

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solubility of Fluorocarbons in Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Shiflett Mark B. , Yokozeki A.
Published: August 2010

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzyme‐Based Logic Systems for Information Processing
Authors: Katz Evgeny , Privman Vladimir
Published: August 2010

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Collapse of Homochirality of Amino Acids in Proteins from Various Tissues During Aging
Authors: Fujii Noriko , Kaji Yuichi , Fujii Norihiko , Nakamura Tooru , Motoie Ryota , Mori Yuhei , Kinouchi Tadatoshi
Published: August 2010

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aberrant Control of Motoneuronal Excitability in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Excitatory Glutamate/D‐Serine vs. Inhibitory Glycine/γ‐Aminobutanoic Acid (GABA)
Authors: Sasabe Jumpei , Aiso Sadakazu
Published: August 2010

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Serine Racemase Knockout Mice
Authors: Mori Hisashi , Inoue Ran
Published: August 2010

Review: 35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intensification of Liquid—Liquid Reaction and Separation Processes with Miniaturization
Authors: Luo G. S. , Xu J. H. , Li S. W. , Wang K. , Tan J.
Published: August 2010

Review: 12 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnets (Organic/Polymer)
Authors: Miller Joel S. , Epstein Arthur J.
Published: August 2010

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Yet Another Ten Stories on Antiviral Drug Discovery. Part D. Paradigms, Paradoxes, and Paraductions
Authors: De Clercq Erik
Published: August 2010

Review: 291 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Soil Infrastructure, Interfaces & Translocation Processes in Inner Space (“Soil‐it‐is”): Towards a Road Map for the Constraints and Crossroads of Soil Architecture and Biophysical Processes
Authors: de Jonge L. W. , Moldrup P. , Schjonning P.
Published: August 2010

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐ and Two‐Dimensional Single Quantum and Multiple Quantum NMR Methodologies: Tools for Chiral Analyses
Authors: Nath Nilamoni , Hebbar Sankeerth , Prabhu Uday Ramesh , Suryaprakash N.
Published: August 2010

Review: 66 refs.
Towards Efficient Modelling of Slag Entrainment during Metallurgical Processes
Authors: Pirker S.
Published: August 2010

This paper focuses on the numerical modelling of slag entrainment in liquid metal. Due to the complexity of the multi‐phase flow situation and the inherently unsteady nature of the process, feasible simulations are restricted to rather coarse grids. Nevertheless, important flow structures like secondary suction vortices cannot be captured by an insufficiently resolved grid. As a consequence three numerical approaches are proposed in order to focus on local slag entrainment events within a global flow simulation. Firstly, in the course of Volume of Fluid (VOF) simulations the evolving metal‐slag interface is sharpened by a solution dependent adaptive grid refinement. Secondly, possible suction vortices are tested by super‐imposed Chimera grids. In this approach a finely resolved O‐shaped grid is placed around the trajectory of a representative Lagrangian fluid particle that is started from a local depression at the metal‐slag interface. Thirdly, a simplified concept of Lagrangian slag droplets is utilized in order to detect irregularly occurring flow situations that are prone to slag entrainment. These modelling approaches are applied to metallurgical processes like tundish pouring or continuous casting. With help of these slag entrainment modelling approaches a global metallurgical flow simulation can be augmented by the effect of local entrainment events.
The Influence of Support Rollers of Continuous Casting Machines on Heat Transfer and on Stress‐Strain of Slabs in Secondary Cooling
Authors: Xia G. , Schiefermüller A.
Published: August 2010

The processes of solidification and heat extraction are important for the continuous casting of steel. In this work, investigations on the influence of support roller contact on solidification in a strand of a slab caster, such as surface temperature and strand shell growth, and on thermal strain and stress in the slab have been carried out. The results show that roller contact has an influence on the solidification of steel and on the thermo‐mechanical behaviour of the strand.
Current inhibition of human EAG1 potassium channels by the Ca2+ binding protein S100B
Authors: Sahoo Nirakar , Tröger Jessica , Heinemann Stefan H. , Schönherr Roland
Published: August 2010

MINT‐7988123: CaM (uniprotkb:P62158) and EAG1 alpha (uniprotkb:O95259) physically interact (MI:0915) by competition binding (MI:0405)MINT‐7988019, MINT‐7988052: EAG1 alpha (uniprotkb:O95259) binds (MI:0407) to s100B (uniprotkb:P02638) by pull down (MI:0096)MINT‐7988074: EAG1 alpha (uniprotkb:O95259) and s100B (uniprotkb:P02638) physically interact (MI:0915) by competition binding (MI:0405)MINT‐7988100:CaM (uniprotkb:P62158) and EAG1 alpha (uniprotkb:O95259) bind (MI:0407) by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (MI:0052).
A simple argument against design
Authors: MOLLER DAN
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a simple argument against life being the product of design. The argument rests on three points. (1) We can conceive of the debate in terms of likelihoods, in the technical sense – how probable the design hypothesis renders our evidence, versus how probable the competing Darwinian hypothesis renders that evidence. (2) God, as traditionally conceived, had many more options by which to bring about life as we observe it than were available to natural selection. That is, the relevant parameters were, in many cases, far more constrained under natural selection. (3) Utterly mundane features of the world, like that the earth is very old, are actually powerful evidence that the world was not designed, since that outcome was optional on the design hypothesis but nearly inevitable on natural selection.
A new method for isotropic analysis of limited DOF parallel manipulators with terminal constraints
Authors: Qu Haibo , Fang Yuefa , Guo Sheng
Published: August 2010

Based on the terminal constraints system (TCS) and reciprocal screw theory, a novel method is presented to determine the isotropic configurations of limited degree-of-freedom (DOF) parallel manipulators. From the available physical meaning of isotropy, the criteria to determine the isotropic configurations can be transformed to investigate whether the TCS acting on the moving platform works equally well in all directions. From the TCS study, the simplest form of constraints system matrix can be obtained. Then the constraint condition number is defined to measure the isotropy of spatial parallel manipulator based on the TCS. This method not only avoids solving the Jacobian matrix for some complex structural parallel manipulators but also points out the physical meaning of isotropy, which indicates that the TCS acting on the moving platform works equally well in all directions. Three examples are employed to illustrate this method.
Marks of Mission and ways of belonging: shaping the Anglican agenda for occasional churchgoers in the countryside
Authors: Walker David
Published: August 2010

This paper uses quantitative methods in conjunction with the five Marks of Mission of the Anglican Communion to identify opportunities and give direction to mission. It applies the model of belonging through activity, events, people and place developed in an earlier paper2 to data provided by 326 occasional and 775 frequent churchgoers in a survey conducted in 27 rural parish churches. For occasional churchgoers a distinctive pattern of belonging, as predicted by the model, is observed and a simple characterisation made. The application of the Five Marks of Mission to this group is discussed and practical suggestions made to help churches engage effectively with them as both agents and recipients of mission activity. The paper concludes that perceived limitations in the faith of occasional church attendees may derive from a failure by the church to value their mode of belonging and to engage with them on their own territory.
Humanitarian challenges of urbanization
Authors: Duijsens Raimond
Published: August 2010

More than one billion people nowadays live as slum-dwellers in informal settlements characterized by vulnerability and poverty. The ‘normal’ situation in slums can, in several ways, be classified as a ‘crisis’, and violence levels often contribute to situations akin to ‘armed conflict’. The plight of these people should be the concern of humanitarian organizations, which should consequently widen their spectrum and address vulnerability to disasters and to violence as mutually reinforcing. Applying the ‘human security’ framework and ‘livelihoods’ approach can enable them to take a proactive role. However, particularly for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, a greater involvement also poses several challenges.
Explicit Control of Implicit Responses
Authors: Wallaert Matthew , Ward Andrew , Mann Traci
Published: August 2010

Research has begun to reveal the malleability of implicit prejudice. One measure of this construct, the race Implicit Association Test (IAT), represents a widely-used tool to assess individuals’ positive and negative associations with different racial groups. In two studies, we demonstrate the capacity of salient pressures to alter implicit racial responses. In Study 1, an enhancement of promoting pressures through an explicit instruction to stereotype was sufficient to increase pro-White bias on the IAT. In Study 2, an enhancement of inhibiting pressures through a simple instruction to avoid stereotyping was sufficient to reduce pro-White bias. Taken together, the studies suggest that implicit prejudice is amenable to voluntary control through the use of simple, direct means.
Mechanisms of Group Membership and Exemplar Exposure Effects on Implicit Attitudes
Authors: Gonsalkorale Karen , Allen Thomas J. , Sherman Jeffrey W. , Klauer Karl Christoph
Published: August 2010

This research examines the mechanisms underlying group-based differences in implicit attitudes and malleability of implicit attitudes resulting from exposure to exemplars. We tested whether these effects are due to differences in activated associations or to the regulation of those associations. In Study 1, Black participants exhibited less pro-White bias and activation of pro-White and anti-Black associations compared with White participants. In Study 2, exposure to positive Black and negative White exemplars produced lower pro-White bias and less activation of biased associations. These findings indicate that group-based differences in implicit attitudes and exemplar exposure effects reflect variability in and malleability of automatic associations. Implications for understanding the role of contact on intergroup attitudes are discussed.
Hostility Toward Men and the Perceived Stability of Male Dominance
Authors: Glick Peter , Whitehead Jessica
Published: August 2010

Two studies examined how ambivalent gender ideologies, measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (AMI), relate to the perceived legitimacy and stability of gender hierarchy. Study 1 showed simple correlations of each ASI and AMI subscale with the perceived legitimacy of gender hierarchy, but only Hostility Toward Men (HM: A traditional, but unflattering view of men as domineering) predicted the perceived stability of gender hierarchy. In Study 2, experimentally priming HM (but not other gender ideologies) increased perceptions of the stability of gender hierarchy. Although HM derides men for acting in a domineering manner, it characterizes men as designed for dominance. By reinforcing the perceived stability of gender hierarchy, HM may undermine women’s motivation to seek change.
Average properties of the magnetic reconnection ion diffusion region in the Earth's magnetotail: The 2001–2005 Cluster observations and comparison with simulations
Authors: Eastwood J. P. , Phan T. D. , Øieroset M. , Shay M. A.
Published: August 2010

Magnetic reconnection plays a key role in the circulation of plasma through the Earth's magnetosphere. As such, the Earth's magnetotail is an excellent natural laboratory for the study of reconnection and in particular the diffusion region. To address important questions concerning observational occurrence rates and average properties, the Cluster data set from 2001–2005 has been systematically examined for encounters with reconnection X lines and ion diffusion regions in the Earth's magnetotail. This survey of 175 magnetotail passes resulted in a sample of 33 correlated field and flow reversals. Eighteen events exhibited electric and magnetic field perturbations qualitatively consistent with the predictions of antiparallel Hall reconnection and could be identified as diffusion region encounters. The magnitudes of both the Hall magnetic and electric field were found to vary from event to event. When normalized against the inflow magnetic field and the current sheet number density the average peak Hall magnetic field was found to be 0.39 ± 0.16, the average peak Hall electric field was found to be 0.33 ± 0.18, and the average out of plane (reconnection) electric field was found to be ∼0.04. Good quantitative agreement was found between these results and a large, appropriately renormalized particle‐in‐cell simulation of reconnection. In future missions, the magnitude of the total DC electric field may be a useful tool for automatically identifying ion diffusion region encounters.
Spectral properties of the Alfvén cyclotron instability: Applications to relativistic electron scattering
Authors: Liu Kaijun , Gary S. Peter , Winske Dan
Published: August 2010

One‐dimensional hybrid simulations of the Alfvén‐cyclotron instability in magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless, electron‐proton plasmas are carried out to investigate the spectral properties of the resulting electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) fluctuations. The protons are initialized with a bi‐Maxwellian velocity distribution (Tp⊥ > Tp∥, where the subscripts refer to directions relative to the background magnetic field) to drive the instability. The spectra of the resulting EMIC fluctuations are characterized in terms of the wave number corresponding to the peak energy spectral density and the spectral width, both of which agree with the prediction of linear dispersion theory using instantaneous simulation values of plasma parameters. By requiring the electrons on the edge of the loss cone to be in cyclotron resonance with the wave at peak energy spectral density, the approximate condition for fast loss of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt due to pitch angle scattering by EMIC waves is derived. In addition, the enhanced EMIC fluctuations in the hybrid simulations are used as input waves in test particle computations to study the pitch angle scattering of relativistic electrons. The results show that fast loss of geophysically interesting relativistic electrons (≤2 MeV) is favored in regions of relatively high plasma densities, relatively cool proton temperatures, and relatively low magnetic fields. However, the results also suggest that the loss enhancement of geophysically interesting relativistic electrons by reduced proton temperatures can be weakened and complicated by the reduction in energy densities of the enhanced EMIC fluctuations corresponding to cooler proton temperatures.
Reactive infiltration of hydrous melt above the mantle transition zone
Authors: Leahy Garrett M. , Bercovici David
Published: August 2010

Seismic studies repeatedly image a low‐velocity layer overlying the mantle transition zone in tectonic settings ranging from subduction zones to continental cratons. This layer has been hypothesized to result from the presence of a dense partial melt formed by dehydration melting as relatively wet transition zone material is advected by convection currents into the low‐water‐solubility upper mantle. Here we examine this hypothesis by considering the dynamic infiltration of a low‐viscosity reactive hydrous melt into a high‐viscosity ambient solid. The thickness of the melt layer is strongly controlled by return flow induced in the surrounding viscous solid, and in steady state a dynamic equilibrium is achieved where the melt lens is restrained from collapse by the exterior mantle. Melt layers with thicknesses in excess of 10 km develop for a wide range of mantle parameters and develop on timescales equivalent to the lifespan of an ocean basin.
An EOF‐based comparison and evaluation of simulated passive microwave signatures to observations over tropical oceans
Authors: Biggerstaff Michael I. , Seo Eun‐Kyoung
Published: August 2010

Bayesian algorithms are a common method of retrieving cloud properties from a set of observed passive microwave brightness temperature (TB) measurements. In practice, such methods often use predefined databases from cloud‐resolving models to perform the retrieval. Successful performance in these types of Bayesian retrievals is greatly affected by the similarity of TBs between observed and predefined databases. Here empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis methods were used to illustrate the importance of predefined simulation databases on the ability to retrieve known regional variability in cloud structures across different parts of the tropical oceans and to provide insight on the relative impact of environmental conditions to limitations in cloud model microphysical parameterizations in retrieving different types of cloud structures. The spatial distributions of EOF coefficients in EOF space showed that there were both underrepresentation and overrepresentation between manifolds of the predefined and observed databases. Moreover, there was poor alignment in the frequency distribution between observed and simulated clouds structures. Additionally, the ability to retrieve known regional variability in convective cloud structure was dependent on the environmental conditions used to generate the simulated data set more so than limitations in the model microphysical parameterizations. The opposite was true for stratiform rain, as the dominant EOF patterns of the radiation indices for the predefined databases exhibit overproduction of large‐sized high‐density ice‐phase hydrometeors for a given rain content in comparison to the observations. Improvements to microphysical parameterization schemes appear to be necessary to produce radiance index vectors that are consistent with observations.
A nonlinearity interval mapping scheme for efficient waste load allocation simulation‐optimization analysis
Authors: Zou Rui , Liu Yong , Riverson John , Parker Andrew , Carter Stephen
Published: August 2010

Applications using simulation‐optimization approaches are often limited in practice because of the high computational cost associated with executing the simulation‐optimization analysis. This research proposes a nonlinearity interval mapping scheme (NIMS) to overcome the computational barrier of applying the simulation‐optimization approach for a waste load allocation analysis. Unlike the traditional response surface methods that use response surface functions to approximate the functional form of the original simulation model, the NIMS approach involves mapping the nonlinear input‐output response relationship of a simulation model into an interval matrix, thereby converting the original simulation‐optimization model into an interval linear programming model. By using the risk explicit interval linear programming algorithm and an inverse mapping scheme to implicitly resolve nonlinearity in the interval linear programming model, the NIMS approach efficiently obtained near‐optimal solutions of the original simulation‐optimization problem. The NIMS approach was applied to a case study on Wissahickon Creek in Pennsylvania, with the objective of finding optimal carbonaceous biological oxygen demand and ammonia (NH4) point source waste load allocations, subject to daily average and minimum dissolved oxygen compliance constraints at multiple points along the stream. First, a simulation‐optimization model was formulated for this case study. Next, a genetic algorithm was used to solve the problem to produce reference optimal solutions. Finally, the simulation‐optimization model was solved using the proposed NIMS, and the obtained solutions were compared with the reference solutions to demonstrate the superior computational efficiency and solution quality of the NIMS.
Interdisciplinary Research Produces Results in the Understanding of Planetary Dunes: Second International Planetary Dunes Workshop: Planetary Analogs—Integrating Models, Remote Sensing, and Field Data; Alamosa, Colorado, 18–21 May 2010
Authors: Titus Timothy N. , Hayward Rosalyn Kay , Bourke Mary C.
Published: August 2010

Dunes and other eolian bed forms are prominent on several planetary bodies in our solar system. Despite 4 decades of study, many questions remain regarding the composition, age, and origins of these features, as well as the climatic conditions under which they formed. Recently acquired data from orbiters and rovers, together with terrestrial analogs and numerical models, are providing new insights into Martian sand dunes, as well as eolian bed forms on other terrestrial planetary bodies (e.g., Titan).

As a means of bringing together terrestrial and planetary researchers from diverse backgrounds with the goal of fostering collaborative interdisciplinary research, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, the Desert Research Institute, and the U.S. National Park Service held a workshop in Colorado. The small group setting facilitated intensive discussion of problems and issues associated with eolian processes on Earth, Mars, and Titan.
Three‐dimensional resistivity tomography of Vulcan's forge, Vulcano Island, southern Italy
Authors: Revil A. , Johnson T. C. , Finizola A.
Published: August 2010

9,525 DC resistivity measurements were taken along 9 profiles crossing the volcanic edifice of La Fossa di Vulcano (the forge of God Vulcan in ancient Roman mythology), Vulcano Island (Italy) using a total of 958 electrode locations. This unique data set has been inverted in 3D by minimizing the L2 norm of the data misfit using a Gauss‐Newton approach. The true 3D inversion was performed using parallel processing on an unstructured tetrahedral mesh containing 75,549 finite‐element nodes and 398,208 elements to accurately model the topography of the volcanic edifice. The 3D tomogram shows a very conductive body (>0.1 S/m) comprised inside the Pietre Cotte crater with conductive volumes that are consistent with the position of temperature and CO2 anomalies at the ground surface. This conductive body is interpreted as the main hydrothermal body. It is overlaid by a resistive and cold cap in the bottom of the crater. The position of the conductive body is consistent with the deformation source responsible for the observed 1990–1996 deflation of the volcano associated with a decrease of hydrothermal activity.
High‐porosity channels for melt migration in the mantle: Top is the dunite and bottom is the harzburgite and lherzolite
Authors: Liang Yan , Schiemenz Alan , Hesse Marc A. , Parmentier E. Marc , Hesthaven Jan S.
Published: August 2010

High‐porosity dunite channels are important pathways for melt migration in the mantle. To better understand the first order characteristics of the high‐porosity melt channel and its associated peridotite lithologies in an upwelling mantle, we conducted high‐resolution numerical simulations of reactive dissolution in a deformable porous medium. Results from this study show that high‐porosity dunite channels are transient and shallow parts of pathways for melt migration in the mantle. The lower parts of a high‐porosity channel are harzburgite and lherzolite. The size and dimension of dunite channels depend on the amplitude of lateral porosity variations at the base of the melting column, whereas the depth of dunite channel initiation depends on the melt flux entering the channel from below. Compaction and interaction between compaction and dissolution play a central role in distributing melt in the dunite channel. A wide orthopyroxene‐free dunite channel may contain two or more high‐porosity melt channels. A primary high‐porosity melt channel developed in the deep mantle may excite secondary melt channels in the shallow part of the melting column. The spatial relations among the high‐porosity melt channel and its associated lithologies documented in this study may shed new light on a number of field, petrological, and geochemical observations related to melt migration in the mantle.
Histone Sin mutations promote nucleosome traversal and histone displacement by RNA polymerase II
Authors: Hsieh Fu‐Kai , Fisher Michael , Újvári Andrea , Studitsky Vasily M , Luse Donal S
Published: August 2010

Nucleosome traversal by RNA polymerase II (pol II) and recovery of chromatin structure after transcription are essential for proper gene expression. In this paper we show that nucleosomes assembled with Sin mutant histones present a much weaker barrier to traversal by pol II and are less likely to survive transcription. Increases in traversal from incorporation of Sin mutant histones and histones lacking H2A/H2B amino‐terminal tails were in most cases additive, indicating that traversal can be facilitated by distinct mechanisms. We had identified a key intermediate in traversal, the zero (∅)‐loop, which mediates nucleosome survival during transcription. Sin mutations probably destabilize these intermediates and thus increase the likelihood of nucleosome disassociation.
The Role of Phonotactic Frequency in Sentence Repetition by Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Coady Jeffry A. , Evans Julia L. , Kluender Keith R.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

Recent work suggests that specific language impairment (SLI) results from a primary deficit in phonological processing. This deficit is most striking in nonword repetition tasks, where semantic and syntactic demands are eliminated. Children with SLI repeat nonwords less accurately than do their unimpaired peers, which may reflect difficulty extracting phonological regularities from their lexicons. However, recent evidence suggests that having children with SLI respond to meaningless syllables such as nonwords underestimates their language abilities. Therefore, phonological processing was measured by having children repeat meaningful sentences containing target words differing in phonotactic pattern frequency (PPF).

Method

Eighteen children with SLI (mean age = 9;0 [years;months]) and 18 age-matched controls repeated acoustically degraded sentences containing CVC target words differing in PPF, occurring in either subject position or sentence-final position.

Results

Accuracy results revealed significant main effects due to group, PPF, and sentence position (sentence final > subject). Further, the nonsignificant Group × PPF interaction suggests that both groups of children were similarly affected by PPF.

Conclusion

Children with SLI repeated CVC target words less accurately overall but showed similar sensitivity to PPF as typical controls, suggesting that PPF affects repetition of real words embedded in sentential contexts by both children with SLI and typically developing peers.
A Tutorial on Multiblock Discriminant Correspondence Analysis (MUDICA): A New Method for Analyzing Discourse Data From Clinical Populations
Authors: Williams Lynne J. , Abdi Hervé , French Rebecca , Orange Joseph B.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

In communication disorders research, clinical groups are frequently described based on patterns of performance, but researchers often study only a few participants described by many quantitative and qualitative variables. These data are difficult to handle with standard inferential tools (e.g., analysis of variance or factor analysis) whose assumptions are unfit for these data. This article presents
multiblock discriminant correspondence analysis
(MUDICA), which is a recent method that can handle datasets not suited for standard inferential techniques.

Method

MUDICA is illustrated with clinical data examining conversational trouble-source repair and topic maintenance in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT). Seventeen DAT participant/spouse dyads (6 controls, 5 participants with early DAT, 6 participants with moderate DAT) produced spontaneous conversations analyzed for co-occurrence of trouble-source repair and topic maintenance variables.

Results

MUDICA found that trouble-source repair sequences and topic transitions are associated and that patterns of performance in the DAT groups differed significantly from those in the control group.

Conclusion

MUDICA is ideally suited to analyze language and discourse data in communication disorders because it (a) can identify and predict clinical group membership based on patterns of performance, (b) can accommodate few participants and many variables, (c) can be used with categorical data, and (d) adds the rigor of inferential statistics.
Celluloid strip‐finished versus polished composite surface: difference in surface discoloration in microhybrid composites
Authors: Park S.‐H. , Noh B.‐D. , Ahn H.‐J. , Kim H.‐K.
Published: August 2010

summary 

The aim of this study was to compare the surface discoloration of polished and celluloid strip‐finished composite surfaces in microhybrid type composites and to determine whether or not the discoloration of a celluloid strip‐finished composite surface is reduced if oxygen inhibition on the surface can be prevented. The composite surfaces were celluloid‐strip finished (group 1), polished (group 2), or celluloid‐strip finished under nitrogen gas purging (group 3). Z100, Spectrum, and Aelitefil were used as the test materials. After each surface treatment, the samples were stored in 37 °C distilled water for 24 h and placed in a disclosing solution (0·2% Erythrosin, pH 7·0) for 7 days in the dark. A computer controlled spectrophotometer was used to determine the CIELAB co‐ordinates (L*, a*, b*). For each composite, the degree of discoloration among the groups was compared with a one‐way anova test. A Dunnett's t‐test was then performed to compare the colour change in group 1 with that of group 2 or group 3. In all materials, there were no statistical differences in the surface discoloration between group 1 and group 2. In the Aelitefil and Spectrum test materials, the samples in group 3 showed a lower level of discoloration than the those in group 1. In Z100, there was no statistical difference. In microhybrid composites, there was no difference in surface discoloration between celluloid strip‐finished and the polished surface. Nitrogen gas purging during the polymerization process on the celluloid strip‐finished composite surface might be useful for reducing the discoloration celluloid strip‐finished surface in microhybrid composites.
The immunohistochemical distribution of vimentin in human temporomandibular joint samples
Authors: Yoshida H. , Fukumura Y. , Nishida M. , Fujita S. , Iizuka T.
Published: August 2010

summary 

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the immunohistochemical distribution of vimentin in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to compare it with the control specimens. Immunohistochemical distribution in the disc and synovial membrane in 30 human TMJ (internal derangement of TMJ,n = 20; and control,n = 10) was studied immunohistologically using paraffin‐embedded tissue and specific anti‐human vimentin monoclonal antibody. Vimentin expression was distributed in chondrocyte‐like cells, synovial cells and endothelial cells. There was an obvious distinction of vimentin immunoreactivity between the control specimens and internal derangement cases, in the posterior and/or anterior loose connective tissues. In particular, intensive vimentin expression was detected in the hypertrophic synovial membrane of internal derangement cases. The findings of the present study suggest that vimentin might be an important marker of pathological hypertrophy of the synovial membrane and/or connective tissue with internal derangement of TMJ.
Boundary layers in rotating weakly turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Stevens Richard J. A. M. , Clercx Herman J. H. , Lohse Detlef
Published: August 2010

The effect of rotation on the boundary layers (BLs) in a Rayleigh–Bénard system at a relatively low Rayleigh number, i.e., Ra=4×107, is studied for different Pr by direct numerical simulations and the results are compared with laminar BL theory. In this regime, we find a smooth onset of the heat transfer enhancement as function of increasing rotation rate. We study this regime in detail and introduce a model based on the Grossmann–Lohse theory to describe the heat transfer enhancement as function of the rotation rate for this relatively low Ra number regime and weak background rotation Ro≳1. The smooth onset of heat transfer enhancement observed here is in contrast to the sharp onset observed at larger Ra≳108 by Stevens et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 024503 (2009)], although only a small shift in the Ra-Ro-Pr phase space is involved.
Ecological roles and threats to aquatic refugia in arid landscapes: dryland river waterholes
Authors: Sheldon Fran , Bunn Stuart E. , Hughes Jane M. , Arthington Angela H. , Balcombe Stephen R. , Fellows Christine S.
Published: August 2010

Dryland rivers are renowned for their periods of ‘boom’ related to the episodic floods that extend over vast floodplains and fuel incredible production, and periods of ‘bust’ where the extensive channel network is restricted to the permanent refugial waterholes. Many of these river systems are unregulated by dams but are under increasing pressure, especially from water abstraction and overland flow interception for agriculture and mining. Although some aquatic organisms with desiccation-resistant life stages can utilise ephemeral floodplain habitats, the larger river waterholes represent the only permanent aquatic habitat during extended periods of low or no flow. These waterholes act as aquatic refugia in an otherwise terrestrial landscape. Variable patterns of connection and disconnection in space and time are a fundamental driver of diversity and function in these dryland river systems, and are vital for dispersal and the maintenance of diverse populations, generate the spatial and temporal variability in assemblage structure for a range of different organisms and fuel the productivity that sustains higher trophic levels. Changes to natural patterns of connection and disconnection of refugial waterholes, owing to water-resource development or climate change, will threaten their persistence and diminish their functional capacity to act as aquatic refugia.
Water quality in two Australian dryland rivers: spatial and temporal variability and the role of flow
Authors: Sheldon Fran , Fellows Christine S.
Published: August 2010

Water quality, along with hydrology, plays an important role in the spatial and temporal dynamics of a range of ecological patterns and processes in large rivers and is also often a key component of river health assessments. Geology and land use are significant drivers of water quality during flow periods while during periods of no-flow, local-scale factors such as evaporation, groundwater influence and the concentration and precipitation of compounds are important. This study explored the water quality changes in two Australian dryland rivers, the Cooper Creek (Lake Eyre Basin) and the Warrego River (Murray–Darling Basin), across different hydrological phases over several years. Water quality varied both spatially and temporally; the greatest spatial variability occurred during the no-flow phase, with temporal changes driven by flow. Concentrations of major anions and cations also varied spatially and temporally, with an overall cation dominance of calcium and magnesium and an anion dominance of bicarbonate. This bicarbonate dominance contrasts with previous data from inland lentic systems where sodium chloride was found to dominate. Such extreme spatial and temporal variability hampers successful derivation of water quality guidelines for these variable rivers and suggests such guidelines would need to be developed with respect to ‘flow phase’.
Asymmetric surface barrier discharge plasma driven by pulsed 13.56 MHz power in atmospheric pressure air
Authors: Dedrick J , Boswell R W , Charles C
Published: August 2010

Barrier discharges are a proven method of generating plasmas at high pressures, having applications in industrial processing, materials science and aerodynamics. In this paper, we present new measurements of an asymmetric surface barrier discharge plasma driven by pulsed radio frequency (rf 13.56 MHz) power in atmospheric pressure air. The voltage, current and optical emission of the discharge are measured temporally using 2.4 kVp-p (peak to peak) 13.56 MHz rf pulses, 20 µs in duration. The results exhibit different characteristics to plasma actuators, which have similar discharge geometry but are typically driven at frequencies of up to about 10 kHz. However, the electrical measurements are similar to some other atmospheric pressure, rf capacitively coupled discharge systems with symmetric electrode configurations and different feed gases.