bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argon ion beam induced surface pattern formation on Si
Authors: Hofsäss H. , Bobes O. , Zhang K.
Published: January 2016

The development of self-organized surface patterns on Si due to noble gas ion irradiation has been studied extensively in the past. In particular, Ar ions are commonly used and the pattern formation was analyzed as function of ion incidence angle, ion fluence, and ion energies between 250 eV and 140 keV. Very few results exist for the energy regime between 1.5 keV and 10 keV and it appears that pattern formation is completely absent for these ion energies. In this work, we present experimental data on pattern formation for Ar ion irradiation between 1 keV and 10 keV and ion incidence angles between 50° and 75°. We confirm the absence of patterns at least for ion fluences up to 1018 ions/cm2. Using the crater function formalism and Monte Carlo simulations, we calculate curvature coefficients of linear continuum models of pattern formation, taking into account contribution due to ion erosion and recoil redistribution. The calculations consider the recently introduced curvature dependence of the erosion crater function as well as the dynamic behavior of the thickness of the ion irradiated layer. Only when taking into account these additional contributions to the linear theory, our simulations clearly show that that pattern formation is strongly suppressed between about 1.5 keV and 10 keV, most pronounced at 3 keV. Furthermore, our simulations are now able to predict whether or not parallel oriented ripple patterns are formed, and in case of ripple formation the corresponding critical angles for the whole experimentally studied energies range between 250 eV and 140 keV.
A smart repetitive-rate wideband high power microwave source
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Jun , Qian Bao-liang , Yang Han-wu , Zhang Zi-cheng
Published: January 2016

A smart repetitive-rate wideband High Power Microwave (HPM) source based on the A6 Magnetron with Diffraction Output is described in this paper. The length of the HPM source is 30 cm and its weight is 35 kg. Computer simulations show that the source can produce microwave with central frequency of 1.91 GHz and bandwidth of about 11%. Experimental measurements show that the output microwave power from the source reaches in maximum 110 MW when the input electric power from the pulsed driver is ∼500 MW, which gives the power conversion efficiency 22%. Central frequency of the output HPM in the experiment is 1.94 GHz with the bandwidth ranging from 1.82 GHz to 2.02 GHz. The jitter of the output HPM power is lower than 3 dB when the source operates in the repetition mode with 50 Hz rate.
Transnational, transborder, antinational? The memory of the Jewish past in Poland
Authors: Stańczyk Ewa
Published: January 2016

The aim of this article is to explore the interaction between local, national, and transnational frames of memory as it manifests itself in the contemporary commemoration of the Jewish past. Focusing on the case study of Poland, I argue that articulations of transnational memory still remain deeply rooted in local and national interests and mythologies, reflecting the fears, desires, or longings of memory makers. Ranging from digital media which stress the interactive and agency-based dimension of transnational memory, through to vernacular “stumbling blocks” inspired by German citizens and subsequently transplanted onto the Polish ground, to public memorials which are either embraced or contested by a variety of social actors, these initiatives urge us to rethink traditional approaches to memory. In particular, these different scales and locations of remembrance question the common perception of collective memory as rooted in rigid nation-state frameworks in favor of memories that travel, move, and transgress multiple boundaries and affect multiple communities.
Graphene-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites – a review
Authors: Hu Z. , Tong G. , Lin D. , Chen C. , Guo H. , Xu J. , Zhou L.
Published: January 2016

The research works of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites will be summarised in this paper. Comparatively, much less research works have been undertaken in this field. Graphene has been thought to be an ideal reinforcement material for composites due to its unique two-dimensional structure and outstanding physical and mechanical properties. It is expected to yield structural materials with high specific strength or functional materials with exciting thermal and electrical characteristics. This paper will introduce all kinds of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites that have been studied. The microstructure and mechanical properties, processing techniques, graphene dispersion, strengthening mechanisms, interfacial reactions between graphene and the metal matrix and future research works in this field will be discussed.
Continuous Co–P coating on CNTs by optimising electrodeposition
Authors: Liang J. , Li H. , Shi X. , Qi L. , Hu X. , Wei J.
Published: January 2016

Continuous Co2P nanoparticles were deposited on the surfaces of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with the thickness of 7–10 nm by electroless plating. Effects of pH, temperature and plating time on the coating were discussed and the optimised processing parameters were obtained. The morphologies and components of Co2P–CNTs nanocomposites were analysed by TEM and energy dispersive spectroscope. The results indicated that Co2P nanoparticles were deposited on multi-walled carbon nanotubes homogeneously at the temperature of 45°C, pH of 4.9 and plating time of 30 min. The saturation magnetisation of uniform Co2P–CNTs nanocomposites was 2.81 emu g–1 and the coercivity was as high as 1285.2 Oe. Compared to those of the bulk cobalt, the coercivity of Co2P–CNTs nanocomposites was enhanced while the saturation magnetisation decreased.
Optimal Sobolev trace embeddings
Authors: Cianchi Andrea , Pick Luboš
Published: January 2016

Optimal target spaces are exhibited in arbitrary-order Sobolev type embeddings for traces of

n
n

-dimensional functions on lower dimensional subspaces. Sobolev spaces built upon any rearrangement-invariant norm are allowed. A key step in our approach consists of showing that any trace embedding can be reduced to a one-dimensional inequality for a Hardy type operator depending only on

n
n

and on the dimension of the relevant subspace. This can be regarded as an analogue for trace embeddings of a well-known symmetrization principle for first-order Sobolev embeddings for compactly supported functions. The stability of the optimal target space under iterations of Sobolev trace embeddings is also established and is part of the proof of our reduction principle. As a consequence, we derive new trace embeddings, with improved (optimal) target spaces, for classical Sobolev, Lorentz-Sobolev and Orlicz-Sobolev spaces.
Glass eel recruitment and exploitation in a South European estuary (Oria, Bay of Biscay)
Authors: Aranburu Aizkorri , Díaz Estibaliz , Briand Cédric
Published: January 2016

The size of the European eel population is below safe biological limits. To assess the status of the stock properly, it is necessary to increase the number of recruitment series based on scientific monitoring. In this study, the spatio-temporal variation in glass eel density in a South European Atlantic estuary, the Oria, has been examined using experimental fisheries and fishery data. Glass eel density was predicted using a mixed generalized additive model. Current and depth were selected as covariates and date as a random variable then extrapolated to the whole sampling point volume to obtain the daily recruitment (mean, 12.76 kg; range, 0–72.8 kg). The average seasonal daily recruitment and fishery data were combined to obtain the seasonal recruitment (mean, 1144 kg; range, 682–1593 kg) and exploitation rate (mean, 31.1%; range, 6.2–48.7%). The information of spatio-temporal dynamics in glass eel density gathered in this study will help to improve the design of a recruitment-monitoring scheme at the European level. The integration of glass eel fishery data and scientific estimates is crucial to obtain a recruitment index in the Bay of Biscay, the area with the largest glass eel recruitment in Europe.
The impacts of deep-sea fisheries on benthic communities: a review
Authors: Clark Malcolm R. , Althaus Franziska , Schlacher Thomas A. , Williams Alan , Bowden David A. , Rowden Ashley A.
Published: January 2016

Deep-sea fisheries operate globally throughout the world's oceans, chiefly targeting stocks on the upper and mid-continental slope and offshore seamounts. Major commercial fisheries occur, or have occurred, for species such as orange roughy, oreos, cardinalfish, grenadiers and alfonsino. Few deep fisheries have, however, been sustainable, with most deep-sea stocks having undergone rapid and substantial declines. Fishing in the deep sea not only harvests target species but can also cause unintended environmental harm, mostly from operating heavy bottom trawls and, to a lesser extent, bottom longlines. Bottom trawling over hard seabed (common on seamounts) routinely removes most of the benthic fauna, resulting in declines in faunal biodiversity, cover and abundance. Functionally, these impacts translate into loss of biogenic habitat from potentially large areas. Recent studies on longline fisheries show that their impact is much less than from trawl gear, but can still be significant. Benthic taxa, especially the dominant mega-faunal components of deep-sea systems such as corals and sponges, can be highly vulnerable to fishing impacts. Some taxa have natural resilience due to their size, shape, and structure, and some can survive in natural refuges inaccessible to trawls. However, many deep-sea invertebrates are exceptionally long-lived and grow extremely slowly: these biological attributes mean that the recovery capacity of the benthos is highly limited and prolonged, predicted to take decades to centuries after fishing has ceased. The low tolerance and protracted recovery of many deep-sea benthic communities has implications for managing environmental performance of deep-sea fisheries, including that (i) expectations for recovery and restoration of impacted areas may be unrealistic in acceptable time frames, (ii) the high vulnerability of deep-sea fauna makes spatial management—that includes strong and consistent conservation closures—an important priority, and (iii) biodiversity conservation should be > balanced with options for open areas that support sustainable fisheries.
Exploring the role of the physical marine environment in silver eel migrations using a biophysical particle tracking model
Authors: Béguer-Pon Mélanie , Shan Shiliang , Thompson Keith R. , Castonguay Martin , Sheng Jinyu , Dodson Julian J.
Published: January 2016

Both the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla) undertake long-distance migrations from continental waters to their spawning sites in the Sargasso Sea. Their migration routes and orientation mechanisms remain a mystery. A biophysical particle tracking model was used in this study to simulate their oceanic migration from two release areas: off the Scotian Shelf (Canada) and off the Irish continental shelf. Two plausible swimming-directed behaviours were considered for simulating two different migratory paths: true navigation to specific spawning sites and innate compass orientation towards the vast spawning area. Several combinations of swimming speeds and depths were tested to assess the effect of ocean circulation on resulting migratory pathways of virtual eels (v-eels), environmental conditions experienced along their oceanic migration, and energy consumption. Simulations show that the spawning area can be reached in time by constantly swimming and following a readjusted heading (true navigation) or a constant heading (compass orientation) even at the lowest swimming speed tested (0.2 m s−1) for most v-eels. True navigation might not be necessary to reach the spawning area. The ocean currents affect mainly the migration of American v-eels, particularly for swimming speeds lower than 0.8 m s−1. The ocean circulation increases the variability in the oceanic migration and generally reduces the efficiency of the v-eels, although positive effects can be possible for certain individuals. The depth range of diel vertical migration (DVM) significantly affects the total energy expenditure due to the water temperature experienced at the various depths. Model results also suggest that energy would not be a limiting factor as v-eels constantly swimming at 0.8 BL s−1 spent <25 and 42% of energy available for migration for American and European v-eels, respectively.
Convergent Substitutions in a Sodium Channel Suggest Multiple Origins of Toxin Resistance in Poison Frogs
Authors: Tarvin Rebecca D , Santos Juan C , O'Connell Lauren A , Zakon Harold H , Cannatella David C
Published: January 2016

Complex phenotypes typically have a correspondingly multifaceted genetic component. However, the genotype–phenotype association between chemical defense and resistance is often simple: genetic changes in the binding site of a toxin alter how it affects its target. Some toxic organisms, such as poison frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae), have defensive alkaloids that disrupt the function of ion channels, proteins that are crucial for nerve and muscle activity. Using protein-docking models, we predict that three major classes of poison frog alkaloids (histrionicotoxins, pumiliotoxins, and batrachotoxins) bind to similar sites in the highly conserved inner pore of the muscle voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.4. We predict that poison frogs are somewhat resistant to these compounds because they have six types of amino acid replacements in the Nav1.4 inner pore that are absent in all other frogs except for a distantly related alkaloid-defended frog from Madagascar, Mantella aurantiaca. Protein-docking models and comparative phylogenetics support the role of these replacements in alkaloid resistance. Taking into account the four independent origins of chemical defense in Dendrobatidae, phylogenetic patterns of the amino acid replacements suggest that 1) alkaloid resistance in Nav1.4 evolved independently at least five times in these frogs, 2) variation in resistance-conferring replacements is likely a result of differences in alkaloid exposure across species, and 3) functional constraint shapes the evolution of the Nav1.4 inner pore. Our study is the first to demonstrate the genetic basis of autoresistance in frogs with alkaloid defenses.
Resistance to Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae in Avena magna, A. murphyi, and A. insularis
Authors: Sowa Sylwia , Paczos-Grzęda Edyta , Koroluk Aneta , Okoń Sylwia , Ostrowska Agnieszka , Ociepa Tomasz , Chrząstek Maria , Kowalczyk Krzysztof
Published: January 2016

Wild oat tetraploids of the section Pachycarpa have already been proven to be a rich source of useful genes but have largely been unexploited for Puccinia coronata resistance. In this study, accessions of Avena magna, A. murphyi, and A. insularis gathered from European and North American gene banks were evaluated at the seedling stage for crown rust reaction using the host–pathogen test and six highly diverse and virulent P. coronata isolates. Of the 92 Avena accessions analyzed, 58.7% were resistant to at least one crown rust race. In all, 37% of the tested accessions reacted nonuniformly, which indicated their heterogeneity. The highest level of resistance was observed in three of the accessions, one of which was verified by flow cytometry as being hexaploid and two of which were verified as being tetraploids. The infection profiles of 19 accessions corresponded to resistance determined by the genes Pc14, Pc39, Pc40, Pc48, Pc50, Pc54, Pc55, Pc61, Pc67, Pc68, Pc97, Pc101, or Pc104. The patterns of infection of the remaining resistant A. magna and A. murphyi accessions allowed us to postulate the presence of potentially novel crown rust resistance genes.
Masked Speech Perception Thresholds in Infants, Children, and Adults
Authors: Leibold Lori J. , Yarnell Bonino Angela , Buss Emily
Published: January 2016

Objective:

The primary goal of this study was to compare infants’ susceptibility to making produced by a two-talker speech and a speech-shaped noise masker. It is well documented that school-age children experience more difficulty recognizing speech embedded in two-talker speech than spectrally matched noise, a result attributed to immaturity in the ability to segregate target from masker speech, and/or to selectively attend to the target while disregarding the perceptually similar speech masker. However, findings from infant psychophysical studies suggest that infants are susceptible to auditory masking even when target and competing sounds are acoustically distinct.

Design:

Listeners were infants (8 to10 months), children (8 to 10 years), and adults (18 to 33 years). The task was an observer-based, single-interval disyllabic word detection, in the presence of either a speech-shaped noise or a two-talker masker. The masker played continuously at 55 dB SPL, and the target level was adapted to estimate threshold.

Results:

As observed previously for closed-set consonant and word identification as well as open-set word and sentence recognition, school-age children experienced relatively more masking than adults in the two-talker than the speech-shaped noise masker. The novel result of this study was that infants’ speech detection thresholds were about 24 dB higher than those of adults in both maskers. While response bias differed between listener groups, it did not differ reliably between maskers.

Conclusions:

It is often assumed that speech perception in a speech masker places greater demands on a listener’s ability to segregate and selectively attend to the target than a noise masker. This assumption is based on results showing larger child/adult differences for speech perception in a speech masker composed of a small number of talkers than in spectrally matched noise. The observation that infants experience equal masking for speech and noise maskers suggests that infants experience informational masking in both maskers and raises the possibility that the cues which make the steady noise a relatively ineffective masker for children are learned.
Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Physiologic and Functional Measurements in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Gomes Neto Mansueto , Oliveira Felipe Assis , Reis Helena França Correia dos , de Sousa Rodrigues- Erenaldo , Bittencourt Hugo Souza , Carvalho Vitor Oliveira
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND:

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is potentially attractive as a method of training in heart failure (HF) and could be performed in patients unable to participate in standard exercise training.

PURPOSE:

To examine the effects of NMES on physiologic and functional measurements in patients with HF.

METHODS:

MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, Scielo, and PEDro were searched from the earliest date available to July 2014. Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts and selected randomized controlled trials, examining the effects of NMES versus exercise and/or of NMES versus control on physiologic and functional measurements in patients with HF. Two independent reviewers screened the randomized controlled trials. The PEDro score was used to evaluate methodological quality. Weighted mean differences and 95% CI were calculated.

RESULTS:

Thirteen studies met the study criteria. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation resulted in improvement in peak oxygen uptake (

JOURNAL/jcprh/04.03/01273116-201605000-00002/2FSM1/v/2023-09-11T074048Z/r/image-gif

o
2) (4.86 mL·kg−1 ·min−1; 95% CI, 2.81-6.91), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance (63.54 m; 95% CI, 35.81-91.27), muscle strength (30.74 N; 95% CI, 3.67-57.81), flow-mediated dilatation (2.67%; 95% CI, 0.86-4.49), depressive symptoms (−3.86; 95% CI, −6.46 to −1.25), and global quality of life (0.89; 95% CI, 0.55-1.24). Nonsignificant differences in (

JOURNAL/jcprh/04.03/01273116-201605000-00002/2FSM1/v/2023-09-11T074048Z/r/image-gif

o
2) peak, 6MWT, and quality of life were found for participants in the exercise group compared with NMES.

CONCLUSIONS:

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improved peak

JOURNAL/jcprh/04.03/01273116-201605000-00002/2FSM1/v/2023-09-11T074048Z/r/image-gif

o
2, 6MWT distance, quality of life, muscle strength, endothelial function, and depressive symptoms in patients with HF and could be considered for inclusion in cardiac rehabilitation for selected patients.
Topical Coenzyme Q10 Eye Drops as an Adjuvant Treatment in Challenging Refractory Corneal Ulcers: A Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Gumus Koray
Published: January 2016

Purpose:

The management of nonhealing corneal ulcers, particularly in patients with neurotrophic corneas, remains a challenging problem today. Some patients may fail to respond to conventional therapy, making new alternative agents necessary to treat these resistant cases. In this article, we aim to present six challenging cases of refractory corneal ulcers that revealed healing response to the adjuvant treatment with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) eye drops and to review the literature examining of new therapeutic agents.

Methods:

Our study was designed as a descriptive case series demonstrating the use of novel coenzyme Q10 eye drops in refractory corneal ulcers. In our case series, CoQ10 eye drops were added to the existing therapies as an adjuvant agent in six cases: three cases with neurotrophic corneal ulcers, two cases with postinfectious corneal ulcers (one unknown etiology+one Acanthamoeba keratitis), and 1 case with Stevens–Johnson syndrome. All cases were monitored regularly and corneal images were taken at all visits.

Results:

All nonhealing corneas with conventional therapy revealed recovery after the addition of CoQ10 eye drops. Except for two cases that responded to the CoQ10 eye drops more rapidly (within 1 to 2 weeks), complete corneal healing was observed in four cases between weeks 4 and 8. No adverse events were reported in these cases throughout the follow-up period.

Conclusion:

Coenzyme Q10 eye drops can be considered as an important adjuvant therapeutic agent promoting corneal epithelial wound healing in challenging cases.
Graves Lower Eyelid Retraction
Authors: Ribeiro Sara Filipa Teixeira , Shekhovtsova Maria , Duarte Ana Filipa , Velasco Cruz Antonio Augusto
Published: January 2016

Purpose:

Graves lower eyelid retraction (GLLR) is a common and controversial sign of Graves orbitopathy. The authors reviewed the mechanisms and surgical techniques currently used to correct this Graves orbitopathy-related eyelid malposition.

Methods:

A literature search was performed on the MEDLINE database using the keywords “lower eyelid retraction,” “Graves orbitopathy,” “thyroid ophthalmopathy,” “thyroid eye disease,” “spacers,” and “eyelid surgery.” Only articles in English were included. The level of evidence of publications regarding surgical correction of GLLR was evaluated and graded from I to IV, using a rating system adapted from a validated scientific evidence classification method.

Results:

The mechanisms responsible for GLLR are not fully understood and no subtypes of GLLR have been distinguished. The surgical literature of GLLR encompasses mainly descriptions of surgical techniques without objective measurements of the results, and uncontrolled studies. Only 1 randomized controlled trial was identified. To lengthen the lower retractors, a large variety of different materials have been used as spacers.

Conclusions:

The scientific literature on GLLR is vast, however controlled and randomized studies comparing different surgical techniques are lacking. At the present moment it is not clear if bioengineered materials are superior to conventional autogeneous tissue as lower eyelid spacers. The effects of GLLR on lower eyelid movements and contour have not been studied.
Clinician Attitudes Toward Adoption of Pediatric Emergency Telemedicine in Rural Hospitals
Authors: Ray Kristin N. , Felmet Kathryn A. , Hamilton Melinda F. , Kuza Courtney C. , Saladino Richard A. , Schultz Brian R. , Watson R. Scott , Kahn Jeremy M.
Published: January 2016

Objective

Although there is growing evidence regarding the utility of telemedicine in providing care for acutely ill children in underserved settings, adoption of pediatric emergency telemedicine remains limited, and little data exist to inform implementation efforts. Among clinician stakeholders, we examined attitudes regarding pediatric emergency telemedicine, including barriers to adoption in rural settings and potential strategies to overcome these barriers.

Methods

Using a sequential mixed-methods approach, we first performed semistructured interviews with clinician stakeholders using thematic content analysis to generate a conceptual model for pediatric emergency telemedicine adoption. Based on this model, we then developed and fielded a survey to further examine attitudes regarding barriers to adoption and strategies to improve adoption.

Results

Factors influencing adoption of pediatric emergency telemedicine were identified and categorized into 3 domains: contextual factors (such as regional geography, hospital culture, and individual experience), perceived usefulness of pediatric emergency telemedicine, and perceived ease of use of pediatric emergency telemedicine. Within the domains of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, belief in the relative advantage of telemedicine was the most pronounced difference between telemedicine proponents and nonproponents. Strategies identified to improve adoption of telemedicine included patient-specific education, clinical protocols for use, decreasing response times, and simplifying the technology.

Conclusions

More effective adoption of pediatric emergency telemedicine among clinicians will require addressing perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in the context of local factors. Future studies should examine the impact of specific identified strategies on adoption of pediatric emergency telemedicine and patient outcomes in rural settings.
Pediatric Necrotizing Pneumonia
Authors: Ramgopal Sriram , Ivan Yaron , Medsinge Avinash , Saladino Richard A.
Published: January 2016

Necrotizing pneumonias occur infrequently in children but may be associated with significant morbidity. If not adequately treated, necrotizing pneumonia may lead to complications including bronchopleural fistula, empyema, respiratory failure, and septic shock. Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly implicated agent, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrobial treatment is the cornerstone of management, although surgical drainage may be required in some cases. We present the case of a 14-month-old child with fever and cough that persisted despite treatment with typical first-line oral antimicrobial therapy. An initial plain radiograph of the chest demonstrated lobar pneumonia. Ultimately, computed tomography of the chest revealed a cavitary lesion in the left upper lobe of the lung. We review the literature and describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, microbiological etiology, and management of necrotizing pneumonia in children.
Comparison of the GlideScope Cobalt® and Storz DCI® Video Laryngoscopes in Children Younger Than 2 Years of Age During Manual In-Line Stabilization
Authors: Vadi Marissa G. , Roddy Katie J. , Ghazal Elizabeth A. , Um Michael , Neiheisel Andrew J. , Applegate Richard L.
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Video laryngoscopy facilitates tracheal intubation during manual in-line stabilization in adults, but it is not clear whether these findings translate to children. We compared trainee intubation times obtained using the GlideScope Cobalt® and Storz DCI® video laryngoscopes versus direct laryngoscopy in young children with immobilized cervical spines.

Methods

Ninety-three children younger than 2 years underwent laryngoscopy with manual in-line stabilization using direct laryngoscopy, GlideScope Cobalt® video laryngoscopy, or Storz DCI® video laryngoscopy. Laryngoscopists were anesthesiology trainees in postgraduate training year of 3 or more. Total time to successful intubation (TTSI), best glottic view, and maximum degrees of neck deviation were recorded. An intubation time difference longer than 10 seconds was defined as clinically significant.

Results

Data are reported as median; 95% confidence interval. The TTSI was similar among groups although Storz times were longer (median, 33.3 seconds; 95% confidence interval, 26.2–43.3 seconds) when compared to direct laryngoscopy (median, 23.3 seconds; 95% confidence interval, 20.7–26.5 seconds; P = 0.02). Obtaining a grade 1 Cormack-Lehane glottic view was less likely with direct laryngoscopy (P = 0.002). Maximum degrees of neck deviation were: Storz (median, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.8), GlideScope (median, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–2.6), and direct laryngoscopy (median, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.1; P = 0.48).

Conclusions

Trainees were able to safely perform tracheal intubation in children younger than 2 years using any of the studied laryngoscopes, although Storz use resulted in a longer TTSI when compared to direct laryngoscopy. Video laryngoscopy may enhance best Cormack-Lehane glottic view during manual in-line cervical spine immobilization, but additional technical skills are needed to successfully complete tracheal intubation.
Relation of Medical History to the Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Managed by Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Heinonen Kari , Lehtimäki Nea , Suominen Pertti , Kuisma Markku , Harve Heini
Published: January 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the medical history of the pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients to determine preexisting conditions that may relate to a later OHCA.

Methods

The study was a retrospective population-based cohort study in Helsinki (population 595,000) served by a single emergency medical service (EMS) system. All OHCA patients aged between 0 and 17 met by the local EMS from 2002 to 2011 were included. Medical records of the Helsinki University Hospital and its clinics were examined to find preexisting medical or surgical conditions.

Results

Forty-three patients experienced an EMS-treated OHCA. The annual incidence of an EMS-treated OHCA was 4.4 per 100,000 population younger than the age of 18 years. The mean age of patients was 7.9 years, largest age groups being younger than 1 year (30.2%) and 17 years (23.2%). The leading cause of OHCA was trauma (30.2%) followed by sudden infant death syndrome (18.6%) and cardiac reasons (14.0%). Nine patients (20.9%) survived to hospital, and 5 (11.6%) were discharged alive. Of the 43 patients, 28 (65.1%) had prior medical records in Helsinki University Hospital considering suspected or diagnosed chronic or otherwise significant conditions. The most common conditions were perinatal adaptation abnormalities (20.9%), psychiatric treatment (16.3%), and epilepsy (13.9%). Five patients had previous cardiac conditions. Trauma as a cause of OHCA was frequently represented among patients with prior psychiatric diagnosis or treatment. Among 17-year-old OHCA patients, 5 of 10 had psychiatric records.

Conclusions

Majority of the patients had prior medical records. Psychiatric disorders were strongly presented.
Three-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Angiography Study of the Interperforator Flow of the Lower Leg
Authors: Sur Yoo Joon , Morsy Mohamed , Mohan Anita T. , Zhu Lin , Michalak Gregory J. , Lachman Nirusha , Laungani Alexis T. , van Alphen Nick , Saint-Cyr Michel
Published: January 2016

Background:

The area perfused by a single perforator depends on its perforasome and its unique interperforator flow pattern. The purpose of this study was to clarify the interperforator flow patterns of the peroneal and posterior tibial artery perforators using three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography.

Methods:

Thirteen whole-leg skin flaps were harvested in the subfascial plane from fresh cadavers. Peroneal, posterior tibial, anterior tibial, and sural artery perforators with a diameter greater than 0.5 mm were documented. Three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography with an injection of iodinated contrast medium into the peroneal or posterior tibial artery perforator was used to investigate the percentages of the area and the perforators that were perfused.

Results:

The mean percentage of the total area perfused was as follows: peroneal artery perforator, 42.0 percent; posterior tibial artery perforator, 38.0 percent (p = 0.084). The mean percentage of the total perforators perfused was as follows: peroneal artery perforator, 55.0 percent; posterior tibial artery perforator, 44.2 percent (p = 0.004). Although the mean percentages of same-source artery perforators perfused by a peroneal artery perforator (73.6 percent) and by a posterior tibial artery perforator (77.2 percent) did not differ (p = 0.513), the mean percentages of other-source artery perforators perfused by a peroneal artery perforator (49.9 percent) and by a posterior tibial artery perforator (32.3 percent) were significantly different (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrated that a single peroneal or posterior tibial artery perforator perfused approximately 40 percent of the whole leg surface and that peroneal and posterior tibial artery perforators had different interperforator flow patterns. The results of this study may improve preoperative planning for pedicled perforator flap surgery.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, V.
Notification that novel names of prokaryotes, novel combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 65, part 9, of the IJSEM
Authors: Oren Aharon , Garrity George M.
Published: January 2016

This listing of names of prokaryotes published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of novel names and combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol 41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles).
catena-Poly[bis(1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium) [[dichloridoantimonate(III)]-di-μ-chlorido-μ-oxido-[chloridoantimonate(III)]-μ-chlorido]]
Authors: Chebout Oussama , Boudraa Mhamed , Bouacida Sofiane , Merazig Hocine , Boudaren Chaouki
Published: January 2016

The title compound, {(C7H6NS)2[Sb2Cl6O]}n, contains two benzothiazolidium cations and one tri-μ-chlorido-trichlorido-μ-oxido-diantimonate(III) anion. The structure of the inorganic cation may be described as as being built up from two polyhedra,i.e.a square-pyramidal SbCl4O and a distorted octahedral SbOCl5unit, sharing a common face (comprising the O atom and two Cl atoms). The two benzothiazole cations are quasi-planar and subtend a dihedral angle of 19.93 (5)°. The crystal packing can be described by alternating (100) layers and [001] chains of the organic cations and inorganic anions connected through an extensive three-dimensional network of N—H...Cl, C—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds. This is consolidated by slipped π–π stacking, with centroid-to-centroid distances between the benzothiazole rings of 3.7111 (18)–3.8452 (16) Å. These interactions link the molecules within the layers and also link the layers together and reinforce the cohesion of the ionic structure.
The Frankish model of disability psychotherapy in practice: an integrative model
Authors: McInnis Erica Elaine
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the theory and practice of disability psychotherapy (DP) using the integrative Frankish model (2013a). This draws on the model’s use with a 28-year-old male with a mild intellectual disability (ID) who presented with a range of emotional and behavioural problems.

Design/methodology/approach

– A case study reporting on the practice of DP of psychodynamic orientation.

Findings

– Adaptations useful in providing DP with people with IDs and the type of issues which arise are reported.

Research limitations/implications

– DP is possible and beneficial in community settings. Limitations of a single case study include generalisability of findings.

Originality/value

– Existing papers focus on the model (Frankish, 2013a), development of the emotional development measuring tool (Frankish, 2013b) and contextual issues (Frankish, 2013c). This case study provides novel information on the practice of DP, and analysis of manifestations of white supremacy (Ani, 1994) in psychotherapy with people with IDs.
Update on psychopharmacology for autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Bertelli Marco O. , Rossi Michele , Keller Roberto , Lassi Stefano
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The management of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) requires a multimodal approach of behavioural, educational and pharmacological treatments. At present, there are no available drugs to treat the core symptoms of ASDs and therefore a wide range of psychotropic medications are used in the management of problems behaviours, co-occurring psychiatric disorders and other associated features. The purpose of this paper is to map the literature on pharmacological treatment in persons with ASD in order to identify those most commonly used, choice criteria, and safety.

Design/methodology/approach

– A systematic mapping of the recent literature was undertaken on the basis of the following questions: What are the most frequently used psychoactive compounds in ASD? What are the criteria guiding the choice of a specific compound? How effective and safe is every psychoactive drug used in ASD? The literature search was conducted through search engines available on Medline, Medmatrix, NHS Evidence, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library.

Findings

– Many psychotropic medications have been studied in ASDs, but few have strong evidence to support their use. Most commonly prescribed medications, in order of frequency, are antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and stimulants, many of them without definitive studies guiding their usage. Recent animal studies can be useful models for understanding the common pathogenic pathways leading to ASDs, and have the potential to offer new biologically focused treatment options.

Originality/value

– This is a practice review paper applying recent evidence from the literature.
Business process rearrangement and renaming
Authors: Khosravi Ali
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Process orientation, which involves managing organizations based on horizontal end-to-end processes, has been shown to increase the quality of products/services, decrease costs, and make business functions faster and more reliable. However, current process orientation methods are radical and destructive, leading to failure in most cases. The purpose of this paper is to present a non-destructive method of implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

– Supporting by literature review and two case studies, this paper presents a new process orientation methodology named as Business Process Rearrangement and Renaming (BPR2).

Findings

– The existing process management methodologies mostly aim to provide a comprehensive view on all of the main activities involved in process management and strategic alignment, with insignificant focus on mitigating the risk of failure in their redesign stage. In contrast, every step in the methodology presented in this paper, including the design phase, aim to reduce the risk of failure.

Practical implications

– Name is the most communicated characteristic of a department; however, this most communicated characteristic of the departments has always been the most neglected characteristic as well. For the first time in the literature, this paper provides a description on how to use the power of departmental names to promote the main customer values expected from each department.

Originality/value

– Added to a detailed guideline on the new process design and process names, this paper presents a new marketing mix model with a process-oriented delegation of authority view, which may be of interest to the marketing researchers and practitioners.
BPM for supporting customer relationship and profit decision
Authors: Lau Henry , Nakandala Dilupa , Samaranayake Premaratne , Shum Paul K.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– As a response to increasing global market competition, companies in various industries tend to identify and manage customer relationship to increase profit performance. Companies commit more resources to identify their VIP customers and retain them by all means. The purpose of this paper is to develop a customer relationship management (CRM) business process management (BPM) model to identify airline customers with different degree of relationship and profit potential, and select the highly profitable customers for developing retention strategy and processes, and convert the less profitable into profitable corporate accounts.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study innovatively apply the well-known techniques including CRM and relationship marketing models, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) in the BPM research. This novel approach analyzes longer term customer profit and value potential, and prioritizes corporate accounts as the basis for setting appropriate customer service levels and improving the CRM process. This hybrid model is able to capitalize on the benefits of these methods and offset their deficiencies. Most importantly, it can be customized to various industries without complex modification.

Findings

– This study uses data of an airline company to validate feasibility of the proposed CRM BPM model. The results indicate that this model is able to classify the customers based on various criteria and sub-criteria, thus allowing companies to introduce appropriate service levels to deal with different categories of customers, and improve CRM process so as to maximize customer profit and value potential.

Practical implications

– This CRM BPM model and analysis provide managers extensive customer knowledge, more analytical and fact-based decision-making support, and a stronger focus on return on investment in sales and marketing. Knowing the profit and value potential generated by individual corporate customer makes it easier to establish the link between the CRM and the profit outcome. This model also benefits the organization and its stakeholders by allocating more resources to the targeted customer relationships that are profitable or valuable, and makes marketing more accountable in its marketing programs.

Originality/value

– This study makes the first move to innovatively apply the well-known techniques including CRM and relationship marketing models, FAHP, and TOPSIS in the BPM research.
Organizational knowledge generation: lessons from online communities
Authors: Zablith Fouad , Faraj Samer , Azad Bijan
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Knowledge capturing and sharing within an organization have been extensively studied in the literature. In this stream of work, an influential focus is on the process of encoding and managing knowledge to enable effective reuse within the organization. With the advancement of internet and web technologies, there is an increased interest in the study of knowledge flows in online communities. The authors highlight in this paper the fact that the boundaries between internal and external organizational knowledge are disappearing, mainly due to the extensive use of online-based platforms to support organizational operations. The authors believe that this will affect the activities of knowledge management in today’s businesses. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidelines for organizations on how to bridge their internal and external knowledge using an integrated semantic approach.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this paper the authors review two classes of approaches, those that target internal organizational knowledge, and those that target online knowledge flow processes. Then the authors identify the challenges involved in today’s knowledge environments. To address those challenges, the authors propose a framework to bridge and integrate internal and external organizational knowledge. The authors map the activities handled in the framework to the existing knowledge management activities identified from the literature, and highlight how emerging technologies are used to support such activities along the knowledge management process. The authors apply the approach in the context of an organization’s process that heavily depends on the appropriate alignment of internal and external knowledge. The authors focus on the use of emerging technologies that support collaboration and the generation of explicit and reusable semantics.

Findings

– Interaction points within organizations can be used to define the scope of knowledge exchanged. Following a methodology around the proposed framework, it is feasible to create conceptual connections around internal and external knowledge through explicit semantics. Such connections that are created to support online communities’ knowledge exchange can be applied to internal organizational knowledge, and used as a bridge to external knowledge sources.

Originality/value

– The paper provides a roadmap for organizations on how to manage organizational knowledge processes in a coherent and collaborative semantic platform, with a view to what is available outside the boundaries of an organization.
Organisational capabilities for internal complexity: an exploration in the Coop stores
Authors: De Toni Alberto Felice , De Zan Giovanni , Battistella Cinzia
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Managing organizations in complex environments is a major challenge. Complexity is not only due to the external environment (market and/or technological turbulence) but also to the internal configuration and specificities. A recent stream of studies in organizational literature suggested that organizations should develop and deploy specific capabilities for facing complexity, namely dynamic capabilities. This means becoming more flexible. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper proposes four main capabilities to face four dimensions of complexity. It then investigates if it is more appropriate to focus on a specific capability when facing higher levels of a specific dimension of complexity. The research methodology is a multiple case study in seven different organizational units of the same super-store corporate.

Findings

– Data showed some important results. First of all, internal complexity is unit specific rather than corporate or industry specific. Moreover, it can derive not only from unpredictability and rate of change, but also from variety of elements and their interactions. All these elements form complexity. Internal complexity is characterized by four main elements: uncertainty, dynamicity, diversity and interdependence. Finally, for each of these elements, different organizational strategies are used: in case of uncertainty, for example, a strategy used by the companies is the sharing of information and the development of redundancy.

Originality/value

– Originality lies in linking different capabilities with different dimensions of internal complexity.