bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1953-1954
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

It was another good-bad year on Broadway. The Times at season’s end skipped its chance to comment on the year’s quality. Instead it noted only that once again the number of new plays jumped to forty. (Variety counted forty-two novelties.) Both observed that, thanks to a pickup in business, a slightly larger proportion of productions (fourteen in all) ran beyond the 100-performance mark, although only eleven of them repaid their investments. As to quality, Kronenberger remarked in the Best Plays, “Not in many years had Broadway known a season boasting such a large number of pretty good plays.” Of course, with his haughtier-than-thou attitude, the adverbial “pretty” governed his thinking, so he was happy to balance every play’s virtues against its not always apparent-to-others faults.
1957-1958
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Quantitatively, there was no change between the new season and the last. Depending on whose count you accepted, somewhere between thirty-seven and thirtynine new plays were offered. However, this year only thirteen slipped past the 100-performance mark, and only eight of these were commercially successful. Yet despite the drop in longer runs, most commentators were excited about the season. The Times called it “one of the legitimate theatre’s most noteworthy seasons in years,” while Louis Kronenberger in the Best Plays series praised it as “outstandingly good.” Still, he immediately went on to modify his rapture, insisting that two rather than three cheers were sufficient. A look at his selection shows one reason why. Only three of his ten plays were original American works. The remainder were either adaptations or importations. And certainly for many who sat through the season, in retrospect performances often remain more memorable than the plays themselves.
1961-1962
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Although the number of novelties rose somewhat during the season-up one to thirty-four according to Variety, up seven to thirty-six by the Times’s count-there was little cause for rejoicing. Overall quality again was disappointing at best. And once more, many of the most interesting new works came from overseas. Indeed, during this theatrical year, several newsworthy American works were mounted by cautious Broadway producers only after they had first been acclaimed in Europe. But playgoers did have one small compensation. For the third season in a row, ticket prices did not increase. As a rule, $6.90 remained the weekday top while the weekend top stayed at $7.50.
1964-1965
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

By now the pattern of the sixties seemed to have been clearly established. In short, it was another largely discouraging season. Fewer than forty new plays opened on Broadway. The Times counted a mere thirty-one. True, there were no one-performance disasters this year, and eight plays closed with a hundred or more performances to their credit, yet when all was said and done only four new plays, all comedies, finished with a profit. The hottest months saw only revivals. Beginning on June 16, Joe Papp’s New York Shakespeare Festival offered Hamlet, Othello, and Sophocles’ Electra at its open-air playhouse in Central Park and toured the boroughs with A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Players included such stars as Julie Harris (Ophelia) and such rising figures as James Earl Jones (Othello). On October 12, the company’s Othello, in reaction to the high praise it had earlier received, was moved indoors to the Martinique, where it ran out the season.
The Fragmentation of Jazz Styles
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

The ascendancy of bebop inevitably invited challenges. A music so radical in its intentions, so open in its defiance of conventions, almost demanded dramatic responses. Perhaps the greatest surprise, though, was that the ripostes came from so many different directions at once. One expected the Swing Era veterans to launch heated counterattacks on the boppers—and this they did, with avengeance. Less expected was the extraordinary rebirth of traditional jazz in the late 1940s, championed by those who hoped to douse the fires of bop with Lu Watters. Still others sought a tempering effect in “the cool,” brandished as nothing less than a new aesthetic for modern jazz.
Sport, Fitness, and National Preparedness
Authors: Pope S W
Published: November 2023

Pre-World War I discussions about physical fitness and national preparedness had a profound influence on the American sporting culture. Despite the fact that sports and a vigorous athletic lifestyle pervaded the nation’s cultural landscape, distinguished statesmen like Elihu Root believed that the country, on the eve of a world war, had lapsed into a lethargic state of “indifference and sluggish patriotism.” Influential cultural, political, military, and educational leaders concurred with Root’s diagnosis and recommended that sports be recast so as to rejuvenate national vitality. Patriotic preparedness advocates linked the strenuous life to a larger crusade, which involved combating working­ class dissent; schooling unassimilated immigrants in American ways; increasing labor productivity; stoking nationalist sentiments among the native-born, and reviving the dominant WASP cultural authority at a critical historical juncture. Like other progressive contemporaries, they, in the words of Mark Dyreson, “transmuted their particular historical values into what they thought were universal values, and prescribed their brand of athleticism as a tonic for producing a classless, harmonious civilization.”
Human Monoclonal Antibodies from V-Gene Repertoires Expressed on Bacteriophage
Authors: Marks James D
Published: November 2023

Monoclonal antibodies have proven to be valuable laboratory and diagnostic reagents and have great potential as human therapeutic agents. Typically, mice are immunized to produce murine monoclonal antibodies. The process is inefficient, however, and only a relatively small number of antibodies are produced. The inability to characterize a large number of antibodies may result in failure to isolate the precise specificity desired. In addition, the murine immune system may completely fail to recognize important human antigens or epitopes, particularly when purified proteins are not available for immunization. Finally, murine monoclonal antibodies are immunogenic when administered to humans, resulting in decreased efficacy over time and the risk of allergic reactions. As a result, human antibodies are preferred for therapy in humans. It has proven extremely difficult, however, to make human monoclonal antibodies using conventional hybridoma technology.1 In most instances, immunization is not possible due to the toxicity of the immunogen, and even with immunization, few antibodies are produced due to the inefficiency of the fusion process. In vivo, the humoral immune system produced high-affinity antibodies in
Human Metaphoric Antibodies from a Phagemid Library
Authors: Shopes Bob
Published: November 2023

If antibodies are to be used as therapeutic drugs they must be both safe and effective. Human antibodies do not induce an immune response and are considered generally safe. However, specific human antibodies are difficult to obtain upon demand. Monoclonal antibodies from mice, while relatively easy to identify, generally induce an immune response in a significant portion of the intended patient population. So, effective mouse monoclonal antibodies exist, but cannot be used, and safe human antibodies of the same effectiveness have not been located. To address this problem, antibody engineers sought to construct artificial antibodies by grafting the six complementary determining regions of an existing mouse antibody onto a human scaffold of framework regions and constant domains. This molecular surgery, commonly known as humanization, often requires careful fine-tuning by alternating rounds of computer modeling and genetic modification to retain the specificity and affinity of the original mouse antibody. Humanization has been proved useful but is laborious, and the resulting antibody still contains approximately 50 to 60 residues of mouse antibody sequence. This portion of foreign protein on the surface of humanized
Strategies for Humanizing Antibodies
Authors: Emery Stephen C , Harris William J
Published: November 2023

The discovery in 1975 of the monoclonal antibody technology by Kohler and Milstein1 triggered a new era of biotechnology, with respect to the diagnostic industry with monoclonal antibodies now forming the basis of over 50% of the $700 million market. Rodent monoclonal antibodies offer a plentiful and pure source of effective antibody, and very considerable resources were expended during the 1980s to evaluate the in vivo human use of these antibodies, particularly aimed at imaging (tumours, blood clots) and therapy (tumors, blood clots, immunosuppression).
Gathering of the forces
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

Seven years after it ended, World War II elected Dwight David Eisenhower president. As supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe, “Ike” had projected a handsome, confident presence that symbolized the nation’s resolve to defeat its enemies. After the war, both major parties wooed the retired general before he revealed that he had always been a Republican. In many ways, the country Eisenhower governed during the 1950s was still living in the aftermath of its triumph in history’s bloodiest conflict. Millions of veterans and their families basked in the glow of a healthy economy defying predictions that peace would bring on another depression. Long years of prosperity allowed Americans to dream that, for the first time in history, the problem of scarcity-which bred poverty, joblessness, and desperation-might soon be solved. But they also feared that a new and even more devastating world war-fought with nuclear weapons-could break out at any time. Affluence might suddenly give way to annihilation. The backdrop to the ‘60s was thus a society perched between great optimism and great fear.
Why Did the United States fight in Vietnam?
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

The Vietnam War was the longest war the United States ever fought. It also proved the most demoralizing for Americans, plunging the nation into its most bitter civil conflict in a century. Before the war ran its course, more than 58,000 Americans, and millions of Vietnamese, would die. Before the war ran its course, two American presidencies would be either directly or indirectly shattered by its consequences. Before the war ran its course, Americans would get used to thinking of each other as divided into polarized enemy camps: pro-war and antiwar, hawks and doves, and on from there to ever more scurrilous epithets. No legacy of the 1960s had as long and em-bittering an effect on the politics and culture of the United States as that left by the war in Vietnam.
1965
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

Presiding over the annual tree-lighting ceremony at the White House shortly before Christmas 1964, Lyndon Johnson was in a triumphant mood. “These are the most hopeful times,” he proclaimed with characteristic expansiveness, “since Christ was born in Bethlehem.” Veteran political reporter Kenneth Crawford tweaked the president a few weeks later in Newsweek for his fondness for hyperbole, but conceded there was reason for optimism. Lyndon Johnson, Crawford wrote, was leader of “the most powerful, most prosperous, and most lavishly endowed nation not only of these times but of any times.”
The Making of a Youth Culture
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

In October 1955, an announcement of a poetry reading circulated around the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco. “Remarkable collection of angels all gathered at once in the same spot,” it promised. “Wine, music, dancing girls, serious poetry, free satori. Small collection for wine and postcards. Charming event.” The venue was the Six Gallery, a converted auto-repair shop. Both the reading and the whimsical notice were the creation of 29-year old writer Allen Ginsberg. During the previous decade, Ginsberg’s life had wildly diverged from values most Americans held dear. A Jew and a homo sexual, he entered Columbia University in 1944 on scholarship. Within months, he was suspended for writing an obscenity on his dirty dormitory window to irk a careless cleaning lady. Then he got arrested for letting a poetic drifter named Herbert Huneke hide stolen goods in his apartment. To avoid jail, Ginsberg agreed to spend several months in a psychiatric hospital. There, he and a fellow patient feigned insanity by smashing down on the keys of a piano while screaming at the top of their lungs.
The Conservative Revival
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

“I find that America is fundamentally a conservative nation,” wrote Senator Barry Goldwater, Republican from Arizona, in a short, provocative book, published in 1960, that set forth his political creed. “The preponderant judgment of the American people, especially of the young people, is that the radical, or Liberal, approach has not worked and is not working. They yearn for a return to Conservative principles.” At the time, most commentators found Goldwater’s judgment in The Conscience of a Conservative to be both inaccurate and old-fashioned. Didn’t most Americans endorse the central tenets and programs of modem liberalism? Didn’t they welcome government’s role in financing education, public housing, and insurance for the elderly and the unemployed? Hadn’t strong unions made working-class Americans prosperous? Wasn’t the liberal ethic of racial integration and cultural tolerance growing in popularity? Wasn’t it sensible to coexist peacefully with the Soviet Union, a nation whose hydrogen bombs could destroy every major U.S. city? A popular study of American conservatism, published in 1962, was subtitled The Thankless Persuasion. In the Senate, Goldwater had sponsored no major piece of legislation. “His main business there,” commented historian Richard Hofstadter at the time, “was simply to vote No.”
Introduction
Authors: Macnamara John , Reyes Gonzalo E
Published: November 2023

We address this introduction to the casual reader who wishes to have a brief sketch of the view of cognition that gave rise to this collection and to the project that we believe is here launched. The introduction situates the project historically, sketches how it relates to other projects, notably standard experimental psychology, cognitive science and the philosophy of mind (including Husserl’s approach). In doing so we contrive to introduce the various papers in the collection, and present our particular view of how they contribute to the project. We also attempt to deal, all too briefly, with certain near reflex objections to the view that there can be a precise mathematical theory of cognition.

Cognition is just a learned word for acts of coming to know and states of knowing, as wen as for states of wanting and for decisions insofar as they are guided by knowledge. We extend the term to include the theory of such acts and states. It is in this extended use that we permit our selves the title of this volume: The Logical Foundations of Cognition. Clearly we mean the logical foundations of the theory of cognition.
How Children Learn Common Nouns and Proper Names: A Review of the Experimental Evidence
Authors: Hall D Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Between about 18 months and six years of age, children learn new words at an average rate of several per day (Carey 1978; Dromi 1987). Strikingly, children readily accomplish this learning through ostensive definition. For example, young children are very good at correctly interpreting novel words when adults use them (e.g., “This is a dog”) while simply pointing to unfamiliar solid objects (e.g., a dog). This is not a trivial ability. It implies that children are able to construe the ostensive act as one of referring (see Macnamara 1986; Baldwin 1991), and that they know how to segment the sound stream accurately to select the appropriate piece (‘dog’) under definition (see Gleitman and Wanner 1982). But what is perhaps most impressive, it implies that children are able to select the appropriate reference for the word, namely the kind, DOG.

Fixing a word’s reference following a simple ostensive definition is an impressive ability because an ostensively defined word logically could be assigned to any of a huge number of possible referents. To be successful at learning words from ostension, children must be able to deter mine a word’s general reference (e.g., whether it refers to a kind of individual, a kind of stuff, a property, an action, or an individual), and they must be able to select the correct specific reference within the general category (e.g., which kind of individual).
How Not to Draw the de re/de dicto Distinction
Authors: Hahn Martin
Published: November 2023

Philosophers since Aristotle have thought that to discover the laws of logic is to discover the laws governing thought. Until relatively recently, that has meant only that logic captures the way we reason, or the way we ought to. But when symbolic logic was born in the nineteenth century, another connection between logic and cognition arose with it. The formal sentential structures it gave us were taken to represent the real structure of thoughts, their logical form. Thoughts, on this picture, have sentence-like contents and their representational properties are like the semantical properties of a language. A formal system can be used to provide an analysis of the structure of such a “language,” making its semantical properties perspicuous and formal semantics possible to construct. Formal logic, in other words, can be used to represent the logical form of thoughts.

There are two ways this can be done, one direct the other less so. The present paper is part of a larger project to show that the direct way is the right way. This is worth arguing for, if only because the indirect method has held the day so far. The logical form of thoughts, on the prevalent view, is going to be discovered in the course of discovering the logical form of natural language sentences.
Eloquence and Epitaph
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: November 2023

Over the ten years ending in June 1991, some 179,694 persons in the United States were diagnosed as having Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Of that number of total reported cases, 41,179—or roughly 23 percent—occurred in males of African descent, although black males accounted for less than 6 percent of the total U.S. population. It is common enough knowledge that black men constitute a disproportionate number of persons with AIDS in this country—common in the sense that, whenever the AIDS epidemic achieves a new statistical milestone (as it did in the winter of 1991, when the number of AIDS-related deaths in the United States reached 100,000), the major media generally provide a demographic breakdown of the figures. And yet, somehow the enormity of the morbidity and mortality rates for black men (like that of the rates for gay men of whatever racial identity) doesn’t seem to register in the national consciousness as a cause for great concern.
Overture to a Science Unborn: Smallpox and the Origins of Immunology
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

What does it really mean to be immune to something? To a citizen of ancient Rome (where the word originated) it meant freedom from some onerous duty owed to the state. A latter-day example of this came during the American Civil War, when draftees could pay money to the government to be excused from military service—they were in effect buying “immunity” from their obligation to take a chance on being killed. The medical sense in which we now use this term is a fairly recent adaptation. “Being immune” to something means that, as a result of having once been exposed to something our bodies consider foreign, the immune system reacts more strongly to it the second time around. This is a special property of the immune system called memory.
When the Wall Comes Tumbling Down: AIDS
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Primary immune deficiencies—like Bruton’s XLA and the SCID disorder that afflicted David the Bubble Boy—occur exclusively in children. They arise from one source only: the inheritance of defective genes controlling some critical aspect of immune responsiveness. These diseases provide a dramatic form of natural evidence that the immune system, despite its faults and problems, is absolutely essential to human survival. And if primary immune deficiencies do not make that point clearly enough, we have further evidence in the form of secondary, or acquired, immune deficiencies.
Embedded Clauses
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

The last topic l wish to discuss in detail is that or embedded clauses in the poly synthetic languages. The issues that arise here are partially similar to those discussed in chapter 9. In particular, embedded clauses share with PPs the property of not being NPs. This means that the standard ways of satisfying the Morphological Visibility Condition agreemenl morphology and incorporation-are not well suited to them. From this it follows that argument clauses are more restricted in polysynthetic languages than in languages or other types. This fits well with the fact that polysynthetic languages often have few clear cases of subordinate clauses, as pointed out by Mithun (1984b). However, exactly how languages adapt to this grammatical pressure is rather different for embedded clauses than for PPs. and therefore a separate discussion is warranted. Moreover, there is clear evidence that some CP complements are possible in sore polysynthetic languages, so one must account for how this can be. The Polysynthesis Parameter also has implications for the internal structure of embedded clauses. A straightforward consequence of the parameter is that it is impossible to have typical instances of non finitc complements in a polysynthetic language. This is a property of polysynthetic languages that is known to topologists and functional linguists (Heath l 97’.i, Mithun 1984b, Nichols 1992). Moreover, this property interacts with the theory of PRO to imply that the polysynthetic languages will not have control phenomena in anything like the familiar lndo-European sense.
Chapter VI
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

There is nothing in New-England so eagerly sought for, or so highly prized by all classes of people, as the advantages of education. A farmer and his wife will deny themselves all other benefits that might result from the gains that have accrued to them from a summer of self-denial and toil, to give their children the privilege of a grammar-school during the winter. The public, or as they are called the town-schools, are open to the child of the poorest labourer. As knowledge is one of the best helps and most certain securities to virtue, we doubtless owe a great portion of the morality of this blessed region, where there are no dark comers of ignorance, to these wise institutions of our pious ancestors.
Whitman, Syntax, and Political Theory
Authors: Dimock Wai Chee
Published: November 2023

I want to begin at what might appear a surprising distance from Whitman, although I hope that, in good time, this unorthodox starting point will seem not altogether unwarranted. I want to begin, in any case, with John Rawls’s A Theory uf justice (1971), perhaps the most celebrated text in twentieth-century political philosophy. The work of a self-acknowledged Kantian, this is not only a theory of justice, but very much a theory of nuncontingent justice, aspiring, that is, to a principle of “absolute necessity,” absolute enough to be the “ground of obligation,” and “cleansed of everything that can only be empirical and appropriate to anthropology,” as Kant recommends in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (57). Justice, for Kant as well as for Rawls, is incompatible with circumstantial vagaries, but it is also imaginable outside of those vagaries. It is imaginable, that is, as the logical outcome of noncontingent reason, the logical endpoint of a deliberative process carried out under a hypothetical condition of freedom. To his great credit, however, enamored as he is of noncontingent reason, Rawls never tries to naturalize it, never imagines it as effortlessly at home in the world, in the state of nature. Indeed, the “state of nature” for him-the starting point for his political theory-is notable for being arbitrary, and harshly arbitrary. For it is here, at this initial stage, that we are faced with the most glaring instance of distributive injustice: the random inequality of natural endowments. At the heart of Rawls’s theory of justice, then, is something like a constitutive theory of luck. It is the sense that luck has always been there, from the very beginning-the sense that we are its creature, its handiwork-that pushes him to some of his most radical conclusions, especially his argument about desert, and about its relation to distributive entitlement. Desert is, of course, seen by most sensible laymen (and mainstream political philosophers) as the basis of our entitlement, and therefore as the moral foundation of distributive justice.
“In Loftiest Spheres”: Whitman’s Visionary Feminism
Authors: Pollak Vivian R
Published: November 2023

This essay describes Whitman’s disruption of his own claims to empower women by reinscribing them within fixed social roles in which they are always potentially subordinated to men. For complex personal and historical reasons, Whitman tends to collapse the many contained in the word “Woman” into the single word “Mother” and then to extol the preeminence of maternal work in contradistinction to other contributions that women might make to culture, especially those that depend on self determining thought and self-determining language. Consequently, this essay examines both Whitman’s feminism and his antifeminism, his resistance to linguistically totalizing norms, and his reaffirmation of the mid nineteenth-century American cult of the mother, which celebrated maternity as any woman’s supreme destiny and which, to a significant degree, depended on a code of women’s silence about the unloftiness of the lives they were in fact living. The tension between Whitman’s embrace of the new (call it the fully audible female voice) and his embrace of the old (call it the institution and practice of idealizing maternity as a depoliticizing, universalizing trope) has, I believe, interpretative power for other vexed issues in Whitman’s poetry, all of them having to do with his ambivalence toward the cultural changes that he himself was helping to inaugurate.
Whitman’s “Whoever You Are I-Iolding Me Now in Hand”: Remarks on the Endlessly Repeated Rediscovery of the Incommensurability of the Person
Authors: Grossman Allen
Published: November 2023

It seems to me that all valid poems begin at the moment when speech of the poetic kind is seen to be the only recourse of the speaker-when, therefore, the criterion of speech of the poetic kind is seen to be “your sole and exclusive standard”--all other means of response being exhausted or unavailable (among which exhausted means may be poetry itself, before the revolution intended by this poet). It is in this sense-as the last means available for the disclosure and grounding of the incommensurability of the person, (the residual function of poetry as Whitman understands it)that I take up and “hold” Whitman’s poem (“Whoever you are holding me now in hand”), and find myself addressed by it as in a primal schoolroom of moral courtesy, like a knight upon whom a lady has laid the obligation-the decorum-of an ordeal, or like any novice in the service of the master of a practice. This poem (the third of the “Calamus” sequence) presents the problem of its own use (the “holding” of it) as the discipline of the meaningful “use” of a person. What voice, then, do I hear when I hear the voice in this poem? I hear the startled outcry (“Whoever you are holding me now in hand”) of the half-blind master (he cannot quite see you, “whoever you are”)--a master but also one who speaks with the irascibility of a subjected will, a will suddenly at the end of its resources-precisely the “companion,” certainly not in the ordinary sense a hero--an instrument, rather, a metier, the lyre, the book: very small, capable of being taken up and secreted about the person (“Or if you will, thrusting me beneath your clothing”), a body that cannot choose to signify or not, that speaks poetically because it has no means other than the poetic to regulate the outcome of an occasion it did not elect.
Errata sobre la erótica, or the Elision of Whitman’s Body
Authors: Salessi Jorge , Quiroga José
Published: November 2023

The voice in italics is Argentinean, the second voice may be Cuban. The first voice will narrate an erotic encounter mediated by a book. It was Petronius’s Satyricon, a scholarly reference at this point and in this context, but at that time a handbook of amatory desire between men, read for different literary values than the ones we might speak of in this essay. But maybe not. Then as now, Petronius was the intertext of dreams, the replication of an unending sexual urge that I (that Argentinean I) was desperate to share with schoolmates, especially with my “best (male) friend,” the Giton of my Argentine Rome (Giton, the lover). But the reaction of my native Giton disappointed me. “You are funny” he said, and maybe it was true, sharing Petronius under Peron (Peron, Evita’s husband). But I (that Argentinean I) persisted, and wanted to look for a way out of this more than textual impasse. Then I found Whitman (one always finds Whitman at this time), and invited my friend for a textual romp in a tree house. There, fondling and embracing more than Whitman over Leaves of Grass, but also above them, it worked. “I celebrate and sing myself,” he said, and I said (he said). “And what I assume you shall assume.” Line by line, a double voice emerged, Whitman a duo, translating, resurrecting, eroticizing, a certain Whitman (Walt, the hemispheric poet). The body of Whitman (the body of the father figure called Whitman) was the body that we could imagine being seduced by.
Introduction
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

If the Holocaust has taught us anything, it is that we were other than we believed, masters of neither time nor space. Deportees were forced into zones of confinement void of a ‘ future, hostages only to death. Nazi Germany demoted its victims to the rank of less-than-human, turning them against their will into beings who found that choice was often an illusion. Armed with the weapons of hindsight and foresight, those outside the net still did little to thwart the catastrophe or help others to vault its barricades into a securer domain. They, too, lost control over time and space. Discouraged by these failures, we continue to resist their import by groping for ways to change them into limited versions of success. The result is a persisting myth about the triumph of the spirit that colors the disaster with a rosy tinge and helps us to manage the unimaginable without having to look at its naked and ugly face.
Aharon Appelfeld and the Language of Sinister Silence
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

Aharon Appelfeld’s art takes us on a journey into the realm of the unsaid; but it rejects the corollary idea, so often maintained by commentators on Holocaust literature, that the unsaid is necessarily unsayable. This distinction is at the heart of his imaginative vision. Much of his fiction invites us to experience not catastrophe, but the avoidance of catastrophe, or the silences surrounding it. This obscures but does not negate the catastrophe, which his characters deny or refuse to discuss while his readers sculpt its outlines from the scanty details available in his imaginative world. His language contains a Janus-like energy, full of hints and portents that never achieve the transparency of expressed meaning. The evidence of hindsight conspires with the absence of foresight to implicate us in the drama of recognition that constitutes the essence of his art.
Epilogue
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book we have argued that sex for pleasure and sex for reproduction are conceptually distinct entities. With modern forms of birth control, wider acceptance of homosexual behavior, and advances in nonsexual reproductive techniques (e.g., artificial insemination), the perpetuation of this distinction seems assured.
“A Constant Incentive to Patriotic Citizenship”
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

Appleton emerged from Harvard while New England was facing the throes of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization. In the late nineteenth century the region’s physical and human landscape was dramatically changing. A floodtide of immigrants was hitting the coast and reshaping the political system, but their “ancestral lines,” he said while reiterating the myth of a single forebear, “failed to run back through our own Puritan stock.” When foreigners moved in, Yankees moved out and the very definition of New England as the land of John Winthrop, Paul Revere, and Daniel Webster seemed in doubt. At the same time, the region’s landmarks were falling, and he lamented that too many Yankees showed only “casualness” toward this “marvelous heritage from the past.”1 As in a continuous loop, therefore, the meaning of historic preservation would revolve around a track of immigration, ethnic politics, and economic development, as much as progressivism and the Colonial Revival.
‘‘To Transform Dead Property into a Valuable Asset”
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

Whether it involved the “Witch House” or Plymouth Rock, preservationists packaged their antiquities in the era’s fashionable wrapping. As a result, they fell into the paradox of looking back on a romanticized past, fighting cultural and economic battles in the present, but all the while trying to plan for an uncertain future. Historic landmarks and landscapes subsequently served as their platforms to prepare for war, fight radical ism, and boost the economy, as well as sell the Colonial Revival, develop parks, and acculturate immigrants. Controversy never ended as past and present became one.
European Socialists Respond to Fascism
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

Based on documents collected in six European countries, European Socialists Respond to Fascism: Ideology, Activism and Contingency in the 1930s is a transnational study of largely parallel developments in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Spain in the years 1933-1936. Triggered into action by the shock effect of the Nazi rise to power in Germany, socialists throughout Western Europe entered an unusually active period of practical reorientation and debate over political strategy which helped determine the contours of European politics up to the outbreak of World War II and beyond. Stressing the transnational dimension of this process while simultaneously integrating local, regional, and national factors, this work finds that it was social democracy, rather than communism, that acted as the primary vehicle for radical change among European marxists during the 1930s. Following major figures within the European left and the significant events that made up the inter-war period, Gerd-Rainer Horn demonstrates the interconnectedness of Europe's interwar socialists. Finally, Horn manages to relate these findings to the ongoing interdisciplinary debate on structure, agency, and contingency in the historical process.
The Itineraries of the LSI and the Comintern
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

In the years up to 1933 the trajectory of post-World War I European social democracy conformed rather closely to the image of formally Marxist organizations suffused with gradualist principles. Once the turbulent postwar upheavals subsided, most socialist parties were eager to prove their loyalty to the states in which they operated. Of course, part of the rationale for social democracy’s commitment to the rules and regulations of interwar democracy was its significant success in utilizing this political free space for the obtainment of concrete social gains. The achievements in the area of social legislation I presented in table l are only one manifestation of this seemingly mutually beneficial arrangement. Significant advances in procuring affordable working-class housing in socialist-controlled municipalities are additional concrete gains of the interwar period which have survived until the present day. In three of the five countries under scrutiny-Austria, Belgium and Germany-social democratic parties repeatedly participated in coalition cabinets. The PSOE, after having tacitly supported the moderate dictatorship of Primo de Rivera throughout the twenties, was the only social democratic party of the five which actually occupied government posts the day of Hitler’s rise to power. The French Section of the Labor and Socialist International (SFIO) was the sole party which had managed to abstain from governmental participation throughout the entire postwar period. Yet this was not a result of a particularly uncompromising, abstentionist tradition. The SFIO repeatedly helped elect bourgeois governments by the mutual pledge of support between left bourgeois forces and socialists in favor of the strongest candidate in runoff elections. And the SFIO’s refusal to enter coalition cabinets was never a matter of principle. In 1932, with an overwhelming show of support by the delegates, the French social democrats drew up a list of demands, the “Cahiers de Huyghens,” meant to serve as a bargaining tool in coalition talks with the bourgeois Left. Only bourgeois intransigence, their continued rejection of these measures, prevented socialists from open participation.
Development and the Marking of Gender and Ethnicity
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

I was visiting a village and had been invited to take a steam bath by a Yup’ik man I knew somewhat, but had never steamed with. When we arrived the porch was full of men, so we undressed outside in a light drizzle. We laid our clothes on the roof of the porch, then bundled them up in our jackets and laid them on a board with a piece of cardboard over them. We ducked into the porch, my host handed me a hand towel, and we crawled into the inner room. It was already the hottest place I had ever been in my life. It was like crawling into an inferno. The stove barrel glowed red between the rocks, and the water boiled furiously. There were already four or five men in there, and two or three came in after us, nine of us total. We ranged in age from the late twenties to mid-sixties. We were leg to leg and knee to knee. I was sitting on the toes of the man behind, with the man in front of me sitting on mine. My host folded his hand towel in half diagonally, and tied it around his head to protect his ears. I did the same. I wondered if I was nuts to be doing this. The last guy in pretty much blocked the door. He looked huge. Furthermore he was blind. How was I going to get out when I wanted to, which I already sort of did? There was no room for people to move. They hadn’t even started pouring, and I was ready to leave. What if I really needed to bail out, and I didn’t have time to get the attention of the guy in front of the door? I didn’t
Death and Money in the Afternoon
Authors: Shubert Adrian
Published: November 2023

Bullfighting has long been perceived as an antiquated, barbarous legacy from Spain's medieval past. In fact, many of that country's best poets, philosophers, and intellectuals have accepted the corrida as the embodiment of Spain's rejection of the modern world. In his brilliant new interpretation of bullfighting, Adrian Shubert maintains that this view is both the product of myth and a complete misunderstanding of the real roots of the contemporary bullfight. While references to a form of bullfighting date back to the Poem of the Cid (1040), the modern bullfight did not emerge until the early 18th century. And when it did emerge, it was far from being an archaic remnant of the past--it was a precursor of the 20th-century mass leisure industry. Indeed, before today's multimillion-dollar athletes with wide-spread commercial appeal, there was Francisco Romero, born in 1700, whose unique form of bullfighting netted him unprecedented fame and wealth, and Manuel Rodriguez Manolete, hailed as Spain's greatest matador by the New York Times after a fatal goring in 1947. The bullfight was replete with promoters, agents, journalists, and, of course, hugely-paid bullfighters who were exploited to promote wine, cigarettes, and other products. Shubert analyses the business of the sport, and explores the bullfighters' world: their social and geographic origins, careers, and social status. Here also are surprising revelations about the sport, such as the presence of women bullfighters--and the larger gender issues that this provoked. From the political use of bullfighting in royal and imperial pageants to the nationalistic "great patriotic bullfights" of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this is both a fascinating portrait of bullfighting and a vivid recreation of two centuries of Spanish history. Based on extensive research and engagingly written, Death and Money in the Afternoon vividly examines the evolution of Spanish culture and society through the prism of one of the West's first--and perhaps its most spectacular--spectator sports.
When Fathers and Children No Longer Visit
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we hear the stories that are more acrimonious. What makes them more conflict-laden in part is the more direct contact with the mother. The majority of fathers in the survey blame her for their loss of contact with their children.
The Children”s Views
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L
Published: November 2023

Why do children stop seeing a parent after divorce? What is the child’s reaction to this loss of contact? In previous chapters I have focused on the actions of the parent in this relationship. Here the emphasis shifts. Typically in discussions of divorce, the passive nature of the child is emphasized: He or she is left by the parent. But in some cases, the child, particularly when older, is both victim and an active participant in the post-divorce process. He or she helps decide what will happen in the relationship with parents. In this chapter we hear from children who had no control over the lack of contact with their parents as well as those who actively refused contact.
Absent Parents, Law, and Social Policy
Authors: Hegar Rebecca L
Published: November 2023

What rights do parents have in the situations just described? Is sues surrounding the rights of parents with respect to their children, always complex and charged topics in our society, are further complicated when parents separate or divorce, or when one parent is absent. The notion of “parental rights” has evolved over time and has developed differently in various cultures. In countries that share the English (common law) legal tradition, we take it for granted that when children are born, they will live where the parents decide, usually with the parents. We assume that parents must and will authorize medical care and sign other consent documents on behalf of their children, and we know that American parents have considerable latitude in how they educate their children, whether at public, religious, or nonsectarian private schools, or at home.
Introduction
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

In the past fifty years, the world beyond North America and Western Europe has seen improvements in health care and living conditions as breathtaking in their sweep as the technological changes experienced in richer areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Average life expectancy in low-income nations such as Zaire, Egypt, and India has risen from forty to sixty-six years; smallpox, which once killed millions of people annually, has been eradicated; average infant mortality rates have fallen from 28% to 10% of live births; and close to half the adults in the world are now literate. Average real incomes have more than doubled, the percentage of rural families with access to safe water has increased from less than 10% to almost 60%, and more than three quarters of children now attend school.1 Control of water and sewage, effective vaccination campaigns, and the availability of primary health care services have eased the lot of many people. The burden of pain and suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes, but also leprosy, epilepsy, and depression, has been lessened by medical interventions. This century has also witnessed the attainment of nationhood by many former colonies, which has meant a marked reduction in the worst of economic and racial abuses in Asia and Africa.
Dislocation
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

The fear, uncertainty, and despair voiced by Mozambican refugees are increasingly common concerns among other peoples throughout the world. The various wars and conflicts in Asia, Africa, and South and Central America have forced millions from their homes. Economic problems in poor countries and regions have sparked a new wave of economic refugees. While some of these forced migrants live and work in rich, industrialized nations of Europe and North America, many more end up working within exploitative settings in slightly more prosperous regions elsewhere. The causes of dislocation, the nature of the journeys, and the conditions of life where a person or family resettles all pose dangers for personal and social well-being.
Children and Youth
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

Gains in child health the world over during the past several decades have been impressive. A combination of family planning and low-cost health measures (vaccines, the promotion of breast feeding, growth monitoring, and oral rehydration therapy) has saved lives and decreased morbidity. UNICEF estimates that immunization programs prevent some 3 million deaths each year; yet shortfalls in immunization result in 1.7 million vaccine-preventable deaths each year. Between 1975 and 1990, mortality in children under five (5Q0) decreased in sub-Saharan Africa from 212 per 1,000 live births to 175, from 195 to 127 in India, from 85 to 43 in China, from 174 to 111 in the Middle Eastern Crescent, and from 104 to 60 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Despite these impressive gains, 5Q0 rates for the leastdeveloped countries (180) are ten times greater than those for industrialized countries (17). Averages obscure substantial differences among countries. Some countries have made little or no progress. In 1960, one child in five died before reaching age five in Indonesia as well as Ghana. By 1990, that rate had been halved for Indonesia but remained the same for Ghana; during the 1980s, Gross National Product per capita grew by 3.9% per annum in Indonesia but fell by 0.3% 1:-..::r annum in Ghana.