bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability Investigation in the Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Ge5Se95-x Znx Thin Films
Authors: Mulama Austine Amukayia , Mwabora Julius Mwakondo , Oduor Andrew Odhiambo , Muiva Cosmas Mulwa , Muthoka Boniface , Mbete Drinold Aluda , Amukayia Betty Namatsi
Published: November 2018

Â Selenium-based chalcogenides are useful in telecommunication devices like infrared optics and threshold switching devices. The investigated system of Ge5Se95-xZnx (0.0 â‰¤ x â‰¤ 4 at.%) has been prepared from high purity constituent elements. Thin films from the bulk material were deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation. Optical absorbance measurements have been performed on the as-deposited thin films using transmission spectra. The allowed optical transition was found to be indirect and the corresponding band gap energy determined. The variation of optical band gap energy with the average coordination number has also been investigated based on the chemical bonding between the constituents and the rigidity behaviour of the systemâ€™s network.
Influence of electron - phonon interaction on piezoresistance of single crystals n-Ge
Authors: Luniov Sergiy , Burban Olexandr , Nazarchuk Petro , Zimych Andriy
Published: November 2018

Piezoresistance of uniaxially deformed along the crystallographic direction [100] single crystals n-Ge for different fixed temperatures has been investigated. Presence of the significant piezoresistance for given conditions of the experiment is explained by increase in the effective mass and decrease in the relaxation time for electrons at the expense of the inversion of (L1-âˆ†1) type of an absolute minimum in n-Ge. Temperature dependencies of resistivity for undeformed (L1model of conduction band) and deformed under uniaxial pressureP=3Â GPÐ° (âˆ†1model of conduction band) single crystals n-Ge are obtained. Resistivity for undeformed single crystals n-Ge is changed according to the law Ï~T1.66. Resistivity for uniaxially deformed single crystals n-Ge is changed as Ï~T1.53. The given dependencies show that for L1 model of the conduction band in contrast to âˆ†1model one must equally with intravalley scattering of electrons on acoustic phonons take into account scattering of electrons on optical and intervalley phonons. Therefore reduction of the magnitude piezoresistanceÂ  n-Ge with the increasing temperature is associated with â€œturning-offâ€ at the expense of the inversion of (L1-Î”1) type of absolute minimum under uniaxial pressure P>2.7 GPÐ° mechanism for scattering of electrons on intervalley and optical phonons. Comparison of results of theoretical calculations with relevant experimental data shows that peculiarities of piezoresistance n-Ge under uniaxial pressures Â 1.6<P<2.7Â GPÐ° for (L1-Î”1) model of conductionÂ  bandÂ  n-Ge can be described only taking into account nonequivalent intervalley scattering of electrons between the minima L1 andÂ Î”1.
Effect of quaternary addition on structure, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of bismuth-tin-zinc rapidly solidified fusible alloy
Authors: El-Bediwi Abu Bakr
Published: November 2018

Effect of quaternary addition, silver or indium, on structure, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of bismuth-tin-zinc rapidly solidified fusible alloy have been investigated.Â  Adding silver or indium caused change in alloy matrix microstructure such as matrix parameters and crystal structure of formed phase.Â  A significant increase in bismuth-tin-zinc alloy strengthens with a little decreased in melting point after adding silver content.Â  But a significant decrease in bismuth-tin-zinc alloy melting point with a very little increase in alloy strengthens after adding indium content
Investigation of Structural, Magneto-transport, and Electronic properties of Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticle
Authors: DAS PROLOY TARAN , Nath Tapan Kumar
Published: November 2018

In this report Micro-structural, magnetic, electronic, and magneto-transport properties of perovskite Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3 manganite nanoparticles have been thoroughly investigated. A series of samples with different particle size (Î¦) is synthesized by chemical â€˜pyrophoricâ€™ reaction process. Rietveld refinement of X-Ray diffraction pattern of the sample showed single phase orthorhombic structure with Pbnm space group. Metal- insulator transition () has been observed in the temperature range of 180-200 K in zero field resistivity data (2 â€“ 300 K) and it differs from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition temperature () due to enhanced surface disorder effect. The lowest nanomentric sample exhibit maximum 85 % magneto-resistances under 8 T magnetic field at 4 K. Magneto-impedance measurement of the Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nano particles have been obtained at 0.8 T in the temperature range 80-300 K. The magneto transport properties has been explored with spin polarized tunneling and spin dependent scattering of single ferromagnetic domain with nanometric grain size modulation. We have analyzed temperature dependent resistivity data using small polaron hopping and variable range hopping models. Below < 40 K a resistivity upturn behavior exhibiting a distinct resistivity minimum has been observed for each sample, which is best explained by electron-electron interaction and weak localization mechanism.Â
Thermo-mechanical and wetting behavior of modified SnAg3.5eutectic solder alloy
Authors: El-Bediwi Abu Bakr
Published: November 2018

Effects of adding bismuth content on structure, thermo-mechanical and wetting behavior of SnAg3.5 eutectic alloy have been investigated. Matrix structure of SnAg3.5 eutectic alloy, such as crystallinity, crystal size and lattice parameters, changed after adding bismuth content which effect on all measured properties. Melting temperature of SnAg3.5 eutectic alloy decreased after adding bismuth content. Elastic modulus and contact angle of SnAg3.5 eutectic alloy varied after adding bismuth content. The Sn66.5Ag3.5Bi30alloy has the best solder properties for electronic applications such as lower melting temperature, contact angle and elastic modulus.
Generalization of Faradayâ€™s Law of Induction: Some Examples
Authors: AL-Jaber Sami M
Published: November 2018

The induced electromotive force and Faradayâ€™s law of induction, due to a time-dependant magnetic field, are more conveniently written on the covering space. In this paper, we consider the induced electromotive force in the Â loop on a covering space which is generated by theÂ  Â time derivative the external magnetic field enclosed that loop.Â  The total induced electromotive force is derived by summing over all the contributions coming from the infinite winding numbers on the covering space. Illustrative examples of different time-dependent magnetic field are examined and analytical closed form expressions for the total induced electromotive force are derived. Our results, for all these examples, show the explicit dependence of the electromotive force on the ratio between the self-inductance and the resistance of the loop and they reduce to the well-known result when the limit of this ratio gpoes to zero.
GRAVITY CAN BE OBSERVED IN THE ABSENCE OF CURVED SPACETIME, THUS CURVED SPACETIME IS NOT RESPONCIBLE FOR GRAVITY
Authors: McMahon Casey
Published: November 2018

The principle postulate of general relativity appears to be that curved space or curved spacetime is gravitational, in that mass curves the spacetime around it, and that this curved spacetime acts on mass in a manner we call gravity. Here, I use the theory of special relativity to show that curved spacetime can be non-gravitational, by showing that curve-linear space or curved spacetime can be observed without exerting a gravitational force on mass to induce motion- as well as showing gravity can be observed without spacetime curvature. This is done using the principles of special relativity in accordance with Einstein to satisfy the reader, using a gravitational equivalence model. Curved spacetime may appear to affect the apparent relative position and dimensions of a mass, as well as the relative time experienced by a mass, but it does not exert gravitational force (gravity) on mass. Thus, this paper explains why there appears to be more gravity in the universe than mass to account for it, because gravity is not the resultant of the curvature of spacetime on mass, thus the â€œdark matterâ€ and â€œdark energyâ€ we are looking for to explain this excess gravity doesnâ€™t exist.
A non-abelian model SU(N) Ã— SU(N)
Authors: Doria Renato , Neves M. J.
Published: November 2018

A composite non-abelian model SU(N) Ã— SU(N) is proposed as possible extension of the Yang-Mills symmetry. We obtainÂ the corresponding gauge symmetry of the model and the most general lagrangian invariant by SU(N) Ã— SU(N). The correspondingÂ Feynman rules of the model are studied. Propagators and vertices are derived in the momentum space. As physical application, insteadÂ of considering the color symmetry SUc(3) for QCD, we substitute it by the combination SUc(3) Ã— SUc(3). It yields a possibility to goÂ beyond QCD symmetry in the sense that quarks are preserved with three colors. This extension provides composite quarks in tripletsÂ and sextets multiplets accomplished with the usual massless gluons plus massive gluons. We present a power counting analysis thatÂ satisfies the renormalization conditions as well as one studies the structure of radiative corrections to one loop approximation. UnitaryÂ condition is verified at tree level. Tachyons are avoided. For end, one extracts a BRST symmetry from lagrangian and Slavnov-Tayloridentities.
Stress fields in granular material and implications for performance of robot locomotion over granular media
Authors: Ren Diandong , M. Leslie Lance , Fu Congbin
Published: November 2018

Â Legged locomotion of robots has advantages in reducing payload in contexts such as travel over deserts or in planet surfaces. A recent study (Li et al. 2013) partially addresses this issue by examining legged locomotion over granular media (GM). However, they miss one extremely significant fact. When the robotâ€™s wheels (legs) run over GM, the granules are set into motion. Hence, unlike the study of Li et al. (2013), the viscosity of the GM must be included to simulate the kinematic energy loss in striking and passing through the GM. Here the locomotion in their experiments is re-examined using an advanced Navier-Stokes framework with a parameterized granular viscosity. It is found that the performance efficiency of a robot, measured by the maximum speed attainable, follows a six-parameter sigmoid curve when plotted against rotating frequency. A correct scaling for the turning point of the sigmoid curve involves the footprint size, rotation frequency and weight of the robot. Our proposed granular response to a load, or the â€˜influencing domainâ€™ concept points out that there is no hydrostatic balance within granular material. The balance is a synergic action of multi-body solids. A solid (of whatever density) may stay in equilibrium at an arbitrary depth inside the GM. It is shown that there exists only a minimum set-in depth and there is no maximum or optimal depth. The set-in depth of a moving robot is a combination of its weight, footprint, thrusting/stroking frequency, surface property of the legs against GM with which it has direct contact, and internal mechanical properties of the GM. If the vehicleâ€™s working environment is known, the wheel-granular interaction and the granular mechanical properties can be grouped together. The unitless combination of the other three can form invariants to scale the performance of various designs of wheels/legs. Wider wheel/leg widths increase the maximum achievable speed if all other parameters are unchanged.
A new variety of local realism explains a Bell test experiment: the Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW) with no hidden variables
Authors: Boyd Jeffrey H
Published: November 2018

In a recent article on the Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW) (see â€œTEW eliminates Wave Particle Dualityâ€ in JAP, February 2015), the most controversial aspect was the claim that TEW provides a local realistic explanation of the Alain Aspect 1982 experiment. That claim was not proved. This article fills in that gap by providing a local realistic explanation of a Bell test experiment published in 1998 by Weihs, Jennewein, Simon, et al. Advanced TEW uses no hidden variables, and therefore does not fall under the jurisdiction of Bellâ€™s theorem. It rejects wave particle duality. It violates the Bell inequalities, yet is local and realistic. Particles follow a bi-ray, which is composed of two elementary rays, traveling at the speed of light in opposite directions, coaxially, conveying no energy. As was the case with the previous article, the main obstacle to credibility is that these assumptions sound incredible. It is wise sometimes to tolerate ridiculous ideas, lest we fail to recognize a paradigm shift when one comes along. Another obstacle to credibility is the multitude of unanswered questions. A truly fruitful theory raises more questions than it answers, by a ratio of 100 to 1. TEW fulfills that definition of fruitfulness.
The Further Explanation of Quantum Entanglement
Authors: Huang Jun Steed , Huang Jiamin Moran , Zou Qing
Published: November 2018

AlbertÂ EinsteinÂ discoveredÂ that,Â twoÂ particlesÂ originatedÂ fromÂ theÂ sameÂ source,Â whenÂ theÂ stateÂ ofÂ oneÂ changes,Â thatÂ ofÂ theÂ otherÂ willÂ changeÂ atÂ theÂ sameÂ time,Â noÂ matterÂ howÂ farÂ theyÂ areÂ apartÂ fromÂ eachÂ other.Â ThisÂ phenomenonÂ violatesÂ theÂ specialÂ theoryÂ ofÂ relativityÂ thatÂ wasÂ originatedÂ byÂ himself.Â LaterÂ onÂ heÂ extendedÂ specialÂ relativityÂ toÂ generalÂ relativity,Â hopingÂ toÂ solveÂ thisÂ problem,Â butÂ withÂ littleÂ success.Â InÂ thisÂ paper,Â weÂ areÂ tryingÂ toÂ elaborateÂ moreÂ aboutÂ ourÂ spaceÂ centralÂ viewÂ ofÂ theÂ phenomenon,Â weÂ thenÂ relateÂ itÂ toÂ moreÂ broadÂ understandingÂ ofÂ socialÂ andÂ cultureÂ storiesÂ suchÂ asÂ crimeÂ rateÂ cycle,Â meditationÂ power,Â superÂ natureÂ spiritualÂ storiesÂ fromÂ ancientÂ tombsÂ aroundÂ theÂ world.Â WeÂ nameÂ itÂ SuperÂ NaturalÂ Relativity.
SOLUTIONS OF THE SCHRODINGER EQUATION WITH INVERSELY QUADRATIC YUKAWA PLUS WOODS-SAXON POTENTIAL USING NIKIFOROV-UVAROV METHOD
Authors: Ita Benedict , Ikeuba A. I. , Obinna O.
Published: November 2018

The solutions of the SchrÓ§dinger equation with inversely quadratic Yukawa plus Woods-Saxon potential (IQYWSP) have been presented using the parametric Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. The bound state energy eigenvalues and the corresponding un-normalized eigen functions are obtained in terms of Jacobi polynomials. Also, a special case of the potential has been considered and its energy eigen values obtained. The result of the work could be applied to molecules moving under the influence of IQYWSP potential as negative energy eigenvalues obtained indicate a bound state system.
Monte Carlo investigation of prostate cancer ion â€“ therapy by using SOBP technique in the GEANT4 toolkit and MCNPX code
Authors: Zabihi Mohammad , Mohammad Fadavi Mazinani , Ali Mahdipour Seyed
Published: November 2018

Regarding the useful results concerned with an external radio-therapy in treatment ofÂ tumors, we consider in this paper a standard model of the human prostate phantom based onÂ MIRD phantom for the Monte Carlo simulation in GEANT4 toolkit and also on MCNPX codeÂ for a prostate cancer treatment. We calculate the lateral as well as the dose profiles in the tumorÂ region for both proton and alpha beams in a similar range, and finally having implemented theÂ SOBP technique, we compare the results of the two beams in the corresponding codes used inÂ this analysis.
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF NITROGEN DOPED ANATASE AND RUTILE TiO2 THIN FILMS
Authors: Aijaz Asim , Uddin Zaheer , Siddiqui Imran Ahmad
Published: November 2018

Anatase and rutile TiO2 thin films have been doped by N ion implantation. The effect of N doping on the structural changes of TiO2 thin films and its correlation to the optical and chemical properties of the films is investigated. The depth and concentration of the implanted N atoms is found not to exhibit substantial difference for anatase and rutile phases. The energy loss of the implanted N atoms correlates well to the energy gained by O and Ti atoms in the TiO2 lattice. An increased number of O vacancies are found to be generated as compared to Ti for both anatase and rutile phases. The energy loss mechanisms of the implanted N atoms together with the O vacancy generation are found to be the major driving forces for facilitating enhanced optical and chemical properties of the TiO2 thin films.Â
Incompleteness of General Relativity, Einstein's Errors, and Related Experiments-- American Physical Society March meeting, Z23 5, 2015 --
Authors: Lo C. Y.
Published: November 2018

General relativity is incomplete since it does not include the gravitational radiation reaction force and the interaction of gravitation with charged particles. General relativity is confusing because Einstein's covariance principle is invalid in physics. Moreover, there is no bounded dynamic solution for the Einstein equation. Thus, Gullstrand is right and the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physics press release is incorrect. Moreover, awards to Christodoulou reflect the blind faith toward Einstein and accumulated errors in mathematics. Note that the Einstein equation with an electromagnetic wave source has no valid solution unless a photonic energy-stress tensor with an anti-gravitational coupling is added. Thus, the photonic energy includes gravitational energy. The existence of anti-gravity coupling implies that the energy conditions in space-time singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose cannot be satisfied, and thus are irrelevant. Also, the positive mass theorem of Yau and Schoen is misleading, though considered as an achievement by the Fields Medal. E = mc2 is invalid for the electromagnetic energy alone. The discovery of the charge-mass interaction establishes the need for unification of electromagnetism and gravitation and would explain many puzzles. Experimental investigations for further results are important.
Emergence of size induced metallic state in the ferromagnetic insulating Pr0.8Sr0.2MnO3 manganite: Breaking of surface polarons
Authors: DAS PROLOY TARAN , Nigam Arun Kumar , Nath Tapan Kumar
Published: November 2018

Nano-dimensional effects on electronic-, magneto-transport properties of granular ferromagnetic insulating (FMI) Pr0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (PSMO) manganite (down to 40 nm) have been investigated in details. From the electronic and magnetic transport properties, a metallic state has been observed in grain size modulation by suppressing the ferromagnetic insulating state of PSMO bulk system. A distinct metal-insulator transition (MIT) temperature around 150 K has been observed in all nanometric samples. The observed insulator to metallic transition with size reduction can be explained with surface polaron breaking model, originates due to enhanced grain surface disorder. This proposed phenomenological polaronic model plays a significant role to understand the polaronic destabilization process on the grain surface regime of these phase separated nano-mangnatie systems. Temperature dependent resistivity and magnetoresistance data in presence of external magnetic fields are investigated in details with various compatible models.
Experimental and Theoretical (ab initio and DFT) Analysis of UV-Vis Spectra, Thermodynamic Functions and Non-linear Optical Properties of 2-Chloro-3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Authors: Kumar Sarvendra , Kumar Rajesh , Teotia Jayant , Yadav M. K.
Published: November 2018

In the present work, UV- Visible spectra of 2-Chloro-3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde (2,3,4-CDMB) compoundÂ  have been carried out experimentally and theoretically. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of title compound in three solvents (Acetone, Diethyl Ether, CCl4) of different polarity were examined in the range of 200â€“500 nm. The structure of the molecule was optimized and the structural characteristics were determined by HF and DFT (B3LYP) methods with 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) as basis sets. The excitation energy, wavelength corresponds to absorption maxima () and oscillator strength (f) are calculated by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) using B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) as basis sets. The electric dipole moment (Î¼), polarizability (Î±) and the first hyperpolarizability (Î² ) have been computed to evaluate the non-linear optical (NLO) response of the investigated compound by HF and DFT (B3LYP) with already mentioned basis sets. Thermodynamic functions of the title compound at different temperatures were also calculated.
Density functional theory, Comparative vibrational spectroscopic studies, HOMO-LUMO, and NBO analysis of Trichloro isocyanuric acid and Trithio cyanuric acid
Authors: Chithambarathanu Theraviyum , Darathi M. , DaisyMagdaline J. , Gunasekaran S.
Published: November 2018

The molecular vibrations of Trichloro isocyanuric acid (C3Cl3N3O3) and Trithio cyanuric acid (C3H3N3S3) have been investigated in polycrystalline sample at room temperature by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectroscopies in the region 4000-450 cm-1 and 4000-50 cm-1 respectively, which provide a wealth of structural information about the molecules. The spectra are interpreted with the aid of normal co-ordinate analysis following full structure optimization and force field calculations based on density functional theoryÂ Â  (DFT) using standard B3LYP / 6-311++ G (d, p) basis set for investigating the structural and spectroscopic properties. The vibrational frequencies are calculated and the scaled values are compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The scaled theoretical wave numbers shows very good agreement with experimental ones. The complete vibrational assignments are performed on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED) of vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum (SQM) method. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The results show that change in electron density (ED) in Ïƒ* and Ï€* anti-bonding orbitals and second order delocalizationÂ Â  energy (E2) confirm the occurrence of Intra molecular Charge Transfer (ICT) within the molecule. The thermodynamic properties like heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy and zero point energy have been calculated for the molecule. The frontier molecular orbitals have been visualized and the HOMO-LUMO energy gap has been calculated. The Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) analysis reveals the sites for electrophilic attack and nucleophilic reactions in the molecule.
Spin-1/2 Charged Particle in 1+4 dimensions with N=1-Supersymmetry
Authors: Belich Humberto Belich
Published: November 2018

We study the dynamics of a charged spin-(1/2) particle in an external 5-dimensional electromagnetic field. We then consider that we are at the TeV scale, so that we can access the fifth dimension and carry out our physical considerations in a 5-dimensional brane. In this brane, we focus our attention to the quantum-mechanical dynamics of the charged particle minimally coupled to the 5-dimensional electromagnetic field. We propose a way to identify the Abraham-Lorentz back reaction force as an effect of the extra ( fifth ) dimension. In another regime of fields allowed by the model, a massive charged particle (CHAMP) behaviour can be, in which the bulk electric field play a crucial rÃ´le.
LOW PRESSURE CH2Cl2 PLASMA DISCHARGE
Authors: Flores Osvaldo
Published: November 2018

Glow discharge of dichloromethane (DCM) was investigated employing Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), while the electron temperature and electron density were measured using a double Langmuir probe. Deposits formed were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photo Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The species identified by OES were the molecular bands of C2, C3, CH, H2, CH+, HCl+, Cl and C+. The material deposited displays a growing behavior. SEM observation shows several features which correspond to coalesce and growth mechanism. The characterization of the material deposited can explain the different stages of deposits that are formed on the electrode surface. Several factors are concerned in the complexity of the process, regarding the interaction of species formed during the plasma discharge. Involving several bonds types such as: C=C, C=C-CH2-Cl, C-C and CH.
EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD FROM MOBILE PHONE ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Ali Dr. Esmail
Published: November 2018

Devices such as mobile phones, wireless internet modems, and radios and televisions, which occupy an important place in social life, produce electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Widespread use of these devices in daily life increases the intensity of exposure to EMFs on a day to day basis. Investigation of the effects on health of devices such as mobile phones used in close proximity to the body is attracting considerable interest from scientists. Mobile phones manufactured using the latest technology operate in a high frequency range (300â€“3000 MHz). This further heightens concerns regarding the effect of mobile phones on human health. Most Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) operators in Europe, Asia, and Africa use a frequency of 900 MHz. With the rapid development of electronic information and communication techniques, exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has increased dramatically. Some studies have focused on the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation. Microwave radiation has been reported as producing adverse effects in the central nervous system (CNS), including headache, sleep disorders, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction and neurogenesis impairment in both humans and animals. However, the direct effects of microwave radiation on neurodevelopment and the underlying mechanisms for any such effects remain unknown. As per todayâ€™s global scenario use of mobile phone is increasing day by day for communication. Due to its constant use, the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted from the cell phone, base station and other household appliances cause adverse effects on human health. There is an increase concern about the interaction of EMR generated from mobile phones, with the human organs specially with brain because of its close and long proximity to human brain during the mobile usage. Concerns have shown whether these exposures could have effect on brain and central nervous system (CNS).
Optical properties of the massive Vanadium dioxide
Authors: Benchaib Abderrahim , Mdaa Abdesselam , Zorkani Izeddine , Jorio Anouar
Published: November 2018

Â We can easily extract the optical properties from a material starting from its permittivity complexes Ô‘; . The real part of this dielectric function clearly takes its place in the Colombian interaction of an exciton. We are interested in exciton 1S in the case of the massive vanadium dioxide. We will solve SchrÃ¶dingerâ€™s equation for this exciton by variational method and we obtain Â according to energy E of the same exciton. We make a simulation by means of the Maple software ofÂ  Â and of the index of refraction n according to energy E of the exciton 1S, around and far from the band gap of this material while being based on the approximation of the effective mass. We will extract the reflectivity R and transmittivity T of the massive vanadium dioxide for the normal incidence of the incidental photons by considering a slightly absorbent semiconductor state.Â
Molecular Spectroscopic Characterization and Electronic Structure Analysis of N- benzylaniline- A DFT Approach
Authors: Chithambarathanu Theraviyum , Vanaja K. , DaisyMagdaline J.
Published: November 2018

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of N-benzylaniline[NBZA]Â  have been analysed in the region 4000-450cm-1 and 4000-50cm-1respectively. The geometrical structure, harmonic vibrationalÂ  frequency, infrared intensity, Raman activities and bonding features of the title compound were carried out by DFT method with B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) basis set. The complete vibrational frequency assignments were made by normal co-ordinate analysis following the scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology (SQM). The charge transfer and hyperconjugative interactions have been analysed using natural bond orbital (NBO) and HOMO-LUMO analysis. The reactivity sites are identified by mapping the electron density into electrostatic potential surface (MESP). The thermodynamic properties of the title compound at the different temperatures have been calculated. The mulliken charges, the values of electric dipole moment (Âµ) of the molecule were computed using DFT calculations and the results are interpreted. The UV absorption spectrum of the title compound has been described at the experimental level.
Characterization of Carbon nanotubes Near- Infrared Photoconductive Detector
Authors: Naje Asama Natik , Abdalkrema Ola , Hamzah A. , M.Suhail Abdulla
Published: November 2018

Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs,F-MWCNTs,SWCNTs) with different structure were fabricated into near-infrared photodetectors. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) was used as a substrate toÂ  deposit CNTsÂ  by the drop casting method. The CNTs carrier concentrations, conductivity and carrier mobility were measured. Different types CNTs photodetectors exhibit a good photoconductive performance at a wavelength (980-1200nm) especially SWCNTs, responsivityÂ  was found to be (0.295 A W-1 ), specific detectivity (D*) 1Ã—109 cm.Hz1/2 .W-1 and response time 0.049ns.Â
Surface Electromagnetic Waves at a Single Interface of Superconductor and Left-Handed Materials
Authors: Shabat Mohammed M. , Hamada M. S. , Sbaih M. A.
Published: November 2018

The wave propagation characteristics along the single interface of superconductor and left-handed materials areÂ investigated theoretically. An expression for the complex permittivity of a superconductor is derived in the approximation oftwo-component plasma containing "normal" and "superconducting" electrons. Basic relations are obtained in the generalÂ case at temperatures T â‰¤ Tc where c T is the critical temperature. The frequency, the structure, and the temperatureÂ dependences of surface electromagnetic waves propagating along a single interface of a superconductor-left-handedÂ material interface are computed, analyzed and discussed.
Nuclear Shape Transition Between Spherical U(5) and Î³-Unstable O(6) Limits of the Interacting Boson Model
Authors: Abokilla Mahmoud , Khalaf A.M. , Awwad T.M. , Gaballah N.
Published: November 2018

The interacting boson model (IBM) with intrinsic coherent state (characterized by and ) is used to describe the nuclear second order shape phase transition (denoted E(5)) between the spherical oscillator U(5) and the -soft rotor O(6) structural limits. The potential energy surfaces (PES's) have been derived and the critical points of the phase transition have been determined . The model is examined for the spectra of even-even neutron rich xenon isotopic chain. The best adopted parameters in the IBM Hamiltonian for each nucleus have been adjusted to reproduce as closely as possible the experimental selected numbers of excitation energies of the yrast band,Â  by using computer simulated search program.Using the best fitted parameters , the Â energy ratios for theÂ  levels are calculated and compared to those of the O(6) and U(5) dynamical symmetry limits.122Xe and 132Xe are considered as examples for the two O(6) and U(5) dynamical symmetry limits
Physical Kinetics of Loop Quantum Gravity and Blackhole Dynamics: Kinetic Theory of Quantum Spacetime, Blackhole Phase Transition Theory and Blackhole Fission.
Authors: Kabe Koustubh
Published: November 2018

In the following chapter, a sincere endeavor is made to buildÂ  a physically as well as in most later aspects a mathematically simple but rigorous physical kinetics of spacetime and of blackholes. Starting with a 3-volume quantization result of the now standard Ashtekar-Lewandowski Quantum Riemannian Geometry, and based on the work of the author on time as a vortex, a 4-volume spacetime quantum, a rapidly fluctuating one is developed and the foundations seem to look shaky in the very beginning, but start to get stronger and stronger as one starts to enter the end of the section on the physical kinetics of blackholes. Thus, experimental tests and observational predictions have been made whenever seem required or appropriate for justification, examples from laboratory table-top physics provided. Once the framework of kinetic theory has been developed, the author has entered into the realm of blackhole phase transitions nucleating from backgroung spacetime as well as other blackhole phase transitions. The equations of phase transitions have been rigorously analyzed and physical interpretations and physical predictions provided. Also certain the Bardeen-Carter-Hawking standard zeroeth law of blackhole dynamics been deduced in the context of equilibrium phase transitions in blackholes. The possibility of splitting of the Kerr-Newman blackhole akin to nuclear fission is obtained. An interesting work is the conception and extensin of the stretched horizon which was constructed by Ashoke Sen in the context of unphysical extremal blackholes in string theory -to that of isolated horizons in the context of arbitrary blackholes as proposed by Rovelli . Quantum gravitational dispersion as well as diffraction of light and gravitational waves by discrete nature of quantum spacetime geometry has been predicted in phenomenology. The paper predicts the gravi-electric Meissner effect in the wake of the Galilean superconductivity in the form of locally Lorentzian spacetimes as a critical behavior in the context of a second order phase transition. The property of the blackholes to undergo fission is demonstrated in the equations of phase transitions. This is used to explain the astrophysical phenomenon of Quasars. An iso-Higgs multiplet is qualitatively predicted as basic constituents of the blackhole. A liquid droplet model is suggested to explain the newly predicted phenomenon of blackhole fission in this paper.The chapter as a whole builds the foundations of the subject of the title of the paper.
ON PARTICLE WAVES SOLUTIONS OF THE EQUATION OF ETHER WAVES
Authors: Zareski David
Published: November 2018

In previous publications, we demonstrated that the monochromatic waves Î¾ associated to particles,Â (including photons), submitted to forces, (gravitational regarding the photons), are the solutions of the ether elasticÂ wave equation for sufficiently large pulsation Ï‰. In these publications we did not considered the fact that it mayÂ exist waves Î¾ that are the solutions of this wave equation even for small values of Ï‰, like for example wavesÂ associated to the free photons. In the present paper, we show cases where waves Î¾ associated to particles submittedto forces are solutions of this ether wave equation for any values of Ï‰, i.e., even for its small values.
Validation of moving target doses using ArcCHECK Planned Dose Perturbation Algorithm
Authors: Sharma P K , Srivastava Roopam , Suchitra Laishram
Published: November 2018

Â The aim of the study is to use Planned Dose Perturbation (PDPâ„¢) measurement-guided reconstruction method to estimate dynamic 4D dose and evaluate both 3D dose and DVH changes caused by target motion resulting from respiration. Five patients of Ca lung were selected for the study. Target and Organ at risks were (OARs) delineated on 4DCT data set of each patient. Dose of moving target vs. stationary target were simulated and compared for OARs and target by analyzing 3D dose and DVH(Dose Volume Histogram).There was almost 3.5% higher target maximum doses measured with moving target after applying the target motion trajectory data as compared to the stationary target whereas OARs doses were comparable. The results, clinically signifies the importance of motion management in lung tumors.
MICROLENS FOCAL LENGTH CONTROLING FOR OPTICAL TWEEZER ARRAYS BY ACOUSTO-OPTIC MODULATION IN GERMANIUM
Authors: Ho Quang Quy , Nguyen Van Thinh , Mai Van Luu
Published: November 2018

The microlens arrays created by ultrasonic waves in acousto-optical material Germanium (Ge) is theoretically proposed. The simulated results show the proposed microlens arrays can be used for optical tweezers arrays to trap an assembly micro-beads. Moreover, with the control by changing of the ultrasonic intensity and frequency, the optical tweezers arrays will act as the dynamical one, which can sieve the beads in (X,Y) plane in the embedding fluid. The focal length of microlens in GermaniumÂ  controling by frequency and intensity of ultrasonic wave is discussed. Â  Â  Â  Â  Â  Â
ETUDE DE Lâ€™ISOTHERME 25 Â°C DU SYSTEME QUASI QUATERNAIRE H2O - Zn(NO3)2,6H2O â€“ Cu(NO3)2,3H2O - NH4NO3 II- ISOPLETHES : 41 MASSE % Cu(NO3)2, [MASSE DE NH4NO3] = -10/9 [MASSE DE Zn(NO3)2] + 100, [MASSE DE H2O] = 0.5702 [MASSE DE ZN(NO3)2] + 0.2879[ M
Authors: Madani Saad El , ELHAMZI S. , SAISSI S. , IBNLFASSI A.
Published: November 2018

The solid-liquid equilibria of the quasi quaternary system H2O Zn(NO3)2,6H2O Cu(NO3)2,3H2O-NH4NO3 were studied at 25Â°C by using a synthetic method based on conductivity measurements.Three isoplethic sections has been established at 25Â°C and the stable solid phases which appear are:NH4NO3 (IV), Zn(NO3)2,6H2O, Cu(NO3)2,3H2O and metastable Cu(NO3),2.5H2O.Neither double salts, nor mixed crystals are observed at these temperature and composition range.
MODELING OF THE INFLUENCE OF THERMIC TREATMENT UPON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM-TIN ALLOYS
Authors: Madani Saad El , ELHAMZI S. , KATTEN J. , IBNLFASSI A.
Published: November 2018

In order to master and improve the quality and properties of the final products, the major industrial challenge lies in the possibility of controlling the morphology, size of microstructures that reside within the molded pieces, as well as their defects; this is the fundamental reason according to which we are more and more interested in mastering the growth and germination of such alloys, as well as the developing structures, at the time of solidification process. The modeling reveals as a valuable aid in the mastery of the formation of such heterogeneousness: segregation cells that are incompatible with industrial requirements. The whole work focuses upon the modeling of the segregation phenomenon of the four hypoeutectic alloys, Al1%Sn, Al2%Sn, Al3%Sn and Al4%Sn, as well as the tin effect upon certain mechanical properties of aluminum. Usually, the microstructure and mechanical Â behavior of such alloys as Al-Sn are directly influenced by some parameters such as composition, cooling velocity and homogenization process.
Evaluation of Calculation Algorithms for photon Beam dose in Heterogeneous Medium
Authors: Hassan G.S. , A. Mohamed Saleh , M. Elshahat Khaled
Published: November 2018

The success of the implementations of a radiotherapy treatment planning system is determined by the ability of the dose calculation algorithms to reproduce the algorithm input data, and in most cases the agreement was found within Â±2%. Varian linear accelerator DMX, TPS Eclipse (version 10.33) is used and absolute dosimetry and relative dosimetry system (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) and 2D array were also used. The Calculation of Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) is more accurate than the Pencil beam Algorithm (PBC) in heterogeneity medium in comparison with practical measurement. The extent of the effort required to carry out a validation study of the complexity of that described here precludes its use as a routine component of TPS commissioning. Our realistic recommendation is that commissioning includes tests aimed at confirming that raw beam data have been entered correctly and that the operation of the system is understood. Finally, the study tell us that the observed deviations between TPS calculated using Eclipse version 10.33 and measured dose in the present of heterogeneous medium are well within the tolerance levels and the study also show that the use of Eclipse (version 10.33) TPS, AAA algorithm records significant improvement than the previous TPS versions especially in the present of low density inhomogeneity.
Chemical synthesis and study of structural and optoelectronic properties of CdS thin films: Effect of SILAR growth cycles
Authors: Gosavi S. R. , Chaudhari K. B.
Published: November 2018

CdS thin films were deposited on glass substrates by using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method at room temperature. The effect of SILAR growth cycles on structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the films has been studied.Â  The thickness of the deposited film is measured by employing weight difference method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) studies showed that all the films exhibit polycrystalline nature and are covered well with glass substrates. The values of average crystallite size were found to be 53 nm, 58 nm, 63 nm and 71 nm corresponding to the thin films deposited with 30, 40, 50 and 60 SILAR growth cycles respectively. From the UVâ€“VIS spectra of the deposited thin films, it was seen that both the absorption properties and energy bandgap of the films changes with increasing number of SILAR growth cycles. A decrease of electrical resistivity has been observed with increasing SILAR growth cycle.Â
Information theory and dimensions: Enhancing Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Khumalo Bheku
Published: November 2018

This paper seeks to discuss why information theory is so important. What is information, knowledge is interaction of human mind and information, but there is a difference between information theory and knowledge theory. Look into information and particle theory and see how information must have its roots in particle theory. This leads to the concept of spatial dimensions, information density, complexity, particle density, can there be particle complexity, and re-looking at the double slit experiment and quantum tunneling. Information functions/ relations are discussed.
Red Sunrise, Blue Sky, and Red Sunset: the Light Refraction of Earth Atmosphere
Authors: Ji Yan
Published: November 2018

The red sunrise, red sunset, and blue sky were common nature phenomena. Why sunrise and sunset are red color, and why daytime sky is blue? This paper used earth atmosphere refraction principles to explain the sky and sun color. The â€œenergy attract force equationâ€ was considered to explain the sun light offset at the outer atmosphere acted by earth mass, which may be better for understand the Relativity Theory. The conclusion will be benefit for the telescope application, satellites communication, astronomy observation, and other atmosphere optical applications.Â
NEW MODEL OF ATOM
Authors: Kumar Girish Chandra
Published: November 2018

In this research paper I have proposed a new model of the atom. Though it sounds, atomic physics is a closed research area since a century ago. But I have discovered some problems in the existing model of atom. In this model, I have proposed a static model of the atom, instead of the existing model which is based on matter waves. Here the electrons are not moving, or rotating, and so no s, p, d, f, sub shells for the atom, without which I have explained, the chemical and radiation nature of the atom.
Home care for heart failure: can caregiver education prevent hospital admissions? A randomized trial in primary care
Authors: Padula Maria S. , D’Ambrosio Gaetano G. , Tocci Marina , D’Amico Roberto , Banchelli Federico , Angeli Letizia , Scarpa Marina , Capelli Oreste , Cricelli Claudio , Boriani Giuseppe
Published: November 2018

Aim

To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a low-complexity, low-cost model of caregiver education in primary care, targeted to reduce hospitalizations of heart failure patients.

Methods

A cluster-randomized, controlled, open trial was proposed to general practitioners, who were invited to identify patients with heart failure, exclusively managed at home and continuously attended by a caregiver. Participating general practitioners were then randomized to: usual treatment; caregiver education (educational session for recognizing early symptoms/signs of heart failure, with recording in a diary of a series of patient parameters, including body weight, blood pressure, heart rate). The patients were observed at baseline and during a 12-month follow-up.

Results

Three hundred and thirteen patients were enrolled (163 in the intervention, 150 in the usual care group), 63% women, mean age 85.3 ± 7.7 years. At the end of the 12-month follow-up, a trend towards a lower incidence of hospitalizations was observed in the intervention group (hazard ratio 0.73; 95% CI 0.53–1.01 P = 0.061). Subgroup analysis showed that for patients with persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation, age less than 90 years or Barthel score equal to or greater than 50 a significant lower hospital admission rate occurred in the intervention group (hazard ratio 0.63; 95% CI 0.39–0.99; P = 0.048, hazard ratio 0.66; 95% CI 0.45–0.97; P = 0.036 and hazard ratio 0.61; 95% CI 0.41–0.89; P = 0.011, respectively).

Conclusion

Caregivers training for early recognition of symptoms/signs of worsening heart failure may be effective in reducing hospitalizations, although the benefit was evident only in specific patient subgroups (with persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation, age <90 years or Barthel score ≥ 50), with only a positive trend in the whole cohort.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03389841.
Safety and efficacy of a cardiologist-only approach to deep sedation for electrical cardioversion
Authors: Morani Giovanni , Borio Gianluca , Bolzan Bruna , Ribichini Flavio L.
Published: November 2018

Aims

Electrical cardioversion is still the preferred method to restore sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. The main disadvantage is that electrical cardioversion requires deep sedation, generally administered by anaesthesiologists, for safety concern. An exclusively cardiologic management of deep sedation should have the advantage to reduce resources and time consumed.

Methods

All consecutive patients admitted to our division with persistent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter to undergo elective electrical cardioversion from June 2002 to December 2016 were included. The sedation protocol was managed only by cardiologists and involved the administration of a 5-mg bolus of midazolam, followed by increasing doses of propofol to achieve the desired sedation level. Exclusion criteria were strictly observed. Complications were recorded. A retrospective analysis on a deidentified database has been performed.

Results

A total of 1188 electrical cardioversions were scheduled in our centre. A total of 1195 patients were scheduled in our centre, of whom 1188 met inclusion criteria. Electrical cardioversion was performed in 1073 cases (90.3%). Electrical cardioversion was successful in restoring sinus rhythm in 1030 (96.0%) patients. Immediate recurrence of atrial fibrillation occurred in 89 patients (8.3%). 99/1073 (9.22%) patients underwent trans-oesophagel echocardiography before cardioversion. Deep sedation, according to our protocol, was effective in 100% of cases. Midazolam was administered at a dosage of 5 mg to all patients, while propofol was administered at a dosage ranging from 20 to 80 mg (25.1 ± 11.0 mg SD). No anaesthesia-related complications were observed, neither significant respiratory depression requiring intubation nor anaesthesiologist support.

Conclusion

The exclusively cardiological procedure of deep sedation seems to be safe and effective.