bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variability in In-situ Supraglacial Streamflow and Drivers in Southwest Greenland in 2016
Authors: Muthyala Rohi , Rennermalm Asa K. , Leidman Sasha Z. , Cooper Matthew G. , Cooley Sarah W. , Smith Laurence C. , van As Dirk
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Greenland ice sheet surface runoff is evacuated through supraglacial stream networks, which influence surface mass balance as well as ice dynamics. However, in-situ observations of meltwater discharge through these stream networks are rare. In this study, we present 46 discharge measurements and continuous water level measurements for 62 days spanning 13 June to 13 August 2016 for a 0.6 km2 supraglacial stream catchment in southwest Greenland. The result is an unprecedented long record of supraglacial discharge capturing both diurnal and seasonal variability. By comparing in situ hydraulic geometry parameters with previous studies, we find that significant heterogeneity exists such that estimating stream discharge using these parameters over ungauged supraglacial catchments could lead to substantial errors. A comparison of surface energy fluxes to stream discharge reveals shortwave radiation as the primary driver of melting (78 % of melt energy). However, during high melt episodes, the shortwave only contributes to 50 % of melt energy. Instead, the relative contribution of longwave radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes to overall melt increases by 16.5 %, 4 %, and 7 % respectively. Our data also show a seasonal variation in the timing of daily maximum discharge during clear sky days, shifting from 16:00 local time (i.e., 2.75 hours after solar noon) in late June to 14:00 in late July, then rapidly returns to 16:00 in early August coincident with an abrupt drop in air temperature. These changes in peak daily flow timing can be attributed to a changing effective catchment area, resulting in a smaller stream network supplying water to the outlet at the end of the season throughout the melt season. Further work is needed to uncover how widespread rapid shift in the timing of peak discharge is across Greenland supraglacial streams, and thus their potential impact on meltwater delivery to the subglacial system and ice dynamics.
Humiliation, Resistance and State Violence: Using the Sociology of Emotions to Understand Institutional Violence Against Women and Girls and Their Acts of Resistance
Authors: Fattore Tobia , Mason Jan
Published: November 2020

This article examines the relationship between state violence in the form of practices aimed to humiliate and acts of resistance to these practices. Focusing on the experiences of women and girls in the Parramatta Female Factory (1804–1848), Parramatta Girls’ Training School and Hay Institution for Girls (1950–1974), we suggest that the practices used to govern women and girls can be read as attempts at humiliation—to degrade and denounce an individual’s entire subjectivity as being unworthy. We argue that while shame can be the basis for reintegration, humiliation leads to other responses, including at an individual level, reclaiming one’s status as being of worth, and at the level of social action through movements that reclaim group status and invert the direction of who has morally transgressed.
Contexto histórico del origen de la Ética de la investigación científica y su fundamentación filosófica
Authors: Montero Vega Adela
Published: November 2020

Dado que la bioética surge como reacción a la vulneración de la dignidad de las personas, se crearon comisiones para normar la experimentación con humanos. Considerar los límites de la investigación biomédica y la práctica rutinaria de la medicina precisan criterios de riesgo/beneficio en las investigaciones donde participan sujetos. ¿Qué principios responden a la dilemática situación de experimentar con humanos? ¿pueden estos principios fundamentar criterios normativos y regulatorios que valgan para la ética de la investigación? ¿Cuáles son los límites en la práctica y la investigación? Como se verá, no existe prácticamente reglamentación específica para la investigación social más allá de la derivada por la investigación médica. Se describen, entonces, las raíces históricas y los fundamentos filosóficos de la ética de la investigación en función de mostrar sus límites y alcances metodológicos.
Densidad fitoplanctónica y cantidad de fósforo, carbono y nitrógeno en el Lago de Apanás, Jinotega,2019
Authors: Hernández Rivera Carmen Isabel , Alamirano Perez Melba Regina , Mendoza Mendoza Karolina Lisseth
Published: November 2020

Esta investigación consistió en recabar información sobre la densidad poblacional del fitoplancton y la cantidad de nutrientes (carbono, nitrógeno, fósforo) presentes en el sedimento del Lago de Apanas, cabe recalcar que este cuerpo de agua es artificial. En cuanto a la metodología se eligieron 3 puntos de muestreo de agua y sedimento, en la entrada, zona media y salida del Lago (Fuentes, 2017).

En los resultados se logró evidenciar una relación entre la cantidad de nutrientes y la población de microalgas, se debe considerar que pueden haber influido también los nutrientes aportados por escorrentía
Determination of the elastic constants in the classical vibrational model of the CO2 molecule
Authors: Hernández Beltrán Kevin , Aguilar Gutiérrez Sergio Ernesto
Published: November 2020

In this article, we report an experimental method to calculate the values of the elastic constants that correspond to longitudinal and transverse vibrations in the classical model of the CO2 molecule. In classical molecular physics, the CO2 is treated as a linear array of three point-particles that interact by a harmonic coupling. The experimental wavenumbers of the normal modes of vibrations of CO2 were obtained from IR spectroscopy on an atmospheric air sample, and they were applied the calculation of the respective normal mode elastic constants. This article does not provide new research in molecular physics, but it is rather made for teaching purposes.
Cálculo de niveles de energía con los potenciales de Lennard-Jones, Coseno Hiperbólico y Morse utilizando el método matricial y de emparejamiento
Authors: Andino Fernando , Spilsbury Michael , Reyes Marco , Galo Alejandro
Published: November 2020

Este trabajo representa un ejercicio académico en el que se comparan dos métodos numéricos; el método matricial y de emparejamiento para la solución de la ecuación unidimensional de Schrödinger con los potenciales de Lennard-Jones, coseno hiperbólico y de Morse. Con ambos métodos, se obtuvieron los niveles de energía y las funciones de onda asociadas con un error bajo, esto comparando las energías calculadas numéricamente con las del potencial coseno hiperbólico las cuales se conocen de forma analítica.
Smoking cessation counseling: Attitude in the background of poor practice compliance among Palestinian primary health care physicians: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Maraqa Beesan , Nazzal Zaher , Jabareen Jurouh , Al-Shakhra Kamal
Published: November 2020

Objectives: Healthcare systems have primary responsibility for treating tobacco dependence. Despite its proven effectiveness, international studies have shown that smoking cessation advice to patients in primary health care is suboptimal. This study aimed at assessing Palestinian PHC physicians’ compliance and attitude towards smoking cessation counseling and their determinants.Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional study design using a self-reported questionnaire targeted general practitioners, family medicine doctors, obstetrics & gynecologists, and dentists working at PHC Centers in Palestine from April to September 2019. A proportional stratified random sampling method was used. Socio-demographic, medical experience, if received any training in smoking cessation counseling, smoking history, practice compliance, knowledge, confidence, and attitude, were assessed.Results: Two-hundred ninety-four PHC physicians participated in the study with a high response rate. More than half (53%) were between 31-45 years of age. Most of them (76.5%) were general practitioners seeing more than 30 patients per day (66%), and only 15% (n = 40) get training about smoking cessation counseling. Practice compliance was low; only 39 (13.3%) reported adherence to smoking cessation practice. The participant physicians’ attitude level was good as the overall attitude score mean 75.1 ± 9.6. A positive attitude, assigned as any score ≥ 65, was observed in 87.7% (n = 258) of physicians. Job title, experience, and knowledge are predictors of a positive attitude towards smoking cessation counseling.Conclusions: Building a supportive environment, improving physicians’ capabilities will reflect on their self-efficacy and their confidence level and enhance their practice in smoking cessation counseling.
Roles of Fear of Happiness and Fragility of Happiness in Nigerian Military Personnel Workload
Authors: Ujoatuonu Ikechukwu V. N. , Okafor Chiedozie O. , Kanu Gabriel C. , Ndukahie Izuchukwu L. G. , Nwaleke Raphael
Published: November 2020

In the light of conflicts and Boko Haram insurgency facing Nigeria as a county and the involvement of the military in the fight against terrorists, the study of workload and happiness need to be researched more to gain greater acceptance and become one of the global indices on which nations’ military are measured and ranked. Our study anchors on multiple resource and information processing theory to assess the roles of fear and fragility of happiness in workload among Nigerian military personnel. Two hundred and twenty (220) Nigerian soldiers, drawn from Nigerian Army and Nigerian Air Force participated in this study. Three instruments , namely, Workload Scale, Fear of Happiness Scale and Fragility of Happiness Scale, were used to collect data from the participants. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that fear of happiness was not significantly associated with work load. Fragility of happiness positively predicted work load, indicating that military personnel who had greater fragility of happiness reported greater workload. It was concluded that workplace interventions and programs to curtail fragility of happiness would be helpful in reducing the perceptions of excess workload among Nigerian military personnel.
An Advanced Platform for Thermodynamics Education. Part one: Small Density Pure Real Gases
Authors: SEDUNOV Boris
Published: November 2020

The paper presents an advanced platform for thermodynamics education - the equilibrium pure real gas system, which has been deeply investigated experimentally and theoretically by researchers from all over the World. But in spite of a huge amount of extra precise experimental data, the nature of real gases and clusters in them is still poorly understood. The clusters are considered now as a new state of matter. To study them is both challenging and educative. We use a wonderful feature of pure real gases: the chemical potential for all basic particles in a gas is universal for all clusters. It permits us to find the monomer fraction density Dm from an experimental pressure dependence of the total density. This variable has proven to be the key to properties of clusters and molecular interactions. The advanced platform is more informative for thermodynamics education than the widely used ideal gas model, which ignores molecular interactions. It provides a new vision of molecular interactions in clusters, the entropy and Joule-Thomson effect in pure real gases, gas-to-liquid transition in supercritical fluids. Moving step-by-step from ideal to denser gases students understand better the complex nature of condensation. Here we start from small density gases.
THE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN ICELAND’S
SYSTEM OF CIVIL PROTECTION AND EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
Authors: Grzela Joanna
Published: November 2020

In Iceland, since 2008, there has been a centralisation and coordination
of forces and resources needed to protect the population and
civil security. Duties in the fi eld of civil protection at the national level are
delegated to the National Police Chief, who acts in accordance with the government’s
policy of civil protection and security. The system’s reliability has
been achieved thanks to the close cooperation of offi cials from many levels
of government and self-government administration, which is overseen by the
National Police Chief.
THE PROBLEM OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS A
CHALLENGE IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Stefański Marek
Published: November 2020

Despite many activities undertaken by entities of government
and self-government administration as well as by non-governmental organisations
statutorily dealing with domestic violence, it is still a signifi cant social
problem. The activities undertaken by the abovementioned entities are
insuffi cient to limit crimes committed against the family. Therefore, threats
of social exclusion related to families affected by domestic violence require
more effective action and additional research.
Vom Corona-Shutdown zur Blended University?
Authors: Seyfeli Funda , Elsner Laura , Wannemacher Klaus
Published: November 2020

The expert survey "Digitales Sommersemester" focuses on the medium-term consequences of the corona pandemic for studies and teaching. On the basis of multi-perspective surveys among students, lecturers and employees of support institutions, a differentiated picture of the university in shutdown is created. The study reveals the university‘s ability to react quickly during the crisis, as well as the many challenges posed by the pandemic-related ‚operational disruption‘ and abrupt digitalization in the summer semester of 2020. Based on a stakeholder-specific analysis of key problems and the need for action in higher education policy, the study provides a brief outlook on a post-corona university.
Diagnostic Potential of Salivary Exosomes in Oral Cancer
Authors: Ademola Adeola Henry , Holmes Haly , Oluwaseyi Temilola Dada
Published: November 2020

“Omics” based concepts and techniques are gaining momentum in the field of oral medicine, spurred on by rapid advancements within the field of precision diagnostics and therapeutics. Oral cancer, specifically oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common head and neck cancer, posing both diagnostic and prognostic challenges globally. Saliva offers several advantages as a diagnostic tool and has gained recognition as a biological medium for liquid biopsy. Salivary biomarkers, such as exosomes not only contain the full spectrum of genomic, lipidomic and proteomic material from its cell of origin, but are also more stable and consistently measurable in saliva due to their phospholipid structural protection of their merchandise/contents. Salivary exosomes are mediators in communication and transfer of contents between cancer and normal cells and thus key role players in mediating the tumor environment. Even though exosomes have been widely employed to investigate systemic diseases including head and neck cancers, unraveling the biologic mechanisms, scope of application of salivary tumor-derived exosomes and overcoming restrictions in this emergent field of saliva-exosomics warrants further investigation.
Energy Minimization
Authors: Gautam Budhayash
Published: November 2020

The energetic state of a protein is one of the most important representative parameters of its stability. The energy of a protein can be defined as a function of its atomic coordinates. This energy function consists of several components: 1. Bond energy and angle energy, representative of the covalent bonds, bond angles. 2. Dihedral energy, due to the dihedral angles. 3. A van der Waals term (also called Leonard-Jones potential) to ensure that atoms do not have steric clashes. 4. Electrostatic energy accounting for the Coulomb’s Law m protein structure, i.e. the long-range forces between charged and partially charged atoms. All these quantitative terms have been parameterized and are collectively referred to as the ‘force-field’, for e.g. CHARMM, AMBER, AMBERJOPLS and GROMOS. The goal of energy Minimization is to find a set of coordinates representing the minimum energy conformation for the given structure. Various algorithms have been formulated by varying the use of derivatives. Three common algorithms used for this optimization are steepest descent, conjugate gradient and Newton–Raphson. Although energy Minimization is a tool to achieve the nearest local minima, it is also an indispensable tool in correcting structural anomalies, viz. bad stereo-chemistry and short contacts. An efficient optimization protocol could be devised from these methods in conjunction with a larger space exploration algorithm, e.g. molecular dynamics.
Blastocystis hominis: A Pathogenic Parasite
Authors: Badparva Ebrahim , Kheirandish Farnaz
Published: November 2020

Background: Blastocystis hominis is recognized as a common intestinal parasite. Some studies have reported the effect of phenotypic, serologic, and biochemical indices on the parasites’ pathogenic characteristics. Objectives: This study aimed to introduce B. hominis as a pathogen, trying to change views about this parasite and introduce it as a parasite important in medical sciences. Methods: An open-ended, language-restricted (English) search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases (from 1990 to 2018) using specific search criteria to identify Blastocystis spp. Results: The search of the literature retrieved 158 published articles on Blastocystis spp. Among these articles, the ones related to the pathogenicity of B. hominis were selected for further investigations. Results obtained in this study showed that the number of articles within five-year periods had an increasing trend. Also, studies of B. hominis have mainly investigated its pathogenic characteristics, accounting for 37.34% of the studies. Conclusions: This study showed comprehensive reasons for proving the pathogenesis of the parasite. It is hoped that further studies would fill the existing gaps regarding this parasite and identify its true identity as a medically important parasite.
Investigating the Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Trust
Authors: Fariba Karimi , Mostafa Sayed , Jashveqani Banitaba
Published: November 2020

The present research aims to determine relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational trust. It was a descriptive correlation study. The statistical population of the research included all female teachers of high schools of district 4 of Isfahan City. Organizational support questionnaire developed by Eisenberger et al. (1986) and Sashkin's organizational trust questionnaire (1988) were instruments used in this research. 1986questionnaire. For organizational trust questionnaire, alpha was equal to 0.90 and for perceived organizational support, it was equal to 0.83. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational trust. Furthermore, the results showed that there are significant relationships between perceived organizational support and 10 dimensions of organizational trust except for manager’s honesty for predicting future results.
Design of highly redundant fault tolerant control for aircraft elevator system
Authors: Tayyeb Muhammad , Riaz Umar , Amin Arslan , Saleem Omer , Arslan Muhammad , Shahbaz Muhammad
Published: November 2020

Elevators are surfaces of flight control, typically at the rear of an aircraft to control the pitch of the plane, the angle of attack and the wing lift. The most critical actuation device is longitudinal aircraft control, and its failures will result in a catastrophic aircraft crash. This paper proposes a Highly Redundant Fault Tolerant Control (HRFTC) policy for the aircraft to accommodate faults in the critical sensors and actuators. Modified Triple Modular Redundancy (MTMR) has been proposed for the sensors and Dual Redundancy (DR) has been proposed for the actuators. The working of control laws, pilot order, signal conditioning, and failure are elaborated. Furthermore, the PID controller is used for the adjustment of the position of the elevator by comparing it with a set point. The results show that when a fault occurs, the system detects it successfully and tolerates it quickly without disturbing the flight of aircraft. The study is significant for the avionics industry for manufacturing highly reliable machines for human and environmental safety.
Big data, criticometría y el estudio de las literaturas nacionales en la bibliografía crítica: el caso excepcional de la literatura cubana
Authors: Espino Francisco
Published: November 2020

Este artículo explora nuevas perspectivas de trabajo en la aplicación de métodos cuantitativos y textométricos al estudio de la presencia de las literaturas nacionales en la bibliografía crítica, especialmente de la literatura cubana. A través de la definición, cálculo y análisis de la evolución de lo que hemos denominado el Índice de Presencia de una Literatura Nacional (IPLN) y de la aplicación de herramientas digitales pretendemos abrir nuevas vías de trabajo en este campo.
Humanidades Digitales “a lo colombiche”: cadáver exquisito de la Red Colombiana de Humanidades Digitales
Authors: Afanador Llach María José , Murcia Galindo Juan Camilo , Rincón Rodríguez Omar Gerardo , Gallini Stefania , Méndez Mahecha Talia , Jaramillo Liévano José Nicolás
Published: November 2020

Este trabajo explora la conformación de una comunidad de práctica interesada en las intersecciones entre las Humanidades, los medios digitales y la computación a partir de la experiencia de la Red Colombiana de Humanidades Digitales (RCHD). El desarrollo del campo en Colombia y el rol que ha jugado la Red se han caracterizado por el diálogo entre generaciones, disciplinas y diferentes sectores de la cultura. Su articulación con las Humanidades Digitales en América Latina se destaca en su gestación y siguientes desarrollos.
Developing children’s socio-emotional competencies through drama pedagogy training: An experimental study on theory of mind and collaborative behavior
Authors: Celume Macarena-Paz , Goldstein Thalia , Besançon Maud , Zenasni Franck
Published: November 2020

Drama pedagogy training (DPT) is a drama-based-pedagogy focused on socio-emotional-learning (SEL) development, over academic or artistic. This study aims to see if DPT promotes theory of mind (ToM) and collaborative behavior in 126 French children aged 9-10 years old, randomly assigned to an experimental group (DPT), either a control group for 6 weeks. Post-tests showed large effects of training on ToM, F(1, 124) = 24.36, p < .001, η² =.16, and collaborative behavior, F(1, 124) = 29.8, p < .001, η² = .19. T-test showed significant differences on ToM (t = -4.94, p < .001) and collaborative behavior (t = -5.46, p < .001), higher for DPT. Effects of type of school and grade are discussed. Results confirm the hypotheses.
La langue du conteur, langue du peuple
Authors: Poirier Claude
Published: November 2020

Les contes traditionnels sont étroitement associés à une variété de langue qu’on
qualifie de populaire, c’est-à-dire à une façon de parler qui n’est pas freinée par les
normes sociales dictées par les groupes dominants. Le français québécois, issu des idiomes
provinciaux des premiers colons, possède un registre populaire qui convenait bien aux
conteurs par son ton dégagé, son exubérance et ses rapports décontractés avec la norme. Les
conteurs en ont exploité les ressources pour créer des mondes imaginaires, hors norme. On
dégage ici quelques traits de cette langue à partir de l’examen des paronymes clapoter,
flacoter et placoter qui servent à parler du mouvement de l’eau agitée et que la verve
populaire a enrichis de divers emplois analogiques.
La mémoire féconde l’avenir. Genèse du patrimoine immatériel in situ
Authors: Simard Cyril
Published: November 2020

L’année 2020 marque le 20e anniversaire du dépôt du rapport Arpin sur le patrimoine au Québec qui proposait une définition intégrant le concept de patrimoine immatériel. Ce texte rend compte des réflexions menées au sein de la Société québécoise d’ethnologie, du ministère de la Culture et, plus précisément, de la genèse du concept d’économuséologie qui est expressément fondé sur la mise en valeur du patrimoine immatériel in situ.
« Le tour de mon jardin ». Expressions familiales du quartier Saint-Sauveur de Québec au siècle dernier
Authors: Pichette Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2020

Étonné de ne pas trouver dans les dictionnaires bon nombre de termes français, pourtant courants autour de lui, l’auteur entreprenait de les noter en 1968 dans une « enquête familiale et vicinale ». Sa collection, riche témoignage de la langue parlée au xxe siècle à Saint-Sauveur, un quartier populaire de la ville de Québec, alimentera ses mémoires de licence et son étude des jurons. Récemment, il a extrait de ce fichier, recensant plus de 3 000 attestations, quelques dizaines d’exemples pour illustrer l’art de vivre de sa mère, une maîtresse de maison typique au verbe coloré. Il a bien voulu ouvrir le livret confidentiel destiné à sa parenté immédiate et présenter ici les mots et locutions qui y sont inscrits.
L’Assomption de la Vierge de l’église des Éboulements. Les multiples péripéties du tableau en relief de François Baillairgé
Authors: Payer Claude
Published: November 2020

L’article présenté ici par Claude Payer, retrace l’histoire et les péripéties d’un tableau en relief de l’Assomption de la Vierge, sculpté par François Baillairgé en 1796 pour l’église des Éboulements. Cette pièce de notre patrimoine religieux est exceptionnelle, les hauts reliefs de Baillairgé étant rares. Elle est surtout toujours vivante, puisqu’elle est bien mise en valeur dans l’église, accrochée dans le transept gauche. Sa restauration a demandé la collaboration de plusieurs restaurateurs de disciplines différentes et a permis de remettre à jour les décors originaux de l’ensemble.
La face cachée de la coercition : une herméneutique de l’ambivalence
Authors: Quintin Jacques
Published: November 2020

La coercition est un sujet épineux en santé mentale. Peu de philosophes s’y sont intéressés. En principe, dans un contexte où l’on valorise l’autonomie et la liberté, la coercition ne devrait pas exister. Pourtant, la coercition est bien présente et probablement pour les meilleures raisons. La coercition soulève plusieurs questions éthiques. Souvent le problème se pose relativement au bien et au mal à l’intérieur d’une logique binaire et du tiers exclu. De notre côté, il s’agit de montrer qu’il est avantageux de nous sortir du conflit en posant le problème autrement. Nous nous demanderons jusqu’où nous devons insister dans nos interventions et comment faire évoluer une situation. Nous verrons que ces deux questions se répondent l’une et l’autre. C’est en interrogeant nos présupposés concernant la santé, l’autonomie, la sécurité et la coercition que nous réussirons à modifier notre compréhension de la situation et, par le fait même, à tracer une limite qui prendrait en compte plusieurs perspectives. Au lieu de nous questionner sur la manière de respecter l’autonomie, la santé, la sécurité, il convient plutôt de nous demander comment accompagner le patient dans des situations difficiles. En guise de conclusion, il est souhaitable d’accepter l’ambivalence entourant la coercition et de demeurer prudent en maintenant le doute et le questionnement. En ce sens, l’éthique participe à la définition de la psychiatrie et à son devenir en mettant en valeur l’importance de l’accueil, de l’écoute et du dialogue avec ce qui donne sens à une vie.
Le suivi en première ligne sur une base volontaire : effets sur la patientèle en gérontopsychiatrie
Authors: Roy-Desruisseaux Jessika
Published: November 2020

Au cours des dernières décennies, l’autonomie est devenue une valeur phare dans nos sociétés, consacrant la volonté des patients comme prémisse à l’accès aux soins et services en première ligne. Ainsi, dans le cas de patients refusant l’aide à domicile, la volonté de participer à une évaluation a souvent préséance aux besoins identifiés par les intervenants, aussi prégnants soient-ils. Pour la patientèle gérontopsychiatrique, cette position organisationnelle peut mener à plusieurs écueils, voire même à des situations risquées ou dangereuses. En effet, le refus de soins et services chez les ainés, fréquemment associé à des comportements d’autonégligence, peut évoluer jusqu’à une détérioration clinique, à l’hospitalisation ou même à la mort. Il est donc essentiel de s’intéresser aux motivations de ces choix faits par les ainés et d’adapter l’approche des intervenants face à ces situations. Le consentement aux soins est une démarche dialogique qui doit inclure l’explication des risques en cas de refus; aussi l’accès aux soins ne doit pas être limité à la moindre opposition sans engager une réflexion supplémentaire. Cet article décrit pourquoi des solutions concrètes doivent être activement recherchées pour nuancer la compréhension et l’application des valeurs d’autonomie et de protection auprès des ainés dans une prestation saine de soins et services, encore plus auprès de la patientèle vulnérable des patients vieillissants et souffrant de symptômes psychiques.
Psychiatrie, soins palliatifs et de fin de vie : des univers (ir)réconciliables? Le cas de madame Sanchez
Authors: Bouthillier Marie-Eve , Vaillancourt Hugues
Published: November 2020

Contexte : En psychiatrie, la question d’offrir des soins palliatifs et de fin de vie pour ce qui serait une « condition psychiatrique terminale » ou, plus globalement, de considérer adopter une approche palliative pour des problèmes de santé mentale sévères et persistants constitue encore un tabou. Méthodologie : Cette question est abordée par l’analyse d’un cas effectuée lors d’une consultation en éthique clinique à l’aide de la méthode des scénarios d’Hubert Doucet. Il s’agit de madame Sanchez, une patiente âgée de plus de 90 ans, présentant des troubles psychiatriques, exprimant le désir de mourir par des gestes suicidaires, refusant les traitements proposés, ainsi que refusant de boire et manger. Son histoire clinique est racontée par le filtre de l’accompagnement réflexif offert en éthique clinique aux diverses parties prenantes. Résultats : L’analyse de cas, loin de répondre aux défis posés par le concept des soins palliatifs et de fin de vie en contexte psychiatrique, présente néanmoins une occasion d’en nommer les enjeux éthiques principaux : la souffrance psychique, le refus de manger et de boire ainsi que le refus de traitement, la sédation palliative et l’aide médicale à mourir, les volontés et directives médicales anticipées, ainsi que les défis clinico-organisationnels suscités par la clientèle gérontopsychiatrique. Conclusion : Les défis cliniques et éthiques demeurent nombreux pour les professionnels et les décideurs afin de répondre aux besoins de la clientèle de santé mentale très âgée. Nous appelons à un plus grand développement des connaissances sur ce thème précis.
Réduction diagnostique en psychiatrie : enjeux éthiques et implications pour la clinique
Authors: Carrier Félix
Published: November 2020

Cet article aborde le thème de la réduction diagnostique en psychiatrie, un processus par lequel des situations forcément complexes et multifactorielles sont réduites à des conditions médicales. Ce processus présente des écueils évidents, mais aussi certaines fonctions, notamment celle de circonscrire ce sur quoi porte légitimement ou non le jugement psychiatrique. Nous discuterons parallèlement des distinctions entre souffrance narrative et pathologique, ainsi que des jugements moraux et médicaux qui peuvent leur être associés. Ceci mènera à argumenter en faveur d’une attitude pragmatique par rapport à la classification diagnostique psychiatrique, c’est-à-dire par rapport au vocable standardisé servant à catégoriser et identifier les troubles dits de santé mentale. Nous dégagerons par la suite des implications pour la pratique clinique, notamment qu’une discussion transparente de ces aspects avec certains patients peut bénéficier à la relation thérapeutique et permettre aux personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux d’envisager un narratif qui n’ait pas à se limiter à une condition psychiatrique ni à se constituer par le rejet de cette dernière, mais puisse lui laisser une place légitime. Ultimement, nous souhaitons que la sensibilisation des cliniciens aux enjeux éthiques inhérents au diagnostic psychiatrique permette de limiter le caractère potentiellement péjoratif et déshumanisant de la réduction diagnostique, en leur permettant d’adopter des attitudes réflexives et transparentes sur ces questions.
The Hidden Curriculum in Ethics and its Relationship to Professional Identity Formation: A Qualitative Study of Two Canadian Psychiatry Residency Programs
Authors: Gupta Mona , Forlini Cynthia , Laneuville Laurence
Published: November 2020

The residency years comprise the last period of a physician’s formal training. It is at this stage that trainees consolidate the clinical skills required for independent practice and achieve a level of ethical development essential to their work as physicians, a process known as professional identity formation (PIF). Ethics education is thought to contribute to ethical development and to that end the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) requires that formal ethics education be integrated within all postgraduate specialty training programs. However, a formal ethics curriculum can operate in parallel with informal and hidden ethics curricula, the latter being more subtle, pervasive, and influential in shaping learner attitudes and behavior. This paper reports on a study of the formal, informal, and hidden ethics curricula at two postgraduate psychiatry programs in Canada. Based on the analysis of data sources, we relate the divergences between the formal, informal, and hidden ethics curricula to two aspects of professional identity formation (PIF) during psychiatry residency training. The first is the idea of group membership. Adherence to the hidden curriculum in certain circumstances determines whether residents become part of an in-group or demonstrate a sense of belonging to that group. The second aspect of PIF we explore is the ambiguous role of the resident as a student and a practitioner. In ethically challenging situations, adherence to the messages of the hidden curriculum is influenced by and influences whether residents act as students, practitioners, or both. This paper describes the hidden curriculum in action and in interaction with PIF. Our analysis offers a complementary, empirical perspective to the theoretical literature concerning PIF in medical education. This literature tends to position sound ethical decision-making as the end result of PIF. Our analysis points out that the mechanism works in both directions: how residents respond to hidden curriculum in ethics can be a driver of professional identity formation.
La contribution de l’approche par les capabilités d’Amartya Sen à la pratique professionnelle en santé mentale : une analyse éthique
Authors: Doucet Hubert
Published: November 2020

L’étude cherche à montrer la contribution de l’approche par les capabilités d’Amartya Sen à la pratique professionnelle en santé mentale. Pour le faire, le texte précise d’abord la transformation qu’a connue le champ de la santé mentale depuis les 50 dernières années. Le « rétablissement », avec son accent mis sur l’empowerment de l’usager, témoigne de ce renouvellement. Dans une deuxième partie, est présentée l’approche par les capabilités d’Amartya Sen. Si celle-ci vise à renforcer le pouvoir des individus à choisir eux-mêmes la vie qu’ils aspirent à mener, se pose alors le problème des personnes qui sont privées de la liberté de choisir. Entre ici en jeu la justice qui est inséparable de la liberté. La troisième partie de l’étude aborde la question de la contribution de la pensée de Sen à la pratique professionnelle en santé mentale. Qu’apporte-elle de plus que ce qu’apporte déjà le rétablissement avec la valorisation de l’autonomie du sujet? Il y est discuté du fondement anthropologique qu’elle valorise, de même que des implications pour la pratique des intervenants. Ainsi, en conclusion, le lecteur peut constater que l’approche de Sen modifie la perspective bioéthique classique prédominante depuis les années 1980.
Les ficelles de la collaboration dans l’analyse de l’activité au sein d’un groupe de recherche collaborative
Authors: Hubert Bruno , Pierrisnard Christine , Vannier Marie-Paule
Published: November 2020

Quelles sont les ficelles mises en oeuvre pour créer un groupe de recherche collaborative réunissant des formateurs en Institut de Formation de Soins Infirmiers (IFSI) et trois chercheurs en sciences de l’éducation ? Dans le cadre de leur formation universitaire, ces formateurs ont bénéficié d’un accompagnement par le récit pour analyser et développer leur pratique professionnelle. L’analyse d’un corpus constitué des premiers échanges au sein du groupe montre le rôle central que joue le récit en lui-même, la découverte mutuelle des cultures et des habitus, l’émergence et la discussion d’un genre et son ajustement par les styles, la souplesse recherchée dans l’étayage et dans la temporalité.
El mundo sin nosotros
Authors: Creus Amalia
Published: November 2020

En su libro The world without us, Alan Weisman, periodista y escritor, nos invita a un provocador ejercicio de construcción mental del futuro: «Supongamos que ha pasado lo peor. Que la extinción humana es un hecho consumado. Imaginemos un mundo del que todos nosotros hayamos desaparecido repentinamente. ¿Qué pasaría? ¿Daría el planeta un suspiro de alivio? ¿Nos echaría de menos? ¿Cómo sería ese mundo en el que ya no existiríamos como especie?».
PRECURSOR STATES AND HIGH MOBILE PROPERTY OF H2O ON Pt(100) SURFACE
Authors: SHI DAN-HUA  , CAO PEI-LIN  ,   浙江大学物理系
Published: November 2020

Using ASED-MO method, the binding energies for different adsorption orientations and positions of H2O molecule on Pt(l00), and the activation energies and coefficient of surface diffusion are calculated. It is found that there are precursor states for H2O chemisorption, through which the equilibrium geometry via O atom toward substrate on top position is reached. When H2O molecule is in the precursor states, the potential surface is very flat, the diffusion coefficient is large and the mobility is high.
MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF C2* d3Пg STATE FROM CHCIF2 BY IRRADIATION WITH INTENSE IR LASER
Authors: WANG ZHENG-MIN  , YANG LI-SHU  , LIU ZONG-CAI  , WU CHUAN-XIU  , GE LI-HE  ,   中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所
Published: November 2020

Electronically excited radicals C2* were formed from CHC1F2 molecules by irradiation with a TEA CO2 laser. Six bands of Swan system have been observed. The mechanism of the formation of C2*d3Πg state in the infrared multiphoton dissociation of CHC1F2 is presented based on the potential energy curves of the C2 molecule. C2 is a somewhat unnsual molecule, the state b3∑g- crosses the first excited state a3Πu at an internuclear distance of about 1.80?, and lies below it for greater nuclear separations. At first, the state b3∑g- is formed in the elementary step C + CF2 + M→C2* + F2 + M of the reactionsof the photoproducts of CHC1F2 in preference to the low-lying X1∑g+ and a3Πu states, and then undergoes a radiationless transition into the d3Πg state through crossing with the d3Πg,ν′= 6 level.
THE EFFECTS OF (OH)- ON STABILIZATION OF F2+- CENTERS
Authors: ZHANG TAO  , WAN LIANG-FENG  , RUAN YONG-FENG  , GUO SHAO-ZANG  ,   天津大学物理系
Published: November 2020

Based on our experiments, the effects of (OH)- on stabilizing F2+-centers in LiF crystals are discussed. We obtained the absorption peaks of the F2+-centers in irradiated LiF crystals which had been kept at room temperature for nine months. And the number of the F2+-center was sufficient for use in color center lasers.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF EXCITED STATES IN COLLISIONS BETWEEN He+ AND Ne
Authors: LEI ZI-MING  , LIU JIA-RUI  , PAN GUANG-YAN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

In collisions between He+ and Ne, two processes of excitation are found, one is one electron capture into excited states and another is direct excitation of projectile and target by ion impact. Optical method of measurement is performed using Optical Multichannel Analysis System (OMA), and the data of emission cross sections are obtained in the energy range of 70-150 keV.
ON THE NONLINEAR PROPERTIES OF THE PHOTO-MAGNETOELECTRIC EFFECT IN SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: LUO SHI-YU  , LIU ZHENG-RONG  , SHAO MING-ZHU  ,   (1)安徽大学; (2)重庆交通学院
Published: November 2020

The equation of continuity of the charge carriers through a semiconductor was reduced to a second order non-linear differential equation, by using the injection-leveldependent lifetime which was derived from Shockley-Read statistics. The general solution was found using two-parameters perturbation method. The PME short-circuit current Isc and the photoconductance ΔG in a semiconductor are calculated in the second order approximation. The nonlinear properties of the photomagnetoelectric effect in the case of large signal are disclosed, experimental results are better fitted by the theory.
SOLITON BEHAVIOR IN THE COUPLED SYSTEM OF LANGMUIR WAVES AND TRANSVERSE WAVES
Authors: DAI WEN-LONG  , HE XIAN-TU  , HUO YU-PING  , LIU ZHI-JING  ,   (1)北京应用物理和计算数学研究所; (2)中国科学技术大学近代物理系; (3)中国科学技术大学近代物理系,北京603信箱105组; (4)中国科学院等离子体物理研究所
Published: November 2020

The condition for the existence and the stability of solitons in the coupled system of Lang-muir waves and transverse waves are investigated. The method is completely nonlinear and makes use of Liapunov theory. The condition for the existence of the solitons and the criterion for the stability are found. The results we obtained recover the previous ones in the uncoupled case.
PRODUCTION OF F2+ CENTERS BY ELECTRON IRRADIATION AND THEIR FLUORESCENCE EMISSION
Authors: ZHANG TAO  , WAN LIANG-FENG  , RUAN YONG-FENG  , GUO SHAO-ZHANG  ,   天津大学物理系
Published: November 2020

LiF crystals were irradiated by electron beams at 77 K. F2+ centers were then produced in these crystals, the density of which reached as great as 1017 cm-3. The fluorescence emission characteristics of the F2+ centers were observed, and analysed theoretically.
STUDIES ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF AMORPHOUS 3 BaO·3 B2O3·2GeO2
Authors: CHAI ZHANG  , ZHANG JIN-PING  , LIANG JING-KUI  ,   (1)南京师范大学; (2)中国科学技术大学研究生院; (3)中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

3BaO·3B2O3·2GeO2 is a new compound in the ternary system BaO-B2O3-GeO2. Its crystallization process has been studied by means of thermoanalysis method. The temperature of crystallization decreases distinctly with decrease of the grain size. The activation energy of crystallization of the amorphous material with different grain size have been determined by means of the isothermal crystallization method or thermal peak shift method. The smaller the grain size is, the greater the activation energy of crystallization.
STUDY ON HEAT TRANSPORT IN TOKAMAK PLASMA FROM SOFT X-RAY SAWTOOTH OSCILLATION
Authors: YANG XUAN-ZONG  , QI XIA-ZHI  , WANG LONG  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Soft X-ray emission and its fluctuation in CT-6B tokamak are detected by using a Au(Si) surface barrier detectors array. The empirical scaling law for soft X-ray sawtooth oscillation in the center of plasma during internal disruption period is given in this paper. The electron thermal transport phenomena, such as electron heating rate, electron energy balance, electron energy confinement time, current density distribution, and electron temperature in the center of plasma during internal disruption are studied from soft X-ray sawtooth oscillation observations.
TEMPERATURE FIELD CONTROL MODEL OF LASER CRYSTALLIZATION OF HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS Si
Authors: BAO XI-MAO  , HUANG XIN-FAN  , XING KUN-SHAN  ,   南京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

During Ar+ laser scanning at low speeds, four kinds of crystallization zone appear on a-Si:H films deposited on quartz substrates. They are microcrystalline phase zone, solid phase zone, supercooled liquid phase zone and liquid phase laser zone, grown by liquid phase transverse epitaxies. The temperature field control model of laser crystallization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon has been proposed, by which the crystallization processes and their features can be explained.
STUDY OF THE DEFECTS IN SILICON PRODUCED BY HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTRON IRRADIATION
Authors: LU FANG  , SUN HENG-HUI  , HUANG YUN  , SHENG CHI  , ZHANG ZENG-GUANG  , WANG LIANG  ,   (1)复旦大学物理系; (2)上海整流器总厂
Published: November 2020

A study of defects in silicon produced by hightemperature electron irradiation was carried out. It was found that the introduction rate of defect increased with the temperature at which the samples were irradiated by electron. After the temperature reached an "extreme" value Tm, the introduction rate of defect began to decrease. The Tm value was related to the annealing activation energy of defect. It was also found that the density of E3 (Ec-0.36 eV) defects greatly increased in hightemperature electron irradiation. When electron irradiation was carried out at 330℃, the density of E3 defects was about 6 times as large as that at room temperature. The possible structure of the E3 defect is multivacancy-oxygen complex.
STUDY ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUS ALLOYS TM80M20 BY MSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: XU YU-SHENG  , M. GHAFARY  , U. GONSER  ,   (1)Fachbereich 12.1,Vniversitat des Saarlandes; (2)苏州大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The Mossbauer spectra of amorphous alloys Fe80B20-xMx (M = P, C) at room temperature and 4.2 K have been measured. It is found that the mean values of the hyperfine field and the isomer shift vary linearly when M (P, C) substitutes for B. Two structure models of amorphous alloys, microcrystal model and Bernal-Polk model, have been compared using these results and that of their crystalline counterparts. The study suggests that there do not exist a microcrystalline short range order and corresponding transition in amorphous alloys TM-M as in the crystalline counterparts. For describing the microstructure of amorphous alloys TM-M the Bernal-Polk model is preferable to the microcrystal model.
A NEW METHOD TO GENERATE THE SOLUTIONS OF THE REDUCED EINSTEIN EQUATIONS
Authors: HOU BO-YU  , LI WEI  ,   西北大学现代物理研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we present a new transformation in the solution space of the Ernst equation and investigat the relationship between the solutions of the Ernst equation and our transformation. We show that the Ernst equation is invariant under such a transformation, i.e., our transformation can be used to generate the new solutions of the Ernst equation from the old ones. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the Virasoro algebra and this transformation.
A MODEL FOR LOW FREQUENCY INTERNAL FRICTION DUE TO EXTENDED DISLOCATIONS
Authors: KONG QING-PING  , LI YONG  ,   中国科学院固体物理研究所
Published: November 2020

We propose a model for internal friction at low frequency in fec alloys due to extended dislocations is proposed, in order to explain the internal friction peak around 210 K in heavily cold-worked concentrate Cu-Al and Cu-Zn alloys with measuring frequency of about 1 Hz.The motion of extended dislocations under the action of applied stress is divided into the relative motion (the relative displacement between two partial dislocations) and the overall motion (the displacement of the centre of extended dislocations). In addition to the restoring force due to the interaction between two partials and the restoring force due to the line tension of dislocations, the restoring force due to long range interaction among neighbouring dislocations is introduced. It is demonstrated that the last restoring force only influences the overall motion of extended dislocations, but does not influence their relative motion.The relative motion and the overall motion of extended dislocations each give rise to its internal friction peak respectively. The two peak temperatures are close to each other. The observed internal friction peak is a superposition of these two peaks. The predictions of the model in the present paper are in agreement with the experimental results.