bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silver-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization of Amino-NH-1,2,3-Triazoles with 2-Alkynylbenzaldehydes: An Access to Pentacyclic Fused Triazoles
Authors: Zhang Shuitao , Li Jianxin , Xiao Tiebo , Yang Baomin , Jiang Yubo
Published: November 2022

An operationally simple Ag(I)-catalyzed approach for the synthesis of isoquinoline and quinazoline fused 1,2,3-triazoles was developed by a condensation and amination cyclization cascade of amino-NH-1,2,3-triazoles with 2-alkynylbenzaldehydes involving three new C-N bond formations in one manipulation, in which the group of -NH of the triazole ring serves as a nucleophile to form the quinazoline skeleton. The efficient protocol can be applied to a variety of substrates containing a range of functional groups, delivering novel pentacyclic fused 1,2,3-triazoles in good-to-excellent yields.
Use of Biochar Prepared from the Açaí Seed as Adsorbent for the Uptake of Catechol from Synthetic Effluents
Authors: Feitoza Uendel dos Santos , Thue Pascal S. , Lima Eder C. , dos Reis Glaydson S. , Rabiee Navid , de Alencar Wagner S. , Mello Beatris L. , Dehmani Younes , Rinklebe Jörg , Dias Silvio L. P.
Published: November 2022

This work proposes a facile methodology for producing porous biochar material (ABC) from açaí kernel residue, produced by chemical impregnation with ZnCl2 (1:1) and pyrolysis at 650.0 °C. The characterization was achieved using several techniques, and the biochar material was employed as an adsorbent to remove catechol. The results show that ABC carbon has hydrophilic properties. The specific surface area and total pore volume are 1315 m2·g−1 and 0.7038 cm3·g−1, respectively. FTIR revealed the presence of oxygenated groups, which can influence catechol adsorption. The TGA/DTG indicated that the sample is thermally stable even at 580 °C. Adsorption studies showed that equilibrium was achieved in <50 min and the Avrami kinetic model best fits the experimental data, while Freundlich was observed to be the best-fitted isotherm model. Catechol adsorption on ABC biochar is governed by van der Waals forces and microporous and mesoporous filling mechanisms. The Qmax is 339.5 mg·g−1 (40 °C) with 98.36% removal of simulated effluent, showing that açaí kernel is excellent biomass to prepare good biochar that can be efficiently used to treat real industrial effluents.
Cancer Diagnosis Using Terahertz-Graphene-Metasurface-Based Biosensor with Dual-Resonance Response
Authors: Tan Chunjian , Wang Shaogang , Li Shizhen , Liu Xu , Wei Jia , Zhang Guoqi , Ye Huaiyu
Published: November 2022

Owing to the outstanding physical properties of graphene, its biosensing applications implemented by the terahertz metasurface are widely concerned and studied. Here, we present a novel design of the graphene metasurface, which consists of an individual graphene ring and an H-shaped graphene structure. The graphene metasurface exhibits a dual-resonance response, whose resonance frequency strongly varies with the geometrical parameters of the proposed metasurface, the carrier density of graphene, and the analyte composition. The transparency window, including width and position, can be artificially controlled by adjusting the geometrical parameters or the Fermi energy. Furthermore, the sensing parameters of the graphene metasurface for cancerous and normal cells are investigated, focusing on two factors, namely cell quantity and position on the metasurface. The simulated results clearly show that the theoretical sensitivity, figure of merit, and quantity of the graphene metasurface for breast cells reach 1.21 THz/RIU, 2.75 RIU−1, and 2.43, respectively. Our findings may open up new avenues for promising applications in the diagnosis of cancers.
Effects of Acute Vitamin C plus Vitamin E Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Runners: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Martínez-Ferrán María , Cuadrado-Peñafiel Víctor , Sánchez-Andreo Juan Manuel , Villar-Lucas Marta , Castellanos-Montealegre Mónica , Rubio-Martín Agustín , Romero-Morales Carlos , Casla-Barrio Soraya , Pareja-Galeano Helios
Published: November 2022

Considering the existing controversy over the possible role of acute antioxidant vitamins in reducing exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), this doubled-blind, randomized and controlled trial aimed to determine whether supplementation with vitamins C and E could mitigate the EIMD in endurance-trained runners (n = 18). The exercise protocol involved a warm-up followed by 6 to 8 bouts of 1 km running at 75% maximum heart rate (HRmax). Two hours before the exercise protocol, participants took the supplementation with vitamins or placebo, and immediately afterwards, blood lactate, rate of perceived exertion and performance were assessed. At 24 h post-exercise, CK, delayed onset muscle soreness and performance were determined (countermovement jump, squat jump and stiffness test). The elastic index and vertical stiffness were calculated using a stiffness test. Immediately after the exercise protocol, all participants showed improved maximum countermovement jump, which only persisted after 24 h in the vitamin group (p < 0.05). In both groups, squat jump height was significantly greater (p < 0.05) immediately after exercise and returned to baseline values after 24 h. The elastic index increased in the vitamin group (p < 0.05), but not in the placebo group. In both groups, lactate levels increased from pre- to immediately post-exercise (p < 0.05), and CK increased from pre- to 24 h post-exercise (p < 0.05). No significant differences between groups were observed in any of the variables (p > 0.05). Vitamin C and E supplementation does not seem to help with EIMD in endurance-trained individuals.
Fecal Microbiota and Hair Glucocorticoid Concentration Show Associations with Growth during Early Life in a Pig Model
Authors: González-Solé Francesc , Solà-Oriol David , Villagómez-Estrada Sandra , Melo-Durán Diego , López Laura Victoria , Villarroel Román Nathaly , López-Arjona Marina , Pérez José Francisco
Published: November 2022

Identifying characteristics associated with fast or slow growth during early life in a pig model will help in the design of nutritional strategies or recommendations during infancy. The aim of this study was to identify if a differential growth during lactation and/or the nursery period may be associated with fecal microbiota composition and fermentation capacity, as well as to leave a print of glucocorticoid biomarkers in the hair. Seventy-five commercial male and female pigs showing extreme growth in the lactation and nursery periods were selected, creating four groups (First, lactation growth, d0–d21; second, nursery growth, d21–d62): Slow_Slow, Slow_Fast, Fast_Slow, and Fast_Fast. At d63 of life, hair and fecal samples were collected. Fast-growing pigs during nursery had higher cortisone concentrations in the hair (p < 0.05) and a tendency to have a lower cortisol-to-cortisone ratio (p = 0.061). Both lactation and nursery growth conditioned the fecal microbiota structure (p < 0.05). Additionally, fast-growing pigs during nursery had higher evenness (p < 0.05). Lactation growth influenced the relative abundance of eight bacterial genera, while nursery growth affected only two bacterial genera (p < 0.05). The fecal butyrate concentration was higher with fast growth in lactation and/or nursery (p < 0.05), suggesting it has an important role in growth, while total SCFA and acetate were related to lactation growth (p < 0.05). In conclusion, piglets’ growth during nursery and, especially, the lactation period was associated with changes in their microbiota composition and fermentation capacity, evidencing the critical role of early colonization on the establishment of the adult microbiota. Additionally, cortisol conversion to cortisone was increased in animals with fast growth, but further research is necessary to determine its implications.
Beneficial Effects of Essential Oils from the Mediterranean Diet on Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Ischemic Heart Disease and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sánchez-Quintero María José , Delgado Josué , Medina-Vera Dina , Becerra-Muñoz Víctor M. , Queipo-Ortuño María Isabel , Estévez Mario , Plaza-Andrades Isaac , Rodríguez-Capitán Jorge , Sánchez Pedro L. , Crespo-Leiro Maria G. , Jiménez-Navarro Manuel F. , Pavón-Morón Francisco Javier
Published: November 2022

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain major health problems worldwide and commonly coexist in individuals. Gut microbial metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Previous studies have reported dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of these patients and the prebiotic effects of some components of the Mediterranean diet. Essential oil emulsions of savory (Satureja hortensis), parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) were assessed as nutraceuticals and prebiotics in IHD and T2DM. Humanized mice harboring gut microbiota derived from that of patients with IHD and T2DM were supplemented with L-carnitine and orally treated with essential oil emulsions for 40 days. We assessed the effects on gut microbiota composition and abundance, microbial metabolites and plasma markers of cardiovascular disease, inflammation and oxidative stress. Our results showed that essential oil emulsions in mice supplemented with L-carnitine have prebiotic effects on beneficial commensal bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus genus. There was a decrease in plasma TMAO and an increase in fecal SCFAs levels in mice treated with parsley and rosemary essential oils. Thrombomodulin levels were increased in mice treated with savory and parsley essential oils. While mice treated with parsley and rosemary essential oils showed a decrease in plasma cytokines (INFɣ, TNFα, IL-12p70 and IL-22); savory essential oil was associated with increased levels of chemokines (CXCL1, CCL2 and CCL11). Finally, there was a decrease in protein carbonyls and pentosidine according to the essential oil emulsion. These results suggest that changes in the gut microbiota induced by essential oils of parsley, savory and rosemary as prebiotics could differentially regulate cardiovascular and metabolic factors, which highlights the potential of these nutraceuticals for reducing IHD risk in patients affected by T2DM.
Dietary Aspects and Drug-Related Side Effects in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Progression
Authors: Quiroga Borja , Torra Roser
Published: November 2022

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most commonly inherited kidney disease. In the absence of targeted therapies, it invariably progresses to advanced chronic kidney disease. To date, the only approved treatment is tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist that has been demonstrated to reduce cyst growth and attenuate the decline in kidney function. However, it has various side effects, the most frequent of which is aquaresis, leading to a significant discontinuation rate. The strategies proposed to combat aquaresis include the use of thiazides or metformin and a reduction in the dietary osmotic load. Beyond the prescription of tolvaptan, which is limited to those with a rapid and progressive decline in kidney function, dietary interventions have been suggested to protect against disease progression. Moderate sodium restriction, moderate protein intake (up to 0.8 g/kg/day), avoidance of being overweight, and increased water consumption are recommended in ADPKD guidelines, though all with low-grade evidence. The aim of the present review is to critically summarize the evidence on the effect of dietary modification on ADPKD and to offer some strategies to mitigate the adverse aquaretic effects of tolvaptan.
Vitamin Status in Children with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene Mutation
Authors: Wysocka-Wojakiewicz Paulina , Woś Halina , Wielkoszyński Tomasz , Pyziak-Skupień Aleksandra , Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk Urszula
Published: November 2022

Background: The issue of vitamin metabolism in children with cystic fibrosis screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID) is not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the status of vitamins A, D, E, and C in the blood of a group of children with CFSPID. Material and Methods: A total of 89 children were enrolled in the study (Me: 3.6 years, 52.8% boys), as follows: 28 with CFSPID, 31 with CF (cystic fibrosis), and 30 HC (healthy children). Their blood concentrations of vitamins A, D, E, and C, and their dietary intake of these vitamins were analysed in the study groups on the basis of a three-day food diary. Results: The patients with CFSPID had significantly higher serum vitamin D (p = 0.01) and E (p = 0.04) concentrations, compared to the children with CF. None of the children with CFSPID revealed vitamin A or E deficiencies. Patients with CF had been consuming significantly higher vitamin D and E amounts (p = 0.01). The vitamin concentrations did not depend either on the pancreatic/liver function or on anthropometric parameters. In total, 32.14% of patients with CF did not cover the baseline recommended calorie intake, and 53.6% and 36% did not take the recommended vitamin E and vitamin A intake, respectively. Conclusion: Children with CF and CFSPID did not fully cover the dietary recommendations for vitamin supply, but vitamin deficiency was found only in CF.
Association of Zn and Cu Levels in Cord Blood and Maternal Milk with Pregnancy Outcomes among the Slovenian Population
Authors: Osredkar Joško , Geršak Živa Miriam , Karas Kuželički Nataša , Snoj Tratnik Janja , Mazej Darja , Falnoga Ingrid , Horvat Milena , Geršak Ksenija
Published: November 2022

Trace elements, including zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), are known to play important roles in human health. The present study aimed to assess the levels of Zn and Cu in cord blood and maternal milk and to analyze their association with maternal and infant characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in a Slovenian study population of mothers and their neonates recruited within the PHIME prospective cohort study. The study included 324 mothers, but the data on Zn and Cu levels in both cord blood and maternal milk was available for 243 mothers. Questionnaires were used to assess the socio-demographic and health status of the mothers, their lifestyle habits (including detailed nutritional habits), and their residential and occupational histories. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure Zn and Cu levels in cord blood and maternal milk. Low Zn levels in cord blood were associated with lower gestational age and birth weight and were correlated with an increased probability of the birth of small for gestational age (SGA) infants. Maternal smoking influenced the Cu levels in both cord blood and maternal milk. Cord blood Cu levels were higher and Cu levels in maternal milk were lower in smoking compared to non-smoking mothers. Most importantly, a decreased Zn/Cu ratio in cord blood was associated with lower gestational age and lower birth weight. This indicates the overall positive effects of Zn and negative effects of Cu on pregnancy outcomes.
Long-Term Calorie Restriction Alters Anxiety-like Behaviour and the Brain and Adrenal Gland Transcriptomes of the Ageing Male Rat
Authors: Govic Antonina , Nasser Helen , Levay Elizabeth A. , Zelko Matt , Ebrahimie Esmaeil , Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh Manijeh , Kent Stephen , Penman Jim , Hazi Agnes
Published: November 2022

Further examination of the molecular regulators of long-term calorie restriction (CR), reported to have an anxiolytic effect, may highlight novel therapeutic targets for anxiety disorders. Here, adult male Hooded Wistar rats were exposed to a 25% CR whilst anxiety-like behaviour was assessed at 6-, 12-, and 18-months of age via the elevated plus maze, open field, and acoustic startle tests. Next-generation sequencing was then used to measure transcriptome-wide gene expression in the hypothalamus, amygdala, pituitary, and adrenal glands. Results showed an anxiolytic behavioural profile across early, middle, and late adulthood by CR, with the strongest effects noted at 6-months. Transcriptomic analysis by seven attribute weighting algorithms, including Info Gain Ratio, Rule, Chi Squared, Gini Index, Uncertainty, Relief, and Info Gain, led to the development of a signature of long-term CR, independent of region. Complement C1q A chain (C1qa), an extracellular protein, expression was significantly decreased by CR in most regions examined. Furthermore, text mining highlighted the positive involvement of C1qa in anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration, stress, and ageing, collectively identifying a suitable biomarker candidate for CR. Overall, the current study identified anxiety-related phenotypic changes and a novel transcriptome signature of long-term CR, indicating potential therapeutic targets for anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration.
Novel Interactions of Myristic Acid and FADS3 Variants Predict Atopic Dermatitis among Indonesian Infants
Authors: Tanjung Conny , Harris Carla P. , Demmelmair Hans , Dwitya Sarah , Munasir Zakiudin , Sudoyo Herawati , Standl Marie , Sjarif Damayanti Rusli , Koletzko Berthold
Published: November 2022

Fatty acids exert a range of different biological activities that could be relevant in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). This study investigated the association of glycerophospholipid fatty acids (GPL-FA) with AD, and their interactions with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the FADS1-3 gene cluster. Among 390 infants of the Indonesian ISADI study, GPL-FA were measured in umbilical plasma (P-0y) and in buccal cells at birth (B-0y), and again in buccal cells at AD onset or one year (B-1y). Prospective and cross-sectional associations with AD were assessed by logistic regression. Interactions of GPL-FA with 14 SNP were tested assuming an additive model. AD was diagnosed in 15.4% of participants. In B-1y, C18:2n-6 was inversely associated with AD; and positive associations were observed for C18:1n-9, C20:4n-6, C22:6n-3 and C20:4n-6/C18:2n-6. There were no prospective associations with AD, however, a significant interaction between the SNP rs174449 and B-0y C14:0 (myristic acid) was observed. This study indicates that Indonesian infants with AD have increased rates of endogenous long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid production, as well as higher C18:1n-9 levels. GPL-FA measured at birth do not predict later AD incidence; however, genotype interactions reveal novel effects of myristic acid, which are modified by a FADS3 variant.
Neuroprotective Effects of Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1067 in MPTP-Induced Mouse Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Li Tiantian , Chu Chuanqi , Yu Leilei , Zhai Qixiao , Wang Shunhe , Zhao Jianxin , Zhang Hao , Chen Wei , Tian Fengwei
Published: November 2022

There is mounting evidence that the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) is critical in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD), suggesting that probiotic therapy restoring gut microecology may slow down disease progression. In this study, we examined the disease-alleviating effects of Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1067, orally administered for 5 weeks in a PD mouse model. Our study shows that supplementation with the probiotic B. breve CCFM1067 protected dopaminergic neurons and suppressed glial cell hyperactivation and neuroinflammation in PD mice. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the central nervous system was enhanced and oxidative stress was alleviated. Moreover, B. breve CCFM1067 protected the blood–brain and intestinal barriers from damage in the MPTP-induced mouse model. The results of fecal microbiota analysis showed that B. breve CCFM1067 intervention could act on the MPTP-induced microecological imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, suppressing the number of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella) while increasing the number of beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia) in PD mice. In addition, the increase in short chain fatty acids (acetic and butyric acids) may explain the anti-inflammatory action of B. breve CCFM1067 in the gut or brain of the MPTP-induced PD mouse model. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the probiotic B. breve CCFM1067, which can prevent or treat PD by modulating the gut–brain axis, can be utilized as a possible new oral supplement for PD therapy.
When and Where Did They Strand? The Spatio-Temporal Hotspot Patterns of Cetacean Stranding Events in Indonesia
Authors: Mustika Putu Liza Kusuma , High Kathryn K. , Putra Mochamad Iqbal Herwata , Sahri Achmad , Ratha I Made Jaya , Prinanda Muhammad Offal , Agung Firdaus , Purnomo Februanty S. , Kreb Danielle
Published: November 2022

Analyses of the spatial and temporal patterns of 26 years of stranding events (1995–2011 and 2012–2021, n = 568) in Indonesia were conducted to improve the country’s stranding response. The Emerging Hot Spot Analysis was used to obtain the spatial and temporal hotspot patterns. A total of 92.4% events were single stranding, while the remaining were of mass stranding events. More stranding events were recorded between 2012 and 2021 in more dispersed locations compared to the previous period. Within the constraints of our sampling limitations, East Kalimantan and Bali were single stranding hotspots and consecutive hotspots. East Java and Sabu-Raijua in East Nusa Tenggara were mass stranding hotspots. Temporally, Raja Ampat (West Papua) experienced a significant increase in case numbers. The presence of active NGOs, individuals or government agencies in some locations might have inflated the numbers of reported cases compared to areas with less active institutions and/or individuals. However, our results still give a good understanding of the progression of Indonesia’s stranding responses and good guidance of resource allocation for the stranding network. Several locations in Indonesia that need more efforts (e.g., more training workshops on rescue and necropsies) have been identified in this paper. Suggestions to improve data collection (including georeferencing tips) have also been included.
Membrane Vesicles Derived from Gut Microbiota and Probiotics: Cutting-Edge Therapeutic Approaches for Multidrug-Resistant Superbugs Linked to Neurological Anomalies
Authors: Srivastava Prakhar , Kim Kwang-sun
Published: November 2022

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) superbugs can breach the blood–brain barrier (BBB), leading to a continuous barrage of pro-inflammatory modulators and induction of severe infection-related pathologies, including meningitis and brain abscess. Both broad-spectrum or species-specific antibiotics (β-lactamase inhibitors, polymyxins, vancomycin, meropenem, plazomicin, and sarecycline) and biocompatible poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles have been used to treat these infections. However, new therapeutic platforms with a broad impact that do not exert off-target deleterious effects are needed. Membrane vesicles or extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles with therapeutic potential owing to their ability to circumvent BBB constraints. Bacteria-derived EVs (bEVs) from gut microbiota are efficient transporters that can penetrate the central nervous system. In fact, bEVs can be remodeled via surface modification and CRISPR/Cas editing and, thus, represent a novel platform for conferring protection against infections breaching the BBB. Here, we discuss the latest scientific research related to gut microbiota- and probiotic-derived bEVs, and their therapeutic modifications, in terms of regulating neurotransmitters and inhibiting quorum sensing, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. We also emphasize the benefits of probiotic-derived bEVs to human health and propose a novel direction for the development of innovative heterologous expression systems to combat BBB-crossing pathogens.
Evidence-Based Anti-Diabetic Properties of Plant from the Occitan Valleys of the Piedmont Alps
Authors: Boscaro Valentina , Rivoira Matteo , Sgorbini Barbara , Bordano Valentina , Dadone Francesca , Gallicchio Margherita , Pons Aline , Benetti Elisa , Rosa Arianna Carolina
Published: November 2022

Data on urban and rural diabetes prevalence ratios show a significantly lower presence of diabetes in rural areas. Several bioactive compounds of plant origin are known to exert anti-diabetic properties. Interestingly, most of them naturally occur in different plants present in mountainous areas and are linked to traditions of herbal use. This review will aim to evaluate the last 10 years of evidence-based data on the potential anti-diabetic properties of 9 plants used in the Piedmont Alps (North-Western Italy) and identified through an ethnobotanical approach, based on the Occitan language minority of the Cuneo province (Sambucus nigra L., Achillea millefolium L., Cornus mas L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Fragaria vesca L., Rosa canina L., Rubus idaeus L., Rubus fruticosus/ulmifolius L., Urtica dioica L.), where there is a long history of herbal remedies. The mechanism underlying the anti-hyperglycemic effects and the clinical evidence available are discussed. Overall, this review points to the possible use of these plants as preventive or add-on therapy in treating diabetes. However, studies of a single variety grown in the geographical area, with strict standardization and titration of all the active ingredients, are warranted before applying the WHO strategy 2014–2023.
Dermatocosmetic Emulsions Based on Resveratrol, Ferulic Acid and Saffron (Crocus sativus) Extract to Combat Skin Oxidative Stress-Trigger Factor of Some Potential Malignant Effects: Stability Studies and Rheological Properties
Authors: Turcov Delia , Barna Ana Simona , Blaga Alexandra Cristina , Ibanescu Constanta , Danu Maricel , Trifan Adriana , Zbranca Anca , Suteu Daniela
Published: November 2022

The increasing incidence of skin diseases, against the background of increased pollution, urbanism, poor habits in lifestyle, work, rest, diet and general medication, led to the development of products with a protective effect. These new types of dermatocosmetic preparations ensure maximum benefits with minimal formulation. Antioxidants are, nowadays, ingredients that stand out with a proven role in skin protection from oxidative stress and its effects. Thus, research has shown that light-textured formulas, quickly absorbed into the skin, with optimum hydration and protection against excessive free radicals, uphold the skin integrity and appearance. This article aims to evaluate essential criteria for a newly marketed product: stability, rheological properties and microbiological characteristics of oil-in-water emulsions based on a mixture of 3% resveratrol 0.5% ferulic acid and 1mL alcoholic extract of Saffron. The tests led to the conclusion that O / W dermatocosmetic emulsions, based on 3% resveratrol and 0.5% ferulic acid, or also 1mL alcoholic extract of Saffron, show resistance to microbiological contamination, good rheological properties (viscoelastic behavior, structural stability, acceptable shearing behavior) that reveal satisfactory texture and high physical stability during storage. These results encourage the transition to dermatological testing as the final stage in considering a new commercial product.
Synthetic Post-Contrast Imaging through Artificial Intelligence: Clinical Applications of Virtual and Augmented Contrast Media
Authors: Pasquini Luca , Napolitano Antonio , Pignatelli Matteo , Tagliente Emanuela , Parrillo Chiara , Nasta Francesco , Romano Andrea , Bozzao Alessandro , Di Napoli Alberto
Published: November 2022

Contrast media are widely diffused in biomedical imaging, due to their relevance in the diagnosis of numerous disorders. However, the risk of adverse reactions, the concern of potential damage to sensitive organs, and the recently described brain deposition of gadolinium salts, limit the use of contrast media in clinical practice. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to biomedical imaging has led to the development of ‘virtual’ and ‘augmented’ contrasts. The idea behind these applications is to generate synthetic post-contrast images through AI computational modeling starting from the information available on other images acquired during the same scan. In these AI models, non-contrast images (virtual contrast) or low-dose post-contrast images (augmented contrast) are used as input data to generate synthetic post-contrast images, which are often undistinguishable from the native ones. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances of AI applications to biomedical imaging relative to synthetic contrast media.
Criteria for Ethical Allocation of Scarce Healthcare Resources: Rationing vs. Rationalizing in the Treatment for the Elderly
Authors: Patrão Neves Maria do Céu
Published: November 2022

This paper stems from the current global worsening of the scarcity of resources for healthcare, which will deepen even more in future public emergencies. This justifies strengthening the reflection on the allocation of resources which, in addition to considering technical issues, should also involve ethical concerns. The two plans in which the allocation of resources develops—macro and micro—are then systematized, both requiring the identification of ethical criteria for the respective complex decision-making. Then, we describe how the complexity at the macro level focuses on the joint consideration of the rectitude of the principles, the goodness of the ends, and the integrity—respectively the deontological, teleological, and procedural perspectives; and at the micro level, it focuses in prioritizing people, which can result in the exclusion of some, as happened with the elderly during peaks of COVID-19. The main objective of this article is to show that, in public health emergency situations, in which the daily criteria for prioritizing access to health care are not efficient, it is possible not only to ration the available means but also to rationalize them. We argue that rationing and rationalization are different concepts, entail different consequences, have different ethical foundations, and draw different guidelines for patient care. We apply them to the distribution of intensive care and vaccines to the elderly thus demonstrating the ethically legitimate domain of implementation of each of these two prioritization criteria. We conclude that rationalization respects more strictly the core ethical principles of our common morality.
Resilience to Passive Attacks of a Secure Key Distribution System Based on an Ultra-Long Fiber Laser Using a Bi-Directional EDFA
Authors: Soares Beatriz , Robalinho Paulo , Guerreiro Ariel , Frazão Orlando
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we study the implementation of a secure key distribution system based on an ultra-long fiber laser with a bi-directional erbium-doped fiber amplifier. The resilience of the system was tested against passive attacks from an eavesdropper. A similarity was observed in the spectra for both secure configurations of the system and no signature that would allow an eavesdropper to obtain the secure state of the system was observed during the state transitions.
Effects of Organic Acid Root Exudates of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Derived from Soil and Root Leaching Liquor from Orchards with Apple Replant Disease
Authors: Sun Nan , Yang Chen , Qin Xin , Liu Yangbo , Sui Mengyi , Zhang Yawen , Cui Xueli , Yin Yijun , Wang Rong , Hu Yanli , Chen Xuesen , Mao Zhiquan , Mao Yunfei , Shen Xiang
Published: November 2022

Organic acids secreted by plants, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, and benzoic acid, can inhibit seed germination and root growth. The effects of root and soil leaching liquor from orchards on the growth of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings under sand culture are studied; the seedlings are sampled at 15, 30, 45, and 60 d. Changes in the amount of root exudates are determined using HPLC. Low concentrations of root leaching liquor (A1) and soil leaching liquor (B1) significantly promoted plant growth and chlorophyll synthesis; high concentrations of root leaching liquor (A6) and soil leaching liquor (B4–6) inhibited growth. Low concentrations of soil leaching liquor had no significant effect on the POD, SOD, and CAT activities. A5–6 and B5–6 significantly decreased Fv/Fm and qP values, respectively, and increased NPQ values. All root and soil leaching liquor treatments inhibited the secretion of gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, and phloridzin, and promoted the secretion of caffeic acid. The root leaching liquor treatments inhibited the secretion of catechin and promoted the secretion of phloretin. The soil leaching liquor treatments promoted the secretion of cinnamic acid. The secretion of other phenolic acids is likely associated with the different concentrations of leaching liquor.
Effects of Plasma on Physical Properties of Water: Nanocrystalline-to-Amorphous Phase Transition and Improving Produce Washing
Authors: He Jinjie , Rabinovich Alexander , Vainchtein Dmitri , Fridman Alexander , Sales Christopher , Shneider Mikhail N.
Published: November 2022

Washing fresh produce using Plasma-activated water recently became a promising eco-friendly alternative to using chemical additives such as Chlorine. We discuss the produce-washing experiments that illustrate that addition of plasma to washing water is a multi-faced phenomena. Not only it increases the sterilization ability of water by killing pathogens, but it also has improved washibility: the ability to remove pathogens from the cleaning surface. We propose an explanation of these features based on the recently discoveries that many physical and chemical properties of water change their temperature dependence between about 35 and 60 degrees Celsius. In particular, heat conductance, light absorption, and surface tension all change their temperature dependence. These drastic changes were associated with water gradually changing its mesoscopic structure: while at the higher temperatures water is a uniform media (amorphous state), at the temperatures below transition it consists of many nano-to-micro-scale clusters (crystalline state). This transition is similar to the second order phase transition. In the present paper we propose that treating water with non-thermal plasma (adding plasma-created active compounds) can lower the temperature of the transition and thus cause a significant change in such physical quantities as surface tension, viscosity, freezing rate, and wettability and washability.
Functionalized Moringa oleifera Gum as pH-Responsive Nanogel for Doxorubicin Delivery: Synthesis, Kinetic Modelling and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Study
Authors: Ranote Sunita , Musioł Marta , Kowalczuk Marek , Joshi Veena , Chauhan Ghanshyam S. , Kumar Rakesh , Chauhan Sandeep , Kumar Kiran
Published: November 2022

Environment-responsive-cum-site-specific delivery of therapeutic drugs into tumor cells is a foremost challenge for chemotherapy. In the present work, Moringa oleifera gum–based pH-responsive nanogel (MOGN) was functionalized as a doxorubicin (DOX) carrier. It was synthesized via free radical polymerization through the γ-irradiation method using acrylamide and N,N’-MBA followed by hydrolysis, sonication, and ultracentrifugation. The swelling behavior of MOGN as a function of pH was assessed using a gravimetric method that revealed its superabsorbent nature (365.0 g/g). Furthermore, MOGN showed a very high loading efficiency (98.35 %L) of DOX by MOGN. In vitro release studies revealed that DOX release from DOX-loaded MOGN was 91.92% at pH 5.5 and 12.18% at 7.4 pH, thus favorable to the tumor environment. The drug release from nanogel followed Korsmeyer–Peppas model at pH 5.5 and 6.8 and the Higuchi model at pH 7.4. Later, the efficient DOX release at the tumor site was also investigated by cytotoxicity study using Rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Thus, the synthesized nanogel having high drug loading capacity and excellent pH-triggered disintegration and DOX release performance in a simulated tumor environment could be a promising candidate drug delivery system for the targeted and controlled release of anticancer drugs.
On the Evolution of Additive Manufacturing (3D/4D Printing) Technologies: Materials, Applications, and Challenges
Authors: Mahmood Ayyaz , Akram Tehmina , Chen Huafu , Chen Shenggui
Published: November 2022

The scientific community is and has constantly been working to innovate and improve the available technologies in our use. In that effort, three-dimensional (3D) printing was developed that can construct 3D objects from a digital file. Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has seen tremendous growth over the last three decades, and in the last five years, its application has widened significantly. Three-dimensional printing technology has the potential to fill the gaps left by the limitations of the current manufacturing technologies, and it has further become exciting with the addition of a time dimension giving rise to the concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing, which essentially means that the structures created by 4D printing undergo a transformation over time under the influence of internal or external stimuli. The created objects are able to adapt to changing environmental variables such as moisture, temperature, light, pH value, etc. Since their introduction, 3D and 4D printing technologies have extensively been used in the healthcare, aerospace, construction, and fashion industries. Although 3D printing has a highly promising future, there are still a number of challenges that must be solved before the technology can advance. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advances in 3D and 4D printing technologies, the available and potential materials for use, and their current and potential future applications. The current and potential role of 3D printing in the imperative fight against COVID-19 is also discussed. Moreover, the major challenges and developments in overcoming those challenges are addressed. This document provides a cutting-edge review of the materials, applications, and challenges in 3D and 4D printing technologies.
Synthesis of Pyridine Heterocyclic Low-Melting-Point Phthalonitrile Monomer and the Effects of Different Curing Agents on Resin Properties
Authors: Zhang Xinyang , Wang Xinyang , Li Jian , Zhang Shuo , Zhang Qingxin , Yu Xiaoyan
Published: November 2022

A phthalonitrile monomer (DPTP) containing pyridine with sulfide bonds was prepared and cured into polymers using different curing agents under the same temperature-programmed process. We characterized and comprehensively evaluated the effects of different curing agents on the thermal and thermomechanical properties of phthalonitrile resin, showing that the DPTP monomer cured with naphthalene-containing curing agent exhibited the best performance among the three polymers. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) investigation manifested that the melting point of the DPTP monomer was 61 °C, with a processing window of about 170 °C, suggesting the presence of a wide processing range. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated the outstanding heat resistance, T5%, of 460 °C in nitrogen, at the same time demonstrating superior long-term stability compared with other commonly used polymer materials, which proves the long-term usage under high temperatures of 300 °C. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the storage modulus at 50 °C was 3315 MPa, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer was more than 350 °C. Therefore, DPTP resins have favorable thermal stability as well as prominent thermomechanical properties.
3D-Printed Pectin/Carboxymethyl Cellulose/ZnO Bio-Inks: Comparative Analysis with the Solution Casting Method
Authors: Kim Yeon Ho , Priyadarshi Ruchir , Kim Jin-Wook , Kim Jangwhan , Alekseev Denis G. , Rhim Jong-Whan
Published: November 2022

Bio-inks consisting of pectin (Pec), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO) were used to prepare films by solution casting and 3D-printing methods. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was conducted to observe that the surface of samples made by 3D bioprinter was denser and more compact than the solution cast samples. In addition, Pec/CMC/ZnO made by 3D-bioprinter (Pec/CMC/ZnO-3D) revealed enhanced water vapor barrier, hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties. Pec/CMC/ZnO-3D also showed strong antimicrobial activity within 12 h against S. aureus and E. coli O157: H7 bacterial strains compared to the solution cast films. Further, the nanocomposite bio-inks used for 3D printing did not show cytotoxicity towards normal human dermal fibroblast (NDFB) cells but enhanced the fibroblast proliferation with increasing exposure concentration of the sample. The study provided two important inferences. Firstly, the 3D bioprinting method can be an alternative, better, and more practical method for fabricating biopolymer film instead of solution casting, which is the main finding of this work defining its novelty. Secondly, the Pec/CMC/ZnO can potentially be used as 3D bio-inks to fabricate functional films or scaffolds and biomedical applications.
Tailoring Thermal and Electrical Properties of Jeffamine Segmented Polyetherimide Composite Films Containing BaTiO3 particles
Authors: Hamciuc Corneliu , Lisa Gabriela , Serbezeanu Diana , Grădinaru Luiza Mădălina , Asăndulesa Mihai , Tudorachi Niță , Vlad-Bubulac Tăchiță
Published: November 2022

The continuous advancement of materials science has highlighted the ongoing need for additional studies on the main composite materials topics, particularly in the field of multifunctional nano-composites, towards improving their capability to meet multifaceted requirements in order to stimulate both scientific and technological development. In this study, we report the preparation and characterization of polyetherimides (PEIs) derived from 4,4′-(4,4′-isopropylidenediphenoxy) bis (phthalic anhydride) following a two-step polycondensation reaction using either 4,4′-(1,3-phenylenedioxy) dianiline, or Jeffamine ED-600 as comonomers, or a mixture of the two diamines. Based on the PEI containing flexible Jeffamine segments, polymer composite films were developed by incorporating BaTiO3 particles. The chemical structure and morphology of the composite films were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The influence of Jeffamine segments on the thermal decomposition process was investigated by TG/MS/FTIR measurements under air and nitrogen atmospheres. Based on the obtained data, the thermal decomposition mechanism was established and is discussed in accordance with the chemical structures of the polymers. The surface properties of the PEI and PEI-composite films were characterized by performing contact angle measurements. The addition of BaTiO3 increased the wettability of the surfaces. The dielectric characteristics of polymer composite films were investigated by broad band dielectric spectroscopy measurements. It was noticed that the addition of BaTiO3 nanoparticles to the copolymer matrix gradually enhanced the dielectric constant of the composites.
Investigating the Bond Strength of FRP Laminates with Concrete Using LIGHT GBM and SHAPASH Analysis
Authors: Amin Muhammad Nasir , Salami Babatunde Abiodun , Zahid Muhammad , Iqbal Mudassir , Khan Kaffayatullah , Abu-Arab Abdullah Mohammad , Alabdullah Anas Abdulalim , Jalal Fazal E.
Published: November 2022

The corrosion of steel reinforcement necessitates regular maintenance and repair of a variety of reinforced concrete structures. Retrofitting of beams, joints, columns, and slabs frequently involves the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates. In order to develop simple prediction models for calculating the interfacial bond strength (IBS) of FRP laminates on a concrete prism containing grooves, this research evaluated the nonlinear capabilities of three ensemble methods—namely, random forest (RF) regression, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LIGHT GBM) models—based on machine learning (ML). In the present study, the IBS was the desired variable, while the model comprised five input parameters: elastic modulus x thickness of FRP (EfTf), width of FRP plate (bf), concrete compressive strength (fc′), width of groove (bg), and depth of groove (hg). The optimal parameters for each ensemble model were selected based on trial-and-error methods. The aforementioned models were trained on 70% of the entire dataset, while the remaining data (i.e., 30%) were used for the validation of the developed models. The evaluation was conducted on the basis of reliable accuracy indices. The minimum value of correlation of determination (R2 = 0.82) was observed for the testing data of the RF regression model. In contrast, the highest (R2 = 0.942) was obtained for LIGHT GBM for the training data. Overall, the three models showed robust performance in terms of correlation and error evaluation; however, the trend of accuracy was obtained as follows: LIGHT GBM > XGBoost > RF regression. Owing to the superior performance of LIGHT GBM, it may be considered a reliable ML prediction technique for computing the bond strength of FRP laminates and concrete prisms. The performance of the models was further supplemented by comparing the slopes of regression lines between the observed and predicted values, along with error analysis (i.e., mean absolute error (MAE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE)), predicted-to-experimental ratio, and Taylor diagrams. Moreover, the SHAPASH analysis revealed that the elastic modulus x thickness of FRP and width of FRP plate are the factors most responsible for IBS in FRP.
Influence of the Poly(ethylene Glycol) Methyl Ether Methacrylates on the Selected Physicochemical Properties of Thermally Sensitive Polymeric Particles for Controlled Drug Delivery
Authors: Gola Agnieszka , Kozłowska Maria , Musiał Witold
Published: November 2022

Thermosensitive copolymers P1–P5 of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates (PEGMEMs) were synthesized via surfactant-free precipitation polymerization (SFPP) using ammonium persulfate (APS) at 70 °C. The polymerization course was evaluated by the conductivity. The hydrodynamic diameters and the polydispersity indexes (PDI) of P1–P5 in the 18–45 °C range, which were assessed via dynamic light scattering (DLS), were at 18° (nm): 26.07 ± 0.54 (PDI 0.65 ± 0.03), 68.00 ± 1.10 (PDI 0.56 ± 0,02), 45.12 ± 0.57 (PDI 0.51 ± 0.03), 62.78 ± 0.40 (PDI 0.53 ± 0.003), and 92.95 ± 1.56 (PDI 0.60 ± 0.04), respectively. The lower critical solution temperatures ranged from 31 to 33 °C. The electrophoretic mobilities estimated the zeta potential in the 18–45 °C range, and at 18 °C, they were (mV): −4.64 ± 1.30, −6.91 ± 2.67, −5.85 ± 3.17, −2.28 ± 0.30, and −3.60 ± 0.96 for P1–P5, respectively. The polymers were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). Stable amorphous polymers were obtained. We conclude that the length of the co-monomer chain nonlinearly influences the properties of the obtained thermosensitive polymer nanostructures.