bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct-Recycling of LiFePO4 Cathodes from a Hybrid-Electric Bus Battery Via Chemical Relithiation
Authors: Ramirez-Meyers Katrina , Whitacre Jay
Published: November 2022

Direct recycling of LiFePO4 (LFP) has environmental benefits as a battery waste management strategy, but its efficacy and scalability have yet to be fully understood. As the use of LFP is projected to grow significantly by 2030, it is essential to understand the factors affecting the performance of recycling processes and the quality of their products.

This work examines the effectiveness of chemical relithiation on LFP cells of various states-of-health. The work expands on statistical analyses and materials characterization of the cells that were previously presented.1,2 In the previous work, we conducted diagnostic experiments on cells ranging from healthy as-purchased cells to used cells with less than 20% of their initial capacity. The used cells are sampled from a retired hybrid-electric city bus battery pack comprising A123 1536 cells manufactured between 2009 and 2017. Characterization techniques included constant-current cycling, EIS, XRD, and SEM.

In this talk, we will discuss methods for direct-recycling LFP cathodes, such as the refunctionalization protocols designed by Ganter et al.3 We will summarize the dependency between various states-of-health and the yield and performance of directly recycled LFP cathode material. Correlations between the efficacy of direct recycling and battery diagnostic information (e.g., percent of initial capacity, direct-current internal resistance, alternating-current impedance, SEM, and XRD) are of particular interest. We will also discuss the implications of scaling up the chemical relithiation process and combining cathode material from cells of various states-of-health.

Ramirez-Meyers, K., Rawn, B. & Whitacre, J. (Invited) Statistical Distribution and Feasibility for Re-Use of A123 LiFePO4 Cells from a Hybrid-Bus Battery Pack. PRiME 2020 ECS ECSJ KECS Jt. Meet.
MA2020-02, (2020).

Ramirez-Meyers, K. & Whitacre, J. Characterization of Used A123 LiFePO4 Cells from a Hybrid-Bus Battery Pack. ECS Meet. Abstr. Vancouver, BC. (2022).

Ganter, M. J., Landi, B. J., Babbitt, C. W., Anctil, A. & Gaustad, G. Cathode refunctionalization as a lithium-ion battery recycling alternative. J. Power Sources
256, 274–280 (2014).
Chaotropic Anion-Based "Water-in-Salt" Electrolytes for Beyond Li-Ion Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Zafar Zahid Ali , Abbas Ghulam , Frank Otakar , Cervenka Jiri
Published: November 2022

Electrochemical energy storage systems (EESS) with high energy density, safety, low cost, and low carbon footprint have become indispensable in the modern era of ubiquitous electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage. Current EESS lack these characteristics due to the utilization of critical materials that are precious, flammable, difficult to recycle, and pose a threat to the environment. Whereas aqueous electrolytes offer higher safety and lower cost. Nevertheless, their biggest bottleneck is the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) that is preventing them from attaining higher energy and power densities in most of the aqueous EESS. For instance, multivalent metal-ion-based aqueous rechargeable batteries promise high energy density due to the multivalent redox chemistry of metal ions (Al3+, Zn2+, etc.) but they exhibit much lower energy density in real experiments due to the limited ESW of the aqueous electrolytes. The water-in-salt (WIS) electrolytes can potentially eliminate this barrier by offering a larger ESW. However, an anion’s nature, i.e., kosmotropic (water structure-maker) or chaotropic (water structure breaker) plays an important role in the expansion of the ESW in WiS-electrolytes. In general, the kosmotropic anions have a negative impact on the ESW by disturbing the solvation shell of the counter cations. On the other hand, chaotropic anions increase the ESW by limiting the fraction of free water in the electrolytes by pushing water molecules into the solvation shells of the cations.

We demonstrate WIS-electrolytes of metal-perchlorates (metal: Al, Zn, etc.) containing strong chaotropic anion (ClO4
-). As a result, the WiS-electrolytes of Zn- and Al-perchlorates demonstrate expanded ESW of 2.80 V and 4 V, respectively. The electrochemical tests of the electrolytes are performed using carbon-based redox-active electrode materials. We employ the new electrochemical systems in aqueous rechargeable multivalent dual-ion batteries, revealing superior performance to standard aqueous electrolytes. Our findings provide new possibilities for widening the ESW and enhancing the energy and power density in aqueous EESS, especially for grid storage applications.

A. Zafar, G. Abbas, K. Knizek, M. Silhavik, P. Kumar, P. Jiricek, J. Houdkova, O. Frank, J. Cervenka, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022, 10, 2064-2074.

A. Zafar, G. Abbas, M. Silhavik, K. Knizek, O. Kaman, F. J. Sonia, P. Kumar, P. Jiricek, J. Houdková, O. Frank, J. Cervenka, Electrochimica Acta, 2022 404, 139754.
In-Situ Characterization of Lithium Ion Batteries in the SEM
Authors: Gauvin Raynald , Zaghib Karim , Brodusch Nicolas , Golozar Maryam , Dumaresq Nicolas
Published: November 2022

This paper will present state of the art characterization of Lithium Ion Batteries usimg low voltage EELS and EDS of Li using the SU-9000 STEM from Hitachi working at 30 keV and 3 keV. Extensive in-situ work in SEM of LIB made with Li anodes will also be presented.
(Digital Presentation) The Effects of Charging Rates on the Thermal Behavior of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Via Comsol Simulation
Authors: Zhang Shaoxuan
Published: November 2022

Li-S battery, with Li metal as anode and sulfur as cathode, exhibits a theoretical capacity of 1667 mAh/g and outperforms Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in energy density, and promises great utilization in battery-based aircraft. Given its important role in the SEI interphase and safety concerns, the temperature distribution within cells is of great interest to the community these days. In this study, with thermal effects during charging/discharging process considered, a 3D homogeneous electrochemical model was introduced. What’s more, the effects of increasing charging rates from 1 C charging to 6 C charging of typical Li-S single layer pouch cells were probed via COMSOL simulation. It is found that the higher the charging rates, the higher the temperature within Li-S pouch cells. Meanwhile, for a given charging rate, the middle part of the electrodes exhibits the highest temperature increase due to its worst heat transfer in the core regions. All simulation results agree well with published experimental result, this 3D model can be further utilized by designers to assess temperature distribution within Li-S batteries and exaccerlate design for battery packages.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Metal Oxides on Si/C Materials for the Improved Cycling Stability of High-Capacity Libs
Authors: Stehle Philipp , Vrankovic Dragoljub , Anjass Montaha
Published: November 2022

Due to its high availability and extremely high specific capacity, silicon (Si) is the most promising anode material for next generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, Si anodes are suffering from high volume changes during cycling causing unstable solid-electrolyte interface (SEI). One approach for mitigation of these effects is to embed Si particles into a carbon matrix to create silicon/carbon composites (Si/C). These typically show more stable electrochemical performance than bare silicon materials. Nevertheless, the same failure mechanisms mentioned earlier appear in a less pronounced form. In this work, we further improved the cycling performance of two commercially available Si/C materials by coating thin metal oxide films of different thicknesses on the powders via Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The coated powders were analyzed via ICP-OES and AFM measurements. Si/C-graphite anodes with automotive-relevant loadings (~3.5 mAh/cm2) were processed out of the materials and tested in half coin cells (HCCs) and full pouch cells (FPCs). During long-term cycling in FPCs, a significant improvement was observed for some of the ALD-coated materials. After 500 cycles, the capacity retention was already up to 10% higher compared to the pristine materials. Cycling of the FPCs continued until they reached a state of health (SOH) of 80%. By this point, up to the triple number of cycles were achieved by ALD-coated compared to pristine anodes. Post-mortem analysis via various methods was carried out to evaluate the differences in SEI formation and thicknesses.
(Digital Presentation) Post-Treatment Study on Blended Polymer for Solid-State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Sadeghzadeh Rozita , Dollé Mickaël , Lepage David , Prébé Arnaud , Foran Gabrielle , Aymé-Perrot David
Published: November 2022

The widely used Li batteries (LiBs) is the most established rechargeable energy storage device. Therefore, the development of new electrode and electrolyte materials is essential for improving battery performance. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been presented as safer alternatives for liquid electrolytes as they tend to be non-flammable, have enough mechanical strength to resist dendrite growth, and do not leak. However, these materials tend to be less conductive than liquid electrolytes. This problem can be solved by solid-state gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), which have lately received more attention. In fact, present a possible solution to this dilemma as they combine the ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the increased safety of SPE to develop of electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and good mechanical stability.1

This work presents a preparation of in-situ GPE from SPE which produce by dry process in order to take advantage of the easy processability of SPE and the higher ionic conductivity of GPE.2, 3 The initial SPE was prepared by combining two polymers with LiTFSI (bis(trifluorormethanesulfonyl)imide) via extrusion mixing. This method of GPE processing was also found to improve other aspects of the electrolyte such as thermal and electrochemical properties which were characterized using cycling voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Additionally, the salt-polymer interaction in the GPE was characterized using FTIR, NMR, and the homogeneity of the polymer blend study by SEM-EDX. The cell of LFP/electrolyte/ Li metal showed a high capacity near to the theoretical one at C/20 at temperature 60 C. Additionally, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is around 10-5 S/cm. These first results confirmed that this blend of the polymers is a good electrolyte candidate for lithium batteries.

Verdier, N.; Lepage, D.; Zidani, R.; Prebe, A.; Ayme-Perrot, D.; Pellerin, C.; Dolle, M.; Rochefort, D., Cross-linked polyacrylonitrile-based elastomer used as gel polymer electrolyte in Li-ion battery. ACS Applied Energy Materials
2019,
3 (1), 1099-1110.

Ma, C.; Cui, W.; Liu, X.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Y., In situ preparation of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries: Progress and perspectives. InfoMat
2021.

Verdier, N.; Foran, G.; Lepage, D.; Prébé, A.; Aymé-Perrot, D.; Dollé, M., Challenges in Solvent-Free Methods for Manufacturing Electrodes and Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries. Polymers
2021,
13 (3), 323.
Direct Recycling and Upcycling of Spent Graphite Anodes
Authors: Liao Jinyun (Jared) , Park Andrew , Koel Bruce E. , Yang Xiaofang , Xiang Jerry , Yan Chao
Published: November 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as the battery of choice for rapidly growing markets in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage devices. Thus, there is an enormous interest in the development of new technologies for recycling and recovery of valuable materials from secondary resources, such as those from used LIBs. Finding ways to decrease the cost of recycling could significantly reduce the life cycle cost of LIBs, avoid material shortages, lessen the environmental impact of new material production, and provide low-cost active materials for new LIB manufacturing. The recycling of spent LIBs has mainly been focused on the recycling of the cathode, while recycling of the graphite anode has only received limited attention due to its low value and complex recycling process. However, with the recent shortage of resources and the increase in production costs, recycling of the graphite anode from spent batteries can no longer be ignored. There are several challenges associated with recovering spent graphite anodes – mainly, there are a variety of metal impurities in addition to surface impurities from the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and interior impurities that need to be removed. Conventional recycling methods are unable to solve this issue, especially for the purification process. Most current recycling systems use pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods, which necessitate multi-unit operations, high energy consumption, and high cost. Direct recycling, on the other hand, is a promising solution for overcoming the hurdles involved with recovering spent graphite anodes.

Princeton NuEnergy (PNE) has successfully developed a novel low-temperature plasma process to enable purification and direct repair of graphite anode materials from spent LIBs. We also demonstrated a simple but effective surface coating approach to upgrade the spent graphite to produce a graphite-silicon composite that has an improved energy density. Spent graphite is an ideal choice for low-cost production of high-performance silicon-graphite composites because treated spent graphite presents a porous structure that can be combined well with silicon and effectively relieve volume expansion. The recycled graphite and upcycled graphite-silicon composite anode materials outperform the commercially available equivalent materials. The direct recycling/upcycling of graphite anode materials will increase the commercial viability of LIBs and reduce battery cost, thus accelerating the electrification of transportation and large-scale energy storage for renewable energy in the near future. In this presentation, the materials characterization and electrochemical performance of recycled/upcycled anode materials will be discussed.

BEK and CY acknowledge support of this research by Princeton University under the Intellectual Property Accelerator Fund.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Carbon Nanotube Cathodes for Non-Aqueous Lithium-Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Divinagracia-Luzadas Maricor , Ocon Joey
Published: November 2022

Although non–aqueous lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries have been gaining attention in recent years for their potentially high energy density, their actual performances are still inferior to that of state–of–the–art Li–ion batteries. To overcome the high overvoltage, low rate capability, and poor cycle performance, the development of O2 electrode structures and electrocatalysts is of great importance. Herein, a graphitic carbon nitride/carbon nanotube composite (GCN/CNT) was synthesized using a facile annealing method and evaluated as a cathode for non–aqueous Li–O2 batteries, where CNT can provide storage sites for the reactants and products while facilitating electron transfer, and GCN can act as catalytic centers for oxygen reactions.

Due to its large surface area, high nitrogen content and synergistic coupling, GCN/CNT (18 wt.% GCN) demonstrated improved activity and stability towards ORR and OER (ΔE = 1.07 V), compared to pure CNT. Consequently, GCN/CNT exhibited lower overpotentials and better cycling stability when applied as a Li–O2 battery cathode. It delivered a specific discharge capacity of 3796 mAh g–1 at a current density of 100 mA g–1, and a relatively stable cycling performance of up to 35 cycles at a limited capacity of 1000 mAh g–1. Moreover, the reversible formation and decomposition of the Li2O2 product after cycling was confirmed in the characterization data (SEM images and XRD patterns). Hence, this GCN/CNT composite could be a promising cathode material in Li–O2 batteries.

Figure 1. ORR LSV curves of CNT, Pt/CNT, and GCN/CNT electrodes in an O2−saturated 0.1 M KOH electrolyte at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 and rotation speed of 1600 rpm

Figure 1
Degradation Prevention of Latp Towards Li Metal and Interface Improvement By Layer-By-Layer Polymer Assembly Technique
Authors: Tolganbek Nurbol , Bakenov Zhumabay , Mentbayeva Almagul
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Degradation of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP), NASICON-types solid electrolyte (Figure 1) towards Li metal creates a dramatic issue, as materials itself is very promising due to its stability towards air and moisture and facile fabrication methods.

Figure 1. Illustration of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 degradation towards Li metal

Solid electrolytes containing titanium, germanium suffer from reduction while contacting with Li metal. Reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ in LATP leads to a formation of mixed conductive interphase, a secondary phase that hinders lithium ion conduction between the solid electrolyte and electrode. In the majority cases, this problem can be solved by applying artificial interlayer that prevents the direct contact of these components. In addition, the protective interlayer also helps to reduce interfacial impedance that present between electrolyte and electrodes. In our research, we resolved it by applying thin composite gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) as interlayer using layer by layer (LbL) technique. Despite preventing the side reaction, the simultaneous coating on both sides of LATP pellets improved interfacial contact between cathode and electrolyte, anode and electrolyte. The effect of this modification was characterized by physical, chemical and electrochemical analyses.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the research grants #021220CRP0122 “Development of highly sensitive MOS based nano-film gas sensors” from Nazarbayev University.

Figure 1
Understanding the Structural Phase Transitions in Na3V2(PO4)3 Symmetrical Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Based X-Ray Techniques
Authors: Moorthy Megala , Lee Seojun , Son Uirim , Thangavel Ranjith , Lee Yun-Sung
Published: November 2022

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are the promising candidate for large scale applications due to their high abundance and low cost.The symmetrical SIBs (similar cathode and anode configuration) are highly promising as they exhibit negligible volume changes during the charge/discharge process and making SIBs highly stable. Several NASICON (sodium superionic conductor) have high potential towards symmetrical SIBs due to presence of multi-redox reactions in both anodic and cathodic regions. Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) has been found to be appeal for symmetrical SIB systems due to presence of flat voltage profile, multi-redox with a single transition metal, and a large working voltage difference between anodic and cathodic regions can greatly improve the output of the NVP symmetrical cell. However, the phase transitions associated during the electrochemical reaction in the symmetrical NVP cells are not widely studied. The synchrotron X-ray studies in NVP symmetrical cells confirms the redox reaction involving ≈2 moles of Na+ reaction instead of 1 mole of Na+ reaction. The in-situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy during the electrochemical cycling confirms the reversible formation of Na5V2(PO4)3 phase in the anode and NaV2(PO4)3 phase in the cathode. The charge storage process in NVP cathode region is through V3+/V4+ redox, and charge storage process in NVP anode region is through V3+/V2+ redox. The 2 moles sodium-ion storage process can make a discharge capacity of ≈99 mAh g−1, increasing the energy output of the symmetrical NVP.
Where Does Sulfur Precipitate in Lithium Sulfur Batteries? an Operando SANS Experiment
Authors: Jafta Charl , Prévost Sylvain , He Lilin , Li Mengya , Sun Xiao-Guang , Yang Guang , Belharouak Ilias , Nanda Jagjit
Published: November 2022

In-situ and operando measurements are done to gain a better understanding of the precipitation mechanisms during charge and discharge in lithium sulfur batteries. In this work we used a carbon felt networked with microfibers consisting of pores, 2 nm and smaller, as a freestanding sulfur host. First, three different infiltration methods of sulfur infiltration are explored to determine the best method. Second, in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were done that showed a solid product formation occurring at the sulfur cathode, both during the high voltage plateau and at the end of discharge. In an additional 3-electrode EIS measurement, a similar solid product formation on the Li counter electrode due to its reaction with polysulfides is also observed. Operando small angle neutron scattering measurements show the solid product formation, in the carbon, both near the beginning and at the end of discharge, confirming the precipitation data via contrast changes as a function of charge and discharge. We will show in this presentation that Li2S precipitates in the pores at the beginning and the end of discharge, whereas S8 precipitates on the surface of the carbon felt.
An Effective Mixed-Salt As Electrolyte Additive to Improve Calendar Life for Si Anode in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Sohyun , Liu Haoyu , Lapidus Saul , Vaughey John T. , Key Baris , Dogan Fulya
Published: November 2022

For the next generation of Lithium-ion batteries, Silicon is drawing attention as the upcoming anode materials with higher capacity than commercial graphite ( Silicon : 3590 mA h g-1vs Graphite : 375 mA h g-1). Especially, Si is suitable for long range electric vehicle from being higher theoretical capacity. However, the chronic problem of Si anode such as large expansion with fracture or pulverization has effect on the calendar life performance. In order to achieve the enhanced calendar life, we suggest that Ca and Mg mixed additive with electrolyte for Si anode in this work, based on our previous reports. In this work, analytical techniques such as NMR and Rietveld refinement was conducted to clarify effect of mixed salt. Ca and Mg inserted to bulk Si to cause formation of quaternary Li-Ca-Mg-Si phase with thermodynamic stability, and Ca salt make dense and strong CaF2 SEI layer on the Si particle, which protect the side reaction between Si particle and electrolyte in coin cell system,. The full cell with mixed additive electrolyte (called Gen FMC) shows enhanced calendar life performance with lower measured current and current leakage than that of baseline electrolyte (called Gen F), being brought by less side reaction. In adding to that, full cell with Gen FMC could delivered high specific capacity after 100 cycles with 47.4 % of retention (Gen F : 36.3%) and high columbic efficiency. We were also able to find that Gen FMC tends to have less cracking electrode surface than that of Si electrode with Gen F.
Probing the Electrochemical Role of Na2CO3 as Surface Residual on LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2
Authors: Li Jiantao , Cai Jiyu , Chen Zonghai
Published: November 2022

Lithium bearing compounds like LiOH and Li2CO3 are important raw materials for manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries. The chemical tolerance level of battery grade raw materials towards impurities will eventually determine the complexity and cost of the manufacturing process for raw materials. Sodium bearing compounds are a class of major impurities for lithium compounds extracted from the brine. In this work, the electrochemical role of surface residual Na2CO3 was systematically investigated using LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 as the model cathode material. As a demonstration, different amount of Na2CO3 was deposited on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 for determination of the tolerance level towards Na2CO3. It was found that excessive amount of Na2CO3 (>10,000 ppm of Na+) substantially accelerated the parasitic reactions between the delithiated cathode and the electrolyte, leading to accelerated capacity fading of the cathode material. It was also found that low concentration Na2CO3 (≤1,000 ppm of Na+) had marginal impact on the electrochemical performance of the cathode primarily due to the existing background Li2CO3 impurity inherited from the synthesis and storage of the cathode material.
Cycling Performance of Different Nano Sized Silicon Particles in a Carbon Matrix
Authors: Christensen Ida
Published: November 2022

Silicon is among the most promising material for next generation anode battery material, with over ten times higher capacity than graphite and the second most abundant element on earth crust after oxygen. However silicon faces a host of well known (but not well understood) problems that prevent it’s widespread commercialization. The pulverization of silicon particles due to volume expansion related stress is well know. 150nm is postulated as the maximum size below which particles can withstand this stress and maintain mechanical integrity (The success story of graphite as a lithium-ion anode material – fundamentals, remaining challenges, and recent developments including silicon (oxide) composites (rsc.org)). Real world materials don’t have a single particle size though, they have a particle size distribution. In this study the cycling performance of a silicon raw material with different particle size is evaluated as part of a silicon graphite composite material. Different silicon submicron to nano sized particles in a carbon matrix containing graphite and binders were produced. Through both powder characteristics and electrochemical testing, we can show that the sizes will have an impact on columbic efficiency and is crucial for the cycling life.
Carbon Quantum Dot Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide Framework for Improved Alkali Metal Ion Storage Performance
Authors: Jin Shikai , Allam Omar , Jang Seung Soon , Lee Seung Woo
Published: November 2022

Organic materials with redox-active oxygen functional groups have attracted great attention as electrode materials for alkali-ion storage due to their earth-abundant constituents, structural tunability, and enhanced energy storage properties. Therefore, the development of advanced carbon nanostructures is highly desirable for improving the electrochemical performance of organic electrodes. While nanoscale carbon materials like carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been identified as promising candidates for a variety of applications such as sensing, catalysis, drug delivery...etc., their utilization in electrochemical energy storage remains challenging with limited investigations. Herein, a hybrid carbon framework consisting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon quantum dots is developed via a simple one-pot solvothermal reduction method, and a systematic study is conducted to investigate its redox mechanism and electrochemical properties with Li-, Na-, and K-ions. With the incorporation of carbon quantum dots, the hybrid rGO-CQD cathode exhibited much improved charge storage performance. In particular, the Li-ion cell delivered impressive reversible capacity (257 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1), rate capability (111 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1) and cycling stability (79% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles). The charge storage behavior of various alkali-ions was also confirmed by density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, our calculations uncovered the CQD structure-electrochemical reactivity relationships, which could pave the way for the tailoring of CQD species to achieve optimal alkali-ion storage.
(Digital Presentation) Size Effect on the Sensitivity of a Nano Temperature Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ghomian Taher
Published: November 2022

Nanosensors enable the development of small and portable devices capable of monitoring several parameters simultaneously. As such, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which offer unique properties, play an essential role in realizing nanosensors. Since CNTs are sensitive to many parameters, the sensor's performance can be affected by the interaction of CNTs with surroundings. Accordingly, the size of the sensor is an important factor in determining its overall performance. In this study, we report the size effect on the temperature sensitivity of sensors based on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) deposited on a sapphire substrate. Solution-processed fabrication method is utilized to fabricate temperature sensors. In this method, dielectrophoretic force is employed to trap SWCNTs in between gold nanoelectrodes patterned on a sapphire substrate using the standard photolithography method [1]. The size of the sensor is controlled by monitoring the conductance of the sensor, which is related to the number of SWCNTs trapped between gold nanoelectrodes during the trapping process. The results show that the smaller sensor provides higher sensitivity.

References

[1] T. Ghomian et al., "High‐Throughput Dielectrophoretic Trapping and Detection of DNA Origami," Advanced Materials Interfaces, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 2001476, 2021.
Fabrication of Porous Carbon-Composite Nanofibers Via Electrospinning and Their Application in Ion Storage System
Authors: Kim Mee-Ree , Kim Young Tae , Seo Darae , Cho Su-Ho , Lee Yonghee , Ahn Chi Won , Han Hee
Published: November 2022

Nanoporous materials have attracted considerable attention for various potential applications in sensors, optical, magnetic and electronic devices due to their high specific surface area and distinctive physicochemical properties. Particularly, porous carbon-composite materials can be used in the field of catalysis, separation, purification, capture and energy storage/conversion systems. In this work, we prepared highly porous carbon-composite nanofibers with hollow-structures by electrospinning combined with hundreds of nanometers sized silica nanoparticles and 2D MXene flakes and demonstrated the applications in ion storage systems. Firstly, nanoparticles and MXene flakes embedded-polyacrylonitrile(PAN) was electrospun with single and dual nozzles, respectively. In the case of electrospinning via dual nozzle , PAN/Mxene solution and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) solution were used as shell and core materials, respectively. After the electrospinning process, the nanofibers were stabilized at 280oC, followed by a carbonization at 800oC for 1h. Selective removal of silica nanoparticles by HF solution after the carbonization and the decomposition of PMMA at 400oC resulted in the well defined hollow-structured carbon-composite nanofibers. The morphologies of the nanofibers depends on the concentration and size of silica nanoparticles and Mxene flakes and the each specific surface area was higher about 6 and 7 times than those of normal carbon nanofibers. Particularly, the carbonization of MXene-embedded nanofibers successfully removed the functional groups on the MXene such as –F and –OH which are known to hinder Li-ion transport. The hollow structured carbon composite nanofibers with tailored surface terminations and the increased specific surface area were utilized as a electrode materials of ion storage systems and showed improved electrochemical performance compared to normal carbon nanofibers or carbon-MXene composite paste.

Figure 1
Fabrication of Laser-Induced 3D Porous Graphene Electrodes for High-Performance Textile Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Choi Hak-Jong , Lim Hyungjun , Ahn Junhyoung , Kim Geehong , Choi Kee-Bong , Lee JaeJong , Kwon Soongeun
Published: November 2022

In recent decades, form factor of electronic devices is continuously evolving from flat device to curved and foldable devices to rollable devices. Electronic textile (E-textile) or electronic skin (E-skin) is attracting a lot of attention as one of the ultimate form factor devices. Many researchers have tried to change the form factor as E-textiles or E-skin for lots of electronics such as sensors, actuators, energy harvesting applications, displays, and even energy storage devices. Unlike devices such as displays and sensors that have practical applications, reliable energy storage devices in the form as E-textile and E-skin have not yet been for practical applications. Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) has received a lot of attention as power sources for wearable, textile or stretchable electronic devices due to their fast charging capability, long life cycle, and good safety. Most of electrode patterns for textile MSCs have been fabricated using inking based printing techniques such as screen printing, inkjet printing, and 3D printing. Although the ink printing techniques are considered to be compatible with large-scale production, the preparation of inks based on high performance namaterials requires a costly, time-consuming and complicated process including high temperature synthesis or dispersion in an toxic organic solvent. A robust textile MSC fabrication process with low cost, large-area, and high-performance is thus required

Laser-induced graphene (LIG), acquired by the direct laser synthesis of various types of carbon precursors, have widely investigated as electrode materials of MSCs with the advantages of 3D porous electrodes with hierarchical porosity, high crystallinity, and high surface area. However, these superior properties of LIG electrode were not adopted in textile energy storage devices yet.

In this work, LIG-based MSCs were fabricated by thermal transfer printing on textile. A LIG electrode directly laser-written on a PI film was transferred onto the adhesive film area of textile substrates during thermal transfer printing. The electrochemical performances of the as-fabricated textile LIG-MSCs were investigated. Especially, LIG-MSCs based on LIG-metal composite electrodes exhibit fast ion transport for high-rate performance with capacitive rectangular shapes at high scan rates of up to 20V/s, suggesting outstanding rate capability among graphene-based textile MSCs. Moreover, LIG-MSCs demonstrated the possibility of practical usage as textile energy storage devices such as cyclic stability, a waterproof property, and control of the working voltage or capacitance by series or parallel connection.
Gastrointestinal organoids in the study of viral infections
Authors: Gebert J. Thomas , Scribano Francesca , Engevik Kristen A. , Perry Jacob L. , Hyser Joseph M.
Published: November 2022

Viruses are among the most prevalent enteric pathogens. Although virologists historically relied on cell lines and animal models, human intestinal organoids (HIOs) continue to grow in popularity. HIOs are nontransformed, stem cell-derived, ex vivo cell cultures that maintain the cell type diversity of the intestinal epithelium. They offer higher throughput than standard animal models while more accurately mimicking the native tissue of infection than transformed cell lines. Here, we review recent literature that highlights virological advances facilitated by HIOs. We discuss the variations and limitations of HIOs, how HIOs have allowed for the cultivation of previously uncultivatable viruses, and how they have offered insight into tropism, entry, replication kinetics, and host-pathogen interactions. In each case, we discuss exemplary viruses and archetypal studies. We discuss how the speed and flexibility of HIO-based studies contributed to our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and antiviral therapeutics. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of HIOs and future directions to overcome these.
Physiological effects of cathodal electrode configuration for transspinal stimulation in humans
Authors: Skiadopoulos Andreas , Pulverenti Timothy S. , Knikou Maria
Published: November 2022

Transspinal stimulation with a rectangular cathode electrode (P-KLAB) requires less current to produce transspinal evoked potentials and maximizes spinal inhibition. We recommend P-KLAB for neurophysiological studies or when used as a neuromodulation method to enhance motor output and normalize muscle tone in neurological disorders.
Application of Big Data Clustering Algorithm in Electrical Engineering Automation
Authors: Zhang Yongchang , Zhang Zhe
Published: November 2022

The existing control methods have the problem of imperfect automatic distribution linkage model, which leads to excessive noise in the process of practical application. This paper designs an electrical engineering automation control method based on big data clustering algorithm, obtains the load parameters of power cable laying mode, arranges the cable channels hierarchically, extracts the technical characteristics of electrical engineering automation control, integrates the equipment operation information, builds the automatic distribution linkage model, mines the data rules of power index, sets the distribution structure of electrical equipment by big data clustering algorithm, and centrally configures the functional units.Experimental Results. Compared with the other two control methods, the average noise of this control method is 19.774 dB, 35.462 dB, and 36.323 dB, which proves that the control method combined with big data clustering algorithm has better practical application effect.
Computational Study of Multiterm Time‐Fractional Differential Equation Using Cubic B‐Spline Finite Element Method
Authors: Arifeen Shams Ul , Haq Sirajul , Golkarmanesh Farhan
Published: November 2022

Due to the symmetry feature in nature, fractional differential equations precisely measure and describe biological and physical processes. Multiterm time‐fractional order has been introduced to model complex processes in different physical phenomena. This article presents a numerical method based on the cubic B‐spline finite element method for the solution of multiterm time‐fractional differential equations. The temporal fractional part is defined in the Caputo sense while the B‐spline finite element method is employed for space approximation. In addition, the four‐point Gauss−Legendre quadrature is applied to evaluate the source term. The stability of the proposed scheme is discussed by the Von Neumann method, which verifies that the scheme is unconditionally stable. L2 and L∞ norms are used to check the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed scheme. Computed results are compared with the exact and available methods in the literature, which show the betterment of the proposed method.
The Effects of Processing Instruction and Output-Based Activities on Grammar Learning: The Mediating Role of Working Memory
Authors: Patra Indrajit , Suwondo Tirto , Mohammed Aisha , Alghazali Tawfeeq , Mohameed Doaa Abd AL-Hadi , Hula Ibnu Rawandhy N. , Behbahani Hossein Kargar
Published: November 2022

Processing instruction (PI) is an input-based approach to grammar education based on input processing theory, and output is another element needed for second-language acquisition to be successful. This study sought to examine the impact of PI and output-based activities with the mediating role of working memory (WM) capacity on learning English future tense. To this end, 99 subjects with preintermediate command of English based on an Oxford Placement Test were recruited for the study, and they were divided into three groups: PI, output, and control, with 33 learners in each group. Using a reading-span test, it was revealed that 14 subjects in the PI group, 15 participants in the output group, and 13 learners in the comparison group had low WM, while the rest individuals had high WM capacity. Then, a two-way between-group analysis of variance and a Bonferroni adjustment post hoc test were performed. The results of the analyses showed that both PI and output groups outperformed the control group. Additionally, there was no difference in grammar gain between PI and output groups. Besides, learners with high WM outperformed low WM individuals. The pedagogical implication of this research is that PI and output-based activities can assist teachers in implementing effective strategies to raise L2 learners’ knowledge and consciousness.
Multisignal Cooperative Processing Method for Internet of Vehicles Based on Data-Driven Edge Computing Method
Authors: Wang Lei
Published: November 2022

With the rapid development of Internet of Vehicles applications, more and more data are generated. How to effectively distribute content in the Internet of Vehicles to meet the service quality requirements of users has become one of the industry pain points in the field of smart cars and autonomous driving. In order to solve the shortage of local computing resources of vehicles, a vehicle edge network is proposed, which uses data-driven edge computing to offload vehicle tasks to a mobile edge computing server to reduce overall network energy consumption and meet task latency requirements. In addition, in order to reduce the end-to-end delay, caching technology is adopted at the network edge, which can reduce the content transmission delay. This paper focuses on the problem of computing offloading in the data-driven edge computing method in the context of the Internet of Vehicles. Simulation experiments have proved its superiority compared with the traditional offloading method, and the delay and energy consumption are better than the traditional method. First, the basic concepts of the Internet of Vehicles and MEC are introduced; second, the TOAI algorithm flow chart and the computing tasks of the offloading work of the Internet of Vehicles are introduced; then, based on MEC and partial offloading, the task offloading problem is modeled and solved; the problem of unloading collaborative content under networking is solved, and the simulation results are analyzed and verified. The simulation experiment not only shows that the proposed algorithm optimizes the efficiency of the task under the average unit but also shows the effectiveness of this method, which lays a foundation for the engineering implementation of the algorithm. The experimental results show that the average task completion rate is increased by 0.58%, and the average unit task energy consumption is increased by 0.32%, which improves the practicability of the system.
Elevated Dietary Carbohydrate and Glycemic Intake Associate with an Altered Oral Microbial Ecosystem in Two Large U.S. Cohorts
Authors: Monson Kelsey R. , Peters Brandilyn A. , Usyk Mykhaylo , Um Caroline Y. , Oberstein Paul E. , McCullough Marjorie L. , Purdue Mark P. , Freedman Neal D. , Hayes Richard B. , Ahn Jiyoung
Published: November 2022

The human oral microbiome is associated with chronic diseases including cancer. However, our understanding of its relationship with diet is limited. We assessed the associations between carbohydrate and glycemic index (GI) with oral microbiome composition in 834 nondiabetic subjects from the NCI Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial and the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II cohorts. The oral microbiome was characterized using 16Sv3-4 rRNA sequencing from oral mouthwash samples. Daily carbohydrate and GI were assessed from food frequency questionnaires. We used linear regression, permutational multivariate ANOVA, and negative binomial Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to test associations of diet with α- and β-diversity and taxon abundance (adjusting for age, sex, cohort, body mass index, smoking, caloric intake, and alcohol). A q-value (FDR-adjusted P value) of <0.05 was considered significant. Oral bacterial α-diversity trended higher in participants in the highest quintiles of carbohydrate intake, with marginally increased richness and Shannon diversity (Ptrend = 0.06 and 0.07). Greater carbohydrate intake was associated with greater abundance of class Fusobacteriia (q = 0.02) and genus Leptotrichia (q = 0.01) and with lesser abundance of an Actinomyces operational taxonomic unit (q = 4.7E-04). Higher GI was significantly related to greater abundance of genus Gemella (q = 0.001). This large, nationwide study provides evidence that diets high in carbohydrates and GI may influence the oral microbiome.

Significance:

Taxonomic differences at the highest intake quintiles may reflect diet-induced increases in carcinogenic bacteria and decreases in protective bacteria. Genus Leptotrichia has been implicated in cancer and inflammatory disease, while immunostimulatory genus Gemella may increase inflammatory disease risk. These differences further our understanding of possible mechanisms leading to oral and systemic disease.
The combined effect of zinc and honey to increase hemoglobin and albumin levels in white rats induced by low protein diet
Authors: Sunarsih Endang Sri , Dana Yoga Adhi , Kumala Charisha Mahda
Published: November 2022

Undernutrition is a type of malnutrition. Malnutrition can endanger human life, particularly that of children. Honey, which has a high nutritional value, is one of the components that can be utilized to alleviate malnutrition. Zinc tablets, in addition to honey, are thought to boost hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin levels. Zinc, as an antioxidant and catalyst for biochemical events, aids in organ healing, particularly by restoring the role of enzymes in the process of food metabolism in the body. This study was conducted as an experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. Thirty Wistar rats were randomly distributed into six groups of five rats. The average Hb and albumin levels in the group of rats differ significantly, both in the single treatment and the combination of normal rats and malnutrition control. The groups that were given zinc and honey once a day had the greatest rise in hemoglobin, which was 0.5 g/dl (3.10%). The groups who received zinc and honey twice a day had the greatest rise in albumin (1.99 g/dl) (163.11%).
A new approach to hide texts into images and audio files using steganography and cryptography techniques
Authors: Mohammed Miran Hikmat
Published: November 2022

These days there are many security issues facing users while they are using the internet for exchanging information among them. And, users use technology devices, such as mobiles and computers, and they connect them to the network and internet. Therefore, users always looking for a safe way to exchange information locally and globally, when they are connecting to a network. Also, these problems lead them to many further issues such as losing privacy, hacking and detecting personal information. Although, many security techniques have been used to solve these issues by creating many different software utilities; some of them worked perfectly to some extent, while some others still did not comply with the security environment. This research paper finds a new methodology to secure text information while exchanging among permitted users over the internet. This method is a combination of cryptography and steganography with audio and imaging multimedia, which works on hiding and encrypting information before sending it over a network. As result, this technique will add additional security processes to the data exchange, and it will provide a more reliable environment for the user to connect to the network. In addition, the quality of the data will not be altered or noticed during the encryption and decryption process.
The market potential and financial feasibility of cable car tourist attraction development in Pelaga, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Utama I Gusti Bagus Rai , Susanto Putu Chris , Trimurti Christimulia Purnama , Krismawintari Ni Putu Dyah
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this work is to carry out consumer and investor behavior through a feasibility study of cable car tourist attractions in agritourism in Pelaga Village, Petang district, which focuses on studying marketing and financial perspective. This research uses observation and feasible study methods based on marketing theory, and investment financial management theory. It is highly likely by potential tourists as an attraction that can openly present natural beauty, as an environmentally-friendly tourist attraction, a unique tourist attraction in Bali, will provide public facilities, telecommunications, restaurants, and agro product market centers, proximity to the city center, availability of transportation to the location, easy access to locations, and community friendliness towards tourist arrivals. The economic aspect where analysis of market opportunities is based on estimated sales data for four types of services: cable cars, restaurants, UFO glass platform attraction, and under the park and agritourist. The findings of this study reinforce the method and theory that business-oriented development planning must go through a feasible study of at least two important aspects, namely aspects of market potential, and aspects of investment management which are expected to be profitable for investors.