bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English as an International Language for Academic Publishing
Authors: Baker Stewart
Published: May 2024

The pursuit of academic and scientific research has a long and truly global history, and technological advances since the late 1990s have provided a much larger audience for researchers around the world. However, this internationalization of academic research comes with its own particular challenges. One facet of international research that has been well documented is the rise and use of English as a “default” international language for academic publication. The study of this topic is generally, but not always, referred to as English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP). ERPP as a field concerns itself with issues of pedagogy, but also with the practicalities of writing research papers in English, especially as a second or other language or in so-called periphery institutions located outside of the main producers of academic work in English. Because local and regional situations can significantly affect scholars’ ability and desire to submit and publish work in English or their native language, many studies examine specific national or regional contexts. However, despite a focus on the real-world challenges facing non-anglophone scholars and the pedagogical implications for specific locales, the field is not purely a practical one. There is a core of equity and justice in the work of many ERPP researchers, dating from early studies in the 1990s all the way up to the most recent publications. The potential for linguistic bias against non-anglophone scholars by peer reviewers, editors, and other gatekeepers as well as more theoretical discussions of English’s status as “international” are common topics of discussion. Regardless of approach, ERPP stands to become a more influential field than ever as the use of English in international publishing continues to grow. Evidence of this all-pervasive influence can be seen in an irony that should not escape the reader’s attention: that all the citations in this list are written in English, even when, as is often the case, their authors’ native language is something else.
Workforce Training Evaluation
Authors: Sitzmann Traci , Vancini Andrew , Schwartz Shoshana , Ratcliff Jayme , Bassani Gisella , Saleh Mohamad , Stansifer Mary Lee , Dincelli Ersin , Kesse Kwabena
Published: May 2024

In 1959, Donald Kirkpatrick addressed the American Society of Training and Development, where he proposed a four-level model for training evaluation—reactions, learning, behavior, and results. The levels offer a practical solution for evaluating training effectiveness, providing guidance on measuring multiple metrics and ensuring that evaluation efforts contribute to business. However, Kirkpatrick’s framework has been criticized for being atheoretical, and the model’s assumptions have been disproven repeatedly over the past twenty-five years. Yet Kirkpatrick’s framework is still the most frequently cited approach for evaluating training and continues to impact research and practice. To advance the field beyond Kirkpatrick’s framework, researchers such as the authors of Sitzmann and Weinhardt 2019 (in “Approaching Evaluation from a Multilevel Perspective: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Indicators of Training Effectiveness,” cited under Attrition from Training) have proposed a more comprehensive training evaluation framework. Capturing a breadth of effectiveness indicators is essential to understanding the reasons behind ineffective training and to optimize its impact. However, it is improbable that any evaluation endeavor will encompass all possible metrics. According to Kraiger 2002 (in Decision-Based Evaluation, cited under Training Reputation), the initial step in any evaluation effort is to question the purpose of the evaluation. For instance, is the aim to determine which employees have achieved task proficiency, identify changes in learners, assess the overall organizational benefits of training, pinpoint areas for training improvement, or achieve another objective? Once the purpose is established, the training evaluation should begin by addressing the specific construct that aligns directly with that objective. For example, if the goal is to determine which employees have achieved task proficiency by the end of the training, learning assessments should be conducted to compare post-training skill levels. However, if the purpose is to understand why employees are not proficient in trained skills by the end of the course, learning should be measured over time to identify when the learning deficiency occurred. After evaluating a single outcome, this framework can be used to determine if other benefits have also been derived from the training. In the following sections, we review the indicators of training effectiveness. We first focus on training utilization, attrition from training, and training reputation. Next, we review affective outcomes: satisfaction, self-efficacy, and motivation. Subsequently, we turn to additional outcomes of training: learning, human capital, training transfer, organizational and team performance, and financial impact.
Venice
Authors: Bassi Shaul , Mancuso Piergabriele
Published: May 2024

The history and historiography of Jewish Venice centers on the era of the Ghetto (1516–1797), the Jewish quarter that saw its name become a global metaphor of segregation. Most of the history of the Jews in Venice before the Ghetto took place in the mainland territories of the Republic of Venice, since they were allowed to conduct their business in the city but not to live there. The Ghetto was established on 29 March 1516 by the Senate of the Most Serene Republic. Initially it consisted of just one island—the Geto Novo (pronounced “Jeto”, literally “New Foundry”)—where until the mid-15th century the main state copper foundry was located. The Ghetto was expanded in 1541 to give additional space to Jewish merchants from the East, leading to the current configuration of the Ghetto Novo defined by the presence of Italian and Ashkenazi synagogues used by Italian and German Jews, and the Ghetto Vecchio with two Sephardic synagogues. A Ghetto novissimo was added in 1633 to include other Sephardic Jews. A strict curfew, high taxation, and a rigid control over authorized profession regulated the life of the Jewish residents. Until the end of the 17th century the population consisted of separate “nationi,” each one observing specific religious rules and social customs, speaking different vernaculars (Yiddish, Judeo-Spanish, Judeo-Italian, and eventually Judeo-Venetian); gradually the community merged into a single one. Nine synagogues and many educational-devotional institutions were present in the Ghetto and the five main synagogues are still extant. In spite of state rules and canon laws prohibiting personal interactions between Jews and Christians (often unobserved), the Ghetto also became a cultural and social hub, attracting foreign travelers, visitors, and scholars, and making of Venice a center of production and international dissemination of Jewish culture. The Ghetto was abolished in 1797 with the fall of the Republic, but unlike those of other major Italian cities was not demolished and its original architectural physiognomy has been preserved. Under French and Austrian rule (1797–1861) and the Italian state, Jews integrated into mainstream society, remaining divided in a lower class gravitating around the Ghetto and more affluent middle and upper classes. The process of integration was abruptly interrupted by Fascism, which issued antisemitic laws in 1938 and collaborated with the Nazis in the deportation of 246 Jews in 1943–1944. After the war the community regrouped, making the Ghetto a vital religious center as well as a popular tourist destination.
Jewish Education
Authors: Kelman Ari Y. , Yares Laura , Kober Hannah
Published: May 2024

Studying the various forms of education produced in different Jewish contexts offers a compelling window into the ways that Jews have conceptualized Judaism and Jewishness across time and space. Examining modes of teaching and learning offers insights into the ideas and values prioritized by teachers and students, into the various ways that non-Jewish culture has been appropriated and adopted by Jewish communities, and into the relationship of Jews to emerging media technologies. Considered broadly, not only in terms of school settings, but also including home- and family-based learning, the study of Jewish education is not limited to institutions that have historically been accessible only to males but can include the learning experiences of women and girls as well. The scholarly study of Jewish education begins in Antiquity and extends through to the present day. Modes of teaching and learning Jewish religious texts constitute the primary focus of most studies of ancient and rabbinic Jewish cultures. In the medieval period, with the availability of more expansive source materials, scholars have also begun to shed light on dynamics of Jewish family education, on systems for teaching and learning Jewish ritual, and on vocational and occupational training. In the modern era scholars have explored the changes to traditional Jewish education wrought by emancipation and chronicled the development of new educational systems designed to transmit new approaches to understanding Jewishness congruent with the conditions of modernity and post-modernity. In the twenty-first century, these systems have increasingly focused on the promotion of “Jewish identity” toward the ultimate end of Jewish continuity. The ubiquity of teaching and learning in Jewish history has meant that the boundaries of what properly constitutes “Jewish education” have been blurry and often overlooked. Until recently, much of the research on Jewish education has been historical in nature. As a result, we have organized this bibliography into three broad general sections: Overviews, Regions, and Themes. The first section includes references that seek to address broad, overarching themes in Jewish education either by tracing broad historical narratives or by examining specific orientations to the enterprise. The second section follows the majority of scholarship in Jewish education in approaches that are largely historical, national, or regional in scope. The third section takes a thematic approach to scholarship and research on Jewish education in order to emphasize particular areas of scholarly depth and concern.
Japanese Buddhist Painting
Authors: Walley Akiko
Published: May 2024

Buddhism was formerly introduced to the Japanese archipelago in the first half of the sixth century. Although the records concerning this initial introduction do not mention painting, by the latter half of the seventh century, tapestries and murals adorned the interior of Buddhist temples, and miniature shrines with paintings of Buddhist themes were being produced. Narrowly defined, “Buddhist painting” (butsuga仏画) refers to painted images of Buddhist icons and worldviews produced as the focal point of devotional activities. More broadly, however, butsuga could also encompass any paintings in a Buddhist context, including narrative scrolls of Buddhist tales and hagiographies of eminent monks, murals and screens that adorned a monastic architecture, or visual works produced for popular consumption that appropriated familiar Buddhist motifs. Although it was initially an imported religion, Buddhism eventually penetrated the daily lives of people at every stratum of Japanese society, impacting their cultural activities even to the present. For this reason, this article adopts the broadest definition of butsuga in an effort to encompass both two-dimensional devotional images and their popular adaptations. In order to provide a reasonable structure, this article prioritizes English peer-reviewed books and articles of recent years to maximize the utility of this bibliography to scholars and students in English-speaking academia who are at the beginning stage of their research. Most of the works selected include a comprehensive list of further readings that can direct readers to seminal exhibition catalogues, Japanese scholarship, and PhD dissertations. Compared to sculpture, the scholarship on butsuga—particularly in Western languages—has thus far not been as wide-ranging. For instance, there is a cluster of significant studies on butsuga of the medieval period (roughly thirteenth through sixteenth centuries) but still relatively few on the other periods. An exciting development of the 2000s is the increased scholarly attention toward Buddhist art of the early modern period (Edo or Tokugawa period, 1603–1868). The organization of this article follows the strengths (and the holes) in the state of the field of butsuga research. Studies on butsuga often span across multiple historical periods and sectarian divides. For this reason, the headings selected for this list are generally thematic rather than chronological. Seminal works are also produced as part of transdisciplinary edited volumes. This article also includes recent studies on the visual culture for secular consumption that was nevertheless deeply rooted in Buddhist ideas and motifs.
Arranging Whiteness
Authors: Doktor Stephanie
Published: May 2024

In the 1920s, white bandleader Paul Whiteman became known as the King of Jazz. He sold more recordings associated with Black dance music than any other musician. He and his arrangers used racially coded sounds that appealed to his largely white, middle-class audience. By analyzing his recordings, this chapter tracks significant shifts in the compositional approaches of his arrangements throughout the decade. As jazz became more popular, especially among young, college-aged students, and Black musicians garnered national recognition for innovating American entertainment, Whiteman found new ways to stay musically relevant in a mercurial industry. This chapter uses his 1926 autobiography Jazz to show how the racialized language of his arrangements was ensconced in the gendered and sexualized language of white supremacy.
W. E. B. Du Bois
Authors: Morris Aldon D.
Published: May 2024

W. E. B. Du Bois was a towering scholar and activist of the twentieth century. He was the preeminent analyst of race who demonstrated “races” were social constructs that facilitated exploitation of the powerless. Du Bois’s work anticipated Intersectionality, Critical Race Theory, and Whiteness Studies because he theorized interactions among race, class, and gender. As an activist, Du Bois was a major theoretician of numerous twentieth-century liberation struggles. Du Bois was a founder and participant in the Pan-African movement, Niagara movement, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Du Bois was active in the Peace movement and the Women’s movement. As a public intellectual, Du Bois fought to liberate humanity for seven decades. Thus, Du Bois was an incomparable scholar and activist of the twentieth century.
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Structure with High-Resolution Imaging
Authors: Marx Nico , Busch Karin B.
Published: May 2024

Although Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory has been widely accepted and applied for more than 55 years, it is not fully understood chemically or mechanistically. This chapter presents recent evidence that cristae are independent entities and that even within single cristae lateral proton gradients exist along the same side of the membrane. The chapter concludes that the proton motive force is neither homogeneous in a single organelle nor in single cristae, but rather a local, specific driving force. These findings could be obtained using local biosensors in combination with high-resolution microscopy, thus reflecting the processes and conditions in living cells. Finally, it is also possible to image the architecture and dynamics of bioenergetic membranes while they are active. This is an amazing breakthrough that allows us to visualize function in situ. With these capabilities, bioenergetics can provide deeper insights. Yet we are only at the beginning of understanding the vital link between function—structure—and dynamics in organelle coupled bioenergetic processes. This review provides a glimpse of the new possibilities.
The Higher Education Industry
Authors: Engwall Lars , Westney D. Eleanor
Published: May 2024

Higher education is a complex and diverse industry dominated by a centuries-old organization, the university. It is an industry in which the forces for change have been both global, pulling towards certain models, and locally differentiated across countries and regions. Its dynamics over the centuries have been strongly influenced by an array of diverse and often demanding external regulators and stakeholders. This chapter traces the university from its emergence in medieval Europe to its institutionalization and global spread, and then discusses three challenges confronting the contemporary university: (1) tensions between its longstanding missions and the pressures of modern markets; (2) the interacting pulls of the global and the local; and (3) the challenges of governance in an increasingly complex external environment. The chapter concludes with some issues that may influence future dynamics in higher education.
Race and Bankruptcy
Authors: Kalsem Kristin
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines how race and ethnicity matter in bankruptcy. It provides an overview of presented articles within the Washington & Lee Law Review entitled “Critical Race Theory: The Next Frontier," which includes the impact of bankruptcy laws on people of color. Dorothy Brown opens the symposium with an emphasis on the need for a critical eye concerning critical race theory and economic issues. The chapter also considers studies that revolve around why communities of color do not fare well in the legal realm of bankruptcy and the effects that attorneys’ fees have on debtors’ filing choices. It highlights the importance of US Census Bureau County Business Patterns (CBP) databases in understanding how race, ethnicity, gender, and their intersections matter in bankruptcy matters.
Amelioration as Course Correction
Authors: Haslanger Sally , Yablo Stephen
Published: May 2024

Ameliorative inferences are normally read as practical: let w henceforth mean n, because n is somehow better than (its earlier meaning) m. So, let “meat” have a meaning that holds of Impossible Burgers. We suggest a theoretical reading: w does mean N, because M (once thought to be the meaning) is problematic. Supporting the theoretical reading is a metasemantic principle of reference electromagnetism, according to which words are repelled by unfortunate meanings and gravitate towards fortunate ones. Metasemantic electromagnetism falls naturally out of Davidsonian/Lewisian principles of charitable interpretation. Speakers are lovers of the good; otherwise, we couldn’t make sense of them. But it may take a while for the good to reveal itself.
Gender-Neutrality and Family Leave Policies
Authors: Holroyd Jules , Cull Matthew J.
Published: May 2024

Robin Dembroff and Daniel Wodak (2018, 2021) argue that we have a duty to use gender-neutral pronouns, but they do not extend this argument to all other aspects of our language. This chapter evaluates the extent to which gender-neutral language is desirable in the context of parental leave schemes, taking as a case study the parental leave schemes found at a higher education institution in the United Kingdom. It argues that the considerations Dembroff and Wodak take as speaking against gender-specific pronouns and other gender-specific aspects of language also strongly speak against gender-specific language in the context of parental leave policies. As a project in non-ideal theory, the chapter argues against the framing of existing policies which refer to ‘maternity’ and ‘paternity’ leave and for moving to the language of ‘parental’ or ‘family’ leave. The fact that the majority of those giving birth are women does not provide decisive reasons for framing policies in gender-specific terms. Moreover, given the welcome move to facilitate shared parental leave, any concerns for gender equity, and equity for carers, are better served by requesting demographic information for monitoring purposes rather than by policies that refer to gender-specific parenting roles.
The Contents of Maps
Authors: King Jeffrey C.
Published: May 2024

It seems clear that maps have contents. Maps represent the world as being a certain way, and do so accurately or inaccurately. Presumably, they do this in virtue of having contents. Further, it seems that we can have attitudes toward the contents of maps. Surely, we can believe or doubt a map. A quick internet search revealed the following examples of people talking about believing maps: “Get out the compass, believe the map and work out where you really are”; “Corsica: Don’t Believe the Maps!”; “Episode 164: Don’t Believe Your Map” (History of the Roman empire podcast); “Turkey vs Russia: Which Map Do You Believe?”; “Which do you believe, the map or the GPS?”; and “Our inclination is to always believe the map.” Presumably, to believe or doubt a map is to have an attitude toward the content of the map. Further, people often talk about maps saying things or telling us things. Again, an internet search yielded the following examples: “This map is a total lie” (said about a Mercator projection); “The map says we’re fucked” (from Freddie’s Dead: The Final Nightmare); “We expect maps to tell us the truth”; and “We are inclined to trust maps and feel they are telling us the truth.” Again, presumably maps say things in virtue of having contents. Given that maps have contents, we immediately confront the question: What kinds of things are the contents of maps? The chapter attempts to answer that question.
American Sign Language, Audism, and Power
Authors: Burke Teresa Blankmeyer
Published: May 2024

“Language is power” is a well-used catchphrase, yet it is rarely deployed to denote differences in the power of language modality. Linguists speak of language modalities, meaning how the language is expressed—the modalities include spoken language, written language, and signed language. The default language modality is spoken language, followed by written language. Although signed languages are for the most part recognized by the public as languages today, thanks to the work of signed language linguists and others, such as the late William Stokoe, false beliefs about signing language modality persist. This chapter takes up the topic of language modality expression as an impetus for discrimination, focusing in on the ways in which the interactions and expectations of two language modality differences, signed and spoken, impact the communication experiences of signing Deaf people in terms of power. In identifying the inequities in signed and spoken language modality interactions through the discussion of several examples, it will identify and analyze three issues (which are related): language modality and direct access to language, language modality and symmetry of communication, and, finally, language modality and partial access to language.
The Second Great Awakening Context
Authors: Kidd Thomas S. , Young Samuel L.
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the major impulses that marked the evangelical revivals of the Second Great Awakening in the United States, and how Seventh-day Adventism emerged from this context. Beginning with the debates over disestablishment in the 1770s, American churches that embraced the theological populism of the frontier revivals found their numbers growing exponentially in the early nineteenth century. Buoyed by a commitment to common-sense realist approaches to Scripture, new religious movements sought to restore Christianity to its apostolic purity. Eschatological fervor fueled participation in new churches and spurred the formation of missionary societies and social reform organizations. The Millerites exemplified many of these characteristics, binding a novel reading of Scripture with a concern for social reform and a belief in Christ’s imminent return. In the wake of the Great Disappointment, these various changes in American religious culture became the basis for early Seventh-day Adventist identity.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Michael W. , Chow Christie Chui-Shan , Holland David F. , Kaiser Denis , Miller Nicholas P.
Published: May 2024

The Seventh-day Adventist Church has about twenty-two million adherents across more than two hundred countries around the world. The Adventist denomination remains one of the fastest growing religious groups in the world, with a global network of schools and health institutions, as well as an active program of international development and relief work. Its members have played roles in popular culture, music and the arts, as well as politics. Adventism originated as a movement out of the Millerite revival of the 1830s and 1840s, and coalesced as a denomination in the 1850s and 1860s. It then began to spread around the globe beginning in the 1870s. Today it remains one of the least understood, though uniquely impactful, American religious groups. This introductory chapter offers a glimpse about why the reader should peruse the rest of the volume, and includes a brief outline of what to expect in subsequent chapters.
Adventist Anthropology
Authors: Yi Zane
Published: May 2024

This chapter traces the development of the theological ideas that intersect to form a distinct anthropology that undergirds this emphasis on health and helps explain the relationship between Seventh-day Adventist anticipation and activity. The overview falls into two general sections, first focusing on matters of constitution, that is the makeup of human beings ontologically before turning to issues of capability, that is, what humans are intended to and can morally and spiritually achieve. Adventist understandings on both matters were formed in the context of eschatological expectation, resulting in the affirmation of conditionalism and annihilationism and an emphasis on personal sanctification that includes healthful living and caring for the health of others. The emerging view will be located within the broader spectrum of Christian theological anthropology, one that is un-Platonic when it comes to matters of constitution and Wesleyan when it comes to capability.
Adventist Lifestyle
Authors: Knight George R.
Published: May 2024

Adventist lifestyle is a poorly defined field of study consisting of a wide variety of practices. Its development tended to be pragmatic rather than systematic. Generally, positions were developed as needs and/or problems arose. Beyond that, different sectors of the Adventist membership (e.g., fundamentalist, moderate, and liberal) often differ significantly on various lifestyle issues. The official position of the church on matters of lifestyle is principle based, culturally sensitive, and biblically informed, requiring members to apply those principles in their respective circumstances. This chapter examines several basic issues related to the nature and content of Adventist lifestyle and explores four lifestyle practices—stewardship, unclean foods, the time to begin and end the Sabbath, and dress and adornment.
Adventist Education
Authors: Beardsley-Hardy Lisa , Knight George R.
Published: May 2024

Adventism moved from an anti-formal education position in its early history with only Sabbath School in the early 1850s to the Seventh-day Adventist Church sponsoring 9,727 primary, secondary, and vocational schools, and 107 colleges and universities by the end of 2022. These include medical, nursing, dental, and allied health professional education in support of the denomination’s medical missionary vision and its healthcare network. The transformation was spurred by the need to train leaders, pastors, printers, and other denominational “workers” to proclaim the soon return of Christ. The philosophy undergirding the system was influenced notably by Ellen White, who spoke and wrote on “true education.” Adventist education has the unique responsibility of helping individuals understand Adventist beliefs in their apocalyptic context in relation to worldwide mission. The chapter concludes with a description of growth patterns globally and in the health professions, the role of accreditation, indicators of educational effectiveness, and current challenges.
Adventists in Latin America
Authors: Greenleaf Floyd
Published: May 2024

During the late 1880s and the 1890s Seventh-day Adventists established a permanent presence in Latin America. In 1916 and 1922 the Seventh-day Adventist world church organized two of its administrative divisions to manage its work in Latin America—the South American Division and the Inter-American Division. Both were led by missionaries. Beginning in the late 1930s and the following 1940s Walter Schubert, a German immigrant, began to emphasize evangelism among urban audiences. By 1980 it appears that control of Seventh-day Adventism in Latin America had passed from missionaries to homegrown leadership. Today, Seventh-day Adventists in Latin America number in the millions and operate a chain of institutions to accompany their congregations as well as to serve the public. They publish books, produce food, conduct hospitals, and offer degree-granting education. Their schools extend from kindergarten through the postbaccalaureate level, including schools of medicine and two inter-campus seminaries for ministers.
Adventists, Popular Culture, and the Arts
Authors: Clark Diller Lisa
Published: May 2024

The Seventh-day Adventist church’s founding identity was as a “peculiar” people. But by the late twentieth century, most Adventists were living comfortably within their social and cultural contexts. This chapter traces developments within twentieth-century English-speaking Adventism, arguing that while many contemporary Adventists participate in their wider culture, entertainment, and the arts without much thought, others are more intentional. Many church leaders utilized popular culture purely as a means of articulating the gospel; others developed theological frameworks for how to think about art and everyday leisure activities. Those in educational work or on the edges of youth ministry were especially insistent on the value of engaging with social norms. Whether rooting such cultural participation in evangelism, Christian worldview, or the work of justice and beauty-making that all humans are asked to do, these leaders desired to connect Adventist cultural practices to their history and theology
Eschatology, Great Controversy, and Prophetic Interpretation
Authors: McVay John K.
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the eschatology of Seventh-day Adventism, the church’s teaching about the last-day events that conclude human history. These events focus on the Second Coming of Jesus, which Adventism understands to be a glorious and public event that occurs before the millennium, a period of one thousand years. This understanding of eschatology is informed by the metanarrative of the Great Controversy or cosmic conflict between God and Satan, especially as set out in Ellen White’s volume, The Great Controversy. The church’s views of eschatology are derived from the Bible based on a pattern of interpretation known as historicism, which was exhibited by the reformers in the sixteenth century and William Miller in the nineteenth century. Historicism argues that apocalyptic prophecies portray the stream of history from the time of the author until the end of time.
American Buddhism, Modernity, and Globalization
Authors: Emory-Moore Christopher
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a theoretical and historical overview of the social processes of modernization and globalization as they have shaped Buddhism in North America. After outlining the received scholarly portrait of Buddhist modernism as a pattern of global religious reform that reinterprets traditional Asian Buddhism along the lines of scientific rationalism and Romanticism, the chapter charts the diverse ways that these processes of Buddhist adaptation have developed in response to the colonial globalization of European modernity since the late nineteenth century. It re-evaluates the Eurocentric assumption, implicit in a common conflation of the binaries traditional/modern with Asian-ethnic/Western-convert, that Buddhism began modernizing in the West and argues that Buddhist adaptations in North America are generally not unique to this region, but are local manifestations of greater trends in global Buddhism. Finally, it summarizes emerging “postmodern” patterns in American Buddhism and critically reflects on the multivalence of the categories “modern” and “traditional” for Buddhist scholars and practitioners.
American Buddhism and Judaism
Authors: Michaelson Jay
Published: May 2024

American Jews have been disproportionately present in the leadership and membership of American Buddhist communities. Surveying the work of Emily Sigalow, Mira Niculescu Weil, and others, this chapter analyzes five modes of Buddhist-Jewish interaction. First, Jewish “converts” who leave behind Judaism to build Buddhist communities in America, bringing with them various aspects of secular Jewish culture and values. Second, Jewish “secularizers” who helped create secular mindfulness, particularly in healthcare contexts. Third, “integrators” who integrate Buddhist practices and philosophy into Jewish spirituality, creating what Niculescu Weil calls “Jewish mindfulness” with varying degrees of acknowledgment of Buddhist influence, and often using Buddhist techniques and practices to attain Jewish spiritual goals. Fourth, “hybridizers” who explicitly blend Buddhism and Judaism in spiritual practice. And fifth, “responders” who reject Buddhism but discover, or create, “native” forms of Jewish meditation that nonetheless owe a great deal to Buddhist techniques and values.
Compassion
Authors: Goetz Jennifer L. , Simon-Thomas Emiliana
Published: May 2024

This chapter presents compassion as an emotion evolved to promote nurturance and cooperation. What does an evolutionary approach bring to the understanding of compassion? An evolutionary approach brings particular questions to the fore, including the origins and functions of compassion, which then lead directly to questions about the antecedents and situations in which compassion occurs, the biological structures and mental processes by which compassion emerges, the behavioral expression and outcomes of compassion, and the degree to which compassion is universal or variable across cultures. The authors review research on these questions while also providing an update of their predictions and model of compassion.
Evolution, Emotion, and Facial Behavior
Authors: J. Fridlund Alan , A. Russell James
Published: May 2024

Most twentieth-century theories of emotion and behaviors mis-cited Darwin to claim that certain facial behaviors evolved to express emotion. Such theories of “facial expressions of emotion” were: (a) misidentified as evolutionary, and (b) biased toward finding universality in facial behaviors; they were mistaken in (c) holding that such universality implied biology but diversity implied culture, and (d) presenting faces as iconic and acontextual. Based on modern evolutionary theory and data, we offer the Behavioral Ecology View of facial displays as an adaptationist framework based on contemporary ethological conceptions of animal signaling and communication. On this view, faces traditionally attributed to emotion are intention movements which act as contextual “social tools” to modify the trajectories of our social interactions and negotiations. These facial behaviors evolved atomistically with their own instrumentality, rather than as outputs of central emotion mechanisms.
Emotions and Status Hierarchies
Authors: Durkee Patrick K.
Published: May 2024

Emotions define and are defined by status hierarchies. This chapter examines human emotions in relation to hierarchy navigation. Because emotional adaptations evolve in response to selective pressures, the chapter first presents evidence supporting the ubiquity of hierarchies and the fitness-relevance of status in the ancestral past. Next, the author provides a sketch of the recurrent adaptive challenges likely posed by life within hierarchically organized groups to circumscribe the hierarchy-navigation tasks that emotional adaptations are expected to address. The chapter then highlights several emotions—pride, shame, envy, admiration, respect, contempt, anger, and fear—that appear to facilitate hierarchy navigation, reviews the evidence for their functional design, and explores ways in which relative differences in status may modulate recurring emotional experiences. Finally, the author discusses how understanding the interplay between emotions and hierarchy navigation can inform understanding of broad individual differences.
Emotions in Politics
Authors: van Leeuwen Florian , Bang Petersen Michael
Published: May 2024

Politics is the process of negotiating resources, both in the here-and-now and in the future, by establishing rules about resource allocation. Previous work has argued that adaptations for politics include capacities for political judgment and behavior. The chapter reviews the key role played by emotions for both political judgment and behavior. First, the authors detail how emotions that specifically evolved for negotiation (e.g., anger and envy) influence political judgment and behavior. Second, they review how a number of emotions that were not designed for negotiation also influence political judgment and behavior. Specifically, they review work on the relation between disgust and political attitudes for illustration. Overall, the authors argue for the view that emotions are inherent to politics. Politics—including persuasion, ideology, social coordination, and the pursuit of long-term political goals—cannot be disentangled from emotions. Hence, the classical opposition between emotion and rationality in politics is misleading.
Leadership as an Emotional Process
Authors: Lonati Sirio , H. Garfield Zachary , Bastardoz Nicolas , von Rueden Christopher
Published: May 2024

A growing literature has recently focused on evolutionary perspectives on both leadership and followership. Distinct from traditional approaches—rooted especially in organizational psychology and management—this body of work has mainly concentrated on the adaptive value and the phylogeny of leadership, while generally neglecting the role of emotions in structuring the emergence and effectiveness of leader-follower relationships. This chapter reviews theoretical and empirical results from both organizational and evolutionarily informed approaches to leadership and emotions, with the aim of bridging these literature streams. Ultimately, the authors ask, can we better understand leadership and followership in small groups or large organizations by studying jointly the evolutionary and emotional processes underpinning them? Within a multidisciplinary framework touching upon psychology, biology, and anthropology, they highlight how these fields can increasingly intersect in future research, discussing especially (but not only) the illustrative example of charismatic leadership.
Emotions in Co-Rumination
Authors: L. Calvi Jessica , Byrd-Craven Jennifer
Published: May 2024

Co-rumination is a developmental psychology concept that encompasses the social process of rehashing, speculation, mutual encouragement, and negative affect about a problem, originally described in Rose’s (2002) observation in youths’ same-sex friendships. The negative valence of the emotional content and verbal processing of a social problem are both integral to the construct, such that co-rumination facilitates trade-offs between intimacy and internalizing symptoms in same-sex friendships. Emotional contagion facilitates nonverbal communication in humans and has biological underpinnings that communicate emotional content and encourage synchrony between conspecifics. Co-rumination and associated processes may represent part of a suite of adaptations that facilitate alliance formation with non-kin. This chapter summarizes the recent literature on co-rumination, emotional contagion, empathy, and their biological underpinnings, and places these processes in the broader context of human sociality.
Emotion and Empathy in Great Apes
Authors: Clay Zanna , A. Austry Diane
Published: May 2024

Humans and other great apes have evolved rich social and emotional capacities that enable them to navigate their complex social worlds. These include sophisticated ways to produce, perceive, and express affective states, as well as to respond effectively to the states of others. A distinctive feature of human emotional functioning is empathy, the capacity to share and understand others’ states. Far from being uniquely human, empathy has a deep evolutionary history and may be found across diverse animal species in both mammals and birds. This chapter examines some of the continuities between the emotional processes, including empathy of humans and our closest ape relatives. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (P. paniscus) are our closest cousins and show numerous overlaps in their socio-affective and cognitive capacities, social structures, and life histories. Studying their emotional and empathic capacities reveals many overlaps, highlighting a deep evolutionary basis of hominid emotionality.
An Evolutionary Approach to Emotion Regulation
Authors: A. Kisley Michael
Published: May 2024

Emotion regulation includes a broad and diverse array of cognitive and behavioral phenomena, the common underlying feature being the explicit, voluntary alteration of one’s emotions. Given the critical adaptive and system-coordinating functions that emotional responses provide, it is not immediately clear why the ability to modify one’s emotions would have evolved. But, as argued here, emotion regulation can increase reproductive success through a number of mechanisms including improved management of threats and competitive situations, flexible adjustment to social environments, and the advantageous expenditure of limited physiological, cognitive, and behavioral resources. So-called maladaptive emotion regulation is also considered from an evolutionary perspective. Sex differences, sexual selection, cultural relativity, and certain behaviors in non-human animals are also discussed, given their relevance to an evolutionary understanding of emotion regulation. This review is anticipated to be of relevance to emotion regulation researchers, as well as to evolutionary psychologists who study emotion function.
Credible Sadness, Coercive Sadness
Authors: Hagen Edward H. , L. Syme Kristen
Published: May 2024

Evolutionary medicine offers the insight that many unpleasant conditions such as physical pain are not harmful in themselves, but are evolved mechanisms to mitigate harm. A major goal of the field is to distinguish illnesses from aversive conditions that are evolved defenses. There are numerous evolutionary theories of depression, but many fail to account for the central role of conflict and cannot explain suicidality. This chapter reviews evidence from Western and non-Western societies that depression is caused by adversity, conflict, and powerlessness. The most parsimonious theory is that depression evolved, in part, as a form of psychological pain that functions to mitigate harm, credibly signal need, and coerce help when the powerless are in conflicts with powerful others.
Ancient Arts
Authors: Langley Michelle C.
Published: May 2024

This chapter outlines the body marking traditions of Indigenous Australia. It explores the extensive temporal and spatial use of piercing, scarification, and other deliberate modifications to the human body on this ancient continent through reference to archaeological findings and early European observations of Indigenous practices. Differences in the marking of male and female bodies are summarized and the cultural context in which these procedures are performed is outlined. Often having roots in the Dreamtime, these body marking practices connect the individual not only with their community and Country, but also to the forces which create and re-create the lands on which they live.
“Singing Their Heads Off”
Authors: Pawley Alisun
Published: May 2024

Singing along to a song at a pub or nightclub, where music can facilitate social bonding, is a form of spontaneous music-making frequently found in Northern England. This chapter reports the ethnographical findings of a field study carried out on sing-along behavior at entertainment venues across that region. Following a discussion of singing, social bonding, identity, and the body, eight types of sing-along behavior are presented: jaw-clenching, daydreaming, transient, conversational, flirtatious, stylized, reveling, and collectively effervescent. Behavior is explored in relationship to physical movement, social interaction, and communication. Variables that were difficult to quantify but that affect sing-along behavior are also reported, including lighting, volume, and inebriation levels. Finally, using firsthand accounts, the role that the DJ and performer play in audience sing-along behavior is discussed, including their use of invitations and platforms that encourage revelers to join in with a song.
It’s about the Relationships
Authors: Mantie Roger , Marais Glenn
Published: May 2024

In this chapter, the experience of offering music programming in three retirement homes in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, is used to problematize the meaning and value of recreational singing for older adults. Specifically, this chapter focuses on the paradigmatic shift in approach that occurred over the six-month period of the program. Originally conceived as an intervention to address feelings of loneliness and social isolation, responsive relationship building and a spirit of reciprocity eventually took precedence over the expectation to engage participants in song. By eschewing the expectation of “expertise” and embracing humility, symbiotic relationships between facilitators and participants resulted in a collective circle of connection and friendship.
Community Singing as Counterculture in a Women’s Prison
Authors: Weber Amanda
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines community singing in a state prison context, with a focus on Voices of Hope (VOH), a women’s prison choir in Minnesota. After a brief overview of incarceration, music, and gender in US prisons, the author examines the countercultural nature of community singing as it relates to VOH. The author then evaluates three concepts central to the choir’s mission: restorative justice, communal mindset, and awareness/advocacy. Finally, the chapter provides evidence of the transformative power of community singing, using quotes and stories from current and former VOH singers. The author uses a narrative approach, inviting the reader into an empathetic rather than analytical space in an effort to elevate the voices of incarcerated singers.