bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Central Nervous System Disorders: Perspectives on Positive Allosteric Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach
Authors: Grupe Morten , Grunnet Morten , Bastlund Jesper Frank , Jensen Anders A.
Published: December 2014

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand‐gated ion channels broadly involved in regulating neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) by conducting cation currents through the membrane of neurons. Many different nAChR subtypes exist with each their functional characteristics, expression pattern and pharmacological profile. The focus of the present MiniReview is on the heteromeric α4β2 nAChR, as activity at this subtype contributes to cognitive functioning through interactions with multiple neurotransmitter systems and is implicated in various CNS disorders, for example schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, the α4β2 nAChR provides an extra layer of molecular complexity by existing in two different stoichiometries determined by the subunit composition. Such findings have founded the rationale that pharmacological modulation of the α4β2 nAChR may be used as a treatment approach in various CNS disorders. As subtype‐selective agonists and other cholinergic ligands have only shown limited therapeutic success, the focus of recent drug development endeavours has largely shifted to positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). By potentiating the action of an agonist through binding to an allosteric site, a PAM can enhance cholinergic neurotransmission, thus compensating for compromised neuronal communication in a pathophysiological setting. The pharmacological advantages of PAMs compared to other types of ligands include minimal interference with spatial and temporal aspects of neurotransmission as well as higher subtype selectivity, hypothetically resulting in high clinical efficacy with minimal adverse effects. In this MiniReview, we describe the currently identified compounds, which potentiate the effects of agonists at the α4β2 nAChR. The potential clinical advantages and concerns of PAMs are discussed in the light of the role of α4β2 nAChRs as key regulators of fast synaptic transmission.
Editorial
Authors: Detchokul S , Frauman A G
Published: December 2014

Cell movement is a fundamental process of normal cellular physiology and pathophysiology. Abnormal regulation of cell migration is a common denominator of many medical disorders, including cancer metastasis, autoimmune disease and inflammation. Increased interest in the targeting of cell migration and invasion, which has potential for therapeutic intervention in many diseases are behind this special themed issue. Thus, the focus of this issue is centred on the control of cellular cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular or tissue microenvironment sensors. Novel therapeutic opportunities targeting regulation of cell migration are discussed including the emerging roles of tetraspanins, phosphoinositides, transient receptor potential cation channels, stromal interaction molecules and calcium release‐activated calcium modulators. Better understanding of these regulatory factors will hopefully bring greater attention to strategically targeting aberrant cell migration, which has many therapeutic implications for common human diseases.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Migration, Wound Healing and Related Topics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐24
Associations of coefficient of variation of serum GH with previous radiotherapy, hypopituitarism and cardiac disease in patients with treated acromegaly
Authors: Jayasena Channa N. , Izzi‐Engbeaya Chioma , Narayanaswamy Shakunthala , Modi Manish , Clarke Holly , Nijher Gurjinder M.K. , Meeran Karim , Dhillo Waljit S.
Published: December 2014

Background

Cardiovascular complications represent the biggest cause of mortality in acromegaly. It is therefore important to optimally stratify acromegalic patients according to disease activity and complication risk. GH is secreted in a pulsatile manner from the pituitary gland, but GH pulsatility is not routinely assessed clinically. The coefficient of variation of serum GH (GHCV) during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) quantifies the variation of GH secretion in patients with acromegaly, but has not been reported previously.

Aim

To investigate whether GHCV during OGTT is associated with clinical parameters predicted to relate with hypothalamo‐pituitary dysfunction during acromegaly, such as radiotherapy treatment, pituitary deficiency and cardiac disease.

Methods

GHCV was calculated during 584 OGTTs and compared with nadir serum GH and IGF‐1 in 111 acromegalic patients treated at a single centre.

Results

Acromegalic patients treated with radiotherapy had a 37% lower level of GHCV when compared to the nonradiotherapy group (mean GHCV: 0·298 ± 0·015, no radiotherapy; 0·189 ± 0·007, radiotherapy; P < 0·001). Neither serum IGF‐1 nor nadir GH was significantly altered in the radiotherapy group. Mean GHCV was 50% lower in the acromegalic patients with cardiac failure when compared to acromegalic patients with normal echocardiogram (0·161 ± 0·034 vs 0·297 ± 0·055; P < 0·05). Neither serum IGF‐1 nor nadir GH was significantly altered during cardiac failure.

Conclusion

Our preliminary data suggest that GHCV during OGTT may be reduced during acromegaly in patients with previous radiotherapy, pituitary deficiencies and cardiac disease. Larger studies are required to determine whether GHCV could provide help to assess the morbidity status of patients with treated acromegaly.
Depolarizing GABA and Developmental Epilepsies
Authors: Khazipov Roustem , Valeeva Guzel , Khalilov Ilgam
Published: December 2014

Early in development, GABA, which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in adult brain, depolarizes immature neurons and exerts dual—excitatory and shunting/inhibitory—effects in the developing neuronal networks. The present review discusses some general questions, including the properties of excitation at depolarizing GABAergic synapse and shunting inhibition by depolarizing GABA; technical issues in exploration of depolarizing GABA using various techniques and preparations, including the developmental aspects of traumatic injury and what is known (or rather unknown) on the actions of GABA in vivo; complex roles of depolarizing GABA in developmental epilepsies, including a contribution of depolarizing GABA to enhanced excitability in the immature networks, caused by repetitive seizures accumulation of intracellular chloride concentration that increases excitatory GABA power and its synchronizing proconvulsive effects, and correction of chloride homeostasis as a potential strategy to treat neonatal seizures.
Sulphate retention: a simplified method for categorizing soils into allophanic and non‐allophanic Andosols
Authors: Takahashi J. , Higashi T.
Published: December 2014

Unlike phosphate, an index of sulphate retention of soils has not commonly been defined. However, sulphate sorption by soils is more sensitive than phosphate sorption to the amount of their colloidal components. Sulphate has less sorption affinity than some organic acids or phosphate, and is sorbed by hydrous Al/Fe such as allophane but not by Al–humus complexes. Therefore, we attempted to categorize soils as allophanic or non‐allophanic Andosols by sorption experiments with sulphate. The method employed for sulphate retention (S‐retention) was based on the common method for P‐retention, using potassium sulphate solution (3.12 mmol SO42− l−1, equivalent to 100 mg S l−1) buffered by potassium acetate (pH 4.0) and shaking for 1 hour with a soil:solution ratio of 1:5. From the results from 172 soil samples of 30 forest soils in eastern Japan, a linear regression was obtained between S‐retention and Alo + 1/2Feo (r = 0.780, P < 0.001). All aluandic (non‐allophanic) soil samples (Sio < 0.6% and Alp:Alo > 0.5, in accordance with the WRB classification system) had poor S‐retention (< 60%) and were clearly divided from silandic (allophanic) soil samples. Highly weathered Cambisols with small activity ratios of free iron oxides (Feo:Fed < 0.4) tended to have greater S‐retention (> 30%) than less weathered Umbrisols and Cambisols with Feo:Fed > 0.4. In addition, these four soil types were separated as distinct domains on a scatter diagram of P‐retention plotted against S‐retention.
High‐wire act: the poised genome and cellular memory
Authors: Puri Deepika , Gala Hardik , Mishra Rakesh , Dhawan Jyotsna
Published: December 2014

Emerging evidence aided by genome‐wide analysis of chromatin and transcriptional states has shed light on the mechanisms by which stem cells achieve cellular memory. The epigenetic and transcriptional plasticity governing stem cell behavior is highlighted by the identification of ‘poised’ genes, which permit cells to maintain readiness to undertake alternate developmental fates. This review focuses on two crucial mechanisms of gene poising: bivalent chromatin marks and RNA polymerase II stalling. We provide the context for these mechanisms by exploring the current consensus on the regulation of chromatin states, especially in quiescent adult stem cells, where poised genes are critical for recapitulating developmental choices, leading to regenerative function.
Probing in vivo dynamics of mitochondria and cortical actin networks using high‐speed atomic force/fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Yoshida Aiko , Sakai Nobuaki , Uekusa Yoshitsugu , Deguchi Katashi , Gilmore Jamie L , Kumeta Masahiro , Ito Shuichi , Takeyasu Kunio
Published: December 2014

The dynamics of the cell membrane and submembrane structures are closely linked, facilitating various cellular activities. Although cell surface research and cortical actin studies have shown independent mechanisms for the cell membrane and the actin network, it has been difficult to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of these structures in live cells. Here, we used a combined atomic force/optical microscope system to analyze membrane‐based cellular events at nanometer‐scale resolution in live cells. Imaging the COS‐7 cell surface showed detailed structural properties of membrane invagination events corresponding to endocytosis and exocytosis. In addition, the movement of mitochondria and the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cortical F‐actin network were directly visualized in vivo. Cortical actin microdomains with sizes ranging from 1.7 × 104 to 1.4 × 105 nm2 were dynamically rearranged by newly appearing actin filaments, which sometimes accompanied membrane invaginations, suggesting that these events are integrated with the dynamic regulation of submembrane organizations maintained by actin turnovers. These results provide novel insights into the structural aspects of the entire cell membrane machinery which can be visualized with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Shared decision making and the use of a patient decision aid in advanced serious illness: provider and patient perspectives
Authors: Jones Jacqueline , Nowels Carolyn , Kutner Jean S. , Matlock Daniel D.
Published: December 2014

Objective

Patients with advanced serious illness face many complex decisions. Patient decision aids (PtDAs) can help with complex decision making but are underutilized. This study assessed barriers and facilitators to the use of a PtDA designed for serious illness.

Methods

Providers and patients were asked about their experiences in making decisions around serious illness and their opinions towards the PtDA. Seven focus groups were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed using a general qualitative inductive method.

Results

Domain 1 – clinical context within which the PtDA would be utilized including three themes: (1a) role: PtDA might compete with the physician's role; (1b) logistics: it was unclear when and how such a PtDA should be implemented; and (1c) meaning: what it will mean to the patient if the physician recommends viewing of this PtDA. Domain 2 – broader global context: (2a) death‐denying culture; and (2b) physician concerns that the PtDA was biased towards palliative care.

Conclusion

Physicians’ concerns were rooted in deeper concerns about palliative care and a death‐denying culture. Patients were more open to using the PtDA than physicians, suggesting ‘it's never too early’.

Practice Implications

PtDAs for serious illness can maximize early opportunities for goals of care conversations and shared decision making.
Inkjet‐Printed Metal‐Insulator‐Metal Capacitors for Tunable Microwave Applications
Authors: Friederich Andreas , Kohler Christian , Nikfalazar Mohammad , Wiens Alex , Jakoby Rolf , Bauer Werner , Binder Joachim R.
Published: December 2014

A Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3–ZnO–B2O3 composite ink was prepared and used for the manufacturing of fully inkjet‐printed metal‐insulator‐metal varactors. The dielectric thick films were co‐fired with printed silver electrodes at 850°C and show a fine grained microstructure. The films have a relative permittivity of εr = 129 and a dielectric loss of tan δ = 0.043 at f = 3 GHz. Printed varactors with different dielectric film thickness were prepared. The characterization of the printed structures and 3D electromagnetic simulations of the layout reveal the strong influence of electrode inductance and fringing effects on the properties of the components. The printed varactors reach tunabilities between 14.4% and 16.4% by applying a tuning field of 5 V/μm. To demonstrate the capability of the inkjet printing process for the preparation of tunable microwave devices, a fully inkjet‐printed phase shifter was fabricated. It is based on seven pairs of the printed varactors and reaches a phase shift of 180° and a figure of merit of 19°/dB at 3.4 GHz.
Incidence and molecular characterization of Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency among neonates for newborn screening in Chaozhou, China
Authors: Yang H. , Wang Q. , Zheng L. , Zhan X.‐F. , Lin M. , Lin F. , Tong X. , Luo Z.‐Y. , Huang Y. , Yang L.‐Y.
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is highly prevalent in southern China. The aim of this study is to assess the extent of this disease in Chinese neonates and determine its molecular characteristics using a novel molecular screening method.

Methods

A total of 2500 neonates were routinely screened for G6PD deficiency using a modified fluorescent spot test (FST). PCR‐high‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis was then used for the molecular assay.

Results

The overall incidence of G6PD deficiency was 2.68% in our study cohort. Frequency in male population was 3.22% (44 neonates of 1365 male neonates), and in female population was 2.03% (23 neonates of 1135 female neonates). Of the 67 newborns suspected to be G6PD deficient based on FST (44 males, 23 females), 58 of 67 (87%) were detected with gene alterations. Seven kinds of mutations [c.95A>G, c.392G>T, c.493A>G, c.871G>A, c.1360C>T, c.1376G>T, and c.1388G>A] were identified by HRM analysis.

Conclusion

Routine newborn screening in Chaozhou, China with a relatively high prevalence of G6PD deficiency is justified and meets the World Health Organization recommendation. The usage of molecular diagnosis can favor the detection of heterozygotes which can be a supplement to regular newborn screening and useful for premarital and prenatal diagnosis for G6PD deficiency.
Knowledge Spillovers from FDI: A Critical Review from the International Business Perspective
Authors: Perri Alessandra , Peruffo Enzo
Published: December 2014

This paper reviews and organizes the theoretical and empirical research on foreign direct investment (FDI) knowledge spillovers from the international business perspective. In doing so, it develops a framework for the analysis of this phenomenon. The suggested FDI knowledge spillover framework integrates both the macro‐level (country, industry, institutions) and micro‐level (multinational firm, headquarters, subsidiary, local firms) antecedents of spillovers with their consequences, and proposes to analyse spillovers along three main attributes that characterize their occurrence, i.e. their magnitude, scope and speed.
Arise the systems physician
Authors: Scott I. , Phelps G. , Dalton S.
Published: December 2014

Healthcare in Australia faces significant challenges. Variations in care, suboptimal safety and reliability, fragmentation of care and unsustainable cost increases are compounded by substantial overuse and underuse of clinical interventions. These problems arise not from intentional actions of individual clinicians, but from deficiencies in the design, operations and governance of systems of care. Physicians play an important role in optimising systems of care and, in doing so, must rely on enhanced skills in a range of domains. These include: how to evaluate and improve quality and safety of clinical processes; analyse and interpret clinical and administrative data in ways that can be used to enhance care delivery; build and lead cohesive multidisciplinary teams capable of solving operational defects and inefficient workarounds; and implement new and effective innovations in clinical service delivery. While clinical skills are essential in individual patient care, skills that improve systems of care targeting whole patient populations will become increasingly desirable and recognised as core skills.
Handover of patient information from the crisis assessment and treatment team to the inpatient psychiatric unit
Authors: Waters Amanda , Sands Natisha , Keppich‐Arnold Sandra , Henderson Kathryn
Published: December 2014

Handover, or the communication of patient information between clinicians, is a fundamental component of health care. Psychiatric settings are dynamic environments relying on timely and accurate communication to plan care and manage risk. Crisis assessment and treatment teams are the primary interface between community and mental health services in many Australian and international health services, facilitating access to assessment, treatment, and admission to hospital. No previous research has investigated the handover between crisis assessment and treatment teams and inpatient psychiatric units, despite the importance of handover to care planning. The aim of the present study was to identify the nature and types of information transferred during these handovers, and to explore how these guides initial care planning. An observational, exploratory study design was used. A 20‐item handover observation tool was used to observe 19 occasions of handover. A prospective audit was undertaken on clinical documentation arising from the admission. Clinical information, including psychiatric history and mental state, were handed over consistently; however, information about consumer preferences was reported less consistently. The present study identified a lack of attention to consumer preferences at handover, despite the current focus on recovery‐oriented models for mental health care, and the centrality of respecting consumer preferences within the recovery paradigm.
How Deep is the Ocean?
Authors: Hanley James
Published: December 2014

Scientists have long sought to measure the ocean, and how far down it goes. James Hanley presents a brief history of attempts to get to the bottom of it – statistically speaking
Differential reliance on performance outliers in athletic self‐assessment
Authors: Guenther Corey L. , Taylor Sarah G. , Alicke Mark D.
Published: December 2014

The current studies tested the hypothesis that, despite experiencing high rates of performance failure, athletes maintain positive ability perceptions by basing assessments of their ability on peak, rarely occurring performances rather than on their more typically occurring base rate averages. Findings from two studies support this assertion. Study 1 showed that collegiate baseball players perceived their best‐ever hitting performance to better represent their true hitting ability than their worst‐ever performance, despite the latter being far more reflective of their objective batting average. Study 2 replicated this effect among college softball players, and demonstrated further that low‐performing athletes were the most severely miscalibrated in their ability perceptions. Implications for coaches, trainers, and practitioners committed to helping athletes develop are discussed.
Evolution of spatially structured host–parasite interactions
Authors: Lion S. , Gandon S.
Published: December 2014

Spatial structure has dramatic effects on the demography and the evolution of species. A large variety of theoretical models have attempted to understand how local dispersal may shape the coevolution of interacting species such as host–parasite interactions. The lack of a unifying framework is a serious impediment for anyone willing to understand current theory. Here, we review previous theoretical studies in the light of a single epidemiological model that allows us to explore the effects of both host and parasite migration rates on the evolution and coevolution of various life‐history traits. We discuss the impact of local dispersal on parasite virulence, various host defence strategies and local adaptation. Our analysis shows that evolutionary and coevolutionary outcomes crucially depend on the details of the host–parasite life cycle and on which life‐history trait is involved in the interaction. We also discuss experimental studies that support the effects of spatial structure on the evolution of host–parasite interactions. This review highlights major similarities between some theoretical results, but it also reveals an important gap between evolutionary and coevolutionary models. We discuss possible ways to bridge this gap within a more unified framework that would reconcile spatial epidemiology, evolution and coevolution.
Investigation of the leptin levels in the blood serum of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) and Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843)
Authors: Köprücü S. , Algül S.
Published: December 2014

Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissues in the various teleost fish and vertebrates. Leptin has been suggested to have an important role in a range physiological function, including regulation of food intake, reproduction, immune function, energy expenditure, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. In this study, leptin levels in the blood serum of Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta trutta were determined. Then the results were compared between two species and between sexes of each species. In addition, leptin levels were also compared with the body weight and length of both C. carpio and C. trutta. Leptin level was analysed using available enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit (Rat leptin ELISA kit, catalog no: SK00050‐08). Leptin levels showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) that in relation to between two species and between sexes of each species. It has been shown that not significantly correlated when examined correlations between the leptin level in blood serum and body weight (r = 0.192, p = 0.380) or length (r = 0.102, p = 0.644) of C. carpio. Similarly, the correlations between leptin level in blood serum and body weight (r = 0.021, p = 0.959) or length (r = 0.123, p = 0.595) of C. trutta were also not significant.
Effectiveness of a school‐based academic asthma health education and counseling program on fostering acceptance of asthma in older school‐age students with asthma
Authors: Kintner Eileen K. , Cook Gwendolyn , Marti C. Nathan , Gomes Melissa , Meeder Linda , Van Egeren Laurie A.
Published: December 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the academic asthma education and counselingStayingHealthy–AsthmaResponsible andPrepared™ (SHARP) program on fostering psychosocial acceptance of asthma.

Design and Methods

This was a phaseIII, two‐group, cluster‐randomized, single‐blinded, longitudinal study. Students from grades 4 and 5 (N= 205) with asthma and their caregivers completed surveys at pre‐intervention and at 1‐, 12‐, and 24‐months post‐intervention. Analysis involved multilevel modeling.

Results

All students demonstrated significant improvement in aspects of acceptance; students inSHARPdemonstrated significant improvement in openness to sharing and connectedness with teachers over students in the control condition.

Practice Implications

TheSHARPprogram offers a well‐tested, effective program for psychosocial acceptance of asthma, which is welcomed by schools.
TESTING EQUALITY OF MEANS WHEN THE OBSERVATIONS ARE FROM FUNCTIONAL TIME SERIES
Authors: Horváth Lajos , Rice Gregory
Published: December 2014

There are numerous examples of functional data in areas ranging from earth science to finance where the problem of interest is to compare several functional populations. In many instances, the observations are obtained consecutively in time, and thus, the classical assumption of independence within each population may not be valid. In this article, we derive a new, asymptotically justified method to test the hypothesis that the mean curves of multiple functional populations are the same. The test statistic is constructed from the coefficient vectors obtained by projecting the functional observations into a finite dimensional space. Asymptotics are established when the observations are considered to be from stationary functional time series. Although the limit results hold for projections into arbitrary finite dimensional spaces, we show that higher power is achieved by projecting onto the principle components of empirical covariance operators that diverge under the alternative. Our method is further illustrated by a simulation study as well as an application to electricity demand data.
Light alcohol consumption plays a protective role against non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Japanese men with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Sogabe Masahiro , Okahisa Toshiya , Taniguchi Tatsuya , Tomonari Tetsu , Tanaka Takahiro , Tanaka Hironori , Nakasono Masahiko , Takayama Tetsuji
Published: December 2014

Background & Aims

Although excess alcohol consumption has been believed to cause liver injury, light alcohol consumption (LAC) has been reported to play a protective role against fatty liver in recent studies. However, the association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and LAC in men with metabolic syndrome (MS) is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the association between NAFLD and LAC in men with MS.

Methods

Subjects were 1055 men with MS who underwent a regular health check‐up and drank less 20 g/day of alcohol. A distinction was made between non‐drinkers and light drinkers and the association between NAFLD and LAC in men with MS was elucidated. NAFLD was referred as fatty liver with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels ≧31 IU/L in this study.

Results

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and the prevalence of NAFLD were significantly lower in light drinkers than in non‐drinkers. Logistic regression analysis showed body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), uric acid (UA), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), visceral fat type MS and LAC (odds ratios: 0.654; 95% confidence intervals: 0.473–0.906; <0.05) were significant predictors of the prevalence of NAFLD.

Conclusion

The prevalence of NAFLD in light drinkers was significantly lower than in non‐drinkers, and supporting previous reports studying the general population, LAC is one of the significant predictors of a decreased prevalence of NAFLD in men with MS.
Spatial scale variability in shoot density and epiphytic leaves ofPosidonia oceanicaon Kerkennah Island (Tunisia) in relation to current tide effects
Authors: Ben Brahim Mounir , Mabrouk Lotfi , Hamza Asma , Mahfoudhi Mabrouka , Bouain Abderahmen , Aleya Lotfi
Published: December 2014

A study was undertaken of the patterns of spatial variability, epiphytic biomass and distribution of epiphytic fauna and flora ofPosidonia oceanica. Samples were taken at four stations located approximately 4 km apart, exposed to different current conditions. Stations A and B, situated near the Oued Mimoun tidal channel with its relatively strong bi‐directional flows, were affected by high current tide. The other two stations, North Oued Mimoun (L1) and South Oued Mimoun (L2), were located further from the channel, in low current tide conditions. Sampling was conducted in the Attaya area of Kerkennah Island (Tunisia) in August 2009 at depths between 2 and 3 m, with the results indicating differences among the stations. Shoot density decreased when exposed to high levels of hydrodynamic activity generated by current tides whereas the epiphytic biomass ofP. oceanicaleaves decreased at sheltered stations located far from the channel. Epiphytic algae such as Heterokontophyta, Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta, and epiphytic fauna represented by Bryozoa, Hydrozoa, Annelida, Porifera and Tunicata, dominated the epiphytic assemblages and were abundant at the station most exposed to high current tide hydrodynamics. Cyanobacteria, however, were dominant in stations exposed to low current tide.
The putative functional ecology and distribution of archaeal communities in sponges, sediment and seawater in a coral reef environment
Authors: Polónia Ana R. M. , Cleary Daniel F. R. , Freitas Rossana , de Voogd Nicole J. , Gomes Newton C. M.
Published: December 2014

Archaea play crucial roles in a number of key ecological processes including nitrification and methanogenesis. Although several studies have been conducted on these organisms, the roles and dynamics of coral reef archaeal communities are still poorly understood, particularly in host and nonhost biotopes and in high (HMA) and low microbial abundance (LMA) sponges. Here, archaeal communities detected in six distinct biotopes, namely, sediment, seawater and four different sponge species Stylissa carteri, Stylissa massa, Xestospongia testudinaria and Hyrtios erectus from the Spermonde Archipelago, SW Sulawesi, Indonesia were investigated using 454‐pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes (OTU cut‐off 97%). Archaeal communities from sediment and sponges were dominated by Crenarchaeota, while the seawater community was dominated by Euryarchaeota. The biotope explained almost 75% of the variation in archaeal composition, with clear separation between microbial assemblages from sediment, X. testudinaria and H. erectus (HMA). In contrast, samples from seawater and both Stylissa species (LMA) showed considerable overlap in the ordination and, furthermore, shared most abundant OTUs with the exception of a single dominant OTU specifically enriched in both Stylissa species. Predicted functional gene content in archaeal assemblages also revealed significant differences among biotopes. Different ammonia assimilation strategies were exhibited by the archaeal communities: X. testudinaria, H. erectus and sediment archaeal communities were enriched for glutamate dehydrogenase with mixed specificity (NAD(P)+) pathways, while archaeal planktonic communities were enriched for specific glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) and glutamate synthase pathways. Archaeal communities in Stylissa had intermediate levels of enrichment. Our results indicate that archaeal communities in different biotopes have distinct ecophysiological roles.
BRAF V600E analysis for the differentiation of papillary craniopharyngiomas and Rathke's cleft cysts
Authors: Schweizer Leonille , Capper David , Hölsken Annett , Fahlbusch Rudolf , Flitsch Jörg , Buchfelder Michael , Herold‐Mende Christel , von Deimling Andreas , Buslei Rolf
Published: December 2014

Aims

The differential diagnosis of cystic epithelial masses of the sellar region, especially the histopathological differentiation of craniopharyngiomas and Rathke's cleft cysts, poses a challenge even to experienced diagnosticians. Recently, BRAF V600E mutations have been described as a genetic hallmark of papillary craniopharyngiomas. We investigated a series of 33 Rathke's cleft cysts to determine the frequency of BRAF V600E mutations and its suitability as an additional diagnostic marker for the differentiation of cystic lesions of the sellar region.

Methods

Thirty‐three Rathke's cleft cysts and 18 papillary craniopharyngiomas were analysed for BRAF mutational status by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody (VE1) that selectively recognizes the BRAF V600E mutant epitope and additional BRAF pyrosequencing in a subset of samples.

Results

Thirty of 33 specimens diagnosed as Rathke's cleft cysts were negative by VE1 immunohistochemistry and pyrosequencing, whereas in three cysts and in all the 18 papillary craniopharyngiomas, a BRAF V600E mutation was detected. Clinical and histological re‐evaluation of the three BRAF V600E mutated cases formerly diagnosed as Rathke's cleft cysts revealed unusual presentations. Two of them were rediagnosed as papillary craniopharyngiomas. The patient of the third case had a history of craniopharyngioma operated 14 years before, and reoperation showed a cystic epithelial lesion with unclear histology.

Conclusions

The determination of BRAF mutational status is recommended in any cystic sellar lesion and can in most cases be provided by VE1 immunohistochemistry even in specimens of low cellularity. Confirmation by (pyro‐)sequencing should be attempted whenever sufficient epithelium is available due to variable staining results.
A YadA‐like autotransporter, Hag1 in Veillonella atypica is a multivalent hemagglutinin involved in adherence to oral streptococci, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and human oral buccal cells
Authors: Zhou P. , Liu J. , Merritt J. , Qi F.
Published: December 2014

Dental biofilm development is a sequential process, and adherence between microbes and the salivary pellicle (adhesion) as well as among different microbes (co‐adhesion or coaggregation) plays a critical role in building a biofilm community. The Veillonella species are among the most predominant species in the oral cavity and coaggregate with many initial, early, middle, and late colonizers. Similar to oral fusobacteria, they are also considered bridging species in biofilm development. However, the mechanism of this ability has yet to be reported, due to the previous lack of a genetic transformation system in the entire genus. In this study, we used our recently discovered transformable Veillonella strain, Veillonella atypica OK5, to probe the mechanism of coaggregation between Veillonella species and other oral bacteria. By insertional inactivation of all eight putative hemagglutinin genes, we identified one gene, hag1, which is involved in V. atypica coaggregation with the initial colonizers Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus cristatus, and the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The hag1 mutant also abolished adherence to human buccal cells. Inhibition assays using various chemical or physiological treatments suggest different mechanisms being involved in coaggregation with different partners. The entire hag1 gene was sequenced and shown to be the largest known bacterial hemagglutinin gene.
A ‘giant’ purgatoriid (Plesiadapiformes) from the Paleocene of Montana, USA: mosaic evolution in the earliest primates
Authors: Fox Richard C. , Scott Craig S. , Buckley Gregory A.
Published: December 2014

Ursolestes perpetior gen. et sp. nov. is a large purgatoriid plesiadapiform primate from the middle/late Puercan (earliest Paleocene) Simpson Quarry, Montana, USA. It differs from Purgatorius Van Valen and Sloan, 1965, the only other known purgatoriid and the oldest discovered primate, in its substantially larger body size as inferred from the dimensions of the known parts of its dentition, while resembling Purgatorius in possessing a large lower canine, unreduced p1, and in the upper molars, a protocone twist and weakly developed postprotocone fold; moreover, the m3 of U. perpetior possesses an expanded, plesiadapiform‐like posterior lobe of the talonid that supports the hypoconulid. The large lower canine and the greater development of trenchant molar crests suggest that U. perpetior was more insectivorous, differing appreciably from the omnivorous niche long hypothesized for Purgatorius and purportedly marking the insectivore–primate transition. Hence, U. perpetior adds significant new knowledge regarding the breadth of the adaptive zone occupied by purgatoriids in their position at the very beginnings of primate evolution.
Vulnerability to drought‐induced cavitation in poplars: synthesis and future opportunities
Authors: FICHOT RÉGIS , BRIGNOLAS FRANCK , COCHARD HERVÉ , CEULEMANS REINHART
Published: December 2014

Vulnerability to drought‐induced cavitation is a key trait of plant water relations. Here, we summarize the available literature on vulnerability to drought‐induced cavitation in poplars (Populus spp.), a genus of agronomic, ecological and scientific importance. Vulnerability curves and vulnerability parameters (including the water potential inducing 50% loss in hydraulic conductivity, P50) were collected from 37 studies published between 1991 and 2014, covering a range of 10 species and 12 interspecific hybrid crosses. Results of our meta‐analysis confirm that poplars are among the most vulnerable woody species to drought‐induced cavitation (mean P50 = −1.44 and −1.55 MPa across pure species and hybrids, respectively). Yet, significant variation occurs among species (P50 range: 1.43 MPa) and among hybrid crosses (P50 range: 1.12 MPa), within species and hybrid crosses (max. P50 range reported: 0.8 MPa) as well as in response to environmental factors including nitrogen fertilization, irradiance, temperature and drought (max. P50 range reported: 0.75 MPa). Potential implications and gaps in knowledge are discussed in the context of poplar cultivation, species adaptation and climate modifications. We suggest that poplars represent a valuable model for studies on drought‐induced cavitation, especially to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis of cavitation resistance in Angiosperms.
Identification and comparative analysis of microRNAs in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) in response to rice allelopathy
Authors: FANG CHANGXUN , LI YINGZHE , LI CHENGXUN , LI BILIANG , REN YONGJIE , ZHENG HAIPING , ZENG XIAOMEI , SHEN LIHUA , LIN WENXIONG
Published: December 2014

Rice allelopathy is a hot topic in the field of allelopathy, and behaviour of donor allelopathic rice has been well documented. However, few study addresses response of receiver barnyardgrass (BYG). We found that expression of miRNAs relevant to plant hormone signal transduction, nucleotide excision repair and the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and p53 signalling pathways was enhanced in BYG co‐cultured with the allelopathic rice cultivar PI312777, the expression levels of these miRNAs in BYG plants were positively correlated with allelopathic potential of the co‐cultured rice varieties. Treatment of BYG plants with rice‐produced phenolic acids also increased miRNA expression in BYG, while treatment with rice‐produced terpenoids had no obvious effect on miRNA expression. In the hydroponic system, the largest number of Myxococcus sp. was found in the growth medium containing rice with the highest allelopathic potential. The addition of phenolic acids in the hydroponic medium also increased the number of Myxococcus sp. More interestingly, inoculation with Myxococcus xanthus significantly increased miRNA expression in the treated BYG. Jointed treatments of ferulic acid and M. xanthus led to strongest growth inhibition of BYG. The results suggest that there exist involvement of Myxococcus sp. and mediation of miRNA expression in rice allelopathy against BYG.
Association of arteriosclerosis index and oxidative stress markers in school children
Authors: Yamano Yuko , Miyakawa Sanpei , Nakadate Toshio
Published: December 2014

Background

Recent years have seen increased numbers of children with conditions that contribute strongly to atherosclerotic disease, such as passive smoking, obesity, and dyslipidemia. In the present study, we evaluated the utility of non‐invasive urinary markers in preventing lifestyle‐related diseases by comparing lipid metabolism‐related parameters with oxidative stress markers in school children.

Methods

Subjects were 85 first‐grade students. The variables examined included the smoking in subjects' household; exercise habits; height and weight; blood pressure; and plasma total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, leptin, blood sugar, urinary cotinine, 8‐hydroxy‐2'‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), and 8‐isoprostaglandin F2α (IsoP).

Results

Of the subjects, 10.6% were obese (% overweight ≥20%), 3.5% had a high‐risk arteriosclerosis index (AI; 3 ≤ AI < 5), and 29.4% were passive smokers. No significant differences were seen between boys and girls for any of the measurement parameters. Both urinary 8‐OHdG (6.8–24.5 ng/mg creatinine) and IsoP (0.9–7.4 ng/mg creatinine) were detected in all subjects, and a significant positive correlation was seen between the two markers. On multiple regression analysis using AI as an objective variable and all non‐invasive markers as explanatory variables, urinary IsoP correlated most strongly with AI (P ≤ 0.01).

Conclusions

Risk factors for atherosclerosis in adults, such as obesity and hypercholesterolemia, are associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. The present findings of the strongest correlation between urinary IsoP and AI suggest that urinary IsoP may serve as a non‐invasive and effective early marker in predicting risk in children of developing lifestyle‐related diseases.
The Study of Culture and Cognition
Authors: Danna Karen
Published: December 2014

In this essay, I argue that the Sociology of Culture and Cognition, and indeed, Sociology as a discipline, would do well to join in larger conversations concerning the interconnections of culture, thought, and action. In the pages to follow, I discuss why I make this assertion as well as how such a feat might be accomplished.
Culture and Cognition: A Process Account of Culture
Authors: Shepherd Hana
Published: December 2014

Sociologists of culture and cognition are well positioned to take up the rigorous study of culture as a dynamic process by which meanings come to be perceived as shared through social interaction and influence. A wealth of exciting new work in psychology on how cognitive representations and associations are shaped and strengthened by social interaction can be integrated into a more comprehensive account of the dynamic process of culture. Understanding how shared meanings develop and change sheds light onto some of the most important questions in sociology. I provide a brief example of how a process‐based account of culture can help us understand peer conflict in schools.
A generalization of the Binomial distribution based on the dependence ratio
Authors: Lovison Gianfranco
Published: December 2014

We propose a generalization of the Binomial distribution, called DR‐Binomial, which accommodates dependence among units through a model based on the dependence ratio (Ekholmet al.,Biometrika, 82, 1995, 847). Properties of the DR‐Binomial are discussed, and the constraints on its parameter space are studied in detail. Likelihood‐based inference is presented, using both the joint and profile likelihoods; the usefulness of the DR‐Binomial in applications is illustrated on a real dataset displaying negative unit‐dependence, and hence under‐dispersion compared with the Binomial. Although the DR‐Binomial turns out to be a reparameterization of Altham's Additive‐Binomial and Kupper–Haseman's Correlated‐Binomial distribution, we believe its introduction is useful, both in terms of interpretability and mathematical tractability and in terms of generalizability to the Multinomial case.
Comparison of plasma exchange procedures using three apheresis systems
Authors: Cid Joan , Molina Juan M. , Mustieles Maria J. , Periáñez Montse , Lozano Miguel
Published: December 2014

Background

A new protocol for the Amicus separator (Fresenius Kabi) enables the device to perform plasma exchange (PE). The aim of the study was to compare retrospectively the plasma removal efficiency (PRE) of the Amicus, the Optia (TerumoBCT), and the Spectra (TerumoBCT) when performing PEs.

Study Design and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients who received at least one PE with the Amicus and at least one PE with the Optia, the Spectra, or both. We collected data regarding PRE, volume of anticoagulant and calcium‐magnesium (Ca‐Mg) solution infused, and changes in laboratory data from patients' blood sampled immediately before starting and immediately after finishing each PE procedure: complete blood count, coagulation, acid‐base equilibrium, and biochemistry variables. We also collected severe adverse events (AEs).

Results

We performed 18, 44, and 14 PEs with the Amicus, Optia, and Spectra, respectively. We observed significant differences among the Amicus, Optia, and Spectra regarding PRE (79.8 ± 8.2, 82.9 ± 5.8, and 70.4 ± 8.2%; p < 0.001), volume of anticoagulant infused (542 ± 196, 687 ± 120, and 647 ± 111 mL; p = 0.002), volume of Ca‐Mg solution infused (81 ± 28, 56 ± 16, and 63 ± 15 mL; p < 0.001), absolute change of ionic Ca (−0.04 ± 0.13, −0.05 ± 0.12, and −0.19 ± 0.16 mmol/L; p = 0.002), and absolute change of Na (1.18 ± 1.97, 1.02 ± 1.93, and 3.71 ± 1.98 mEq/L; p < 0.001). We observed no significant differences in other analytic variables and we observed no severe AEs.

Conclusion

The Amicus device could effectively perform PE procedures. In terms of PRE, the Amicus and Optia were similar, but both devices were superior to the Spectra. The Amicus used a lower volume of anticoagulant when compared with the Optia.
Report of the First Workshop of the ISBT International Platelet Immunobiology Working Party, Asia Regional
Authors: Matsuhashi M. , Tsuno N. H. , Takahashi K. , Wu G.‐G. , Han K.‐S. , Chu C.‐C. , Santoso S.
Published: December 2014

Background and Objectives

The aims of the first workshop of the International Platelet Immunology Working Party, Asia Regional (IPIWP‐AR), were to identify antibodies against human platelet antigen (HPA), to compare laboratory performance in the detection of the antibodies and to help laboratories to audit and standardize the own in‐house platelet DNA genotyping methods.

Materials and Methods

Fourteen laboratories from eight countries participated, which were provided with six DNA samples for genotyping, six serum samples, monoclonal antibodies for monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA) and the mixed passive hemagglutination (MPHA) kits for antibody detection.

Results

Most of the laboratories could detect the anti‐HPA‐2b, anti‐HPA‐4b, anti‐HPA‐5b and Naka antibodies, by the combination of MAIPA and MPHA. However, some had difficulties with the HPA‐1a antibody, possibly dependent on the rarity of HPA‐1b alloantigen among Asian. Although a good concordance was obtained in genotyping, a significant inter‐laboratory variation was observed, possibly dependent on the methods used.

Conclusions

The IPIWP‐AR and the workshop were successfully established, and most laboratories were able to identify majority of HPA antibodies and genotype HPA correctly.
Atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced spatial ALD of silver
Authors: van den Bruele Fieke J. , Smets Mireille , Illiberi Andrea , Creyghton Yves , Buskens Pascal , Roozeboom Fred , Poodt Paul
Published: December 2014

The authors have investigated the growth of thin silver films using a unique combination of atmospheric process elements: spatial atomic layer deposition and an atmospheric pressure surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma source. Silver films were grown on top of Si substrates with good purity as revealed by resistivity values as low as 18 μΩ cm and C- and F-levels below detection limits of energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The growth of the silver films starts through the nucleation of islands that subsequently coalesce. The authors show that the surface island morphology is dependent on surface diffusion, which can be controlled by temperature within the deposition temperature range of 100–120 °C.