bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EXPLICIT SOLUTION OF THE SINGLE PICTURE RESECTION PROBLEM, WITH A LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT TO REDUNDANT CONTROL
Authors: Smith A. D. N.
Published: July 2010

It does not seem to be widely recognised that the solution of the space resection problem from measurements made on a single photograph of three ground control points is not unique. There are, in general, four solutions, so that either the camera orientation must be approximately known (as is the case for near vertical photography) or extra control must be used to discriminate between these solutions. The iterative solution commonly used will only yield one solution, which will be correct if the photography is nearly vertical, but which is liable to be wrong in the general case. An explicit solution is therefore preferred since all solutions may be examined in the light of such extra control as is available. This paper gives a method for such a solution and shows how the discrimination should be used. The paper goes on to derive a method of adjusting the result to redundant control by least squares.
THE METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT OF INDEPENDENT MODELS. HUDDERSFIELD TEST STRIP
Authors: Williams V. A. , Brazier H. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes a test of A.I.M. (Aerotriangulation by the Observation of Independent Models) originally reported at I.S.P. Commission III Symposium at Delft, August 1964. After an account of the test data, observational and computational procedure, the results are given. The main conclusion is that the technique gives adequate accuracy for mapping by the normal photo‐plotter combinations.
SPACE RESECTION : FAILURE CASES
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

It is well known that there exists a “danger cylinder” for space resection, analogous to the “danger circle” in the plane, on which the resection is unstable. This paper shows how the existence of this surface may be detected and draws attention to the way in which the instability differs from that in the plane.
SOME IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS FOR AIR PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Mullins L.
Published: July 2010

The properties governing the choice of sensitised materials for air photography are discussed, and reference is made to the practical problems of obtaining optimum quality in the negative. Two new methods of processing air films are discussed. The merits of air photography in colour are briefly reviewed.
BLOCK ADJUSTMENT BY THE DIRECTION METHOD
Authors: Adams L. P.
Published: July 2010

The author explains a simple semi‐graphic method of block adjustment of aerial triangulation from transformed strip co‐ordinates.
A SIMPLE COMPARATOR FOR MEASURING FROM PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Farrand R.
Published: July 2010

Some applications of photogrammetric techniques do not require the high standard of accuracy in instrumentation which we have come to associate with air survey. The comparator now described provides a simple solution to a particular problem. It requires neither a skilled operator nor stereoscopic vision, and could be used by the average office draughtsman.
THE COMPUTATION OF SINGLE STRIPS IN PLAN
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses a simple method of computing independent strips under certain reasonable approximations. It is shown that, if the method is regarded as if it were computation by polynomials, the order of the polynomial is decided by the nature of the control provided and not by the number of controlled models. This conclusion should throw some light on the vexed (and perennial) problem of the choice of orders for polynomials.
THE USE OF COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY FOR LARGE‐SCALE MAPPING
Authors: Woodrow H. C.
Published: July 2010

Ordnance Survey experimental work has shown that colour film developed to a reversed positive image is best suited to the photogrammetric problems of large‐scale mapping. Tests have shown no difference in accuracy between maps produced from colour photography and those produced from monochrome photography. The economy of using colour photography in this field has yet to he demonstrated.
SLOTTED TEMPLET TRIANGULATION WITH CONTACT PRINTS
Authors: Jones A. D. , Manton M. M.
Published: July 2010

A method of slotted templet triangulation is described in which the authors have used photographs printed on a stable base as the templets. The advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of the method are discussed.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND CIVIL ENGINEERING IN FRANCE
Authors: Baussart M.
Published: July 2010

In the field of civil engineering, and chiefly of motorway studies, the development of photogrammetry lies through the evolution of conventional methods and the adaptation of actual techniques. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of photo‐interpretation for the preliminary plan; the separation of the graphically drawn planimetry from the directly recorded altimetric data; the electronic computation of data using interpolation surfaces and “smoothing” methods; and the automatic drafting of results as plans, models, sections, profiles or perspective views. The author thinks that these developments may modify photogrammetric processes in topographic mapping and he calls for the improvement of some instruments.
THOUGHTS ON MAPPING BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Williams V. A.
Published: July 2010

Topics of immediate practical interest formed the basis of the Address. Particular emphasis was placed upon problems of point transfer, pre‐marking of ground control points, aerial triangulation by observation of independent models, and the status of photogrammetric operators.
LIMITATIONS OF RESOLVING POWER AS A MEASURE OF IMAGE QUALITY IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Brock G. C.
Published: July 2010

Photography of models and modulation transfer function analysis have been used to investigate the common belief that in aerial photography large‐scale images are preferable to small‐scale images, even when the resolving power in terms of ground dimensions is the same. The belief was found to be justified for two extreme cases representing, respectively, a small scale, mainly grain‐limited system, and a large scale, wholly lens‐limited system, for which the ground resolutions were equal on three‐bar targets of 3 to 1 contrast (modulation 0–5). Resolving power tests would have been misleading for these two systems even at a target contrast of less than 2 to 1 (modulation less than 0–3).
AN AERIAL TRIANGULATION METHOD WITH THE WILD B8
Authors: Holden G. J. F.
Published: July 2010

The article describes a method of strip aerial triangulation using the Wild B8 plotter. The principal feature of the method is the transfer of exterior orientation of a camera by measurement of outer orientation parallel to successive airbases.
MAPPING AND DEMARCATION FOR THE ARGENTINE‐CHILE FRONTIER CASE
Authors: Rushworth W. D. , Smith W. P.
Published: July 2010

The history of the Argentine‐Chile frontier is briefly reviewed. The paper then describes the photogrammetric and land‐surveying work that formed part of the recent settlement of a section of the frontier, that was referred to the British Government for arbitration.
A SEMI‐GRAPHIC METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT OF HEIGHTS IN A STRIP OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Adams L. P.
Published: July 2010

Some methods of adjusting the vertical height errors produced in a strip of aerial triangulation are discussed and a semi‐graphic method of adjustment suggested.
CORRECTIONS TO X‐PARALLAXES
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper modifies the well‐known formula that corrects x‐parallaxes for tilt. It shows how we can make significant improvements in accuracy with a no more complicated formula, in which the effects of ground relief are completely removed; and how we can reduce the second‐order errors due to lateral (w) tilts by very large factors in favourable cases.
AERIAL SURVEY: COLONY OF HONG KONG
Authors: Dawe H. G.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the planning and implementation of a very extensive aerial survey contract undertaken by Hunting Surveys on behalf of the Hong Kong Government. From photography carried out during January and February 1963, photogrammetric plotting at 1 : 600 and 1 : 1200 proceeded steadily over a period of 5 years to the point where all but the highest land in the Colony had been surveyed at one or other of these two large scales.

The problems arising from the rather unique terrain conditions and the urban and industrial development of Hong Kong are dealt with mainly from the photographic and photogrammetric aspect but reference is made to the contribution of the Crown Lands and Survey Office of the Public Works Department of Hong Kong, who provided all ground control and undertook field verification.
SOME ASPECTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN AIRBORNE SENSING
Authors: Lamboit P.
Published: July 2010

The paper discusses aspects of air photography and electronic processes which produce imagery by infra‐red radiation and by radar waves. After preliminary comments on lenses, laboratory techniques and colour photography, the author indicates certain advantages in simultaneous photography using black and white, infra‐red and colour films. Moreover, information is given on simultaneous photography by satellite and the paper terminates with a resume of methods that are used to obtain imagery by infra‐red radiation and by radar.
PHOTO‐INTERPRETATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING
Authors: Tait D. A.
Published: July 2010

The role of photo‐interpretation in topographic map production is examined in an attempt to show how this phase of the work influences the total procedure. The advantages of a separate photo‐interpretation phase are explained.
THE INTERPRETATION AND MAPPING OF VEGETATION AND OTHER GROUND SURFACE FEATURES FROM AIR PHOTOGRAPHS OF MOUNTAINOUS AREAS IN NORTH WALES
Authors: Goodier R. , Grimes B. H.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes work undertaken in North Wales in 1967 and 1968 in which panchromatic and colour air photographs were used in the mapping of vegetation and in the study of other ground surface features. The problems of relating a priori classification schemes to the categories distinguished by air photo‐interpretation are discussed and the case stated for developing classifications which enable more benefit to be derived from the advantages of air photo‐ecology.
PRECISION PHOTOGRAMMETRY AT CLOSE RANGES WITH SIMPLE CAMERAS
Authors: Schwidefsky K.
Published: July 2010

Photogrammetry at close ranges can be applied to solve a great number of interesting and important non‐topographical problems. The author presents and illustrates a dozen examples taken from the fields of engineering and architecture, most of them involving work performed in his laboratory. In order to introduce modern photogrammetry to the engineer's working methods, it must, as far as possible, be made independent of the existence of surveying cameras. Three different, well‐tried types of simple camera are illustrated. If precise and reliable results are desired, three requirements must be fulfilled: careful calibration of the camera, a sufficient number of control points and, as a rule, a medium‐sized computer to enable a numerical treatment of the problems.
THE YELL AERIAL TRIANGULATION EXPERIMENT
Authors: Sowton M. , Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The paper considers the experimental comparison of a method of aerial triangulation in previous experimental use by Eden and the standard Ordnance Survey method using stereocomparators. The accuracy of plan fixations was high by both methods, with Eden's method providing the better result. A comparison is made of the times taken under experimental conditions for both methods.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLIED TO CADASTRAL SURVEY IN SWITZERLAND
Authors: Weissmann K.
Published: July 2010

The author traces the development of the use of photogrammetry in the Swiss cadastre, showing how the methods had to be adapted to meet the regulations designed for ground surveys. He shows how ground and photogrammetric measurements are adjusted together to enable the high accuracy requirements to be met.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR MARINE STUDIES
Authors: Duhaut J.
Published: July 2010

The use of aerial photography for hydrographic requirements is discussed, with particular reference to current circulation in an all water area. The paper examines the criteria and limitations imposed by an environment which is alien to normal topographic photogrammetry.
THE CP1 PLOTTER: SETTING PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

The CP1 plotter has been described in an earlier paper†, referred to below as N.P.P. (Thompson, 1971), and here we continue with an examination and outline of the setting procedure and give some results obtained with the first production instrument. A feature of the setting procedure is its close resemblance to that used with the normal, “intersection type”, plotters although the latter differ considerably in principle and construction from the CP1. The results speak for themselves.
THE MEASUREMENT OF MODELS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO A SUSPENDED ROOF STRUCTURE
Authors: Atkinson K. B.
Published: July 2010

An increasing number of applications of photogrammetry are concerned with the analysis of models, constructed to simulate proposed or existing conditions in architecture and engineering. The paper draws attention to some of these projects and reports one example in detail.
A GENERALISED ANALYTICAL RELATIVE ORIENTATION PROCEDURE AND ITS APPLICATION TO APOLLO 14 CLOSE UP PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE LUNAR SURFACE
Authors: Arthur D. W. G.
Published: July 2010

Close up photographs of the lunar surface obtained by the Apollo 14 astronauts presented unusual problems in relative orientation caused by essentially different directions of the camera axes. The problem was resolved by dividing each large unknown rotation into two parts, one of which was a large known part and the other was a small unknown part. The method succeeds when the unknown rotation elements can be initially estimated to about 10°.
A METHOD OF OBTAINING PLATE CO‐ORDINATES FROM THE MODEL CO‐ORDINATES OF A PLOTTING INSTRUMENT
Authors: Jeyapalan K.
Published: July 2010

In analytical methods of photogrammetry, plate co‐ordinates are obtained from stereocomparator and monocomparator observations. These specialist instruments are too costly an investment for small organisations. The paper describes a method of obtaining plate co‐ordinates from model co‐ordinates and gives the results of a test experiment.
THE OTTAWA CONGRESS
Authors: Brock G. C. , Petrie G. , Thompson E. H. , Grist M. W. , Francis D. A. , Dalgleish A. G.
Published: July 2010

The International Society for Photogrammetry held the XIIth International Congress at Ottawa during July and August 1972. The authors comprised a panel which engaged in discussion upon the Congress at a meeting of the Photogrammetric Society on 17th October, 1972.
THE USE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR TRAFFIC DATA COLLECTION
Authors: Garner J. B. , Uren J.
Published: July 2010

Several problems are encountered when collecting traffic information by conventional methods and which leave scope for the development of more comprehensive techniques. This paper reviews the potential of different types of photography as an effective means of obtaining comprehensive traffic information. Comparisons between conventional methods and photographic methods are made. The different types of available photography are discussed, together with their uses in the field of traffic data acquisition. Finally, the paper assesses the use of automatic and semiautomatic methods of photographic data analysis in this context.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DIGITISING AND EDITING UNDER COMPUTER CONTROL
Authors: Masry S. E.
Published: July 2010

Digitising from a photogrammetric instrument can be controlled by a unit specially designed for this purpose, or by a digital control computer. In the latter case, the digitising system is more flexible since alterations and additions to the real‐time programs can easily be made to effect different digitising applications. The control computer can also be used in processing the digitised data.

The use of such digital control in photogrammetry is as yet limited. The reasons are examined. The characteristics and real‐time requirements of a computer controlled digitising system are stated. Different digitising and recording modes, identification numbers and editing arrangements are then given to illustrate the flexibility and limitations of such a system.
THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF CONSTRUCTIONAL DISPLACEMENTS OF A ROCKFILL DAM
Authors: Moore J. F. A.
Published: July 2010

A phototheodolite was used during the construction of Llyn Brianne dam to provide stereoscopic coverage of both upstream and downstream shoulders of the dam at each of eight stages of construction. Ground control was established on the valley sides, together with 80 targeted points at various levels on the dam as it progressed. The co‐ordinates of the targeted points were determined numerically using a Wild A7. Three dimensional displacements were determined from the change of position to an average accuracy of 0–05 m. Agreement was obtained with independent and more precise measurements and comparisons are made with the upstream displacements. The assumptions of an analytical prediction technique are examined. Profile lines through the dam were also obtained numerically to record the progressing shape of the dam.
MEDIUM SCALE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING AT THE DIRECTORATE OF OVERSEAS SURVEYS
Authors: Read D. , Fereday D. L. , Brown L. R.
Published: July 2010

The authors describe the photogrammetric procedures involved in the production of 1 : 50 000 scale mapping within the Directorate of Overseas Surveys, making specific reference to a project in Ethiopia.
THE STATUS OF THE OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION IN THE CALIBRATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC LENSES
Authors: Brock G. C.
Published: July 2010

The paper reviews the status of the optical transfer function (OTF) as a potential standard method for measuring the definition of photogrammetric camera lenses. The nature of the OTF and its relation to resolving power are explained. The limited success in obtaining agreement in international comparisons of OTF measurement and the programme of the Scientific Instrument Research Association group research project on the O TFare summarised. Some of the difficulties envisaged in applying the OTF as an ISP standard are discussed.
EXPERIENCES IN PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING
Authors: Crone D. R.
Published: July 2010

The author outlines his experiences of photographic surveying, in the early years of the 1930's in the Survey of India, which involved the use of simple graphical methods of plotting.
WHERE STANDS PHOTOGRAMMETRY TODAY?
Authors: Proctor D. W.
Published: July 2010

Suite à une fructueuse rencontre en ľan 1971, la Photogrammetric Society organisa un second symposium les 31 mars et ler avril 1973. Quatre rapports y furent présentés. Dans le premier on examinait ce que pouvait être la contribution des opérateurs de restitution aux développements des techniques et des instruments; le second traitait de ľusage de lafonction de transfert dans ľétalonnage ďune optique; le troisième de ľapport des techniques de levé par photos aériennes dans les pays neufs (ľInde en particulier); le dernier de ľétát présent de la photogrammétrie.
DIMENSIONAL QUALITY CONTROL OF LARGE SHIP STRUCTURES BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Newton I.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes work carried out jointly by the British Ship Research Association and the author to assess the value of photogrammetry in acquiring quality control measurements on large steel structures in the shipbuilding industry. In particular, the feasibility of using photogrammetry to resolve one of the problems of joining half ships afloat (that is the dimensional equivalence of the mating faces) is investigated.

On décrit le travail mené conjointement par la British Ship Research Association et l'auteur pour tester la valeur des méthodes photogrammétriques dans le contrôle de précision de grandes structures d'acier (industrie navale). En particulier on a cherché dans quelles mesure on pouvait utiliser la photogrammétrie pour vérifier la conformité de piéces devant entrer en jonction.

Im Artikel werden die gemeinsam vom Autor und der British Ship Research Association durchgeführten Untersuchungen zwecks Eignung der Photogrammetrie bei Gütekontrollen grosser Stahlkonstruktionen im Schiffbau beschrieben. Insbesondere wurde die Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Photogrammetrie bei der Lösung einiger der beim Verbinden schwimmender halber Schiffe auftretenden Probleme untersucht (um die Grössenordnung der Aufnahmeobjekte zu veranschaulichen).
FILM FLATNESS, LENS DISTORTION, ILLUMINATION AND OTHER MATTERS IN BUBBLE CHAMBER PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Welford W. T.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes several problems in bubble chamber optics which have counterparts in photogrammetry.

On décrit quelques problèmes relatifs à l'optique de la chambre à bulle, qui font écho à des problèmes analogues de photogrammétrie.

Im Artikel werden einige Probleme der Optik von Blasenkammern beschrieben, die ihre Gegenstücke in der Photogrammetrie haben.
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES AND PRESENT RESEARCH OBJECTS IN THE FIELD OF ANALYTICAL BLOCK TRIANGULATION WITH THE BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT METHOD IN FINLAND
Authors: Halonen R. S. , Hakkarainen J. , Salmenperä H.
Published: July 2010

The Photogrammetric Society was honoured to be addressed by the Congress Director of the International Society for Photogrammetry during March 1974. Professor Halonen's lecture covered several aspects of current photogrammetric research in Finland. The following account contains contributions by two of his colleagues, J. Hakkarainen and H. Salmenperä, on specific aspects of lens distortion and block adjustment.
ANALYTICAL AERIAL TRIANGULATION IN THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN SURVEY CORPS
Authors: Jefferies J. J.
Published: July 2010

In recent years analytical aerial triangulation in the Royal Australian Survey Corps has evolved to an advanced stage. Current procedures are described and future possibilities explored.

Ces dernières années les techniques d'aerotriangulation analytique, dans le Royal Australian Survey Corps ont beaucoup progressé. On décrit les méthodes employées et on fait quelques prospective.

Zusammensfassung

In den letzten Jahren hat die analytische Aerotriangulation beim Royal Australian Survey Corps einen bedeutenden Stand ereicht. Die gegenwärtigen Technologien werden beschrieben und künftige Möglichkeiten untersucht.
THE APPLICATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TO THE PLANNING OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OVERSEAS
Authors: Keech M. A.
Published: July 2010

An effective procedure for preparing regional plans and individual farm plans for all sections of the farming community in Rhodesia is outlined. The survey work through to the presentation of the completed plan was based on the study of aerial photography and on annotated photo‐mosaics.

A system for training personnel and the public in the reading and understanding of aerial photography was involved. The need to apply an approach such as this both overseas and in the United Kingdom in the planning field and in the related fields of education is discussed.
A RELATIVE ORIENTATION
Authors: Dawe H. G.
Published: July 2010

The author draws attention to the basic function of the stereoplotting instrument and its operator within the overall concept of productive aerial surveying and goes on to describe in some detail the circumstances of the arrival and use of the first stereo‐autographs to be installed in the United Kingdom. Wartime conditions resulted in these instruments playing an unusual but effective role in data acquisition for intelligence purposes. Their performance at that time clearly demonstrated their suitability for the large scale surveys that were soon to be in such demand.
THE VIVIAN THOMPSON STEREO‐PLANIGRAPH
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This short paper describes a design, hitherto unpublished, for an automatic stereoplotter conceived by Captain Vivian Thompson†, Royal Engineers, in 1908.
THE APPLICATION OF THE PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR TO NUMERICAL ORIENTATION
Authors: Wood R.
Published: July 2010

The author shows that it is possible to carry out a rigorous least squares numerical orientation procedure on a programmable calculator. An iterative technique is adopted which reduces the rotational parameters to zero.
TESTING RUSSAR SUPER‐WIDE ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Kalao M. A. , Petrie G.
Published: July 2010

1:70 000 scale photographs taken over Syria with a Russian AFA topographic camera equipped with a Russar 29b super‐wide angle lens have been tested. The tests included (i) the measurement of a field of points using several different instruments and a comparison of the photogrammetrically derived co‐ordinates with the values derived by field survey; (ii) the production of plots at 1: 25 000 scale for comparison with a check plot produced from large scale, wide angle photography; and (iii) production of orthophotographs, also at 1: 25 000 scale. Difficulties were experienced with the asymmetrical lens distortion pattern and the variations in illumination and resolution present in the photography. The former were overcome by manufacture of asymmetrical lens distortion correction plates. When this was done, the accuracies attained were comparable to those achieved in previous tests using photographs taken at the same scale with the Wild RC 9 camera equipped with the Super Aviogon I lens and measured on the same or similar types of measuring equipment.

On décrit ici un test relatif à une couverture aérienne au 1: 70 000 exécutée en Syrie avec une chambre russe AFA dotée d'un super‐grand angulaire 29 b. Le test comprenait: la détermination d'un polygone au sol, et la comparaison des determinations géodésiques et des déterminations photogrammétriques; la restitution de parcelles au 1: 25 000 en vue de les comparer avec une parcelle‐test provenant de photos à grande échelle; et la réalisation d'ortho‐photos au 1: 25 000. La distorsion disymétrique de l'objectif a conduit à quelques difficultés, ainsi que des inégalités d'éclairement et de finesse sur les clichés. On a surmonté les premières en faisant fabriquer des plaques correctives. Ceci fait, l'exactitude atteinte s'est trouvée du même ordre que celle de restitutions provenant des clichés aux même échelles pris avec le Wild RC9 et effectuées dans des conditions très voisines.

Bericht über die Testung von Luftbildern (mb= 70 000), die über Syrien mit einer sowjetischen Überweitwinkelkammer mil einem Russar‐Objektiv 29b aufgenommen wurden. Die Untersuchungen umfassten (a) die Aus‐messung eines Punktfeldes mit verschiedenen Auswertegeräten und einen Vergleich photogrammetrisch und geodätisch bestimmter Koordinaten, (b) die Durchführung einer Auswertung 1: 25 000 und den Vergleich mit einer aus grossmassstäbigen Weitwinkelbildern abgeleiteten Kontrollkarte, (c) die Herstellung von Orthophotos im Massstab 1: 25 000. Schwierig‐keiten resultierten aus der asymmetrischen Objektivverzeichnung und den Variationen in der Bildhelligkeit und ‐auflösung. Die Verzeichnung konnte durch Herstellung von Kompensationsplatten reduziert werden. Danach waren die erreichten Genauigkeiten mit den in früheren Tests erzielten vergleichbar, bei denen mit einer Wild RC9‐ Kammer (Super Aviogon I) aufgenommene Luftbilder gleichen Massstabs an denselben oder ühnlichen Auswertegeräten ausgemessen wurden.
IMAGE QUALITY CONTROLS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY†
Authors: Welch R. , Halliday J.
Published: July 2010

With present day trends towards smaller scale photography for topographic mapping and photomapping, there is an increasing need for high quality photography and a corresponding need for diagnostic information on potential sources of degradation. Hence subjective judgements must be supplemented by quantitative analyses of image quality that go beyond mere determinations of resolution level. A methodology for evaluating three important parameters governing image quality (development, exposure and spatial frequency content) is presented. By sequentially comparing the values measured on production or test photographs with standard values, the faults most commonly responsible for image degradation (such as errors in development and exposure, excessive image motion, vacuum failure and poor camera focus) can be isolated and measured.

La tendance actuelle en matière de plans topographiques et de photocartes est de diminuer l'échelle de la couverture photo; se fait done jour le besoin d'émulsions de haute qualité et simultanément la nécessité de pouvoir juger objectivement de cette qualité. II faut alors recourir á des analyses quantitatives qui aillent au‐delá de la simple mesure du pouvoir de résolution. On présente ici une méthodologie relative au problème de l'évaluation de trois des principaux paramètres effectuant la qualité de l'image (développement, durée d'exposition, résolution de fréquence spatiale). Avec des tests d'homogénéïté on peut alors déceler les variations de qualité, et en particulier déterminer et mesurer les causes d'altération les plus fréquentes (erreurs lors du développement ou lors de la phase d'exposition, filé, défauts internes, qualité médiocre de la chambre).

Bei dem gegenwärtigen Trend, den Bildmassstab zur Herstellung von topographischen Karten und Photokarten zu verkleinern, ergibt sich zunehmend die Notwendigkeit, Hochleistungsphotos aufzunehmen und diagnostische Informationen über mögliche Quellen der Qualitätsverschlechterung zu erlangen. Insbesondere müssen subjektive Bewertungen durch quantitative Analysen der Bildqualität ergänzt werden, die über Bestimmungen des Auflösungsvermögens hinausgehen. Es wird eine Methodologie zur Bewertung von drei wichtigen Parametern (Entwicklung, Belichtung, Inhalt der Orts‐frequenz), die die Bildqualität beeinflussen, angegeben. Durch Vergleich der auf Produktionsbildern oder Testbildern gemessenen Werte mit deren Standards können die Fehler, die meistens eine Bildverschlechterung verursachen (wie zum Beispiel Fehler bei der Entwicklung und Belichtung, unzulässige Bildwanderung, ungenügende Planlage oder Kammerabstimmung) aufgedeckt und gemessen werden.
POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT BY HOLOGRAPHY AND RELATED TECHNIQUES
Authors: Gates J. W. C.
Published: July 2010

The principles of holography are described. Illustrations are given of the use of reconstructions of objects from holograms instead of the objects themselves. These reconstructions may be made for the purposes of measurement, especially when the object is in a transitory or inaccessible condition at the time at which measurement is needed. Interferometric methods using holograms are shown to be capable of high sensitivity and great convenience. Finally reference is made to related measurement techniques using non‐holographic methods which have been derived from experience with holography.

On donne les principes de l'holographie. On montre ensuite pourquoi on petit avoir avantage à travailler sur l'image d'un objet restituée par holographie plutôt que sur l'objet lui‐même: quand on veut effectuer des mesures sur un objet non accessible ou à définition variable dans le temps. Les méthodes interferométriques faisant appel aux hologrammes sont susceptibles d'une grande sensibilité et d'une grande efficacité. Enfin mention est faite de techniques métrologiques utilisant des méthodes non holographiques mais qui découlent de l'expérience acquise en hologrammétrie.

Beschreibung der Prinzipien der Holographie. Wiedergabe von Abbildungen bezüglich der Verwendung der Rekonstruktion von Objekten aus Hologrammen anstelle der Objekte selbst. Die Rekonstruktionen können zum Zwecke der Messung erfolgen, insbesondere, wenn das Objekt zu der Zeit, wo die Messung benötigt wird, veränderlich oder unzugänglich ist. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Interferenz‐Verfahren auf der Basis von Hologrammen eine hohe Empfindlichkeit und Bequemlichkeit besitzen. Zum Schluss wird Bezug auf Messverfahren genommen, die nicht‐holographische Methoden verwenden und die aus Erfahrungen mit der Holographie abgeleitet wurden.
THE USE OF SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR VERY SMALL SCALE MAPPING
Authors: Mott P. G. , Chismon H. J.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes two research projects on the application and value of satellite imagery taken, by ERTS 1 and Skylab, for small scale mapping. It describes the methods used in controlling a block of normal system corrected imagery and the accuracies achieved.

The interpretation and evaluation of the imagery are discussed and the results of ERTS 1 and Skylab in this field are compared. Finally, some examples are described where ERTS 1 imagery has proved of practical value as a navigational aid when flying conventional photography and airborne geophysical surveys and for providing base maps when concerned with resource evaluation of poorly mapped areas.

On présent les résultats de deux projets de recherche sur les applications possibles el la valeur pratique des imageries satellitaires, prises avec ERTS 1 et Skylab en vue de la cartographie à petite échelle. On décrit les méthodes utilisées pour “appuyer” un bloc à imagerie corrigée (système normal) et l'exactitude obtenue. On compare de ce point de vue ERTS 1 et Skylab. Enfin on donne quelques applications pratiques qui se sont révélées utiles: aide à la navigation pour les levés photographiques et géophysiques aériens; établissement de cartes expédiées en vue d'inventaire de régions souscartographiées.

Beschreibung von zwei Forschungsprojekten über die Anwendung und den Nutzen von Satelliten‐Bildern, die von ERTS 1 und Skylab aus aufgenommen wurden, für die Herstellung kleinmassstäbiger Karten. Es werden die Verfahren beschrieben, die beim Festpunktanschluss von korrigierten Bildern angewendet wurden. Die dabei erreichten Genauigkeiten werden mitgeteilt. Diskussion der Interpretation und Bewertung der Bilder und Vergleich der diesbezüglichen Ergebnisse von ERTS 1 und Skylab. Schliesslich werden einige Beispiele beschrieben, wo Bilder von ERTS 1 von praktischem Wert als Navigationshilfe zur Luftbildaufnahme und geophysikalischen Lufterkundung und bei Beschaffung von Grundkarten bei der Ressourcenerkundung in kartographisch schwach erfassten Gebieten waren.
A PRECISION TEST FIELD FOR CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Linkwitz K.
Published: July 2010

Following a brief discussion of his current research interests in testing properties of materials and in model measurement, the author discusses the purpose and design of a test field for close range camera calibration.

Polygones pour étalonnages de chambres à courte distance de prise de vue.

Nach kurzer Diskussion gegenwärtiger Forschungen zur Testung von Materialeigenschaften und zur Vermessung von Modellen diskutiert der Autor den Verwendungszweck und den Aufbau eines Testfeldes zur Kalibrierung von Aufnahmekammern für die Nahphotogrammetrie.
INSTRUMENT OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Ross H. F.
Published: July 2010

The author has been involved in the manufacture of photogrammetric instruments for nearly 30 years. In particular, he was associated with the Thompson‐Watts plotter and, at the present time, is concerned with the production of the CP1 and EMPD instruments which owe a great deal to his design and innovatory skills. This paper summarises his experiences and views of the production of photogrammetric equipment in England.

Pendant 30 ans l'auteur a participéà l'élaboration d'appareillages pour la photogrammétrie: en particulier les restituteurs Thompson–Watts; et maintenant les appareils CP1 et EMPD qui lui doivent beaucoup. Il condense ici l'expérience et les idées qu'il a dans ce domaine.

Der Autor ist seit fast 30 Jahren an der Herstellung photogrammetrischer Auswertegeräte beteiligt. Insbesondere verbunden war er mit dem Thompson–Watts Plotter und befasst sich gegenwärtig mit der Fertigung der Geräte CP1 und EMPD, an denen er durch seine schöpferischen Fähigkeiten grossen Anteil hat. In dem Artikel werden seine Erfahrungen und Ansichten bei der Produktion photogrammetrischer Geräte in England zusammengefasst.
THE MEASUREMENT OF PALATAL SURFACE AREA BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Newton I. , Evans M. S.
Published: July 2010

An application of photogrammetry in the measurement of palatal surface area is described. The accuracy of the photogrammetric method in such applications is also discussed.

Détermination par photogrammétrie de l'aire du palais buccal; indications sur l'exactitude obtenue.

Die Anwendung der Photogrammetrie zur Vermessung der Gaumen‐oberfläche wird beschrieben und die Genauigkeit photogrammetrischer Verfahren bei solchen Messungen werden diskutiert.
AERIAL FILM PROCESSING BY THE REWIND METHOD
Authors: Worton F. J.
Published: July 2010

Rewind processing of aerial films will continue, at least on overseas survey operations, until a similarly portable alternative is available. This paper reports a series of practical tests which compare the method with the use of a continuous film processing machine. Comparisons are also made with an earlier report on the same subject. Variations obtained along the length and across the width of 240 mm wide film are given. Whilst indicating the methods for obtaining optimum results, the shortcomings of the rewind method are acknowledged.

On continuera à développer les films par la méthode traditionnelle, au moins pour les levés outre‐mer, tant qu on ne pourra utiliser des méthodes plus modernes au moins aussi commodes. On analyse ici des tests de comparaison avec la méthode où on utilise une machine à développement continu, et on complète un rapport récent sur le même problème. On donne les erreurs à craindre dans le sens longitudinal et transversal (largeur 240 mm). On décrit toutes les insuffisances de la méthode classique, tout en donnant des indications sur la meilleure façon de l'utiliser.

Die Umspul‐Entwicklung von Luftbildfilmen wird weiter angewendet werden, zumindest bei Arbeiten in Übersee, Solange nicht eine transportable Alternative existiert. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird eine Reihe praktischer Tests beschrieben, bei der die Umspulentwicklung mit der Verarbeitung in einer kontinuierlichen Durchlauf‐Entwicklungsmaschine verglichen wird. Es Werden auch Vergleiche zu einem früheren Bericht über den gleichen Gegenstand gezogen. Die Fehler in Filmrichtung und quer dazu bei einer Breite von 240 mm werden angegeben. Während die Verfahren zur Erlangung optimaler Ergebnisse aufgezeigt werden, werden gleichzeitig die Unzulänglich‐keiten der Umspulverfahren anerkannt.
TWO SLANTED VIEWS OF ANTARCTICA
Authors: Read D. , Lane C. J. B.
Published: July 2010

Antarctica, with its vast areas of snow, presents unusual problems to the photogrammetrist and the cartographer. The paper describes two methods used by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys to overcome these problems and to produce 1: 250 000 scale mapping. The first part of the paper gives an account of the use which was made of tricamera photography, with particular emphasis on the adaptation of Williamson multiplex equipment to operate with the oblique elements of tricamera photography. The second part of the paper, after outlining some of the fundamental principles of ERTS 1 (Landsat) imagery, goes on to describe the application of these principles when utilising imagery in the production of much needed image and line maps of Antarctic areas. Accuracies achieved by the two methods and their relative economies are discussed.

L'Antarctique, avec ses vastes étendues de neige, pose des problèmes particuliers au photogrammètre et au cartographe. On décrit ici deux méthodes utilisées par le Directorate of Overseas Surveys pour produire la carte au 1: 250 000. La première consiste à employer pour la prise de vues une chambre triple, associée pour la restitution à un multiplex Williamson modifié pour I'exploitation des vues obliques. La deuxième consiste en une tentative d'utilisation des images satellitaires ERTS 1 (Landsat). On analyse Vexactitude et le prix de revient des deux méthodes.

Die Antarktis bietet dem Photogrammeter und Kartographen mit ihren riesigen Schneeflächen ungewöhnliche Probleme. Im Artikel werden 2 vom Directorate of Overseas Surveys angewandte Verfahren beschrieben, um diese Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden und Karten im Massstab 1: 250 000 herzustellen. Im 1. Teil der Arbeit wird über die Anwendung von Dreikammer‐Aufnahmen berichtet, wobei insbesondere auf die Adaption des Williamson‐Multiplexgerätes zur Auswertung der dabei mit aufgenommenen Schrägbilder eingegangen wird. Im 2. Teil des Artikels werden die grundlegenden Prinzipien der ERTS (Landsat)‐Aufnahmen skizziert und deren Anwendung zur Herstellung der dringend benötigten Bild‐ und Linienkarten antarktischer Gebiete beschrieben. Die mit den beiden Verfahren erzielten Genauigkeiten und ihre relative Wirtschaftlichkeit werden diskutiert.
FROM DARKNESS INTO LIGHT: AN ACCOUNT OF WORK AT THE ROYAL AIRCRAFT ESTABLISHMENT ON THE AUTOMATION OF AERIAL FILM PROCESSING
Authors: Dando R. C. A.
Published: July 2010

Research and development at the Royal Aircraft Establishment leading to the Type 11, Type 12 and Compact processors for 70 mm and wide film are reviewed, stressing the importance of the balance between photographic considerations of image quality and consistency and the engineering and performance requirements of minimum size and logistics necessary for mobile equipment. In order to obtain the high output rates which are demanded, the efficiency of the various processes was investigated and future prognostications are attempted. The use of the machines for survey and colour processing is also described.

On décrit les recherches effectuées par le Royal Aircraft Establishment pour mettre au point le Type 11, le Type 12 et le Compact processor (machines à développer); on insiste sur le compromis àétablir entre les exigences de qualité photographique et celles dues au fait que l'appareillage doit être mobile. On examine aussi le rendement de ces machines, et on décrit enfin le cas du développement des émulsions couleur.

Es wird ein überblick über Forschungen und Entwicklungen beim Royal Aircraft Establishment gegeben, die zu den Entwicklungs‐maschinen vom Typ 11, 12 und Compact für Film von 70 mm und grösserer Breite führten, wobei die Bedeutung des Gleichgewichts zwischen der photographischen Bildqualität und deren Beständigkeit und den technischen Anforderungen an minimale Grösse und Einfachheit, die für eine mobile Ausrüstung nötig sind, betont werden. Um die geforderten hohen Ausgaberaten zu erreichen, wurde die Leistungs‐fähigkeit der verschiedenen Prozesse untersucht und es wurde versucht, Prognosen zu geben. Die Verwendung der Maschinen zur Verarbeitung von Vermessungs‐ und Farbfilm wird ebenfalls beschrieben.
CLOSE RANGE CAMERA CALIBRATION: A NEW METHOD
Authors: Scott P. J.
Published: July 2010

A camera calibration method for object distances of 1 m to 4 m is described.

On décrit une méthode d'étalonnage de chambres de prise de vues pour des distances de prises de vues de 1 à 4 mètres.

Diskussion eines Verfahrens zur Kammerkalibrierung für Aufnahmeentfernungen von 1 m bis 4 m.
AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY: USES OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE
Authors: Hampton J. N.
Published: July 2010

Aerial reconnaissance and photography for archaeological purposes require repetition over an infinite period of time. The recognition of subsurface disturbances is dependent on soil colours or abnormal crop growth, and climatic conditions are an important factor. The evidence from air photographs, taken over an extended period of time, needs to be synthesised in cartographic terms and represents an interim statement which is likely to be amended as further photographic evidence becomes available.

Reconnaissance aérienne et photographie à but archéologique requièrent des sorties répétées de très nombreuses fois. La détection d'anomalies sousjacentes à la surface peut se faire à partir des couleurs du sol ou de la constatation d'une croissance anormale des cultures. Il faut alors synthétiser sous forme cartographique les divers renseignements s'etalant sur une longue période, un tel document devant pouvoir être amendé au fur et à mesure de découvertes nouvelles.

Lufterkundung und Luftaufnahme für archäologische Zwecke erfordern die Wiederholung in einem langen Zeitintervall. Das Erkennen unterirdischer Störungen ist von den Bodenfarben bzw. einem unnatürlichen Erntewachstum abhängig, und die klimatischen Bedingungen sind ein bedeutender Faktor. Der Nachweis aus Luftbildern, die über einen ausgedehnten Zeitraum aufgenommen wurden, muss kartographisch synthetisiert werden und stellt eine vorläufige Erhebung dar, die wahrscheinlich verbessert wird, wenn neue Beweise verfügbar sind.
AIRBORNE CAMERA ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Worton F. J.
Published: July 2010

Flight tests have been conducted at an altitude of 7000 m to record the environmental conditions of a metric camera on a typical survey sortie. The tests show that a larger total temperature difference of the image forming system is present when an aircraft camera window is used than when the sortie is made without a window. It is concuded that at 7000 m and greater altitudes, the metric camera will be in a thermally dynamic situation throughout the sortie unless that sortie is of considerable duration. In pressurised aircraft, the use of a thick camera window is mandatory, but there is some evidence to suggest that in non‐pressurised aircraft it is better not to use a window.

On a enregistré en vol la valeur des paramètres atmosphériques à une altitude de 7000 m, et à l'alentour a'une chambre de prise de vue. Les tests montrent que le gradient de température au travers du système optique est plus fort quand la prise de vue s'effectue au travers d'un hublot; au‐delà de 7000 m, on a conclu, à moins de sorties de durée considérable, que équilibre thermique ne peut être atteint. Bien entendu l'usage d'un hublot est impératif dans les avions pressurisés; sur les avions non pressurisés, il y aurait probablement intérêt à s'en passer.

Zur Registrierung der Umwelteinflüsse auf eine Messkammer während des Bildfluges wurden Flugtests in einer Höhe von 7000 m durchgeführt. Dabei ergab sich, dass in dem Abbildungssystem eine grössere Temperatur‐differenz vorhanden ist, wenn im Flugzeug ein Abdeckglas verwendet wird, gegenüber der Aufnahme ohne Fenster. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass sich die Kamera in Höhen von 7000 m und grosser in einem thermisch dynamischen Zustand während des Aufnahmefluges befindet, es sei denn, der Flug dauert sehr lange. In Flugzeugen mit Druckkabine ist die Benutzung eines dicken Kamera‐Fensters obligatorisch, aber es gibt Anlass zu der Vermutung, dass es in Maschinen ohne Druckkabine besser ist, ohne Abdeckfenster zu arbeiten.
TEACHING IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Harley I. A.
Published: July 2010

The nature of survey education varies considerably throughout the world and there are different views on the place which photogrammetry should occupy in the survey curriculum. The author considers the general question and makes some specific observations based on his experience of teaching photogrammetry in an Australian university.

La manière d'enseigner les techniques de levé varie beaucoup dans le monde, ainsi que les opinions sur la façon dont doit se situer la photogrammétrie parmi ces techniques. L'auteur, professeur de photogrammétrie en Australie, donne son avis.

Der Inhalt der Ausbildung in Geodäsie variiert auf der Welt beträchtlich und es gibt verschiedene Ansichten, welche Stellung die Photogrammétrie in den Geodäsie‐Lehrplänen einnehmen soll. Der Autor untersucht diese allgemeine Frage und stellt einige spezielle Betrachtungen an, die auf seiner Erfahrung beruhen, die er bei der Photogrammetrie‐Ausbildung an einer australischen Universität sammeln konnte.