bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matching with Transfers
Authors: Chiappori Pierre-André
Published: May 2018

Over the past few decades, matching models, which use mathematical frameworks to analyze allocation mechanisms for heterogeneous products and individuals, have attracted renewed attention in both theoretical and applied economics. These models have been used in many contexts, from labor markets to organ donations, but recent work has tended to focus on “nontransferable” cases rather than matching models with transfers. This book fills a gap in the literature by presenting a clear and elegant overview of matching with transfers and provides a set of tools that enable the analysis of matching patterns in equilibrium, as well as a series of extensions. It then applies these tools to the field of family economics and shows how analysis of matching patterns and of the incentives thus generated can contribute to our understanding of long-term economic trends, including inequality and the demand for higher education.
Matching under Transferable Utility: Some Extensions
Authors: Chiappori Pierre-André
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers some extensions of matching models under transferable utility (TU). It begins with a discussion of preinvestment, in which agents deliberately invest in education, and the stock of human capital that characterizes them when entering the marriage market is therefore (at least partly) endogenous. It is safe to assume that agents, when deciding their investment, take into account, among other things, its impact on the marriage market. An alternative argument is that agents are likely to invest too much. The chapter proceeds by analyzing the relevance of TU to risk sharing, multidimensional matching, and the roommate matching problem, taking into account the existence of a stable matching and the cloned bipartite problem. Finally, it describes the basic model of divorce and remarriage, focusing on compensations in the Becker-Coase theorem as well as violations of the theorem.
Hegel's Social Ethics
Authors: Farneth Molly
Published: May 2018

This book offers a fresh and accessible interpretation of G. W. F. Hegel's most famous book, the Phenomenology of Spirit. Drawing on important recent work on the social dimensions of Hegel's theory of knowledge, the book shows how his account of how we know rests on his account of how we ought to live. It argues that Hegel views conflict as an unavoidable part of living together, and that his social ethics involves relationships and social practices that allow people to cope with conflict and sustain hope for reconciliation. Communities create, contest, and transform their norms through these relationships and practices, and Hegel's model for them are often the interactions and rituals of the members of religious communities. The book's close readings reveal the ethical implications of Hegel's discussions of slavery, Greek tragedy, early modern culture wars, and confession and forgiveness. The book also illuminates how contemporary democratic thought and practice can benefit from Hegelian insights. Through its sustained engagement with Hegel's ideas about conflict and reconciliation, the book makes an important contribution to debates about how to live well with religious and ethical disagreement.
Culture War and the Appeal to Authority
Authors: Farneth Molly
Published: May 2018

This chapter turns from immediacy and tragedy to self-legislation and alienation through a discussion of the conflict between Faith and Enlightenment. Faith and Enlightenment believe that individuals must be able to affirm their commitments for themselves, based on objective standards that are available to all. The apparent intractability of their conflict stems from the two sides' inability to recognize the social practices through which members of each group authorize and contest their norms. Hegel argues that the conflict between Faith and Enlightenment reveals the inadequacy of shapes of spirit that ignore the relationship between the rituals and social practices in which its members engage, and the standard that they claim to use when they assess knowledge claims.
Trees, Trees, So Many Trees
Authors: Schwenk Allen J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the problem of counting trees. Every connected graph G has a spanning tree, that is, a connected acyclic subgraph containing all the vertices of G. If G has no cycles, it is its own unique spanning tree. If G has cycles, we can locate any cycle and delete one of its edges. Repeat this process until no cycle remains. We have just constructed one of the spanning trees of G. Typically G will have many, many spanning trees. Let us use t(G) to denote the number of spanning trees in G. There are several ways to determine t(G). Some of these are direct argument, Kirchhoff's Matrix Tree Theorem, a variation of this theorem using eigenvalues, and Prüfer codes.
Clickomania is Hard, Even with Two Colors and Columns
Authors: Adler Aviv , Demaine Erik D. , Hesterberg Adam , Liu Quanquan , Rudoy Mikhail
Published: May 2018

Clickomania is a classic computer puzzle game with several versions. Although rules and objectives vary slightly among different versions, the basic premise is the same: you are presented with a two-dimensional grid of colored square tiles and asked to clear those tiles by removing a contiguous like-colored group at each step (or click). There are two main variants of the game, which differ in the objective of the player: (1) Elimination variant: The player wins by removing all the tiles. (2) Score variant: The player gains points from each click, based on the number of tiles removed with that click and wins by achieving at least a specified score. For each variant, this chapter studies how hard it is for a computer to determine whether it is possible to win from a given initial configuration of the board. Specifically, it shows that Clickomania is computationally hard, even for two-color patterns occupying just two columns.
Setting the Stage: Jewish Ghettos During the Holocaust
Authors: Finkel Evgeny
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the Jewish ghettos during the Holocaust. Research on Jewish ghettos during the Holocaust typically focuses on the largest ghettos, such as those in Warsaw, but these were outliers when the wider spectrum of ghettos is taken into consideration. Medium-sized ghettos were more common, but they receive less attention from scholars. The chapter describes three examples of such ghettos, located in Minsk, Kraków, and Białystok. Despite numerous similar features—being surrounded by a physical barrier, having similar ghetto institutions, and being subject to the Nazis' total extermination policies—Jewish behavior differed substantially across these three communities. In each ghetto, there were Jews who engaged in cooperation and collaboration, coping and compliance, evasion and resistance, but the distribution of survival strategies varied from one place to another.
Evasion
Authors: Finkel Evgeny
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines evasion—an attempt to escape persecution by hiding, emigrating, or assuming a false identity—as a Jewish survival strategy during the Holocaust. It compares evasion patterns in Minsk, Kraków, and Białystok and considers which factors were the most important in contributing to the Jews' decision to evade. There were people who helped the Jews in their quest for evasion. If Jews were helped because of the rescuers' personality traits, psychology, and humanistic worldviews, then there should not be any noticeable patterns in who exactly was rescued and sheltered. The chapter shows that the rescuers, even if guided by altruism, tended to help Jews they knew personally. The chapter also explores how human and physical geography influences the adoption (if not always the success) of the evasion strategy.
Introduction
Authors: Dancygier Rafaela M.
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the “Muslim Question.” Europeans fret that Muslims will not integrate into domestic societies and politics. Because of their religiosity, communalism, social conservatism, and illiberalism, critics allege that Muslims are not ready to participate in the politics of advanced liberal democracies. Anti-Muslim prejudice among voters also runs high. At the same time, parties face growing electoral incentives to garner Muslim support. In many Western European countries, the largest group of naturalized citizens originates from countries where Islam is the dominant religion, a trend that recent refugee inflows from Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq will only reinforce. Muslims are thus beginning to constitute sizable portions of domestic electorates, especially at the subnational level. This book then develops an argument that addresses how parties respond to changing electorates and draws out the implications of these responses for the nature of party politics.
The Tar Baby
Authors: Wagner Bryan
Published: May 2018

Perhaps the best-known version of the tar baby story was published in 1880 by Joel Chandler Harris in Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings, and popularized in Song of the South, the 1946 Disney movie. Other versions of the story, however, have surfaced in many other places throughout the world, including Nigeria, Brazil, Corsica, Jamaica, India, and the Philippines. This book offers a fresh analysis of this deceptively simple story about a fox, a rabbit, and a doll made of tar and turpentine, tracing its history and its connections to slavery, colonialism, and global trade. The book explores how the tar baby story, thought to have originated in Africa, came to exist in hundreds of forms on five continents. Examining its variation, reception, and dispersal over time, the book argues that the story is best understood not merely as a folktale but as a collective work in political philosophy. Circulating at the same time and in the same places as new ideas about property and politics developed in colonial law and political economy, the tar baby comes to embody an understanding of the interlocking processes by which custom was criminalized, slaves were captured, and labor was bought and sold. The book concludes with twelve versions of the story transcribed from various cultures in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Ideas of Culture
Authors: Wagner Bryan
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the tar baby's intellectual reception in anthropology, literature, history, and folklore—disciplines that were being professionalized in the same decades when collectors were publicizing their surprising discoveries about the scale of the story's worldwide circulation. Although the most elementary questions asked about the tar baby—how it traveled from location to location, why it traveled as far as it did—have never been, and likely never will be, answered empirically, this has never put a stop to speculation. The mystery of the story's diffusion, in particular, helped to shape the terms in which it became possible to think more capaciously about culture.
Gentlemen Revolutionaries
Authors: Cutterham Tom
Published: May 2018

In the years between the Revolutionary War and the drafting of the Constitution, American gentlemen—the merchants, lawyers, planters, and landowners who comprised the independent republic's elite—worked hard to maintain their positions of power. This book shows how their struggles over status, hierarchy, property, and control shaped the ideologies and institutions of the fledgling nation. The book examines how, facing pressure from populist movements as well as the threat of foreign empires, these gentlemen argued among themselves to find new ways of justifying economic and political inequality in a republican society. At the heart of their ideology was a regime of property and contract rights derived from the norms of international commerce and eighteenth-century jurisprudence. But these gentlemen were not concerned with property alone. They also sought personal prestige and cultural preeminence. The book describes how, painting the egalitarian freedom of the republic's “lower sort” as dangerous licentiousness, they constructed a vision of proper social order around their own fantasies of power and justice. In pamphlets, speeches, letters, and poetry, they argued that the survival of the republican experiment in the United States depended on the leadership of worthy gentlemen and the obedience of everyone else. The book demonstrates how these elites, far from giving up their attachment to gentility and privilege, recast the new republic in their own image.
Capital
Authors: Cutterham Tom
Published: May 2018

This chapter details how, by the middle of the decade, American trade was suffering as a result of exclusion from trade with the British empire. National leaders in and out of Congress looked to western lands expropriated from Native Americans as a source of future profit and the foundation of national credit. While thousands of would-be settlers demanded access to the land, and government aid in their war against the Indians, politicians and financiers in the east struggled over the creation of new property rights and the distribution of the spoils of conquest. Banking establishments were central to this process, especially the Bank of North America in Philadelphia, set up in 1781. When the bank came under attack from Pennsylvania's rural egalitarian movement, gentlemen were again put on the defensive. Capitalist economic development seemed to be incompatible with democratic power.
Conclusion
Authors: Cutterham Tom
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter argues that behind the gentlemen's concern for property itself, there lay a deeper set of interests and anxieties. This was the question of social order. What they feared most, and what they believed lay at the root of such unjust measures as the paper-money laws, was the people's licentiousness. It was licentiousness, above all, that the new constitution was designed to crush. For gentlemen, it was the fate of the republic—and the outcome of the revolution—that hung in the balance. If social order and commercial justice could not be secured through the republican means offered in the constitutional proposals, then it would soon be imposed by harsher means.
Poet and Audience
Authors: Costello Bonnie
Published: May 2018

Live performers often remark on the double nature of the audience relationship, intimate and collective. Such an intimate relationship is commonly associated with the experience of poetry. But poets can also create the opposite effect; more in line with the concert hall, they make us feel, even in the privacy of reading, that we are part of a large congregation or mass. What is the special social presence of poetic audience, and how is it different from or a model for other kinds of human community? What various relations does a poet establish or imagine with an audience when she says “we”? How is this related to the classic tension between poetry and rhetoric? This chapter argues that while we tend to think of poetry as intimate address, poets do conceptualize large assembled audiences and often draw on metaphors of performance to create a feeling of gathering, even as they retain the sense of intimate address.
To 1750
Authors: McNeill William H.
Published: May 2018

IN THE LATTER part of the nineteenth century, east coast city dwellers in the United States had difficulty repressing a sense of their own persistent cultural inferiority vis-à-vis London and Paris. At the same time a great many old-stock Americans were dismayed by the stream of immigrants coming to these shores whose diversity called the future cohesion of the Republic into question almost as seriously as the issue of slavery had done in the decades before the Civil War. In such a climate of opinion, the unabashed provinciality of Frederick Jackson Turner's (1861-1932) paper "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," delivered at a meeting of the newly founded American Historical Association in connection with the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1892), began within less than a decade to resound like a trumpet call, though whether it signalled advance or retreat remained profoundly ambiguous....
Acknowledgments
Authors: McNeill William H.
Published: May 2018

A UNIVERSITY promotes scholarship less through the leisure it confers upon faculty and students than through the routines of classroom performance that require student and teacher to have something to say at a fixed point in time, ready or not. By compelling initial formulations of a given subject matter in this way, ideas are literally forced into existence, to wither or flourish under subsequent examination as the case may be....
Microparasitism, Macroparasitism, and the Urban Transmutation
Authors: McNeill William H.
Published: May 2018

ALTHOUGH IT IS absurd to try to distill the human adventure on earth into the narrow space of two lectures, I propose to do just that. The absurd, after all, pushes us beyond the borders of ordinary discourse; and any intellectual discipline—not least history—needs every so often to examine the framework of understanding within which detailed researches and ordinary teaching are conducted. By trying to look at all of the human past in an exceedingly narrow compass, we will be forced to think about the really major landmarks—to consider, so to speak, the geological structures underlying details of the historical landscape. Even if my notions fail to persuade you, still this adventure into rash generalization may make you more conscious of how small-scale historical knowledge fits into, and derives part of its meaning from, the overall picture we have inherited from our forerunners....
An Ancient Tradition
Authors: von Plato Jan
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about how the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries in the nineteenth century changed the traditional picture of axioms as evident truths: If triangles are drawn on the surface of the Earth so that each side is a part of a great circle (one that passes through two opposite points of the globe), the geometry is elliptic, and the sum of the angles of triangles is greater than that of two right angles. Axioms are now just some postulates that scholars choose as a basis. For some reason, today's logic did not first follow the lead of geometry, as a theory of hypothetical reasoning from axioms, but was formulated as a theory of logical truth on which even truth in mathematics was to be based.
The Point of Constructivity
Authors: von Plato Jan
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that the best-known statement of finitism is ascribed to Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891). The source of the statement is not Kronecker himself, at least not directly, but rather his editor, Kurt Hensel. Kronecker's finitistic dictum was the basis for the philosophy of mathematics of Thoralf Skolem (1887–1963), a solitary combinatorial genius who started to work with Ernst Schröder's algebra of logic. In his work, he established many of the basic results of lattice theory, such as the independence of the axioms. He also defined what later came to be called Heyting algebras, lattices with an “arrow” operation that imitates implication, and established many basic properties.
The Problem of Consistency
Authors: von Plato Jan
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about how the translations from classical to intuistic arithmetic that Gödel and Gentzen found in 1932–33 showed that the consistency of classical arithmetic reduces to that of intuitionistic arithmetic. The main aim of Hilbert's program in the 1920s had been to show that the infinitistic component of arithmetic, namely the use of quantificational inferences in indirect proofs, does not lead to contradiction. It followed from Gödel's and Gentzen's result that these classical steps are harmless. Therefore, the consistency problem of arithmetic has an intuitionistic sense and, consequently, possibly also an intuitionistic solution. Bernays was quick to point out that intuitionism transcends the boundaries of strictly finitary reasoning.
Immigration, Trade, and Firm Mobility: A Political Dilemma
Authors: Peters Margaret E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that trade, firm mobility, and productivity change firms' preferences over immigration and their willingness to support low-skill immigration, which makes it harder for policymakers to support low-skill immigration, leading to restrictions on low-skill immigration. It first considers the political dilemma arising from immigration policy in the face of greater globalization by drawing on both classic Ricardian trade theory and “new” new trade theory before discussing alternative explanations of immigration policy. It argues that trade openness and firm mobility decrease political support for low-skill immigration in wealthy countries. It also examines firms' lobbying for immigration as the foundation of the political dilemma faced by policymakers. Finally, it analyzes the empirical implications of the argument for firms and sectors, policymakers, and immigration policy.
Policymakers’ Responses to Firms in the United States
Authors: Peters Margaret E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the effect of trade openness, firm mobility, and productivity on support for immigration in the United States by analyzing immigration votes in the Senate. It considers two time periods when senators did not have control over the most important policies that affected trade and firm mobility. In the first period, 1865–1945, the chapter explores how the creation of a national market affected voting on immigration. In the second period, 1945–2008, the competitive pressures on firms and their ability to move production overseas fluctuated with changes in other countries' willingness to allow foreign direct investment, technological innovation, and US trade protection, which was moved out of the hands of senators with the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA). The chapter shows that increased “Americanization” and globalization of the economy led senators increasingly to vote for immigration restrictions.
Introduction
Authors: Kohler-Hausmann Julilly
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter talks about how American lawmakers “got tough” on drugs, welfare, and crime. These political choices drove one of the most dramatic expansions of a penal system in world history, but policymakers did not simply increase the number and severity of penal sanctions. They also continued degrading the civic standing of those convicted of crimes, imposing limitations on their access to state benefits, employment opportunities, and civil and political rights. As lawmakers and state officials funneled more resources into the penal system, they also retrenched many social welfare programs, particularly those imagined to be serving poor, “nonworking” people of color.
Unmaking the Rehabilitative Ideal
Authors: Kohler-Hausmann Julilly
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that prisoners themselves catalyzed these changes through their resistance to what many felt were the discriminatory, degrading, and coercive features of the rehabilitative regime in California's prisons. It then maps the diverse and unlikely collection of law enforcement professionals, leftist radicals, and law-and-order activists who all joined prisoners in their rejection of the “rehabilitative ideal.” When legislators abolished indeterminate sentencing, they transferred to the legislature the authority to set the prison terms for different crimes. However, moving sentencing policy into the political arena need not inevitably lead to harsher sentencing. Not every crime evokes a populist demand for retribution, and crime increases do not mechanically trigger harsher punishment.
The Origin of the Jews
Authors: Weitzman Steven
Published: May 2018

The Jews have one of the longest continuously recorded histories of any people in the world, but what do we actually know about their origins? While many think the answer to this question can be found in the Bible, others look to archaeology or genetics. Some skeptics have even sought to debunk the very idea that the Jews have a common origin. This book takes a learned and lively look at what we know—or think we know—about where the Jews came from, when they arose, and how they came to be. Scholars have written hundreds of books on the topic and have come up with scores of explanations, theories, and historical reconstructions, but this is the first book to trace the history of the different approaches that have been applied to the question, including genealogy, linguistics, archaeology, psychology, sociology, and genetics. The book shows how this quest has been fraught since its inception with religious and political agendas, how anti-Semitism cast its long shadow over generations of learning, and how recent claims about Jewish origins have been difficult to disentangle from the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It does not offer neatly packaged conclusions but invites readers on an intellectual adventure, shedding new light on the assumptions and biases of those seeking answers—and the challenges that have made finding answers so elusive. Spanning more than two centuries and drawing on the latest findings, the book brings needed clarity and historical context to this enduring and often divisive topic.
Histories Natural and Unnatural
Authors: Weitzman Steven
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines nineteenth-century developmental theories that explain the origin of the Jews, including the Documentary Hypothesis formulated by biblical scholar Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918). It considers Wellhausen's use of source criticism to demonstrate the developmental process that transformed the Israelites into the Jews, resulting in a kind of evolutionary account of Jewish origins that spanned several hundred years. It also situates Wellhausen's theory within later developmental theories, such as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, to better understand what exactly he was arguing about the origin of the Jews. Finally, it discusses Wellhausen's claim that Judaism began in the postexilic/Persian period.
Structure and Contents of the Meaning of Relativity
Authors: Gutfreund Hanoch , Renn Jürgen
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the structure and content of Einstein's text, The Meaning of Relativity. It shows the flow of ideas in the order of their presentation and emphasizes the new ways of their formulation, as influenced by Einstein's interaction with his colleagues and by his own rethinking of some of the basic concepts. As in the case of his Relativity—The Special and the General Theory, where throughout the years Einstein added new appendixes to later editions of the book, he also used The Meaning of Relativity as a platform to publish over the course of time, up until the end of his life, his reflections on the major issues on the agenda of debates and efforts during the formative years of general relativity.
The Controversy over Gravitational Waves
Authors: Gutfreund Hanoch , Renn Jürgen
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses one of the key themes of modern general relativity: gravitational waves. In 1916, Einstein performed the first relevant calculations, including a first derivation of the celebrated quadrupole formula, which contained a mistake that he corrected in 1918. The corrected formula became the basis for the long-term search and the first observational verification of these waves. These calculations provoked a discussion about the reality of these waves, which continued well into the 1950s and beyond. What is worth emphasizing is how Einstein's predominant interest in this phenomenon, which developed immediately after the completion of his general theory, had faded away completely by the time he delivered the Princeton lectures.
Early Monographs on Relativity
Authors: Gutfreund Hanoch , Renn Jürgen
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the emergence of a tradition of writing textbooks on relativity and of teaching the subject. Around 1920, in addition to Einstein's books and articles, a series of influential monographs and textbooks appeared, including those of Hermann Weyl, Wolfgang Pauli, Max Born, Max von Laue, and Arthur Eddington. The chapter compares these different presentations and analyzes their influence on the later development of the theory. Alongside these monographs, which advanced the progress of scholarship in this new and expanding field, there was also an extensive anti-relativity literature. This literature was part of the formative years and it also reflects on the broader social dynamics of the reception of the theory.
Beyond the Formative Years
Authors: Gutfreund Hanoch , Renn Jürgen
Published: May 2018

This chapter offers an outlook on the further transformations of Einstein's theory after the formative years. Following this period, the theory underwent a process of marginalization within the field of physics. Jean Eisenstaedt characterized these years as the “low-water-mark” period, lasting until the 1950s. During this period, most physicists considered general relativity as a highly formalistic theory, providing only small corrections to the Newtonian picture. Only a limited number of theoretical physicists worked on the theory while the majority focused on the development of quantum theory, which had much stronger connections with experimental activities and possible technological applications. And even those research projects concerned with general relativity during the low-water-mark period often aimed at moving beyond general relativity and in any case had few connections to empirical investigations.
The General Theory of Relativity
Authors: Gutfreund Hanoch , Renn Jürgen
Published: May 2018

This chapter shows how Einstein has developed and described the mathematical apparatus that is necessary to formulate the physical contents of the general theory of gravity. It first discusses the transition from the special to the general relativity principle. According to Einstein's understanding of such a general relativity principle, physical laws are independent of the state of motion of the reference space in which they are described. The chapter argues that such a generalization of the relativity principle to include accelerated reference frames is possible because all inertial effects caused by acceleration can be alternatively attributed to the presence of a gravitational field. The model of a rotating disk is then used to show that general relativity implies non-Euclidean geometry and that the gravitational field is represented by curved spacetime. After the introduction of these basic concepts and principles, the chapter presents the mathematical formulation of the theory.
Jabotinsky Encounters Polish Jewish Youth
Authors: Heller Daniel Kupfert
Published: May 2018

This chapter details Vladimir Jabotinsky's first encounter with Polish Jewish youth, during a last-ditch effort in 1927 to gain supporters for his political organization, the Union of Revisionist Zionists. He initially viewed the Polish Jews flocking to greet him at train stations with a mix of pity, disdain, and suspicion. Little did he know that they would transform his very understanding of Revisionism's mission and the tools required to bring him to power. The chapter then describes how members of several Jewish youth movements in Poland helped to convince the Revisionist leader to turn the celebration of militarism and the rejection of socialism into core components of his organization's program. Culminating with the founding of Poland's Betar youth movement at the end of 1927, it reveals how Polish Jewish youth were not merely the passive recipients of ideology imposed “from above” but played an active role in shaping the political beliefs and behaviors they adopted.
Mobilizing the Paralyzed Online
Authors: Song Priscilla
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the spatial and temporal dynamics of CareCure—an online discussion forum devoted to research and treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). Created from a U.S. neuroscientist's experiment in caring and curing, the CareCure website links the scientific pursuit of the cure with the construction of a community for those living and dealing with SCI. The cybersociality engendered by CareCure has produced a new form of mobility that might otherwise be lost in the offline, visceral world of chronic paralysis. The chapter demonstrates how this virtual forum has fostered a technologically mediated social movement of patients, families, researchers, and doctors who pursue experimental therapies for conditions considered incurable by conventional medicine.
Introduction
Authors: El Shakry Omnia
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter briefly explores the topography of modern selfhood and its ethical and epistemological contours in postwar Egypt. More specifically, it asks what it means to think through psychoanalysis and Islam together, not as a “problem” but as a creative encounter of ethical engagement. In so doing, the chapter considers the points of intersection, articulation, and commensurability between Islamic discourses and modern social scientific thought, and between religious and secular ethics. This hybridization of psychoanalytic thought with pre-psychoanalytic Islamic discursive formations illustrates that the Arabic Freud emerged not as something developed in Europe only to be diffused at its point of application elsewhere, but rather as something elaborated, like psychoanalysis itself, across the space of human difference.
Epilogue
Authors: El Shakry Omnia
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter returns to the central question of this book—what does it mean, now, to think through psychoanalysis and Islam together as a creative encounter of ethical engagement? It argues that, if we take psychoanalysis, at its most fundamental level, to be a practice that allows itself to be transformed by the discourse of the other, we can begin to see the ethical imperative involved in the coupling of these two terms. Addressing recent scholarly interventions, such as those of Julia Kristeva, that operate within larger civilizing mission narratives that couple psychoanalysis with the secularization of Judeo-Christian legacies, this chapter questions the notion of psychoanalysis as the purview of any singular civilization. It asks what it might might mean to rethink the secular ends of analysis and open ourselves up to an ethical encounter with the Other.
Domi: Priesthoods, Politics, and the People
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines domestic politics and religion in Rome, focusing on structures and interrelationships of the priesthoods among themselves and in relation to the Senate, political/religious disputes conducted in public political arenas, and the role of the populus Romanus in these controversies. After providing an overview of the extent of priestly authority in the Midde Roman Republic, the chapter considers the structural interrelationships of the priesthoods and the Senate, the oligarchic interpretation of republican politics and political life, and popular participation in politics. It then discusses the proportion of the total citizen population that could have participated in enactments of the state religion, along with the extent to which religious institutions served the personal physical and spiritual needs of the populace during the period. Finally, it discusses the ritual obsessions of the Roman ruling elite and the religious autonomy of nonelites.
Epilogue
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: May 2018

In conclusion, the book has drawn on various perspectives and on the notion of elite-instrumentalism to elucidate the religious practices of the Roman ruling elite in the days of the Middle Republic. It has investigated the religious behaviors of republican elites based on three categories: domi, focusing on the state religion and its formal structures in the capital; militiae, with emphasis on the religious preoccupations and actions of generals in the field of military operations; and domi militiaeque, taking into account the relationship between traditional religion in Rome and external religious influences. Finding the elite-instrumentalist interpretation/model to be inadequate as a primary mode of historical explanation, the book has drawn on various theories in order to offer provisional alternatives, including the psychological theory of cognitive dissonance, as well as those gained from studies in anthropology and cultural theory.
Classical Greek Oligarchy
Authors: Simonton Matthew
Published: May 2018

This book thoroughly reassesses an important but neglected form of government in ancient Greece, the “rule of the few.” The book challenges scholarly orthodoxy by showing that oligarchy was not the default mode of politics from time immemorial, but instead emerged alongside, and in reaction to, democracy. It establishes how oligarchies maintained power in the face of potential citizen resistance. It argues that oligarchs designed distinctive political institutions—such as intra-oligarchic power sharing, targeted repression, and rewards for informants—to prevent collective action among the majority population while sustaining cooperation within their own ranks. To clarify the workings of oligarchic institutions, the book draws on recent social science research on authoritarianism. Like modern authoritarian regimes, ancient Greek oligarchies had to balance coercion with co-optation in order to keep their subjects disorganized and powerless. The book investigates topics such as control of public space, the manipulation of information, and the establishment of patron–client relations, frequently citing parallels with contemporary nondemocratic regimes. It also traces changes over time in antiquity, revealing the processes through which oligarchy lost the ideological battle with democracy for legitimacy. This book represents a major new development in the study of ancient politics. It fills a longstanding gap in our knowledge of nondemocratic government while greatly improving our understanding of forms of power that continue to affect us today.
Oligarchic Power-Sharing
Authors: Simonton Matthew
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on institutions that governed relations among the elite of ancient Greece. It first considers the need for egalitarian relations among Classical Greek oligarchs before discussing the political mechanisms that secured equality among the members of the oligarchic community and satisfied their individual sense of self-worth, including the establishment of multiple veto points in the voting process, consensus-building, and the secret ballot. It then examines the strict regulation of expenditure through sumptuary legislation and how oligarchs in judicial situations devised ways of keeping dispute resolution restrained, courteous, and respectful of one another's pride, thus avoiding escalation. It also describes the use of exile as an effective institution of oligarchic punishment and shows that exile could be a useful tool if it was unanimously agreed upon by the members of the oligarchy.
The Dancing Lares and the Serpent in the Garden
Authors: Flower Harriet I.
Published: May 2018

The most pervasive gods in ancient Rome had no traditional mythology attached to them, nor was their worship organized by elites. Throughout the Roman world featured small shrines to the beloved lares, a pair of cheerful little dancing gods. These shrines were maintained primarily by ordinary Romans, and often by slaves and freedmen, for whom the lares cult provided a unique public leadership role. This book offers an original account of these gods and a new way of understanding the lived experience of everyday Roman religion. Weaving together a wide range of evidence, the book sets forth a new interpretation of the much-disputed nature of the lares. The book makes the case that they are not spirits of the dead, as many have argued, but rather benevolent protectors. The book examines the rituals honoring the lares, their cult sites, and their iconography, as well as the meaning of the snakes often depicted alongside lares in paintings of gardens. It also looks at Compitalia, a popular midwinter neighborhood festival in honor of the lares, and describes how its politics played a key role in Rome's increasing violence in the 60s and 50s BC, as well as in the efforts of Augustus to reach out to ordinary people living in the city's local neighborhoods. A reconsideration of seemingly humble gods that were central to the religious world of the Romans, this is also the first major account of the full range of lares worship in the homes, neighborhoods, and temples of ancient Rome.
Lar(es)/Genius and Juno/Snake(s)
Authors: Flower Harriet I.
Published: May 2018

This chapter is organized into nine interrelated sections. Since the evidence about the lares is so fragmented and disparate, each ancient text or image is examined in its own right. It clears the ground for the discussion by first addressing the debate in the antiquarian sources about the basic nature of lares. It argues against the interpretation of lares as spirits of the deceased and in favor of seeing them as benevolent deities of place and of travel. Moving on from the theoretical classification of these distinctly academic texts, it looks at both literary and epigraphic evidence from the archaic Arval hymn onward. The remainder of the chapter considers which Latin authors refer to twin lares as opposed to a single lar. It also draws together the evidence from painted iconography, written text, and ritual custom to suggest an overall interpretation of the lares and snakes as “gods of place,” who receive gifts and honor from a genius on the Bay of Naples.
N-Player Games
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter extends several of the concepts for two-player games to games with N-players. It begins by considering general games with N players P₁, P₂, . . ., P(subscript N), which are allowed to select policies within action spaces Γ‎₁, Γ‎₂, . . ., Γ‎(subscript N). Each player wants to minimize their own outcome, and does not care about the outcome of the other players. The chapter proceeds by discussing the security level, security policy, and Nash equilibrium for N-player games, pure N-player games in normal form, mixed policy for N-player games in normal form, and computation of the completely mixed Nash equilibrium for N-player games. A mixed Nash equilibrium is computed for a different game in which some (or all) players want to maximize instead of minimize the outcome.
The Fascinating World of Graph Theory
Authors: Zhang Ping , Chartrand Gary , Benjamin Arthur
Published: May 2018

Graph theory goes back several centuries and revolves around the study of graphs—mathematical structures showing relations between objects. With applications in biology, computer science, transportation science, and other areas, graph theory encompasses some of the most beautiful formulas in mathematics—and some of its most famous problems. This book explores the questions and puzzles that have been studied, and often solved, through graph theory. It looks at graph theory's development and the vibrant individuals responsible for the field's growth. Introducing fundamental concepts, the book explores a diverse plethora of classic problems such as the Lights Out Puzzle, and each chapter contains math exercises for readers to savor. An eye-opening journey into the world of graphs, the book offers exciting problem-solving possibilities for mathematics and beyond.
Analyzing Distance
Authors: Benjamin Arthur , Chartrand Gary , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers distance in graphs, first by providing an overview of some fundamental concepts in graph theory. In particular, it discusses connected graphs, cut-vertex and bridge, and bipartite graphs. It then addresses questions of the distance between locations in a graph and those locations that are far from or close to a given location. It also looks at dominating sets in graphs, focusing on the Five Queens Problem/Puzzle and the Lights Out Puzzle, before concluding with an analysis of the rather humorous concept of Erdős numbers, conceptualized by Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős. According to this concept, for each mathematician A, the Erdős number of A is the distance from A to Erdős in the collaboration graph. Consequently, Erdős is the only mathematician with the Erdős number 0, whereas any mathematician who has coauthored a paper with Erdős has Erdős number 1.
Constructing Trees
Authors: Benjamin Arthur , Chartrand Gary , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers a class of graphs called trees and their construction. Trees are connected graphs containing no cycles. When dealing with trees, a vertex of degree 1 is called a leaf rather than an end-vertex. The chapter first provides an overview of trees and their leaves, along with the relevant theorems, before discussing a tree-counting problem, introduced by British mathematician Arthur Cayley, involving saturated hydrocarbons. It shows that counting the number of saturated hydrocarbons is the same as counting the number of certain kinds of nonisomorphic trees. It then revisits another Cayley problem, one that involved counting labeled trees, and describes Cayley's Tree Formula and the corresponding proof known as the Prüfer code. It also explores decision trees and concludes by looking at the Minimum Spanning Tree Problem and its solution, Kruskal's Algorithm.
Traversing Graphs
Authors: Benjamin Arthur , Chartrand Gary , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers Eulerian graphs, a class of graphs named for the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. It begins with a discussion of the the Königsberg Bridge Problem and its connection to Euler, who presented the first solution of the problem in a 1735 paper. Euler showed that it was impossible to stroll through the city of Königsberg, the capital of German East Prussia, and cross each bridge exactly once. He also mentioned in his paper a problem whose solution uses the geometry of position to which Gottfried Leibniz had referred. The chapter concludes with another problem, the Chinese Postman Problem, which deals with minimizing the length of a round-trip that a letter carrier might take.
Encircling Graphs
Authors: Benjamin Arthur , Chartrand Gary , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers Hamiltonian graphs, a class of graphs named for nineteenth-century physicist and mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton. In 1835 Hamilton discovered that complex numbers could be represented as ordered pairs of real numbers. That is, a complex number a + b
i (where a and b are real numbers) could be treated as the ordered pair (a, b). Here the number i has the property that i² = -1. Consequently, while the equation x² = -1 has no real number solutions, this equation has two solutions that are complex numbers, namely i and -i. The chapter first examines Hamilton's icosian calculus and Icosian Game, which has a version called Traveller's Dodecahedron or Voyage Round the World, before concluding with an analysis of the Knight's Tour Puzzle, the conditions that make a given graph Hamiltonian, and the Traveling Salesman Problem.
Decomposing Graphs
Authors: Benjamin Arthur , Chartrand Gary , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers problems of whether a graph can be decomposed into certain other kinds of graphs, primarily cycles. It begins with a background on nineteenth-century mathematician Thomas Penyngton Kirkman and the problem he invented known as Kirkman's Schoolgirl Problem, stated as: How many triples can be formed with x symbols in such a way that no pair of symbols occurs more than once in the triple? This is followed by a discussion of the Steiner triple system, the relationship between cyclic decomposition problems and a problem called Alspach's Conjecture, graceful graphs, and the Graceful Tree Conjecture. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the puzzle dubbed Instant Insanity and how graphs can be utilized to solve it.