bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Handbook for Wellbeing Policy-Making
Authors: Frijters Paul , Krekel Christian
Published: June 2021

Around the world, governments are starting to directly measure the subjective wellbeing of their citizens and to use it for policy evaluation and appraisal. What would happen if a country were to move from using GDP to using subjective wellbeing as the primary metric for measuring economic and societal progress? Would policy priorities change? Would we continue to care about economic growth? What role would different government institutions play in such a scenario? And, most importantly, how could this be implemented in daily practice, for example in policy evaluations and appraisals of government analysts, or in political agenda-setting at the top level? This book provides answers to these questions from a conceptual to a technical level by showing how direct measures of subjective wellbeing can be used for policy evaluation and appraisal, either complementary in the short run or even entirely in the long run. It gives a brief history of the idea that governments should care about the happiness of their citizens, provides theories, makes suggestions for direct measurement, derives technical standards, shows how to conduct wellbeing cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and gives examples of how real-world policy evaluations and appraisals would change if they were based on subjective wellbeing. In doing so, the book serves the growing interest of governments as well as non-governmental and international organizations in how to put subjective wellbeing metrics into policy practice.
Wellbeing Measurement and Policy Design—Measures, Key Findings, and Wellbeing Frameworks
Authors: Frijters Paul , Krekel Christian
Published: June 2021

The second chapter is targeted at readers who wish to know what matters for subjective wellbeing, and in particular for those who wish to design policies in order to improve it. It begins with an extensive discussion on the direct measurement of wellbeing, covering both prevalent current measures and promising future measures, after which it presents some key findings and rules of thumb on what influences wellbeing. It then organizes the wellbeing lessons for governments by discussing the relation between wellbeing and four areas where government is very active: the provision of basic comforts, the regulation and production of experience goods and skills, the importance of status concerns, and social identities. This come with rules of thumb on how to recognize possible improvements and some indication as to what would be good value for money in terms of interventions. This chapter also discusses frameworks of wellbeing to aid appraisals, evaluations, and overall policy thinking in different areas. It presents a mental framework that embeds wellbeing into the whole economy (a capital framework) and then apply the theories and general framework to mental health and relationship-type interventions. The chapter ends with a taxonomy of thinking about wellbeing in government departments, including departments directly oriented towards some aspect of wellbeing (like health) and others that are oriented towards enabling the government to function (like tax authorities) or towards identity (like culture).
The Idea of Semitic Monotheism
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G.
Published: June 2021

In this work, a sequel to my A New Science: The Discovery of Religion in an Age of Reason (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), I study some major aspects of the scholarly study of religion in the long nineteenth century—from the Enlightenment to the First World War. More precisely, I seek to understand the new status of Judaism and Islam in the formative period of the new discipline. In order to do that, I focus on the concept of Semitic monotheism, a concept developed by Ernest Renan around the mid-nineteenth century, on the basis of the postulated (and highly problematic) contradistinction between Aryan and Semitic families of peoples, cultures, and religions. This contradistinction grew from the Western discovery of Sanskrit and its relationship with European languages, at the time of the Enlightenment and Romanticism. Together with the rise of scholarly Orientalism, this discovery offered new perspectives on the East, as a consequence of which the Near East was demoted, as it were, from its traditional status as the locus of the biblical revelations. The book essentially studies a central issue in the modern study of religion. Doing so, however, it emphasizes that the new dualistic taxonomy of religions had major consequences and sheds new light on the roots of European attitudes to Jews and Muslims in the twentieth century and up to the present day.
Cultural Transfers andPhilologia Orientalis
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G.
Published: June 2021

In France, the negotiation between religious and national identity had been strongly polarized between religious traditionalists of the Catholic party and secularist inheritors of the revolutionary agenda. Furthermore, unlike in the German lands, which shared no capital city, the new fields of study were mostly concentrated in Parisian scholarly institutions, whereas little of scholarly significance occurred in provincial universities. Finally, the role and status of Jews in the study of religion in France differed strikingly from their parallel role and status in Germany. A prominent reason for this difference, of course, was the non-theological character of most scholarly institutions, even before the final suppression of the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne in 1882.
A Jesus of White Marble or a Jesus in the Flesh?
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G.
Published: June 2021

Despite the early loss of his Christian faith, Renan held onto a lifelong belief in the incommensurability of Christianity with Judaism and Islam. This entailed his perception of an unbridgeable chasm between Christianity and the two “Semitic religions.” Such insistence originated in his understanding of Jesus as a unique figure, one who stood at the very core of the world history of religions. It is in his Life of Jesus that he expressed most clearly his views on the founder of Christianity. First published in 1863, Renan’s Vie de Jésus would swiftly become, in the original as well as in its multiple translations, a nineteenth-century international best seller. The chapter reassess the roots of Renan’s project, as well as its impact. Finally, we compare Renan and the Jewish historian Joseph Salvador on the figure of Jesus.
Secular Scholarship in France
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G.
Published: June 2021

Between the French and German worlds of knowledge, a complex movement of cultural and intellectual transfers retained capital importance, from Voltaire’s days at the court of Friedrich II in Potsdam to Heine’s Parisian years, and beyond. On the French side, such contacts in the study of religions can often be traced to the activity of Protestant and Jewish scholars. The French-speaking Protestant theologians, including those in Geneva and in the Huguenot “Refuge” in Holland, sought to emulate liberal Lutheran theologians in the leading German universities, developing daring new approaches to Scriptural interpretation, while many Jewish scholars moved from Germany to France in search of academic posts. This forms the background to the unique development in France of a non-theological study of religion, by Protestant and Jewish scholars together with their Catholic colleagues, in new, secular institutions.
From the Quarrel of Monotheism to theBabel–BibelControversy
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G.
Published: June 2021

The chapter ponders the massive international impact of Renan’s views on Semitic monotheism. This impact, spread across linguistic, religious, and political borders, enduringly echoed the idea of Semitic monotheism. At the same time, it triggered a series of polemical responses that questioned the very legitimacy of the idea. The chapter also reviews new developments among German historians of religion in the last decades of the nineteenth century on the approach of biblical monotheism. In particular, we focus on another major scholarly affair, which took place at turn of the century, around a scholarly school that sought to discredit the idea of the Israelite origins of monotheism. These developments must be understood in the context of the growing racial anti-Semitism. The significant role of Jewish scholars in both affairs, in which the status of ancient Israelite monotheism was questioned, will also be surveyed.
The Clockmaker’s Cosmos
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna
Published: June 2021

On one level confessional distinction began to define material culture in the first decades of the seventeenth century, but a microhistorical approach reveals the persistence of plural devotional practices and beliefs. A close reading of the 1635 inventory of a court clockmaker, Kúndrat Šteffenaúr, reveals the complex intersections of confessions in Central Europe. It indicates an environment in which a wide range of devotional options were available. Analysis of Kúndrat’s possessions as individual items, and how they were kept together, shows the need to think across and beyond confessional boundaries of Protestant versus Catholic in order to understand lay religious beliefs and practices at this historical moment of confessional rupture. This chapter examines the inventory from two perspectives: first, it surveys the confessional spectrum of objects—Protestant books, Catholic devotional jewellery, clocks, and charms—contextualizing them and exploring why they may have come into Kúndrat’s possession; second, it offers an interpretation of the objects as items that formed Kúndrat’s individual cosmos, as ‘fragmented religion’.
Camping Grounds
Authors: Young Phoebe S.K.
Published: June 2021

Camping appears to be a simple proposition, a time-honored way of getting away from it all. Yet as this book demonstrates, the simplicity of camping is deceptive, its history and meanings far from obvious. Why do some Americans find pleasure in sleeping outside, particularly when so many others, past and present, have had to do so for reasons other than recreation? A closer look at the history of camping since the Civil War reveals unexpected connections between its various forms and its deeper significance as an American tradition linked to core beliefs about nature and national belonging. Never only a vacation choice, camping has been something people do out of dire necessity and as a tactic of political protest. Still, the dominance of recreational camping as a modern ideal and natural idyll has obscured other forms from our collective memory. Camping Grounds rediscovers these unexpected and interwoven histories of sleeping outside. It uses extensive research to trace surprising links between such varied campers as veterans, tramps, John Muir, newly freed African Americans, and early leisure campers in the nineteenth century; federal campground designers, Depression-era transients, family car campers, backpacking enthusiasts, countercultural youth, and political activists in the twentieth century; the crisis of the unsheltered and the tent-based Occupy movement in the twenty-first. These entwined stories show how Americans camp to claim a place in the republic and why public spaces of nature are critical to how we relate to nature, the nation, and each other.
The Roads Home
Authors: Young Phoebe S.K.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 2 follows the early travels of John Muir to get a glimpse of the highly mobile landscape of the decades that followed the Civil War, particularly in the South and West. Before he rose to fame as the founder of the Sierra Club, Muir walked the country’s roads alongside mobile laborers, newly freed African Americans, and Native peoples. For them, as for the itinerant naturalist, sleeping outside could constitute a marginal and perilous, if all-too-familiar existence. Muir alternately knocked on strangers’ doors, slept outside in fear of disease and alligators, and herded sheep in Sierra meadows. His interpretations and criticisms of Black and Indigenous people figured into Muir’s seminal perspectives on wilderness, which in turn influenced changing views of public nature, including recreational and nonrecreational campers alike in the late nineteenth century.
When Near Becomes Far
Authors: Balberg Mira , Weiss Haim
Published: June 2021

When Near Becomes Far explores the representations and depictions of old age in the rabbinic Jewish literature of late antiquity. Through close literary readings and cultural analysis, the book reveals the gaps and tensions between idealized images of old age on the one hand, and the psychologically, physiologically, and socially complicated realities of aging on the other hand. The authors argue that while rabbinic literature presents various statements on the qualities and activities that make for good old age, on the respect and reverence that the elderly should be awarded, and on harmonious intergenerational relationships, it also includes multiple anecdotes and narratives that portray aging in much more nuanced and poignant ways. These anecdotes and narratives relate, alongside fantasies about blissful or unnoticeable aging, a host of fears associated with old age: from the loss of beauty and physical capability to the loss of memory and mental acuity, and from marginalization in the community to being experienced as a burden by one’s own children. Each chapter of the book focuses on a different aspect of aging in the rabbinic world: bodily appearance and sexuality, family relations, intellectual and cognitive prowess, honor and shame, and social roles and identity. As the book shows, in their powerful and sensitive treatments of aging, rabbinic texts offer some of the richest and most audacious observations on aging in ancient world literature, many of which still resonate today.
Introduction
Authors: Balberg Mira , Weiss Haim
Published: June 2021

The introduction describes the book’s aims and methodological premises. It explains the book’s emphasis on cultural and literary representations of old age, and particularly its interest in biosocial aspects of aging. The introduction also highlights the authors’ preference for sources in which old age seems like a peripheral rather than central theme, arguing that in order to construct a complex and nuanced picture of aging as a cultural trope in rabbinic literature it is necessary to examine how old age is performed in the texts, rather than merely how it is officially talked about. The introduction further outlines the authors’ approach to rabbinic narrative art, and it provides a survey of key rabbinic notions and definitions of old age. It concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters.
Squawk to Them like Roosters
Authors: Balberg Mira , Weiss Haim
Published: June 2021

Chapter 2 examines aging in the context of parent-child relationships. This chapter closely examines one lengthy Talmudic unit (BT Qiddushin 30b–32a) whose overt topic is the duty to respect one’s parents and in which appears a series of stories that are all concerned with the reversal of power relations between generations and with the breaking of taboos that this reversal threatens to entail. The chapter traces several key motifs in the unit, such as the effect of aging on gender hierarchies, the theological dimension of relations with aged parents, and the reorganization of public and private spaces when old age is involved. It argues that each story propagates a behavioral norm and subverts it at the very same time, thereby divulging the rabbis’ uncertainty and consternation when it comes to the difficulties inherent to elderly parents’ gradual exit from the social order.
Toward Another View of Legal Negotiation: The Structure of Problem Solving
Authors: Menkel-Meadow Carrie
Published: June 2021

This article outlines a systematic approach to legal negotiation premised on the notion that agreements will be more effective when the parties conceive of their purposes as solving the problem or planning the transaction, rather than winning or gaining unilateral advantage. The creative problem-solving approach depends on two structural components: (1) identifying the parties’ underlying needs and objectives; and (2) crafting solutions, first by attempting to meet those needs directly, and second, by attempting to meet more of those needs through expanding the resources available. By utilizing such a framework for negotiations, the parties should recognize the synergistic advantage of such an approach over the adversarial and manipulative strategies of zero-sum negotiations. Parties should be able to achieve solutions to disputes that would not have been possible in court-ordered resolutions. Ultimately, by viewing legal negotiation as an opportunity to solve both the individual needs and problems of their clients, and the broader social needs and problems of the legal system, negotiators have an opportunity to transform an intimidating, mystifying process into one which will better serve the needs of those who require it.
Finding “Angels” for the Boat People
Authors: Stockhausen Ulrike Elisabeth
Published: June 2021

This chapter covers evangelical resettlement of Southeast Asian refugees from 1975 to the early 1980s. During this time, a number of evangelical organizations ran resettlement ministries and refugee service programs. This chapter describes the professionalization of evangelical refugee resettlement, including the founding of the first evangelical resettlement agency, World Relief Refugee Services. Evangelical volunteers and former missionaries to Vietnam played a significant role in running recreational and educational activities in the refugee resettlement camps in the mid-1970s. These “missionaries without a country” became an important resource for the Immigration and Naturalization Service, which relied on their interpreting and translating services. By differentiating between mainstream evangelical and progressive evangelical responses to the government’s appeal for evangelical sponsors, this chapter shows that evangelicals’ political stances on the US involvement in Vietnam fundamentally shaped their response to the refugees.
Thailand
Authors: Doner Richard F. , Noble Gregory W , Ravenhill John
Published: June 2021

Thailand is our primary case of successful extensive development. The impressive volume of Thai-based automotive assembly and vehicle and parts exports, the largest in the ASEAN region, reflects a highly efficient assembly base, dominated by foreign assemblers and component producers and driven largely by growth of capital stock rather than by indigenous productivity. This trajectory has been the result of deliberate policy interventions, such as automotive FDI incentives, excise taxes and tariffs designed to promote scale economies, and cluster-related infrastructure. These policies have been formulated and implemented by relatively cohesive institutional networks motivated by broader economic concerns, especially foreign exchange problems. Yet those same factors have not resulted in intensive growth: a manufacturing complex based at least in part on domestic firms producing parts and components, providing intermediate and capital goods, improving processes, and participating in product design.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Porat Ariel
Published: June 2021

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. Personalized law is a new paradigm of legal order, where uniform rules are replaced by commands that vary across people. Like other personalized schemes, personalized law would rely on algorithms that sort through Big Data to identify personal features relevant to the optimal design of personalized legal treatments. The chapter illustrates this novel regime by imagining a day in the life of a typical household. It then outlines the benefits, but also the challenges and problems of personalized law, and maps out how the book addresses them. Part I of the book examines the benefits of personalized law. Part II demonstrates personalized legal rules in a variety of areas. Part III addresses the problem of equality under the law. Part IV explores additional problems of coordination, manipulation, and the power of data in the hands of governments. The concluding chapter discusses the role of human lawmakers in personalized law.
Personalization and Distributive Justice
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Porat Ariel
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines how equality in the eyes of the law would survive if legal commands are personalized and result in different rules for different people. It argues that nothing in the framework of personalized law violates equality before the law. On the contrary, personalized treatment provides tools to distribute rights and burdens in a manner that conforms to egalitarian views and to notions of desert and need. If desert and need are determined by relevant attributes in a proportional manner, a just system should treat people differently. The chapter examines how personalized law, when designed to promote goals other than equality, could be bolstered (or constrained) by various notions of distributive justice. It recognizes that the use of Big Data and artificial intelligence could itself be a source of injustice, perpetuating historical biases. The chapter discusses ways to resolve this concern. Finally, it compares the deliberate differentiation of commands under personalized law with unintended forms of differential treatment pervasive under uniform laws. It concludes that the use of a multitude of relevant factors to personalize commands, derived from transparent statistical methods, offers novel opportunities to promote distributive justice goals under the law.
Elite Authenticity
Authors: Mapes Gwynne
Published: June 2021

Food plays a central role in the production of culture and is likewise a powerful resource for the representation and organization of social order. Status is thus asserted or contested through both the materiality of food (i.e. its substance, its raw economics, and its manufacture or preparation) and through its discursivity (i.e. its marketing, staging, and the way it is depicted and discussed). This intersection of materiality and discursivity makes food an ideal site for examining the place of language in contemporary class formations, and for engaging cutting-edge debates in sociolinguistics and elsewhere on “language materiality.” In Elite Authenticity, Gwynne Mapes integrates theories of mediatization, materiality, and authenticity in order to explore the discursive production of elite status and class inequality in food discourse. Relying on a range of methodological approaches, Mapes examines restaurant reviews and articles published in the New York Times food section; a collection of Instagram posts from ©nytfood; ethnographically informed fieldwork in four renowned Brooklyn, New York, restaurants; and a recorded dinner conversation with six food enthusiasts. Across these varied genres of data, she demonstrates how a discourse of “elite authenticity” represents a particular surfacing of rhetorical maneuvers in which distinction is orchestrated, avowed/disavowed, and circulated. Elite Authenticity takes a multimodal critical discourse analysis approach, drawing on theories from linguistics, food and cultural studies, anthropology, sociology, and philosophy. Its presentation and analysis of aural, visual, spatial, material, and embodied discourse will be of interest to scholars and students of communication studies, critical discourse studies, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and cultural geography.
Between Rough and Refined
Authors: Mapes Gwynne
Published: June 2021

In this chapter Mapes elaborates on the rhetorical strategies of historicity, simplicity, lowbrow appreciation, pioneer spirit, and locality/sustainability. She turns to a data set of 90 corresponding Instagram (@nytfood) posts, documenting the multimodal tactics by which food media writers and users perform a kind of acceptable or “palatable” eliteness. One such tactic is the framing of “rough” and “refined,” and the juxtaposition of various forms of supposedly low and highbrow cultural artifacts or practices. These tactics, in turn, help establish two interdependent strategies or rhetorics for manufacturing status in capitalist society: fetishism and condescension. She argues that these two processes support the production and maintenance of elite authenticity and class privilege.
Co-constructing the Fashionable Eater
Authors: Mapes Gwynne
Published: June 2021

This chapter, which focuses on 83 “throwback Thursday” (#tbt) posts from the @nytfood account, departs slightly from the discourse of elite authenticity. Instead, Mapes identifies three orders of elitist stancetaking which collectively paint the decades-old food trends pictured in the #tbt posts as derisible and inferior—in direct contrast with “progress”-oriented notions of sustainability or simplicity in contemporary food discourse. While much of this work is institutionally produced, @nytfood Instagram followers are also complicit in elitist stance acts. In their various comments, participants demonstrate how putatively inclusive, democratic digital platforms can be spaces of/for social hierarchy, and how the elitist performances of #tbt produce privileged standards of good taste and fashionable eating.
Mordecai Would Not Bow Down
Authors: Jackson Timothy P.
Published: June 2021

Paradoxically, no other subjects of modern inquiry are as likely to generate false consolation as the Holocaust and anti-Semitism. Even as we acknowledge the enormity of these twin evils and resolve not to forget or repeat them, we deem them opaque or purely irrational phenomena, thereby minimizing them. We are tempted to relativize the effects of the Shoah and general hatred of the Jews by pointing to the emergence of the state of Israel on earth, or to the redemption of the elect in heaven, as compensation. More dangerously still, we blind ourselves to the objective causes of the pervasive malice by denying that there are objective causes. I argue, in contrast, that every Jew interred in a Nazi death camp was a prisoner of conscience, even as every Jew murdered by the Nazis was a martyr. It was Jewish conscience and Jewish faith themselves that the Nazis loathed and wished to eliminate by degrading and finally destroying the Jewish people. The pantheistic naturalism at the core of National Socialism—a.k.a. survival of the fittest—inevitably conflicted with Jewish moral monotheism. To this day, the erotic mind does not relish being dependent upon and decentered by God’s righteousness. If we insist the Holocaust was pure insanity without any objective basis, we fail to appreciate its radical evil. If we blind ourselves to how Christian supersessionism made the genocide possible (if not inevitable), we make the Shoah more likely to be repeated. This is not to blame the victims but to name the victimizers: our instinctually prideful selves.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Timothy P.
Published: June 2021

A central and abiding motive for anti-Semitism, I maintain, is the same thing that moved Haman in the book of Esther to plot the genocide of the Jews and that got Jesus crucified by the Romans: the embodiment of an uncompromising allegiance to a righteous Deity who creates, judges, and cares for all people. Whereas the Mosaic God of the Burning Bush warmed and enlightened without consuming, Adolf Hitler eventually sought to make a conflagration of anyone and anything who gestured away from Aryan blood and toward universal Deity, especially the Jews and their ideal of holiness. As believers in moral monotheism, the Jews were considered base and polluted, hence to be burned away with a stunningly rational efficiency. This Holocaust I attribute to a range of causes, but particularly to “original sin”: the tendency of anxious human beings to try to elevate themselves by denigrating others who differ from them or who challenge their erotic instincts.
What Shapes Political Participation of the Poorest Citizens?
Authors: Boulding Carew , Holzner Claudio A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter presents the theoretical explanation that links core institutional features of democracy (political parties, competitive elections, civil society, and protection of democratic rights) to the political behavior of the poorest citizens. The focus is not only on those factors that boost the political activity of the poor, but those that have a disproportionately strong positive impact on poor people’s activism. The chapter argues that where civil society is strong, where political parties have the capacity and incentives to focus mobilization efforts on the poor, and where democratic institutions are strong, poor people will be able to participate at high levels.
Quality of Democracy
Authors: Boulding Carew , Holzner Claudio A.
Published: June 2021

Political participation is frequently taken as an indicator of how well a democracy is working. Chapter 7 considers the relationship in reverse: what impact does quality of democracy have on the ability of poor people to participate in politics? It argues that declines in the quality of democracy have a disproportionately negative effect on the capacity of poor citizens to participate in the political process. The erosion of political rights, attacks on associations, and the erosion of political competition create barriers to participation that are more difficult for low-resource actors to overcome. As a result, where democracy is in trouble, poor people often opt out of politics at higher rates than everyone else.
Implementation Systems and Processes
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

The key structure that will enable the change initiative, the action system, includes a change sponsor (typically an executive), a change champion to manage the process, support and involvement from the organization’s executive team, and employee involvement in problem-solving groups to implement the change. A change leadership team, with representatives of multiple levels and program areas, will provide overall guidance and review recommendations for change. Outside stakeholders such as board members, community members, or clients may be involved and can show support. Key implementation processes include action teams to analyze problems and propose solutions and tactics such as communication processes to keep staff informed about progress on activities, training staff regarding change skills, and providing opportunities for team building and conflict management. Action plans and timelines can be very useful for monitoring progress.
Institutionalization and Evaluation
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

When all changes have been approved and implemented, steps must be taken to create mechanisms that will institutionalize the changes, to ensure that they become part of the normal culture and operating systems of the organization. This will involve changes to policies and procedures and perhaps staff training. Job descriptions and performance appraisal systems may need to be modified to support the new systems. These processes should not be seen as static, but should be monitored and assessed for adjustments and continuous improvement. A good evaluation of a change process can be useful to show improvements to stakeholders, such as boards, policymakers, community members, funding organizations, and others. Having staff see vivid examples of the success of something that was probably very demanding of their time and maybe their psyches should give them some satisfaction as well as more optimism about their future in the organization.
Seeking the Roots of The Music Man
Authors: McHugh Dominic
Published: June 2021

While Meredith Willson is best remembered for his first musical The Music Man, he was fifty-five years old when it opened on Broadway in 1957. It is not generally known that he had already enjoyed a highly successful career before then, nor is the impact of his previous career on The Music Man fully understood. This chapter explores his activities as a performer in the John Sousa band and New York Philharmonic, as a radio conductor and host, as a Hollywood arranger and composer, as a pop song writer, as a novelist, music educator, and writer of memoirs, to show how the eclecticism of his musical taste and expertise led to his greatest work.
After The Music Man
Authors: McHugh Dominic
Published: June 2021

It was difficult for Willson to choose a follow-up to The Music Man because it was such a big hit. This chapter charts his struggles with his second musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown, including the problems with the show’s director, Dore Schary, which are revealed through newly uncovered production documents. The musical is based on the real life exploits of Molly Brown, who survived the sinking of the Titanic, and was a modest success upon its debut on Broadway. The chapter also briefly explores the 1964 MGM film adaptation starring Debbie Reynolds.
Introduction
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: June 2021

The introduction provides the historical and contemporary context of the book, going beyond merely a focus on religion, oil and monarchy. It also highlights how knowledge about Saudi Arabia is produced and disseminated. A theoretical section critically assesses the supposed ‘inevitability’ of repression as a prelude to reform and is followed by an explanation of the methodology and data used in the book.
The Sub-Nationals
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: June 2021

While populist nationalism seeks to homogenize the nation, the practices of the Saudi state have in fact led to exclusion, marginalization and repression of political, religious and social diversity. This chapter exposes the contradictions in the Saudi national narrative and its dangers. It examines the position of groups such as those without tribal heritage, the Shia and non-national residents.
Young and Restless
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: June 2021

The reforms in Saudi Arabia are allegedly aimed at responding to the aspirations of the country’s youth. But the same reforms that were supposed to include them have in fact led to the exile and repression of critical voices. The chapter examines the growing Saudi diaspora at a time when the regime pledges to empower the youth cohort. It also explains how the diaspora uses social media to organize its activism.
The Future
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: June 2021

In this concluding chapter, an initial summary of the book’s findings is followed by an exploration of the future of state-society relations in Saudi Arabia. Challenges linked to changes in global oil markets, the pressure of the coronavirus pandemic, and the continuous repression of dissenting voices are explored to examine possible future developments in the country.
The European Nations and Their Jihadis
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad
Published: June 2021

The comparative analysis of jihadis in different European countries is of major significance. Chapter 5 focuses on the ethnic and national origin of migrants and their sons in Europe, the political culture of the host European country, and the social and economic process of the integration of migrants’ progenies within each European country. In France, for instance, laïcité is a distinguishing feature compared to the rest of Europe. Likewise, English multiculturalism is a characteristic that affects immigrants in the UK differently from those in other countries. These differences in political culture among various countries may provide important information regarding the factors that led to jihadism. Still, the common denominator among disaffected youth in Europe was a strong sense of non-belonging among the European jihadis. IS was quick to exploit the enduring malaise of young Muslims, middle-class or disaffected, into a massive fascination through its promises of reconquered dignity, economic promotion, and the status of hero in the war against the Infidels.
Judaism’s Paradigmatic Third-Party Peacemaker
Authors: Roth Daniel
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the various legends of Aaron, the High Priest and older brother of Moses in the Bible, as the paradigmatic pursuer of peace in classical rabbinic literature. The chapter traces and defines Aaron’s identity and methods as a third-party peacemaker through exploring the foundational early-rabbinic texts that describe him as such, together with centuries of rabbinic commentaries on them which are often of equal significance in establishing normative precedent for Jews today. The first part of the chapter focuses on Aaron’s identity as the ideal peacemaker in Judaism, and the second part examines legends that tell of his peacemaking methods.
Introduction
Authors: Faiz Asma
Published: June 2021

This chapter provides the context for the study of Sindhi nationalism in Pakistan. It offers an overview of existing research on Sindh across various disciplines of the social sciences. The chapter identifies the key variables of analysis in the book including the policy agenda of the state in Pakistan and of ethnic entrepreneurs in Sindh, such as political parties and rights-based movements. It presents the structure of the book and lays out the key arguments that will be discussed in the following chapters. It also engages with academic debates on the institutional design of the state, especially ethnic federalism.
Objectivity
Authors: Wright Samuel
Published: June 2021

Chapter 2 stresses the connection between scholarly identity and intimacy in dialogue as it takes place between scholars. To explore this connection, it approaches the concept of novelty in a skeptical manner by arguing that Sanskrit logicians could and did purposely misrepresent the history of their discipline with the purpose of making their views appear novel, even if they were not. A superb example of this pertains to the debate about the ontological status of a type of relation called the objectivity relation (viṣayatā), which serves to link our cognitions to the objects of the world. A major outcome of this debate was the construction of a philosophical community around putatively novel positions—a process that displays an intimacy between scholars who accept a specific version of nyāya disciplinary history.
The Night Trains
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

The full physical and social cost of South Africa’s twentieth-century mining revolution, based on the exploitation of cheap, commoditised, black, migrant labour, has yet to be fully understood. The success of the system, which contributed to the evolution of the policies of spatial segregation and apartheid, depended, in large measure, on the physical distance between the labourer’s home and places of work being successfully bridged by steam locomotives and a rail network. These night trains left deep scars in the urban and rural cultures of black communities, whether in the form of popular songs or in a belief in nocturnal witches’ trains that captured and conveyed zombie workers to the region’s most unpopular places of employment. Through careful analysis of the contrasting inward- and outward-bound legs of the migrants’ rail journey, van Onselen shows how black bodies (and minds) were ‘recruited’, transported and worked in the repressive compound system—sometimes to the point of insanity—and then returned broken, deranged, disabled or maimed to their country of origin, Mozambique. It offers a startling new analysis of the commodification of African labour in an inter-colonial setting.
The Changing Economic Logic of the Eastern Main Line
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

The Eastern Main Line was conceived of, and meant to serve, white South African farmers, at a time when the Highveld was dominated by an agricultural economy. But when gold was discovered, the logic behind the railway system switched to serving an industrialising rather than an agricultural economy. This meant that the railway was never designed, or subsequently operated, as a system that catered for passengers, let alone African migrant mine workers. The chapter explains how discomfort and hardship were intrinsic to the system.
Mozambican Labour Regimes and the Eastern Main Line
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

The South African mining industry profited from the slave- and forced-labour regimes that preceded it in the adjacent Portuguese colony of Mozambique. Many of the earliest migrants were part of a labour force ‘recruited’ through coercion. Black Mozambicans later preferred to work as cheap, indentured migrant labourers rather than face working for no or low wages in their own country. The chapter explains how this helped underpin the illusion that black labour was somehow free, mobile and voluntary. But as southern Mozambique became progressively more underdeveloped economically, the need to coerce black labour became less necessary and the system was said to be operating on a wholly voluntary basis as part of an economy dominated by ‘market forces’.
Colonial Managerial Ideologies
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

Industrial capitalism everywhere tends to commodify labour as simply one more factor in production. In colonial situations, that process is exacerbated by racism. In such circumstances a paradox arose, the chapter explains. The mine owners wanted labour to be moved efficiently and swiftly in a drive for productivity, but the managers of the rail system saw African workers as mere commodities—as freight—which slowed down transport and reduced the efficiency of the system. The latter process can be tracked through the changing terminology applied to black migrant workers who, in reality, were passengers and not ‘human freight’.
The Up Passage
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

The logic of the system of oscillating migration—taken as a whole—is best exposed by outlining the contrasting mental, physical and material well-being of workers on the ‘up’ and ‘down’ legs of the round trip. The fact that workers on the ‘up’ train were locked into sealed compartments bore testimony to forced ‘recruitment’. Workers going to the mines were relatively fit in physical and mental terms but attracted little attention at stations along the way because they were penniless. This chapter describes how the journey ‘up’ into the Highveld was arduous, slow and physically demanding, but less dangerous than the down journey in terms of rail accidents.
Masculinity and Madness
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

Black workers, intent on maintaining a masculine identity, were housed in mine ‘compounds’ which, in terms of design and layout and the number of workers they accommodated, were more akin to prisons than mass male working-class housing. Sexual behaviour there often had more in common with that found in prisons than among the general working population. Underground, miners were exposed to the dreaded—often fatal—lung-lacerating disease of silicosis that led to other illnesses such as pneumonia or tuberculosis. Extreme mental and physical conditions contributed to the excessive use of alcohol and cannabis by miners which, in turn, contributed to mental illness. The ‘down’ trains, as the chapter explains, were provided with a special compartment for transporting mentally disturbed miners home.
Liberal States, Authoritarian Families
Authors: Koganzon Rita
Published: June 2021

How can liberals justify adult authority over children? Children are born requiring both subordination to adults and education to equip them for citizenship. These requirements are especially vexing for liberal democracies, for whom the exercise of authority is at odds with the natural liberty and equality of citizens. This difficulty has led some liberal theorists to appeal to the liberal state as a model for familial relations and reject parental authority. My book shows that this effort is misguided, and that early liberals understood parental authority as a necessary protection for children’s own future liberty. It was early modern absolutist theorists—Bodin, Filmer, and Hobbes—who sought congruence between the family and the state, arguing that absolute paternal authority was a salutary education for absolutism’s subjects. But early liberals like Locke and Rousseau opposed congruence. Even as they sought to restrict public authority and limit the formal power of parents, they nonetheless sought to strengthen their private authority over children. They saw that undermining traditional authorities would not issue straightforwardly in freedom but would instead elevate the authority of public opinion to new heights and subject citizens to a new tyranny of opinion. To counteract this threat, they buttressed the pedagogical authority of the family to protect children’s future intellectual liberty and defend liberal citizenship. Their educational writings reveal an important corrective insight for modern liberalism: authority is not only not the enemy of liberty, but actually a necessary prerequisite for it.
India's First Dictatorship
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Anil Pratinav
Published: June 2021

In June 1975 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency, resulting in a twenty-one-month suspension of democracy. Jaffrelot and Anil revisit the Emergency to re-evaluate characterisations of India as the ‘world’s largest democracy.’ They explore India’s first experiment with authoritarianism, which resulted in a constitutional dictatorship with an unequal impact across states. The impact was felt more strongly in the capital, its neighbouring states and in the Hindi belt than in states ruled by the opposition—the North East and South India. This was largely due to the resilience of federalism and local socio-political factors in these regions. India’s First Dictatorship focuses on Mrs Gandhi and her son, Sanjay, who was largely responsible for the mass sterilization programs and deportation of urban slum-dwellers. However, it equally exposes the facilitation of authoritarian rule by Congressmen, Communists, trade unions, businessmen and the urban middle class, as well as the complacency of the judiciary and media. While opposition leaders eventually ended up in jail, many of them—especially in the RSS—tried to collaborate with the new regime. Those who resisted the Emergency, in the media or on the streets, were far and few between. The Emergency accentuated India’s political culture, which is reflected in the current zeitgeist, as the illiberal aspects of Indian democracy yet again resurface with the rise of Hindu nationalist authoritarian populism. This episode was neither a parenthesis nor a turning point, but a style of rule that is very much alive today.
The Uneven Geography of Tyranny
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Anil Pratinav
Published: June 2021

This chapter analyses the asymmetrical impact of the central policies on states. Federal structure and geographical distance meant that the spatial reach of these policies was not uniform. The arbitrary powers of the Emergency were a stronger presence in the Hindi belt than in the South, and in the states ruled by the Congress than in the holdouts. This was due to various factors such as the strengths and weaknesses of local Congresses vis-à-vis the opposition and the party at the centre; the strategies of state elites and bureaucracies; electoral considerations; factional competition; lobby influence; and the solipsism of the regime in Delhi. These were all determinants in the spread of the geography of tyranny which, on the whole, resulted in the Emergency being felt more strongly in the capital, its neighbouring states, and the Hindi belt than in states ruled by the opposition—the North East and South India.
Entitlement’s Cruel Cousins
Authors: Anderson Kristin J.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 2, Entitlement’s Cruel Cousins, surveys the psychological correlates of entitlement. What attitudes coincide with entitlement that perpetuate inequality? For example, entitlement is associated with overconfidence and immodesty. Entitlement is also associated with individualism and the belief in the myth of meritocracy. From poverty to sexual assault, those who value individualism and meritocracy tend to see bad things happening to people as their own fault. Entitlement is linked to narcissism as well. Finally, entitlement is also correlated with dangerous worldviews such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation—both of which are necessary to examine given trends toward increased authoritarian political tactics in the United States and globally.