bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase change material as a heat sink for solar photovoltaic: A numerical study on the thermo‐physical properties and thickness effects under actual weather conditions
Authors: Sharma Deepak Kumar , Bhale Purnanand V. , Rathod Manish K.
Published: November 2023

This numerical study examines the thermal performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) with phase change material (PCM) as a heat sink under real ambient conditions. A mathematical model is developed to assess the comparability between PV and PV with PCM in a one‐dimensional unsteady state condition. The influence of PCM properties such as density, thermal conductivity, melting point temperature, and latent heat on the thermal performance of PV module is analyzed. The impact of altering PCM layer thickness is also explored. Results show that the PV‐PCM system can keep a nominal operating temperature for a longer duration of energy generation, which enhances the efficiency and lifespan of the PV module. The peak solar cell temperature for conventional PV without PCM is 81.8°C at 12.15 pm, while for PV with PCM, it is 74.8°C at 12.40 pm, indicating a reduction of 6.9°C or 9.3%. The deviation of maximum temperature between standard PV and PV‐PCM systems is 24.8°C or 35% diminished temperature, achieved at 10 am.
Exploring infant and young child‐feeding practices among mothers of well‐nourished children in northern Ghana: An INPreP substudy
Authors: Dambayi Edith , Nakua Emmanuel , Aborigo Raymond A. , Chatio Samuel T. , Dalaba Maxwell A. , Sekwo Enos , Adoctor James K. , Ofosu Winfred , Oduro Abraham R. , Nonterah Engelbert A. ,   the INPreP Study Team
Published: November 2023

This study investigated infant and young child‐feeding (IYCF) practices among mothers of well‐nourished children in northern Ghana. This was a qualitative study where in‐depth individual interviews were conducted with participants. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and QSR Nvivo software version 11 was used to organize the data before thematic analysis. It was observed that mothers of well‐nourished children were likely to adhere to breastfeeding guidelines and also practice appropriate complementary feeding. Furthermore, these mothers mostly had some form of support from their husbands and mother‐in‐laws in feeding their infants. While adoption and adherence to appropriate IYCF practices contribute to improved nutrition outcomes in children, social support systems are needed to sustain the practice.
Biomedical Big Data Technologies, Applications, and Challenges for Precision Medicine: A Review
Authors: Yang Xue , Huang Kexin , Yang Dewei , Zhao Weiling , Zhou Xiaobo
Published: November 2023

The explosive growth of biomedical Big Data presents both significant opportunities and challenges in the realm of knowledge discovery and translational applications within precision medicine. Efficient management, analysis, and interpretation of big data can pave the way for groundbreaking advancements in precision medicine. However, the unprecedented strides in the automated collection of large‐scale molecular and clinical data have also introduced formidable challenges in terms of data analysis and interpretation, necessitating the development of novel computational approaches. Some potential challenges include the curse of dimensionality, data heterogeneity, missing data, class imbalance, and scalability issues. This overview article focuses on the recent progress and breakthroughs in the application of big data within precision medicine. Key aspects are summarized, including content, data sources, technologies, tools, challenges, and existing gaps. Nine fields—Datawarehouse and data management, electronic medical record, biomedical imaging informatics, Artificial intelligence‐aided surgical design and surgery optimization, omics data, health monitoring data, knowledge graph, public health informatics, and security and privacy—are discussed.
Development of Photoredox‐Assisted Direct α‐Alkylation Reactions of Ketones with Arylalkenes Using a Catalytic Amount of LiOtBu as a Brønsted Base
Authors: Hirata Tsubasa , Hisada Tomoya , Ogasawara Yoshihiro , Kobayashi Shū , Yamashita Yasuhiro
Published: November 2023

Photoinduced direct α‐alkylation reactions of ketones with arylalkenes using an organophotocatalyst and a Brønsted base were developed. It was found that the choice of both Brønsted base and photocatalyst was crucial, and in the presence of catalytic amounts of 2,4,6‐tris(diphenylamino)‐3,5‐difluorobenzonitrile (3DPA2FBN) and LiOtBu, the desired reactions of ketones with styrene analogues proceeded smoothly under blue‐LED light irradiation to afford the products in moderate to high yields. This method constitutes an atom‐economical alkylation process for α‐functionalization of both cyclic and acyclic ketones.
Surface latent and sensible heat trigger flash drought events in India
Authors: Das Jew , Das Subhadarsini , Umamahesh N. V.
Published: November 2023

The flash drought has gained widespread attention as a result of its rapid onset with severe impacts. However, a comprehensive assessment of different flash droughts based on various modulators is not carried out over India to date. Here, we attempt to answer the following research questions, (i) What is the status of different flash drought events due to soil moisture percentile drop (SMPD), standardized evaporative stress ratio (SESR), heat‐wave‐driven (HWD) and precipitation‐deficit‐driven (PDD) in India? (ii) How are these flash droughts distributed across India concerning occurrences, areal coverage, and persistence? (iii) What are the dominant factors that trigger different types of flash droughts? Lindeman, Merenda and Gold (LMG) method is used to examine the dominant factor. We find that PDD flash drought is noticed for the maximum time during 1959–2020. The SMPD flash drought occurrence is observed over northern parts of India. Mostly, Rabi and Zaid seasons experience the incidence of SMPD, SESR, and PDD flash drought conditions. However, HWD flash drought in more than 50% of the states is prominent in the Kharif season. The areal coverage shows a decreasing trend in the cases of SMPD, SESR, and PDD flash drought events. However, HWD flash drought condition has shown an increasing trend. The maximum percentage of SMPD and SESR flash drought events persisted for three to six pentads and five to eight pentads after the onset, respectively. For HWD and PDD flash droughts, most of the events last only for one to two pentads. The sensible heat flux and latent heat flux are responsible for triggering the flash drought events over most of parts in India.
Resolvin D1 promotes the resolution of inflammation in the ACLF rat model by increasing the proportion of Treg cells
Authors: Chen Linjun , Huang Yixuan , Chen Yizhen , Chen Jiaxuan , You Xueye , Zou Laiyu , Chen Jiabing , Chen Zhixin , Wang Xiaozhong , Huang Yuehong
Published: November 2023

Objective

Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) causes organ system failures in patients and increases the risk of mortality. One of the main predictors of ACLF development in patients is the severity of systemic inflammation. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of resolvin D1 (RvD1) on the rat model of ACLF.

Methods

The ACLF rats were induced by first intraperitoneally (ip) injecting CCl4 and porcine serum for 6 weeks to establish the chronic liver injury, followed by once administration (ip) of lipopolysaccharide and
d‐galactose
d‐GalN to cause acute liver injury (ALI). An hour before the ALI‐induced treatment, rats were administrated (ip) with 0.9% saline or different doses of RvD1 (0.3 or 1 µg/kg). Afterward, the control and treated rats were killed and samples were collected. Biochemical analysis, hematoxylin‐eosin and Sirius red staining, flow cytometry assay, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the rat liver histopathological injury, the percentage of Treg cells in the spleen, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of transcription factors and immunologic cytokines in liver.

Results

The necroinflammatory scores and the serum levels of transaminase significantly increased in ACLF rats compared with those in control rats. These impaired changes observed in ACLF rats could be attenuated by the administration of a low dose of RvD1 before the induction of ALI, which was associated with the increased proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the spleen together with the increased gene expression ratio of Foxp3/RORγt and decreased mRNA level of Il‐17a and Il‐6 in the liver.

Conclusion

A low dose of RvD1 can promote the resolution of inflammation in ACLF rats by increasing the proportion of Treg cells. RvD1, therefore, may be used as a potential drug for the treatment of patients with ACLF.
A new, simplified, drying protocol to prepare tardigrades for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Camarda Daniele , Massa Edoardo , Guidetti Roberto , Lisi Oscar
Published: November 2023

A new protocol for preparation of tardigrades for scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis is proposed. The more conventional protocols require various steps and a long time to obtain good drying of water bears, together with specific and uncommon instruments (i.e., critical point dryer) or highly volatile toxic compounds (i.e., hexametildisilazane). The new protocol can be performed using few and simple instruments and materials, all easily accessible, and produces a high yield in terms of dried animals in excellent condition for the observation of external morphological structures with SEM. The acquired data exhibit considerable promise, and the proposed methodology shows potential for application to other meiofaunal groups, including small arthropods, nematodes, and rotifers.

Research Highlights

Cheap, safe, and fast new method for Tardigrada preparation for SEM.

With the new protocol, the number of animals required for SEM studies is minimized.

New protocol is potentially applicable to the study of other meiofaunal soft‐bodied taxa.
Unveiling the immunogenomic landscape of cholangiocarcinoma: Identifying new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets based on CCL5 expression
Authors: Wang Jing , Xiang Dan , Dai Zhe , Zhu Jialong , Du Yuanyang , Fu Gongbo , Chu Xiaoyuan
Published: November 2023

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) stands as an aggressive malignancy of the biliary tract. The interplay between the tumor and immune system plays a pivotal role in disease progression and treatment outcomes. Hence, the present study aimed to extensively explore the immunogenomic landscape of CCA, with the objective of unveiling unique molecular and immunological signatures that could guide personalized therapeutic approaches.

Methods

The study collected data from The Cancer Genome Atlas databases, performed gene set variation analysis for the chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) high/low expression group, conducted principal component analysis, gene set enrichment analysis enrichment and mutation pattern analysis, generated a heatmap, and performed cox regression analysis.

Results

The two discrete subpopulations were found to exhibit contrasting mutational and immunogenomic characteristics, emphasizing the heterogeneity of CCA. These subsets also showed pronounced discrepancies in the infiltration of immune cells, indicating diverse interactions with the tumor immune microenvironment. Furthermore, the dissimilarities in mutational patterns were observed within the two CCA subgroups, with PBRM1 and BAP1 emerging as the most frequently mutated genes. In addition, a prognostic framework was formulated and validated utilizing the expression profiles of COX16 and RSAD2 genes, effectively segregating patients into high‐risk and low‐risk cohorts. Furthermore, the connections between immune‐related parameters and these risk groups were identified, underscoring the potential significance of the immune microenvironment in patient prognosis. In vitro experiments have shown that COX16 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of CCA cells, whereas RSAD2 inhibits it.

Conclusions

The present study provides an intricate depiction of the immunogenomic landscape of CCA based on CCL5 expression, thereby paving the way for novel immunotherapy strategies and prognostic assessment.
Pharmacogenomic evaluation of CYP2C19 alleles linking low clopidogrel response and the risk of acute coronary syndrome in Indians
Authors: Bhat Keshavamurthy Ganapathy , Pillai Ratheesh Kumar Janardhana , Lodhi Heemanshu , Guleria Vivek Singh , Abbot Anil Kumar , Gupta Love , Rastogi Garima , Sharma Anuka , Mohammed Zafar , Sharma Varun
Published: November 2023

Background

Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug widely prescribed to prevent atherothrombotic events in coronary artery disease patients. However, there is evidence to suggest that the effectiveness of clopidogrel varies owing to genetic diversity in CYP2C19. This heterogeneity in South Asians, who are also known to have high risk of cardiac events than other population groups, highlights the importance of investigating CYP2C19 variants to estimate the risk proportion in the groups.

Methods

Given the high prevalence and genetic heterogeneity, the population‐based case control was conducted in a cohort of 1191 subjects comprising 645 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cases (unstable angina, ST‐elevation myocardial infarction, and non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction) and 546 healthy controls of South Asian Indian origin. The metabolization status of CYP2C19 was assessed using *2, *3 and *17 variants in the stated cohorts to determine the prevalence of metabolization and its association with phenotypes.

Results

The results suggest a possible genetic association between studied CYP2C19 polymorphisms and ACS, since there was a higher proportion of intermediate and poor metabolizers present in the studied cohorts. The association analyses revealed that the *2 allele of CYP2C19 confers a significant risk for ACS, while the *17 allele provides protection.

Conclusions

These findings contribute to the understanding of CYP2C19 genetic variants and their impact on clopidogrel response in South Asian Indians. Additionally, they underline the significance of assessing CYP2C19 variations in patients receiving clopidogrel therapy in order to improve therapeutic outcomes.
Induced subgraphs and tree decompositions V. one neighbor in a hole
Authors: Abrishami Tara , Alecu Bogdan , Chudnovsky Maria , Hajebi Sepehr , Spirkl Sophie , Vušković Kristina
Published: November 2023

What are the unavoidable induced subgraphs of graphs with large treewidth? It is well‐known that the answer must include a complete graph, a complete bipartite graph, all subdivisions of a wall and line graphs of all subdivisions of a wall (we refer to these graphs as the “basic treewidth obstructions”). So it is natural to ask whether graphs excluding the basic treewidth obstructions as induced subgraphs have bounded treewidth. Sintiari and Trotignon answered this question in the negative. Their counterexamples, the so‐called “layered wheels,” contain wheels, where a wheel consists of a hole (i.e., an induced cycle of length at least four) along with a vertex with at least three neighbors in the hole. This leads one to ask whether graphs excluding wheels and the basic treewidth obstructions as induced subgraphs have bounded treewidth. This also turns out to be false due to Davies' recent example of graphs with large treewidth, no wheels and no basic treewidth obstructions as induced subgraphs. However, in Davies' example there exist holes and vertices (outside of the hole) with two neighbors in them. Here we prove that a hole with a vertex with at least two neighbors in it is inevitable in graphs with large treewidth and no basic obstruction. Our main result is that graphs in which every vertex has at most one neighbor in every hole (that does not contain it) and with the basic treewidth obstructions excluded as induced subgraphs have bounded treewidth.
Giving coins for free: Does digital outsourcing of technical and advisory support influence the success of initial coin offerings (ICOs)?
Authors: Pierrakis Yannis , Bhimireddy Nishanth
Published: November 2023

Initial coin offerings (ICOs) have emerged as a novel mechanism for financing entrepreneurial ventures. This relatively new application of blockchain technology allows a venture to raise money directly from the crowd by creating and selling its own coin or utility token in exchange for future use of this coin to purchase the services and products the venture is aiming to create. During the ICO ventures often use digital technologies to outsource services and build social capital. Despite the explosive growth of ICOs, little is known about the impact of these outsourcing strategies on the ICOs fundraising outcome. This paper presents explanatory research to better understand the role and potential impact of ICO strategies in outsourcing technical and advisory services by offering coins for free. More particularly, using data from 2081 ventures that sought to raise an ICO over the period 2016–2018, we examined the extent to which ventures can influence the likelihood of ICO success by adopting strategies aimed at outsourcing services and building social capital, namely by providing free coins to outsource expertise and by adapting social media campaigns. Findings suggest that although the use of professional social media platforms is associated with both ICO success and a higher level of fundraising, over‐generous outsourcing strategies had a negative impact on the ICO's likelihood to succeed.
A novel anthocyanin indicator film with rosmarinic acid copigmentation having enhanced stability and pH indicator ability for monitoring pork freshness
Authors: Lu Min , Cai Ying , Chen Xiaoe , Wang Yangguang , Yuan Gaofeng
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

Anthocyanin‐based pH‐sensing films have been widely fabricated for potential application in monitoring food freshness. However, the color fading of anthocyanins limits their application for the food industry due to their low stability. In addition, the color sensitivity and pH indicator ability of anthocyanin‐based films currently available are not satisfied and need to be improved.

RESULTS

Chitosan/xanthan gum (CX)‐based colorimetric films with addition of purple cabbage anthocyanin (PAN) and different amounts of rosmarinic acid (RA) were fabricated. RA copigmentation in chitosan/xanthan gum–purple cabbage anthocyanin–rosmarinic acid (CX‐P‐RA) films significantly improved the stability and pH response sensitivity of PAN, and the combined copigmentation of RA and xanthan gum exhibited an additive effect. The addition of RA significantly improved the tensile strength and elongation at break, thermal stability, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of CX‐P‐RA films. Moreover, addition of RA enhanced the pH sensitivity and colorimetry of CX‐P‐RA films, which exhibited a good response to different pH values. CX‐P‐RA2 film was tested to monitor the freshness of pork. It showed visible color changes during the storage of pork. In addition, the ∆E of CX‐P‐RA2 film was highly correlated with changes in total volatile basic nitrogen in pork (R2 = 0.951).

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that CX‐P‐RA2 film can be used as a pH‐sensing indicator with good stability and high sensitivity for real‐time monitoring of pork freshness. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Higher temperature, increased CO2, and changing nutrient ratios alter the carbon metabolism and induce oxidative stress in a cosmopolitan diatom
Authors: Moreno Hugo Duarte , Rokitta Sebastian , Tremblay Nelly , Boersma Maarten , Groß Elisabeth , Klip Helena C. L. , Wiltshire Karen H. , Meunier Cédric L.
Published: November 2023

Phytoplankton are responsible for about 90% of the oceanic primary production, largely supporting marine food webs, and actively contributing to the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. Yet, increasing temperature and pCO2, along with higher dissolved nitrogen: phosphorus ratios in coastal waters are likely to impact phytoplankton physiology, especially in terms of photosynthetic rate, respiration, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production. Here, we conducted a full‐factorial experiment to identify the individual and combined effects of temperature, pCO2, and N : P ratio on the antioxidant capacity and carbon metabolism of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Our results demonstrate that, among these three drivers, temperature is the most influential factor on the physiology of this species, with warming causing oxidative stress and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate was higher under warmer conditions and higher pCO2, and, together with a lower dark respiration rate and higher DOC exudation, generated cells with lower carbon content. An enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake and an overall stimulated microbial loop benefiting from higher DOC exudation are potential longer‐term consequences of rising temperatures, elevated pCO2 as well as shifted dissolved N : P ratios.
Decellularized diseased tissues: current state‐of‐the‐art and future directions
Authors: Li Xiang , Shan Jianyang , Chen Xin , Cui Haomin , Wen Gen , Yu Yaling
Published: November 2023

Decellularized matrices derived from diseased tissues/organs have evolved in the most recent years, providing novel research perspectives for understanding disease occurrence and progression and providing accurate pseudo models for developing new disease treatments. Although decellularized matrix maintaining the native composition, ultrastructure, and biomechanical characteristics of extracellular matrix (ECM), alongside intact and perfusable vascular compartments, facilitates the construction of bioengineered organ explants in vitro and promotes angiogenesis and tissue/organ regeneration in vivo, the availability of healthy tissues and organs for the preparation of decellularized ECM materials is limited. In this paper, we review the research advancements in decellularized diseased matrices. Considering that current research focuses on the matrices derived from cancers and fibrotic organs (mainly fibrotic kidney, lungs, and liver), the pathological characterizations and the applications of these diseased matrices are mainly discussed. Additionally, a contrastive analysis between the decellularized diseased matrices and decellularized healthy matrices, along with the development in vitro 3D models, is discussed in this paper. And last, we have provided the challenges and future directions in this review. Deep and comprehensive research on decellularized diseased tissues and organs will promote in‐depth exploration of source materials in tissue engineering field, thus providing new ideas for clinical transformation.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist regulates fat browning by altering the gut microbiota and ceramide metabolism
Authors: Lin Ke , Dong Chunyan , Zhao Binyan , Zhou Bailing , Yang Li
Published: November 2023

Studies have shown that antidiabetic drugs can alter the gut microbiota. The hypoglycemic effects of the drugs can be attributed in part to certain species in the gut microbiome that help the drugs work more effectively. In addition, increasing energy expenditure via the induction of adipose tissue browning has become an appealing strategy to treat obesity and associated metabolic complications. Currently, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1 RA) treatment for metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes has been widely studied. To determine the mechanism of a long‐acting GLP‐1 RA affects adipose tissue browning and the gut microbiome, we treated high‐fat diet mice with GLP‐1 RA and demonstrated that the drug can regulate adipose tissue browning. 16S rRNA and untargeted metabolomics assays suggested that it increased the abundance of bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri and decreased serum ceramide levels in mice. L. reuteri was negatively correlated with ceramide. We found that the mechanism of ceramide decline was alkaline ceramidase 2 (Acer2) overexpression. Moreover, L. reuteri can play a therapeutic synergistic role with GLP‐1 RA, suggesting that gut microbiota can be used as a part of the treatment of diabetes.
Functional Tic‐Like Behaviors: A Common Comorbidity in Patients with Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Müller‐Vahl Kirsten R. , Pisarenko Anna , Fremer Carolin , Haas Martina , Jakubovski Ewgeni , Szejko Natalia
Published: November 2023

Background

Comorbid functional tic‐like behaviors (FTB) have been described only rarely in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS).

Objectives

We present the first large sample of patients suffering from TS and FTB to raise awareness of this clinical presentation and to guide how to differentiate one from the other.

Methods

We analyzed clinical data of 71 patients (n = 27 [38.0%] female, mean age: 21.5, range: 11–55) with TS + FTB.

Results

In the majority of patients, FTB started abruptly on average 15 years after tic onset with “treatment‐resistant” complex movements and (“coprophenomena‐like”) vocalizations preceded by timely related psychological stressors. Psychological evaluation revealed evidence for internal conflicts (79%), emotional dysregulation (56%), and maintaining factors (70%). About one third of patients had a positive history for further medically unexplained symptoms. Compared to a large TS sample (n = 1032), patients with TS + FTB were more likely to be female, and presented significantly more common with “coprophenomena‐like” symptoms, atypical influential factors, atypical descriptions of premonitory sensations, and higher rates of comorbid obsessive‐compulsive disorder and “self‐injurious” behavior.

Conclusions

Based on our data it can be assumed that FTB is a common comorbidity in TS, similar to functional overlay in other movement disorders and epilepsy. Before classifying a patient as suffering from treatment‐resistant TS, FTB should be ruled out.
Microwave meta‐absorber by using Smith Chart
Authors: Wu Song , Zhang Yihang , Zhang Jinye , Xu Peng
Published: November 2023

As a representative technique in electronics, the Smith Chart provides a fast, less‐computation, and graphical approach to solve the problems related to impedance matching. In this paper, we transplanted the Smith Chart into the design and analysis of a microwave metamaterial absorber (meta‐absorber) to develop an analytical and graphical approach for impedance matching of electromagnetic wave absorption. Before the structural design, four traces on the Smith Chart plane from the load to arrive at the impedance matching point (the center of the Smith Chart) can be graphically found to obtain perfect absorption. Then, we have designed four impedance matching circuit networks made of resistance, inductance, and capacitive elements and transmission lines to fit the four traces. Then, the matching circuits are mapped into the meta‐absorber structure by using three types of proposed layers. The full simulation method based on the finite element method is used to verify the proposed concept. Furthermore, an external dielectric loading strategy has been developed to achieve good angular stability up to 60° for the radar cross section reduction under transverse electric and transverse mangetic polarization incidence. The proposed method may provide a convenient way for various microwave devices, such as antennas.
A hybrid genetic algorithm for the Hamiltonian p‐median problem
Authors: He Pengfei , Hao Jin‐Kao , Wu Qinghua
Published: November 2023

The Hamiltonian p‐median problem consists of finding p( is given) non‐intersecting Hamiltonian cycles in a complete edge‐weighted graph such that each cycle visits at least three vertices and each vertex belongs to exactly one cycle, while minimizing the total cost of pcycles. In this work, we present an effective and scalable hybrid genetic algorithm to solve this computationally challenging problem. The algorithm combines an edge‐assembly crossover to generate promising offspring solutions from high‐quality parents, and a multiple neighborhood local search to improve each offspring solution. To promote population diversity, the algorithm applies a mutation operator to the offspring solutions and a quality‐and‐distance update strategy to manage the population. We compare the method to the best reference algorithms in the literature based on three sets of 145 popular benchmark instances (with up to 318 vertices), and report improved best upper bounds for eight instances. To evaluate the scalability of the method, we perform experiments on a new set of 70 large instances (with up to 1060 vertices). We examine the contributions of key components of the algorithm.
Designing a 3D structure and a self‐healing technique for advanced polymer composites with outstanding mechanical properties and healing ability
Authors: Yuan Li , Pan Tian , Liang Guozheng , Gu Aijuan
Published: November 2023

We designed three‐dimensional (3D) structures through a combination of glass fiber cloth and in situ formation of nano polyphenylene oxide (PPE) fibers during the fabrication process of thermosetting cyanate ester/bismaleimide composites and developed a self‐stitching technique based on PPE fiber and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) for aiding the crack self‐healing. The building of 3D structure effectively improves the interface interaction between fiber and matrix and suppresses the crack propagation process in composite, leading to significant enhancement in the mechanical properties. When PPE content is 20%, the interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and tensile strength of the resulting composite are 98%, 74%, 95%, and 101% higher than those of the composite without PPE. The resulting composites possess excellent thermomechanical and lower dielectric properties. Because IPNs within composites can create interspaces and easily deform above glass‐transition temperature, PPE components may penetrate through the interspaces under thermal expansion force, and the contraction stresses of polymers generate strong locking effects in composite after cooling to room temperature, then the crack surfaces of composites can be stitched by PPE fibers, significantly recovering the mechanical properties. The healing efficiency of the composite with 30% PPE after impact and then heating at approximately 280°C can reach 96%.

Highlights

3D structures were constructed during the fabrication process of glass‐fiber‐reinforced thermosetting cyanate ester/bismaleimide composite.

A self‐stitching technique was developed for aiding the crack self‐healing of composite.

3D structures significantly improved the interface interaction between fiber and matrix in laminated composite.

The mechanical properties of the resulting composite could be significantly improved by 3D structures.

The healing efficiency of the healed composite could reach 96%.
Hydrogen‐rich solvent method in phytochemical extraction: Potential mechanisms and perspectives
Authors: Alwazeer Duried
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Phytochemicals are used in many products, including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The extraction of phytochemicals is considered one of the best solutions to valorize these underestimated materials. Many methods have been developed to efficiently extract phytochemicals at high quality, high purity, and low costs without harming the environment. Recently, molecular hydrogen (H2) has shown its ability to improve the extraction of phytochemicals from plant materials. Due to its unique physicochemical and biological properties, H2 showed an efficient ability to extract phenolics and antioxidants at high yields with cost‐effective potential. Without sophisticated equipment and high energy and solvent consumption, the hydrogen extraction method is a green and applicable alternative for the extraction of phytochemicals.

Objectives

This review aims to provide the latest knowledge and results concerning the studies on using hydrogen‐rich solvents to extract phytochemicals from different agri‐food wastes, by‐products, and other plant materials.

Materials and Methods

Recent literature relating to extracting phytochemicals by the hydrogen‐rich solvent method and its potential mechanisms is summarized to provide a basic understanding of how hydrogen can improve the extraction of phytochemicals.

Results

This review describes, for the first time, the practical procedure of how researchers and laboratories can apply the hydrogen extraction method under safe conditions at a low‐budget scale. The review provides some examples of the hydrogen extraction method and the mechanisms and rationale behind its effectiveness.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that the hydrogen‐rich solvent method is a green and cost‐effective method for extracting phytochemicals from different plant materials.
Poly(lactic acid) synthesized from non‐food biomass feedstocks with tin‐loaded ZA molecular sieve catalysts by direct melt polycondensation
Authors: Gao Chengtao , Wang Yanwen , Yang Yunlong , Qin Shuhao
Published: November 2023

The design and synthesis of catalysts loaded with active components has attracted considerable attention in current research owing to their exceptional catalytic performance. In this study, the focus was on the utilization of tin‐loaded ZA molecular sieves, possessing remarkable adsorption properties, alongside the catalytic activity of tin. These catalysts were successfully prepared and employed for the synthesis of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from lactic acid derived from non‐food biomass. By modifying the treatment of ZA molecular sieves, the properties of tin‐loaded ZA molecular sieves were adjusted. The resulting catalysts exhibited a high tin capacity ranging from 2.29% to 2.81% and featured abundant mesoporous structures, providing a surface area of up to 341.2 m2 g−1. Regarding the preparation of PLA, our findings demonstrated that ZA‐III‐Sn2+ as a catalyst yielded PLA with a higher weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) up to 2.57 × 104 g mol−1 and a higher yield of 65.3% compared to other catalysts. Moreover, the most optimal catalytic effect was achieved by adding the catalyst in three separate stages. Moreover, the amount of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time were found to influence both the molecular weight and yield of PLA. This study not only provides a valuable strategy for the preparation of loaded catalysts for PLA production but also offers new insights into the overall preparation process of PLA. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Key and emerging themes in gene editing: A lexicometric analysis of publications in the biological sciences (1990–2022)
Authors: Meyer Morgan , Vergnaud Frédéric
Published: November 2023

Societal Impact Statement

Various techniques to modify genomes have been developed over the past decades, from molecular cloning to gene editing techniques. What are their applications? What are the key themes discussed by scientists? To answer these questions, we provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 14,739 scientific articles published between 1990 to 2022 showing that some themes are constant over time, such as the molecular aspects of genetics and discussions about data and software, while other themes emerged more recently. For example, CRISPR/Cas9 became prominent from 2012 onwards, and applications in agriculture and policy/regulatory implications from 2015 onwards. This mixed method opens up new spaces for dialogue between the natural and social sciences and captures the shifting boundaries of science.

The article analyzes publications in the biological sciences concerned with genetic engineering, in particular gene editing, between 1990 and 2022 to examine key and emerging themes.

It provides a lexicometric analysis of 14,739 articles, which were subdivided into four periods (1990–2011, 2012–2015, 2016–2018, and 2019–2022).

We show that certain themes are constant over time, such as the molecular aspects of genetic engineering techniques and discussions about data and software. Other themes, however, have emerged at specific moments in time: CRISPR/Cas9 became prominent from 2012 onwards and applications in agriculture and policy and regulatory implications from 2015 onwards. We observe, in particular, a semantic shift from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to crops.

The article contributes to debates about the boundaries of science by shedding light on the temporal dynamics of boundary‐work and by showing how the frames of scientific debates can shift to account for the political aspects of science. We conclude that the dialogue between the natural and social sciences can be strengthened by showing that apart from scientometric approaches, there are other methods to analyze “what counts” in science.
Exploring the molecular mechanism of cold‐adaption of an alkaline protease mutant by molecular dynamics simulations and residue interaction network
Authors: Huang Ailan , Lu Fuping , Liu Fufeng
Published: November 2023

Psychrophilic proteases have attracted enormous attention in past decades, due to their high catalytic activity at low temperatures in a wide range of industrial processes, especially in the detergent and leather industries. Among them, H5 is an alkaline protease mutant, which featuring psychrophilic‐like behavior, but the reasons that H5 with higher activity at low temperatures are still poorly understood. Herein, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with residue interaction network (RIN) were utilized to investigate the mechanisms of the cold‐adaption of mutant H5. The results demonstrated that two loops involved in the substrate binding G100‐S104 and S125‐S129 in H5 had higher mobility, and the distance enlargement between the two loops modulated the substrate's accessibility compared with wild type counterpart. Besides, H5 enhanced conformational flexibility by weakening salt bridges and increasing interaction with the solvent. In particular, the absence of Lys251–Asp197–Arg247 salt bridge network may contribute to the structural mobility. Based on the free energy landscape and molecular mechanics Poisson−Boltzmann surface area of the wild type and H5, it was elucidated that H5 possessed a large population of interconvertible conformations, resulting in the weaker substrate binding free energy. The calculated RIN topology parameters such as the average degree, average cluster coefficient, and average path length further verified that the mutant H5 attenuated residue‐to‐residue interactions. The investigation of the mechanisms by which how the residue mutation affects the stability and activity of enzymes provides a theoretical basis for the development of cold‐adapted protease.
Reverse Blocking Enhancement‐Mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with Hybrid p‐GaN Ohmic Drain on the Si Substrates
Authors: Zhao Yaopeng , Ren Dong , Luo Pan , Wang Chong , Yang Lei , Wen Haibing , Liu Kai , Li Ang
Published: November 2023

Hybrid p‐GaN Ohmic drain reverse blocking high electron mobility transistors (RB‐HEMTs) and conventional p‐GaN Enhancement‐mode (E‐mode) HEMTs are designed and fabricated on the Si substrates. Compared with the conventional p‐GaN HEMT, the RB‐HEMT can achieve great reverse blocking capability. The forward and reverse blocking voltages of the RB‐HEMT are 1116 V and 1056 V and the turn‐on voltage of the device is 1.07 V. When the temperature rises from 25 °C to 150 °C, the turn‐on voltage of the RB‐HEMT increases from 1.07V to 1.10 V, and the Vth increases from 1.97V to 2.07 V. The difference in turn‐on voltage and threshold voltage is mainly due to the different metals in contact between the gate and drain electrodes and p‐GaN. The reverse leakage current of the RB‐HEMT is 1.16 × 10−1 mA mm−1 when the temperature is 150 °C, which still keep good reverse blocking ability at high temperatures.
The impact of Indian radar and lightning data assimilation on the short‐range forecasts of heavy rainfall events
Authors: Hari Prasad K. B. R. R. , Prasad V. S. , Sateesh M. , Amar Jyothi K.
Published: November 2023

The accurate prediction of high‐impact weather systems using cloud‐resolving models is still a challenge among researchers. This study evaluates the consistency of the combination of the three‐dimensional variational technique within the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation assimilation system (GSI‐3DVAR) and nudging in the same modelling system on short‐range forecasts of three heavy rainfall events from the southwest monsoon season of 2021 over the Indian subcontinent. Three experiments have been conducted (i) control (CNTL): assimilated conventional and satellite observations; (ii) radar and lightning data assimilation (RLDA): assimilated radar reflectivity and lightning proxy reflectivity data along with all observations used in CNTL; and (iii) lightning data assimilation (LDA): same as RLDA but without the assimilation of radar data; particularly done to test the impact of assimilation of only lightning data. The model‐simulated rainfall is evaluated by using the Integrated Multi‐Satellite Retrievals (IMERG) for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM IMERG) rainfall data. The intercomparison of LDA and RLDA for event 1 highlighted that both represent the convective regions reasonably better than CNTL, but RLDA outperforms LDA and thus further assimilation experiments are done with RLDA. RLDA provided reasonably accurate forecasts compared to CNTL, which is evident in the spatial distribution of rainfall and area‐averaged three‐hourly accumulated rainfall. Verification metrics for the three selected heavy rainfall events reveal that an optimal forecast performance (especially in the first six hours of free forecast) is obtained by the simulation with assimilation of radar and lightning data during the pre‐forecast period, through correcting the position and timing of convective centres. The probability of detection (POD) values are higher for light rainfall categories than for the heavy rain categories. POD values were higher in RLDA than CNTL throughout simulation for all three events. For all these three selected events, fractions skill scores (FSS) of RLDA are always better than CNTL with different neighbourhood sizes for different threshold values throughout the forecast period.
Dimensions of Reading Motivation and Their Relation to Reading Behavior and Competence
Authors: Schiefele Ulrich , Schaffner Ellen , Möller Jens , Wigfield Allan
Published: November 2023

This review of research examines the constructs of reading motivation and synthesizes research findings of the past 20 years on the relationship between reading motivation and reading behavior (amount, strategies, and preferences), and the relationship between reading motivation and reading competence (reading skills and comprehension). In addition, evidence relating to the causal role of motivational factors and to the role of reading behavior as a mediator of the effects of motivation on reading competence is examined. We identify seven genuine dimensions of reading motivation: curiosity, involvement, competition, recognition, grades, compliance, and work avoidance. Evidence for these dimensions comes from both quantitative and qualitative research. Moreover, evidence from previous studies confirms the positive contribution of intrinsic reading motivation, and the relatively small or negative contribution of extrinsic reading motivation, to reading behavior and reading competence. The positive contribution of intrinsic motivation is particularly evident in relation to amount of reading for enjoyment and reading competence and holds even when accounting for relevant control variables. However, the causal role of reading motivation and the mediating role of reading behavior remain largely unresolved issues.
A Novel Immunogenic Cell Death Inducer Based on Bimetallic Ferrocene Substituted Organotin Complexes
Authors: He Xiangdong , Xu Mengke , Liu Xicheng , Wang Yihong
Published: November 2023

Two organo‐bimetallic complexes of ferrocene and organotin were synthesized and evaluated as potential anticancer drugs. MTT results indicated that the two complexes showed excellent antitumor activity against a variety of cancer cell lines compared with cisplatin and ferrocene alone. Different from the previous similar metal drugs available, the complexes synthesized in this work have a concentration‐dependent effect on immunogenic cell death (ICD) related proteins and the level of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) intracellular. The up‐regulation of related proteins leads to the imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis, and the destruction of the electron transport chain which causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the mitochondria and induces cell death. In the wound healing assay, the complex can effectively inhibit the growth and reproduction of cells. The promising results displayed by the organo‐bimetallic complexes open avenues for new anticancer drugs.
Subclinical atherosclerosis in fibromyalgia syndrome
Authors: Gul Enes , Yildiz Bulent , Atik Irfan , Sahin Ozlem
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic disease of unknown pathophysiology in which inflammatory markers are not increased. The risk of cardiovascular disease is known to be raised in FMS. Determination of carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) is essential for the early detection of cardiovascular disease risk. In this study, we aimed to investigate how FMS affects CIMT and its relationship with disease duration.

Methods

This study was planned prospectively and included 20 female FMS patients and 20 healthy female controls. Detailed medical histories were obtained. Persons with a known chronic disease (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, thyroid function disorder, rheumatic disease, etc.), known atherosclerotic condition, body mass index >30 and smokers were excluded. Laboratory values of FMS patients and the control group in the last 3 months were recorded. The patients' and control groups' right and left common carotid arteries were imaged with ultrasonography.

Results

There was no significant difference in laboratory values (although creatinine was different, it was within the normal range in both groups). The mean right common carotid artery intima‐media thickness was 0.5 (±0.07) mm in the patient group and 0.43 (±0.05) mm in the control group (p = .005). The mean left common carotid artery intima‐media thickness was 0.5 (±0.06) mm in the patient group and 0.43 (±0.05) mm in the control group (p = .001). Carotid intima‐media thickness values were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group.

Conclusions

Although FMS is not an inflammatory disease, it causes endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion study of Neocryptotanshinone in rats using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhang Jia‐Ying , Wang Yong‐Ming , Cheng Xiao‐Ling , Qu Li‐Yuan , Wang Yan‐Li , Sun Yi‐Fan , Wang Yong , Du Zhi‐Min , Wang Wei , Wang Jin‐Hui
Published: November 2023

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used for the treatment of diseases related to the heart and liver. Owing to the abundance of salvianolic acids and tanshinones, S. miltiorrhiza exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as stimulating blood circulation, eliminating blood stasis, relieving menorrhea and pain, and improving polydipsia. Neocryptotanshinone (NCTS) is one of the tanshinones isolated from S. miltiorrhiza and exhibits anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and preventive effects against cardiovascular diseases; however, its pharmacokinetic properties have not been reported to date. Therefore, a simple and reliable LC–MS/MS method was developed to determine absorption, distribution, and excretion of NCTS in rat physiological samples. We demonstrated that NCTS had high oral absolute bioavailability of 85.96% ± 25.32%, and it was rapidly distributed in both the heart and brain, and the fecal excretion of NCTS was the highest. This study provides a theoretical basis for further development of NCTS as a potential clinical candidate.