bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Distribution Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity across Chinese Provinces: A Weighted Approach
Authors: Wu Jian-Xin , He Ling-Yun
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the distribution dynamics of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions intensity across 30 Chinese provinces using a weighted distribution dynamics approach. The results show that CO2 emissions intensity tends to diverge during the sample period of 1995–2014. However, convergence clubs are found in the ergodic distributions of the full sample and two sub-sample periods. Divergence, polarization, and stratification are the dominant characteristics in the distribution dynamics. Weightings with economic and population sizes have important impacts on current distributions and hence long-run steady distributions. Neglecting the size of the economy may underestimate the deterioration in the long-run steady state. The result also shows that conditioning on space and income cannot eliminate the multimodality in the long-run distribution. However, capital intensity has an important impact on the formation of convergence clubs. Our findings will contribute to an understanding of the spatial dynamic behaviors of CO2 emissions across Chinese provinces, and have important policy implications for CO2 emissions reduction in China.
The Green Experiment: Cities, Green Stormwater Infrastructure, and Sustainability
Authors: Chini Christopher , Canning James , Schreiber Kelsey , Peschel Joshua , Stillwell Ashlynn
Published: January 2017

Green infrastructure is a unique combination of economic, social, and environmental goals and benefits that requires an adaptable framework for planning, implementing, and evaluating. In this study, we propose an experimental framework for policy, implementation, and subsequent evaluation of green stormwater infrastructure within the context of sociotechnical systems and urban experimentation. Sociotechnical systems describe the interaction of complex systems with quantitative and qualitative impacts. Urban experimentation—traditionally referencing climate change programs and their impacts—is a process of evaluating city programs as if in a laboratory setting with hypotheses and evaluated results. We combine these two concepts into a singular framework creating a policy feedback cycle (PFC) for green infrastructure to evaluate municipal green infrastructure plans as an experimental process within the context of a sociotechnical system. After proposing and discussing the PFC, we utilize the tool to research and evaluate the green infrastructure programs of 27 municipalities across the United States. Results indicate that green infrastructure plans should incorporate community involvement and communication, evaluation based on project motivation, and an iterative process for knowledge production. We suggest knowledge brokers as a key resource in connecting the evaluation stage of the feedback cycle to the policy phase. We identify three important needs for green infrastructure experimentation: (i) a fluid definition of green infrastructure in policy; (ii) maintenance and evaluation components of a green infrastructure plan; and (iii) communication of the plan to the community.
Nanocrystalline TiO2/SnO2 heterostructures for gas sensing
Authors: Lyson-Sypien Barbara , Kusior Anna , Rekas Mieczylaw , Zukrowski Jan , Gajewska Marta , Michalow-Mauke Katarzyna , Graule Thomas , Radecka Marta , Zakrzewska Katarzyna
Published: January 2017

The aim of this research is to study the role of nanocrystalline TiO2/SnO2 n–n heterojunctions for hydrogen sensing. Nanopowders of pure SnO2, 90 mol % SnO2/10 mol % TiO2, 10 mol % SnO2/90 mol % TiO2 and pure TiO2 have been obtained using flame spray synthesis (FSS). The samples have been characterized by BET, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, Mössbauer effect and impedance spectroscopy. Gas-sensing experiments have been performed for H2 concentrations of 1–3000 ppm at 200–400 °C. The nanomaterials are well-crystallized, anatase TiO2, rutile TiO2 and cassiterite SnO2 polymorphic forms are present depending on the chemical composition of the powders. The crystallite sizes from XRD peak analysis are within the range of 3–27 nm. Tin exhibits only the oxidation state 4+. The H2 detection threshold for the studied TiO2/SnO2 heterostructures is lower than 1 ppm especially in the case of SnO2-rich samples. The recovery time of SnO2-based heterostructures, despite their large responses over the whole measuring range, is much longer than that of TiO2-rich samples at higher H2 flows. TiO2/SnO2 heterostructures can be intentionally modified for the improved H2 detection within both the small (1–50 ppm) and the large (50–3000 ppm) concentration range. The temperature Tmax at which the semiconducting behavior begins to prevail upon water desorption/oxygen adsorption depends on the TiO2/SnO2 composition. The electrical resistance of sensing materials exhibits a power-law dependence on the H2 partial pressure. This allows us to draw a conclusion about the first step in the gas sensing mechanism related to the adsorption of oxygen ions at the surface of nanomaterials.
A New Test of Lorentz Invariance Violation: The Spectral Lag Transition of GRB 160625B
Authors: Wei Jun-Jie , Zhang Bin-Bin , Shao Lang , Wu Xue-Feng , Mészáros Peter
Published: January 2017

Possible violations of Lorentz invariance (LIV) have been investigated for a long time using the observed spectral lags of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). However, these generally have relied on using a single photon in the highest energy range. Furthermore, the search for LIV lags has been hindered by our ignorance concerning the intrinsic time lag in different energy bands. GRB 160625B, the only burst so far with a well-defined transition from positive lags to negative lags provides a unique opportunity to put new constraints on LIV. Using multi-photon energy bands we consider the contributions to the observed spectral lag from both the intrinsic time lag and the lag by LIV effects, and assuming the intrinsic time lag to have a positive dependence on the photon energy, we obtain robust limits on LIV by directly fitting the spectral lag data of GRB 160625B. Here we show that these robust limits on the quantum gravity energy scales are

E

QG
,
1

≥
0.5
×

10

16

GeV for the linear, and

E

QG
,
2

≥
1.4
×

10

7

GeV for the quadratic LIV effects, respectively. In addition, we give, for the first time, a reasonable formulation of the intrinsic energy-dependent time lag.
Stellar Cluster Candidates Discovered in the Magellanic System
Authors: Piatti Andrés E.
Published: January 2017

We address the currently exciting issue of the presence of stellar clusters in the periphery of the Magellanic Clouds (MCs) and beyond by making use of a wealth of wide-field high-quality images released in advance from the Magellanic Stellar Hystory (SMASH) survey. We conducted a sound search for new stellar cluster candidates from suitable kernel density estimators running for appropriate ranges of radii and stellar densities. In addition, we used a functional relationship to account for the completeness of the SMASH field sample analyzed that takes into account not only the number of fields used but also their particular spatial distribution; the present sample statistically represents ∼50% of the whole SMASH survey. The relative small number of new stellar cluster candidates identified, most of them distributed in the outer regions of the MCs, might suggest that the lack of detection of a larger number of new cluster candidates beyond the main bodies of the MCs could likely be the outcome once the survey is completed.
Mode Conversion of a Solar Extreme-ultraviolet Wave over a Coronal Cavity
Authors: Zong Weiguo , Dai Yu
Published: January 2017

We report on observations of an extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) wave event in the Sun on 2011 January 13 by Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory and Solar Dynamics Observatory in quadrature. Both the trailing edge and the leading edge of the EUV wave front in the north direction are reliably traced, revealing generally compatible propagation velocities in both perspectives and a velocity ratio of about 1/3. When the wave front encounters a coronal cavity near the northern polar coronal hole, the trailing edge of the front stops while its leading edge just shows a small gap and extends over the cavity, meanwhile getting significantly decelerated but intensified. We propose that the trailing edge and the leading edge of the northward propagating wave front correspond to a non-wave coronal mass ejection component and a fast-mode magnetohydrodynamic wave component, respectively. The interaction of the fast-mode wave and the coronal cavity may involve a mode conversion process, through which part of the fast-mode wave is converted to a slow-mode wave that is trapped along the magnetic field lines. This scenario can reasonably account for the unusual behavior of the wave front over the coronal cavity.
Building a database for long-term monitoring of benthic macrofauna in the Pertuis-Charentais (2004-2014)
Authors: Philippe Anne , Plumejeaud-Perreau Christine , Jourde Jérôme , Pineau Philippe , Lachaussée Nicolas , Joyeux Emmanuel , Corre Frédéric , Delaporte Philippe , Bocher Pierrick
Published: January 2017

Long-term benthic monitoring is rewarding in terms of science, but labour-intensive, whether in the field, the laboratory, or behind the computer. Building and managing databases require multiple skills, including consistency over time as well as organisation via a systematic approach. Here, we introduce and share our spatially explicit benthic database, comprising 11 years of benthic data. It is the result of intensive benthic sampling that has been conducted on a regular grid (259 stations) covering the intertidal mudflats of the Pertuis-Charentais (Marennes-Oléron Bay and Aiguillon Bay). Samples were taken by foot or by boats during winter depending on tidal height, from December 2003 to February 2014. The present dataset includes abundances and biomass densities of all mollusc species of the study regions and principal polychaetes as well as their length, accessibility to shorebirds, energy content and shell mass when appropriate and available. This database has supported many studies dealing with the spatial distribution of benthic invertebrates and temporal variations in food resources for shorebird species as well as latitudinal comparisons with other databases. In this paper, we introduce our benthos monitoring, share our data, and present a "guide of good practices" for building, cleaning and using it efficiently, providing examples of results with associated R code.

The dataset has been formatted into a geo-referenced relational database, using PostgreSQL open-source DBMS. We provide density information, measurements, energy content and accessibility of thirteen bivalve, nine gastropod and two polychaete taxa (a total of 66,620 individuals)​ for 11 consecutive winters. Figures and maps are provided to describe how the dataset was built, cleaned, and how it can be used. This dataset can again support studies concerning spatial and temporal variations in species abundance, interspecific interactions as well as evaluations of the availability of food resources for small- and medium size shorebirds and, potentially, conservation and impact assessment studies.
Re-membering Time in Hejinian’s My Life
Authors: Swensen Cole
Published: January 2017

Le poème-livre en prose de Lyn Hejinian intitulé My Life (1980) recourt à nombre de caractéristiques propres au poème long, notamment l’usage de la répétition, en lien avec la mémoire. Hejinian le fait dans un but novateur, de façon à différencier mémoire collective et mémoire individuelle, ainsi que souvenir et passé. De ce fait, elle opère une recomposition spécifiquement américaine de l’individualité, à l’envers du mythe national d’un individualisme farouche, en se tournant vers l’histoire d’une expérience commune, telle que sa mise en mots la fait accéder à la mémoire. À une époque où de nombreuses cultures d’origines européennes remettent en cause la question du progrès, son modèle promeut une spacialisation de la notion de temps qui nous libère de la tyranie de la linéarité du temps et du progrès.
La laborieuse gestation d’une loi paradoxale
Authors: Favereau Éric
Published: January 2017

La loi santé fut le texte de loi le plus marquant du « quinquennat » de Marisol Touraine. D’une certaine façon, cette loi, tant dans sa conception que dans son adoption, ressemble à la ministre. Projet un brin fourre-tout, mal préparé, mélangeant aussi bien la réorganisation du paysage sanitaire que des mesures financières comme la généralisation du tiers payant, mais aussi des éléments importants de santé publique, il a au final cristallisé une kyrielle de mécontentements et de malentendus, soulignant la rupture entre les professionnels de santé et le gouvernement.
Politique économique et politique de santé
Authors: Bras Pierre-Louis
Published: January 2017

Les politiques de santé sont fortement dépendantes des politiques économiques globales. Durant le quinquennat de François Hollande, les objectifs principaux de la politique économique (réduction du déficit des administrations publiques, amélioration de la compétitivité des entreprises) ont fait peser des contraintes croissantes sur les finances publiques, contraintes qui ont conduit à revoir à la baisse les ambitions initiales affichées en matière de ressources consacrées aux soins. Cet ajustement des ambitions s’est effectué sans remise en cause du niveau de prise en charge publique des dépenses de soins, celui-ci s’est même amélioré. Dans un contexte où les pouvoirs publics ne peuvent infléchir significativement l’évolution du volume des soins dispensés, il s’est donc avéré nécessaire de peser sur les prix du médicament, sur ceux de l’hôpital public après une période initiale relativement accommodante, et sur les tarifs des professionnels de santé de ville, à l’exception notable des médecins.
Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, the Presidential Election and American Healthcare
Authors: Okma Kieke
Published: January 2017

Les commentateurs européens présentent souvent le système de santé américain comme l’exemple type d’un marché de l’assurance maladie concurrentiel. Cette image contraste avec le modèle européen de couverture universelle basé sur la solidarité, comme par exemple le système anglais financé par la fiscalité ou allemand financé par les contributions sociales. Cependant, cette image est fausse. Si l’on veut mieux comprendre les propositions des deux candidats aux élections de novembre 2016, il faut une meilleure connaissance du système de santé actuel ainsi que des oppositions aux changements.
Effects of Drought on Western Pond Turtle Survival and Movement Patterns
Authors: Purcell Kathryn L. , McGregor Eric L. , Calderala Kathryn
Published: January 2017

Drought has the ability to affect the persistence of small animal populations, especially those tied to aquatic habitats. We studied the response of western pond turtles Actinemys marmorata to California's worst drought on record. From 2009 through 2015 we used telemetry to track movements and assess survival of 19 western pond turtles in a stock pond at the San Joaquin Experimental Range in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, in Madera County, California. In 2013 the pond dried in late summer and winter rains were insufficient for pond formation. The pond remained dry through the end of the study in March 2015. In years with below average precipitation the pond often dried completely in late summer; however, the lack of a pond forming in winter and spring had not been previously documented. We observed no mortalities of radiotagged western pond turtles in years with normal precipitation. All observed mortalities occurred in drought years and in years when the pond completely dried up in the summer or never formed. Results from known-fate survival models revealed that survival decreased with increasing drought. Model results also indicated that male survival was slightly higher than female survival (19.1% vs. 11.5%), although the 95% confidence intervals overlapped. We observed high variability in western pond turtle movement distances from the pond in the final 2 y of the study. Two individuals that survived to the end of the study showed unique movement patterns. One young male moved frequently, accumulating a large total distance, moved into new areas, and eventually found his way into a livestock water trough. The other, a young female, moved 2.6 km from the pond (a minimum total distance traveled of 3.3 km based on telemetry locations) and emigrated to a pond on a neighboring ranch. Turtles that died exhibited no distinctive behaviors. After the pond dried western pond turtles remained terrestrial for long periods, with one surviving individual remaining out of water for 617 consecutive days, which is an unprecedented finding for this species to our knowledge. Our findings suggest that increased frequency and severity of droughts can affect the resiliency of small, isolated western pond turtle populations, especially those in ephemeral aquatic environments. These small populations are essential to the long-term survival of the species because of the current fragmented distribution of the species.
Digital Governance and E-Government Principles
Authors: Shakya Rajesh Kumar , Schapper Paul Roland
Published: January 2017

This chapter focuses on the capacity of digital governance to address key aspects of reform of traditional procurement, the growing complexity of government, and the governance challenges of many developing countries. The chapter reviews the problems of traditional procurement, the distinction between simple versus complex procurement, and new modalities, and notes that the prevailing procurement model has been built on a framework designed for simple and manual procurement. Modernization efforts to address these issues have often been scoped around the robust governance institutions of advanced economies and are not good matches to the very different realities in many middle income and emerging economies. The chapter discusses how e-Government principles applied in e-procurement can play a critical role in resolving some of the challenges in public procurement.
Modeling and Optimization a Production/Maintenance Integrated Planning
Authors: Ettaye Ghita , El Barkany Abdellah , El Khalfi Ahmed
Published: January 2017

This study is on the integrated planning problem of maintenance and production within the frame work of a system subject to periodic preventive replacements with minimal repairs in case of unplanned failures. A model was developed using the overall cost by considering the interdependence between the maintenance plan and the production schedule. The overall cost contains two parts: the costs of launching a product, production, storage and breaking on the demand and the preventive and corrective maintenance costs for multi-periods and multi-products systems. The purpose of this integration is to find simultaneously the optimal cycle T at which the preventive maintenance takes place and the optimal values of lot-size by adding the setup time constraint. Using the mixed integer linear programming these optimal values minimize the total cost over a finite horizon. The results show that the proposed model performs quite well and opens new research direction for future improvements.
Effect of the Slope on the Undrained Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation
Authors: Baazouzi Messaoud , Mellas Mekki , Mabrouki Abdelhak , Benmeddour Djamel
Published: January 2017

The bearing capacity of shallow foundation near slope has always been one of the subjects of major interest in geotechnical engineering for researchers and practical engineers. This study focuses on the numerical analysis of the undrained bearing capacity for a strip footing near a slope, and subjected to a centered vertical load, using the explicit finite difference code FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua). Theoretical and experimental studies confirm that, when a strip footing is near a slope, the bearing capacity must be assessed using reduction coefficients. In this study, several geometrical and mechanical parameters have been considered in order to evaluate the effect of the slope on the undrained bearing capacity. The numerical values have been compared with those available in the literature. The results show the influence on the undrained bearing capacity of the location of the footing with respect to the slope.
Different Lymphocyte Populations Direct Dichotomous Eosinophil or Neutrophil Responses to Pulmonary Cryptococcus Infection
Authors: Wiesner Darin L. , Smith Kyle D. , Kashem Sakeen W. , Bohjanen Paul R. , Nielsen Kirsten
Published: January 2017

Many pulmonary infections elicit lymphocyte responses that lead to an accumulation of granulocytes in the lungs. A variety of lymphocytes are capable of directing eosinophils or neutrophils to the lungs, but the contribution of each subset remains enigmatic. In this study, we used a murine model to examine lymphocyte subsets that ultimately drive the eosinophil or neutrophil response to infection with the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. We show that granulocytes are produced in the bone marrow, released into the blood stream, and accumulate in the lungs under the instruction of lung parenchymal lymphocytes. The eosinophils that populated the lungs of wild-type animals were highly dependent on Th cells or IL-5. Surprisingly, infected mice with Th cell impairment experienced a compensatory neutrophil response that required IL-17A. This unexpected swing in the response prompted us to investigate the ability of different lymphocyte subsets to produce this dichotomous eosinophilia or neutrophilia. We used mice with lymphocyte deficiencies to determine which of the remaining IL-5– or IL-17A–producing lymphocyte subsets dominated the neutrophil or eosinophil response. Finally, skewing the response toward neutrophil-inducing lymphocytes correlated with accelerated disease. Our data collectively demonstrate that the predominance of a lymphocyte subset determines the functional consequences of an immune response to pulmonary fungal infection that can ultimately affect disease.
A New RNA-Based Adjuvant Enhances Virus-Specific Vaccine Responses by Locally Triggering TLR- and RLH-Dependent Effects
Authors: Ziegler Annett , Soldner Claudia , Lienenklaus Stefan , Spanier Julia , Trittel Stephanie , Riese Peggy , Kramps Thomas , Weiss Siegfried , Heidenreich Regina , Jasny Edith , Guzmán Carlos A. , Kallen Karl-Josef , Fotin-Mleczek Mariola , Kalinke Ulrich
Published: January 2017

Among innovative adjuvants conferring a Th1-shift, RNAdjuvant is a promising candidate. This adjuvant consists of a 547-nt uncapped noncoding ssRNA containing polyU repeats that is stabilized by a cationic carrier peptide. Whereas vaccination of mice with an influenza subunit vaccine induced moderate virus-specific IgG1, vaccination together with RNAdjuvant significantly enhanced this IgG1 and additionally promoted the formation of IgG2b/c, which is indicative of Th1 responses. Furthermore, such sera neutralized influenza virus, whereas this effect was not detected upon vaccination with the subunit vaccine alone. Similarly, upon vaccination with virus-like particles displaying vesicular stomatitis virus G protein, RNAdjuvant promoted the formation of virus-specific IgG2b/c and enhanced neutralizing IgG responses to an extent that mice were protected against lethal virus infection. RNAdjuvant induced dendritic cells to upregulate activation markers and produce IFN-I. Although these effects were strictly TLR7 dependent, RNAdjuvant-mediated augmentation of vaccine responses needed concurrent TLR and RIG-I–like helicase signaling. This was indicated by the absence of the adjuvant effect in vaccinated MyD88−/−Cardif−/− mice, which are devoid of TLR (with the exception of TLR3) and RIG-I–like helicase signaling, whereas in vaccinated MyD88−/− mice the adjuvant effect was reduced. Notably, i.m. RNAdjuvant injection induced local IFN-I responses and did not induce systemic effects, implying good tolerability and a favorable safety profile for RNAdjuvant.
Notch Ligand Delta-like 4 Promotes Regulatory T Cell Identity in Pulmonary Viral Infection
Authors: Ting Hung-An , Schaller Matthew A. , de Almeida Nagata Denise E. , Rasky Andrew J. , Maillard Ivan P. , Lukacs Nicholas W.
Published: January 2017

Regulatory T (Treg) cells establish tolerance, prevent inflammation at mucosal surfaces, and regulate immunopathology during infectious responses. Recent studies have shown that Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) was upregulated on APC after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and its inhibition leads to exaggerated immunopathology. In the present study, we outline the role of Dll4 in Treg cell differentiation, stability, and function in RSV infection. We found that Dll4 was expressed on CD11b+ pulmonary dendritic cells in the lung and draining lymph nodes in wild-type BALB/c mice after RSV infection. Dll4 neutralization exacerbated RSV-induced disease pathology, mucus production, group 2 innate lymphoid cell infiltration, IL-5 and IL-13 production, as well as IL-17A+ CD4 T cells. Dll4 inhibition decreased the abundance of CD62LhiCD44loFoxp3+ central Treg cells in draining lymph nodes. The RSV-induced disease was accompanied by an increase in Th17-like effector phenotype in Foxp3+ Treg cells and a decrease in granzyme B expression after Dll4 blockade. Finally, Dll4-exposed induced Treg cells maintained the CD62LhiCD44lo central Treg cell phenotype, had increased Foxp3 expression, became more suppressive, and were resistant to Th17 skewing in vitro. These results suggest that Dll4 activation during differentiation sustained Treg cell phenotype and function to control RSV infection.
Тест на существование исключительных точек в задаче рассеяния Фаддеева
Authors: Lakshtanov Evgenii Leonidovich , Vainberg Boris Rufimovich
Published: January 2017

Исключительными точками называются такие значения спектрального параметра, для которых однородная задача рассеяния Фаддеева имеет нетривиальное решение. Сформулирован критерий существования исключительных точек, принадлежащих данной траектории. Для этого используются расчеты в концах траектории. Изучается также проблема наличия или отсутствия исключительных точек для малых возмущений проводящего потенциала произвольной формы; показано, что в задаче с абсорбирующим потенциалом не существует исключительных точек в окрестности начала координат.
Многомерная линеаризуемая система уравнений типа $n$-волн
Authors: Zenchuk Alexander Ivanovich
Published: January 2017

Предложена линеаризуемая версия многомерной системы уравнений в частных производных типа $n$-волн. Система получена с помощью спектрального представления ее решений с использованием метода, аналогичного методу одевания для нелинейных уравнений в частных производных, интегрируемых методом обратной задачи рассеяния. Показана полная интегрируемость предложенной системы, а также построено ее частное решение.
Уточнение и обобщение интегро-локальной теоремы Стоуна для сумм случайных векторов
Authors: Borovkov Alexander Alekseevich
Published: January 2017

Интегро-локальная теорема Стоуна об асимптотике вероятности попадания сумм случайных векторов в малый куб (a) уточняется при выполнении дополнительных моментных и структурных условиях; (b) обобщается на случай разнораспределенных слагаемых в схеме
серий; (c) результаты пункта (b) уточняются при дополнительных моментных и структурных условиях.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Schoolchildren in Battambang, Cambodia
Authors: Liao Chien-Wei , Chiu Kuan-Chih , Chiang I-Chen , Cheng Po-Ching , Chuang Ting-Wu , Kuo Juo-Han , Tu Yun-Hung , Fan Chia-Kwung
Published: January 2017

Most intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs), commonly endemic in tropical resource-poor developing countries, are neglected tropical diseases. Parasitic infections and malnutrition are most commonly found in children. We determined the prevalence of IPIs and the risk factors in Battambang Province, northwestern Cambodia, from August to September 2015. This study collected 308 valid questionnaires and specimens from Dontri (173, 56.2%) and Kon Kaêk (135, 43.8%) primary schools. All stool samples were examined using Chang's Feces Examination Apparatus through the merthiolate–iodine–formaldehyde technique. Headache (259, 84.1%), recurrent cough (249, 80.8%), and abdominal pain (235, 76.3%) were the most common symptoms as detected from questionnaire investigation. A total of 155 students were positive for any parasite type; a single parasite type was observed in 97 students (31.5%), two types in 40 students (13.0%), three types in 14 students (4.6%), and four types in four students (1.3%). Nine gastrointestinal parasite species (three helminths and six protozoa) were identified in the stool samples. The most common parasites in schoolchildren were Giardia intestinalis (31.5%) and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (17.5%). This is the first IPIs study, and more than half of the schoolchildren were infected with parasite species in Moung Russey District of Battambang Province. We found nine parasite species, including helminths and protozoa, and pathogenic protozoa were the main source of IPIs. Improving the detection method, sanitation facilities, and personal hygiene as well as utilizing combined drugs are all important measures to greatly reduce IPIs in Cambodian schoolchildren.
Bibliografija prof. dr. Mirka Paka
Authors: Knez Račič Ida
Published: January 2017

Znanstveni prispevki, prispevki na konferencah, povzetki prispevkov na konferencah, diplomsko delo, doktorska disertacija, raziskave, elaborati, študije, učbeniki in drugo učno gradivo, strokovni prispevki, sestavki v enciklopedijah in leksikonih, knjižna poročila, uvodniki, poročila o delu, poročila o simpozijih, biografski zapisi, uredniško delo, mentor pri doktorskih disertacijah, mentor pri magistrskih delih, mentor pri diplomskih delih
The G4Foam Experiment: global climate impacts of regional ocean albedo modification
Authors: Gabriel Corey J. , Robock Alan , Xia Lili , Zambri Brian , Kravitz Ben
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Reducing insolation has been proposed as a geoengineering response to global warming. Here we present the results of climate model simulations of a unique Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Testbed experiment to investigate the benefits and risks of a scheme that would brighten certain oceanic regions. The National Center for Atmospheric Research CESM CAM4-Chem global climate model was modified to simulate a scheme in which the albedo of the ocean surface is increased over the subtropical ocean gyres in the Southern Hemisphere. In theory, this could be accomplished using a stable, nondispersive foam, comprised of tiny, highly reflective microbubbles. Such a foam has been developed under idealized conditions, although deployment at a large scale is presently infeasible. We conducted three ensemble members of a simulation (G4Foam) from 2020 through to 2069 in which the albedo of the ocean surface is set to 0.15 (an increase of 150 %) over the three subtropical ocean gyres in the Southern Hemisphere, against a background of the RCP6.0 (representative concentration pathway resulting in +6 W m−2 radiative forcing by 2100) scenario. After 2069, geoengineering is ceased, and the simulation is run for an additional 20 years. Global mean surface temperature in G4Foam is 0.6 K lower than RCP6.0, with statistically significant cooling relative to RCP6.0 south of 30° N. There is an increase in rainfall over land, most pronouncedly in the tropics during the June–July–August season, relative to both G4SSA (specified stratospheric aerosols) and RCP6.0. Heavily populated and highly cultivated regions throughout the tropics, including the Sahel, southern Asia, the Maritime Continent, Central America, and much of the Amazon experience a statistically significant increase in precipitation minus evaporation. The temperature response to the relatively modest global average forcing of −1.5 W m−2 is amplified through a series of positive cloud feedbacks, in which more shortwave radiation is reflected. The precipitation response is primarily the result of the intensification of the southern Hadley cell, as its mean position migrates northward and away from the Equator in response to the asymmetric cooling.
Proxies and uncertainties for 13C/12C ratios of atmospheric reactive gases emissions
Authors: Gromov Sergey , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. , Jöckel Patrick
Published: January 2017

Abstract. We provide a comprehensive review of the proxy data on the 13C/12C ratios and uncertainties of emissions of reactive carbonaceous compounds into the atmosphere, with a focus on CO sources. Based on an evaluated setup of the EMAC model, we derive the isotope-resolved dataset of its emission inventory for the 1997–2005 period. Additionally, we revisit the calculus required for the correct derivation of uncertainties associated with isotope ratios of emission fluxes. The resulting overall surface CO emission δ13C in 2000 of −(25.2 ± 0.7) ‰ is in line with the previous bottom-up estimates and a factor of two less uncertain. In contrast to this, we find that uncertainties of the respective inverse modelling estimates are substantially larger due to the correlated nature of their derivation. We reckon the δ13C values of surface emissions of higher hydrocarbons being within −24 ‰ to −27 ‰ (uncertainty typically below ±1 ‰), with an exception of isoprene emissions being close to −30 ‰. The isotope signature of ethane surface emission coincides with earlier estimates, however integrating very different source inputs. δ13C values are reported relative to V-PDB.
Reviews and syntheses: Systematic Earth observations for use in terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation systems
Authors: Scholze Marko , Buchwitz Michael , Dorigo Wouter , Guanter Luis , Quegan Shaun
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The global carbon cycle is an important component of the Earth system and it interacts with the hydrological, energy and nutrient cycles as well as ecosystem dynamics. A better understanding of the global carbon cycle is required for improved projections of climate change including corresponding changes in water and food resources and for the verification 5 of measures to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. An improved understanding of the carbon cycle can be achieved by model-data fusion or data assimilation systems, which integrate observations relevant to the carbon cycle into coupled carbon, water, energy and nutrient models. Hence, the ingredients for such systems are a carbon cycle model, an algorithm for the assimilation, and systematic and 10 well error-characterized observations relevant to the carbon cycle. Relevant observations for assimilation include various in-situ measurements in the atmosphere (e.g. concentrations of CO2 and other gases) and on land (e.g. fluxes of carbon water and energy, carbon stocks) as well as remote sensing observations (e.g. atmospheric composition, vegetation and surface properties).We briefly review the different existing data assimilation techniques and contrast them to model 15 benchmarking and evaluation efforts (which also rely on observations). A common requirement for all assimilation techniques is a full description of the observational data properties. Uncertainty estimates of the observations are as important as the observations themselves because they similarly determine the outcome of such assimilation systems. Hence, this article reviews the requirements of data assimilation systems on observations and provides a non-exhaustive overview of current 20 observations and their uncertainties for use in terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation. We report on progress since the review of model-data synthesis in terrestrial carbon observations by Raupach et al. (2005) emphasising the rapid advance in relevant space-based observations.
Data-mining for multi-variable flood damage modelling with limited data
Authors: Wagenaar Dennis , de Jong Jurjen , Bouwer Laurens M.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Flood damage assessment is usually done with damage curves only dependent on the water depth. Recent studies have shown that data-mining techniques applied to a multi-dimensional dataset can produce significantly better flood damage estimates. However, creating and applying a multi-variable flood damage model requires an extensive dataset, which is rarely available and this can limit the application of these new techniques. In this paper we enrich a dataset of residential building and content damages from the Meuse flood of 1993 in the Netherlands, to make it suitable for multi-variable flood damage assessment. Results from 2D flood simulations are used to add information on flow velocity, flood duration and the return period to the dataset, and cadastre data is used to add information on building characteristics. Next, several statistical approaches are used to create multi-variable flood damage models, including regression trees, bagging regression trees, random forest, and a Bayesian network. Validation on data points from a test set shows that the enriched dataset in combination with the data-mining techniques delivers a significant improvement over a simple model only based on the water depth. We find that with our dataset, the trees based methods perform better than the Bayesian Network.
Development of a composite soil degradation assessment index for cocoa agroforests under tropical conditions of southwest Nigeria
Authors: Adeniyi Sunday Adenrele , de Clercq Willem Petrus , van Niekerk Adriaan
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Cocoa agroforestry is a major landuse type in the tropical rainforest belt of West Africa, reportedly associated with several ecological changes, including soil degradation. This study aims to develop a composite soil degradation assessment index (CSDI) for determining the degradation level of cocoa soils under smallholder agroforests of southwest Nigeria. Plots where natural forests have been converted to cocoa plantations of ages 1–10 years, 11–40 years and 41–80 years, respectively representing young cocoa plantations (YCP), mature cocoa plantations (MCP) and senescent cocoa plantations (SCP) were identified to represent the biological cycle of the cocoa tree. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–20 cm in each plot and analysed in terms of their physical, chemical and biological properties. Factor analysis of soil data revealed four major interacting soil degradation processes, decline in soil nutrient, loss of soil organic matter, increase in soil acidity and the breakdown of soil textural characteristics over time. These processes were represented by eight soil properties (extractable zinc, silt, SOM, CEC, available phosphorus, total porosity, pH, and clay). These soil properties were subjected to forward stepwise discriminant analysis (STEPDA), and the result showed that four soil properties (extractable zinc; cation exchange capacity; soil organic matter and clay) have the highest power to separate the studied soils into YCP, MCP and SCP. In this way, we hope to have controlled sufficiently for redundancy in the final selection of soil degradation indicators. Based on these four soil parameters, CSDI was developed and used to classify selected cocoa soils into three (3) different classes of degradation. The results revealed that 65 % of the selected cocoa farms are moderately degraded, while 18 % have a high degradation status. Finally, the value of the CSDI as an objective index of soil degradation under cocoa agroforests was statistically validated.
GARANTISMO À BRASILEIRA: UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA À LUZ DA APLICAÇÃO DO PRINCÍPIO DA INSIGNIFICÂNCIA
Authors: Costa Oswaldo Poll , Veras Neto Francisco Quintanilha
Published: January 2017

Este ensaio busca demonstrar, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e de análise jurisprudencial, que o garantismo penal segue uma linha de teorias que foram importadas pelos pensadores nacionais, mas que aqui adquiriram um novo significado, colaborando – diferentemente do que vaticinam em tese – mais para a conservação das estruturas fundamentais de nossa sociedade do que para a sua transformação. Não é feita, portanto, uma crítica aos princípios do garantismo penal, mas sim uma análise de como esses princípios vêm sendo utilizados no Brasil. Conclui-se, assim, que quando as garantias constitucionais não são uniformemente asseguradas a todos, elas perdem o seu caráter de garantias, funcionando como uma espécie de privilégio, do qual só gozam com segurança aqueles indivíduos com condições financeiras para custear uma defesa consistente em uma eventual ação penal. Desse modo, o estigma social deixado pelo cárcere acaba recaindo majoritariamente sobre indivíduos pertencentes às camadas mais pobres da população, diminuindo radicalmente qualquer chance de ascensão social dessas pessoas, bem como do grupo social que as rodeia, colaborando, assim, para a manutenção da desigualdade social.
An Empirical Study on the Application of Cooperative Learning to Comprehensive English Classes in a Chinese Independent College
Authors: Meng Ji
Published: January 2017

This research investigated a comparison between the effect of cooperative learning and lecture teaching on Comprehensive English classes in a Chinese Independent College. An empirical study for two semesters was carried out in the forms of pretest, posttest, questionnaire and interviews. While control class was taught in the conventional way, experiment class was instructed based on cooperative base groups with positive interdependence structured on purpose. Compared with traditional instructions, cooperative learning as pedagogy can improve students’ performance on course exams, but not necessarily their language competence as shown in national English competency tests taken before and after the experiement. Test results also indicate students from experiment class who excelled in competency test outnumbered those from control class, revealing that cooperative learning has positive impacts especially on students at a relatively higher academic level. Questionaire results show that students are most inclined to agree they have more chances to practice the language in a cooperative environment.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 8, No. 4
Authors: John Albert
Published: January 2017

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 4 Abdul Rouf DarAdel F. ShoukryAhmet Ozan GezermanAmer A. TaqaAna SilvaAyodele Temidayo OdularuGreg PetersJalal IsaadK. Ishara SilvaKonstantinos KasiotisLalith P. SamankumaraLeiming WangNejib Hussein MekniOng Siew TengR. K. DeyRabia RehmanSeverine QueyroySitaram AcharyaSitaram BhavarajuSujan Kumar Sarkar          Albert JohnOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of ChemistryCanadian Center of Science and Education
The Use of the VEC Model to Study the Impact of the Third Party Payment on the Interest Market in China
Authors: Pan Yaqian , Li Shubing , Chen Xinxin , Yu Shiqi , Yu Lijuan
Published: January 2017

This paper aims to study the effects of cross section of Internet finance and mobile payment on the Internet financial deepening and the interest rate liberalization. Because more than 50% of online payment is completed by way of mobile payments and financial products in Internet finance also have such two ways as online transactions and mobile client transactions, the interest rate index on behalf of the Internet finance can be largely replaced by the return of financial products in it. The study of the relationship between return of common monetary fund in transactional Internet finance and quasi benchmark fund—SHIBOR helps to determine the effect of Internet mobile payment on Internet financial deepening and the interest rate liberalization. First, ensure the stability of time series data on SHIBOR, Yu’E Bao returns, payment of the third party with ADF test and Johansen co-integration test and then build the VEC model and perform T test and AR stationary test, then make response analysis on impulse function to describe the impact of endogenous variables. Finally, make analysis and risk prevention suggestions according to empirical results based on the market situation.
Impact of Electronic Banking Services on Bank Transactions
Authors: Salamah Najah Hassan
Published: January 2017

The objective of the research was to evaluate the significance of electronic system integrated in the banking sector for providing convenience services to their clients and the overall impact caused by electronic services on bank transaction. The research has applied analytical descriptive methodology to analyze the impact of electronic banking services on the bank transactions. The total sample size taken for the study was 150 and the questionnaires were distributed among the clients and bank officials to collect the data. The analysis revealed that electronic services have contributed to increase both the financial activity of the bank as well as number of its clients. In the banking sector, professional training can be given to banking officials, so that they can effectively work on the electronic system. The satisfaction has covertly impact a customer inclination towards electronic banking and electronic banking has positively influenced the banking transaction.
The role of political parties in building democracy in India and Pakistan. A party-oriented approach towards democratisation processes
Authors: Nitza-Makowska Agnieszka
Published: January 2017

Political parties in India and Pakistan consider democracy a desirable regime for their countries. In order to introduce their own vision of a democratic state, they violate rules of free and fair elec-tions, undermining the very procedures that constitute democracy. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League made different kinds of impacts on the democratisation processes in India and Pakistan respectively. In just a few years, the Indian National Congress, contrary to its counterpart in Pakistan, introduced a constitution and organised elections.
La vivencia del cuerpo por parte del enfermo terminal: una perspectiva fenomenológica
Authors: Otero Ordóñez Abel
Published: January 2017

El presente artículo analiza, tomando como referencia la fenomenología, la vivencia y la  percepción del cuerpo en la coyuntura de la enfermedad terminal. En dicha situación, el ser humano contempla y vive su cuerpo de una forma diferente a como lo hace en la cotidianidad, cobrando así la corporeidad  enferma un nuevo significado para el sujeto.
Semántica bidimensional y teoría de la identidad en Kripke
Authors: Neira Castaño Rodrigo
Published: January 2017

El presente trabajo consistirá en aplicar el esquema de la semántica bidimensional —la cual se define porque pone en relación convenciones semánticas con mundos posibles y permite dar una respuesta a las ilusiones modales que se originan al asimilar lo contingente a lo a posteriori y lo necesario a lo a priori— a la comprensión de la crítica de Kripke a la teoría de la identidad entre los estados mentales y los estados cerebrales; su conclusión, tomando como ejemplo la identificación del dolor con la estimulación de unas fibras particulares, será que un enunciado que afirme la identidad mente-cerebro no podrá ser necesario, de tal manera que la teoría de la identidad quede en entredicho.