bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abdominal wall surgery
Authors: Wood James
Published: November 2020

It is all too easy to dismiss the abdominal wall when it comes to sur­gery and surgical diseases; it isn’t a recognized organ or associated with any major speciality. It does, however, feature heavily in surgical exam­inations. The conditions of the abdominal wall are often chronic and commonplace and thus make an easy ‘target’ for clinical examinations. Understanding the principles of the diseases that afflict the abdominal wall and their assessment and treatment should mean that these sorts of clinical cases should be relatively ‘easy money’ when it comes to scoring marks in exams rather than a trial. The understanding of the principles of pathology and treatment rely heavily on the appreciation of the anatomy of the abdominal wall. Rather than ‘run scared’ because of this, some simple anatomy revision and practice questions should get all the key facts at your fingertips. These questions will test both basic anatomy clinical features and prin­ciples of treatment and are typical of the way in which abdominal wall problems present and are tested in exams.
Cardiothoracic surgery
Authors: Branford Olivier , Fisher Simon
Published: November 2020

Management of the cardiothoracic patient is diagnostically and techni­cally demanding. Cardiothoracic surgery comprises cardiac and thoracic components. Whilst overlap exists between treatment of pulmonary conditions including lung neoplasia, infection and ventilatory dysfunction, and treatment of cardiac disease, progressively surgeons tend to special­ize in one area or the other. Boundaries between cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology are also diminishing as new endovascular interventions—for instance, in coronary artery angioplasty, stenting, and valve replacement—achieve growing therapeutic prominence and compete with open surgical procedures. A firm grasp of cardiopulmonary physiology underpins understanding of cardiovascular function and of the pathologies affecting these systems. This chapter will test you on aspects of pulmonary pathology, cardiovas­cular physiology, and on ischaemic heart disease and valvular dysfunc­tion. This should help you to revise key aspects in this demanding and rapidly evolving area of surgery.
Neck lumps
Authors: Robinson Max , Hunter Keith , Pemberton Michael , Sloan Philip
Published: November 2020

Whilst dental healthcare professionals naturally focus on assessment of the teeth and the supporting tissues, they also have an important role in assessing the whole oro-facial complex and the neck. Assessment of the neck is particularly important, not least, because it contains the regional lymph nodes that are involved in immune surveillance of the head and neck region. The neck also contains the major salivary glands: the sub­mandibular gland and the tail of the parotid gland. Mid-line structures include the hyoid bone, larynx, and trachea, along with the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. The assessment of these anatomical structures should form part of the routine clinical examination. The dis­covery of an abnormality in the neck, which may not have been noticed by the patient, may expedite the diagnosis of significant disease and facilitate a timely intervention. A through understanding of the anatomy of the neck is essential and informs the clinical examination. It is also important to understand the concept of the anatomical levels that map out the lymph node groups of the neck (Chapter 1; Fig. 1.2). Accurate assessment of the neck is usually best achieved by a combination of visual inspection and palpation, with the patient in a slightly reclined position, the clinician standing behind the patient. Any lumps, e.g. enlarged lymph nodes, are described by anatomical site, size, consistency (cystic, soft, rubbery, hard), whether the lump is mobile or fixed to the underlying tissue, and if palpation elic­its pain or discomfort. The combination of these parameters will help to formulate the differential diagnosis; for example, an isolated hard lump that is fixed to underlying structures is likely to represent meta­static cancer, whereas, bilateral soft lumps that are mobile and painful to palpation are likely to represent lymphadenitis as a consequence of systemic infection. Ultrasound examination can be used to ascertain important informa­tion about a neck lump such as the site (precise anatomical location, superficial or deep), size, consistency (solid or cystic), and multi-focality. Doppler settings can help to establish the vascularity of a lesion and its proximity to major vessels.
Tutorials
Authors: Levitin Anany , Levitin Maria
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this tutorial is to briefly review a few general strategies for designing algorithms. While these strategies are not all applicable to every puzzle, taken collectively they provide a powerful tool kit. Not surprisingly, these strategies are also used for solving many problems in computer science. Therefore, learning to apply these strategies to puzzles can serve as an excellent introduction to this important field. But before we embark on reviewing major algorithm design strategies, we need to make an important comment on two types of algorithmic puzzles. Every algorithmic puzzle has an input. An input defines an instance of the puzzle. The instance can be either specific (e.g., find a false coin among eight coins with a balance) or general (e.g., find a false coin among n coins with a balance). When dealing with a specific instance of a puzzle, the solver has no obligations beyond solving the instance given. In fact, it might be the case that other instances of the puzzle do not have the same solution or even do not have solutions at all. On the other hand, specific numbers in a puzzle’s statement may be of no significance whatsoever. Then solving the general instance of the puzzle could be not only more satisfying but, on occasion, even easier. But whether a puzzle is presented by a specific instance or given in its most general form, it is almost always a good idea to solve a few small instances of it anyway. On rare occasions the solver might be misled by such investigation, but much more often it can provide useful insights into the puzzle given. Theoretically, many puzzles can be solved by exhaustive search—a problem-solving strategy that simply tries all possible candidate solutions until a solution to the problem is found. Little ingenuity is typically required in applying exhaustive search. Therefore, puzzles are rarely offered to a person (as opposed to a computer) in the expectation that a solution will be found by applying this strategy.
Hints
Authors: Levitin Anany , Levitin Maria
Published: November 2020

1. A Wolf, a Goat, and a Cabbage With one insignificant exception, the puzzle can be solved by making a sequence of the only moves available in each situation. 2. Glove Selection Imagine a malevolent adversary who wants you to draw as many gloves as possible before getting what you need. Note that gloves are not socks: they can be right-handed and left-handed. 3. Rectangle Dissection Triangles in question need not be of the same size. 4. Ferrying Soldiers Solve the problem of ferrying one soldier first. 5. Row and Column Exchanges The answer is “no”; determine why. 6. Predicting a Finger Count Reenact the girl’s count long enough to see a pattern that makes the answer obvious. 7. Bridge Crossing at Night The answer is “yes,” and the solution does not involve any tricks. 8. Jigsaw Puzzle Assembly A similar problem is discussed in the book’s tutorial on algorithm analysis techniques. 9. Mental Arithmetic There are at least two different ways to compute this sum. Both use the methods discussed in the tutorial on algorithm analysis techniques. 10. A Fake Among Eight Coins “Three” is not the correct answer to the puzzle. 11. A Stack of Fake Coins The answer is “one.” Take advantage of the fact that the scale gives the exact weight. 12. Questionable Tiling The answer is “no.” 13. Blocked Paths Use dynamic programming as explained in the tutorial on algorithm design strategies. 14. Chessboard Reassembly What parts of the board do you have to cut to solve the puzzle? 15. Tromino Tilings Only one of the three questions has a “yes” answer. 16. Making Pancakes What is the fastest way to make three pancakes? Also note that n = 1 is, in fact, a special case here. 17. A King’s Reach The puzzle statement does not forbid the king to visit the same square more than once. Also, make sure that your answer is correct for every value of n ≥ 1. 18. A Corner-to-Corner Journey Observe the colors of the squares the knight jumps through.
Solutions
Authors: Levitin Anany , Levitin Maria
Published: November 2020

Most puzzles do not lend themselves to such simple solutions. This one is a rare exception in that the man has just one meaningful choice on all but the third trip The puzzle can also be solved by using the state-space graph (see [Lev06, Section 6.6]), similar to the solution of the Two Jealous Husbands puzzle in the tutorial on general design strategies. The states of the puzzle can also be represented by vertices of a cube. These alternative representations make it obvious that the seven trips is the fewest possible here. This classic puzzle was included in Alcuin’s collection—the earliest known collection of mathematical problems in Latin—which we already had a chance to mention in the first tutorial. On the appearance of this puzzle in other parts of the world, see [Ash90]. In modern times, it has become a standard feature in puzzle collections. Surprisingly, the puzzle still attracts the attention of mathematicians and computer scientists (see [Cso08]).
General Approaches to Analysis of Course: Applying Growth Mixture Modeling to Randomized Trials of Depression Medication
Authors: Muthé N Bengt , Brown Hendricks C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the assessment of treatment effects in longitudinal randomized trials using growth mixture modeling (GMM) (Muthén & Shedden, 1999; Muthén & Muthén, 2000; Muthén et al., 2002; Muthén & Asparouhov, 2009). GMM is a generalization of conventional repeated measurement mixed-effects (multilevel) modeling. It captures unobserved subject heterogeneity in trajectories not only by random effects but also by latent classes corresponding to qualitatively different types of trajectories. It can be seen as a combination of conventional mixed-effects modeling and cluster analysis, also allowing prediction of class membership and estimation of each individual’s most likely class membership. GMM has particularly strong potential for analyses of randomized trials because it responds to the need to investigate for whom a treatment is effective by allowing for different treatment effects in different trajectory classes. The chapter is motivated by a University of California, Los Angeles study of depression medication (Leuchter, Cook, Witte, Morgan, & Abrams, 2002). Data on 94 subjects are drawn from a combination of three studies carried out with the same design, using three different types of medications: fluoxetine (n = 14), venlafaxine IR (n = 17), and venlafaxine XR (n = 18). Subjects were measured at baseline and again after a 1-week placebo lead-in phase. In the subsequent double-blind phase of the study, the subjects were randomized into medication (n = 49) and placebo (n = 45) groups. After randomization, subjects were measured at nine occasions: at 48 hours and at weeks 1–8. The current analyses consider the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Several predictors of course of the Hamilton scale trajectory are available, including gender, treatment history, and a baseline measure of central cordance hypothesized to influence tendency to respond to treatment. The results of studies of this kind are often characterized in terms of an end point analysis where the outcome at the end of the study, here at 8 weeks, is considered for the placebo group and for the medication group.
Overview of Some Non –Neural Network Methods for Fitting Ab Initio Potential-Energy Databases
Authors: Raff Lionel , Komanduri Ranga , Hagan Martin , Bukkapatnam Satish
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, we describe results obtained by five methods that have been employed to fit ab initio potential-energy. These methods are (i) moving or modified Shepard interpolation (MSI), (ii) interpolative moving least squares (IMLS), (iii) invariant polynomials (IP), (iv) reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), and (v) a hybrid method that combines MSI and IMLS methods. The MSI and IMLS methods are described in some detail in the following. The IP and RKHS procedures are significantly more complex, and the reader is referred to the original papers for a more complete discussion of the details by which these methods are executed. The moving or modified Shepard interpolation (MSI) method was developed primarily by Collins and co-workers. The method employs electronic structure calculations to obtain the molecular potential energy at configuration points generated by an automated procedure. These data are then employed in a Shepard interpolation procedure to obtain the potential energies of the system at points other than those in the database. This procedure involves expressing the local potential about each configuration point in a Taylor series expansion. The term “moving” in the title derives from the fact that the set of internal coordinates employed in the interpolation varies from point-to-point in the database. Like all fitting methods, the MSI procedure requires the potential energy at a set of configuration points in the (3N-6) dimensional internal space of the system under investigation. These energies are generally obtained using ab initio electronic structure methods at some level of accuracy. In addition to the potential energies at each configuration point, the method also requires at least the first and second derivatives of the potential with respect to the coordinates being employed at each configuration point. These derivatives are needed to allow the local potential about a given configuration point in the database to be expressed in terms of a Taylor series expansion about that point. In principle, the MSI method may be extended to include third or fourth derivatives, but in most applications, the expansions are truncated after the quadratic terms.
Neural Network Methods for Data Analysis and Statistical Error Reduction
Authors: Raff Lionel , Komanduri Ranga , Hagan Martin , Bukkapatnam Satish
Published: November 2020

The use of neural networks (NNs) to predict an outcome or the output results as a function of a set of input parameters has been gaining wider acceptance with the advance in computer technology as well as with an increased awareness of the potential of NNs. A neural network is first trained to learn the underlying functional relationship between the output and the input parameters by providing it with a large number of data points, where each data point corresponds to a set of output and input parameters. Sumpter and Noid demonstrated the use of NNs to map the vibrational motion derived from the vibrational spectra onto a PES with relatively high accuracy. In another application, Sumpter et al. trained an NN to learn the relation between the phase-space points along a trajectory and the mode energies for stretching, torsion, and bending vibrations of H2O2. Likewise, Nami et al. demonstrated the use of NNs to determine the TiO2 deposition rates in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process from the knowledge of a range of deposition conditions. In view of the success achieved in obtaining interpolated values of the PESs for multi-atomic systems using an NN trained by the ab initio energy values for a large number of configurations, it is reasonable to ask whether we can successfully compute the results of an MD trajectory for a chemical reaction using an NN trained by the data obtained by previous MD simulations. If this can be done successfully, it becomes possible to execute a small number of trajectories, M, and then utilize the results of these trajectories as a database to train an NN to predict the final results of a very large number of trajectories N, where N >> M, that can be used to increase the statistical accuracy of the MD calculations and to further explore the dependence of the trajectory results upon a wide variety of variables without actually having to perform any further numerical integrations. In effect, the NN replaces the computationally laborious numerical integrations.
Summary, Conclusions, and Future Trends
Authors: Raff Lionel , Komanduri Ranga , Hagan Martin , Bukkapatnam Satish
Published: November 2020

Since the introduction of classical and semiclassical molecular dynamics (MD) methods in the 1960s and Gaussian procedures to conduct electronic structure calculations in the 1970s, a principal objective of theoretical chemistry has been to combine the two methods so that MD and quantum mechanical studies can be conducted on ab initio potential surfaces. Although numerous procedures have been attempted, the goal of first principles, ab initio dynamics calculations has proven to be elusive when the system contains five or more atoms moving in unrestricted three-dimensional space. For many years, the conventional wisdom has been that ab initio MD calculations for complex systems containing five or more atoms with several open reaction channels are presently beyond our computational capabilities. The rationale for this view are (a) the inherent difficulty of high level ab initio quantum calculations on complex systems that may take numerous, large-scale computations impossible, (b) the large dimensionality of the configuration space for such systems that makes it necessary to examine prohibitively large numbers of nuclear configurations, and (c) the extreme difficulty associated with obtaining sufficiently converged results to permit accurate interpolation of numerical data obtained from electronic structure calculations when the dimensionality of the system is nine or greater. Neural networks (NN) derive their name from the fact that their interlocking structure superficially resembles the neural network of a human brain and from the fact that NNs can sense the underlying correlations that exist in a database and properly map them in a manner analogous to the way a human brain can execute pattern recognition. Artificial neurons were first proposed in 1943 by Warren McCulloch, a neurophysiologist, and Walter Pitts, an MIT logician. NNs have been employed by engineers for decades to assist in the solution of a multitude of problems. Nevertheless, the power of NNs to assist in the solution of numerous problems that occur in chemical reaction dynamics is just now being realized by the chemistry community.
Building Stand-alone Applications
Authors: Manzo V. J
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, we will analyze a “Chord Namer” application that allows a user to enter a chord name and see the notes on a MIDI keyboard. Unlike the other patches we’ve worked on thus far, we will “build” this patch as a stand-alone program that can be used on any computer even if it does not have Max installed. Stand-alone programs are a great way of distributing your work to people for educational or commercial purposes. Open the file chord_namer.maxpat from the Chapter 11 Examples folder. This patch allows users to type in the name of a chord (C, for example) and see the chord displayed on a large kslider. Users can then play the chord on their MIDI keyboard while looking at the visual example. The letter name of each note appears on each chord tone when it is highlighted. For taller chords, a user may enable more chord tones to be added than simply just a root, third, and fifth. For example, a user wanting to play a Cdom7#9 chord could simply enable 7ths and 9ths to be displayed by checking the appropriate toggles, typing Cdom7#9 into the space provided, and pressing the return or enter key. 1. Type C into the text box at the top left and press the return or enter key 2. Play a C chord on your MIDI keyboard This patch could be useful for helping people perform a piece for which they have only a lead sheet with chord names. Let’s take a look inside the patch. The patch is currently in Presentation mode. Unlock the patch and put it into Patching mode. The patch is rather large in size so you may need to zoom out on the patch (⌘for Mac or ctrl for Windows ). Now that the patch is open, you may be surprised to see that there is only a small number of objects inside. Take note of the 3 bpatchers in the patch that generate chords, handle MIDI output, and, to the right, above the kslider, handle MIDI input.
Audio Effects and Processing
Authors: Manzo V. J
Published: November 2020

In the last two chapters, we addressed ways to get live audio and sound files to play in your patch. In this chapter, we will address implementing audio effects into the patch. Many DAWs (Digital Audio Workstations) allow you to add effects such as delays, reverb, and chorus into the audio signal path. Max, however, gives you complete control over the effects that you add since you build them yourself. For example, if you want to build a delay effect that delays the incoming audio signal by quarter notes for 5 seconds, sixteenth notes for 2 seconds, and eighth notes for 11 seconds, you may find that this very specific task is easier to carry out in Max than in the automation window of most DAWs. Similarly, if you wanted to perform some sort of filtering on audio in a buffer, you have complete control over the audio in your patch and the way that actions are carried out on it. Since the nature of building effects is rather complex, we will focus on the concept of implementation using some simpler effects in the process. We will begin discussing delays, that is, combining an audio signal with a duplicate of the signal delayed by some amount of time. In addition to being a useful effect in itself, delays are the basis for other effects such as reverb, chorus, and flanging. Let’s build a patch that will allow us to audition a few effects that we will build together. We will use some of the sound files that were installed on your computer when you installed Max (like jongly.aif ) and sfplay~ to play these files back. As you should know, you can just as easily implement these effects into a patch that uses live audio.
Apache Pass: Crossing the Line
Authors: deBuys William
Published: November 2020

The mochilla lay beside the migrant trail, an abandoned black daypack still heavy with goods. The Border Patrol agent carried it to the shelter of a corner of rocks, where no one could spot him while he searched it. He dug through the contents. There was a package of refried beans in gaudy plastic, a bag of instant oatmeal, fruit punch in a bottle too small to slake a serious thirst, and other convenience food. Also a half-pound or more of white grains in a punctured bag; the agent wet a finger and tasted: only sugar. Then he heard voices approaching and scrambled up the slope to hide in the brush. There were three of them: a rangy young man with a shadowy face in the lead, an older guy in a ball cap, and a pretty young woman with raven hair behind. They were Americans, not migrants or narcos. Their skin, their clothes, even their posture gave them away. They were too relaxed, too careless to be anything else. The agent stepped out from his hiding place. They slowed but did not stop. “You all out hiking?” “Yep,” said the young man with the shadowy face. “Where you from?” “Tucson,” came the clipped reply. Then the hikers, unsmiling and eyes straight ahead, passed him at a fast clip, the chill of the encounter resisting the afternoon heat, the desert absorbing the silence. The hikers had come from the direction of the Rat’s Nest, a maze of drainages half a dozen miles above the Line, and they disappeared toward Apache Pass—not the famous Apache Pass in the Chiricahua Mountains in eastern Arizona, but a lesser pass on the shoulder of Bartolo Mountain, well south of Tucson and only nine or ten miles north of Mexico. The agent knew they weren’t out for a hike. No one comes just to hike in the contorted and contested, bone-dry mountains along this stretch of the border. Everyone has a purpose. They come to smuggle or to be smuggled. They come to scurry in moonlight and to drag themselves under the blaze of the sun across dozens of miles of steep shadeless rock.
Getting Them Started: I Didn’t Know You Could Do That with a Computer
Authors: Greher Gena R. , Heines Jesse M.
Published: November 2020

“What’s an iPod?” “What’s an iPhone?” “What’s an Android?” Pose those questions to any gen-Xer or millennial and we guarantee you that there’s one answer you won’t get: “a small, handheld computer.” We’d also be shocked if their answers included anything like “a communication device capable of connecting to a wireless or cellular network.” You’re more likely to hear: “It’s like, a thing I use to chat with my friends, watch videos, and listen to music.” They can tell you what these devices are for, but they would have trouble telling you what they really are. Is this bad? No, not in and of itself. The computer has truly become an appliance, and some think about it no more deeply than they think about their toaster. Let’s credit the geeks in Silicon Valley for making complex devices so easy to use that, as they say about driving a car, “any fool can do it, and many do.” If your neighbor has a problem connecting to the Internet and comes to you for help and you ask what browser he or she uses, you just might get a blank stare. If you then try to break the ice by asking: “When you connect to the Internet (or World Wide Web) to look up something with Google or read your email, what program do you use?” An answer we commonly hear is: “I don’t know. I just click on the little picture that says ‘Connect to the Internet’ (or ‘Read Your Email,’ etc.).” This assumes, of course, that your neighbor knows what you mean by “program.” If not, it’s probably easiest to just ask: “Tell me the steps you follow to open your email so that you can read and send new messages.” Even though we feel that everyone should know a bit more about computers than this, we applaud the developments that have made computers everyday devices.
Classical Statistics
Authors: Elsner James B. , Jagger Thomas H.
Published: November 2020

All hurricanes are different. Statistics helps you characterize hurricanes from the typical to the extreme. In this chapter, we provide an introduction to classical (or frequentist) statistics. To get the most out of it, we again encourage you to open an R session and type in the code as you read along. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize your data. The mean and the variance are good examples. So is correlation. Data can be a set of weather records or output from a global climate model. Descriptive statistics provide answers to questions like does Jamaica experience more hurricanes than Puerto Rico? In Chapter 2, you learned some functions for summarizing your data, let us review. Recall that the data set H.txt is a list of hurricane counts by year making landfall in the United States (excluding Hawaii). To input the data and save them as a data object, type . . . > H = read. Table ("H.txt", header=TRUE) . . . Make sure the data file is located in your working directory. To check your working directory, type getwd (). Sometimes all you need are a few summary statistics from your data. You can obtain the mean and variance by typing . . . > mean (H$All); var (H$All) [1] 1.69375 [1] 2.10059 . . . Recall that the semicolon acts as a return so you can place multiple functions on the same text line. The sample mean is a measure of the central tendency and the sample variance is a measure of the spread. These are called the first-and second-moment statistics. Like all statistics, they are random variables. A random variable can be thought of as a quantity whose value is not fixed; it changes depending on the values in your sample. If you consider the number of hurricanes over a different sample of years, the sample mean will almost certainly be different. Same with the variance. The sample mean provides an estimate of the population mean (the mean over all past and future years).
Time Series Models
Authors: Elsner James B. , Jagger Thomas H.
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, we consider time series models. A time series is an ordered sequence of numbers with respect to time. In climatology, you encounter time-series data in a format given by . . . {h}Tt=1 = {h1,h2,. . . ,hT} (10.1) . . . where the time t is over a given season, month, week, or day and T is the time series length. The aim is to understand the underlying physical processes that produced the series. A trend is an example. Often by simply looking at a time series plot, you can pick out a trend that tells you that the process generating the data is changing. A single time series gives you a sample from the process. Yet under the ergodic hypothesis, a single time series of infinite length contains the same information (loosely speaking) as the collection of all possible series of finite length. In this case, you can use your series to learn about the nature of the process. This is analogous to spatial interpolation encountered in Chapter 9, where the variogram was computed under the assumption that the rainfall field is stationary. Here we consider a selection of techniques and models for time series data. We begin by showing you how to overlay plots as a tool for exploratory analysis. This is done to compare the variation between two series qualitatively. We demonstrate large variation in hurricane counts arising from a constant rate process. We then show techniques for smoothing. We continue with a change-point model and techniques for decomposing a continuous-valued series. We conclude with a unique way to create a network graph from a time series of counts and suggest a new definition of a climate anomaly. A plot showing your variables on a common time axis is an informative exploratory graph. Values from two different series are scaled to have the same relative range so the covariation in the variables can be compared visually. Here you do this with hurricane counts and sea-surface temperature (SST). Begin by loading annual.RData. These data were assembled in Chapter 6.
Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of Polyfunctional Compounds
Authors: Seco Josi M. , Quiqoa Emilio , Riguera Ricardo
Published: November 2020

From a practical point of view, the assignment of the absolute configuration of sec/sec 1,2- and 1,n-diols does not require the separate derivatization (two different steps with the CDA of choice) of each one of the two hydroxyl groups present in the substrate; on the contrary, it can be carried out by simultaneous derivatization of the two hydroxyls (a single step), leading to the corresponding bis-(R)- and bis-(S)-CDA esters [13, 59–61]. The most used CDAs are 9-AMA and MPA [59, 60], although 1-NMA, 2-NMA, and MTPA are also appropriate [59, 60]. This assignment has an important difference compared to that of monofunctionalized compounds [15]; this is due to the presence in the bis-(R)- and bis-(S)-derivatives of two CDA units that produce distributions of ΔδRS and ΔδSR signs that do not follow the trends found in monoderivatized compounds [13, 15, 82]. This means that the NMR spectra of the bis-CDA derivatives cannot be interpreted as if they had originated from two isolated mono-CDA derivatives [82]. Thus, the correlations described for secondary alcohols [35–39] cannot be applied to diols [59–61] because the chemical shifts and ΔδRS values result from the combination of the anisotropic effects—usually shielding—from the two CDA units and not from a single unit, as happens with monoalcohols. A result of the combination of aromatic shielding effects [59, 60] in diols is that the diagnostic protons/signals for assignment are not always the same as in isolated monoalcohols (i.e., L1/L2). For instance, in acyclic syn-1,2-diols, the diagnostic signals [59, 60] are those corresponding to the protons at the alpha positions of the OH groups (i.e., the hydrogens linked directly to the asymmetric carbons) Hα(R1) and Hα(R2) exclusively. On the other hand, in acyclic anti-1,2-diols, the diagnostic signals are from Hα(R1)/Hα(R2) together with those from R1 and R2. As in the case of monofunctional compounds, the assignment consists [13, 59, 60] in the preparation of two bis-CDA derivatives from the two enantiomers of the chosen CDA, followed by comparison of the corresponding NMR spectra and calculation of the ΔδRS (or ΔδSR in the case of MTPA) signs for Hα(R1), R1, Hα(R2), and R2.
The Political Opposition in Japan
Authors: Scheiner Ethan , Thies Michael F.
Published: November 2020

Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party has controlled the country’s government for most of its existence since coming to power in 1955. Put simply, opposition parties in Japan have failed at an alarming rate for more than half a century. This chapter examines the changing patterns and causes of this opposition party failure over time. It highlights three distinct periods: (1) opposition as protest (1955–1989), (2) opposition as alternative government (1989–2012), and (3) opposition as irrelevance (2012–present). The chapter suggests that until midway through the second period, core structural conditions created massive disadvantages for the opposition, thus harming its ability to take down the LDP. However, significant changes altered these conditions and helped the opposition gain control of the government in 2009. Surprisingly, just a few years later, for reasons that were very different from before, the opposition returned to a state of near irrelevance.
Retrieving the History of Women Biblical Interpreters
Authors: Schroeder Joy A.
Published: November 2020

Since the early 2000s, scholars have begun to retrieve the history of women biblical interpreters. They have identified hundreds of writings by Jewish and Christian women who worked prior to the twentieth century, some of whom offered protofeminist or early feminist perspectives on scripture. This essay provides a survey of recent scholarship on the topic, as well as a historical overview of women interpreters active in late antiquity, the Middle Ages, the early modern period, and the nineteenth century. Since most of these women interpreters are from Western Europe and the United States, consisting mainly of Roman Catholics and Protestants, future directions should include a more global, inclusive account of women’s contributions. Diverse voices discussed include Rivkah bat Meir of Prague, Ethiopian Orthodox nun Walatta Petros, Mexican nun Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Afro-Peruvian mystic Ursula de Jesús, and Indian scholar Pandita Ramabai.
Neoliberalism and Queer Theory in Biblical Readings
Authors: Hornsby Teresa J.
Published: November 2020

Queer theorists posit that gender produces, reproduces, and is produced in concert with social forces. This essay explores the extent to which neoliberal capitalism plays a part in those productions. In addition to setting up basic definitions, I explore the question whether a gender binary could exist without neoliberalism. In order to answer this question, I need to know, first, when and where is the binary strongest, and second, on what does it feed. In other words, the question is which ideologies work to strengthen and maintain the binary. Third, I discuss how Bible interpretation intersects to aid, subvert, or correct a neoliberal production of gender.
Gender and the Heterarchy Alternative for Re-Modeling Ancient Israel
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2020

“Patriarchy,” a social science model denoting male dominance, has long been used to represent ancient Israel. However, its validity as a model can be contested. This paper first reviews the history of the patriarchy model in social-science and biblical scholarship, showing how it arose when nineteenth-century anthropologists used Greek and Roman sources (mainly legal texts) in their study of the family, and was then expanded by sociologists (e.g. Weber) to indicate society-wide male dominance; biblical scholarship took up both aspects of the model. It then describes how the patriarchy model has been challenged in several areas: classical scholarship, research on Israelite women, and feminist theory. It concludes by suggesting that “heterarchy” is a more appropriate model.
Sexuality, Stoning, and Supersessionism in Biblical Epic Films of the Post–World War II Era
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2020

Several biblical epics from the 1950s and 1960s with strong female heroes contain a narrative thread involving the stoning or threat of stoning of these protagonists. Notably, this motif is entirely absent from the biblical stories on which the films are based. This essay examines this feature in three films: David and Bathsheba (Henry King, 1950), Solomon and Sheba (King Vidor, 1959), and The Story of Ruth (Henry Koster, 1960). I argue that the motif of stoning is adopted from the New Testament story of the woman caught in adultery (John 7:53–8:11), and that this use contributes both to the subtle denigration of traditional Judaism and the reinforcement of gender hierarchies that are evident in many Bible films from the post–World War II period.
Ecofeminist Biblical Hermeneutics for Cyborgs and the Story of Jezebel
Authors: Walker-Jones Arthur W.
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the Jezebel.com website as a feminist interpretation of the biblical story of Jezebel, in order to discuss the ways digital media make reading more transparent, intertextual, and holistic. Donna Haraway’s article “A Manifesto for Cyborgs” is a seminal work for both ecofeminism and the digital humanities. This articles uses her understanding of the cyborg and naturecultures to argue that Jezebel has become a cyborg online. Cyborgs and digital media could be used to reinforce the nature–culture dualism that is related to male–female dualism and has legitimated patriarchy and the environmental crisis. This chapter, therefore, argues that the identification of cyborg naturecultures in reading both the biblical stories and digital cultures is particularly important for ecofeminist approaches to the Hebrew Bible.
Exploring Biblical Women in Music
Authors: Leneman Helen
Published: November 2020

This essay explores various musical works that retell the stories of biblical women who are largely silent in the biblical text. It analyzes operas and oratorios featuring biblical women with prominent roles in more than one musical work. These are: Sarah, Hagar, and Rebecca in the book of Genesis; Jochebed, Pharaoh’s daughter, and Miriam in the book of Exodus; and Michal and Bathsheba in the books of Samuel. This research draws on my previous scholarship on nineteenth- and twentieth-century opera, oratorio, and song settings of biblical women. Many musical settings of biblical narratives focus intensely on the women. The women’s singing voices add new elements to their depictions, and librettos almost always enlarge the women’s roles. Composers and librettists together turn the women into three-dimensional characters. The essay presents various threads in numerous musical works that tie together the re-visioning of several biblical women. The goal is to illustrate how the selected women move from the biblical background to the musical foreground, and to offer new and surprising perspectives on biblical women.
A Queer Critique of Looking for “Male” and “Female” Voices in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Tamber-Rosenau Caryn
Published: November 2020

The idea that biblical scholars discern the “gender” of a text or tradition by examining a text’s worldview, voice, and use of language gained currency in the 1990s with Athalya Brenner and Fokkelien van Dijk-Hemmes’s On Gendering Texts: Female and Male Voices in the Hebrew Bible. Since then, a steady stream of books and papers has made the case for “masculine” or “feminine” voices in various biblical narratives. Although the boom in scholarship searching for “M” or “F” voices in biblical texts coincided with the growth of queer-theoretical and gender-critical approaches to the Bible, no queer-influenced critique of the practice of gendering texts has yet emerged. This essay argues that the M/F textual schema both implies and reinforces a fixed gender binary, a notion rejected by queer theory in general and queer biblical criticism in particular. In other words, the attempt to recover female voices in the Hebrew Bible is a noble goal, but the conviction that an exegete provides such a recovery by looking to a text’s stereotyped “gendered” language or interests is unhelpful to feminist biblical studies.
Examining Scripture in Light of Trans Women’s Voices
Authors: Valentine Katy E.
Published: November 2020

This essay adds another voice to feminist and woman-centered voices in biblical interpretation: the transgender voice, specifically the trans woman voice. Drawn from interviews with transgender persons, the essay explores texts that support trans women and disrupts a binary understanding of gender. I begin with some term definitions and a brief examination of the rich tapestry of women in Scripture who are valued for reasons other than procreation (i.e. Miriam, Deborah, Judith), suggesting that procreation alone is not a viable determinant for womanhood. The essay then turns to Gen. 1:27, a verse that many gender variant interpreters have embraced as confirmation that femininity and masculinity are found in the first human being as an androgyne. This interpretation is echoed in Paul’s use of the baptismal formula. The essay concludes with a reflection on the gifts that a transgender hermeneutic offers feminist and woman-centered methodologies.
Toward an African Feminist Ethics and the Book of Proverbs
Authors: Ọlọjẹde Funlọla O.
Published: November 2020

This essay posits that a feminist African ethics must be based on different principles than Western Socratic-Aristotelian ethics. A feminist African ethics centers on communitarian notions of care and collective engagement. The female figures in Proverbs 1–9 illustrate the complex ethical situation in which feminist African ethicists find themselves. Woman Wisdom represents the traditional African ethics of care and empathy, whereas the Strange Woman represents the unethical system dominant in post-independent and postcolonial Africa. A feminist African ethics also has to recognize that it always operates in a confluence or amalgam of ethical paradigms. Most importantly, a feminist African ethics needs to deal with the significance of the social location and lived experiences of African women. The discussion of the relationship between Woman Wisdom and the Strange Woman teaches that the African and the Western ethical paradigms promote two antithetical ideologies or ways of life. Both of them exist in contemporary Africa, and the resulting tension challenges African feminist Bible scholars to struggle with the ethical incongruities prevalent within their geopolitical context.
Hagar and Sarah in Art and Interfaith Dialog
Authors: Rosen Aaron
Published: November 2020

The “Abrahamic” has become a common touchstone in the theory and practice of interfaith dialog between Jews, Christians, and Muslims. However, there are major issues with this formula. Most of all, it elevates Abraham but marginalizes his wives, Sarah and Hagar, and so the formula sustains a dubious hegemony in which patriarchs matter more than matriarchs. Although their tales are interpreted in divergent ways in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, related challenges arise in each tradition. In this chapter I unpack some of these issues using works of art by artists including Edmonia Lewis, George Segal, Adi Nes, and Siona Benjamin. The conclusion speculates on the wider possibilities for using the visual arts as a tool for interfaith dialog and feminist critique.
Animal Studies, Feminism, and Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Stone Ken
Published: November 2020

What can animal studies contribute to feminist biblical interpretation? This essay explores this question by calling attention to the role of feminist and gender analysis in contemporary interdisciplinary animal studies. Such studies point out that animals are often associated with women and with racial and ethnic others. After summarizing key positions from animal studies, the essay turns to several texts from the Pentateuch and the Former Prophets to outline the association between animals and women and ethnic others (especially Philistines) in biblical literature. The association demonstrates that another layer of complexity to male domination—or carnophallogocentrism—structures biblical literature.
Catholic Androcentric Bible Translations as Global Missionary Tools?
Authors: Dempsey Carol J.
Published: November 2020

For centuries Catholic biblical scholars translated the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek books of the Bible into English with the goal of producing even “better” translations than before. Yet whether these translations follow the principles of formal or dynamic equivalence, no translation is without theological, cultural, gender, racial, and ethnocentric biases, as all translations are interpretations. Many translations thus reflect the theological positions of religious denominations commissioning them. The forthcoming revision of the Catholic New American Bible is not an exception. This essay considers the androcentric preferences in some of the latest contemporary scholarly Bible translations into English and then examines the revised translation of the anticipated new edition of the Catholic Bible, the principles guiding the translation revision, and the issues that both the translation and principles bring to the fore. While the essay refers to the forthcoming edition of the Catholic New American Bible as a whole, the focus is on the revision of the Old Testament in particular.
On the Development of a Feminist Biblical Hermeneutics of Migration
Authors: Scholz Susanne
Published: November 2020

As more people than ever are on the move worldwide because of ongoing military conflict and war, political and social persecution, climate change, or economic deprivation, and most of them are women, feminist Bible scholars need to reflect on the purpose and rationale of biblical hermeneutics and methodologies. Why are we reading the way we are and how do our interpretations perhaps unconsciously reinforce neoliberal principles? This essay investigates how feminist Bible interpreters deal with the topic of migration, which biblical texts they prefer when the topic is migration, and how feminist biblical interpretations nurture and deepen the critical reflection on a feminist biblical hermeneutics of migration in the neoliberal era.
The Challenge of Feminist Bible Translations in African Contexts
Authors: Mbuwayesango Dora R.
Published: November 2020

The essay surveys how Bible translations produced by modern colonial missionaries distorted African cultures and religions with special focus on the Shona people of Zimbabwe. It also explains, by focusing on the Shona translation of Genesis 1–3, how the adoption of the name of the Shona god, Mwari, into the Bible introduced foreign patriarchal notions to the Shona understanding of their god, and also a conception of gender and sexuality that promoted the marginalization of women and oppressive homophobic ideas. The essay concludes with pointing out the need to apply postcolonial feminist approach to Bible translation in order decolonize and depatriarchalize Bible translation and interpretation in Africa.