bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Une autre manière de fabriquer de la parenté? Des nouvelles techniques de reproduction à l’utérus artificiel
Authors: Déchaux Jean-Hugues
Published: August 2014

Dans les sociétés euraméricaines, le développement des nouvelles techniques de reproduction (NTR) interroge le modèle de parenté fondé sur la bilatéralité exclusive (chaque individu ne peut avoir qu’un seul père et une seule mère, d’une génération ascendante et de sexe différent) et sur l’idée que la parenté doit être au plus près de la nature. L'article montre le caractère ambivalent des effets des NTR sur le modèle de parenté euraméricain en s’appuyant à la fois sur l’état actuel des NTR et en se livrant à un exercice de « sociologie fiction » imaginant qu’il existe un utérus artificiel. Les conceptions minoritaires en matière de parenté ne cessent pas de l’être du jour au lendemain parce que les NTR offriraient des solutions techniques à des problèmes qui semblaient jusqu’alors insolubles. Il n’y a pas de déterminisme technique. Avec les NTR, la parenté est devenue une question politique.
Qualité ou quantité : des parents québécois lèvent le voile sur leurs stratégies déployées pour favoriser le « bien manger » chez leurs enfants
Authors: Pernice Stéphanie , Marquis Marie
Published: August 2014

Les attitudes et comportements alimentaires développés pendant la petite enfance influencent grandement la relation future du mangeur à l’égard des aliments. Le parent s’avère en ce sens des plus déterminants. Cette étude vise à connaître les pratiques observées et les attitudes adoptées par les parents québécois d’enfants d’âge préscolaire pour favoriser le « bien manger ». La collecte de données a été effectuée à l’aide de cartes postales distribuées dans les centres de la petite enfance du Québec pour ensuite être remises aux parents. L’analyse des réponses à la question ouverte figurant sur la carte postale a été réalisée sur la base du modèle des prises alimentaires de Jean-Pierre Poulain. 1257 cartes postales ont été retenues aux fins d’analyses. Les données recueillies permettent dans un premier temps de connaître la perception des parents quant à la notion de « manger bien ». Les notions de qualité et de quantité, diamétralement opposées, se démarquent. Cette étude permet de constater la variété des stratégies employées par les parents québécois au moment du repas. D’une grande pertinence pour la santé publique, ces données permettront de cibler les messages clés à promouvoir auprès de ces acteurs d’influence dans le développement des habitudes alimentaires des tout-petits.
Configurations institutionnelles de la protection de l’enfance : regards croisés de l’Afrique, de l’Europe et de l’Amérique du Nord
Authors: Wouango Joséphine , Turcotte Daniel
Published: August 2014

Cet article porte sur l’analyse de trois configurations institutionnelles de la protection de l’enfance : celle en place au Burkina Faso, en Belgique et au Québec. Pour chaque configuration, le texte explore les transformations qui ont marqué le passage de la prise en charge exclusive de l’enfant par la famille vers la présence accrue de l’État et la manière dont la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant de 1989 a influencé ce passage. Il montre, au travers d’une lecture historique, que l’implication de l’État dans la protection des enfants a connu des formes et des modalités variables selon le temps et l’espace. L’approche actuelle en matière de protection de l’enfance au Nord et au Sud, approche largement inspirée de la perspective des droits, représente un défi tant pour les intervenants que pour les familles, car son application dépend à fois des ressources disponibles pour aider les enfants et les familles en difficulté, de la capacité d’action des institutions publiques et de l’efficacité des interventions.
‘The Sunday Times among Them’: Good Afternoon!, and the Gendering of Afternoon Television in the 1970s
Authors: Kay Jilly Boyce
Published: August 2014

This article explores the history of Good Afternoon!, a British daytime magazine programme produced by Thames Television between 1971 and 1988. Focusing on its emergence in the 1970s, I consider the ambivalent ways in which it was figured as a programme for women, and the instability of this category in the discursive context of second-wave feminism. Drawing on archival material in the form of programme texts, publicity material, listings guides and media reviews, I also explore the ways in which the progamme's status as an afternoon programme was inscribed with gendered assumptions about class, taste, and labour.
Pilot Trial of Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy for Patients With Frequent Episodic Tension-Type Headache
Authors: Rolle Guido , Tremolizzo Lucio , Somalvico Francesco , Ferrarese Carlo , Bressan Livio C.
Published: August 2014

Context: Osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMTh; manipulative care provided by foreign-trained osteopaths) may be used for managing headache pain and related disability, but there is a need for high-quality randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of this intervention.

Objective: To explore the efficacy of OMTh for pain management in frequent episodic tension-type headache (TTH).

Design: Single-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.

Setting: Patients were recruited from 5 primary care settings.

Patients: Forty-four patients who were affected by frequent episodic TTH and not taking any drugs for prophylactic management of episodic TTH were recruited.

Interventions: Patients were randomly allocated to an experimental or control group. The experimental group received corrective OMTh techniques, tailored for each patient; the control group received assessment of the cranial rhythmic impulse (sham therapy). The study included a 1-month baseline period, a 1-month treatment period, and a 3-month follow-up period.

Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the change in patient-reported headache frequency, and secondary outcomes included changes in headache pain intensity (discrete score, 1 [lowest perceived pain] to 5 [worst perceived pain]), over-the-counter medication use, and Headache Disability Inventory score.

Results: Forty patients completed the study (OMTh, n=21; control, n=19). The OMTh group had a significant reduction in headache frequency over time that persisted 1 month (approximate reduction, 40%; P<.001) and 3 months (approximate reduction, 50%; P<.001) after the end of treatment. Moreover, there was an absolute difference between the 2 treatment groups at the end of the study, with a 33% lower frequency of headache in the OMTh group (P<.001).

Conclusion: This feasibility study demonstrated the efficacy of OMTh in the management of frequent episodic TTH, compared with sham therapy in a control group. Osteopathic manipulative therapy may be preferred over other treatment modalities and may benefit patients who have adverse effects to medications or who have difficulty complying with pharmacologic regimens. This protocol may serve as a model for future studies.
Pierre Robin Sequence in a Neonate With Suckling Difficulty and Weight Loss
Authors: Summers Jeffery , Ludwig Jacob , Kanze David
Published: August 2014

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a combination of micrognathia and glossoptosis that leads to airway obstruction, feeding problems, and potentially other sequelae that can complicate early life. Currently, therapy for these newborns and infants is focused on preventing fatality or complications until the jaw can grow sufficiently to correct airway obstruction and associated problems. For patients with mild PRS, treatments include conservative measures such as airway maintenance and a feeding tube. For more severe cases, a surgical procedure is necessary. To the authors' knowledge, the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative treatment of patients with PRS has not been reported in the literature. The current case describes the use of osteopathic manipulative treatment to help alleviate difficulties with breathing and latch and suckling in a 15-day-old newborn with PRS.
Use of a Small Intestine Submucosa Extracellular Matrix Patch in Repeated Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Madden Nicholas J. , Troutman Douglas A. , DeMarsico Arthur J.
Published: August 2014

Various patches have been described in the literature for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. In the present report, the authors present the case of a 71-year-old woman who had bilateral carotid endarterectomies 17 years earlier and greater than 80% restenosis of the right internal carotid artery. The patient underwent a repeated right carotid endarterectomy using a small intestine submucosa extracellular matrix patch for closure of the arteriotomy. Given the unique biologic properties of the small intestine submucosa patch and the technical advantages associated with its use for patch angioplasty, further studies to define its efficacy are warranted.
Characteristics of monoenergetic and broadband auroral electron precipitation as observed by the Science and Technology Satellite‐I
Authors: Park J. , Min K. W. , Lim Y. M. , Lee J.‐C. , Lee J.‐J. , Kim H. J. , Hwang J.
Published: August 2014

Previously, the pitch angle distribution of monoenergetic and broadband electron precipitation has been investigated mainly by case studies. The main focus of this study is quantitative comparison of pitch angle distributions between monoenergetic and broadband electron precipitations using long‐term observations on board one platform. From December 2003 to October 2004, Science and Technology Satellite‐I (altitude∼680 km) regularly observed auroral electron flux and cold ambient plasma parameters during quiet and moderately disturbed conditions. Monoenergetic electron precipitation has notable perpendicular anisotropy, while broadband electron precipitation is much more field aligned. As for other features of monoenergetic and broadband electron precipitation, the characteristic energy of precipitating electrons is slightly higher for monoenergetic (around 1 keV) than for broadband electron precipitation (from several hundred eV to 1 keV). For both monoenergetic and broadband types, the characteristic energy and energy flux do not show clear correlation with cold ambient plasma density/temperature.
Influence of water depth on the carbon sequestration capacity of seagrasses
Authors: Serrano Oscar , Lavery Paul S. , Rozaimi Mohammad , Mateo Miguel Ángel
Published: August 2014

The actual estimates of carbon stocks beneath seagrass meadows worldwide are derived from few data, resulting in a tendency to generalize global carbon stocks from a very limited number of seagrass habitats. We surveyed Posidonia oceanica and Posidonia sinuosa meadows along depth‐induced gradients of light availability to assess the variability in their sedimentary organic carbon (Corg) stocks and accretion rates. This study showed a fourfold decrease in Corg stocks from 2–4 m to 6–8 m depth P. sinuosa meadows (averaging 7.0 and 1.8 kg m−2, respectively; top meter of sediment) and a fourteenfold to sixteenfold decrease from shallow (2 m) to deep (32 m) P. oceanica meadows (200 and 19 kg m−2 average, respectively; top 2.7 m of sediment). The average Corg accretion rates in shallow P. sinuosa meadows were higher (10.5 g m−2 yr−1) than in deeper meadows (2.1 g m−2 yr−1). The reduction of sedimentary Corg stocks and accretion rates along depth‐related gradients of light reduction suggests that irradiance, controlling plant productivity, meadow density, and sediment accretion rates, is a key environmental factor affecting Corg storage potential of seagrasses. The results obtained highlighted the exceptional carbon storage capacity of P. oceanica meadows at Balearic Islands (Spain), containing the highest areal Corg stocks of all seagrasses (estimated in up to 691–770 kg m−2 in 8–13 m thick deposits). Seagrass communities are experiencing worldwide decline, and reduced irradiance (following e.g., eutrophication or sediment regime alterations) will lead to photoacclimation responses (i.e., reduced plant productivity and shoot density), which may impact the carbon sequestration capacity of seagrasses.
Experimental assessment of Owen's second hypothesis on surface shear stress induced by a fluid during sediment saltation
Authors: Walter B. , Horender S. , Voegeli C. , Lehning M.
Published: August 2014

A widely used, yet thus far unproven, fluid dynamical hypothesis originally presented by P. R. Owen 50 years ago, states that the surface shear stress induced by a fluid on the ground during equilibrium sediment saltation is constant and independent of the magnitude of the fluid velocity and consequently the particle mass flux. This hypothesis is one of the key elements in almost all current model descriptions of sediment erosion. We measured the surface shear stress in a drifting‐sand wind tunnel and found Owen's hypothesis being merely an approximation of the real situation. A significant decrease of the fluid stress with increasing wind velocities was measured for low to intermediate particle mass fluxes. For high particle mass fluxes, Owen's hypothesis essentially holds, although a slight increase of the fluid stress was measured.
Unexpected impacts of the Tropical Pacific array on reanalysis surface meteorology and heat fluxes
Authors: Josey S. A. , Yu L. , Gulev S. , Jin X. , Tilinina N. , Barnier B. , Brodeau L.
Published: August 2014

The Tropical Pacific mooring array has been a key component of the climate observing system since the early 1990s. We identify a pattern of strong near surface humidity anomalies, colocated with the array, in the widely used European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting Interim atmospheric reanalysis. The pattern generates large, previously unrecognized latent and net air‐sea heat flux anomalies, up to 50 Wm−2 in the annual mean, in reanalysis derived data sets employed for climate studies (TropFlux) and ocean model forcing (the Drakkar Forcing Set). As a consequence, uncertainty in Tropical Pacific ocean heat uptake between the 1990s and early 2000s at the mooring sites is significant with mooring colocated differences in decadally averaged ocean heat uptake as large as 20 Wm−2. Furthermore, these results have major implications for the dual use of air‐sea flux buoys as reference sites and sources of assimilation data that are discussed.
Altitude‐adjusted corrected geomagnetic coordinates: Definition and functional approximations
Authors: Shepherd S. G.
Published: August 2014

Analysis of the functional approximations used to transform between geographic and Altitude‐Adjusted Corrected Geomagnetic (AACGM) coordinates reveals that errors of >50 km can occur in the auroral and polar regions. These errors are the result of efforts to better approximate AACGM coordinates near the magnetic equator and the South Atlantic Anomaly. In these regions AACGM coordinates are not defined and alternate coordinates have been used. This augmentation and emphasis on the solution in regions near the equator result in spherical harmonic approximating functions that are less accurate than need be in the auroral and polar regions. In response, a new set of spherical harmonic coefficients have been derived that better represent AACGM coordinates in these regions. These new AACGM coefficients are limited to below 2000 km in altitude in order to ensure accuracy. For altitudes above 2000 km, a magnetic field‐line tracing solution is recommended. A software package developed to take advantage of the new AACGM coefficients provides the capability of tracing magnetic field lines at any altitude, for improved accuracy. In addition, linear interpolation between 5 year epochs is used to produce coordinates that vary smoothly over the entire period from 1965 to present. The intent of this work is to provide a more accurate procedure for determining AACGM coordinates in the auroral and polar regions for the study of magnetospheric and ionospheric processes.
Tropospheric nitric acid columns from the IASI satellite instrument interpreted with a chemical transport model: Implications for parameterizations of nitric oxide production by lightning
Authors: Cooper Matthew , Martin Randall V. , Wespes Catherine , Coheur Pierre‐Francois , Clerbaux Cathy , Murray Lee T.
Published: August 2014

This paper interprets tropical tropospheric nitric acid columns from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite instrument with a global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem). GEOS‐Chem and IASI columns generally agree over the tropical ocean to within 10%. However, the GEOS‐Chem simulation underestimates IASI nitric acid over Southeast Asia by a factor of 2. The regional nitric acid bias is confirmed by comparing the GEOS‐Chem simulation with additional satellite (High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer) and aircraft (Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM)‐Tropics A and PEM‐West B) observations of the middle and upper troposphere. This bias appears to be driven by the lightning NOx parameterization, both in terms of the magnitude of the NOx source and the ozone production efficiency of concentrated lightning NOx plumes. We tested a subgrid lightning plume parameterization and found that an ozone production efficiency of 15 mol/mol in lightning plumes over Southeast Asia in conjunction with an additional 0.5 Tg N would reduce the regional nitric acid bias from 92% to 6% without perturbing the rest of the tropics. Other sensitivity studies such as modified NOx yield per flash, increased altitude of lightning NOx emissions, decreased convective mass flux, or increased scavenging of nitric acid required unrealistic changes to reduce the bias.
An integrated qualitative and quantitative modeling framework for computer‐assisted HAZOP studies
Authors: Wu Jing , Zhang Laibin , Hu Jinqiu , Lind Morten , Zhang Xinxin , Jørgensen Sten Bay , Sin Gürkan , Jensen Niels
Published: August 2014

The article proposes a novel practical framework for computer‐assisted hazard and operability (HAZOP) that integrates qualitative reasoning about system function with quantitative dynamic simulation in order to facilitate detailed specific HAZOP analysis. The practical framework is demonstrated and validated on a case study concerning a three‐phase separation process. The multilevel flow modeling (MFM) methodology is used to represent the plant goals and functions. First, means‐end analysis is used to identify and formulate the intention of the process design in terms of components, functions, objectives, and goals on different abstraction levels. Based on this abstraction, qualitative functional models are constructed for the process. Next MFM‐specified causal rules are extended with systems specific features to enable proper reasoning. Finally, systematic HAZOP analysis is performed to identify safety critical operations, its causes and consequences. The outcome is a qualitative hazard analysis of selected process deviations from normal operations and their consequences as input to a traditional HAZOP table. The list of unacceptable high risk deviations identified by the qualitative HAZOP analysis is used as input for rigorous analysis and evaluation by the quantitative analysis part of the framework. To this end, dynamic first‐principles modeling is used to simulate the system behavior and thereby complement the results of the qualitative analysis part. The practical framework for computer‐assisted HAZOP studies introduced in this article allows the HAZOP team to devote more attention to high consequence hazards. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4150–4173, 2014
Effect of thrombopoietin receptor agonists on the apoptotic profile of platelets in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Mitchell William Beau , Pinheiro Mariana P. , Boulad Nayla , Kaplan David , Edison Michele N. , Psaila Bethan , Karpoff Marissa , White Michael J. , Josefsson Emma C. , Kile Benjamin T. , Bussel James B.
Published: August 2014

Platelet survival depends upon mediators of apoptosis e.g., Bcl‐xL, Bax, and Bak, which are regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)‐mediated AKT signaling. Thrombopoietin receptor (TPO‐R) signaling might decrease platelet and/or megakaryocyte apoptosis and increase the platelet count. This study therefore explored anti‐apoptotic effects of TPO‐R‐agonists in vivo on platelets of patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Patients received eltrombopag or romiplostim for two weeks. Total, immature, and large platelet counts were assessed as were Bcl‐xL inhibitor assay; Bcl‐xL Western blot; and flow cytometric (FACS) analysis of the AKT‐signaling pathway. Eight/ten patients had platelet responses to eltrombopag and all three to romiplostim. Platelet sensitivity to apoptosis by Bcl‐xL inhibition was greater in pretreatment patients than controls. This sensitivity normalized after one week of therapy, but surprisingly returned to pretreatment levels at week two. FACS analysis revealed increased AKT‐pathway signaling after one week, followed by a decrease at week two. Platelet counts correlated with the Bcl‐xL/Bak ratio. Platelet survival may be enhanced by TPO‐R‐agonists as a transient decrease in platelet sensitivity to apoptosis was accompanied by transient activation of AKT. However, this mechanism has only a short‐lived effect. Megakaryocytes and platelets already present at the start of TPO‐R‐agonist treatment appear to respond differently than those generated de novo. Am. J. Hematol. 89:E228–E234, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect O6‐guanine alkylation on DNA flexibility studied by comparative molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Kara Mahmut , Drsata Tomas , Lankas Filip , Zacharias Martin
Published: August 2014

Alkylation of guanine at the O6 atom is a highly mutagenic DNA lesion because it alters the coding specificity of the base causing G:C to A:T transversion mutations. Specific DNA repair enzymes, e.g. O6‐alkylguanin‐DNA‐Transferases (AGT), recognize and repair such damage after looping out the damaged base to transfer it into the enzyme active site. The exact mechanism how the repair enzyme identifies a damaged site within a large surplus of undamaged DNA is not fully understood. The O6‐alkylation of guanine may change the deformability of DNA which may facilitate the initial binding of a repair enzyme at the damaged site. In order to characterize the effect of O6‐methyl‐guanine (O6‐MeG) containing base pairs on the DNA deformability extensive comparative molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on duplex DNA with central G:C, O6‐MeG:C or O6‐MeG:T base pairs were performed. The simulations indicate significant differences in the helical deformability due to the presence of O6‐MeG compared to regular undamaged DNA. This includes enhanced base pair opening, shear and stagger motions and alterations in the backbone fine structure caused in part by transient rupture of the base pairing at the damaged site and transient insertion of water molecules. It is likely that the increased opening motions of O6‐MeG:C or O6‐MeG:T base pairs play a decisive role for the induced fit recognition or for the looping out of the damaged base by repair enzymes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 23–32, 2015.
Serum phytanic and pristanic acid levels and prostate cancer risk in Finnish smokers
Authors: Wright Margaret E. , Albanes Demetrius , Moser Ann B. , Weinstein Stephanie J. , Snyder Kirk , Männistö Satu , Gann Peter H.
Published: August 2014

Phytanic acid is a saturated branched‐chain fatty acid found predominantly in red meat and dairy products, and may contribute to the elevated risks of prostate cancer associated with higher consumption of these foods. Pristanic acid is formed during peroxisomal oxidation of phytanic acid, and is the direct substrate of α‐Methyl‐CoA‐Racemase (AMACR)—an enzyme that is consistently overexpressed in prostate tumors relative to benign tissue. We measured phytanic and pristanic acids as percentages of total fatty acids by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry in prediagnostic blood samples from 300 prostate cancer cases and 300 matched controls, all of whom were participants in the Alpha‐Tocopherol, Beta‐Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study supplementation trial and follow‐up cohort. In addition to providing a fasting blood sample at baseline, all men completed extensive diet, lifestyle, and medical history questionnaires. Among controls, the strongest dietary correlates of serum phytanic and pristanic acids were saturated fat, dairy fat, and butter (r = 0.50 and 0.40, 0.46 and 0.38, and 0.40 and 0.37, respectively; all P‐values <0.001). There was no association between serum phytanic acid and risk of total or aggressive prostate cancer in multivariate logistic regression models (for increasing quartiles, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for aggressive cancer were 1.0 (referent), 1.62 (0.97–2.68), 1.12 (0.66–1.90), and 1.14 (0.67–1.94), Ptrend = 0.87). Pristanic acid was strongly correlated with phytanic acid levels (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001), and was similarly unrelated to prostate cancer risk. Significant interactions between phytanic and pristanic acids and baseline circulating β‐carotene concentrations were noted in relation to total and aggressive disease among participants who did not receive β‐carotene supplements as part of the original ATBC intervention trial. In summary, we observed no overall association between serum phytanic and pristanic acid levels and prostate cancer risk. Findings indicating that the direction and magnitude of these associations depended upon serum levels of the antioxidant β‐carotene among men not taking β‐carotene supplements should be interpreted cautiously, as they are likely due to chance.
Suppression of Aggrus/podoplanin‐induced platelet aggregation and pulmonary metastasis by a single‐chain antibody variable region fragment
Authors: Miyata Kenichi , Takagi Satoshi , Sato Shigeo , Morioka Hiroshi , Shiba Kiyotaka , Minamisawa Tamiko , Takami Miho , Fujita Naoya
Published: August 2014

Almost all highly metastatic tumor cells possess high platelet aggregating abilities, thereby form large tumor cell‐platelet aggregates in the microvasculature. Embolization of tumor cells in the microvasculature is considered to be the first step in metastasis to distant organs. We previously identified the platelet aggregation‐inducing factor expressed on the surfaces of highly metastatic tumor cells and named as Aggrus. Aggrus was observed to be identical to the marker protein podoplanin (alternative names, T1α, OTS‐8, and others). Aggrus is frequently overexpressed in several types of tumors and enhances platelet aggregation by interacting with the platelet receptor C‐type lectin‐like receptor 2 (CLEC‐2). Here, we generated a novel single‐chain antibody variable region fragment (scFv) by linking the variable regions of heavy and light chains of the neutralizing anti‐human Aggrus monoclonal antibody MS‐1 with a flexible peptide linker. Unfortunately, the generated KM10 scFv failed to suppress Aggrus‐induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Therefore, we performed phage display screening and finally obtained a high‐affinity scFv, K‐11. K‐11 scFv was able to suppress Aggrus‐induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Moreover, K‐11 scFv prevented the formation of pulmonary metastasis in vivo. These results suggest that K‐11 scFv may be useful as metastasis inhibitory scFv and is expected to aid in the development of preclinical and clinical examinations of Aggrus‐targeted cancer therapies.
The removal of heavy metal cations from an aqueous solution using ionic liquids
Authors: Vergara María Antonieta Valdés , Lijanova Irina Victorovna , Likhanova Natalya Victorovna , Vigueras David Jaramillo , Xometl Octavio Olivares
Published: August 2014

The performance of new water immiscible halogen‐free ionic liquids, which were synthesized from the corresponding trialkylamine, was evaluated by comparing it to that of a highly efficient commercial ionic liquid as extracting agent of heavy metal cations. In order to determine the amount of metal cations present in the aqueous phase, after performing the extraction process, the atomic absorption technique was used. The removal of metal cations, such as nickel, copper, lead, zinc, and cobalt, from the aqueous solution with an initial concentration of 25 ppm performed by the synthesized ionic liquids at room temperature and neutral pH was highly efficient: for Ni (II), the efficiency was up to 96.00 %; for Pb (II), it ranged from 93.00 to 99.00 %; and for Cu (II), it almost reached 100 %.
An improved algorithm for calculation of the natural gas compressibility factor via the Hall‐Yarborough equation of state
Authors: Fatoorehchi Hooman , Abolghasemi Hossein , Rach Randolph , Assar Moein
Published: August 2014

The Hall‐Yarborough equation (H‐Y equation) of state has been favoured in natural gas engineering due to its accuracy and conciseness for many years. In this paper, the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is employed to devise a novel algorithm for calculating the compressibility factors of natural gases through this reliable equation of state. A convergence accelerator technique, namely the efficient Shanks transform, is also exploited to further improve our scheme in terms of computational speed. Unlike most of the previous numerical solution strategies, our algorithm does not require an initial guess as the starting point and is computationally efficient. The proposed algorithm is found to be superior over the common Newton‐Raphson algorithm, where we have also demonstrated that the latter can easily lead to grossly erroneous solutions. For the sake of illustration, a number of real‐world case study problems are solved by our algorithm and relevant comparisons are provided.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of SiO44–‐Substituted Hydroxyapatite, Part II – Reaction Mechanism, Structure, and Substitution Limit
Authors: Bulina Natalya V. , Chaikina Marina V. , Andreev Andrey S. , Lapina Olga B. , Ishchenko Arcady V. , Prosanov Igor Yu. , Gerasimov Konstantin B. , Solovyov Leonid A.
Published: August 2014

For the first time, silicate‐substituted hydroxyapatites have been prepared from mixtures containing different amounts of silicon (0.2–2 mol per mol of apatite unit cell) by dry mechanochemical synthesis at room temperature in a planetary ball mill. The XRD, FTIR, TEM, and NMR spectroscopic data show that the product of the mechanochemical synthesis is a single‐phase nanocrystalline apatite containing different amounts of carbonate and silicate ions and adsorbed water. In the annealed samples, three silicon concentration subranges can be distinguished, each of which is characterized by specific evolution of the lattice parameters. The formation mechanism of the silicate‐substituted hydroxyapatite obtainable by this method is discussed. The studies indicate that the silicon substitution limit in the silicate‐substituted lattice achievable by the dry mechanochemical synthesis followed by heat treatment is 1.2 mol per mol of apatite unit cell.
Reflective minds and open hearts: Cognitive style and personality predict religiosity and spiritual thinking in a community sample
Authors: Browne Matthew , Pennycook Gordon , Goodwin Belinda , McHenry Melinda
Published: August 2014

We examined associations between two psychological constructs, analytic cognitive style and the personality facet ‘Openness to Experience’, and several dimensions of religiosity: religious affiliation, strength of faith and spiritual epistemology. In a relatively large (N = 1093), older community sample (M = 55.4 years), analytic cognitive style was associated with a lower probability of affiliating with a religious denomination and a higher probability of possessing strong religious faith. Overall, openness was also associated with a lack of religious affiliation but was positively related to possessing a spiritual epistemology. A path‐analytic model revealed that openness had a positive relationship to both faith and religious denomination that was mediated by spiritual epistemology, but negative direct relationships with religiosity after the meditational effects were taken into account. Taken together, these results extend previous findings on the effect of cognitive style on religiosity and provide a new perspective on the complex relationship between cognitive and personality factors and different dimensions of religiosity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis
Authors: Malá Zdena , Gebauer Petr , Boček Petr
Published: August 2014

This paper brings a survey of papers on analytical capillary ITP published since 2012 until the first quarter of 2014. These papers are ranged according to their nature, the techniques used, and the instrumentation employed. The sequence of the related chapter titles is as follows: Theory and simulations, techniques and instrumentation, single‐column and column‐switching applications of ITP, ITP in microfluidic systems, on‐line ITP‐CZE and transient ITP (tITP) techniques and applications. The review shows the position of analytical capillary ITP among contemporary separation techniques and implies the potential future trends.
The role of complexation and competition in the biouptake of europium by a unicellular alga
Authors: Yang Guang , Tan Qiao-Guo , Zhu Lin , Wilkinson Kevin J.
Published: August 2014

Short-term (60 min) europium (Eu) biouptake fluxes by the freshwater green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were investigated in the presence and absence of ligands (e.g., malic acid and citric acid) and a second rare earth metal, samarium (Sm). Data were interpreted in the context of the biotic ligand model, which uses experimentally determined stability constants to take into account the competition and complexation of the metal of interest. In the absence of ligands or competitors, Eu biouptake was well described by a Michaelis-Menten equation with the maximal uptake flux (Jmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of Jmax = 1.7 × 10−14 mol cm−2 s−1 and Km = 10−7.0 M (corresponding to an affinity constant of 107.0 M−1). Biouptake of Eu (or Sm) decreased as the concentration of a competing rare earth element (i.e., Sm or Eu) increased, as predicted by the biotic ligand model. On the other hand, when hydrophilic complexes were formed with citric and malic acid, Eu biouptake was much greater than predicted on the basis of free ion concentrations alone. Overall, the results showed that for C. reinhardtii the rare earth elements were likely to share a common biouptake pathway; biouptake of one rare earth element was reduced when another was present, and rare earth element complexes were bioavailable. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2609–2615. © 2014 SETAC
Variation in amphibian response to two formulations of glyphosate-based herbicides
Authors: Edge Christopher , Gahl Meghan , Thompson Dean , Hao Chunyan , Houlahan Jeff
Published: August 2014

Variation in toxicity among formulations and species makes it difficult to extrapolate results to all species and all formulations of herbicides. The authors exposed larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) from 4 populations to 2 glyphosate-based herbicides, Roundup Weed and Grass Control® and Roundup WeatherMax®. The 96-h median lethal concentration values for both formulations varied among the populations (Roundup Weed and Grass Control, 0.14 mg acid equivalents (a.e.)/L to 1.10 mg a.e./L; Roundup WeatherMax, 4.94 mg a.e./L to 8.26 mg a.e./L), demonstrating that toxicity varies among the formulations and that susceptibility may differ among populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2628–2632. © 2014 SETAC
Development of a fluoride chronic effects benchmark for aquatic life in freshwater
Authors: McPherson Cathy A. , Lee Danny H.Y. , Chapman Peter M.
Published: August 2014

Canada has an interim water-quality guideline for fluoride for protection of freshwater aquatic life that dates from 2002, and 1 Canadian province has a different interim water-quality guideline for fluoride that dates to 1995. The United States does not have a national benchmark for fluoride in freshwater, and only 1 US state has such a benchmark. There are no other national or regional benchmarks for fluoride chronic toxicity in freshwater. In the present study, available data on the acute and chronic toxicity of fluoride to freshwater aquatic life were compiled and reviewed. Acute toxicity was reported to occur at concentrations ranging from 11.5 to >800 mg/L fluoride (F−). The majority of chronic effects occur at concentrations between 1.8 mg/L and 195 mg/L. A total of 10 chronic studies representing 16 species (5 fish, 7 invertebrates, and 4 algae/aquatic plants) were used to derive a chronic effects benchmark of 1.94 mg/L F−, applying the species sensitivity distribution approach. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2621–2627. © 2014 SETAC
Role of sediments in modifying the toxicity of two Roundup formulations to six species of larval anurans
Authors: Fuentes Latice , Moore Lindsay J. , Rodgers John H. , Bowerman William W. , Yarrow Gregory K. , Chao Wayne Y.
Published: August 2014

The role of sediment in modifying the toxicity of the original formulation of Roundup® and Roundup WeatherMAX® was examined in aqueous laboratory tests. Six species of anurans (Bufo fowleri, Hyla chrysoscelis, Rana catesbeiana, Rana clamitans, Rana sphenocephala, and Rana pipiens) were exposed at Gosner stage 25 to concentrations of the 2 herbicide formulations in 96‐h, static, nonrenewal experiments in the presence and absence of sediment. All species tested had lower median lethal concentration values in water‐only exposures of both formulations compared with exposures with sediment. Sediment significantly altered the potency slopes in all tests with the exceptions of H. chrysoscelis and R. clamitans when exposed to the original formulation of Roundup and H. chrysoscelis and R. sphenocephala when exposed to Roundup WeatherMAX. Thresholds were significantly different in all tests, including those in which potency slopes did not differ. Based on water–sediment exposures of the original formulation of Roundup, all 6 species tested had a margin of safety when compared with the predicted environmental concentration of the highest label application rate. Of the 6 species, 5 had a margin of safety when exposed to Roundup WeatherMAX. During incidental exposures in the field, sediments and organic matter present in aquatic systems provide significant sources of environmental ligands. If used according to label instructions, both herbicides should pose minimal risk to anuran amphibians in actual field applications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2616–2620. © 2014 SETAC
Study of Carbon Deposition Behavior on Cu–Co/CeO2–YSZ Anodes for Direct Butane Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Kaur G. , Basu S.
Published: August 2014

Electro‐catalytic activity of Cu–Co/CeO2–YSZ anodes towards oxidation of H2 and n‐C4H10 fuels and carbon depositions are investigated using different Cu–Co loadings. Cu–Co/CeO2–YSZ anode based SOFCs with YSZ as electrolyte and LSM/YSZ as cathode were prepared by tape casting and wet impregnation methods and performance was analyzed using I–V characteristics and impedance spectroscopy. The Cu–Co/CeO2–YSZ anodes with Cu–Co loading of 10, 15, and 25 wt.% produced power density of 60, 197, and 400 mW cm–2 in H2 and 190, 225, and 275 mW cm–2 in n‐C4H10 at 800 °C. The power density is increased with the increase in Cu–Co loading in Cu–Co/CeO2–YSZ anodes. The electrochemical impedance spectra shows less ohmic and polarization resistance for 25 wt.% Cu–Co loading in comparison to 10 and 15 wt.% Cu–Co. Scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the carbon fibers formed are hollow in nature with 70 nm size, whereas, thermal gravimetric analysis and X‐ray diffraction points out that they are amorphous in nature. The performance degradation of Cu–Co/CeO2–YSZ anodes in n‐C4H10 in 16 h is attributed to increasing amount of carbon deposition with time, which is contrary to our earlier observation in Cu‐Fe/CeO2–YSZ anode.
Numerical Simulation of Heating Process under Temperature‐Stress Coupled Effect for an H‐Beam
Authors: Su Fu‐yong , Yu Yue , Sun Zhen , Wen Zhi
Published: August 2014

In this paper, the indirect method of finite element analysis was built for analyzing temperature and stress field of an H‐beam heating process via Ansys software. The convection and radioactive heat flux were calculated, respectively for the solutions of temperature field, the offspring of the Ansys software. The solutions of temperature field were the initial conditions for stress field calculation. The temperature field and stress field were analyzed for an H‐beam under different conditions; its result, which is the change of temperature and stress, will be a theoretical basis for an H‐beam heating control.
Hydrogeological characterization of groundwater storage and drainage in an alpine karst aquifer (the Kanin massif, Julian Alps)
Authors: Turk Janez , Malard Arnauld , Jeannin Pierre‐Yves , Petrič Metka , Gabrovšek Franci , Ravbar Nataša , Vouillamoz Jonathan , Slabe Tadej , Sordet Valentin
Published: August 2014

The Kanin massif is an important trans‐boundary aquifer, which stretches between Slovenia and Italy. The groundwater is only partially exploited, mainly for water supply, but the aquifer exhibits great potential for future exploitation. Since no consistent regional overview of the hydrogeological functioning of the Kanin massif was available, the decision was made to perform a study of this area, using a pragmatic approach based on 3D geological and hydrogeological modelling. The so‐called KARSYS approach was applied, with the aim of characterizing the groundwater reserves within this karst massif and of locating the main drainage axes that carry groundwater from the recharge areas to the respective springs. Delineation of the catchment areas of the corresponding springs was carried out, and some new explanations were obtained, especially with regard to the Možnica spring, which is located in Slovenia and forms a potential source of drinking water. It was found that this spring's catchment area extends as far as the Italian ski resort of Sella Nevea. The conceptual model also provides a possible explanation about the underground drainage towards the Boka spring and waterfall, which has been a challenge for decades. This new explanation is based on the existence of a perched groundwater body that feeds the Boka spring via a system of conduits. Despite some limitations, the results, which consist of a visualization of the underground drainage and groundwater storage within the Kanin massif, can be used as a basis for planning the sustainable management of karst waters in the studied area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of a parsimonious rainfall–run‐off model for predicting hydrological response in ungauged basins
Authors: Skaugen Thomas , Peerebom Ivar Olaf , Nilsson Anna
Published: August 2014

A new parameter parsimonious rainfall–run‐off model, the Distance Distribution Dynamics (DDD) model, is used to simulate hydrological time series at ungauged sites in the Lygne basin in Norway. The model parameters were estimated as functions of catchment characteristics determined by geographical information system. The multiple regression equations relating catchment characteristics and model parameters were trained from 84 calibrated catchments located all over Norway, and all model parameters showed significant correlations with catchment characteristics. The significant correlation coefficients (with p‐value < 0.05) ranged from 0.22 to 0.55. The suitability of DDD for predictions in ungauged basins was tested for 17 catchments not used to estimate the multiple regression equations. For ten of the 17 catchments, deviations in Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) criteria between the calibrated and regionalised model were less than 0.1, and for two calibrated catchments within the Lygne basin, the deviations were less than 0.08. The median NSE for the regionalized DDD for the 17 catchments for two time series was 0.66 and 0.72. Deviations in NSE between calibrated and regionalised models are well explained by the deviations between calibrated and regressed parameters describing spatial snow distribution and snowmelt respectively. The quality of the simulated run‐off series for the ungauged sites in the Lygne basin was assessed by comparing flow indices describing high, medium and low flow estimated from observed run‐off at the 17 catchments and for the simulated run‐off series. The indices estimated for the simulated series were generally well within the ranges defined by the 17 observed series. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coxsackievirus can persist in murine pancreas by deletion of 5′ terminal genomic sequences
Authors: Tracy Steven , Smithee Shane , Alhazmi Abdulaziz , Chapman Nora
Published: August 2014

Enterovirus infections are generally acute and rapidly cleared by the host immune response. Enteroviruses can at times persist in immunologically intact individuals after the rise of the type‐specific neutralizing immune response. The mechanism of enterovirus persistence was shown in group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) to be due to naturally‐occurring deletions at the 5′ terminus of the genome which variably impact the stem‐loop secondary structure called domain I. These deletions result in much slower viral replication and a loss of measurable cytopathic effect when such 5′ terminally deleted (TD) viruses are assayed in cell culture. The existence and persistence of CVB‐TD long after the acute phase of infection has been documented in hearts of experimentally inoculated mice and naturally infected humans but to date, the existence of TD enteroviral populations have not been documented in any other organ. Enteroviral infections have been shown to impact type 1 diabetes (T1D) onset in humans as well as in the non‐obese diabetic mouse model of T1D. The first step to studying the potential impact of CVB‐TD on T1D etiology is to determine whether CVB‐TD populations can arise in the pancreas. After inoculation of NOD diabetic mice with CVB, viral RNA persists in the absence of cytopathic virus in pancreas weeks past the acute infectious period. Analysis of viral genomic 5′ termini by RT‐PCR showed CVB‐TD populations displace the parental population during persistent replication in murine pancreata. J. Med. Virol. 87:240–247, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Rho small GTPases in meniscus cells
Authors: Kanazawa Tomoko , Furumatsu Takayuki , Matsumoto‐Ogawa Emi , Maehara Ami , Ozaki Toshifumi
Published: August 2014

We previously reported that mechanical stretch regulates Sry‐type HMG box (SOX) 9‐dependentα1(II) collagen(COL2A1) expression in inner meniscus cells. This study examined the role of the small Rho guanosine 5' triphosphatase Rac1 and Rho‐associated kinase (ROCK) in the regulation of stretch‐inducedSOX9gene expression in cultured human inner meniscus cells.COL2A1andSOX9gene expression was assessed by real‐time PCR after application of uni‐axial cyclic tensile strain (CTS) in the presence or absence of ROCK and Rac1 inhibitors. The subcellular localization of SOX9 and the Rac1 effector cyclic AMP response element‐binding protein (CREB), the phosphorylation state of SOX9, Rac1 activation, and the binding of CREB to theSOX9promoter were assessed. CTS increased the expression ofCOL2A1andSOX9, which was suppressed by inhibition of Rac1. ROCK inhibition enhancedCOL2A1andSOX9gene expression in the absence of CTS. CTS stimulated the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of SOX9, and increased Rac1 activation. CTS also increased the binding of CREB to theSOX9promoter. The results suggest that mechanical stretch‐dependent upregulation ofSOX9by CREB in inner meniscus cells depends on the antagonistic activities of ROCK and Rac1. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1479–1486, 2014.