bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of an LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of levodopa and MD01 in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of mucuna pruriens extract
Authors: Yang Guangjie , Zhang Fangrong , Deng Linfang , Chen Chang , Cheng Zhongzhe , Huang Jiangeng , Liu Jiangyun , Jiang Hongliang
Published: March 2016

Mucuna pruriens, an ancient Indian herbal medicine containing levodopa, is widely used for Parkinson's disease. In order to simultaneously determine levodopa and 1,1‐dimethyl‐3‐carboxy‐6,7‐dihydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline (MD01) in rat plasma, an improved LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for a pharmacokinetic study in rats orally administered levodopa or Mucuna pruriens extract (MPE). Elimination of matrix effect and improvement of extraction recovery were achieved through systematic optimization of reversed‐phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatographic conditions together with sample clean‐up procedures. A satisfactory chromatographic performance was obtained with a Thermo Aquasil C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 3 µm) using acetonitrile and water containing 0.2% formic acid as mobile phases. Futhermore, sodium metabisulfite and formic acid were used as stabilizers in neat solutions as well as rat plasma. The method was validated in a dynamic range of 20.0–10,000 ng/mL for levodopa and MD01; the intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy were acceptable. The method was successfully utilized to determine the levodopa level in plasma samples of rats administered levodopa or MPE. Pharmacokinetic results showed that an increase in the AUC of levodopa was observed in rats following oral administration of multiple doses of MPE. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design considerations and challenges for mechanical stretch bioreactors in tissue engineering
Authors: Lei Ying , Ferdous Zannatul
Published: March 2016

With the increase in average life expectancy and growing aging population, lack of functional grafts for replacement surgeries has become a severe problem. Engineered tissues are a promising alternative to this problem because they can mimic the physiological function of the native tissues and be cultured on demand. Cyclic stretch is important for developing many engineered tissues such as hearts, heart valves, muscles, and bones. Thus a variety of stretch bioreactors and corresponding scaffolds have been designed and tested to study the underlying mechanism of tissue formation and to optimize the mechanical conditions applied to the engineered tissues. In this review, we look at various designs of stretch bioreactors and common scaffolds and offer insights for future improvements in tissue engineering applications. First, we summarize the requirements and common configuration of stretch bioreactors. Next, we present the features of different actuating and motion transforming systems and their applications. Since most bioreactors must measure detailed distributions of loads and deformations on engineered tissues, techniques with high accuracy, precision, and frequency have been developed. We also cover the key points in designing culture chambers, nutrition exchanging systems, and regimens used for specific tissues. Since scaffolds are essential for providing biophysical microenvironments for residing cells, we discuss materials and technologies used in fabricating scaffolds to mimic anisotropic native tissues, including decellularized tissues, hydrogels, biocompatible polymers, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting techniques. Finally, we present the potential future directions for improving stretch bioreactors and scaffolds. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:543–553, 2016
Beyond the Fold: Emerging Biological Applications of DNA Origami
Authors: Chandrasekaran Arun Richard , Anderson Nate , Kizer Megan , Halvorsen Ken , Wang Xing
Published: March 2016

The use of DNA as a material for nanoscale construction has blossomed in the past decade. This is largely attributable to the DNA origami technique, which has enabled construction of nanostructures ranging from simple two‐dimensional sheets to complex three‐dimensional objects with defined curves and edges. These structures are amenable to site‐specific functionalization with nanometer precision, and have been shown to exhibit cellular biocompatibility and permeability. The DNA origami technique has already found widespread use in a variety of emerging biological applications such as biosensing, enzyme cascades, biomolecular analysis, biomimetics, and drug delivery. We highlight a few of these applications and comments on the prospects for this rapidly expanding field of research.
Bridging the Workforce and Civic Missions of Community Colleges
Authors: Jones Lena
Published: March 2016

This chapter explores ways that the civic and workforce missions of community colleges might be better integrated in practice, using Minneapolis Community and Technical College as an example.
Bismuth Tungstate‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Self‐Assembled Nanocomposites for the Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols in Water
Authors: Yang Juan , Shen Xiaoxiao , Li Yingjie , Bian Linyan , Dai Jun , Yuan Dongsheng
Published: March 2016

The selective conversion of alcohol into aldehyde in water was achieved over Bi2WO6‐reduced graphene oxide (RGO) photocatalysts. The Bi2WO6‐RGO‐H catalysts were synthesized by an electrostatic self‐assembly method followed by hydrothermal reduction. It was found the valence band and conduction band edges of Bi2WO6‐RGO‐H underwent a continuous increase in energy with the increasing weight ratio of graphene oxide, which resulted in a high selectivity to aldehydes. Furthermore, Bi2WO6‐RGO samples with different degrees of reduction of RGO were prepared, and the conversion of alcohol was influenced greatly by the RGO reduction degree. Based on the results of photo‐electrochemistry and photoluminescence spectroscopy, the clear enhancement in alcohol conversion can be ascribed to the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers, which results from the fast migration of photoelectrons between excited Bi2WO6 and highly reduced RGO. Additionally, based on the results of radical‐trapping and ESR spectroscopy, the primary reactive species and a plausible pathway for alcohol oxidation over Bi2WO6‐RGO were proposed.
Hierarchical Nanoplatforms for High‐Performance Enzyme Biocatalysis under Denaturing Conditions
Authors: González‐Domínguez Elena , Comesaña‐Hermo Miguel , Mariño‐Fernández Rosalía , Rodríguez‐González Benito , Arenal Raul , Salgueiriño Verónica , Moldes Diego , Othman Abdelmageed M. , Pérez‐Lorenzo Moisés , Correa‐Duarte Miguel A.
Published: March 2016

A hierarchically structured nanoplatform comprising the integration of enzymes into a hybrid carbon‐nanotube‐based magnetic nanocomposite was developed. By means of this complex support, laccases are endowed with exceptional performance even in fully denaturing environments. In this regard, up to 10‐fold enhancements in the biocatalytic activity of the enzymes can be attained at different temperatures and pH conditions. Furthermore, these platforms are found to provide laccases with unprecedented recycling potential. In this line, these composites allow straightforward recovery and reuse of the biocatalysts with no loss of efficiency even after 10 successive runs. These outstanding operational capabilities make these nanocarriers a promising material to tackle the challenges associated with the implementation of enzymes in industrial biotechnology.
NiPt Nanocatalysts Supported on Boron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Graphene for Superior Hydrazine Dehydrogenation and Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Du Xiaoqiong , Du Cheng , Cai Ping , Luo Wei , Cheng Gongzhen
Published: March 2016

Boron and nitrogen co‐doped graphene (BNG) with negligible covalent boron–nitride (BN) bonding, and high boron and pyridinic nitrogen contents has been synthesized by a two‐step method using boron–carbon–nitride (BCN) as the boron and nitrogen sources. The use of the BCN precursor is the key for preparing BNG, while annealing reduced graphene oxide, urea, and boric acid in a one‐step method results in separated domains of larger amounts of covalent BN in the graphene networks (s‐BNG). The resulting BNGs are further used to anchor NiPt nanoparticles (NPs) with good dispersion. Consequently, Ni3Pt7/BNG‐1000 exhibits the highest catalytic activity toward hydrazine dehydrogenation at room temperature, with the turnover frequency of 199.4 h−1. Furthermore, as evidence of its multifunctionality, Ni3Pt7/BNG‐1000 is further employed for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation.
Life Design and Career Counseling Innovative Outcomes
Authors: Di Fabio Annamaria
Published: March 2016

This article presents a case study that aims to describe the effectiveness of a life‐design counseling approach using the Career Construction Interview (Savickas, ) with a final‐year female engineering student. A qualitative tool, the Career Counseling Innovative Outcomes (CCIO), was administered before and after the intervention to describe the client's change when using the life‐design model. The results of the analysis using the CCIO coding system indicate that the life‐design counseling allowed the participant to have a greater awareness of herself to autonomously develop her own career and life path. Further research on the CCIO may provide additional support for its effectiveness.
Utilizing Motivational Interviewing to Address Resistant Behaviors in Clinical Supervision
Authors: Wahesh Edward
Published: March 2016

Motivational interviewing is presented as an approach to address resistant behaviors in clinical supervision. A case example is used to illustrate the process in which the relational and technical elements of motivational interviewing can be applied to supervisee resistance. Implications for supervisors and researchers are discussed.
The Intersectionality of African American Mothers in Counselor Education: A Phenomenological Examination
Authors: Haskins Natoya H. , Ziomek‐Daigle Jolie , Sewell Cheryl , Crumb Lonika , Appling Brandee , Trepal Heather
Published: March 2016

Using phenomenological inquiry, this study explored the lived experiences and intersecting identities of 8 African American counselor educators who are mothers. Six themes were identified: race, professional strain, work–life balance, support, internalized success, and mothering pedagogy.
Formation of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes by Tautomerization of Mesomeric Betaines: Cyclic Boron Adducts and Palladium Complexes From 2‐(Imidazolium‐1‐yl)phenolates
Authors: Liu Ming , Nieger Martin , Hübner Eike G. , Schmidt Andreas
Published: March 2016

2‐(Imidazolium‐1‐yl)phenolates are conjugated heterocyclic mesomeric betaines in tautomeric equilibrium with the corresponding N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐imidazol‐2‐ylidenes. The carbene tautomers can be trapped as thiones (X‐ray analysis). Moreover, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride in THF trapped the carbene tautomer as a palladium complex without participation of the phenolate group (X‐ray analysis). The corresponding anionic NHCs, 2‐phenolate‐substituted imidazol‐2‐ylidenes, can be trapped by triethylborane or triphenylborane to form 4,4‐diethyl‐ or 4,4‐diphenyl‐4H‐benzo[e]imidazo[2,1‐c][1,4,2]oxaza‐borininium‐4‐ides, respectively (two X‐ray analyses). These tricyclic systems are the first representatives of a new heterocyclic ring system. The results of DFT calculations concerning the HOMO/LUMO profiles and partial charges are also presented.
Feinstzerkleinerung organischer Partikeln in Rührwerkskugelmühlen: Bestimmung günstiger Formulierungen und Prozessparameter
Authors: Flach Frederik , Breitung‐Faes Sandra , Kwade Arno
Published: March 2016

Die Feinstzerkleinerung organischer Materialien in Rührwerkskugelmühlen gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Wesentliche Aspekte sind neben der Erreichung der gewünschten hohen Produktqualität die Energieeffizienz und die Reduktion von Mahlkörperabrieb, welche durch die Betriebsparameter der Mühle wesentlich bestimmt werden. Die Untersuchungen geben Aufschluss darüber, wie die Parameter im Zusammenhang stehen und wie sich Regeln für den Einsatz von Rührwerkskugelmühlen zur Feinstzerkleinerung organischer Partikeln formulieren lassen. Neben den Betriebsparametern stellen vor allem die Produktformulierung sowie die Produktpartikelgröße wesentliche Schlüssel zur Verringerung des Mahlkörperabriebs dar.
Role of flux on synthesis of poly single crystals of Ce3+ doped yttrium aluminum garnet
Authors: Song Zhen , Zu Rui , Liu Xiaolang , He Lizhu , Liu Q.L.
Published: March 2016

Yttrium aluminum garnet powders of good morphology are composed of tiny single crystals of regular faces. However, the growth mechanism of those ploy single crystals remains unknown. This paper provides morphology images of particles uncrushed, and it is found that those tiny crystals grow from large clusters in a pomegranate‐like manner. The morphology change occurs after phase transition, and is driven by flux, which provides a semi‐liquid environment around the crystals. This paper is beneficial for understanding growth mechanism of poly tiny single crystals of yttrium aluminum garnet powders.
Effect of the Polarization Force on the Dust–Acoustic Soliton Energy
Authors: Mayout S. , Bentabet K. , Tribeche M.
Published: March 2016

The role the polarization force acting on dust particles may play on the energy carried by the dust‐acoustic (DA) soliton is examined. This force is due to the deformation of the Debye sheath around the dust particulates in the background of non‐uniform plasmas. The energy carried by the DA solitons is derived. This energy decreases with an increase in the effects of plasma‐dust particles polarization interaction. This means that when the magnitude of the polarization force approaches the one of the electrical force, i.e, the net force acting on the grains decreases, the DA soliton energy experiences a depletion. As noticed by Khrapak et al. [S.A. Khrapak et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 245004 (2009)], when the polarization force dominates over the electrical one, the plasma can not support DA solitons. This happens whenever the dust grain size exceeds a critical threshold. In this case, the net force acting on the grains is no longer a restoring force. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variation in responsiveness of woody plant leaf out phenology to anomalous spring onset
Authors: Fahey Robert T.
Published: March 2016

Timing of leaf out in woody plants is being affected by global climate change, with cascading effects on associated organisms and ecosystem processes. However, the timing and responsiveness of this important phenological event are not well understood, especially in relation to the geographic origin of species and populations. This study assessed the effect of anomalous spring warming on leaf out timing for woody plant species and individuals from a range of taxa and geographic origins. Timing of leaf out was assessed across 4 years (2011–2014) for 478 plants, representing 96 species and 21 genera, planted together in a common environment at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA. An anomalously warm spring in 2012 strongly affected leaf out timing, advancing mean leaf out date for every species by an average of 31 days across all individuals. Responsiveness was related to species traits, as species classified as early‐successional, with diffuse‐porous wood anatomy, or with a weak chilling requirement were much more responsive. There was strong variation among individuals within a species in leaf out timing and responsiveness. These patterns were somewhat related to geographical origin of the individual, but were not consistent among species or genera. High responsiveness of leaf out to anomalous spring warming, which is forecasted to be more common with global climate change, could have important implications for climate change adaptation, assisted migration, and ecological interactions. Chilling requirements may have limited responsiveness for some species, which could affect competitive dynamics within plant communities. Through such interactions and direct effects on woody plant species, variation in spring leaf out phenology will likely affect biodiversity and functioning in many ecosystems.
Climate‐driven range shifts are stochastic processes at a local level: two flying squirrel species in Maine
Authors: Wood Connor M. , Witham Jack W. , Hunter Malcolm L.
Published: March 2016

Numerous directional range shifts have been linked to climate change, but mechanistic explanations are frequently absent. In North America, southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) range has expanded northward as a result of climate change, and northern flying squirrel (G. sabrinus) range has shifted north, likely in response to competition. We tracked both species abundances as well as climate, food availability, and forest structure over 31 yr, and found complete species turnover fromG. sabrinustoG. volansin 18 yr. We tested multiple generalized least squares models of each species' abundance over time. The top model forG. sabrinusindicated that abundance was likely shaped by the arrival ofG. volans, a competitor and known vector of a pathological nematode, food, and modest anthropogenic changes to forest structure; the top model forG. volanssuggested that warm winters coinciding with high mast years likely facilitated the initial establishment ofG. volans, whereas positive density dependence likely shaped subsequent population dynamics. The only significant change to local climate was an increase in minimum summer temperature, which would enhance the survival ofStrongyloides robustus, the nematode carried byG. volansand detrimental toG. sabrinus. This complex suite of interactions suggests that at a local level, range shifts may be a largely stochastic process permitted by the temporal coincidence of multiple species‐ and site‐specific factors.
The impact of severe drought on survival, fecundity, and population persistence in an endangered amphibian
Authors: Cayuela H. , Arsovski D. , Bonnaire E. , Duguet R. , Joly P. , Besnard A.
Published: March 2016

Climate is globally changing. In Europe, studies have highlighted an increasing trend in both the frequency and magnitude of droughts. Abrupt changes in the frequency, location, or intensity of extreme heatwaves and droughts can have direct and severe effects on wild populations. Amphibians are the planet's most threatened group of vertebrates, with over 40% of known species considered in decline. To date, researchers have mainly focused on the influence of repeated droughts on species occurrence and community composition; however, evidence of the direct impact of climatic factors on the demographic parameters of amphibians is currently not well documented. Further investigation of this issue is therefore of critical importance in order to optimize local and global wildlife conservation policies in the context of a changing climate. This study used capture–recapture data to investigate the impact of severe drought on the survival and fecundity of a threatened amphibian, the yellow‐bellied toad (Bombina variegata, L.), as well as to predict how potential changes in the frequency of droughts might influence the population growth rate. By developing multievent capture‐recapture models, we showed that severe drought has a negative impact on fecundity and postmetamorphic survival at different ontogenetic stages. Then, using stochastic matrix population models, we predicted that changes in drought frequency negatively influence the population growth rate, which is a warning sign for population persistence. Direct conservation actions are then proposed to mitigate the detrimental effects of drought on population dynamics.
Long‐distance migration of prey synchronizes demographic rates of top predators across broad spatial scales
Authors: Ward E. J. , Dahlheim M. E. , Waite J. M. , Emmons C. K. , Marshall K. N. , Chasco B. E. , Balcomb K. C.
Published: March 2016

Reproductively and geographically isolated populations of predators may be synchronized by a phenomenon known as the Moran effect—specifically if they exhibit common responses to external processes, such as climate, density dependence (parasites, disease), or prey. Prey has the ability to synchronize predators if geographically isolated predator populations target the same prey species, or if the migration and range of the prey species occurs over a large enough scale to be available to multiple predator populations. The objective of our study was to investigate evidence for correlations of demographic rates between geographically isolated populations of piscivorous killer whales in the Northeast Pacific; using long‐term mark‐recapture datasets collected over the last 30+ yrs, we constructed a hierarchical occupancy model, linking models of survival and fecundity in a single framework. We found strong support for synchronized demographic rates in Southeast Alaska and Southern Resident killer whales, which are geographically and reproductively isolated. Despite their isolation, they experience extremely correlated dynamics—the correlation in fecundity rates between populations exceeds 0.9. The correlation in demographic rates across these populations of killer whales in different regions of the Northeast Pacific Ocean suggests a common environmental driver. Both killer whale populations are known to prey on Chinook salmon, which have a long‐distance coastal migration larger than the habitat range of killer whales. Many of these Chinook salmon are also of the same origin (southern stocks), suggesting that these populations not only consume the same prey species but the same prey populations.
Ba3FeS4Br: A 0D Iron‐Based Chalcohalide with Unusual Magnetic Properties
Authors: Li Xiaoshuang , Li Chao , Kang Lei , Wu Yuxiao , Lin Zheshuai , Yao Jiyong , Wu Yicheng
Published: March 2016

A new 0D iron‐based magnetic chalcohalide, Ba3FeS4Br, has been prepared by the spontaneous crystallization method. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma. Interestingly, the structure contains a Ba–Br reticulate structure in which isolated FeS4 tetrahedra are located. Its band gap was experimentally determined to be 1.65 eV. Despite the large separation between the Fe atoms, with the shortest distance being more than 6.33(2) Å, temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibility and field‐dependent magnetization measurements on Ba3FeS4Br unexpectedly showed an antiferromagnetic phase transition at 85 K, which may be due to the antiferromagnetic super exchange of Fe3+ spins.
Analysis of air quality time series of Hong Kong with graphical modeling
Authors: Hu Fei , Lu Zudi , Wong Heung , Yuen Tsz P.
Published: March 2016

Identifying the interaction of air pollutants in each monitoring station and the inter‐relationship between pollutants at different stations is an important issue in the management and control of air quality and pollutants. In this paper, a graphical model is utilized to analyze the air pollution in Hong Kong using the daily air pollution data from the three monitoring stations located at Tsuen Wan, Tap Mun, and Tung Chung in Hong Kong. The model follows broadly a spectral analytic method, for determining the edges of a graph. The method extends a graphical model for analyzing multivariate data to multivariate time series, and in our case, it is applied to time series over different spatial locations. We adopt the graphical model for time series to investigate the inter‐relationship of air pollutants at the three stations in Hong Kong and the interaction between pollutants among the stations. The results obtained have good interpretations in terms of both geographical locations and chemistry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐layer per‐mobile optimization of cloud mobile computing: a message‐passing approach
Authors: Khalili Shahrouz , Simeone Osvaldo
Published: March 2016

Cloud mobile computing enables the offloading of computation‐intensive applications from a mobile device to a cloud processor via a wireless interface. In light of the strong interplay between offloading decisions at the application‐layer and physical‐layer parameters, which determine the energy and latency associated with the mobile‐cloud communication, this paper investigates the inter‐layer optimization of fine‐grained task offloading across both layers. In prior art, this problem was formulated, under a serial implementation of processing and communication, as a mixed integer program, entailing a complexity that is exponential in the number of tasks. In this work, instead, algorithmic solutions are proposed that leverage the structure of the call graphs of typical applications by means of message passing on the call graph, under both serial and parallel implementations of processing and communication. For call trees, the proposed solutions have a linear complexity in the number of tasks, and efficient extensions are presented for more general call graphs that include ‘map’‐type and ‘reduce’‐type tasks. Moreover, the proposed schemes are optimal for the serial implementation and provide principled heuristics for the parallel implementation. Extensive numerical results yield insights into the impact of inter‐layer optimization and on the comparison of the two implementations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topologieoptimierung in der Geotechnik: Anwendung auf Gründungsstrukturen und Validierung
Authors: Seitz Karlotta‐Franziska , Pucker Tim , Grabe Jürgen
Published: March 2016

Die Anwendung von Strukturoptimierung im Bereich der Geotechnik wird in diesem Artikel vorgestellt. Der generelle strukturelle Aufbau (Topologie) eines Streifenfundaments wird hinsichtlich des Verformungsverhaltens optimiert. Zur Topologieoptimierung wird die Solid‐Isotropic‐Material‐with‐Penalization‐(SIMP)‐Methode angewendet. In diesem Artikel wird dafür eine Finite‐Elemente‐Analyse mit einem entsprechendem Optimierungsalgorithmus gekoppelt. Für die FE‐Analyse wird ein hypoplastisches Stoffmodell zur Modellierung von Materialübergängen angewendet. Untersucht werden vier ebene Lastfälle. In einer anschließenden Validierung mit physikalischen 1‐g‐Modellversuchen werden nachgebildete optimierte Gründungsstrukturen belastet und mit alternativen volumengleichen Fundamenten hinsichtlich ihres Last‐Verformungs‐Verhaltens verglichen. Die präsentierte Untersuchung zeigt sowohl die Anwendbarkeit als auch das Potenzial der Topologieoptimierung in der Geotechnik.

Topology optimization in geotechnical engineering: application to foundations and validation. This article presents the application of structural optimization in geotechnical engineering. The general design (topology) of a foundation strip is optimized with respect to its deformation behaviour within the service limit state. The SIMP‐method is applied for the topology optimization. Hence, a finite element analysis with Abaqus is combined with an adequate optimization algorithm. A hypoplastic constitutive model for modeling material transitions is used for finite element analysis. Four load cases will be examined. The optimized topology design will be reproduced for the following validation with 1 g physical models. A comparison of the load deformation behavior with non optimized foundations with equal volume is carried out. The presented study shows the applicability and potential of topology optimization in geotechnical engineering.
Auswertung von Setzungsmessungen an Brückenbauwerken am Berliner Ring
Authors: Schüßler Maik
Published: March 2016

Seit 1996 wurden sieben Autobahndreiecke am Berliner Ring umgestaltet. Hierzu erfolgte der Neubau von Großbrücken mit Gesamtlängen bis 200 m. Die Gründung der Pfeiler und Widerlager wurde ausnahmslos als Flachgründung ausgeführt. Nach DIN 4019 sind für Setzungsberechnungen vorzugsweise Rechenmoduln E* durch Rückrechnung von Setzungsbeobachtungen zu gewinnen. Die an den Bauwerken ausgeführten Setzungsmessungen wurden ausgewertet. Mit den vorliegenden Messergebnissen konnten durch Rückrechnung für Sand und Geschiebemergel Rechenmoduln E* ermittelt werden. Durch Vergleichsrechnungen fanden diese Bestätigung und können für zukünftige Setzungsprognosen an Brückenbauwerken in gleichartigen Böden Verwendung finden.

Evaluation of settlement measurements at bridge constructions along highway Berliner Ring. Seven highway interchanges along highway A 10 Berliner Ring have been reconstructed since 1996. Large new bridges with length of up to 200 m were built in the frame of that projects. The foundations of the piers and abutments are designed and constructed as shallow foundations on sand and boulder clay. Settlement prediction was done by means of back calculated modulus of elasticity E* based on measured settlements. The main project details, subsoil conditions and results from measurements as well as back calculations are presented in the paper. The results are shown to be in good agreement and can be used for settlement prediction of shallow foundations on similar subsoil conditions.
Theories of Distance Education: Why They Matter
Authors: Saba Farhad
Published: March 2016

This chapter presents an overview of theories of distance education and discusses their implications for future policy making and practice in institutions of higher education.
Effective Organizational Structures and Processes: Addressing Issues of Change
Authors: Andrade Maureen Snow
Published: March 2016

This chapter describes organizational structures and processes at the institutional and project levels for the development and support of distance learning initiatives. It addresses environmental and stakeholder issues and explores principles and strategies of effective leadership for change creation and management.
Innovation and Global eLearning: A Case Study at Brigham Young University–Idaho
Authors: Young Alan L.
Published: March 2016

This chapter provides a case study of innovation using eLearning in higher education. The case study shows how one university made system‐wide organizational and procedural changes to create low‐cost, open‐access distance learning opportunities on a global level in response to student needs and opportunities.
Natural Language Processing in Accounting, Auditing and Finance: A Synthesis of the Literature with a Roadmap for Future Research
Authors: Fisher Ingrid E. , Garnsey Margaret R. , Hughes Mark E.
Published: March 2016

Natural language processing (NLP) is a part of the artificial intelligence domain focused on communication between humans and computers. NLP attempts to address the inherent problem that while human communications are often ambiguous and imprecise, computers require unambiguous and precise messages to enable understanding. The accounting, auditing and finance domains frequently put forth textual documents intended to communicate a wide variety of messages, including, but not limited to, corporate financial performance, management's assessment of current and future firm performance, analysts’ assessments of firm performance, domain standards and regulations as well as evidence of compliance with relevant standards and regulations. NLP applications have been used to mine these documents to obtain insights, make inferences and to create additional methodologies and artefacts to advance knowledge in accounting, auditing and finance. This paper synthesizes the extant literature in NLP in accounting, auditing and finance to establish the state of current knowledge and to identify paths for future research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteoblast Malfunction Caused by Cell Stress Response to Procollagen Misfolding in α2(I)-G610C Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Mirigian Lynn S , Makareeva Elena , Mertz Edward L , Omari Shakib , Roberts-Pilgrim Anna M , Oestreich Arin K , Phillips Charlotte L , Leikin Sergey
Published: March 2016

Glycine (Gly) substitutions in collagen Gly-X-Y repeats disrupt folding of type I procollagen triple helix and cause severe bone fragility and malformations (osteogenesis imperfecta [OI]). However, these mutations do not elicit the expected endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, in contrast to other protein-folding diseases. Thus, it has remained unclear whether cell stress and osteoblast malfunction contribute to the bone pathology caused by Gly substitutions. Here we used a mouse with a Gly610 to cysteine (Cys) substitution in the procollagen α2(I) chain to show that misfolded procollagen accumulation in the ER leads to an unusual form of cell stress, which is neither a conventional unfolded protein response (UPR) nor ER overload. Despite pronounced ER dilation, there is no upregulation of binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP) expected in the UPR and no activation of NF-κB signaling expected in the ER overload. Altered expression of ER chaperones αB crystalline and HSP47, phosphorylation of EIF2α, activation of autophagy, upregulation of general stress response protein CHOP, and osteoblast malfunction reveal some other adaptive response to the ER disruption. We show how this response alters differentiation and function of osteoblasts in culture and in vivo. We demonstrate that bone matrix deposition by cultured osteoblasts is rescued by activation of misfolded procollagen autophagy, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for OI. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Assumptions beyond the science: encouraging cautious conclusions about functional magnetic resonance imaging research on organizational behavior
Authors: Niven Karen , Boorman Luke
Published: March 2016

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is likely to become the major tool for studying the neural underpinnings of organizational behavior. It is a technique for brain imaging that, according to advocates, provides information about which areas of the brain are activated during organizational processes (e.g., leadership and decision‐making). In this article, we take a critical look at this tool from a technical perspective. In particular, we take the reader through the assumptions that must be made at the three main steps of the research process (study design, data capture, and interpretation of results) in order to draw conclusions about organizational phenomena from fMRI research. Applying this analysis to three case studies demonstrates the gap between what fMRI can actually tell us and the claims often made about the contribution of fMRI to understanding and improving organizational behavior. Our discussion provides researchers with a series of recommendations oriented toward optimizing the use of fMRI to help it live up to its potential in the field of organizational behavior and consumers with a means of evaluating fMRI research in order to draw appropriate and warranted conclusions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specification of a new de‐stoner machine: evaluation of machining effects on olive paste's rheology and olive oil yield and quality
Authors: Romaniello Roberto , Leone Alessandro , Tamborrino Antonia
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

An industrial prototype of a partial de‐stoner machine was specified, built and implemented in an industrial olive oil extraction plant. The partial de‐stoner machine was compared to the traditional mechanical crusher to assess its quantitative and qualitative performance. The extraction efficiency of the olive oil extraction plant, olive oil quality, sensory evaluation and rheological aspects were investigated.

RESULTS

The results indicate that by using the partial de‐stoner machine the extraction plant did not show statistical differences with respect to the traditional mechanical crushing. Moreover, the partial de‐stoner machine allowed recovery of 60% of olive pits and the oils obtained were characterised by more marked green fruitiness, flavour and aroma than the oils produced using the traditional processing systems.

CONCLUSION

The partial de‐stoner machine removes the limitations of the traditional total de‐stoner machine, opening new frontiers for the recovery of pits to be used as biomass. Moreover, the partial de‐stoner machine permitted a significant reduction in the viscosity of the olive paste. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Over‐expression of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐D‐glucanase isoenzyme EII gene results in decreased (1,3;1,4)‐β‐D‐glucan content and increased starch level in barley grains
Authors: Han Ning , Na Chenglong , Chai Yuqiong , Chen Jianshu , Zhang Zhongbo , Bai Bin , Bian Hongwu , Zhang Yuhong , Zhu Muyuan
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

High content of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan in barley grains is regarded as an undesirable factor affecting malting potential, brewing yield and feed utilization. Production of thermostable bacterial (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucanase in transgenic barley grain or supplementation of exogenous bacterial (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucanase has been used to improve malt and feed quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of over‐expression of an endogenous (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucanase on β‐glucan content and grain composition in barley.

RESULTS

A construct containing full‐length HvGlb2 cDNA encoding barley (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucanase isoenzyme EII under the control of a promoter of barley D‐Hordein gene Hor3‐1 was introduced into barley cultivar Golden Promise via Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation, and transgenic plants were regenerated after hygromycin selection. The T2 generation of proHor3:HvGlb2 transgenic lines showed increased activity of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucanase in grains. Total β‐glucan content was reduced by more than 95.73% in transgenic grains compared with the wild‐type control. Meanwhile, over‐expression of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucanase led to an increase in 1000‐grain weight, which might be due to elevated amounts of starch in the grain.

CONCLUSION

Manipulating the expression of (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucanase EII can control the β‐glucan content in grain with no apparent harmful effects on grain quality of transgenic plants. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The open access movement at a crossroad: Are the big publishers and academic social media taking over?
Authors: Björk Bo‐Christer
Published: March 2016

Key points

Traditionally, open access (OA) has been growing via two routes: full OA journals (gold) and open self‐archiving of manuscripts (green).

Gold OA is dominated by new OA publishers (charging APCs) and society/university journals that do not.

Major commercial and society publishers are increasingly moving into the APC‐funded OA market.

The proliferation of big national or consortium‐level e‐licences bundling subscription and APCs for hybrid OA may lead to large‐scale flipping of journals to OA.

Authors appear to be choosing social networks over repositories for ‘green’ OA sharing of articles.
Severe alcoholic relapse after liver transplantation: What consequences on the graft? A study based on liver biopsies analysis
Authors: Erard‐Poinsot Domitille , Guillaud Olivier , Hervieu Valérie , Thimonier Elsa , Vallin Mélanie , Chambon‐Augoyard Christine , Boillot Olivier , Scoazec Jean‐Yves , Dumortier Jérôme
Published: March 2016

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major indication for liver transplantation (LT), but up to 20% of patients experience severe alcoholic relapse. The aims of this study were to evaluate the impact of severe alcoholic relapse on the graft (based on histological examination) and to identify predictive factors associated with recurrent alcoholic cirrhosis (RAC). From 1990 to 2010, 369 patients underwent LT for ALD at Edouard Herriot Hospital (Lyon, France) and survived more than 1 year. All patients who presented severe alcoholic relapse and histological follow‐up were included. Liver biopsies were performed at 1 and 5 years and at every 5 years after LT, and when clinically indicated. The median follow‐up after LT was 11 years (range, 3‐18 years). Severe alcoholic relapse was observed in 73 (20%) of the 369 patients, from whom 56 patients with histological evaluation were included. RAC was diagnosed in 18 (32%) of the 56 patients included, which represents 5% of the 369 patients transplanted for ALD. The median delay between LT and RAC was 6 years (range, 3‐10 years) and 4.5 years (range, 2‐8 years) after severe alcoholic relapse. The median cumulated years of alcohol use before RAC was 3.5 years (range, 2‐7 years). The cumulative risk for F4 fibrosis was 15% at 3 years, 32% at 5 years, and 54% at 10 years after severe alcoholic relapse. A young age at LT (≤50 years old) and an early onset of heavy drinking (within the first 3 years after LT) were associated with RAC. In conclusion, severe alcoholic relapse usually occurs in the first years after LT and is responsible for accelerated severe graft injury. Liver Transplantation 22 773–784 2016 AASLD.
Targeting α‐synuclein: Therapeutic options
Authors: Dehay Benjamin , Decressac Mickael , Bourdenx Mathieu , Guadagnino Irene , Fernagut Pierre‐Olivier , Tamburrino Anna , Bassil Fares , Meissner Wassilios G. , Bezard Erwan
Published: March 2016

The discovery of the central role of α‐synuclein (αSyn) in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has powered, in the last decade, the emergence of novel relevant models of this condition based on viral vector‐mediated expression of the disease‐causing protein or inoculation of toxic species of αSyn. Although the development of these powerful tools and models has provided considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD, it has also been translated into the expansion of the landscape of preclinical therapeutic strategies. Much attention is now brought to the proteotoxic mechanisms induced by αSyn and how to block them using strategies inspired by intrinsic cellular pathways such as the enhancement of cellular clearance by the lysosomal‐autophagic system, through proteasome‐mediated degradation or through immunization. The important effort undertaken by several laboratories and consortia to tackle these issues and identify novel targets warrants great promise for the discovery not only of neuroprotective approaches but also of restorative strategies for PD and other synucleinopathies. In this viewpoint, we summarize the latest advances in this new area of PD research and will discuss promising approaches and ongoing challenges. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Viscoplasticity with frictional contact and rapid growth
Authors: Gleń Łukasz
Published: March 2016

We consider a problem in the inelastic deformation theory with a quasistatic deformation process of the gradient‐monotone type. We assume that the body has contact with a rigid foundation: the body moves on the foundation with friction. The frictional contact is modelled by a velocity‐dependent dissipation functional. This makes an evolution problem with two nonlinear monotone operators. We consider the gradient‐monotone inelastic constitutive function with a rapid growth at infinity. This leads us to a nonreflexive Orlicz space as an operational base. The frictional dissipation potential brings about a minimalization problem in this nonreflexive Orlicz space. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On holonomic mathematical F ‐ pendulum
Authors: Buslaev Alexander P. , Yashina Marina V.
Published: March 2016

A discrete dynamical system named real ‐ valued pendulum is presented in the paper. The system is developed for modeling of particles relocations on abstract graph with formalized rules of behavior (competition for space) and movement plans logistics. Logistics is given in a formal statement by the real numbers of the unit closed interval, presented in calculus with base equals to the graph power N.

The central question is to study the behavior of the pendulum depending on its architecture.

In the previous papers, with investigation of logistic pendulum, we have studied chaotic pendulum, where the particle plan for “tomorrow” is played “today”. A particular case of logistic pendulum, such that particle plans are time shifts of N−ary digital representation of single generating number, is called phase pendulum.

In this paper, we are considering a dynamical system with generation of particles plans using a some mapping F, defined on the set of system states. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kolmogorov space in time series data
Authors: Kanjamapornkul Kabin , Pinčák Richard
Published: March 2016

We provide the proof that the space of time series data is a Kolmogorov space with T0‐separation axiom using the loop space of time series data. In our approach, we define a cyclic coordinate of intrinsic time scale of time series data after empirical mode decomposition. A spinor field of time series data comes from the rotation of data around price and time axis by defining a new extradimension to time series data. We show that there exist hidden eight dimensions in Kolmogorov space for time series data. Our concept is realized as the algorithm of empirical mode decomposition and intrinsic time scale decomposition, and it is subsequently used for preliminary analysis on the real time series data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic Strategy for the Resolution of New 1‐Hydroxymethyl Tetrahydro‐β‐carboline Derivatives in Batch and Continuous‐Flow Systems
Authors: Megyesi Rita , Forró Enikő , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: March 2016

Many alkaloids containing a tetrahydro‐β‐carboline skeleton have well‐known therapeutic effects, leading to increased interest in the synthesis of these natural products. Enantiomers of N‐Boc‐protected 1‐hydroxymethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline [(±)‐7], 1‐hydroxymethyl‐6‐methoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline [(±)‐8], and 1‐hydroxymethyl‐6‐fluoro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline [(±)‐9] were prepared through enzymecatalyzed asymmetric acylation of their primary hydroxyl group. The preliminary experiments were performed in a continuous‐flow system, while the preparative‐scale resolutions were done as batch reactions. Excellent enantioselectivities (E>200) were obtained with Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL‐B) and acetic anhydride in toluene at 60 °C. The recovered alcohols and the produced esters were obtained with high enantiomeric excess values (ee≥96 %). The O‐acylated enantiomers [(S)‐10–(S)‐12)] were transformed into the corresponding amino alcohols [(S)‐7–(S)‐9)] with methanolysis. Microwave‐assisted Boc removals were also performed and resulted in the corresponding compounds (R)‐4–(R)‐6 and (S)‐4–(S)‐6 without a drop in the enantiomeric excess values (ee≥96 %).
Comparing isogenic strains of Beijing genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis after acquisition of Isoniazid resistance: A proteomics approach
Authors: Nieto R Luisa María , Mehaffy Carolina , Dobos Karen M.
Published: March 2016

We determined differences in the protein abundance among two isogenic strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with different Isoniazid (INH) susceptibility profiles. The strains were isolated from a pulmonary tuberculosis patient before and after drug treatment. LC‐MS/MS analysis identified 46 Mtb proteins with altered abundance after INH resistance acquisition. Protein abundance comparisons were done evaluating the different bacterial cellular fractions (membrane, cytosol, cell wall and secreted proteins). MS data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002986.