bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Self‐Assembly MOF‐on‐MOF Heterostructure‐Driven Fluorescence Sensor for Aerogel‐Based Visualization Detection of Flavomycin
Authors: Guo Yujie , Li Lingfei , Zhang Maofeng , Xu Shihao , Jiang Changlong
Published: February 2025

Polymetallic MOFs heterostructural composites enhance their usage in a range of sensing domains by combining two or more different MOFs to produce a new MOF‐on‐MOF integrated module. As its widespread utilization of flavomycin (Fla), there are currently complications with agricultural residue and the environment, consequently, a highly sensitive, portable technology for identification will be required to handle environmental monitoring in real‐time. In this work, the structural characterization and characteristics of the two‐layer MOF‐on‐MOF heterostructure are investigated using the epitaxial growth method. Electrons migrate from the Fe metal center to the organic ligand primarily as a result of hydrogen bonding between Fla and the surface of Fe‐MOF and energy transfer amongst the Fe atoms and NH2‐MIL‐101 (Eu). The synergistic impact of NH2‐MIL‐101(Eu) and Fe‐MOF improves the sensitivity and accuracy of detection, which has a 4.8 nm detection limit, enabling the high sensitivity detection of Fla. Likewise, we put together a handheld sensing platform incorporating aerogel and sensing materials that can meet the expectations of real‐time monitoring and multiple actual sample detection, and fluorescent MOFs materials offer an innovative viewpoint on the application of creating flexible sensors, enabling a new method of visualization for food safety and environmental early alerting.
Facile Integration of Bacterial Cellulose with Liquid Crystal Elastomers Enables Robust Biomimetic Helical Yarn Actuators
Authors: Ren Lingyun , Wu Dingsheng , Ma Xiaotao , Li Jie , Zhang Jingli , Zhang Xiaocui , Yu Yajing , Xue Pan , Lv Pengfei , Shao Yuanlong , Ma Pibo , Wei Qufu
Published: February 2025

Inspired from helical structures in nature, liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) fiber actuators are developed for soft robotics and smart wearables. However, the facile development of robust LCE yarn actuators remains challenging due to the lightly cross‐linked networks of LCE with the inherently poor mechanical properties. Here, the bionic helical yarn actuator is constructed through integrating the shape‐morphing LCE fiber as the actuation phase and the highly ordered orientation biomass bacterial cellulose (BC) macrofibers as the reinforcement phase by a facile twisting and two‐step cross‐linking strategy. Thanks to the 3D nanofiber network inside BC macrofibers and biomimetic helical structure, the mechanical strength (43.9 MPa) and the creep phenomenon of the resulted yarn have been significantly improved, which are obviously better than the reported LCE fiber actuators (1.4–30.8 MPa). The designed LCE/BC helical yarn actuators demonstrate high work capacity (304.1 J kg−1) and reliable reusability. As a proof‐of‐concept, this work constructs micro rolling device with customizable speed, soft gripper for grasping and moving heavy objects and passive micro motor with a speed of 7.7 rad s−1. The findings of this work are expected to provide insights into the development of high‐performance and durable smart yarn actuators through biomimetic engineering strategies.
Time‐resolved Photoluminescence Determined the Dynamic Self‐Assembly for the Interactions Between Nanofibers and Proteins
Authors: Zhang Ruijia , Xu Hanlin , Ren Chao , Yao Qingxin , Gao Yuan
Published: February 2025

The interactions between supramolecular nanofibers and proteins are crucial for functional biomaterials while there is lack of direct method to interpret supramolecular nanofiber‐protein interactions. In parallel to the single‐component system, here it is demonstrated that the deconvolution of time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) is valid to depict the dynamic self‐assembly process of two‐component systems including co‐assembly and nanofiber‐protein complexes. For a model assembling tetrapeptide FFKY, the effects on the fluorescence lifetime of its fluorescent hydrogelator co‐assembling with a non‐fluorescent derivative allowed to quantify the assembly parameters of non‐fluorescent hydrogelators. Additionally, this method is readily extended to determine the assembly parameters of a disease‐related amyloid core sequence KLVFF. Finally, this method is used to monitor the nanofiber‐protein complexes. The changes in the self‐assembly process indicated the selective interaction between supramolecular nanofiber and specific proteins. Overall, the time‐resolved PL served as an adequate methodology for the investigation of nanofiber‐protein interactions in vitro under highly dynamic and non‐equilibrated conditions.
A Roadmap of Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Storage: Innovations and Challenges
Authors: Chavan Ganesh T. , Dubal Deepak P. , Cho Eun Chel , Patil Deepak Rajaram , Gwag Jin Seog , Mishra Rajneesh Kumar , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , An Jinsung , Yi Junsin
Published: February 2025

The present review offers a strategic roadmap for overcoming conventional photocatalyst limitations and emphasizes recent advancements in hybrid photocatalysts, thereby addressing electrode and topology‐associated challenges for sustainable hydrogen (H₂) production and storage. Unlike traditional reviews, this paper explores the latest developments in hybrid photocatalysts and provides a thorough analysis of H₂ fuel technology, including water splitting, photocatalytic reactions, and storage issues. A detailed analysis of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, which mimics photosynthesis, to produce carbon‐neutral H₂ and the importance of optimizing PEC devices with co‐catalysts are highlighted. Advanced photocatalyst designs, including Z‐scheme and S‐scheme heterojunctions, doping, surface modifications, and copolymerization, are discussed and the impact of various materials, such as conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), graphdiyne, MBene, TiO₂‐based compounds, metal sulfides, and group III–V compounds, on PEC activity is examined. Furthermore, this review highlights strategies for improving photocatalyst performance, such as targeted doping, vacancy creation, and hybrid composite formation. Recommendations include designing cost‐effective efficient hybrid photoelectrodes, maximizing light utilization, and simplifying PEC cell design. By addressing H₂ storage, transport, and conversion challenges, this review not only covers critical aspects of H₂ production but also provides a roadmap towards achieving a sustainable hydrogen future.
High‐Shell Sulfur Doping Enhances Mn‐N4 Spin States and Boosts Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance in both Acidic and Alkaline Media
Authors: Li Yuan , Wu Hao‐Ran , Yu Yue , Chen Miao‐Ying , Zhao Kuang‐Min , Li Wei‐Dong , Rong Si‐Yu , Xue Dong‐ping , Zhang Jia‐Nan , Lu Bang‐An
Published: February 2025

The development of platinum group metal‐free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical to advancing sustainable energy conversion technologies. Manganese (Mn)‐based catalysts, known for their reduced toxicity and promising durability, have traditionally exhibited lower ORR activity compared to state‐of‐the‐art iron‐nitrogen‐carbon (Fe‐N‐C) catalysts. In this study, a highly efficient Mn‐N‐C‐S catalyst is presented, engineered through a sulfur‐mediated high‐shell coordinated doping strategy, that markedly enhances ORR activity and stability. The Mn‐N‐C‐S catalyst achieves a record‐high half‐wave potential of 0.94 V in alkaline media, among the highest values reported for Mn‐based catalysts. Additionally, in acidic media, it exhibits a half‐wave potential of 0.80 V, placing it among the top‐performing M‐N‐C catalysts. The catalyst also demonstrates a high peak power density of 0.82 W cm−2 in H2‐O2 fuel cells and 0.264 W cm−2 in Zn‐air batteries, outperforming previously reported Mn‐based catalysts. Both experimental findings and theoretical computations suggest that the high‐shell S‐doping can increase the spin density of Mn sites, strengthen Mn‐N bonds, and thereby improve the durability of Mn‐N4 sites. This work underscores the effectiveness of high‐shell sulfur doping and paving the way for their deployment in the cathodes of fuel cells and metal‐air batteries.
Cs+‐Induced Se/S Ratio Variation to Regulate Energy Band Structure for Efficient Sb2(S,Se)3 Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Zhiheng , Chen Junwei , Li Gaoyang , Ruan Chengwu , Wang Yichao , Zhang Yan , Chen Chong , He Liqing , Tong Guoqing , Xu Jun
Published: February 2025

As an emerging photovoltaic material, antimony selenosulfide (Sb2(S,Se)3) has attracted considerable attention and research enthusiasm. However, the current solution‐processed Sb2(S,Se)3 layers suffer from severe unfavorable energy band structure problems attributed to the vertical gradient‐variable Se/S atomic ratio, making it a challenging and prospective subject. Herein, a novel and convenient alkali metal Cs+‐induced Se/S atomic ratio variation strategy has been developed for the first time to regulate Sb2(S,Se)3 energy band structure through hydrothermal‐processed CdS nanorod‐arrays (NAs)/Sb2(S,Se)3 bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films. The Cs+‐induced regulation strategy narrows Se‐elemental concentration gradient distribution adjusting effectively Se/S atomic ratio in longitudinal CdS‐NAs/Sb2(S,Se)3 BHJ films. This generates a favorable energy band structure, contributing to rapid charge separation and extraction of photogenerated carriers of CdS‐NAs/Sb2(S,Se)3 BHJ. Meanwhile, the Cs+‐induced Se/S ratio variation not only passivates the defect‐state concentration and enhances crystal size of CdS‐NAs/Sb2(S,Se)3 film, bust also extend the carrier lifetime for Sb2(S,Se)3 BHJ photovoltaic devices. The resulting Cs‐Sb2(S,Se)3 BHJ photovoltaic devices exhibit an impressing power conversion efficiency (η) of 8.23%, the highest one currently available for Sb2(S,Se)3 BHJ solar cells. This study will undoubtedly facilitate the development of efficient Sb2(S,Se)3 BHJ devices, and other similar inorganic semiconductor photovoltaic devices.
A Bioinert Hydrogel Framework for Precision 3D Cell Cultures: Advancing Automated High‐Content and High‐Throughput Drug Screening
Authors: Jeon Hyunsu , Zanon Tiago Thomaz Migliati , Carpenter James , Ilias Aliciana , Colón Yamil , Wang Yichun
Published: February 2025

Enhanced drug testing efficiency has driven the prominence of high‐content and high‐throughput screening (HCHTS) in drug discovery and development. However, traditional HCHTS in well‐plates often lack complexity of in vivo conditions. 3D cell cultures, like cellular spheroids/organoids, offer a promising alternative by replicating in vivo conditions and improving the reliability of drug responses. Integrating spheroids/organoids into HCHTS requires strategies to ensure uniform formation, systemic function, and compatibility with analysis techniques. This study introduces an easy‐to‐fabricate, low‐cost, safe, and scalable approach to create a bioinert hydrogel‐based inverted colloidal crystal (BhiCC) framework for uniform and high‐yield spheroid cultivation. Highly uniform alginate microgels are fabricated and assembled into a colloidal crystal template with controllable contact area, creating engineered void spaces and interconnecting channels within agarose‐based BhiCC through the template degradation by alginate lyase and buffer. This results in a multi‐layered iCC domain, enabling the generation of in‐vitro 3D culture models with over 1000 spheroids per well in a 96‐well plate. The unique hexagonal‐close‐packed geometry of iCC structure enables HCHTS through conventional plate reader analysis and fluorescent microscopy assisted by house‐developed automated data processing algorithm. This advancement offers promising applications in tissue engineering, disease modeling, and drug development in biomedical research.
Biohybrid Microrobots Based on Jellyfish Stinging Capsules and Janus Particles for In Vitro Deep‐Tissue Drug Penetration
Authors: Park Sinwook , Barak Noga , Lotan Tamar , Yossifon Gilad
Published: February 2025

Microrobots engineered from self‐propelling active particles extend the reach of robotic operations to submillimeter dimensions and are becoming increasingly relevant for various tasks, such as manipulation of micro/nanoscale cargo, particularly targeted drug delivery. However, achieving deep‐tissue penetration and drug delivery remains a challenge. This work develops a novel biohybrid microrobot consisting of jellyfish‐stinging capsules, which act as natural nanoinjectors for efficient penetration and delivery, assembled onto an active Janus particle (JP). While microrobot transport and navigation is externally controlled by magnetic field‐induced rolling, capsule loading onto the JP surface is controlled by electric field. Following precise navigation of the biohybrid microrobots to the vicinity of target tissues, the capsules are activated by a specific enzyme introduced to the solution, which then triggers tubule ejection and release of the preloaded molecules. Use of such microrobots for penetration of and delivery of the preloaded drug/toxin to targeted cancer spheroids and live Caenorhabditis elegans is demonstrated in vitro. The findings offer insights for future development of bioinspired microrobots capable of deep penetration and drug delivery. Future directions may involve encapsulation of various drugs within different capsule types for enhanced versatility. This study may also inspire in vivo applications involving deep tissue drug delivery.
Dual Ligand Strategy to Manipulate Growth Kinetics of FAPbBr3 Nanocrystals for High‐Performance Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Luo Yaning , Wang Sheng , Li Wenqiang , Cao Xu , Zhang Chengxi , Dai Jun , Wang Lin , Yang Xuyong
Published: February 2025

Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) have emerged as promising materials for next‐generation light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) due to their outstanding optical properties. However, synthesis challenges such as rapid crystallization often introduce defects that degrade device performance. Herein, a dual‐ligand approach employing trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and phenylphosphinic acid (PPIA) is introduced to coordinate Pb2⁺ ions, effectively slowing the crystallization process and minimizing defect formation. The obtained PeNCs exhibit a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of 93%. Additionally, the PPIA ligand enhances electrical conductivity via π‐electron resonance, enabling more efficient charge transport in FAPbBr3 films. As a result, the optimized PeLEDs achieve a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.2% and a luminance of 32 840 cd m−2, significantly outperforming the control devices, which exhibit an EQE of 12.1% and a luminance of 1577 cd m−2. Furthermore, the operational lifetime of the optimized PeLEDs is 5.3 times longer than that of the control devices. These findings offer a promising pathway for advancing the performance and stability of PeLEDs.
Facile Synthesis of Nickel Ferrite Decorated Carbon Nanotube/Cellulose Aerogel for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Li Linhu , Liu Guimin , Wei Shicheng , Zhang Qing , Shi Ruidong , Wang Yujiang , Wang Bo , Liu Zhen , Huang Kening , Wang Xinyang , Zhang Yong
Published: February 2025

The continuous advancement of electronic devices, driven by trends toward miniaturization, reduced weight, higher integration, and multifunctionality, imposes stringent requirements on the performance of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials. Traditional EMW absorbers, such as metals, face significant drawbacks, including high density and rigidity, which limit their broader application in EMW absorption. To overcome these issues, cellulose is employed as the matrix, incorporating nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanocrystals and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as functional fillers. The ferrite/CNT/cellulose aerogels (NCCAs) are fabricated through ionic crosslinking and room‐temperature drying techniques. The results show that the porous structure of NCCA enhances multiple scattering and energy dissipation pathways for EMWs, while CNTs provide excellent electrical dissipation. The content of NiFe2O4 nanocrystals strongly influences the aerogel's saturation magnetization and the electromagnetic parameters of the NCCAs, primarily owing to their superior dielectric and magnetic loss properties. Notably, when the content of NiFe2O4 nanocrystals is 4% of the cellulose mass, the NCCA achieves the lowest reflection loss of −66.53 dB at 16.11 GHz, and lower than most reported ferrite‐based EMW absorbers. This work provides valuable insights and guidance for the design of novel aerogel‐based EMW absorbers with lightweight properties, strong absorption intensities, and broad absorption frequency bands.
Image Traceable Privacy Protection Scheme Based on Blockchain and Homomorphic Encryption
Authors: Li Tian , Zhang Qiu‐Yu , Wu Guo‐Rui
Published: February 2025

In the blockchain environment, applications involving image sharing and transmission encounter challenges related to security, encryption efficiency, robustness, and susceptibility to image tampering and misuse. To address these concerns, we propose a privacy protection scheme for image traceability that leverages blockchain technology alongside homomorphic encryption. Initially, images are encrypted using homomorphic techniques combined with block technology. Subsequently, feature extraction is performed through Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), while provenance information is losslessly embedded into a zero‐watermark image generated via dynamic S‐boxes. Upon uploading to the blockchain, smart contracts and the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) are employed to regulate the transaction of images for enhanced traceability. Finally, a smart contract is utilized to detect any potential tampering of the images. Experimental results indicate that this scheme facilitates efficient distribution and computation of private data in ciphertext form during encryption/decryption operations. The zero‐watermarking algorithm demonstrates robust anti‐attack capabilities as well as resilience against various threats, effectively addressing both tamper detection and traceability issues for encrypted images while ensuring privacy protection during secure storage.
Physics‐Informed Data‐Driven Prediction of Submerged Entry Nozzle Clogging with the Aid of Ab Initio Repository
Authors: Kuthe Sudhanshu , Persson Clas , Glaser Björn
Published: February 2025

The operational efficiency of continuous casting in steel production is often hindered by the clogging of submerged entry nozzles (SEN), caused due to the agglomeration of nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs). SEN clogging is challenging to monitor and requires probabilistic models for accurate real‐time prediction. In this context, data‐driven models emerged as a promising tool to be used in the existing industrial settings. Despite frequent occurrence of SEN clogging, collecting large datasets under varied operational conditions remains challenging. The scarcity of data hampers the ability to develop and train traditional data‐driven models effectively. To overcome these challenges, physics‐informed data‐driven models are proposed in this work. The integration of outputs generated from theoretical calculations is sufficient to compensate for the lack of available datasets. To further enhance accuracy, an advanced methodology involving use of ab initio repository is developed. This repository contains material‐specific data including high‐temperature nonretarded Hamaker constants of NMIs in specific particle size range of 1–10 μm. A novel parameter, “Clogging Factor” is proposed to monitor and integrated into the modeling architecture to track the reduction in the available volume inside SEN due to the accumulation of NMIs. The proposed model has yet to be validated online but has shown potential in reducing SEN clogging.
Influence of Rare‐Earth Ce on the Hot Ductility of Steels Containing Residual Elements Sn Based on Single‐Phase Austenite Alloy: Inhibiting Sn Segregation and Transition of Inclusions
Authors: Chen Shuai , Yu Yanchong , Mao Wangwang , Zhang Leru , Zhang Jinling , Sun Zhonghua , Li Jiachong , Liu Xueting
Published: February 2025

The removal of residual elements in the scrap steel recycling process has emerged as a significant challenge for the contemporary metallurgical industry. The current production methods cannot effectively eliminate the adverse effects of residual elements. Consequently, a novel strategy is proposed to enhance hot workability by adding Ce to an invar alloy containing Sn. In this study, after adding 500 ppm Sn, the reduction in area decreases markedly from 75 to 40% at 1050 °C. After adding 44 and 120 ppm Ce, the reduction in area remarkably increases to 80 and 76%, respectively. The Sn‐containing sample hot ductility improves at 1150 °C, and the sample containing Ce still maintains a high level. After adding Sn and Ce, the typical inclusions transformation process is as follows: MnS → MnS + Ni3Sn2 → Ce2O2S and Ni3Sn2·Ce2O2 → Ce2O2S, Ce2O3, Ni3Sn2·Ce2O2S and Ni3Sn2·Ce2O3. The lattice mismatch of Ce2O2S and Ni3Sn2, Ce2O3 and Ni3Sn2 is 1.96 and 3.26%, respectively. The rare‐earth inclusions act as a heterogeneous nucleation core, which attract Ni3Sn2 to nucleate. Two kinetic models are developed to elucidate the Sn and Ce nonequilibrium segregation and the inclusion transformation process. The beneficial transformation of inclusions and the preferential segregation of Ce enhanced the hot ductility of the invar alloy.
Impact of Microwave Treatment on the Physicochemical, Structural, and Rheological Properties of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) Starch
Authors: Negi Priya , Joia Swati , Siddiqi Raashid Ahmad , Pasrija Divya , Singh Tajendra Pal
Published: February 2025

In this study, the effect of microwave treatment time (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds) on the physicochemical and functional properties of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) starch (containing 30% moisture content) isolated using the alkaline extraction method was investigated. X‐ray diffractometry and Fourier transform infrared absorbance ratio of 1047/1022 cm−1 showed that microwaves cleave and disrupt the amylopectin molecules, resulting in a less ordered structure and relative crystallinity in buckwheat starch. Apparent amylose content, water absorption capacity, and color values (a* and b*) increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), whereas oil absorption capacity, light transmittance, swelling power, solubility index, syneresis, color value (L*), and whitening index reduced with increasing the treatment time (p ≤ 0.05). Microwave treatment also reduced buckwheat starch's pasting properties (peak, trough, breakdown, and final viscosities).
Experimental evaluation and microscopic analysis of the sustainable ultra‐high‐performance concrete after exposure to high temperatures
Authors: Luo Liang , Jia Mingming , Wang Hongwei , Cheng Xuanhao
Published: February 2025

The incorporation of recycled aggregates (RA) into ultra‐high‐performance concrete (UHPC) for sustainable construction offers a compelling solution for recycling waste construction materials while meeting high‐performance requirements. As a newly developed construction material, UHPC lacks performance data related to temperature. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigates the effect of high‐temperature exposure on the performance of UHPC incorporating recycled aggregates (RA) and steel fibers (SF). Five exposure temperatures (25, 200, 400, 600, and 800°C) were selected to simulate thermal conditions associated with structural fire scenarios. Specimens were prepared with five different mix proportions, varying the RA replacement rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and SF content (0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%). After thermal exposure, a series of tests were conducted to evaluate physical properties (density, porosity, and color changes) and mechanical properties (compressive strength and stress–strain behavior). Additionally, X‐ray diffraction was used to analyze microstructural changes, detecting phase transformations and thermal decomposition products. The results indicate that the temperature has a significant impact on both physical and mechanical properties. As the temperature rises, apparent density decreases, porosity increases, and color changes provide visual cues for estimating fire temperatures. Compressive strength initially rises, peaking at 400°C with a 10%–30% enhancement, but declines sharply beyond this threshold. Higher SF content and lower RA replacement rates mitigate mechanical degradation, with optimal performance observed at 300°C and 2% SF content. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that the microstructure deteriorates progressively with increasing temperature, as phase transformations and microcracks reduce material density. A predictive model for the stress–strain relationship at high temperatures is proposed, considering the combined effects of temperature, RA content, and SF inclusions. This study provides critical insights into the thermal performance of UHPC with RA, offering a scientific foundation for practical engineering applications in fire‐resistant structures.
Intramedullary neurenteric cyst in the spinal cord of a dog
Authors: Santifort Koen M. , Garosi Laurent , Carrera Ines , Grinwis Guy , Bergknut Niklas
Published: February 2025

A 7‐year‐old, female, entire American Staffordshire terrier was presented for chronic progressive ambulatory monoparesis of the right pelvic limb. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracolumbar spinal cord revealed a well‐demarcated, rounded, slightly right‐sided intramedullary space‐occupying lesion at the level of T11–12. It was homogeneous, markedly T2‐hyperintense when compared to the spinal cord, T1‐hypointense and without contrast enhancement. Despite treatment with prednisolone (0.6 mg/kg every 24 hours), the dog deteriorated within 2 weeks to being paraplegic on the day of surgery. A hemilaminectomy was performed over T11–12 on the right, and the intramedullary localisation of the lesion was confirmed. A grey‐blueish, gelatinous, walled structure was encountered and, after myelotomy, removed piecemeal from the spinal cord with the assistance of suction and lavage. Histopathology revealed a well‐demarcated epithelial cyst consistent with a neurenteric cyst. Follow‐up 20 months after surgery revealed mild paraparesis and ataxia, with bunny hopping when running.
Review of conceptual and empirical approaches to characterize infiltration
Authors: Basset Christelle , Abou Najm Majdi , Angulo‐Jaramillo Rafael , Bagarello Vincenzo , Ghanbarian Behzad , Prima Simone Di , Iovino Massimo , Lassabatère Laurent , Stewart Ryan
Published: February 2025

Infiltration regulates the movement and storage of water at the soil–atmosphere interface and is, therefore, a key component of many related physical and biogeochemical processes. Numerous studies have examined infiltration over the past two centuries. These efforts have resulted in the development of numerous models that capture the effects of specific soil properties and initial and boundary conditions. This proliferation of models has advanced our collective ability to understand infiltration processes but has also made it challenging for researchers to select appropriate approaches for analyzing experimental infiltration data or for conducting basic research on soil parameters like saturated hydraulic conductivity or sorptivity. Here, we aimed to reduce this uncertainty by developing a comprehensive literature review of published infiltration models, including their underlying philosophies and evolution over the years. Through this effort, we compiled and examined 138 unique infiltration models. We grouped models into two major categories, empirical and conceptual, noting that boundaries between those two categories are at times debatable. After classifying and providing a full historical retrospective of these models, we examined specific model parameters and how their usage has changed with time. We also reviewed different methods applied to estimate infiltration parameters, as well as the challenges that arise when using such methods. Finally, we proposed a framework for identifying suitable models depending on field conditions, experimental plan, and data availability.
An observational study of a circular gust front over the Yangtze Delta, China
Authors: Zhou Wenjie , Hu Wendong , Dai Jianhua , Du Puyuan , Lu Lu , Zhang Yongkai , Hao Yanqiong
Published: February 2025

Concentric gust fronts are formed when a thunderstorm’s downdraft reaches the ground and the outflow from the cold pool spreads uniformly outwards into the surrounding warm and humid air mass. Observational evidence presented here show the case of narrow‐band echoes forming a ring around a thunderstorm. Unlike conventional gust fronts, concentric or circular gust fronts are more likely to form in subtropical high‐pressure environments, where the horizontal wind speed in the middle to lower troposphere is relatively weak, the underlying surface is uniform and the temperature gradient around the cold pool that produces the circular gust front remains largely consistent.
Treatment of landfill leachate wastewater by chemical coagulation‐flocculation, electro‐membrane bioreactor, and anaerobic hybrid system
Authors: Bilici Zeynep , Hasnaoui Abir , Chikhi Mustapha , Sillanpää Mika , Al‐Farraj Saleh , Dizge Nadir
Published: February 2025

In this study, the treatment of landfill leachate wastewater by chemical coagulation, an electro‐membrane bioreactor (e‐MBR), and an anaerobic hybrid system was studied. First, chemical coagulation process was applied to landfill leachate wastewater, which is referred to their high organic pollutants. Aluminum sulfate (alum), poly aluminum chloride (PAC), ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) were used as coagulants. After determining the coagulant type, pH optimization (6–10) and the amount of coagulant (0.5–2.5 g/l) was optimized. In the chemical coagulation‐flocculation experiments, optimum conditions were determined as 1.0 g/l alum at pH 9. At these conditions, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phenolic contents (TPC), and color analyses were examined and 31.16%, 35.32%, and 24.42% removal efficiencies were obtained, respectively. After coagulation‐flocculation pretreatment, the e‐MBR system was applied to the wastewater to obtain further treatment. Iron (Fe) electrode and ultrafiltration membrane (UP150) were used in the e‐MBR system. 5, 10, and 20 V electric current was applied to the system and time‐dependent flux measurements were carried out. COD, TPC, and color analyses were performed in both mixed liquor and membrane permeate. The results indicated that over ˃90% removal efficiency for COD, TPC, and color was achieved when the electric current increased from 5 to 20 V. In addition, it was also observed that the membrane fouling decreased and the flux increased. Since it still did not meet the discharge criteria, the wastewater obtained from e‐MBR treatment was subjected to the anaerobic system. After 10 days of incubation, COD, TPC, and color removal were found to be 99.25%, 100%, and 99.57%, respectively.

Practioner Points

The treatment of leachate wastewater by chemical coagulation, electro‐membrane bioreactor, and anaerobic hybrid system was studied.

Optimum conditions were determined as 1 g/l alum at pH 9 for chemical coagulation.

It was observed that the membrane fouling decreased and the flux increased.

COD, color, and TPC removal efficiency were found to be 99.5%, 100%, and 99.6%, respectively.
Bioaccumulation of selected metals in Lamproglena clariae Fryer, 1956 infecting Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) collected from six sampling sites along the Vaal River, South Africa
Authors: Pretorius Marilie , Gradwohl Andreas , Windisch Jakob , Jirsa Franz , Avenant‐Oldewage Annemariè
Published: February 2025

Lamproglena clariae, a gill parasite of Clarias gariepinus has previously been identified as a valuable indicator of effect for organic and metal pollution. The current study evaluates it as a bioindicator of metal accumulation by recording the concentration (mg/kg) of Mn, Fe, Zn, Se, and Sr in adult females and eggs collected at six sites along the Vaal River, South Africa. The data are compared to the metal concentrations recorded in water and sediment, and with infection variables calculated for L. clariae collected from C. gariepinus in March 2017 and October 2018. Metal concentrations in parasite samples were measured utilizing total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy. This was the first time this method was used to measure metal concentration in L. clariae. Manganese, Fe, Cu, Se, and Sr concentrations differed between adult females and egg specimens and between the six sampling sites, following the difference in the metal concentrations in the water and sediment samples. More polluted sites had low prevalence and low abundance of L. clariae. In adult females, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Sr had higher concentrations than the water at the more polluted sites. Metal concentration (Mn, Zn, Cu, and Se) was higher in adult females compared to eggs. However, the Fe concentrations were higher in eggs than in adult females. Metal concentrations in L. clariae females were generally higher than levels recorded in water and sediment samples, indicating biomagnification, and supporting the viability of L. clariae as an accumulation indicator. High concentrations of Fe in eggs suggest that Fe elimination may occur via vitellin maternal transfer to larvae.

Practitioner Points

Fish ectoparasites have not received sufficient evaluation as indicators of pollution.

Lamproglena clariae bioaccumulates metals in polluted environments.

Lamproglena clariae eggs accumulate Fe to higher concentrations than the females that produce them.
High‐resolution remote sensing for quantifying vegetation structure as avian habitat
Authors: Harju Seth , Harju Tarita , Berg Jodi , Alward Richard , Cambrin Scott
Published: February 2025

Monitoring trends in the structure and composition of vegetation structure is a critical part of land and wildlife management. Advanced tools and technologies can help reduce the cost and improve the implementation of such monitoring. Most applications of remote‐sensing technologies, however, focus on either vegetation structure reflecting habitat requirements of a single avian species or on general measures of ecosystem productivity or biodiversity. While important, these applications ignore the needs of many applied land and wildlife managers who are often legally or administratively tasked with managing landscapes for multiple avian species with divergent habitat requirements. We used current state‐of‐the‐art technologies to assess vegetation structure in a dryland riparian ecosystem and compared this structure to avian nesting habitat metrics. We demonstrated how 3‐dimensional canopy structure, including multi‐layer canopy cover, voxelized leaf area density, and habitat‐based patch‐level leaf area density, can be quantified and tied to each species' a priori known nesting habitat. We evaluated these results in light of monitoring vegetation potentially serving as nesting habitat for 3 species of management concern. We also provided directions on future monitoring to ensure that managed parcels provide suitable vegetation structure for at least some, and possibly all, of the species given their divergent habitat requirements.
Chaos bound and its violation in black p-brane
Authors: Dutta Pinaki , Panigrahi Kamal L. , Singh Balbeer
Published: February 2025

Abstract

In this work, we have extensively investigated the dynamics of circular geodesic (chargeless massive particle) followed by the investigation of the pulsating classical string in the p-brane background. This study is a continuation of our previous work JHEP10(2023)189, in which we numerically identified the presence of chaos for a classical string hovering near generic p-branes (p < 7). Here, for a particle probe, we have found evidence of chaos in the vicinity of the horizon. Furthermore, we observed a violation of the well-known MSS bound in specific extremal p-branes; however, no such violation is seen in the non-extremal cases. Similar observations were made for the classical string, where the violation of the bound is significant near the horizon. Thus, our semi-analytical arguments demonstrate that chaotic dynamics in black p-branes exhibit the (generalized) universal bound with notable violations, regardless of whether a particle or classical string is used as a probe.
Closed universes, factorization, and ensemble averaging
Authors: Usatyuk Mykhaylo , Zhao Ying
Published: February 2025

Abstract

We study closed universes in holographic theories of quantum gravity. We argue that within any fixed theory, factorization implies there is one unique closed universe state. The wave function of any state that can be prepared by the path integral is proportional to the Hartle-Hawking wave function. This unique wave function depends on the properties of the underlying holographic theory such as the energy spectrum. We show these properties explicitly in JT gravity, which is known to be dual to an ensemble of random Hamiltonians. For each member of the ensemble, the corresponding wave function is erratic as a result of the spectrum being chaotic. After ensemble averaging, we obtain smooth semi-classical wave functions as well as different closed universe states.
Improved non-Abelian tensor multiplet action
Authors: Kozyrev Nikolay
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Construction of the superfield action of the N = (1, 0), d = 6 non-Abelian tensor multiplet based on the non-Abelian tensor hierarchies is considered. It is shown that while straightforward non-Abelian generalization of the Pasti-Sorokin-Tonin action is not a workable solution, a suitable truncation of the PST action still can be modified to include non-Abelian tensor field. In the modified action, the self-dual equation of motion of the tensor field is induced by a composite Lagrange multiplier, which is not a component of a standard dynamical tensor multiplet. As a result, the constraint that enforces the gauge group to be non-compact, as in the usual tensor hierarchies, can be avoided.
The effect of C-terminal deamidation on bacterial susceptibility and resistance to modelin-5
Authors: Dennison Sarah R. , Morton Leslie H. G. , Badiani Kamal , Harris Frederick , Phoenix David A.
Published: February 2025

The C-terminal amide carried by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can play a variable role in their antibacterial action and here, this role is investigated here for the synthetic peptide modelin-5 (M5-NH2). The peptide showed potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MLC = 5.9 µM), with strong binding to the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) (Kd = 21.5 μM) and the adoption of high levels of amphiphilic α-helical structure (80.1%) which promoted strong CM penetration (9.6 mN m−1) and CM lysis (89.0%). In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to M5-NH2 (MLC = 139.6 µM), probably due electrostatic repulsion effects mediated by Lys-PG in the organism’s CM. These effects promoted weak CM binding (Kd = 120.6 μM) and the formation of low levels of amphiphilic α-helical structure (30.1%), with low levels of CM penetration (4.8 mN m−1) and lysis (36.4%). C-terminal deamidation had a variable influence on the antibacterial activity of M5-NH2, and in the case of S. aureus, loss of this structural moiety had no apparent effect on activity. The resistance of S. aureus to M5-NH2 isoforms appeared to be facilitated by the high level of charge carried by these peptides, as well as the density and distribution of this charge. In the case of P. aeruginosa, the activity of M5-NH2 was greatly reduced by C-terminal deamidation (MLC = 138.6 µM), primarily through decreased CM binding (Kd = 118.4 μM) and amphiphilic α-helix formation (39.6%) that led to lower levels of CM penetration (5.1 mN m−1) and lysis (39.0%).
Is synovectomy still of benefit today in total knee arthroplasty with rheumatoid arthritis?
Authors: Hernigou Philippe
Published: February 2025

Purpose

There is a lack of long-term data evaluating the impact of synovectomy versus no synovectomy during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to assess and compare bilateral TKA outcomes with and without synovectomy in the same patients over a similar follow-up period.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted on 65 bilateral staged posterior-stabilized (PS) fixed-bearing TKAs (28 men, 37 women) performed by a single surgeon on RA-affected knees, with an average follow-up of 17 years (range: 15–24 years). In the first knee, synovectomy was performed during TKA, while no synovectomy for the contralateral TKA. Outcomes assessed included Knee Society scores for knee and function, radiographic findings, complications, and patellar position using the Insall-Salvati ratio.

Results

The synovectomy group had a higher rate of blood transfusion (23.3% vs. 16.6%; P < 0.01) and longer hospital stays (mean 9.60 days [95% CI: 6.56–13.63] vs. 6.51 days [95% CI: 5.50–9.52]; P < 0.001). The group without synovectomy demonstrated significantly better Knee Society Scores (89.1 vs. 80.2 points; P = 0.02) and greater range of motion (ROM) for flexion (130° vs. 102°; P = 0.01). Both groups had similar knee alignment, stability, and femoral and tibial component alignment. Patella baja was observed in six patients in the synovectomy group. Severe haematoma (n = 6) and deep infections (n = 4) were noted exclusively in the synovectomy group. Kaplan-Meier survivorship at 15 years was 81% (95% CI: 78–95) for TKA with synovectomy and 95% (95% CI: 90–100) for TKA without synovectomy.

Conclusion

Knees undergoing synovectomy during primary TKA exhibited reduced knee flexion, inferior Knee Society pain scores, and higher complication rates compared to contralateral knees without synovectomy. Omitting synovectomy in RA patients did not increase the risk of implant loosening.
New approach to busulfan dosing in infants and children based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis
Authors: Balis Frank M. , Rieger Elizabeth , Bunin Nancy J. , Gardiner JoAnn , Shaw Leslie M. , Olson Timothy S. , Milone Michael C.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Apply population pharmacokinetic modeling to a single institution busulfan therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data set from infants and children to refine dosing methods.

Methods

One-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fit to busulfan TDM data from 328 infants and children with malignant and non-malignant diseases treated with busulfan-containing transplant conditioning regimens. Age-dependence of busulfan clearance scaled to body weight and body surface area (BSA) was compared, and busulfan AUC was simulated for a BSA-scaled dose of 100 mg/m2 combined with a BSA-banded dosing table for infants and children with a BSA < 0.5 m2.

Results

Busulfan clearance scaled to body weight is age-dependent. Clearance in children ≤ 3 years (0.234 L/[h•kg]) is higher than the typical value for the population, (0.205 L/[h•kg]), and 48% of children < 5 years have subtherapeutic busulfan AUCs after the first dose. Busulfan clearance scaled to BSA (typical value, 5.47 L/[h•m2]) is more uniform across the pediatric age span, except for infants (≤ 1 year, 4.27 L/[h•m2]). Simulated busulfan AUCs with a dose of 100 mg/m2 for patients with a BSA ≥ 0.5 m2 combined with a BSA-banded dosing table for patients with a BSA < 0.5 m2 achieved a therapeutic AUC after the first dose in 49% more patients than body weight scaled doses.

Conclusion

Our model predicts a greater proportion of children would achieve a therapeutic busulfan AUC after the first dose with a dose of 100 mg/m2/d combined with the infant dosing table for patients with a BSA < 0.5 m2 compared to body weight-scaled dosing.
The use of external fixation for the correction of recurrent clubfoot: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Vaccalluzzo Marco Simone , Testa Gianluca , Sodano Andrea , Sapienza Marco , Canavese Federico , Aloj Domenico Costantino , Caldaci Alessia , Pavone Vito
Published: February 2025

Background

Recurrent clubfoot (CF) remains a challenging orthopedic condition, often requiring surgical intervention due to deformity rigidity and scarring from previous treatments. External fixation, particularly the Ilizarov technique, has emerged as a promising approach to correct recurrent and complex CF deformities. However, there is considerable variability in reported results regarding success and recurrence rates.

Objective

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of external fixation with a focus on success rates, recurrence rates, and complication profiles in patients treated for recurrent CF.

Methods

A systematic search of five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library) was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies evaluating external fixation for recurrent clubfoot and reporting quantitative data on success and recurrence rates were included. A total of 438 records were screened and 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction was performed on demographic characteristics, treatment details, and outcomes. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to pool success and recurrence rates.

Results

The review analyzed 21 studies involving 489 treated feet in 406 patients. The pooled overall success rate was 81.4% (95% CI: 74.5-88.4%), while the pooled recurrence rate was 17.7% (95% CI: 11.3-24.1%). The studies showed minimal heterogeneity (I² = 0%) in both success and recurrence rates. Complications were common, with pin tract infection being the most common (29.3%), followed by toe contractures and digital ischemia.

Conclusions

External fixation is an effective approach for recurrent CF, with satisfactory success rates. However, the risk of complications underscores the need for vigilant postoperative care. The results support the use of external fixation for complex CF recurrences, but further studies are needed.