bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of the structural risk factors of homelessness in 52 metropolitan areas in the United States
Authors: Ji Eun-Gu
Published: February 2006

English

The findings of this multiple regression study show that among structural risk factors the poverty rate is strongly associated with the homelessness rate in the model. The findings also show that reducing the poverty rate of the homeless should be the policy priority.

French

Les résultats de cette étude de régression multiple démontrent que le taux de pauvretéparmi les facteurs de risque structurels est intimement lié, dans le modè le, au taux d'itinérance. Il en résulte que la réduction du taux de pauvretéest une prioritéde la politique à adopter avec les sans-abri.

Spanish

Los resultados de este estudio de regresió n múltiple muestran que el porcentaje de pobreza entre los factores de riesgo estructural está fuertemente asociado con el porcentaje de personas sin hogar. Los resultados del estudio indican que la reducció n del porcentaje de pobreza es algo prioritario en la política para la gente sin hogar.
Analysis of the Maximum Tensile Strength of a Composite with Spherical Particulates
Authors: Sudduth Richard D.
Published: February 2006

Good theoretical composite models have been developed to address the modulus as a function of filler volume fraction and tensile strength as a function of time. However, very little has been done to understand the observation that the tensile yield strength appears to go through a maximum as a function of the volume fraction of filler for a particulate composite. While several factors undoubtedly influence the location of this maximum, it is apparent that the necessary generation of voids in the formulation has been largely overlooked as a primary source for this maximum.

A simple parallel strain composite tensile strength model is developed from the different tensile strength components in the composite. For this simple model the tensile strength of the composite is set to go to zero at the ‘zero limit’ packing fraction. The most important result from this simple model is that a maximum in composite tensile strength is clearly indicated when the tensile strength of the filler is greater than that of the matrix and the transfer efficiency from the filler to the matrix is not near zero.

A more detailed generalized tensile strength model is also developed from the existing modulus models. This derivation is initiated from the definition of modulus which includes both stress and strain. The ratio of the tensile yield strength of the composite to that of the matrix is equated to corresponding ratios for yield strain and secant yield modulus. It is assumed that the strain ratio could be described by the reciprocal of a modified Kerner equation and the modulus ratio could be described by the generalized modulus equation developed earlier by this author. This new tensile strength model nicely describes a maximum tensile strength as well as a minimum tensile strength at the zero limit packing fraction.

It is clearly shown that the new generalized tensile strength model developed in this study gives a much better fit of four sets of tensile strength data than the Turcsanyi model, the Dibenedetto model and a second-order polynomial model. This result applies equally for data that shows a clear maximum as well as data where the tensile strength decreases steadily from the tensile strength of the matrix itself.
A New Method for Producing Composite Panels with Textured Finish using Open Molding Process: Part I - Technology Development
Authors: Kia H. G. , Simmer J. C.
Published: February 2006

A new method has been developed to produce composite panels with textured finish using low-cost polyester molds that have a non-textured surface. This method uses a removable textured coating (RTC) to impart texture on the surface of the molded parts. This RTC is de-molded along with the composite panel and is removed from the part at a later stage to reveal the textured surface. It has been shown that, depending on the method of application and the type of equipment, various effects can be generated. However, as long as the manufacturing conditions are maintained constant the resultant textured finish is reliably reproducible. It has been observed that the optimum thickness for the RTC film is 0.15 ± 0.03 mm. Furthermore, the experiments showed that at relative humidities <50%, temperatures between 35 and 40°C, and air flow rate of 6-10 m/s, a reasonable drying time of 12-15 min can be achieved. It has been concluded that, because of its high viscosity, an air-assist airless spray system is the most suitable equipment for spraying the RTC.
The Structural Characterization and Properties of SiO2-Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Yao X. F. , Yeh H. Y. , Zhou D. , Zhang Y. H.
Published: February 2006

SiO2-epoxy nanocomposites with different SiO2 nanoparticle contents are synthesized. Some micro/nanoscopic structural characterizations are studied, including the various degrees of nanoparticle dispersion, free-volume contents, and the interface between the nanoparticles and the polymer matrix. The thermomechanical properties of nanocomposites are also investigated. The influence of nanoparticle contents on the structural characterization is qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. This study will be helpful for the structural design and property evaluation of nanocomposites.
A Study on the Torsional Wave of Fiber-reinforced Composite Materials
Authors: Bao L. , Yuan H. , Sakurai M. , Nakazawa M. , Kemmochi K.
Published: February 2006

The impact characteristics of FRP are important for structures and other applications. In this article, a CFRP pole is used to study the effect of fiber orientation on the torsional strain wave rate. A method of forecasting torsional strain wave characteristic is subsequently suggested. An experiment is conducted to verify the theory and the calculation method. Good agreement is obtained between the theoretical and the experimental values of seven types of laminated composite cylinders, unidirectional (0,90) plies, and cross-plies (15, 30, 45, 60, 75). This demonstrates that the mathematical technique developed here is satisfactory for predicting the torsional strain wave of laminated composites. Torsional strain wave rates of laminated composites vary with fiber orientation angle.
Accessing Multicultural Issues Through Critical Thinking, Critical Inquiry, and the Student Research Process
Authors: Hawkins Judith
Published: February 2006

This qualitative study describes and evaluates a pedagogical procedure that allows multicultural college freshmen to devise and research topics indigenous to their communal backgrounds. The researcher wishes to ascertain whether a method delineated by an academic procedure and limited to a classroom setting can have extended social implications for the inner-city student. Specifically, critical thinking and inquiry techniques are applied to the student research paper process, thus integrating communal issues with the academic curriculum. A further goal is to ascertain how the focus and motivation inherent in the modified research process affects student critical inquiry of text material.
The Extent of Public Education Nondiscrimination Policy Protections for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students
Authors: Russo Ronald G.
Published: February 2006

This article examines education and governmental nondiscrimination policies to determine the status of anti-homophobia protections in the 51 states. A review of existing case law literature is provided to illustrate the effect homophobia has on all students, regardless of their sexual orientation, and to induce the development of new public education policy protections for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students. An Anti-Homophobia Policy Taxonomy (APT), composed of eight anti-homophobia nondiscrimination policy guidelines, was formulated exclusively for this study as a guide to classify and measure the extent of education policy protections for LGBT students in states with education policies that evidence sexual orientation nondiscrimination protections. This research found an absence of civil protections in education statutes and a dearth of parity in public policy and civil rights protections for all students regardless of their sexual orientation throughout the United States.
Luke 24.26, 44—Songs of God’s Servant: David and his Psalms in Luke-Acts
Authors: Doble Peter
Published: February 2006

Concerning Lk. 24.26 and 44, a scholarly consensus agrees that Luke’s reference to a ‘scriptural’ suffering Messiah is an oxymoron; some hold that Luke’s overt reference to psalms is a consequence of his use of them in his Passion Narrative; most urge that Luke’s ‘Messiah must suffer’ is probably a meld of Davidic Messiah and Isaianic servant motifs. However, because the underlying logic is questionable and its use of Lukan evidence problematic, this consensual case for an Isaianic Servant concept controlling Luke’s passion narrative is flawed. Replying to this consensus, a sixfold, cumulative argument demonstrates that Luke’s statement—that the Messiah must suffer and be raised—more probably emerges from a single David-model derived from the book of Psalms. This cumulative argument begins from Luke’s appeal by name to the book of Psalms, establishes the frequency and density of Luke’s use of psalms, examines occurrences of ‘David’ and ‘Messiah’ in relation to Luke’s using psalms, explores a Davidic autobiography implied in those psalms featuring in Luke’s subtext, reveals that apostolic speeches are arguments textured from psalms and rooted in a comparative biography of David and Jesus, and demonstrates that distinctive elements in Luke’s Passion Narrative are associated with the context-fields of psalm allusions in his portrayal of Jesus’ death and burial. Luke was right; his critics mistaken.
Direct Speech in Acts and the Question of Genre
Authors: Pervo Richard I.
Published: February 2006

G. Horsley and C. Hemer noted, on the basis of statistical comparison, that the large quantity of direct speech in Acts is atypical of ancient historiography. This study builds upon their research by expanding the repertory to include representatives of ‘popular fiction’. Quantitative analysis reveals that direct speech is one characteristic of popular literature and that, in this respect, Acts is more like popular narrative than learned historiography. This finding contributes to, but does not resolve, the question of the genre of Acts.
‘Cast Out the Slave Woman and her Son’: The Dynamics of Exclusion and Inclusion in Galatians 4.30
Authors: Eastman Susan G.
Published: February 2006

Traditionally, the exclusionary command of Gal. 4.30 has been interpreted as proclaiming the exclusion of Jews from salvation, and more recently as commanding the Galatians to cast out the circumcising missionaries and their followers. Tracing the denotations of the respective mothers and sons in Paul’s ‘allegory’, and noting in particular the singular form of the imperative in v. 30, this article offers an alternative interpretation: in Gal. 4.30, as in Gal. 3.8, Paul’s converts overhear Scripture preaching the gospel to Abraham. The proclamation that the fulfillment of the promise comes only through divine faithfulness rather than through any human activity functions as a warning directed at those Galatians seeking circumcision.
An Evangelical Paul: A Response to Francis Watson’sPaul and the Hermeneutics of Faith
Authors: Campbell Douglas A.
Published: February 2006

A quick glance at Paul and the Hermeneutics of Faith tells anyone that Francis Watson is both learned and thorough. Mere reading goes on to reveal a witty stylist and a masterful exegete. But I would suggest that a deeper engagement with the book’s argument discloses an utterly brilliant conception in tactical terms. As such Paul is an absolute tour de force—one of those special books that makes work in a given academic field so rewarding and exciting (not to mention challenging). But Watson is setting a powerful and specific agenda in play, and the consequences of being lured intoits endorsement would be extensive indeed. We shall see in due course if he has thought of everything.
Avoidant Attachment and the Experience of Parenting
Authors: Rholes W. Steven , Simpson Jeffry A. , Friedman Mike
Published: February 2006

Guided by attachment theory, this research investigated connections between avoidant attachment styles and the experience of parenting after the birth of a couple's first child. One hundred and six couples completed a battery of measures approximately 6 weeks before and 6 months after the birth of their first child. As anticipated, parents with more avoidant attachment styles experienced greater stress after the birth of their child and perceived parenting as less satisfying and personally meaningful. Attachment theory maintains that adult attachment styles should affect relationships with adults and with one's children. The present findings provide some of the first evidence that selfreported adult romantic attachment styles, which have been the focus of attachment research by social and personality psychologists, are systematically associated with parent-child relationships. They also provide insight into the processes through which secure and insecure attachment styles might be transmitted from one generation to the next.
The Role of Self-Criticism, Dependency, and Hassles in the Course of Depressive Illness: A Multiwave Longitudinal Study
Authors: Abela John R. Z. , Webb Christian A. , Wagner Clara , Ho Moon-Ho R. , Adams Philippe
Published: February 2006

The current study utilized a multiwave longitudinal design to examine whether dependency and/or self-criticism influence the course of depressive symptoms in a community sample of adults with a history of major depression. In addition, the authors examined whether self-esteem serves as a buffer against the development of depressive symptoms following increases in hassles in individuals possessing such traits. At Time 1, 102 participants completed measures assessing depressive symptoms, self-criticism, dependency, and self-esteem. Every 6 weeks for the next year, participants completed measures assessing depressive symptoms and hassles. High self-criticism was associated with greater elevations in depressive symptoms following elevations in hassles in low but not high-self-esteem individuals. Results with respect to dependency, however, were contrary to hypotheses. High dependency was associated with elevations in depressive symptoms following elevations in hassles in high-self-esteem individuals. In contrast, high dependency was associated with chronically elevated depressive symptoms in low-self-esteem individuals.
Predicting the Onset of Emotional Recovery Following Nonmarital Relationship Dissolution: Survival Analyses of Sadness and Anger
Authors: Sbarra David A.
Published: February 2006

Event onset modeling was used to investigate the time course of breakup-related affective processes. Daily emotion data were collected for 4 weeks from 58 young adults who recently experienced the dissolution of a serious romantic relationship. Using baseline data obtained from individuals in intact dating relationships, sadness and anger recovery were defined as points in time and then modeled as a function of theoretically relevant predictors using Cox’s survival analysis. Acceptance of relationship termination mediated the association between attachment security and sadness recovery. Greater levels of love, anger, and attachment preoccupation were associated with a decreased probability of sadness recovery during the study period. Attachment security was associated with an increased probability of anger recovery, whereas ongoing sadness decreased the probability of this event. Discussion centers on the differential functioning of sadness and anger as well as the need to consider emotional change as a multicomponent process.
On the Benefits of Giving as Well as Receiving Autonomy Support: Mutuality in Close Friendships
Authors: Deci Edward L. , La Guardia Jennifer G. , Moller Arlen C. , Scheiner Marc J. , Ryan Richard M.
Published: February 2006

Two studies examined autonomy support within close friendships. The first showed that receiving autonomy support from a friend predicted the recipient’s need satisfaction within the relationship and relationship quality as indexed by emotional reliance, security of attachment, dyadic adjustment, and inclusion of friend in self and that there was significant mutuality of receiving autonomy support and of each other variable. The relations of perceived autonomy support to need satisfaction and relationship quality held for both female-female and male-male pairs across the two studies. The second study replicated and extended the first, showing that receiving autonomy support also predicted psychological health. Furthermore, giving autonomy support to a friend predicted the givers’ experience of relationship quality over and above the effects of receiving autonomy support from the friend. When both receiving and giving autonomy support competed for variance in predicting well-being, giving, rather than receiving, autonomy support was the stronger predictor.
From Fault Line to Group Fission: Understanding Membership Changes in Small Groups
Authors: Hart Claire M. , Van Vugt Mark
Published: February 2006

Group fissions occur when two or more members leave a parent group to either form a new group or join an existing group. This article investigates the interplay between two factors: the presence of an intragroup conflict and subgroup boundaries on the group fission process. It is hypothesized that subgroup divisions act as potential fault lines along which groups split after they experience conflict. The results of three experiments, one scenario study and two laboratory studies involving small task groups, support the group fault line hypothesis. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for theory and research on membership changes in small groups.
Women's Advantage at Remembering Others' Appearance: A Systematic Look at the Why and When of a Gender Difference
Authors: Mast Marianne Schmid , Hall Judith A.
Published: February 2006

Women recall the appearance of others better than men. The goal of the present research was to shed light on the explanations and boundary conditions of this gender difference. In three studies (592 participants), the authors tested potential mediators and moderators of the gender difference. Results corroborated the robustness of the gender difference. General task motivation, general memory ability, importance of appearance, appearance knowledge, attention paid to target, gazing at target, and communal or agentic orientation could not explain why women were better at recalling others' appearance than men were. Except for importance of appearance and appearance knowledge, which both decreased the magnitude of the gender difference, general task motivation, attention paid to target, length of exposure to target, delay in responding, cognitive load, and response format (verbal vs. nonverbal) had no effect on the gender difference. Results are discussed in relation to gender differences found in the nonverbal sensitivity literature.
The Challenge of Merging: Merger Patterns, Premerger Status, and Merger Support
Authors: Giessner Steffen R. , Viki G. Tendayi , Otten Sabine , Terry Deborah J. , Täuber Susanne
Published: February 2006

Employees of merging organizations often show resistance to the merger. The employees' support depends on the companies' premerger status and on the merger pattern. Based on an intergroup perspective, three studies were conducted to investigate the influence of premerger status (high, low) and merger pattern (assimilation, integration-equality, integration-proportionality, transformation) on participants' support for a pending organizational merger. Students (Study 1) and employees (Study 2) had to take the perspective of employees of a fictitious merging organization. Study 3 investigated students' perceptions of a potentially pending university merger using a 2 (status) 3 (merger pattern: assimilation, integration-equality, integrationproportionality) design. Across all studies, the low-status group favored integration-equality and transformation whereas the high-status group preferred integration-proportionality and assimilation. Perceived threat mediated the effects. Legitimacy was a stronger mediator for effects of the low-status group.
Approach and Avoidance Motivation in the Social Domain
Authors: Elliot Andrew J. , Gable Shelly L. , Mapes Rachael R.
Published: February 2006

This research put Gable’s (in press) hierarchical model of approach-avoidance social motivation to empirical test using newly developed measures of friendship-approach and avoidance goals. The results from Study 1 supported the psychometric soundness of the new goal measures and showed the anticipated differential predictive patterns for the two goals. The results from Study 2 provided further evidence of the psychometric soundness of the new goal measures and provided support for the full hierarchical model in longitudinal analyses of subjective well-being and physical symptomotology. Implications of the present research for understanding motivation both within and beyond the social domain are discussed.
Effects of Mortality Salience on Evaluation of Ingroup and Outgroup Sources: The Impact of Pro- Versus Counterattitudinal Positions
Authors: See Ya Hui Michelle , Petty Richard E.
Published: February 2006

Past Terror Management Theory (TMT) research has demonstrated that mortality salience leads to favoritism toward ingroup members and derogation of outgroup members and to polarized attitudes toward the source of pro and counterattitudinal statements. In such research, the individual’s group membership and the individual’s worldview position were examined separately. Thus, when the individual’s group membership was manipulated, one could normally assume that an outgroup member is counterattitudinal and an ingroup member is proattitudinal. It is unclear, therefore, whether ingroup members elicited favoritism from mortality salient participants because of their group membership or because of their presumably proattitudinal position, or both. The authors present two studies in which the individual’s group membership and attitudinal position are jointly manipulated. Results showed that among mortality salient participants, the outgroup member received favorable or unfavorable evaluations depending on his position, whereas the ingroup member received moderately positive evaluations regardless of the position taken.
Coping With Terrorism: The Impact of Increased Salience of Terrorism on Mood and Self-Efficacy of Intrinsically Religious and Nonreligious People
Authors: Fischer Peter , Greitemeyer Tobias , Kastenmüller Andreas , Jonas Eva , Frey Dieter
Published: February 2006

It was hypothesized that intrinsic religiousness helps to cope with increased salience of terrorism. Intrinsically religious and nonreligious participants were told that it is highly probable or highly improbable, respectively, that terrorist attacks will occur in Germany. High probability of terrorism only negatively affected the mood of nonreligious participants but not of intrinsically religious participants (Study 1). Using as a realistic context of investigation the terrorist suicide bombings in Istanbul, the authors replicated this finding and shed some light on the underlying psychological processes (Study 2): On the day of the terrorist attacks (high salience of terrorism), nonreligious participants experienced less positive emotions and less self-efficacy than did intrinsically religious participants. Two months later (low salience of terrorism), no differences were found between nonreligious and intrinsically religious participants with regard to mood and self-efficacy. Mediational analyses suggested that the mood effects were associated with differences in the reported sense of self-efficacy.
Electronic Document Delivery in Academic and Research Organizations in the Gulf States: a case study in Kuwait
Authors: Al Fadhli Meshal Shehab , Johnson Ian M.
Published: February 2006

Outlines the nature of research and publishing in Arabic, the attempts to encourage resource sharing in the Arab Gulf States, the existing arrangements for interlibrary lending and the development of electronic document delivery systems that facilitate interlibrary lending. A case study examined the availability of relevant technology and personnel with appropriate expertise in three major libraries in Kuwait: Kuwait University, the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, and the National Scientific and Technical Information Center. Questionnaires and interviews, intended to assess staff attitudes and perceptions, were used to examine the reasons why the Ariel system of Electronic Document Delivery appeared to have not yet been adopted, although it has been increasingly used in other parts of the world for more than 10 years. The paper notes that the adoption of this new technology in Kuwait is supported in principle, but is hindered by lack of awareness, skills and motivation, and speculates about the wider implications for the Gulf States.
Competitive Intelligence and the Development Strategy of Higher Education in Tianjin, China
Authors: Liu Chunmao , Oppenheim Charles
Published: February 2006

The paper deals with strategic development of HEIs in Tianjin, China, mainly using the SWOT method of competitive intelligence. It analyses information concerning the HEIs from different aspects, and constructs a SWOT matrix in order to develop the recommended strategies for the HEIs. The paper puts forward some specific recommendations for the HEIs in Tianjin to adopt.
Information Services and the Irrational
Authors: Sturges Paul , Gooch Peter
Published: February 2006

Examples of seemingly irrational responses to information delivery in the developing world are explored and the underlying rationality considered. Witchcraft, tribal loyalties and tradition, along with very local economics are some of the legitimate components of the filter through which new information must pass to be accepted. Better attempts to understand apparent irrational attitudes will lead to the development of more effective information services.
Dealing with Backlog Accumulations of Archival Materials in Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Mnjama Nathan
Published: February 2006

Discusses the problems associated with managing semi-current and non-current in many archival institutions in eastern and southern Africa. The article seeks to answer some basic questions such as: Why do archival institutions in the region have backlog accumulations? What is the level of awareness of the problems associated with backlog accumulations? What is the capacity of archives to handle records created by governments? What mechanisms need to be put in place to avoid backlog accumulations ever becoming a problem again in the region? Finally the article proposes a strategy for dealing with backlog accumulations.
Mobile Robot Sonar Backscatter Algorithm for Automatically Distinguishing Walls, Fences, and Hedges
Authors: Gao Wen , Hinders Mark
Published: February 2006

We present an algorithm to distinguish several types of brick walls, picket fences, and hedges based on the analysis of backscattered sonar echoes. The echo data are acquired by a mobile robot with a single-transducer 50 kHz pulse-echo sonar computer-controlled scanning system packaged as its sensor head. For several locations along a wall, fence, or hedge, a fan of backscatter sonar echoes is acquired, digitized, and stored on a computer as the sonar transducer is swept over a horizontal arc. Off-line, each digitized echo waveform is then rectified, smoothed, and summed to give a measure of the backscatter strength. This backscatter is then plotted versus scan angle, with a series of N-peak deformable templates fit to these data for each scan. The number of peaks in the best-fitting N-peak template indicates the presence and location of retro-reflectors, and allows automatic categorization of the various fences, hedges, and brick walls.
Statistical Evaluation Method for Comparing Grid Map Based Sensor Fusion Algorithms
Authors: Cohen Ofir , Edan Yael , Schechtman Edna
Published: February 2006

In this paper we present a method for evaluating sensor fusion algorithms based on a quantitative comparison, which is independent of the data acquired and the sensors used. The sensor fusion performance measures and performance analysis procedure provide a basis for modeling, analyzing, experimenting, and comparing different sensor fusion algorithms. The capability to compare different algorithms creates a ranking basis, making it possible to select the best algorithm. The statistical evaluation method defines the experimental design and statistical analysis. The numbers of experiments and repetitions required are derived from the statistical characteristics and the desired confidence level. Since procedures are defined to ensure that the experiments are indeed conducted differently, the results are not specific for either the evaluated test cases or the sensor characteristics. The statistical analysis provides a systematic method for comparing sensor fusion algorithms. Although this method requires experimentation, it offers the ability to compare actual performances in the real world. Quantitative procedures are developed to ensure that specific environmental conditions evaluated do not influence the evaluation. To demonstrate the statistical evaluation method it is applied to a case study that compared five different sensor fusion algorithms in a mobile robot experiment.
Discrete-time Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control for Teleoperation Under Communication Time Delay
Authors: Sirouspour Shahin , Shahdi Ali
Published: February 2006

Prior relevant research in bilateral teleoperation has mainly yielded control algorithms that sacrifice performance in order to guarantee robust stability in the presence of communication latency. In contrast, in this paper we propose a multimodel predictive-type control approach based on the discrete-time linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control that delivers a stable transparent response in the presence of constant delay. Separate controllers are designed for different phases of operation, i.e., free motion/soft contact and contact with rigid environments, with switching between these mode-based controllers occurring according to the identified contact mode. The treatment of the problem in the discrete-time domain allows for the development of a finite dimension state-space model that explicitly encompasses the time delay. Performance objectives such as position tracking and tool impedance shaping for free motion/soft contact, as well as position and force tracking for contact with rigid environments, are incorporated into the LQG control design framework. The robustness of the controller with respect to uncertainty in the system parameters is examined via the Nyquist analysis. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control technique is highly effective in providing a stable transparent interface for teleoperation under time delay.
Towards Safer Roads by Integration of Road Scene Monitoring and Vehicle Control
Authors: Petersson Lars , Fletcher Luke , Zelinsky Alexander , Barnes Nick , Arnell Fredrik
Published: February 2006

In this paper we introduce the Smart Cars Project at the Australian National University/National ICT Australia, together with a discussion and an example of a driver assistance system. We present a framework for interactive driver assistance systems that includes techniques for fast-speed sign detection and classification, obstacle detection and tracking applied to pedestrian detection, and lane departure warning. In addition, the driver’s actions are monitored. The integrated system uses information extracted from the road scene (speed signs, position within the lane, relative position to other cars, etc.) together with information about the driver’s state, such as eye gaze and head pose, to issue adequate warnings. A touch screen monitor is used to present relevant information and allow the driver to interact with the system. The research is focused around robust algorithms that are able to run on-line. Results of on-line speed sign detection and pedestrian detection are presented in the context of a driver assistance system.
Automatic Three-dimensional Underground Mine Mapping
Authors: Huber Daniel F. , Vandapel Nicolas
Published: February 2006

For several years, our research group has been developing methods for automated modeling of three-dimensional (3D) environments. In September 2002, we were given the opportunity to demonstrate our mapping capability in an underground coal mine. The opportunity arose as a result of the Quecreek mine accident, in which an inaccurate map caused miners to breach an abandoned, water-filled mine, trapping them for several days. Our field test illustrates the feasibility and potential of high-resolution 3D mapping of an underground coal mine using a cart-mounted 3D laser scanner. In this paper we present our experimental setup, the automatic 3D modeling method used, and the results of the field test.
Bayesian Occupancy Filtering for Multitarget Tracking: An Automotive Application
Authors: Coué Christophe , Pradalier Cédric , Laugier Christian , Fraichard Thierry , Bessière Pierre
Published: February 2006

Reliable and efficient perception and reasoning in dynamic and densely cluttered environments are still major challenges for driver assistance systems. Most of today’s systems use target tracking algorithms based on object models. They work quite well in simple environments such as freeways, where few potential obstacles have to be considered. However, these approaches usually fail in more complex environments featuring a large variety of potential obstacles, as is usually the case in urban driving situations. In this paper, we propose a new approach for robust perception and risk assessment in highly dynamic environments. This approach is called Bayesian occupancy filtering; it basically combines a four-dimensional occupancy grid representation of the obstacle state space with Bayesian filtering techniques.
Development of a Pneumatically Controlled Expandable Arm for Rescue Searches in Tight Spaces
Authors: Mishima Daisuke , Aoki Takeshi , Hirose Shigeo
Published: February 2006

There is a strong demand for efficient rescue techniques and devices in preparation for large-scale earthquakes. In this study we aim to develop a robot that focuses on the efficient search for survivors. We think that efficient rescue operation is achieved when many people can work using the rescue tools at the same time. Therefore, we believe that rescue tools are more important than expensive and specialized robots. In this paper we report on the pneumatic-drive expandable arm “Slime Scope”, which has a search device, such as a CCD camera, at the end of the pneumatically controlled expandable arm. This can drive stably in environments that have much debris, no electric power, and no wireless communication.
Market-based Multirobot Coordination for Complex Tasks
Authors: Zlot Robert , Stentz Anthony
Published: February 2006

Current technological developments and application-driven demands are bringing us closer to the realization of autonomous multi-robot systems performing increasingly complex missions. However, existing methods of distributing mission subcomponents among multirobot teams do not explicitly handle the required complexity and instead treat tasks as simple indivisible entities, ignoring any inherent structure and semantics that such complex tasks might have. These task properties can be exploited to produce more efficient team plans by giving individual robots the ability to come up with new, more localized ways to perform a task; by allowing multiple robots to cooperate by sharing the subcomponents of a task; or both. In this paper, we describe the complex task allocation problem and present a distributed solution for efficiently allocating a set of complex tasks among a robot team.

Complex tasks are tasks that can be solved in many possible ways. In contrast, simple tasks can be accomplished in a straightforward, prescriptive manner. The current scope of our work is currently limited to complex tasks that can be decomposed into multiple subtasks related by Boolean logic operators. Our solution to multirobot coordination for complex tasks extends market-based approaches by generalizing task descriptions into task trees, which allows tasks to be traded in a market setting at variable levels of abstraction. In order to incorporate these task structures into a market mechanism, novel and efficient bidding and auction clearing algorithms are required. As an example scenario, we focus on an area reconnaissance problem which requires sensor coverage by a team of robots over a set of defined areas of interest. The advantages of explicitly modeling complex tasks during the allocation process is demonstrated by a comparison of our approach with existing task allocation algorithms in this application domain. In simulation we compare the quality of solution and the computation times of these different approaches. Implementations on two separate teams of indoor and outdoor robots further validates our approach.
Unmanned Ground Vehicle Navigation Using Aerial Ladar Data
Authors: Vandapel Nicolas , Donamukkala Raghavendra Rao , Hebert Martial
Published: February 2006

In this paper, we investigate the use of overhead high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) data for enhancing the performances of an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) in vegetated terrains. Data were collected using an airborne laser and provided prior to the robot mission. Through extensive and exhaustive field testing, we demonstrate the significance of such data in two areas: robot localization and global path planning. Absolute localization is achieved by registering 3D local ground ladar data with the global 3D aerial data. The same data are used to compute traversability maps that are used by the path planner. Vegetation is filtered both in the ground data and in the aerial data in order to recover the load bearing surface.
Micromanipulation System Design Based on Selective Actuation Mechanisms
Authors: Pham Huy-Hoang , Yeh Hsien-Chi , Chen I-Ming
Published: February 2006

The flexure parallel mechanism (FPM) possessing selective actuation (SA) feature can be used as a micromanipulation system. The design of FPMs with the SA characteristic consists of type synthesis of parallel mechanisms possessing the required number of degree of freedom (DOF), geometric arrangement of the structure to obtain the SA and conversion of the kinematic mechanism into the flexure mechanism. This paper focuses on the SA synthesis and the conversion into flexure mechanism. The SA synthesis is based on the diagonal form Jacobian matrix of the mechanism. The synthesis method is illustrated by two designs of FPMs with selective actuation feature: an SA 3-DOF translational FPM and an SA 6-DOF FPM. The analytical determination of the stiffness matrix is proposed for the design. The prototype of the SA 3-DOF FPM is then developed and used for experimental verification.
Anatomical Study of the Femoral and Tibial Insertions of the Anteromedial and Posterolateral Bundles of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Takahashi Masaaki , Doi Mitsuhito , Abe Masashi , Suzuki Daisuke , Nagano Akira
Published: February 2006

Background

Recently, anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 2-bundle reconstruction has been proposed. Few previous publications have mentioned anatomical measurements of the insertions of these bundles.

Purpose

To determine the precise anatomical measurements of the femoral and tibial insertions for anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of anterior cruciate ligament grafts.

Study Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods

Thirty-two femurs and 31 tibias were selected. The anterior cruciate ligament was divided into anteromedial and posterolateral bundles to the insertion footprint. Six measurements of the femoral insertion and 4 measurements of the tibial insertion were examined. Locations of the femoral insertions were examined using lateral radiographs of the femur.

Results

The distance between the center of the femoral insertions of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles and the posterior margin of the lateral femoral condyle averaged 7.6 and 7.0 mm, respectively. The distance between the center of the femoral insertions of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles to the intercondylar roof averaged 4.1 and 11.3 mm, respectively. The sagittal distance between the center of the tibial insertions of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles from the anterior margin of the tibial articular cartilage averaged 13.0 and 14.7 mm, respectively. The distance from the lateral margin of the articular cartilage of the tibial plateau to the center of the tibial insertions of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles averaged 44.2% and 52.4% of the total widest width of the tibial plateau, respectively. On the lateral radiograph of femoral condyles, the center of the anteromedial bundle was located at 31.9% from the posterior margin of the femoral condyle and 26.9% from the roof, and that of the posterolateral bundle was located at 39.8% from the posterior margin of the femoral condyle and 53.2% from the roof.

Clinical Relevance

It is important to know the precise anatomy of anterior cruciate ligament bundles when performing reconstruction and to evaluate anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery on an anatomical basis.
Recurrent Subluxation of the Peroneal Tendons
Authors: Maffulli Nicola , Ferran Nicholas Antonio , Oliva Francesco , Testa Vittorino
Published: February 2006

Background

Recurrent peroneal tendon subluxation is uncommon.

Hypothesis

The authors tested the null hypothesis that there are no differences between preoperative and postoperative status after anatomical repair of the superior peroneal retinaculum.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

In the period 1996 to 2001, the authors operated on 14 patients (all men; mean age, 25.3 ± 6.3 years; range, 18-37 years) with traumatic recurrent unilateral peroneal tendon subluxation, with a follow-up of 38 ± 3 months (range, 22-47 months).

Results

No patient experienced a further episode of peroneal tendon subluxation, and all had returned to their normal activities. Maximum calf circumference, functional ability, peak torque, total work, and mean power of plantar flexion were always lower in the operated leg, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale score increased significantly from 54.3 ± 11.4 to 94.5 ± 6.4 (P = .03), with 5 patients reporting a fully normal ankle.

Conclusion

If an anatomical approach is used, reattachment of the superior retinaculum is a most appropriate technique. It returns patients to a high level of physical activity and gives a high rate of satisfactory results both objectively and subjectively. Randomized control trials may be the way forward in determining the best surgical management method. However, the relative rarity of the condition and the large number of techniques make such a study difficult.
The Effect of the Inferior Capsular Shift on Shoulder Intra-articular Pressure
Authors: Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Itoi Eiji , Tuoheti Yilihamu , Seki Nobutoshi , Abe Hidekazu , Minagawa Hiroshi , Shimada Yoichi , Okada Kyoji
Published: February 2006

Background

The inferior capsular shift procedure is commonly performed for multidirectional instability of the shoulder with excellent clinical results.

Hypothesis

The mechanism of this procedure is to increase shoulder stability by changing the responsiveness of intra-articular pressure to downward loading.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

In 7 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders, inferior capsular shift was simulated by imbricating the anterior and posterior capsule using clamps. The position was monitored using an electromagnetic tracking device with the glenohumeral joint capsule intact, imbricated anteriorly, or imbricated anteriorly and posteriorly and with the inferior load of 0, 0.5, or 1.0 kg. Simultaneously, intra-articular pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer. Saline was injected into the glenohumeral joint to measure capsular volume. The capsule was vented, and the position was again measured.

Results

Intra-articular pressure was –71 ± 19, –221 ± 70, and –366 ± 73 cm H2O with 0, 0.5, and 1.0 kg of load, respectively, with the capsule intact. With anterior imbrication, intra-articular pressure decreased to –79 ± 10, –274 ± 103, and –460 ± 135 cm H2O, respectively, and with anterior and posterior imbrication, intra-articular pressure further decreased to –87 ± 16, –308 ± 74, and –548 ± 39 cm H2O, respectively. The volume of the intact shoulder (36 ± 9 mL) significantly decreased to 27 ± 7 mL (75%) with anterior imbrication and to 15 ± 5 mL (42%) with anterior and posterior imbrications (P = .0001). Before venting the capsule, inferior displacement was 5% of the vertical length of the glenoid, even with 1.0 kg of load with any capsular conditions. After venting, the humeral head dislocated inferiorly in all shoulders, even after imbrications.

Conclusion

The inferior capsular shift procedure decreases joint volume and increases responsiveness of intra-articular pressure to downward loading.

Clinical Relevance

Biomechanical data provide scientific background to the commonly performed procedures of inferior capsular shift and thermal capsular shrinkage.
Risk Factors for Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Olsen Samuel J. , Fleisig Glenn S. , Dun Shouchen , Loftice Jeremy , Andrews James R.
Published: February 2006

Background

There is little evidence supporting current safety recommendations for adolescent pitchers.

Hypothesis

Pitching practices of adolescent pitchers without history of arm injury will be significantly different from those of adolescent pitchers who required shoulder or elbow surgery.

Study Design

Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Ninety-five adolescent pitchers who had shoulder or elbow surgery and 45 adolescent pitchers who never had a significant pitching-related injury completed a survey. Responses were compared between the 2 groups using t tests and analyses. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to identify the risk factors.

Results

The injured group pitched significantly more months per year, games per year, innings per game, pitches per game, pitches per year, and warm-up pitches before a game. These pitchers were more frequently starting pitchers, pitched in more showcases, pitched with higher velocity, and pitched more often with arm pain and fatigue. They also used anti-inflammatory drugs and ice more frequently to prevent an injury. Although the groups were age matched, the injured group was taller and heavier. There were no significant differences regarding private pitching instruction, coach's chief concern, pitcher's self-rating, exercise programs, stretching practices, relieving frequency, pitch type frequency, or age at which pitch types were first thrown.

Conclusion

Pitching practices were significantly different between the groups. The factors with the strongest associations with injury were overuse and fatigue. High pitch velocity and participation in showcases were also associated with increased risk for injury.

Clinical Relevance

New recommendations were made based on these results. Adherence to the recommendations may reduce the incidence of significant injury to adolescent pitchers.