bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: AMINO ACID CONSTITUENTS OF RISTOCETIN A
Authors: HARRIS C. M. , KIBBY J. J. , FEHLNER J. R. , RAABE A. B. , BARBER T. A. , HARRIS T. M.
Published: April 2016

Als Aminosäurebestandteile in der Struktur von Ristocetin A ‐ einem antibiotischen Glycopeptid aus Nocardia lurida, das die Biosynthese von Bakterienzellwänden stört ‐ werden anhand verschiedener Abbaureaktionen (Säurehydrolyse, Oxidation, Basenhydrolys) die Säuren (I) (Ristomycinsäure ), (II) (Actinoidinsäure) und (III) (Dechlorovancomycinsäure) ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF MAST CELL‐DEGRANULATING (MCD) PEPTIDES FROM BEE VENOM
Authors: BIRR C. , WENGERT‐MUELLER M.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von 4‐Fragmenten, die nach einer modifizierten Merrifield‐Methode an einer Polystyrol‐Gelphase ( 5% vernetzt) aufgebaut werden, wird zunächst das vollgeschützte lineare Polypeptid (Ia) synthetisiert, das mit NH3‐gesättigtem Dioxan vom Träger unter Bildung des Diamids (Ib) abgelöst wird.
ChemInform Abstract: HALOACETAMIDO ANALOGS OF 2‐AMINO‐2‐DEOXY‐D‐GLUCOSE AND 2‐AMINO‐2‐DEOXY‐D‐GALACTOSE. SYNTHESES AND EFFECTS ON THE FRIEND MURINE ERYTHROLEUKEMIA
Authors: FONDY T. P. , ROBERTS S. B. , TSIFTSOGLOU A. S. , SARTORELLI A. C.
Published: April 2016

Auf den im Formelschema skizzierten Wegen werden die 2‐Desoxy‐2‐acetamido‐D‐glucose‐De‐ ,rivate (V) und die 2‐Desoxy‐2‐acetamido‐D‐galaktose‐Derivate (VIII) dargestellt und an BDF1‐Mäusen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: RECENT ADVANCES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: UMEZAWA S.
Published: April 2016

Review: Bericht über einen Vortrag, der auf dem "IXth International Symposium on Carbohydrate Chemistry" vom 10.4.‐14.4.1978 in London, UK, gehalten wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: DEHYDRATION OF AMMONIUM MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE (AMMONIUM CARNALLITE)
Authors: BALL M. C. , LADNER N. G.
Published: April 2016

Die Dehydratation von NH4MgCl3 ‐6 H2O wird im Temp.‐Bereich 373‐453 K und Wasserdampfpartialdrücken zwischen l‐10‐3 Nm‐2 und 2.7 kNm‐2 untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBONS AS CATALYSTS FOR THE OXIDATION OF SULFUROUS ACID
Authors: ZUCKMANTEL M. , KURTH R. , BOEHM H. P.
Published: April 2016

Die katalytische Aktivität von Kohlenstoffen, wie Aktivkohlen und Rußen, wird durch konduktometrische Verfolgung der katalytischen Oxidation verdünnter wäßriger H2 SO3 verglichen.
ChemInform Abstract: RUBIDIUM THIOANTIMONITE MONOHYDRATE (RBSB3S5.H2O) ‐ A NEW FORMULA AND STRUCTURE TYPE IN THE GROUP OF THIOANTIMONITES
Authors: VOLK K. , SCHAEFER H.
Published: April 2016

, fällt aus einer Lösung von grauem Sb2S3 in Rb2S/RbOH‐Lösung unter milden hydrothermalen Bedingungen (120 °C, unter eigenem Druck) als plättchenförmige Kristalle aus.
ChemInform Abstract: AB2X2 COMPOUNDS OF BERYLLIUM WITH (GROUP) 2A‐ AND 5A‐ELEMENTS
Authors: TIBURTIUS C. , SCHUSTER H.‐U.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung der Verbindungen (I)‐(IV) gelingt entsprechend Reaktion Aaus den Elementen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF STRONTIUM ZINC ANTIMONIDE (SRZNSB2)
Authors: BRECHTEL E. , CORDIER G. , SCHAEFER H.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung wird gemäß Reaktion Aerstmals dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF CESIUM TETRAFLUOROALUMINATE
Authors: LOESCH R. , HEBECKER CH.
Published: April 2016

Gemäß Reaktion Adargestellte Einkristalle von CsAlF4 werde‐n röntgenographisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON HYDRIDES IN THE REGION OF THE η‐PHASE TITANIUM IRON OXIDE (TI4FE2O)
Authors: HIEBL K. , TUSCHER E. , BITTNER H.
Published: April 2016

Technische Fe‐Ti‐ Legierungen, die potentielle H2‐Speicher darstellen, z.B. Ferrotitan, enthalten Sauerstoff in Form der n‐Phase, deren Auftreten im allgemeinen als Vergiftung des H2‐Speichers betrachtet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: GOLD(III) FLUOROSULFATE, ITS SOLUTION BEHAVIOR IN FLUOROSULFURIC ACID, AND THE TETRAKIS(FLUOROSULFATO)AURATE(III) ION
Authors: LEE K. C. , AUBKE F.
Published: April 2016

Au(SO3F)3 ist ein guter SO3F‐‐Ionen‐Akzeptor.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF EPOXIDES WITH ISOCYANATES, III. STUDY OF 2‐OXAZOLIDINONES BY MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: BRAUN D. , WEINERT J.
Published: April 2016

Der Zerfall von Oxazolidinonen‐(2) im Massenspektrometer wird im wesentlichen durch zwei Primärschritte eingeleitet: 1) Abspaltung von CO2 durch β‐Zerfall; 2) α‐Spaltung unter Freisetzung von CO und dem entsprechenden Aldehyd.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF LIGAND ASYMMETRY ON THE STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF CPMLL′(ALLYL) (CP = CYCLOPENTADIENYL, M = METAL, L = LIGAND) AND ‐(ETHYLENE) COMPLEXES
Authors: SCHILLING B. E. R. , HOFFMANN R. , FALLER J. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Elektronenstruktur der Übergangsmetallcyclopentadienyldicarbonylallylkomplexe wird als Ausgangspunkt für eine allgemeine theoretische Analyse der bemerkenswerten Regioselektivität betrachtet, die beim nucleophilen Angriff auf diese Komplexe beobachtet wird, der sie durch Substitution von CO durch NO asymmetrisch macht.
ChemInform Abstract: CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TRANS‐1,2‐DIBROMOCYCLOHEXANE BY LOW‐TEMPERATURE CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY
Authors: KLEIN A. J. , EVANS D. H.
Published: April 2016

Bei ‐90°C beträgt die ee/aa‐Gleichgewichtskonstante 0.55 und die Geschwindigkeitskonstante kee→aa 0.53 /s; ΔG≠ ist 10.8 kcal/ mol.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ROLE OF SOLVATION AND CHOICE OF ANION IN CONTROLLING THE THERMODYNAMIC STABILITY OF THE CYCLOOCTATETRAENE AND ANTHRACENE DIANIONS
Authors: STEVENSON G. R. , VALENTIN J. , WILLIAMS E. JUN. , CALDWELL G. , ALEGRIA A. E.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktionsenthalpien der Alkalimetallsalze des Cyclooctatetraen‐Dianions und des Na‐Salzes des Anthracen‐Dianions bei Reaktion mit Wasser wurden kalorimetrisch bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF MICROBIAL IRON TRANSPORT COMPOUNDS. 11. SOLUTION EQUILIBRIUMS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF FERRIC RHODOTORULATE COMPLEXES
Authors: CARRANO C. J. , COOPER S. R. , RAYMOND K. N.
Published: April 2016

Untersucht werden mittels potentiometrischer und spektrophotometrischer Messungen bei 25°C die Stabilitätskonstanten der Fe(III)‐Komplexe der Rhodotorulsäure, einer als ein Eisentransportreagenz (Siderophor) fungierenden, in hohen Ausb. mittels Hefekulturen erzeugten Dihydroxamsäure.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLID‐STATE SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY OF CROSSLINKED DONOR BOUND POLYMER FILMS
Authors: KAUFMAN F. B. , ENGLER E. M.
Published: April 2016

Das mit chlormethyliertem, vernetztem Polystyrol (S‐Xl) verbundene Pyrazolin (V) (Darstellung siehe Schema, Ausb. in g) wird aus Benzol‐Suspension als Film auf Pt‐Elektroden aufgebracht.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE CLEAVAGE OF 1‐METHOXY‐2‐(PHENYLTHIO)CYCLOPROPANE HOMOLOGS BY ELECTROLYTIC PROCEDURE
Authors: TORII S. , INOKUCHI T. , TAKAHASI N.
Published: April 2016

Die elektrolytische Spaltung von Phenylthiocy clopropanen (I) oder (III) in Methanol in Gegenwart von Tetraethylammoniumtosylat als Elektrolyt und Kaliumcarbonat liefert unter Ringöffnung die Verbindungen (II) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: BASIC HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHONIUM SALTS UNDER PHASE TRANSFER CONDITIONS
Authors: CRISTAU H. J. , LONG A. , CHRISTOL H.
Published: April 2016

Phosphoniumsalze werden bei Phasentransferreaktionen eingesetzt, ihre Hydrolyse unter basischen Bedingungen wird systematisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A KINETIC STUDY OF THE SIMULTANEOUS DEALKYLATION AND DISPROPORTIONATION OF CUMENE OVER SILICA‐ALUMINA
Authors: TAKE J. , TOZAWA Y. , YONEDA Y.
Published: April 2016

Das Verhältnis von Disproportionierungs‐ zu Desalkylierungsprodukten steigt mit abnehmender Temperatur (210‐254°C) und/oder mit zunehmendem Cumolpartialdruck (0.01‐0.02 at ) an.
ChemInform Abstract: THE USE OF KETENE THIOACETALS AS INITIATORS IN BIOMIMETIC CYCLIZATIONS
Authors: BRINKMEYER R. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus 3‐Phenyl‐1‐propanol erhält man durch Oxidation und Grignardaddition mit 2‐Propenylmagnesiumbromid ein Carbinol (II), das bei der ortho‐Claisen‐Umlagerung zum Ester (III) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION AT SATURATED CARBON. 52. A MODEL FOR THE PROTON TRANSFER STEPS OF BIOLOGICAL TRANSAMINATION AND THE EFFECT OF A 4‐PYRIDYL GROUP ON THE BASE‐CATALYZED RACEMIZATION OF A CARBON ACID
Authors: JAEGER D. A. , BROADHURST M. D. , CRAM D. J.
Published: April 2016

Als Modellsubstanzen für das Studium der biologischen Transaminierungsreaktion werden die Amine (I) [aus den Komponenten (VI) und (VII)], (II) [aus den Komponenten (VIII) und (IX)] sowie (III) [ durch reduktive Methylierung von (VI)] in optisch reiner Form dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE REARRANGEMENT OF 5,6‐DISUBSTITUTED‐DIBENZO(A,E)CYCLOOCTATETRAENES TO THE 5,11‐ISOMERS
Authors: SALISBURY L. E.
Published: April 2016

Das aus Anthranilsäure durch Diazotierung gebildete Benzoldiazoniumcarboxylat (II) gibt bei der thermischen Zersetzung in Gegenwart von Phenylacetylen (III) über die Arinzwischenstufe und weitere Zwischenstufen das 5,6‐Diphenyldibenzocyclooctatetraen (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: THE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF BENZO(C)CINNOLINE. II. PHOTOREDUCTION IN ACIDIC C 2‐PROPANOL
Authors: INOUE H. , HIROSHIMA Y. , MAKITA N.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelreaktion führt zum 5,6‐Dihydroderivat als einzigem Produkt mit einer Quantenausbeute von 5.5·10‐3, die von der Säurekonzentration abhängt.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF SINGLET OXYGEN. 30. THE UNSTABLE PRIMARY PRODUCT OF TOCOPHEROL PHOTOOXIDATION
Authors: CLOUGH R. L. , YEE B. G. , FOOTE C. S.
Published: April 2016

Primärprodukt der Photooxidation von α‐Tocopherol (I) ist das Hydroperoxydienon (II), das bei niedrigen Temp. IR‐, UV‐ und NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYSTEMATICS OF HIGH‐PRESSURE AND HIGH‐TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF HYDROCARBONS
Authors: REE F. H.
Published: April 2016

Unter Zuhilfenahme von Modellbetrachtungen werden Hugoniot‐Daten (Literatur) von 8 Kohlenwasserstoffen mit unterschiedlichem C/H‐Verhältnis analysiert, z.B. von Pyren (H/C = 5/8), Anthracen und Phenanthren (H/C = 5/7), Benzol (H/C = l/l )‐, Polyethylen und Polypropylen (H/C = 2/1).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF 1‐BENZYL‐1,4‐DIHYDRONICOTINAMIDES CONTAINING DIPEPTIDES AND THEIR USE IN ASYMMETRIC REDUCTION OF ETHYL BENZOYLFORMATE
Authors: ENDO T. , KAWASAKI H. , OKAWARA M.
Published: April 2016

Benzoylformiat (I) wird durch das Dihydropyridin‐carbonamid (II) zum optisch aktiven Mandelsäureester (III) unter Bildung des Pyridiniumsalzes (IV) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF 1‐(2‐BROMOPHENYL)‐1,2,2‐TRIPHENYLETHYLENE BY NAPHTHALENE RADICAL ANION
Authors: QUIRK R. P. , MURPHY F. H.
Published: April 2016

Das monobromierte Tetraphenylethylen (I) wird mit dem Naphthalin‐Radikalanion (II) behandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEGREE OF REACTION OF TOLUENE TO BENZENE AND BYPRODUCTS IN THE CATALYTIC HYDRODEALKYLATION OF TOLUENE
Authors: CHOJNACKI R. , TECZA W. , SLAWECKI M. , KWIATKOWSKI J. , MANKA S. , ZIEMBICKI J.
Published: April 2016

Der Einfluß der Temp. auf den Anteil der Nebenprodukte beim Prozeß der Hydrodealkylierung von Toluol zu Benzol in Gegenwart eines Cr‐Al‐Katalysators wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF LINEAR ALCOHOLS BY REACTION OF PARAFORMALDEHYDE WITH ALLYLIC NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: THIVOLLE‐CAZAT J. , TKATCHENKO I.
Published: April 2016

Der bekannte Nickelallylkomplex (I) reagiert mit Formaldehyd oder Trioxan zu Mischungen aus isomeren Cyclododecatrienen (II) und den acyclischen Carbinolen (IIIa), (IVa) und (Va).
ChemInform Abstract: PLANARIZATION OF TETRACOORDINATE CARBON ATOM. SYNTHESIS OF 13‐OXA‐14‐OXO‐PENTACYCLO(5.5.2.1.04,15010,15)PENTADECANE, A BRIDGED ′TETRAQUINACANE′
Authors: KEESE R. , PFENNINGER A. , ROESLE A.
Published: April 2016

Aufgrund von HMO‐ und Kraftfeld‐Berechnungen wird [12]Annulen (IX) als Modellverbindung für Moleküle mit einem zentralen C‐Atom vorgeschlagen, dessen vier Bindungen planar deformiert sind, Die Synthese der eine Vorstufe zu (IX) bildenden Titelverbindung (VIII) aus dem aus Cyclooctadien‐(1,5) zugänglichen Oxatricyclodecan (I) über die Stufen (II)‐(VIIb) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PERFLUOROALKYLADAMANTANES
Authors: MOORE R. E. , DRISCOLL G. L.
Published: April 2016

Die direkte Fluorierung des Dimethylad amantans (I) mit Cobalttrifluorid führt nur in geringen Ausbeuten zu einem Perfluordimethyladamantan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: EXPERIMENTS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 4‐AMIDINOPHENYLPYRUVIC ACID AMIDES
Authors: RICHTER P. , WAGNER G.
Published: April 2016

Die Autoren berichten über negative Resultate beim Versuch, die im Titel genannten Verbindungen (VIII), die möglicherweise Inhibitoren von Serinproteinasen darstellen, zu synthetisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF CROSSLINKED RESINS BY PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS: PREPARATION OF POLYMER‐BOUND DINITRILES AND DIAMINES
Authors: FRECHET J. M. J. , DE SMET M. , FARRALL M. J.
Published: April 2016

Chlormethyliertes, vernetztes Polystyrol (I) liefert mit Malodinitril in Gegenwart von Alkali das Dinitril (II), aus dem durch Reduktion mit Lithiumalanat das Diamin (III) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐(3‐ AND 4‐AMIDINOBENZYLIDENE) DERIVATIVES OF 1‐INDANONE, 1‐TETRALONE AND BENZOSUBERONE
Authors: WAGNER G. , HORN H. , EPPNER B. , KUEHMSTEDT H.
Published: April 2016

Die cyclischen Ketone (I) werden mit m(p)‐Cyan‐benzaldehyd (II) in 85%iger Phosphorsäure zu den in der E‐Form vorliegenden Benzylidenverbindungen (III) umgesetzt, die nach Pinner in die Amidiniumsalze (IV) überge‐ führt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: BRIDGED TETRAPHENYLENE SYSTEMS, II. THE STRUCTURE OF 4,11‐DIHYDRODICYCLOPENTA(DEF,PQR)TETRAPHENYLENE AND ITS DILITHIUM DERIVATIVE
Authors: HELLWINKEL D. , HAAS G.
Published: April 2016

Weil die Dehydrierung des zweifach verbrückten Tetraphenylens (Ia) zu dem völlig aromatisierten Kohlenwasserstoff (II) nicht gelang, wurde das energiereiche Dilithium‐Derivat (Ib) (aus (Ia)) der Oxidation mit äquimolaren Mengen Jod in DMSO unterworfen: Das Reaktionsgemisch enthielt jedoch nur undefinierte Polymerisate.
ChemInform Abstract: AZOLES. 5. HALONITROINDAZOLE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES
Authors: WRZECIONO U. , PIETZKIEWICZ K. , NIEWEGLOWSKA W. , MICHALSKA W.
Published: April 2016

Nach einem verbesserten Verfahren werden die Nitroindazole (I) mit Halogenen in alkalischem Medium in die Substitutionsprodukte (II) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZENESULFONYLNITRILE OXIDE, A 1,3‐DIPOLE EXHIBITING MODIFIED REACTIVITY IN CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS
Authors: WADE P. A. , HINNEY H. R.
Published: April 2016

Die Addition der Nitriloxide (I) mit Acetylencarbonester (II), mit Methacrylester (V) sowie mit substituierten Acrylestern (VIII) wird hinsichtlich der Bildung von isomeren Addukten wie (III) und (IV), (VI) und (VII) etc. untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐ALKYL‐5‐(ARYLIMINO)‐1,2,3,4‐THIATRIAZOLINES AS MASKED 1,3‐DIPOLES
Authors: L'ABBE G. , TIMMERMAN A. , MARTENS C. , TOPPET S.
Published: April 2016

Das Thiatriazolin (I) reagiert als maskierter Dipol mit Acylisothiocyanaten (II) und mit in situ aus Alkylsulfonylchloriden und Triethylamin hergestellten Sulfenen (V) zu den Verbindungen (III) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE ROUTE TO 2,3‐DIHYDROFURANS AND 2,3‐DIHYDROPYRANS
Authors: HERCOUET A. , LE CORRE M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Lw‐Dibromalkanen (I) entstehen die Phosphoniumsalze (II), die mit Acylaten (III) zu den Monoestern (IV) austauschen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐(3‐ AND 4‐AMIDINOBENZYLIDENE)CHROMAN‐4‐ONE AND ‐1‐THIOCHROMAN‐4‐ONE
Authors: WAGNER G. , GARBE C. , VIEWEG H. , BRUNN M. , DITTRICH A.
Published: April 2016

Die Chromanone (I) werden mit m(p)‐Cyan‐benzaldehyd (II) in 85%iger Phosphorsäure zu den in der E‐Form vorliegenden Benzylidenverbindungen (III) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINOLYSIS OF 3,4‐DIHYDROISOCOUMARINS
Authors: YAMOTO M. , HASHIGAKI K. , IWAHASHI H. , NINOMIYA M.
Published: April 2016

Die Behandlung der Dihydroisocumarine (I) mit Ammoniak liefert neben weiteren Verbindungen ein Gemisch der Derivate (II)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF VINCA ALKALOIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. 8. UNUSUAL ALKYLATION OF AN ENAMINE
Authors: KALAUS G. , GYOERY P. , SZABO L. , SZANTAY C.
Published: April 2016

Das aus dem Aldehyd (I) durch Umsetzung mit Di‐n‐butylamin (II) hergestellte Enamin (III) wird mit Benzylbromacetat oder Benzylchlorid (IV) alkyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUROLEPTICS RELATED TO BUTACLAMOL. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CHLORINE SUBSTITUENTS ON THE AROMATIC RINGS
Authors: HUMBER L. G. , SIDERIDIS N. , ASSELIN A. A. , BRUDERLEIN F. T. , VOITH K.
Published: April 2016

Auf dem im Formelschema beschriebenen Weg werden die Ketone (XII) und (XIV) dargestellt, die mit′2‐Propylmagnesiumchlorid die Alkohole (XV) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF QUINAZOLONE SUBSTITUTED AMIDES AND PIPERAZONIUM SALTS OF QUINAZOLONE‐SUBSTITUTED ACIDS AS POSSIBLE ANTICONVULSANTS
Authors: MISRA V. S. , PANDEY R. N. , DHAWAN K. N.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Benzoxazin (I) entstehen mit Aminosäuren (II) die Chinazolone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 1Λ4,2‐THIAZACYCLOHEXA‐1,4‐DIENES
Authors: BLUDSSUS W. , MEWS R.
Published: April 2016

Das Perfluorbutadien (I) reagiert mit Thiazyl‐ fluorid,(II) zum Cycloaddukt (III), ohne daß eine explosive Reaktion wie im Fall von 2,3‐Dimethylbutadien beobachtet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM IN A MONOORGANOTIN(IV) COMPLEX
Authors: CUNNINGHAM D. , LITTLE M.
Published: April 2016

Phenyl‐ und Butyl‐Sntrichlorid bilden mit N,N′‐Ethylen‐bis‐[salicylidenaminato]‐Ni und ‐Cu 1:1‐Addukte der mer‐Struktur (Ia), dagegen mit N,N′‐o‐Phenylen‐bis‐[salicylidenaminato]‐Ni und ‐Cu die fac‐Addukte (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SIMPLE ALKYNE ADDUCTS OF MOO(S2CNR2)2
Authors: MAATTA E. A. , WENTWORTH R. A. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (I) werden durch Reaktion von Oxomolybdän‐bis‐[dithiocarbamaten] in CH2Cl2 mit den Acetylenen dargestellt und durch IR‐ und NMR‐Daten charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURAL AND STEREODYNAMIC STUDIES ON MOLECULAR EARLY TRANSITION METAL DERIVATIVES. V. NMR STUDY OF ISOLATED TUNGSTEN DIOXOFLUORIDE ADDUCTS OF TYPE WO2F3L‐
Authors: POSTEL M. , RIESS J. G. , CALVES J. Y. , GUERCHAIS J.
Published: April 2016

Die als Tetraethylammoniumsalze isolierten Titelverbindungen (Ib) und (Ic) wurden durch Reaktion eines analogen Aquokomplexes (Ia) (dargestellt aus Et4NCl und H2WO4 in HF mit 90% Ausb.) mit entsprechenden Liganden erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANOIRON SECONDARY ALKOXYCARBENE COMPLEXES
Authors: CUTLER A. R.
Published: April 2016

Hydridabzug aus den Alkoxymethylkomplexen (I) mit einem Tritylsalz führt zur Bildung der sek. Alkoxycarbensalze (II).
ChemInform Abstract: REGIO‐ AND STEREOSPECIFIC ACYL‐METAL INSERTION FROM PENTACARBONYLIRON‐MEDIATED PHOTOLYSIS OF (+)‐α‐THUJENE
Authors: SAREL S. , CHRIKI G.
Published: April 2016

α‐Thujen (I) reagiert unter UV‐Belichtung mit Eisenpentacarbonyl (II) zu dem Tricarbonylkomplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SOME FIRST ROW TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES OF SALICYLALDEHYDE HYDRAZONE
Authors: AGGARWAL R. C. , SINGH N. K. , SINGH R. P.
Published: April 2016

Durch Mischen einer methanolisch‐ethanolischen Lösung des Hydrazons mit den entsprechenden Metallsalzen im Verhältnis 2:1 wurden die Komplexe (I) bzw. (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHITE COMPLEXES OF RUTHENIUM(II)
Authors: FRANCO D. W.
Published: April 2016

Die trans‐Bis‐[phosphit]‐ Ru(II)‐Komplexe (II) werden durch die Umsetzung des Aquo‐SO2‐tetrammin‐Ru(II)‐ oder der Aquopentammin‐Ru(II)‐ oder ‐(III)‐Komplexe (Ia) sowie des Aquotriethylphosphittetrammin‐Ru(II)‐Komplexes (Ib) mit den entsprechenden Phosphiten dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PLATINUM‐CONTAINING PARAMAGNETIC SPECIES IN THE REACTIONS OF PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: ABAKUMOV G. A. , TEPLOVA I. A. , CHERKASOV V. K. , SHALNOVA K. G.
Published: April 2016

Reaktionen von Pt(II)‐ und Pt(0)‐Verbindungen mit o‐Chinonen und ihren Einelektronen‐Reduktionsprodukten werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF SPIROVETIVANES VIA THE SPIRO‐ACYLOIN INTERMEDIATE
Authors: IBUKA T. , HAYASHI K. , MINAKATA H. , INUBUSHI Y.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Pentadien (I) und Crotonester (II) erhält man in bekannter Weise den Cyclohexencarbonester (III), der zu (IV) substituiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF 5α‐ANDROSTANE‐3α,17α‐DIOL
Authors: MCDERMOTT I. R. , ROBINSON C. H.
Published: April 2016

Das Hydrazon (I) ergibt bei der Oxidation ein 2:1‐Gemisch der Oxadiazoline (II) und (III), von denen das durch Chromatographie abgetrennte Hauptprodukt (II) bei der alkalischen Behandlung in selektiver Weise zum gesuchten Steroid (IV) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: INHIBITION OF BEEF‐BRAIN AND DOG‐HEART (NA(+)+K(+)) ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE BY CARBON‐3 BRANCHED CARDENOLIDES
Authors: SIEBENEICK H. U. , HOFFMANN W.
Published: April 2016

Als Inhibitoren der im Titel genannten Triphosphatase werden insgesamt 22 am C‐3 verzweigte Derivate (Ib) und (Ic) sowie (IIb) und (IIc) von Digitoxigenin (Ia) und Epidigitoxigenin (IIa) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE RATE OF SITE‐SITE INTERACTIONS IN FUNCTIONALIZED POLYSTYRENES
Authors: REBEK J. JUN., , TREND J. E.
Published: April 2016

Aus Polymergebundenem Nitrophenol wird durch Reaktion mit Z‐Gly/Carbodiimid und anschließender HBr/AcOH‐Deblockierung der Polymer‐gebundene Glycin‐Derivat (I) ′erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: ACIDIC REMOVAL OF S‐TRITYL GROUPS AS DEMONSTRATED FOR SYNTHETIC INSULIN FRAGMENTS
Authors: KOENIG W. , KERNEBECK K.
Published: April 2016

Die Abspaltung der S‐Tritylgruppe von Peptiden in saurem Medium wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF A CYCLOPHANE ALKALOID, (.+‐.)‐LYTHRANIDINE
Authors: FUJI K. , ICHIKAWA K. , FUJITA E.
Published: April 2016

2,6‐Bis‐chlormethyl‐ pyridin (I) liefert das Bis‐phosphoniumsalz (II), das mit dem aus (III) erhaltenen Dialdehyd (IIIb) zu (IV) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐AMINO‐3‐(β‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)‐V‐TRIAZOLO(4,5‐B)PYRIDIN‐7‐ONE (1‐DEAZA‐8‐AZAGUANOSINE) AND CERTAIN RELATED DERIVATIVES
Authors: CLINE B. L. , PANZICA R. P. , TOWNSEND L. B.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung des Triazolopyridincarbamats (I) mit dem Ribofuranosylbromid (II) nach der Quecksilbercyanid‐Methode, Substitution des Chlors im Hydrolyse‐produkt (IV) durch den Benzyloxyrest und anschließende Hydrogenolyse wird das l‐Desaza‐8‐azaguanosin (VII) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ETHYL (Z)‐4,7‐OCTADIENOATE AND (Z)‐3,5‐HEXADIENYL BUTYRATE, TWO NEW AROMA COMPONENTS OF THE PURPLE PASSION FRUIT
Authors: WINTER M. , NAEF F. , FURRER A. , PICKENHAGEN W. , GIERSCH W. , MEISTER A. , WILLHALM B. , THOMMEN W. , OHLOFF G.
Published: April 2016

Der aus der roten Passionsfrucht isolierte Aromastoff (III) kann entweder durch Wittig‐Reaktion aus Verbindung (II) oder durch Thermolyse der leicht darstellbaren Verbindung (VI) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PHEROMONES. XXI. METHYLENE‐INTERRUPTED CONJUGATED DOUBLE BONDS: A STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF (E)‐N,(E)‐(N+3)‐ALKADIENES
Authors: BESTMANN H. J. , SUESS J. , VOSTROWSKY O.
Published: April 2016

Das Carbinol (Ia) liefert über das Bromid nach Arbuzow das Sorbyl‐′phosphonat (Ib), dessen mit Butyllithium erhaltenes Anion mit den Bromalkyl‐tetrahydropyranylethern (II) zu (III) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT SYNTHESES OF INSECT SEX PHEROMONES EMITTED BY THE BOLL WEEVIL AND THE RED BOLLWORM MOTH
Authors: WOLLENBERG R. H. , PERIES R.
Published: April 2016

Dimedon (Ia) reagiert über das Tosylhydrazon (Ib) zum Dimethylcyclohexenon (II), das zum 3,3‐Dimethyl‐cyclohexanon (III) hydriert wird.
Circular Dichroism is Sensitive to Monovalent Cation Binding in Monensin Complexes
Authors: Nedzhib Ahmed , Kessler Jiří , Bouř Petr , Gyurcsik Béla , Pantcheva Ivayla
Published: April 2016

Monensin is a natural antibiotic that exhibits high affinity to certain metal ions. In order to explore its potential in coordination chemistry, circular dichroism (CD) spectra of monensic acid A (MonH) and its derivatives containing monovalent cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Ag+, and Et4N+) in methanolic solutions were measured and compared to computational models. Whereas the conventional CD spectroscopy allowed recording of the transitions down to 192 nm, synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) revealed other bands in the 178–192 nm wavelength range. CD signs and intensities significantly varied in the studied compounds, in spite of their similar crystal structure. Computational modeling based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and continuum solvent model suggests that the solid state monensin structure is largely conserved in the solutions as well. Time‐dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) simulations did not allow band‐to‐band comparison with experimental spectra due to their limited precision, but indicated that the spectral changes were caused by a combination of minor conformational changes upon the monovalent cation binding and a direct involvement of the metal electrons in monensin electronic transitions. Both the experiment and simulations thus show that the CD spectra of monensin complexes are very sensitive to the captured ions and can be used for their discrimination. Chirality 28:420–428, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of classification by competitive neural network on reconstruction of reflectance spectra using principal component analysis
Authors: Hajipour Abbas , Shams‐Nateri Ali
Published: April 2016

The best way to describe a color is to study its reflectance spectrum, which provide the most useful information. Different methods were purposed for reflectance spectra reconstruction from CIE tristimulus values such as principal components analysis. In this study, the training samples were first divided into 3, 6, 9, and 12 subgroups by creating a competitive neural network. To do that, L*a*b*, L*C*h or L*a*b*C*h were introduced to neural network as input elements. In order to investigate the performance of reflectance spectra reconstruction, the color difference and RMS between actual and reconstructed data were obtained. The reconstruction of reflectance spectra were improved by using a six or nine‐neuron layer with L*a*b* input elements. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 182–188, 2017
Energy‐aware task allocation for small devices in wireless networks
Authors: Comito Carmela , Falcone Deborah , Talia Domenico , Trunfio Paolo
Published: April 2016

The continuous advances in wireless networking and mobile computing technologies have paved the way to the spreading of new classes of distributed applications running on networks of small devices such as smartphones and tablets. An issue that still prevents a wider implementation of distributed applications in wireless networks is the lack of task allocation strategies addressing both the energy constraints of small devices and the decentralized nature of wireless networks. In this paper, we focus on this twofold issue by proposing an energy‐aware scheduling strategy for allocating computational tasks over a wireless network of small devices in a decentralized but effective way. The main design principle of our scheduling strategy is finding a task allocation that prolongs the total lifetime of the network and maximizes the number of alive devices by balancing the energy load among them. A simulation analysis has been performed to assess the performance of the proposed strategy in different network and application scenarios. The results show that by using the proposed energy‐aware task allocation approach, the network lifetime is extended and the number of alive devices is significantly higher compared with alternative scheduling strategies while meeting application‐level performance constraints. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanosecond Time‐Resolution Study of Gold Nanorod Rotation at the Liquid–Solid Interface
Authors: Neupane Bhanu , Chen Fang , Wei Yanli , Fang Ning , Ligler Frances S. , Wang Gufeng
Published: April 2016

Early studies showed that the adsorption of nanorods may start from a special “anchored” state, in which the nanorods lose translational motion but retain rotational freedom. Insight into how the anchored nanorods rotate should provide additional dimensions for understanding particle–surface interactions. Based on conventional time‐resolution studies, gold nanorods are thought to continuously rotate following initial interactions with negatively charged glass surfaces. However, this nanosecond time‐resolution study reveals that the apparent continuous rotation actually consists of numerous fast, intermittent rotations or transitions between a small number of weakly immobilized states, with the particle resting in the immobilized states most of the time. The actual rotation from one immobilized state to the other happens on a 1 ms timescale, that is, approximately 50 times slower than in the bulk solution.
Electrochemical Treatment for Effectively Tuning Thermoelectric Properties of Free‐Standing Poly(3‐methylthiophene) Films
Authors: Hu Yongjing , Zhu Danhua , Zhu Zhengyou , Liu Endou , Lu Baoyang , Xu Jingkun , Zhao Feng , Hou Jian , Liu Huixuan , Jiang Fengxing
Published: April 2016

The degree of oxidation of conducting polymers has great influence on their thermoelectric properties. Free‐standing poly(3‐methylthiophene) (P3MeT) films were prepared by electrochemical polymerization in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, and the fresh films were treated electrochemically with a solution of propylene carbonate/lithium perchlorate as mediator. The conductivity of the resultant P3MeT films depends on the doping level, which is controlled by a constant potential from −0.5 to 1.4 V. The optimum electrical conductivity (78.9 S cm−1 at 0.5 V) and a significant increase in the Seebeck coefficient (64.3 μV K−1 at −0.5 V) are important for achieving an optimum power factor at an optimal potential. The power factor of electrochemically treated P3MeT films reached its maximum value of 4.03 μW m−1 K−2 at 0.5 V. Moreover, after two months, it still exhibited a value of 3.75 μW m−1 K−2, and thus was more stable than pristine P3MeT due to exchange of doping ions in films under ambient conditions. This electrochemical treatment is a significant alternative method for optimizing the thermoelectric power factor of conducting polymer films.
Metal Recognition Driven by Weak Interactions: A Case Study in Solvent Extraction
Authors: Poirot Rémi , Le Goff Xavier , Diat Olivier , Bourgeois Damien , Meyer Daniel
Published: April 2016

Tuning the affinity of a medium for a given metallic cation with the sole modification of weak interactions is a challenge for molecular recognition. Solvent extraction is a key technique employed in the recovery and purification of valuable metals, and it is facing an increased complexity of metal fluxes to deal with. The selectivity of such processes generally relies on the use of specific ligands, designed after their coordination chemistry. In the present study, we illustrate the possibility to employ the sole control of weak interactions to achieve the selective extraction of PdII over NdIII: the control over selectivity is obtained by tuning the self‐assembly of the organic phase. A model is proposed, after detailed experimental analysis of molecular (XRD, NMR) and supra‐molecular (SAXS) features of the organic phases. We thus demonstrate that PdII extraction is driven by metal coordination, whereas NdIII extraction requires aggregation of the extractant in addition to metal coordination. These results are of general interest for the applications which rely on the stabilization of metals in organic phases.
Terminal sliding mode control without singular for a class of uncertain system
Authors: Xu Guowei , Liu Qiuhong , Sun Liankun
Published: April 2016

An improved nonsingular terminal sliding mode method is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics. The proposed method can effectively avoid the singularity problem. The stability of the proposed procedure which could guarantee the robustness against uncertain unmodeled dynamic and external disturbances is proven by using the Lyapunov theory in finite time. An example is given to show the proposed improved terminal sliding mode control law without singular effectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 566–572, 2016
Gas‐phase synthesis of Fe‐Bi metastable and dumbbell particles
Authors: Ünlü C. Gökhan , Li Zi‐An , Acet M. , Farle M.
Published: April 2016

Fe‐Bi nanoparticles were prepared in the gas‐phase by DC magnetron sputtering and in‐fight annealing. The morphological, structural and compositional properties were investigated by High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. High‐resolution microscopy studies show that primary particles produced without in‐flight annealing are spherical with a diameter of about 50 nm. Particles sintered at 773 K acquire a dumbbell structure with Fe‐FeO and Bi sections.
Multi‐parametric cytometry from a complex cellular sample: Improvements and limits of manual versus computational‐based interactive analyses
Authors: Gondois‐Rey F. , Granjeaud S. , Rouillier P. , Rioualen C. , Bidaut G. , Olive D.
Published: April 2016

The wide possibilities opened by the developments of multi‐parametric cytometry are limited by the inadequacy of the classical methods of analysis to the multi‐dimensional characteristics of the data. While new computational tools seemed ideally adapted and were applied successfully, their adoption is still low among the flow cytometrists. In the purpose to integrate unsupervised computational tools for the management of multi‐stained samples, we investigated their advantages and limits by comparison to manual gating on a typical sample analyzed in immunomonitoring routine. A single tube of PBMC, containing 11 populations characterized by different sizes and stained with 9 fluorescent markers, was used. We investigated the impact of the strategy choice on manual gating variability, an undocumented pitfall of the analysis process, and we identified rules to optimize it. While assessing automatic gating as an alternate, we introduced the Multi‐Experiment Viewer software (MeV) and validated it for merging clusters and annotating interactively populations. This procedure allowed the finding of both targeted and unexpected populations. However, the careful examination of computed clusters in standard dot plots revealed some heterogeneity, often below 10%, that was overcome by increasing the number of clusters to be computed. MeV facilitated the identification of populations by displaying both the MFI and the marker signature of the dataset simultaneously. The procedure described here appears fully adapted to manage homogeneously high number of multi‐stained samples and allows improving multi‐parametric analyses in a way close to the classic approach. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Local and distributed SIP overload control solution improving sustainability of SIP networks
Authors: Jahanbakhsh M. , Azhari S. V. , Enayati‐Zadeh J. , Baghdadi M.
Published: April 2016

Carriers have adopted session initiation protocol (SIP) in their next generation networks. Providing carrier‐grade service requires high availability in times of component failures, avalanche restart, flash crowds and denial of service attacks, which cause overload on SIP servers. Throughput of SIP servers is largely degraded during overload. We propose an SIP overload control (SIP‐OC) solution for local and remote situations, working in hop‐by‐hop and end‐to‐end modes. Our local SIP‐OC method uses a cross‐layer approach with negligible performance impact, while the implicit nature of our remote SIP‐OC allows detection of sophisticated overload conditions such as those caused by non‐SIP entities. Our remote SIP‐OC uses transaction response time as the basis for implicit overload detection. Coupling our local and remote SIP‐OC schemes, we show that the range of ‘sustainable’ overload that can be imposed on the system improves significantly. Moreover, incorporating a 2‐means filtering mechanism into our SIP‐OC scheme makes it perform well under packet‐loss. We also show that our proposed solution is robust to network latency and SIP server capacity fluctuations. All of our results are obtained from experiments over SIP testbeds including an experimental IP multimedia subsystem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proximate and ultimate causes of variable visual sensitivities: Insights from cichlid fish radiations
Authors: Carleton Karen L. , Dalton Brian E. , Escobar‐Camacho Daniel , Nandamuri Sri Pratima
Published: April 2016

Animals vary in their sensitivities to different wavelengths of light. Sensitivity differences can have fitness implications in terms of animals' ability to forage, find mates, and avoid predators. As a result, visual systems are likely selected to operate in particular lighting environments and for specific visual tasks. This review focuses on cichlid vision, as cichlids have diverse visual sensitivities, and considerable progress has been made in determining the genetic basis for this variation. We describe both the proximate and ultimate mechanisms shaping cichlid visual diversity using the structure of Tinbergen's four questions. We describe (1) the molecular mechanisms that tune visual sensitivities including changes in opsin sequence and expression; (2) the evolutionary history of visual sensitivity across the African cichlid flocks; (3) the ontological changes in visual sensitivity and how modifying this developmental program alters sensitivities among species; and (4) the fitness benefits of spectral tuning mechanisms with respect to survival and mating success. We further discuss progress to unravel the gene regulatory networks controlling opsin expression and suggest that a simple genetic architecture contributes to the lability of opsin gene expression. Finally, we identify unanswered questions including whether visual sensitivities are experiencing selection, and whether similar spectral tuning mechanisms shape visual sensitivities of other fishes. genesis 54:299–325, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Precursors of Reading Difficulties in Czech and Slovak Children At‐Risk of Dyslexia
Authors: Moll Kristina , Thompson Paul A. , Mikulajova Marina , Jagercikova Zuzana , Kucharska Anna , Franke Helena , Hulme Charles , Snowling Margaret J.
Published: April 2016

Children with preschool language difficulties are at high risk of literacy problems; however, the nature of the relationship between delayed language development and dyslexia is not understood. Three hundred eight Slovak and Czech children were recruited into three groups: family risk of dyslexia, speech/language difficulties and controls, and were assessed three times from kindergarten until Grade 1. There was a twofold increase in probability of reading problems in each risk group. Precursors of ‘dyslexia’ included difficulties in oral language and code‐related skills (phoneme awareness, letter‐knowledge and rapid automatized naming); poor performance in phonological memory and vocabulary was observed in both affected and unaffected high‐risk peers. A two‐group latent variable path model shows that early language skills predict code‐related skills, which in turn predict literacy skills. Findings suggest that dyslexia in Slavic languages has its origins in early language deficits, and children who succumb to reading problems show impaired code‐related skills before the onset of formal reading instruction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does family‐based treatment reduce the need for hospitalization in adolescent anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Lock James , Agras W. Stewart , Bryson S.W. , Brandt Harry , Halmi Katherine A. , Kaye Walter , Wilfley Denise , Woodside Blake , Pajarito Sarah , Jo Booil
Published: April 2016

Objective

We examined the timing and number of days of hospitalization during the course of treatment, hospitalization effects on outcome, and predictors and moderators of the use of hospitalization in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

Data used in this study were collected from 158 adolescents (ages 12 to 18 years of age) who met DSM‐IVTR criteria for AN (exclusive of the amenorrhea criteria) randomized to receive either Family Based Treatment (FBT) or Systemic Family Therapy (SyFT) in a 7 site study.

Results

The trajectory of hospital day use is similar in the first 5 weeks irrespective of treatment allocation. However, days of hospitalization continued to increase throughout SyFT but leveled off in FBT after ∼5 weeks of treatment. Early hospitalization was a negative predictor for improvements in percent weight change for both treatment groups (t(1)=2.6, p = 0.011). Co‐morbid psychopathology predicted early hospital use in both treatments. Higher levels of eating related obsessions and depression moderated hospitalization rates suggesting that FBT reduces early hospitalization rates compared to SyFT for these subgroups.

Discussion

These data support and extend findings from previous studies by identifying patterns of hospital use, and predictors and moderators of treatment effect for early hospitalization use in adolescent AN. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:891–894)
IL‐18Rα‐deficient CD4+ T cells induce intestinal inflammation in the CD45RBhi transfer model of colitis despite impaired innate responsiveness
Authors: Holmkvist Petra , Pool Lieneke , Hägerbrand Karin , Agace William W. , Rivollier Aymeric
Published: April 2016

IL‐18 has been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however its role in the regulation of intestinal CD4+ T‐cell function remains unclear. Here we show that murine intestinal CD4+ T cells express high levels of IL‐18Rα and provide evidence that IL‐18Rα expression is induced on these cells subsequent to their entry into the intestinal mucosa. Using the CD45RBhi T‐cell transfer colitis model, we show that IL‐18Rα is expressed on IFN‐γ+, IL‐17+, and IL‐17+IFN‐γ+ effector CD4+ T cells in the inflamed colonic lamina propria (cLP) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and is required for the optimal generation and/or maintenance of IFN‐γ‐producing cells in the cLP. In the steady state and during colitis, TCR‐independent cytokine‐induced IFN‐γ and IL‐17 production by intestinal CD4+ T cells was largely IL‐18Rα−dependent. Despite these findings however, IL‐18Rα−deficient CD4+ T cells induced comparable intestinal pathology to WT CD4+ T cells. These findings suggest that IL‐18‐dependent cytokine induced activation of CD4+ T cells is not critical for the development of T‐cell‐mediated colitis.
Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Synthesis of Sulfinamides Using Thiols or Disulfides with Amines
Authors: Taniguchi Nobukazu
Published: April 2016

Copper‐catalyzed coupling of thiols with amines was used to synthesize numerous sulfinamides in excellent yields. Sulfenamides or sulfonamides were also formed as reaction byproducts albeit in trace quantities. The procedure is carried out as a one step and was found to be promoted by the addition of water and NH4PF6 under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, the reaction proceeds smoothly when using disulfides. Consequently, it is clear that both thiols and disulfides are useful S‐sources under these reaction conditons.
Chemical Derivatization of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Bedini Emiliano , Laezza Antonio , Iadonisi Alfonso
Published: April 2016

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of complex polysaccharides ubiquitously distributed in extracellular matrices and at cell surfaces and playing key roles in a myriad of biological processes. Their structures are based on disaccharide building blocks, usually containing an amino sugar and an uronic acid, decorated with one or more sulfate groups. Many efforts to gain access to a large number of sulfated GAG polysaccharides with potential tailored biomedical applications, usually based on suitable chemical (and chemo‐enzymatic) derivatization procedures that modified the native polysaccharide structures, have been reported in the last two decades. In this review we survey such reactions on the basis of (i) the sulfated GAG substrate [(fucosylated) chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin, and heparan sulfate], and (ii) the sort of structural modification (sulfation pattern modification, oxidation, carboxy group derivatization, N‐ and O‐acylation, reducing‐end functionalization).
Spontaneous activity in C‐fibres after partial damage to the saphenous nerve in mice: Effects of retigabine
Authors: Bernal L. , Lopez‐Garcia J.A. , Roza C.
Published: April 2016

Background

Spontaneous pain is the most devastating positive symptom in neuropathic pain patients. Recent data show a direct relationship between spontaneous discharges in C‐fibres and spontaneous pain in neuropathic patients. Unfortunately, to date there is a lack of experimental animal models for drug testing.

Methods

We recorded afferent fibres from a new experimental model in vitro. The preparation contains a neuroma formed in a peripheral branch of the saphenous nerve together with the undamaged branches, which maintain intact terminals in a skin flap.

Results

Fibres with stable rates of ectopic spontaneous discharges were found among axotomized (5 A‐ and 18 C‐fibres, mean discharge 0.48 ± 0.08 Hz) and ‘putative intact’ fibres (12 C‐fibres, mean discharge 0.28 ± 0.08 Hz). A proportion (~9%) of axotomized fibres had mechanical receptive fields in the skin far beyond the site of injury. Collision experiments demonstrated that action potentials evoked from neuroma and skin travelled by the same fibre, indicating functional cross‐talk between neuromatose and putative intact fibres. Retigabine, the specific Kv7 channel opener, depressed spontaneous discharges by 70% in 15/18 units tested. In contrast, responses to mechanical stimulation of the skin were unaltered by retigabine.

Conclusions

Partial damage to a peripheral nerve may increase the incidence of spontaneous activity in C‐fibres. Retigabine reduced spontaneous activity but not stimulus‐evoked activity, suggesting an important role for ion channels in the control of spontaneous pain and demonstrating the utility of the model for the testing of compounds in clinically relevant variables.

What does this study add?

Our in vitro experimental model of peripheral neuropathy allows for pharmacological characterization of spontaneously active fibres. Using this model, we show that retigabine inhibits aberrant spontaneous discharges without altering physiological responses in primary afferents.
A Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Solution Polymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Procaine Detection
Authors: Guan Xiwen , Li Xinyi , Chai Shigan , Zhang Xiuhua , Zou Qichao , Zhang Jinzhi
Published: April 2016

A sensitive and selective method for the determination of procaine hydrochloride using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) modified glassy carbon electrodes was developed. The MIPs were prepared by solution polymerization using procaine hydrochloride as the template molecules and acrylic acid (AA) and vinyltriethoxysilane (WD‐20) as the functional monomer and cross‐linking agent, respectively. A film was formed on the surface of the glassy carbon electrodes and later cross‐linked with ethanol as solvent. Next, these electrodes were employed to detect procaine hydrochloride by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under the optimized conditions, good linearity (correlation coefficient of 0.9986) was observed between the oxidation peak current and the concentration of procaine hydrochloride in the range of 4.0×10−8 to 2.4×10−5 M in a pH 7.0 0.04 M phosphate buffer solution, and the detection limit (S/N=3) was 1.02×10−8 M. In addition, the stability and reproducibility of the sensors were satisfactory. Moreover, the concentration of procaine hydrochloride in human blood serum samples was detected, and its recoveries ranged from 97.5 % to 106.4 % with RSD less than 2.15 %. These results suggest that the prepared molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors can be used for the determination of procaine in clinical studies.