bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buckminster Fuller Versus The Irrational : A Double Entendre (Dedicated to the Memory of R. Buckminster Fuller in the Centenary of his Birth)
Authors: Loeb Arthur L.
Published: January 2017

R. Buckminster Fuller strongly believed in the discreteness of structure, and distrusted irrational numbers. The concept of limited resolution is introduced to relate a discrete structural model to mathematical abstractions such as straight lines and circles. Fuller also made rational approximations to irrational expressions. It is shown that such approximations are unnecessary, and in point of fact at odds with Fuller's spatial rather than linear thinking. Some fundamental principles underlying an experimental Design Science are presented. It is shown that three-dimensional structural relations in forms which are identical in at least three non-planar directions are exactly expressible in terms of small rational numbers. There are four significant angles having rational trigonometric functions, in the range between 60° and 72°, which occur commonly in such structures. It is suggested that the system presented here can be the basis of a curriculum in Visual Mathematics.
Higher Dimensional Periodic Table Of Regular And Semi-Regular Polytopes
Authors: Lalvani Haresh
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a higher-dimensional periodic table of regular and semi-regular n-dimensional polytopes. For regular n-dimensional polytopes, designated by their Schlafli symbol {p,q,r,…u,v,w}, the table is an (n-1)-dimensional hypercubic lattice in which each polytope occupies a different vertex of the lattice. The values of p,q,r,…u,v,w also establish the corresponding n-dimensional Cartesian co-ordinates (p,q,r,…u,v,w) of their respective positions in the hypercubic lattice. The table is exhaustive and includes all known regular polytopes in Euclidean, spherical and hyperbolic spaces, in addition to others candidate polytopes which do not appear in the literature.

For n-dimensional semi-regular polytopes, each vertex of this hypercubic lattice branches into analogous n-dimensional cubes, where each n-cube encompasses a family with a distinct semi-regular polytope occupying each vertex of each n-cube. The semi-regular polytopes are obtained by varying the location of a vertex within the fundamental region of the polytope. Continuous transformations within each family are a natural fallout of this variable vertex location. Extensions of this method to less regular space structures and to derivation of architectural form are in progress and provide a way to develop an integrated index for space structures. Besides the economy in computational processing of space structures, integrated indices based on unified morphologies are essential for establishing a meta-structural knowledge base for architecture.
Linking The Musical Proportions Of The Renaissance, Modulor Of Le Corbusier, And Roman System Of Proportions
Authors: Kappraff Jay
Published: January 2017

Three systems of architectural proportions will be discussed: the system of proportion based on the musical scale and used during the Renaissance; the Modulor of Le Corbusier based on the golden mean; and a Roman system of proportions based on the sacred cut. These systems will be shown to be manifestations of a unified theory of proportion based on geometric, arithmetic, and harmonic means. The three systems will be illustrated through abstract designs with reference given to architectural examples. It will also be shown that each of these systems can be described in terms of integer series.
Examples of Shaping for Large Span Roofs and High-Rise Buildings
Authors: Rebielak Janusz
Published: January 2017

Proposals for forming various types of bar space structures, which could be used as building structures of different functional purposes are the subjects of this paper. The systems proposed have been developed with the aim of applying them in the design of structural systems for large span covers and high-rise buildings. The essential aims of forming large span cover structures is to obtain systems which would allow building these covers using relatively short bars. In the paper some new configuations of such space structures are presented. The most important factor in the design of the structural system of a tall building is the need to provide a comparatively slender structure with appropriate great rigidity. Some proposals of application of space structures as structures of high-rise buildings are presented in the paper.
Teen Dating Violence Victimization, Perpetration, and Sexual Health Correlates Among Urban, Low-Income, Ethnic, and Racial Minority Youth
Authors: Fedina Lisa , Howard Donna E. , Wang Min Qi , Murray Kantahyanee
Published: January 2017

This study explores the associations between teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration, victimization, sexual risk behaviors, and pregnancy among a sample of low-income, urban, and predominately African–American and Latino youth age 15 to 21 years ( N = 513). Findings suggest that youth who experienced TDV victimization were more likely to report inconsistent condom use in the past 12 months ( OR = 1.6) and pregnancy ( OR = 2.2) compared with nonvictimized youth. Youth who reported perpetrating dating violence were more likely to be female ( OR = 3.8) and to report multiple sex partners ( OR = 2.0), inconsistent condom use ( OR = 2.6), and prostitution in the past 12 months ( OR = 6.7). TDV perpetration and victimization were highly associated (χ2 = 127.00, p < .001); that is, 30% of the sample reported both victimization and perpetration in their previous or current romantic relationships. Findings from this study highlight the need to integrate culturally informed TDV prevention and intervention strategies into existing adolescent sexual and reproductive health education programs.
Political Challenges in Complex Place-Based Health Promotion Partnerships
Authors: Del Fabbro Letitia , Rowe Minniss Fiona , Ehrlich Carolyn , Kendall Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

Settings-based health promotion involving multiple strategies and partners is complex, especially in disadvantaged areas. Partnership development and organizational integration are examined in the literature; however, there is more to learn from the examination of practice stakeholders’ experience of intersectoral partnership processes. This case study examines stakeholder experiences of challenges in new partnership work in the context of a culturally diverse and socioeconomically disadvantaged region in Queensland, Australia. Health promotion staff and community representatives participated in interviews and focus groups, and the thematic analysis included observations and documentary analyses. Our findings highlight the retrogressive influence of broader system dynamics, including policy reform and funding changes, upon partnership working. Partnership enablers are disrupted by external political influences and the internal politics (individual and organizational) of health promotion practice. We point to the need for organization level commitment to a consistent agreed vision specifically accounting for place, as a cornerstone of intersectoral health promotion partnership resilience. If organizations from diverse sectors can embed a vision for health that accounts for place, complex health promotion initiatives may be less vulnerable to broader system reforms, and health in all policy approaches more readily sustained.
Proto-Industry, Women's Work and the Household Economy in the Transition to Industrial Capitalism
Authors: Rose Sonya O.
Published: January 2017

Using samples of households from the 1851 and 1881 censuses of Arnold, Nottinghamshire, a proto-industrial village specializing in framework knitting, the research reported in this article examines the changes in the economic activities of household members as the domestic industry was being superseded by the factory system. The data show the continuing importance of the family economy to the economic viability of households and the increasing significance of the economic contribution of wives. These economic contributions were made possible by an increased demand for women to do homework as seamers of hosiery, which occurred as a consequence of changes in the methods of manufacturing knitted garments.
Share and Share Alike: Inheritance Patterns in Two Illinois Farm Communities
Authors: Carroll Edward V. , Salamon Sonya
Published: January 2017

How families choose to transfer resources to the next generation is shown to be determined by goals and priorities derived from ethnocultural values. Two ethnically distinct Illinois farm communities, one of German-Catholic, the other of Yankee descent, having similar soils and geographic characteristics were investigated with: (1) an ethnographic field study; and (2) probated court documents over the century since settlement. Despite Germans engaging in more estate planning than Yankees, current German farms are smaller and income is supplemented with off-farm work; Yankee farms are larger, diversified with animals and worked full-time. German-yeoman values gave farm and ownership continuity high priority and, combined with large families and little inherited liquid assets, tended to keep heirs in agriculture and fragment estates. Yankee-entrepreneurial priorities led to diversified investments, greater liquid assets, but, more importantly, declining family size and greater outmigration resulted in larger portions for heirs and fewer farmers. These contrasting familial patterns cumulatively evolved communities along different paths: yeoman-Germans were committed to a vital, integrated community; entrepreneurial-Yankee disinterest produced a declining bedroom community that lacks cohesion.
Coming of Age Among U.S. Farm Boys in the Late 1800s: Occupational and Residential Choices
Authors: Florey Francesca A. , Guest Avery M.
Published: January 2017

Data from the National Panel Study are used to investigate occupational choices and migration status among a sample of U.S. white farm boys in the late 1800s. Originally sampled when 5 to 14 years old in 1880, these boys are traced to the 1900 census when they were young adults. In general, the decision to leave farming was related to the urban-industrial “pull” of the surrounding environment and the degree of farm mechanization of the community. While migratory behavior correlates positively with occupational change, the major social correlates are somewhat different. Variations in migration are not strongly related to the urban-industrial and agricultural environments. Rather, variables measuring the probability of farm inheritance emerge as stronger predictors.
A Comment on Goody's Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe
Authors: Verdery Katherine
Published: January 2017

Goody's argument linking European marriage and family forms with the growth of the Church is criticized as teleological. It is argued instead that early Church prohibitions, rather than reflecting churchly institutional designs, served as instruments through which powerful members of kin groups reduced the claims of their kinsmen upon property; this facilitated their using that property to consolidate the effective fighting units.
The Family in Puritan Political Theology
Authors: Baskerville Stephen
Published: January 2017

The article examines the role of the family in Puritan theology, as expressd in popular and political sermons. It does not treat the extensive Puritan household manuals, nor does it argue that Puritan strictures on the family were especially unique or original. However, by examining the often figurative use of the family in Puritan theology, it argues that the Puritan obsession with the subject reflected a deep crisis in contemporary family relations and that the emotions produced by this crisis were then exploited by the preachers to create both Puritanism itself and the radical political ideology of the 1640s.
Working Class Debt in the Late Nineteenth Century United States
Authors: Rotella Elyce , Alter George
Published: January 2017

Children's wages played a central role in family economic strategies in the late nineteenth century. The family budgets collected by the U.S. Commissioner of Labor in 1889-1890 show that life-cycle patterns of savings and debt varied by industry depending upon incomes from children. The consumption patterns of families whose expenditures exceeded their incomes do not show signs of economic distress, and most families whose annual budget was in deficit could expect larger contributions from children in the near future. These patterns suggest that families used borrowing and saving to smooth consumption over the life-cycle as the earning capacity of the family changed.
Family Income of Ghent Working-Class Families Ca. 1900
Authors: Van Den Eeckhout Patricia
Published: January 2017

Using an extensive inquiry into the family income of Ghent artisans and cotton, linen, and metal workers around 1900, the research reported in this article examines the level and the composition of family income at different phases of the life-cycle. In the Belgian textile center Ghent, which was characterized by a low male wage level, married women made a substantial contribution to the family income, especially in the years before children started to earn a living. The family income per person of textile workers approached or even exceeded the income of metal workers and artisans despite the fact that heads' wages were lower: the textile families' strategy, consisting of an increased work effort of women and children, was successful in bridging the income gap. On the other hand, the wives of metal workers and artisans came closer to the realization of the domestic ideal.
The Rhetoric of Opportunity Cost
Authors: Polley William J.
Published: January 2017

A well-known survey of economists revealed that many of them could not correctly answer a basic question on the concept of opportunity cost. In this paper, I connect the concept of opportunity cost to the familiar apparatus of marginal analysis—the equality of prices and marginal rates of substitution at the margin. When opportunity cost is understood this way, it forces one to be clear about units and about the difference between discrete and continuous variables. A more general understanding of opportunity cost can link basic principles-level examples with more advanced technical examples and improve the stories that make up the rhetoric of basic economics instruction.
The Effects of State Pharmacy Drug Product Selection Laws on Statin Patient Generic-To-Branded Drug Switch-Backs
Authors: Chressanthis George A. , Dahan Nayla G. , Fandl Kevin J.
Published: January 2017

Brand-to-generic drug therapeutic substitution effects on patient health is an important health policy issue. State pharmacy drug product selection (DPS) laws allow pharmacists to more easily switch prescriptions from brand-to-generic drugs. This research measures the effects of DPS laws on statin-patient generic-to-branded drug switch-backs, this being a potential indicator of clinical failure from the initial brand-to-generic substitution. Anonymized patient-level data from 2006–2008 were analyzed on statin drug utilization patterns for 397,111 U.S. patients. Logistic regression results on DPS and non-DPS variables show effects on switch-backs in a manner consistent with implications from a principal-agent framework in healthcare. DPS laws should be reviewed to ensure that drugs dispensed by pharmacists are those intended by physicians and in the best health interests of patients.
The Consequences of Overstating Fuel Economy
Authors: Beck Corey , Schap David
Published: January 2017

Economic analysis of law is applied to various models derived from a recent breach of contract by Hyundai Motor Company (Co.), which overstated the fuel economy of its Elantra model. The paper explores appropriate damages for breach of contract by Hyundai in hypothetical cases involving either intentional or unintentional breach. Depending on the specific scenario, losses may or may not be recoverable. A variety of ways are explored in which to calculate damages that serve to make customers whole.
A Note on Teaching About Fair Trade
Authors: Brock John R. , Lopus Jane S.
Published: January 2017

Principles of economics students are often familiar with the term “fair trade” from product packaging and news stories covering ideological issues related to prices and wages paid to producers in developing countries. Through an informal survey of our economics students, we find ignorance about both free trade and fair trade and confusion over the difference between them, with many students concluding that free trade is not fair or equitable. An examination of 20 recent principles of economics textbooks finds that only two mention fair trade, and one uses the term to refer to resale price maintenance rather than to the social movement. Because the fair trade social movement has strong economic implications, we believe that instructors in principles of economics courses should address the topic, however briefly, to reduce any misunderstandings. This would allow instructors to focus on the economic theory underlying the benefits of free trade.
A study on the tensile properties of UHMWPE fiber weft-knitted structural composites
Authors: Li Cuiyu , Jia Jingyan , Wang Gaopan , Zhang Rui , Li Xueyu
Published: January 2017

This work presents a study of liquid oxidation modification effects on the tensile properties of UHMWPE fibers and UHMWPE fiber/epoxy composites. Three types of basic knitted structural composites were produced with 4, 6, and 8 layers. The shop-vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process was used to laminate the composite. The tensile properties of the composite laminates were evaluated using a universal strength testing machine, and the tensile damage of the materials was analyzed. The results show that for the same number of layers of laminates, the tensile strength of the weft jersey structure was the highest, followed by those of the rib and cardigan structures. The tensile strength increased with the number of layers and increased with a nonlinear positive correlation. After modification, the stretching process did not result in yarn being pulled from the resin. The adhesion to the fabric and the resin increased, and the shear strength of the composite increased between the layers.
Presidential Debate Stories Accentuate the Negative
Authors: Reber Bryan H. , Benoit William L.
Published: January 2017

This content analysis of coverage of the 2000 presidential primary debates reveals that while the candidates' remarks contained more self praise than attacks or defenses, the news stories focused more on attacks and defenses.
How Michigan Dailies Use Computers to Gather News
Authors: Davenport Lucinda , Fico Fred , Detwiler Mary
Published: January 2017

This survey of 48 Michigan daily newspapers finds that 96 percent now use one or more computerized sources to obtain information for news stories. The Internet is the most frequently used source.
Public Journalism Project Falls Short of Stated Goals
Authors: Haas Tanni
Published: January 2017

This study finds that the Akron Beacon Journal's series on race relations cited local residents to personalize its coverage but relied for its analysis of racism on expert testimony that shed little light on the problems of racial inequality.
Traditional, Online Polls Reported Differently
Authors: Kim Sung Tae , Weaver David
Published: January 2017

This content analysis of both traditional and online polls in selected U.S. newspapers from 1996 to 1998 finds substantial differences in the way they are reported in news stories.
Newspaper Provides Balance in Palestinian/Israeli Reports
Authors: Wu H. Denis , Sylvester Judith , Hamilton John Maxwell
Published: January 2017

This content analysis in the Philadelphia Inquirer found that the portrayal was balanced overall, as both parties had a roughly equal percentage of positive, neutral and negative coverage.
Size of Corporate Parent Drives Market Orientation
Authors: Beam Randal A.
Published: January 2017

A national study involving 183 dailies found that organizational goals and ownership characteristics were the most significant influences on the degree to which a newspaper identified content that readers said they wanted and needed.
Olympic Photo Coverage Fair to Female Athletes
Authors: Hardin Marie , Chance Jean , Dodd Julie E. , Hardin Brent
Published: January 2017

A content analysis of four Florida dailies and one national newspaper during the 2000 Games shows that newspaper editors included fair numbers of women in Olympic photos and chose photos that depicted female athletes in a realistic manner.
Libel Proof Plaintiff Defense Wins Some, Loses Some
Authors: Ankney Raymond
Published: January 2017

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Masson v. New Yorker magazine, which repudiated part of the libel proof plaintiff defense, the doctrine remains a viable libel defense.
Vietnam to Desert Storm: Topics, Sources Change
Authors: Barber Ryan , Weir Tom
Published: January 2017

A content analysis of newspaper coverage of U.S. military conflicts in Vietnam, Grenada and the Persian Gulf shows changes in the topics and types of sources used.
Heroic Editors in Short Supply during Japanese Internment
Authors: Thornton Brian
Published: January 2017

All editorials and most letters to the editor published in seven West Coast newspapers and The New York Times in 1942 supported the internment.
How Newspapers Decided to Run Disturbing 9/11 Photos
Authors: Kratzer Renee Martin , Kratzer Brian
Published: January 2017

Of the 22 photo editors interviewed, 18 published photos of people trapped in or jumping or falling from one of the WTC Towers on the inside, while four did not run them. Many editors said that readers needed exposure to the disturbing images to fully comprehend the story.
Post 9/11 Arab American Coverage Avoids Stereotypes
Authors: Weston Mary Ann
Published: January 2017

This study of newspaper articles about Arab Americans before and after Sept. 11 revealed that a dominant theme of the pre-Sept. 11 stories was of Arab Americans resisting stereotypes and discrimination. After the attacks, newspapers tended to present Arab Americans as doubly victimized, as loyal patriotic members of the community and as targets of government detention.
Local, Network TV News Shows Significant Gains
Authors: Poindexter Paula M. , Conway Mike
Published: January 2017

This study found that the use of local TV news and network TV news increased significantly in the weeks after the Sept. 11 attacks, but readership of newspapers and news on the Internet did not. Five months after the attacks 41 percent of respondents said their news media use had increased.
Newspaper Editorials follow Lead of Bush Administration
Authors: Billeaudeaux Andre , Domke David , Hutcheson John S. , Garland Philip
Published: January 2017

This study examines the interplay among President Bush, key members of the administration and military and the news media between Sept. 11 and Oct. 7, 2002, when the U.S. military campaign began in Afghanistan. The research suggests that the administration messages influenced the editorials in The New York Times and The Washington Post.
Post, Times Highlight Government's War Efforts
Authors: Lee Changho
Published: January 2017

This study examined the coverage of the 9/11 terrorist attacks by The New York Times and The Washington Post in the four weeks following the attacks. The researcher found that the newspapers highlighted efforts to retaliate against terrorists and to prepare for the war against terrorism.
9/11 Attack Coverage Reveals Similarities, Differences
Authors: Li Xigen , Izard Ralph
Published: January 2017

This content analysis of the coverage of five television networks and eight newspapers found that both broadcast and print media focused coverage of the Sept. 11 terrorists attacks on facts, but differences do appear in coverage frames and source use.
Partisan Sources Receive More Space in Conflict Issues
Authors: Fico Fred , Balog Olivia
Published: January 2017

Partisans sources were more likely to dominate space and attention in conflict stories than were nonpartisan sources when local stories were examined in nine Michigan dailies.
Newspaper's Naming Policy Continues Amid Controversy
Authors: Riski Richard J. , Grusin Elinor Kelley
Published: January 2017

A case study of the Shelton-Mason County Journal shows the effects of the controversial, century-old policy of naming sexual assault victims on the community frontline stakeholders.
News Editors Show Concern for Privacy of Public Officials
Authors: Splichal Sigman , Garrison Bruce
Published: January 2017

This study examines the views of editors regarding reporting private affairs of public officials and candidates. The results reveal similar reporting practices and negative perceptions of the media.
Study Finds Sourcing Patterns in Wen Ho Lee Coverage
Authors: Zhang Juyan , Cameron Glen T.
Published: January 2017

A content analysis of The New York Times coverage revealed an imbalance in the use of sources, with official and anonymous sources used more than non-official and identified ones.
Freelance Op-Ed Pieces Show Newspapers' Political Slant
Authors: Song Yonghoi
Published: January 2017

This study found The Washington Post and The Washington Times favored articles on foreign affairs and by authors affiliated with think tanks in the 1990s.
Most Business Editors Find News Reporters Unprepared
Authors: Pardue Mary Jane
Published: January 2017

Nearly all business editors agreed that an accounting class for journalism majors was needed while almost all agreed that training reporters to understand financial reports was important.
Gatekeeping Similar for Online, Print Journalists
Authors: Cassidy William P.
Published: January 2017

Data from a national survey found that routine gatekeeping forces exerted more influence on the professional role conceptions of print and online journalists than did individual level forces.
Plagiarism Persists in News despite Changing Attitudes
Authors: Fedler Fred
Published: January 2017

Well into the 1990s, it was common for reporters and editors to copy one another. Today, plagiarism is almost universally condemned, yet eliminating all plagiarism may be impossible.
Online Non-Profits Provide Model for Added Local News
Authors: Shaver Dan
Published: January 2017

This examination of alternatives for struggling for-profit newspapers suggests that not-for-profits such as MinnPost.com provide successful models for communities seeking additional local news coverage, though not a replacement f or traditional news.
Brand Logos More Prevalent in Recent News Sports Photos
Authors: Pokrywczynski James , Carvalho John , Preston C. Thomas
Published: January 2017

An analysis of sports pages since 1950s showed that newspaper sports photos contained almost no brand logos, However, strategic placement of brand logos on uniforms, equipment or signage within camera shots has increased in the past two decades.
Bush/Gore Photos Reveal Differing Styles, Strategies
Authors: German Kathleen
Published: January 2017

Comparisons of Bush and Gore photos during the campaign found Bush received more overall coverage and appeared in more photos with his family. Each one sought to put forth images that compensated f or perceived weaknesses.
Online Readers' Comments Represent New Opinion Pipeline
Authors: Santana Arthur D.
Published: January 2017

Reporters at the country's largest U. S. daily newspapers generally take a dim view of the online reader comments. Many are troubled by their content and express dismay over their newspaper's providing a forum for anonymous discussion where emotions can run high.
School-Press Relations and Freedom of Access
Authors: Frazier Lowell
Published: January 2017

Opinions of public school superintendents and education reporters about freedom of access and their working relationship were examined to identify possible news coverage problems. Most superintendents were found not to agree that the press has a right to free access to public school information and personnel. Results suggest relations could be improved by enhancing access and contact.
Subscriber Behavior and Attitudes One Year after PM-AM Conversion
Authors: Rarick Galen R. , Lemert James B.
Published: January 2017

A panel of adult subscribers to the Eugene (OR) Register-Guard was interviewed by telephone one week before the paper converted from evening to morning publication, a few weeks later and one year after that. Media behavior and attitutdes toward media were measured. Changes mostly took place soon after the conversion, including changes in both newspaper reading and TV news watching. Blue-collar workers were less accommodating to the conversion than were others.
Do Dual Subscribers Differ from Single Subscribers?
Authors: Stone Gerald
Published: January 2017

Although forma surveys have found dual subscribers significantly higher in SES than single subscribers, this secondary analysis of a three-wave panel study found the two groups similar on virtually all traits and media use habits. Single subscribers did have a psychological commitment to their paper not shared by dual subscribers. The study suggests the newspaper industry focus future research on what influences an individual to become a dual subscriber, thus building a strategy for increasing dual subscribers.
Information Resources in Newspaper Market Research
Authors: Kirby N. Riley , Kirby Diana Gonzalez
Published: January 2017

A survey of newspaper market researchers provides details of information sources use and their relative values. Responses concerning information needs not being met point to gaps in information resources available to newspapers and suggest the need for new or revised information sources. The authors recommend ways for newspaper market researchers to make better use of available resources, including in-house newspaper libraries and commercial databases.
Commercial Databases and Reporting: Opinions of Newspaper Journalists and Librarians
Authors: Jacobson Thomas L. , Ullman John
Published: January 2017

A survey of journalists and newspaper librarians on the impact and use of commercial databases in reporting the news indicates that reporters, editors and librarians alike see databases as a growing positive tool in newspaper coverage. Few fears are expressed about possible deleterious effects of computerized information sources.
Missed Opportunity: Educating Newspaper Readers about First Amendment Values
Authors: Bowles Dorothy
Published: January 2017

Historical examination of how editorial writers explained important First Amendment decisions by the Supreme Court indicates that readers received short shrift in terms of how editorial writers discussed free expression issues and values. Editorial writers, often poorly versed themselves in the kinds of legal issues under judicial review and dependent on largely untrained reporters for details, concentrated their editorial judgments on reported facts of the cases, not issues, values or implications for society.
Factors Affecting Readership of News and Advertising in a Small Daily Newspaper
Authors: Griswold William F. , Moore Roy L.
Published: January 2017

Readers of a small daily newspaper are selective about their exposure to advertising as well as to news and entertainment content, a survey of 316 readers finds. Gender was a strong predictor of how frequently which readers read which ads, and closeness to the community was associated with reading of automobile and classified advertising.
Estimating Readability: A Study of Utah Editors' Abilities
Authors: Porter William C. , Stephens Flint
Published: January 2017

The study tests how accurately newspaper editors could estimate readability. When given writing samples, managing editors from five of Utah's six dailies rated the stories as 4.2 grade levels easier to read than the measured Flesch readability scores. The results may raise questions about editors' understanding of how audiences perceive content.
Newspaper Scale & Newspaper Expenditures
Authors: Blankenburg William B.
Published: January 2017

Data from the 1986 Inland Daily Newspaper Association Cost and Revenue Study were examined for the effects of scale on the costs of newspaper production factors. The study finds that total costs rise faster than circulation and that overall revenues rise faster still, although costs per page decline. A hypothesis that “quality” in newspapers yields profits finds some support, but questions remain.
Effects of Language and Related Variables on the Expression of Psychopathology in Mexican American Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Price Criselda Segovia , Cuellar Israel
Published: January 2017

Thirty-two Mexican American patients at the Bilingual/Bicultural Unit at the San Antonio State Hospital participated in a study that investigated the effect of interview language on the expression of psychopathology and the relationship of this effect to the variables of verbal fluency, acculturation, and self-disclosure. The patients were interviewed in separate Spanish- and English-language interviews that were videotaped. The videotaped interviews were then independently rated by bicultural/bilingual mental health professionals who used the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale to determine the extent of psychopathology expressed by the patients during each interview. The patients were found to significantly express more symptomatology indicative of psychopathology during the Spanish interview. In addition, verbal fluency, acculturation, and self-disclosure were found to be significant multiple predictors of the difference in expressed psychopathology in the two interviews. Under different forms of analysis, verbal fluency and acculturation were also found to be unique predictors of this difference.
The Relationship Between Sociocultural Variables and Chicano and Anglo High School Student Responses on the Potency Dimension of the Semantic Differential
Authors: Ramirez Alex , Martinez Joe L. , Olmedo Esteban L. , Martinez Sergio R.
Published: January 2017

The potency dimension of the semantic differential was used to investigate responses of Chicano and Anglo high school students on the concepts of (a) mother, (b) father, (c) female, and (d) male. Also, the ratings of both Chicano and Anglo students were related to various sociocultural variables related to family, socioeconomic status, language usage, and citizenship. The clearest ethnic differences were observed in the subjects' ratings of father and male. There were also powerful sex differences that crosscut ethnic lines. In general, the findings indicated that males are more stereotyped in their ratings than females. Chicanos are best discriminated from Anglos on the basis of language usage. Chicanos may be discriminated on the basis of the proportion of Chicanos found in the communities where they live, viewed in relation to either the birthplace or citizenship of the head of the household. This may represent a pattern of acculturation since citizenship (U.S. or Mexican) and birthplace (U.S. or Mexico) of the head of the household are related in an opposing manner to the percentage of Chicanos in the community. Finally, a multiple regression analysis that examined ethnic differences in relation to both sociocultural and semantic variables showed that the potency dimension of the semantic differential taps into psychological differences between Chicanos and Anglos.
Chicano, Hispanic, or Mexican American: What's in a Name?
Authors: Fairchild Halford H. , Cozens Joy Asamen
Published: January 2017

This study examined the impact of three ethnic labels—Chicanos, Hispanics, and Mexican Americans—on the stereotyping behavior of a sample of white university undergraduates. Using the Katz and Braly (1933) paradigm, two hypotheses were tested. First, it was expected that “Chicanos” would receive a larger percentage of subjects selecting negative stereotypes than would “Hispanics” or “Mexican Americans” (Mexican Americans were expected to be stereotyped most positively). Second, the rate of stereotyping behavior was expected to be affected in similar ways. Results gave modest support for the first hypothesis—Chicanos were more often viewed as ignorant and cruel, for example—but only obtained nonsignificant trends for the second hypothesis. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of ethnic labels in racial attitude development and maintenance and of the need for additional research.
Dealing in Marijuana: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Flores Estevan T.
Published: January 2017

This exploratory study attempts to construct a career outline of 100 Chicano drug dealers in South Texas who had been arrested and placed on probation for possession of marijuana with intent to sell. The findings suggest general patterns of conditions leading to dealing in drugs. The probationers were raised in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods and received little formal education. They are currently employed in working-class occupations and said that marijuana dealing was necessary because of critical financial needs. The majority stated that given the conditions of better education and higher paying jobs, they would no longer deal in marijuana. Few probationers viewed themselves as criminals; nearly all saw themselves as morally acceptable persons. In addition, most felt that current marijuana statutes are wrong and that marijuana will eventually be legalized. It is therefore hypothesized that the moral and social stigma of this particular offense fails to act as a deterrent to dealing in marijuana.
Internal Constraints to Fuller University Engagement in Regional Economic Development
Authors: Lynton Ernest A.
Published: January 2017

Universities in the USA and in many other countries have, over the years, made significant contributions to regional economic development, and continue to do so. However, several internal conditions have thus far limited this contribution to less than its full potential. This article focuses on three of these conditions: (a) in their approach to outreach as well as in their teaching, universities continue to adhere to a linear model for knowledge flow, and a hierarchy of values that ranks basic science above technology, and both above application; (b) universities, on the whole, continue to be collections of quasi-autonomous individuals. They have difficulty in defining, let alone implementing, collective goals; and (c) the prevailing system of recognition and rewarding of faculty work lacks mechanisms for evaluation and fails to provide incentives for innovation and achievement in externally oriented activities. These barriers to greater contribution to regional economic development by universities go to the very heart of the self-definition and value system of the faculty in these institutions. Change at best will be slow and difficult to perceive, yet there is reason to believe that it is beginning to take place, and that it will have an impact on all aspects of the societal role of universities, not only on regional economic development.
Learning from the Operation of Small Manufacturing Firms in Japan
Authors: Bennett Jan , Monniot John
Published: January 2017

The authors report on a mission led by the Teaching Company Directorate in July 1995 to study the operation of small Japanese manufacturing companies. It describes the level of technological and managerial sophistication deployed by such firms and the official support available to them. The effects of current economic circumstances on these firms are discussed, as are the strategies that some are adopting to overcome the problems. Lessons for the UK are assessed, including the possibility of mounting TCS programmes to help British small and medium-sized companies to export to Japan.
Maximizing the Benefits of TCS Partnerships
Authors: Burns Roland
Published: January 2017

TCS (the Teaching Company Scheme) provides a mechanism whereby a programme of work can be undertaken jointly between industrial and academic partners by a TCS Associate. The main objective is that benefits will accrue to all three primary stakeholders; the company, the Associate and the higher education institution. The advantages to the company and the Associate from participating in such a collaborative venture are readily identifiable and this paper sets out to discuss what benefits can be obtained from the university's point of view, and how these may be maximized. The paper looks at the impact of TCS programmes on both undergraduate and postgraduate courses, research activities and research assessment, staff development and new course generation and validation. In addition, grant budgets are discussed and financial benefits to the university identified. Finally, it is emphasized that a major outcome of a TCS programme is that it creates a communication path between industry, government agencies and academic institutions. Without such ongoing dialogue, collaboration cannot take place.
Improving the Export Capabilities of SMEs
Authors: Sutherland Eileen , Johnson David
Published: January 2017

The authors document the assistance given by Durham University Business School (DUBS) from 1988–94 to small and medium-sized enterprises in the UK in order to increase their export capabilities. The assistance provided has been in the form of seven training programmes which included the provision of additional resources to participating companies (eg people, contacts, sources of information and financial assistance). They also describe a current initiative designed to increase SMEs' access to global markets, international training opportunities and worldwide resources.
Estimation of loads and stresses in abdominal muscles during slow lifts
Authors: Thomson K D
Published: January 2017

Calculations are made of abdominal muscle loads and stresses associated with the development of intra-abdominal pressure during slow, symmetrical lifts. The muscles considered are the rectus, transversus and the external and internal obliques. Muscle loads and stresses have been calculated in an abdominal cross-section at about the level of the third lumbar vertebra. For four cases examined, maximum stress levels for men in the 25–35 years age range appear to be 3p-4p for the rectus muscles, 15p-25p for the transversus and 4p-6p for the obliques, where p is the intra-abdominal pressure. Corresponding figures for a man aged 66 years are about 8p, 21p and 8p respectively.
Long-Term Potentials of Rational Energy use - The Unknown Possibilities of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Jochem Eberhard
Published: January 2017

Many energy economists expect a further increase in energy demand of industrialized countries and, hence, a substantial shift to natural gas, nuclear power, and renewables to avoid climatic changes due to energy-related greenhouse gases. The judgement that feasible improvements of energy efficiency are limited to 30 to 40% is questioned by the author. The paper that argues the potentials of rational energy use are higher than 80% in the long term by improving the exergy efficiency (which is today less than 10%) and by decreasing the level of useful energy by reduced losses, substitution of energy-intensive processes, applying new materials, and intensified recycling of energy-intensive materials. Because of the unbalanced perception of the future potentials of rational energy use and of energy conversion technologies it is very likely that the high potentials for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions by improved energy efficiency will be underestimated.
Clarity, Ambivalence or Confusion? An Assessment of Pressure Group Motives at the Hinkley Point 'C' Public Inquiry
Authors: Roberts Jane
Published: January 2017

Interviews with group objectors at the Hinkley 'C' Inquiry sought to ascertain both the level of resources that they were devoting to the Inquiry, and the objectives and expectations of achieving them that the groups held. It is concluded that:-

1. Although groups claimed to be pursuing strategies that were external to the Inquiry process, the nature of the Inquiry limited the success of this approach.

2. he representatives of groups interviewed displayed ambivalence, simultaneously believing participation was worthwhile and that the Inquiry was a sham.

3. Groups' most successful tactic was that of delay through mass objection and participation.

The Public Inquiry system may present a formidable obstacle to the implementation of any future UK nuclear power programme.
Technical Initiatives to Mitigate Combustion Emissions Within The EEC
Authors: Reay D.A.
Published: January 2017

The message from the European Commission concerning energy and the environment is that energy efficiency is the principal weapon in the armoury for the fight against environmental pollution and the perceived 'greenhouse effect'. The portfolio of support programmes administered by the Commission and associated bodies, which can direct well over 1,000 MECU into industry and research organisations, offers many opportunities for progress in pollution control, linked to upstream energy efficiency, 'clean' technologies or downstream control equipment. In this paper some of the opportunities afforded by these programmes are discussed, and their operation illustrated, where appropriate, by 'case studies' of technology for combustion emission control. The paper concludes with advice for potential participants in the technology programmes of the European Commission.
It is Time to Account for the Environmental Costs of Energy Resources
Authors: Woolf Timothy
Published: January 2017

In recent years, the principles of economics have been increasingly applied to environmental planning in order to determine the value of environmental protection. The results of this economic valuation have been extremely controversial. The methods and data used are limited in many ways and fraught with uncertanties. Nevertheless, some regulators in the US have begun to use economic valuations in order to account for environmental costs in the energy planning process.

The “starting point” estimates being used in the US indicate that environmental costs are quite significant relative to conventional economic costs. Air emissions alone can equal anywhere from 50% to 100% of the conventional costs of typical electricity resources. Accounting for these costs now in the electricity planning process can have a significant effect on the future environmental impacts of electricity production. This article summarises the methods and results of economic valuations of environmental impacts of electricity production. It also summarises some of the policies used in the US to account for these impacts, and describes how similar policies might offer benefits for energy and environmental planning in Europe.
Energy and the Pasteurised Milk Industry
Authors: Herbst Felix M. , Griffiths Anthony J.
Published: January 2017

This paper focuses on energy cost and consumption in the pasteurised milk sector of the dairy industry which accounts for over 90 percent of the UK milk market. Although the industry is not considered to be energy intensive, it has been shown that there is a significant potential for savings, typically 2.2 million GJ/annum or £10.5 million/annum. This paper aims to show how the pasteurised milk sector can achieve these potential savings, using as its example a recent study of a liquid milk dairy in South Wales. The implementation of Monitoring and Targeting methods for energy management, combined heat and power (CHP) generation and third party energy management are introduced, since these are considered to be novel solutions for this sector of industry.