bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL-MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PROSTATE
Authors: Ilić Aleksandra , Denović Dejan
Published: November 2024

The most significant prostate diseases (PD) are benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
(PIN) and prostate cancer (PC). Generally, all PD are rare before the age of 50 with growing number of patients, primarily
with BHP, with each next decade, but about decade later the highest number of PIN and PC began to report. The aim of this
paper is to examine some of clinical, biochemical and histopathological characteristics of BPH, PIN and PC. Our sample
consisted of 169 men. Statisticaly the most common PD was BPH-77.5%, and the rarest PIN-8.3% (p<0.001). The average age of patients was 70.6±7.5 years (51-89) with no significant differences between diagnosis (p=0.415). PIN and PC are more often found in people from urban areas (p=0.004). In the central prostate area BPH is significantly higher in 88.5% (p<0.001). Peripheral parts are significantly more common places of PIN and PC (p<0.001). Median serum PSA values is statistically highest in PC-87.2 ng/ml (12.7-372.5), (p<0,001), especially those with predominantly peripheral parts localization. Gleason score is an important prognostic factor, with average value at PC is 7.32±1.4 (5-10), with a significantly higher values for diffuse PC. BPH is the most common, and PIN rarest PD. All diseases have occurred in people older than 50 years. Usually, BPH is in central and PIN and PC in peripheral prostate parts. PSA values were highest at PC, which is a prove of its importance in malignancy early detection.
CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Authors: Mitrović Jasmina , Ćorac Aleksandar
Published: November 2024

Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer that has a tendency of early lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis. Surgical excision constitutes as a methods of treatment. Early diagnosis is the key to successful treatment of melanoma, which is primarily associated with Breslow and Clark grading. The aim of this study was to investigate these and other prognostic parameters such as the age, the gender and the anatomical distribution of melanoma, macroscopic and histological type of melanoma, the size and the remains of the tumor tissue at the surgical margins. We analysed biopsy material of Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Pristina from 2004 to 2017. year. We found that melanoma were more common at older men (average age of 68.5 ± 14.6 years), most common location was back, head and neck, upper and lower extremities, where were frequent occurrence of metastasis (Clark IV). Larger tumors require a wider excision. The greatest incidence was nodular type melanoma and predominant histological were epitheloid type melanoma. Between the size of the tumor masses and the depth of invasion there were no statistically significant positive correlation, which leads to the conclusion that the Clark and Breslow can be used as prognostic factors because they are mutually comparable.
VESTIBULAR NERVE SCHWANNOMA, TREATED WITH GAMMA KNIFE AND DIAGNOSED AFTER TRANSITORY ISCHEMIC ATTACK IN POSTERIOR CEREBRAL VASCULARISATION
Authors: Filipović Danić Snežana , Mitrović Vekoslav , Biševac Boban , Milošević Nenad , Dančetović Jelena
Published: November 2024

A case of a patient is shown, who was admitted for neurological exploration, with clinical manifestations of the cerebrovascular accident in the posterior circulation (TIA V-B vascularisation). In accordance with diagnostic protocol, an endocranial CT was performed. The results of the brain CT indicated an existence of an alteration in the right pontocerebellar angle area, which was subsequently diagnosed as a n. vestibularis schwannoma in an NMR examination. After a neurosurgical deliberation, the patient was treated with a gamma knife. After this surgery, which was done in a local anesthesia, the patient's condition was well and he was discharged. Control examinations have shown minor difficulties during the stimulation of the left ear auditive structures. Control examinations involving NMR showed no signs of recidivate focal findings.
CRANIOCEREBRAL INJURY COMPLICADET BY BENING CYST OF THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
Authors: Mitrović Vekoslav , Marić Radmil , Marić Sanja , Obrenović Miroslav , Saratlić Vjeran , Berisavac Ivo
Published: November 2024

Arachnoid cysts are cavities filled with liquor, usually localized on the floor of the middle cranial fossa. Clinically, they are usually asymptomaticand can sometimes be presented with increased intracranial pressure syndrome and epileptic seizures. We present a patient who, after a slight head injury in a accident develops an increased intracranial pressure syndrome followed by an epileptic seizure. Based on the clinical course and diagnostic processing, we want to draw attention doctors who are in a position to inspect these patients that apparently slight head injuries can be complicated and dangerous for the lives of the premorbid intracranial condition of the injured.
Transformational Leadership for the Improvement of Organisational Performance with Organisational Learning and Innovation at a Manufacturing Company
Authors: Azmy Ahmad , Anggraeti Yanti
Published: November 2024

Purpose: This study analyses transformational leadership on organisational performance. Organisational learning and organisational innovation as a link to create improvements in organisational performance in manufacturing companies.

Methodology: This quantitative descriptive collected data using survey, with a 5-point likert scale questionnaires. Participants were 121 employees of a company. They were recruited out of a total of 191 employees from all positions in the company. Data were analysed using path analysis with the SEM-PLS method, performed using SmartPLS 3.2.9 software.

Findings: The results of the study explain that transformational leadership has an effect on organisational learning and does not have an effect on organisational innovation. Organisational learning has an effect on organisational innovation and organisational performance. Organisational innovation has an effect on organisational performance.

Research Limitation: Research is limited to aspects of leadership, organisation and innovation. The research object was carried out at manufacturing companies that require learning and innovation processes as mediation of organisational performance.

Originality/Value: The study can serve as a reference for company leaders that transformational leadership style play a significant role in improving organisational performance, and the implementation of organisational learning is crucial to encourage innovation creation.
Non-destructive in situ monitoring of structural changes of 3D tumor spheroids during the formation, migration, and fusion process
Authors: Ning Ke , Xie Yuanyuan , Sun Wen , Feng Lingke , Fang Can , Pan Rong , Li Yan , Yu Ling
Published: November 2024

For traditional laboratory microscopy observation, the multi-dimensional, real-time, in situ observation of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids has always been the pain point in cell spheroid observation. In this study, we designed a side-view observation petri dish/device that reflects light, enabling in situ observation of the 3D morphology of cell spheroids using conventional inverted laboratory microscopes. We used a 3D-printed handle and frame to support a first-surface mirror, positioning the device within a cell culture petri dish to image cell spheroid samples. The imaging conditions, such as the distance between the mirror and the 3D spheroids, the light source, and the impact of the culture medium, were systematically studied to validate the in situ side-view observation. The results proved that placing the surface mirror adjacent to the spheroids enables non-destructive in situ real-time tracking of tumor spheroid formation, migration, and fusion dynamics. The correlation between spheroid thickness and dark core appearance under light microscopy and the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy doxorubicin and natural killer cells on spheroids’ 3D structure was investigated.
Alzheimer-mutant γ-secretase complexes stall amyloid β-peptide production
Authors: Arafi Parnian , Devkota Sujan , Williams Emily , Maesako Masato , Wolfe Michael S
Published: November 2024

Missense mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PSEN1) cause early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) and alter proteolytic production of secreted 38-to-43-residue amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) by the PSEN1-containing γ-secretase complex, ostensibly supporting the amyloid hypothesis of pathogenesis. However, proteolysis of APP substrate by γ-secretase is processive, involving initial endoproteolysis to produce long Aβ peptides of 48 or 49 residues followed by carboxypeptidase trimming in mostly tripeptide increments. We recently reported evidence that FAD mutations in APP and PSEN1 cause deficiencies in early steps in processive proteolysis of APP substrate C99 and that this results from stalled γ-secretase enzyme-substrate and/or enzyme-intermediate complexes. These stalled complexes triggered synaptic degeneration in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of FAD independently of Aβ production. Here, we conducted full quantitative analysis of all proteolytic events on APP substrate by γ-secretase with six additional PSEN1 FAD mutations and found that all six are deficient in multiple processing steps. However, only one of these (F386S) was deficient in certain trimming steps but not in endoproteolysis. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in intact cells revealed that all six PSEN1 FAD mutations lead to stalled γ-secretase enzyme-substrate/intermediate complexes. The F386S mutation, however, does so only in Aβ-rich regions of the cells, not in C99-rich regions, consistent with the deficiencies of this mutant enzyme only in trimming of Aβ intermediates. These findings provide further evidence that FAD mutations lead to stalled and stabilized γ-secretase enzyme-substrate and/or enzyme-intermediate complexes and are consistent with the stalled process rather than the products of γ-secretase proteolysis as the pathogenic trigger.
Classifying software security requirements into confidentiality, integrity, and availability using machine learning approaches
Authors: Bagies Taghreed
Published: November 2024

Security requirements are considered one of the most important non-functional requirements of software. The CIA (confidentiality, integrity, and availability) triad forms the basis for the development of security systems. Each dimension is expressed as having many security requirements that should be designed, implemented, and tested. However, requirements are written in a natural language and may suffer from ambiguity and inconsistency, which makes it harder to distinguish between different security dimensions. Recognizing the security dimensions in a requirements document should facilitate tracing the requirements and ensuring that a dimension has been implemented in a software system. This process should be automated to reduce time and effort for software engineers. In this paper, we propose to classify the security requirements into CIA triads using Term frequency-inverse document frequency and sentence-transformer embedding as two different technologies for feature extraction. For both techniques, we developed five models by using five well-known machine learning algorithms: (1) support vector machine (SVM), (2) K-nearest neighbors (KNN), (3) Random Forest (RF), (4) gradient boosting (GB), and (5) Bernoulli Naive Bayes (BNB). Also, we developed a web interface that facilitates real-time analysis and classifies security requirements into CIA triads. Our results revealed that SVM with the sentence-transformer technique outperformed all classifiers by 87% accuracy in predicting a type of security dimension.
Phase angle as a predictor of mortality in elderly patients with multimorbidity: a matched case-control study
Authors: Wang Yao , Liu Tingting , Zheng Tianru , Zhang Yun , Li Li , Gao Maolong
Published: November 2024

Background

We aimed to investigate the value of phase angle (PhA) as a prognostic marker for mortality in elderly patients with multimorbidity using a matched case-control study.

Methods

This study was conducted with patients 70 years of age or older with multimorbidity at Beijing Geriatric Hospital. The body composition parameters including PhA were determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Common hematological indices were determined using blood tests. The outcome was mortality 1 year after admission. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent risk factors for death. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of risk factors in predicting death.

Results

A total of 30 deceased patients were included in the death group. The living patients were matched 1:1 with the deceased patients in age, gender, and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatric score to generate a survival group of 30. The death group exhibited higher levels of blood urea nitrogen and extracellular water to total body water ratio and lower levels of PhA and prealbumin than the survival group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified PhA as the only independent risk factor for mortality (OR = 3.296, 95% CI [1.201–9.044], P < 0.05). For the ROC curve analysis, PhA had an area of 0.854 (95% CI [0.755–0.955], P = 000). The Youden index was 0.700, and the optimal cutoff value associated with the Youden index was 2.45°.

Conclusion

PhA serves as a good prognostic marker for mortality in elderly patients with multimorbidity.
Rhizosphere Associated Bacteria in Bioremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Aquatic Environment
Authors: Ataikiru T. L. , Ofiaeli F. U.
Published: November 2024

Aim: This study was conducted to examine the biodegradation of crude oil by microorganisms isolated from rhizosphere soil of plants found in an oil polluted aquatic environment.
Study Design: Laboratory scale broth microcosms was adopted.
Place and Duration of Study: Study was done in Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun/six months.
Methodology: Hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial species were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of plants from a crude oil polluted soil. They were screened for hydrocarbon degradative abilities and identified. Isolates with the best degradative capabilities were used for the bioremediation studies. Microcosms contained 5mls of crude oil (5% volume per volume (V/V)), 100mls of mineral salt and 10mls of isolates (10% V/V). Degradation was evaluated by changes in pH, microbial counts, residual oil and grease.
Results: Ten bacterial isolates were isolated and identified as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Proteus, Enterobacter, Escherichia and Staphylococcus. Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Proteus were used for the biodegradation experiment. Residual oil and grease values were 1.308mg/l, 2.344mg/l and 2.578mg/l for Pseudomonas, Proteus and Bacillus in set-up; suggesting they could degrade crude oil using it as carbon source. Pseudomonas species performed the most while the control had a value of 3.533mg/l at the end of study. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts during the assay increased. The bacterial counts were in the increasing sequence; control (3.5×105 CFU/ml), Bacillus (2.05×106 CFU/ml), Proteus (2.28×106 CFU/ml) and Pseudomonas (2.85×106 CFU/ml).
Conclusion: Results indicated that rhizosphere soil of plants in an oil polluted environment could be a ready source of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. Microbial communities exposed to hydrocarbons become adapted, exhibiting selective enrichment and genetic changes, resulting in increased proportions of heterotrophic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.
Impact of Telugu Ganga Project on Irrigation Efficiency and Crop Yield in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Krishna. CH. Murali , Rao D. Sai Gangadhara , Murthy B. Ramana , Kumar HV Hema , Ramana MV , Sarala. NV
Published: November 2024

A study was conducted to assess the effect of rainfall and canal water on paddy and groundnut yield in Nellore under Telugu Ganga Project (TGP) command in Andhra Pradesh. The evaluation was made using different indicators at the start (1997) and end of the study (2018). The study focused on evaluation of TGP for assessing the crop condition, inventory, calendar, irrigation potential, irrigation scheduling and yield attained in the command. Optimization was done to identify suitable rainfall and canal water levels for maximizing the yield. Paddy area significantly increased by 129.2% (78688 to 180351 ha) due to supply of canal water, while groundnut area decreased by 54.1% (35181 to 16152 ha) over years. Based on NDVI, maximum kharif paddy area of 44% was under ‘good’ category in 1997, while 52% was under ‘very good’ category in 2018.Maximum rabi paddy area of 51% was in ‘good’ category in 1997, while 56% was under ‘very good’ category in 2018. In Nellore, mean equity of 60.3% (CV of 55%), uniformity of 69% (CV of 44.5%), irrigation intensity of 72.1% (CV of 62.7%), consumed ratio/efficiency of 50.9% (CV of 53.3%), adequacy of 159% (CV of 24.5%) andyield of 5552 kg/ha (CV of 25.6%) were observed. Among 8 mandals of Nellore, NDVI of paddy ranged from 0.324-0.396 with mean of 0.362 (CV of 6.6%) in 1997, while it ranged from 0.475-0.547 with mean of 0.510 (CV of 4.2%) in 2018. In groundnut, NDVI ranged from 0.282-0.404 with mean of 0.328 (CV of 12.7%) in 1997, while it ranged from 0.489-0.552 with mean of 0.516 (CV of 4.3%) in 2018. Among 33 mandals of TGP command, NDVI of paddy ranged from 0.324-0.616 with mean of 0.503 (CV of 17.6%) in 1997, while it ranged from 0.475-0.811 with mean of 0.650 (CV of 16.9%) in 2018. In groundnut, NDVI ranged from 0.282-0.653 with mean of 0.526 (CV of 22.5%) in 1997, while it ranged from 0.489-0.867 with mean of 0.667 (CV of 15.9%) in 2018.
PGPR-Induced Biochemical Defense Mechanisms for Leafhopper (Amrasca devastans) Management in Okra Cultivation
Authors: Maheerthanan RA , Ravi M , Preetha G , Prabina B Jeberlin , Sowmiya A
Published: November 2024

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is a widely grown vegetable in Asia, valued for its nutritional properties and culinary uses. Nevertheless, it is significantly threatened by leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), which can transmit various plant viruses. To promote sustainable production and protect the crop from pest damage, a field study was conducted on a microplot in Kasilingapuram, Karungulam block, Thoothukudi district, during the Rabi season of 2020 and the Summer of 2021. Different Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) were applied to the hybrid COBh 4 okra cultivars via soil, seed, and foliar treatments, and their effects on leafhopper populations were evaluated. The results indicated a notable reduction in leafhopper population in Bacillus subtilis Bbv57 treated okra plants than untreated plants during both Rabi 2020 and Summer 2021 seasons. Likewise, the biochemical parameters were also observed in elevated levels in Bacillus subtilis Bbv57 treated plants in both the seasons. These findings suggest that the use of PGPRs may be an effective approach for managing leafhopper populations in okra cultivation.
Support Needs For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder Beyond University Accommodations: Enhancing Educator Awareness-A Literature Review
Authors:   Grand Canyon University, Hallam Catherine , Young Jennifer ,   Grand Canyon University, Koranda Kim ,   Grand Canyon University, Schenk Lisa , Cilliers Hannah , Hattery Zarren
Published: November 2024

This literature review explores the needs of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in higher education while underscoring the gap in awareness of the required support for student success. Examining current research, this review identifies both the social and academic challenges faced by students with ASD, including mental health concerns, and the necessity for tailored support and training mechanisms. It emphasizes the need for enhanced educator awareness and institutional readiness to accommodate the needs of students with ASD. Recommendations include inclusive environments in higher education to improve academic outcomes for students with ASD.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, students with ASD, post-secondary educator, higher education accommodations
Pedagogical Pivot: Reflecting on Alternating Between Higher Education and K-12 Teaching
Authors:   Peoria Unified School District, Lemster Elizabeth
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this reflective practice was to explore the strategies that helped me with the daily transition between teaching higher education and K-12. Reflectiveness and adaptability are critical characteristics of any effective teacher, especially in today's ever-changing educational landscape. The need for a reflective approach and a purposeful call to action came to me as I completed my first few weeks in a middle school classroom after having taught in higher education for five years. When stepping back into the K-12 classroom, I recognized the need for a vastly different instructional approach than the one I had used in my previous five years of working with adult learners. Through the reflective process, I identified the strategies that helped me make and sustain this transition. I learned that my mindset and instructional approaches are constantly in flux and that I have to make this daily shift in an intentional and impactful manner. This reflective manuscript details my experiences navigating the differences between the two student populations I serve daily.

Keywords: reflection, pedagogy, andragogy, differentiation, classroom management communication style
Analysis of the dominant mutation N188T of human connexin46 (hCx46) using concatenation and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Schadzek Patrik , Stahl Yannick , Preller Matthias , Ngezahayo Anaclet
Published: March 2019

Connexins (Cx) are proteins that form cell‐to‐cell gap junction channels. A mutation at position 188 in the second extracellular loop (E2) domain of hCx46 has been linked to an autosomal dominant zonular pulverulent cataract. As it is dominantly inherited, it is possible that the mutant variant affects the co‐expressed wild‐type Cx and/or its interaction with other cellular components. Here, we proposed to use concatenated hCx46wt‐hCx46N188T and hCx46N188T‐hCx46wt to analyze how hCx46N188T affected co‐expressed hCx46wt to achieve a dominant inheritance. Heterodimer hCx46wt‐hCx46N188T formed fewer gap junction plaques compared to homodimer hCx46wt‐hCx46wt, while the hCx46N188T‐hCx46N188T homodimer formed almost no gap junction plaques. Dye uptake experiments showed that hemichannels of concatenated variants were similar to hemichannels of monomers. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that for docking, the N188 of a protomer was engaged in hydrogen bonds (HBs) with R180, N189, and D191 of the counterpart protomer of the adjacent hemichannel. T188 suppressed the formation of HBs between protomers. Molecular dynamics simulations of an equimolar hCx46wt/hCx46N188T gap junction channel revealed a reduced number of HBs between protomers, suggesting reduction of gap junction channels between lens fibers co‐expressing the variants.
AlignRT® and Catalyst™ in whole‐breast radiotherapy with DIBH: Is IGRT still needed?
Authors: Laaksomaa Marko , Sarudis Sebastian , Rossi Maija , Lehtonen Turkka , Pehkonen Jani , Remes Jenny , Luukkanen Helmi , Skyttä Tanja , Kapanen Mika
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Surface guided radiotherapy (SGRT) is reported as a feasible setup technique for whole‐breast radiotherapy in deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH), but position errors of bony structures related to deeper parts of the target are not fully known. The aim of this study was to estimate patient setup accuracy and margins obtained with two different SGRT workflows with and without daily kV‐ and/or MV‐based image guidance (IGRT).

Methods

A total of 50 breast cancer patients were treated in DIBH, using SGRT for the patient setup, and IGRT for isocenter corrections. The patients were treated at two different departments, one using AlignRT® (25 patients) and the other using Catalyst™ (25 patients). Inter‐fractional position errors were analyzed retrospectively in orthogonal and tangential setup images, and analyzed with and without IGRT.

Results

In the orthogonal kV‐kV images, the systematic residual errors of the bony structures were ≤ 3 mm in both groups with SGRT‐only. When fine‐adjusted by daily IGRT, the errors decreased to ≤ 2 mm; except for the shoulder joint. The residual errors of the ribs in tangential images were between 1 and 2 mm with both workflows. The heart planning margins were between 3 and 7 mm.

Conclusions

The frequency of IGRT may be considerably reduced with a well‐planned SGRT‐workflow for whole‐breast DIBH with residual errors ≤ 3 mm. This accuracy can be further improved with an IGRT scheme.
Eyewitness testimony
Authors: Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: March 2019

The study of eyewitness testimony is thriving. Over the last three decades, psychologists have made important discoveries, and applied those discoveries to the legal system in myriad ways. Along the way, there were disagreements, which were typically healthy in nature. I discuss a few, for example, centering around the impact of misinformation on witnesses, the role of witness confidence and lineup procedures, and expert testimony. The “Memory Wars” were not so friendly, but hopefully the collective effort has helped to make the world a fairer place.
Self‐Assembly of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles by Film Hydration Methodologies
Authors: Rideau Emeline , Wurm Frederik R. , Landfester Katharina
Published: March 2019

Self‐assembly of lipids or polymeric amphiphiles into vesicular structures has been achieved by various methods since the first generation of liposomes in the 1960s. Vesicles can be obtained with diameters from the nanometer to the micrometer regime. From the perspective of cell mimicking, vesicles with diameters of several micrometers are most relevant. These vesicles are called giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Commonly used methods to form GUVs are solvent‐displacement techniques, especially since the development of microfluidics. These methodologies however, trap undesirable organic solvents in their membrane as well as other potentially undesired additives (surfactants, polyelectrolytes, polymers, etc.). In contrast to those strategies, summarized herein are solvent‐free approaches as suitable clean alternatives. The vesicles are formed from a dry thin layer of the lipid or amphiphilic polymers and are hydrated in aqueous media using the entropically favored self‐assembly of amphiphiles into GUVs. The rearrangement of the amphiphilic films into vesicular structures is usually aided by shear forces such as an alternative current (electroformation) or the swelling of water‐soluble polymeric supports (gel‐assisted hydration).
Characterization of Hot Workability for a Near Alpha Titanium Alloy by Integrating Processing Maps and Constitutive Relationship
Authors: Zhou Dadi , Zeng Weidong , Xu Jianwei , Chen Wei , Wang Simin
Published: March 2019

Hot workability of near‐alpha titanium alloy Ti–6Al–3Nb–2Zr–1Mo with an initial duplex microstructure is evaluated through isothermal compressions in lower α + β phase field, upper α + β phase field, and β phase field. It is noteworthy that flow stress increases with increasing strain rates and decreasing temperatures. Based on Dynamic Material Model and Prasad's instability criterion, processing maps are established and subdivided into six characterization regions to ascertain deformation mechanisms connected with microstructure. The results show that super‐plasticity deformation (SPD) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of β phase can be achieved in the area with high power dissipation efficiency in α + β phase field and β phase field, thus making them being the optimum hot working domains. Besides, DRX of lamellar α, dynamic recovery (DRV) of equiaxed primary α (αp) as well as DRV of β phase occur in the remaining safe domains with increasing temperature. The microstructure in instability domains, where hot deformation should be kept away, is characterized by flow localization. Arrhenius‐type constitutive model incorporated with strain compensations is selected to describe the high‐temperature flow behavior of the test Ti‐alloy. The introduction of three detailed divisions with temperature ranges gives an accurate calculation for apparent activation energy.
Extremely Versatile Deformability beyond Materiality: A New Material Platform through Simple Cutting for Rugged Batteries
Authors: Kim Kee‐Bum , Lee Young‐Joo , Costa Avelino , Lee Yu‐Ki , Jang Tae‐Sik , Lee Myoung‐Gyu , Joo Young‐Chang , Oh Kyu Hwan , Song Juha , Choi In‐Suk
Published: March 2019

A rugged lithium‐ion battery (LIB) can be realized without any new material development through selective material matching based on localized deformation of a substrate induced by its well‐designed pattern. In particular, an auxetic cut flexible substrate accommodates various complex deformations and adaptive conformations through the hinge joints because the external force is highly localized in the hinges while the segmented motifs remain almost undeformed. The embedded LIB cells in undeformed regions of the auxetic cut silicon rubber sheet do not undergo large deformation, maintaining their battery performance regardless of loading conditions via the pattern‐associated deformation mechanism. The hierarchy and number of segmentations are the key parameters of the deformation mechanism for auxetic cut shape‐reconfigurable battery systems. The numerically and experimentally proven strategy that utilizes strain gradients induced by a patterned substrate as a design guideline for material matching can lead to various wearable and conformable designs without sacrificing the functionality and durability of electronic devices.
Heteroanionic Materials by Design: Progress Toward Targeted Properties
Authors: Harada Jaye K. , Charles Nenian , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R. , Rondinelli James M.
Published: March 2019

The burgeoning field of anion engineering in oxide‐based compounds aims to tune physical properties by incorporating additional anions of different size, electronegativity, and charge. For example, oxychalcogenides, oxynitrides, oxypnictides, and oxyhalides may display new or enhanced responses not readily predicted from or even absent in the simpler homoanionic (oxide) compounds because of their proximity to the ionocovalent‐bonding boundary provided by contrasting polarizabilities of the anions. In addition, multiple anions allow heteroanionic materials to span a more complex atomic structure design palette and interaction space than the homoanionic oxide‐only analogs. Here, established atomic and electronic principles for the rational design of properties in heteroanionic materials are contextualized. Also described are synergistic quantum mechanical methods and laboratory experiments guided by these principles to achieve superior properties. Lastly, open challenges in both the synthesis and the understanding and prediction of the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties afforded by anion‐engineering principles in heteroanionic materials are reviewed.
Marangoni Effect‐Controlled Growth of Oriented Film for High Performance C8‐BTBT Transistors
Authors: Wang Ziang , Guo Hang , Li Jiangwei , Wang Liduo , Dong Guifang
Published: March 2019

Highly oriented organic semiconductors have the advantages of relative low trap density and high carrier mobility. These features make organic transistors valuable in many commercial fields, such as electronic sensor arrays and flexible circuits. Here a simple and efficient “Marangoni effect‐controlled growth” method is introduced to fabricate highly oriented 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) films on AlOx substrates. The oriented film can cover nearly 60% of the substrate surface (5 cm × 1 cm). The grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements show that the C8‐BTBT molecules in the film are highly oriented. Raman spectrum also affirms that the molecular is highly oriented with herringbone stacking structure. Top‐contact and bottom‐gate organic transistors are fabricated and exhibited threshold voltages lower than −3 V. After calibration by the reliable factor, the maximum mobility of the devices is found to be 23.5 cm2 V−1 s−1. With long channel length, the nongate voltage–dependent mobility can reach 25 cm2 V−1 s−1. These results demonstrate that the proposed method is promising for the fabrication of highly oriented films and high performance organic electronic transistors.
Direct Micropatterning of Phase Separation Membranes Using Hydrogel Soft Lithography
Authors: Asad Asad , Sadrzadeh Mohtada , Sameoto Dan
Published: March 2019

In this work a novel method is presented to directly apply microscale patterns on the membrane surface using hydrogel facilitated phase separation (HFPS). The hydrogel mold initiates phase separation spontaneously when it contacts the polymer solution and this guarantees that location of the dense skin layer is on the patterned side. In this fashion, the active surface area of a membrane is larger than the equivalent flat surface and subsequently enhances water flux without changing the membrane surface chemistry. The morphological properties of the HFPS membranes show similarity to the nonsolvent induced phase separation ones; however, a pore enlarging is noticed in the HFPS membranes due to the slow demixing rate of the solvent/nonsolvent in the phase separation process. The permeation results show that the HFPS patterned membrane doubles the pure water permeate flux when compared to the HFPS unpatterned membrane. This increase is attributed to the combined effect of enhanced surface area and a slight increase in the average pore size of the membrane. Moreover, fouling experiments with bovine serum albumin solution show a 78% increment in the flux for the patterned membrane after 100 min of operation, demonstrating the advantage of using microstructured membrane for filtration applications.
Freestanding Functional Structures by Aerosol‐Jet Printing for Stretchable Electronics and Sensing Applications
Authors: Jing Qingshen , Choi Yeon Sik , Smith Michael , Ou Canlin , Busolo Tommaso , Kar‐Narayan Sohini
Published: March 2019

Modern electronic devices, particularly those intended for wearable or human health monitoring applications, require high levels of flexibility and stretchability. Hence devices, as well as interconnects, need to be capable of retaining functionality even when being mechanically deformed. Most approaches towards achieving this rely on printing or transferring structures onto elastomeric substrates that can withstand stretching. However, the processing involved can often be cumbersome, and the structures themselves tend to suffer from poor fatigue and/or are limited by the mechanical properties of the underlying substrate. Here, we have developed a novel aerosol jet printing technique capable of building fully freestanding functional structures layer by layer, which are robust and reliable upon thousands of stretching cycles. The process involves printing a combination of layers of different materials with the desired functionality, onto a substrate coated with a sacrificial film that is subsequently dissolved to release the printed structure. Using this method, we demonstrate freestanding conductive wires that can be used as stretchable interconnects/electrodes, and that also function as strain‐sensors. Additionally, we show that a freestanding capacitive structure functions as a robust, stretchable humidity sensor, paving the way for the development of other multilayer, multifunctional stretchable devices and sensors.
Copper‐Catalyzed C3−H Difluoroacetylation of Quinoxalinones with Ethyl Bromodifluoroacetate
Authors: Wang Liping , Liu Hongyun , Li Fanfan , Zhao Jiquan , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Zhang Yuecheng
Published: March 2019

A copper‐catalyzed direct C−H difluoroacetylation of quinoxalinones at the C‐3 position with ethyl bromodifluoroacetate has been developed. In this reaction, diverse difluoroacetylated quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with a wide range of functional groups could be obtained in moderate to good yields, using cheap, commercially available reagents. This protocol would offer a meaningfully synthetic method for pharmacologically interesting difluoroacetylated quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives.

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Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Reactivity of Isothiazoles
Authors: De Oliveira Silva Ana , McQuade James , Szostak Michal
Published: March 2019

Isothiazoles represent an important class of five‐membered sulfur heterocycles that are widely utilized in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis due to the unique properties of two electronegative heteroatoms in a 1,2‐relationship. However, in contrast to other 1,2‐azoles, the facile assembly of isothiazoles has always been considered a substantial challenge. In the last decade, major advances have taken place in the fields of synthesis and functionalization of isothiazoles that make them accessible to a wide range of interested chemists through unprecedented pathways. New condensation methods have emerged that address the challenges posed by unstable thiohydroxylamine. New metal‐catalyzed approaches have been reported that deliver densely decorated isothiazoles bearing various sensitive functional groups. New functionalization strategies have been developed through both cross‐coupling and direct C−H activation chemistry. Finally, the emergence of novel heterocyclic architectures based on isothiazole opens the door for future investigations of this versatile heterocyclic scaffold. This review covers the period from January 2004 to December 2018 and is intended as a sequel to the review on isoxazoles, which represent another class of synthetically‐important 1,2‐azoles (see Adv. Synth. Catal. 2015, 357, 2583–2614).

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Insights into the Effects of Electrolyte Composition on the Performance and Stability of FeF2 Conversion‐Type Cathodes
Authors: Huang Qiao , Turcheniuk Kostiantyn , Ren Xiaolei , Magasinski Alexandre , Gordon Daniel , Bensalah Nasr , Yushin Gleb
Published: March 2019

As an alternative to commercial Ni‐ and Co‐based intercalation‐type cathode materials, conversion‐type metal fluoride (MFx) cathodes are attracting more interest due to their promises to increase cell‐level energy density when coupled with lithium (Li) or silicon (Si)‐based anodes. Among metal fluorides, iron fluorides (FeF2 and FeF3) are regarded as some of the most promising candidates due to their high capacity, moderately high potential and the very low cost of Fe. In this study, the impacts of electrolyte composition on the performance and stability of nanostructured FeF2 cathodes are systematically investigated. Dramatic impacts of Li salt composition, Li salt concentration, solvent composition, and cycling potential range on the cathode's most critical performance parameters—stability, capacity, rate, and voltage hysteresis are discovered. In contrast to previous beliefs, it is observed that even if the Fe2+ cation dissolution could be avoided, the dissolution of F− anions may still negatively affect cathode performance. Formation of the more favorable cathode solid electrolyte interface (CEI) is found to minimize both processes.
Fatigue‐Free and Bending‐Endurable Flexible Mn‐Doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3‐BaTiO3‐BiFeO3 Film Capacitor with an Ultrahigh Energy Storage Performance
Authors: Yang Changhong , Lv Panpan , Qian Jin , Han Yajie , Ouyang Jun , Lin Xiujuan , Huang Shifeng , Cheng Zhenxiang
Published: March 2019

As the rapid development of intelligent systems moves toward flexible electronics, capacitors with extraordinary flexibility and an outstanding energy storage performance will open up broad prospects for powering portable/wearable electronics and pulsed power applications. This work presents a simple one‐step process to fabricate a flexible Mn‐doped 0.97(0.93Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3‐0.07BaTiO3)‐0.03BiFeO3 (Mn:NBT‐BT‐BFO) inorganic thin film capacitor with the assistance of a 2D fluorophlogopite mica substrate. The film element, which has a high breakdown strength, great relaxor dispersion, and the coexistence of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases, has a high recoverable energy storage density (Wrec ≈81.9 J cm−3), high efficiency (η ≈64.4%), superior frequency stability (500 Hz–20 kHz), excellent antifatigue property (1 × 109 cycles), and a broad operating temperature window (25–200 °C). The all‐inorganic Mn:NBT‐BT‐BFO/Pt/mica capacitor has a prominent mechanical‐bending resistance without obvious deterioration in its corresponding energy storage capability when it is subjected to a bending radius of 2 mm or repeated bending for 103 cycles. This work is the first demonstration of an all‐inorganic flexible film capacitor and sheds light on dielectric energy storage devices for portable/wearable applications.
Graphene Wrapped FeSe2 Nano‐Microspheres with High Pseudocapacitive Contribution for Enhanced Na‐Ion Storage
Authors: An Changsheng , Yuan Yifei , Zhang Bao , Tang Linbo , Xiao Bin , He Zhenjiang , Zheng Junchao , Lu Jun
Published: March 2019

Pseudocapacitance is a Faradaic process that involves surface or near surface redox reactions. Increasing the pseudocapacitive contribution is one of the most effective means to improve the rate performance of electrode materials. In this study, graphene oxide is used as a template to in situ synthesize burr globule‐like FeSe2/graphene hybrid (B‐FeSe2/G) using a facile one‐step hydrothermal method. Structural characterization demonstrates that graphene layers not only wrap the surfaces of FeSe2 particles, but also stretch into the interior of these particles, as a result of which the unique nano‐microsphere structure is successfully established. When serving as anode material for Na‐ion batteries, B‐FeSe2/G hybrid displays high electrochemical performance in the voltage range of 0.5–2.9 V. The B‐FeSe2/G hybrid has high reversible capacity of 521.6 mAh·g−1 at 1.0 A g−1. Meanwhile, after 400 cycles, high discharge capacity of 496.3 mAh g−1 is obtained at a rate of 2.5 A g−1, with a high columbic efficiency of 96.6% and less than 1.0% loss of discharge capacity. Even at the ultrahigh rate of 10 A g−1, a specific capacity of 316.8 mAh g−1 can be achieved. Kinetic analyses reveal that the excellent performance of the B‐FeSe2/G hybrid is largely attributed to the high pseudocapacitive contribution induced by the special nano‐micro structure.
Pitfalls for laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: Need for a stepwise approach
Authors: Navarro Jonathan Geograpo , Kang Chang Moo
Published: March 2019

Because of today's advancements in surgical techniques and perioperative management skills, surgeons are beginning to explore the usefulness of the laparoscopic approach in managing periampullary tumors. However, as a result of its innate complexity and associated high surgery‐related complications, its applicability to the general surgical community remains controversial. To date, only retrospective data from high‐volume centers support the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (Lap PD) for the treatment of benign conditions and malignant periampullary tumors. In addition, various surgical techniques in terms of port placement, dissection, and reconstruction have evolved in different centers depending on the preferred method commonly used by the surgeon through accumulated experience. In our center, we used a stepwise approach and standardized our surgical technique to overcome this technically demanding procedure. A collaborative implementation of video review and analysis, practice training and simulation, operating room didactics, and strict adherence to our stepwise approach in Lap PD, might potentially improve the surgical skills of young hepatobiliary surgeons and possibly overcome the volume‐based learning curve of Lap PD.
Effects of body size and root to shoot ratio on foliar nutrient resorption efficiency in Amaranthus mangostanus
Authors: Peng Huiyuan , Yan Zhengbing , Chen Yahan , Zhao Xujian , Han Wenxuan
Published: March 2019

Premise of the Study

Nutrient resorption is essential for plant nutrient conservation. Large‐bodied plants potentially have large nutrient sink pools and high nutrient flux. Whether and how nutrient resorption can be regulated by plant size and biomass allocation are yet unknown.

Methods

Using the herbaceous plant Amaranthus mangostanus in greenhouse experiments for two consecutive years, we measured plant biomass, height, and stem diameter and calculated the root to shoot biomass ratio (R/S ratio) and nutrient resorption efficiency (NuRE) to assess the effects of plant body size and biomass allocation on NuRE. NuRE was calculated as the percentage reduction in leaf nutrient concentration from green leaf to senesced leaf.

Key Results

NuRE increased with plant biomass, height, and stem diameter, suggesting that the individuals with larger bodies, which led to a larger nutrient pool, tended to resorb proportionally more nutrients from the senescing leaves. NuRE decreased with increasing root to shoot ratio, which might have reflected the nutrient acquisition trade‐offs between resorption from the senescent leaves and absorption from the soil. Increased root biomass allocation increased the proportion of nutrient acquisition through absorption more than through resorption.

Conclusions

This study presented the first experimental evidence of how NuRE is linked to plant size (indicated by biomass, height, and stem diameter) and biomass allocation, suggesting that nutrient acquisition could be modulated by the size of the nutrient sink pool and its partitioning in plants, which can improve our understanding of a conservation mechanism for plant nutrients. The body size and root to shoot ratio effects might also partly explain previous inconsistent reports on the relationships between environmental nutrient availability and NuRE.
Phylogeography of a widespread eastern North American shrub, Viburnum lantanoides
Authors: Park Brian , Donoghue Michael J.
Published: March 2019

Premise of the Study

There have been relatively few phylogeographic studies of eastern North American plants, especially of animal‐dispersed shrubby species, and this leaves a significant gap in our understanding of how such species were affected by glacial events. Here, we analyzed the phylogeography of the widespread understory shrub Viburnum lantanoides.

Methods

We generated RADseq data and paleoclimatic species distribution models (SDMs) to identify the locations of refugia where V. lantanoides may have survived the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and how its range expanded as glaciers receded.

Key Results

Genetic diversity falls off with increasing latitude and longitude, indicating that range expansion likely occurred via serial founder events from southern source populations. Samples from the southern Appalachians form a grade, while those from the north form a clade, suggesting that a single genetic lineage recolonized the north. SDMs indicate that V. lantanoides probably survived the LGM in refugia on the mid‐Atlantic Coastal Plain and/or the interior Gulf Coastal Plain.

Conclusions

Our analyses indicate that V. lantanoides survived the LGM in refugia south of the glacier but north of the extensive refugium along the Gulf Coast. Following the LGM, a single population expanded northward along the Appalachian Mountains and eventually into eastern Canada. The patterns observed here suggest that range expansion occurred in a stepwise manner, similar to postglacial dynamics observed in a number of European plant species.