bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single-Incision Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Colorectal Metastasis through Stoma Site at Time of Reversal of Diversion Ileostomy: A Case Report
Authors: Røsok Bård I. , Edwin Bjørn
Published: August 2011

Minimally invasive surgical techniques for liver tumors are gaining increased acceptance as an alternative to traditional resections by laparotomy. In this article we describe a laparoscopic liver resection of a metastatic lesion in a patient primarily operated for colorectal cancer. The resection was conducted as a single port procedure through the stoma aperture at time of reversal of the diversion ileostomy. Sigle incision liver resections may be less traumatic than conventional laparoscopy and could be applied in selected patients with both benign and malignant liver tumors.
Neurturin Evokes MAPK-Dependent Upregulation of Egr4 and KCC2 in Developing Neurons
Authors: Ludwig Anastasia , Uvarov Pavel , Pellegrino Christophe , Thomas-Crusells Judith , Schuchmann Sebastian , Saarma Mart , Airaksinen Matti S. , Rivera Claudio
Published: August 2011

The K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 plays a crucial role in the functional development ofGABAA-mediated responses rendering GABA hyperpolarizing in adult neurons. We have previously shown that BDNF upregulates KCC2 in immature neurons through the transcription factor Egr4. The effect of BDNF on Egr4 and KCC2 was shown to be dependent on the activation of ERK1/2. Here we demonstrate that the trophic factor neurturin can also trigger Egr4 expression and upregulate KCC2 in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. These results show that Egr4 is an important component in the mechanism for trophic factor-mediated upregulation of KCC2 in immature neurons involving the activation of specific intracellular pathways common to BDNF and Neurturin.
Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis: Is Its Conversion toS-Adenosyl-L-Homocysteine the Key to Deregulated Lipid Metabolism?
Authors: Tehlivets Oksana
Published: August 2011

Homocysteine (Hcy) has been recognized for the past five decades as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, the role of Hcy in the pathological changes associated with atherosclerosis as well as the pathological mechanisms triggered by Hcy accumulation is poorly understood. Due to the reversal of the physiological direction of the reaction catalyzed byS-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase Hcy accumulation leads to the synthesis ofS-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy). AdoHcy is a strong product inhibitor ofS-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases, and to date more than 50 AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases that methylate a broad spectrum of cellular compounds including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids have been identified. Phospholipid methylation is the major consumer of AdoMet, both in mammals and in yeast. AdoHcy accumulation induced either by Hcy supplementation or due toS-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase deficiency results in inhibition of phospholipid methylation in yeast. Moreover, yeast cells accumulating AdoHcy also massively accumulate triacylglycerols (TAG). Similarly, Hcy supplementation was shown to lead to increased TAG and sterol synthesis as well as to the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in mammalian cells. In this review a model of deregulation of lipid metabolism in response to accumulation of AdoHcy in Hcy-associated pathology is proposed.
Susceptibility of Enamel Treated with Bleaching Agents to Mineral Loss after Cariogenic Challenge
Authors: Tezel Hüseyin , Atalayin Cigdem , Erturk Ozlem , Karasulu Ercument
Published: August 2011

Objectives. Controversial reports exist whether bleaching agents cause a susceptibility to demineralization. The aim of this study was to compare the calcium loss of enamel treated with different bleaching agents and activation methods.Method and Materials. The specimens obtained from human premolars were treated in accordance with manufacturer protocols; 10% carbamide peroxide, 38% hydrogen peroxide light-activated, 38% hydrogen peroxide laser-activated, and no treatment (control). After cariogenic challenge calcium concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.Results. No differences were found between the calcium loss of the laser-activated group and 10% carbamide peroxide group (). However, the differences between laser-activated and control groups were statistically significant (). The differences between 10% carbamide peroxide and the control group were not significant (). On the other hand, the light-activated group showed a significantly higher calcium loss compared with the other groups ().Conclusions. The results show that bleaching agents may cause calcium loss but it seems to be a negligible quantity for clinical aspects.
Re-cognizing the Mind in the Anthropology of Religion
Authors: Tremlett Paul-François
Published: August 2011

Cognitive approaches to religion in religious studies and anthropology are proving increasingly fashionable of late. The focus of this essay is on “cognitivism” in the anthropology of religion, and in particular the writings of E. B. Tylor, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Harvey Whitehouse. I define cognitivism in the anthropology of religion as an approach to religion that appeals to the mind and to processes of cognition as universals from which theories of — and explanations for — religion, can be generated. The essay engages in a detailed analysis of three cognitive theories of religion. Each theory takes the mind to be an enduring and stable foundation upon which an explanation for religion can be erected. Yet the mind — the foundation — is disclosed through each theory as unstable; it actually changes under different kinds of enquiry into religion. I then sketch two possible alternative theories of the mind before concluding by arguing that the cognizing mind might productively be treated not as a given and natural fact but rather as the product of discourse.
The Confession of Jesus and the Curses of Peter
Authors: Huizenga Leroy Andrew
Published: August 2011

Joel Marcus has recently revived the view that the longer reading of Jesus’ words in Mark 14:62 (σ επας τι γ εµι) is original, for the shorter reading (γ εµι) threatens Markan priority, given Jesus’ enigmatic, ambivalent response in Matt 26:64 (σ επας). Marcus and all other commentators have conducted the debate on traditional text-critical and redaction-critical grounds. Employing a disciplined and historical approach to narrative criticism, this article (1) contends on narrative and Christological grounds that the shorter reading of Jesus’ words in Mark 14:62 is original; and (2) explores how narrative criticism contributes to textual criticism.
Lukas 18:7 als Anspielung auf den Deus absconditus
Authors: Haacker Klaus
Published: August 2011

M. Rogland has convincingly questioned the widespread translation of µακρουµεν in Luke 18:7 by “to delay or tarry” which is based on the LXX Version of Sir 35:19. He rightly draws attention to the fact that in that verse µακρουµεν is used to translate the hithpael of which refers to “restraining or controlling oneself.” Unfortunately he does not try to interpret Luke 18:7 along that line. The present article offers a supplement to his article with an interpretation of verse 7 that solves a grammatical problem and fits in perfectly with the context of Luke 18:1-8.
Lecture de la parabole du fils retrouvé à la lumière du Jubilé
Authors: Kim Sun-Jong
Published: August 2011

Certain studies have revealed the influence that the text of the jubilee of Luke 4 :18-19 has exerted on the legal passages in the Gospel of Luke. Others have tried to find Old Testament themes in the parable of the returned son. The present study proposes to read this parable in the light of the jubilee law of Lev 25 and to evaluate the legitimacy of this reading.
On the Night of the Elemental Imaginary
Authors: Lindberg Susanna
Published: August 2011

This essay is a comparison between Schelling’s and Blanchot’s conceptions of the night of the imaginary. Schelling is the most romantic of the German idealist philosophers and Blanchot the most extreme of the French “deconstructionists.” Their historical link is actually indirect, but they offer two complementary views on the “same” impersonal nocturnal experience of the imaginary, the approach of which requires a certain self-overcoming of philosophy towards literature.
Fantastic Phenomena
Authors: Nancy Jean-Luc , Sentesy Mark
Published: August 2011

The subject of this essay is the thing itself, examined through the fantastic character of phenomenality, that is, through the coming into being or opening up of the world. The world of appearance emerges from a simple, absolute nothing: there is nothing behind or before the world. There are right away many things, a world: one thing implies others, since for one to be it must distinguish itself from another. Thus, if ‘to be’ means ‘to distinguish,’ Being begins with the parting of things that makes their connection possible. Thus the thing in itself is straightaway the undergoing of its own parting; being is a passion. The Imago, then, is not a picture or figure, but the arriving in presence, which imagination elicits or welcomes by advancing in response. Imagination, then, is not first of all open to an image, but to world. It opens itself to the Thing, to the possibility of something, to parting, and in so doing brings itself toward creation.
Notes on Some Persian Words in the Works of al-āi
Authors: Farzāneh Bābak , Aarnūš Aartāš
Published: August 2011

Undoubtedly, there are still a handful of ambiguous expressions and unidentified arabicized words in the works of al-Ǧāḥiẓ whose true significations and correct pronunciations are not yet known. It is quite possible that over the centuries, a number of unqualified scribes misread, at least some of these words and thus recorded the corrupt and miswritten forms in their manuscripts. The authors have identified seven arabicized words throughout the works of al-āi whose true meanings and proper pronunciations were obscure due to certain diacritical misreadings or erroneous interpretations; these words, which the authors assume to have acquired their proper form and meaning are afšāraǧāt, bābakīr, bāzīkand, bānuwān, ǧawāmork, sošyant, kandūǧ.1
Globalisation of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Maritime Carriage of Radioactive Materials: Review of the Legal Regime
Authors: Suykens Cathy
Published: August 2011

The international community and important nuclear stakeholders are making efforts to promote the further globalisation of the nuclear fuel cycle. Consequently, marine shipments of radioactive materials are ever increasing. The history of maritime carriage of these substances has been characterised by disagreements between the various stakeholders with regard to, i.e., concepts such as innocent passage as included in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and implementation and interpretation of the precautionary principle. The international framework governing these shipments is flawed due to its inconsistency and fragmentation, thereby passively allowing coastal nations to take unilateral action, such as blocking the shipments from their Exclusive Economic Zones and territorial waters. On the European level, modern environmental law principles are being put forward more progressively, but are not incorporated into a consistent and clear legal regime in this particular context. Overall, there are many feasible improvements, both in the short- and the long term.
Revisiting the Public Right to Fish in British Waters
Authors: Barnes Richard
Published: August 2011

The public right to fish is a creature of the common law. It underpins the statutory regime of fishing in England, and has influenced fisheries in other common law jurisdictions. With reform of fisheries on the political agenda, it is useful to consider the nature and extent of this right. By exploring and articulating the nature and extent of the right, its role in shaping the future regulation of fisheries in British waters can be better understood. This may become a future issue, especially when attention is already being devoted to the regulation and, perhaps more importantly, to the allocation of fisheries under management regimes that rely upon rights-based mechanisms.
Buried Treasure or Buried Hope? The Status of Mexico-U.S. Transboundary Aquifers under International Law
Authors: Eckstein Gabriel E.
Published: August 2011

Transboundary aquifers found along the 2,000 mile-long border between Mexico and the United States are not governed by any treaty. Yet, these aquifers are the primary source of water for many of the twelve million people who live in this parched region. The region’s groundwater, however, is being overexploited and contaminated, which is threatening the very life that it currently sustains. As populations continue to expand and current rates of haphazard development persist, the absence of an agreement for the management and allocation of this critical resource could lead to bi-national economic, social and environmental tragedies. This study reviews groundwater resources along the Mexico-United States border and considers the obstacles to the development of an international agreement. It also looks at existing sources of law at the local, regional, national, and international levels of governance. The article offers recommendations that may lead to an amicable arrangement between the two nations.
A Human Right to Groundwater?
Authors: Gavouneli Maria
Published: August 2011

Within a few months in 2010, both the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Council affirmed a human right to safe drinking water. The present paper purports to identify the impact, if any, of these declarations of an existing or emerging right to water and its repercussions on the proper management of transboundary aquifers, which the ILC sought to regulate in its 2008 Draft Articles. Reviewing existing binding and non-binding instruments and related State practice, I argue that there exists today a mature right to clean water. Although the law of transboundary aquifers is in a nascent form, there is no reason not to import the polished quality requirements of the right to water in order to further identify and fulfil the basic human needs it has set out to address. The achievements of the human rights field may and must be transferred into the emerging water law.
The Guarani Aquifer System and the International Law of Transboundary Aquifers
Authors: Sindico Francesco
Published: August 2011

Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay signed the Guarani Aquifer Agreement on 2 August 2010. This is the first international treaty regarding the management of a specific transboundary aquifer to have been adopted after the UN International Law Commission (UNILC) adopted the Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers, which have been annexed to UN General Assembly Resolution 63/124. The latter encourages States to take into account the Draft Articles when devising arrangements for the management of specific transboundary aquifers. The Guarani Aquifer Agreement, therefore, is a first response to this call from the international community. In this article the background to the Guarani Aquifer Agreement is explored, including an overview of the key characteristics of the Guarani Aquifer System and the steps that have led to the adoption of the Guarani Aquifer Agreement. Sovereignty, the obligation to cooperate and the incipient institutional framework are discussed as key elements arising from the Guarani Aquifer Agreement. Finally, the article argues that a link between the latter and the UNILC Draft Articles can be appreciated. This link has important practical implications especially in relation to the applicability of the UNILC Draft Articles for interpretation purposes of the Guarani Aquifer Agreement.
Rehearsing Transnational Citizenship: Senegalese Associations, Co-development and Simultaneous Inclusion
Authors: Riccio Bruno
Published: August 2011

Relying on the case of the Senegalese in Italy, the paper addresses the following research challenge: may migrant associations’ activities and involvement in co-development projects be conducive to the transnationalization of citizenship? Together with the illustration of the process of diversification of Senegalese associational trajectories, I will discuss the opportunities for co-development but also the difficulties encountered in its implementation in the place of migration and of origin. Those projects sometimes represent an opportunity to improve the social conditions back home together with the inclusion within the local receiving context. However, one witnesses ambivalences concerning this search of enhancement of migrants’ status and recognition at both ends of the migration experience. In this sense it constitutes a contingent and constant “rehearsal”, which cannot be captured by relying on a static and formal conception of citizenship.
Le Traité égypto-hittite de paix et d’alliance entre les rois Ramsès II et Khattouchili III (d’après l’inscription hiéroglyphique au temple de Karnak)*
Authors: Allam Schafik
Published: August 2011

With the conquests of Tuthmosis III in Syria, Egypt entered into the international scene of the Near Eastern world. Thereafter, the Hittites were extending their frontiers across northern Mesopotamia and Syria. This led to conflict with Egypt, since each was aspiring to control the routes of international commerce. Inevitably, the two super-powers clashed at Qadesh, and the relationship between them remained full of hostility and distrust. True peace came only upon the conclusion of a treaty between Ramesses II and Khattouchili III, through which an extreme alliance was finally agreed. The treaty was an implicit recognition by both partners of a territorial status quo. Its conclusion was probably enhanced by the rising of the Assyrians and the infiltration of the Sea Peoples. Furthermore, the Hittite king was worried about his right to rule; his seizure of the throne left him concerned about the succession to his own family line. In this situation an accommodation with Ramesses II left Khattouchili in a more secure position. The treaty in the form of a pact between two powers of equal status is the oldest known one in history. Although previously translated and commented upon, this is the first such treatment in French.
Ammeris/Marrhos/Moiris:Herodot, Manetho, P.Lips. Inv. 590 und Diodors Neues Reich
Authors: Popko Lutz
Published: August 2011

Papyrus Lips. Inv. 590 contains the remains of an Egyptian king-list of the Late Period. Although it is highly fragmentary and its interpretation is difficult, a short sequence of kings plays a catalytic role in identifying some pharaohs in Manetho’s and Diodorus’ works. Furthermore, it is now possible to rehabilitate Diodorus’ Egyptian chronology in one aspect, and to explain some obvious discrepancies in Herodotus’ historical framework: Ammeris the Nubian is Kashta, Marrhos is Amenhotep III, and Moiris is an amalgam of Amenemhet III, Amenhotep III and Kashta.
Die Stele Ramses’ II. von Tell er-Rataba und die vermeintlichen Städte der Shasu*
Authors: Sperveslage Gunnar
Published: August 2011

Conventional research has credited the Shasu beduins with an urban lifestyle. However, this view is based on a single piece of evidence, a stele of Ramses II from Tell er-Rataba. As the corrrect interpretation is of considerable relevance for neighbouring disciplines of Egyptology, the present article proposes a reassessment of the pertinent text passage.
The Myth of Cyril and Methodius and Competing Maps of Europe
Authors: Bennett Brian
Published: August 2011

For over a millennium, the myth of Saints Cyril and Methodius has played a vital role in European Christianity. In the late twentieth century, both John Paul II and Aleksii II appealed to the saints but, in doing so, projected different 'maps' of the continent. For the pope, who imagined a Christian Europe stretching from the Atlantic to the Urals, the saints were bridge-builders and exemplars of ecumenism. For the patriarch, the Cyrillomethodian heritage identified Russia as an Orthodoxbelieving, Cyrillic-writing nation distinct from the West. Thus, while John Paul used the myth to amalgamate, Aleksii used it to differentiate.
Russia's Itinerant Painters
Authors: Pipes Richard
Published: August 2011

Visual arts in Russia languished through most of her history, partly because the Orthodox Church frowned on pictorial representation, partly because there was virtually no middle class to purchase paintings. In the mid-eighteenth century Russia acquired an Academy of Arts which produced works largely in classical style and content. This changed in the 1870's when, under western influence, a group of Russian artists formed a society of "Itinerants" committed to painting in the realistic mode and to exhibit their works in various cities of the Empire rather than solely in the capital cities of St. Petersburg and Moscow, as had been the custom until then. Their canvasses depicted everyday life in Russia as well as historical scenes; they also painted portraits of contemporaries. This special issue deals with the lives and work of nine leading Itinerant painters. The movement gradually lost popularity toward the beginning of the twentieth century as Impressionism and Abstract art replaced it, but it revived in the Soviet period. Today it is greatly favored by the Russian public which swarms the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, the largest collection of Itinerant art.
Understanding Radar Refractivity: Sources of Uncertainty
Authors: Bodine David , Michaud Dan , Palmer Robert D. , Heinselman Pamela L. , Brotzge Jerry , Gasperoni Nick , Leng Cheong Boon , Xue Ming , Gao Jidong
Published: August 2011

This study presents a 2-yr-long comparison of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) refractivity retrievals with Oklahoma Mesonetwork (“Mesonet”) and sounding measurements and discusses some challenges to implementing radar refractivity operationally. Temporal and spatial analyses of radar refractivity exhibit high correlation with Mesonet data; however, periods of large refractivity differences between the radar and Mesonet are observed. Several sources of refractivity differences are examined to determine the cause of large refractivity differences. One source for nonklystron radars includes magnetron frequency drift, which can introduce errors up to 10 N-units if the frequency drift is not corrected. Different reference maps made at different times can “shift” refractivity values. A semiautomated method for producing reference maps is presented, including trade-offs for making reference maps under different conditions. Refractivity from six Mesonet stations within the clutter domain of the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, WSR-88D (KTLX) is compared with radar refractivity retrievals. The analysis revealed that the six Mesonet stations exhibited a prominent diurnal trend in differences between radar and Mesonet refractivity measurements. The diurnal range of the refractivity differences sometimes exceeded 20 or 30 N-units in the warm season, which translated to a potential dewpoint temperature difference of several degrees Celsius. A seasonal analysis revealed that large refractivity differences primarily occurred during the warm season when refractivity is most sensitive to moisture. Ultimately, the main factor in determining the magnitude of the differences between the two refractivity platforms is the vertical gradient of refractivity because of the difference in observation height between the radar and a surface station.
A Method for Diagnosing the Sources of Infrasound in Convective Storm Simulations
Authors: Schecter David A.
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a convenient method for diagnosing the sources of infrasound in a numerical simulation of a convective storm. The method is based on an exact acoustic wave equation for the perturbation Exner function Π′. One notable source term (Suu) in the Π′ equation is commonly associated with adiabatic vortex fluctuations, whereas another (Sm) is directly connected to the heat and mass generated or removed during phase transitions of moisture. Scale estimates suggest that other potential sources are usually unimportant. Simple numerical simulations of a disturbed vortex and evaporating cloud droplets are carried out to illustrate the infrasound of Suu and Sm. Moreover, the diagnostic method is applied to a towering cumulonimbus simulation that incorporates multiple categories of ice, liquid, and mixed-phase hydrometeors. The sensitivity of Sm to the modeling of the hail-to-rain category conversion is briefly addressed.
The Influence of Wind Speed on Shallow Marine Cumulus Convection
Authors: Nuijens Louise , Stevens Bjorn
Published: August 2011

The role of wind speed on shallow marine cumulus convection is explored using large-eddy simulations and concepts from bulk theory. Focusing on cases characteristic of the trades, the equilibrium trade wind layer is found to be deeper at stronger winds, with larger surface moisture fluxes and smaller surface heat fluxes. The opposing behavior of the surface fluxes is caused by more warm and dry air being mixed to the surface as the cloud layer deepens. This leads to little difference in equilibrium surface buoyancy fluxes and cloud-base mass fluxes. Shallow cumuli are deeper, but not more numerous or more energetic. The deepening response is necessary to resolve an inconsistency in the subcloud layer. This argument follows from bulk concepts and assumes that the lapse rate and flux divergence of moist-conserved variables do not change, based on simulation results. With that assumption, stronger winds and a fixed inversion height imply larger surface moisture and buoyancy fluxes (heat fluxes are small initially). The consequent moistening tends to decrease cloud-base height, which is inconsistent with a larger surface buoyancy flux that tends to increase cloud-base height, in order to maintain the buoyancy flux at cloud base at a fixed fraction of its surface value (entrainment closure). Deepening the cloud layer by increasing the inversion height resolves this inconsistency by allowing the surface buoyancy flux to remain constant without further moistening the subcloud layer. Because this explanation follows from simple bulk concepts, it is suggested that the internal dynamics (mixing) of clouds is only secondary to the deepening response.
Incorporating Anthropogenic Water Regulation Modules into a Land Surface Model
Authors: Pokhrel Yadu , Hanasaki Naota , Koirala Sujan , Cho Jaeil , Yeh Pat J.-F. , Kim Hyungjun , Kanae Shinjiro , Oki Taikan
Published: August 2011

Anthropogenic activities have been significantly perturbing global freshwater flows and groundwater reserves. Despite numerous advances in the development of land surface models (LSMs) and global terrestrial hydrological models (GHMs), relatively few studies have attempted to simulate the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the terrestrial water cycle using the framework of LSMs. From the comparison of simulated terrestrial water storage with the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations it is found that a process-based LSM, the Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff (MATSIRO), outperforms the bucket-model-based GHM called H08 in simulating hydrologic variables, particularly in water-limited regions. Therefore, the water regulation modules of H08 are incorporated into MATSIRO. Further, a new irrigation scheme based on the soil moisture deficit is developed. Incorporation of anthropogenic water regulation modules significantly improves river discharge simulation in the heavily regulated global river basins. Simulated irrigation water withdrawal for the year 2000 (2462 km3 yr−1) agrees well with the estimates provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Results indicate that irrigation changes surface energy balance, causing a maximum increase of ~50 W m−2 in latent heat flux averaged over June–August. Moreover, unsustainable anthropogenic water use in 2000 is estimated to be ~450 km3 yr−1, which corresponds well with documented records of groundwater overdraft, representing an encouraging improvement over the previous modeling studies. Globally, unsustainable water use accounts for ~40% of blue water used for irrigation. The representation of anthropogenic activities in MATSIRO makes the model a suitable tool for assessing potential anthropogenic impacts on global water resources and hydrology.
Urban Model for the Analysis of the Brazilian Natural Gas Distribution Infrastructure
Authors: Massara Vanessa Meloni , Udaeta Miguel Edgar Morales
Published: August 2011

This paper analyses through the use of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the influence of several urban parameters in the expansion of natural gas distribution in the Brazilian market. The logic based on pair combination allows the verification of relationships such as demographic density and distribution of family income, residential and industrial concentration, distance between areas that could be served and others that are effectively attended by natural gas, defining through the attribution of a priorities scale, the decisive aspects in the selection of areas that must receive the natural gas expansion. The model intends to propose the integration between the city’s profile and the natural gas use, using the advance of natural gas on São Paulo City as a specific case study. As a conclusion, the model provides the neighbourhoods expansion rankings, verifying the coherence of the proposal based on urban parameters analysis through the test with suburban districts of the São Paulo city.
Inertia in Infrastructure Development
Authors: Strand Jon
Published: August 2011

This article uses some simple conceptual models to derive implications of infrastructure investments with long lifetimes for future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Such investments, related both to energy supply and demand, may commit societies to high and persistent levels of GHG emissions that are costly to change later on. I identify several strong reasons to expect that the implied GHG emissions are excessive. First, infrastructure investment decisions tend to be made on the basis of (current and expected future) emissions prices that do not fully reflect the social costs of GHG emissions resulting from the investments. The second is excessive discounting and too short planning horizon for investors. These issues are illustrated for two alternative cases of climate damages, namely, the possibility of a ‘climate catastrophe’ and a sustained increase in global damage cost of GHG emissions.
Addressing the Social Determinants of Health of Children and Youth
Authors: Allensworth Diane D.
Published: August 2011

The determinants of youth health disparities include poverty, unequal access to health care, poor environmental conditions, and educational inequities. Poor and minority children have more health problems and less access to health care than their higher socioeconomic status cohorts. Having more health problems leads to more absenteeism in school, which, in turn, can affect achievement. The educational level that one attains is a significant determinant of one’s earning potential and health. Those who learn more earn more money and have a better health status. Those who do not attain a high school diploma on average live 6 to 9 years less than those who do graduate from high school. Furthermore, their children also experience poorer health and the cycle is repeated. Achieving a high school diploma and a college degree is an acknowledged route out of poverty. However, that route is blocked for many poor and minority students. SOPHE is in a prime position to be the organization linking the health care, public health and education sectors in addressing the reduction of both health disparities and educational inequities. This article describes what SOPHE members can do both individually and collectively to reduce the health and educational inequities facing our most vulnerable children.
Finite element modelling of a single-particle impact during abrasive waterjet milling
Authors: Anwar S , Axinte D A , Becker A A
Published: August 2011

In this study, an attempt has been made to study the basic aspects of abrasive waterjet (AWJ) controlled-depth process using the finite element (FE) method to predict the profile of the crater produced by single particle impact rather than to perform first the simulation of full jet plume impingement. It is believed that the first should be a sine-qua-non-condition for developing the multiparticle impingement simulation to address the real-life AWJ milling process. The main objective of this article is to simulate and experimentally validate the profile of the craters at different impact angles of particles accelerated with waterjet. The workpiece material modelled is a Ti-based superalloy (Ti–6Al–4V) extensively used in the aerospace industry. The current model takes into account the effects of high-strain rate plastic deformation and adiabatic heating. The FE-simulated profiles of the craters are found to be in good agreement with experimentally generated data. The presented work provides a good (experimentally validated) basis for further FE modelling of the AWJ milling process, where influences such as particles’ shape, rotation, and multiple overlapping impacts can be further investigated.
Effect of extreme contact load under two different rotational speeds on reduced phosphorus plain ZDDP oil in the presence of 1 per cent FeF3 catalyst
Authors: Nehme G
Published: August 2011

Friction and wear performance of FeF3 catalyst in plain and fully formulated oils is pursued in two areas. First, it explores the tribological testing and interactions of several oil blends and provides equations for the fully formulated and plain zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) oil using design of experiment (DOE) under steady-state rotational speed of 700 r/min (the test was run under 700 r/min until it reaches 100 000 revolutions or failure, whichever comes first) and extreme contact load of 2.72 GPa. Second, lower phosphorus plain ZDDP oil was targeted with the addition of 1 per cent FeF3 catalyst since the DOE responses and equations provided significant evidence that FeF3 catalyst improved the wear performance and extended the failure time in plain ZDDP oils. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to study the wear track, wear debris, and tribofilm formation of 0.1 per cent P (phosphorus) plain ZDDP oil + 1 per cent FeF3 catalyst and 0.05 per cent P (phosphorus) plain ZDDP oil + 1 per cent FeF3 catalyst under two different rotational speeds (lower stage of 100 r/min for the first 5000 revolutions and a higher stage of 700 r/min until failure or 100 000 revolutions, whichever comes first) and extreme Hertzian contact pressure of 2.77 GPa or 405 N. Results show a significant improvement when 1 per cent FeF3 catalyst is used in 0.05 per cent P plain ZDDP oil and it correlates closely with the experimental results of the DOE.
Natural zeolites for styrene oligomerization
Authors: Kowalak S. , Jankowska A.
Published: August 2011

Hydrogen forms of natural mordenite and clinoptilolite were used as catalysts for styrene oligomerization and as matrices to hold the resultant oligomers in order to prepare intense and light-resistant pigments. In contrast to synthetic zeolites of similar pore sizes (mainly H-ZSM-5, H-mordenite), the natural zeolites did not form products with an intense (pink) colouration. H-mordenite samples treated with styrene developed some colour due to styrene oligomers (the chromophore) whereas, in treated clinoptilolites, colour formation was negligible due to the lack of access of styrene molecules into the elliptical channels. The results of catalytic tests for cracking of cumene (cumene and styrene have similar molecular sizes) were consistent with the styrene oligomerization results. They indicate a noticeable catalytic activity with natural H-mordenite and a lack of activity with clinoptilolite. On the other hand, catalytic tests for propan-2-ol decomposition indicate a high activity with both natural zeolites, which confirms the presence of acid sites and their accessibility to small alcohol molecules.
Preparation of Maya Blue analogues using natural zeolites
Authors: Kowalak S. , Zywert A.
Published: August 2011

Pigments similar to the famous Maya Blue were prepared by entrapment of indigo inside the channels of natural zeolites such as clinoptilolite and mordenite. The zeolites were mixed and ground with indigo and then heated at 150°C. Surplus (unbound) dye was removed by solvent extraction or by vacuum sublimation. As is the case when synthetic zeolites are used as matrices, the colouration of the resulting pigments could be modified by the previous cation exchange of the zeolite.
Study of the pozzolanic activity and hydration products of cement pastes with addition of natural zeolites
Authors: Lilkov V. , Petrov O. , Petkova V. , Petrova N. , Tzvetanova Y.
Published: August 2011

This paper presents results from comparative thermogravimetric, calorimetric and pozzolanic activity analyses of five natural zeolite samples from Bulgaria, Slovakia, Philippines, USA and North Korea. The zeolites actively participate in the hydration processes of cement. Their activity in the early stage of hydration is based mainly on the large surface area of the particles while, in the later stages of activation, chemical reactions occur between the products of the hydration of cement and the soluble SiO2 that is present in the bulk of the zeolites. It has been shown that in all cement pastes which contain zeolite additives, the quantity of portlandite is lower than that in pure cement paste or is even totally absent. The amounts of hydration products are greater when 30% zeolite is used than when 10% zeolite is added (excluding the sample with chabazite). The lowest pozzolanic activity is shown by chabazite, which possessed the lowest SiO2/Al2O2 ratio.
Polypharmacy and high-dose antipsychotics at the time of discharge from acute psychiatric wards
Authors: Tungaraza Tongeji E. , Zahid Uzma , Venkataramaiah Bhanumurthy
Published: August 2011

Aims and method

To determine the extent of prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy and high-dose antipsychotics at the time of discharge from an acute psychiatric ward. Copies of discharge summaries for patients between the ages of 18 and 65 were examined; only those that had antipsychotic medications at the time of discharge were included. Names and doses of antipsychotics and all other medications concurrently prescribed were recorded.

Results

A total of 651 discharge summaries were included in the study. Nearly a quarter of individuals were discharged on one antipsychotic as the only medication to take home; only 6.8% were discharged on a high-dose antipsychotic and of those on combinations 59.6% were on depot medications. Combining antipsychotics significantly predicted the use of high dose.

Clinical implications

Most patients were discharged on doses of antipsychotics within the British National Formulary limits; however, a small proportion is still sent home on high doses of antipsychotics. Combining antipsychotics remains the strongest predictor of high-dose antipsychotic use; clinicians need to be aware of this.
Meiotic functions of RAD18
Authors: Inagaki Akiko , Sleddens-Linkels Esther , Wassenaar Evelyne , Ooms Marja , van Cappellen Wiggert A. , Hoeijmakers Jan H. J. , Seibler Jost , Vogt Thomas F. , Shin Myung K. , Grootegoed J. Anton , Baarends Willy M.
Published: August 2011

RAD18 is an ubiquitin ligase that is involved in replication damage bypass and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair processes in mitotic cells. Here, we investigated the testicular phenotype of Rad18-knockdown mice to determine the function of RAD18 in meiosis, and in particular, in the repair of meiotic DSBs induced by the meiosis-specific topoisomerase-like enzyme SPO11. We found that RAD18 is recruited to a specific subfraction of persistent meiotic DSBs. In addition, RAD18 is recruited to the chromatin of the XY chromosome pair, which forms the transcriptionally silent XY body. At the XY body, RAD18 mediates the chromatin association of its interaction partners, the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes HR6A and HR6B. Moreover, RAD18 was found to regulate the level of dimethylation of histone H3 at Lys4 and maintain meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, in a manner similar to that previously observed for HR6B. Finally, we show that RAD18 and HR6B have a role in the efficient repair of a small subset of meiotic DSBs.
SCFβTrCP mediates stress-activated MAPK-induced Cdc25B degradation
Authors: Uchida Sanae , Watanabe Nobumoto , Kudo Yasusei , Yoshioka Katsuji , Matsunaga Tsukasa , Ishizaka Yukihito , Nakagama Hitoshi , Poon Randy Y. C. , Yamashita Katsumi
Published: August 2011

Cdc25A, which is one of the three mammalian CDK-activating Cdc25 protein phosphatases (Cdc25A, B and C), is degraded through SCFβTrCP-mediated ubiquitylation following genomic insult; however, the regulation of the stability of the other two Cdc25 proteins is not well understood. Previously, we showed that Cdc25B is primarily degraded by cellular stresses that activate stress-activated MAPKs, such as Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Here, we report that Cdc25B was ubiquitylated by SCFβTrCP E3 ligase upon phosphorylation at two Ser residues in the βTrCP-binding-motif-like sequence D94AGLCMDSPSP104. Point mutation of these Ser residues to alanine (Ala) abolished the JNK-induced ubiquitylation by SCFβTrCP, and point mutation of DAG to AAG or DAA eradicated both βTrCP binding and ubiquitylation. Further analysis of the mode of βTrCP binding to this region revealed that the PEST-like sequence from E82SS to D94AG is crucially involved in both the βTrCP binding and ubiquitylation of Cdc25B. Furthermore, the phospho-mimetic replacement of all 10 Ser residues in the E82SS to SPSP104 region with Asp resulted in βTrCP binding. Collectively, these results indicate that stress-induced Cdc25B ubiquitylation by SCFβTrCP requires the phosphorylation of S101PS103P in the βTrCP-binding-motif-like and adjacent PEST-like sequences.
Genetic deletion ofCyp26b1negatively impacts limb skeletogenesis by inhibiting chondrogenesis
Authors: Dranse Helen J. , Sampaio Arthur V. , Petkovich Martin , Underhill T. Michael
Published: August 2011

Cyp26b1, a retinoic acid (RA)-metabolising enzyme, is expressed in the developing limb bud, and Cyp26b1−/− mice present with severe limb defects. These malformations might be attributable to an RA-induced patterning defect; however, recent reports suggest that RA is dispensable for limb patterning. In this study, we examined the role of endogenous retinoid signalling in skeletogenesis using Cyp26b1−/− mice and transgenic mice in which Cyp26b1 is conditionally deleted under control of the Prrx1 promoter beginning at ~E9.5 (Prrx1Cre+/Cyp26b1fl/fl). We found that the limb phenotype in Prrx1Cre+/Cyp26b1fl/fl mice was less severe than that observed in Cyp26b1−/− animals and that a change in retinoid signalling contributed to the difference in phenotypes. We systematically examined the role of endogenous RA signalling in chondrogenesis and found that Cyp26b1−/− cells and limb mesenchymal cells treated with a CYP inhibitor, are maintained in a pre-chondrogenic state, exhibit reduced chondroblast differentiation and have modestly accelerated chondrocyte hypertrophy. Furthermore, Cyp26b1−/− mesenchyme exhibited an increase in expression of genes in a closely related tendogenic lineage, indicating that retinoid signals in the limb interfere with differentiation and maintain progenitor status. Together, these findings support an important function for RA in regulating the behaviour of mesenchymal progenitors, and their subsequent differentiation and maturation.
Welfare states amid economic turmoil: adjusting work-oriented policy
Authors: Gilbert Neil , Besharov Douglas
Published: August 2011

This article analyses the socioeconomic context within which a range of active labour market policies (ALMPs) were initiated in many countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the extent to which these measures had an impact on unemployment over the last several decades prior to the contraction of economic growth in 2008. Examining how the downturn of the economy has altered this context, the analysis goes on to scrutinise the choices that confront policy makers and the implications of alternative approaches to ALMPs in times of high unemployment.
Biodistribution of Small Interfering RNA at the Organ and Cellular Levels after Lipid Nanoparticle-mediated Delivery
Authors: Shi Bin , Keough Ed , Matter Andrea , Leander Karen , Young Stephanie , Carlini Ed , Sachs Alan B. , Tao Weikang , Abrams Marc , Howell Bonnie , Sepp-Lorenzino Laura
Published: August 2011

Chemically stabilized small interfering RNA (siRNA) can be delivered systemically by intravenous injection of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in rodents and primates. The biodistribution and kinetics of LNP–siRNA delivery in mice at organ and cellular resolution have been studied using immunofluorescence (IF) staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). At 0.5 and 2 hr post tail vein injection of Cy5-labeled siRNA encapsulated in LNP, the organ rank-order of siRNA levels is liver > spleen > kidney, with only negligible accumulation in duodenum, lung, heart, and brain. Similar conclusions were drawn by using qPCR to measure tissue siRNA levels as a secondary end point. siRNA levels in these tissues decreased by more than 10-fold after 24 hr. Within the liver, LNPs delivered siRNA to hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and sinusoids in a time-dependent manner, as revealed by IF staining and signal quantitation methods established using OPERA/Columbus software. siRNA first accumulated in liver sinusoids and trafficked to hepatocytes by 2 hr post dose, corresponding to the onset of target mRNA silencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization methods were used to detect both strands of siRNA in fixed tissues. Collectively, the authors have implemented a platform to evaluate biodistribution of siRNA across cell types and across tissues in vivo, with the objective of elucidating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship to guide optimization of delivery vehicles.
Accurate Determination of S-Phase Fraction in Proliferative Cells by Dual Fluorescence and Peroxidase Immunohistochemistry with 5-Bromo-2′-Deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki67 Antibodies
Authors: Tanaka Rina , Tainaka Motomi , Ota Takumi , Mizuguchi Naoki , Kato Hiroyuki , Urabe Shoichi , Chen Yulin , Fustin Jean-Michel , Yamaguchi Yoshiaki , Doi Masao , Hamada Shinshichi , Okamura Hitoshi
Published: August 2011

To ensure the maintenance of tissues in mammals, cell loss must be balanced with cell production, the proliferative activity being different from tissue to tissue. In this article, the authors propose a new method for the quantification of the proliferative activity, defined as the S-phase fraction of actively cycling cells, by dual labeling with fluorescence and peroxidase immunohistochemistry using BrdU (marker of S-phase) and Ki67 antibodies (marker of G1-, S-, G2-, and M-phases) after a one-step antigen retrieval. In the generative cell zones of fundic and pyloric glandular stomachs, where the majority of cells were cycling, the authors measured a proliferative activity of 31%. In the epithelium of the forestomach and the skin, where cycling cells are intermingled with G0 and differentiated cells, proliferative activities were 21% and 13%, respectively. In the adrenal cortex, in which cycling cells were sparsely distributed, the proliferative activity reached 32%. During the regenerative process in the skin after a lesion, the proliferative activity increased in proximity to the wound. The present one-step dual-labeling method has revealed that the proliferative activity is different between tissues and depends on the physiological or pathological state.