bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XXVI.—The Plant Remains in the Scottish Peat Mosses
Authors: Lewis Francis J.
Published: January 2013

The present paper deals with further investigations into the structure, the stratification, and the plant remains of peat deposits, carried on in various districts during 1907, 1908, and 1909.

The objects of the research, stated briefly, are to determine, as far as the state of preservation of the material permits, the history of the flora on peat-covered areas since their formation during the later stages of the glacial period. This really resolves itself into a research dealing with the changes in distribution undergone in post-glacial times by part of the British flora.
XXVII.—On an Entoproctan Polyzoon (Barentsia benedeni) new to the British Fauna, with Remarks on Related Species
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: January 2013

In February 1909 Mr John Thompson, Hull, forwarded to me for identification, along with species of Hydroids, specimens of a “Pedicellina,” which he was unable to identify with any known British form. These specimens proved to be of particular interest; and although a first consignment was dead on arrival in Edinburgh, Mr Thompson was successful in obtaining additional specimens, which, having travelled safely, were kept under observation in a living state for a week, when they were preserved for more detailed examination. Cocaine was found to be the most successful narcotising agent.
XXVIII.—An Investigation into the Effects of Errors in Surveying
Authors: Briggs Henry
Published: January 2013

This paper discusses the effects of errors in linear and angular measurements on the accuracy of surveys.

It is necessary to state at the outset that, as the investigation is based on the theory of probability, the conclusions drawn are only advanced in the hope that they will serve as guides in practical surveying, and must not be taken as of rigid precision. Perhaps it is superfluous to state that there is no method of determining beforehand the error which will accumulate in any survey ; the utmost that can be done is to assign some mean value to the error which will serve as a useful criterion to which actual errors can be referred.
XIV.—On some Scottish Oligochæta, with a Note on Encystment in a Common Freshwater Oligochæte, Lumbriculus variegatus (Müll.)
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: January 2013

During a visit to the Isle of Bute in the summer of 1920 I took the opportunity of collecting a number of the smaller Oligochæta on the shore at Ascog, and in a pond on the hill just above the village. An account of this collection is given in the present paper; I have also added notes on a few species I have met with since then near Edinburgh. For laboratory accommodation at Ascog I have to thank Prof. L. P. W. Renouf, at that time Superintendent of the Biological Station, who very kindly placed the resources of the institution at my disposal.
XX.—Notes on Fossil Plants from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. I. Hicklingia Edwardi, K. and L.
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

The unique specimen on which this description is based is in the Geological Department of the Manchester University Museum (No. L. 8549). It is on a slab of dark grey flagstone measuring 26 × 21 cm. from the Hill of Forss, Waas, Caithness, the plant being spread out on the surface of the stone like a very complete herbarium specimen (Plate fig. 1). It was referred to and briefly described, but not named, in 1888 by Mr G. Edward, who discovered it, and from whom it passed with other Old Red Sandstone fossils into the Manchester collections. In his paper, Mr Edward called attention to “three of the largest and most perfect Old Red Fossil Plants that may be seen in any museum in the kingdom,” which he had found during his collecting expeditions extending over some thirty years. Two of the fossil plants he refers to can be identified in the Manchester University Museum. The one we are concerned with here is described as “a lovely bush-like plant with hundreds of ribbon or grass-like leaves that have pod, or pocket, or flower-like terminations.”
XXI.—The Comparative Myology of the Shoulder Girdle and Pectoral Fin of Fishes
Authors: Shann Captain E. W.
Published: January 2013

Some months ago it was suggested that I should publish my thesis in its unfinished state. I refrained from doing so at that time, as I was unwilling to allow my work to appear until it was ready for publication. When it became apparent that the war. might continue indefinitely. I decided to publish the thesis in such a form as the exigencies of the case would allow.
XXII.—The Morphology of the Stele of Platyzoma microphyllum, R. Br.
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

That the stelar problem considered in this paper may be more clearly visualised, it will be well to divest of purely theoretical considerations the facts of stelar structure already known for Platyzoma, and to summarise such structural features as bear on the subject in hand.

In the first account of Platyzoma given by Robert Brown in 1810 (l), the habit of the stem and heterophyllic leaves, and the general form and position of the sporangia, were alone described. But in 1832 (2) a rough analysis of the structure of the stem was added, and the tubular nature of its stele was recognised. No material contribution to the knowledge of the stelar structure was made until 1893 (3), when Dr Poirault described the histology of the stele as shown by a small fragment of stem. In this material there was a sclerotic pith completely surrounded by an endodermis, outside which lay a zone of parenchyma surrounded by a broad ring of parenchymatous xylem. At the periphery of the xylem there was a narrow zone of phloëm surrounded by a large-celled pericycle and an outer endodermis. Neither leaf-gaps nor perforations were found in the stele, and accordingly the complete isolation of the pith from the cortex was recognised.
XXIII.—Amphicheiral Knots
Authors: Haseman Mary Gertrude
Published: January 2013

The intrinsic symbol of an amphicheiral knot is based on the idea of the sequence of the crossings; it replaces each letter of the alphabetical symbol by a number equal to one-half of the number of crossings intervening before the next occurrence of that letter as the knot is traversed in a definite direction. Hence it is seen that two knots, which have the same intrinsic symbol, are identical. Since the same number of pairs of crossings must elapse before the next occurrence of corresponding crossings of two identical knots when the knots are traversed in a given direction, it is seen that the converse is true also. It may be necessary to consider the complementary intrinsic symbol in order to detect identical knots.
XII.—On the Septal and Pharyngeal Glands of the Microdrili (Oligochæta)
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: January 2013

In 1917 I published an account (16) of the so-called pharyngeal gland-cells of earthworms, unevenly but intensely staining cells (whence the name “chromophil” which I gave to them) which form lobular masses on the pharynx, and smaller aggregations in other places in the anterior segments. I came to the conclusion that the cells were not, as was usually held, epithelial in origin—were not cells which had fallen out of the epithelial layer while still retaining their connection with the pharyngeal cavity by means of a long neck functioning as a ductule. On the contrary, they were, I believed, mesoblastic in origin, and congeneric with the peritoneum; and were devoid of ducts leading into the pharynx.
II.—On the Feeding Mechanism of Apseudes talpa, and the Evolution of the Peracaridan Feeding Mechanisms
Authors: Dennell Ralph
Published: January 2013

The present work on Apseudes talpa forms the second and concluding part of an investigation undertaken in an attempt to discover from feeding mechanisms the steps by which the higher Peracarida may have been derived from a primitive Mysid-like ancestor. The first part of the work consisted of an account of the feeding mechanism of Diastylis bradyi (Dennell, 1934), but it was felt at that time that a discussion of its significance could usefully be postponed until the completion of the work on Apseudes. It is now possible, in view of the accounts of feeding in Hemimysis (Cannon and Manton, 1927), and in Gnathophausia and Lophogaster (Manton, 1928), to discuss with some measure of completeness the feeding mechanism of the Peracarida.
IV.—The Structure and Function of the Alimentary Canal of some Species of Polyplacophora (Mollusca)
Authors: Fretter Vera
Published: January 2013

The work described in this paper was carried out in the Department of Zoology of Birkbeck College, University of London, and at the Marine Laboratories at Plymouth and Port Erin. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the University of London for the use of their table at Plymouth, to Birkbeck College for a grant of £5 towards the illustrations, and, in particular, I would express my gratitude to Mr Graham, under whose direction the work was carried out, for his continued kindness and help.

The specimens ofLepidochitona cinereuswhich were used for the investigation were collected at Bangor, Plymouth and Port Erin, and also obtained from Cullercoats. Most of the material from Plymouth and one specimen from Cullercoats was infected with the Haplosporidian parasiteHaplosporidium chitonis(Debaisieux, 1920) and was therefore unreliable for histological and physiological work. Specimens ofAcanthochitona crinituswere collected at Plymouth, and showed no sign of infection withHaplosporidium chitonis; a few, however, were slightly parasitised with another Sporozoan. The Californian speciesIschnochiton magdalenensisandCryptochiton stelleriwere obtained from Turtox General Biological Supply House, Chicago. Specimens of these species were fixed in formalin, which proved to be a poor fixative for histological work.
XVII.—The Genus Primula: Sections Obconica, Sinenses, Reinii, Pinnatae, Malacoides, Bullatae, Carolinella, Grandis, and Denticulata
Authors: Smith W. Wright , Fletcher H. R.
Published: January 2013

When Pax (1) in 1889 constituted his section Sinenses, he was well aware that it contained at least three distinct groups, each of which could with good reason be regarded as separate sections. Of these the one which he designated Poculiformia is the equivalent of Obconica. This group Poculiformia (while sharing in the general definition of Sinenses) he marked off by the beaker-shaped calyx which is generally accrescent after anthesis. In his view the group comes nearer to group Cortusina (i.e. section Cortusoides) than to the more isolated Auganthus (i.e. Sinenses sensu restricto), which may quite well be the case. In its turn the group Cortusina is to be distinguished from Poculiformia by the character of its calyx—a tubular or cylindrical structure. Of the species quoted by Pax as within Poculiformia, only four are now considered legitimate members of Obconica—P. obconica, P. filipes, P. Listen, and P. oreodoxa.
XVI.—The Aborigines of Tasmania. Part II. The Skeleton
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: January 2013

In a memoir “On the Craniology, Racial Affinities and Descent of the Aborigines of Tasmania,” published by the Society in October 1908, I described ten Tasmanian skulls in the Edinburgh Museums, and compared them with those of this extinct race in Paris, London, Oxford, Hobart Town and elsewhere. At that time I was under the impression that I had referred to all the crania of the aborigines, seventy-nine in number, which had been preserved in museums, and for the most part had been described. The memoir did not include a description of the rest of the skeleton.
XVIII.—The Lamellibranchs of the Silurian Rocks of Girvan
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: January 2013

The task of examining and determining the fine series of lamellibranchs collected by Mrs R. Gray in the Girvan district, from rocks of Llandeilo, Bala, and Llandovery age, has been no light one. In the first place, the literature of the subject is very scattered, and is chiefly to be found in the various reports of the Geological Surveys of the different States of North America and Canada. The work of British palæontologists is to be found in the publications of the Geological Survey and in various periodicals, but nothing systematic has been attempted before in this country, although Sowerby described and figured, in an appendix to Murchison's Silurian System, all the known species. Under these circumstances there has been the greatest difficulty in studying original types, many of which are Swedish or North American.
II. Account of certain Phenomena observed in the Air Vault of the Furnaces of the Devon Iron Works; together with some practical Remarks on the Management of Blast Furnaces
Authors: Roebuck
Published: January 2013

Sir,

I Have examined my memorandums, concerning the observations I made on the condensed air in the air vault of the Devon Iron Works, near Alloa; and, according to your request, I now transmit you an account of them; and also of an experiment I made, when a partner and manager of these works, in order to increase the produce of blast furnaces.
III. Experiments on Whinstone and Lava
Authors: Hall James
Published: January 2013

The experiments described in this paper were suggested to me many years ago, when employed in studying the Geological System of the late Dr Hutton, by the following plausible objection, to which it seems liable.

Granite, porphyry, and basaltes, are supposed by Dr Hutton to have flowed in a state of perfect fusion into their present position; but their internal structure, being universally rough and stony, appears to contradict this hypothesis; for the result of the fusion of earthy substances, hitherto observed in our experiments, either is glass, or possesses, in some degree, the vitreous character.
V. A New Method of resolving Cubic Equations
Authors: Ivory James
Published: January 2013

1. I Divide cubic equations into two varieties or species: the one, comprehending all cubic equations with three real roots; the other, all those with only one real root.

2. Let φ denote any angle whatever, and let τ = tan φ, the radius being unity: let also : then from the doctrine of angular sections we have

which being reduced to the form of an equation, is

Z3-3τZ2-3Z+τ=0.
XVI.—Additional Note on the Motion of a Heavy Body along the Circumference of a Circle
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: January 2013

In the twenty-fourth volume of the Society's Transactions, a very convenient formula is given for computing the time of oscillation in a circular arc; and the investigation of that formula is conducted by an appeal to the actual phenomena. It is defective in so far that it contemplates chiefly the time of oscillation over the whole arc, and does not enable us conveniently to compute the time in which a part of that arc is described.

The object of the present note is to supply that defect, and to present the whole subject in a new aspect remarkable alike for its generality and for its simplicity.
XVIII.—On the Gravid Uterus and on the Arrangement of the Fœtal Membranes in the Cetacea
Authors: Turner
Published: January 2013

The distinguished French naturalist, Professor H. Milne Edwards, in the ninth volume of his valuable Lectures on Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, published only last year, when referring to the fœtal membranes in the Cetacea, states, that much information is still required to complete our knowledge of that subject.

It may perhaps be advisable, before I commence to describe the results arrived at by my recent dissections, to give a brief account of the observations made by previous inquirers into this department of anatomy, so that we may more clearly recognise wherein our deficiencies lie, and the direction in which our researches ought to be conducted, in order to render our information as complete as possible.
XX.—The Anatomy and Affinity of Platyzoma microphyllum, R. Br.
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

In the year 1810 there appeared in Robert Brown's Prodromus Floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van Diemen, p. 160, a brief description of a rare Australian Fern to which the generic name Platyzoma was given. The habit of stem and leaf, and in general the form and position of the sporangia, led Brown to the conclusion that Platyzoma was of Gleicheniaceous affinity. It was noted that the plant was heterophyllic; for not only did it possess pinnate leaves suggestive of those of certain Gleichenioid forms, but also small, compressed, and filiform leaves devoid of pinnæ. To the form of the larger and pinnate leaves Brown paid particular attention, noting chiefly that the leaves of Platyzoma were unbranched, whereas a branched condition was typical of the leaves of Gleichenias. This unbranched condition of the leaf seemed to Brown a sufficiently distinctive feature to justify the foundation of a new Gleicheniaceous genus —the monotypic genus Platyzoma; and he named the single species Platyzoma microphyllum.
Detailed Descriptions of the Deposit-Samples
Authors: Murray John
Published: January 2013

The greater part of this Monograph is devoted to detailed descriptions of 1426 samples of deposits from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean stored in the Challenger Office, Edinburgh, which had been collected during thirty-five cruising expeditions between 1857 and 1911. The remaining part discusses the results of the work.
X.—On Some Undescribed Species from the Lower Carboniferous Flora of Berwickshire; together with a Note on the Genus Stenomyelon Kidston
Authors: Calder Mary G.
Published: January 2013

The publication by Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan ïn 1912 of a memoir on Stenomyelon tuedianum Kidston marked the beginning of a proposed series, which was never continued by them, on the Carboniferous Flora of Berwickshire, based upon material collected during 1900 and 1901 from rocks of the Calciferous Sandstone Series (Cementstone Group) at various localities in Berwickshire while Kidston was working with Mr A. Macconochie of the Geological Survey. Brief notes on this material, with identifications of some of the plants found in compression form, were contributed by Kidston to the “Summary of the Progress of the Geological Survey” (Kidston, 1901, 1902 a), where he commented upon the interest and importance of the material; but beyond recording the occurrence of petrified specimens, no further description of these was given at the time. An incomplete list of anatomical species identified from this Berwickshire material was also given by Kidston at a later date (Kidston, 1923, p. 19). Some of the petrifactions, in addition to the Stenomyelon tuedianum already referred to (Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan, loc. cit.), have been described by various writers, mostly from specimens in the Kidston Collection of Fossil Plant Slides in the Botany Department of Glasgow University, where the majority of the sections is to be found.
XVIII.—The Food and Feeding of the Brown Trout (Salmo truttaL.) in Relation to the Organic Environment
Authors: Neill R. M.
Published: January 2013

Precise information about the food of the brown trout is somewhat scanty, especially as regards the relation existing between diet and environmental fauna.

(a) Day (1887) points out that “food which (brown) trout consume is of various descriptions. … They do not object to little fish, as the minnow, loach, sticklebacks, etc., water rats, young birds, frogs, snails, slugs, worms, leeches, maggots, flies, beetles, moths, waterspiders and even a lizard.” He concluded that the “tastes of some differ from those of their companions.”
IX.—Geology of Central Vestspitsbergen: Part I. Review of the Geology of Spitsbergen, with special reference to Central Vestspitsbergen;* Part II. Carboniferous to Lower Permian of Billefjorden
Authors: Gee E. R. , Harland W. B. , McWhae J. R. H.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

This paper is the first of a series of reports on the detailed investigations of the Gelogy of Central Vestspitsbergen arising out of the Cambridge Spitsbergen Expedition, 1949. While subsequent publications will consist almost entirely of new data, the purpose of this paper is primarily to compile information obtained previously. Following the Introduction, there is a review of the published literature as it affects the area as a whole; this has been attempted at length to save repetition in the later chapters and in any subsequent papers. The later chapters include a detailed study of the Carboniferous to Lower Permian of Billefjorden, using unpublished material which has been made available from several expeditions of the Scottish Spitsbergen Syndicate, some results from the Cambridge Spitsbergen Expedition, 1938, and from that of 1949 in so far as they affect this particular study. It therefore represents an original contribution resulting from a compilation and checking in the field of the work of a number of geologists.

The palæontological results are being worked out separately, but within the area, exposures are sufficient to provide a reliable correlation of the Carboniferous to Lower Permian succession recorded in a number of vertical sections. We have found that the very variable facies can best be grouped into the following formations, retaining so far as possible the earlier names:

The major Devonian diastrophism was followed by erosion, deposition, and again erosion in the Devonian. Culm of estuarine facies was then deposited in a basin due to subsequent movements along a great north-south Devonian fault-belt. They rest on the Devonian to the west of the fault-belt and on pre-Devonian to the east. After the Culm, local conglomerates reflect movements along this fault-belt at the western margin, and in the centre of the basin evaporites are developed. Although a number of disconformities can be traced, there is no important unconformity in the basin. The widespread transgressions recorded outside this area, equivalent to the base of the Cyathophyllum Limestones and again to that of the Brachiopod Cherts, are marked within the area by distinct change of facies but no angular relationship of the bedding.

The distribution of these various formations is shown in a geological map to a scale of 1:100,000, which is the first comprehensive topographical and geological map of the whole area to be published.
XIII.—An Investigation into the Design and Performance of Electric Fish-Screens and an Electric Fish-Counter.
Authors: Lethlean N. G.
Published: January 2013

Synposis:

The construction of dams across fresh-water rivers supplying Hydro-Electric schemes has raised the problem of providing less costly methods than mechanical screens for preventing migratory fish from entering inlet and outlet tunnels of water turbines. The paper deals with the possibilities of employing electric screens for such purposes, and gives the results of laboratory investigations followed by site experiments under actual working conditions. Items covered in the fundamental research include (a) a study of trout reactions when subjected to various shapes and strengths of electric fields, and the effects of exposure to them, (b) particulars of electrode arrangements and other factors governing the characteristics of electric fields in waters containing different amounts of impurities, (c) the relative efficiencies in stopping and diverting fish swimming with and against water flows, (d) the conditions necessary for attracting fish to positive electrodes, and (e) some observations on incidental experiments with combinations of lights and electric screens, and with mechanical vibrations. Details are included of the actual screens in operation and the efficiencies obtained from them.

In the latter part of the paper a description is given of an original type of automatic electric fish-counter installed in two Hydro-Electric Station fish-passes in the North of Scotland, for integrating the numbers of ascending salmon and descending kelts through a common orifice.
XVIII.—The Geochemistry of the Charnockite Series of Madras, India
Authors: Howie R. A.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Since the classical work of Sir Thomas Holland at the beginning of this century on the charnockite series in Peninsular India there have appeared numerous papers describing rocks from all over the world which have been claimed to belong to this series. The rocks from the type area around Madras have now been re-examined, with particular reference to their chemistry and chemical mineralogy, to provide further evidence for their mode of origin.

Following petrographic descriptions, fifteen new analyses of these rocks are presented together with trace element determinations, and these are shown to produce smooth curves on a variation diagram. For several rocks all the constituent minerals have been analysed, and it has thus been possible to discuss the mineralogical location of the various major and trace elements in these rocks. Trace element determinations are presented for the 43 minerals analysed together with those for a further 35 minerals not chemically analysed, and their variation within the mineral species is discussed.

The possible modes of origin of these rocks are considered, and from the evidence obtained they are held to represent a plutonic igneous rock series which has undergone recrystallization in the solid state on being subjected to plutonic metamorphism.
XII.—The Scottish Carboniferous Eurypterida
Authors: Waterston Charles D.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Lower Carboniferous eurypterids are rare, and consequently the Scottish eurypterid fauna is of importance, in a world setting, because of the number of species of that age which it contains. Since the Scottish forms were originally described, great advances have been made in our knowledge of the Eurypterida which have made necessary the present critical re-examination of all available Scottish Carboniferous eurypterid specimens. Five species, belonging to four genera, are described and illustrated. Fresh evidence of the anatomy of Campylocephalus scouleri (Hibbert) is presented and the wider issues of eurypterid morphology raised by homology with this specialised species are discussed.
XV.—On Protopitys (Göppert): with a Description of a Fertile Specimen Protopitys scotica sp. nov. From the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Dunbartonshire.
Authors: Walton John
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A Fertile shoot of Protopitys scotica sp. nov. from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Dunbartonshire provides the first available information about the reproductive structures of Protopitys which most authors have hitherto regarded as probably a Pteridosperm. The evidence, however, suggests that it is a plant with pteridophytic reproduction. The range in size of the spores suggests too that heterospory with two sizes of spores, megaspores and microspores, was in course of evolution. It is proposed that a new group, the Protopityales, be established to include Protopitys.
XVI.—Cytological Studies of Melaniidæ (Mollusca) with Special Reference to Parthenogenesis and Polyploidy. I. Oögenesis of the Parthenogenetic Species ofMelanoides(Prosobranchia-Gastropoda)
Authors: Jacob Joseph
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A Study of the oögenesis and maturation in four species of melaniid snails, viz.Melanoides tuberculatus—diploid race 2n = 32,M. tuberculatus—polyploid race with 90-94 chromosomes,M. lineatus—polyploid with 71-73 chromosomes andM. scabra—polyploid with 76-78 chromosomes, showed these species to be thelytokous. These are instances of ameiotic parthenogenesis with two equational maturation divisions and are recorded for the first time in molluscs, the only other known instance in the animal kingdom being shown by the cockroach,Pycnoscelus surinamensis.The other parthenogenetic molluscs known so far, viz.Potamopyrgus jenkinsiandCampeloma rufumare also of the ameiotic type but have a single maturation division. No males were ever found in the diploid race ofM. tuberculatusand inM. scabra.In the polyploid race ofM. tuberculatusand inM. lineatussporadic males occur, forming about 3 per cent of the population in the former and 0·01 per cent in the latter. Further evidence for ameiotic parthenogenesis is provided by the complete absence of sperms in the receptaculum seminis and brood pouch and also by the absence of sperm elements or any fusion of nuclei in the egg. The chromosome numbers in the different species have been determined from maturation metaphase and have been checked from first cleavage metaphase. Polyploidy is associated with parthenogenesis in three of these species.

Oögonial cell divisions are generally absent. Only three oögonial metaphase plates were seen in the diploid race ofM. tuberculatusand one inM. lineatusalthough a very large number of preparations of the ovary were examined. The author holds the view that the maturation prophase is the continuation of the oögonial early metaphase stage without intervening metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The prochromosomes seen in proleptotene stage are already split and the succeeding stages are characterized by the absence of zygotene, pachytene or any pairing and chiasma formation. Each split chromosome behaves functionally like a bivalent throughout maturation prophase and separates into daughter chromosomes at the first division. The second division is equational as in normal maturation.
XVIII.—A Re-examination of Barrow's Older Granites in Glen Clova, Angus
Authors: Harry William Trevelyan
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Barrow describes from Glen Clova an important Older Granite intrusion, the muscovite-biotite-gneiss which he holds responsible for the formation of staurolite, kyanite and sillimanite zones of progressive regional metamorphism in the district. He states that the gneiss was filter-pressed during emplacement so that potash was strained off and concentrated in the south-eastern outcrops of the intrusion leaving its north-western portions enriched in soda. He claims that by the same process the separate intrusive areas comprising the gneiss have often been marginally enriched in potash and pegmatite.

The factual basis of the filter-press hypothesis does not withstand careful re-examination. The individual intrusive areas of muscovite-biotite-gneiss bear no marginal zones of potash and pegmatite enrichment like those envisaged by Barrow. The muscovite-biotite-gneiss in its entirety comprises two distinct units, a heterogeneous group of banded quartz-oligoclase-mica-gneisses that were intensely deformed plastically during high-grade metamorphism, and a later series of non-migmatitic microcline-granite intrusions. In neither unit can any regular variation in potash/soda ratio be detected in passing directly from north-west to south-east.

New data are provided concerning the distribution and mode of occurrence of Barrow's metamorphic zonal index minerals. Sillimanite, as fibrolite, often replaces mica and accompanies kyanite in specimens from many localities.
X.—Report upon the Anatomy and Embryology of the Penguins collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, comprising: (1) Some Features in the Anatomy of the Penguin; (2) The Embryology of the Penguin: A Study in Embryonic Regression and Progression.
Authors: Waterston D. , Geddes A. Campbell
Published: January 2013

Among the specimens collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition and brought back to this country was a series of the embryos of penguins of various species, collected at different stages of development by Mr R. N. Rudmose Brown and Dr J. H. Harvey Pirie. These embryos were, for the greater part, of the species Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua, Forst.), the remainder of the species Adelia (Pygoscelis adeliæ, Hombr. and Jacq.). Two Emperor penguins, which had been preserved for examination by the injection of the blood-vessels, were also brought home. Through the kindness of Dr W. S. Bruce these specimens were entrusted to one of us (D. W.) for examination and report, but as the work involved in this proved to be very extensive, Dr A. Campbell Geddes was asked to undertake a share in it, and this he agreed to do.

This report contains the results of the combined investigations.
VII.—Studies on the Development of the Horse. I. The Development during the Third Week.
Authors: Ewart J. Cossar
Published: January 2013

Soon after the publication ofThe Origin of Speciesit was realised by Huxley and others that convincing evidence of the fact of evolution might be obtained by a systematic investigation of the ancestral history and development of the Equidæ. From studying material in the British and other Museums Huxley announced at the end of the ’sixties that he believed “the Anchitherium, the Hipparion and the modern horses constitute a series in which the modifications of structure coincide with the order of chronological recurrence in the manner in which they must coincide if the modern horses really are the result of the gradual metamorphosis in the course of the Tertiary epoch of a less specialised ancestral form.” But this conclusion was soon profoundly modified. When in 1876 Huxley had the opportunity of examining the Yale and other collections of the fossil horses of America, he was satisfied that “we must look to America rather than to Europe for the original seat of the Equine series,” and “that the European Hipparion is rather a member of a collateral branch than a form in the direct line of succession.”
X.—Skiagraphic Researches in Teratology.
Authors: Rainy Harry , Ballantyne J. W.
Published: January 2013

The study of human teratology has always been rendered difficult by the relative scantiness of available material; consequently it is of great importance that such cases as can be obtained should be fully utilised and recorded. It has seemed to us that in this respect the employment of X-rays is likely to prove of service, for the abnormalities of the skeletal structures can then be readily and fully studied without interfering with the integrity of the specimen or its utility in the investigation of other elements. We therefore desire to place on record the skiagraphic findings of several series of developmental anomalies in the human subject, in order that they may be available for future workers.
XI.—On a Small Collection of Terrestrial Isopoda from Spain, with Descriptions of Four New Species.
Authors: Collinge Walter E.
Published: January 2013

I am indebted to the kindness of Dr Leonard Doncaster, F.R.S., for the opportunity to examine the present collection of Terrestrial Isopoda from the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology.

The Terrestrial Isopoda of Spain have received considerable attention in the past at the hands of L. Koch,* Budde-Lund,† O. De Buen,‡ and Dollfus,§ and present many features of great interest, one of the most striking of which is perhaps the large size of the various species, particularly in the genera Porcellio, Latreille, and Armadillidium, Brandt, and to these I am now able to add the genus Cubaris, Brandt.
I.—Elimination in the case of Equality of Fractions whose Numerators and Denominators are Linear Functions of the Variables.
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: January 2013

(1) It is well known that if equations of the type referred to in the title be dealt with like ordinary quadrics, the eliminant obtained is marred by association with an irrelevant factor. Thus, to take the simplest case, viz.

the left-hand member of which contains the irrelevant factor |α2β2|, being readily shown to be equal to

The object of the present short paper is to draw attention to other modes of procedure, and to formulate the results for n variables.
IX.—On the Relationship between Concentration and Electrolytic Conductivity in Concentrated Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Gibson John
Published: January 2013

Although great advances have been made during the last thirty years in our knowledge of dilute solutions, there has been no corresponding advance in respect of concentrated solutions. This is primarily due to the fact that hitherto no simple and general relationship has been discovered between the conductivity and the concentration of concentrated solutions of electrolytes. Ostwald's law of dilution holds only for dilute solutions of weak electrolytes, and the formulæ of Rudolphi and Van T'Hoff are applicable only to dilute solutions of good electrolytes. It seems therefore important to inquire whether the difficulty may not be to some extent overcome by an alteration in the mode of representing the facts.
XXII.—The Geology of Ardrossan.
Authors: Falconer J. D.
Published: January 2013

The town of Ardrossan is built largely upon the 15-feet beach which to the north and south of the promontory is a well-marked terrace of sand and gravel, but on the promontory itself is represented by a rocky shelf rarely exceeding 12 feet in height. The promontory owes its origin to a great extent to the igneous rock of the Castlehill and the Inches, which has offered more resistance to marine denudation than the neighbouring sandstones. The railway to West Kilbride runs for some distance along the 50-feet beach, while the 100-feet beach is represented by an irregular accumulation of sand and gravel some distance inland.
XXV.—Arctic Tardigrada, collected by Wm. S. Bruce.
Authors: Murray James
Published: January 2013

These notes on Arctic Tardigrada embody the results of an examination of quantities of moss collected by Mr William S. Bruce on his various expeditions to the Arctic Regions.

While studying the Tardigrada of the Scottish lochs, I wished to compare our Tardigrade fauna with that of more northern lands, as it was thought that, considering the geographical position of Scotland, its fauna might have some relation with that of those lands. Mr Bruce was kind enough to put all his available material at my disposal.
I.—Notes on Hydrodynamics, chiefly on Vortex Motion
Authors: Gray Andrew
Published: January 2013

1. In the teaching of hydrodynamics many points of difficulty arise, both for teacher and for student. The subject abounds in subtleties even in its very elements, and the advanced student frequently finds himself in a state of doubt as to fundamental questions which crop up unexpectedly in connection with various problems. The following notes contain a discussion of a few of these fundamental matters: for example, they deal with some theorems of energy which have been found difficult by students, perhaps mainly through want of perfectly explicit statement of their scope and purpose. Finally will be demonstrated a theorem of vortex-motion, particular cases of which have been given by various writers, but which I have not seen stated elsewhere in the same generality. This will be found to lead to Lord Kelvin's well-known and far-reaching theorem of circulation, and to other theorems of the vortex-motion of a perfect fluid, some of which are already known.
IV.—Supplementary Report on the Hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: January 2013

Since the report on the Hydroids collected by the Scotia was completed, almost three years ago, I have had an opportunity, thanks to the kindness of Dr W. S. Bruce, of looking through the enormous mass of material brought together by him during his Antarctic voyages. The search, begun in the hope of finding a few minute species—which, since many are epizoic on other forms of marine life, might readily be overlooked on cursory examination—has resulted in the addition of no less than 25 forms to the 36 already recorded. Deducting from this total of 61 forms two varieties, it appears that the Scotia collection contains in all 59 distinct species. Few, indeed, of these have been obtained in truly Antarctic latitudes—subantarctic or temperate seas having furnished the greater number—but this result is in accordance with the findings of the majority of the recent Antarctic expeditions. Dr Billard, in summarising the results of the Belgian, Swedish, and French expeditions, states that the known Hydroid fauna of Antarctic regions comprises only 32 species. But from his list he has, I think unjustly, excluded South Georgian records. His list, moreover, published before the valuable paper by Professor Hickson and Mr Gravely on the Discovery Hydroids was issued, necessarily makes no reference to the large number of forms recorded by them from Victoria Land.
VIII.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Osteology of Antarctic Seals
Authors: Thomson Robert B.
Published: January 2013

Through the courtesy of Dr W. S. Bruce, the leader of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, and of the late Professor D. J. Cunningham, the skeletons of the seals collected in the Antarctic during the voyage of the Scotia have been placed in my hands for study, and I wish to express my gratitude to these gentlemen for their great kindness in placing all the necessary requirements at my disposal. I also wish to state that Dr Bruce has given to the Museum of the University of Edinburgh a choice of the various skeletons, which, together with the specimens already obtained, will form a comprehensive and almost unique collection of the Antarctic seals.
XXVII.—The Forest of Wyre and the Titterstone Clee Hill Coal Fields.
Authors: Kidston R.
Published: January 2013

The investigations recorded in this communication were begun some years ago, and arose chiefly as the result of two papers published on the Geology of the Forest of Wyre by Mr T. C. Cantrill, B.Sc.

In the latter paper Mr Cantrill, after carefully summarising all the available data respecting the age of the so-called “Permian” of the Forest of Wyre (= Enville), arrives at the following conclusions:—

I. That these “Permian” rocks are of the same age as those at Hamstead in South Staffordshire.

II. That the Hamstead red rocks were shown by their flora to be Upper Coal Measures.
II.—The Insect Association of a Local Environmental Complex in the District of Holmes Chapel, Cheshire
Authors: Cameron Alfred E.
Published: January 2013

That there is a decided need for the ecological study of insects and other animals was first brought home to the mind of the author whilst engaged upon the subject of a “General Survey of the Insect Fauna of the Soil” (videJour. Econ. Biol., vol. viii, part 3, 1913). Much information has been collected at various times by numerous authors, and especially those who have treated of the habits and behaviour of animals, but very little attempt has been made to systematise the data variously gathered, to explain the cause and effect of many obscure phenomena, or to make important observations accessible for the use of the animal ecologist. Thus, at present, we find ourselves on the threshold of practically a new and undisputed field, with opportunities for original and interesting research extending in innumerable directions. Dr C. C. Adams, now of Syracuse University, New York, who has written a most useful work, “the outgrowth of the effort as it has developed in the study and teaching of animal ecology,” in which is listed most of the literature applicable to the science, says (p. 10): “The associational is the phase of animal activity which may be considered as the form of animal behaviour which has developed into the human social relations,” and concludes that, because of the social character of human society, those interested in matters pertaining to the welfare of mankind, such as the sociologist, the physician, the sanitarian, and the agriculturist, will ultimately participate in a keener appreciation of the associational aspect.
V.—The Moulting of the King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica)
Authors: Ewart J. Cossar , Mackenzie Dorothy
Published: January 2013

As the King Penguin chick grows, the down tassels forming the prepennæ increase in length until they measure from 50 to 75 mm. (2 to 3 inches) over the greater part of the body. Some of the barbs of the juvenile down carry for some time natal down barbs on their tips, and the inner ends of all the barbs forming the tassels are eventually found to be continuous with barbs of either the main shaft or the aftershaft of the developing true feathers. How long the down coat is worn by any given King Penguin is not definitely known—it is said that King Penguins may not moult the prepennæ until they are nearly a year old; neither is it known at what time of the year the majority of the King Penguins living under natural conditions in South Georgia shed their prepennæ, or how long the moulting process usually lasts.
XI.—On Knots, with a Census of the Amphicheirals with Twelve Crossings
Authors: Haseman Mary Gertrude
Published: January 2013

The theory of the knotting of curves, except for a few elementary theorems due to Listing, was entirely neglected until Tait was led to a consideration of knots by Sir W. Thomson's (Lord Kelvin's) work on the Theory of Vortex Atoms. He attacked chiefly the problem of constructing knots with any number of crossings, and obtained a census of the knots of not more than ten crossings. Those knots which exhibit a special kind of symmetry—the amphicheiral knots—offer certain points of interest.
XII.—The Development of the Heart in Man.
Authors: Waterston D.
Published: January 2013

Examination of living embryos has shown that the heart is a functionally active organ from a very early stage of its development. At all periods of life the result of the functional activity is in essentials the same, viz. the propulsion of the blood in a definite direction through the heart into the vessels arising from it; but the mechanism for effecting this propulsion undergoes profound alterations, and the heart becomes transformed from a simple continuous tube, destitute of valves, whose walls contract in a rhythmic peristaltic wave, into a complex four-chambered organ, divided into right and left portions, which are ultimately completely separated from one another, possessing valves, and contracting not in a peristaltic wave but in alternating consecutive contractions of the atria and ventricles of the right and left sides simultaneously. Coincidently with the changes in the heart itself, profound alterations occur in the vessels leading to and from the heart. In this combination of simultaneous development and functional activity the heart differs from the other organs of the body, and hence its development presents special problems involving the function as well as the structure of the different parts. Our knowledge of the development of the heart in man cannot yet be said to be complete.
III.—Gemuendenaspis n.gen., an Arthrodiran Fish from the Lower Devonian Hunsrückschiefer of Germany
Authors: Miles R. S.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The unique specimen of Coccosteus angustus Traquair, from the Lower Devonian Hunsrückschiefer of Germany, is redescribed and referred to Gemuendenaspis n.gen. Previously unrecorded details of its morphology and a reconstruction are given. Its possession of both arctolepid and brachythoracic characters is confirmed and it is suggested that Gemuendenaspis should be referred to the family Gemuendenaspidæ nov., which closely approaches what would be expected in ancestors of the Coccosteidæ.