bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Antigen-Induced Histamine Release from Bovine Granulocytes by Several Anti-Allergic Agents
Authors: Holroyde M.C. , Eyre P.
Published: July 2009

Sensitised bovine granulocytes release histamine when exposed to antigen. Several anti-allergic agents, some previously shown to be active in cattle, were tested to investigate their modulation of this histamine release process. Diethylcarbamazine citrate potentiated release at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. Sodium meclofenamate and PR-D-92-EA were potent inhibitors. Acetylsalicyclic acid and ICI 74,917 inhibited at high concentrations. Disodium cromoglycate was relatively ineffective, although it potentiated histamine release at low concentrations.
Release of Histamine and Formation of Prostaglandins in Human Lung Tissue and Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Strandberg Kjell , Mathé Aleksander A. , Yen Shyue-S.
Published: July 2009

Release of histamine and prostaglandins (PGs) from human lung tissue and rat mast cells was investigated. Passively sensitized lung fragments released PGE, PGF2α and the 15-ketodihydro metabolites into the media with time alone. Antigen challenge liberated 20% tissue histamine and there was a twofold increase in PGs. Twice as much PGF2α as PGE was found. β-Adrenergic agonists inhibited the anaphylactic release of mediators and this action was blocked by propranolol. Both PGF2α and PGE were consistently found in the mast cell media, demonstrating that mast cells can synthesize PGs. Anaphylaxis induced a marked liberation of histamine but not of PGs. The results indicate that the release of histamine may precede the major release of PGs and suggest that the bulk of PGs may derive from cells in the proximity of the mast cells.
Respiratory Allergy in the Dog: Induction by the Respiratory Route and the Effect of Passive Antibody
Authors: Faith R.E. , Hessler J.R. , Small, jr. P.A.
Published: July 2009

A technique for inducing hypersensitivity to prairie sage pollen (Artemisia gnopheles) in the dog was developed. The allergen induced skin reactivity in most dogs and respiratory hypersensitivity in 7 of the 17 animals tested. The respiratory hypersensitivity resembled naturally occurring respiratory allergies in both man and dog. The route of allergy induction resembles the natural route and it is felt that this system provides a useful model system for the study of respiratory allergies. Animals in which respiratory hypersensitivity was induced were used to investigate the role of passive ‘blocking’ antibody in respiratory allergy. It was observed that passive antibody will greatly inhibit the respiratory response to inspired allergen while completely inibiting the cutaneous response. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to other studies.
Enhanced Reaginic Antibody Formation to Ovalbumin in Mice Given Repeated Injections of Concanavalin A
Authors: Gollapudi V. S. Sastry , Kind Leon S.
Published: July 2009

Mice injected with 4 weekly doses of concanavalin A arabinogalactan complex (Con A-AG) give a secondary type of IgE response when they encounter ovalbumin (Ov) for the first time. The IgE-enhancing effect of Con A-AG immunization applies to Ov but not to various other antigens. However, no cross-reaction appears to exist at the humoral level between Con A and Ov. The apparent priming of mice to Ov by Con A can be adoptively transferred to syngeneic irradiated recipients by spleen cells.
Structure and Biological Function of Human IgD
Authors: Kermani-Arab Vali , Leslie Gerrie A. , Burger Denis R.
Published: July 2009

Human peripheral lymphocytes were stimulated to incorporate tritiated thymidine when cultured with anti-δ. The stimulation of lymphocytes by anti-δ inversely correlates to PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. In addition, lymphocytes from individuals with low serum IgD levels exhibited a significant response to anti-δ, whereas, those with normal or slightly elevated levels of serum IgD showed minimal stimulation. This study is the first to provide evidence that cell surface IgD may regulate metabolic functions of lymphocytes and is consistent with the idea that IgD is a ‘triggering’ receptor.
Estimation of Basophil-Bound IgE by Quantitative Immunofluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Stallman P.J. , Aalberse R.C.
Published: July 2009

By means of a previously developed basophil staining and fixation technique, it was possible to identify human basophilic granulocytes in leukocyte suspensions, which had been subjected to an immunofluorescence technique with anti-IgE. Using fluoresceinated anti-IgE, the fluorescence intensity of the basophils was measured by means of micro-fluorometry as a reflection of the IgE-load per cell. The reproducibility of this technique and the influence of the incubation time were studied. The mean fluorescence intensity of the basophil varied considerably in six donors, but the cells of two atopic patients showed the highest intensity. IgE was eluted from the cells at pH 2.5 and measured in the supernatant. A correlation was found between the amount of eluted IgE per basophil and the mean fluorescence intensity of the basophils. The number of IgE molecules per basophil was found to be in the range of 15,000–500,000.
The Value of an Assessment of Erythema and Increase in Thickness of the Skin Reaction for a Full Appreciation of the Nature of Delayed Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Scheper R.J. , Noble Bernice , Parker Darien , Turk J.L.
Published: July 2009

Delayed type skin reactions in guinea pigs have been assessed by measuring three parameters: increase in skin thickness, diameter of erythema and intensity of erythema. Some groups of animals were immunized with different protein antigens in Freund’s complete adjuvant with or without cyclophosphamide (CY) pretreatment; others received a single high dose of antigen intravenously at the time of immunization. The results emphasize the importance of measuring all three parameters for several days after skin testing. The intensity or erythema was found to be an especially useful parameter for assessing CY-induced modification of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions. The increase in skin thickness, which can be measured objectively, was also valuable as both immediate and DH reactions are characterized by induration. The diameter of erythema could only be measured accurately for a short time after skin testing. Furthermore, the effects of intravenous antigen and CY pretreatment were not reflected by that parameter.
Histopathological Changes in Mice Treated with Extracts of the Histamine-Sensitizing Factor of Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Lehrer S.B. , Nakamura R.M. , Tan E.M.
Published: July 2009

The histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) of Bordetella pertussis was isolated in a highly purified form. In addition to inducing profound sensitization to histamine, it also caused a significant lymphocytosis and produced an enhancement of reaginic antibody production in animals upon immunization with antigen. Biologically active doses of HSF produced significant pathological changes in mice including congestion and edema of the lung and a marked depletion of cells in the thymus, white pulp of the spleen, and lymph nodes. The lymphocytosis and histological changes in the lungs and lymphoid organs were observed in different strains of mice injected with HSF (even those that are resistant to its histamine-sensitizing effects). Heating HSF at 80 °C for 30 min, a treatment that destroys histamine sensitizing and lymphocytosis promoting activities, completely abolishes the ability to induce the changes observed in the lungs and lymphoid organs.
Influence of Levamisole on the Immune Response of Old People
Authors: Delespesse G. , Vrijens R. , de Maubeuge J. , Hudson D. , Kennes B. , Govaerts A.
Published: July 2009

Fifteen healthy people, over 70 years old, have been treated during 1 month with Levamisole at the dose of 150 mg a day, twice a week. They have been compared to 15 controls matched for age and sex. At the start of the study, each subject was injected with 0.2 ml of a diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. Levamisole had no effect on the following immune parameters known to be altered in old age: serum IgE concentration, specific IgE and IgG antibody response to diphtheria toxin, lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). There was a slight and transitory effect of Levamisole on the isohemagglutinin titer. In vitro, Levamisole was weakly mitogenic for the peripheral blood lymphocytes from old and young control subjects but there was no influence on the response to PHA.
Suppression of Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Induction to Sheep Red Blood Cells by Concanavalin A in Mice
Authors: Machida Atsuhiko , Yasuda Shinichi , Kumazawa Yoshio , Mizunoe Kimifusa
Published: July 2009

An examination was carried out on the in vivo effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to heterologous erythrocytes in mice. DTH induction was suppressed by an intravenous injection of 100 μg of Con A 1 day before, or simultaneously with immunization. This suppression was mediated by Con-A-activated spleen cells, and also by their cell-free extracts. However, this suppressive effect was abrogated by absorption of cell-free extracts with immuno adsorbent composed of rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (ATS), indicating that suppressive factors for DTH induction make up one of the components extractable from Con-A-activated T cell population.
Restoration by Levamisole of Histamine-Inhibited E Rosette Formation of T Lymphocytes of Patients with Allergies
Authors: De Cock W. , De Crée J. , Verhaegen H.
Published: July 2009

Histamine significantly inhibited the E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of patients with allergies in vitro, but had no effect on the E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of healthy subjects. This inhibitory effect was obtained by concentrations of 3.10––4 down to 3.10––7M histamine and depended on the time of incubation. Levamisole, an antianergic chemotherapeutic agent, could restore the histamine-inhibited E rosette formation. It is postulated that patients with allergies possess a subpopulation of T lymphocytes bearing histamine receptors and that the inhibitory effect of histamine on E rosette formation is mediated by intracellular cAMP.
Suppressor T Cell Product, which Depresses the Passive Transfer of Contact Sensitivity, Shares Epitope(s) with the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: Zembala M. , Asherson G.L. , Munro A.J. , Tagart V.B.
Published: July 2009

Specific suppressor T cell product appears in the supernatant of cultures of lymph node cells of mice injected with picryl sulphonic acid and then painted with picryl chloride. It is detected by its ability to depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity by immune cells incubated in it. This communication shows that the product can be absorbed by antisera prepared against the major histocompatibility locus but not by antisera prepared against mouse immunoglobulin.
Increase in Serum IgE Levels of Ovalbumin-Sensitized Cats and the Detection of Elastase and Collagenase Activities in Secretions of Sensitized Feline Alveolar Macrophages Challenged in vitro
Authors: Talbott Max W. , Strausser Helen R.
Published: July 2009

The feline model of respiratory hypersensitivity induced by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin has been studied. IgE serum antibodies were present for 3–10 weeks following sensitization, with maximum titers occurring between 50 and 70 days. Similarly, peak passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions occurred between 50 and 70 days. Alveolar macrophages, obtained by tracheal lavage at 65 days after sensitization, produced elastase-like and collagenase-like secretions 48 h after challenge with ovalbumin in culture. Macrophages from nonsensitized cats did not produce these secretions. It is hypothesized that reaginic antibodies and sensitized alveolar macrophages, such as those found in the cat model, may be responsible in part for the destruction of lung tissue found in long-term respiratory diseases, similar to fibrosing alveolitis and pulmonary emphysema in man.
Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for Quantitating Anti-HBS in Hepatitis B Immune Globulin
Authors: Ratliff Elizabeth A. , Pollack William , Tripodi Daniel , Ho Tsau
Published: July 2009

A solid phase radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate the antibody in hepatitis B immune globulin. Polystyrene tubes coated with HBsAg were incubated with several dilutions of trace-labeled immune globulin, and the specific uptake was measured. Resulting data could be used to obtain the total antibody concentration in micrograms per milliliter as well as the intrinsic binding constant and index of heterogeneity.
Chemical Modification of Crude Timothy Grass Pollen Extract
Authors: Moran D.M. , Wheeler A.W. , Overell B.G. , Woroniecki S.R.
Published: July 2009

Timothy pollen extracts have been reacted with glutaraldehyde under conditions leading to different degrees of aggregation of the product. Aggregation tends to enhance the previously demonstrated effects of glutaraldehyde in that reactivity with human IgE antibody, and ability to induce IgE antibody in the Bordetella pertussis-treated rat, are further reduced. Ability to induce IgG antibody with specificity for unmodified extract is substantially retained in all aggregated products.
Preferential Enhancement of IgE Antibody Formation by Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Suko Matsunobu , Ogita Tadaatsu , Okudaira Hirokazu , Horiuchi Yoshihiko
Published: July 2009

Preferential enhancement of IgE antibody response was observed in BALB/c mice by the administration of Bordetella pertussis with antigen (DNP-Salmonella). Correlation between B cell mitogenic activity and adjuvant action among B. pertussis, Salmonella, lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and Ficoll was examined but was not found. Thymus-derived cells seemed necessary to develop adjuvant action of B. pertussis since antibody response in athymic nude mice was not influenced by B. pertussis. Helper function of adoptively transferred spleen cells was enhanced by immunization of the donor mice with carrier antigen in the presence of B. pertussis. The magnitude of enhancement was greatest in IgE class. The results indicated that preferential enhancement of IgE antibody formation by B. pertussis is mediated by the augmentation of carrier-specific helper function.
Norepinephrine Uptake in Guinea Pig Lung
Authors: Mathé Aleksander A. , Volicer Ladislav
Published: July 2009

Lungs from control and sensitized guinea pigs were perfused via the pulmonary artery with Tyrode’s solution. Infusion of equimolar concentrations (3 × 10––9 to 3 × 10––6M) of 3H-1-norepinephrine (NE) and 14C-urea was started 1 min after injection of 1 ml 0.9% NaCl or 50 mg ovalbumin in 1 ml 0.9% NaCl and continued for 15 min. Anaphylactic lungs retained more urea, NE, and NE metabolites than control lungs at all NE concentrations and the proportion of unchanged NE was higher. Phenoxybenzamine decreased the 3H/14C ratio due to decreased 3H accumulation. Cocaine affected predominantly the control lungs. The results indicate that anaphylaxis increased the net uptake of NE in the lung and decreased the metabolism of retained NE.
Platelet Migration Inhibition Test for Platelet Antibodies
Authors: Maples J.A. , Yokoyama M.M. , Inboriboon P. , Inboriboon A. , Chao W.
Published: July 2009

A simplified methodology and parameters associated with the performance of a platelet migration inhibition test for the detection of antiplatelet-associated antibodies is described.
Experimental Glomerulonephritis in the Rat Induced by Antibodies Directed against Tubular Antigens
Authors: Bakker W.W. , Mulder I. , Lee R.J.v.d. , Fleuren G.J. , Hoedemaeker Ph.J.
Published: July 2009

In this paper, cell-mediated immunity (CMI) as evaluated by in vitro migration inhibition assays an in vivo delayed type skin reactions in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis (ECGN) was studied as well as the effect of treatment with immunosuppressive drugs on these immune responses. In glomerulonephritic rats MIF production as well as delayed type skin reactions could be demonstrated directed against tubular brush-border antigen (Fx1A) containing immune complexes or to their constituents (Fx1A or rabbit IgG). Treatment of the animals with immunosuppressive drugs during settled disease state (autologous phase) abolished these cellular immune reactions. However, neither the glomerular depositions of rat IgG associated with the autologous phase, nor the urinary excretion was influenced. When treatment of the animals was started simultaneously with the induction of the ECGN both cellular and humoral immune responses as well as proteinuria were affected. It was concluded that although in this glomerulonephritis model specific MIF response after specific stimulation in vitro as well as DTH reactions could be detected against immune complexes or their constituents, these immune reactions seem not to play important role in this ECGN in particular with respect to the proteinuria.
Further Studies on Passive Peritoneal Anaphylaxis in the Rat
Authors: Smith H. , Spicer Barbara A. , Ross Janet W.
Published: July 2009

Four compounds with H1 anti-histamine activity and four adrenoceptor stimulants, each given to rats prior to passive peritoneal anaphylaxis (PPA), inhibited extravasation of serum proteins into the peritoneal fluid at doses which had no effect on histamine release. In contrast, aminophylline and some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents inhibited extravasation only at doses which inhibited histamine release; they showed a similar type of activity to that of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and a nitroindanedione (BRL 10833), although they were much less potent. Predosing with DSCG reduced the potency of subsequent doses of DSCG, BRL 10833 and indomethacin, but not of aminophylline or phenylbutazone, and therefore DSCG, BRL 10833 and indomethacin may share a common pathway to produce activity. In the rat PPA system, no evidence was found for histamine ‘feedback’ inhibition of histamine release.
Suppression of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Metronidazole
Authors: Grove D.I. , Mahmoud A.A.F. , Warren K.S.
Published: July 2009

Metronidazole administered orally in doses of 20 and 200 mg/kg daily suppressed granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs which were injected intravenously and lodged in the pulmonary microvasculature of mice. The same doses did not suppress granuloma formation in animals which had previously been sensitized to the eggs. Nonspecific granulomatous inflammation around divinyl benzene copolymer beads was unaffected by the drug. In a daily dose of 20 mg/kg, metronidazole inhibited delayed footpad reactions to soluble schistosome egg antigen, but 200 mg/kg on alternate days failed to suppress skin allograft rejection. The drug appears to suppress selectively some aspects of cell-mediated immunity.
Complement System in Human Colostrum
Authors: Nakajima S. , Baba A.S. , Tamura N.
Published: July 2009

Evidence has been obtained for the presence in human colostrum of all nine components of complement (C), C1 through C9, and factors of the alternative pathway. Samples of colostrums collected from five women at 1–4 days after normal parturition were assayed for the haemolytic activities of individual components. As compared with normal human sera, the activities of each component ranged from 0.03 to 7% of those in sera. The activities of C4, C7 and C9 were relatively high, while that of C1 was extremely low. In most of the cases, the activities of individual components gradually increased following delivery, when expressed as the activity per unit weight (g) of protein in the colostrum. When the colostrums were treated with cobra venom factor, most of the colostrums showed 10–20% reduction in the C3 activity. This finding indicates the presence of factors such as B and D which are involved in the activation of C through the alternative pathway. The role as a defence factor of the C system in human colostrum and milk is discussed in connection with the ability of secretory IgA to react with C.
Cell-Bound IgE on Human Mast Cells and Basophilic Granulocytes in Atopic and Nonatopic Subjects
Authors: Stallman P.J. , Wagenaar Sj.Sc. , Swierenga J. , van der Wal R.J. , Feltkamp-Vroom Th.M.
Published: July 2009

In previous studies basophil-bound IgE was measured by means of quantitative immunofluorescence miscroscopy. But as mast cells are of particular importance in local atopic reactions, we thought it necessary to investigate the IgE-load on both cell types. The amount of mast cell-bound IgE can be estimated in a semiquantitative way by end point titration with a fluoresceinated sheep antihuman IgE (FlalgE). The amount of mast cell-bound IgE was estimated this way in tonsils, adenoids, bronchial and tracheal tissues, and was compared with the amount of IgE on the basophils. A correlation was found between the IgE-load on mast cells and on basophils. Atopic patients had a higher mast cell fluorescence titer (MCFT) than nonatopic controls. It was demonstrated that, as on basophils, the IgE level of the serum contributes to this difference.
Studies on Acid Eluates from Kidneys of Sheep with Glomerulonephritis Mediated by Antibody to Glomerular Basement Membrane
Authors: Batsford S.R. , Hardwicke J.
Published: July 2009

Kidneys from six sheep having glomerulonephritis mediated by antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were extracted at acid pH. Each preparation was characterised using immunological techniques and the eluates contained between 3.6 and 13% anti-GBM antibody of IgG class. It appears that this low antibody content is due to the presence of contaminants, mainly serum proteins.
Reaginic Antibody Production to Ascaris suum Allergen, ASC-1
Authors: Strejan Gill H. , Surlan Dan
Published: July 2009

Rats immunized with a purified Ascaris suum allergen (Asc-1) or with its dinitrophenylated derivate (DNP-Asc-1) produced high levels of reaginic (IgE) antibodies. A second injection of antigen given 30 days later did not result in an anamnestic IgE antibody response. Immunization of adult-thymectomized, lethally-irradiated and bone-marrow reconstituted (ATxB) rats with soluble Asc-1 or DNP-Asc-1 failed to stimulate reaginic antibody production. The administration of glutaraldehyde-polymerized antigen induced in some but not all ATxB rats, low but detectable levels of IgE antibodies. These levels increased following a second injection of nonpolymerized antigen in Al(OH)3 gels. Priming of animals with poylmerized carrier and Bordetella pertussis did not stimulate a primary anticarrier IgE response but led to an enhanced antihapten IgE response following the administration of soluble DNP-Asc-1 in Al(OH)3. The results are consistent with the notion that a sharply reduced but clearly functional T-derived helper cell population could be triggered by the polymerized but not by the soluble form of the immunogen.
Reaginic Antibody Production to Ascaris suum Allergen, ASC-1
Authors: Strejan G.H. , Rabheru K. , White Roberta , Surlan Dan
Published: July 2009

Wistar/Furth rats were immunized with DNP-Asc-1 in various hapten-to-carrier ratios. The kinetics and intensity of the anti-DNP and anti-carrier IgE responses were dependent on the extent of carrier substitution. Lightly substituted conjugates induced excellent primary antihapten and anticarrier IgE antibodies while heavily substituted conjugates induced an early, short-lived and low antihapten response, but not anticarrier antibodies. The pattern of IgG antibody production was not dependent on the degree of substitution in the ranges tested. A single injection of carrier in CFA induced suppression of IgE antibodies following an injection with hapten-carrier conjugate, but enhanced the IgG antibody response to the hapten. Preimmunization or supplemental immunization with carrier in Al(OH)3 suppressed the IgE anti-DNP response but did not prevent the appearance of anticarrier antibodies. The suppression of the antihapten IgE response was also demonstrated in an adoptive transfer system when donors of carrier-primed spleen cells were injected with carrier in CFA or with carrier in Al(OH)3. On the other hand, excellent collaboration between carrier-primed helper cells and hapten-primed antibody-forming cell precursors was demonstrated for both IgE and IgG antibody production when donors of either carrier-primed or of hapten-primed cells received Bordetella pertussis as adjuvant. The results are consistent with the concept that intrinsic differences between the induction patterns of the IgE and IgG antibodies exist and that various factors contribute each in a different fashion to the dissociation of these responses.
Studies on DNA Release by Cultured Rat Lymphoblasts
Authors: Hoessli Daniel C. , Jones Amy P. , Eisenstadt Jerome M. , Waksman Byron H.
Published: July 2009

Rat lymphoblasts induced by concanavalin A (Con A) and cultured in the absence of lectin under serum-free conditions for 3 days showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in cell number and total amount of DNA per culture. However, at the end of the culture, 20–30% of the DNA was present in the medium. 3H-thymidine or 3H-bromodeoxyuridine label incorporated into DNA during a pulse at the end of the Con A stimulation period (60–65 h) was also released by the blast cells and represented, after 3 days of further culture, 40–55% of the intracellular counts measured at the end of the pulse. Blast cells cultured in the continued presence of Con A showed similar patterns of proliferation and total DNA increase, but only 18% of the labelled thymidine was released during the 3 days. By neutral sucrose gradient analysis, material released in absence of mitogen could be shown to consist of a DNA-protein complex. The DNA was characterized as a double-stranded molecule with an average sedimentation value of 9–10 S. The DNA released from cells pulsed with labelled thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine increased in specific activity, whereas the specific activity of cellular DNA decreased with time. CsC1 gradient analysis showed that the released DNA maintains the same density throughout the duration of the culture, whereas cellular DNA exhibits a shift towards a lighter density. It is suggested that a significant part of the DNA synthesized during blast transformation subserves immunologic functions of the blast rather than cell replication and is discarded as the blasts return to a small cell configuration.
Positive Skin Reaction Induced by 4,4′-Azoxybenzenedisulfonamide in Relationship to the Sulfanilamide Allergy
Authors: Yamamoto Ikuo , Eyanagi Reiko
Published: July 2009

All guinea pigs sensitized to sulfanilamide or 4-hydroxylaminobenzenesulfonamide in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation exhibited positive skin reactions to 4,4′-azoxybenzenedisulfonamide, 4-nitrosobenzenesulfonamide, and 4-hydroxylaminobenzenesulfonamide.
Electron Microscopic Studies on Human Basophils from Atopic and Nonatopic Subjects, Using Horse Radish Peroxidase Labelled Anti-IgE
Authors: van Elven E.H. , Stallman P.J. , Brühl Ph.C.
Published: July 2009

In previous studies, quantitative differences in cell-bound IgE on the basophils from various donors were measured by means of a quantitative immunofluorescence technique. In this study, cell-bound IgE was demonstrated on basophilic granulocytes by immunoelectron microscopy, using horse radish peroxidase labelled anti-IgE. The distribution of IgE on the basophils was studied in both atopic and nonatopic subjects. The intensity of the peroxidase staining on the basophils varied and appeared to correlate with the amount of cell-bound IgE, as estimated by quantitative immunofluorescence.
Clinical Profile, Etiology and Therapeutic Outcome in 324 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients at a Tertiary Care Center in India
Authors: Paul Shashi B. , Chalamalasetty Sreenivasa Baba , Vishnubhatla Sreenivas , Madan Kaushal , Gamanagatti Shivanand R. , Batra Yogesh , Gupta Siddhartha D. , Panda Subrat K. , Acharya Subrat K.
Published: July 2009

Objective: To study the profile and outcome of therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in India. Methods: Data analysis of HCC patients enrolled in liver clinic between 1990 and 2005. Results: We registered 324 HCC patients [males 284 (88%), mean age 52.4 ± 13.1 years]. The etiology of HCC was: hepatitis B virus 165 (51%), hepatitis C virus 38 (12%), alcohol 20 (6%), combined 31 (10%) and unknown 70 (21%). Serum α-fetoprotein was >400 ng in 36%, portal vein invasion was seen in 40% and distant metastases in 13%. Therapy was offered to 141 (43.5%) patients, but survival data was available in only 130 (93%) of them. Treatment given and median survival time was as follows: surgical resection, 19 months (n = 14); transarterial chemoembolization, 11 months (n = 23); transarterial rhenium therapy, 26 months (n = 7); radiofrequency ablation, 24 months (n = 4); acetic acid ablation, 13 months (n = 17); oral chemotherapy, 26 months (n = 33), and combination therapy, 26 months (n = 32). Vascular invasion, Okuda staging and therapy were independent factors associated with survival. Treated patients had longer median survival compared to untreated ones (16 months vs. 7 months, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Hepatitis B infection is the predominant cause of HCC in India. Serum α-fetoprotein was diagnostic in only one third of our patients. Most patients present late, when curative therapies are not possible. Treated patients had better survival than untreated ones.
Antigens in Penicillin Allergy
Authors: Kristofferson A. , Ahlstedt S. , Svärd P.O.
Published: July 2009

The present communication reveals a relationship between the epitope density of penicilloylated protein antigens and their antigenic activities in a radioimmunoassay (RIA), in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and in inducing antibody formation in mice. In the RIA and PCA a critical number of 2–4 penicilloyl residues per protein molecule was noted. At this level small changes in the number of substituents considerably influenced the antigenic activities. The molecular weight and the nature of the carrier proteins, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and dimeric BSA also affected the threshold concentration for efficient antigenic activity. The results with the RIA and PCA were significantly correlated to each other. Using penicilloylated BSA as immunizing antigen in mice it was found that an epitope number higher than 11 penicilloyl residues per protein molecule induced significant antibody formation after a single injection. Antigens with a lower degree of penicilloyl substitution were less immunogenic. An antigen carrying 0.6 penicilloyl residues per BSA molecule did not induce penicilloyl-specific antibodies even after three injections. The capacity of heavily penicilloylated proteins to induce and elicit penicillin allergy as revealed by the present results stresses the importance of limiting their presence in penicillin preparations.
Demonstration of Epidermis-Specific Heteroantigens in Thymic Epithelial Cells
Authors: Takigawa Masahiro , Imamura Sadao , Ofuji Shigeo
Published: July 2009

Heterologous anti-epidermal cell serum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with enzymatically dispersed, viable epidermal cells of guinea pigs, followed by absorption of the antiserum with red blood cells (sheep and guinea pig), lymphoid cells and liver powder (guinea pig). Immunofluorescence demonstrated that the antiserum reacted specifically with stratified squamous epithelial cells and thymus epithelial cells including Hassall’s bodies of the guinea pig, monkey and man. It is suggested that the epithelial cells of the skin and thymus have common heteroantigens.
Activated Mouse Lymphocyte Release Factors Which Modulate the Proliferative Responses of Other Lymphocytes
Authors: Jacobsson Hans , Blomgren Henric
Published: July 2009

Supernatants of mouse lymphocyte cultures briefly exposed to phytomitogens or various antigens may contain factors – lymphokines – which are mitogenic for lymphocytes in the absence of any additional stimulatory agents. Whether such supernatants can modulate the proliferative responses of lymphocytes exposed to phytomitogens or allogeneic cells is the subject of the present investigation. Active supernatants were obtained from cultures of either mouse lymph node cells incubated with concanavalin A bound to Sepharose or allogeneic cells for 24 h. Both types of active supernatants reduced the 3H-thymidine uptakes of lymph node cells and cortisone-resistant – medullary – thymocytes in response to various phytomitogens and allogeneic cells. In contrast, normal suspensions of mouse thymocytes, containing both cortical and medullary lymphocytes, exhibited stimulations higher than anticipated. The results indicate that activated lymphocytes may release factors which reduce proliferative responses of some lymphocytes, presumably immunologically mature T cells, and enhance the responses of other lymphocytes which are relatively immature.
Stimulation of the in vitro Immune Response by Factors Present in the Human Serum
Authors: Burger Mikulas
Published: July 2009

Two distinct factors which stimulate the recovery of plaque-forming cells in the in vitro immune response have been found in human serum. One acts in the presence of fetuin and the other augments the recovery of plaque-forming cells in its absence. The molecular weight of the former is higher than 1 × 105. The two factors could be separated from each other by ammonium sulphate fractionation. Large differences were found in the amount of these factors in sera obtained from different human donors.
Non-Responder Basophils in Highly Ragweed-Sensitive Subjects
Authors: Bernstein I.L. , Vijay H.M. , Perelmutter L.
Published: July 2009

12 of 93 patients with untreated seasonal ragweed rhinitis, strong skin sensitivity and 2 + to 4 + RAST gave insignificant (≤14%) histamine release from their leukocytes on challenge with ragweed allergen.
Serum-Derived Immunosuppressive Substances
Authors: Habicht Gail S. , Miller Frederick
Published: July 2009

Suppression of the plaque-forming cell response in mice following injection of substances fractionated from pooled normal serum α-globulin was investigated. The dose-response relationship for fractions obtained by ion-exchange chromatography show that a single preparation has both enhancing and suppressive activities which are revealed at different doses. Whether this observation reflects the sum of activities of a number of molecular species remains to be determined. The immune responses to both thymus-dependent (heterologous erythrocytes) and thymus-independent (DNP-ficoll) antigens are suppressed while the response to the thymus-independent antigen lipopolysaccharide is enhanced. Thus, the cellular locus for immunosuppression cannot be exclusively on the T cell, and the magnitude of the action on each of the two populations (T and B cells) remains unclear.
The Insulin-Like Action of Bordetella pertussis Vaccine in Rats
Authors: Ainapure S.S. , Dhar H.L. , West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Treatment of rats with Bordetella pertussis vaccine significantly lowered the blood sugar level 4 days later but the vaccine did not alter the level in diabetic rats. The vaccine, like insulin, raised glycogen levels in liver, skeletal muscle and heart and reduced the plasma free fatty acid concentration. The action of a β-adrenoceptor blocker was potentiated by the vaccine but not by insulin. Part of the hypoglycaemic action of the vaccine is probably due to β-adrenoceptor blockade.
Decreased Antibody Response following Immunization with Enantiomorphic Synthetic Polypeptides
Authors: Gill, III Thomas J. , Kunz Heinz W.
Published: July 2009

The ability to decrease the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in the DA and PVG strains of rats by prior immunization with its D-amino acid enantiomorph poly(DGlu48DLys38DTyr14) was tested as part of a continuing investigation into the role of optical isomerism in the ability of an antigen to induce an antibody response. The results showed that prior immunization with the D-amino acid polymer decreased the immune response to the isomeric L-polypeptide in both strains.
Differences in Antigenicity of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Patients with Various Forms of Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Åkerlund Sohl , Ahlstedt S. , Hanson L.Å. , Lindberg U. , Olling S.
Published: July 2009

The antibody amounts to crude·antigens were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) technique in 42 sera from 6 rabbits. The rabbits were hyperimmunized with one of the WHO Escherichia coli standard strains O1, O2 or O75. In the antibody assays the·antigens were obtained from E. coli strains isolated from 15 patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), from 3 patients with acute pyelonephritis and from the WHO E. coli strains used for the immunization. The strains from the patients belonged to serogroup O1, O2 or O75. Significantly higher IgG and IgM antibody levels were detected with the ELISA when using the O1 and O2 but not O75 antigens from the pyelonephritis and WHO standard strains than when using the antigens from the ABU strains. Using the IHA technique the O1, O2 and O75, IgG and IgM antibody titers against the antigens from the pyelonephritis and WHO standard strains were significantly higher than those against the antigens from the ABU strains. In inhibition experiments the antigens from the strains causing pyelonephritis inhibited the reaction between antigen on solid phase and antibodies in solution much more efficiently than did antigens from strains causing ABU.
Host Response to Treponema pallidum Infection
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Klingman Jack D. , Wicher Konrad
Published: July 2009

Levels of phospholipids, glycolipids and cardiolipin were determined in various organs of Treponema pallidum-induced rabbits. The phospholipid levels on the second week of infection decreased significantly in the spleen but remained unchanged in other organs. During the same time, glycolipids decreased significantly in both kidney and heart. 3 days after infection, a brief but significant increase of cardiolipin in the spleen was observed. Heat-killed T. pallidum but not Treponema reiteri caused a similar effect. The possible implication of these changes in the immunopathology of syphilis is discussed.
Host Response to Treponema pallidum Infection
Authors: Wicher Victoria , Wicher Konrad
Published: July 2009

Peripheral leukocytes of 67 rabbits infected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum, Nichols’ strain for various lengths of time were examined by the migration inhibition test for their response to extracts of normal rabbit heart, skin, brain and T. pallidum antigen. A control group of 14 animals injected intratesticularly with extract of normal rabbit testes was similarly examined for the leukocyte response to the same antigens except the brain extract. The percentage of infected animals responding to T. pallidum antigen with significant migration inhibition varied from 13 to 31. Transitional cellular response to heart and skin but not brain was observed (12–28%). Leukocytes of all but 2 control rabbits responded to the organ extracts within the limit of 2 SD. The response of the infected animals to the homologous organ extracts may suggest that during infection, lymphocytes are activated by the host tissue antigens.
In vitro Infection of Murine Macrophage by Leishmania brasiliensis. Mechanism of Penetration
Authors: Merino Fernando , Ajjam Eduardo , Hernández Angel , Dawidowicz Karl , Merino Enrique J.
Published: July 2009

The in vitro infection of peritoneal murine macrophages by a cultured pathogenic strain of Leishmania brasiliensis was studied. By phase contrast and light microscopy it could be observed that L. brasiliensis is rapidly endocytosed by the macrophages and localized in the cytoplasm in a vacuole inside which it multiplies. By phase contrast and electron microscopy it was observed that L. brasiliensis enters the macrophage by the anterior end through which it first attaches to the cell membrane. This penetration involves invagination of the cell membrane around the entering flagellum and parasite body. A mechanism of entry involving an active participation of the parasite membrane through receptor sites and membrane activity by the microfilament system is presented.
Specific Antibody Levels in the Intestinal Perfusates of Heligosomoides polygyrus-lnfected Mice
Authors: Cypess R.H. , Ebersole J.L. , Molinari J.A.
Published: July 2009

Radial immunodiffusion analysis was performed on intestinal perfusates from ICR/CD1 mice following oral infection and challenge with viable Heligosomoides polygyrus larvae. Infection of these mice resulted in an alteration in the amount and class of immunoglobulins, as well as anti-parasitic antibody. Specific IgA peaked at 3 days post-infection and then showed a gradual decline until day 21. This rapid elevation in IgA levels was temporally associated with early events in the parasite life cycle, and the increase in IgA was significantly higher in mice infected twice with H. polygyrus prior to challenge. Differences in both the concentrations and kinetics of specific IgA and IgG1 were also observed in the perfusates from these mice when compared to those noted for animals infected only once.
The Course of Hymenolepis nana Infections in Thymus-Deficient Mice
Authors: Isaak Dale D. , Jacobson Richard H. , Reed Norman D.
Published: July 2009

The kinetics of infection with Hymenolepis nana was examined in normal and thymus-deficient mice. Following inoculation with 5 cysticercoids, the number of adult lumen-dwelling H. nana in congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) mice ultimately was at least 75 times the maximum infection intensity of normal thymus-bearing mice or thymus-reconstituted nude mice. Similar results were obtained following inoculation of H. nana eggs into nude mice; although thymus-bearing mice eliminated their infections, nude mice harbored more than 1,000 adult worms throughout the 7 weeks of the experiments. These data show that in mice, immunity is not generated against H. nana in the absence of thymus function. The data also confirm and establish the requirement of cysticercoid development in the intestinal mucosa for stimulation of a protective immune response against H. nana.
On the Nature of the Presumed Receptor for IgE on Mast Cells
Authors: Bach Michael K. , Bach Shirley , Brashler John R. , Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka K.
Published: July 2009

Cell-free particulate preparations derived from sonicated, purified rat peritoneal mast cells can be radiolabeled with IgE. The IgE concentration-dependence and the kinetics of the binding reaction at pH 6.6 were very similar to those observed with intact mast cells. The number of IgE molecules bound per mast cell equivalent at saturation varied somewhat from one particulate preparation to the next and, on average, was about 50% of the binding capacity of the intact cells. Incubation of intact mast cells or of particulate fractions with low concentrations of IgE in serum-free media resulted in a decrease in the amount of bindable IgE which remained in the supernatants in excess over the amount of IgE which was bound to the cells. Specific binding of IgE to both particles and to intact cells at limiting IgE concentrations was stimulated up to approximately twofold by a variety of antibiotic, synthetic or high molecular weight (protein) protease inhibitors of which soybean trypsin inhibitor and p-nitrophenyl-p′-guanidinobenzoate were the most active. These substances also markedly protected the IgE, leaving more of it bindable to rat basophil leukemic cells in a second incubation. Binding to particulate fractions also occurred at pH 4.8 when bovine serum albumin was added to the incubations. The results are consistent with the view that normal peritoneal mast cells have a membrane-bound protease which has high selectivity for IgE.
Humoral and Cellular Immunity Against Allogeneic Antigens in Patients with Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Werner Christiane , Correa Marie-Claude , Jeannet Michel
Published: July 2009

The humoral and cellular immunity of 12 patients with acute leukaemia (6 AML and 6 ALL) was investigated using several techniques. The study of the humoral response included the screening for allogeneic and autologous lymphocytotoxins, for cytotoxic antibodies against leukaemic blasts, Daudi cells and B lymphocytes and the detection of immune complexes. The cellular immunity was investigated by stimulation of remission lymphocytes by autologous blast cells or allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed cell cultures. Most patients have retained their humoral and cellular immune responsiveness against allogeneic antigens while there seems to be no significant response against leukaemia-associated antigens.
Specific Antibodies in Infants with Gastrointestinal Intolerance to Cow’s Milk Protein
Authors: Fällström S.P. , Ahlstedt S. , Hanson L.Å.
Published: July 2009

Antibodies of various immunoglobulin classes against cow’s milk proteins were studied in infants and children with cow’s milk protein intolerance, gluten-sensitive enteropathy and acute gastroenteritis. Their IgE, IgG, IgM and IgA antibody levels determined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the IgE antibodies also determined with RAST, were compared with reference groups of children and adults. IgE, IgG or IgA antibodies against unseparated cow’s milk proteins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, α-casein and β-casein were present in many of the studied samples, but did not discriminate between the individuals with and without intolerance symptoms. As a group, the infants with late reactions to cow’s milk showed increased levels of IgE and IgG antibodies detected with the ELISA, while patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy had significantly increased levels of IgG and IgA antibodies to cow’s milk proteins compared to the reference group. By combining the findings of antibody increases in various immunoglobulin classes, an individual discrimination could be reached. Thus, 8 of 9 of the patients with late reactions to cow’s milk had increased levels of IgE or IgG + IgA antibodies as compared to 3 of 22 in the reference group. Serodiagnosis with the ELISA may, therefore, be of some use in patients with a suspicion of cow’s milk protein intolerance.
In vivo Maturation of B Cells in the Spleen of Nude Mice Following Administration of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Takigawa Masahiro , Hanaoka Masao
Published: July 2009

Morphological changes of the splenic white pulp in athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and their normal littermates (nu/+) following intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide were studied by light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and autoradiography. Early blast formation and subsequent appearance of IgM-containing cells were observed by 72 h and at 120 h, respectively, in the periarteriolar sheath of nu/nu mice and in the follicular area of nu/+ mice. Ultrastructural details of blasts and the time course of their development were similar in both nu/nu and nu/+ mice. Lymphoblasts showed a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, many polysomes and poorly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Plasmablasts had a nucleus with coarse heterochromatin and copious cytoplasm filled with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Generally, lymphocytes proliferated and differentiated through lymphoblasts to plasmablasts by 72 h and finally to plasma cells at 120 h. However, this development was asynchronous since lymphoblasts, plasmablasts and plasma cells were observed simultaneously at 72h. It was suggested that a B cell subset responsive to bacterial lipopolysaccharide matures to antibody-forming cells in the thymus-dependent area in nu/nu mice and in the thymus-independent area in nu/+ mice.
Separation of IgE from IgG Subclasses Using Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Zola H. , Garland L.G. , Cox H.C. , Adcock J.J.
Published: July 2009

When human serum was passed through a column of insolubilised protein A, IgE was not removed, but IgG subclasses 1, 2 and 4 were retained. Protein A did not show a similar selectivity in its interaction with rat immunoglobulins. The separation of human IgE from the bulk of the IgG was used to examine the effect of IgG on IgE-mediated sensitization of lung tissue for histamine release. Removal of IgG led to a significant increase in histamine release, suggesting that homocytotropic IgG competes with IgE for binding sites on mast cells.