bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La perception du contrôle parlementaire. Comment le rendre plus attractif ?
Authors: Delcamp Alain
Published: September 2010

Résumé En attribuant explicitement aux assemblées parlementaires le contrôle du gouvernement, la révision constitutionnelle consacre une évolution des procédures de contrôle développées à la seule initiative des parlementaires eux-mêmes. Elle les incite à des évolutions sensibles dans plusieurs directions : une réflexion interne collective sur la signification de cette fonction, son articulation avec celle d’évaluation des politiques publiques, la nécessaire programmation des actions auxquelles elle donne lieu, son affirmation comme compétence commune à l’opposition et à la majorité. Elle les invite aussi à en repenser les procédures pour les adapter au débat public, réduire la distance entre séance publique et commission, et se préoccuper de sa lisibilité et de son efficacité. En affirmant cette fonction, la révision oblige les assemblées à faire preuve d’imagination et à procéder à une transformation radicale de leurs pratiques : temps pour le compte du citoyen, à qui il prête ses moyens et ses armes, le temps du contrôle doit devenir celui de l’écoute du citoyen, voire de sa participation.
Des effets du contrôle parlementaire
Authors: Le Divellec Armel
Published: September 2010

Résumé L’appréciation rigoureuse des effets du contrôle parlementaire en général est impossible parce que ceux-ci ne sont pas tous mesurables : outre qu’une approche quantitative est réductrice et ne dit rien de la qualité du contrôle (ce dernier ne peut être évalué qu’au cas par cas, pays par pays, secteur par secteur), il faut souligner qu’une partie de celui-ci, notamment dans les systèmes de gouvernement parlementaire, emprunte également des voies informelles, spécialement là où la majorité tente d’orienter l’action du gouvernement qu’elle soutient en principe. La portée réelle du contrôle, soumis partout tendanciellement aux mêmes difficultés, peut varier en fonction du type de système de gouvernement et des spécificités nationales des parlements.
Les troubles du comportement chez l'enfant : quelle fonction thérapeutique de l'accueil familial spécialisé ?
Authors: Giffard Romain , Langlois Caroline , Le Naour Maguy
Published: September 2010

Huit ans après l’ouverture du centre d’accueil familial spécialisé (CAFS), cet article tente de formaliser les effets thérapeutiques de ce type de prise en charge auprès d’enfants de 3 à 12 ans, manifestant des troubles du comportement et de la conduite. Lorsque les interactions familiales rendent la séparation nécessaire, l’accueil familial – pour des enfants de cet âge – constitue une alternative intéressante à une prise en charge de type internat. Nous verrons dans quelle mesure ce dispositif pluridisciplinaire de soins répond à la problématique carentielle de ces enfants. En s’appuyant sur quelques illustrations cliniques, nous verrons quels enjeux sont mobilisés par l’accueil familial, quels jeux relationnels se développent entre les acteurs de ces systèmes.
Partager les monstres
Authors: Samaniego Miguel
Published: September 2010

Si le passage dans le traitement de l’individu à la famille, constitua une révolution épistémique, le retour à l’individu se fait avec moins de bruit. Néanmoins, l’individu récupéré par la thérapie systémique est un individu relationnel. La psychothérapie commence à prendre en compte le principal instrument de la relation : l’émotion, sans laquelle il n’y a pas de cognition. Cela est actuellement facilité par les avancées en neuroscience et l’étude des relations précoces. Des concepts comme schéma et communication émotionnelle sont nécessaires pour comprendre le processus de changement. Malgré les difficultés de la prise en compte de l’émotion, elle reste un élément essentiel dans la relation et dans toute thérapie. Les thérapeutes ne peuvent plus faire l’économie des émotions, ni celles du patient ni les siennes propres.
Onze types de personnalité
Authors: Selvini Matteo
Published: September 2010

Il n’est pas toujours opportun, surtout lors des premiers entretiens, de restituer aux usagers une connexion entre le symptôme et une difficulté relationnelle. En effet, une telle explication pourrait ne pas être comprise, elle pourrait être vécue comme jugeante/accusatoire, ou pourrait être utilisée par le patient dans un sens accusatoire ou victimisant et retournée « contre » ses proches. En présence de ces risques, il est plus indiqué de donner une première explication qui mette en lien le symptôme avec un trait existentiel central de l’identité du patient. C’est pourquoi il est important d’approfondir l’étude des différents types de personnalité. Etude fondamentale également pour apprendre à penser par « aller et retour » entre les dimensions relationnelles et individuelles. En effet, l’étude de la personnalité nous aide à construire des lignes de conduite pour prévoir dans quels processus relationnels ces traits ont été acquis. Enfin, le diagnostic de personnalité nous fournit un guide ultérieur pour choisir les techniques et les settings.
Population structure, distribution and harvesting of southern geoduck, Panopea abbreviata, in San Matías Gulf (Patagonia, Argentina)
Authors: Morsan Enrique , Zaidman Paula , Ocampo-Reinaldo Matías , Ciocco Néstor
Published: September 2010

Southern geoduck is the most long-lived bivalve species exploited in the South Atlantic and is harvested by divers in San Matías Gulf. Except preliminary data on growth and a gametogenic cycle study, there is no basic information that can be used to manage this resource in terms of population structure, harvesting, mortality and inter-population comparisons of growth. Our aim was to analyze the spatial distribution from survey data, population structure, growth and mortality of several beds along a latitudinal gradient based on age determination from thin sections of valves. We also described the spatial allocation of the fleet’s fishing effort, and its sources of variability from data collected on board. Three geoduck beds were located and sampled along the coast: El Sótano, Punta Colorada and Puerto Lobos. Geoduck ages ranged between 2 and 86 years old. Growth patterns showed significant differences in the asymptotic size between El Sótano (109.4 mm) and Puerto Lobos (98.06 mm). The maximum age decreased from north to south. Natural mortality was estimated for each bed according to a catch curve (M = 0.105 – 0.177 yr -1), with a method based on mean age (M = 0.212 – 0.233 yr-1) and a method based on maximum longevity recorded (M = 0.062 – 0.13 yr -1). Population features were integrated into the harvest analysis to generate a preliminary management proposal that includes subdivision of the coastal zone, limited entry, harvest rate and individual vessel quotas.
Networks of the Chinese Community in Milan
Authors: De Luca Deborah
Published: September 2010

Les réseaux de la communauté chinoise à Milan. Cet article se propose de contribuer au débat sur l’utilisation de la problématique des réseaux dans la sociologie des migrations. La force des liens, la multiplicité, la densité, les relations de coopération et de compétition etc. sont des concepts importants pour analyser les changements dans la communauté chinoise à Milan. Alors que dans les années 1980 les migrants avaient plus d’opportunités d’améliorer leur situation économique, les nouveaux arrivants des années 1990 rencontrent plus de difficultés. À Milan, on trouve d’une part le vieux quartier Chinois Canonica Sarpi, qui est devenu le centre commercial et social et d’autre part des zones de résidence à la périphérie de la ville, comme Monza Padova peuplée de nouveaux arrivés Dans ces deux quartiers, les formes d’intégration et la nature des conflits avec les Italiens sont différentes. En outre les uns et les autres se servent de leurs réseaux de relations en vue d’une intégration sociale et économique, mais tous n’y réussissent pas de façon identique.
À propos de migrations transnationales : l’exemple de Canadiens d’origine vietnamienne
Authors: Dorais Louis-Jacques
Published: September 2010

Cet article tente de répondre à deux questions intimement liées : jusqu’à quel point peut-on considérer les résidents canadiens d’origine vietnamienne — et sans doute aussi les Vietnamiens d’outre-mer habitant ailleurs dans le monde — comme des migrants transnationaux, et quels sont les traits les plus marquants de leurs activités transnationales ? La définition de la migration transnationale utilisée ici s’inspire surtout de Portes et de Glick Schiller. Elle suppose, de la part du migrant, une participation continue à l’économie, à la politique et à l’organisation sociale de son État d’origine, en même temps qu’une intégration plus ou moins poussée aux structures de son pays d’adoption. Un examen des activités transnationales économiques, politiques et familiales des Vietnamiens du Canada, amène à conclure que la plupart d’entre eux pourraient être qualifiés de « migrants transnationaux passifs ». Ils ne font pas d’affaires au Vietnam et ne jouent pas de rôle actif dans la conduite des associations ethniques locales ou internationales, ni dans la production de discours anti-communistes ou pro-Vietnam. Par contre, la plupart d’entre eux sont intéressés et interpellés par le Vietnam en tant qu’État-nation et, de manière plus fondamentale, ils appartiennent à des réseaux familiaux transfrontaliers permettant à un grand nombre d’entre eux de s’impliquer de façon régulière dans des relations transnationales, sur le plan individuel ou au niveau de la maisonnée. Cette prégnance des réseaux familiaux, jugés, par ceux qui y participent, plus significatifs que les structures transnationales (économiques et politiques) formelles, constitue sans doute le principal trait marquant des Vietnamiens d’outre-mer.
L’ethnicisation en chantiers. Reconstructions des statuts par l’ethnique en milieu de travail
Authors: Jounin Nicolas
Published: September 2010

L’ethnicisation de relations de travail n’est-elle qu’un débordement, un calque de rapports sociaux plus globalement ethnicisés ? Ou le milieu de travail construit-il une ethnicisation spécifique, reliée aux enjeux, aux statuts, aux rapports produits par l’organisation du travail et des emplois ? Au travers du cas du BTP, et plus particulièrement du gros œuvre en Ile-de-France, cet article penche pour la seconde hypothèse. Il semble que les modalités de recrutement et d’utilisation de travailleurs immigrés dans le processus de production ont articulé une hiérarchie professionnelle et statutaire (au métier et à la qualification des individus vient s’ajouter la question cruciale du statut d’emploi, distinguant principalement « embauchés » et intérimaires) avec un classement ethnique des travailleurs. Cette situation favorise une lecture ethnicisée des chantiers et des comportements de chacun, que ce soit du côté des employeurs ou des salariés. Mais parler de « lecture » ne doit pas neutraliser la dimension stratégique de légitimation ou de contestation de rapports de domination que comportent ces discours.
Immigration et insertion urbaine en Floride : le rôle de la famille transnationale haïtienne
Authors: Audebert Cédric
Published: September 2010

L’article analyse le rôle de la famille transnationale dans la dynamique migratoire haïtienne vers la Floride et dans l’insertion urbaine des immigrants. Dans le contexte d’une dépendance structurelle d’Haïti vis-à-vis des États-Unis, la Floride est devenue un pôle d’immigration majeur. La famille transnationale haïtienne, structurée par des liens solides et multiformes entre ses membres vivant en Floride et ceux restés en Haïti, reste à la base de cette dynamique migratoire. Elle constitue le cadre d’une circulation intense de l’information et des capitaux entre les deux pôles ; elle offre en outre une aide précieuse à l’insertion en Floride.À Little Haiti, zone d’installation originelle, le regroupement familial a souvent entraîné des conversions résidentielles illégales afin de pouvoir répondre à la surpopulation des logements. Mais à partir de 1986, la concentration spatiale a laissé place à la diffusion vers les banlieues dans le cadre de stratégies familiales diversifiées.
De la diaspora noire : enseignements du contexte français
Authors: Gueye Abdoulaye
Published: September 2010

Au cours des quinze dernières années, la réflexion sur la diaspora noire a connu un développement important dans le milieu universitaire anglo-américain. En revanche, en France, un déficit patent caractérise les sciences sociales à ce sujet. Pourtant les chercheurs français ne manquent pas de raison de s’intéresser à la diaspora noire. La France a constitué depuis l’entre-deux-guerres un espace majeur d’élaboration d’une identité diasporique noire. Du fait de lois ségrégationnistes en place aux États-Unis, de l’occupation américaine de Haïti entre 1915 et 1939 et de l’absence d’un enseignement supérieur et parfois secondaire dans ses colonies d’Afrique, la France a été la destination de milliers de jeunes Noirs, dont une part significative d’intellectuels, d’écrivains et d’étudiants. Transcendant les différences ethniques, nationales et linguistiques entre ses membres, cette élite s’était attelée à l’objectif ambitieux de coordination de tous les Noirs de la terre, dans l’objectif de l’émancipation de la race noire et de l’Afrique. Cet article s’interroge sur les fondements épistémologiques du déficit de réflexion sur la diaspora noire dans les sciences sociales françaises.
Nativity Concentration and Internal Migration among the Foreign-Born in Israel, 1990-1995
Authors: Rebhun Uzi
Published: September 2010

This study examines the effect of nativity concentration on internal migration patterns among the foreign-born population in Israel. Three hypotheses are proposed:a) the group homogeneity hypothesis suggests that due to the immigration policy of Israel, which formally grants both the right to settle and citizenship only to Jews and thus immigrants share the religious identity of the majority population, nativity concentration will have a small effect on immigrants’ relocation;b) the immigration motivation hypothesis predicts that nativity concentration is more likely to deter relocation among groups with reactive motivation for immigration;c) the institutional approach hypothesis predicts a strong positive relationship between housing opportunities, which were improved by governmental intervention, and resettlement.These hypotheses are largely confirmed by results from multinomial regression analysis of the 1995 Israel Census of Housing and Population, to which contextual measures were attached. The implications for the social and cultural integration of immigrants are discussed.
Le déracinement des populations en Casamance
Authors: Robin Nelly
Published: September 2010

Cet article est centré sur l’analyse des déplacements de population liés à l’un des conflits les plus longs de l’Afrique sub-saharienne qui oppose, au sud du Sénégal, le gouvernement aux séparatistes du Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance (MFDC). Il s’agit de comprendre les processus qui ont généré les migrations de réfugiés ou de personnes déplacées, appréhender leur évolution et apprécier leurs implications sociales et politiques sur la situation actuelle de la Casamance. Un parallèle est ensuite établi entre les rapports que les populations de Casamance ont entretenus avec l’administration coloniale et les relations qu’elles ont avec les représentants de l’État du Sénégal depuis le début du conflit. Cette mise en perspective de deux temps de l’histoire permet de mieux comprendre les fondements de la défiance des populations à l’égard des autorités administratives ou militaires et l’importance de la question foncière pour la construction de la paix.
KYOTO
Authors: Vossen Piek , Agirre Eneko , Bond Francis , Bosma Wauter , Herold Axel , Hicks Amanda , Hsieh Shu-Kai , Isahara Hitoshi , Huang Chu-Ren , Kanzaki Kyoko , Marchetti Andrea , Rigau German , Ronzano Francesco , Segers Roxane , Tesconi Maurizio
Published: September 2010

KYOTO is an Asian-European project developing a community platform for modeling knowledge and finding facts across languages and cultures. The platform operates as a Wiki system that multilingual and multi-cultural communities can use to agree on the meaning of terms in specific domains. The Wiki is fed with terms that are automatically extracted from documents in different languages. The users can modify these terms and relate them across languages. The system generates complex, language-neutral knowledge structures that remain hidden to the user but that can be used to apply open text mining to text collections. The resulting database of facts will be browse-able and searchable. Knowledge is shared across cultures by modeling the knowledge across languages. The system is developed for 7 languages and applied to the domain of the environment, but it can easily be extended to other languages and domains.
Geo-Aware Digital Cultural Heritage
Authors: Bearman David
Published: September 2010

Museums face numerous challenges in the 21st century. Among these are a loss of cultural authority and the dispersion of collected objects through museums worldwide that makes it impossible for users to know where to search, or how to search, for items that might be of interest to them. The consequences are that museums and their holdings are less well known, and less understood, than they ought to be. An emerging technical infrastructure of “smart” objects and location-aware devices can play a role in enabling museums to succeed in these tasks. If the museum adds geographical coordinates to the description of the objects in its collections, people who are in the vicinity of those locations can be informed about the holdings of the (distant) museum, 24 hrs a day. These people include those from whose cultures the objects were once taken and people visiting as tourists; these two audiences are especially interested in understanding the museum’s collection, because it is relevant to them, literally ‘where they stand.’ Having access to the cultural objects that have been removed from their original contexts can reduce demands that they be repatriated, especially if the museum can engage locals to contribute their knowledge of the objects, and tourists to supply terms in their native language that would help their compatriots find the object. In this way, geo-aware objects could help museum fulfill numerous demands currently being made of them and usher in an extra-institutional dimension to cultural interpretation. This chapter examines the requirements for museum success in a geo-aware future.
Personalized Active Cultural Heritage
Authors: Stock Oliviero , Zancanaro Massimo
Published: September 2010

The development of intelligent guides for a museum is an important theme of research entailing a variety of challenging aspects. Intelligent guides are based on the idea that information presentation should take into account the context of the individual, in the first place the position of the visitor, but also other information that the system can infer about his background, interests and attitude during the visit, and tailor presentation of information accordingly. PEACH was a large project devoted to cultural heritage appreciation that combined aspects of basic research and applied research specific for the development of a complex prototype. The chapter provides a state of the art of intelligent museum guides, a presentation of PEACH and several of the involved technologies, and an assessment of some of the outstanding further challenges.
Information Technology and the Development of a Global Safety Culture
Authors: Rothwell Susan L.
Published: September 2010

A nuclear power plant is one of the most complex sociotechnical systems ever created, with operation requiring multiple organizations, extensive interaction, and a mission to protect public health and safety. A strong global nuclear power safety culture is important, with over 400 nuclear power plants worldwide and more under construction to reduce fossil fuel dependency. We increasingly rely on technology, stressing our need for energy independence, security, reliability, education, and safety. Lessons learned from nuclear power safety culture development have a large potential audience. Unfortunately, the complexity of nuclear power and restricted access to operational data have limited outside research on and understanding of nuclear power safety culture. This chapter provides a conceptual, methodological, empirical, and operational perspective on the development of commercial nuclear power safety culture, focusing on the role of information technology (IT) in building, maintaining, and expanding global nuclear power safety culture.
Addressing Cross-Linguistic Influence and Related Cultural Factors Using Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL)
Authors: Allard Danièle , Bourdeau Jacqueline , Mizoguchi Riichiro
Published: September 2010

The goal of this research, a work in progress, is to address areas in second/foreign language acquisition prone to cross-linguistic influence, and to examine related cultural factors. More specifically, the authors aim to identify such areas, map available knowledge in this respect using ontological engineering methodology, and devise appropriate teaching strategies and learning scenarios to help overcome cross-linguistic influence with the help of computer-assisted language learning systems. The authors have been working mainly with Japanese-speaking students of English and first-year university English-speaking students of French. In this chapter, the authors describe culture in relation to foreign language learning, cross-linguistic influence, their cultural framework as well as ontological engineering methodology. They demonstrate their work with examples of the use of modals by Japanese students/speakers of English. They further provide an illustration of ontological modeling in addition to a basic simulation of how a CALL system based on an ontology could potentially work.
A Peptide Inhibitor of FOXP3 Impairs Regulatory T Cell Activity and Improves Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
Authors: Casares Noelia , Rudilla Francesc , Arribillaga Laura , Llopiz Diana , Riezu-Boj José Ignacio , Lozano Teresa , López-Sagaseta Jacinto , Guembe Laura , Sarobe Pablo , Prieto Jesús , Borrás-Cuesta Francisco , Lasarte Juan José
Published: September 2010

Immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells (Treg) may contribute to the progression of cancer or infectious diseases by preventing the induction of specific immune responses. Using a phage-displayed random peptide library, we identified a 15-mer synthetic peptide, P60, able to bind to forkhead/winged helix transcription factor 3 (FOXP3), a factor required for development and function of Treg. P60 enters the cells, inhibits FOXP3 nuclear translocation, and reduces its ability to suppress the transcription factors NF-κB and NFAT. In vitro, P60 inhibited murine and human-derived Treg and improved effector T cell stimulation. P60 administration to newborn mice induced a lymphoproliferative autoimmune syndrome resembling the reported pathology in scurfy mice lacking functional Foxp3. However, P60 did not cause toxic effects in adult mice and, when given to BALB/c mice immunized with the cytotoxic T cell epitope AH1 from CT26 tumor cells, it induced protection against tumor implantation. Similarly, P60 improved the antiviral efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus expressing NS3 protein from hepatitis C virus. Functional inhibition of Treg by the FOXP3-inhibitory peptide P60 constitutes a strategy to enhance antitumor and antiviral immunotherapies.
Autoamplification of Notch Signaling in Macrophages by TLR-Induced and RBP-J–Dependent Induction of Jagged1
Authors: Foldi Julia , Chung Allen Y. , Xu Haixia , Zhu Jimmy , Outtz Hasina H. , Kitajewski Jan , Li Yueming , Hu Xiaoyu , Ivashkiv Lionel B.
Published: September 2010

Several signaling pathways, including the Notch pathway, can modulate TLR activation to achieve responses most appropriate for the environment. One mechanism of TLR–Notch cross-talk is TLR-induced expression of Notch ligands Jagged and Delta that feed back to engage Notch receptors on TLR-activated cells. In this study, we investigated mechanisms by which TLRs induce Notch ligand expression in primary macrophages. TLRs induced Jagged1 expression rapidly and independently of new protein synthesis. Jagged1 induction was augmented by IFN-γ, was partially dependent on canonical TLR-activated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, and elevated Jagged1 expression augmented TLR-induced IL-6 production. Strikingly, TLR-induced Jagged1 expression was strongly dependent on the Notch master transcriptional regulator RBP-J and also on upstream components of the Notch pathway γ-secretase and Notch1 and Notch2 receptors. Thus, Jagged1 is an RBP-J target gene that is activated in a binary manner by TLR and Notch pathways. Early and direct cooperation between TLR and Notch pathways leads to Jagged1-RBP-J–mediated autoamplification of Notch signaling that can modulate later phases of the TLR response.
Essential Role of Complement Mannose-Binding Lectin-Associated Serine Proteases-1/3 in the Murine Collagen Antibody-Induced Model of Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Banda Nirmal K. , Takahashi Minoru , Levitt Brandt , Glogowska Magdalena , Nicholas Jessica , Takahashi Kazue , Stahl Gregory L. , Fujita Teizo , Arend William P. , Holers V. Michael
Published: September 2010

Gene-targeted mice deficient in the complement mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 and -3 (MASP1/3−/−) express only the zymogen of factor D (pro-factor D [pro-Df]), a necessary component of the alternative pathway (AP). We used the murine collagen Ab-induced arthritis (CAIA) model, in which the AP is unique among complement pathways in being both necessary and sufficient for disease induction, to determine whether MASP-1/3 are required in vivo for the development of tissue injury. Disease activity scores, complement C3 tissue deposition in the joint, and histopathologic injury scores were markedly decreased in MASP1/3−/− as compared with wild-type (WT) mice. MASP-1 protein was immunochemically localized to synovial cells of knees of WT mice with arthritis. Pro-Df was present in both synovial cells and chondrocytes of knees of WT and MASP1/3−/− mice without arthritis, with increased amounts present in synovial cells of WT mice with CAIA. No conversion of pro-Df to mature Df was detectable in the serum of MASP1/3−/− mice during the evolution of CAIA. C3 activation and deposition as well as C5a generation induced in vitro by adherent anti-type II collagen mAbs were absent using sera from MASP1/3−/− mice under conditions in which only the AP was active. The addition of human Df fully reconstituted in vitro C3 activation and C5a generation using sera from MASP1/3−/− mice. Our studies demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, the absolute requirement for the activity of MASP-1 protein in autoimmune-associated inflammatory tissue injury in vivo through activation of the AP of complement by cleavage of pro-Df to mature Df.
CD4+ T Cells Are Not Required for the Induction of Dengue Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cell or Antibody Responses but Contribute to Protection after Vaccination
Authors: Yauch Lauren E. , Prestwood Tyler R. , May Monica M. , Morar Malika M. , Zellweger Raphaël M. , Peters Bjoern , Sette Alessandro , Shresta Sujan
Published: September 2010

The contribution of T cells to the host response to dengue virus (DENV) infection is not well understood. We previously demonstrated a protective role for CD8+ T cells during primary DENV infection using a mouse-passaged DENV strain and IFN-α/βR−/− C57BL/6 mice, which are susceptible to DENV infection. In this study, we examine the role of CD4+ T cells during primary DENV infection. Four I-Ab–restricted epitopes derived from three of the nonstructural DENV proteins were identified. CD4+ T cells expanded and were activated after DENV infection, with peak activation occurring on day 7. The DENV-specific CD4+ T cells expressed intracellular IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and CD40L, and killed peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo. Surprisingly, depletion of CD4+ T cells before DENV infection had no effect on viral loads. Consistent with this observation, CD4+ T cell depletion did not affect the DENV-specific IgG or IgM Ab titers or their neutralizing activity, or the DENV-specific CD8+ T cell response. However, immunization with the CD4+ T cell epitopes before infection resulted in significantly lower viral loads. Thus, we conclude that whereas CD4+ T cells are not required for controlling primary DENV infection, their induction by immunization can contribute to viral clearance. These findings suggest inducing anti-DENV CD4+ T cell responses by vaccination may be beneficial.
Murine B Cells Regulate Serum IgE Levels in a CD23-Dependent Manner
Authors: Cheng Laurence E. , Wang Zhi-En , Locksley Richard M.
Published: September 2010

The manifestations of allergic disorders are closely tied to the biologic effects of IgE activation with Ag. In immediate hypersensitivity reactions, IgE effector function requires prior binding to innate immune cells, primarily mast cells and basophils, with the blood acting as a reservoir for unbound IgE. As the severity of allergic disease is proportional to the size of this unbound IgE pool, we hypothesized that cellular mechanisms exist to limit the size and/or enhance the clearance of free IgE molecules. We examined this in mice by engineering a reporter IgE molecule that allowed us to track the fate of IgE molecules in vivo. The absence of FcεRI-expressing cells did not affect serum IgE levels, but B cells regulated serum IgE by controlling the size of the free IgE pool. B cells captured IgE by direct binding to the low-affinity IgE receptor, CD23. These data indicate a mechanism regulating serum IgE and additionally clarify the role of CD23 in this process.
Although IL-6 Trans-Signaling Is Sufficient To Drive Local Immune Responses, Classical IL-6 Signaling Is Obligate for the Induction of T Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity
Authors: Lissilaa Rami , Buatois Vanessa , Magistrelli Giovanni , Williams Anwen S. , Jones Gareth W. , Herren Suzanne , Shang Limin , Malinge Pauline , Guilhot Florence , Chatel Laurence , Hatterer Eric , Jones Simon A. , Kosco-Vilbois Marie H. , Ferlin Walter G.
Published: September 2010

IL-6–mediated T cell-driven immune responses are associated with signaling occurring through the membrane-bound cognate receptor α-chain (mIL-6Rα). Once formed, IL-6–mIL-6Rα complexes induce the homodimerization and subsequent phosphorylation of the ubiquitously expressed signal-transducing protein, gp130. This signaling event is defined as classical IL-6 signaling. However, many inflammatory processes assigned to IL-6 may be mediated via binding a naturally occurring soluble IL-6Rα, which forms an agonistic complex (IL-6/soluble IL-6Rα) capable of evoking responses on a wide range of cell types that lack mIL-6Rα (IL-6 trans-signaling). To dissect the differential contribution of the two IL-6 signaling pathways in cell-mediated inflammatory processes, we pharmaceutically targeted each using two murine models of human arthritis. Whereas intra-articular neutralization of trans-signaling attenuated local inflammatory responses, the classical pathway was found to be obligate and sufficient to induce pathogenic T cells and humoral responses, leading to systemic disease. Our data illustrate that mechanisms occurring in the secondary lymphoid organs underlying arthropathies are mediated via the classical pathway of IL-6 signaling, whereas trans-signaling contributes only at the local site, that is, in the affected tissues.
Hoofstuk 10 - Terug by een ekumeniese fakulteit 1998–2009
Authors: Oberholzer J.P.
Published: September 2010

Na versigtige onderhandeling en migrasie word die twee fakulteits afdelings opgehef en beweeg dit na ‘n veelkerklike struktuur.
Hoofstuk 7 - Evaluering en selfinterptetasie 1971‒1980
Authors: Oberholzer J.P.
Published: September 2010

Personeelwisseling bring nuwe rolspelers. Terugskouing lei na evaluering van teologiese rigting. Politieke hoogspanning gaan nie by kerk en fakulteit verby nie. Die ontstaan van die Kerklike Instituut vir Toerusting van Ampsdraers en Lidmate bring ‘n waardevolle toevoeging.
Hoofstuk 6 - Ekumeniese isolasie en interne stryd 1961–1970
Authors: Oberholzer J.P.
Published: September 2010

Die stryd om die beperking van lidmaatskap van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk tot blanke persone (Artikel III) lewer die agtergrond van gebeure. Die Geyser-saak en daarna die Pont-saak neem die sentrale plek in. Die sesde leerstoel kry beslag en die toetrede van S.P.J.J. van Rensburg en J.P. Oberholzer tot die Fakulteit lei tot die derde geslag in die Departemente Ou Testamentiese Wetenskap en Nuwe Testamentiese Wetenskap.
Preliminary deployment of Grid-assisted oceanographic applications
Authors: Bolzon G. , Bylec K. , Cheptsov A. , Del Linz A. , Mauri E. , Poulain P.-M. , Prica M. , Salon S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Grid integration of OGS oceanographic remote instruments and coupled physical-biogeochemical model has been explored in the framework of the EC-FP7 DORII project. We discuss here the first preliminary results achieved, describing the different tools developed with the support of the project consortium. A general background of the Grid technology for the e-Science is also provided.
Serving data from the SCAR Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) using the SeaDataNet infrastructure
Authors: de Bruin T. F.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) jointly intend to build a Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). This paper addresses the required data flow infrastructure. SOOS will use a system of systems approach, using existing observation programmes and projects. Data should be submitted to professional data centres. The problem arises how to link all these data centres and get a central overview of the SOOS data as well as direct access to the data. The Netherlands National Oceanographic Data Committee (NL-NODC) has successfully built a national distributed oceanographic data acccess infrastructure, adopting and implementing technology developed by the European SeaDataNet project. The Dutch system has been operational since early 2009. The conclusion is that the SeaDataNet technology can be used to build an operational, distributed data delivery infrastructure, featuring all elements required by the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS).
Evidence for aggregation and export of cyanobacteria and nano-eukaryotes from the Sargasso Sea euphotic zone
Authors: Lomas M. W. , Moran S. B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Pico-plankton and nano-plankton are generally thought to represent a negligible fraction of the total particulate organic carbon (POC) export flux in oligotrophic gyres due to their small size, slow individual sinking rates, and tight grazer control that leads to high rates of recycling in the euphotic zone. Based upon recent inverse modeling and network analysis however, it has been hypothesized that pico-plankton, including the cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, and nano-plankton contribute significantly to POC export, via formation of aggregates and consumption of those aggregates by mesozooplankton, in proportion to their contribution to net primary production. This study presents total suspended particulate (> 0.7 μm) and particle size-fractionated (10–20 μm, 20–53 μm, > 53 μm) pigment concentrations from within and below the euphotic zone in the oligotrophic subtropical North Atlantic, collected using Niskin bottles and large volume in-situ pumps, respectively. Results show the indicator pigments for Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus and nano-eukaryotes are; (1) found at depths down to 500 m, and; (2) essentially constant, relative to the sum of all indicator pigments, across particle size fractions ranging from 10 μm to > 53 μm. Based upon the presence of chlorophyll precursor and degradation pigments, and that in-situ pumps do not effectively sample fecal pellets, it is concluded that these pigments were redistributed to deeper waters on larger, more rapidly sinking aggregates. Using available pigment data and ancillary cruise data, these Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus and nano-plankton derived aggregates are estimated to contribute 2–13% (5 ± 4%), 1–20% (5 ± 7%), and 6–43% (23 ± 14%) of the total sediment trap POC flux measured on the same cruises, respectively. Furthermore, nano-eukaryotes contribute equally to POC export and autotrophic biomass, while cyanobacteria contributions to POC export are one-tenth of their contribution to autotrophic biomass. These field observations provide direct evidence that pico- and nano-plankton represent a significant contribution to the total POC export in this oligotrophic ocean gyre. We suggest that this pathway should be included in ecosystem models, particularly as oligotrophic regions are hypothesized to expand in areal extent with warming and increased stratification in the future.
Climate forcing reconstructions for use in PMIP simulations of the last millennium (v1.0)
Authors: Schmidt G. A. , Jungclaus J. H. , Ammann C. M. , Bard E. , Braconnot P. , Crowley T. J. , Delaygue G. , Joos F. , Krivova N. A. , Muscheler R. , Otto-Bliesner B. L. , Pongratz J. , Shindell D. T. , Solanki S. K. , Steinhilber F. , Vieira L. E. A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Simulations of climate over the Last Millennium (850–1850 CE) have been incorporated into the third phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3). The drivers of climate over this period are chiefly orbital, solar, volcanic, changes in land use/land cover and some variation in greenhouse gas levels. While some of these effects can be easily defined, the reconstructions of solar, volcanic and land use-related forcing are more uncertain. We describe here the approach taken in defining the scenarios used in PMIP3, document the forcing reconstructions and discuss likely implications.
Urban hydrology in mountainous middle eastern cities
Authors: Grodek T. , Lange J. , Lekach J. , Husary S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The Mediterranean climate together with the type of urban setting found in mountainous Middle Eastern cities generate much lower runoff yields than previously reported and than usually estimated for urban design. In fact, a close analysis shows that most of the rainwater remains within the cities as a possible source for urban groundwater recharge. The present study examined two locales – Ramallah, an old traditional Palestinian Arab town, and Modiin, a new township in Israel – both situated on the karstic Yarkon Taninim aquifer. This aquifer supplies the only high-quality drinking water in the region (one quarter of the Israeli-Palestinian water demand), which is characterized by dense populations and limited water resources. This paper provides the first measured information on the hydrological effects of urbanization in the area. It was found that the shift of the mountainous natural steep slopes into a series of closed-terraced homes and gardens created areas that are disconnected from the urban runoff response. Roofs drained into the attached gardens and created favorable recharge units. Mainly low-gradient roads became the principal source for urban runoff already following 1–4 mm of rainfall. Parallel roads converted single peak hydrographs towards multi-peak runoff responses, increasing flow duration and reducing peak discharges. The remaining urban area (public parks, natural areas, etc.) generated runoff only as a result of high-magnitude rainstorms. All of the above conditions limited urban runoff coefficients to an upper boundary of only 22% and 30% (Ramallah and Modiin, respectively). During extreme rainstorms (above 100 mm) similar runoff coefficients were measured in urban and natural catchments as a result of the limited areas contributing to runoff in the urban areas, while natural terrain does not have these artificial limits. Hence, it was found, the effects of urbanization decrease with event magnitude and there is significant potential for urban groundwater recharge. However, frequent low-magnitude rainstorms often generate highly polluted stormwater in urban sewer systems and this water should only be used with great caution.
Multi-objective regionalisation for lake level simulation, the case of Lake Tana in the Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
Authors: Rientjes T. H. M. , Perera B. U. J. , Haile A. T. , Reggiani P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The aim in this study is to simulate lake levels of Lake Tana by solving the water balance at daily time step. Since 42% of the basin is ungauged regionalisation procedures are applied. We examine the predictive capability of a regionalisation approach that combines multi-objective calibration of a simple conceptual model and multi regression analyses to establish relations between model parameters and catchment characteristics. Recently few studies are presented on lake level simulation of Lake Tana. In these studies the water balance of the lake is closed by estimation of runoff contributions from ungauged catchments. Studies partly relied on simple ad-hoc procedures of area comparison to estimate runoff from ungauged catchments. In this study a regional model is developed that relies on principles of similarity of catchments. For runoff modelling the HVB-96 model is selected while multi-objective model calibration is by a Monte Carlo procedure. Assessment of the lake water balance was established by comparing measured to estimated lake levels. Results of daily lake level simulation show a water balance closure term of 85 mm and a relative volume error of 2.17%. Results show runoff from ungauged catchments of 527 mm per year for the simulation period 1994 to 2003 that is approximately 30% of Lake Tana stream flow inflow. Compared to previous works this closure term is smallest.
Brief communication "Report on the impact of the 27 February 2010 earthquake (Chile, Mw 8.8) on rockfalls in the Las Cuevas valley, Argentina"
Authors: Wick E. , Baumann V. , Jaboyedoff M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Numerous rockfalls were detected in the Las Cuevas valley, Argentina, after the 27 February 2010 earthquake in Chile. Live rockfalls were observed during aftershocks of 11 March 2010. Many rockfall source areas coincide with known thrust fault and some areas presented a rockfall activity even after the tremors. Some rockfalls crossed the National Road 7 but no damages to houses or vehicles were reported. This study illustrates how the 27 February 2010 earthquake impacted on unstable slopes in a valley far from the earthquakes epicentre. It is an interesting addition to previous studies on landslides caused by earthquakes because of the high magnitude of the event and of its aftershocks.
Innovation and Sustainability and Quality of Life
Authors: Wallace J.G.
Published: September 2010

As important current and increasing future sources of innovative economic initiatives, universities are unavoidably confronted by the challenging issues of sustainability and quality of life. The harmonization of social and economic goals will impact very significantly on their innovative activities in relation to both processes and outcomes. Approaches and objectives will be selected which combine potential economic significance with due concern for the physical environment and social well-being. The special characteristics of universities suggest that they are uniquely well suited to clarify the conceptual basis underlying the complex relationships between economic growth, sustainability and quality of life. This pressing task must be carried out so that governments, business and other social institutions are able to reflect the results in their policies and operational interrelationships.
Training Researchers to Commercialize Research Results
Authors: van der Sijde P.C. , Cuyvers R.
Published: September 2010

The commercialization of university research is usually handled by technology transfer officers. In this paper the authors report on the development of a training course in research commercialization for researchers themselves, who, although the most important people in the process, typically have little knowledge of this important area. The course is designed to create awareness of key topics and to introduce participants to the different concepts involved in the commercialization of knowledge – protection of intellectual property, spin-off companies, and doing with business with commercial enterprises. The pilot training courses were given in three different European locations (Leuven, Münster, Nijmegen). The authors report on participants' views of the training and suggest revisions for future courses.
From Mode 1 to Mode 2: Can Universities Learn from Consultancies?
Authors: Fisher D. A. , Klein J. A.
Published: September 2010

This paper explores ways in which universities can learn from best practice in the commercial sector when seeking to commercialize their research. Arising from the asserted shift from Mode 1 to Mode 2 knowledge generation, consultancies are often seen as exemplars of Mode 2 knowledge-creating institutions. The authors consider consulting organizations as a model for university technology transfer processes. Using available metrics, some consultancies perform better than universities in terms of patenting and commercialization. This may be because consultancies are working in fields that are closer to market needs. However, the commercialization processes used in consultancies may be beneficially applied to a university context.
Determining the Success or Failure of International Technology Transfer
Authors: van Egmond-de Wilde de Ligny E.L.C. , Kumaraswamy M.M.
Published: September 2010

The authors present a conceptual framework that is considered useful for investment studies and consultancy activities on international technology transfer (ITT). Thoroughly elaborated investment studies – by which possible risks and constraints can be identified – can provide valuable support to decision makers in an ITT project. There appears to be no readily available methodology for the assessment of international technology transfer projects, and for mapping the essential factors that have an impact on them. This paper describes the principles of a conceptual framework which forms the basis of a comprehensive methodology for investment studies and consultancy activities to support ITT projects. This ‘Technology Mapping Methodology’ brings in the technological dimension, which has been absent in most conventional socioeconomic analyses and investment studies. The results of the application of this methodology in a number of ITT projects, such as the Tanzanian project described here, demonstrate its usefulness for technology transfer policy and management.
Effect of the synthesis initiation mode on the structure and properties of sulfadiazine molecularly imprinted polymers
Authors: Zhang Zhiliang , Wang Bing , Li Jian
Published: September 2010

In the presence of imprinting molecules of sulfadiazine, two kinds of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were synthesized by photoinitiated and thermally initiated polymerizations, respectively. The combination of sulfadiazine and α‐methyl acrylic acid and their composite ratio were studied by differential UV absorption spectrometry. The results show that a combined effect between the functional monomer and the imprinting molecule occurred in the solution. The structure and properties of these synthetic polymers were researched and compared with IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and a balanced combination of static experiments. The polymer materials synthesized in these two ways had the same molecular structure, but their morphology was different. Furthermore, through the adsorption isotherm, Scatchard analysis, and evaluation of the imprinting efficiency, we determined that the lower temperature was a more suitable synthesis condition for the polymerization of the MIPs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011