bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emission Reduction in Coffee Roasting: Approach of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) Methodology
Authors: Tsai Wen-Hsien , Lee Kuo-Hsien , Huang Chung-Chen
Published: February 2025

This study explores optimizing carbon emissions in the coffee bean roasting industry through the application of Activity-Based Costing (ABC). By analyzing three roasting product combinations—light roast, medium roast, and dark roast—the research evaluates production costs, energy consumption, carbon emissions, and profitability. The light roast demonstrates the highest profitability and the lowest environmental impact, offering a favorable balance between economic and environmental objectives. Light roasting reduces carbon emissions by 33.33% compared to dark roasting and by 16.67% compared to medium roasting. The medium roast achieves moderate profitability while maintaining manageable energy consumption and carbon emissions. Conversely, the dark roast, though profitable, shows significantly higher energy consumption and carbon emissions, highlighting the need for targeted improvements in process efficiency. This study underscores the advantages of ABC in providing precise cost allocation and identifying resource inefficiencies, enabling businesses to implement energy-efficient technologies and optimize operations. It also emphasizes the importance of adopting renewable energy sources and leveraging government incentives to align sustainability with financial goals. This study serves as a model for integrating economic performance with environmental responsibility, offering actionable insights for businesses. Future research could expand the scope of this approach to other continuous process industries, demonstrating its broader applicability and potential for improving sustainability across diverse sectors.
Development of Deep Learning Simulation and Density Functional Theory Framework for Electrocatalyst Layers for PEM Electrolyzers
Authors: Zaveri Jaydev , Dhanushkodi Shankar Raman , Fowler Michael W. , Peppley Brant A. , Taler Dawid , Sobota Tomasz , Taler Jan
Published: February 2025

The electrocatalyst layers (ECLs) in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers are fundamentally comprised of IrOx catalysts, support material, and an ionomer. Their stability is critically dependent on structure and composition, necessitating a thorough understanding of ionization potential and work function. We employ Density Functional Theory (DFT) to determine the ionization states of ECLs and to optimize their electronic properties. Furthermore, advanced deep learning simulations (DLSs) significantly enhance the kinetic and transport behaviors of these layers. This work integrates DFT and DLS to elucidate the characteristics of ECLs within PEM electrolyzer cells. We strategically utilize DFT to refine catalyst molecules and assess their electronic properties, while DLS is employed to predict the potential energy of support molecules in the catalyst layers. We establish a clear relationship between the energy and geometry of IrOx molecules. The DFT-DLS framework robustly calculates potential energy and reaction coordinates, effectively bridging theoretical computations with the dynamic behavior of molecules in catalyst layers. We validate our model by comparing it with the experimental polarization curve of the IrOx-based anode catalyst layer in a functioning electrolyzer. The observed Tafel slope and exchange current density unequivocally confirm that the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurs through a well-defined electrochemical pathway, with oxygen generation proceeding according to the charge transfer mechanism predicted by the DFT-DLS framework.
Ignition and Puffing Characteristics of Kerosene Droplets with Addition of Boron Particles and Water/Ethanol Under Sub-Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Huang Jie , Lv Hongkun , Nie Jing , Ding Liwei , Xiong Xinrui , Zhang Kang , Chen Jiaying , Lai Zhenya , Wang Zhihua
Published: February 2025

To address the problems of the reduced evaporation rate and increased ignition time of kerosene droplets at sub-atmospheric pressures and high temperatures, boron and ethanol/water were selected as additives to be blended with RP-3 kerosene, respectively. The effects of different types of blended fuels on the evaporation, micro-explosion, and spontaneous ignition characteristics of RP-3 kerosene droplets were tested and compared using an independently designed, high-temperature, controlled-pressure experimental droplet system. A low-pressure environment (0.4 bar) promoted the high-intensity micro-explosion of RP-3/B and RP-3/water/ethanol droplets while reducing the number of puffing events. A comparative study of RP-3/B and RP-3/ethanol/water found that ethanol/water blended fuels had a higher micro-explosion intensity (1000–10,000 vs. 0.2–15 mm/s) and shorter droplet lifetimes and self-ignition times at low pressure. The 30%water fuel (30 vol.%water in water/ethanol sub-droplet) had the shortest ignition/breakup time, with an ignition time of 0.5715 s at 0.8 bar, 26.92% shorter than RP-3’s 0.782 s. This 30%water fuel mixture can increase the release rate of combustible vapors prior to ignition by inducing puffing and micro-explosions at high temperatures.
Renewable Energies and Biochar: A Green Alternative for Reducing Carbon Footprints Using Tree Species from the Southern Andean Region of Ecuador
Authors: Cobos-Torres Juan-Carlos , Idrovo-Ortiz Luis-Holguer , Cobos-Mora Sandra Lucia , Santillan Vinicio
Published: February 2025

The urgent need for sustainable strategies to mitigate climate change has spurred the development of efficient carbon sequestration methods with minimal greenhouse gas emissions, presenting promising opportunities to produce biochar and, with this bioproduct, enhance crop productivity. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the carbon footprint produced by the low-temperature slow pyrolysis of biomass obtained from the pruning residues of four tree species present in parks and gardens of the southern Andean region of Ecuador. An electric reactor (ER), powered by 44 solar panels of 535 W each, was used to perform the pyrolysis process at 350 °C over four hours. For each species—Persea americana, Polylepis spp., Acacia spp., and Prunus salicifolia—three replicates of the process were conducted using 1.5 kg of biomass per trial. The results showed that Acacia spp. residues produced biochar with higher bulk density (0.303 g/cm3), organic matter (82.85%), total organic carbon (71.21%), oxygen (27.84%), C/N ratio (120.69), and potassium (459.12 ppm). The biochar produced from Prunus salicifolia exhibited the highest levels of pollutant gas emissions and carbon footprint (5.93 × 10−6 ton∙m−3 CO2 eq and 0.001067 ton∙m−3 CO2 eq, respectively). In contrast, the biochar produced from Polylepis spp. was the least polluting (0.001018 ton∙m−3 CO2 eq), highlighting its potential as a source for biochar production from tree species found in the southern Andean region of Ecuador. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis of Persea americana (avocado) resulted in very low gas emissions, although it exhibited the second-highest carbon footprint due to the high energy consumption associated with the process. In conclusion, this study identified Persea americana and Polylepis spp. as the best options for biochar production through pyrolysis, positioning them as viable alternatives for developing sustainable strategies to mitigate climate change.
Dignified, Powerful, and Respected Old People in Medieval and Early Modern Literature: The Worthy Hero and the Wise Old Person Versus the Old Fool
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: February 2025

To understand the topic of old age in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, we can draw much information from relevant literary texts among other sources because the poets operated with general notions commonly subscribed to by their audiences. Old people appear in many different roles already in the pre-modern world, but here the focus will rest mostly on worthy, dignified, mighty, and even ferocious old warriors in heroic poetry. Those stand out because of their strength, their knowledge, their resolve, their wisdom, and their extensive and varied abilities, but this does not automatically mean that they were flawless. To round off this entry, the attention will finally turn to remarkable examples of old but highly respected people in the verse narratives by the German poet Heinrich Kaufringer, in Boccaccio’s Decameron, a harbinger of the Italian Renaissance, in Christine de Pizan’s didactic writings, and in the Old Norse Njál’s Saga.
Modeling and Control of a Permanent Magnet DC Motor: A Case Study for a Bidirectional Conveyor Belt’s Application
Authors: Molina-Santana Ernesto , Iturralde Carrera Luis Angel , Álvarez-Alvarado José M. , Aviles Marcos , Rodríguez-Resendiz Juvenal
Published: February 2025

Direct current (DC) motors are widely used in various applications because of their operational advantages and ease of control compared to those of other rotating machines. This study focuses on regulating the operation of a bidirectional conveyor powered by a permanent magnet DC motor driven by a full H-bridge power converter. The mechatronic system, comprising a conveyor, a DC motor, and a power converter, is modeled using first-order differential equations. For control design purposes, a simplified actuator model is derived, treating the conveyor load as an external disturbance. A linear control scheme, based on classical control theory, is proposed to ensure that the actuator velocity tracks the reference input. To improve the disturbance rejection, particularly against variations in mechanical loads, an extended state observer is incorporated. Simulation tests validated the proposed control scheme, highlighting the functionality and tradeoffs of its internal components.
Evaluation of Pain in the Pediatric Patient Admitted to Sub-Intensive Care: What Is the Evidence? A Scoping Review
Authors: Bonacaro Antonio , Granata Carlotta , Canini Chiara , Anderle Lucrezia , Ambrosi Federica , Bassi Maria Chiara , Biasucci Giacomo , Contini Andrea , Artioli Giovanna , La Malfa Elisa , Guasconi Massimo
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Inadequate pain treatment in pediatric patients can cause long-term physical and psychological issues. Accurate detection of pain presence and intensity is crucial, especially in Neonatal and Pediatric Sub-Intensive Care Units. Due to uncertainties about the best pain assessment tool in these settings, it is necessary to review the literature to identify the available evidence. Methods: A scoping review was performed to address the question: What tools are available for pain assessment in non-sedated, non-intubated pediatric patients in sub-intensive care? Searches were conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Open Dissertation, as well as CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov registries. Results: The review included 27 studies, revealing various tools for pain assessment in pediatric sub-intensive settings. All studies favored the use of multidimensional scales, combining physiological and behavioral indicators. Conclusions: This review offers a comprehensive overview of the tools for pain assessment in pediatric patients in sub-intensive care settings but does not determine a single best tool. Most studies focused on the validation, translation, and adaptation of these tools. Further research is needed on the practical application of these tools and the perceptions of those administering them.
A Comparison of the Impact of Latitude on the Root-Shoot Ratio of Natural and Planted Forests
Authors: Su Jianxiao , Yu Mengyao , Zhang Xueting , Xu Jiali , Gao Jie
Published: February 2025

The forest root-shoot ratio (R/S) is an important indicator of the structure and function of forest ecosystems. It reflects the adaptive strategies of plants to environmental changes, and its pattern of change along the latitudinal gradient is of great significance for understanding the response of forest ecosystems to environmental changes. Although numerous studies have addressed the relationship between climate, soil conditions, and the ratio of below-ground biomass to above-ground biomass (R/S) at the local scale, the pattern of R/S variations along the latitudinal gradient in different types of forests, as well as the dominant factors, remain unclear. This study, based on field surveys and literature collected from 2005 to 2020 on 384 planted forests and 541 natural forests in China, investigates the patterns of forest root-shoot ratio variation along latitudinal gradients in planted and natural forests. The study demonstrated a positive correlation between forest R/S ratio and increasing latitudinal gradients across different forest types, including planted and natural forests (p < 0.001). The results demonstrated a negative correlation between R/S in both planted and natural forests and mean annual temperature, annual precipitation and soil phosphorus content. Conversely, a positive correlation was observed between R/S and soil nitrogen content and soil pH. It can be observed that plantation forests are more susceptible to alterations in forest factors than natural forests. Latitudinal patterns can not only directly affect the R/S of planted and natural forests, but also affect forest R/S by influencing climate and forest factors and the interactions of the factors together. Our study distinguishes the pattern of R/S changes along the latitudinal gradient in planted and natural forests and its influencing factors. These findings are important for understanding the pattern changes in different forest ecosystems and provide a theoretical basis for efficiently guiding forest management.
Microbial Inoculant GB03 Increased the Yield and Quality of Grape Fruit Under Salt-Alkali Stress by Changing Rhizosphere Microbial Communities
Authors: Yan Hao-Kai , Zhang Cong-Cong , Nai Guo-Jie , Ma Lei , Lai Ying , Pu Zhi-Hui , Ma Shao-Ying , Li Sheng
Published: February 2025

Beneficial microbial agents, renowned for their cost-effectiveness, high efficiency, and environmental sustainability, play a pivotal role in enhancing plant growth, crop yield, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. This research delves into the impact of the GB03 microbial agent on the fruit quality of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes, as well as on soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities under saline stress. The findings revealed that salt-alkali stress significantly elevated soil electrical conductivity, pH, Na+ levels, and total salt content, while it markedly reduced soil K+, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen levels compared to the control. The application of the GB03 microbial agent, however, successfully mitigated these detrimental effects of salt-alkali stress. Furthermore, it augmented the population and abundance of dominant soil bacteria, including Acidobacteriota, Bdellovibrionota, and Gemmatimonadota etc., under saline conditions. Crucially, the microbial agent also inhibited the salt-alkali stress-induced decline in grape fruit’s single cluster weight, 100-grain weight, fruit color intensity, and volatile aroma compounds, as well as the increase in organic acids. Consequently, the GB03 microbial agent emerges as a potent strategy for ameliorating saline-alkali soils and bolstering the salt-alkali stress resilience of horticultural crops like grapes.
Optimization of 3D Extrusion Printing Parameters for Raw and Extruded Dehulled Andean Fava Bean Flours Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Authors: Quispe Santivañez Grimaldo Wilfredo , Javier Ninahuaman Henry Juan , Paucarchuco Soto Joselin , Pedrosa Silva Clerici Maria Teresa , Salvador-Reyes Rebeca
Published: February 2025

This study optimizes the 3D extrusion printing parameters—water-to-flour ratio (X1), temperature (X2), and printing speed (X3)—for raw (RFB) and extruded (EFB) dehulled Andean fava bean flours to maximize print quality and minimize structural defects. A 23 central composite design combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify the optimal conditions for achieving geometric precision, surface homogeneity, and textural stability. Physicochemical analyses showed that extrusion cooking substantially modified the composition and rheology of the flour. Compared with RFB, EFB exhibited lower protein and fiber contents, a higher proportion of digestible carbohydrates, and reduced rheological parameters (τ0, K, G′, G″), which facilitated printing. The evaluation of different parameter combinations revealed notable differences between the two flours, with X1 and X2 exerting the greatest influence on print quality. For RFB, the highest desirability (0.853) was achieved at X1 = 0.806, X2 = 23.18 °C, and X3 = 2470.5 mm/min, yielding more uniform and firmer printed structures. In contrast, EFB reached a desirability of 0.844 at X1 = 1.66 °C, X2 = 56.82 °C, and X3 = 1505.43 mm/min, indicating its outstanding geometric accuracy and robustness. In conclusion, raw flour requires higher hydration and lower temperatures to prevent excessive viscosity. In contrast, extruded flour benefits from low water and high temperatures to achieve stable structures and firm textures. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using Andean fava bean flour in 3D food printing to create nutrient-dense, functional foods with improved printability. This work offers practical applications for developing personalized foods—such as customized meals for individuals with specific dietary requirements—while contributing to sustainable and secure food production. Future research should address long-term storage, post-printing drying methods, and scaling production.
Double-Period Gravitational Dynamics from a Multifractal Perspective of Motion
Authors: Ghizdovat Vlad , Agop Maricel , Nedeff Florin , Nedeff Valentin , Rusu Dragos Ioan , Vasincu Decebal
Published: February 2025

Assimilating complex systems to multifractal-type objects reveals continuous and non-differentiable curve dynamics, aligning with the Multifractal Theory of Motion. Two scenarios, a Schrödinger-type and a Madelung-type multifractal scenario, are possible in this setting. If the Madelung scenario employs maximized information entropy for a distribution density, then Newtonian and oscillator-type forces can be determined. In the presence of these forces and a matter background, we analyze the two-body problem. The obtained results are as follows: a generalized Hubble-type law, a dependence of Newton’s constant on the epoch and background density, a generalization of Lorentz transform (involving the Hubble constant, Newton’s constant, the speed of light, and cosmic matter density), etc. Moreover, in the same scenario, the functionality of a diffusion-type equation implies instabilities, such as period doubling, through an SL(2R) invariance. Thus, multiple infragalactic and extragalactic instabilities are exemplified.
Considerations for the Implementation of Massively Parallel Sequencing into Routine Kinship Analysis
Authors: Davenport Lucinda , Devesse Laurence , Satmun Somruetai , Syndercombe Court Denise , Ballard David
Published: February 2025

Background: Investigating the way in which individuals are genetically related has been a long-standing application of forensic DNA typing. Whilst capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based STR analysis is likely to provide sufficient data to resolve regularly encountered paternity cases, its power to adequately resolve more distant or complex relationships can be limited. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) has become a popular alternative method to CE for analysing genetic markers for forensic applications, including kinship analysis. Data workflows used in kinship testing are well-characterised for CE-based methodologies but are much less established for MPS. When incorporating this technology into routine relationship casework, modifications to existing procedures will be required to ensure that the full power of MPS can be utilised whilst maintaining the authenticity of results. Methods: Empirical data generated with MPS for forensically relevant STRs and SNPs and real-world case experience have been used to determine the necessary workflow adaptations. Results: The four considerations highlighted in this work revolve around the distinctive properties of sequence-based data and the need to adapt CE-based data analysis workflows to ensure compatibility with existing kinship software. These considerations can be summarised as the need for a suitable sequence-based allele nomenclature; methods to account for mutational events; appropriate population databases; and procedures for dealing with rare allele frequencies. Additionally, a practical outline of the statistical adjustments required to account for genetic linkage between loci, within the expanded marker sets associated with MPS, has been presented. Conclusions: This article provides a framework for laboratories wishing to implement MPS into routine kinship analysis, with guidance on aspects of the data analysis and statistical interpretation processes.
Multiomics with Evolutionary Computation to Identify Molecular and Module Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Complex Disease
Authors: Cheng Han , Liang Mengyu , Gao Yiwen , Zhao Wenshan , Guo Wei-Feng
Published: February 2025

It is important to identify disease biomarkers (DBs) for early diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases in personalized medicine. However, existing methods integrating intelligence technologies and multiomics to predict key biomarkers are limited by the complex dynamic characteristics of omics data, making it difficult to meet the high-precision requirements for biomarker characterization in large dimensions. This study reviewed current analysis methods of evolutionary computation (EC) by considering the essential characteristics of DB identification problems and the advantages of EC, aiming to explore the complex dynamic characteristics of multiomics. In this study, EC-based biomarker identification strategies were summarized as evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence and other EC methods for molecular and module DB identification, respectively. Finally, we pointed out the challenges in current research and future research directions. This study can enrich the application of EC theory and promote interdisciplinary integration between EC and bioinformatics.
Choline Alphoscerate: A Therapeutic Option for the Management of Subthreshold Depression in the Older Population
Authors: Granata Nicolò , Vercesi Marco , Bonfanti Annamaria , Mencacci Claudio , Coco Ilaria , Mangrella Mario , Piazza Roberto , Cerveri Giancarlo
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Subthreshold depression (StD) presents with depressive symptoms similar to major depressive disorder (MDD) but of lower intensity. Despite its milder form, StD is significantly prevalent in the older population, affecting up to 12.9%. StD is associated with adverse outcomes, such as an increased risk of MDD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Treating StD in older adults is challenging due to the limited efficacy and side effects of traditional antidepressants. As a result, clinicians often adopt a “watchful waiting” strategy, which increases the risk of StD progressing into MDD or MCI. Choline alphoscerate (α-GPC), a cholinergic drug, is indicated in the treatment of pseudodepression in the elderly, a condition that corresponds to the actual definition of StD. This review highlights the role of α-GPC in the treatment of StD in older subjects. Methods: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies was conducted, focusing on the efficacy of α-GPC in improving cognitive and behavioral functions in mental conditions and in modulating neurotransmitter systems involved in depression, such as dopamine and serotonin. Results: Evidence points to the therapeutic benefits of using α-GPC in StD as it acts on cholinergic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Additionally, it may improve mood regulation and motivation, key factors in StD and in depressive disorders. These findings suggest that α-GPC may reduce the risk of progression from StD to MDD or MCI. Conclusions: α-GPC represents an effective and safe therapeutic option for the treatment of StD in the older population, improving clinical outcomes and enhancing the quality of life in this high-risk group.
Analyzing Prescribing Trends of Gastric Acid Suppressants in the UK Using Segmented Regression: Evaluating the Influence of COVID-19 (2019–2024)
Authors: Orayj Khalid
Published: February 2025

Background: This study explored the prescribing patterns of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) across the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the dynamic relationship between emerging evidence, regulatory actions, and clinical practices. Methods: Using a repeated cross-sectional design, prescription data from July 2019 to May 2024 were analyzed across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Segmented regression analysis was employed to assess trends before and after January 2022, reflecting the impact of emerging evidence on prescribing behaviors. Results: The results revealed a significant increase in famotidine prescriptions, from 57.56 to 303.31 per 100,000 population in England post-January 2022, reflecting early adoption of preliminary findings despite the lack of randomized controlled trial confirmation. Ranitidine prescriptions fell to near zero due to contamination concerns, while PPIs like omeprazole remained the most prescribed, with Wales reporting the highest post-2022 usage at 7445.71 per 100,000 population. Conclusions: Adherence to deprescribing guidelines was inconsistent, with a possibility that many PPI users lacked documented indications. Regional variations in prescribing trends highlighted differences in guideline implementation. These findings underscore the need for improved evidence dissemination and adherence to prescribing guidelines. Future research should include patient-level data and long-term evaluations to optimize healthcare practices.
Examination of Non-Specific Low Back Pain, Pain Perceptions and Disability Between Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Muay Thai and Boxing Athletes
Authors: Christakou Anna , Karvouni Elena , Benetos Ioannis S. , Evangelopoulos Dimitrios S. , Pneumaticos Spyridon G.
Published: February 2025

Background: Non-specific low back pain is the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. The present study investigates non-specific low back pain, pain perceptions and disability due to pain among Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Muay Thai and Boxing athletes. Methods: The study included 90 amateur athletes (aged 18–45 years; M = 28.97, SD = 5.88). The athletes completed the valid and reliable Pain Beliefs Perceptions Inventory (PBPI), the Quebec Pain Disability Scale (QPDS) and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) which includes the Visual Analogue Scale (10 cm VAS 0–10 rating system) and the Present Pain Intensity index (PPI). Results: The results revealed that the majority of athletes rated their pain as low (SF-MPQ: M = 12.34, SD = 8.91; VAS: M = 1.65, SD = 1.82; PPI: M = 2.10, SD = 1.08) with low disability due to pain (QPDS: M = 18.98, SD = 22.71). Also, the majority of athletes disagreed that their pain was mysterious or persistent with high duration (PBPI: M = 1.43, SD = 2.23). Between the three martial arts, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu athletes showed statistically significantly (a) higher emotional and sensational pain intensity (x2(2) = 15.73; p < 0.001; x2(2) = 19.34; p < 0.001), (b) higher disability due to pain (x2(2)= 25.30; p < 0.001) and (c) more mysterious, more persistent pain with more duration (x2(2)= 9.32; p < 0.05) than Muay Thai and Boxing athletes. Also, a few correlations were found between age and pain perception only in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu and Boxing martial arts athletes. Conclusions: Further research is required to elucidate the biomechanical and psychological factors contributing to these differences between martial arts athletes.
Sex Disparities in Smoked and Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Displaced Populations in Mizoram, India: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sharma Yashika , Masterson Creber Ruth , Lalmuanpuii Julia , Zawtha Sakie , Zawtha Beichotha , Chairi Helimay , Zawkhai Rodani , Dai Stacey , Bang So Hyeon , Benda Natalie
Published: February 2025

Displaced populations face an elevated risk for tobacco use, especially smokeless tobacco (SLT), due to its affordability and acceptability in regions like Mizoram State (India) and Chin State (Myanmar). Despite this, limited research exists on tobacco use patterns and contributing factors among displaced populations. This study aimed to examine smoked tobacco and SLT use among displaced communities in Mizoram, India. We collected data across nine villages using mobile health technology. We conducted logistic regression models to examine the cross-sectional associations between sex and tobacco use. Age was explored as a potential moderator. The analytic sample consisted of 2226 participants, with a mean age of 43 (±16.2) years, 63.1% of whom were women. Approximately 70% of the participants reported using tobacco, with SLT being the most common form (46.3%). Women were 57% less likely to use tobacco than men, but women aged 55 and older had twice the odds of using tobacco compared to men in the same age group. Additionally, women had nearly 71 times higher odds of using SLT compared to smoked tobacco than men. The findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive interventions targeting SLT use among women. Future research should explore the drivers of this disparity to guide public health strategies.
Can Exercise-Mediated Adipose Browning Provide an Alternative Explanation for the Obesity Paradox?
Authors: Zhao Jiani , Li Xuehan , Liang Chunyu , Yan Yi
Published: February 2025

Overweight patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) tend to survive longer than normal-weight patients, a phenomenon known as the “obesity paradox”. The phenotypic characteristics of adipose distribution in these patients (who survive longer) often reveal a larger proportion of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), suggesting that the presence of scWAT is negatively associated with all-cause mortality and that scWAT appears to provide protective benefits in patients facing unhealthy states. Exercise-mediated browning is a crucial aspect of the benign remodeling process of adipose tissue (AT). Reduced accumulation, reduced inflammation, and associated adipokine secretion are directly related to the reduction in CVD mortality. This paper summarized the pathogenetic factors associated with AT accumulation in patients with CVD and analyzed the possible role and pathway of exercise-mediated adipose browning in reducing the risk of CVD and CVD-related mortality. It is suggested that exercise-mediated browning may provide a new perspective on the “obesity paradox”; that is, overweight CVD patients who have more scWAT may gain greater cardiovascular health benefits through exercise.
Sub-Immunosuppressive Tacrolimus Ameliorates Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathology in 3xTg-AD Mice
Authors: Silva Jacqueline , Tumurbaatar Batbayar , Guptarak Jutatip , Zhang Wen-Ru , Fracassi Anna , Taglialatela Giulio
Published: February 2025

Tacrolimus (TAC) has emerged as a potential therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with the challenge of balancing its therapeutic benefits against its immunosuppressive effects. This study explores the efficacy of a sub-immunosuppressive TAC dosing regimen to ameliorate AD-related pathologies. TAC was administered daily for 14 days, with drug concentrations measured via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in whole blood and hippocampal tissue from C57BL6J mice, while immunofluorescence analyses and Western blotting (performed on hippocampal extracts) were conducted in 10–12 month old 3xTg-AD mice to evaluate levels of tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins. The results from LC-MS/MS revealed that lower TAC doses resulted in sub-immunosuppressive blood levels, while still penetrating the hippocampi. Immunofluorescence showed reductions in tau and Aβ proteins in 3xTg-AD mice. Additionally, Western blot analyses revealed reductions in tau and Aβ, along with increases in synaptic and autophagy-related proteins. These findings highlight the potential of sub-immunosuppressive TAC doses in effectively targeting AD pathology while minimizing the risk of chronic systemic immunosuppression. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to establish the optimal TAC dosing regimen for AD treatment.
A Review of Talin- and Integrin-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis
Authors: Baster Zbigniew , Russell Lindsay , Rajfur Zenon
Published: February 2025

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the world, representing one of the main economic burdens in health care and research. The effort of research has mainly focused on limiting the growth of a localized tumor, but most recently, there has been more attention focused on restricting the spreading of the cancer via invasion and metastasis. The signaling pathways behind these two processes share many molecules with physiological pathways regulating cell adhesion and migration, and, moreover, adhesion and migration processes themselves underlie tumor potential for invasion. In this work, we reviewed the latest literature about cancer development and invasion and their regulation by cell migration- and adhesion-related proteins, with a specific focus on talins and integrins. We also summarized the most recent developments and approaches to anti-cancer therapies, concentrating on cell migration-related therapies.
Development and Characterization of Three Novel FGFR Inhibitor Resistant Cervical Cancer Cell Lines to Help Drive Cervical Cancer Research
Authors: Bou Antoun Nauf , Afshan Mahmood Hiba-Tun-Noor , Walker Anthony J. , Modjtahedi Helmout , Grose Richard P. , Chioni Athina-Myrto
Published: February 2025

Primary or acquired resistance to therapeutic agents is a major obstacle in the treatment of cancer patients. Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide and, despite major advances in cancer screening and treatments, many patients with advanced stage cervical cancer have a high recurrence rate within two years of standard treatment, with drug resistance being a major contributing factor. The development of cancer cell lines with acquired resistance to therapeutic agents can facilitate the comprehensive investigation of resistance mechanisms, which cannot be easily performed in clinical trials. This study aimed to create three novel and robust cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa, CaSki, and SiHa) with acquired resistance to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PD173074). All three drug-resistant (DR) cell lines overexpressed FGFR1, FGFR2, FGF2, FGF4, and FGF7 proteins that were also localized to the nucleus. In addition, the DR cells had a significantly more aggressive phenotype (more migratory and proliferative, less apoptotic) compared to the parental cell lines. These novel DR cervical cancer cells are a critical tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning drug resistance and for the identification of potential cervical cancer biomarkers. Moreover, the availability of such DR cell lines may facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies using FGFR inhibitors in combination with other agents that target pathways responsible for acquired resistance to FGFR inhibitors.
Development and Evaluation of a New Measles Detection Assay Using Real-Time RT-PCR
Authors: Chayeb Vera A. , Dolgova Anna S. , Popova Margarita R. , Zheleznova Nina V. , Shirobokova Svetlana A. , Shabalina Anna V. , Sharova Alena A. , Gladkikh Anna S. , Antipova Anastasia Yu. , Kirichenko Anastasiia D. , Ramsay Edward S. , Dedkov Vladimir G.
Published: February 2025

The severity of MeV infection has been greatly reduced by the development of a live attenuated vaccine, which has been incorporated into vaccination programs in many countries. However, poor access to health facilities, and above all, the increase in anti-vaccination movements, has prevented the achievement of sufficient vaccination coverage. In outbreak scenarios, a rapid and transportable method can improve differential diagnosis, including removing ambiguity in suspected measles cases, contacts, or a cohort. In response to the need, we have developed a new RT-qPCR-based MeV detection assay. The LOD of the developed assay was determined on different PCR machines and the higher threshold was 1–1.2 103 copies/mL. The joint diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA and RT-PCR (used together) was 100%, and used combinedly, these two methods enable detection of all measles-infected persons, which is extremely important for controlling contagion and spread of infection. During the clinical validation of the assay on 200 clinical samples from measles-suspected cases using ELISA, 157 samples showed a positive result, while 163 positive cases were confirmed by the RT-qPCR assay. The concordance between the two techniques was 93%. According to our results, the real-time RT-PCR approach used in our study is more sensitive and appears to be a more promising method for measles diagnosis during early stages of the disease, likely before the rise of specific IgM antibodies detected by ELISA.
Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Skin Homeostasis: An Update
Authors: Quan Tao , Li Ran , Gao Ting
Published: February 2025

Skin aging is the most prominent phenotype of host aging and is the consequence of a combination of genes and environment. Improving skin aging is essential for maintaining the healthy physiological function of the skin and the mental health of the human body. Mitochondria are vital organelles that play important roles in cellular mechanisms, including energy production and free radical balance. However, mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and degradation processes vary greatly in various cells in the skin. It is well known that mitochondrial dysfunction can promote the aging and its associated diseases of the skin, resulting in the damage of skin physiology and the occurrence of skin pathology. In this review, we summarize the important role of mitochondria in various skin cells, review the cellular responses to vital steps in mitochondrial quality regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial phagocytosis, and describe their importance and specific pathways in skin aging.
Protocatechualdehyde Induced Breast Cancer Stem Cell Death via the Akt/Sox2 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Ko Seung-Yeon , Park Seonghee , Choi Youn-Hee
Published: February 2025

Breast cancer (BC) is most frequently recognized in women and characterized by histological and molecular heterogeneity. Among the various subtypes, triple-negative BC remains the most challenging disease owing to the lack of effective molecular targets and the high frequency of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which account for both recurrence and resistance to conventional treatments. Despite the availability of hormonal therapies and targeted treatments, patients still face early and late relapses, necessitating new cytotoxic and selective treatment strategies. Our study focuses on investigating the effects of protocatechualdehyde (PCA), a potent bioactive compound derived from Artemisia princeps, on CSCs in BC cells. PCA inhibited BC growth and mammosphere formation as the concentration increased. This agent decreased the fraction of the CD44+/CD24− population, the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A-expressing population, and the protein level of Sox2 in breast CSCs by downregulating Akt and pAkt. Moreover, PCA treatment reduced the tumor volume and weight in 4T1-challenged BALB/c mice. Collectively, our findings support the anti-tumor effect of Akt/Sox2-targeting PCA, suggesting a novel utilization of PCA in BC therapy.
Mosquito Population Dynamics and Blood Host Associations in Two Types of Urban Greenspaces in Coastal Florida
Authors: Ortiz Yasmin V. , Casas Simon A. , Tran Minh N. D. , Decker Emily G. , Saborit Ivana , Le Hao N. , Caragata Eric P. , Reeves Lawrence E. , Thongsripong Panpim
Published: February 2025

Urban greenspaces, including residential parks and conservation areas, provide ecological and recreational benefits. This study reports mosquito surveillance and blood meal analysis data from greenspaces in Vero Beach, Florida. It also compares mosquito assemblages and host associations across residential and conservation greenspaces to assess how greenspace type impacts mosquito abundance and host interactions. Using CO2-baited traps and large-diameter aspirators, mosquitoes were collected over 26 sampling weeks (February–December 2023) yielding over 19,000 female mosquitoes from 32 species. Although mosquito species richness and community composition were similar across greenspace types, relative abundance of some key vector and nuisance species differed significantly. For example, Aedes taeniorhynchus was more common in preserved coastal wetland greenspaces, while Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were more common in residential greenspaces. Generalized linear models revealed the impacts of climatic variables on the abundance of many key mosquito species. Blood meal analyses showed that host associations did not vary significantly by greenspace type, suggesting stable mosquito–host interactions across the landscape. These results highlight that greenspaces are not uniform in their mosquito species composition. Further studies on the effects of different greenspace types on mosquito communities can help to identify urban landscape features that minimize mosquito-borne disease risk.
Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complex and D-Dimer Concentrations Between Patients at Low and High Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Before Delivery According to RCOG Score Assessment: An Observational Study Among 100 Third-Trimester Vietnamese Pregnancies
Authors: Vuong Anh Dinh Bao , Tran Ngoc Hai , Pham Thanh Hai , Le Hoai An Minh , Nguyen Phuc Nhon
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is related to maternal mortality, especially after the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG) guidelines’ risk assessment score has been established to reduce thrombotic complications during pregnancy. Recently, it was found that the soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC) could be an alternative to D-dimer (DD), which has been used to assess the risk of VTE. This study aims to reveal the difference between FM and DD concentrations in low- and high-VTE-risk groups according to the RCOG’s guidelines. Method: This observational study was conducted at the Department of High-Risk Pregnancy, Tu Du Hospital, Vietnam between August 2023 and April 2024. This study enrolled 100 pregnant women beyond 28 weeks of gestation at low risk (≤2 points) and high risk (≥3 points) of VTE assessment following the RCOG guidelines’ score. Blood samples were collected for the SFMC and DD tests before delivery. Statistical tests were used to compare the difference in SFMC and DD concentrations between the two groups. A p-value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results: We found no significant difference in DD and SFMC tests between low and high VTE risk (1.61 [1.30–2.30] vs. 1.51 [0.91–2.13]; 5.00 [1.36–9.78] vs. 3.74 [1.28–14.63], respectively; p > 0.05). The length of hospital stay in the high-risk group is longer than that of the low-risk group and involves postpartum infection. In addition, we found no significant correlation between the gestational age and SFMC or DD concentration. However, a moderate positive correlation between the two tests was found. Similarly, no significant correlation between the VTE score and SFMC or DD concentration was found in the present study. Conclusions: The soluble fibrin monomer complex and D-dimer tests are not significantly different between low-risk and high-risk groups determined through VTE evaluation before delivery according to the RCOG guidelines. The fibrin-linked tests need to be individualized and applied among pregnant women with higher scores of VTE risk based on maternal and pregnancy characteristics during antenatal care. Further studies with a larger number of participants are required to strengthen the findings.
Postoperative Patient-Reported Pain and Opioid Consumption After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Propensity Score-Matched Comparison of the Direct Superior and Posterior Approaches
Authors: Hong Seok Ha , Yu Kang Hun , Han Seung Beom
Published: February 2025

Background: The direct superior approach (DSA), a muscle-sparing technique derived from the posterior approach (PA), has received little attention despite its potential advantages. This study compared the impact of the DSA and PA on patient-reported pain and postoperative opioid consumption with medical and surgical complications. Methods: We reviewed 451 primary total hip arthroplasties for osteonecrosis of the femoral head and osteoarthritis between January 2016 and December 2022, which were categorized as DSA or PA. Demographic data, including age, sex, preoperative opioid usage, smoking status, chronic alcoholism, and underlying diseases, were collected. Propensity score matching balanced the DSA and PA groups. The maximum and minimum pain score on the postoperative day (POD) and total opioid consumption were compared between the two groups. Inflammation-related serum markers, medical and surgical complications, and the length of hospital stay were also analyzed. Results: After matching, 139 patients were included in each group. Patients with the DSA reported a lower average maximum pain on POD #1 and #4 and a lower average minimum pain on POD #1, #2, and #4. The DSA group showed a significant reduction in opioid consumption. In addition, the DSA led to a significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) on POD #5, 14, and 28 after the index surgery compared to the PA. Postoperative delirium (3.6 vs. 9.4%, p = 0.05) and length of stay (5.4 vs. 8.4 days, p < 0.001) were significantly different between the two groups. No significant differences were observed in chronic opioid use, medical complications, or other surgical complications. Conclusions: The DSA was associated with lower patient-reported pain and a marked reduction in opioid consumption, delirium, and length of hospital stay.
Periprocedural Use of Heparin and Other Factors Contributing to the Patency of the Radial Artery Following Diagnostic Coronary Angiography
Authors: Bochenek Tomasz , Pytlewski Adam , Lelek Michał , Gruchlik Bartosz , Szczogiel Jan , Grabka Marek , Jaklik Andrzej , Podolski Maciej , Mizia-Stec Katarzyna
Published: February 2025

Background: Diagnostic angiography of coronary arteries is one of the most common procedures in invasive cardiology and is mainly performed via the radial artery. Rapid improvements in the quality of the equipment and operator’s experience have changed the landscape of this procedure. Methods: In this study, 284 patients were analyzed to determine whether heparin administration should be a necessity for all patients to prevent radial artery occlusion (RAO). Moreover, the possible influence of 51 other factors on RAO was analyzed. Results: This study revealed that heparin administration does not have a significant impact on RAO incidence (p = 0.131). However, it was found that a longer fluoroscopy time (p < 0.001) and smaller (5F) vascular sheath (p = 0.001) might serve as protective factors against RAO. On the other hand, a greater number of catheters (p < 0.001), greater compression time (p = 0.001), wider (6F) vascular sheath (p = 0.002), spasm occurrence (p = 0.001), spasmolytic administration (p < 0.001) and atherosclerotic changes in the radial artery (p = 0.005) were risk factors for RAO. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the need for a more personalized approach to the patient when analyzing the individual risk of RAO. In our opinion, it is possible to omit heparin in cases of patients with an initial low risk of RAO or possible adverse drug reactions during diagnostic angiography.