bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diachronous Growth of the Altyn Tagh Mountains: Constraints on Propagation of the Northern Tibetan Margin From (U‐Th)/He Dating
Authors: Shi Wenbei , Wang Fei , Yang Liekun , Wu Lin , Zhang Weibin
Published: June 2018

The sinistral Altyn Tagh strike‐slip fault demarcates the northern boundary of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau; however, the significance and timing of activity along the fault are debated. Here new apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He data are presented, revealing the exhumation history of the Altyn Tagh Mountains from crustal depths of ~2–7 km. Studies of rock samples from the Altun Shan region show that they were located close to the surface during the Early Cretaceous and remained so until about 40 Ma. Samples from the Subei and Dangjin Pass areas, on the other hand, record a period of rapid exhumation at 20 ± 2 Ma, and samples from the Qiemo area record a period of continuous exhumation between ~20 and 12 Ma at a rate of
 mm/year, plus a further rapid cooling event at 7–5.5 Ma. Thus, significantly more exhumation has occurred toward the southwestern section of the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone, indicating a decrease in tectonic uplift toward the northeast since the Miocene. During the late Miocene, the Tarim Block began to subduct beneath the northern Tibetan margin, resulting in rapid exhumation of the central section of the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone. In accordance with previous studies, the present results support a model of northward propagation and expansion of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic.
Crustal Deformation Following Great Subduction Earthquakes Controlled by Earthquake Size and Mantle Rheology
Authors: Sun Tianhaozhe , Wang Kelin , He Jiangheng
Published: June 2018

After a great subduction earthquake, viscoelastic stress relaxation causes opposing motion of Earth's surface in the strike‐normal direction, with the dividing boundary located roughly above the downdip termination of the rupture. As the effect of the viscoelastic relaxation decays with time, the effect of the relocking of the megathrust becomes increasingly dominant to cause the dividing boundary to migrate away from the rupture zone, eventually leading to wholesale landward motion. The evolution of the postseismic deformation is controlled not only by mantle viscosity but also by the size of the earthquake. Large coseismic fault slip induces greater stress perturbation that takes a longer time to relax, and a greater rupture length along‐strike results in a pattern of postseismic viscous mantle flow less efficient for stress relaxation. Here we employ spherical‐Earth finite element models of Burgers rheology to quantify postseismic deformation processes for ten 8.0 ≤ Mw ≤ 9.5 subduction earthquakes. Using geodetic data as constraints, we reconstruct spatiotemporally continuous evolution of the postseismic deformation following each earthquake. We comparatively examine the “reference time” when the dividing boundary of the opposing motion passes through the map view location of the 50‐km depth contour of the subduction interface. Our results suggest a positive dependence of the reference time on earthquake size, although site‐ and/or event‐specific factors such as subduction rate, afterslip, and postseismic locking state of the megathrust also affect the evolution. Upper mantle viscosities constrained by available geodetic observations show somewhat different values between subduction zones located far from one another.
Competition Between Crystallization‐Induced Expansion and Creep Compaction During Gypsum Formation, and Implications for Serpentinization
Authors: Skarbek Rob M. , Savage Heather M. , Kelemen Peter B. , Yancopoulos Demetra
Published: June 2018

Deformation caused by reaction‐driven volume increases is an important process in many geological settings. The interaction of rocks with reactive fluids can change permeability and reactive surface area, leading to a large variety of feedbacks. Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is an ideal material to study these processes. It forms rapidly at room temperature via bassanite (CaSO4·[1/2]H2O) hydration and is commonly used as an analog for rocks in high‐temperature, high‐pressure conditions. We conducted uniaxial deformation experiments on porous bassanite aggregates to study the effects of applied axial load σa on deformation during the formation of gypsum. While hydration of bassanite involves a solid volume increase, gypsum exhibits significant creep compaction when in contact with water. These two processes occur simultaneously. Samples exhibited an initial phase of deformation followed by a slower secondary phase. A particular value of σa separates expansion from compaction during each of the deformation phases. At σa≤150 kPa, samples expanded initially; for σa≥230 kPa, samples compacted initially. Up to σa≈3.2 MPa, samples expanded after compacting initially, while for σa≥3.6 MPa, no further deformation or continued compaction occurred. This behavior implies that crystallization‐induced stresses depend on porosity and reaction extent such that larger stresses cannot be generated by the reaction. We explain aspects of the observed behavior with a model that predicts strain evolution using kinetic relationships for the reaction and creep rates and consider the implications of our results for reaction‐induced fracturing during serpentinization.
WRF‐Chem Simulation of an East Asian Dust‐Infused Baroclinic Storm (DIBS)
Authors: Caffrey Peter F. , Fromm Michael D. , Kablick George P.
Published: June 2018

Observations of dust‐infused baroclinic storm (DIBS) clouds (Fromm et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071801) have revealed Saharan and Asian storm systems with mineral dust mixed with overrunning cirrus shield clouds at altitudes of 8–10 km. The unique characteristics observed in these clouds, including intense Cloud‐Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization lidar backscatter and large daytime 3.9‐ to 11‐μm brightness temperature differences (indicating relatively small ice crystals), have prompted this modeling study to determine the mineral dust pathway and dynamics, if any, through an observed DIBS. We use the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting Model with the chemistry model (WRF‐Chem) and constrained with the WRF data assimilation system (WRF‐DA) to conduct a reanalysis of an East Asian DIBS from 6 to 11 April 2010. Desert dust emission via the Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport dust emission scheme (Ginoux et al., 2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000053) and transport from both the Taklimakan and Gobi deserts is simulated within WRF‐Chem with the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry aerosol treatment (Zaveri et al., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008782). In‐line air mass trajectories were used to source and trace dust transport from the storm spin‐up through dissipation 4 days later. Results show rapid dust transport from the Gobi desert to cirrus cloud tops via the warm conveyor belt mechanism, with the dust mixed throughout the cloud at altitudes from 5 to 10 km. Results are verified by good qualitative agreement with Cloud‐Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization observations at several different moments in the DIBS cycle, including an elevated layer of dust that remains after storm cloud dissipation. These results confirm the potential for routine and significant dust‐cloud processing in DIBS cases, affecting both cloud properties and identifying a previously unidentified pathway for long‐range transport of dust.
March on Saturday Highlights Threats to the Oceans and Solutions
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2018

David Helvarg, lead organizer of the 9 June March for the Ocean, spoke with Eos about the goals for the march and “turning the tide” to protect the oceans.
Magnetic Fingerprints of Modern Sediments in the South China Sea Resulting From Source‐to‐Sink Processes
Authors: Kissel C. , Sarnthein M. , Laj C. , Wang P. X. , Wandres C. , Egli R.
Published: June 2018

More than 650 Mt/year of fluvial sediment are delivered from continental regions into the South China Sea (SCS). Previous studies have shown that the composition of the magnetic fraction of riverine sediments drained into the SCS is significantly variable from north to south. On the basis of this evidence, we now examine a full set of magnetic properties for a number of core tops taken at water depth of mostly between 800 and 3,500 m. Room temperature magnetic parameters and thermal spectra are used to obtain information about the concentration and mineralogical magnetic composition. Spatial changes are observed in the relative proportion of magnetite and hematite with an increase of the latter toward the south, similarly to the observation on land. However, the N‐S contrast is much weaker in marine core tops than in river sediments, because of the role played by the shelf in partly trapping river‐borne sediments, in particular in the southern SCS. In part, sediments also reach the continental slope and the deep basins, being transported and mixed by surface and deepwater currents, which yield the magnetite‐hematite mixing in the south. For the first time, we characterize a wide spectrum of magnetic properties of modern marine sediment in the SCS. Our results give important insights into the modern pathways of sediment particles, depicting the source‐to‐sink processes that affect the terrigenous sediment load.
Automatic Classification of Auroral Images From the Oslo Auroral THEMIS (OATH) Data Set Using Machine Learning
Authors: Clausen Lasse B. N. , Nickisch Hannes
Published: June 2018

Based on their salient features we manually label 5,824 images from various Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imagers; the labels we use are clear/no aurora, cloudy, moon, arc, diffuse, and discrete. We then use a pretrained deep neural network to automatically extract a 1,001‐dimensional feature vector from these images. Together, the labels and feature vectors are used to train a ridge classifier that is then able to correctly predict the category of unseen auroral images based on extracted features with 82% accuracy. If we only distinguish between a binary classification aurora and no aurora, the true positive rate increases to 96%. While this study paves the way for easy automatic classification of all auroral images from the THEMIS all‐sky imager chain, we believe that the methodology shown here is readily applied to all images from any other auroral imager as long as the data are available in digital form. Both the neural network and the ridge classifier are free, off‐the‐shelf computer codes; the simplicity of our approach is demonstrated by the fact that our entire analysis comprises about 50 lines of Python code. Automatically attaching labels to all available all‐sky imager data would enable statistical studies of unprecedented scope.
Dynamic and Quasi‐Dynamic Modeling of Injection‐Induced Earthquakes in Poroelastic Media
Authors: Pampillón Pedro , Santillán David , Mosquera Juan Carlos , Cueto‐Felgueroso Luis
Published: June 2018

Earthquake ruptures in poroelastic media involve a suite of complex phenomena arising from stick‐slip frictional instabilities and thermo‐hydromechanical couplings. In this study we propose a fully implicit, time‐adaptive, and monolithically coupled finite element model to simulate dynamic earthquake sequences in poroviscoelastic media. We consider a Kelvin‐Voigt viscoelastic material and characterize the impact of inertial effects on injection‐induced earthquakes. We present, for the first time, dynamic simulations of ruptures in rate‐and‐state faults in poroelastic media. Our simulations resolve the full earthquake cycle, including the interseismic, spontaneous earthquake nucleation, and dynamic rupture phases. We compare dynamic simulations with quasi‐dynamic ones, in which inertial effects are neglected and the slip singularity is resolved through a radiation damping approximation. Viscous dissipation models the physical process of seismic wave attenuation: As viscous damping increases, the patch size and the maximum fault slip become smaller, hence decreasing the expected earthquake magnitude. From a computational perspective, viscoelasticity helps avoid spurious high‐frequency oscillations during wave propagation. By including inertial effects, the dynamic model accounts for transient fluctuations of pressures and solid stresses during rupture, which are neglected in the quasi‐dynamic approach. Understanding these transient perturbations may shed light on the role of pore pressure in the mechanism of dynamic earthquake triggering. The poroviscoelastic dynamic approach is a good compromise between the inviscid, fully dynamic model, and the quasi‐dynamic one. A small amount of viscous damping allows us more efficient calculations, while preserving the most relevant features of dynamic ruptures, in particular slip velocities, accumulated slip, and seismic moment released.
TiO2 Solubility and Nb and Ta Partitioning in Rutile‐Silica‐Rich Supercritical Fluid Systems: Implications for Subduction Zone Processes
Authors: Chen Wei , Xiong Xiaolin , Wang Jintuan , Xue Shuo , Li Li , Liu Xingcheng , Ding Xing , Song Maoshuang
Published: June 2018

To understand Ti, Nb, and Ta mobility in supercritical fluids and Nb/Ta fractionation in subduction zones, we conducted piston cylinder experiments to determine rutile (TiO2) solubility and Nb and Ta partition coefficients (Dru/sf Nb and Dru/sf Ta) in rutile (ru)‐silica‐rich supercritical fluid (sf) systems at 1.5–2.5 GPa and 920–1150 °C over variable fluid chemistries including solute (SiO2 ± albite component), H2O, Cl, and F contents. Under the investigated conditions, TiO2 solubility in the supercritical fluids varies from 761 ± 107 to 9795 ± 448 ppm; Dru/sf Nb and Dru/sf Ta vary from 12 ± 1 to 208 ± 30 and 34 ± 5 to 2464 ± 140, respectively. Higher solute, Cl, and F contents in the systems and higher temperatures result in higher TiO2 solubilities and lower Dru/sf Nb and Dru/sf Ta, and thus, fluid chemistry and temperature exert main controls on Ti, Nb, and Ta mobility. In all cases, Dru/sf Nb/Dru/sf Ta  < 0.70, suggesting that supercritical fluids released from subducting slabs are higher in Nb/Ta relative to their protoliths. Therefore, such fluids are expected to result in higher Nb/Ta ratios in mantle wedges and arc magmas. Although Ti, Nb, and Ta could be mobile in supercritical fluids, Nb/Ta ratios in primitive arc basalts compared to those in mid‐ocean ridge basalts show that only ~10% of arc basalts are possibly disturbed by solute‐rich supercritical fluids during their generation. Therefore, if the fluids released from subducting slabs are dominantly supercritical, then most of them must be stable only in narrow P‐T spaces and hence too short‐lived to ascend very far into mantle wedges.
Fas-L promotes the stem cell potency of adipose-derived mesenchymal cells
Authors: Solodeev Inna , Meilik Benjamin , Volovitz Ilan , Sela Meirav , Manheim Sharon , Yarkoni Shai , Zipori Dov , Gur Eyal , Shani Nir
Published: June 2018

Fas-L is a TNF family member known to trigger cell death. It has recently become evident that Fas-L can transduce also non-apoptotic signals. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are derived from various adult tissues. Although MSCs from different tissues display common properties they also display tissue-specific characteristics. Previous works have demonstrated massive apoptosis following Fas-L treatment of bone marrow-derived MSCs both in vitro and following their administration in vivo. We therefore set to examine Fas-L-induced responses in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Human ASCs were isolated from lipoaspirates and their reactivity to Fas-L treatment was examined. ASCs responded to Fas-L by simultaneous apoptosis and proliferation, which yielded a net doubling of cell quantities and a phenotypic shift, including reduced expression of CD105 and increased expression of CD73, in association with increased bone differentiation potential. Treatment of freshly isolated ASCs led to an increase in large colony forming unit fibroblasts, likely produced by early stem cell progenitor cells. Fas-L-induced apoptosis and proliferation signaling were found to be independent as caspase inhibition attenuated Fas-L-induced apoptosis without impacting proliferation, whereas inhibition of PI3K and MEK, but not of JNK, attenuated Fas-L-dependent proliferation, but not apoptosis. Thus, Fas-L signaling in ASCs leads to their expansion and phenotypic shift toward a more potent stem cell state. We speculate that these reactions ensure the survival of ASC progenitor cells encountering Fas-L-enriched environments during tissue damage and inflammation and may also enhance ASC survival following their administration in vivo.
Controllability in an islet specific regulatory network identifies the transcriptional factor NFATC4, which regulates Type 2 Diabetes associated genes
Authors: Sharma Amitabh , Halu Arda , Decano Julius L. , Padi Megha , Liu Yang-Yu , Prasad Rashmi B. , Fadista Joao , Santolini Marc , Menche Jörg , Weiss Scott T. , Vidal Marc , Silverman Edwin K. , Aikawa Masanori , Barabási Albert-László , Groop Leif , Loscalzo Joseph
Published: June 2018

Probing the dynamic control features of biological networks represents a new frontier in capturing the dysregulated pathways in complex diseases. Here, using patient samples obtained from a pancreatic islet transplantation program, we constructed a tissue-specific gene regulatory network and used the control centrality (Cc) concept to identify the high control centrality (HiCc) pathways, which might serve as key pathobiological pathways for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). We found that HiCc pathway genes were significantly enriched with modest GWAS p-values in the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) study. We identified variants regulating gene expression (expression quantitative loci, eQTL) of HiCc pathway genes in islet samples. These eQTL genes showed higher levels of differential expression compared to non-eQTL genes in low, medium, and high glucose concentrations in rat islets. Among genes with highly significant eQTL evidence, NFATC4 belonged to four HiCc pathways. We asked if the expressions of T2D-associated candidate genes from GWAS and literature are regulated by Nfatc4 in rat islets. Extensive in vitro silencing of Nfatc4 in rat islet cells displayed reduced expression of 16, and increased expression of four putative downstream T2D genes. Overall, our approach uncovers the mechanistic connection of NFATC4 with downstream targets including a previously unknown one, TCF7L2, and establishes the HiCc pathways’ relationship to T2D.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Tobacco-smoking-related prevalence of methanogens in the oral fluid microbiota
Authors: Grine Ghiles , Terrer Elodie , Boualam Mahmoud Abdelwadoud , Aboudharam Gérard , Chaudet Hervé , Ruimy Raymond , Drancourt Michel
Published: June 2018

The oral fluid microbiome comprises an important bacterial diversity, yet the presence of archaea has not been reported so far. In order to quest for the presence of methanogenic archaea (methanogens) in oral fluid, we used a polyphasic approach including PCR-sequencing detection, microscopic observation by fluorescence in-situ hybridization, isolation and culture, molecular identification and genotyping of methanogens in 200 oral fluid specimens. In the presence of negative controls, 64/200 (32%) prospectively analysed oral fluid specimens were PCR-positive for methanogens, all identified as Methanobrevibacter oralis by sequencing. Further, fluorescence in-situ hybridization detected methanogens in 19/48 (39.6%) investigated specimens; with morphology suggesting M. oralis in 10 cases and co-infecting Methanobrevibacter smithii in nine cases. M. oralis was cultured from 46/64 (71.8%) PCR-positive specimens and none of PCR-negative specimens; and one M. smithii isolate was co-cultured with M. oralis in one specimen. Multispacer Sequence Typing found one M. oralis genotype per specimen and a total of five different genotypes with 19/46 (41%) of isolates all belonging to spacer-type four. Statistical analyses showed a significant correlation between the PCR-detection of methanogens in oral fluid and tobacco smoking. These data indicate that M. oralis and M. smithii are oral fluid-borne methanogens in tobacco smokers. Both methanogens could be transmitted during intimate contacts such as mother-to-child contacts and kissing.
Strontium ranelate promotes odonto-/osteogenic differentiation/mineralization of dental papillae cells in vitro and mineralized tissue formation of the dental pulp in vivo
Authors: Bakhit Alamuddin , Kawashima Nobuyuki , Hashimoto Kentaro , Noda Sonoko , Nara Keisuke , Kuramoto Masashi , Tazawa Kento , Okiji Takashi
Published: June 2018

This study examined the effects and mechanisms of strontium ranelate (SrRn)—a drug used to treat osteoporosis—on the proliferation and differentiation/mineralization of cloned dental pulp-like cells (mouse dental papillae cells; MDPs). It also determined whether topical application of SrRn to exposed dental pulp tissue promotes the formation of mineralized tissue in vivo. The MDPs were cultured with or without SrRn, and cell proliferation, odonto-/osteoblastic gene expression, mineralized nodule formation, and Akt phosphorylation were evaluated. The formation of mineralized tissue in SrRn-treated pulp tissue in rat upper first molars was evaluated histologically. The SrRn up-regulated cell proliferation and expression of Alp (alkaline phosphatase), Bsp (bone sialoprotein), Dmp (dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein)-1, Dspp (dentin sialophosphoprotein), and Oc (osteocalcin) in a dose-dependent manner. Mineralized nodule formation was also enhanced by SrRn. NPS-2143, a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) antagonist, and siRNA against the CaSR gene blocked SrRn-induced proliferation, odonto-/osteoblastic gene expression, and mineralized nodule formation. SrRn induced Akt phosphorylation, and this was blocked by NPS-2143. Topical application of SrRn to exposed rat molar pulps induced the formation of osteodentin-like mineralized tissue. Our study revealed for the first time that SrRn promotes proliferation and odonto-/osteogenic differentiation/mineralization of MDPs via PI3K/Akt signaling activated by CaSR in vitro; mineralized tissue forms from the dental pulp in vivo.
NiMoO4@NiWO4 honeycombs as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitor applications
Authors: Reddy Araveeti Eswar , Anitha Tarugu , Muralee Gopi Chandu V. V. , Srinivasa Rao S. , Kim Hee-Je
Published: June 2018

NiMoO4@NiWO4 electrode with honeycomb-like structure exhibits very good specific capacitance and cyclic stability than the NiMoO4 electrode.
Synthesis of multi-substituted allenes from organoalane reagents and propargyl esters by using a nickel catalyst
Authors: Shao Xue Bei , Zhang Zhen , Li Qing Han , Zhao Zhi Gang
Published: June 2018

The SN2′ substitution reaction of propargyl acetates with organoaluminum reagents mediated by Ni(PhP3)2Cl2(4 mol%)/PPh3(8 mol%)/K2CO3in tetrahydrofuran afforded the corresponding product multi-substituted allenes in good yields (up to 92%) with high selectivities (up to 99%) at 60 °C for 6 h.
A DFT/PCM-based methodology for predicting solvolytic reactivities of organic carbonates
Authors: Matić Mirela , Denegri Bernard
Published: June 2018

Reactivities of bicarbonate and various organic carbonate leaving groups were determined by using a very good correlation between calculated (IEFPCM/M06-2X) and measured heterolytic barriers.
Photo-crosslinkable second-order nonlinear optical polymer: facile synthesis and enhanced NLO thermostability
Authors: Cheng Ziyao , Tang Runli , Wang Ruifang , Xie Yujun , Chen Pengyu , Liu Guangchao , Li Zhen
Published: June 2018

A new photo-crosslinkable second-order nonlinear optical system was designed and prepared by azido-yne and the thiol–ene click reactions.
The effects of different heterocycles and solvents on the ESIPT mechanisms of three novel photoactive mono-formylated benzoxazole derivatives
Authors: Hao Jiaojiao , Yang Yang Yang Yang
Published: June 2018

The detailed effects of different heterocycles and solvents on the dynamical ESIPT mechanisms of three novel mono-formylated benzoxazole derivatives A–C in two different surroundings have been expounded by the TDDFT method at the B3LYP/TZVP level.
Transparent supercapacitors of 2 nm ruthenium oxide nanoparticles decorated on a 3D nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel
Authors: Suktha Phansiri , Phattharasupakun Nutthaphon , Sawangphruk Montree
Published: June 2018

Although ruthenium oxide nanoparticles (RuO2), graphene, and their composites have been widely used as supercapacitor electrode materials, transparent supercapacitors of these materials have been rarely investigated.
Transferrin-functionalized chitosan-graft-poly(l-lysine) dendrons as a high-efficiency gene delivery carrier for nasopharyngeal carcinoma therapy
Authors: Liu Tao , Chen Shaohua , Zhang Siyi , Wu Xidong , Wu Peina , Miao Beiping , Cai Xiang
Published: June 2018

The co-polymer of transferrin-conjugated chitosan-graft-poly(l-lysine) dendrons was used to deliver the MMP-9 shRNA plasmid effectively for nasopharyngeal carcinoma gene therapy.
Chemical abundance analysis of red giant branch stars in the globular cluster E3
Authors: Monaco L. , Villanova S. , Carraro G. , Mucciarelli A. , Moni Bidin C.
Published: June 2018

Context. Globular clusters are known to host multiple stellar populations, which are a signature of their formation process. The globular cluster E3 is one of the few low-mass globulars that is thought not to host multiple populations.

Aims. We investigate red giant branch stars in E3 with the aim of providing a first detailed chemical inventory for this cluster, we determine its radial velocity, and we provide additional insights into the possible presence of multiple populations in this cluster. Methods. We obtained high-resolution FLAMES-UVES/VLT spectra of four red giant branch stars likely members of E3. We performed a local thermodynamic equilibrium abundance analysis based on one-dimensional plane parallel ATLAS9 model atmospheres. Abundances were derived from line equivalent widths or spectrum synthesis.

Results. We measured abundances of Na and of iron peak (Fe, V, Cr, Ni, Mn), α(Mg, Si, Ca, Ti), and neutron capture elements (Y, Ba, Eu). The mean cluster heliocentric radial velocity, metallicity, and sodium abundance ratio are νhelio = 12.6 ± 0.4 km s−1(σ = 0.6 ± 0.2 km s−1), [Fe/H] = −0.89 ± 0.08 dex, and [Na/Fe] = 0.18 ± 0.07 dex, respectively. The low Na abundance with no appreciable spread is suggestive of a cluster dominated by first-generation stars in agreement with results based on lower resolution spectroscopy. The low number of stars observed does not allow us to rule out a minor population of second-generation stars. The observed chemical abundances are compatible with the trends observed in Milky Way stars.
Low-density laboratory spectra near the λ335 channel of the SDO/AIA instrument
Authors: Träbert Elmar , Beiersdorfer Peter
Published: June 2018

Aims. For a more complete interpretation of the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectra of the solar corona, it is beneficial to acquire laboratory data of specific chemical elements obtained under coronal conditions.

Methods. The EUV spectra of He, C, N, O, F, Ne, S, Ar, Fe, and Ni in a 30 Å wide wavelength interval near 335 have been excited in an electron beam ion trap.

Results. We observe just under 200 lines, almost half of which are not yet identified and included in spectral models.

Conclusions. Our data serve as a check on atomic databases that are used to interpret solar corona data such as collected by the Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft or the EUNIS instrument on sounding rockets. Our findings largely corroborate the databases. However, the accumulated flux of a multitude of mostly weak additional lines is comparable to that of various primary lines.
Dose estimates to the public due to 210Po ingestion via cocoa powder from Lolodorf high background radiation area, Cameroon
Authors: Mvondo S. , Beyala Ateba J.F. , Ben-Bolie G.H. , Owono Ateba P. , Simo A. , Ekobena H.F.
Published: June 2018

210Po activity concentrations have been measured in Lolodorf high background radiation area in cocoa beans which are hand-processed into cocoa powder for breakfast purposes to estimate radiological dose to human. 210Po has been also measured in cocoa leaves and compared to the cocoa beans 210Po content. The analysis has been carried out by CANBERRA alpha spectrometry using ion-implanted silicon detectors. 210Po activity concentrations in cocoa beans varied from 2.31 ± 0.23 to 8.09 ± 0.56 Bq.kg−1, while these values varied from 21.7 ± 0.87 to 66.67 ± 1.58 Bq.kg−1 in cocoa leaves. The corresponding mean values are 4.96 ± 1.86 and 42.54 ± 16 Bq.kg−1 on a dry weight basis respectively. The obtained values confirm the fact that 210Po activity concentrations in cocoa leaves are high compared to the cocoa beans due to the deposition of 222Rn daughters in the atmosphere. The mean radiological doses to human were founded to be 0.227, 0.134, 0.083 and 0.062 mSv/year for children 2- to 7-year-olds, 7- to 12-year-olds, 12- to 17-year-olds and for adult respectively. Ingestion of cocoa powder by the most exposed group ages (children) might not exceed the recommended dose limit for members of the public, which is 1 mSv/year.
Organ heilt Organ
Authors: Scheibel Stefan
Published: June 2018

Die Organpräparate der Firma Vitorgan aktivieren die Selbstheilungskraft der Organe auf Zellebene.
Multimodal gegen Toxinbelastung
Authors: Wagner-Bertram Angelika
Published: June 2018

Von Homaccorden bis zu Injeelen: Mit antihomotoxischen Präparaten der Firma Heel Toxine reduzieren und körpereigene Regulation unterstützen.
Assessment of the Dynamic Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity Test
(DISST) Pre and Post Gastric bypass Surgery
Authors: Wilson John , Docherty Paul , Stubbs Richard , Chase J Geoffrey , Krebs Jeremy
Published: June 2018

Objective To compare the dynamic insulin secretion and sensitivity
test (DISST) with the euglycaemic clamp in individuals undergoing open
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery prior-to and one month after
surgery.

Methods Insulin sensitivity in individuals with obesity undergoing
RYGB was studied with DISST and a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp.

Results Eleven participants, including nine females, mean(SD) age
51.2 (12.1) yrs, with a preoperative BMI of 48.7(9.5)kg/m2
were studied. Weight reduced from a mean (SD) of 133.8 (29.8) kg to
123.8 (28.9) kg post-surgery (p<0.001). The mean (SD) insulin
sensitivity index (ISI-DISST) was
3.07×10−4 (2.18) L.pmol−1.min−1
preoperatively and 2.36
×10−4 (0.78)L.pmol−1.min−1
postoperatively (p=0.37). The mean(SD) clamp ISI was 2.14
×10−2 (1.80) mg.L.kg−1.min−1.pmol−1
and
2.00×10−2.(0.76) mg.L.kg−1.min−1.pmol−1
postoperatively (p=0.86). Correlation between ISI-DISST and
ISI-Clamp preoperatively was r=0.81(95%CI 0.37-0.95) and
post-operatively r=0.47(95%CI 0-0.88). Bland-Altman analysis
demonstrates systematic bias between the two tests, where DISST
underestimated insulin sensitivity compared with the clamp by
0.96×10-2.mg.L.kg−1.min−1.pmol−1
(95%CI -2.24 to 0.32).

Conclusions There was a strong correlation between DISST and the
clamp preoperatively and DISST can be used to estimate insulin sensitivity
in individuals with morbid obesity. After RYGB surgery, DISST had a weaker
correlation with the clamp suggesting the fundamental physiological
determinants of insulin sensitivity being measured by each method change in
different ways with changes in glucose homeostasis following RYGB
surgery.
Pleiotropic Effect of Lipoprotein-Apheresis on the Soluble Form of Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (sALCAM) in Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: von Bauer Rüdiger , Oikonomou Dimitrios , Sulaj Alba , Kopf Stefan , Fleming Thomas , Rudofsky Gottfried , Nawroth Peter
Published: June 2018

Introduction/Background Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder in which several converging immune responses modulate and induce lipid accumulation in macrophages. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) has been described as a structural homologue of HDL-receptor and functions as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), while its soluble form sALCAM is involved in ALCAM-dependent and -independent immune mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aggressive removal of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp [a]) by lipoprotein-apheresis (LA) on sALCAM and blood viscosity as well as to evaluate its association with lipoproteins and serum markers of inflammation.
A comparison of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations with Former Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Telejko Beata , Kuzmicki Mariusz , Kretowska Monika Zbucka , Szamatowicz Jacek , Kretowski Adam
Published: June 2018

Aim The aim of the study was to compare the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnancy outcomes in women diagnosed by WHO 1999 and IADPSG criteria.

Methods This was a retrospective cohort study comprising 1508 women who underwent a 75-g OGTT after the 24th week of gestation at the University Hospital of Bialystok between 2004 and 2012.

Results GDM was diagnosed by WHO 1999 criteria in 486 (32.2%) patients and by IADPSG criteria in 397 (26.3%) women. Three hundred fifty five (23.5%) patients fulfilled both criteria, whereas 111 (7.4%) and 39 (2.6%) subjects met only WHO 1999 or IADPSG criteria, respectively. Isolated fasting hyperglycemia was found in 3.4% of patients fulfilling WHO 1999 criteria and in 17.6% of women who met IADPSG criteria. In total, fasting glycemic value was diagnostic in 42.8% of the participants fulfilling the new criteria. The main risk factor for GDM was family history of diabetes (OR 2.285 [95%CI: 1.772-2.945], p=0.00001). The rates of cesarean section and macrosomia were higher in the group with GDM than in the healthy women (54.7% vs 41.9% and 18.9% vs 13.9%, respectively), but the differences were not significant. Three months postpartum the disturbances of glucose tolerance were found in 21% of the patients with GDM.

Conclusions The introduction of the IADPS criteria did not increase the prevalence of GDM, but increased the number of patients with fasting hyperglycemia. Twelve weeks postpartum the patients with prior GDM had significantly higher post-load glucose levels than the healthy women.
Regioselective Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization of Anilines
Authors: Leitch Jamie , Frost Christopher
Published: June 2018

Anilines are a vital synthetic core of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, natural products and building blocks. Metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization has emerged as a powerful tool to derivatize biologically relevant molecules. To this end, the derivation of anilines via catalytic C–H functionalization has been the subject of important new synthetic methodology. This review focuses on the tactics used to allow regioselective C–H functionalization of anilines.

1 Introduction

2 ortho-Selective C–H Functionalization

2.1 Palladium

2.2 Rhodium

2.3 Ruthenium

2.4 Nickel

3 meta-Selective C–H Functionalization

4 para-Selective C–H Functionalization

5 Conclusion
Comparison of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy and Silver-Coated Foam Dressings in Open Wound Treatment in Dogs: A Prospective Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Reese Sven , Meyer-Lindenberg Andrea , Nolff Mirja , Albert Rebecca
Published: June 2018

Objectives To evaluate negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for treatment of complicated wounds in dogs.

Study Type Prospective randomized clinical study

Materials and Methods Dogs (n = 26) undergoing open-wound treatment were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group A (n = 13) NPWT; Group B (n = 13) silver-coated foam dressing. Pairs of patients were matched based on wound conformation, localization, and underlying cause and compared in terms of duration of previous treatment, development of wound size (wound planimetry), time to closure, bacterial bio-burden and complications. Wound dressing changes were performed every 3 days during the first 9 days of therapy for both groups. Statistical analysis was performed.

Results Pre-treatment signalment and bacterial status were comparable between groups. Total time to closure was significantly (p = 0.018) shorter in Group A (14.2 days) compared with Group B (28.6 days), and wound planimetry on days 3, 6 and 9 showed significant greater reduction in total wound area for Group A at all-time points (p < 0.05). Furthermore, wounds in Group A showed less progression of local infection than did wounds in Group B (p = 0.01).

Conclusion NPWT-treated wounds showed faster closure, improved macro-deformation and less local signs of infection.
Management of Primary Tectal Plate Low-Grade Glioma in Pediatric Patients: Results of the Multicenter Treatment Study SIOP-LGG 2004
Authors: Kaufmann Ariane , Gerber Nicolas , Kandels Daniela , Azizi Amedeo , Schmidt Rene , Warmuth-Metz Monika , Pietsch Torsten , Kortmann Rolf-Dieter , Gnekow Astrid , Grotzer Michael
Published: June 2018

Background Tectal plate low-grade gliomas (LGGs) most often present with increased intracranial pressure and sometimes as incidental findings from brain imaging. Prognostic factors predicting outcome are largely unknown.

Methods From 2004 until 2012, 71 patients with tectal plate LGG from Germany and Switzerland were followed within the SIOP-LGG 2004 study. Median age at diagnosis was 9.7 (range: 0.1–17.5) years, and median follow-up time of surviving patients was 6.3 (interquartile range: 4.9–8.3) years.

Results A total of 41 out of 71 patients received no tumor treatment (12 with and 29 without biopsy). The 10-year event-free survival (EFS) rate (± standard error ) for patients with an initial tumor volume of ≤3 cm3 was 56% (±7%), as opposed to 12% (±8%) for those with tumors >3 cm3 (p < 0.001). The 10-year EFS for patients without contrast enhancement on initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was 52% (±9%), and for those with enhancement, it was 23% (±9%) (p = 0.003). The 10-year overall survival rate was 96% (±3%) (death due to disease, 1; ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection, 1). Sixty-three (89%) patients had at least one cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedure.

Conclusions More than half of patients were managed without tumor treatment. Favorable prognostic factors for EFS were small initial tumor volume (≤3cm3) and the absence of initial contrast enhancement on MRI. Overall survival was excellent.
Botulinum Toxin A for Spastic Trismus Due to Brain Stem Encephalitis in a Pediatric Intensive Care Setting: A Unique Case Report
Authors: Kobal Fadi , Baqer Ayyoub , Shanthini Singaram Jai
Published: June 2018

Injection of botulinum toxin A to masseter and temporalis muscles improved mouth opening and facilitated suction and oral care in a child with spastic trismus. This is the first such report in a 3.5-year-old child on mechanical ventilator in pediatric intensive care unit setting.
Health IT, hacking, and cybersecurity: national trends in data breaches of protected health information
Authors: Ronquillo Jay G , Erik Winterholler J , Cwikla Kamil , Szymanski Raphael , Levy Christopher
Published: June 2018

Objective

The rapid adoption of health information technology (IT) coupled with growing reports of ransomware, and hacking has made cybersecurity a priority in health care. This study leverages federal data in order to better understand current cybersecurity threats in the context of health IT.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective observational study of all available reported data breaches in the United States from 2013 to 2017, downloaded from a publicly available federal regulatory database.

Results

There were 1512 data breaches affecting 154 415 257 patient records from a heterogeneous distribution of covered entities (P < .001). There were 128 electronic medical record-related breaches of 4 867 920 patient records, while 363 hacking incidents affected 130 702 378 records.

Discussion and Conclusion

Despite making up less than 25% of all breaches, hacking was responsible for nearly 85% of all affected patient records. As medicine becomes increasingly interconnected and informatics-driven, significant improvements to cybersecurity must be made so our health IT infrastructure is simultaneously effective, safe, and secure.
The Future Colorectal Cancer Burden Attributable to Modifiable Behaviors: A Pooled Cohort Study
Authors: Vajdic Claire M , MacInnis Robert J , Canfell Karen , Hull Peter , Arriaga Maria E , Hirani Vasant , Cumming Robert G , Mitchell Paul , Byles Julie E , Giles Graham G , Banks Emily , Taylor Anne W , Shaw Jonathan E , Magliano Dianna J , Marker Julie , Adelstein Barbara-Ann , Gill Tiffany K , Laaksonen Maarit A
Published: June 2018

Background

Previous estimates of the colorectal cancer (CRC) burden attributed to behaviors have not considered joint effects, competing risk, or population subgroup differences.

Methods

We pooled data from seven prospective Australian cohort studies (n = 367 058) and linked them to national registries to identify CRCs and deaths. We estimated the strength of the associations between behaviors and CRC risk using a parametric piecewise constant hazards model, adjusting for age, sex, study, and other behaviors. Exposure prevalence was estimated from contemporary National Health Surveys. We calculated population attributable fractions for CRC preventable by changes to current behaviors, accounting for competing risk of death and risk factor interdependence. Statistical tests were two-sided.

Results

During the first 10 years of follow-up, there were 3471 incident CRCs. Overweight or obesity explained 11.1%, ever smoking explained 10.7% (current smoking 3.9%), and drinking more than two compared with two or fewer alcoholic drinks per day explained 5.8% of the CRC burden. Jointly, these factors were responsible for 24.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 19.7% to 29.9%) of the burden, higher for men (36.7%) than women (13.2%, Pdifference < .001). The burden attributed to these factors was also higher for those born in Australia (28.7%) than elsewhere (16.8%, Pdifference = .047). We observed modification of the smoking-attributable burden by alcohol consumption and educational attainment, and modification of the obesity-attributable burden by age group and birthplace.

Conclusions

We produced up-to-date estimates of the future CRC burden attributed to modifiable behaviors. We revealed novel differences between men and women, and other high–CRC burden subgroups that could potentially benefit most from programs that support behavioral change and early detection.
Studying language evolution in the age of big data
Authors: Bhattacharya Tanmoy , Retzlaff Nancy , Blasi Damián E , Croft William , Cysouw Michael , Hruschka Daniel , Maddieson Ian , Müller Lydia , Smith Eric , Stadler Peter F , Starostin George , Youn Hyejin
Published: June 2018

The increasing availability of large digital corpora of cross-linguistic data is revolutionizing many branches of linguistics. Overall, it has triggered a shift of attention from detailed questions about individual features to more global patterns amenable to rigorous, but statistical, analyses. This engenders an approach based on successive approximations where models with simplified assumptions result in frameworks that can then be systematically refined, always keeping explicit the methodological commitments and the assumed prior knowledge. Therefore, they can resolve disputes between competing frameworks quantitatively by separating the support provided by the data from the underlying assumptions. These methods, though, often appear as a ‘black box’ to traditional practitioners. In fact, the switch to a statistical view complicates comparison of the results from these newer methods with traditional understanding, sometimes leading to misinterpretation and overly broad claims. We describe here this evolving methodological shift, attributed to the advent of big, but often incomplete and poorly curated data, emphasizing the underlying similarity of the newer quantitative to the traditional comparative methods and discussing when and to what extent the former have advantages over the latter. In this review, we cover briefly both randomization tests for detecting patterns in a largely model-independent fashion and phylolinguistic methods for a more model-based analysis of these patterns. We foresee a fruitful division of labor between the ability to computationally process large volumes of data and the trained linguistic insight identifying worthy prior commitments and interesting hypotheses in need of comparison.
Gardening in Displacement: The Benefits of Cultivating in Crisis
Authors: Millican Juliet , Perkins Carrie , Adam-Bradford Andrew
Published: June 2018

While the benefits of gardening to mental health and trauma recovery are well documented, and a number of voluntary organizations have been involved in developing gardens with refugees, as yet there is no clear mandate to allow and mainstream gardening in large-scale refugee camps. This article argues for the importance of this in the planning of camps on the basis that many crises are indeed protracted, that refugees often stay in camps for tens of years rather than months and that gardening has significant environmental, psychological and social benefits, as well as contributing to food sovereignty and sustainable drainage. Drawing on interviews with residents of a refugee camp in northern Iraq, all participants in a camp-based garden competition in 2016 and 2017, this article illustrates the benefits of gardening and argues for their sustained inclusion in camp design.
Cigarette smoke modifies and inactivates SPLUNC1, leading to airway dehydration
Authors: Moore Patrick J. , Reidel Boris , Ghosh Arunava , Sesma Juliana , Kesimer Mehmet , Tarran Robert
Published: June 2018

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, a major cause of COPD, dysregulates airway epithelial ion transport and diminishes airway surface liquid (ASL) volume. Short palate lung and nasal epithelial clone 1 (SPLUNC1) is secreted into the airway lumen where it maintains airway hydration via interactions with the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Although ASL hydration is dysregulated in CS‐exposed/COPD airways, effects of CS on SPLUNC1 have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that CS alters SPLUNC1 activity, therefore contributing to ASL dehydration. CS exposure caused irreversible SPLUNC1 aggregation and prevented SPLUNC1 from internalizing ENaC and maintaining ASL hydration. Proteomic analysis revealed αβ‐unsaturated aldehyde modifications to SPLUNCL's cysteine residues. Removal of these cysteines prevented SPLUNC1 from regulating ENaC/ASL volume. In contrast, SPX‐101, a peptide mimetic of natural SPLUNC1, that internalizes ENaC, but does not contain cysteines was unaffected by CS. SPX‐101 increased ASL hydration and attenuated ENaC activity in airway cultures after CS exposure and prolonged survival in a chronic airway disease model. These findings suggest that the CS‐induced defects in SPLUNC1 can be circumvented, thus making SPX‐101 a novel candidate for the treatment of mucus dehydration in COPD.—Moore, P. J., Reidel, B., Ghosh, A., Sesma, J., Kesimer, M., Tarran, R. Cigarette smoke modifies and inactivates SPLUNC1, leading to airway dehydration. FASEB J. 32, 6559–6574 (2018). www.fasebj.org