bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Affective Decision Making for Self and Other
Authors: Prencipe Angela , Zelazo Philip David
Published: July 2005

The role of perspective taking in affective decision making was studied in children at two ages (3 and 4 years) using a delay-of-gratification paradigm in which children chose between an immediate reward of lower value and a delayed reward of higher value. Half the children chose for themselves (self condition), and half chose for the experimenter (other condition). Three-year-olds chose delayed rewards in the other condition but made impulsive choices in the self condition. Compared with 3-year-olds, 4-year-olds performed better in the self condition and worse in the other condition. Results suggest that 3-year-olds took either a subjective, first-person perspective (for self) or an objective, third-person perspective (for other). Four-year-olds integrated these perspectives, considering a third-person perspective in the self condition and the experimenter's subjective perspective in the other condition (i.e., her desire for immediate gratification). This integration allowed reason to be tempered by emotion, and vice versa.
Learning Perceptual Organization in Infancy
Authors: Quinn Paul C. , Bhatt Ramesh S.
Published: July 2005

It has been demonstrated that older infants (6- to 7-month-olds), but not younger infants (3- to 4-month-olds), use form similarity to organize stimuli consisting of X and O elements. We investigated whether utilization of form similarity is governed by maturation or experience by contrasting how infants perform when familiarized with a single exemplar versus multiple exemplars depicting a particular organization. In Experiment 1, 3- to 4-month-olds failed to organize alternating columns or rows of squares and diamonds or Hs and Is, respectively. In Experiment 2, same-aged infants familiarized with all three patterns (X-O, square-diamond, H-I) displayed evidence of organization. The results suggest that 3- to 4-month-olds can use form similarity to organize visual patterns in a concept-formation task. The findings imply that perceptual organization based on form similarity is learned through experience with multiple patterns depicting a common arrangement, rather than immediately apprehended in an individual pattern.
Visual Sensing Is Seeing
Authors: Simons Daniel J. , Nevarez Gabriel , Boot Walter R.
Published: July 2005

Faced with the surprising failure to notice large changes to visual scenes (change blindness), many researchers have sought evidence for alternative, nonattentional routes to change detection. A recent article in Psychological Science (Rensink, 2004) proposed a new, nonsensory “mindsight” mechanism to explain the finding that some subjects on some trials reported sensing the presence of a recurring change before they could explicitly identify it and without having a localizable visual experience of change. This mechanism would constitute a previously unknown mode of seeing that, as Rensink suggested, might be akin to a sixth sense. Its existence would have radical implications for the mechanisms underlying conscious visual experience. Provocative claims merit rigorous scrutiny. We rebut the existence of a mindsight mechanism by supporting a more mundane explanation: Some subjects take time to verify their initial conscious detection of changes.
Letter-by-Letter Acquired Dyslexia Is Due to the Serial Encoding of Letters
Authors: Rayner Keith , Johnson Rebecca L.
Published: July 2005

Letter-by-letter acquired dyslexia (pure alexia) is assumed to be related to the serial encoding of letters, but the evidence for this assumption is somewhat indirect. Here, we demonstrate that the deficit is indeed due to serial encoding by comparing the performance of a letter-by-letter dyslexic reader with the performance of normal readers who were forced to read letter by letter; the data patterns are remarkably similar.
Mate Choice and Friendship in Twins
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe , Bons Trudy Ann
Published: July 2005

This study examined the genetic and environmental contribution to people's preference for spouses and friends to be similar to themselves. In their responses to 130 personality, attitude, and demographic questions, 174 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins resembled each other (r = .53) more than did 148 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins (r = .32), 322 pairs of spouses (r = .32), and 563 pairs of best friends (r = .20). It was not previously recognized that spouses and friends are as similar as DZ twins. MZ twins also chose spouses and best friends more similar to their co-twins' friends and spouses than did DZ twins (mean rs = .22 vs. .14). The twins' preference for spouses and friends similar to themselves was about 34% due to the twins' genes, 12% due to the twins' common environment, and 54% due to the twins' unique (nonshared) environment. Similarity to partners was more pronounced on the more heritable items than the less heritable items. It is concluded that people are genetically inclined to choose as social partners those who resemble themselves at a genetic level.
Why Do Women Underperform Under Stereotype Threat?
Authors: Cadinu Mara , Maass Anne , Rosabianca Alessandra , Kiesner Jeff
Published: July 2005

This study investigated the role of negative thinking as a potential mediator of performance deficits under stereotype threat. After being assigned to a stereotype-threat or a no-threat condition, 60 female participants were asked to complete a difficult math task. Using the thought-listing technique, women under stereotype threat reported a higher number of negative thoughts specifically related to the test and to mathematics compared with women in the no-threat condition. Moreover, women under stereotype threat also showed a sharp decrease in performance that (a) was most pronounced in the second half of the test and (b) was mediated by the increase in negative thinking.
Recruitment potential from asexual and sexual reproduction in Polymeria longifolia
Authors: JOHNSON S B , SINDEL B M
Published: July 2005

Sexual and asexual reproduction in the perennial Australian weed Polymeria longifolia (polymeria take‐all), was assessed using glasshouse and field studies. These studies aimed at elucidating the contribution that each reproductive mechanism makes to the success of the species as a weed in cotton in Australia. Asexual reproduction, including vegetative fragment movement because of cultivation and regeneration from in situ rhizome material, was the predominant means of dispersal and recruitment of the species. Sexual reproduction had a relatively minor but significant role in the reproductive biology of P. longifolia. Seedling establishment was <5% from buried seed in both the glasshouse and field. In the field, seedlings comprised <1% of the total number of new shoots recruited at the start of two consecutive seasons, with <3% of these reaching reproductive maturity. Vegetative fragments were more likely to survive and lead to subsequent shoot production when they were large and intact. Intensive cultivation, where plants of P. longifolia are cut into small fragments, may reduce the survival of fragments moved by cultivation and reduce recruitment from existing populations. Long‐term management strategies should focus on reducing the large vegetative flushes of this weed, as well as controlling the small number of seedlings recruited.
The potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) in relation to climate
Authors: KRITICOS D J , YONOW T , McFADYEN R E
Published: July 2005

A climate model of the estimated potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata has been revised. The new model fits the known distribution better, eliminates several internal inconsistencies, and employs more biologically appropriate cold‐stress mechanisms. The revised model reduces the estimated potential distribution of C. odorata, particularly in terms of the poleward and inland extents of suitable climates. Mediterranean, semi‐arid and temperate climates are now predicted to be unsuitable. However, the revised model supports the previous conclusions that much of tropical Africa, the north‐eastern coast of Australia and most Pacific islands are at risk of invasion. The distribution of C. odorata in South Africa extends further south than predicted by the model based on Asian and American distribution records. This anomaly supports the contention that the South African variety of C. odorata has different climatic requirements to the varieties commonly found elsewhere.
Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (kudzu) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter‐simple sequence repeat analysis
Authors: SUN J H , LI Z‐C , JEWETT D K , BRITTON K O , YE W H , GE X‐J
Published: July 2005

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) is a noxious weed infesting some areas of the USA. Knowledge of its genetic variation in both native and invasive areas can lead to effective biological control measures. Inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) variations were studied in P. lobata and its four closely related congeneric species (P. edulis, P. montana, P. phaseoloides and P. thomsoni). ISSR results allowed a clear separation of these five species. For P. lobata, 108 plants from China and USA were analysed. The samples from the US were genetically closer to Chinese P. lobata populations than to other congeneric populations. High genetic differentiation was found for P. lobata, P. montana and P. thomsoni in Chinese samples. High genetic diversity and low population differentiation was found in P. lobata samples of the US. This supports the hypothesis of multiple introductions into the USA from different sources in Japan or China, followed by subsequent gene exchange and recombination.
How to Repair Relationships – Reconciliation in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Wittig Roman M. , Boesch Christophe
Published: July 2005

Reconciliation appears to repair the relationships of former opponents after being disturbed by aggressive interactions. Despite a consensus about the benefit of reconciliation, how former opponents achieve this benefit remains unclear. Variation within reconciliation is evident in many species, but understanding what causes the variation has been mostly neglected until now. We collected 178 events of reconciliation of both sexes in a community of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Our data provide evidence for the relationship‐repair function of reconciliation, as aggression disturbed tolerance levels among former opponents and reconciliation restored tolerance to normal levels again. Partners with highly beneficial relationships reconciled more often compared with partners of low mutual benefit. Latency and duration of reconciliation varied in combination, such that short reconciliations were initiated soon after the conflict, while long reconciliations were initiated later. Latency increased with the risk of further aggression, while duration decreased when costs were incurred from interruption of beneficial activities. In contrast, the complexity of reconciliation varied according to the intensity of the preceding conflict, such that reconciliation was more complex after more intense conflicts. Our results suggest that relationships between opponents are increasingly disturbed with increasing conflict intensity and reconciliation repairs all relationships independent of their relationship value. We propose that the function of reconciliation is to reduce the disturbance created by aggression, but the more frequent the reconciliation, the more beneficial it is for former opponents.
Differential Growth of Own and Alien Pups in Mixed Litters of Mice: A Role for Genomic Imprinting?
Authors: Hager Reinmar , Johnstone Rufus A.
Published: July 2005

Female mice are said to be unable to distinguish own from alien offspring and will indiscriminately nurse each other's young in communal nests. Here, we present results of a split‐litter experiment that tested whether offspring growth was affected depending on whether they were nursed by their own or unrelated foster mothers. Pups of reciprocal crosses between C57/B6 and CBA/Ca strains were fostered in mixed litters that consisted half of their natural siblings and half of unrelated littermates of the reciprocal genotype. Analysing the relative growth of the two pup types showed that offspring gained proportionally more weight when nursed by their own mothers than their cross‐fostered litter mates during the period from day 15 until weaning, during which maternal provisioning effort contributes to pup weight gain. Before day 15 of the pups’ life, however, we found no advantage of being nursed by biological mothers, and we suggest that this may be due to the effects of paternally expressed genes in young that mask their maternal identity, thus favouring indiscriminate nursing of all young in a communal nest.
The Brief Piping Signal of the Honey Bee: Begging Call or Stop Signal?
Authors: Pastor Kristen A. , Seeley Thomas D.
Published: July 2005

For over 40 yr, investigators have recognized that the brief piping signal plays a role in the foraging operation of a honey bee colony. The function of this signal, however, remains uncertain. The main objective of this study was to determine whether, under normal foraging conditions, bees following waggle dancers produce brief piping signals to beg nectar samples from the dancers. We made observations on waggle dancers and their followers in an undisturbed colony whose foragers gathered nectar and pollen from flowers. We found that waggle dancers do often receive brief piping signals, that the bees producing these signals are generally dance followers, and that these signals increase a waggle dancer's tendency to stop dancing. We also found, however, that the brief piping signal is clearly not a begging call; 0 of 41 waggle dancers that received a piping signal from a dance follower gave a nectar sample to the bee that produced the signal. Our results support the hypothesis that the brief piping signal is a stop signal; it serves to shut off waggle dancing. But why some dance followers pipe the dancer they are following, thereby inhibiting her dancing, remains unclear and warrants further investigation.
Feinstruktur pigmentierter und unpigmentierter Photoreceptoren bei Proseriata (Plathelminthes)
Authors: SOPOTT‐EHLERS BEATE
Published: July 2005

The fine structure of rhabdomeric photoreceptors of Cirrifera aculeuta, Monocelis fusca and Nematoplana coelogynoporoides is described. The existence of one receptor cell and one pigmented or unpigmented mantle cell is thought to be a basic feature of the Neoophora at least. The existence of a pigment shield formed by many cells is derived, in addition to one receptor and one unpigmented mantle cell, in the eyes of Monocelis fuscu.
Dental Histology of a Characoid Fish from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Acre, Brazil
Authors: RICHTER MARTHA
Published: July 2005

The histology of premaxillary teeth ofColossomasp. from the Solimöes Formation of Northern Brazil is described, in comparison with Recent material. Analysis by light and scanning electron microscopy shows that they share with those of the serrasalminids, histological (though not anatomical) features of carnivorous fishes. The enameloid in both groups displays surface‐parallel images of calcified fibres along the periphery of the teeth while internally, these images present a random distribution. Such similarities suggest that both the serrasalminids and myleinids may have evolved from carnivorous ancestors. The serrasalminids remain carnivorous, while the herbivorous habit of the myleinids may have been acquired secondarily. This change of diet is probably related to changes in the shape of the teeth which are used for crushing fruits, seeds and leaves. The teeth in adultColossomaare unicuspid, though not conical. The molar or incisive form of these teeth may have evolved independently from the conical‐shaped primitive dentition of the characoids, without passing through any stage of fusion of dental papillae, which is observed in the ontogenetic development of other characoids.
Distribution of the Paramecium aurelia Species Complex (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in the Carpathian Chain of Poland*
Authors: KOMALA ZOFIA , PRZYBOŚ EWA
Published: July 2005

Four species of the Paramecium aurelia complex were found in the Carpathian chain: P. primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. tetraurelia and P. novaurelia. However, variation in the frequency of settlement of these species in the region was observed; P. biaurelia and P. novaurelia appeared with the greatest frequency, P. Primaurelia occurred less frequently. while P. tetraurelia was rather rare being found only in the Tatras.
The Comparative Ultrastructure of Sperm Flagella Central Sheath in Clitellata Reveals a New Autapomorphy of the Group
Authors: FERRAGUTI MARCO
Published: July 2005

A comparative ultrastructural analysis of sperm tails of the hirudinean Hirudo medicinalis the branchiobdellid Branchiobdella pentodonta, and various microdrile oligochaetes (Pananais frici, Paranais lioralis, Monopylephorus rubroniveus, Enchytraeus sp. and Bythonomus lemani has revealed a common modification of the primitive axonemal structure. A prominent central sheath embeds the two central tubules of the flagellum for a tract of variable length in the different species. The structure of radial links and link heads appears also modified: link heads, which are three for each radial link, are disposed in rows. Adjacent link heads arc also transversely connected to each other. The absence of these peculiar modifications in megadriles is interpreted as a secondary phenomenon. Since no homologous modification of the sperm tails is present in other spermatozoa, the prominent central sheath and radial links here described in three of the four taxa belonging to the Clitellata is considered a new autapomorphy for the whole group.
Spermatozoal Ultrastructure in Branchiostoma moretonensis Kelly, a Comparison with B. lanceolatum (Cephalochordata) and with other Deuterostomes
Authors: JAMIESON BARRIE G. M.
Published: July 2005

The spermatozoon of Branchiostoma moretonensis closely resembles that of B. lanceolatum and, though near the primitive sperm, allows recognition of a cephalochordate sperm type. This has: a bell‐shaped acrosome; diffuse subacrosomal material not structured as an acrosome rod; sub‐ovoidal nucleus with shallow anterior concavity, deep tubular posterior fossa (endonuclear canal) and condensed but lacunate chromatin; single asymmetrical, postnuclear mitochondrion almost completely or completely encircling the centrioles; mutually perpendicular proximal and distal centrioles of the triplet type, with the distal forming the basal body of the flagellum and the proximal (always?), as in B. moretonensis, with a spur‐like extension (striated rootlet) into the nuclear fossa; flagellum tilted relative to the longitudinal axis (and endonuclear canal) of the nucleus; a 9 + 2 axoneme with hollow tubules and both dynein arms present on the doublets; and scattered glycogen granules, numerous around the distal centriole. The mitochondrion of B. moretonensis is C‐shaped in transverse section, as in urochordates, but cephalochordate sperm resemble those of echinoderms, and specifically holothuroids, more closely. The occurrence of flagellar rootlets and composite mitochondria in various animal groups is discussed. The term paramorphy is proposed for parallel and convergent acquisition of an identical character: symparamorphy where acquisition is by parallelism and alloparamorphy where it is by convergence; the two terms represent, however, extremes of a continuum. Superficially similar but structurally different characters acquired by convergence are termed analogomorphis.
New Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the North Atlantic Ocean. V. Three New Species of Metahuntemannia Smirnov (Cletodidae)
Authors: SCHRIEVER GERD
Published: July 2005

Metahuntemannia triarticulata sp.n., M. arctica sp.n. and M. bifida sp.n. arc described. M. triurficulata and M. arctica belong to the ‘spinosa’ group within the genus Metahuntemannia Smirnov. From the closely related species, M. triarticulata differs in the possession of 3‐segmented Enp P3, M. arctica in the segmentation of the Al, and both new species in the setation of their swimming legs P1–P5. M. hifida belongs to the ‘talpa’ group within Metahuntemannia and differs from the closely related species in the setation of the swimming legs P2–P4. The species relationships and the phylogeny within the genus are discussed. All species were collected at the Iceland‐Faroe Ridge from depths between 435 and 2500 m.
Cortical Pattern in Non‐dividers, Dividers and Reorganizers of an Austrian Population of Paraurostyla weissei (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida): A Comparative Morphological and Biometrical Study
Authors: WIRNSBERGER ERNA , FOISSNER WILHELM , ADAM HANS
Published: July 2005

The morphology and the regulation of cortical pattern associated with the cell size, division, and reorganization of Paraurostyla weissei (Stein, 1859) were investigated. The ranges of variation of the Austrian, Polish, and American strains were compared by biometrical analyses. The Austrian population most frequently shows 4 frontal cirri in the anteriormost and 2 in the posterior row, 4 ventral rows, 8 transverse cirri, and 7 dorsal kineties. The oral primordium originates next to the postoral ventral row. The undulating membrane field and 3 frontal‐ventral‐transverse(FVT)‐streaks for the opisthe develop as a result of the dispersion of the basal bodies of 1 or 2 cirri of the 1st ventral row. The farthest‐right ventral row is of composite origin from 2 FVT‐streaks. Three short dorsal bristle rows originating beside the right marginal row are a constant feature. In reorganizers the oral primordium characteristically possesses a group of kinetosomes extending toward the anterior right, fusing with the undulating membrane field. The development of dorsal primordia always starts in the 3rd dorsal kinety. These results provide important criteria for future species discrimination, if the examination of non‐morphological characters supplies evidence that P. weissei is a complex of sibling species.
Histologic Studies of Ostracoderms, Placoderms and Fossil Elasmobranchs 5. Ptyctodontid tooth plates and their bearing on holocephalan ancestry: the condition of chimaerids
Authors: øRVIG TOR
Published: July 2005

A description is given of the histology and growth of the tooth plates in various fossil and recent chimaerids, with special reference to the structure of their vascular and compact pleromin. It is concluded that statodont elements of this kind cannot have had connection with the dentition of iniopterygians and cannot either have evolved from lyodont dental units of such bradyodonts as, for example, the cochliodontids. As compared with statodont elements in other fishes, the chimaerid tooth plates show resemblance in many ways to those of the ptyctodontids and may well have developed by certain structural changes from tooth plates like those of the latter.
The Heart Ultrastructure in Two Species of Pycnogonids, and its Phylogenetic Implications
Authors: TJØNNELAND AUDFINN , KRYVI HARALD , OSTNES JAN PERRY , ØKLAND STEINAR
Published: July 2005

The heart of the pycnogonids Nymphon (Chaetonymphon) macronyx G. O. Sars and Boreonymphon cf. abyssorum Norman is pseudotubular and lacks an epicardium and an endocardium. The body wall forms the roof over the heart lumen. The myocardium is innvervated, and forms the lateral walls of the heart. Myofibres are absent in the midventral floor. This part is formed by cells of the horizontal septum attached to the gut complex. The myofibres are short. Interdigitating intercalated discs have not been observed, but lateral overlaps are common. Z‐, I‐ and A‐bands are seen in the sarcomere. The 2‐bands are diffuse and irregular. The sarcolemma invaginates and forms a sparse system of clefts; a poorly developed T‐system is indicated. Its presence supports the view that a T‐system is inherent in the arthropod myocardium. Couplings are not related to any specific sarcomere band level. It is implied that the thin‐walled pseudotubular heart in pycnogonids is a result of a reduction, and that it functions more like a channel than a heart.
The Nematode Fauna in the Sulphide‐Rich Brine Seep and Adjacent Bottoms of the East Flower Garden, NW Gulf of Mexico. I Chromadorida
Authors: JENSEN PREBEN
Published: July 2005

Sixteen nematode species of the order Chromadorida are described from the East Flower Garden at 72 m depth in the north‐western Gulf of Mexico. The material is from sandy bottom samples influenced or beyond the influence of a sulphide‐rich brine seep. Fifteen species are new to science: Acantholaimus quadridentatus sp.n., Prochromadorella papillata sp.n., Austranema mexicanum sp.n., Rhips anoxybiotica sp.n., Filitonchoides thiobioticus gen. et sp.n., Paracyatholaimus spinulaosus sp.n., Marylynnia punctata sp.n., Marylynnia johanseni sp.n., Acanthopharyngoides bidentatus sp.n., Desmodora (Croconema)punctata sp.n., Desmodora (Desmodora) curvispiculum sp.n., Desmodora (Pseudochromadora) bulbosa sp.n., Chromaspirinia longisetosa sp.n., Prochaetosoma brighti sp.n. and Ixonema powelli sp.n. A specimen of Bathyepsilonema is also described and is probably new to science, but the available material only includes a female.
Ultrastructure of the Protonephridia in the Dorvilleid Polychaete Apodotrocha progenerans (Annelida)
Authors: WESTHEIDE WILFRIED
Published: July 2005

The achaetous dorvilleid polychaete Apodotrocha progenerans Westheide & Riser, 1983, possesses several pairs of segmentally arranged protonephridia. They consist of a blindly ending terminal cell and three tubule (emission) cells. The terminal cell is a flame bulb with unusual filtration area consisting of interdigitated pedicel‐like projections. Each cell has its own tuft of flagella; and the emission channel is intracellular. The tube‐shaped ‘seamless’ cells are slotted into each other like water‐pipes.
Ultrastructure of the nuchal organ in the interstitial polychaete Stygocapitella subterranea (Parergodrilidae)
Authors: PURSCHKE GÜNTER
Published: July 2005

The nuchal organs of Stygocapitella subterranea are paired narrow pits. They are lined by unciliated cells at the opening and by ciliated cells at the basal parts. The primary sensory cells (6–8) are arranged in a single patch at the bottom of the nuchal pit. The nuclei of the sensory cells are located in the posterior portion of the brain. Their dendrites form the nuchal nerve which is sheathed by the ciliated cells. Each sensory cell bears up to 4 modified sensory cilia and several microvilli extending into the olfactory chamber. The sensory cilia show various patterns of axonemal organization and have no rootlets. The olfactory chamber is covered by a cuticular matrix. Another primary sensory cell lies at the opening of the nuchal pit. It bears cilia which penetrate the cuticle but are enveloped by the epicuticle. Retractor muscles insert caudally on the organ. The nuchal organ of S. subterranea shows similarities to those of opheliids but exhibits several features not to be found in other nuchal organs.
Four new interstitial species of marine Oligochaeta representing a new family
Authors: ERSÉUS CHRISTER , STREHLOW DAVID R.
Published: July 2005

A new oligochaete family, Randiellidae, is established for R. multitheca sp.n. (from the continental shelf off the east coast of the U.S.A.), R. litoralis sp.n. (from Oregon, U.S.A.), R. caribaea sp.n. and R. minuta sp.n. (both from Guadeloupe and Martinique), all members of a new marine genus Randiella. The species are characterized by small single‐pointed and somewhat sigmoid somatic setae, slender (generally hair‐like) modified genital setae in segment X, sperm funnels in X (if one pair), or in X and XI (if two pairs), very simple male ducts lacking atria, clitellum over XII‐XIII, and multiple spermathecae in VII and/or VIII.
Epiphallus anatomy in theArion hortensisspecies aggregate (Mollusca, Pulmonata)
Authors: BACKELJAU THIERRY , VAN BEECK MARC
Published: July 2005

A SEM study of the structure associated with the outlet of the epiphallus in the atrium genitale of three arionid species (Arion hortensis s.s., A. distinctusandA. owenii) is presented. The structures are described and compared, and the specific differences are outlined. Preliminary notes on the same structure inA. intermedius, as well as on the spermatophores ofA. hortensis s.s.andA. distinctus, are also provided. It is concluded thatA. oweniistands somewhat apart in relation to the latter two species, since it may be more related toA. intermedius.Although it is generally accepted that the genusArionis characterized by the absence of a penis, it is suggested here that the described structure at the outlet of the epiphallus is nothing but a remnant of an ancestral penis; anyhow, it is at least functionally allied to a penis.
Redescription of the clam shrimp Lynceus gracilicornis (Packard) (Branchiopoda, Conchostraca, Lynceidae) from Florida, with notes on its biology
Authors: MARTIN JOEL W. , FELGENHAUER BRUCE E. , ABELE LAWRENCE G.
Published: July 2005

Clam shrimps of the family 1.ynccidac differ markedly from all other families of the Conchostraca. The biology and morphology of the genus Lynceus are poorly known. In North America the genus is represented by four species: L. brachyurus, L. mucronatus, L. brevifrons and L. grarcilicornis. The last species, previously known from two localities in Texas, is reported from an ephemeral pond in north Florida. Amoung the characters distinguishing L. gracilicornis from North American congeners arc dimorphic male claspers and a broad, straight rostral margin. Females are distinct in having a smoothly rounded, distal rostra1 margin. External and internal morphology are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the presence of frontal setose sensory fields and a small rostral pit in both sexe5. Numerous setal types are described from the claspers and posterior thoracopods. Internal structures include a large anterior hepatopancreas, C‐shaped gut and large paired gonads ventro‐lateral to the gut.
Two new species of Pseudoniphargus (Amphipoda), in Bermudian groundwaters*
Authors: STOCK JAN H. , HOLSINGER JOHN R. , SKET BORIS , ILIFFE THOMAS M.
Published: July 2005

The genus Pseudoniphargus comprises a number of stygobiont Amphipoda, distributed on both sides of the Atlantic. In Bermuda, groundwaters are inhabited by two species. P. grandimanus and P. carpalis, both new. They occur throughout the entire salinity spectrum, from infrahalne to euhaline, but are most abundant in oligohaline waters. Large adults, but no ovigerous specimens. arc found at greater distance from the sea coast than juveniles, which may indicate that Pseudoniphargus needs anchihaline/marine waters for its reproduction and that juveniles migrate inland to grow up.
Acanthopale perkinsi gen. et sp.n. (Polychaeta, Chrysopetalidae) from Cuba and Florida
Authors: MARTIN GUILLERMO SAN
Published: July 2005

Acanthopale perkinsi gen. et spa, from coral reefs near the Isle of Pines, Cuba, and from off the coast of Florida is described. The genus is characterized principally by the shape and distribution of paleae, insertion of the median antenna, and presence of a caruncle and a mouth cover. Notosetae (paleae) are similar in shape to the stalks of a rosebush, with two perpendicular series of alternate spines. Paleae of the anterior group are approximately one third the length of those of the posterior group, which are very long and slender. The new genus is discussed and compared with the other genera of Chrysopetalidae.
Cytotaxonomic study in the order Falconiformes (Aves)
Authors: ANSARI HELAL AHMAD , KAUL DIPIKA
Published: July 2005

Karyotypes of six species of birds of the order Falconiformes are presented. The chromosomes of three of these, Neophron percnopterus, Butastur teesa (family Accipitridae) and Falco chicquera (family Falconidae) are described for the first time. The systematic position of these birds are discussed in relation to the karyological characters of other diurnal birds of prey.
Redescription of Laomedea exigua M. Sars, a hydroid new to Scandinavia, with comments on its nematocysts, life cycle and feeding movements
Authors: CORNELIUS PAUL F. S. , ÖSTMAN CARINA
Published: July 2005

The little‐known hydroid Laomedea exigua M. Sars, 1857, is recorded for the first time from Scandinavian waters. The species is redescribed and the life cycle, lacking a medusa stage, is confirmed by rearing. The nematocysts are diagnostic of the species. Tentacles and hypostome co‐operate in capturing prey.
Six new Richtersia species (Nematoda, Selachinematidae) from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: SOETAERT KARLINE , VINCX MAGDA
Published: July 2005

Six new species of the genus Richtersia Steiner, 1916 are described from the Mediterranean Sea: R. bathyalis sp.n., R. spinosa sp.n., R. heipi sp.n., R. mediterranea sp.n., R. staresensis sp.n. and R. coomansi sp.n. Some morphological adaptations of R. bathyalis, R. spinosa and R. heipi are discussed in relation to their small body size. The structure of the stomatal region, labial region and spicules is described in detail and probably holds for the entire genus.
Evolutionary aspects of the arthropod heart
Authors: TJØNNELAND AUDFINN , ØKLAND STEINAR , NYLUND ARE
Published: July 2005

Evolution has led to changes in the gross anatomy of the arthropod hearts. Changes are also seen in the ultrastructural organization of the cardiomyofiber. Thus the myofilament organization and the membrane systems (T‐system and SR) vary within both Chelicerata, Crustacea and Uniramia. Yet, the variation is not haphazard, but constitutes a pattern which cannot be deduced from the gross anatomy. In the three taxa the evolutionary tendency seems to be towards a more strict sarcomeral organization of the myofilaments. This is due to parallelism. The organization of the membrane systems and the spatial relation of the interior couplings are not identical for all arthropods. However, no variations has so far been detected within one and the same order, despite differences in adaptation and size. These systems are conservative and it is suggested that they could be useful in studies of arthropod phylogeny.
A new genus and a new species of Siricinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Siricidae) from India with a revised key to its world genera
Authors: SAINI MALKIAT S. , SINGH DEVINDER
Published: July 2005

Neoxeris gen.n. (type species: Neoxeris melanocephala sp.n.) from India is described and illustrated. Neoxeris is related to Sirex Linnaeus and Xeris Costa from which it is distinguished. A revised key to the world genera of Siricinae is provided.
Ultrastructure of the protonephridium in Prostoma graecense (Bohmig) (Rhynchocoela, Enopla, Hoplonemertini)
Authors: JESPERSEN ASE
Published: July 2005

Fine structure studies show that (1) the terminal cell is an elongated thin‐walled and fenestrated basket with a multiciliary flame. Many short curved microvilli are confined to the cell lumen, while longer straight microvilli project from the cell's apical end into the proximal part of the protonephri‐dial capillary, forming a sheath around the flame. The filtration area consists of slits between narrow cytoplasmic bars and is entirely confined to the terminal cell, which consequently is defined as a flame bulb, not closely similar to those of other phyla. (2) The protonephridial capillary is short and narrow, with few scattered cilia and luminal microvilli. (3) The coiled tubule is thick‐walled, with several ciliated cells very rich in glycogen. The luminal border shows specializations probably concerned with modifying the ultrafiltrate.
A new species of sea‐anemone in the genus Paranemonia Carlgren (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) from the Aegean Sea
Authors: DOUMENC DOMINIQUE , ENGLAND KENNETH W. , CHINTIROGLOU CHARLES
Published: July 2005

Paranemonia vouliagmeniensis sp.n. is described from Vouliagmeni lake, a land‐locked, brackish water lake near the Saronikos Gulf, Greece. It differs from Paranemonia cinerea (Contarini, 1844) in being viviparous and in the size range of the nematocysts.
Two new rhabdocoel turbellarians, Umagilla pacifica sp.n. and U. karlingi sp.n. (Umagillidae), endosymbiotic with holothurians (Echinodermata) from the Great Barrier Reef; and a discussion of sclerotic structures in the female system of the Umagillidae
Authors: CANNON LESTER R. G.
Published: July 2005

Umagilla pacifica sp.n. and U. karlingi sp.n. are described. A revised definition of the genus Umagilla Wahl, 1909 is given and Notothrix Hickman, 1955 is reduced to a synonym of Umagilla. The nature of the hard or sclerotic structures associated with the female system, especially the bursa, of umagillids is discussed and compared to similar structures in other turbellarians. Syndesmis evelinae Marcus, 1968, S. glandulosa Hyman, 1960, S. compacta Komschlies & Vande Vusse, 1980, S. mamillata Komschlies & Vande Vusse, 1980 and s. alcalai Komschlies & Vande Vusse, 1980 are all transferred to Syndisyrinx.
A new species of Macrobrachium (Decapoda, Caridea, Palaemonidae) from Northern Territory, Australia and a key to Australian species of the genus
Authors: FINCHAM ANTHONY A.
Published: July 2005

A new species of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium bullatum sp.n. is described from the Alligator Rivers region of Northern Territory, Australia. The cutting edges of fingers of chelipeds (pereiopod 2) have rows of six opposing, equally spaced, large horny tubercles, interspersed between rows of stiff hairs. A key to Australian species of the genus Macrobrachium is also given.
A new genus and a new species of Xiphydriidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta) from India
Authors: SAINI MALKIAT S. , SINGH DEVINDER
Published: July 2005

Heteroxiphia gen. n. (type species: Heteroxiphia maai sp.n.)from India is described and illustrated. This new genus is related to Indoxiphia Maa and Cingalixiphia Maa, from which it is distinguished by the 3‐segmented maxillary palps, shape of the claws of the meso‐ and metalegs, form of forewing vein 2A and the sculpture of the head.
Morphology of adult Phyllodistomurn umblae (Fabricius) (Platyhelminthes, Gorgoderidae): the effect of preparation, killing and fixation procedures
Authors: BAKKE TOR A.
Published: July 2005

Twenty two different handling techniques for determining the morphology of Phyllodislormum umblae recovered from the Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, in Norway are examined. In some procedurcs both hot and cold fixation were used. Examples of different methods are illustrated by photographs. In addition, the natural morphological variability of P. umblae is demonstrated based on specimens from different hosts and localities in Norway and Sweden. The treatment procedures fall within four main groups: (1) heat fixation, (2) cold fixation, (3) anaesthetization (physical, chemical) and (4) fixation under pressure. It is concluded that only methods which give stretching (and swelling) are passable if acceptable specimen, for measurement and descriptions are to be obtained. This is due to the obscurity of important characters in fluke bodies which are often curled or contracted whcn ‘naturally displayed’ on slides. The acceptable methods for gorgoderid taxonomy based on gross morphology in total mounts are: (1) heat fixation (based on formalin, alcohol and glacial acetic acid), (2) cold fixation (based on glacial acetic acid or Berland's fluid) and (3) anaesthetization (based on heating or freezing in saline or chemical relaxation). The recommended methods are: (1) 10% hot buffered formalin‐saline. if heating facilities are available, or, if not, (2) Berland's fluid.
Phyllodoce (Polychaeta, Phyllodocidae) from Northern Europe
Authors: PLEIJEL FREDRIK
Published: July 2005

Descriptions of species of Phyllodoce Savigny, 1818 from Northern Europe [P. laminosa Savigny, 1818, P. citrna Malmgren, 1865, P. groenlandicaÖrsted, 1843, P. lineata (Claparède, 1870), P. longipes Kinberg, 1866, P. maculata (Linnaeus, 1767), P. mucosaÖrsted, 1843 and P. rosea (Melntosh, 1877) comb.n.] are given. A key to the species is included. The examined material consists of newly collected material as well as collections in museums. Available type material has been checked. A number of junior synonyms are proposed. Anaitides Czerniavsky, 1882 and Aponaitides MeCammon & Montagne, 1979 are considered not valid.
Studies on the Cylindropsyllidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida). 2. A revision of the genus Cylindropsyllus Brady
Authors: HUYS RONY
Published: July 2005

The cylindropsyllid type genus Cylindropsyllus Brady, 1880 is revised and a new species C. kunzi sp.n. from the North Sea is added. Of the other species a detailed redescription and figures are given, distribution records are compiled and some phylogenetic data are presented. It is suggested that Cylindropsyllus and the monotypic Cylinula Coull, 1971 are sister groups, the latter being the apomorphous lineage because of the unisegmented mandibular palp and the prehensile endopodite P1. Cylindropsyllus sp. Monard, 1935 cannot be assigned to any known species. An amended diagnosis of the genus Cylindropsyllus and a comparison with Cylinula are presented.
Anal sacks‐an unknown organ in Poduromorpha (Collembola)
Authors: LEINAAS HANS PETTER
Published: July 2005

An undescribed organ in Collembola consisting of three eversible sacks in the last abdominal segment was first discovered in Hypogastrura socialis. Immediately prior to jumping the anal sacks become everted and appear as finger‐like appendages projecting out of the hind gut. The organ was found in all Hypogastura species available for investigation and in some other primitive genera of the families Hypogastruridae, Brachystomellidae and Neanuridae. In most species, however, the anal sacks were much smaller than those of H. socialis and probably not eversible. The function of the anal sacks is in some way associated with the jumping activity of the animals; possibly as a mechanism to increase jumping efficiency or, more likely, for release of pheromones. Further research is needed to uncover the function of the organ. It is suggested that Abd. VI has been formed by the fusion of the three lobes now constituting the Abd. VI segment and that this fusion resulted in the formation of three post‐rectal pockets from which the anal sacks have evolved.
A new subspecies of the subalpine meadow viper, Vipera ursinii (Bonaparte) (Reptilia, Viperidae), from Greece
Authors: NILSON GORAN , ANDREN CLAES
Published: July 2005

An isolated group of populations of the subalpine meadow viper, Vipera ursinii, from the southern Pindos mountains in Greece is described as a new subspecies. They differ from all other ursinii populations in a number of morphological characters, such as: shorter tail with a low number of subcaudals (lowest for the species); nasal normally divided into two plates or united with nasorostralia; low number of supralabials (6); first three supralabials very large while following ones are much reduced (less than half the height of anterior ones); third supralabial below orbit; lateral blotches and spots on body absent or weakly visible (mainly in some males and juveniles); no dark spots on cheek, labials and lateral and dorsal sides of head (except occipital and postorbital stripes); dorsal zig‐zag band markedly jagged or only consisting of a narrow vertebral line.
The external morphology of the parasitic copepod Holobomolochus confusus (Stock)
Authors: HÖGLUND JOHAN , THULIN JAN
Published: July 2005

Holobomolochus confusus is reported for the first time from the western Atlantic coasts. The external morphology, especially that of the male, of specimens from the nasal cavities of cod, Gadus morhua, from the west coast of Sweden is described and discussed. Sexual dimorphism occurs in the maxillipeds, abdomen, first antenna and in the armature of the legs. The results indicate that the species has a good swimming ability and that this may allow the male especially to change hosts.
Larval morphology of Mischoderus (Insecta, Diptera, Nematocera, Tanyderidae) with notes on tanyderid affinities
Authors: ANTHON HENNING
Published: July 2005

The cuticular morphology of a hitherto unknown larva from New Zealand belonging to the genus Mischoderus is described in detail. From this it appears that this larva (and probably tanyderid larvae in general) represents a much more remarkable type than can be seen from the available descriptions, the head capsule showing some morphological features unique among nematocerous larvae. Furthermore, it is established that tanyderid larvae do not represent such a primitive stage as is often claimed. However, no closer affinities to other nematocerous families can be stated in a convincing way.
Inter‐generic variation in the male genitalia of the Braconinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: QUICKE DONALD L. J.
Published: July 2005

Male genitalia belonging to representatives of a total of 72 genera of Old and New World Braconinae have been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of features of the volsellae (setosity), the parameres (setosity), the digitus (number of teeth, shape) and basal ring (posterior extension) it was possible to identify certain generic groupings which support the general suprageneric divisions of the subfamily based on other taxonomic characters. The male genitalia are thus shown to provide a potentially useful new set of characters for the higher level classification of the braconine genera.
Four new genera of the PIesiobracon Cameron group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconinae)
Authors: QUICKE DONALD L. J.
Published: July 2005

Crinibracon gen.n. (type species: Crinibracon malayensis sp.n. from Malaysia), C. indicus sp.n. from India, C. striatus sp.n. from New Guinea, Lyricibracon gen.n. (type species: Lyricibracon bicolorus sp.n. from Brunei), Rugosibracon gen.n. (type species: Rugosibracon maculithorax sp.n. from S. Africa), R. nigerianus sp.n. from Nigeria and Simplicibracon gen.n. (type species: Simplicibracon maculigaster sp.n. from Taiwan) are described and illustrated. A key to the Plesibracon group of genera is provided, together with specific keys for the new genera Crinibracon and Rugosibracon.
The life cycles of Ocfotiara russelli and Sfomofoca atra (Cnidaria, Anthomedusae, Pandeidae)
Authors: BOERO FERDINANDO , BOUILLON JEAN
Published: July 2005

The previously unknown life cycles of Ocioiiara russelli and Stomoroca alru are described. Both species present differentiated hydroids and medusae. From the morphology of the newly liberated medusae both species are referred to the Pandeidae and, from the presence of a manubrial peduncle, to the subfamily Stomotocinae. together with Timoides. Some aspects of feeding and gonad growth are described and discussed.
Intra‐specific variability of the morphology in a single population of the seal parasite Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi) (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea), with a redescription of the species
Authors: FAGERHOLM HANS‐PETER
Published: July 2005

Contracaecum spp. are common parasites of seals and piscivorous birds. The world‐wide distribution which has been attributed to the species C. osculatum needs verification. In the present study thc intra‐specific variability of some taxonomically significant characters was studied in this species. Features analysed include the length and morphology of the distal end of the spicules, the number of proximal caudal papillae and the number of papillae in the region of the first 25 cuticular transverse striae anterior to the cloaca, delined as the Pts zone (precloacal transverse striae zone). The spicules reach their maximum length only in fully grown worms. while the morphology of the distal end of the spicule is determined early in the life of adult male worms. Included is a detailed analysis of the observed morphometric variability in the distal end of the spicule. The number of cuticular transverse striae in relation to papillae in the Pts zone remains constant in different length classes of the parasite. A redescription of the parasite is provided, bascd on material obtained from grey seals in the Baltic Sea, to serve as a basis for discussions on the taxonomy of the genus.