bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental Work Personality Among Young Adult CNS Cancer Survivors: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Strauser David R. , Wong Alex W. K. , O'Sullivan Deirdre , Wagner Stacia
Published: May 2013

The primary aim of this brief exploratory study is to examine differences in developmental work personality in a sample of young adult CNS cancer survivors and a group of young adult college students without disabilities. Participants were 43 young adults with central nervous systems cancer (females = 58.1%, Mean age = 21.64, SD = 3.64) and a comparison sample of 45 typically developing others who were college students (females = 77.3%, mean age = 20.91, SD = 1.04). They completed the Developmental Work Personality Scale (DWPS). Group differences in developmental work personality were examined using multivariate analysis of variance procedures. Results indicated that overall developmental work personality, and subscale scores of work tasks, and social skills were significantly lower among CNS cancer survivors compared to typically developing other young adults. Findings suggest influences of developmental atypicality in work personality with CNS cancer survivorship.
Transition for a Student With Special Educational Needs From Primary to Secondary School in Hong Kong
Authors: Forlin Chris , Sin Kenneth Kuen-Fung , Maclean Rupert
Published: May 2013

In this paper the authors employ a case study approach to investigate the transition process for a student with special educational needs from a Hong Kong subsidised primary school into a secondary school. An analysis of transcripts from individual and focus group interviews with the student, his parents, his 4 primary teachers and his 10 secondary teachers, as well as government documents and notes of school observations, indicated that a lack of formal procedures for supporting a student's transition can result in a range of significant difficulties. The discussion focuses on the urgent need to develop strategic guidelines at a systemic level within Hong Kong, with a much greater focus on a collaborative school approach rather than the current overreliance on the parents to lead this process.
Nationalism, Modernity, and the “Woman Question” in India and China
Authors: Seth Sanjay
Published: May 2013

The nationalist struggle to bring about the end of colonial rule in India, and the Republican and communist struggles to arrest and reverse the humiliation and the “carve-up” of China by foreign powers, were both closely allied to the struggle to become modern. Indeed, the two goals were usually seen to be so closely related as to be indistinguishable: a people had to start becoming modern if they were ever to be free of foreign domination, and they had to gain sovereignty and state power in order to undertake the laborious but necessary task of building a strong, prosperous, and modern nation. Thus in India, as in China, political movements from the latter nineteenth century sought to found a sovereign nation free from domination by a Western power or powers, and also sought to make this putative nation and its people “modern,” both as a necessary means towards the nationalist end and as an end in itself.
Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002: Neighborhood Perspectives
Authors: Spodek Howard
Published: May 2013

The 2002 pogrom in the Indian state of Gujarat, and especially in its largest city, Ahmedabad, left about 1,000 Muslims dead in the city, another 1,000 dead in the state, and about 140,000 homeless, some of them still living in relief camps today. The killing, one of the worst in India since partition in 1947, drew responses of horror from across India and the world. Although the assault on Muslims followed an apparent (all the facts will never be known) assault on Hindu pilgrims travelling through the railway station at Godhra, in eastern Gujarat, in which fifty-nine Hindus burned to death, most observers have argued that the response was not commensurate with the attack, and, of course, it targeted not the criminals who may have set the fire, but a community of Muslims 100 miles away.
MULTI-YEAR TREND ANALYSIS OF CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION UPTAKE AND COVERAGE IN NIGERIA
Authors: ADEGBOYE OYELOLA A. , KOTZE DANELLE , ADEGBOYE OLASUNKANMI A.
Published: May 2013

As a leading indicator of child health, under-five mortality was incorporated in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals with the aim of reducing the rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Under-five mortality in Nigeria is alarmingly high, and many of the diseases that result in mortality are vaccine preventable. This study evaluates the uptake of childhood immunization in Nigeria from 1990 to 2008. A multi-year trend analysis was carried out using Alternating Logistic Regression on 46,130 children nested within 17,380 mothers in 1938 communities from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys from 1990 to 2008. The findings reveal that mother-level and community-level variability are significantly associated with immunization uptake in Nigeria. The model also indicates that children delivered at private hospitals have a higher chance of being immunized than children who are delivered at home. Children from the poorest families (who are more likely to be delivered at home) have a lower chance of being immunized than those from the richest families (OR=0.712; 95% CI, 0.641–0.792). Similarly, the chance of children with a mother with no education being immunized is decreased by 17% compared with children whose mother has at least a primary education. In the same way, children of mothers who are gainfully employed and those of older mothers have statistically significantly higher odds of being immunized. Children of households with a female head are less likely to be immunized than those from male-headed households. The statistical significance of the community–survey year interaction term suggests an increase in the odds of a child being immunized over the years and spread over communities. Evidence-based policy should lay more emphasis on mother- and community-level risk factors in order to increase immunization coverage among Nigerian children.
On Some Free-living Marine Nematodes from Kerguelen Island
Authors: Stekhoven J. H. Schuurmans , Mawson Patricia M.
Published: May 2013

In February, 1958, Dr. Paulian, of Paris, asked the senior author to study his collection of free-living marine Nematodes, collected at Kerguelen Island. The visit of the junior author enabled us to study this material in collaboration; this was the more interesting since she had already made extensive studies of free-living marine Nematodes of the antarctic region (dredged from between 150° E to 40° E by the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition). Moreover, we had access to the recent monograph of Wieser (1958) on the Enoploidea of Chile.
Heavy metal concentrations in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria alexandrina uninfected or infected with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and/or Echinostoma liei in Egypt: the potential use of this snail as a bioindicator of pollution
Authors: Mostafa O.M.S. , Mossa A.-T.H. , El Einin H.M.A.
Published: May 2013

In spite of using aquatic snails as bioindicators for water pollution, little attention has been paid to the effect of parasitism upon the concentration of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in these organisms. The present study therefore aimed to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in trematode-infected Biomphalaria alexandrina collected from Kafer Alsheikh and Menofia provinces, Egypt, with uninfected snails from the same sites, in order to assess the effect of parasitism on the use of these snails as bioindicators. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soft parts and shells of snails were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the heavy metal profile in snails infected with Echinostoma liei was very different from that in snails infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The total concentration of heavy metals in E. liei-infected snails collected from Kafer Alsheikh or Menofia province was greater than in uninfected snails. In contrast, the total concentration of heavy metals in S. mansoni-infected snails was reduced compared with uninfected snails. In conclusion, the status of snails with respect to parasitic infection must be taken into consideration when these snails are used as bioindicators.
Growth rate of the intermediate snail host Galba truncatula influences redial development of the trematode Fascioloides magna
Authors: Rondelaud D. , Novobilský A. , Höglund J. , Kašný M. , Pankrác J. , Vignoles P. , Dreyfuss G.
Published: May 2013

A total of 850 pre-adult Galba truncatula (shell height, 4 mm), originating from four French snail populations differing in shell height at the adult stage (from 6.5 to 12 mm), were individually subjected at 20°C to single-miracidium infections with Fascioloides magna. At day 75 post-exposure, the surviving snails were dissected, and rediae and cercariae were counted. Snail groups differed in shell growth during the experiment: from 1.8 ± 0.4 mm in group A up to 4.0 ± 1.1 mm in group D. The prevalence of F. magna infection, the numbers of free rediae and cercariae significantly increased together with increasing growth of infected snails during the experiment. Group A produced 1–6 first-generation rediae per snail and the mean daughter redia production ranged from 7.5 second-generation rediae (when a single first generation per snail developed) to 2.3 (6 first-generation rediae per snail). In contrast, up to ten first-generation rediae were noted in group D, and each mother redia gave daughter rediae with averages ranging from 1.5 (ten first-generation rediae per snail) to 13 (a single first generation per snail). In conclusion, the development of F. magna in G. truncatula exhibited both inter- and intrapopulation variability, where the development of rediae and cercariae was positively correlated with snail growth.
On the interpretation of noun compounds: Syntax, semantics, and entailment
Authors: NAKOV PRESLAV
Published: May 2013

We discuss the problem of interpreting noun compounds such ascolon cancer tumor suppressor protein, which pose major challenges for the automatic interpretation of English written text. We present an overview of the more general process of compounding and of noun compounds in particular, as well as of their syntax and semantics from both theoretical and computational linguistics viewpoint with an emphasis on the latter. Our main focus is on computational approaches to the syntax and semantics of noun compounds: we describe the problems, present the challenges, and discuss the most important lines of research. We also show how understanding noun compound syntax and semantics could help solve textual entailment problems, which would be potentially useful for a number of NLP applications, and which we believe to be an important direction for future research.
Allomorphy and affixation in morphological processing: A cross-modal priming study with late bilinguals
Authors: JACOB GUNNAR , FLEISCHHAUER ELISABETH , CLAHSEN HARALD
Published: May 2013

This study presents results from a cross-modal priming experiment investigating inflected verb forms of German. A group of late learners of German with Russian as their native language (L1) was compared to a control group of German L1 speakers. The experiment showed different priming patterns for the two participant groups. The L1 German data yielded a stem-priming effect for inflected forms involving regular affixation and a partial priming effect for irregular forms irrespective of stem allomorphy. By contrast, the data from the late bilinguals showed reduced priming effects for both regular and irregular forms. We argue that late learners rely more on lexically stored inflected word forms during word recognition and less on morphological parsing than native speakers.
Default options, incentives and food choices: evidence from elementary-school children
Authors: Just David , Price Joseph
Published: May 2013

Objective

To examine whether requiring children to place fruits and vegetables on their lunch trays increases consumption of these items.

Design

Observational study that exploited naturally occurring variation between two school districts and a pre–post observational study at schools that changed their lunch policy mid-year.

Setting

Fifteen elementary schools from two school districts, one requiring students to place a fruit or vegetable on their tray and one that does not. In addition, three schools that implemented a default option part way through the school year.

Subjects

Students at eighteen elementary schools (41 374 child-day observations) across the two experiments.

Results

Requiring that fruits and vegetables be placed on each child's tray increased the fraction of children who ate a serving of fruits or vegetables by 8 percentage points (P< 0·01) but led to an extra 0·7 servings being thrown away per lunch served (P< 0·01). The default option approach cost $US 1·72 to get one additional child to eat one serving of fruits and vegetables for 1 d. However, when default options were combined with a small rewards programme the efficacy of both interventions increased.

Conclusions

A default option, as a stand-alone programme, had only a limited impact on fruit and vegetable consumption but was much less cost-effective than other approaches. Schools requiring children to take fruits and vegetables with their lunch might consider adopting additional interventions to ensure that the additional items served do not end up being thrown away.
Image-guided radiation therapy for carcinoma of gallbladder: implication on margin for set-up errors
Authors: Saini Gagan , Goel Vineeta , Anand Anil K , Gupta Kamlesh Kumar
Published: May 2013

Purpose

A retrospective study was undertaken to analyse set-up variations in patients being treated with post-operative radiation therapy for carcinoma of gall bladder by image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and paired kilovoltage beam portals (kVps).

Materials and methods

Three consecutive patients receiving post-operative radiation therapy for carcinoma of gall bladder were studied. A total of 32 imaging studies were performed. The immobilisation system was an all-in-one system along with a thermoplastic mask, with knees either resting on the knee rest or in a vacuum cushion. The CBCT scans and kVps were reviewed in an off-line mode. The surrogate markers used for matching during co-registration were 12th rib, coeliac trunk, vertebral bodies and canal. Individual readings were used to calculate mean shifts (m); the mean of these means (M) was calculated to arrive at the systematic error in each direction and its standard deviation (Σ) was calculated. The margins for set-up error (SM) were then calculated.

Results

There were a total of 32 readings of which 21 were CBCTs and 11 were kVps. The mean shifts in each direction for each patient were 0·06, 0·25 and 0·15 cm in vertical, longitudinal and lateral directions, respectively. The resultant planning target volume margins calculated were 0·24, 0·9 and 0·47 cm in vertical, longitudinal and lateral directions.

Conclusions

IGRT for upper abdominal malignancies using CBCT and kVps is a useful method to keep the margins for set-up error low. The use of surrogates for matching should be relevant to the target volume. Good immobilisation system helps in keeping the margins low.
The Data Analytic Implications of Human Psychology's Dimensions Being Ordinally Scaled
Authors: Krause Merton S.
Published: May 2013

Scientific findings involve description, and description requires measurements on the dimensions descriptive of the phenomena described. The richer a description the more multidimensional is the abstract space in which that description in effect locates what is described. Many of the dimensions of human psychological phenomena, including those of psychotherapy, are naturally gradated only ordinally. So descriptions of these phenomena locate them in merely ordinal hyperspaces, which imposes severe constraints on data analysis for inducing or testing explanatory theory involving them. Therefore, it is important to be clear about what these constraints are and so what properly can be concluded on the basis of ordinal-scale multivariate data, which also provides a test for methods that are proposed to transform ordinal-scale data into ratio-scale data (e.g., classical test theory, item response theory, additive conjoint measurement), because such transformations must not violate these constraints and so distort descriptions of studied phenomena.
Psychology: The Empirical Study of Epistemology and Phenomenology
Authors: Charles Eric P.
Published: May 2013

Though psychology is now fractured, it was not always so. Psychology formed as a distinct discipline when researchers tried to use empirical evidence to answer epistemological and phenomenological questions—questions about knowledge and experience. The current subdisciplines of psychology can be understood as putting emphasis on different parts of the answer to those very complicated questions. Even radical behaviorism, long treated as a pariah among approaches to psychology, can be understood as providing insights into nature of mundane, daily acts of knowing and experiencing. This can be seen in the tradition of descriptive mentalism that connects from Charles Sanders Peirce and William James through to the present. This line of thinking has the potential to unify the field, by allowing us to distinguish core from peripheral questions and to understand how the various interests of individual psychologists fit together, in service of an overarching goal.
Radical Embodied Cognitive Science
Authors: Chemero Anthony
Published: May 2013

This paper briefly introduces radical embodied cognitive science (RECS) and places it in historical perspective. Radical embodied cognitive science is an interdisciplinary approach to psychology that combines ideas from the phenomenological tradition with ecological psychology and dynamical systems modeling. It is argued that radical embodied cognitive science has a long history; it is as a direct descendent of the Jamesian functionalist approach to psychology. This approach to psychology is contrasted with the current trend of supplementing standard cognitive psychology with occasional references to the body. In contrast with these trends, radical embodied cognitive science is skeptical of the explanatory usefulness of mental representations. The future prospects of radical embodied cognitive science and the broader functionalist framework are discussed.
Enaction and Psychology
Authors: McGann Marek , De Jaegher Hanne , Di Paolo Ezequiel
Published: May 2013

The enactive approach to cognitive science aims to provide an account of the mind that is both naturalistic and nonreductive. Psychological activity is viewed not as occurring within the individual organism but in the engagement between the motivated autonomous agent and their context (including their social context). The approach has been developing within the fields of philosophy, artificial life, and computational biology for the past two decades and is now growing within the domain of psychology more generally. In this short paper we outline the conceptual framework of the enactive approach. Illustrative research questions and methods for investigation are also broached, including some existing examples from theoretical, behavioral, and computational modeling research. It is suggested that an enactive psychology provides the basis for the conceptual framework of the enactive approach.
Hermeneutic Realism: Toward a Truly Meaningful Psychology
Authors: Slife Brent D. , Christensen Thane R.
Published: May 2013

This article presents a brief introduction to a hermeneutic realist approach to psychology, outlining its differences from mainstream psychology in its conceptions of context, change, and possibility. The term “hermeneutic” indicates that psychology's subject matter (e.g., behavior, cognition) is understood more as contextually constituted meanings than as the conventional notion of self-contained objects. The “realism” portion of this phrase implies that this understanding does not devolve to a relativism or subjectivism, but it is grounded in the reality of the world. Hermeneutic realism is not considered a replacement to psychology's current approach but rather is conceptualized and discussed as a needed supplement that leads to new psychological understandings, including new approaches to theory, method, and practice.
The Neurospora photoreceptor VIVID exerts negative and positive control on light sensing to achieve adaptation
Authors: Gin Elan , Diernfellner Axel C R , Brunner Michael , Höfer Thomas
Published: May 2013

The light response in Neurospora is mediated by the photoreceptor and circadian transcription factor White Collar Complex (WCC). The expression rate of the WCC target genes adapts in daylight and remains refractory to moonlight, despite the extraordinary light sensitivity of the WCC. To explain this photoadaptation, feedback inhibition by the WCC interaction partner VIVID (VVD) has been invoked. Here we show through data‐driven mathematical modeling that VVD allows Neurospora to detect relative changes in light intensity. To achieve this behavior, VVD acts as an inhibitor of WCC‐driven gene expression and, at the same time, as a positive regulator that maintains the responsiveness of the photosystem. Our data indicate that this paradoxical function is realized by a futile cycle that involves the light‐induced sequestration of active WCC by VVD and the replenishment of the activatable WCC pool through the decay of the photoactivated state. Our quantitative study uncovers a novel network motif for achieving sensory adaptation and defines a core input module of the circadian clock in Neurospora.
Precision dairy farming in Australasia: adoption, risks and opportunities
Authors: Jago J. , Eastwood C. , Kerrisk K. , Yule I.
Published: May 2013

Dairy farm management has historically been based on the experiential learning and intuitive decision-making skills of the owner-operator. Larger herds and increasingly complex farming systems, combined with the availability of new information technologies, are prompting an evolution to an increasingly data-driven ‘precision dairy’ (PD) management approach. Automation and the collection of fine-scale data on animals and farm resources via precision technologies can facilitate enhanced efficiency and decision making on dairy farms. The proportion of dairy farmers using this approach is relatively small (between 10 and 20% of farmers); however, industry trends suggest a continual increase in the use of precision technologies. Australasian PD farms have reported both positive and negative stories regarding the approach but to date there has been little industry attention or co-ordination in Australia or New Zealand. A series of workshops was held in late 2011 between industry-good representatives, researchers and farmers, from Australia and New Zealand, to discuss the opportunities and risks associated with PD. To take advantage of the emerging PD opportunity the trans-Tasman workshop group suggested five focus areas including: industry-good co-ordination and leadership in precision dairy; working to define the on- and off-farm value of PD; improving the technology available to farmers; integration of PD within farming systems for improved management; and developing learning and training initiatives for farmers and service providers. Action in these focus areas will enable future dairy farmers to implement the PD approach with enhanced confidence and effectiveness.
Use of a threshold of flystrike risk as a method for treatment intervention in the management of flystrike in sheep
Authors: Percival Victoria , Horton Brian
Published: May 2013

Cost is important when determining preventative treatment for flystrike. This paper presents modelled output comparing two common treatment alternatives; either a fixed annual application date or waiting until a set proportion of the flock is struck. The Inverell, Gunning and Flinders Island regions of Australia, which provide differing strike conditions, were used for analysis. Where the period of annual strike risk was longer than the period of protection provided by chemical treatment, it was economically favourable (by 1–3%) to wait until a pre-determined proportion of the flock were struck before applying preventive treatment, rather than always treating on a fixed date. However, with spring or autumn shearing, where the season of strike risk was a similar length to the protective period, it was preferable to treat on a fixed date. For Flinders Island, with a shorter flystrike season than Inverell or Gunning, there were small benefits in treating at a pre-determined threshold, but selection of the correct intervention point was critical. In areas with lower levels of risk, where treatment may not be required every year, it appeared beneficial to set a threshold at a sufficiently high level to eliminate most treatment intervention except for years with high rainfall and humidity.
A more effective means of delivering conservation management: a ‘New Integrated Conservation’ model for Australian rangelands
Authors: Salmon Matt , Gerritsen Rolf
Published: May 2013

Desert ecology features long time-frames and extreme seasonal unpredictability. In addition, Australia’s arid rangelands have unique social, cultural, land-use and land tenure characteristics that influence appropriate conservation management. These circumstances have not been adequately incorporated into current conservation models, which rely on statutory control and (inadequate) grant funding. Application and management of the capital supposed to finance an effective response to the unique features of Australia’s rangelands thus remains largely divorced from actual circumstances. This paper briefly describes these unique features and the structure and characteristics of the capital currently applied in natural resource management. It then outlines a new conservation approach – the New Integrated Conservation model – to better match the actual natural, cultural and institutional ‘ecology’ of Australia’s rangelands. The model has three elements: a new fiscal ecology, multiplex governance arrangements and the incorporation of multiple objectives and mixed approaches into conservation management.
Molecular genetics and subjective well-being
Authors: Rietveld Cornelius A. , Cesarini David , Benjamin Daniel J. , Koellinger Philipp D. , De Neve Jan-Emmanuel , Tiemeier Henning , Johannesson Magnus , Magnusson Patrik K. E. , Pedersen Nancy L. , Krueger Robert F. , Bartels Meike
Published: May 2013

Subjective well-being (SWB) is a major topic of research across the social sciences. Twin and family studies have found that genetic factors may account for as much as 30–40% of the variance in SWB. Here, we study genetic contributions to SWB in a pooled sample of ≈11,500 unrelated, comprehensively-genotyped Swedish and Dutch individuals. We apply a recently developed method to estimate “common narrow heritability”: the fraction of variance in SWB that can be explained by the cumulative additive effects of genetic polymorphisms that are common in the population. Our estimates are 5–10% for single-question survey measures of SWB, and 12–18% after correction for measurement error in the SWB measures. Our results suggest guarded optimism about the prospects of using genetic data in SWB research because, although the common narrow heritability is not large, the polymorphisms that contribute to it could feasibly be discovered with a sufficiently large sample of individuals.
Dedicated gestures and the emergence of sign language
Authors: Sandler Wendy
Published: May 2013

Sign languages make use of the two hands, facial features, the head, and the body to produce multifaceted gestures that are dedicated for linguistic functions. In a newly emerging sign language — Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language — the appearance of dedicated gestures in signers of four age groups or strata reveals that recruitment of gesture for language is a gradual process. Starting with only the hands in Stratum I, each additional articulator is recruited to perform grammatical functions as the language matures, resulting in ever increasing grammatical complexity. The emergence of dedicated gesture in a new language provides a novel context for addressing questions about the relationship between the physical transmission system and grammar and about the emergence of linguistic complexity in human language generally.
Multiple constraints and the resolution of Korean null subject anaphor
Authors: Cho Sook Whan , Hwangbo Hyun Jin
Published: May 2013

This study investigates how Korean adults interpret and identify the referent of a null subject in a narrative text, given different types of topic continuity and person features. We have found that the first-person feature was most accessible in the weak topicality condition in resolving the null subjects, and that the target sentences ending with the first-person modal suffix ‘-lay’ were read and responded to faster, and interpreted more correctly than other types of stimuli involving a third-person modal (‘-tay’) and a person-neutral modal (‘-e’). Furthermore, of the two first-person-specific featured types, the null subjects in the topically weak contexts were processed significantly better than those in the topically strong conditions. It was argued that anaphoric dependency would be formed more discursively than morpho-syntactically in the strong discourse continuity contexts involving no extra processing load due to the shift among multiple eligible candidates. It was also argued that, in the absence of discourse topic assigned strongly to more than one eligible referent in advance, morpho-syntactic cues involved in verb modality are likely to become prominent in the mind of the processor. It is concluded that these main findings support a constraint-based approach, but not the Centering-inspired work.
Beyond ‘power and solidarity’
Authors: Lee Kiri , Cho Young-mee Yu
Published: May 2013

This study examines the nominal address terms in Korean and Japanese and argues that the notion of ‘Intimacy’ plays a crucial role in choosing an appropriate nominal address term in both languages. In the past several decades, a long list of researchers working in diverse languages have evaluated the validity of the Power and Solidarity semantics proposed by Brown and Gilman (1960), which provided a ground-breaking framework to account for the selection of pronominal address terms in the T-V languages. Building on the Power and Solidarity semantics, we propose to fine-tune it by adding Intimacy as the third dimension crisscrossing the first two well-established dimensions. We take Power and Solidarity as socially prescribed notions while Intimacy is personally defined. We demonstrate how this highly subjective notion dictates and often manipulates the ways the Korean/Japanese speaker selects an appropriate nominal address term. In particular, we argue that the Korean selection of pseudo-kinship terms over the neutral title ssi, or the Japanese use of chan/kun by adult speakers in lieu of the default ‘Last Name+san’, cannot be accounted for without applying Intimacy as a crucial indexing device. Furthermore, we suggest that Intimacy is not an ad hoc dimension specific to Korean and Japanese, but that it is relevant to all languages whether or not a given language has an overt way of encoding it.
Prescriptive adaptation of English stops in initial S-clusters into Korean
Authors: Lee Ahrong
Published: May 2013

This study investigates the role of prescriptivism and the influence of orthographic conventions on the adaptation of English loanwords in Korean. An experiment is conducted in which native speakers of Korean produce on-line adaptations of English nonce words with word-initial clusters of s-plus-stop (/sp-, st-, sk-/). The results show that Korean listeners categorize English voiceless unaspirated stops as Korean tense stops in the absence of corresponding English graphemes, whereas they select Korean aspirated stops when presented with their English spellings (p, t, c/k). This reveals a prominent bias in borrowing toward substitution by the phonetically closest sounds in the recipient language, albeit only when the role of source language orthography is suppressed.
“Who am I?”
Authors: Alba-Juez Laura , Alba-Juez Félix
Published: May 2013

In this paper we study the connection between the use of evaluative language and the building of both personal and social identities, from the perspective of Dynamical System
Theory. We primarily discuss two issues: 1) The use of evaluation (in the sense given to the term by Alba-Juez and Thompson (forthcoming)) as a means to the construction of both individual and group identities, thus exploring how the connection between linguistic choices and social identities is shaped by interactional needs for stancetaking. In order to illustrate this connection, we examine examples of the use of evaluative language in a web social network, and we analyze some of the discourse elements showing ways of positioning that act as catalysts for the emergence of a multifactorial dynamic system of identities. 2) The consideration of Dynamical System Theory (DST) as a theoretical framework for the modeling of language and identity. Although originally a mathematical theory, DST has been adopted by cognitive science as a valid framework for the study of cognitive phenomena, on the grounds that natural cognition is a dynamical phenomenon. Within the realm of (socio) linguistics and pragmatics, this study is to a certain degree in line with some recent studies such as Gibbs (2010), Geeraerts, Kristiansen and Peirsman (2010), or Moreno Fernández (2012). Thus, we herein focus on how linguistic evaluation intervenes in the intricate dynamical system of identity, and even though we do not engage in complex mathematical disquisition, we argue that the idea and philosophical foundation underlying DST can lead us towards the ‘integration’ of the complex equation of identity construction, and that consequently the field has great potential for further research.
Ideology and body part metaphors in Nigerian English
Authors: Odebunmi Akin
Published: May 2013

Studies on Nigerian English (NE) have largely focused on the variation of NE from Standard English. Few of these have investigated metaphors in NE and none, to the best of my knowledge, has worked on ideology and metaphor. This paper fills this gap by concentrating only on body part metaphors. Metaphors related to sexual organs were sourced from Nigerian university students through oral and written interviews. Insights for analysis were drawn centrally from the theory of embodiment and critical discourse analysis. Fourteen sexual organ metaphors, which relate to two major ideological issues: the institutionalisation of gender issues and religious, social and cultural allegiances, are identified. The former relate to gender-based cultural disapproval, gender dignification and gender valuation, while the latter is tied to morality/ decency constraints, and personality/social group constraints. Metaphors have great cognitive values in Nigeria, and their understanding requires knowledge of the social and cultural context.
MARCH1-mediated MHCII ubiquitination promotes dendritic cell selection of natural regulatory T cells
Authors: Oh Jaehak , Wu Nan , Baravalle Günther , Cohn Benjamin , Ma Jessica , Lo Bryan , Mellman Ira , Ishido Satoshi , Anderson Mark , Shin Jeoung-Sook
Published: May 2013

Membrane-associated RING-CH1 (MARCH1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates ubiquitination of MHCII in dendritic cells (DCs). MARCH1-mediated MHCII ubiquitination in DCs is known to regulate MHCII surface expression, thereby controlling DC-mediated T cell activation in vitro. However, its role at steady state or in vivo is not clearly understood. Here, we show that MARCH1 deficiency resulted in a substantial reduction in the number of thymus-derived regulatory T cells (T reg cells) in mice. A specific ablation of MHCII ubiquitination also significantly reduced the number of thymic T reg cells. Indeed, DCs deficient in MARCH1 or MHCII ubiquitination both failed to generate antigen-specific T reg cells in vivo and in vitro, although both exhibited an increased capacity for antigen presentation in parallel with the increased surface MHCII. Thus, MARCH1-mediated MHCII ubiquitination in DCs is required for proper production of naturally occurring T reg cells, suggesting a role in balancing immunogenic and regulatory T cell development.
Geometrizing the minimal representations of even orthogonal groups
Authors: Lafforgue Vincent , Lysenko Sergey
Published: May 2013

Let

X
X

be a smooth projective curve. Write

B
u
n

S

O

2
n

\mathrm {Bun}_{\mathrm {S}\mathbb {O}_{2n}}

for the moduli stack of

S

O

2
n

\mathrm {S}\mathbb {O}_{2n}

-torsors on

X
X

. We give a geometric interpretation of the automorphic function

f
f

on

B
u
n

S

O

2
n

\mathrm {Bun}_{\mathrm {S}\mathbb {O}_{2n}}

corresponding to the minimal representation. Namely, we construct a perverse sheaf

K

H

\mathcal {K}_H

on

B
u
n

S

O

2
n

\mathrm {Bun}_{\mathrm {S}\mathbb {O}_{2n}}

such that

f
f

should be equal to the trace of the Frobenius of

K

H

\mathcal {K}_H

plus some constant function. The construction is based on some explicit geometric formulas for the Fourier coefficients of

f
f

on one hand, and on the geometric theta-lifting on the other hand. Our construction makes sense for more general simple algebraic groups, we formulate the corresponding conjectures. They could provide a geometric interpretation of some unipotent automorphic representations in the framework of the geometric Langlands program.
ChemMapper: a versatile web server for exploring pharmacology and chemical structure association based on molecular 3D similarity method
Authors: Gong Jiayu , Cai Chaoqian , Liu Xiaofeng , Ku Xin , Jiang Hualiang , Gao Daqi , Li Honglin
Published: May 2013

Summary: ChemMapper is an online platform to predict polypharmacology effect and mode of action for small molecules based on 3D similarity computation. ChemMapper collects >350 000 chemical structures with bioactivities and associated target annotations (as well as >3 000 000 non-annotated compounds for virtual screening). Taking the user-provided chemical structure as the query, the top most similar compounds in terms of 3D similarity are returned with associated pharmacology annotations. ChemMapper is designed to provide versatile services in a variety of chemogenomics, drug repurposing, polypharmacology, novel bioactive compounds identification and scaffold hopping studies.

Availability:  http://lilab.ecust.edu.cn/chemmapper/.

Contact:  xfliu@ecust.edu.cn or hlli@ecust.edu.cn

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mutascope: sensitive detection of somatic mutations from deep amplicon sequencing
Authors: Yost Shawn E. , Alakus Hakan , Matsui Hiroko , Schwab Richard B. , Jepsen Kristen , Frazer Kelly A. , Harismendy Olivier
Published: May 2013

Summary: We present Mutascope, a sequencing analysis pipeline specifically developed for the identification of somatic variants present at low-allelic fraction from high-throughput sequencing of amplicons from matched tumor-normal specimen. Using datasets reproducing tumor genetic heterogeneity, we demonstrate that Mutascope has a higher sensitivity and generates fewer false-positive calls than tools designed for shotgun sequencing or diploid genomes.

Availability: Freely available on the web at http://sourceforge.net/projects/mutascope/.

Contact:  oharismendy@ucsd.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
William Froude, John Henry Newman and Scientific Practice in the Culture of Victorian Doubt
Authors: Leggett Don
Published: May 2013

This article explores the relationship between scientific practice and doubt in Victorian Britain. When compared to the rich historiography of Victorian science and religion, our current image of science and doubt is strikingly monolithic and limiting. Science is treated largely as a stimulus to narratives of doubt, for example, in the form of geology and evolution. This study, focused on the mathematician and mechanic William Froude and his close friend John Henry Newman, reconsiders the various levels on which doubts shaped scientific practice and informed the criteria by which knowledge of the physical and spiritual world were deemed certain and trustworthy.
Counting the Cost of Intelligence: The Treasury, National Service and GCHQ
Authors: Aldrich Richard J.
Published: May 2013

If one were to choose a few key words to describe the post-war British intelligence community, one of them might well be ‘impecunious’. Scarcity of resource affected the development of intelligence no less than it did British defence policy. Yet while we know much about the political economy of British defence planning, we know almost nothing about intelligence spending. This essay argues that senior Treasury figures were important in the development of the core planning and control mechanisms for the British intelligence community. It uses the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and signals intelligence more broadly to provide illustrative examples of the extreme pressures brought about by the end of the British occupation of Germany, the abolition of National Service as a source of cheap intelligence labour and the rising costs of computers for code breaking. It analyses the impact of the Templer and Hampshire reviews as early attempts to grapple with the accelerating costs of intelligence. Finally, it argues that the most significant intelligence reform, introduced by the Cabinet Secretary Burke Trend in 1968, was the advent of the Cabinet Office Intelligence Co-ordinator as a financial troubleshooter. This was, however, by no means the end of the intelligence community’s financial troubles.
Anti‐oxidative and cholesterol efflux capacities of high‐density lipoprotein are reduced in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Patel Parin J. , Khera Amit V. , Wilensky Robert L. , Rader Daniel J.
Published: May 2013

Aims

Various pathological changes lead to the development of heart failure (HF). HDL is dysfunctional in both acute coronary syndrome, as measured by the HDL inflammatory index (HII) assay, and stable coronary disease, as measured by cholesterol efflux capacity. We therefore hypothesized that these functions of HDL are also impaired in subjects with ischaemic cardiomyopathy.

Methods and results

A case–control study was performed on subjects in the University of Pennsylvania Catheterization Study (PennCath) cohort of patients with angina. Cases had EF <50% and angiographic CAD (≥70% stenosis of any vessel; n = 23); controls included those with EF ≥55% and no CAD (n = 46). Serum from subjects was apolipoprotein‐B depleted to isolate an HDL fraction. To measure HDL anti‐oxidative capacity, the HDL fraction was incubated with LDL and a reporter lipid that fluoresces when oxidized. To measure cholesterol efflux capacity, the HDL fraction was also incubated with macrophages and tritium‐labelled cholesterol. Mean HII was higher and efflux capacity lower in subjects with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (HII 0.26 vs. –0.028; efflux 0.80 vs. 0.92; P < 0.05). In a multivariable logistic regression model, both high HII and low efflux capacity were significant risk factors for HF [HII odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0–3.9, P = 0.002; efflux OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5–3.0, P = 0.03]. These effects persisted after adjustment for covariates and traditional risk factors for HF.

Conclusion

Subjects with reduced EF from ischaemia have lower HDL concentration and also impaired HDL function. HDL is a versatile lipoprotein particle with various anti‐inflammatory and vasoprotective functions, whose impairment may contribute to ischaemic heart failure.
An improved prescription for merger time-scales from controlled simulations
Authors: Villalobos Á. , De Lucia G. , Weinmann S. M. , Borgani S. , Murante G.
Published: May 2013

We compare three analytical prescriptions for merger times available from the literature to simulations of isolated mergers. We probe three different redshifts, and several halo concentrations, mass ratios, orbital circularities and orbital energies of the satellite. We find that prescriptions available in the literature significantly underpredict long time-scales for mergers at high redshift. We argue that these results have not been highlighted previously either because the evolution of halo concentration of satellite galaxies has been neglected (in previous isolated merger simulations) or because long merger times and mergers with high initial orbital circularities are under-represented (for prescriptions based on cosmological simulations). Motivated by the evolution of halo concentration at fixed mass, an explicit dependence on redshift added as tmergermod(z) = (1 + z)0.44tmerger to the prescription based on isolated mergers gives a significant improvement in the predicted merger times up to ∼20 tdyn in the redshift range 0 ≤ z ≤ 2. When this modified prescription is used to compute galaxy stellar mass functions, we find that it leads up to a 25 per cent increase in the number of low-mass galaxies surviving at z = 0, and a 10 per cent increase for more massive galaxies. This worsens the known overprediction in the number of low-mass galaxies by hierarchical models of galaxy formation.
Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Vitousek Peter M. , Menge Duncan N. L. , Reed Sasha C. , Cleveland Cory C.
Published: May 2013

New techniques have identified a wide range of organisms with the capacity to carry out biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)—greatly expanding our appreciation of the diversity and ubiquity of N fixers—but our understanding of the rates and controls of BNF at ecosystem and global scales has not advanced at the same pace. Nevertheless, determining rates and controls of BNF is crucial to placing anthropogenic changes to the N cycle in context, and to understanding, predicting and managing many aspects of global environmental change. Here, we estimate terrestrial BNF for a pre-industrial world by combining information on N fluxes with15N relative abundance data for terrestrial ecosystems. Our estimate is that pre-industrial N fixation was 58 (range of 40–100) Tg N fixed yr−1; adding conservative assumptions for geological N reduces our best estimate to 44 Tg N yr−1. This approach yields substantially lower estimates than most recent calculations; it suggests that the magnitude of human alternation of the N cycle is substantially larger than has been assumed.
Processes regulating nitric oxide emissions from soils
Authors: Pilegaard Kim
Published: May 2013

Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive gas that plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry by influencing the production and destruction of ozone and thereby the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. NO also contributes by its oxidation products to the formation of acid rain. The major sources of NO in the atmosphere are anthropogenic emissions (from combustion of fossil fuels) and biogenic emission from soils. NO is both produced and consumed in soils as a result of biotic and abiotic processes. The main processes involved are microbial nitrification and denitrification, and chemodenitrification. Thus, the net result is complex and dependent on several factors such as nitrogen availability, organic matter content, oxygen status, soil moisture, pH and temperature. This paper reviews recent knowledge on processes forming NO in soils and the factors controlling its emission to the atmosphere. Schemes for simulating these processes are described, and the results are discussed with the purpose of scaling up to global emission.