bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Air-coupled acoustic radiation force for non-contact generation of broadband mechanical waves in soft media
Authors: Ambroziński Łukasz , Pelivanov Ivan , Song Shaozhen , Yoon Soon Joon , Li David , Gao Liang , Shen Tueng T. , Wang Ruikang K. , O'Donnell Matthew
Published: July 2016

A non-contact method for efficient, non-invasive excitation of mechanical waves in soft media is proposed, in which we focus an ultrasound (US) signal through air onto the surface of a medium under study. The US wave reflected from the air/medium interface provides radiation force to the medium surface that launches a transient mechanical wave in the transverse (lateral) direction. The type of mechanical wave is determined by boundary conditions. To prove this concept, a home-made 1 MHz piezo-ceramic transducer with a matching layer to air sends a chirped US signal centered at 1 MHz to a 1.6 mm thick gelatin phantom mimicking soft biological tissue. A phase-sensitive (PhS)-optical coherence tomography system is used to track/image the mechanical wave. The reconstructed transient displacement of the mechanical wave in space and time demonstrates highly efficient generation, thus offering great promise for non-contact, non-invasive characterization of soft media, in general, and for elasticity measurements in delicate soft tissues and organs in bio-medicine, in particular.
Ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensor with resolved temperature cross-sensitivity employing microfiber-assisted modal interferometer integrated with magnetic fluids
Authors: Liu Haifeng , Zhang Hao , Liu Bo , Song Binbin , Wu Jixuan , Lin Lie
Published: July 2016

A compact and ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensor has been proposed by exploiting a microfiber-assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer functionalized by magnetic fluids. We have experimentally investigated the transmission spectral responses of the proposed sensor to the variation of applied magnetic field intensity and environmental temperature. The interference dips exhibit a magnetic field sensitivity as large as −1.193 nm/Oe for a low magnetic field intensity range of 3 Oe to 21 Oe. By using the sensing matrix containing the magnetic field as well as temperature sensitivities for different interference dips, the temperature cross-sensitivity issue could be effectively resolved. Our proposed sensor is anticipated to find potential applications in weak magnetic field detection, and moreover, the immunity to temperature cross-sensitivity effect ensures its applicability in temperature-fluctuated environments.
Fabrication of non-modified metallic superhydrophobic surfaces with temperature insensitivity and self-healing ability
Authors: Zhang Wenwen , Wang Shanlin , Yu Xinquan , Zhang Youfa
Published: July 2016

Metallic hierarchical texture was prepared by nickel-cobalt electro-deposition and subsequent replacement reaction to coat silver. Due to energetically favorable hydrocarbon adsorption on the silver film, contact angle of the surface increased gradually over time after exposure to laboratory air. The substrate became superhydrophobic after three days to aqueous droplets with various pH values. It was found that the surface remained stable after exposing to extreme temperatures in the wide range from −196 °C to 200 °C. Importantly, self-healing of superhydrophobicity can be easily accomplished and repeated in an ambient environment while hydrocarbon desorption occurred under high temperature. Furthermore, this approach can be easily applied to other conductive substrates.
Charge multiplication effect in thin diamond films
Authors: Skukan N. , Grilj V. , Sudić I. , Pomorski M. , Kada W. , Makino T. , Kambayashi Y. , Andoh Y. , Onoda S. , Sato S. , Ohshima T. , Kamiya T. , Jakšić M.
Published: July 2016

Herein, we report on the enhanced sensitivity for the detection of charged particles in single crystal chemical vapour deposition (scCVD) diamond radiation detectors. The experimental results demonstrate charge multiplication in thin planar diamond membrane detectors, upon impact of 18 MeV O ions, under high electric field conditions. Avalanche multiplication is widely exploited in devices such as avalanche photo diodes, but has never before been reproducibly observed in intrinsic CVD diamond. Because enhanced sensitivity for charged particle detection is obtained for short charge drift lengths without dark counts, this effect could be further exploited in the development of sensors based on avalanche multiplication and radiation detectors with extreme radiation hardness.
Photoacoustic-based detector for infrared laser spectroscopy
Authors: Scholz L. , Palzer S.
Published: July 2016

In this contribution, we present an alternative detector technology for use in direct absorption spectroscopy setups. Instead of a semiconductor based detector, we use the photoacoustic effect to gauge the light intensity. To this end, the target gas species is hermetically sealed under excess pressure inside a miniature cell along with a MEMS microphone. Optical access to the cell is provided by a quartz window. The approach is particularly suitable for tunable diode laser spectroscopy in the mid-infrared range, where numerous molecules exhibit large absorption cross sections. Moreover, a frequency standard is integrated into the method since the number density and pressure inside the cell are constant. We demonstrate that the information extracted by our method is at least equivalent to that achieved using a semiconductor-based photon detector. As exemplary and highly relevant target gas, we have performed direct spectroscopy of methane at the R3-line of the 2v3 band at 6046.95 cm−1 using both detector technologies in parallel. The results may be transferred to other infrared-active transitions without loss of generality.
Mechanical signaling coordinates the embryonic heartbeat
Authors: Chiou Kevin K. , Rocks Jason W. , Chen Christina Yingxian , Cho Sangkyun , Merkus Koen E. , Rajaratnam Anjali , Robison Patrick , Tewari Manorama , Vogel Kenneth , Majkut Stephanie F. , Prosser Benjamin L. , Discher Dennis E. , Liu Andrea J.
Published: July 2016

Significance

There is a mounting body of evidence that physical forces induce biochemical changes. Here, we suggest that the early embryonic heart provides a striking illustration of the importance of mechanics in living matter. Whereas adult hearts use electrical signaling to coordinate the heartbeat, we propose that embryonic hearts use mechanical signaling. We model the embryonic heart as mechanically excitable tissue, with cardiac myocytes that are triggered to contract under strain. Such contractions exert strains on nearby cells and induce further contraction, thus propagating the signal through the heart. This simple model captures key features observed in the heartbeat of stiffness-modified embryonic hearts that cannot be explained by standard electrochemical signaling and yields predictions that we confirm with experiments.
Supraphysiologic levels of the AML1-ETO isoform AE9a are essential for transformation
Authors: Link Kevin A. , Lin Shan , Shrestha Mahesh , Bowman Melissa , Wunderlich Mark , Bloomfield Clara D. , Huang Gang , Mulloy James C.
Published: July 2016

Significance

The AE9a protein (alternative splicing at exon 9) is often used to model t(8;21) leukemia. Our study demonstrates that increased oncogene dosage is a critical parameter of AE9a transformation, likely as a result of impaired transcriptional regulation of AML1-ETO target genes. This insight could assist in identifying those downstream genes most critical for t(8;21)-associated transformation.
Armed-conflict risks enhanced by climate-related disasters in ethnically fractionalized countries
Authors: Schleussner Carl-Friedrich , Donges Jonathan F. , Donner Reik V. , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim
Published: July 2016

Significance

Ethnic divides play a major role in many armed conflicts around the world and might serve as predetermined conflict lines following rapidly emerging societal tensions arising from disruptive events like natural disasters. We find evidence in global datasets that risk of armed-conflict outbreak is enhanced by climate-related disaster occurrence in ethnically fractionalized countries. Although we find no indications that environmental disasters directly trigger armed conflicts, our results imply that disasters might act as a threat multiplier in several of the world’s most conflict-prone regions.
Adolescence is associated with genomically patterned consolidation of the hubs of the human brain connectome
Authors: Whitaker Kirstie J. , Vértes Petra E. , Romero-Garcia Rafael , Váša František , Moutoussis Michael , Prabhu Gita , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Callaghan Martina F. , Wagstyl Konrad , Rittman Timothy , Tait Roger , Ooi Cinly , Suckling John , Inkster Becky , Fonagy Peter , Dolan Raymond J. , Jones Peter B. , Goodyer Ian M. ,   the NSPN Consortium, Bullmore Edward T. , Goodyer Ian , Bullmore Edward , Dolan Raymond , Fonagy Peter , Jones Peter , Fletcher Paul , Suckling John , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Fearon Pasco , Inkster Becky , Prabhu Gita , Bernal-Casas David , Eldar Eran , Ganguly Taposhri , Hauser Tobias , Ioannidis Konstantinos , Lewis Gemma , Mita Alda , Moutoussis Michael , Neufeld Sharon , Polek-MacDaeid Ela , Romero-Garcia Rafael , St Clair Michelle , Tait Roger , Toseeb Umar , van Harmelen Anne-Laura , Vértes Petra , Whitaker Kirstie , Will Geert-Jan , Ziegler Gabriel , Zimbron Jorge , Haarsma Joost , Davies Sian , Griffin Juliet , Hart Michael , Váša František , Wagstyl Konrad , Ooi Cinly , Widmer Barry , Alrumaithi Ayesha , Birt Sarah , Cleridou Kalia , Dadabhoy Hina , Firkins Ashlyn , Granville Sian , Harding Elizabeth , Hopkins Alexandra , Isaacs Daniel , King Janchai , Knight Clare , Kokorikou Danae , Maurice Christina , McIntosh Cleo , Memarzia Jessica , Mills Harriet , O’Donnell Ciara , Pantaleone Sara , Scott Jennifer , Stribling Alison , Bhatti Junaid , Hubbard Neil , Ilicheva Natalia , Kentell Michael , Wallis Ben , Villis Laura
Published: July 2016

Significance

Adolescence is a period of human brain growth and high incidence of mental health disorders. Here, we show consistently in two MRI cohorts that human brain changes in adolescence were concentrated on the more densely connected hubs of the connectome (i.e., association cortical regions that mediated efficient connectivity throughout the human brain structural network). Hubs were less myelinated at 14 y but had faster rates of myelination and cortical shrinkage in the 14- to 24-y period. This topologically focused process of cortical consolidation was associated with expression of genes enriched for normal synaptic and myelin-related processes and risk of schizophrenia. Consolidation of anatomical network hubs could be important for normal and clinically disordered adolescent brain development.
Dual role of CO in the stability of subnano Pt clusters at the Fe
3
O
4
(001) surface
Authors: Bliem Roland , van der Hoeven Jessi E. S. , Hulva Jan , Pavelec Jiri , Gamba Oscar , de Jongh Petra E. , Schmid Michael , Blaha Peter , Diebold Ulrike , Parkinson Gareth S.
Published: July 2016

Significance

The catalytic activity of metal particles is highly size-dependent in the subnanometer regime, which makes understanding how and why particle sizes change in reactive atmospheres particularly important. Here, we show that carbon monoxide plays a dual role in the coarsening of otherwise highly stable Pt atoms on an Fe
3
O
4
(001) support: CO adsorption weakens the adatom–support interaction inducing mobility, and stabilizes the Pt dimer against decay into two adatoms. Our results illustrate how molecules modify the clustering dynamics on surfaces, provide much-needed insight into how deactivation and redispersion can occur in single-atom catalyst systems, and demonstrate an approach to prepare size-distinguished clusters for studies of the size effect.
The Subscale Structure of the HoNOS in a Forensic Population: A Framework for a Currency and Tariff Outcome System in Mental Health
Authors: Maddison Paula , Marlee Anna L. , Webb Danielle E. , Berry Adrian D. I. , Whitelock Tracy
Published: July 2016

The development of an operational currency and tariff system for forensic mental health services has been underway in the United Kingdom since 2011, in line with government targets. A successful approach to the currency and tariff agenda requires both a way of capturing patient's needs and resource requirements while providing a way of evidencing outcomes to support payment. The focus of the work to date has been to establish a methodology that quantifies patient's clinical and resource needs but has yet to explore outcome methodology. In 2015, Speak, Hay, and Muncer developed a 4-factor model of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales, which was mandated for evaluating outcomes in adult and older person services. The focus of this article was to explore the Speak et al. ( 2015 ) 4-factor model of the HoNOS as an approach to evaluating outcomes in a forensic inpatient population. A national pilot study of 2,468 patients was used. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis techniques were employed and indicated that the Speak et al. ( 2015 ) factor model did not provide an adequate fit to the forensic data. A new factor structure emerged that revealed potential domains for evaluation of outcome in forensic populations.
Crisis Intervention Training and Implicit Stigma Toward Mental Illness: Reducing Bias Among Criminal Justice Personnel
Authors: Mulay Abby L. , Vayshenker Beth , West Michelle L. , Kelly Elspeth
Published: July 2016

Approximately seven percent of all police calls involve persons with mental illness (Deane, Steadman, Borum, Veysey, & Morrissey, 1999 ). Subsequently, police departments around the world are adopting crisis intervention training (CIT) programs to improve encounters between persons with mental illness and criminal justice personnel. These programs are aimed at improving the recognition of mental illness symptomology, increasing awareness of pharmacological interventions, improving crisis intervention and de-escalation skills, and increasing knowledge of referral services (Browning, Van Hasselt, Tucker, & Vecchi, 2011 ). Although there is considerable evidence to suggest that these programs significantly reduce explicit stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness among police officers, little is known about the impact of police officers' implicit stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with mental illness. We first provide an overview of mental health stigma at the explicit and implicit levels. We then discuss the impact of stigma on persons with mental illness and its relevance to the criminal justice system. In addition, we review the recent research that supports the success of CIT programs. Finally, we propose a way in which to reduce the impact of negative bias toward persons with mental illness within the criminal justice context and discuss future directions for research.
Simulation-Based Mentalizing Generates a “proxy” Self-Reference Effect in Memory
Authors: Allan Kevin , Morson Suzannah , Dixon Susan , Martin Douglas , Cunningham Sheila J.
Published: July 2016

The self-reference effect (SRE) in memory is thought to depend on specialized mechanisms that enhance memory for self-relevant information. We investigated whether these mechanisms can be engaged “by proxy” when we simulate other people, by asking participants to interact with two virtual partners: one similar and one dissimilar to self. Participants viewed pairs of objects and picked one for themselves, for their similar partner, or their dissimilar partner. A surprise memory test followed that required participants to identify which object of each pair was chosen, and for whom. Finally, participants were shown both partners’ object pairs again, and asked to indicate their personal preference. Four key findings were observed. Overlap between participants’ own choice and those made for their partner was significantly higher for the similar than the dissimilar partner, revealing participants’ use of their own preferences to simulate the similar partner. Recollection of chosen objects was significantly higher for self than for both partners and, critically, was significantly higher for similar than dissimilar partners. Source confusion between self and the similar partner was also higher. These findings suggest that self-reference by proxy enhances memory for non-self-relevant material, and we consider the theoretical implications for functional interpretation of the SRE.
The Rivers Ran Backward
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: July 2016

Most Americans believe that the Ohio River was a clearly defined and static demographic and political boundary between freedom and slavery, indeed between North and South, an extension of the Mason-Dixon Line and a border that produced the war. None of this is true, except perhaps the outcome of war. But the centrality of the Civil War and its outcome in the making of these tropes is undeniable. This interpretation leaves no room for the third of the nation’s major nineteenth-century regions: the West. Ironically, the war’s central figure, Abraham Lincoln, was a lifelong resident of this region’s “middle border”—the slave states of Kentucky and Missouri and of the free states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Kansas—lying astride not one but two fault lines of that war, east and west and north and south. The Rivers Ran Backward contests the assumption that regional identities throughout these states were stable in the era of the Civil War. Across the middle border, the war left an indelible imprint on the way in which residents thought of themselves and other Americans, proving as much a shaper as a product of regional identities. The book explains how the Civil War and its aftermath transformed a regional political culture into the cultural politics of region, creating perhaps the war’s greatest irony: that the victorious North created a larger, more enduring South than the defeated Confederacy could accomplish for itself, and that former western neighbors created a border between them after the fact.
Babel
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: July 2016

The economic, political, and racial environment in the middle border region sustained the western white consensus. Even as these states modernized between 1820 and 1850, resultant demographic and economic expansion and diversity, not slavery politics, irrevocably divided western white populations. To various degrees, political parties in the region (Democrats and National Republicans, or “Whigs”) adopted nationalist positions and eschewed the federal government’s involvement in the issue of slavery, considering it a states’ rights issue. As the debate over abolitionism influenced the West, racialized (or “conservative”) antislavery strategies and movements such as colonization and gradual emancipation emerged among white residents to harmonize the region. Abolition, the most strident of the various antislavery activisms, had a conservative western variant. Consistent with the West as slavery’s borderland, African Americans there collectively experienced a continuum of racial distinctions, statuses, and circumstances rather than a sharp division among them.
No North—No South—No East—No West
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: July 2016

Efforts in the middle border’s slave states to maintain versions of neutrality as logical extensions of the region’s consensus tradition met with failure in wartime. Neutrality and personal neutralism were statements not only of sovereignty but also of dissent, designed to maintain the traditional balance of unionism and proslavery. “Hard-line” warfare ensued in both Missouri and Kentucky, by which the politics of slavery were infused into the contours of civilian-military interactions. Occupying federal and Confederate troops judged neutrality as disloyalty, with slaveholding as an essential measure, and civilians used neutralism to their best advantage to protect themselves and the peculiar institution on their states’ untenable middle grounds. As they reconsidered their relationship with the American nation, two proslavery political cultures emerged in these states—southerners of culture and political southerners—struggling to control their states’ futures while defining the wartime contours of dissent in contested loyal slave states.
Kinetic Theory and Transport Phenomena
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

This textbook presents kinetic theory, which is a systematic approach to describing nonequilibrium systems. The text is balanced between the fundamental concepts of kinetic theory (irreversibility, transport processes, separation of time scales, conservations, coarse graining, distribution functions, etc.) and the results and predictions of the theory, where the relevant properties of different systems are computed. The book is organised in thematic chapters where different paradigmatic systems are studied. The specific features of these systems are described, building and analysing the appropriate kinetic equations. Specifically, the book considers the classical transport of charges, the dynamics of classical gases, Brownian motion, plasmas, and self-gravitating systems, quantum gases, the electronic transport in solids and, finally, semiconductors. Besides these systems that are studied in detail, concepts are applied to some modern examples including the quark–gluon plasma, the motion of bacterial suspensions, the electronic properties of graphene or the dynamics of a vortex gas, among others. In this way the reader will appreciate how the concepts and tools of kinetic theory can be applied to various situations. Besides these thematic chapters, a first chapter presents the main concepts in an introductory manner and then the formal kinetic theory for classical systems is presented in a general form, which will serve as the basis for subsequent thematic chapters. Finally, specific numerical methods for kinetic theory are given in a devoted chapter.
Distribution functions
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

The concepts that were advanced in Chapter 1 are defined formally here for classical systems described by Hamilton equations. The need for a statistical description of the system dynamics is justified, leading to the definition of the phase-space distribution function. Starting from the Hamilton equations, the Liouville equation for the distribution function is derived. The reduced distributions, which give information for subsets of particles, are defined and it is shown that the average values of usual properties can be computed in term of these. The dynamical equations for the reduced distributions---the BBGKY hierarchy---are obtained. These are not closed, putting in evidence the need for approximations appropriate to different conditions in order for the BBGKY hierarchy to become of practical use. This will be the purpose of the following chapters. Finally, the formalism is extended to mixtures, non-Hamiltonian systems and, for the case of stochastic dynamics, the master equations are defined.
The Lorentz model for the classical transport of charges
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

Historically, the Lorentz model was formulated after the Boltzmann equation. However, its simplicity helps to introduce many of the concepts that will appear throughout the book. This model describes the charge transport using a classical treatment, that is, not quantum. Charges are scattered by fixed ions, limiting their mean free flight. The resulting kinetic equation is analysed in two complementary regimes. First, it is shown that imposing an electric field, a steady electric current is established satisfying Ohm’s law and the electrical conductivity is computed in terms of the scattering properties. Second, when the charges are placed inhomogeneously, the charge density evolves slowly following a diffusion equation, where the diffusion coefficient is related to the electrical conductivity. Using the Chapman—Enskog method, the two regimes are described in a unified way, resulting in hydrodynamic-like equations for the charge density. Finally, the Lorentz model is applied to the run-and-tumble bacterial motion.
Brownian motion
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

Brownian motion, where microscopic particles are immersed in a fluid, is described separating the time scales of the collision with individual molecules and the macroscopic viscous friction. This separation permits derivation of the kinetic equation, which corresponds to a family of Fokker—Planck equations. Analysing the steady state, the fluctuation—dissipation relation is obtained, between the intensity of the molecular fluctuating force and the viscous force. For long times, the Brownian particles present diffusive behaviour and the Einstein relation is derived, which gives the diffusion coefficient in terms of the friction coefficient and the temperature. For microscopic objects that are described by a director, the rotational diffusion is derived, a concept that is applied in describing the dispersion of light in heterogeneous media and the alignment transition of bacterial suspensions.
Quantum gases
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

This chapter presents the statistical description of quantum gases: bosons and fermions. The coarse-grained distribution function, measuring the average occupation of each quantum level is the fundamental object under study. In thermal equilibrium, gases obey the Bose—Einstein and Fermi—Dirac distributions. Out of equilibrium, a semiclassical description is adopted where the distribution functions evolve as particles and move among levels. For bosons, the presence of other particles in the final level enhances the transitions (stimulated emission), while for fermions they suppress the transition (Pauli exclusion principle). These effects are included semiclassically in the kinetic equation. It is shown that the quantum kinetic equation gives the correct evolution toward the equilibrium distributions. Phonons are worked out in detail, where the phonon–phonon and phonon–electron interactions affect the energy transport. Finally, lasers and the quark—gluon plasma are analysed in the context of the theory.
Semiconductors and interband transitions
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

In this short chapter, electronic properties are studied when the presence of two or more bands is relevant. The prototype example is that of semiconductors, where interband transitions take place. Electric carriers (electrons in the conduction band or holes in the valence band) are responsible for transport and kinetic equations are derived for them, where recombination—generation processes must be included. The case of photoconductivity is considered when a semiconductor becomes a conductor through illumination. It is shown that at low temperatures, carriers are described by the Boltzmann distribution and therefore present some classical properties like the Einstein relation between the mobility and the diffusion coefficient. In this case, a hydrodynamic description for carriers is possible. Doped materials are analysed and the electronic transport in a diode is considered.
The Burden of Long-Term Care
Authors: Degiuli Francesca
Published: July 2016

This chapter investigates the reasons behind Italian families’s decision to hire a home eldercare assistant. It does so first by exploring the current organization of long-term eldercare in Italy: who provides it, in what terms, the impact of care provision on caregivers’ lives and the lives of their families, and its costs at the economic and emotional level for all the actors involved. It continues by analyzing the support that the state provides to families both in terms of services and cash provisions and how this support increasingly pushes families to seek care support in the informal labor market. Finally, it concludes by looking at how family caregivers actively transform into employers and at how, in the process, they create hierarchies of labor in terms of race/ethnicity and nationality.
The Bonds of Labor
Authors: Degiuli Francesca
Published: July 2016

Chapter 7 delves into the emotional labor required in this occupation and how the relationships that develop on the job affect the relationship of power between the workers and the elders. It shows that although it is true that emotional labor allows families to extract more work from the immigrant workers, at times the emotional attachment generated in these work relationships may work in favor of the workers and guarantee them a stronger bargaining power in terms of wages, work hours, help in obtaining a residency permit, and, in some cases, help in creating transnational bonds. Furthermore, the chapter investigates the qualitative difference in the relationships between home eldercare assistants and the elders in their care, and those between them and the employers.
Same stock, different management: quantifying the sustainability of three shrimp fisheries in the Skagerrak from a product perspective
Authors: Ziegler Friederike , Hornborg Sara , Valentinsson Daniel , Skontorp Hognes Erik , Søvik Guldborg , Ritzau Eigaard Ole
Published: July 2016

The northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis L.) stock in the Skagerrak is shared by Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Although the fishery is regulated by an annual agreement between the EU and Norway, there are also national regulations as well as differences in fleet composition and shrimp markets. In early 2014, the World Wildlife Fund gave all Skagerrak shrimp a red light in their seafood consumer guide, which led to an extensive debate, especially in Sweden, about the sustainability of this fishery. The aim of this study was to quantify a set of indicators that together give a broad picture of the sustainability of the three fisheries to provide an objective basis for a discussion on needed measures. The different indicators concerned environmental, economic or social aspects of sustainability and were quantified per tonne of shrimp landed by each country in 2012. The Danish fishery was most efficient in terms of environmental and economic indicators, while the Swedish fishery provided most employment per tonne of shrimp landed. Fuel use in all fisheries was high, also when compared with other shrimp fisheries. Interesting patterns emerged, with smaller vessels being more fuel efficient than larger ones in Sweden and Norway, with the opposite trend in Denmark. The study also demonstrated major data gaps and differences between the countries in how data are collected and made available. Various improvement options in the areas data collection and publication, allocation of quotas and enforcement of regulations resulted. Product-oriented studies could be useful to follow-up performance of fisheries over time and to identify how to best utilize the Skagerrak shrimp stock. This could involve evaluating novel solutions in terms of technology and management, based on current and future scenarios aiming to maximize societal benefits generated from this limited resource, at minimized environmental impacts.
Invention in “New New” Religions
Authors: Cusack Carole M.
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the concept of invention and applies it to the study of New Religious Movements (NRMs). Invention plays a part in all religions and is linked to other conceptual lenses including syncretism and legitimation. Yet invention is more readily detected in contemporary phenomena (so-called “invented,” “hyper-real,” or “fiction-based” religions), which either eschew, or significantly modify, the appeals to authority, antiquity, and divine revelation that traditionally accompany the establishment of a new faith. The religions referred to in this chapter (including Discordianism, the Church of All Worlds, and Jediism) are distinctively “new new” religions, appearing from the mid-twentieth century, and gaining momentum in the deregulated spiritual market of the twenty-first century West. Overt religious invention has mainstreamed in the Western society, as popular culture, individualism and consumerism combine to facilitate the cultivation of personal spiritualities, and the investment of ephemeral entertainments with ultimate significance and meaning.
Media, Technology, and New Religious Movements
Authors: Schorey Shannon Trosper
Published: July 2016

Since the first edition of the Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements (2004), the growing field of media, religion, and culture has moved at a rapid clip. The previous emphases on theoretical approaches that imagined a significant distinction between online and offline practices has been largely replaced by approaches that attend to the entanglement of digital and physical worlds. Research within this new analytical turn speaks about the Internet and religion in terms of third spaces, distributed materialities or subjectivies, and co-constitutive histories and locations. Highlighted within these works are the negotiations and intersections of consumer practices, popular culture, information control and religious pluralism online. As the field continues to develop, theoretical approaches that emphasize entanglement will help disclose the various relationships of power by which the material practices of religion, media, and technology are produced - allowing scholars to trace robust histories of multiplicity by which the contemporary imaginaries of religion, media, and technology are inherited.
The Study of Paganism and Wicca
Authors: Aitamurto Kaarina , Simpson Scott
Published: July 2016

In the twentieth century, all across Europe, new religious communities appeared which drew inspiration from historical Paganisms. The Wiccan tradition, first presented in the United Kingdom in the second half of the twentieth century by Gerald Gardner, has been one of the most influential and far-reaching. Well-known currents in the English-speaking world also include Druidry and Germanic Heathenism, as well as many others. Their entrance onto the religious scene has been met with various responses from the media and scholarship. This chapter addresses selected themes in the development of academic “Pagan Studies.” These include the definitional difficulties in describing a diverse field, the special methodological concerns and approaches which have arisen, and the increasing internationalization of study.
Native American Prophet Religions
Authors: Lewis James R. , Dobrowolski Ellen
Published: July 2016

Treatments of NRMs typically focus on a handful of one or two dozen of the most controversial groups that emerged in the wake of the Sixties counterculture in Western countries. However, it seemed that including a treatment of certain indigenous millenarian movements would be useful for comparative purposes – hence the present chapter on Native American prophet religions. Characteristically, these movements begin with the religious experience of a single prophet, and otherwise share certain similarities. It is not until one examines the position that their revelations took on the topic of the non-Indian presence that Native American prophets begin to diverge significantly from one another. The present chapter thus examines contrasting movements, some that accept and that adapt to the presence of Euroamericans, and others that reject the culture of the intruders.
The North American Innovations
Authors: Mullin R. Bruce
Published: July 2016

This chapter shows how the political crisis of the 1780s forced American Episcopalians in different directions, leading to a distinctive brand of Anglicanism. Anglicanism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, especially through the work of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, saw itself as a unique creature in the social order coming from God and closely tied to its fealty to the crown. As tensions increased, northern and southern Anglicans chose diverging views, which were further flamed by the Revolution. As the war ended, many, led by William White, believed that national church organization must precede any request for bishops. In contrast, northern Episcopalians, particularly in Connecticut under Seabury, called for an early episcopacy and the organization of the church in a much more ecclesial order drawing on the model of the Episcopal Church in Scotland. The solving of this crisis by 1789 was a significant contribution to Anglicanism.
Ecumenism and Post-Anglicanism, Transnational Anglican Compactism, and Cosmo-transAnglicanism
Authors: Clarke Sathianathan
Published: July 2016

Proceeding from autobiography, this chapter analyses the multiple dimensions that influenced the formation of the Church of South India. Such a post-Anglican ecumenical movement was prompted by drawing away from the receding shadow of the British Empire and moving towards other native communities emerging at the dawn of Indian Independence. Against this backdrop, the chapter examines the current realignments taking place within the Anglican Communion. The emergence of ‘transnational compactism’, in which collaborations are pursued with like-minded churches, are not the same as previous movements of ecumenism. What then are the directions open for the Anglican Communion? ‘Cosmo-transAnglicanism’ is offered as a model. Constructively working with Christology, a re-appropriation of Christ as the reconciling and compassionate One, is put forward as a challenge to both the Uniting Churches and the not-so-united churches within the Anglican Communion.
The Reformation in Anglicanism
Authors: Ryrie Alec
Published: July 2016

The outline of the English Reformation under Henry VIII and the later Tudors is no longer heavily contested. While politically led and slow to take root, it eventually took shape as a decisively Reformed Protestant, even Calvinist, Reformation with a stress on the doctrine of predestination, even though Cranmer retained some traditional trappings in his Prayer Books. Terms such as ‘Anglican’ and ‘via media’ ought not to be applied to the Church of England before 1662. However, that church’s subjugation to the state and the central position it acquired in English national identity helped to sow the seeds of later Anglican distinctiveness. The Reformation’s legacy for modern Anglicans is divisive, and it is used dishonestly, as a weapon, by all sides. This is in part because the true extent of its popularity in its own time remains open to dispute.
Sexuality and Communion
Authors: Goddard Andrew
Published: July 2016

Although the reporting of Anglican Communion and sexuality has been disproportionate and often ill-informed, debates about sexuality, including homosexuality, have been and will remain a major area of crisis and controversy, continuing to make an impact on the unity and structural development of the Communion and worldwide Anglicanism for several years. This chapter explores the range of political and cultural factors, especially the impact of globalization, which have increasingly divided the Anglican Communion, particularly the Lambeth Conference, over the subject of sexuality. It highlights that the current crisis will not be resolved until deeper theological issues, particularly in relation to the Bible, are more fully addressed by Anglicans as has been attempted in the Anglican Covenant.
Ecumenism
Authors: Methuen Charlotte
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores Anglican ecumenical engagement. After a brief historical survey of Anglican involvement in the global ecumenical movement, it focuses on the mostly bilateral ecumenical discussions which have taken place since the Second World War, considering relations between Anglicans and Old Catholics, Lutherans, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Moravians, Methodists, Reformed, Baptist, United and Charismatic/Pentecostal Churches, offering a snapshot of the state of these relationships in 2012. It concludes that ecumenical dialogue has proved effective in helping churches to know and understand each other better, but that this level of discussion can feel unconnected from the lived reality of individual Christians, particularly in contexts in which confessional boundaries are no longer experienced as clear lines of demarcation. Increasingly, the focus of ecumenical encounter is on shared mission.
Context, Character, and Challenges
Authors: Percy Martyn
Published: July 2016

What skills and knowledge does one require for ministerial formation? It is a question to which a variety of answers could be offered—from several different parts of the Anglican Communion, and from different ages. Attention to scripture and tradition could be assumed; but not, perhaps, the levels and types of critical engagement. The necessary arts and skills as well as the character and wisdom required for the exercise of ministry may vary from culture to culture. The curriculum will vary too, according to the ecclesial ethos of the seminary or college and the cultural context of the future ministers. Identifying the common curricular denominators in the training of Anglican clergy across the Communion will not be a straightforward matter: one cannot assume a reservoir of putatively transferable skills and knowledge that will work in all Provinces. This chapter considers the contexts and challenges Anglican theological education and ministerial training faces today.
Prayer
Authors: Tickle Phyllis
Published: July 2016

This chapter assumes the presence, traditionally, of two forms of prayer in general Anglican practice: individuated or spontaneous prayer and liturgical prayer and the daily offices. It treats liturgical prayer as being of two kinds, using for this the typology of established texts prayed in either corporate or private exercise. It considers individuated prayer as being informed increasingly by extra-Anglican, but historic and/or orthodox, prayer methods and tools, and investigates the communal implications of that shift. Using this framework, it overviews the changes in prayer concepts and practices that have been set in motion by post-twentieth century globalization, diversity, science, and so on, and considers the implications of these changes for worldwide Anglicanism as well as for new and developing configurations of Christianity which Anglicanism increasingly informs.
Anglican Way or Ways?
Authors: Brown Terry
Published: July 2016

In the light of recent Anglican practice, initiated by the Anglican Primates’ taskforce, Theological Education for the Anglican Communion, to speak of ‘the Anglican Way’ rather than Anglicanism, this chapter explores whether the notion of a single ‘Anglican Way’ is feasible, given the theological diversity of Anglican history and the Anglican Communion. The chapter maintains that there are historically at least ten different ‘Anglican ways’ from the time of the Elizabethan Settlement (such as Puritanism, Latitudinarianism, Evangelicalism, Tractarianism), and describes them briefly, arguing that, interacting historically and in the present, they can be seen as contributing to a single Anglican Way. However, recognizing the tensions among these ten Anglican ways and the single Anglican Way, the chapter makes seven suggestions for resolving tensions. It then describes the new global Anglican Way that is emerging against a very narrow Anglican Way that discredits history and Anglican diversity.
Anglican Conciliarism
Authors: Avis Paul
Published: July 2016

The chapter begins by outlining the distinctive ecclesiology of the Anglican Communion and the structures of consultation that form its polity. Among the four so-called Instruments of Communion, the Conference of Bishops which originally met at the Archbishop of Canterbury’s palace at Lambeth, is selected for special consideration and set in the context of the conciliar tradition of the church, with its principles of constitutionality, representation and consent. The non-coercive but persuasive authority of the Lambeth Conference, at which the Archbishop of Canterbury presides, is related to the role of the episcopate in the church and finally the future of the conference is considered.
Prayer Book Use and Conformity
Authors: Avis Paul
Published: July 2016

This chapter begins by noting the key place of liturgical worship in Anglican identity and reflects on the effect of inculturated and multiple-choice liturgical forms in weakening a common global identity for Anglicans. It then makes a case for the profound ecclesiological significance of the Prayer Book tradition in the absence of either extensive confessions or a living magisterium: the principle that the rule of prayer is the rule of belief. The chapter then outlines the development of the Book of Common Prayer from Thomas Cranmer to the definitive form of 1662 and its derivatives and alternatives in modern Anglicanism. The following section outlines how the Lambeth Conference, as the highest teaching forum of the Anglican Communion, has understood the Prayer Book since its first meeting in 1867. In conclusion, the chapter discusses what, if anything, makes Anglican worship distinctive among Christian practices.
Philosophical Quietism in Nāgārjuna and Early Madhyamaka
Authors: Tillemans Tom J. F.
Published: July 2016

Nāgārjuna, who founded the school known as Philosophy of the Middle, or Madhyamaka, was an important South Indian Buddhist philosopher who flourished in the second century ce. His writings, as well as those of Āryadeva and the Nāgārjunian commentators, promote a certain type of irenic philosophy or quietism. The particularity of the Madhyamaka is that it emphasizes philosophical analysis as a method leading to quietening of thought. A complex issue is whether Nāgārjuna’s quietism should be seen as a type of anti-intellectualism or sophistical refusal to take responsibility for one’s views. I examine three contemporary interpretations of his claim to have no thesis of his own, and a variety of interpretations of his quietism. I argue that his quietism should be understood as a type of vigilance.
River Basin Organizations and the Governance of Transboundary Watercourses
Authors: Gerlak Andrea K. , Schmeier Susanne
Published: July 2016

This chapter defines transboundary waters and sheds light on the collective action problems they pose. It chronicles the rise of river basin organizations as the key regional institutions to manage and implement international water treaties and address collective action problems in transboundary waters. In examining questions of effectiveness, two important institutional design features of transboundary water governance are outlined: the role of stakeholder participation and the importance of science–policy linkages. Emerging challenges and controversies are addressed, including questions of adaptive capacity and matters of context in transboundary water governance. The chapter concludes with some suggested paths for future research, emphasizing institutional adaptation to future challenges.
The Crime Historian’s
Authors: Godfrey Barry
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the ways that historians of crime go about their research. Although many historians are wary, disinterested, or even completely uninterested in describing and discussing the methods of inquiry that have preceded their analysis and have ultimately produced their final research findings, the approaches they take are clearly critical. The chapter therefore explores in detail some of the reasons why historians have kept their methods and underlying philosophies somewhat hidden, and raises a number of interesting methodological questions that ultimately examine the integrity and utility of our everyday practices as crime historians. In particular it explores the techniques utilized in digital research and biographical research which has helped to shape new directions in crime history over the last twenty years.