bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryptosporidium
Authors: Xiao Lihua , Feng Yaoyu
Published: December 2024

Cryptosporidium
spp. are protozoan parasites that inhabit the brush borders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelium of various vertebrates, causing enterocolitis, diarrhea, and cholangiopathy in humans.
Cryptosporidium
spp. are well‐recognized water and foodborne pathogens in industrialized nations, having caused many outbreaks of human illness.
Cryptosporidium
spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites that primarily infect epithelial cells of the intestine and biliary ducts, especially the ileum and colon. The distribution of
Cryptosporidium parvum
and
Cryptosporidium hominis
in humans is a reflection of the role of different transmission routes in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised persons, including patients with HIV, is frequently associated with chronic, life‐threatening diarrhea. In clinical laboratories,
Cryptosporidium
spp. in stool specimens are commonly detected by microscopic examinations of oocysts, immunologic detection of antigens, and nucleic acid amplification testing. Genotyping and subtyping have been used in characterizations of
Cryptosporidium
infections, especially in cryptosporidiosis surveillance and outbreak investigations.
Filarial Nematodes
Authors: Showler Adrienne J. , Nutman Thomas B.
Published: December 2024

Filarial worms are arthropod‐transmitted nematodes that dwell, as adults, in the subcutaneous tissues and the lymphatics. Although eight filarial species infect humans, four are responsible for most of the pathology associated with these infections:
Wuchereria bancrofti
,
Brugia malayi
,
Onchocerca volvulus
, and
Loa loa
. The taxonomy of these parasites follows a newly adopted molecular approach. All filariae go through a complex life cycle that includes an infective larval stage carried by the insects and an adult worm stage that resides in humans, either in the lymph nodes, the adjacent lymphatics, the subcutaneous tissue, or the pleural/peritoneal cavities. There are significant differences in the clinical manifestations of filarial infections, or at least in the period over which the manifestations present, between patients native to the areas of endemicity and those who are travelers or recent arrivals in these same areas.
Less Common Helminths
Authors: PROCOP GARY W.
Published: December 2024

There are a wide variety of less commonly encountered helminthic parasites, which may be nematodes, cestodes, or trematodes. The diseases caused by these parasites are interesting and demonstrate their highly evolved life cycles and the complex interactions with their hosts. This chapter covers the less common causes of helminthic parasitic infections, particularly those caused by the less common nematodes and cestodes.
Spirometra
species, the etiologic agent of sparganosis, is the only less common cestode. Descriptions of a few of the other less common cestodes that may infect humans are given. Dietary and folk‐medicine customs are also important in the prevalence of human disease, as many of these are associated with the ingestion or application of raw animal products. The treatment of these parasites varies depending on the infectious agent, but common preventive measures may significantly diminish the transmission of many of these parasitic diseases.
Antiparasitic Agents
Authors: LEDER KARIN , McGUINNESS SARAH L.
Published: December 2024

A number of effective antiparasitic drugs are currently available. These agents are important both for therapy of infected individual patients and for control of parasitic infections at the community level. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms of action, pharmacology, clinical utility, and adverse effects of common first‐line antiparasitic therapies and newer drug alternatives. Major anthelmintic drugs, namely, albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine, are reviewed in detail, as is the newly approved moxidectin. Nitazoxanide, an agent with both anthelmintic and antiprotozoal activity, is also discussed. Major antiprotozoal drugs, including those used for malaria, infections with gastrointestinal protozoa, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, are also reviewed. Nitazoxanide is a 5‐nitrothiazole derivative with broad‐spectrum activity against numerous intestinal protozoa, helminths, and anaerobic bacteria. Major indications for its use are also shown. It was initially developed as a veterinary anthelmintic with activity against intestinal nematodes, cestodes, and liver trematodes.
Tailoring the Properties of 2D Nanomaterial‐Polymer Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Energy Storage by 3D Printing—A Review
Authors: Gebrekrstos Amanuel , Muzata Tanyaradzwa S. , Elias Anastasia , Ray Suprakas Sinha
Published: December 2024

3D‐printed 2D nanomaterials‐based polymer composites, with their exceptional electrical conductivity and structural functionalities, have become leading‐edge engineering materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, sensors, and energy storage applications. This review begins with a brief introduction to various types of 2D nanomaterials and their fabrication techniques, specifically different types of 3D printing. The subsequent sections highlight key factors such as rheological properties, surface tension, additives, and binders that influence the printability of 2D nanomaterials‐based polymer composites. The advancements in 2D nanomaterials‐based polymers, including MXene, graphene, and graphene derivatives, are then presented. The interaction, dispersion, and/or network formation of 2D nanomaterials in the polymer matrix is a crucial factor in determining the electrical performance of the composites. This review also discusses surface modification strategies for 2D nanomaterials to enhance their sensing, EMI shielding, and energy storage capabilities. Finally, the impact of various 3D‐printed polymer composite geometries, such as rectangular, cylinder, and circular, on shielding performance is thoroughly examined, engaging the reader in the exploration of these materials.
Aligning and Observing the Liquid Crystal Director in 3D Using Small Magnetic Fields and a Wedge‐Cell
Authors: Gulati Lovish , Sánchez‐Somolinos Carlos , Giesselmann Frank , Fischer Peer
Published: December 2024

The mechanical and optical properties of liquid crystalline materials are largely dependent on the director profile. More complex soft robotic functions and programmed optical properties require spatially varying director profiles, ideally in 3D. However, it is challenging to achieve arbitrary director orientation with most established alignment techniques, as one needs to overcome surface interactions, use high electric or magnetic field strengths and temperatures. Another experimental difficulty is that there is a lack of suitable techniques that can be used to characterize the director in 3D. Here, this study first shows that the addition of 5CB to reactive mesogens permits cross‐linked liquid crystalline materials to be fabricated with a spatially varying 3D director profile using weak magnetic fields (0.13 T). This study also shows, how these can be characterized with an optical technique that uses a wedge cell to visualize the programmed 3D director profile. Interestingly, the method also permits the real‐time observation of the director. This work shows that it is possible to precisely control the director in 3D with low magnetic fields and that the dynamics can be directly observed, which facilitates potential applications of soft liquid crystalline (LC) gels and potentially also elastomers.
Nanotherapy‐Engineered Stem Cells Alleviate Myocardial Reperfusion Injury by Normalizing the Pathological Microenvironment and Promoting Cardiac Repair
Authors: Pan Lina , Hu Xiankang , Yang Hao , Chen Liyuan , Tang Heng , Luo Suxin , Hu Houyuan , Zhang Jianxiang
Published: December 2024

Myocardial infarction, the most severe manifestation of coronary artery disease, is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Here, a novel nanotherapy engineering approach is reported for enhancing therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion (MI/R) injury. An anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory nanotherapy (TPCD NP) is first fabricated. MSCs are successfully engineered with TPCD NP by endocytosis, and TPCD NP engineering does not affect stemness of MSCs. TPCD NP‐internalized MSCs (tn‐MSCs) are resistant to oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under oxidative distress, tn‐MSCs show stronger paracrine activity compared to MSCs. Consistently, tn‐MSCs effectively enhance angiogenesis of endothelial cells under pathological conditions. Also, tn‐MSCs protect cardiomyocytes from ROS‐induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis by improving mitochondrial membrane potential and regulating the p53 signaling pathway. In mice with MI/R injury, the survival time of tn‐MSCs in the injured heart is prolonged, compared to pristine MSCs. Correspondingly, tn‐MSCs more significantly reduce the infarct size, improve cardiac function, and promote cardiac remodeling in MI/R injury mice. Mechanistically, tn‐MSCs alleviate MI/R injury by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and promoting cardiac repair. Consequently, tn‐MSCs are promising for treating cardiovascular diseases linked to oxidative distress and inflammation.
Improving Energy Storage and Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Cathode Lifetime via a Tannic Acid/Iron (III) Metal Phenolic Network Coating
Authors: Park Donghyuck , Shin Subin , Sherrell Peter C. , Roy Binayak , Callaghan Kimberley L. , Caruso Frank , Ellis Amanda V.
Published: December 2024

Surface coating lithium‐ion battery cathodes is a promising strategy to improve performance and mitigate cathode degradation. The coatings studied to date focus on either electronically or ionically conducting layers, which have been introduced to enhance the redox reactions of cathode particles, or oxide‐based physical protection layers limiting surface degradation. Such coatings require high‐temperature, time‐consuming synthesis processes, along with uncertainty in the specific interactions between these coatings and lithium ions. Here, metal‐phenolic network coated LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC) cathodes are, produced using naturally occurring polyphenols via a rapid one‐step assembly, improve cathode electrochemical performance. The performance improvement arises from the interaction between lithium ions and the coated layer, which enhances the lithium‐ion transport to the cathode. In half‐cell 1C rate cycling conditions, the modified cathode displays a 20% reduction in overpotential and a 54% decrease in interfacial resistance compared to the uncoated cathode. In a full‐cell format, the modified cathode exhibits a 10% increase in capacity and a 54% increase in lifespan for constant current cycling; in addition to a 5% increase in capacity and a 25% increase in lifespan for constant current‐constant voltage (CCCV) cycling. This work paves the way for improving cathode materials via eco‐friendly lithium‐ion attraction strategies.
Regulating Charge Transfer in a Heterojunction Photoanode for Efficient Photo‐Charging of Zn‐Air/Sulfion Hybrid Batteries
Authors: Kong Lingqiao , Qiao Jingyuan , Li Wang , Xia Linhong , Yan Bingzhen , Zhang Shuai , Ruan Qiushi , Sun Zheng Ming
Published: December 2024

Integrating sulfion‐rich wastewater purification with photo‐charging Zn‐Air batteries enables dual benefits for solar energy storage and environmental protection. However, photo‐charging efficiency is hindered by charge transfer issues. Here, the study synthesizes a CdS@CdIn2S4 core–shell photoelectrode and uses Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) to probe surface potential changes and photo‐charge transfer under illumination. The outer shell (CdIn2S4) exhibits upward band bending and a Conduction Band (CB) more negative than bulk CdS, leading to the accumulation of photoelectrons on the surface, which is detrimental to sulfion oxidation. Vacancy engineering aligns the Fermi energy of two materials, creating an optimal type‐II configuration that accumulates holes on the surface, thereby boosting the photo‐charging current density in Zn‐Air/Sulfion hybrid batteries by 18‐fold. A benchmark photo‐charging current density of 1.26 mA cm−2 is therefore achieved for Zn‐Air/Sulfion hybrid batteries. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of regulating charge transfer pathways in photo‐charging Zn‐Air/Sulfion hybrid batteries, showing potential applications in various photo‐assisted batteries.
Eu‐Doped Polyurethane with Efficient Multicolor Fluorescence, Self‐Healing, Stimuli‐Responsiveness and Its Diverse Applications
Authors: Wang Yujun , Wang Ruiqing , Kong Xiang Zheng , Jiang Xubao , Zhu Xiaoli , Li Shusheng
Published: December 2024

Multicolor lanthanide‐doped polymers have found versatile applications in data encryption, sensing, and smart display. However, multiple components, sophisticated design, and complex preparation procedures are often required. In contrast, their intrinsic and multicolor fluorescence emission is been effectively used. Herein, Eu‐doped polyurethane (ETP@PU), integrating tunable multicolor emission, self‐healing, and multi‐responsiveness, is prepared through a facile route via step‐growth polymerization of PU using commercial Eu‐ligand (Eu(TTA)3Phen, ETP) as a fluorophore. FTIR and XPS analysis demonstrate the successful coordination of Eu3+ with carbamate groups of PU, which not only enhances the mechanical properties of PU but also bestows unique luminescent properties. With increasing ETP content, the intrinsic fluorescence of PU declines, while that of Eu displays a discernible enhancement, resulting in the tunable multicolor emission. The highest quantum yield of Eu‐related emission reaches 71.3% due to the robust coordination and efficient energy transfer between Eu3+ and PU. Moreover, the ETP@PU exhibits excellent self‐healing capacity and multi‐responsiveness, and their potential applications are also investigated in the field of light‐emitting diodes, data encryption, and self‐healing process monitoring. This work provides a facile and efficient strategy to develop multicolor lanthanide‐doped polymers promising for various applications.
Engineered Nanostructures for Sonothermal Therapy
Authors: Hakimi Fatemeh , Ma Zhizi , Karimi Niyosha , Sefat Farshid , Cheng Ziyong , Lin Jun , Maleki Aziz
Published: December 2024

Sonothermal therapy (STT) has become increasingly attractive recently as a noninvasive, safe, and nonionizing methodology. STT, as a newly emerging heat‐enabled therapeutic approach, can rely on built‐in bubble cavitation and thermal energy‐electron recombination of sonothermal agents (STAs) activated by ultrasound (US) irradiation. In this domain, STT‐enabled nanomedicine is considered a potential treatment for abnormal cell killing and normal cell renewing, which addresses the drawbacks of nonspecific heating in conventional microbubbles, side effects, and poor tissue penetration of available thermal‐based therapies. Herein, a comprehensive review on the efficiency of STT in tumor ablation, infection therapy, and tissue regeneration is presented. Moreover, this review focuses on the benefits of STT as a therapeutic hot topic that can be used for nonantibiotic treatments, noninvasive heat‐activated tissue regeneration, and highly efficient local cancer therapy. In addition, rational design of STAs, mechanistic innovations, and prospects of STT will also be provided.
Coupling Probiotics with CaO2 Nanoparticle‐Loaded CoFeCe‐LDH Nanosheets to Remodel the Tumor Microenvironment for Precise Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Si Ruxue , Hu Tingting , Williams Gareth R. , Yang Yu , Yang Shuqing , Yan Dan , Liang Ruizheng , Ji Weiping
Published: December 2024

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has become an emerging cancer treatment strategy with advantages of tumor‐specificity, high selectivity, and low systemic toxicity. However, it usually suffers from low therapeutic efficacy. This is caused by low hydroxyl radical (·OH) yield arising because of the relatively high pH, overexpressed glutathione, and low H2O2 concentration in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, a probiotic metabolism‐initiated pH reduction and H2O2 supply‐enhanced CDT strategy is reported to eradicate tumors by generating ·OH, in which Lactobacillus acidophilus is coupled with CoFeCe‐layered double hydroxide nanosheets loaded with CaO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as a chemodynamic platform for high‐efficiency CDT (CaO2/LDH@L. acidophilus). Owing to the hypoxia tropism of L. acidophilus, CaO2/LDH@L. acidophilus exhibits increased accumulation at tumor sites compared with the CaO2/LDH. The CaO2 NPs loaded on CoFeCe‐LDH nanosheets are decomposed into H2O2 in the TME. L. acidophilus metabolite‐induced pH reduction (<5.5) and CaO2‐mediated in situ H2O2 generation synergistically boost ·OH generation activity of the CoFeCe‐LDH nanosheets, effectively damaging cancer cells and ablating tumors with a tumor inhibition rate of 96.4%, 2.32‐fold higher than that of CaO2/LDH. This work demonstrates that probiotics can function as a tumor‐targeting platform to remodel the TME and amplify ROS generation for highly efficient and precise CDT.
Printable and Tunable Bioresin with Strategically Decorated Molecular Structures
Authors: Rufo‐Martín Celia , Infante‐García Diego , Díaz‐Álvarez José , Miguélez Henar , Youssef George
Published: December 2024

As personalized medicine rapidly evolves, there is a critical demand for advanced biocompatible materials surpassing current additive manufacturing capabilities. This study presents a novel printable bioresin engineered with tunable mechanical, thermal, and biocompatibility properties through strategic molecular modifications. The study introduces a new bioresin comprising methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and a photoinitiator, which is further enhanced by incorporating high molecular weight polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to improve biostability and mechanical performance. The integration of printable PMMA presents several synthesis and processing challenges, necessitating substantial modifications to the 3D printing process. Additionally, the bioresin is functionalized with antibacterial silver oxide and bone‐growth‐promoting hydroxyapatite at various weight ratios to extend its application further. The results demonstrate the agile printability of the novel bioresin and its potential for transformative impact in biomedical applications, offering a versatile material platform for additive manufacturing‐enabled personalized medicine. This work highlights the adaptability of the novel printable bioresin for real‐life applications and its capacity for multiscale structural tailoring, potentially achieving properties comparable to native tissues and extending beyond conventional additive manufacturing techniques.
Spectroscopic Signatures of Ultra‐Thin Amorphous Carbon with the Tuned Disorder Directly Grown on a Dielectric Substrate
Authors: Won Kyuyeon , Jeong Euihoon , Yoon Jongchan , Jeon Dohyun , Hong Jinhwan , Yoo Hyounggoo , Bang Yeji , Srivastava Pawan Kumar , Singh Budhi , Jeong Hyung Mo , Lee Zonghoon , Lee Changgu
Published: December 2024

The reduced structural complexity of atomically thin amorphous carbons makes it suitable for semiconductor technology. Inherent challenges arise from transfer processes subsequent to growth on metallic substrates, posing significant challenges to the accurate characterization of amorphous materials, thereby compromising the reliability of spectroscopic analysis. Here this work presents a novel approach: direct growth of ultra‐thin amorphous carbon with tuned disorder on a dielectric substrate (SiO2/Si) using photochemical reaction and thermal annealing process with a solid precursor. This work characterizes the amorphous carbon films' disorder using spectroscopic techniques, such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Electron energy loss spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, which offer greater convenience compared to microscopy‐based studies. This method, rooted in comprehensive spectroscopic characterization, elucidates characteristic signatures inherent to the amorphous carbon films. These findings reveal that Raman spectroscopy is particularly effective in identifying the amorphous phase of atomically‐thin carbon. Additionally, I‐V characterization and high‐frequency dielectric measurements showcase the potential application of directly grown amorphous carbon films in the semiconductor industry, where nanometer‐level thin conductors and dielectrics are commonly utilized. This transfer‐free characterization method provides a useful tool to find the correlation between atomic structure and electrical/optical properties, giving valuable insights into comprehensive crystallographic fundamental research.
High‐Performance All‐Inorganic Perovskite Tandem Photodetectors With Bi2TeO6 Layer Enabled by Enhanced Dual Pyro‐Phototronic Effect for Triple‐Encryption Imaging Sensing System with Programmable Logic Gate
Authors: Zhao Yue , Jiao Shujie , Yang Song , Nie Yiyin , Han Yajie , He Junjie , Tao Chenyang , Wang Dongbo , Gao Shiyong , Wang Jinzhong , Zhao Liancheng
Published: December 2024

As the focus on information security continues to intensify, encrypted imaging sensing technology becomes increasingly indispensable. However, the widespread application of encrypted imaging sensing technology is hindered by high manufacturing costs and complex system construction. Herein, an all‐inorganic perovskite/perovskite tandem self‐powered photodetector (PDs) is reported, incorporated with Bi2TeO6 layer to enahnce dual pyro‐phototronic effect, to realize an innovated encryption imaging sensing system with programmable logic gate. The PDs reach responsivity of 1.46 A W−1 and detectivity of 3.44 × 1013 Jones, the corresponding EQE reaches 342%, which is ≈75.48 times greater than that without pyro‐phototronic effect. The outstanding performance resulting from dual pyro‐phototronic effect in Cs2PbI2Cl2 perovskite and Bi2TeO6/CsSn0.5Pb0.5IBr2 interface, and optimizing band arrangement from the oxidized Bi2TeO6 layer. The photovoltaic and pyro‐phototronic signal of PDs can still be clearly distinguished under 8 kHz pulsed laser. More importantly, the encryption imaging sensing system achieves simultaneous outputs of triple image information, and their programmable optoelectronic logic gate can execute six distinct logical functions, including “OR”, “AND”, “XOR”, “NAND”, “NOR” and “XNOR”. This research not only provides a feasible strategy for realizing the outstanding pyro‐phototronic effect of all‐inorganic perovskite materials, but also presents novel insights for designing encrypted imaging sensing technology.
Structure‐Induced Energetic Coordination Compounds as Additives for Laser Initiation Primary Explosives
Authors: Cui Meng , Yan Yun‐Fan , Qian Rui‐Xuan , Fan Bo‐Wen , Bian Hong‐Yi , Wen Fei , Xu Jian‐Gang , Zheng Fa‐Kun , Guo Guo‐Cong
Published: December 2024

Laser ignition of primary explosives presents more reliable alternative to traditional electrical initiation methods. However, the commercial initiator lead azide (LA) requires a high‐power density laser to detonate, with the minimum laser initiation energy (Emin) of 2402 mJ. Currently, the laser‐ignitable metal complex‐based igniters still suffer from weak detonation capabilities and high Emin values. Here, the approach is first proposed to design laser ignition primary explosives within the high energy azide and tetrazole‐based energetic coordination compounds (ECCs), [Co(N3)(2‐bmttz)(H2O)]2 1 and [Co(N3)(2‐bmttz)(MeOH)]2 2 as additives to LA. Material 1e with 4 wt.% of 1 in LA, exhibits ultra‐low laser initiation threshold (Emin = 1.6 mJ) and ultrafast corresponding time (Tmin = 0.2 ms). Specially, compared to LA, the threshold of 1e is as low as 1/1500 of that of LA. Moreover, 30 mg 1e successfully detonates RDX with a laser energy of 1.6 mJ. Theoretical calculations and experiment results reveal that 1 exhibits the superior additive effect compared to 2, attributed to its more enhanced ability to generate free radicals and higher photothermal conversion efficiency under laser conditions. This work represents a paradigm shift, with the potential to develop a laser‐driven micro‐detonator combining powerful detonation capabilities with exceptionally low laser initiation energy.
A Coplanar Crystalline InGaO Thin Film Transistor with SiO2 Gate Insulator on ZrO2 Ferroelectric Layer: A New Ferroelectric TFT Structure
Authors: Lee Heonbang , Islam Md Mobaidul , Bae Jinbaek , Jeong Myeonggi , Roy Samiran , Lim Taebin , Rabbi Md Hasnat , Jang Jin
Published: December 2024

Ferroelectric transistors with a large memory window (MW) and operational stability have been of increasing interest recently. In this study, a ferroelectric thin‐film transistor (FE‐TFT) with a novel metal‐insulator‐semiconductor‐ferroelectric (MISF) structure is proposed. With the ferroelectric layer located under the semiconductor, the TFT process can be similar to a conventional coplanar structure with a SiO2 gate insulator (GI). In this work, both FE and active semiconductors are deposited by spray pyrolysis which is beneficial for large‐area and low‐cost manufacturing. The FE ZrO2 by spray pyrolysis has a nanocrystalline phase, and the semiconductor InGaO shows a polycrystalline structure. The TFT exhibits a MW of 5.6 V with an operating voltage range of −10–10 V. The device shows a low leakage current of 10−12 A, and thus the on/off ratio is >107 at VDS = 1.0 V. The device shows stable performance with increasing temperatures up to 80 °C. The endurance of the device is 5000 cycles at 0.1 Hz pulse with a negligible variation of MW less than 0.1 V, indicating excellent operational stability.
Development of Biodegradable Substrates and Synaptic Transistors for Next‐Generation Transient Electronics
Authors: Bhattacharjee Somnath , Dwivedi Anurag , Tiwari Shree Prakash
Published: December 2024

Ubiquitous electronic gadgets in lives have led to an increase in electronic waste (e‐waste), posing a threat to the environment and ecology that must be addressed. This work demonstrates the use of gelatin, a natural protein, for development of flexible biodegradable substrates and synaptic transistors using the same material as gate dielectric. The fabricated p‐channel transistors exhibit high electrical stability and exceptional synaptic characteristics through spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP), spike voltage dependent plasticity (SVDP), and spike number dependent plasticity (SNDP), respectively upon variation of post‐synaptic current (PSC) with time, amplitude, and number of stimuli. These devices exhibit pulse paired facilitation (PPF) with relaxation time constants in the range of ≈10 ms and regulating modulation amplitude of 1 greatly resembling a biological synapse. Study on the variability among distinct devices and over multiple cycles demonstrate outstanding repeatability of synaptic plasticity. The devices showcase significant PSC values with almost linear SNDP, while consuming an ultralow power of ≈11.7 fJ. Excellent stability is observed when subjected to multiple bending sequences. Complete dissolution of these devices in aqueous environments in an hour without any alteration to temperature or pH confirms excellent biodegradability of these devices leading toward transient neuromorphic circuits and systems that adhere to the concepts of circular economy.
Discovery of Novel Iridium(III) Complex‐Based Photofunctional Materials Using Excited‐State Descriptors
Authors: Wang Chu , Liu Lin , Sun Wei , Wang Juanjuan , Li Qing‐Kai , Feng Kai , Liao Bin , Fang Wei‐Hai , Chen Xuebo
Published: December 2024

The design of iridium(III) complex‐based photofunctional materials is challenged by commercial viability issues in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and the limitation of polypyridyl structures for Ir(III) catalysts in photocatalysis. The burgeoning advancement of data‐driven science provides new solutions to this challenge. Herein, a three‐step data‐driven design approach is reported to target multifunctional red phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes. The approach uses machine learning and quantum chemistry calculations coupled with key excited‐state physical and chemical descriptors to identify the promising natural uracil‐based Ir(III) complexes from the self‐established “OLED Materials and Photocatalyst Database.” The newly designed red complexes demonstrate higher quantum yields and longer radiative lifetimes compared to their commercial counterparts. As photosensitizers, they display electron and energy transfer rates with substrates at the nanosecond level and are validated for lab‐scale photocatalysis. As the guests for OLEDs, their devices produce excellent red emission with low turn‐on voltages, minimal efficiency roll‐off, and decent electroluminescence efficiency. This research stands for an innovative endeavor in the data‐driven design of Ir(III) complexes, diverging from the traditional structure‐mimicking model, and can be generalized to the design of more photofunctional molecular materials.
Siloxane as Humidity‐Resistant and Stabilizing Additive for Ambient‐Processed Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Haizhen , Xie Xianglun , Zhang Lianjie , Wang Jun , Chen Junwu
Published: December 2024

High‐performing organic solar cells (OSCs) being processed in ambient conditions and possessing long‐term stability are desired toward commercialization. Here, resultantly bifunctional additive is proposed for organic active layer, which can greatly enhance humidity endurance during the air‐processing of the active layer and device stability in the meantime. Intriguingly, with 1% octamethyltrisiloxane (3Si) as the additive, casting PM6:L8‐BO active layer even in 90% relative humidity (RH) air could show comparable efficiency to that in N2 condition. Furthermore, the 3Si‐processed active layers also display remarkably enhanced thermal and light stabilities in conventional OSCs. After thermal aging at 85 °C for 1000 h and simulated solar light aging with UV band at 100 mW cm−2 and 55°C for 1000 h, the 3Si‐processed PM6:L8‐BO binary OSCs maintain 91.6% and 86.1% of the initial efficiency, leading to final averaged efficiencies of 16.17% and 15.42%, respectively. The results represent the most stable OSCs based on additive strategy. The universality of siloxane as a humidity‐resistant and stabilizing agent is also confirmed with other active layer systems, paving a way for broader application of the bifunctional additive.
Short‐term effects of a heavy dairy manure application on soil chemical and biological indicators in an irrigated semiarid cropping system
Authors: Dungan R. S. , Acosta‐Martinez V. , Lehman R. M. , Manter D. K. , Mikha M. M. , Reardon C. L. , Tarkalson D. D. , Veum K. S. , Weyers S. L. , White P. M.
Published: December 2024

Intensive dairy production in southern Idaho is associated with the annual application of manure to croplands. However, a one‐time heavy application of manure could alternatively be used as a means to improve soil fertility and health for years or even decades, circumventing the need for frequent applications. To determine if this practice would negatively affect soil properties in the short term, we analyzed chemical and biological indicators of soil health for 2 years after dairy manure incorporation. Soil indicators measured were pH, electrical conductivity, extractable nitrogen (N) and phosphorus, total carbon (C) and N, enzyme activities, net N mineralization, soil organic C, soil protein, active C, ammonia oxidation potential, and particulate organic matter. Manure (with and without synthetic fertilizer) was found to significantly affect chemical and biological indicators in both topsoil (0–15 cm) and subsoil (15–30 cm), but the responses were greater in the subsoil. This can be attributed to the fact that manure was incorporated to approximately 30 cm via moldboard plow. All indicators responded positively to manure, except pH, which decreased slightly in the subsoil in the first year after application. Principal component analysis of chemical and biological indicators, across all years and depths, showed that the first two components explained 62% and 8.5% of the variance. While soil indicators were not adversely affected by manure, silage corn (Zea mays L.) yields in year 1 were significantly lower in manured plots, though in year 2, barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) yields were statistically similar among manure and fertilizer.
10‐Year Risk of Gallstones in Congenital Red Blood Cell Disorder Patients: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Naamansen Anders Blach , Hansen Dennis Lund , Petersen Jesper , Glenthøj Andreas , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Frederiksen Henrik
Published: December 2024

Chronic hemolysis potentially elevates the risk of gallstones in several types of congenital red blood cell (RBC) disorders. However, the magnitude of the risk is unknown. We investigate the risk of gallstone disease in congenital RBC disorder patients, compared with general population comparators. Patients were identified from the Danish National Patient Registry covering all Danish hospitals and the National Reference Laboratory for RBC disorders during 1980–2016. Patients were matched by sex, age, and region of origin with up to 50 general population comparators. Gallstone events were identified using hospital‐registered diagnoses and surgery codes. Our study included 9354 congenital RBC disorder patients, grouped according to type of congenital RBC disorder, and 416 994 general population comparators. The cumulative 10‐year incidence of gallstone disease was 4.2% in patients with congenital RBC disorders and 1.7% among comparators. Adjusted csHR's [95% confidence interval] were 8.1 [6.8, 9.7] for hereditary spherocytosis; 3.3 [1.6, 6.8] for glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; 21.6 [10.6, 44.1] for pyruvate kinase deficiency; 3.7 [1.9, 7.0] for sickle cell disease; 0.8 [0.4, 1.6] for sickle cell trait; 1.5 [1.1, 2.2] for α‐thalassemia trait; 1.8 [1.4, 2.3] for β‐thalassemia minor; and 2.1 [1.8, 2.6] for other congenital hemolysis. We found a markedly higher risk of hospital‐registered gallstone diseases in nearly all groups of patients with congenital RBC disorders compared with the general population.
Increased expression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition markers associated with recurrence of sinonasal inverted papilloma
Authors: Tu Junhao , Jiang Fan , Liu Jing , Ong Hsiao Hui , Huang Zhiqun , Wang Keshuang , Luo Qing , Shi Li , Ye Jing , Wang Deyun
Published: December 2024

Key points

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign epithelial proliferative disease with a high recurrence rate.

The role of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the pathogenesis of SNIP remains unclear.

EMT marker expression is elevated in SNIP tissues and is associated with its recurrence.
Chondrogenic commitment of human umbilical cord blood and umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cells induced by the supernatant of chondrocytes: A comparison study
Authors: Li Xingfu , Deng Zhenhan , Lu Wei
Published: December 2024

Background

Native cartilage has low capacity for regeneration because it has very few progenitor cells. Human umbilical cord blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB‐MSCs) and human umbilical cord‐derived MSCs (hUC‐MSCs) have been employed as promising sources of stem cells for cartilage injury repair. Reproduction of hyaline cartilage from MSCs remains a challenging endeavor. The paracrine factors secreted by chondrocytes possess the capability to induce chondrogenesis from MSCs.

Methods

The conditioned medium derived from chondrocytes was utilized to induce chondrogenic differentiation of hUCB‐MSCs and hUC‐MSCs. The expression levels of collagen type I alpha 1 chain (Col1a1), collagen type II alpha 1 chain (Col2a1), and SRY‐box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) were assessed through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), Western blot (WB), and immunofluorescence (IF) assays. To elucidate the mechanism of differentiation, the concentration of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in the conditioned medium of chondrocytes was quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Meanwhile, the viability of cells was assessed using Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assays.

Results

The expression levels of Col2a1 and SOX9 were found to be higher in induced hUC‐MSCs compared to those in induced hUCB‐MSCs. The conditioned medium of chondrocytes contained TGF‐β1. The CCK‐8 assays revealed that the proliferation rate of hUC‐MSCs was significantly higher compared to that of hUCB‐MSCs.

Conclusions

The chondrogenic potential and proliferation capacity of hUC‐MSCs surpass those of hUCB‐MSCs, thereby establishing hUC‐MSCs as a superior source of seed cells for cartilage tissue engineering.
Outcome of Patients With Lupus Nephritis Treated With an Anti‐CD40 Monoclonal Antibody According to Kidney Biopsy Features
Authors: Uzzo Martina , Schumacher Helmut , Steffgen Juergen , Deutschel Simone , Jayne David , Bajema Ingeborg
Published: December 2024

Objective

A phase 2 trial tested different doses of the anti‐CD40 monoclonal antibody BI 655064 as an add‐on therapy to the standard of care in patients with class III or IV lupus nephritis (LN) with active disease. A post hoc analysis showed a potential benefit of the higher tested doses (180 and 240 mg) versus a low dose (120 mg) or placebo. We investigated whether the treatment effect of BI 655064 on kidney outcomes may be modified by the presence of glomerular monocytes, a target for this drug with a well‐known role in LN pathogenesis.

Methods

One hundred one renal biopsies of patients with LN enrolled in the BI 655064 trial were scored centrally. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), spot urine protein/urine creatinine ratio (UP/UC), and complete renal response (CRR) were evaluated over 52 weeks. Patients were divided according to a “better” or “worse” performance than the average of all patients in the cohort, predicted by a mixed model for repeated measurements. Logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to assess the association between different treatment doses and outcomes according to the presence or absence of monocytes.

Results

A higher BI 655064 dose (180 or 240 mg) was associated with better outcomes of UP/UC and CRR when glomerular monocytes were present in kidney biopsy samples (odds ratio [OR] 3.66 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–12.3], P = 0.04; OR 4.58 [95% CI 1.24–16.9], P = 0.02). A trend toward improved eGFR was also observed in these patients (at 52 weeks, P = 0.08).

Conclusion

In LN kidney biopsy samples with glomerular monocytes, high‐dose BI 655064 treatment improved proteinuria at 52 weeks and resulted in a higher CRR compared to biopsy samples without glomerular monocytes. Histologic features may guide the choice of treatment for individual patients with LN.

image
Multiple model predictive control for offshore wind turbines operating in the full‐load range
Authors: Abbasi Milad , Sadati Nasser
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a multiple model predictive control (MMPC) strategy based on an individual blade pitch (IBP) mechanism to control floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) when operating in the full‐load range (above the rated wind speed). The strategy utilizes local model‐based predictive controllers (MPCs) to minimize generator output power fluctuations, generator speed variations, and alleviate tower mechanical loads, particularly fore‐aft and side‐to‐side shear forces. To ensure smooth transitions between local controllers, a soft‐switching technique is employed. The IBP actuation and generator torque control fix generator power and speed at the rated values, mitigating platform motions induced by wind and waves. The proposed control strategy is applied to a 5‐MW baseline wind turbine with a spar‐buoy platform developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is conducted by designing an MMPC based on the collective blade pitch (CBP) mechanism. Through comprehensive simulation and analysis, the effectiveness of the IBP‐based MMPC strategy is demonstrated.
Numerische Simulation von städtischen Wärmeinseln – Evaluierung von Simulationsergebnissen durch thermische Messungen
Authors: Langner Normen , Voellner David , Reß Marvin
Published: December 2024

Die Bebauung in Städten, urbane Oberflächen sowie Vegetation und Wasserflächen beeinflussen das städtische Klima auf vielfältige Weise. Neben der geometrischen Struktur der Bebauung spielen Materialeigenschaften wie Wärmespeicherung und Strahlungsverhalten von Dächern, Fassaden und Verkehrsflächen eine Rolle bei der Entstehung von Wärmeinseln. Zur Vorhersage dieser Effekte werden zunehmend Klimasimulationen auf städtischer Ebene genutzt, die wissenschaftlich etabliert sind. Dabei stellt sich regelmäßig die Frage nach der Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse. Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Evaluierung von Simulationsergebnissen durch thermische Messungen, darunter Temperatur, Windgeschwindigkeit und Thermografie, die sowohl am Boden als auch mittels Drohnen durchgeführt werden. Durch den Abgleich der Simulationen mit den Messungen können die Eingabeparameter der Simulationen präzisiert werden. So lassen sich fundierte Prognosen zur Wirksamkeit grüner Infrastruktur, wie begrünte Dächer und Fassaden, bei der Minderung des städtischen Wärmeinseleffekts erstellen. Diese Erkenntnisse bilden die Grundlage für die Entwicklung geeigneter Anpassungsstrategien, um Städte widerstandsfähiger gegenüber intensiveren Hitzeereignissen zu machen.
Does Older Mean Better? Analyses of Boards' Influence on Sustainability Performance
Authors: Donkor Augustine , Appiagyei Kwadjo , Yorke Sally Mingle , Gyapong Ernest
Published: December 2024

This study examines the influence of board generational cohorts on firms' sustainability performance (FSP) and the critical mass of directors within the different cohorts that influences FSP. We find that while Boomers have a positive influence on FSP, Traditionalist, GenX and GenY members are less concerned about FSP. Additionally, older cohorts (Traditionalists and Boomers) require three directors to exert their respective influence on FSP, whereas GenX and GenY require two or more and one director, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of Boomers may mitigate the limited focus of other generational cohorts on FSP. By identifying that not all cohorts in the older generation have a positive influence on FSP, that boomers may help mitigate the negative influence of other cohorts and the critical mass for which each cohort establishes an influence, we inform firms and policy makers on the mix of cohorts on the board that may enhance FSP.
Perfectly Hexagonal Sponge‐Like NiO‐NiCo2O4 with Rich Electromicrostructural Physiognomies for High‐Efficiency Electrocatalytic Urea Oxidation
Authors: Srivastav Siddhant , Kumar Paliwal Mahesh , Kumar Meher Sumanta
Published: December 2024

In order to design high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the development of urea oxidation reaction (UOR)‐based energy conversion and storage systems, herein, a very facile and kinetically controlled material growth strategy has been strategized to prepare extremely uniform and perfectly hexagonal sponge‐like NiO‐NiCo2O4 with high BET surface area (126 m2 g−1), monomodal distribution of mesopores (~3.9 nm), hierarchical surface as well as matrix porosity, mixed‐phase lattice structure, thorough atomic non‐stoichiometry and multiple valency of Ni and Co (i. e. Ni2+, Ni3+, Co2+ and Co3+). The potential of NiO‐NiCo2O4 is thoroughly explored for electrocatalytic UOR in alkaline electrolyte medium. The in‐depth electrochemical analyses demonstrate rich redox reversibility, high UOR current density, very‐low charge transfer and series resistance, and typical Warburg response indicative of facilitated diffusion of electrolyte ions during electrocatalytic UOR. Furthermore, the NiO‐NiCo2O4 requires lower overpotential for effective UOR and exhibits minimal current loss during electrocatalytic UOR for prolonged duration. Proposedly, the multiple oxidation states of Ni and Co in NiO‐NiCo2O4, combined with its rich physicoelectrochemical physiognomies, offer lowly‐impeded electrolyte ion intercalation‐deintercalation, good electronic conductivity, higher number of accessible redox active sites, facile adsorption of urea on the electrocatalytic sites and inhibition in the blockage of active sites by side products to augment the overall UOR kinetics. The optimized approach presented in this study is poised to advance the catalyst systems for UOR, which will lead to the development of high‐efficiency urea‐based energy conversion and storage systems for prospective integration in contemporary electronic architectures.
Scp776, A Novel IGF‐1 Fusion Protein for Acute Therapy to Promote Escape From Apoptosis in Tissues Affected by Ischemic Injury: 2 Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Phase 1 Studies in Healthy Adults
Authors: Pfaff Samuel J. , O'Reilly Terry , Zhang Yan , Olsen Walter , Kuchenbecker Kristopher
Published: December 2024

Apoptosis is a major driver of cell loss and infarct expansion in ischemic injuries such as acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) can mitigate cell death and potentiate recovery following acute ischemic injury, but short half‐life and nonspecificity limit its therapeutic potential. Scp776 is an IGF‐1 fusion protein designed to target damaged tissue and promote apoptosis escape and is in clinical development as an acute therapy for AIS and AMI. Two phase 1 placebo‐controlled studies in healthy volunteers evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic profile, and pharmacodynamics under single (1, 2, or 4 mg/kg) or multiple (6, 6.2, or 7.25 mg/kg total doses) dosing regimens. In addition, a blood glucose management plan was developed and implemented to mitigate hypoglycemia that may develop following scp776 injection. Scp776 was well tolerated in healthy volunteers (n = 51) without serious adverse events. Exposure increased in a near dose‐proportional manner with a mean half‐life across all doses of 8 hours. Adaptive dextrose infusions maintained normal blood glucose levels with occasional mild hypoglycemic events. These results informed scp776 dose selection and the design of blood glucose monitoring protocols for phase 2 studies.
Taxonomy of Antioxidants to Deactivate Reactive Superoxide for Rejuvenating Batteries
Authors: Lee Jeongin , Kim Jonghak , Hwang Chihyun , Song Hyun‐Kon
Published: December 2024

In lithium batteries employing oxygen electrochemistry as their cathodic process, superoxide radical is recognized as a reactive nucleophile that decomposes electrolytes and therefore deteriorates battery durability. Herein, we categorized the antioxidants employed for deactivating reactive superoxide in batteries into three groups after their working mechanisms were clearly understood and classified. Radical scavengers, as the first group, are sacrificed to provide moieties to neutralize the radical activity of superoxide. The reversible superoxide dismutase mimics (SODm's), distinguished from radical scavengers by their catalytic turnover, were divided into two families in terms of the anti‐aging mechanism: electron‐mediating SODm (e‐SODm) and chemo‐catalytic SODm (c‐SODm). The redox‐active e‐SODm family, as the second group, mediates an electron from a superoxide radical to another superoxide, driving oxidation to dioxygen and reduction to peroxide, respectively. The c‐SODm family, as the third group, chemically catalyzes superoxide disproportionation reaction, lowering the activation energy of the dismutation between the same radicals.