bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Intellectual Deficit in Schizophrenia
Authors: FOULDS G. A. , DIXON PENELOPE , McCLELLAND MARILYN , McCLELLAND W. J.
Published: July 2011

Progressive Matrices (1938) and Mill Hill Vocabulary scores of 270 schizophrenics were analysed in relation to sex, length of hospitalization, age and diagnostic subgroup.

Men were significantly superior to women in all subgroups on both tests.

Hospitalization period contributed little to the results over and above its inevitable relationship with age.

The negative relationship between PM scores and age was similar in schizophrenics and neurotics. This and other evidence led to the conclusion that impairment was non‐progressive and largely confined to the period between the onset of the illness and first admission.

Consistent differences were found between the subgroups independent of the sex difference, catatonics showing the most differential impairment of intellectual ability.
Two Personality Variables and their Distribution in a Criminal Population: an empirical study
Authors: FITCH J. H.
Published: July 2011

Data relation to the distribution of MPI scores in a criminal population is presented. Performance on the MPI is not affected by intellectual ability or literacy attainments but performance on the E scale appears to be related to age and on the N scale to the felt anxiety of the remand situation.

The association between neuroticism and recidivism previously reported by others was confirmed but no direct association was found between extraversion‐introversion and recidivism. Evidence was found that sexual offences were more likely to be committed by introverted than extraverted personalities.

The relationship between E and N scale scores and variables relating to upbringing and early environment was examined. Significant associations were found between high E scale scores and variables suggestive of an early failure in socialization. High N scale scores were significantly associated with reported childhood unhappiness and with a family history of mental disorder.
The Effect of Changes in Group Composition on the Dominant Behaviour of Young Children*
Authors: GELLERT ELIZABETH
Published: July 2011

In order to assess the stability of young children's social behaviour, the following questions were posed:

To what extent do children remain self consistent in amount of attempted domination when they interact with different peers?

If particular changes in social setting affect the amount of dominance individuals exhibit, are such effects consistent in direction?

Fifty‐five pre‐school‐age children were observed in paired interaction while playing for a series of 20‐minute sessions in a constant setting. The variability of individuals' dominance behaviour during three sessions wherein the partner remained constant, was compared with their variability during two sessions wherein the identity of the playmate was varied. It was found that varying the identity of the playmate tended to decrease the stability of the test children's dominance behaviour significantly. There was also a significant tendency for individuals to display more dominance when paired with the less assertive of two playmates.
The Response of Chronic Female Schizophrenics to Monetary Incentives
Authors: THORPE J. G.
Published: July 2011

A group of non‐paranoid chronic female schizophrenics worked at a factory‐type task for a period of eight weeks. The experimental design permitted the following conclusions to be drawn:

The incentives used had no significant effect on production.

The learning curve was a straight line.

Productivity was higher in the afternoons than in the mornings.
The Nature of Intellectual Deficit in Schizophrenia
Authors: FOULDS G. A. , DIXON PENELOPE
Published: July 2011

One hundred and eighty‐six of the original 270 schizophrenics were re‐tested on Progressive Matrices (1938) and the Mill Hill Vocabulary after a two year interval.

Acute cases in all sub‐groups showed powers of recovery, particularly catatonics.

The overall conclusions were that all types of schizophrenics showed intellectual impairment—a reversible type of deficit, that this impairment was more or less completed by the time of first admission and that any further decrement was brought about by age, not by a progressive deficit and not mediated by hospitalization or related to length of illness.
The Relationships Between Tests of Organic Involvement, Memory Impairment and Diagnosis in Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: RIDDELL S. A.
Published: July 2011

The performances of a group of elderly psychiatric patients on Inglis' Auditory Recall Test and Walton and Black's Modified Word Learning Test were examined in relation to one another and in relation to psychiatric diagnosis. Correlations between the tests were low. The MWLT, using Terman‐Merrill Vocabulary, correlated significantly more highly with diagnosis than did the MWLT using the WAIS Vocabulary. The MWLT (T‐M) also correlated more highly with diagnosis than did either form of the ART.
A Study of Neuroticism and Casual Arterial Blood Pressure*
Authors: ROBINSON J. O.
Published: July 2011

Tests of neuroticism were given to a random sample of 167 individuals from a geographically defined population, whose blood pressures had been measured under standard conditions. No significant correlation was found between blood pressure and a combined test score for neuroticism except in the 41–50 age group. In this group there was a significant correlation between systolic blood pressure and the combined test score, but the numbers were small and the correlation could have been fortuitous.

A group of 56 out‐patient neurotics made significantly higher scores on the combine measure than did the random sample. A group of 43 out‐patients with diastolic blood pressures of more than 100 mm Hg (in whom secondary hypertension was not suspected) also made significantly higher scores than the random sample. Since, in most age groups, the correlation between blood pressure and neuroticism was low, it is possible that the data could have resulted from selection of patients, probably by the general practitioner. Such selection could have had the effect of presenting to the hospital only those hypertensives who also had high neuroticism scores.
Conceptual Thinking, Personality and Conditioning
Authors: LOVIBOND S. H.
Published: July 2011

The GSRs of Ss with high and low scores on the Object Sorting Test, and the Extraversion and Neuroticism scales of the MPI are conditioned in both aversive and non‐aversive situations. It is hypothesized that high scores on the Sorting Test result from a weak attention response and a concomitant weakness of the inhibitory process. In accordance with hypothesis high and low scorers on the Sorting Test are differentiated on a number of non‐aversive conditioning variables. No consistent differences are found in aversive conditioning. Neither E nor N scores are significantly related to conditioning variables.
Acquiescence Response Set and the Questionnaire Measurement of Personality
Authors: KNOWLES J.B.
Published: July 2011

Data derived from normal subjects given three questionnaire measures of rigidity, and an independent measure of acquiescence response set are presented to demonstrate (1) that questionnaires of the ‘true‐false’ type can be differentially prone to acquiescence response set, and (2) that the use of so‐called ‘balanced’ scales as a means of counteracting acquiescent tendencies is of dubious value.
Social Differences among Day‐release Students in Relation to Their Recruitment and Examination Success
Authors: VENABLES ETHEL C.
Published: July 2011

It is argued in this paper that failure and wastage in part‐time day classes is not primarily a matter of lack of ability, but can only be understood in relation to their heterogenous nature and the differential motivation which brings together this diverse group of young people. Youths whose fathers are in unskilled or semi‐skilled jobs fared at least as well, and often better than, those from professional families. This should not be interpreted as meaning that the family ceases to exert influence once a young man goes to work. Rather, it is one of several indications that those male employees under 18 who attend first year classes on one day per week are a skewed sample of the population. Most of them come from an artisan background and their success rate on the first year of just over 50 per cent appears to depend at least as much on their individual motivation as on their ability as measured by test scores. At the two extremes the groups tended to be unrepresentative; those from the professional and managerial backgrounds being mostly the intellectually inferior members and those from Social Classes IV and V being the more intelligent members of those groups.
Genetic and Environmental Factors in the Development of ‘Primary Reaction Patterns’*
Authors: RUTTER MICHAEL , KORN SAM , BIRCH HERBERT G.
Published: July 2011

In the course of a longitudinal study of 128 children, individual styles of behaviour have been delineated and followed through successive age‐periods. The contribution of genetic forces to the formation of such reactive patterns has been examined by the study of 56 sibs and twins who form part of the study population. Various non‐genetic influences were examined through a longitudinal analysis of stability and instability over time of the characteristics of reactivity for the whole sample of sibs and twins. The relevance of the findings for a theory of individuality in psychological development is considered.
Neuroticism, Extraversion and Hypnotizability
Authors: HAMMER A. G.
Published: July 2011

Furneaux and Gibson have claimed that although susceptibility to trance is not correlated with neuroticism or introversion‐extraversion, it is associated with particular combinations of scores on those two variables as measured by the Maudsley Personality Inventory. If this is so, it may be inferred that the second order interaction between neuroticism, introversion‐extraversion, and score on a hypnotizability inventory known to be correlated with trance susceptibility, will be significant. This is tested in a 3 times 3 × 3 contingency set‐up, the inference drawn from the Furneaux‐Gibson claim not being supported by the findings. An incidental finding is of a highly significant positive correlation between neuroticism and the hypnotizability questionnaire, but this must be viewed with caution since it was not predicted and could conceivably be accounted for by ‘impurities’ in the hypnotizability scale.
A Cross‐cultural Investigation of the Relationship Between Introversion‐Extraversion, Social Attitudes and Anti‐social Behaviour
Authors: SIEGMAN ARON WOLFE
Published: July 2011

This paper describes a number of studies which were undertaken in order to test Eysenck's theory that the introversion‐extraversion factor is a significant source of variance in (1) authoritarian or ‘tough‐minded’ attitudes, (2) religiosity, and (3) anti‐social behaviour.

There was no support for the hypothesized positive correlation between extraversion and tough‐minded or authoritarian attitudes. Introversion‐extraversion was a significant source of variance in subjects' religious behaviour but the direction of the relationship varied with religious background (Protestant and Jewish) and sex. Finally, the predicted positive correlation between extraversion and anti‐social behaviour was confirmed in a group of male students, but not in a comparable female group. This finding was interpreted in terms of a sex‐role identification theory of anti‐social behaviour.
Psychological Functions during Wave‐Spike Discharge
Authors: TIZARD BARBARA , MARGERISON J. H.
Published: July 2011

The responses of six epileptics to a variety of psychological tests were studied during generalized WS discharge. All patients tended either to work more slowly or to cease work during WS lasting longer than 1 sec but some responses continued to be made even in discharges of long duration. The proportion of responses made during WS was shown to be related to the duration of WS, to individual characteristics of the patient and to the nature of the test. Modality of stimulus was not a significant variable. An attempt is made to explain the different numbers of responses occurring in different tests in terms of information theory.
A Slang Vocabulary Test as an Indicator of Delinquent Association
Authors: GIBSON H. B.
Published: July 2011

The rationale of the Slater Selective Vocabulary Test was followed in devising a test which would indicate habitual delinquent association. Pilot work gave a list of slang words likely to be especially familiar to delinquent boys, and a test instrument was composed of these words buffered with items from the Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale. This instrument gives separate measures of knowledge of delinquent slang and of general vocabulary level. The test was administered to groups of normal and delinquent boys, and factor analysis of the results indicated that slang knowledge exists somewhat independently of general vocabulary knowledge. The delinquent group had a significantly greater slang knowledge relative to their vocabulary level than the normal boys. Proposals for further use of the technique are discussed.
The Effect of the Ethnic Grouping of the Experimenter upon Children's Responses to Tests of an Ethnic Nature
Authors: VAUGHAN GRAHAM M.
Published: July 2011

The responses of 240 Maori and pakeha (White) children to tests of ethnic awareness and attitudes were examined in relation to the ethnic grouping of E. Half of the children of each ethnic group were tested by a Maori E and half by a pakeha E. With one exception, the E variable did not affect children's performance on awareness tests. On attitude tests, however, a defensive reaction by older Maori children, who favoured pakeha figures more frequently when E was pakeha rather than Maori, was noted. No such shift in response was observed in pakeha children. The results indicate that in ethnic attitude research, particularly when subjects used are drawn from a minority group, the provision of own‐race interviewers should be an automatic control.
Effects on Sociometric Status of Institutional Pressure to Adjust Among Retarded Children*
Authors: DENTLER ROBERT A. , MACKLER BERNARD
Published: July 2011

This paper reports findings from a study of the social effects of pressures to adjust to a new group environment, as these were felt by newly arrived boys in a state hospital and training centre for mentally retarded children. Previous research reveals a correlation between cottage status and mental ability, and status and conformity to institutional norms. This study examined processes underlying these relations. For 29 retardates, mean age 9.6 years, mean I.Q. 56, group status initially correlated highly and positively with mental ability, social initiative as measured by observed frequency of attempted contacts with peers, and restriction of conduct as measured by frequency of aide discipline. In the second month of cottage life, following severe restriction by aides, these relationships changed: the abler, hence more frequently restricted boys, experienced a decline in status. Thus the effect of the institution is to control social relations by restricting activity and so modify group structure as to make relative ability, social or mental, a liability. Initially, the function of institutionalization is to conserve individual disabilities.
A Note on the Interpretation of the Guess Who Test in the Study of Sociometric Choice Behaviour
Authors: PRITCHATT DERRICK
Published: July 2011

A previous finding of a high correlation between Guess Who and Sociometric Tests was confirmed, but this correlation obscures the fact that individual choices on these tests were not consistent. This was partly due to the fact that many of the characteristics of the Guess Who seemed to have little real significance to the children. However, even when they were allowed to give their own characteristics of a good friend, they still rarely attributed them to their own sociometric choices. It is argued that Guess Who characteristics can tell us very little about the reasons for sociometric choice.
The Effect of Attitudinal Factors on the Relationship Between Conditioning and Personality
Authors: AL‐ISSA IHSAN
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attitudinal factors on the relationship between eye‐blink conditioning and personality measures of extraversion, neuroticism and anxiety. The subject's attitudes were experimentally manipulated by (1) varying the instructions; (2) introducing a reaction time task. Under these conditions, an attempt was made to test the prediction made by Eysenck that eye‐blink conditioning is negatively correlated with extraversion as measured by the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Another prediction tested concerns the Spence‐Hull hypothesis that there is positive correlation between eye‐blink conditioning and personality tests of neuroticism and anxiety. Results show that the relationship between eye‐blink conditioning and personality measures is inconsistent and varies with experimental conditions. This inconsistency was due in part to the new scoring method employed in the present study. Results are discussed within the framework of previous studies relating conditioning to personality measures.
Intelligence and Childhood Psychiatric Disorder
Authors: RUTTER MICHAEL
Published: July 2011

The literature on the relation between intelligence and psychiatric disorders of childhood is reviewed, and an analysis is given of the distribution of I.Q.s of children first attending the Maudsley Hospital Children's Department in 1955. The distribution of I.Q.s differed significantly from that of the general population, but the differences are believed to be artifacts of referral policy. Verbal performance discrepancies were no larger than those found in the general population. Abnormality of intelligence does not seem to be a factor of major importance in child psychiatric disorders, but is worthy of attention for other reasons.
Hypnotizability, Suggestibility, and Personality: IV. A Study with the Leary Interpersonal Check List
Authors: BARBER THEODORE XENOPHON , CALVERLEY DAVID SMITH
Published: July 2011

A study with 249 Ss failed to demonstrate that either hypnotizability or suggestibility is related to personality characteristics as measured by the Leary Interpersonal Check List. (ICL) (Leary, 1957).
Psychological Assessments of Brain Damage and Intellectual Impairment in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: ORME J. E. , LEE D. , SMITH M. R.
Published: July 2011

This study reports the apparent capacity of certain test performances to detect brain damage. Two measures (derived from the Modified Word Learning Test and from design recall) were used which have been claimed to be specific indicators of brain damage. A measure of intellectual impairment of a more general kind was derived from verbal/non‐verbal intellectual performance discrepancies. A group of brain damaged subjects, three groups of neurotics, three groups of psychotics and an epileptic group were studied. The results indicate the differentiation of brain damaged subjects from others is possible. Various score combinations are discussed to this end. Other points of interest concern the performances of chronic schizophrenics, and positional learning effects in different clinical groups.
Neuroticism and Extraversion in the MMPI: Empirical Validation and Exploration*
Authors: CORAH NORMAN L.
Published: July 2011

The present study was an attempt to test the hypothesis that the two recurring MMPI factors are neuroticism (N) and introversion—extraversion (I‐E). An initial factor analysis of several MMPI scales was carried out using college student Ss. Factor scores for the first two factors were obtained for seven groups of neurotics and sociopaths and two groups of normals. The scores on the first factor significantly differentiated neurotics from normals and sociopaths from normals. These scores did not differentiate the neurotic groups from each other.

The scores estimating the second factor were used in relation to Eysenck's hypothesis that patient groups differ in I‐E. If the second factor dimension were I‐E, these scores should differentiate dysthymic neurotics from hysterics and sociopaths, and normals should fall in the middle of the two extremes. This hypothesis was confirmed and it was concluded that the two factors were N and I‐E. It was also found that when neurotic groups were selected on the basis of extreme scores on the second factor, their clinical diagnoses differed significantly in line with Eysenck's hypothesis.

An additional hypothesis that extraverted neurotics would be characterized more by somatic symptoms of anxiety while introverted neurotics are characterized by cognitive anxiety symptoms was tested by selecting two groups of neurotics with extreme I‐E scores and comparing their reported symptoms. This hypothesis was also confirmed.
The Clinical Usefulness of some tests of Over‐inclusive Thinking in Psychiatric Patients*
Authors: HAWKS D. V.
Published: July 2011

A retrospective study of fifty‐eight psychiatric patients, who had been given three tests of over‐inclusive thinking as part of their psychological examination, is reported. Clinical information relating to these patients was correlated with their test performance with a view to testing certain predictions made concerning the association of abnormal over‐inclusion with specific symptoms and with clinical outcome. None of the expected relationships attained statistical significance.

In addition, the legitimacy of summing the three individual test scores to obtain a single composite over‐inclusion score is considered and the conclusion arrived at that in their present form the tests used are not sufficiently reliable to recommend their clinical use.
Some Moral Concepts and Judgments of Junior School Children*
Authors: PRINGLE M. L. KELLMER , EDWARDS J. B.
Published: July 2011

The following three devices were used with a sample of 226 children: (1) The 'Ideal Person' Test, where the child names the person he would most wish to be like and gives reasons for his choice; (2) The 'Moral Wickedness' Test, where the subject describes what he considers to be the most 'wicked' deeds; (3) The 'Moral Incidents' Test, where ten hypothetical situations, involving honesty, loyalty, responsibility and punishment, are presented together with alternative methods of meeting them. The results were analysed in relation to sex and intelligence as assessed by the Stanford‐Binet Scale.

The majority of children chose as their ideal characters personally unknown to them. Both sexes tended to choose male figures but boys mentioned a relatively greater proportion of characters associated with war, adventure, politics and sport, whereas girls chose a higher proportion of people distinguished because of moral or religious qualities. Less able children more often named as their ideal someone from their immediate circle of relatives or friends and gave fewer reasons for their choice than the more intelligent group.

The most frequently mentioned 'wicked deeds' were murder, physical cruelty, stealing and cruelty to animals. Though the sexes showed considerable unanimity in their list of wicked actions, a higher proportion of girls than boys considered stealing, cruelty to animals, lying and swearing to be wicked. The most intelligent group produced a greater number and variety of morally wicked actions.

The findings from the 'Moral Incidents' Test suggest that straightforward moral issues are readily understood by children but that the duller child's moral judgment is prone to become confused or blurred in the face of complexity or subtlety.
The Effects of Time of Day and Social Isolation on the Relationship Between Temperament and Performance
Authors: COLQUHOUN W. P. , CORCORAN D. W. J.
Published: July 2011

In an experiment on cancelling letters in English prose the relationship between output and degree of introversion was found to depend both on the time of day at which the task was performed and on the social situation in which subjects were tested. Performance correlated positively with introversion in morning test sessions when subjects were isolated from each other, but when testing was in the afternoon, or when subjects worked together in a group, this relationship was destroyed. The results are discussed in relation to an arousal theory of introversion‐extraversion.
Climate and Intelligence
Authors: McEWAN PETER J. M.
Published: July 2011

A study of the pattern and causes of I.Q. distribution among European children in Southern Rhodesia, born in 1949, lent support to the hypothesis that a relationship exists between a climatic factor and intelligence. When language, age, socio‐economic status, type and location of school were all held constant, a significant difference in I.Q. score remained between children according to country of origin, and also to length of ancestral span in Africa: the colder the country of origin the higher the I.Q. Evidence was produced to discountenance the relevance of either selective migration or greater test‐sophistication, in the case of children from Britain, in producing these results.

These findings are discussed, with particular reference to two possible critical alternatives, optimum climatic conditions and adjustment to climatic difference. An attempt has been made to relate these findings to other work that, starting from a different position, also purported to demonstrate an association between climate and intelligence. Suggestions are made for further research.
Personality and Situational Determinants of Judgmental Confidence and Extremity
Authors: KOGAN NATHAN , WALLACH MICHAEL A.
Published: July 2011

The present investigation examines the effects of manifest anxiety, prior success‐failure experience, and task set, on judgmental confidence and extremity. In a sample of 141 male college students, a significant triple interaction was obtained for both confidence and extremity, indicating that success‐failure and task sets have a differential impact upon these judgmental variables for subjects low and high in manifest anxiety. The findings provided evidence for the operation of two processes in judgmental behaviour, conceptualized as desire‐for‐certainty and cognitive risk taking. Our conclusions emphasized the multiple determination of judgmental phenomena by personality and situational influences.
Psychiatric Roles and Their Meaning
Authors: HOOPER DOUGLAS , PADDEN DOROTHY
Published: July 2011

Analysis of patterns of meaning ascribed to social positions in real‐life situations is important but difficult. The Semantic Differential technique provides the flexibility and meaningfulness which other tests lack, and its use is demonstrated in the results obtained from eleven nurses with specialized experience in a mental hospital ward.
Over‐inclusiveness in Schizophrenia and Organic Psychosis
Authors: HAMMER A. G. , JOHNSON LAUREL
Published: July 2011

On the basis of the hypothesis that schizophrenics and organic psychotics differ from one another as well as from normals in cortical inhibition and concomitantly in inclusiveness of thinking, it is predicted that on a particular classification test non‐chronic schizophrenics will make more errors of over‐inclusion than the other two groups. These predictions are verified, and possibilities of developing the procedures for purposes of differential diagnosis are indicated.
Some Adolescents' Perceptions of Adolescent Personality
Authors: HALLWORTH H. J. , DAVIES H. , GAMSTON C.
Published: July 2011

Peer ratings were obtained on fourteen personality traits within each of six fourth‐year classes selected from co‐educational secondary schools. Boys and girls were treated as separate groups, but were rated by members of both sexes. For each class a correlation matrix was computed for boys' ratings of boys, the matrices were combined over the six classes, a principal components analysis was obtained for the combined matrix and the axes were rotated to the Varimax criterion. The process was repeated for girls' ratings of girls and for cross‐sex ratings.

There were therefore four sets of Varimax factors which were found to be in general comparable. Each set contained factors of social extraversion, good manners, self‐assertion and ability in games. In the case of the cross‐sex ratings, the factor of social extraversion divided into two correlated factors labelled sociability and popularity, and cheerfulness and popularity. It was found that when either boys or girls made ratings of boys, the greatest variance was extracted by the factor of good manners. When either sex made ratings of girls, the greatest variance was extracted by the factor of extraversion.
Characteristics Associated with Racial Prejudice in Adolescent Boys
Authors: HEBRON M. E. , RIDLEY F.
Published: July 2011

A criterion analysis was carried out on scores relating to socially desirable behaviour, which were obtained from adolescent boys of above average intelligence, selected from the extremes of a distribution for racial prejudice. The variables included self‐esteem, esteem for others, anxiety, a lie score, and finally a test of controlled projection yielding estimates of punitive and conventional attitudes. The results suggest that self‐esteem, conventional stereotypes and anxiety, each contribute to the variance of the prejudice scores, but that the second and third of these may be responsible for the rigidity factor. An unrealistic self‐image regarding socially appropriate behaviour appears to increase the tendency to make prejudiced judgments concerning similar traits in other nationalities.
The Achievement Motive, Academic Success and Intelligence Test Scores
Authors: ROBINSON W. P.
Published: July 2011

The investigation described examines the relationships between achievement motivation, intelligence test scores and performance in the grammar school selection procedures at 11 +. Two methods are adopted to show that achievement motivation, as measured by a content analysis of imaginative stories, is positively associated with the other two types of performance. It is argued that the association with intelligence test scores is indirect and that it is the third variable of success in primary school which is positively associated with each. The empirical evidence supports this interpretation.
The Length of Treatment
Authors: LINDSAY J. S. B.
Published: July 2011

An analysis has been made of patient utilization of various psychiatric treatment facilities (out‐patient, day patient and residential) considering only the dimension of time. The findings of the study are consistent with the hypothesis that the distribution of patient utilization of available therapeutic time is a harmonic one. It is suggested that there is a continuum of psychiatric patients whose prognoses (or 'degrees of difficulty') are similarly distributed, and that recovery is a function of therapeutic time and the 'degree of difficulty'.
Asthma and Aggression: The Investigation of a Hypothetical Relationship Employing a New Procedure
Authors: BEECH H. R. , NACE E. P.
Published: July 2011

An attempt was made to examine, in children, the relation between asthma and the tendency to express aggression. A sentence‐completion test was constructed to assess overt aggression and was validated on three groups of child‐psychiatric patients differing in the degree to which aggression appeared in their behaviour.

The test involved asking the subject to choose one of a pair of 'starters' and then to complete the sentence. Of each pair of 'starters' one would contain an 'aggressive' verb and the other a 'non‐aggressive' verb.

A group of asthmatic children were, in terms of their scores on the sentence‐completion test, found to be significantly differentiated from the sample of 'non‐aggressive' children, but were not differentiated from the 'aggressive' or 'intermediate‐aggressive' groups.
National and Professional Factors in Psychological Consultation
Authors: TALLENT NORMAN , RAFI A. A.
Published: July 2011

British and American psychiatric team members, psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers were asked to judge the acceptability of various content categories which commonly appear in psychological reports. Both agreements and disagreements were noted within and between national groups, with both professional affiliation and nationality being apparent contributors to opinion. These findings may be understood in relation to differences in the orientation of psychiatrists, in the legal code of the two countries and in concepts of the psychologist's role. These observations pose theoretical and applied problems.

Tallent & Reiss (1959) published a study which reported on the acceptability to members of the psychiatric team of a number of content categories which commonly appear in psychological reports. The results showed a high degree of variability among members within the three professional groups sampled, namely, psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric social workers. There were also differences in preferences between professions.

The present study compares the American data with the preferences of psychiatric team members in Great Britain. Do national, as well as professional, differences exist?
Differences between Verbal and Non‐Verbal Ability in Relation to Personality Scores among Part‐time Day Release Students
Authors: VENABLES ETHEL C.
Published: July 2011

The relationship between the MPI scores and five other measures obtained by a group of part‐time day release students are examined in the light of Eysenck's theory of personality. On one measure (social attitudes) the theory was confirmed, and in three—body build, persistence, level of aspiration—the evidence was inconclusive. In the fifth case—the connection between introversion and a low Matrices/vocabulary difference—the prediction is not confirmed.

It is suggested that within this particular social group verbal/non‐verbal ratios are perhaps better explained by reference to drive level (or motivation) and to rewards (or incentives) than by the theory linking conditionability with introversion.
A Quantitative Investigation of the Rorschach Inkblot Test as Applied to Student Teachers*
Authors: SULTAN E. E.
Published: July 2011

The Rorschach Inkblot test was given to ninety‐eight female college students, along with a battery of personality measures and ratings, and scored according to standard procedure. Thirty Rorschach variables yielded five principal components similar to those described in previous factorial studies. Twenty‐three personality measures were also factorized and rotated by the Varimax technique. The loadings of the Rorschach variables on these personality factors were often psychologically meaningful, but were generally too low to justify the use of the Rorschach for all‐round personality diagnosis.
Studies of the I.P.A.T.* Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire (NSQ)
Authors: KEAR‐COLWELL J. J.
Published: July 2011

The NSQ was administered to three groups of subjects: sixty neurotic patients, sixty patients with diagnoses other than that of neurosis and sixty normal controls. The groups were defined in terms of age, sex, intelligence and social class. The study was to investigate the validity of the questionnaire. It was found that the test separated the neurotic patients from the other two groups at a high level of confidence (p < 0.01). However, it misclassified one in 7.2 subjects at 8.5 sten the most efficient cut‐off point for identifying neurotics.

Secondly the NSQ and the MPI were given to 106 subjects and product moment correlations carried out between the two sets of test scores. All the NSQ factors showed significant positive correlations with the MPI N‐scale. The MPI E‐scale displayed positive relationships with the NSQ F and E factors. It is shown that the two tests measure the same variables but the NSQ measures other factors, one of which is Tendermindedness.
Memory‐for‐Designs Test: the Performance of ex‐Servicemen with Missile Wounds of the Brain
Authors: NEWCOMBE FREDA
Published: July 2011

In the course of a study of the effects on cognitive function of penetrating missile wounds of the brain, a pilot investigation was carried out to assess the usefulness of some clinical tests in measuring general or specific impairment. The Graham and Kendall Memory‐for‐Designs test was included in it. In this test, the patient is asked to draw from memory geometrical designs, each of which is exposed in turn for five seconds. The authors, although reporting ‘considerable overlap’, have claimed that ‘performance on the MFD significantly differentiates brain‐disordered Ss from those without brain disorder’ (Graham & Kendall, 1960).
Denial‐Admission Tendencies and the Maudsley Personality Inventory
Authors: BLACKBURN R.
Published: July 2011

Scores of forty‐seven neurotic patients on a repression‐sensitization scale, used as a measure of denial‐admission, were compared with their scores on the N and E scales of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) to test the hypothesis that the MPI scales are biased against those who tend to admit deviant personality features. The results support the hypothesis, and it is suggested that the N scale can have little value as a screening instrument.
Attitudes to discharge among Long‐Stay Mental Hospital Patients and Their Relation to Social and Clinical Factors
Authors: FREEMAN JANET , MANDELBROTE BERTRAM , WALDRON JOHN
Published: July 2011

Attitudes to discharge are examined among 58 long‐stay schizophrenic patients by long informal interviews. Information was collected on their age, length of stay, employment level, degree of contact with relatives, degree of social withdrawal and severity of illness. Preference to leave hospital decreased significantly with length of stay, confirming previous studies. Attitude to discharge was more frequently correlated with the patient's degree of illness and of social withdrawal than with other factors. When the number of handicaps a patient had was compared with his attitude to discharge, a highly significant relationship was found: those with the fewest handicaps were the most willing to leave, though patients with many handicaps varied widely in their attitudes to discharge.

Problems of methodology in attitude evaluation are discussed.
Authoritarianism, Moral Realism, and President Kennedy's Death
Authors: SHERWOOD JOHN J.
Published: July 2011

Questionnaire data were gathered on two questions: What are the characteristics of those who are most interested in ‘justice being served’ when a strongly held common value is violated? Are the attitudes toward morality and justice of the authoritarian adult the same as those of the young child? Forty‐nine high authoritarian adult leaders in conservative organizations expressed more concern for affixing blame and meting out punishment following President Kennedy's death, than did 65 low authoritarian (F scale) liberal arts undergraduates. When compared to the low authoritarian student sample, the responses of high authoritarian adults were more similar to 9 statements which Piaget has found to characterize the conceptions of morality and justice of the young child.

A second study showed that those scoring high in authoritarianism tended to recommend the use of punishment as a problem‐solving technique, and they recommended expiatory punishment more than punishment by reciprocity.
Brainwashing Techniques in Leadership and Child Rearing
Authors: LYNN R.
Published: July 2011

It used to be thought that brainwashing techniques for manipulating the beliefs of others were the sole prerogative of sinister interrogators behind the iron curtain. This view received something of a jolt from Sargant (1957), who argued that the essentials of the method—which lie in arousing anxiety in the victim and then offering an escape from it—are used a variety of practitioners in the west, notably policemen, certain religious leaders, and psychoanalysts. Even so, these persuaders only practice their arts on minorities and it may be thought that the ordinary citizen is not a victim—or a practitioner—of brainwashing procedures.
Alcoholism, Avoidance Learning and Emotional Responsiveness*
Authors: PARKE ROSS D. , WALTERS RICHARD H.
Published: July 2011

Two groups of alcoholics, one consisting of clinic patients and one of chronic drunkenness offenders, were compared with two groups of nonalcoholic subjects (students and unemployed workers) in respect to their ability to learn to avoid pain‐producing stimuli. Ss were set a four choice probability‐learning task in which they were required to select one of four levers on each of 200 trials, each lever being associated with a predetermined probability of producing shock for S or of being correct. Ss were also given a battery of personality tests.

In comparison to the control groups, the alcoholics secured high scores on the MAS, the N‐scale of the MPI, and the MMPI Pd scale. On the learning task, they gave fewer pain‐avoidance responses.
The Construct Validity of a Scale of Acquiescence
Authors: HUNDLEBY JOHN D.
Published: July 2011

Three independent measures of acquiescence response set, Cattell's 16 PF and the Couch and Keniston short acquiescence scale, OAS(s), were administered to 263 United States airmen. All variables except the OAS(s) were intercorrelated and factored. Estimated correlations were obtained between the factors and the OAS(s) total score and items. Results indicated that the variance of the OAS(s) is determined predominantly by a broad questionnaire factor of anxiety and to a much lesser extent by acquiescence response set, a questionnaire factor of extroversion, and low intelligence. It was concluded that a simple acquiescence interpretation of scores on this measure is not supportable.
Impressions of Nationalities—an Alternative to the ‘Stereotype’ Approach
Authors: JAHODA GUSTAV
Published: July 2011

Student subjects were presented with results of an opinion survey dealing with political, religious and social issues. Their task was to indicate the likelihood of the survey having been conducted in each of a series of countries listed, including Britain. There was a high degree of consensus on the type of nation considered likely. Perceived similarity to Britain of the countries was assessed, and the relative saliency of various criteria determined. Content analysis of verbal reports indicated that the same judgments were made on a variety of different grounds, and yielded insights into the modes of impression formation. Characteristics of the Ss’ ‘cognitive maps’ of Western European and Communist countries are discussed.
The Effects of ‘Hypnosis’ and Motivational Suggestions on Strength and Endurance: A Critical Review of Research Studies*
Authors: BARBER THEODORE XENOPHON
Published: July 2011

A critical evaluation of experimental studies indicates that: (1) ‘hypnotic induction’ per se, without suggestions for improved performance, does not significantly enhance either strength or endurance; and (2), in general, motivational suggestions augment performance on tests of strength and endurance irrespective of the presence or absence of ‘hypnosis’.
Beatlemania—A Study in Adolescent Enthusiasm
Authors: TAYLOR A. J. W.
Published: July 2011

This research was conducted shortly after the visit of the Beatles to New Zealand, and it was supported by a grant from the Research Committee of Victoria University of Wellington. It was an attempt to unravel some of the complex factors that underly the Beatle stimulus and the response of ‘Beatlemania’.

Three hundred and forty‐six subjects between the ages of 15 and 20 were given a series of psychological tests in a search for relationships between their personality factors and their enthusiasm for the Beatles. The 50 who were most enthusiastic formed the ‘high’ group, 122 moderately interested formed the ‘middle’ group, and the 50 least interested formed the ‘low’ group or resisters. The groups were then divided further into males and females and their test data was examined. Statistically significant differences were found between the three groups of females on factors of ‘Beatlemania’, age, and various factors of personality. Only the factor of ‘Beatlemania’ and one factor of personality were statistically different among the male groups. However, there was no evidence from the Hysteria Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to support the popular opinion that the enthusiasts were hysterics, and there was no supporting clinical evidence for the neuroticism that was marked on the Maudsley Scale. Nor were there any significant social factors between the groups. It was concluded that ‘Beatlemania’ is the passing reaction of predominantly young adolescent females to group pressures of such a kind that meet their special emotional needs.
The Nature and Origin of Feeling Feminine*
Authors: WRIGHT BENJAMIN , TUSKA SHIRLEY
Published: July 2011

Two thousand, six hundred and fifty middle‐class college and university women rated themselves on a semantic differential. Of these, 1892 rated themselves ‘very feminine’ on the ‘feminine/masculine’ item, and were identified as the ‘Feminine’ group; 210 rated themselves ‘slightly feminine’ or ‘masculine’ and were identified as the ‘Masculine’ group.

The nature of feeling ‘feminine’ was examined by comparing average self‐descriptions of the ‘feminine’ women with those of the ‘masculine’ women on twenty‐five word‐pairs. The possible origins of these feelings were examined by comparing the two groups on per cent nominations of parent most important in nineteen parent‐child relationships. The ‘Feminine’ women rated themselves more Narcissistic, Confident and Comfortable. The ‘Masculine’ women rated themselves more Forceful, Intelligent and Responsive. Recollections of an emotionally satisfying mother and a successful father characterized the ‘Feminine’ woman. Recollections of an emotionally satisfying father, but a frustrating, unsympathetic mother characterized the ‘Masculine’ woman.
Birth Order, Family Size and Extra‐Sensory Perception
Authors: GREEN C. E. , EASTMAN M. E. , ADAMS S. T.
Published: July 2011

Birth order and family size are two environmental variables that have a marked effect on the later personality (cf. Schachter, 1959). As the occurrence of extra‐sensory perception (ESP) seems influenced by various attitudinal and personality factors (cf. Schmeidler & McConnell, 1958), an investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether the manifestation of ESP ability (operationally defined as the attainment of extra‐chance scores on a test involving guessing the order of a concealed random sequence of symbols) might be related to birth order and also family size.
Adolescent Personality Trends in Primary Factors measured on the 16 PF and the HSPQ Questionnaires through ages 11 to 23*
Authors: SEALY A. P. , CATTELL R. B.
Published: July 2011

The High School Personality Questionnaire and the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, which measure 12 personality dimensions in common, were administered to 1,995 male and 2,409 female subjects distributed with some regularity from 11 through 23 years of age. The below 18's were largely tested by the HSPQ and the above 17's by the 16 PF.

Age trend analyses are made with and without correction for selection on the college sample of adults and with and without combination of HSPQ and 16 PF results in a single plot. Significant linear regressions of score on age were found on seven factors, and consistent but non‐significant and slight trends on four others.

Practical and theoretical consequences of the trends (which in some source traits amount to half a standard deviation shift of the mean over 20 years) are very briefly discussed.
‘Psychic: Somatic’ Symptoms and Hostility
Authors: FOULDS G. A.
Published: July 2011

Women, diagnosed by psychiatrists as schizophrenics, paranoid states, psychotic depressives, hysterics, anxiety states or neurotic depressives, were dichotomized within each group on the basis of the Psychic v. Somatic Scale of the Symptom‐Sign Inventory. Male neurotics and character neurotics were similarly dichotomized.

The ‘psychic’ group scored higher than the ‘somatic’ group in 10 out of 13 instances on General Hostility and in 12 out of 13 instances on Direction of Hostility (i.e. more intropunitively). It is suggested that somatization of symptoms might be a substitute form of intropunitiveness.