bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A revision of Chorizema (Leguminosae: Mirbelieae)
Authors: Taylor JM , Crisp MD
Published: April 2005

A taxonomic revision is presented for the genus Chorizema Labill. The circumscription is enlarged slightly to include three species formerly in Oxylobium Andrews. Of the 26 taxa recognised, three species and one subspecies are described as new: C. circinale, C. retrorsum, C. ulotropis, and C. aciculare subsp. loxum respectively. Three new intergeneric combinations are made: C. carinatum, C. obtusifolium, C. spathulatum; one new infrageneric combination is made: C. racemosum; and three names are reinstated: C. humile, C. nanum, and C. rhynchotropis. A key, descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps and notes are provided for all taxa. Lectotypes are chosen where necessary. Relationships between species are analysed cladistically and, on this basis, a new infrageneric classification including three sections, of which two are new (Parviflores and Hirtistylis), is constructed.
Polystigma sonneratiae causing leaf spots on the mangrove genus Sonneratia
Authors: Hyde KD , Cannon PF
Published: April 2005

Polystigma sonneratiae Petrak, which causes purple spots on leaves and petioles of Sonneratia spp., was recently collected in north Queensland. The fungus is illustrated for the first time, with light micrographs, and the Rhodosticta-like anamorph is described.
Chondria viticulosa sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), a distinctly flattened species from south-eastern Queensland, Australia
Authors: Millar AJK , WynnevM J
Published: April 2005

Chondria viticulosa Millar & Wynne is a diminutive, prostrate, flattened epiphyte on the green alga Halimeda discoidea Decaisne, which grows on coral reefs at Caloundra, Queensland. Plants at maturity reach lengths of only 13 mm, and all axes have acute, exserted apices. Lateral branches have constricted bases and arise submarginally from both ventral and dorsal surfaces of parental axes. Male and female/ cystocarpic plants are described. The characters used to define the subgenus Platychondria are discussed, and the continued recognition of the subgenus is supported.
Eocene vegetation from hasties, north-eastern Tasmania
Authors: Pole M
Published: April 2005

The Mid–Late Eocene macrofloral assemblage from Hasties, north-eastern Tasmania is characterised by a large diversity of conifers. Fourteen species are identified including two species of Araucaria (A. hastiensis Hill & Bigwood and A. annulata Bigwood & Hill) and 12 species of Podocarpaceae: Acmopyle compactus sp. nov.; Lepidothamnus diemenensis sp. nov.; two species of Dacrycarpus (D. geminus sp, nov. and D. mucronatus Wells & Hill); Phyllocladus aspleniifolius Hook; Podocarpus sinuatus sp. nov.; two species of Prumnopitys (P. portensis sp. nov. and P. cf. P. montana), Smithtonia jonesii Hill & Pole; and three species of uncertain genus. Seven taxa of angiosperm macrofossils (dispersed cuticles and leaves) are identified: two species of Luurophyllum (Lauraceae); Luurophyllum cuspidatus sp. nov. and L. cf. L. arcuatum Hill; Nothofagus tasmanica (Fagaceae); Gymnostoma sp. (Casuarinaceae); Cenarrhenes nitida (Proteaceae), cf. Xanthomyrtus sp. (Myrtaceae); and a taxon of possible Cunoniaceae affinity. The vegetation, which was dominated by Lepidothamnus diemenensis, grew in a floodbasin swamp. The climate was cool, seasonal, with high rainfall and cloud cover. This paper is an important 'whole flora' taxonomic treatment of a macrofossil assemblage. It notes the first occurrence in Australia of the conifer Lepidothamus (currently restricted to New Zealand and South America).
Gelineostroma swartii Sp.nov. (Rhytismatales)
Authors: Johnston PR
Published: April 2005

Gelineostroma swartii sp. nov. is described and illustrated, and compared with G. athrotaxi. The relationship of the genus to other members of the Rhytismatales is discussed.
A taxonomic revision of Alyxia (Apocynaceae) in Australia
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The genus Alyxia Banks ex R. Br. is revised for Australia. Seven species are recognised, namely A. buxifolia R. Br., A. grandis sp. nov., A. ilicifolia F. Muell., A. orophila Domin, A. ruscifolia R. Br., A. sharpei sp. nov. and A. spicata R. Br. Alyxia ruscifolia has three subspecies with subsp. major and subsp. tropica newly described. Alyxia ilicifolia has two subspecies with subsp. magnifolia comb. & stat. nov. based on A. magnifolia Bailey. Generic and specific descriptions, a key to species, notes on typification, variation, distribution, ecology and conservation status are provided. Lectotypes are chosen for a number of names.
Australasian truffle-like Fungi, II.* Labyrinthomyces, Dingleya and Reddellomyces gen. nov. (Ascomycotina)
Authors: Trappe JM , Castellano MA , Malajczuk N
Published: April 2005

Re-examination of species ascribed to the genus Labyrinthomyces plus our collections of related undescribed taxa revealed three distinct morphological groups which we segregate at the generic level. All have globose to ellipsoid spores ornamented with amorphous, hyaline warts or ridges. Labyrinthomyces is retained as a monotypic genus characterised by a brown-tomentose peridium and paraphyses half as long as the asci. Dingleya contains six species (two newly described here) with tessellate-cracked to verrucose peridia. Reddellomyces has four species (one newly described) with white to pale brown, smooth peridia. The last two genera are known only from Australasia.*Part I, Aust. Syst. Bot., 1990, 3, 653–70.
Patterns of variation and relationships in the Eucalyptus Alpina–E. baxteri complex (Myrtaceae) based on leaf volatile oils
Authors: Whiffin T , Ladiges PY
Published: April 2005

In the stringybark eucalypts, the baxteri clade consists of E. arenacea, from South Australia and northwestern Victoria, E. baxteri, mainly from the Great Dividing Range of Victoria, and E. alpina, an endemic taxon from the Grampian Ranges of Victoria. Populations of these taxa were sampled from across their geographic and morphological ranges. Phenetic and phylogenetic analyses were undertaken of the leaf volatile oil composition of the sampled plants. On the basis of these analyses, E. arenacea emerges as a cohesive, monophyletic species, while E. baxteri is a variable and probably paraphyletic species. Populations on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, are variable and intermediate, and may represent recent intergradation between the two species. Populations of E. baxteri from the Grampians are distinctive chemically, but not morphologically, within the species. Recent hybridisation between this form of E. baxteri and E. alpina was shown to be occuning within the Grampians. E. alpina is a highly variable taxon, and probably polyphyletic as currently recognised. Three distinct forms were recognised within E. alpina. The first, and most distinctive, is from the southern Serra Range; the second is from the northern Serra Range and Wonderland Range; the third, and most similar to E. baxteri, is from the Victoria Range.
Parapithomyces clitoriae sp. nov. (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) and its Pseudocercospora synanamorph
Authors: Alcorn JL
Published: April 2005

A new species of Parapithomyces is described and illustrated, and compared with the type and only other species, P. brideliae. Cultural studies have shown that the new species has a Pseudocercospora synanamorph, for which no suitable specific epithet can be found among the Cercospora-like fungi described on Clitoria.
A taxonomic revision of Alstonia (Apocynaceae) in Australia
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The genus Alstonia R. Br. is revised for Australia. Six species are recognised, namely A. actinophylla (A. Cunn.) Schurnann, A. constricta F. Muell., A. linearis Benth., A. muelleriana Domin, A. scholaris (L.) R. Br. and A. spectabilis R. Br. Two subspecies are recognised for A. spectabilis, with A. ophioxyloides F. Muell. being reduced to subspecific status. A. muelleriana is lectotypified. Generic and specific descriptions, a key to species; notes on variation, distribution, habitat and conservation status are provided. Ethnobotanical use in Australia and adjacent Papuasia is briefly reviewed.
Corrigenda — A taxonomic revision of Alstonia (Apocynaceae) in Australia
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The genus Alstonia R. Br. is revised for Australia. Six species are recognised, namely A. actinophylla (A. Cunn.) Schurnann, A. constricta F. Muell., A. linearis Benth., A. muelleriana Domin, A. scholaris (L.) R. Br. and A. spectabilis R. Br. Two subspecies are recognised for A. spectabilis, with A. ophioxyloides F. Muell. being reduced to subspecific status. A. muelleriana is lectotypified. Generic and specific descriptions, a key to species; notes on variation, distribution, habitat and conservation status are provided. Ethnobotanical use in Australia and adjacent Papuasia is briefly reviewed.
Tropical Australian freshwater fungi. VI*. Tiarosporella paludosa and Clohesyomyces aquaticus gen. et sp. nov. (Coelomycetes)
Authors: Hyde KD
Published: April 2005

Submerged wood was collected from the Clohesy River in north Queensland and examined for higher fungi. In this paper Tiarosporella paludosa and Clohesyomyces aquaticus gen. et sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Clohesyomyces is compared with Diplodia, Tiarospora, Tiarosporella and Neottiosporina.* Part V, Aust. Syst. Bot., 1993, 6, 161–67.
Byblis liniflora subsp. occidentalis (Biblidaceae). A new subspecies from north-western Australia
Authors: Conran JG , Lowrie A
Published: April 2005

A new subspecies of Byblis liniflora Salisb., B. liniflora subsp. occidentalis Conran & Lowrie is described and illustrated. A key to Byblis in Australia is provided.
Systematics, Mycogeography, and Evolutionary History of Tylopilus subg. Roseoscarbra in Australia Elucidated by comparison with Asian and American Species
Authors: Wolfe CB , Bougher NL
Published: April 2005

The discovery of specimens of Tylopilus subg. Roseoscarbra in Australia prompted a comparative study of similar specimens from China, Japan, Costa Rica, and Eastern North America. The subgenus apparently originated in Laurasia. Populations of the subgenus migrated southwards from eastern Asia with their ectomycorrhizal hosts during Miocene/Pleistocene glaciations and subsequently adapted to different hosts in north-eastern Australia. The divergence in Australia is recognised in the new species: T. subchromapes, T. palumanus, T. queenslandianus, and T. propriorichromapes. Northern hemisphere populations disjuncted by the formation of the Atlantic Ocean are now recognised as new species in China — T. chlorinosmus, T. chromoreticulatus, and T. pinophilus — and in Japan, T. hongoi. During Pleistocene glaciation North American populations may have diverged in North and Central America that are recognised in Central America as T. cartagoensis and in North America as T. chromapes.
Keeping in Touch: Vegetation Prehistory on Both Sides of the Tasman
Authors: Pole M
Published: April 2005

At the end of the Cretaceous New Zealand broke away from the Australian-Antarctic continental mass and was physically isolated by the Tasman Sea. Early in the Tertiary New Zealand moved a long way north relative to Australia, but with the rapid northward movement of Australia, starting in the Eocene, Australia overtook New Zealand, so that much of the South Island of New Zealand now lies south of Tasmania. The northward and relative movements of the two blocks provide an interesting framework for comparing the development of their vegetation. In the Late Cretaceous, New Zealand and Australia were physically attached and shared a flora dominated by podocarp and araucarian conifers and deciduous angiosperms, consistent with growth in a polar latitude with periods of winter darkness. When New Zealand broke away and moved north, a typically evergreen angiosperm-dominated flora developed. This showed similarities to the extant and fossil flora of the Australian mainland. To the south, Tasmania developed a quite distinct flora often dominated by conifers. In the Early-mid Miocene, when New Zealand lay at the same latitude as south eastern Australia, a change from Nothofagus dominated rainforest to, at times, drier vegetation including wet sclerophyll with Eucalyptus, occurred in both regions. This may record the roughly synchronous effects of more northerly tracking Sub Tropical High Pressure systems. In the Late Miocene-Pliocene there was a return to Nothofagus-podocarp dominance in both Australia and New Zealand. Today, the conifer-dominated communities of Tasmania have largely retreated to montane regions where they form dwarf shrublands, and have disappeared from the Australian mainland. In New Zealand the situation has quite reversed from that of much of the Tertiary, and conifers now form a prominent part of many rainforest communities. The evidence suggests Australia and New Zealand can be thought of as a single biogeographic entity, with the vegetation in both landmasses responding principally to climate change, with relatively free exchange, at least in one direction, of plants, rather than evolving in isolation since Late Cretaceous oceanic rifting.
The 'Senecio aff. lautus' complex (Asteraceae) in Australia. II.* Clarification of names given to Pseudolautusoid Australian specimens of Senecio by Richard and by Candolle
Authors: Belcher RO
Published: April 2005

Australian pseudolautusoid specimens of the 'Senecio aff. lautus' complex, with phyllaries bi-ridged and bracteoles crowded just below the receptacle, can be excluded at the species level from Senecio lautus s. str. of New Zealand. Specimens of the latter have flat phyllaries and numerous imbricate bracteoles on the tapering receptacle. Thus, it is necessary to review all other names for these Australian specimens, beginning with those by A. Richard (1834): S. rupicola, S. tripartitus, S. pinnatifolius, S. crithmifolius and S. gaudichaudianus; and by A.P. de Candolle (1838): S. carnulentus, S. endlicherii and S. macquariensis. These Candollean taxa are here all reduced to synonymy. Senecio crithmifolius A. Rich. (1834), non Scop. (1772) is not only a later homonym but also a nomen confusum, the type sheet bearing a mixture of two species. The same is true of S. crithmifolius DC., but with a different mixture. Both their type sheets included radiate specimens referable instead to Senecio gaudichaudianus A. Rich. This enigmatic taxon actually is radiate rather than discoid as described by Richard. I regard it for now as a valid distinct species in the Australian complex. Richard's four legitimate taxa are characterised, and typifications and synonymies given. Other names proposed for members of this complex will be reviewed in subsequent articles.* Part I. Aust. Syst. Bot. 1993, 6, 359–63
Morphology and taxonomy of Caloglossa (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: King RJ , Puttock CF
Published: April 2005

The genus Caloglossa J. Agardh is revised and eight species are recognised. One new species is described (C. adhaerens R. J. King et Puttock, sp. nov.), one new combination is made (C. bengalensis (G. Martens) R. J. King et Puttock, comb. nov.), and two forms of C. leprieurii are raised to specific status (C. triclada (E. Post) R. J. King et Puttock, stat. nov. and C. continua (Okamura) R. J. King et Puttock, stat. nov.) In Caloglossa continua four subspecies are recognised: C. continua ssp. continua; C. continua ssp. avillaris R. J. King et Puttock, ssp. nov.; C. continua ssp. postiae R. J. King et Puttock, ssp. nov.; and C. continua ssp. saigonensis (Tanaka et Pham-Hoang HB) R. J. King et Puttock, stat. nov. Detailed descriptions, taxonomic notes and a key are provided for these taxa and the previously described species that we recognise in the genus (C. beccarii (Zanardini) De Toni, C. leprieurii (Montagne) J. Agardh, C. ogasawaraensis Okamura and C. stipitata E. Post). Caloglossa leprieurii var. angusta Jao is a synonym of C. continua ssp. saigonensis, and C. adnata f. divaricata E. Post is included within C. leprieurii.
Reduced Marasmioid and Mycenoid agarics from Australasia
Authors: Horak E , Dejardin DE
Published: April 2005

Ten species representing five genera of reduced marasmioid and mycenoid agarics are reported from Australasia. Seven of these species represent new taxa: Marasmius meridionalis sp. nov., Gloiocephala tibiicystis sp, nov., G. phormiorum sp. nov., G. tenuicrinita sp, nov., Anastrophella macrospora gen. et sp. nov., Hispidocalyptella australis gen. et sp. nov., and Hemimycena reducta sp, nov. Gloiocephala epiphylla and Hemimycena hirsuta are reported from Australasia for the first time, and additional data on Marasmius pusillissimus is reported from the second known collection. Physalacria subpeltata is recombined and accepted as the type species of the new genus Anastrophella. All taxa are described, illustrated and compared with allied species.
An account of southern Australian species of Phymatolithon (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) with comments on Leptophytum
Authors: Wilks KM , Woelkerling WJ
Published: April 2005

Phymatolithon (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) is represented in southern Australia by two species: P. repandum, previously recorded from the region, and P. masonianum sp. nov. Detailed morphological, anatomical and taxonomic accounts are provided along with comparisons to the type species of the genus, P. calcareum. A critical evaluation of the at least 16 characters previously used to delimit species within Phymatolithon has shown that only three are useful in delimiting southern Australian species, but five new features have also been found to have value in species delimitation. Four of the above eight relate to vegetative features and four to tetra/bisporangial conceptacle features. The latter can also serve to distinguish southern Australian species from the type species. Characters recently proposed to delimit Leptophytum from Phymatolithon have been found to be unsatisfactory, and Leptophytum is reaffirmed as a genus in need of further evaluation. Southern Australian species ascribed at some stage to Leptophytum have been found to belong to Phymatolithon. A short historical introduction is also provided along with keys to southern Australian species, information on distribution, seasonality and habitat, nomenclature and synonymy and concluding remarks.
Catalogue of marine benthic green algae (Chlorophyta) of New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island, south-western Pacific
Authors: Millar AJK , Kraft GT
Published: April 2005

The marine benthic green macroalgae of the New South Wales mainland and of Lord Howe Island are listed, each with bibliographic, distributional and specimen-voucher details. Included are 113 species in 9 orders, 14 families and 38 genera, of which 12 species are based on New South Wales types. With respect to biodiversity, New South Wales is as rich in numbers of genera and species as southern Australia. Eight genera (Pedobesia, Boodlea, Neomeris, Trichosolen, Ventvicaria, Caulerpella, Pseudochlorodesmis, Sporocladopsis) and 41 species are new records for the State, and 14 species are newly recorded for the Australian continent. The largest genus represented is Cladophora; 22 species are recorded, 13 from Lord Howe Island alone, and 7 are new to Australia (C. cymopoliae, C. colabense, C. dotyana, C. nigrescens, C. ohkuboana, C. patentirainea, C. ryukyuensis). Examination of type and recently collected material of Caulerpa annulata (from Port Arthur, Tasmania) shows it to be synonymous with the earlier Caulerpa hodgkinsoniae (from Ballina, New South Wales).
The Cycas media group (Cycadaceae) in New Guinea
Authors: Hill KD
Published: April 2005

An account of the Cycas media group for New Guinea (Papua New Guinea and lrian Jaya) is presented and includes a key to the species, a discussion of distribution (with maps), and illustrations of the species. Three species are recognised, one new (Cycas campestris) and two that are reinstated from synonymy (C. papuana and C. schumanniana). Infrageneric relationships are discussed, section Endemicae Schuster is lectotypified, and the new series Armstrongianosae is described.
The Cycas rumphii complex (Cycadaceae) in New Guinea and the western Pacific
Authors: Hill KD
Published: April 2005

An account of the Cycas rumphii complex for New Guinea and the western Pacific (east to Tonga and north to Micronesia) is presented, with a key to the species, distribution maps and illustrations of all species. The C. rumphii species complex is described as a new subsection (subsection Rumphiae) in the genus Cycas. Six species are recognised in this region, three of them new (C. bougainvilleana, C. apoa and C. micronesica). Circumscription and distribution of C. rumphii, C. scratchleyana and C. seemannii are discussed. Misapplication of the name C. circinalis to taxa in the western Pacific region is discussed.
Oloigocene leaves of Epacidaceae from Little Rapid River, Tasmania, and the identification of fossil Epacidaceae leaves
Authors: Jordan GJ , Hill RS
Published: April 2005

The leaves of most Epacridaceae have distinctive combinations of shape, venation and cuticular morphology. Some groups of genera, but few genera or species, also have distinctive combinations of leaf traits. Two new genera, Epacriphyllum and Richeaphyllum, are proposed for fossil leaves which can be clearly attributed to tribe Epacrideae and subfamily Richeoideae respectively, but cannot be assigned to extant genera due to lack of information. Two new species of Epacriphyllum and one of Richeaphyllum are proposed from Oligocene sediments at Little Rapid River, western Tasmania. Leaves which are probably of the tribe Styphelieae also occur in these sediments. These are the earliest macrofossil records of the family, and confirm that two large phylogenetic groups within the family had differentiated by this time. A key to groups of epacridaceous genera is given to assist the identification of fossil leaves.
An account of the red algal genus Sporolithon (Sporolithaceae, Corallinales) in southern Australia
Authors: Townsend RA , Woelkerling WJ , Harvey AS , Borowitzka M
Published: April 2005

Sporolithon (Sporolithaceae, Corallinales) is represented in southern Australia by S. durum (Foslie) Townsend et Woelkerling, comb. nov. The species and the development of male and female-carposporangial conceptacles and tetrasporangial compartments and sori are described in detail for the first time. Information on etymology, collections examined, distribution, seasonality and habit and comparisons with other species is also included. Published records of S. erythraeum from southern Australia have not been substantiated. Two further species have been reported under the generic name Archaeolithothamnion. Archaeolithothamnion australasicum is a species of uncertain status, while A. mirabile is conspecific with Lithothamnion muelleri Lenorrnand ex Rosanoff. Differences between the Sporolithaceae and the Corallinaceae, and the delimitation of genera within the Sporolithaceae, are reconsidered in relation to new data on S. durum. The Sporolithaceae is characterised by tetrasporangia that produce cruciately arranged spores and develop within calcified sporangial compartments, while the Corallinaceae is characterised by tetrasporangia that produce zonately arranged spores that do not develop in calcified sporangial compartments. Two genera of Sporolithaceae are recognised: Heydrichia, in which tetrasporangial compartments are enclosed by modified filaments to form sporangial complexes; and Sporolithon, in which tetrasporangial compartments are not enclosed by modified filaments and sporangial complexes are absent. The concepts of conceptacle and sorus also are reconsidered.
A new name for Eucalyptus verrucosa, Grampian Ranges, Victoria
Authors: Ladiges PY , Whiffin T
Published: April 2005

The name Eucalyptus verrucosa Ladiges & Whiffin is illegitimate, being a later homonym of E. verrucosa Colla. The name Eucalyptus verrucata is proposed as a replacement.
Studies in the agaricales of New Zealand: New species, new records and renamed species of Pleurotus (Pleurotaceae)
Authors: Segedin BP , Buchanan PK , Wilkie JP
Published: April 2005

Six species of Pleurotus (Fr.) P.Kumm, are recognised. Descriptions are given for P. purpureoolivaceus comb. nov. (= P. rattenbulyi), P. velatus sp. nov. and P. parsonsii. Three new records, P. australis, P. opuntiae and P. pulmonarius, are described from New Zealand material, and cultural characters and mating systems are reported. An anamorphic stage, Antromycopsis sp., is described for P. purpureo-olivaceus. Intercompatibility tests confirm that P. australis, P. opuntiae, P. ostreatus (extra-limital), P. pulmonarius and P. purpureo-olivaceus are genetically inter-incompatible. Lentinellus crawfordii, previously recombined as Pleurotus crawfordii, is reinstated, and Resupinatus crawfordii is recombined as Panellus crawfordii.
A taxonomic revision of Eucalyptus ser. Argyrophyllae
Authors: Brooker MIH , Slee AV , Briggs JD
Published: April 2005

The Eucalyptus ser. Argyrophyllae Blakely is revised. The series consists of the earlier published taxa, E. cinerea, E. cephalocarpa, E. nova-anglica, E. triplex (reduced herein to E. cinerea subsp. triplex), E. alligatrix and E. conspicua, plus two new taxa described herein, E. alligatrix subspp. limaensis and miscella. The taxa occur from far south-eastern Queensland to central and eastern Victoria. A short summary of the species making up the series is given, followed by notes on the diagnostic, morphological features for the series. Notes on the distribution, habitat and conservation status are given for all taxa in the series, and representative specimens are illustrated.
Ramalinora (Ramalinaceae) — a new lichen genus from Australia
Authors: Lumbush HT , Rambold G , Elix JA
Published: April 2005

A new genus, Ramalinora, in the family Ramalinaceae, is described. It includes one species, the Australian endemic R. glaucolivida, formerly placed in Lecanora. The morphology, anatomy, chemistry and ascomatal development of the new genus are described. The ascus structure and ascoma ontogeny show that the genus is best placed in the Ramalinaceae, although the thallus is crustose rather than fruticose as in other Ramalinaceae.
Corrigenda — Chionogentias (Gentianaceae), a new generic name for the Australasian 'snow-gentians', and a revision of the Australian species
Authors: Adams LG
Published: April 2005

The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the Australasian snow-gentians (Gentianaceae) is reviewed and includes: (a) the state of its taxonomy in Australia; (b) the current tribal and subtribal context; (c) the status of the infra-generic basionym Oreophylax Endl.; (d) the status of sections Andicola Griseb. and Antarctophila Griseb., and (e) the question of generic relevance of Gentianella Moench, Selatium G.Don, Ulostoma G.Don and Pitygentias Gilg. Past confusion within the Australasian component involving misapplication of the names G. montana G.Forst., G. saxosa GForst. and G. diemensis Griseb. is resolved. The morphology, floral biology and breeding system of the purely Australasian elements are analysed and evidence is presented that justifies their taxonomic segregation as a new genus, Chionogentias L.G.Adams, gen. nov., typified by the New Zealand Chionogentias saxosa (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams. A key to Australian taxa is provided; 14 species and 10 subspecies are recorded for Australia, of which 12 and 8 respectively are newly described. New combinations are made for 27 Australasian species originally described under Gentiana: Chionogentias antarctica (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. antipoda (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. astonii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. bellidifolia (Hook.f.) L.G.Adams, C. cerina (H0ok.f.) L.G.Adams, C. chathamica (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. concinna (Hook.f.) L.G.Adams, C. cotymbifera (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. diemensis (Griseb.) L.G.Adams, C. divisa (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. filipes (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. gibbsii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. gracilifolia (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. grisebachii (H0ok.f.) L.G.Adams, C. lilliputiana (C.J.Webb) L.G.Adams, C. lineata (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. matthewsii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. montana (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams, C. patula (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. pleurogynoides (Griseb.) L.G.Adams, C. saxosa (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams, C. serotina (Cockayne) L.G.Adams, C. spenceri (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. tenuifolia (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. tereticaulis (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. townsonii (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams and C. vernicosa (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams.
Chromosome counts for the Australian weed known as Senecio madagascariensis (Asteraceae)
Authors: Radford IJ , Liu Q , Michael PW
Published: April 2005

Chromosome counts of 2n = 20 for specimens of Senecio madagascariensis from Australia and from Madagascar are reported. By contrast, counts of 2n = 40 for a diversity of specimens of the S. lautus sensu lato complex are reported. These results support previous separation of these taxa on morphological grounds.
A taxonomic account of Arecaceae in Vanuatu, with descriptions of three new species
Authors: Dowe JL , Cabalion P
Published: April 2005

The Arecaceae of Vanuatu, as treated here, includes 21 species in 15 genera, of which 14 species and 1 genus are endemic. Five species (in four genera) are non-endemic indigenes, and two species (in two genera) are naturalised introductions. This work provides an overview of the taxonomic history, a preliminary biogeographical assessment, descriptions of genera and species, and notes on informal early references, etymology, distribution and habitats. Conservation status ratings, determined by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, are provided for each species. Caryota ophiopellis, Hererospathe uniformis and Neoveitchia brunnea are described as new.
Eocene monsoon forests in central Australia?
Authors: Greenwood DR
Published: April 2005

The Australian Tertiary plant fossil record documents rainforests of a tropical to temperate character in south-eastern and south-western Australia for much of the Early Tertiary, and also shows the climatically mediated contraction of these rainforests in the mid to Late Tertiary. The fossil record of Australian monsoon forests, that is semi-evergreen to deciduous vine forests and woodlands of the wet-dry tropics, however, is poorly known. Phytogeographic analyses have suggested an immigrant origin for some floral elements of present day monsoon forests in northern Australia, while other elements appear to have a common history with the tropical rainforests sensu stricto and/or the sclerophyllous flora. Early Tertiary macrofloras in northern South Australia may provide some insight into the origins of Australian tropical monsoon forests. The Middle Eocene macrofloras of the Poole Creek palaeochannel, and the ?Eocene-Oligocene silcrete macrofloras of Stuart Creek, both in the vicinity of modern Lake Eyre South, have foliar physiognomic characteristics which distinguish them from both modern rainforest and Eocene-Oligocene floras from south-eastern Australia. Preliminary systematic work on these floras suggests the presence of: (1) elements not associated today with monsoon forests (principally 'rainforest' elements, e.g. Gymnostoma, cf. Lophostemon, cf. Athertonia, Podocarpaceae, ?Cunoniaceae); (2) elements typical of both monsoon forests and other tropical plant communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, cf. Syzygium, and Elaeocarpaceae); (3) elements likely to be reflecting sclerophyllous communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, Banksieae and other Proteaceae); and (4) elements more typically associated with, but not restricted to, monsoon forests (e.g. Brachychiton). The foliar physiognomic and floristic evidence is interpreted as indicating a mosaic of gallery or riverine rainforests, and interfluve sclerophyllous plant communities near Lake Eyre in the Early Tertiary; deciduous forest components are not clearly indicated. Palaeoclimatic analysis of the Eocene Poole Creek floras suggests that rainfall was seasonal in the Lake Eyre area in the Eocene; however, whether this seasonality reflects a monsoonal airflow is not clear.
Tertiary plant fossils from Australia's 'Top End'
Authors: Pole MS , Bowman DM J S
Published: April 2005

An assemblage of Tertiary plant fossils is described from Melville Island, Northern Territory, which is in the far north of Australia and currently experiences a monsoonal climate. The leaves examined included probable Cupressaceae, Proteaceae (Grevillea, and forms comparable with the Madagascan genus Dilobia) and Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). They indicate a non-rainforest community which probably had seasonal rainfall.
Late quaternary mangrove distribution in northern Australia
Authors: Crowley GM
Published: April 2005

Although mangroves have long graced the north Australian coastline, stable sea levels required for the formation of extensive mangrove swamp forests have occurred only intermittently over the late Quaternary. Most ancestral mangrove swamps are likely to have been formed below present sea level. The only well-preserved deposits that have been described, developed on the present continental surface as sea level reached its present position in the early Holocene. Gradual upstream shifting of mangrove communities from about 8400 BP is recorded in sediments from the wet tropics, followed by the establishment of extensive Rhizophora forests over the newly drowned estuaries. More extensive Rhizophora swamps developed in the monsoon tropics where an earlier transitional phase has not been preserved. These 'big swamps' infilled over the next 1500–4500 years as sediments accumulated above the now stable sea level. The present mangrove estate, though more restricted, is fairly stable, with maintenance of mangrove forests in protected prograding bays and in estuaries kept open by adequate river flow. In the short term, mangroves may be threatened by human influences, but any change in climate leading to a gradual change in sea level should again provide conditions for expansion of mangrove habitats across northern Australia.
Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships between fruit-piercing moths and the Menispermaceae
Authors: Fay HA C
Published: April 2005

Twining vines of the family Menispermaceae provide the food for larvae of the principal fruit-piercing moths in Australia, and in most of the Old World tropics and near tropics. These large noctuid moths are adult pests of a range of commercial fruits, and can cause crop losses of more than 50%. In Australia, the Menispermaceae are represented by 13 genera and 24 species, which predominantly occur through coastal and subcoastal regions in the east and north of the continent. Their density and diversity is greatest in the wet tropical forest areas of north-east Queensland. Around 60% of the Australian menisperm species are now known to support fruit-piercing moth larvae to various extents. While moth species-menisperm associations range from species specific (i.e. monophagy) to genera generalist (i.e. polyphagy), polyphagy appears to contribute less to a moth's status as a pest than habitat diversity. Tinospora smilacina and Stephania japonica are the two most widely occurring Australian menisperms, with forms or varieties occupying habitats from wet tropical forest to semi-desert, and these species are particularly important to the fruit-piercing moth problem. Some moth species-host plant associations appear to be dynamic, as indicated by the dietary expansion of the moth Othreis fullonia in recent centuries onto Erythrina spp. (Fabaceae) in New Guinea and the Pacific. The perceived relationship between Erythrina spp. and the Menispermaceae is through the similar alkaloids they possess (i.e. the tetracyclic Erythrina-type), which are found particularly in certain species within the tribe Menispermeae. Variation in the alkaloids associated with certain menisperm genera may explain specific moth–host plant relationships, which in turn support alternative tribal associations for some menisperm taxa to those currently recognised.
Acacia valida (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), a new species from Western Australia and the Northern Territory, as well as the typification and revision of A. Pachyphloia
Authors: Tindale MD , Kodela PG
Published: April 2005

Acacia valida, a new species of Acacia subgenus Acacia from the northern parts of the Northern Territory and Western Australia is described and illustrated. A lectotype is selected for Acacia pachyphloia and two subspecies are recognised. Acacia pachyphloia subsp. pachyphloia occurs in the Northern Territory and north Western Australia, and A. pachyphloia subsp. brevipirznula subsp. nov. occurs in north Western Australia.
A phylogenetic analysis of the Eucryphiaceae
Authors: Taylor F , Hill RS
Published: April 2005

A range of characters from modern and fossil species are used to present a phylogeny of Eucryphia Cav. (Eucryphiaceae). Amongst the extant taxa, the Australian species form a monophyletic group, but the South American species are paraphyletic. This, coupled with their present-day distribution and the fossil record, supports the view that Eucryphia had a Gondwanic origin at least 50 million years prior to the disruption of Australia from Antarctica. Although based on a limited data set with only vegetative characters available, the inclusion of the fossil members of Eucryphiaceae has demonstrated several trends that have been inferred to represent a response to the changing climatic conditions of the Cenozoic. These responses have included a general decrease in leaf size, loss of serrate leaf margins and the development of peltiform cuticular extensions on the abaxial leaf surface. These extensions may aid in decreasing transpirational water loss and/or increasing frost resistance.
A revision of the Acacia uncinata group (Fabaceae–Mimosoideae)
Authors: Conn BJ , Tame TM
Published: April 2005

The Acacia uncinata Lindl. group (Fabaceae–Mimosoideae) is an Australian group of species that occurs in eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. Field studies and morphometric analysis of this highly polymorphic group revealed that seven species are present. Four previously described species (namely, A. piligera A.Cunn., A. sertiformis A.Cunn., A. uncinata Lindl. and A. undulifolia A.Cunn. ex G.Lodd.) are here recognised. Three new species are here described (namely, A. aureocrinita sp. nov., A. clandullensis sp. nov. and A. cremiflora sp. nov.).
Two newly described polypores from Australasia and southern South America
Authors: Rajchenberg M , Buchanan PK
Published: April 2005

Two new multipileate species of Postia (Polyporaceae, Basidiomycotina) are described. Postia brunnea sp. nov. is characterised by a compound fruit-body with imbricate pilei, a brown, dark umbrinous upper pileus surface, hyphal walls that partially dissolve in KOH, and ellipsoid (somewhat pip- or D-shaped) spores with slightly thickened walls. The species has been found in New Zealand and Australia, on decaying logs of Eucalyptus, Libocedrus, Metrosideros and Nothofagus species, and has been confused with Ryvardenia campyla (Berk.) Rajchenb. Grifola rosularis (G.Cunn.) G.Cunn. is recognised as a synonym of R. campyla. Postia punctata sp. nov. is characterised by white, imbricate pilei with a rugose-tuberculate pileus surface and ellipsoid, thin-walled spores. It usually has 'water-soaked' spots on the pileus surface. This species is known from standing or fallen logs of Nothofagus and Eucalyptus species in southern Argentina, Chile and Tasmania.
Gastrointestinal helminths of the lizard Chalcides ocellatus from Benghazi, Libya
Authors: Ibrahim H.M.S. , Fadiel M.M. , Nair G.A.
Published: April 2005

Chalcides ocellatus, a scincid lizard, sampled during October 1998 to December 1999 from Benina (farmland) and Al-Kueffia (a rocky area) in Benghazi, Libya, was found to harbour three intestinal nematodes, Pharyngodon mamillatus, Thelandros alatus and Parapharyngodon micipsae, and an intestinal cestode, Oochoristica tuberculata. Thelandros alatus, P. micipsae and O. tuberculata were recorded for the first time in C. ocellatus. Parapharyngodon micipsae was detected in C. ocellatus from Benina and O. tuberculata from lizards in Al-Kueffia. The majority (87.6%) of C. ocellatus were infected with helminth parasites and the levels of infection were higher in males than in females but this difference was not significant. Pharyngodon mamillatus recorded the highest number of nematode parasites in C. ocellatus, although there was no relationship between the number of nematode parasites recovered and host density. In lizards infected with the cestode O. tuberculata, males had shorter snout–vent lengths than females. From a total of 153 C. ocellatus, 120 (78.4%) showed single and 14 (9.2%) showed mixed parasitic infections. Mixed infections between different species of nematodes were not observed.
Ligula intestinalis infection as a potential source of bias in the bioindication of endocrine disruption in the European chub Leuciscus cephalus
Authors: Schabuss M. , Gemeiner M. , Gleiß A. , Lewis J.W. , Miller I , Möstl E. , Schober U. , Tschulenk W. , Walter I. , Grillitsch B.
Published: April 2005

European chub Leuciscus cephalus collected from five localities in the lowland and subalpine regions of Austria were analysed for oestrogenic effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the presence of the plerocercoid of the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis. Of 1494 chub analysed, only seven (six males, one female) were found to be infected with single, but large plerocercoids up to 15 cm in length. Ligula-infected fish showed comparatively immature gonads, as demonstrated by the gonadosomatic index and gamete developmental stages. Plasma levels of the egg precursor protein vitellogenin also showed concentrations ranging below the detection limit. The present results indicate that chub infected with L. intestinalis and exposed to exogenous oestrogenic compounds can result in reduced gonadal maturation and produce false oestrogen-positive diagnoses in male fish. For plasma vitellogenin levels, L. intestinalis infections can result in false oestrogen-negative diagnoses in male and female fish.
Changes in survival characteristics of Diplostomum spathaceum cercariae emerged from cadmium-exposed Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Morley N.J. , Crane M. , Lewis J.W.
Published: April 2005

The effect of exposing Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), infected with Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae), to 100 μg l−1 cadmium for 7 days on survival characteristics (survival, tail loss, decaudized cercarial life-span) of emerged cercariae was investigated. Exposure of L. stagnalis to cadmium resulted in significantly increased D. spathaceum cercarial survival and an inhibited tail loss compared to controls. The normal parallel relationship which exists over time between decreasing cercarial survival and increasing tail loss in controls was changed in cercariae from cadmium-exposed hosts with an increased proportion of cercarial deaths occurring without tail loss. The decaudized cercarial life-span over the survival period of the cercarial population did not significantly change. However comparisons between individuals decaudized during the initial 24 h time period with those which were decaudized during the final period of cercarial survival showed a significantly altered life span which did not occur in the control population. As a potential indicator of penetration ‘fitness’ comparisons were also undertaken between control and exposed cercariae decaudized during the initial 24 h time period, which revealed that the decaudized cercarial life-span from the exposed hosts was significantly different from controls. This may have important implications for the ability of cercariae to migrate through the tissues of their target host. The importance and relevance of these results to parasite transmission are discussed.
Workshop on funding opportunities within the Food Standards Agency
Authors: Ashwell Margaret
Published: April 2005

During this workshop, held as part of a joint Nutrition Society and Food Standards Agency (Agency) meeting on Micronutrient interactions and public health, several precepts for a successful funding application to the Agency were discussed. These precepts, many of which can be used as guiding principles for project proposals to other funding bodies, are summarised as follows: remember that the Agency only supports research that will help them formulate or change human food policy; read the research requirements document thoroughly and plan your project to answer the call; remember that the Agency issues contracts, not grants; your project will be just one project within a focused and coordinated programme; collaborative work is encouraged, but this type of approach is not a licence to double or treble your costs; write a one-page executive summary and attach it to the front of the form; the statistical basis for your experimental design and proposed statistical analysis of your results are important criteria in the evaluation of your proposal; your plans for dissemination and exploitation are very important; match your project duration against your research plan; abide by the Agency plan for quality assurance for the management of research; make full use of the programme adviser and the Agency policy contact and the ‘feedback’ stage to refine your scientific ideas in line with Agency policy.
The evolution of the nutritional management of diabetes
Authors: Moran Maeve
Published: April 2005

Diet and lifestyle advice for individuals with diabetes has changed dramatically. The changes in nutritional recommendations have largely been in response to advances in the knowledge of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of impaired glucose metabolism and the micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. The most recent guidelines for the nutritional management of diabetes were set out by Diabetes UK in 2003. This consensus-based advice paper builds on the previous evidence-based review papers of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes in 2000 and the American Diabetes Association in 2002. The changes from previous recommendations include a more liberal use of sucrose, in line with healthy eating recommendations for the general population, and allow for greater flexibility in energy derived from carbohydrate and monounsaturated fat. In addition, monounsaturated fats are promoted as the fat of choice and active promotion of carbohydrate foods with a low glycaemic index is encouraged. These guidelines emphasise the practical application of nutritional management of diabetes and the need to provide education and support in a structured way that will facilitate change in diet and lifestyle behaviour. Structured educational programmes have been shown to be effective in reducing the progression to diabetes and also in slowing the onset and progression of the complications of diabetes. These programmes require ongoing intensive input to maintain behavioural change in diet and lifestyle. Considerable energy and resources are required to set up and maintain these educational programmes, but the cost per individual is small compared with the costs of treating the complications of diabetes.
Iron nutrition in the UK: getting the balance right
Authors: Fairweather-Tait Susan J.
Published: April 2005

Fe homeostasis is considered in the context of the UK diet, using information on Fe intake and status from the National Diet and Nutrition Surveys. The importance of assessing Fe availability rather than total Fe intake is discussed. Dietary and host-related factors that determine Fe bioavailability (Fe utilised for Hb production) are reviewed using information from single-meal studies. When adaptive responses are taken into consideration, foods associated with higher Fe status include meat (haem-Fe and the ‘meat factor’) and fruits and fruit juice (vitamin C). Foods that may have a negative impact include dairy products (Ca), high-fibre foods (phytate) and tea and coffee (polyphenols), but the effects are more apparent in groups with marginal Fe deficiency, such as women of childbearing age. Analysis of dietary intake data on a meal-by-meal basis is needed to predict the influence of changing dietary patterns on Fe nutrition in the UK. Current information suggests that in the UK Fe deficiency is a greater problem than Fe overload.