bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virginia Stephen’s Uneasy Heritage: Lessons, Readers, and Class
Authors: Daugherty Beth Rigel
Published: September 2018

In “A Sketch of the Past,” Virginia Woolf says she was “born into a very communicative, literate, letter writing, visiting, articulate, late nineteenth century world” (65). Mark Hussey notes that her parents “knew many of the intellectual luminaries of the late Victorian era well” (ix). Yet Leslie Stephen thought his journalism and dictionary-making put him on the periphery of the “intellectual aristocracy,” preventing him from making a real mark in philosophical or ethical thought. And although Woolf saw her parents as well-to-do (not rich), Stephen was haunted by money worries most of his life. Acutely aware of being an outsider – from her mother’s social ease, her friends’ intellectual agility, and the working classes’ material experiences – Woolf used that outsider status to see and critique class assumptions in herself and others. Yet insider contradictions and compromises abound in her life and work, as many commentators have noted, with sober understanding, spiteful glee, or dismissive shouts. In this paper, I propose to examine Virginia Stephen’s class heritage from the angle Virginia Woolf insists on in Three Guineas, that of the educated man’s daughter. What did Stephen learn from her father about the writer’s “place” in the class system? What did reading and writing do about class barriers? What did Leslie Stephen himself have to say about class in his “Thoughts of an Outsider” columns and elsewhere? How did those lessons affect Virginia Stephen’s experiences with Morley College students? What does Virginia Stephen’s class heritage reveal about class in Virginia Woolf?
Teaching Virginia Woolf in Sin City: Vegas Entertainers and a New Feminist Heritage
Authors: Baucom Kaylee
Published: September 2018

Feminist discourse is evolving and a new wave of feminist consciousness is appearing in the media, in political debates, and in the classroom. I teach literature at a community college in Las Vegas, where the students are similar to the “common readers” of Woolf’s Morley College in their desire to educate themselves, in their educational preparedness, and in their socioeconomic circumstances. Many of my students work as entertainers on The Strip and throughout my four years of teaching in Sin City, I have observed that my female students who work in the sex entertainment industry take a special interest in Woolf’s work. These students connect their concerns about female independence, sexual assault, pay inequality, and body-shaming, with Woolf’s feminist writings. Many of these women strongly identify with Woolf’s declarations of independence in A Room of One’s Own, as well as some of her most radical philosophies, such as her proclamation in Three Guineas that, “to sell a brain is worse than to sell a body.” Woolf speaks to and for these women in unique ways, and their responses to her work reflect a new, fourth wave feminist awareness. This study considers emerging, fourth wave feminist readings of Woolf both in theory and in practice. I wish to share the unique experience of teaching Woolf’s work to college students who identify as sex-entertainment workers, and highlight ways that these contemporary women are using Woolf’s work to create a new feminist heritage.
“The little bit of power I had myself”: Lady Lasswade’s Shifting Sense of Place in The Years
Authors: Martin Ann
Published: September 2018

Woolf’s relationship to feminism and the domestic sphere is as complicated as her relationship to class and the landed gentry. Though Woolf focuses on the “daughters of educated men” in Three Guineas(1938), her theories and novels feature titled women who use their positions in ways both complicit with and resistant to the patriarchal status quo. The complexities of upper-class female agency, as well as the ambivalence with which Woolf regards social status and its role in modernist England, are strikingly presented in The Years through the figure of Kitty Lasswade. The presentation will focus on the excised 1918-1921 section of the manuscript, which brings the gendered politics of the aristocracy to the foreground and links Kitty to a range of other women, including Eleanor, across a span of years. Following the death of her husband and facing her son’s sale of the country estate, Kitty recognizes that her loss of “the little bit of power I had myself” is connected directly to her loss of social place, as she will be “pensioned off like an old servant” (Woolf 387). In Kitty’s retrospective critique of the superstructure and her shifted position to the margins of England, Woolf presents a shifted perspective on the consequences of the patrilinear system for women in their individual and implicitly collective experiences. Lady Lasswade’s economic agency and personal autonomy act merely as a foothold—albeit a foothold with potential—within the restrictions of the inherited heteronormative state.
Through the Arch: The Country House and the Tradition of English Tyranny in Woolf’s Between the Acts
Authors: Miller Marlowe A.
Published: September 2018

Virginia Woolf’s writing in the 1930’s reveals her conviction that the training for male superiority and dominance begins in the family home, is "fostered and cherished by education and tradition," and leads inevitably to the oppression of weaker nations by stronger nations. Woolf came to see herself in the battle against fascism as one who reveals dictatorship at home; she writes, “…I should evolve some plan for fighting English tyranny." Even Woolf’s working title for her final novel reflects her abiding interest in the home and the role it plays in the construction of “English tyranny.” As she composed her final novel Between the Acts, Woolf used the working title Pointz Hall, emphasizing the central role of the Oliver country home within the text. Spaces and objects in Pointz Hall foster despotism, from Lucy Swithin’s memories of rebuke conjured by a room, to portraits reifying patriarchal traditions. Even the daily copy of The Times contributes to this “education and tradition” within the house: Bart Oliver bullies his grandson with his rolled up newspaper; and in the same publication, Isa reads the story of a young woman raped by soldiers, a scene that Isa then “sees” projected “on the mahogany door panels” of the library. English heritage is embodied in stately homes; Woolf reveals that this heritage is one of tyranny, alive and well in Pointz Hall.
“Against you I will fling myself, unvanquished and unyielding, O Death!”: Vanessa Bell’s Death of the Moth Dust Jacket as Monument to Virginia Woolf
Authors: Leaper Hana
Published: September 2018

During my work cataloguing, conserving and researching the Angelica Garnett Gift at Charleston, I was privileged to study Bell’s sketchbooks closely. They include a number of studies for cover designs for Woolf’s books. Multiple jacket sketches for The Death of the Moth reside within a blue flipbook marked ‘VB’. Published in 1942, this collection of essays was the second of Woolf’s work to be released posthumously. By closely tracing Bell’s design process and making comparisons with the finished cover, it became evident that rather than being swiftly and intuitively delivered – as has usually been accepted by scholars discussing Bell’s dust jackets – this cover was carefully thought-out and painfully laboured over. The many variations of the design contain deeply symbolic imagery pertaining to Monk’s House that reveal this work as a deeply private, yet highly visible monument to her sister’s talent and their creative relationship. The moths that flutter through Woolf’s oeuvre originated in the sisters’ shared childhood pursuit of lepidoptery, and this paper will trace the process through which this symbolic motif become encoded within this dust jacket as a tribute to both writer and her writing, together with the enduring legacy of Monk’s House on both Woolf and Bell’s imaginative processes. Based on the topography of Monk’s House garden, Bell’s cover anticipates its importance as a heritage site and a monument to Woolf.
Virginia Woolf in Greece: “Curious contrasts!”: Hellenism and Englishness
Authors: McVicker Jeanette
Published: September 2018

A young Virginia Stephen describes the rustic beauty of Salisbury plain and its surroundings (including Stonehenge) in an early voicing of Englishness in the 1903 journal. Three years later, Virginia visits Greece and Turkey, where she begins to contrast that developing sense of Englishness with other nationalisms (German, Greek and Turkish), both resisting and appropriating the language of the tourist. In addition to helping her formulate a sense of national identity, as a woman and a writer, these trips share another aspect: they are suffused by personal experiences of loss (Leslie Stephen’s declining health and death, and Thoby’s sudden death from typhoid). A similar weaving of personal loss with issues of national identity can be detected in her diary during her second journey to Greece in the company of Leonard, Roger and Margery Fry in 1932, prompted by the deaths of Lytton Strachey and Dora Carrington, and her return to the English countryside. This paper explores the relation that these specific journeys, 30 years apart, have to Woolf’s developing sense of tradition, history, and western civilization, and her own place as a writer. The interweaving of the rustic – peasants, common people, villages and natural places – with the history of ideas allows Woolf to reimagine the legacy of heritage for her dramatically changing times. That heritage, intimately bound up with death – whether neutralized as an ancestral past or bearing the sting of the lived present – shapes the way Woolf engages with memory, beauty, and the contemporary role of the English writer.
Whose Idea of Tragedy? Mrs Dalloway and the Ancient Greek Tradition
Authors: Gourd Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

As Septimus Smith prepares to commit suicide by throwing himself out of the window and ‘vigorously, violently down onto Mrs Filmer’s area railings,’ he comments on the narrative tradition of his own tragic demise. ‘It was their idea of tragedy,’ he reflects with bitter irony – ‘Holmes and Bradshaw liked that sort of thing.’ This paper addresses the wider implications of this sentiment in Mrs Dalloway, by positioning Septimus’ death as the tragic climax and dramatic focus of the novel. Previous scholarship has failed to recognise the significance of this allusion to Greek tragedy, though Woolf was an accomplished classical scholar and a voracious reader of ancient literature. This detail would repay attention, as the author’s self-conscious engagement with the literary and intellectual tradition of tragedy, demonstrated through the narrative and suicide of Septimus Smith, impacts upon our understanding of the novel as a whole. It raises several important questions which this paper seeks to address: to what extent does Woolf intend for us to sympathise with Septimus as the tragic protagonist? How does Woolf’s appropriation and manipulation of the tragic genre reflect her views on war, mental illness, and her relationship with her doctors? And finally, what does it tell us about Woolf’s idea of tragedy, and what she considers to be tragic?
Sex and Literary History in Orlando
Authors: Narayan Gaura
Published: September 2018

My paper examines Virginia Woolf's review of British history and literary heritage in Orlando (1828) which was published in the context of the scandal created by Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness. I ask if Woolf's lightness of touch is a response to the maelstrom generated by Hall's novel which had powerful figures like Stanley Baldwin, Winston Churchill, and Sir William Joynson-Hicks work to supress it so as to prevent the injurious spread of lesbianism. A few years later, in 1931, Freud published his essay on "Female Sexuality" which theorized lesbianism as the inability of the woman to move to sexual maturation. In this context it is significant that Woolf's novel plays with notions of gender fluidity and queer sexuality only to seemingly abandon them at narrative's end. Her narrative choices recall Coleridge's "Christabel" (1816) which is entirely fitting given Woolf's remark about Coleridge and the androgynous mind in A Room of One's Own. Coleridge's poem places non-normative female sexuality in a Gothic narrative and deploys notions of demonicity to occult it. The poem forces its reader to ask two key questions: Is Geraldine a demon? Do women have sex with each other? Affirmative answers to these questions dovetail into a single anxiety that the narrative end of the poem resolves by triagulating the erotic relationship and setting aside queer sexuality. My paper considers the ideologies that control both narratives as both texts allow space for so-called deviance and both texts also contain these radical spaces forcing a return to so-called normalcy.
Queer Elizabeth: Early/Modern Feeling in Orlando and Elizabeth and Essex
Authors: Clarke Matthew
Published: September 2018

In the Elizabethan section of Orlando (1928), Virginia Woolf observes that “everything was different” in the age of Queen Elizabeth. The “strangeness” of the early modern is a consistent theme in Woolf’s writing, and one that is especially marked in her representations of Queen Elizabeth herself. My paper considers this aspect of Woolf’s work in relation to her friendship with Lytton Strachey, and his biography Elizabeth and Essex, also published in 1928. In that work, as in Orlando, Elizabeth is depicted variously as repulsive, lascivious, and “strange.” For Woolf and Strachey though, this was also part of what they found most compelling about her. In both works, I argue, Elizabeth comes to figure as a symbol of queerness, whose expressions of love, desire, and sexuality resonated with, and evoked the sexual transgressions and experiments of modernity. Those expressions speak to the long history of queerness, but also the queerness of history itself—how the phantoms of England’s past continue to resurface in the present.
Persuading Rachel: Woolf and Austen’s “little voyage of discovery”
Authors: Simpson Kathryn
Published: September 2018

In The Voyage Out, Clarissa Dalloway gives Rachel a copy of Persuasion as a gift and this seems to be an unusual choice given the disparity between Rachel, on the cusp of sexual awakening, and Anne Elliott, a mature woman given a second chance at happiness. But perhaps Austen’s novel, with its plot including a near fatal derailing of heterosexual romance, is an apt forerunner given Rachel’s own narrative arc. Indeed, there are several plot similarities, notably the ‘mother’ figures that play a role in persuading the young women in matters of the heart (see Froula and Schlack among others). Jane de Gay argues that the novel ‘probes the silence within a female tradition, represented by Jane Austen’, such as that about ‘female sexuality’. Towards the end of her essay, ‘Jane Austen’, Woolf speculates about the novels Austen may have written had she lived for longer, notably in the light of Woolf’s sense of ‘transition’ that she detects in Persuasion and the more ‘suggestive’ ways in which Austen may have examined what ‘people … leave unsaid’. She questions whether Austen may have been ready ‘in her own gay and brilliant manner, to contemplate a little voyage of discovery’ (Woolf 120, 118). In this paper I want to explore Woolf’s and Rachel’s ‘maiden voyages’ in the light of Austen’s final novel. How might the ‘tight plait’ of Persuasion be seen to unravel a little, to make room for a new plot – a mutiny, perhaps - hinging on the different avenues that persuasion might take us.
Resetting the Type: An Exploration of the Historical Sense in Mrs. Dalloway
Authors: Pignatelli Savannah
Published: September 2018

Scholars often study instances of intertextuality within Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, which they connect to both classical and contemporary authors. Though some of these scholars have noted a connection between Mrs. Dalloway and T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, there has been little criticism that attempts to explain how this connection affects the meaning within Mrs. Dalloway. Virginia Woolf’s diaries reveal that she crafted her novel during the period in which she developed a personal and collaborative relationship with T.S. Eliot and his poem The Waste Land: Eliot recited the poem to Leonard and Virginia Woolf in June of 1922, two months before Virginia began writing Mrs. Dalloway, and she set the type for The Waste Land herself in 1923. In my paper I will examine how Mrs. Dalloway interacts with Eliot’s work, including his theoretical text “Traditional and the Individual Talent.” Meaning, in Eliot’s model, is cumulative and cultural. By tapping into the larger historical dialogue embodied by “tradition” meaning is transformed, created anew, challenged, and reproduced. In many ways, Mrs. Dalloway is a performance of Woolf’s ability to exercise Eliot’s concept of the historical sense. More importantly, however, Woolf’s appropriation of “tradition” allows her to collaborate with past authors to create meaning in the face of a changed world.
Gender Roles and the War Machine: An Undergraduate Roundtable on Virginia Woolf’s Legacies
Authors: Anthony Mary , Carman Carly , Maloney Malyn , Slotterback Emma
Published: September 2018

This roundtable paper will demonstrate that the most central issue in questions of heritage involves changing perception of newborn human life. How does our definition of what comes before us change when the essence of what we are shifts with historical circumstances? In addition, this paper will demonstrate how professors can use research to “professionalize” undergraduates, a proposition that can seem easy in fields like nursing and yet becomes more difficult in English literature and can, at times, turn the broad and complex benefits of the study of literature into a “job training” to become efficient and literate office assistants. However, by engaging our undergraduates early and deeply in research, we professionalize them in a way that does not reduce it to job training. We broaden their horizons and connections, teach them to think deeply and imaginatively, and expose them to the potential of their curiosity. In sum, early exposure to research exponentially expands their abilities, endows them with confidence and allows them to imagine their lives and professions outside narrow frames of geography, age, or class that would limit their professional potential.
Life as Legacy: Truth, Fiction, and Fidelity of Representation in Biographical Novels Featuring Virginia Woolf
Authors: Cernat Laura
Published: September 2018

This article builds on a reading of four novels which fictionalise various aspects of Virginia Woolf’s life: Michael Cunningham’s The Hours (1999), Susan Sellers’s Vanessa and Virginia (2008), and Priya Parmar’s Vanessa and Her Sister (2014), and Norah Vincent’s Adeline (2015). Using scenes or techniques from these novels as examples, I develop the binary opposition between authenticity (fidelity to facts) and what Ina Schabert called ‘poetic essentiality’ (fidelity to character) into a four-fold system of oppositions, trying to prove that the accurate use of facts and the loyal representation of personality are neither always in conjunction nor always opposed. Thus, I propose four categories instead of two: creative inaccuracy (slightly straying from the facts in order to better convey character), delusive inaccuracy (straying from the facts in such a way that what we know of Woolf’s character is altered in the fictional representation), delusive accuracy (invoking the facts without error, but assembling them in such a way as to convey the character misleadingly), and creative accuracy (inventing, but within the limits of the facts, especially applied to fantasizing dialogues, fleshing out scenes that were only schematic in the documents). Although examples from one of the four novels are used for each of the four categories, I argue that none of the strategies is employed exclusively by any novelist, which is why I conclude with a second table, depicting the connection between the four features as a continuum rather than a set of oppositions.
Detection of Symmetries in Cattle Skulls
Authors: Casanova P.M. Parés- , Gambo B.G. , Yahaya A. , Olopade J.O.
Published: September 2018

A sample of adult individuals from two ethnological groups (“European” n=36 and “African” n=10) that exhibited a normal craniofacial phenotype on their dorsal aspect was studied by means of geometric morphometric methods. Eleven landmarks were selected, corresponding to the neurocranium and viscerocranium. Both fluctuating as directional asymmetries were detected. The latter accounted for the largest proportion of the total variation, causing the main variation in symmetric shape, the former being higher in Kuri cattle. Detected fluctuating asymmetries could indicate an overall poor quality or general low health condition of individuals, due to the harder conditions (climatic, tropical) in which Kuri breed must thrive. Detected directional asymmetry, on the other side, could reflect just a mere functional lateralization of Bos taurus, as it has been established for other domestic animals.
A Retrospective Comparison between the PNST and other Paediatric Nutritional Screening Tools
Authors: Day Andrew S. , Moeeni Vesal , Walls Tony
Published: September 2018

Background: Although it is widely acknowledged that hospitalized children are at greater risk of malnutrition, the available paediatric Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) tools have not yet become universally used to identify those children at greater risk. Furthermore, the utility of one NRS tool over another remains unclear.
Materials and Methods: The utility of a recently developed tool, the Paediatric Nutritional Screening Tool (PNST), was evaluated using data previously collected in the assessment of three other NRS tools in 281 children from Iran and New Zealand. The sensitivity and specificity of each tool was then assessed based on the WHO criteria for malnutrition.
Results: The PNST recognized about half of the malnourished patients while the other three tools identified at least 85% of these children. The sensitivity of PNST for moderate (BMI-z < 2) and severe malnutrition (BMI-z <-3) was 37% and 46% respectively, while the sensitivity for other three NRS tools ranged from 82-100%.
Conclusion: In this data set, the PNST tool did not perform as well as the three more established NRS tools. Further work is required to provide optimal tools for the identification of hospitalized children at risk of malnutrition
Malnutrition Incidence and Determination of Effecting Factors at 1-4 Years Old Children in Konya
Authors: Kara Fatih , Bati Serap
Published: September 2018

Background and Aim: Every year in the world millions of children die from malnutrition and infectious diseases. Children under the age of five are affected more quickly than other age groups from negative conditions. This study is aimed to determine the risk factors of malnutrition and incidence of malnutrition in children aged 1-4 years living in Konya.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study. The survey about demographical information about the child and their family, child's nutrition and anthropometric measurements described by both Z-scoring and GOMEZ classification, was conducted between May-December,2016 with 1000 children aged 1-4 years in Konya province. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, student t-test and multivariate logistic regression were performed by SPSS 18.0 considering p<0.05 as statistically significant.
Results: According to the GOMEZ classification, 18.7% of children living in Konya are malnourished. According to Z-score, 3.5% (n=35) of the children were found to be underweight and 7.2% (n=72) were found as stunted. Factors affecting the malnutrition were the age range of children, the working status of the mother, the kinship status between the parents, the number of living children, maternal age, birth weight, the duration of breastfeeding, the time spent on TV/computer, the attitude and anxiety level of the mother when her child does not eat and the mother's nutrition education.
Conclusion: Malnutrition is a common problem and its rate is high in Konya. It is suggested that health professionals should educate the society, especially mothers by organizing various training meetings. Moreover, it can be emphasized that health planners should prepare a program to determine malnourished children considering the risk factors of malnutrition in health screens and first step medical centers.
Prevalence of Eating Disorders among Female College Students of Northern Broader University, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Fatima Waseem , Fatima Rizwan , Anwar Nida Suhail
Published: September 2018

Objective: The study aimed at examining the prevalence and correlates of eating disorder among female college students of Northern Broader University, Arar city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among female college students. The total sample size was 160 (66.66% of total population of college) and stratified random sampling technique was used to select female students age ranged between 18 and 23 years from faculty of medical and faculty of applied medical science. Subjects were ask to fill pre tested questionnaire about socioeconomic status, age at menarche, body image and Eating attitude test 26 (EAT 26), there height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated.
Results: Out of 160 female college students only 120 (75%) returned completely filled questionnaires and they were considered for statistical analysis. It was found that, 32 (26.66%) of study population scored 20 or above, which is the cutoff point of EAT-26, indicating negative eating attitudes. There was significant difference found in prevalence of disordered eating attitudes in different BMI ranges. However, the association between student’s age at menarche and abnormal eating attitude was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The findings support our hypothesis of a relatively high rate of abnormal eating attitudes (as reflected by high EAT-26 score) in this population. The results have important implication for increasing awareness about an emerging clinical problem. The prevalence of eating disorder is the most useful measure for planning health care facilities, as it indicates the demand for care.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium at Several Experimental Conditions of the Binary Mixtures Methyl Lactate with n-Alkanols
Authors: Lafuente Carlos , Ezquerra Rubén , Latorre Alberto , Mahdoui Najla Ben
Published: September 2018

In this contribution the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the binary mixtures formed by methyl lactate and the first four lineal alkanols has been determined at constant pressure (p = 101.325 kPa) and at constant temperature (T = 323.15 K). The results have been adequately correlated with the Wilson equation. The obtained data have been satisfactorily checked for thermodynamic consistency using the van Ness method. Furthermore, we have applied the UNIFAC method to predict the vapor-liquid equilibrium and compared these predictions with the experimental results.
Expansão do cultivo da soja na capital nacional do agronegócio – Sorriso/MT: 1985 a 2014
Authors: Giaretta Jussara , Silva Dionei José da
Published: September 2018

A soja é a principal commodity do agronegócio brasileiro e o estado de Mato Grosso o maior produtor da oleaginosa no país. Neste cenário o município de Sorriso-MT figura como o maior produtor de soja do país, sendo reconhecido oficialmente como a Capital Nacional do Agronegócio. Diante do exposto, este estudo teve por objetivo averiguar a expansão horizontal e vertical da produção da soja no município mato-grossense de Sorriso, no período de 1985 a 2014. Também foi comparada a produção do município com os maiores produtores de soja do Estado, com a região Centro-Oeste brasileira e a produção nacional. O levantamento das informações se deu por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e de dados secundários. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e apresentados em tabelas e gráficos. Em 2014 a área com plantio de soja em Sorriso representou 2,10% do total das áreas cultivadas no país, produzindo 2,30% do total nacional. Em relação ao Centro Oeste, foram cultivados, no município, 4,57% da área e produziu 4,74% da safra regional. Naquele ano o plantio de soja no município representou 7,37% do total da área com a cultura em Mato Grosso, produzindo 7,50% do total da safra do grão no Estado. As lavouras com plantios de soja ocupavam 7,21% do território do município em 1985 e passaram a ocupar 68,8% em 2014 com 635.000 hectares e uma produção de 1.981.800 toneladas do grão. Mesmo observando que em alguns anos, dentre o período estudado, o acréscimo em área cultivada em Sorriso não tenha refletido em consequente aumento de produção, observa-se que o crescimento vertical foi maior do que a expansão horizontal uma vez que o incremento cumulativo da produção neste período foi de 1.301,10% e da área cultivada de 842,75%. Estes resultados colocam Sorriso como o maior produtor de soja do país e demonstra a boa adaptação da cultura à região e os investimentos em tecnologias da produção visto maior expansão vertical do que horizontal. No entanto, o importante incremento da produção ocasionou o aumento, de forma proporcional, do desmatamento de mais de dois terços da vegetação nativa, representando um importante passivo ambiental para região.
‘Far off the public stage’: Marvell’s public and private writings, 1649–65
Authors: McDonald Keith
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines Andrew Marvell’s transition from Republic to restored monarchy through his approach to manuscript circulation and print culture during this period. Mapping his output against Harold Love’s gradient of publication (where ‘strong’ implies a published text, and ‘weak’ implies anything less than private) presents a poet who took great care to limit the disclosure of his works. But Marvell’s ‘The Character of Holland’ presents a distinctive problem. Assumed to have been written in 1653 as part of a bid for preferment during the first Anglo-Dutch War, it may have remained completely private until an abridged version appeared anonymously in print in 1665. This chapter questions whether Marvell’s oft-disputed involvement with the abridged edition marks a carefully calculated return to print in a move of strategic opportunism.
The view from the devil’s mountain: Clarendon, Cressy and Hobbes, and the past, present and future of the Church of England
Authors: Seaward Paul
Published: September 2018

The lives, and political thought, of Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, and Thomas Hobbes, were closely interwoven. In many ways opposed, their views on the relationship between Church and State have often been seen as less far apart, with Clarendon sharing Hobbes’s Erastianism and concerns about clerical assertiveness in the 1660s. But Clarendon’s writings on Church-State relations during the 1670s provide little evidence of concern about clerical involvement in politics, and demonstrate his vigorous adherence to a fairly conventional view among early seventeenth-century churchmen about the proper boundaries to royal interference in the Church; his worries about attempts to push further the implications of the royal supremacy in ecclesiastical affairs are evident in his writings against Hobbes, as are his even greater anxieties, exacerbated by the conversion of his daughter, the Duchess of York, about the dangers of Roman Catholic encroachment.
The French connection: luxury, portraiture and the court of Charles II
Authors: Knoppers Laura L.
Published: September 2018

The luxury of the court of Charles II is well-known and usually seen as reflecting the personal failings of the king or as a reaction to the Puritanism of the preceding regime. This chapter argues, rather, that Charles II adopted luxury as a mode of power modelled on his cousin, the powerful French king, Louis XIV. Portraiture of the French and English courts shows striking and largely unexplored links as, under the influence of Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth and reigning mistress in the English court in the 1670s, French painter Henri Gascar executed portraits of Charles II, Portsmouth, and others closely drawn from compositions in the court of Louis XIV. Although court portraiture thus changed within England (showing links, rather, with continental models), a different kind of continuity can be seen when objections to luxury mark observers of the Restoration court, from former republicans to royalists.
From Lord Nelvil to Dugald Dalgetty: Byron’s Scottish identity in Italy
Authors: Gross Jonathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses primarily on Byron’s letters from his Italian years in order to examine the extent to which his Italianisation actually intensified his sense of his own Britishness. The latter category everywhere underpins and complicates his relationship to Italy. As this chapter shows, even as the British poet was ‘rebranding’ himself as almost but never entirely Italian, the Italianised British aristocrat was re-imagining himself as a Scottish mercenary in the midst of Italian revolution. Under the influence of Madame de Staël’s Lord Nelvil (from her 1807 novel Corinne) and Walter Scott’s novels (which Byron avidly read while in Italy), the poet depicted himself in his letters home as an aristocratic Scottish lord leading a band of troops or as serving the Italian cause ‘like Dugald Dalgetty’ in Scott’s A Legend of Montrose. As this chapter demonstrates, Byron never felt himself ‘more Scottish’ than when residing in Ravenna, Venice, Genoa and Pisa.
The politics of the unities: tragedy and the Risorgimento in Byron and Manzoni
Authors: Schmidt Arnold Anthony
Published: September 2018

This chapter takes an original approach to Byron’s much-discussed engagement with the early Risorgimento by focusing not on biographical aspects, but rather on formal issues. It centres on The Two Foscari in the context of the highly politicised contemporary Italian critical debates about the dramatic unities. In this fashion, it teases out the political implications of Byron’s adherence to the unities by comparing his play to Alessandro Manzoni’s Il conte di Carmagnola, which programmatically violates them. Focusing specifically on the playwrights’ representations of the fifteenth-century mercenary leader, Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola, the chapter explores these writers’ use or abuse of the unity of time, in particular. In doing so, it throws light on, and contrasts, Manzoni’s Risorgimento agenda on the one hand and Byron’s generally sceptical attitude about leadership and uncertainty about social and political change on the other.
This ‘still exhaustless mine’: de Staël, Goethe and Byron’s Roman lyricism
Authors: Rawes Alan
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses Byron’s Italian lyric mode by focusing on Childe Harold IV’s description of the Palatine as an exemplary instance of sustained poetic attentiveness. It places this description alongside the accounts of the Palatine in Goethe’s Italienische Reise and de Staël’s Corinne, ou l’Italie. Comparing these three fundamental texts for the Romantic reinvention of Italy, the chapter draws out their very different ways of responding to Rome. In doing so, it contrasts the fictional and autobiographical works of de Staël and Goethe, which appropriate the ruins of Rome for their own needs and purposes, and Childe Harold IV,which offers an attentive responsiveness to Roman ruins per se. Whereas Goethe seeks an education in Rome, and de Staël finds consolation, Byron, in his poetic exploration of the Palatine, crafts an entirely original lyric mode and persona that are expressive of a heightened attention to the suggestions of Rome. The ‘eternal city’ thus becomes an ‘exhaustless mine’ (CHP, IV, 108, 128) of experiences that hosts of later tourists would then come to explore, relish and revel in.
‘Where shall I turn me?’: Italy and irony in Beppo and Don Juan
Authors: Saglia Diego
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on Byron’s ‘Italian’ satires, Beppo and Don Juan, as well as the late prose fragment ‘An Italian Carnival’. It begins by highlighting Byron’s parabasic ‘turn’ to Italy in these works in order to argue that the poet’s complex and contradictory self-positioning in Italy, during his years there, underpins the unprecedentedly multiform poetics and world view of these texts. The chapter begins by examining the ambivalences and contradictions in Don Juan’s references to Pulci, Ariosto, Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, showing the extent to which Italy’s literature contributes to, but is also subverted by, Byron’s constructing of his new ‘medley mode’. Turning to Beppo, the chapter considers the ways in which the figure of the cavalier servente offers the poet a crucially performative model for his Italian ‘turn’ and the parabasic nature of his satires. The chapter concludes by examining Byron’s reprise of this mode in ‘An Italian Carnival’ to delineatea final image and assessment of the country.
The International Co-operative Alliance and the consumer co-operative movement in northern Europe, c. 1860-1939
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: September 2018

The consumer co-operative movement was one of the most important popular movements in inter-war Europe, but remains under-researched by historians in comparison to other social movements, especially with regard to its international dimensions. From 1895, the co-operative movement also had its own international organisation, the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA). This book explores the transnational history of consumer co-operation from the establishment of the movement in the second half of the nineteenth century to the outbreak of the Second World War, focusing in particular on co-operation in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden). The co-operative movement was especially strong throughout the region and the Nordic co-operative federations played a prominent role in the ICA. The fundamental question explored in the book concerns the meaning of co-operation: was it a social movement or an economic enterprise? Did it aspire to challenge capitalism or to reform it? Did it contain at its heart a political vision for the transformation of society or was it simply a practical guide for organising a business? I argue that it was both, but that an examination of the debates over the different meanings of co-operation can also illuminate broader questions about the emergence of consumer interests in the first half of the twentieth century, especially in a transnational context. Studying the Nordic co-operative movement also helps to shed light on the growing international interest in this region and the emergence of a Nordic “middle way” during the 1930s.
Co-operative internationalism in practice: the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) before and after the First World War
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: September 2018

Drawing on the histories of other international organisations, the chapter explores the practice of co-operative internationalism within the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) from its foundation in 1895. The chapter traces the development of the ICA’s internal organisation and the conflict that this sometimes generated, especially over the need to balance the diverse interests of different national members. The chapter analyses the role of the International Co-operative Congresses, held triennially in different European cities and how these changed over the period. It asks what the co-operative congresses can tell us about the rituals and practices of inter-war internationalism, including practical matters such as language and the logistics of travel. It also examines the changing geography of international co-operation, tracing the shift in the ICA’s centre of gravity towards northern Europe over the period.
Co-operation and the emergence of the Nordic ‘middle way’
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: September 2018

This chapter returns to the question of the distinctiveness of the co-operative movements in the Nordic countries, while at the same time considering the significance of co-operation for the emergence of the idea of the Nordic ‘middle way’ in the 1930s. The emergence of a joint Nordic position within the ICA helped to raise the international profile of the region and by the 1930s the successes of the Nordic co-operative movements were attracting the attention of foreign journalists, including the American Marquis Childs whose bestseller Sweden – the Middle Way (1936) dealt extensively with co-operation. The chapter analyses some of the reasons for the attractiveness of Nordic co-operation, in particular its claims to reconcile the interests of consumers and producers and also its efforts to tackle the problem of monopoly. President Roosevelt’s 1936 Inquiry on Co-operative Enterprise in Europe dealt extensively with the Nordic countries, and provides an important snapshot of the status of the movement in the mid-1930s.
Engendering an avant-garde
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

Engendering an avant-garde: the unsettled landscapes of Vancouver photo-conceptualism is the first book to comprehensively examine the origins of Vancouver photo-conceptualism in its regional context between 1968 and 1990. Employing discourse analysis of texts written by and about artists, feminist critique, and settler colonial theory, the book discusses the historical transition from artists’ creation of ‘defeatured landscapes’ between 1968-1971 to their cinematographic photographs of the late 1970s, and the backlash against such work by other artists in the late 1980s. This book analyses Jeff Wall and Ian Wallace’s strategic framing of their photography as avant-garde, and considers their rejection of the history of regional landscape painting (such as Emily Carr’s work), the rejection of the counter-cultural experiments of their peers, and the integration of feminist challenges to figurative representation into their work. It is the first study to provide a structural accounting for why the group remains all-male. It accomplishes this by demonstrating that the importation of a European discourse of avant-garde activity, which assumed masculine social privilege and public activity, effectively excluded women artists from membership. In doing so, it intervenes in formalist art critics’ validation of the technical innovation of the Vancouver School as a universal phenomenon of global importance by revealing the social exclusions that empowered it in the past and continue to invest it with authority. This book will appeal to scholars and students interested in Canadian art history, photography, the history of the avant-garde, and the role visual culture plays in establishing and maintaining control over discursive and physical territories.
Jeff Wall’s Picture for Women (1979) and The Destroyed Room (1978): colonizing the space of gendered discourse
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

This analysis of two of Jeff Wall's most important early photographic transparencies highlights the fact that his subject matter can be understood as a male artist's control of what is imagined as female-gendered physical and theoretical space. The initiation and subsequent extension of this operation in European and American critical discourse about his work is discussed in relationship to anthropological research on settler colonial societies’ territorial conflicts; specifically settlers’ need to develop cultural narratives that rationalize their control over other populations within a given geographic area. Such an approach contrasts with the prevailing commentaries by other critics, some of which are discussed at length (Donald Kuspit, Arielle Pélenc, Kaja Silverman and Michael Fried). These critics’ analyses of Wall’s work downplay or ignore the feminist subject matter in the work in favour of discussing the images' relationship to the avant-garde potential of technical reproduction or to the history of modern painting.
Feminist theoretical and visual challenges to modernist representation
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

The international and local feminist avant-garde of the 1970s is discussed in Chapter 6. Vancouver women’s rejection of canonical art history, their development of alternative distribution and exhibition systems for promoting artwork, and their psychoanalytic critique of the male gaze all implicitly challenged the legitimacy of the theoretical and historical project of Vancouver photo-conceptualism. These threats would thus be selectively integrated into the new male-authored photography. Historical and contemporary critical responses to Marian Penner Bancroft and Liz Magor’s work are also analysed, which through contrary-example further establishes the male-gendered character of avant-garde discourse formation in Vancouver.
Julien Duvivier and inter-war ‘banlieutopia’
Authors: Flinn Margaret C.
Published: September 2018

Idyllic or pastoral representations of the suburban milieu were not uncommon in the 1930s, yet even the most idealized sites explored by filmmakers were not unproblematic. The escape promised city-dwellers was temporary, and the possibility of establishing a productive micro-society free of the ills of urban centre and provincial village was limited by the vestiges of class structure and cultural allegiances. This chapter highlights social barriers to the construction of egalitarian human communities in two works by Julien Duvivier, the silent adaptation Au Bonheur des Dames (after Émile Zola, 1930) and the poetic realist La Belle Équipe (1936). Where the former title employs a bucolic waterside setting to underscore the perpetuation of class tensions that characterise urban life, the Popular Front-era La Belle Équipe allegorises the building of community through the workers’ construction of a suburban dance hall. It is less the protagonists’ failure or success that interests the author, than the metaphorization of community via architecture, and how emplotment and editing serve this utopic purpose.
Margins and thresholds of French cinema: Ménilmontant, Le Sang des bêtes, Colloque de chiens
Authors: Bullot Erik
Published: September 2018

The author addresses singularity, figural expression and transgression in three experimental shorts that picture the margins of Paris the better to interrogate the limits of cinematic language itself. To what extent might filmmakers who refuse the codes of an audience-ready cinema of the juste milieu stake a claim to an art of the periphery? Linking the working-class neighbourhood of its title to crime, Dimitri Kirsanoff’s silent Ménilmontant (1926) gestures towards melodrama even as it proposes an introduction to avant-garde film poetics. Georges Franju’s Le Sang des bêtes (1949), on Paris’s slaughterhouses, strikes a formal balance between poetic décor on the one hand and, on the other, the drama of livestock being steamed, stunned and decapitated. Deep generic instability and distanced humour characterise Raúl Ruiz’s off-kilter parody of surrealism Colloque de chiens (1977). Throughout these works, the internal and external borders of Paris work as zones of latent or overt violence to dissolve genre; scenes of fragmentation and dismemberment upend any pretention to a balanced and harmonious cinema of the juste milieu. The suburb becomes an ideal projective screen.