bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IN SILICO DOCKING ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.) CALYCES FLAVONOIDS AS ANTIMALARIAL AGAINST PLASMEPSIN 1 AND PLASMEPSIN 2
Authors: Nerdy Nerdy
Published: October 2017

Objective: Study the in silico plasmepsin 1 and plasmepsin 2 inhibition antimalarial effects of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces flavonoids compared to artemisinin as astandard compound for antimalarial to inhibit plasmepsin 1 and plasmepsin 2.Methods: Partition coefficient was predicted by the ChemDraw Ultra. In silico molecular docking was done by Protein-Ligand ANT System. Visualization was done by Yet Another Scientific Artificial Reality Application. Connector for Windows operation system to Linux operation system was done by Co Pendrive Linux. Three dimensions enzyme structure models used in this research were plasmepsin 1 and plasmepsin 2 with the protein data bank code 3QS1 and 1LEE obtained through the website http://www.rcsb.org/pdb. Two dimensions and three dimensions conformation model of compounds were generated by Marvin Sketch.Results: Partition coefficient of roselle calyces flavonoids quercetin, gossypetin, hibiscetin, and artemisinin, respectively, were 0.58, –0.44, –0.43, and 3.17. Higher partition coefficient means easier to penetrate into the cell. Docking score of roselle calyces flavonoids quercetin, gossypetin, hibiscetin, and artemisinin to plasmepsin 1, respectively, were –70.1989, –70.9454, –70.5870, and –61.7685 to plasmepsin 2, respectively, were –73.8620, –76,0086, –78.8930, and –61.7437. Lower docking score means a better potential activity to protein enzyme.Conclusion: Roselle calyces flavonoids (quercetin, gossypetin, and hibiscetin) show the stronger activity than artemisinin to inhibit plasmepsin 1 and plasmepsin 2.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING REVERSED PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RELATED SUBSTANCES IN FAMPRIDINE DRUG SUBSTANCE AND TABLET DOSAGE FORMS
Authors: C Babu , Rao Kl Narasimha , N Devanna , Kvn Suresh Reddy
Published: October 2017

Objective: The objective of this method is to develop a stability-indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of related substances in the drug substance and tablet dosage form of Fampridine.Methods: Inertsil ODS 3V, (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) column was used for the separation of analytes. Mobile phase A was prepared by dissolving 6.8 g of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (0.05 mol) and 1 g of 1-octane sulfonic acid into a 1000 ml of water, pH was adjusted to 4.0±0.05 with diluted orthophosphoric acid. Mobile phase B was prepared by mixing the above phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) and acetonitrile in 20:80 (% v/v). Gradient mode was used with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/minutes, and the peaks were monitored at 260 nm.Results: Linearity results showed that the correlation coefficient (r2) is >0.995 for individual active drug substances as well as their related substances in the range of limit of quantification to 150% of the specification concentration (0.5% with respect to sample concentration of 0.4 mg/ml). Accuracy of the method was established with their recovery values in the range of 98.5-104.5% with the % RSD not more than 1.7%. The method was proved by highly precise (% RSD of intra-day and inter-day study was not more than 4.3%) and more robust.Conclusion: Present method is able to separate two related compounds with each other and with the main drug substance with the resolution more than 2.0. The test standard solution and test solution were found to be stable in diluent up to 24 hrs. The mass balance of forced degradation of formulations is close to 99% made this method as a stability indicating method.
STARZ-DRP: A TOOL FOR PHARMACY TRIAGE SERVICES
Authors: Nordin Nazri , Sarriff Azmi , Hassali Mohamed Azmi
Published: October 2017

Objective: The aims of this study are to demonstrate a feasibility study, using an approach, known as STARZ-DRP to counsel people about health complaints and identify drug-related problem (DRPs).Methods: This study involved community pharmacists (CPs) in the state of Penang, Malaysia, randomly selected as study and control groups, recruiting patients to involve in this study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, excepting for control group which were conducted by trained interviewers. The patients had to involve in two-phase study, baseline and post-study. The study pharmacists had been trained to follow the framework known as STARZ-DRP.Results: Nine CPs agreed to involve in this study, were randomly selected as study (n=5) and control (n=4), recruiting 617 and 636 patients (study, control) accordingly. More male (study = 52.7%; control = 58.2%) were recruited. Cough (study = 23.0%) and nasal problem (control = 29.9%) were indicated as the highest chief complaint by the patients. 81.8% and 37.1% of study and control patients should be referred to general practitioners. Significant differences were observed when comparing the mean ± standard deviation of DRPs between the groups and baseline versus post-study.Conclusion: STARZ-DRP is promoted as a tool to make triaging decision with evidence base at community pharmacy settings.
ASSESSING EFFICIENCY OF THE CONIFEROUS ENERGY SUPPLEMENT IN THE DIET OF DAIRY COWS FOR MAINTAINING PRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Authors: Bogolyubova Nadezhda Vladimirovna , Korotky Vasily Pavlovich , Zenkin Alexander Sergeyevich , Romanov Viktor Nikolaevich , Ryzhov Viktor Anatolyevich
Published: October 2017

Objective: This study was aimed at assessing efficiency of the original coniferous energy supplement in the diet of cows at the end of the dry period - beginning of lactation - for improving the energy density of diets, enriching them with vitamins and major and minor nutrient elements, improving milk productivity, and maintaining productive health.Methods: The scientific-production experiment was performed on the basis of the “Lukoshkino” unit of the “Klenovo-Chegodaevo” research farm (Moscow) on twenty cows. The preparation was fed at the rate of 150 g for 20 days before calving and for 30 days after calving.Results: Studies have found the positive effect of the preparation on the average daily milk yield, natural fat content increased by 5.4%-6.9% (with butterfat percentage increased by 0.09%), and reduced cost of feed per unit of obtained product.Conclusion: The use of the preparation promoted enzymatic processes in the rumen, had positive effect on the carbohydrate-lipid and protein metabolism, and had no negative effect on the non-specific resistance of cows.
A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON DISEASE KNOWLEDGE AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE PATTERN AMONG ASTHMATIC PATIENTS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN A TIRUPUR POPULATION
Authors: A Muthukumar , Ganapathy R Sundara
Published: October 2017

Objectives: To study the disease knowledge and drug adherence among asthmatic patients in tertiary care hospital in a rural population.Methods: A total of 99 patients with bronchial asthma study conducted in tertiary care hospital in rural population face to face interaction with patients follow-up have done for 4 months. This clinical study was administered with standard questionnaires evaluating the patient knowledge and medication adherence (MA) Morisky8-items MA scale toward asthma and treatment.Results: A total of 99 patients were evaluated for this clinical study. 43.5% of the patients were male and 56.4% were female. The percentage of the mean score of knowledge and MA are 17% and 18%, with their standard deviation of 1.51 and 1.64, respectively.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the patient’s specific knowledge regarding asthma was low. However, few patient’s had favorable attitude toward their disease, but other did not have the necessary knowledge of disease management. In addition, the drug adherence was also poor in occupation induced asthmatics patients.
COMPARISON OF CLOPIDOGREL AND ACETOSAL IN THE PREVENTION OF RECCURENT ISCHEMIC STROKE AT DR. MOEWARDI REGIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Dwi Kristiyowati Anis , Andrajati Retnosari , Bahtiar Anton
Published: October 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effect of clopidogrel on the prevention of recurrent stroke.Methods: This study used case–control study; data were taken from patient’s medical record of DR. Moewardi Regional General Hospital in the period of January 2013 – February 2017. Case group is a recurrent stroke patient receiving an acetosal or clopidogrel. The control group is a nonrecurrent stroke patient who receives an acetosal or clopidogrel.Results: During the period of study, the number of medical sample record data are 177 samples from the entire study subjects that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 50 medical records entered as subject of case study, 32 medical record samples was excluded because medical record data at the first stroke was gone (obselete), 35 medical record was excluded because medical record data at first stroke was not at of DR. Moewardi Regional General Hospital, 4 samples of medical records was excluded for using a combination of acetosal and clopidogrel, 55 samples of medical records as control subjects. Patients who use clopidogrel have a tendency to prevent recurrent stroke, but statistically not significantly different. This study shows that men tend to suffer more recurrent ischemic stroke (64.0%) than women. While in the control group of recurrent ischemic stroke of women (56.4%) more experienced the first stroke than men. Patients who had a stroke almost all had a history of hypertension (90.2%). Recurrent stroke patients in this study almost all had a history of hypertension. Bivariate analysis was showed that gender, history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and history of hypertension had an effect on recurrent stroke events. From the multivariate analysis, it was found that men had a risk of 2.328 for recurrent stroke (p=0.047), the history of DM had a risk of 3.975 times for recurrent stroke (p=0.016) and history of hypertension was 4.021 times for recurrent stroke (p=0.03)
METABOLITHOTROPIC ASPECTS OF CARDIOPROTECTIVE ACTION OF NEW COMBINED MEDICINE BASED ON L-ARGININE AND THIOTRIAZOLIN AT MODELING OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Ivanovna Kucherenko Lyudmila , Fedorovich Belenichev Igor , Antonovich Mazur Ivan , Vladimirovna Khromylova Olga
Published: October 2017

Objectives: The actual problem of modern medicine is the development of medications in treatment of cardiovascular system diseases. Different combinations of L-arginine with thiotriazolin in acute myocardial ischemia were examined as part of study and the optimal combination has been established - 4:1, named “Argitryl.” The aim is to study the antioxidant, energotropic, and nitric oxide (NO)-modulating mechanisms of the cardioprotective effects of L-arginine with thiotriazolin (4:1) (Argitryl) drug candidate compared to 4.2% solution for injections “Tivortin” (TOV “Yuriya-Farm,” Ukraine) on the model of pituitrin-isadrin infarction of myocardium in laboratory rats.Methods: The study was conducted in accordance with Guidelines of State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. All manipulations were carried out in accordance with the “European Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes.” The experiments were performed on 40 white outbred rats weighing 170–180 g. The antioxidant activity of the drugs was assessed by reduction of biochemical marker oxidative stress and an increase in the activity of the antioxidant system of the myocardium.Results: The study of energy metabolism has shown that the modeling of myocardial infarction leads to typical ischemic injuries - decrease in ATP, discoordination of the Krebs cycle, activation of anaerobic glycolysis in the cytosolic fraction of the heart of rats from the control group. Administration of Tivortin to animals does not lead to a significant decrease in ischemic injuries in the energy metabolism of the myocardium. The brightest anti-ischemic effect was observed with the appointment of “Argitryl.”Conclusion: The ascertained braking reaction of oxidative stress compared to the control group was found as a result of administration of Argitryl and Tivortin to animals with pituitrin-isadrin myocardial infarction. It was also found that the administration of Argitryl and Tivortin has a positive effect on the indices of the energy metabolism of the ischemic myocardium and leads to the normalization in conjugated NO system/renewed thiols. Argitryl significantly exceeds Tivortin on the influence of antioxidant, energy-tropic, and NO-modulating mechanisms of cardioprotective and anti-ischemic action on the studied indicators
AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Jayaprakash Reshmi , Hameed Jahnara , Anupriya Anupriya
Published: October 2017

Recently, most widely using conventional dosage form such as tablet, capsules, and injections but due to some case we are preferable to choose transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) because conventional oral dosage form undergo first pass metabolism. In TDDS, skin is the effective medium for the penetration of drug into systemic circulation. This system required very low dose for the effective result or action. One of the major disadvantages of TDDS is penetration rate is very low through the stratum corneum. Nowadays, different types of skin penetration enhancement techniques are used for increasing the penetration. These types of techniques can be also increase the bioavailability. The patients have more preferable to choose this type of drug delivery system because it has more advantages than conventional dosage form. This article is discuses about the anatomy and physiology of skin and its drug penetration capacity, polymers used in transdermal drug delivery and different types of TDDS.
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHYLLODIUM PULCHELLUM L. DESV - AN THREATENED MEDICINAL PLANT
Authors: Velmurugan Gopal Murugan , Parvathi Anand Subramaniam
Published: October 2017

Objectives: In this study, we determined the in vitro antioxidant capacity of Phyllodium pulchellum of aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform leaf extracts.Methods: In this context, the in vitro antioxidant activity was demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis(3- ethylbenzothiazolone-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radical scavenging assay, the total antioxidant activity of phosphomolybdenum assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity in different leaf extracts of P. pulchellum. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared to standard ascorbic acid.Results: All the four methods of antioxidant showed good reducing power and reducing capacity with increasing concentration again taking the ethanol leaf extract to the top position. Remarkable of antioxidant activity was observed in ethanol leaf extract on the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity with the lowest inhibitory concentration 50 values of (155.40 μg/ml) followed by DPPH (432.90 μg/ml) and ABTS+ (524.40 μg/ml).Conclusion: These results suggest that the leaf of P. pulchellum could be a valuable source of new antioxidant properties, from the above results it seen that this plant exhibits pharmaceutical activity.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE DISSOLUTION RATE OF NATEGLINIDE TABLETS USING LIQUISOLID COMPACT TECHNIQUE
Authors: Mamatha Tirunagari , Sultana Nazia
Published: October 2017

Objective: The main objective of this work is to develop new formulation to enhance the solubility of a highly permeable and a poorly soluble oral drug antihyperglycemic agent, nateglinide by liquisolid compacts.Methods: The liquisolid compact technique is based on dissolving the insoluble drug in propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400, tween-80 as non-volatile solvents in which drug is having high solubility and admixture of drug loaded solution with microcrystalline cellulose as carrier, aerosil as coating material, crospovidone as disintegrant, and magnesium stearate as lubricant to convert into acceptably flowing and compressible powder. The prepared liquisolid compacts were evaluated for their flowing properties such as bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio, and Carr’s index. Further tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, disintegration test, and in vitro release study.Result: Higher drug release profiles due to increased wetting property and surface area of the drug available for dissolution was obtained in case of liquisolid compacts. Among all formulations, liquisolid system prepared by propylene glycol was considered as best formulation which release drug up to 98% in 60 minutes and in comparison to marketed formulation, optimized formulation showed better dissolution profile.Conclusion: It can be concluded that liquisolid compact technique could be a promising strategy in improving the dissolution of poor water soluble drugs.
GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MARINE YEAST-MEDIATED SILVER AND ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Authors: R Aswathy , B Gabylis , S Anwesha , Kv Bhaskara Rao
Published: October 2017

Objective: The present study focuses on the synthesis of silver and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles from marine yeasts, isolated from the sediments of the Bay of Bengal, Bakkhali coast, West Bengal, and India.Methods: The marine sediment samples were diluted through serial diution and cultured onto yeast malt agar medium by the spread plate method. The selected yeast isolates were screened for the biosynthesis of silver and ZnO nanoparticles. Characterization of both the nanoparticles was done by applying ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Results: A total of five marine yeasts isolates were able to synthesize silver and ZnO nanoparticles as evidence of the color change. Optical density was measured in UV-spectrometer at different time interval for the conformation of production of nanoparticles. The size of silver nanoparticle was 31.78 nm and ZnO nanoparticle was 86.27 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles are then used for antioxidant assays.Conclusions: We are concluding that marine yeast isolates SAG1 and SAG2 both are potential marine yeast isolates which can synthesize both the silver and ZnO nanoparticles. They also showed good antioxidant activity.
FORMULATION OF TETRANDRINE BEADS USING IONIC GELATION METHOD CA-PECTINATE COATED PH-SENSITIVE POLYMERS AS COLON-TARGETED DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Iswandana Raditya , Putri Kurnia Sari Setio , Sandiata Cindy Espreancelly , Triani Sisilia , Sari Santi Purna , Djajadisastra Joshita
Published: October 2017

Objectives Pectin, a natural polysaccharide, can be used as colon targeted drug delivery systems. Ionotropic gelation of pectin in the presence of certain divalent cations, such as calcium ions, protects drugs by producing insoluble hydrogels that can be used as a colon-targeted drug delivery carrier. In this study, calcium pectinate beads containing tetrandrine were made and were evaluated for in-vitro drug release and in-vivo study.Methods: Calcium pectinate beads were prepared by ionic gelation method with varied calcium chloride concentration (5%, 10%, and 15%). The best formula was coated with pH sensitive polymers, i.e. Eudragit L100-55, Eudragit L100, HPMCP (Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose Phthalate) HP-55 or CAP (Cellulose Acetate Phthalate).Results: Characterization results showed that the beads produced were quite spherical and have yellow-brownish color. After the coating process, beads were used in in-vitro drug release and targeted test. From in-vitro release study, beads coated with Eudragit L100 10% has shown good colon targeted dosage form with percent cumulative release 57.87%. This result also confirmed with the in-vivo test. Beads which were coated by Eudragit L100 10% could be found in the rat intestine.Conclusion: Formula 1 (5% calcium chloride concentration) was chosen as the best beads characterization. Formula 1C (5% beads coated with 10% Eudragit L100) showed an optimal protection from gastric acid in the in-vitro release study and able to deliver the beads to the intestine in the in-vivo targeted test.
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR ROXB
Authors: Koparde Akshada Amit , Cs Magdum
Published: October 2017

Objective: Zingiber Cassumunar Roxb is a well known medicinal plant employed to cure various diseases were reported to possess good medicinal value in traditional system of medicine. The present investigation deals with microscopic, macroscopic and preliminary phytochemical investigation of rhizome to give clear standards for identification of the drug.Method: For the microscopic evaluation, the powder was soaked in a solution of 20% chloral hydrate and then mounted on a glass slide with the help of glycerine. The mounted slides were then observed under a photographic microscope. Microscopic sections were cut by free hand sectioning.Result: The research paper study revealed that the yellow colour inside the rhizome is the main characteristic feature. The presence of central cylinder region containing yellow coloured oleo-resin and oil cells in cortex are the main characteristic feature. The presence irregularly rounded, ovoid starch grains and oil globulues situtated inside the parenchyma are the distinguishing features and can be used as anatomical markers. Rhizome powder showed some of the characteristic features such as starch grains with a rounded shape situated at narrow end and parenchymatous cells with characteristically wrinkled wall, air spaces. Cork, cortex, cork cells, and floem fibres also shows pharmacognostical characteristics of Z. cassumunar Roxb. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the rhizomes revealed the presence of glycosides, sterols, triterpenes, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids and volatile oils.Conclusion:The present study signifies the use of TLC (Thin layer chromatography) profiles for determining the identity of active chemical constituents.
ADULT ONSET HENOCH: SCHONLEIN PURPURA – AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION
Authors: Chandrakanti Srujith , Mantro Oshin , Mohanan Jagadeesan , Soman Mervin Kayipirambil , Suthakaran Prasanna Karthik , Rajendran Kannan
Published: October 2017

Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a common leukocytoclastic vasculitis seen in children. However, it is uncommon in adults. HSP is characterized by the classic tetrad of non-thrombocytopenic palpable purpura, arthritis or arthralgias, gastrointestinal, and renal involvement. We report a rare case of adult onset HSP with multi-organ involvement. Early recognition of multi-organ involvement is very important, especially in adults.
HISTOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF TAMARIND SEED EXTRACT ON COBRA VENOM IN MICE
Authors: Al-ani Imad M , Ismail Soraya , Maung Khin M , Oothuman Pakeer , Al-mahmood Sinan Mohammed Abdullah
Published: October 2017

Objective: Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) has been used as a medical plant for treating many human and animal diseases and widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of snake bites. The objective of the study is to investigate whether tamarind seed extract (TSE) has neutralization activity on an adverse histological reaction against venoms of the King Cobra.Methods: A total of 20 healthy mature male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 mice in each. The control group was injected with 1 ml of normal saline. The second group was injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 24.96 μg/20 g King Cobra venom (KCV) solution. The third group was injected with the same dose of KCV solution and 10 mg/20 g of TSE. The fourth group was injected with the same dose of KCV solution and 15 mg/20 g TSE solution. The animals were sacrificed after 24 hrs of injection of the solution. Fragments of muscle, kidney, and liver were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for light microscopical studies.Results: The result showed that TSE reduced the histopathological changes induced by the KCV in the muscles, livers, and kidneys, and the improvement was proportional to the applied dose of the TSE indicating that TSE prevents adverse histological changes in the muscle, liver, and kidney.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that TSE reduced the histopathological changes in the muscle, liver, and kidney induced by KCV in mice.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SEVERITY OF PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
Authors: Al-mahmood Sinan Mohammed Abdullah , Abdul Razak Tariq , Nik Ahmad Nik Nur Fatnoon , Mohamed Abdul Hadi , Che Abdullah Shahrin Tarmizi
Published: October 2017

Objective: The principal aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the severity of peripheral diabetic neuropathy pain (PDNP), a symptom of the common neurological complication of diabetes mellitus, and peripheral diabetic neuropathy.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using two self-administered questionnaires among subjects recruited from outpatient clinics at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia. The Neuropathic Pain-4 tool was used to evaluate the presence of PDNP, and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was used to characterize and determine the severity of PDNP. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from the patients.Results: The MPQ indicated that most patients reported experiencing mild pain for all sensory pain descriptors other than throbbing and aching (mostly reported to be moderate) and hot-burning (mostly reported to be no pain). The severity of pain was found to be significantly related to the length of time for which the patients had suffered from diabetes in those patients who had been diagnosed over 10 years previously (p=0.04). Indian patients reported a higher severity of pain overall (p=0.04). No significant relationship was found between pain severity and any of the following factors: Type of diabetes (I or II), gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption, obesity, medication taken, or presence of other diseases.Conclusion: In this study, most patients with PDNP reported the severity of the pain to be “mild.” The pain severity may be influenced by a patient’s ethnicity and the length of time for which they have suffered from diabetes.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF THE ROOT BARKS OF ONOSMA ECHIOIDES
Authors: Shoaib Ambreen , Siddiqui Hefazat Hussain , Badruddeen Badruddeen , Rizvi Aleza , Dixit Rakesh Kumar
Published: October 2017

Objective: Onosma echioides (OE) L., family Boraginaceae, is most recurrently used remedial herb, which is extensively dispersed all over India. It is used as purgative, bladder obstacle, liver chaos, kidney obstruction, sciatic pain, and gout. The study was meant to carry out the physicochemical, phytochemical, and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis on root bark of OE. Methods: The physicochemical parameters were carried out as per the World Health Organization guideline. The preliminary chemical test was performed as per pharmacopeia and conventional methods. Camag HPTLC system equipped with TLC autosampler 4 applicator, TLC scanner 3 and win CATS 1.4.4. Software was used for HPTLC analysis of plant extract with standard, i.e., shikonin. The extracts were developed using toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (5:4:0.3) as a mobile phases using standard procedures and scanned under ultraviolet 254 nm and 366 nm.Results: OE is composed of sterols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, saponin, and carbohydrates. The plant was found to be free from adulteration and contamination. The fluorescence characteristics of leaf powder were studied both in visible light and ultraviolet light (254 nm and 365 nm) after treatment with various reagents. The TLC plate showed several spots at different Rf when viewed under 254 nm, 366 nm. The HPTLC profile showed several peaks that indicated the presence of various phytochemicals along with its active constituent, i.e., shikonin.Conclusion: The study provides referential information for the standardization of the plant. The HPTLC profile will help in authentication and standardization of the plant.
PURIFICATION AND CYTOTOXICITY STUDY OF LOVASTATIN FROM SOIL FUNGI
Authors: Janani Balraj , Saibaba Ganesan , Archunan Govindaraju , Vidhya Kalieswaran , Karunyadevi Jairaman , Angayarkanni Jayaraman
Published: October 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the anticancer potential of lovastatin obtained from fungal source.Methods: About 15 fungal cultures were isolated from soil samples collected from Bharathiar University, India, and all are identified and characterized through microscopic characterization. Lovastatin producing capability was confirmed through bioassay against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the ability of selected fungus to produce lovastatin was further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum lovastatin producing fungi were further selected for purification (overloaded elution chromatography) and characterization done using inhibition rate (IR). 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using A549 cell line was performed for antitumor activity evaluation.Results: Among the 15 isolates, Aspergillus flavus exhibited the maximum zone of inhibition (1.5 cm) against the test organism through solid-state fermentation. The resemblance in retention time (RT) of peak shown in chromatograms of standard lovastatin (RT=25.1 minutes) and sample (RT=25.1 minutes) were similar. This confirmed the presence of lovastatin in the selected fungal isolate (A. flavus). The presence of two functional groups in lovastatin C=O and O-H was confirmed by IR spectrum 50% of cell lysis was observed in MTT assay.Conclusion: Lovastatin obtained from soil fungi is capable of producing lovastatin in good proportions. Obtained fungal lovastatin exhibited significant antitumor activity against A549 cell line. Like other biological derivatives, lovastatin from soil fungi had greater potential in anticancer activity, and further biosynthetic pathway insights in their production can improve the yield which aid in large scale production.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION IN VITRO A MATRIX TYPE OF KETOTIFEN FUMARATE TRANSDERMAL PATCHES FOR ALLERGIC DISEASES
Authors: Hamdan Lama , Husian Jamila
Published: October 2017

Objective: Transdermal patches of Ketotifen fumarate (KT) were developed for prolonged effect of the drug, and to protect the patient from allergic symptoms associated with asthma and other allergic diseases.Methods: Matrix type patches were prepared by solvent casting technique using different types of polymers: Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15M) and ethyl cellulose to formed the matrix of the patch in different ratios, emulsifying agents were added as a penetration enhancers (Span 60, Tween 60, Cremophor EL) in a ratio 0.025% w/v to the matrix, 10% v/v of glycerin was added as plasticizer to 10 ml of chloroform:methanol (1:1). The drug matrix film was casted on a polyvinyl alcohol backing membrane. All patches were evaluated for physical proprieties, thickness uniformity, folding endurance, moisture uptake, moisture content, drug content, uniformity of weight, content uniformity, in vitro drug release, and kinetic models. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to characterize physical mixtures of KT and the different used excipients.Results: The results showed that the prepared patches had acceptable physical properties. The drug substance was released well. Adding the penetration enhancers delayed the release of the drug from the matrix in all the prepared formulas, formula A2 that having no enhancer, showed maximum amounts of drugs release (90.06±0.9)% for 24 hrs. However, adding penetration enhancers decreased the amount of the drug release, formula B2 having Tween 60 as a penetration enhancer, showed the maximum release of the drug (87.78±0.88)%, and formula B3 having Cremophor EL showed the minimum release of the drug (79.13±1.58) at the end of 24 hrs dissolution study. The release of the drug from all formulations was followed by Korsmeyer-Peppas pattern with n>0.45 indicating that drug release from matrix was mainly happened by swallowed and diffusion (non- Fickian pattern).Conclusion: Optimized formula A2 containing the maximum amounts of HPMC K15M showed a controlled release of the drug over 12 hrs, and it identified as a successful formulation for this study.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF CLAUSENA DENTATA (WILLD.) ROEM. (SYN. CLAUSENA WILLDENOVII WIGHT. AND ARN.) RUTACEAE
Authors: Kamaraj Raju , Maduram Annamalai , N Raman
Published: October 2017

Objectives: Clausena (Rutaceae) is a genus of about 23 species of unarmed trees and shrubs. The stem bark of Clausena dentata is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of wounds and sprains. Even though C. dentata has a lot of potential medical uses, the study on pharmacological activities is in scarce. The present study was undertaken hepatoprotective activity of various extracts of C. dentata. Methods: The plant C. dentata was collected from Kadagaman, near Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India. The dry powder of stem bark (2.5 kg) was first soaked in hexane for 24 hrs. The extract was suction filtered. This was repeated for two more days, and similar extracts were pooled together and concentrated at 40°C using Buchi R - 153 Rotavapor. The residual plant material was extracted successively with chloroform and methanol same manner. Preliminary phytochemical test and hepatoprotective activity of various extracts of C. dentata against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in rats were carried out. Biochemical and histopathological changes were observed.Results: The highly significant (p<0.01) reduction in the levels of serums glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin observed in the study in rats simultaneously treated with C. dentata extracts and CCl4 as compared to CCl4 alone treated.Conclusion: CCl4 induced hepatic damage was counteracted by the extracts of C. dentata. Changes were observed in enzymatic and histopathological level, when compared to CCl4 alone treated group.
HEPARIN INDUCED SUBLINGUAL HEMATOMA: A RARE ORAL COMPLICATION
Authors: G Srikanth , Kamath Abhay T , Chhaparwal Yogesh , Dhara Vasantha , Singh Anupam
Published: October 2017

lingual and sublingual hematoma is a rare complication following heparin therapy which may result in serious life-threatening airway obstruction. A 75-year-old female with ischemic heart disease was heparinized for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the left anterior descending artery leading to sublingual hematoma with difficulty in swallowing and breathing. This paper presents a case report and management of sublingual hematoma following heparin therapy.
EVALUATION OF TWO NESTED PCR-BASED DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS FOR PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTION
Authors: Kritsiriwuthinan Kanyanan , Choosang Kanthima , Sunantaraporn Sakone
Published: October 2017

Objective: The majority of malaria cases and deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The rapid and accurate diagnosis is very important for malaria treatment and control. The aim of this study was to evaluate two nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods (protocol A and protocol B) for P. falciparum infection, diagnosis in Thailand.Methods: A total of 90 dried blood spot samples were investigated. The samples composed of P. falciparum-, Plasmodium vivax-infected blood and normal human blood samples. The microscopic examination was used as gold standard.Results: The results showed the sensitivity of 100/83.33%, specificity of 100/100%, and accuracy of 100/94.44% for protocol A and protocol B, respectively. The analytical sensitivity of protocol A and protocol B was 0.625 and 6.25 parasites/μl, respectively. The comparison among microscopic examination, protocol A and protocol B by statistical analysis, found that they were not a significant difference. The agreements between each method were good. The kappa value between protocol A and protocol B was 0.87, protocol A and microscopy was 1.00, and protocol B and microscopy was 0.87.Conclusion: The results demonstrated that protocol A should be used for further development of P. falciparum diagnosis in Thailand, especially in case of low parasitemia such as asymptomatic infection and for screening blood donors.
CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN TO DEVELOP A ROBUST REVERSED-PHASE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY/DENSITOMETRY METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF PARABENS IN COSMETIC PREPARATIONS
Authors: Jayaseelan Kavitha , Lakshmi Karunanidhi Santhana
Published: October 2017

Objective: The current study was framed with a view to develop a simple, sensitive and a rapid reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP-TLC)/ densitometry method for quantification of parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) in various cosmetic preparations available in local market. Moreover, robustness testing was planned to be performed applying a central composite design (CCD).Methods: The desired chromatographic separation was achieved on RP-TLC/densitometry plates precoated with Silica gel 60 GF254 on aluminum sheet, employing methanol:toluene:acetonitrile:glacial acetic acid as mobile phase in the ratio of 3:5:1.8:0.2 v/v/v/v and detection was carried out at 256 nm.Results: The mobile phase used gave an excellent resolution of all the four separated parabens. The method was found linear over a wide range of 6.25- 400 ng/spot. The optimized method was validated by measuring various validation parameters. CCD was employed to check the robustness of the method at three-factor levels. The developed and optimized method was used to quantify parabens in 30 different cosmetic products procured from local market.Conclusion: The proposed and developed RP-TLC/densitometry method can be applied for routine analysis of all the parabens in cosmetic products and can also be extended to the analysis in pharmaceuticals and food products.
MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF STREPTOMYCES SP. NRC-88 NOVA SPECIES AS β-LACTAMASE INHIBITOR FOR PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION
Authors: Mohamed Awad Hassan , Germoush Mousa O
Published: October 2017

Objective: Clavulanic acid (CA) is a vital agent in the treatment of bacterial infections since it is a potent inhibitor of an extensive variety of β-lactamase enzymes. Its production from Streptomyces strains is fact of expanding clinical significance. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a promising Streptomyces (S) species strain which produced an effective β-lactamase inhibitor.Methods: Streptomyces sp. NRC-88 was isolated from an Egyptian soil sample. The phenotypic and phylogenetic examinations of 16S rRNA gene were investigated. The active metabolite of this strain (CA) was determined by particular synergistic bioassay, spectrophotometric assay, recognized by thin layer chromatography, and structure of the CA affirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.Results: A phylogenetic examination of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the NRC-88 strain consistent with conventional taxonomy was carried out, and confirmed that the strain NRC-88 was most similar to S. aburaviensis S-66 (99%). The active metabolite of this strain (CA) was determined by different methods and confirmed the structure of the CA by the HPLC method. It produced up to 87 mg/l in a specific CA production medium.Conclusion: A new species of Streptomyces sp. NRC-88 isolated and recognized by phenotypic and genotypic proof. This strain suggested the name, Streptomyces sp. NRC-88 (accession number KM014489). It was able to produce CA as the β-lactamase inhibitor.
SEED EXTRACT OF ABELMOSCHUS MOSCHATUS MEDIK REVERSES NAF-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL CHANGES THROUGH NEURODEGENERATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BRAIN OF RAT
Authors: Sudhakar Kurmeti , Nageshwar Mesram , Reddy K Pratap
Published: October 2017

Objective: This study reports protective effect of Abelmoschus moschatus seed extract against sodium fluoride-induced neurodegeneration through oxidative stress, neurohistological, and behavioral observations in Wistar rats.Methods: A total of 20 Wistar rats (around 250 g) were randomly classified into four groups, namely, control, fluoride (NaF), fluoride + A. moschatus seed aqueous extract (AMAE), and fluoride + A. moschatus seed ethanol extract (AMEE). The control group animals received normal tap water, fluoride group received fluoridated water at the rate of 40 mg/kg b. wt., 3rd group rats treated with fluoride (40 mg/kg b. wt.) + AMAE (300 mg/kg b. wt.), and 4th group rats treated with fluoride (40 mg/kg b. wt.) + AMEE (300 mg/kg b. wt.). Neurobehavioral responses of rotarod, hot plate, and maze learning tests and oxidantive stress markers including lipid peroxidation (LPO), GSH levels, superoxide dismutase, CAT, and GSH peroxidase (GPx) activities, and also histology with H and E as well as congo red staining were studied in control, fluoride, and A. moschatus seed extract treated against fluoride groups.Results: Decreased neurobehavioral responses with rotarod, hot plate, and maze and enhanced LPO (p<0.05) levels were found in fluoride received animals. Whereas, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT, GSH, and GPx were decreased (p<0.05) in NaF treatment. The rats received seed extract along with NaF showed significant reversal of behavioral and oxidative stress markers and the effect of ethanol extract was more pronounced than aqueous extract. The fluoride-treated group showed disturbed cell structure and reduced number of cells in H and E as well as congo red staining which was reversed in cell morphology and restored cell number in seed extract against NaF-treated group. As a result of increased LPO, decreased antioxidant system, and decreased number of cells, neurodegeneration was observed resulting in the disturbance in functions associated with reported behavior.Conclusion: Okra with high antioxidants activity, seed extract showed reversal of LPO levels and antioxidant status in the brain tissue. And also plant extract administered rats displayed normal cell structure and number of cells than only fluoride received group. Therefore, the aqueous and ethanolic extract of A. moschatus plant seeds has neuroprotective effects against fluoride-induced motor, nociceptive, learning behavior, and on histological structure of brain through antioxidant mechanism. The ethanol extract has shown more efficacy than aqueous extract.
EFFECT OF COMBINING LOSARTAN AND PERINDOPRIL IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH PROTEINURIA
Authors: Chin Shin-chee , Md Redzuan Adyani
Published: October 2017

Objective: This retrospective study compared the efficacy and safety of losartan monotherapy versus losartan and perindopril combination therapy in diabetic patients with hypertension and albuminuria. Factors affecting the change in albuminuria were identified.Methods: Through quota sampling, the study recruited patients from a tertiary care hospital. Outcome parameters included urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR), blood pressure (BP), serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Both pre- and post-treatment measurements were traced from patient’s medical records.Results: No significant differences (p=0.615) were detected in the pre- and post-treatment change in UACR between the monotherapy group (−38.3 mg/g, interquartile range [IQR]:−618.8-0) and combination therapy group (−88.4 mg/g, IQR: −729.3-+375.7). There was a considerably higher percentage of patients attaining the target BP of <125/75 mmHg in the combination group (66.7%; p<0.001). In terms of safety, combined losartan and perindopril caused more hypotension (p=0.003), higher rise in serum creatinine (p=0.481), and greater drop in eGFR (p=0.861). Body mass index was shown to have significant negative correlation with UACR reduction (r=−0.449; p=0.036).Conclusion: The main finding of this study was that losartan alone was as equally efficacious as combined losartan and perindopril in lowering UACR and BP among diabetic patients.
CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM LINN. - A REVIEW
Authors: Basker Savitha , V Vishnupriya , Krishnamohan Surapaneni
Published: October 2017

Before the modern day, medicine and its pharmacopeia of synthetic drugs, there were plants and ancient civilizations knew how to use the plants strategically to treat common ailments and even life-threatening diseases. Natural plant-based remedies are used for the both acute and chronic health problems from treating common colds to control blood pressure and cholesterol. Plant medicines were the most widely used medicines in the world because of their safety and very less or no side effects. In this way, the aim of this review article was to summarize the phytochemical and medicinal information of the readily reachable plant Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. This is commonly known as Balloon vine extensively dispersed in tropical and subtropical areas of world. The roots, leaves, stem, and seeds of this plant are employed as herbal medication. The phytochemical analysis confirmed that this herb contains flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponin, protein, carbohydrates, glycosides, variety of fatty acids, and volatile esters. Due to the presence of various compounds, this plant has antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antidiarrheal, anxiolytic, antioxidant, antipyretic, antirheumatic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancinogenic activities.
DOES KNOWLEDGE AND INCREASED AWARENESS AMONG OUR FEMALE POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVE THEIR HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS?
Authors: Mary Sam Sancy , Udaykumar Padmaja
Published: October 2017

Objective: Anemia is frequent among young women including medical students that remain unnoticed. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of anemia in women postgraduate (PG) medics.Methods: Hemoglobin (Hb) level of the participants was estimated and correlated with history.Results: Eligible women PG medics (n=100) with a mean±standard deviation (SD) age of 25.92±1.5 years and body mass index (BMI) of 21.51±2.97 were enrolled. Of 44 anemic students, 32 had moderate anemia and 21 (47.73%) belonged to the 3rd year postgraduation. Only 16 students were underweight, eight in anemic and non-anemic group each. None had any history of occult bleeding. Twenty-four (24.0%) students had taken anti-helminthic treatment within 6 months before enrollment. Mean Hb levels were 11.54±1.21 g/dL. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between mean Hb level of the anemic students (Hb - 10.35 g/dL) and the non-anemic individuals (Hb 12.49 g/dL). There was no statistical significant difference (p>0.05) in the occurrence of anemia among vegetarians (mean±SD Hb 11.21±1.11 g/dL) and non-vegetarians (mean±SD Hb 11.61±1.23 g/dL). There was no statistical significance (p>0.05) in Hb level/anemia and BMI, dietary habits, duration, and heavy flow during menstruation between non-anemic and anemic students.Conclusion: Anemia is still a concern in young women, and PG medical students are no exempt. Although none had severe form, anemia of moderate severity is prevalent among our PG students. Dietary habits did not influence or contribute to the maintenance of adequate Hb levels. Knowledge increased awareness and being self-sufficient did not contribute to maintain adequate Hb level.