bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mining tourism as a guarantee of sustainable development of industrial regions (on the example of Kryvyi Rih region)
Authors: Patsiuk V S , Ostapchuk I O , Kazakov V L
Published: November 2023

Sustainable tourism is fundamentally about preserving and enhancing natural, historical, or cultural heritage, as well as promoting activities related to local identity and history. For mining regions, one of the ways to diversify their economies on a sustainable basis is to develop the tourism sector. The development of niche forms of tourism, which are fully focused on the resources of the industrial area, helps to supplement and diversify the tourist offer in these regions, including industrial tourism and one of its areas - mining tourism. The objective of the study is to reveal the importance of sustainable development for an old industrial region, using Kryvyi Rih as an example, by intensifying tourism activities that would maximize the social, economic, cultural, and environmental benefits of tourism. The research is based on the dialectical method of cognition and a systematic approach. The research was carried out on the basis of parallel use of theoretical (comparative analysis, abstraction, specification and generalization) and empirical methods (expeditionary methods, observations, the method of field visual inspections, content analysis, etc.) As a result of the study, approaches to the concept of “mining tourism” were structured, and the key objects of interest of consumers of this tourist destination were identified. Global trends in the transformation of industrial areas for the needs of mining tourism were analyzed. The information on mining facilities in Kryvyi Rih is systematized and their suitability for the tourism sector is diagnosed. Based on the diagnostics, the use of various mining facilities in thematic tour programs is proposed, which is confirmed by the results of practical tourism activities.
Assessment of military destruction in Ukraine and its consequences using remote sensing
Authors: Kholoshyn I V , Syvyj M J , Mantulenko S V , Shevchenko O L , Sherick D , Mantulenko K M
Published: November 2023

The article raises the problem of using Earth remote sensing data to collect evidence of damages caused by the military actions of the Russian army in Ukraine. The core data set obtained by deciphering aerial photographs reflects the general current and operational situation in the affected area, reducing the subjectivity and uncertainty of damage characteristics on the ground. Earth remote sensing data visualize visible damage to the environment, which can be recognized and assessed using images of different spectral bands with appropriate resolution. Among the damage caused to the environment as a result of hostilities, according to the Earth remote sensing data, it is possible to study: degradation of land resources, destruction of natural ecosystems by fires, destruction of structures (buildings) and structures. Satellite images with a very high resolution (≤ 1 m) make it possible to quantify the degree of damage to the soil surface due to shell explosions: the amount of metal fragments and chemicals that have entered the soil, damage to the biological cover, etc. Images with a resolution of less than 30 meters in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) range allow to depict the devastating effects of forest and steppe fires caused by military actions. Using two different time frames, one before the fire and one after, will ensure the accuracy, objectivity and reliability of the evidence collected. These very high resolution Earth remote sensing images are used to investigate the destruction of structures (buildings) and constructions. The analysis of satellite images guarantees the diagnosis of the condition of the building in three degrees of destruction: completely destroyed, partially destroyed or not destroyed. In order to ensure the storage, quick search, analysis and visualization of all useful information obtained from the data of Earth remote sensing, it is necessary to use geoinformation systems.The proposed methodology for assessing military destruction is characterized by simplicity, accuracy and versatility, and does not require the use of expensive equipment.
Characteristics of BlaBlaCar as one of the world’s ridesharing leaders
Authors: Hanchuk O V , Bondarenko O V , Pakhomova O V , Varfolomyeyeva I M
Published: November 2023

The article addresses one of the relevant global trends – the sharing economy or participation economy. The authors explore its features and benefits (time and resources saving, rational consumption, use of communication technologies etc.). The publication considers the driving forces, namely peering social networks, real-time technologies, the global economic crisis, environmental issues and a renewed belief in the importance of communities. The authors argue that BlaBlaCar is one of the world leading online ridesharing platforms. The article defines the essence of BlaBlaCar as a new model of shared consumption tracing the history of its inception and development. The authors examine characteristics and peculiarities of BlaBlaCar in terms of a modern information network; reveal the behavioral traits of BlaBlaCar users worldwide and in Ukraine. The article attempts to anticipate the prospects of BlaBlaCar development.
The problem of rational use of mineral resources and mining waste in the context of sustainable development of regions
Authors: Syvyj M J , Ivanov Y A , Panteleeva N B , Varakuta O M
Published: November 2023

Efficient use and protection of the subsoil is a part of rational nature management in the mineral base of Ukrainian regions and Ukraine as a whole. The components for the rational use of the subsoil include a comprehensive development of mineral deposits, a comprehensive use of mineral raw materials and mining waste, optimization of the structure of mining production and mineral raw materials consumption. The rational use of mineral resources in the modern interpretation of this issue extends to all stages of their development, including the issue of waste disposal. A huge amount of mining waste has been accumulated in administrative regions of Ukraine, and the issue of their disposal has gone beyond just an economic and ecological problem and has acquired a significant socio-demographic significance. Environmental problems have become particularly acute due to the accumulation of toxic waste, among which the most dangerous are heavy metals, petroleum products and acid tars. For the sustainable development of Ukraine, it is necessary not only to develop new reserves of natural raw materials, but also technogenic minerals accumulated in more than 1,600 man-made deposits and objects. The further development of the mineral base requires, at the state level, an urgent solution to problems that hinder the development and ecological rehabilitation on the ground of rational use.
Investigation of constructive and technological parameters of an energy-efficient screw oil press
Authors: Dotsenko N A , Gorbenko O A , Batsurovska I V
Published: November 2023

The article presents the investigation of constructive and technological parameters of an energy-efficient screw oil press. It is outlined the principle of operation of an energy-efficient screw oil press. The construction of the oil press is improved by the steam atomizer that is installed in the receiving hopper under the rifled rollers for moisture-thermal treatment with steam, which is completed with the heat exchanger, heating element, expansion tank and hydro group. Also, a steam generator connected to a steam atomizer which is embodied into the receiving hopper. It was analyzed the influence of the optimization criteria (oil yield, energy consumption and press productivity) on the efficiency of the technological process. These optimization criteria depend on the main independent factors: the length of the reception and preparation chamber, the material (sunflower pulp) moisture; the heating temperature, the screw rotation speed, the linear speed of movement of screw shaft turns. The optimal constructive and technological parameters of energy-efficient screw oil press are considered. The energy-efficient screw oil press refers to the equipment of the oil enterprises of small productivity and due to its design, it allows to use a simple technological scheme of oil pressing and to reduce the amount of energy and resources spent on the technological process in the context of use in sustainable food systems.
The use of GIS technologies for geodetic monitoring
Authors: Khainus D D , Gurskienė V , Stupen R M , Hoptsii D O , Siedov A O
Published: November 2023

Using GIS technologies, the article analyzes, systematizes, and processes, the data obtained in the process of geodetic monitoring of man-made territories and objects, which will make it possible to analyze the existing state of the object and provide an opportunity to determine critical spatial deviations that can lead to irreversible processes of destruction of buildings and structures. This provides an opportunity to prevent processes that can lead to large-scale disasters, as well as determines the adoption of timely measures to prevent the destruction of structures and predict emergencies.
Determination of the thermal stress state for the composite brake pad of a wagon at operational loads
Authors: Panchenko S V , Vatulia G L , Lovska A O , Ravlyuk V G
Published: November 2023

The article provides the results of determining the thermal stress state of the composite brake pad of a wagon. The research is made by means of computer simulation with the finite element method using the SolidWorks Simulation options. The design diagram of the pad includes not only the horizontal loads due to its pressing to the rolling surface of the wheel and the friction force, but also the temperature impact taken equal to 400°C. Since the composite material of the pad is fragile, the Mohr–Coulomb criterion is used as a calculation criterion. It has been found that the maximum stresses occur in the upper part of the pad in the contact area between the back plate and the side plate and do not exceed the permissible values. The article presents the results of the calculation of the thermal stress state of the pad with dual wedge-shaped wear. The study includes the actual parameters of the pad wear determined during operational research. The results of the calculation show that the maximum stresses occur in the back plate of the pad and exceed the permissible values by 19.8%. This is explained by the fact that the useful area of the pad decreases, and therefore its loading increases. The research conducted proves the negative impact of dual wedge-shaped wear on the braking efficiency and the strength of the brake pad. This requires development of measures for eliminating this wear.
Long-term in vitro culture of 3D brain tissue model based on chitosan thermogel
Authors: Lisa Donatella Di , Muzzi Lorenzo , Lagazzo Alberto , Andolfi Andrea , Martinoia Sergio , Pastorino Laura
Published: November 2023

Methods for studying brain function and disease heavily rely on in vivo animal models, ex-vivo tissue slices, and 2D cell culture platforms. These methods all have limitations that significantly impact the clinical translatability of results. Consequently, models able to better recapitulate some aspects of in vivo human brain are needed as additional preclinical tools. In this context, 3D hydrogel-based in vitro models of the brain are considered promising tools. To create a 3D brain-on-a-chip model, a hydrogel capable of sustaining neuronal maturation over extended culture periods is required. Among biopolymeric hydrogels, chitosan-β-glycerophosphate (CHITO-β-GP) thermogels have demonstrated their versatility and applicability in the biomedical field over the years. In this study, we investigated the ability of this thermogel to encapsulate neuronal cells and support the functional maturation of a 3D neuronal network in long-term cultures. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrated for the first time that CHITO-β-GP thermogel possesses optimal characteristics for promoting neuronal growth and the development of an electrophysiologically functional neuronal network derived from both primary rat neurons and neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (h-iPSCs) co-cultured with astrocytes. Specifically, two different formulations were firstly characterized by rheological, mechanical and injectability tests. Primary nervous cells and neurons differentiated from h-iPSCs were embedded into the two thermogel formulations. The 3D cultures were then deeply characterized by immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, and electrophysiological recordings, employing both 2D and 3D micro-electrode arrays. The thermogels supported the long-term culture of neuronal networks for up to 100 d. In conclusion, CHITO-β-GP thermogels exhibit excellent mechanical properties, stability over time under culture conditions, and bioactivity toward nervous cells. Therefore, they are excellent candidates as artificial extracellular matrices in brain-on-a-chip models, with applications in neurodegenerative disease modeling, drug screening, and neurotoxicity evaluation.
Locally unitarily invariantizable NEPv and convergence analysis of SCF
Authors: Lu Ding , Li Ren-Cang
Published: November 2023

We consider a class of eigenvector-dependent nonlinear eigenvalue problems (NEPv) without the unitary invariance property. Those NEPv commonly arise as the first-order optimality conditions of a particular type of optimization problems over the Stiefel manifold, and previously, special cases have been studied in the literature. Two necessary conditions, a definiteness condition and a rank-preserving condition, on an eigenbasis matrix of the NEPv that is a global optimizer of the associated optimization problem are revealed, where the definiteness condition has been known for the special cases previously investigated. We show that, locally close to the eigenbasis matrix satisfying both necessary conditions, the NEPv can be reformulated as a unitarily invariant NEPv, the so-called aligned NEPv, through a basis alignment operation — in other words, the NEPv is locally unitarily invariantizable. Numerically, the NEPv is naturally solved by a self-consistent field (SCF)-type iteration. By exploiting the differentiability of the coefficient matrix of the aligned NEPv, we establish a closed-form local convergence rate for the SCF-type iteration and analyze its level-shifted variant. Numerical experiments confirm our theoretical results.
A Day in Our Life
Authors: Enright Tim
Published: November 2023

At the westernmost tip of Europe lies the island of the Great Blasket. Virtually unknown before this century, it produced a rich and extraordinary flowering of literature that was to make it famous throughout the world. Among its most famous authors was Tomás O'Crohan, the `Islandman', and this book, by his son, is something of an epilogue to his works. Packed with colourful characters and robust Irish humour, it tells of the dying days of the Gaelic-speaking Blasket community, and of its repatriation to West Kerry after the Second World War. Blending nostalgia with sharp observations on mainland life, this is an irresistible memoir of a remarkable way of life.
Psychopharmacological aspects of nicotine
Authors: Warburton David M
Published: November 2023

Any author who writes about the psychopharmacology of nicotine faces a dilemma. If the review is restricted to studies in which nicotine alone has been used, the chapter will be very short. If the review is extended to include the effects of cigarette smoking on behaviour, then the question arises of whether the effects described are due to nicotine alone or whether they are the consequence of some other smoke constituent. Given that there are well over 2000 compounds besides nicotine in cigarette smoke, that possibility can never be ruled out. However, nicotine is pharmacologically the most potent agent in cigarette smoke at smoking-doses, and carbon monoxide has little or no psychological effects at smoking-doses (Guillerm et al. 1978). Consequently, this chapter includes studies of smoking as well as those using nicotine itself, and it discusses evidence of the extent to which nicotine was the essential agent in the behavioural changes.
The emergence of pioneering public health education programmes in the United States
Authors: Viseltear Arthur J
Published: November 2023

This enterprise, when fully understood, must command the liberal sympathy of those who aim to make their generosity fruitful in substantial and enduring public good. William Barton Rogers Schools of public health were established in the United States as a result of a confluence of factors making themselves felt as early as the mid nineteenth century. Such factors included the changing nature of higher education, the development of commerce and industry, the rise to prominence of the science of bacteriology, and the urbanization of the nation-all coupled with a pervasive spirit of utility and a desire to be, in a word, useful. This chapter will explore each line, leading to the establishment of five public health institutions: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the joint programme of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale, University of Michigan, and University of Pennsylvania.
Spinal cord stimulation in spasticity and bladder dysfunction
Authors: Illis L S
Published: November 2023

The original use of spinal cord stimulation was for intractable pain and was subsequently used to modify abnormal motor control and bladder dysfunction. Most groups report a relatively modest improvement, but an improvement, in features which were previously intractable and resistant to conventional treatment. Perhaps even more important than clinical effects is the change in ideas about the nature of ‘fixed’ neurological deficit. However, the mechanism of action of spinal cord stimulation is unknown, double-blind studies are impossible to carry out, and not all studies have attempted to use objective measures. As a result the technique is still not widely accepted.
Recreational drugs and sexuality
Authors: Huws Rhodri
Published: November 2023

For centuries people of most cultures have used drugs for recreation. The sought-for effect is either a change in consciousness, altered interactions with other people, or in some cases improved sexual performance. In Old Testament days, Rachael exchanged her marital rights for her sister Leah’s mandrakes, which were presumed to be an aphrodisiac (Genesis 30, 14-17).
Pharmacotherapy for sexual dysfunction: current status
Authors: Riley Alan J
Published: November 2023

Throughout the ages, man of all cultures has sought drugs to modify his sexual performance and an enormous number of preparations of vegetable, animal, and mineral origin have been extolled to have aphrodisiac properties. Even today, vast sums of money are spent on alleged aphrodisiacs, the majority of which are at best ineffective and at worse toxic. In the past there has been very little research effort directed at finding drugs to treat sexual dysfunction and, with few exceptions, most of the drugs that are now used for this purpose were originally developed for other indications. Indeed in the United Kingdom today no drug has been licensed by the Department of Health specifically for the treatment of sexual dysfunction although the butyrophenone, benperidol, is registered for the control of deviant and antisocial behaviour and the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, is licensed for severe hypersexuality and sexual deviance in the male.
Modulation of Cardiac Calcium Sensitivity
Authors: Lee John A , Allen David G
Published: November 2023

The devlopment of calcium sensitizers represents the first major innovation in the treatment of heart failure for over 200 years. Unlike other drugs in this area, they do not increase the intracellular calcium concentration and do not have the side effects associated with that mechanism of action. These drugs offer an exciting alternative approach to the treatment of heart failure, and this volume provides an authoritative overview of the physiology, biochemistry, and clinical issues involved. It will be of particular interest to all those concerned with the treatment of heart failure.
Quantum Mechanical Foundation
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun
Published: November 2023

since the kinetic energy of the nuclei is usually small owing to their large masses, H0 can be taken as the zeroth approximation for the actual Hamiltonian of the system:
Mind factories
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

For ‘universe’, read ‘society’ in the epigraph above, and you have a succinct statement of totalitarianism … dating from fifteenth-century Europe. The claim that racial or species survival justifies any amount of individual suffering is a social version of consequentialism, the doctrine that the end justifies the means. This idea is notoriously associated with the Italian Renaissance thinker Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527), but although he was vigorously denounced for it, he was not its first proponent.1 The word ‘totalitarian’, by contrast, has graced the English language only since 1926 (according to the Oxford English Dictionary). Yet consequentialism found its harshest expression in the proponents of totalist thinking: twentieth-century super-dictators like Hitler, Stalin, and Mao.
Entropy and Probability
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Einstein’s activities related to thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory begin with his very first paper, completed at the end of 1900, and span a quarter of a century, during which time he wrote close to forty articles bearing in varying degree on these subjects. The first of the vintage years was 1905, when he developed theoretically three independent methods for finding Avogadro’s number.
‘Subtle is the Lord …’
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Maxwell’s article Ether, written for the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [M1], begins with an enumeration of the ‘high metaphysical … [and] mundane uses to be fulfilled by aethers’ and with the barely veiled criticism that, even for scientific purposes only, ‘all space had been filled three or four times over with aethers.’ This contribution by Maxwell is an important document for numerous reasons. To mention but three, it shows us that, like his contemporaries, Maxwell was deeply convinced of the reality of some sort of aether: ‘There can be no doubt that the interplanetary and interstellar spaces are not empty but are occupied by a material substance or body, which is certainly the largest, and probably the most uniform, body of which we have any knowledge’; it tells us of an unsuccessful attempt by Maxwell himself to perform a terrestrial optical experiment aimed at detecting the influence of an aether drag on the earth’s motion; and it informs us
The Prague Papers
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

‘I will most probably receive a call from a large university to be full professor with a salary significantly better than I have now. I am not yet permitted to say where it is’ [El]. So Einstein wrote to his mother on April 4, 1910, less than half a year after he had begun his associate professorship in Zürich. The call he expected was supposed to come from the Karl-Ferdinand University, the German university in Prague. He had to be discreet since the search committee convened in January had not even made a proposal to the faculty yet. The experimentalist Anton Lampa, committee chairman and Einstein’s strong advocate, had sounded him out beforehand. The committee report dated April 21, 1910, proposed three candidates and stated that all of them were willing to accept a formal offer. Einstein was the first choice. This report quotes a glowing recommendation by Planck: ‘[Einstein’s work on relativity] probably exceeds in audacity everything that has been achieved so far in speculative science and even in epistemology; non-Euclidean geometry is child’s play by comparison.’ Planck went on to compare Einstein to Copernicus [Hl].
Einstein’s Response to the New Dynamics
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Everyone familiar with modern physics knows that Einstein’s attitude regarding quantum mechanics was one of skepticism. No biography of him fails to mention his saying that God does not throw dice. He was indeed given to such utterances (as I know from experience), and stronger ones, such as ‘It seems hard to look in God’s cards. But I cannot for a moment believe that He plays dice and makes use of “telepathic” means (as the current quantum theory alleges He does)’ [E1]. However, remarks such as these should not create the impression that Einstein had abandoned active interest in quantum problems in favor of his quest for a unified field theory. Far from it. In fact, even in the search for a unified theory, the quantum riddles were very much on his mind, as I shall discuss in Chapter
Einstein’s Vision
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Einstein’s lasting conviction that quantum mechanics was not a theory of principle did not impede him from recognizing that this theory was highly successful. As early as 1927, he publicly expressed his judgment that wave mechanics is ‘in amazing agreement with the facts of experience’ [ E1]. In 1936 he wrote, ‘It seems clear … that the Born statistical interpretation of the quantum theory is the only possible one’ [E2], and in 1949 declared, ‘The statistical quantum theory [is] the most successful theory of our period’ [E3]. Then why was he never convinced by it? I believe Einstein indirectly answered this question in his 1933 Spencer lecture-perhaps the clearest and most revealing expression of his way of thinking in later life. The key is to be found in his remarks on Newton and classical mechanics. In this lecture [E4], Einstein noted that ‘Newton felt by no means comfortable about the concept of absolute space, … of absolute rest … [and] about the introduction of action at a distance.
How Einstein got the Nobel Prize
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

The procedure of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for awarding the Nobel prize in physics is in outline as follows. Invitations to nominate are sent out by a five-member Nobel Committee (hereinafter called the Committee) elected from the membership. This Committee studies the proposals and supporting material, draws up a protocol of its deliberations, and decides by majority vote on a recommendation to the Academy. The recommendation is then transmitted in the form of a report (hereinafter called the Report) that summarizes the merits of the proposals handed to the Committee and gives the reasons for its decision. The recommendatior: is voted on first by the Academy Klass (section) of physics. Then follows the decisive vote by the Academy in pleno (not just the physicists). These votes need not agree with the Committee’s recommendation. For example, in 1908 the Committee unanimously proposed Planck. The Klass vote was also in support of Planck. But the Academy chose Lippmann.
Variables
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

Mathematics As a science commenced when first some­ one, probably a Greek, proved propositions about any things or about some things, without specification of definite particular things. These propositions were first enunciated by the Greeks for geometry; and, accordingly, geometry was the great Greek mathematical science. After the rise of geometry centuries passed away before algebra made a really effective start, despite some faint anticipations by the later Greek mathematicians.
Conic Sections
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

When The Greek geometers had exhausted, as they thought, the more obvious and interesting properties of figures made up of straight lines and circles, they turned to the study of other curves; and, with their almost infallible instinct for hitting upon things worth thinking about, they chiefly devoted themselves to conic sections, that is, to the curves in which planes would cut the surfaces of circular cones.
Series
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

No Part of Mathematics suffers more from the triviality of its initial presentation to beginners than the great subject of series. Two minor examples of series, namely arithmetic and geometric series, are considered; these examples are important because they are the simplest examples of an important general theory. But the general ideas are never disclosed and thus the examples, which exemplify nothing, are reduced to silly trivialities.
The Leaving Game, or I’ll Play You and You Play Me: The Emergence of Dramatic Role Play in 2-Year-Olds
Authors: First Elsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes a typical child-parent game of hiding and leave taking dis covered in a naturalistic study of the home play of children during the third year of life. The unfolding of this game revealed the capacity for dramatic play in statunascendi. To see how a 2-year-old plays depends on the child’s having an older, willing coplayer (e.g., a parent or other caregiver or older sibling or friend) rather than agemates only to play with. By witnessing these joint productions, I was able to ask: What might we properly consider the earliest forms of dramatic play, and what do these forms have to teach us about the nature and significance of the capacity to pretend to be someone else? Given that what I collected were samples of child parent co-productions, I was also able to examine the interpersonal origins of dramatic play.
He’s a Nice Alligator: Observations on the Affective Organization of Pretense
Authors: Fein Greta G , Kinney Patricia
Published: November 2023

Five children-Sally, Jill, Chris, Alison, and Marge-are sitting under the climbing tower in a classroom of 4-year-olds. The teacher reminds them that only four children are permitted to be there. As the children discuss who will leave, Mark enters, announcing that he is a police officer. There are now six children under the tower. The original group persuades Mark to leave: MARK (to the group): I’m an alligator. (He crawls out. Chris and Mark chat about being alligators and police officers between the slats of the tower.) MARK (to Chris): I’m gonna bite you! CHRIS (to the others): Don’t stick your head out! SALLY (leaving the tower, says to Mark): Hi, alligator. (The children under the tower approach Mark. They challenge, tickle, and tease him. He growls and looks angry. Jill and Marge run back to the tower in pretended fright.) SALLY (to Mark): Don’t eat yourself up! Alligators are nice. Alligators are nice. (Mark crawls on all fours, growling.) SALLY (to Jill and Marge): He’s silly. He’s not eating anybody up. (Marge and Sally join Mark and crawl on the floor as alligators. Jill, alone, watches from the tower. After about a minute, she crawls out of the tower and joins the alligators crawling after Mark.) SALLY (reassuringly, to Jill): He’s a nice alligator. It’s as easy as child’s play.
Reaction Driven Advection Phenomena
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J
Published: November 2023

Let us now entertain the possibility that geochemical self-organization can occur on the kilometer length scale. In this chapter buoyancy-driven flows coupled to mineral grain and other reactions are considered. In the next two chapters the development of kilometer-scale basin compartments via a variety of mechanisms, many involving mechanochemical effects are discussed.
Comprehending Language With Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Fischler Ira S
Published: November 2023

Among our varied cognitive abilities, language is perhaps the most human. Everyday cognitive and social activity is dominated by language, and much of what is neurologically distinctive about humans concerns language comprehension and production. But compared with the important role that psycholinguistic research has played in the behavioral study of cognition, there has until recently been a relative lack of event-related potential (ERP) work specifically addressed to linguistic skills and processes.
Applications Of Event-Related Potential Research To Problems In Human Factors
Authors: Wickens Christopher D
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 16 of this volume, Parasuraman has eloquently made a case for the modest, yet significant, contribution that the event-related brain potential (ERP) may make to the discipline of human factors. He has also provided a nice overview of many of the most promising applications.
Introduction
Authors: Liou K N
Published: November 2023

Almost all the energy that drives the earth’s atmosphere and ocean currents originates from the sun. The land and ocean surfaces absorb ˜44% of the incoming solar fluxes, while the atmosphere absorbs ˜26% of these fluxes. Over a sufficiently long period of time, the temperature of the earth-atmosphere system is determined in such a manner that outgoing thermal infrared fluxes are emitted and balanced by absorbed solar fluxes. Radiative processes are the only means by which the earth and atmosphere exchange energy with space; therefore, an understanding of weather and climate processes must begin with a detailed investigation of radiative processes and the radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system.
The Role Of Radiation And Cloud Processes In Atmospheric Models
Authors: Liou K N
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the role of radiation and cloud processes in various types of atmospheric models that are primarily designed to study the effects of external radiative forcings on the earth’s climate and on global climate change. Atmospheric models are required for the physical understanding of atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic processes and for the prediction of future states of the atmosphere in terms of the fundamental variables governing its behavior. A model, as such, is constructed on the basis of certain aspects of physical principles and is designed for application to a specific atmospheric process. The distinction between atmospheric models and the real atmosphere should be delineated. Because of the complexity of the real atmosphere with respect to temporal and spatial scales, a hierarchy of models with increasing sophistication has been developed to study many processes that occur in the atmosphere.
Specialized Cellular Membranes for Photoreception: The Chloroplast in Photosynthesis
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

Steven Hale presented his studies on cucumbers to the Royal Society of London in 1727. Jonathan Swift seized upon Hale’s report, embellishing it to produce what he perceived as a ludicrous notion for one of the satirical experiments described in his Gulliver’s Travels, 5th chapter of Part IL There, one of the resident scientists in the Academy of Lagado is busily engaged in an eight-year project to extract “sun beams” out of cucumbers, put them into hermetically sealed vials, and let them out to warm the air. The irony, of course, is that in burning fossil fuels and in fermentation processes, we have been unknowingly “extracting sunbeams” from plants for ages.
Alterations in Autonomic Functions During Sleep
Authors: Parmeggiani P L , Morrison A R
Published: November 2023

Dramatic changes in autonomic function occur in sleep. To the untutored, sleep is a period of quiescence, rest and stability, when little variation in autonomic control is expected. Yet, in one phase of sleep called rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (also referred to as desynchronized, paradoxical, or active sleep), a series of changes occurs in the autonomic outflows through a central disruption of those neural mechanisms controlling homeostasis. REM sleep is characterized by muscle atonia, rapid eye movements, and a low-voltage, fast-wave electroencephalogram (EEG).
The Onset of Human Puberty: Biological and Environmental Factors
Authors: Hopwood Nancy J , Kelch Robert P , Hale Paula M , Mendes Tarina M , Foster Carol M , Beitins Inese Z
Published: November 2023

The human reproductive system undergoes a remarkable period of development and activity during fetal life (Kaplan, Grumbach, & Aubert, 1975) and early infancy, when there is transient secretion of increased gonadal steroids and gonadotropins (Kaplan et al., 1975; Sizonenko, 1978). However, an arrest of maturation occurs shortly thereafter, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis appears to be nearly dormant during early childhood (Conte et al., 1980). It has been postulated that this quiescent period is the result of central nervous system (CNS) restraint systems. Hypothalamic lesions in rodents (Donovan & van der Werff ten Bosch, 1956) and clinical observations in children with precocious puberty who have CNS lesions (Huseman et al., 1978) support the concept that there is an active restraint process of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis during early childhood.
Legal and Social Dilemmas of Adolescent Sexuality
Authors: Rodman Hyman
Published: November 2023

A poem of Rachel Field describes “the seven ages of elfhood.” In the first, “when an elf is as old as a year and a minute, he can wear a cap with a feather in it.” In the fourth, when he’s 50 or so, “his coat may have buttons all in a row.” And in the seventh, “when he’s a hundred and a day, he gets a little pipe to play!” If only self hood were as clear as elfhood! If only we had more social consensus on the age of competence for particular actions, more consensus on the appropriate age for individuals to wear a cap with a feather in it, or to use a diaphragm with spermicidal jelly in it. Our lives would then be simpler, and we would face fewer psychological, legal, moral, and social dilemmas.
Minimum Norm Solution To The Linear Complementarity Problem
Authors: Rosen J B
Published: November 2023

Most of the LCP literature considers cases where M satisfies some special condition (such as being copositive plus or a P-matrix). For such cases efficient computational methods are known, as described, for example, in [3]. If M does not satisfy such a condition, the problem may be much more difficult to solve, and in fact is known to be NP-hard [4]. For any specific choice of Mand q, LCP(M, q) may not have any solution. Obviously there will be no solution to the LCP if the inequalities have no feasible solution; that is, if no x 2= 0, satisfying Mx + q2= 0 exists. This situation can easily be discovered by solving a single (phase I) linear program.
Small Groups and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Collier Gary , Minton Henry L , Reynolds Graham
Published: November 2023

The changes taking place after World War II represent a period of increasing professionalization as both psychological and sociological social psychology developed new procedures and began to increase their base of data substantially. These changes are characteristic of most well-established academic disciplines and are in some respects a sign of their growing maturity. Once a discipline has become firmly entrenched, its methods, techniques, and theoretical orientation are more or less taken for granted. This representes a stage of development that Thomas Kuhn (1962) has described as “normal science.” The dominant thinkers define the nature and limits of research for both themselves and their students, who in turn have a similar influence once they be come well established. Major researchers in each field have a vested interest in preserving their own methods and theories, and for this reason the disciplines tend to become self-serving and conservative.
Introduction
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

The ending of the cold war, with the disintegration of the Soviet regime and its empire in Eastern Europe, gives special relevance to a fresh analysis of the origins of the basic strategy pursued by the United States and its allies for three decades, which contributed to that outcome. The thesis of this study is that credit for shaping that strategy belongs to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. While the cold war originated under Harry S. Truman, it took its mature form under Eisenhower. He developed the first coherent and sustainable cold war strategy suitable for the basic conditions that would prevail during the following decades.
The Truman Legacy
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

Eisenhower decided to run for the presidency for two principal reasons; both were directly related to the Truman legacy.2 The first was to prevent the election of Senator Robert Taft, the Republican frontrunner, who Eisenhower believed would reverse the basic Truman strategy of cooperation with allies and collective security for containing the Soviet Union. Taft had opposed the Marshall Plan and the NATO Treaty and endorsed the call by Herbert Hoover after the Korean attack for an “American Gibraltar” relying on unilateral nuclear defense and isolation.3 Eisenhower’s second reason was his conviction that the Truman policies and programs for carrying out his strategy had to be reshaped to make them more coherent and sustainable for the “long haul” of the cold war. While supporting many of Truman’s actions, Eisenhower was appalled by the erratic decison-making process and confused policies and implementation.
The Solarium Exercise
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

The debate and decisions over the 1954 defense budget and the “Chance for Peace” speech established some specific guidelines and clarified many of the priorities and attitudes of the president and his major advisors. The administration substituted a long-haul approach and made clear its determination to constrain spending, although without seeking to balance the budget so abruptly as to impair security programs and capabilities. The “Chance for Peace” address, moreover, laid out Eisenhower’s concept of the conditions required for ultimate peaceful and normal relations with the Soviets, as well as his deep concern with the escalating arms race and willingness to negotiate for their limitation. Similarly, Dulles indicated the priority he placed on maintaining the cohesion of the alliance, his deep skepticism over negotiating with the Soviets, and his support for a robust defense posture as a foundation for foreign policy. The JCS insisted that this foundation required more military spending; Humphrey and Dodge insisted it would be solid even with much less.
Reducing the Nuclear Danger: Arms Control
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

The effort to constrain the arms race and to reduce the risk of war was a major component of Eisenhower’s strategy. His commitment to this aim was rooted in some of his strongest convictions. For him, as we have stressed, nuclear weapons were a curse: they posed an unprecedented direct threat to the U.S. society and economy, and he seemed haunted by the specter of a global nuclear holocaust. In various meetings, he reiterated the view “that he could perceive no final answer to the problem of nuclear warfare if both sides simply went ahead making bigger and better nuclear weapons.”As he repeatedly said, he would gladly have abolished them if that had been feasible with certainty. Because it was not, deterrence of their use was essential. But the inevitable arms competition entailed its own dangers as well as the waste of enormous resources. And the fear of nuclear war imposed severe strains on the allied cohesion required for containment.
Sewall Wright: gene interaction and the Shifting Balance Theory
Authors: Wade Michael J
Published: November 2023

The role of gene interactions in adaptive evolution is not well understood despite the frequent use of terms such as ‘co-adapted gene complexes’ and ‘genetic revolutions’ in evolutionary discussion. Although most evolutionary biologists and geneticists would acknowledge Sewall Wright’s principle of the ‘universality of gene interactions,’ there is no consensus regarding their role in evolution. Gene interactions and their statistical characterization as epistasis (the between-locus non-additive component of genetic variance) are not central concepts in current adaptation theory.
Paternity in Plants
Authors: Bertin Robert I
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary studies of plant reproduction prior to the 197Os largely or completely ignored the paternal contribution to fitness. Within the last few years this topic has received increased theoretical interest and some empirical study. This attention reflects the realization that, on average, an hermaphroditic plant obtains half its fitness via its male function. A knowledge of male performance has become essential for evaluating the burgeoning body of theory dealing with plant reproduction, particularly in the areas of sexual selection, resource allocation, and the evolution of breeding systems
The Influence of Competition on Plant Reproduction
Authors: Weiner Jacob
Published: November 2023

Competition or interference is ubiquitous in its influence on plants. It is rare to find a plant which has not been affected negatively by neighboring plants. For the plant population ecologist, competition or interference is best defined as any negative effect due to the proximity of neighbors.16 Thus, interference is something that occurs between individuals, reducing their growth and/or increasing their probability of death.
Applying Heuristics: Inventions After Their Time?
Authors: Weber Robert J
Published: November 2023

Some time ago, a friend and I were having lunch. As was our custom, we tossed around several ideas to speculate about. The one we settled on was the origin of the phonograph. We knew that it was a radical invention, but how much so? Was it an invention before its time, an invention on time, or an invention after its time? We are all familiar with the idea of inventions before their time. These are the inventions of science fiction and speculation: The wrist radio of an earlier day, the space ships of the Star Trek sagas. A splendid historical example, discussed earlier, is Leonardo’s helicopter. It is a brilliant concept, but it could not have succeeded in his day. To be practical, the helicopter needed a small, light, and powerful engine, and that was centuries away. In addition, key aeronautical ideas of lift and control were needed, and they too were centuries removed from Leonardo’s time. It wasn’t as though people didn’t want to fly or had no purpose in doing so; to fly is an age-old dream that goes back at least to Daedaleus and Icarus. If Leonardo’s helicopter had worked, people would have known uses for it. That was certainly the case with the Montgolfier brothers and the first manned hot-air balloon ascent in 1783. Soon after the balloon’s launching, uses for it were found, from scientific and military observation to entertainment.
Correlations Between Species Traits and Allozyme Diversity: Implications for Conservation Biology
Authors: Hamrick J L , Godt M J W , Murawski D A , Loveless M D
Published: November 2023

One goal of conservation biology is to preserve the evolutionary potential of species by maintaining natural levels of genetic diversity. Knowledge of the levels and distribution of genetic variation thus becomes a prerequisite for the establishment of effective and efficient conservation practices (Beardmore 1983; Frankel 1983; Allendorf and Leary 1986). Without such knowledge, the efforts of conservation biologists, no matter how well meaning, may not be effective (Asins and Carbonell 1987). For conservation purposes, information can best be obtained by empirically determining the level and distribution of genetic variation for morphometric and physiological traits, allozyme loci, and DNA sequences. However, since few endangered species have been studied, and since the resources for such studies are frequently limited, we must often rely on previously accumulated knowledge to make educated guesses pertaining to the genetic diversity of these species.