bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage Intensity and Geographic Distribution of Oryctes rhinoceros on Coconut in Rote-Ndao, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
Authors: Nenotek P S , Simamora A V , Hahuly M V , Nahas A E , Ludji R , Henuk J B D , Mudita I W , Pratama F , Kune M R B
Published: May 2024

Oryctes rhinoceros poses a significant threat to coconut plants in several coconut-producing nations, including Rote Ndao District. Recognizing the distribution and severity of crop damage caused by this pest in Rote Ndao Regency is crucial for preemptively preventing pest outbreaks and evaluated the extent of the damage. This study aims estimate the damage intensity and to identify the geographic distribution of O. rhinoceros in the Rote Ndao District. Conducted through a mobile across central coconut production areas in every sub-district of Rote Ndao Regency, the study examined variables such as damage symptoms, damage intensity, and spatial data represented coordinate points. Analysis of damage intensity data involved calculating average values. These coordinates were then overlaid with administrative data for Ndao Regency to create a map illustrating the distribution of damage severity. The results showed that O. rhinoceros attack symptoms on coconut plants were in ninety-five villages in ten sub-districts in Rote Ndao Regency. This pest is categorized as a pest important because the damage intensity map was found in ten sub-districts in Rote Ndao Regency. Average damage intensity is 8.99%. Multiple approaches, including sanitation environmental, sex pheromones, and entomopathogenic fungi, are employed to manage this pest effectively.
The effectiveness of fruit trap as a trap to oil palm leaf-eating caterpillars (OPLEC) in Dharmasraya district, Indonesia
Authors: Ikhsan Z , Syarif Z , Jaya A P , Aisyah S , Yudha P A , Rizki K
Published: May 2024

A fruit trap is a trap that uses fruit as an attractant to attract pests. The main target of this research was the imago of the oil palm leaf-eating caterpillar (OPLEC). The objectives of this study were to know the type and dominance of OPLEC, compare ability levels, and obtain the number of fruit traps that were effective in trapping OPLEC. This research was conducted at P.T. Sumber Andalas Kencana, Dharmasraya District. This research was a field experiment arranged in a randomized block design (RBD). The obtained data were analyzed by analysis of variance at a 5% level, then continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level. The results showed that there were five species of OPLEC, namely Setothesea asigna, Amathusia phidippus, Setora nitens, Darna trima, and Mahasena corbetti, which were trapped. The best treatment in this research was five fruit traps, with the % of OPLEC trapped at 29,55%, and the average ability to trap OPLEC was 59 individuals. The fruit trap used as an OPLEC trap had a significant effect. The number of fruit traps dramatically affects the number of OPLEC trapped. The fewer traps used, the lower the number of OPLEC imago trapped.
Bees and wasps in the tropical lowland rainforest transformation in Jambi, Sumatra
Authors: Soegiarso A T P , Raffiudin R , Sayusti T , Atmowodi T , Kahono S
Published: May 2024

Bees and wasps are beneficial insects for the stability of ecosystem function. This study aimed to explore the bees and wasps and their relationship with the environmental factors in the three habitats, i.e., oil palm and rubber plantation, jungle rubber and adjacent villages in Harapan Forest, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Bees and wasps were collected using sweeping method and the environmental factors were recorded during collection time. The correlation between the number of species and environmental factors was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Apis and Tetragonula were the two most common bees in all habitats and villages. The number of bee and wasp species in oil palm and rubber plantations was positively correlated with temperature and light intensity but negatively correlated with humidity. We found a higher number of bee species, i.e., 26 species, compared to seven species of wasps. The highest number of bees and wasps (16 species) was found in the oil palm plantation. Both jungle rubber and adjacent villages showed the lowest number of nine species of bees and wasps. Our study implied the importance of bees and wasps representing the herbivores and predators in these transformation habitats.
Species diversity of Odonata as a bioindicator of water pollution in the Batang Harau watershed, Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra
Authors: Berliani N , Kardiman R , Vauzia  , Satria R
Published: May 2024

The Batang Harau River was located in Nagari Paninjauan, X Koto District, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra. The local community uses this river as a water source to carry out various daily activities, such as the irrigation of rice fields; household activities, and household waste disposal. The research aimed to analyze the comparison of dragonfly species diversity as a bioindicator for pollution in several habitat types (natural, rice fields, and settlements). The observations were made by exploring and walking along the river in the morning (9 am – 12 am) and evening (3 pm - 5 pm). The Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method was modified using a 20 m x 10 m plot, and all dragonflies found in this area were collected using an insect net. The data obtained were analyzed using the ShannonWienner diversity index, the Margalef species richness index, and Simpson’s dominance index. A total of 280 individuals, 12 species from 7 families, were collected in this study site. Most Odonata species were found in natural areas, followed by rice fields and settlements. The environmental conditions have affected the diversity of Odonata. The odonates can be used as bioindicators of the aquatic environment, especially in the suborder Zygoptera, which is dominantly found in natural habitats.
Insect pests incidence of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the dryland of Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Simamora A V , Nope J D , Nenotek P S , Hahuly M V , Mahayasa I N W , Kasim M
Published: May 2024

The presence of insect pests is one of the obstacles in efforts to increase peanut production in Kupang District. This study aimed to evaluate farmers’ knowledge of peanut insect pests and assess their adopted control measures and to identify the types of insect pests and their respective incidence rates in peanut crops. Within each sub-district, two villages were selected on the advice of the local extension agents; five farmers were interviewed using predefined checklists. The checklists were designed to gather information about the farmers’ awareness of various pests affecting their peanut crops and the measures they employed to safeguard their crops. The second part of the study involved examining peanut fields in the chosen locations to assess pest infestation. The results revealed that farmers demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of the insect pests frequently linked to peanut cultivation, but the majority of farmers (64.3%) did not try to control insect pests on their peanut plants. Five insect pests were identified on peanut plants: Aphis craccivora, Anoplocnemis phasiana, Aulacophora indica, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Lamprosema indicata. The incidences of the identified pests varied between 14.1% to 26.8%. Lamprosema indicata exhibited the lowest incidence, while Aphis craccivora had the highest.
Biology and demographic statistics of fall armyworm fed on corn leaves at the laboratory
Authors: Reflinaldon  , Fuada T N , Yaherwandi
Published: May 2024

Spodoptera frugiperda was a new invasive species in Indonesia in 2019, causing an outbreak in Indonesia’s corn-producing areas. Information on the life cycle and potency of population growth of S. frugiperda is required to strengthen local management. The biology and demographic statistics of S. frugiperda were studied in laboratory conditions. The larvae were collected from corn in Padang for mass rearing by feeding with corn leaves until adulthood. The eggs resulting from rearing were used as the cohort to observe biological and demographic statistics parameters. The development time of the egg was three days while larvae 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th were 1-3, 2-4, 2-4, 2-4, 2-5, and 4-6 days respectively. Prapupae and pupae were 1-2 and 7-9 days, while male and female adults were 2-11 and 6-15 days, respectively. Preoviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition were each 3-9, 1-4, and 1-2 days. The fecundity reaches 182,78 eggs per female adult. The net reproductive rate of 50.43 females/female/generation, a gross reproductive rate of 269 individuals per generation, an intrinsic rate of increase of 0.2 day−1 with mean generation time (T) 37.34 days, and a doubling time (DT) requiring 2.31 days.
Feeding assimilation of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on several host types
Authors: Nelly N , Lina E C , Aini M
Published: May 2024

Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a pest that is easy to adapt and quickly develops. S. frugiperda can switch to crops other than maize as the primary host. Food assimilation must be tested to determine which plants S . frugiperda larvae prefer. This research was conducted to determine the feeding assimilation of S. frugiperda larvae and determine plants that can be alternative hostsinstead of maize . This study was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and five replications to obtain 15 experimental units. Larvae feed consists of rice, maize, and Napier grass. Feed is given during their 3rd instar stage until it becomes a prepupa. The suitability of plants as a food source for insects can be determined by a food assimilation test calculated using the Gravimetric method. The findings from the observations of food assimilation of S. frugiperda larvae in larvae-fed maize had higher consumption rate, growth rate, and digestibility than larvae-fed Napier grass. The conversion efficiency of digested food in grass-consuming larvae is 24.173%, higher than maize, 10.227%, and rice 0.00%. In compliance, the efficiency of food utilization was higher for larvae-fed Napier grass compared to those fed maize and rice.
Understanding the interplay of defects, oxygen, and strain in 2D materials for next-generation optoelectronics
Authors: Kumar Keerthana S , Dash Ajit Kumar , Sabreen H Hasna , Verma Manvi , Kumar Vivek , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Gautam Gopalakrishnan Sai , Singh Akshay
Published: May 2024

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides are leading materials for next-generation optoelectronics, but fundamental problems stand enroute to commercialization. These problems include, firstly, the widely debated defect- and strain-induced origins of intense low-energy broad luminescence peaks (L-peaks) observed at low temperatures. Secondly, the role of oxygen in tuning the properties via chemisorption and physisorption is intriguing but challenging to understand. Thirdly, our physical understanding of the benefits of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) encapsulation is inadequate. Using a series of samples, we decouple the contributions of oxygen, defects, adsorbates, and strain on the optical properties of monolayer MoS2. The defect origin of the L-peak is confirmed by temperature- and power-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements, with a dramatic redshift of ∼130 meV for oxygen-assisted chemical vapour deposition (O-CVD) samples compared with exfoliated samples. Anomalously, the O-CVD samples show high A-exciton PL at room temperature (cf exfoliated), but reduced PL at low temperatures, attributed to the strain-induced direct-to-indirect bandgap crossover in low-defect O-CVD MoS2. These observations are consistent with our density functional theory calculations and are supported by Raman spectroscopy. In the exfoliated samples, the charged O adatoms are identified as thermodynamically favourable defects, and create in-gap states. The beneficial effect of encapsulation originates from the reduction of charged O adatoms and adsorbates. This experimental–theoretical study uncovers the type of defects in each sample, enables an understanding of the combined effect of defects, strain, and oxygen on the band structure, and enriches our understanding of the effects of encapsulation. This work proposes O-CVD as a method for creating high-quality materials for optoelectronics.
Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Ligustrum lucidum extract, and the antioxidant and antifungal evaluation
Authors: Ogwuegbu Mercy C , Ayangbenro Ayansina S , Mthiyane Doctor M N , Babalola Olubukola O , Onwudiwe Damian C
Published: May 2024

Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extract is an inexpensive, simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly approach to obtaining nanoparticles for biological applications. Herein, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were successfully synthesized using an aqueous extract from Ligustrum lucidum leaves. The structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of the nanoparticles were assessed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometer, transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX). Nanocrystalline CuO with an average crystalline size of 22.0 nm and a band gap energy of 1.4 eV were confirmed from the XRD and UV-vis spectrophotometer, respectively. Morphological studies showed spherical nanoparticles, whose particle size estimation (30 ± 5 nm) agrees with the crystalline size deduced from the XRD pattern. A free radical scavenging activity of the CuO nanoparticles, evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenhyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, showed that it exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC50: 63.35 μg ml−1) that is concentration dependent. Antifungal evaluation using four different fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Trichoderma harzianum) indicated a direct relationship between the potency of the particles and their concentration, with 1 ppm solution exhibiting the highest potency. The green synthesized CuO-NPs using Ligustrum lucidum may be potentially used as an antioxidant and antifungal agent for therapeutic applications.
Cleaning of two mirrors in the first mirror unit using radiofrequency capacitively coupled plasma
Authors: WANG 王 Chenxue 晨雪 , YAN 鄢 Rong 容 , LIU 刘 Yuming 玉明 , XU 徐 Su 苏 , MU 穆 Lei 磊 , ZHENG 郑 Wei 薇 , DING 丁 Rui 锐 , CHEN 陈 Junling 俊凌
Published: May 2024

First mirror (FM) cleaning, using radio frequency (RF) plasma, has been proposed to recover FM reflectivity in nuclear fusion reactors such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). To investigate the influence of simultaneous cleaning of two mirrors on mirror cleaning efficiency and uniformity, experiments involving single-mirror cleaning and dual-mirror cleaning were conducted using RF capacitively coupled plasma in the laboratory. For the test and simultaneous cleaning of two mirrors, the FM and second mirror (SM), both measuring 110 mm × 80 mm, were placed inside the first mirror unit (FMU). They were composed of 16 mirror samples, each with a dimension of 27.5 mm × 20 mm. These mirror samples consist of a titanium–zirconium–molybdenum alloy substrate, a 500 nm Mo intermediate layer and a 30 nm Al2O3 surface coating as a proxy for Be impurities. The cleaning of a single first mirror (SFM) and the simultaneous cleaning of the FM and SM (DFM and DSM) lasted for 9 h using Ar plasma at a pressure of 1 Pa. The total reflectivity of mirror samples on the DSM did not fully recover and varied with location, with a self-bias of −140 V. With a self-bias of −300 V, the total reflectivity of mirror samples on the SFM and DFM was fully recovered. The energy dispersive spectrometer results demonstrated that the Al2O3 coating had been completely removed from these mirror samples. However, the mass loss of each mirror sample on the SFM and DFM before and after cleaning varied depending on its location, with higher mass loss observed for mirror samples located in the corners and lower loss for those in the center. Compared with SM cleaning, the simultaneous cleaning of two mirrors reduced the difference between the highest and lowest mass loss. Furthermore, this mass loss for the mirror samples of the DFM facing the DSM was increased. This indicated that mirror samples cleaned face to face in the FMU simultaneously could influence each other, highlighting the need for special attention in future studies.
Forcing more 𝖣𝖢 over the Chang model using the Thorn sequence
Authors: Holland James , Sargsyan Grigor
Published: May 2024

In the context of

Z
F

+

D
C

\mathsf {ZF}+\mathsf {DC}

, we force

D
C

κ

\mathsf {DC}_\kappa

for relations on

P

(
κ
)

\mathcal {P}(\kappa )

for arbitrarily large

κ
>

ℵ
ω

\kappa >\aleph _\omega

over the Chang model

L

(

O
r
d

ω

)

\mathrm {L}(\mathrm {Ord}^\omega )

making some assumptions on the thorn sequence defined by

Þ

0

=
ω

Þ_0=\omega

,

Þ

α
+
1

Þ_{\alpha +1}

as the least ordinal not a surjective image of

Þ

α
ω

Þ_\alpha ^\omega

and

Þ

γ

=

sup

α
>
γ

Þ

α

Þ_\gamma =\sup _{\alpha >\gamma }Þ_\alpha

for limit

γ
\gamma

. These assumptions are motivated from results about

Θ
\Theta

in the context of determinacy, and could be reasonable ways of thinking about the Chang model. Explicitly, we assume successor points

λ
\lambda

on the thorn sequence are strongly regular—meaning regular and functions

f
:

κ

>
κ

→
λ

f:\kappa ^{>\kappa }\rightarrow \lambda

are bounded whenever

κ
>
λ

\kappa >\lambda

is on the thorn sequence—and justified—meaning
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper P left-parenthesis kappa Superscript omega Baseline right-parenthesis intersection normal upper L left-parenthesis normal upper O normal r normal d Superscript omega Baseline right-parenthesis subset-of-or-equal-to normal upper L Subscript lamda Baseline left-parenthesis lamda Superscript omega Baseline comma upper X right-parenthesis">

P

(

κ
ω

)
∩

L

(

O
r
d

ω

)
⊆

L

λ

(

λ
ω

,
X
)

\mathcal {P}(\kappa ^\omega )\cap \mathrm {L}(\mathrm {Ord}^\omega )\subseteq \mathrm {L}_{\lambda }(\lambda ^\omega ,X)

for some

X
⊆
λ

X\subseteq \lambda

for any

κ
>
λ

\kappa >\lambda

on the thorn sequence. This allows us to use Cohen forcing and establish more dependent choice while preserving the thorn sequence and calculating it:

Þ

i

=

ℵ

i
+
1

Þ_i=\aleph _{i+1}

for

0
>
i
>
ω

0>i>\omega

after

i
i

steps in the iteration.
Introduction
Authors: Solomonescu Yasmin , Uhlig Stefan H
Published: May 2024

This introduction situates eighteenth-century and Romantic rearticulations of persuasion in the context of the cultural decline of formal rhetoric in Europe and in relation to pertinent scholarship. We propose that writers of the period reworked the status and signification of persuasion in a range of genres, arguments, and interests, in ways elided by the emphasis of existing scholarship on rhetoric as a whole. We contend that attending to these re-evaluations deepens our perceptions of the period and can also help us rethink contemporary resistance to deliberation and debate across fragmented public spheres. The first part offers an account of the long eighteenth-century decline of rhetoric that shows how even its death notices acknowledged the continuing vitality of inborn talents of influence. The second part elaborates on some salient features of post-rhetorical persuasion and of this volume’s multidisciplinary approaches to it with emphasis on its theoretical, practical, and institutional dimensions.
In the Wake of Rhetoric
Authors: Balfour Ian
Published: May 2024

This essay charts the dynamics of the practice and to a lesser extent the theory of rhetoric in Britain primarily at a charged, protracted moment around and in the wake of the French Revolution. I suggest that one can witness something of a tectonic shift around the turn of the eighteenth century from an older, classics-based rhetoric to a newer mode of persuasion that is less dependent on those classical models in decline. Something of this shift is crystallized in the late-career screed by Edmund Burke on the revolution and its rapid, partly mimicking but decidedly critical response by a young Mary Wollstonecraft, raised in a Dissenting tradition under the banner of anti-rhetoric. The vexed gender relations of the textual and personal encounter are not lost on Wollstonecraft in her first Vindication, a novel intervention in political theory.
Flowers after Rhetoric
Authors: Mieszkowski Jan
Published: May 2024

This essay considers Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s writings on botany as a series of attempts to rethink the relationship between empirical inquiry and self-expression once the traditional codes of verbal praxis are in retreat. Rousseau’s oeuvre offers a unique opportunity for revisiting standard scholarly claims about the multiplicity of rhetorical systems that emerge in the eighteenth century because his texts seek to elucidate the conditions of possibility of different representational modes without taking their own legibility for granted. For Rousseau, the language of botany is ultimately a fluid dynamic, less one kind of discourse among others than a provocation to any hegemonic linguistic paradigm. With the waning authority of classical rhetoric, persuasion thus becomes as much a factor of challenging existing discursive resources as employing them.
Persuasion against Rhetoric
Authors: Planinc Emma
Published: May 2024

In this chapter, I outline Rousseau’s unique vision of a persuasive language that exists beyond rhetoric. This imagistic language is the first that Rousseau discusses in his Essay on the Origin of Languages, and it is also the language that Rousseau claims the lawgiver must use, in order that he might persuade without convincing. Defying conventional accounts that describe rhetoric as an art conducted in a persuasive mode, Rousseau instead bisects persuasion and rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of convincing, providing argumentation through words and deliberation, and its goal is to change minds. Persuasion, on the other hand, is affective and imagistic, dealing in illusory figurations, and aims to transform the reader’s heart. Persuasion cuts deeper than the dissembling and artificial words of rhetoric—it is its own language. Further, I argue that Rousseau was using this persuasive argument himself, crafting images designed to move readers toward a self-transformation.
Persuasion after the Revolution
Authors: Franzel Sean
Published: May 2024

Heinrich Heine is one of the most perceptive observers of cultures of public speech in the 1830s and 40s. His reports on the politics and culture of the July Monarchy, first published in journals, then in book form, explore how public oratory shapes cultural politics and serves as a site for broader historical reflection. Heine adapts visual and narrative representations of past and present figures as an ambivalent mode of history writing, staging the spatial and temporal convergence of audiences and speakers and dwelling on the importance of bodily presence for different kinds of persuasion. In the process, Heine addresses how media and their varied affordances are more and less well suited to make the temporalities of the French Revolution visible. Heine’s persuasion is thus historiographically self-conscious, for he is concerned with how media persuade differently about the course of ongoing historical events and trends.
A new mechanism of antibody diversity: formation of the natural antibodies containing LAIR1 and LILRB1 extracellular domains
Authors: Chen Yuanzhi , Zeng Zhiren , Chen Ziyou , Yuan Na , Ye Xinya , Zhang Chengcheng , Xia Ningshao , Luo Wenxin
Published: May 2024

The recent discovery of public antibodies targeting Plasmodium falciparum-encoded repetitive interspersed families of polypeptides (RIFINs), which contain extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains from LAIR1 or LILRB1, constitutes a significant step forward in comprehending the reactivity of the Plasmodium parasite. These antibodies arise from unique B cell clones and demonstrate extensive cross-reactivity through their interaction with P. falciparum RIFINs. LAIR1 and LILRBs are specialized type I transmembrane glycoproteins, classified as immune inhibitory receptors, restricted to primates and mainly found on hematopoietic cells. They are instrumental in modulating interactions within the tumor microenvironment and across the immune system, and are increasingly recognized as important in anti-cancer immunotherapy and pathogen defense. The presence of LAIR1/LILRB1-containing antibodies offers new insights into malaria parasite evasion strategies and the immune system’s response. Additionally, the innovative method of integrating extra exons into the antibody switch region is a noteworthy advancement, enriching the strategies for the generation of a varied array of bispecific and multispecific antibodies.
Internalization
Authors: Narula Rajneesh , Lee Jong Min
Published: May 2024

Internalization theory stands as a foundational framework within the realm of international business (IB). Its primary aim is to elucidate the reasons and methods behind a firm’s expansion across national boundaries. Pioneered and developed by eminent scholars, including John Dunning, Peter Buckley, Mark Casson, Jean-François Hennart, and Alan Rugman, internalization theory scrutinizes the underlying motives that drive firms to conduct transactions internally rather than resorting to external markets. Its central objective is to forecast why firms opt for internal transactions when venturing into the international arena, thereby influencing multiple facets of decision-making within organizations. Consequently, it offers invaluable insights into the structure and operation of multinational enterprises (MNEs). At its core, internalization theory delves into the dynamic interplay between the advantages and costs linked to the internalization of transactions. This analysis is pivotal in comprehending how firms tactically oversee their operations, especially within the context of the global economy. Crucially, the theory encompasses various substreams, as introduced by scholars such as Buckley and Casson, Hennart, and Rugman. Each of these substreams delves into specific aspects of internalization, collectively enriching the broader understanding of IB. Since the turn of the century, the discourse surrounding internalization theory has extended its scope to encompass concepts like the recombination of firm-specific advantages, the role of dynamic capabilities, and the impact of entrepreneurial actions in the operations of MNEs. A burgeoning concept within this theory is “quasi-internalization,” which signifies a hybrid governance approach. It amalgamates elements of both market and hierarchy, frequently relying on relational and reputation-based controls to facilitate international transactions. Thus, internalization theory remains highly pertinent in explaining the boundaries of MNEs across diverse eras and contexts, spanning from emerging economies to digital economies. It also serves as a valuable guide for other disciplines, such as strategy and management. When investigating new transaction types, firms, or governance methods, a prudent initial step involves assessing whether internalization theory can effectively elucidate them.
The Medieval Cell Doctrine
Authors: Lanska Douglas J.
Published: May 2024

The medieval cell doctrine was a series of speculative psychological models derived from ancient Greco-Roman ideas in which cognitive faculties were assigned to “cells,” typically but not exclusively corresponding to the cerebral ventricles. During Late Antiquity and continuing during the Early Middle Ages, Christian philosophers reinterpreted Aristotle’s De Anima, along with later modifications by Herophilos and Galen, in a manner consistent with Christian doctrine. The resulting medieval cell doctrine was formulated by the fathers of the early Christian Church in the 4th and 5th centuries. Illustrations of the medieval cell doctrine were included in manuscripts since at least the 11th century. Printed images of the doctrine appeared in medical, philosophical, and religious works beginning with “graphic incunabula” at the end of the 15th century. Some of these early psychological models assigned various cognitive faculties to different nonoverlapping “cells” within the brain, while others specifically promoted or implied a linear sequence of events. By the 16th century, printed images of the doctrine were usually linear three-cell versions, with few exceptions having four or five cells. These psychological models were based on philosophical speculations rather than clinicopathologic evidence or experimentation. Despite increasingly realistic representations of the cerebral ventricles from the end of the 15th century until the middle of the 16th century, and direct challenges by Massa and Vesalius in the early 16th century and Willis in the 17th century, the doctrine saw its most elaborate formulations in the late 16th and early 17th centuries with illustrations by the Paracelsian physicians Bacci and Fludd. In addition, Descartes reinvigorated the ventricular localization of cerebral faculties in the 17th century beginning with his La Dioptrique (1637) and later with the Latin and French editions of his posthumously published Treatise of Man (1662-1667). Overthrow of the doctrine had to await the development of alternative models of brain function in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Infrastructure, Circulation, and Ecology in the Maldives
Authors: Heslop Luke , Hawwa Lubna
Published: May 2024

In the Maldives, interconnected human and ecological systems of circulation both sustain and corrode social, cultural, and environmental life. Therefore, a focus on infrastructure in the Maldives requires conceptualizing infrastructure as an assemblage of more-than-human networks and interactions.

As well as being a known category of public good, infrastructure in the Maldives is also experienced as an accumulation of networks and meeting points between the ecological and subaquatic world, and the world dreamed of, designed by, and built by people. Infrastructure encompasses the relationship between the islands in the Maldives, island inhabitants, the sea, networks of people, and the movement of people through the islands over time. In taking such an approach, attention must be paid to the significance of the ocean and its reefs as unruly infrastructures that shape the permissibility of life on the archipelago.
Copyright, Publishing, and Knowledge Economy in Modern China
Authors: Wang Fei-Hsien
Published: May 2024

As a major form of intellectual property, copyright is a person’s right over their original literary and artistic works. Based on the idea or principle that the creators own what they created as property, copyright laws grant the author an exclusive right to use their creations. How was this doctrine, which emerged from the complex dynamics of commerce, lawmaking, and knowledge production in Western Europe, introduced and developed in China, a society with its own long and sophisticated book culture and legal tradition? Books and written texts occupied a centrality in imperial Chinese culture. As printed books became more commercialized in the late Ming dynasty, a printing block–centered literary ownership emerged and was practiced by cultural entrepreneurs. Since the mid-19th century, Western knowledge, technologies, and Westernization political reforms shook this late-imperial book production tradition and Confucian classic–centered epistemological order. Modern (and Western) copyright was introduced and popularized in the late Qing dynasty as a progressive alien doctrine to modernize China and as a new tool against piracy. Two Japanese kanji phrases—banquan/hanken版權 (right to the printing blocks) and zhuzuoquan/chosakuken著作權 (author’s right)—were borrowed as the Chinese translation of the term “copyright,” with the former more widely used than the latter. Multiple systems and understandings of banquan/copyright developed in the first half of the 20th century. Despite the modern and universal rhetoric used in these systems, they were influenced by late-imperial norms and customs in practices. Their effectiveness was also limited by the political uncertainties at the time and the capacities of institutions that executed them. When the publishing sector was reconfigured after 1949, these systems and the concept of copyright faded out in Maoist China. After the economic reform in the 1980s, China reintegrated into the international copyright system, but piracy also returned as an acute issue for its knowledge economy. This article only discusses copyright and piracy in China’s publishing world, not in film, other audiovisual recordings, and digital products; the copyright development and struggles of these modern mechanical forms of cultural (re)productions deserve a separate discussion.
The Kanem and Borno Sultanates (11th–19th Centuries)
Authors: Dewière Rémi
Published: May 2024

The Kanem and Borno sultanates durably marked the history of central Sahel. From the 11th century to the end of the 19th century, the Islamic dynasties of the Sayfāwa, the Bulālah, and the Kanemi ruled over the shores of Lake Chad and actively participated in trans-Saharan and trans-Sahelian trade. There were also the site of a rich architectural and written Islamic culture. From the 11th to the 14th centuries, the Sayfāwa dynasty ruled over Kanem. They were the first rulers of this area to adopt Sunni Maliki Islam. In the 14th century, they migrated to Borno where they restored their authority, while the Bulālah dynasty replaced them in Kanem. From the 14th to the 18th centuries, the sultans of Borno developed intense diplomatic and commercial relations with the Mediterranean world, from Morocco to Mecca. In the 19th century, the Kanemi dynasty replaced the Sayfāwa in Borno after the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate in the west. The Kanemi ruled for a century, until 1897, at the eve of European colonization of the region.
Liberation Movement Camps in Southern Africa
Authors: Williams Christian A.
Published: May 2024

From 1960 to 1990, tens of thousands of people fled Southern Africa’s white minority regimes for exile in neighboring, decolonized countries. Although some of these exiles were scattered across the globe, the vast majority remained in Southern Africa, residing in camps administered by liberation movements representing their countries of origin until their eventual repatriation. It follows that liberation movement camps differed from what in the early 21st century is commonly thought of as “refugee camps”—camps administered by a host nation and/or transnational humanitarian agency on behalf of a community of people whom the United Nations and the international community recognize as “refugees.” At the same time, they were not strictly “military camps,” for even camps designed to train and deploy guerrilla soldiers in wars of national liberation often accommodated children, women, older adults, and others with no military training seeking refuge with a liberation movement. Rather, liberation movement camps were hybrid spaces that defy labels commonly used to categorize camps globally in the early 21st century. And they have cast a long shadow, shaping nationalisms and international relations that span Southern Africa and mark a unique, regional history.
The Minibus-Taxi Industry in South Africa
Authors: Gibbs Timothy , Mokwena Ofentse
Published: May 2024

South Africa’s barely regulated, murderously competitive, contemporary minibus-taxi industry dates to the turn of the 1980s. It is synonymous with the sixteen-seat (latterly twenty-two- and thirty-two-seat) minibuses, which forced their way onto bus routes and soon displaced government-subsidized public transport services. Nonetheless, the minibus-taxi industry traces its roots to the Black-owned informal transportation sector that first developed on the fringes of South Africa’s segregated cities in the early decades of the 20th century. Heroic stories of these pioneering guerrilla entrepreneurs—who successfully ran unlicensed “pirate” transport operations, while dodging the heavy hand of state regulation and White racism—remain potent memories in parts of South Africa. Academics might pay more attention to the tangled relationship between patterns of urban change, racial segregation, political economy, and public-transport provision. In one sense, South Africa’s minibus-taxi sector shares striking parallels to Kenya’s matatus and Tanzania’s daladalas. At the same time, the distinctive history of South Africa’s minibus-taxi sector is perhaps best understood when placed into the longue durée of urban segregation and transport apartheid, which shares many similarities with the more tightly planned, racially segregated cities of the Americas.
Archaeology of Bénin
Authors: Merkyte Inga
Published: May 2024

The archaeology of Bénin, despite being a young discipline, presents a history of research and historical circumstances that have shaped the country. Reviewing the highly varied climatic and natural conditions casts light on human adaptation and management of the resources in the past, current preservation conditions, and potential pitfalls for archaeological practice in the country. Yet unresolved issues, such as research anomalies rather than objectively conditioned historical realities, remain. Using information from three “weather stations”—the most substantial archaeological research projects carried out by the international teams in northern, northwestern, and southern Bénin—an attempt of a short yet comprehensive reconstruction of Bénin’s past can be delivered.
Archaeology of Madagascar
Authors: Hixon Sean
Published: May 2024

Off the east coast of Africa lies the “Great Red Island” of Madagascar, with a history that has left the island rich in superlatives: It is Earth’s oldest island and among the hottest of the biodiversity hotspots. Definitive European accounts of the island extend over five hundred years into the past, but our knowledge of the island’s human history extends further via the archaeological record. Basic questions on the earliest human settlement of the island remain unresolved. However, archaeological traces of how people subsisted on endemic taxa in the island’s diverse environments are relatively clear, and traces of introduced plants and animals reflect connections across the Indian Ocean. How past people thrived on the island is closely tied with century-old environmental history narratives regarding extinction and deforestation, which remain relevant during ongoing attempts to conserve the island’s biological and cultural diversity. Durable elements of the archaeological record also reflect past resource extraction, connections with far-reaching trade networks, and the rise of an empire that ruled much of the island by the late 19th century. Though the Portuguese captain Diogo Dias visited Madagascar in 1500, the island’s recent history stands out due to its limited period of colonial control (French: 1895–1960). The fantastical stories of Madagascar’s man-eating trees and elephant-hunting birds no longer capture the Western imagination, yet the island’s diverse cultural heritage and human-environment interactions draw the attention of researchers and the curious public both within Madagascar and abroad.
Diaspora Tourism
Authors: Holsey Bayo
Published: May 2024

Since the 1990s, diaspora tourism has become a significant cultural and economic enterprise within several West African nations. The conservation of important sites related to the history of the slave trade, particularly Cape Coast Castle and Elmina Castle in Ghana and the Slave House on Gorée Island and Senegal, along with the development of the Slaves’ Route in Benin, has led to burgeoning numbers of diaspora tourists in these nations. Although this particular form of travel took off in the 1990s as a result of a growing African American middle class and the simultaneous rise in their level of interest in the history of the slave trade, temporary diasporic travel to West Africa has a much longer history. From the very moment of independence, the development of diaspora tourism industries has been a goal of several African nations. Pan-African festivals held throughout the 1960s and 1970s sought to capture this tourism market and to celebrate historical and cultural connections as well as to encourage economic investment. More recent state-sponsored events such as Emancipation Day and PANAFEST in Ghana have similar goals.

For the tourists themselves, diaspora tourism often represents much more than leisure travel. Oftentimes framed as a “homecoming” or a “pilgrimage,” the trips can have deeply personal and even spiritual significance. They occur in the context of anti-Black racism in the home nations of tourists who therefore may seek a sense of belonging within Africa. Many want to learn more about the history of slave trade in order to understand the struggles of their ancestors. Diaspora tourism thus is both an economic enterprise, firmly situated within neoliberal logics, and a potentially oppositional act for Black subjects in the context of global White supremacy. It has also influenced the ways in which continental Africans view the history of the slave trade and their relationship to the African diaspora.
The Global Political Economy of the Informal Mining Industry: A Critical Analysis of Latin American Perspectives
Authors: Carranco-Paredes Santiago
Published: May 2024

The traditional paradigms within International Political Economy (IPE) and International Relations (IR) have historically focused primarily on formal sectors of political and economic activities, often overlooking analyses of informal or covert realms. This approach has limited the comprehension of global power dynamics, neglecting crucial insights into phenomena occurring within the informal sector. The oversight of informal actors, considered irrelevant by conventional perspectives, hampers a holistic understanding of global relations. This research adopts a critical stance, drawing on the insights of Robert Cox and postcolonial contributions, to challenge the traditional paradigms of IPE and IR. It advocates for a more inclusive and comprehensive approach that recognizes the agency of non-state actors in transnational processes. Through a focused examination of the small and medium-scale gold-mining sector, this study seeks to transcend the state-centric approach, providing a broader understanding of global relations. The analysis delves into the intricate dynamics of this sector, shedding light on the significant role played by non-state actors in shaping transnational processes. By doing so, the research contributes to the development of a more inclusive and nuanced global political economy. It emphasizes the need to incorporate diverse perspectives and account for local realities, thereby enriching the academic discourse on global relations. In essence, this research challenges the established narratives, advocating for a paradigm shift that acknowledges the multifaceted and influential role of non-state actors in the global arena. The study’s findings offer valuable insights into the complexities of global relations, highlighting the interconnectedness of formal and informal sectors. This approach not only deepens the understanding of the small and medium-scale gold-mining sector but also fosters a more comprehensive and inclusive framework for analyzing global political and economic phenomena.
Civil War Spillover
Authors: Pack Tyler
Published: May 2024

Civil wars are destabilizing and destructive not only for states experiencing conflict, but also for states and other actors nearby and around the world. Civil war spillover includes tangible flows of people and resources, including refugees, government and rebel soldiers crossing borders, and arms and military material. Intangible spillover includes economic effects, learning and emulation mechanisms to outside populations, and changes in incentive and priorities as a result of spillover effects. Different civil war dynamics, including guerilla warfare, irregular warfare, and conventional warfare, lead to variations in spillover type and severity, and externalities also persist in the post-conflict period. Tangible and intangible sources of spillover do not operate in isolation, and the interaction of spillover types can affect states and other actors in different ways, though domestic conditions within a recipient state can either exacerbate or mitigate the effects. Scholars have moved from treating neighbors and regional actors as passive recipients of spillover, and research considers both external and internal policy decisions made in response to civil war externalities. States and other actors suffering the consequences of civil war violence occurring outside their borders or region attempt to influence or mitigate the effects through direct and indirect means of intervention, as well as domestic measures meant to ensure stability and security against current and possible future threats. In both cases the ability of actors to insulate themselves from civil war spillover is contingent on factors related to the spillover as well as domestic factors that constrain or enable certain policy responses.
Apache Peoples before 1850
Authors: Babcock Matthew
Published: May 2024

Apache history before 1850 is poorly understood because of the long-standing mistaken assumption that Apaches were inherently violent raiders and warriors from time immemorial. Although Athapaskans fought surrounding Indigenous groups for control of the southern plains prior to European contact, their initial contacts with Puebloans and Spaniards were peaceful. Apaches began obtaining Spanish horses in the early 1600s, and, angered by Spanish enslavement of their people, began conducting equestrian raids on their enemies by at least the 1670s. Fighting for their freedom and the return of their kinsmen, Apaches played an active role in both the Pueblo and Great Southwestern Revolts, while expanding their territory southward, eastward, and westward. By 1686, eastern Apaches controlled the southern and central plains, and in the 1690s, Spaniards identified western groups in the Chiricahua and Pinaleño Mountains and along the Gila and Verde Rivers. Embroiled in war with Comanches, Utes, and Caddoan Norteños during the 18th century, Jicarilla and Lipan Apaches sought Spanish military aid and protection while utilizing the Catholic missions Spaniards established for them as supply posts. In the late 1760s, the Spanish military took an expanded role in trying to control Apaches and intensified their offensives against them during the 1770s and 1780s. After 1786, the Spanish military combined peace and war, attempting either to pacify Apaches by turning them into sedentary farmers, destroy them with the help of Indigenous allies, or extradite them to interior Mexico and Cuba. Thwarting these efforts, Apaches de paz (peaceful Apaches) largely shaped the system of Spanish-run reservations that extended from Laredo to Tucson by relying on well-established strategies of movement, trading, and small-scale raiding. The system declined unevenly, with Apache raiding escalating more quickly east of the Rio Grande than west of it. Because of political and economic instability in interior Mexico, competition from US traders, and a regional smallpox epidemic most Apaches left their reservations by 1832. Mexican–Apache relations subsequently deteriorated as northern Mexican states hired contract killers, implemented scalp bounties, and presidios and towns disintegrated into arenas of treacherous violence. Apaches, however, still managed to occupy and control the vast majority of their homeland.