bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amyloid beta1-42 peptide regulates microtubule stability independently of tau
Authors: Pianu B. , Lefort R. , Thuiliere L. , Tabourier E. , Bartolini F.
Published: January 2014

Interference with microtubule stability by beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) has been shown to disrupt dendritic function and axonal trafficking, both early events in Alzheimer's disease. However, it is unclear whether Aβ regulation of microtubule dynamics can occur independently of its action on tau. RhoA has been implicated in neurotoxicity by Aβ but the mechanism by which this activation generates cytoskeletal changes is also unclear. We found that oligomeric Aβ1-42 induced the formation of stable detyrosinated microtubules in NIH3T3 cells and this function resulted from the activation of a RhoA-dependent microtubule stabilization pathway regulated by integrin signaling and the formin mDia1. Induction of microtubule stability by Aβ was also initiated by APP-dimerization and required caspase activity, two previously characterized regulators of neurotoxicity downstream of Aβ. Finally, we found that this function was conserved in primary neurons and abolished by Rho inactivation, reinforcing a link between induction of stable detyrosinated microtubules and neuropathogenesis by Aβ. Our study reveals a novel activity of Aβ on the microtubule cytoskeleton that is independent of tau and associated with pathways linked to microtubule stabilization and Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity.
Activation Energy of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction in a Gel with [Fe(bpy)3] Catalyst
Authors: Hara Yusuke , Mayama Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Yoshinori , Fujimoto Kenji
Published: January 2014

We synthesized a novel poly(ACMO-co-[Fe(bpy)3]) gel covalently bonded to an Fe-catalyst moiety for the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. The novel gel was composed of acryloyl morpholine (ACMO) and bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(4-vinyl-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine)iron bis(hexafluorophosphate) ([Fe(bpy)3]·2PF6). The period of the BZ reaction in the poly(ACMO-co-[Fe(bpy)3]) gel decreased with increasing temperature. The activation energy of the self-oscillation of the gel was found to be 78 kJ mol−1, which is higher than that of the self-oscillating polymer system with [Ru(bpy)3] (about 60 kJ mol−1).
Η επίδραση της οκτρεοτίδης στη μετεγχειρητική επούλωση των εντερικών αναστομώσεων λεπτού και παχέος εντέρου
Authors: Φίλης Κωνσταντίνος
Published: January 2014

ΣΚΟΠΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΠΟΥΛΩΣΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΕΝΤΕΡΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΑΣΤΟΜΟΣΩΕΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΛΕΠΤΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΧΕΟΣ ΕΝΤΕΡΟΥ ΜΕΤΑ ΑΠΟ ΧΟΡΗΓΗΣΗ ΟΚΤΡΕΟΤΙΔΗΣ.ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΥΤΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΑΝ 50 ΑΡΟΥΡΑΙΟΙ,ΗΛΙΚΙΑΣ 3 ΜΗΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΒΑΡΟΥΣ 300 gr.ΤΑ ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑΤΟΖΩΑ ΥΠΕΡΒΛΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΕ ΤΜΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΝΤΕΡΟΚΤΟΜΗ ΤΟΥ ΛΕΠΤΟΥ ΕΝΤΕΡΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΧΕΟΣ ΕΝΤΕΡΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΛΙΚΟ-ΤΕΛΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΑΣΤΟΜΩΣΕΙΣ. ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΟΜΑΔΑ (Ο) ΧΟΡΗΓΗΘΗΚΕ ΟΚΤΡΕΟΤΙΔΗ ΥΠΟΔΟΡΙΩΣ (2 MG SANDROSTAIN ΣΕ 1ML N/S,ΚΑΘΕ 12 ΩΡΕΣ).ΣΤΗ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΗ ΟΜΑΔΑ (Μ) ΧΟΡΗΓΗΘΗΚΕ ΦΥΣΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΣ ΟΡΟΣ ΥΠΟΔΟΡΙΩΣ (1ML N/S,ΚΑΘΕ 12 ΩΡΕΣ).ΔΥΟ ΖΩΑ ΑΠΕΒΙΩΣΑΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΙΣΘΗΣΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΕΓΧΕΙΡΗΣΗ.ΤΑ ΕΝΑΠΟΜΕΙΝΟΝΤΑ 48 ΖΩΑ ΔΙΑΙΡΕΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΕ ΤΡΕΙΣ ΟΜΑΔΕΣ.Η ΠΡΩΤΗ ΟΜΑΔΑ (Α) ΥΠΕΒΛΗΘΗ ΣΕ ΝΕΑ ΛΑΠΑΡΟΤΟΜΙΑ ΤΗΝ 4Η,Η ΔΕΥΤΕΡΗ ΟΜΑΔΑ (Β) ΤΗΝ 8Η ΚΑΙ Η ΤΡΙΤΗ (Γ) ΤΗ 15Η ΗΜΕΡΑ ΤΗΣ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ. ΟΙ ΜΑΚΡΟΣΚΟΠΙΚΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ ΠΟΥ ΚΑΤΕΓΡΑΦΗΣΑΝ ΑΦΟΡΟΥΣΑΝ ΑΠΟΦΡΑΞΕΙΣ,ΔΙΑΦΥΓΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΜΦΥΣΕΙΣ.ΤΑ ΤΜΗΜΑΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΕΝΤΕΡΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΕΛΑΜΒΑΝΑΝ ΤΙΣ ΑΝΑΣΤΟΜΩΣΕΙΣ ΑΦΑΙΡΕΘΗΚΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΠΟΘΕΤΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΕ ΠΑΡΑΦΙΝΗ.ΤΟΜΕΣ ΠΑΧΟΥΣ 5 MM XΡΩΜΑΤΙΣΘΗΚΑΝ ΜΕ ΗΩΣΙΝΗ-ΑΙΜΑΤΟΞΥΛΙΝΗ ΚΑΙ ΜΕ ΤΗ VAN GIESON ΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ.ΑΝΟΣΟΙΣΤΟΧΗΜΙΚΗ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΕ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΤΕΝΑΣΚΙΝΗΣ.ΣΤΗΝ ΟΜΑΔΑ Α (4Η ΜΤΧ ΗΜΕΡΑ),Η ΟΚΤΡΕΟΤΙΔΗ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΙΑΣΕ ΘΕΤΙΚΗ ΔΡΑΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΠΟΥΛΩΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΑΣΤΟΜΩΣΕΩΝ,ΣΕ ΣΧΕΣΗ ΜΕ ΤΟ ΕΙΚΟΝΙΚΟ ΦΑΡΜΑΚΟ,ΧΩΡΙΣ ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΟ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑ.ΣΤΗΝ ΟΜΑΔΑ Β (8Η ΜΤΧ ΗΜΕΡΑ),ΣΤΙΣ ΜΑΚΡΟΣΚΟΠΙΚΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΑ ΒΡΕΘΗΚΕ ΟΣΟΝ ΑΦΟΡΑ ΤΙΣ ΑΝΑΣΤΟΜΩΤΙΚΕΣ ΕΠΙΠΛΟΚΕΣ ΤΟΥ ΛΕΠΤΟΥ ΕΝΤΕΡΟΥ.ΣΤΙΣ ΜΙΚΡΟΣΚΟΠΙΚΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ ΑΝΤΙΣΤΟΙΧΑ,Η ΟΚΡΕΟΤΙΔΗ ΠΡΟΚΑΛΕΣΕ ΑΥΞΗΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΓΕΝΝΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΕΠΙΘΗΛΙΟΥ,ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΚΟΛΛΑΓΟΝΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΤΕΝΑΣΚΙΝΗΣ.
Κλινικές δοκιμασίες συνδεσμικών ασταθειών του γόνατος
Authors: Νικολάου Παντελής-Βασίλειος
Published: January 2014

ΣΤΗΝ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΑΥΤΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗΚΑΝ 80 ΑΝΑΤΟΜΙΚΑ ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΑΣΜΑΤΑ ΓΟΝΑΤΩΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΕΓΙΝΕ ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΟΜΗ ΤΩΝ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΛΕΓΧΘΗΚΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΤΟΣΟ ΟΙ ΑΣΤΑΘΕΙΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΤΑΙ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΤΟΜΗ ΑΥΤΗ, ΟΣΟ ΚΑΙ Η ΑΞΙΟΠΙΣΤΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΩΝ ΚΛΙΝΙΚΩΝ ΔΙΑΓΝΩΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΔΟΚΙΜΑΣΙΩΝ. ΕΠΙΣΗΣ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗΚΕ Η ΑΝΑΤΟΜΙΑ ΚΑΙ Η ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΚΑΘΕ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΙΚΟΥ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΓΟΝΑΤΟΣ. ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΩΝ ΑΣΤΑΘΕΙΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΕΣΩ ΚΑΙ ΕΞΩ ΔΙΑΜΕΡΙΣΜΑΤΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΓΟΝΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΘΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΧΙΑΣΤΩΝ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΩΝ ΔΙΑΠΙΣΤΩΣΑΜΕ ΟΤΙ: - ΟΙ ΧΙΑΣΤΟΙ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΙ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΑ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΩΤΕΡΑ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΑΡΘΡΩΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΓΟΝΑΤΟΣ. ΑΥΤΟΙ ΔΙΝΟΥΝ ΤΗΝ ΒΑΣΙΚΗ ΣΤΑΘΕΡΟΤΗΤΑ ΕΝΩ ΟΙ ΑΛΛΟΙ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΙ ΣΥΜΠΛΗΡΩΝΟΥΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΞΑΝΟΥΝ ΤΗΝ ΣΤΗΡΙΚΤΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΣΦΟΡΑ ΤΟΥΣ. - Ο ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΩΝΑΣΤΑΘΕΙΩΝ ΣΕ ΣΤΡΟΦΙΚΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΡΑΜΜΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΑΛΟΓΑ ΜΕ ΤΑ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΠΟΥ ΣΥΜΜΕΤΕΧΟΥΝ ΣΤΗ ΒΛΑΒΗ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΠΑΡΑΔΕΚΤΟΣ. - Ο ΙΓΝΥΑΚΟΣ ΤΕΝΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΩ ΠΛΕΥΡΑΤΟΥ ΓΟΝΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΚΑΤΑΦΥΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΗΜΙΥΜΕΝΩΔΟΥΣ ΜΥΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΕΣΩ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΟΥΝ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΑ ΣΤΑΘΕΡΟΠΟΙΗΤΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ. - ΤΟ ΠΡΟΣΘΙΟ ΣΥΡΤΑΡΟΕΙΔΕΣ ΣΗΜΕΙΟ ΔΕΝ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΚΑΘΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΚΕΡΑΙΟΤΗΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣΘΙΟΥ ΧΙΑΣΤΟΥ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΥ. - ΤΑ ΟΠΙΣΘΙΑ ΘΥΛΑΚΟΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΕΠΗΡΕΑΖΟΥΝ ΤΟ ΟΠΙΣΘΙΟ ΣΥΡΤΑΡΟΕΙΔΕΣ ΣΗΜΕΙΟ. - Η ΔΟΚΙΜΑΣΙΑ ΠΡΟΣΑΓΩΓΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΑΓΩΓΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΓΟΝΑΤΟΣ ΣΕ ΕΚΤΑΣΗ - ΑΝΤΙΘΕΤΑ ΜΕ ΟΤΙ ΕΠΙΣΤΕΥΕΤΟ ΜΕΧΡΙ ΤΩΡΑ - ΕΠΗΡΕΑΖΕΤΑΙ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΚΕΡΑΙΟΤΗΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΔΥΟ ΧΙΑΣΤΩΝ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΩΝ. ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΟΥΥΜΕ ΜΙΑ ΝΕΑ ΔΙΑΓΝΩΣΤΙΚΗ ΔΟΚΙΜΑΣΙΑ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΓΝΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΡΗΞΕΩΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣΘΙΟΥ ΧΙΑΣΤΟΥ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΥ, ΣΕ ΜΙΑ ΠΡΟΣΘΙΑ - ΕΣΩ ΑΣΤΑΘΕΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΓΟΝΑΤΟΣ.
On Pandanus leram and the other botanical binomials of Sir William Jones
Authors: Noltie Henry J.
Published: January 2014

Six binomials coined by Sir William Jones are discussed, and confirmed as attributable to his authorship; their current status is given—still recognised are Pandanus leram and Valeriana jatamansi (though application of the latter remains unclear); Andropogon jwarancusa is still recognised in the genus Cymbopogon; Kaempferia bhuchampac and Nerium septaparna are illegitimate renamings for K. rotunda and Echites scholaris respectively; Aquilicia samudraca is an earlier name for Leea macrophylla.
The effect of preservation methods on plant morphology
Authors: Parnell John , Rich Tim , McVeigh Andrew , Lim Astrid , Quigley Sean , Morris David , Wong Zeno
Published: January 2014

Application of conventional (plant pressing followed by air drying) and Schweinfurth drying techniques to different plant taxa is shown to result in both significant contraction and, occasionally, significant expansion of plant organs. The results are taxon dependent. The Schweinfurth drying process usually results in greater shrinkage than conventional drying. Herbarium specimens are shown to exhibit significant differences in the dimensions of plant organs as compared to fresh material. Organ accessibility and availability can also have an impact on the dimensions recorded and, as with the drying process, an impact on the correct recognition of taxa. The lack of discussion of these important differences, their impact on other taxonomic processes and suggestions for further investigation, for example the use of spirit preserved material and rehydration of herbarium material, are highlighted.
Lumping or splitting? The case of Racomitrium (Bryophytina: Grimmiaceae)
Authors: Larraín Juan , Quandt Dietmar , Stech Michael , Muñoz Jesús
Published: January 2014

The genus Racomitrium (Grimmiaceae: Racomitrioideae) was recently segregated into four genera—Racomitrium, Niphotrichum, Codriophorus, and Bucklandiella—following an infrageneric division originally proposed more than 100 years ago based on morphological traits such as the presence and shape of laminal cell papillae and hyaline leaf hairpoints, and differences in peristome teeth morphology and costa structure. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of Racomitrium s.l. based on nuclear ITS and plastid rps4–trnL and trnK/matK–psbA sequences, to test the monophyly of these four morphological entities. Our results solely support the monophyly of Racomitrium s.str., which includes only R. geronticum, R. lanuginosum, and R. pruinosum, while the members of the other segregate genera are distributed in different clades, rendering them polyphyletic (Bucklandiella, Codriophorus) or paraphyletic (Niphotrichum). Ancestral state reconstruction shows high levels of homoplasy in the characters usually used for the infrageneric division of Racomitrium s.l. (i.e., leaf papillae shape, perichaetial leaves morphology). Based on this evidence, we propose a return to a broader concept of Racomitrium, and adopt a revised sectional classification. Therefore, we propose new combinations for some recently described species of Bucklandiella and Codriophorus.
The correct names for species ofAloesect.Chortolirion(Asphodelaceae:Alooideae)
Authors: Klopper Ronell R. , Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela , Grace Olwen M. , van Wyk Abraham E.
Published: January 2014

The correct names and synonymy for species of Aloe sect. Chortolirion (A. Berger) Boatwr. & J.C. Manning (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) are provided. This treatment recognises four species in this section, namely A. welwitschii, A. barendii, A. jeppeae and A. subspicata. Aloe subspicata and A. welwitschii are treated as conspecific by some authors.
Molecular phylogeny of Menonvillea and recognition of the new genus Aimara (Brassicaceae: Cremolobeae)
Authors: Salariato Diego L. , Zuloaga Fernando Omar , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A.
Published: January 2014

Monophyly and phylogeny of Menonvillea were studied using molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast (trnL–F) DNA sequences. The phylogenies obtained were contrasted with the morphology of the genus. Menonvillea, excluding M. rollinsii, is monophyletic, and this species is sister to Cremolobus. Molecular and morphological data support the segregation of M. rollinsii into the new genus Aimara. Within the Menonvillea clade, three strongly supported and morphologically well–defined lineages were obtained. The geographical distribution of Aimara and the Menonvillea lineages are discussed.
Identity and lectotypification of Amomum compactum and Amomum kepulaga (Zingiberaceae)
Authors: Droop Jane , Kaewsri Wittaya , Lamxay Vichith , Poulsen Axel D. , Newman Mark
Published: January 2014

Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton (Java cardamom) is widely cultivated across Southeast Asia as a spice and medicine. Confusion has surrounded this species both morphologically and nomenclaturally. The nomenclatural confusion between Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and certain other names in Amomum is discussed, and the identity of A. compactum is clarified with respect to A. verum Blackw. More than one element of original material of A. compactum has been located and a lectotype is chosen. The identity of A. kepulaga Burkill & Sprague is discussed and a lectotype chosen.
Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors (BSAF) for Radionuclides and Sediment Associated Biota of the Ottawa River
Authors: Rowan D. , Silke R. , Carr J.
Published: January 2014

As Ottawa River contamination is historical and resides in sediment, ecological risk and trophic transfer depend on linkages between sediment and biota. One of the ways in which this linkage is quantified is through the use of the biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). In this study, we present the first field estimates of BSAF for a number of radionuclides. The strongest and most consistent BSAFs were those for 137Cs in deposit feeding taxa, suggesting that sediment concentrations rather than dissolved concentrations drive uptake. For crayfish and unionid bivalves that do not feed on sediment, biota radionuclide concentrations were not related to sediment concentrations, but rather reflected concentrations in water. BSAFs would not be appropriate for these non-deposit feeding biota. BSAFs for 137Cs were not significantly different among deposit feeding taxa, suggesting similar processes for ingestion, assimilation and elimination. These data also show that the concentration factor approach used for guidance would have led to spurious results in this study for deposit feeding benthic invertebrates. Concentrations of 137Cs in Hexagenia downstream of the CRL process outfall range by about 2-orders of magnitude, in comparison to relatively uniform water concentrations. The concentration factor approach would have predicted a single value downstream of CRL, underestimating exposure to Hexagenia by almost 2-orders of magnitude at sites close to the CRL process outfall.
Groundwater Monitoring and Plume Discharge Zone Characterization for the NRX Radiostrontium Plume at Chalk River Laboratories
Authors: Olfert J.M. , Audet M. , Killey D.
Published: January 2014

Groundwater is the principal pathway for the migration of most radiological and non-radiological compounds from past and present operating areas at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited’s Chalk River Laboratories (CRL). The CRL Groundwater Monitoring Program (GWMP) was established to measure the groundwater quality around the perimeters of areas affected, or potentially affected, by groundwater plumes. One of these is the NRX Rod Bays plume, a legacy plume that originated from the fuel storage bays of the National Research Experimental (NRX) reactor. This plume contains primarily 90Sr migrating along the groundwater flow system to the Ottawa River. A characterization study of the shoreline region was completed recently to map the plume discharge zone by collecting samples from mini-piezometers and groundwater seeps (springs) during a period of low river level. Analysis of discharging groundwaters determined that the 90Sr concentrations were very similar to those sampled from nearby (upgradient) GWMP monitoring wells. With this favorable correlation, the high density of seep and mini-piezometer sampling along the shoreline allowed refinements to be made in defining the northerly and southerly boundaries of the radiostrontium plume. The seep and mini-piezometer sampling also provided evidence that the monitoring wells sampled routinely within the CRL GWMP are positioned appropriately for providing representative sampling of the plume. Shoreline seep and mini-piezometer sampling can lead to refinements in the conceptual site model for plumes with limited effort and cost. The supplemental characterization work can also potentially identify other targets for routine groundwater monitoring.
Reactive Sandpacks for In-Situ Treatment of Construction Dewatering Effluent
Authors: Priebe Elizabeth , Lee David R.
Published: January 2014

Dealing with contaminated effluent can be problematic when dewatering is required in the course of removing buried tanks, excavating contaminated soils or constructing groundwater remediation systems. An engineering solution put forward in this paper is the emplacement of a sandpack, around the dewatering well(s), that reacts with and sequesters groundwater contaminants of concern. If an appropriate granular reactive material is available, placing that material around the dewatering well screen can achieve a degree of contaminant treatment in-situ that may considerably reduce the costs of storing, securing and treating the water before it is released. In the preferred situation, the contaminants remain underground and the extracted water is suitable for surface release as it is pumped from the ground. We used laboratory columns of granular reactive material (clinoptilolite) and a radiostrontium tracer to evaluate the usefulness of this approach in a hypothetical situation where the water table needed to be lowered 2 m in order to install a permeable reactive barrier. Results were consistent with the concept of reducing the environmental liabilities of construction dewatering in areas of groundwater contamination.
Effects of Measurement Frequency on Analytical Quality Required for Glucose Measurements in Intensive Care Units: Assessments by Simulation Models
Authors: Boyd James C , Bruns David E
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Total error allowances have been proposed for glucose meters used in tight-glucose-control (TGC) protocols. It is unclear whether these proposed quality specifications are appropriate for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

METHODS

We performed Monte Carlo simulations of patients on TGC protocols. To simulate use of glucose meters, measurements were made hourly. To simulate CGM, glucose measurements were made every 5 min. Glucose was measured with defined bias (varied from −20% to 20%) and imprecision (0% to 20% CV). The measured glucose concentrations were used to alter insulin infusion rates according to established treatment protocols. Changes in true glucose were calculated hourly on the basis of the insulin infusion rate, the modeled patient's insulin sensitivity, and a model of glucose homeostasis. We modeled 18 000 patients, equally divided between the hourly and every-5-min measurement schemas and distributed among 45 combinations of bias and imprecision and 2 treatment protocols.

RESULTS

With both treatment protocols and both measurement frequencies, higher measurement imprecision increased the rates of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and increased glycemic variability (SD). These adverse effects of measurement imprecision were lower at the higher measurement frequency. The rate of hypoglycemia at an imprecision (CV) of 5% with hourly measurements was similar to the rate of hypoglycemia at 10% CV when measurements were made every 5 min. With measurements every 5 min, imprecision up to 10% had minimal effects on hyperglycemia or glycemic variability. Effects of simulated analytical bias on glycemia were unaffected by measurement frequency.

CONCLUSIONS

Quality specifications for imprecision of glucose meters are not transferable to CGM.
Questions on performances in place of war
Authors: Thompson James
Published: January 2014

In this article James Thompson discusses In Place of War, a research and practice-based initiative at the University of Manchester that has sought to document and examine theatre and performance projects in sites of contemporary armed conflict. He outlines the genesis of the project from practice-based training programmes in Sri Lanka in 2000, and examines the questions that it sought to answer in the main period of research between 2004 and 2007. The article includes descriptions of theatre projects and performances with which In Place of War has engaged – including DR Congo, Sri Lanka and Sudan. It explores how the differences between these projects raise questions about the relationship between the arts and conflict, memorialization and resistance. The article then provides an overview of the challenges presented by these different practices, and sketches some of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that either have been useful in thinking through the projects, or have been tested by the questions that have arisen during the research process.
Theatre in the container: Border-crossing pedagogy among women living with HIV and AIDS
Authors: Mtukwa Tendai
Published: January 2014

This article falls under the broader field of applied theatre used as a tool for activism, education and therapy. The article examines the extent to which an applied theatre project I facilitated in Johannesburg enabled participants to cross the border between objectification and subjectivity. The project focused on how Giroux’s (1992) border crossing pedagogy as performance exploration can be used for empowering women living with HIV and AIDS in an informal settlement. The idea was to enable participants to find their voices and speak back to oppression and the reality of living positively. Findings indicate that drama offers people a platform to observe themselves and others. This platform can be a place for resistance, empowerment and liberation, and impacts on people’s perception of themselves as they face daily challenges, including living with HIV and AIDS.
Dramatic engagement reconsidered
Authors: Dunn Julie
Published: January 2014

This article draws upon a reflective memo developed as a result of research conducted in a primary classroom more than ten years ago to revisit and reconsider the notion of dramatic engagement. By reflecting on the ideas created in the original memo, and the data that underpinned it, a revised view of this concept is revealed, focusing on its meaning-making dimension as opposed to the observable, external qualities often associated with engagement. In addition, the importance of participants maintaining awareness of the actual world as they work collaboratively to co-construct the dramatic one is highlighted.
Book Reviews
Authors: Balfour Michael , Belliveau George
Published: January 2014

Refugees, Theatre and Crisis: Performing Global Identities, Alison Jeffers (2012) London: Palgrave Macmillan, 216 pp., ISBN 978 0 230 24747 5, £53.00.

Distancing at Close Range: Investigating the Significance of Distancing in Drama Education, Stig A. Eriksson (2009) Vaasa, Finland: Arkmedia, 302 pp., ISBN 9 5212 2314 6, 9 7895 2122 3143.
Telehealth: Preparing Advanced Practice Nurses to Address Healthcare Needs in Rural and Underserved Populations
Authors: Rutledge Carolyn M. , Haney Tina , Bordelon Michele , Renaud Michelle , Fowler Christianne
Published: January 2014

Healthcare is being confronted with questions on how to deliver quality, affordable, and timely care to patients, especially those in rural areas, in systems already burdened by the lack of providers. Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) have been challenged to lead this movement in providing care to these populations through the use of technologies, specifically telehealth. Unfortunately, APRNs have limited exposure to telehealth during their educational experience, thereby limiting their understanding and comfort with telehealth. To address this problem, a telehealth program was developed at a large university that prepares Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) APRN students. The telehealth program, embedded into the DNP curriculum, consisted of a simulation workshop, practice immersion, and written project. This program was well received by students, making them aware of the benefits and barriers to the implementation of telehealth as a care delivery modality. Telehealth was embraced as students implemented the program in their own practices.
Investigation of Synapse Formation and Function in a Glutamatergic-GABAergic Two-Neuron Microcircuit
Authors: Chang Chia-Ling , Trimbuch Thorsten , Chao Hsiao-Tuan , Jordan Julia-Christine , Herman Melissa A. , Rosenmund Christian
Published: January 2014

Neural circuits are composed of mainly glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, which communicate through synaptic connections. Many factors instruct the formation and function of these synapses; however, it is difficult to dissect the contribution of intrinsic cell programs from that of extrinsic environmental effects in an intact network. Here, we perform paired recordings from two-neuron microculture preparations of mouse hippocampal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons to investigate how synaptic input and output of these two principal cells develop. In our reduced preparation, we found that glutamatergic neurons showed no change in synaptic output or input regardless of partner neuron cell type or neuronal activity level. In contrast, we found that glutamatergic input caused the GABAergic neuron to modify its output by way of an increase in synapse formation and a decrease in synaptic release efficiency. These findings are consistent with aspects of GABAergic synapse maturation observed in many brain regions. In addition, changes in GABAergic output are cell wide and not target-cell specific. We also found that glutamatergic neuronal activity determined the AMPA receptor properties of synapses on the partner GABAergic neuron. All modifications of GABAergic input and output required activity of the glutamatergic neuron. Because our system has reduced extrinsic factors, the changes we saw in the GABAergic neuron due to glutamatergic input may reflect initiation of maturation programs that underlie the formation and function ofin vivoneural circuits.
Mental Action Simulation Synchronizes Action–Observation Circuits across Individuals
Authors: Nummenmaa Lauri , Smirnov Dmitry , Lahnakoski Juha M. , Glerean Enrico , Jääskeläinen Iiro P. , Sams Mikko , Hari Riitta
Published: January 2014

A frontoparietal action–observation network (AON) has been proposed to support understanding others' actions and goals. We show that the AON “ticks together” in human subjects who are sharing a third person's feelings. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, 20 volunteers watched movies depicting boxing matches passively or while simulating a prespecified boxer's feelings. Instantaneous intersubject phase synchronization (ISPS) was computed to derive multisubject voxelwise similarity of hemodynamic activity and inter-area functional connectivity. During passive viewing, subjects' brain activity was synchronized in sensory projection and posterior temporal cortices. Simulation induced widespread increase of ISPS in the AON (premotor, posterior parietal, and superior temporal cortices), primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, and the dorsal attention circuits (frontal eye fields, intraparietal sulcus). Moreover, interconnectivity of these regions strengthened during simulation. We propose that sharing a third person's feelings synchronizes the observer's own brain mechanisms supporting sensations and motor planning, thereby likely promoting mutual understanding.
Similar Roles of Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neurons in Reward and Aversion
Authors: Ilango Anton , Kesner Andrew J. , Keller Kristine L. , Stuber Garret D. , Bonci Antonello , Ikemoto Satoshi
Published: January 2014

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are implicated in affective functions. However, it is unclear to what extent dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) play such roles. TH-Cre transgenic mice received adeno-associated viral vectors encoding channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2), halorhodopsin (NpHR), or control vector into the VTA or SNc, resulting in selective expression of these opsins in dopamine neurons. Mice with ChR2 learned instrumental responding to deliver photostimulation into the VTA or SNc and also sought for the compartment where they received photostimulation (i.e., operant place preference). Operant place preference scores were highly correlated with self-stimulation responses. In contrast, mice with NpHR avoided the compartment where they received photostimulation into the VTA, SNc, or dorsal striatum, whereas control mice did not. These observations suggest that the excitation and inhibition of SNc dopamine neurons elicit positive and negative affective effects, respectively, similar to those of VTA dopamine neurons.
Auditory and Tactile Signals Combine to Influence Vision during Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Lunghi Claudia , Morrone Maria Concetta , Alais David
Published: January 2014

Resolution of perceptual ambiguity is one function of cross-modal interactions. Here we investigate whether auditory and tactile stimuli can influence binocular rivalry generated by interocular temporal conflict in human subjects. Using dichoptic visual stimuli modulating at different temporal frequencies, we added modulating sounds or vibrations congruent with one or the other visual temporal frequency. Auditory and tactile stimulation both interacted with binocular rivalry by promoting dominance of the congruent visual stimulus. This effect depended on the cross-modal modulation strength and was absent when modulation depth declined to 33%. However, when auditory and tactile stimuli that were too weak on their own to bias binocular rivalry were combined, their influence over vision was very strong, suggesting the auditory and tactile temporal signals combined to influence vision. Similarly, interleaving discrete pulses of auditory and tactile stimuli also promoted dominance of the visual stimulus congruent with the supramodal frequency. When auditory and tactile stimuli were presented at maximum strength, but in antiphase, they had no influence over vision for low temporal frequencies, a null effect again suggesting audio-tactile combination. We also found that the cross-modal interaction was frequency-sensitive at low temporal frequencies, when information about temporal phase alignment can be perceptually tracked. These results show that auditory and tactile temporal processing is functionally linked, suggesting a common neural substrate for the two sensory modalities and that at low temporal frequencies visual activity can be synchronized by a congruent cross-modal signal in a frequency-selective way, suggesting the existence of a supramodal temporal binding mechanism.
S6 Kinase Inhibits Intrinsic Axon Regeneration Capacity via AMP Kinase inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hubert Thomas , Wu Zilu , Chisholm Andrew D. , Jin Yishi
Published: January 2014

The ability of axons to regrow after injury is determined by the complex interplay of intrinsic growth programs and external cues. InCaenorhabditis elegansmechanosensory neuron, axons exhibit robust regenerative regrowth following laser axotomy. By surveying conserved metabolic signaling pathways, we have identified the ribosomal S6 kinase RSKS-1 as a new cell-autonomous inhibitor of axon regeneration. RSKS-1 is not required for axonal development but inhibits axon regrowth after injury in multiple neuron types. Loss of function inrsks-1results in more rapid growth cone formation after injury and accelerates subsequent axon extension. The enhanced regrowth ofrsks-1mutants is partly dependent on the DLK-1 MAPK cascade. An essential output of RSKS-1 in axon regrowth is the metabolic sensor AMP kinase, AAK-2. We further show that the antidiabetic drug phenformin, which activates AMP kinase, can promote axon regrowth. Our data reveal a new function for an S6 kinase acting through an AMP kinase in regenerative growth of injured axons.
An Unconventional Secretory Pathway Mediates the Cilia Targeting of Peripherin/rds
Authors: Tian Guilian , Ropelewski Philip , Nemet Ina , Lee Richard , Lodowski Kerrie H. , Imanishi Yoshikazu
Published: January 2014

It is unclear how unconventional secretion interplays with conventional secretion for the normal maintenance and renewal of membrane structures. The photoreceptor sensory cilium is recognized for fast membrane renewal, for which rhodopsin and peripherin/rds (P/rds) play critical roles. Here, we provide evidence that P/rds is targeted to the cilia by an unconventional secretion pathway. When expressed in ciliated hTERT-RPE1 human cell line, P/rd is localized to cilia. Cilium trafficking of P/rds was sustained even when the Golgi functions, includingtrans-Golgi-mediated conventional secretion, were inhibited by the small molecules brefeldin A, 30N12, and monensin. The unconventional cilia targeting of P/rds is dependent on COPII-mediated exit from the ER, but appears to be independent of GRASP55-mediated secretion. The regions in the C-terminal tail of P/rds are essential for this unconventional trafficking. In the absence of the region required for cilia targeting, P/rds was prohibited from entering the secretory pathways and was retained in the Golgi apparatus. A region essential for this Golgi retention was also found in the C-terminal tail of P/rds and supported the cilia targeting of P/rds mediated by unconventional secretion. In ciliated cells, including bovine andXenopus laevisrod photoreceptors, P/rds was robustly sensitive to endoglycosidase H, which is consistent with its bypassing the medial Golgi and traversing the unconventional secretory pathway. Because rhodopsin is known to traffic through conventional secretion, this study of P/rds suggests that both conventional secretion and unconventional secretion need to cooperate for the renewal of the photoreceptor sensory cilium.
Dopamine Deficiency Contributes to Early Visual Dysfunction in a Rodent Model of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Aung Moe H. , Park Han na , Han Moon K. , Obertone Tracy S. , Abey Jane , Aseem Fazila , Thule Peter M. , Iuvone P. Michael , Pardue Machelle T.
Published: January 2014

Dopamine (DA) functions as an essential neuromodulator in the brain and retina such that disruptions in the dopaminergic system are associated with common neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Although a reduction in DA content has been observed in diabetes, its effects in the development of diabetes-induced neuropathy remains unknown. Because the retina is rich in DA and has a well known diabetes-induced pathology (diabetic retinopathy or DR), this study was designed to examine the role of retinal DA deficiency in early visual defects in DR. Using rodent models of type 1 diabetes mellitus, we investigated whether diabetes caused a reduction in retinal DA content in both rats and mice and determined whether restoring DA levels or activating specific DA receptor pathways could improve visual function (evaluated with optokinetic tracking response) of diabetic mice, potentially via improvement of retinal function (assessed with electroretinography). We found that diabetes significantly reduced DA levels by 4 weeks in rats and by 5 weeks in mice, coincident with the initial detection of visual deficits. Treatment withl-DOPA, a DA precursor, improved overall retinal and visual functions in diabetic mice and acute treatment with DA D1 or D4 receptor agonists improved spatial frequency threshold or contrast sensitivity, respectively. Together, our results indicate that retinal DA deficiency is an underlying mechanism for early, diabetes-induced visual dysfunction and suggest that therapies targeting the retinal dopaminergic system may be beneficial in early-stage DR.
A Novel Role for Brain Interleukin-6: Facilitation of Cognitive Flexibility in Rat Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: Donegan Jennifer J. , Girotti Milena , Weinberg Marc S. , Morilak David A.
Published: January 2014

Cytokines, small proteins released by the immune system to combat infection, are typically studied under inflammatory conditions. However, these molecules are also expressed in the brain in basal, nonpathological states, where they can regulate neuronal processes, such as learning and memory. However, little is known about how cytokine signaling in the brain may influence higher-order cognitive functions. Cognitive flexibility is one such executive process, mediated by the prefrontal cortex, which requires an adaptive modification of learned behaviors in response to environmental change. We explored the role of basal IL-6 signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in reversal learning, a form of cognitive flexibility that can be measured in the rat using the attentional set-shifting test. We found that inhibiting IL-6 or its downstream JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the OFC impaired reversal learning, suggesting that basal IL-6 and JAK/STAT signaling facilitate cognitive flexibility. Further, we demonstrated that elevating IL-6 in the OFC by adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery reversed a cognitive deficit induced by chronic stress, thus identifying IL-6 and the downstream JAK/STAT signaling pathway as potentially novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of stress-related psychiatric diseases associated with cognitive dysfunction.
Die Expansion der Reichswerke „Hermann Göring“ in Europa
Authors: Wixforth Harald , Ziegler Dieter
Published: January 2014

This article examines the ways and means by which the German state-controlled concern Reichswerke Hermann Göring expanded into the occupied mining areas in Austria, East Central Europe and Western Europe before and during the Second World War. Only about five years after its foundation in 1937 the Reichswerke had already become the largest industrial conglomeration for heavy industry and armaments in Europe. Despite certain differences in time (before the War and during the War) and region (East Central Europe and Western Europe) the expansion of the Reichswerke is characterized in the first place by blackmail and theft. In this respect it served as a prototype for other state and party controlled enterprises and it acts as a model to partly explain the brutalization of the business practices performed by private businesses in occupied Europe during the Second World War.
Proto-industrialization and world trade of textiles in Dutch Brabant, 1620-1820
Authors: Gurp Gerard van
Published: January 2014

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there was extensive trade in proto-industrial woollen and linen textiles, produced in the low-wage countryside of Dutch Brabant, with world markets, mainly via Amsterdam. Thanks to the support from Amsterdam, the States General of the Dutch Republic facilitated this trade by lifting import duties for a number of towns and villages in Brabant. The proto-industrial production and trade made a substantial contribution to the Dutch economy. Counting the number of looms gives some idea of the production capability. Proto-industry in Brabant was not founded by entrepreneurs in Holland and was not a subsidiary of the textile industry in Holland, as has previously been suggested. Only a limited combination of agriculture and cottage industry was found. Local guilds did not hinder the proto-industry but supported it. Trade and production fell at the beginning of the nineteenth century because of war, but the linen industry recovered around 1818 and the woollen textiles after 1820.
Arbeit und Alter in ländlichen Gesellschaften der Frühen Neuzeit. Die Erwerbstätigkeit im Alter zwischen eigenem Besitz und den Zwängen einer „Ökonomie des Auskommens“
Authors: Zeitlhofer Hermann
Published: January 2014

Despite the growing interest historians have expressed in old age and ageing in recent decades, our knowledge of the labour force participation of elderly people in pre-industrial times is still very limited. This is due to the fact that historians have, for far too long, discussed ‘old age’ mostly in terms of ‘providing for the elderly’ whilst more or less ignoring the wide range of activities the elderly were engaged in as well as the high rate of life-long labour force participation before the late 19th century.

This study, on the one hand, discusses the social position of ‘retirees’ (former rural house owners), a social position often seen as an archetype for modern ‘retirement’. Numerous examples are presented from the regional case study of South Bohemia as well as from other parts of Central Europe showing that pre-modern retirees quite often continued to work in many different ways. In many cases inter vivos transfers of land and houses were not undertaken in order to allow for retirement from all activities but rather to facilitate a change in the individual’s own main focus of activity from one occupation to another. In a second part of the study the economy of makeshifts of the poor is analysed. Using rare sources from several South Bohemian parishes enables us to document the importance of the mixed economy of the poorest section of the rural elderly.
Die Zukunft der Unternehmensgeschichte
Authors: Stokes Ray
Published: January 2014

This paper provides an assessment of the themes and approaches that are emerging in the field of business history. It starts with an overview of the most important developments, themes and characteristics of the discipline from its earliest days into the 1990s. It then explores intellectual, social and economic trends which, since the 1980s, have influenced the direction of business history as a profession and discipline. Finally, it analyses likely future topics, approaches and bases for cooperation with other disciplines, not least owing to prevailing theories in the social sciences which are dependent on business historiography. In this environment, business history can flourish as a discipline as long as business historians keep in mind that they can maintain an independent identity and make a positive scholarly contribution only to the extent that they remain true historians who pursue inquiry independently.
Neues „Jugendrecht“ und Fabrikschutzgesetzgebung im Vormärz. Zur Bedeutung von Normativität für die Entstehung der Lebensphase Jugend
Authors: Ruppert Stefan
Published: January 2014

In this paper the author looks at the significance of laws and decrees for the emergence of youth as a proper period of life in the 19th century. On the basis of selected examples from the fields of legal capacity, school legislation and military law, the 19th century legislation for the protection of minors working in factories is placed in a larger context of a new “Youth Legislation”. Thus, the normative definition of youth as a life period has become the precondition for the shift of work done by minors to be placed in the period of gainful employment.
Altersarbeit, Alterseinkommen und Altersstruktur in Deutschland seit dem neunzehnten Jahrhundert
Authors: Hardach Gerd
Published: January 2014

One of the most prominent features of modern German society since the late nineteenth century has been the emergence of retirement as a distinctive phase of life. This article focuses on three key aspects: the evolution of retirement as the last phase of the life course; the creation of a multi-pillar system of retirement income; and the age structure of German society.

Traditionally, the life course of most men and women was comprised of a short period of education, a long working life and, if life was not ended by a premature death, a brief period of disability. A new life course model was initiated when a social security pension system was established in Germany in 1889. The social security pension system and state pension schemes were conceived to provide disability or old age pensions for a short period of disability at the end of the life course, when people were physically or mentally unable to work. With the evolution of the welfare state, the last phase of the life course came to be redefined not as disability, but as retirement: a period of leisure earned by a productive working life. Disability might still wait at an advanced old age, but before that many years of retirement should be enjoyed in good health. Concurrent with the new life course model, the labour force participation of the older population declined.

Retirement requires income. In Germany, the social security pension system and state pensions still provide the bulk of retirement income. In recent years, however, the government has encouraged a change to a multi-pillar system where public transfers from government or social security are supplemented by corporate pension systems and income from assets, the elderly.

The rise in life expectancy and the decline of the birth rate have resulted in an ageing German society. As the population ages, the maintenance of an adequate standard of living for the older population requires an increasing share of the nation′s income. The multi-pillar system enhances income security in old age, but in the long run adequate retirement incomes depend on full employment and economic growth. An unresolved issue is the future of family caregiving in an ageing society. If more people opt for a life without children, there will, in a not too distant future, be a growing number of elderly people who cannot rely on family members to take care of dependent or demented relatives. The consequences are either vastly increased expenditures for professional care or a reduced standard of caregiving.
Kompensationsgeschäfte der DDR - Instrumente einer europäischen Ost-West-Wirtschaftsintegration?
Authors: Judt Matthias
Published: January 2014

The article deals with the issue of countertrades, GDR foreign commerce enterprises contracted with western firms in order to secure the modernizing of its economy. It discusses the argument of whether those contracts could establish new forms of European East-Westintegration between Comecon and EEC economies.

Starting from rather unfavorable general trading conditions in the 1950s and early 1960s, East Germany could intensify its trade relations with western countries in the late 1960s. Based on its international recognition in the late 1960s and early 1970s, it also got easier access to western credits to finance large-scale investment programs in the economy. With varying success and in order to refinance those imports from the West, GDR officials tried to conclude contracts pre-engaging western partners to accept mandatory deliveries by East German enterprises in return. The author defines three major forms of such contracts, distinguishable by the level and the type of GDR counter deliveries, agreed on by the contracting partners.

Since East Germany failed to put through high levels of its own counter deliveries, these projects contributed to its long-term indebtedness. Moreover, this kind of business, unintentionally created potential losses in the GDR’s foreign trade firms due to various factors. Western companies themselves started to market East German products received in fulfillment of countertrade contracts. Western deliverers of investment goods managed to secure higher prices for their deliveries and lower ones for East German goods in order to subsidize the marketing of East German products they had taken over. That put additional pressure on the already decreasing competitiveness of East German export goods. Finally, the article presents a judgment on the advantages and disadvantages of the countertrade concept for East Germany itself.
European Industry 1700-1870
Authors: Broadberry Stephen , Fremdling Rainer , Solar Peter M.
Published: January 2014

This paper offers an overview of the development of European industry between 1700 and 1870, drawing in particular on the recent literature that has emerged following the formation of the European Historical Economics Society in 1991. The approach thus makes use of economic analysis and quantitative methods where appropriate. There are a number of important revisions, compared with previous accounts of Europe’s Industrial Revolution, particularly as embodied in the major existing textbooks on European economic history. First, the Industrial Revolution now emerges as a more gradual process than was once implied by the use of the take-off metaphor. Nevertheless, the scale of the structural transformation that occurred during the process of industrialisation continues to justify the use of the term Industrial Revolution. Second, although the emphasis on the central role of technological change is not new, we use economic analysis to shed new light on the process. Drawing on a model of technological choice first introduced by Paul David, we emphasise the importance of factor prices for the initial switch to modern capital intensive production methods in Britain, the rate of diffusion of these methods to other countries and path dependent technological change. In the cotton industry, particular emphasis is placed on the role of high wages, while in the iron industry, the price of coal is seen to play an important part. We also draw on the idea of a General Purpose Technology to evaluate the role of steam power.
On the History of Economic Theory and the Emergence of Capitalism
Authors: Nell Edward. J.
Published: January 2014

This paper reconstructs and modernises a Marx-based theory of the transformation of feudalism into capitalism, using a combination of history of economic thought and economic history. It tries to revive and reinterpret the theory of value in a historical context and to show how it may be used, in parallel with a historical description of the transformation of institutions, in order to capture a qualitative change of the economic system.