bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the emergence of a social enterprise by highly skilled migrants
Authors: Discua Cruz Allan , Fromm Ingrid
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the emergence of a social enterprise by highly skilled members of a diaspora. While most literature has focused on government intervention for diaspora engagement and monetary remittance flows from migrants, less attention has been paid to the transfer of social remittances and social enterprises created by diasporas. Based on the concept of social remittances, social network theory and motivation perspectives, this study unpacks the emergence of a social enterprise by highly skilled migrants of a developing country.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examines social enterprise emergence through an autoethnographic approach to describe and systematically analyze personal experience. This approach allows to understand cultural experience around the emergence of a social enterprise created by diverse members of a diaspora.

Findings

Findings reveal that diaspora knowledge networks (DKNs) can emerge through the activation of a highly skilled diaspora network structure. Core diaspora members can activate a latent network of highly skilled migrants that wish to fulfill intrinsic motivations. Findings support the extend current understandings of social remittances by highly skilled migrants, who emerge as a transnational community that desires to stay connected to their country-of-origin and can support the emergence of a transnational network structure for development. The findings reveal that place attachment, sense of duty and well-being are key factors for highly skilled migrants to engage in DKNs.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to literature on networks and migrant-based organizational emergence by examining how and why highly skilled migrants from a developing country engage in the emergence of a DKN. Findings challenge previous views of government intervention and provides evidence on how the transmission of collective social remittances can flow trans-nationally, making highly skilled migrants effective agents of knowledge circulation and DKNs a vehicle for transmission. More specifically, the study provides evidence of the relevance of transnational features in the context of diaspora networks that lead to organizational emergence. It underscores the influence of interrelated motivations in diaspora engagement studies.
Business impacts of event hosting: evidence from the Volvo Ocean Race Finale in Galway 2012
Authors: Collins Patrick , Mulligan Emer , Cawley Mary
Published: August 2018

Purpose

This paper sets out to contribute to the growing literature analysing the broader impacts of event hosting. The purpose of this paper is twofold: the first is to add to the growing literature concerned with the spatial impact of immediate (economic) impacts on host locations; the second, in line with the dynamic element introduced by Chalip (2004), is to identify the implications for business leveraging of mega events in the more medium term.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodological approach involved analysis of documentary evidence and observational analysis on site before and during the event. The findings are primarily derived from a survey of 150 businesses located across Galway city and its suburbs alongside a thematic analysis of six interviews with the organisers of the event and survey responses.

Findings

The authors find that the aspirations to spread the benefits of hosting ultimately proved unsuccessful. Key to this is the power held by global event organisers relative to local organisers. The authors also identify a degree of mismanagement and a lack of adequate support for the organisation of leveraging activities. The authors note a unique geography of impact that does not follow a linear path of decrease from the event site.

Originality/value

The work highlights the tensions that can exist between the aspirations of hosting cities and their local organisers against those of international brands responsible for the organisation of global events. The results on the geography of impact also highlight a unique spatial trend, one that sees economic impact increase on the outer limits of the city.
Analysis on the gamification and implementation of Leap Motion Controller in the I.E.D. Técnico industrial de Tocancipá
Authors: Castañeda Maira Alejandra , Guerra Ananda Maye , Ferro Roberto
Published: August 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to show that the use of technological tools such as augmented reality (AR) and its integration in the education system through gamification offers better learning results when compared with traditional education.

Design/methodology/approach

Through the implementation of the Leap Motion Controller in English classes of the first and third grades at the I.E.D. Técnico Industrial de Tocancipá, the authors compared the appropriation of topics in groups that received the class in the traditional way and groups that were introduced to the Leap Motion Controller as a pedagogical tool. A statistical and comparative analysis was performed on the results obtained for each group.

Findings

It was concluded that the use of technological tools has a positive impact in terms of educational performance and learning, giving better results than traditional education; in addition, students showed great empathy with the AR tool. On the other hand, there were limitations to just having a Leap Motion Controller device, which prevented the student experience was even more didactic; based on this, for future research, factors such as the size of the population and the amount of available resources will be taken into account to achieve better results.

Originality/value

The importance of this paper lies in the little research that has been done in Colombia regarding the introduction of AR and other emerging technologies as pedagogical tools, turning the present findings into a base to go deeper into the field and to prove that it is possible to introduce successfully this type of technology in the education.
Social marketing and social movements: creating inclusive social change coalitions
Authors: Gurrieri Lauren , Gordon Ross , Barraket Jo , Joyce Andrew , Green Celia
Published: August 2018

Purpose

This paper contributes to emerging discourse about social movements in social marketing by examining how tensions, issues and challenges may arise in areas of social change that have attracted social movements and the ways actors can come together to drive inclusive social change agendas.

Design/methodology/approach

Through the lens of new social movement theory, a case study of the interactions and dynamics between fat activists and obesity prevention public health actors is examined. This is undertaken through a multi-method qualitative analysis of interview and archival blog data of fat activists located in Australia, which was compared with the campaign materials and formative and evaluative research related to two high profile Australian Government funded anti-obesity campaigns.

Findings

The case analysis highlights the disconnect between public health actors and the marginalized voices of those they are meant to be representing. Whilst public health actors characterise obesity as a social issue of individual responsibility, disease and rational-decision making; fat activists frame a competing collective identity of well-being, support and self-acceptance that characterise their social change efforts.

Research limitations/implications

This research highlights how complexities arise but can potentially be overcome in creating inclusive social change coalitions that incorporate the voices of citizen groups whom have mobilised into social movements. Specifically, we highlight the importance of generating a common language around obesity, the significance of collaborative and supportive relations and the need to create common unity through emotional investment and returns - a departure from the highly rational approaches taken by most social change programs.

Practical implications

Obesity is a complex social issue marked by conflict and contestation between those who are obese and the very actors working to support them. Our research contends that creating an inclusive social change coalition between these stakeholders will require a shift towards language anchored in well-being as opposed to disease, relations defined by support as opposed to an emphasis on individual responsibility and emotional investments that work to bolster self-acceptance in place of rational appeals as to the “correct” behaviours one should chose to engage in. Such steps will ensure social change program design is collaborative and incorporates the lived experiences of the very citizens such initiatives are targeted towards.

Originality/value

We contribute to wider discussions in social marketing about the development of holistic and progressive, multi-stakeholder, multi-level programs by advocating that inclusive social change coalitions united through the collective identity elements of cognitions and language, relational ties and emotional investment offer an important step forward in tackling the wicked problems that social marketers work to address.
Engagement, satisfaction and customer behavior-based CRM performance
Authors: Marino Vittoria , Lo Presti Letizia
Published: August 2018

Purpose

In recent years, marketers have adopted new technologies to engage customers and better meet customer needs throughout the customer journey. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of consumer engagement on satisfaction and behavior-based CRM performance generated by mobile instant messaging (MIM) services. The objective is to verify which aspects of consumer engagement generate satisfaction and optimize customer relationship management.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were made available for analysis from an online survey on customers who had been contacted or had contacted an organization by means of MIM. Based on literature analysis, relations between customer engagement dimensions, satisfaction and behavior-based CRM performance were studied by using structural equation modeling.

Findings

The cognitive engagement dimension and the emotional engagement dimension affect the level of satisfaction, but only the emotional engagement dimension has an effect on the behavior-based CRM performance, while social engagement does not affect satisfaction and CRM performance. Moreover, this study confirms the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer behavior-based relationship performance.

Practical implications

MIM used as support to the relationship with customers contributes to generating customer satisfaction and increases the value of service performance revealing it an excellent marketing tool in support of the customer journey.

Originality/value

This research extends our understanding of customer engagement in the ambit of the instant messaging application used for business that so far has not been investigated. This work shows how instant messaging can be a valid instrument for customer relationship management in optimizing the benefits deriving from the adoption of disruptive innovations.
The new era of business intelligence
Authors: Ratia Milla , Myllärniemi Jussi , Helander Nina
Published: August 2018

Purpose

As the health care sector is changing rapidly, there is a growing need to develop new ways to make data-driven decisions, especially at the organizational level. Data utilization, like business intelligence (BI) activities, benefits health care organizations. The purpose of this paper is to study the potential of Big Data and the utilization of BI tools in creating value in the private health care industry in Finland.

Design/methodology/approach

Intellectual capital (IC) components and Möller et al.’s (2005) work on value capabilities are used as a framework to point out the roles of data utilization and BI tools in value creation. Thematic interviews enable understanding of the value creation based on Big Data potential and utilization of BI tools in the Finnish private health care industry.

Findings

The findings will provide an understanding of the existing data sources and BI tools used in private health care. In addition, it provides an insight into the future-oriented Big Data potential, which can create new business concepts. The approach provides valuable insights for value identifying the future needs of data utilization and creates an understanding on the current state within the private health care sector.

Originality/value

Data-driven value creation is one of the most discussed topics in private health care sector. By analyzing the current data-source utilization, challenges with data and BI tool utilization and the future vision and development roadmaps, the authors gain a better understanding of the IC components and value creation capabilities.
Synthesis and characterization of non-ionic and anionic two-component aromatic waterborne polyurethane
Authors: Zhang Sainan , Jiang Xiankai
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize and characterize a series of two-component aromatic waterborne polyurethane (2K-WPU) which is composed of non-ionic and anionic polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion and polyurethane polyol aqueous dispersion.

Design/methodology/approach

The polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion was synthesized through non-ionic and anionic hydrophilic modification procedures. The values of the hydrogen bonding index (HBI) and molecule structures of WPU were obtained by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The thermal, mechanical and water resistance properties of 2K-WPU films were investigated.

Findings

The appearance of non-ionic polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion and anionic polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion was colorless translucent pan blue and yellow opaque emulsions, respectively. FTIR not only showed that 2K-WPU was obtained from the polymerization of polyisocyanate component and polyhydroxy component by polymerization but also showed that the content of hydrogen bondings of anionic 2K-WPU (WPU 2) was higher than non-ionic 2K-WPU (WPU 1). The glass-transition temperature (Tg), storage modulus and water resistance of WPU 2 were higher than WPU1, whereas the thermal stability of WPU1 was better than WPU 2.

Practical implications

The investigation established a method to prepare a series of 2K-WPU which was composed of non-ionic or anionic polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion and polyurethane polyol aqueous dispersion. The prepared 2K-WPU film could be applied as substrate resin material in the field of waterborne coating.

Originality/value

The paper established a method to synthesize a series of 2K-WPU. The effect of HBI value and the molecule structure of soft segment on the thermal stability, mechanical and water resistance properties of 2K-WPU films were studied.
High-temperature structural evolution and hydrolytic stability of poly(phenylborosiloxane)
Authors: Wang Gang , Liu Xiaohui , Mi Changhong , Fan Huijuan , Xu Bo , Bai Xuefeng
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the microstructural evolution and hydrolytic stability of poly(phenylborosiloxane) (PPhBS) to further use and develop the oligomers as heat-resistant modifiers.

Design/methodology/approach

PPhBS was synthesized by direct co-condensation of boric acid (BA) and phenyltriethoxysilane (PTEOS). The structural evolution of PPhBS at high temperature was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, the change in the morphology of the PPhBS powder was examined to demonstrate the evolution of the chemical bonds, and the hydrolytic stability of PPhBS was investigated by a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, measurement of the mass loss in water and FTIR spectroscopy.

Findings

The results revealed that a cross-linking network was gradually formed with increasing temperature through the condensation of the residual hydroxyl groups in PPhBS, and the Si-OH and B-OH bonds remained even at a high temperature of 450°C. Furthermore, heat treatment improved the hydrolytic stability of the oligomer. The hydrolysis of the B-O-B bonds in PPhBS was reversible, whereas the Si-O-Si and Si-O-B bonds were highly resistant to hydrolysis.

Practical implications

The prepared PPhBS can be used as a heat-resistant modifier in adhesives, sealants, coatings and composite matrices.

Originality/value

Investigation of the structural evolution of a polyborosiloxane at high temperature by DRIFTS is a novel approach that avoided interference from moisture in the air. The insoluble mass fraction and the FTIR spectrum of PPhBS washed with water were used to investigate the hydrolytic stability of PPhBS.
The effects of different solvent extraction and pH on the stability of carotenoids and chlorophyll in Cucumis melo L. for potential coating technology
Authors: Che Musa Siti Aisha Na’illa , Taha R.M. , Abdul Razak Ummi Nur Ain , Anuar Nordiyanah , Arof A.K.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential use of natural colorant extracted from fruit flesh and leaves of Cucumis melo L. (C. melo L.) in coating applications.

Design/methodology/approach

Carotenoids and chlorophylls compounds were extracted from C. melo L. fruit flesh and C. melo L. leaves with the best extraction solvents. Both compounds were tested at various pH for colour stability tests. Then, the most stable pH of both extracts was mixed with 20 per cent poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) together with tetrahydrofuran and acrylic polyol to form a coating system on glass slides. The coated glass slides were exposed to three different temperatures. The effects of heat on the coated glass slides were evaluated using spectrophotometer at 400-700 nm wavelengths.

Findings

Results revealed that carotenoids extracted from C. melo L. were less stable to be applied in coating applications since the colour degraded in a very short time; however, the chlorophylls extracted were more stable where the colour retained for longer duration.

Originality/value

The method of the plant pigment production of C. melo L. with PMMA was a modified method that could give other various applications as natural product based on plant pigments.
3D printing of drill guide template for access cavity preparation in human molars: a preliminary study
Authors: Chen Hu , Li Hong , Lin Fei , Zhao Yi-Jiao , Guo Yu-Jiao , Zhang Xin-yue , Wang Yong , Lyu Peijun
Published: August 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to use cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and computer-aided design/3D printing technology to design and fabricate a drill guide template for access cavity preparation of permanent molars, and conduct a preliminary evaluation of its effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

CBCT scans were performed on two permanent maxillary first molars extracted due to periodontitis. Based on the scans, guide templates of access cavities were designed. The angle of the guiding cylinders was determined based on the direction of the long axis of the tooth. A 3D resin printer with high resolution was used to print the guide templates. The printed guide templates were used by a dentist with specialized clinical experience to perform access cavity preparation in a dental simulator. Then the prepared access cavities were scanned again by CBCT, and scan data were compared to the design data.

Findings

The 3D printed drill guide template had a close fit with the extracted tooth fit. The access cavity prepared using the guide template enabled the removal of the pulp chamber roof, and formed a straight-line access. Points were selected for measurement at regularly spaced intervals of 0.5 mm along the side wall of the access cavity. The mean deviation between the actual access cavities of the two permanent maxillary first molars and the designed cavities was less than 0.1 mm, with a maximum deviation of about 0.5 mm, showing a good conformance between the actual cavity and the designed cavity.

Originality/value

A drill guide template was designed and fabricated by 3D printing technology, which easily guided burs to complete the access cavity preparation work forming an ideal cavity shape with satisfying accuracy, and thus may reduce the complications during pulp chamber entry.
Managing professional footballers’ finances to avoid financial problems
Authors: Balliauw Matteo , Van Den Spiegel Tomas
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Academics have studied the finances of football clubs, but not the financial situation of professional football players. To fill this gap in literature, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the financial situation of individual players, the causes of financial problems and the probability of encountering financial difficulties.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey has been conducted of 102 players of five clubs in the Belgian first division. Based on this unique data set, a multivariate nominal logistic regression model allows the causes of financial difficulties to be identified. A derived classification model is estimated in order to predict the probability of professional players encountering financial problems.

Findings

About one out of four professional players is confronted with occasional financial problems. Next to the use and investment of income; personal, family and career status factors have a peculiar impact on the individual financial situation of professional sports players.

Practical implications

The results allow better identification of professional players likely to incur financial problems and better assisting them avoid problems.

Originality/value

Given the gap in the sports management literature, the findings from the econometric approach provide both researchers and practitioners with new insights into financial management issues of athletes. The findings may help athletes, their managers and club managers in their decision making. Future research can further build on these findings.
Key success factors for organizational performance of private HLIs in Malaysia
Authors: Ie Lyn Chan Josephine , Muthuveloo Rajendran
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The paper aims to highlight the key factors that can optimize the organizational performance of private higher learning institutions (HLIs). Undeniably, organizational performance is crucial for the business sustainability of private HLIs in Malaysia.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents the authors’ views on the key factors for the organizational performance of private HLIs based on personal experiences and review of past research literature conducted on organizational performance.

Findings

The higher education sector plays an important role as it is seen as a potential engine of growth and source of global competitiveness. As one of the main players in the higher education sector, private HLIs need to optimize its organizational performance. Unfortunately, at present, the disruptive dynamic changes and uncertainties in the business landscape are affecting the organizational performance of HLIs. Therefore, the key factors highlighted in this paper are meant to provide insights into how private HLIs can optimize organizational performance while operating in the current turbulent business environment.

Originality/value

The paper provides new insights into key success factors that are pivotal to the business sustainability of private HLIs in Malaysia.
Adolescents' enjoyment of reading as a predictor of reading achievement: new evidence from a cross‐country survey
Authors: Cheema Jehanzeb R.
Published: August 2018

This study investigated the effect of enjoyment of reading on reading achievement among adolescents using a sample of 65 countries. Our results indicate that although enjoyment of reading is a significant predictor of reading achievement and can explain as much as 18% of the variation in such achievement on its own at country level, there are significant cross‐country differences in the pattern of this relationship. Our main finding is that after controlling for demographic differences such as gender and socio‐economic status, enjoyment of reading is positively associated with reading achievement in high academic performance countries and negatively associated with such achievement in low academic performance countries.
The Masc gene product controls masculinization in the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon
Authors: Wang Yao‐Hui , Chen Xi‐En , Yang Yang , Xu Jun , Fang Gang‐Qi , Niu Chang‐Ying , Huang Yong‐Ping , Zhan Shuai
Published: August 2018

Sex determination has been studied in the model lepidopteran species Bombyx mori, but it remains poorly understood in lepidopteran pests. In the present study, we identified and characterized the Masculinizer (Masc) gene in a Noctuidae pest species, Agrotis ipsilon. Sequence analysis revealed that AiMasc encodes a protein of 658 amino acids that has two CCCH‐type zinc finger domains and two conserved cysteine residues (Cys‐277 and Cys‐280). We assessed the masculinizing activity of AiMasc in BmN cells and found that AiMasc induced expression of the male‐specific doublesex isoform. Disruption of Masc via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) in A. ipsilon caused abnormalities in abdominal segments and external genitalia, resulting in male‐specific sterility. These results suggest that Masc participates in the process of sex determination in A. ipsilon. Successful identification of sex‐determination gene in a pest species may enable the development of novel genetic approaches for pest control.
Sensing of L‐Arginine by Gut‐Expressed Calcium Sensing Receptor Stimulates Gut Satiety Hormones Cholecystokinin and Glucose‐Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Secretion in Pig Model
Authors: Wang Chao , Kang Cuicui , Xian Yihan , Zhang Mingyu , Chen Xiaolin , Pei Mingcai , Zhu Weiyun , Hang Suqin
Published: August 2018

Nutrients regulate the secretion of gut satiety hormones, which is related to the modulation of food intake and blood glucose levels. Calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in regulating gut hormone secretion in response to l‐amino acids and multivalent cations. Rodents are often used to investigate the effect of nutrients on these hormonal release. However, results obtained using rodent models are difficult to be applied in humans, we used pigs as a model in this study because their physiology is similar to that of humans. In this study, we investigated whether l‐Arginine (l‐Arg) could induce gut hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) secretion in the porcine duodenum and if so, whether CaSR mediated l‐Arg‐regulated gut satiety hormone secretion. Our data showed that treatment with 20 and 50 mM l‐Arg induced CCK and GIP secretion compared with 0 mM l‐Arg. However, treatment with d‐Arg (an inactive isomer) failed to elicit this response. The potency of l‐Arg to induce CCK and GIP secretion was enhanced in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and CaSR agonist cinacalcet. However, the effect of Arg on CCK and GIP secretion was attenuated by blocking CaSR and its downstream signaling molecules adenylate cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC). Taken all together, pig duodenum provides an appropriate model to explore the effects of l‐Arg on the secretion of the satiety‐related gut hormones CCK and GIP and the role of CaSR in this effect. Further investigations are needed to verify the effect of l‐Arg on food intake and blood glucose in human study.

Practical Application

l‐Arginine is able to modulate cholecystokinin and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide secretion through the CaSR in pig model, which has a potential role in regulating food intake and blood glucose levels.
Rate and extent of mitragynine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine blood–brain barrier transport and their intra‐brain distribution: the missing link in pharmacodynamic studies
Authors: Yusof Siti R. , Mohd Uzid Mahathir , Teh Eng‐Huat , Hanapi Nur Aziah , Mohideen Mazlin , Mohamad Arshad Ahmad Saifuddin , Mordi Mohd Nizam , Loryan Irena , Hammarlund‐Udenaes Margareta
Published: August 2018

Mitragyna speciosa is reported to be beneficial for the management of chronic pain and opioid withdrawal in the evolving opioid epidemic. Data on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) transport of mitragynine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine, the active compounds of the plant, are still lacking and inconclusive. Here, we present for the first time the rate and the extent of mitragynine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine transport across the BBB, with an investigation of their post‐BBB intra‐brain distribution. We utilized an in vitro BBB model to study the rate of BBB permeation of the compounds and their interaction with efflux transporter P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp). Mitragynine showed higher apical‐to‐basolateral (A‐B, i.e. blood‐to‐brain side) permeability than 7‐hydroxymitragynine. 7‐Hydroxymitragynine showed a tendency to efflux, with efflux ratio (B‐A/A‐B) of 1.39. Both were found to inhibit the P‐gp and are also subject to efflux by the P‐gp. Assessment of the extent of BBB transport in vivo in rats from unbound brain to plasma concentration ratios (Kp,uu,brain) revealed extensive efflux of both compounds, with less than 10 percent of unbound mitragynine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine in plasma crossing the BBB. By contrast, the extent of intra‐brain distribution was significantly different, with mitragynine having 18‐fold higher brain tissue uptake in brain slice assay compared with 7‐hydroxymitragynine. Mitragynine showed a moderate capacity to accumulate inside brain parenchymal cells, while 7‐hydroxymitragynine showed restricted cellular barrier transport. The presented findings from this systematic investigation of brain pharmacokinetics of mitragynine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine are essential for design and interpretation of in vivo experiments aiming to establish exposure–response relationship.
Predictors of initiation of nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)
Authors: Blanco Carlos , Flórez‐Salamanca Ludwing , Secades‐Villa Roberto , Wang Shuai , Hasin Deborah S.
Published: August 2018

Background and Objectives

There may be substantial overlap in the risk factors for substance use and substance use disorders (SUD). Identifying risk factors for substance use initiation is essential for understanding the etiology and natural history of SUD and to develop empirically‐based preventive interventions to reduce initiation.

Methods

Analyses were done on Wave 1 participants of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (n = 43,093). Estimates of the cumulative probability of substance use initiation were obtained separately for nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Survival analyses with time‐varying covariates were implemented to identify risk factors for substance initiation.

Results

The lifetime cumulative probabilities of substance initiation were 45.5% for nicotine, 82% for alcohol, 19.6% for cannabis, and 6.4% for cocaine. Among respondents with lifetime nicotine use, 50% had used it by age 15.3, whereas for alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine the respective ages were 17.8, 16.6, and 19.8. Previous use of another substance, being male, having a cluster B personality disorder, family history of SUD, and being separated, divorced, or widowed increased the risk of use of all the substances assessed, whereas social anxiety disorder and some personality disorders were associated with specific substances.

Discussion and Conclusions

Although the age of substance use initiation varies by substance, in more than 50% of cases initiation of use occurs in the first two decades of life. Although most risk factors for substance use initiation are common across substances, some are substance‐specific.

Scientific Significance

This information may help in the development of empirically‐based preventive interventions. (Am J Addict 2018;27:477–484)
Inter‐twin delivery interval, short‐term perinatal outcomes and risk of caesarean for the second twin
Authors: Cukierman Ronit , Heland Sarah , Palmer Kirsten , Neil Peter , da Silva Costa Fabricio , Rolnik Daniel L.
Published: August 2018

Objective

To examine the association between inter‐twin delivery interval and short‐term perinatal outcomes of the second twin after vaginal delivery of the first twin.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study including twin pregnancies with a vaginal delivery of the first twin between January 2011 and September 2017 in a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia. The main outcome measure was a composite of adverse neonatal outcome (at least one of perinatal death, admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), endotracheal intubation, Apgar <7 at five minutes and cord lactate >4.0 mmol/L). Proportions of adverse outcomes for the second twin were compared between groups of intervals ≤ or >10 and ≤ or >30 min.

Results

The composite adverse neonatal outcome occurred in 201 (58.2%) and a caesarean section occurred in seven cases (2%) of the 345 pregnancies included. Delivery interval was associated with higher cord lactate. Low Apgar scores were more frequent with intervals >30 min (17.9% vs 6.6%, P = 0.03), as well as caesarean section for the second twin (10.7% vs 1.3%, P = 0.01). Composite adverse outcome and admission to NICU were not significantly influenced by the delivery interval. Predictors of adverse outcome were gestational age, abnormal cardiotocography and breech delivery of the second twin.

Conclusion

The inter‐twin delivery interval is associated with higher rates of low Apgar scores and higher cord lactate for the second twin. These associations do not translate into higher rates of admission to NICU and their long‐term clinical implications are uncertain.
Parental smoking and depression, and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2005‐2014
Authors: Cho Youn Joo , Choi Ran , Park Susan , Kwon Jin‐won
Published: August 2018

Introduction

We aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents using a nationally representative sample of the Korean population.

Methods

Data from children and adolescents aged less than 18 years (n = 23 561) were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005 to 2014. ADHD was assessed using a self‐reported diagnosis of ADHD. We estimated the annual prevalence and number of Korean children and adolescents with physician‐diagnosed ADHD from 2005 to 2014. We considered various risk factors including demographics, obesity, and family environment (household income, parental age, depression in adults in the household, and exposure to environmental smoke at home). The relationship between ADHD and the considered risk factors was evaluated using multiple logistic regression.

Results

The annual prevalence of physician‐diagnosed ADHD showed a 4‐fold increase (0.35% in 2005 and 1.36% 2014) over the study period. Among ADHD patients, boys and girls constituted 78% and 22%, respectively. Total smoking amounts and depression in adults in the household were significantly associated with children's ADHD. When the analysis was limited to parental effects, only the father's smoking amount and depression were associated with the children's ADHD.

Discussion

This study identified adults' smoking and depression as family environmental factors associated with children's ADHD. From a public health care perspective, this result illuminates the need for awareness programs emphasizing a parent's conditions that may influence the development of ADHD in children.
Influence of age and renal impairment on the steady state pharmacokinetics of filgotinib, a selective JAK1 inhibitor
Authors: Namour Florence , Fagard Liesbeth , Van der Aa Annegret , Harrison Pille , Xin Yan , Tasset Chantal
Published: August 2018

Aims

Filgotinib (GS‐6034, formerly GLPG0634) is an oral, selective Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor that showed early response and sustained efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and with Crohn's disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of age and renal impairment (RI) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of filgotinib and its main metabolite.

Methods

The effect of age was assessed in two groups of 10 elderly healthy subjects (65–74 and ≥75 years of age) and a control group of 10 younger healthy subjects (40–50 years of age). The impact of RI was investigated in three groups of subjects with mild (n = 6), moderate (n = 6) and severe (n = 3) RI [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 60–89, 30–59 and 15–29 ml min–1 1.73 m–2, respectively] and a control group (n = 9) with normal renal function (eGFR ≥90 ml min–1 1.73 m–2). The PK of filgotinib and its metabolite were evaluated following filgotinib 100 mg once‐daily doses for 10 days.

Results

At steady state, the exposure [area under the concentration–time curve over the dosing interval (AUC0–24 h)] of filgotinib and its metabolite was moderately higher (1.45‐ and 1.33‐fold, respectively) in the elderly subjects (≥75 years) compared with younger subjects. Renal clearance for filgotinib and its metabolite decreased with the degree of RI, leading to a maximum increase in AUC0–24 h of 1.54‐fold for filgotinib and 2.74‐fold for the metabolite in subjects with severe RI. Filgotinib was generally safe and well tolerated.

Conclusions

Age and mild to moderate impairment of renal function had limited impact on the PK of filgotinib. In subjects with severe RI, the exposure to the metabolite of filgotinib was elevated, consistent with its renal elimination pathway.
Cross‐magnitude interactions across development: Longitudinal evidence for a general magnitude system
Authors: Lourenco Stella F , Aulet Lauren S
Published: August 2018

There is general agreement that humans represent numerical, spatial, and temporal magnitudes from early in development. However, there is disagreement about whether different magnitudes converge within a general magnitude system and whether this system supports behavioral demonstrations of cross‐magnitude interactions at different developmental time points. Using a longitudinal design, we found a relation between children's cross‐magnitude interactions assessed at two developmental time points with different behavioral measures. More specifically, stronger cross‐magnitude interactions in infancy (M= 9.3 months) predicted a stronger cross‐magnitude congruity effect at preschool age (M= 44.2 months), even when controlling for performance on measures of inhibitory control, analogical reasoning, and verbal competence at preschool age. The results suggest a common mechanism for cross‐magnitude interactions at different points in development as well as stability of the underlying individual differences. We argue that this mechanism reflects a nonverbal general magnitude system that is operational early in life and that displays continuity from infancy to preschool age.
Cover Image, Volume 20, Issue 9
Authors: Han Ji H. , Shin Hanho , Rho Jun G. , Kim Jung‐Eun , Son Dong H. , Yoon Juhwan , Lee Yong J. , Park Jung‐Hyuck , Song Byung J. , Choi Chang‐Sik , Yoon Seul G. , Kim Il Y. , Lee Eun K. , Seong Je K. , Kim Ki W. , Kim Wook
Published: August 2018

The cover image, by Ji H. Han et al., is based on the Original Article Peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade mitigates adipose tissue inflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse models of obesity, DOI: 10.1111/dom.13350.

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CSR Dynamics in the Midst of Competing Injunctions: The case of Danone
Authors: Marais Magalie , Reynaud Emmanuelle , Vilanova Laurent
Published: August 2018

This study examines how firms manage competing injunctions for corporate social responsibility (CSR) across time. We first develop a theory of CSR dynamics that accounts for the idea that a firm's actual CSR (what the firm does) and its professed CSR (what it says it does): (i) depend on both internal injunctions (a firm's identity orientation) and external injunctions (stakeholder demands); and (ii) are not necessarily constant over time, that is, there might be discernible phases of CSR. We illustrate our theory with a longitudinal case study of Danone, a French food‐processing company. We show that in the midst of conflicting injunctions, Danone adopted a multi‐phase strategy that consisted of proactively managing opponents in the short term to better impose CSR in the long term. During the different phases, decoupling actual from professed CSR was a key instrument to maintain organizational cohesion.
ETF Competition and Market Quality
Authors: Box Travis , Davis Ryan L. , Fuller Kathleen P.
Published: August 2018

This paper examines competition between exchange traded funds (ETFs) that hold nearly identical portfolios of securities. We provide evidence that incumbent‐fund liquidity is negatively affected when a new ETF is added to an asset class. The degradation in liquidity is even more severe whenever both funds follow the same benchmark. We also document a decline in primary‐market activity for the incumbent ETFs after the arrival of new competitors. Furthermore, increasing the number of funds in an asset class does not put downward pressure on fund management fees. Thus, the deterioration in market quality may not be offset by decreasing costs of fund ownership.
Effect of a medicines management model on medication‐related readmissions in older patients admitted to a medical acute admission unit—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Graabæk Trine , Hedegaard Ulla , Christensen Mikkel B. , Clemmensen Marianne H. , Knudsen Torben , Aagaard Lise
Published: August 2018

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Medication‐related problems are frequent and can lead to serious adverse events resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and costs. Medication use in frail older patients is even more complex. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a pharmacist‐led medicines management model among older patients at admission, during inpatient stay and at discharge on medication‐related readmissions.

Method

A randomized controlled trial conducted at the acute admission unit in a Danish hospital with acutely admitted medical patients, randomized to either a control group or one of two intervention groups. The intervention consisted of pharmacist‐led medication review and patient interview upon admission (intervention ED) or pharmacist‐led medication review and patient interview upon admission, medication review during inpatient stay, and medication report and patient counselling at discharge (intervention STAY).

Results

In total, 600 patients were included. The pharmacist identified 920 medication‐related problems with 57% of the recommendations accepted by the physician. After 30 days, 25 patients had a medication‐related readmission, with no statistical significant difference between the groups on either primary or secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

This study showed that a clinical pharmacist can be used to identify and solve medication‐related problems, but this study did not find any effect on the selected outcomes. The frequency of medication‐related readmissions was low, leaving little room for improvement. Future research should consider other study designs or outcome measures.
A step towards intelligent EBSD microscopy: machine‐learning prediction of twin activity in MgAZ31
Authors: SHARMA RISHABH , CHELLADURAI ISAAC , ORME ANDREW D. , MILES MICHAEL P. , GIRAUD‐CARRIER CHRISTOPHE , FULLWOOD DAVID T.
Published: August 2018

Although microscopy is often treated as a quasi‐static exercise for obtaining a snapshot of events and structure, it is clear that a more dynamic approach, involving real‐time decision making for guiding the investigation process, may provide deeper insights, more efficiently. On the other hand, many applications of machine learning involve the interpretation of local circumstances from experience gained over many observations; that is, machine learning potentially provides an ideal solution for more efficient microscopy. This paper explores the potential for informing the microscope's observation strategy while characterising critical events. In particular, the identification of regions likely to experience twin activity (twin interaction with grain boundary) in AZ31 magnesium is attempted, from only local information. EBSD‐based observations in the neighbourhoods of twin activity are fed into a machine‐learning environment to inform the future search for such events, and the accuracy of the resultant decisions is quantified relative to the number of prior observations. The potential for utilising different types of local information, and their resultant value in the prediction process, is also assessed. After applying an attribute selection filter, and various other machine‐learning tools, a decision‐tree model is able to classify likely neighbourhoods of twin activity with 85% accuracy. The resultant framework provides the first step towards an intelligent microscopy for efficient observation of stochastic events during in situ microscopy campaigns.

Lay description

One role of artificial intelligence is to predict future events after learning from many previous observations. In materials science, various phenomena (such as crack nucleation) are difficult to predict because they have been insufficiently observed. Furthermore, observation is difficult, precisely because their location cannot be predicted, leading to a chicken and egg conundrum. This paper applies machine learning to the search for twin nucleation sites in a magnesium alloy, in an attempt to guide the observation of twin nucleation events in a microscope based on previous observations. As more data is obtained, the accuracy of the location prediction will increase. In the current case, the machine‐learning tool achieved 85% accuracy for predicting the location of twin interactions with grain boundaries after several thousand observations. The resultant framework provides the first step towards an intelligent microscopy for efficient observation of stochastic events during in situ microscopy campaigns.