bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of sustainable life cycle assessment on building construction methods: IBS versus conventional
Authors: Nik Mazlan Nik Muhammad Akif , Ismail Sushilawati , Saryanto Hendi , Wan Nasaruddin Wan Anwar Faiz , Tukiat Ikhwan Shah Tisadi
Published: February 2025

Industrial Building Systems (IBS) is prominently known as one of the sustainable construction options. However, some construction practitioners still doubt the sustainability of this method, which may be due to their lack of awareness and knowledge. Furthermore, the construction industry, particularly in Malaysia, does not yet have precise and reliable figures demonstrating the amount of carbon footprint reduction attributable to the usage of IBS. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the IBS building sustainability performance based on carbon emission values. A life cycle assessment (LCA) comparison between conventional methods and the IBS method will be conducted to see the carbon footprint percentage based on comparing these two methods. In the end, LCA will consider every single flow and relate the activity when analyzing the sustainability issues of the building. Materials, energy, and product waste throughout the life cycle will be identified so that the environmental impact can be determined from before the design and manufacturing phase starts until the completion of the construction activities. This study is expected to prove the sustainability of the IBS method compared to the conventional methods to increase the confidence level of construction implementers and further expand the implementation of the IBS method. It is also hoped that the awareness of the sustainability characteristics of IBS construction can change the perception of the construction implementers by starting to think about long-term implications such as GWP when in the phase of decision-making in a construction project development.
Optimization of the second phase morphology and content effect to impact resistance of epoxy resin composite
Authors: Fitri Muhamad , Mahzan Shahruddin , Muhammad Zago Dagaci , Zakaria Supa’at , Feriyanto Dafit
Published: February 2025

The increasingly widespread use of composite materials for structural materials forces composite materials to have superior mechanical properties, one of which is impact strength. The material’s impact strength was determined by calculating the impact energy obtained from the impact test. Many things impact the strength of composite materials. Many studies have been conducted on the mechanical properties of composite materials. However, the above research has not investigated the influence of the morphology of the second phase on the mechanical properties of resin composite materials. The morphology of the second phase used as reinforcement in composite materials can be particles, short fibers, or continuous fibers. The shape (morphology) of the second phase affects the impact strength of the composite material. Therefore, this study was intended to examine the effect of the morphology of Coir Coconut fiber as the second phase (reinforcement) combined with the percentage of its content in epoxy resin matrix composite on the impact strength, as well as to determine the optimum morphology and the percentage of the second phase. The study was designed using the full factorial. Furthermore, the data on the impact strength of the specimens were analyzed to obtain a regression model for the relationship between the morphology of the second phase and the percentage of the content of the second phase on the impact strength. With this regression model, it is possible to predict the impact strength of various morphological forms of the second phase and optimize the optimum content of the second phase.
Evaluation method and module design for cost-effective compliance with irradiance guidelines to maintain soil quality in solar parks
Authors: Cesar Ilkay , Van Aken Bas B.
Published: February 2025

Ground mounted solar parks lead to changes in the micro-climate under and between the PV tables. In particular, the vegetation on the soil is, in various degrees, shaded from direct sunlight and indirect, diffuse light. Also, the changes in precipitation distribution, air temperature and wind speed will affect the conditions. This leads to varying conditions for the vegetation affecting photosynthesis, which on the longer term influences the soil quality. To ensure sufficient light for photosynthesis, initial thresholds for irradiance have been drafted by TNO and Wageningen University and Research for the climate conditions in the Netherlands. Based on these rules, we present for the first time a method to evaluate the trade-off between soil irradiance and energy yield, related to table configuration and module choice, for utility-scale solar parks. Irradiance on the ground has either passed around the PV tables, passed through the gaps between panels or is transmitted between the solar cells in the panels. This leads to an optimisation of the module transparency and the size and relative position of the PV tables, when minimising the costs and at the same time complying with these irradiance criteria. To illustrate this optimisation, we have simulated the annual energy yield and ground irradiance and calculated the effect on the levelised cost of electricity. We present two solar park designs, that have the same ground irradiance distribution. One design is installed with partially transparent, bifacial modules, the other with gaps between the opaque, bifacial modules. Although the transparent bifacial modules have a somewhat lower module power, this system produces more kWh per hectare and has a lower levelised cost of electricity. The present paper shows that the partial transparency of bifacial modules is a key feature to maintain the soil ecology, and profitability, thus contributing to societal acceptance.
Gamma-H2AX as a biomarker to assess individual radiosensitivity for radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer patients: A systematic review
Authors: Kisnanto T. , Ramadhani D. , H Purwaningsih E. , W Hakim R. , H Basri I.K. , S Humani T. , E Surniyantoro H.N. , Syaifudin M. , Purnami S. , A Suryandari D.
Published: February 2025

Radiopharmaceutical therapy offers targeted, potent cancer treatment, but individual responses vary, necessitating personalized approaches for optimal outcomes. Gamma-H2AX, a phosphorylated form of histone, has become a sensitive indicator of DNA double-strand breaks caused by ionizing radiation. Gamma-H2AX assays in radiopharmaceutical therapy offer a non-invasive way to assess individual radiosensitivity, improving treatment optimization and patient classification. This systematic review examines the use of gamma-H2AX as a biomarker for determining individual radiosensitivity in cancer patients receiving radiopharmaceutical therapy. An in-depth search for supporting publications utilized three popular electronic databases: PubMed Central (PMC), ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Specific keywords determine article limits. Every existing article was examined and appraised independently using the PICO method (participants, intervention/exposure, comparison, and outcome). 81 articles were identified, 59 were screened based on title and abstract, and 32 were excluded. Six articles were quite worthy, but only two articles were considered in this research. Based on these two articles, it is possible to conclude that the gamma-H2AX foci marker in peripheral blood cells of patients receiving radiopharmaceutical therapy was promising for predicting treatment response and individual radiosensitivity. However, this research needs to be validated with a greater number of patients to have a higher prospective value in future investigations.
Pediatric Epilepsy Management: Special Considerations
Authors: Nickels Katherine , Joshi Charuta
Published: February 2025

While pediatric epilepsy shares some features with adult epilepsy, the growing and developing brain during childhood is associated with differences in epilepsy etiologies, syndromes, comorbidities, management, and outcomes. We must also consider the long-term effects of epilepsy and treatments. This section highlights unique considerations for pediatric epilepsy. These include pediatric onset electroclinical syndromes that commonly resolve prior to adulthood, treatment duration of self-limited pediatric epilepsy syndromes, pediatric-onset epilepsy with etiology-specific treatment, and therapies used more commonly in the pediatric population. In addition, pediatric-onset epilepsy is associated with a higher risk for developmental, psychiatric, and behavioral comorbidities in a bidirectional fashion. Family dynamics are affected by a child with epilepsy, and transitioning to the adult clinic is a particular challenge for this population. Finally, there are special issues that occur in pediatric epilepsy, including the lack of pediatric FDA approvals for newly available therapies and the need for sedation for investigations.
Dynamics of the domain boundaries of a uniaxial ferromagnet in a transverse magnetic field
Authors: Ivanov B. A. , Safaryan K. A.
Published: February 2025

We have constructed a theory of forced motion of domain walls in a uniaxial ferromagnet in the presence of a strong external magnetic field perpendicular to the easy axis of the magnetic material (transverse field). The ultimate domain wall velocity has been calculated for the limiting cases of weak and strong (close in magnitude to the anisotropy field) fields. For intermediate fields a direct variational method is employed to analyze the domain wall structure. Description of the domain wall drag is done on the basis of the generalized phenomenological approach, suggested by Bar’yakhtar, where relaxation of both exchange and relativistic origin is accounted for in a natural way. The character of the domain wall motion is shown to be controlled by different relaxation mechanisms within different ranges of transverse-field and domain-wall-velocity values.
The role of the Nernst effect in electromagnetic–acoustic transformation
Authors: Kaganov M. I. , Maallawi F. M.
Published: February 2025

We have calculated the amplitude of a sound wave of frequency ω excited in a metal by an electromagnetic wave of the same frequency when the metal is placed in a magnetic field tilted to the metal surface. The cause of this electromagnetic-acoustic transformation is the Nernst effect. The sound wave amplitude due to the Nernst effect can be of the order of that of a sound wave excited by the Faraday (Lorentz) force.
On theory of the orientational phase transition in quadrupolar systems of the KBr1−x(CN)x type
Authors: Shchelkacheva T. I.
Published: February 2025

The dependence of the orientational phase transition temperature on the concentration of spherically nonsymmetric ions in dilute quadrupolar systems of the KBr1−x(CN)x type is described in a simple way on the basis of Bethe’s approximation.
Order–disorder phase transition in an argon–krypton solid solution on the basis of the quasichemical approximation of statistical-mechanical theory
Authors: Bruk-Levinson É. T. , Murokh I. Yu.
Published: February 2025

A new statistical-mechanical approach to the description of ordering in binary alloys is developed on the basis of Rott’s statistical method of conditional distributions. In a quasichemical approximation of the theory with account for at least five coordination spheres we predict an order–disorder phase transition in an argon-krypton solid solution, which can be observed experimentally.
Structure phase transitions in CsDy(MoO4)2
Authors: Anders É. E. , Startsev S. V.
Published: February 2025

Experimental studies of the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of CsDy(MoO4)2 were carried out in the temperature range 40 to 330 K. Anomalies in Cp (T) indicative of structure rearrangements in the crystal have been found. Reasons for existence of an incommensurable phase between 59 and 42 K are suggested.
Photocatalytic performance of binary and ternary composites based on TiO2 modified with tin and/or carbon in the hydrogen production reaction
Authors: Manuilov E. V. , Shymanovska V. V. , Shcherban N. D. , Korzhak G. V. , Khalyavka T. O.
Published: February 2025

Titanium dioxide modified with tin and/or carbon was synthesized by sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barret–Joiner–Halenda methods, Fourier transform infrared and UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopies. Modification of TiO2 with tin led to the formation of three-phase samples consisting of anatase (TiO2), rutile (TiO2), and SnO2 with a rutile-type crystal lattice. Simultaneous modification of TiO2 with carbon and tin favored the formation of two-phase samples with anatase and rutile structures. Modification of TiO2 with tin and/or carbon led to increased specific surface area and reduced band gap. The photocatalysts have shown good performance for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen under the irradiation with ultraviolet light using ethanol as the sacrificial agent. The results showed that the TiO2 modified with tin exhibited twice an increase in photocatalytic activity over the pristine TiO2. Among the three-phase samples, the most active one contained 2.29% at. Sn, while among the two-phase samples, the sample 1SnO2/C/TiO2 with atomic percentage of modifier 6.59 (C) and 2.06 (Sn) showed the better activity. The improvement in photocatalytic performance is attributed to the increase in specific surface area, the reduction in the band gap and the presence of heterojunctions between the different phases.
Experimental and computational analysis of C≡N and C–H stretching bands in acetonitrile solutions
Authors: Jumabaev Abduvakhid , Hushvaktov Hakim , Absanov Ahmad , Doroshenko Iryna , Khudaykulov Bekzod
Published: February 2025

Raman and FTIR spectra of pure acetonitrile (ACN) and its solutions with water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and formamide were investigated experimentally and by means of computer simulation. The research is focused on the C≡N and C–H stretching vibrations of H-bonded complexes in the solutions. Potential energy distribution analysis was carried out for obtained vibrational frequencies. Experiments reveal a blue shift of the C≡N and C–H stretching bands for ACN dissolved in water. In DMSO solutions, the frequencies of these bands were almost unchanged, only their intensity changed. In formamide solution, the C≡N stretching band is blue-shifted, and the C–H stretching vibration band is slightly red-shifted. It is estimated that the main reason for this is weak hydrogen bonds or van der Waals interaction of C–H⋅⋅⋅O and N⋅⋅⋅H–O types. This viewpoint is supported by the results of atom in molecule, non-covalent interaction, and reduced density gradient analyses.
Raman and DFT study of non-covalent interactions in liquid benzophenone and its solutions
Authors: Khudaykulov Bekzod , Norkulov Asliddin , Holikulov Utkirjon , Absanov Ahmad , Doroshenko Iryna , Jumabaev Abduvakhid
Published: February 2025

Analysis of intermolecular interactions in liquid benzophenone and its solutions in acetone and acetic acid by Raman spectroscopy and quantum-chemical simulation is presented. The results of the experiment show that in binary solutions of benzophenone, a red shift was observed for the C ˭ O stretching band, and a blue shift was observed for the C–H stretching and breathing bands. Such shifts were predicted to occur due to weak (non-classical) hydrogen bonds of C–H⋅⋅⋅O ˭ C type between benzophenone and solvent molecules. The nature and strength of solute-solvent interactions are discussed. The electron density distribution in benzophenone and its complexes with acetone and acetic acid molecules was visualized using the molecular electrostatic potential surface. The electronic properties of the molecular complexes were characterized using the frontier molecular orbitals and localization functions.
Time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy probe in ultrafast surface chemistry
Authors: Nilsson Anders
Published: February 2025

To celebrate the scientific achievement of Jo Stöhr, I present here a personal account of the use of x-ray absorption spectroscopy to probe dynamics on surfaces using x-ray lasers. In particular, I will review the investigation of ultrafast processes in adsorbates on surfaces using an optical pump and an x-ray absorption spectroscopy probe. Here, it is shown that it is possible to gain insight into the effects of electronic excitations in metals on adsorbates as well as laser-induced vibrational motions. Furthermore, the ultrafast optical pump allows the detection of the CO precursor state in the desorption channel, species close to the transition state in CO oxidation, and the transient HCO intermediate during CO hydrogenation on Ru(0001).
Dynamical localization for the singular Anderson model in Zd
Authors: Rangamani Nishant , Zhu Xiaowen
Published: February 2025

We prove that once one has the ingredients of a “single-energy multiscale analysis result” on the Zd lattice, several spectral and dynamical localization results can be derived, the most prominent being strong dynamical localization (SDL). In particular, given the recent progress at the bottom of the spectrum for the Z2 and Z3 cases with Bernoulli single-site probability distribution, our results imply SDL in these regimes.
Unique continuation at the boundary for divergence form elliptic equations on quasiconvex domains
Authors: Cai Yingying
Published: February 2025

Let Ω⊂Rd be a quasiconvex Lipschitz domain, and let A(x) be a d × d uniformly elliptic, symmetric matrix with Lipschitz coefficients. Assume a nontrivial function u solves −∇ · (A(x)∇u) = 0 in Ω, and u vanishes on Σ = ∂Ω ∩ B for some ball B. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the existence of a countable collection of open balls (Bi)i such that the restriction of u to Bi ∩ Ω maintains a consistent sign. Furthermore, for any compact subset K of Σ, the set difference K\⋃iBi is shown to have a Minkowski dimension strictly less than d − 1 − ϵ. As a consequence, we prove Lin’s conjecture in quasiconvex domains.
Investigating the effect of termination capacitor on E–H mode transition in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Wang Xin-Jie , Lyu Xiang-Yun , Gong Li-Yue , Gao Fei , Wang You-Nian
Published: February 2025

In this work, the effects of stringing termination capacitors on the external circuit parameters, plasma parameters, and mode transition in radio frequency (RF) inductively coupled Ar discharges are investigated. It has been demonstrated that at low pressure (1 Pa), in the absence of termination capacitors, the plasma parameters and external circuit parameters exhibit a continuous variation with increasing RF power. The plasma density is observed to decrease with decreasing capacitance value in the E mode when the termination capacitor is inserted, while the plasma density is increased with decreasing capacitance value in the H mode. During the E–H mode transition process, both the plasma parameters and the external circuit parameters undergo a discontinuous change characterized by a distinct “jump” in each parameter. By increasing and then decreasing RF power, the evolution of each parameter creates a significant hysteresis. As the termination capacitance decreases, the power threshold of the H–E mode transition decreases, resulting in a larger hysteresis loop. The termination capacitor, which is connected in series at the end of the coil, can alter the voltage distribution on the RF antenna. This alteration results in a reduction in the potential difference between the coil and the “common ground,” which effectively diminishes the electrostatic field. Furthermore, the electron energy probability function indicates that the addition of the termination capacitor results in a reduction in the proportion of energetic electrons in the E mode, accompanied by a reduction in the plasma potential.
Exploration of polar direct drive wetted foam concepts for neutron sources on the National Ignition Facility laser
Authors: Kemp G. E. , Yeamans C. B. , Hohenberger M. , Bhandarkar S. , Blue B. E. , Briggs T. M. , Craxton R. S. , Divol L. , Do M. , Farrell M. , Haid A. , Haines B. M. , MacLaren S. A. , McKenty P. W. , Moestopo W. P. , Oakdale J. , Olson R. E. , Ping Y. , Rosenberg M. J. , Schmitt M. J. , Thomas C. A. , Whitley H. D. , Widmann K. , Xia X.
Published: February 2025

A multi-laboratory collaborative effort is currently exploring the feasibility of laser direct drive liquid deuterium–tritium (DT) wetted foam inertial confinement fusion concepts being considered for novel neutron sources on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser. In contrast to the laser indirect drive approach that recently demonstrated ignition in the laboratory, these concepts also offer the potential of multi-MJ yields but with less damaging laser drives, improved robustness to target and drive imperfections, and enhanced facility fielding flexibility and orders-of-magnitude less target debris: favorable aspects for neutron exposure environments and inertial fusion energy concepts, alike. We present the current status of the experimental platform and radiation-hydrodynamics modeling development efforts to better understand the potential risks and benefits associated with these designs for the envisioned implementation on the NIF laser encompassing (i) novel two-photon-polymerization additively manufactured capsules, (ii) cryogenic target cooling through a large conductive fill tube, (iii) polar direct drive, and (iv) direct laser ablation of the liquid DT wetted foam layer.
Dysfunctional mechanotransduction regulates the progression of PIK3CA-driven vascular malformations
Authors: Aw Wen Yih , Sawhney Aanya , Rathod Mitesh , Whitworth Chloe P. , Doherty Elizabeth L. , Madden Ethan , Lu Jingming , Westphal Kaden , Stack Ryan , Polacheck William J.
Published: February 2025

Somatic activating mutations in PIK3CA are common drivers of vascular and lymphatic malformations. Despite common biophysical signatures of tissues susceptible to lesion formation, including compliant extracellular matrix and low rates of perfusion, lesions vary in clinical presentation from localized cystic dilatation to diffuse and infiltrative vascular dysplasia. The mechanisms driving the differences in disease severity and variability in clinical presentation and the role of the biophysical microenvironment in potentiating progression are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of hemodynamic forces and the biophysical microenvironment in the pathophysiology of vascular malformations (VMs), and we identify hemodynamic shear stress and defective endothelial cell mechanotransduction as key regulators of lesion progression. We found that constitutive PI3K activation impaired flow-mediated endothelial cell alignment and barrier function. We show that defective shear stress sensing in PIK3CAE542K endothelial cells is associated with reduced myosin light chain phosphorylation, junctional instability, and defective recruitment of vinculin to cell–cell junctions. Using three dimensional (3D) microfluidic models of the vasculature, we demonstrate that PIK3CAE542K microvessels apply reduced traction forces and are unaffected by flow interruption. We further found that draining transmural flow resulted in increased sprouting and invasion responses in PIK3CAE542K microvessels. Mechanistically, constitutive PI3K activation decreased cellular and nuclear elasticity resulting in defective cellular tensional homeostasis in endothelial cells which may underlie vascular dilation, tissue hyperplasia, and hypersprouting in PIK3CA-driven venous and lymphatic malformations. Together, these results suggest that defective nuclear mechanics, impaired cellular mechanotransduction, and maladaptive hemodynamic responses contribute to the development and progression of PIK3CA-driven vascular malformations.
Resonant excitation of whistler wave via Cherenkov emission by sweeping radio frequency heated hot spot across the equatorial electrojet
Authors: Kumar Pawan
Published: February 2025

A new and efficient scheme of resonant excitation of whistlers via Cherenkov emission in an equatorial electrojet by sweeping the heater in phase with the desired mode is investigated. The equatorial ionosphere around the maximum electron density, at a height of ∼100 km, is a suitable ionosphere duct for guided propagation of very low frequency whistler waves over long distances. This ionosphere duct also has a horizontal electrojet current across the ambient magnetic field. A ground-based high-gain, high-power radio frequency antenna array with a frequency of around 3.7 MHz can locally heat the ionosphere and modify the electrojet, and a hot spot is generated. By sweeping the hot spot along the magnetic field at the phase velocity of a whistler, one can resonantly excite the whistler wave via Cherenkov emission. These whistlers can trap and accelerate the charged particles to very high energies in the ionosphere.
Shock-induced chemistry and high strain-rate viscoelastic behavior of a phenolic polymer
Authors: Moore Nathan W. , Jones Keith A. , Wise Jack L. , Talley Darren G. , Lane J. Matthew D.
Published: February 2025

We use impact experiments and a finite element model (up to 1.2 GPa), and molecular dynamics simulations (up to 60 GPa), to examine the behavior of a phenolic polymer under shock compression, spanning both nonreactive and reactive regimes. In the nonreactive regime, relaxation following compression at strain rates of ∼105 s−1 can be explained by viscoelasticity observed at ordinary laboratory rates (≲1 s−1) by accounting for the temperature dependence of the phenolic β-transition. Reasonable agreement is found between the measured shock Hugoniot up to 1.2 GPa and molecular dynamics simulation for cross-linked structures of comparable density. We also observed a first-order mechanical transition near 0.36 GPa shock stress and estimated a spall strength of 0.102 GPa and Hugoniot elastic limit of 1–2 GPa. The shock stress is found to vary up to 24% among phenolics made with different resin and/or cure processes. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations are used to identify a reactive regime at shock pressures ≳20 GPa that is characterized by chemically driven, rate-dependent relaxation processes, including dehydrogenation and dehydration reactions that promote the formation of a dense, highly cross-linked carbonaceous solid and the release of light volatiles.
All-in-one self-powered wind speed sensor with a wide start-up range and high output power
Authors: Yang Yun , Zhang Shuai , Li Kuizhi , Xue Shuping , Cai Tingting
Published: February 2025

Anemometers play an important role in environmental monitoring in remote and unique locations, such as forests, islands, and mines. Self-powered wind speed sensors offer a solution for long-term reliable monitoring in unmanned environments. However, current self-powered wind speed sensors suffer from limited integration, limited start-up range, and insufficient output power. Therefore, an all-in-one self-powered wind speed sensor (ASWS-sensor) with a wide start-up range and high output power is proposed. The ASWS-sensor, based on triboelectric nanogenerator and electromagnetic generation technologies, features a unique dual-cup structure that integrates wind speed sensing and wind energy harvesting. This design enables wind speed detection across a broad range from 1.5 to 15 m/s and achieves a high output power of 1.18 W. To meet the long-term, reliable wind speed monitoring needs in coal mine tunnels, a real-time wind speed monitoring and alarm system is developed combining the ASWS-sensor and a master computer. Notably, in this system, the use of the FIR filtering algorithm effectively suppresses significant noise encountered during the collection of single-electrode triboelectric signals with a microcontroller, thereby simplifying the wind speed calculation process. The results show that when the wind speed exceeds 7 m/s, the system can collect, process, wirelessly transmit, analyze, and display wind speed-related data without the need for an external power supply. This demonstrates the excellent application potential of the ASWS-sensor in unmanned monitoring in remote and unique scenarios.
Developing orbital-dependent corrections for the non-additive kinetic energy in subsystem density functional theory
Authors: Eitelhuber Larissa Sophie , Artiukhin Denis G.
Published: February 2025

We present a novel route to constructing cost-efficient semi-empirical approximations for the non-additive kinetic energy in subsystem density functional theory. The developed methodology is based on the use of Slater determinants composed of non-orthogonal Kohn–Sham-like orbitals for the evaluation of kinetic energy expectation values and the expansion of the inverse molecular-orbital overlap matrix into a Neumann series. By applying these techniques, we derived and implemented a series of orbital-dependent approximations for the non-additive kinetic energy, which are employed self-consistently. Our proof-of-principle computations demonstrated quantitatively correct results for potential energy curves and electron densities and hinted on the applicability of the introduced empirical parameters to different types of molecular systems and intermolecular interactions. Therefore, we conclude that the presented study is an important step toward constructing accurate and efficient orbital-dependent approximations for the non-additive kinetic energy applicable to large molecular systems.
Approach to nonequilibrium: From anomalous to Brownian diffusion via non-Gaussianity
Authors: Marchenko I. G. , Marchenko I. I. , Łuczka J. , Spiechowicz J.
Published: February 2025

Recent progress in experimental techniques, such as single particle tracking, allows one to analyze both nonequilibrium properties and an approach to equilibrium. There are examples showing that processes occurring at finite timescales are distinctly different than their equilibrium counterparts. In this work, we analyze a similar problem of an approach to nonequilibrium. We consider an archetypal model of a nonequilibrium system consisting of a Brownian particle dwelling in a spatially periodic potential and driven by an external time-periodic force. We focus on a diffusion process and monitor its development in time. In the presented parameter regime, the excess kurtosis measuring the Gaussianity of the particle displacement distribution evolves in a non-monotonic way: first, it is negative (platykurtic form), next, it becomes positive (leptokurtic form), and then decays to zero (mesokurtic form). Despite the latter fact, diffusion in the long time limit is Brownian, yet non-Gaussian. Moreover, we discover a correlation between non-Gaussianity of the particle displacement distribution and transient anomalous diffusion behavior emerging for finite timescales.
Heavy ion acceleration by ultra-intense laser pulses interaction with a tapered nanowire target
Authors: Wen H. J. , Tian J. M. , Yang Z. Y. , Wang J. , Cai H. B. , Zhu S. P.
Published: February 2025

In this study, we propose a novel composite carbon nanowire target with a tapered structure to enhance the acceleration of ion by the space-charge field. The numerical study based on two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations has been carried out, and the physical mechanisms behind the acceleration of C6+ to energies much higher than those of a laser interacting with a normal nanowire target are reported. When the ultra-intense laser interacts with the tapered nanowire target, not only are the electrons accelerated more effectively, resulting in an enhanced sheath field on the back of the target, but also a strong forward quasi-static electric field is generated inside the target. Thus, there is a phenomenon that the C6+ ions are accelerated to higher energies in two stages by the quasi-static electrostatic fields inside and behind the target. In addition, in order to investigate the most efficient case of C6+ ion acceleration, the particle-in-cell simulations were also carried out using different laser intensities and target parameters.
Controlling the Mott–Peierls transition in epitaxial VO2 (M1) film grown by PLD for near-IR photodetection
Authors: Singh Sonika , Anand Jay Krishna , Chitnis Ujjwal , Garg Sakshi , Arora Kanika , Goswami Ankur , Singh Rajendra
Published: February 2025

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) (M1) exhibits a unique metal–insulator transition (MIT) near room temperature, garnering considerable attention for its applications in bolometer, terahertz/infrared detectors, and microelectronic devices. Here, we explore the potential of epitaxially grown VO2 (M1) thin films for near-infrared (IR) detection by optimizing the growth conditions, followed by structural characterization and device fabrication. Alongside the VO2 (M1) phase, two other oxides from the vanadium oxide family, VO2 (A) and V2O5, were also grown on a c-cut sapphire substrate using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) system. In-depth analysis using temperature-dependent XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the crystalline structure and the quality of epitaxial thin film formation of VO2 (M1), while also unveiling structural phase transition (SPT) behavior and the critical temperature of transition. At elevated temperatures during electrical measurement, the VO2 (M1) epilayer exhibits a first-order phase transition from the metallic to the insulating state, accompanied by a significant change in resistance exceeding three orders of magnitude unveiling its potential in thermal switches, memory-based devices etc. In depth, electrical analysis on all the grown oxides shows that VO2 (M1) and V2O5 exhibit a higher temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) (3%/K and 2%/K) and a lower 1/f noise (in the order pA/Hz at 0.1 Hz) as compared to VO2 (A), paving scope for further analysis of these two oxides toward important applications in the domain of thermal sensors. Additionally, VO2 (M1) exhibited good bolometric response (in the order of ms) to IR radiation, proving its candidature for the application in IR detectors as well.
Identification of an upper limit to the laser pulse duration in photonic band-edge liquid crystal lasers
Authors: Brown C. M. , Pakamoryte I. , Hands P. J. W.
Published: February 2025

Photonic band-edge liquid crystal (LC) lasers are an exciting field of research, offering potential in a range of applications from medical imaging to holographic projection. Much work has been done on improving the performance of LC lasers. However, due to historical limitations in pumping techniques, very little experimental work into the temporal dynamics of LC lasers has been published. In this paper, a laser diode pump source with a variable pulse duration is used to investigate the temporal characteristics of the resultant LC laser pulses, while maintaining a constant ratio of pump pulse energy to LC laser threshold. The existence of an upper limit to the output pulse duration of stimulated emission from an LC laser is presented, with a value of 3.5 (±0.1) ns for a DCM-doped cell and 5.2 (±0.2) ns for a Coumarin504-doped cell, irrespective of the laser diode pump pulse lengths, which exceed these values. Evidence is provided to show that the remainder of the optical energy within the pump pulse results in fluorescence emission. The results are in good agreement with the theory of organic dye dynamics and may provide possible future opportunities for electronic control of laser linewidth and coherence in addition to pump parameter optimization for improved LC laser performance.
Comparative analysis of damage to the marine pipeline by linear shaped and blasting charges
Authors: Zhang Zhifan , Yang Shuxin , Zhang Shenhe , Wang Longkan , Zhang Guiyong , Zong Zhi
Published: February 2025

The blow-up of the marine pipeline raised an international uproar. The destruction of the pipeline not only causes great economic losses but also has a significant impact on the ecological environment. In order to investigate the damage process of the marine pipeline, a fluid–structure interaction underwater explosion model based on the Arbitrary Lagrange Euler method is established. Damage effects of the blasting charge and linear-shaped charge (LSC) with equal charge (50 kg Rotary Deuterated eXchange) are compared and analyzed. The calculation results show that the steel pipes are mainly subject to localized shear damage and concave deformation. The penetration hole caused by blasting charge has a length of 530 mm and a width of 125 mm, while the size of the penetration hole caused by LSC is 1042 mm in length and 304 mm in width. In addition, the protective concrete layer appears different degrees of shedding and cracking. However, neither of the charges causes significant damage to the lower surface of the pipeline. Then the damage results for the two types of charge arranged on both sides of the pipeline are further compared and analyzed. Blasting charge form 579 mm long and 97 mm wide penetration holes on both sides of the pipeline. Concave deformation occurs near the penetration hole, but the outer sides of the pipeline are less deformed. As for LSC, it can form 881 mm long and 288 mm wide interconnected penetration holes on the pipeline, and the pipeline shows signs of overall fracture.
Electric field influence on the formation and evolution of vapor gas envelope in electrolytic plasma polishing
Authors: Xiang Yuxia , Sun Huanwu , Yang Dongliang , Wang Juan , Sun Liang
Published: February 2025

Electrolytic plasma polishing is an advanced technique for refining metal surfaces, particularly with intricate geometries, where the vapor-gas envelope (VGE) plays a crucial role in determining process efficiency and quality. Nonetheless, the nonlinear physics governing VGE dynamics, particularly the interactions between fluid dynamics, electrostrictive effects, and electric fields, remain inadequately explored. This research introduces a new mechanism for VGE evolution based on bubble deformation driven by nonlinear electric field interactions. A mathematical model derived from the Navier–Stokes equation, coupled with electrohydrodynamic forces, was developed to investigate VGE dynamics under varying voltage levels. Numerical simulations of electric field intensity, conductivity distribution, and pressure fields revealed the dominant role of electrostrictive forces in driving nanoscale vapor cavity deformation. The uneven electric forces generate mechanical stress, inducing nonlinear phenomena such as bubble contraction, coalescence, and expansion, further triggering nucleate boiling and film boiling. High-speed imaging of experiments using a linearly increasing voltage pulse validated the numerical results, showing how varying electric field strengths alter VGE formation, conductivity behavior, and temperature changes. At high field intensities (9 × 104 to 14 × 104 V/m), the balance between fluid dynamic pressure and electrostrictive forces stabilizes the VGE, forming negative pressure regions and enhanced bubble coalescence. Finally, the experimentally measured conductivity verifies the accuracy of the fluid model, and an empirical model of heat flow and temperature during the VGE process is established. The findings highlight the significance of electrostrictive forces in shaping VGE behavior and provide theoretical and practical insights for optimizing high-quality polishing processes.
Thickness-dependent optical properties and ultrafast carrier dynamics of 2D non-layered β-In2S3
Authors: Chen Yicun , Huang Ziqi , You Yongyong , Jiang Tianran , Wu Huiping , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Du Chun , Chen Ke , Lai Tianshu
Published: February 2025

Non-layered 2D materials, such as indium sulfide (In2S3), possess distinctive properties due to their unsaturated surface bonds and atomically thin structures, rendering them highly promising for state-of-the-art optoelectronic applications. Herein, we conduct a comprehensive investigation into the optical characteristics and ultrafast carrier dynamics of β-In2S3 nanoflakes. Through thickness-dependent Raman, photoluminescence (PL), and absorption spectra, we reveal the critical role of thickness in tuning the optical properties of β-In2S3. Notably, β-In2S3 exhibits broad PL emission and a robust nonlinear optical response in second-harmonic generation (SHG), largely attributed to inherent defect states. Thickness-dependent SHG surpasses conventional odd/even layer limitations, highlighting β-In2S3’s unique optical versatility. Ultrafast carrier dynamics further unveil two distinct defect-mediated recombination processes: a fast non-radiative pathway and a slower radiative pathway, both accelerating with increasing thickness, as revealed by thickness-dependent transient absorption spectroscopy. This finding underscores the significant modulation of recombination lifetime by varying the thickness of β-In2S3. These insights not only emphasize the versatility of β-In2S3 for optoelectronic applications but also pave the way for its integration into next-generation devices, offering a promising avenue for advancing the field of optoelectronics.
Nitrogen molecular radiation in hypersonic expanding flow
Authors: Zhang Senhao , Wang Jiaying , Bai Tianrui , Xu Yixin , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Zhang Shizhong , Lin Xin , Li Jinping , Li Fei
Published: February 2025

This study investigates nitrogen molecular radiation in hypersonic expanding flow around a two-dimensional model. Experiments were conducted using the JF-14 shock tunnel in shock tube mode, generating a 3.25 km/s shock wave to create the required flow. A blunt model with a 25-mm nose radius was used to generate the expanding flow. Spatially resolved visible spectra were measured around the model's shoulder. Numerical simulations were then conducted to analyze flow properties and spectral distributions. The results show that the N2 first positive system dominates emissions in the 500–750 nm range. The spectral profiles matched well between experiment and simulation, but predicted intensities were 3–4 times higher, likely due to an overestimation of the excited state density in the model. A detected spectral line near 520 nm, close to the wall, suggests that the predissociation may have been underestimated. This work extends experimental data on hypersonic expanding flow, contributing to an improved understanding of radiation in such flows.
Turbulence model comparison for ventilated cavitation around a hydrofoil
Authors: Deng Fanjie , Wang Peng , Yuan Jianping , Si Qiaorui
Published: February 2025

Ventilated cavitation involves complex multiphase flow, phase change, and turbulence, posing challenges for accurate prediction and control. This paper investigates the performance of three turbulence models—Large Eddy Simulation (LES), Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), and Shear Stress Transport (SST)—in predicting the unsteady characteristics and entropy generation mechanisms in ventilated cavitation around a hydrofoil. A comparative analysis with experiments reveals each model's strengths and limitations in capturing cavitation and turbulence at various scales. The results demonstrate that the LES model excels in resolving small-scale turbulent structures, cavitation formation and shedding, as well as reverse flow and vortex dynamics, making it highly suitable for detailed analysis of complex cavitation phenomena. The DES model shows robustness in predicting large-scale flow features but exhibits delays when handling bubble motion near the hydrofoil's trailing edge. The SST model achieves a balance between computational accuracy and efficiency in predicting flow separation and vortex structures, making it ideal for trend analysis in engineering applications. By analyzing boundary vorticity flux lines, Q-criterion, and Omega methods, the study confirms the LES model's superior capability in capturing intricate vortex structures in high-turbulence regions, while also revealing the dynamic evolution of entropy generation during cavitation. Overall, the LES model proves to be the most effective for precise simulation of ventilated cavitation phenomena, while the DES and SST models are better suited for large-scale flow analysis and practical engineering applications, respectively. This research provides theoretical and technical support for the prediction and control of complex ventilated cavitation flows.
Coupling and propagation of strong-field THz waves on tungsten wires
Authors: Cai Jiahua , Xiong Hongting , Liu Shaojie , Wu Xiaojun
Published: February 2025

Free-space strong-field terahertz (THz) radiation has significant applications in non-equilibrium quantum matter modulation, all-optical electron acceleration and manipulation, THz biomedical effects, and so on. However, certain applications like THz endoscopes, strong-field THz near-field nonlinear optics, and THz high-power devices require a deep understanding of strong-field THz–matter interaction mechanisms. Therefore, improving the manipulation of strong-field THz coupling and propagation characteristics, particularly through the use of metal wire waveguides, is crucial. To this end, we systematically investigate the coupling and propagation characteristics of strong-field THz waves on the surface of tungsten wires and implement two effective coupling methods: two-wire coupling and crossover coupling. This allows for a propagation distance of up to 100 mm along the tungsten surface as THz surface waves. This effective control of strong-field THz waves using metal wires enables the guidance of THz waves from free space into transmission lines and waveguides, which holds significant value for various specific applications.
Microtubule inner proteins of
Plasmodium
are essential for transmission of malaria parasites
Authors: Hentzschel Franziska , Binder Annika M. , Dorner Lilian P. , Herzel Lea , Nuglisch Fenja , Sema Meslo , Röver Katharina , He Buyuan , Aguirre-Botero Manuela C. , Cyrklaff Marek , Funaya Charlotta , Frischknecht Friedrich
Published: February 2025

Microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) are microtubule-associated proteins that bind to tubulin from the luminal side. MIPs can be found in axonemes to stabilize flagellar beat or within cytoplasmic microtubules.
Plasmodium
spp. are the causative agents of malaria that feature different parasite forms across a complex life cycle with both unique and divergent microtubule-based arrays. Here, we investigate four MIPs in a rodent malaria parasite for their role in transmission to and from the mosquito. We show by single and double gene deletions that SPM1 and TrxL1, MIPs associated with subpellicular microtubules, are dispensable for transmission from the vertebrate host to the mosquito and back. In contrast, FAP20 and FAP52, MIPs associated with the axonemes of gametes, are essential for transmission to mosquitoes but only if both genes are deleted. In the absence of both FAP20 and FAP52, the B-tubule of the axoneme partly detaches from the A-tubule, resulting in the deficiency of axonemal beating and hence gamete formation and egress. Our data suggest that a high level of redundancy ensures microtubule stability in the transmissive stages of
Plasmodium
, which is important for parasite transmission.
Exploring cosmology: a simple experiment to illustrate the cosmological principle and the Hubble–Lemaître Law
Authors: Suárez Álvaro
Published: February 2025

We present an activity to illustrate the Hubble–Lemaître law and the cosmological principle. Using an elastic band to represent the expanding Universe and dots on the band to represent galaxies, we use Tracker software to measure recession velocities as a function of distance and analyse their relationship in different reference frames. Unlike previous work, which has focused on changes in position, this approach allows direct and quick measurement of velocities for different reference frames and different expansion rates. The activity is simple and can be incorporated into different learning cycles or used as homework.