bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide identification and expression analysis of Polyamine Uptake Transporter gene family in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)
Authors: Alhag A. , Song J. , Dahro B. , Wu H. , Khan M. , Salih H. , Liu J.‐H.
Published: August 2021

Polyamine uptake transporter (PUT) plays important roles in polyamine homeostasis, but knowledge regarding PUT family genes in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) remains elusive.

Herein, our study aimed to perform a genome‐wide identification of the PUT gene family in C. sinensis. A total of eight putative PUT genes (CsPUT1–CsPUT8) were identified in the sweet orange genome and distributed on three chromosomes. The CsPUT genes were divided into two major groups according to the phylogenetic tree analysis, with high similarities in protein domains and gene structure organization.

The CsPUT genes were differentially expressed in different tissues, with the highest transcript levels being in the flowers and roots. Interestingly, the CsPUT genes were significantly induced by polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, indicating that CsPUT were possibly associated with intracellular polyamine transport and uptake. In addition, CsPUT showed differential expression in callus treated with ABA, cold, salt or osmotic shock.

CsPUT4 was selected as a candidate for functional analysis of PUT. Overexpression of CsPUT4 elevated endogenous polyamine content and led to enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic callus cultures. Overall, these data provide valuable information for better understanding the potential biological functions of PUT genes in future.
Uptake of hematite nanoparticles in maize and their role in cell cycle dynamics, PCNA expression and mitigation of cadmium stress
Authors: Youssef O. A. , Tammam A. A. , El‐Bakatoushi R. F. , Alframawy A. M. , Emara M. M. , El‐Sadek L. M.
Published: August 2021

Cadmium toxicity is considered a major threat to several crops worldwide. Hematite nanoparticles (NPs), due to their small size and large specific surface area, could be applied as an adsorbent for toxic heavy metals in soil. Also, they serve as an efficient nano‐fertilizer, promoting Fe availability and biomass production in plants, thus enabling Cd2+‐induced stress tolerance.

The phytotoxicity of five different concentrations of hematite NPs, ranging from 500 to 8,000 mg·kg−1, and Cd2+ concentrations (110 or 130 mg·kg−1 Cd2+) alone or combined with 500 mg·kg−1 NPs was evaluated in maize. The changes in fresh weight, element analysis, cell cycle regulation, DNA banding patterns and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression were used as biomarkers.

The results revealed that increased fresh weight and fewest polymorphic DNA bands were detectable after treatment with 500 mg·kg−1 NPs. However, at 8,000 mg·kg−1 NPs, PCNA expression increased significantly, which resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint in roots. Significant reductions in fresh weight, altered nutrient profiles and cell cycle perturbations are considered symptoms of Cd2+ toxicity in maize. Conversely, amending 500 mg·kg−1 NPs with 130 mg·kg−1 Cd2+ increased fresh weight, Fe concentration and genomic template stability, while reducing Cd2+ uptake and PCNA1 expression.

Overall, 8,000 mg·kg−1 hematite NPs interfered with the cellular homeostatic balance of maize, resulting in a cascade of genotoxic events, leading to growth inhibition. Although 500 mg·kg−1 hematite NPs alleviated Cd2+‐induced DNA damage to a certain extent, their impact on cell cycle progression requires further verification.
A proposal for a new clinical entity: transient epileptic amnesia complex syndrome (TEACS)
Authors: Ukai Katsuyuki , Ito Masumi , Watanabe Masako
Published: August 2021

Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a special type of temporal lobe epilepsy, the main symptom of which is recurrent amnesia attacks. In the late 1990s, Zeman et al. developed the following diagnostic criteria for TEA: (i) recurrent, witnessed episodes of amnesia; (ii) other cognitive functions remain intact during attacks; and (iii) evidence of epilepsy. It was subsequently reported that patients with TEA almost always demonstrate two other types of memory symptoms: accelerated long‐term forgetting (ALF) and autobiographical amnesia (AbA). As a result, it has been recognised that TEA causes at least three characteristic types of amnesia, that is, amnesia attacks, ALF, and AbA. In this report, we present two clinical cases, in which the patients showed symptoms of ALF and/or AbA without suffering any type of epileptic seizure, including amnesia attacks, for a long time. We discuss a syndrome associated with TEA, particularly the relationship between TEA and ALF/AbA, based on our two cases and a review of the literature. In addition, we propose a new clinical entity, which we named ‘transient epileptic amnesia complex syndrome (TEACS)’ and will help to ensure that physicians recognise the existence of such cases and do not overlook this condition. Furthermore, the following diagnostic criteria for TEACS are proposed. (i) The patient is middle‐aged to elderly at onset and has no history of epilepsy. (ii) ALF and/or AbA have been definitively diagnosed. (iii) The ALF and/or AbA precede TEA attacks and/or other epileptic seizures. (iv) Except for the ALF/AbA, the patient's cognitive functions are confirmed to be intact via clinical examinations. (v) There is evidence for a diagnosis of epilepsy. Such evidence can include: (i) wake or sleep electroencephalography; or (ii) a clear response to anti‐epileptic drugs. Furthermore, we describe our hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of ALF/AbA and discuss the relationships between TEACS and other epileptic amnesia‐related syndromes.
What Is Left of European Citizenship?
Authors: Lacroix Justine
Published: August 2021

The European Union has opened the way towards a new form of citizenship founded on two promises: one “federal,” the other “cosmopolitan.” However, the condition of asylum‐seekers and the attacks on the rule of law have, over the past ten years, undermined this dual ambition of the European Union at the risk of ruining both its cosmopolitan and federal dimensions. In this particular context, political theory has a role to play in elucidating the concepts at stake, such as that of “illiberal democracy,” which is now being mobilized in Europe to mask a gradual liquidation of democracy.
Two successful embryo transfers of mini‐donkey embryos in Brazilian Northeastern jennies using an alternative method: Case report
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas T. , Segabinazzi Lorenzo GTM , Oliveira Sidnei N , Frasson Mariana , Papa Frederico O
Published: August 2021

Pregnancy rates after embryo transfer (ET) are disappointing in donkey species. This study aims to report two successful ET of mini‐donkey embryos using Brazilian Northeastern jennies as recipients. Eighteen embryo flushes were performed 9 days post‐ovulation in two non‐pregnant mini‐donkeys jennies (11 and 7 cycles per jenny). Eleven embryos (61%, 11/18) were collected and transferred to Brazilian Northeastern jennies 4–6 days post‐ovulation by conventional (n = 6) or an alternative (n = 5) technique. The alternative method consisted of inserting a Polansky equine vaginal speculum smeared with lubricant in the vagina of the recipient jenny. The arms of the speculum were extended to allow the visualization of the cervix. Then, using an adapted crafted, elongated, toothed tissue grasping forceps, the external cervical os was held, and the cervix was gently pulled backward, aiming to straight the cervical canal. The ET gun was inserted through the vagina and cervix by visual inspection, and the embryo was released into the uterine lumen. All embryos collected were Grade 1 and classified as Expanded Blastocysts. No jennies become pregnant after conventional ET (0/6), whereas two recipient jennies (40%, 2/5) become pregnant and delivered offspring in the following year after ET using the alternative technique. In conclusion, Brazilian Northeastern jennies can be used as embryo recipients using the alternative method proposed in the present study. However, further investigations are needed to improve the knowledge and results of ET in donkey species.
Technology transfer in economic periphery: Emerging patterns and policy challenges
Authors: Kirs Margit , Lember Veiko , Karo Erkki
Published: August 2021

Drawing from case studies from the Estonian biotechnology sector, we demonstrate that a focus on the classic formal approach to technology transfer does not fully capture the dynamics and challenges of technology transfer in a peripheral context. We focus on biotechnology because this is an area where entrepreneurial orientation of knowledge institutions and formal models of technology transfer are highly visible. Our case studies show that the knowledge generation and the diffusion contexts of peripheral economies can create barriers to technology transfer that conventional policy approaches do not address.
Phytophthora infection signals‐induced translocation of NAC089 is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress response‐mediated plant immunity
Authors: Ai Gan , Zhu Hai , Fu Xiaowei , Liu Jin , Li Tianli , Cheng Yang , Zhou Yang , Yang Kun , Pan Weiye , Zhang Huanxin , Wu Zishan , Dong Saiyu , Xia Yeqiang , Wang Yuanchao , Xia Ai , Wang Yiming , Dou Daolong , Jing Maofeng
Published: August 2021

Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogen‐derived extracellular signals and subsequently activate the downstream defense response. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a part in the plant defense response, known as ER stress‐mediated immunity (ERSI), that halts pathogen infection. However, the mechanism for the ER stress response to signals of pathogen infection remains unclear. Here, we characterized the ER stress response regulator NAC089, which was previously reported to positively regulate programed cell death (PCD), functioning as an ERSI regulator. NAC089 translocated from the ER to the nucleus via the Golgi in response to Phytophthora capsici culture filtrate (CF), which is a mixture of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Plasma membrane localized co‐receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1‐associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) was required for the CF‐mediated translocation of NAC089. The nuclear localization of NAC089, determined by the NAC domain, was essential for immune activation and PCD. Furthermore, NAC089 positively contributed to host resistance against the oomycete pathogen P. capsici and the bacteria pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. We also proved that NAC089‐mediated immunity is conserved in Nicotiana benthamiana. Together, we found that PAMP signaling induces the activation of ER stress in plants, and that NAC089 is required for ERSI and plant resistance against pathogens.
Pharmacokinetic and safety assessment of carboplatin‐impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads in eight rats
Authors: Belda Beatriz , Ramos‐Vara José , Messenger Kristen M. , Risselada Marije
Published: August 2021

Objective

Evaluate local tissue toxicity and plasma platinum (Pt) in vivo after subcutaneous implantation of carboplatin‐impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CI‐CSH) beads.

Study design

In vivo experimental study.

Animals

Eight male Sprague–Dawley rats.

Methods

CI‐CSH beads were implanted subcutaneously (5 mg carboplatin/rat; 13.5 mg/kg carboplatin; 7.08 mg/kg Pt; 1.18 mg/m2Pt) in eight rats (d0). Wound healing (daily), radiographic bead dissolution (weekly), systemic Pt uptake (plasma‐Pt), local tissue Pt (d28), and histologic changes compared to nonincised and incised catheterization sites (d28) were assessed. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Pt, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods.

Results

One rat died at d10, the remainder survived until d28. No wound complications were seen. The CI‐CSH implantation site had higher histopathology scores than the other sites for necrosis (p = .013) and fibrosis (p = .013). Beads decreased in density radiographically (d0 to d28) (p = .062). Peak plasma‐Pt concentration was 225.78 ng/ml at 12 h, and decreased over time, but Pt was still detectable on d28. The elimination half‐life was 5.03 ± 1.13 days. Only 1.69% of implanted Pt remained in the beads at d28.

Conclusions

CI‐CSH beads incited microscopic mild inflammation but wound healing was not impaired. Pt was absorbed systemically and the release from the beads was near complete at d28.

Clinical significance

Piled CI‐CSH bead implantation is well tolerated in rats with similar elution profile as previously described. Beads were radiographically visible at d28. Minimal Pt was detected systemically suggesting Pt release does not match bead dissolution.
A Non-Compact Effective Impedance Model for Can-to-Can Acoustic Communication: Analysis and Optimization of Damping Mechanisms
Authors: von Saldern Jakob G. R. , Orchini Alessandro , Moeck Jonas P.
Published: August 2021

Can-annular combustors can feature azimuthal instabilities even if the acoustic coupling between the individual cans is weak. Recently, various studies have focused on modeling the acoustic communication between adjacent cans in can-annular systems. In this study, a coupling model is presented that, in contrast to previous models, includes the effect of density fluctuations, mean flow, and dissipative effects at the connection gaps. By assuming plane acoustic waves inside each can and exploiting the discrete rotational symmetry of the can-annular system, the acoustic can-to-can interaction can be represented by an effective Bloch-type impedance. A single can modeled with the effective impedance at the downstream end emulates the acoustic response of the entire can-annular arrangement. We then propose the idea of installing a liner just upstream of the first turbine stage to damp azimuthal instabilities. By using the proposed can-to-can coupling model, we discuss in detail the effect that the impedance of the liner has on the effective reflection coefficient for different Bloch wavenumbers. In the low-frequency limit, we derive an analytical condition for achieving maximum damping at a specific Bloch-number. We show that the damping of azimuthal modes depends on the porosity of the liner, mean flow parameters and the Bloch-structure of the mode. These results suggest the possibility of targeting the damping of modes of certain azimuthal order by geometric variations of the liner or of the connection gap. As an exemplary application of the theory, we setup a network model of a generic industrial 12-can combustor and investigate a cluster of acoustic and thermoacoustic eigenvalues for a varying liner porosity. The findings of this study provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that drive the can-to-can acoustic communication, and open the path for devising passive damping strategies aimed at stabilizing specific modes in can-annular combustors.
Review on Solar Thermochemical Processing for Lunar Applications and Their Heat Transfer Modeling Methods
Authors: Zhang Yuankun , Brooks Geoffrey , Rhamdhani Akbar , Guo Chunsheng
Published: August 2021

Harnessing concentrated high-flux solar energy to drive thermal processes over 1000 °C for fuel production and material processing has great potential to address environmental issues associated with fossil fuels. There is now also interest in solar thermal processing under extraterrestrial (e.g., lunar) conditions, which has the potential to provide materials and power for future space exploration and base construction with local resources as feedstock. In this review article, the recent progress on conventional solar thermochemical systems used for lunar production is reviewed. Important results are discussed to identify the applicability of existing devices and models at lunar conditions. Finally, the challenges ahead and promising directions are presented.
Phase-Change Process Inside a Small-Radii Cylinder Subjected to Cyclic Convective Boundary Conditions: A Numerical Study
Authors: Kanani Yousef , Karmakar Avijit , Acharya Sumanta
Published: August 2021

We numerically investigate the melting and solidification behavior of phase-change materials (PCMs) encapsulated in a small-radii cylinder subjected to a cyclic convective boundary condition (square-wave). First, we explore the effects of the Stefan and Biot numbers on the nondimensionalized time required for a PCM initially held at Tcold to melt and reach the crossflow temperature Thot (i.e., reference Fourier number T̃ref). The increase in either Stefan or Biot number decreases T̃ref which can be predicted accurately using the correlation developed in this work. The variations of the PCM melt fraction, surface temperature, and heat transfer rate as a function of Fourier number are reported and analyzed. We further study the effect of the cyclic Fourier number T̃ on the periodic melting and freezing process. The melting or freezing front initiates at the outer periphery of the PCM and propagates toward the center. At higher frequencies, multiple two-phase interfaces are generated (propagating inward), and the surface temperature oscillates in the vicinity of the melting temperature. This increases the effective temperature difference with the crossflow and leads to a higher overall heat transfer.
Gradient-Free Optimization in Thermoacoustics: Application to a Low-Order Model
Authors: Reumschüssel Johann Moritz , von Saldern Jakob G. R. , Li Yiqing , Paschereit Christian Oliver , Orchini Alessandro
Published: August 2021

Machine learning and automatized routines for parameter optimization have experienced a surge in development in the past years, mostly caused by the increasing availability of computing capacity. Gradient-free optimization can avoid cumbersome theoretical studies as input parameters are purely adapted based on output data. As no knowledge about the objective function is provided to the algorithms, this approach might reveal unconventional solutions to complex problems that were out of scope of classical solution strategies. In this study, the potential of these optimization methods on thermoacoustic problems is examined. The optimization algorithms are applied to a generic low-order thermoacoustic can-combustor model with several fuel injectors at different locations. We use three optimization algorithms – the well established downhill simplex method, the recently proposed explorative gradient method, and an evolutionary algorithm – to find optimal fuel distributions across the fuel lines while maintaining the amount of consumed fuel constant. The objective is to have minimal pulsation amplitudes. We compare the results and efficiency of the gradient-free algorithms. Additionally, we employ model-based linear stability analysis to calculate the growth rates of the dominant thermoacoustic modes. This allows us to highlight general and thermoacoustic-specific features of the optimization methods and results. The findings of this study show the potential of gradient-free optimization methods on combustor design for tackling thermoacoustic problems, and motivate further research in this direction.
Express Wire Coil Cladding as an Advanced Technology to Accelerate Additive Manufacturing and Coating
Authors: Gipperich Marius , Riepe Jan , Day Robin , Bergs Thomas
Published: August 2021

Metal shafts are indispensable components in mobility, energy, and mechanical engineering. In such applications, the shafts need to withstand severe mechanical loads, friction, high temperature, or corrosive media. This is why shafts are often completely made of high-performance alloys. From a technical point of view, coating an inexpensive base shaft with a thin layer of high-performance material is mostly sufficient to ensure its functionality. Adding functional parts such as shoulders or bearing seats by additive manufacturing instead of creating them by subtractive manufacturing is an advantageous approach to increase flexibility and material efficiency. Reliable and economic Additive Manufacturing and coating processes need to be developed further, and laser-based processes such as wire-based laser metal deposition (LMD-w) offer high potential to accomplish this. They can generate a stable metallurgical bond between the base material and the cladding or the added feature without excessively heating the work piece. Due to their low build-up rate, however, LMD processes are not economically competitive with high-speed subtractive technologies such as drilling or turning, which are predominately used for shaft production. Motivated by this challenge, we present an alternative approach that increases the deposition rate for laser-based shaft cladding. Instead of adding the filler wire continuously, wire coils are wound and preplaced on the shaft. In a second step, laser processing while rotating the part generates a metallurgical bond between the wire and the substrate. In this study, several solid and flux-cored wires were analyzed regarding their suitability for this two-step coil winding and LMD process. The results from LMD experiments give an overview of the resulting surface state and of the welded joint quality after deposition. Metallographic cross-sections show low porosity of the deposited layers and small heat-affected zones in the base shaft. Thanks to its good scalability, this innovative two-step process can help strongly increase the build-up rate compared to classic LMD-w.
Dynamical Characterization of Thermoacoustic Oscillations in a Hydrogen-Enriched Partially Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Methane/Air Combustor
Authors: Kushwaha Abhishek , Kasthuri Praveen , Pawar Samadhan A. , Sujith R. I. , Chterev Ianko , Boxx Isaac
Published: August 2021

In this study, we systematically analyze the effects of hydrogen enrichment in the well-known PRECCINSTA burner, a partially premixed swirl-stabilized methane/air combustor. Keeping the equivalence ratio and thermal power constant, we vary the hydrogen percentage in the fuel. Successive increments in hydrogen fuel fraction increase the adiabatic flame temperature and also shift the dominant frequencies of acoustic pressure fluctuations to higher values. Under hydrogen enrichment, we observe the emergence of periodicity in the combustor resulting from the interaction between acoustic modes. As a result of the interaction between these modes, the combustor exhibits a variety of dynamical states, including period-1 limit cycle oscillations (LCO), period-2 LCO, chaotic oscillations, and intermittency. The flame and flow behavior is found to be significantly different for each dynamical state. Analyzing the coupled behavior of the acoustic pressure and the heat release rate oscillations during the states of thermoacoustic instability, we report the occurrence of 2:1 frequency-locking during period-2 LCO, where two cycles of acoustic pressure lock with one cycle of the heat release rate. During period-1 LCO, we notice 1:1 frequency-locking, where both acoustic pressure and heat release rate repeat their behavior in every cycle.
Variations of stress field and stone fracture produced at different lateral locations in a shockwave lithotripter field
Authors: Xiang Gaoming , Ma Xiaojian , Liang Cosima , Yu Hongyang , Liao Defei , Sankin Georgy , Cao Shunxiang , Wang Kevin , Zhong Pei
Published: August 2021

During clinical procedures, the lithotripter shock wave (LSW) that is incident on the stone and resultant stress field is often asymmetric due to the respiratory motion of the patient. The variations of the LSW-stone interaction and associated fracture pattern were investigated by photoelastic imaging, phantom experiments, and three-dimensional fluid-solid interaction modeling at different lateral locations in a lithotripter field. In contrast to a T-shaped fracture pattern often observed in the posterior region of the disk-shaped stone under symmetric loading, the fracture pattern gradually transitioned to a tilted L-shape under asymmetric loading conditions. Moreover, the model simulations revealed the generation of surface acoustic waves (SAWs), i.e., a leaky Rayleigh wave on the anterior boundary and Scholte wave on the posterior boundary of the stone. The propagation of SAWs on the stone boundary is accompanied by a progressive transition of the LSW reflection pattern from regular to von Neumann and to weak von Neumann reflection near the glancing incidence and, concomitantly, the development and growth of a Mach stem, swirling around the stone boundary. The maximum tensile stress and stress integral were produced by SAWs on the stone boundary under asymmetric loading conditions, which drove the initiation and extension of surface cracks into the bulk of the stone that is confirmed by micro–computed tomography analysis.
Ultra-sparse metamaterials absorber for broadband low-frequency sound with free ventilation
Authors: Shao Chen , Xiong Wei , Long Houyou , Tao Jiancheng , Cheng Ying , Liu Xiaojun
Published: August 2021

An absorptive device for broadband low-frequency sound with ventilation is essential but challenging in acoustic engineering, which is subjected to the narrow-band limitation and difficulty of balancing high-efficiency absorption and excellent ventilation. Here, we have theoretically and experimentally demonstrated an ultra-sparse (with filling ratio of 53.7%) broadband metamaterial absorber which can efficiently absorb (absorptance >90%) sound energy ranging from 307 to 341 Hz, while enabling air to flow freely. The broadband absorber is constructed by parallel coupling four ventilated metamaterials absorbers (VMAs) showing different operating frequencies. Each VMA is composed of three folded Fabry–Pérot resonators as paste components, which are patched subsequently to the walls of a waveguide and correspondingly act as dark, middle, and bright modes following the coupled mode theory. In the VMA, the dark mode is highly over-damped to absorb sound energy, while the bright mode is highly under-damped to be an effective acoustic soft boundary, and the middle mode in-between should be slightly over-damped to strengthen the absorptions. Further investigation demonstrates that broadband high-efficiency absorption is robust against oblique incident angles. The proposed VMA provides a clear scheme for efficiently absorbing low-frequency sound while allowing free air flow simultaneously, which may prompt versatile applications in noise control.
Experimental evidence of the effect of aging on the yielding and pre-yielding behavior of bentonite and laponite suspensions
Authors: Wendt Elis M. S. , Fernandes Rubens R. , Galdino Jonathan F. , Andrade Diogo E. V. , Franco Admilson T.
Published: August 2021

Thixotropic yield stress materials show a shear-induced solid-liquid transition at the yielding point, characterized by yield stress and yield strain. It is well known in the literature that the elastic modulus and the yield stress of thixotropic materials increase with aging time. In the current work, we propose a discussion on the brittleness of a suspension of swollen bentonite in water, focusing mainly on the role of aging times on the yield strain and on the critical strain at the linear to nonlinear viscoelastic transition of the material. The yield strain was measured in creep and constant shear rate start-up experiments, whereas the linear to nonlinear viscoelastic transition was evaluated from Fourier transforms on transient data in oscillatory shear stress amplitude sweeps. We show that aging increases material brittleness since the yield strain decreases with the resting time. On the other hand, the linear to nonlinear viscoelastic transition strain is surprisingly unaffected by the aging process. Other thixotropic systems were also investigated: 8 and 10 wt. % suspensions of bentonite in water and a 2 wt. % suspension of Laponite® in tap water. These lead to similar observations, showing constant linear to nonlinear viscoelastic strains and decreasing yield strains over increasing aging times. These findings bring relevant information to the intricate open-discussion issue on how to describe the behavior of thixotropic materials below the yield stress.
Teaching Physical Education in Early Years: Focusing on Teachers’ Practices
Authors: Tsangaridou Niki , Pieroua Mikaela , Kyriakides Ermis , Charalambous Charalambos Y.
Published: August 2021

Purpose: To examine early childhood teachers’ practices of teaching physical education. Method: Eleven early childhood educators participated in the study. Data were collected using two systematic observation instruments, a modified version of the Task Structure System and the Dynamic Model of Educational Effectiveness. Three 40-min lessons were observed for each teacher. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The findings showed that most childhood educators more often employed certain generic, rather than content-specific, practices in their physical education lessons. Application, structuring, and questioning were observed in most lessons, while skill demonstration, emphasis on critical elements, and congruent and specific feedback were not frequently observed. Additionally, the generic practices of orientation and modeling were observed in only a few lessons. Conclusions: By investigating and understanding the practices that early childhood teachers employ during physical education lessons, teacher educators can support teachers in ways that provide more meaningful experiences for children.
An alternative to mitophagy
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2021

Cancer cells can recycle mitochondrial components through a pathway that does not require autophagosomes.
Specificity and Mechanism of Coronavirus, Rotavirus, and Mammalian Two-Histidine Phosphoesterases That Antagonize Antiviral Innate Immunity
Authors: Asthana Abhishek , Gaughan Christina , Dong Beihua , Weiss Susan R. , Silverman Robert H.
Published: August 2021

Viruses often encode accessory proteins that antagonize the host antiviral immune response. Here, we probed the evolutionary relationships and biochemical activities of two-histidine phosphoesterases (2H-PEs) that allow some coronaviruses and rotaviruses to counteract antiviral innate immunity.
Population Genomics of
emm4
Group A Streptococcus Reveals Progressive Replacement with a Hypervirulent Clone in North America
Authors: DebRoy Sruti , Sanson Misu , Shah Brittany , Regmi Shirjana , Vega Luis Alberto , Odo Chioma , Sahasrabhojane Pranoti , McGeer Allison , Tyrrell Gregory J. , Fittipaldi Nahuel , Shelburne Samuel A. , Flores Anthony R.
Published: August 2021

Severe invasive infections caused by group A
Streptococcus
(GAS) result in substantial morbidity and mortality in children and adults worldwide. Previously, GAS clonal strain replacement has been attributed to acquisition of exogenous DNA leading to novel virulence gene acquisition or increased virulence gene expression.
Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block versus oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane block for analgesia in laparoscopic hysterectomy: a randomised single-blind trial
Authors: Huang Lvdan , Zheng Liangyu , Zhang Jingxiong , Zhu Xiaona , Pan Linmin , Zhang Yujian , Wang Quanguang , Shi Kejian
Published: August 2021

Objective

The transmuscular quadratus lumborum (TQL) block and the oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane (OSTAP) block both contribute to multimodal analgesia after laparoscopic surgery. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic effects of the TQL block versus OSTAP block after laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Design

Prospective single-centre randomised single-blind trial.

Setting

University-affiliated hospital.

Participants

Patients aged between 18 and 65 years scheduled for laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Interventions

Patients were randomised into two groups (1:1 ratio) and received bilateral TQL block or bilateral OSTAP block with 0.375% ropivacaine 20 mL on each side before surgery.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The primary outcome measure was the cumulative morphine dose in the first 24 hours. The secondary outcome measures were the morphine consumption at each time interval after surgery, the time from the end of surgery to the first need for morphine, the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores for visceral and incisional pain intensity, and the incidence of adverse events.

Results

The cumulative morphine dose was significantly lower in the TQL group than in the OSTAP group (17.2 (12.5) vs 26.1 (13.3) mg, p=0.010). Compared with the OSTAP group, the morphine doses from 6 to 12, 12 to 18, and 18 to 24 hours were significantly lower, the time of first need for morphine was significantly longer and the NRS scores for visceral pain intensity were significantly lower in the TQL group.

Conclusion

Compared with the OSTAP block, the TQL block reduced morphine consumption and provided better visceral pain relief with a longer duration of effect after laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Trial registration number

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1800017995); pre-results.
Tuberculosis care cascade in Zambia - identifying the gaps in order to improve outcomes: a population-based analysis
Authors: Lungu Patrick , Kerkhoff Andrew D , Kasapo Clara C , Mzyece Judith , Nyimbili Sulani , Chimzizi Rhehab , Silumesii Andrew , Kagujje Mary , Subbaraman Ramnath , Muyoyeta Monde , Malama Kennedy
Published: August 2021

Objective

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, especially for people living with HIV (PLHIV). We undertook a care cascade analysis to quantify gaps in care and align programme improvement measures with areas of need.

Design

Retrospective, population-based analysis.

Setting

We derived national-level estimates for each step of the TB care cascade in Zambia. Estimates were informed by WHO incidence estimates, nationally aggregated laboratory and notification registers, and individual-level programme data from four provinces.

Participants

Participants included all individuals with active TB disease in Zambia in 2018. We characterised the overall TB cascade and disaggregated by drug susceptibility results and HIV status.

Results

In 2018, the total burden of TB in Zambia was estimated to be 72 495 (range, 40 495–111 495) cases. Of these, 43 387 (59.8%) accessed TB testing, 40 176 (55.4%) were diagnosed with TB, 36 431 (50.3%) were started on treatment and 32 700 (45.1%) completed treatment. Among all persons with TB lost at any step along the care cascade (n=39 795), 29 108 (73.1%) were lost prior to accessing diagnostic services, 3211 (8.1%) prior to diagnosis, 3745 (9.4%) prior to initiating treatment and 3731 (9.4%) prior to treatment completion. PLHIV were less likely than HIV-negative individuals to successfully complete the care cascade (42.8% vs 50.2%, p<0.001). Among those with rifampicin-resistant TB, there was substantial attrition at each step of the cascade and only 22.8% were estimated to have successfully completed treatment.

Conclusions

Losses throughout the care cascade resulted in a large proportion of individuals with TB not completing treatment. Ongoing health systems strengthening and patient-centred engagement strategies are needed at every step of the care cascade; however, scale-up of active case finding strategies is particularly critical to ensure individuals with TB in the population reach initial stages of care. Additionally, a renewed focus on PLHIV and individuals with drug-resistant TB is urgently needed to improve TB-related outcomes in Zambia.
Effect of aspirin in takotsubo syndrome: protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lin Jinhai , Wu Bingxin , Lin Luoqi , Ding Yining , Zhong Biying , Huang Zhiwei , Lin Miaoyang , Xu Dan-Ping
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a sudden reversible weakening of the left ventricle function induced by severe stress and resembles many features as acute coronary syndrome. Even though many guidelines had been published about TTS, there is no consensus regarding the long-term treatment. Aspirin is one of the most common prescribed medicines at discharge for patients with the intention to reduce thrombus events and improve the overall prognosis. However, existing studies yielded conflicting results concerning its effects. This study aims to evaluate the impact of long-term maintenance treatment of aspirin in TTS and provides insights in clinical management.

Methods and analysis

After searching through electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, National Library of Medicine Gateway, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP), grey literatures, conference abstract and trial registries for clinical studies investigating the impact of aspirin on patients with TTS, a systemic review and meta-analysis will be conducted. The search will be limited from inception of each database to 1 August 2020. The outcomes including all-cause death, TTS recurrence, stroke, transient ischaemic attack or myocardial infarction at 30-day and 5-year follow-up will be examined. Risk of bias will be assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale for observational studies and Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care evaluation tool for interventional studies. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluations method will be applied to assess the quality of evidence. If available, the effects of aspirin on the above outcomes for patients with TTS will be evaluated using random-effect modelling with relative risk at 95% CIs. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will also be performed when possible.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval was not required due to the retrospective nature of the study. Results of the review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020212729.
A cross-sectional study on adaptation and initial validation of a test to evaluate health claims among high school students: Croatian version
Authors: Aranza Diana , Milavić Boris , Marusic Ana , Buzov Magdalena , Poklepović Peričić Tina
Published: August 2021

Objectives

We validated the Croatian version of the test using multiple-choice questions (MCQs) from the Claim Evaluation Tools item bank of the Informed Health Choices project, and measured the ability of high school students to appraise health claims.

Setting

16 high schools from the urban agglomeration of the city of Split, Croatia.

Participants

Final year high school students of at least 18 years of age.

Interventions

18 MCQs from the item bank considered relevant for high school students were translated. After face-validity testing, the questionnaire was piloted and sent to a convenient sample of 302 high school students.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Difficulty and discrimination indices were calculated for each MCQ to determine the validity of translation and the weight of MCQs. We assessed basic metric characteristics and performed initial validation of the test. Two tests were created, the full (18 MCQs) and the short version (12 MCQs). We analysed differences in test score according to gender and school.

Results

The response rate was 96% (75% female respondents). Metric characteristics of both tests were satisfactory (Cronbach’s α=0.71 for the full and α=0.73 for the short version). The mean score (±SD) for the full version was 11.15±3.43 and 8.13±2.76 for the short version. There were 6 easy and 12 moderately difficult questions. Questions concerning effectiveness and dissimilar comparison groups were answered correctly by fewer than 40% of students. Female students and those from grammar and health schools scored higher on both tests.

Conclusions

Both tests showed good metric characteristics and may be used for quick and reliable assessments of adolescents’ ability to appraise health claims. They may be used to identify needs and inform development of educational activities to foster critical thinking about health among adolescents.
Loss of height predicts total and cardiovascular mortality: a cohort study of northern European women
Authors: Klingberg Sofia , Mehlig Kirsten , Dangol Rojina , Björkelund Cecilia , Heitmann Berit Lilienthal , Lissner Lauren
Published: August 2021

Objective

To examine height changes in middle-aged northern European women in relation to overall and cardiovascular mortality.

Design

Population-based cohort studies with longitudinally measured heights and register-based mortality.

Setting

Sweden and Denmark.

Participants

Population-based samples of 2406 Swedish and Danish women born on selected years in 1908–1952, recruited to baseline examinations at ages 30–60, and re-examined 10–13 years later.

Main outcome measure

Total and cardiovascular disease (CVD) specific mortality during 17–19 years of follow-up after last height measure.

Results

For each 1 cm height loss during 10–13 years, the HR (95% CI) for total mortality was 1.14 (1.05 to 1.23) in Swedish women and 1.21 (1.09 to 1.35) in Danish women, independent of key covariates. Low height and high leisure time physical activity at baseline were protective of height loss, independent of age. Considering total mortality, the HR for major height loss, defined as height loss greater than 2 cm, were 1.74 (1.32 to 2.29) in Swedish women and 1.80 (1.27 to 2.54) in Danish women. Pooled analyses indicated that height loss was monotonically associated with an increased mortality, confirming a significant effect above 2 cm height loss. For cause-specific mortality, major height loss was associated with a HR of 2.31 (1.09 to 4.87) for stroke mortality, 2.14 (1.47 to 3.12) for total CVD mortality and 1.71 (1.28 to 2.29) for mortality due to causes other than CVD.

Conclusion

Height loss is a marker for excess mortality in northern European women. Specifically the hazard of CVD mortality is increased in women with height loss during middle age, and the results suggest that the strongest cause-specific endpoint may be stroke mortality. The present findings suggest attention to height loss in early and mid-adulthood to identify women at high risk of CVD, and that regular physical activity may prevent early onset height loss.
Stability in eosinophil categorisation during subsequent severe exacerbations of COPD
Authors: Citgez Emanuel , van der Palen Job , van der Valk Paul , Kerstjens Huib A M , Brusse-Keizer Marjolein
Published: August 2021

Background

The blood eosinophil count has been shown to be a promising biomarker for establishing personalised treatment strategies to reduce corticosteroid use, either inhaled or systemic, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eosinophil levels seem relatively stable over time in stable state, but little is known whether this is also true in subsequent severe acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD).

Aims and objectives

To determine the stability in eosinophil categorisation between two subsequent severe AECOPDs employing frequently used cut-off levels.

Methods

During two subsequent severe AECOPDs, blood eosinophil counts were determined at admission to the hospital in 237 patients in the Cohort of Mortality and Inflammation in COPD Study. The following four cut-off levels were analysed: absolute counts of eosinophils ≥0.2×10⁹/L (200 cells/µL) and ≥0.3×10⁹/L (300 cells/µL) and relative eosinophil percentage of ≥2% and ≥3% of total leucocyte count. Categorisations were considered stable if during the second AECOPD their blood eosinophil status led to the same classification: eosinophilic or not.

Results

Depending on the used cut-off, the overall stability in eosinophil categorisation varied between 70% and 85% during two subsequent AECOPDs. From patients who were eosinophilic at the first AECOPD, 34%–45% remained eosinophilic at the subsequent AECOPD, while 9%–21% of patients being non-eosinophilic at the first AECOPD became eosinophilic at the subsequent AECOPD.

Conclusions

The eosinophil variability leads to category changes in subsequent AECOPDs, which limits the eosinophil categorisation stability. Therefore, measurement of eosinophils at each new exacerbation seems warranted.
Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have poor clinical outcomes with COVID-19 disease: a propensity matched multicentre research network analysis
Authors: Naqvi Syeda Fatima , Lakhani Dhairya A , Sohail Amir Humza , Maurer James , Sofka Sarah , Sarwari Arif , Hadi Yousaf B
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with pre-existing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remain understudied, and it is unknown if IPF is an independent predictor of worse disease course. Herein, we report the clinical outcomes in a large cohort of 251 patients with COVID-19 in the setting of known IPF. Outcomes were compared with a propensity matched cohort of patients with COVID-19 without IPF.

Methods

Analysis of a federated multicentre research network TriNetX was performed including patients more than 16 years of age diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Outcomes in patients diagnosed as positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection with concurrent IPF were compared with a propensity matched cohort of patients without IPF.

Results

A total of 311 060 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection on the research network were identified, 251 patients (0.08%) carried a diagnosis of IPF. Mean age of patients with IPF was 68.30±12.20 years, with male predominance (n=143, 56.97%). Comorbidities including chronic lower respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease and chronic kidney disease were more common in patients with IPF when compared with the non-IPF cohort. After propensity matching, higher rates of composite primary outcome (death or mechanical ventilation) at 30 and 60 days, as well as need for hospitalisation, critical care, and acute kidney injury were observed in the IPF cohort.

Conclusion

Poor outcomes of COVID-19 disease were observed in patients with IPF after robust matching of confounders. Our data confirm that patients with IPF constitute a high-risk cohort for poor outcomes related to COVID-19 disease.
Efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 in Uganda
Authors: Kirenga Bruce , Byakika-Kibwika Pauline , Muttamba Winters , Kayongo Alex , Loryndah Namakula Olive , Mugenyi Levicatus , Kiwanuka Noah , Lusiba John , Atukunda Angella , Mugume Raymond , Ssali Francis , Ddungu Henry , Katagira Winceslaus , Sekibira Rogers , Kityo Cissy , Kyeyune Dorothy , Acana Susan , Aanyu-Tukamuhebwa Hellen , Kabweru Wilberforce , Nakwagala Fred , Bagaya Bernard Sentalo , Kimuli Ivan , Nantanda Rebecca , Buregyeya Esther , Byarugaba Baterana , Olaro Charles , Mwebesa Henry , Joloba Moses Lutaakome , Siddharthan Trishul , Bazeyo William
Published: August 2021

Rationale

Convalescent plasma (CCP) has been studied as a potential therapy for COVID-19, but data on its efficacy in Africa are limited.

Objective

In this trial we set out to determine the efficacy of CCP for treatment of COVID-19 in Uganda.

Measurements

Patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR test irrespective of disease severity were hospitalised and randomised to receive either COVID-19 CCP plus standard of care (SOC) or SOC alone. The primary outcome was time to viral clearance, defined as having two consecutive RT-PCR-negative tests by day 28. Secondary outcomes included time to symptom resolution, clinical status on the modified WHO Ordinal Clinical Scale (≥1-point increase), progression to severe/critical condition (defined as oxygen saturation <93% or needing oxygen), mortality and safety.

Main results

A total of 136 patients were randomised, 69 to CCP+SOC and 67 to SOC only. The median age was 50 years (IQR: 38.5–62.0), 71.3% were male and the median duration of symptom was 7 days (IQR=4–8). Time to viral clearance was not different between the CCP+SOC and SOC arms (median of 6 days (IQR=4–11) vs 4 (IQR=4–6), p=0.196). There were no statistically significant differences in secondary outcomes in CCP+SOC versus SOC: time to symptom resolution (median=7 (IQR=5–7) vs 7 (IQR=5–10) days, p=0.450), disease progression (9 (22.0%) vs 7 (24.0%) patients, p=0.830) and mortality (10 (14.5%) vs 8 (11.9%) deaths, p=0.476).

Conclusion

In this African trial, CCP therapy did not result in beneficial virological or clinical improvements. Further trials are needed to determine subgroups of patients who may benefit from CCP in Africa.

Trial registration numberNCT04542941.