bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting the Brain with Single-Domain Antibodies: Greater Potential Than Stated So Far?
Authors: Tsitokana Mireille Elodie , Lafon Pierre-André , Prézeau Laurent , Pin Jean-Philippe , Rondard Philippe
Published: January 2023

Treatments for central nervous system diseases with therapeutic antibodies have been increasingly investigated over the last decades, leading to some approved monoclonal antibodies for brain disease therapies. The detection of biomarkers for diagnosis purposes with non-invasive antibody-based imaging approaches has also been explored in brain cancers. However, antibodies generally display a low capability of reaching the brain, as they do not efficiently cross the blood−brain barrier. As an alternative, recent studies have focused on single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) that correspond to the antigen-binding fragment. While some reports indicate that the brain uptake of these small antibodies is still low, the number of studies reporting brain-penetrating sdAbs is increasing. In this review, we provide an overview of methods used to assess or evaluate brain penetration of sdAbs and discuss the pros and cons that could affect the identification of brain-penetrating sdAbs of therapeutic or diagnostic interest.
Biological Activity of Selenium and Its Impact on Human Health
Authors: Genchi Giuseppe , Lauria Graziantonio , Catalano Alessia , Sinicropi Maria Stefania , Carocci Alessia
Published: January 2023

Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring metalloid element essential to human and animal health in trace amounts but it is harmful in excess. Se plays a substantial role in the functioning of the human organism. It is incorporated into selenoproteins, thus supporting antioxidant defense systems. Selenoproteins participate in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, control reproductive functions and exert neuroprotective effects. Among the elements, Se has one of the narrowest ranges between dietary deficiency and toxic levels. Its level of toxicity may depend on chemical form, as inorganic and organic species have distinct biological properties. Over the last decades, optimization of population Se intake for the prevention of diseases related to Se deficiency or excess has been recognized as a pressing issue in modern healthcare worldwide. Low selenium status has been associated with an increased risk of mortality, poor immune function, cognitive decline, and thyroid dysfunction. On the other hand, Se concentrations slightly above its nutritional levels have been shown to have adverse effects on a broad spectrum of neurological functions and to increase the risk of type-2 diabetes. Comprehension of the selenium biochemical pathways under normal physiological conditions is therefore an important issue to elucidate its effect on human diseases. This review gives an overview of the role of Se in human health highlighting the effects of its deficiency and excess in the body. The biological activity of Se, mainly performed through selenoproteins, and its epigenetic effect is discussed. Moreover, a brief overview of selenium phytoremediation and rhizofiltration approaches is reported.
Role of Sex and Age in Fatal Outcomes of COVID-19: Women and Older Centenarians Are More Resilient
Authors: Caruso Calogero , Marcon Gabriella , Accardi Giulia , Aiello Anna , Calabrò Anna , Ligotti Mattia Emanuela , Tettamanti Mauro , Franceschi Claudio , Candore Giuseppina
Published: January 2023

In the present paper, we have analysed the role of age and sex in the fatal outcome of COVID-19, as there are conflicting results in the literature. As such, we have answered three controversial questions regarding this aspect of the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) Have women been more resilient than men? (2) Did centenarians die less than the remaining older people? (3) Were older centenarians more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 than younger centenarians? The literature review demonstrated that: (1) it is women who are more resilient, in agreement with data showing that women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics; however, there are conflicting data regarding centenarian men; (2) centenarians overall did not die less than remaining older people, likely linked to their frailty; (3) in the first pandemic wave of 2020, centenarians > 101 years old (i.e., born before 1919), but not “younger centenarians”, have been more resilient to COVID-19 and this may be related to the 1918 Spanish flu epidemic, although it is unclear what the mechanisms might be involved.
6-Shogaol Overcomes Gefitinib Resistance via ER Stress in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Kim Tae Woo , Lee Hee Gu
Published: January 2023

In women, ovary cancer is already the fifth leading cause of mortality worldwide. The use of cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, may be a powerful anti-cancer therapeutic strategy; however, these therapies still have many problems, including resistance, toxicity, and side effects. Therefore, natural herbal medicine has the potential to be used for cancer therapy because of its low toxicity, fewer side effects, and high success. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effect of 6-shogaol in ovarian cancer cells. 6-shogaol induces ER stress and cell death via the reduction in cell viability, the increase in LDH cytotoxicity, caspase-3 activity, and Ca2+ release, and the upregulation of GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF-4, CHOP, and DR5. Moreover, 6-shogaol treatment medicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death by upregulating Nox4 and releasing ROS. The knockdown of Nox4 in ovarian cancer cells inhibits ER stress and cell death by blocking the reduction in cell viability and the enhancement of LDH cytotoxicity, caspase-3 activity, Ca2+, and ROS release. In gefitinib-resistant ovarian cancer cells, A2780R and OVCAR-3R, 6-shogaol/gefitinib overcomes gefitinib resistance by inhibiting EMT phenomena such as the reduction in E-cadherin, and the increase in N-cadherin, vimentin, Slug, and Snail. Therefore, our results suggest that 6-shogaol exerts a potential anti-cancer effect in ovarian cancer and combination treatment with 6-shogaol and gefitinib may provide a novel anti-tumor therapeutic strategy in gefitinib-resistant ovarian cancer.
Recombinant Peptide Production Softens Escherichia coli Cells and Increases Their Size during C-Limited Fed-Batch Cultivation
Authors: Weber Andreas , Gibisch Martin , Tyrakowski Daniel , Cserjan-Puschmann Monika , Toca-Herrera José L. , Striedner Gerald
Published: January 2023

Stress-associated changes in the mechanical properties at the single-cell level of Escherichia coli (E. coli) cultures in bioreactors are still poorly investigated. In our study, we compared peptide-producing and non-producing BL21(DE3) cells in a fed-batch cultivation with tightly controlled process parameters. The cell growth, peptide content, and cell lysis were analysed, and changes in the mechanical properties were investigated using atomic force microscopy. Recombinant-tagged somatostatin-28 was expressed as soluble up to 197 ± 11 mg g−1. The length of both cultivated strains increased throughout the cultivation by up to 17.6%, with nearly constant diameters. The peptide-producing cells were significantly softer than the non-producers throughout the cultivation, and respective Young’s moduli decreased by up to 57% over time. A minimum Young’s modulus of 1.6 MPa was observed after 23 h of the fed-batch. Furthermore, an analysis of the viscoelastic properties revealed that peptide-producing BL21(DE3) appeared more fluid-like and softer than the non-producing reference. For the first time, we provide evidence that the physical properties (i.e., the mechanical properties) on the single-cell level are significantly influenced by the metabolic burden imposed by the recombinant peptide expression and C-limitation in bioreactors.
Development of Mathematical Models for Trucks and Cargo
Authors: Makhova Larisa , Haykin Mark , Glazkova Irina , Domnina Olga
Published: January 2023

International trade allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and services that otherwise may not have been domestically available. As a result of international trade, the market is more competitive. This ultimately results in more competitive pricing and brings a cheaper product home to the consumer. The development of mathematical models to optimize the delivery of goods using a limited number of trucks is an urgent task for researchers around the world. The research goal was to use a developed mathematical model that allows one to optimize the performance of transportation tasks based on the selected parameters, both in terms of a particular truck and a fleet of trucks in the Russian region. The parameters (function, condition, cost, time, and quality) were set and an algorithm for the process of matching a specific truck and cargo was developed as part of the unit transportation task. A mathematical model has been developed for performing multiple freight tasks and operating a fleet of trucks, which considering such factors as cost, time, quality, and reputation, allows one to find an acceptable solution for a specific transportation task. A mathematical model was developed that considers such factors as cost, time, quality, and reputation, allowing one to find an acceptable solution for a particular transportation task. The simulation was performed in MATLAB 2018. The parameters of the simulations were a population size of 300, a maximum number of iterations of 2000, and a probability of selection of 0.85. From the 30 runs, the optional value was chosen as the best solution. The developed mathematical models have been tested for solving single and multiple transport problems under truck fleet simulation conditions. The results of the work can be used to optimize the operation of truck fleets in the Russian Federation and other countries.
Brachial Blood Pressure Invasively and Non-Invasively Obtained Using Oscillometry and Applanation Tonometry: Impact of Mean Blood Pressure Equations and Calibration Schemes on Agreement Levels
Authors: Bia Daniel , Zócalo Yanina , Sánchez Ramiro , Torrado Juan F. , Lev Gustavo , Mendiz Oscar , Pessana Franco , Ramírez Agustín , Cabrera-Fischer Edmundo I.
Published: January 2023

The use of oscillometric methods to determine brachial blood pressure (bBP) can lead to a systematic underestimation of the invasively measured systolic (bSBP) and pulse (bPP) pressure levels, together with a significant overestimation of diastolic pressure (bDBP). Similarly, the agreement between brachial mean blood pressure (bMBP), invasively and non-invasively measured, can be affected by inaccurate estimations/assumptions. Despite several methodologies that can be applied to estimate bMBP non-invasively, there is no consensus on which approach leads to the most accurate estimation. Aims: to evaluate the association and agreement between: (1) non-invasive (oscillometry) and invasive bBP; (2) invasive bMBP, and bMBP (i) measured by oscillometry and (ii) calculated using six different equations; and (3) bSBP and bPP invasively and non-invasively obtained by applanation tonometry and employing different calibration methods. To this end, invasive aortic blood pressure and bBP (catheterization), and non-invasive bBP (oscillometry [Mobil-O-Graph] and brachial artery applanation tonometry [SphygmoCor]) were simultaneously obtained (34 subjects, 193 records). bMBP was calculated using different approaches. Results: (i) the agreement between invasive bBP and their respective non-invasive measurements (oscillometry) showed dependence on bBP levels (proportional error); (ii) among the different approaches used to obtain bMBP, the equation that includes a form factor equal to 33% (bMBP = bDBP + bPP/3) showed the best association with the invasive bMBP; (iii) the best approach to estimate invasive bSBP and bPP from tonometry recordings is based on the calibration scheme that employs oscillometric bMBP. On the contrary, the worst association between invasive and applanation tonometry-derived bBP levels was observed when the brachial pulse waveform was calibrated to bMBP quantified as bMBP = bDBP + bPP/3. Our study strongly emphasizes the need for methodological transparency and consensus for non-invasive bMBP assessment.
Enoxaparin Posology According to Prothrombotic Status and Bleeding Risk in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia
Authors: Mora-Delgado Juan , Lojo-Cruz Cristina , Rubio Marín Patricia , Menor Campos Eva María , Michán-Doña Alfredo
Published: January 2023

Some patients with COVID-19 have complex hypercoagulable abnormalities that are related to mortality. The optimal dosage of low molecular weight heparin in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is still not clear. Our objective is to evaluate the effects of adapting the dosage of low molecular weight heparin to thrombotic and bleeding risk scales in this setting. We performed a cohort, retrospective, observational, and analytical study at the Hospital Universitario of Jerez de la Frontera, with patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia from 1 October 2020 to 31 January 2021. They were classified according to whether they received prophylactic, intermediate, or therapeutic doses of enoxaparin. The primary endpoint was intrahospital mortality. Secondary endpoints were the need for invasive ventilation, thromboembolic events, bleeding, and the usefulness of thrombotic and bleeding scales. After binary logistic regression analysis, considering confounding variables, it was found that the use of enoxaparin at therapeutic doses was associated with lower mortality during admission compared to prophylactic and intermediate doses (RR 0.173; 95% CI, 0.038–0.8; p = 0.025). IMPROVE bleeding risk score correlated with a higher risk of minor bleeding (RR 1.263; 95% CI, 1.105–1.573; p = 0.037). In adult hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia presenting elevated D-dimer and severe proinflammatory state, therapeutic doses of enoxaparin can be considered, especially if bleeding risk is low according to the IMPROVE bleeding risk score.
Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Ward Robert C. , van Zyl Martin , DeSimone Christopher V.
Published: January 2023

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an important cause of morbidity and less commonly, mortality in patients with structurally normal hearts. Appropriate diagnosis and management are predicated on an understanding of the mechanism, relevant cardiac anatomy, and associated ECG signatures. Catheter ablation is a viable strategy to adequately treat and potentially provide a cure in patients that are intolerant to medications or when these are ineffective. In this review, we discuss special approaches and considerations for effective and safe ablation of VT arising from the right ventricular outflow tract, left ventricular outflow tract, left ventricular fascicles, papillary muscles, and moderator band.
Novel Impedance-pH Parameters in Pre-Bariatric Assessment of Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gagliardi Mario , Santonicola Antonella , Palma Rossella , Angrisani Luigi , Trudgill Nigel J. , Iovino Paola
Published: January 2023

Novel impedance-pH parameters, Mean Nocturnal Baseline Impedance (MNBI) and Post-Reflux Swallow-Induced Peristaltic Wave (PSPW) index, have been proposed to improve the gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnostic yield. This study aims to determine the integrity of the esophageal epithelial barrier and chemical clearance using these novel parameters and to correlate them with acid exposure time (AET) and acid clearance time (ACT) in obese patients who are candidates for bariatric surgery (BS). Twenty impedance-pHmetry tracings of patients prior to BS were reviewed. Nine (45%) patients with a conclusive diagnosis of GERD had significantly higher ACT, lower MNBI in the distal esophagus and lower PSPW indexes compared to obese patients without GERD. Moreover, 100% of obese patients with GERD had a pathological ACT compared to obese patients without GERD (p = 0.003). However, the percentage of pathological MNBI and PSPW index did not differ between obese patients with and without GERD. The PSPW index and MNBI of the distal channel significantly correlated with ACT and AET. Further studies are needed to assess the role of time-consuming novel parameters in the routine evaluation of morbidly obese patients candidates for BS. The value of acid clearance time is confirmed as a relevant impedance-pH parameter in these patients.
Association of Shunt Size and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale on Medical Management
Authors: Lim Isis , Teo Yao , Fang Jun , Teo Yao , Ho Jamie , Lee Yong , Chen Xintong , Ong Kathleen , Leow Aloysius , Ho Andrew , Lim Yinghao , Low Ting , Kuntjoro Ivandito , Yeo Leonard , Sia Ching-Hui , Sharma Vijay , Tan Benjamin
Published: January 2023

Introduction: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a potential source of cardiac embolism in cryptogenic ischemic stroke, but it may also be incidental. Right-to-left shunt (RLS) size may predict PFO-related stroke, but results have been controversial. In this cohort study of medically-managed PFO patients with cryptogenic stroke, we aimed to investigate the association of shunt size with recurrent stroke, mortality, newly detected atrial fibrillation (AF), and to identify predictors of recurrent stroke. Methods: Patients with cryptogenic stroke who screened positive for a RLS using a transcranial Doppler bubble study were included. Patients who underwent PFO closure were excluded. Subjects were divided into two groups: small (Spencer Grade 1, 2, or 3; n = 135) and large (Spencer Grade 4 or 5; n = 99) shunts. The primary outcome was risk of recurrent stroke, and the secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and newly detected AF. Results: The study cohort included 234 cryptogenic stroke patients with medically-managed PFO. The mean age was 50.5 years, and 31.2% were female. The median period of follow-up was 348 (IQR 147-1096) days. The rate of recurrent ischemic stroke was higher in patients with large shunts than in those with small shunts (8.1% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.036). Multivariate analyses revealed that a large shunt was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke [aOR 4.09 (95% CI 1.04–16.0), p = 0.043]. Conclusions: In our cohort of cryptogenic stroke patients with medically managed PFOs, those with large shunts were at a higher risk of recurrent stroke events, independently of RoPE score and left atrium diameter.
Procedural Outcomes of a Self-Expanding Transcatheter Heart Valve in Patients with Porcelain Aorta
Authors: Eckel Clemens , Blumenstein Johannes , Grothusen Christina , Tiyerili Vedat , Elsässer Albrecht , Dohmen Guido , Zeckzer Anna , Gaede Luise , Choi Yeong-Hoon , Charitos Efstratios I. , Hamm Christian W. , Kim Won-Keun , Möllmann Helge , Renker Matthias
Published: January 2023

Background: Severe calcification of the ascending aorta increases the peri-operative risk for neurological complications in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) seems to be an optimal treatment option in these patients. However, the impact of the extent of aortic calcification on procedural and neurological outcomes during TAVI is unclear. Methods: Data from 3010 patients with severe native aortic valve stenosis treated with ACURATE neo/neo2 from May 2012 to July 2022 were evaluated and matched by 2-to-1 nearest-neighbor matching to identify one patient with porcelain aorta (PA) (n = 492) compared with two patients without PA (n = 984). PA was additionally subdivided into circumferential (classic PA) (n = 89; 3.0%) and non-circumferential (partial PA) (n = 403; 13.4%) calcification. We compared outcomes according to VARC-3 criteria among patients with and without PA and identified predictors for occurrence of stroke in the overall population. Results: Technical success (88.5% vs. 87.4%, p = 0.589) and device success at 30 days (82.3% vs. 81.5%, p = 0.755) after transcatheter ACURATE neo/neo2 implantation according to VARC-3 definition was high and did not differ between non-calcified aortas or PA. The rate of in-hospital complications according to VARC-3-definitions was low in both groups. Rates of all stroke (3.2% (n = 31) vs. 2.6% (n = 13), p = 0.705) or transitory ischemic attacks (1.1% vs. 1.2%, p = 1.000) did not differ significantly. Thirty-day all-cause mortality did not differ (3.0% vs. 3.2%, RR 1.1; p = 0.775). Overall device migration/embolization (OR 5.0 [2.10;11.87]), severe bleeding (OR 1.79 [1.11;2.89]), and major structural cardiac complications (OR 3.37 [1.32;8.57]) were identified as independent predictors for in-hospital stroke in a multivariate analysis after implantation of ACURATE neo/neo2. Conclusion: A porcelain aorta does not increase the risk of neurological complications after transfemoral ACURATE neo/neo2 implantation. Based on these findings, transfemoral ACURATE neo/neo2 implantation is safe in these particularly vulnerable patients.
The Complex Bridge between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life: Skin Changes during Development of Amphibians
Authors: Akat Çömden Esra , Yenmiş Melodi , Çakır Berna
Published: January 2023

Amphibian skin is a particularly complex organ that is primarily responsible for respiration, osmoregulation, thermoregulation, defense, water absorption, and communication. The skin, as well as many other organs in the amphibian body, has undergone the most extensive rearrangement in the adaptation from water to land. Structural and physiological features of skin in amphibians are presented within this review. We aim to procure extensive and updated information on the evolutionary history of amphibians and their transition from water to land—that is, the changes seen in their skin from the larval stages to adulthood from the points of morphology, physiology, and immunology.
Ciprofloxacin Release and Corrosion Behaviour of a Hybrid PEO/PCL Coating on Mg3Zn0.4Ca Alloy
Authors: Moreno Lara , Wang Cheng , Lamaka Sviatlana V. , Zheludkevich Mikhail L. , Rodríguez-Hernández Juan , Arrabal Raul , Matykina Endzhe
Published: January 2023

In the present work, a hybrid hierarchical coating (HHC) system comprising a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating and a homogeneously porous structured polycaprolactone (PCL) top-coat layer, loaded with ciprofloxacin (CIP), was developed on Mg3Zn0.4Ca alloy. According to the findings, the HHC system avoided burst release and ensured gradual drug elution (64% over 240 h). The multi-level protection of the magnesium alloy is achieved through sealing of the PEO coating pores by the polymer layer and the inhibiting effect of CIP (up to 74%). The corrosion inhibition effect of HHC and the eluted drug is associated with the formation of insoluble CIP-Me (Mg/Ca) chelates that repair the defects in the HHC and impede the access of corrosive species as corroborated by FTIR spectra, EIS and SEM images after 24 h of immersion. Therefore, CIP participates in an active protection mechanism by interacting with cations coming through the damaged coating.
Effects of Constant Water Flow on Endurance Swimming and Fatigue Metabolism of Large Yellow Croaker
Authors: Chai Ruoyu , Yin Heng , Huo Runming , Wang Hanying , Huang Ling , Wang Ping
Published: January 2023

A trend in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) aquaculture is to establish production sites suitable for extreme weather conditions. However, continuous and strong currents can harm fish welfare. To determine a suitable site location, the swimming ability of large yellow croakers must be assessed. This study aims to provide novel insights into the physiological characteristics of large yellow croaker swimming and a reference for fishing and cage site selection. Currently, research on large yellow croakers has focused on behavior analysis. Herein, we investigate the effects of swimming on large yellow croakers’ metabolites by examining the preferred speed of the group and the sustained swimming ability of single-tailed fish. We evaluated factors that influence the large yellow croaker’s swimming fatigue by quantifying the metabolite contents and constructing a sustained swimming model. The results showed that large yellow croaker populations tend to grow in low-velocity environments, similar to their traditional habitat. The samples were taken at different swimming times at a flow velocity of 0.35 m/s. According to the results of the metabolite content analysis, blood glucose levels are closely associated with the swimming ability in large yellow croakers. The content of liver glycogen, which regulates blood glucose concentration, decreased in a certain linear relationship. The sustained swimming model of the large yellow croaker was constructed according to the changes in liver glycogen content. Based on our findings, we recommend the following: (1) for large yellow croakers with a size of approximately 13.5 cm (approximately 1 year old), the water velocity inside the cage should not exceed 2.6 BL/s; (2) the concentration of liver glycogen limits the sustained swimming ability of the large yellow croaker, providing a reference for studying the swimming ability of other fish.
Unraveling the Origin of the Messinian? Evaporites in Zakynthos Island, Ionian Sea: Implications for the Sealing Capacity in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Zelilidis Avraam , Bourli Nicolina , Andriopoulos Konstantinos , Georgoulas Eleftherios , Peridis Savvas , Asimakopoulos Dimitrios , Maravelis Angelos G.
Published: January 2023

The new approach on depositional conditions of the Messinian evaporites in Zakynthos Island indicates that the evaporites in the Kalamaki and Ag. Sostis areas were redeposited during the Early Pliocene. They accumulated either as turbiditic evaporites or as slumped blocks, as a response to Kalamaki thrust activity. Thrust activity developed a narrow and restricted Kalamaki foreland basin with the uplifted orogenic wedge consisting of Messinian evaporites. These evaporites eroded and redeposited in the foreland basin as submarine fans with turbiditic currents or slumped blocks (olistholiths) that consist of Messinian evaporites. These conditions occurred just before the inundation of the Mediterranean, during or prior to the Early Pliocene (Zanclean). Following the re-sedimentation of the Messinian evaporites, the inundation of the Mediterranean produced the “Lago Mare” fine-grained sediments that rest unconformably over the resedimented evaporites. The “Trubi” limestones were deposited later. It is critical to understand the origin of the “Messinian” Evaporites because they can serve as an effective seal rock for the oil and gas industry. It is thus important to evaluate their thickness and distribution into the SE Mediterranean Sea.
Southern Ocean Iron Limitation of Primary Production between Past Knowledge and Future Projections
Authors: Bazzani Emma , Lauritano Chiara , Saggiomo Maria
Published: January 2023

Primary production in the Southern Ocean highly depends on phytoplankton and has been reported to be limited by the availability of the micronutrient iron. The aim of this review is to summarize the past and current knowledge on iron limitation in the Southern Ocean, and specifically how it affects primary producers, thus influencing the whole Southern Ocean community structure, carbon cycling, and large-scale ocean biogeochemistry. In this region, extensive variability exists between different areas regarding iron availability, but also between seasons. Moreover, co-limitations with other abiotic environmental factors exist, further complicating the assessment of the role of iron as limiting factor for phytoplankton productivity. Currently, climate change is altering the Southern Ocean environment. How these changes will affect resident phytoplankton is still not clear, possibly modifying the iron supply mechanisms. Existing projections point towards a possible partial relief of iron stress on phytoplankton, but the interactions between different environmental changes, and the cascade effects they will have, are still poorly understood, and some aspects understudied. Here we try to synthetize the available predictions and uncertainties concerning this topic.
Generalized Behavior Decision-Making Model for Ship Collision Avoidance via Reinforcement Learning Method
Authors: Guan Wei , Zhao Ming-yang , Zhang Cheng-bao , Xi Zhao-yong
Published: January 2023

Due to the increasing number of transportation vessels, marine traffic has become more congested. According to the statistics, 89% to 95% of maritime accidents are related to human factors. In order to reduce marine incidents, ship automatic collision avoidance has become one of the most important research issues in the field of ocean engineering. A generalized behavior decision-making (GBDM) model, trained via a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, is proposed in this paper, and it can be used for ship autonomous driving in multi-ship encounter situations. Firstly, the obstacle zone by target (OZT) is used to calculate the area of future collisions based on the dynamic information of ships. Meanwhile, a virtual sensor called a grid sensor is taken as the input of the observation state. Then, International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREGs) is introduced into the reward function to make the decision-making fully comply with COLREGs. Different from the previous RL-based collision avoidance model, the interaction between the ship and the environment only works in the collision avoidance decision-making stage. Finally, 60 complex multi-ship encounter scenarios clustered by the COLREGs are taken as the ship’s GBDM model training environments. The simulation results show that the proposed GBDM model and training method has flexible scalability in solving the multi-ship collision avoidance problem complying with COLREGs in different scenarios.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Cavity Structure Forced Water Exit from Calm Water at Constant Lifting Velocity
Authors: Zan Yingfei , Qi Baowen , Ding Song , Guo Ruinan , Wang Yong , Li Baozhong
Published: January 2023

In marine engineering, the installation of structures inevitably involves the process of water exit. This paper studies the vertical force, the shape of the free surface, and the evolution of the water entrained in a cavity in the process of lifting a structure, so as to provide guidance for practical engineering operations. Using a 1:8 experimental model, this paper derives the governing equations based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach and uses the volume of fluid method to capture the shape change of the free surface. The vertical forces obtained at different lifting speeds are found to be in good agreement with the results of previous model tests. The results show that the numerical simulation method and mesh generation described in this paper can simulate the changes in the physical quantities associated with the structure in the process of water exit. The vertical force on the structure increases nonlinearly as the lifting speed rises, and the maximum lifting speed is conservatively estimated to be 0.034 m/s using the Det Norske Veritas recommended method. The maximum vertical force occurs as the whole structure leaves the water. The water entrained in the structure is mainly located at the sides and bottom. The lifting velocity plays an important role in the water exit process. The water exit force first increases and then decreases to a stable value as the lifting velocity increases, while the maximum water exit force increases nonlinearly.
Predicting a Favorable (mRS 0–2) or Unfavorable (mRS 3–6) Stroke Outcome by Arterial Spin Labeling and Amide Proton Transfer Imaging in Post-Thrombolysis Stroke Patients
Authors: He Qinmeng , Li Guomin , Jiang Meien , Zhou Qianling , Gao Yunyu , Yan Jianhao
Published: January 2023

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to determine whether arterial spin labeling (ASL), amide proton transfer (APT), or their combination could distinguish between patients with a low and high modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and forecast the effectiveness of the therapy; (2) Methods: Fifty-eight patients with subacute phase ischemic stroke were included in this study. Based on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and asymmetry magnetic transfer ratio (MTRasym) images, histogram analysis was performed on the ischemic area to acquire imaging biomarkers, and the contralateral area was used as a control. Imaging biomarkers were compared between the low (mRS 0–2) and high (mRS 3–6) mRS score groups using the Mann–Whitney U test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the potential biomarkers in differentiating between the two groups; (3) Results: The rAPT 50th had an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.728, with a sensitivity of 91.67% and a specificity of 61.76% for differentiating between patients with low and high mRS scores. Moreover, the AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of the rASL max were 0.926, 100%, and 82.4%, respectively. Combining the parameters with logistic regression could further improve the performance in predicting prognosis, leading to an AUC of 0.968, a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 91.2%; (4) Conclusions: The combination of APT and ASL may be a potential imaging biomarker to reflect the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy for stroke patients, assisting in guiding treatment approaches and identifying high-risk patients such as those with severe disability, paralysis, and cognitive impairment.
Leadership Styles, Motivation, Communication and Reward Systems in Business Performance
Authors: Meirinhos Galvão , Cardoso António , Neves Maria , Silva Rui , Rêgo Reiville
Published: January 2023

This research project aims to analyse the leadership and communication styles adopted by Angolan companies, particularly in Benguela province, and their impact on the results of these organisations. In Angola, and with the recent assimilation of the principles of market economy, the figure of the leader must abandon old management paradigms and integrate the modern principles of management of organisations into their functions, not only focusing on achieving the goals of the company but also on creating an environment conducive to the participation and involvement of employees, articulating strategies so that everyone grows in and with the organisation. Thus, the general objective of the research is to assess the managers’ perception of their leadership style (transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire) and its impact on the organisation’s performance. To this end, a quantitative study was carried out using a questionnaire, using, among other dimensions, the multifactorial leadership questionnaire (MLQ), distributed to a sample of 227 managers. Data were analysed using SPSS using descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test, ANOVA, Tukey’s test). The results show that the leaders perceive their leadership styles as transformational and recognise that communication, motivation, and the reward system strongly impact the organisation’s performance.
Balance of Risks and the Anchoring of Consumer Expectations
Authors: Ryngaert Jane M.
Published: January 2023

This paper shows that expected inflation risks pose threats to the anchoring of expectations. I propose a new method for fitting subjective probability distributions to density forecasts that allows for asymmetric beliefs over inflation outcomes. Using data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Survey of Consumer Expectations, I show that medium run expectations move in the direction of perceived short run risks. A diffusion index of consumers’ perceived balance of risks to inflation shows that high short run inflation expectations coincide with the balance of medium risks being weighted to the upside.
Seed and Straw Characterization of Nine New Varieties of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz
Authors: Montero-Muñoz Iris , Mostaza-Colado David , Capuano Aníbal , Mauri Ablanque Pedro V.
Published: January 2023

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is a promising oilseed crop that has increased worldwide attention because of its agronomic characteristics and potential uses. From an agricultural point of view, this plant can grow in different environments, providing a good yield with low input requirements. In addition, camelina seeds contain a high percentage of oil (36–47%) and protein (24–31%), making them interesting for food or energy industries. Nevertheless, its cultivation is not widespread in Europe, particularly in Spain. In the present context of global change and the search for new sustainable crops, we are conducting two pilot projects aiming to confirm that camelina is a good option for oilseed crops in semi-arid climates (especially in central Spain, Madrid) and to find new profitable varieties for farmers. To reach our objective we have used nine new varieties, recently developed, to characterize and compare their seed oil content, and their seed and straw chemical composition. Finally, with our preliminary results, we determine which varieties present better properties to be used in future agricultural research or breeding programs. These results are part of a larger study that we are carrying out.
An Integrated Approach to Constructing Ecological Security Pattern in an Urbanization and Agricultural Intensification Area in Northeast China
Authors: Gao Fengjie , Yang Wei , Zhang Si , Xin Xiaohui , Zhou Jun , Du Guoming
Published: January 2023

Ecological security pattern (ESP) can bridge the paradox between ecological conservation and socioeconomic development. Although various methods have been applied to establish ESP successfully, improving its scientificity and reliability for regional sustainability are still great challenges. Taking Harbin administrative region as the study area, this paper integrated the merits of the function-oriented method (assessing the importance of ecological services using the InVEST model) and the structure-oriented method (extracting the connectivity of landscapes based on the MSPA model) to improve the identification of ecological sources more scientifically. Night light data were used to modify the natural resistance surface to reveal the real natural and human disturbance for ES loss during species migration and ecological flows. Then, the ESP was established by combining the ecological nodes after extracting and grading the ecological corridors. The results showed that the individual ES performed with a high spatial heterogeneity and was highly correlated with land use patterns. The extremely important and slightly important were the dominant level types in the study area, and the proportion of extremely important declined greatly from 44.78% in 1980 to 30.14% in 2020. Core was the main landscape type with a proportion of 57.13% and mainly distributed in the Lesser Khingan Mountains and Zhangguangcai Mountains. More than 700 ecological corridors were extracted according to the MCR model and the important ecological corridors were selected based on the gravity model, with 86 ecological nodes obtained from the intersection points of ecological corridors. An ESP of “two zones, two barriers, one axis and one belt” was proposed, and relevant protection measures were put out for the sustainable development in the study area. The findings indicated that imposing ESP could form a stable secure frame for social economic development and ecological protection, avoiding irrational land use modes and excessive dispersion of landscapes. This study could provide valuable references for land use planning and the formulation of related ecological protection policies and regional sustainable development strategies.
Orf Infection on the Scalp of a Taiwanese Woman: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Juang Shiow-Jen , Win Khin-Than , Chen Yen-Lin , Chen Hung-Wen , Cheng Pai-Shan
Published: January 2023

Background: Orf, or ecthyma contagiosum, is a zoonosis caused by Parapoxvirus that infects sheep and goats. Human transmission typically occurs in persons in contact with the infected animals or contaminated fomites and environment. In humans, it generally occurs as solitary or multiple skin lesions on the hands or fingers. Involvement of the head region has rarely been reported. Case presentation: We report an unusual case with multiple orf lesions on the scalp of a middle-aged woman, along with a review of previously reported Orf cases on the head region. Conclusions: Although Orf infection rarely happens on the head region, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cases with relevant animal exposure.
Design of a Company-Engagement Model for Procurement and Supply Management Classes
Authors: van Hoek Remko , Lebigot Dominique
Published: January 2023

Background: There are opportunities to enrich procurement and supply management classes to be more international and to engage with industry more deeply. Methods: Using a design science method this paper develops a course design for teaching procurement that enriches existing approaches to company engagement in courses. Results: Beyond the use of stand-alone guest lectures, case studies, or in-company projects, the design involved semester-long collaboration around core topics for the course, involving company lectures and multiple student projects aligned with the course topics, engaging multiple levels of managers from around the globe. Based upon an evaluation of the first-year collaboration, improvements were identified that were implemented in year two of the collaboration. Conclsuions: The design brings course learning into a real-world context and supports student skill development through project work.
Friction and Wear in Machine Design
Authors: Ali Mohamed Kamal Ahmed
Published: January 2023

Tribology has been and will continue to be one of the most significant subjects due to its prevalence in practically every part of our lives [...]
Study on Sealing Characteristics of Compliant Foil Face Gas Seal under Typical Hypervelocity Gas Effects
Authors: Chen Yuan , Wang Qinggang , Li Yuntang , Li Xiaolu , Wang Bingqing , Jin Jie
Published: January 2023

In order to investigate the influence of typical hypervelocity gas effects on the gas lubrication performance of compliant foil face gas seal (CFFGS) end surfaces, the gas–elastic coupling lubrication theory model of CFFGS is modified by considering the choked flow and inertia effect, and the lubrication performance is solved using the finite difference method. Based on the choking effect, the effect of hypervelocity choked flow on the pressure field and velocity field of the seal is analyzed, and the influence of operating parameters on the choked flow and the mechanism of choked flow on the change in dynamic lubrication and sealing performance are explored. Furthermore, based on the inertia effect, the effect of gas inertia force on the flow field, and the correlation law between the pressure field and velocity field under the influence of operating parameters are studied. Then, the relationship between the inertia effect and sealing performance are analyzed. The results show that choked flow increases sealing outlet pressure significantly, from 0.1 MPa to a maximum of 14.25 MPa, and the sealing outlet flow velocity decreases by up to 50 times. The increase in medium pressure and balance film thickness aggravate the choking effect, resulting in a 20% maximum increase in opening force and a 99.6% maximum decrease in leakage rate. In addition, the inertia effect causes obvious centrifugal movement of the gas flow. As result, the radial flow velocity reduces by up to 50%, and the pressure distribution varies widely. Especially under high rotational speed and high medium pressure, the inertia effect is enhanced to clearly reduce the opening force (max. decrement of 3.5%) and leakage rate (max. decrement of 23%).
Modified Orange Peel Waste as a Sustainable Material for Adsorption of Contaminants
Authors: Michael-Igolima Uloaku , Abbey Samuel J. , Ifelebuegu Augustine O. , Eyo Eyo U.
Published: January 2023

World orange production is estimated at 60 million tons per annum, while the annual production of orange peel waste is 32 million tons. According to available data, the adsorption capacity of orange peel ranges from 3 mg/g to 5 mg/g, while their water uptake is lower than 1 mg/g. The low water uptake of orange peel and the abundance of biomass in nature has made orange peel an excellent biosorption material. This review summarised different studies on orange peel adsorption of various contaminants to identify properties of orange peel that influence the adsorption of contaminants. Most of the literature reviewed studied orange peel adsorption of heavy metals, followed by studies on the adsorption of dyes, while few studies have investigated adsorption of oil by orange peel. FTIR spectra analysis and SEM micrographs of raw and activated orange peels were studied to understand the structural properties of the biomass responsible for adsorption. The study identified pectin, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and amine groups as components and important functional groups responsible for adsorption in orange peel. Furthermore, changes were observed in the structural properties of the peel after undergoing various modifications. Physical modification increased the surface area for binding and the adsorption of contaminants, while chemical treatments increased the carboxylic groups enhancing adsorption and the binding of contaminants. In addition, heating orange peel during the thermal modification process resulted in a highly porous structure and a subsequent increase in adsorption capacities. In conclusion, physical, chemical, and thermal treatments improve the structural properties of orange peel, resulting in high biosorption uptake. However, orange peels treated with chemicals recorded the highest contaminants adsorption capacities.
Feasibility Study for the Remanufacturing of H13 Steel Heat-Treated TBM Disc Cutter Rings with Uniform Wear Failure Using GMAW
Authors: Zhang Kui , Dai Shuhao , Jiang Boyan , Zheng Xuejun , Liu Jingang , Zhang Xuhui
Published: January 2023

Given that the heat treatment states of the base metal have a great influence on the surfacing repair layer, this paper carried out a feasibility study for the remanufacturing of the failed cutter rings of TBM disc cutters with uniform wear (hereinafter referred to as normally-worn ring) using the gas metal arc welding technology (GMAW). Firstly, this paper developed a heat treatment process route for H13 steel cutter rings. Secondly, the heat treatment process is numerically analyzed based on the developed route, and the rationality of the route is verified from the distribution characteristics of temperature, phase, and stress fields. Subsequently, heat treatment tests were carried out, and the physical and mechanical properties of the base metal samples prepared under laboratory conditions were evaluated respectively and systematically. Based on the comprehensive performance evaluation value calculated by the weighted comparative analysis method, it was clear that the comprehensive performance of the quenched base metal samples was 7.6% higher than that of the engineering cutter ring interior. Therefore, it is reasonable to replace the failed engineering cutter rings repaired under laboratory conditions with the prepared samples as economical alternatives. Finally, the remanufacturing of the base metal samples using GMAW was carried out, and then the remanufacturing performance of the base metal samples was analyzed. The study concluded that the comprehensive performance of the surfacing repair layer was slightly lower than that of the engineering cutter ring edge (4.1%), thus proving that the idea of surfacing remanufacturing of the normally-worn ring proposed in this paper was basically feasible.