bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isatuximab in combination with carfilzomib and dexamethasone in 1q21+ patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: Long‐term outcomes in the Phase 3 IKEMA study
Authors: Facon Thierry , Moreau Philippe , Špicka Ivan , Suzuki Kenshi , Yong Kwee , Mikhael Joseph , Fukao Taro , Bisht Kamlesh , Armstrong Nicole M. , Macé Sandrine , Risse Marie‐Laure , Martin Thomas
Published: February 2024

Gain/amplification of 1q21 (≥3 copies), a chromosomal abnormality frequently observed in multiple myeloma, can negatively affect prognosis, due to its involvement in resistance to anti‐myeloma therapy and disease progression. In this updated subgroup analysis of the randomized, Phase 3 IKEMA study (NCT03275285) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), we evaluated progression‐free survival (PFS) and depth of response with the anti‐CD38 antibody isatuximab plus carfilzomib‐dexamethasone (Isa‐Kd) versus Kd, in 1q21+ patients and related subgroups, at long‐term follow‐up (44.2 months). Our analysis included patients with 1q21+ (≥3 copies, with/without high‐risk chromosomal abnormality [HRCA]), isolated 1q21+ (≥3 copies, without HRCA), gain(1q21) (3 copies, with/without HRCA), and amp(1q21) (≥4 copies, with/without HRCA). PFS benefit was achieved with Isa‐Kd versus Kd in patients with 1q21+ (HR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37–0.92), with isolated 1q21+ (HR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27–0.92), with gain(1q21), or amp(1q21), consistent with the overall population and prior interim 1q21+ subgroup analyses. Median PFS with Isa‐Kd versus Kd was 25.8 versus 16.2 months in 1q21+ patients and 38.2 versus 16.2 months in patients with isolated 1q21+. Clinically meaningful, higher rates of very good partial response or better, complete response or better (≥CR), minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity, and MRD negativity and ≥CR were reached with Isa‐Kd versus Kd in patients with 1q21+, isolated 1q21+, gain(1q21), or amp(1q21). In Isa‐Kd and Kd, the MRD negativity and ≥CR rate was 29.3% versus 15.4% in 1q21+ patients, 36.2% versus 12.9% in patients with isolated 1q21+, 27.9% versus 13.5% in patients with gain(1q21), and 31.3% versus 20.0% in patients with amp(1q21), respectively. In conclusion, addition of Isa to Kd in triplet combination therapy has shown PFS benefit and deeper responses, compared with Kd, in 1q21+ patients at higher risk of progression, including patients with isolated 1q21+, gain(1q21), and amp(1q21), thus supporting Isa‐Kd an effective treatment option for patients with RRMM.
The use of interpreter services and its barriers faced by hospital staff when accessing interpreters for patients with low English proficiency during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Tang Davina , Jawad Danielle , Dragoje Vesna , Wen Li Ming , Taki Sarah
Published: February 2024

Issue Addressed

Patients with low English proficiency (LEP) often require interpreter services in health care, however, their usage remains low. This study aimed to explore the barriers to accessing interpreter services and suggests ways services can be improved in hospitals.

Methods

We conducted focus groups with clinicians and a retrospective audit of patient records. The clinicians were recruited from the inpatient wards and Emergency Department in a Sydney hospital, August 2022. The focus group discussion explored clinicians' experiences using an interpreter, and ways to improve access to the service. It was recorded, transcribed and coded thematically using Braun and Clarke's (2006) 6‐step framework. The patient record data were linked with the interpreter service booking data to determine whether patients flagged as requiring an interpreter on admission were provided with the service.

Results

Two focus groups were conducted with clinicians (N = 9 in total). Long wait times for telephone interpreters, an inflexible booking system, and low availability of in‐person interpreters were identified as the barriers. The COVID‐19 pandemic also impacted in‐person service provision.

Conclusion

Some systemic barriers including an inflexible booking process and long wait times for immediate interpreter services were identified. The low use of interpreter services is attributed to the difficulties accessing the service and poor documentation in patient records.

So What?

Greater availability of in‐person interpreter services, an upgraded booking system, and effective implementation the NSW Health Standard Procedures for Working with Health Care Interpreters will address some of these barriers.
Evaluation of the awareness of Western Australian SunSmart campaigns between 2008 and 2022
Authors: Feng Ying Ru , Ward Sarah , Lopez Derrick , Minto Carolyn , Blane Sally , Preen David B.
Published: February 2024

Issue Addressed

It is unknown whether SunSmart health promotion campaigns in Western Australia are still effectively reaching their target audience of young people (under 45 years). This study examined trends over time in awareness, relevancy and believability of SunSmart advertisements and identified socio‐demographic characteristics and risk factors associated with campaign awareness.

Method

Linear regression and log‐binomial modelling were undertaken using data from the annual SunSmart post‐campaign evaluation surveys between 2008/2009 and 2021/2022. SunSmart campaigns were analysed and categorised into the following themes: (1) personal real‐life stories; (2) daily activities/sun exposure leads to skin cancer; or (3) cartoon/animated.

Results

Between 2008 and 2022, there were declines in total awareness (74.2% to 20.4%), unprompted awareness (33.7% to 4.9%) and relevancy (89.5% to 54.8%) of SunSmart advertisements (representing annual percent decreases of 3.6%, 3.1% and 1.8%, respectively). However, believability remained high over time (>94% in each annual survey). Trends were inconsistent between the awareness of campaign themes and socio‐demographic characteristics and risk factors. Several campaigns had greater awareness in their subsequent years, compared with the first campaign year.

Conclusion

In more recent years, SunSmart advertisements and campaigns may not have reached their target audience. In addition to socio‐demographic characteristics, particularly age, advertisement factors may also affect the awareness of specific campaigns.

So What?

Given the changing advertising landscape and its rising costs, ongoing funding is pertinent to increase the reach of future SunSmart campaigns. Increasing advertisements on alternative platforms and designing campaigns which separately target adolescents and adults need to be considered.
Health literacy profiles of pregnant women and mothers in Tasmania: A cluster analysis
Authors: Melwani Satish , Cleland Verity , Patterson Kira , Nash Rosie
Published: February 2024

Issue Addressed

Health literacy development can help to reduce the growing noncommunicable disease burden globally. However, less is known about the health literacy needs of pregnant women and mothers necessary to guide health literacy development in this priority population group. To enhance the understanding of the health literacy needs of pregnant women and mothers, this study aimed to develop data‐informed health literacy profiles of pregnant women and mothers with children (0–8 years) in Tasmania, as well as data‐informed vignettes describing the health literacy needs of women in the different health literacy profiles.

Methods

An online cross‐sectional survey was undertaken. The survey included demographic questions and the health literacy questionnaire (HLQ). The data were analysed using a cluster analysis to identify subgroups with varying health literacy needs. The clusters, in conjunction with demographic characteristics, were used to generate data‐informed vignettes representing various health literacy profiles.

Results

The cluster analysis generated seven health literacy profiles and five vignettes representing diverse health literacy needs of pregnant women and mothers in Tasmania. Each vignette tells a data‐informed story of women in Tasmania experiencing diverse health literacy strengths and challenges influencing their access and use of health information and health services. This allowed deeper exploration of the health literacy needs of the subgroups within the target population.

Conclusion

A better understanding of the health literacy needs of pregnant women and mothers can provide policymakers and health care providers with the key insights needed to guide the planning and development of fit‐for‐purpose solutions. This understanding can also guide the tailoring of existing health and community services, to create a health literacy‐responsive environment that is more likely to meet the diverse health needs of pregnant women and mothers.

So What

We must shift away from a ‘one size fits all’ approach and promote the development of a health literacy‐responsive environment to improve health and equity outcomes for pregnant women and mothers in Tasmania.
Can Modern Monetary Theory fit the post‐Crisis US facts? Evidence from a full DSGE model
Authors: Liu Chunping , Minford Patrick , Ou Zhirong
Published: February 2024

Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) claims that a monetarily sovereign government like the US is never confronted by a real budget constraint since it can always monetise any deficit by printing money; and this need not be inflationary since it can always drain excess money from circulation by taxing. MMT economists claim that their theory is in line with the behaviour of the US data since the Financial Crisis, and argue that policy in the post‐COVID recovery period should continue to be guided by MMT principles. We set out the MMT policy rules within a full DSGE model and test this model version against the data by indirect inference, side by side with a standard New Keynesian rival version, to evaluate these claims. We find that the MMT model is rejected by the data, while the standard model is not; and that the MMT policy rules imply a material loss of welfare compared to the standard ones.
Female adolescents’ early life stress and body mass index: Differential effects of anger and anxiety in response to rejection
Authors: Lee Sharon Y. , Jao Nancy C. , Gaffey Allison E. , Reid Brie M. , Vergara‐Lopez Chrystal , Bublitz Margaret H. , Stroud Laura R.
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Early life stress is linked to childhood obesity. As children enter adolescence, early life stress may be associated with increased rejection sensitivity, resulting in activation of behavioral and physiological changes that contribute to higher body mass index (BMI). Understanding the potential influence of rejection sensitivity on the association between early life stress and BMI is important to examine in female adolescents. For this secondary data analysis, we hypothesized that female adolescents with greater early life stress and greater rejection sensitivity would exhibit higher BMI‐for‐age 12 months later.

Methods

Seventy‐eight adolescents (Mage = 13.1 years; 100% female sex; MBMI = 23.2 kg/m2) in the United States completed study procedures from 2012 to 2016. Among these procedures, the Psychosocial Schedule was used to assess cumulative early life stress and the Children's Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire was used to assess anger and anxiety in response to rejection. Twelve months later, height and weight were measured to derive BMI‐for‐age.

Results

Higher early life stress was associated with higher BMI‐for‐age among female adolescents with low rejection‐provoked anger (1 SD below the mean). However, this association was not observed among female adolescents with high rejection‐provoked anger (1 SD above the mean). Finally, there was no significant interaction between early life stress and rejection‐provoked anxiety in predicting BMI‐for‐age.

Conclusions

Experiencing early life stress may interact with rejection‐provoked anger, but not anxiety, to predict BMI‐for‐age. Findings inform a developmental perspective of how rejection sensitivity may influence the association between early life stress and early cardiometabolic risk.
Perceived functions and importance of digital media use and adolescent depression and suicidal ideation
Authors: Boyd Simone Imani , Moore Adia , Moghaddas Serena , Hamilton Jessica L.
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Although social media (SM) use is nearly ubiquitous among adolescents, there is a lack of clarity concerning the relationship between SM use and mental health outcomes like depression and suicidal ideation (SI), which increase during adolescence. Much of the previous literature has focused on the frequency of SM use; however, the current study examined the relationship between the perceived importance of three types of interactions and functions of SM use and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation.

Methods

A sample of 4057 adolescents (M age = 14.6; 47.0% girls; 69.0% Non‐Hispanic/Latine White) were recruited via an online survey manager between February and March 2019. Participants completed the Adolescent Digital Technology Interactions and Importance (ADTI) Scale, which assessed the perceived importance of bridging online and offline experiences (bridging), going outside one's identity or offline experience (identity), and facilitating social connections (social). Participants also completed measures of depressive symptoms and SI and a self‐report measure of SM use. A series of path analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between bridging, identity, social, and depressive symptoms and SI.

Results

After accounting for covariates (gender identity, racial identity, age, and SM use), bridging was negatively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas identity was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Bridging and social connection were negatively associated with SI, whereas identity was positively associated with SI. Gender moderated these relationships; however, racial identity did not.

Conclusion

The results highlight the importance of understanding adolescent SM use beyond screen time in relation to depression and SI.
Serosurvey of anti‐rubella and anti‐measles IgG antibodies in young females in Jahrom, southern west Iran in 2012: A review of literature of the serological profile in Iran
Authors: Mojarad Najmeh , Forouzani Fatemeh , Mohammadi Zahra , Shahriarirad Reza
Published: February 2024

Background

Rubella and measles are two highly contagious viral childhood diseases. However, the high possibility of brutal effects of both microorganisms during pregnancy has kept them emerging as a major public health issue. The current study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of rubella and measles among 15–25‐year‐old females in southwest Iran.

Method

This descriptive study was performed in Jahrom, southern west Iran during 2012. Serum samples from female individuals with an age of 15–25 years visiting main laboratories in our study location were collected and evaluated by a commercial ELISA kit for anti‐rubella and measles IgG antibodies.

Results

Among the 179 participants, regarding anti‐rubella antibodies, 171 (95.0%) were positive, 3 (1.7%) were negative, and 6 (3.3%) were borderline. Regarding anti‐measles antibodies, 166 (92.2%) of the subjects were positive, 1 (5.6%) was negative, and 13 (17.2%) were borderline. By assuming a positive value for the borderline cases, the ultimate findings demonstrated that 98.3% and 99.4% of the participants were immune against rubella and measles, respectively. There was no statistically significant association between measles and rubella immunity with age or the use of immunosuppressor medication.

Conclusion

Implementation of vaccine program has obtained significant immunity level in inhabitants, particularly women of childbearing age who play a more important role in herd immunity. Therefore, maintaining the national immune screening against rubella and measles is needed to take into consideration to maintain the current satisfactory level of immunization.
Comparison of clinical findings and subjective symptoms in a case of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS): A case report from a patient's perspective
Authors: Sugimoto Kotaro , Murakami Toshiki , Ojima Akira , Sekiryu Tetsuju
Published: February 2024

A 38‐year‐old pathologist developed multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS). He documented his visual impairment in detail utilizing a light microscope for pathological diagnosis. Notably, the subjective defects illustrated by the patient were in good spatiotemporal agreement with diagnostic outcomes. The present report enhances the understanding of visual impairment associated with MEWDS through a comparative analysis of subjective experiences and objective clinical findings.
Use of artificial hydration in patients diagnosed with senility as the cause of death by home care physicians: A cross₋sectional study
Authors: Imanaga Teruhiko
Published: February 2024

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, effectiveness, and reasons for the use of artificial hydration (AH) in senile patients in the last week, and patient‐related factors associated with its usage.

Methods

Between April and May 2023, I conducted a cross₋sectional study among medical institutions affiliated with the Japan Network of Home Care Supporting Clinics. Eligible cases included those in which senility was listed as the cause of death on the death certificate from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. The questions asked use of AH, reasons for AH, and symptoms that improved or worsened with AH. Patient characteristics, including age, gender, place of death, length of treatment, and complication of dementia, were also asked. Descriptive statistics were performed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the association between patient characteristics and the use of AH.

Results

Eighty‐three medical institutions (12.5%) provided responses, contributing a total of 714 cases. AH was administered in 236 cases (33.1%). The most common reason was “due to family preference” in 110 cases (46.6%). One hundred thirty‐five cases (57.2%) reported “no improved symptoms,” while symptom worsening was reported as “no worsened symptoms” in 176 cases (74.6%). Multivariate analysis on 699 cases using complete‐case analysis identified age (risk ratio [RR]:0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–0.99) and female (RR:0.73, 95% CI:0.58–0.92) as factors associated with the use of AH.

Conclusion

This study revealed that AH was commonly used based on family preferences and to alleviate psychological burdens on the family.
Vulnerability to functional decline is associated with noncardiovascular cause of 90‐day readmission in hospitalized patients with heart failure
Authors: Trochez Ricardo J. , Barrett Jennifer B. , Shi Yaping , Schildcrout Jonathan S. , Rick Chelsea , Nair Devika , Welch Sarah A. , Kumar Anupam A. , Bell Susan P. , Kripalani Sunil
Published: February 2024

Background

Hospital readmission is common among patients with heart failure. Vulnerability to decline in physical function may increase the risk of noncardiovascular readmission for these patients, but the association between vulnerability and the cause of unplanned readmission is poorly understood, inhibiting the development of effective interventions.

Objectives

We examined the association of vulnerability with the cause of readmission (cardiovascular vs. noncardiovascular) among hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure.

Designs, Settings, and Participants

This prospective longitudinal study is part of the Vanderbilt Inpatient Cohort Study.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary outcome was the cause of unplanned readmission (cardiovascular vs. noncardiovascular). The primary independent variable was vulnerability, measured using the Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES‐13).

Results

Among 804 hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure, 315 (39.2%) experienced an unplanned readmission within 90 days of discharge. In a multinomial logistic model with no readmission as the reference category, higher vulnerability was associated with readmission for noncardiovascular causes (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.75) in the first 90 days after discharge. The VES‐13 score was not associated with readmission for cardiovascular causes (RRR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.75–1.17).

Conclusions

Vulnerability to functional decline predicted noncardiovascular readmission risk among hospitalized patients with heart failure. The VES‐13 is a brief, validated, and freely available tool that should be considered in planning care transitions. Additional work is needed to examine the efficacy of interventions to monitor and mitigate noncardiovascular concerns among vulnerable patients with heart failure being discharged from the hospital.
A protectin DX (PDX) analog with in vitro activity against influenza A(H1N1) viruses
Authors: Fortin Nicolas , Hénaut Mathilde , Goyette Nathalie , Maltais René , Sancéau Jean‐Yves , Marette André , Poirier Donald , Abed Yacine , Boivin Guy
Published: February 2024

Antiviral therapy based on neuraminidase (oseltamivir) or polymerase (baloxavir marboxil) inhibitors plays an important role in the management of influenza infections. However, the emergence of drug resistance and the uncontrolled inflammatory response are major limitations in the treatment of severe influenza disease. Protectins D1 (PD1) and DX (PDX), part of a family of pro‐resolving mediators, have previously demonstrated anti‐influenza activity as well as anti‐inflammatory properties in various clinical contexts. Herein, we synthetized a series of simplified PDX analogs and assessed their in vitro antiviral activity against influenza A(H1N1) viruses, including oseltamivir‐ and baloxavir‐resistant variants. In ST6GalI‐MDCK cells, the PDX analog AN‐137B reduced viral replication in a dose‐dependent manner with IC50 values of 23.8 for A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) and between 32.6 and 36.7 µM for susceptible and resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. In MTS‐based cell viability experiments, AN‐137B showed a 50% cellular cytotoxicity (CC50) of 638.7 µM with a resulting selectivity index of 26.8. Of greater importance, the combination of AN‐137B with oseltamivir or baloxavir resulted in synergistic and additive in vitro effects, respectively. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages with AN‐137B resulted in a decrease of iNOS activity as shown by the reduction of nitrite production, suggesting an anti‐inflammatory effect. In conclusion, our results indicate that the protectin analog AN‐137B constitutes an interesting therapeutic modality against influenza A virus, warranting further evaluation in animal models.
IFITM3 inhibits severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus entry and interacts with viral Gc protein
Authors: Du Shouwen , Wang Yuhang , Wang Jiamin , Ma Yidan , Xu Wang , Shi Xiaoshuang , Li Letian , Hao Pengfei , Liu Quan , Liao Ming , Zhou Boping , Jin Ningyi , Wong Yin K. , Hu Lifen , Wang Jigang , Liu Wei , Li Chang
Published: February 2024

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick‐borne hemorrhagic fever disease with high fatality rate of 10%–20%. Vaccines or specific therapeutic measures remain lacking. Human interferon inducible transmembrane protein 3 (hIFITM3) is a broad‐spectrum antiviral factor targeting viral entry. However, the antiviral activity of hIFITM3 against SFTS virus (SFTSV) and the functional mechanism of IFITM3 remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that endogenous IFITM3 provides protection against SFTSV infection and participates in the anti‐SFTSV effect of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ interferons (IFNs). IFITM3 overexpression exhibits anti‐SFTSV function by blocking Gn/Gc‐mediated viral entry and fusion. Further studies showed that IFITM3 binds SFTSV Gc directly and its intramembrane domain (IMD) is responsible for this interaction and restriction of SFTSV entry. Mutation of two neighboring cysteines on IMD weakens IFITM3‐Gc interaction and attenuates the antiviral activity of IFITM3, suggesting that IFITM3‐Gc interaction may partly mediate the inhibition of SFTSV entry. Overall, our data demonstrate for the first time that hIFITM3 plays a critical role in the IFNs‐mediated anti‐SFTSV response, and uncover a novel mechanism of IFITM3 restriction of SFTSV infection, highlighting the potential of clinical intervention on SFTS disease.
Late Quaternary ostracode stratigraphy of Mono Lake (California, USA): evidence for benthic ecosystem sensitivity to climate change
Authors: Hodelka BAILEE N. , Mcglue MICHAEL M. , Palacios‐Fest MANUEL R. , Benfield ADAM J. , Ivory SARAH J. , Starratt SCOTT W. , Zimmerman SUSAN R. H.
Published: February 2024

The response of aquatic ecosystems in the Sierra Nevada (California, USA) to late Quaternary hydroclimate changes remains mostly unknown. Mono Lake, a large endorheic lake just east of the Sierra Nevada, contains an expanded archive of laminated sediments that can be used to examine the response of benthos to environmental changes. Fossil ostracodes from a radiocarbon‐dated core were used to examine paleoecologic changes from ~16.6 to 4.3k cal a bp. Seven species were identified, with the co‐occurrence of Limnocythere ceriotuberosa and Limnocythere staplini indicating a large SO42−‐rich lake in the Pleistocene. The Younger Dryas was complex, with Fabaeformiscandona caudata reflecting a cold and deep lake ~13.0–12.2k cal a
bp, followed by an interval of extensive littoral habitat from ~12.2–11.6k cal a
bp. Ostracode diversity, valves g–1 and the ratio of adult:juvenile valves declined after ~10.7k cal a
bp due to regression, altered hydrochemistry and seasonal anoxia. Strong seasonality during the Early Holocene is suggested by the presence of reworked ostracodes and macrocharcoal, delivered to Mono Lake by erosion of ancient lake beds in the basin. A depauperate ostracode fauna in the Middle Holocene suggests a strong sensitivity to drought in this ecosystem, which has implications for biodiversity in the future.
Guanidinium‐Based Manganese(II) Bromide with High Glass‐Forming Ability for Thermoplastic Curved X‐ray Imaging
Authors: He Zi‐Lin , Wei Jun‐Hua , Luo Jian‐Bin , Zhang Zhi‐Zhong , Chen Jing‐Hua , Guo Xiu‐Xian , Kuang Dai‐Bin
Published: February 2024

The development of large‐area transparent organic‐inorganic hybrid metal halide (OIMH) scintillation screens is restricted by the anisotropic single‐crystal growth, numerous grain boundaries in polycrystalline wafers, and inhomogeneous dispersion in perovskite‐polymer composite films. The crystal‐glass phase transition of OIMH materials may provide a promising solution for the above significant challenges. Herein, a new class of transparent amorphous guanidinium‐based manganese bromide glasses, (DPG)2MnBr4 and (DOTG)2MnBr4 (DPG = 1,3‐diphenylguanidinium, DOTG = 1,3‐di‐o‐tolylguanidinium), are synthesized through a low‐temperature melt‐quenching process. The (DOTG)2MnBr4 shows impressive glass‐forming ability because of large viscosity (η) at the melting temperature (Tm) (η(Tm) = 3426 mPa·s) and small fragility index (m = 52.35), which can be a potential glass scintillator. The large‐area (e.g., 13 cm × 13 cm) transparent amorphous (DOTG)2MnBr4 glass scintillator shows high light transmittance of > 80%, a low detection limit of 237.3 nGy s−1 and high X‐ray imaging spatial resolution of 12 lp mm−1. Interestingly, the glass transition temperature of < 40 °C gives (DOTG)2MnBr4 glass unique thermoplastic properties, allowing it to conform to irregularly shaped objects and reduce the distortion in X‐ray imaging.
Structure and Properties of Cellulose Strengthened Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels
Authors: Chen Zihao , Zhao Xuan , Yu Yiruo , Zhou Jinping
Published: February 2024

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) hydrogels are essential functional materials. However, their mechanical properties do not meet the required standards. In this study, a one‐pot method is employed to prepare cellulose‐reinforced PAAc hydrogels by dissolving allyl cellulose (AC) in acrylic acid (AAc) solutions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis are used to demonstrate that the incorporation of AC results in the formation of covalent and hydrogen bonds, which contribute to the crosslink network of the PAAc hydrogels. Significantly, by modifying the ratio of AC to AAc in the pre‐polymerization solution, the prepared AC–PAAc hydrogels exhibit a transition from transparent to opaque. This suggests that phase separation is induced by hydrogen bonding. The occurrence of phase separation is verified by observing the hydrogel microstructures using scanning electron microscopy. Phase separation leads to enhanced polymer–polymer interactions in the hydrogels, resulting in a maximum fracture stress of 2.34 MPa. The AC–PAAc hydrogels display distinct swelling behavior under various pH conditions. Moreover, they demonstrate differences in transparency and mechanical properties when exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water, indicating their responsiveness to solvents. This work demonstrates the great potential of enhancing the mechanical performance and responsiveness of PAAc hydrogels.
Brown Adipose Tissue, Batokines, and Bioactive Compounds in Foods: An Update
Authors: Martins Fabiane Ferreira , Martins Bruna Cadete , Teixeira Ananda Vitoria Silva , Ajackson Matheus , Souza‐Mello Vanessa , Daleprane Julio Beltrame
Published: February 2024

The discovery of metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human adults and the worldwide increase in obesity and obesity‐related chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has made BAT a therapeutic target in the last two decades. The potential of BAT to oxidize fatty acids rapidly and increase energy expenditure inversely correlates with adiposity, insulin and glucose resistance, and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Currently, BAT is recognized by a new molecular signature; several BAT‐derived molecules that act positively on target tissues have been identified and collectively called batokines. Bioactive compounds present in foods are endowed with thermogenic properties that increase BAT activation signaling. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to BAT activation and the batokines secreted by it within the thermogenic state is fundamental for its recruitment and management of obesity and NCDs. This review contributes to recent updates on the morphophysiology of BAT, its endocrine role in obesity, and the main bioactive compounds present in foods involved in classical and nonclassical thermogenic pathways activation.
Research on the reasonable sample dimension of woven composites in split Hopkinson pressure bar testing
Authors: Yu Jikai , Huang Jinzhao , Zhang Li , Yu Shangyang , Guo Licheng
Published: February 2024

An experimental design method is proposed to guide the selection of specimen dimension and split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. This method is applicable to the woven composite with modulus independent of strain rate. This method can predict the maximum specimen dimension at the desired strain rate under the maximum strike velocity of the apparatus. Based on the proposed design method, the in‐plane dynamic compressive behavior of 2D plain weave carbon/aramid hybrid composite was obtained. The strength exhibited sensitive to strain rates. The nonlinear constitutive model described the dynamic constitutive relationship effectively. The distribution of delamination failure significantly influenced the final failure shape of the specimens through the high‐velocity camera. Microscopic observations indicated that carbon fiber yarns and aramid fiber yarns exhibited different fracture modes.

Highlights

An experimental design method applicable to woven composites in dynamic tests.

Negative correlation between strength and strain rate of hybrid composites.

The validity of the nonlinear constitutive model to dynamic property.

The effect of hybridization and strain rates on damage modes.
Advancing rare cancer research by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging: Applications, challenges, and future perspectives in sarcoma
Authors: Stillger Maren Nicole , Li Mujia Jenny , Hönscheid Pia , von Neubeck Cläre , Föll Melanie Christine
Published: February 2024

MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI imaging) uniquely advances cancer research, by measuring spatial distribution of endogenous and exogenous molecules directly from tissue sections. These molecular maps provide valuable insights into basic and translational cancer research, including tumor biology, tumor microenvironment, biomarker identification, drug treatment, and patient stratification. Despite its advantages, MALDI imaging is underutilized in studying rare cancers. Sarcomas, a group of malignant mesenchymal tumors, pose unique challenges in medical research due to their complex heterogeneity and low incidence, resulting in understudied subtypes with suboptimal management and outcomes.

In this review, we explore the applicability of MALDI imaging in sarcoma research, showcasing its value in understanding this highly heterogeneous and challenging rare cancer. We summarize all MALDI imaging studies in sarcoma to date, highlight their impact on key research fields, including molecular signatures, cancer heterogeneity, and drug studies. We address specific challenges encountered when employing MALDI imaging for sarcomas, and propose solutions, such as using formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues, and multiplexed experiments, and considerations for multi‐site studies and digital data sharing practices.

Through this review, we aim to spark collaboration between MALDI imaging researchers and clinical colleagues, to deploy the unique capabilities of MALDI imaging in the context of sarcoma.
Asymptotically‐Flat Black Hole Solutions in Symmergent Gravity
Authors: Puliçe Beyhan , Pantig Reggie C. , Övgün Ali , Demir Durmuş
Published: February 2024

Symmergent gravity is an emergent gravity model with an curvature sector and an extended particle sector having new particles beyond the known ones. With constant scalar curvature, asymptotically flat black hole solutions are known to have no sensitivity to the quadratic curvature term (coefficient of ). With variable scalar curvature, however, asymptotically‐flat symmergent black hole solutions turn out to explicitly depend on the quadratic curvature term. In the present work, asymptotically‐flat symmergent black holes with variable scalar curvature are constructed and used its evaporation, shadow, and deflection angle to constrain the symmergent gravity parameters. Concerning their evaporation, new particles predicted by symmergent gravity are found, even if they do not interact with the known particles, can enhance the black hole evaporation rate. Concerning their shadow, statistically significant symmergent effects are reached at the level for the observational data of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) on the Sagittarius A* supermassive black hole are shown. Concerning their weak deflection angle, discernible features for the boson‐fermion number differences are revealed, particularly at large impact parameters. These findings hold the potential to serve as theoretical predictions for future observations and investigations on black hole properties.
Study on Degradation of Deep‐Ultraviolet Laser Diode
Authors: Zhang Ziyi , Yoshikawa Akira , Kushimoto Maki , Sasaoka Chiaki , Amano Hiroshi
Published: February 2024

The degradation of an AlGaN‐based deep‐ultraviolet laser diode during operation is studied. A rapid increase in threshold current without any facet mirror damage under direct current stress below the threshold current is observed, which is considered to limit the lifetime of continuous wave lasing to the level of seconds. The evolution of current–light and current–voltage characteristics suggests that the dominant mechanism of degradation is the increased loss of carriers before they can reach the active layer, i.e., the decrease in carrier injection efficiency. The decrease in emission intensity, which is more pronounced at lower current densities, and subsequent increase in sub‐threshold current indicate the increase in defect density under current stress, which is similar to the well‐analyzed degradation mechanism found in AlGaN‐based light‐emitting diodes.
An updated software reliability model using the shanker model and failure data
Authors: Shafiq Anum , Sindhu Tabassum Naz , Lone Showkat Ahmad , Abushal Tahani A. , Hassan Marwa K. H.
Published: February 2024

Software developers' goal is to develop reliable and superior software. Due to the fact that software errors frequently generate large societal or financial losses, software reliability is essential. Software reliability growth models are a widely used technique for software reliability assessment. This study examines various nonhomogeneous Poisson process models with the newly developed software reliability distribution and evaluates the unknown model parameters based on frequentist and Bayesian methods of estimation. Finally, we conduct evaluations on real datasets using a variety of evaluation criteria to compare the results of previous software reliability growth models and show how the proposed model may be applied under both approaches in a practical setting. According to this study, the innovative model's mean square error,R2, , bias, predicted relative variation, Theil statistic, and mean error of prediction values show the lowest values under the Bayesian approach for data sets II to IV, and both approaches perform well for data set I. These implementation findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our specific approach based on our examination of failure data.
In Situ Spin Polarization Measurement Method and Identification of Optimal Spin Polarization Range in Atomic Magnetometer
Authors: Li Renjie , Zhai Yueyang , Li Jiajie , Cao Qian , Liu Ying
Published: February 2024

In this study, an in situ measurement method of spin polarization in single‐beam atomic magnetometer is presented. Modeling magnetic linewidth by incorporating nonlinear attenuation along the propagation direction of light and employing the output response equation of magnetometers at zero‐field resonance. Utilizing the model for fitting to extract relaxation rate information, the photon absorption cross‐sections at three temperatures are estimated to be , , and , respectively. Further, the spin polarization curves are obtained by introducing the spin polarization equations. Given the diminishing marginal utility resulting from the enhancement of performance through increased spin polarization, long‐term sensitivity is employed to determine optimal spin polarization range. The optimal long‐term sensitivity for four displayed states is (@31.5Hz), while the ultimate minimum sensitivity is 10.7 (@31.5Hz). The optimal spin polarization ranges at three temperatures are 78.9%–87.1%, 82.3%–88.5%, and 84.5%–88.4%, respectively. The measurement method applied to single‐beam magnetometer can be easily extended to multi‐axis vector magnetometer. The determination of optimal spin polarization range is of great significance for the performance and stability of the magnetometer system, improving the sensitivity of magnetic field measurement, and ensuring its widespread application in bio‐magnetic measurement.
Changes in soil profile organic carbon and hydro‐physical properties as impacted by long‐term manure and inorganic fertilizer rates under a corn–soybean rotation system
Authors: Sangotayo Anuoluwa O. , Chakraborty Poulamee , Sekeran Udayakumar , Xu Sutie , Kumar Sandeep , Kovacs Peter
Published: February 2024

Using manure appropriately may enhance organic carbon and hydro‐physical properties while avoiding the negative impact on the environment. However, how manure impacts soils, especially at lower depths, is still not well studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of different manure and inorganic fertilizer application rates on soil profile organic carbon and hydro‐physical properties under corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.)–spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation at Beresford (established in 2003) and Brookings (established in 2008) sites in South Dakota. The treatments included low manure (LM), medium manure (MM), high manure (HM), medium fertilizer (MF), high fertilizer (HF), and control (CK). Four replicated intact soil cores were collected from all the treatments at 0‐ to 10‐cm, 10‐ to 20‐cm, 20‐ to 30‐cm, and 30‐ to 40‐cm depths. Considering treatments by depth interactions, the LM and MM decreased bulk density (ρb) by 6.9%–22.1%, as compared to the CK at 0–30 cm for either site. The HM decreased ρb by 16.4%–24.7%, as compared to the HF at 30–40 cm for either site. On observing treatment as the main effect, the MM and HM increased the soil water retention (SWR) at 0 and −5 kPa compared to MF, HF, and CK in Brookings, and the MM increased the SWR at −30 kPa as compared to the MF in Beresford at 0‐ to 40‐cm depths. The data suggest that continuous manure application may enhance organic carbon and hydro‐physical properties at lower depths. Therefore, this study concluded that long‐term manure application showed greater improvements when compared to long‐term application of inorganic fertilizer alone. It can improve hydro‐physical properties, thereby stabilizing the soil structure and improving water retention at lower depths.
Effect of water salinity and sodicity on soil least limiting water range
Authors: Safadoust Azadeh , Dashtpeyma Behzad , Mosaddeghi Mohammad Reza , Asgarzadeh Hossein , Gharabaghi Bahram
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water salinity and sodicity on the least limiting water range (LLWR) of two clay loam and sandy loam soils. The undisturbed soil samples were subjected to different water qualities, including three levels of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR, 1, 5, and 12) and electrical conductivity (EC, 1, 6, and 10 dS m−1). Our findings indicate that increasing EC at each SAR led to greater soil water retention. This was attributed to salinity affecting pore size distribution toward smaller pores by altering the diffuse double layer and causing soil particle flocculation. With increasing SAR levels at each EC level, soil water content at the wilting point also rose due to structural changes, clay swelling, and dispersion, resulting in more micropores and increased adsorptive surfaces in the soil. Additionally, soil volumetric water content at a 10% air‐filled porosity decreased, while values at a critical penetration resistance of 2 MPa increased with higher bulk density across all treatments. The LLWR showed a negative correlation with bulk density in clay loam soil across all SAR and EC treatments. The LLWR increased with higher water EC but decreased with increasing water SAR. The highest LLWR was observed at SAR = 1 and EC = 10 dS m−1, while the lowest occurred at SAR = 12 and EC = 1 dS m−1. The results revealed that elevated values of SAR in irrigation water reduced soil water accessibility for plants. However, as irrigation water salinity increased, the detrimental effects of SAR diminished.
Improving soil water storage with no‐till cover cropping in the Mississippi River Alluvial Basin
Authors: Dhakal Madhav , Locke Martin A. , Reddy Krishna N. , Moore Matthew T. , Steinriede R. Wade , Krutz L. Jason
Published: February 2024

Excessive tillage reduces soil water storage and increases surface runoff. Cover crops can modify the effect of tillage on soil water dynamics, but limited information is available for the Mississippi River Alluvial Basin. This study was conducted to determine whether soil–water dynamics could be manipulated through conservation production systems affecting surface residue management. Effects of tillage (conventional tillage [CT] vs. no‐tillage [NT]) and cover cropping (no cover crop and Austrian pea [Pisum sativum L.] cover crop [CC]) on soil water balance during the CC season in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops were modeled using the root zone water quality model for a site near Stoneville, MS, on “Commerce” silty‐loam soil. Capacitance sensors measured soil volumetric water content to 120 cm during CC growth in 2019 and 2020. Field calibration of sensors reduced root mean square error from 0.05 to 0.03 m3 m−3. Pooled across years, NT increased volumetric water content in the 0–40 and 40–120 soil layers by 8.5% and 6.8%, respectively, compared to CT. Regardless of the CC treatment and cropping system, NT reduced surface runoff by 24.5% over its conventional counterpart, while soil water storage increased from 2.35 to 5.23 cm within the 1.2‐m profile, resulting in a 17% increase in consumptive use of water (evapotranspiration). CC treatments did not impact soil water storage and consumptive water use. The results demonstrate that NT systems can affect water dynamics by increasing infiltration and soil water storage in the humid subtropical region of the United States.
Analyzing three Zeros (zero poverty, unemployment, and carbon emissions) in Asia and the Pacific region: Assessment of sustainable development goals through the STIRPAT model
Authors: Khan Muhammad Azam
Published: February 2024

Poverty, unemployment, and environmental degradation are growing issues and significant challenges to sustainable development. They are visible obstacles to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The three ZEROS (zero net carbon emissions, zero poverty, and zero unemployment) within the SDGs have not yet been thoroughly explored and need to be empirically examined. This is the primary aim of this study, which focuses on 10 developing countries in Asia & the Pacific. The study utilized panel data from 1997 to 2021 and a stochastic impact by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model and implemented the second‐generation panel unit root test, cross‐sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lags (CS‐ARDL), panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) approaches, and panel Granger‐causality test. The empirical results of the CS‐ARDL approach vindicate that poverty contributes to the environmental deterioration proxied by CO2 emissions, while the unemployment rate inhibits the environmental damage. The other regressors, namely national income by real gross domestic product per capita, energy use, and population are harming the environment, while technological innovation and digitalization reduce environmental degradation. These results are re‐corroborated by implementing the FMOLS estimator. The Granger causality results reveal a bidirectional causality between poverty and environmental degradation. Therefore, it is essential for management authorities to implement pragmatic public policies that focus on sustainable development strategies, such as investing in education and stimulating sustainable economic growth. This will help to reduce unemployment, improve living standards, decrease poverty, and ultimately achieve the Three Zeros Club initiative and sustainable development goals.