bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition by Metabolic Analogues of Plaque Formation by Herpes Zoster and Herpes Simplex Viruses
Authors: Rapp Fred
Published: January 2023

Maximum adsorption of cells infected with herpes zoster virus to monolayers of human embryonic lung cells occurred in 15 to 30 min. An alkaline overlay allowed development of plaques; acid overlay reduced plaque size but not the number of plaques formed.

Iododesoxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside, but not methylisatinthiosemicarbazone, inhibited plaque formation by herpes zoster and herpes simplex viruses. Less than 1 µg/ml of either analogue was sufficient to reduce plaque formation by both viruses by more than 90%. A small number of virus particles initiated plaques in the presence of 10 µg/ml of inhibitor and these may represent resistant variants. The method described represents a sensitive and precise utilization of plaque methodology to measure the efficacy of antiviral compounds.
Mechanisms of Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Neeper Carolyn A. , Seastone C. V.
Published: January 2023

The optimal immunizing doses of type I pneumococcal polysaccharide for adult mice as measured by passive immunization tests were 0.05 and 0.5 µg. The optimal immunizing doses of formolized pneumococci were 0.5 and 5 µg. The ranges of effective immunizing doses of both materials were extensive when active immunity was measured. Paralysis by 700 and 7000 µg of formolized pneumococci and 5 and 50 µg of polysaccharide was readily demonstrated by passive tests. Formolized pneumococci gave rise to higher antibody titers. Paralysis by formolized pneumococci and by polysaccharide was terminated by immunizing doses of pneumococcal vaccine injected 1 week after the paralyzing dose and 1 week prior to challenge. Immunizing doses of polysaccharide were ineffective. Slightly less formolized pneumococcal vaccine was required to terminate paralysis by polysaccharide than to immunize normal mice.
Molecular Transformations of a γ1-Globulin of Human Serum
Authors: Deutsch H. F.
Published: January 2023

Immunochemical study of a series of aggregation and breakdown products of a human serum γ1A-globulin have shown that their antigenic properties are similar. Differences were noted in the immunologic responses of rabbits and a monkey to the native molecules.
A Comparison of Immunoglobulins and Antibody Production in the Normal and Thymectomized Mouse
Authors: Arnason Barry G. , de Vaux St. Cyr Christiane , Shaffner Janine B.
Published: January 2023

BALB/C mice thymectomized at 4 or at 21 days show lowered peripheral blood lymphocyte counts at 6 months and at 1 year. Their antibody responses to BSA, diphtheria toxoid and ovalbumin are subnormal. Antibodies to these three antigens reside primarily in IgA (β2A, γ1A), a β-globulin for which antibody function has not previously been described. Typhoid “O” agglutinin responses are normal in thymectomized mice, and this antibody is shown to reside in IgM (β2M, γ1M). Thymectomized mice show subnormal serum IgA levels but normal levels of IgM and IgG (γ2, 7 S γ).
Reactivation by Physical Means of Antibody-Neutralized Poliovirus
Authors: Keller Robert
Published: January 2023

The infectious capacity of poliomyelitis virus type 2 neutralized by an excess of rabbit antiserum can be reactivated by sonic vibration. This reactivation process can not be ascribed to the fragmentation of antibody-virus aggregates, since virus neutralized by univalent antibody and unable to form lattices was reactivated similarly. The rates of the neutralization of virus by antibody, before and after the reactivation procedure, were equal, indicating that the mechanism of the reaction is a complete separation of antibody and virus. The milder fragmentative process of repeated cycles of freezing and thawing was also capable of disrupting the virusantibody union but was strongly dependent on the degree of antibody saturation of the virus particles. A comparable effect could not be reproduced by reacting antibody molecules joined to virus, with an excess of anti-rabbit γ-globulin. These results are interpreted as suggesting that a critical number of viral antigenic sites must remain occupied by antibody in order to continue to obstruct the infectious capacity of the virus.
The Interaction between Carrageenan and the First Component of Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Crisler Crile
Published: January 2023

Carrageenan inhibits the hemolytic activity of C′1a by interfering with the capacity of C′1 (and of C′1a) to become bound to sensitized erythrocytes. Carrageenan has no effect on the esterase activity of C′1a. The degree of inhibition of C′ activity in vivo is too small to be of value in studies on the biologic action of C′.
Pasteurella Pestis Antibody Patterns in Sera of Plague-Convalescent and Vaccinated Persons Determined by Immunoelectrophoresis and Passive Hemagglutination
Authors: McNeill David , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

The relative immunogenicity of different Pasteurella pestis vaccines and antigens and the influence of different inoculation schedules have been studied extensively on rodents and primates.

In general, immunity against fatal infection by P. pestis has been correlated with antibodies in the peripheral blood, measurable in vivo by the passive mouse protection test (1). In vitro demonstrable antibodies against the Fraction I (F1) or envelope antigen likewise reflect immunity. Rodents (2) inoculated with different vaccines or primates (3, 4) in the 3rd month of recovery from infection with complement fixation (CF), and high passive hemagglutination (HA) titers and mouse protective indices (MPI) below 5, survive subcutaneous or pulmonary challenge with virulent organisms. Complete resistance against infection is usually indicated when the serum protects nearly all the mice in the protection tests. Although the presence of particular antibodies in rodents and primates indicates a state of immunity to infection, it has been argued that they may or may not be protective.
The Fate of a Bacterial Antigen (Streptococcal M Protein) after Phagocytosis by Macrophages
Authors: Gill Fred A. , Cole Roger M.
Published: January 2023

A method is described for studying the postphagocytic fate of a bacterial surface antigen during degradation of the organism by macrophages. Observations of Group A, Type 1 streptococci after phagocytosis by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages demonstrate cessation of bacterial growth, early partial loss of an immunofluorescent complex from the bacterial surface and later extrabacterial pooling of part of the complex in macrophage vacuoles.

Evidence is presented which suggests that the observed changes in fluorescence reflect the fate of M protein still bound to its fluorescent label. The observations indicate, therefore, that M protein is removed from the bacterial cell wall and pooled within the surrounding macrophage vacuole.

The significance of a mechanism within the macrophage which modifies particulate antigen is discussed in relation to initiating antibody synthesis and explaining the action of agents which alter the immune response.
Immunochemical Studies of Hemocyanin from the Giant Keyhole Limpet (Megathura Crenulata) and the Horseshoe Crab (Limulus Polyhemus)
Authors: Malley Arthur , Saha Anil , Halliday W. J.
Published: January 2023

A method of obtaining a highly purified preparation of horseshoe crab hemocyanin which was found to be highly antigenic in rabbits is described.

The horseshoe crab hemocyanin migrated as a single band by cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 7.0 and 7.5 and showed a single line of precipitation with rabbit anti-HCH serum in agar-gel diffusion studies.

Cross-reactivity between the hemocyanins of the horseshoe crab and the giant keyhole limpet by quantitative precipitation, and by immunogenicity tests both in vitro and in vivo, were found to be negative.
Inhibition of Interferon Action by Puromycin
Authors: Friedman Robert M. , Sonnabend Joseph A.
Published: January 2023

Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, also inhibits the anti-viral action of interferon; this does not appear to be due to a block in the adsorption of interferon. The inhibition of interferon action is reversed by prolonged incubation of cells in buffer after removal of interferon and puromycin. When protein synthesis is allowed to proceed normally after the addition of interferon, subsequent addition of puromycin is ineffective. These results indicate that protein synthesis is necessary for the antiviral action of interferon, and suggest that interferon induces a new antiviral protein in cells.
The Aggregation of γ-Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Morse Jane H.
Published: January 2023

The degree of aggregation of 18 isolated γG-myelomas was evaluated by reaction with rheumatoid factor, inactivation of complement and ultracentrifugal analysis. Eleven of 18 myelomas were not aggregated by heat or mercaptoethanol-urea treatment. Of the remaining seven, four showed virtually complete aggregation and three appeared to be partially aggregated. Preparations of normal γG-globulin were approximately 20% aggregated.

In evaluating the degree of aggregation, the methods of ultracentrifugation and precipitation with rheumatoid factors of broad specificity correlated well. Since many isolated myelomas were anticomplementary prior to heating and varied in their ability to inactivate complement after heating, complement inactivation was a poorer method for evaluating aggregation.
Studies on the Catabolism of γG Subunits and Chains
Authors: Spiegelberg H. L. , Weigle W. O.
Published: January 2023

The catabolism of I131 labeled H- and L-chain of RGG and HGG, Bence Jones protein and H-chain protein was studied in rabbits. Evidence is presented that the molecular structure responsible for the persistence in the circulation of γG is localized in the H-chain.

The H-chain was slowly eliminated from the circulation similar to reduced and alkylated γG. The H-chain protein, obtained from patients with H-chain disease, was eliminated from the circulation with a half-life not significantly different from that of HGG. Two populations of H-chain protein with different electrophoretic mobilities were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Both populations were catabolized at the same rate. The rabbits did not excrete the H-chain protein in the urine. The L-chain and the Bence Jones protein were very rapidly eliminated from the circulation. A significant amount of the L-chain obtained from RGG but not from HGG was excreted in the urine as protein bound radioactivity.

Sialic acid was shown not to be an important part of the structure necessary for the persistence in the circulation of γG. Removal of sialic acid did not change the rate of elimination of HGG, HGG papain Fc fragment and an H-chain protein preparation with a low sialic acid content. In contrast, a large portion of the H-chain protein preparations with a high sialic acid content was rapidly eliminated and catabolized after removal of sialic acid.
Further Studies on the Mechanism of Antibody-Complement Induced Hemolysis: Specificity of Complement
Authors: Scott J. G. , Weed R. I. , Swisher S. N.
Published: January 2023

These studies indicate that the size of the defect or functional “hole” produced in the red cell membrane by the action of antibody and C′ is not influenced by the animal source of the C′. These findings, in addition to those previously described, lend further support to the view that the primary determinant of the nature of the induced membrane injury is in the antigen-antibody interaction, perhaps related to the structural and spatial relationships of the antigenic sites.
A Comparison of Some Commonly Used Methods for Detecting Antibodies to Bovine Albumin in Human Serum
Authors: Minden Percy , Reid Robert T. , Farr Richard S.
Published: January 2023

Fifteen human and two rabbit sera that contained anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) as measured by the ammonium sulfate test were studied with a variety of other methods for detecting antibody. These included radioimmunoelectrophoresis, P-80 precipitin test, microimmunodiffusion, hemagglutination, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and the Prausnitz-Küstner passive transfer for reaginic activity. The rabbit anti-BSA sera bound amounts of I131-BSA comparable to the human antisera and gave strongly positive reactions when tested with each procedure. Radioimmunoelectrophoresis studies confirmed that each of the human sera selected on the basis of the ammonium sulfate test contained antibodies capable of binding I131-BSA, but among all the other techniques there was considerable variation with regard to their capacity to detect and measure anti-BSA activity in the human sera.

The P-80 test revealed that the human sera had reduced precipitating efficiency as compared to similar rabbit anti-BSA sera. Microimmuno-diffusion was relatively insensitive in that it detected antibody in only one human serum. The hemagglutination test was positive in 10 of the 15 sera, but the titers were relatively low and did not reflect the major differences observed with the ammonium sulfate test. Reaginic activity was present in four human sera and only three of these contained γA-globulin which bound I131-BSA when tested with radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Conversely, one human anti-BSA serum contained γA-globulin which bound I131-BSA but did not have reaginic activity. Thus, reaginic activity was not necessarily related to the presence or absence of γA-globulins with the capacity to bind I131-BSA. The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests were uniformly negative employing the human anti-BSA sera.

Of the techniques used in this study, only radioimmunoelectrophoresis and the ammonium sulfate method detect the primary interaction between antigen and antibody. In contrast, the other in vitro and in vivo tests depend upon measuring secondary events which in varying degree may occur sometime after the primary antigenantibody reaction.
Pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Kundin William D. , Liu Chien , Rodina Patricia
Published: January 2023

The pathogenesis of an attenuated and an unattenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in suckling mice as studied by infectivity titrations and direct fluorescent antibody-staining technique was described. Both strains of VEE virus caused a pantropic infection in suckling mice regardless of the concentration of inoculum used or the route of inoculation given. Viral antigen was detected in many tissues, notably in the central nervous system and in the pancreas. However the intensity of antigenic fluorescence was rather weak, making it difficult to discern sequential development of the viral antigen in infected tissues.
Strain ES4 Avian Leukosis Virus: Titration and Immunologic Characterization
Authors: Lucas Linda , Beard Dorothy , Langlois A. J. , Beard J. W.
Published: January 2023

Studies were made for biologic characterization of the ES4 strain leukosis virus with respect to quantitative host response and antigenic properties studied by the neutralization reaction in comparison with the properties of other avian tumor virus strains. In Line 15 White Leghorn chicks, the median log latent period was closely related to log dose which yielded procedures like those useful with strains BAI A and R for titrating the agent. Older chicks to 60 days, as with strain R but contrary to RPL 12 and BAI strains, were more responsive than 5-day-old birds. The ID50 was 104.9 ES4 virus particles per inoculum in comparison to analogous values of 105.7 and 107.5 for R and BAI A, and the chicken response to ES4 was more homogeneous than to R and far more so than to BAI A in the same line of chickens. In cross-neutralization tests, ES4 was reciprocally related to BAI A; ES4 immune serum was effective against R but little reverse activity occurred; and there was no reaction with RPL 12 strain. ES4 virus was neutralized by anti-chick tissue rabbit immune serum (like BAI A and R) but not by Forssman (like R but unlike BAI A) antibodies. Although ES4 strain was either directly or indirectly related to the other strains, it was not identical with any. A comparison of the antigenic behavior of avian tumor viruses studied revealed differences among all, but familial interrelationships were evident.
Delayed Skin Reactivity to Carbohydrate and Protein Fractions of Mycobacterium Bovis (BCG) Culture Filtrate in the Absence and Presence of Serum Antibody
Authors: Baer H. , Chaparas S. D.
Published: January 2023

When animals are sensitized with heat-killed BCG, tests with a polysaccharide fraction always reveal delayed skin reactivity, but no CF or precipitating antibody, and only occasionally PCA antibody. Tests with protein reveal delayed skin reactivity and CF antibody, but poor PCA and Precipitating antibody.

When the sensitizing injection includes soluble polysaccharide or protein fractions emulsified with either BCG or Nocardia, both the polysaccharide and protein induce delayed skin reactivity and CF, PCA and precipitating antibody.
Enterovirus Hemagglutination: Inhibition by Aldoses and a Possible Mechanism
Authors: Lerner A. Martin , Gelb Lawrence D. , Tillotson James R. , Carruthers Mary M. , Bailey Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2023

Aldoses, but not their polyhydroxyl counterparts, were active in inhibiting enterovirus HA. The fewer the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain, the broader (in terms of the number of enteroviruses which are inhibited from HA) the blocking capacity of the compound. Thus glycerylaldehyde was much less specific and more active than D-galactose, D-mannose or D-ribose. Formaldehyde inhibited the HA of all of the viruses which were tested, namely echoviruses type 3, 7, 11, 12 and 19; coxsackieviruses group B, type 1 and 5; and reovirus type 2. The carbonyl group of these aldoses is thus implicated as the necessary reactive site in these blocking reactions. A number of L-amino acids were tested similarly for their ability to block enterovirus-red blood cell union. They were remarkably inactive. Pretreatment of erythrocytes with D, L-glycerylaldehyde rendered them much less agglutinable by echoviruses, type 3, 11 and 19; reovirus type 2; and coxsackievirus group B, type 1. Similarly treated red blood cells were not altered in their agglutinability by echoviruses type 7 and 12. The active aldoses attach firmly to erythrocytes, but not to virus. Enterovirus HA may involve the binding of a carbonyl group of a terminal sugar from an oligosaccharide side chain on the virus capsid to a specific receptor on the red cell surface.
The Effect of the Scorbutic State on Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Zweiman Burton , Besdine Richard W. , Hildreth Eugene A.
Published: January 2023

Lymphocytes were obtained from the peripheral blood of: a) unsensitized guinea pigs on a regular diet. b) guinea pigs sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant while on a regular diet; these animals showed strongly positive tuberculin skin reactions. c) guinea pigs injected similarly with complete Freund's adjuvant while on a vitamin C-deficient diet; these animals showed marked depression of tuberculin skin reactivity compared with animals sensitized while on a regular diet. These lymphocytes were cultured separately in the presence of phytohemagglutinin, old tuberculin or without additive (controls). The lymphocytes of the scorbutic animals showed a mitotic response to PHA and OT which was at least as great as the response of the guinea pigs sensitized while on a normal diet. The mitotic response of cultured lymphocytes has been found to parallel the state of tuberculin skin reactivity in humans and guinea pigs and is thought to reflect an immune reaction in the cells. Cells from scorbutic guinea pigs with depressed tuberculin skin reactivity had formerly been shown to generally transfer tuberculin hypersensitivity to negative recipients.
the Reactivity of Serum against Protoplasts and Spheroplasts
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Jackson Jean E.
Published: January 2023

The bactericidal effects requiring the participation of the antibody-complement system affect many Gram-negative species. The Gram-positive organisms are, on the contrary, resistant to this system. The results of this study have indicated that the resistance of Gram-positive species may be associated with their comparatively thick cell walls since protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis may be destroyed by the antibody-complement system. Such protoplasts are more sensitive to basic substances in serum, unrelated to the β-lysins, whose activity has no serologic basis. As in the situation with Gram-positive bacteria, when Paracolobacterium ballerup, an organism which is usually quite resistant to complement, was converted to spheroplasts by penicillin, those forms were as sensitive to the action of complement as spheroplasts derived from other complement sensitive Gram-negative organisms. It appears, therefore, that the anatomical target of complement in bacteria, as well as in mammalian cells lacking cell walls, is the cell membrane. Cell walls, and possibly capsules, of complement resistant bacteria may interfere with the function of complement and thereby protect them against potentially destructive effects against their susceptible membranes.
Lymphocytopoiesis, Plasmacytopoiesis and Cellular Proliferation in Nonantigenically Stimulated Germfree Mice
Authors: Olson George B. , Wostmann Bernard S.
Published: January 2023

Quantitative evaluation of lymphocytopoiesis and plasmacytopoiesis in various lymph nodes of germfree and conv mice show the conv animals have about 3 times (% basis) or 12 times (absolute basis determined from mesenteric lymph nodes) more blast and potential antibody producing cells than their germfree counterparts. Other cellular aspects such as cell distribution within respective lymph nodes and proliferation rate of lymphoid cells are not affected by the animal's germfree status.

Two hours after tritiated thymidine (TH3) pulse labelling, the nodes of the conv mice contained more labelled cells per 1000 cells than the respective nodes of germfree mice. Evidence suggests this difference was due to a smaller quantity of less differentiated cells and to a restriction of TH3 label movement in nodes of germfree mice. Cells which became labelled incorporated the TH3 to the same extent in both germfree and conv mice.
Isolation of Serum Fractions Capable of Producing Aleutian Disease in Mink
Authors: Henson James B. , Williams Ralph C. , Gorham John R.
Published: January 2023

Serum protein fractionation of pooled mink serum containing the disease principle was used in an attempt to achieve some relative purification of the agent capable of producing Aleutian disease (AD) in mink. All fractions of zone electrophoretic separations, γ, β, α and albumin as well as the three peaks of Sephadex G-200 separations, produced the disease when injected into normal mink. Some relative purification of serum protein fractions capable of producing AD was achieved using gradient elution diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) column chromatography. Initial fractions did not include the infectious principle, whereas later fractions eluted with pH 5.5–5.0, 0.25–0.3 M phosphate buffers produced the disease in injected mink. Rabbit antisera to DEAE fractions, known to contain infectivity for mink, showed no precipitating antibodies specific for AD serum when absorbed with normal mink serum.
Effect of Appendectomy and of Thymectomy, with X-Irradiation, on the Production of Antibodies to Two Protein Antigens in Young Rabbits
Authors: Konda Susumu , Harris T. N.
Published: January 2023

Three-week-old rabbits were thymectomized, appendectomized, or both, and then subjected to 450 r of whole body x-irradiation, together with non-operated litter mates. Four weeks later, when normal rabbits would have recovered from the effects of such x-irradiation, all the animals were injected with a mixture of conalbumin and S. typhi.

The blood lymphocyte counts of thymectomized rabbits were distinctly lower than those of the irradiated controls, but those of the appendectomized rabbits were unaffected.

Antibody responses to conalbumin and to flagellar antigen of S. typhi antigens showed deficiencies in both the thymectomized and appendectomized groups, with differences in the responses of the two groups to the respective antigens. The thymectomized-irradiated rabbits showed a distinct diminution in antibody response to conalbumin, but a normal response, in comparison to the irradiated control animals, in the production of H-agglutinins to Salmonella. The appendectomized animals showed a diminution in anti-conalbumin production, similar to that of the thymectomized rabbits, but these rabbits produced no detectable H-agglutinins to Salmonella at all within the first 14 days after the injection of the antigen. In the thymectomized-appendectomized group, there was a reduced response to conalbumin, and also some response to the Salmonella, although the group only appendectomized had produced no detectable antibody to the flagellar antigen.

In non-irradiated rabbits injected on the same schedule, the control (non-operated) rabbits showed titers as high as had been shown by the control irradiated rabbits. In these non-irradiated rabbits no difference was observed among control, appendectomized or thymectomized groups.

Examinations of a number of the sera indicated that the anti-Salmonella antibodies remained predominantly of macroglobulin character throughout the 14-day period of study, whereas the anti-conalbumin contained a considerable fraction of 7 S antibody on the 14th day.

Possible relations of the effects of the two organs excised are discussed, in relation to the distribution of each antibody between macroglobulin and 7 S antibody.
“Protein A” from S. Aureus
Authors: Forsgren Arne , Sjöquist John
Published: January 2023

Protein A was isolated from S. aureus and shown to precipitate about 45% of a pooled normal human γG preparation. In addition it was demonstrated that protein A reacts with myeloma γG-globulin, H chains from both normal and myeloma γG-globulins and the Fc fragment of normal γG-globulin. Thus, the reaction is not a true antigen-antibody reaction.
Termination of Acquired Tolerance by Administration of Small Lymphocytes
Authors: Denman A. Michael , Vischer Thomas L. , Stastny Peter
Published: January 2023

Administration of small lymphocytes obtained from the lymph nodes and spleens of normal isologous donors resulted in a restoration of the capacity for antibody production in x-irradiated, neonatally tolerant rats. Unresponsiveness of tolerant animals could be terminated with as few as 5 × 106 small lymphocytes. Simultaneous injection of tolerant cells did not appear to influence this effect. Restoration of antibody production in x-irradiated rats could also be achieved with small lymphocytes from the blood, but small lymphocytes of the thymus were ineffective. The results indicate that the specific deficiency which exists in neonatal tolerance is corrected when normal small lymphocytes are given to neonatally tolerant rats. They also suggest that all other components of lymphoid tissue which may be required for the immune response retain their function in the neonatally tolerant animal.
In Vivo Behavior of Homologous and Heterologous Thyroglobulin and Induction of Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Heterologous Thyroglobulin
Authors: Nakamura Robert M. , Weigle William O.
Published: January 2023

Homologous and heterologous thyroglobulins were observed to have an in vivo behavior, following injection, very similar to that of homologous and heterologous serum proteins. Following injection, thyroglobulin equilibrated between the intra- and extravascular fluid spaces, and persisted in both the blood and lymph with elimination at an exponential rate. A consistent immune response was made to the injected heterologous thyroglobulin but not to the injected homologous thyroglobulin. As with serum proteins, the half-life of heterologous thyroglobulin was usually shorter than the homologous thyroglobulin and varied with the host animal.

An acquired immunologic unresponsiveness was induced in rabbits by periodic injections of a heterologous bovine thyroglobulin starting on the day of birth.

Thyroglobulin was found to be an excellent antigen for the study of various immunological mechanisms. In addition to the properties listed above, in small doses heterologous thyroglobulins induce a much greater antibody response than comparable heterologous serum proteins.
Heterotypic Serologic Responses after Yellow Fever Vaccination; Detection of Persons with Past St. Louis Encephalitis or Dengue
Authors: Pond William L. , Ehrenkranz N. Joel , Danauskas Joseph X. , Carter Mary Jo
Published: January 2023

Antibody responses after 17D yellow fever (YF) vaccination in persons with no known previous arbovirus infection or only prior vaccination, were compared with similar measurements in those who had recovered from St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) or dengue. All of the eight subjects infected with SLE virus 20 to 69 months before, and five of eight with dengue six to 19 months earlier had a broad heterotypic hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody response to all eight antigens used, whereas the nine uninfected and the six prior vaccinated individuals developed HI antibodies to YF alone. Three persons with past dengue but with no changes in HI antibody titer after vaccination, had prevaccination HI antibody titers of 1:40 or more to at least one of the arbovirus antigens; only one of the five dengue subjects with HI antibody increases had prevaccination titers of this level. By contrast, the prevaccination titers in persons who had recovered from SLE infection were unrelated to their subsequent serologic responses. In addition to a heterotypic response, those who had recovered from both diseases had a greater homotypic response than did the others.

HI antibodies to group B arboviruses were measured in 38 Miccosukee Indians of South Florida before and after 17D yellow fever vaccination. Initially, antibodies were present in only three individuals. Following vaccination all Indians showed a YF response and 14 developed a heterotypic response similar to that of persons with past SLE infection and dengue.

The CF antibody responses after vaccination in general followed the same pattern as the HI responses but were at considerably low levels and were more variable. There was no firm correlation with prior group B arbovirus exposure and heterotypic CF responses.

It is concluded that YF vaccination is a potent tool to recall past elevated HI titers of SLE and dengue antibodies for epidemiologic purposes in order to detect populations in which outbreaks of group B arbovirus infections have previously occurred and may recur.
Neutralization of Different Murine Interferons by Antibody
Authors: Boxaca M. , Paucker K.
Published: January 2023

A new method to measure the neutralization of interferon by antibody has been described. The assay is based on the enumeration of infectible cells in smears of L cell cultures which after treatment with interferon-antibody mixtures and superinfection with challenge virus are stained with antiviral fluorescent γ-globulin. Titrations of interferons elicited by viral and nonviral stimuli in tissue cultures as well as in mice, and belonging to different molecular weight categories, revealed strictly comparable dose-response curves. Similarly, these mouse interferons obtained by various methods were neutralized to the same degree by serial dilutions of an antiserum prepared against Newcastle disease virus-induced L cell interferon. It is concluded that the classes of interferon studied do not exhibit significant antigenic dissimilarities detectable by this study.
Systemic Tuberculin Sensitivity in Mice
Authors: Han Shou-Hwa , Weiser Russell S.
Published: January 2023

Fatal tuberculin shock was observed regularly in C57Bl/6Ks mice sensitized with live bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and challenged 3 weeks later with purified protein derivative (PPD). Specific desensitization with PPD was also achieved.

The symptoms of tuberculin shock in the mouse which is typically delayed, are closed eyes, ruffled fur, lessened activity, irregular breathing, hypothermia and unconciousness.

Mice of different inbred strains varied greatly in their susceptibility to active tuberculin shock, mice of the C57Bl/6Ks, NZB, and S/W strains being highly susceptible, mice of the A/Jax and NZW strains being moderately resistant, and mice of the T6 strain being highly resistant.

Systemic tuberculin sensitivity was induced in C57Bl/6Ks mice with heat-killed as well as with live BCG. The interperitoneal route for sensitization was highly effective and the severity of tuberculin shock varied directly with both the sensitizing dose of BCG and the challenge dose of PPD. Sensitivity reached a peak 2 to 3 weeks after injection of BCG. The intraperitoneal and intravenous routes were found to be highly effective routes for challenge.
Delayed Contact Sensitivity to Catechols
Authors: Baer Harold , Watkins Roy C. , Kurtz A. Peter , Byck Joseph S. , Dawson Charles R.
Published: January 2023

The toxicity of phenolic substances for the skin of normal guinea pigs required at least two structural features. The hydroxyl groups must be free and, if two are present, properly oriented; phenols and catechols could be toxic but resorcinols were not. In addition, an n-alkyl side chain with five or more carbon atoms was required with cutaneous toxicity increasing to a maximum at a chain length of 15 to 17 carbon atoms.

Substitution of a 1′ OH into the side chain of 3-n-pentadecylcatechol eliminated the toxicity of this compound.
Immunoglobulins after Surgical Bursectomy in Chickens
Authors: Arnason Barry G. , Janković Branislav D.
Published: January 2023

Surgically bursectomized chickens have normal serum IgG levels as late as 12 weeks after hatching. At the age of 6 months they show gross IgG deficiency. IgM levels are normal as late as 6 months after hatching in bursectomized birds. Bursectomized birds lack natural heteroagglutinins to human “O” red blood cells. After immunization followed by boosting, mercaptoethanol (ME)-sensitive antibodies to human “O” cells appear in bursectomized birds. Normal birds after immunization with human “O” red cells make ME-resistant antibodies even before boosting.
Species-Specific Antigens from Trachoma and Inclusionconjunctivitis (Chlamydial) Agents
Authors: Vedros Neylan A.
Published: January 2023

Species-specific antigens capable of differentiating TRIC strains from the 6BC strain of psittacosis were demonstrated by the indirect-hemagglutination test. They were present mainly in the cell somatic material. The species-specific antigen was sensitive to heat (56°C for 1 hr) and reacted with antibodies different from those measured by the complement-fixation test.
Liderazgo directivo y gestión de calidad en la Escuela de Posgrado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación, Lima.
Authors: Rivero Quiroz Julio César , Huerta Camones Rafaela Teodosia
Published: January 2023

La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar en qué medida existe relación entre el liderazgo directivo y la gestión de calidad en la Escuela de Posgrado “Walter Peñaloza Ramella” de la Universidad Nacional de Educación “Enrique Guzmán y Valle”, utilizando un diseño no experimental: transversal, correlacional. Se estudió a 302 estudiantes matriculados en el primer semestre del año 2021- I. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron dos cuestionarios que evaluaron el liderazgo directivo y la gestión de calidad. Se concluyó que existe correlación positiva considerable, la Rho de Spearman fue de +0,708 entre las variables estudiadas; además, se presentan las recomendaciones generadas, contribuyendo con la mejora de la gestión de la Escuela de Posgrado.
El análisis y comprensión de textos científicos en la asignatura Comunicación social del conocimiento científico, en los estudiantes de 4to semestre, Licenciatura en Biología del Centro de Actualización del Magisterio, Iguala, Guerrero. Propuesta de protocolo de investigación.
Authors: Miranda Fernández Javier
Published: January 2023

La comprensión de textos científicos en estudiantes del Centro de Actualización del Magisterio de Iguala, Guerrero, es un aspecto de primordial interés, para que ellos sean capaces de cumplir con las necesidades, intereses y demandas de su campo laboral y formarse como profesionales preparados y competentes para la formación de las nuevas generaciones. En este artículo se propone un protocolo de investigación y sustento teórico-metodológico dirigido al desarrollo de la obtención y construcción del conocimiento estructurado sobre textos científicos, y de tal forma, se les ayude a crecer tanto en el ámbito académico como profesional.
Políticas educativas; complejidad para homologar los logros en la cobertura de la Educación Superior en México.
Authors: Medina Esparza Fausto , García Hernández Luis Fernando , Vázquez García Joaquín
Published: January 2023

Las políticas públicas educativas en México se gestan en un sexenio en particular, pero no se tiene precisión del seguimiento de la implementación y evaluación de dichas políticas para identificar sus logros o aciertos. En este trabajo se realizó una investigación documental para conocer los contextos sociales donde se elaboraron las políticas de la educación superior y el alcance de la cobertura en dicho tipo de educación. Los resultados dan cuenta que las políticas se diseñaron en un difícil contexto económico continuo desde 1988 hasta el 2022. Además, la cobertura en educación superior por estado es desigual respecto a su crecimiento desde el 2000 hasta el 2022 de tal forma que se necesitan políticas focalizadas en lugar de homogéneas.
Responsabilidad social universitaria: enfoque exploratorio a instituciones de educación superior en la provincia de El Oro-Ecuador.
Authors: Apolo Gallardo Edwin Omar
Published: January 2023

Las universidades cumplen con un papel fundamental en el desarrollo científico y tecnológico de la sociedad y contribuyen mediante acciones de responsabilidad social universitaria con el entorno; entre estas, la Universidad Técnica de Machala (UTMACH), la cual ha fortalecido la formación de estudiantes en la investigación y el desarrollo social en diversas áreas del conocimiento científico. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la responsabilidad social en instituciones de educación superior de la provincia de El Oro, por lo que se planteó una investigación exploratoria, con métodos y técnicas de investigación científica.
Análisis de las competencias profesionales y las trayectorias formativas: acercamiento desde las expectativas de vida.
Authors: González Rodríguez Guillermo Isaac , Rivas Sepúlveda Edith , Tovar Vergara Myrna
Published: January 2023

El presente estudio analiza los principales elementos que se encuentran presentes en las trayectorias formativas y la generación de competencias profesionales de estudiantes en dos programas educativos. La metodología cualitativa y el método descriptivo analítico sirvieron de base en el diseño de un instrumento de entrevista aplicado mediante focus group a una muestra de estudiantes. Como resultados, se obtuvieron matrices guías que muestran los perfiles que crean los estudiantes durante sus trayectorias para la formación de sus itinerarios de vida en relación con el mercado laboral. Se concluye, que se deben formular estrategias que ayuden, tanto a la correcta formación, como a la creación de perfiles más centrados en las capacidades humanas y sociales.
El impacto ambiental que provoca la minería en el Recinto Estero Hondo del cantón la Maná – Cotopaxi.
Authors: Albarracín Zambrano Luis Orlando , Ponce Ruiz Dionisio Vitalio , Giler Chango José Leonardo
Published: January 2023

La finalidad de este trabajo investigativo es identificar el impacto ambiental que causa la minería en la provincia de Cotopaxi-Ecuador, socializando la problemática de cómo reducir dicho impacto originado por la explotación y exploración minera en el Recinto Estero Hondo de la Maná. Dicho estudio se llevó a cabo a través de la metodología de investigación, la cual ayudó a entender la problemática central, y se desarrolló campañas de socialización en los habitantes del sector, buscando concientizar a los jóvenes especialmente sobre los peligros que representa la explotación indiscriminada y sin una supervisión y plan técnico adecuado, para contribuir con la minimización de riesgos que puede promover esta situación.
El silencio administrativo y la vulneración del derecho constitucional de petición.
Authors: Andrade Arrieta Iván Fernando , Escobar Gonzales Eugenio Javier , Centeno Maldonado Paul Alejandro
Published: January 2023

En el Código Orgánico Administrativo se encuentra establecido que las personas tienen derecho a formular peticiones de manera individual o colectiva ante las administraciones públicas y a recibir repuestas de manera oportuna. De lo planteado se desprende que el derecho constitucional de petición no se obstaculiza con la posibilidad del usuario de dirigirse a la Administración, evidenciándose el deber de la Administración de pronunciarse, concediendo o negando lo requerido por el usuario de manera pertinente, expresa o motivada. Al momento de evidenciarse el incumplimiento de esta obligación, se origina el silencio administrativo, que tiene como resultado la vulneración de este derecho. Este trabajo profundiza en esta problemática.
Análisis de la violencia en los estudiantes universitarios y sus consecuencias.
Authors: Zapata Panchi Luis , Pozo López Ariana , Prado Quilambaqui Jhofre Vinicio
Published: January 2023

La violencia ocurre con frecuencia en las instituciones en nuestro país, convirtiéndose en un problema que afecta a la sociedad, es por eso que el objetivo de esta investigación es identificar la existencia de actos de violencia entre estudiantes en UNIANDES, en especial en la facultad de medicina, y buscar las soluciones necesarias para prevenir la violencia y ayudar a las víctimas. El proceso investigativo se realizó mediante método descriptivo y observacional con un enfoque cualitativo. Se realizó una encuesta a 352 personas de la facultad de medicina de UNIANDES. Luego de analizar los resultados obtenidos, se llegó a la conclusión de que los problemas entre compañeros de aulas conllevan a la violencia física, social, verbal, psicológica y en ocasiones sexual.
Determinantes locales y regionales de la denuncia de violencia familiar en México.
Authors: San Román Tajonar Guillermo
Published: January 2023

Este trabajo busca estimar la fuerza del vínculo entre la situación laboral de las parejas y la tasa de denuncias por violencia familiar, y dar cuenta de cómo este efecto cambia en el territorio. Para cumplir con estos objetivos, aplicamos modelos OLS, 2SLS y MGWR a datos de INEGI y del SESNSP. Los resultados muestran que al aumentar la tasa de parejas donde la mujer trabaja aumenta la denuncia; el bandwidth de esta variable es pequeño, lo que indica que su efecto responde a rasgos locales que deben atenderse en el plano municipal. La tasa de denuncia en los municipios vecinos, la intervención de la policía, y los casos de violencia familiar que llegan a juzgados, también tienen efectos importantes.
Alteraciones músculo-esqueléticas debido a posturas forzadas del personal de enfermería.
Authors: Iglesias Espín Diana Sofía , Palacios Paredes Mónica Rosalía , Lana Cisneros Jorge Enrique
Published: January 2023

Esta investigación tiene el objetivo de evaluar la prevalencia de las alteraciones músculo-esqueléticas, debido a las posturas forzadas en el personal de enfermería, con el fin de mejorar su calidad de vida. En cuanto a la metodología usada en el trabajo fue de tipo análisis descriptivo-transversal, realizando encuestas a un total de 120 integrantes de entre 35 a 60 años. Luego de recolectar los datos se llega a la conclusión de que la región dorso lumbar es la zona con mayor molestia y el 1/3 del personal ha recibido tratamiento; se pudo comprobar, que estas complicaciones han estado presentes desde hace mucho tiempo y que su duración es de 1 a 24 horas con una intensidad de 3/5; es decir, soportable.
Estudio sobre el efecto que causa el SARS COV-2 en la fertilidad masculina.
Authors: Iglesias Espín Diana Sofía , Palacios Paredes Mónica Rosalía , Lana Cisneros Jorge Enrique
Published: January 2023

La infección viral del SARS-CoV-2 causó gran revuelo en el mundo, afectando no solo al sistema respiratorio, sino también al aparato reproductor masculino. El objetivo de esta investigación es poder estudiar el efecto que causa esta infección en la reproducción masculina. Se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante estudio descriptivo de artículos científicos, que incluían ensayos clínicos, libros, revisión, revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. Se concluyó que puede existir una gran posibilidad de producirse un daño testicular y posterior infertilidad después de la infección por COVID-19, debido a hipertermia, infección secundaria, hipoxia y esteroides, por lo que especialmente para aquellos hombres en edad reproductiva, se debe sugerir consulta y evaluación de la función gonadal y análisis de semen.
Patologías en la piel que presentan los estudiantes de odontología por el uso de guantes de látex.
Authors: Burbano Pijal Dayanara Cecilia , Pantoja Burbano Myriam Janneth , Grijalva Palacios Miryan Margarita
Published: January 2023

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es evaluar los diferentes síntomas que se presentan en la piel de los estudiantes de odontología al contacto permanente con el látex. Para recolectar los datos necesarios en este trabajo se utilizó una encuesta, misma que nos dio como resultado, que el 74% de los estudiantes han tenido alguna molestia derivada del uso de guantes de látex, y entre las molestias más frecuentes está el eczema y prurito en las manos. Una observación en este trabajo es que la institución puede intervenir para que las molestias no aumenten a lo largo de los años de estudios.
Keteladanan Pelayanan Yesus Menurut Injil Matius dan Penerapannya oleh Guru Sekolah Minggu
Authors: Nelly Nelly , Hulu Asriani Sri Devi , Situmorang Jonar
Published: January 2023

In the world of education, exemplary is a big responsibility that must be carried out by a teacher in carrying out his duties as a good educator. This is very important because the teacher's example can affect all aspects of the behavior and actions of students. A good teacher can be said to be responsible when he is able to apply good qualities and characters so that students can imitate them. In applying His example, Jesus was present as a professional teacher to set a good example and deserves to be followed by His students and many people. A teacher's attitudes, methods, and actions cannot be properly evaluated unless they are in line with what Jesus taught. The purpose of this article is to develop the attitude and teaching behavior of Sunday School teachers to be like Jesus' example in serving according to the Gospel of Matthew. A qualitative approach is used with a descriptive method. It can be concluded that Jesus is the best example to follow in personality, spirituality, and relationships for the progress of the ministry of GPdI Sunday School teachers Ora Et Labora Majalaya Bandung.
Challenges of a professional master's student in Mathematics Education: what my experience allows me to say
Authors: Botelho Lutieli Rodrigues , Moraes João Carlos Pereira de
Published: January 2023

Since its creation, the professional master's degree has allowed master's students to reflect on pedagogical practice in Mathematics. In this context, this article aims to analyze the challenges of a master's student of a professional program in composing her field intervention and the resonances of this for her professionalism. To this end, the methodology is supported by a narrative perspective, in which the significant points of the master's field process are described. As a result, it can be seen that the moment of planning and the moment of application are fundamental and striking in the constitution of professionalism in a context of professional master's, allowing significant spaces for reflection and production of the identity of a researcher in his own practice. With the study, the need for professional master's degrees to trigger discussions on the training of student-teachers who attend their courses is concluded.