bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A selection rule for transitions in PT-symmetric quantum theory
Authors: Mead Lawrence R. , Garfinkle David
Published: August 2017

Carl Bender and collaborators have developed a quantum theory governed by Hamiltonians that are PT-symmetric rather than Hermitian. To implement this theory, the inner product was redefined to guarantee positive norms of eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. In the general case, which includes arbitrary time-dependence in the Hamiltonian, a modification of the Schrödinger equation is necessary as shown by Gong and Wang to conserve probability. In this paper, we derive the following selection rule: transitions induced by time dependence in a PT-symmetric Hamiltonian cannot occur between normalized states of differing PT-norm. We show three examples of this selection rule in action: two matrix models and one in the continuum.
Laser-induced pressure-wave and barocaloric effect during flash diffusivity measurements
Authors: Wang H. , Porter W. D. , Dinwiddie R. B.
Published: August 2017

We report the laser-induced pressure-wave and the barocaloric effect captured by an infrared detector during thermal diffusivity measurements. Very fast (<1 ms) and negative transients during laser flash measurements were captured using the infrared detector on thin, high thermal conductivity samples. The standard thermal diffusivity analysis only focuses on the longer time scale thermal transient measured from the back-surface due to heat conduction. Previously, these negative transients or spikes were filtered out and ignored as noise or anomaly from the instrument. This study confirmed that the initial negative signal was indeed a temperature drop induced by the laser pulse. The laser pulse induced instantaneous volume expansion and the associated cooling in the specimen can be explained by the barocaloric effect. The initial cooling (<100 μs) is also known as the thermoelastic effect in which a negative temperature change is generated when the material is elastically deformed by volume expansion. A subsequent temperature oscillation in the sample was observed and only lasted about 1 ms. The pressure-wave induced thermal signal was systematically studied and analyzed. The underlying physics of photon-mechanical-thermal energy conversions and the potential of using this signal to study barocaloric effects in solids are discussed.
Radial distribution function of semiflexible oligomers with stretching flexibility
Authors: Zhang Xi , Bao Lei , Wu Yuan-Yan , Zhu Xiao-Long , Tan Zhi-Jie
Published: August 2017

The radial distribution of the end-to-end distance Ree is crucial for quantifying the global size and flexibility of a linear polymer. For semiflexible polymers, several analytical formulas have been derived for the radial distribution of Ree ignoring the stretching flexibility. However, for semiflexible oligomers, such as DNA or RNA, the stretching flexibility can be rather pronounced and can significantly affect the radial distribution of Ree. In this study, we obtained an extended formula that includes the stretch modulus to describe the distribution of Ree for semiflexible oligomers on the basis of previous formulas for semiflexible polymers without stretching flexibility. The extended formula was validated by extensive Monte Carlo simulations over wide ranges of the stretch modulus and persistence length, as well as all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of short DNAs and RNAs. Additionally, our analyses showed that the effect of stretching flexibility on the distribution of Ree becomes negligible for DNAs longer than ∼130 base pairs and RNAs longer than ∼240 base pairs.
Weak temperature dependence of ageing of structural properties in atomistic model glassformers
Authors: Jenkinson Thomas , Crowther Peter , Turci Francesco , Royall C. Patrick
Published: August 2017

Ageing phenomena are investigated from a structural perspective in two binary Lennard-Jones glassformers, the Kob-Andersen and Wahnström mixtures. In both, the geometric motif assumed by the glassformer upon supercooling, the locally favoured structure (LFS), has been established. The Kob-Andersen mixture forms bicapped square antiprisms; the Wahnström model forms icosahedra. Upon ageing, we find that the structural relaxation time has a time-dependence consistent with a power law. However, the LFS population and potential energy increase and decrease, respectively, in a logarithmic fashion. Remarkably, over the time scales investigated, which correspond to a factor of 104 change in relaxation times, the rate at which these quantities age appears almost independent of temperature. Only at temperatures far below the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman temperature do the ageing dynamics slow.
The effect of spacing on the vortex-induced vibrations of two tandem flexible cylinders
Authors: Wang Enhao , Xiao Qing , Zhu Qiang , Incecik Atilla
Published: July 2017

Vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of two flexible cylinders arranged in tandem are studied using a two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method with different spacing ratios (Sx/D) at Reynolds number Re = 500 using a two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of spacing on the hydrodynamic interactions and the VIV responses of these cylinders. The responses of the two flexible cylinders are found to be similar to the classical VIV responses at small Sx/D. Once Sx/D is large enough for the vortices to become detached from the upstream cylinder, the response of the upstream cylinder is similar to the typical VIV response whereas the downstream cylinder undergoes wake-induced vibration. The characteristics of the response of the downstream cylinder in the present study are similar to those of the first two response regimes classified by previous researchers. The third regime is not observed for the flexible downstream cylinder with both ends fixed. The two changes in the phase relation between the cross-flow displacements of the two tandem flexible cylinders are discovered to be linked with the initial-upper branch transition and the upper-lower branch transition, respectively. The correlation lengths of the two flexible cylinders decrease significantly in the transition range between the upper and lower branches. Three modes of vortex shedding (2S, P + S, and 2P) have been identified in the present study. The upper-branch 2P mode is found to be associated with large-amplitude vibration of the upstream cylinder and the P + S mode is observed to be related to large-amplitude vibration of the downstream cylinder for Sx/D = 3.5 and 5. On the other hand, the lower-branch 2P mode leads to small-amplitude vibration of the downstream cylinder in the post-lock-in range at Sx/D = 2.5. The relative phase shifts of the sectional lift coefficients on different spanwise cross sections can be attributed to the variation of the vortex shedding flow along the flexible cylinders, and these phase shifts result in poor phasing between the forces and the displacements that is related to the decrease of the correlation lengths.
Efficient orientational averaging of nonlinear optical signals in multi-chromophore systems
Authors: Gelin Maxim F. , Borrelli Raffaele , Domcke Wolfgang
Published: July 2017

The simulation of nonlinear optical signals measured in isotropic media requires averaging over the orientations of the chromophores. Herein, we discuss the evaluation of orientationally averaged four-wave-mixing, six-wave-mixing, etc., signals in terms of contracted transition dipole moment operators, which were introduced earlier for the orientational averaging of linear absorption signals. We demonstrate that the contracted transition dipole moment operators substantially facilitate the orientational averaging of nonlinear signals in multi-chromophore systems. We consider both the perturbative evaluation of signals (through nonlinear response functions) as well as the nonperturbative evaluation (through the numerical calculation of the nonlinear polarization of driven systems).
Rabi-like splitting from large area plasmonic microcavity
Authors: Alast Fatemeh Hosseini , Li Guixin , Cheah K. W.
Published: August 2017

Rabi-like splitting was observed from a hybrid plasmonic microcavity. The splitting comes from the coupling of cavity mode with the surface plasmon polariton mode; anti-crossing was observed alongside the modal conversional channel on the reflection light measurement. The hybrid device consists of a 10x10 mm2 ruled metal grating integrated onto the Fabry-Perot microcavity. The 10x10 mm2 ruled metal grating fabricated from laser interference and the area is sufficiently large to be used in the practical optical device. The larger area hybrid plasmonic microcavity can be employed in polariton lasers and biosensors.
A three-dimensional all-metal terahertz metamaterial perfect absorber
Authors: Wu Meng , Zhao Xiaoguang , Zhang Jingdi , Schalch Jacob , Duan Guangwu , Cremin Kevin , Averitt Richard D. , Zhang Xin
Published: August 2017

We present a three-dimensional terahertz metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) that exhibits a high quality factor and is polarization insensitive. The unit cell is composed of two orthogonally oriented copper stand-up split ring resonators deposited on a copper ground plane with capacitive gaps in free space away from the substrate. Near unity (99.6%) absorption at ∼1.65 THz is experimentally obtained in excellent agreement with simulation results. The quality factor is ∼37, which is quite large for a terahertz MPA because of reduced material losses in the all-metal structure. According to simulation results, the MPA is insensitive to the polarization of the incident wave, and more than 90% absorption can be achieved for angles of incidence up to 60° for both TE and TM polarized incident THz waves.
Electroformed silicon nitride based light emitting memory device
Authors: Anutgan Tamila , Anutgan Mustafa , Atilgan Ismail , Katircioglu Bayram
Published: July 2017

The resistive memory switching effect of an electroformed nanocrystal silicon nitride thin film light emitting diode (LED) is demonstrated. For this purpose, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the diode were systematically scanned, paying particular attention to the sequence of the measurements. It was found that when the voltage polarity was changed from reverse to forward, the previously measured reverse I-V behavior was remembered until some critical forward bias voltage. Beyond this critical voltage, the I-V curve returns to its original state instantaneously, and light emission switches from the OFF state to the ON state. The kinetics of this switching mechanism was studied for different forward bias stresses by measuring the corresponding time at which the switching occurs. Finally, the switching of resistance and light emission states was discussed via energy band structure of the electroformed LED.
Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Characterization of Semi-Conducting, Solvated [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2·(DMF)2 and Non-Solvated [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2
Authors: Lu Jinzhen , Nafady Ayman , Abrahams Brendan F. , Abdulhamid Muhammad , Winther-Jensen Bjorn , Bond Alan M. , Martin Lisandra L.
Published: August 2017

The demand for catalysts that are highly active and stable for electron-transfer reactions has been boosted by the discovery that [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQF4)2 (TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) is an efficient catalyst. In this work, we prepare and characterize the two related [Pt(NH3)4]2+ complexes, [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2·(DMF)2 (1) and [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2 (2). Reaction of [Pt(NH3)4](NO3)2 with LiTCNQ in a mixed solvent (methanol/dimethylformamide, 4 : 1 v/v) gives [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2·(DMF)2 (1), whereas the same reaction in water affords [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQ)2 (2). 2 has been previously reported. Both 1 and 2 have now been characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, Fourier-transform (FT)IR, Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Structurally, in 1, the TCNQ1− anions form infinite stacks with a separation between adjacent anions within the stack alternating between 3.12 and 3.42 Å. The solvated structure 1 differs from the non-solvated form 2 in that pairs of TCNQ1− anions are clearly displaced from each other. The conductivities of pressed pellets of 1 and 2 are both in the semi-conducting range at room temperature. 2 can be electrochemically synthesized by reduction of a TCNQ-modified electrode in contact with an aqueous solution of [Pt(NH3)4](NO3)2 via a nucleation growth mechanism. Interestingly, we discovered that 1 and 2 are not catalysts for the ferricyanide and thiosulfate reaction. Li+ and tetraalkylammonium salts of TCNQ1−/2− and TCNQF41−/2− were tested for potential catalytic activity towards ferricyanide and thiosulfate. Only TCNQF41−/2− salts were active, suggesting that the dianion redox level needs to be accessible for efficient catalytic activity and explaining why 1 and 2 are not good catalysts. Importantly, the origin of the catalytic activity of the highly active [Pt(NH3)4](TCNQF4)2 catalyst is now understood, enabling other families of catalysts to be developed for important electron-transfer reactions.
Identification and multi-environment validation of resistance to rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) in Vicia faba
Authors: Sillero Josefina C. , Rojas-Molina María M. , Emeran Amero A. , Kharrat Mohamed , Winkler Johanna , Khan Habib R. , Flores Fernando , Rubiales Diego
Published: August 2017

A germplasm collection of 484 accessions of Vicia faba was screened for resistance to rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) under field conditions. Accessions varied in the levels of rust infection, although no complete resistance was identified. Stability of resistance of the 39 most-resistant accessions was tested in a multi-location experiment in Austria, Egypt, Tunisia, United Kingdom and Spain over three additional field seasons. Genotype × environment interaction accounted for 43% of the sum of squares of the multi-environment evaluation, revealing instability of the phenotypic expression across environments. This might hamper the efficiency of selection suggesting the need for selection in different environments. Three possible mega-environments were discerned in the studied area, Mediterranean (Spain, Tunisia and Egypt), Oceanic (UK) and Continental (Austria). Córdoba (Spain) and Kafr El-Sheik (Egypt) showed as ideal environments for rust resistance screenings within Mediterranean environment. Several accessions (300, 303, 311, 313, 720, 1196 and 1271) were grouped as moderately to highly resistant in the three defined mega-environments. These accessions showed clear differences both in terms of reduced disease severity and high stability, which make them good candidates for international faba bean breeding programmes. Concerning each mega-environment, accessions 300 and 311 were the most resistant and stable ones across the Mediterranean one, followed by accessions 720, 1022, 1272, 1320 and BPL261. On the contrary other accessions (313, 452, 481 and 1196) were the most resistant in Oceanic and Continental environments. However, 452 and 481 were susceptible in the Mediterranean mega-environment. This contrasting performance across the environments was also supported by contradictory performance of the checks BPL261 and Baraca in Oceanic and Continental environments, suggesting differential virulence in rust populations, which deserves further attention.
The temperature response of leaf dark respiration in 15 provenances of Eucalyptus grandis grown in ambient and elevated CO2
Authors: Aspinwall Michael J. , Jacob Vinod K. , Blackman Chris J. , Smith Renee A. , Tjoelker Mark G. , Tissue David T.
Published: July 2017

The effects of elevated CO2 on the short-term temperature response of leaf dark respiration (R) remain uncertain for many forest tree species. Likewise, variation in leaf R among populations within tree species and potential interactive effects of elevated CO2 are poorly understood. We addressed these uncertainties by measuring the short-term temperature response of leaf R in 15 provenances of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden from contrasting thermal environments grown under ambient [CO2] (aCO2; 400 µmol mol–1) and elevated [CO2] (640 µmol mol–1; eCO2). Leaf R per unit area (Rarea) measured across a range of temperatures was higher in trees grown in eCO2 and varied up to 104% among provenances. However, eCO2 increased leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) by 21%, and when R was expressed on a mass basis (i.e. Rmass), it did not differ between CO2 treatments. Likewise, accounting for differences in LMA among provenances, Rmass did not differ among provenances. The temperature sensitivity of R (i.e. Q10) did not differ between CO2 treatments or among provenances. We conclude that eCO2 had no direct effect on the temperature response of R in E. grandis, and respiratory physiology was similar among provenances of E. grandis regardless of home-climate temperature conditions.
Distinct functions of diaphanous-related formins regulate HIV-1 uncoating and transport
Authors: Delaney Michael Keegan , Malikov Viacheslav , Chai Qingqing , Zhao Guangyuan , Naghavi Mojgan H.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Viruses are adept at exploiting the host cytoskeleton to facilitate various aspects of their replication. Among host cytoskeletal regulators, diaphanous-related formins (DRFs) coordinate actin nucleation and microtubule (MT) stabilization in response to various environmental signals. Here, we uncover a function of DRFs and show that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exploits DRFs to coordinate the disassembly of the viral capsid shell, or “uncoating,” with induction of MT stabilization and virus transport. These two functions of DRFs during HIV-1 infection were genetically separable and independent of actin. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 coopts discrete functions of DRFs to coordinately control uncoating and MT-based virus transport, mimicking how DRFs naturally function to coordinate host actin and MT dynamics.
Two interacting PPR proteins are major Arabidopsis editing factors in plastid and mitochondria
Authors: Guillaumot Damien , Lopez-Obando Mauricio , Baudry Kevin , Avon Alexandra , Rigaill Guillem , Falcon de Longevialle Andéol , Broche Benjamin , Takenaka Mizuki , Berthomé Richard , De Jaeger Geert , Delannoy Etienne , Lurin Claire
Published: August 2017

Significance

Breaking the “central dogma” of molecular biology, RNA editing is a specific posttranscriptional modification of RNA sequences. In seed plant organelle editosomes, each editable cytidine is identified by a specific pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein. Some of these sequence-specific proteins contain an additional C-terminal “DYW” domain, which is supposed to carry the catalytic activity for editing. However, many PPR editing factors lack this domain. In this article, we show that a subfamily of about 60 Arabidopsis proteins might all require two additional PPR proteins for the editing of their sites. One of them, DYW2, is a specific cofactor containing a DYW domain, supporting the hypothesis that this domain might bring the cytidine deaminase activity to these editosomes.
Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency alters nucleus accumbens synaptic physiology and drug reward behavior
Authors: Kashima Daniel T. , Grueter Brad A.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Substance use disorders affect >8% of the US adult population. Mitigating this problem requires a better understanding of how these substances alter reward system structures such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Although classically studied in a neuron-centric manner, the immune system contributes to synaptic and behavioral changes associated with drug experience. We report that the pattern recognition molecule toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a role in NAc synaptic physiology and drug reward. We show NAc subregion-specific differences in basal synaptic properties consistent with alterations in induction of NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in TLR4 knockout (TLR4.KO) animals. Furthermore, we show that TLR4.KO animals exhibit deficits in drug reward learning and confirm microglia as the primary cell type expressing TLR4.
Homeostatic enhancement of sensory transduction
Authors: Milewski Andrew R. , Ó Maoiléidigh Dáibhid , Salvi Joshua D. , Hudspeth A. J.
Published: August 2017

Significance

How do biological systems ensure robustness of function despite developmental and environmental variation? Although the operation of some systems appears to require precise control over parameter values, we describe how the function of the ear might instead be made robust to parameter perturbation. The sensory hair cells of the cochlea are physiologically vulnerable, yet most ears remain highly sensitive despite differences in their physical properties. We propose that slow homeostatic feedback allows hair cells to detect weak acoustic signals over a wide span of parameter values. Homeostasis also ensures that hair cells exhibit sharp frequency selectivity and a broad dynamic range. This homeostatic strategy constitutes a general principle by which many biological systems might ensure robustness of function.
SPF45-related splicing factor for phytochrome signaling promotes photomorphogenesis by regulating pre-mRNA splicing in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Xin Ruijiao , Zhu Ling , Salomé Patrice A. , Mancini Estefania , Marshall Carine M. , Harmon Frank G. , Yanovsky Marcelo J. , Weigel Detlef , Huq Enamul
Published: August 2017

Significance

Pre-mRNA processing not only enhances the diversity encoded in the genome without the need to increase the number of genes but also provides a means to adjust cellular transcript abundance. Environmental light has a profound effect on transcript accumulation, but how this is partitioned between transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes is largely unknown. Here we describe the identification and characterization of the splicing factor for phytochrome signaling (SFPS), which directly interacts with the photoreceptor phytochrome B.
sfps
seedlings are hyposensitive to light and display pre-mRNA splicing defects in a large number of genes, many of which regulate light signaling and the circadian clock. Thus, light might control pre-mRNA splicing in addition to transcription of many genes through SFPS to promote photomorphogenesis.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 escorts XPC to UV-induced DNA lesions during nucleotide excision repair
Authors: Robu Mihaela , Shah Rashmi G. , Purohit Nupur K. , Zhou Pengbo , Naegeli Hanspeter , Shah Girish M.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Repair of the majority of UV-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells by the nucleotide excision repair pathway starts with rapid recruitment of Xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) protein to the lesion. However, rapidity of XPC recruitment to the lesion site in a genomic context cannot be fully explained by the known properties of XPC or its partner protein DDB2. Here, we show that the DNA damage-detecting nuclear protein PARP1 forms a stable complex with XPC before DNA damage and transfers it very rapidly to the DNA lesion site if other repair conditions are present. Since PARP1 is known to interact with many proteins under steady-state conditions, our results reveal a paradigm that an association with PARP1 could confer a functional advantage to these proteins.
Structural basis of subunit selectivity for competitive NMDA receptor antagonists with preference for GluN2A over GluN2B subunits
Authors: Lind Genevieve E. , Mou Tung-Chung , Tamborini Lucia , Pomper Martin G. , De Micheli Carlo , Conti Paola , Pinto Andrea , Hansen Kasper B.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Despite decades of studies, the development of competitive glutamate-site antagonists that can distinguish between NMDA receptor subtypes based on GluN2 subunits has been unsuccessful. The resulting lack of subunit-selective NMDA receptor ligands has led to the widespread use of competitive antagonists with only modest subunit preference in neurophysiological and behavioral studies. This study describes competitive glutamate-site antagonists with a binding mode in the GluN2A agonist binding domain that enables indirect engagement between ligands and nonconserved residues to achieve preferential binding to GluN1/2A over GluN1/2B. These findings are required for rational drug design and suggest that glutamate-site competitive antagonists with considerable subunit selectivity can be developed, despite the highly conserved nature of the glutamate binding site.
Exploiting conformational plasticity in the AAA+ protein VCP/p97 to modify function
Authors: Schütz Anne Kathrin , Rennella Enrico , Kay Lewis E.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Cdc48/TERA/p97/VCP is an enzyme that utilizes energy stored in ATP to coordinate protein degradation and recycling in eukaryotic cells. Point mutations in p97 cause a degenerative disease in humans that affects the central nervous system, bone, and muscle. These mutations deregulate the structure and dynamics of p97 with implications for binding of a cofactor that recruits p97 to the lysosomal degradation pathway. Here we probe the plasticity of p97, searching for hotspots in this enzyme to revert the effect of disease mutations. We demonstrate that mutations at secondary sites can shift the dynamics and structure toward wild type, highlighting the potential of exploiting the plasticity of p97 in the rational design of compounds that restore function in disease mutants.
Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of liprinα1 mediates neuronal activity-dependent synapse development
Authors: Huang Huiqian , Lin Xiaochen , Liang Zhuoyi , Zhao Teng , Du Shengwang , Loy Michael M. T. , Lai Kwok-On , Fu Amy K. Y. , Ip Nancy Y.
Published: August 2017

Significance

The activity-dependent organization of synaptic components occurs during brain development in response to experience, and involves the precise regulation of the localization of synaptic proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent organization of synaptic proteins remain unclear. We found that inhibition of the phosphorylation of the scaffold protein liprinα1 by neuronal activity promotes the synaptic localization of a major postsynaptic organizer, PSD-95, through increased liprinα1–PSD-95 interaction. This suggests that the phosphorylation status of liprinα1 functions as a molecular control for the activity-dependent localization of PSD-95 and hence postsynaptic organization and synapse maturation. Dysregulation of this posttranslational process may lead to impaired synapse development.
On pronouns that drop (out of German)
Authors: Falk Ylva
Published: July 2017

The null-subject parameter (NSP) is a well-studied syntactic feature within the field of L3 learning. The present study explores whether the L2 status factor (e.g., Bardel & Falk, 2012) exerts such a strong impact that the NSP from a non-typologically close or even similar L2 (Spanish/Italian) can be transferred into the L3. Data were recorded from two absolute beginners of L3 German (L1 Swedish, L2 English, French, Spanish, Italian) during a semester. The results show that both participants transferred the NSP from their weakest L2 into German. These results are discussed in relation to theories about transfer in L3 learning: the L1 transfer hypothesis, the L2 status factor, and the Typological Proximity Model. The results support the L2 status factor.
L3 morphosyntactic effects on L1 vs. L2 systems
Authors: Amaro Jennifer Cabrelli
Published: July 2017

This study investigates the extent to which L1 versus adult L2 syntactic systems resist influence from a third language (L3) via observation of the effect of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) on Spanish in L1 Spanish/L2 English and L1 English/L2 Spanish bilinguals that are advanced L3 BP speakers. We examine the phenomenon of raising across a dative experiencer out of a TP complement (TPExp), which is acceptable in BP and English but not Spanish. Spanish data from an acceptability judgment task indicate that although both experimental groups rate TPExp higher than the Spanish control, L2 Spanish speakers are more accepting of TPExp than L1 Spanish speakers and Spanish controls. We take these results to support our hypothesis of differential stability conditioned by age of acquisition.
On Understanding Grammar
Authors: Givón T.
Published: July 2017

In his foreword to the original edition of this classic of functionalism, typology and diachrony, Dwight Bolinger wrote: "I foresee it as one of the truly prizes statements of our current knowledge…a book about understanding done with deep understanding – of language and its place in Nature and in the nature of humankind… The book is rich in insights, even for those who have been with linguistics for a long time. And beginners could be thankful for having it as a starting point, from which so many past mistakes have been shed". Thoroughly revised, corrected and updated, On Understanding Grammar remains, as its author intended it in 1979, a book about trying to make sense of human language and of doing linguistics. Language is considered here from multiple perspectives, intersecting with cognition and communication, typology and universals, grammaticalization, development and evolution. Within such a broad cross-disciplinary context, grammar is viewed as an automated, structured language-processing device, assembled through evolution, diachrony and use. Cross-language diversity is not arbitrary, but rather is tightly constrained and adaptively motivated, with the balance between universality and diversity mediated through development, be it evolutionary or diachronic. The book's take on language harkens back to the works of illustrious antecedents such as F. Bopp, W. von Humbold, H. Paul, A. Meillet, O. Jespersen and G. Zipf, offering a coherent alternative to the methodological and theoretical strictures of Saussure, Bloomfield and Chomsky.
Effect of BAg1 Ni-Electroplating on microstructure and properties of WC-Co-brazed joints
Authors: Hasanabadi Mahyar , Omidvar Hamid , Shamsipur Ali
Published: July 2017

Excellent strength, joining effectiveness and low cost of brazing make it one of the most favoured methods for hard metals attachments. In this study, WC-Co, as a hard metal, was furnace-brazed by BAg1 (Ag–Cu–Zn–Cd) filler alloy and Ni-electroplated BAg1, and the influence of Ni-electroplating in joint properties was thoroughly studied. The brazing process was carried out using a tube furnace, at 670°C/15 min. The characteristics and microstructure of joints were studied by scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectrometer and XRD. It was revealed that Ni coating of BAg1 represents 20% increase in wettability and approximately 15% increase in shear strength (from 107.98 to 124.17 MPa) by the formation of soft and semi-active NiZn phase and by the substitution of some of brittle TiC phase with NiTi phase.
Preparation of bulk crystallite alloys by rapid quenching of bulk undercooled melts
Authors: Xu XiaoLong , Hou Hua , Zhao Yuhong , Liu Feng
Published: July 2017

Rapid quenching of deeply bulk undercooled alloy melts (200–250 K) before recalescence was used to produce three-dimensional bulk crystallite alloys. It was found that the micro-grain sizes of the prepared bulk crystallite alloys decreased with increasing undercooling. Dense crystal defects such as dislocation networks and annealing twins could be observed in the microstructures of the crystallite alloys. Substantial recrystallisation could be observed when annealing these crystallite alloys. These new findings could expand and enrich not only the traditional methods of preparing three-dimensional bulk crystallite alloys but also the traditional technologies of recrystallisation.
Distribution questions for trace functions with values in cyclotomic integers and their reductions
Authors: Perret-Gentil Corentin
Published: August 2017

We consider

ℓ
\ell

-adic trace functions over finite fields taking values in cyclotomic integers, such as characters and exponential sums. Through ideas of Deligne and Katz, we explore probabilistic properties of the reductions modulo a prime ideal, exploiting especially the determination of their integral monodromy groups. In particular, this gives a generalization of a result of Lamzouri-Zaharescu on the distribution of short sums of the Legendre symbol reduced modulo an integer to all multiplicative characters and to hyper-Kloosterman sums.
How flat is flat in random interface growth?
Authors: Quastel Jeremy , Remenik Daniel
Published: August 2017

Domains of attraction are identified for the universality classes of one-point asymptotic fluctuations for the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation with general initial data. The criterion is based on a large deviation rate function for the rescaled initial data, which arises naturally from the Hopf-Cole transformation. This allows us, in particular, to distinguish the domains of attraction of curved, flat, and Brownian initial data and to identify the boundary between the curved and flat domains of attraction, which turns out to correspond to square root initial data.

The distribution of the asymptotic one-point fluctuations is characterized by means of a variational formula written in terms of certain limiting processes (arising as subsequential limits of the spatial fluctuations of the KPZ equation with narrow wedge initial data, as shown in Probab. Theory Related Fields 166 (2016), pp. 67–185) which are widely believed to coincide with the Airy

2

_2

process. In order to identify these distributions for general initial data, we extend earlier results on continuum statistics of the Airy

2

_2

process to probabilities involving the process on the entire line. In particular, this allows us to write an explicit Fredholm determinant formula for the case of square root initial data.
DelPhiForce web server: electrostatic forces and energy calculations and visualization
Authors: Li Lin , Jia Zhe , Peng Yunhui , Chakravorty Arghya , Sun Lexuan , Alexov Emil
Published: August 2017

Electrostatic force is an essential component of the total force acting between atoms and macromolecules. Therefore, accurate calculations of electrostatic forces are crucial for revealing the mechanisms of many biological processes. We developed a DelPhiForce web server to calculate and visualize the electrostatic forces at molecular level. DelPhiForce web server enables modeling of electrostatic forces on individual atoms, residues, domains and molecules, and generates an output that can be visualized by VMD software. Here we demonstrate the usage of the server for various biological problems including protein–cofactor, domain–domain, protein–protein, protein–DNA and protein–RNA interactions.

Availability and implementation

The DelPhiForce web server is available at: http://compbio.clemson.edu/delphi-force.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MusiteDeep: a deep-learning framework for general and kinase-specific phosphorylation site prediction
Authors: Wang Duolin , Zeng Shuai , Xu Chunhui , Qiu Wangren , Liang Yanchun , Joshi Trupti , Xu Dong
Published: August 2017

Motivation

Computational methods for phosphorylation site prediction play important roles in protein function studies and experimental design. Most existing methods are based on feature extraction, which may result in incomplete or biased features. Deep learning as the cutting-edge machine learning method has the ability to automatically discover complex representations of phosphorylation patterns from the raw sequences, and hence it provides a powerful tool for improvement of phosphorylation site prediction.

Results

We present MusiteDeep, the first deep-learning framework for predicting general and kinase-specific phosphorylation sites. MusiteDeep takes raw sequence data as input and uses convolutional neural networks with a novel two-dimensional attention mechanism. It achieves over a 50% relative improvement in the area under the precision-recall curve in general phosphorylation site prediction and obtains competitive results in kinase-specific prediction compared to other well-known tools on the benchmark data.

Availability and implementation

MusiteDeep is provided as an open-source tool available at https://github.com/duolinwang/MusiteDeep.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Estimating network edge probabilities by neighbourhood smoothing
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Levina Elizaveta , Zhu Ji
Published: August 2017

The estimation of probabilities of network edges from the observed adjacency matrix has important applications to the prediction of missing links and to network denoising. It is usually addressed by estimating the graphon, a function that determines the matrix of edge probabilities, but this is ill-defined without strong assumptions on the network structure. Here we propose a novel computationally efficient method, based on neighbourhood smoothing, to estimate the expectation of the adjacency matrix directly, without making the structural assumptions that graphon estimation requires. The neighbourhood smoothing method requires little tuning, has a competitive mean squared error rate and outperforms many benchmark methods for link prediction in simulated and real networks.
Executive Function
Authors: Carrión Victor G. , Turner John A. , Weems Carl F.
Published: August 2017

In the first chapter, the relationship between traumatic stress and the broad domain of executive function (EF) and their neurofunctional correlates is discussed. The phenomenology of this relationship is reviewed in terms of the preclinical lesion and adult neuroimaging studies that have established a link between stress and deficits in executive functions. The myriad executive functions that have demonstrated vulnerability to traumatic stress are categorized as either updating, inhibiting, or shifting. Considerations from each domain establish clearly that the experience of trauma and the manifestation of posttraumatic stress symptoms can lead to or predispose individuals to deficits throughout the brain, resulting in slower processing speed, the formation of negative decision-making biases, and difficulties in emotional regulation, attention regulation, and response inhibition. The transition from psychometric cognitive tests to structural and functional neuroimaging and future directions for the study of executive function are also discussed.
Sleep
Authors: Carrión Victor G. , Turner John A. , Weems Carl F.
Published: August 2017

The architecture of healthy sleep rests upon a network of several interacting neurochemical systems, an arrangement that is easily disrupted by the experience of traumatic stress. As a result, sleep may be among the most susceptible of behaviors to have a negative impact as a result of trauma. Sleep disturbances, or “parasomnias,” such as nightmares, sleepwalking, and insomnia are one of the most prominent hallmarks of PTSD, and the study of these sleep-specific symptoms can provide a window into the underlying pathology of the disorder. The current chapter reviews the preclinical animal literature that has informed our understanding of the brain structures that are involved in the development of these parasomnias. In reviewing adult and child studies of disrupted sleep in PTSD, a distinction is made between the subjective and objective assessment of sleep quality, with a call made for an emphasis on objective measurements in future research.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder over the Past Century
Authors: Jerome Laurence
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews the history of dysmorphophobia, the precursor of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), in the world literature. The chapter also reviews the evolution of the more refined concept of BDD in recent years, its evolving definitions, and its current status as a distinct psychiatric illness. The first known clinical description of a syndrome describing patients who complain about their appearance as their primary concern dates back to Enrico Morselli’s seminal description in 1891. Morselli called this condition “dysmorphophobia,” a concern about imagined ugliness. Over the years, the nature of the excessive appearance concerns has been seen variously as a symptom of characterological disturbance, one manifestation of a continuum of obsessional disorders, or a discrete psychiatric illness. While many earlier descriptions of psychopathology have waned or disappeared, this intriguing and often severe disorder that involves a disorder of consciousness of the self has persisted into contemporary scientific literature.
Psychosocial Functioning and Quality of Life in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Kelly Megan M. , Brault Megan E. , Didie Elizabeth R.
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews the literature on quality of life and functional impairment in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and discusses important lines of future research. Quality of life and psychosocial functioning are often poor in individuals with BDD. This is the case across multiple domains, including social, occupational, academic, and physical functioning. BDD symptoms often directly interfere with a person’s ability and willingness to engage in activities of daily living. Individuals with BDD frequently have high levels of social avoidance, which interferes with the development and maintenance of relationships and involvement in social, work, and educational activities. Rates of unemployment and disability are high. Several clinical correlates of BDD are also associated with psychosocial functioning and quality of life—most notably, greater severity of BDD symptoms and comorbid major depressive disorder.
Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Aspects of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Treatment Implications
Authors: Dixon Louise , Marques Luana
Published: August 2017

Research suggests that body image is significantly influenced by sociocultural variables such as beauty ideals and/or ethnicity. As such, elucidating sociocultural variables such as race and ethnicity in relation to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is important to understanding and treating this condition. This chapter reviews perceptions of body image in BDD, body areas of concern in BDD, BDD-related behaviors, and barriers to care as they relate to race and ethnicity in individuals with BDD. Relationships between identity variables and BDD are illustrated using a case example. Modifications for cognitive-behavioral therapy for BDD are suggested when working with diverse populations. Areas for future research are outlined.
Differentiating Body Dysmorphic Disorder from Normal Appearance Concerns and Other Mental Disorders
Authors: Phillips Katharine A.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses differentiation of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from disorders that may be misdiagnosed as BDD or that present differential diagnosis challenges: eating disorders, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, illness anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, gender dysphoria, avoidant personality disorder, olfactory reference syndrome, and several other constructs. This chapter also discusses how to differentiate BDD from normal appearance concerns and from problematic preoccupation with obvious physical defects.

BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as another mental disorder. Sometimes misdiagnosis occurs because patients are too embarrassed and ashamed to reveal their appearance concerns; in such cases, BDD symptoms that are more readily observable (such as social anxiety) may be assigned an incorrect diagnosis while BDD goes undetected. In other cases, BDD symptoms are recognized but are misdiagnosed as another disorder. BDD must be differentiated from other conditions so appropriate treatment can be instituted.
A Dermatologist’s Perspective on Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Recommendations for Dermatologists
Authors: Koblenzer Caroline S.
Published: August 2017

This chapter addresses body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from a dermatologist’s point of view. There is a notably higher prevalence of BDD in dermatology patients than in the general population. In dermatology patients BDD includes obsessional worries about perceived abnormalities in the appearance of the skin or dermal appendages as well as concerns with the hair; such beliefs can consist of frank delusions. This chapter discusses BDD’s prevalence, diagnosis, and impact on quality of life, with two case histories. BDD is complex, and psychiatric comorbidity is frequent. Careful history taking is essential to recognize and diagnose BDD. The dermatologist must allow adequate time to develop a trusting relationship with the patient. Dermatology patients are seldom comfortable with a diagnosis of BDD, so the chapter offers ways to convey this diagnosis without generating anxiety, anger, or lack of trust. Effective psychological and medication treatments in dermatology patients are described, as is the expected prognosis.
Forensic Implications in Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Hans Steiner , Whitney Daniels , Michael Kelly , Christina Stadler
Published: August 2017

This chapter tackles the complex task of putting the knowledge base of disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) into a forensic context. The chapter first discusses the landmark legal cases that created a novel space for conceptualizing the psychopathology of crime. The implications of DBDs for culpability, rehabilitation, and institutional treatments. Real cases are used to prepare the clinician for the special challenges the psychiatric consultant to justice settings and the expert witness inevitably will face when involving themselves with DBD cases, the courts, justice settings, and follow-up care after incarceration. Special emphasis is put on the almost ubiquitous complexity of clinical syndromes in forensic cases that calls for considerable sophistication and breadth of clinical experience to do justice to this most difficult population.
Summary and Epilogue
Authors: Hans Steiner , Whitney Daniels , Michael Kelly , Christina Stadler
Published: August 2017

This final chapter provides an overview and summary of the major findings in each of the previous chapters (introduction, taxonomy and diagnosis; epidemiology; etiology; treatment; forensic implications). It concludes by highlighting the necessary future studies to guarantee continued progress in the field of disruptive behavior disorders. It is our hope that this book will serve a helpful guide for clinicians who are on the front lines caring for the most at risk youth in our communities. It is also our wish that this text help inspire a new generation of learners to pursue careers in this most rewarding field of study and public service.
Conceptual Framework for Integrated Care
Authors: Giese Alexis A. , Waugh Maryann
Published: August 2017

Rather than a prescribed model of health service delivery, integrated care is a conceptual framework that can be implemented using a variety of styles and models. The concept of integration is based in a biopsychosocial perspective of health and wellness. Effective integration is associated with a set of common elements including team-based care delivery, a patient-centered orientation, care coordination, and a population-based approach. While the most common application of integrated care incorporates behavioral health services into primary care settings, effective health care reform will include a variety of specialty and locally tailored models developed to serve the needs of specific patient populations. This chapter describes the essential components and rationale of integrated care, establishes a framework for evaluation, and encourages continued innovation.