bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composite materials based on poly(trimethylene carbonate) and β‐tricalcium phosphate for orbital floor and wall reconstruction
Authors: van Leeuwen Anne C. , Bos Rudolf R. M. , Grijpma Dirk W.
Published: June 2012

Poly(trimethylene carbonate) and β‐tricalcium phosphate (PTMC/β‐TCP) composite materials were prepared by coprecipitation and compression molding. The effect of different amounts of the ceramic component (15 and 30 vol %) on the properties was investigated. The effect of lamination with minimal amounts of poly(D,L‐lactide) (PDLLA) was assessed as well. It was hypothesized that these composites would be suitable for orbital floor reconstruction, as the polymer component resorbs enzymatically without the formation of acidic compounds, while the ceramic component could induce bone formation. To asses their suitability as load bearing devices, the flexural properties of the prepared (laminated) composites were determined in three point bending experiments and compared with those of currently used reconstruction devices. The flexural modulus of PTMC composites increased from 6–17 MPa when introducing 30 vol % β‐TCP. A laminate of this composite with PDLLA (with respective layer thicknesses of 0.8 and 0.2 mm) had a flexural modulus of 64 MPa. When evaluated in a mechanical engineering model of the orbital floor the (laminated) composites materials showed similar behavior compared to the currently used materials. The results suggest that from a mechanical point of view these (laminated) composite sheets should be well suited for use in orbital floor reconstruction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1610–1620, 2012.
Polymerizable nanoparticulate silica‐reinforced calcium phosphate bone cement
Authors: Hesaraki Saeed , Alizadeh Masoud , Borhan Shokoufeh , Pourbaghi‐Masouleh Milad
Published: June 2012

Bone cements based on calcium phosphate powder and different concentrations of colloidal silica suspensions were developed. Setting time and washout behavior of the cements were recorded and compared with those of a control group prepared by the same powder phase and distilled water as liquid. The phase composition, compressive strength, and morphology of the cements were determined after incubation and soaking in simulated body fluid. Proliferation of osteoblasts seeded on samples was also determined as a function of time. The results showed that the long setting time, poor compressive strength, and undesirable washout behavior of the cement made with distilled water were considerably improved by adding colloidal silica in a dose‐dependent manner. On the basis of XRD and SEM results, both control group and nanosilica‐added cements composed of nanosized apatite flakes after 7 days soaking, in addition to tetracalcium phosphate residual for the latter. It was found that the rate of hydraulic reactions that are responsible for conversion of the cement reactants to nanostructured apatite was increased by the presence of colloidal silica. Furthermore, the osteoblasts exhibited better proliferation on nanosilica added cements compared to control one. This study suggests better applied properties for nanosilica‐added calcium phosphate cement compared to traditional cements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1627–1635, 2012.
Effect of acellular dermal matrix as a delivery carrier of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells on bone regeneration
Authors: Kim Hee Jung , Park Sung Su , Oh Sun Young , Kim Hyoju , Kweon Oh‐Kyeong , Woo Heung Myong , Kim Wan Hee
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) as a delivery carrier of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) on bone regeneration in athymic murine calvarial bone defect. Paired‐critical size defects in nude rat skull were made. The right‐side defects received ASCs/ADM or only ADM, whereas the left‐side defect was not treated. In 3D images, new bone formation in the ASCs/ADM group was apparent at 4 wk, but in the ADM group at 8 wk. At 4 and 8 wk, bone mineral density and tissue volume in rats that received ASCs/ADM were significantly greater than rats that received ADM and control groups. Histological examination revealed that the defect was repaired by bone in the ASCs/ADM group, whereas only minimal bone island with fibrous connection was observed in the control group. In histomorphometric analysis, the total healing score in the ASCs/ADM group at 4 wk was significantly higher than the ADM and negative control group, whereas the score of 8 wk was similar between the ASCs/ADM and ADM group. ASCs/ADM implants promote new bone formation more rapidly than ADM only or no treatment. ADM seeded with ASCs may be potentially useful as a future biomaterial option in bone implants. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1645–1653, 2012.
Preseeding of human vascular cells in decellularized bovine pericardium scaffold for tissue‐engineered heart valve: An in vitro and in vivo feasibility study
Authors: Yang Min , Chen Chang‐Zhi , Shu Yu‐Sheng , Shi Wei‐Ping , Cheng Shao‐Fei , Gu Y. John
Published: June 2012

Human vascular cells from saphenous veins have been used for cell seeding on the synthetic scaffolds for constructing tissue‐engineered heart valve (TEHV). However, little is known about the seeding of human vascular cells on bovine pericardium, a potential natural scaffold for TEHV. This study was aimed to assess the basic in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the human vascular cells seeded on decellularized bovine pericardium. In vitro, bovine pericardium samples with cell seeding were inspected on day 7, 14, and 21 by histology, scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. In vivo, experiments were performed in nude mice by bilateral dorsal incision for the implantation of decellularized bovine pericardium with and without cell seeding. Results demonstrated that a total of 8–10 × 106 cells were obtained within 4–5 wk by the primary co‐culture, which were detected positive for von Willebrand factor, α‐smooth muscle actin antibodies, and fibronectin, indicating the presence of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, respectively. In vitro, the seeded cells showed a steady increase of endothelial activity from day 1 to day 7 and remained stable until day 21. After 30 days of implantation in vivo, the cells on the decellularized bovine pericardium could differentiate directionally and show all the identities of human endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. These results indicate that the human vascular cells from the saphenous vein are an optional cell source for seeding on decellularized bovine pericardium scaffold for constructing TEHV. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1654–1661, 2012.
Impact of air‐abrasion on fracture load and failure type of veneered anterior Y‐TZP crowns before and after chewing simulation
Authors: Stawarczyk Bogna , Özcan Mutlu , Hallmann Lubica , Roos Malgorzata , Trottmann Albert , Hämmerle Christoph H. F.
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the fracture load and failure types of veneered zirconia crowns that were air‐abraded on either the veneering or cementation surface. Fracture loads were determined before and after chewing simulation. Standardized Y‐TZP frameworks (n = 360) for canines were fabricated and divided into one control group (n = 72) and 12 test groups (n = 24). The test groups were air‐abraded using alumina powder (10 s, 2 bar, distance: 10 mm) with particle size of 50 μm resp. 110 μm and veneered with one of the veneering ceramics: Triceram, Zirox, or VITA VM9. The crowns were cemented on their corresponding CoCr abutment. The initial fracture load was measured in one half of each group (n = 12), and the other half (n = 12) was subjected to chewing cycling. The data were analyzed using three‐way and one‐way ANOVA, a post‐hoc Scheffé test, two sample Student's t‐test, and Weibull statistics (p < 0.05). Thus, nonaged, air‐abraded groups of two veneering ceramics (Triceram, VITA VM9) showed higher mean fracture load compared to control groups. After chewing simulation, air‐abraded groups showed lower mean fracture load compared to control groups. Aging decreased the Weibull modulus of all tested groups, and air‐abraded groups showed lower Weibull moduli compared to control groups. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1683–1690, 2012.
Evaluation of alkaloids binding to the parallel quadruplex structure [d(TGGGGT)]4 by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Xu Niusheng , Yang Hongmei , Cui Meng , Song Fengrui , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Shuying
Published: June 2012

In this study, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) was used to investigate the binding interaction of six alkaloids with parallel intermolecular G‐quadruplex [d(TGGGGT)]4, and five alkaloids including berberine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, tetrandrine, and fangchinoline showed complexation with the target DNA. Relative binding affinities were estimated on the basis of mass spectrometric data. The slight differences in chemical structures of berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine had little influence on their binding affinities to [d(TGGGGT)]4. Tetrandrine and fangchinoline selectively bound to [d(TGGGGT)]4 versus duplex DNA. Collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments showed that the complexes with berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine dissociated via strand separation and ligand retaining in the strand while the complexes with tetrandrine and fangchinoline were dissociated via ligand elimination. A comparison of dissociation patterns in CID experiments of complexes with the alkaloids to those with the traditional G‐quadruplex DNA binders suggested an end‐stacking binding mode for tetrandrine and fangchinoline and an intercalation binding mode for berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine to the target DNA. The current work not only provides deep insight into alkaloid/[d(TGGGGT)]4 complexes and useful guidelines for design of efficient anticancer agents but also demonstrates the utility of ESI‐MS as a powerful tool for evaluating interaction between ligand and quadruplex DNA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of CID, ETD and metastable atom‐activated dissociation (MAD) of doubly and triply charged phosphorylated tau peptides
Authors: Cook Shannon L. , Zimmermann Carolyn M. , Singer David , Fedorova Maria , Hoffmann Ralf , Jackson Glen P.
Published: June 2012

The fragmentation behavior of the 2+ and 3+ charge states of eleven different phosphorylated tau peptides was studied using collision‐induced dissociation (CID), electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and metastable atom‐activated dissociation (MAD). The synthetic peptides studied contain up to two known phosphorylation sites on serine or threonine residues, at least two basic residues, and between four and eight potential sites of phosphorylation. CID produced mainly b‐/y‐type ions with abundant neutral losses of the phosphorylation modification. ETD produced c‐/z‐type ions in highest abundance but also showed numerous y‐type ions at a frequency about 50% that of the z‐type ions. The major peaks observed in the ETD spectra correspond to the charge‐reduced product ions and small neutral losses from the charge‐reduced peaks. ETD of the 2+ charge state of each peptide generally produced fewer backbone cleavages than the 3+ charge state, consistent with previous reports. Regardless of charge state, MAD achieved more extensive backbone cleavage than CID or ETD, while retaining the modification(s) in most cases. In all but one case, unambiguous modification site determination was achieved with MAD. MAD produced 15–20% better sequence coverage than CID and ETD for both the 2+ and 3+ charge states and very different fragmentation products indicating that the mechanism of fragmentation in MAD is unique and complementary to CID and ETD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of archer density on elk pregnancy rates and conception dates
Authors: Davidson Gregory A. , Johnson Bruce K. , Noyes James H. , Dick Brian L. , Wisdom Michael J.
Published: June 2012

Archery hunting in Oregon has increased dramatically over the past 2 decades. At the same time, spring juvenile to adult female ratios of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) have been declining. This has raised concern that archery seasons may be disrupting elk breeding and contributing to the decline in recruitment. Two mechanisms could contribute to reduced juvenile:female ratios: 1) reduced pregnancy rates, and 2) delayed conception dates because of human disturbance during the rut. We varied the number of archery hunters at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range over 13 years to evaluate effects of archer density on reproduction of elk. Archer densities were maintained at high densities during 4 years $({\bar {x}} = 1.09\,{\rm tags}\;{\rm sold}/{\rm km}^{_{2} } )$, low densities during 3 years $({\bar {x}} = 0.53\,{\rm tags}\,{\rm sold}/{\rm km}^{_{2} } )$, and no archers during 6 years. We determined pregnancy status, age, kidney fat index (KFI), lactation status, and fetus conception dates for 622 female elk harvested in December. We found pregnancy rate differences of 0.105, 0.080, and 0.021 between high and no archer density years (P = 0.004), high and low archer density years (P = 0.054), and low and no archer density years (P = 0.616), respectively. Conception dates were 4 days later for high archer density compared to low archer density (P = 0.006), but did not differ between high and no archer years (2 days; P = 0.136) or between low and no archer years (2 days; P = 0.108). We compared generalized linear model estimates of pregnancy rates and determined pregnancy rates for 28% of the lactating female elk to be affected by high archer density, whereas archer densities had no significant affect on pregnancy rate estimates for non‐lactating females. We found no difference in conception dates among archer densities when comparing model estimates. Our results suggest that archer density and its interaction with nutritional condition of elk influence pregnancy rates of lactating females with low KFI levels; however, the effect of archer density alone does not explain the magnitude of decline in juvenile to female ratios observed in Oregon. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Nucleophilic reactivity of biothiols toward coumarin‐based derivatives containing a chalcone moiety
Authors: García‐Beltrán Olimpo , González Christopher , Pérez Edwin G. , Cassels Bruce K. , Santos José G. , Millán Daniela , Mena Natalia , Pavez Paulina , Aliaga Margarita E.
Published: June 2012

The Michael addition reactions of the biothiols cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), homocysteine (Hcy) and cysteinylglycine (Cys‐Gly) with (E)‐3‐(3‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)‐7‐methoxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one and (E)‐3‐(3‐(3‐methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)‐7‐methoxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (ChC2 and ChC3, respectively) in aqueous solution (25 °C, ionic strength 0.2 M KCl) were followed fluorimetrically and evaluated kinetically. With a large excess of biothiol, pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients (kobsd) were found. Plots of kobsd versus [biothiolate] are linear, with a pH‐independent slope (kN). With the kinetic results obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn: (i) the reactivity increases in the sequence Cys‐Gly < Hcy < GSH < Cys; (ii) similar reactivity toward biothiols was found for ChC2 and ChC3, and both probes are more reactive than (E)‐3‐cinnamoyl‐7‐methoxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (ChC1); (iii) ChC2 and ChC3 display a highly selective fluorescence enhancement with biothiols, allowing these probes to be used for fluorimetric biothiol determination in SH‐SY5Y cells. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some intriguing mechanistic aspects of the radical chemistry of xanthates
Authors: Zard Samir Z.
Published: June 2012

Xanthates are exceedingly useful substrates for intermolecular and intramolecular radical additions, even to unactivated alkenes. Various functional groups can be brought together under mild, neutral conditions, thus providing tremendous opportunities for organic synthesis. Because the products of the addition–transfer process are also xanthates, iteration allows the formation of block polymers by a controlled radical polymerisation (the RAFT/MADIX technology). The present overview concentrates on mechanistic and unexpected aspects of this chemistry, which may be of particular interest to physical organic chemists. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational studies on a medium size cyclopseudopeptide containing the oxazolidin‐2‐one moiety
Authors: Angelici Gaetano , Castellucci Nicola , Tomasini Claudia
Published: June 2012

An efficient synthesis of a 24 pseudopeptide membered ring in solution is reported in good yield. The cycle contains four units, all formed by an α‐amino acid (Xaa) and a 4‐carboxy‐5‐methyl‐oxazolidin‐2‐one group (4‐carboxy‐5‐methyl‐oxazolidin‐2‐one = Oxd) in the same configuration ( l or d). In the final sequence, the four ll or dd units are alternated so that, after cyclization, cyclo‐( l‐Xaa‐ l‐Oxd‐ d‐Xaa‐ d‐Oxd‐ l‐Xaa‐ l‐Oxd‐ d‐Xaa‐ d‐Oxd) is formed. The conformational analysis of this compound has been performed by means of infrared and 1 H NMR spectroscopy and shows that the CHα hydrogens of the α‐amino acids retain the very deshielded chemical shifts recorded in the spectra of the free precursors. Furthermore, the NH hydrogen have a weak tendency to form cross peaks, thus suggesting that the cycle lies in a large circle able to host small molecules, thus this compound is a promising candidate for drug delivery studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Music Technology
Authors: d'Escriván Julio
Published: June 2012

Emphasising the creative aspect of music technology, this introduction sets out an overview of the field for music students in a non-scientific and straightforward way. Engaging and user-friendly, the book covers studio concepts: basic audio and the studio workflow, including audio and MIDI recording. It explores synthesisers, samplers and drum machines as well as basic concepts for electronic performance. In considering the role of the DJ, the book addresses remixing and production, drawing upon many examples from the popular music repertoire as well as looking at the studio as an experimental laboratory. The creative workflow involved in music for media is discussed, as well as controllers for performance and the basics of hacking electronics for music. The book as a whole reflects the many exciting areas found today in music technology and aims to set aspiring musicians off on a journey of discovery in electronic music.
Ashes and Sparks
Authors: Sedley Stephen
Published: June 2012

As a practising barrister, the Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Sedley wrote widely on legal and non-legal matters, and continued to do so after becoming a judge in 1992. This anthology contains classic articles, previously unpublished essays and lecture transcripts. To each, he has added reflections on what has transpired since or an explanation of the British legal and political context that originally prompted it. Covering the history, engineering and architecture of the justice system, their common theme relates to the author's experiences as a barrister and judge, most notably in relation to the constitutional changes which have emerged in the last twenty years in the United Kingdom.
Fundamentals of Numerical Weather Prediction
Authors: Coiffier Jean
Published: June 2012

Numerical models have become essential tools in environmental science, particularly in weather forecasting and climate prediction. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques used in these fields, with emphasis on the design of the most recent numerical models of the atmosphere. It presents a short history of numerical weather prediction and its evolution, before describing the various model equations and how to solve them numerically. It outlines the main elements of a meteorological forecast suite, and the theory is illustrated throughout with practical examples of operational models and parameterizations of physical processes. This book is founded on the author's many years of experience, as a scientist at Météo-France and teaching university-level courses. It is a practical and accessible textbook for graduate courses and a handy resource for researchers and professionals in atmospheric physics, meteorology and climatology, as well as the related disciplines of fluid dynamics, hydrology and oceanography.
When Heroes Sing
Authors: Nooter Sarah
Published: June 2012

This book examines the lyrical voice of Sophocles' heroes and argues that their identities are grounded in poetic identity and power. It begins by looking at how voice can be distinguished in Greek tragedy and by exploring ways that the language of tragedy was influenced by other kinds of poetry in late fifth-century Athens. In subsequent chapters, Professor Nooter undertakes close readings of Sophocles' plays to show how the voice of each hero is inflected by song and other markers of lyric poetry. She then argues that the heroes' lyrical voices set them apart from their communities and lend them the authority and abilities of poets. Close analysis of the Greek texts is supplemented by translations and discussions of poetic features more generally, such as apostrophe and address. This study offers new insight into the ways that Sophoclean tragedy inherits and refracts the traditions of other poetic genres.
Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry
Authors: Kellner Charles H.
Published: June 2012

The field of brain stimulation is advancing at rapid pace with a growing number of techniques now approved for the treatment of psychiatric illness. This text acts both as a concise, quick reference for experienced practitioners and a guidebook for residents learning about clinical brain stimulation techniques. The techniques covered include: • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) • Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) • Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) • Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) All aspects of these treatments are covered, from patient selection, through the implementation of the technique, to patient aftercare. Potential future applications are discussed and select, up-to-date reference lists guide practitioners to the most important further reading around each technique. Portable, concise and easy to navigate, covering all the need-to-know information, Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry is essential reading for practitioners, residents and medical students in psychiatry and neurology.
Pragmatic Strategy
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Zhu Zhichang
Published: June 2012

Pragmatism is enjoying a renaissance in management studies and the social sciences. Once written off as amoral, relativist and opposed to the ideals of Truth, Reason and Progress, it is now regaining influence in public policy, international relations and business strategy. But what can pragmatism teach us about strategy? How can pragmatic strategies help businesses to succeed? This innovative book presents a pragmatic framework for shaping and solving strategic problems in a practical, creative, ethical and finely balanced manner. To achieve this, the authors draw from Confucian teaching, American pragmatism and Aristotelian practical wisdom, as well as business cases across industries and nations, particularly from emerging economies. With significant theoretical depth, direct practical implication and profound cultural sensitivity, the book is useful for executive managers, public administrators, strategy researchers and advanced students in the search for pragmatic strategies in an interconnected, fast-moving world.
Travels in Northern Greece
Authors: Leake William Martin
Published: June 2012

William Martin Leake (1777–1860) was a British military officer and classical scholar specialising in reconstructing the topography of ancient cities. He was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815. After his retirement in 1815, he devoted the rest of his life to topographical and classical studies. These volumes, first published in 1835, contain Leake's account of his four extensive journeys across Greece between 1804 and 1810. Using the form of a travelogue, Leake discusses the contemporary Greek and Turkish culture and provides detailed descriptions of ancient archaeological sites and geography. Leake's precise observations and detailed descriptions were influential in shaping the study of classical topography, with these volumes providing valuable information for the ancient sites and contemporary culture of the region. Volume 4 contains the conclusion of his fourth journey between 1809–1810.
Travels in the Morea
Authors: Leake William Martin
Published: June 2012

William Martin Leake (1777–1860) was a British military officer and classical scholar specialising in reconstructing the topography of ancient cities. He was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815. After his retirement in 1815, he devoted the rest of his life to topographical and classical studies. These volumes, first published in 1830, contain Leake's authoritative topographical survey of the Peloponnese. Written in the form of a travelogue describing two journeys Leake undertook in the Peloponnese in 1805 and 1806, these volumes provide detailed descriptions of the ancient archaeological sites and the historical geography of the region. Leake was the first scholar to identify many ancient sites in the Peloponnese, and his precise observations led to these volumes becoming authoritative for the classical archaeological sites of the region. Volume 3 contains the conclusion of his second journey.
Latin American Party Systems
Authors: Kitschelt Herbert , Hawkins Kirk A. , Luna Juan Pablo , Rosas Guillermo , Zechmeister Elizabeth J.
Published: June 2012

Political parties provide a crucial link between voters and politicians. This link takes a variety of forms in democratic regimes, from the organization of political machines built around clientelistic networks to the establishment of sophisticated programmatic parties. Latin American Party Systems provides a novel theoretical argument to account for differences in the degree to which political party systems in the region were programmatically structured at the end of the twentieth century. Based on a diverse array of indicators and surveys of party legislators and public opinion, the book argues that learning and adaptation through fundamental policy innovations are the main mechanisms by which politicians build programmatic parties. Marshalling extensive evidence, the book's analysis shows the limits of alternative explanations and substantiates a sanguine view of programmatic competition, nevertheless recognizing that this form of party system organization is far from ubiquitous and enduring in Latin America.
Colonialism and Postcolonial Development
Authors: Mahoney James
Published: June 2012

In this comparative-historical analysis of Spanish America, Mahoney offers a new theory of colonialism and postcolonial development. He explores why certain kinds of societies are subject to certain kinds of colonialism and why these forms of colonialism give rise to countries with differing levels of economic prosperity and social well-being. Mahoney contends that differences in the extent of colonialism are best explained by the potentially evolving fit between the institutions of the colonizing nation and those of the colonized society. Moreover, he shows how institutions forged under colonialism bring countries to relative levels of development that may prove remarkably enduring in the postcolonial period. The argument is sure to stir discussion and debate, both among experts on Spanish America who believe that development is not tightly bound by the colonial past, and among scholars of colonialism who suggest that the institutional identity of the colonizing nation is of little consequence.
Realist Constructivism
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel
Published: June 2012

Realism and constructivism, two key contemporary theoretical approaches to the study of international relations, are commonly taught as mutually exclusive ways of understanding the subject. Realist Constructivism explores the common ground between the two, and demonstrates that, rather than being in simple opposition, they have areas of both tension and overlap. There is indeed space to engage in a realist constructivism. But at the same time, there are important distinctions between them, and there remains a need for a constructivism that is not realist, and a realism that is not constructivist. Samuel Barkin argues more broadly for a different way of thinking about theories of international relations, that focuses on the corresponding elements within various approaches rather than on a small set of mutually exclusive paradigms. Realist Constructivism provides an interesting new way for scholars and students to think about international relations theory.
Introduction to Nanophotonics
Authors: Gaponenko Sergey V.
Published: June 2012

Nanophotonics is where photonics merges with nanoscience and nanotechnology, and where spatial confinement considerably modifies light propagation and light-matter interaction. Describing the basic phenomena, principles, experimental advances and potential impact of nanophotonics, this graduate-level textbook is ideal for students in physics, optical and electronic engineering and materials science. The textbook highlights practical issues, material properties and device feasibility, and includes the basic optical properties of metals, semiconductors and dielectrics. Mathematics is kept to a minimum and theoretical issues are reduced to a conceptual level. Each chapter ends in problems so readers can monitor their understanding of the material presented. The introductory quantum theory of solids and size effects in semiconductors are considered to give a parallel discussion of wave optics and wave mechanics of nanostructures. The physical and historical interplay of wave optics and quantum mechanics is traced. Nanoplasmonics, an essential part of modern photonics, is also included.
An Introduction to Ethics
Authors: Deigh John
Published: June 2012

This book examines the central questions of ethics through a study of theories of right and wrong that are found in the great ethical works of Western philosophy. It focuses on theories that continue to have a significant presence in the field. The core chapters cover egoism, the eudaimonism of Plato and Aristotle, act and rule utilitarianism, modern natural law theory, Kant's moral theory, and existentialist ethics. Readers will be introduced not only to the main ideas of each theory but to contemporary developments and defenses of those ideas. A final chapter takes up topics in meta-ethics and moral psychology. The discussions throughout draw the reader into philosophical inquiry through argument and criticism that illuminate the profundity of the questions under examination. Students will find this book to be a very helpful guide to how philosophical inquiry is undertaken as well as to what the major theories in ethics hold.
Language, Usage and Cognition
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: June 2012

Language demonstrates structure while also showing considerable variation at all levels: languages differ from one another while still being shaped by the same principles; utterances within a language differ from one another while exhibiting the same structural patterns; languages change over time, but in fairly regular ways. This book focuses on the dynamic processes that create languages and give them their structure and variance. It outlines a theory of language that addresses the nature of grammar, taking into account its variance and gradience, and seeks explanation in terms of the recurrent processes that operate in language use. The evidence is based on the study of large corpora of spoken and written language, what we know about how languages change, as well as the results of experiments with language users. The result is an integrated theory of language use and language change which has implications for cognitive processing and language evolution.
Random Walk: A Modern Introduction
Authors: Lawler Gregory F. , Limic Vlada
Published: June 2012

Random walks are stochastic processes formed by successive summation of independent, identically distributed random variables and are one of the most studied topics in probability theory. This contemporary introduction evolved from courses taught at Cornell University and the University of Chicago by the first author, who is one of the most highly regarded researchers in the field of stochastic processes. This text meets the need for a modern reference to the detailed properties of an important class of random walks on the integer lattice. It is suitable for probabilists, mathematicians working in related fields, and for researchers in other disciplines who use random walks in modeling.
Representations of Groups
Authors: Lux Klaus , Pahlings Herbert
Published: June 2012

The representation theory of finite groups has seen rapid growth in recent years with the development of efficient algorithms and computer algebra systems. This is the first book to provide an introduction to the ordinary and modular representation theory of finite groups with special emphasis on the computational aspects of the subject. Evolving from courses taught at Aachen University, this well-paced text is ideal for graduate-level study. The authors provide over 200 exercises, both theoretical and computational, and include worked examples using the computer algebra system GAP. These make the abstract theory tangible and engage students in real hands-on work. GAP is freely available from www.gap-system.org and readers can download source code and solutions to selected exercises from the book's web page.
Cultural Law
Authors: Nafziger James A. R. , Paterson Robert Kirkwood , Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: June 2012

Cultural law is a new and exciting field of study and practice. The core themes of linguistic and other cultural rights, cultural heritage, traditional crafts and knowledge, the performing arts, sports, and religion are of fundamental importance to people around the world, engaging them at the grass roots and often commanding their daily attention. The related legal processes are both significant and complex. This unique collection of materials and commentary on cultural law covers a broad range of themes. Opening chapters explore critical issues involving cultural activities, artifacts, and status as well as the fundamental concepts of culture and law. Subsequent chapters examine the dynamic interplay of law and culture with respect to each of the core themes. The materials demonstrate the reality and efficacy of comparative, international, and indigenous law and legal practices in the dynamic context of culture-related issues. Throughout the book, these issues are presented at multiple levels of legal authority: international, national, and subnational.
Human Trafficking
Authors: Shelley Louise
Published: June 2012

This book examines all forms of human trafficking globally, revealing the operations of the trafficking business and the nature of the traffickers themselves. Using a historical and comparative perspective, it demonstrates that there is more than one business model of human trafficking and that there are enormous variations in human trafficking in different regions of the world. Drawing on a wide body of academic research - actual prosecuted cases, diverse reports and field work and interviews conducted by the author over the last sixteen years in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Europe and the former socialist countries - Louise Shelley concludes that human trafficking will grow in the twenty-first century as a result of economic and demographic inequalities in the world, the rise of conflicts and possibly global climate change. Coordinated efforts of government, civil society, the business community, multilateral organizations and the media are needed to stem its growth.
International Relations Theory and International Law
Authors: Sinclair Adriana
Published: June 2012

International law is playing an increasingly important role in international politics. However, international relations theorists have thus far failed to conceptualise adequately the role that law plays in politics. Instead, IR theorists have tended to operate with a limited conception of law. An understanding of jurisprudence and legal methodology is a crucial step towards achieving a better account of international law in IR theory. But many of the flaws in IR's idea of law stem also from the theoretical foundations of constructivism - the school of thought which engages most frequently with law. In this book, Adriana Sinclair rehabilitates IR theory's understanding of law, using cases studies from American, English and international law to critically examine contemporary constructivist approaches to IR and show how a gap in their understanding of law has led to inadequate theorisation.
Religion in Legal Thought and Practice
Authors: Lesnick Howard
Published: June 2012

This book examines moral issues in public and private life from a religious but not devotional perspective. Rather than seeking to prove that one belief system or moral stance is right, it undertakes to help readers more fully understand the effect of religious beliefs and practices on ways of conceiving and addressing moral questions, without having to accept or to reject any specific religious outlook. It shows how the similarities between religions and the differences within any one religion are more important than the reverse. The book asks
• Where do moral imperatives come from, and how do the answers found in religion and law interact?
• How does the fact that a moral norm is grounded in religion affect our thinking about it?
• What is the significance of the differences (and similarities) between religious and secular sources of moral norms?
Justice in America
Authors: Peffley Mark , Hurwitz Jon
Published: June 2012

As reactions to the O. J. Simpson verdict, the Rodney King beating, and the Amadou Diallo killing make clear, whites and African Americans in the United States inhabit two different perceptual worlds, with the former seeing the justice system as largely fair and color blind and the latter believing it to be replete with bias and discrimination. The authors tackle two important questions in this book: what explains the widely differing perceptions, and why do such differences matter? They attribute much of the racial chasm to the relatively common personal confrontations that many blacks have with law enforcement – confrontations seldom experienced by whites. More importantly, the authors demonstrate that this racial chasm is consequential: it leads African Americans to react much more cynically to incidents of police brutality and racial profiling, and also to be far more skeptical of punitive anti-crime policies ranging from the death penalty to three-strikes laws.
Capitalism Reassessed
Authors: Pryor Frederic L.
Published: June 2012

Capitalism Reassessed provides a broad view of different types of advanced capitalist economic systems and is based on an empirical analysis of twenty-one OECD nations. The book looks at why capitalism developed in Western Europe rather than elsewhere. It shows the close influences of the cultural system on the economic system. The analysis compares the economic and social performance of the capitalist economic systems along a variety of economic and social criteria. It also analyzes how capitalism will change in the twenty-first century.
Ordering Power
Authors: Slater Dan
Published: June 2012

Like the postcolonial world more generally, Southeast Asia exhibits tremendous variation in state capacity and authoritarian durability. Ordering Power draws on theoretical insights dating back to Thomas Hobbes to develop a unified framework for explaining both of these political outcomes. States are especially strong and dictatorships especially durable when they have their origins in 'protection pacts': broad elite coalitions unified by shared support for heightened state power and tightened authoritarian controls as bulwarks against especially threatening and challenging types of contentious politics. These coalitions provide the elite collective action underpinning strong states, robust ruling parties, cohesive militaries, and durable authoritarian regimes - all at the same time. Comparative-historical analysis of seven Southeast Asian countries (Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Vietnam, and Thailand) reveals that subtly divergent patterns of contentious politics after World War II provide the best explanation for the dramatic divergence in Southeast Asia's contemporary states and regimes.
Evolution, Creationism, and the Battle to Control America's Classrooms
Authors: Berkman Michael , Plutzer Eric
Published: June 2012

Who should decide what children are taught in school? This question lies at the heart of the evolution-creation wars that have become a regular feature of the US political landscape. Ever since the 1925 Scopes 'monkey trial' many have argued that the people should decide by majority rule and through political institutions; others variously point to the federal courts, educational experts, or scientists as the ideal arbiter. Berkman and Plutzer illuminate who really controls the nation's classrooms. Based on their innovative survey of 926 high school biology teachers they show that the real power lies with individual educators who make critical decisions in their own classrooms. Broad teacher discretion sometimes leads to excellent instruction in evolution. But the authors also find evidence of strong creationist tendencies in America's public high schools. More generally, they find evidence of a systematic undermining of science and the scientific method in many classrooms.
A Photographic Atlas of Selected Regions of the Milky Way
Authors: Barnard Edward Emerson , Dobek Gerald Orin
Published: June 2012

Edward Emerson Barnard's Photographic Atlas of Selected Regions of the Milky Way was originally published in two volumes in 1927. Together, these volumes contained a wealth of information, including photographic plates of the most interesting portions of the Milky Way, descriptive text, charts and data. Only 700 copies were printed, making the original edition a collector's item. Reproduced in print for the first time, this edition combines both volumes of Barnard's Atlas. It directly replicates Barnard's text, and contains high-resolution images of the original photographic plates and charts, reordered so that they can be seen together. It also includes a biography of Barnard and his work, a Foreword and Addendum by Gerald Orin Dobek describing the importance of the Atlas and additions to this volume, and a pull-out section with a mosaic of all 50 plates combined in a single panorama.
Marketing Intelligent Design
Authors: Ravitch Frank S.
Published: June 2012

Recently a new battle has emerged between science and religion. The battle has focused on intelligent design (ID) and the numerous legal, philosophical and educational concerns surrounding it. Resolution of these concerns centers on two questions: Is ID science? And is ID religion? Despite the fact that ID does not meet the standards of scientific rigor, ID proponents have been able to create a remarkably well-designed marketing plan aimed at imposing a theistic naturalism in schools and scientific discourse. Both the ID movement and some of its most vociferous opponents have a vested interest in suggesting that science, especially evolutionary biology, and religion are incompatible. This book presents a philosophical and legal counterpoint by demonstrating the compatibility between religion and evolutionary biology and the incompatibility between ID and mainstream science.
Introduction to Finite Element Vibration Analysis
Authors: Petyt Maurice
Published: June 2012

This is an introduction to the mathematical basis of finite element analysis as applied to vibrating systems. Finite element analysis is a technique that is very important in modeling the response of structures to dynamic loads. Although this book assumes no previous knowledge of finite element methods, those who do have knowledge will still find the book to be useful. It can be utilised by aeronautical, civil, mechanical, and structural engineers as well as naval architects. This second edition includes information on the many developments that have taken place over the last twenty years. Existing chapters have been expanded where necessary, and three new chapters have been included that discuss the vibration of shells and multi-layered elements and provide an introduction to the hierarchical finite element method.
Women and Family in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Holloway Susan D.
Published: June 2012

Japanese women, singled out for their commitment to the role of housewife and mother, are now postponing marriage and bearing fewer children. Japan has become one of the least fertile and fastest aging countries in the world. Why are so many Japanese women opting out of family life? To answer this question, the author draws on in-depth interviews and extensive survey data to examine Japanese mothers' perspectives and experiences of marriage, parenting, and family life. The goal is to understand how, as introspective, self-aware individuals, these women interpret and respond to the barriers and opportunities afforded within the structural and ideological contexts of contemporary Japan. The findings suggest a need for changes in the structure of the workplace and the education system to provide women with the opportunity to find a fulfilling balance of work and family life.
Introductory Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Katz Joseph
Published: June 2012

The objective of this introductory text is to familiarise students with the basic elements of fluid mechanics so that they will be familiar with the jargon of the discipline and the expected results. At the same time, this book serves as a long-term reference text, contrary to the oversimplified approach occasionally used for such introductory courses. The second objective is to provide a comprehensive foundation for more advanced courses in fluid mechanics (within disciplines such as mechanical or aerospace engineering). In order to avoid confusing the students, the governing equations are introduced early, and the assumptions leading to the various models are clearly presented. This provides a logical hierarchy and explains the interconnectivity between the various models. Supporting examples demonstrate the principles and provide engineering analysis tools for many engineering calculations.
Prehistoric Rock Art
Authors: Bahn Paul G.
Published: June 2012

Paul G. Bahn provides a richly illustrated overview of prehistoric rock art and cave art from around the world. Summarizing the recent advances in our understanding of this extraordinary visual record, he discusses new discoveries, new approaches to recording and interpretation, and current problems in conservation. Bahn focuses in particular on current issues in the interpretation of rock art, notably the 'shamanic' interpretation that has been influential in recent years and that he refutes. This book is based on the Rhind Lectures that the author delivered for the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 2006.