bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXV-20 Pilot Study: How does horse and rider vital signs respond to participation in an equine assisted psychotherapy and learning outpatient collegiate substance use recovery program?
Authors: Holtcamp Katie , Nicodemus Molly , Phillips Tommy , Christiansen David , Ryan Peter , Rude Brian , Galarneau Karen
Published: October 2021

While research supporting the psychological benefits of equine assisted psychotherapy and learning (EAPL) is expanding, little is known about the physiological impact this therapy has on the human and horse. The physical activity for younger adults may hold promise where other therapies have failed, but can this form of exercise therapy be physically demanding on the participant? Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure physiological responses of horse and human for those participating in an EAPL outpatient collegiate recovery program for substance use disorder (SUD). This pilot study assessed humans (n = 4) and horses (n = 5) participating in a collegiate recovery community EAPL SUD program. The six-week program included riding and ground activities for 1 hr/wk. Vital signs (heart and respiratory rates and pain rating) were recorded weekly at the beginning and end of each session. Human pain rating used the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and equines used the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain (EQUUS-FAP). T-tests were performed comparing measurements at the beginning and end of each session (P = 0.05). Pearson Correlations were used to determine relationships between human and horse vital signs. While no changes were seen in human heart rate, a significant decrease in respiratory rates and pain scores was found by the end of the session (Table 1). Horse heart and respiratory rates and EQUUS-FAP scores increased. A moderate correlation was determined for human and horse respiration rates (r=0.65, P = 0.00). Correlations became weaker when evaluating the other vital signs (Heart Rates: r=0.54, P = 0.00; Pain Rating Scores: r=0.27, P = 0.17). While relationships between horse and human vital signs were limited, it is important to note the differences in how the two physiologically respond to EAPL suggesting further research beyond this pilot study may be needed to investigate the physical demand of EAPL on the horse.
PSXV-18 Dynamics of steroid hormones in young fine harness horses during the preparatory period of the race-course training
Authors: Zinovieva Svetlana A , Markin Sergey S , Kozlov Sergey A
Published: October 2021

The aim of the study was to determine the dynamics of steroid hormones (pg /ml) in 2-year-old mares and stallions. During preparatory training, at rest, stallions and mares had similar testosterone levels (0,98±0,745-0,82±0,013), estradiol (21.18±5.05–22.50±3.01) and cortisol (90.17±2.11–83.26±2.48), respectively. In response to submaximal power, stallions and mares expend their reserves uneconomically, expressed in an increase of testosterone (9.54±0.353 – 19.59±1.85) and cortisol (203.07±8.70 -245.57±18.60). The estradiol in stallions fell 27% to 16,68±3,01, and in mares increased by 9% (24.50±0,89). At the end of the preparatory period, stallions showed increase in testosterone by 13 (to 13.47±2,21), cortisol 1.5 times (139,12 ±of 12.97), a fall in estradiol levels 5.3 times (to 4.00± 1,72). The content of testosterone in mares increased by 8.6 times (to 7.09±0.97), cortisol by 2.2 times (to 185.24±3.78), and estradiol fell by 6.8 times (to 3.30±0.84). The swing movement at the end of the preparatory period caused a significantly (P ≥ 0.999) less increase in testosterone in stallions (up to 2.63±0.42) and mares (9.39±3.09) in contrast to the previous period. The cortisol content in stallions increased by 88% (to 381.5±17.3), in mares by 384% (to 711.80±47.50). Estradiol concentration decreased 10-fold in stallions (to 1.40±0.576; P ≥ 0.999), and 3.5-fold (to 6.94±0.829; P ≥ 0.999) in mares. Conclusion: the training is sufficient for adaptation of stallions to the racetrack. For mares, the duration of the preparatory training is not sufficient.
PSVI-29 Late-Breaking: Exposure to 1.8 mM choline chloride does not impact development to the blastocyst stage or pregnancy rate after transfer for embryos produced in vitro
Authors: Haimon McKenzie L , Estrada-Cortés Eliab , Amaral Thiago F , Jeensuk Surawich , Sosa Froylan , Bittar João , Block Jeremy , Heredia Daniella C , Gonella-Diaza Angela Maria M , Di Lorenzo Nicolas , Hansen Peter J
Published: October 2021

Choline is a nutrient that plays a role as a precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, and the methyl donor betaine. Embryos produced in vitro are usually cultured without an exogenous choline source. We hypothesized that exposure to 1.8 mM choline chloride would increase percent of embryos becoming blastocysts in culture and pregnancy rate after transfer of embryos into recipients. A total of 39 Brahman and Senepol donors were used to produce embryos for transfer into recipient crossbred females. Donors were assigned to have their embryos cultured in either 1.8 mM choline chloride or, as a control, 1.8 mM extra NaCl. The percent of oocytes cleaved were measured 3 days after insemination and percent blastocyst at day 7.5. Embryos were transferred into recipient cows and pregnancy was diagnosed at 28–31 days of gestation and then confirmed at 50–56 days. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Treatment did not affect cleavage rate (67.3 + 1.6 vs 68.6 + 1.6% for choline vs control; P = .0.5632) or percent of cleaved embryos becoming blastocysts (17.6 + 1.3 vs 18.1 + 1.3%; P = 0.5355). Similarly, there was no effect of treatment on pregnancy days 28–31 [42.5% (48/113 cows) vs 47.3% (54/114 cows) for choline vs control; P = 0.4339] or at days 50–56 [39.1% (36/92) vs 38.5% (32/83); P = 0.5348]. In summary, 1.8 mM choline chloride does not impact embryo development to the blastocyst stage or pregnancy establishment. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the phenotype of the subsequent calves to determine whether early exposure to choline has consequences for postnatal function. Support: USDA-NIFA 2020-67015-30821.
PSX-A-7 Late-Breaking: Correlation of mitochondrial membrane potential and rough motility scores in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa
Authors: Clark Lauren , Waddell Jolena N , Roper David , Smith William B , Runyan Cheyenne L
Published: October 2021

Spermatozoon motility is an important factor in successful artificial reproductive technologies. Successful reproduction requires properly developed spermatozoa with adequate forward, progressive motility that allows for transport through the female reproductive tract. Motility is driven by production of ATP; however, cryopreservation is known to have damaging effects on spermatozoa. Mitochondria utilize oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP through an electrochemical proton motive force that is composed primarily of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). The mitochondrial membrane potential can be measured using a fluorescent, carbocyanine JC-1 dye (5,5’,6,6’-tetrachloro-1,1’,3,3’-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolylcarbocyanine iodide). The objective of this study was to examine correlations between the mitochondrial membrane potential and motility score. Cryopreserved semen samples from three bulls were donated to Tarleton State University for research purposes. Samples were thawed, placed under a phase contrast microscope, and analyzed by three individuals with varying levels of training for rough motility. These samples were then prepared with JC-1 dye according to manufacturer’s instructions. Two microliters of dye were added to a stock preparation of each sample. Samples were examined on a FACS Calibur flow cytometer at University of Texas Southwestern Core in Dallas, TX. Flow cytometry analysis was performed using FlowJo V10.7. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS v9.4. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a strong, positive correlation (r = 0.90) between the mitochondrial membrane potential and motility (P = 0.28), thus indicating as the mitochondrial membrane potential increases, so does the rough motility score. These data represent a subset of a population that demonstrates the need of further research on the ability for spermatozoa to produce ATP and the correlation in forward, progressive motility. This research can provide a foundation in which future researchers may develop an assay that allows for testing of mitochondrial membrane potential by producers to select bulls with greater breeding potential.
PSX-A-14 Late-Breaking: Lipid digestibility of a rumen-protected fatty acids product
Authors: Russi Juan P , Relling Alejandro E
Published: October 2021

The development of a rumen-protected fatty acid (RPFA) product can make the product undigestible in the small intestine. The objective of this experiment was to measure the digestibility of two prototype feeds RPFA enriched with omega-3. Twenty-four Leghorn cockerels (85-week-old, 2.5 kg body weight) were individually caged and assigned randomly to 4 treatments, with 6 cockerels per treatment. Cockerels were fasted for 24 h and after this period the cockerels were tube fed 40 g of 4 different treatment diets: T1) 80% corn and 20% crystalline cellulose, T2) 80% corn and 20% unprotected RPFA, T3) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 3 hours, and T4) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 6 hours. The RUPFA ingredients were 55% modified soy lecithin, 40% fish oil, 5% dextrose. The protection treatment of RPFA is described in the pending patent (US 2020/0197346 A1). After 48 h all the excreta from the cockerels was collected and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 72 h. Dried excreta samples and diets were analyzed for total lipids. Data were analyzed as complete randomized block design using linear mixed model. Lipid digestibility was different for treatments (P < 0.01). Lipid digestibility was lesser (P < 0.01) for T1 compared with T2, T3, and T4 (87.6% vs 96.8%, 95.5%, and 96.4% (± 0.34) for T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively). There were no differences (P > 0.1) between T2, T3, and T4. We conclude from these data that the processing of the RPFA product does not change the digestibility of the lipids in non-ruminants.
PSX-A-20 Late-Breaking: Potential prebiotic effect of canola meal non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysis products in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Koo Bonjin , Holanda Debora , Nyachoti Martin , Lee Jinyoung
Published: October 2021

Enzymatically derived non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysis products (HP) may modulate enteric health outcomes in piglets. Thus, responses of weaned piglets to an oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) when fed diets containing canola meal (CM) HP were investigated. The HP were obtained by incubating CM with a multi-carbohydrase (MC) blend. Thirty-five weaned piglets (8.08 ± 0.34 Kg BW) were individually assigned in a completely randomized design to 1 of 5 treatments: UCC (unchallenged control), NC (negative control challenged with ETEC), PC (NC + 0.1% AGP), HP1 (NC + 0.25% HP), HP2 (NC + 0.5% HP). After a seven-day adaptation period, piglets in the UCC group received 5 ml of PBS, whereas those in all other groups were orally challenged with 5 ml (5 × 106 CFU/mL) of ETEC F4. On d 14 all piglets were euthanized for tissue sampling. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4, with the individual pig as the experimental unit. During the post-challenge period, piglets fed NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) G: F than those fed the PC, whereas the G: F was higher (P < 0.05) for piglets fed the HP-containing diets than that of piglets fed the NC diet. Piglets fed diets containing HP showed lower (P < 0.05) jejunum pH and fecal scores than piglets fed the NC diet. For gene expressions, the HP groups showed a greater level of toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) compared with NC group (P < 0.05). For the HP groups, HP1 had a higher (P < 0.05) level of TLR2 than HP2 treatment. Feeding HP resulted in lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the colon of piglets compared with feeding with NC (P < 0.05). In conclusion, piglets fed diets with CM HP exhibited less severe ETEC-enteritis and had similar effects with AGP.
PSX-A-25 Late-Breaking: The Effects of Chronic Endotoxinemia on Rectal and Subcutaneous Temperature in Wethers
Authors: Renwick Allison , Daniel Jay A , Whitlock Brian K
Published: October 2021

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is responsible for inflammation and fever resulting from infections associated with gram-negative bacteria. Twenty-two wethers underwent a chronic LPS challenge in which they were assigned to one of five groups – control (CON; saline IV daily; n=4), single acute dose (SAD; 400 ng/kg bw on D1 and saline D2-7 IV; n=4), daily acute dose (DAD; 400 ng/kg bw IV; n=5), daily increasing dose (DID; 400 ng/kg bw with 20% increase each day IV; n=5), and subcutaneous steady dose (SSD; 20 ug /kg bw per day SQ; n=4). Wethers were equipped with subcutaneous temperature (SCT) sensors (data analyzed hourly; -1 to 148 h) and rectal temperatures (RT) were determined multiple times a day for six days (-1 to 147 h). Two-way ANOVA was completed using SAS v9.4 (Cary, NC) on both the SCT and RT data. There was an effect of treatment, time and an interaction of time and treatment (all P < 0.0001) on RT. Rectal temperature was greater than CON (38.9°C) in SAD (40.5°C), DAD (40.5°C), and DID (40.9°C) groups 3 h after treatment on D1, and the SSD (40.5°C) by 5 h after treatment on D1. While the greatest RT was at 5 h after treatment on D1 for SAD (41.1°C), DAD (41.3°C) and DID (41.8°C) groups. Compared to CON (~38.6°C), RT was increased 3 h after treatment administration on D2 (40.1°C), D3 (39.9°C), D5 (40.1°C), and D6 (39.9°C) for DAD and on D2 (40.1°C) and D5 (39.9°C) for DID. For SCT, there were effects of treatment and time (P < 0.0001), but no interaction (P = 1.00). The SSD group had the greatest SCT (38.3°C) followed by DID (37.7°C), DAD (37.5°C), SAD (37.3°C) and CON (36.9°C). Overall, chronic endotoxin did induce an increase in RT and SCT, but differently with RT changing over time.
PSX-A-11 Late-Breaking: Effects of phytogenic supplementation on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in nursery pigs challenged with E. coli
Authors: Maniyar Rachita , Koo Bonjin , Holanda Debora , Yang Chengbo , O Karmin , Nyachoti Martin
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the health-promoting effects of red osier dogwood (ROD) extract as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Twenty-eight weaned piglets (9.15±0.95 kg BW) confirmed to genetically susceptible to ETEC were individually assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were, negative control (NC), corn-wheat soybean meal diet with no additives; positive control (PC), NC plus antibiotics; ROD1, NC plus 0.1% ROD extract; ROD2, NC plus 0.2% ROD extract. Piglets were orally challenged on d 7 with ETEC F4. Feed disappearance, body weight, fecal score, and rectal temperature were recorded. On d 14, piglets were euthanized to collect intestinal tissue samples for histomorphology and Ussing chamber analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using individual piglet as the experimental unit. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in histomorphology and intestinal permeability. Piglets fed the NC diet tended (P < 0.10) to have higher average daily gain, post-inoculation than those fed ROD1 or ROD2. Fecal score of piglets fed the PC diet tended to (P < 0.10) or was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than for piglets fed ROD1 or ROD2 on 0 and 2 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. On 0 dpi, piglets fed the ROD1 diet had significantly higher (P < 0.05) body temperature than those fed PC or ROD2. In conclusion, ROD extract supplementation might have some health-promoting effects on ETEC challenged piglets but could not improve gut health to the same extent as antibiotics.
PSX-A-12 Late-Breaking: Effects of Renergy™ on ruminal fermentation in steers fed a high-grain diet
Authors: Heldt Jeff S , Hallmark Harrison , Loh Huey Yi , Crane Sara , Tangredi Briana V , Thomas Tyler A , Gifford Ryan J , Thorndyke Meghan P , Guimaraes Octavio , Engle Terry E
Published: October 2021

Renergy™ is a proprietary blend of organic acids with a proposed mode of action of increasing ruminal propionate production. Little is known about the efficacy of Renergy™ supplementation in modifying ruminal fermentation in beef cattle consuming high-grain diets. Therefore, eight Angus steers (BW 531.7 ± 20.4 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the effects of Renergy™ on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Steers were fed a high concentrate diet (DM basis: 13.6% CP, 1.38 Mcal/kg NEg, and 2.02 Mcal/kg NEm) with no monensin sodium or tylosin phosphate added to the diet for 30 d prior to the initiation of the experiment. Treatments consisted of control (CON; no supplemental Renergy™) and Renergy (REN) fed at 27.6 g.animal-1.d-1 (n = 4 steers/treatment; experimental unit = animal). Following the 30 d diet adaptation period, dietary treatments were initiated for 28-d. On day 28, rumen fluid was collected at 3 h post feeding and analyzed for VFA, pH, and NH3. Ruminal pH (P = 0.62) and NH3 (P = 0.56) were unaffected by treatment. However, total VFA (P = 0.05) and propionate (P = 0.03) production were increased by Renergy, 13.3% and 25.7% respectively. There was a tendency (P = 0.14) for acetate production to be increased 10.9% in steers supplemented with Renergy™. Butyrate was unaffected (P = 0.51) by treatment. However, isobutyrate production was lower (P < 0.01) in steers receiving Renergy™. Feeding Renergy™ also resulted in 25% less (P = 0.07) L-lactate production. Under conditions of this experiment, results indicate that supplementing Renergy™ for 28d to beef cattle consuming high concentrate diets impacts ruminal fermentation 3 h post feeding.
PSX-A-6 Late-Breaking: Conventional vs Heritage cattle supplement intake, weight-gains, and body condition scores on Chihuahuan desert pasture
Authors: McIntosh Matthew M , Estell Richard , Cibils Andres , Cox Andrew , Nyamuryekung’e Shelemia , Duni Danielle , Duff Glenn C , Spiegal Sheri , Brandani Carolina , Utsumi Santiago , Gouvêa Vinícius N
Published: October 2021

Use of adapted beef cattle biotypes is gaining momentum as a novel management strategy for limiting the environmental footprint of ranching and adapting to climate change in the southwest. We compared supplement intake (SI), calf birthweights, cow weights, and body condition scores (BCS) of desert-adapted Brangus (BR; n = 15) vs. Raramuri Criollo (RC; n = 28) cows in four adjacent pastures (1098±85 ha) for three months (Mar 7 – Jun 9, 2020) using ANOVA for a RCBD (significance at P < 0.05). Cows had ad libitum access to 18% crude protein lick tubs in all pastures, which were weighed weekly to determine SI. Brangus cows had greater SI than RC, both overall (BR: 0.21±0.04 vs. RC: 0.08±0.03 kg×cow×d-1) and on a metabolic bodyweight basis (BR: 2.31±0.09 vs. RC: 0.95±0.09 g×kg0.75). All cows were bred to Brangus bulls and calf birth weights were not different between biotypes (BR: 31.5 ± 1.0; RC: 29.6±0.9 kg). Brangus cows weighed more at the beginning (535.0±14.8 kg) and end (582.2±14.5 kg) of the study compared to RC (beginning: 345.5±11.8 kg; end: 357.0±12.0 kg). Percent of bodyweight change was not different between biotypes (BR: 8.51±2.35; RC: 2.85±1.81 %). On a 1 to 5 scale, BCS of Brangus (4.06±0.09) was greater than RC (3.18 ± 0.07) at the onset of the study, but biotypes had similar BCS at the end of the trial (BR: 4.09 ± 0.09; RC: 3.89±0.08). Our preliminary results indicate that lighter RC cows were capable of gaining bodyweight and improving BCS with reduced SI, both overall and on a metabolic bodyweight basis. This finding may reflect lower nutrient requirements, better relative efficiencies and lesser grazing impacts on desert rangelands by RC cattle. Future studies will seek to replicate these breed-comparison trials over multiple years, research sites, and supply chains, with an emphasis on overall systems production efficiency and sustainability.
PSX-A-3 Late-Breaking: Analysis of serum chemistry for metabolic function in GnRH-II receptor knockdown and littermate control boars
Authors: Ross Caitlin E , Desaulniers Amy T , Cederberg Rebecca A , Mills Ginger A , Lents Clay A , White Brett R
Published: October 2021

Pigs are the only livestock species encoding functional proteins for both the second form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-II) and its receptor (GnRHR-II), which are uniquely expressed in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. To examine the physiological role of the GnRH-II/GnRHR-II system, we produced a swine line with reduced endogenous levels of GnRHR-II (GnRHR-II KD); males exhibit 70% diminished testicular GnRHR-II mRNA levels and 82% reduced circulating testosterone concentrations. Given that testosterone impacts metabolism, blood was collected from GnRHR-II KD (n = 5) and littermate control (n = 5) boars via indwelling jugular catheters, with serum isolated and subjected to veterinary diagnostic panels for metabolic analyte examination (PhysLab, Lincoln, NE). Statistical analyses utilized the MIXED procedure of SAS; the model included line as fixed and litter as random effects. Creatine kinase and blood urea nitrogen (BUN):creatinine ratios were elevated, creatinine was reduced (P < 0.01), and thyroxine tended to be decreased (P < 0.10) in GnRHR-II KD compared with control boars. Glucose, BUN, amylase, and lipase levels were not different. Liver products differed in transgenic versus control boars; levels of lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST; ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were higher, whereas AST:ALT ratios, total protein, albumin, and globulin levels were lower (P < 0.05) in GnRHR-II KD boars. Albumin:globulin ratios and bilirubin (total and direct) did not differ. Additionally, serum cholesterol was decreased (P < 0.05), non-high density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low density lipoproteins (LDLs) tended to be decreased (P < 0.10), and triglycerides, HDLs, and cholesterol:HDL ratios did not differ between GnRHR-II KD and control males. These data suggest metabolic disruption in GnRHR-II KD boars, which may be due to suppressed gonadal steroidogenesis or ubiquitous knockdown of GnRHR-II expression. Supported by USDA/NIFA AFRI (2017-67015-26508) and Hatch Multistate (NEB-26–244) funds. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSXV-28 Late-Breaking: Impact of beef genotypes and finishing systems on beef consumer acceptability and the effect of demographic factors on consumer sensory preferences
Authors: de Faria Maciel Isabella Cristina F , Schweihofer Jeannine P , Fenton Jenifer I , Hodbod Jennifer , McKendree Melissa , Cassida Kim , Rodrigues Patricia , Rowntree Jason E
Published: October 2021

Beef genotypes and diets can improve the eating quality and consistency of beef. A 2-yr study was conducted to evaluate the effects of beef genotypes and diet on consumer acceptability of beef. Steaks were from Red Angus (RA) and RA x Akaushi (AK) crossbreed, fed one of two finishing systems: grazing (GRASS) and feedlot (GRAIN). Consumers (n = 105 in each year) evaluated cooked steaks for flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability using a 9-point hedonic scale. Demographical information was collected and used as covariates in the statistical model. There was no difference in sensory attributes (P > 0.05) between the genotypes, except that steaks from AK tended to be juicier than RA (P = 0.06). Sensory attributes were scored better in GRAIN than GRASS beef (P < 0.01) for all variables. There was a genotype by system interaction for flavor (P = 0.02), where beef from RA had a lower flavor rating in GRASS than in GRAIN, and no difference was observed for AK. Demographic effects showed that gender and beef consumption location had significant effects on flavor. Flavor scores were higher for females than males (6.1 vs 5.7, P = 0.02), and higher from consumers who eat beef in restaurants than consumers who do not eat beef in restaurants (6.6 vs 5.3, P < 0.01). Juiciness scores were impacted by the frequency of beef consumption. Panelists who eat beef once every 2–3 weeks rated the steaks juicier than those who eat beef once every 2–3 months (6.5 vs 4.3, P = 0.04), and consumers who eat grass-fed beef twice a year rated the steaks worse than those who eat it less than once a year (P = 0.02). Our results suggest that the beef finishing system had a marked impact on consumer acceptability, and AK might produce meat juicier than RA. Some demographic factors may influence consumer perceptions of beef.
PSXV-26 Late-Breaking: Effects of feeding haylage on the reproductive performance of 2-year-old beef cattle raised in a sustainable production system at Berea college farm
Authors: Winspare Madison , Baptiste Quinn , Knights Marlon , Harned Robert , Dean Zen
Published: October 2021

Effects of winter feeding haylage on the growth and reproductive performance of late weaned, summer breeding, rotationally grazed, selectively bred mixed breed cattle (n =90) raised at Berea College Farm during 2015 to 2021 were evaluated. Cattle were grouped based on the year in which they turned 2 years old (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021). The 2017 group alone was not fed haylage. Initial data indicated that maintenance of a pre-ruminant gastrointestinal tract during the early developmental years under our management is the main factor impacting cattle performance. Indeed, despite similar birth weights, weaning and yearling weights were numerically higher in 2018 and 2019 compared to 2017 cattle. Significantly higher weaning and yearling weights (264.47 vs 229.37kg and 306.60 vs 253.03kg; P < 0.05) were observed in 2020 versus 2017 cattle, respectively. Additionally, 2018 (426.83kg) but not 2019 (387.38kg) cattle had higher (P < 0.05) liveweights than 2017 (398.93kg) cattle at yearling pregnancy check. At the 2nd breeding, 2018 cattle maintained numerically higher weights than 2019. However, the higher liveweights observed for 2018 cattle compared to that of 2017 cattle at the yearling pregnancy check, was reversed in the following year at the 2-year-old pregnancy check. Consequently, pregnancy rates at the yearling pregnancy check did not differ (89.47 vs 91.67%) but numerically lower retention (31.8 vs 50%) and pregnancy rates (50 vs 75%) were observed for 2018 cattle than 2017 cattle by the 2-year-old pregnancy check, respectively. Additionally, 55% the 2018 cattle displayed ovarian activity and 50% of the 2019 cattle displayed estrus prior bull introduction. In 2019 cattle, 92% were cyclic before introduction of the bull and a 91% estrus response was detected during the breeding season. Feeding haylage promoted growth and reproductive performance of cattle but apparently did not alleviate 2019 drought induced dystocia occurrences during 2020 and 2021 calving seasons.
PSXV-29 Late-Breaking: Investigating use of machine learning algorithms to predict days in herd for commercial beef cattle
Authors: Manafiazar Ghader , Riazi Mohammad , Basarab John A , Li Changxi , Stothard Paul , Plastow Graham
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to explore the potential of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to increase the accuracy of predicting individual days in the herd (an indicator of stayability) using reproductive records and genomic information. A total of 6943 cows from 3 herds with reproductive performance were included in the study from which 696 cows had genomic information (genotyped using Illumina Bovine 50k SNP BeadChip). Different libraries based on R and Python were used to test various ML models including Lazy Predict, Scikit-learn, PyCaret, and H2O Flow. Genomic information was subjected to quality control by removing SNPs with an allele frequency less than 0.05 or with a call rate lower than 0.95. A total of 42,689 SNP remained for further analysis and accounted for 11% of phenotypic variation (heritability of 0.11±0.02) in DIH. Different numbers of SNPs (500 SNPs, 1K, 5K, 10K, and 15K) were selected based on their contribution to phenotypic variation from GWAS and were included in the models. Model performance measures, such as mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square of error (MSE), worsened with increased SNPs in the model. Bayesian Ridge algorithm using 500 top SNPs contributed to the phenotypic variance, had the best performance to predict DIH with MAE of 612.6 and R2 of 0.52 in the training population using PyCaret program. When BWT and WWT were added to the model, in addition to SNPs, little change was observed in the model’s performance. Overall, we concluded that ML models had better performance compared to the conventional modeling approach and genomic analysis; CatBoost model had 55% lower mean square of error compared to the simple linear regression (734650 vs 1637410). The results suggest that ML tools have the potential to improve the accuracy of predicting DIH compared to simple linear regression and conventional genomic analysis.
PSXVI-28 Late-Breaking: Effects of Preconditioning (Value Added Programs) on the Health, Performance, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida in Cattle Received on Winter Wheat Pasture
Authors: Brooks Josiah M , Randall Jennifer , Steiner Robert , Briggs Robert , Duff Glenn C
Published: October 2021

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a persistent health problem impacting the beef industry. Research shows improved health and performance in preconditioned (PRECON) calves compared with nonpreconditioned (NONPRE) or commingled (COMM) calves received in the feedlot but little research has been focused on calves received on winter wheat pasture prior to feedlot entry. Our objective for this presentation is to investigate the effects of preconditioning on the health and performance of newly received beef calves on winter wheat pasture. Mixed breed steers (n = 145) were purchased from an auction barn in Dalhart, Texas, as PRECON (n = 70) or NONPRE (n = 75) and were transported to the Clayton Livestock Research Center in Clayton, New Mexico, for this 112-d study trial. Three treatments were used in this completely randomized design: PRECON (n = 50), NONPRE (n = 50) and COMM (n = 45). Upon arrival, steers were offloaded into separate pens. On d 0, steers were processed using a standard health protocol along with collection of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, randomly allocated to treatment, and released onto a 120-acre winter wheat pasture split into three paddocks with a common water source; weights were collected again on d 2, 90, and 112. There were no statistical differences in morbidity and mortality rates between treatments. Weight gain was analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS from d 0 to d 90. COMM steers had greater weight gains than PRECON (P = 0.04) and NONPRE (P = 0.02) steers. NP swabs were used to show the distribution of Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) serotype A1, A2, and A6 and Pasteurella multocida (PM) by day and by treatment. No statistical differences were observed in serotype distribution of MH A1, A2, or A6 or in PM. PRECON steers displayed no health or performance advantage over NONPRE or COMM steers.
PSXVI-29 Late-Breaking: Effect of dietary organic acids supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in weaned pigs
Authors: Lee Jinyoung , Kim Jong Woong , Hall Heidi , Nyachoti Martin
Published: October 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different organic acid (OA) mixtures on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in weaned pigs. A total of 56 weaned pigs (7.93 ± 1.04 kg BW) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicates per treatment for a 35-d study conducted over two phases; phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and phase 2 (d 14 to 35). Each pen had two pigs balanced for sex. Diets consisted of 1) a corn-soybean meal-basal without any additive (negative control, NC); 2) NC + formic and propionic acids (TRT1); 3) NC + butyric, formic, and propionic acids (TRT2); and 4) NC + antibiotic (positive control, PC). Individual pig body weight and feed disappearance were recorded weekly. At the end of each phase, blood and feces were sampled. The female pig in each pen was euthanized on d 35 to collect digesta and intestinal tissue. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. During the overall period, ADG tended to be lower (P = 0.069) in the TRT2 group than in the PC group. Diet had no effect on ADFI during the overall period, but G:F of pigs fed the PC and TRT1 diets tended to be higher (P = 0.059) than that of the NC diet. No effects of OA supplementation were observed on nutrient digestibility and blood cytokine. Jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in TRT1-fed pigs than that of NC-fed pigs. Pigs fed the TRT2 diet had a higher (P < 0.05) fecal abundance of Bifidobacteria than those fed the PC diet in phase 1. In conclusion, dietary OA supplementation had positive effects on growth performance and gut health but no effect on nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs.
PSVI-22 Comparison of quality characteristics, palatability, and serum biochemical parameters between normal and PSE-like condition chickens
Authors: Lee Boin , Kim Jae Yeong , Choi Young Min
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to compare the meat quality traits, palatability, and serum biochemical parameters between normal and pale, soft, and exudative (PSE)-like condition chickens to better understand the mechanisms leading to impairment of meat quality. A total of 60 commercial broilers were obtained at the same slaughterhouse in three batches (20 chickens per batch). During exsanguination, the blood glucose (BG) levels were immediately measured and obtained plasma samples were used for the measurements of serum biochemical parameters, including calcium, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and serotonin. After 24 h postmortem, the meat quality measurements were conducted using the whole left pectoralis major (PM) muscles, and chickens were then classified into normal and PSE-like condition (L* > 53 and pH24 h < 5.7) groups. The right PM muscles were used for the sensory quality evaluation. As expected, marked differences were observed in pH 24 h (5.86 vs. 5.63, P < 0.001) and lightness (50.9 vs. 57.0, P < 0.001) between the Normal and PSE-like conditions. Moreover, the PSE group showed a higher cooking loss compared to the Normal group (13.9 vs. 12.8%, P < 0.05). For the organoleptic characteristics, chicken breast from the PSE group exhibited a lower score of tenderness conducted by trained panelists compared to breast from the Normal group (5.38 vs. 5.82%, P < 0.05), even though there were no differences in values of juiciness, flavor, and off-flavor intensity between the groups (P > 0.05). The PSE-like group had significantly higher values of BG (266.7 vs. 256.2 mg/dl, P < 0.05) and calcium (11.4 vs. 10.9 mg/dl, P < 0.05) and lower value of AST (228.3 vs. 247.5 U/l, P < 0.05) compared to the Normal group. Thus, the occurrence of PSE-like condition could be related to serum biochemical parameters, especially BG, calcium, and AST.
PSVI-27 Relationship of volatile compounds and consumer sensory traits from New Zealand grass-fed and American grain-fed beef strip loins varying in marbling level and wet aging time
Authors: Tilton Travis J , Lucherk Loni W , Tennant Travis C , Lawrence Ty E , O’Quinn Travis , Legako Jerrad F , Brooks Chance , Miller Mark F
Published: October 2021

Cattle diet, marbling and wet aging can affect eating quality and consumer preference of beef. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship of cooked volatile compounds and consumer sensory traits of New Zealand grass-fed strip loin steaks in comparison to US grain-fed strip loin steaks from five different USDA quality grades, wet-aged for 7, 21 and 42 days. Beef strip loins (n = 200; 20 per USDA quality grade/fed cattle type) representing five USDA quality grades (USDA Prime, Top Choice, Low Choice, Select and Standard) and two fed cattle types (New Zealand grass-finished and US grain-finished) were used. Steaks were cooked to a target internal temperature of 71°C and served to consumer panelists (n = 600; 120 per five different cities in the US). Volatile analysis (n = 600) was performed on cooked samples, and quantitation was conducted by an internal standard calibration with authentic standards. Statistical analyses were conducted using the FACTOR procedure of SAS. A principle component analysis (PCA) showed relationships of volatile compounds, treatments, and consumer ratings. PC1 explained 17.17% of the variation and PC2 explained 10.96% of the variation. Consumer flavor liking was most closely associated with ethanol and treatments grass and grain Prime aged 42d. The majority of the alcohols and n-aldehydes were associated with the 7d grain treatments including grain Top Choice, Low Choice and Select. The Maillard derived compounds were grouped together and most associated with grass Top Choice 42d and the consumer attributes. Methional was closest to many grass treatments including grass Top Choice 7d, Low Choice 7d, Standard 7d, Prime 7d and Standard 21d. Although associations were evident between volatile compounds and consumer sensory attributes, they were not strongly related.
PSVI-25 Feeding increasing levels of yerba mate in lambs: Effects on fatty acid profile, and physical characteristics meat
Authors: Bermudez Yuli Andrea Pena , Lobo Richard Roberto , Moreno Danny Alexander Rojas , de Freitas Rafaela Scalise Xavier , Da Silva Bueno Ives Claudio C
Published: October 2021

The presence of secondary metabolites in the structure of natural antioxidants makes them an alternative for animal feed, which allows modifying the composition of the meat, thus contributing to people’s health. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of yerba mate extract (YME) on lamb feed as a natural antioxidant in the fatty acid profile and physical traits of meat of 36 lambs fed for 53 days, fed with corn silage and concentrate in the proportion 40:60, respectively. The treatments followed the randomized block design, with a control group without YME (0%) and three groups with 1, 2, and 4% of YME inclusion in the dry matter (DM). Samples were collected from the Longissimus thoracis (LT), muscle for quality analysis and composition. All data were analyzed using a MIXED model with orthogonal contrasts. We found that the inclusion of YME did not affect significantly the characteristics of the pH, total lipids and color general (P = 0.192), although the use of YME don’t affect the parameters normal in the meat. Nevertheless, the use of YME improved the value of b* (P = 0.004), showing a yellowness coloration in the meat of the lambs. Likewise, changed the proportion of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA; P = 0.009) and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; P = 0.030) exhibited a diet effect for the group with 4% YME. This is revealing result, since these fatty acids have been associated with a decrease in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the addition of up to 4% YME improves the composition and general acceptance of lamb meat, recommended for use in animal feed.
PSIV-B-26 Effect of different intakes of sulfur amino acids on the productive response and egg quality of commercial laying hens
Authors: Tasayco Elías Salvador , Reyes Julio Narvaez , Junchaya Lorenzo Rios , Valenzuela Luis Lujan
Published: October 2021

Modern laying hens have improved their productive response and persistence of egg production. However, in terms of productivity, egg quality and profitability, there are still several issues that need to be reevaluated and improved, among them the level and consumption of digestible sulfur amino acids (AASD). The objective is to determine the effect of different AASD consumptions on the productive response and egg quality of commercial laying hens. METHODS: 160 laying hens of the LOHMANN Brown genetic line, 90 weeks old, of uniform weight and size, were used. The laying hens were distributed in the study area, following the protocol of a Random Block Design (DBA). 4 AASD intakes (g / hen / day) were established as treatments: T-1 (730.11 mg), T-2 (677.20 mg), T-3 (607.09 mg) and T-4 (676.88 mg). Each of the treatments had 5 repetitions, giving a total of 20 experimental units. The variables of egg production, egg weight and mass, feed consumption, feed conversion index, energy efficiency, Haugh unit of the egg, shell color and percentage, egg yolk color and index, margin and economic reward were evaluated. RESULTS: The results showed that the different AASD consumptions did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) the productive response and egg quality of the hens and affected the margin and economic retribution. AASD intakes in the range of 607 to 730 mg / hen / day did not affect the productive response and egg quality. The metabolizable energy level of the diet influences the economic response to different intakes of digestible sulfur amino acids. The consumption of 676.88 mg / hen / day of AASD with a level of 2725 Kcal of metabolizable energy / Kg of feed achieved the highest gross margin and best economic return in 90-week-old LOHMANN Brown laying hens.
PSIV-B-18 Performance response of weanling and grower pigs fed graded levels of poultry byproduct meal (PBM) in the diet
Authors: Lee Jung Wook , Chevalier Tyler B , Monegue Jim J , Lindemann Merlin D
Published: October 2021

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of feeding graded levels of PBM on performance of weanling pigs and to evaluate feed preference for PBM-based diets relative to spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP)-based diets. A third experiment evaluated PBM in grower diets on performance. In Exp. 1, 120 pigs [body weight (BW) 7.1 ± 0.6 kg] were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments (0, 1, 2, 3, or 5% PBM) and housed 4 pigs/pen for a 28-d growth trial. In Exp. 2, 60 pigs (BW 6.7 ± 1.4 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 comparisons including: Comparison 1) 0% PBM vs. 2% PBM, Comparison 2) 0% PBM vs. 2% SDPP, and Comparison 3) 2% PBM vs. 2% SDPP and housed 4 pigs/pen for a 28-d preference trial; pigs were provided ad libitum access to feeders; feeder location was switched 3 times/wk. In Exp. 3, 120 pigs (BW 25.9 ± 2.1 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments (0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5% PBM) and housed 5 pigs/pen for a 41-d growth trial. Increasing PBM from 0 to 5% in Exp. 1 resulted in no differences in ADG (398, 417, 424, 432, and 428 g) or G:F (0.675, 0.686, 0.733, 0.711, and 0.717). Feed preference results (Exp. 2) demonstrated that pigs consumed a higher percentage (76 vs. 24%, P < 0.01) of their total feed intake from the 2% PBM-based diet compared to the 2% SDPP-based diet (Comparison 3). In Exp. 3, increasing PBM for grower pigs resulted in no differences in ADG (1007, 1025, 1002, and 1025 g) or G:F (0.484, 0.472, 0.484, and 0.478). Thus, feeding PBM up to 5% of the diet had no effect on overall performance of nursery or grower pigs, indicating it is an acceptable option as a feed ingredient.
PSIV-B-27 Effect of feed flavour on the feeding behaviour and kinetics of daily feed intake of lactating high-prolific sows during summer
Authors: Silva Bruno Alexander N , Eskinazi Simon , Jacob David V , Araújo Wagner , Ataíde Iara , Evangelista Rafaela , Motta Stephane A , Rebordoes Flavio Igor G , Araújo Dalton , Cardoso Larissa A , Habit Steve , Gonçalves Mateus F , Cardoso Hysla M , Brito Sara , Martins Larissa
Published: October 2021

Increasing voluntary feed intake of the sow is a major challenge for nutritionists in tropical climate conditions. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the dietary supplementation of a feed flavour for sows during lactation on their feeding behavior and kinetics of daily feed intake under tropical conditions. A total of 60 high-prolific mixed parity sows divided into 10 batches of 6 sows each were used, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design among 2 dietary treatments (0 or 500 g/ton of Krave®, Adisseo). The average meal size was 107 g/meal lower in sows fed the control diet when compared with flavour fed sows. Daily feed intake was greater in the flavored diet than in the control (6,417 vs. 5,362 g/d; P < 0.05). The flavor improved ingestion time (58.4 vs. 46.6 min/ d, respectively flavour and control; P < 0.05). Sows receiving flavor showed a higher nocturnal (704 vs. 583 g/meal) and diurnal (678 vs. 582 g/meal) feed intake. Sows also showed a higher voluntary intake between 00:00 and 10:00 am, which was equivalent to 83% of the total daily feed intake. From a comparison of hourly feed intakes or variations from hour to hour (during 24 h), the nycthemeral pattern of feed intake peaked twice daily for both dietary treatments. However, the size of the peak was greater (P < 0.05) for flavour fed sows when compared with the control at 0400 and 1900 h (Figure 1a). Diets also influenced on kinetics of daily feed intake during the lactation period.Feed intake was higher for the flavour fed sows from d 3 to 8 and from d 10 to 24 (Figure 1b; P < 0.05).In conclusion, the strategic use of a feed flavour to manipulate the sensorial properties of feed is a viable strategy to increase the sows’ voluntary feed intake.
PSIV-B-24 Dietary supplementation of botanicals changed blood profiles and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Wong Braden , He Yijie , Kim Kwangwook , Xu Sharon , Lingga Christopher , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary botanical supplementation on blood profiles and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets experimentally infected with a pathogenic F18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sixty weaned piglets (around 21 days old; 7.15 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments (n = 12): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), high dose of botanicals blend 1 (BB1, 100 mg/kg), and low or high dose of botanicals blend 2 (BB2, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). The experiment lasted 28 days: from day -7 to +21 relative to E. coli inoculation. All piglets except the NC group were orally inoculated with F18 E. coli (10 cfu per dose, 3 doses) for 3 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 5, 14, and 21 post-inoculation (PI) to perform complete blood count test. Intestinal segments were collected on d 5 and 21 PI for intestinal morphology analysis. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with a randomized complete block design. E. coli infection reduced (P < 0.05) neutrophils and lymphocytes, but increased (P < 0.05) monocytes on d 4 PI. Pigs supplemented with 100 mg/kg BB2 had less (P < 0.05) lymphocytes than pigs in PC on d 4 PI. Pigs fed with 50 mg/kg BB2 had lower (P < 0.05) lymphocytes and monocytes then pigs in PC on d 21 PI. Pigs supplemented with 100 mg/kg BB2 had the greatest (P < 0.05) duodenal villi width, jejunum villi height and area, and colon crypt depth then pigs in PC on d 5 PI. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of botanicals tended to affect systemic immunity and enhance intestinal morphology of weaned pigs infected with E. coli.