bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined collagen membrane and hydroxyapatite/collagen chondroitin‐sulfate spacer placement in the treatment of 2‐wall intrabony defects in chronic adult and rapidly progressive periodontitis patients
Authors: Benque Edmond , Zahedi Shahram , Brocard Daniel , Oscaby Françoise , Justumus Pierre , Brunel Gérard
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study, confined to non smokers, evaluated guided tissue regeneration in deep 2 wall intrabony defects using a diphenylphosphorylazide cross linked bovine type I collagen membrane supported by a hydroxyapatite' collagenychon droitinsulfate spacer in 43 adult periodontitis (AP) and 14 rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) patients, no more than 1 defect being randomly selected for each patient. Before surgery and 6 months after surgery, plaque (PI) and sulcus bleeding (SBI) indices, probing pocket depths (PPD), gingival margin locations (GML) and probing attachment levels (PAL) were recorded. During the post‐surgical period, the biomaterials were well tolerated in all patients and PI and SBI were kept at a low level. Following therapy, there was a significant gain in PAL (4.2 mm for AP; 3 mm for RPP) and reduction in PPD (6.1 mm for AP; 4.7 mm for RPP) for both groups of patients (p<0.05). A significantly greater gain in PAL and reduction in PPD were observed for AP compared to RPP patients (p<0.05). The change in GML was not statistically different between groups (1.8 mm for AP; 1.6 mm for RPP). It is concluded that the combined use of a diphenylphos–phorylazide cross linked bovine type I collagen membrane, supported by a hydroxyapatite/collagen/chondroitin sulfate spacer, is beneficial in improving PAL and reducing PPD in 2 wall intrabony defects in both AP and RPP patients during the quiescent phase of the disease, with statistically better results for the former group. However, longer observation periods are necessary to evaluate the stability of the improvements obtained by this combined treatment approach between and for each group of patients.
The mucosal barrier following abutment dis/reconnection
Authors: Abrahamsson I. , Berglundh T. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract In the present experiment, the effect on the marginal peri‐implant tissues following repeated abutment removal and subsequent reconnection was studied. 5 beagle dogs were used. The mandibular premolars were extracted and 2 fixtures of the Branemark System® were installed. 1 in each mandibular quadrant. 3 months later, abutment connection was performed. A 6‐month period of plaque control was initiated. Once a month during the plaque control period, the abutment of the right side (test) in each dog was disconnected, cleaned and reconnected to the fixture. Thus, each test abutment was removed and reconnected altogether 5X during this period. The contralateral abutment remained undisturbed for 6 months and served as control. 1 month after the last reconnection, the animals were sacrificed and tissue samples, comprising the implant and the surrounding soft and hard periimplant tissues, were obtained, decalcified, embedded in Epon and sectioned. The following landmarks were identified and used for linear measurements: PM (the marginal portion of the periimplant mucosa). aJE (the level of the apical termination of the junctional epithelium). B (the marginal level of bone to implant contact), A/F (the abutment/fixture border). The findings indicate that the dis‐ and subsequent reconnections of the abutment component of the implant compromised the mucosal barrier and resulted in a more “apically” positioned zone of connective tissue. The additional marginal bone resorption observed at the test sites following abutment manipulation may be the result of tissue reactions initiated to establish a proper “biological width” of the mucosal‐implant barrier.
Is there an association between periodontal condition and HIV infection?
Authors: Scheutz F. , Mates M.I.N. , Andsager L. , Holm A‐M. , Moshi J. , Kagoma C. , Mpemba N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Individuals in Tanzania who have limited access to medical and dental treatment provide an opportunity to study the natural association between periodontal condition and HIV infection and the stage of infection. 119 HIV infected adult individuals and 73 individuals with AIDS from the AIDS Clinical Trial Clinic at Muhimbili Medical Centre (MMC) in DaresSalaam participated as cases. Mean age was 35.3 and 35.1 years, respectively. 156 individuals with a mean age of 28.3 years, confirmed as HIV seronegative, served as controls. There were no significant differences in bleeding on probing, pocket formation or attachment loss among the HIV seronegative individuals. HIV seropositive and AIDS patients. We applied multiple logistic regression to calculate odds ratios for presence of periodontal conditions adjusting for age, gender and DMFT. Our odds ratios did not reveal any significant associations between bleeding on probing, pocket formation or attachment loss with regard to lymphocyte and CD4+ T cell counts among the HIV infected individuals and AIDS patients. When associations were investigated with regard to HIV serostatus (HIV seronegative. HIV seropositive or AIDS), our adjusted odds ratios were insignificant, too. In fact, most odds ratios were close to 1. Thus, our study supports recent views that the presence, extent and severity of periodontal disease among HIV infected individuals, may be less that hitherto thought.
Comparative SEM study on the effect of different demineralization methods with tetracycline HCI on healty root surfaces
Authors: Işik Gülden , Ince Sevtap , Saǧlam Funda , Onan Utku
Published: December 2005

Abstract Periodontal regeneration through the use of root demineralization received a lot of interest in periodontology. Topical application of acid to dentin surfaces produced a zone of demineralization, exposing dentin collagen fibrils and opening dentin tubules. In this study, the in vitro effects of different tetracycline HCI application techniques were investigated. According to the results of this SEM study, it may be desirable to apply tetracycline HCI using burnishing technique to expose maximum intertubular fibrils and for the tubular openings. However, this technique should be studied when placed in an in vivo system.
Experimental gingivitis in periodontitis‐susceptible subjects
Authors: Johnson Truman C. , Reinhardt Richard A. , Payne Jeffrey B. , Dyer John K. , Patil Kashinath O.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical, microbiological, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) profiles in periodontitis‐resistant and periodontitis‐susceptible subjects during 4 weeks of experimental gingivitis. Experimental groups of similar ages were defined as gingivitis controls (GC; n=10) and history of rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP; n=10). respectively. Prior to baseline, all subjects achieved good plaque control (plaque index (P1I) ∼0) and gingival health (gingival index (GI)=0). and had probing depths ≤4 mm on experimental teeth. For 4 weeks after baseline, oral hygiene around maxillary 2nd premolar and 1st molar teeth was inhibited by a plaque guard. The plaque guard was removed weekly for GCF sampling to determine interleukin (IL)‐1β and prostaglandin (PG)E2 amounts by ELISAs. In addition. PII. GI. probing depth, and gingival recession measurements were made. Subgingival plaque darkfield microscopy and DNA probe analysis also were performed. Results indicated that clinical signs of inflammation, microbiological patterns and GCF profiles progressed similarly in both groups. However, plaque accumulated more rapidly in the susceptible subjects. PII in RPP at 4 weeks was 2.1±0.1 compared to 1.5±0.2 in GC, with an incidence of PII>1 of 100% versus 50%, respectively (logistic regression; p<0.000l). Hence, the clinical, microbiological and host factors selected for this study were unrelated to previous susceptibility to periodontitis when evaluated in the experimental gingivitis model. However, the increased rate of plaque accumulation, following thorough plaque removal, in RPP patients suggests a potential factor in disease recurrence in these susceptible subjects.
In vitro studies on periodontal ligament cells and enamel matrix derivative
Authors: Gestrelius Stina , Andersson Christer , Lidström Dagny , Hammarström Lars , Somerman Martha
Published: December 2005

Abstract The recognition that periodontal regeneration can be achieved has resulted in increased efforts focused on understanding the mechanisms and factors required for restoring periodontal tissues so that clinical outcomes of such therapies are more predictable than those currently being used. In vitro models provide an excellent procedure for providing clues as to the mechanisms that may be required for regeneration of tissues. The investigations here were targeted at determining the ability of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) to influence specific properties of periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Properties of cells examined included migration, attachment, proliferation, biosynthetic activity and mineral nodule formation. Immunoassays were done to determine whether or not EMD retained known polypeptide factors. Results demonstrated that EMD under in vitro conditions formed protein aggregates, thereby providing a unique environment for cell‐matrix interaction. Under these conditions, EMD: (a) enhanced proliferation of PDL cells, but not of epithelial cells; (b) increased total protein production by PDL cells; (c) promoted mineral nodule formation of PDL cells, as assayed by von Kossa staining; (d) had no significant effect on migration or attachment and spreading of cells within the limits of the assay systems used here. Next, EMD was screened for possible presence of specific molecules including: GM‐CSF, calbindin D, EOF, fibronectin, bFGF, γ‐interferon. IL‐1β, 2, 3, 6; IGF‐1,2; NGF, PDGF, TNF, TGFβ. With immunoassays used, none of these molecules were identified in EMD. These in vitro studies support the concept that EMD can act as a positive matrix for cells at a regenerative site.
Aspirin‐induced post‐gingivectomy haemorrhage: a timely reminder
Authors: Thomason J.M. , Seymour R.A. , Murphy P. , Brigham K.M. , Jones P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A case report is described of significant aspirin‐induced haemorrhage following a gingivectory procedure in an organ transplant patient. Aspirin‐induced platelet impairment secondary to low‐dose aspirin was implicated as the cause of the haemorrhage. Haemostasis was eventually achieved after platelet transfusion. The case illustrates the problems that can arise when carrying out gingival surgery on patients medicated with low‐dose aspirin.
A comparison of triclosan and stannous fluoride toothpastes for inhibition of plaque regrowth A crossover study designed to assess carry over
Authors: Binney A. , Addy M. , Owens J. , Faulkner J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Some triclosan and stannous fluoride toothpastes have been shown effective in reducing plaque and more particularly gingivitis in home use studies. There have been few comparisons of such products for their chemical plaque inhibitory action divorced from the indeterminate variable of tooth brushing. This study was a randomised, single‐blind, cross‐over comparison of 4 products, in a 4‐day plaque regrowth design, balanced for residual effects and involving 12 healthy dentate subjects. The test agents were a stannous fluoride toothpaste, a triclosan/copolymer toothpaste, a triclosan/zinc citrate toothpaste and water. On day 1 of each study period, subjects were rendered plaque free. For the following 4 days, each subject suspended normal toothcleaning and rinsed 2X daily with the allocated treatment for 60 s under supervision. On day 5, plaque was scored by index. Washout periods of 2 1/2 days brushing with water alone, followed each treatment period. Pseudo treatment periods of 4 days, involving 2X daily rinsing with water in the absence of toothbrushing, followed the normal washouts after the stannous fluoride and triclosan/zinc citrate treatments, giving a total of 6 treatment periods. This design permitted analyses for Ist‐order‐carry‐over. Intention to treat analyses revealed all toothpastes were more effective than water but that there were no differences between the active treatments. Per protocol analysis gave essentially similar findings except that the difference in plaque in favour of the triclosan/zinc citrate toothpaste over water did not reach significance. There was no evidence of Ist‐order‐carry‐over effects for the stannous fluoride or triclosan/zinc citrate toothpastes, Consistent with other studies it appears that stannous fluoride and triclosan can be formulated into toothpaste vehicles to provide plaque inhibitory effects.
The effects of a 0.12% chlorhexidine‐digluconate‐containing mouthrinse versus a placebo on plaque and gingival inflammation over a 3‐month period
Authors: Eaton K.A. , Rimini F.M. , Zak E. , Brookman D.J. , Hopkins L.M.A. , Carmell P. J. , Yates LG. , Morrice C. A. , Lall B.A. , Newman H. N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Several previous studies have evaluated the effects of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (ChD) mouthrinses on plaque and gingival inflammation. However, previously, none have been based in general dental practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential to conduct controlled periodontal clinical trials in co‐operation with general dental practitioners (gdps). The project took place in 5 general dental practices in the South of England. 121 healthy subjects (24 at 4 sites and 25 at the 5th). aged 18‐65 years, mean 35 ± 12) years participated in a double‐blind, randomised study during which they received full mouth assessments for plaque and gingival bleeding at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. 60 subjects were randomly asigned to use the 0.12% ChD mouth wash and 6i the placebo. The assessments were carried out by 5 gpds, who had previously achieved inter‐examiner κ scores of 0.78–0.85 (mean 0.81) for the plaque index (PlI), and of 0.73–0.94 (mean 0.87) for a modified gingival index (mGI), and who maintained κ scores of 0.51–0.90 for PII and of 0.73–1.00 for mGI during the 12 months required to complete the study. 98 subjects (48 ChD and 50 placebo) completed the study. Even though the baseline levels of plaque and gingivitis were low, by week 12, mean whole mouth piaque score of the ChD mouthwash users had fallen from 1.33 at baseline to 0.96 and was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than for the placebo users, 1.31 at baseline to 1.13. Whole‐mouth gingival bleeding score fell from 0.56 to 0.42 in the ChD mouthwash group but was unchanged (0.54–0.55) in the placebo group. A subsidiary data analysis which considered the effects at sites indicated that within these overall differences, the ChD users experienced almost 2× the reduction from plaque score 2 at baseline at proximal molar sites over a 12‐week period (50.6% ChD versus 27.6% placebo). It was concluded that 0.12% ChD mouthwash reduced plaque accumulation fay 28% and gingival inflammation by 25% over a 12–week period, that it is feasible for a group of gdps to maintain high levels of inter–examiner consistency in the use of PlI and mGI, that it is also feasible to carry out such a multicentre study in general dental practice, and that the use of mean mouth scores per subject to analyse the effects of mouthrinses may well mask variations in response throughout the mouth.
Clearance of sodium lauryl sulphate from the oral cavity
Authors: Fakhry‐Smith S. , Din C. , Nathoo S. A. , Gaffar A.
Published: December 2005

Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) is used in toothpaste and mouth rinses as an emulsifying and surface cleaning agent. SLS has been implicated in an increased incidence of oral irritation in subjects predisposed to recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAU). Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the levels of SLS found in the oral cavity following rinsing with an SLS containing mouth rinse and brushing with a SLS containing dentifrice. An analytical method to separate SLS from saliva and other complex systems was developed. The method used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detection performed using conductivity measurements. Standard curves with known concentrations showed a detection limit of less than 0.4 ug SLS/ml of fluid. 2 clinical studies were conducted to determine the amount of SLS retained in the mouth by a healthy population after rinsing or brushing with commercially available products. The results showed, after rinsing, that 96% of the available SLS from the rinse was recovered in the collected samples within 2 min. Similarly, after brushing. 86% of the SLS contained within the toothpaste was recovered from the collected samples within the first 10 min. These results showed that the amount of SLS retained in the oral cavity was minimal and the contact time between SLS and the oral cavity was very short. A 2nd study was conducted to measure the amount of SLS retained in the mouth by a population susceptible to RAU. After rinsing. 91% of the available SLS was recovered within the first 2 min. Following brushing. 89% of the SLS in the dentifrice was recovered within the first 10 min. These results were comparable to those determined by the study involving the healthy population.
Determination of energy density threshold for laser ablation of bacteria An in vitro study
Authors: Coffelt Doublas W. , Cobb Charles M. , MacNeill Simson , Rapley John W. , Killoy William J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers have been shown to be bactericidal at relative low energy densities. However, at energy densities exceeding 120 J/cm2(CO2) and 200 J/cm2 (Nd:YAG). laser irradiation also causes irreparable root surface damage. The purpose of this study was to determine, in vitro, the energy density threshold at which microbial ablation could be achieved while inflicting the least amount of damage to the root surfaces of human teeth. Pairs of Escherkhia coli colonies cultured on broth agar were treated with a CO2 laser using a pulsed waveform at approximate energy densities ranging from 3 to 110 J/cm2. One of each colony‐pair was then examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the other subcultured for viable microbes. Roots of extracted teeth were lightly scaled and treated by CO2 laser, again with pulsed beam using approximate energy densities of 3 to 110 J/cm2: and examined by SEM. Regardless of the level of energy density, residual bacteria could be subcultured from all laser treated microbial colonies. The inability of the laser to completely obliterate microbial colonies was likely due to: depth of energy penetration, difficulty in precisely overlapping beam focal spots, irregular beam profile, and presence of microbes at the periphery of the beam focal spot. The threshold energy density for bacterial obliteration was determined to be 11 J/cm2 and that for root damage was 41 J/cm2. Root damage was evident by charring, crater formation, meltdown and resolidification surface mineral, and increasing surface porosity. The results of this in vitro study indicate that when used at an energy density between 11 and 41 J/cm2: the CO2 laser may destroy microbial colonies without inflicting undue damage to the tooth root surface.
Minimum periodontal bone loss in dentally‐aware adults A 10‐year prospective study
Authors: Eliasson Sören , Bergström Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract A prospective study was performed on periodontal bone height changes over 10 years in dentally aware subjects. 94 subjects, aged 20–60 year, were radiographically examined by means of full mouth surveys at baseline in 1982 and 10 years later. The periodontal bone height evaluated by means of a computerized method was expressed as % of the root length. The mean of all measurements in the individual constituted the bone height value. The mean (SEM) periodontal bone height was 82.8% (0.64) at baseline and 82.0% (0.61) at follow‐up. Although small, the periodontal bone height reduction over the 10 year period was statistically significant (p<0.05). The reduction in periodontal bone height over time ranged from 0.4% (0.87) for subjects aged 30–39 years to 1.3% (0.80) for subjects aged 60–69 year. Only 15% of the subjects exhibited a bone loss >5 % and none >10%. It is concluded that the rate of periodontal bone height reduction in dentally aware subjects is low. In the vast majority of these subjects, the 10 year bone loss may be considered clinically negligible.
The detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia using an ELISA in an adolescent population with early periodontitis
Authors: Clerehugh V. , Seymour G.J. , Bird P.S. , Cullinan M. , Drucker D.B. , Worthington H. V.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the occurrence and levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans. P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia in the subgingival plaque from sites with and without early periodontitis in adolescents using an ELISA. 47, 15‐ to 16‐year‐old adolescents (39 Indo‐Pakistani. 8 white Caucasian) were examined for clinical attachment level, probing depth, supragingival plaque, subgingival calculus and bleeding on probing on the mesio‐buccal and disto‐buccal aspects of the 1st molars and the incisors. Based on the clinical data, 2 sites per subject were selected for subgingival plaque sampling 3 weeks later: in 32 subjects with loss of attachment mm, a diseased site (D) and a healthy comparison control site (C) were sampled: in 15 subjects in whom loss of attachment had not yet developed. 1 of the upper molar sites was selected, called the at‐risk site (R), together with a C site. The presence and levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia were determined using an ELISA. The loss of attachment subgroup had significantly more pockets 4 mm, subgingival calculus and bleeding on probing (p<0.05). Significantly more of the D than C sites had P. gingivalis both at detectable and at measurable levels (p<0.05). In subjects who had no loss in clinical attachment levels, fewer sampled sites harboured any of the suspected peridontopathogens investigated, and no significant differences were found between the R or C sites (p>0.05). Although there was a significantly higher prevalence and extent of loss of attachment 1 mm in the Indo‐Pakistani subjects compared with the Caucasians (p<0.05), no differences could be identified in the distribution of the bacteria. It is concluded that monitoring of the subgingival plaque may be useful in studies of early periodontitis in adolescents, and the role of P. gingivalis needs to be elucidated in prospective longitudinal investigations.
The interleukin‐1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease
Authors: Kornman Kenneth S. , Crane Allison , Wang Hwa‐Ying , Giovlne Francesco S.di , Newman Michael G. , Pirk Frederick W. , Wilson Thomas G. , Higginbottom Frank L. , Duff Gordon W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Although specific bacteria, dental plaque, and age are associated with periodontal disease, there are currently no reliable predictors of periodontitis severity. Studies in twins have suggested a genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of periodontitis, but previous attempts to identify genetic markers have been unsuccessful. The pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) are key regulators of the host responses to microbial infection. IL‐1 is also a major modulator of extracellular matrix catabolism and bone resorption. We report a specific genotype of the polymorphic IL‐1 gene cluster that was associated with severity of periodontitis in non‐smokers, and distinguished individuals with severe periodontitis from those with mild disease (odds ratio 18.9 for ages 40–60 years). Functionally, the specific periodontitis‐associated IL‐1 genotype comprises a variant in the IL‐1B gene that is associated with high levels of IL‐1 production. In smokers severe disease was not correlated with genotype. In this study, 86.0% of the severe periodontitis patients were accounted for by either smoking or the IL‐1 genotype. This study demonstrates that specific genetic markers, that have been associated with increased IL‐1 production, are a strong indicator of susceptibility to severe periodontitis in adults.
Substance P and neurokinin A in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal health and disease
Authors: Liinden Gerard J. , McKinneil Judith , Shaw Christopher , Lundy Fionnuala T.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aims of the present study were to investigate whether the tachykin‐ins substance P and neurokinin A were present in gingival crevicular fluid in both periodontal health and disease and to study the relationship with periodontal inflammation. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from a healthy, a gingivitis and a periodontitis site in 20 subjects with periodontitis and from a healthy site in 20 subjects without periodontitis. The volume of GCF was measured and each sample subsequently analysed for substance P and neurokinin A by radioimmunoassay. There were significantly increased levels of substance P‐like immunoreactivity (SP–LI) and neurokinin A‐like immunoreactivity (NKA‐LI) in gingivitis and periodontitis sites compared with healthy sites. Both tachykinins were significantly elevated in periodontitis affected subjects, with significantly more tachykinin‐like immunoreactivity at healthy sites in periodontitis affected compared with periodontally‐bealthy subjects. Despite the considerable individual variation in the levels of SP‐LI and NKA‐Ll, both tachykinins were present at levels at which they could have biological activity. It is concluded that substance P and neurokinin A may have a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and that further investigations could prove useful in clarifying the mechanisms through which neuropeptides could modulate periodontal health and disease.
CD11b mRNA expression in neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood and gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Watanabe K. , Blew B. , Scherer M. , Burke J. , Koh G. , Block C. , Ramakrishnan V. , Frommel T. O.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Adhesion molecule CD11b/CD18 expressed by neutrophils (PMNs) participates in cell migration and phagocytosis of C3bi derivatized bacteria. It is this phagocytic function that eliminates some of the known periodontal pathogens to periodontal pockets. In patients with advanced periodontitis, homotypic aggregation of crevicular fluid PMNs (CF‐PMNs) may occur due to overexpression of CD11b/CD18 and this may lead to ineffective elimination of periodontal pathogens. We have previously shown that CF‐PMNs isolated from the periodontal pockets overexpress CD11b compared to PB‐PMNs. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) overexpression of surface CD11b correlates with expression of CD11b mRNA in CF‐PMNs isolated from advanced periodontitis subjects, and (2) the intrinsic capacity of CD11b mRNA upregulation by PB‐PMNs from periodontitis patients differs from that of control subjects. CF‐PMNs and peripheral blood PMNs (PB‐PMNs) were isolated from 13 subjects with healthy gingiva (control group) and 13 subjects with advanced periodontitis (patient group). The surface expression of CD11b was determined by flow cytometry and CD11b mRNA was determined by extraction of mRNA and reverse transcription to cDNA followed by DNA amplification using primers to detect a segment of the cDNA which encodes CD11b. The results of this study confirm that the surface expression of CD11b on CF‐PMNs is significantly higher in periodontitis subjects vs control subjects (p=0.03), whereas surface CD11b expression on PB‐PMNs does not differ significantly between groups (p=0.06). The level of surface CD11b expression on CF‐PMNs did not correlate with the amount of mRNA present in CF‐PMNs in either group (p=0.056, 0.07) for control and periodontitis patients, respectively). Most (9 of 13) individuals in the patient group expressed CD11b mRNA whereas very few control subjects (2 of 11) had CD11b mRNA in their CF‐PMNs, This difference between groups was statistically significant (p=0.004). The capacity to upregulate CD11b mRNA upon stimulation with fMLP and/or GM‐CSF was highly variable and there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups.
Reduced serum IgG reactivities with bacteria from dental plaque in HIV‐infected persons with periodontitis
Authors: Steinsvoll S. , Wyint M. , Odden K. , Berild D. , Schenck K.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Serum samples were obtained from 44 HIV‐seropositive (HIV+) and 37 HIV‐seronegative (HIV‐) persons that were grouped according to periodontal status. Serum IgG and IgA reactivities towards Streptococcus mutans, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Fusobacterium nucleatum were measured by means of ELISA. HIV+ persons with chronic marginal periodontitis showed significantly lower IgG reactivities to the periodontal pathogens A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum as compared with their HIV‐ counterparts (p<0.05). Specific serum IgA reactivities were similar in the two periodontitis groups, except for P.nigrescens where the HIV+ group with chronic marginal periodontitis had lower values than their systemically healthy counterparts (p<0.05). The results indicate that HIV infection affects the humoral serum immune responses against bacteria in dental plaque; the depressed antibody responses may contribute to the increased susceptibility for periodontal infections in HIV‐infected patients.
Comparison of the subgingival microbiota of periodontally healthy and diseased adults in Northern Cameroon
Authors: All R.W. , Johannessen A.C. , Dahlén G. , Socransky S. , Skaug N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Our study is the 1st report on subgingival microbiota in adult Cameronians. The aim was to investigate, using the checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization technique, the prevalence of 18 oral species in subgingival plaque samples obtained from sex‐ and age‐matched Cameronian adults with and without periodontal destruction. We also compared cultivation and the AffirmTM DP test with the checkerboard technique in their capability to detect some selected species among the 18, 21 adult periodontitis patients and 21 periodontally healthy subjects were examined and the results were compared statistically. Each periodontitis patient had at least 4 pockets of ≥ 6 mm depth, while the healthy subjects had no sites more than 3 mm deep. Results of the checkerboard analysis showed that significantly (p<0.05) more periodontitis patients tested positive for most of the 18 bacterial species. The Gram‐positive species Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis, known as microbiota of healthy sites, were detected significantly more frequently in the healthy group. Cultivation demonstrated P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum in significantly lower %s of patients as compared to the checkerboard technique. Furthermore, the AffirmTM DP test detected P. gingivalis and B. forsythus in significantly fewer patients than did the checkerboard technique. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 52.3% of the patients by the latter technique while the AffirmTM DP test failed to detect the bacterium in any of the samples. Overall, the results of the present study confirm the importance of the screening method and indicate that the prevalences of the investigated putative periodontal pathogens and beneficial species in the healthy and diseased adult Cameronians were similar to those reported for adults in the West and in some developing countries.
The effects of local anesthetic containing adrenaline on gingival blood flow in smokers and non smokers
Authors: Ketabi Mohammad , S.Hirsch Robert
Published: December 2005

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that fundamental differences exist in the development of gingival and periodontal diseases in smokers versus non‐smokers. In part, these differences may be attributable to smoking‐induced differences in the vascular dynamics of the periodontium. This study monitored gingival blood flow when challenged by a local anesthetic‐containing adrenaline in 20 smokers and 20 non‐smokers using laser Doppler flowmentry (LDF). The dosage of local anesthetic used (0.5 ml lignocaine hydrochloride 2% with adrenaline 1:80.000) was calculated after establishing a dose‐response curve (DRC) for 3 subjects (2 non‐smokers and 1 smoker). Plain lignocaine and normal saline were used as controls. The injection of lignocaine‐containing adrenaline had little effect on LDF signals when different doses were injected at frequent short intervals, indicating that tolerance to adrenaline had rapidly developed in the receptors of gingival blood vessels. Injection of local anesthetics containing adrenaline consistently resulted in a marked and significant drop (average: 46%, sd:13.5) in the LDF output signals from gingiva; smokers and non‐smokers responded similarly. The significant finding of this study was that the recovery of LDF signals to baseline took considerably longer in smokers than in non‐smokers. This provides further evidence that gingival blood vessels in smokers with healthy gingival conditions respond differently to those of non‐smokers.
Periodontitis patient and the spouse: periodontal bacteria before and after treatment
Authors: von Troil‐Lindén Birgitta , Alaluusua Satu , Wolf Juhani , Jousimies‐Somer Hannele , Torppa Jorma , Asikainen Sirkka
Published: December 2005

Abstract Suspected periodontal pathogens can be transmitted between spouses. The treatment response may be unsuccessful in periodontitis patients, if the spouse harbors these bacteria. The aim of the present 6‐month follow‐up study was to clarify whether the microbiological treatment outcome of periodontitis patients is related to the detection of suspected periodontal pathogens in the saliva of the spouse. 10 patients with advanced periodontitis and their spouses were included in the study. The patients received mechanical periodontal treatment and 500 mg metronidazole systemically 2 × a day for 7 days. The presence of visible plaque, gingival bleeding after probing, suppuration, supragingival and subgingival calculus and pocket depths were assessed at baseline and 1 and 6 months after treatment. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens, Campylobacter rectus and Peptostreptococcus micros were cultured from pooled subgingival samples from the patients and from salivary samples from the spouses at corresponding occasions, Periodontal conditions in the patients improved after treatment as determined by the significantly lower values of clinical variables 1 and 6 months after treatment compared to those at baseline. However, the re‐emergence of periodontal bacteria after treatment of the patients was not related to the concurrent detection of the respective bacteria in the saliva of the spouses. In this study design, it seemed that the salivary bacterial load in the spouse was of minor importance for the microbiological treatment outcome of the patient.
Pilot study on n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of human experimental gingivitis
Authors: Campan Philippe , Planchand Pierre‐Olivier , Duran Damien
Published: December 2005

Abstract The anti‐inflammatory effect of n‐3 PUFA on the gingivae has already been demonstrated in animal models. The aim of this double‐blind, randomized pilot study versus placebo is to evaluate this action in human experimentally‐induced gingivitis. For 14 days (D0‐D14), 37 healthy volunteers practised intensive oral hygiene, then abstained from brushing their teeth for 21 days (D14 to D35). On D28, the patients were randomized into 2 groups: 18 received the drug (fish oil: 30%n‐3 PUFA) and 19 received the placebo (olive oil containing only 1% of n‐3 PUFA) at a daily dosage of 6 g (i.e., 1.8 g of n‐3 PUFA) 3× for 8 days (D28‐D35). The plaque (PI), gingival (GI) and papillary bleeding (PBI) indices were measured on D14, D28 and D35. On D28 and D35, 10 volunteers underwent removal of an inter‐dental vestibular papilla, between the 1st and the 2nd superior premolars, to measure out arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). A gingival biopsy was also taken in another 11 patients, to assay prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). The clinical results of the trial demonstrated, in particular, a significant reduction of GI in the treated group (p)<0.05, Student t‐test), but no significant difference between the groups. The biochemical results showed that EPA, DHA and DPA were found in the cells sampled, at higher levels in the subjects taking the drug, with a significant difference for EPA between the 2 groups (p<0.05, Student t‐test). The levels of AA, PGE2 and LTB4 are reduced in the experimental group and increased in the control group, with no significant difference. The LTB4 levels decreased but this difference just failed to reach significance (p= 0.09. Student t‐test). This human experimental gingivitis study demonstrated that n‐3 PUFA induced a tendency towards reduced inflammation but it was not possible to conclude significant efficacy.
Topical metronidazole application in recall patients
Authors: Stelzel M. , Flores‐de‐Jacoby L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this randomised study in split‐mouth design, in which 24 patients from the recall programme of Marburg University Department of Period‐ontology were enrolled, was to compare topical application of a metronidazole 25% dental gel with subgingival scaling. The clinical parameters used were pocket probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP); these were recorded at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 14, 18 and 24 months after completion of treatment. In addition, plaque samples were taken from all mesial pockets for evaluation by dark‐field microscopy. All patients had at least one tooth in each quadrant with a PPD of 5 mm or more showing BOP when they entered the study. The treatment consisted of 2 applications of dental gel in 1 randomly selected quadrants (on days 0 and 7) as well as subgingival scaling of the remaining quadrants. Statistical evaluation of all sites with a baseline PPD of 5mm or more showed that both methods led to a significant reduction in PPD and BOP in the first 6 montKs. The average reduction in PPD was 1, 3 mm in the gel group and 1, 5 mm in the scaling group, with the tendency to bleeding being reduced by ca. 50% in both groups. After 24 months, improvements of 0, 6 mm and 0.5 mm respectively were observed in PPD, The tendency to bleeding had undergotie a slight increase but was still below baseline values. Mo statistically significant differences were observed between the two methods, although the results recorded with subgingival scaling were slightly better. Dark‐field microscopy revealed a shift in the composition of the bacterial flora, suggesting a more physiological situation, which was maintained for 6 months before reverting consistently after 1 8 months to the baseline values of the plaque composition. Overall, application of a metronidazole 25% dental gel led m recall patients to an improvement in the investigated clinical and microbiological parameters comparable with subgingival scaling. After 24 months, the clinical parameters still displayed a very slight improvement over baseline values; after 18 months the microflora had reverted to its baseline composition.
A comparison of manual and controlled‐force attachment‐level measurements
Authors: Reddy Michael S. , Palcanis Kent G. , Geurs Nico C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study compared the intra‐examiner and inter‐examiner error of 2 constant force probes to the reading of a conventional manual probe, 3 examiners made repeated examinations of attachment level using a modified Florida probe and a manual North Carolina probe (read to 1 mm or 0.5 mm); relative attachment level measurements were made using a Florida disk probe. One probe was used in each quadrant in 8 subjects with moderate to advanced periodontitis. Error was calculated as the mean of the absolute value of the difference between each examination, and the correlation between values at each examination calculated. Statistically‐significant differences between probe type, examiners, and sites were detected using a repeated measures ANOVA accounting for the nesting within subjects. There was a significant difference in error by probe type (modified Florida probe 0.62±0.03 mm, r=0.86; Florida stent probe 0.55±0.05 mm, r= 0.82; manual probe to 1 mm 0.39±0.02 mm, r=0.88; manual probe to 0.5 mm 0.40±0.02 mm, r=0.89;(p<0.001). Significant differences were observed by examiners (p<0.01). These data indicate that both manual and controlled‐force probes can provide measurement within less than 1 mm of error; however, individual calibration of examiners remains important in the reduction of error.
Gingival crevicular neutrophils: membrane molecules do not distinguish between periodontitis and gingivitis
Authors: Åsman B. , Gustafsson A. , Bergström K.
Published: December 2005

Abstract We have earlier reported hyperreactive peripheral neutrophils in adult periodontitis, measured as respiratory burst after Fcγ receptor‐mediated activation in vitro, but we have not been able to relate this increased activity to aberrations in the expression of relevant membrane molecules. Various types of inflammatory conditions involving the gingiva should affect membranes differently. We therefore collected crevicular neutrophils from three types of inflammatory sites: (i) with and (ii) without tissue destruction in the same periodontitis patients and (iii) inflamed sites in controls with gingivitis alone and compared the expression of membrane molecules by flow cytometry. The % of positively stained cells and their mean intensities of fluorescence (IFL) were similar in the three types of sites for CD15, CD11a, CD11b and CD16. Peripheral neutrophils studied with the same markers were not activated. This was verified by similar plasma concentrations of lactoferrin and L‐selectins in the periodontal and control groups. Compared to peripheral cells, the crevicular neutrophils showed a significantly lower percentage of stained cells, while the stained cells increased their IFL. In conclusion, hyperreactive peripheral neutrophils in periodontitis show the same expression of membrane molecules after migration through different types of inflammatory lesions as do normal neutrophils in gingivitis.
A randomized controlled trial of a 2% minocycline gel as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment, using a design with multiple matching criteria
Authors: Graça M. A. , Watts T. L. P. , Wilson R. F. , Palmer R. M.
Published: December 2005

Graça MA, Watts TLP. Wilson RF, Palmer RM: A randomized controlled trial of a 2% minocycline gel as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment, using a design with multiple matching criteria.

Abstract Topical locally delivered minocycline is an adjunctive to non‐surgical periodontal treatment, but there are few reported trials. Previous trials have reported differences between changes in probing depth in treatment and control groups, but no differences in probing attachment level. In the present study, 30 subjects were paired according to gender, age, ethnic group, smoking habits, and probing depths. Both groups received intensive oral hygiene education and root planing with local anaesthesia. Active or placebo gel was placed subgingivally at planed sites in each subject according to a double‐blind protocol, immediately after instrumentation, and 2 and 4 weeks later. A periodontal examination was made with a constant force probe before instrumentation, and 6 and 12 weeks later. 2 subjects failed to complete the study, and their pairs were therefore not included in the analysis. Results were tested with analysis of covariance. Differences between groups in mean probing depth did not reach statistical significance at any visit (baseline: test (T)=5.93 mm, control (C)=5.74 mm; 6 weeks: T=3.53 mm, C = 3.63 mm; 12 weeks: T = 3.29 mm. C = 3.44 mm), but mean probing attachment levels were different (p<0.05) at both reassessments (baseline: T=6.86 mm, C=6.83 mm; 6 weeks: T=4.93 mm, C=5.30 mm; 12 weeks T=4.91 mm, C=5.27 mm). There was also a difference in the number of sites with bleeding on deep probing at 12 weeks (p<0.05). This trial showed that adjunctive minocycline gel provided a more advantageous outcome for nonsurgical periodontal treatment in terms of probing attachment level and bleeding on deep probing. This trial was a good example of experimental, as opposed to community, design, and used limited resources to show a clear result.
Recycling to the Plasma Membrane is Delayed in EHD1 Knockout Mice
Authors: Rapaport Debora , Auerbach Wojtek , Naslavsky Naava , Pasmanik‐Chor Metsada , Galperin Emilia , Fein Amos , Caplan Steve , Joyner Alexandra L. , Horowitz Mia
Published: December 2005

EHD1 is a member of the EHD family that contains four mammalian homologs. Among the invertebrate orthologs are a single Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans proteins and two plant members. They all contain three modules, a N‐terminal domain that contains nucleotide‐binding motifs, a central coiled–coil domain involved in oligomerization and a C‐terminal region that harbors the EH domain. Studies in C. elegans and EHD1 depletion by RNA interference in human cells have demonstrated that it regulates recycling of membrane proteins. We addressed the physiological role of EHD1 through its inactivation in the mouse. Ehd1 knockout mice were indistinguishable from normal mice, had a normal life span and showed no histological abnormalities. Analysis of transferrin uptake in Ehd1–/– embryonic fibroblasts demonstrated delayed recycling to the plasma membrane with accumulation of transferrin in the endocytic recycling compartment. Our results corroborate the established role of EHD1 in the exit of membrane proteins from recycling endosomes in vivo in a mouse model.
Cloninger's temperament dimensions and epidermal growth factor A61G polymorphism in Finnish adults
Authors: Keltikangas‐Järvinen L. , Puttonen S. , Kivimäki M. , Rontu R. , Lehtimäki T.
Published: December 2005

This study examines a link between human temperament and epidermal growth factor (EGF). There is evidence that dopaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system has a role in temperament, especially in novelty seeking. Functional polymorphism in EGF gene has an impact on EGF production, and EGF, in turn, appears to affect the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Epidermal growth factor gene A61G polymorphisms were studied in a randomly selected sample of 292 Finnish adults. Their temperaments were assessed twice (with a 4‐year test–retest interval) with Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory consisting of four dimensions, i.e. novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD) and persistence (P). The findings on men showed a significant association between a presence of the G/G polymorphism and scoring in the highest tertile on NS in both test and retest. The same was true with men who scored high on RD, especially on sensitivity, in both tests. Among women, G/G polymorphism was associated with a stable high level of P. Importantly, temperament dimensions, as assessed with one test only, did not provide replicable associations with EGF polymorphism across the two measurements. Our results demonstrate the importance of reliable phenotype assessment and lend support to the hypothesis that dopaminergic activity is one factor underlying stable temperament.