bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of Primary and Secondary Movement Disorders
Authors: Cunha Claudio Da , Sánchez-Luna William , Zonzini Fernando Henrique Teixeira , Benke Daniel R. , Pochapski José Augusto
Published: September 2022

Primary and secondary movement disorders can present different etiologies and physiopathology. However, the malfunctioning of the corticobasal ganglia loops is implicated in most movement disorders. Hypokinetic signs such as bradykinesia, rigidity, gait disturbance, micrographia, precision grip impairment, and speech problems are mostly explained by overactivation of the so-called direct pathway and hypofunctioning of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Such a hypokinetic state is in many cases the result of degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons (e.g., Parkinson’s disease) or the side effect of antipsychotic drugs. The low motivational state observed in many patients with depression can also be the result of reduced levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway. On the other hand, many hyperkinetic movement disorders result from hyperactivation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the direct pathway. Overstimulation of dopamine receptors in the striatum and prefrontal cortex is the most common cause of hyperkinetic syndromes, such as the levodopa-induced dyskinesia of Parkinson’s disease, and akathisia of schizophrenia, and restless legs syndrome. In Huntington’s disease, chorea is caused mostly by the loss of indirect pathway neurons. Other movement disorders are caused by cerebellum and frontal cortex dysfunctions. This chapter aims to provide insights into the normal and pathologic basal ganglia activity and its implications for movement disorders.
The Underrecognized Movement Disorders Associated With Mood Stabilizers
Authors: Badii Melody , Ondo William G.
Published: September 2022

Non-dopaminergic-acting mood stabilizers commonly cause movement disorders with a wide range of symptoms, from reversible tremor to irreversible ataxia. Lithium has been reported to play a pathogenic role in multiple movement disorders including tremor, parkinsonism, chorea, dyskinesia, dystonia, ataxia, and somnambulism. However, there have also been studies assessing the therapeutic effects of lithium in movement disorders. Valproate has been associated with action tremor, parkinsonism and chorea. Besides directly implicated in myoclonus, tics, dystonia, carbamazepine can potentially increase the parkinsonian effects of other medications such as valproate, lithium, and antipsychotics through inhibition of their metabolism. The chapter also briefly discusses other medications in this group including lamotrigine, flunarizine, and cinnarizine.
Skin
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P.
Published: September 2022

This chapter includes various illustrations that pertain to the skin system. The first images depict a normal blood draw and then a normal intravenous insertion (IV). The next images illustrate different types of cuts and the various options for repair. The next images depict an abscess and then a specific bacterial infection called MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). The next images depict a paronychia, a subungual hematoma, superficial thrombophlebitis and finally, the simplified normal airway anatomy.
EENT (eye, ear, nose, throat)
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P.
Published: September 2022

This chapter includes various illustrations that pertain to the EENT system (eye, ear, nose, and throat). The images depict a corneal abrasion, conjunctivitis, dental caries and dental abscess, epistaxis, sinusitis, otitis media and otitis externa, pharyngitis and peritonsillar abscess.
The Criminalization of People With Mental Illness
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the public health crisis in which the crimes that are related to mental illness contribute to mass incarceration. It links the history of deinstitutionalization and discriminatory funding practices for mental health treatment. It details the prolonged failure of the United States to fund mental health systems so that people in need of care are driven into the criminal legal system instead of the public health system. It explains how the sequential intercept model provides opportunities at varying intervention points to divert people living with mental illness out of the carceral state and toward treatment, support, and restoration.
An Anti-Oppressive Social Work Approach to Public Safety and Judicial Responses
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S.
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes the use of increasingly militarized law enforcement as an entryway into the carceral state and police violence. It offers an anti-oppressive critique of existing diversion practices and addresses social workers’ tensions and ethical dilemmas as part of these initiatives. The chapter considers alternative ways to think about what constitutes public safety, such as community-driven approaches to health, wellness, and accountability. Also addressed is the changing nature of police forces through militarization and the resulting decrease in social services funding. It describes and critiques some models of social work and police collaborations in responding to mental health crises and diversion through problem-solving courts. The chapter outlines avenues for community-based public safety and judicial responses and anti-oppressive social workers’ roles in catalyzing community reinvestment.
Reinvesting in People and Communities
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S.
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on formerly incarcerated and convicted people’s challenges in reentry and under community correctional control. It examines the consequences of the carceral state in the communities that formerly incarcerated and convicted people come from and return to as workers, parents, partners, and neighbors. It describes the many restrictions of probation and parole and the benefits and risks of court-ordered community-based treatment programs for those living with mental illness and substance use disorders. This chapter offers strategies for anti-oppressive social work practice through a lens of desistance, resilience, and community-driven accountability processes. It offers avenues to rebuild community well-being through decriminalization and reinvestment guided by lived experiences in the carceral state.
Conclusion and a Call to Action
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S.
Published: September 2022

Chapter 13 summarizes what has gone in the previous chapters and issues a call to social workers to adopt an anti-oppressive stance in transforming the carceral system that moves us toward its abolition. It reminds the reader of the carceral state’s significant tentacles. It identifies where and how social workers can resist the carceral state’s encroachment in their work toward building more just and community-driven responses. It calls on anti-oppressive social workers to build alliances with people with lived experience of the carceral state, providing leadership and expertise in this project and joining with other abolitionist social workers. It appeals to social workers to actively examine their complicity in the carceral state—to ask themselves what role they play in sustaining the carceral state.
Husnara Begum
Authors: Begum Jamila
Published: September 2022

Jamila Begum’s Urdu short-story “Husnara Begum” appeared in December 1915 in the Urdu journal Tehzeeb-e-Niswan, which was founded by Mumtaz Ali (1860-1935) in 1898 in partnership with his wife Muhammadi Begum (1878-1908). This story highlights the plight of an abandoned wife, whose husband deserts her and his daughter Husnara to get married to the daughter of a rich trader. This is a fictional account of the misery and struggles of a Muslim woman, who opens an elementary school to eke out her living and educate her daughter. The success of their enterprise and consequent prosperity delivers the radical message of women’s empowerment, demonstrating how education can be used as a tool to battle economic adversity. The story ends in the marriage of Husnara to a barrister as a reward for their hard-work. This woman’s narrative rewrites the traditional concept of sharafat in order to accommodate the idea of women’s economic independence. “Husnara Begum” demolishes the stereotypes about Muslim women as mere victims of Muslim patriarchy and raises the issue of women’s agency in the age of feminism. No information is available about the author of the story except that she published this short-story in Tehzeeb-e-Niswan in 1915. The translation of this story from an Urdu women’s journal is aimed at recovering the lost voices of Indian Muslim women in the early twentieth-century.
The Smokers’ Mazaar
Authors: Zaheer Noor
Published: September 2022

At the mazaar of Nau Gaja Pir, the women covered their heads and made sure that they were well-hidden by the trees, but they would be invariably caught in passing the cigarette from one to the other.
Billiee
Authors: Shajahana
Published: September 2022

Rehana was all alone in her rented house in the new city, when a cat from the lower floor came up meowing. Howsoever much Rehana tried to shoo it away, it refused to leave and began instead to circle around her endearingly shaking the end of its tail, as if they were well known to each other. The cat visited her house whenever meat was cooked, and Rehana fed it.
Bidda Lives On
Authors: Mashadi Zakia
Published: September 2022

Safia deliberately wanted to visit her home during the festive season. In Dubai, she yearned for the festivities of Holi and Diwali. Their lights, their colour, and colourful toys. They figured in her dreams. And now, she is returning to India, to her home. Zakia Mashadi’s “Bidda Lives On” depicts the changing socio-political contours of a peaceful multireligious society. The society where Safiya, a Muslim girl, longs for Hindu festivals and shared a strong bond of friendship with her childhood friend, Bidda. The social fabric of this Ganga-Jamni Tehzeeb (syncretic culture) was wavering as a political party flared up communal tension in the town. But, Safia sees a silver lining amidst the black clouds of hate and uncertainty.
To Be Myself
Authors: Kidwai Huma
Published: September 2022

“Whatever has happened to you, Narsing? Who has done this to you, son? You … you are …?” She couldn’t say the word. The spirited young boy Narsing was not like other boys of his age. He was different. He liked to play marbles, fly kites, and steal fruit from the gardens of the middle-class and the rich. He also secretly dressed in his mother’s saris and danced alone inside the house when she was at work. Huma Kidwai’s “To Be Myself” takes the readers through the metamorphosis of Narsing to Nargis. It deals with the lives and camaraderie of the Hijra community and is a story of self-determination, relationships, and choices.
Lost Paradise
Authors: Shabnam Rubina
Published: September 2022

“Do you know where the paradise under my feet has disappeared?” The mad woman was asking the same question to everyone in the bazaar. Her repetitions drag the narrator back several years to the past. Rubina Shabnam’s “Lost Paradise” can be read as a metaphorical story of the status of a woman in society. The story resonates of a Hadith (traditions of the prophet Muhammad): “Paradise lies under mother’s feet.” The anonymous mad protagonist of the story is on a futile quest for the paradise that was supposed to be under her feet. It is a story of loss and futility. Translated from Punjabi by Hina Nandrajog
My Share of Happiness
Authors: Khan Tasneem
Published: September 2022

She freshened up and touched-up her make-up. She wanted to look pretty for her husband. Nighat didn’t want to appear any less attractive than her rival, Meena. Tasneem Khan’s “My Share of Happiness” is a critique of polygamy. It narrates the tragic story of Nighat, the first wife of Saifuddin, who has to share her happiness with Meena, the second wife.
Riding Rakhsh
Authors: Karim Mariam
Published: September 2022

The Muslims who didn’t want a Pakistan. Those who didn’t want to live in a country based on religion. Those who wanted to live alongside the Hindus the Christians and the Sikhs. Who hated the idea of a religious state. Who were vociferous and emotional. Then the partition happened.
Managing Media Organizations: Changing Paradigms
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: September 2022

Much before media organizations came to be recognized primarily as economic organizations with profit and wealth generation being their bottom lines as in any other business organization, media organizations for long were seen mainly as social organizations with the avowed objective of serving the society with a philanthropic, missionary, and altruistic zeal. This approach towards mass media was rooted in the communication theorists’ earlier pre-occupation with communication, which tended to follow a different paradigm, other than that of mass media. The oldest and the most seasoned media houses in the country were born not out of an interest in commercial profit-making, rather out of a need for mirroring the voice of the people amidst tensions of the nationalist movement and the freedom struggle. This chapter talks about redefining vision and mission statements and evolution of management thought from old school to 21st century. It also has theoretical underpinnings of the commercial tenets of mass communication explained. It talks about exposition of media-management perspectives, understanding business strategies, and tracing growth trajectories: making of the Indian print legacies by giving chapter preludes.
The Indian Express: The Crusading Scribe
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: September 2022

Ever since its beginnings in 1932, The Indian Express has held on to its initial intent of independent, fearless, and courageous journalism. This adherence to its cause has deemed the newspaper to be counted among the most credible sources of news in the country. The leadership of The Express Group has been retained within the family, making it easier for the organization to keep its intent consistent. The chapter does a comprehensive study on understanding how a Presidency paper run by the English became a big media publication in the country with thirty-five national newspapers, several other publications, and a network of offices spread across the country. Ramnath Goenka, regarded as the foundation of this institution, persevered, with blood, sweat, and tears, to make Express what it is today. Steering his ship forward with an indomitable spirit and a clear vision, Goenka sought to rebrand the field of journalism by injecting it with reliable reportage free of lobbying and fear of authority. Thus, Express came to pride itself on keeping a check on the establishment in power. Simultaneously, he retained a focus on developing his product and expanding it for maximum penetration. To this effect, Express diversified into countless genres and many regional languages as part of its expansion strategies. From exceptionally standing the test of shifting eras and exceptional diversification strategies, the author explains how the group became a Jack-of-all-trades, as also a master of all that it embarked upon. Its most widely recognized publications include The Indian Express and The Financial Express in English, theLoksatta in Marathi, and the Jansatta in Hindi. The chapter also touches upon the journey of The New Indian Express, which runs as a separate paper now. The chapter also features extensive interviews of ViveckGoenka about the journey of the organization and its longstanding commitment to determinedly ethical journalism, Anant Goenka about innovations and business model of The Indian Express, and Raj Kamal Jha about the editorial track of Express in a personal interview with the author.
The Institutional Setting of Prisons and Health
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher
Published: September 2022

At the heart of the relationship between incarceration and health is a paradox. Prisons are charged, at once, with being punitive and therapeutic, with denying freedom and providing care. This paradox helps to explain patterns explored in the remainder of this book. Prisons can both provide treatment to those it incarcerates and set the conditions that undermine the health of people after release. This chapter lays out the institutional structure of the US correctional system, including its rise over time and its geographic and social dimensions. These facets of the correctional system help to establish a foundation for thinking about the implications of the prison system for population health.
The Effects of Incarceration on the Health of People in Prison
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher
Published: September 2022

Incarceration is consequential to the health of people in prison, though in complex ways. This chapter links the uncertain legal mandate behind prison care to the actual practices of prisons and jails, especially with respect to detection, treatment, and safety. It evaluates evidence regarding the intraprison transmission of infectious disease, mortality inside and outside prison, and prison violence. The prison environment is, at once, risk reducing and risk enhancing. A discussion of psychiatric disorders in prison provides an especially useful lens for thinking about what prisons do to people. Psychiatric disorders are unusually common among people in prisons and consequential for their long-term reintegration, but prisons are poorly equipped to treat them.
The Effects of Incarceration on Health Care Systems
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher
Published: September 2022

The prison system provides a considerable amount of care to an underserved population, but the prison system is ultimately connected to the larger health care system. Given the scale of the prison system and its long-term effects on health, incarceration can ultimately impact entire community-serving health care systems. This chapter evaluates spillovers between the prison system and the functioning of regional health care systems. It also evaluates the difficulty of meeting the health care needs of people released from prison. Incarceration undermines the functioning of the larger health care system insofar as it creates a population with both a greater need for care and a greater risk of being uninsured.
The Collision of Prisons and Health
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher
Published: September 2022

There are many ties between incarceration and health. Previous chapters have outlined the numerous negative consequences of incarceration for the health of individuals, families, and communities, as well as the potential for reform. The final chapter argues that the connection between incarceration and health is also a matter of justice. Providing better health care to those currently and formerly incarcerated can lead to a more efficient administration of justice. Health destabilizes the concision of punishment and undermines the capacity of people to reintegrate. Better serving the needs of people in and released from prison can ultimately lead to a more just and healthy society.
Dark Matter in Breaking Cyphers
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai
Published: September 2022

The dance circle (called the cypher) is a common signifier of breaking culture, known more for its spectacular moves than as a ritual practice with foundations in Africanist aesthetics. Yet those foundations—evident in expressive qualities like call and response, the aural kinesthetic, the imperative to be original, and more—are essential to cyphering’s enduring presence on the global stage. What can cyphers activate beyond the spectacle? What lessons do cyphers offer about moving through and navigating the social world? And what possibilities for the future do they animate? With an interdisciplinary reach and a riff on physics, Johnson centers the voices of practitioners in a study of breaking events in cities across the US, in Canada, and parts of Europe. Dark Matter in Breaking Cyphers: the Life of Africanist Aesthetics in Global Hip Hop draws on over a decade of research, providing a detailed look into the vitality of Africanist aesthetics and the epistemological possibilities of the ritual circle.
Dark Matter and Diaspora
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai
Published: September 2022

Opening with a thick descriptive story of an ethnographic experience of the invisible force or spirit of cyphering titled “Dark Matter,” chapter 1 goes on to center a comparative look at multiple African diasporic circle practices, drawing attention to their extraphenomenal, spiritual, and liberatory feelings and experiences, articulated differently by each practitioner. In this chapter, the main interlocutors—including Float, Silky Jones, Poe One, Triple7, Miss Little, Aby, Pia, and Jaekwon —discuss this little-recognized dimension of the cypher. By amplifying Africanist aesthetics, we can better understand breakers’ broad articulations of overlapping experiences of spirit and liberation. The chapter further explores the epistemic violence involved in invisibilizing Africanist aesthetics.
Is the First-Person Perspective Gendered?
Authors: Baker Lynne Rudder
Published: September 2022

The notion of gender identity has been characterized as “one’s sense of oneself as male, female or transgender.” To have a sense of oneself at all, one must have a robust first-person perspective—a capacity to conceive of oneself as oneself in the first person. A robust first-person perspective requires that one have a language complex enough to express thoughts like “I wonder how I am going to die.” Since a robust first-person perspective requires that one have a language, and languages embed whole worldviews, the question arises: in learning a language, does the robust first-person perspective itself introduce gender stereotypes? Without denying that we unconsciously acquire attitudes about gender that shape our normative expectations, this chapter argues that one’s gender identity is not just attributable to the biases implicit in the language one speaks. So the robust first-person perspective itself is not responsible for which gender-specific attitudes a person acquires.
Passivity in Theories of the Agentic Self
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens
Published: September 2022

This chapter critiques a recent feminist project aiming to revalue passivity and integrate it into our conception of selfhood and agency. In the course of examining Soran Reader’s and Sarah Buss’s positions regarding the value of passivity in human life, the chapter argues that the forms of passivity they identify are best understood as forms of interactivity and capacitation. Therefore passivity, at least as they understand it, should not be regarded as a central feature of the self or autonomy. Moreover, Reader and Buss claim that their views about passivity enrich our understanding of victimhood and ensure respect for victims of oppression and human rights abuse. In contrast, this chapter argues that overlooking interactivity and capacitation muddles our understanding of victimhood and undermines respect for victims.
Do Everything
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

Frances Willard (1839–1898) was one of the most prominent American social reformers of the late nineteenth century. This biography explores Willard’s life, her contributions as a reformer, and her broader legacy as a women’s rights activist in the United States. As the long-time president of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), Willard built a national and international movement of women that campaigned for prohibition. Emphasizing what she called “Do Everything” reform, Willard became a central figure in campaigns supporting woman suffrage, economic justice, Christian socialism, and numerous other reforms during the Gilded Age. A devout Methodist, Willard helped shape predominant religious currents of the late nineteenth century, including being an important figure in the rise of the social gospel movement in American Protestantism. In addition to chronicling Willard’s life, the biography examines ways that Willard crafted a distinctive culture of women’s leadership not fully explored by other scholars. Despite her enormous fame during her lifetime, the book examines reasons that subsequent twentieth-century women reformers have eclipsed Willard’s legacy.
Introduction
Authors: Hawkins Angus
Published: September 2022

This very brief introduction explains that twentieth-century social scientists invented a condition called ‘modernity’, indicates some problems with the model, and explains how the book intends to provide an alternative way of thinking about nineteenth-century Britain.
Paternalism
Authors: Tahzib Collis
Published: September 2022

This chapter defends the perfectionist conception of justice against Jonathan Quong’s argument that perfectionist political action is paternalistic because it is premised on the belief that, when left to their own devices, citizens will fail to make sound choices about how to use their time and resources. In response, the author concedes that perfectionist political action does involve the assumption that citizens are not always disposed to make rational decisions about their own good, but denies that there is anything disrespectful about proceeding on the basis of such an assumption—especially given that, as mounting evidence from the fields of social psychology and behavioural economics suggests, this assumption is true of all human beings. To defend this position, the author develops an alternative conception of what respect for the moral status of citizens requires—a conception that requires that the state treat citizens as if they are disposed often, but not always, to make rational decisions about their own good, and thus that is compatible with some degree of paternalism.
Descent into Zero Interest Policy and the New Abnormal
Authors: Beenstock Michael
Published: September 2022

The adoption of ZIP is placed in historical context, and is chronicled, starting with Japan in 1996 and ending with New Zealand in 2020. Israel, which was not involved in the Subprime Crisis, is used to illustrate the epidemiology of ZIP in small open economies. The relation between ZIP and long-term interest rates is reviewed through term structure theory. Initially ZIP was expected to be temporary; it took several years for long-term rates to decrease. Even then, long-term rates exceeded 2 percent. It took tsunami-style quantitative easing to flatten yield curves completely. Wicksell’s interest rate gap (between the natural rate of interest and the real long-term interest rate) is calculated for various countries, which increased for all countries studied. Debt-to-GDP ratios and kinetic inflation induced by quantitative easing are reviewed.
Socioeconomic Consequences of the New Abnormal
Authors: Beenstock Michael
Published: September 2022

If ZIP lasts indefinitely, Generation X and Millennials will be worse off in retirement than their parents. Since Japan has had the longest experience of ZIP, we use data from the Survey of Household Income and Expenditure in Japan to show that pensioners in 2019 had 20 percent less pension income than their counterparts in 1999. The New Abnormal is inequitable from an intergenerational perspective because future generations bear the burden of public debt. It is less clear whether the New Abnormal is inequitable from an intragenerational perspective. ZIP directly increases house prices because housing is a capital asset whose return is correlated with the yield on long-term bonds. Since these yields have decreased because of ZIP by about 3 percentage points, ZIP increased real house prices by about 25 percent. ZIP increased the price of insurance because insurance companies invest their premium income in liquid assets, which have little or no return.
The Discursification of Transparency
Authors: Koivisto Ida
Published: September 2022

The chapter discusses the ‘discursification’ of transparency. The term refers to a process whereby legal or otherwise normative concepts and ideas become detached from their original system of meaning and potential enforcement mechanisms. Hence, those concepts become available to strategic language use outside of the original context. The concept of discursification is discussed both generally and in the context of transparency. It is argued that with discursification, transparency has become potent in legitimizing a variety of practices. This process is exemplified in two contexts: in global governance and in multinational technology companies. In both, the concept of transparency has become hugely popular, yet vague in meaning. It is argued that the discursification of transparency represents a wider development in which procedural law has become a post-ideological vocabulary of morality. In this process, transparency seems to have adopted a circular legitimation structure: instead of democracy, transparency is needed to guarantee transparency.
The Future of Transparency
Authors: Koivisto Ida
Published: September 2022

The chapter discusses the effects of digitalization on transparency. The theme is approached through Jean Baudrillard’s concept of hyperreality, and the crisis of representation it entails. In hyperreality, instead of representation—a copy representing the original—the guiding principle is simulation, ie the production of simulacra, ‘copies without an original’. This crisis of representation means that the reality principle that transparency presupposes may cease to be valid in the era of digitalization. In the order of the hyperreal, seeing no longer guarantees understanding. As corollaries of these developments, algorithmic transparency and digital subjects, struggling to manage their impression online, are analysed. The chapter concludes that digitalization challenges the different epistemologies that transparency represents. It argues that the very icono-ambivalent nature of transparency, discussed in chapter two, is a product of hyperreality. Due to these developments, it is argued that transparency may not sustain its legitimating function in the future.
Union Theories
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2022

This chapter briefly discusses the account that Scotus gives of the metaphysics of the Incarnation, in terms of a certain non-causal kind of dependence of the human nature on the divine person. This dependence is understood to be some kind of categorial accident of the human nature. The chapter outlines Scotus’s reasons for rejecting the kind of communion theory found in Aquinas. It then provides an account of two later ways, influential in the seventeenth century, in which Scotus’s theory was adapted: first, by Durand of St-Pourçain, and second by Philip Melanchthon. This latter thinker interpreted the dependence relation in causal terms, and thus inadvertently set the stage for the later Lutheran rejection of the theory in favour of a communion theory.
Believing
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen
Published: September 2022

Chapter 3 provides a detailed analysis of the religious beliefs held by Catholics in Britain, using the new ‘Catholics in Britain’ survey. It begins with consideration of a standard six-option belief in God measure. Beliefs in various generic Christian, Catholic-specific, and non-traditional (spiritual energies, reincarnation) doctrines follow. It then turns to views on a number of debated points of Catholic moral and sacramental doctrine/law (married priests, communion for divorced-and-remarried, women priests). The chapter looks at overall levels of belief (both traditional and non-traditional), examines how levels of religious belief vary based on demographic group (sex and age), and explores how believing is associated with different types of religious practice.
Lyric and Liberalism in the Age of American Empire
Authors: Foley Hugh
Published: September 2022

Lyric and Liberalism in the Age of American Empire considers, in the work of five exemplary poets, a particular tension between the lyric representation of individual consciousness and a sense (individual, but part of a wider collective anxiety) that these representations justify, dignify, or ornament the American state, even when raised to the pitch of dissent. The poets discussed are Elizabeth Bishop and Robert Lowell (taken together), Amiri Baraka, John Ashbery, and Jorie Graham. This book examines how questions about the nature of the individual in liberal thought animate poems, and how poets were driven to ask these questions when confronting the nature of American empire. The book argues that each poet saw a resemblance between their own understanding of what poems do, and the liberal idea of the individual. It shows that each poet was able to make use of techniques associated with making a person visible in a lyric poem, in order to stage a critique of liberalism, and to distinguish the subject of a lyric poem from the liberal subject of rights.
Two-Component Semantics
Authors: Berto Francesco , Hawke Peter
Published: September 2022

When do two sentences say the same thing, that is, express the same propositional content? This chapter defends two-component (2C) semantics, the view that propositional contents comprise pairs of irreducibly distinct components: (1) truth conditions, and (2) topic or subject matter. It presents an abstract 2C formal semantics, which gives synonymy conditions while being neutral on the exact nature of subject matter. The chapter compares 2C with 1C semantics, the view that either truth conditions are reducible to subject matter or vice versa, and argues for the superiority of 2C. In order to do so, it develops a ‘topicology’, laying out a series of constraints any good theory of topic or subject matter should obey. In particular, the truth-functional propositional connectives of negation, conjunction, disjunction should be topic-transparent: they should add no topic of their own; and there should be necessary or co-necessary (intensionally equivalent) sentences which express different contents due to differences in topic or subject matter, i.e in what they are about. Finally, the chapter explores some difficulties for the idea that coincidence in truth conditions and topic is both necessary and sufficient for content identity.
Epistemic Closure, Dogmatism, Scepticism, Fallibilism
Authors: Berto Francesco , Hawke Peter
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores an epistemic reading of the two-place TSIM operators, in which they are interpreted as capturing the notion of Knowability Relative to Information (KRI), Kφψ: given total (empirical) information φ, one is in a position to know that ψ. In the KRI setting, the variable strictness of two-place TSIMs makes them suitable to model the non-monotonicity of knowledge acquisition (sometimes one can know less after getting more, even truthful, information) while allowing knowledge to be intrinsically stable. Their topic-sensitivity allows them to invalidate controversial forms of epistemic closure (closure of the relevant knowledge state under full logical consequence) while validating less controversial ones. Unlike the standard Hintikkan modal framework for epistemic logic, the KRI framework models insights friendly to epistemic fallibilism: the view that one can sometimes know that φ even if one is not in a position to rule out all possible scenarios in which φ fails. It also accommodates plausible approaches to the Kripke-Harman dogmatism paradox (the paradox whereby knowing agents seem to be immune to rational persuasion via information bringing in new evidence), which bear on non-monotonicity or on topic-sensitivity.
Framing Effects
Authors: Berto Francesco , Özgün Aybüke
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces two kinds of one-place TSIMs representing, respectively, belief activated in working memory and belief left passively stored in long-term memory. The distinction between the two sorts of belief is shown to help with the modelling of a typical form of the well-known framing effect, whereby people can have different attitudes towards logically or necessarily equivalent propositions. The chapter introduces a semantics for active and passive topic-sensitive belief to represent and reason about, agents whose belief states can be subject to framing effects. The analysis of framing calls for a precise characterization of the sense in which framed agents are logically non-omniscient given that they can believe exactly one of two intensionally equivalent propositions even when they are fully on top of the relevant subject matters and, in a ‘dormant’ sense, they are even aware of the equivalence. The formal framework here combines topic-sensitivity with ideas from subset space semantics.
“What Is Natural in Me”
Authors: Stolte Tyson
Published: September 2022

This chapter traces how Dickens’s first novel narrated entirely in the first person, David Copperfield, employs that narrative point of view to insist upon the immateriality of the mind. The introspective form of the novel allows Dickens to write in considerably more detail about the structure of David’s mind than he had done with any previous character, and Dickens represents David’s psychology in accordance with the conceptual model of the association of ideas, which posited the construction of complex mental phenomena out of associated simple sensations. The language of association, however, was shared by two schools of psychology that Victorian commentators perceived to be fundamentally opposed, associationism and Scottish faculty psychology. Critics who have noted the novel’s engagement with Victorian psychology have argued that Dickens draws the language of association from the former school, but such arguments ignore the way associationism was popularly constructed in the period: as a materialist body of thought that denied the existence of the soul by suggesting that the mind was wholly derived from experience. Considering the religious language that permeates David Copperfield, as well as David’s insistence on the innate gifts that associationism denied, this chapter positions the novel as instead immersed in the soul-based faculty psychology, which granted to humankind certain God-given ideas, and against which the Victorians invariably set associationism. Yet the critical confusion about Dickens’s psychology in this novel illuminates (and replicates) the difficulties Victorian readers experienced in understanding precisely the nuances of the psychology Dickens wished to endorse.
Walter Pater's European Imagination
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: September 2022

Walter Pater’s European Imagination addresses Pater’s literary cosmopolitanism as the first in-depth study of his fiction in dialogue with European literature. Pater’s short pieces of fiction, the so-called ‘imaginary portraits’, trace the development of the European self over a period of some two thousand years. They include elements of travelogue and art criticism, together with discourses on myth, history, and philosophy, and are not easily classified. With settings ranging from ancient Greece to nineteenth-century England, they engage with the visual arts and operate pictorially in a series of receding planes of frame, foreground, and background. Examining Pater’s methods of composition, use of narrative voice, and construction of character, the book draws on all of Pater’s oeuvre and includes discussions of a range of his unpublished manuscripts, essays, and reviews. It engages with Pater’s dialogue with the visual portrait and problematizes the oscillation between type and individual, the generic and the particular, which characterizes both the visual and the literary portrait. Exploring Pater’s involvement with nineteenth-century historiography and collective memory, the book positions Pater’s fiction solidly within such nineteenth-century genres as the historical novel and the Bildungsroman, while also discussing the portraits as specimens of biographical writing. As the ‘Ur-texts’ from which generations of modernist life-writing developed, Pater’s ‘imaginary portraits’ became pivotal for such modernist writers as Virginia Woolf and Harold Nicolson, and Walter Pater’s European Imagination explores such twentieth-century successors, together with French precursors like Sainte-Beuve and followers like Marcel Schwob.
Introduction
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: September 2022

The Introduction positions Walter Pater’s literary genre of the imaginary portrait within more general discussions of visual portraiture and its concern with presence and absence, life and death. It traces the late nineteenth-century application of the term to actual visual portraits with the aim of addressing Pater’s dialogue between word and image. Discussing such terms as likeness and referentiality, it draws attention to Pater the spectator, the visitor to the galleries, deliberately drawing on and challenging the characteristics of the visual portrait in his imaginary portraits. It discusses Pater’s initial ideas of the portraits as a portrait gallery, characterized by an element of seriality, which invites a comparison between the individual and the type, the specific and the generic. Pater’s interest in the Renaissance as the period in which the modern self emerged both in writing and portraiture encourages a dialogue between Pater’s first book, Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), and the imaginary portraits which runs as an undercurrent in the entire monograph. Life-writing and the positioning of the individual in a pictorial context of foreground and background remain aspects of Pater’s Renaissance essays and of his portraits. The blending self and other which characterizes much of Pater’s writing makes him an important contributor to the genre of autobiografiction, toying with the splitting of the self into many different figures, a process perhaps originating in his delight in constructing imaginary relatives, as recounted by several of his friends.
Mass Advertising’s Appeals
Authors: Rosenberg Anat
Published: September 2022

Drawing on reception evidence for advertising c.1840–1914, Chapter 1 shows that mass advertising brought forth a range of experiences based in non-rational ontologies and a sense of mystery, which motivated contemporaries to respond to its appeals: possibilities of transformation, even redemption, mundane miracles, animated environments, a consciousness of a greater design, a surplus of meaning in things, a wide scope for imagination, dreams, fantasies, play, and adventure. These were elements of a commercially driven enchantment, which became a prevalent cultural condition. Their prevalence did not rule out a sense of reason and realism, all the less agency. To the contrary, advert viewers revealed a will to enchantment as they actively pursued it. Enchanted experiences also did not imply a unified belief system, nor consistent emotive or cognitive stances; they were varied and patchy. These qualities of enchantment by advertising gave it its distinctly modern character. The analysis examines a variety of sources: testimonies of consumers in fraud cases against advertisers; comments in the press; autobiographies and diaries; fiction; works of art; albums and scrapbooks. The chapter does not attempt to harmonize them but rather explores symptomatic recurrences within a variety, so as to shed light on the role of enchantment in the first decades of mass advertising.
Imperfect Divisions of Agential Labor
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba
Published: September 2022

Chapter 4 builds on previous chapters in which, in all the cases discussed, a deliberator furnishes for the executor a morally problematic purpose; the deliberator is accordingly accountable for that wrong-making feature of the executor’s conduct. It has been assumed so far that the participants in the division of agential labor a) are fully committed to what they’re doing together, b) are not coerced into participating, c) know what it is that they are doing together and why they are doing it. One might worry that the argument for authority-based accountability holds water only given these idealizing assumptions. In what follows, this worry is addressed. The upshot will be that the authority-based accountability survives cases in which the executor—but not necessarily the deliberator—suffers from alienation, coercion, and ignorance.
War Ethics
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba
Published: September 2022

Chapter 5 focuses on warfare as a paradigm of cooperative activity. How do we make sense of an individual combatant’s accountability in an unjust war, given that the typical combatant sees no combat and contributes little to the war-effort? It is argued that the authority-based accountability can help answer this question. It is also explained how authority-based accountability copes with the accountability-mitigating circumstances common in warfare, including ignorance, alienation, and coercion. Combatants, then, can bear authority-based accountability for what their comrades do. But what about civilians? Authority-based accountability might seem to illicitly overgeneralize by inculpating civilians as well—but the chapter argues that it does not have that consequence.
Percepts and Concepts
Authors: Hill Christopher S.
Published: September 2022

Chapter 8 describes a number of essential differences separating perceptual experiences from high-level cognitive phenomena, and, in particular, from concepts and propositional attitudes. The chapter embraces the widely accepted view that concepts are akin to words in that they have reference and belong to logical categories, along with the companion view that the propositions that are the objects of attitudes like belief and desire are like sentences in that they have truth conditions and logical forms. In sum, concepts and propositions are quasi-linguistic. Not so for perceptual representations. The chapter argues that perceptual experiences are metaphysically independent of conceptualization. It also maintains that, on the one hand, perceptual representations lack the logical properties that are essential to concepts and propositions, and that, on the other hand, the former representations differ from the latter in that they are often isomorphic to the domains and individual entities that they represent.
The Sources of Entrepreneurial Hesitancy, 1950–1958
Authors: Sogner Knut
Published: September 2022

This chapter about the 1950s emphasizes the insecure and scattered grasp of the research agenda that was influenced by the strict drug regulation. During the 1950s, the threat of nationalization became replaced by a drug regulatory hand that continued to keep profits low but pharmaceutical companies private. Nyegaard’s one prioritized unique project failed. Nyegaard & Co. primarily aimed to copy foreign products to be sold on the Norwegian market. It also started to develop non-pharmaceutical products to get away from drug regulation. However, the regulatory philosophy also opened up for scientific progress, reflecting Norway’s modern medical ecosystem. At the end of the decade, Nyegaard & Co. got the right to market an exportable test product developed by an internationally famous Norwegian professor of medicine. And just by renewing its large product portfolio, Nyegaard accidentally discovered a patentable molecule that was very promising as a basis for an X-ray contrast medium.