bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Not to Broaden the Jazz Canvas (Carnegie Hall Jazz Band)
Authors: Giddins Gary
Published: November 2023

The unceremonious booting of the Carnegie Hall Jazz Band from Carnegie Hall is old news, but hasn’t been much addressed in or out of the jazz press, perhaps because George Wein, whose baby the CHJB was, capitulated without a fight to the hall’s new executive director, Robert J. Harth. The public excuse, and it’s a beaut, is that the hall wants to expand its presentation of jazz by looking to a wide variety of artists rather than one ensemble. Oh joy!—I so look forward to eating the words I’m about to deploy. Harth, the son of two concert violinists who was previously in charge of the Aspen Music Festival, where presentation of jazz was nonexistent, has told CHJB conductor and music director Jon Faddis that he intends no artistic slight. He just wants to broaden the jazz canvas. Apparently, the CHJB’s four evenings a year were getting in the way. So much jazz, so little time. Actually, not only hasn’t Carnegie ever presented much jazz, it’s not in the business of producing concerts; it leases its hall to producers and institutions for that purpose. One producer remarked last week that he had been asked to mount jazz concerts several years back precisely because, a Carnegie bigwig told him, the hall had been so inimical for so long to African American music. He suspects that the latest slight is nothing more than good old elitist disdain. I’m uncomfortable with the word elitist, which can apply to jazz connoisseurs as well as any other kind, but it would be hard not to conclude that a time-honored prejudice is at work.
Swashbuckler (Erroll Garner)
Authors: Giddins Gary
Published: November 2023

Conversation with a clerk at a megastore, May 2003: “Do you carry a DVD of Erroll Garner?” “Oh, I know that, it’s like, um, adventures of Erroll Garner, right?” “Uh, I don’t think so, I think it’s something like Erroll Garner in concert.” “No, my boyfriend showed it to me. He, like, fights pirates and stuff, right?” “Excuse me?” “What kind of movie is it?” “He’s a jazz musician. It’s a concert film.” “Oh, right. I’m thinking of Errol Flynn.” Actually, it’s called Erroll Garner in Performance, and consists of two 35-minute sets taped in 1964 for the BBC series Jazz 625. In fairness, Garner’s attack does indicate a swashbuckling fortitude, a piratical confidence, an adventurer’s audacity. Still, not long ago—OK, 25 years ago—every record store clerk in the nation knew Erroll from Errol, simply because of the volume of records he moved, as suggested by an earlier teˆte-a`-teˆte. Having first encountered Garner at a 1964 concert in Queens, I had bicycled the next morning to a record store and looked in vain for a Garner bin or, failing that, Garner albums in the miscellaneous G section. I asked an employee, “Is it possible you don’t have a single record by Erroll Garner?”
Ornette and Others (JVC 2003)
Authors: Giddins Gary
Published: November 2023

And it must follow, as the night the day, that whenever JVC is as false to its calling as it was last summer, it will direct its next installment toward the true light. Look it up: The JVC Jazz Festival never scrapes bottom in consecutive years. With the return of Ornette Coleman (imperial), Wayne Shorter (tapped to elation by Savion Glover), and Dee Dee Bridgewater (an incendiary “Fever” for Peggy Lee), Carnegie Hall once again shone with star power, while diverse programming at Kaye Playhouse and inspired bookings at participating clubs added to a sense of citywide satiation. As usual for recent programs, it skewed to one age group—this year, elder statespeople. Boomers, so recently dominant, were in short supply (especially loft grads), and the young were virtually absent. I assume impresario and first-time author George Wein doesn’t do this deliberately; it just happens, like the rainy season and hot spells. JVC got off to a terrifically festive start at Kaye with the kind of nobrainer that almost always works, though not at this level. The recipe is simplicity itself: a couple of beloved veterans as objects of homage, and reliable mainstreamers to combine jam-session zest, pointed anecdote, times a kind of hide-and-seek call-and-response with Danilo Perez, John Patitucci, and Brian Blade. In this mode, the band reminds me of Count Basie rhythm interludes, where instead of a piano solo you get a fourway immersion in timekeeping. With Shorter, the issue is less about rhythm than rests and retaliations—indeed, rhythm was nowhere to be found in the precisely executed, almost Debussyan duet with Hancock.
Midlife Bloom (Dianne Reeves)
Authors: Giddins Gary
Published: November 2023

Of the 70-plus tunes attributed to Thelonious Monk, the ballads occupy a singular plateau, none more so than “Reflections,” which he introduced at a magnificent 1952 Prestige trio session alongside “Trinkle Tinkle,” “Bemsha Swing,” and a riotously swinging “These Foolish Things” that begins with a condign borrowing of Johnny Ray’s “Please Mr. Sun.” Though acclaimed as an evocative melody, “Reflections” failed to attract a lyricist and so never found traction with singers. It is classic, paradoxical Monk, beautiful and memorable yet a minefield of odd intervals, each essential to its bricks-and-mortar structure. It gives the illusion of being readily singable but isn’t. In the 1980s, Jon Hendricks wrote an impressive, poetic lyric for the tune as part of Carmen McRae’s last major project, Carmen Sings Monk. McRae takes it at a medium tempo, cannily interpreting the lyric from the vantage of a worldly lady who has seen it all; she rushes the tag, “Thank God I’m one girl who knows,” as if relieved to have made it safely to journey’s end. She also finesses the tune, gliding over some of the knottier intervals. Well, that’s what jazz singers do, and when they embellish a pop song and make it better, we cheer. But like Ellington’s trickier melodies, “Reflections” ought to be sung as written.
Desperate Passage
Authors: Rarick Ethan
Published: November 2023

In late October 1846, the last wagon train of that year's westward migration stopped overnight before resuming its arduous climb over the Sierra Nevada Mountains, unaware that a fearsome storm was gathering force. After months of grueling travel, the 81 men, women and children would be trapped for a brutal winter with little food and only primitive shelter. The conclusion is known: by spring of the next year, the Donner Party was synonymous with the most harrowing extremes of human survival. But until now, the full story of what happened, what it tells us about human nature and about America's westward expansion, remained shrouded in myth. Drawing on fresh archaeological evidence, recent research on topics ranging from survival rates to snowfall totals, and heartbreaking letters and diaries made public by descendants a century-and-a-half after the tragedy, Ethan Rarick offers an intimate portrait of the Donner party and their unimaginable ordeal: a mother who must divide her family, a little girl who shines with courage, a devoted wife who refuses to abandon her husband, a man who risks his life merely to keep his word. But Rarick resists both the gruesomely sensationalist accounts of the Donner party as well as later attempts to turn the survivors into archetypal pioneer heroes. "The Donner Party," Rarick writes, "is a story of hard decisions that were neither heroic nor villainous. Often, the emigrants displayed a more realistic and typically human mixture of generosity and selfishness, an alloy born of necessity." A fast-paced, heart-wrenching, clear-eyed narrative history, A Desperate Hope casts new light on one of America's most horrific encounters between the dream of a better life and the harsh realities such dreams so often must confront.
Man’s Traces: Axe, Train, Figure
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

While Thoreau meditates on his use of the axe to make himself a dwelling place in nature, he also mourns lost trees, which he misses like human beings. National identity is both constructed and threatened by the doubleedged symbol of progress, the axe that destroys and builds, builds and destroys. The paradoxes of this relationship to nature are sharply revealed in the “civilizing” of the land. Progress toward America’s future literally undercut its past.

In chopping away at the forests, Americans were not only terminating the primordial age that made America unique. They were also leveling what William Cullen Bryant had called God’s first temples. Insofar as this involved an attack on America’s religion of God-in-nature, it was a profane act. But expediency strongly suggested that nature could be “humanized” without violating nature-as-God.
Copperheads
Authors: Weber Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

If Civil War battlefields saw vast carnage, the Northern home-front was itself far from tranquil. Fierce political debates set communities on edge, spurred secret plots against the Union, and triggered widespread violence, such as the New York City draft riots. And at the heart of all this turmoil stood Northern anti-war Democrats, nicknamed "Copperheads." Now, Jennifer L. Weber offers the first full-length portrait of this powerful faction to appear in almost half a century. Weber reveals how the Copperheads came perilously close to defeating Lincoln and ending the war in the South's favor. Indeed, by the summer of 1864, they had grown so strong that Lincoln himself thought his defeat was "exceedingly likely." Passionate defenders of civil liberties and states' rights--and often virulent racists--the Copperheads deplored Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus, his liberal interpretation of the Constitution, and, most vehemently, his moves toward emancipation. Weber reveals how the battle over these issues grew so heated, particularly in the Midwest, that Northerners feared their neighbors would destroy their livestock, burn their homes, even kill them. Indeed, some Copperheads went so far as to conspire with Confederate forces and plan armed insurrections, including an attempt to launch an uprising during the Democratic convention in Chicago. Finally, Weber illuminates the role of Union soldiers, who, furious at Copperhead attacks on the war effort, moved firmly behind Lincoln. The soldiers' support for the embattled president kept him alive politically in his darkest times, and their victories on the battlefield secured his re-election. Disgraced after the war, the Copperheads melted into the shadows of history. Here, Jennifer L. Weber illuminates their dramatic story. Packed with sharp observation and fresh interpretations, Copperheads is a gripping account of the fierce dissent that Lincoln called "the fire in the rear."
The Rise and Fall of the Copperheads
Authors: Weber Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

As july turned to august, tensions at home showed no sign of easing. The precarious summer of 1864 merely pressed on. The country was shrouded in gloom, which gave the Peace Democrats the greatest political might they had yet known. But in exercising that power, they laid the foundation for their own undoing. The difficult summer also boosted rebel hopes for fomenting a revolt that would finally prompt the Northwest to secede from the Union—only to learn that the Copperheads who had talked so brashly balked when it came to dying for their beliefs. In this desperate and unsettled environment, Lincoln had to make a decision that would define him and possibly ruin him politically; that decision was the bravest and boldest of his career. Then came September, which was the month of redemption for Lincoln and the Unionists. Sherman took Atlanta, and Sheridan started working his way through the Shenandoah Valley. Two weeks after Lincoln’s fateful decision, his opponent, George McClellan, was faced with his own moment of truth, when he had to decide how to stand up to his own party. Unlike Lincoln, though, McClellan was not up to the challenge. Union military successes turned the tide for Lincoln, doomed the Copperheads, and threatened the Democratic Party at large.
The Madness Within Us
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia is one of the most devastating and mysterious mental illnesses. People with schizophrenia have the unique sensation that their brain is being taken over by external entities and that their heads are filled with voices that are not their own. Although it is increasingly recognized as a biological illness of the brain, it also has profound psychological implications for how we perceive reality. The Madness Within Us: Schizophrenia as a Neuronal Process is an illuminating discussion of these two aspects of the illness. Dr. Robert Freedman, who is both a neuroscientist and a practicing clinical psychiatrist, outlines the emerging understanding of shizophrenia as a neurobiological illness and shows how these new insights can be used as a bridge to the psychological understanding of the delusions and hallucinations. He combines the findings of modern brain science with insights from the clinical practitioner’s empathic listening to patients as they describe their problems.
Schizophrenia as a Philosopher’s Concern
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

During a visit to my office, a young man hesitantly reveals his belief that snakes are living behind the mirror in his college dormitory room and that they are forcing their thoughts into his head. His terror was hidden in the privacy of his own mind for a year, until his failure in his classes led to a confession to his mother and a referral to me. His belief about the snakes is a delusion, a symptom of schizophrenia, and it leads me to prescribe a medication and a course of psychotherapy—and to suggest to him and his parents that he is not ready to return to college. I also tell his parents that this young man, Paul, is at significant risk for suicide and that his cigarette smoking and marijuana use, which they find especially offensive because of their religious beliefs, are part of his illness.
Insight from Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

There is a miracle in human medical research that is unlike any other that preceded it. It is possible with modern tools of molecular genetics to discover a previously unknown biological basis for an illness simply by following its inheritance through a series of families. Then, by mapping how each person’s chromosomes are inherited using the human genome map, the location of the gene variant responsible for transmission of the illness from parent to offspring can be identified. Finally, the DNA sequence of that chromosomal location can be examined to identify the variant that causes the illness. Using what we know about the DNA code, the variant’s biological role can be accurately predicted and then verified. It is an entirely new strategy for medical research with enormous power, because it is independent of any previous biological hypotheses.
“Taking” Mabo Socioesthetic Detail
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

At the height of the 1989 dry season near Bagandou, BaAka from Kenga came to our camp to be initiated into Mabo. Elanga had arranged this event. He had been working for a few days down the road in Kenga at the home of his milo’s daughter and, while there, had persuaded Kenga BaAka they could upgrade their level of Mabo by learning from Djolo and others in our Bagandou camp. Elanga probably intended to use the initiation fees against his debt so that he and the others could head back to Ndanga as soon as possible. But my friends from Kenga were inclined toward such a project anyway; since a year earlier they had begun their initiation into Mabo with instructors from another clan (chapter 2). At that time my illness had prevented me from following the events, but now I was not only healthy but better prepared to understand. I also happened to know personally both the host group and the guest group.

The delegation from Kenga arrived at our camp in the late afternoon of the designated day. On their way they had avoided the main dirt road through Bagandou so as not to be waylaid by villagers demanding favors, instead detouring via back paths that weave through the many temporary camps set among the village plantations. Yekayeka, Epoko, and Mabambo were among the self-selected group of roughly fifteen BaAka from Kenga. As they entered our camp single file from the path, they were wearing new clothing they had earned by working for Kenga villagers, evidence they viewed this event as special. Yeka-yeka was clad in shorts and a brown turtleneck (with a few holes), Mabambo in a big red sweater and a loin cloth. Their wives, Epoko and Makanda, wore bright cloth wraps, and Epoko was wearing a new white blouse. I had often noted that when attending dances BaAka not only wear loin cloths, raffia skirts, and/or decorative mandudu leaves, but also adorn themselves with any other clothing they have, including stained and torn pieces. Most BaAka do not hesitate to use an item until it falls apart, and clothing keeps its social identity and value until it is so ragged it won’t stay on anymore. Even then someone might use the remnant creatively; I once saw Ndanga solemnly sporting an old bra as a headband. Another man adorned his bare foot with only the ankle part of a bright orange sock. Men especially regard clothing and other commodities (such as nonfunctioning watches) as indications-primarily to each other-that they are hip to the modern world. Big dances near the village are fitting opportunities for such expression.
William Harnett: Every Object Rightly Seen
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

The respect for the fact, whether object or place, that characterizes so much American art might easily be mistaken for the famous—or infamous— American materialism. But Emerson, like the medieval thinkers, saw the fact as the “end or last issue of spirit,” and one may speculate, therefore, on the reasons why conceptual realism in America should resemble the late Gothic painting of Jan van Eyck. Originating with Copley, this conceptual mode was inherited by the luminist landscape painters and by a still-life tradition extending almost without interruption or change from Raphaelle Peale (1774–1825) at the beginning of the century to William Michael Harnett (1848–92) at the end. Much American art of the late eighteenth century and of the nineteenth century can in fact be seen as still life, whether a portrait by Copley or a landscape by Lane.
The Sound of Broadway Music
Authors: Steven Suskin
Published: November 2023

Philip J. Lang, Jonathan Tunick - are names well known to musical theatre fans, but few people understand precisely what the orchestrator does. The Sound of Broadway Music is the first book ever written about these unsung stars of the Broadway musical whose work is so vital to each show's success. The book examines the careers of Broadway's major orchestrators and follows the song as it travels from the composer's piano to the orchestra pit. Steven Suskin has meticulously tracked down thousands of original orchestral scores, piecing together enigmatic notes and notations with long-forgotten documents and current interviews with dozens of composers, producers, conductors and arrangers. The information is separated into three main parts: a biographical section which gives a sense of the life and world of twelve major theatre orchestrators, as well as incorporating briefer sections on another thirty arrangers and conductors; a lively discussion of the art of orchestration, written for musical theatre enthusiasts (including those who do not read music); a biographical section which gives a sense of the life and world of twelve major theatre orchestrators, as well as incorporating briefer sections on another thirty arrangers and conductors; and an impressive show-by-show listing of more than six hundred musicals, in many cases including a song-by-song listing of precisely who orchestrated what along with relevant comments from people involved with the productions. Stocked with intriguing facts and juicy anecdotes, many of which have never before appeared in print, The Sound of Broadway Music brings fascinating and often surprising new insight into the world of musical theatre.
Vocal Color, Technique, and Arrangement
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

The sound of the sound is often centered on a force not yet reckoned with—that of the human voice. Each singer has such a distinctive tonal quality, range, and method of articulation, and his and her work is so usually at the core of a recording’s means of expression, that they are identified far more easily by even the most casual listener than are most of the instruments—let alone instrumentalists—that accompany them. Each singer should be thought of as an instrument—the primary source of vibration is a column of air, and one that is not at all regular in shape, creating an individual set of ratios of harmonic overtones for any singer. But the resonating body includes more than just the column of air, because all of the bones and tissues in that column’s proximity—particularly the relationships of the tongue and soft palate—affect the tone color. The singer can support their breath with a taut diaphragm muscle squeezing the lungs uniformly for a larger-than-life tone (try singing along with the well-supported “hey! . . . hup!” backing vocals in the introductory backbeats in the Vogues’ “Five O’ Clock World”), or can vocalize with more of a natural speaking mechanism, yielding much more variety of less-controlled breathing patterns (and often a resulting lack of control over precision in pitch, dynamics, and other tonal factors).
Melody: Materials and Patterns
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

Melody, that setting of pitch to rhythm that is hummable, sung to words, playable on a flute, or the basis of a transfigurative guitar solo, is the essence of music. For many, the tune is synonymous with the song. It works integrally with the chords that accompany it, because it evolves out of the play of harmony and voice leading. Its structure, its points of cadence, are key in determining phrase lengths and formal relations. The colorings of the scales and modes that provide it with substance, sometimes including exotic alterations of scale degrees, along with the large variety of repeating, sequencing, and contrasting patterns that mold those raw materials into its various contours, go a long way in determining a song’s atmosphere and providing a singer with means of expression. This chapter will cover the pitch relations basic to melody, and will set the stage in many ways for the following four chapters on harmony’s many colors and purposes.
Diatonic Harmonic Function
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

One speaks of chord progressions, and these typically involve strongly harmonic relationships between the roots of the chords involved. But sometimes different chords appear in succession that have little or nothing to do with harmonic root relationships—sometimes, melodic concerns predominate, as when chords are fixed against a given melody, or when chords are chosen because some buried line can be heard moving through one chord tone into another as chords change, without regard to how any roots relate or even how the main melody moves. Sometimes this moving line occurs in the bass, and sometimes it is confined to inner parts, as in tones within chords on the guitar, piano, or backing vocals. (Listen to Web audio example 9.01.) These moving inner parts can be supported by what are called passing or neighboring chords, which connect more stable surrounding chords that may themselves have progressive root function whereas the chords between them have only a contrapuntal essence, existing only to provide a sonorous textural context for moving melodic lines. In our continuing investigation of harmony, we will take up in this chapter the issue of functional root motions, the progress of one chord to or through another, and the sorts of contrapuntal melodic relationships that can exist between and among chords. In chapters 10 and 11, we shall focus on the implications that nonmajor contexts may have for these basic relationships, and how mode mixture and chromatic harmony can color them further. Just as the more innocent and perhaps naïve quality of the major mode gradually became somewhat supplanted by modal systems in the rock music of the later ‘60s, our discussion will turn in due time from the harmonic implications of diatonic, major-mode functions to those of more revolutionary alternatives.
The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas
Authors: Parker Roger
Published: November 2023

Each entry in the New Grove Guides series of composers and their operas is based on articles in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, that feature information on the lives of individual composers, their works, their librettists and interpreters, and the places where they performed. These unique books compile the meticulously researched articles into organized narratives, designed to make finding information as easy as possible without sacrificing readability. Each volume is completely up-to-date, and includes a suggested listening guide and an eight-page glossy insert containing relevant illustrations. Each volume is a must-own for lovers of opera and classical music. Giuseppe Verdi is the most famous Italian composer of opera. While he was sometimes criticized for writing music considered too “simple,” his works have endured, and are still performed throughout the world today. This concise volume is a handy guide to the Verdi’s life and operas, revising the original New Grove articles and adding a new introduction, a new section on modern Verdi productions, and an updated bibliography.
The New Grove Guide To Mozart and His Operas
Authors: Rushton Julian
Published: November 2023

Each entry in the New Grove Guides series of composers and their operas is based on articles in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, that feature information on the lives of individual composers, their works, their librettists and interpreters, and the places where they performed. These unique books compile the meticulously researched articles into organized narratives, designed to make finding information as easy as possible without sacrificing readability. Each volume is completely up-to-date, and includes a suggested listening guide and an eight-page glossy insert containing relevant illustrations. Each volume is a must-own for lovers of opera and classical music. One of the best known and most admired figures in European music was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His short but colourful life is of enduring interest, and his works remain central to the repertories of classical music. This book gives a concise and scholarly account of Mozart’s activities as a composer of operas. It includes a concise biography, orientated towards the operas; an essay on Mozart’s operatic contribution and style, and the antecedents to his operas; a separate synopsis and historical account of each opera; and three essays which bind into narrative form the dictionary entries on librettists, interpreters, and venues. There is a new introduction, a glossary of relevant terms, a list of operatic roles, and a guide to listening.
The Librettists
Authors: Rushton Julian
Published: November 2023

The librettists of Mozart’s earliest operas include the Salzburg worthies Rufinus Widl (Apollo et Hyacinthus) and Johann Andreas Schachtner. Widl (1731–98) was a Benedictine monk who taught syntax and philosophy at the Salzburg Gymnasium (high school) and university. Schachtner (1731–95) is known as a court trumpeter and violinist, and an intimate of the Mozart household who provided many of the known anecdotes about the prodigy’s early childhood. Besides adapting the librettos for a possible Salzburg production of Bastien und Bastienne, he contributed new text for Zaide and additional text for Mozart’s incidental music to Gebler’s Thamos, König in Aegypten. He also translated Idomeneo for the bilingual published libretto. [J.R.] Bastien und Bastienne originated as a parody of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Le Devin du village by, or by close associates of, Charles-Simon Favart (1710–92), perhaps the most important literary figure in the rapid development of Opéra Comique.
Introduction
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

courtiers in the time of Bach or Mozart artfully modulated all their social behaviors—their every gesture, word, glance, step, tone, inflection, posture—to optimize their success in the moment-to-moment interactions of society. The Earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773) gave the following advice to his son, who in the spring of 1749 had just arrived in that musical country Italy:
The Fonte
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

Joseph Repel (1709–1782), surely one of the most colorful, prolix, and revealing eighteenth-century writers on music, was chapel master to the wealthy Prince of Thorn and Taxis at Regensburg.1 For Repel, certain galant schemata had so palpable a presence as to have their own names. In his fictional student-teacher dialogues (1752–65), Repel has the teacher introduce three schemata—the Fonte, the Monte, and the Ponte—that are so important he implores the student to “keep this threefold example in mind as long as you live and stay healthy!”2 In this chapter I will explain what he meant by the Italian word font, leaving the Monte for chapter 7 and the more perplexing Ponte for
A Theme and Variations by Joseph Haydn
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

as chapel m aster to the Prince of Esterhazy in western Hungary, Haydn served a provincial court where the gallant style of music was clearly preferred. Some of his instrumental music was intended to be performed by the amateur musicians among the local aristocrats, the most important of whom was Haydn’s patron, the prince. The necessity of keeping this music within the technical grasp of amateurs sometimes prevented Haydn from exploiting the full potential of each instrument. He did not, for example, match Pocatello’s amazing passagework for the violin, or Scarlatti’s for the harpsichord. But Haydn still managed to impress and delight with a combination of impeccable craftsman ship (which he credited to his Neapolitan teacher Purport) and the seemingly inexhaustible ability to arrange conventional schemata in novel configurations.
An Andante by Christoph Willibald Gluck
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

A nearly set of trio sonatas by Gluck (171 4 – 1787 ) , written perhaps in Milan but published in London, gives a good account of his excellent training in the Italian gallant. In the Andante from the fifth sonata, presented below, little happens harmonically beyond a single use of the hermaphrodite font. But the smooth succession of schemata, the good-natured exchange of the melody between first and second violins, and the subtle use of small clausulae of varying strengths all show a composer of refined technique and musical sensibility. When compared with Gluck’s later operas, which achieved grand success in Paris and Vienna, this Andante may seem almost trifling. Yet many of the famous arias from those later works retain the same gallant discourse.
The Quiescenza
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

the Noseda collection of the Mila n Conservatory contains a large two-volume manuscript in which several different hands have copied hundreds of pertinent by Signorelli. The second of these volumes lists a number of rules of thumb (regole) for the student, and two of them pertain to pedal points on the keynote of the mode. The first rule is that “the pedal is formed from the chords of the fundamental bass.”1 The pertinent written below the rule makes clear that the fundamental bass in question is an implied cadence of triads whose roots are C, F, G, and C (the bass and figures are Signorelli’s; the realization, in smaller notes, and the indications of scale degrees are mine):
The Ponte
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

according to Repel, the Italian word Monte meant “a mountain to climb up onto,” font meant “a well to climb down into,” and Ponte meant “a bridge to cross over.”1 I have already discussed the rising pattern of the Monte in chapter 7 and the descending pattern of the font in chapter 4. Here I will discuss Riesel’s several interpretations of the “bridge” created by the Ponte.
The Fenaroli
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

two of the early Neapolitan n m asters of the gallants le, Francesco Durante and Leonardo Leo, were viewed by later generations of Italian musicians as having established important artistic lineages. Conservatory lore in Naples described two camps— the Durantisti and Leisti 1—with different approaches to the art of composition. Modern scholars, however, have found it difficult to substantiate this divide.2 Perhaps the relevant eighteenth-century distinctions were contingent on very specific contexts. That is, perhaps they represented conflicting preferences for how to handle the details of a given schema.
An Andantino by Baldassare Galuppi
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

the tea m of Goldoni and Gallup once dominated musical comedy in the eighteenth century as Gilbert and Sullivan would later in the nineteenth. Carlo Goldoni wrote the words and Gallup the music for their La diavolessa (“The She-Devil”), a spoof on upper-class posturing and lower-class avarice. In the following text, Goldoni has Dorian, the gold-digging ingénue, sing in Venetian dialect to Don Poppone, an elderly gentleman, a scene typical of commedia dell’arte banter between the Dottier and perhaps Fravoletta or Pimpinella:
Advances In Genome Analysis: Discovery Of Structural Variation And Genomic Dosage Differences In Health And Disease
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

Resources to search for genomic variation have rapidly expanded with availability of the genomic sequence, development of fluorescence-based genomic hybridization in analysis of chromosomes, and particularly through availability of microarray technologies. Comparative genomic hybridization using arrayed Bac clones with large inserts (approximately 170 kb) of human genomic DNA has been particularly informative. Structural genomic information is also becoming more intensely studied through use of oligonucleotide arrays and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays (described below). One of the most surprising discoveries in human genome research between 2005 and 2007 relates to the extent of copy number variation (CNV) of large genomic segments. In establishing the role of CNVs in genetic disease, it is particularly important to distinguish between normal variations and disease-causing variations. The application of extended SNP data and of microarray data to analysis of human genetic disease requires that background informa- tion be gathered to determine the extent of normal variation in the genome in that population.
Advances In Treatment Of Single Gene Disorders Through Translational Science: Treatment With Small Molecules (Chaperones) And Gene-Based Therapies
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

It is likely that the deleterious effects of protein misfolding are relevant to the pathogenesis of a number of genetically determined diseases. Gregersen (2006) postulated that pharmacological chaperones might be of value in treat- ment of a large array of genetic diseases. Chaperones have proven useful in treatment in some cases of lysosomal storage diseases. Physiological chaperones occur in many organisms, including humans; they play a role in protein folding. One purpose of such folding is to shield hydrophobic domains in polypeptide chains and proteins to protect these residues from interaction with other polypeptides. Heat shock proteins represent a class of chaperone proteins produced in response to cellular stresses, including heat and oxidative stress. The binding of physiological chaperones to hydrophobic domains in polypeptides is energy dependent; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is hydrolyzed to ATP in the reaction. Chaperones are also released from folded proteins.
Raising and Educating a Deaf Child
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

This book is the second edition of of a comprehensive guide to the questions and challenges involved in raising and educating a deaf child. The first edition was carefully objective, avoiding the pitfalls of both "political correctness" and "political bias" that plague many volumes in this field. Indeed, that edition was written at the personal request of Ed Barry, who was hoping for a book that he and his sister (the mother of a deaf child) could understand. The book is however, also being used as a required text in a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses around the country. The proposed second edition will bring readers up to date on some of the dramatic changes that have happened in the field over the past eight years, including Universal Newborn Hearing Screening, cochlear implants, increasing emphasis on inclusive education for deaf children, high-stakes testing, and significant advances in research concerning language and learning by deaf children (e.g. theory of mind, visuospatial processing, and cognitive underpinnings of educational interventions). By including spoken language, alternative language intervention programs, and more information on outcomes from various educational placement alternatives, this edition will correct oversights in the first edition. This edition will also include citations to the most important and potentially interesting references, and additional information that parents have been requesting from Marschark and his colleagues around the country.
Explaining The Vietnam War: Dominant and Contending Paradigms
Authors: Porter Gareth
Published: November 2023

In every field of study in the physical sciences, the dominant framework or paradigm for carrying out research on a given problem is not subject to critical debate until it begins to break down. As Thomas Kuhn showed in analyzing the process of establishing scientific paradigms, a dominant paradigm begins to weaken only after researchers find that it has failed to account for too many “anomalies”—i.e., contradictions between paradigmatic assumptions and empirical realities of significance.
Nuclear Nixon: Ironies, Puzzles, and the Triumph of Realpolitik
Authors: Gavin Francis J
Published: November 2023

In the nuclear field, the Nixon presidency has long been known for, above all else, the landmark Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) and the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) negotiated with the Soviet Union and signed in 1972. Arms control advocates hailed these treaties as the cornerstone of strategic stability, formally recognizing that nuclear weapons offered no military and scant political utility in a world of superpower parity and mutually assured destruction.
Conceptualizing Citizenship in U.S. Women’s History
Authors: Compston Christine L
Published: November 2023

Integration of women’s experience into U.S. history courses provides opportunities for students to explore how American ideals—equality, justice, and democratic rule—have translated into policies and practices that have shaped the lives of individual women, as well as groups defined by race, ethnicity, and class. Students gain a deeper understanding of the role of the Constitution in American life; they realize that individuals— both those serving in government and those challenging government policies—make a difference; they learn the importance of civil, political, and social rights and the power that comes from asserting those rights. In addition, they discover the importance of perspective in the study of history and how our understanding of the past is influenced by the issues we raise, the sources we use, and the questions we ask.
Conceptualizing U.S. Women’s History in Medicine, Law, and Business: The Challenge of Success
Authors: Drachman Virginia G
Published: November 2023

The history of nineteenth-century women and their entrance into medicine, law, and business is an intriguing story of discrimination, strategies for success, and the quest for equality and autonomy in American society. At the heart of this narrative is an enduring challenge: how to reconcile gender difference with women’s desire for equality with men. Nineteenth-century women were believed to be naturally pious, pure, emotional, and domestic; their place was at home, the caretakers of husbands and children. In contrast, men were understood to be naturally strong, rational, and aggressive; they belonged beyond the boundaries of the home, in the competitive world of work. Although reality often deviated markedly from cultural ideals for immigrant women, African American women, and even middle-class women, the ideology of gender created significant hurdles for women seeking to enter male domains.
Conceptualizing the Intersectionality of Race, Class, and Gender in U.S. Women’s History
Authors: Ball Erica L
Published: November 2023

In 1982, Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith edited a collection of essays titled All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women’s Studies.1 The book included discussions of black feminist theory, analyses of African American women writers, essays on teaching black women’s history, and concluded with a series of syllabi and annotated bibliographies for instructors. At the time it appeared, the number of publications in women’s studies and African American studies was growing rapidly, and the fields were gaining legitimacy in the academy. But as the editors of But Some of Us Are Brave saw it, the two areas of study were hampered by a “women-and-minorities” paradigm that relied on a racially exclusive definition of women and masculine interpretations of race. Consequently, neither the race-based nor the gender-based scholarship of the day fully addressed the specific experiences and concerns of women of African descent.
Teaching Women’s History through Oral History
Authors: Crocco Margaret S
Published: November 2023

One of the best ways to generate excitement about history among high school and college students is to get them involved in doing oral histories. Students experience the challenges confronting historians in piecing together an understanding of the past—the incomplete and often contradictory nature of evidence, the role of perspective, and the challenge of writing coherent narratives. Some scholars have argued that oral history served as the engine that launched women’s history in the 1970s. Over the years, oral history collections focused on women from diverse backgrounds have grown considerably.
Indigenous America And The Limits Of The Atlantic World, 1493–1825
Authors: Bushnell Amy Turner
Published: November 2023

Atlantic history is that subset of European expansion in which the caravels and galleons sail west to the Americas or hug the west coast of Africa instead of rounding the Cape of Good Hope and sailing east to Asia. It is in essence the old seaborne empires minus Asia and East Africa. The Atlantic world concept, which in theory deals with the connectedness of four continents, in practice concentrates on those regions where Europeans turned their claims into colonies fronting on the Atlantic. The concept is intrinsically Eurocentric because, as those who favor it explain, it focuses on the mastery of space. American Indians, like Africans, enter that world laterally, as adjuncts or obstacles to the work of colonization and improvement. But the areas of neo-European mastery in the Americas were small and slow-growing: until the late nineteenth century more than half of the habitable hemisphere (defined as everything this side of the permanent frost line) remained under indigenous control. Meanwhile, between the island- like settler enclaves and the Indian nations’ vast territories, closed to out- siders, lay the frontiers, where neo-European and Indian societies met on relatively even terms, neither side having a monopoly of violence and each side trying to change the other for the better.
Beyond Atlantic History
Authors: Coclanis Peter A
Published: November 2023

The fact that books assessing the state of Atlantic history are being written probably means that this field can no longer be considered trendy, much less edgy or outré. Indeed, given its huge popularity among historians, particularly younger ones, in recent years, Atlantic history is now an (if not the) official establishment approach, an approach deemed sufficiently mature and orderly—even well behaved—to be allowed to sit with the interpretive grown ups, as it were. Now sitting with the grown ups is not necessarily a bad thing—given the most likely alternative—but in contemplating this change in status, I can’t help but to recall Gertrude Stein’s famous quip about the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art: “Either you’re a museum or you’re modern.” You can’t be both, in other words.
The Unity of Descartes’s Man
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: November 2023

One of the leading problems for Cartesian dualism is to provide an account of the union of mind and body. This problem is open construed to be one of explaining how thinking things and extended things can causally interact. That is, it needs to be explained how thoughts in the mind can produce motions in the body and how motions in the body can produce sensations, appetites, and emotions in the mind. The conclusion open drawn, as it was by three of Descartes’s illustrious successors, Malebranche, Spinoza, and Leibniz, is that mind and body cannot causally interact.
The Union and Interaction of Mind and Body (Part 1)
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: November 2023

Descartes is open portrayed as a villain in the history of Western thought on the grounds that his dualism of mind and body—his view that thinking things and extended things are really distinct substances—sent philosophy on the wrong path. The leading objection to Cartesian dualism is that once having distinguished mind and body as really distinct substances, it is impossible to provide a satisfactory account of their connection. This problem of the connection or union of mind and body is open construed to be one of explaining how mind and body causally interact, that is, how thoughts in the mind produce motions in the body and how motions in the body produce sensations, appetites, and emotions in the mind.
managing the breath
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

We seldom engage in long bursts of speech. In everyday communication, most phrases are of brief duration—often five or six seconds in length. Yet, in singing, we sustain phrases for much longer periods. It is not unusual to encounter high-lying sung phrases of more than ten seconds’ duration. Extended melismatic passages may reach at least fifteen seconds—one need think only of how often Mozart, Brahms, Verdi, Strauss, Duparc, and Barber pile up series of lengthy phrases. In short, the duration factor is more extensive in song than in speech.
moving into middle voice ⁽Zona Di Passaggio ⁾ and above
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Additional commentary on male registration is now in order. Perhaps the most crucial area of the male singing scale, historically designated as the zona di passaggio (the passage zone), lies between the speech range and the upper-mid range of the singing voice, an area also termed voce media (see chapter 1). Ancient fragments of music from classic Greece and from Hebrew and Christian chant were restricted almost entirely to the speech-inflection region. As vocal boundaries expanded in response to cultural demands, singers began to sing in ranges beyond the speech span. Today’s singing artist must command an impressive extension of the vocal scale. The inexperienced low-voiced singer tends to rely on “the call of the voice” to negotiate pitches that lie above the speech range, because that is what he does in normal life when he makes voiced sounds above the primo passaggio. He then depends on a quality termed “chest” or “modal.” There are teachers of singing who advocate using this “call of the voice” beyond the regions of healthy function.