bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 treated with or without convalescent plasma therapy: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study
Authors: Al-Ani Abdulsalam , Al Shawi Ameel F. , Ghazzay Hazim Ismael , Al-koubaisy Haitham Noaman Eyada , Nassar Aussama K.
Published: December 2022

Background: The socio-clinical characteristics have been considered an important variable associated with COVID-19 and a predictor of morbidity and mortality. Convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) was one of the modalities used worldwide for COVID-19 treatment. In Iraq, there is a paucity of studies evaluating the socio-clinical variables of patients with severe COVID-19 treated with CPT. Objectives: This study aims to describe the socio-clinical characteristics of patients with severe COVID-19 treated with and without CPT in one of the main COVID-19 treatment centers in Iraq. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between May 15 and August 14, 2020, at the main COVID-19 treatment center in Anbar Governorate, west of Iraq. Out of 529 hospitalized patients, a total of 438 with severe disease were enrolled in the study. Results: The participants’ mean age was 49.9±13.8 years. The majority of the subjects were males, aged ≥40 years, residing in urban areas. 65.2% of the patients had at least one comorbidity, and 6.4% were smokers. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus represented the two commonest comorbid conditions. All patients have required oxygen therapy; 41.1% were performed with continuous positive airway pressure. Male patients aged ≥60, and patients with comorbidities received CPT at a higher frequency. Conclusion: This study corroborates the findings from other studies that certain socio-clinical characteristics had an association with hospitalization related to severe COVID-19. Convalescent plasma was administered in more than one-fifth of the COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Anbar during the early pandemic phase.
Predisposing factors and incidence of pneumothorax in the neonatal care unit at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children
Authors: Abed Shaymaa Yousif , Al-Ani Mohammed Maher , Shitran Rana F.
Published: December 2022

Background: Pneumothorax in neonates is a hazardous condition with a high incidence of complications and death. It is more frequent than at any other time of life and requires rapid management in the first three days of the neonatal period. Objectives: This study aims to identify the predisposing factors and incidence of pneumothorax in the neonatal care unit at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the neonatal care unit from 1st January to 31st December 2020. It included 6198 neonates admitted to the inborn and out-born neonatal care unit and collected from the archives files. Any newborn who developed pneumothorax was recorded as an outcome. Data regarding the age, gender, body mass index, antenatal care, antenatal steroids, gestational age, mode and place of delivery, and Apgar score for each case were registered. Results: In this study, pneumothorax was identified in 47 of the recruited newborns, giving an incidence of 0.8%. It occurred spontaneously in 25 (53.2%) of them. The proportion of pneumothorax was significantly higher among males, birth weight < 2500 g, delivered with gestational age < 32 weeks, 5 minutes Apgar Score < 7, those who needed active resuscitation, neonates whose mothers delivered through Cesarean section, delivered at home, did not receive antenatal care during the last pregnancy and did not receive antenatal steroids. Conclusion: The incidence of pneumothorax in newborns was 0.8%. The most important associated factors that may increase the incidence of neonatal pneumothorax were male gender, low birth weight, prematurity, low Apgar score at birth, Cesarean section mode of delivery, home deliveries, and lack of antenatal steroid injections.
The correlation between azoospermia factor microdeletion in the Y chromosome and anti-sperm antibody generation in infertile Iraqi patients
Authors: Al-Qaisi Mohammed N. , Al-Ouqaili Mushtak T. , Al Hadithi Duraid T.
Published: December 2022

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of Y chromosome azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletions and assess immune infertility incidence and whether there is a correlation between them.

Materials and Methods: The sample included 75 infertile men who were referred to private clinics in Ramadi city as a test group and 25 healthy fertile men as a control group. The tests included analysis of seminal fluid and detection of the antibodies against the sperms at both seminal fluid and serum and diagnosed chromosomal deletions via real-time polymerase chain reactions using specific sequence-tagged sites.

Results: The results reveal that 46 (61.33%) patients in the group of infertile men have AZF microdeletions, while no deletions are present in the control group. Out of the 75 infertile men, 5 patients (6.66%) from all the study groups have positive results for anti-sperm antibodies (ASA), while the others have negative results for ASA in both serum and seminal plasma.

Conclusions: The prevalence of AZF microdeletions in our study population is high in Anbar Governorate of Iraq, while we find a low incidence of ASA in this study. All the patients with positive ASA results are without deletions in the Y chromosome’s AZF region. So there is no correlation between AZF microdeletion and ASA generation in infertile men in the current study.
Assessment of diagnostic procedures and tools of COVID-19 among Iraqi patients: A systematic review
Authors: Almadhidi Jamal , Al Shawi Ameel F. , Mohammed Abdullah Ali
Published: December 2022

Background: The pandemic SARS – CoV2 is a novel virus disease that first appeared in China in December 2019. On February 24, 2020, the disease spread throughout Iraq, and many different studies were conducted on it. This study highlights the procedures for diagnosing COVID-19 and evaluating tools among Iraqi patients through a systematic review of research conducted in Iraq during the past two years (2020–2021).

Methods: From March 2020 to December 31, 2021, articles on relevant themes were carefully searched in the main databases: Science Direct, PubMed, Embase, and Iraqi Academic Scientific Journals. Using keywords related to COVID-19 and Iraq yielded a total of 2743 articles. Articles were chosen for this systematic review based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, according to the PRISMA 2020 statement for reporting systematic review. Only Iraqi studies that reported data on diagnostic procedure outcomes were included, with a total of 21 articles chosen.

Results: A total of 21 articles were found to be relevant, which reviewed the biochemical and hematological parameters as diagnostic procedures and tools in Iraqi patients. The biochemical parameters are as follows: triglycerides, cholesterol, APRs, liver functions tests, kidney functions tests, antibodies, cytokines, and minerals. The hematological parameters are as follows: ABO group, red blood cell (RBC) indices, white blood cell (WBC) indices, and platelet indices.

Conclusion: Diagnostic procedures and tools for COVID-19 among Iraqi patients were in agreement with the majority of other global studies. High serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, d-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cytokines were associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and also hypoalbuminemia, lymphocytopenia, and neutrophilia. Biochemical and hematological parameters might be significant indicators for COVID-19 evaluation.
Treatment outcome of patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma at the National Center of Hematology in Iraq
Authors: Al-Ani Abdulsalam , Naji Alaadin Sahham , Taher Yaseen M. , Abdulsattar Saraa Ali , Fadhil Shahad Qusay , Jassim Hajir Kemal , Alwan Alaa Fadhil
Published: December 2022

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells that results in the production of a monoclonal paraprotein with a light or heavy chain that is seen in the urine and/or serum. The ultimate goal of the MM therapy is the achievement of complete response (CR). The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the commonly used therapeutic protocols of MM utilized at the National Center of Hematology in Baghdad, Iraq.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-two patients with MM were enrolled consecutively for a cross-sectional study between July 2015 and May 2022 at one of Iraq’s major hematology institutions, the National Center of Hematology, Mustansiriyah University. The enrolled patients were evaluated for the overall response rate (ORR), which constitutes CR, very good partial response, and partial response, in comparison to non-response (NR), which constitutes stable disease and progressive disease. Responses to the main MM triple therapeutic regimens used in Iraq, VCD, VRD, and VTD, were evaluated. These regimens are composed of cyclophosphamide (C), bortezomib (V), thalidomide (T), lenalidomide (R), and dexamethasone (D). According to its availability, subsequent autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) was performed for some patients.

Results: Of the 52 enrolled patients, 50 (96.2%) were assessed at a median follow-up time of 60.5 months. The mean ± SD age of the enrolled patients was 61.5 ± 11.0 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 3:2. However, two patients (3.8%) died before the end of the follow-up. The most common features the patients presented with were bone pain and/or backache in 67.3% of the patients, followed by lower limb weakness and mass (1.9% each). The radiological changes include osteolytic lesions in 34.6% and vertebral wedging in 15.4% of the patients. The most frequent laboratory findings were anemia (69.2%), with hemoglobin levels of 10.0 ± 1.5g/dL, detection of IgG-kappa paraprotein (51.9 %), and high levels of serum calcium in 23.1% (11.7 ± 1.1mg/dL) and serum creatinine in 21.2% (3.3 ± 1.5mg/dL) of the patients. ORR was 88.5%, while NR was reported in 11.5% of the patients. The outcomes were stratified according to the treatment used. It was found that ORR showed statistically significant differences and the VRD group demonstrated the best (P < 000.1). Twenty-one (40.4%) patients underwent subsequent ASCT, and the ORR showed non-significant differences compared to that when patients did not undergo transplantation (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: In this study, VRD was the most effective protocol with a better ORR. In addition, the age of the patients presenting with MM in Iraq was less than in western countries. Also, most of the patients were presented with bone lesions, and IgG was the predominant type of myeloma paraproteins.
In terms of the PCR-RFLP technique, genetic screening of Ala575Val inactivating mutation in patients with amenorrhea
Authors: Kanaan Bushra A. , Al-Ouqaili Mushtak T.S. , Murshed Rafal M.
Published: December 2022

When mutation is inactivated in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene of patients with amenorrhea, the receptor’s functionality is abolished by completely blocking it, altering the ligand–receptor complex or altering the essential hormone signal transduction. This study aims to detect the frequency and pattern of chromosomal abnormalities and the presence of inactivating mutations (Ala575Val) at position 1540 of the FSHR gene in Iraqi women diagnosed with secondary amenorrhea (SA) and primary amenorrhea (PA). This cross-sectional study was carried out between February and August 2022. Depending on the initial diagnosis of amenorrhea, women were split into two groups: PA and SA. The polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was done for those women with normal karyotyping and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism [follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) > 20 mIU/ml] to determine the genetic cause, such as inactivating mutation in Exon 10E. The FSH of blood in study patients with PA was 72.28 ± 23.60, luteinizing hormone (LH) was 20.60 ± 13.55, and BMI was 24.012 ± 4.06. In SA, the FSH, LH, and BMI values were 69.821 ± 35.95, 16.788 ± 14.12, and 26.12 ± 4.37, respectively. Also, highly significant differences were observed compared with healthy control subjects (P-value < 0.005). The high matching between the results obtained by PCR-RFLP and those obtained by Sanger sequencing techniques used in this study confirmed no detected mutation in Ala575Val at position 1540 in all patients with PA and SA. The study concluded that in the PCR study, Ala575Val encoding genes are highly detected, while in PCR-RFLP, no action of MscI restriction enzyme in position 1540 (region of Ala575Val genotype) has emerged. This gives the impression that women with amenorrhea in the Iraqi population might not have any inactivating mutations in the FSHR gene.
Virus pandémicos y actividad humana
Authors: Ortega Soto Elizabeth
Published: December 2022

Emerging viruses have been constant since life arises on earth. These viruses could infect humans and produce pandemic such as the caused by SARS-COV-2. The emergence of viruses is inherent to nature and cannot been avoided; however, as it spread mainly by human activities, it is possible to develop strategies to detect and control outbreaks of emerging diseases and prevent new pandemics.
Los estudios generales en Perú : una perspectiva histórica y humanista
Authors: Falla Carrillo Ricardo L.
Published: December 2022

This article describes, from a historical perspective, the institutional and legal process of general studies in Peru in the last century, taking into account the political and intellectual contexts. Also, it reflects in favor of the humanistic dimension of general studies and the reason for being of university education.
Comunidades de transición : una solución para la habitabilidad de las ciudades mexicanas tras la pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: Tamayo Pérez Luis
Published: December 2022

This study reviews the situation that the world’s cities will face in the coming decades as a consequence of anthropogenic global warming. It is proposed their incorporation into the movement of Transition Towns and, in such a way, become communities resilient to climate change.
Formación general y educación en Hegel
Authors: Pardo José Antonio
Published: December 2022

Hegel does not write about education specifically, nevertheless there are in his opus ideas or comentaries about education or even the pedagogy of his time. Some of this comentaries are conected with the key concept of "formation" (Bildung). Hegel understands the path of conscience, from the sensory experience to absolute knowledge, as a kind of formation. This path imposes some restrictions of pedagogical character. If we pay attention to this restrictions, then we can find a solid conservative thinker, deeply opposed to enlightened pedagogy.
Volver a caminar en la ciudad después de la pandemia : una posible solución a la tensión entre el adentro y el afuera
Authors: Doval González Víctor-Isolino
Published: December 2022

There is a paradox between the indoor life and the return to certain normality after the pandemic. Forced by the covid-19 and accompanied by the technology, the rhythm and function of the cities have changed, and it seems to be that the outside life it is not indispensable. From classic postulates, verified on Jacobs’ approach to the city, I propose a return to the condition of a nature that determines the human and to the harmony between the artificial and the natural, incorpored in the act of walking.
Repensar el hábitat en las ciudades después del COVID-19
Authors: Álvarez Partida Francisco , Mendo Gutiérrez Alejandro , Cisneros Sahd Carlos
Published: December 2022

This paper analyzes the results of a recent survey conducted mainly in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico, and highlights that although most of the informants made material modifications to their domestic environment to adapt it to the new demanding conditions, there is still a need for more flexibility within the architectural spaces where daily activities take place, so it is necessary that habitat professionals, academic researchers, government officials and social leaders propose ways to achieve resilience to this new normality.
Millî Teknoloji Hamlesinde Birlikte Geliştirme ve Birlikte Başarmada Toplum ile
Dörtlü Sarmal İşbirliğinin Yansımaları ve Geleceği
Authors: Mandal Hasan
Published: December 2022

Değişken, karmaşık ve dinamik süreçlerin karşısında araştırma, geliştirme ve
yenilik tabanlı atılımların başarıya ulaşmasında üniversite, sanayi, kamu kurum ve
kuruluşları ile toplum genelinde ekosistemi kapsayan dörtlü sarmal işbirliğinin kilit
rolü bulunmaktadır. Toplumsal seferberlik ve toplumsal sahiplenme odağında hayata
geçirilen Millî Teknoloji Hamlesinin toplumsal yansımaları bu kitap bölümünde üç boyutta
değerlendirilmiştir: (i) teknolojik kazanımların toplumsal yansımaları, (ii) genç insan
kaynağına yönelik toplumsal yansımalar ve (iii) güçlük alanlarındaki çözümlerde
toplumsal yansımalar. Birinci boyutta birlikte geliştirme ve birlikte başarma yaklaşımı
odağında yerli ve millî teknolojik kazanımların ekonomik, toplumsal, çevresel ve ulusal
güvenlik etkisi açısından toplumsal yansımaları ve bu teknolojik kazanımlara yönelik
toplumsal farkındalığın artırılması ele alınmaktadır. Bu kapsamda birlikte geliştirme ve
birlikte başarma odaklı platform yaklaşımları, Teknoloji Odaklı Sanayi Hamlesi Programı
ile çıktı ve etki odaklı süreçlerin toplumsal yansımaları temsil edilmiştir. İkinci
boyutta Ar-Ge ve yenilik ekosistemine dahil olan genç yetenekler için TEKNOFEST
yarışmaları, yenilikçi burs imkanları, Stajyer Araştırmacı Burs Programları, Deneyap
Teknoloji Atölyesi ile bilim ve toplum gelişmeleri kapsanmaktadır. Üçüncü boyutta
küresel riskler ve toplumsal ihtiyaçlar nedeniyle kritik öneme sahip olan güçlük
alanlarında çözümlerin üretilmesinde topluma uzanan yansımalara yoğunlaşma sağlanmıştır.
Kritik güçlük alanları olarak küresel salgın ve COVID-19 Türkiye Platformu, müsilaj
araştırmaları, deprem araştırmaları ve iklim değişikliği ortaya konmaktadır. Her üç
boyuttun değerlendirilmesinde vurgulandığı gibi Millî Teknoloji Hamlesinin toplumsal
yansımaları dörtlü sarmal işbirliğini ifade etmektedir. Karşılaştırma yapıldığında
toplumsal ihtiyaç ve etkileşimlerden uzak geleneksel bilim yerine toplumsal ihtiyaçlara
odaklı kapsayıcı, bütünsel, şeffaf ve etkileşimli bilim yaklaşımlarının önemi
yükselmektedir. Gücünü toplumdan alan ve topluma katkı sağlayan Millî Teknoloji
Hamlesinin toplumsal yansımalarında teknolojik kazanımlar, genç insan kaynağı ve güçlük
alanlara yönelik çözümler ülkemizin geleceğini toplumsal refah artışı ve sürdürülebilir
ekonomik kalkınmaya yönlendirmiştir. Cumhuriyetimizin 100. yılı olan 2023 ve net-sıfır
salım hedefi olan 2053 yılı doğrultusunda toplum ile birlikte geliştirme ve birlikte
başarma yaklaşımı artarak sürdürülecektir.
Uluslararası İlişkiler Bağlamında Millî Teknoloji Hamlesi
Authors: Erhan Çağrı , Baştürk Süleyman , Atilla Doğu Çağdaş , Ata Oğuz , Ağma Onur
Published: December 2022

Savunma sanayii diğer tüm uluslarda oldu gibi Türkler için de geçmişten beri
teknolojik gelişmelere öncülük etmiştir. Üstün savunma teknolojisine sahip olunan
dönemlerde Türk devletleri gerek bölgesinde gerek dünyada uluslararası alanda lider ve
belirleyici pozisyonda olmuş, savunma teknolojileri alanında geri kalınan dönemlerde de
bu alanda dışa bağımlılığın oluşturduğu zorlukları yaşamıştır. Buna örnek olarak Osmanlı
İmparatorluğu’nun Yükseliş Dönemi olarak tanımlanan 15. ve 16. yüzyıllar verilebilir. Bu
dönemde Osmanlı Devleti büyük ölçüde askeri imkânlarını kendisi geliştirerek üç kıtaya
yayılan bir imparatorluk haline gelmiştir. Bunun tersi ise Duraklama ve Gerileme
Dönemi’nde görülmüştür. Kurtuluş Savaşı’ndan zaferle çıkan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin
kurucu kadroları, Cumhuriyet dönemiyle birlikte, her alanda olduğu gibi, savunma sanayii
alanında da büyük yatırımlar yapmışlardır. Bu yatırımların sonucunda da ülkenin her
alanında sivil ve savunma sanayiinin temelini oluşturan köklü kurumlar oluşturulmuştur.
İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında ABD ile yakın askeri iş birliğine girilmesiyle birlikte
bazı savunma sanayii kurumları kapatılmış ve silah sanayiinde dışa bağımlılık artmıştır.
Bu durum Türkiye’nin ekonomisine ağır bir yük getirirken, uluslararası alanda kendi
milli menfaatlerine yönelik adımları rahatlıkla atabilmesini engellemiştir. 1974 Kıbrıs
Barış Harekâtı ardından Türkiye’ye ABD tarafından uygulanan silah ambargosu yerli ve
milli teknolojiye sahip olmanın önemini bir kez daha ortaya çıkarmıştır. 1990’lardan
itibaren Türkiye’nin terörle mücadelesini bahane eden bazı devletler Türkiye’ye silah ve
mühimmat satışına dönem dönem kısıtlamalar getirmiştir. Ambargolar sonrasında kurulan
savunma sanayii kurumları 1980’li yıllardaki kuruluş ve lisanslı parça üretim
aşamalarından sonra, 2000’lerin başından itibaren yerli ve milli özgün
ürünler/platformlar da üretmeye başlamışlardır. Bu ürünler Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri’nin
ihtiyacını karşılarken, dost ve müttefik ülkelere ihraç edilerek uluslararası ilişkilere
de pozitif katkı sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, milli teknoloji hamlesinin çıkış kaynağı ve
nüvesi olan savunma sanayiinin Cumhuriyet öncesinden günümüze kadar geçirdiği süreçler
ve gelişmeler incelenmiş, bunun uluslararası ilişkilere etkisi irdelenmiştir.
Tam Bağımsız ve Müreffeh Türkiye Yolunda BAYKAR Örneği
Authors: Bayraktar Haluk
Published: December 2022

Türk toplumu Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e yüzyıllardır muasır bir medeniyet haline
gelme amacı gütmüştür. Bu amaca ulaşmak için de ilk önce savunma ve teknik alanlarda
muasır olunması gerektiği kavranmıştır. Ancak dışarıdaki ve içerideki engeller bu amacı
gerçekleştirmeyi zorlaştırmıştır. Özellikle de içerideki teslimiyeti kabul etmiş ve
körelmiş zihniyet, hayata geçirilmeye çalışan atılımların karşısında durmuştur. Bu
yüzden net ve bütüncül bir fikri değişimin ortaya konması gerekmiştir. Bu değişimi
tetikleyen ise Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı olmuştur. 1974 yılında Türkiye teknoloji geliştirme
düşüncesinde önemli bir paradigma değişikliği yaşamıştır. Bugün somut bir hedef haline
gelen Milli Teknoloji Hamlesi tam bağımsız Türkiye için başlatılmış ve başta savunma
alanında faaliyet gösterecek Aselsan gibi vakıf şirketleri teşkil edilmiştir.
Türkiye’nin tam bağımsızlık hedefinin milli bir savunma sanayiinden ve yüksek teknoloji
geliştirmekten geçtiği de anlaşılmıştır. Savunma sanayii, Türkiye’nin kalkınmasında
lokomotif görevi görecektir. Savunma harcamalarının ithalattan Ar-Ge’ye ve devamında
savunma sanayii altyapısına geçişi ekonomik büyümeyi de destekleyecektir. Savunma
sanayiindeki teknolojik ilerleme sivil alanları da olumlu etkilemiştir. Buna yönelik
olumlu geri bildirimler de alınmaya başlamıştır. Buna mukabil savunma alanında
ihracat-ithalat dengesi ihracat lehine değişmiştir. 2000’li yılların başında bir
kıvılcım etkisi oluşturma idealleri ile başlayan (H. Bayraktar & Bayraktar, 2004)
insansız hava aracı geliştirme çalışmaları bu yolda Türkiye’nin simgesi haline
gelmiştir. Baykar’ın milli ve özgün olarak geliştirdiği insansız hava araçları önemli
bir ihracat başarısı elde etmiştir. Bu araçlar kullanıldığı harekatlarda oyun
değiştirici güç olarak muharebe doktrinlerinde farklı bir bakışa ve dönüşüme yol
açmıştır. Baykar’ın Milli Teknoloji Hamlesi vizyonu kapsamında oluşturduğu milli ve
özgün üretim modeliyle bilfiil sahada güvenlik güçleriyle birlikte yürüttüğü Ar-Ge
çalışmaları, kısa sürede yüksek teknolojiye sahip, etkin ve güncel ürünler geliştirmeyi
mümkün kılmıştır. Bayraktar S/İHA’ları yurt içinde ve yurt dışında terörle mücadelede
yeni bir dönemin başlamasındaki en önemli unsurlar haline gelmiştir. Terör içeride
nerdeyse sonlanırken, yurt dışında bulunan terörist unsurlar ise büyük ölçüde
bastırılmıştır. Ayrıca Bayraktar TB2 İHA’lar, insani yardım faaliyetlerinde ve doğal
afetlerle mücadelede aktif olarak kullanılmaya devam etmektedir. Milli ve özgün
geliştirme modeli kapsamında en ufak sınıf olan Bayraktar Mini İnsansız Hava
Araçlarından başlayarak Bayraktar TB2, Bayraktar Akıncı ile sürdürülen ve yeni nesil
Bayraktar TB3 SİHA, Bayraktar Kızılelma insansız savaş uçağı ile devam eden geliştirme
ve üretim faaliyetleri sürdürülmektedir.
Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Demiryolları
Authors: Yazar Mustafa Metin
Published: December 2022

Demiryolları, çevreye duyarlı olması, Genelde diğer taşıma modlarının aksine uzun
dönem sabit fiyat garantisinin olması, Ağır tonajlı ve hacimli yükler için fiziksel ve
maliyet açısından en uygun taşıma türü olması, güvenilir olması, Kötü hava koşullarından
etkilenmemesi vb. sebeplerle son dönemlerde artarak ilgi gören bir taşıma modelidir.
Küresel demiryolu taşımacılığı endüstrisi büyümekte ve demiryolu araçları endüstrisinin
talebini son yıllarda büyümeye itmektedir. Hem yolcuların hem de demiryolundaki yük
taşımacılığının artması nedeniyle, artan bir ivmenin önümüzdeki birkaç yıl içinde de
devam etmesi beklenmektedir. Türkiye’de de TCDD Taşımacılık A.Ş.’nin 2050 yılına kadar
233 hızlı tren/yüksek hızlı tren seti, 125 Elektrikli Tren Seti (EMU), 930 adet
elektrikli lokomotif, 146 adet dizel lokomotifi, 24.000 adet yük vagonu, 62 set kentiçi
araç (Başkentray ve Marmaray) ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır. Bütün bu araçların toplam
maliyetinin en az 17,4 milyar Euro olacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Orta ve uzun vadede
raylı sistem araçlarına yapılacak yatırımlar ülkemizde yerli ve milli raylı sistem araç
sanayisinin gelişmesine büyük katkı sağlayacaktır. Raylı sistem araçlarının yerli ve
milli bir şekilde üretimi ve tasarımı ile kritik bileşenlerindeki yerlilik oranının
artırılması esas olmak üzere, yerli sanayinin Ar-Ge, tasarım ve üretim kabiliyetlerinin
geliştirilmesi, her türlü raylı sistem araçlarının ve alt bileşenlerinin imalatı ile
bakım ve onarımının yapılması ve yaptırılması amacıyla, TCDD’nin üç bağlı ortaklığı
TÜLOMSAŞ, TÜVASAŞ ve TÜDEMSAŞ’ın birleştirilmesi suretiyle Ulaştırma ve Altyapı
Bakanlığının ilgili kuruluşu olarak kurulan TÜRASAŞ, üç bağlı ortaklığın birleşmesinden
oluşan sinerji ve yeni bakış açısıyla; sektöre yön veren teknoloji yoğun üretimleriyle
daha geniş ürün yelpazesine ulaşarak, istikrarlı büyümeyi sağlama misyonu ile yola
çıkmış; toplam 400 bin m² alanda, yüz yılı aşan tecrübesi, bilgi birikimi, yaklaşık 4000
yetişmiş insan gücü, milli ve yerli teknolojiler üreten entegre tesisleri, Eskişehir ve
Sakarya Bölge Müdürlüğünde yerleşik 2 Ar-Ge Merkezi ile ülkemizin raylı sistemler
sektörünün en büyük temsilcisi haline gelmiştir. Geniş bir ürün yelpazesine sahip
TÜRASAŞ çeşitli tipte manevra lokomotifleri (dizel elektrikli, dizel hidrolik,
elektrikli, hibrit), anahat lokomotifleri (dizel elektrikli, dizel hidrolik,
elektrikli), tren setleri (dizel, elektrikli), banliyö treni, vagon (yolcu, yük) gibi
raylı sistem araçlarının yerli ve milli olarak tasarım ve üretim çalışmalarıyla kalmayıp
bu araçlara ait dizel motor, cer motoru, cer konvertörü, TKYS (Tren Kontrol ve Yönetim
Sistemi) gibi sistemler başta olmak üzere birçok kritik alt bileşenin de
yerlileştirilmesi veya yerlilik oranlarının arttırılması yönünde de çalışmalarda
bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu çalışmaların yerli ve milli üretimi ile birlikte ithalatın
önüne geçilerek büyük miktarda dövizin ülkemizde kalması sağlanacaktır. Bakım ve yedek
parça maliyetleri de göz önünde bulundurulduğunda yerli ve milli üretimin sağladığı
kazanç daha da artmaktadır.
Dijital Türkiye İçin Yerli Teknoloji Ekosisteminin Öncü Aktörü TURKCELL
Authors: Aksu Bülent
Published: December 2022

Jeostratejik konum avantajının yanı sıra son yıllarda gerçekleştirdiği yerli ve
milli teknoloji hamlesiyle uluslararası alanda yükselişini sürdüren Türkiye’nin, sürekli
gelişen dijital dünyadaki rolü çok önemli. Sektörünün öncüsü Turkcell, yıllardır
Türkiye’nin “siber vatan” sınırlarını korumak ve “Dijital Türkiye”nin gücünü artırmak
için çalışıyor. Başta iletişim teknolojileri olmak üzere siber güvenlikten veri
merkezlerine, kişilere yönelik dijital servislerden kurumsal teknolojik hizmetlere kadar
çok geniş bir yelpazede yerli çözümlerin gelişmesini ve desteklenmesini bir “memleket
meselesi” yaklaşımıyla stratejik önemde görüyor. Tüm ekosistemiyle buna yönelik
yenilikçi adımlar atan Turkcell, bir yandan da gerekli yeni altyapı yatırımlarını
gerçekleştirmeye devam ediyor. Bunun yanında sektördeki liderliğini sürdürülebilir
kılmak hedefiyle geleceğe giden yolda her zaman toplumun bir adım önünde olma misyonuyla
öncü Ar-Ge faaliyetlerini de sürdürüyor. Türkiye’yi cepten ‘alo’ ile tanıştıran ilk
şirket olan Turkcell, ulaştığı köklü kurumsal tecrübenin yanı sıra faaliyete
başlamasından bu yana geliştirdiği yerli ve milli teknolojilerle ülkemizin bu alanda söz
sahibi olması için durmaksızın çalışıyor. Bu kapsamda değişen teknolojilerle birlikte
sunduğu güçlü iletişim altyapısıyla ve yeni nesil dijital servisleriyle müşterilerinin
hayatını kolaylaştırıyor. Artık günümüzde Turkcell; eğlence servislerinden techfin
çözümlerine, anlık mesajlaşma platformundan arama motoruna kadar çok farklı alanlarda
uluslararası kalitede yerli çözümler üreten, hatta bunların bir kısmını dünyada 40’tan
fazla ülkeye ihraç ederek milli ekonomiye katkı veren yenilikçi bir teknoloji şirketi
haline dönüştü. Kurduğu güçlü altyapı sayesinde Turkcell; bugün konvansiyonel haberleşme
hizmetleri sağlamanın yanında eğitimden sağlığa, finanstan üretime pek çok sektörde
kurumsal müşterilerine de yerli ürün ve hizmetler sunuyor. Böylece hem ülke
kaynaklarının daha verimli şekilde kullanılmasına katkı sağlarken, hem de yerli
teknolojik üretimle milli ekonomiye katkısını artırarak devam ediyor. Ayrıca bunların da
ötesine geçip bir yandan tüm kurumsal süreçlerine entegre ettiği sürdürülebilirlik
yaklaşımıyla yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları gerçekleştiren Turkcell, diğer yandan TOGG
(Türkiye’nin Otomobili Girişim Grubu) projesindeki gibi geleceğin otomobilinin yerli ve
milli imkanlarla üretilmesi için de sorumluluklar üstleniyor.
National Technology Initiative: Social Reflections and Türkiye's Future
Authors: Şeker Muzaffer , Doğrul Mürsel
Published: December 2022

This book, prepared by TÜBA, with a thematic focus on the National Technology Initiative, conveys to the literature, scientifically and methodically, the experiences and insights gained at every level of Türkiye’s technological success. Scientists, technology managers, and decision-makers have contributed 37 chapters for the home and national technology and innovation project, which encompasses fields ranging from health to transportation, military to education, and industry to space. Future initiatives in research, R&D and innovation will be able to take inspiration from Türkiye’s National Technology Initiative scientific and humanitarian road map, which continues to march confidently toward its goal of becoming a model of total technical and innovative achievement. The book has distinguished itself as a unique contribution to international scientific literature, having been developed as a worldwide reference source in Turkish and English.
The Relationship Between National Technological Initiative of Türkiye And Technological Planning
Authors: Keskin Halit , Yılmaz Tamer
Published: December 2022

Advancements in technology, national, and international forces, such as urbanization, migration, and cybersecurity concerns, have increased the vital importance of technology planning at both the organizational and national levels. Reduced product and technology lifecycles, increased R&D investments, more customized and complex products, and shortened periods between production and marketing of the products caused by technological progress have resulted in uncertainty, making the competition a struggling area for business organizations. When integrated with the overall business plan, technology strategy becomes an efficient tool for competitiveness. Technology planning has also been widely accepted as a significant impetus for national development. Although technological developments have led to prosperity for every society, the gaps between the well-being of societies continue to widen. Those gaps are primarily caused by technological disparity and are overcome through improving technology development capacity. Based on this, technology planning has become an instrument for policy counseling in most industrialized countries, particularly in developing ones. As in many developing countries, Türkiye is obliged to increase its innovation capacity by stimulating private and public R&D in sectors in which competitive pressures prevail to successfully maintain its national innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem where participating institutions operate effectively. Türkiye needs to sustain its development in science, technology, and innovation and to focus on critical technologies to achieve its technological objectives in line with its 2023 vision.
The Role of Industrial Property in the National Technology Initiative
Authors: Başpınar Cemil
Published: December 2022

Recent developments have once again revealed the importance of Türkiye’s economic and technological independence. For this reason, the “National Technology Initiative” roadmap, which has emerged to increase our country’s competitiveness and nationalize critical technologies, has vital importance. Strengthening the intellectual capital of our country, and in particular, the industrial property portfolio is an important issue to be considered in achieving the goals of the “National Technology Initiative”. Technological developments and innovative activities have become the main factors that determine the direction of economic growth and global competition in today’s society, where the countries that have knowledge and can control it are accepted as powerful. To foster innovative technological progress and to support economic growth, we must encourage the creation of products resulting from intelligence and creativity. To do so, there is a need for a strong industrial property system. Without industrial property protection, businesses and individuals will not be able to take full advantage of their inventions and will spend less time on research and development. Strengthening our country’s industrial property portfolio with the vision of the “National Technology Initiative” is one of the fundamental steps that will pave the way for original and innovative products on a global scale in our country. In line with this goal, as the Turkish Patent and Trademark Institution, we continue to work on more efficient use of our country’s industrial property capacity and commercialization activities that will turn into economic value. As the Turkish Patent and Trademark Institution, while carrying out the registration activities in our country regarding the patents-utility models, trademarks, designs, geographical indications and designations of origin, and integrated circuit topographies, that constitute the industrial property rights, on the other hand, we contribute to the effective protection and commercialization of industrial property rights by raising awareness of industrial property in all segments of society, and we serve the economic and technological development of our country in accordance with the “National Technology Initiative”. Patent data, which is accepted as one of the most important indicators of technological developments in today’s world, increases its strategic importance day by day. In this study, the analysis of the current situation of our country in the field of industrial property is discussed together with some indicators of industrial property. In addition, the activities that we carry out as a national office are also included.
R&D Transformation in Energy, Nuclear and Mining Technologies: TENMAK
Authors: Balıkçı Abdulkadir , Kara Harun Türker
Published: December 2022

Global governance is in understanding of safer and healthier conditions. One of the most important indicators of this global debate is the sustainable development centered arguments. One of the most important indicators of this global debate is focused on sustainable development. Sustainable development, emphasizing the distribution of resources between generations, draws attention to the effective use of the resources. The solutions to the problems based on climate issues in the world today draw attention to the effective use of the resources. In this context, many issues such as energy resources, efficiency, transformation and its policies have become more and more frequently discussed and R&D activities in this field have become hot topic. In this study, the role of TENMAK, that was established with the purpose of providing technology-based solutions to the issues such as dependence on foreign resources- raw materials and energy, in the ecosystem with its R&D activities in the fields of energy, nuclear and mining and history are discussed.
The National Technology Initiative for Digitalization in the Public Sector
Authors: Koç Ali Taha
Published: December 2022

The objective of this article is to emphasize the importance of the National Technology Initiative for digitalization in the public sector and its practice in the priority areas. The National Technology Initiative is a comprehensive initiative that requires pursuit of implementations at the national level as well as the developments beyond our national borders. The motivation behind addressing this subject is to analyze the implications of this initiative on the digitalization process of the public sector. The Digital Transformation Office (DTO) of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, which was established with the transition to the Presidential Government System in order to orchestrate the digital transformation of the public sector under a single roof, is of critical importance for the understanding of this process. In this article, the section “Big Data and Artificial Intelligence” thoroughly examines big data and artificial intelligence by public sector as the locomotive technologies of digital transformation, and includes the projects of DTO in related fields. The section “Cybersecurity Governance” focuses on the practices carried out to adopt a holistic approach which will strengthen national resistance against new generation cyber threats. Under the section “Coordination of Digital Transformation of the Public Sector”, the strategy documents prepared to develop policies are analyzed. The section “The Platform of Digital Türkiye: e-Government Gateway” explains the efforts devoted to increase citizen satisfaction by digital service delivery channels. The section “Importance of International Collaboration for National Digital Ecosystem” elaborates on the practices that concentrate on establishing international collaborations to strengthen our national digital ecosystem. Finally, in the section “Vision 2023 and Digital Türkiye”, actions and their outputs on the path towards strong Digital Türkiye with domestic and national technologies are discussed in all aspects.
SUSTAINABLE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL HIGHER EDUCATION VIA DIGITAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES DURING AND POST COVID-19 IN RURAL NEPAL
Authors: Raj Magar Gadhi
Published: December 2022

The pedagogical environments for students and teachers could not remain same after the post-COVID-19 epidemic as during pandemic, particularly in digital practice. The research paper based on qualitative technique. On June 13, 2022, a sustainable analysis of global higher education via digital energy technology was conducted as a part of gathering primary data in rural Nepal, from private, public, and government campuses. Focus groups and in-depth interviews were audio recorded, and the transcriptions were precise. Online semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, including five from private campuses, five from the public, and an additional five from the government campuses, were done to collect qualitative data. Some participants in the pandemic also received instruction in utilizing ICT tools and digital pedagogy, but the post COVID, they are unable to engage in online courses owing to the availability of conventional classes. This papers examines the pedagogy of higher education in during and the post epidemic. Examining how digital teaching and learning can be one of the best options for both teachers and students during and post the epidemic is the goal of this project. For students and educators, learning about online education and becoming digital humanists is challenging job, which encourages self-reliability and improves hybrid ICT. The research discusses how professors and students in remote locations considered hybrid teaching and learning when there were limited ICT facilities, adequate electrical supplies, and sufficient familiarity with digital gadgets. Teachers are keen to boost digtal skill due to relying on e-based education, inadequate ICT skill, and absence of access to digital technology. Countryside students would be accessible online classes for global higher education after the post COVID if the government of Nepla offered a subsidy, a modest ICT infrastructure, familiarity with electronic devices, and ICT-trained professors to aid them to recover digital learning. The majority of the students of higher class demanded online classes during pandemic due to their unavailability of time, grow digital knowledge, and grasp multiple opportunities.
Phorophyte specificity of lichen community, with ecological taxation in Suruli watershed, Southern Western Ghats
Authors:   Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India, Rajaprabu N , Ponmurugan P ,   Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
Published: December 2022

The Lichens is an essential component of all kinds of ecosystems. They are one of the flora's dominant components, and it accumulates about eight percent of the terrestrial ecosystem. India is an assorted vegetative tropical country. Four major ecological factors produce several microclimatic niches for the growth of lichens in the Western Ghats. First attempt to correlate the lichen population and species richness with the natural and silviculture challenges. During collection, surprisingly uninformed rainfall has observed in the summer season too. Eco-lichenological ranks premeditatedly founded on altitude, geo-specificities, substrates or habitats and morpho-types. The environmental variables revealed that the lichen density was more about spring to summer (27.3 to 25.5%), 23.5 to 18.5% during the winter and late autumn periods. The luxuriant growth of lichen thalli has notified on the rainy and Autumn seasons. Meanwhile, the crustose group of fruiting bodies flourished during the summer season. The terrestrial forest habits occurring on the cryptogamic and phanerogamic plants, including lichens. Most forests hold with the tribal and ethnic community; they suffered from terrestrial human and motor vehicle movements and forest fires, landslides, and more, including endangered species. Natural and manmade forestation practises to be regulating to conserve forest and dependences.
Rural Development Schemes in India: With Special Reference to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
Authors: Solanki Rajendra Singh
Published: December 2022

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme has been started from February 2, 2006 in the most backward 200 districts of the country. Development plans in India have been started with the prejudice that the only way to save millions of unemployed in rural areas is by setting up industries in cities and providing them labor opportunities there. But the drought in the middle of the 60s and the sense of national guilt that arose from it forced a change in the direction of the policy. The result of this reconsideration was the Green Revolution of the next two decades, but the wheels of this revolution are now wobbly. Centered on the prosperous farmers of India's alluvial belt, limited to wheat and rice, this revolution deprived the poorest and most backward regions of the country of their income. As a result, the cycle of poverty in such backward areas deepened. Crores of small and marginal farmers had to earn their living by finding work outside their fields. The figures of the National Sample Survey show that 80 percent of the agricultural laborers are those who have to work despite having their own land. Because the potential for employment generation in their farms went extinct with the degradation of the environment. Even after a long period of independence, there was no significant change in the rural life.

Abstract in Hindi Language:

महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी योजना देश के सबसे पिछड़े 200 जिलों में 2 फरवरी 2006 से आरम्भ की गई हंै। भारत में विकास योजनाओं की शुरूआत ही इस पूर्वाग्रह से हुई है कि ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों के करोड़ो बेरोजगार के उद्धार का एकमात्र तरीका है शहरों में उद्योग स्थापित कर उन्हें वहां श्रम के अवसर प्रदान करना। किंतु 60 के दशक के मध्य में पड़ी सूखे की मार और उससे उत्पन्न राष्ट्रीय ग्लानि की भावना ने नीति की दिशा को बदलने पर मजबूर कर दिया। इस पुनर्विचार का नतीजा था अगले दो दशकांे की हरित क्रांति लेकिन इस क्रांति के पहिए भी अब डगमगाने लगे है। भारत के कछारी इलाके के सम्पन्न किसानों पर केन्द्रित, गेहूं और चावल तक सीमित, इस क्रांति ने देश के सबसे गरीब और पिछड़े क्षेत्रों को अपने आय से दूर रखा। नतीजा ऐसे पिछड़े क्षेत्रों में  गरीबी का चक्रव्यूह और भी गहराया। करोड़ो छोटे व सीमांत किसानों को अपने खेत के बाहर काम ढूंढ कर अपना जीवन यापन करना पड़ा। राष्ट्रीय सेम्पल सर्वे के आंकड़े बताते है कि खेतिहर मजदूर में 80 प्रतिशत ऐसे है जिनके पास अपनी जमीन होते हुए भी जिन्हें काम करना पड़ रहा हैं। क्योंकि उनके खेतेंा में रोजगार सृजन की क्षमता पर्यावरण के पतन के साथ विलोपित होती गई। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के एक लम्बे समय के बाद भी ग्रामीण जीवन में कोई विशेष परिवर्तन नहीं आया।

Keywords: ग्रामीण विकास, मनरेगा, योजनाएं भारत, गरीबी।
Women's oppression and human rights in India: General analysis
Authors: Khandelwal Sanjay
Published: December 2022

We can say that from ancient times till today, the status of women has not remained the same in different times, there have been continuous ups and downs in it. Before independence, women had only nominal rights. After getting independence, many laws were made by the government for the protection of women. As a result, women have made progress in various fields, but this bitter truth cannot be denied that even today the condition of crores of women is exploited, neglected and frustrated, their human rights are continuously being violated. In the words of Justice Krishna Iyer, “It is a stark fact that despite verbal rhetoric, women are subjected to such blatant discrimination and humiliation that we have fallen from humanity and this is the reality of man-woman relationship in India.

Abstract in Hindi Language: 

हम कह सकते है कि प्राचीन समय से लेकर आज तक विभिन्न कालों में स्त्रियों की स्थिति समान नहीं रही उसमें निरन्तर उतार-चढ़ाव आता रहा हैं। स्वतंत्रता से पूर्व महिलाओं केा केवल नाममात्र के अधिकार प्राप्त थे। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के पश्चात् महिलाओं के संरक्षण के लिए सरकार द्वारा बहुत से कानून बनाए गए। इसके परिणामस्वरूप महिलाओं ने विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में प्रगति की है परन्तु इस कटु सत्य से इंकार नहीं किया जा सकता है कि आज भी करोड़ो नारियों की स्थिति, शोषित, उपेक्षित एवं कुंठित है, उनके मानवाधिकारों का निरंतर उल्लंघन हो रहा हैं। न्यायाधीश कृष्ण अय्यर के शब्दों में, “यह एक कठोर सत्य है कि शाब्दिक लफ्फाजी के बावजूद महिलाएं ऐसे घोर भेदभाव और अपमान की शिकार हैं जिसे देखकर लगता है कि हम इंसानियत से गिर गए हैं और यही भारत में स्त्री-पुरूष संबंधों की वास्ततिकता हैं।

Keywords: महिला, मानवाधिकार, उत्पीड़न: आज भी भय, शोषण और हिंसा।