bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPOSTOS FENÓLICOS DO VINHO: ESTRUTURA E AÇÃO ANTIOXIDANTE
Authors: MAMEDE MARIA EUGÊNIA DE OLIVEIRA , PASTORE GLÁUCIA MARIA
Published: January 2015

Este trabalho de revisão teve por objetivo investigar as propriedades biológicas dos compostos fenólicos presentes em vinhos tinto e branco. Foram abordadas a composição, a atividade antioxidante e a estrutura química dos compostos fenólicos (flavonóides e ácidos fenólicos). Concluiu-se que a capacidade antioxidante dos compostos fenólicos está diretamente ligada à sua estrutura química, a qual pode estabilizar radicais livres. A ingestão diária e moderada de vinho pode promover a saúde e prevenir o risco de incidência de doenças do coração e certos tipos de câncer. No entanto, não deve ser considerada como tratamento para pessoas que já desenvolveram essas enfermidades. WINE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS: STRUCTURE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTION Abstract This review article had as objective to investigate the biological properties of the phenolic compounds present in white and red wine. The composition, antioxidant activity and chemical structure of the phenolic compounds (flavanoids and phenolic acids) were studied. It was concluded that the antioxadant capacity of the phenolic compounds is directed related to their chemical structure, which can stabilize free radicals. Daily and moderated ingestion of wine may promote health and prevent the risk of heart diesease incidence and certain types of cancer. However, it should not be considered as treatment for people who has already developed this diseases.
DOENÇAS EM CULTIVOS DE GÉRBERA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: FERRONATO Marlene De Lurdes , LIMA NETO Vismar Da Costa , TOMAZ Roberto
Published: January 2015

Em inspeções realizadas em 15 propriedades produtoras de gérbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f.) de corte e de vaso, no período compreendido entre o 1º semestre de 2004 e 2º semestre de 2006, abrangendo nove regiões do Estado do Paraná, foram identificados nove agentes causais de doenças: oito de natureza fúngica e uma bacteriana: Erysiphe cichoracearum, Pythium sp., Phytophthora sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Cercospora gerberae, Botrytis cinerea, Albugo tragopogonis, Capnodium sp. e Pseudomonas cichorii.  A identificação dos agentes causais das doenças, descrição dos sintomas e épocas de ocorrência, realizados neste trabalho, fornece dados básicos para a realização de futuras pesquisas sobre a epidemiologia e medidas de controle mais adequadas para a cultura da gérbera no Estado do Paraná.
A rare case of spontaneous necrosis of primary renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Matsuzaki Kyosuke , Imamura Ryoichi , Iwanishi Toshichika , Nakagawa Masahiro , Tanigawa Go , Tsutahara Koichi , Shimazu Kohki , Fushimi Hiroaki , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Yamaguchi Seiji
Published: January 2015

A 42-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of asymptomatic gross hematuria. Computed tomography revealed a 4-cm tumour in the left kidney and radical nephrectomy was performed. Microscopically, the tumour was completely necrotic and consisted of nests of cells with abundant cytoplasm and large nuclei. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated complete infarction of the chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Two years after surgery, the patient remained recurrence-free.
Bilateral ovarian metastases from ureteric urothelial cancer: Initial case report and distinguishing role of immunohistochemistry
Authors: Venkatramani Vivek , Banerji John Samuel , Manojkumar Ramani
Published: January 2015

Urothelial cancers of the upper tract are aggressive malignancies with a propensity for distant metastases. Transitional cell carcinoma can also develop de novo in the ovaries and differentiation between these lesions requires immunohistochemistry. We report a case of right lower ureteric urothelial carcinoma with metastases to both ovaries. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bilateral ovarian metastases from an upper tract primary, diagnosed with immunohistochemistry.
Identification and quantitative determination of pinoresinol in Taxus ×media Rehder needles, cell suspension and shoot cultures
Authors: Mistrzak Paulina , Celejewska-Marciniak Hanna , Szypuła Wojciech J. , Olszowska Olga , Kiss Anna K.
Published: January 2015

The aim of our study was to investigate the presence and quantitative contents of lignans in the tissues of Taxus ×media. The presence of the lignans: pinoresinol, matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol was assessed in needles, shoots cultures and suspension culture. Pinoresinol was the only lignan found in the tissue of T. ×media. The total pinoresinol content in the needles and in the shoots was 1.24 mg/g dry weight (dw) and 0.69 mg/g dw, respectively. Most of the pinoresinol identified was appeared glycosidically bound. In needles, the amount of glycosidically bound pinoresinol (0.81 mg/g dw) was about twice as high as that of free pinoresinol (0.43 mg/g dw). The content of free and glycosidically bound pinoresinol showed the level of 0.18 mg/g dw and 0.51 mg/g dw, respectively in the in vitro shoot cultures. In the cell culture, no pinoresinol was found.
Structure of exhaust jets produced by magnetic reconnection localized in the out‐of‐plane direction
Authors: Pritchett P. L.
Published: January 2015

Three‐dimensional electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell simulations are used to investigate the structure of exhaust jets produced by magnetic reconnection localized in the out‐of‐plane direction. The localized reconnection is produced by periodically blocking the cross‐tail current density, a procedure that has effects analogous to those produced by the assumption of a region of anomalous resistivity in fluid treatments of reconnection. The width of the blocking region is varied between 4 and 24di, where di is the ion inertial length. After an initial displacement in the electron‐drift direction, the jet front undergoes a marked expansion in the ion‐drift direction, reaching a total cross‐tail width of 15–20di regardless of the initial width. The jet front breaks up into small‐scale finger structures of the order of 1–2di in width, which appears to be due to the action of the ballooning/interchange instability. Ahead of the front, the ion pressure Pixx is increased due to reflection of ions from the moving front and the penetration of high‐speed ions in the jet through the front. The ion temperature Tixx exhibits a minimum within the front, while the electron temperature is enhanced in the front. The properties of the reconnection‐generated fronts are compared and contrasted with those of interchange heads produced by a decreasing entropy profile.
Three‐dimensional quantification of soil hydraulic properties using X‐ray Computed Tomography and image‐based modeling
Authors: Tracy Saoirse R. , Daly Keith R. , Sturrock Craig J. , Crout Neil M. J. , Mooney Sacha J. , Roose Tiina
Published: January 2015

We demonstrate the application of a high‐resolution X‐ray Computed Tomography (CT) method to quantify water distribution in soil pores under successive reductive drying. We focus on the wet end of the water release characteristic (WRC) (0 to −75 kPa) to investigate changes in soil water distribution in contrasting soil textures (sand and clay) and structures (sieved and field structured) and to determine the impact of soil structure on hydraulic behavior. The 3‐D structure of each soil was obtained from the CT images (at a 10 μm resolution). Stokes equations for flow were solved computationally for each measured structure to estimate hydraulic conductivity. The simulated values obtained compared extremely well with the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity values. By considering different sample sizes we were able to identify the smallest possible representative sample size which is required to determine a globally valid hydraulic conductivity.
Natalizumab restores aberrant miRNAexpression profile in multiple sclerosis and reveals a critical role for miR‐20b
Authors: Ingwersen Jens , Menge Til , Wingerath Britta , Kaya Derya , Graf Jonas , Prozorovski Tim , Keller Andreas , Backes Christina , Beier Markus , Scheffler Matthias , Dehmel Thomas , Kieseier Bernd C. , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Küry Patrick , Aktas Orhan
Published: January 2015

Objective

To identify microRNAs (miRNAs) regulated by anti‐α4 integrin monoclonal antibody therapy (natalizumab) in the peripheral blood of patients with relapsing‐remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) and to confirm their role in experimental settings in vivo.

Methods

In a longitudinal study of 17 RR‐MSpatients, we investigated blood miRNAexpression profiles at baseline and after 1 year of natalizumab therapy by microarray technique and quantitativePCRvalidation. We compared the baseline expression profiles of these patients to those of 18 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. We confirmed the contribution of resulting candidate miRNAs in an animal model ofMS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by adoptive transfer of proteolipid protein (PLP)139–151‐activated lymphocytes inSJL/J mice or by active immunization of miR‐106a~363‐deficient C57BL/6 mice (or wildtype litter mates) with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55.

Results

Our longitudinal analysis revealed that miR‐18a, miR‐20b, miR‐29a, and miR‐103 were upregulated and predominantly expressed byCD4+T cells, whereas miR‐326 was downregulated upon natalizumab treatment. A comparison of untreatedRR‐MSpatients at baseline with healthy controls revealed that the four natalizumab‐upregulated targets were initially downregulated inMS. All confirmed targets showed disease‐dependent expression in splenocytes of mice suffering fromEAE. Genetic deletion of the miRNAcluster miR‐106a~363 (containing natalizumab‐regulated miR‐20b) resulted in a more severeEAEcourse and an in vivo upregulation of the miR‐20b target genesrorgt, stat3, andvegfa.

Interpretation

Our study indicates that natalizumab restores dysregulated miRNApatterns inMSand reveals the contribution of miR‐20b in autoimmune demyelination in vivo.
Synthetic Strategies for Oligoynes
Authors: Jevric Martyn , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: January 2015

Oligoynes with alternating carbon–carbon single and triple bonds and with suitable end groups are interesting compounds for materials science and molecular electronics. Here we present recent synthetic strategies for the preparation of oligoynes as well as a few oligoenynes, in both linear and cyclic scaffolds, with different end groups, which are present either to incorporate additional functionality and properties to the molecule (such as redox properties) or to sterically shield the oligoyne chain. The strategies involve a variety of metal‐catalyzed reactions as well as procedures in which the oligoyne is prepared in the final step of the synthesis from related conjugated precursors. End‐capping of terminal alkynes with phosphine‐gold(I) complexes presents a way to enhance the stability and has been used not only to construct oligoynes, but also cyclic radiaannulene structures from stable and isolable tetraethynylethene building blocks (see frontispiece); upon ready reduction, these cyclic enynes can form cumulenic structures.
Steuerung der subtilen Energiebalance in protischen ionischen Flüssigkeiten: Dispersionskräfte im Wettstreit mit Wasserstoffbrücken
Authors: Fumino Koichi , Fossog Verlaine , Stange Peter , Paschek Dietmar , Hempelmann Rolf , Ludwig Ralf
Published: January 2015

Die einzigartigen Eigenschaften ionischer Flüssigkeiten werden durch ein fein austariertes Energiegleichgewicht zwischen Coulomb‐Wechselwirkungen, Wasserstoffbrücken und Dispersionskräften bestimmt. Wir können innerhalb einer sorgfältig gewählten Zusammenstellung protischer ionischer Flüssigkeiten (PILs) mit Trialkylammonium‐Kationen und Methylsulfonat‐ bzw. Triflat‐Anionen in der PIL [(C6H13)3NH][CF3SO3] einen Übergang von H‐Brücken‐dominierter zu dispersionsdominierter Wechselwirkung beobachten. Die charakteristischen Merkmale der Schwingungen beider Ionenpaarspezies können in den Ferninfrarotspektren zweifelsfrei detektiert und zugeordnet werden. Das temperaturabhängige Gleichgewicht beider Spezies liefert die Enthalpie des Übergangs von der H‐Brücken‐ zur dispersionsdominierten Spezies. Diese Vorgehensweise ermöglicht direkten Zugang zur relativen Stärke von H‐Brücken und Dispersionskräften in einem Coulomb‐dominierten System. Dispersionskorrigierte Dichtefunktionalrechnungen stützen das experimentelle Ergebnis, dass der Übergang zwischen nicht kovalent gebundenen Spezies nur dann erfolgt, wenn die H‐Brücke zwischen Kation und Anion wie beim Triflat‐Anion ausreichend schwach ist und gleichzeitig die Dispersionskräfte groß genug sind, wie es hier durch die drei Hexylgruppen des [(C6H13)3NH]‐Kations gewährleistet wird. Die Dispersionskräfte tragen quantitativ etwa 2.3 kJ mol−1 pro zusätzlicher Methylengruppe in den Ammonium‐Kationen bei.
Electromanipulating Water Flow in Nanochannels
Authors: Kou Jianlong , Yao Jun , Lu Hangjun , Zhang Bo , Li Aifen , Sun Zhixue , Zhang Jianguang , Fang Yunzhang , Wu Fengmin , Fan Jintu
Published: January 2015

In sharp contrast to the prevailing view that a stationary charge outside a nanochannel impedes water permeation across the nanochannel, molecular dynamics simulations show that a vibrational charge outside the nanochannel can promote water flux. In the vibrational charge system, a decrease in the distance between the charge and the nanochannel leads to an increase in the water net flux, which is contrary to that of the fixed‐charge system. The increase in net water flux is the result of the vibrational charge‐induced disruption of hydrogen bonds when the net water flux is strongly affected by the vibrational frequency of the charge. In particular, the net flux is reaches a maximum when the vibrational frequency matches the inherent frequency of hydrogen bond inside the nanochannel. This electromanipulating transport phenomenon provides an important new mechanism of water transport confined in nanochannels.
Versatile Colorant Syntheses by Multiple Condensations of Acetyl Anilines with Perylene Anhydrides
Authors: Jänsch Daniel , Li Chen , Chen Long , Wagner Manfred , Müllen Klaus
Published: January 2015

We report a key step forward in rylene chemistry: the transformation of rylenes into novel chromophore families. The imidization of rylene anhydrides with 2‐acetyl anilines could be controlled by the choice of the solvent, thus causing a transformation into either a 4‐hydroxyquinoline (4‐HQ) or a 4‐oxoquinoline (4‐OQ) unit. The 4‐OQ motif contains an aminoenone group formed by intramolecular aldol condensation and is the first vinylogous rylene imide. The concept of vinylogy was further developed by utilizing 2,6‐diacetyl aniline leading to an 3a‐aza‐1,6‐phenalenedione‐extended rylene skeleton fully embracing the nitrogen atom. By functionalization of the aminoenone motifs, for example, malononitrile addition at the carbonyl groups, the optical and electronic properties could be further tuned.
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Binding Mode Modeling of Benzimidazole Derivatives Targeting the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1
Authors: Espinosa‐Bustos Christian , Lagos Carlos F. , Romero‐Parra Javier , Zárate Ana M. , Mella‐Raipán Jaime , Pessoa‐Mahana Hernán , Recabarren‐Gajardo Gonzalo , Iturriaga‐Vásquez Patricio , Tapia Ricardo A. , Pessoa‐Mahana C. David
Published: January 2015

A series of N‐acyl‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl‐1H‐benzimidazoles were designed based on a CoMFA model for cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) ligands. Compounds were synthesized and radioligand binding affinity assays were performed. Eight novel benzimidazoles exhibited affinity for the CB1 receptor in the nanomolar range, and the most promising derivative compound 5 displayed a Ki value of 1.2 nM when compared to CP55,940. These results confirm our previously reported QSAR model on benzimidazole derivatives, providing new information for the development of small molecules with high CB1 affinity.
Simultaneous determination of bupropion, metroprolol, midazolam, phenacetin, omeprazole and tolbutamide in rat plasma by UPLC‐MS/MS and its application to cytochrome P450 activity study in rats
Authors: Ma Jianshe , Wang Shuanghu , Zhang Meiling , Zhang Qingwei , Zhou Yunfang , Lin Chongliang , Lin Guanyang , Wang Xianqin
Published: January 2015

A specific ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method is described for the simultaneous determination of bupropion, metroprolol, midazolam, phenacetin, omeprazole and tolbutamide in rat plasma with diazepam as internal standard, which are the six probe drugs of the six cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9. Plasma samples were protein precipitated with acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a UPLC® BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) with gradient elution. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection was operated by multiple reaction monitoring in positive electrospray ionization. The precisions were <13%, and the accuracy ranged from 93.3 to 110.4%. The extraction efficiency was >90.5%, and the matrix effects ranged from 84.3 to 114.2%. The calibration curves in plasma were linear in the range of 2–2000 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient (r2) >0.995. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of the six probe drugs of the six CYP450 isoforms and used to evaluate the effects of erlotinib on the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 in rats. Erlotinib may inhibit the activity of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, and may induce CYP2C9 of rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilization and stabilization of cephalosporin C acylase on aminated support by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and further modifying with aminated macromolecules
Authors: He Hua , Wei Yanmei , Luo Hui , Li Xi , Wang Xiaona , Liang Chen , Chang Yanhong , Yu Huimin , Shen Zhongyao
Published: January 2015

In this work, cephalosporin C acylase (CA), a heterodimeric enzyme of industrial potential in direct hydrolysis of cephalosporin C (CPC) to 7‐aminocephalosporanic acid (7‐ACA), was covalently immobilized on the aminated support LX1000‐HA (HA) with two different protocols. The stability of CA adsorbed onto the HA support followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (HA–CA–glut) was better than that of the CA covalently immobilized on the glutaraldehyde preactivated HA support (HA–glut–CA). The thermostabilization factors (compared with the free enzyme) of these two immobilized enzymes were 11.2‐fold and 2.2‐fold, respectively. In order to improve the stability of HA–CA–glut, a novel strategy based on postimmobilization modifying with aminated molecules was developed to take advantage of the glutaraldehyde moieties left on the enzyme and support. The macromolecules, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) and chitosan, had larger effects than small molecules on the thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme perhaps due to crosslinking of the enzymes and support with each other. The quaternary structure of the CA could be much stabilized by this novel approach including physical adsorption on aminated support, glutaraldehyde treatment, and macromolecule modification. The HA–CA–glut–PEI20000 (the HA–CA–glut postmodified with PEI Mw = 20,000) had a thermostabilization factor of 20‐fold, and its substrate affinity (Km = 14.3 mM) was better than that of HA–CA–glut (Km = 33.4 mM). The half‐life of the immobilized enzymes HA–CA–glut–PEI20000 under the CPC‐catalyzing conditions could reach 28 cycles, a higher value than that of HA–CA–glut (21 cycles). © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:387–395, 2015
Cryopreservation of embryonic stem cell‐derived multicellular neural aggregates labeled with micron‐sized particles of iron oxide for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yan Yuanwei , Sart Sébastien , Calixto Bejarano Fabian , Muroski Megan E. , Strouse Geoffrey F. , Grant Samuel C. , Li Yan
Published: January 2015

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an effective approach to track labeled pluripotent stem cell (PSC)‐derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) for neurological disorder treatments after cell labeling with a contrast agent, such as an iron oxide derivative. Cryopreservation of pre‐labeled neural cells, especially in three‐dimensional (3D) structure, can provide a uniform cell population and preserve the stem cell niche for the subsequent applications. In this study, the effects of cryopreservation on PSC‐derived multicellular NPC aggregates labeled with micron‐sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) were investigated. These NPC aggregates were labeled prior to cryopreservation because labeling thawed cells can be limited by inefficient intracellular uptake, variations in labeling efficiency, and increased culture time before use, minimizing their translation to clinical settings. The results indicated that intracellular MPIO incorporation was retained after cryopreservation (70–80% labeling efficiency), and MPIO labeling had little adverse effects on cell recovery, proliferation, cytotoxicity and neural lineage commitment post‐cryopreservation. MRI analysis showed comparable detectability for the MPIO‐labeled cells before and after cryopreservation indicated by T2 and T2* relaxation rates. Cryopreserving MPIO‐labeled 3D multicellular NPC aggregates can be applied in in vivo cell tracking studies and lead to more rapid translation from preservation to clinical implementation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:510–521, 2015
Continuous production of cyclodextrins in an ultrafiltration membrane reactor, catalyzed by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans DF 9R
Authors: Rodríguez Gastón Jorgelina A. , Costa Hernán , Ferrarotti Susana A.
Published: January 2015

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides of wide industrial application, whose synthesis is catalyzed by Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from starch. Here, CDs were produced using CGTase from Bacillus circulans DF 9R in continuous process and an ultrafiltration membrane reactor. The batch process was conducted as a control. This method allowed increasing the yield from 40 to 55.6% and the productivity from 26.1 to 99.5 mg of CD per unit of enzyme. The method also allowed obtaining a high‐purity product. The flow rate remained at 50% of its initial value after 24 h of process, improving the results described in the literature for starch hydrolysis processes. CGTase remained active throughout the process, which could be explained by the protective effect of the substrate and reaction products on CGTase stability. In addition, batch processes were developed using starches from different sources. We concluded that any of the starches studied could be used as substrate for CD production with similar yields and product specificity. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:695–699, 2015
Construction of a High‐Mannose‐Type Glycan Library by a Renewed Top‐Down Chemo‐Enzymatic Approach
Authors: Fujikawa Kohki , Koizumi Akihiko , Hachisu Masakazu , Seko Akira , Takeda Yoichi , Ito Yukishige
Published: January 2015

A comprehensive method for the construction of a high‐mannose‐type glycan library by systematic chemo‐enzymatic trimming of a single Man9‐based precursor was developed. It consists of the chemical synthesis of a non‐natural tridecasaccharide precursor, the orthogonal demasking of the non‐reducing ends, and trimming by glycosidases, which enabled a comprehensive synthesis of high‐mannose‐type glycans in their mono‐ or non‐glucosylated forms. It employed glucose, isopropylidene, and N‐acetylglucosamine groups for blocking the A‐, B‐, and C‐arms, respectively. After systematic trimming of the precursor, thirty‐seven high‐mannose‐type glycans were obtained. The power of the methodology was demonstrated by the enzymatic activity of human recombinant N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase‐I toward M7–M3 glycans, clarifying the substrate specificity in the context of high‐mannose‐type glycans.
Proton therapy for low‐grade gliomas: Results from a prospective trial
Authors: Shih Helen A. , Sherman Janet C. , Nachtigall Lisa B. , Colvin Mary K. , Fullerton Barbara C. , Daartz Juliane , Winrich Barbara K. , Batchelor Tracy T. , Thornton Lauren T. , Mancuso Sarah M. , Saums Michele K. , Oh Kevin S. , Curry William T. , Loeffler Jay S. , Yeap Beow Y.
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

In this prospective study, the authors evaluated potential treatment toxicity and progression‐free survival in patients with low‐grade glioma who received treatment with proton radiation therapy.

METHODS

Twenty patients with World Health Organization grade 2 glioma who were eligible for radiation therapy were enrolled in a prospective, single‐arm trial of proton therapy. The patients received proton therapy at a dose of 54 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) in 30 fractions. Comprehensive baseline and regular post‐treatment evaluations of neurocognitive function, neuroendocrine function, and quality of life (QOL) were performed.

RESULTS

All 20 patients (median age, 37.5 years) tolerated treatment without difficulty. The median follow‐up after proton therapy was 5.1 years. At baseline, intellectual functioning was within the normal range for the group and remained stable over time. Visuospatial ability, attention/working memory, and executive functioning also were within normal limits; however, baseline neurocognitive impairments were observed in language, memory, and processing speed in 8 patients. There was no overall decline in cognitive functioning over time. New endocrine dysfunction was detected in 6 patients, and all but 1 had received direct irradiation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis. QOL assessment revealed no changes over time. The progression‐free survival rate at 3 years was 85%, but it dropped to 40% at 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with low‐grade glioma tolerate proton therapy well, and a subset develops neuroendocrine deficiencies. There is no evidence for overall decline in cognitive function or QOL. Cancer 2015;121:1712–1719. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Halogenated Dodecaborate Clusters as Agents to Trigger Release of Liposomal Contents
Authors: Awad Doaa , Bartok Melinda , Mostaghimi Farzin , Schrader Imke , Sudumbrekar Neeti , Schaffran Tanja , Jenne Carsten , Eriksson Jonny , Winterhalter Mathias , Fritz Jürgen , Edwards Katarina , Gabel Detlef
Published: January 2015

Halogenated dodecaborates, and especially dodecaiodododecaborate(2−), are found to trigger effectively the release of the contents of phospholipid liposomes, including liposomes containing distearoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, which are used clinically in cancer therapy. The basis of the release is studied through differential scanning calorimetry, cryo‐transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Upon administration at high concentrations, drastic morphological changes are induced by the dodecaborates. Their possible use in triggered release is suggested.
Optimized Assignment Algorithm to Maximize the Reduction for Backup System with Multiple Deduplication Methods Installed
Authors: Ogata Mikito , Komoda Norihisa
Published: January 2015

Deduplication backup technology removes redundant data segments in a system in order to reduce the capacity usage in the target backup storage. This technique also provides better performance, less resource utilization, less energy consumption, and TCO. This paper describes an optimization method for deduplication backup in an IT system in which multiple deduplication processes are simultaneously installed and activated. The method provides an algorithm for assignment of backup target files to installed deduplication processes to maximize the aggregate deduplication ratio while maintaining the predefined system requirements, such as backup‐windows limitation and resource utilization limitation. In a real‐world system, the time used to perform deduplication in each process is not constant, but variable due to operational resources contention, waiting time in queues, and data characteristics. The proposed method points out that these time parameters can be simulated as following a normal distribution, formularizes discrete assignment programming, then defines combinatory approaches of integer linear programming to incorporate the maximum deduplication ratio and the binary adjustment of parameters so as to ensure that the variance is not exceeded. By utilizing this method, the system can achieve the maximal deduplication ratio while respecting time requirements within a predefined tolerance. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through simulations.
Asymmetric Supercapacitors based on Hybrid CuO@Reduced Graphene Oxide@Sponge versus Reduced Graphene Oxide@Sponge Electrodes
Authors: Dubal Deepak P. , Chodankar Nilesh R. , Gund Girish S. , Holze Rudolf , Lokhande Chandrakant D. , Gomez‐Romero Pedro
Published: January 2015

An asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated by using CuO@reduced graphene oxide@sponge (CuO@rGO@SP) composites as the positive electrode and rGO@SP as the negative electrode in Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. Macroporous and low‐costing sponges were explored as skeletons to construct a homogeneous 3 D interconnected network of rGO. Initially, rGO was deposited on the sponge by the “dip‐and‐dry” method. Subsequently, a CuO nanosheet cluster was deposited by using the chemical bath deposition method on the rGO‐coated sponge substrate. The CuO@rGO@SP electrodes could be operated even under a high scan rate of 200 mV s−1 and exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 519 F g−1. An asymmetric supercapacitor device based on CuO@rGO@SP//rGO@SP could be cycled in the high voltage range of 1.7 V and displayed high specific capacitance of 77.84 F g−1 and a high energy density of 31.24 W h−1 kg−1. Impressively, this asymmetric device exhibited an excellent long cycle life and 83 % of the specific capacitance was retained after 2000 cycles.
The impact of learning effects of environmental management system on performance of renewable energy firms
Authors: Chen Silu , Liu Cheng Kun , Iao Lai Leng , Chen Hsing Hung
Published: January 2015

The climatic change problem has resulted in increased interest in sustainable development. Firms in renewable energy industry are currently facing challenges to maintain competitiveness while keeping minimal environmental impacts. Responding to the above challenges, environmental management system (EMS) has becoming more popular within organizational policies, programs, and operating agendas. Especially, in the knowledge‐intensive industry, the learning efforts of EMS can effectively improve technological development, managing efficiency, and firm performance at the same time. Then, the aim of this article is to examine the relationships among strategic objectives, the learning effects of EMS, and firm performance in the renewable energy industry. After practical investigation, it shows that the gaps between strategic objectives and firm performance can be narrowed if suitable management skills are applied for different EMS approaches. On this basis, this article advises that suitable management controls should be employed under different EMS approaches. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1106–1112, 2015
Negative Affect Mediates the Relationship Between Interpersonal Problems and Binge‐Eating Disorder Symptoms and Psychopathology in a Clinical Sample: A Test of the Interpersonal Model
Authors: Ivanova Iryna V. , Tasca Giorgio A. , Hammond Nicole , Balfour Louise , Ritchie Kerri , Koszycki Diana , Bissada Hany
Published: January 2015

This study evaluated the validity of the interpersonal model of binge‐eating disorder (BED) psychopathology in a clinical sample of women with BED. Data from a cross‐sectional sample of 255 women with BED were examined for the direct effects of interpersonal problems on BED symptoms and psychopathology, and indirect effects mediated by negative affect. Structural equation modelling analyses demonstrated that higher levels of interpersonal problems were associated with greater negative affect, and greater negative affect was associated with higher frequency of BED symptoms and psychopathology. There was a significant indirect effect of interpersonal problems on BED symptoms and psychopathology mediated through negative affect. Interpersonal problems may lead to greater BED symptoms and psychopathology, and this relationship may be partially explained by elevated negative affect. The results of the study are the first to provide support for the interpersonal model of BED symptoms and psychopathology in a clinical sample of women. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses for ignition of fiber‐reinforced polymer panels
Authors: Tian Ning , Zhou Aixi
Published: January 2015

The ignition characteristics of combustible solids are affected by many factors such as material properties, external heating source, and surrounding environmental conditions. In practice, these factors can vary significantly from one application to another. Thus, it is important to evaluate the sensitivity and uncertainty aspects of the effect of these factors on ignition. This study attempts to achieve this goal through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses on the piloted ignition of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composite panels. A Monte Carlo simulation using the Latin hypercube sampling method was employed to conduct sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. An integral model combining a general thermal thickness model with a heating rate‐related ignition temperature criterion was used as the ignition prediction model. Time‐to‐ignition was evaluated as the output parameter against the variations of input parameters such as material properties, external heating source, and surrounding environmental conditions. In addition, to identifying important sensitivity factors and uncertainty ranges of piloted ignition, a critical thermal thickness was found for the composite panels. These findings can serve as guides for the fire safety design of FRP composite materials for various applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population Genetics Identifies Challenges in Analyzing Rare Variants
Authors: Johnston Henry Richard , Hu Yijuan , Cutler David J.
Published: January 2015

Geneticists have, for years, understood the nature of genome‐wide association studies using common genomic variants. Recently, however, focus has shifted to the analysis of rare variants. This presents potential problems for researchers, as rare variants do not always behave in the same way common variants do, sometimes rendering decades of solid intuition moot. In this paper, we present examples of the differences between common and rare variants. We show why one must be significantly more careful about the origin of rare variants, and how failing to do so can lead to highly inflated type I error. We then explain how to best avoid such concerns with careful understanding and study design. Additionally, we demonstrate that a seemingly low error rate in next‐generation sequencing can dramatically impact the false‐positive rate for rare variants. This is due to the fact that rare variants are, by definition, seen infrequently, making it hard to distinguish between errors and real variants. Compounding this problem is the fact that the proportion of errors is likely to get worse, not better, with increasing sample size. One cannot simply scale their way up in order to solve this problem. Understanding these potential pitfalls is a key step in successfully identifying true associations between rare variants and diseases.
Large Sets of Wrapped K–K Hamilton Cycle Decompositions of Complete Bipartite 3‐Uniform Hypergraphs
Authors: Zhao Hongtao , Rodger C. A.
Published: January 2015

Using the Katona–Kierstead (K–K) definition of a Hamilton cycle in a uniform hypergraph, we investigate the existence of wrapped K–K Hamilton cycle decompositions of the complete bipartite 3‐uniform hypergraph and their large sets, settling their existence whenever n is prime.
Learning to wait for more likely or just more: greater tolerance to delays of reward with increasingly longer delays
Authors: Rung Jillian M. , Young Michael E.
Published: January 2015

Little research has focused on training greater tolerance to delays of rewards in the context of delayed gratification. In delayed gratification, waiting for a delayed outcome necessitates the ability to resist defection for a continuously available smaller, immediate outcome. The present research explored the use of a fading procedure for producing greater waiting in a video‐game based, delayed gratification task. Participants were assigned to conditions in which either the reward magnitude, or the probability of receiving a reward, was a function of time waited and the delay to the maximum reward was gradually increased throughout this training. Waiting increased for all participants but less for those waiting for a greater reward magnitude than a greater reward probability. All participants showed a tendency to wait in a final testing phase, but training with probabilistic outcomes produced a significantly greater likelihood of waiting during testing. The behavioral requirements of delay discounting versus delay gratification are discussed, as well as the benefits of training greater self‐control in a variety of contexts.
The elevation dependency of 21st century European climate change: an RCM ensemble perspective
Authors: Kotlarski Sven , Lüthi Daniel , Schär Christoph
Published: January 2015

The ENSEMBLES regional climate model (RCM) ensemble is analysed with respect to the elevation‐dependency of 21st century near‐surface climate change over Europe. Fifteen experiments carried out by 11 different RCMs, driven by 6 different global climate models (GCMs) are considered, all of them assuming the SRES A1B emission scenario. Model evaluation for the historical period yields an approximate reproduction of observed temperature–elevation and precipitation–elevation profiles, but some distortion due to high‐elevation cold and wet biases. Climate change signals until the end of the 21st century show characteristic elevation dependencies over many parts of Europe and in many seasons. Except for northern Europe maximum warming typically occurs at medium to high elevations, leading to a decrease of near‐surface temperature lapse rates. The model agreement on the vertical temperature change profile is high; it does not depend on the driving GCM although the latter strongly determines the overall warming magnitude. Warming anomalies can often be related to changes of surface snow cover, and a contribution of the snow‐albedo feedback to the anomalous medium‐ and high‐elevation warming is likely. Also climate change signals of seasonal precipitation sums can considerably depend on elevation, but peculiarities highly depend on the region and season considered. Moreover, the vertical precipitation change profile appears to be less related to elevation itself but is strongly influenced by horizontal change patterns within the individual analysis domains and by the relative location of grid cells with respect to major orographic obstacles. Medium‐ to high‐elevation anomalies of large‐scale climate change signals as identified in this work represent an added value of dynamical downscaling as these elevations are typically not represented by the driving GCMs.
Surgical anatomy and variations of the infraorbital nerve
Authors: Ference Elisabeth H. , Smith Stephanie S. , Conley David , Chandra Rakesh K.
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess relevant variations in the anatomical course of the infraorbital nerve (ION). This understanding may reduce the risk of surgical injury.

Methods

A total of 100 consecutive computed‐tomography sinus studies obtained in a tertiary referral center were reviewed, and measurements were made of the 200 IONs. Anatomic variants were classified into three types based on the degree to which (if any) the nerve's course descended from the maxillary roof into the sinus lumen.

Results

A total of 60.5% of IONs were entirely contained within the sinus roof. In 27.0%, the nerve canal descended below the roof but remained juxtaposed to it. In 12.5%, the ION descended into the sinus lumen. The proportion of IONs descending into the sinus significantly increased to 27.7% when an infraorbital ethmoid cell was present (chi‐square P < 0.001) and to 50% when the nerve was contained within a lamella of such a cell (chi‐square P < 0.001). Descended nerves terminated in a foramen located an average of 11.9 ± 2.5 mm below the infraorbital rim, significantly further below the orbit than nondescended nerves (t test P < 0.001). Descended nerves were located a mean distance of 8.6 ± 2.9 mm below the sinus roof and traversed the sinus lumen diagonally for a mean length of 15.4 ± 3.1 mm.

Conclusions

Descent of the ION into the maxillary sinus is a common anatomic variant that is more prevalent in the setting of an ipsilateral infraorbital ethmoid cell. Descended nerves are associated with the foramen significantly further below the inferior orbital rim than those of nondescended nerves. These observations may help surgeons avoid iatrogenic ION injury.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:1296–1300, 2015
The effect of sildenafil on fascia‐wrapped diced cartilage grafts
Authors: Kemaloğlu Cemal A. , Tekin Yücel
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Diced cartilage grafts are frequently used, especially in rhinoplasty. The effect of sildenafil on the viability of diced cartilage grafts was investigated in this study.

Study Design

Animal experiment.

Methods

An approximate 2 × 2‐cm cartilage graft was taken from the ears of 14 New Zealand rabbits, diced to approximately 1‐mm3 dimensions, then wrapped in muscle fascia taken from the right rear leg. These were then weighed and placed in prepared cavities on the backs of the rabbits. The animals were separated into two groups, and although no procedure was applied to the control group, a daily dose of 10 mg/kg sildenafil was administered orally to the sildenafil group. After 3 months, the rabbits were sacrificed and the grafts were removed, weighed, and examined histopathologically.

Results

No statistically significant difference was observed between groups with respect to graft weight. Histopathologically, graft tissue viability was 85% in the sildenafil group and 41.43% in the control group, which was determined to be statistically significant. A lower resorption rate and higher basophilia rate was observed in the sildenafil group (P < .05) compared with the control group. No statistically significant differences were determined between the groups with respect to calcification, bone metaplasia, inflammation, or fibrosis.

Conclusions

Independent of surgical technique, sildenafil may be clinically useful as a medical agent to enhance graft viability.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:E168–E172, 2015
Enhanced contact endoscopy for the detection of neoangiogenesis in tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx
Authors: Puxeddu Roberto , Sionis Sara , Gerosa Clara , Carta Filippo
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Image‐enhanced endoscopy, such as narrow band imaging and the Storz Professional Image Enhancement System, have been increasingly used in patients with suspect lesions of the larynx and hypopharynx during preoperative and intraoperative assessment.

Study Design

In the present study, a contact endoscope was coupled with the systems of image‐enhanced endoscopy, as to precisely distinguish the peculiar neoangiogenetic changes in inflammation, and precancerous and cancerous lesions of the larynx and hypopharynx.

Methods

We performed a single‐blind study with this original approach of a series of 44 patients with different lesions of the larynx and hypopharynx.

Results

We observed five obvious vascular patterns matching the diagnosis in 41 patients out of 44, with accuracy in the differential diagnosis between normal tissue and hyperplasia versus mild dysplasia and carcinoma of 97.6%.

Conclusions

Enhanced contact endoscopy allows for predicting histologic changes of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal lesions from inflammation to cancer on based on fine evaluation of the neoangiogenetic changes of the chorion. This innovative procedure can be considered an important tool during diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up of patients with precancer and cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx.

Level of Evidence

1b. Laryngoscope, 125:1600–1606, 2015
Lateral pharyngeal wall collapse associated with hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Lan Ming‐Chin , Liu Stanley Y. C. , Lan Ming‐Ying , Modi Rahul , Capasso Robson
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Review drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) findings and correlate the patterns of airway collapse with body mass index (BMI) and objective sleep study respiratory variables, with particular emphasis on oxygen desaturation variables.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

From January 2010 to March 2014, 64 patients underwent DISE, and its findings were registered using the VOTE (velum, oropharynx, tongue base, epiglottis) classification system. Associations were analyzed between DISE, BMI, and polysomnographic parameters.

Results

Complete lateral oropharyngeal collapse was significantly associated with increased severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), reflected by a higher oxygen desaturation index, apnea‐hypopnea index, apnea index, the percent of the total time with oxygen saturation level lower than 90%, and minimal oxygen saturation). Complete concentric collapse of the velum and complete lateral oropharyngeal collapse were associated with higher BMI values.

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrate a strong association between complete lateral oropharyngeal wall collapse and increased OSA severity, particularly with objective oximetry measures. Patients with a complete lateral oropharyngeal wall collapse may need aggressive treatment strategies because of the high probability of subsequent cardiovascular complications.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:2408–2412, 2015
A systematic review of computed tomography detection of cartilage invasion in laryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Adolphs Anda P. J. , Boersma Nienke A. , Diemel Babette D. M. , Eding Joep E. C. , Flokstra Francien E. , Wegner Inge , Grolman Wilko , Braunius Weibel
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

This systematic review aimed to assess the diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) in detecting cartilage invasion among patients with laryngeal carcinoma.

Data Sources

PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library.

Review Methods

A search in the previously mentioned databases was performed to identify relevant articles. Articles comparing cartilage invasion on CT with histology were selected. After critical appraisal, articles of adequate relevance and validity were included in further analysis. Prevalences, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were extracted from the included articles.

Results

Four studies were included in the final analysis. Only one study examined the positive predictive value and negative predictive value for invasion of any laryngeal cartilage, and they were 87% and 56%, respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value for thyroid cartilage invasion were investigated in three studies and ranged from 44% to 80% and from 85% to 100%, respectively. The negative predictive value is likely underestimated due to selection bias, whereas the positive predictive value is likely overestimated.

Conclusions

CT imaging is a suitable tool to assess laryngeal cartilage invasion, especially regarding the thyroid cartilage.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:1650–1655, 2015