bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
String-pulling in the Goffin’s cockatoo (Cacatua goffiniana)
Authors: Wakonig Birgit , Auersperg Alice M. I. , O’Hara Mark
Published: January 2021

Goffin’s cockatoos, a parrot species endemic to the Tanimbar Islands in Indonesia, demonstrate remarkable cognitive skills across various technical tasks. These neophilic extractive foragers explore objects with their beak and feet, and are skilled in several modes of tool use. In this study, we confronted the animals for the first time with a vertical string-pulling setup, including a set of classic and novel controls. Nine of the 12 subjects, two of which were subadults, immediately interacted with the single-string task, with seven individuals successfully obtaining the reward on their very first attempt. Four different double string discrimination tests with varying spatial relations were used to assess the Goffin’s cockatoos’ apprehension of basic physical task properties. We found significant differences in performance between the respective experimental conditions, as well as the development of side biases. The results suggest that while the birds seem to consider simple cause–effect relationships, there is no evidence for a mental representation of the causal mechanisms underlying the string-pulling tasks, as subjects failed the crossed strings condition out of immediate sight. Finally, we provide suggestions on improving the methodology, and discuss our findings in regard to the Goffin’s cockatoo’s ecology.
Prolonged response time helps eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation
Authors: Langsdorf Lisa , Maresch Jana , Hegele Mathias , McDougle Samuel D. , Schween Raphael
Published: January 2021

One persistent curiosity in visuomotor adaptation tasks is that participants often do not reach maximal performance. This incomplete asymptote has been explained as a consequence of obligatory computations within the implicit adaptation system, such as an equilibrium between learning and forgetting. A body of recent work has shown that in standard adaptation tasks, cognitive strategies operate alongside implicit learning. We reasoned that incomplete learning in adaptation tasks may primarily reflect a speed-accuracy tradeoff on time-consuming motor planning. Across three experiments, we find evidence supporting this hypothesis, showing that hastened motor planning may primarily lead to under-compensation. When an obligatory waiting period was administered before movement start, participants were able to fully counteract imposed perturbations (Experiment 1). Inserting the same delay between trials – rather than during movement planning – did not induce full compensation, suggesting that the motor planning interval influences the learning asymptote (Experiment 2). In the last experiment (Experiment 3), we asked participants to continuously report their movement intent. We show that emphasizing explicit re-aiming strategies (and concomitantly increasing planning time) also lead to complete asymptotic learning. Findings from all experiments support the hypothesis that incomplete adaptation is, in part, the result of an intrinsic speed-accuracy tradeoff, perhaps related to cognitive strategies that require parametric attentional reorienting from the visual target to the goal.
God and Human Freedom
Authors: Furlong Peter
Published: January 2021

God and Human Freedom, by Leigh Vicens and Simon Kittle. Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. 73. $18 (paperback).
Free Will and God’s Universal Causality: The Dual Sources Account
Authors: Kittle Simon
Published: January 2021

Free Will and God’s Universal Causality: The Dual Sources Account, by W. Matthews Grant. Bloomsbury, 2019. Pp. viii + 248. $114 (hardback).
Bir Otobüs İşletmesi İçin Tedarikçi Seçimi
Authors: Nebati Elif , Yürük Hilal , Kenar Zeynep
Published: January 2021

Günümüz iş dünyasında rekabet her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu yüzden doğru tedarikçi seçimi yapmak gerekmektedir. Kent içinde önemli bir yere sahip olan toplu taşıma sektöründe, doğru araçların seçimi büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu araştırmada, İstanbul’da bir kurumda otobüs alımları için tedarikçi seçim problemi ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda, çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden (ÇKVV) faydalanılmıştır. Birden fazla kriterin yer aldığı durumlarda, ÇKVV yöntemlerinden faydalanmak karar vericiye çok büyük kolaylıklar sunmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında ÇKVV yöntemlerinden, Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) yöntemi kullanılarak kriter ağırlıkları elde edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise, Promethee yöntemi kullanılarak da en uygun alternatif seçimi yapılmıştır. Bu yöntemlerin kullanılmasından sonra elde edilen sonuçlara göre kurum için en uygun otobüs tedarik markası belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarının toplu ulaşım sistemindeki, tedarikçi seçim sürecinde önemli unsurların analiz edilerek kurumların verimliliğin arttırılmasına katkı sağlayacağı umulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada gerçekleştirilen model ve modelde yer alan kriterler karar vericiler için yol gösterici olarak kullanılabilir.
ESTRATÉGIAS DE ACOMPANHAMENTO PSICOLÓGICO DA PARENTALIDADE ADOTIVA: NOTAS SOBRE EXPERIÊNCIAS GRUPAIS
Authors: Miranda Paulo Ricardo de Araújo , Fiorott Juliana Gomes , Giacomozzi Andréia Isabel , Bousfield Andréa Barbará da Silva
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo objetiva analisar a importância de espaços grupais no acompanhamento psicológico, tanto dos pretendentes à adoção, quanto das mães e pais após a adoção. Ao todo realizou-se três grupos de seis encontros cada, durante o ano de 2019. Os grupos eram gratuitos, fechados, quinzenais e ocorriam no período noturno em um serviço de atendimento psicológico de uma universidade pública do Brasil. Como método de análise da intervenção, foram aplicados questionários antes e depois da realização dos grupos. Os questionários preenchidos foram tabulados e categorizados para análise qualitativa e descritiva dos dados. Os principais resultados apontam para os espaços grupais como locais profícuos para elaboração das motivações e angústias que caracterizam o processo adotivo. Sinaliza-se a necessidade de construção e complexificação de políticas públicas, voltadas à parentalidade adotiva, que promovam acompanhamentos grupais, tanto aos pretendentes, quanto às mães e pais por adoção.
DA SUSPEITA AO DIAGNÓSTICO DE CÂNCER INFANTOJUVENIL: A EXPERIÊNCIA DE FAMILIARES EM SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE
Authors: Lima Figueirêdo Beatriz , Maria Martins de Barros Sibelle , Angélica Carvalho Andrade Maria
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho buscou compreender a experiência de familiares de crianças e adolescentes com câncer, nos serviços de saúde, desde os primeiros sinais e sintomas da doença até a comunicação do diagnóstico. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado com 20 cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes que estavam em tratamento oncológico em um hospital público da Paraíba. Recorreu-se à entrevista semiestruturada para apreensão dos dados e à análise de conteúdo, do tipo temático, para a organização e análise dos resultados. O processo de análise permitiu a construção de três categorias temáticas: Em busca de um diagnóstico; Diagnóstico; e Mudanças no sistema familiar. Recorrer a vários serviços de saúde, esperar pelo diagnóstico e, por vezes, receber diagnósticos errados causaram sofrimento na família, que geralmente sentia-se negligenciada e impotente. Apesar de grande parte dos cuidadores avaliar a comunicação do diagnóstico como adequada, as reações dos cuidadores expressaram o choque surgido pela notícia. Nesse cenário, identificou-se uma maior união na maioria das famílias e mudanças de rotina e papéis, no sentido de adaptação à adversidade inesperada. Ressalta-se a importância de repensar as práticas de cuidado na rede de assistência oncológica, assegurando uma postura de acolhimento e vínculo, a partir da ótica da integralidade.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDICATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF THE INDIVIDUAL, SUBJECTIVE PROFESSIONAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF EMPLOYEES
Authors: Обознов А.А. , Петрович Д.Л. , Кожанова И.В.
Published: January 2021

Рассматривается проблема психологического благополучия одних и тех же работников в профессиональной, экономической (материальной) и других сферах жизни. Актуальность исследования определяется недостаточной изученностью данной проблемы в отечественной психологии. Цель исследования состояла в выявлении связей показателей психологического благополучия личности работников, их субъективного профессионального и экономического благополучия. Проведено эмпирическое исследование связей показателей психологического благополучия личности, профессионального и экономического благополучия сотрудников налоговой службы России (260 чел.). Использовался корреляционный анализ Пирсона. Выявлены тесные прямые связи рассматриваемых показателей.

The problem of psychological well-being of the same employees in professional, economic (material) and other spheres of life is considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of knowledge of this problem in Russian psychology. The aim of the study was to identify the relationships between indicators of psychological well-being of employees, their subjective professional and economic well-being. An empirical study of the relationship between the indicators of psychological well-being of the individual, professional and economic well-being of employees of the Tax Service of Russia (260 people) was conducted. Pearson's correlation analysis was used. Close direct connections of the considered indicators are revealed.
Geriatras en Chile: historia, brechas y desafíos futuros
Authors: Villalobos Pablo , Guzmán René
Published: January 2021

En el actual contexto de envejecimiento en Chile, es fundamental conocer el estado de la geriatría en el país, incluyendo su número, distribución y características. En base a datos del Registro Nacional de Prestadores Individuales de Salud de la Superintendencia de Salud, se presentan estadísticas descriptivas de diversas variables para el período 1986-2019, así como estimaciones de la brecha de geriatras para el período 2020-2100, basadas en la oferta y demanda de profesionales especialistas en el país. Al 31 de diciembre de 2019, existían en Chile 128 médicos con especialidad en geriatría registrados en la Superintendencia de Salud, lo que significa una relación de un geriatra por cada 15.650 personas mayores de 65 años y más. Poco más de la mitad de los geriatras son mujeres y la mitad de ellos trabaja en la Región Metropolitana. Respecto de las proyecciones a futuro, se observa que, utilizando distintos supuestos y escenarios, superar la falta de geriatras no parece un objetivo viable. Incluso bajo condiciones en las que esto pudiera lograrse, no es posible alcanzar tal hito en el corto plazo. Se observan muy pocos centros formadores de especialistas en geriatría, lo que redunda en un bajo número de estos y en una distribución concentrada principalmente en las regiones Metropolitana y de Valparaíso. Por último, se requiere una discusión más amplia respecto de la formación de capital humano para la atención de personas mayores en el país. Considerando las actuales cifras, enfatizar el cierre de brechas de geriatras como eje de la política en el tema, no parece adecuado. Por otra parte, se requiere no solo formar a más especialistas, sino también generar espacios para que estos puedan ejercer en el sistema de salud y contribuir a la formación de otros profesionales en Chile.
THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRY 4.0 ON EDUCATION CONTENTS
Authors: Grenčíková Adriana , Kordoš Marcel , Navickas Valentinas
Published: January 2021

New jobs will be created because of the Industry 4.0 concept implementation needs, employers will require new, especially digital skills and abilities from their employees. There is a need to change teaching and educational techniques in all types of schools, and instead of being specialized narrowly in one area, education should focus on a much broader overview, as people need to be educated in systemic and interdisciplinary thinking at all types of schools, including nontechnical ones. The main goal of the study is to identify areas on which the content of education should focused on in the future in terms to Industry 4.0. As research methods, a questionnaire survey was conducted in Slovak companies during the period of February – June 2019 along with statistical methods. The survey was carried out by random selection, 350 companies were contacted with a return of 220 responses. The research outcomes declare that changes in workforce qualification structure related to the Industry 4.0 concept implementation should have a positive effect on increasing the competitiveness of companies and increasing production effectivity. Based on the results it is proposed the expected positive changes should be transformed into enforcing the vocational training in companies and structural changes within the Slovak educational system.
A Synoptic VLBI Technique for Localizing Nonrepeating Fast Radio Bursts with CHIME/FRB
Authors: Leung Calvin , Mena-Parra Juan , Masui Kiyoshi , Bandura Kevin , Bhardwaj Mohit , Boyle P. J. , Brar Charanjot , Bruneault Mathieu , Cassanelli Tomas , Cubranic Davor , Kaczmarek Jane F. , Kaspi Victoria , Landecker Tom , Michilli Daniele , Milutinovic Nikola , Patel Chitrang , Pleunis Ziggy , Rahman Mubdi , Renard Andre , Sanghavi Pranav , Stairs Ingrid H. , Scholz Paul , Vanderlinde Keith ,   (CHIME/FRB Collaboration)
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate the blind interferometric detection and localization of two fast radio bursts (FRBs) with subarcminute precision on the 400 m baseline between the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) and the CHIME Pathfinder. In the same spirit as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), the telescopes were synchronized to separate clocks, and the channelized voltage (herein referred to as baseband) data were saved to a disk with correlation performed offline. The simultaneous wide field of view and high sensitivity required for blind FRB searches implies a high data rate—6.5 terabits per second (Tb/s) for CHIME and 0.8 Tb s−1 for the Pathfinder. Since such high data rates cannot be continuously saved, we buffer data from both telescopes locally in memory for

, and write to the disk upon receipt of a low-latency trigger from the CHIME Fast Radio Burst Instrument (CHIME/FRB). The

deg2 field of view of the two telescopes allows us to use in-field calibrators to synchronize the two telescopes without needing either separate calibrator observations or an atomic timing standard. In addition to our FRB observations, we analyze bright single pulses from the pulsars B0329+54 and B0355+54 to characterize systematic localization errors. Our results demonstrate the successful implementation of key software, triggering, and calibration challenges for CHIME/FRB Outriggers: cylindrical VLBI outrigger telescopes which, along with the CHIME telescope, will localize thousands of single FRB events with sufficient precision to unambiguously associate a host galaxy with each burst.
The JCMT BISTRO Survey: Alignment between Outflows and Magnetic Fields in Dense Cores/Clumps
Authors: Yen Hsi-Wei , Koch Patrick M. , Hull Charles L. H. , Ward-Thompson Derek , Bastien Pierre , Hasegawa Tetsuo , Kwon Woojin , Lai Shih-Ping , Qiu Keping , Ching Tao-Chung , Chung Eun Jung , Coudé Simon , Francesco James Di , Diep Pham Ngoc , Doi Yasuo , Eswaraiah Chakali , Falle Sam , Fuller Gary , Furuya Ray S. , Han Ilseung , Hatchell Jennifer , Houde Martin , Inutsuka Shu-ichiro , Johnstone Doug , Kang Ji-hyun , Kang Miju , Kim Kee-Tae , Kirchschlager Florian , Kwon Jungmi , Lee Chang Won , Lee Chin-Fei , Liu Hong-Li , Liu Tie , Lyo A-Ran , Ohashi Nagayoshi , Onaka Takashi , Pattle Kate , Sadavoy Sarah , Saito Hiro , Shinnaga Hiroko , Soam Archana , Tahani Mehrnoosh , Tamura Motohide , Tang Ya-Wen , Tang Xindi , Zhang Chuan-Peng
Published: January 2021

We compare the directions of molecular outflows of 62 low-mass Class 0 and I protostars in nearby (<450 pc) star-forming regions with the mean orientations of the magnetic fields on 0.05–0.5 pc scales in the dense cores/clumps where they are embedded. The magnetic field orientations were measured using the JCMT POL-2 data taken by the BISTRO-1 survey and from the archive. The outflow directions were observed with interferometers in the literature. The observed distribution of the angles between the outflows and the magnetic fields peaks between 15° and 35°. After considering projection effects, our results could suggest that the outflows tend to be misaligned with the magnetic fields by 50° ± 15° in three-dimensional space and are less likely (but not ruled out) randomly oriented with respect to the magnetic fields. There is no correlation between the misalignment and the bolometric temperatures in our sample. In several sources, the small-scale (1000–3000 au) magnetic field is more misaligned with the outflow than the large-scale magnetic field, suggesting that the small-scale magnetic field has been twisted by the dynamics. In comparison with turbulent MHD simulations of core formation, our observational results are more consistent with models in which the energy densities in the magnetic field and the turbulence of the gas are comparable. Our results also suggest that the misalignment alone cannot sufficiently reduce the efficiency of magnetic braking to enable formation of the observed number of large Keplerian disks with sizes larger than 30–50 au.
Cloudy Atmospheres on Directly Imaged Exoplanets: The Need for Accurate Particulate Representation in Photopolarimetric Simulations
Authors: Sanghavi Suniti , West Robert , Jiang Jonathan
Published: January 2021

Missions like the upcoming Roman Space Telescope and its follow-on missions, Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) and the Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor (LUVOIR), will provide direct imaging observations of stellar light reflected by exoplanets with successively closer orbits. The synergistic use of ground-based polarimeters like Gemini Planet Imager and Very Large Telescope/Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet Research instrument (SPHERE) would allow us to characterize cloudy exoplanet atmospheres using spectropolarimetric direct imaging. We present an extension of our semianalytic 3D radiative transfer modeling framework for brown dwarfs to include stellar light reflected by exoplanets with cloudy atmospheres. Using Mie theory to compute scattering by cloud and haze consisting of spherical particles, we show that the currently widespread use of approximations like the scalar Two-Term Henyey–Greenstein or the vector Henyey–Greenstein Rayleigh (HGR) composite result in a blurring of the phase-dependent features of exoplanet lightcurves, causing a 10%–39% loss of sensitivity to atmospheric parameters in an average measurement for signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) between 5 and 500. The HGR approximation creates the misleading impression that clouds are as polarizing as Rayleigh scatterers, regardless of their droplet size. This not only causes significant errors in the scientific interpretation of polarimetric measurements, but also results in a negligible sensitivity of HGR simulations to polarization measurements at the S/Ns considered, whereas Mie simulations show a 10%–30% gain in parametric sensitivity through the addition of polarimetry.
Phase Shift of Planetary Waves and Wave–Jet Resonance on Tidally Locked Planets
Authors: Wang Shuang , Yang Jun
Published: January 2021

Recent studies found that atmospheric superrotation (i.e., west-to-east winds over the equator) on tidally locked planets can modify the phase of planetary waves. But a clear relationship between the superrotation and the magnitude of the phase shift was not examined. In this study, we re-investigate this problem using a 2D linear shallow-water model with a specified uniform zonal flow. We find that the degree of the phase shift is a monotonic but nonlinear function of the strength of the mean flow and the phase shift has two limits of -π and +π. The existence of these limits can be explained using the energy balance of the whole system. We further show that a resonance between the Rossby wave and the mean flow occurs when the speed of an eastward jet approaches to the westward phase speed of the Rossby wave, or a resonance between the Kelvin wave and the mean flow happens when the speed of a westward jet approaches to the eastward phase speed of the Kelvin wave. The resonance mechanism is the same as that found in the previous studies on Earth and hot Jupiters. Moreover, in the spin-up period of a 3D global atmospheric general circulation simulation for tidally locked rocky planet, we also find these two phenomena: phase shift and wave–jet resonance. This study improves the understanding of wave–mean-flow interactions on tidally locked planets.
Modeling of Cosmic-Ray Production and Transport and Estimation of Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Emissions in Starburst Galaxies
Authors: Ha Ji-Hoon , Ryu Dongsu , Kang Hyesung
Published: January 2021

Starburst galaxies (SBGs) with copious massive stars and supernova (SN) explosions are the sites of active cosmic-ray production. Based on the predictions of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration theory, we model the cosmic-ray proton (CRP) production by both pre-SN stellar winds (SWs) and supernova remnants (SNRs) from core-collapse SNe inside the starburst nucleus. Adopting different models for the transport of CRPs, we estimate the γ-ray and neutrino emissions due to pp collisions from nearby SBGs such as M82, NGC 253, and Arp 220. We find that with the current γ-ray observations by Fermi-LAT, Veritas, and H.E.S.S., it would be difficult to constrain CRP production and transport models. Yet, the observations are better reproduced with (1) the combination of a single power-law (PL) momentum distribution for SNR-produced CRPs and a diffusion model in which the CRP diffusion is mediated by the strong Kolmogorov-type turbulence of

δ
B

/

B
∼
1

, and (2) the combination of a double-PL model for SNR-produced CRPs and a diffusion model in which the scattering of CRPs is controlled mostly by self-excited waves rather than the preexisting turbulence. The contribution of SW-produced CRPs could be substantial in Arp 220, where the star formation rate is higher and the slope of the initial mass function would be flatter. We suggest that M82 and NGC 253 might be detectable as point sources of high-energy neutrinos in the upcoming KM3NET and IceCube-Gen2, when optimistic models are applied. Future observations of neutrinos, as well as γ-rays, would provide constraints for the production and diffusion of CRPs in SBGs.
Radio Counterparts of Gamma-Ray Sources in the Cygnus Region
Authors: Benaglia Paula , Ishwara-Chandra C. H. , Paredes Josep M. , Intema Huib T. , Colazo Marcelo E. , Isequilla Natacha L.
Published: January 2021

The view of the gamma-ray universe is being continuously expanded by space high-energy (HE) and ground-based very-high-energy (VHE) observatories. Yet, the angular resolution limitation still precludes a straightforward identification of these gamma-ray emitting sources. Radio observations are an effective tool for searching their possible counterparts at lower energies because the same population of relativistic electrons responsible for radio emission can also produce HE/VHE emission via inverse-Compton scattering. The Cygnus region is crowded by many gamma-ray sources, most of them remaining unidentified. In order to find possible counterparts to unidentified gamma-ray sources, we carried out a deep survey of the Cygnus region using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope at 610 and 325 MHz. We did a detailed search for counterparts in the error circle of HE/VHE sources. We report 36 radio sources found in the error ellipse of 15 HE sources, and 11 in those of VHE sources. Eight sources have a very steep radio spectral index α < −1.5, these are most likely to be pulsars and will be followed up for a periodicity search. Such a significant number of pulsar candidates within the error circle of HE/VHE sources prompts a fresh look at the energetics and efficacy of pulsars and pulsar wind nebulae in this context.
Tropospheric Composition and Circulation of Uranus with ALMA and the VLA
Authors: Molter Edward M. , de Pater Imke , Luszcz-Cook Statia , Tollefson Joshua , Sault Robert J. , Butler Bryan , de Boer David
Published: January 2021

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Very Large Array (VLA) spatial maps of the Uranian atmosphere taken between 2015 and 2018 at wavelengths from 1.3 mm to 10 cm, probing pressures from ∼1 to ∼50 bar at spatial resolutions from 0.″1 to 0.″8. Radiative transfer modeling was performed to determine the physical origin of the brightness variations across Uranus’s disk. The radio-dark equator and midlatitudes of the planet (south of ∼50°N) are well fit by a deep H2S mixing ratio of

(

solar) and a deep NH3 mixing ratio of

(

solar), in good agreement with models of Uranus’s disk-averaged spectrum from the literature. The north polar region is very bright at all frequencies northward of ∼50°N, which we attribute to strong depletions extending down to the NH4SH layer in both NH3 and H2S relative to the equatorial region; the model is consistent with an NH3 abundance of

and an H2S abundance of <1.9 × 10−7 between ∼20 and ∼50 bar. Combining this observed depletion in condensible molecules with methane-sensitive near-infrared observations from the literature suggests large-scale downwelling in the north polar vortex region from ∼0.1 to ∼50 bar. The highest-resolution maps reveal zonal radio-dark and radio-bright bands at 20°S, 0°, and 20°N, as well as zonal banding within the north polar region. The difference in brightness is a factor of ∼10 less pronounced in these bands than the difference between the north pole and equator, and additional observations are required to determine the temperature, composition, and vertical extent of these features.
H2SO4 and Organosulfur Compounds in Laboratory Analogue Aerosols of Warm High-metallicity Exoplanet Atmospheres
Authors: Vuitton Véronique , Moran Sarah E. , He Chao , Wolters Cédric , Flandinet Laurène , Orthous-Daunay Francois-Régis , Moses Julianne I. , Valenti Jeff A. , Lewis Nikole K. , Hörst Sarah M.
Published: January 2021

Recent transit spectra suggest organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere of sub-Neptunes. Sulfur gases are expected to be present in warm exoplanet atmospheres with high metallicity. Many aspects of the sulfur fixation process by photochemistry in planetary atmospheres are not fully understood. In this work, tholins produced in a CO2-rich atmosphere simulation experiment with H2S were analyzed with very high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) that allows for searching specific molecules in addition to providing some insight on the mixture complexity. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental investigation of sulfur-bearing organic aerosol formation from irradiation of H2S at temperatures relevant to warm exoplanets. The analysis of the mass spectra shows that the soluble organic fraction of the solid particles contains over 2500 organosulfur (CHS/CHOS/CHNS/CHNOS) molecular formulas (73% of all assigned signals) within a broad mass range (from 50 to 400 u, atomic mass unit). In particular, 14 sulfuric acid derivatives were detected and 13 unique molecular formulae that could correspond to amino acid derivatives were identified. This high molecular diversity indicates a rich and active sulfur chemistry triggered by irradiation of H2S. The average elemental composition (wt%) of the soluble fraction of the particles is 40%C, 30%O, 21%S, 6%H, and 3%N, making the sulfur abundance a factor of ∼14 larger than in the initial gas composition. Our analysis of experimental simulations shows that organosulfur species are likely an important component of the haze in exoplanet atmospheres.
Impact of Coronavirus Disease-19 Lockdown on Egyptian Children and Adolescents: Dietary Pattern Changes Health Risk
Authors: Hashem Shaimaa A. , El Refay Amira S. , Mostafa Hend H. , Kamel Iman H. , Sherif Lobna S.
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Lockdown and school closure related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have unfavorable effects on children and adolescents.
AIM: This study was conducted to survey the changes in dietary pattern and related health factors in Egyptian children and adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak closure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected through a dietary pattern, eating behavior, and physical activity electronic questionnaire conducted through social media sites, targeting parents of children and adolescents after two whole months of lockdown and school closure in Egypt.
RESULTS: This study included 765 participants, 31.8% noted increased appetite, 45.6% reported increased sweets and unhealthy food consumption, and 37.6% showed increased frequent snacking between meals. Alongside 53.1% showed increase in late snacks during night after COVID-19 closure. The majority of our participants 82.0% noted associative change in eating behavior with boring and 94.6% revealed increased usage of electronics and screen time. This study showed significant positive correlation between increased appetite and mobile screen time, laptop screen time, and video gaming. Increased sweets and unhealthy food consumption was positively correlated with TV watching and mobile screen time. A significant positive correlation was revealed between uncaring about eating fruits and vegetables and increase screen time for each of mobile, and laptop and remote learning. Furthermore, there was positive correlation between decreased protein serving intake and each of mobile screen time and remote learning. TV watching and laptop screen times showed positively significantly association with frequent snacking between meals. Mobile screen time, TV screen time, and video gaming were positively significantly correlated with late night snacking.
CONCLUSIONS: The present study concluded prolonged lockdown leads to changes in eating patterns, related to contributing factors of physical inactivity and prolonged screen time.
Personal Protective Equipment in Health Workers during Coronavirus Disease-19 Outbreak
Authors: Mijakoski Dragan , Stoleski Sasho , Bislimovska Dragana , Pazheska-Dimitrioski Elena , Karasmanakis Elizabeta , Minov Jordan , Karadzinska-Bislimovska Jovanka
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus (CoV) disease (COVID)-19 pandemic has put immense pressure on the healthcare systems worldwide.
AIM: The aim of the actual study was to assess the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) in health workers (HWs) during an outbreak.
METHODS: The study was conducted in April-May 2020 using an on-line questionnaire. Completed surveys were returned by 560 HWs (297 physicians, 79 nurses/technicians, 78 dentists, 9 pharmacists, and 97 other HWs).
RESULTS: High proportion of HWs was using one surgery mask for two or more times or not using it at all when contacting patients who were self-isolated (35.3%) or severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV)-2 positive (19.3%). More than 90% of participants were using surgery masks and gloves every time or almost every time while working with patients who were self-isolated or SARS-CoV-2 positive. High frequency of participants reported: No isolation zones at the workplace (61.2%), no triage of patients at the entrance (33.4%), and not attended a training course about the correct usage of PPE (72%).
CONCLUSION: The data obtained can be used in the creation of specific interventions in healthcare settings aimed at providing high-quality PPE through the development of a national healthcare strategy that can lead to the prevention of COVID-19 in HWs.
Findings of Serial Computed Tomography Imaging in Patients with Coronavirus Disease-19
Authors: Raoufi Masoomeh , Kahkouee Shahram , Bahri Jamileh , Khalili Neda , Robatjazi Farzaneh , Khalili Nastaran
Published: January 2021

AIM: We investigated the serial changes of chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) presenting with viral-induced lung damage on follow-up CT.
METHODS: We evaluated 66 patients with confirmed COVID-19, who had undergone at least two chest CTs from February 24 to April 21, 2020. Nine patients also had a third CT. All patients demonstrated viral-induced lung damage (organizing pneumonia-like pattern) on second CT. The involvement pattern of each lobe and the extent of infiltration (based on CT score) were assessed on serial CTs to determine changes throughout the disease course. Patients’ demographic and clinical data and final outcome were also recorded.
RESULTS: Mean age (standard deviation [SD]) of patients was 56.04 (15.2) years old; 51.5% were male. About 93.9% of patients had survived. Mean (SD) interval between the first and second CT and second and third CT was 7.6 (5.9) and 16.8 (8.3) days, respectively. The extent of total lung involvement was significantly higher in the second CT compared with the first CT (p < 0.001) and also increased non-significantly in the third CT (p = 0.29). The right lower lobe persistently had the highest CT score through the disease course.
CONCLUSION: Evaluation of serial CT imaging can reveal information regarding the stage of COVID-19, thus providing help for appropriate treatment planning.
Predicting the effects of climate change on future freshwater fish diversity at global scale
Authors: Manjarrés-Hernández Ana , Guisande Cástor , García-Roselló Emilio , Heine Juergen , Pelayo-Villamil Patricia , Pérez-Costas Elisa , González-Vilas Luis , González-Dacosta Jacinto , R. Duque Santiago , Granado-Lorencio Carlos , Lobo Jorge M.
Published: January 2021

The aim of the present study was to predict future changes in biodiversity attributes (richness, rarity, heterogeneity, evenness, functional diversity and taxonomic diversity) of freshwater fish species in river basins around the world, under different climate scenarios. To do this, we use a new methodological approach implemented within the ModestR software (NOO3D) which allows estimating simple species distribution predictions for future climatic scenarios. Data from 16,825 freshwater fish species were used, representing a total of 1,464,232 occurrence records. WorldClim 1.4 variables representing average climate variables for the 1960–1990 period, together with elevation measurements, were used as predictors in these distribution models, as well as in the selection of the most important variables that account for species distribution changes in two scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 6.0). The predictions produced suggest the extinction of almost half of current freshwater fish species in the coming decades, with a pronounced decline in tropical regions and a greater extinction likelihood for species with smaller body size and/or limited geographical ranges.
Antifascisme et mouvement ouvrier dans l’entre-deux-guerres : débats stratégiques autour d’une défaite historique
Authors: Palheta Ugo
Published: January 2021

Dans les années 1920-1930, le mouvement ouvrier européen est traversé par des luttes politiques et des débats stratégiques autour de la montée du fascisme. Ces débats sont ici restitués par Ugo Palheta qui revient sur la complexité des positionnements antifascistes avancés par les communistes (y compris oppositionnels) et sociaux-démocrates. Il analyse leurs effets dans le rapport de forces avec les forces fascistes des pays concernés et vise à éclairer les stratégies contemporaines.
Pratiques de l’antifascisme, France 2020
Authors: AFA-PB  , la Horde  , Jeune Garde Lyon  , Palheta Ugo , Roueff Olivier
Published: January 2021

Il existe aujourd’hui en France de nombreuses organisations qui se définissent spécifiquement comme antifascistes. Nous avons souhaité en réunir quelques-unes pour une table ronde qui permette à la fois de mieux les faire connaître et de contribuer à la discussion de leurs analyses, de leurs options stratégiques et de leurs pratiques militantes. La conjonction des agendas militants et sanitaires en a décidé autrement. Trois collectifs ont néanmoins pris le temps de répondre par écrit ou enregistrements audios à quelques questions communes. On y voit des différences d’appréciation, d’élaboration et d’intervention, liées notamment à des analyses différentes du fascisme et de la manière dont il progresse et s’enracine, mais aussi à la vocation spécifique de chaque organisation : La Horde se veut un outil transversal au service des groupes antifascistes, tels que La Jeune Garde Lyon et l’Action Antifasciste Paris-Banlieues (AFA-PB), eux-mêmes forgés dans des contextes sociaux, politiques et militants différents. Mais on y voit également d’indéniables convergences – autour notamment de la perception d’une urgence antifasciste, de l’ancrage dans une histoire qui est aussi une alliance entre générations militantes, ou encore de la double nécessité de l’autonomie antifasciste et de son articulation avec les luttes de classe, antiracistes, féministes et écologiques.
L’ordre des prisons. Les défis du système pénitentiaire rwandais post-génocide
Authors: Baraduc Violaine
Published: January 2021

Au Rwanda, l’afflux dès juillet 1994 de présumés génocidaires dans les prisons et les cachots fut d’autant plus problématique que le pays ne disposait pas des moyens nécessaires pour les maintenir en détention dans des conditions à la fois sûres et dignes. Retraçant l’histoire du système pénitentiaire rwandais entre 1994 et 2017, l’article témoigne des stratégies mises en place par l’État pour surmonter la crise pénitentiaire et de leurs effets. Croisant une approche historique et ethnographique, il montre comment les anciens dignitaires du régime Habyarimana, incarcérés pour leur participation au génocide des Tutsi, ont été invités à cogérer les prisons, et les différents projets que le gouvernement y a menés en faveur de la justice, de l’aveu et de la réconciliation.
La révolte des kada du FPR (1997-1998), un « moment critique » dans l’évolution du Rwanda post-génocide
Authors: Kimonyo Jean-Paul
Published: January 2021

Cet article examine depuis l’intérieur du Front patriotique rwandais un moment crucial du processus de sortie de crise post-génocide au Rwanda, « la révolte des cadres du FPR » en 1997 et 1998. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie sur la notion de « moments critiques », périodes de contingence politique durant lesquelles le champ des possibles s’élargit. La révolte des kada contre les pratiques néo-patrimoniales des dirigeants politiques et militaires de leur mouvement et des autres partis de la coalition gouvernementale a favorisé l’accession au pouvoir suprême de Paul Kagame ainsi qu’un profond changement de gouvernance.
La Renamo à l’heure de sa sixième défaite aux élections générales (15 octobre 2019)
Authors: Cahen Michel
Published: January 2021

Le 15 octobre 2019, le Mozambique a connu ses sixièmes élections pluralistes. Pour la sixième fois, la Renamo, l’ancienne rébellion (1977-1992), y a été battue et n’a pas reconnu les résultats, alléguant de fraudes. Le Frelimo, au pouvoir depuis 1975 a remporté ce scrutin avec un score de 73 % auquel personne ne croit. La puissance de ce parti-État est un élément explicatif central, mais il ne saurait être unique. La énième défaite de la Renamo questionne aussi la nature et la culture de ce parti.
The Evolution of Independent Expenditures in U.S. Federal Elections Before and After Citizens United
Authors: Sebold Karen , Dowdle Andrew
Published: January 2021

L’une des caractéristiques distinctes du financement des campagnes électorales aux États-Unis est le rôle important que jouent les dépenses indépendantes (DI) des groupes et des individus dans le financement des élections. Les critiques des dépenses indépendantes accusent ces dernières d’accroître la polarisation partisane, de diminuer la transparence politique et d’exacerber l’influence disproportionnée de certains intérêts économiques. Le Congrès a tenté de réguler les dépenses indépendantes dans les années 1970 avec la loi sur la réforme des campagnes électorales fédérales, mais en 1976, la Cour suprême des États-Unis en a fortement réduit la réglementation tant qu’elles ne sont pas utilisées pour soutenir ou s’opposer expressément à un candidat. Bien que la décision de 2010 de la Cour dans l’affaire Citizens United contre Federal Election Commission soit souvent accusée, à juste titre, d’amplifier l’influence des dépenses indépendantes, nous soutenons que c’est une interdiction antérieure du « soft money » qui a en fait conduit à l’augmentation de ce type d’activité électorale. L’interdiction du « soft money » est advenue en 2002 avec la loi sur la réforme des campagnes électorales bipartites (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, BCRA), mais les groupes ont réagi en orientant l’argent des partis politiques vers des comités extérieurs. L’interdiction du « soft money » par la BCRA et ses restrictions sur les DI ont également incité les groupes à organiser des contestations judiciaires, dont l’une a finalement abouti à l’affaire Citizens United. L’effort de déréglementation des activités des groupes d’intérêt lors des élections s’est poursuivi bien après l’affaire Citizens. Bien que les données sur les effets des différentes décisions de la Cour suprême, des arrêts de la Cour fédérale et des avis consultatifs de la FEC offrent des résultats mitigés, nous constatons un changement notable dans la portée de ces DI. Alors qu’elles étaient à l’origine utilisées par des groupes principalement pour encourager les candidatures de certains candidats à des fonctions électives, elles sont maintenant de plus en plus utilisées pour cibler et attaquer les opposants.
Preventive effects of the antioxidant and antigenotoxicAchyrocline satureioides extract against zearalenone-induced mammal cytogenotoxicity and histological damage
Authors: Sabini M.C. , Cariddi L.N. , Escobar F.M. , Mañas F. , Roma D. , Candela F. Menis , Bagnis G. , Soria E.A. , Sabini L.I. , Dalcero A.M.
Published: January 2021

Zearalenone (ZEN), aFusarium’s mycotoxin, is immunotoxic, genotoxic, hepatonephrotoxic and, affects the reproductive system. ZEN induces toxic and genotoxic effects on humans and other animals.Achyrocline satureioides has several medicinal properties. Moreover, the aqueous extract ofA. satureioides is a safe agent that exerts low cytotoxicity and no genotoxicity. This extract is a promissory candidate to counteract ZEN effects. The present study aimed to investigate the capacity of cold aqueous extract fromA. satureioides to protect against ZEN multi-target toxicity in different experimental mammal models. Anticytotoxicity was evaluated by neutral red uptake and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium reduction assays. Comet assay and micronuclei test, oxidative stress (TBARs), and histopathological damage were evaluated in Balb/C mice. Anticytotoxic studies indicated that cold aqueous extract (100 and 300 μg/ml) protected from damage induced by ZEN (50 μg/ml) on Vero cells.In vivo studies indicated that ZEN (40 mg/kg body weight) induced an increase of genotoxicity: micronuclei (34 MNPCE/1000 PCE) and increase of damage (tail moment) in blood cells. Also, it increased lipid peroxidation in liver and kidneys and generated several histopathological alterations in both organs. Cold aqueous extract (100 mg/kg body weight) protected from genotoxicity induced by ZEN in both tests. Cold aqueous extract, also, reduced the lipid peroxidation and histopathological damage in liver and kidneys. In conclusion, the cold aqueous extract ofA. satureioides that contains bioactive flavonoids prevents the multi-target toxicity induced by ZEN improving all the parameters evaluatedin vitro andin vivo, which is a valuable and original finding in order to develop future treatments for human and veterinary medicine.
Le plurilinguisme dans les Moocs : profils d'usagers et fonctions du sous-titrage
Authors: Fonseca Mariana , Gajo Laurent
Published: January 2021

Les Moocs (massive open online courses) n'offrent pas seulement un nouveau support à l'enseignement, notamment universitaire, mais sont susceptibles de changer radicalement la dynamique des savoirs et de l'éducation en favorisant une uniformisation des démarches d'apprentissage. Cet article vise à étudier la tension entre contextualisation et globalisation, en s'intéressant particulièrement à l'utilisation et aux fonctions des sous-titres dans les Moocs, selon le point de vue des usagers. Il émane d'un projet de recherche plus vaste sur la place de la diversité linguistique – et culturelle – dans ces dispositifs.Du point de vue de la diversité linguistique, nos précédents travaux ont réussi à montrer que, contrairement à la conception courante, les langues ne servent pas seulement à communiquer les savoirs (fonction véhiculaire), mais jouent également un rôle dans leur construction (fonction constitutive). Au-delà de ces fonctions, l'analyse des questionnaires proposés aux usagers des Moocs de notre étude dévoile que ceux-ci recourent aux sous-titres pour apprendre à la fois le contenu du cours et une nouvelle langue.Nous terminons cet article avec quelques recommandations adressées aux concepteurs de Moocs pour qu'ils donnent voix à différents acteurs dans leurs langues et leurs cultures – scientifiques et éducatives – respectives.
Bringing equality down to earth: food, identity reduction and the five dimensions of well-being
Authors: McAll Christopher
Published: January 2021

Social inequality operates through the reduction of identity, with individual life stories, current life situations and hopes for the future often collapsed into a single, generally negatively connoted characteristic attributed to the group with whom the individual is identified. If such reductionism is part of the way in which inequalities are reproduced in everyday interactions, then the making of equality may have its source in similarly situated interactions, based on a non-reductionist global approach. In the present text, I look at an experimentation of such a global approach, with a particular emphasis on well-being and the relationship to food. The fivefold definition of well-being proposed is based on a research project on seniors and home-support workers in Montreal, and is applied, in connection with food, to an experimental Housing-First project on homelessness, and in relation to security, sociability, nourishment, freedom and routines and places.
À part entière : alimentation et bien-être chez des personnes âgées à Montréal fréquentant des organismes d’aide alimentaire
Authors: Régimbal François
Published: January 2021

Dans les écrits sur l’alimentation, l’accent est souvent mis sur la capacité à avoir accès aux aliments, et ce, tant en quantité qu’en qualité. Suivant la perspective des personnes âgées, le présent article suggère que d’autres dimensions devraient recevoir plus d’attention. En mobilisant le concept de bien-être et de ses cinq dimensions, l’article met en évidence les dimensions matérielles et surtout relationnelles de l’alimentation, telles que présentées par les personnes elles-mêmes. L’analyse, basée sur une enquête effectuée auprès de plus de 30 personnes ainées, invite ainsi à situer le concept de sécurité alimentaire dans le cadre plus large du bien-être alimentaire, permettant une compréhension des habitudes alimentaires dans leurs différentes dimensions. Une telle approche permet également de contrer la tendance à réduire les personnes âgées aux stéréotypes négatifs.