bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advocating for Social and Economic Rights—Critical Perspectives
Authors: Perelman Jeremy
Published: January 2020

This comment situates Aryeh Neier’s critique of social and economic rights within a broader set of arguments about the nature of such rights as rights, about their justiciability and enforceability, and about their value to social justice advocates and social movements’ political strategies. It highlights the main responses to Neier’s critique articulated by human rights scholars and activists, including those pointing to the indivisibility and interdependence of the human rights framework. The comment draws however on historical and theoretical perspectives on the fundamental structure of this framework to both revisit and transcend Neier’s critique. It points to approaches that aim at taking critique seriously when engaging in social justice-oriented human rights work.
Women’s Rights are Human Rights
Authors: Guimei Bai
Published: January 2020

This comment on the contribution by Hilary Charlesworth and Christine Chinkin focuses on three apparent antinomies of women’s rights: margin–mainstream, specialist–generalist, and family–individual. Adding a Chinese perspective to these discussions, the comment highlights the importance of choice of terminology in a particular cultural setting. It also questions the positioning of actors in terms of centre–periphery and shows how various actors can work across limits and perceived locations. Going beyond the discussions in UN bodies, the comment emphasizes the local social contexts and persisting stereotypes that need to be at the centre of social change. This requires a translation of international normative endeavours into local public and private spheres of civil society, economy, and government.
The Limits of the Laws of War
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: January 2020

The dynamism of the tradition of the laws of war is conditional on its limitations. The chapter distinguishes between contingent and inherent limits. Contingent limits are those that are set by the law’s environment and which it imagines itself to be up against. They include the fact that the laws of war often seem to be lagging behind social and technological developments, that they lack enforcement, or that they are too embedded in an interstate matrix. These are all significant in their own right, but all relative and susceptible to being overcome. Inherent limits by contrast, are limits that are so woven into the project that they define it. These include the laws of war’s embeddedness in a certain concept of international law, their pragmatism, and their constant effort to compromise between military necessity and humanity. Contingent limitations may be overcome, but only at the cost of condoning inherent limitations.
The End of the War/Peace Limit on the Application of International Human Rights Law
Authors: Shany Yuval
Published: January 2020

In ‘The Limits of Human Rights in Times of Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Armed Violence’, Andrew Clapham explains how the dynamics of international human rights law (IHRL) in recent decades, which give effect to foundational principles such as universality and the non-derogability of core humanitarian norms, have extended the limits of IHRL. This comment discusses three sets of concerns, which are also touched upon by Clapham, explicitly or implicitly: the disruptive effect of IHRL on substantive regulations of conflict situations, the functional limits of IHRL monitoring bodies, and the political backlash encountered due to normative and institutional expansion. The comment also offers a number of critical observations on how IHRL has developed so far in relation to armed conflict situations and how should IHRL monitoring bodies apply IHRL in such situations.
The Limits of Human Rights in a Moving World—Elements of a Dynamic Approach
Authors: Delmas-Marty Mireille
Published: January 2020

This contribution discusses the limits to the ideal of human rights in the context of a triple dynamic: the reason of State and its limits; the ecological reason and its call to protect the planet and the ecosystem; and the techno-scientific reason as a supreme reason which ultimately could lead to the refusal of any limit. It suggests that if we consider human rights as a dynamic and transformative process and not as a static concept, these rights remain the counterpoint to the derailments of globalization. They seem more than ever necessary for the emergence of a truly common law. If the interplays of limits are well defined, human rights would make this truly common law more flexible by giving it a variable content within limits which allows it to adapt better to the diversity of the real world.
Historical Strategies for Human Rights
Authors: Ishay Micheline
Published: January 2020

Douglas A. Johnson’s and Kathryn Sikkink’s ‘Strategizing Human Rights: From Ideals to Practice’ rightly argues that the human rights community needs to show greater flexibility to make further inroads in politics. It is incontestable that human rights activists need a proper understanding of the social situation, as different contexts shape distinctive strategic operations. Johnson and Sikkink identify helpful tools of analysis (such as mapping the terrain, sustaining the capacity for change, mass dispersal versus mass concentration, the relevance of a spectrum of allies, non-violent tactics, etc.). But a list of items in the toolbox of a practitioner, if not employed with a thorough understanding of the social, economic, and historical context, can also produce negative results. With these lenses in mind, this comment develops further some of Johnson’s and Sikkink’s points while arguing or questioning other proposed tactics and strategies.
The functions of schemas
Authors: Jackendoff Ray , Audring Jenny
Published: January 2020

This chapter shows why declarative schemas are preferable to procedural rules as the means of encoding linguistic regularities. Traditionally, the function of rules is to create novel structures that are not stored in the lexicon. Declarative schemas fulfill this generative function by using Unification to create new structures. However, schemas can also perform an additional relational function, motivating patterns within the lexicon that are not fully productive. It is not evident how rules can perform such a function. The chapter’s conclusion, the Relational Hypothesis, is that all schemas encode patterns in the lexicon, and that a subset of them can be used productively to create novel structures. This changes the dynamic of linguistic inquiry from a narrow focus on productive processes to the full range of patterns, from productive to the most marginal.
Formalizing inflection
Authors: Jackendoff Ray , Audring Jenny
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses the differences between derivational and inflectional morphology and how they are to be reflected in the Relational Morphology formalism. The formalization of inflectional features is illustrated in turn by English regular verbs, English irregular verbs, German weak verbs, and German strong verbs and past participles. Each case makes essential use of relational links among sister (or second-order) schemas. The analysis also offers a flexible description of inflectional classes. The chapter then discusses what verbal forms in a paradigm have to be stored in memory and how these are used to construct non-stored forms. The formalism for inflectional classes is applied to the “Same Verb Problem”: homophones with the same inflectional paradigm, for instance go/went away, go/went crazy, go/went for broke. This treatment is then extended to the polysemy of morphosyntactic tense.
Fundamentals of Machine Learning
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P.
Published: January 2020

Machine learning is exploding, both in research and for industrial applications. This book aims to be a brief introduction to this area given the importance of this topic in many disciplines, from sciences to engineering, and even for its broader impact on our society. This book tries to contribute with a style that keeps a balance between brevity of explanations, the rigor of mathematical arguments, and outlining principle ideas. At the same time, this book tries to give some comprehensive overview of a variety of methods to see their relation on specialization within this area. This includes some introduction to Bayesian approaches to modeling as well as deep learning. Writing small programs to apply machine learning techniques is made easy today by the availability of high-level programming systems. This book offers examples in Python with the machine learning libraries sklearn and Keras. The first four chapters concentrate largely on the practical side of applying machine learning techniques. The book then discusses more fundamental concepts and includes their formulation in a probabilistic context. This is followed by chapters on advanced models, that of recurrent neural networks and that of reinforcement learning. The book closes with a brief discussion on the impact of machine learning and AI on our society.
The humble heredity of humongous hemispheres
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S.
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, a distant ancestor makes a success of greed, laziness, and fear; a driver hits the jackpot; and Dorothy comes to a fork in the yellow brick road. But mainly we consider how the brain evolved. A succession of forks in our evolutionary road produced new brain areas that are crucial for memory. Each of these areas has its own kind of memory, which evolved in a now-extinct ancestral species long ago. In each case, new forms of memory helped these species survive and thrive in circumstances very different from our own. During human evolution, the brain began expanding about 3 million years ago. It reached its current size and shape about 400,000 years ago, long before the acceleration in cultural innovation that characterizes human societies.
Vertebrate voyages
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S.
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, a rat charts a safe route to cheese; a woman misplaces her car; and one of your ancestors swims for its dinner. But mainly we consider the kinds of memories that evolved in early vertebrates. The brain of these ancestors included the hippocampus, a brain area crucial for memory. The hippocampus evolved to guide navigation, which came with a bonus: support for other memories, such as the sequence and timing of smells and sights. By combining these memories in various ways, vertebrates can construct a map of their world, including spatial layouts and the proximity of items; the order of items in a sequence; and the appearance of landscapes as viewed from various angles. The memories of events and contexts arise from the same source.
Anthropoid augmentations
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S.
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, Dorothy braves lions (and tigers and bears); a dinosaur eats someone in Jurassic Park; and a proofreader gets a $7 raise. But mainly we consider how a new form of memory helped anthropoids avoid being eaten. When anthropoids faced a high level of volatility in their preferred foods, such as fruit, they had to make more foraging journeys to get enough to eat. Because they faced a severe threat of predation every time they did, these ancestors benefited from any reduction in the frequency of such excursions. So, they had to establish memories that limited foraging errors, and they had to do so quickly. New cortical areas provided this advantage, so anthropoids survived and thrived in a rapidly changing world teeming with predators.
Social Innovation Policy
Authors: Jacobi Nadia von , Nicholls Alex , Edmiston Daniel , Havas Attila , Kubeczko Klaus , Molnár György , Mildenberger Georg , Schimpf Gudrun
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses key issues that public policy seeking to support social innovation faces. Combining theoretical insights of the Extended Social Grid Model with empirical results obtained from EU policy surveys and case studies, it identifies key policy implications and recommendations. It first introduces key notions for social innovation policy, including the multifaceted landscape into which support is inserted; the necessity to recognize its political character; to what extent insights from business innovation studies can be useful; and why successful support of social innovation must imply institutional change. The chapter then outlines a series of recurrent policy dilemmas such as whether horizontal support should be preferred; the trade-off between degree and costs of marginalization that wish to be targeted; the difficulty to promote a capability to associate; and how the subsidiarity principle may clash against the need to overcome marginalizing processes.
Introduction
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian
Published: January 2020

The first chapter introduces the emergency problematique for the context of international organizations (IOs). While long tied to the nation-state, the internationalization of political authority in the last decades has now also rendered IOs potential and actual holders of emergency powers. In conversation with the relevant strands of research in international relations, international law, and (international) political theory, the chapter lays out the book’s main conceptual contribution, which consists in an operational definition of IO exceptionalism that is amenable to comparative analysis. Furthermore, it presents the contours of the theoretical framework to analyze the institutional consequences of IO exceptionalism and foreshadows the argument of the analytical model. The chapter concludes with a reflection on research design and methods.
Emergency Politics in the Euro Crisis
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 starts with an analysis of the establishment and normalization of the European “bailout regime” in the Euro crisis. In 2010, member states of the Eurogroup and EU institutions devised exceptional emergency credit facilities and created the so-called troika to devise and implement harsh austerity measures in recipient states. A combination of rhetorical and institutional power advantages for the authority-holders explains why the regime was ratcheted up despite the widespread resistance of societal actors. Second, the chapter analyzes the European Central Bank’s (ECB) adoption of the role of a lender of last resort to sovereigns of the Eurozone. With the Securities Markets Programme in 2010, the ECB circumvented the monetary financing prohibition and began to intervene in the fiscal and economic policymaking of recipient states. While the Bank’s emergency measures were highly contentious, it successfully deployed arguments of necessity and functionality to stabilize and even ramp up its powers.
WHO Emergency Powers for Global Health Security
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian
Published: January 2020

Chapter 6 analyzes two consecutive cases of exceptionalism in the World Health Organization (WHO). In the first case study, it explains how the WHO’s assumption of emergency powers in the 2003 SARS crisis led to their legal normalization. To confront the SARS outbreak, the WHO resorted to unprecedented emergency measures infringing on states’ sovereignty. Building on arguments of functionality, the WHO managed to create a broad consensus on the general appropriateness of such measures. They were thus enshrined in the new International Health Regulations in 2005 and came to their first reuse in the second case: the adoption of emergency powers during the H1N1 influenza “pandemic” in 2009. Due to a very mild course of the outbreak, however, this time it incited a societal backlash against the WHO. The emergency measures were delegitimized as excessive and futile, forcing the WHO to accept a procedural containment of its emergency powers.
To Fear Death or Trust in God?
Authors: Spencer Stephen J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter challenges the established scholarship, which has usually taken the descriptions of crusader fear in historical narratives as straightforward reflections of the crusading experience, by exploring the relationship between faith and the fear of death (timor mortis) in crusade narratives, focusing particularly on those written by ecclesiastics. It argues that, far from accurate evidence of participants’ lived feelings, these ecclesiastical texts proffer a highly theological interpretation of the fear of death as an emotion which ought to be relinquished by crusaders. For many chroniclers, rather than fearing death, crusade participants were expected to unswervingly trust in God and undauntedly embrace martyrdom—a discourse which, it is suggested, was deeply rooted in scripture. At the same time, the chapter charts how the relationship between timor mortis and crusader spirituality evolved over the course of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Restraining Rage
Authors: Spencer Stephen J.
Published: January 2020

Depictions of dysfunctional and socially unacceptable anger are scrutinized in this chapter, which begins by identifying and analysing a set of recurring tropes commentators utilized to signal uncontrollable rage, before demonstrating that all anger—even if righteous—was considered fundamentally dangerous. The remainder of the chapter draws attention to a deep-seated ideology of anger control which pervades the narratives, and, on this basis, it calls for current thinking on the conceptual distinction between ira and furor to be revisited. The main conclusion reached is that crusade propagandists and chroniclers were less concerned with the validity of channelling anger towards the Christians’ Muslim opponents, and far more interested in flashes of anger between the crusaders themselves which had the capacity to fuel inter-Latin rivalries and inhibit expeditions to the Holy Land.
Wary learners
Authors: Acerbi Alberto
Published: January 2020

Cultural evolution is a diverse field of research, but some similarities can be found: cultural evolutionists defend a quantitative, naturalistic, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of human culture. Importantly, cultural evolutionists are committed to develop sound hypotheses about the individual psychology that drives our cultural behavior. Although there are different nuances, a common idea is that human cognition is specialized for processing social interactions, communication, and learning from others. From an evolutionary point of view, the cognitive mechanisms involved should produce, on average, adaptive outcomes. From this perspective, social learning strategies (a series of relatively simple, general-domain, heuristics to choose when, what, and from whom to copy) provide a first boundary to indiscriminate social influence. I critically examine the concept of social learning strategies, and I discuss how cultural evolutionists may have overestimated both the effect of social influence and, possibly, our reliance of social learning itself. I also discuss the perspective from epistemic vigilance theory, which gives more weight to the possibility of explicit deception, and proposes that we apply sophisticated cognitive operations when deciding whether to trust information coming from others.
Misinformation
Authors: Acerbi Alberto
Published: January 2020

This chapter takes a broad view of misinformation: the spread of factually false claims is as old as cultural transmission itself, and to assess the real danger represented by social media we need to understand what kind of cognitive triggers are activated by successful information, online or offline. The chapter critically reviews some hypotheses for which digital media are especially suited for the spreading of misinformation, and then it explores in detail the idea that some cultural traits possess features that make them particularly well suited to be retained and transmitted, conferring on them a selective advantage relative to other traits. From this perspective, misinformation can be manufactured building on features that make it attractive in an almost unconstrained way, whereas true news cannot, simply because it needs to correspond to reality. Misinformation can be designed to spread more than real information does,—whether this is consciously planned or not.
Transmitting and sharing
Authors: Acerbi Alberto
Published: January 2020

The chapter examines in more detail the processes that underpin cultural transmission offline and compare it with the online equivalents. Starting from the cultural evolution criticism of memetics, it discusses how cultural stability can be achieved both with preservative processes, where new information is passed on with fidelity, and reconstructive ones, where the material is transformed by individual minds in a non-random way. Different domains are characterized by different degrees of reconstruction and preservation. Whereas internet memes are not always replicated exactly, as often thought, digital technologies do provide several fidelity amplifiers that make online transmission, in this respect, an interesting case of cultural transmission. The author finally discusses possible consequences of this difference between online and offline transmission.
Empire and Exclusion
Authors: Heere Cees
Published: January 2020

Japanese expansion after the Russo-Japanese War was dynamic and multi-directional, and manifested itself in the growth of trade and emigration across the Pacific as well as territorial acquisition in Asia. The fourth chapter explores the Japanese ‘immigration crisis’ of 1906–8, when an increase in the number of Japanese immigrants sparked a panic on the Pacific coast of North America. Its central focus is on the Vancouver riots of September 1907, the largest incidence of anti-Asian violence during this period. Mass rioting against Japanese immigrants placed the Canadian government in in a difficult position, as it attempted to reconcile the clamour for a ‘white Canada’ with its position in the empire. This chapter analyses British and Canadian efforts to manage the migration crisis. It also dwells on the crisis’s transnational dimension, which expressed itself through declarations of racial solidarity between Canada and the United States.
Alliance and Empire
Authors: Heere Cees
Published: January 2020

The final chapter brings the book’s strands together in a re-examination of the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1911 and its political aftermath. Friction over China, immigration, and naval security, had by this point, cast significant doubts over the viability of Britain’s partnership with Japan, and revealed the difficulties of maintaining a unified foreign policy within an increasingly decentralized imperial system. In turn, this forced London to develop new forms of managing its relations with the white dominions, seeking their endorsement for the renewal of the Japanese alliance at the 1911 imperial conference. Yet London’s hopes that it might settle the ‘Japanese question’ as an imperial issue quickly proved misplaced. In the years that followed, Canada was further tightened its restrictions on Japanese immigration, while Australia and New Zealand became embroiled with London over the Pacific naval policies of the new First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Once again, British ties to Japan became a point of divergence between metropolitan and colonial perspectives on empire, race, and the future of global politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Heere Cees
Published: January 2020

The conclusion reflects on how questions of race and empire came to occupy a central place in Anglo-Japanese relations during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Reviewing some of the study’s main arguments, it dwells on what the inter-imperial debates on Anglo-Japanese relations reveal about contemporary thinking on race and empire, and the often-conflicting demands and perspectives of policymakers in London and the settler colonies. Immigration and naval defence were particular areas where disagreements were liable to arise, with the dominions seeking imperial support for their vision of a ‘white empire’, while the British strove to insulate the ‘imperial’ business of diplomacy from colonial interference.
Introduction
Authors: Müller Henriette
Published: January 2020

The introduction lays out the relevance of the research topic—the political leadership of the president of the EU Commission. Explicating the empirical puzzle—the office’s peculiar combination of strong political demands, weak institutional powers, and potential for strong political leadership—it poses the operational research question: What makes political leadership in supranational governance successful and to what extent (and why) do Commission presidents differ in their leadership performance? A brief review of the literature on the European Commission presidency accompanies a survey of core themes in the study of political leadership, in particular beyond national constituencies. Finally, the introduction presents the research design and data set as well as the study’s main findings, and outlines how the rest of the book is structured.
Studying Political Leadership in European Governance
Authors: Müller Henriette
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents the analytical framework for studying the political leadership performance of EU Commission presidents. First, it clarifies why European integration theories have proved insufficient in explaining the actual impact and performance of the presidents of the European Commission. Second, it conceptualizes political leadership as a behavioral phenomenon within the field of social interaction and relates it to European governance. Third, it introduces the interactionist approach to analyzing political leadership, focusing on its central variables: (1) personal (pre-)dispositions, (2) institutional structure, and (3) situational setting. Moreover, it develops a typology of patterns of leadership performance and a functional-phases/variable model to operationalize leadership analysis of the Commission presidency. Fourth and finally, it presents the research strategy, encompassing a structured, focused comparison alongside systematic content and discourse analyses for each case under study.
Mapping the Presidency of the European Commission
Authors: Müller Henriette
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides a systematic overview of the office of Commission president, introducing the office’s political leadership demands, institutional structure, and situational setting and how these have developed over time. The chapter argues that the institutional-situational environment of the Commission presidency has remained relatively weak and unpredictable concerning the provision of political leadership, meaning that neither variable provides resources that reliably exceed the office’s many constraints. The chapter then turns to the variable of personal (pre-)dispositions, explaining the grounds of comparability on which the three case studies, Walter Hallstein, Jacques Delors and José Manuel Barroso, have been selected and summarizing their career backgrounds and relevant political attributes. The conclusion sets forth the basic argument of the study—that if the institutional structure and the situational setting are weak and unstable, personal (pre-)dispositions predominantly influence the provision of political leadership, and therefore substantially shape patterns of political leadership performance.
Onstage
Authors: Müller Henriette
Published: January 2020

This chapter conducts a systematic comparison of the agenda-setting performance of three Commission presidents, Walter Hallstein (1958–67), Jacques Delors (1985–95), and José Manuel Barroso (2004–14). Since the Commissionis vested with the right of initiative at the EU level, influencing and shaping the EU’s agenda is one of the Commission president’s primary political functions. The chapter first focuses on the preference setting of topics, that is, when did Commission presidents announce their agendas, which were their main political topics, where were their speeches delivered, and how did their issue attention develop over time. Next, speeches delivered in the European Parliament are analyzed in terms of issue framing and rhetorical strategies to understand why particular topics made it onto the president’s agenda. The analysis is enabled through systematic content and discourse analyses, making use of a total of 1,177 public and semi-public speeches of the three presidents under study.
Hominoid Adaptation to Dietary Ethanol
Authors: Carrigan Matthew
Published: January 2020

Humans’ long association with alcohol raises questions about both our biological adaptations to handling ethanol and its origins. Fermented foods have less sugar, and require additional detoxification than unfermented versions of the same food, and are thus are generally inferior food choices. I summarize recent studies which indicate that our ability to exploit ethanol depends on several mutations in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes that allow ethanol to be metabolized rapidly, thereby reducing the likelihood that the blood alcohol concentration reaches intoxicating levels. Genetic and biochemical analyses for a wide range of primate and non-primate species suggest that these mutations are shared primarily with the two African great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas). These mutations thus date back at least 10 million years, to a period when the tropical forests were contracting during a major episode of climate change. Mutations enabling rapid ethanol metabolism may have enabled ancestral apes to exploit otherwise toxic, ethanol-rich fermenting fruits on the forest floor that were metabolically inaccessible to their ecological competitors. These adaptations enabling exploitation of an inferior food suggest that modern proclivities towards ethanol consumption may derive from the utilization of fermented food as a particular type of fallback food. If so, the fermented fallback food hypothesis can be seen as a special case of the drunken monkey hypothesis.
The Coherence of Liberal Nationalism
Authors: Miller David
Published: January 2020

After briefly sketching the history of liberal nationalism, the chapter distinguishes the weaker thesis that liberalism and nationalism are compatible from the stronger thesis that liberalism needs national identification in order to survive. The weaker thesis can be attacked on the grounds that liberals must be cosmopolitans, but a stronger challenge points to the discriminatory effects that national identities may have for minority groups. There will be some matters over which a collective decision must be reached, and here the majority’s view must prevail. Taking the case of religion, the chapter points out that the state cannot avoid engaging with religious questions, since it has to legislate on religious matters and it is compatible with liberal principles to give some degree of precedence to the established religion, provided civil and political rights are equally protected, and other religions are accorded respect. Because national identities are not monolithic, the liberal nationalist conception of a shared identity that is accessible to everyone, including immigrants and other minorities, remains coherent.
Dual or Divided Identities?
Authors: Breidahl Karen N.
Published: January 2020

Over the years, the size of the immigrant population has increased considerably in many Western countries and raised concerns whether the majority population within a nation-state identify with and share a number of common values despite increased ethnic and religious diversity. This chapter includes the immigrant population into the ‘national identity’ debate by examining the extent to which non-Western immigrants identify with and feel proud of their host nation, and it investigates the community values with which they identify, utilizing a nationally representative survey taken among five large non-Western groups living in Denmark and a comparable group of native Danes. The chapter finds that non-Western immigrant groups and their descendants feel less Danish and have less nationalist pride than the majority. These non-Western immigrant groups share a number of crucial values with the native population—most notably a number of liberal and republican values, raising a number of key issues for political theory.
Where the Heart Is
Authors: Erez Lior
Published: January 2020

This chapter offers an internal critique of liberal nationalism as a normative political theory. It argues that, even in its most inclusive form, liberal nationalism cannot accommodate individuals belonging to more than one nation. Drawing on the philosophical literature on social trust, the chapter reconstructs the case for national identity as the basis for trust in a wide scale, anonymous society. Liberal nationalists appeal to cultural conceptions of national identity to avoid the exclusionary implications of the civic and ethnic conceptions, but this move comes at a cost for the political equality of multinational individuals. Using cultural markers as evidence for trustworthiness, trust in multinational individuals remains conditional and uncertain, rendering their status as citizens unequal. With its implicit assumption that each individual belongs to only one nation, this chapter argues that liberal nationalism is ill-equipped for the social and political reality of multinational belongings.
Festivals and Games
Authors: Thonemann Peter
Published: January 2020

Agonistic culture is remarkably prominent in the Oneirocritica. Athletes and actors are among the most heavily represented classes of dreamers, and people from all different social groups are expected to dream regularly about competing in or attending the great civic and Panhellenic festivals of the Imperial Greek world. This chapter attempts to reconstruct the world of these festivals, and to explain why they are so unexpectedly prominent in the Oneirocritica; it also explores the characteristic anxieties of athletes and their families, the symbolism of the athletic body, images of victory, gladiatorial combat and the theatre-culture of the Greek city in the Roman period.
Epilogue
Authors: Thonemann Peter
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes the fate of the Oneirocritica after antiquity, with a focus on its reception in Medieval Islam, Byzantium, and early modern Europe. The transmission of the text (in Greek and Arabic) is discussed, with particular attention to the enormous influence exercised on later Islamic dream-interpretation by the ninth-century Arabic translation of the Oneirocritica by Ḥunayn b. Isḥâq. An account of the rediscovery of the Oneirocritica in sixteenth-century Europe is followed by a short coda on the influence of Artemidorus in the modern world, with a discussion of the role played by the Oneirocritica in Freud’s ‘new science’ of dream-analysis.
Poland
Authors: Antoszewski Andrzej , Kozierska Joanna
Published: January 2020

The polish party system has evolved from having been an extremely fragmented one to a moderate pluralist one. Up to 2005, the main political cleavage was that between post-communist and anti-communist parties. There was also a left–right dimension of political competition, but it was the ‘old regime’ divide that constituted the basic axis of political conflict. Coalitions were formed either by the successor party (SLD) or by the post-‘Solidarity’ parties. All cabinets between 1993 and 2005 were minimal winning ones. Since 2005 two parties with ‘Solidarity’ pedigree compete with each other for the victory in parliamentary elections. On the left–right spectrum, they both represent the ‘right’. The left has been marginalized. Socioeconomic and socio-cultural conflicts between the nationalist-conservative PiS and the liberal-conservative PO have dominated the electoral and parliamentary arenas. Also, after 2005, minimal winning coalitions led by either PiS or PO have prevailed, but new forms of cabinets have appeared. In 2005, a single-party cabinet was formed by PiS. In 2006, a support party agreement (the so called pakt stabilizacyjny) was signed by PiS and two small, populist parties. After a few months, the coalition was formalized in a regular coalition agreement. Within the same time period, from the turn of the millennium, the two large parties have both practiced a governance model with prime ministers dominating internal procedures and mechanisms. Another regularity is that the largest parliamentary party always forms the cabinet, either on its own (rarely) or in alliance with smaller parties. Also, junior parties in the coalitions are likely to be punished rather than awarded by the electorate. Notable is that formal coalition agreements have been signed by coalition partners since 1993. They are programmatic as well as procedural and contain not only distribution of portfolios but also the rules of resolving intra-coalition conflicts.
Thinking About Law
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter will demonstrate that the authors of Bracton thought of the early common law as part of the same body of knowledge as Roman and canon law. Indeed, they wanted to demonstrate that the law they administered was one local instantiation of the universal law of Latin Christendom, a local instantiation which diverged in its specifics from what they had learned in the texts of Roman and canon law, but that could still fit within the universal law’s four corners. Rather than using Roman and canon law to fill gaps in their own law or to justify changes to their law, the authors of Bracton worked hard to demonstrate that the law they applied in the king’s courts was already in perfect accord with the rules of the two laws.
The Genres of Authority
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that the authors of Bracton treated the cases they cited in the treatise as if they were the opinions of jurists. In the process of reconstituting the courts’ records as authoritative texts, the justices transformed themselves into jurists on the Roman model. In Bracton, the plea roll entry is assimilated to genres of civilian and canonist texts that were specifically associated with jurists. One of the authors compares the cases drawn from the plea rolls to consilia and responsa, texts in which an important jurist gave his opinion on a legal matter. They took these texts, which the royal courts had already been producing for decades when Martin of Pattishall and William of Raleigh entered the courts, and read them through the lens of the texts they had encountered in the schools, connecting their work in the courts with the culture of Roman and canon law.
A New Plea Roll for a New Audience
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter will examine some surviving rolls of cases heard by Henry of Bratton, who appears to have internalized the notions that plea rolls were authoritative texts and that the justices who wrote them were jurists. As a result, Bratton began to approach his own rolls differently, crafting them for a potential audience who would be interested in the legal principles his cases represented, much as modern justices of the United States Supreme Court think about law students as an audience when drafting important opinions. In his rolls and the Bracton treatise, we see Bratton trying to position himself as the obvious heir to the great justices Martin of Pattishall and William of Raleigh and as a jurist learned in Roman law.
Conclusion
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

The culture of textual production that these justices tried to create did not survive the thirteenth century. In the second half of the century, English legal literature became more insular in its outlook. But Bracton and the plea roll collections represent an important moment in the history of the common law, when people were reflecting on what law is and how it should be practiced. Through Bracton we can catch a glimpse of people who were thinking about what it meant to administer the law of the king’s courts, in a time before the common law was the common law. In these texts, we see the justices of the royal courts turning to Roman and canon law for inspiration.
Successes and Failures in Côte d’Ivoire and the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Hultman Lisa , Kathman Jacob D. , Shannon Megan
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores two conflicts and their related UN missions: Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC and MONUSCO). The chapter conducts qualitative analyses of these missions to explore the effect peacekeeping capacity and constitution on civil war violence, noting the UN’s ability to engage in mechanisms of violence reduction. The conflicts are not two cases of obvious peacekeeping success, and there are clear instances of failure in both UN efforts. However, in many situations, the missions were more effective when capacity and constitution improved, indicating that relative effectiveness increases as UN missions are sufficiently outfitted. The chapter complements the quantitative analyses by highlighting the limits of the theory and the challenges to peacekeeping missions in the midst of war.
Toward Humane Jobs and Work-Lives for Animals
Authors: Coulter Kendra
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the idea of animals having humane jobs. The concept of humane jobs has been proposed primarily to help conceptualize and propel good work for people which also benefits animals. Here the focus expands to interrogate whether animals can be engaged in what could be considered humane jobs and what that would involve. By building in particular on feminist political economy and care ethics, as well as the front-line efforts of people who work with animals, the chapter elucidates key preconditions and perameters for certain animals to have humane jobs, including important inclusions and exclusions. Moreover, it argues that humane jobs are not sufficient on their own, but rather that we also ought to be emphasizing animals’ work-lives. This means understanding animals not only as workers but as whole beings, and taking seriously their lives, relationships, and experiences, before and after work, on a daily basis, and over their lifetimes. The chapter is thus both inductive and generative, and offers a constellation of ethical and conceptual considerations, intended to drive further research, foster nuanced and contextualized analysis, and help inspire tangible changes in thought and political action.
Animal Labour
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E.
Published: January 2020

For scholars who specialize in animal labour, those rights and institutions include the right to remuneration, safe working conditions, retirement, medical care, and collective bargaining (Cochrane 2016). These rights flow quite naturally from the concept of animal labour and help us envision more just working relations with animals, but are they sufficient to ensure work is a place of happiness and meaning for animals? In the case of human workers, we claim to prevent their exploitation by acknowledging their right to freely choose their work and the concomitant prohibition of forced labour. Does the right to self-determination form part of the emancipatory project of ‘animal labour’, too? Should animals be able to decide whether they want to work or not, or what type of work they want to do? These questions form the centre of the first part of this chapter. In the second part, the author explains how animals’ right to self-determination could be secured at work, examining different models of dissent, assent, and consent and the best way to design these to secure animals’ agency, both in theory and practice.
Down on the Farm
Authors: Eisen Jessica
Published: January 2020

This chapter challenges the strategy of seeking material improvements for animals through recognition of animals as ‘workers’ or ‘labourers’, especially as this strategy may relate to farmed animals. It argues that this strategy risks overlooking the realities of ‘agricultural exceptionalism’, whereby agricultural producers are consistently insulated from regulations seeking to advance a range of social priorities from trade to labour to animal well-being to environmental protection. In particular, this chapter notes that seeking improvements for farmed animals by casting them as ‘workers’ may have the effect of 1) whitewashing the violence and exploitation of contemporary animal-agricultural practices (taking dairy farming as a key example); and 2) whitewashing the treatment and status of human agricultural workers, who are in fact often socially and legally isolated, excluded, and debased. Having set out this critique, the chapter concludes with reflections on the application of this strategy to non-farmed animals, including a concern with strategies for animal inclusion and justice that are unable to illuminate or elevate the concerns of farmed animals. Instead, this chapter urges the adoption of theories and strategies grounded in the identification and advancement of priorities that most resonate with animals’ own priorities and the harms: for example, those related to kinship and parenthood (bonds which we know to be both highly valued and highly disrupted for agricultural and other domesticated animals), rather than to work they may perform for humans under conditions of inequality and coercion.
Predatory Value Extraction
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup
Published: January 2020

This book explains how an ideology of corporate resource allocation known as “maximizing shareholder value” (MSV), that emerged in the 1980s and came to dominate strategic thinking in business schools and corporate boardrooms, undermined the social foundations of sustainable prosperity, resulting in employment instability, income inequity, and slow productivity growth. In explaining what happened to sustainable prosperity in the United States, it focuses on the growing imbalance between value creation and value extraction that reached to the extent of “predatory value extraction.” Based on “The Theory of Innovative Enterprise,” the book analyzes the value extracting mechanism by “value-extracting insiders,” i.e. corporate executives, “value-extracting enablers,” i.e. institutional investors, and “value-extracting outsiders,” i.e. hedge-fund activists. It concludes with policy suggestions to rebuild the U.S. corporate-governance regime for combating predatory value extraction and restoring sustainable prosperity.
The Growing Imbalance between Value Creation and Value Extraction
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup
Published: January 2020

This introductory chapter explains how the US economy has transitioned from the “retain-and-invest” regime to the “downsize-and-distribute” regime, resulting in the growing imbalance between value creation and value extraction. It posits that this corporate-governance regime change was integral to the explosion of the incomes of the richest households and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities through three major structural changes, “rationalization,” “marketization,” and “globalization.” It also highlights the academic roots of the regime change, that is, the nonsensical theory of the “unproductive firm” in neoclassical economics and the maximizing shareholder (MSV) view of the world that builds on it. The chapter then summarizes the contents of each chapter of the book.
The Value-Extracting Insiders
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the general transformation of senior corporate executives in the United States from industrialist leaders dedicated to value creation into financial engineers intent on value extraction. It argues that, being incentivized by stock-based pay and legitimized by MSV ideology, senior executives of major American corporations began in the 1980s to turn their backs on long-standard practices of resource allocation: Ceasing to retain profits and reinvest them for the future, many executives placed the emphasis on cost-cutting and distributing profits to shareholders in the form of not only dividends but also stock buybacks Some companies’ distributions to shareholders have exceeded 100 percent of net income for years, even decades. This chapter emphasizes the dire consequence of executives turning from value creation to value extraction.