bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial uptake of nitrogen and carbon from the water column by litter‐associated microbes differs among litter species
Authors: Bastias Elliot , Ribot Miquel , Bernal Susana , Sabater Francesc , Martí Eugènia
Published: March 2020

Addition of isotopically labeled dissolved forms of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in streams has revealed that microbes associated with leaf litter can assimilate solutes from the water column. However, whether this assimilation varies among leaf litter species and at different decomposition stages is still largely unknown. Here, we explore differences in the uptake of NH4‐N and acetate from water column among leaf litter of five riparian tree species at five different times of decomposition. To do so, we conducted a 24 h addition of 15N‐NH4 and 13C‐acetate at constant rate to estimate the microbial uptake of these solutes from the water column. We measured microbial cellobiohydrolase activity and decomposition rates (k) associated with each leaf litter type to examine their influence on NH4‐N and acetate uptake. We found that mass specific N‐uptake (μg N mg N−1 d−1) was relatively constant during leaf litter decomposition whereas mass specific C‐uptake (mg C g C−1 d−1) increased over time. Among leaf litter species, cumulative values of N‐uptake during the study period were negatively related to leaf litter k whereas cumulative values of C‐uptake were positively related to k. Our study indicates that leaf litter species and their decomposition stage are important for understanding the reliance of leaf‐associated microbes on dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon from the water column.
Effect of titanium content on microstructure and mechanical properties of PcBN synthesized in cBN‐Si3N4‐Ti system
Authors: Chen C. , Mo P.C. , Wang P. , Wu Y. , Zhong S.L. , Li Z.K.
Published: March 2020

In this paper, Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) is prepared under a high temperature and an ultra‐high pressure. The influence of different titanium (Ti) content on composition, microstructure, porosity and mechanical property of the PcBN is investigated by means of x‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that, with the addition of titanium, the cubic boron nitride (cBN) particles are connected with each other by the product phases β‐Si3N4, TiN and TiB2 under the pressure of 5.5 GPa and the temperature of 1600 °C. As the increase of titanium content in the system, the amount of rod‐like crystal β‐Si3N4 and TiB2 formed in the system increases, while the porosity remarkably decreases. When the titanium content is 13 wt%, PcBN presents the best comprehensive performance, hardness and flexural strength are 29.2 GPa and 1022.5 MPa, respectively.
CPNE1 predicts poor prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis and radioresistance via the AKT singling pathway in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Shao Zhihong , Ma Xiaolong , Zhang Yufeng , Sun Yuanyuan , Lv Wenjuan , He Kuigang , Xia Rui , Wang Peijun , Gao Xiaolong
Published: March 2020

Elevated expression of Copine 1 (CPNE1) has been observed in multiple cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms by which it affects cancer cells are unclear. We aimed to study the effect of CPNE1 on the tumorigenesis and radioresistance of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of CPNE1 in TNBC tissues and cell lines. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the levels of CPNE1, p‐AKT, AKT, cleaved caspase‐3, cleaved PARP1, and γ‐H2AX. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by CCK‐8 and flow cytometry, respectively. CPNE1 was overexpressed in TNBC tissues and cell lines and was associated with tumor size, distant metastases, and survival rates of patients with TNBC. Moreover, function study shows that CPNE1 promoted cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibited the radiosensitivity of TNBC. Importantly, inactivation of AKT signaling inhibited the tumorigenesis and radioresistance mediated by CPNE1 in TNBC cells. In vivo xenograft study also shows that CPNE1 knockdown inhibited tumor growth and promoted cell apoptosis. Overall, our findings suggest that CPNE1 promotes tumorigenesis and radioresistance in TNBC by regulating AKT activation and targeted CPNE1 expression may be a strategy to sensitize TNBC cells toward radiation therapy.
An overdetermined problem for a class of anisotropic equations in a cylindrical domain
Authors: Barbu Luminiţa , Nicolescu Adrian Eracle
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we are going to investigate an overdetermined problem for a general class of anisotropic equations on a cylindrical domain
,
. Our aim is to show that if the overdetermined problem admits a solution in a suitable weak sense, then the underlying domain
and the corresponding solution
satisfy some symmetry properties. This result represents the anisotropic extension to one of the main results obtained by LE Payne and GA Philippin in their previous paper.
Oral Administration of Bovine Milk‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alters the Gut Microbiota and Enhances Intestinal Immunity in Mice
Authors: Tong Lingjun , Hao Haining , Zhang Xinyi , Zhang Zhe , Lv Youyou , Zhang Lanwei , Yi Huaxi
Published: March 2020

Scope

Milk‐derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) as nanoparticles are being developed as novel drug vehicles due to their pivotal role in cell–cell communication. As an important bioactive component in milk, little is known about their effect on the gut microbiota and intestinal immunity. Therefore, the effects of mEVs on gut microbiota and intestinal immunity in mice are investigated.

Methods and results

First, a new method to obtain high‐yield mEVs is developed. Afterward, the colonic contents from C57BL/6 mice fed different doses of mEVs (8 weeks) are collected and the microbial composition via 16S rRNA gene sequencing is analyzed. It is found that mEVs could alter the gut microbiota composition and modulate their metabolites—short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Furthermore, the effects of mEVs on intestinal immunity are evaluated. It is observed that the expression levels of Muc2, RegIIIγ, Myd88, GATA4 genes, and IgA, sIgA are increased in the intestine, which are significant for the integrity of the mucus layer.

Conclusion

These findings reveal that the genes with critical importance for intestinal barrier function and immune regulation are modified in mice by oral administration mEVs, which also result in the changes of the relative composition of gut microbiome and SCFAs.
Comparison of conventional chest x ray with a novel projection technique for ultra‐low dose CT
Authors: Carey Sean , Kandel Sonja , Farrell Christin , Kavanagh John , Chung TaeBong , Hamilton William , Rogalla Patrik
Published: March 2020

Purpose

To compare a novel thick‐slab projection technique for ultra‐low dose computed tomography (CT; thoracic tomogram) with conventional chest x ray with respect to 13 diagnostic categories.

Methods

With the approval of the institutional ethics board, a dataset was retrospectively collected of 22 consecutive patients who had undergone a clinically requested emergency room conventional chest x ray (CXR) and a same‐day standard‐of‐care non‐contrast CT. Scanner specific noise was added to the CT images to simulate a target dose of 0.18 mSv. A novel algorithm was used to post‐process CT images as coronal isotropic reformats by applying a voxel‐based, locally normalized weighted‐intensity projection to generate 2 cm thick slabs with 1 cm overlap. Three chest radiologists with no prior training for the study reviewed the CXR and thoracic tomogram for each case and assessed each diagnostic category (pneumonic infiltrates, pulmonary edema, interstitial lung disease, nodules > 5 mm, nodules < 5 mm, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, heart size, acute bone fractures, foreign bodies, pneumothorax, mediastinal vessel diameter, free abdominal air) on a Likert scale from −4 (definitely absent/normal) to +4 (definitely present/abnormal). MRMC ROC curves were generated for each category. Time for interpretation and subjective image quality score (0–10) were also assessed.

Results

For focal lung disease (pneumonic infiltrates, nodules < 5 mm, nodules > 5mm), the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was significantly higher for thoracic tomograms than CXR (0.803 vs 0.648, respectively, P = 0.02). For non‐focal lung disease (pulmonary edema, interstitial lung disease) and effusions (pulmonary, pericardial), the AUC was larger for thoracic tomograms than CXR but the difference did not reach significance (0.870 vs 0.833, P = 0.141; and 0.823 vs 0.752, P = 0.296, respectively). For acute bone fractures and foreign bodies, the AUC was smaller for thoracic tomograms than CXR, the difference was however not significant (0.491 vs 0.532, P = 0.42; and 0.871 vs 0.971, P = 0.39, respectively). Other diagnostic categories had no true positive cases in the dataset. The mean time for interpretation for each was 36.9 and 24.0 s with standard deviations of 0.857 and 5.977. The image quality score for each was 8.2 and 7.8 with standard deviations of 0.970 and 1.614.

Conclusion

Thoracic tomograms were found to be diagnostically superior to CXR for focal lung disease, at no increased radiation dose. The thoracic tomogram presents an opportunity to improve the standard‐of‐care for patients who would otherwise receive a conventional CXR.
Effects of dexmedetomidine on the expression of inflammatory factors in children with congenital heart disease undergoing intraoperative cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Qiu Yongsheng , Li Chan , Li Xiaoqin , Jia Yingping
Published: March 2020

Importance

Dexmedetomidine inhibits the inflammatory response associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and protects neural function. However, the mechanism of dexmedetomidine’s anti‐inflammatory pathway is unclear.

Objective

To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the cognitive level and expression of inflammatory factors in children with congenital heart disease undergoing intraoperative CPB.

Methods

Ninety children with congenital heart disease were recruited and randomly divided into 3 groups of 30 children in each. In Group 1, a 1.0 µg·kg‐1·h‐1 intravenous bolus of dexmedetomidine was administered 10 minutes after induction of anesthesia, followed by a 0.2 µg·kg‐1·h‐1 infusion until the surgical incision. In Group 2, a 0.5 µg/kg intravenous bolus of dexmedetomidine was administered 10 minutes after induction of anesthesia, followed by a 0.1 µg·kg‐1·h‐1 infusion until the surgical incision. The control group was given physiological saline using the same method as in Groups 1 and 2. The serum levels of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), S‐100β protein, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured before the surgery (T1), at the end of CPB (T2), 2 hours after CPB (T3), 6 hours after CPB (T4), and 24 hours after CPB (T5). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC) was measured before the operation and at 3, 6, and 12 months after the operation to evaluate the neurodevelopmental state of the children.

Results

The levels of the NF‐κB, S‐100β protein, NSE, TNF‐α, IL‐6 were significantly higher at T2, T3, or T4 than before the surgery (T1) in the control group or the dexmedetomidine groups. However, the increases of NF‐κB, TNF‐α, IL‐6, S‐100β and NSE levels were significantly smaller in the dexmedetomidine groups than those in the control group (P < 0.017). The WISC scores were similar among the three groups before or after the operation.

Interpretation

The increases in NF‐κB, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 levels indicated aggravation of the inflammatory reaction and the increase S‐100β protein and NSE levels indicated that the nervous system was damaged. Administration of dexmedetomidine to children with congenital heart disease undergoing intraoperative CPB can inhibit the inflammatory response and may ameliorate the neurodevelopmental damage caused by CPB.
4SCAR‐GD2‐modified T‐cell therapy in neuroblastoma with MYCN amplification: A case report with over 4‐year follow‐up data
Authors: Xu Xiao , Zhao Wen , Yue Zhixia , Qin Maoquan , Jin Mei , Chang Lung‐Ji , Ma Xiaoli
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor among children. The 5‐year event‐free survival rate for high‐risk (HR) NB is still poor, especially for patients with advanced NB with MYCN gene amplification. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‐T) cell therapy is a new treatment for HR‐NB.

Case presentation

A 55‐month‐old boy with stage IV HR‐NB received 4th‐generation CAR‐T cells that target disialoganglioside GD2, as consolidation maintenance treatment after intensive chemotherapy, surgery, and autologous stem‐cell transplantation. As of February 2019, his CAR‐T follow‐up time was 37.5 months, indicating prolonged survival. Cranial MRI and ultrasound showed no mass; 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I‐MIBG) scan was negative.

Conclusion

GD2‐CAR‐T cells may be an effective treatment option for NB patients with MYCN amplification.
Whole‐exome sequencing reveals two de novo variants in the RBM20 gene in two Chinese patients with left ventricular non‐compaction cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sun Qiqing , Guo Jun , Hao Chanjuan , Guo Ruolan , Hu Xuyun , Chen Yuanying , Yang Weili , Li Wei , Feng Yingjun
Published: March 2020

Importance

Pathogenic variants in the RBM20 gene are associated with aggressive dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Recently, RBM20 was found to be associated with left ventricular non‐compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC). Thus far, only five families with LVNC have been reported to carry variants in RBM20. It remains unknown whether the variants in RBM20 associated with DCM can also cause LVNC.

Objective

To elucidate the causative RBM20 variant in two unrelated patients with both LVNC and DCM, and to identify the clinical characteristics associated with variants in RBM20.

Methods

Trio whole‐exome sequencing (WES) was performed. Variants were filtered and classified in accordance with the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG).

Results

We identified two distinct de novo variants in RBM20 (one per patient) in these two patients with LVNC. Both variants have been reported in patients with DCM, without the LVNC phenotype. Patient 1 was an 11‐year‐old girl who had DCM, LVNC, and heart failure; the ratio of noncompacted‐to‐compacted myocardium was 2.7:1. A de novo heterozygous variant c.1907G>A (p.Arg636His) in exon 9 was identified in this patient. Patient 2 was a 13‐year‐old boy who had clinical phenotypes identical to those of Patient 1; the ratio of noncompacted‐to‐compacted myocardium was 3.2:1 in this patient. WES revealed a de novo heterozygous variant c.1909A>G (p.Ser637Gly) in exon 9. Both variants were previously characterized as pathogenic, and our study classified them as pathogenic variants based on the ACMG guidelines.

Interpretation

We found that two patients with LVNC had variants in RBM20. Our results extended the clinical spectrum of the two RBM20 variants and illustrated that the same variant in RBM20 can cause DCM, with or without the LVNC phenotype.
Best practices in gifted identification and assessment: Lessons from the WISC‐V
Authors: Silverman Linda K. , Gilman Barbara J.
Published: March 2020

School psychologists in today's schools have the unique opportunity—and responsibility—to guide identification for gifted programs. “Who is gifted?” remains a perennial question in the gifted education literature, not answered by group intelligence screeners that purportedly level the playing field for all. As the student body grows more diverse, there is increasing necessity to ensure that all students have equal access to gifted programs. Failure to identify and develop the advanced abilities of gifted children who are culturally diverse, economically deprived, highly gifted, or twice exceptional is justifiably viewed as a civil rights violation. The National Association for Gifted Children's 2018 position statement, “Use of the WISC‐V for Gifted and Twice Exceptional Identification,” offers important considerations for identifying the gifted. Based on a national research study of 390 gifted children on theWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition(WISC‐V), the statement recommends that the traditional practice of mandating Full Scale intelligence quotient scores be abandoned. Instead, it embraces the use of any one of six expanded index scores that are better measures of abstract reasoning for selecting students for gifted provisions. As gifted children are oftentimes asynchronous, alternate index scores are less biased and better able to document the strengths of all gifted children. What is learned from the WISC‐V can be applied by school psychologists to improve the choice of comprehensive individual intelligence tests, brief intelligence tests, and the body of evidence gifted children must exhibit.
Nanoerythrocyte Membrane–Enveloped ROS‐Responsive 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid Prodrug Nanostructures with Robust Atheroprotection
Authors: Maruf Ali , Wang Yi , Luo Li , Zhong Yuan , Nurhidayah Deti , Liu Boyan , Tang Dan , Rouf Muhammad Abdul , Zhang Haijun , Yin Yuxia , Wu Wei , Wang Guixue
Published: March 2020

The development of smart nanoagents that can respond to a specific stimulus has gained remarkable interest for treating various kinds of diseases, including atherosclerosis. On the other hand, a cell camouflaging strategy has been considered as a pivotal factor to improve the delivery stealthiness, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of nanocarriers, resolving the shortcomings of PEGylation. In this study, reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) prodrug nanostructures (ROSELLA) encapsulating rapamycin (RAP) are blended with nanoerythrocyte membranes to construct red blood cell membrane (RBCM)/RAP@ROSELLA. These nanoagents are designed to be able to escape the biological barriers, accumulate in atherosclerosis lesions, and enhance the release of drugs in the intracellular milieu due to the magnification of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In vitro study proves its superior ability to inhibit the proliferation of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. In vivo developmental toxicity further confirms that no significant systematic toxicity is induced by RBCM/RAP@ROSELLA, implying its favorable biocompatibility, which has potential for precise nanomedicine to combat atherosclerosis.
Effect of breastfeeding duration on lung function, respiratory symptoms and allergic diseases in school‐age children
Authors: Gorlanova Olga , Appenzeller Rhea , Mahmoud Yasmin S. , Ramsey Kathryn A. , Usemann Jakob , Decrue Fabienne , Kuehni Claudia E. , Röösli Martin , Latzin Philipp , Fuchs Oliver , Soti Andras , Frey Urs , On behalf of the BILD Study Group
Published: March 2020

Background

A positive effect of breastfeeding on lung function has been demonstrated in cohorts of children with asthma or risk for asthma. We assessed the impact of breastfeeding on lung function and symptoms at the age of 6 years in an unselected, healthy birth cohort.

Methods

We prospectively studied healthy term infants from the Bern‐Basel Infant Lung Development (BILD) cohort from birth up to 6 years. Any breastfeeding was assessed by weekly phone calls during the first year of life. Risk factors (eg, smoking exposure, parental history of allergic conditions, and education) were obtained using standardized questionnaires. The primary outcomes were lung function parameters measured at 6 years of age by spirometry forced expiratory volume in 1 second, body plethysmography (functional residual capacity [FRCpleth], the total lung capacity [TLCpleth], and the effective respiratory airway resistance [Reff]) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Secondary outcomes included ever wheeze (between birth and 6 years), wheeze in the past 12 months, asthma, presence of allergic conditions, atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, and positive skin prick test at the age of 6 years.

Results

In 377 children the mean breastfeeding duration was 36 weeks (SD 14.4). We found no association of breastfeeding duration with obstructive or restrictive lung function and FeNO. After adjustment for confounders, we found no associations of breastfeeding duration with respiratory symptoms or the presence of allergic conditions.

Conclusion

This study found no evidence of an association between breastfeeding and comprehensive lung function in unselected healthy children with long‐term breastfeeding. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the duration of breastfeeding has a direct impact on lung function in a healthy population with low asthmatic risk.
Herbal formulation “turmeric extract, black pepper, and ginger” versus Naproxen for chronic knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Heidari‐Beni Motahar , Moravejolahkami Amir R. , Gorgian Pegah , Askari Gholamreza , Tarrahi Mohammad J. , Bahreini‐Esfahani Nimah
Published: March 2020

Osteoarthritis is the most common articular disease that can lead to chronic pain and severe disability. Curcumin—an effective ingredient in turmeric with anti inflammatory property—plays an important role in protecting the joints against destructive factors. Gingerols and piperine, are the effective ingredients of ginger and black pepper, which may potentially enhance and sustain the effect of curcumin in this direction. To determine the effect of cosupplementation with turmeric extract, black pepper, and ginger on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis, compared with Naproxen. Sixty patients with two different levels of knee osteoarthritis (Grade 2 and 3) were studied. Individuals were randomly assigned to receive daily turmeric extract, ginger, and black pepper together or Naproxen capsule for 4 weeks. PGE2 was evaluated by ELISA method. 24‐hr recall was also assessed. All of participants completed the study. PGE2 decreased significantly in both groups (p < .001), but there was no significant differences between groups. The results of this study indicated that intake of the selected herbs twice a day for 4 weeks may improve the PGE2 levels in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis similar to Naproxen drug.
Evaluation of haptic devices and end‐users: Novel performance metrics intele‐roboticmicrosurgery
Authors: Hoshyarmanesh Hamidreza , Zareinia Kourosh , Lama Sanju , Durante Benjamin , Sutherland Garnette R.
Published: March 2020

Background

Here, we present performance evaluation methodology that distinguishes the performance of a haptic device from end‐user skill level in a tele‐robotic system.

Methods

A pick‐&‐place experiment was designed and eight participants micromanipulated cotton strips, similar to maneuvers performed during microsurgery. Using three nonredundant haptic devices:neuroArmPLUSHD, a custom developed master manipulator, and two commercially available products, sigma.7 and HD2, several features including the speed, effort, consistency, hand/gimbal agility, and force characteristics were measured and recorded for each participant and device.

Results

The participants showed variable skill level. For consistency, hand/gimbal agility and force characteristics, they performed significantly better when usingneuroArmPLUSHDprototype. Based on the experimental data, performance metrics for both the device and the end‐users were established.

Conclusions

Theintegrated performance metricsallows independent evaluation of both the user and haptic device, thereby quantifying human‐machine interactions.
Regional output feedback stabilization of semilinear time‐fractional diffusion systems in a parallelepipedon with control constraints
Authors: Ge Fudong , Chen YangQuan
Published: March 2020

This article is concerned with the regional output feedback stabilization problems for semilinear time‐fractional diffusion systems in a 1≤n−dimensional parallelepipedon with control inequality constraints. For this, the spectrum decomposition method is used to derive a finite‐dimensional fractional ordinary differential equation (ODE) system that captures the dominant dynamics of the considered system. With this ODE system, we propose a finite‐dimensional fractional compensator to guarantee that the constrained closed‐loop semilinear systems are Mittag‐Leffler stable in some subregions of their evolution domains. An example is finally included to illustrate our results.
α−Fe2O3 Nanoparticles/Porous g−C3N4 Hybrids Synthesized by Calcinations of Fe‐based MOF/Melamine Mixtures for Boosting Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Tetracycline Degradation
Authors: Wang Baogang , Liu Xing , Dai Shanshan , Lu Hongsheng
Published: March 2020

A series of α−Fe2O3 nanoparticles/porous g−C3N4 hybrids were facile synthesized by calcinations of the Fe‐based MOF/melamine mixtures with different mass ratios for boosting visible‐light (λ>420 nm) photocatalytic tetracycline degradation in water. As expected, the specially designed hybrids exhibited obviously improved photocatalytic performance for tetracycline degradation. Specifically, the photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3/g−C3N4‐0.4, an optimized hybrid, was about 2.64 times higher than that of bulk g−C3N4. The results of structure characterizations and photoelectric property tests reflected that the large surface area and strong interfacial coupling of Fe2O3/g−C3N4‐0.4 resulted in its high photocatalytic activity by providing the adequate active sites and promoting the separation and transfer of photo‐generated electron‐hole (e−‐h+) pairs. In addition, the photocatalytic mechanism of Fe2O3/g−C3N4‐0.4 was studied and the h+ was determined to be the main active specie for tetracycline degradation. This work can provide crucial theoretical guidance for developing Fe2O3/g−C3N4 hybrid catalysts toward pollutant photodegradation.
Scavenging of Hydrogen Peroxide by Allyl Methyl Sulfide and Diallyl Sulfide, Two Garlic Active Compounds: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Díaz Mario G. , Vega‐Hissi Esteban G. , Andrada Matias F. , Garro Martinez Juan C.
Published: March 2020

We study potential scavenging of hydrogen peroxide by Allyl Methyl Sulfide and Diallyl Sulfide, two garlic components. The antioxidant properties of garlic are attributed to organosulfide compounds, which react with reactive oxygen species preventing the oxidative stress. We used the B3LYP functional for structure analysis and M06‐2X functional for the reactions employing gaseous, aqueous and non‐polar environments. The conformational analysis and Fukui functions allowed the selection of the initial structures and the region of nucleophilic attack by hydrogen peroxide. The scavenging reactions analyzed are: 1) Sulfoxidation; 2) Epoxidation; and 3) Hydrogenation. Through the intrinsic reaction coordinate, the energy profile, the activation energies, the rate constant and its temperature‐dependence were calculated. The results predict that reactions occur slowly and hydrogenation is not a feasible process. Finally, the sulfoxidation of Allyl Methyl Sulfide and Diallyl Sulfide resulted to be more thermodynamically and kinetically favorable than epoxidation (rate constant values, 10−10 s−1, in comparison with 10−18 s−1 from epoxidation), becoming the most probable pathway for hydrogen peroxide scavenging.
An Efficient and Scalable Synthesis of Lifitegrast
Authors: Rao Yerrabelly Jayaprakash , Kommera Rajashekar , Reddy Kasireddy Venkateshwer , Reddy Ghojala Venkat , Yerrabelly Hemasri
Published: March 2020

An efficient and improved synthesis of a novel anti‐inflammatory drug, Lifitegrast 1 is described from Benzofuran‐6‐carboxylicacid. This synthetic approach avoided the racemization, formation of dimer impurities and furnished higher overall yield (79 %) with high purity. The key step of the synthesis involves tertiary butylester protection of the aminoacid fragment, which was hydrolyzed in further stages under mild acidic conditions. The critical process parameters were thoroughly studied for protection and deprotection of the tertiary butyl functional group. The attractive features of synthesis are the usage of commercially cheaper and eco‐friendly reagents suitable for multi kilo scale synthesis of Lifitegrast 1.
Single‐Step Synthesis of Dehydroalanine Derivatives via a Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Bartoccini Francesca , Mari Michele , Retini Michele , Galarini Roberta , Bartolucci Silvia , Piersanti Giovanni
Published: March 2020

A single‐step practical synthesis of dehydroalanine (Dha) derivatives from commercially available starting materials is reported. The approach comprises a Brønsted acid‐catalyzed three‐component condensation reaction of pyruvic acid, an alcohol/thiol, and an amide/carbamate. This protocol provided access to several Dha derivatives, including a novel chiral version modified with diverse functional groups, which might be useful for further transformations in the construction of more complex molecules.
Parasitic angiosperms: How often and how many?
Authors: Nickrent Daniel L.
Published: March 2020

Angiosperms that morphologically and physiologically attach to other flowering plants by means of a haustorium have evolved 12 times independently resulting in 292 genera and ca. 4750 species. Although hemiparasites predominate, holoparasitism has evolved in all but two clades, Cassytha (Lauraceae) and Krameria (Krameriaceae). Santalales contains the largest number of genera (179) and species (2428) among the 12 parasitic plant lineages whereas Orobanchaceae is the largest single family with 102 genera and over 2100 species. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the molecular phylogenetic relationships among all clades of parasitic angiosperms. These methods have been particularly important in revealing the closest non‐parasitic relatives of holoparasites, plants that exhibit reduced morphologies, increased substitution rates, and frequent horizontal gene transfers, all of which confound phylogenetics. Although comprehensive molecular phylogenies are still lacking for many of the large genera, nearly complete generic level sampling exists, thus allowing unprecedented understanding of the evolutionary relationships within and among these fascinating plants.
Tuning Achiral to Chiral Supramolecular Helical Superstructures
Authors: Nadimetla Dinesh N. , Al Kobaisi Mohammad , Bugde Sandesh T. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: March 2020

The design and synthesis of achiral organic functional molecules which can assemble into a chiral with selective handedness in the absence of chiral substances is an important in understanding the role chirality plays within these systems. In this review, we described general approaches towards supramolecular chiral molecules the synthesis and self‐assembly of achiral molecule to active chiral molecules to investigate controlled supramolecular chiral nanostructures with their photoluminescent properties for rapid, sensitive and selective detection of analytes of choice. Various small molecules have been discussed for achiral to chiral along with induction of chirality and controlled chiral helical structures in detail. We discussed few examples where stimuli used to control the chirality such as temperature, pH etc. Finally, we will also explore on the photo responsive helicity properties of the aggregation induced emission active molecule such as tetraphenylethene conjugates.
Recent trends in power electronics applications as solutions in electric railways
Authors: Hayashiya Hitoshi , Kondo Keiichiro
Published: March 2020

Certain applications of power electronics for railway vehicle traction systems and fixed installations are reviewed and future possibilities considering technical and social trends around railway industry are mentioned in this paper. First of all, some particularities of railway load and traction power supply system are summarized as problems to be solved by power electronics technologies. Such technologies for fixed installations and vehicle traction systems are presented and future possibilities for higher performance, minimization, and improved resilience of railway system are pointed out. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A cross‐national investigation of trait antecedents of mobile‐banking adoption
Authors: Frimpong Kwabena , Shuridah Obaid , Wilson Alan , Sarpong Fred
Published: March 2020

Although there is a near agreement in the literature on the main predictors of consumers' attitudes toward technological innovation, the potential ways through which personal traits and national environmental differences contribute to significant variations in mobile‐banking adoption have received limited attention. Based on insights from innovation adoption and personality research, this study tested a model of mobile‐banking adoption using data from a developed and a developing country. Survey data came from a sample of 1,340 participants from the United Kingdom and Ghana. The results indicate that intrinsic traits are stronger in explaining consumers' attitude toward mobile banking in Ghana than in the United Kingdom. However, no significant variance between the two countries was observed with regard to the mediation effect of consumers' attitude on the intention to use mobile banking. The practical and theoretical implications of this study are discussed.
Perspective: Is therapeutic plasma exchange a viable option for treating Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: Imbimbo Bruno P. , Ippati Stefania , Ceravolo Ferdinando , Watling Mark
Published: March 2020

Therapeutic plasma exchange, consisting of removing blood plasma and exchanging it with donated blood products, has been proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) to remove senescent or toxic factors. In preclinical studies, administration of plasma from young healthy mice to AD transgenic mice improved cognitive deficits without affecting brain amyloid plaques. Initial encouraging results have been collected in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study in nine AD patients receiving young plasma. In a 14‐month double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study in 322 AD patients, multiple infusions with plasma enriched with albumin with or without immunoglobulins slowed cognitive, functional, and clinical decline, especially in moderately affected patients. Clinical trials of plasma fractions containing hypothetically beneficial proteins are also under way. These initial positive clinical results need to be confirmed in larger and more rigorous controlled studies in which the possible benefits of plasma exchange approaches can be weighed against the intrinsic side effects of repetitive infusion procedures.
Must all signals be evolved? A proposal for a new classification of communicative acts
Authors: Fröhlich Marlen , van Schaik Carel P.
Published: March 2020

While signals in evolutionary biology are usually defined as “acts or traits that have evolved because of their effect on others”, work on gestures and vocalizations in various animal taxa have revealed population‐ or even individual‐specific meanings of social signals. These results strongly suggest that communicative acts that are like signals with regard to both form and function (meaning) can also be acquired ontogenetically, and we discuss direct evidence for such plasticity in captive settings with rich opportunities for repeated social interactions with the same individuals. Therefore, in addition to evolved signals, we can recognize invented signals that are acquired during ontogeny (either through ontogenetic ritualization or social transmission). Thus, both gestures and vocalizations can be inventions or innate adaptations. We therefore propose to introduce innate versus invented signals as major distinct categories, with invented signals subdivided into dyad‐specific and cultural signals. We suggest that elements of some signals may have mixed origins, and propose criteria to recognize acquired features of signals. We also suggest that invented signals may be most common in species with intentional communication, consistent with their ubiquity in humans, and that the ability to produce them was a necessary condition for the evolution of language.

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

Linguistics > Evolution of Language

Psychology > Comparative Psychology
Critical function of circular RNAs in lung cancer
Authors: Drula Rares , Braicu Cornelia , Harangus Antonia , Nabavi Seyed M. , Trif Monica , Slaby Ondrej , Ionescu Calin , Irimie Alexandru , Berindan‐Neagoe Ioana
Published: March 2020

Lung cancer is one of the main causes of cancer‐related death in the world, especially due to its frequency and ineffective therapeutically approaches in the late stages of the disease. Despite the recent advent of promising new targeted therapies, lung cancer diagnostic strategies still have difficulty in identifying the disease at an early stage. Therefore, the characterizations of more sensible and specific cancer biomarkers have become an important goal for clinicians. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a type of RNA with covalently closed continuous loop structures that display high structural resistance and tissue specificity pointed toward a potential biomarker role. Current investigations have identified that circRNAs have a prominent function in the regulation of oncogenic pathways, by regulating gene expression both at transcriptional and post‐transcriptional level. The aim of this review is to provide novel information regarding the implications of circRNAs in lung cancer, with an emphasis on the role in disease development and progression. Initially, we explored the potential utility of circRNAs as biomarkers, focusing on function, mechanisms, and correlation with disease progression in lung cancer. Further, we will describe the interaction between circRNAs and other non‐coding species of RNA (particularly microRNA) and their biological significance in lung cancer. Describing the nature of these interactions and their therapeutic potential will provide additional insight regarding the altered molecular landscape of lung cancer and consolidate the potential clinical value of these circular transcripts.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Ding Lingling , Oligschlaeger Yvonne , Shiri-Sverdlov Ronit , Houben Tom
Published: March 2020

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and comprises one of the largest health threats of the twenty-first century. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge of NAFLD and underline the striking similarities with atherosclerosis. We first describe current epidemiological data showing the staggering increase of NAFLD numbers and its related clinical and economic costs. We then provide an overview of pathophysiological hepatic processes in NAFLD and highlight the systemic aspects of NAFLD that point toward metabolic crosstalk between organs as an important cause of metabolic disease. Finally, we end by highlighting the currently investigated therapeutic approaches for NAFLD, which also show strong similarities with a range of treatment options for atherosclerosis.
Two component dark matter with inert Higgs doublet: neutrino mass, high scale validity and collider searches
Authors: Bhattacharya Subhaditya , Ghosh Purusottam , Saha Abhijit Kumar , Sil Arunansu
Published: March 2020

Abstract

The idea of this work is to investigate the constraints on the dark matter (DM) allowed parameter space from high scale validity (absolute stability of Higgs vacuum and perturbativity) in presence of multi particle dark sector and heavy right handed neutrinos to address correct neutrino mass. We illustrate a simple two component DM model, consisting of one inert SU(2)L scalar doublet and a scalar singlet, both stabilised by additional $$ {\mathcal{Z}}_2\times {\mathcal{Z}}_2^{\prime } $$

Z
2

×

Z
2
′

symmetry, which also aid to vacuum stability. We demonstrate DM-DM interaction helps achieving a large allowed parameter space for both the DM components by evading direct search bound. High scale validity puts further constraints on the model, for example, on the mass splitting between the charged and neutral component of inert doublet, which has important implication to its leptonic signature(s) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Positivity constraints on interacting spin-2 fields
Authors: Alberte Lasma , de Rham Claudia , Momeni Arshia , Rumbutis Justinas , Tolley Andrew J.
Published: March 2020

Abstract

The consistency of the EFT of two interacting spin-2 fields is checked by applying forward limit positivity bounds on the scattering amplitudes to exclude the region of parameter space devoid of a standard UV completion. We focus on two classes of theories that have the highest possible EFT cutoff, namely those theories modelled on ghost-free interacting theories of a single massive spin-2 field. We find that the very existence of interactions between the spin-2 fields implies more stringent bounds on all the parameters of the EFT, even on the spin-2 self-interactions. This arises for two reasons. First, with every new field included in the low-energy EFT, comes the ‘knowledge’ of an extra pole to be subtracted, hence strengthening the positivity bounds. Second, while adding new fields increases the number of free parameters from the new interactions, this is rapidly overcome by the increased number of positivity bounds for different possible scattering processes. We also discuss how positivity bounds appear to favour relations between operators that effectively raise the cutoff of the EFT.
Five-dimensional supergravity in N = 1/2 superspace
Authors: Becker Katrin , Becker Melanie , Butter Daniel , Linch William D. , Randall Stephen
Published: March 2020

Abstract

We construct 5D, N = 1 supergravity in a 4D, N = 1 superspace with an extra bosonic coordinate. This represents four of the supersymmetries and the associated Poincaré symmetries manifestly. The remaining four supersymmetries and the rest of the Poincaré symmetries are represented linearly but not manifestly. In the linearized approximation, the action reduces to the known superspace result. As an application of the formalism, we discuss the construction of the 5D gravitational Chern-Simons invariant ∫ A ∧ R ∧ R in this superspace.
Renormalization and matching for the Collins-Soper kernel from lattice QCD
Authors: Ebert Markus A. , Stewart Iain W. , Zhao Yong
Published: March 2020

Abstract

The Collins-Soper kernel, which governs the energy evolution of transverse- momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDPDFs), is required to accurately predict Drell-Yan like processes at small transverse momentum, and is a key ingredient for extracting TMDPDFs from experiment. Earlier we proposed a method to calculate this kernel from ratios of the so-called quasi-TMDPDFs determined with lattice QCD, which are defined as hadronic matrix elements of staple-shaped Euclidean Wilson line operators. Here we provide the one-loop renormalization of these operators in a regularization-independent momentum subtraction (RI′/MOM) scheme, as well as the conversion factor from the RI′/MOM-renormalized quasi-TMDPDF to the $$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

scheme. We also propose a procedure for calculating the Collins-Soper kernel directly from position space correlators, which simplifies the lattice determination.
Building sophisticated sensors of extracellular cues that enable mammalian cells to work as “doctors” in the body
Authors: Kojima Ryosuke , Aubel Dominque , Fussenegger Martin
Published: March 2020

Mammalian cells are inherently capable of sensing extracellular environmental signals and activating complex biological functions on demand. Advances in synthetic biology have made it possible to install additional capabilities, which can allow cells to sense the presence of custom biological molecules and provide defined outputs on demand. When implanted/infused in patients, such engineered cells can work as intrabody “doctors” that diagnose disease states and produce and deliver therapeutic molecules when and where necessary. The key to construction of such theranostic cells is the development of a range of sensor systems for detecting various extracellular environmental cues that can be rewired to custom outputs. In this review, we introduce the state-of-art engineering principles utilized in the design of sensor systems to detect soluble factors and also to detect specific cell contact, and we discuss their potential role in treating intractable diseases by delivering appropriate therapeutic functions on demand. We also discuss the challenges facing these emerging technologies.
Full-Scale Crustal Interpretation of Kokkola–Kymi (KOKKY) Seismic Profile, Fennoscandian Shield
Authors: Tiira Timo , Janik Tomasz , Skrzynik Tymon , Komminaho Kari , Heinonen Aku , Veikkolainen Toni , Väkevä Sakari , Korja Annakaisa
Published: March 2020

The Kokkola–Kymi Deep Seismic Sounding profile crosses the Fennoscandian Shield in northwest-southeast (NW–SE) direction from Bothnian belt to Wiborg rapakivi batholith through Central Finland granitoid complex (CFGC). The 490-km refraction seismic line is perpendicular to the orogenic strike in Central Finland and entirely based on data from quarry blasts and road construction sites in years 2012 and 2013. The campaign resulted in 63 usable seismic record sections. The average perpendicular distance between these and the profile was 14 km. Tomographic velocity models were computed with JIVE3D program. The velocity fields of the tomographic models were used as starting points in the ray tracing modelling. Based on collected seismic sections a layer-cake model was prepared with the ray tracing package SEIS83. Along the profile, upper crust has an average thickness of 22 km average, and P-wave velocities (Vp) of 5.9–6.2 km/s near the surface, increasing downward to 6.25–6.40 km/s. The thickness of middle crust is 14 km below CFGC, 20 km in SE and 25 km in NW, but Vp ranges from 6.6 to 6.9 km/s in all parts. Lower crust has Vp values of 7.35–7.4 km/s and lithospheric mantle 8.2–8.25 km/s. Moho depth is 54 km in NW part, 63 km in the middle and 43 km in SW, yet a 55-km long section in the middle does not reveal an obvious Moho reflection. S-wave velocities vary from 3.4 km/s near the surface to 4.85 km/s in upper mantle, consistently with P-wave velocity variations. Results confirm the previously assumed high-velocity lower crust and depression of Moho in central Finland.