bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Universal Basic Education in Nigeria: Adult Literacy Practice and Policy Reform Needs
Authors: Kazeem Kolawole , Oduaran Akpovire
Published: February 2013

Innovative policies and practices in mainstreaming adult education on the basis of UNESCO's model of Education for All (EFA) among member states take different forms. In Nigeria, EFA has been conceptualised as the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme. UBE has dominated some of the major political options that governments have had to make in Africa, and Nigeria has sought to incorporate adult literacy within this programme. This development is a marked departure from the usual manner of proceeding in the past, and we seek in this paper to explore past adult literacy policy, practices and reviews and the present policy thrusts culminating in the UBE initiative. Such an exploration has become even more necessary because it is being alleged that the adult literacy component of the UBE initiative is diminished by the emphasis placed on the primary education component. The expected outcomes in the UBE programme have not been fully realised, and this implies that the need for policy review aimed at informing literacy policy formulation and implementation practices in Nigeria as well as other developing countries confronting the problem of mass illiteracy is long overdue.
A Gender Based Analysis of the Learning-Style Preferences of Principal Preparation Students
Authors: Hines Mack T.
Published: February 2013

Determining gender learning-style preferences is necessary in assuring that principal preparation programmes are inclusive of styles that benefit both males and females. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any gender differences for students in a principal preparation programme on responses to items measuring pedagogy (science of teaching children) and andragogy (science of teaching adults). Of the thirteen items on which there was statistical significance between genders' preferences, males had higher mean scores on nine items (70 per cent) and females on four items (30 per cent). Males had higher mean scores than females on all items measuring pedagogy and males and females had an equal number of high mean scores in response to items that measured andragogy.
Employment-Based Education: One Model of Student Support
Authors: Christie Hazel , Dunworth Moira
Published: February 2013

Against a background of concern about staff recruitment and retention in social services in the UK, the authors examine one model of employer support for staff undergoing professional training alongside their employment. It is argued that support for these mature students needs to be broader than that normally offered within educational institutions, and this model of bespoke consultancy worked well for one student, who made the transition from academic underachievement to professional qualification with a distinction in her final course. It is suggested that support offered within an employment context can be motivating and more readily accessible to these students, whose locus remains in the workplace while they study.
Alasdair Macintyre's Idea of an Educated Public and ‘Informal’ Adult Education in Scotland
Authors: Hammond Keith
Published: February 2013

Scotland has a particular history, that moves around the unique public experiences of the Enlightenment and the Act of Union as defining moments that could have developed differently. For complex reasons, public thinking moved more and more towards the fractured moral and political conditions that we know now. But, following the work of Alasdair MacIntyre, this paper argues that by re-engaging the issues of an educated public found in the early years of Scotland's eighteenth century, the dialogic processes of adult education could still move things on to a more coherent and positive future where ‘community based’ learning could no longer be thought about as marginal. The traditions of adult education would have to be considered far more central in the recreation of an educated public and a healthy participative democracy.
Changing Relations between Learning and Work
Authors: Jefferson Anne L. , Levitan Barbara
Published: February 2013

The change in technology, in communications and in the dynamics of human and institutional interactions has created a need to shift relations between the world of learning and the world of work. New levers need to be added to those currently relied on. Consequently the learning–work relationship that exists between tertiary education institutions and the world of work needs to change. This paper explores this necessary relationship shift.
Conflict and Co-Operation between ‘Popular’ and ‘State’ Education in Latin America
Authors: Kane Liam
Published: February 2013

During the Latin American oppression of the 1970s, as the rapidly increasing number of grassroots ‘popular’ social movements sought to profit from and expand the ideas of the radical Brazilian educationist Paulo Freire, there developed, in its own right, a ‘popular education’ movement which engaged in radical education for change independently of and often in direct opposition to the state. With the apparent demise of open dictatorship and the rise of formal, albeit limited, ‘democratic’ states in the 1990s, the popular education movement began to debate the type of relationship it should now have with the state in this changed political context. In recent years the election of a number of left-leaning governments has made the issue even more urgent. Drawing comparisons with practice in the UK, this article explores the relationship between ‘popular’ and ‘state’ education in Latin America and argues that the strength of the popular education movement outside the state is the most likely determinant of its impact within it.
Pursuing Theory and Practice When ‘Everything is Moving’
Authors: Heiskanen Tuula
Published: February 2013

This article describes the basic elements of an intensive action research process. The process started from an educational programme offered to professional groups interested in the problems in developing the public sector as a forum that would transcend the boundaries separating different work organisations. The introduction of the programme coincided with a radical socioeconomic change that affected very basically the role of public services in Finland. The researcher/practitioner co-operation continued in different forms for several years. The article interprets the setting and processes of the programme through the concept of space, paying special attention to the dynamics between different aspects (physical, mental and social) of space.
The Role of the University in the Creation of a Learning Region. A Study in the Athenaeum of Catania
Authors: Piazza Roberta
Published: February 2013

This study aimed to assess how the university of Catania conceptualised its new role, considering the principal ways that other European universities are changing. The research was focused on assessing the level of awareness of the university's ability to spread and promote lifelong learning (LLL), its role in promoting awareness, innovation and development of the city and the surrounding territory as a learning city and learning region and its ability to fulfil the needs and (cultural, educational, economic and productive) requirements of the territory.

The study did so by means of some extensive interviews conducted with experts in University policy and/or lifelong learning selected from among those in charge of and/or members of the main University committees and service centres within the Athenaeum. The interviewees were asked to freely express their opinions, observations and reflections on the subject and to offer their suggestions on the best ways to develop policies and innovative working practices within the Athenaeum with the aim of building a learning city. In addition, managers of local organisations, professional associations, and principals of schools, adult education colleges and continuous professional development providers were involved in order to hear their thoughts on the image of the university as a provider of LLL.

A qualitative analysis of the results identified the viewpoints of the interviewees regarding the role of the university revealed differences between the opinions expressed and highlighted suggestions and advice for the development of more effective strategies and policies.

It is true to say that there is a very limited spread of LLL principles both inside and outside the academy and that there is a lot of work to be done if the concepts of LLL are to truly take root in its strategies and working practices so that it may become a true learning organisation. In addition, the prospect of creating a learning city-learning region seems, in many ways, very far from becoming a reality in Catania, where there is a large gap between the institutions (the university included) and the needs of the territory. This paper argues, therefore, that the university's work needs to be more coherent and better coordinated with the other aspects of local policy if the university is to contribute to creating a learning region and to assume the relevant guiding role.
The Impact Debate: Hazards of Discourse in the UK
Authors: Duke Chris
Published: February 2013

The UK higher education community is well served for news and policy discourse by the weekly Times Higher Education ( THE). THE also provides a window into the conduct of this community. Concern about the contribution of research to the wider society beyond academe has risen along with its scale and cost. Views became polarized about the possibility and desirability of measuring ‘impact’ as a basis for allocating funds for research. The ‘impact debate’ is entangled with efforts to assess the quality of research, and thus in turn with the recent rapid rise to prominence and influence of competitive worldwide rankings of universities, so far informed principally by research performance. Within this wider setting, the paper concentrates on the nature and effect of public controversy about impact in the UK, as expressed in THE over a two-year period. The author's main interest is in the contribution of universities to balanced social and economic development, nationally and especially regionally. It is proposed that the defensive positions taken by some opponents of impact assessment may damage universities' capacity to behave as responsible regional citizens, and weaken the wider community's support for universities that is needed for their public funding, helping to precipitate what critics fear.
Insights from an E-Dialogue of Practitioners on Arts in Transformative Learning
Authors: Lee Nanci , Taylor Peter
Published: February 2013

This article shares contributions from a moderated e-forum in 2007 that explored the transformative potential of arts in learning and social change. It draws on examples of poetry, creative writing, and experiences of innovative practice shared through these conversations by adult educators in contexts as diverse as Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The paper provides a conceptual frame to explore tensions in transformative learning between the mytho-poetic and the critical-rational, and between the individual and the collective. Using this frame, it connects the experiences shared by the e-forum participants to the literature. The paper reflects on how educators have used artistic and creative expression in their work and discusses how they have navigated the tensions presented in the earlier conceptual frame. It concludes by identifying four conditions that seem critical if arts and creativity are to play a role in transformative learning: authenticity, resonance, reflection, and freedom.
The Characteristics of Older People Who Engage in Community Music Making, Their Reasons for Participation and the Barriers They Face
Authors: Hallam Susan , Creech Andrea , Varvarigou Maria , McQueen Hilary
Published: February 2013

There is now an accepted need for initiatives that support older people's health and well-being. There is increasing evidence that active engagement with music has the potential to contribute to this. This research aimed to explore the characteristics of older people who participated in active music making with a view to identifying the groups that currently do not participate. The research comprised three UK study sites, each offering a variety of musical activities. At each site a sample of people aged 50+ (total N = 398), some of whom had recently begun musical activities and others who were more experienced, were recruited to complete questionnaires that asked for a range of information about musical and other activities. Those participating were predominantly female, white British and from professional occupations. A substantial proportion had been engaged in musical activities prior to their current involvement, the majority rating themselves as average on their instruments and having only a basic level of reading music. They also participated in a wide variety of other non-musical activities, tended not to practise at home, although they listened to music at home, played it in the background and tended to prefer classical music. The predominant reason for participating in musical activities was enjoyment. The findings are discussed in terms of what might be needed to widen participation.
Understanding Lifelong Learning and Adult Education Policy in Estonia: Tendencies and Contradictions
Authors: Jõgi Larissa
Published: February 2013

There have been many theoretical and empirical analyses of lifelong learning policies and how to implement, develop, measure and facilitate lifelong learning and lifelong learning policy in order to cater for the needs and requirements of individuals as well as society in general.

The particular slant on lifelong learning in different countries depends on their history and traditions and on the current social, political and economic context. For the past 20 years, Estonia has been in a period of transition from a post-communist to a market-based and democratic society. This has brought new challenges to education, including adult education. Estonia is a post-soviet country where the processes of liberalism, individualism, neo-modernism and post-industrialism have all taken place within a short period of time. Adult education policy in Estonia has been influenced by the direction of social, economic and political change in the European Union; it has also been affected by the need to consider EU directives, European policies and trends in the European educational area. This article focuses on adult education in Estonia by analysing strategic documents concerning lifelong learning and adult education policy and statistical data concerning participation in lifelong learning activities. The article provides an overview of tendencies and contradictions in lifelong learning and adult education in Estonia in order to understand the present practices in Estonian adult education.
The Invisible University? Lifelong Learning, Literary Study and the City of Bristol
Authors: Sperlinger Tom
Published: February 2013

This article explores why some universities may be ‘invisible’ to adults in their local communities. It suggests that funding changes in UK higher education, particularly those initiated by the Browne Review in 2010, may reinforce such a divide. The article draws on Stefan Collini's critiques of government policy, particularly in relation to the arts and humanities. However, it argues that Collini risks perpetuating an idea of universities as separate from the rest of human activity. How, then, might we re-imagine the university and reaffirm the role of the arts and humanities, without idealising either or preserving them in isolation? This article draws on ideas from Raymond Williams and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak to suggest that we need to re-think the value of culture, within and beyond universities, by understanding how it has meaning in a wider community. The article highlights recent work at the University of Bristol, including on a part-time BA in English Literature and Community Engagement, and uses this to explore what the problems and potential benefits are in trying to turn such theories into practice.
Links between Further and Higher Education: The Case of New Zealand
Authors: Duke Chris
Published: February 2013

This article sketches distinctive and partly unique features of New Zealand society, its recent history, and its adult, community and tertiary education system, as a prelude to considering linkages. The absence of a distinct further education (FE) sector analogous to the British further education colleges (FECs) or Australian technical and further education (TAFE) institutes combined with a recent period of extreme economic rationalism to privilege competition over collaboration. A sharp change of direction in 1999 is leading into a new more planned tertiary system under a Tertiary Education Commission in 2002. This is likely to reward and drive up inter-institutional collaboration, probably also more sharply differentiating roles within the more planned tertiary sector. The article concludes by reflecting on distinctive strengths and shortcomings, and on lessons from New Zealand of possible interest elsewhere.
Doors Close, Windows Open: A British Columbia Case Study on Widening Access
Authors: Dunlop Catherine C , Burtch Brian , Fraser Simon
Published: February 2013

This essay addresses ways of widening access to university degree-completion programmes for mature, mid-career people. Our focus is on the Integrated Studies Program (ISP) at Simon Fraser University, Canada. The ISP, leading to a Bachelor of General Studies degree, is designed for students who would otherwise feel unwelcome in a mainstream university environment, or who would simply not be able to complete a course of study in a reasonable time-frame, given their responsibilities in the workplace and at home. This innovative programme relies on implicit prior learning and recognition (PLAR) credits and a compressed teaching framework that allows students to maintain full-time employment as well as a cohort-based approach that fosters co-operation among students and reduces student attrition. The leadership focus of the ISP means that students will be involved in courses from the humanities and social sciences and that they will be able to apply new concepts, methods, and approaches in their workplace and community. We present findings from a case study of access patterns undertaken through the SFU Centre for Integrated and Credit Studies. Special attention is paid to the cohort-based Integrated Studies Programs in Liberal and Business Studies (LBS) and in Justice & Public Safety Leadership (JPSL). We trace a pattern of declining representation of older students with full-time employment and family responsibilities and discuss how the ISP may contribute to greater diversity and social inclusiveness at this University. We also caution that despite provincial and national interest in lifelong learning, access to post-secondary programs may be hindered for many other interested applicants who face rising tuition fees, uncertain access to courses, and inflexible and possibly irrelevant course content.
Further Education Funding in Scotland
Authors: Corbyn Geoff
Published: February 2013

This article will consider the funding of the further education sector in Scotland. In order to connect the themes of this article with the author's experience of teaching in further education it begins with a personal perspective. It then goes on to take a brief look at funding policies since incorporation, consider whether present levels of funding are adequate and whether the colleges are truly independent. Attention will be drawn to the serious financial difficulties to be found in the sector; this despite significant growth and greater overall levels of funding. It will be argued that this is a consequence of reduced funding per unit of student activity. An attempt will be made to show that the financial status of colleges is more the result of Government policy and funding than shortcomings in college management. Finally, it will ask whether there is enough research into FE and wonder whether there is unintentional discrimination against FE.
Bildung – The Freedom of the Educated
Authors: Hermeling Susanne
Published: February 2013

This article explores the history of the German concept of education: Bildung, which was characteristic for the most productive era in German thinking and philosophy – between 1790 and 1830. The creation of the term can be traced back to the writings of thirteenth-century mystics. The original religious connotation remained important, and was partly handed down in Pietistic writings, but the word was put into other contexts, for example ethics, aesthetics and cognition. In the eighteenth century the concept was filled with the philosophical trends of Baroque and German Idealism. The names of Herder, Humboldt, Goethe and Schiller represent the Bildungsidee in its heyday. Selbstbildung (self-education) was an essential element of the Bildungsidee that in principle belongs to the area of adult education.

The concept had a lasting influence. In the 1960s and 1970s the Bildungsidee was subject to a critical debate in Germany. The idea of Selbstbildung, formulated by Humboldt, seemed at the same time attractive, because of its aspects of emancipation, and unacceptable, because of its élitist implications. Important arguments of the debate will be introduced and followed by the question: is it anachronistic to discuss the Bildungsidee today, instead of merely concentrating on the concept of ‘learning’ as the main paradigm of adult education?
Documents of Performance: Reading between the Lines: A Library and a Portable Theatre
Authors: Featherstone Ann
Published: February 2013

Our document section will offer objects and texts which, individually, throw light on theatrical and/or filmic processes or the cultural circumstances in which performance events have taken place. As with any other document, this document and those which follow are open to other readings and further or different interpretations. Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film's documents are those which, in many circumstances, are less likely to be encountered in the course of research. We invite readers to nominate and explicate documents for future issues. We also invite readers to contest identifications or otherwise comment upon the documents which appear in this journal.
High‐Throughput, Cell‐Based Screens to Identify Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of Ricin Toxin and Related Category B Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs)
Authors: Wahome Paul G. , Mantis Nicholas J.
Published: February 2013

Ricin is a member of the ubiquitous ribosome‐inactivating protein (RIP) family of toxins. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classify ricin and related toxins as Category B biothreat agents. There are currently no antidotes or therapeutics to counteract RIPs in humans. The discovery of effective small‐molecule inhibitors of RIPs is increasingly possible, however, due to the availability and accessibility of diverse small‐molecule chemical libraries coupled with robust robotics and automated screening methodologies. In this article, we describe a cell‐based, high‐throughput screening strategy and secondary assays that we have successfully used to identify compounds that target ricin toxin's enzymatic activity and intracellular trafficking, as well as stress‐activated signaling pathways associated with cell death. The methods described in the protocol are amenable to the other RIPs. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 55:2.23.1‐2.23.14. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonbiological Sequence‐Specific Oligomers by Repetitive Syntheses
Authors: Moore Jeffrey S. , Prince Ryan B.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Bridging the Gap from Small Molecules to Macromolecules: A Brief Historical Sketch

Overview of Synthetic Strategies

Repetitive Oligomer Syntheses

Oligomerizations Based on Carbon‐Carbon Bond Constructions

Oligomerizations Based on Heteroatom Bond Constructions

Architectures Derived from Sequence‐Specific Oligomers

Conclusions
Cationic Polymerization
Authors: Cramail Henri , Deffieux Alain
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Carbocationic Polymerization of Ethylenic Monomers

General Features

Chemistry of Initiation

Propagation

Transfer Reactions

Termination Reactions

Principles and Methods of Controlled Cationic Alkene Polymerization

General Features

Vinyl Ethers

Functional Vinyl Ethers

Isobutene

Styrene and Derivatives

Macromolecular Engineering by Carbocationic Polymerization

Synthesis of End‐Functionalized Polymers

Synthesis of Block Copolymers

Star‐Shaped and Macrocyclic Polymers

Cationic Polymerization of Heterocyclic Monomers

General Features of Cationic Ring‐Opening Polymerization

Chemistry of Initiation

Propagation Reaction

Chain Transfer to Polymer

Other Main Transfer and Termination Processes

Main Families of Heterocyclic Monomers

Cyclic Ethers

Cyclic Acetals

Cyclic Sulfides

Cyclic Amines

Cyclic Esters

Cyclic Amides

Cyclic Iminoesters

Cyclic Phosphorous‐Containing Compounds

Cyclic Silicone‐Containing Compounds
Biosynthetic Routes to Novel Macromolecular Materials
Authors: Kiick Kristi L. , Tirrell David A.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Crystalline Lamellar Solids

Helical Structures

Hybrid Artificial Proteins

Artificial Amino Acids

Selenomethionine

Fluorine

Electroactive Substituents

Analogs for Structural Modification of Polypeptides

Conclusions
Band Theory Applied to Semiconductors
Authors: Lannoo Michel , Krüger Joachim
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

General Principles

From Discrete States to Bands

Bloch Theorem for Crystalline Solids

The Case of Disordered Systems

The Effective Mass Approximation (EMA)

Derivation of the Effective Mass Approximation for a Single Band

Applications and Extensions

The Calculation of Crystalline Band Structures

Ab Initio Theories

The Hartree Approximation

TheHartree‐Fock Approximation

The Local Density Approximation

Beyond Local Density (theG‐WApproximation)

The Pseudopotential Method

Computational Techniques

Plane Wave Expansion

Localized Orbital Expansion

Empirical Methods

The Tight Binding Approximation

The Empirical Pseudopotential Method

Comparison with Experiments for Zinc‐Blende Materials

The General Shape of the Bands

The Tight Binding Point of View

The Empirical Pseudopotential Method

Thek‐pDescription and Effective Masses

Optical Properties and Excitons

Ab Initio Calculations of the Excitonic Spectrum

A Detailed Comparison with Experiments

Other Crystalline Materials with Lower Symmetry

General Results for Covalent Materials with Coordination Lower than Four

Chain‐Like Structures LikeSeandTe

Layer Materials

New Classes of Materials: The Antimony Chalcogenides

Non‐Crystalline Semiconductors

The Densities of States of Amorphous Semiconductors

Numerical Computations

Dangling Bonds

The Case ofSiOxGlasses

Disordered Alloys

Definitions of the Different Approximations

The Case of Zinc Blende Pseudobinary Alloys

Systems with Lower Dimensionality

Qualitative Features

The Envelope Function Approximation

Applications of the Envelope Function Approximation

Silicon Quantum Dots
Intrinsic Point Defects in Semiconductors 1999
Authors: Watkins George D.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Silicon

Defect Production

The Silicon Vacancy

Electronic Structure

Effects of Lattice Relaxation – General Considerations

Electrical Level Positions of the Vacancy

Vacancy Migration

Vacancy Interactions with other Defects

The Silicon Interstitial

Interstitial Migration

Trapped Interstitials

Theory of the Silicon Interstitial

Close Frenkel Pairs

Other Group
IV
Semiconductors

Germanium

Diamond

Si
C

II
–
VI
Semiconductors

Zn
Se

The Zinc Vacancy

Zinc Vacancy Diffusion and Interaction with other Defects

Interstitial Zinc and Close Frenkel Pairs

Defects on the Selenium Sublattice

Other
II
–
VI
Materials

The Metal Vacancy

The Chalcogen Vacancy

The other Intrinsic Defects

Theory

III
–
V
Semiconductors

Antisites

The Anion Antisite
V

III

The Cation Antisite
III
V

Group‐
III
Atom Vacancies

Metal Interstitials

Defects on the Group‐
V
Sublattice

Summary and Overview

Group
IV
Semiconductors

II
–
VI
Semiconductors

III
–
V
Semiconductors

Overview

Vacancies

Interstitials

Antisites

Migration Barriers

Acknowledgements
Point Defects, Diffusion, and Precipitation
Authors: Tan The Y. , Gösele Ulrich M.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Native (Intrinsic) Point Defects Under Thermal Equilibrium Conditions

Native (Intrinsic) Point Defects Under Nonequilibrium Conditions

Phenomenological Description of Diffusion Processes

Atomistic Diffusion Mechanisms

Diffusion Without Involvement of Native Point Defects

Simple Vacancy Exchange and Interstitialcy Mechanisms

Interstitial‐Substitutional Mechanisms

Uncharged Species

Charged Species

Recombination‐Enhanced Diffusion

Diffusion in Silicon

General Remarks

Silicon Self‐Diffusion

Interstitial‐Substitutional Diffusion:
Au
,
Pt
and
Zn
in
Si

Dopant Diffusion

Fermi Level Effect

Influence of Surface Reactions

Dopant‐Diffusion‐Induced Nonequilibrium Effects

Recombination‐Enhanced Diffusion

Diffusion of Carbon and Other Group
IV
Elements

Diffusion of Si Self‐Interstitials and Vacancies

Oxygen and Hydrogen Diffusion

Diffusion in Germanium

Diffusion in Gallium Arsenide

General Remarks

Gallium Self‐Diffusion and Superlattice Disordering

Intrinsic Gallium Arsenide

Doped Gallium Arsenide

Arsenic Self‐Diffusion and Superlattice Disordering

Impurity Diffusion in Gallium Arsenide

Silicon Diffusion

Interstitial–Substitutional Species

Comparison to Diffusion in Other
III
–
V
Compounds

Agglomeration and Precipitation

Agglomerates of Native Point Defects in Silicon

Void and Gallium Precipitate Formation During Zinc Diffusion into
Ga
As

Precipitation with Volume Changes in Silicon
Dislocations
Authors: Alexander Helmut , Teichler Helmar
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Geometry

Experimental Results on the Electronic Properties of Dislocations and Deformation‐Induced Point Defects

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy of Plastically Deformed Silicon

Information on Dislocations and Point Defects from Electrical Measurements

Phenomena Indicating Shallow Dislocation‐Related States

Photoluminescence (PL)

Optical Absorption

Microwave Conductivity (MWC)

Electric Dipole Spin Resonance (EDSR)

Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC)

Germanium

Gallium Arsenide

AIIBVICompounds

Theoretical Investigations about Electronic Levels of Dislocations

Core Structure Calculations

Deep Electron Levels at Dislocations

Core Bond Reconstruction and Reconstruction Defects

Kinks, Reconstruction Defects, Vacancies, and Impurities in the Dislocation Cores

Shallow Dislocation Levels

Deep Dislocation Levels in Compounds

Dislocation Motion

General

Measurements of the Velocity of Perfect Dislocations in Elemental Semiconductors

Kink Formation and Kink Motion

Experiments on the Mobility of Partial Dislocations

Compounds

Theory of Dislocation Motion

Dislocation Motion in Undoped Material

Dislocation Motion in Doped Semiconductors

Dislocation Generation and Plastic Deformation

Dislocation Nucleation

Dislocation Multiplication (Plastic Deformation)

Generation of Misfit Dislocations

Gettering with the Help of Dislocations

Acknowledgements
Interfaces
Authors: Hull Robert , Ourmazd Abbas , Rau W. D. , Schwander P. , Green Martin L. , Tung Raymond T.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Experimental Techniques

Interfaces between Lattice‐Matched, Isostructural Systems

Definition

Structure

Microscopic Structure

Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Structure

Interfaces Defined by Inhomogeneous Doping

Relaxation of Chemical Interfaces

Interdiffusion due to Thermal Annealing

Intermixing due to Ion‐Implantation

Interfaces between Lattice‐Mismatched, Isostructural Systems

Lattice Mismatch Strain and Relaxation Mechanisms

Origin and Magnitude of Lattice Mismatch Strain

Strain Accommodation and Relief Mechanisms

Epitaxial Layer Roughening

Interdiffusion

Misfit Dislocations

Competition between Different Relaxation Modes

The Critical Thickness for Misfit Dislocation Introduction: Excess Stress

Basic Concepts: Single Interface Systems

Extension to Multilayer Systems

Misfit Dislocation Kinetics

Kinetic Relaxation Models

Nucleation of Misfit Dislocations

Propagation of Misfit Dislocations

Interactions of Misfit Dislocations

Techniques for Reducing Interfacial and Threading Dislocation Densities

Electrical Properties of Misfit Dislocations

Interfaces between Crystalline Systems Differing in Composition and Structure

Introduction

Fabrication of Epitaxial Silicide–Silicon Interfaces

Monolayers Reaction

Interlayer Mediated Epitaxy

Growth of Silicon on Silicides

Conglomeration of Silicide Precipitates

Epitaxial Elemental Metals

Epitaxial Metallic Compounds onIII–VSemiconductors

Structure, Energetics, and Electronic Properties ofM–SInterfaces

Epitaxial Silicide–Silicon Interfaces

Epitaxial Elemental Metals

Intermetallic Compounds onIII–VSemiconductors

Conclusions

Interfaces between Crystalline and Amorphous Materials: Dielectrics on Silicon

TheSi/SiO2System

Processing

TheSi/SiOxNySystem

Alternative Gate Dielectrics

Conclusion
Material Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Street Robert A. , Winer K.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

Molecular Structure

Chemical Bonding

Localization of Electronic States

Electronic Structure and Localized States

Band Tail States

Doping and Dopant States

The Doping Efficiency

Dopant States

Native Defects and Defect States

Microscopic Character of Defects

Dependence of the Defect Concentration on Doping

Distribution of Defect States

Dependence of the Defect Concentration on Growth Conditions

Surfaces and Interfaces

Surface States

Oxidation

Interfaces

Alloys

Electronic Transport

Electrical Conductivity, Thermopower and Hall Effect

The Drift Mobility

Defect Equilibrium and Metastability

The Hydrogen Glass Model

Thermal Equilibration of Electronic States

The Defect Compensation Model of Doping

The Weak Bond Model

The Distribution of Gap States

Defect Reaction Kinetics

Stretched Exponential Decay

Hydrogen Diffusion

Metastability

Defect Creation by Illumination

Defect Creation by Bias and Current

Devices and Applications

Thin Film Transistors

P‐i‐nPhotodiodes and Solar Cells

The Photodiode Electrical Characteristics

Matrix Addressed Arrays
High‐Temperature Properties of Transition Elements in Silicon
Authors: Schröter Wolfgang , Seibt Michael , Gilles Dieter
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Transition Elements in Intrinsic Silicon

Solubility

Diffusion

Solubility and Diffusion in Extrinsic Silicon

Introduction

Solubility

Diffusion

High Temperature Electronic Structure

Precipitation of Transition Elements in Silicon

General Considerations

Chemical Driving Force

Precipitate Composition

Spatial Distribution of Precipitates

Atomic Structure of Silicide Precipitates

Precipitation without Volume Change: Nickel and Cobalt

Precipitation with Volume Expansion: Copper and Palladium

Heterogeneous Precipitation

Iron in Silicon

Copper in Silicon

Nickel in Silicon

Electrical Properties of Silicide Precipitates

Recombination Behavior of Silicide Precipitates

Spectroscopy of Deep States at Silicide Precipitates

Silicide Precipitation atSi/SiO2Interfaces

Gettering Techniques and Mechanisms

Introduction to Gettering Mechanisms

Internal Gettering

Oxygen Precipitation Gettering

p/p+Gettering

External Gettering

Introduction

Poly‐Silicon Gettering

Aluminum Gettering

Cavity Gettering

Phosphorus Diffusion Gettering, Segregation and Injection Gettering

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgements
New Materials: Semiconductors for Solar Cells
Authors: Möller Hans Joachim
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Basic Principles of Solar Energy Conversion

Technology of Solar Cell Devices

Fundamental Material Parameters

Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Silicon

High‐Quality Silicon

Czochralski and Tri‐Crystal Growth

Defect Structure and Material Properties

Multicrystalline Silicon

Ingot Growth Technologies

Defect Structure and Electronic Properties

Ribbon Growth Technologies

Technological Development

Microstructure and Electronic Properties

Properties of Efficiency Limiting Defects

Oxygen and Carbon Related Defects

Gettering of Transition Metals

Hydrogen Passivation

Thin Film Silicon

Polycrystalline Thin Films

Microcrystalline and Amorphous Films

Optical and Electronic Transport Properties

Polycrystalline Films

Amorphous Solar Cells

Polycrystalline Thin Film Compound Semiconductors

Cadmium–Telluride

Processing Techniques and Related Material Problems

Electronic Properties

Chalcopyrite Semiconductors

General Properties ofCuInSe2and Related Compounds

Deposition Techniques

Electronic Properties

Special Solar Cell Concepts

High Efficiency Solar Cell Materials

Dye SensitizedTiO2
New Materials: Gallium Nitride
Authors: Weber Eicke R. , Kisielowski Christian
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Applications ofGaNand Related Alloys

Specific Materials Problems ofIII‐Nitrides

Growth ofGaNand Related Alloys

Bulk Growth from Solution

Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) ofIII‐Nitrides

Metal–Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) ofIII‐Nitrides

Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) ofIII‐Nitrides

Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (ELOG) ofIII‐Nitrides

Laser Lift‐Off

Defects inIII‐Nitrides

Extended Defects

Point Defects and Doping Issues

Optical Properties ofIII‐Nitrides

Bandedge‐Related Transitions

Donor–Acceptor Pairs

Yellow Luminescence

CubicGaN

Electrical Properties ofIII‐Nitrides

Devices Based onIII‐Nitrides

Optical Devices: Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Lasers

Electronic Devices: Field Effect Transistors (FETs)

Outlook

Acknowledgements
Silicon Processing
Authors: Wilkes John G. , Lin Wen , Benson Ken E.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metallurgical‐Grade Silicon

Semiconductor Grade Polycrystal Silicon

The Chlorosilane Route

The Silane Route

Single Crystal Silicon

Float‐Zoned Silicon

Neutron Transmutation Doped Silicon

Carbon and Nitrogen in Float‐Zoned Silicon

Periodic Crystal Growth

Czochralski Silicon

Dislocation‐Free Silicon

Constitutional Supercooling

The Incorporation of Carbon and Oxygen

Magnetic Czochralski Silicon

Evolution in Czochralski Crystal Diameter

Wafer Preparation

Slicing

Edge Rounding

Lapping/Grinding

Chemical Etching

Polishing

Cleaning

Mechanical Damage in Silicon

Oxygen in Czochralski Silicon

The Behavior of Oxygen in Silicon

The Precipitation of Oxygen in Silicon

Thermal Donors and Enhanced Diffusion

Gettering Engineering

Extrinsic Gettering in Silicon

Intrinsic Gettering in Silicon

Acknowledgements
Epitaxial Growth
Authors: Kuech Thomas F. , Tischler Michael A.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Epitaxial Process: General Features

Surface Thermodynamics and Surface Structure

Surface Transport and Incorporation

Growth Behaviors

Chemical Vapor Deposition: Technology and Issues

Reactors: Mass, Fluid, and Thermal Transport

Fluid Behavior and Reactor Design

Mass and Thermal Transport

Gas Phase and Surface Chemistry

Liquid Phase Epitaxy (
LPE
) Technology

LPE
Growth Procedures

Molecular Beam Epitaxy (
MBE
) Technology

Specific Epitaxial Systems: Materials and Growth Issues

Silicon Chemical Vapor Deposition

Silicon Chemical Vapor Deposition: Surface and Reactor Considerations

Silicon Chemical Vapor Deposition: Growth Chemistry

Heterojunction Formation

Impurity Incorporation

Ga
As
MBE

Growth of
Al
Ga
As
by
LPE

In
P
Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (
MOVPE
)

Acknowledgements
Interconnection Systems
Authors: Knausenberger Wulf
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Perspective

Interconnection Technology Trends and Drivers

Trends

Interconnection Density as a Cost Driver

Interconnection Capability and Cost Metric

Interconnection Cost Comparisons

Matching Capability and Need

Interconnection Hierarchy

Partitioning

Introduction

Partitioning Approaches

Component‐Oriented Partitioning

Interconnection‐Oriented Partitioning

Interconnection Distribution Patterns

Broadcast Interconnections

Network Interconnections

Status/Control Interconnections

Ideal System Partitioning Approach

Multichip Modules

Printed Wiring Board (PWB) Technology

Introduction

Material Systems

PWBCategories

RigidPWBs

Discrete Wired Circuits

FlexiblePWBs

PWBProduction Processes

Basic Processes

Fabrication Sequences for DifferentPWBTypes

Future Directions

Merging of Markets

New Form of Consumer Services

Evolution of Technology
Diffusion Kinetics in Solids
Authors: Murch Graeme E.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Macroscopic Diffusion

Fick's Laws

Types of Diffusion Coefficients

Tracer or Self‐Diffusion

Impurity and Solute Diffusion

Chemical or Interdiffusion

Intrinsic or Partial Diffusion Coefficients

Surface Diffusion Coefficients

Phenomenological Equations of Irreversible Thermodynamics

Tracer Diffusion

Chemical Diffusion

Einsteinian Expressions for the Phenomenological Coefficients

Relating Phenomenological Coefficients to Tracer Diffusion Coefficients

Short‐Circuit Diffusion

Microscopic Diffusion

Random Walk Theory

Mechanisms of Diffusion

The Einstein Equation

Tracer Correlation Factor

Impurity Correlation Factor

Correlation Factors for Concentrated Alloy Systems

Correlation Factors for Highly Defective Systems

The Physical or Conductivity Correlation Factor

Correlation Functions (Collective Correlation Factors)

The Nernst–Einstein Equation and the Haven Ratio

The Isotope Effect in Diffusion

The Jump Frequency

The Exchange Frequency

Vacancy Concentration

Diffusion in Materials

Diffusion in Metals

Self‐Diffusion

Impurity Diffusion

Diffusion in Dilute Alloys

Substitutional Alloys

Interstitial Alloys

Diffusion in Concentrated Binary Substitional Alloys

Diffusion in Ionic Crystals

Defects in Ionic Crystals

Diffusion Theory in Ionic Crystals

Experimental Methods for Measuring Diffusion Coefficients

Tracer Diffusion Methods

Chemical Diffusion Methods

Diffusion Coefficients by Indirect Methods

Relaxation Methods

Nuclear Methods

Surface Diffusion Methods

Acknowledgements
Statistical Theories of Phase Transitions
Authors: Binder Kurt
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Phenomenological Concepts

Order Parameters and the Landau Symmetry Classification

Second‐Order Transitions and Concepts about Critical Phenomena (Critical Exponents, Scaling Laws,etc.)

Second‐Order Versus First‐Order Transitions; Tricritical and other Multicritical Phenomena

Dynamics of Fluctuations at Phase Transitions

Effects of Surfaces and of Quenched Disorder on Phase Transitions: A Brief Overview

Computational Methods Dealing with the Statistical Mechanics of Phase Transitions and Phase Diagrams

Models for Order–Disorder Phenomena in Alloys

Molecular Field Theory and its Generalization (Cluster Variation Method,etc)

Computer Simulation Techniques

Concepts about Metastability

Discussion
Novel Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Research
Authors: Grundmeier G. , Jüttner K. , Stratmann Martin
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Experimental Investigation of Corrosion Reactions by Analysis of the Corrosion Products

Experimental Investigation of Corrosion Reactions by Following the Chemical Reaction Rate

Experimental Investigation of Corrosion Reactions by Following the Rate of the Electrochemical Corrosion Reaction

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Noise Analysis

Introduction

The Principle of Dynamic System Analysis

Measurement of the Electrochemical Impedance

Presentation of Impedance Data

Interpretation of Impedance Data

The Polarization Resistance

Frequency Dispersion

Surface Inhomogeneities

Single Layer Impedance Model

Sandwich Layer Impedance Model

Equivalent Circuit Versus Transfer Function

The Transport Impedance

Iron Corrosion in Neutral Solution

Impedance Model of Passive Films

Metal Dissolution and Active‐to‐Passive Transition

Electrochemical Noise

Noise Sources in Electrochemical Systems

Noise Measurement Techniques

Data Processing

Noise Resistance and Polarization Resistance

The Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique

Introduction

History of Scanning Reference Electrodes

Basic Principles of Localized Potential Mapping

Localized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (LEIS)

Applications of Modern Scanning Electrode Techniques

Local Breakdown of Passivity

Galvanic Corrosion

Inhibition

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

Protective Polymeric Coatings

Concluding Remarks

Scanning Kelvinprobe

Introduction

Theory of the Vibrating Condenser Method

The Relation between the Volta Potential Difference and Corrosion‐Relevant Properties

Electrolyte Covered Metal Surfaces

Metals in Humid Air

Polymer‐Coated Metals

Calibration of the Kelvinprobe

Application of the Kelvinprobe: Atmospheric Corrosion

Experimental

Results

Application of the Kelvinprobe: Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings

Experimental

Polymer‐Coated Steel

Polymer Coated Galvanized Steel

Polymer Coated Aluminum Alloys

Industrial Coatings

Application of the Kelvinprobe: Corrosion Protection by Modified Metal Surfaces

Metal Surfaces Modified by Monolayers of Organic Molecules

Metal Surfaces Modified by Ultra‐Thin Plasma Polymers

Metal Surfaces Modified by Inorganic and Organic Layers
High‐Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion of Intermetallics
Authors: Brady M. P. , Pint B. A. , Tortorelli P. F. , Wright I. G. , Hanrahan R. J.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Oxidation Fundamentals

Protective Oxide Scale Formation

Reactive Elements

Overview

Effects on Oxidation

Production of Alloys withREAdditions

Applicability and Limitations

Pesting

NiAlBased Intermetallics

Overview

NiAl

Transient Oxidation

Steady‐State Oxidation

Effect of Al Content

Alloying Additions

Other Corrosive Environments

Ni3Al

Transient Oxidation

Steady‐State Oxidation

Alloying Effects

FeAlBased Intermetallics

Overview

Historical Perspective

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations in theFeAlOSystem

Fe3Al

FeAl

Other Corrosive Environments

Sulfur‐Containing Gases

Chlorine‐Containing Gases

Carbon‐Containing Gases

Molten Salts and Condensed Deposits

TiAlBased Intermetallics

Overview

TiAl2

TiAl3

τ Phase

γ‐TiAl

Thermodynamic Considerations

The Nitrogen Effect

Effects of Alloying Additions

Engineering Considerations

Other Corrosive Environments

α2‐Ti3Aland OrthorhombicTi2AlNb

α2Alloys

Orthorhombic Alloys

NbAlBased Intermetallics

Overview

NbAl3

Nb2Al

Nb3Al

NbTiAl

Precious Metal, Exotic, and Miscellaneous Aluminides

PtAlIntermetallics

IrAlIntermetallics

RuAlIntermetallics

CoAlIntermetallics

VAlIntermetallics

Laves Phases and In‐Situ Composites

Overview

Single‐Phase Laves Alloys

NbNbCr2In‐Situ Composites

CrXCr2Type In‐Situ Composites

NiAl‐Based In‐Situ Composites

γ‐TiAl + Ti(Cr,Al)2andNbAl3 + Nb(Cr,Al)2In‐Situ Composites

Silicides

Overview and General Considerations

MoSi2

Overview

High‐Temperature Oxidation

Accelerated Oxidation and Pesting

Effects of Alloying Additions

Composites

Other Corrosive Environments

Mo5Si3

TiSi2andTi5Si3

TiSi2

Ti5Si3

V5Si3

Cr3Si

FeandNiSilicides

Other Silicides

Beryllides

Overview

Complex Beryllides–MBe13,MBe12, and M2Be17

MBe2

MBePhases

Acknowledgements