bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat and Mass Transfer during Drying of Lentil Based on the Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics: A Numerical Study
Authors: Melo J.C.S. , de Lima Antônio Gilson Barbosa , Silva Wilton Pereira , de Lima W.M.P. Barbosa
Published: July 2015

This paper aims to present a mathematical model, based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes to describe both the heat and mass transfer (liquid and vapor) during the drying of bodies with oblate spheroidal shape. The model was applied to describe drying of lentil grain, considering variables transport coefficients and convective boundary conditions at the surface of the solid. All equations were presented in oblate spheroidal coordinates and numerically solved by using the finite-volume method. Results of the average moisture content, average temperature, liquid flux, vapor flux, and moisture content and temperature distributions inside a lentil kernel during drying process (T=40 oC, RH=50% and v=0.3 m/s) were presented and analyzed.
Middle Triassic-Anisian-ammonoids from northeastern British Columbia and Ellesmere Island
Authors: Mclearn F H
Published: July 2015

Thirty-seven species of Anisian ammonoids are described from the Toad Formation of northeastern British Columbia, and one from the Blaa Mountain Formation of Ellesmere Island. Four species, Hollandit es pelletieri, Anagymnotoceras tozeri, Grambergia tetsaensis,
and Lenotropites tardus, are described as new.
Serving The People: Evaluating Initiative 1183 & Liquor Privatization in Washington State
Authors: Ferraro Alex P.
Published: July 2015

This Note argues that Washington’s experience with I-1183 provides several important lessons to citizens and legislators in other states seeking to reform or privatize state-run liquor systems.
Análise de agrupamento em remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista.
Authors: Araujo Maristela Machado , Chami Luciane , Longhi Solon Jonas , Avila Angela Luciana de , Brena Doádi Antônio
Published: July 2015

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a fitossociologia de um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista. Para isso, foram utilizados seis conglomerados, cada um com 16 parcelas, onde os indivíduos arbóreos e arbustivos com circunferência à altura do peito (CAP) igual ou maior de 30 cm foram identificadas e medidas. As espécies foram classificadas em grupos ecológicos e, com base nos dados de densidade, foi realizada uma análise de agrupamento utilizando o método TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis). Os agrupamentos foram caracterizados em relação a sua estrutura horizontal. Na área, foram identificadas 86 espécies, sendo 18 pioneiras, 25 secundárias iniciais, 16 secundárias tardias, 14 clímax e 13 foram classificadas em mais de um grupo. Foram identificados três agrupamentos (Grupos 1, 2 e 3), onde se destacaram as espécies Siphoneugena reitzii, Araucaria angustifolia e Sebastiania commersoniana respectivamente, em ambientes de encosta, de árvores emergentes e úmido. Constatou-se que a presença de indivíduos de menor diâmetro garantirá a permanência dessas espécies por médio prazo. Intervenções nesse ecossistema devem considerar a presença de agrupamentos distintos, caracterizados por ambiente e espécies específicas.
Deposição de serapilheira e de macronutrientes em um povoamento de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) no Rio Grande do Sul.
Authors: Viera Márcio , Schumacher Mauro Valdir
Published: July 2015

Objetivou-se avaliar a deposição de serapilheira e de macronutrientes em um povoamento de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) com 6 anos de idade em Butiá, RS. Foram alocadas sistematicamente cinco parcelas de 18mx24m, cada uma com quatro coletores de serapilheira de 1 m2. A serapilheira interceptada nos coletores foi coletada mensalmente entre janeiro/2002 e dezembro/2003. Após a coleta, a serapilheira foi dividida nas frações folha, flor, frutos e fezes da lagarta Adeloneivaia subangulata, e seca em estufa, pesada, moída e analisada quimicamente quanto aos teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. A deposição média anual de serapilheira foi de 4,32 Mg ha-1, composta por 75,5% de folhas, 11,1% de flores, 11,2% de frutos e 2,2% de fezes da lagarta. A deposição de serapilheira foi mais concentrada na primavera. O maior fornecimento de nutrientes ao solo ocorreu por meio da fração folha, a qual, apesar de não apresentar as maiores concentrações dos elementos avaliados, apresenta grande deposição anual de biomassa. A deposição total de macronutrientes ao solo, em kg ha-1 ano-1, foi de 74,8 de N, 26,8 de K, 23,1 de Ca, 7,9 de Mg e 2,4 de P.
Controle de processo erosivo provocado por rompimento de adutora na Serra da Mantiqueira, SP, Brasil
Authors: Barbosa Admilson Clayton , Diniz Helio Nobile
Published: July 2015

Na escarpa sul da Serra da Mantiqueira, divisor geográfico nordeste entre o estado de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, ocorreu um acidente ambiental causado pelo rompimento de uma adutora cuja finalidade é a de conduzir a água de um reservatório localizado a 1.820 m de altitude até a casa de máquinas onde há geração de energia elétrica, e que está localizada a 750 m. Esse acidente resultou na formação de uma cicatriz na floresta da encosta, com supressão do solo e da vegetação. Para reverter os processos erosivos formados no local, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia utilizando quatro barreiras (numeradas de I a IV) formadas por mudas de Bambusa mutiplex (Lour.), bambu cuja finalidade foi a de desviar as águas de escoamento superficial, proporcionando, dessa forma, a regeneração da vegetação nativa. Colmos de bambu consorciados com o plantio de Bambusa multiplex foram utilizados para contenção dos detritos em duas ravinas formadas pela erosão. O desenvolvimento da vegetação foi monitorado por 18 meses e avaliado por meio da aplicação de uma Matriz de Leopold, composta por cinco aspectos, que são: erosão, regeneração da vegetação, sucesso do plantio de bambu, conservação das estruturas montadas e funcionalidade. O uso da matriz teve a finalidade de demonstrar a eficiência das intervenções com a utilização de bambu. O resultado da matriz permitiu classificar quantitativa e qualitativamente as intervenções realizadas, obtendo-se cinco níveis, sendo as barreiras I, II e IV consideradas de muito "alta eficiência", e a barreira III, de "alta eficiência". A contenção das ravinas foi considerada de "média" a muito "alta eficiência".
Produção de serapilheira e aporte de nutrientes em areas de Floresta Atlântica em Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES.
Authors: Calvi Geângelo Petene , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Espíndula Júnior Ademar
Published: July 2015

Este estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Espíndula, Santa Maria do Jetibá, ES, com o objetivo de avaliar a deposição de serapilheira e o aporte de nutrientes em áreas com diferentes estádios sucessionais. Foram selecionadas duas áreas com formações vegetais distintas: Floresta Secundária (FS) com cerca de 25 ha, correspondente a uma antiga área de cultivo de mandioca a cerca de 50 anos em processo de sucessão ecológica e onde hoje se encontra uma mata secundária e Floresta Secundária Antiga (FSA) que corresponde a uma área de floresta que foi submetida apenas extração seletiva de madeira para utilização da própria fazenda. Em cada uma das formações vegetais, foram delimitadas áreas de aproximadamente 0,1 ha e, nestas, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente dez coletores cônicos. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente durante o período de novembro de 2003 a outubro de 2005. O material após secagem foi estratificado, avaliando-se o total aportado, a contribuição das diferentes frações e a entrada de nutrientes. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre o total aportado entre as áreas, sendo os maiores valores de produção, 5,70 Mg ha-1 (FS)e 5,73 Mg ha-1(FSA) observados no verão, possivelmente por causa da ação mecânica de ventos e da chuva. A fração de maior contribuição foi a foliar, correspondendo a 74,62% para a área de Floresta Secundária e 69,46% para a área de Floresta Secundária Antiga.
Avaliação do potencial de uso do hiperparasita Dicyma pulvinata (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) no controle biológico do mal-das-folhas [Microcyclus ulei (Henn.) Arx] de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Wild. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.] em São J
Authors: Delmadi Leila Cristiane , Neto Daniel Cassetari , Rocha Vander de Freitas
Published: July 2015

Mato Grosso foi o estado brasileiro de maior extensão em cultivo de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis), com 45.727 ha de monocultivo em 2002. A ocorrência do "Mal-das-Folhas" causado pelo fungo Microcyclus ulei (Mycosphaerellaceae, Dothideomycetidae), considerado como a principal doença da seringueira, é um fator limitante à instalação de novos empreendimentos. Uma opção promissora, o controle biológico, poderá permitir o equacionamento desse problema fitossanitário. No presente trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o potencial de uso do hiperparasita Dicyma pulvinata (fungo anamorfo) no controle de Microcyclus ulei, em comparação ao controle químico. Foram conduzidos experimentos em campo e em casa de vegetação no município de São José do Rio Claro, MT. Foram realizadas aplicações em três concentrações diferentes de Dicyma pulvinata além dos princípios ativos Benomyl e Mancozeb. Em campo, as maiores porcentagens de controle foram obtidas com a pulverização de Benomyl e de 8,1 x 106 e 1,215 x 107 conídios/ml de Dicyma pulvinata. Em casa de vegetação, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as pulverizações de 2,025 x 107 e 3,037 x 107 conídios/ml.
Incêndios florestais no entorno de Unidades de Conservação – estudo de caso na Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, Distrito Federal.
Authors: Costa Eugênio P. , Fiedler Nilton C. , Medeiros Marcelo B. , Wanderley Fernando B.
Published: July 2015

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com objetivo de analisar aspectos sobre o uso do fogo nas circunvizinhanças urbanas da Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas (ESECAE), no Distrito Federal, avaliar as principais ocorrências de incêndios, disponibilidade de máquinas, equipamentos e ferramentas para a brigada de combate e fornecer subsídios para diminuição da incidência de incêndios florestais. A população residente nas áreas urbanas do entorno (num raio de três quilômetros) e os brigadistas da unidade de conservação e da guarnição do Corpo de Bombeiros foram entrevistados. Os resultados mostraram que existem áreas mais propensas à ocorrência de incêndios florestais (margens de rodovias e estradas vicinais - 33,4%) em conseqüência da sua localização e a interação com o meio urbano, onde o fogo era usado na limpeza de terrenos por 34% da população. Existe disponibilidade de máquinas, equipamentos e ferramentas para a execução das atividades de prevenção e combate, porém, não existem equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI's) para todos os brigadistas. Para a população urbana, as campanhas educativas devem enfatizar as consequências negativas do uso do fogo e os riscos dos incêndios florestais.
Desempenho do Pinus echinata na Região Central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
Authors: Schneider Paulo Renato , Farias Jorge , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Schneider Paulo Sérgio Pigatto , Fleig Frederico Dimas , Thomas Cláudio , Filho Juarez Iensen Pedroso
Published: July 2015

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o crescimento e a produção em povoamento de Pinus echinata Mill. O povoamento foi instalado em 1996 em espaçamento de 3,0 x 2,0 metros, no município de Boqueirão do Leão, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para o estudo, foram instaladas seis unidades amostrais, onde foram medidas e abatidas seis árvores de diâmetro médio e de altura dominante para análise de tronco. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a espécie apresenta bom potencial de crescimento em diâmetro, altura e volume. Aos 12 anos de idade, o povoamento apresentou um diâmetro médio de 18,4 cm, altura média de 12,6 m, altura dominante de 14,1 m, área basal de 42,3 m2.ha-1, volume total com casca de 248,2 m3.ha-1 e um incremento médio anual de 20,7 m3.ha-1.ano-1. Tais resultados iniciais indicam que a espécie apresenta potencial de crescimento e produção, podendo ser indicada para cultivo no estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
Promoting a More Interactive Public Archaeology
Authors: Means Bernard K.
Published: July 2015

Stewards of the tangible past are increasingly embracing technologies that enable digital preservation of rare and fragile finds. The Virtual Curation Laboratory (VCL) at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) partners with museums, cultural heritage locations, and collections repositories to create three-dimensional (3D) digital models of artifacts from archaeological sites distributed across the globe. In the VCL, undergraduate VCU students bring a fresh perspective unburdened by archaeological orthodoxy as they use a laser scanner to record artifact details, edit the resulting digital models, and print plastic replicas that are painted to resemble the original items. The 3D digital models and printed replicas allow for new ways of visualizing the past, while preserving the actual artifacts themselves. These forms of archaeological visualization enable the broader public and not just a narrow band of researchers to dynamically and meaningfully interact with rare and fragile objects in ways that would otherwise not be possible, empowering their own contributions to interpreting, understanding, and reimagining the past. We must embrace co-creation through virtual artifact curation and recognize that, while we sacrifice some control over the stories that are told about the past, more stories will be told and shared as pieces of the past become more accessible.
Evaluating the relationship between topography and groundwater using outputs from a continental‐scale integrated hydrology model
Authors: Condon Laura E. , Maxwell Reed M.
Published: July 2015

We study the influence of topography on groundwater fluxes and water table depths across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Groundwater tables are often conceptualized as subdued replicas of topography. While it is well known that groundwater configuration is also controlled by geology and climate, nonlinear interactions between these drivers within large real‐world systems are not well understood and are difficult to characterize given sparse groundwater observations. We address this limitation using the fully integrated physical hydrology model ParFlow to directly simulate groundwater fluxes and water table depths within a complex heterogeneous domain that incorporates all three primary groundwater drivers. Analysis is based on a first of its kind, continental‐scale, high‐resolution (1 km), groundwater‐surface water simulation spanning more than 6.3 million km2. Results show that groundwater fluxes are most strongly driven by topographic gradients (as opposed to gradients in pressure head) in humid regions with small topographic gradients or low conductivity. These regions are generally consistent with the topographically controlled groundwater regions identified in previous studies. However, we also show that areas where topographic slopes drive groundwater flux do not generally have strong correlations between water table depth and elevation. Nonlinear relationships between topography and water table depth are consistent with groundwater flow systems that are dominated by local convergence and could also be influenced by local variability in geology and climate. One of the strengths of the numerical modeling approach is its ability to evaluate continental‐scale groundwater behavior at a high resolution not possible with other techniques.
Multivariable adaptive output rejection of unmatched input disturbances
Authors: Wen Liyan , Tao Gang , Liu Yu
Published: July 2015

Adaptive control schemes are developed for uncertain multivariable systems with unmatched input disturbances and are applied to an aircraft flight turbulence compensation problem. Key relative degree conditions from system input and disturbance are derived in terms of system interactor matrices for the design of a nominal state or output feedback control law that ensures desired asymptotic output tracking and disturbance rejection. To deal with an uncertain system high‐frequency gain matrix, a gain matrix decomposition technique is employed to parametrize an error system model in terms of the parameter and tracking errors, for the design of an adaptive parameter update law with reduced system knowledge. Both adaptive state and output feedback control schemes are presented in detail for systems with general interactor matrices, based on an LDS gain decomposition parametrization, and LDU and SDU decomposition‐based designs are also discussed, to develop unified adaptive disturbance rejection techniques for multivariable systems. All closed‐loop system signals are bounded, and the system output tracks a reference output asymptotically despite the system and disturbance parameter uncertainties. Simulation results of an aircraft flight control system with adaptive turbulence compensation are presented to show the desired system disturbance rejection performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrostatic Self‐Assembly of Nanosized Carbon Nitride Nanosheet onto a Zirconium Metal–Organic Framework for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Shi Li , Wang Tao , Zhang Huabin , Chang Kun , Ye Jinhua
Published: July 2015

UiO‐66, a zirconium based metal–organic framework, is incorporated with nanosized carbon nitride nanosheets via a facile electrostatic self‐assembly method. This hybrid structure exhibits a large surface area and strong CO2 capture ability due to the introduction of UiO‐66. We demonstrate that electrons from the photoexcited carbon nitride nanosheet can transfer to UiO‐66, which can substantially suppress electron–hole pair recombination in the carbon nitride nanosheet, as well as supply long‐lived electrons for the reduction of CO2 molecules that are adsorbed in UiO‐66. As a result, the UiO‐66/carbon nitride nanosheet heterogeneous photocatalyst exhibits a much higher photocatalytic activity for the CO2 conversion than that of bare carbon nitride nanosheets. We believe this self‐assembly method can be extended to other carbon nitride nanosheet loaded materials.
Face‐to‐Face Contact and Open‐Void Coinvolved Si/C Nanohybrids Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes with Extremely Long Cycle Life
Authors: Jing Shilong , Jiang Hao , Hu Yanjie , Shen Jianhua , Li Chunzhong
Published: July 2015

To develop high‐performance anode materials of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) instead of commercial graphite for practical applications, herein, a layer of silicon has been well‐anchored onto a 3D graphene/carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogels (CAs) framework with face‐to‐face contact and balanced open void by a simple chemical vapor deposition strategy. The engineered contact interface between CAs and Si creates high‐efficiency channels for the rapid electrons and lithium ions transport, and meanwhile, the balanced open‐void allows the free expansion of Si during cycling while maintaining high structural integrity due to the robust mechanical strength of 3D CAs framework. As a consequence, the as‐synthesized Si/CAs nanohybrids are highly stable anode materials for LIBs with a high reversible discharge capacity (1498 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1) and excellent rate capability (462 mAh g−1 at 10 000 mA g−1), which is much better than Si/graphene‐CNTs‐mixture (51 mAh g−1 at 10 000 mA g−1). More significantly, it is found that the Si/CAs nanohybrids display no obvious capacity decline even after 2000 cycles at a high current density of 10 000 mA g−1. The present Si/CAs nanohybrids are one of the most stable Si‐based anode materials ever reported for LIBs to date.
Polyphenol/FeIII Complex Coated Membranes Having Multifunctional Properties Prepared by a One‐Step Fast Assembly
Authors: Kim Hee Joong , Kim Dong‐Gyun , Yoon Hongsik , Choi Yong‐Seok , Yoon Jeyong , Lee Jong‐Chan
Published: July 2015

The membrane filtration process has received much attention as one of the most promising water purification techniques. However, it still has several disadvantages, such as organic‐, oil‐, and biofouling, membrane contamination by microorganisms, and the difficulty in rejecting heavy metal ions, which are closely related to the membrane surface properties. Various approaches have been used to prepare membranes with antifouling, antimicrobial, or heavy metal ion removal properties on their surfaces. However, membranes with all these properties have not yet been reported. It might be possible to prepare membranes with such multifunctional properties by modifying the membrane surfaces with various organic and/or inorganic functional materials using multiple chemical/physical modification procedures, though the process should be very tedious, costly, and time consuming. Here, a multifunctional filtration membrane is prepared by a rapid one‐step assembly coating of tannic acid and iron ion (FeIII) on a commercial poly(ether sulfone) membrane. The catechol‐ and gallol‐rich surfaces combine all of the desirable properties such as antifouling against proteins, oils, and microorganisms, as well as antimicrobial and heavy metal ion removal properties. This study provides a facile approach to prepare multifunctional filtration membranes that have potential applications in practical water purification.
2‐Butanol Dehydration over Highly Dispersed Molybdenum Oxide/MCM‐41 Catalysts
Authors: Choi Hyeonhee , Kim Do Heui , Park Young‐Kwon , Jeon Jong‐Ki
Published: July 2015

Highly dispersed MoO3
on SiMCM‐41 was applied to the dehydration of 2‐butanol. MoO3
/MCM‐41 catalysts were prepared using a modified atomic layer deposition method. The structural characteristics of MoO3
supported on SiMCM‐41 were examined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, nitrogen adsorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The textural characteristics of SiMCM‐41 were retained after loading with MoO3
. Ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine showed that Lewis acid sites were formed on the MoO3
/MCM‐41 catalysts. Among the MoO3
/MCM‐41 catalysts, the MoO3
(16.4 wt %)/MCM‐41 catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity for butene synthesis from 2‐butanol dehydration due to the largest number of acid sites.
Probing the Primary Photochemical Processes of Octahedral Iron(V) Formation with Femtosecond Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Torres‐Alacan Joel , Lindner Jörg , Vöhringer Peter
Published: July 2015

The front cover artwork is provided by the research group of Prof. Peter Vöhringer (University of Bonn). The image shows an octahedral nitrido iron(V) complex, which is a highly reactive high‐valent iron species, whose photoinduced formation was detected in liquid solution by using ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy with mid‐infrared laser pulses. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201500370.
Wispy and Orb cooperate in the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of localized gurken mRNA
Authors: Norvell Amanda , Wong Jason , Randolph Kristen , Thompson Letitia
Published: July 2015

Background: In Drosophila, the dorsal‐ventral (D‐V) axis of the oocyte is dependent on Gurken (Grk) protein distribution. This is achieved through the cytoplasmic localization of grk mRNA and regulation of its translation. During mid‐late stages of oogenesis, grk mRNA and protein are localized to the dorsal‐anterior of the oocyte, while unlocalized grk transcripts are translationally silenced. As females carrying mutations in the gene encoding the CPEB protein Orb lay ventralized eggs due to insufficient Grk levels, it seemed likely that cytoplasmic polyadenylation of grk transcripts may play a role in their translational regulation. Results: We have found that grk is polyadenylated throughout oogenesis, with poly(A) tails of approximately 30–50 A residues. Hyperadenylated grk transcripts, with poly(A) tails of 50–90 As, are detected in late stage egg chambers, but they fail to accumulate in oocytes deficient in Orb or the poly(A) polymerase Wispy (Wisp). wisp females also lay weakly ventralized eggs, demonstrating that they produce inadequate amounts of Grk. Finally, unlocalized grk transcripts are also not appropriately hyperadenylated. Conclusions: Localized cytoplasmic polyadenylation of grk mRNA by Wisp and Orb is necessary to achieve appropriate Grk protein accumulation in the D/A corner of the oocyte during mid to late oogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 244:1276–1285, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiographic morphometry and densitometry predict strength of cadaveric proximal humeri more reliably than age and DXA scan density
Authors: Skedros John G. , Knight Alex N. , Pitts Todd C. , O'Rourke Peter J. , Burkhead Wayne Z.
Published: July 2015

Methods are needed for identifying poorer quality cadaver proximal humeri to ensure that they are not disproportionately segregated into experimental groups for fracture studies. We hypothesized that measurements made from radiographs of cadaveric proximal humeri are stronger predictors of fracture strength than chronological age or bone density values derived from dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. Thirty‐three proximal humeri (range: 39–78 years) were analyzed for: (1) bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) using DXA, (2) bulk density (g/cm3) using DXA and volume displacement, (3) regional bone density in millimeters of aluminum (mmAl) using radiographs, and (4) regional mean (medial+lateral) cortical thickness and cortical index (CI) using radiographs. The bones were then fractured simulating a fall. Strongest correlations with ultimate fracture load (UFL) were: mean cortical thickness at two diaphyseal locations (r = 0.71; p < 0.001), and mean mmAl in the humeral head (r = 0.70; p < 0.001). Weaker correlations were found between UFL and DXA‐BMD (r = 0.60), bulk density (r = 0.43), CI (r = 0.61), and age (r = −0.65) (p values <0.01). Analyses between UFL and the product of any two characteristics showed six combinations with r‐values >0.80, but none included DXA‐derived density, CI, or age. Radiographic morphometric and densitometric measurements from radiographs are therefore stronger predictors of UFL than age, CI, or DXA‐derived density measurements. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:331–341, 2016.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Derivatives of Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Starch
Authors: Othman Zainon , Hashim K. , Sabariah K. , Nasir M. H. Abd , Hassan A.
Published: July 2015

Synthesis of carboxymethyl starch (CMSS) from sago (Metroxylon sagu), an important agricultural commodity of Malaysia, was conducted in 30 L reactor vessel using isopropanol as the non‐aqueous medium. CMSS of degree of substitution (DS) 0.24, 0.40, 0.54 and 0.80 was prepared by varying the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide and sodium monochloroacetate to anhydroglucose units including reaction time. Substitution of the hydroxyl groups on the native starch with carboxymethyl group was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared. All prepared samples were water‐soluble at room temperature, producing high paste clarity. Carboxymethylation markedly reduced viscosity of CMSS compared to native sago. The particle size distribution also displayed increase in the granule size range compared to native sago. However X‐ray diffractometry of CMSS revealed loss of crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the granular smooth appearance of native starch was mostly distorted after carboxymethylation process at higher DS values. The synthesis of carboxymethyl sago starch with different degrees of substitution will add value to the sago industry as new functional biomaterial with potential application in the food and non‐food industry.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyurethane‐Modified Epoxy with Various Types of Polyol
Authors: Ghozali Muhammad , Triwulandari Evi , Haryono Agus
Published: July 2015

Polyurethane‐modified epoxy (PME) has been synthesized. Synthesis was conducted by reacting epoxy, isocyanate and polyol simultaneously. Reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with tolonate and polyol was conducted at 50 °C with dibutyltindilaurate as catalyst. The purpose of this research is to synthesis of polyurethane‐modified epoxy with the various types of polyol and to study the effect of its different types of polyol toward the characteristic of PME product. The various types of polyol used are acrylic polyol, 1,3‐propanediol and glycerol. Characterization of polyurethane‐modified epoxy has been done by determining residual isocyanate to calculate the isocyanate conversion. FTIR and 1H‐NMR were employed for the structure analysis. Study of mechanical properties was conducted tensile strength and elongation at break and the thermal stability was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result showed that epoxy modification using polyurethane without going through prepolymers polyurethane using various type of polyol stage improves the mechanical properties of epoxy and the thermal properties of PME from different type of polyol showed different thermal stability.
Psycho‐oncology and primary prevention in cancer control plans: an absent voice?
Authors: Dunn Jeff , Holland Jimmie , Hyde Melissa K. , Watson Maggie
Published: July 2015

Background

One third of cancer deaths are attributable to modifiable lifestyle, behaviour and psychosocial risk factors. Psycho‐oncology can contribute significantly to prevention initiatives such as those described in national cancer control plans (NCCPs), to reduce or eliminate these risk factors. However, the extent to which psycho‐oncology expertise has informed prevention objectives in plans is unclear.

Methods

Accordingly, 35 English language NCCPs were located via existing databases and were searched using Adobe text searches (‘psycho’, ‘social’, ‘behav’ and ‘intervention’) to identify (a) representations of psycho‐oncology, its dimensions (psychological, social and behavioural) and roles (e.g. psychologist); and (b) behaviour/lifestyle change interventions.

Results

A third of NCCPs included the term psycho‐ or psychosocial‐oncology; approximately half referred to a psycho‐oncology dimension regarding prevention and early detection and half included actions/objectives relating to health professionals and provision of psychosocial care. The majority of cancer plans included prevention outcomes and focussed primarily on smoking cessation and alcohol reduction. Interventions commonly proposed were education, regulation and service provision; however, many were aspirational statements of intent rather than specific interventions. Psycho‐oncology was represented in NCCPs but was limited in reference to prevention with few behavioural interventions utilised.

Conclusions

Psycho‐oncology input is needed to prescribe evidence‐based interventions in cancer plans that not only educate, regulate and provide resources but also motivate, empower and create a supportive normative environment for behaviour change. In this manuscript, and throughout this Special Issue on Cancer Prevention, important principles, ideas and evidence within psycho‐oncology are outlined which, if properly implemented, can help reduce the global cancer burden. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Band structure of the MoS2 bilayer with adsorbed and intercalated Na
Authors: Yakovkin I. N.
Published: July 2015

Density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the Na adsorption on the MoS2 (0001) surface, as well as Na intercalation into the space between MoS2 layers, transforms the semiconductor band structure of MoS2 into that of a metallic system. Intercalation is found to be energetically favorable, but it is prevented by a high energy barrier, which makes it improbable for a perfect surface. The band structure calculated for MoS2 bilayer with adsorbed Na is in good agreement with the bands observed by high‐resolution photoemission spectroscopy [Komesu et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 241602 (2014)], while the band structure of the bilayer with intercalated sodium is significantly different from that experimentally obtained. Thus, the present calculations confirm the absence of the Na penetration under the MoS2 surface and provide justification for the absence or presence of the intercalation of alkali metals by observing the evolution of the band structure.
Mouse genome annotation by the RefSeq project
Authors: McGarvey Kelly M. , Goldfarb Tamara , Cox Eric , Farrell Catherine M. , Gupta Tripti , Joardar Vinita S. , Kodali Vamsi K. , Murphy Michael R. , O’Leary Nuala A. , Pujar Shashikant , Rajput Bhanu , Rangwala Sanjida H. , Riddick Lillian D. , Webb David , Wright Mathew W. , Murphy Terence D. , Pruitt Kim D.
Published: July 2015

Complete and accurate annotation of the mouse genome is critical to the advancement of research conducted on this important model organism. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) develops and maintains many useful resources to assist the mouse research community. In particular, the reference sequence (RefSeq) database provides high-quality annotation of multiple mouse genome assemblies using a combinatorial approach that leverages computation, manual curation, and collaboration. Implementation of this conservative and rigorous approach, which focuses on representation of only full-length and non-redundant data, produces high-quality annotation products. RefSeq records explicitly link sequences to current knowledge in a timely manner, updating public records regularly and rapidly in response to nomenclature updates, addition of new relevant publications, collaborator discussion, and user feedback. Whole genome re-annotation is also conducted at least every 12–18 months, and often more frequently in response to assembly updates or availability of informative data. This article highlights key features and advantages of RefSeq genome annotation products and presents an overview of NCBI processes to generate these data. Further discussion of NCBI’s resources highlights useful features and the best methods for accessing our data.
Pigments for Aquaculture of Salmonids. A Comparative Model Study of Carophyll Pink and Panaferd AX in Cod Liver Oil
Authors: Østerlie Marianne , Lerfall Jørgen
Published: July 2015

As one of the key ingredients in feed for rearing salmon the stability of the synthetic feed pigment Carophyll Pink® (CP) and the natural pigment Panaferd‐AX® (PAN) in pure cod liver oil were investigated. As reference, pure cod liver oil without added carotenoids was used (PURE). Carotenoid content, isomerization of astaxanthin in CP and distribution of carotenoids in PAN and the antioxidant ability of CP and PAN were followed by HPLC in two model experiments (Experiment 1: 17 days, temperature 18.5–28.2 °C, and Experiment 2: 15 days, temperature 29.7 °C). Moreover, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric value (TBARS) and fatty acid (FA) compositions were analyzed in CP, PAN and PURE. Relative to cod liver oil with added PAN, addition of CP resulted in significantly higher stability of ∑PUFA, slower formation of peroxides, reduced oxidation and increased carotenoid stability during storage. For the isomerization of astaxanthin in CP a significantly decrease in all‐E‐astaxanthin and an increase in 13Z‐astaxanthin was observed during storage in both experiments. Highest stability of different carotenoids in PAN were found for the carotenoid β‐carotene in both experiments, followed by echinenone and astaxanthin in Experiment 1 and astaxanthin, adonirubin and adonixanthin in Experiment 2. It is concluded that the synthetic pigment feed additive CP significantly improves the stability of cod liver oil as compared to the natural pigment feed additive PAN (order of stability; CP > PAN > PURE).
Lacunarity, lexicography and beyond
Authors: Szerszunowicz Joanna
Published: July 2015

The paper discusses the integration of presenting theoretical linguocultural knowledge and developing dictionary skills in advanced students of a foreign language. The proposed approach allows showing students the interdisciplinary character of various issues, one of which is cross-linguistic lacunarity. It is given as an example of a phenomenon, whose introduction can be combined with the development of students’ dictionary use abilities. Lacunarity consists in the lack of some source language elements in the target language. Two main kinds of lacunae are distinguished: linguistic and referential ones. The focal issue of the paper is how the information on the lacunary character of words can be presented to advanced students of English as a foreign language, in this paper Polish learners, so that they could consider the phenomenon in terms of bilingual lexicography: first, becoming aware of the specifics of their description; second, practising their dictionary skills by analysing entries for selected lacunary lexical and phraseological units; third, combining the information and skills in doing creative tasks, related to lacunarity and its bilingual lexicographic descriptions. Furthermore, additional activities are proposed for revising the acquired knowledge on lacunarity and advancing dictionary use. Offering students tasks, which require them to adopt a different perspective, aims to increase their involvement in the learning process and to foster their autonomy as learners. Encouraging learners to reflect on lacunae and their lexicographic description is expected to familiarize them with the phenomenon and simultaneously to develop their dictionary skills by doing especially designed activities.
Russula subnigricans Poisoning: From Gastrointestinal Symptoms to Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Lin Shide , Mu Maoyuan , Yang Fangwan , Yang Chunfei
Published: July 2015

Wild mushroom poisoning is often reported to cause acute liver or renal failure. However, acute rhabdomyolysis caused by wild mushroom poisoning has rarely been reported. We describe 7 patients of 1 family with Russula subnigricans Hongo poisoning. Their clinical manifestations varied from gastrointestinal symptoms to rhabdomyolysis, with 1 fatality. Our report provides supporting evidence that rhabdomyolysis may result from ingestion of R subnigricans mushrooms. A key to survival for patients with rhabdomyolysis caused by R subnigricans poisoning may be early recognition and intensive supportive care.
IN DEFENSE OF SUBJECT-SENSITIVE INVARIANTISM
Authors: Kim Brian
Published: July 2015

Keith DeRose has argued that the two main problems facing subject-sensitive invariantism (SSI) come from the appropriateness of certain third-person denials of knowledge and the inappropriateness ofnow you know it, now you don'tclaims. I argue that proponents of SSI can adequately address both problems. First, I argue that the debate between contextualism and SSI has failed to account for an important pragmatic feature of third-person denials of knowledge. Appealing to these pragmatic features, I show that straightforward third-person denials are inappropriate in the relevant cases. And while there are certain denials that are appropriate, they pose no problems for SSI. Next, I offer an explanation, compatible with SSI, of the oddity ofnow you know it, now you don'tclaims. To conclude, I discuss the intuitiveness of purism, whose rejection is the source of many problems for SSI. I propose to explain away the intuitiveness of purism as a side-effect of the narrow focus of previous epistemological inquiries.
JACK–LAURENT SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR SPECIAL VALUES OF PARAMETERS
Authors: SERGEEV A. N. , VESELOV A. P.
Published: July 2015

We consider the Jack–Laurent symmetric functions for special values of parametersp0=n+k−1m, wherekis not rational andmandnare natural numbers. In general, the coefficients of such functions may have poles at these values ofp0. The action of the corresponding algebra of quantum Calogero–Moser integrals$\mathcal{D}$(k,p0) on the space of Laurent symmetric functions defines the decomposition into generalised eigenspaces. We construct a basis in each generalised eigenspace as certain linear combinations of the Jack–Laurent symmetric functions, which are regular atp0=n+k−1m, and describe the action of$\mathcal{D}$(k,p0) in these eigenspaces.
Human papillomavirus type-18 prevalence in oesophageal cancer in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis
Authors: GUO L. W. , ZHANG S. K. , LIU S. Z. , CHEN Q. , ZHANG M. , QUAN P. L. , LU J. B. , SUN X. B.
Published: July 2015

Globally, the prevalence of oesophageal cancer cases is particularly high in China. Since 1982, oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) has been hypothesized as a risk factor for oesophageal cancer, but no firm evidence of HPV infection in oesophageal cancer has been established to date. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to estimate the high-risk HPV-18 prevalence of oesophageal cancer in the Chinese population. Eligible studies published from 1 January 2005 to 12 July 2014 were retrieved via computer searches of English and Chinese literature databases (including Medline, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform). A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 2556 oesophageal cancer cases from 19 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled HPV-18 prevalence in oesophageal cancer cases was 4·1% (95% CI 2·7–5·5) in China, 6·1% (95% CI 2·9–9·3) in fresh or frozen biopsies and 4·0% (95% CI 2·3–5·8) in paraffin-embedded fixed biopsies, 8·2% (95% CI 4·6–11·7) by the E6/E7 region and 2·2% (95% CI 0·9–3·6) by the L1 region of the HPV gene. This meta-analysis indicated that China has a moderate HPV-18 prevalence of oesophageal cancer compared to cervical cancer, although there is variation between different variables. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of HPV in oesophagus carcinogenesis with careful consideration of study design and laboratory detection method, providing more accurate assessment of HPV status in oesophageal cancer.
Genetic diversity of safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.) germplasm as revealed by SSR markers
Authors: Usha Kiran B. , Mukta N. , Kadirvel P. , Alivelu K. , Senthilvel S. , Kishore P. , Varaprasad K. S.
Published: July 2015

Safflower is a multi-purpose oilseed crop, primarily known for good quality oil containing highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content (>80%) among edible oils. In this study, a core subset of 148 safflower accessions representing 15 countries, predominantly of Indian origin, was evaluated for agronomic traits and characterized for genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) using 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci across 11 linkage groups to enable its utilization in breeding and genetic mapping purposes. The collection had substantial variation for seed yield-related traits. SSR allelic variation was low as indicated by average number of alleles (3.6) per locus, gene diversity (0.314) and polymorphism information content (0.284). Cluster analysis (neighbour-joining tree) revealed five major genotypic groups with very low bootstrap support. STRUCTURE analysis showed recognizable population structure; based on membership coefficients ( ≥ 0.75), 52% accessions were classified into four populations (K= 4) and the remaining 48% accessions into admixture group. HighFstvalues (0.30–0.48) suggested that the populations were substantially differentiated. Analysis of molecular variance results showed that maximum of genetic variation (85%) was explained between individuals within the population suggesting that the population structure was only weak. About 1.9% of SSR locus pairs were in LD, which appeared to be low. High phenotypic variation, mild population structure and low level of LD among unlinked loci suggested that the core subset can be explored for association mapping of seed yield components in safflower.
Pill-millipedes (Arthrosphaera: Sphaerotheriida) of the Western Ghats: a future source of antioxidants?
Authors: Ambarish Cheviri Nair , Sridhar Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: July 2015

Along with plant sources, arthropods (such as millipedes) are also known for their antioxidant activities that can help combat human ailments. Therefore, methanolic extracts of males and females of two endemic giant pill-millipedes of the Western Ghats (Arthrosphaera fumosaPocock andArthrosphaera magnaAttems) were evaluated for antioxidant potential. The bioactive principles and activities assessed were total phenolics, total antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelation, reducing power and hydrogen peroxidase scavenging. Significant differences were shown between the two species, the sexes and the sexes within millipede species in total antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelation. Total phenolics and EC50of DPPH radical scavenging activity differed significantly only between species and the sexes. This study clearly demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extract ofArthrosphaeraspp. is comparable to the ascorbic acid standard and possesses potential scavenging ability against reactive oxygen species generated during oxidative stress.
Infestation by Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and incidence of whitefly-transmitted viruses after the application of four biorational insecticides in some crops in Egypt
Authors: Abd-Rabou Shaaban , Simmons Alvin M.
Published: July 2015

Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) is a global insect pest that transmits many important plant viruses. A field study was conducted on infestation byB. tabaciand incidence of whitefly-transmitted viruses after the application of selected foliar and seed-treated biorational insecticides in seven vegetable and row crops in Egypt. Three foliar insecticides (Actara, Biofly and Neemix) and a treated check (Actellic) were assayed across three weeks on seedlings and mature plants, and two seed-treated insecticides (Actara and Gaucho) and a treated check (Aldicarb) were assayed on seedlings. All of the foliar insecticides led to 60–100% reductions in whitefly infestations in each crop. Biofly and Neemix were the least efficacious insecticides. Incidences of whitefly-transmitted viruses were reduced in each insecticide-treated plot with seedlings of four crops; however, no effect on virus incidence was observed in the experiment with mature plants. Crops of cucumber, eggplant, squash and tomato displayed symptoms characteristic ofCucumber vein yellowing virus,Squash leaf curl virusorTomato yellow leaf curl virus; however, no symptoms of whitefly-transmitted viruses were observed in green bean, potato or sugar beet. The results show that several biorational insecticides may suppress whitefly populations in seedlings to delay whitefly-transmitted viruses in some vegetable crops in Egypt.
Tunable Fermi level and hedgehog spin texture in gapped graphene
Authors: Varykhalov A. , Sánchez-Barriga J. , Marchenko D. , Hlawenka P. , Mandal P. S. , Rader O.
Published: July 2015

Spin and pseudospin in graphene are known to interact under enhanced spin–orbit interaction giving rise to an in-plane Rashba spin texture. Here we show that Au-intercalated graphene on Fe(110) displays a large (∼230 meV) bandgap with out-of-plane hedgehog-type spin reorientation around the gapped Dirac point. We identify two causes responsible. First, a giant Rashba effect (∼70 meV splitting) away from the Dirac point and, second, the breaking of the six-fold graphene symmetry at the interface. This is demonstrated by a strong one-dimensional anisotropy of the graphene dispersion imposed by the two-fold-symmetric (110) substrate. Surprisingly, the graphene Fermi level is systematically tuned by the Au concentration and can be moved into the bandgap. We conclude that the out-of-plane spin texture is not only of fundamental interest but can be tuned at the Fermi level as a model for electrical gating of spin in a spintronic device.