bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond implementation: Uncovering the parallels between de-implementation and antimicrobial stewardship
Authors: Advani Sonali D. , McKay Virginia
Published: April 2023

De-implementation is defined as the process of discontinuing, removing, reducing, or replacing a harmful, ineffective, or low-value clinical practice or intervention. The goal of de-implementation strategies is to minimize patient harm, maximize use of resources, and reduce healthcare costs and inequities. Both antibiotic and diagnostic stewardship programs focus on reducing low-value interventions (tests or antimicrobials). Stewardship interventions commonly involve de-implementation and deprescribing strategies. This commentary explores unique aspects of deimplementing low-value testing and unnecessary antimicrobial use, similarities between de-implementation and stewardship approaches, multilevel factors that impact de-implementation, and opportunities for future research.
Immigration, job vacancies, and Beveridge Curve: Evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey
Authors: Begen Nazire , Mercan Murat A. , Barlin Hande
Published: April 2023

This study investigates the impact of the massive and unexpected influx of Syrian refugees on the job vacancy rates (JVRs) and job-finding rates (JFRs) in Turkey between 2009–2015 and 2009–2018. We employed the instrumental variable approach to address potential endogeneity issues. While we found no significant causal impact of the Syrian refugees on JVR, they decreased JFR between 2009 and 2018. A reduction in JFR indicates that the Beveridge Curve shifted inwards, thereby raising matching efficiency and facilitating an improvement in labour market conditions. Furthermore, our research indicated differences in coefficients and significance in JVR and JFR across occupations, as well as different effects in these areas between the short and long term. However, the results demonstrate that the rapid and unexpected influx of Syrian refugees alleviated JVR and JFR in most of the occupation groups.
Segregated mobility patterns amplify neighborhood disparities in the spread of COVID-19
Authors: Gyorgy Andras , Marlow Thomas , Abrahao Bruno , Makovi Kinga
Published: April 2023

The global and uneven spread of COVID-19, mirrored at the local scale, reveals stark differences along racial and ethnic lines. We respond to the pressing need to understand these divergent outcomes via neighborhood level analysis of mobility and case count information. Using data from Chicago over 2020, we leverage a metapopulation Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed model to reconstruct and simulate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 at the ZIP Code level. We demonstrate that exposures are mostly contained within one’s own ZIP Code and demographic group. Building on this observation, we illustrate that we can understand epidemic progression using a composite metric combining the volume of mobility and the risk that each trip represents, while separately these factors fail to explain the observed heterogeneity in neighborhood level outcomes. Having established this result, we next uncover how group level differences in these factors give rise to disparities in case rates along racial and ethnic lines. Following this, we ask what-if questions to quantify how segregation impacts COVID-19 case rates via altering mobility patterns. We find that segregation in the mobility network has contributed to inequality in case rates across demographic groups.
Fitting and evaluating univariate and multivariate models of within-lineage evolution
Authors: Voje Kjetil Lysne
Published: April 2023

The nature of phenotypic evolution within lineages is central to many unresolved questions in paleontology and evolutionary biology. Analyses of evolutionary time series of ancestor–descendant populations in the fossil record are likely to make important contributions to many of these debates. However, the limited number of models that have been applied to these types of data may restrict our ability to interpret phenotypic evolution in the fossil record. Using uni- and multivariate models of trait evolution that make different assumptions regarding the dynamics of the adaptive landscape, I evaluate contrasting hypotheses to explain evolution of size in the radiolarianEucyrtidium calvertenseand armor in the sticklebackGasterosteus doryssus. Body-size evolution inE. calvertenseis best explained by a model in which the lineage evolves as a consequence of a shift in the adaptive landscape that coincides with the initiation of neosympatry with its sister lineage. Multivariate evolution of armor traits in a stickleback lineage (G. doryssus) shows evidence of adaptation toward independent optima on the adaptive landscape at the same time as traits change in a correlated fashion. The fitted models are available in the R package evoTS, which builds on the paleoTS framework.
Antisemitic Attitudes among Young Black and Hispanic Americans
Authors: Hersh Eitan , Royden Laura
Published: April 2023

Prior research has shown that racial minority groups are more likely than Whites to hold negative views of Jews. We discuss several theories that may explain this phenomenon, including group competition, anti-White attitudes manifesting as antisemitism, spillover from anti-Israel attitudes, and more. Some theories, especially those developed in the mid-20th century, may be less applicable today, particularly to young adults. Through an original survey of 3,500 Americans, including an oversample of 18–30 year olds, we discover that antisemitic views remain far more common among minorities than Whites, especially among young people. However, the racial differences do not seem to be explained by common theories cited and explored in prior literature. But with Black and Hispanic Americans agreeing with antisemitic statements at similar levels as White alt-right identifiers in our sample, our findings call for renewed interest in the topic of race and antisemitism.
Application scope of the reductive perturbation method to derive the KdV equation and CKdV equation in dusty plasma
Authors: Zhang Heng , Chen Yu-Xi , Wei Lin , Wang Fang-Ping , Zhang Wei-Ping , Duan Wen-Shan
Published: April 2023

The application scopes of two different reductive perturbation methods to derive the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation and coupled KdV (CKdV) equation in two-temperature-ion dusty plasma are given by using the particle-in-cell (PIC) numerical method in the present paper. It suggests that the reductive perturbation method (RPM) is valid if the amplitude of the CKdV solitary wave is small enough. However, for the KdV solitary wave, RPM is valid not only if the amplitude of the KdV solitary wave is small enough, but also if the nonlinear coefficient of the KdV equation is not tending to zero.
Mechanical Harvesting, Globalization, and the Fate of Citrus Farmworkers in Florida and São Paulo, 1965–1985
Authors: Orr Terrell James
Published: April 2023

This paper explores an obsolescence of labor that did not take place. In the 1960s, Florida's citrus growers appeared poised to accompany farmers across the South in pursuing a strategy of agricultural modernization that would mechanize their harvesting labor, rendering obsolete the thirty thousand Black and white farmworkers who harvested the orange crop. Their efforts were coordinated by the Florida Citrus Commission's Harvesting Research and Development Committee (HRDC), a rotating group of growers, trade association representatives, researchers, and engineers, who were confident that mechanization was within their grasp. But two decades later, every Florida orange was harvested by hand and HRDC's funding had been gutted. Why did growers think that mechanizing harvesting labor was both necessary and imminent? And then why, within only two decades, did they make such an about-face, largely abandoning the project of mechanization? The answer, I argue, lies in the particularities of the citrus industry's experience of globalization. At the level of capital, Florida's growers were caught flat-footed by competition from the nascent citrus industry of the State of São Paulo, Brazil; and at the level of labor, immigrants from Mexico, Guatemala, and Haiti swelled the ranks of available workers. The narrative moves between Florida and São Paulo, examining the efforts of growers to control, monitor, and replace farmworkers, and farmworkers’ response, with the efforts and commentary of the HRDC providing the unifying thread. The argument is shown to bear on (1) the historiography of the South's agricultural modernization and (2) the historiography of the South's globalization (the “Nuevo South”), showing that it is necessary to join these two rarely connected historiographies to understand Florida's citrus industry, whose mechanization efforts spanned the 1960s histories of agricultural modernization and the 1980s histories of globalization.
Peter Manning 1948–2022
Authors: Clarke Michael , Dufeu Frédéric , Truax Barry
Published: April 2023

Peter Manning first established an international reputation with his book Electronic and Computer Music, originally published by Oxford University Press in 1985 and now in its fourth edition (Manning 2004). The book presents a detailed account of the technical and creative evolution of electronic music from its earliest days. Starting from Thaddeus Cahill’s 1897 patent application for the Dynamophone, it traces developments in North America and Europe and discusses a range of analogue techniques including tape manipulation and voltage-controlled synthesisers. Later chapters consider the digital revolution that followed, including developments in MIDI and digital workstations. In later editions, the sections on computer music were significantly revised and expanded to reflect the major and rapid transformation of the field. A distinctive feature of the book is the way it combines detailed historical information and thorough explanations of technical developments, often clarified by use of explanatory diagrams, with insightful accounts of the musical repertoire produced using this technology. The book was derived from Peter’s PhD thesis at Durham University in which he surveyed and analysed numerous contemporaneous texts documenting developments in minute detail.
Troubles in Mars Ionosphere Modeling
Authors: Withers Paul
Published: April 2023

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft has acquired comprehensive measurements of the properties that determine the density and composition of the ionosphere of Mars, namely solar irradiance, thermospheric density and composition, and electron temperature. Ionospheric models that use these measured properties as inputs ought, in principle, to accurately reproduce corresponding MAVEN measurements of ionospheric density and composition. Here we test whether or not several Mars ionosphere models do so. We focus on the optically thin portion of the photochemical equilibrium region of the dayside ionosphere, 160–200 km altitude, where ionospheric modeling is most straight‐forward. The predictions of Fox et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114186) clearly delivered better model‐data agreement than the other models considered herein, although the model of Mayyasi et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ja026481) also performed well. For the other models assessed herein, model‐data discrepancies in ion densities of at least a factor of two were present in at least one major ion species.
Linking Dissolved Organic Matter to CO2 and CH4 Concentrations in Canadian and Chilean Peatland Pools
Authors: Hassan Mahmud , Talbot Julie , Arsenault Julien , Martinez‐Cruz Karla , Sepulveda‐Jauregui Armando , Hoyos‐Santillan Jorge , Lapierre Jean‐François
Published: April 2023

Peatland open‐water pools can be net carbon (C) emitters within heterogeneous peatland ecosystems that are generally net C sinks. However, the intra‐ and inter‐regional patterns and drivers of CO2 and CH4 production, as well as their link with dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality and quantity, remain poorly understood. We analyzed a range of optical characteristics and chemical variables controlling DOM and CO2 and CH4 concentrations in peatland pools across two regions with contrasting geographical properties (i.e., climate, topography, morphometry, and vegetation cover) of eastern Canada and Chilean Patagonia. We found inter‐regional patterns in CO2, CH4 and DOM concentrations and composition that were coherent with patterns in mean annual temperature and precipitation, and vegetation cover. Cross‐regional patterns of CO2 and CH4 were driven by morphometry, vegetation cover, and protein‐like DOM composition, a proxy of high biological activity, whereas temporal variations of CO2 and CH4 concentrations were further influenced by seasonal changes in humic‐like DOM composition, dissolved organic carbon and nutrients (i.e., total phosphorus and total nitrogen) concentrations, as well as pH and oxygen levels. Our results suggest that geophysical constraints associated with local peat and pool characteristics as well as climate patterns are major drivers of DOM and greenhouse gases concentrations and the links between them in broadly distributed peatland pools.
Heat Waves Can Cause Hypoxia in Shallow Lakes
Authors: Shinohara Ryuichiro , Matsuzaki Shin‐Ichiro S. , Watanabe Mirai , Nakagawa Megumi , Yoshida Hajime , Kohzu Ayato
Published: April 2023

We assessed how warm air temperatures, high solar radiation, and weak wind speeds might induce hypoxia in a shallow lake during a heat wave. We simulated bottom‐water dissolved oxygen concentrations and compared concentrations in 2022 with the average for the previous 30 years. We found that hypoxia was most sensitive to wind speeds. When the wind speed was low, convection was insufficient to prevent hypoxia, but there was no hypoxia if the wind speed equaled the average speed during the previous 30 years. However, if solar radiation and air temperatures equaled the respective averages during the previous 30 years, hypoxia did not occur, even if wind speeds were low. We conclude that the combined effects of weak winds and either high solar radiation or air temperatures induced hypoxia during the heat wave of 2022.
Shining a Spotlight on Our 2022 Reviewers for JGR: Biogeosciences
Authors: Huntzinger Deborah , Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Desai Ankur R. , Xenopoulos Marguerite A.
Published: April 2023

The editorial team at JGR: Biogeosciences would like to extend thanks to the 2022 reviewers who offered their time and expertise to help make decisions and improve our papers.
Health-related quality of life of patients with resistant/intolerant chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia treated with asciminib or bosutinib in the phase 3 ASCEMBL trial
Authors: Réa Delphine , Boquimpani Carla , Mauro Michael J. , Minami Yosuke , Allepuz Alex , Maheshwari Vikalp Kumar , D’Alessio Denise , Wu Ying , Lawrance Rachael , Narbutas Sarunas , Sharf Giora , Hochhaus Andreas
Published: April 2023

In ASCEMBL, an open-label, randomized Phase 3 study, asciminib demonstrated superior efficacy and better safety profile compared with bosutinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) previously treated with ≥2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) reported by patients is key to understanding the benefit and impact of treatment on patients’ lives, and is becoming increasingly important as the life expectancy of CML-CP patients increases and patients require long-term treatment. In ASCEMBL, patients completed questionnaires to assess CML symptoms and interference with daily life (M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory – CML [MDASI-CML]), general HRQOL (five-level EQ-5D [EQ-5D-5L], Patient Global Impression of Change – CML [PGIC-CML]), and impact of CML on working life and activity (Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire – CML [WPAI-CML]). Patients’ CML symptoms and HRQOL remained stable during 48 weeks of treatment with asciminib, with a general trend for decreased CML symptom severity, particularly for fatigue, and improvement in HRQOL. A clinically meaningful increase in diarrhea severity was observed in patients treated with bosutinib compared to asciminib. These data provide better understanding of the patient perspective and treatment impact on HRQOL in a later-line setting, where little information has been published to date.
Lycium barbarum glycopeptide targets PER2 to inhibit lipogenesis in glioblastoma by downregulating SREBP1c
Authors: Yao Jian , Hui Jian-wen , Chen Yan-jun , Luo Dong-yang , Yan Jiang-shu , Zhang Yi-fan , Lan Yuan-xiang , Yan Xiu-rui , Wang Zhi-hua , Fan Heng , Xia He-chun
Published: April 2023

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is a substance with various biological activities extracted from Lycium barbarum. LbGPs are peptidoglycans with a short peptide backbone and a complex, branched glycan moiety, which is further extracted and isolated from LBPs. Previous studies have shown that LbGP can inhibit cancer cell growth, but its specific mechanism is not completely clear. In this study, we found that LbGP could inhibit the proliferation of glioma cells and promote the expression of period 2 (PER2) through the PKA-CREB pathway. In addition, LbGP could inhibit the de novo synthesis of lipids by downregulating SREBP1c and its target genes, which depended on the expression of PER2. Moreover, PER2 negatively regulated the expression of SREBP1c via suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In summary, LbGP may upregulate the expression of PER2 to reduce the expression of SREBP1c, inhibit lipid synthesis in glioblastoma, and inhibit glioblastoma cell proliferation. This study provides an alternative drug for the treatment of glioma and elucidates its potential mechanism.
Aflibercept monotherapy versus aflibercept with targeted retinal laser to peripheral retinal ischemia for diabetic macular oedema (LADAMO)
Authors: Cornish E. E. , Wickremasinghe S. , Mehta H. , Lim L. , Sandhu S. S. , Nguyen V. , Gillies M. C. , Fraser-Bell S.
Published: April 2023

Objective

We tested the hypothesis that targeted retinal laser photocoagulation (TPRP) to peripheral retinal ischaemia reduces the overall burden of aflibercept injections when treating diabetic macular oedema (DMO) over a 24-month period.

Methods

Prospective, double-masked, multicentre, randomised controlled trial in Australia comparing aflibercept monotherapy, following a treat-and-extend protocol, or combination therapy of aflibercept and TPRP for DMO. The aflibercept monotherapy group received placebo laser. The primary outcome measure was the mean number of intravitreal aflibercept injections for each group at 24 months. Secondary outcome included: mean change in central macular thickness (CMT) and vision at trial completion, the proportion of eyes whose DMO resolved and the mean injection treatment interval. Ocular and systemic adverse events were recorded.

Results

We enrolled 48 eyes of 47 patients; 27 eyes were randomised to combination therapy (aflibercept and TPRP) and 21 to aflibercept monotherapy. Thirty-two eyes (67%) completed the 2-year study. The number of intravitreal treatments given were similar for combination therapy (10.5 (SD 5.8) and monotherapy (11.8 (SD5.6)) (P = 0.44). The mean visual improvement (+4.0 (−1.8, 9.8) and +7.8 (2.6, 12.9) letters, P = 0.32), mean decrease in CMT (−154 (−222,−87) µm and −152 (−218,−86) µm, P = 0.96), proportion of eyes with CMT < 300 µm (48% and 67%; P = 0.50) and safety outcomes were similar in both the combination and monotherapy treatment groups (respectively).

Conclusions

Laser to areas of ischaemic peripheral retina does not reduce the burden of intravitreal aflibercept injections when treating diabetic macular oedema.
Prognostic significance of HER2-low status in HR-positive/HER2-negative advanced breast cancer treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors
Authors: Zattarin Emma , Presti Daniele , Mariani Luigi , Sposetti Caterina , Leporati Rita , Menichetti Alice , Corti Chiara , Benvenuti Chiara , Fucà Giovanni , Lobefaro Riccardo , Ligorio Francesca , Provenzano Leonardo , Vingiani Andrea , Del Vecchio Marta , Griguolo Gaia , Sirico Marianna , Bernocchi Ottavia , Marra Antonio , Zagami Paola , Agostinetto Elisa , Jacobs Flavia , Di Mauro Pierluigi , Esposito Andrea , Giorgi Carlo Alberto , Lalli Luca , Boldrini Laura , Giacchetti Pier Paolo Berton , Schianca Ambra Carnevale , Guarneri Valentina , Pedersini Rebecca , Losurdo Agnese , Zambelli Alberto , Generali Daniele , Criscitiello Carmen , Curigliano Giuseppe , Pruneri Giancarlo , de Braud Filippo , Dieci Maria Vittoria , Vernieri Claudio
Published: April 2023

Whether Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-low status has prognostic significance in HR + /HER2- advanced Breast Cancer (aBC) patients treated with first-line Endocrine Therapy plus CDK 4/6 inhibitors remains unclear. In 428 patients evaluated, HER2-low status was independently associated with significantly worse PFS and OS when compared with HER2-0 status. Based on our findings, HER2-low status could become a new prognostic biomarker in this clinical setting.
The effect of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease reflected in EEG microstates
Authors: Lamoš Martin , Bočková Martina , Goldemundová Sabina , Baláž Marek , Chrastina Jan , Rektor Ivan
Published: April 2023

Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on cortical networks were explored mainly by fMRI. Advanced analysis of high-density EEG is a source of additional information and may provide clinically useful biomarkers. The presented study evaluates EEG microstates in Parkinson’s disease and the effect of DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The association between revealed spatiotemporal dynamics of brain networks and changes in oscillatory activity and clinical examination were assessed. Thirty-seven patients with Parkinson’s disease treated by STN-DBS underwent two sessions (OFF and ON stimulation conditions) of resting-state EEG. EEG microstates were analyzed in patient recordings and in a matched healthy control dataset. Microstate parameters were then compared across groups and were correlated with clinical and neuropsychological scores. Of the five revealed microstates, two differed between Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy controls. Another microstate differed between ON and OFF stimulation conditions in the patient group and restored parameters in the ON stimulation state toward to healthy values. The mean beta power of that microstate was the highest in patients during the OFF stimulation condition and the lowest in healthy controls; sources were localized mainly in the supplementary motor area. Changes in microstate parameters correlated with UPDRS and neuropsychological scores. Disease specific alterations in the spatiotemporal dynamics of large-scale brain networks can be described by EEG microstates. The approach can reveal changes reflecting the effect of DBS on PD motor symptoms as well as changes probably related to non-motor symptoms not influenced by DBS.
Genetically encoded barcodes for correlative volume electron microscopy
Authors: Sigmund Felix , Berezin Oleksandr , Beliakova Sofia , Magerl Bernhard , Drawitsch Martin , Piovesan Alberto , Gonçalves Filipa , Bodea Silviu-Vasile , Winkler Stefanie , Bousraou Zoe , Grosshauser Martin , Samara Eleni , Pujol-Martí Jesús , Schädler Sebastian , So Chun , Irsen Stephan , Walch Axel , Kofler Florian , Piraud Marie , Kornfeld Joergen , Briggman Kevin , Westmeyer Gil Gregor
Published: April 2023

While genetically encoded reporters are common for fluorescence microscopy, equivalent multiplexable gene reporters for electron microscopy (EM) are still scarce. Here, by installing a variable number of fixation-stable metal-interacting moieties in the lumen of encapsulin nanocompartments of different sizes, we developed a suite of spherically symmetric and concentric barcodes (EMcapsulins) that are readable by standard EM techniques. Six classes of EMcapsulins could be automatically segmented and differentiated. The coding capacity was further increased by arranging several EMcapsulins into distinct patterns via a set of rigid spacers of variable length. Fluorescent EMcapsulins were expressed to monitor subcellular structures in light and EM. Neuronal expression in Drosophila and mouse brains enabled the automatic identification of genetically defined cells in EM. EMcapsulins are compatible with transmission EM, scanning EM and focused ion beam scanning EM. The expandable palette of genetically controlled EM-readable barcodes can augment anatomical EM images with multiplexed gene expression maps.
Genomics of perivascular space burden unravels early mechanisms of cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Duperron Marie-Gabrielle , Knol Maria J. , Le Grand Quentin , Evans Tavia E. , Mishra Aniket , Tsuchida Ami , Roshchupkin Gennady , Konuma Takahiro , Trégouët David-Alexandre , Romero Jose Rafael , Frenzel Stefan , Luciano Michelle , Hofer Edith , Bourgey Mathieu , Dueker Nicole D. , Delgado Pilar , Hilal Saima , Tankard Rick M. , Dubost Florian , Shin Jean , Saba Yasaman , Armstrong Nicola J. , Bordes Constance , Bastin Mark E. , Beiser Alexa , Brodaty Henry , Bülow Robin , Carrera Caty , Chen Christopher , Cheng Ching-Yu , Deary Ian J. , Gampawar Piyush G. , Himali Jayandra J. , Jiang Jiyang , Kawaguchi Takahisa , Li Shuo , Macalli Melissa , Marquis Pascale , Morris Zoe , Muñoz Maniega Susana , Miyamoto Susumu , Okawa Masakazu , Paradise Matthew , Parva Pedram , Rundek Tatjana , Sargurupremraj Muralidharan , Schilling Sabrina , Setoh Kazuya , Soukarieh Omar , Tabara Yasuharu , Teumer Alexander , Thalamuthu Anbupalam , Trollor Julian N. , Valdés Hernández Maria C. , Vernooij Meike W. , Völker Uwe , Wittfeld Katharina , Wong Tien Yin , Wright Margaret J. , Zhang Junyi , Zhao Wanting , Zhu Yi-Cheng , Schmidt Helena , Sachdev Perminder S. , Wen Wei , Yoshida Kazumichi , Joutel Anne , Satizabal Claudia L. , Sacco Ralph L. , Bourque Guillaume ,   the CHARGE consortium, Le Grand Quentin , Lathrop Mark , Paus Tomas , Fernandez-Cadenas Israel , Yang Qiong , Mazoyer Bernard , Boutinaud Philippe , Okada Yukinori , Grabe Hans J. , Mather Karen A. , Schmidt Reinhold , Joliot Marc , Ikram M. Arfan , Matsuda Fumihiko , Tzourio Christophe , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Seshadri Sudha , Adams Hieab H. H. , Debette Stéphanie
Published: April 2023

Perivascular space (PVS) burden is an emerging, poorly understood, magnetic resonance imaging marker of cerebral small vessel disease, a leading cause of stroke and dementia. Genome-wide association studies in up to 40,095 participants (18 population-based cohorts, 66.3 ± 8.6 yr, 96.9% European ancestry) revealed 24 genome-wide significant PVS risk loci, mainly in the white matter. These were associated with white matter PVS already in young adults (N = 1,748; 22.1 ± 2.3 yr) and were enriched in early-onset leukodystrophy genes and genes expressed in fetal brain endothelial cells, suggesting early-life mechanisms. In total, 53% of white matter PVS risk loci showed nominally significant associations (27% after multiple-testing correction) in a Japanese population-based cohort (N = 2,862; 68.3 ± 5.3 yr). Mendelian randomization supported causal associations of high blood pressure with basal ganglia and hippocampal PVS, and of basal ganglia PVS and hippocampal PVS with stroke, accounting for blood pressure. Our findings provide insight into the biology of PVS and cerebral small vessel disease, pointing to pathways involving extracellular matrix, membrane transport and developmental processes, and the potential for genetically informed prioritization of drug targets.
CarbonMonitor-Power near-real-time monitoring of global power generation on hourly to daily scales
Authors: Zhu Biqing , Deng Zhu , Song Xuanren , Zhao Wenli , Huo Da , Sun Taochun , Ke Piyu , Cui Duo , Lu Chenxi , Zhong Haiwang , Hong Chaopeng , Qiu Jian , Davis Steven J. , Gentine Pierre , Ciais Philippe , Liu Zhu
Published: April 2023

We constructed a frequently updated, near-real-time global power generation dataset: CarbonMonitor-Power since January, 2016 at national levels with near-global coverage and hourly-to-daily time resolution. The data presented here are collected from 37 countries across all continents for eight source groups, including three types of fossil sources (coal, gas, and oil), nuclear energy and four groups of renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy and other renewables including biomass, geothermal, etc.). The global near-real-time power dataset shows the dynamics of the global power system, including its hourly, daily, weekly and seasonal patterns as influenced by daily periodical activities, weekends, seasonal cycles, regular and irregular events (i.e., holidays) and extreme events (i.e., the COVID-19 pandemic). The CarbonMonitor-Power dataset reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic caused strong disruptions in some countries (i.e., China and India), leading to a temporary or long-lasting shift to low carbon intensity, while it had only little impact in some other countries (i.e., Australia). This dataset offers a large range of opportunities for power-related scientific research and policy-making.
Building a second-opinion tool for classical polygraph
Authors: Asonov Dmitri , Krylov Maksim , Omelyusik Vladimir , Ryabikina Anastasiya , Litvinov Evgeny , Mitrofanov Maksim , Mikhailov Maksim , Efimov Albert
Published: April 2023

Classical polygraph screenings are routinely used by critical businesses such as banking, law enforcement agencies, and federal governments. A major concern of scientific communities is that screenings are prone to errors. However, screening errors are not only due to the method, but also due to human (polygraph examiner) error. Here we show application of machine learning (ML) to detect examiner errors. From an ML perspective, we trained an error detection model in the absence of labeled errors. From a practical perspective, we devised and tested successfully a second-opinion tool to find human errors in examiners’ conclusions, thus reducing subjectivity of polygraph screenings. We report novel features that uplift the model’s accuracy, and experimental results on whether people lie differently on different topics. We anticipate our results to be a step towards rethinking classical polygraph practices.
Source connectivity patterns in the default mode network differ between elderly golf-novices and non-golfers
Authors: Gowik J. K. , Goelz C. , Vieluf S. , van den Bongard F. , Reinsberger C.
Published: April 2023

Learning to play golf has high demands on attention and therefore may counteract age-related changes of functional brain networks. This cross-sectional study compared source connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) between elderly golf novices and non-golfers. Four-minute resting-state electroencephalography (128 channels) from 22 elderly people (mean age 67 ± 4.3 years, 55% females) were recorded after completing a 22-week golf learning program or after having continued with normal life. Source connectivity was assessed after co-registration of EEG data with native MRI within pre-defined portions of the DMN in the beta band (14–25 Hz). Non-golfers had significantly higher source connectivity values in the anterior DMN compared to non-golfers. Exploratory correlation analyses did not indicate an association to cognitive performance in either group. Inverse correlations between a marker of external attention with source connectivity of the anterior DMN may suggest a trend in the golf group only, but have to be replicated in future studies. Clinical relevance of these findings remains to be elucidated, but the observed difference in the anterior DMN may provide a starting point to further investigate if and how learning golf may have an impact on physiological age-related cognitive changes.
Outbreak report of polymyxin-carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae causing untreatable infections evidenced by synergy tests and bacterial genomes
Authors: Gomes Marisa Zenaide Ribeiro , de Lima Elisangela Martins , Martins Aires Caio Augusto , Pereira Polyana Silva , Yim Juwon , Silva Fernando Henrique , Rodrigues Caio Augusto Santos , Oliveira Thamirys Rachel Tavares e , da Silva Priscila Pinho , Eller Cristiane Monteiro , de Souza Claudio Marcos Rocha , Rybak Michael J. , Albano Rodolpho Mattos , de Miranda Antonio Basílio , Machado Edson , Catanho Marcos ,   Nucleus of Hospital Research (NPH) study collaborators, Dutra Vitoria Pinson Ruggi , de Mello Luciana Sênos , Tonhá João Pedro Silva , Castro Murillo Marçal , da Silva Machado Amanda Aparecida , da Silva Maxuel Cassiano , Mathuiy Yann Rodrigues , Tozo Thaisa Medeiros
Published: April 2023

Polymyxin-carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (PCR-Kp) with pan (PDR)- or extensively drug-resistant phenotypes has been increasingly described worldwide. Here, we report a PCR-Kp outbreak causing untreatable infections descriptively correlated with bacterial genomes. Hospital-wide surveillance of PCR-Kp was initiated in December-2014, after the first detection of a K. pneumoniae phenotype initially classified as PDR, recovered from close spatiotemporal cases of a sentinel hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Whole-genome sequencing of clinical PCR-Kp was performed to investigate similarities and dissimilarities in phylogeny, resistance and virulence genes, plasmid structures and genetic polymorphisms. A target phenotypic profile was detected in 10% (12/117) of the tested K. pneumoniae complex bacteria recovered from patients (8.5%, 8/94) who had epidemiological links and were involved in intractable infections and death, with combined therapeutic drugs failing to meet synergy. Two resistant bacterial clades belong to the same transmission cluster (ST437) or might have different sources (ST11). The severity of infection was likely related to patients’ comorbidities, lack of antimicrobial therapy and predicted bacterial genes related to high resistance, survival, and proliferation. This report contributes to the actual knowledge about the natural history of PCR-Kp infection, while reporting from a time when there were no licensed drugs in the world to treat some of these infections. More studies comparing clinical findings with bacterial genetic markers during clonal spread are needed.
Imbalanced expression of cation-chloride cotransporters as a potential therapeutic target in an Angelman syndrome mouse model
Authors: Egawa Kiyoshi , Watanabe Miho , Shiraishi Hideaki , Sato Daisuke , Takahashi Yukitoshi , Nishio Saori , Fukuda Atsuo
Published: April 2023

Angelman syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of function of the maternally expressed UBE3A gene. Treatments for the main manifestations, including cognitive dysfunction or epilepsy, are still under development. Recently, the Cl− importer Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and the Cl− exporter K+-Cl− cotransporter 2 (KCC2) have garnered attention as therapeutic targets for many neurological disorders. Dysregulation of neuronal intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i) is generally regarded as one of the mechanisms underlying neuronal dysfunction caused by imbalanced expression of these cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). Here, we analyzed the regulation of [Cl−]i and the effects of bumetanide, an NKCC1 inhibitor, in Angelman syndrome models (Ube3am−/p+ mice). We observed increased NKCC1 expression and decreased KCC2 expression in the hippocampi of Ube3am−/p+ mice. The average [Cl−]i of CA1 pyramidal neurons was not significantly different but demonstrated greater variance in Ube3am−/p+ mice. Tonic GABAA receptor-mediated Cl− conductance was reduced, which may have contributed to maintaining the normal average [Cl−]i. Bumetanide administration restores cognitive dysfunction in Ube3am−/p+ mice. Seizure susceptibility was also reduced regardless of the genotype. These results suggest that an imbalanced expression of CCCs is involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of Ube3am−/p+ mice, although the average [Cl−]i is not altered. The blockage of NKCC1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with Angelman syndrome.
Identification and characterization of miRNAs in spleens of sheep subjected to repetitive vaccination
Authors: Varela-Martínez Endika , Bilbao-Arribas Martin , Abendaño Naiara , Asín Javier , Pérez Marta , Luján Lluís , Jugo Begoña M.
Published: April 2023

Accumulative evidence has shown that short non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs can regulate the innate and adaptive immune responses. Aluminium hydroxide is a commonly used adjuvant in human and veterinary vaccines. Despite its extended use, its mechanism of action is not fully understood and very few in vivo studies have been done to enhance understanding at the molecular level. In this work, we took advantage of a previous long-term experiment in which lambs were exposed to three different treatments by parallel subcutaneous inoculations with aluminium-containing commercial vaccines, an equivalent dose of aluminium or mock injections. Spleen samples were used for miRNA-seq. A total of 46 and 16 miRNAs were found differentially expressed when animals inoculated with commercial vaccines or the adjuvant alone were compared with control animals, respectively. Some miRNAs previously related to macrophage polarization were found dysregulated exclusively by the commercial vaccine treatment but not in the aluminium inoculated animals. The dysregulated miRNAs in vaccine group let-7b-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-27a and miR-101-3p are candidates for further research, since they may play key roles in the immune response induced by aluminium adjuvants added to vaccines. Finally, protein–protein interaction network analysis points towards leucocyte transendothelial migration as a specific mechanism in animals receiving adjuvant only.
A convolutional attention mapping deep neural network for classification and localization of cardiomegaly on chest X-rays
Authors: Innat Mohammed , Hossain Md. Faruque , Mader Kevin , Kouzani Abbas Z.
Published: April 2023

Building a reliable and precise model for disease classification and identifying abnormal sites can provide physicians assistance in their decision-making process. Deep learning based image analysis is a promising technique for enriching the decision making process, and accordingly strengthening patient care. This work presents a convolutional attention mapping deep learning model, Cardio-XAttentionNet, to classify and localize cardiomegaly effectively. We revisit the global average pooling (GAP) system and add a weighting term to develop a light and effective Attention Mapping Mechanism (AMM). The model enables the classification of cardiomegaly from chest X-rays through image-level classification and pixel-level localization only from image-level labels. We leverage some of the advanced ConvNet architectures as a backbone-model of the proposed attention mapping network to build Cardio-XAttentionNet. The proposed model is trained on ChestX-Ray14, which is a publicly accessible chest X-ray dataset. The best single model achieves an overall precision, recall, F-1 measure and area under curve (AUC) scores of 0.87, 0.85, 0.86 and 0.89, respectively, for the classification of the cardiomegaly. The results also demonstrate that the Cardio-XAttentionNet model well captures the cardiomegaly class information at image-level as well as localization at pixel-level on chest x-rays. A comparative analysis between the proposed AMM and existing GAP based models shows that the proposed model achieves a state-of-the-art performance on this dataset for cardiomegaly detection using a single model.
A whole-brain model of the neural entropy increase elicited by psychedelic drugs
Authors: Herzog Rubén , Mediano Pedro A. M. , Rosas Fernando E. , Lodder Paul , Carhart-Harris Robin , Perl Yonatan Sanz , Tagliazucchi Enzo , Cofre Rodrigo
Published: April 2023

Psychedelic drugs, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other agonists of the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2A-R), induce drastic changes in subjective experience, and provide a unique opportunity to study the neurobiological basis of consciousness. One of the most notable neurophysiological signatures of psychedelics, increased entropy in spontaneous neural activity, is thought to be of relevance to the psychedelic experience, mediating both acute alterations in consciousness and long-term effects. However, no clear mechanistic explanation for this entropy increase has been put forward so far. We sought to do this here by building upon a recent whole-brain model of serotonergic neuromodulation, to study the entropic effects of 5HT2A-R activation. Our results reproduce the overall entropy increase observed in previous experiments in vivo, providing the first model-based explanation for this phenomenon. We also found that entropy changes were not uniform across the brain: entropy increased in all regions, but the larger effect were localised in visuo-occipital regions. Interestingly, at the whole-brain level, this reconfiguration was not well explained by 5HT2A-R density, but related closely to the topological properties of the brain’s anatomical connectivity. These results help us understand the mechanisms underlying the psychedelic state and, more generally, the pharmacological modulation of whole-brain activity.
Effects of sleep fragmentation and partial sleep restriction on heart rate variability during night
Authors: Schlagintweit Julia , Laharnar Naima , Glos Martin , Zemann Maria , Demin Artem V. , Lederer Katharina , Penzel Thomas , Fietze Ingo
Published: April 2023

We developed a cross-over study design with two interventions in randomized order to compare the effects of sleep fragmentation and partial sleep restriction on cardiac autonomic tone. Twenty male subjects (40.6 ± 7.5 years old) underwent overnight polysomnography during 2 weeks, each week containing one undisturbed baseline night, one intervention night (either sleep restriction with 5 h of sleep or sleep fragmentation with awakening every hour) and two undisturbed recovery nights. Parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) were used to assess cardiac autonomic modulation during the nights. Sleep restriction showed significant higher heart rate (p = 0.018) and lower HRV-pNN50 (p = 0.012) during sleep stage N1 and lower HRV-SDNN (p = 0.009) during wakefulness compared to the respective baseline. For HR and SDNN there were recovery effects. There was no significant difference comparing fragmentation night and its baseline. Comparing both intervention nights, sleep restriction had lower HRV high frequency (HF) components in stage N1 (p = 0.018) and stage N2 (p = 0.012), lower HRV low frequency (LF) (p = 0.007) regarding the entire night and lower SDNN (p = 0.033) during WASO during sleep. Sleep restriction increases sympathetic tone and decreases vagal tone during night causing increased autonomic stress, while fragmented sleep does not affect cardiac autonomic parameters in our sample.
Effective index model as a reliable tool for the design of nanostructured thin-film solar cells
Authors: Sánchez P. A. , Esteban O. , Elshorbagy M. H. , Cuadrado A. , Alda J.
Published: April 2023

Nanostructured anti-reflection coatings (ARC) are used to reduce the reflectivity of the front surface of solar cells. Computational electromagnetism helps to evaluate the spectral reflectivity of of this type of ARC using several approaches. They typically require large computational resources both in time and hardware elements (memory allocation, speed of processors, etc.). Long computational times may jeopardize optimization processes based on the iterative evaluation of a given merit function that depends on several parameters. Then, simplified analytic methods can speed up this evaluation with moderate computational resources. In this contribution we adapt an Effective Index Model (EIM) to the case of the design of an ARC made with nanoparticles (NP) embedded in a medium at the front surface of a thin-film silicon solar cell. Our approach modifies the discrete dipole approximation method to adapt it to the geometric and material properties of the NPs. The results obtained from the analytic method are compared with those evaluated through a Finite Element Method (FEM) for several cases involving variations in the size and geometry of the NP arrangement, obtaining reflectances that differ less than 10$$\%$$
%
for the worst case analyzed but bieng about 100 times faster than the FEM.
Phylogenomic investigation of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and related species using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)
Authors: Sardouei-Nasab Somayeh , Nemati Zahra , Mohammadi-Nejad Ghasem , Haghi Reza , Blattner Frank R.
Published: April 2023

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, Asteraceae) is a source of high-quality edible oil growing in moisture-limited environments. Despite its economic importance, the relationships to close wild species in Carthamus and the presence and relationships of ecotypes within safflower are still not fully clarified. Here we use genotyping-by-sequencing to identify the wild progenitor of C. tinctorius, infer phylogenetic relationship within the series Carthamus and identify groups of closely related lineages within cultivated safflower. Phylogenetic and population genomic analyses found C. palaestinus to be the closest relative and single progenitor of C. tinctorius, which confirms the Levant as the area of domestication of the crop. Flow cytometry showed all analyzed samples of C. oxyacantha, C. palaestinus and C. tinctorius to be diploid (2n = 2x = 24) with 2C genome sizes of 2.4–2.7 pg. Analyses of a set of 114 worldwide distributed safflower accessions arrived at two to five genetic groups, which showed, however, no correlation with the geographic origins of these accessions. From this, we conclude that the trade of safflower seeds resulted in multiple introductions of genotypes from the Levant into other areas with suitable climate conditions for the plant, as well as exchange of genotypes among these areas.
Predicting the need for intubation within 3 h in the neonatal intensive care unit using a multimodal deep neural network
Authors: Im Jueng-Eun , Park Seung , Kim Yoo-Jin , Yoon Shin Ae , Lee Ji Hyuk
Published: April 2023

Respiratory distress is a common chief complaint in neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Despite the increasing use of non-invasive ventilation in neonates with respiratory difficulty, some of them require advanced airway support. Delayed intubation is associated with increased morbidity, particularly in urgent unplanned cases. Early and accurate prediction of the need for intubation may provide more time for preparation and increase safety margins by avoiding the late intubation at high-risk infants. This study aimed to predict the need for intubation within 3 h in neonates initially managed with non-invasive ventilation for respiratory distress during the first 48 h of life using a multimodal deep neural network. We developed a multimodal deep neural network model to simultaneously analyze four time-series data collected at 1-h intervals and 19 variables including demographic, physiological and laboratory parameters. Evaluating the dataset of 128 neonates with respiratory distress who underwent non-invasive ventilation, our model achieved an area under the curve of 0.917, sensitivity of 85.2%, and specificity of 89.2%. These findings demonstrate promising results for the multimodal model in predicting neonatal intubation within 3 h.