bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the Implicit Association Test to Assess Children's Implicit Attitudes Toward Smoking
Authors: Andrews Judy A. , Hampson Sarah E. , Greenwald Anthony G. , Gordon Judith , Widdop Chris
Published: September 2010

The development and psychometric properties of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measuring implicit attitudes toward smoking among 5th‐grade children were described. The IAT with sweets as the contrast category resulted in higher correlations with explicit attitudes than did the IAT with healthy foods as the contrast category. Children with family members who smoked (vs. nonsmoking) and children who were high in sensation seeking (vs. low) had significantly more favorable implicit attitudes toward smoking. Further, implicit attitudes became less favorable after engaging in tobacco‐prevention activities targeting risk perceptions of addiction. The results support the reliability and validity of this version of the IAT and illustrate its usefulness in assessing young children's implicit attitudes toward smoking.
Oral health‐related quality of life and its relationship with health locus of control among Indian dental university students
Authors: Acharya S. , Sangam D. K.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and Health Locus of Control (HLC) among students in an Indian dental school.

Materials and methods:  A cross sectional study design was used. Three hundred and twenty‐five dental students returned completed forms containing the 14 item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) and the 18 item Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC).

Results:  The results showed that the perceived OHRQoL differed among students studying in different stages of the dental course. The OHRQoL dimensions of ‘Social Handicap’ and ‘Handicap’ were significantly (P < 0.01) lower among the later years of the course than the freshman year students. There was a sharp increase in Self‐reported dental problems, in particular, Malocclusion, Tooth decay, Calculus among the third year and final year students respectively. The OHIP‐14 scores were significantly higher among those with self‐reported oral problems. Correlation analysis between the OHIP‐14 and the MHLC scores also showed a statistically significant (P < 0.01) correlation between the ‘Chance’ dimension of the MHLC and OHIP‐14 scores.

Conclusions:  The results of this study underscored the relationship between the OHRQoL and HLC and of importance of assessing health attitudes and their impact on OHRQoL among the dental student community.
Establishment success and resulting fitness consequences for vole dispersers
Authors: Hahne Jörg , Jenkins Tania , Halle Stefan , Heckel Gerald
Published: September 2010

Dispersal is one of the most important, yet least understood phenomena of evolutionary ecology. Triggers and consequences of dispersal are difficult to study in natural populations since dispersers can typically only be identified a posteriori. Therefore, a lot of work on dispersal is either of a theoretical nature or based on anecdotal observation. This is especially true for cryptic species such as small mammals. We conducted an experiment on the common vole,Microtus arvalis, in semi‐natural enclosures and investigated the spatial and genetic establishment success of residents and dispersers in their natal and new populations. Our study uses genetic data on the reproductive success of 1255 individuals to measure the fitness trajectories of the residents and dispersing individuals. In agreement with past studies, we found that dispersal was highly male‐biased, and was most probably induced by the agonistic encounters with conspecifics, suggesting it could act as an inbreeding avoidance mechanism. There was low breeding success of dispersers into new populations. Although nearly 26% of identified dispersers reproduced in their natal populations, only seven percent reproduced in the new populations. Settlement appeared to be a pre‐requisite for reproduction in both sexes, and animals that did not spatially settle into a new population dispersed again, usually on the same day of immigration. In the event that dispersers reproduced in the new population, they did so at relatively low population densities. We also found age‐related differences between the sexes in breeding success, and male dispersers that subsequently established in the new population were young individuals that had not reproduced in their natal population, whereas successful females had already reproduced in their natal population. In conclusion, with our detailed field data on establishment and substantial parentage assignments to understand breeding success, we were able to gain an insight into the fitness of dispersers, and how the two sexes optimise their fitness. Taken together, our results help to further understand the relative advantages and costs of dispersal in the common vole.
Plant metacommunity structure remains unchanged during biodiversity loss in English woodlands
Authors: Keith Sally A. , Newton Adrian C. , Morecroft Michael D. , Golicher Duncan J. , Bullock James M.
Published: September 2010

The metacommunity concept provides important insights into large‐scale patterns and dynamics of distributions of interacting species. However, temporal change of metacommunity structure is little studied and has not been previously analysed in the context of biodiversity change. As metacommunity structure is determined by multiple species distributions, it is expected to change as a result of biodiversity loss. To examine this process, we analysed structural change of a southern English woodland metacommunity at two points in time, seven decades apart. During this interval, the metacommunity lost β‐diversity through taxonomic homogenization. We performed an ‘elements of metacommunity structure’ (EMS) analysis to examine metacommunity structure, based upon three structural elements: coherence (i.e. gaps in species range along a structuring gradient), spatial turnover (replacements), and species range boundary clumping. We predicted that metacommunity structure would decrease in spatial turnover and thus become more nested over time. We tested for change in individual structural elements with z‐scores and examined the role of spatial and environmental variables as potential structuring mechanisms through correlation with EMS ordination axes. Our results demonstrated that the metacommunity had a Clementsian structure that was maintained over time. Despite no change in broad structure, coherence and species range boundary clumping increased. Spatial turnover increased along the first structuring gradient but decreased on the second gradient. We hypothesise that this difference between gradients may reflect the presence of competing processes affecting spatial turnover. The mechanisms of biological structuring involved both environmental and spatial factors at the scale of the individual woodland. Therefore, our results suggest that broad metacommunity structure would not be a good landscape‐scale indicator for conservation status. Conversely, knowledge that metacommunity structure does not change over time could assist in long‐term conservation strategy because fundamental metacommunity structural processes are resistant to environmental change.
Dentition on Bahrain, 2000 B.C.
Authors: H0JGAARD KAREN
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

Teeth and jaws excavated from 25 burial mounds on the island of Bahrain were examined. Dating: 2000 B.C. The number of individuals, buried was estimated from the dentition. An approximate determination of the age for death was attempted. Non‐metric and metric traits of the teeth were observed. The teeth showed Caucasoid but no Mongoloid traits. They were small, worn at an early age, with a great deal of carious lesions, no multiple fractures, only a little calculus and alveoloclasia but frequent enamel hypoplasia, The mandibles, showed fine healing after the widespread antemortem loss of molars, possibly extracted due to the consequence of caries, caused by the consumption of many carbohydrates.
Structural changes induced by tetracycline in secretory ameloblasts in young rats
Authors: WESTERGAARD JYTTE
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

The effects of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) on secretory ameloblasts in mandibular incisors and first molars in young rats were investigated. The pathogenesis of the TC‐induced changes was examined in light and electron microscopes 6, 12, 24 and 96 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of a high dose of TC (200 mg TC/kg body wt.) into 4‐d‐old animals. Secretory ameloblasts from non‐injected animals served as controls. Cellular changes were observed in all teeth 6 h after injection. The changes increased with the postinjection period and after 96 h they were so severe that they were considered irreversible. The incipient changes of the ameloblasts comprised altered structure and location of the mitochondria, succeeded by dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum arranged in short curled formations. Later on, distorted Golgi complexes were observed. Secretory granules appeared in various numbers in the Golgi zone and in the Tomes' processes. In severely affected ameloblasts the cell nuclei showed an increased content of chromatin. Autophagic vacuoles and extracellular membrane bound fragments with cellular remnants were frequent, indicating death of some of the ameloblasts. Areas of stippled secretory material were observed along the formative enamel front and in extracellular spaces between the ameloblasts. In the 96‐h group calcified bodies with a varying content of crystals were scattered between the cells. Incisors and the molars displayed similar patterns of structural changes of the secretory ameloblasts; however, the changes developed earlier and became more severe in the molars.
Evaluation and calibration of X‐Y‐coordinatographs used in cephalometric analysis
Authors: McWILLIAM JOHN S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

The aim of this investigation was. to clarify some of the sources of error inherent in coordinatographs and to establish a suitable method of calibrating these instruments. Using a test grid standard measurements were made and parameters for both systematic and random errors calculated. For the instrument employed small but significant errors were recorded for scale error, orthogonal error and X‐axis play. Operator and instrument precision were also determined. It is concluded that regular testing of coordinatographs used in research is necessary if suitable calibration of systematic errors and a control over wear and tear is to be achieved.
Semiopaque arthrography of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: RASMUSSEN OLE COLLIN
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

Arthrography was performed in 166 temporomandibular joints with known disorders. The results reflected the pathology expected in each disorder. Clicking and locking were characterized by an increased inferior synovial cavity. The superior cavity was either normal or with irregularity of the articular space. In degenerative diseases, the most frequent finding was perforation of the disc. Rheumatoid arthritis was characterized by reduced extent and irregular outline of the synovial cavities. A late effect from contusion of the temporomandibular joint was a slight reduction in the extent of the synovial cavity. Late effects from intracapsular fracture of the mandibular condyle were considerable irregularity of the articular space and perforation of the disc. As a rule, the arthrographs were highly characteristic, and it seems possible to distinguish between the current disorders by means of arthrography. The arthrographs of 15 intact joints are described. The features of unsuccessful arthrography based on 32 instances of extrasynovial injection are described.
Influence of residual bacteria on periapical tissue healing after chemomechanical treatment and root filling of experimentally infected monkey teeth
Authors: Fabricius Lars , Dahlén Gunnar , Sundqvist Göran , Happonen Risto‐Pekka , Möller Åke J. R.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to determine the influence on the healing of the periapical tissues when selected bacterial strains and combinations thereof remain after root canal treatment; and, second, the relationship to healing of the quality of the root filling. In eight monkeys, 175 root canals, previously infected with combinations of four or five bacterial strains and with radiographically verified apical periodontitis, were endodontically treated, bacteriologically controlled, and permanently obturated. After 2–2.5 yr, the periapical regions were radiographically and histologically examined. Of these teeth, 48 root canals were also examined for bacteria remaining after removal of the root fillings. When bacteria remained after the endodontic treatment, 79% of the root canals showed non‐healed periapical lesions, compared with 28% where no bacteria were found. Combinations of residual bacterial species were more frequently related to non‐healed lesions than were single strains. When no bacteria remained, healing occurred independently of the quality of the root filling. In contrast, when bacteria remained, there was a greater correlation with non‐healing in poor‐quality root fillings than in technically well‐performed fillings. In root canals where bacteria were found after removal of the root filling, 97% had not healed, compared with 18% for those root canals with no bacteria detected. The present study demonstrates the importance of obtaining a bacteria‐free root canal system before permanent root filling in order to achieve optimal healing conditions for the periapical tissues.
Dental caries paradigms in diagnosis and diagnostic research
Authors: Baelum Vibeke , Heidmann Jens , Nyvad Bente
Published: September 2010

In this article, the fundamentals of caries diagnosis are reviewed from the three component perspectives, namely the strategy, the logics, and the tactics. Strategy concerns the objectives of the diagnostic process (i.e. why we diagnose caries). The logics describe how we assemble and evaluate the information collected and how this leads to an assessment of diagnostic value. Finally, tactics are about how we collect the information necessary to arrive at a correct diagnosis. We argue that the hitherto‐dominant essentialistic caries paradigm should be replaced by a nominalistic caries concept. This allows us to circumvent the problem of a lack of a caries gold standard and to proceed in caries‐diagnostic research to find the diagnostic methods that result in the best health outcomes for our patients. We also demonstrate the limitations of the medical model when attempting to understand caries diagnosis, and adhere to the Bader & Shugars caries script model. It is concluded that the current caries profile, characterized by lower prevalence and extent, and slower progression, has increased the need for an academic strengthening of the dental curriculum with respect to diagnostic reasoning and clinical decision‐making processes.
The effect of cocoa polyphenols on the growth, metabolism, and biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis
Authors: Percival Rimondia S. , Devine Deirdre A. , Duggal Monty S. , Chartron Sylvie , Marsh Philip D.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to determine if cocoa polyphenols could interfere with biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus sanguinis, and reduce acid production from sucrose by S. mutans. The antimicrobial activity of cocoa polyphenols was assessed against cariogenic (S. mutans) and health‐associated (S. sanguinis) species by minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Cocoa polyphenol dimer, tetramer, and pentamer inhibited the growth of S. sanguinis, whereas the growth of S. mutans was unaffected. However, pretreatment of surfaces with cocoa polyphenol pentamer (35 μM) reduced biofilm formation by S. mutans at 4 and 24 h, whereas the effects on S. sanguinis were less consistent. In contrast, brief exposure of preformed biofilms to pentamer either had no significant effect or resulted in increased counts of S. mutans under certain conditions. Cocoa polyphenol pentamer (500 µM) significantly reduced the terminal pH, and inhibited the rate of acid production by S. mutans at pH 7.0. In conclusion, cocoa polyphenols can reduce biofilm formation by S. mutans and S. sanguinis, and inhibit acid production by S. mutans.
In vitro study of mean loads and modes of failure of all‐ceramic crowns cemented with light‐cured or dual‐cured luting cement, after 1 and 30 d of storage
Authors: Good Melissa‐L. , Orr John F. , Mitchell Christina A.
Published: September 2010

This study compared the mean loads and modes of failure of teeth restored with all‐ceramic crowns (ACCs) cemented with dual‐cured (RelyX ARC; 3M ESPE) or light‐cured (RelyX Veneer; 3M ESPE) luting cements. Clinically, there are advantages of light‐cured cements over the recommended dual‐cured cements, namely increased working time, improved handling, colour stability, and a homogenous mix. Forty, sound, extracted, human, premolar teeth underwent a standardized preparation for ACCs. IPS Empress (Ivoclar‐Vivadent) crowns of standard dimensions were fabricated and 20 were cemented with each cement. The crowns were stored for 1 or 30 d in water and subjected to a compressive load to failure at 0.017 mm s−1. There were no significant differences in loads at failure, between each cement group, at each storage period, and there were no significant differences in loads at failure, for each cement, at 1 and 30 d of storage. There were also no significant differences in modes of failure between each cement group. Before recommending light‐cured cement as an alternative to dual‐cured cement for the cementation of all‐ceramic crowns, further research is required to establish the depth of ceramic at which light‐cured lutes fail to polymerize completely.
Effect of inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) on the murine splenic immune response induced by Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Sosroseno W. , Musa M. , Ravichandran M. , Ibrahim M. F. , Bird P. S. , Seymour G. J.
Published: September 2010

Animal studies suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may be associated with destructive periodontal disease. l‐N6‐(1‐Iminoethyl)‐lysine (l‐NIL) has been shown to inhibit iNOS in a selective manner, and hence the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that treatment with l‐NIL may induce a T‐cell helper 1 (Th1)‐like immune response by Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated murine spleen cells in vitro. BALB/c mice were either sham‐immunized or immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS. Spleen cells were stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS in the presence or absence of l‐NIL. Nitric oxide (NO), iNOS activity, specific IgG subclass antibodies, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) levels and cell proliferation were determined. The results showed that treatment with l‐NIL suppressed both NO production and iNOS activity but enhanced specific IgG2a, IFN‐γ levels, and increased cell proliferation following stimulation with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS‐stimulated cells. The results of the present study suggest that inhibition of iNOS activity by l‐NIL may skew the A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS‐stimulated murine splenic immune response towards the Th1‐like immune profile in vitro.
Daytime variations of interleukin‐1β in gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Bergmann Angela , Deinzer Renate
Published: September 2010

Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is an important parameter in periodontal research because of its role in inflammation and bone resorption. One measure used to assess local IL‐1β concentrations is analysis of its levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). While studies on serum IL‐1β concentrations indicate a circadian rhythm of this parameter, nothing is known about daytime variations of IL‐1β in GCF. The present study thus aimed to analyse such variations. Daytime variations of GCF‐IL‐1β between 08:00 and 22:00 h were assessed, with a time resolution of 2 h, in 28 periodontally healthy subjects.The data showed a significant variation throughout the day, with the lowest concentrations and total amounts in the morning and the highest in the evening. The effect sizes of comparisons between morning and evening samples were medium to high and corresponded in magnitude to those reported in other published research comparing healthy sites and those affected by periodontitis. The smallest daytime variations were found to occur between 12:00 h and 18:00 h. It is concluded that daytime variations in GCF‐IL‐1β are large enough to be able to mimic or mask differences caused by clinical factors.
Ultrasonic monitoring of the setting of glass–ionomer luting cements
Authors: Mori Kentarou , Inage Hirohiko , Kawamoto Ryo , Tonegawa Motoka , Kurokawa Hiroyasu , Tsubota Keishi , Takamizawa Toshiki , Miyazaki Masashi
Published: September 2010

This study used ultrasonic measurements to monitor the setting behaviour, and changes in the elastic modulus, of glass–ionomer cements. The ultrasonic equipment comprised a pulser–receiver, transducers, and an oscilloscope. The two‐way transit time through the mixing cement disk was divided by two, in order to account for the down‐and‐back travel path, and then multiplied by the sonic velocity within the material. The sonic velocities of the longitudinal and shear waves were used to determine the elastic modulus. In the earliest stages of the setting process, most of the ultrasound energy was absorbed by the cements and the second echoes were relatively weak. As the cements hardened, the sound velocities increased until they reached a plateau. The changes in sound velocities differed among the glass–ionomer cements tested. The mean elastic moduli of the specimens ranged from 2.6 to 6.2 GPa after 15 min, from 13.4 to 20.4 GPa after 24 h, and from 11.4 to 22.4 GPa after 1 month. The ultrasonic method used in this study has considerable potential for determining the setting processes of luting cements.
Khat induces G1‐phase arrest and increased expression of stress‐sensitive p53 and p16 proteins in normal human oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts
Authors: Lukandu Ochiba M. , Costea Daniela E. , Dimba Elizabeth A. , Neppelberg Evelyn , Bredholt Therese , Gjertsen Bjørn T. , Vintermyr Olav K. , Johannessen Anne C.
Published: September 2010

Khat is a psychostimulant plant used by over 10 million people daily, mainly in eastern Africa and the Middle East. Previous studies have suggested an association between khat use and oral lesions such as hyperkeratosis and oral cancer. This study investigated the effects of an extract of khat on primary normal human oral keratinocytes (NOK) and normal human oral fibroblasts (NOF). Low (sublethal) concentrations of khat inhibited the proliferation of both cell types in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. Both NOK and NOF treated with khat accumulated in the G1‐phase of the cell cycle and showed increased expression of the stress‐sensitive p53 protein after 24 h. Normal human oral keratinocytes showed a profound increase in p16INK4A (p16) after 24 h and showed morphological changes suggesting cell differentiation. Normal human oral fibroblasts showed growth inhibition and increased expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) within 24 h. The concentrations of khat tested in this study were within the range of those found in the oral cavity of khat chewers. The results show that stress induced by khat modulates the cell cycle in oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts. It is further speculated whether khat could have similar effects in vivo, especially in keratinocytes.
Training for intense exercise performance: high‐intensity or high‐volume training?
Authors: Laursen P. B.
Published: September 2010

Performance in intense exercise events, such as Olympic rowing, swimming, kayak, track running and track cycling events, involves energy contribution from aerobic and anaerobic sources. As aerobic energy supply dominates the total energy requirements after ∼75 s of near maximal effort, and has the greatest potential for improvement with training, the majority of training for these events is generally aimed at increasing aerobic metabolic capacity. A short‐term period (six to eight sessions over 2–4 weeks) of high‐intensity interval training (consisting of repeated exercise bouts performed close to or well above the maximal oxygen uptake intensity, interspersed with low‐intensity exercise or complete rest) can elicit increases in intense exercise performance of 2–4% in well‐trained athletes. The influence of high‐volume training is less discussed, but its importance should not be downplayed, as high‐volume training also induces important metabolic adaptations. While the metabolic adaptations that occur with high‐volume training and high‐intensity training show considerable overlap, the molecular events that signal for these adaptations may be different. A polarized approach to training, whereby ∼75% of total training volume is performed at low intensities, and 10–15% is performed at very high intensities, has been suggested as an optimal training intensity distribution for elite athletes who perform intense exercise events.
Intense training: the key to optimal performance before and during the taper
Authors: Mujika I.
Published: September 2010

The training load is markedly reduced during the taper so that athletes recover from intense training and feel energized before major events. Load reduction can be achieved by reducing the intensity, volume and/or frequency of training, but with reduced training load there may be a risk of detraining. Training at high intensities before the taper plays a key role in inducing maximal physiological and performance adaptations in both moderately trained subjects and highly trained athletes. High‐intensity training can also maintain or further enhance training‐induced adaptations while athletes reduce their training before a major competition. On the other hand, training volume can be markedly reduced without a negative impact on athletes' performance. Therefore, the training load should not be reduced at the expense of intensity during the taper. Intense exercise is often a performance‐determining factor during match play in team sports, and high‐intensity training can also elicit major fitness gains in team sport athletes. A tapering and peaking program before the start of a league format championship or a major tournament should be characterized by high‐intensity activities.
A lifespan perspective on the career of talented and elite athletes: Perspectives on high‐intensity sports
Authors: Wylleman P. , Reints A.
Published: September 2010

Elite athletes will be confronted during as well as after their athletic career with transitional challenges that will impact the course and progress of their athletic development. This article provides in first instance a description of a lifespan model exemplifying a “whole career/whole person” conceptualization of career transitions in the elite athletic career. Second, four specific career transitions in the development of talented and elite athletes are detailed with special attention for high‐intensity sports (HIS). Finally, perspectives are formulated on future lifespan research and the provision of career support services in HIS.
Combined technique with dentin post reinforcement and original fragment reattachment for the esthetic recovery of a fractured anterior tooth: a case report
Authors: Alcântara Carlos Eduardo Pinto , Corrêa‐Faria Patrícia , Vasconcellos Walison Arthuso , Ramos‐Jorge Maria Letícia
Published: September 2010

Abstract –  This case report describes the esthetic and functional recovery of a maxillary central incisor. The treatments used were dentin post (biological post) reinforcement and reattachment of the fragment. From the outcomes achieved, it can be concluded that this technique is promising and is yet another alternative method that can be used for the recovery of fractured anterior teeth.
An evaluation of various materials and tooth preparation designs used for reattachment of fractured incisors
Authors: Bhargava Megha , Pandit Inder Kumar , Srivastava Nikhil , Gugnani Neeraj , Gupta Monika
Published: September 2010

Abstract –  Background/Aim: The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the fracture strength of various restorative materials and designs used in the reattachment of anterior fractured teeth. Materials and method: Sound human maxillary central incisors were selected for the study. These teeth were fractured using universal testing machine so as to obtain Ellis class II fracture with intact fragment. The fractured fragment was reattached to the tooth using three restorative materials namely, bonding agent, resin luting cement and nano‐composite, and designs incorporated were simply bonding the fragment to the tooth and other one included a chamfer along the fractured line. The reattached teeth were again fractured and the mean fracture strength values recorded. Results and Conclusion: A combination of nano‐composite (best material) and chamfer preparation (best design) gave the highest mean fracture strength values.
Association of crown discoloration and pulp status in traumatized primary teeth
Authors: Cardoso Mariane , de Carvalho Rocha Maria José
Published: September 2010

Abstract –  The aim of the present study was to determine the association of tooth discoloration in traumatized primary teeth with clinical and radiographic signs of pulp necrosis, and pulp status at the time of endodontic access. Clinical and radiographic data from dental reports of the 47 patient charts of the Trauma Patient Care Program were used totaling 55 teeth that underwent endodontic treatment following the protocol of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (Brazil). The following data were collected: gender, age of child at time of trauma; crown discoloration; abscess and/or fistula; periapical bone rarefaction and/or pathological root resorption; and pulp status at the time of endodontic access. The Chi‐square test and logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis. The associations between crown discoloration and gender, age, tooth, type of trauma, clinical alteration, and radiographic alteration were not statistically significant. There was a significant association between crown discoloration and pulp necrosis at the time of endodontic access (χ2 = 7.672; P < 0.05). Traumatized primary teeth with crown discoloration had a fivefold greater likelihood of exhibiting pulp necrosis than teeth without crown discoloration (95% CI: 1.5–17.1). Thus, a significant association was found between crown discoloration and pulp necrosis in traumatized primary teeth.
Tongue pressure against hard palate during swallowing in post‐stroke patients
Authors: Hori Kazuhiro , Ono Takahiro , Iwata Hisayuki , Nokubi Takashi , Kumakura Isami
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  The tongue plays an important role in swallowing by contacting the palate. The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of tongue pressure production during swallowing in post‐stroke patients using a newly developed sensor sheet.

Materials and methods:  Ten post‐stroke inpatients with hemiplegia and five healthy volunteers participated in this study. Magnitude of tongue pressure during a dry swallow was measured using a newly developed sensor sheet comprising five sensors applied directly to the palate or to the palatal surface of a maxillary denture using denture adhesive. Swallowing ability was evaluated by measuring the time taken to swallow 30 ml of water. The magnitude of tongue pressure was compared between the post‐stroke patients and healthy subjects as well as between each measuring point in both groups. The relationship between tongue pressure and swallowing ability and that between tongue pressure and state of occlusal support were also examined.

Results:  The magnitude of tongue pressure in the post‐stroke patients was smaller than that of the healthy subjects at the measuring points along the median line (Welch test, p < 0.05), larger in the non‐paralysed side than in the paralysed side (two‐way anova, p < 0.05), and was influenced by swallowing ability and occlusal support (Welch test, p < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Measurement of the magnitude of tongue pressure shows promise as a simple, non‐invasive and quantitative method by which tongue activity in post‐stroke patients, in whom swallowing ability is a concern, could be evaluated.
Preparing Future Faculty and Family Professionals
Authors: Koblinsky Sally A. , Kuvalanka Katherine A. , McClintock‐Comeaux Marta
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The Department of Family Studies at the University of Maryland, College Park, developed a Preparing Future Faculty and Family Professionals program to enrich the graduate education and professional development of its doctoral students. This article describes key elements of the program, including informing students about the responsibilities of faculty positions at diverse institutions, fostering faculty‐student mentoring relationships, visiting partner colleges/universities, examining requirements of nonacademic family science careers, and preparing students for the job search. Student and faculty evaluations of the program are summarized, and recommendations are made for graduate educators in family science.
Graduate Distance Education in Family Relations: A Case Study
Authors: Piercy Kathleen W. , Lee Thomas R.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper discusses graduate distance education in family relations and related disciplines, using a case study approach. Challenges that occur in distance graduate programs are outlined and illustrated by examination of a new master's degree program in Family and Human Development. The program delivers courses by satellite broadcast and interactive television and requires two on‐campus meetings. Graduates gave the overall program high marks, with instructor/instruction factors most important in their ratings of most and least favorite courses. We examine the implications of various strengths and weaknesses of the program for graduate program development and teaching pedagogy and offer suggestions to address logistical and pedagogical challenges of distance education in family relations.
Boundary Ambiguity in Parents With Chronically Ill Children: Integrating Theory and Research
Authors: Berge Jerica M. , Holm Kristen E.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This article integrates theory and research related to boundary ambiguity in parents of children with a chronic health condition. We propose that boundary ambiguity is a risk factor for psychological distress in these parents. Clinical applications and a case example highlight how boundary ambiguity can be assessed and managed in clinical settings by professionals working with parents with chronically ill children. Questions are provided for assessing boundary ambiguity in clinical and research settings, and implications for research are discussed.
Balancing Expectations for Employability and Family Responsibilities While on Social Assistance: Low‐Income Mothers’ Experiences in Three Canadian Provinces*
Authors: Gazso Amber
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Drawing upon a discourse analysis of public‐use policy documents and qualitative interview data, this paper explores how mothers on social assistance in three Canadian provinces balance actual or expected policy expectations of their employability (e.g., participation in welfare‐to‐work programming) with their caregiving responsibilities. The results suggest that mothers’ experiences of a time crunch, overload, and interference varied depending on their employability status and that they often experienced work‐family conflict in ways similar to that experienced by working mothers not on assistance. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Parental Expressiveness as a Moderator of Coparenting and Marital Relationship Quality*
Authors: Kolak Amy M. , Volling Brenda L.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Driven by theory and extant research on the communication of emotions within the family, the current investigation examined marital quality and parents’ emotional expressiveness as determinants of coparenting in a sample of 57 couples with young children. Specifically, mothers’ and fathers’ expressiveness was examined as moderators of the association between marital quality and coparenting behavior. Though negative expressiveness did not emerge as a significant predictor of coparenting when considered in conjunction with marital quality, parents’ positive expressiveness made unique and interactive contributions to coparenting. Thus, it appears that positive expressiveness, especially fathers’, may be beneficial to family functioning. Positively expressive husbands protected couples from negative coparenting interactions in the face of less supportive marriages. Couples in distressed marriages may benefit from work with practitioners and family life educators who consider the role that the communication of emotions plays in the context of coparenting.
Does Youth Relationship Education Continue to Work After a High School Class? A Longitudinal Study*
Authors: Gardner Scott P. , Boellaard Rila
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Connections: Relationships and Marriage (Connections) is a high school marriage education curriculum designed to teach students how to develop healthy relationships and marriages. This study evaluated the effectiveness of this curriculum over 4‐years postintervention with a matched set of 72 high school students who were in either the Connections group or a control group. Findings suggest that although most of the immediate impacts of the curriculum fade within 4 years after the curriculum, the Connections group shows an increase in self‐esteem, a decrease in dating and relationship violence, and an increase in family cohesion over 4 years. Implications for further development of such curricula are discussed as well as implications for practitioners.
Maternal dietary n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid ratio affects type 1 diabetes development in the offspring of non‐obese diabetic mice
Authors: Kagohashi Yukiko , Abiru Norio , Kobayashi Masakazu , Hashimoto Michio , Shido Osamu , Otani Hiroki
Published: September 2010

Environment factors, including maternal or infant dietary nutrition have been reported to have an influence on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. In the present study, to investigate the effect of maternal or post‐weaning offspring's nutrition, in particular the essential fatty acid ratio (n‐6/n‐3) on the development of type 1 diabetes, we prepared two kinds of chows with n‐6/n‐3 ratios of 3.0 (L) and 14.5 (H), and provided them to mothers of non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice during gestation and lactation and to the offspring after weaning. The n‐6/n‐3 ratios in breast milk and erythrocyte membrane of NOD offspring became nearly the same with that of the maternal diet at 2 weeks after birth. In the L chow‐fed offspring from L chow‐fed mother (LLL), levels of insulitis were higher than those in the H chow‐fed offspring from H chow‐fed mother (HHH) at 4 weeks of age, while the levels in the LLL offspring became lower than those in the HHH after 6 weeks. Early insulin autoantibody expressions were found from 2 to 6 weeks in the HHH offspring, but not in the LLL. The LLL offspring exhibited strong suppression of overt diabetes development in regard to the onset and accumulated incidence of diabetes compared to the HHH. The study with combined L and H chows during gestation, lactation in mother and in post‐weaning offspring revealed that only the LLH chow significantly suppressed the development of diabetes with similar kinetics to LLL chow, although the other combinations may delay the onset of diabetes. The present findings suggest that n‐6/n‐3 ratio of the maternal diet during gestation and lactation rather than that of offspring after weaning strongly affects the development of overt diabetes in NOD mice.
Mutational analyses of human eIF5A‐1 – identification of amino acid residues critical for eIF5A activity and hypusine modification
Authors: Cano Veridiana S. P. , Jeon Geoung A. , Johansson Hans E. , Henderson C. Allen , Park Jong‐Hwan , Valentini Sandro R. , Hershey John W. B. , Park Myung Hee
Published: September 2010

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is the only protein that contains hypusine [Nε‐(4‐amino‐2‐hydroxybutyl)lysine], which is required for its activity. Hypusine is formed by post‐translational modification of one specific lysine (Lys50 for human eIF5A) by deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. To investigate the features of eIF5A required for its activity, we generated 49 mutations in human eIF5A‐1, with a single amino acid substitution at the highly conserved residues or with N‐terminal or C‐terminal truncations, and tested mutant proteins in complementing the growth of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF5A null strain. Growth‐supporting activity was abolished in only a few mutant eIF5As (K47D, G49A, K50A, K50D, K50I, K50R, G52A and K55A), with substitutions at or near the hypusine modification site or with truncation of 21 amino acids from either the N‐terminus or C‐terminus. The inactivity of the Lys50 substitution proteins is obviously due to lack of deoxyhypusine modification. In contrast, K47D and G49A were effective substrates for deoxyhypusine synthase, yet failed to support growth, suggesting critical roles of Lys47 and Gly49 in eIF5A activity, possibly in its interaction with effector(s). By use of a UBHY‐R strain harboring genetically engineered unstable eIF5A, we present evidence for the primary function of eIF5A in protein synthesis. When selected eIF5A mutant proteins were tested for their activity in protein synthesis, a close correlation was observed between their ability to enhance protein synthesis and growth, lending further support for a central role of eIF5A in translation.
Novel N,N ′‐diacyl‐1,3‐diaminopropyl‐2‐carbamoyl bivalent cationic lipids for gene delivery – synthesis, in vitro transfection activity, and physicochemical characterization
Authors: Spelios Michael , Savva Michalakis
Published: September 2010

Novel N,N′‐diacyl‐1,3‐diaminopropyl‐2‐carbamoyl bivalent cationic lipids were synthesized and their physicochemical properties in lamellar assemblies with and without plasmid DNA were evaluated to elucidate the structural requirements of these double‐chained pH‐sensitive surfactants for potent non‐viral gene delivery and expression. The highest in vitro transfection efficacies were induced at +/− 4 : 1 by the dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and dioleoyl derivatives 1,3lb2, 1,3lb3 and 1,3lb5, respectively, without inclusion of helper lipids. Transfection activities were reduced in the presence of either 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine alone or in combination with cholesterol for all derivatives except 1,3lb5, which maintained reporter gene expression levels at +/− 4 : 1 and yielded increased lipofection activity at a lower charge ratio of +/− 2 : 1. Ethidium bromide displacement indicated efficient plasmid DNA binding and compaction by the transfection‐competent analogs. Dynamic light‐scattering and electrophoretic mobility studies revealed lipoplexes of the active lipids with large particle sizes (mean diameter ≥ 500 nm) and zeta potentials with positive values (low ionic strength) or below neutrality (high ionic strength). Langmuir film balance studies showed high in‐plane elasticity of these derivatives in isolation. In agreement with the monolayer experiments, fluorescence polarization studies verified the fluid nature of the highly transfection‐efficient amphiphiles, with gel‐to‐liquid crystalline phase transitions below physiological temperature. The active compounds also interacted with endosome‐mimicking vesicles to a greater extent than the poorly active derivative 1,3lb4, as revealed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. Taken together, the results suggest that well‐hydrated and highly elastic cationic lipids with increased acyl chain fluidity and minimal cytotoxicity elicit high transfection activity.
The C‐terminus of viral vascular endothelial growth factor‐E partially blocks binding to VEGF receptor‐1
Authors: Inder Marie K. , Wise Lyn M. , Fleming Stephen B. , Mercer Andrew A.
Published: September 2010

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members play important roles in embryonic development and angiogenesis during wound healing and in pathological conditions such as tumor formation. Parapoxviruses express a new member of the VEGF family which is a functional mitogen that specifically activates VEGF receptor (VEGFR)‐2 but not VEGFR‐1. In this study, we show that deletion from the viral VEGF of a unique C‐terminal region increases both VEGFR‐1 binding and VEGFR‐1‐mediated monocyte migration. Enzymatic removal of O‐linked glycosylation from the C‐terminus also increased VEGFR‐1 binding and migration of THP‐1 monocytes indicating that both the C‐terminal residues and O‐linked sugars contribute to blocking viral VEGF binding to VEGFR‐1. The data suggest that conservation of the C‐terminal residues throughout the viral VEGF subfamily may represent a means of reducing the immunostimulatory activities associated with VEGFR‐1 activation while maintaining the ability to induce angiogenesis via VEGFR‐2.
Characterization of recombinant prolidase from Lactococcus lactis– changes in substrate specificity by metal cations, and allosteric behavior of the peptidase
Authors: Yang Soo I. , Tanaka Takuji
Published: September 2010

The Lactococcus lactis NRRL B‐1821 prolidase gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Under suboptimum growth conditions, recombinant soluble and active prolidase was produced; in contrast, inclusion bodies were formed under conditions preferred for cell growth. Recombinant prolidase retained more than half its full activity between 30 and 60 °C, and was completely inactivated after 30 min at 70 °C. CD analysis confirmed that prolidase was inactivated at 67 °C. The enzyme was active under weak alkali to weak acidic conditions, and showed maximum activity at pH 7.0. Although these characteristics are similar to those for other reported prolidases, this prolidase was distinctive for two kinetic characteristics. Firstly, different substrate specificity was observed for its two preferred metal cations, zinc and manganese: Leu‐Pro was preferred with zinc, whereas Arg‐Pro was preferred with manganese. Secondly, the enzyme showed an allosteric response to changes in substrate concentrations, with Hill constants of 1.53 for Leu‐Pro and 1.57 for Arg‐Pro. Molecular modeling of this prolidase suggests that these unique characteristics may be attributed to a loop structure near the active site.