bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pro-Franco Anti-communism: Ellery Sedgwick and the Atlantic Monthly
Authors: Chapman Michael E.
Published: October 2006

Commentators have either ignored American supporters of General Franco's Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) or dismissed them as cranks. In reality, the pro-Franco cause was both more widespread and more complex than prevailing historiography allows. Many Franco supporters were also anti-fascists and supporters in other respects of progressive causes. This article examines Ellery Sedgwick's support of Franco. Editor of the Atlantic Monthly, one of the leading journals of opinion at the time, Sedgwick was also representative of the American social élite. The article argues that Sedgwick was not interested in Franco per se, but promoted his cause because he sought to demonstrate the danger that international communism posed to American national identity during a period of unprecedented insecurity. Caught in a unique historical moment, pro-Franco anti-communists of 1938 were patriots to themselves but un-American to the New Deal state.
‘Mass Deception without Deceivers’? The Holocaust on East and West German Radio in the 1960s
Authors: Wolf René
Published: October 2006

In the Cold War climate of the early 1960s in divided Germany the nazi past was just as much part of the ideological debate as the rivalries between the superpowers. The differing interpretations of the causes and consequences of the 12-year dictatorship were being played out in the mass media, particularly on radio. The high point of this 'broadcast war' - the Auschwitz Trial in Frankfurt in 1963-65 - is the focus of this article. Whether this ideological battle played a significant part in the Vergangenheitsbewšltigung (coming to terms with the past) is investigated by analysing some of the programmes from East and West German broadcasters.
Nonisothermal Vulcanization of Devulcanized GRT with Reversion Type Behavior
Authors: Isayev A. I. , Sujan Brijesh
Published: October 2006

Ground rubber tire (GRT) is devulcanized using a coaxial ultrasonic devulcanization reactor at different ultrasonic amplitudes. The devulcanized samples are revulcanized isothermally using a sulfur-based recipe at various temperatures utilizing an advanced polymer analyzer (APA 2000). The curves obtained showed a reversion in the cure that is more pronounced at higher temperatures. A simple vulcanization model is used to fit these cure curves and the corresponding kinetic model parameters are determined. Devulcanized samples are cured nonisothermally in the APA at various constant heating rates and multiple heating steps to verify the ability of this model to predict nonisothermal curing behavior, including reversion. In addition, the cross-link density and gel fraction of the samples cured in the APA are measured and correlated to the state of cure at different times during the curing reaction. Using this information along with the cure kinetics the cross-link density distribution of compression-molded disks are predicted and compared to experimental data.
In Situ Fatigue Crack Detection using Piezoelectric Paint Sensor
Authors: Zhang Yunfeng
Published: October 2006

This article reports the recent development of a surface fatigue crack detection technique based on the use of surface-mount piezoelectric paint sensor. Polymer-based piezoelectric paints that can be directly deposited onto the surface of host structures are being utilized to make the sensor for surface crack detection. Because of its electromechanical coupling properties, voltage signals can be generated by the piezoelectric paint sensor when subjected to mechanical strain in its film plane. Results from recent development of the piezoelectric paint-based surface crack detection technique indicate that piezoelectric paint sensors with a special electrode design can potentially provide an effective method to detect fatigue cracks occurring in structural surfaces. A simple damage index is defined to determine the occurrence of surface cracks in a pre-specified region. However, complex sensor electrode patterns may be necessary in some cases to improve the spatial resolution of surface crack detection. Experiments conducted to validate this surface crack detection technique are also described in this study.
Self-structural Health Monitoring Function of RC Structures with HCFRP Sensors
Authors: Yang C. Q. , Wu Z. S.
Published: October 2006

In this article, the self-structural health monitoring (SHM) function of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is studied with the application of a novel type of hybrid carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (HCFRP) sensors that are characterized by broad-based and distributed sensing capabilities. The HCFRP composite sensors are designed and fabricated to consist of three types of carbon tows, wherein the active materials are carbon tows by virtue of their electrical conductivity and piezoresistivity. Two types of HCFRP sensors, with and without pretreatment, are fabricated. First, the sensing properties of these two types of sensors are tested under uniaxial tension. Then, the HCFRP sensors are bonded with epoxy resins on the bottom concrete surface of RC beams to monitor the strain, the yielding of reinforcing steel bars, and the initiation and propagation of cracks in concrete. The experimental results show that the pretreatment can enhance the change in electrical resistance more than 100 times, especially in a low-strain range before the rupture of carbon tows. With the application of HCFRP sensors, the structural health, including the average strain amplitude, the yielding of reinforcing steel bars, the deformation of the beams, and the initiation and propagation of cracks in RC structures, can be monitored in a real-time manner.
Bioactive Composition of Pig Laryngeal Cartilage Extracts and Their Free Radical-scavenging Activity
Authors: Xiong Shuang-li , Jin Zheng-yu , Li An-lin
Published: October 2006

This work focused on amino acid and mineral element analysis of pig laryngeal cartilage. Papain and DEAE-Sepharose fast flow ion exchange chromatography were used to hydrolyase cartilage and purify hydrolysate. Further study was performed to compare the free radical-scavenging activity of various fractions. Cartilage is abundant in bioactive amino acids such as glycine, glutamic acid and arginine and minerals such as calcium, magnesium and iron. Four polysaccahrides attached peptides and one peptide were isolated from hydrolysate. Weak 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl free radical scavenging activities of all substances were observed. Other fractions showed hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion free radical scavenging ability in a concentration-dependent manner except fraction A. The hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity of tested samples decreased in the following order: fraction C crude chondroitin sulphate (ChS) peptide fraction B semi-purified ChS purified ChS. Significant differences were observed between purified ChS and other fractions (P 0.01). For superoxide anion free radical the order was: peptide purified ChS semi-purified ChS crude ChS fraction C fraction B. The peptide was significantly higher than purified ChS (P 0.01), which was significantly higher than the other components (P 0.01). According to the results, polysaccharides, ChS, amino acid and peptide present in cartilage had important bioactivity.
Gender differences in coping strategies of undergraduate students and their impact on self-esteem and attainment
Authors: Lawrence Julia , Ashford Kelly , Dent Paul
Published: October 2006

This study sought to investigate differences in the coping strategies adopted by male and female first year students in a higher education environment and the extent to which such strategies had an impact on self-esteem and attainment. Results revealed significant differences between males and females in terms of engagement in coping strategies and academic attainment. Specifically, males exhibited greater ability to detach themselves from the emotions of a situation, were more inclined to demonstrate emotional inhibition or ‘bottling up’ of emotions and reported higher self-esteem. In addition, it was observed that females attained at a significantly higher level than males. Practical implications and recommendations for future research are identified.
Relocating the responsibility cut: should more responsibility imply less redistribution?
Authors: Cappelen Alexander W. , Tungodden Bertil
Published: October 2006

Liberal egalitarian theories of justice argue that inequalities arising from non-responsibility factors should be eliminated, but that inequalities arising from responsibility factors should be accepted. This article discusses how the fairness argument for redistribution within a liberal egalitarian framework is affected by a relocation of the cut between responsibility and non-responsibility factors. The article also discusses the claim that equalization of some non-responsibility factors will reduce the ideal level of redistribution.
The Fitting, the Deserving, and the Beautiful
Authors: Zaibert Leo
Published: October 2006

Punishment is punishment even if it is not (perceived by the punisher to be) deserved. But punishment which is not (perceived by the punisher to be) fitting is not punishment. This paper explores the differences between desert and fittingness, and argues that incorporating fittingness into thedefinition of punishment is not problematic, whereas incorporating desert in such definition is, in contrast, infamously problematic. The main difference between these two notions turns on the interesting differences between two types of normativity. Fittingness is exclusively concerned with aesthetic normativity, whereas desert is more directly concerned with moral normativity. When something is fitting, then it is, to an extent, intrinsically good, and, to an extent, it is also beautiful. The notion of fittingness has largely been ignored in discussions of punishment, yet it helps us better to understand the phenomenon of punishment, and in particular the thorny relationship between this phenomenon and desert.
Conjugate Mass Transfer Modeling for VOC Source and Sink Behavior of Porous Building Materials: When to Apply It?
Authors: Lee Chang-Seo , Haghighat Fariborz , Ghaly Wahid
Published: October 2006

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are major indoor air pollutants. Physical models have been developed to predict VOC source (emission) and sink behavior (sorption) of building materials. They frequently adopt the conventional convection approach using a third-kind boundary condition. This conventional convection approach in conjunction with the commonly used Sherwood number correlation is based on the assumptions of constant wall concentration at the material-air interface and quasi-steady convective mass transfer in the fluid (air). In this study, the validity of these assumptions is theoretically investigated. An analytical model using the conventional convection approach and a numerical conjugate mass transfer model are developed. The conjugate mass transfer models consider unsteady two-dimensional laminar forced convection over a flat plate coupled with unsteady one-dimensional diffusion and sorption within the porous solid through the concentration and the flux continuities at the material-air interface. The simulation results indicate that the assumptions can lead to a significant overestimation of the wall concentration especially in the early transfer phase. When the effect on the VOC source/sink behavior is quantified by the total transfer time, which is the time required to emit/absorb 99% of the maximum transferable VOC mass, the analytical model results in less than 5% error in the predicted value when VOC transfer is controlled by internal diffusion, i.e., Biot number larger than 9 for (ε + K) 100.
Monitoring of the JAK2-V617F mutation by highly sensitive quantitative real-time PCR after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with myelofibrosis
Authors: Kröger Nicolaus , Badbaran Anita , Holler Ernst , Hahn Joachim , Kobbe Guido , Bornhäuser Martin , Reiter Andreas , Zabelina Tatjana , Zander Axel R. , Fehse Boris
Published: October 2006

The JAK2-V617F mutation occurs in about 50% of patients with myelofibrosis and might be a reliable marker to monitor residual disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We describe a new, highly sensitive (≥ 0.01%) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to monitor and quantify V617F-JAK2–positive cells after dose-reduced allogeneic stem cell transplantation. After 22 allogeneic stem cell transplantation procedures in 21 JAK2-positive patients with myelofibrosis, 78% became PCR negative. In 15 of 17 patients (88%), JAK2 remained negative after a median follow-up of 20 months. JAK2 negativity was achieved after a median of 89 days after allograft (range, 19-750 days). A significant inverse correlation was seen for JAK2 positivity and donor-cell chimerism (r: −0.91, P < .001). Four of 5 patients who never achieved JAK2 negativity fulfilled during the entire follow-up all criteria for complete remission recently proposed by the International Working Group, suggesting a major role for JAK2 measurement to determine depths of remission. In one case, residual JAK2-positive cells were successfully eliminated by donor lymphocyte infusion. In conclusion, allogeneic stem cell transplantation after dose-reduced conditioning induces high rates of molecular remission in JAK2-positive patients with myelofibrosis, and quantification of V617F-JAK2 mutation by real-time PCR allows the detection of minimal residual disease to guide adoptive immunotherapy.
Molecular phylogeny of the antiangiogenic and neurotrophic serpin, pigment epithelium derived factor in vertebrates
Authors: Xu Xuming , Zhang Samuel Shao-Min , Barnstable Colin J , Tombran-Tink Joyce
Published: October 2006

Background

Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serpin family, regulates cell proliferation, promotes survival of neurons, and blocks growth of new blood vessels in mammals. Defining the molecular phylogeny of PEDF by bioinformatic analysis is one approach to understanding the link between its gene structure and its function in these biological processes.

Results

From a comprehensive search of available DNA databases we identified a single PEDF gene in all vertebrate species examined. These included four mammalian and six non-mammalian vertebrate species in which PEDF had not previously been described. A five gene cluster around PEDF was found in an approximate 100 kb region in mammals, birds, and amphibians. In ray-finned fish these genes are scattered over three chromosomes although only one PEDF gene was consistently found. The PEDF gene is absent in invertebrates including Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster), Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), and sea squirt (C. intestinalis). The PEDF gene is transcribed in all vertebrate phyla, suggesting it is biologically active throughout vertebrate evolution. The multiple actions of PEDF are likely conserved in evolution since it has the same gene structure across phyla, although the size of the gene ranges from 48.3 kb in X. tropicalis to 2.9 kb in fugu, with human PEDF at a size of 15.6 kb. A strong similarity in the proximal 200 bp of the PEDF promoter in mammals suggests the existence of a possible regulatory region across phyla. Using a non-synonymous/synonymous substitution rate ratio we show that mammalian and fish PEDFs have similar ratios of <0.13, reflecting a strong purifying selection of PEDF gene. A large number of repetitive transposable elements of the SINE and LINE class were found with random distribution in both the promoter and introns of mammalian PEDF.

Conclusion

The PEDF gene first appears in vertebrates and our studies suggest that the regulation and biological actions of this gene are preserved across vertebrates. This comprehensive analysis of the PEDF gene across phyla provides new information that will aid further characterization of common functional motifs of this serpin in biological processes.
Post-radiation sarcoma of the neck treated with re-irradiation followed by wide excision
Authors: Tan Alex , Ngan Samuel YK , Choong Peter FM
Published: October 2006

Background

Post-radiation sarcoma (PRS) is an uncommon disease manifesting as sarcoma in a previously irradiated field, usually with a latent period of 5 years or more. Literature is limited to small series. Optimal management of this disease is unclear. Positive margins are common following attempted curative surgery and outcomes are poor. Radiotherapy is hardly used and its effect on PRS is not known. We described a case of PRS treated with preoperative radiotherapy followed by margin-negative wide excision.

Case presentation

The 59-year-old patient presented with a mass in the left supraclavicular fossa and numbness in the arm, six years following radical irradiation of the head and neck for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Open biopsy showed pleomorphic spindle cell sarcoma. She was treated with pre-operative hyperfractionated radiotherapy followed by margin-negative wide excision and nerve grafting. Cumulative radiation dose to the supraclavicular fossa was 98 Gy. Histological examination of the post-irradiation tumor specimens showed evidence of significant tumor response to re-irradiation. The patient remained free of disease five years after surgery with excellent functional outcome.

Conclusion

Role of radiotherapy in PRS is uncertain. We described a case that was successfully managed with preoperative radiotherapy and margin-negative wide excision in terms of tumor control and functional outcomes. The impact of radiotherapy was demonstrated in the post-irradiation resected specimen. Further investigation using re-irradiation and surgery in PRS is warranted.
Hearing preservation after removal of acoustic neurinoma
Authors: Harner Stephen G. , Laws Edward R. , Onofrio Burton M.
Published: October 2006

Between January 1, 1978, and July 1, 1983, 149 patients underwent acoustic ncurinoma rcmovnl (151 procedures). Of these, 119 ears (118 patients) had had some degree of hearing on the affected side preoperatively, and in all of them the tumors had been removed by a posterior cranial fossa approach. Fourteen (12%) had measurable hearing preserved postoperatively — serviceable in eight cars and poor in six. The patients with preserved hearing had had their hearing loss for a shorter period, slightly better preoperative hearing levels, and a smaller tumor. The complications, morbidity, and mortality in this group were comparable to those in other series. It is concluded that preservation of hearing is a worthwhile goal that can be achieved without increased risk.
Bilateral congenital middle ear cholesteatomas
Authors: Wang Robert , Zubick Howard H. , Vernick David M. , Strome Marshall
Published: October 2006

Congenital middle ear choleslcatomas remain of interest because of their relative rarity and unknown origin. A 4‐month‐old child presenting with bilateral congenital middle ear cholestcatomas forms the basis for this report. The nature of the epithelial debris found suggests an external origin. An extended transcanal tympanotomy approach for removal, based upon an operative experience of 11 similar ears, will be discussed.
Microorganisms isolated from infected aural fistulas
Authors: Sugita Rinya , Kawamura Shozo , Ichikawa Ginichiro , Fujimaki Yutaka , Oguri Toyoko , Deguchi Koichi
Published: October 2006

Aural fistula is a congenital deformity of the external ear relatively common in Orientals and rare in Caucasians. Suppuration tends to occur, and chemotherapy rather than surgical drainage should be attempted. However, the lack of information concerning infected aural fistulas has made appropriate chemotherapy difficult. Microorganisms isolated from 13 cases of infected aural fistulas were studied from January 1981 to December 1982. Six species and 22 strains were isolated; nonsporeforming faculative anaerobes were detected in 12 cases. The isolated pathogens included Peplococcun up (10 cases), Peplostreplococcus up (3), Bacteroides sp (3), and Funobacterium sp (2). One case exhibited only Staphylocoecus aureus. Our data also stresses the etiologic importance of anaerobic grampositive cocci in infected aural fistulas.
Fatal malformations of the larynx and upper trachea
Authors: Paes Bosco A. , De Sa D. J. , Hitch D. A.
Published: October 2006

Five infants with a spectrum of rare malformations of the larynx and trachea are presented. All infants died because of problems with intubation and ventilation. The scries reflects the wide variety and complexity of malformations that may co‐exist, and successful management may require open tracheotomy.
Genetic Contributions to Human Brain Morphology and Intelligence
Authors: Hulshoff Pol Hilleke E. , Schnack Hugo G. , Posthuma Danielle , Mandl René C. W. , Baaré Wim F. , van Oel Clarine , van Haren Neeltje E. , Collins D. Louis , Evans Alan C. , Amunts Katrin , Bürgel Uli , Zilles Karl , de Geus Eco , Boomsma Dorret I. , Kahn René S.
Published: October 2006

Variation in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume of the adult human brain is primarily genetically determined. Moreover, total brain volume is positively correlated with general intelligence, and both share a common genetic origin. However, although genetic effects on morphology of specific GM areas in the brain have been studied, the heritability of focal WM is unknown. Similarly, it is unresolved whether there is a common genetic origin of focal GM and WM structures with intelligence. We explored the genetic influence on focal GM and WM densities in magnetic resonance brain images of 54 monozygotic and 58 dizygotic twin pairs and 34 of their siblings. For genetic analyses, we used structural equation modeling and voxel-based morphometry. To explore the common genetic origin of focal GM and WM areas with intelligence, we obtained cross-trait/cross-twin correlations in which the focal GM and WM densities of each twin are correlated with the psychometric intelligence quotient of his/her cotwin. Genes influenced individual differences in left and right superior occipitofrontal fascicle (heritability up to 0.79 and 0.77), corpus callosum (0.82, 0.80), optic radiation (0.69, 0.79), corticospinal tract (0.78, 0.79), medial frontal cortex (0.78, 0.83), superior frontal cortex (0.76, 0.80), superior temporal cortex (0.80, 0.77), left occipital cortex (0.85), left postcentral cortex (0.83), left posterior cingulate cortex (0.83), right parahippocampal cortex (0.69), and amygdala (0.80, 0.55). Intelligence shared a common genetic origin with superior occipitofrontal, callosal, and left optical radiation WM and frontal, occipital, and parahippocampal GM (phenotypic correlations up to 0.35). These findings point to a neural network that shares a common genetic origin with human intelligence.
Alterations in Memory Networks in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: An Independent Component Analysis
Authors: Celone Kim A. , Calhoun Vince D. , Dickerson Bradford C. , Atri Alireza , Chua Elizabeth F. , Miller Saul L. , DePeau Kristina , Rentz Doreen M. , Selkoe Dennis J. , Blacker Deborah , Albert Marilyn S. , Sperling Reisa A.
Published: October 2006

Memory function is likely subserved by multiple distributed neural networks, which are disrupted by the pathophysiological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we used multivariate analytic techniques to investigate memory-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in 52 individuals across the continuum of normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild AD. Independent component analyses revealed specific memory-related networks that activated or deactivated during an associative memory paradigm. Across all subjects, hippocampal activation and parietal deactivation demonstrated a strong reciprocal relationship. Furthermore, we found evidence of a nonlinear trajectory of fMRI activation across the continuum of impairment. Less impaired MCI subjects showed paradoxical hyperactivation in the hippocampus compared with controls, whereas more impaired MCI subjects demonstrated significant hypoactivation, similar to the levels observed in the mild AD subjects. We found a remarkably parallel curve in the pattern of memory-related deactivation in medial and lateral parietal regions with greater deactivation in less-impaired MCI and loss of deactivation in more impaired MCI and mild AD subjects. Interestingly, the failure of deactivation in these regions was also associated with increased positive activity in a neocortical attentional network in MCI and AD. Our findings suggest that loss of functional integrity of the hippocampal-based memory systems is directly related to alterations of neural activity in parietal regions seen over the course of MCI and AD. These data may also provide functional evidence of the interaction between neocortical and medial temporal lobe pathology in early AD.
Book Reviews
Authors: Blahó András , Jánošíková Katarína , Elekes Andrea
Published: October 2006

A. Stajano: Research, Quality, Competitiveness. European Union Technology Policy for the Information Society (New York: Springer Verlag, 2006, 456 pp.) Reviewed by András Blahó; K. Kouba - O. Vychodil - J. Roberts: Privatizace bez kapitálu (Zvýšené transakcní náklady ceské privatizace) Privatisation without Capital (Increased Transaction Costs of the Czech Privatisation) (Prague: Karolinum, 2005, 178 pp.) Reviewed by Katarína Jánošíková; M. N. Cardwell - M. R. Grossman - C. P. Rodgers (eds): Agriculture and International Trade. Law, Policy and the WTO (Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, 2003, 330 pp.) Reviewed by Andrea Elekes
Atomistic simulation for configuration evolution and energetic calculation of crack in body-centered-cubic iron
Authors: Cao Li-Xia , Wang Chong-Yu
Published: October 2006

The molecular dynamics method has been used to simulate mode I cracking in body-centered-cubic iron. Close attention has been paid to the process of the atomic configuration evolution of the cracks. The simulation shows that at low temperatures, partial dislocations are emitted before the initiation of crack propagation, subsequently forming the stacking faults or multilayer twins on {112} planes, and then brittle cleavage and extended dislocation nucleation are observed at the crack tip accompanied by twin extension. These results are in agreement with the experimental observation that twinning and fracture processes cooperate at low temperatures. Furthermore, an energetics analysis has been made on the deformation behavior observed at the crack tip. The effect of temperature on the fracture process is discussed. At the higher temperature, plastic deformation becomes easier, and crack blunting occurs. With increasing temperature, the fracture resistance increases, and the effect of the lattice trapping can be weakened by thermal activation.
Effect of stress on the aluminum-induced crystallization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films
Authors: Hossain Maruf , Abu-Safe Husam H. , Naseem Hameed , Brown William D.
Published: October 2006

The effect of stress, resulting from the presence of hydrogen, on the aluminum-induced crystallization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films was studied. Layered thin films of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated amorphous silicon and aluminum, deposited by sputtering, were used to study this effect. The stress of the deposited films was determined by measuring the radius of curvature of c-Si substrates before and after deposition of the films. It was observed that unhydrogenated amorphous silicon films exhibit a high compressive stress compared with hydrogenated ones. The amount of stress is shown to decrease with increasing hydrogen content. It was also observed that aluminum always provides tensile stress. After the initial stress measurements, all the samples were annealed for 30 min at temperatures between 200 °C and 400 °C. X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystallinity of the silicon films. The results of the study show that the temperature at which crystallization of amorphous silicon is initiated is lower for films with a lower initial stress.
On the determination of spherical nanoindentation stress–strain curves
Authors: Basu Sandip , Moseson Alexander , Barsoum Michel W.
Published: October 2006

Instrumented nanoindentation experiments, especially with sharp tips, are a well-established technique to measure the hardness and moduli values of a wide range of materials. However, and despite the fact that they can accurately delineate the onset of the elasto-plastic transition of solids, spherical nanoindentation experiments are less common. In this article we propose a technique in which we combine (i) the results of continuous stiffness measurements with spherical indenters – with radii of 1 μm and/or 13.5 μm, (ii) Hertzian theory, and (iii) Berkovich nanoindentations, to convert load/depth of indentation curves to their corresponding indentation stress–strain curves. We applied the technique to fused silica, aluminum, iron and single crystals of sapphire and ZnO. In all cases, the resulting indentation stress–strain curves obtained clearly showed the details of the elastic-to-plastic transition (i.e., the onset of yield, and, as important, the steady state hardness values that were comparable with the Vickers microhardness values obtained on the same surfaces). Furthermore, when both the 1 μm and 13.5 μm indenters were used on the same material, for the most part, the indentation stress–strain curves traced one trajectory. The method is versatile and can be used over a large range of moduli and hardness values.
Persistence of 5:3 plates in RE5(SixGe1-x)4 alloys
Authors: Ugurlu O. , Chumbley L.S. , Fisher C.R.
Published: October 2006

Studies of RE5(SixGe1-x)4 alloys, where RE equals rare earth, have revealed a second-phase having a thin-plate morphology in essentially every alloy examined, independent of exact composition and matrix crystal structure. Identified as having a composition approximating Gd5(SixGe1-x)3 and a hexagonal crystal structure in the Gd-based system, it has been suggested that the observed thin-plate second phases seen in this family of rare earth alloys are all most likely of the form RE5(SixGe1-x)3. A number of interesting observations suggest that the formation of these second-phase plates is somewhat unusual. The purpose of this article is to investigate the stability of this second phase in Gd- and Er-based compounds. The stability was investigated as a function of thermal cycling and large-scale composition fluctuations. The results of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) studies indicate that the RE5(SixGe1-x)3 phase is extremely stable once it forms in a RE5(SixGe1-x)4 matrix.
States of water in hydrated C3S (tricalcium silicate) as a function of relative humidity
Authors: Nemes Norbert M. , Neumann Dan A. , Livingston Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Quasi-elastic neutron spectroscopy was used to study the changes in the water content of hydrated tricalcium silicate cement paste with decreasing relative humidity (RH). The structurally bound water was divided into water bound in Ca(OH)2 and in calcium-silicate hydrate, or C–S–H-gel, utilizing the inelastic vibrational modes of Ca(OH)2. The quasi-elastic line was analyzed in terms of free and constrained water, and both were observed to decrease as the pores empty of pore-water with drying. An inelastic line related to translational vibrations of immobile water molecules was also extracted from the spectra, and its intensity was found to decrease with lower RH.
Investments in Cancer Genomics: Who Benefits and Who Decides
Authors: Foster Morris W. , Mulvihill John J. , Sharp Richard R.
Published: October 2006

The Cancer Genome Atlas—formerly the Human Cancer Genome Project—provides an opportunity for considering how social concerns about resource allocation are interrelated with practical decisions about specific research strategies—part of a continuing convergence between scientific and public evaluations of priorities for biomedical research funding. For example, the manner, order, and extent that The Cancer Genome Atlas selects tumor types and populations to be sampled will determine who benefits most from its findings. Those choices will be determined on the basis of both scientific and social values.

By soliciting public involvement and conducting rigorous policy analysis in the design of large scientific projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, cancer researchers can help democratize the allocation of scientific resources and foster public confidence in biomedical research.
Maternal Upward Socioeconomic Mobility and Black–White Disparities in Infant Birthweight
Authors: Colen Cynthia G. , Geronimus Arline T. , Bound John , James Sherman A.
Published: October 2006

Objectives. We estimate the extent to which upward socioeconomic mobility limits the probability that Black and White women who spent their childhoods in or near poverty will give birth to a low-birthweight baby.

Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the 1970 US Census were used to complete a series of logistic regression models. We restricted multivariate analyses to female survey respondents who, at 14 years of age, were living in households in which the income-to-needs ratio did not exceed 200% of poverty.

Results. For White women, the probability of giving birth to a low-birthweight baby decreases by 48% for every 1 unit increase in the natural logarithm of adult family income, once the effects of all other covariates are taken into account. For Black women, the relation between adult family income and the probability of low birthweight is also negative; however, this association fails to reach statistical significance.

Conclusions. Upward socioeconomic mobility contributes to improved birth outcomes among infants born to White women who were poor as children, but the same does not hold true for their Black counterparts.
Spatial Heterogeneity of Herbage Response to Management Intensity in Continuously Stocked Pensacola Bahiagrass Pastures
Authors: Dubeux J. C. B. , Stewart R. L. , Sollenberger L. E. , Vendramini J. M. B. , Interrante S. M.
Published: October 2006

Redistribution of soil nutrients often occurs on grazed swards, but the effect of these changes on herbage response is not well understood. This 3‐yr study evaluated the effects of a wide range of management intensities on patterns of herbage and soil nutrient responses in continuously stocked ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pastures growing on Pomona and Smyrna sands. The three management intensities were: Low (40 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 1.4 animal units [AU, one AU = 500 kg live weight] ha−1 stocking rate [SR]), Moderate (120 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 2.8 AU ha−1 SR), and High (360 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 4.2 AU ha−1 SR). Responses were measured in three zones based on distance from the watering point (Zone 1, 0–8 m; Zone 2, 8–16 m; Zone 3, > 16 m). Herbage accumulation rate increased as management intensity increased from Low to Moderate in 2 of 3 yr (14 vs. 41 kg ha−1 d−1 in 2002 and 17 vs. 42 kg ha−1 d−1 in 2003) but was not greater for High than Moderate in any year. Herbage accumulation rate was greater in Zone 1 than 3 (40 vs. 20 kg ha−1 d−1 kg ha−1 d−1). Herbage mass was lower in Zone 1 than in Zones 2 and 3 during 2 of 3 yr. Herbage nutritive value increased with management intensity and was greatest in Zone 1 for Low, but not for the other intensities. Soil P, K, and Mg accumulated in Zone 1 of all management intensities. Across management intensities, soil nutrient concentration and productivity of continuously stocked bahiagrass pastures was greatest in the zone including shade and watering locations, but zonal heterogeneity in nutritive value occurred only in the least intensively managed pastures (Low).
Bilder sagen mehr als tausend Worte: Visualisierungen für Lehre und Forschung
Authors: Welsch Norbert , Meyer Christoph , Albert Klaus
Published: October 2006

Professionell gestaltete statische, animierte oder interaktive Visualisierungen tragen wesentlich dazu bei, Lehrinhalte leichter zu transportieren und Forschungsergebnisse darzustellen. Auch für Wissenschaftler und Lehrer stehen heute zahlreiche Anwenderprogramme zur Verfügung, mit deren Hilfe sich die Kommunikation chemischen Wissens wesentlich verbessern lässt.
Gerinnungshemmende Wirkung von Schlangengiften: Freie Fahrt für flüssiges Blut
Authors: Eble Johannes A.
Published: October 2006

Um den geschlossenen Blutkreislauf dicht zu halten, verläuft die Blutstillung auf drei Wegen, durch Gefäßverengung, durch Aktivierung und Aggregation der Thrombozyten und durch Bildung des Fibrinnetzwerks. Alle drei bestehen aus gegenseitig sich beeinflussenden Schritten. Jede Störung dieses empfindlichen Netzwerks führt zu bedrohlichen Blutungen oder Thrombosen. Im Laufe der Evolution haben Schlangen Giftkomponenten entwickelt, die spezifisch gegen jeden Schritt der Blutstillung gerichtet sind. Nach ihrer Isolierung, der Bestimmung ihrer Proteinstruktur und ihres Wirkmechanismus können diese natürlichen Giftkomponenten Leitstrukturen zur Herstellung neuer pharmazeutischer Wirkstoffe liefern, die die Blutgerinnung und die Thrombozytenaktivierung hemmen.
Die Oktoberfest‐Umlagerung: Hopfen und Malz ...
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: October 2006

Nach dem Deutschen Reinheitsgebot gebrautes Bier gilt als Inbegriff des naturbelassenen, unverfälschten Lebensmittels, bei dessen Herstellung “die Chemie” auf keinen Fall beteiligt war. Welch ein Irrtum! Schon beim Befeuchten des Gerstenkorns beginnt die Chemie des Bierbrauens, große Mengen an Enzymen zur Spaltung von Zellwandmaterial, Proteinen und Stärke werden synthetisiert. Beim Rösten des gekeimten Korns (= Malz) bilden sich durch komplexe Reaktionskaskaden die wunderbaren Aroma‐ und Farbstoffe. Chemischer Höhepunkt dürfte aber die Umwandlung einiger Hopfeninhaltsstoffe in Bitterstoffe sein. Für ein einziges Münchner Oktoberfest werden aus über 10000 kg Hopfen in einer atemberaubenden α‐Ketol‐Umlagerung einige 100 kg der von uns so geschätzten edlen Bitterstoffe hergestellt. Das beweist wieder einmal, Chemie kann nicht nur spannend sein, sondern kann auch richtig gut schmecken. Na dann, Prost!
Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar
Published: October 2006

Die Industriegesellschaften sind auf der Suche nach “Ersatz”, besonders die, die sich der “globalen” Forderung nach bedachtem Gebrauch der Ressourcen nicht anschließen. Da sind die “erneuerbaren” ins Blickfeld geraten. Ersatz für den Energiespender Erdöl und Erdgas durch reine oder gemischte Katalyse/Biochemie (Stichwort “Bio”‐Diesel, “Bio”‐Alkohol‐Zumischung) ist naheliegend und hier früher in Beispielen beschrieben, nicht aber für funktionalisierte Synthesezwischenprodukte aus dem Bioladen an Stelle von Petrochemikalien.
Farmen für Fische
Authors: Borchard‐Tuch Claudia
Published: October 2006

Weltweit wird Fisch zur immer beliebteren Speise. Um die Meere vor einer noch stärkeren Überfischung zu bewahren, wächst die Zahl der Zuchtanlagen. Bereits heute stammt etwa ein Viertel aller Fische, die verzehrt werden, aus Zuchtbetrieben.
Bonn
Authors: Schwedt Georg
Published: October 2006

Vor dem alten Chemischen Institut der Universität Bonn in der Meckenheimer Allee, gegenüber dem Poppelsdorfer Schloss und dem Botanischen Garten, befindet sich das Denkmal des Chemikers August Kekulé von Stradonitz (1829‐1896). Auf der Refliefplatte halten allegorische Gestalten seine Benzolformel in den Händen. Kekulés Grab auf dem Poppelsdorfer Friedhof, an dessen Haupteingang ein Übersichtsplan den Platz mit der Nr. 10 kennzeichnet, weist ein lorbeergesäumtes Medaillon auf.
Role of substrate material in failure of crown‐like layer structures
Authors: Kim Jae‐Won , Bhowmick Sanjit , Chai Herzl , Lawn Brian R.
Published: October 2006

The role of substrate modulus on critical loads to initiate and propagate radial cracks to failure in curved brittle glass shells on compliant polymeric substrates is investigated. Flat glass disks are used to drive the crack system. This configuration is representative of dental crown structures on dentin support in occlusal contact. Specimens are fabricated by truncating glass tubes and filling with epoxy‐based substrate materials, with or without alumina filler for modulus control. Moduli ranging from 3 to 15 GPa are produced in this way. Critical loads for both initiation and propagation to failure increase monotonically with substrate modulus, by a factor of two over the data range. Fracture mechanics relations provide a fit to the data, within the scatter bands. Finite element analysis is used to determine stress distributions pertinent to the observed fracture modes. It is suggested that stiffer substrate materials offer potential for improved crown lifetime in dental practice. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Polymer scaffolds with interconnected spherical pores and controlled architecture for tissue engineering: Fabrication, mechanical properties, and finite element modeling
Authors: Diego Raúl Brígido , Estellés Jorge Más , Sanz José Antonio , García‐Aznar José Manuel , Sánchez Manuel Salmerón
Published: October 2006

A method is proposed in which the geometric properties of 3D scaffolds with application in tissue engineering can be tailored: porosity, pore size, and interconnection throat size. The architecture of the fabricated scaffolds is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of these structures are discussed on the basis of compression stress–strain measurements. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds are estimated by means of finite element modeling (FEM) in which the compression stress–strain test is simulated on an ideal structure based on the crystalline face centered cubic system. The elastic properties of the constructs are explained on the basis of the FEM model that supports the main mechanical conclusion of the experimental results: the compressive modulus in the first linear region does not depend on the geometric characteristics of the pore (pore size, interconnection throat size) but only on the total porosity of the scaffold. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Raman spectral signatures of mouse mammary tissue and associated lymph nodes: normal, tumor and mastitis
Authors: Thakur Jagdish S. , Dai Houbei , Serhatkulu Gulay K. , Naik Ratna , Naik Vaman M. , Cao Alex , Pandya Abhilash , Auner Gregory W. , Rabah Rajah , Klein Michael D. , Freeman Carl
Published: October 2006

Raman spectroscopy involves the interaction of light with the molecular vibrations and therefore can provide information about molecular structure, tissue composition and changes in its environment. We explored whether Raman spectroscopy can reliably distinguish mammary tumors from normal mammary tissues and other pathological states in mice. We analyzed a large number of Raman spectra from the tumor and normal mammary glands of mice injected with 4T1 tumor cells, which were collected using a high‐resolution (less than 4 cm−1) Raman spectrometer at a fixed (785 nm) laser excitation wavelength and with 60 mW of laser power. The spectra of normal and tumor mammary glands showed consistent differences in the intensity of certain Raman bands and loss of some bands in the tumor spectra. Multivariate statistical methods—principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant functional analysis (DFA)—were used to separate the data into different groups of mammary tumors, mastitis, lymph nodes contralateral and tumor‐cell‐injected sides, and normal contralateral and tumor‐cell‐injected sides. We demonstrate that this spectroscopic technique has the feasibility of discriminating tumor and mastitis from normal tissues and other pathological states in a short period of time and may detect tumor transformation earlier than the standard histological examination stage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of the natural history of adult‐onset acid maltase deficiency by nutrition and exercise therapy
Authors: Slonim Alfred E. , Bulone Linda , Goldberg Teresia , Minikes Jennifer , Slonim Efrat , Galanko Joseph , Martiniuk Frank
Published: October 2006

Adult‐onset acid maltase deficiency is an inherited lysosomal skeletal‐muscle disease characterized by progressive myopathy and respiratory failure, for which there is no known therapy. In an uncontrolled, prospective study, we evaluated whether adherence to high‐protein and low‐carbohydrate nutrition and exercise therapy (NET) can slow the progressive deterioration of muscle function in this disease. Thirty‐four patients have been treated with NET for periods of 2–10 years (mean 4.5 ± 2.5). Pre‐NET rate of muscle function deterioration, as measured by the Walton scale, was compared to post‐NET rate. Twenty‐six patients were deemed to be consistently compliant with NET. Difference between pre‐NET slope of muscle function deterioration to that of post‐NET slope in compliant patients was −0.29 (95% CI −0.19, 0.39) (P < 0.0001). We conclude that compliance with NET can slow deterioration of muscle function and improve the natural history of adult‐onset acid maltase deficiency. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Seed deposition of Eragrostis curvula, an invasive alien plant on a river floodplain
Authors: Nakayama Naoki , Nishihiro Jun , Kayaba Yuichi , Muranaka Takashi , Washitani Izumi
Published: October 2006

To test the hypothesis that nonbuoyant seeds transported by river water are deposited with mineral sediment particles that have a similar fall velocity through water, we examined the relationship between the size of sediment deposited by a flood and the density of the deposited seeds of a invasive alien plant, Eragrostis curvula. The average estimated fall velocity of the seeds was 2.93 cm/s, and this value was similar to the fall velocity through water of fine sand (about 0.18 mm in size). Most seeds deposited by a flood pulse caused by a typhoon were observed in sites where fine sand and silt had accumulated on the surface. Over the course of two study years, the number of the seeds found in sediment deposited at microsites correlated significantly with the proportion of sediment particles <0.25 mm in size. Our results suggest that floodplain areas where fine sand is deposited by floods have a high risk of invasion by E. curvula.
Random modulation of solitons for the stochastic Korteweg–de Vries equation
Authors: de Bouard A. , Debussche A.
Published: October 2006

We study the asymptotic behavior of the solution of a Korteweg–de Vries equation with an additive noise whose amplitude

ɛ

tends to zero. The noise is white in time and correlated in space and the initial state of the solution is a soliton solution of the unperturbed Korteweg–de Vries equation. We prove that up to times of the order of

1/ ɛ^{2}

, the solution decomposes into the sum of a randomly modulated soliton, and a small remainder, and we derive the equations for the modulation parameters. We prove in addition that the first order part of the remainder converges, as

ɛ

tends to zero, to a Gaussian process, which satisfies an additively perturbed linear equation.

Nous étudions le comportement asymptotique de la solution d'une équation de Korteweg–de Vries avec un bruit additif dont l'amplitude

ɛ

tend vers

0

. Le bruit est blanc en temps et spatialement corrélé, la donnée initiale est un soliton de l'équation non perturbée. Nous montrons que pour des temps inférieurs à

1/ ɛ^{2}

, la solution se décompose en une onde solitaire aléatoirement modulée et un reste petit. Nous obtenons les équations des paramètres de modulation. Nous montrons également la convergence du terme d'ordre un dans le reste vers un processus gaussien centré vérifiant une équation linéaire bruitée.