bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representing icebergs in the iLOVECLIM model (version 1.0) – a sensitivity study
Authors: Bügelmayer M. , Roche D. M. , Renssen H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Recent modelling studies have indicated that icebergs alter the ocean's state, the thickness of sea ice and the prevailing atmospheric conditions, in short play an active role in the climate system. The icebergs' impact is due to their slowly released melt water which freshens and cools the ocean. The spatial distribution of the icebergs and thus their melt water depends on the forces (atmospheric and oceanic) acting on them as well as on the icebergs' size. The studies conducted so far have in common that the icebergs were moved by reconstructed or modelled forcing fields and that the initial size distribution of the icebergs was prescribed according to present day observations. To address these shortcomings, we used the climate model iLOVECLIM that includes actively coupled ice-sheet and iceberg modules, to conduct 15 sensitivity experiments to analyse (1) the impact of the forcing fields (atmospheric vs. oceanic) on the icebergs' distribution and melt flux, and (2) the effect of the used initial iceberg size on the resulting Northern Hemisphere climate and ice sheet under different climate conditions (pre-industrial, strong/weak radiative forcing). Our results show that, under equilibrated pre-industrial conditions, the oceanic currents cause the bergs to stay close to the Greenland and North American coast, whereas the atmospheric forcing quickly distributes them further away from their calving site. These different characteristics strongly affect the lifetime of icebergs, since the wind-driven icebergs melt up to two years faster as they are quickly distributed into the relatively warm North Atlantic waters. Moreover, we find that local variations in the spatial distribution due to different iceberg sizes do not result in different climate states and Greenland ice sheet volume, independent of the prevailing climate conditions (pre-industrial, warming or cooling climate). Therefore, we conclude that local differences in the distribution of their melt flux do not alter the prevailing Northern Hemisphere climate and ice sheet under equilibrated conditions und constant supply of icebergs. Furthermore, our results suggest that the applied radiative forcing scenarios have a stronger impact on climate than the used initial size distribution of the icebergs.
A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF BRAIN GLIOMAS, BY MEANS OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Surowka Artur Dawid , Adamek Dariusz , Radwanska Edyta , Lankosz Marek , Szczerbowska-Boruchowska Magdalena
Published: July 2014

The aims of this paper were to present a reliable morphometric procedure for glioma analysis for preliminary prognosis and to develop a semi-automatic procedure that is easy to use. The data presented are important to the extent that they verify the reliability of the results by showing that they are consistent with the findings from more complicated automatic analytical tools. The objects for analysis were digital images of haematoxylin-eosin stained glioma samples. The overall analysis consisted of digital image analysis and the determination of morphometric parameters. Interestingly, an increase in the mean values of aspect ratio with increasing malignancy grade was found. Moreover, the morphometric parameters in relation to the histological origin of gliomas were examined and it was found that, the cellular nuclei of glioblastoma multiforme reveal the biggest mean values of aspect ratio compared with other gliomas.
Retrouver Rhodes
Authors: Sintès Pierre
Published: July 2014

À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la communauté juive de Rhodes, présente dans l’île depuis plusieurs siècles, avait totalement disparue. Déportés ou enfuis, ceux qui s’appelaient les Rodeslis laissent derrière eux le quartier de la Djuderia dans l’ancienne ville fortifiée qui est alors investi par des habitants grecs orthodoxes. Les descendants de cette communauté disparue vivent désormais sur les cinq continents et ont conservé vivant le souvenir de cette origine. Depuis quelques décennies, certains d’entre eux sont même revenus à Rhodes pour de brefs séjours afin de retrouver les lieux de leurs origines personnelles ou celles de leur famille. Ce voyage sur un territoire souvent imaginé est le moment d’une grande émotion et d’une certaine introspection identitaire. Il peut parfois tout de même réserver quelques surprises à qui l’entreprend.
Migration circulaire, tourisme de racines et développement local
Authors: Elamé Esoh
Published: July 2014

L’objet de cette contribution est de montrer l’interaction entre tourisme de racines et développement local en partant de l’observation ethnographique des pratiques touristiques résultant de la migration circulaire des Duala de France en terre ancestrale. Plus concrètement, je vais prouver que les migrants duala en France pratiquent le tourisme de racines, ce qui m’amènera à m’interroger sur l’impact de ce tourisme dans la transmission d’un héritage socioculturel aux générations suivantes, comprenant les enfants arrivés en bas âge et ceux nés en France, et dans le développement local de la ville de Douala.

Je me propose, dans la première partie de ma contribution, de préciser le cadre théorique et méthodologique de ma réflexion. Par la suite, je donnerai une caractérisation du tourisme de racines des migrants duala de France en terre ancestrale et de son impact dans le développement de leur ville d’origine.
Roots Tourism–Whose Roots?
Authors: Kadman Noga
Published: July 2014

Israel is the contested homeland of both the Jewish-Israeli and the Arab-Palestinian peoples. In the practice of tourism, Israel highlights sites of Jewish history and tends to neglect those of Palestinian history.

Many of the Palestinian villages and heritage sites were destroyed by Israel in 1948 and onwards, or were gradually dilapidated due to lack of official care. Large-scale Palestinian roots tourism does not exist, due to the impossibility of most Palestinians to gain access into Israel.

This paper explores an unusual form of roots tourism: the encounter between Jewish-Israelis and Palestinian depopulated villages that are located today within the boundaries of Israeli tourist sites. The paper demonstrates that the villages are largely ignored or marginalized in the information given to the public. The tourism authorities therefore underestimate the roots of the Palestinians in the country and portray an overall picture of a Jewish country, with very minor Arab heritage.
Modalités d’accès aux activités touristiques des personnes déficientes
Authors: Reichart Frédéric
Published: July 2014

Cet article propose d’identifier les modalités d’accès aux activités touristiques pour les personnes déficientes et d’analyser les fondements idéologiques et institutionnels qui les sous-tendent. À partir d’entretiens, de textes associatifs et réglementaires, nous avons établi une bipolarisation idéologique soutenue par une solide organisation structurelle. Une logique de différenciation préconisant des loisirs touristiques sectoriels, proposés uniquement à des personnes déficientes, s’organise. Parallèlement, d’autres loisirs touristiques se développent dans une logique d’assimilation, étayés à travers un dispositif de labellisation de structures accessibles pour l’accueil de personnes déficientes. Ces deux modalités tentent de répondre à la diversité des besoins inhérents à chaque type et degré de déficience.
Les sociétés locales face au tourisme nudiste
Authors: Monterrubio Juan Carlos , Jaurand Emmanuel
Published: July 2014

Cet article cherche à explorer les attitudes de la population résidente par rapport à la nudité publique pratiquée par des touristes et plus généralement par rapport au corps dénudé. Fondée sur des entrevues approfondies, l’étude a pour cadre une plage nudiste tolérée de la côte pacifique mexicaine. Les résultats montrent que même si la nudité collective n’est pas conforme aux valeurs culturelles et sociales de la communauté d’accueil, l’impact économique de ce tourisme joue un rôle important dans la perception positive que les habitants ont des touristes nudistes. Par conséquent, la pratique nudiste est tolérée dans la mesure où elle reste limitée aux extrémités de la plage, zones habituellement fréquentées par les nudistes.
The Polar Cultural Heritage as a Tourism Attraction
Authors: Roura Ricardo
Published: July 2014

This paper explores the use of narratives in the transformation of historic sites in the polar regions into attractions and consumable tourism products. The analysis is based on a case study of visitation to the airship mooring mast built at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, for the 1926 “Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile Transpolar Flight” of the airship Norge. The questions addressed in this paper are: How does cultural heritage in the polar regions operate as a tourist attraction? What is the role of tourism narratives in creating a tourism attraction? Direct observations constituted the main research method. Based on Dean MacCannell (1976) and Neil Leiper (1990), a tourism attraction is a system comprising a tourist or human element; a nucleus or central element; and a marker or informative element. Tourism narratives enable the different elements of the tourism attraction system to “click” together into a coherent whole. Through narratives, the mast becomes a place of significance and a symbolic marker of the North Pole and polar exploration. The application of this approach to other sites in Antarctica and Svalbard is discussed.
Le site touristique aménagé des Gorges de la Fou en Pyrénées françaises
Authors: Suchet André
Published: July 2014

Ce travail propose une étude géographique et ethnographique du site des Gorges de la Fou : un canyon des Pyrénées orientales en France mis en tourisme par un ensemble d’aménagements (escaliers, passerelles, filet métallique de protection…) qui permettent la visite sécurisée pour tous les publics. Cet aménagement lourd du milieu naturel suscite une controverse paysagère. L’article présente le fonctionnement du site, les acteurs locaux du tourisme et la fréquentation (environ 80 000 visiteurs par an). L’étude met en évidence la non-médiation scientifique au profit d’une animation culturelle des Gorges, puis l’activation de ce géomorphosite en ressource territoriale.
Élaboration et évaluation de produits géotouristiques
Authors: Martin Simon , Regolini-Bissig Géraldine , Perret Amandine , Kozlik Lenka
Published: July 2014

Lors de l’élaboration de produits géotouristiques, l’essentiel de l’attention est porté au site et au support — panneau, brochure ou appareil mobile. C’est du moins ce qui ressort ces dernières années des colloques scientifiques consacrés au géotourisme. Bien qu’essentielles, les considérations relatives aux processus de médiation ou aux approches méthodologiques pour la valorisation géotouristique demeurent rares.

Cet article tente une formalisation du processus d’élaboration des produits géotouristiques. Quatre domaines sont identifiés — le public, le site, le contenu et le support — qui soulèvent une série de questions. Leur résolution vise à obtenir un produit de médiation cohérent, base nécessaire à une entreprise didactique. Est-ce que la réalisation est adaptée au site et à ses particularités, intéresse le public, est structurée de manière à rendre possible la transmission d’un message ?

Sur cette même base est présentée une ébauche de méthode d’évaluation des produits, portant à la fois sur la qualité scientifique et la qualité de la démarche didactique. L’importance d’évaluations complémentaires sur la réelle efficacité didactique et les retombées socio-économiques de ces produits est signalée. L’ensemble de ces démarches vise à augmenter la qualité générale des produits géotouristiques et à leur permettre d’atteindre leurs buts didactiques ou de sensibilisation.
Les partenariats au coeur de la stratégie d’introduction du géotourisme en France
Authors: Venzal Christel
Published: July 2014

L’UNESCO définit le géoparc comme une zone spéciale renfermant des éléments d’une rareté, d’une beauté ou d’un intérêt géologique particulier pouvant servir un développement touristique durable qualifié de géotourisme. Le texte, présentant les principes directeurs à l’intention des géoparcs nationaux souhaitant devenir membres du Réseau mondial des géoparcs (Global Geoparks Network — GGN —, soutenu par l’UNESCO), incite les gestionnaires de ces territoires géoréférencés à initier « toute forme de coopération dans les domaines de l’éducation, de la gestion, du tourisme, du développement durable et de la planification régionale » (UNESCO, 2008). Un géoparc se doit par conséquent de travailler avec les acteurs de son territoire pour favoriser et soutenir la création de nouveaux produits touristiques liés au patrimoine géologique dans un esprit de complémentarité avec les autres membres du réseau. Cette recherche s’est concentrée sur l’analyse de la politique de partenariats, initiée par l’un des membres fondateurs du Réseau européen des géoparcs (European Geoparks Network — EGN) : la réserve géologique de Haute-Provence (RNGHP). La question centrale de ce travail est de comprendre comment s’orchestre la stratégie de partenariats développée sur le territoire de la réserve géologique de Haute-Provence au service du développement du géotourisme en France.
L’application d’outils marketing au sein des associations touristiques
Authors: Pontier Monique
Published: July 2014

Au sein d’un contexte devenu concurrentiel, les associations touristiques se trouvent aujourd’hui face à des problématiques de recherche d’efficacité et de rentabilité nécessaires à leur survie, mais pouvant remettre en cause leur légitimité dans un secteur non lucratif. Des outils marketing sont ainsi mis en place afin de présenter aux publics une offre de qualité. Parmi ces méthodes, le marketing interne conduit les membres de l’association à devenir eux-mêmes acteurs de la commercialisation des offres de séjour.

La problématique émergeant de notre réflexion est la suivante : Quelles sont les conditions d’efficacité, au sein d’une association touristique, d’outils marketing visant à favoriser la participation des salariés à l’effort de commercialisation des séjours ?

Une étude menée au sein d’une association touristique apporte des pistes de réflexion en montrant dans quelle mesure les membres de l’association peuvent être impliqués dans une telle démarche. Elle nous permet ainsi de constater qu’il n’y a pas de remise en cause de la légitimité de la démarche étudiée, mais au contraire que, moyennant certaines conditions, le marketing interne se révèle un puissant outil de fédération des membres de l’organisation autour d’un objectif commun, celui de la satisfaction et de la fidélisation des vacanciers.
Combiner tourisme et conservation patrimoniale
Authors: Gallet Sébastien
Published: July 2014

Du fait d’une pression touristique croissante sur les sites naturels ou culturels et leur environnement, la gestion de la fréquentation devient un enjeu majeur sur ces derniers. En présentant l’exemple du site de Carnac, cet article montre comment, par une démarche scientifique, des solutions originales de gestion de la fréquentation, adaptées aux caractéristiques parfois complexes de chaque site, peuvent être mises en oeuvre. Ainsi, la gestion de ce site est fondée sur une connaissance fine de l’écologie des milieux présents ainsi que sur une phase relativement longue d’observations et d’expérimentations.

Le protocole d’ouverture établi permet un contingentement des visiteurs en période de haute fréquentation et de grande sensibilité de la végétation, et une ouverture plus libre en hiver. En outre, il permet un accès du public sans aménagement interne au site, tout en préservant l’intégrité écologique et archéologique du site.
Approche intersectionnelle, théorie postcoloniale et questions de différence dans les féminismes anglo-saxons et francophones
Authors: Maillé Chantal
Published: July 2014

Ce texte s’intéresse aux travaux féministes récents qui ont porté sur les questions de différence, notamment aux courants de l’analyse intersectionnelle et du féminisme postcolonial. La première partie du texte propose une synthèse des textes canoniques de ces deux courants et fait état des résistances présentes au sein des féminismes de la francophonie à l’endroit d’une analyse décentrée d’un sujet-femme universel. La deuxième partie aborde le projet politique du féminisme postcolonial et montre comment ce genre d’analyse permet de rendre compte de l’influence des legs coloniaux sur les rapports de pouvoir présents au sein des féminismes de la francophonie.
Dissonances identitaires
Authors: Lamoureux Diane
Published: July 2014

En prenant appui sur les théories de l’intersectionnalité et postcoloniales, cet article se propose d’explorer les nouvelles grammaires de l’injustice sociale lorsqu’on prend au sérieux le caractère coextensif du capitalisme, du sexisme et du racisme conçus comme systèmes sociaux globaux et de dégager la signification des luttes sociales qui se développent contre ces injustices. Dans la première partie, en prenant appui sur les analyses de Young concernant les diverses facettes de l’injustice et sur celles de Renault qui propose une problématisation théorique de l’injustice, il est fait mention des procédés de domination/assujettissement qui confortent ces injustices. La deuxième partie s’appuie sur la notion de subjectivation politique développée par Rancière pour soutenir que les mouvements de luttes contre l’injustice ne peuvent se réduire à des mouvements identitaires, même s’ils sont susceptibles de recourir à ce que Spivak qualifie « d’essentialisme stratégique », et relèvent plutôt d’une volonté de rendre le monde véritablement commun. C’est d’ailleurs ce qui explique le recours au langage des droits pour construire ce monde commun en tentant d’échapper aux logiques de la domination.
Free Trade and Labour and Environmental Standards in MERCOSUR
Authors: Olmos Giupponi María Belén
Published: July 2014

The main argument put forward in the article is that MERCOSUR accommodated the protection of human rights as non-trade issues in its institutional framework, analysing the conflict between the protection of human rights and trade issues at the sub-regional level. In order to give a complete and clear picture of these developments, the paper examines member states’ constitutional provisions and the implementation of MERCOSUR labour and environmental standards before national courts.
Bare adjectives as syncretic forms
Authors: Suñer Avel·lina , Di Tullio Angela
Published: July 2014

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'ＭＳ 明朝'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB">The goal of this paper is to discuss the categorical status and semantic properties of the so-called adjective adverbs (ngrale 2009: 2295-2301). As these forms are actually real adjectives lacking productive gender and number agreement, we will call them here bare adjectives. We will argue that the default agreement (masculine, singular) which characterize such forms naturally follows from the fact that they cannot check their agreement features against the gender and number features of their respective subjects before spellout. Therefore we propose that these words are the syncretic correlate of standard agreeing adjectives in certain contexts. In this sense, the alleged adverbial behaviour that such predicative elements display can be seen as an epiphenomenon instead of a basic syntactic feature. Likewise<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'ＭＳ 明朝'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB">,<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'ＭＳ 明朝'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB"> we will explain the syntactic and interpretive properties of these adjectives according to the different levels of the VP and CP areas they are associated with.
Dominican 'ello' as a non-deleted null expletive
Authors: Muñoz Pérez Carlos
Published: July 2014

The Spanish variety spoken in the dominican region of El Cibao (DSEC) has an expletive pronoun ello which is optative and seems to be devoid of any semantic value. This squib aims to present an analysis for this expletive in line with the Strong Uniformity Hypothesis of Chomsky (2001): ello would be nothing but a non-deleted instance of an expletive null subject. The distribution and optionality of this expletive follow from the instability of a definiteness feature in the pronominal expletives of this variety.
A review of methods for defining population structure in the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Authors: Lockyer Christina
Published: July 2014

Wide-ranging methods that have been used to determine population structure, including distribution, life history, biology, ecological factors such as diet and contaminant loads, morphology and genetics, are reviewed. The importance of determining population sub-structure of harbour porpoise throughout the North Atlantic, especially in regions affected by incidental take in fisheries, is discussed in relation to management measures. Some practical proposals are made for integrating diverse information about populations, using the phylogeographic approach, for thepurpose of evaluating the need to manage putative subpopulations separately. Examples focusingon the North and Baltic seas areas are used in this discussion, with some reference to other areas. It is concluded that the existing IWC proposal for 13 populations in the North Atlantic is generally supported, but with some refinement and modification; in particular, allowing sub-divisions in the area through the North Sea to the Baltic.
Growth and reproduction in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Icelandic waters
Authors: Ólafsdóttir Droplaug , Víkingsson Gísli A , Halldórsson Sverrir Daníel , Sigurjónsson Jóhann
Published: July 2014

A total of 1,268 harbour porpoises were obtained from fishing nets in Icelandic coastal waters from September to June in the years 1991 to 1997. Foetal sex ratio was 1.2:1 (male:female). The bias towards males increased further among older animals in the present collection. The modal year classes were 0 and 1 years but the oldest porpoise was a female estimated at 20 years of age. Length at birth was estimated as approximately 75 cm, and females grew faster and attained larger sizes than males. Asymptotic length was 149.6 cm for males and 160.1 cm for females. Estimated age and length at sexual maturity was 1.9 to 2.9 years and 135 cm for males and 2.1 to 4.4 years and 138 to 147 cm for females. Immature individuals were significantly shorter than pubertal and mature animals in both sexes in age classes 1 to 3. Testes weight increased only slightly with body size in immature males but increased rapidly around maturity. Pronounced seasonality was alsoobserved in testes weight, indicating a peak in testes activity in summer. Lack of data from the summer makes the exact timing of parturition and mating unknown. Births do, however, most likely peak in June and July and lactation lasts at least 7 to 8 months. Ovulation and pregnancy rates were 0.98.
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the North Atlantic: Abundance, removals, and sustainability of removals
Authors: Stenson G B
Published: July 2014

The status of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) populations in the North Atlantic has raised numerous concerns. Although a number of factors that may be adversely affecting harbour porpoise populations have been identified, focus has been on the impact of removals, primarily due to incidental catches in fishing gear. As a result, considerable efforts have been made to determine the levels and/or impact of bycatch in a number of areas. Unfortunately, many areas remain little studied. Currently, harbour porpoise are listed as threatened or vulnerable in many parts of their range. In order to determine if the current levels of removals are sustainable, information on stock identity and seasonal movements, population parameters, abundance, and the magnitude of removals is required. Although substantial progress has been made to improve our knowledge of these parameters in the last decade, significant gaps still exist. After reviewing the available data for each sub-population in the North Atlantic, it is clear that the information required to assess the status of harbour porpoise populations is still not available for most areas. Attempts have been made to assess the status of harbour porpoise based on trends in sightings or, in areas where information on abundance and bycatch are available, on models using arbitrary criteria and/or theoretical estimates of potential population growth. Detailed case-specific population models have been proposed but are not yet available.
An overview of genetic relationships of Canadian and adjacent populations of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) with emphasis on Baffin Bay and Canadian eastern Arctic populations
Authors: De March BGE , Maiers L D , Friesen M K
Published: July 2014

Our current knowledge of the molecular genetics of High Arctic beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) populations (West Greenland, Lancaster Sound/Barrow Strait, Grise Fiord) and populations that are related (southeast Baffin, Beaufort Sea), is presented. In general, genetic analyses confirm the designation of putative stocks and suggest the existence of more stocks than previously described. Comparisons based on mitochondrial DNA haplotypes show that West Greenland (1992) belugas were significantly differentiated from Lancaster Sound/Barrow Strait, Kimmirut, Iqaluit, and/or Pangnirtung but not from Grise Fiord. Grise Fiord haplotypes were not significantly differentiated from Lancaster Sound/Barrow Strait and not from southeast Baffin locations in some years. Lancaster Sound and southeast Baffin collections were not significantly differentiated from each other. These patterns existed for most years within locations, however a few yearly collections within major locations had different patterns. The collections that differed were small groups with few haplotypes, most likely relatives. Patterns in microsatellite differentiation were slightly different than those for haplotypes. This may be due to the fact that individuals in sampled summering populations breed with individuals in other populations during migration or in overwintering areas. West Greenland and Grise Fiord microsatellites were not significantly differentiated from each other. However, Greenland differed from Lancaster Sound and southeast Baffin Island, while Grise Fiord did not. In southeast Baffin Island, Pangnirtung samples differed from Kimmirut using both haplotypes and microsatellites. Iqaluit samples had intermediate genetic characteristics between Pangnirtung and Kimmirut. Patterns of significant differentiation among collections within locations was believed to be due to a combination of temporal patterns, sampling of relatives, chance, seasonal hunting, small sample sizes, and actual differences among populations.
Three recent ice entrapments of Arctic cetaceans in West Greenland and the eastern Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen MP , Richard P , Ramsay M , Akeeagok S
Published: July 2014

Three ice entrapments of Monodontids have been reported in the western North Atlantic since 1993. Hunters in Disko Bay, West Greenland, discovered one in March 1994 that included about 150 narwhals (Monodon monoceros). The entrapment occurred during a sudden cold period which caused ice to form rapidly. The trapped whales were subject to hunting, but about 50 of the killed whales could not be retrieved in the ice. The whales were trapped in a small opening in the ice and because of that they would probably have succumbed even if not discovered by hunters. Two entrapments involving white whales or belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) occurred in the eastern Canadian Arctic in May 1999; one in Lancaster Sound discovered by polar bear (Ursus maritimus) researchers and one in Jones Sound discovered by hunters. The first included one bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) and about 40 belugas that were being preyed upon by polar bears. The second involved at least 170 belugas, of which about 100 were killed by polar bears and 17 were taken by hunters. The entrapments in Disko Bay and Jones Sound both occurred in areas where entrapments have previously been reported, whereas the one in Lancaster Sound was in a new area.
Visibility of St Lawrence belugas to aerial photography, estimated by direct observation
Authors: Kingsley Michael CS , Gauthier Isabelle
Published: July 2014

The depleted population of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabiting the St Lawrence estuary, Canada, was monitored by periodic photographic aerial surveys. In order to correct counts made on aerial survey film and to obtain an estimate of the true size of the population, the diving behaviour and the visibility from the air of these animals was studied. A Secchi-disk turbidity survey in the belugas’ summer range showed that water clarity varied between 1.5 m and 11.6 m. By studying aerial photographs of sheet-plastic models of belugas that had been sunk to different depths below the surface, we found that models of white adults could be seen down to about the same depth as a Secchi disk, but no deeper. Smaller models of dark-grey juveniles could only be seen down to about 50% of Secchi-disk depth. By observing groups of belugas from a hovering helicopter and recording their disappearances and re-appearances, it was found that they were visible for 44.3% of the time, and that an appropriate correction for single photographs would be to multiply the photographic count by about 222% (SE 20%). For surveys in which there was overlap between adjacent frames, the estimated correction would be 209% (SE 16%). This correction factor was slightly conservative and gave an estimate of the true size of the population, based on a single survey, of 1,202 belugas (SE 189) in 1997. An estimate for 1997 based on smoothing 5 surveys 1988–1997 was 1,238 (SE 119).
Review of experimental and natural invertebrate hosts of sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) and its distribution and abundance in macroinvertebrates in eastern Canada
Authors: Marcogliese David J
Published: July 2014

Experimental and natural invertebrate intermediate hosts of sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) as well as transmission experiments of sealworm from invertebrates to fish are reviewed and summarized. Experimental hosts include copepods, mysids, cumaceans, isopods, amphipods, decapods, annelids, and molluscs. Invertebrates collected from eastern Canada between 1989 and 1995 were checked for nematode infections by microscopic examination of dissected animals or enzymatic digestion of bulk samples. Third-stage larval sealworm were found in mysids (Neomysis americana, Mysis stenolepis) from Passamaquoddy Bay, the Bras d’Or Lakes, inshore Cape Breton, Sable Island and Sable Island Bank. Infected amphipods (Amphiporeia virginiana, Americorchestia megalophthalma, Gammarus spp.) were found only on Sable Island. Typical infection rates in macroinvertebrates were 1-4/1000. No sealworm infections were found in approximately 18,000 amphipods examined from Sable Island Bank, the site of the most heavily infected fishes in eastern Canada. In Wallace Lake, a brackish pond on Sable Island, infection rates were much higher in mysids than in amphipods. Estimates of rates of transmission of sealworm from invertebrates to fish were derived from infection levels in Wallace Lake and feeding experiments involving sticklebacks and invertebrate prey. It is concluded that mysids may be much more important than amphipods in transmitting sealworm to fish hosts.
A note on the variation in sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) infection in shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) with host age and size at two locations in Norwegian inshore waters
Authors: Andersen Karin
Published: July 2014

A total of 540 shorthorn sculpins were collected between 1991 and 1996 from Hvaler and Vega in Norway. The sculpins were caught in traps or by gillnets near seal haul-out sites in both areas. Size, age and intensity of P. decipiens infection were recorded for most fish sampled. Stomach contents of a subsample from each area were examined and the frequencies of occurrence of prey items were determined. Sealworm abundance (mean number of worms in all fish examined) increased significantly with host age and length within given age groups of sculpins from both areas. Sealwormabundance and mean intensity (mean number of worms per infected fish) in sculpins from Vega were lower than those found in the more rapidly growing fish from Hvaler. Abundance of sealworm peaked in 6 year old fish from Vega and in 4 year old fish from Hvaler. Fish and amphipods were the prey items found most frequently in the stomach of fish from Hvaler, while fish and decapods were found most frequently at Vega.
Spatial and temporal distributions of larval sealworm, Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda: Anisakinae), in Hippoglossoides platessoides (Pleuronectidae) in the Canadian Maritime Region from 1993 to 1999
Authors: McClelland G , Martell DJ
Published: July 2014

Spatial and temporal trends of larval sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) infection in eastern Canadian groundfish were monitored in an indicator host, Canadian plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), in the 31 to 40 cm length range. Between February 1993 and September 1999, a total of 8,482 plaice were collected from 33 locations in Canadian Maritime waters (NAFO Subdivisions 4TVWX-5ZE), and their fillets and napes were examined for sealworm. Prevalence (P) and abundance (A) of the parasite were greatest (P ranging from 95 to 100%, A from 7.48 to 15.60) in fish collected from the central Scotian shelf (4VSW) near Sable Island, site of the largest grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) colony in the northwest Atlantic, and from Jordan Basin in the northeastern Gulf of Maine (4X). The infection of greatest intensity (I=158) occurred in a fish from “The Gully” slopewaters of Banquereau (4VS), a few kilometres northeast of Sable Island. By 1995-99, sealworm prevalence and/or abundance had increased significantly in plaice from most locations where stable or declining infection parameters were observed from 1989 to 1993, but abundance of the parasite continued to decline in the Sable Island area. While spatial and temporal distributions of larval sealworm in plaice seemed largely related to the distribution and growth of grey seal populations,the influence of definitive hosts was probably mitigated by other factors such as changes in environmental temperature and parasite density limiting effects in the indicator host.
Who eats whom in the Barents Sea?
Authors: Bogstad Bjarte , Haug Tore , Mehl Sigbjørn
Published: July 2014

An overview of the estimates of consumption by predators on the main fish stocks in the Barents Sea is given. The main predators are cod (Gadus morhua), harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) and minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). The results indicate that cod is the most important predator, consuming about as much food annually as harp seals and minke whales combined. The consumption estimates, together with data on the amount of fish removed by commercial fisheries, are compared to estimates of the abundance and removal through natural mortality of the various species of fish prey. The consistency between these estimates is discussed. The natural mortality values for cod and haddock used in assessments are found to be reasonably consistent with the consumption estimates. The consumption of capelin is found to be higher than what is available for predation in years of low capelin abundance, while in years of high herring abundance the consumption of herring does not explain all the mortality. The way in which the consumption estimates are and can be utilised in theassessment and management of fish stocks in the Barents Sea using multispecies models and approaches is described.
Abundance of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in the Kong Oscars Fjord, Scoresby Sund and adjacent areas in eastern Greenland
Authors: Born E W , Teilmann J , Riget F
Published: July 2014

With the purpose of determining the distribution and abundance of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) hauling out on the ice, systematic strip census aerial surveys were flown in the Kong Oscars Fjord, Scoresby Sund and adjacent areas (between approximately 70°N and 72°30'N in eastern Greenland) from 7 to 13 June 1984. The study area comprised approximately 18,500 km2 mainly covered with smooth one-year-old shore-fast ice. The survey effort was concentrated in the afternoon during the presumed peak haul-out period. Main emphasis was given to surveying the Kong Oscars Fjord/Davy Sund and the Scoresby Sund/Hurry Fjord areas which were surveyed twice. Average densities in various sub-areas varied between 0.3 and 2.9 seals/km2 and were similar tothose reported from other Arctic areas. No significant differences in densities were found between sets of surveys of the same sub-areas. The mean density (2.00 seals/km2, SD=0.22) in the Scoresby Sund area was significantly higher than that found in Kong Oscars Fjord (1.04 seals/km\ SD=0.15) probably reflecting a higher overall marine productivity in Scoresby Sund. The sum of the point estimates of the visible part of the population in the different sub-areas was 28,882 seals.
Diet of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in Greenland
Authors: Siegstad Helle , Neve Pia Barner , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter , Härkönen Tero
Published: July 2014

Analysis of 454 stomachs of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) collected from the Inuit hunt in six municipalities in West Greenland and 30 alimentary tracts collected by scientists in East Greenland, showed seasonal and regional differences in the diet. In Northwest and East Greenland polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Arctic cod (Arctogadus glacialis) were the most dominant prey items. In contrast, seals in central West Greenland mainly preyed upon amphipods (Parathemisto spp.), capelin (Mallotus villosus), redfish (Sebastes sp.) and squid (Gonatus sp.), while capelin was the most important prey item in Southwest Greenland. The material from Uummannaq demonstrates seasonal variations, as euphausiids were common in spring, and snailfish (Liparis spp.) dominated from October through January, where after snailfish disappeared with the formation of fast ice. No age related differences in the diet were found in stomach samples from Avanersuaq, but in Upemavik crustaceans were more abundant in stomach samples from younger immature seals. Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) was only present in samples from seals older than 4 years. In Upemavik Arctic cod was the dominant prey item for seals caught in May at the iceedge, whereas polar cod dominated the samples from seals caught in open water.
Policy Energy and Public Management Networks
Authors: McGuire Michael , Fyall Rachel
Published: July 2014

Public management networks are fixtures of contemporary governance. They play an important role in planning for and delivering public goods and services. However, public management networks do not always possess the capacity to convert collective solutions to formal policy or program adjustments. Despite the very broad range of activities in them, the ability of networks to create this “policy energy” is limited. Government or other powerful agencies can often dominate the management of networks, elected officials may make policy decisions that are inconsistent with the recommended action of networks, and assessing the performance of networks is very often a moving target. This article discusses these and other types of administrative and political barriers that can hinder the ability of public management networks to influence policy making and implementation.
Solving Institutional Collective Action Problems in Multiplex Networks
Authors: Shrestha Manoj , Berardo Ramiro , Feiock Richard
Published: July 2014

This essay extends theoretical arguments pertaining to single (uniplex) networks on how to solve coordination and cooperation problems associated with institutional collective action to multiplex networks constituting both formal and informal relationships formed by policy actors. While coordination problems reflect difficulties for actors in arriving at jointly desired policy outcomes, cooperation problems mean that actors have conflicting interests and, thus, face incentives to defect on each other. We propose multiplex versions of bridging and bonding networks, which have been found suitable for solving coordination and cooperation problems in single networks. Although our approach is limited to the simultaneous analysis of formal and informal relationships in policy networks, the arguments we present should aid researchers interested in analyzing policy networks beyond these manifestations of inherently complex relationships.
Complexity Theory and Its Evolution in Public Administration and Policy Studies
Authors: Kiel L. Douglas
Published: July 2014

This paper traces the evolution of the application of the complexity sciences in the literature of public administration and public policy. A four stage evolutionary model is used to track the development of this literature. The evolution of the literature has now reached a third evolutionary stage. This third stage is a proliferant stage in the development of the literature in which applications and knowledge production has increased dramatically.
Optimization of canopy conductance models from concurrent measurements of sap flow and stem water potential on Drooping Sheoak in South Australia
Authors: Wang Hailong , Guan Huade , Deng Zijuan , Simmons Craig T.
Published: July 2014

Canopy conductance (gc) is a critical component in hydrological modeling for transpiration estimate. It is often formulated as functions of environmental variables. These functions are climate and vegetation specific. Thus, it is important to determine the appropriate functions ingcmodels and corresponding parameter values for a specific environment. In this study, sap flow, stem water potential, and microclimatic variables were measured for three Drooping Sheoak (Allocasuarina verticillata) trees in year 2011, 2012, and 2014. Canopy conductance was calculated from the inversed Penman‐Monteith (PM) equation, which was then used to examine 36gcmodels that comprise different response functions. Parameters were optimized using the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) model based on a training data set in 2012. Use of proper predawn stem water potential function, vapor pressure deficit function, and temperature function improves model performance significantly, while no pronounced difference is observed between models that differ in solar radiation functions. The best model gives a correlation coefficient of 0.97, and root‐mean‐square error of 0.0006 m/s in comparison to the PM‐calculatedgc. The optimized temperature function shows different characteristics from its counterparts in other similar studies. This is likely due to strong interdependence between air temperature and vapor pressure deficit in the study area or Sheoak tree physiology. Supported by the measurements and optimization results, we suggest that the effects of air temperature and vapor pressure deficit on canopy conductance should be represented together.
Is there a link between geomagnetic reversal frequency and paleointensity? A Bayesian approach
Authors: Ingham E. , Heslop D. , Roberts A. P. , Hawkins R. , Sambridge M.
Published: July 2014

Over the last 25 years, several studies have tested for a link between geomagnetic field intensity and reversal frequency. However, despite a large increase in the number of absolute paleointensity determinations, and improved methods for obtaining such data, two competing models have arisen. Here we employ a new tool for objectively analyzing paleomagnetic time series to investigate the possibility of a link between reversal frequency and paleointensity. Transdimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques are applied to a quality‐filtered version of the global paleointensity (PINT) database for the last 202 Myr to model long‐term paleointensity behavior. A large ensemble of models is sampled, from which a final representative mean model is extracted. The resulting paleointensity model confirms published conclusions that the single‐silicate crystal method gives significantly different results from more conventional whole rock paleointensity methods; this makes it difficult to jointly model the two data types in the same analysis. When the much larger whole rock data set is considered, a stable paleointensity of 5.46±0.28×1022A/m2for the last 202 Myr is consistent with the 95% confidence interval of the paleointensity model. Statistical tests indicate no significant correlation between reversal frequency and field intensity at the 0.05 level. However, this result is likely due to the characteristics of the PINT database rather than being a genuine, physically representative conclusion. Given the paucity of data and general state of the global paleointensity database, concerted efforts to increase the number of high‐quality, well‐dated paleointensity data are required before conclusions about a link between geomagnetic field intensity and reversal frequency can be confidently drawn.
Evaluating 4 years of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) over Europe using IASI satellite observations and LOTOS‐EUROS model results
Authors: Van Damme M. , Wichink Kruit R. J. , Schaap M. , Clarisse L. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P.‐F. , Dammers E. , Dolman A. J. , Erisman J. W.
Published: July 2014

Monitoring ammonia (NH3) concentrations on a global to regional scale is a challenge. Due to the limited availability of reliable ground‐based measurements, the determination of NH3 distributions generally relies on model calculations. Novel remotely sensed NH3burdens provide valuable insights to complement traditional assessments for clear‐sky conditions. This paper presents a first quantitative comparison between Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite observations and LOTOS‐EUROS model results over Europe and Western Russia. A methodology to account for the variable retrieval sensitivity of the measurements is described. Four years of data (2008–2011) highlight three main agricultural hot spot areas in Europe: the Po Valley, the continental part of Northwestern Europe, and the Ebro Valley. The spatial comparison reveals a good overall agreement of the NH3 distributions not only in these source regions but also over remote areas and over sea when transport is observed. On average, the measured columns exceed the modeled ones, except for a few cases. Large discrepancies over several industrial areas in Eastern Europe and Russia point to underestimated emissions in the underlying inventories. The temporal analysis over the three hot spot areas reveals that the seasonality is well captured by the model when the lower sensitivity of the satellite measurements in the colder months is taken into account. Comparison of the daily time series indicates possible misrepresentations of the timing and magnitude of the emissions. Finally, specific attention to biomass burning events shows that modeled plumes are less spread out than the observed ones. This is confirmed for the 2010 Russian fires with a comparison using in situ observations.