bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Isostructural Layered Lanthanide(III) Complexes: Syntheses, Structures, Magnetic and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Huang Lu , Zhang Yu , Liu Zhong‐Yi , Wang Xiu‐Guang , Zhao Xiao‐Jun , Yang En‐Cui
Published: March 2020

Two N'‐(2‐hydroxybenzylidene)pyridine N‐oxide‐carbohydrazide (H3L)‐based coordination complexes with the formula [Ln2(DMF)2(OAc)2(HL)2]n (Ln = Dy for 1 and Eu for 2) were solvothermally synthesized. Crystal structures, thermal stabilities, magnetic and luminescent properties of the two complexes were fully investigated. Both complexes are isomorphic two‐dimensional layers with centrosymmetric {Ln2} subunits extended by doubly deprotonated HL2– connectors. Complex 1 with highly anisotropic DyIII spin exhibits slightly frequency‐dependent magnetic relaxations under zero dc field with an effective energy barrier of ca. 6.84 K. EuIII‐based complex 2 displays only one weak fluorescent emission around 532 nm with the absence of characteristic emission of EuIII ion. These results provide helpful hints of the hydrazide Schiff‐functionalized organic ligands on the function modulations of the resulting Ln complexes.
Comparing the effectiveness of twine- and binder-seeding in the Laminariales species Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima
Authors: Kerrison Philip D. , Innes Mairi , Macleod Adrian , McCormick Emily , Elbourne Peter D. , Stanley Michele S. , Hughes Adam D. , Kelly Maeve S.
Published: March 2020

The continuing expansion of seaweed cultivation could assist in ensuring future global food security. The Laminariales species Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima are each cultivated for food across their European ranges. The predominant method for cultivating European kelps involves growing juveniles on twine within a hatchery which is then deployed at a farm site. The associated hatchery and deployment cost of this approach are relatively high. A new and innovative methodology—called binder-seeding—can reduce these costs, but, has yet to be validated. We compare the biomass yield and morphology of A. esculenta and S. latissima cultured using either the traditional twine-longline method or binder-seeding onto AlgaeRope and AlgaeRibbon, specially designed textiles. In a controlled growth experiment, A. esculenta had a similar biomass yield on all materials, but fronds were shorter (23 ± 7%) and thinner on the AlgaeRibbon (42 ± 4%) due to a 3–4-fold higher density of developing sporophytes compared to the twine-longline. In contrast, S. latissima gave a 4-fold higher biomass yield on the AlgaeRibbon in June (4.0 kg m−1), but frond morphology was not different between materials, despite a 4-fold higher sporophyte density on the AlgaeRibbon. The stipe length of both species also increased at the higher sporophyte density on the AlgaeRibbon. The AlgaeRope gave an intermediate response or was similar to the twine-longline. These results show that binder-seeding onto the AlgaeRibbon significantly increases the achieved biomass yield in S. latissima. These results can assist cultivators to select the most appropriate method of kelp cultivation depending on morphological/yield requirements of the end use. Further study is needed on the optimisation of the binder-seeding density and its impact on thallus morphology.
The journey of Zika to the developing brain
Authors: Rombi Francesca , Bayliss Richard , Tuplin Andrew , Yeoh Sharon
Published: March 2020

Zika virus is a mosquito-borneFlavivirusoriginally isolated from humans in 1952. Following its re-emergence in Brazil in 2015, an increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly to infected mothers was observed. Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised phenotypically by a smaller than average head size, and is usually developed in utero.The 2015 outbreak in the Americas led to the World Health Organisation declaring Zika a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since then, much research into the effects of Zika has been carried out. Studies have investigated the structure of the virus, its effects on and evasion of the immune response, cellular entry including target receptors, its transmission from infected mother to foetus and its cellular targets. This review discusses current knowledge and novel research into these areas, in hope of developing a further understanding of how exposure of pregnant women to the Zika virus can lead to impaired brain development of their foetus. Although no longer considered an epidemic in the Americas, the mechanism by which Zika acts is still not comprehensively and wholly understood, and this understanding will be crucial in developing effective vaccines and treatments.
Clinical presentation of young people (10–24 years old) with brain tumors: results from the international MOBI-Kids study
Authors: Zumel-Marne Angela , Kundi Michael , Castaño-Vinyals Gemma , Alguacil Juan , Petridou Eleni Th , Georgakis Marios K. , Morales-Suárez-Varela Maria , Sadetzki Siegal , Piro Sara , Nagrani Rajini , Filippini Graziella , Hutter Hans-Peter , Dikshit Rajesh , Woehrer Adelheid , Maule Milena , Weinmann Tobias , Krewski Daniel , ′t Mannetje Andrea , Momoli Franco , Lacour Brigitte , Mattioli Stefano , Spinelli John J. , Ritvo Paul , Remen Thomas , Kojimahara Noriko , Eng Amanda , Thurston Angela , Lim Hyungryul , Ha Mina , Yamaguchi Naohito , Mohipp Charmaine , Bouka Evdoxia , Eastman Chelsea , Vermeulen Roel , Kromhout Hans , Cardis Elisabeth
Published: March 2020

Introduction

We used data from MOBI-Kids, a 14-country international collaborative case–control study of brain tumors (BTs), to study clinical characteristics of the tumors in older children (10 years or older), adolescents and young adults (up to the age of 24).

Methods

Information from clinical records was obtained for 899 BT cases, including signs and symptoms, symptom onset, diagnosis date, tumor type and location.

Results

Overall, 64% of all tumors were low-grade, 76% were neuroepithelial tumors and 62% gliomas. There were more males than females among neuroepithelial and embryonal tumor cases, but more females with meningeal tumors. The most frequent locations were cerebellum (22%) and frontal (16%) lobe. The most frequent symptom was headaches (60%), overall, as well as for gliomas, embryonal and ‘non-neuroepithelial’ tumors; it was convulsions/seizures for neuroepithelial tumors other than glioma, and visual signs and symptoms for meningiomas. A cluster analysis showed that headaches and nausea/vomiting was the only combination of symptoms that exceeded a cutoff of 50%, with a joint occurrence of 67%. Overall, the median time from first symptom to diagnosis was 1.42 months (IQR 0.53–4.80); it exceeded 1 year in 12% of cases, though no particular symptom was associated with exceptionally long or short delays.

Conclusions

This is the largest clinical epidemiology study of BT in young people conducted so far. Many signs and symptoms were identified, dominated by headaches and nausea/vomiting. Diagnosis was generally rapid but in 12% diagnostic delay exceeded 1 year with none of the symptoms been associated with a distinctly long time until diagnosis.
Fear of crime and preference for aggressive-formidable same-sex and opposite-sex friends
Authors: Meskelyte Justina , Lyons Minna
Published: March 2020

Previous research has found that when faced with dangerous environments, women may have an evolved preference for physically strong and aggressive men. This phenomenon has been named as the Bodyguard hypothesis. The aim of the present studies was to explore whether the same principle exists in non-romantic male friend selection. In Study 1, (n = 118), an on-line sample of British women was assessed for objective crime rates in their childhood and current environment, subjective vulnerability to crime, and preference for aggressive and formidable opposite-sex friends. Women’s subjective fear of crime predicted their preference for aggressive-formidable ideal male friends, as well as aggressive-formidable actual male friends. In Study 2 (n = 228), an internet sample of both sexes was assessed for their subjective fear of crime, as well as their preference for aggressive-formidability and other characteristics in same and opposite-sex friends. Fear of crime was not correlated with characteristics (intelligence, funniness, kindness) that were unrelated to aggressive-formidability. There was a small positive correlation between fear of crime and preference for aggressive-formidable friends in both sexes. The correlation between fear of crime and preference for ideal male friend’s aggression-formidability was the only statistically significant one, and none of the correlations differed significantly from each other. Together, these two studies provide some tentative evidence for the Bodyguard hypothesis in preferred friendship characteristics. Environmental influence on friendship selection is an under-investigated area of research, benefiting from future research replicating the methodology from studies on romantic partner characteristics.
Ten rules to increase the societal value of earth observations
Authors: Virapongse Arika , Pearlman Francoise , Pearlman Jay , Murambadoro Miriam D. , Kuwayama Yusuke , Glasscoe Margaret T.
Published: March 2020

Earth Observation (EO) data play an important role in our society today, but there is still tremendous opportunity to improve how these data are used to affect change. In this paper, we provide guidance to help data providers and intermediaries within the EO value chain (from data to applications) increase the societal value of the EO data, information, and data products that they work with. We first describe the EO value chain as a conceptual framework for how data are translated and applied for societal benefit. We then introduce three approaches that are often used to assess and improve the EO value chain. Finally, we present “10 rules” that can be implemented to increase the societal benefits of Earth science information. The 10 rules emphasize meeting user needs, problem-solving within interdisciplinary teams, and long-term sustainable solutions. Some rules focus on a specific segment of the value chain or phase in the problem-solving process, while others are relevant to the value chain or process as a whole. Each rule includes at least one case study example to illustrate the key points. The rules are loosely organized according to project management principles with the initial rules focusing on defining problems, planning for data use, creating effective teams, and examining a diverse selection of solutions. The next set of rules are best applied throughout a project, and include such concepts as evaluation, interoperability, trust, adoption, and documentation. Finally, the last rule addresses the challenge of determining when to close a project.
Identification of QTLs Associated with Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Related Traits in a Diploid Potato Population
Authors: Getahun Baye Berihun , Visser Richard G. F. , van der Linden C. Gerard
Published: March 2020

Developing N use efficient potato varieties requires exploring the genetic basis of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and associated agronomic and physiological traits. In order to identify QTLs for NUE and NUE-related traits, and to determine the relationships between the traits and QTLs in potato, a diploid potato mapping population (CxE) was evaluated in the field in Ethiopia under low and high N fertilizer levels. QTL detection was performed using interval mapping and multiple QTL mapping (MQM). A total of 52 putative QTLs were identified for ten traits, of which 28 QTLs were detected under low N availability while the remaining 24 QTLs were detected under high N conditions. Several QTLs were location and N level specific, suggesting the presence of QTL x environment interaction. A region on linkage group V (21-38 cM) accumulated the largest number of QTLs. This region coincides with the earliness locus encoded by the CDF1 gene, suggesting that earliness has a profound influence on NUE. A putative second QTL region on linkage group V located 20 cM from the earliness locus (38-56 cM) and a region on linkage group IV (60-72 cM) might be useful other regions to focus on, for NUE improvement in potato. To verify the stability of the identified QTLs and to use these for the detection of possible candidate genes, further multi-environment trials with larger population size may be required.
Stochastic analysis with modelled distributions
Authors: Liu Chong , Prömel David J. , Teichmann Josef
Published: March 2020

Using a Besov topology on spaces of modelled distributions in the framework of Hairer’s regularity structures, we prove the reconstruction theorem on these Besov spaces with negative regularity. The Besov spaces of modelled distributions are shown to be UMD Banach spaces and of martingale type 2. As a consequence, this gives access to a rich stochastic integration theory and to existence and uniqueness results for mild solutions of semilinear stochastic partial differential equations in these spaces of modelled distributions and for distribution-valued SDEs. Furthermore, we provide a Fubini type theorem allowing to interchange the order of stochastic integration and reconstruction.
A Concept of Quality Management of 3D City Models Supporting Application-Specific Requirements
Authors: Coors Volker , Betz Matthias , Duminil Eric
Published: March 2020

In this paper, a novel approach to specify application-specific requirements for 3D City Models is proposed. A modular set of geometric and semantic requirements that are based on the OGC CityGML Quality Interoperability Experiment (Coors and Wagner in Fernerkundung und Geoinformation eV 24:288–295, 2015) has been specified. Depending on the purpose of the model, not all requirements are mandatory. For example, if the model is used for visualization only, solid geometry is not required. However, if the same model should be used for analytic purpose such as heating demand simulation, solid geometry is mandatory. A formal definition of a validation plan is proposed in this paper to specify the application-specific set of requirements. This gives the city model manufacturers the possibility to provide proof that their model is usable in certain applications and can certify a certain level of quality. The concept is evaluated with the definition of a validation plan for heating demand simulation. It has been successfully implemented using the Software CityDoctor and SimStadt.
Vibrotaktile Codierung von Standardfunktionen einer Menüführung
Authors: Stein Tobias , Schmidt Ludger
Published: March 2020

Tactons sind taktile Nachrichten, die dem Nutzer Informationen über den haptischen Sinneskanal übermitteln, und können beispielsweise bei der Interaktion mit Touchscreens von Nutzen sein. In dieser Studie wird die systematische Erarbeitung eines Tacton-Sets für Standardfunktionen einer Menüführung (im Einzelnen die Funktionen Beenden, Bestätigen, Hauptmenü, Hilfe, Korrektur, Lauter, Leiser sowie Zurück) vorgestellt. Neben existierenden Erkenntnissen aus der Literatur wurden bei der Gestaltung des Tacton-Sets ebenfalls die Ergebnisse einer Gruppenbefragung berücksichtigt, in der die Teilnehmer Ideen zur konkreten Ausgestaltung der Tactons äußern konnten. Das zunächst entstandene Tacton-Set wurde unter drei standardisierten Versuchsbedingungen von 54 Probanden evaluiert und lieferte eine Gesamterkennungsrate von 0,70 ± 0,19. Die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Tactons wurden analysiert und Verbesserungen hinsichtlich deren Gestaltung umgesetzt. Anschließend wurde das weiterentwickelte Tacton-Set unter den gleichen Versuchsbedingungen wie zuvor erneut von 39 Probanden evaluiert. Die resultierende Gesamterkennungsrate verbesserte sich signifikant auf 0,79 ± 0,18.

Praktische Relevanz In alltäglichen Umgebungen mit zunehmender Informationsdichte wird die Übermittlung von Informationen über den haptischen Sinneskanal immer wichtiger. Diese Studie beinhaltet wichtige Erkenntnisse für die Gestaltung und schrittweise Verbesserung von Tactons im Allgemeinen und liefert einen Vorschlag für die konkrete Umsetzung eines Tacton-Sets für genannte Standardfunktionen. Es wird zudem deutlich, dass weitere Forschung nötig ist, um den Einsatz von Tactons zu etablieren.
EXCHANGE: EXPLAINING THE PASSAGE OF UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE IN THAILAND
Authors: Harris Joseph , Selway Joel
Published: March 2020

What explains the passage of Thailand's landmark universal healthcare (UHC) policy? In separate contributions, Selway and Harris emphasized the role of electoral rules and political parties, on one hand, and “professional movements” of developmentally minded state bureaucrats on the other. Which is correct? In this article, Selway and Harris respond to each other's work. While Selway agrees that the actions of the professional movement constitute an underappreciated necessary condition for universal healthcare in Thailand, he argues that Harris overstates the role of the movement in implementation. Harris defends his position and maintains that an institution-focused account is insufficient, arguing that the actions of Thailand's Rural Doctors’ Movement not only explain universal healthcare but also gave rise to the very electoral rule changes that Selway argues were so critical to facilitating universal coverage. Selway responds to these criticisms, and the two researchers jointly consider implications for causation, qualitative research, and policymaking theory.
Bill disparity and feeding strategies among fossil and modern penguins
Authors: Chávez-Hoffmeister Martín
Published: March 2020

One of the most remarkable differences between Paleogene penguins and their living relatives is the shape and length of their beaks. Many of the Eocene and Oligocene penguins have a thin and elongated spear-like bill, which contrasts with the proportionally shorter and more robust bill of most living species. These differences suggest an important shift in their feeding strategies. This study explores the morphological disparity on the skull of penguins, emphasizing bill morphology and it relationship with feeding habits. For this, the skulls of 118 species of aquatic birds, including 21 fossil and living penguins, were analyzed using two-dimensional geometric morphometric. The results show that, unlike what has been reported for modern birds overall, in penguins and Aequornithes, bill elongation is related to a reduction of the braincase. The discriminant analysis shows that there are significant differences between penguins that feed near or far from the coast and between those that consume nectonic and planktonic prey, identifyingMadrynornisas the only extinct form with a possibly planktonic diet. Additionally, it is clear that Paleogene penguins occupy a region of morphospace unexplored by most diving birds, with the western grebe being their closest modern analogue. This is consistent with the hypothesis that giant penguins hunted by harpooning and not by biting as living forms do, signaling a significant change in the habits of those birds leading to the emergence of their crown group.
Correcting Bias in Perceptions of Public Opinion Among American Elected Officials: Results from Two Field Experiments
Authors: Kalla Joshua L. , Porter Ethan
Published: March 2020

While concerns about the public's receptivity to factual information are widespread, much less attention has been paid to the factual receptivity, or lack thereof, of elected officials. Recent survey research has made clear that US legislators and legislative staff systematically misperceive their constituents' opinions on salient public policies. This study reports the results from two field experiments designed to correct misperceptions of sitting US legislators. The legislators (n = 2,346) were invited to access a dashboard of constituent opinion generated using the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. Despite extensive outreach efforts, only 11 per cent accessed the information in Study 1 and only 2.3 per cent did so in Study 2. More troubling for democratic norms, legislators who accessed constituent opinion data were no more accurate at perceiving their constituents' opinions. The findings underscore the challenges confronting efforts to improve the accuracy of elected officials' perceptions and suggest that elected officials may indeed resist factual information.
Electoral Reform and Strategic Coordination
Authors: Fiva Jon H. , Hix Simon
Published: March 2020

Electoral reform creates new strategic coordination incentives for voters and elites, but endogeneity problems make such effects hard to identify. This article addresses this issue by investigating an extraordinary dataset, from the introduction of proportional representation (PR) in Norway in 1919, which permits the measurement of parties’ vote shares in pre-reform single-member districts and in the same geographic units in the post-reform multi-member districts. The electoral reform had an immediate effect on the fragmentation of the party system, due in part to strategic party entry. The authors find, though, that another main effect of the reform was that many voters switched between existing parties, particularly between the Liberals and Conservatives, as the incentives for these voters to coordinate against Labor were removed by the introduction of PR.
Does use of solid fuels for cooking contribute to childhood stunting? A longitudinal data analysis from low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Upadhyay Ashish Kumar , Srivastava Swati , Mishra Vinod
Published: March 2020

Using longitudinal data from the first and second waves of the Young Lives Study (YLS) in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam, conducted in 2002 and 2006–07, and a repeated measures mixed model, this study examined the effect of the use of solid fuels for cooking on childhood stunting among children aged 5–76 months. The analysis showed that in all four populations, the average height-for-age z-score (HAZ score) was much lower among children living in households using solid fuels than among children in households using cleaner fuels for cooking. The average HAZ score was lower among children living in households that used solid fuels in both waves of the YLS compared with those whose households used solid fuels in only one of the two waves. A significant reduction was noted in the average HAZ score between the two waves in all countries except Ethiopia. The results of the repeated measures mixed model suggest that household use of solid fuels was significantly associated with lower HAZ scores in all populations, except Ethiopia. The findings also indicate that the reduction in the HAZ scores between waves 1 and 2 was not statistically significant by the type of cooking fuel after controlling for potential confounding factors. The study provides further evidence of a strong association between household use of solid fuels and childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries using longitudinal data. The findings highlight the need to reduce exposure to smoke from the combustion of solid fuels, by shifting households to cleaner cooking fuels, where feasible, by providing cooking stoves with improved combustion of solid fuels and improved venting, and by designing and implementing public information campaigns to inform people about the health risks of exposure to cooking smoke.
A point of connection? Wellbeing, the veteran identity and older adults
Authors: Brewster Liz , McWade Brigit , Clark Samuel J. A.
Published: March 2020

Maintaining good wellbeing in older age is seen to have a positive effect on health, including cognitive and physiological functioning. This paper explores experiences of wellbeing in a particular older adult community: those who have served in the military. It aims to identify the specific challenges that ex-service personnel may have, reporting findings from a qualitative study focused on how older veterans told stories of military service and what these stories revealed about wellbeing. We used a qualitative approach; data are drawn from 30 individual interviews, and from engagement with veterans in workshops. Analysis was conducted using a data-driven constant comparison approach. Three themes are presented: how loneliness affects older adult veterans; how they draw on fictive kinship; and the role of military visual culture. Although participants had diverse experiences of military service, they felt that being a veteran connected them to a community that went beyond association with specific experiences. Using narratives of military experience to connect, both in telling stories and by stories being listened to, was vital. As veterans, older adults were able to access each other as a resource for listening and sharing. However, it was also exclusionary: civilians, because they lacked military service experience, could not empathise and be used as a resource.
Optimization of laser parameters for proton acceleration using double laser pulses in TNSA mechanism
Authors: Kumar Saurabh , Gupta Devki Nandan
Published: March 2020

The energy of protons accelerated by ultra-intense lasers in the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) mechanism can be greatly enhanced by the laser parameter optimization. We propose to investigate the optimization of laser parameters for proton acceleration using double laser pulses in TNSA mechanism. The sheath field generation at the rear side of the target is significantly affected by the introduction of second laser pulse in TNSA mechanism, and consequently, the energy of the accelerated protons is also modified. The second laser pulse was introduced with different delays to study its impact on proton acceleration. Our study shows that the interplay of laser intensity and pulse duration of both laser pulses affects the proton acceleration. It was found that the proton maximum energy is the function of both laser intensity and pulse duration. A number of simulations have been performed to obtain maximum proton energy data under different combinations of laser intensity and pulse duration for the two laser pulses. The simulation results account for the underline physics for the proton bunch energy and the sheath field as a function of pulse intensity and pulse delay.
Young men's behavioral competencies and risk of alcohol use disorder in emerging adulthood: Early protective effects of parental education
Authors: Karriker-Jaffe Katherine J. , Lönn Sara L. , Cook Won K. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Sundquist Kristina
Published: March 2020

We investigate how early exposure to parental externalizing behaviors (EB) may contribute to development of alcohol use disorders (AUD) in young adulthood, testing a developmental cascade model focused on competencies in three domains (academic, conduct, and work) in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and examining whether high parental education can buffer negative effects of parental EB and other early risk factors. We use data from 451,054 Swedish-born men included in the national conscript register. Structural equation models showed parental EB was associated with academic and behavioral problems during adolescence, as well as with lower resilience, more criminal behavior, and reduced social integration during emerging adulthood. These pathways led to elevated rates of AUD in emerging and young adulthood. Multiple groups analysis showed most of the indirect pathways from parental EB to AUD were present but buffered by higher parental education, suggesting early life experiences and competencies matter more for young men from lower socioeconomic status (SES) families than from higher SES families. Developmental competencies in school, conduct, and work are important precursors to the development of AUD by young adulthood that are predicted by parental EB. Occupational success may be an overlooked source of resilience for young men from low-SES families.
Effects of Chinese word structure on object perception in Chinese–English bilinguals: Evidence from an ERP visual oddball paradigm
Authors: Pan Xuan , Jared Debra
Published: March 2020

Lupyan's (2012) label-feedback hypothesis proposes that linguistic labels affect our conceptual and perceptual representations through top-down feedback. We investigated whether such representations in bilinguals are influenced by labels from both of their languages by examining the effect of Chinese word structure on picture perception in Chinese–English bilinguals. A visual-oddball task with ERP was used. Pictures of four birds were used as standards and deviants. Therobin-ostrichpair shared a category cue in their Chinese names (likeblackbirdin English), and thepigeon-penguinpair did not. In Chinese–English bilinguals who were new to Canada, the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) elicited by deviant stimuli was significantly larger for pairs without category cues than pairs with cues, but, in long-stay bilinguals and English monolinguals, the vMMN was similar for the two pairs. These results demonstrate that object perception is influenced by the labels in both of a bilingual's languages.
An investigation into the number and nature of the urgent care consultations managed and referred by community pharmacists in South-East England
Authors: Dodds Linda , Katusiime Barbra , Shamim Atif , Fleming Gail , Thomas Trudy
Published: March 2020

Background:

Community pharmacies are recognised as an under-utilised, accessible resource that could support the urgent care agenda. This study aimed to provide a snapshot of the number and nature of urgent care requests presented to a sample of community pharmacies in three counties in southern England, to determine how requests are managed, whether management is appropriate, as assessed by a group of experts, and whether customers receiving the care are satisfied with pharmacists’ interventions.

Methods:

A representative sample of pharmacists across the region was invited to keep a log-book documenting all urgent care requests over a two-week period. Data were analysed to estimate frequency and type of requests and to compare consultations in core and non-core hours. Log-book entries were scrutinised blind by an expert panel to determine appropriateness of pharmacist’s responses. Customers receiving pharmacists’ interventions were surveyed to assess satisfaction.

Results:

Seventeen pharmacies kept log-books detailing 432 urgent care consultations, equating to 13 consultations per pharmacy per week. Of these, 70% (n = 302) were dealt with by the pharmacist in-house with 30% (n = 130) resulting in referrals. Locum pharmacists were significantly more likely to refer to other NHS services than regular pharmacists. Over half the requests were for symptom management, skin problems presenting most commonly (38% of all symptoms presented). Forty-seven percent of consultations were considered to have ‘averted the need for other NHS services’. Pharmacists’ referral (but not assessment of urgency) was deemed appropriate by the expert panel in 90% of consultations. Ninety-five percent of customers surveyed were satisfied with the service and would use the pharmacy again.

Conclusion:

Extrapolating findings across the study population (approximately 4.4 million) suggests that community pharmacists manage over 11 500 urgent care consultations per week, with 8050 managed independently. These prevent approximately 5400 other NHS encounters, while also meeting customer expectations and expert panel endorsement.
Are Large Families in The Main Belt Homogeneous?
Authors: Slyusarev Ivan G.
Published: March 2020

Using color indexes from SDSS and albedos from WISE we tested the homogeneity of 56 large Main belt families from Nesvorny list using the “color - albedo” plots. 25% of the analyzed families are non-homogeneous in terms of albedos and colors. Only two families (Flora and Vesta) contain low, moderate and high albedo asteroids, that are separated in a “color-albedo” plot. The fraction of the low albedo asteroids in bimodal families is not negligible (10-30%). Seven bimodal families may contain members from two overlapping families.
A new pipeline for astrometry and photometry of asteroids
Authors: Klç Y. , Kaplan M. , Eker Z.
Published: March 2020

Using Python 3, astropy and astrometry.net, we have developed a pipeline to obtain photometric light curves of asteroids automatically queried by the SkyBoT database from sequential FITS images. The pipeline provides: pre-reduction of data, astrometry, standard differential photometry and light curves by auto-selecting multiple comparison stars (maximum user-defined) from NOMAD catalog via VizieR. The code is an open source, free and hosted on GitHub with the GNU GPL v3 license.
The High-energy emission of jetted AGN
Authors: Schwartz Daniel A.
Published: March 2020

Quasars with flat radio spectra and one-sided, arc-second scale, ≈ 100 mJy GHz radio jets are found to have similar scale X-ray jets in about 60% of such objects, even in short 5 to 10 ksChandraobservations. Jets emit in the GHz band via synchrotron radiation, as known from polarization measurements. The X-ray emission is explained most simply, i.e. with the fewest additional parameters, as inverse Compton (iC) scattering of cosmic microwave background (cmb) photons by the relativistic electrons in the jet. With physics based assumptions, one can estimate enthalpy fluxes upwards of 1046erg s−1, sufficient to reverse cooling flows in clusters of galaxies, and play a significant role in the feedback process which correlates the masses of black holes and their host galaxy bulges. On a quasar-by-quasar basis, we can show that the total energy to power these jets can be supplied by the rotational energy of black holes with spin parameters as low asa= 0.3. For a few bright jets at redshifts less than 1, theFermigamma ray observatory shows upper limits at 10 Gev which fall below the fluxes predicted by the iC/cmb mechanism, proving the existence of multiple relativistic particle populations. At large redshifts, the cmb energy density is enhanced by a factor (1+z)4, so that iC/cmb must be the dominant mechanism for relativistic jets unless their rest frame magnetic field strength is hundreds of micro-Gauss.
Extreme jet distortions in low-z radio galaxies
Authors: Birkinshaw Mark , Rawes Josie , Worrall Diana
Published: March 2020

Jets often display bends and knots at which the flows change character. Extreme distortions have implications for the nature of jet flows and their interactions. We present the results of three radio mapping campaigns. The distortion of 3CRR radio galaxy NGC 7385 is caused by a collision with a foreground magnetised gas cloud which causes Faraday rotation and free-free absorption, and is triggered into star formation. For NGC 6109 the distortion is more extreme, creating a ring-shaped structure, but no deflector can be identified in cold or hot gas. Similar distortions in NGC 7016 are apparently associated with an X-ray gas cavity, and the adjacent NGC 7018 shows filaments drawn out beyond 100 kpc. Encounters with substructures in low-density, magnetised, intergalactic gas are likely causes of many of these features.
Probing restarting activity in hard X-ray selected giant radio galaxies
Authors: Bruni G. , Ursini F. , Panessa F. , Bassani L. , Bazzano A. , Bird A. J. , Chiaraluce E. , Dallacasa D. , Fiocchi M. , Giroletti M. , Hernández-García L. , Malizia A. , Molina M. , Saripalli L. , Ubertini P. , Venturi T.
Published: March 2020

With their sizes larger than 0.7 Mpc, Giant Radio Galaxies (GRGs) are the largest individual objects in the Universe. To date, the reason why they reach such enormous extensions is still unclear. One of the proposed scenarios suggests that they are the result of multiple episodes of jet activity. Cross-correlating the INTEGRAL+Swift AGN population with radio catalogues (NVSS, FIRST, SUMSS), we found that 22% of the sources are GRG (a factor four higher than those selected from radio catalogues). Remarkably, all of the sources in the sample show signs of restarting radio activity. The X-ray properties are consistent with this scenario, the sources being in a high-accretion, high-luminosity state with respect to the previous activity responsible for the radio lobes.
AGN Feedback and its Importance to Galaxy Evolution in the Era of the ngVLA
Authors: Nyland Kristina
Published: March 2020

Energetic feedback by Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) plays an important evolutionary role in the regulation of star formation (SF) on galactic scales. However, the effects of this feedback as a function of redshift and galaxy properties such as mass, environment and cold gas content remain poorly understood. The broad frequency coverage (1 to 116 GHz), high collecting area (about ten times higher than the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array), and superb angular resolution (maximum baselines of at least a few hundred km) of the proposed next-generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) are uniquely poised to revolutionize our understanding of AGN and their role in galaxy evolution.
Observations of magnetic fields in star-forming clouds
Authors: Soler Juan D.
Published: March 2020

This review examines observations of magnetic fields in molecular clouds, that is, at spatial scales ranging from tens to tenths of parsecs and densities up to hundreds of particles per cubic centimetre. I will briefly summarize the techniques for observing and mapping magnetic fields in molecular clouds. I will review important examples of observational results obtained using each technique and their implications for our understanding of the role of the magnetic field in molecular cloud formation and evolution. Finally, I will briefly discuss the prospects for advances in our observational capabilities with telescopes and instruments now beginning operation or under construction.
Kinematics of neutral and ionzied gas in the candidate protostar with efficient magnetic braking B335
Authors: Yen Hsi-Wei , Zhao Bo , Koch Patrick M.
Published: March 2020

Ambipolar diffusion can cause a velocity drift between ions and neutrals. This is one of the non-ideal MHD effects proposed to enable the formation of large Keplerian disks with sizes of tens of au (Zhao et al. 2018). To observationally study ambipolar diffusion in collapsing protostellar envelopes, we analyzed the ALMA H13CO+ (3–2) and C18O (2–1) data of the protostar B335, which is a candidate source with efficient magnetic braking (Yen et al. 2015). We constructed kinematical models to fit the velocity structures observed in H13CO+ and C18O. With our kinematical models, the infalling velocities in H13CO+ and C18O are both measured to be 0.85 ± 0.2 km s−1 at a radius of 100 au, suggesting that the velocity drift between the ionized and neutral gas is at most 0.3 km s−1 at a radius of 100 au in B335. The Hall parameter for H13CO+ is estimated to be ≫1 on a 100 au scale in B335, so that H13CO+ is expected to be attached to the magnetic field. Our non-detection or upper limit of the velocity drift between the ionized and neutral gas could suggest that the magnetic field remains rather well coupled to the bulk neutral material on a 100 au scale in B335, and that any significant field-matter decoupling, if present, likely occurs only on a smaller scale, leading to an accumulation of magnetic flux and thus efficient magnetic braking in the inner envelope in B335.
Magnetic fields of T Tauri stars and inner accretion discs
Authors: Donati Jean-Francois
Published: March 2020

Magnetic fields play a key role in the early life of stars and their planets, as they form from collapsing dense cores that progressively flatten into large-scale accretion discs and eventually settle as young suns orbited by planetary systems. Pre-main-sequence phases, in which central protostars feed from surrounding planet-forming accretion discs, are especially crucial for understanding how worlds like our Solar System are born.

Magnetic fields of low-mass T Tauri stars (TTSs) are detected through high-resolution spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry (e.g., Johns Krull 2007), whereas their large-scale topologies can be inferred from time series of Zeeman signatures using tomographic techniques inspired from medical imaging (Donati & Landstreet 2009). Large-scale fields of TTSs are found to depend on the internal structure of the newborn star, allowing quantitative models of how TTSs magnetically interact with their inner accretion discs, and the impact of this interaction on the subsequent stellar evolution (e.g., Romanova et al. 2002, Zanni & Ferreira 2013).

With its high sensitivity to magnetic fields, SPIRou, the new near-infrared spectropolarimeter installed in 2018 at CFHT (Donati et al. 2018), should yield new advances in the field, especially for young embedded class-I protostars, thereby bridging the gap with radio observations.
Dating Historical Arabic Observations
Authors: Gautschy Rita , Thomann Johannes
Published: March 2020

The first visibility of the lunar crescent signals the start of a new month in the Islamic calendar. The eminent astronomer Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib sib developed a method of uncompromising complexity for predicting the visibility of the lunar crescent. He derived his threshold value from a moonwatch carried out at different places in Iraq on November 17th, 860 CE. We will allude to a few modern visibility criteria as well and highlight the uncertainties of today’s calculations when converting historical Arabic into Julian or Gregorian dates. Tables of first visibility of the lunar crescent for different locations are provided for the purpose of date conversions. Since the Islamic calendar was based on the observation of the lunar crescent, historical dates imply information on positive and negative sightings of the lunar crescent. From such information estimations of cloudiness in different regions of the Islamic world can be extracted.
Stone Inscriptions from South Asia as Sources of Astronomical Records
Authors: Shylaja B. S.
Published: March 2020

Stone inscriptions from all over India provide records of eclipses, solstices and planetary conjunctions. Extending the study to South Asia, to include Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Thailand, threw light on many new aspects such as evolution of calendars independently from the influence of Indian system of time measurement as early as the 3rdCentury BCE. Many interesting records of planetary conjunctions are available. One record from Cambodia hints at a possible sighting of the 1054 supernova, while another from Thailand suggests a pre-planetary nebula event.
Galileo’s Account of Kepler’s Supernova (SN 1604): A Copernican Assessment
Authors: Cosci M.
Published: March 2020

The name of Kepler is inseparably associated with the supernova of 1604 (SN 1604; V843 Ophiuchi), but there are reasons why Galileo Galilei might also claim to leave his name on that phenomenon, given the assiduousness of his observations.
Meteor Observations at Kazan Federal University (Russia)
Authors: Korotishkin D. V. , Kalabanov S. A. , Sherstyukov O. N. , Valiullin F. S. , Ishmuratov R. A.
Published: March 2020

This poster paper described initial results of recent meteor observations in Kazan obtained with a new meteor radar, SKiYMET. Significant improvements in the number of registrations are being recorded, enabling better statistics.

Radar observations of meteors have been carried out and archived since the mid-20th Century; at Kazan University (56°N, 49°E) they commenced in 1956, and have continued with only a few interruptions. A quasi-tomographic method (developed in-house in 2000) has been used to determine the coordinates of radiants of meteor showers, and to derive the orbital elements of small showers (microshowers).

The observations provide valuable information about the distribution of meteoric matter near the Earth’s orbit. That information supports studies of stratospheric temperatures. A new radar, SKiYMET, was deployed in 2015 and measured parameters such as meteor speeds, but in 2016 its software was supplemented by an in-house package which performed more efficient pre-filtering of the primary data to eliminate non-meteor reflections from various sources. The new filtering algorithm has reduced substantially the threshold S/N ratio for detecting meteors (so fainter meteors can now be recorded), while the package also enables meteor velocities to be calculated much more efficiently than with SKiYMET, improving significantly the quality and statistical indicators of the processed data. By detecting a much larger number of meteors, it enables more detailed studies of the distribution of meteor velocities per day and per season.

Daily meteor counts for 2016–2017, extracted from the observations by the KFU programme, yielded significantly higher rates than with SKiYMET. These results support much better statistics, and also enable much finer details to be discerned. In particular, plots of meteor rates against speed are found to exhibit two maxima, one near 30 km s−1 and one near 55 km s−1. This bifurcation in the relationship can also be discerned in the seasonal dependences of the speed distribution.

Improvements in the measurements of the speeds of meteor particles entering the atmosphere reveal an increase in the numbers with higher speeds (> 50 km s−1). The distributions of speeds and heights show a rather strong dependence of the meteor speed upon altitude; as predicted by meteor physics, those with higher speeds begin to burn at higher altitudes. A local increase in the number of meteors that have speeds of about 55 km s−1 has also been reported in the literature. The increase could be associated with heterogeneities in the distribution of meteoric matter in the vicinity of the Earth’s orbit.
Focus Meeting: Galactic Angular Momentum
Authors: Obreschkow Danail
Published: March 2020

The 6th Focus Meeting (FM6) at the XXXth IAU GA 2018 aimed at overviewing the rise in angular momentum (AM) science seen in the last 10 years and debating new emerging views on galaxy evolution. The foundational works on galaxy formation of the 1970s and 80s clearly exposed the fundamental role of AM, suspected since the time of Kant. However, quantitative progress on galactic AM remained hampered by observational and theoretical obstacles. Only in the last 10 years, numerical simulations began to produce galactic disks with realistic AM. Simultaneously, the fast rise of Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) and millimetre/radio interferometry have opened the door for systematic AM measurements, across representative samples and cosmic volumes. The FM bridged between cutting-edge observational programs and leading simulations in order to review, debate and resolve core issues on AM science, ranging from galactic substructure (e.g. gas fraction, turbulence, clumps) to global properties (e.g. size evolution, morphologies) and cosmology (spin alignment, cosmic origin of AM). The co-chairs and SOC members strived to assemble a representative selection of leading scientists in the field, while adhering to principles of equal opportunity and inclusivity.
Angular Momentum Evolution of Galaxies: the Perspective of Hydrodynamical Simulations
Authors: Lagos Claudia del P.
Published: March 2020

Until a decade ago, galaxy formation simulations were unable to simultaneously reproduce the observed angular momentum (AM) of galaxy disks and bulges. Improvements in the interstellar medium and stellar feedback modelling, together with advances in computational capabilities, have allowed the current generation of cosmological galaxy formation simulations to reproduce the diversity of AM and morphology that is observed in local galaxies. In this review I discuss where we currently stand in this area from the perspective of hydrodynamical simulations, specifically how galaxies gain their AM, and the effect galaxy mergers and gas accretion have on this process. I discuss results which suggest that a revision of the classical theory of disk formation is needed, and by discussing what the current challenges are.