bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Western Flower Thrips in Flowers, Georgia, 1985
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

The plants were maintained on raised greenhouse benches Each 6.5 in plastic azalea pot contained 4 plants. All plants were heavily infested with thrips of all stages. The Western flower thrips made up over 90% of the flower thrips species found in the flowers. The experimental design was a RCB with single pot treatment and each plot replicated 4 times. All materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer at 30-35 psi until runoff. Five days after treatment, 25 flowers were removed from the plants in each pot. These flowers were placed in Berlese funnels for 3 days. Thrips were collected from the funnels in 70% ethanol and were counted (adults and immatures) with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Chrysanthemum, California, NOV. 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against third-stage larvae in chrysanthemums. Standardized 3-leaved potted mum plants were exposed to adult leafminers 7 days prior to insecticide application. Ten plants were evaluated per treatment. Larval mine counts were made prior to pesticide treatment. The materials were applied to the plants to runoff, with a 1-gal B&G® sprayer, with a Spraying Systems 5003® nozzle, at 55 psi on 6 Nov. (T = 15.8-16.8°C). The mum plants were cut at the base after the materials had dried and just prior to emergence of the larvae from the mum leaves. The plants were placed on a layer of sand in individual petri dishes, where the larvae exited the leaves, dropped to the sand and pupated. The petri dishes were held at constant 26.7°C. After pupation, the sand was sifted to collect the pupae which were counted and held at 26.7°C for adult emergence.
Control of Fifth Instar Beet Armyworm Larvae on Chrysanthemum, Summer, California, 1985
Authors: Yoshida H. A. , Robb R. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to individual 4-wk-old chrysanthemum plants, cvs. Hurricane, with a 1-gal B&G sprayer at 60 psi 27 Aug. Five fifth-stage larvae were immediately placed on each plant and confined with an inverted, ventilated 1-qt plastic container. Mortality was assessed after 48 h and each surviving larva was placed individually on untreated commercial beet armyworm diet. Mortality was assessed every 48 h thereafter until all surviving larvae had pupated. To correct for differences in escaping larvae between treatments, the data were expressed as percent mortality for each ceplicate. Arcsin square root transformations were performed on the data prior to ANOVA.
Control of Leafminer Using Neem (Azadirachta Indica a. Juss.) Seed Extract, 1985
Authors: Larew H. G. , Knodel J. J.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticidal tests were conducted from 11 Apr to 13 May in research greenhouses in Beltsville, MD. Cinerarias were grown from seed in Promix BM™ for 2 mo in square plastic pots (10 × 10 cm at top). For the first test, a group of 24 randomly chosen plants were placed in a cage under lighrts (16h light:8h dark) with approximately 75 adult Liriomyza trifolii for 24 h. Plants were then removed from the cage, all leafminers were removed from the plants, and The media in each pot was drenched with 150 ml of either water or one of 3 concentrations of neem seed extract (see table). There were 6 plants per treatment. Concentrations of neem seed extract were prepared by diluting neem seed concentrate (sample Al 3-42845 (AN 4.57); Insect Chemical Ecology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705) with water to yield the desired percentage (weight/volume). The concentrate contained 2300 ppm azadirachtin, an insecticidal constituent of neem seed extract. After drenching, plants were returned to the greenhouse. First mstar mines (2.5 cm in length) were counted. When larvae reached third instar, all leaves from all plants were harvested. Leaf area of each plant was measured, and the number of reared pupae and adults was counted. A second test was begun 1 wk after the start of the first, and differed from it only in that rather than being drenched, the plants were sprayed with water or one of 3 concentrations of neem seed extract (see table).
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Somerset, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 75°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.9; % organic matter, 4.9; soil condition, moist; % soil moisture, 23; amt thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 65; and clear sunny skies. A total of 1.25 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days after the initial 2 Aug 85 treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 167.5 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 2 Aug before treatment.
Balsam Fir, Control of Balsam Twig Aphid, 1985
Authors: Bradbury R. L. , Osgood E. A.
Published: March 2022

A Christmas tree plantation in Dover, Maine was used for the insecticide evaluations. Insecticides were applied to 0.125-acre blocks on 15 May using a Stihl SG 17 mistblower at a rate of 5 gal. finished spray/acre. Blocks treated with insecticides in 1985 had not been treated in 1984. Aphids were in the first instar. Temperatures at time of treatment were 38-45°F and no precipitation fell within 24h. Prespray samples consisting of one 12-cm branch tip from each of 20 trees/0.125-acre block were collected 10 May and postspray samples were taken 1 day after treatment. Damage was assessed on 26 Jun by counting all damaged and undamaged current shoots on 2 branches from each of 20 trees/0.125-acre block.
Injected Systemic Insecticide for Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Douglas-Fir, 1985
Authors: Cowher C. F. , Cameron E. Alan
Published: March 2022

A total of 12 trees in each of 3 blocks in a 10-acre tree plantation in Centre County, PA, was assigned at random, 4 to each of 2 treatments and to an untreated check. Selected trees were 4.5-7.5 m tall. Injections, using Inject-a-cide B capsules, were made on 23 Sep. 8-15 cm above the soil level using standard methods prescribed by the manual published by Tree Inject Systems, Ltd. Treatment concentrations were based on tree diameter, measured with a diameter tape 44-60 cm above the soil level. Diameter in inches/2 equaled the number of capsules used for full rate and controls, while diameter in inches/4 equaled the number of capsules used for half rate. Each capsule contained 1 ml of liquid which is 86% technical Bidrin; control capsules contained 1 ml water. Bidrin and water were absorbed by all trees within 24 h. Weather was overcast and the temperature was not greater than 21°C during this period. The following 48 hours were clear. Pre- and posttreatment samples were taken on 18 Sep and 4 Oct, cooled immediately, and transported to the laboratory.
Citrus Whitefly Control, Alabama, 1985
Authors: Hendricks H. J. , Miller G. L. , Williams M. L. , Stephenson J. C.
Published: March 2022

Test plants were ca. 1 ft tall, growing in 3-qt plastic pots filled with an amended pine bark medium. Fourteen insecticides were applied by 1 or 2 methods: foliar sprays or insertion of fertilizer spikes impregnated with an insecticide into soil around plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times, one plant constituting a replication. A single application of the test materials was made out-of-doors on 17 Jun (Dry Bulb 86°F: Wet Bulb 78°F). The adjuvant Nu-Film 17 was added to all spray mixtures at the rate of 2.4 ml/gal. Foliar sprays were applied to runoff using a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer and spikes were placed ½ inch below soil surface, 1 inch from pot rim, and watered in. Test plants were returned to a screened shadehouse. Efficacy was determined 1 Jul by examining 100 citrus whitefly pupae per plant and scoring them as dead or alive.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Acaricide Combination Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Dilute sprays were applied in 285 gal and concentrate sprays were applied in 67 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied on 2 schedules full season (26 Apr, 11 May, 25 May, 6 Jun, 17 Jun, 28 Jun, 10 Jul, 22 Jul, 2 Aug, 14 Aug, 26 Aug) and partial season (25 May, 6 Jun, 17 Jun, 28 Jun, 10 Jul, 22 Jul, 2 Aug, 14 Aug, 26 Aug). Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. Mite counts were made by controlling 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM, TwoSpotted Spider Mites, and predaceous mites on each plate.
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens, 1985
Authors: Weaver J. E. , Coulson T.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Preston Country Club, Kingwood, WV Entire greens ranging in size from 3,780 to 10,350 sq ft. were used as test plots. Treatments were applied 22 Aug. Each treatment was applied to 2 greens with a Broyhill sprayer mounted on a Cushman vehicle. The average amount of spray used was 3 gal/1000 sq. ft. Greens were lightly-syringed immediately after treatment. Total precipitation during the trial period was 0.57 inches occurring 4 DAT. Rates of application [lb (AI)/acre] were calculated on the basis of the amount of spray used for each green; intended rates (based on sprayer calibration and mixtures) were Baythroid 2E and 10W, 0.02 and 0.04; PP321, 0.01 and 0.02; FMC 54800, 0.02 and 0.04; and Triumph 1.0. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of larvae on ½ of each green that were flushed to the surface by the treatment 1 to 4 h after application.
Control of White Grubs in Bermudagrass Sod, in North Carolina, 1985
Authors: Brandenburg R. L.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied on Aug 1 to 3.05 × 3.05 m plots with 4 replicates in a RCB design for white grub control near Burgaw in Pender County, NC. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal of water per plot in a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker. A 0.5 inch rain fell on 3 Aug. Soil type was sandy with 2.5 to 3% organic matter and a soil PH of 5.5. Thatch was minimal. Samples were taken 14 days posttreatment (15 Aug) and 28 days posttreatment (29 Aug). Samples consisted of two 0.09 m2 sections of sod, ca. 12 cm deep selected and dug at random within each plot and examined immediately and the number of healthy grubs recorded. Pretreatment counts averaged 16 grubs/.09 m2.
Bermudagrass, Tropical Sod Webworm Control, Florida, 1984
Authors: Reinert James A. , Bilz Frank G. , Augustin Bruce J.
Published: March 2022

Portions of a bermudagrass green at the Ft. Lauderdale Research Center were divided into 1.5 × 3.0m2 (50 ft2) plots. A 61-cm-wide untreated buffer zone of turf was left between plots. Populations were sampled by sprinkling 1 liter of 0.02 to 0.03% pyrethrin, emulsified in the water with a wetting agent, on 0.37 m2 (4 ft2) of turf in each plot. An additional liter of water was sprinkled over the sample area to wash the pyrethrin solution to the webworm larvae on or just below the soil surface Larvae which came to the turf surface within a 10-min period were counted. Successive samples within a plot were taken in different locations Plots were assigned to 4 replicates by pretreatment counts, in a RCB experiment and treatments were applied 3 Aug. The EC and WP (in solution in water) formulations of insecticides were applied with an Ortho brand hose-end siphon sprayer. All other test insecticides were provided by S. G. Johnson & Son, Inc., as hose-end aerosol formulations (HA). Aerosol formulations also contained a foam tracer.
Fall Control of White Grubs on a Golf Course At Syracuse, Ny, 1985
Authors: Baker P. B. , Villani M. G.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were applied to a fairway at Drumlins C.C. on Sept. 11 for control of a mixed population of European/Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (50%), annual bluegrass (45%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). The experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft × 10 it. Thatch accumulation was ca. 0.25 inch compressed between the fingers. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Grandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 3 gal of water through a watering can.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs in Kentucky, 1985
Authors: Gordon F. C. , McClure T. W. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was performed in a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette Co., Ky. On 8 Aug, 84 6 × 6 inch turf/soil cores were removed from the plot and a 8 × 8 in section of fiberglass window screen placed over the hole. Each turf/soil core was fitted into a 6 × 7 inch (dia. × 1.) section of PVC pipe so the core bottom was flush with the bottom edge of the pipe. The pipe was then placed into the hole so that the screen covered the bottom of the pipe and soil. The plot was then irrigated for ca. 2h with a garden sprinkler. On 20 Aug, 2nd and 3rd instar southern masked chafer grubs were collected from soil in a neighboring, untreated, golf course. Ten grubs were placed in the confines of each cylinder and allowed to dig into the soil. Grubs remaining on the surface after 30 min were replaced. This was done mid-afternoon due to cool weather and overcast skies. Insecticide treatments were applied to individual cylinders on 28 Aug so that the plot contained 6 replications of treatments arranged as a RCB. The granular formulations were mixed with a small amount of dry sand and hand shaken into the cylinders.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Driving Range in Mifflin Co., PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

The golf course turf consisted of annual bluegrass (50%) and crabgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 6 × 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 19 Aug with a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 4 gal/ 1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental factors existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 68°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.1; % organic matter, 2.6; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 16.8; amt thatch, 0.25-1.25 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 65; and cloudy skies. A total of 2.7 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period.
Efficacy of Several Insecticides Against June Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts Lawn, 1985
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were applied to a lawn maintained at ca. 2.5 inch on 6 Aug. Granular formulations were applied by hand shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid formulations were applied with 3 qt of water in a watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 8-ft by 8-ft plot. All tests were replicated 4 times in a CRB design. The test area received 0.75 inch irrigation (pH 6.8) immediately after application and 2.5 inch rainfall within 24 h after application. Plots were sampled 25 Sep. Two 1 sq ft sections of sod, ca 4 inch deep, were removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Control of Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge with Foliar Insecticides, Ft. Collins, CO, 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Recently transplanted honeylocust trees were treated with insecticides 23 May in applications directed against the egg laying period of second generation honeylocust pod gall midge. All spray were applied at point of run-off. Plots were single tree, randomized in a complete block design with 4 replications.
Control of Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge with Soil Applied Insecticides, Ft. Collins, CO, 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Wawrzynski Robert P.
Published: March 2022

Recently transplanted honeylocust trees (‘whips’), 6-8 ft tall and approximately 1 inch diameter were treated with soil applications of liquid insecticides 26 Apr. Treatment timing was made approximately 2 wk prior to the first flush of new growth and the first appearance of the insect. Applications were made by injecting liquid formulations of the insecticides at a depth of 6-8 inches approximately 6 inches from the trunk base. Applications were split on both sides of the trees to increase uptake. Plot size was a single tree, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Tree counts of recent pod galls were made to coincide with the end of first generation (14 May), second generation (2 Jun) and third generation (25 Jun) pod gall production.
Bagworm Control on Juniper, 1985
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A.
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated by selecting 10-ft sections of a 200-ft row of similar size (8 ft) and infestation level. Insecticides were applied on 13 Jun using a 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi and were applied to runoff. On 17 Jun mortality was determined by collecting 4 samples of 15 bagworms from each treatment and placing them in a biological incubator at 120°F for 30 min. Live larvae began moving rapidly and were counted. Temperature at time of treatment was 73°F and 0.18 inches of rainfall fell between application and evaluation.
Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Williams M. L. , Miller G. L.
Published: March 2022

Infested variegated liriope growing in 1-gal containers of an amended pine bark medium were selected for the foliar treatments listed. Miticides plus Chevron Spray Sticker (0.5 pt/100 gal water) were applied to all leaf surfaces to run-off with a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Live mites were counted 7 and 21 days after treatment with the aid of a Llanfair Orchard Leaf Brushing Machine and microscope. Each sample consisted of 3 randomly selected mature leaves per plant.
Orange Striped Oakworm Control on Willow Oak, 1985
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A.
Published: March 2022

On 8 Aug ‘85, 21 oak trees 5-7 ft tall in Virginia Beach, VA were ! reared to runoff using a 1-gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Larval counts of the treatments (3 replicates per treatment) were made 24 !i and 96 h posttreatment. Temperature at time of treatment was 80 F and .11 inches of rainfall fell between application and evaluation.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, Oklahoma, 1985
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Gladin Jodie , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants evaluated the effects of lx and 4x rates of Dursban 4E and Dursban 50W. Tests were conducted on 5 species of plants in duplicate trials in the greenhouse and on field plantings. Tests were conducted in a university greenhouse on the horticulture research farm at Stillwater, OK. Greenhouse plants were grown in 4 inch pots in amended Peat Lite (1:1:1 mix of peat moss, ground bark mulch and coarse vermiculite). The greenhouse and field plants were planted on 12 Apr. Each treatment rate was replicated 5 times, with 5 plants of each species per replicate. Treatments were made with a Monsanto 1-pt mist sprayer. All plants, including the checks, were treated to runoff. Check plants were treated with water. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. Greenhouse plants were placed on benches, watered as needed, and maintained at 65°F (day/night temperature). In the greenhouse, impatiens were grown under 30% shade.
Phytotoxicity of Experimental Synthetic Pyrethroids on Three Foliage Plants, Massachusetts Green-House, 1985
Authors: Mimms R. A. S. , Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were tested for phytotoxic effects on oval-leaf peperomia, Swedish ivy, and wandering Jew plants. Plants were grown in 4-inch standard pots, using 50% Metro Mix 350 and 50% sterilized field soil. Each insecticide was applied with 2-qt capacity hand pump sprayer to the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Applications were made on 28 Jan and repeated on 11 Feb to 4 plants of each species. Plants were then placed randomly (within species) on benches. Phytotoxic responses were surveyed twice weekly for 6 wk after the first application.
Woody Ornamental Phytotoxicity Evaluations, Ft. Collins, Co. 1985
Authors: Epsky Nancy D. , Capinera John L. , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Woody ornamentals were tested for sensitivity to insecticides, miticides and surfactants used for ornamental/shade tree pest control. Testing included seedling nursery stock, 3 mo to 1.5 yr old, and shrubs at the Colorado State Forest Service nursery; shrubs at the Plant Environmental Research Center; and trees on the Colorado State Univ campus. Seedling nursery stock received either 1 application (3 Sep), or 2 applications (3 Sep and 10 Sep). Mature trees and shrubs received 2 applications (12 Sep and 18 Sep). Concentrations of pesticides used were 4X label rates and were applied until point of run-off. Plants were evaluated 7 and 14 days after last application.
Argentine Ant Control on Protea, Hawaii, 1984
Authors: Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Durban 50WP and Dycarb 76WP were tested as a barrier treatment against Argentine ants foraging into protea flowers. Trees were pruned to assure no connection to the ground, except for the main tree trunk. Insecticides were applied on 17 Aug and 28 Sep around the base of the tree (1-ft radius on the ground to 1-ft above the base of the tree) with a compressed air sprayer equipped with a No. 8004 Teejet® nozzle. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 trees per treatment. Flowers were harvested weekly and observed for ants.
Control of Spruce Gall Midge in Southern ct 1983
Authors: Stephens G. R.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of spruce gall midge in commercial plantations of white spruce 1 to 2 m tall. Applications were made in either late Apr or early May, or at both times, in a randomized block experiment with 4 replications at Guilford and five at Middlefield. Insecticides at the rate of 1 lb (AI)/100 gal were applied to runoff with a Solo knapsack sprayer. The Apr treatment was applied when white spruce buds were swelling and bud scales were separating, and when adult midges were emerging and beginning to lay eggs; the May application was made when new shoots had elongated 1 to 2 cm. Infestation was rated 0 to 5: 0, no visible infestation; 1, very light visible infestation; 2, light infestation with some swollen shoots; 3, moderate infestation with noticeable swollen and stunted shoots; 4, severe infestation with many swollen, stunted shoots and some dead needles and shoots; 5, very severe infestation with many swollen, stunted and deformed shoots and abundant dead needles and shoots. Infestation on 1982 shoots was rated before treatment and only trees with a rating of at least 1 were treated.
Apple, Mid Season Acaricide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block design was used. Treatments consisted of single trees in each of 4 blocks. Trees were selected which had existent mite populations. These trees were sampled and numbers of mite per leaf determined. Trees were then divided into 4 blocks based on similarity of counts. Each treatment was then randomly assigned to a tree in each block (blocked by precount). Evaluations were by the following: From each tree 50 leaves were selected at random. Leaves were brushed in a mite brushing machine and resulting plates examined for ERM. Numbers were recorded as counts per 8 sections of the plate and converted to mites per leaf. Materials were applied in 138 gpa on 27 Jul.
Cattle-Hypoderma Lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford, Angus, and Here-ford-Angus-cross calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexar Co., TX, naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), are treated with new insecticides that were determined to be systemically active in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test. Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liters/animal at >1000 kPa [usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Trixon X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts)]. In other tests, insecticides are administered dermally to cattle by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly or subcutaneously by injection of a specific weight of insecticide per body weight. Normally cattle are treated with new insecticides initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. If initial dosages are effective, cattle are given lower dosages in order to determine the minimum effective dosage. Other cattle are treated with titrated dosages of labeled systemics in order to determine systemic activity of label-listed dosages and less than label-listed dosages. After the treatment in May or Jun, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3-6 animals/ treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from Aug to Feb of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number of untreated cattle.
Screening of Acaricides for Control of One-Host Tick, 1985
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus (Say), and the southern cattle tick, B. microplus (Canestrini), in colony at the Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Mission, TX, and the tropical horse tick, Anocentor nitens (Neumann), and the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus (Packard), in colony at Kerrville, TX, are placed into cattle. Engorged females that detach naturally are tested. Usually candidate compounds (technical materials) are formulated as emulsifiable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient (AI), 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. The compounds not soluble in xylene are usually formulated (14.3) AI) in a 1:1 mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the xylene, Triton X-100 combination. Commercial wettable powders or emulsifiable concentrates may be used. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Acaricides are routinely tested at 1, 0.1, and 0.01% AI; the lesser concentrations are obtained by serial dilution of the 1% concentration. Prior to treatment, ticks are washed, dried, sorted into groups of 10, and weighed. For treatment, groups of ticks are placed into 20-25 ml of acaricide, which is stirred vigorously for 30 s and then poured through a screen that retains the ticks.
Evaluation of American Cyanamid Experimental Levamisole/Famphur Paste Administered Orally to Dairy Cattle for Lice Control, 1985
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental paste treatments consisting of amphur plus levamisole were administered orally to yearling dairy cattle in Montgomery Co, VA. The following treatment groups were established on 19 Feb 1985: A) untreated control: ca. 25 head of yearling cattle were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole (Tramisol® gel) per kg body weight; B) 11.5% levamisole/28.8% famphur paste: ca. 35 head of yearling cattle were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 20 mg famphur per kg body weight; C) 5.75% levamisole/21.6% famphur paste: ca. 45 head of yearling cattle were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 30 mg famphur per kg body weight. Six animals from each group were individually identified and used for evaluation. Treatment groups were maintained in separate pastures to eliminate cross-infestation of lice.
Evaluation of Insecta Anti-Insect Paint for the Control of the Hide Beetle, 1985
Authors: Burg J. G. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Six plywood panels (20.3 × 39.4 × 1.0 cm) were pretreated with a single coat of white latex paint. Each panel was then divided into two 17.8 × 20.3 cm sections separated by a 3.8-cm buffer. A 15.2-cm diam circle was drawn in the center of each section. Treatment and control circles were randomly assigned on each panel. Control sections were repainted with white latex paint and treatment sections were painted with Insecta latex paint (0.86% chlorpyrifos). Ten 10-day-old hide beetle adults and late stage larvae were confined to the treated and control surfaces of each panel with 15.2-cm diam organdy cloth covered embroidery hoops for either 2, 5, 12, 18 or 24 h. The hoops were held in place with rubber bands. Panels were tested weekly for 12 consecutive wk and at 16 wk posttreatment starting on 14 Jan. Mortality was recorded 24, 48 and 72 h after the adults and larvae were removed from the treated surfaces.
Laboratory Evaluation of Igr’s and Toxicants Against the Larvae of the Oriental Rat Flea, 1985
Authors: Chamberlain W. F.
Published: March 2022

A 10 g sample of a mixture of fine oven-dried sand and flea larval diet was placed in a 25-ml sere-capped vial. An appropriate concentration of technical IGR or toxicant in 500 μl of acetone was added to the mix; after stirring, the acetone was evaporated at room temperature. Twenty-four h later, 200 μl of water was added and stirred into the mix and 25 laboratory-reared, 2nd-stage larvae were added. Vials were covered with 0.3-mm mesh marquisette cloth and held in separate chambers at 75% RH, 26°/31° ± 1°C and corresponding 8/16 dark/light cycle. Each test was replicated 2 to 4 times. Control vials containing the sand-diet mix were treated with acetone only and handled in the same manner as test vials. At 30 days after establishment, the vials were examined. Any emerged fleas were killed with a drop of chloroform, and the number of cocoons and emerged fleas was counted. The highest concentration of toxicant tested was 100 ppm; dilutions to 0.002 ppm were tested, as needed to obtain reduced mortality.
Comparison of House Fly and Little House Fly Susceptibility to Plywood Panels Treated with Baythroid 2 and Ectiban WP, 1985
Authors: Meyer Jeffrey A. , Mellon Roni B.
Published: March 2022

The following treatments were applied to plywood panels to the point of the runoff with a hand-held atomizer: 0.009% and Baythroid 2, 0.018% Baythroid 2, 0.036% Baythroid 2, and 0.1% Ectiban WP. Each treatment was applied to 2 identical panels (ca. 1 ft2) and bioassayed with adult house flies and little house flies. Flies utilized for bioassays were 1-wk old or less and originated from laboratory colonies. Fifty flies of each species were exposed to each of the two panels by confining them under screened jar rings, 3 inches in diam by 1 inch deep. Four rings were placed on each panel in predesignated areas; 25 flies of each species per ring. Mortality counts were taken at 24-h postexposure; panels were bioassayed at 7, 35, 70, and 90 days posttreatment. All panels were exposed to field conditions during the interim period between bioassays.
Apple, Summer Management of Pests, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained 1 each of cultivars Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each plot was replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa, 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Tree canopy volume was 287,800 ft3/acre. The first 5 treatments were applied using the alternate side technique on the following dates: 4, 12, 19, and 27 Jun; 3, 9, 16, and 23 Aug. An application to both sides of trees was made on 30 Aug. The last 3 treatments were applied to both sides of the trees on the following dates: 4 and 19 Jun; 3, 16, and 30 Aug. Kelthane 4F (1420 ml/acre) was applied to 1 side of trees on 29 Jul. The effect of the treatments on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree (cv. Delicious only), 80 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on TABM was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and a picked sample of 100 apples/tree on the cvs. Golden Delicious and Stayman on 1 Oct. Pest pressure was heavy.
Apple, Herbicide Effects on Mites, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Ponton L. , Varn M.
Published: March 2022

A 2.5ha (1A) apple block at Steeles Tavern was put on a differential herbicide regime for the second year. Half of the block was treated with simazine, a herbicide which is nontoxic to AF. The remainder of the block was treated with simazine plus paraquat, a herbicide known to be toxic to AF. Applications were made on 13 May, using a power take off orchard weed sprayer. Label rates were used in (100 gal/A). Both treatments included X-77 surfactant at the rate of 62 ml/100 liters (8 oz/100 gal). Mites were sampled on 15 Jul and 23 Jul, using one 20-leaf sample from each of 6 trees per treatment.
Apple, Mite Control Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Ponton L. , Boucher J. , Varn M. , Smothers V.
Published: March 2022

Several acaricides were evaluated against mites in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. The block included cultivars ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Stayman’ and ‘York’. Four, single-tree replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made on 3 Jun, using a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with handgun attachment. Trees were sprayed to drip (ca. 1869 liters/ha (200 gal/A)). Mites were evaluated using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate. Because of low ERM densities in all plots, a spray of fenvalerate (1.17 liters/ha (1 pt/A)) was applied on 16 Jul.
Apple, Seasonal Insecticides Test, 1985
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Hebding H. E.
Published: March 2022

Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (26 Apr), petal fall and as cover sprays on 22 May, 4 Jun, 17 Jun, 2 Jul, 15 Jul, 31 Jul, and 12 Aug. Treatments were replicated 3 times on 6-tree plots (‘McIntosh’, ‘Cortland’, ‘Rhode Island Greening’, ‘Monroe’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Red Rome’) and arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest (9-11 Sep), 100 ‘McIntosh’ and 100 ‘Cortland’ apples were scored from each replication. ERM was sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves from the ‘McIntosh’ apple trees in each replication on 2 Jul and again on 24 Jul. Mites were removed from the leaves with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. Up to 25 randomly selected actively growing terminals on ‘Rhode Island Greening’ trees in each replication were examined for AA on 15 Jul just before fourth cover spray was applied, and again three days posttreatment on 18 Jul. Terminals were considered to be infested if more thfn 5 live aphids were observed on the distal portion of the shoot. On 21 Aug, WALH nymphs were counted on 25 randomly selected spur leaves, and tissue mines of STLM were counted on 10 randomly selected terminals on ‘Rhode Island Greening’ trees. Also WAA colonies were counted at the same time on 10 randomly-selected terminals on ‘McIntosh’ trees.
Pear, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of unreplicated 0.19-acre blocks. Materials were applied by airblast sprayer in 116 gpa. Alsystin and F4999 were applied on 22 Apr (green tip), 26 Apr (tight cluster), 2 May (white bud), 9 May (petal fall = PF), 24 May, 7 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 7 Aug and 21 Aug. Mitac was applied on 9 May (PF), 8 Jul, 7 Aug and 21 Aug. All other materials were applied on 9 May, 24 May, 7 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 7 Aug and 21 Aug. On each sample date 50 leaves were randomly sampled from each of 4 centrally located trees in each block. A subsample of 25 leaves were examined for psylla nymphs using a stereo microscope. All 50 leaves were then brushed in a mite brushing machine and numbers of RM recorded for 8 sections. For broad spectrum pests 50 fruit were sampled from the 4 sample trees and examined for insect damage. Damages were categorized by their respective pest.
Persimmon, Fall Webworm Control, 1985
Authors: Sheffer Barbara J. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Persimmon trees, Diospyros virginiana L. growing along roadsides and in home landscapes and infested with Fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) were selected for treatment. Test materials were applied 19 Aug to active webworm colonies by spraying individual webs and surrounding foilage to runoff with hand-pumped, compressed-air sprayers. Treatments were replicated 3 times with each web constituting a replication. In pretreatment counts of 3 colonies made 19 Aug, mean no. of live larvae was 133. Efficacy of test materials was determined at 3 days posttreatment by pruning the webs from the trees, placing them in plastic bags and holding them under refrigeration. Webs were examined by dismantling and counting number of live caterpillars.
Control of Noctuid Larvae on Cranberry, 1985
Authors: Brodel Charles F.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a 13-year-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, MA. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized blocks composed of 5 × 5-ft plots separated by 2-ft pathways. Applications were made on 24 May at bud swell using a 2-gal, polyethylene compressed air sprayer. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal of water per acre to approximate conditions achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. After the foliage dried, randomly selected vine uprights in each plot were pruned, placed in plastic bags in a cooler, and brought to the laboratory. Thirty undamaged uprights per plot were inserted into moistened sand within 2, ventilated, 8-oz styrofoam cups. Eleven h post-treatment, 12 field-collected larvae ranging in length from 0.5 to 0.75 in were introduced into each pair of cups. Cups were held at 21°C, 60-85% RH, and 15 h light. After 2.5 days of exposure, cups were inspected for dead larvae. Analysis of variance for unequal sample sizes was used because a replicate mean for Larvin at 1 lb was spurious.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Leaf Form of Daktulosphaira Vitifoliae, 1985
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. , Pavuk D. M.
Published: March 2022

Separate but similar tests were conducted to evaluate control of the grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. Test 1 consisted of 6 treatments applied to ‘Clinton’ grape vines on 4 and 21 Jun and 10 Jul. Test 2 consisted of 8 treatments applied to ‘Concord’ grape vines on 6 and 27 Jun, and 10 and 27 Jul. Plots consisted of 4 single grape vine replicates in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 757 1/ha (200 gal/acre). In sampling, 10 shoots were examined at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls were recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots.
Larvicidal Evaluation for the Control of Endopiza Viteana, 1985
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. , Pavuk D. M.
Published: March 2022

Two blocks of a 19-year-old experimental vineyard at Wooster, OH were used. Cultivars utilized were ‘Clinton’ in Test 1 and ‘Concord’ in Test 2. Plots consisted of a single vine with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Insecticidal applications for test were made on 4 and 21 Jun, 10 Jul, and 13 Aug. Test 2 treatments were applied on 6 and 25 Jun and 10 and 27 Jul. All applications were made at the rate of 757 L/ha (200 gal/acre) using a hand-held constant pressure CO2 sprayer operating at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 20 Sept Test 1 and 23 Sept (Test 2), 10 clusters of grapes were randomly harvested from each replicate, and the number of stung berries was recorded for each cluster.
Apple Pandemis Control, Pink Application, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated for control of overwintered apple pandemis larvae in a 5-year-old orchard on a semi-dwarf rootstock located at the Tree Fruit Research Center. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi to the point of drip simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal per acre. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Treatments were applied at pink stage of flower bud development on 17 Apr. Temperature at time of application was 50°F with a light breeze (<2 mph). No pretreatment counts were taken through a general inspection indicated that a high leafroller population was present (about 10% fruit buds infested). Posttreatment evaluation was made on 26 Apr when most king bloom had opened. All flower clusters on each tree were examined. The total number of flower clusters, clusters with feeding injury and clusters with live larvae were recorded. Mites were sampled on 11 Jul and 16 Aug. A 25-leaf sample was collected from each tree, returned to the laboratory, brushed, and number of mites counted. Data are presented as mean mites per leaf for the season.
Pesticide Screening for California Red Scale Control on Lemons, 1984
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 6 single-tree replicates and 4 treatments was conducted in a field of 15-ft trees in a 20 × 24-ft planting at the Citrus Experiment Station in Riverside, California. Pretreatment densities of California red scale (CRS) were evaluated in late Apr ’84 by examining in each plot 75 9-in twigs from the previous growth flush that were randomly selected from around the trees. Each sample unit was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. Posttreatment counts were made in late Sep ’84 and again in mid May ’85 by examining 75 twigs and 100 fruit per plot in a similar manner. Fruit counts were included in the posttreatment evaluation because they are an index of how well a treatment prevented the current crop from becoming infested and consequently downgraded, thus determining the immediate benefit of the treatment. Twig counts were evaluated to determine how well a treatment suppressed scale population growth. The single tree plots were assigned to blocks on the basis of pretreatment twig counts and on position in the field (one row of trees, for some unknown reason, tended to have high posttreatment counts for all treatments). Thus, plots within each block had similar pretreatment counts and were located in the same part of the field. Treatments were randomly assigned to each of the 6 blocks. The Rol6-1295 0.063 lb/100 gal treatment was not applied in 1 of the blocks; all other treatments were represented in each block. Pesticides were applied with hand guns from the ground and from a tower at ca 505 psi and ca 17.45 gal/tree (ca 1584 gal/A) on 7 Jun ’84. Age class distribution of CRS at this time was estimated as ca 50% adult and 50% immature stages.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1985
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Knapp Joseph L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design on single-tree plots in 2 tests. Treatment trees were separated by unsprayed buffer trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun at 400 psi on 3-4 Jun and 16-17 Aug in test 1 and on 21 May and 14-15 Aug in test 2. Ca 4-5 gal/tree was applied in test 1 and 3-4 gal/tree in test 2. Water pH was 7.5 and 7.9 respectively in test 1 and 7.8 and 7.9 in test 2. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each treatment tree at various time intervals before and after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2-cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Spider Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1985
Authors: Victor J.
Published: March 2022

MK-936 tank mixed with either Narrow Range 440 oil or Leaf Act 80A spreader-activator were compared to experimental DPXY5893 and the standard acaricide, Vendex. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 3 times on plots of 3 trees in a 22-year-old orange orchard on 15 ft × 20 ft spacing. Treatments were applied initially on 1 Apr and reapplied 23 Jul using an FMC 1229 FTM Air Sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply a spray volume of 200 gal/acre. At each count date, 24 leaves/replicate were randomly collected and processed through a mite brushing machine. Citrus red mite (RdM) and Texas citrus mite (TCM) motiles were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks using a binocular microscope at 25x.
Laboratory Evaluation of Acaricides (III) for Control of Tetranychus Urticae (Koch), 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Six treatments were tested for relative efficacy against twospotted spider mite in cotton planted 8 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Leaves were collected from several fields wherever they could be located. Mites were counted and sorted via computer into series with relatively equal numbers and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Treatments were applied to the abaxial surface of the leaves in a laboratory spray chamber calibrated for 11.5 gal/acre at 1.3 mph using a single TX-3 nozzle. The leaves in the untreated check were sprayed with water. Applications were made on 14 Sep. All plots from which leaves were obtained had received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Eggs and mites were counted on 3 locations/leaf via dissection microscope (by each lobe and by the nectary).
Insecticide Combination Efficacy Test for Heliothis Spp. Control on Cotton in Mississippi, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Six treatments were tested for relative efficacy against tobacco budworm (60% of the population) and corn earworm (40% of the population) in cotton planted 1 May at the Rex Livingston Farm, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (38-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to all 8 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/ acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 30 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. In each plot, 10 damaged terminals were located and scouted, and 5 squares/plant were examined for Heliothis larvae and damage. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Yield was not obtained.