bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ontological Insecurities and Postcolonial Imaginaries
Authors: Kinnvall Catarina
Published: October 2018

In this article, I address the particular narratives and discourses that respond to increased feelings of uncertainty, anxiety, and fear, so-called ontological insecurities, and their connections to the postcolonial imaginaries of populist politics. Recent focus on post-truth politics and alternative facts point to some underlying questions concerning the emotional appeal of particular social imaginaries, such as the appeal and resonance of certain discourses and narratives, as well as the ways in which specific discourses and narratives grip and take an emotional hold of a subject. Of particular importance in terms of populist politics is why specific imaginaries ultimately come together in the imagined object of the other—in this case, the immigrant and/or the refugee other. To understand how power works through emotional discourses and narratives, I discuss how they come to naturalize colonial fears and postcolonial melancholia, played out in myths about “the nation,” “the people,” “the establishment,” and “the immigrant others,” but also how such myths justify the imagined ills of Western society and how they constitute both remedies to and origins of ontological insecurities.
Review: Austin Harrington, German Cosmopolitan Thought and the Idea of the West: Voices from Weimar
Authors: Kemple Thomas
Published: October 2018

Austin Harrington’s monumental investigation into the ‘radical centrists’ of the Weimar Republic is discussed in terms of key themes such as universalism, cosmopolitanism, and the critique of Eurocentrism that still resonate with recent debates. Contrasting the voices of lesser known critical intellectuals from this period such as Karl Jaspers and Kark Mannheim with the political writings of Max Weber and Georg Simmel, as well as with the reactionary positions of Carl Schmitt and Martin Heidegger, Harrington’s book affords a useful critical perspective on ‘protesting the West’, yesterday and today.
Review: Zygmunt Bauman, Retrotopia
Authors: Polhuijs Zeger
Published: October 2018

This review discusses Zygmunt Bauman’s Retrotopia, published shortly after the renowned sociologist’s death, in the light of his engagement with the thought of Pope Francis during the last years of his life. It traces some of the main themes of this engagement, and addresses its role and importance in the context of the book as well as in the aims of Bauman’s sociology as a whole. As the insecurities and anxieties of liquid modernity in our increasingly violent world lead many to give up on the effort of building a better future and turn towards the ‘retrotopia’ of an ideal past, a crucial sign of hope is found in the words of Pope Francis. In his efforts as a sociologist, Zygmunt Bauman seeks to redirect our gaze to the future and to engage in dialogue, understood as the art of living together.
‘Incomers’ leading ‘community-led’ sustainability initiatives: A contradiction in terms?
Authors: Creamer Emily , Allen Simon , Haggett Claire
Published: October 2018

‘Community’ is frequently identified as an important element of sustainable development policy, with communities thought to be particularly effective spaces in which to encourage individuals to adopt sustainable lifestyles. The potential power of a community-based approach derives from the ability of community groups to tap into existing social networks and local bonds of trust to communicate messages and enact change. To date, there has been little consideration of the position and influence of newcomers to communities within this rationale. This paper explores this issue through two government-funded, community-led sustainability projects in rural Scotland. We observe that the majority of those most actively involved in these two projects had migrated to the communities and were considered ‘incomers’ by both themselves and other ‘local’ residents. Drawing these observations together with literature on rural migration and participation in community activity, we explore the potential implications for the outcomes of initiatives seeking to influence lifestyle change. We question whether projects that are established by, and primarily comprised of, individuals who are not necessarily considered ‘locals’ locally align with the rationale behind a ‘community-led’ approach.
The effect of social pressure from family and friends on turnout
Authors: Blais André , Galais Carol , Coulombe Maxime
Published: October 2018

Recent research about the decision to vote or abstain finds a causal effect of social networks and social pressure. Yet this literature does not examine how this social pressure is exerted and by whom. This study aims at correcting these shortcomings. Using a two-wave panel survey conducted in Canada, we distinguish between the pressure exerted by friends and the partner and between descriptive and injunctive norms. We find that most people are not subjected to strong injunctive pressure, social pressure is most prominent in the household (between partners), it is mostly descriptive, and it has a powerful effect.
Using creativity to envision a good society
Authors: Goldstraw Katy
Published: October 2018

This paper considers research into civil society’s visions of a good society. In the context of this research, a good society was understood to be visions for society that included a variety of alternatives to the current neoliberal hegemony. These visions of a good society ranged from increased state intervention to place-based community level visions for society. Creative challenges were developed using creative participatory research approaches which are described below. These were framed around three core requests to civil society: to grow, encourage and converse. These core requests aim to empower the development of a broad solidarity of human values. This paper uses the theoretical perspectives of cultural, social, community and human capitals (Bourdieu, 1984; Flora and Flora, 2008; Putnam, 1995) to critically evaluate the creative challenges that have been developed by participatory research with civil society groups. The paper seeks to critically evaluate civil society’s visions of a good society, and to frame a counter-narrative to neoliberalism, which reflect creative challenges; to grow and encourage a civil society ‘field’ (Bourdieu, 1984).
Forecast Bias and Fiscal Slack Accumulation in School Districts
Authors: Barrett Nathan , Fowles Jacob , Jones Peter , Reitano Vincent
Published: October 2018

The years during and after the Great Recession constrained revenue across all levels of government. Revenue shortfalls in states decreased intergovernmental transfers, which compounded the plight of local governments already facing large declines in own-source property taxes. Among the many casualties of this economic downturn were school districts, which responded by implementing a variety of financial management strategies to continue providing educational service provision to more than 50 million students across the United States. One strategy school districts continue to utilize is countercyclical stabilization of expenditures with fiscal slack, which raises an important—and, to date, largely unanswered—question of how school districts manage to accumulate fiscal slack, given both volatility and decreases in revenues in the years following the Great Recession. One approach is to use implicit slack from biased forecasts to generate explicit fiscal slack in the unassigned fund balance. This article provides evidence for this strategy by empirically testing it with data from Kentucky school districts from school years 2001-2002 to 2013-2014. The findings indicate that school districts are engaged in strategic planning with implicit fiscal slack, which allows them to accumulate explicit fiscal slack, a cornerstone of prudent financial management that can provide budgetary flexibility during financial uncertainty. The relationship between implicit and explicit fiscal slack is heterogeneous over the business cycle, providing further evidence of strategic planning. Practitioners can also use the findings of this article to support the strategic use of forecasts to help accumulate unassigned fund balance, particularly in the years after the Great Recession.
Marketing to Liminal Consumers
Authors: Chu Rongwei , Fowler Jie G. , Gentry James W. , Zhao Xin
Published: October 2018

Though most acculturation research investigates movement across national boundaries, many other types of boundaries may exist (e.g. rural to urban migration). Rural migrant workers focus on their adaptive and exploratory consumption practices to assemble a liquid identity in China. In essence, this research examines the nature of the transitions that the vast group of Chinese (over 280 million) endures as migrant workers seek to assemble new identities through consumption activities in a liminal space. We find that family relations and government policy hinder migrants’ adjustments to urban life. Thus, we contribute to macromarketing by enriching the theories of liquid identity, boundary work, and acculturation.
3D space–time visualization of individual settlement pathways of Mainland China-born migrants in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Wang Siqin , Liu Yan , Sigler Thomas , Corcoran Jonathan
Published: October 2018

The number of migrants from Mainland China (MC) to Australia have been sharply increasing since 2000 and MC became the largest non-Commonwealth source country in 2011. The integration process of migrants to the host society involves the exposure and movement of migrants to the majority, which is reflected by the settlement pathways of migrants moving from ethnic to non-ethnic communities over time. Most of the existing research regarding migrants’ pathways is constrained by the limitations of cross-sectional data, which are usually available at the community or above levels. Little is known about the individual-level settlement pathways of migrants due to lack of data availability. In order to address this deficit, a 3D visualization is used to express the individual pathways of MC-born migrants based on primary survey data. This enables a more detailed, spatio-temporal picture of how long migrants live at each address and how they move across neighbourhoods.
Placing race: On the resonance of place with black geographies
Authors: Allen Douglas , Lawhon Mary , Pierce Joseph
Published: October 2018

A range of conceptual terms and diverse theoretical traditions have been used to study geographies of race. Black geographical scholarship has persuasively articulated the need to better understand black agency and experiences. We suggest that the conceptual lens of place, and specifically relational place-making, is particularly congruent with the black geographical interest in agency, experience, and non-material spatial practices. It is also an ontological position that maintains possibilities for multiplicity, considering plural processes, and incorporating diverse methodologies and data sources. Our hope is that this paper contributes conceptual and terminological clarity, enhancing the legibility of the contribution of black geographical scholarship.
The role of boutique financial advisors in mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Loyeung Anna
Published: October 2018

This study examines the choice of boutique financial advisors in mergers and acquisitions, and the consequences of this choice on deal outcomes and post-acquisition performance. Boutique advisors often specialize in a particular industry and focus exclusively on providing advice in mergers and acquisitions. The results suggest that boutique financial advisors are preferred when the deal is considered complex and when information asymmetry is high. The study finds that the benefits of hiring a boutique advisor flow to both the acquirers and the target firms. Acquiring firms benefit in terms of improved post-merger performance, while target firms benefit in terms of higher completion of value-enhancing deals and positive cumulative abnormal returns. Overall, these results provide support for the growing popularity of boutique financial advisors in the Australian market.

JEL classification: G24, G34
Interconversion of Locked-Wheel and Continuous Friction Measurement Equipment (CFME) Friction Measurements
Authors: Quiros Silvia Barrantes , Flintsch Gerardo W. , Izeppi Edgar de León , McGhee Kevin K.
Published: October 2018

As transportation agencies are adopting proactive pavement friction management using continuous friction measurement equipment (CFME), the need for a method that allows interconversion between the traditional locked-wheel skid testers (LWSTs) becomes important to assure continuity with past practices. This paper evaluates several conversion methods based on the International Friction Index (IFI) approach and proposes an alternative method that allows predicting the measurements of the LWST using measurements with the Sideway-Force Coefficient Routine Investigatory Machine (SCRIM). The investigation is based on data collected using a SCRIM and two LWSTs on a controlled pavement test facility. The results suggest that a conversion based only on the speed adjustments (FR60) is the most effective method to predict the LWST measurements from SCRIM measurements. The coefficient of determination and average absolute error are comparable to those using the full IFI F60 formula but do not require static reference measurements. The study also showed that the three tested devices produced appropriate repeatability as computed using the limit of agreement at the three tested speeds and on a wide range of surfaces.
Developing Assessment Criteria for Sustainable Transport Appraisal
Authors: Barradale Merrill Jones , Cornet Yannick
Published: October 2018

Defining a clear, comprehensive, and non-overlapping set of assessment criteria is a crucial step in multi-criteria analysis processes. Although criteria are typically developed based on planning objectives, there currently exists no standard procedure for conducting this exercise when both transportation and wider sustainable development goals need to be considered jointly. Based on research applying the multi-actor multi-criteria analysis approach to the case of a high-speed rail project in the UK, this paper presents a framework and a replicable stakeholder involvement process for selecting, defining, and naming assessment criteria to be used in sustainable transport appraisal (STA). The framework consists of a set of systematic guidelines and considerations for producing a coherent list that addresses known cognitive biases and can be understood by a broad range of stakeholders. A further practicable outcome of the research is a comprehensive list, developed using this framework, of 28 transport assessment criteria encompassing direct project impacts, indirect societal impacts, and environmental impacts. This list can serve as a starting point for planners wishing to conduct MCA-based STA. One key take-away from this research is the emphasis on an inclusive, interactive, and iterative approach for defining sustainable transport assessment criteria.
Network Partitioning Algorithms for Solving the Traffic Assignment Problem using a Decomposition Approach
Authors: Yahia Cesar N. , Pandey Venktesh , Boyles Stephen D.
Published: October 2018

Recent methods in the literature to parallelize the traffic assignment problem consider partitioning a network into subnetworks to reduce the computation time. In this article, a partitioning method is sought that generates subnetworks minimizing the computation time of a decomposition approach for solving the traffic assignment (DSTAP). The aim is to minimize the number of boundary nodes, the interflow between subnetworks, and the computation time when the traffic assignment problem is solved in parallel on the subnetworks. Two different methods for partitioning are tested. The first is an agglomerative clustering heuristic that reduces the subnetwork boundary nodes. The second is a flow weighted spectral partitioning algorithm that uses the normalized graph Laplacian to partition the network. The performance of both algorithms is assessed on different test networks. The results indicate that the agglomerative heuristic generates subnetworks with a lower number of boundary nodes, which reduces the per iteration computation time of DSTAP. However, the partitions generated may be heavily imbalanced leading to a higher computation time when the subnetworks are solved in parallel separately at a particular DSTAP iteration. For the Austin network partitioned into four subnetworks, the agglomerative heuristic requires 3.5 times more computation time to solve the subnetworks in parallel. The results also show that the spectral partitioning method is superior for minimizing the interflow between subnetworks. This leads to a faster convergence rate of the DSTAP algorithm.
Return to Play and In-Game Performance Statistics Among Pitchers After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow: A Systematic Review
Authors: Coughlin Ryan P. , Gohal Chetan , Horner Nolan S. , Shanmugaraj Ajaykumar , Simunovic Nicole , Cadet Edwin R. , Bedi Asheesh , Ayeni Olufemi R.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Injury to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow is relatively common among baseball pitchers. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) has revolutionized the management of this injury, allowing a greater proportion of pitchers to return to play.

Purpose:

To assess the return to play and in-game performance specific to baseball pitchers who have undergone primary UCLR.

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed were searched for relevant studies, and pertinent data were abstracted. Only studies reporting in-game performance statistics (earned run average [ERA], pitching velocity, innings pitched per season, etc) of pitchers after UCLR were included. The methodological index for nonrandomized studies (MINORS) was used to assess study quality.

Results:

A total of 14 studies and 1520 pitchers were included in this systematic review. All studies were of level 3 or 4 evidence, and the mean ± SD MINORS score was 14.4 ± 3.0, which indicates fair quality of evidence for nonrandomized studies. The rates of return to any level of pitching after UCLR ranged from 79% to 100%. Subgroup analysis revealed that 79% to 87% of Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers returned to preinjury levels of pitching. The mean time to return to play was 19.8 ± 13.5 months, and the mean time to return to competition for MLB pitchers was 17.3 ± 2.4 months. Of the 5 studies reporting ERA, 2 cited a significant increase after UCLR, and 1 indicated a significant decrease. Of the 4 studies reporting fastball velocity, 3 cited decreased pitching velocities after UCLR. All studies found that pitchers pitched, on average, fewer innings per game or season after UCLR.

Conclusion:

There was a high rate of return to pitching after UCLR. However, most studies showed that UCLR was associated with a prolonged recovery and significant decline in pitching performance as objectively measured by in-game statistics. The strength of these conclusions is limited by the quality of the available literature and inconsistencies in the reporting of outcomes.
Evaluation of the degradation of HDPE hybrid composites using wood flour from CCA-treated poles, and recycled ceramic insulators
Authors: Zimmermann Matheus Vinícius Gregory , de Souza Jhonattas Muniz , Caberlon Gustavo Onzi , Lavoratti Alessandra , Dettmer Aline , Zattera Ademir José
Published: October 2018

Waste from the maintenance of electricity distribution networks is generated every day, in repairing and replacement of components used in electricity distribution networks. Among the most dangerous residues, wood poles treated with chromated copper arsenate are distinguished by the toxicity of the chemical treatment it has been submitted to, as well as its ceramic insulators, due to the difficult recyclability of this material. Thus, an alternative may be the reuse of these components as reinforcing elements in polymeric composites. Based on this, two residues were used as fillers for the production of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) hybrid composites, wood powder, and insulating ceramic powder. Degradation by ultraviolet (UV) exposure in controlled environments of the composites was also evaluated, and toxicity tests were carried out based on the leaching of these loads with increased exposure time to degradation. Composites presented higher tensile and flexural properties than pure HDPE, and after the exposure to the UV degradation process, the composites presented fewer cracks when compared to HDPE. After exposure to the simulated degradation environment, the levels of chromium, copper, and arsenic leached were within the limits allowed by the standard that provides classification and means of disposal of these materials.
Effect of cooling pattern on centrifugal casting mold stress–strain distribution through computational fluid dynamics and finite element method analysis
Authors: Krishna E D Gopala , Shamshoddin Shaik , Raju DV , Ande Raghu
Published: October 2018

A two-dimensional axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics model is developed to predict the transient temperature distribution in the ductile iron pipe as well as in the rotating mold during the horizontal centrifugal casting process. The transient temperature data of the mold generated from the computational fluid dynamics model has been applied as input to the finite element method based mechanical analysis to predict the stress and strain acting on the mold during cyclic thermal loading. The simulations have been performed for five different cases varying the cooling pattern of the mold to optimize the water flow rate and minimize the thermal strain developed in the mold. In the first three cases simulated, the water flow has been decreased only after extracting the cast pipe from the mold. In case 4, the flow rate has been decreased at the start of the casting, increased to 100% after 10 s and again decreased after the pipe extraction till the next cast. The water flow rate has been tripled in case five after the solidified pipe extraction from the mold. The computational fluid dynamics results have been validated against the measured temperature with an optical pyrometer at the plant, and the tangential stress calculated by finite element analysis model has been reasonably validated against the data available in the literature. From the results of computational fluid dynamics and finite element method analyses, case 4 experiences lower von Mises equivalent stress range and plastic equivalent strain at the critical region of the mold near socket section compared to other cases.
Performance and emissions of an electronic control common-rail diesel engine fuelled with liquefied natural gas-diesel dual-fuel under an optimization control scheme
Authors: Song Jiantong , Zhang Chunhua , Lin Guoqing , Zhang Quanchang
Published: October 2018

In order to reduce the fuel consumption and hydrocarbon and CO emissions of liquefied natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engines under light loads, an optimization control scheme, in which the dual-fuel engine runs in original diesel mode under light loads, is used in this paper. The performance and exhaust emissions of the dual-fuel engine and the original diesel engine are compared and analyzed by bench tests of an electronic control common-rail diesel engine. Experimental results show that the brake-specific fuel consumption and hydrocarbon and CO emissions of the liquefied natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engine are not deteriorated under light loads. Compared with diesel, the brake power and torque of dual-fuel remain unchanged, the brake-specific fuel consumption decreases, and the smoke density and CO2 emissions of dual-fuel decrease, while the hydrocarbon and CO emissions increase, and there is no significant difference in NOx emissions.
The development of Yangshao agriculture and its interaction with social dynamics in the middle Yellow River region, China
Authors: Wang Can , Lu Houyuan , Gu Wanfa , Wu Naiqin , Zhang Jianping , Zuo Xinxin , Li Fengjiang , Wang Daojing , Dong Yajie , Wang Songzhi , Liu Yanfeng , Bao Yingjian , Hu Yayi
Published: October 2018

This study presents new archaeobotanical evidence for agricultural production in the middle Yellow River region during the Yangshao culture period. Phytolith analyses, together with radiocarbon dating of samples from 10 sites in Zhengzhou, showed that common millet and foxtail millet were cultivated with rice in the region around 4000–3000 cal BC. The ratio of crop remains revealed that common millet was dominant in the crop structure. Rice cultivation was no longer confined to large sites situated in the lowlands and began to spread into the hilly lands and small sites. Furthermore, both dryland and wetland systems may have been used for rice cultivation. This pattern of crop production may have been mainly influenced by social background and artificial selection, which overcame the limitation of environmental factors. Such development of Yangshao agriculture facilitated the establishment of an agricultural society during the fourth millennium BC. It also has implications for understanding the reason why the middle Yellow River region (Central Plain) became known as ‘the cradle of Chinese civilization’.
Technology in Public Health Higher Education
Authors: Baker Philip R. A. , Demant Daniel , Cathcart Abby
Published: October 2018

Streamed and recorded lectures as well as audience response technology are increasingly used in public health tertiary education, to train practitioners to address Asia-Pacific region’s rapidly changing health needs. However, little is known about the impact on student performance, satisfaction, and understanding. This study aimed to assess postgraduate students’ perceptions and their use of technology in a large epidemiology subject at an Australian university in internal and external modes. The study used both routinely collected student data (n = 453) and survey data (n = 88). Results indicate that students accept and use technology-based learning tools, and perceive audience response technology as well as streamed and recorded lectures as useful for their learning (96.6%). Students have shown a preference to review recorded lectures rather than viewing streamed lectures. Analyses further suggest that the use of recorded and streamed lectures may be linked to better student performance for external students (passing, any use odds ratio = 3.32). However, these effects are not consistent across all student subgroups and externally enrolled students may profit more than those enrolled internally.
Acupuncture for Cancer Pain and Symptom Management in a Palliative Medicine Clinic
Authors: Miller Katherine R. , Patel Jai N. , Symanowski James T. , Edelen Connie A. , Walsh Declan
Published: October 2018

Objective:

Studies suggest acupuncture improves cancer-related symptoms; however, it is unclear whether patient characteristics predict pain response. This study determined acupuncture’s effect on cancer-related pain and identified variables associated with pain response.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review included adult patients with cancer referred to palliative medicine and received acupuncture for pain management. Paired t tests compared differences in pain scores from pre- to postacupuncture. Clinically meaningful pain improvement was defined as ≥2-point reduction in pain score. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between patient characteristics and pain improvement.

Results:

One hundred seventy acupuncture treatments from 68 individual patients were studied. Significant reductions in mean pain scores were observed after the first treatment (−1.9 ± 1.8; P < .001) and across all treatments (−1.7 ± 1.9; P < .001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated clinically meaningful pain improvement with higher baseline pain scores (odds ratio [OR]: 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-2.22; P < .001) and stage III/IV disease (OR: 3.23, 95% CI: 1.11-9.40; P < .001). There were significant improvements in anxiety, depression, drowsiness, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea, and well-being after the first treatment and across all treatments ( P < .001).

Conclusions:

Acupuncture improved cancer-related pain and other symptoms. Those with higher baseline pain scores and advanced disease were more likely to achieve significant pain reduction. Improved depression and fatigue were closely related to pain reduction. Further studies are needed to confirm pain response variables, establish durability, and develop a personalized approach to acupuncture.
From enactive concern to care in social life: towards an enactive anthropology of caring
Authors: Loaiza Juan M
Published: October 2018

This article proposes the convergence between enactivism, an anthropological view of social life, and a philosophy of ethic of care. The main conceptual proposal is the extension of the notion of concern, present in the enactive philosophy, into the domain of social participation. The proposal introduces the notion that care in social life corresponds to a richer version of the basic living concern of the organism. In the enactive philosophy of the organism, concern appears as a link between the dynamical precariousness of the living system and the emerging properties of lived experience. Social participation, informed by an anthropology of social practice, is characterised as a multi-scale process of construction and maintenance of group and multi-individual identities. This article presents a caring practice perspective in order to capture the richness of life’s concern in social life. In this way, it stretches the life and mind continuity towards social dynamics. The construction and maintenance of group and individual identities in social life is a process that requires a form of concern that is best defined as care. The proposal characterises caring practices as both explicitly ethical and implicitly ecologically emerging. Finally, this article points towards an envisioned enactive anthropology of caring that unpacks the dynamics and phenomenology of social life.
Youth Speak Out on School Food Environments
Authors: Gangemi Kelsey , Dupuis Roxanne , FitzGerald Elizabeth , Frasso Rosemary , Solomon Sara , Cannuscio Carolyn C.
Published: October 2018

In Philadelphia, over 40% of youth are overweight or obese. The objective in this assessment was to learn about urban residents’ perspectives regarding the local food environment and its impact on eating behaviors. Using photo-elicitation, 20 adolescents reflected on their food environments through photographs and corresponding interviews. Without specific prompting from interviewers, every participant raised concerns about their school food environments, which they commonly found to be unhealthy and unappealing. Participants’ responses reflected four themes: (1) mixed reviews regarding the healthfulness of school vending machines, (2) lunch from home versus lunch from school, (3) factors that influenced food choice at school, and (4) critiques of school food environments. Students embraced the photo-elicitation approach as a way to convey their concerns and to suggest opportunities for improvements. School nurses, who are trusted by students and school personnel, are well-positioned to solicit student input and advocate for healthier school food environments.
Extended Sinus Tarsi Approach for Treatment of Displaced Intraarticular Calcaneal Fractures Compared to Extended Lateral Approach
Authors: Song Jae Hwang , Kang Chan , Hwang Deuk Soo , Kang Dong Hun , Park June Woo
Published: October 2018

Background:

We compared the radiographic results and clinical outcomes of patients operated on via the extended sinus tarsi approach (ESTA) and the extended lateral approach (ELA) for treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures.

Methods:

We retrospectively studied the utility of the ELA (46 patients, 52 feet) and the ESTA (56 patients, 64 feet) in patients operated on between January 2009 and March 2015. We evaluated pre- and postoperative x-rays and computed tomography (CT) data. Pain, patient-reported functional outcomes, satisfaction, and postoperative complications were investigated at the 3-year follow-up.

Results:

Neither the postoperative nor 3-year follow-up Böhler angles, nor the calcaneal width, differed significantly between the 2 groups (both P > .05). However, the maximum step-off of the posterior facet on the 3-month CT follow-up of the ESTA group was significantly less than that of the ELA group ( P < .05). We found no significant between-group differences in terms of postoperative translation ( P = .232) or angulation ( P = .132) of the sustentacular fragment on the 3-month CT follow-up. At the 3-year follow-up, we found no significant between-group difference in the mean visual analog scale pain score at rest ( P = .641) or during weightbearing ( P = .525). We found no significant between-group difference in the Foot Function Index (FFI) ( P = .712) or self-reported satisfaction ( P = .823). The ELA group experienced significantly more wound complications ( P = .041) and nonunions ( P = .041) than the ESTA group. Four instances of superficial peroneal nerve injury were reported in the ESTA group ( P = .127).

Conclusion:

Compared with the ELA, the ESTA afforded comparable, favorable radiological results and clinical outcomes, associated with fewer wound complications and nonunions. We suggest that the ESTA is an effective operative option when treating displaced, intraarticular calcaneal fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative study.
Measurement Equivalence and Convergent Validity of a Mental Health Rating Scale
Authors: Smid Sanne C. , Hox Joop J. , Heiervang Einar R. , Stormark Kjell Morten , Hysing Mari , Bøe Tormod
Published: October 2018

Emotional and behavioral problems among children and adolescents may be studied using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, containing five subscales, based on ratings by parents, teachers, or adolescents themselves. We investigate two measurement issues using data from a longitudinal sample of 8,806 participants aged 7 to 9 years and 11 to 13 years from the Bergen Child Study in Bergen, Norway. First, convergent validity of parent and teacher ratings is studied using a multitrait–multimethod approach. Second, longitudinal measurement equivalence is studied using confirmatory factor analysis, which requires us to deal with the considerable attrition. The multitrait–multimethod indicates not only good convergent validity but also considerable method variance for parents and teachers. The reliability and validity of some subscales are relatively low. Attrition analysis indicates that attrition is not missing completely at random, but estimation assuming missing at random makes no real difference. We conclude that assuming missing completely at random is acceptable. Comparing ratings by parents and teachers results in partial scalar equivalence. In addition, all subscales exhibit (partial) longitudinal scalar measurement equivalence. We recommend using latent variable modeling and not summated scales for longitudinal modeling using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
Nanoindentation hardness of a Steigmann–Ogden surface bounding an elastic half-space
Authors: Li Xiaobao , Mi Changwen
Published: October 2018

Previous studies demonstrate that, for nanostructures under transverse bending, the effective Young modulus is appreciably greater (in magnitude) than that of the same elements under axial loads. Therefore, in addition to the conventional residual surface tension and membrane stiffness, the curvature dependence of surface energy is desired for inhomogeneously strained nanostructures. In this paper, we aim to reevaluate the size-dependent nanoindentation hardness of an elastic half-space subjected to nanosized frictionless traction, through the use of both the curvature-independent Gurtin–Murdoch and the curvature-dependent Steigmann–Ogden models of surface elasticity. The nanoindentation problem is solved by the integration of Boussinesq’s method of displacement potentials and Hankel integral transforms. As examples, the effects of residual surface tension, membrane stiffness, and bending rigidity of the half-space boundary are parametrically analyzed in detail for a uniform circular pressure and a concentrated normal force. The observations in semianalytical calculations suggest a significant difference in the nanoindentation hardnesses predicted from the two popular models of surface mechanics. In most cases, the inclusion of bending rigidity results in smaller displacements and stresses, and therefore higher indentation hardness. Based on physically interpretable numerical values of surface material properties, we show that a curvature-dependent model of surface elasticity is required in order to characterize the size-dependent feature of nanoindentation problems correctly.
Progressive freeze concentration of skimmed milk in an agitated vessel: Effect of the coolant temperature and stirring rate on process performance
Authors: Muñoz Isabella de Bona , Rubio Ariadna , Blanco Mónica , Raventós Mercè , Hernández Eduard , Prudêncio Elane Schwinden
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the freeze-concentration of skimmed milk by a progressive freeze concentration process. The progressive freeze concentration procedure was performed at three different temperatures (−5, −10, and −15 ℃) and stirring rates (0, 500, and 1000 r/min). The solids concentration was determined and used for calculations of the efficiency of the process, concentrated yield, and experimental results validation. A general linear model was applied to determine the influence of the two factors studied, namely coolant temperature and agitation speed. In all tests, it was possible to concentrated skimmed milk with total solids content higher (P < 0.05) than ultra-high temperature skimmed milk. The highest concentration (P < 0.05) was achieved at low coolant temperature (−15 ℃) and high agitation speed (1000 r/min). The coolant temperature and the stirring rate both had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the results of efficiency of the process and concentrated yield. Nevertheless, the parameter that showed the most significant effect in our study was the stirring rate. The tests presented a good fit since the root mean square values were below 25%. The freezing point temperatures of the concentrated milk fractions were lower than that of skimmed milk. Finally, the best-operating conditions in our study were achieved using a high coolant temperature (−5 ℃) and high mechanical stirring (1000 r/min), which was also the variable with the lowest (P < 0.05) retention of solids in the ice fraction. In our study, the progressive freeze concentration technique showed promise as an alternative for the dairy industry since it makes the development of new dairy products possible.
The Shadow of the Consumer: Analyzing the Importance of Consumers to the Uptake and Sophistication of Ratings, Certifications, and Eco-Labels
Authors: Bullock Graham , van der Ven Hamish
Published: October 2018

Why has the market uptake and sophistication of information-based environmental governance (IBEG) programs like eco-labeling increased despite mixed signals on the willingness and ability of individual consumers to support such programs? We argue that the extant literature on IBEG focuses too narrowly on individual consumer purchasing decisions to the exclusion of other mechanisms through which consumers, both as individuals and as an imagined collective, exert influence. As a corrective, we present a novel conceptual framework that highlights the different causal mechanisms through which consumers contribute to the uptake and sophistication of IBEG. We call our framework “the shadow of the consumer” since it suggests a more latent and indirect role for consumers than voting-with-one’s-wallet. Our analysis adds nuance and complexity to accounts of consumer agency vis-à-vis environmental ratings, standards, certifications, and eco-labels and helps explain the proliferation and growing sophistication of such programs despite the variability of individual consumer support.
Insights into microbiome research 2: Experimental design, sample collection, and shipment
Authors: Baranzini Sergio E
Published: October 2018

Conducting a robust experiment is not trivial in microbiome research, and as with any study, experimental methods, environmental factors, and analysis methods can affect results. Standards for data collection and analysis are still emerging in the field, and notably, many of the most fundamental issues that concern microbiome studies arise from statistical and experimental design issues. The most important challenge for the field is to integrate new approaches that are unique to microbiome studies, while remembering standard practices that are broadly applicable to all scientific studies. In this section, attention is focused on sample collection, storage and shipping of microbiome-related samples, and how careful, purposeful design can increase the statistical power of these studies.
Infection risk with alemtuzumab decreases over time: pooled analysis of 6-year data from the CAMMS223, CARE-MS I, and CARE-MS II studies and the CAMMS03409 extension study
Authors: Wray Sibyl , Havrdova Eva , Snydman David R , Arnold Douglas L , Cohen Jeffrey A , Coles Alasdair J , Hartung Hans-Peter , Selmaj Krzysztof W , Weiner Howard L , Daizadeh Nadia , Margolin David H , Chirieac Madalina C , Compston D Alastair S
Published: October 2018

Background:

Reduced MS disease activity with alemtuzumab versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a (SC IFNB-1a) in core phase 2/3 studies was accompanied by increased incidence of infections that were mainly nonserious and responsive to treatment. Alemtuzumab efficacy was durable over 6 years.

Objective:

To evaluate infections over 6 years in alemtuzumab-treated patients.

Methods:

Three randomized trials (CAMMS223, Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis (CARE-MS) I, and CARE-MS II) compared two courses of alemtuzumab 12 mg with SC IFNB-1a 44 μg in patients with active relapsing-remitting MS. An extension study (CAMMS03409) provided further evaluation and as-needed alemtuzumab retreatment.

Results:

Infections occurred more frequently with alemtuzumab 12 mg than SC IFNB-1a during Years 1 (58.7% vs 41.3%) and 2 (52.6% vs 37.7%), but declined for alemtuzumab-treated patients in Years 3 (46.6%), 4 (42.8%), 5 (40.9%), and 6 (38.1%). Serious infections were uncommon (1.0%–1.9% per year). Infections were predominantly (>95%) mild to moderate and included upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and mucocutaneous herpetic infections. Prophylactic acyclovir reduced herpetic infections. Lymphocyte counts after alemtuzumab therapy did not predict infection risk.

Conclusion:

Infections with alemtuzumab were mostly mild to moderate and decreased over time, consistent with preservation of components of protective immunity.
Implementing corporate social responsibility strategies in the hospitality and tourism firms: A culture-based approach
Authors: Song Hyoung Ju , Kang Kyung Ho
Published: October 2018

In accordance with the strategic importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR), multiple CSR studies have existed in the tourism and hospitality literature. Although appropriate CSR strategies and stakeholders’ interests and perceptions with regard to CSR may differ from one national culture to another, CSR studies incorporating cultural influences are still rare in the tourism and hospitality field. Particularly, given a high degree of internationalization and cultural diversity of stakeholder groups in each local market, CSR study on the basis of national culture is needed in the tourism and hospitality industry. In order to enrich CSR literature and provide practical implications, this study aims to propose a culture-based CSR implementation model for the hospitality and tourism firms, incorporating national culture.
The effect of molybdenum on titanium’s castability in dental prosthesis applications: A numerical analysis
Authors: Kovan Volkan , Tezel Tugce , Topal Eyup Sabri
Published: October 2018

The ISO 22674 standard categorizes metallic materials that are suitable for dental appliances and restoration fabrication. Nickel, cadmium, and beryllium are classified as hazardous elements in this international standard. However, many alloys containing nickel and beryllium are used in dentistry as biomedical metallic materials. Numerous studies on the toxicity of nickel and beryllium have led to serious doubts about the biological reliability of these alloys. Titanium therefore attracts great interest due to its potential use in dental prostheses. Commercially pure titanium has biocompatibility, low density, great corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength at room temperature. In spite of its numerous desirable properties, it is hard to cast titanium because of its high melting temperature. In this study, the microstructure and castability of binary Ti–Mo alloys (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) was investigated using numerical methods to evaluate their potential use in dentistry. ProCAST software was used to model the casting behavior.
Writing after betrayal: Desahogarse, street outreach, and ethnography
Authors: Wolseth Jon
Published: October 2018

Ethnographers may experience troubling relationships while conducting research. Strained interpersonal relationships with members of the communities where ethnographers work can be caused by emotional entanglements, acts of violence, or betrayal. When harm occurs, ethnographers are faced with ethical and emotional challenges about reporting one’s experience versus descriptions of social facts. This article compares desahogarse, a way of speaking on Dominican streets used to express everyday betrayals, with the genre of the narrative ethnography to explore modes of presenting the contextualized self in fieldwork. In particular, the use of the textual strategies of perspective and composite characters and events are explored as writing approaches when faced with a troubled fieldwork relationship that had ethical implications on the access to the street community being researched. Ethnographers should consider the ethical, representational, and analytical gains of an ethnography that relies on a deliberate, if partial, exploration of the emotional experiences of fieldwork.
A methodology to study oil-coking problem in small turbochargers
Authors: Serrano Jose Ramon , Izaguirre Andrés Omar Tiseira , García-Cuevas Luis Miguel , Usaquén Tatiana Rodriguez , Guillaume Mijotte
Published: October 2018

In compliance with oncoming emission directives, turbocharging and increasing complexity in the turbocharger system demands a great effort from researchers on the development of effective procedures and tools to cope with the new technological exigencies. This article describes a methodology for studying oil-coking influence in turbocharger performance. A preliminary evaluation and calibration is done. The aim of this work focuses on the development of methodologies and tools that help to evaluate and understand the consequences that degraded oils can generate in the bearing system during enhanced oil-coking procedure. Several experimental tests have been carried out in an engine test bench and using an independent lubrication system that only feeds the turbocharger. The test campaign is done under a specific engine cycle and using oil artificially contaminated at two different levels. The work is divided into two parts. The first part provides a description and definition of test conditions for measuring of the maximum temperature in the bearing system and the second part tackles the measurement and post-processing of the main instantaneous parameters defining the engine and turbocharger behavior.