bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel HSF4 Gene Mutation Causes Autosomal-Dominant Cataracts in a Chinese Family
Authors: Lv Huibin , Huang Chen , Zhang Jing , Liu Ziyuan , Zhang Zhike , Xu Haining , You Yuchen , Hu Jinping , Li Xuemin , Wang Wei
Published: March 2014

Congenital cataracts are a significant cause of visual impairment or blindness in children. One-third of cases estimated to have a genetic cause. We carried out gene analysis and bioinformatics analysis to map the locus and to identify the underlying genetic defect in a 12-member, four-generation Chinese family affected with bilateral congenital cataracts. We screened individuals of the family and discovered a distinct missense mutation in HSF4 (a gene at this locus that encodes teat-shock transcription factor 4). Bioinformatics analysis was used to determine possible changes in the protein structure that could affect the phenotype. Sequencing of the candidate genes showed a heterozygous c.69 G→T change in the heat shock transcription factor 4 (HSF4) gene, which resulted in the substitution of a lysine with an asparagine (p. K23N). This mutation cosegregated with all affected individuals and was not observed in unaffected family members. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the p. K23N mutation was predicted to be disease causing. This is the first report of the novel missense mutation, c.69 G→T (p. K23N), in exon 3 of the HSF4 locus on 16q21-q22 associated with bilateral congenital cataracts in a Chinese family. This novel mutation could enable propergenetic diagnostics and counseling in affected families and could lead to a better understanding of the structure and function of HSF4 in health and disease.
Genetic Linkage Mapping and Transmission Ratio Distortion in a Three-Generation Four-Founder Population ofPanicum virgatum(L.)
Authors: Li Guifen , Serba Desalegn D , Saha Malay C , Bouton Joseph H , Lanzatella Christina L , Tobias Christian M
Published: March 2014

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm season, C4, perennial grass, is one of the predominant grass species of the North American tall grass prairies. It is viewed as a high-potential bioenergy feedstock species because it can produce large amounts of lignocellulosic material with relatively few inputs. The objectives of this project were to develop an advanced switchgrass population and use it for the construction of genetic linkage maps and trait characterization. A three-generation, four-founder population was created and a total of 182 progeny of this advanced population were genotyped, including a mixture of self-pollinated and hybrid individuals. The female map integrated both subpopulations and covered 1629 cM of the switchgrass genome, with an average map length of 91 cM per linkage group. The male map of the hybrid progeny covered 1462 cM, with an average map length of 81 cM per linkage group. Average marker density of the female and male maps was 3.9 and 3.5 cM per marker interval, respectively. Based on the parental maps, the genome length of switchgrass was estimated to be 1776 cM and 1596 cM for the female map and male map, respectively. The proportion of the genome within 5 cM of a mapped locus was estimated to be 92% and 93% for the female map and male map, respectively. Thus, the linkage maps have covered most of the switchgrass genome. The assessment of marker transmission ratio distortion found that 26% of the genotyped markers were distorted from either 1:1 or 3:1 ratios expected for segregation of single dose markers in one or both parents, respectively. Several regions affected by transmission ratio distortion were found, with linkage groups Ib-m and VIIIa-f most affected.
Hypopituitarism in a Patient With Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Due to Hypomethylation of KvDMR1
Authors: Baiocchi Michela , Yousuf Fatimah Sireen , Hussain Khalid
Published: March 2014

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is caused by dysregulation of imprinted genes on chromosome 11.p15.5. The syndrome includes overgrowth, macroglossia, organomegaly, abdominal wall defects, hypoglycemia, and long-term malignancy risk. No patient who has BWS has been reported with hypopituitarism. We describe a patient who presented at birth with macrosomia, macroglossia, respiratory distress, jaundice, and hypoglycemia, and who was followed for 4.5 years. Genetic test for BWS was performed, which detected loss of maternal methylation on region KvDMR1 (11p15.5). The hypoglycemia was attributable to hyperinsulinism and was treated with diazoxide and chlorothiazide. She responded well, but the hypoglycemia returned after reducing the diazoxide. It was possible to stop the diazoxide after 2.5 years. On routine follow-up she was noted to be developing short stature. Baseline pituitary and growth hormone (GH) stimulation tests detected GH deficiency and secondary hypothyroidism. A brain MRI showed a small anterior pituitary gland. Thereafter, thyroxine and replacement therapy with GH were started, which resulted in a remarkable improvement in growth velocity. This is the first patient to be reported as having hypopituitarism and BWS. It is unclear if the BWS and the hypopituitarism are somehow connected; however, further investigations are necessary. Hypopituitarism explains the protracted hypoglycemia and the short stature. In our patient, GH therapy seems to be safe, but strict follow-up is required given the increased cancer risk related to BWS.
Strength characteristics of microbial cement mortars treated in different calcium sources
Authors: Senthilkumar Veerasamy , Palanisamy Thangaraju , Vijayakumar Vellalapalayam N.
Published: March 2014

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation is a method for the protection of cement-based materials. This paper deals with the strength characteristics of microbial cement mortars, which are treated by the Enterobacter sp. FJ 973550 microorganism in different calcium sources (calcium hydroxide, calcium acetate, calcium chloride and calcium oxide). The crystalline phases of calcium carbonate crystal formation and the surface morphology of cement mortar are investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Microbial cement mortar specimens treated in calcium hydroxide source show higher compressive strength (∼29%) and tensile strength (∼47%) compared to control specimens. Surface treatment of specimens with bacteria resulted in an approximately 56% decrease in water absorption and increased the resistance to water and hazard material penetration. This biological surface treatment shows promising prospects for increasing strength and durability aspects of cement mortar specimens.
Generalised dynamical systems soil deformation model
Authors: Joseph Paul G.
Published: March 2014

When sheared past failure, particles in a soil element move into the steady-state structure at random shear strains, behaving as a simple friction-based dynamical system that closely models test data for a wide range of soils, stress paths and drainage conditions. This paper reviews this dynamical systems approach and generalises it as follows: for any stress path, particles move at random shear strains into the final structure corresponding to the applied stresses; that is, the same friction-based dynamical system-based model of shear to failure applies to any stress path, not just to those that lead to failure. The model being general, it can be specialised for the particular case of one-dimensional consolidation – that is, shear along the K0 line. Such a specialisation reveals the commonly observed linear relationship between e and [Formula: see text] for one-dimensional consolidation and hence supports the generalisation.
Skirted foundation to mitigate spudcan punch-through on sand-over-clay
Authors: HOSSAIN M.S. , HU Y. , EKAPUTRA D.
Published: March 2014

Mitigation of spudcan punch-through is one of the principal aspects for inclusion in the ISO standard 19905-1. This paper investigates the potential for using skirted foundations as an alternative to spudcans in an attempt to mitigate punch-through failure of jack-up rigs during installation and preloading in sand-over-clay deposits. A series of centrifuge model tests is undertaken on a spudcan and two skirted foundations, varying the length of the skirt relative to the foundation diameter. The thickness of the sand layer is also varied to cover a range of practical interest. The results from this study confirm that the use of skirted foundations as an alternative to spudcans can eliminate the potential of punch-through failure on sand-over-clay deposits. The degree of post-peak bearing reduction, one of the key measures of the severity of punch-through failure, is shown to be linked directly to the effective sand layer thickness beneath the foundations. Skirted foundations assist in mitigating the severity of punch-through failure by reducing the effective sand layer thickness.
Improving construction schedule and cost information feedback in building information modelling
Authors: Liao Longhui , Man Qingpeng , Li Linhui , Teo Evelyn Ai Lin , Li Xiaodong
Published: March 2014

When applying the existing methods of establishing building information models, model users can make construction schedules and cost estimation easily. However, the deviation and modification of schedule and cost plans as well as low data exchange efficiency would be seriously compromised under circumstances of changing, real-time on-site information. This paper serves as a foundation for a large study over 4 years on a construction information model based on building information modelling and context-aware technology. The aim of this paper is to propose a method to develop a prototype model of collaborative construction on building information modelling software to improve the efficiency of information sharing. The research methodology adopted in this paper consists of four steps. A literature survey was conducted; applications and extensions of Industry Foundation Classes model entities relating to logical relationships and construction schedule and cost information were studied. A use-case-based construction schedule–cost information feedback model was explored using context awareness technology and overall similarity measurement. With these concepts, the association between building information models and physical, on-site environment can be built. It is concluded that utilisation of the applications and extensions of Industry Foundation Classes standard, context-aware technology, and of a case-based reasoning approach may contribute to establish a collaborative construction prototype model and develop building information modelling software.
Prevention of Neonatal Hypothermia: A Skin-to-Skin Practices Education Project in Rural Uganda
Authors: Whitworth Elizabeth , Anderson Barbara A. , Buffington Sandra T. , Braun Jennifer
Published: March 2014

PURPOSE: In low resource areas, neonatal hypothermia is an important source of neonatal morbidity. Separating newborns from their mothers at birth puts neonates at risk for hypothermia. The Teso Safe Motherhood Project (TSMP) in Soroti, Uganda provides birth center care for women in conflict areas of Northern Uganda. After conducting a needs assessment at TSMP, a continuing education project was developed to facilitate change in clinical practice to enhance prevention and recognition of neonatal hypothermia, including implementation of skin-to-skin practices at birth.

STUDY DESIGN: This education project employed multiple learning strategies including pretest and posttest questionnaires, group discussion of cultural beliefs and practices, didactic education, participation in creative informational art, and demonstration, supervision, and return demonstration of skills.

MAJOR FINDINGS: At the completion of the program, 100% of participants demonstrated a statistically significant increase in both knowledge and skills in the prevention and management of neonatal hypothermia (p = .011).

MAIN CONCLUSION: The participants reported that this continuing education project enhanced their skills in neonatal hypothermia prevention and management. The cost-effective strategies employed in this project can be replicated in low resource settings, contributing to decreased mortality and morbidity from newborn hypothermia.
The Context and Consequences of Professional Indemnification of Home Birth Midwifery in Ireland
Authors: OBoyle Colm
Published: March 2014

PURPOSE: The indemnification of home birth midwifery practice is a concern internationally. This article reports on recent changes in the indemnification of home birth in Ireland. A background history of maternity services in Ireland is given. Home birth midwives’ own perspective on the withdrawal of trade union indemnification and the instigation of a means of state indemnification are offered. The notion and expectation of professional clinical indemnification is discussed using Eliot Freidson’s theoretical framework on professionalism.

STUDY DESIGN: Indemnification is just one concern identified in an ethnography of independent midwifery in Ireland carried out between 2006 and 2009. Participant observation and interview supply data from the midwives themselves in that period. Documentary sources including health service reports and changes in Irish statute also form part of the ethnography and this article. Subsequent developments in what has been called a “national home birth service” are reported.

MAJOR FINDINGS: Home birth midwives report that professional clinical indemnification is impossible to access on the open market. They are unwilling to practice without it, not least because legislation in the European Union and Ireland, requires that midwifery attendance at birth is “adequately insured.” The midwives feel that indemnification neither improves their practice nor guarantees good practice. They feel caught in a dilemma that they are now effectively criminalized if they attend any woman outside the narrow suitability criteria set by the Irish Health Service Executive (HSE).

CONCLUSION: State indemnification of home birth midwifery practice now in place in Ireland is very positive. The nominally “national” home births service, however, is entirely dependent on a small number of self-employed community midwives. The service is therefore not available to all of those considered eligible. The home birth midwives report frustration at the exclusionary effect of tying their indemnification to narrow suitability criteria. Freidson’s conception of professionalism demonstrates how it is contingent on government and market forces. Midwives’ professional concern to be “with woman” is shown here also to be vulnerable to these competing external factors.
Ethical Code and Professional Identity: A Survey on Italian Midwives
Authors: Vincifori Elena , Min Monica Molinar
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE: The purpose is to describe the professional identity of Italian midwives as depicted by the Italian Midwives Ethical Code and expressed in everyday work.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. The parameters explored to describe the key aspects of midwives’ professional identity are culture, competence, membership, and acknowledgment. The survey is carried out through a nonvalidated questionnaire. The instrument was delivered to 235 midwives of the districts of Como, Lecco, and Sondrio (Lombardia, Italy) working in hospitals, or in communities or as independent midwives.

MAJOR FINDINGS: The response rate is 79.1%. Regarding “culture,” it has been found that the survey participants consider midwives’ autonomy to be relevant (50.0%). As to “competence,” they emphasized collaboration among professionals (60.8%). Concerning “membership,” the participants highlighted the role of midwives professional colleges (58.1%). As to “acknowledgment,” midwives expressed a high level of respect and cooperation among professionals (76.9%), but they consider midwifery to be a semiprofession (58.1%). Cross-tabulated analysis suggests that midwives, particularly those who achieved a diploma under the old academic regulations (p < .05) and those who work outside a hospital environment (p < .05), do not consider autonomy to be enough to establish midwifery as a fully fledged profession.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The most widespread profile emerging from the survey results seems to be the so-called “hybrid midwife,” who experiences the contradiction between what can actually be achieved in a hospital environment and the core values of midwifery. It would be advisable to extend the survey to a wider sample and to further investigate aspects such as continuity of care, autonomy, and profession/professionalism employing qualitative research instruments, such as participant observation and in-depth interviews.
Grand Teton Candy Company: Connecting the Dots in a Fraud Investigation
Authors: Dee Carol Callaway , Durtschi Cindy , Mindak Mary P.
Published: March 2014

Grand Teton Candy Company (GTCC) is considering an initial public offering (IPO). To go public, GTCC will need an audit by a large accounting firm with a solid reputation and experience in audits of IPOs. As a precursor to the formal audit, Elsie Driggs, one of the owners of GTCC, has hired her brother's CPA firm to ensure the books are in order. Her brother notices some red flags of fraud, so he forms a team of young accountants from his firm to carefully comb through his sister's records to ensure she does not have problems when the formal audit takes place. You have been placed on the team and your task is to investigate your boss' suspicions that there is fraud at Grand Teton Candy Company. You are to prepare a written report for your boss that includes the name of the fraudster(s), what he or she did, and how the perpetrator(s) benefited from the crime.
Holographic grating inscription in DR1: DNA-CTMA thin films: the puzzle of time scales
Authors: Pawlik Grzegorz , Radosz Wojciech , Mitus Antoni , Mysliwiec Jaroslaw , Miniewicz Andrzej , Kajzar Francois , Rau Ileana
Published: March 2014

We study experimentally the dynamics of holographic inscription of gratings in DR1:DNA-CTMA thin films using a degenerate two-wave mixing (DTWM) setup in its initial phase (30 ms) and in a longer time interval (30 s). The temporal pattern of evolution of diffraction efficiency is complex, simple fitting procedures fail to reproduce the data. We point out that the complex dynamics can originate a large span of temporal scales, closely related to the microscale inhomogeneity of local free volume. Some of its hallmarks are found through Monte Carlo simulations.
A multi-property fluorescent probe for the investigation of polymer dynamics near the glass transition
Authors: Siekierzycka Joanna , Hippius Catharina , Würthner Frank , Williams René , Brouwer Albert
Published: March 2014

In addition to the commonly observed single molecule fluorescence intensity fluctuations due to molecular reorientation dynamics, a perylene bisimide-calixarene compound (1) shows additional on-off fluctuations due to its ability to undergo intramolecular excited state electron transfer (PET). This quenching process is turned on rather sharply when a film of poly(vinylacetate) containing 1 is heated above its glass transition temperature (T
g), which indicates that the electron transfer process depends on the availability of sufficient free volume. Spatial heterogeneities cause different individual molecules to reach the electron transfer regime at different temperatures, but these heterogeneities also fluctuate in time: in the matrix above T
g molecules that are mostly nonfluorescent due to PET can become fluorescent again on timescales of seconds to minutes.

The two different mechanisms for intensity fluctuation, rotation and PET, thus far only observed in compound 1, make it a unique probe for the dynamics of supercooled liquids.
Local-global principle for congruence subgroups of Chevalley groups
Authors: Apte Himanee , Stepanov Alexei
Published: March 2014

Suslin’s local-global principle asserts that if a matrix over a polynomial ring vanishes modulo the independent variable and is locally elementary then it is elementary. In this article we prove Suslin’s local-global principle for principal congruence subgroups of Chevalley groups. This result is a common generalization of the result of Abe for the absolute case and Apte, Chattopadhyay and Rao for classical groups. For the absolute case the localglobal principle was recently obtained by Petrov and Stavrova in the more general settings of isotropic reductive groups.
An adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system controlled space cector pulse width modulation based HVDC light transmission system under AC fault conditions
Authors: Ajay Kumar M. , Srikanth N.
Published: March 2014

In HVDC Light transmission systems, converter control is one of the major fields of present day research works. In this paper, fuzzy logic controller is utilized for controlling both the converters of the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) based HVDC Light transmission systems. Due to its complexity in the rule base formation, an intelligent controller known as adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller is also introduced in this paper. The proposed ANFIS controller changes the PI gains automatically for different operating conditions. A hybrid learning method which combines and exploits the best features of both the back propagation algorithm and least square estimation method is used to train the 5-layer ANFIS controller. The performance of the proposed ANFIS controller is compared and validated with the fuzzy logic controller and also with the fixed gain conventional PI controller. The simulations are carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The results reveal that the proposed ANFIS controller is reducing power fluctuations at both the converters. It also improves the dynamic performance of the test power system effectively when tested for various ac fault conditions.
A Bacterial Extract of OM-85 Broncho-Vaxom Prevents Allergic Rhinitis in Mice
Authors: Han Ling , Zheng Chao-Pan , Sun Yue-Qi , Xu Geng , Wen Weiping , Fu Qing-Ling
Published: March 2014

Background

According to the hygiene hypothesis, bacterial infections during early life contribute to a reduced incidence of asthma in animals. However, the effects of microbial products at a safe dose and within a rational time course on the prevention of allergic rhinitis (AR) have been inconclusive. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of oral administration of a bacterial extract, OM-85 Broncho-Vaxom (BV), with a low dose and general time course, which is currently used for respiratory infections in humans, on AR inflammation in mice.

Methods

We developed a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR allergic inflammation in the nose mucosa of mice. Low doses of OM-85 BV were orally administered for 3 months (long term) before sensitization. We evaluated nasal symptoms, pathology in the nose, inflammatory cells, and the levels of T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokines in the nasal lavage fluids, and the serum levels of specific IgE and IgG1. We also observed enhanced effects of OM-85BV with 1 month (short term) of treatment.

Results

We found that long-term pretreatment with OM-85 BV protected the mice from the majority of allergy-specific symptoms; specifically, OM-85 BV suppressed nasal symptoms, inhibited eosinophil infiltration in the nose, inhibited inflammatory infiltrates and the Th2 response by reducing cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, or IL-13) in the nasal lavage fluids, and reduced IgE and IgG1 levels. Furthermore, short-term treatment with OM-85 BV decreased the levels of Th2 cytokines and IgE.

Conclusion

Taken together, our data suggested that OM-85 BV is a low-cost alternative candidate to prevent AR with simple oral administration.
CD4+ and CD8+ Regulatory T Cells in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Mucosa
Authors: Pant Harshita , Hughes Amy , Schembri Mark , Miljkovic Dijana , Krumbiegel Doreen
Published: March 2014

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) mucosal inflammation is characterized by an accumulation of effector–memory T cells, but their immune regulatory potential has not been adequately examined. Coexpression of transcription factor, forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), an interleukin-2 receptor, CD25, in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is linked with regulatory function in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory ell (T phenotype of CD4+ (CD4Treg) and CD8+ (CD8Treg) T cells in peripheral blood (PB) and sinus mucosa of CRS patients.

Methods

Prospective study was performed involving 32 CRS with nasal polyp (CRSwNP), 14 CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP), and 8 control patients. Sinus and PB T lymphocytes were stained with CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, and Foxp3 and analyzed using flow cytometry. Relevant clinical characteristics, sinus bacterial culture results, and eosinophilic mucus were examined.

Results

Sinus mucosa had a higher percentage of CD4Treg (CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) population compared with PB all patients. The percentage of PB CD4Treg and CD8Treg (CD3+CD8+CD25+Foxp3+) was not significantly different between the study groups. CRS mucosal tissue had a higher percentage of CD4Treg and activated T-helper cells than controls. There was no significant difference in PB and mucosal CD4Treg populations in CRS patients based on the presence of allergy, sinus culture results, or eosinophilic mucus. In controls creased mucosal CD4Treg correlated with coexisting allergy. Although overall CD4Treg numbers were higher, the regulatory potential of activated CD4+ T cells (CD4Treg/activated T-helper cell ratio) was significantly lower in CRS mucosa compared with controls. The CD8Treg subset was also significantly reduced in CRSwNP mucosa compared with controls.

Conclusion

A higher percentage of CD4Treg and activated T-helper cells in CRS mucosa suggests increased inflammation in CRS, independent of the presence of allergy, microbial culture results, or eosinophilic mucus. How, the decreased ratio of CD4Treg versus activated T-helper cells in CRS and reduced CD8Treg population in CRSwNPs indicates an inflammatory bias and the inability to control mucosal disease.
Histological Characteristics of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Recent 10-Year Experience of a Single Center in Daegu, Korea
Authors: Shin Seung-Heon , Ye Mi-Kyung , Kim Jung-Kyu , Cho Chang-Ho
Published: March 2014

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has various histological patterns and the immunologic characteristics differ between eastern and western patients. This study assessed the histological pattern of Korean NPs and determined whether Korean NP patterns have become westernized.

Methods

Three hundred forty-nine CRSwNP patients were enrolled in this study in 2001 (n = 107), 2006 (n = 111), and 2011 (n = 131). Histological type was categorized as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, seromucinous gland hyperplasia, and stromal atypia types. Medical records were reviewed for their atopic status, olfactory function, and computed tomography (CT) score.

Results

The eosinophilic type was significantly increased in 2011 (62.6%) when compared with 2001 (52.3%) and 2006 7.7%). The incidence of atopic NPs was significantly higher in 2006 (18.9%) and 2011 (21.5%) than in 2001 (14.0%). Although atopic status and CT score were not significantly different among three NP types, anosmia was more common in eosinophilic NPs.

Conclusion

The prevalence of NPs with atopy and eosinophilic NPs has continuously increased in Korea, indicative that the sinonasal disease pattern is becoming similar with western countries.
Effects of Thymoquinone and Montelukast on Sinonasal Ciliary Beat Frequency
Authors: Uz Uzdan , Chen Bei , Palmer James N. , Cingi Cemal , Unlu Halis , Cohen Noam A.
Published: March 2014

Background

Herbal remedies predate written history and continue to be used more frequently than conventional pharmaceutical medications. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a traditional herb that has been used for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemopreventive effects. Montelukast is a conventional medication used to treat allergic rhinitis and asthma. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of TQ and montelukast on human respiratory epithelium specifically addressing effects on cilia beat frequency (CBF).

Methods

Well-differentiated human sinonasal epithelial cultures, grown at an air–liquid interface were treated with varying concentrations of TQ and montelukast. Changes in CBF were determined using the Sissons-Ammons Video Analysis system.

Results

When applied to the basolateral surface, TQ showed a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in CBF with maximal stimulation at 30 minutes. Effects of montelukast on CBF showed both time and dose dependence with maximal stimulatory effect measured at 6 hours.

Conclusion

The results of our study indicate that TQ and montelukast have dose-dependent effects on CBF, extending their mechanism of action in respiratory diseases.
Measuring an Effect Size From Dichotomized Data
Authors: Rousson Valentin
Published: March 2014

It is well known that dichotomizing continuous data has the effect to decrease statistical power when the goal is to test for a statistical association between two variables. Modern researchers however are focusing not only on statistical significance but also on an estimation of the “effect size” (i.e., the strength of association between the variables) to judge whether a significant association is also clinically relevant. In this article, we are interested in the consequences of dichotomizing continuous data on the value of an effect size in some classical settings. It turns out that the conclusions will not be the same whether using a correlation or an odds ratio to summarize the strength of association between the variables: Whereas the value of a correlation is typically decreased by a factor [Formula: see text] after each dichotomization, the value of an odds ratio is at the same time raised to the power [Formula: see text]. From a descriptive statistical point of view, it is thus not clear whether dichotomizing continuous data leads to a decrease or to an increase in the effect size, as illustrated using a data set to investigate the relationship between motor and intellectual functions in children and adolescents.
Formulation, Performance and Sustainability Aspects of Liquid Laundry Detergents
Authors: Dreja Michael , Vockenroth Inga , Plath Nicole , Schneider Christine , Martinez Erika
Published: March 2014

In this study, we have investigated the development of liquid laundry detergent formulations over the past 10 years with regard to performance and sustainability profiles. We found that between 2001 and 2011, wash performance has significantly increased while at the same time the surfactant level was substantially reduced, leading to lower Global Warming Potential and improvements in all other relevant lifecycle indicators. One driver is the partial replacement of surfactants with other, more effective ingredients like enzymes that allow for additional performance dimensions and new consumer-relevant benefits. Future surfactant systems that help increase and support the stability and functionality of enzymes will further boost performance at low temperature, improve storage stability and enable more concentrated formulations at competitive costs.
Interaction of Chromium(III) Complex of Glycylphenylalanine with Ninhydrin in Aqueous and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) Micellar Media
Authors: Kumar Dileep , Abdul Rub Malik , Akram Mohamad , Kabir-ud-Din
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we are reporting the influence of cationic CTAB surfactant on the interaction of chromium(III) complex of glycylphenylalanine [Cr(III)-Gly-Phe]2+ with ninhydrin under varying experimental conditions. The reaction follows irreversible first-order reaction kinetics with respect to [complex] and fractional-order with respect to [ninhydrin]. With progressive increase in [CTAB], the rate constant (k
Ψ) for condensation of ninhydrin into [Cr(III)-Gly-Phe]2+ complex increased, reached a maximum value, and then decreased. The results are best accounted for by the distribution of substrate into micellar and aqueous pseudo-phases as well as combination of substrate molecules with surfactant molecule. On the basis of above results, template mechanism has been discussed.
Evaluation of the Educational Impact of Participation Time in a Small Spacecraft Development Program
Authors: Straub Jeremy , Whalen David
Published: March 2014

The value of the duration of participation in a small spacecraft program has not previously been sufficiently characterized. This work seeks to determine whether most relevant benefits are received by participants quickly (suggesting that participant education would be best achieved by shorter duration exposure to multiple domains) or accrues over time (suggesting that prolonged work on a single project would be most beneficial). The experiences of the student participants in the OpenOrbiter Small Spacecraft Development Initiative at the University of North Dakota are analyzed in an attempt to answer this question. To this end, correlation between the duration of program participation and the level of benefit received (across five categories) is assessed herein.
Appraisal of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Various Extracts from the Fruiting Bodies of Pleurotus florida
Authors: Im Kyung , Nguyen Trung , Shin Do , Lee Kyung , Lee Tae
Published: March 2014

Pleurotus florida has been widely used for nutritional and medicinal purposes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the fruiting bodies of P. florida extracted with acetone, methanol, and hot water. The antioxidant activities of the acetone and methanol extracts of P. florida showed stronger inhibition of β-carotene-linoleic acid compared to that of the hot water extract. The acetone extract (8 mg/mL) showed a high reducing power of 1.86. The acetone and methanol extracts showed more effective DPPH radical scavenging activities than the hot water extract. The chelating effect of the extracts at lower concentrations was significantly effective compared to that of the positive control. Thirteen phenolic compounds were detected from acetonitrile and hydrochloric acid solvent extracts. Nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipolysaccahride (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line, were inhibited significantly by the mushroom extracts in a concentration dependent manner. The anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenan-induced edema in the rat hind-paw reduced significantly by the mushroom extracts. Therefore, we have demonstrated that P. florida fruiting bodies possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activites related to their inhibitory activities on NO production, iNOS protein expression, and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The results suggest that the fruiting bodies of P. florida are a good source of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
Behavior of FRP Bars-Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Temperature and Sustained Load Effects
Authors: Bellakehal Hizia , Zaidi Ali , Masmoudi Radhouane , Bouhicha Mohamed
Published: March 2014

The large temperature variation has a harmful effect on concrete structures reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. This is due to the significant difference between transverse coefficient of thermal expansion of these bars and that of the hardened concrete. This difference generates a radial pressure at the FRP bar/concrete interface, and may cause splitting cracks within concrete. This paper presents results of an experimental and analytical study carried out on FRP-reinforced concrete slabs subjected, simultaneously, to thermal and mechanical loads. The analytical model based on the theory of linear elasticity consists to evaluate combined effects of thermal and mechanical loads on the transverse expansion of FRP bars. Parameters studied in this investigation are the concrete cover thickness, FRP bar diameter, and the temperature variation. The thermal cycles were varied from −30 to +60 °C. Comparisons between analytical and experimental results show that transverse strains predicted from the proposed model are in good correlation with experimental results.
Synthesis of Three Dimensional Nickel Cobalt Oxide Nanoneedles on Nickel Foam, Their Characterization and Glucose Sensing Application
Authors: Hussain Mushtaque , Ibupoto Zafar , Abbasi Mazhar , Liu Xianjie , Nur Omer , Willander Magnus
Published: March 2014

In the present work, NiCo2O4 nanostructures are fabricated in three dimensions (3D) on nickel foam by the hydrothermal method. The nanomaterial was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The nanostructures exhibit nanoneedle-like morphology grown in 3D with good crystalline quality. The nanomaterial is composed of nickel, cobalt and oxygen atoms. By using the favorable porosity of the nanomaterial and the substrate itself, a sensitive glucose sensor is proposed by immobilizing glucose oxidase. The presented glucose sensor has shown linear response over a wide range of glucose concentrations from 0.005 mM to 15 mM with a sensitivity of 91.34 mV/decade and a fast response time of less than 10 s. The NiCo2O4 nanostructures-based glucose sensor has shown excellent reproducibility, repeatability and stability. The sensor showed negligible response to the normal concentrations of common interferents with glucose sensing, including uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid. All these favorable advantages of the fabricated glucose sensor suggest that it may have high potential for the determination of glucose in biological samples, food and other related areas.
Stimulation of Erythrocyte Cell Membrane Scrambling by Mushroom Tyrosinase
Authors: Frauenfeld Leonie , Alzoubi Kousi , Abed Majed , Lang Florian
Published: March 2014

Background: Mushroom tyrosinase, a copper containing enzyme, modifies growth and survival of tumor cells. Mushroom tyrosinase may foster apoptosis, an effect in part due to interference with mitochondrial function. Erythrocytes lack mitochondria but are able to undergo apoptosis-like suicidal cell death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling leading to phosphatidylserine-exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Signaling involved in the triggering of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and activation of sphingomyelinase with subsequent formation of ceramide. The present study explored, whether tyrosinase stimulates eryptosis. Methods: Cell volume has been estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure from annexin V binding, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and ceramide abundance from binding of fluorescent antibodies in flow cytometry. Results: A 24 h exposure to mushroom tyrosinase (7 U/mL) was followed by a significant increase of [Ca2+]i, a significant increase of ceramide abundance, and a significant increase of annexin-V-binding. The annexin-V-binding following tyrosinase treatment was significantly blunted but not abrogated in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca2+. Tyrosinase did not significantly modify forward scatter. Conclusions: Tyrosinase triggers cell membrane scrambling, an effect, at least partially, due to entry of extracellular Ca2+ and ceramide formation.
Gisekia (Gisekiaceae): Phylogenetic relationships, biogeography, and ecophysiology of a poorly known C4 lineage in the Caryophyllales
Authors: Bissinger Kerstin , Khoshravesh Roxanne , Kotrade Jan Peter , Oakley Jason , Sage Tammy L. , Sage Rowan F. , Hartmann Heidrun E. K. , Kadereit Gudrun
Published: March 2014

• Premise of the study: Gisekiaceae are a monogeneric family of the core Caryophyllales distributed in arid regions of Africa and Asia. The only widespread species of the genus, Gisekia pharnaceoides, performs C4 photosynthesis based on CO2 compensation point measurements. This study investigates the C4 syndrome and its evolution in Gisekia. The infrageneric relationships, distribution and bioclimatic preferences of Gisekia are also investigated.

• Methods: Leaf gas exchange characteristics, activity of Rubisco and major C4 cycle enzymes, and ultrastructural characteristics of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells are studied for Gisekia pharnaceoides. δ13C values and leaf anatomy are analyzed for all species. A dated molecular phylogeny of 39 accessions representing all species of Gisekiaceae and 14 representatives of closely related core Caryophyllales families is generated using four cp markers and ITS. The precise current distribution and bioclimatic niche of Gisekia is assessed on the basis of 520 georeferenced specimen localities.

• Key results: All traditionally recognized species of Gisekia are C4 plants with atriplicoid Kranz anatomy. Gisekia pharnaceoides uses the NAD‐ME biochemical type. The molecular phylogeny demonstrated two East African clades nested within South African clades, demonstrating migration along the arid areas of eastern Africa during the Late Miocene/Pliocene Epochs. Most traditionally defined species are polyphyletic.

• Conclusions: Gisekia represents an isolated C4 lineage within core Caryophyllales dating back to the Miocene Epoch and probably spread along the African arid corridor from a South African center of origin. The seven currently recognized species should be treated as one polymorphic species or species complex, Gisekia pharnaceoides agg.
Rapid pseudo five-component synthesis of intensively blue luminescent 2,5-di(hetero)arylfurans via a Sonogashira–Glaser cyclization sequence
Authors: Klukas Fabian , Grunwald Alexander , Menschel Franziska , Müller Thomas J J
Published: March 2014

2,5-Di(hetero)arylfurans are readily accessible in a pseudo five-component reaction via a Sonogashira–Glaser coupling sequence followed by a superbase-mediated (KOH/DMSO) cyclization in a consecutive one-pot fashion. Besides the straightforward synthesis of natural products and biologically active molecules all representatives are particularly interesting due to their bright blue luminescence with remarkably high quantum yields. The electronic structure of the title compounds is additionally studied with DFT computations.
OIL REMOVAL FROM WATER BY FILTRATION
Authors: Mažeikienė Aušra , Rimeika Mindaugas , Švedienė Sigita
Published: March 2014

Oil-contaminated water is most commonly treated with sorbent materials. In this experimental study, a fibrous sorbent material Fibroil was used. The experiment was carried out with tap water and clarified stormwater. It was determined that the retention of contaminants is worse at high fow rates, which reduces the efficiency of treatment. Sorbent materials retain suspended solids and reduce water turbidity; thus, the water must be clarified and pretreated before it is supplied to the sorption fillings. For the efficient use of sorbent material properties, the concentration of suspended solids in water supplied to the filter must be below 20 mg/L, while water turbidity must be below 15 NTU and the flow rate must be below 20 m/h. If the pressure loss in the sorption filler increases to 25 cm, it can be predicted that the oil concentration after treatment would exceed permissible environmental requirements (5 mg/L). The derived sorption and hydraulic properties of the material can be used to evaluate the efficiency of existing operative stormwater treatment plants as well as to design new facilities.
MONITORING PESTICIDES DEGRADATION IN APPLE FRUITS AND POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF RESIDUES ON HUMAN HEALTH
Authors: Pogăcean Manuela Olga , Hlihor Raluca Maria , Gavrilescu Maria
Published: March 2014

The behaviour of 12 pesticides used in the treatment of a variety of apples in areal conditions from a Romanian orchard is studied, considering recommended dosages, different stages of fruit development, environmental and atmospheric conditions. Five treatments were applied in recommended dosage considering the phenological growth phases, at 23 days intervals between treatments. Pesticides degraded quickly in apples during the first days, when 30–50% from the initial concentration is lost. Pesticides residues at harvesting were below the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) in European Union, excepting tebuconazole and chlorothalonil. The estimated lifetime exposure dose was calculated based on pesticide concentrations in apples at harvesting, and average fruit consumption of 197.08 g/ person/day in EU-27 during 2011. These doses for adults and children were below the reference dose (RfD) for each pesticide, suggesting a negligible risks for consumers. Hazard indices below 1 demonstrate that the studied pesticides do not generate health risks to humans.
Very Small Worlds: The Austrian Länder as Constituent Units of the Austrian Federation
Authors: Bußjäger Peter
Published: March 2014

La constitution fédérale autrichienne n’a pas seulement été établie, mais également fondée sur les « petits mondes » des neuf Länder. Même les récentes modifications constitutionnelles ont reconnu que le statut des Länder n’était pas simplement une forme de décentralisation, avec délégation de certaines compétences aux entités sous-nationales, mais que ces entités disposaient de leur propre souveraineté. Cependant, le statut légal des Länder est comparativement faible, et l’Autriche demeure une fédération fortement centralisée, en particulier en ce qui concerne les compétences législatives. Le fédéralisme coopératif devient donc un outil essentiel des Länder pour dépasser leur rôle subordonné dans la fédération. La fédération comme les Länder font un grand usage de la coopération formalisée (accords sur base de l’article 15a de la Constitution fédérale) ou informelle (conférences des Länder, et en particulier conférences des gouverneurs). L’autonomie constitutionnelle des Länder les autorise à établir leur propre système politique, du moins jusqu’à une certaine limite. Les dynamiques récentes démontrent que les Länder utilisent leurs compétences pour créer de nouveaux instruments dans des domaines spécifiques, comme la démocratie directe et le contrôle parlementaire.
Conflicting Cantonalisms
Authors: Mueller Sean
Published: March 2014

Personne ne doute de l’importance des entités sous-nationales pour des fédérations démocratiques en général, et des cantons suisses pour la Confédération helvétique en particulier. Ce qui est beaucoup moins clair, cependant, est la façon de résoudre des conflits portant sur le nombre et le caractère de ces entités. Le cas suisse nous propose deux exemples d’une grande actualité : l’unification des deux « demi-cantons », Bâle-Ville et Bâle-Campagne, d’un côté, et la création d’un nouveau canton couvrant le canton de Jura et la partie francophone du canton de Berne, de l’autre. En comparant le rôle des différentes identités sous-nationales dans ces deux cas, la force de ce qu’on appelle le « cantonalisme » – conçu comme l’attachement à et l’identification à son canton – est démontrée comme un facteur majeur, même dans la Suisse du xxi e siècle. Ensuite, différentes manifestations de cantonalisme sont comparées : le clivage entre centre et périphérie à Bâle, et les différences linguistiques et/ou religieuses au Jura. Le fait que des processus de démocratie directe presque identiques aient été choisis pour résoudre ces problèmes témoigne de la volonté suisse de recherche de compromis à la fois pacifiques, négociés et approuvés par le peuple.
Empleo del penetrómetro para madera para el diagnóstico de la madera en servicio en edificios antiguos
Authors: Palaia L.
Published: March 2014

Las técnicas instrumentales para ensayos in situ permiten a los expertos ahorrar tiempo en el diagnóstico y minimizar el daño que se produce en algunos casos a la madera sana, empleando técnicas tradicionales de diagnóstico. El empleo del Pilodyn para ensayos de penetración puede constituir un «método rápido» de diagnóstico de estas estructuras. Se presenta un caso de estudio de un edificio del siglo XIX construido en el centro histórico de Valencia. Los muros son de ladrillo y la estructura horizontal así como de la cubierta son de madera. Se ha realizado un método de diagnosis simplificado: inspección visual de la estructura y ensayos con Pilodyn. Este método resultó adecuado para determinar parámetros acerca de sus cualidades resistentes, abriendo una vía hacia una posible propuesta de normalización para el empleo de este instrumento.