bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iowa cochlear implant clinical project: Results with two single‐channel cochlear implants and one multi‐channel cochlear implant.
Authors: Gantz Bruce J. , Tyler Richard S. , Preece John , Mccabe Brian F. , Lowder Mary W. , Otto Steve R.
Published: October 2006

Cochlenr implants have become a realistic alternative for the management of profoundly deaf patients. A variety of implants with differing electrode designs and coding strategies have been developed by nine major implant centers around the world. Each center has their “star” patient, but objective comparisons between these different implant designs are unavailable. In order to determine the performance characteristics of the present generation of cochlear implants, comparison data are vital. We have developed an independent center where uniform objective comparisons of different cochlear implants can be performed longitudinally. This report will present results of nine patients implanted with three different cochlear implant prostheses. Four patients have been implanted with the Los Angeles (House) single‐channel implant, three patients have received the Vienna (Hochmair) single‐channel intracochlear device, and two patients have been implanted with the Melbourne (Clark) 21‐channel unit. All patients have had 11 months or more of experience with their cochlear prostheses. The results of a comprehensive audiologic battery which includes audiovisual and environmental tasks are presented. All implants provide significant improvement in speechreading and sound awareness. The findings to date suggest that there is strong correlation between top‐down cognitive processing (as reflected by lip reading skills) and performance with cochlear implants.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the nasopharynx after previous adenoid irradiation.
Authors: Sofferman Robert A. , Heisse John W.
Published: October 2006

In 1978, Prntt challenged the otolaryngology community to identify an incidence of malignancy in individuals who have previously received radium therapy to the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues. This case report is a direct response to that quest and presents a well documented adenoid cystic carcinoma evolving 23 years after radium applicator treatment to the fossa of Rosenmuller. Although a cause‐and‐effect relationship cannot be scientifically proven, the case history raises several important questions concerning the stimulating effects of radiation on the later onset of frank malignancy.
Airway interruption in encephalopathic children: A clinical and histological analysis
Authors: Eavey Roland D.
Published: October 2006

Severe, incessant aspiration can be a most troublesome sequel to the already tragic problem of a vegetative mental state in a previously normal child. Three patients, aged 2 to 4 years, underwent surgery to treat their aspiration. A different type of procedure was used for each patient: cord closure combined with an epiglottic flap, cord closure alone, and a laryngeal stent. Laryngeal histopathology of a case is presented for the first time; findings suggest that the theoretical reversibility of that particular type of procedure could prove formidable. Clinically, the immediate cessation of aspiration has provided all parents and health care personnel with a surprising sense of gratification and has enabled each child to be transferred to a less‐costly care facility or to home.
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: A comparison of two techniques
Authors: Kimmelman Charles P. , Levine Steven B. , Shore Eric T. , Millman Richard P.
Published: October 2006

Two groups of patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty were studied. Group I patients underwent en bloc resection of tonsils and palate with the line of excision less than 1.5 cm anterior to the uvula‐soft palate junction. Group II patients underwent tonsillectomy followed by palatectomy with a margin 1.5 to 2.0 cm anterior to the uvula‐soft palate junction. Only 1 of 7 patients in Group I was objectively improved, whereas 11 of 13 patients in Group II improved.

We conclude that a generous resection of soft palate and tonsillar tissue is mandatory for success of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty procedures.
Effects of low humidity on the rat middle ear
Authors: Lovejoy Hugh M. , Frederick McGuirt W. , Ayres Paul H. , Wallace Hayes A. , Coggins Christopher R. E. , Sagartz John
Published: October 2006

Secretory otitis media is common in the winter, and the possible risk factors are numerous. This study examines the effect of low humidity on the middle ear using a Sprague‐Dawley rat model: 23 test rats housed for 5 days in a low‐humidity environment (10% to 12% relative humidity) and 23 control rats housed at 50% to 55% relative humidity. Microscopic ear examinations were graded for otitis media with effusion (OME) before testing and on test days 3 and 5. The mucosa of the middle ears and eustachian tubes was examined histopathologically. Significantly more effusions were observed in the low‐humidity group on test days 3 (P = .003) and 5 (P = .01), but no intergroup histopathologic differences were noted. We conclude that a low‐humidity environment contributed to the development of OME in the test animals, and that low‐humidity warrants further investigation as a contributing factor in childhood middle ear disease.
Hearing research career development for deaf students
Authors: Brookhouser Patrick E. , Sullivan Patricia M. , Eccarius Malinda A. , Schulte Laura , Maliszewski Stanley , Madrigal Ruben
Published: October 2006

One goal of the Americans with Disabilities Act is to enhance access to career opportunities for individuals with hearing loss. Hearing‐impaired professionals are woefully underrepresented among the cadre of scientists currently involved in hearing and deafness research. Information was obtained by questionnaire from 190 consecutive attendees (13 through 17 years of age) at a summer program for gifted hearing‐impaired adolescents regarding career goals, attitudes toward academic and extracurricular activities, educational placement, primary communication modality, and parental hearing status. A follow‐up questionnaire completed by 80 of these youth, presently attending college, provided comparison data regarding type of college attended and academic major. Males were significantly more likely to select majors in mathematics and science‐related disciplines. The percentage of college attendees majoring in the sciences was much lower than the percentage of high school students who aspired to a scientific career. Strategies for attracting qualified hearing‐impaired students into science majors should include educational efforts directed at students, parents, and academic advisors.
Histopathology and growth pattern of cystic acoustic neuromas
Authors: Charabi Samih , Klinken Leif , Tos Mirko , Thomsen Jens
Published: October 2006

In a series of 571 acoustic neuromas, 23 were identified as cystic tumors. An immunohistochemical study including nervous system‐associated protein (S‐100), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament protein (NF), laminin, fibronectin, vi‐mentin, factor VIII (von Willebrand factor)–related antigen, and the nuclear antibody Ki‐67 was performed. The cyst walls contained numerous S‐100‐positive fibrils distributed throughout the whole extent of the walls. Laminin, fibronectin, and vi‐mentin were predominantly located around the vessel walls, factor VIII was found inside the vessels. GFAP‐positive lamellae occurred in 50% of the cases near the surface of the cyst walls. Ki‐67 is an antigen associated with cell proliferation. The density of Ki‐67–positive cells was found to be 36 times lower in 16 noncystic controls than in the 23 cystic neuromas, indicating that the increase in tumor size in cystic acoustic neuromas may be caused by expansion of the cysts and not by an actual increase in the growth rate of the tumor cells.

The data achieved in this series may contribute to better planning of the surgical approach. Because of the risk of sudden expansion of cystic elements, a wait‐and‐see policy should not be applied to patients with cystic acoustic neuromas.
Arytenoid dislocation: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Sataloff Robert Thayer , Bough I. David , Spiegel Joseph R.
Published: October 2006

Disruption of the cricoarytenoid joint is a relatively uncommon event, according to the world literature. Only 31 reported cases of arytenoid dislocation or subluxation exist other than the 26 cases described in this paper. Often cases are misdiagnosed as vocal fold paralysis. Knowledge of the signs and symptoms of arytenoid dislocation aids in correct diagnosis and early treatment. Even when diagnosis has been delayed, surgery may be highly effective. Familiarity with state‐of‐the‐art diagnostic techniques and new concepts in management helps optimize the chances for good voice quality.
Anterior commissure microwebs associated with vocal nodules: Detection, prevalence, and significance
Authors: Ford Charles N. , Bless Diane M. , Campos Guillermo , Leddy Mark
Published: October 2006

Vocal fold nodules are a common cause of dys‐phonia generally attributed to vocal abuse. Anterior commissure microwebs have been reported as an incidental finding in surgical patients with nodules. In a series of 105 nodule patients evaluated at the University of Wisconsin Clinical Science Center voice laboratory (1987–1992), 11 microwebs were identified. Ten of these microweb patients were among the 20 nodule patients who did not respond to voice therapy and underwent microsurgery. In patients with nodules whose hoarseness is refractory to voice therapy, symptoms that occur early in life suggest the presence of occult vocal fold pathology. Microweb detection requires a high index of suspicion, observation during maximal vocal fold abduction, and clearance of secretions from the anterior commissure. Definitive identification is facilitated by gentle separation of the anterior vocal folds during direct microlaryn‐goscopy. The presence of these tiny shelves of tissue might be coincidental, or they might represent another expression of the tissue response to traumatic factors known to produce vocal nodules. We found little difference in vocal function parameters between two similar groups of nodule patients, one with and one without associated microwebs. Further work is needed to determine the significance of microwebs.
Diagnostic problems in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Authors: Norréa Marcel E.
Published: October 2006

The steps of the examination procedure applied for a correct diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) are reviewed. A precise diagnosis is important in view of treatment of this type of vertigo by rehabilitation therapy. Clinical experience supports the concept that the diagnosis has to be based not only on a typical history, but also on the presence of a reproducible vertigo and paroxysmal positioning nystagmus. In the procedure applied in the department, this nystagmus can be reproduced by the Dix‐Hallpike maneuver under Frenzel's glasses, during electronystagmography (ENG) recording in the position tests, or it can be present in the vestibular habituation training test battery (a battery of 19 maneuvers applied for defining the adequate exercises in the rehabilitation treatment for BPPV). Analysis of the reviewed data in 95 patients showed that one third of the patients described the vertigo in a rather atypical way, while the further testing revealed a typical BPPV. This experience denies any absolute reliability to only history. In fact, only the finding of such a paroxysmal positioning nystagmus is conclusive for confirming BPPV. However, also the presence of such a nystagmus appeared not to be a constant datum, so that in some patients more than one examination was necessary to come to a reliable diagnosis. It is obvious that, for detecting a paroxysmal positioning nystagmus, ENG is less reliable than the Dix‐Hallpike maneuver under Frenzel's glasses.
Functional Polymorphisms in the Matrix Metalloproteinase‐9 Gene in Relation to Severity of Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Holla Lydie Izakovicova , Fassmann Antonin , Mužík Jan , Vanek Jiri , Vasku Anna
Published: October 2006

Background: Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are implicated in the chronic remodeling in periodontal diseases. Therefore, we performed a case‐control study to investigate a plausible association between susceptibility to chronic periodontitis (CP) and the polymorphisms in the MMP‐9 (gelatinase B) gene.

Methods: Using polymerase chain reaction with subsequent restriction analyses, MMP‐9 −1562C/T and R+279Q variants were determined in 304 subjects (169 patients with CP, 76 with a mild to moderate form and 93 with severe generalized CP, and 135 age‐ and gender‐matched unrelated control subjects).

Results: The distribution of the MMP‐9 −1562C/T and R+279Q genotypes and alleles did not significantly differ between cases and controls. However, the frequency of the T variant at position −1562 was marginally higher in patients with severe disease compared to those with mild to moderate forms (P <0.05; Pcorr >0.05). In further analysis, the −1562T allele was associated with a severe form of CP in men (odds ratio: 3.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.40 to 10.65; P <0.01 and Pcorr <0.05 for allele; P <0.05 and Pcorr >0.05 for genotype) but not in women.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms of the MMP‐9 gene are not associated with the susceptibility to CP in the Czech population; however, the promoter variant may influence the severity of the disease in men.
Hypogalactosylation of Salivary and Gingival Fluid Immunoglobulin G in Patients With Advanced Periodontitis
Authors: Stefanović Gordana , Marković Dragana , Ilić Vesna , Brajović Gavrilo , Petrović Sonja , Milošević‐Jovčić Nadežda
Published: October 2006

Background: Altered glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been found to affect certain immunological activities of IgG and to correlate with increased inflammation in various disease states. This work deals with the changes in distribution and galactosylation of IgG subclasses present in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with initial and advanced periodontitis and of normal controls.

Methods: IgG subclasses were quantified by dot‐blot assay, and the degrees of expression of galactose in the total IgG and its individual subclasses were estimated by lectin immunoblot assay after sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) separation of IgG and by capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using biotinylated Ricinus communis (RCA‐I) and Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS‐II) lectins.

Results: The distribution of IgG subclasses in both fluids was found to differ in periodontal patients compared to normal controls. In the periodontitis saliva and GCF, the IgG2 subclass dominated quantitatively, regardless of periodontal status. However, galactose was found to be expressed in IgG heavy chains in normal controls and patients with initial periodontitis but not, or at barely detectable levels, in advanced periodontitis.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the shift toward hypogalactosylated glycoforms may occur during the process of inflammation of the gingiva.
Freedom as in a Self-Sustainable Community: The Free Software Movement and its Challenge to Copyright Law
Authors: Chen Shun-Ling
Published: October 2006

Copyright law, together with the market logic it carries, penetrates deeply into our daily life. The copyright regime is so restrictive that it turns a normal learning process into a series of potential copyright violations. The Free Software Movement (FSM) represents a substantial community effort to counter this trend. It seeks to supersede the copyright regime by offering the ‘Copyleft’ licensing mode, which facilitates the formation of a cooperative, resource-sharing community. The FSM has been so successful that it has challenged the utilitarian values presumed in copyright law, has fuelled widespread reassessment of copyright law, and has influenced many who engage in various creative activities. Claiming to bear similar values, Creative Commons (CC) provides licensing models for people to waive some rights granted to them. However, CC differs from the FSM in significant ways. Most notably, the flexible CC licensing model weakens the firm philosophical and political ground which binds FSM advocates together. Hence, although CC's rapid growth seems to signal its success, it is questionable whether such success is as enduring as the FSM's, or if it is leading to a different result. While CC champions the author's freedom to decide how to use his or her bundle of property rights granted by copyright law, the FSM advocates the freedom to build and live in an alternative, vital and self-sustaining community. The existence of such an alternative model not only allows these particular participants to be independent from the proprietary world, but also may empower the rest of society to imagine different kinds of relationships between human beings and their creative activities.
Breaks, Flows, and other in-between Spaces: Rethinking Piracy and Copyright Governance
Authors: Wang Shujen
Published: October 2006

This article uses three case studies to examine the intersecting developments of technology, capitalism, and globalization through the contradictions and paradoxes of copyright governance and piracy. China is used as a case study to investigate the relations among the state, law, and global capitalism.
Microwave saturation of EPR spectra of oxidised coal
Authors: Pilawa Barbara , Więckowski Andrzej , Pietrzak Robert , Wachowska Helena
Published: October 2006

Microwave saturation of multi-component EPR spectra of oxidized lignite Mequinenza (Spain) with a carbon content of 65.1 wt % and with a high sulphur content of 10.3 wt % was studied. The coal was oxidized with nitric acid (NHO3), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), and in O2/Na2CO3 system. Three different groups of paramagnetic centres exist in the coal samples analyzed. The EPR spectrum of the demineralised coal was a superposition of broad Gauss (ΔB pp = 0.75 mT), broad Lorentz 1 (ΔB pp = 0.42 mT) and narrow Lorentz 3 lines (ΔB pp = 0.08 mT). The three EPR components with linewidths: 0.58–0.77 mT (Gauss line), 0.30–0.39 mT (Lorentz 1 line) and 0.05–0.06 mT (Lorentz 3 line) were recorded for the oxidized coal. The g-values were obtained for the samples studied in the ranges 2.0043–2.0046 (Gauss lines), 2.0035–2.0038 (Lorentz 1 lines) and 2.0032–2.0034 (Lorentz 3 lines). The broad Gauss and Lorentz 1 lines saturate at low microwave powers. The narrow Lorentz 3 lines of demineralised coal were not saturated at microwave power from the range considered. After the coal oxidation with HNO3, PAA and in O2/Na2CO3 system, the microwave saturation of the narrow Lorentz 3 lines was also observed, which indicated a degradation of the multi-ring aromatic structures upon oxidation.
Single‐particle motion and heat transfer in fluidized beds
Authors: Wong Yee Sun , Seville Jonathan P. K.
Published: October 2006

Fluidized beds are particularly favored as chemical reactors because of their ability to exchange heat through immersed heat‐exchange surfaces. However, little is known about how the heat‐exchange process works on a single‐particle level. The most commonly applied theory of fluidized bed heat exchange is that developed by Mickley and Fairbanks in the 1950s—the so‐called packet model. The work described in this article is an attempt to understand the process of heat transfer by solids convection, using positron emission particle tracking to follow the trajectory of a single tracer particle in the bed. In particular, the residence time of particles in the vicinity of the surface is determined here for the first time. Using these data, the observed heat‐transfer variations are interpreted mechanistically. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Y‐chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic
Authors: Luca F. , Di Giacomo F. , Benincasa T. , Popa L.O. , Banyko J. , Kracmarova A. , Malaspina P. , Novelletto A. , Brdicka R.
Published: October 2006

To analyze the contribution of the Czech population to the Y‐chromosome diversity landscape of Europe and to reconstruct past demographic events, we typed 257 males from five locations for 21 UEPs. Moreover, 141 carriers of the three most common haplogroups were typed for 10 microsatellites and coalescent analyses applied. Sixteen Hg's characterized by derived alleles were identified, the most common being R1a‐SRY10831 and P‐DYS257*(xR1a). The pool of haplogroups within I‐M170 represented the third most common clade. Overall, the degree of population structure was low. The ages for Hg I‐M170, P‐DYS257*(xR1a), and R1a‐SRY10831 ap peared to be comparable and compatible with their presence during or soon after the LGM. A signal of population growth beginning in the first millennium B.C. was detected. Its similarity among the three most common Hg's indicated that growth was characteristic for a gene pool that already contained all of them. The Czech population appears to be influenced, to a very moderate extent, by genetic inputs from outside Europe in the post‐Neolithic and historical times. Population growth postdated the archaeologically documented introduction of Neolithic technology and the estimated central value coincides with a period of repeated changes driven by the development of metal technologies and the associated social and trade organization. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carabelli's trait and tooth size of human maxillary first molars
Authors: Harris Edward F.
Published: October 2006

Carabelli's trait is a morphological feature that can occur on the protocone of human maxillary molars. This study tests the hypothesis that Carabelli's trait is correlated statistically with the dimensions of the crown's four principal cusps or whether, as a cingular feature, the trait truly accretes onto an otherwise unaffected crown. Computer‐assisted image analysis was used to measure the 6 intercusp distances and 12 angular relationships among cusp tips on the permanent first molar of 300 young adult American whites. Carabelli's complex was scored using an 8‐grade ordinal scheme. Crown size was quantified in three ways, namely as 1) maximum mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters, 2) the 6 intercusp distances, and 3) the 12 angular cusp arrangements. There was no sex difference in the morphological expression of Carabelli's trait in this sample. Overall crown size and intercusp distances were significantly and progressively larger in molars with larger Carabelli's trait expressions. There are graded size responses between crown size (mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters), sizes of the four principal cusps, and morphological stage of Carabelli's complex, though the statistical relationships are appreciably stronger in males than females. Carabelli's trait occurs preferentially in larger molars. In contrast, angular (shape) relationships among cusp tips are not discernibly affected by trait size in either sex. There is the situation, then, that Carabelli's trait is developmentally correlated with crown size, but with no apparent alteration of cusp arrangements, suggesting that the increases are isometric across the occlusal table. Why the association is much weaker in females remains speculative, but these data provide yet another line of evidence that, within a population, tooth size is associated in a positive fashion with crown complexity. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐Assembled Aggregates and Molecular Bilayer Films of a Double‐Chain Fullerene Lipid: Structure and Electrochemistry
Authors: Murakami Hiroto , Nakanishi Takashi , Morita Makoto , Taniguchi Naoya , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: October 2006

The self‐aggregation behavior of C60 fullerenes that bear two octadecyl chains (lipid 1) as well as the structures and electrochemical properties of cast films of 1 are described. We also examined the self‐aggregation behavior in organic solvents of three previously reported compounds: C60 with three each of hexadecyl (lipid 2), tetradecyl (lipid 3), or dodecyl (lipid 4) chains. The fullerene lipids in alcohols spontaneously formed spherical aggregates, whose diameters are related to the alkyl‐chain lengths, concentrations of the fullerene lipids, and the solvent polarity. The morphologies of the aggregates showed temperature dependence. Cast films of 1 formed multimolecular bilayer structures that undergo a phase transition typical of lipid bilayer membranes. The electrochemistry of cast films of 1 on an electrode in aqueous medium exhibits temperature dependence.
Geographic origin of publications in surgical journals
Authors: van Rossum M , Bosker B H , Pierik E G J M , Verheyen C C P M
Published: October 2006

Background

Publications in peer-reviewed journals are the main determinants of research rating and funding. The present study assesses worldwide scientific contributions in the field of surgical research.

Methods

Fifteen major surgical journals were selected for a bibliometric search in Medline/PubMed over a 6-year period (2000–2005). All articles with abstracts were totalled according to country of corresponding author. Publications (total and corrected for population size) and journal impact factor were assessed according to country.

Results

A total of 18 717 articles were identified. Fifteen countries generated 88·8 per cent of these: the USA produced 42·1 per cent, Japan 9·1 per cent and the UK 7·6 per cent. When corrected for population size, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland topped the ranking; the USA was sixth. Ireland and Switzerland scored the highest mean impact factor.

Conclusion

The USA is the most productive country in terms of absolute number of surgical publications in the selected journals. However, when population size is taken into consideration, certain smaller European countries were more prolific.
Novel Energy‐Transfer Route and Enhanced Luminescent Properties in YVO4:Eu3+/YBO3:Eu3+ Composite.
Authors: Pan Guohui , Song Hongwei , Bai Xue , Liu Zhongxin , Yu Hongquan , Di Weihua , Li Suwen , Fan Libo , Ren Xinguang , Lu Shaozhe
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Radical Dearomatization of Arenes and Heteroarenes.
Authors: Crich David , Patel Mitesh
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aerobic Photooxidation of Alcohols in the Presence of a Catalytic Inorganic Bromo Source.
Authors: Hirashima Shin‐ichi , Hashimoto Shouei , Masaki Yukio , Itoh Akichika
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermolecular Amidation of Unactivated sp2 and sp3 C—H Bonds via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade C—H Activation/Nitrene Insertion.
Authors: Thu Hung‐Yat , Yu Wing‐Yiu , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simple Method for the Introduction of Tetrafluoroethyl Substituents into Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Loska Rafal , Makosza Mieczyslaw
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild and Efficient Deprotection of Allyl Ethers of Phenols and Hydroxycoumarins Using a Palladium on Charcoal Catalyst and Ammonium Formate.
Authors: Ganguly Nemai C. , Dutta Sanjoy , Datta Mrityunjoy
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclopropanation of N‐Substituted 3‐Aryl‐2‐cyanoprop‐2‐enamides and Derivatives of 5,5‐Dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐3‐carboxylic Acid and 2‐Oxochromene‐3‐carboxylic Acid with Bromine‐Containing Zinc Enolates.
Authors: Shchepin V. V. , Silaichev P. S. , Stepanyan Yu. G. , Kalyuzhnyi M. M. , Russkikh N. Yu. , Kodess M. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐[(Perfluoroprop‐1‐en‐2‐yl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐yl]sulfanes
Authors: Petrov Viacheslav A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of (E)‐Alkenes via Hydroindation of CC in InCl3—NaBH4 System.
Authors: Wang Chunyan , Yan Lei , Zheng Zhiguo , Yang Deyu , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nitro Group Directed Selective Deacylation and Desulfonation.
Authors: Ji Xiujie , Li Chunbao
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aromatic Pentafluoro‐λ6‐sulfanyl (SF5) Surfactants: m‐SF5 (CF2)nC6H4SO3K
Authors: Winner Scott W. , Winter Rolf W. , Smith Jeremy A. , Gard Gary L. , Hannah Nicole A. , Rananavare Shankar B. , Piknova Barbora , Hall Stephen B.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Enantiopure 1‐Substituted, 1,2‐Disubstituted, and 1,4,5‐Trisubstituted Imidazoles from 1,2‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Matsuoka Yuki , Ishida Yasuhiro , Sasaki Daisuke , Saigo Kazuhiko
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design of Novel, Potent, and Selective Human β‐Tryptase Inhibitors Based on α‐Keto‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazoles.
Authors: Lee Chang‐Sun , Liu Weili , Sprengeler Paul A. , Somoza John R. , Janc James W. , Sperandio David , Spencer Jeffrey R. , Green Michael J. , McGrath Mary E.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unusual Condensation of 1,1,1,5,5,5‐Hexafluoropentane‐2,4‐dione with (R)‐Phenylglycinol.
Authors: Soloshonok Vadim A. , Ohkura Hironari , Yasumoto Manabu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐[3‐Aminobenzisoxazol‐5′‐yl]‐3‐trifluoromethyl‐6‐ [2′‐(3‐(R)‐hydroxy‐N‐pyrrolidinyl)methyl‐ [1,1′]‐biphen‐4‐yl]‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrazolo‐[3,4‐c]‐pyridin‐7‐on# e (I) (BMS‐740808) a Highly Potent, Selective, Efficacious, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Blood Coagulation Factor Xa.
Authors: Pinto Donald J. P. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Fused 3‐Trifluoromethylpyridines
Authors: Pavlova Yuliya E. , Gusev Dmitrii V. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Chkanikov Nikolai D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Bifunctional Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane Derivatives.
Authors: Larkin D. Yu. , Korlyukov A. A. , Pleshkova A. P. , Chernyavskaya N. A. , Antipin M. Yu. , Chernyavskii A. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Highly Electrophilic Fluorinated Alkenyl Phosphonates as New Precursors of Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Chkanikov Nikolai D. Chkanikov Nikolai D. , Shidlovskii Alexander F. , Mukhanov Viktor I. , Golubev Alexander S. , Peregudov Alexander S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New C19‐Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum piepunense.
Authors: Cai Le , Chen Dong‐Lin , Liu Shuang‐Yong , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Regioselective Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleosides Through an Alkylating Reaction with 2‐Oxa‐1,4‐butanediol Diacetate.
Authors: Qu Guirong , Han Suhui , Zhang Zhiguang , Geng Mingwei , Xue Feng
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties of Advanced Magnetic Materials
Authors: Skomski R. , Sellmyer D. J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transition‐Metal Complexes of Boron — New Insights and Novel Coordination Modes
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Kollann Carsten , Rais Daniela
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Moving Targets: Recognition of Alkyl Groups
Authors: Schramm Michael P. , Rebek Julius Jr.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Topical Delivery of Silver Nanoparticles Promotes Wound Healing
Authors: Tian Jun , Wong Kenneth K. Y. , Ho Chi‐Ming , Lok Chun‐Nam , Yu Wing‐Yiu , Che Chi‐Ming , Chiu Jen‐Fu , Tam Paul K. H.
Published: October 2006

Wound healing is a complex process and has been the subject of intense research for a long time. The recent emergence of nanotechnology has provided a new therapeutic modality in silver nanoparticles for use in burn wounds. Nonetheless, the beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles on wound healing remain unknown. We investigated the wound‐healing properties of silver nanoparticles in an animal model and found that rapid healing and improved cosmetic appearance occur in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, through quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and proteomic studies, we showed that silver nanoparticles exert positive effects through their antimicrobial properties, reduction in wound inflammation, and modulation of fibrogenic cytokines. These results have given insight into the actions of silver and have provided a novel therapeutic direction for wound treatment in clinical practice.
Synthesis, Structure and Surface Photovoltage of a Series of NiII Coordination Polymers
Authors: Sun Li‐Ping , Niu Shu‐Yun , Jin Jing , Yang Guang‐Di , Ye Ling
Published: October 2006

Three novel NiII coordination polymers [Ni2(HCOO)4(H2O)4]n (1), [Na2Ni(btec)(H2O)8]n (2; H4btec = 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylic acid) and [{Ni(pdc)(H2O)2}·H2O]n (3; H2pdc = pyridine‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid) have been hydrothermally synthesized and their structures determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The formate groups in complex 1 bridge the NiII ions to form a infinite 3D structure. Complex 2 also possesses a infinite 3D structure and the coordination environment of the NiII ion is a perfect octahedron. Complex 3 is a 2D infinite coordination polymer. The surface photovoltage spectra of complexes 1–3 indicate that they all show three positive surface photovoltage (SPV) responses in the range of 300–800 nm and all show p‐type semiconductor characteristics. Although the intensities of the SPV responses are obviously different, this can mainly be attributed to the difference of their structures. The field‐induced surface photovoltage spectra (FISPS) of complexes 1–3 confirm their p‐type semiconductor characteristics. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Organic Reactions in Microemulsions
Authors: Holmberg Krister
Published: October 2006

Microemulsions, i.e., thermodynamically stable, one‐phase mixtures of oil, water and surfactants, are useful as reaction media as a way to overcome the reactant incompatibility problem that one frequently encounters in organic synthesis. The use of a microemulsion can be seen as an alternative to phase‐transfer catalysis, i.e., use of a two‐phase system with added phase‐transfer agent. The microemulsion approach and phase‐transfer catalysis can also be combined, i.e., the reaction can be performed in a microemulsion in the presence of a small amount of a phase‐transfer agent. A very high reaction rate may then be obtained. The reaction rate in a microemulsion is often influenced by the charge at the interface and this charge depends on the surfactant used. For instance, reactions involving negatively charged species will be accelerated by the use of a cationic surfactant. This effect is analogous to micellar catalysis and may be termed microemulsion catalysis. The acceleration is more pronounced when the surfactant counterion is small and weakly polarizable. Microemulsions can also be used to induce regiospecificity of organic reactions. Organic molecules with one more polar and one less polar end will accumulate at the oil‐water interface of microemulsions. They will orient at the interface so that the polar part of the molecule extends into the water domain and the nonpolar part extends into the hydrocarbon domain. A water‐soluble reagent will react from the “water side”, i.e., attack the polar part of the amphiphilic molecule, and a reagent soluble in hydrocarbon will react at the other end of the amphiphilic molecule. This review demonstrates that microemulsions can be a useful for (i) overcoming reactant incompatibility, (ii) speeding up reactions of one polar and one apolar reactant (microemulsion catalysis), and (iii) inducing regiospecificity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography: Effect of cosurfactant identity on enantioselectivity, methylene selectivity, resolution, and other chromatographic figures of merit
Authors: Kahle Kimberly A. , Foley Joe P.
Published: October 2006

The effect of cosurfactant identity on microemulsion size, elution range, retention factor, enantioselectivity, methylene selectivity, efficiency, and resolution in chiral microemulsion formulations was examined. The chiral surfactant dodecoxycarbonylvaline was used in conjunction with the cosurfactants 1‐butanol, 1‐pentanol, 2‐pentanol, 1‐hexanol, 2‐hexanol, cyclopentanol, and cyclohexanol. The millimolar concentration of cosurfactant was held constant regardless of identity. Ethyl acetate was incorporated as the microemulsion oil core and the buffer utilized was 50 mM phosphate at a pH of 7.0. In general, secondary alcohols improved enantioselectivities and primary alcohols had the opposite effect, with the exception of the 1‐butanol. The trends observed varied slightly depending on analyte. Of the six chiral analytes tested, cyclopentanol provided the best enantioselectivity for three, 1‐butanol for two compounds, and 2‐pentanol for one analyte. The lowest enantioselectivities were achieved with 1‐pentanol or 1‐hexanol for all compounds. Methylene selectivity was found to decrease with reductions in alcohol chain length. Among equal carbon number alcohols, methylene selectivity was lower for secondary alcohols. Efficiency and resolution values varied with different cosurfactants and depended on analyte identity.
Calponin is expressed by fibroblasts and meningeal cells but not olfactory ensheathing cells in the adult peripheral olfactory system
Authors: Ibanez Chrystelle , Ito Daisuke , Zawadzka Malgorzata , Jeffery Nick D. , Franklin Robin J.M.
Published: October 2006

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the principal glial cells of the peripheral olfactory system, have many phenotypic similarities with Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. This makes reliably distinguishing these two cells types difficult, especially following transplantation into areas of injury in the central nervous system. In an attempt to identify markers by which these two cells types can be distinguished, a recent proteomic analysis of fetal OECs and adult Schwann cells identified the actin‐binding protein calponin as a potential marker expressed by OECs but not Schwann cells. Since many studies designed with the translational goal of autologous transplantation in mind have used adult OECs, this study examined the expression of calponin by adult OECs, both in vivo within the peripheral olfactory system and in vitro. Calponin colocalized with strongly fibronectin positive fibroblasts in the olfactory mucosa (OM) and meningeal cells in the olfactory bulb (OB) but not with S100β or neuropeptide‐Y positive OECs. In tissue culture, calponin was strongly expressed by fibronectin‐expressing fibroblasts from OM, sciatic nerve and skin and by meningeal cells from the OB, but not by p75NTR‐ and S100β‐expressing OECs. These data, supported by Western blotting, indicate that calponin can not be used to distinguish adult OECs and Schwann cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of a blood coagulation factor on electrically polarized hydroxyapatite surfaces
Authors: Nakamura Miho , Niwa Kazuki , Nakamura Satoshi , Sekijima Yasutaka , Yamashita Kimihiro
Published: October 2006

Although the polarization treatment of hydroxyapatite (HA) remarkably enhances the osteoconductivity, the mechanisms have not yet been completely understood. The interaction of proteins in blood and tissue fluids with biomaterials are reportedly triggers for later cellular responses and played a major role in osteoconductive processes. Considering this, we disclosed the interaction of polarized HA surface with a coagulation factor, fibrin stabilizing factor XIII (FXIII). The HA activated FXIII even in Ca2+ free buffer, based on the SDS‐PAGE detections of α‐polymer and γ‐dimer bands assigned to stabilized fibrin. The Ca2+ ions, possibly released from the HA surfaces, were examined whether they initiate the activation of the FXIII. It was experimentally proved by ICP analysis that the induced large negative charges on the electrically polarized HA significantly increased the released Ca2+ concentration for the short pre‐incubation time of 3 min. The more Ca2+ ions released from the negatively charged HA (N‐HA) surfaces were more effective in the activation of the FXIII, resulting in the rapider disappearance of the γ‐chain bands in fibrin. The slightly lower Ca2+ concentration in the positively charged HA, compared to the nonpolarized HA activated the FXIII at an almost equal rate. The accelerated activation contributed to the stabilization of fibrin scaffold. Therefore, the polarity difference of the induced charges of the polarized HA surface altered the rate of the FXIII activation. The early stage interaction of the HA surfaces with blood proteins was considered to be an essential process of the accelerated new bone formation near implanted N‐HA surface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Free standing carbon nanotube composite bio‐electrodes
Authors: Whitten Philip G. , Gestos Adrian A. , Spinks Geoffrey M. , Gilmore Kerry J. , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: October 2006

Carbon nanotubes present a new material for the construction of electrodes for electrochemical devices such as batteries, capacitors, and actuators. Such electrodes require high conductivity, strength, and surface area. The latter two requirements are often incompatible. Electrodes composed entirely of carbon nanotubes (bucky paper) have high surface areas but are typically weak, and have insufficient conductivity for practical macroscopic applications. Here we report a technique that uses naturally occurring biopolymers to produce electrodes (free standing films) that exhibit conductivities of 300 S/cm. These composites also have considerable mechanical strength (up to 145 MPa) and sufficient specific capacitance of 19–27 F/g to enable them to be used as freestanding electrodes. One potential application that deserves special attention is that of biocompatible electrodes, where the binder is a biopolymer already used in a range of implants. Preliminary studies reported here show that the new carbon nanotube biopolymer electrodes can foster prolific L929 cell growth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Optimization of UV cross‐linking density for durable and nontoxic collagen GAG dermal substitute
Authors: Lew Dae‐Hyun , Liu Perry Hsien‐Tsung , Orgill Dennis P.
Published: October 2006

Artificial dermal constructs, based upon collagen‐glycosaminoglycan matrices (CGMs), provide new options in treating skin defects. However, their clinical effectiveness may be limited by cytotoxicity related to residual aldehydes left over from the manufacturing process. Although both chemical and dehydrothermal (DHT) cross‐linking are used to produce CGMs, we hypothesize that optimized nonchemical cross‐linking, using ultra‐violet (UV) and DHT treatment combinations, may limit cytotoxicity without sacrificing mechanical strength. Porous CGMs were physically cross‐linked using a combination of DHT and varying intensities of UV light. These were compared to glutaraldehyde cross‐linked controls. Human keratinocytes were seeded in each matrix, and cellular proliferation measured using a microculture tetrazolium dye assay. A scoring system (based on the in vitro contraction rate, stiffness, and cellular growth of a small cylindrical specimen) was developed to assess the best overall physical cross‐linking method. More cellular growth was observed in the 90–120 min UV cross‐linked group than in the glutaraldehyde‐treated group (p < 0.05). Stiffness was maximized after 0–30 min of UV cross‐linking. On the basis of our scoring system, DHT combined with 45 min of UV cross‐linking produced the best overall matrix in terms of cellular growth and physical durability. UV cross‐linked collagen‐based biomaterials could be a viable alternative for use in biological applications to eliminate glutaraldehyde‐associated cytotoxicity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006