bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of phosphorus management practices in East Mediterranean altered wetland soils
Authors: Barnea I. , Litaor M. I. , Shenker M.
Published: January 2012

In this study, we re‐examined the common practice of intensive P fertilization in altered wetland soils even when soil test (Olsen‐P) indicates sufficient P levels (>10 mg/kg). We tested the effects of P fertilization on crop performance and P leaching in 36 lysimeters (1.5 m3) filled with peat, marl or alluvial materials and compared a new bone‐char‐based fertilizer to the common superphosphate. The lysimeter experiment consisted of the two fertilizer types, two application rates and a typical crop rotation of setaria (Setaria italica), pea (Pisum sativum) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). By the end of each crop rotation, the yield was evaluated relative to P‐fertilization rates and soil‐test P. P fertilization resulted in increased Olsen‐P, soil‐solution P and P loss through leachates and a slight quality yield advantage in pea and tomato with no increase in yield of any crop. P budget calculations showed that plant uptake was not affected by the amount or type of applied P. We concluded that P fertilizer application should be significantly reduced because of limited crop response and increased P concentrations in leachates that may increase P loss to waterways especially in the marl soils. The ABC Protector exhibited slow P release, but its environmental implications should be further studied.
‘My magic cam’: a more‐than‐representational account of the climbing assemblage
Authors: Barratt Paul
Published: January 2012

This paper adds to debates on bodies and materiality concerning how we experience places not only as bodies but as complex assemblages. It engages with the relations between climbers, their kit and the places in which they climb to explore how during the situated practice of climbing, climbers and material artefacts co‐evolve resulting in a diverse array of synergies that co‐enable the climb. Differing roles and functions emerge and are negotiated between climber, crag and kit. These roles and functions go beyond those detailed by manufacturer‐ascribed use‐values that define their ‘proposed’ or ‘proper’ role/s and limits within the climber's safety assemblage. Drawing upon semi‐structured interviews with climbers, I use Actor Network Theory to explore the enabling, situated, contingent and co‐emergent relations between climbers and their kit and show how more‐than‐representational dimensions of their environmental engagements are dependent upon entering into symbolic and synergistic relationships with material others.
Diverging pathways: young female employment and entrepreneurship in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: LANGEVANG THILDE , GOUGH KATHERINE V
Published: January 2012

Shrinking public sectors and limited opportunities for gaining formal wage employment in the private sector have resulted in entrepreneurship being promoted as a means of generating youth employment. This discourse is being widely promoted within sub‐Saharan Africa despite little being known about how best to support youth employment and entrepreneurship. This paper focuses on two of the main trades which young women in sub‐Saharan Africa have typically entered: hairdressing and dressmaking. Through drawing on a qualitative case study of hairdressers and seamstresses in Ghana, it is shown how the two professions have fared quite differently in recent years: whereas hairdressing has boomed, dressmaking has been stagnating. The paper shows how these diverging trajectories can be attributed to three related factors. First, globalisation has affected the two trades differently; second, their respective trade associations have reacted differently to the new constraints and opportunities generated by globalisation and their training systems have undergone different degrees of professionalisation; and third, the prestige associated with the two professions has changed affecting the aspirations of young women to enter the professions and the experiences of those that do. As the paper shows, geographers potentially have much to contribute to employment and entrepreneurship debates by providing more contextualised studies which recognise the complex interplay between globalisation, institutions and individuals in particular places and acknowledge the ensuing diverse employment experiences. Such studies are highly relevant for policymakers who are facing the difficult challenge of how to create employment and stimulate entrepreneurship in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Calcified neurocysticercosis lesions and hippocampal sclerosis: Potential dual pathology?
Authors: Rathore Chaturbhuj , Thomas Bejoy , Kesavadas Chandrasekharan , Radhakrishnan Kurupath
Published: January 2012

In areas where cysticercosis is endemic, calcified neurocysticercosis lesion(s) (CNL) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) commonly coexist in patients with localization‐related epilepsies. To understand the pathogenesis of HS associated with CNL, we compared the characteristics of three groups of patients with antiepileptic drug–resistant epilepsies: CNL with HS, CNL without HS (CNL alone), and HS without CNL (HS alone). In comparison to patients with CNL alone, those with CNL with HS had CNL more frequently located in the ipsilateral temporal lobe. Those with CNL with HS had a lower incidence of febrile seizures, older age at initial precipitating injury and at onset of habitual complex partial seizures, and more frequent clustering of seizures and extratemporal/bitemporal interictal epileptiform discharges as compared to patients with HS alone. Our study illustrates that HS associated with CNL might have a different pathophysiologic basis as compared to classical HS.
3T Magnetic Resonance Neurography of Tibial Nerve Pathologies
Authors: Chalian Majid , Soldatos Theodoros , Faridian‐Aragh Neda , Williams Eric H. , Rosson Gedge D. , Eng John , Carrino John A. , Chhabra Avneesh
Published: January 2012

Diagnosis of tibial neuropathy has been traditionally based on clinical examination and electrodiagnostic studies; however, cross‐sectional imaging modalities have been used to increase the diagnostic accuracy and provide anatomic mapping of the abnormalities. In this context, magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) offers high‐resolution imaging of the tibial nerve (TN), its branches and the adjacent soft tissues, and provides an objective assessment of the neuromuscular anatomy, abnormality, and the surrounding pathology. This review describes the pathologies affecting the TN and illustrates their respective 3 Tesla (T) MRN appearances with relevant case examples.
Characterization of kallikrein‐related peptidase 4 glycosylations
Authors: Yamakoshi Yasuo , Yamakoshi Fumiko , Hu Jan C‐C. , Simmer James P.
Published: January 2012

Yamakoshi Y, Yamakoshi F, Hu JC‐C, Simmer JP. Characterization of kallikrein‐related peptidase 4 glycosylations.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 234–240. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Kallikrein‐related peptidase 4 (KLK4) is a glycosylated serine protease that functions in the maturation (hardening) of dental enamel. Pig and mouse KLK4 contain three potential N‐glycosylation sites. We isolated KLK4 from developing pig and mouse molars and characterized their N‐glycosylations. N‐glycans were enzymatically released by digestion with N‐glycosidase F and fluorescently labeled with 2‐aminobenzoic acid. Normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (NP‐HPLC) revealed N‐glycans with no, or with one, two, or three sialic acid attachments in pig KLK4 and with no, or with one or two sialic acid attachments in mouse KLK4. The labeled N‐glycans were digested with sialidase to generate the asialo N‐glycan cores that were fractionated by reverse‐phase HPLC, and their retention times were compared with similarly labeled glycan standards. The purified cores were characterized by mass spectrometric and monosaccharide composition analyses. We determined that pig and mouse KLK4 have NA2 and NA2F biantennary N‐glycan cores. The pig triantennary core is NA3. The mouse triantennary core is NA3 with a fucose connected by an α1‐6 linkage, indicating that it is attached to the first N‐acetyglucosamine (NA3F). We conclude that pig KLK4 has NA2, NA2F, and NA3 N‐glycan cores with no, or with one, two, or three sialic acids. Mouse KLK4 has NA2, NA2F, and NA3F N‐glycan cores with no, or with one or two sialic acids.
Identification of Amelotin‐ and ODAM‐interacting enamel matrix proteins using the yeast two‐hybrid system
Authors: Holcroft James , Ganss Bernhard
Published: January 2012

Holcroft J, Ganss B. Identification of Amelotin‐ and ODAM‐interacting enamel matrix proteins using the yeast two‐hybrid system.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 301–306. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

The formation of dental enamel is a prototype of functional tissue development through biomineralization. Amelotin (AMTN) is a recently discovered secreted enamel protein predominantly expressed during the maturation stage of enamel formation. It accumulates in a basal lamina‐like structure at the interface between ameloblasts and enamel mineral and it co‐localizes with another recently described enamel protein, odontogenic ameloblast‐associated protein (ODAM). The purpose of this study was to determine whether AMTN and ODAM bind to each other and/or to other well‐established enamel matrix proteins. The coding sequences of all enamel proteins were cloned into appropriate vectors of the GAL4‐based Matchmaker Gold Yeast Two‐Hybrid System. The growth of yeast cells on selective media and color induction were used as indicators for reporter gene expression through protein–protein interactions in combinations of prey and bait constructs. We found that AMTN interacts with itself and with ODAM, but not with amelogenin (AMEL), ameloblastin (AMBN), or enamelin (ENAM). Using ODAM as bait, the interaction with AMTN was confirmed. Furthermore, ODAM was found to bind to itself and to AMBN, as well as weakly to AMEL but not to ENAM. We propose a model where the distinct expression of AMTN and ODAM and their interaction are involved in defining the enamel microstructure at the enamel surface.
Wnt‐RhoA signaling is involved in dental enamel development
Authors: Peng Li , Li Yong , Shusterman Kate , Kuehl Melissa , Gibson Carolyn W.
Published: January 2012

Peng L, Li Y, Shusterman K, Kuehl M, Gibson CW. Wnt‐RhoA signaling is involved in dental enamel development.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 41–49. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Transgenic mice that express dominant‐negative RhoA (RhoADN) in ameloblasts have hypoplastic enamel with defects in molar cusps. β‐catenin and Wnt5a were up‐regulated in enamel organs of RhoADN transgenic mice, which indicated that both canonical and non‐canonical Wnt pathways are implicated in the process of enamel defect formation. It was hypothesized that expression of RhoADN in ameloblasts interfered with normal enamel development through the pathways that were induced by fluoride. The Wnt and RhoA pathways were further investigated in an ameloblast‐lineage cell line (ALC) by treatment with sodium fluoride (NaF). The activities of RhoA and Rho‐associated protein kinase (ROCK) II decreased significantly by 8–12 hours, similar to decreased activity in RhoADN transgenic mice. Both canonical and non‐canonical Wnt pathways were activated by treatment with NaF, which was verified by western blotting and the β‐catenin‐TCF/LEF (T cell factor lymphanoid/enhancer factor) reporter gene (TOPflash) assay. β‐catenin localization to both cytoplasm and nucleus was up‐regulated in NaF‐treated ALC, while Gsk‐3β, the negative regulator of the Wnt pathway, showed a decreased pattern of expression. The current results indicate that both Wnt and RhoA pathways are implicated in fluoride‐induced signaling transductions in the ALC as well as in the development of enamel defects in RhoADN transgenic mice.
The role of amelogenin during enamel‐crystallite growth and organization in vivo
Authors: Wright J. Tim , Li Yong , Suggs Cynthia , Kuehl Melissa A. , Kulkarni Ashok B. , Gibson Carolyn W.
Published: January 2012

Wright JT, Li Y, Suggs C, Kuehl MA, Kulkarni AB, Gibson CW. The role of amelogenin during enamel‐crystallite growth and organization in vivo.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 65–69. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Amelogenin is critical for enamel formation, and human amelogenin gene (AMELX) mutations cause hypoplastic and/or hypomaturation enamel phenotypes. The Amelx null (AKO) mouse has a severe hypoplastic phenotype. This study evaluated the effect of amelogenin loss on enamel formation and crystallite morphology. Enamel from AKO and wild‐type (WT) mice was used. The AKO mice were mated with transgenic mice expressing the most abundant known amelogenin isoform, TgM180‐87, to rescue (KOM180‐87) the enamel crystallite phenotype. Molar enamel was embedded, sectioned with a diamond microtome, and images were obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The crystallite sizes from multiple sections were measured using Image J. The mean thicknesses (WT = 26 nm, AKO = 16 nm, and KOM180‐87 = 25 nm) and the mean widths (WT = 96 nm, AKO = 59 nm, KOM180‐87 = 85 nm) of crystallites were measured. Despite a complete loss of amelogenin in AKO mice, a mineralized enamel layer with well‐defined and organized crystallites is formed. In the absence of amelogenin, enamel crystallites were reduced in thickness and width. For the first time we show that introduction of the m180 amelogenin isoform into the AKO mouse through cross‐breeding rescues the crystallite phenotype. We conclude that amelogenin is essential for the development of normal crystallite size.
Ameloblastin regulates cell attachment and proliferation through RhoA and p27
Authors: Zhang Youbin , Zhang Xu , Lu Xuanyu , Atsawasuwan Phimon , Luan Xianghong
Published: January 2012

Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lu X, Atsawasuwan P, Luan X. Ameloblastin regulates cell attachment and proliferation through RhoA and p27.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 280–285. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

The matrix adhesion protein ameloblastin (AMBN) is one of the unique components of the mineralizing matrix of bones and teeth. Here we focused on two types of cells expressing AMBN – mouse dental follicle cells (mDF) and mouse periodontal ligament cells (mPDL) – to decipher AMBN function in developing dental, periodontal, and bone tissues. To test AMBN function, cell culture dishes of mDF and mPDL were exposed to either full‐length or C‐terminal (amino acids 137–407) recombinant Ambn protein. Alternatively, cells were subjected to transient transfection using an Ambn– small hairpin (sh) RNA vector. Our cell culture studies documented that dishes coated with full‐length AMBN promoted the attachment of mPDL and mDF cells as early as 1 h after seeding. In order to identify potential intermediaries that might aid the effect of AMBN on adhesion, RhoA expression levels in AMBN‐coated and uncoated control dishes were assessed. These studies indicated that AMBN induced RhoA expression 4 h after seeding, especially in mPDL cells. After 4 h of culture, the cell cycle inhibitor p27 was also up‐regulated. In addition, exogenous AMBN and its C‐terminal fragment reduced the proliferation of mDF and mPDL. Finally, transient transfection of mDF and mPDL cells with the Ambn–shRNA vector resulted in the down‐regulation of p27 in mPDL cells. Together, these data indicate that AMBN affects cell adhesion via RhoA and cell cycle progression through p27.
Exclusion of all three calbindins from a calcium‐ferry role in rat enamel cells
Authors: Hubbard Michael J. , McHugh Nicola J. , Mangum Jonathan E.
Published: January 2012

Hubbard MJ, McHugh NJ, Mangum JE. Exclusion of all three calbindins from a calcium‐ferry role in rat enamel cells.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 112–119. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

It is widely accepted that healthy enamel formation depends on a steady supply of calcium, yet only fragmentary understanding exists about the mechanisms underlying transepithelial calcium transport. Several lines of evidence indicate that calcium principally follows a transcellular route, which classically is thought to be facilitated by cytosolic calcium‐binding proteins termed calbindins. In enamel cells, however, this ‘calcium‐ferry’ dogma appears to fail as we previously found that the major calbindin in murine enamel cells (calbindin‐28 kDa) was down‐regulated during the peak period of calcium transport and enamel was formed normally in mice lacking calbindin‐28 kDa. It remains to be clarified whether the two other known calbindins could function as calcium ferries instead. This study used biochemical and proteomic approaches to obtain definitive identification and quantification of the 30‐kDa calbindin (calretinin) and calbindin‐9 kDa (S100‐G) in enamel epithelium from rat. By establishing that both of these calbindins contribute insufficient calcium capacities in molars and incisors, our results render the calcium‐ferry dogma untenable. Of significance to enamel defects and dental bioengineering, these findings support other evidence for an alternative organelle‐based mode of calcium transport (calcium transcytosis) and also implicate S100‐G/calbindin‐9 kDa, but not calretinin, in a calcium‐signaling role during enamel maturation.
Molecular evolution of matrix metalloproteinase 20
Authors: Kawasaki Kazuhiko , Suzuki Tohru
Published: January 2012

Kawasaki K, Suzuki T. Molecular evolution of matrix metalloproteinase 20. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 247–253. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Dental enamel is a hypermineralized tissue, containing only trace amounts of organic components. During enamel formation, matrix metalloproteinase 20 (MMP20) processes proteins comprising enamel matrix and facilitates hypermineralization. In the human genome, 24 distinct MMP genes have been identified. Among these genes,MMP20is clustered with eight other genes, includingMMP13, and all these clustered genes show phylogenetically close relationships. In this study, we investigatedMMP20and closely related MMP genes in various tetrapods and in a teleost fish, fugu. In the genome of the chicken, a toothless tetrapod, we identified degraded exons ofMMP20, which supports the previous proposition thatMMP20is important specifically for enamel formation. Nevertheless, for unknown reasons, we failed to identifyMMP20in the platypus genome. In the opossum, lizard, and frog genomes,MMP20was found clustered withMMP13. Furthermore, in the fugu genome, we identified anMMP20‐like gene located adjacent toMMP13, suggesting thatMMP20arose before the divergence of ray‐finned fish and lobe‐finned fish. The teleost tooth surface is covered with enameloid, a hypermineralized tissue different from enamel. Thus, we hypothesize thatMMP20could have been used in an ancient hypermineralized tissue, which evolved into enameloid in teleosts and into enamel in tetrapods.
Enamel matrix derivative stimulates expression and secretion of resistin in mesenchymal cells
Authors: Obregon‐Whittle Maria V. , Stunes Astrid K. , Almqvist Sofia , Brookes Steven J. , Lee James D. , Syversen Unni , Lyngstadaas Staale P. , Reseland Janne E.
Published: January 2012

Obregon‐Whittle MV, Stunes AK, Almqvist S, Brookes SJ, Lee JD, Syversen U, Lyngstadaas SP, Reseland JE. Enamel matrix derivative stimulates expression and secretion of resistin in mesenchymal cells.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 366–372. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

In this study we wanted to identify the effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on adipocytokines, so‐called adipokines. Primary human cells of mesenchymal origin (osteoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and pulp cells) and hematopoietic origin (monocytes) were incubated with EMD. The levels of adipokines in cell culture medium were quantified using the Lincoplex human adipocyte panel (Luminex) and by real‐time PCR of mRNA isolated from cell lysates. Rats were injected with 2 mg of EMD or saline intramuscularly every third day for 14 d. Blood samples were taken before and after injections, and the level of resistin in rat plasma was measured by ELISA. We found a dramatic increase in the secretion of resistin from mesenchymal stem cells, and verified this result in all the cells of mesenchymal origin tested. However, we observed no significant changes in the amount of resistin secreted from monocytes exposed to EMD compared with the control. Injections of EMD significantly enhanced the circulating levels of resistin in rats, and EMD also significantly enhanced the activity of the resistin promoter in transfected mesenchymal stem cells, indicating a direct effect on resistin expression. Our results indicate that resistin may play a role in mediating the biological effect of EMD in mesenchymal tissues.
Epithelial‐specific knockout of the Rac1 gene leads to enamel defects
Authors: Huang Zhan , Kim Jieun , Lacruz Rodrigo S. , Bringas Jr Pablo , Glogauer Michael , Bromage Timothy G. , Kaartinen Vesa M. , Snead Malcolm L.
Published: January 2012

Huang Z, Kim J, Lacruz RS, Bringas P Jr, Glogauer M, Bromage TG, Kaartinen VM, Snead ML. Epithelial‐specific knockout of the Rac1 gene leads to enamel defects.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 168–176. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

The Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) gene encodes a 21‐kDa GTP‐binding protein belonging to the RAS superfamily. RAS members play important roles in controlling focal adhesion complex formation and cytoskeleton contraction, activities with consequences for cell growth, adhesion, migration, and differentiation. To examine the role(s) played by RAC1 protein in cell–matrix interactions and enamel matrix biomineralization, we used the Cre/loxP binary recombination system to characterize the expression of enamel matrix proteins and enamel formation in Rac1 knockout mice (Rac1−/−). Mating between mice bearing the floxed Rac1 allele and mice bearing a cytokeratin 14‐Cre transgene generated mice in which Rac1 was absent from epithelial organs. Enamel of the Rac1 conditional knockout mouse was characterized by light microscopy, backscattered electron imaging in the scanning electron microscope, microcomputed tomography, and histochemistry. Enamel matrix protein expression was analyzed by western blotting. Major findings showed that the Tomes’ processes of Rac1−/− ameloblasts lose contact with the forming enamel matrix in unerupted teeth, the amounts of amelogenin and ameloblastin are reduced in Rac1−/− ameloblasts, and after eruption, the enamel from Rac1−/− mice displays severe structural defects with a complete loss of enamel. These results support an essential role for RAC1 in the dental epithelium involving cell–matrix interactions and matrix biomineralization.
Ameloblastin‐rich enamel matrix favors short and randomly oriented apatite crystals
Authors: Lu Xuanyu , Ito Yoshihiro , Kulkarni Ashok , Gibson Carolyn , Luan Xianghong , Diekwisch Thomas G. H.
Published: January 2012

Lu X, Ito Y, Kulkarni A, Gibson C, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. Ameloblastin‐rich enamel matrix favors short and randomly oriented apatite crystals.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 254–260. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

Molecular evolution studies suggest that amelogenin (AMELX), the principal component of the mammalian enamel matrix, emerged considerably later than ameloblastin (AMBN), and enamelin. Here, we created a transgenic mouse model to ask the question how a conceivable basal enamel lacking AMELX and enriched in the more basal AMBN might compare with recent mouse enamel. To answer this question we overexpressed AMBN using a keratin 14 (K14) promoter and removed AMELX from the genetic background by crossbreeding with amelx−/− mice. Enamel coverings of amelx−/− mice and of the squamate Iguana iguana were used for comparison. Scanning electron microscopic analysis documented that AMBN transgenic (TG) × amelx−/− mouse molars were covered by a 5 μm thin ‘enameloid’ layer resembling the thin enamel of the Iguana squamate. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the enamel of developing AMBN TG × amelx−/− mouse molars contained short (approximately 70 nm) and randomly oriented crystals, while WT controls, AMBN overexpressors, and AMELX−/− mice all featured elongated and parallel oriented crystals measuring between 300 and 600 nm in average length. Together, these studies illustrate that AMBN promotes the growth of a crystalline enamel layer with short and randomly oriented crystals, but lacks the ability to facilitate the formation of long and parallel oriented apatite crystals.
Enamel alterations in serotonin 2B receptor knockout mice
Authors: Harichane Yassine , Dimitrova‐Nakov Sasha , Marchadier Arnaud , Collet Corinne , Baudry Anne , Vidal Catherine , Kamoun‐Goldrat Agnès , Kellermann Odile , Goldberg Michel
Published: January 2012

Harichane Y, Dimitrova‐Nakov S, Marchadier A, Collet C, Baudry A, Vidal C, Kamoun‐Goldrat A, Kellermann O, Goldberg M. Enamel alterations in serotonin 2B receptor knockout mice.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 177–184. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci

The role of the serotonin 2B receptor (5‐HT2BR) in enamel formation and mineralization was explored in adult 5HT2BR knockout (KO) mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice. In the molar, quantitative data obtained by micro‐computed tomography imaging showed that the overall volume of the enamel layer was firmly reduced in KO mice. Defective mineralization was ascertained by energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis. We also observed, using scanning electron microscopy, that parazones in the KO mice included two or three helicoidally twisted rods within Hunter–Schreger bands, instead of a single rod, as found in the WT mice. Minor disturbances were also detected in the incisors of KO mice. Structural modifications, thinner enamel crystallites, and porosities observed in KO mice indicate that the 5‐HT2BR‐mediated signaling pathways as part of the enamel formation process. These data provide a basis for evaluating the role of 5‐HT2BR in ameloblast functions. Defects observed in the mineralization and structure of enamel in KO mice highlight that the 5‐HT2BR interferes with the mechanisms directing amelogenesis.
Chloride intracellular channels modulate acute ethanol behaviors in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mice
Authors: Bhandari P. , Hill J. S. , Farris S. P. , Costin B. , Martin I. , Chan C.‐L. , Alaimo J. T. , Bettinger J. C. , Davies A. G. , Miles M. F. , Grotewiel M.
Published: January 2012

Identifying genes that influence behavioral responses to alcohol is critical for understanding the molecular basis of alcoholism and ultimately developing therapeutic interventions for the disease. Using an integrated approach that combined the power of the Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse model systems with bioinformatics analyses, we established a novel, conserved role for chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) in alcohol‐related behavior. CLIC proteins might have several biochemical functions including intracellular chloride channel activity, modulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signaling, and regulation of ryanodine receptors and A‐kinase anchoring proteins. We initially identified vertebrate Clic4 as a candidate ethanol‐responsive gene via bioinformatic analysis of data from published microarray studies of mouse and human ethanol‐related genes. We confirmed that Clic4 expression was increased by ethanol treatment in mouse prefrontal cortex and also uncovered a correlation between basal expression of Clic4 in prefrontal cortex and the locomotor activating and sedating properties of ethanol across the BXD mouse genetic reference panel. Furthermore, we found that disruption of the sole Clic Drosophila orthologue significantly blunted sensitivity to alcohol in flies, that mutations in two C. elegans Clic orthologues, exc‐4 and exl‐1, altered behavioral responses to acute ethanol in worms and that viral‐mediated overexpression of Clic4 in mouse brain decreased the sedating properties of ethanol. Together, our studies demonstrate key roles for Clic genes in behavioral responses to acute alcohol in Drosophila, C. elegans and mice.
Quantification of trends in radiation oncology infrastructure in Pakistan, 2004–2009
Authors: BEGUM Naseem , NASREEN Shahida , SHAH Abdul Saeed
Published: January 2012

Aim:  To provide objective estimates of radiation oncology infrastructure in Pakistan for the years 2004 and 2009 in order to quantify trends in radiotherapy facilities, patient load and to identify the future needs.

Methods:  Nationwide surveys using structured questionnaires were conducted in 2005 and 2010 by the Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Peshawar, to assess the status of radiation oncology infrastructure in 2004 and 2009. The data were analyzed to observe the trends.

Results:  Megavoltage teletherapy machines increased from 37 in 2004 to 41 in 2009. New patients registered in all radiotherapy centers were 33 369 in 2004 and 46 114 in 2009. Conventional simulators used for tumour localization increased from 15 to 21 and computerized tomography simulators from 0 to 07. Radiation treatment planning systems for dose calculations of tumors and vital organs increased from 15 to 26 and brachytherapy units from 12 to 13. There were 725 patients per medical physicist in 2004 versus 632 in 2009. Patients per radiation oncologist were 439 in 2004 versus 549 in 2009. Number of radiotherapy technologists/shift/machine was 1.69 in 2004 versus 1.90 in 2009. Repair maintenance personnel improved from 2.11/2 megavoltage units in 2004 to 2.49 in 2009.

Conclusion:  While there was an increase in number of radiotherapy centers, equipment and human resources available, this was insufficient to comply with international guidelines. An adequate enhancement in radiation oncology infrastructure is needed to cope with the predicted rise in cancer incidence.
Epidemiological survey of biomarkers of hepatitis virus in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas
Authors: QU Zhenliang , CUI Naiqiang , QIN Mingfang , WU Xianzhong
Published: January 2012

Aim:  Hepatitis virus B and C (HBV and HCV) are suggested to be risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), but whether they are risk factors for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) is disputed. To test the biomarkers in patients with ECC and further elucidate the relationship of HBV or HCV infection with ECC risk, we conducted a retrospective survey on hepatitis virus markers in patients with ECC.

Methods:  A hospital‐based case‐control study was conducted to review prior infection with hepatitis virus and the seroprevalence of hepatitis virus markers in the patients with ECC or with benign biliary disease (BBD). HBV X antigen (HBxAg) was detected in the tissues by immunohistochemical staining.

Results:  A total of 305 patients with ECC and 480 with BBD were enrolled in this study. Compared with BBD patients, ECC patients had a higher prevalence of prior infection with HBV (6.2 vs 2.3%) and chronic HBV infection (9 vs 1.9%). The overall seropositive rate for HBV markers in the two groups was 22.6 versus 6% (P < 0.01) and for HBxAg detection it was 75 versus 26% (P < 0.001). The seroprevalence of anti‐HCV was 4.3% in the EEC patients and 5.6% in BBD patients with no significant difference between them.

Conclusion:  The high prevalence of HBV biomarkers in ECC strongly supports the notion that HBV infection may be a risk factor for ECC. The high frequency of HBxAg expression suggests its important role in the pathogenesis of bile duct neoplasm.
Evaluation of the safety and feasibility of rapid rituximab infusion
Authors: LANG Dora , PROUSE Janette , BARRY Fiona , CATHERWOOD Amanda , CHAPLIN Kylie , ELLIOTT Lisa , GRECO Kim , MCGAHEY Wendy , NILSEN Jill , SINGHAL Nimit
Published: January 2012

Aim:  To assess safety of rapid infusion by measuring infusion‐related side effects and toxicities.

Methods:  Participants received the first rituximab infusion according to the manufacturers' recommendations. If well‐tolerated, they then received the second and subsequent infusions at a rate of 20% of the dose over the first 30 min and the remaining 80% over the next hour. Premedication was administered for all the infusions.

Results:  A total of 243 infusions in 65 consecutive participants were evaluated. Six experienced a grade 1 reaction and one a grade 3 transfusion‐related adverse event. Three of these participants were withdrawn from the rapid infusion study. The other four participants (grade 1 only participants) were re‐challenged. The same premedication was used as in the first rapid infusion. On experiencing a grade 1 reaction, promethazine 12.5 mg i.v. was administered and infusion recommenced at 50% of the previous rate upon the resolution of symptoms. Three patients developed a grade 1 adverse event and one patient experienced no adverse reaction. The three patients who did not tolerate the second rapid infusion were withdrawn from this study.

Conclusion:  A rituximab infusion over 90‐min was safe and feasible for participants who seek treatment at ambulatory cancer centre. The new regimen has been adopted as a standard practice with better resource utilization.
Surgical treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis: Experience from a single institution in China
Authors: YAN Zhongshu , LIAO Guoqing , PEI Haiping
Published: January 2012

Aim:  Surgical options for familiar adenomatous polyposis (FAP) have been standardized in developed countries but are still controversial in China. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the results of patients with FAP treated in a university hospital.

Methods:  In all 42 consecutive patients with FAP were operated on between May 1988 and June 2008. Median follow up was 7.2 years (2.2–20 years). Of these 33 patients were treated by proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis. A total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis was undertaken in six and a proctocolectomy with ileostomy in three patients who had invasive rectal cancer.

Results:  Postoperative morbidity was insignificant. There were five wound infections, one intestinal obstruction, one anastomotic leakage, one anastomotic stenosis and one refractory pouchitis. One patient died from stroke. Five died from FAP‐related disorders, namely, abdominal desmoids, liver metastases and advanced rectal cancer. Desmoid tumor occurred in five patients. Periampullary adenoma and carcinoma developed in four patients. In those with pouch procedure the 24‐h bowel movement was 7.14 ± 1.28 (range 5–11) and their 10‐year overall survival was 87.5%.

Conclusion:  A proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis maybe the best choice for FAP patients in China. Surgical expertise, good teamwork and careful long‐term follow up are mandatory.
Long‐term yield and performance of 15 different Miscanthus genotypes in southwest Germany
Authors: Gauder M. , Graeff‐Hönninger S. , Lewandowski I. , Claupein W.
Published: January 2012

A field experiment with 15 Miscanthus genotypes including M. × giganteus, M. sacchariflorus, M. sinensis and M. sinensis hybrids was conducted for 14 years at the experimental Ihinger Hof station of the University of Hohenheim in southwest Germany to evaluate interannual yield performance stability over 14 years of harvests of the different genotypes. In this article, a simple formula is presented which could be used to forecast late winter yields using morphological traits in autumn. The data obtained indicated a shorter establishment period to reach a yield plateau of M. × giganteus and M. sacchariflorus than M. sinensis hybrids and M. sinensis genotypes. The best performing genotype was M. × giganteus (Gig‐2, No. 16.21) with a mean spring harvestable yield of 14.1 t DM ha−1 year−1. A correlation analysis with climatic parameters revealed precipitation during the growing period as the key factor for high yields at this site. Likewise, but to a lesser degree, heat sum during the growing period was positively correlated with yields. It could be shown that precipitation/snow during the winter correlated with yield losses, until the harvest date in February/March. Phenological measurements indicated that a high yield potential of the tested genotypes is associated with either an absence of flowering or late flowering. Also, height of the plants and shoot diameter were indicators for high yield potential. Shoot density and plant height at senescence were found to be solid parameters to estimate harvestable biomass in late winter. Yield approximations with a mean accuracy of 80.9% for M.× giganteus genotypes were obtained using the newly developed equation. Yields of M. sinensis hybrid (Sin‐H7) were projected most accurately with this simple formula, resulting in a mean accuracy of 84.5%.
Sexual Initiation, Parent Practices, and Acculturation in Hispanic Seventh Graders
Authors: Morales‐Campos Daisy Y. , Markham Christine , Peskin Melissa Fleschler , Fernandez Maria E.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Hispanic youths have high rates of sexually transmitted infections and pregnancies, yet little research has targeted multiple protective/risk factors for early sexual initiation in this group. This study examined two main factors—parenting practices and acculturation—on early sexual initiation among Hispanic middle school students in Texas.

METHODS: Using data from Hispanic seventh graders (N = 655) in 15 urban middle schools in southeast Texas, we examined the association between parental monitoring/parent‐child communication about sexual health and sexual initiation.

RESULTS: After controlling for age, gender, parent/guardian education, family structure, acculturation level, and intervention status, the likelihood of ever having sex decreased 50% for every 1‐point increase in the parental monitoring score (AOR = 0.50;95%CI = 0.34,0.75). No association was found between ever having sex and parent‐child communication scores (AOR = 1.29;95%CI = 0.76,2.18). Furthermore, parental monitoring differed significantly between acculturation levels, 1‐way analysis of variance F(2,652) = 5.07, p < 0.007. This finding was unrelated to the parental monitoring‐initiation association in the multivariable model.

CONCLUSION: Parental monitoring may delay sexual initiation among Hispanic middle school students. Parental monitoring differs by acculturation levels, warranting further investigation. These findings can inform school‐based, parent‐involved interventions designed to delay sexual initiation among Hispanic youth.
The Effect of Nutrient‐Based Standards on Competitive Foods in 3 Schools: Potential Savings in Kilocalories and Grams of Fat*
Authors: Snelling Anastasia M. , Yezek Jennifer
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: The study investigated how nutrient standards affected the number of kilocalories and grams of fat and saturated fat in competitive foods offered and sold in 3 high schools.

METHODS: The study is a quasi‐experimental design with 3 schools serving as the units of assignment and analysis. The effect of the nutrient standards was measured by the change in kilocalories and grams of fat and saturated fat in offerings and purchases of competitive foods pre‐ and postimplementation of the standards. A paired sample t‐test was used to compare kilocalories and grams of fat and saturated fat pre‐ and postimplementation of nutrition standards.

RESULTS: After the implementation of the nutrition standards, students in 3 high schools purchased significantly smaller numbers of kilocalories and grams of fat and saturated fat, during the postpolicy school year of 2007‐2008 than during the prepolicy school year of 2004‐2005.

CONCLUSION: Using nutrient standards to guide the selection of competitive foods offered in school cafeterias may positively affect intake of kilocalories, total grams of fat, and total saturated fat of those foods. The quantitative assessment is novel and demonstrates the reduction in kilocalories and fat in both the competitive food offerings and purchases as a result of nutrient standards.
Diagnosis and management of oviductal disease in three red‐eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Mans C. , Sladky K. K.
Published: January 2012

Three mature, female, red‐eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) were individually, and separately, diagnosed with different forms of oviductal disease. Case 1 presented with acute cloacal bleeding and was diagnosed with acute oviductal rupture and ectopic eggs in the coelom. Case 2 presented for repeated scratching in the direction of the cloaca and was diagnosed with chronic oviductal impaction and coelomitis. Both cases were treated successfully by endoscopy‐assisted complete ovariosalpingectomy via a bilateral prefemoral approach. Case 3 presented with a reduced appetite and signs of nesting behaviour and was diagnosed with obstructive dystocia associated with bacterial salpingitis. Successful treatment consisted of transcloacal egg removal and systemic antibiotics. Complete recovery was achieved in all three turtles, which remained disease‐free 23 to 33 months later. Oviductal disease can present with a variety of clinical signs, and an accurate diagnosis can be made based on a thorough history, physical examination and appropriate diagnostic techniques.
A descriptive study of ‘non‐cases’ and referral rates to an early intervention for psychosis service
Authors: O'Donoghue Brian , Lyne John , Renwick Laoise , Madigan Kevin , Kinsella Anthony , Clarke Mary , Turner Niall , O'Callaghan Eadbhard
Published: January 2012

Aim: Despite there being approximately 200 early intervention services for psychosis worldwide, little is known about the referral rates to these services, the diagnoses and needs of individuals found not to have a first episode of psychosis (FEP). Firstly, we aimed to describe the diagnoses for individuals who were found not to have a FEP (non‐cases) following an assessment using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (SCID). We then aimed to examine the referral rates of cases and non‐cases to an early intervention service.

Methods: All individuals referred to the early intervention service underwent a clinical assessment using the SCID.

Results: In a 4‐year period, there were 632 referrals to the early intervention service for psychosis, and of these, 53% (n = 338) were found to have a FEP, 5% (n = 34) were found to have an at‐risk mental state for psychosis and 41% (n = 260) were found to be ‘non‐cases’. This represents a ratio of 1.9:1 of referrals to cases, or approximately 2:1. Of the non‐cases, 27% (n = 62) satisfied criteria for a mood disorder, with major depressive disorder the commonest diagnosis. A further 18% (n = 42) of non‐cases satisfied criteria for an anxiety disorder and nearly half of these were diagnosed with social phobia. The ratio of referrals to cases was not consistent over time and rose from 1.3:1 in the first year to 2:1 in the fourth year.

Conclusion: A large proportion of individuals referred to an early intervention for psychosis service were found not to have psychotic disorder, however they still have significant needs regarding their mental health.
Fistula to the native esophagus after pharyngogastrostomy for malignant disease: A rare phenomenon in esophageal surgery
Authors: Hernández Hernández Juan Ramón , Navarro Barlés Gonzalo , López‐Tomassetti Fernández Eudaldo M. , Vega Benítez Victor , Núñez Jorge Valentín
Published: January 2012

This article features the case study of a 32‐year‐old female patient who had undergone surgery to remove a cervical spine tumor and who later developed cervical esophagus necrosis secondary to the erosion caused by an osteosynthesis 13 years after her prosthetic cervical surgery.

Barium swallow did not show anything abnormal, but after an emergency spiral computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, a paravertebral abscess was found, along with displacement of the fixation plate and the disappearance of the esophageal silhouette on coronal sections. The patient underwent surgery to drain the abscess, extract the osteosynthesis materials and the stabilization plates, and to perform a temporary esophageal exclusion.

Two months after this surgery the esophagus was reconstructed by performing a retrosternal pharyngogastrostomy without resection of the remaining cervicothoracic esophagus due to severe fibrosis and the absence of local recurrence.

During the immediate post operatory period the patient developed a cervical fistula and after a month of conservative treatment, severe dysphagia was observed. Imaging tests showed a spontaneous fistula from the pharynx to the native esophagus, which prompted extraordinary treatment. Therefore, a jejunal loop was taken to the esophagus in the hiatus with a Roux‐en‐Y anastomosis to resolve this condition.
Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment in India
Authors: Beaman Lori , Duflo Esther , Pande Rohini , Topalova Petia
Published: January 2012

Girl Power

The potential of affirmative action policies to reduce overall outcomes because of lower individual performance has been discussed widely and at length. But do quotas or preferential treatment of applicants alter the pool of candidates?
Balafoutas and Sutter
(p.
579
; see the Perspective by

Villeval

) used an existing laboratory-based task to assess the change in composition of winning candidates and the overall outcome as a function of three affirmative action policies. Policies designed to encourage more women to enter a competitive environment served to recruit enough high-performing individuals to ensure that the efficiency in performing the task was preserved.

Beaman
et al.

(p.
582
, published online 12 January) examined the effects of a constitutionally mandated reservation of village-council and council-leader positions for women in West Bengal after two election cycles (1998 and 2003). The program appeared to narrow the gender gap in aspirations of parents for their children and of children for themselves; in addition, teenage girls spent more time in school and less on household chores. Beliefs and attitudes changed only after the second set of elections—that is, after a longer exposure to female role models—complementing the more rapid policy changes instituted by women council leaders after the first round of elections.
High-Latitude Forcing of the South American Summer Monsoon During the Last Glacial
Authors: Kanner Lisa C. , Burns Stephen J. , Cheng Hai , Edwards R. Lawrence
Published: January 2012

Monsoon Forcing

Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) events—the sudden, millennial-scale periods of warmth that punctuate the cold climate of the Last Glacial period, and Heinrich events—cold intervals characterized by tremendous discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic, have been observed at many locations in the Northern Hemisphere but not extensively in the Southern Hemisphere.

Kanner
et al.

(p.
570
, published online 12 January; see the Perspective by

Rodbell

) present a stable isotope record from the central Peruvian Andes, which represents a record of the South American Summer Monsoon from 50,000 to 16,000 years ago and which contains the signals of D/O and Heinrich events. The Southern Hemisphere monsoon displayed an antiphase relationship to Northern Hemisphere monsoon intensity at the millennial scale, and Antarctic millennial-scale climate fluctuations influenced the South American Summer Monsoon.
Revealing the Superfluid Lambda Transition in the Universal Thermodynamics of a Unitary Fermi Gas
Authors: Ku Mark J. H. , Sommer Ariel T. , Cheuk Lawrence W. , Zwierlein Martin W.
Published: January 2012

Nailing Down the Superfluid Transition

A gas of fermions, the class of particle that protons, neutrons, and electrons belong to, can be found in contexts as different as neutron stars and a block of metal. When the interaction between fermions is on the brink of forming fermion pairs, the thermodynamics of the gas become dependent only on the gas temperature and density.

Ku
et al.

(p.
563
, published online 12 January; see the Perspective by

Zwerger

) measured this universal thermodynamics with high precision in an ultracold Fermi gas, observing the predicted transition into a superfluid state through the characteristic lambda-shaped transition in the gas's specific heat.