bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergetic formation of secondary inorganic and organic aerosol: effect of SO2 and NH3 on particle formation and growth
Authors: Chu Biwu , Zhang Xiao , Liu Yongchun , He Hong , Sun Yele , Jiang Jingkun , Li Junhua , Hao Jiming
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The effects of SO2 and NH3 on secondary organic aerosol formation have rarely been investigated together, while the interactive effects between inorganic and organic species under highly complex pollution conditions remain uncertain. Here we studied the effects of SO2 and NH3 on secondary aerosol formation in the photooxidation system of toluene∕NOx in the presence or absence of Al2O3 seed aerosols in a 2 m3 smog chamber. The presence of SO2 increased new particle formation and particle growth significantly, regardless of whether NH3 was present. Sulfate, organic aerosol, nitrate, and ammonium were all found to increase linearly with increasing SO2 concentrations. The increases in these four species were more obvious under NH3-rich conditions, and the generation of nitrate, ammonium, and organic aerosol increased more significantly than sulfate with respect to SO2 concentration, while sulfate was the most sensitive species under NH3-poor conditions. The synergistic effects between SO2 and NH3 in the heterogeneous process contributed greatly to secondary aerosol formation. Specifically, the generation of NH4NO3 was found to be highly dependent on the surface area concentration of suspended particles, and increased most significantly with SO2 concentration among the four species under NH3-rich conditions. Meanwhile, the absorbed NH3 might provide a liquid surface layer for the absorption and subsequent reaction of SO2 and organic products and, therefore, enhance sulfate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This effect mainly occurred in the heterogeneous process and resulted in a significantly higher growth rate of seed aerosols compared to without NH3. By applying positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis to the AMS data, two factors were identified for the generated SOA. One factor, assigned to less-oxidised organic aerosol and some oligomers, increased with increasing SO2 under NH3-poor conditions, mainly due to the well-known acid catalytic effect of the acid products on SOA formation in the heterogeneous process. The other factor, assigned to the highly oxidised organic component and some nitrogen-containing organics (NOC), increased with SO2 under a NH3-rich environment, with NOC (organonitrates and NOC with reduced N) contributing most of the increase.
How do air ions reflect variations in ionising radiation in the lower atmosphere in a boreal forest?
Authors: Chen Xuemeng , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Paatero Jussi , Paasonen Pauli , Manninen Hanna E. , Nieminen Tuomo , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Most of the ion production in the atmosphere is attributed to ionising radiation. In the lower atmosphere, ionising radiation consists mainly of the decay emissions of radon and its progeny, gamma radiation of the terrestrial origin as well as photons and elementary particles of cosmic radiation. These types of radiation produce ion pairs via the ionisation of nitrogen and oxygen as well as trace species in the atmosphere, the rate of which is defined as the ionising capacity. Larger air ions are produced out of the initial charge carriers by processes such as clustering or attachment to pre-existing aerosol particles. This study aimed (1) to identify the key factors responsible for the variability in ionising radiation and in the observed air ion concentrations, (2) to reveal the linkage between them and (3) to provide an in-depth analysis into the effects of ionising radiation on air ion formation, based on measurement data collected during 2003–2006 from a boreal forest site in southern Finland. In general, gamma radiation dominated the ion production in the lower atmosphere. Variations in the ionising capacity came from mixing layer dynamics, soil type and moisture content, meteorological conditions, long-distance transportation, snow cover attenuation and precipitation. Slightly similar diurnal patterns to variations in the ionising capacity were observed in air ion concentrations of the cluster size (0.8–1.7 nm in mobility diameters). However, features observed in the 0.8–1 nm ion concentration were in good connection to variations of the ionising capacity. Further, by carefully constraining perturbing variables, a strong dependency of the cluster ion concentration on the ionising capacity was identified, proving the functionality of ionising radiation in air ion production in the lower atmosphere. This relationship, however, was only clearly observed on new particle formation (NPF) days, possibly indicating that charges after being born underwent different processes on NPF days and non-event days and also that the transformation of newly formed charges to cluster ions occurred in a shorter timescale on NPF days than on non-event days.
Estimation and Evaluation of COSMIC Radio Occultation Excess Phase Using
Non-differenced Measurements
Authors: Xia Pengfei , Ye Shirong , Jiang Kecai , Chen Dezhong
Published: November 2016

Abstract. In the GPS radio occultation technique, the atmospheric excess phase (AEP) can be used to derive the refractivity which is an important quantity in numerical weather prediction. The AEP is conventionally estimated based on GPS double-differenced or single-differenced techniques. These two techniques, however, require the reference link data in the data processing increasing the complexity of computation. In this study, a non-differenced (ND) processing strategy is proposed to estimate the AEP. To begin with, we used PANDA (Positioning and Navigation Data Analyst) software to perform the precise orbit determination (POD) for the COSIMC (The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate) satellite to acquire the position and velocity of the center of mass of the satellite and the corresponded receive clock offset. The bending angles, refractivity and dry temperature profiles are derived from the estimated AEP by the ROPP (Radio Occultation Processing Package) software. The ND method is validated by the COSMIC products in typical rising and setting occultation events. Comparison results indicate that RMS (root mean square) errors of relative refractivity differences between ND-derived and "atmPrf" profiles are better than 4 % and 3 % in rising and setting occultation events, respectively. In addition, we also compared the relative refractivity bias between ND-derived and "atmPrf" profiles of globally distributed 200 COSMIC occultation events on December 12, 2013. The statistic results show that the average RMS relative refractivity deviation between ND-derived and COSMIC profile is better than 2 % in the rising occultation event, and it is better than 1.7 % in setting occultation event. Moreover, the observed COSMIC refractivity profiles from ND processing strategy are further validated using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses data, and the results indicate that non-differencing reduces the noise level on the excess phase paths in the lower troposphere compared to single difference processing strategy.
Poética del yo en los dietarios de José Jiménez Lozano: Los tres cuadernos rojos
Authors: Calvo Revilla Ana
Published: November 2016

Analizamos los principios poéticos que presiden la escritura de Los tres cuadernos rojos, el primer volumen de dietarios publicado por José Jiménez Lozano. Con ellos contribuye el escritor abulense a la vitalidad del género y se suma al continuum de la tradición literaria, ofreciendo los frutos de su diálogo constante con la cultura occidental. Nos detenemos especialmente en el análisis de dos de los núcleos temáticos que vertebran su pensamiento: las reflexiones teológicas, que muestran su interés por la dimensión espiritual y religiosa del hombre de su tiempo y las reflexiones históricas, que ofrecen una disección de la sociedad de su tiempo.
La baja lira: de Masuccio Salernitano a Bernardo Tasso y Garcilaso
Authors: Colón Calderón Isabel
Published: November 2016

Este artículo estudia el primer verso del poema de Garcilaso Ode ad florem Gnidi, “mi baja lira”. El adjetivo “baja” está empleado de una forma diferente a otras obras, en que es utilizado de forma positiva. Antes de Garcilaso dos escritores presentaron como él la lira: Bernardo Tasso y Masuccio Salernitano. La relación de ambos autores con Nápoles apoya la conexión entre Garcilaso y la ciudad italiana.
Variación semántica y significado social: hacia una sociolingüística cognitiva de la Tercera Ola
Authors: Pizarro Pedraza Andrea
Published: November 2016

Dos elementos clave revelan un cambio de etapa en sociolingüística hacia una perspectiva más flexible: el estudio de la variación semántica y la inclusión de variables microsociológicas. Este artículo consiste en una propuesta teórica para combinar las dos perspectivas responsables de este cambio, respectivamente, la sociolingüística cognitiva y la Tercera Ola de los estudios de variación. Se localizan las conexiones teóricas entre ambas y se expone el programa para una sociolingüística cognitiva de la Tercera Ola. Combinando objetivos, métodos y herramientas de ambas, se subraya la necesidad de investigar la capacidad de la variación semántica para crear significado social. A diferencia de los trabajos sociolingüístico-cognitivos hasta ahora, se defiende una perspectiva ‘más sociolingüística’ tanto en la obtención de datos, como en la interpretación del significado de la variación para los hablantes en tanto que agentes sociales, como en la Tercera Ola de los estudios de variación.
Fad Diets: Lifestyle Promises and Health Challenges
Authors: Khawandanah Jomana , Tewfik Ihab
Published: November 2016

Chronic excess of dietary intake combined with reduced energy expenditure increase the positive energy balance. This transition in behaviour contributes significantly to prevalence of obesity, impairment of health, reduction in quality of life and increases health-care costs. While obesity has turned into a public health threat, with the government failing to reverse this growing trend, good number of people is undertaking fad diets with the hope to lose weight fast and easy. Furthermore, media and peers contribute to the popularity of fad diets as they put pressure to individuals who desire a certain body image, which leads to low self-esteem and perhaps eating disorders. Despite the fact that fad diets may appeal as simple way to lose weight, recent studies have shown that such diets in the long term are unsustainable and can bring adverse side effects to health. Consideration of the reviewed literature suggests that long-life changes in diet and lifestyle might be the best approaches to maintain a healthy weight in the long term. Overweight individuals should consult nutrition professions before adopting any fad diets to minimise the health risks and psychological impacts.
Wetenschap, politiepraktijk en kennistransfer
Authors: Huisjes Henk
Published: November 2016

Science, police practice, and knowledge transfer

This article discusses relations between social science, education, and professional practice, and focuses on the impact of scientific research on police profession. The importance of knowledge transfer is clearly articulated in the strategic research agenda of the Dutch police. Police researchers are expected not only to do proper and relevant practice oriented research on aspects of security and policing, but also to contribute to the impact of scientific knowledge on the education of (future) professionals. This asks for an association with teachers, since they are in a key position regarding further knowledge transfer. Compelling examples of other sectors, like healthcare, may inspire the police to rethink key roles of teachers in that respect.
An Analysis of Participation, Identity Conversations, and Social Networking Affordances on an Online Social Network for Children
Authors: Valentine Stephanie , Hammond Tracy
Published: November 2016

In this study, we explore the behaviors of children ages 7 to 12 years on our custom social network, KidGab, to understand the activities that increase participation and identity-related conversation. We specifically study the effects of two social networking affordances provided by KidGab: a suite of personality quizzes and a badge-based participatory reward system. Both affordances harness the preadolescent’s internal focus on identity exploration. We analyzed KidGab’s activity logs in an attempt to understand the relationships between activities on these affordances and other engagement measured on the site (e.g., the total posts authored on KidGab per day, total comments authored per day, likes per day, etc.). We also investigate the amount of conversation relating to identity that accompanies quizzes and badges. We found that taking quizzes and posting results had a higher positive correlation with online participation on KidGab than attempting to earn badges. Our results suggest that, though youth are interested in self-reflecting via textual compositions, on a daily basis they partake more in personality-quiz-style activities that provide them instant feedback and shared experiences with other users.
Innovating with users online? How network-characteristics affect collaboration for innovation
Authors: Lüders Marika
Published: November 2016

This paper addresses how network characteristics affect collaboration in open innovation applications. Combining insights from open innovation and networked innovation, this paper applies an analytical framework addressing the innovation process from ideation to potential innovation, with a focus on relationships between involved parties and types of collective action. The analysis is based on the use of an open innovation application in three organizations: a hospital, an IT-company and three municipalities. Findings suggest that open innovation applications for gathering ideas facilitate a cross-cutting of vertical/hierarchical and horizontal/domain boundaries yet do little to alleviate challenges with innovation-management and cross-domain communication. Innovation-work beyond ideation, proceeding from an idea to an implemented innovation, is an example of high level collaboration, requiring high levels of commitment, reciprocal trust, common purpose, mutual benefits and risks. The ideation-phase and the later phases of the innovation-process hence benefit from different constellations of networks.
Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Novel Sorbent for Dispersive Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Triazine Herbicides in Aqueous Media
Authors: Feizbakhsh Alireza , Ehteshami Shokooh
Published: November 2016

In this study, a polythiophene/chitosan polymer and electrospinning polymer nanofibers as modifiercompounds were used, and magnetic nanocomposites as a novel adsorbent were proposed, for the preconcentration of some triazines, includingatrazine, ametryn, and terbutryn, in aqueous samples before GC.The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic polymer nanofibers, and polythiophene magnetic nanocomposite were characterizedby scanning electron microscopy. The separation of the target analytes fromthe aqueous solutioncontaining the triazines and different magnetic nanocomposites were simply achieved by applying an external magnetic field. The extraction efficiency of magnetic polyamide nanofiberswas enhanced as compared with other modified magnetic nanoparticles. The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency, including desorption conditions, nanocomposite component ratio, electrospinningtime, sorbent amount, extraction time, ionic strength, and sample pH, were optimized. The developed method proved to be convenient and offers sufficient sensitivity and good reproducibility.Under optimized conditions, the method's LOD (S/N = 3) and LOQ (S/N = 10) were 1–5 and 15ng L−1, respectively; good linearity was obtained within the range of 15–2000 ng L−1 for triazines, with correlation coefficients >0.9997. The RSDat the concentration level of 100 ng L−1 was 9–14% (n = 3). Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to the determination of triazines in realsamples, in which relative recoveriesof 98–103% were obtained. Compared with other methods, the current method is characterized by its ease, fast separation, and low detection limits.
Development of a Liquid Chip Technique to Simultaneously Detect Spring Viremia of Carp Virus, Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, and Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia of Salmonids
Authors: Tong Guixiang , Wei Xinxian , Yin Weili , Liao Xiaoguang , Yang Kai , Fang Zhishan , Sun Tao , Yue Zhiqin , Li Xiaozheng
Published: November 2016

A liquid chip technique was developed to detect spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) of salmonids simultaneously. Sequencesof the G gene of SVCV, N gene of IHNV, and G gene of VHSV were used to design SVCV-, IHNV-, and VHSV-specific primers, which were labeled with biotin and subjected to amination modification. They were then coupled with fluorescence-coded microspheres and used for hybridization with reverse-transcription PCR products of SVCV, IHNV, and VHSV. A BD FACSArray was used to detect fluorescencesignal in the reaction system. This assay system had a high sensitivity to SVCV, VHSV, and IHNV, with LODs of 10, 10, and 100 pg/μL, respectively. Moreover, the assay was specific for the detection of SVCV, IHNV, and VHSV and was not susceptible to cross-detection of other viruses, including pike fry rhabdovirus, hirame rhabdovirus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, viral nervous necrosis virus, yellowtail ascites virus, grass carp reovirus, red sea bream iridovirus, and koi herpesvirus. The liquid chip assay technique established inthis study provides a novel, convenient, and rapid approach for the detection of SVCV, IHNV, and VHSV.
TLC-Densitometric and RP-HPLC Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Dexamethasone and Chlorpheniramine Maleate in the Presence of Methylparaben and Propylparaben
Authors: Farid Nehal F , Naguib Ibrahim A , Moatamed Radwa S , El Ghobashy Mohamed R
Published: November 2016

Validated simple, sensitive, and highly selective methods are applied for the quantitative determination ofdexamethasone and chlorpheniramine maleate in the presence of their reported preservatives (methylparaben and propylparaben), whether in pure forms or in pharmaceutical formulation. TLC is the first method, in which dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine maleate, methylparaben, and propylparaben are separated on silica gel TLC F254 plates using hexane–acetone–ammonia (5.5 + 4.5 + 0.5, v/v/v) as the developing phase. Separated bands are scanned at 254 nm over a concentration range of 0.1–1.7 and 0.4–2.8 μg/band, with mean ± SD recoveries of 99.12 ± 0.964 and 100.14 ± 0.962%, for dexamethasone and chlorpheniramine maleate, respectively. Reversed-phase HPLC is the second method, in which a mixture of dexamethasone and chlorpheniramine maleate, methylparaben, and propylparaben is separated on a reversed-phase silica C18 (5 μm particle size, 250 mm, 4.6 mm id) column using 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer–acetonitrile (60 + 40, v/v, pH 3) as the mobile phase. The drugs were detected at 220 nm over a concentration range of 5–50 μg/mL, 2–90 μg/mL, 4–100 μg/mL, and 7–50μg/mL, with mean ± SD recoveries of 100.85 ± 0.905, 99.67 ± 1.281, 100.20 ± 0.906, and 99.81 ± 0.954%, for dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine maleate, methylparaben paraben, and propylparaben, respectively. The advantages of the suggested methods over previously reported methods are the ability to detect lower concentrations of the main drugs and to show better resolution of interfering preservatives; hence, these methods could be more reliable for routine QC analyses.
Simultaneous Estimation of Ofloxacin, Clotrimazole, and Lignocaine Hydrochloride in Their Combined Ear-Drop Formulation by Two Spectrophotometric Methods
Authors: Bodiwala Kunjan , Shah Shailesh , Patel Yogini , Prajapati Pintu , Marolia Bhavin , Kalyankar Gajanan
Published: November 2016

Two sensitive, accurate, and precise spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of ofloxacin (OFX), clotrimazole (CLZ), and lignocaine hydrochloride (LGN) in their combined dosage form (ear drops) without prior separation. The derivative ratio spectra method (method 1) includes the measurement of OFX and CLZ at zero-crossing points (ZCPs) of each other obtained from the ratio derivative spectra using standard LGN as a divisor, whereas the measurement of LGN at the ZCP of CLZ is obtained from the ratio derivative spectra using standard OFX as a divisor. The double divisor-ratio derivative method (method 2) includes the measurement of each drug at its amplitude in the double divisor-ratio spectra obtained using a standard mixture of the other two drugs as the divisor. Both methods were found to be linear (correlation coefficients of >0.996) over the ranges of 3–15, 10–50, and 20–100 μg/mL for OFX, CLZ, and LGN, respectively; precise (RSD of <2%); and accurate (recovery of >98%) for the estimation of each drug. The developed methods were successfully applied for the estimation of these drugs in a marketed ear-drop formulation. Excipients and other ingredients did not interfere with the estimation of these drugs. Both methods were statistically compared using the t-test.
Analytical Method for the Detection of Residual Active Ingredients Found in Neutralized Suspensions of Antimicrobial Products
Authors: Kamel Alaa , Tomasino Stephen F
Published: November 2016

An analytical method for determining the presence and levels of residual active ingredients found in neutralized suspensions of phenolic and quaternary ammonium salt-based antimicrobial products was developed using solid-phase extraction in combination with LC-tandem MS. A single-laboratory validation of the method was performed at three concentration levels for the quaternary ammonium compounds (also referred to as benzalkonium chlorides or BACs) and the phenols in the presence of letheen broth neutralizerat 2.5 and 2.75 μg/mL, respectively, as well as at dilutions of 1:10 and 1:100 in those concentrations. The method's lowest LODs were 0.005 μg/g for BACs and 0.006 μg/g for phenols. The average recovery of the fortified samples for both active ingredients ranged between 80 and 124%, and RSDs were generally <20%. In a related study, the effectiveness of letheen broth with and without sodium thiosulfate was evaluated as a neutralizer for sodium hypochlorite. The results showed that letheen broth without sodium thiosulfate neutralizes chlorine concentrationsup to 60 ppm, and that 200 μg sodium thiosulfate are required to neutralize a 72 ppm concentrated chlorine solution in letheen broth.
Crystal Diagnostics Xpress™ LM Kit for the Rapid Detection of Listeria monocytogenes from Environmental Surfaces
Authors: Stumpf Curtis H , Bullard Brian , Zhoa Weidong , Kuzenko-Hentosh Stephanie , Niehaus Gary D
Published: November 2016

The Crystal Diagnostics (CDx) Xpress™ LM kit is used for rapid screening of low concentrations of Listeria monocytogenes on environmental surfaces such as stainless steel, plastic, and ceramic tile. In addition to the Xpress LM kit, the CDx Xpress System comprises an automatic Xpress Reader,a BioCassette™ that incorporates antibody-coupled microspheres, and liquid crystal for selective identification of the intended microbe. All 56 of the 56 tested L. monocytogenes strains evaluated were detected, and 50 of the 50 nontarget bacterial strains were excluded when the test was conducted under the described kit conditions. Shelf-life testing of the antibody-coated microspheres and other CDx consumables indicated that all materials were stable for a minimum of 6 months (ongoing), and lot-to-lot testing demonstrated no significant differences among lots. The internal and independent laboratory tests on stainless steel, plastic, and ceramic tile surfa es demonstrated that the method is equivalent to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reference method, and there were no significant differences between the CDx Xpress LM kit presumptive and confirmed results for any of the matrixes. Overall, the CDx Xpress LM kit is one of the fastest to provide the sensitivity and specificity equivalent to the USDA reference method in screening low levels of L. monocytogenes surface contamination and, when combined with chromogenic culturing of presumptive positives, provides a streamlined confirmation process to rapidly and accurately differentiate L. monocytogenes from other microbes.
Biometrical parameters, pigment content and functional characteristics of photosynthetic apparatus of Bistortavivipara within the territory of West Spitsbergen
Authors: Markovskaya Eugenia Fedorovna , Shmakova Natalya Yurievna , Novichonok Elena Valentinovna
Published: November 2016

In the present paper, the results of the research of biometric and functional parameters of photosynthetic apparatus of Bistorta vivipara from West Spitsbergen are presented and discussed. A high intraspecific variability of biometric parameters (linear dimensions and biomass) was found. The differences found in biomass suggest that biological productivity is associated with the functional activity of the plant individuals. A direct dependence of the biomass on the photosynthetic pigment content per unit dry mass of leaf has been revealed. A high variability of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), basic fluorescence yield (F0), maximal fluorescence yield (FM) and variable fluorescence yield (FV) have been shown contrastingly to relatively constant values of the maximum photochemical quantum yield of PS II (FV/FM) and the coefficient of photochemical fluorescence quenching (qP). Close-to-theoretical-maximum FV/FM values indicated the absence of stress conditions and the presence of regulation systems in chloroplastic photosynthetic apparatus (PA) level functioning during varying microclimate parameters of the daily climate. The relatively constant qP indicated the same photosynthetic activity of the B. vivipara leaves, unaffected by the varying weather conditions. The NPQ data suggest that the non-photochemical quenching acts as a protective mechanism, sustaining the PA in an optimally active state and reducing probability of negative changes to PSII. The revealed high PA adaptability at the level of the plant structure and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis makes it possible for B. vivipara to develop at a high functional level at various values of environmental factors, which provides for the successful growth of the species in the high Arctic region. The high PA flexibility suggests that B. vivipara is capable of active adaptation in the context of the forecast climate change.
Consommer la cigarette, le cannabis à l’adolescence : quête identitaire et vulnérabilité dans le parcours de consommation
Authors: Sahed Imaine
Published: November 2016

Consommer la cigarette ou le cannabis fait partie de la norme culturelle adolescente1. Il s’agit, à cette étape de la vie, d’une expérience généralisée. Cependant, si à cet âge certains jeunes (filles et garçons) ne font qu’expérimenter, d’autres intensifient progressivement la fréquence de l’usage. Pour comprendre ces différences, l’article interroge le rôle des parents dans la façon dont l’adolescent réagit à l’influence culturelle de ses pairs. L’entretien individuel biographique apparaît être la méthode d’enquête la plus appropriée pour explorer empiriquement le rôle des parents dans le parcours de consommation de substances au cours de l’adolescence. Nous avons mené des entretiens biographiques auprès de quarante-quatre lycéens de la région parisienne en France. Notre échantillon a été constitué par la méthode boule de neige. L’originalité de cet article tient à la façon dont il mobilise le concept de vulnérabilité pour comprendre la consommation de substances psychoactives à l’adolescence : la vulnérabilité de l’adolescent désigne une situation dans laquelle il n’a pas trouvé auprès de ses parents un point de repère normatif à partir duquel organiser son système de valeurs et orienter son comportement. Dès lors, la consommation de cigarettes et de cannabis se révèle être un bon indicateur d’un dysfonctionnement des pratiques parentales et une réponse de l’adolescent à une situation de vulnérabilité.
Efficacité de l’approche « logement d’abord » : une revue systématique
Authors: Beaudoin Isabelle
Published: November 2016

Les personnes itinérantes aux prises avec des problèmes de santé mentale et de toxicomanie qui souhaitent obtenir un logement se butent à des programmes dans lesquels l’abstinence et les traitements psychiatriques sont obligatoires. Ce type de programmes se base sur l’approche « traitement d’abord » selon laquelle ces personnes doivent d’abord être traitées avant de pouvoir aller en logement.

Cette approche est remise en question et un changement de paradigme s’opère à la suite de l’implantation aux États-Unis du modèle Pathways to Housing. Ce modèle est fondé sur le principe qu’une personne doit être logée avant de pouvoir se concentrer sur ses autres besoins. Les logements privés sont privilégiés dans ce modèle et ceux-ci sont offerts conjointement avec un soutien d’intensité variable ou un suivi intensif dans la communauté.

Le modèle Pathways to Housing a influencé la création de plusieurs programmes hybrides basés sur l’approche « logement d’abord » combinée à une offre de services et de logements diversifiés. Cette approche est basée sur la même philosophie d’obligation minimale que le modèle original, voulant que les personnes n’aient pas à être abstinentes ou à suivre un traitement psychiatrique pour accéder à un logement.

Au Canada, le gouvernement envisage de subventionner principalement les programmes basés sur cette approche. Cette annonce a mené à un soulèvement au Québec, notamment en raison des logements sociaux qui y sont actuellement priorisés.

Cet article présente les résultats d’une revue systématique de la littérature réalisée afin de statuer sur l’efficacité des programmes basés sur l’approche « logement d’abord ».

Les résultats de cette revue nous permettent de conclure que la mise en place au Québec de programmes basés sur cette approche devrait être favorisée. Les modalités et interventions offertes dans ces programmes auraient également avantage à être diversifiées.
Toxicomanie et parentalité chez les jeunes en difficulté : les enjeux d’une transition
Authors: Emard Anne-Marie , Gilbert Sophie
Published: November 2016

L’arrivée d’un enfant dans la vie de parents consommant des drogues – des parents surreprésentés dans les cas de mauvais traitements rapportés aux instances de la protection de la jeunesse – peut être considérée comme un tremplin afin de se sortir de son mode de vie de consommation. Par contre, ce levier, à lui seul, est rarement suffisant pour soutenir un réel changement dans la trajectoire de ces jeunes, marquée par la progressive désinscription sociale et l’actuel risque d’intervention par les services de protection de l’enfance.

À partir d’entretiens réalisés dans le cadre d’une recherche de plus grande envergure sur la parentalité chez les « jeunes adultes en difficulté », notre étude a pour objectif de mieux comprendre l’expérience de la parentalité jumelée à la consommation de drogue chez des jeunes vivant en contexte de précarité socioéconomique, en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à la manière dont ces parents investissent leur enfant et leur consommation de drogue.

L’analyse par « catégories conceptualisantes » a été utilisée afin de soutenir une modélisation de la place de cet enfant et du rôle de la consommation de drogue dans le parcours de ces jeunes parents. En découlent de nouvelles pistes pour l’intervention auprès de cette clientèle présentant des défis majeurs pour les cliniciens.
Cellular and neurochemical basis of sleep stages in the thalamocortical network
Authors: Krishnan Giri P , Chauvette Sylvain , Shamie Isaac , Soltani Sara , Timofeev Igor , Cash Sydney S , Halgren Eric , Bazhenov Maxim
Published: November 2016

The link between the combined action of neuromodulators in the brain and global brain states remains a mystery. In this study, using biophysically realistic models of the thalamocortical network, we identified the critical intrinsic and synaptic mechanisms, associated with the putative action of acetylcholine (ACh), GABA and monoamines, which lead to transitions between primary brain vigilance states (waking, non-rapid eye movement sleep [NREM] and REM sleep) within an ultradian cycle. Using ECoG recordings from humans and LFP recordings from cats and mice, we found that during NREM sleep the power of spindle and delta oscillations is negatively correlated in humans and positively correlated in animal recordings. We explained this discrepancy by the differences in the relative level of ACh. Overall, our study revealed the critical intrinsic and synaptic mechanisms through which different neuromodulators acting in combination result in characteristic brain EEG rhythms and transitions between sleep stages.
An evidence based hypothesis on the existence of two pathways of mitochondrial crista formation
Authors: Harner Max E , Unger Ann-Katrin , Geerts Willie JC , Mari Muriel , Izawa Toshiaki , Stenger Maria , Geimer Stefan , Reggiori Fulvio , Westermann Benedikt , Neupert Walter
Published: November 2016

Metabolic function and architecture of mitochondria are intimately linked. More than 60 years ago, cristae were discovered as characteristic elements of mitochondria that harbor the protein complexes of oxidative phosphorylation, but how cristae are formed, remained an open question. Here we present experimental results obtained with yeast that support a novel hypothesis on the existence of two molecular pathways that lead to the generation of lamellar and tubular cristae. Formation of lamellar cristae depends on the mitochondrial fusion machinery through a pathway that is required also for homeostasis of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA. Tubular cristae are formed via invaginations of the inner boundary membrane by a pathway independent of the fusion machinery. Dimerization of the F1FO-ATP synthase and the presence of the MICOS complex are necessary for both pathways. The proposed hypothesis is suggested to apply also to higher eukaryotes, since the key components are conserved in structure and function throughout evolution.
Absent yet Present: On the Paradoxical Nature of Characters in Nabokov’s The Real Life of Sebastian Knight
Authors: Marchesini Irina
Published: November 2016

The present research is focused on the theme of absence, an area of inquiry that might seem dominant in the field of Nabokov Studies. The analysis, which concentrates in particular on the key figures of the novel The Real Life of Sebastian Knight (1941), notably the narrator V. and the poet Sebastian Knight, interprets the characters’ construction through the paradigm of absence. Arguably, the construction of characters in The Real Life of Sebastian Knight is paradoxical: absence constitutes their essence at a core level, as it often happens in the context of the self-conscious genre. Moreover, absence plays a key role in characters’ design, linking them to all Nabokovian novels. However, despite their innermost ‘flatness’, to use Edward M. Forster’s terminology, they still appear to be ‘round’, i.e. plausible, mimetic figures.
«Прошу [...] не гневаться моим вопросам»: норвежский профессор Олаф Брок как переводчик (из истории российско-норвежских научных связей)
Authors: Lönngren Tamara
Published: November 2016

The article ""I ask you not to be annoyed at my questions": the Norwegian Professor Olaf Broch as translator (from the history of Russian-Norwegian connections)" is devoted to the translation activity of the first Professor of Slavic languages Olaf Broch, who is known primarily as a linguist. The article is based on facts previously unknown: the correspondence Olaf Broch had with the Russian academician Alexei Shakhmatov. The comparison of the translations of the fragment from the novel by Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina illustrates how Olaf Broch endeavoured to translate correctly difficult words and received assistance from his Russian friend and colleague. The publication of this archival material fills one of the gaps in the scientific biography of the famous Norwegian linguist.
Sensorimotor Behaviour Reflects Lexical and Grammatical Aspect in Czech: An Eye Tracking Study
Authors: Kořenář Michal
Published: November 2016

Thinking and speaking about events is a process tightly connected with time perception. We can express when an event has occurred with respect to other events, whether it was a durative or a one-time event, whether it was an ongoing or already finished event, etc. Every human language has its own way and extent to which this complex temporal structure of experienced events is expressed. Upon hearing a story we construct a mental representation of the communicated event (e.g. Givón 1992). Some studies show that this construction already evolves during online processing, thanks to instantly accessible language processing cues (Altman and Kamide 1999, Ferretti, McRae and Hatherell 2001, McRae, Ferretti and Amyote 1997). These cues are employed to capture the intricate temporal structure of the story, for instance. They arise from the interplay of the three basic linguistic components (structure, meaning and function) and as such are consistent with a constructional view of language (e.g. Fillmore 1988). Even subtle changes of any of the linguistic cues may lead to a different mental representation. Examples of the sources of grammatical markers and lexical categories from which the linguistic cues arise are grammatical and lexical aspect. In the linguistic field, a lot of attention has been paid to analyses of how those sources of temporal cues function within a language system. However, there is a lack of empirical data on how grammatical and lexical aspect interact, and what the effects of such an interaction are. The present study aims to investigate the link between the complex system of temporal cues and sensorimotor representation in Czech speakers, with specific focus on grammatical verb aspect and so-called event telicity, i.e. lexical aspect, all of which will be further described below.
Rival Forms of Comparatives in Russian
Authors: Kosheleva Daria
Published: November 2016

Rival forms, i.e. forms that appear to have the same function, have long been an important issue that many linguists are paying attention to. Rivalry is interesting because it has implications for inter alia variation and language change. Examples of rival forms are morphological doublets like -ness and -ity in English (Szymanek 2005, 441). In this paper I explore the rivalry between comparatives in the predicative position in Russian. My findings lend support to the “cocktail hypothesis” described in Nesset (2016), whereby the choice of one of the rival forms depends on the interplay of diverse factors. As argued in the present study, the most important factors that determine the choice of comparative forms are the length of the adjective, its frequency and the year when the text with the relevant example was published.
Reconstruction of rocks petrophysical properties as input data for reservoir modeling
Authors: Cantucci B. , Montegrossi G. , Lucci F. , Quattrocchi F.
Published: November 2016

The worldwide increasing energy demand triggered studies focused on defining the underground energy potential even in areas previously discharged or neglected. Nowadays, geological gas storage (CO2 and/or CH4) and geothermal energy are considered strategic for low‐carbon energy development. A widespread and safe application of these technologies needs an accurate characterization of the underground, in terms of geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, and geomechanics. However, during prefeasibility study‐stage, the limited number of available direct measurements of reservoirs, and the high costs of reopening closed deep wells must be taken into account. The aim of this work is to overcome these limits, proposing a new methodology to reconstruct vertical profiles, from surface to reservoir base, of: (i) thermal capacity, (ii) thermal conductivity, (iii) porosity, and (iv) permeability, through integration of well‐log information, petrographic observations on inland outcropping samples, and flow and heat transport modeling. As case study to test our procedure we selected a deep structure, located in the medium Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy). Obtained results are consistent with measured data, confirming the validity of the proposed model. Notwithstanding intrinsic limitations due to manual calibration of the model with measured data, this methodology represents an useful tool for reservoir and geochemical modelers that need to define petrophysical input data for underground modeling before the well reopening.
Compositional layering within the large low shear‐wave velocity provinces in the lower mantle
Authors: Ballmer Maxim D. , Schumacher Lina , Lekic Vedran , Thomas Christine , Ito Garrett
Published: November 2016

The large low shear‐wave velocity provinces (LLSVP) are thermochemical anomalies in the deep Earth's mantle, thousands of km wide and ∼1800 km high. This study explores the hypothesis that the LLSVPs are compositionally subdivided into two domains: a primordial bottom domain near the core‐mantle boundary and a basaltic shallow domain that extends from 1100 to 2300 km depth. This hypothesis reconciles published observations in that it predicts that the two domains have different physical properties (bulk‐sound versus shear‐wave speed versus density anomalies), the transition in seismic velocities separating them is abrupt, and both domains remain seismically distinct from the ambient mantle. We here report underside reflections from the top of the LLSVP shallow domain, supporting a compositional origin. By exploring a suite of two‐dimensional geodynamic models, we constrain the conditions under which well‐separated “double‐layered” piles with realistic geometry can persist for billions of years. Results show that long‐term separation requires density differences of ∼100 kg/m3 between LLSVP materials, providing a constraint for origin and composition. The models further predict short‐lived “secondary” plumelets to rise from LLSVP roofs and to entrain basaltic material that has evolved in the lower mantle. Long‐lived, vigorous “primary” plumes instead rise from LLSVP margins and entrain a mix of materials, including small fractions of primordial material. These predictions are consistent with the locations of hot spots relative to LLSVPs, and address the geochemical and geochronological record of (oceanic) hot spot volcanism. The study of large‐scale heterogeneity within LLSVPs has important implications for our understanding of the evolution and composition of the mantle.
Holocene glacial activity in Barilari Bay, west Antarctic Peninsula, tracked by magnetic mineral assemblages: Linking ice, ocean, and atmosphere
Authors: Reilly Brendan T. , Natter Carl J. , Brachfeld Stefanie A.
Published: November 2016

We investigate the origin and fate of lithogenic sediments using magnetic mineral assemblages in Barilari Bay, west Antarctic Peninsula (AP) from sediment cores recovered during the Larsen Ice Shelf System, Antarctica (LARISSA) NBP10‐01 cruise. To quantify and reconstruct Holocene changes in covarying magnetic mineral assemblages, we adopt an unsupervised mathematical unmixing strategy and apply it to measurements of magnetic susceptibility as a function of increasing temperature. Comparisons of the unmixed end‐members with magnetic observations of northwestern AP bedrock and the spatial distribution of magnetic mineral assemblages within the fjord, allow us to identify source regions, including signatures for “inner bay,” “outer bay,” and “northwestern AP” sources. We find strong evidence that supports the establishment of a late Holocene ice shelf in the fjord coeval with the Little Ice Age. Additionally, we present new evidence for late Holocene sensitivity to conditions akin to positive mean Southern Annual Mode states for western AP glaciers at their advanced Neoglacial positions.
Long temporal autocorrelations in tropical precipitation data and spike train prototypes
Authors: Abbott Tristan H. , Stechmann Samuel N. , Neelin J. David
Published: November 2016

Temporal precipitation autocorrelations drop slower than exponentially at long lags, and there is a range from tens to thousands of minutes where it is relevant to ask if a scale‐free process might underlie the long autocorrelations. A simple stochastic model in which precipitation appears as variable‐length spikes provides a reasonable prototype for this behavior. In both observations and the model, separating the component of the autocorrelation within wet events from the interevent contribution suggests long autocorrelation behavior is primarily associated with the latter. When precipitation spikes are short compared to dry events, a true power law is obtained with analytical exponent −0.5 and precipitation autocorrelation is determined by dry‐spell model parameters. In more realistic cases, wet‐spell termination is also important. Although a variety of apparent power law exponents can be obtained for different parameters, the fundamental long‐lag process appears to be that of the interevent correlation.
The interplanetary and magnetospheric causes of extreme dB/dt at equatorial locations
Authors: Adebesin Babatunde O. , Pulkkinen Antti , Ngwira Chigomezyo M.
Published: November 2016

The 1 min resolution solar wind and geomagnetic data obtained from seven equatorial/low‐latitude stations during four extreme geomagnetic activities are used to investigate the extreme dB/dt perturbations. Simulations of the magnetospheric‐ionospheric environment were also performed for varying amplitudes of the solar proton density. Simulations were carried out using the Space Weather Modeling Framework/BATS‐R‐US + RCM model. Both the observations and simulations demonstrated that the appearance time of the extreme dB/dt perturbations at equatorial stations during disturbed conditions is instantaneous and equitable to those experienced at auroral regions yielding time lags of the order of a few seconds. We find that the rapid dB/dt enhancements are caused by the electric field of magnetospheric current origin, which is being enhanced by solar wind density and ram pressure variations and boosted by the equatorial electrojet. Our results indicate that the solar wind proton density variations could be used as a predictor of extreme dB/dt enhancement at equatorial latitudes.
Van Allen Probes observations of cross‐scale coupling between electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves and higher‐frequency wave modes
Authors: Colpitts C. A. , Cattell C. A. , Engebretson M. , Broughton M. , Tian S. , Wygant J. , Breneman A. , Thaller S.
Published: November 2016

We present observations of higher‐frequency (~50–2500 Hz, ~0.1–0.7 fce) wave modes modulated at the frequency of colocated lower frequency (0.5–2 Hz, on the order of fci) waves. These observations come from the Van Allen Probes Electric Field and Waves instrument's burst mode data and represent the first observations of coupling between waves in these frequency ranges. The higher‐frequency wave modes, typically whistler mode hiss and chorus or magnetosonic waves, last for a few to a few tens of seconds but are in some cases observed repeatedly over several hours. The higher‐frequency waves are observed to be unmodulated before and after the presence of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, but when the EMIC waves are present, the amplitude of the higher‐frequency waves drops to the instrument noise level once every EMIC wave cycle. Such modulation could significantly impact wave‐particle interactions such as acceleration and pitch angle scattering, which are crucial in the formation and depletion of the radiation belts. We present one case study with broadband, high‐frequency waves observed to be modulated by EMIC waves repeatedly over a 2 h time span on both spacecraft. Finally, we show two additional case studies where other high‐frequency wave modes exhibit similar modulation.