bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The propagation of an error in Long and Sharp's (1964) data on barchan dune movement
Authors: Momiji Hiroshi , Warren Andrew
Published: October 2002

A misprint in a classic study of desert dunes (Long and Sharp, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1964, Vol. 75, pp. 149–156) is reported. Its influences on subsequent literature are examined. The true data of dune migration speed collected by Long and Sharp are found to show better correlation with dune height than seen in two recent textbooks and a paper by the authors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scale effects of Hortonian overland flow and rainfall‐runoff dynamics: laboratory validation of a process‐based model
Authors: Stomph T. J. , de Ridder N. , Steenhuis T. S. , Van de Giesen N. C.
Published: October 2002

Hortonian runoff was measured in the laboratory from uniform slopes of lengths of 1·5, 3·0, and 6·0 m for steady, high‐intensity rainstorms with durations of 1·0 to 7·5 min. A clear reduction in runoff per unit slope length was found as slope lengths were increased. This effect becomes more pronounced with decreasing storm duration. The runoff data were used to validate a simple process‐based model that combines the Philip‐two‐term infiltration equation with the kinematic wave overland flow principle. The predicted and experimental results agreed well. Laboratory findings were extrapolated with the aid of the model to slopes and rainfall durations similar to those found under West African conditions. The calculated reduction of runoff per unit length is similar to reported observations. Thus, this process‐based model can largely explain the phenomenon of runoff reduction with increasing slope length. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An outlier robust GARCH model and forecasting volatility of exchange rate returns
Authors: Park Beum‐Jo
Published: October 2002

Since volatility is perceived as an explicit measure of risk, financial economists have long been concerned with accurate measures and forecasts of future volatility and, undoubtedly, the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model has been widely used for doing so. It appears, however, from some empirical studies that the GARCH model tends to provide poor volatility forecasts in the presence of additive outliers. To overcome the forecasting limitation, this paper proposes a robust GARCH model (RGARCH) using least absolute deviation estimation and introduces a valuable estimation method from a practical point of view. Extensive Monte Carlo experiments substantiate our conjectures. As the magnitude of the outliers increases, the one‐step‐ahead forecasting performance of the RGARCH model has a more significant improvement in two forecast evaluation criteria over both the standard GARCH and random walk models. Strong evidence in favour of the RGARCH model over other competitive models is based on empirical application. By using a sample of two daily exchange rate series, we find that the out‐of‐sample volatility forecasts of the RGARCH model are apparently superior to those of other competitive models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of differentially expressed genes from wild‐type and Twist mutant mouse limb buds
Authors: Loebel David A.F. , O'Rourke Meredith P. , Steiner Kirsten A. , Banyer Joanne , Tam Patrick P.L.
Published: October 2002

Summary: In the mouse, Twist is required for normal limb and craniofacial development. We show that the aristaless‐like transcription factors, Alx3 and Alx4 are downregulated in the Twist−/− mutant and may be potential targets of Twist. By suppression subtractive hybridization we isolated 31 and 18 unique clones representing mRNAs that are putatively downregulated and upregulated respectively in Twist−/− forelimb buds. These included genes encoding cytoskeletal components, metabolic enzymes, hemoglobin molecules, membrane transport proteins, components of transcription and translation complexes, protein modification enzymes and proteins related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. Differential expression of selected clones was validated by whole mount in situ hybridization to E10.5 wild‐type and Twist−/− embryos. We show that four novel clones are expressed in the Twist‐expressing craniofacial tissues and paraxial mesoderm and downregulated in Twist−/− embryos, raising the possibility that they are, in addition to genes of the Alx family, downstream targets of Twist. genesis 33:103–113, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biostratigraphical dating of the Thornton Fossil Konservat‐Lagerstätte, Silurian, Illinois, USA
Authors: Loydell David K. , Mullins Gary L. , Männik Peep , Mikulic Donald G. , Kluessendorf Joanne
Published: October 2002

Graptoloid graptolites, conodonts and chitinozoans from the lower part of the Racine Dolomite Formation at the Material Services Corporation quarry at Thornton indicate that the Fossil Konservat‐Lagerstätte here is of late Sheinwoodian (early Wenlock) age. It is thus of an age approximately midway between those of the other Midwest Lagerstätten: within the Brandon Bridge Formation at Waukesha (Telychian), and the Mississinewa Shale (Gorstian) and Lecthaylus Shale (Gorstian). Conodonts indicate that the Fossil Konservat‐Lagerstätte at Thornton corresponds to the ‘post Kockelella walliseri interregnum’ sensu Jeppsson (1997, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 88: 91–114). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolated hallucinosis in Alzheimer's disease is associated with African–American race
Authors: Bassiony Medhat M. , Warren Andrew , Rosenblatt Adam , Baker Alva , Steinberg Martin , Steele Cynthia D. , Lyketsos Constantine G.
Published: October 2002

Objectives

The aim of this investigation was to study the relationship between isolated hallucinosis and race in Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, case control study carried out at the Neuropsychiatry Service, outpatient clinic at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA. The participants were 237 community‐residing patients with probable Alzheimer's disease according to NINCDS/ADRDA criteria were included in the study. 9 patients with isolated hallucinosis were compared to a control group of 228 patients who had neither delusions nor hallucinations. Patients with only delusions or both delusions and hallucinations were excluded based on prior research. Patients were assessed clinically for the presence of hallucinations using the DSM‐IV glossary definitions. They were also rated on standardized measures of cognitive impairment, depression, functional impairment, and general health.

Results

There was a significant association between hallucinations and race in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Before adjustment for other variables, the African–American race conferred a 5.5‐fold (95% CI = 1.4–21.6; p = 0.02) increased risk for isolated hallucinosis. After adjustment for multiple other variables, this risk increased further to 27.2‐fold (95% CI = 1.6–457.3; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

African–American patients with Alzheimer's disease are more likely to have isolated hallucinations than Caucasian patients even after statistical adjustment for multiple confounding variables, which might distort this association. This finding has implications for our understanding of the etio‐pathogenesis of hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease and for meeting health service needs of African–American patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between delusions and depression in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bassiony Medhat M. , Warren Andrew , Rosenblatt Adam , Baker Alva , Steinberg Martin , Steele Cynthia D. , Sheppard Jeannie‐Marie E. , Lyketsos Constantine G.
Published: October 2002

Objectives

The aim of this investigation was to study the relationship between delusions and depression in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Design

This was a cross‐sectional, case control study.

Setting

Neuropsychiatry Service, the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA.

Participants

303 community‐residing patients with probable AD according to NINCDS/ADRDA criteria were included in the study. Seventy‐five patients with delusions only were compared to a control group of 228 patients who had neither delusions nor hallucinations. Patients with only hallucinations or both delusions and hallucinations were excluded.

Measures

Patients were assessed clinically for the presence of delusions using the DSM‐IV glossary definitions. They were also rated on standardized measures of depression, cognitive impairment, staging of dementia, general medical health, and functional impairment.

Results

There was an association between delusions and depression among patients with AD. Before adjustment for other variables, the presence of depression conferred a 1.8‐fold (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.0–3.1; p = 0.04) higher risk of delusions. After adjustment for multiple other variables, this risk increased further to 6.8‐fold (95% CI = 2.1–21.6; p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Delusions in AD are strongly associated with depression after statistical adjustment for all confounding variables, which might distort this association. This finding has implications for our understanding of the etio‐pathogenesis and management of delusions and depression in AD. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiofibroma of the larynx: Report of a case with clinical and pathologic literature review
Authors: Steele Matthew H. , Nuss Daniel W. , Faust Barry F.
Published: October 2002

Background

Angiofibromas are uncommon vascular tumors with a strong predilection for the nasopharynx of adolescent males. Although they are slow growing and histologically benign, they have the potential to cause significant morbidity with laryngeal involvement.

Methods

We describe the clinical characteristics, histopathologic findings, differential diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, and management of a case of laryngeal angiofibroma.

Results

The patient was initially seen with a 2½‐year history of progressive dyspnea and dysphagia. Preoperative evaluation suggested a vascular mass involving the left supraglottic larynx. A partial laryngopharyngectomy was performed without complication. The patient is alive and disease free 3 years postoperatively. Final histopathologic diagnosis is consistent with angiofibroma.

Conclusions

Laryngeal angiofibroma is an extremely rare entity. Adequate preoperative imaging is necessary to confirm the vascularity of this lesion, because ill‐planned biopsy may lead to significant blood loss. The role of preoperative embolization of other laryngeal vascular lesions has been well documented and may be useful in the management of laryngeal angiofibroma. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 805–809, 2002
Patients with head and neck cancer cured by radiation therapy: A survey of the dry mouth syndrome in long‐term survivors
Authors: Wijers Oda B. , Levendag Peter C. , Braaksma Mirjam M. J. , Boonzaaijer Meindert , Visch Leo L. , Schmitz Paul I. M.
Published: October 2002

Background

Xerostomia can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients treated by radiation therapy (RT) for cancer in the head and neck. The first aim of the study was to evaluate the degree of xerostomia in 39 long‐term survivors treated between 1965–1995 by conventional two‐dimensional radiation therapy and currently without evidence of disease. The second aim was to develop a concise instrument to evaluate the subjective aspects of xerostomia.

Methods

A newly developed questionnaire and a visual analog scale (VAS) were used in analyzing the degree of dry mouth and xerostomia‐related problems. The radiation dose received by the major salivary glands was estimated by analyzing two‐dimensional simulation films.

Results

Sixty‐four percent of the patients experienced a moderate to severe degree of xerostomia. In the multivariate analysis, three questions regarding dry mouth, eating, and speech were particularly discriminatory for establishing the degree of xerostomia as expressed by the VAS score.

Conclusions

In this survey, 64% of the long‐term survivors, after treatment by conventional two‐dimensional radiation therapy for a malignancy in the head and neck region, still experienced a moderate to severe degree of permanent xerostomia. A simplified instrument to evaluate xerostomia subjectively can consist of the VAS score and three graded questions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 737–747, 2002
The costs and benefits of lifelong learning: The case of the Netherlands
Authors: van Leeuwen Marko J. , van Praag Bernard M. S.
Published: October 2002

This article deals with costs and benefits related to on‐the‐job training. For calculating costs
and benefits of on‐the‐job training at the sector and macroeconomic levels, a model is developed.
Model parameters are estimated using information from a survey of employers and employees in the Netherlands.
Exogenous model variables are taken from the survey as well as from several official statistical sources.

The model is used for running a baseline scenario and several policy scenarios. The policy scenarios describe
proposed policy measures for stimulating lifelong learning in the Netherlands. The model calculates detailed costs
and benefits for players in the market for on‐the‐job training and the macroeconomic
consequences.

It is shown that the differences in cost‐effectiveness of policy measures can be large. Another
important conclusion is that the results may differ strongly among employers, employees, and the government.
Heat transport analysis and three‐dimensional thermo‐hydraulic simulation in the Ishikari basin, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Dim Jules R. , Sakura Yasuo , Fukami Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

Temperature profiles of 22 observation boreholes in the Ishikari basin were investigated in order to extract information on the ground thermal processes and the associated water flow disturbances. Data analyses methods were based on temperature profile typology, thermal gradient–temperature plots, and a thermo‐hydraulic model. The distributed data sets of measured temperature profiles and thermal conductivity show lateral heat flow variations from 34 to 162 mW m−2. These thermal conditions revealed the co‐existence of a highland geothermal field, a lowland central subnormal heat flow area, and a strong heat flow anomaly near the northeast Ishikari River. To explain this specific configuration of the thermal field, possible effects of petro‐physical properties, topography and groundwater movements were examined with a three‐dimensional thermo‐hydraulic simulation model. Laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity, porosity, density, and permeability from borehole core samples were used to constrain the model parameters. The main results suggest that: the lateral increase of geothermal gradient and heat flow density with elevation, i.e. in the southwest direction, are essentially due to hydro‐ and thermo‐physical differences between the hydrogeologically active Quaternary sedimentary system and the underlying Tertiary volcano–sedimentary formation; the low heat area in the central lowland may be explained by the effect of its local groundwater flow recharge, and then the positive heat anomaly near the Ishikari River would result from a basin‐wide heat flow redistribution by water flow. In general, the thermal regime in the Ishikari basin appears dominated by conduction processes in the southwest area and strongly influenced by advection phenomena in the northeast. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relation of childhood brain tumors to exposure of parents and children to tobacco smoke: The Search international case‐control study
Authors: Filippini Graziella , Maisonneuve Patrick , McCredie Margaret , Peris‐Bonet Raphael , Modan Baruch , Preston‐Martin Susan , Mueller Beth A. , Holly Elizabeth A. , Cordier Sylvaine , Choi N.W. , Little Julian , Arslan Annie , Boyle Peter
Published: October 2002

The etiology of childhood brain tumors (CBTs) remains unknown. Tobacco smoke contains several known carcinogens and can induce DNA adducts in human placenta and hemoglobin adducts in fetuses. We present the results of an international case‐control study to evaluate the association between CBTs and exposure of parents and children to cigarette smoke. The study was undertaken as part of the SEARCH program of the IARC. Nine centers in 7 countries were involved. The studies mainly covered the 1980s and early 1990s. Cases (1,218, ages 0–19 years) were children newly diagnosed with a primary brain tumor; there were 2,223 population‐based controls. Most mothers who agreed to participate were interviewed in person at home. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex and center, for all types of CBT combined, 4 CBT histotypes, 5 age groups and each center. There was no association between the risk of brain tumors in the child and parental smoking prior to pregnancy, maternal smoking or regular exposure to others' cigarette smoke during pregnancy at home or at work, or passive smoking by the child during the first year of life. These results did not change considering the child's age at diagnosis, the histologic type of tumor or center. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Moral (and Real‐World) Hazard of Pro Forma Financials
Authors: Weirich Thomas R. , Rouse Robert W.
Published: October 2002

There's a widening chasm between pro forma earnings and companies' actual earnings—those

based on generally accepted accounting principles. It's time to step on the brakes so we don't fall

in. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of stress response by ionomycin in rat hepatoma cells
Authors: Sreedhar A. S. , Srinivas Usha K.
Published: October 2002

All living systems respond to a variety of stress conditions by inducing the synthesis of stress or heat shock proteins (HSPs), which transiently protect cells. HSP synthesis was preceded by an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration [(Ca2+)i]. In this study, we show that Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin, induced an immediate increase in intracellular free Ca2+ and examined how this increase affects heat shock response in rat hepatoma cell line H4II‐E‐C3. Results indicate that incubating H4II‐E‐C3 cells with 0.3 μM ionomycin at 37°C for 15 min results in the induction of HSP 70 in both Ca2+‐containing and Ca2+‐free medium. Associated with this increase in free Ca2+ is an in vivo change in membrane organization and activation of signaling molecules like ERKS and SAPKs/JNK. In Ca2+ containing medium HSP 70 induction mediated by HSF–HSE interaction was faster upon ionomycin treatment as compared to heat shock. Our results show that ionomycin, at sub lethal concentration, increases intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, activates SAPK/JNK and HSF–HSE interaction, and induces HSP 70 synthesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 86: 154–161, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NG2 proteoglycan mediates β1 integrin‐independent cell adhesion and spreading on collagen VI
Authors: Tillet Emmanuelle , Gential Blandine , Garrone Robert , Stallcup William B.
Published: October 2002

Collagens V and VI have been previously identified as specific extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands for the NG2 proteoglycan. In order to study the functional consequences of NG2/collagen interactions, we have utilized the GD25 cell line, which does not express the major collagen‐binding β1 integrin heterodimers. Use of these cells has allowed us to study β1 integrin‐independent phenomena that are mediated by binding of NG2 to collagens V and VI. Heterologous expression of NG2 in the GD25 line endows these cells with the capability of attaching to surfaces coated with collagens V and VI. The specificity of this effect is emphasized by the failure of NG2‐positive GD25 cells to attach to other collagens or to laminin‐1. More importantly, NG2‐positive GD25 cells spread extensively on collagen VI. β1 integrin‐independent extension of ruffling lamellipodia demonstrates that engagement of NG2 by the collagen VI substratum triggers signaling events that lead to rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, even though collagens V and VI each bind to the central segment of the NG2 ectodomain, collagen V engagement of NG2 does not trigger cell spreading. The distinct morphological consequences of NG2/collagen VI and NG2/collagen V interaction indicate that closely‐related ECM ligands for NG2 differ in their ability to initiate transmembrane signaling via engagement of the proteoglycan. J. Cell. Biochem. 86: 726–736, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Positive psychology”: Some plusses and some open issues
Authors: Cowen Emory L. , Kilmer Ryan P.
Published: October 2002

This commentary considers aspects of the recent American Psychologist Special Issue (SI) on “Positive Psychology.” Strong points of this new thrust include: (a) a focal concern with insufficiencies in the current medical model in mental health; (b) a core focus on positive outcomes; and (c) the belief that such outcomes may, in the long run, be the most efficacious way of reducing psychological dysfunction.The approach's major current limitations include: (a) its relative insulation from closely related prior work in primary prevention and wellness enhancement; (b) its lack of a cohesive undergirding theoretical framework; and (c) its prime adult, cross‐sectional approach, which does not sufficiently reflect key life history and developmental pathways and determinants of specific positive outcomes. The movement's wholesome future development stands to profit from careful attention to these lacunae. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic criteria for locating acquired arteriovenous fistulas with color doppler sonography
Authors: Li Jian‐Chu , Cai Sheng , Jiang Yu‐Xin , Dai Qing , Zhang Jin‐Xi , Wang Yan‐Qing
Published: October 2002

Purpose.

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate and determine criteria for locating acquired arteriovenous fistulas using color Doppler sonography.

Methods.

We performed color Doppler sonography on 12 consecutive patients with acquired arteriovenous fistulas. We evaluated the morphologic and hemodynamic changes in the involved vessels to help locate the fistulas (10 in the extremities, 1 in the neck, and 1 in the abdomen).

Results.

In all cases, turbulent high‐velocity flow spectrum and flow signals were present at the fistula sites, and arterialized waveforms from the draining veins were detected. In the 10 cases of acquired arteriovenous fistulas in the extremities, the resistance indices in the arteries proximal to the fistulas were all less than 1.00 (mean, 0.65), whereas the resistance indices in the arteries distal to the fistulas were all 1.00 or greater (mean, 1.17). In 70% of the cases, the diameter of the artery proximal to the fistula was at least 1.2 mm larger than that distal to the fistula. The fistula site was inferred by the point of maximal venous dilatation in 70% of the cases and by the focal perivascular color artifact in 82% of the cases. The fistula site was identified on gray‐scale sonography and color flow imaging in 33% and 75% of the cases, respectively.

Conclusions.

Fistula sites can be located effectively and quickly by a combination of major and minor diagnostic criteria. The major diagnostic criteria are (1) junction of low‐ and high‐resistance flow in the supplying artery, (2) a high‐velocity arterialized waveform in the draining vein, and (3) a turbulent, high‐velocity flow spectrum at the junction of the artery and the vein. The minor diagnostic criteria are (1) direct communication between the involved artery and vein, (2) significant change in the diameter of the supplying artery, (3) a focal point of venous dilatation, and (4) a focal perivascular color artifact. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:336–342, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10084
Transfection of an inducible trout anion exchanger (AE1) into HEK‐EcR cells
Authors: DAVIS ERIN M. , MUSCH MARK W. , GOLDSTEIN LEON
Published: October 2002

A permanent cell line with inducible expression of the trout anion exchanger protein (trAE1) was constructed in a derivative of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK‐293). In the absence of the inducer, muristerone A, the new cell line had no detectable trAE1 protein by Western analysis, biotinylation, and 36Cl− flux. The amount of trAE1 protein increased with increasing dose and incubation time with muristerone A. Anion exchange inhibitors significantly inhibited the inducible flux of anions (i.e., 36chloride and 35sulfate) and taurine in isotonic media. The transfected cells had the characteristics of trAE1‐mediated transport in intact trout erythrocytes: (1) inhibition by anion transport inhibitors, (2) pH independence over the pH range of 6.5–7.5, and (3) activation of 35sulfate efflux by external anions in the selective order of Cl>Br>I≥F. These cells, in contrast to trout erythrocytes, were not sensitive to the anion exchange inhibitor, 4,4′‐diisothiocyanostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid (DIDS), suggesting some difference in the properties of the transfected AE1. These results demonstrate the inducible expression of new anion transport membrane protein in HEK‐293 cells. This is the first expression of trAE1 in a mammalian system. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conformational analysis of bacterial cell wall peptides indicates how particular conformations have influenced the evolution of penicillin‐binding proteins, β‐lactam antibiotics and antibiotic resistance mechanisms
Authors: Grail Barry M. , Payne John W.
Published: October 2002

Our aim was to use a conformational analysis technique developed for peptides to identify structural relationships between bacterial cell wall peptides and β‐lactam antibiotics that might help to explain their different actions as substrates and inhibitors of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). The conformational forms of the model cell wall peptide Ac‐L‐Lys(Ac)‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala are described by just a few backbone torsion combinations: three C‐terminal carboxylate regions, with Tor8 (ψi+1) ranges of D3 region (50° to 70°), D6 region (140° to 170°) and D9 region (−50° to −70°) are combined with either of two Tor6 (ϕi)‐Tor4 (ψi) combinations, C4 region (−50° to −80°) with B8 region (−40° to −70°) or C11 region (30° to 50°) with B2 region (30° to 70°). From these results, and comparisons with conformational analyses of various β‐lactams and Ac‐L‐Lys(Ac)‐D‐Ala‐D‐Lac, it is concluded that molecular recognition of cell wall peptide substrates by PBPs requires conformers with backbone torsion angles of D3C4B8. β‐Lactam antibiotics are constrained compounds with fewer conformational forms; these match well the backbone torsions of cell wall peptides at D3C4, allowing their recognition and acylation by PBPs, whereas their unique Tor4 produces differently orientated CO and N atoms that appear to prevent subsequent deacylation, leading to their action as suicide substrates. The results are also related to the selective pressures involved in evolution of β‐lactamases from PBPs. From analysis of conformers of Ac‐L‐Lys(Ac)‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala and the vancomycin‐resistant analogue Ac‐L‐Lys(Ac)‐D‐Ala‐D‐Lac, it is concluded that vancomycin may recognise D6C11B2 conformers, giving it complementary substrate specificity to PBPs. This approach could have applications in the rational design of antibiotics targeted against PBPs and their substrates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐U1A monoclonal antibodies recognize unique epitope targets of U1A which are involved in the binding of U1 RNA
Authors: Lutz Carol S. , McClain Micah T. , Harley John B. , James Judith A.
Published: October 2002

The U1A (or nRNP A) protein is known to play a critical role in eukaryotic pre‐mRNA splicing and polyadenylation. Previous studies revealed that several mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognized U1A as part of the U1snRNP, while MAb 12E12 was unique in that it recognized an epitope that is masked when U1A is bound to U1 RNA. In order to further characterize and understand the antigenic targets of these MAbs, we undertook fine specificity epitope mapping studies. Anti‐U1A MAbs 12E12 and 10E3 each recognize unique peptides from the U1A protein. Interestingly, these MAbs recognize epitopes which have been shown to be antigenic in human autoimmune diseases. When superimposed on structures of U1A derived from crystal and NMR data, the major epitope recognized by 12E12 (amino acids 103–108) localizes to the surface of the U1A molecule. The 12E12 epitope is immediately adjacent to a helix which probably reacts to U1 RNA binding by undergoing a conformational change. This modification of structure effectively masks the 12E12 epitope, thus preventing binding of the monoclonal to U1A/U1 RNA complexes. These findings suggest that the structure of the U1A protein may be different when not part of the U1snRNP. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demographic, clinical, and virological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia: Survey of 414 patients from four countries
Authors: Wang Bao‐En , Ma Wei‐Min , Sulaiman Ali , Noer Sjaifoellah , Sumoharjo Suwignyo , Sumarsidi Didacus , Tandon Badri Nath , Nakao Kuniaki , Mishiro Shunji , Miyakawa Yuzo , Akahane Yoshihiro , Suzuki Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

Demographic, etiological, clinical characteristics and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were surveyed in 414 patients in Asia, including 107 from China, 15 from India, 101 from Indonesia and 191 from Japan. Males predominated in all countries, accounting for up to 75%. The mean ± SD age at the development of HCC was about 10 years older for the patients from Japan (63.8 ± 9.5, P < 0.001) and India (63.1 ± 11.2, P < 0.05) than those from China (54.0 ± 13.7) and Indonesia (53.7 ± 14.2). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum was detected in 67% of patients from China who were tested, 27% from India, 21% from Indonesia and 18% from Japan, whereas antibody to hepatitis C virus was detected in 4%, 53%, 40% and 70%, respectively; co‐occurrence of hepatitis B and C infections was seen only in 7%, 0%, 2%, and 1%, leaving an etiology other than hepatitis viruses in 22%, 20%, 36% and 11%. HCC was diagnosed primarily by ultrasonography in China (43%) and Japan (52%), and on physical examination in India (60%) and Indonesia (52%). The size of the largest tumor exceeded 5.0 cm in diameter only in 24% of the patients from Japan, much less often than in 67%, 87%, and 71%, respectively, of those from China, India and Indonesia (P < 0.001). The most favored treatment was chemolipidolization in China (81%) and Japan (81%), whereas it was transarterial embolization in India (13%) and Indonesia (26%). These results highlight common as well as distinct characteristics of HCC in Asia, and warrant the need for close cooperation toward early diagnosis and effective treatment of HCC. J. Med. Virol. 67:394–400, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B control in Europe by universal vaccination programmes: The situation in 2001
Authors: Van Damme Pierre , Vorsters Alex
Published: October 2002

In the nine years since the Global Advisory Group of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (WHO) set 1997 as the target for integrating hepatitis B vaccination into national immunisation programmes worldwide, 129 countries have included hepatitis B vaccine as part of their routine infant or adolescent immunisation programmes (June 2001). By the end of 2002, 41 out of the 51 countries of the WHO European Region will be implementing universal hepatitis B immunisation. The rewards of effective implementation of the programmes in countries that started 10 years ago are becoming apparent; and their success offers an exemplary model for other countries. Some other countries, however, have difficulties to incorporate hepatitis B vaccine into universal childhood immunisation programmes, because of major economic constrains and the inability to procure a constant vaccine supply. The next decade will be characterised by expanded use of hepatitis B vaccines and the increasing efforts to sustain vaccine programmes and make the vaccine available to those countries and regions that cannot afford it. In Europe, as well as in the rest of the world, work still remains to be done to support and implement interventions that will bring us closer to the WHO goal and to eradicate hepatitis B. J. Med. Virol. 67:433–439, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence of a variant of SENV in intravenous drug user HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Pirovano Silvia , Bellinzoni Marco , Matteelli Alberto , Ballerini Cristina , Albertini Alberto , Imberti Luisa
Published: October 2002

The prevalence, route of transmission, and clinical significance of SEN virus (SENV) infection was evaluated in 715 samples obtained from 150 blood donors, 165 patients infected by HIV, 150 with HCV/HBV infection, 80 with autoimmune diseases, 40 with Primary Immunodeficiency, 40 with sexually transmitted diseases, 40 polytransfused, and from 50 unselected patients. The identification of SENV‐DNA was performed by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization, followed by an immunoenzymatic method that identify different SENV strains. SENV‐A variant is largely represented among HIV‐infected patients, being found in 71% of HIV+ intravenous drug users and in 26% of individuals that had acquired HIV through sex. A high prevalence of SENV‐A was observed also in HIV‐ polytransfused (27%) or in patients with sexually transmitted diseases (30%). These percentages are significantly higher than those observed in an unselected population and in blood donors. Prevalence of SENV‐A is, therefore, high among HIV+ patients with parental risk of exposure, but this infection does not appear to influence the clinical or immune status of HIV+ patients. J. Med. Virol. 68:18–23, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naturally occurring hepatitis B surface gene variants in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Correlation with viral serotypes and clinical stages of liver disease
Authors: Liu Chun‐Jen , Kao Jia‐Horng , Shau Wen‐Yi , Chen Pei‐Jer , Lai Ming‐Yang , Chen Ding‐Shinn
Published: October 2002

Virus variants escaping from host immunity may be implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this cross‐sectional study, the association was evaluated of the frequency of amino acid variation within the immunogenic epitopes of surface gene with different disease stages of chronic HBV infection. The surface gene of HBV encompassing the a determinant (amino acids 124–148) and the putative HLA class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope (amino acids 28– 51) were amplified and directly sequenced in 33 asymptomatic carriers (Group I), 31 patients with chronic hepatitis (Group II), 22 with cirrhosis (Group III), and 36 with hepatocellular carcinoma (Group IV). The amino acid sequences were compared subsequently with the consensus sequences of HBV serotype adw or adr. The frequency of amino acid variation per site per sequence (FEQ) was analyzed by generalized estimating equation with Poisson model after stratification by clinical and virological features. The FEQ was 1.21% overall, and was highest in Group IV patients and in patients above 50 years of age. In contrast, nine Group IV patients aged below 50 years who were infected with serotype adw had an inversely higher FEQ than those above 50; the age effect among hepatocellular carcinoma patients was significantly different from that among non‐cancerous patients (P = 0.04). Variation of amino acid clustered within a determinant and CTL epitope for serotype adw but was distributed at random for serotype adr. Mutation hotspots differed between serotypes adw and adr. The FEQ of HBV surface protein is correlated positively with advancing age and severity of liver disease, and certain variants may contribute to the persistence of HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 68:50–59, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term patterns of hepatitis C virus RNA concentrations in a cohort of HIV seronegative men with bleeding disorders
Authors: Sabin Caroline A. , Emery Vince , Devereux Helen L. , Griffioen Anja , Bishop Jeremy , Dusheiko Geoff , Yee Thynn Thynn , Herrero‐Martinez Esteban , Lee Christine A.
Published: October 2002

Little is known about the natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA concentrations over the course of infection. The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of HCV RNA concentrations in 85 HIV negative men with bleeding disorders infected with HCV for up to 30 years. HCV RNA concentrations were measured in yearly serum samples using a branched DNA assay. HCV RNA concentrations increased over time in this cohort. Two years after exposure to HCV, 53% of patients had undetectable concentrations and no patients had levels >7 log10(genome Eq/ml); by 20 years, these proportions had changed to 23% and 32% respectively. The RNA concentration correlated strongly with alanine aminotransferase (ALT; correlations of 0.41–0.71 depending on stage of infection) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 0.20–0.51) levels. Patients with haemophilia A had significantly higher HCV concentrations than those with other disorders. An effect of HCV genotype on HCV RNA concentrations became nonsignificant after excluding patients who were persistently HCV PCR negative and who could not be genotyped. The correlation of HCV RNA concentrations with other markers of liver function, such as ALT, means that studies with clinical outcomes are required to assess whether HCV RNA concentrations provide additional prognostic information to that provided by these other markers. J. Med. Virol. 68:68–75, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infection of simian B lymphoblastoid cells with simian immunodeficiency virus is associated with upregulation of CD23 and CD40 cell surface markers
Authors: Titti Fausto , Zamarchi Rita , Maggiorella Maria Teresa , Sernicola Leonardo , Geraci Andrea , Negri Donatella Rita Maria , Borsetti Alessandra , Menin Chiara , D'Andrea Emma , Modesti Andrea , Masuelli Laura , Verani Paola , Chieco‐Bianchi Luigi , Amadori Alberto
Published: October 2002

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induce polyclonal B‐cell activation and are associated with the appearance of lymphomas in their respective hosts in either the presence or the absence of other co‐infecting viruses such as Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). However, the pathogenic role of these retroviruses in the development of lymphoproliferative disorders remains poorly understood. To explore the virus–B‐cell interactions, two immortalized lymphoblastoid B‐cell lines (SL‐P1 and SL‐691) were established from cynomolgus monkeys that were naturally co‐infected with a simian type D retrovirus‐2 (SRV‐2) and with the herpes virus Macaca fascicularis (HVMF‐1). We addressed their susceptibility to SIV infection and the phenotypic modifications associated with SIV infection. In response, both cell lines (1) were co‐infected with HVMF‐1 (latent infection) and with SRV‐2 (productive infection), (2) had a transformed phenotype because they did not require exogenous growth factors, and (3) when injected into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), generated serially transplantable tumors. The B‐cell origin of SL cells was demonstrated by the presence of rearrangements of the IgH gene and by the expression of typical B‐cell lineage markers, such as CD20. SL‐P1 and SL‐691 could be discriminated on the basis of different expressions of CD23 and CD40 and of κ‐ and λ‐chains. Most importantly, SL‐691 cells, but not SL‐P1 cells, were susceptible to chronic noncytolytic SIV infection. This infection occurred in a CD4/CCR5/CXCR4‐independent manner and was associated with the upregulated expression of CD23 and CD40 cell surface markers. In addition, CD20 expression, which progressively disappeared in SL‐691 noninfected cells, was maintained in the SIV‐infected counterpart. These findings support the hypothesis that SIV induce phenotypic perturbations in B cells that might eventually contribute to the development of lymphoproliferative disease. J. Med. Virol. 68:129–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet‐activating factor induces permeability transition and cytochrome c release in isolated brain mitochondria
Authors: Parker Mark A. , Bazan Haydee E. P. , Marcheselli Victor , Rodriguez de Turco Elena B. , Bazan Nicolas G.
Published: October 2002

Platelet‐activating factor (PAF), a potent bioactive phospholipid implicated in neuronal excitotoxic death, was assessed as a mediator of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Carbamyl PAF, a non‐hydrolyzable PAF analog, added to neurons in culture resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) as measured by the ΔΨM‐sensitive fluorophore 5,5′, 6,6′‐tetrachloro‐1, 1′, 3,3′‐tetraethylethylbenzimidazolo‐carbocyanide iodide (JC‐1). To investigate whether PAF has a direct effect on the mitochondria, the mediator was added to rat brain mitochondria preparations and an increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane, termed permeability transition (PT), and cytochrome c release were measured. We report that PAF causes both dose‐dependent PT and cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, the selective PAF antagonist tetrahydro‐4,7,8,10 methyl‐1 (chloro‐2 phenyl)‐6 (methoxy‐4 phenyl‐carbamoyl)‐9 pyrido [4′,3′‐4,5] thieno [3,2‐f] triazolo‐1,2,4 [4,3‐a] diazepine‐1,4 (BN50730), which has affinity for intracellular binding sites, and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands 7‐chloro‐5‐ [4′‐chlorophenyl]‐1,3‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one (Ro5‐4864) and 1‐(‐2‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpropyl)‐3‐isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), inhibit PAF induction of PT and cytochrome c release. These results suggest that PAF excitotoxicity involves, at least in part, alterations of the mitochondrial membrane. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motivating workers in emerging countries: universal tools and local adaptations
Authors: d'Iribarne Philippe
Published: October 2002

Two case studies are presented of highly successful factories operating in emerging countries. Sgs‐Thomson in Morocco and Danone in Mexico provide exemplars of ways in which corporate cultures can promote productive, efficient, and interpersonally supportive communities by building upon deep‐seated local values that give these communities special meaning to members. In Morocco, Islamic norms and values combined with Total Quality Management values to transform Sgs‐Thomson's factory culture. In Mexico, norms and values regarding family and the pursuit of a higher moral purpose underpinned a workplace transformation combining economic and social progress. This essay also develops the implications of these cases for the dissemination, adoption, and malleability of global management practices. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of summer‐ and winter‐time suburban energy fluxes in Christchurch, New Zealand
Authors: Spronken‐Smith Rachel A.
Published: October 2002

Knowledge of the surface energy balance is fundamental to understanding the boundary layer meteorology and climatology of urban areas. This study reports some of the first direct measurements of energy fluxes over the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, during both summer and winter. Observations of the surface energy balance were made over two mainly residential suburbs: St Albans and Beckenham. Net all‐wave radiation Q* was measured with a net radiometer, the eddy covariance approach was used to measure the turbulent heat fluxes (sensible heat QH, and latent heat QE), and the heat storage flux ΔQS was estimated as the energy balance residual. During the predominant northeasterlies and unstable conditions in summer, the fetch at St Albans includes a commercial warehouse as well as residential areas. In summer, on a daily basis, QH is the dominant heat sink followed by ΔQS and QE. However, during daytime ΔQS can be considerable and may approach the magnitude of QH. Evaporation is low because the turbulent flux source areas are mainly centred over the commercial warehouse and yard, which have little greenspace. In winter the flux source areas are mainly residential for both sites, and the small daily surplus of Q* is partitioned mostly into ΔQS, with some QE and a small QH that may be directed either towards or away from the surface depending largely on the synoptic conditions. Under strong inversion conditions, which occur frequently in Christchurch during winter, the turbulent heat fluxes are very small and QH may be directed towards the surface for many hours overnight and early in the morning. During foehn events the energy partitioning is significantly altered, particularly in winter. Net radiation may be substantially decreased, evaporation is usually markedly increased and in winter QH may be directed towards the surface for much of the event. The results highlight the importance of seasonal and synoptic controls in energy partitioning at this location, although difficulties with fetch complicate the analysis. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Shelf‐life extension of refrigerated seabass slices under modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Masniyom Payap , Benjakul Soottawat , Visessanguan Wonnop
Published: October 2002

The effect of CO2‐enriched atmosphere in combination with either oxygen or nitrogen on the keeping quality of seabass slices stored at 4 °C was investigated. The inhibitory effect on bacterial growth increased proportionally to the CO2 concentration in the packaging, maximum inhibition being achieved with 100% CO2 (P < 0.05). Seabass slices stored in CO2‐enriched atmosphere had lower total volatile base, trimethylamine, ammonia and formaldehyde contents than those stored in air (P < 0.05). However, increases in lightness and exudate loss were observed for samples packaged in high‐CO2 atmosphere, suggesting the denaturation of both muscle and pigment proteins by carbonic acid formed. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) increased as the CO2 concentration increased (P < 0.05). However, odour, flavour and overall acceptability of CO2‐enriched packaged samples, particularly with 80 and 100% CO2, were acceptable throughout storage for 21 days. Chemical and microbial changes in all samples were generally in agreement with sensory panel evaluations. The shelf‐life of seabass slices packaged in 80–100% CO2 atmosphere could be extended to more than 20 days at 4 °C, compared with 9 days for those packaged in air.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Volatile components of raw and smoked black bream (Brama raii) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) studied by means of solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Guillén María D , Errecalde María C
Published: October 2002

Solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of raw and smoked black bream and rainbow trout was carried out. The volatile components of the raw fish belong to a limited number of groups of compounds. Raw black bream has a higher presence of acids than raw trout, while the latter contains more alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters and phenol derivatives; both contain similar concentrations of saturated aldehydes. The volatiles of the smoked fish basically comprise the compounds also detected in the raw fish together with others produced during the processing. Smoke components detected in both smoked fish species were mainly phenol, guaiacol and syringol derivatives, ketones, acetic acid and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Smoked black bream contained a higher number and higher concentrations of smoke components than smoked rainbow trout. Large variations in concentrations of smoke components in the smoked fish samples indicated that the smoking process had not been totally homogeneous. The presence of autoxidatively derived compounds, such as unsaturated aldehydes, was mainly detected in some smoked bream samples, showing that this degradation process is not occurring homogeneously. The usefulness of the applied techniques for the study of volatile components of raw and smoked fish is shown.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry