bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adenosine-Induced Myocardial Ischemia in a Patient with Myocardial Bridge
Authors: Bai Bingqing , Ma Huan , Guo Lan , Yu Xueju , Wang Haochen , Liu Yuting , Yin Ha , Liu Fengyao , Geng Qingshan
Published: May 2022

The adenosine stress test and exercise stress test have been widely used in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease, which has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of coronary heart disease. The myocardial bridge is a congenital dysplasia of the coronary artery which may cause severe myocardial ischemia, acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Although drug therapy for this disease is clear and widely used, indication for open-chest surgery is still vague. This case shows a patient with long-term chest pain undergoing the coronary computed tomographic angiography in our hospital 1 month ago, which showed the mild myocardial bridge in the left anterior descending (LAD) branch. Then, she did the mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and cardiopulmonary exercise test which the results were negative. After the informed consent, the patient took the adenosine stress test and severe angina occurred during the test. Later, coronary angiography showed that the myocardial bridge caused 70% contraction of the middle segment of the LAD branch. In the case of long-term ineffective drug treatment, the patient underwent a open-chest surgery called coronary artery myotomy and her chest discomfort eventually recovered. To a degree, adenosine stress test may be more sensitive than exercise stress test in predicting the severity of coronary artery stenosis. Moreover, we may provide a unique direction of indication for surgeons to operate open-chest surgery on the myocardial bridge.
“Texting Neck” or “iNeck Pain” Syndrome – An Emerging Public Health Threat
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudip , Saleem Sheikh M , Juyal Ruchi , Kaur Ravneet , Singh Amarjeet
Published: May 2022

“Texting neck” or “iNeck pain” syndrome is emerging as a public health threat globally because of our adjustment to a NEW NORMAL existence (work-from-home culture) because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This term coined by Dr. Dean L. Fishman, “text neck,” refers to overuse syndrome or a repetitive stress injury, in which we have our head hung forward and down looking at our cellular electronic device for prolonged durations. In our normal anatomical position, neck muscle groups are designed to endure the load of our head, which is about 10–12 pounds and when we bend our head ahead for an inch, we double the weight on these neck muscle groups. The signs and symptoms vary from continual nagging ache to muscle fatigue and limited variety of neck movements. For handling “Texting neck” or “iNeck ache” syndrome, nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment alternatives are available. The burden of neck pain is already high in countries such as Norway, Finland, and Denmark. It is emerging as a public health problem in other countries also, thanks to work-from-home culture in the COVID-19 era. Few studies have revealed that the awareness for texting neck is poor among poor countries, and increasing population awareness about the risk factors and preventive measures for neck pain is the only way to tackle this emerging threat.
Current advances in the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Liang Shu-Wei , Wong Ming-Wun , Yi Chih-Hsun , Liu Tso-Tsai , Lei Wei-Yi , Hung Jui-Sheng , Lin Lin , Rogers Benjamin D. , Chen Chien-Lin
Published: May 2022

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is very common and defined as troublesome symptoms owing to excessive acid reflux. The spectrum of GERD is broad, including not only erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus but also nonerosive reflux disease (NERD), reflux hypersensitivity, and functional heartburn. Patients with reflux symptoms despite normal endoscopy remain common clinical presentation, can be heterogeneous overlapping with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring with and without impedance helps the diagnosis of NERD. Metrics such as baseline impedance and postreflux swallow induced peristaltic wave enhance diagnostic accuracy in patients with inconclusive diagnoses. The major treatment of all manifestations of GERD is acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors, while other therapies, such as reflux-reducing agents and adjunctive medications, can be individualized where the response to traditional management is incomplete. GERD patients often need long-term treatment due to frequent relapses. Anti-reflux surgery can be effective too. Endoscopic therapies have some promising results, but long-term outcomes remain to be determined.
What’s new in breast pathology 2022: WHO 5th edition and biomarker updates
Authors: Muller Kristen , Jorns Julie M. , Tozbikian Gary
Published: May 2022

The 5th edition WHO Classification of Breast Tumours (2019) has introduced changes to our practices. Highlights are presented below, with a focus on modifications to morphological subtype categorization. In addition, we summarize important updates to ER and PR testing made in the 2020 ASCO/CAP guidelines, and briefly discuss PD-L1 and Ki-67 testing in breast cancer.
Specht property for the algebra of upper triangular matrices of size two with a Taft’s algebra action
Authors: Centrone Lucio , Estrada Alejandro
Published: May 2022

Let F be a field of characteristic zero, and let
$UT_2$
be the algebra of
$2 \times 2$
upper triangular matrices over F. In a previous paper by Centrone and Yasumura, the authors give a description of the action of Taft’s algebras
$H_m$
on
$UT_2$
and its
$H_m$
-identities. In this paper, we give a complete description of the space of multilinear
$H_m$
-identities in the language of Young diagrams through the representation theory of the hyperoctahedral group. We finally prove that the variety of
$H_m$
-module algebras generated by
$UT_2$
has the Specht property, i.e., every
$T^{H_m}$
-ideal containing the
$H_m$
-identities of
$UT_2$
is finitely based.
Is Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration Safe for the Oldest Old Patients?
Authors: Yeon Hee Jin , Moon Ju Ik , Lee Seung Jae , Choi In Seok
Published: May 2022

Background: This study aimed to identify the risk factors for postoperative complications of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) in the oldest old patients aged 80 years or older.Methods: From March 2001 to October 2020, 363 patients underwent LCBDE with stone removal. Based on their ages, they were divided into two groups, those younger than 80 years (n=240) and those 80 years old or older (n=123). We compared patient demographics, disease characteristics, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications based on these groups.Results: The older group had a higher proportion of patients with a Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥5 (p<0.001) and the American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status classification ≥3 (p<0.001). In addition, the older group had longer postoperative hospital stays than younger group (7.5±6.1 days vs. 6.2±3.9 days, p=0.013). However, there were no significant differences between groups according to the postoperative complications (13.8% vs. 20.3%, p=0.130). According to multivariate analysis, the risk factors for postoperative complications were Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥5 (odds ratio [OR]=2.307; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.162–4.579; p=0.017) and operative time >2 hours (OR=3.204; 95% CI, 1.802–5.695; p<0.001).Conclusion: In patients with Charlson Comorbidity Index <5 and operation time <2 hours, LCDBE with stone removal can be considered safe for the oldest old patients.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Latrine Management Approaches in Internally Displaced Persons Camps in Myanmar
Authors: Domini Marta , Guidotti Pereira Sunny , Win Aye , Win Lae Yee , Lantagne Daniele
Published: May 2022

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions provide dignity and prevent disease transmission. Sanitary facility provision (e.g., latrines) is a key WASH priority in all phases of humanitarian response. Currently, there are evidence gaps on field effectiveness of sanitation approaches, particularly in protracted crises. Thus, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of sanitation approaches in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Myanmar. We conducted 36 focus group discussions, 65 household surveys, and 32 key informant interviews in Rakhine and Kachin states; results were analyzed qualitatively. We found family-shared, gender-segregated latrines were the preferred approach. Acceptance was a result of gender segregation, followed by lighting, state of repair, cleanliness, design, and distance from household. Contextual factors influencing sanitation approach development and acceptance were cultural and religious beliefs, community cohesion, camp size, livelihood access, land ownership and availability, and responding agency type. Overall, sanitation approaches generally met IDP needs; however, access was limited for children, the elderly, and people with special needs (including persons with disabilities). We recommend implementers of latrine programs in protracted contexts conduct community consultations, consider gender segregation, be flexible in considering context-specific solutions, prioritize access and dignity, and be inclusive of vulnerable groups.
Case Report: Pulmonary Leptospirosis Misdiagnosed as COVID-19
Authors: Turmel Jean-Marie , Olive Claude , Bigeard Bastien , Abel Sylvie , Banydeen Rishika , Daoud Laura , Fayolle Pierre-Marie , Cabié André , _ _
Published: May 2022

We report the case of an 83-year-old woman with acute, febrile respiratory failure resulting from interstitial pneumonia that required high-flow oxygen therapy. This clinical picture, associated with the ongoing epidemiological situation, initially guided us toward a diagnosis of COVID-19. Based on SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction negativity and the absence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, a search for a differential diagnosis was conducted that led us to conclude a diagnosis of severe pulmonary leptospirosis This case highlights the need to engage in early discussions about differential diagnoses, including neglected tropical and subtropical diseases, during the COVID-19 era.
Molecular detection of vector-borne bacterial pathogens in dromedary camels from Algeria
Authors: Bessas A. , Zaidi S. , Noui A. , Hezil Dj , Zenia S. , Bitam I.
Published: May 2022

Background: In Algeria, little focus was placed on camels as hosts of tick-borne bacterial diseases. Recent studies showed a high prevalence of tick infestation in dromedaries. Transmission of various pathogenic micro organisms to camels by ticks imposes considerable economic losses to livestock and greatly impact on human and animal health. The aim of our study was to investigate the occurrence of vector-borne zoonotic bacteria in camels from Algeria.

Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 80 randomly selected camels in Laghouat province, southern Algeria. The samples were screened for Anaplasma spp, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp and Coxiella burnetii by qPCR. All positive samples were confirmed by standard PCR followed by sequencing. Data on age, sex, tick infestation and location of the camels were analyzed using the SPSS version 17.0 and association of these with vector-borne bacterial pathogens was determined using Chi-square (χ2) test. P value lower than 0.05 wasconsidered as indicative of significance.

Results: Twenty five of the 80 (31.3%) camels were positive to at least one vector-borne bacterial pathogen with Anaplasma phagocytophilum (22.5%, 18/80) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma platys (7.5%, 6/80) and Bartonella dromedarii (2.5%, 2/80). Only one camel was co-infected with two pathogens. All samples tested negative for Rickettsia spp and Coxiella burnetii. None of the factors (age, sex, tick infestation and study sites) was significantly associated with prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in the camels (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The present study is the first report of anaplasmosis and bartonellosis in "Camelus dromedaries" from Algeria. Our results highlighted the need for further investigations on tickborne pathogens of camels.
Phytochemical study and evaluation of the antiviral activity of aqueous extracts of three medicinal plants; Xylopia aethiopica, Gliricidia sepium and Ocimum gratissimum used in Cote d'Ivoire
Authors: Bouagnon J.J.R. , Bolou G.E.K. , Guédé K.B. , Sanga D. , Koffi L.R. , N’Guessan C.D.R. , Konan Y. , Adjogoua E.V. , N'Guessan J.D. , Djaman A.J. , Dosso M.
Published: May 2022

Background: The present work is part of the exploration of new antiviral molecules to combat antimicrobial resistance. In purpose, this study determined the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of extracts from three Ivorian medicinal plants; Gliricidia sepium, Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopica against poliovirus 1, a non-enveloped RNA virus.

Methodology: Aqueous extract of the three plants, which were identified at the herbarium of National Floristic Center Abidjan, was done using a previously described method. The precipitation or staining technique was used to highlight the chemical groups in the three extracts while the polyphenol content of each extract was assessed by the colorimetric method. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity tests were performed in 96-well plates. Cytotoxicity of each extract on L20B (a genetically engineered mouse cell line) was determined by observation of the cell line carpet. Antiviral activity of three extracts against poliovirus type I was determined after 72 hours using an assay that measures inhibition of the cytopathic effect on cell culture.

Results: The three plant extracts contain polyterpenes, sterols and polyphenols, flavonoids, catechetical tannins, saponosides and quinones but none of the extract contains gallic tannins. With the exception of O. gratissimum, alkaloids were found in extracts from the two other plants, and extract of G. sepium was richer in polyphenol than the other two extracts. The cell carpet of L20B after 72 hours contact period with three extracts remained intact at concentrations ranging from 2 to 1000 μg/ml. The aqueous extract of G. sepium showed higher antiviral activity on poliovirus 1 (74.569%) at 2µg/ml than the extracts of O. gratissimum (45.6112%) and X. aethiopica (44.5247%) after 72 hours of incubation.

Conclusion: The extract of G. sepium showed potent antiviral activity against poliovirus 1 than that of O. gratissimum and X. aethiopica. This was justified by its higher polyphenol content than the two extracts.
Comparative study on the strength properties of paving blocks produced from municipal plastic waste
Authors: Awodiji C.T.G , Sule S. , Oguguo C.V
Published: May 2022

In this study, municipal plastic waste is used in producing paving blocks. Binders in the form of melted waste plastic bottles (Polyethelene Terephthalate (PET)) and water sachets (High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) with river sand, were used in making the blocks. Mix ratios; 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 of sand-plastic waste were considered. Sand-cement mixes were adopted as the controls. 230mm x 140mm x 55mm blocks were cast, cured in water at ambient temperature and tested for 72-hours for water absorption and 21 days compressive strength. 3 specimen were prepared for each mixture. Sand-HDPE mix produced stronger blocks than sand-PET and sand-cement mixes. Topmost compressive strength of 17N/mm2 was generated from sand-HDPE mix of 1:2. Sand-PET blocks should be avoided since they generate very low strengths. Sand-plastic waste blocks melt faster at higher temperatures. Therefore, plastic paving blocks can only be used for light load pavements not subjected to high temperature.
Fundamental study of oscillations in the Nigerian power system
Authors: Ugwuanyi N. S. , Uma U.U. , Ekwue A. O.
Published: May 2022

The power systems in developing countries are usually stressed and operated near their stability limits. Consequently, accurate sources of oscillations and their controls can present a challenge. This paper reports a comprehensive study of the oscillations in the Nigerian 48-bus power system. The dominant modes, sensitive locations for faults, and the most responsible generators were identified by modal analysis. Uniquely, the potential for nonlinear modal interaction of these modes was carefully investigated. The low-frequency modes identified are 1 Hz, 1.14 Hz, and 1.37 Hz, and they are associated mainly with the generators at Kainji, Afam, and Delta power stations. The results indicate the existence of inter-area phenomena and nonlinear modal interactions among these modes. Also, the analysis revealed that the generator at the Kainji power station is most affected by the nonlinear interactions.
Prediction of long dry spells for appropriate cropping system in Gusau Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Idris U D. , Mudiare O.J. , Igbadun H. E. , Ramalan A.A.
Published: May 2022

The objective of this study was to predict the probabilities of occurrences of long dry spells and their lengths during the planting period in rainfed farming season for future planning in Gusau and its environs North-Western Nigeria. Markov chain and probability distribution models were used to help predict in advance the longtime dry spells occurrences in the study area. Daily rainfall amount for each year was used to determine the probabilities of wet and dry days at different orders of Markov Chain. Gamma distribution was used with the help of INSTAT plus statistical package to estimate the length of dry spells in May, June and July. The early season dry spells were determined to occur usually between the first and the last decades of May. The Longest dry spells for the month of May were determined to be 26, 25 and 21 days in 2020, 2022 and 2030 respectively. Low frequencies of dry spells are to be anticipated in June with only 10 days in 2026 and July with only 12 days in 2024. The month of May from 2011 to 2020 with mean dry days of measured and predicted data were found to be 14 and 15 days respectively while coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.3, shows a stable dry spell in the coming years in May. The R between the observed and the predicted values were averagely good, mean error (ME) -1.25,-1.00 and 1.63 between the longest monthly observed and predicted dry spell were less than all the observed data. The root mean square error (RMSE) indicated that the month of June has the highest measure of precision 3.18, followed by the month of July4.46 and May 5.50. Since, early season rainfall is uncertain and erratic than the mid-season, early planting of moisture sensitive crop like maize in Gusau without supplementary irrigation would be highly risky.
Determination of soil erodibility (K) factor derived from different geologic formations of Akwa Ibom State
Authors: Ekpo A.E. , Orakwe L.C. , Nwanna E.C. , Anizoba D. C. , Nwachukwu C. P.
Published: May 2022

The onsite and offsite effect of erosion has caused it to be considered as a global issue. For erosion to occur there must be soil erodibility and rainfall erosivity. Different geologic formations give rise to different types of soil and this has affect their responses to an erosive event. Five (5) geologic formations were identified within the study area. This study assessed the erodibility of soils from different geologic formations. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm for standard laboratory analysis. The fine sand, silt, clay, organic matter and permeability of the soils obtained from the different geologic formations were used to determine their erodibility indices using Wischmeier and Smith model. The results obtained shows that Alluvium geologic formation has an average K factor of 0.150 tons MJ-1 hmm-1. Ameki had an average K factor of 0.131 MJmmha-1hr-1yr. Benin had an average K factor of 0.130 tons MJ-1 hmm-1. Imo had an average K factor of 0.147 tons MJ-1 hmm-1. Ogwashi had an average K factor K of 0.127 tons MJ-1 hmm-1. The results show that soils within the study area are vulnerable to erosion.
Performance evaluation of mixed mode passive solar stock fish dryer
Authors: Udeinya B.C. , Ojike O. , Okonkwo W. I. , Abada U.C.
Published: May 2022

The performance evaluation of Mixed-Mode Passive Solar Dryer for drying codfish (Gadusmorhua) was conducted. The dryer is comprised of among other things, materials for sensible heat storage to discharge heat during the off-sunshine period. The drying chamber is integrated with a suction device to aid the convective airflow to avoid reversible reaction during the discharge of accumulated moisture. The solar dryer was evaluated with fresh codfish samples at the initial moisture content of 79% (wet basis). The samples were divided into sets. A set was treated with Moringa Oleifera and the second set with salt solution. The results showed that, for Moringa and salt treatments, the moisture content of the codfish was reduced to 16.03% and 13.33% (wet basis) respectively using the solar dryer while 19.55% and 13.46% respectively under ambient condition in six days. Laboratory tests showed that bacteria and fungi count for Moringa and salt treated codfish under solar dryer were below consumable limits.
Elastic bending analysis exact solution of plate using alternative I refined plate theory
Authors: Onyeka F.C. , Okeke T.E.
Published: May 2022

Plate materials play a significant role in civil engineering and its application is found in building, bridges, marine, nuclear and structural engineering. Plates are three-dimensional (3-D) structural elements and normal practice in its analysis as two-dimensional (2-D) element has produced unreliable design which is a major problem in the construction industry. In this paper, a 3-D exact elastic plate theory (alternative I refined plate theory) is developed and applied to the bending analysis of an isotropic rectangular plate with free support at the third edge and the other edges clamped (CCFC) under uniformly distributed transverse load. The energy equation is formulated using the three-dimensional constitutive relations thereafter, the compatibility equation was obtained through general variation. The solution of the compatibility equation gave an exact deflection function of the plate as presented in the trigonometric form. This deflection function which is a product of the coefficient of deflection and shape function of the plate are substituted back into the energy equation, and simplified through minimization with respect to the coefficients of deflection and shear deformation to get a realistic formula for calculating the deflection, rotations and stresses of thick rectangular plate. The results of deflections and stresses obtained at aspect ratio of 2 were compared with those of previous studies available in the literature. It was observed that the present theory varied more with those of 2-D refined plate theory (RPT) with an assumed deflection function by 6.2% whereas it varied with exact 2-D RPT by 3.1%. This shows the inefficiency of assuming the deflection function in the analysis of thick plate. Meanwhile, the recorded total percentage differences showed that 2-D RPT over predicted the bending characteristics of the plate with 4.7%. This finding provides in-depth insight about the coarseness of 2-D RPT in the thick plate analysis.
Flexible manufacturing systems in Africa (A review)
Authors: Fofana S.B. , Nyarko F.K.A. , Takyi G.
Published: May 2022

In comparison to the rest of the world, Africa has a low rate of adoption of innovative manufacturing technologies and concepts such as flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Studies show that advanced manufacturing technologies and concepts boost a production firm's total performance, which is why the African manufacturing industry should adopt these technologies and concepts in order to quickly be industrialized. The goal of this research is to investigate manufacturing and its influence in Africa, as well as the adoption and state-of-the-art of flexible manufacturing in Africa, but also the challenges and research possibilities that come with adopting modern manufacturing technologies. Based on the literature research, in comparison to the rest of the world, the adoption of flexible manufacturing systems in the African manufacturing industry is quite low. The importance of African manufacturing enterprises adopting FMS and other modern manufacturing technologies and concepts, as well as research potential for smart FMS, are discussed in this study. This study also reveals that if a large percentage of African manufacturing enterprises implement FMS and advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT), the continent's manufacturing profile will be transformed in unprecedented ways.
Yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its active metabolites affect the cecal microbiome of broilers
Authors: Sun Z. , Zhen Y. , Li T. , Aschalew N.D. , Wang T. , Chen X. , Zhao W. , Zhang X. , Qin G.
Published: May 2022

Yeast cultures (YCs) are defined as promising feed additives that maintain the health of birds and improve growth performance by modulating gut microbiota. YCs contain effective metabolites such as glycine, fructose, inositol, galactose, and sucrose. This study investigated the effects of YCs and their effective metabolites on carcass traits and cecal microflora in broilers. A total of 280 one-day-old mixed-sex Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to seven groups. The basal diet (control DZ) was supplemented with various proportions of glycine, fructose, inositol, galactose, and sucrose (Groups A, B, and C), 24-hour grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures (Group D) (YC), and a commercial yeast culture product (SZ) at concentrations of 0.1% and 1% (Groups E and F). Bodyweight of broilers was correlated positively with proportions of Proteobacteria in Group C and Lactobacillus and Roseburia in Group B (P <0.05). Broilers fed diets supplemented with YC or its active metabolites had the highest proportions of bacteria involved in nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. These results suggested that the dietary addition of YC could alter the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in broilers.
Estimates of variance components for feedlot traits of the Simmentaler breed in South Africa
Authors: Hendriks J. , Neser F.W.C. , Van Wyk J.B. , Jordaan F.J. , Scholtz M.M.
Published: May 2022

Breeding of beef cattle is changing, with more emphasis on efficiency of production. Feed cost is the highest expense, and reducing it has the potential to increase profitability. Common measures of efficiency are ratio traits such as feed conversion (feed consumed/weight gain) and feed efficiency (weight gain / feed consumed). Feed conversion ratio is commonly used in South Africa in an attempt to improve feed efficiency. These ratio traits are associated with growth rate. Selection for them would result in higher growth as a correlated response and might also increase the mature size of the cows and their maintenance cost. Thus, alternative efficiency traits such as residual feed intake and residual daily gain have been proposed. In this study, variance components, and genetic parameters for feedlot traits for the South African Simmentaler breed were estimated, with emphasis on the efficiency traits. The focus was to evaluate the use of residual feed intake as an alternative trait. The results indicate non-significant correlations between residual feed intake and body weight and growth traits, implying that residual feed intake should have little effect on the other traits. This is in contrast to the moderate to strong correlations of feed conversion ratio with the same traits. The study demonstrates that considerable genetic variation exists for residual feed intake, which can be exploited. Selection for residual feed intake can reduce the carbon footprint of beef due to the associated lower methane emissions.
Effects of traditional tenderization treatments on Transversus abdominis muscles obtained from Holstein carcasses
Authors: Benli H. , Tokgoz L.A.
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of traditional tenderization treatments on Transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles (inside skirts) of Holstein carcasses. The muscles were collected from carcasses of 12 healthy 18- to 22-month-old Holstein steers that had been subjected to similar care and nutrition programmes. A replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design was used to compare the effects of the treatments of blade tenderization, enzymatic tenderization, marination and control. Blade tenderization and enzymatic tenderization had statistically similar colour values to the control, whereas marination had negative effects on the colour of raw and cooked samples. Blade tenderization had the lowest mean Warner-Bratzler shear force value (37.88 N), whereas enzymatic tenderization had the second lowest value (42.87 N). In sensory evaluation, significant differences were observed when the samples cooked to an internal temperature of 82 °C. A simple ranking test indicated that the most preferred sample was obtained with the blade tenderization. Also, blade tenderization and then enzymatic tenderization had the highest scores for tenderness in sensory evaluation. Although Holstein cattle are known for superior milk production and may not be a suitable breed for high-quality meat production, the results indicated that blade tenderization and enzymatic tenderization could be used to improve the tenderness of TrA steaks from Holstein carcasses and use them better.
Determination of a Wear Law for Uncoated Cutting Tools
Authors: Bourdim M. , Zouambi L. , Beida M. Djilali , Kerrouz S.
Published: May 2022

The wear of cutting tools is one of the main current problems, especially when it comes to new materials called "difficult to machine" or with high added value. Tool wear is caused by extreme thermomechanical loads applied to the contact areas of tool chips and tool parts. During milling, turning or drilling operations, for example, large deformations, high deformation rates and high temperatures can be observed near the surface of the cutting tool. The objective of our work is to respond to the problem of abrasion wear by developing a predictive tool, based on knowledge of the physical and tribological mechanisms of workpiece-tool contacts, allowing us to quantitatively estimate the wear of the tool and its service life. To achieve this, we base our approach on previous studies carried out in the field of machining and metalworking. The modeling work was first applied to the wear case, then extended to the study of the crater wear occurring on the cutting face. By taking into account the mechanical load applied and the geometry of the contacts involved (plane-plane contacts), we have developed a two-dimensional approach in orthogonal cut configuration.
Improving the Algorithm Study of YOLO in Steel Surface Defect Detection
Authors: Su Fu , Wang Siying
Published: May 2022

To solve the problem of low detection accuracy caused by background interference and diverse target forms, a series of improvements are proposed to improve the detection accuracy. According to the various characteristics of steel surface defects, this paper presents the K-Means clustering algorithm to optimize the clustering results and quickly and accurately obtain the size of the prior box. In view of the small proportion of the target defect area in the overall image and background interference, a two-way attention module (TWA-Block) is proposed to establish the long-distance dependence of the spatial domain and channel domain features, and a background suppression function is designed to realize the division of defect areas. Experiments of the proposed improvements in the NEU-DET dataset based on the YOLO series model show that the detection accuracy of all the improved YOLO series models has improved, and the number of parameters will not increase substantially
Displaying a Georeferenced Map in KnightLab’s StoryMap JS
Authors: Hayes Erica Y. , Partlow Mia
Published: May 2022

In this lesson, you will learn how to display a georeferenced map from Map Warper in KnightLab’s StoryMap JS, an interactive web-based map and storytelling platform.
Online catalogue of the Coleção de Flebotomíneos (FIOCRUZ/COLFLEB), a biological collection of American sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) held at Fiocruz Minas, Brazil
Authors: Andrade-Filho José Dilermando , Reis Alanna Silva , Monteiro Carolina Cunha , Shimabukuro Paloma Helena Fernandes
Published: May 2022

The Coleção de Flebotomíneos (“Phlebotomine Collection”; FIOCRUZ/COLFLEB) held at Fiocruz Minas is a curated biological collection comprising approximately 80 000 individual specimens of 370 species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). These were mostly collected from the Americas in the last 80 years by entomologists interested in understanding and controlling the vector-borne disease leishmaniases. Since 2010, the metadata of each biological specimen held in FIOCRUZ/COLFLEB, including the back catalogue of those deposited in previous decades, has been digitized. Here, we present the resulting electronic catalog containing records for 72,624 of the specimens, including all of the available provenance information associated with each specimen. The catalog is published online through the speciesLink network and the Sistema de Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira (SiBBr).
Campo, habitus y capital. Una propuesta analítica desde la perspectiva comparada
Authors: Colin Márquez Ana Karen , Chavarría Sánches Zúñiga Raúl , Cerón Martínez Armando Ulises
Published: May 2022

El fundamento teórico-conceptual es uno de los referentes para abordar una problemática de investigación y aunque se realice un análisis del objeto de estudio desde la misma perspectiva teórica, distintos trabajos generan razonamientos y resultados únicos, orientados a diferentes dimensiones sociales respecto a sus implicaciones prácticas, para ello es importante considerar el uso que diversas producciones científicas han dado a una misma teoría. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de describir y analizar el abordaje teórico y empírico que se ha dado al estudio de trayectorias sociales y que han utilizado la teoría de Pierre Bourdieu como un referente reflexivo, analítico y explicativo del tema en cuestión; para ello se utilizaron diferentes producciones científicas, que conforman un estado del conocimiento, distinguiendo como categorías de análisis sus principales características como: objetivo, temporalidad, método, contexto y alcance; lo anterior se realizó utilizando la metodología de estudios comparados propuesta por Bereday, la cual consta de cuatro fases: descripción, interpretación, yuxtaposición y comparación.  Una vez realizado el análisis de comparación se presentan algunas reflexiones finales de lo encontrando como: la tendencia para aplicar metodologías cualitativas como historias de vida y biográficas, la similitud analítica de los autores al posicionar a los sujetos en campos específicos según el tipo de capitales que poseen y habitus adquirido, así como interpretar sus trayectorias en condiciones de reproducción o movilidad según la permanencia o transformación en un tiempo y condiciones determinadas.
Présentation. Le transport artisanal dans les villes africaines : retour sur une pratique et un concept à connotation discriminatoire
Authors: MAHAMAT HEMCHI Hassane
Published: May 2022

L’urbanisation est un phénomène mondial de concentration croissante de la population et des activités d’un pays ou d’une région dans les villes. En 2030, la population urbaine atteindra 5 milliards et représentera 70 % de la population mondiale (Lall, Henderson et Venables, 2017). D’ici 2050, l’Afrique devrait connaître le taux de croissance urbaine le plus rapide au monde. À cet horizon, les villes africaines devraient abriter 950 millions d’habitant·e·s supplémentaires. Cette croissance s’opère en grande partie dans les petites et moyennes agglomérations. Il faut rappeler que, de 1950 à 1997, la population africaine a triplé et pendant cette même période la population urbaine a été multipliée par onze.
L’affordance comme outil pour comprendre la mobilité dans une ville africaine : le cas de Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)
Authors: KANAZOÉ Houd
Published: May 2022

Les études urbaines en Afrique ont longtemps été dominées par des logiques d’appréciation extérieures, notamment euro-centriques. Afin d’y échapper et participer au débat postcolonial en cours, cet article fait recours au concept de l’affordance qui a le mérite de centrer l’analyse sur les populations et la technologie utilisée. Il sert donc ici à la compréhension du passage du tricycle d’un engin conçu pour le transport de marchandise à moyen de transport de population dans la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso. Pour ce faire, nous avons appliqué une approche ethnographique basée sur une observation participante auprès de 5 % des chauffeurs de chaque mode de transport collectif au cours de laquelle nous avons tenu des discussions informelles avec les usagers et usagères. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les logiques endogènes qui sous-tendent la mobilité des personnes par le tricycle à Bobo-Dioulasso sont liées à la perception sur l’engin héritée des pratiques en milieu rural et aux possibilités qu’offrent la technologie de l’engin. En effet, ces tricycles sont des mobylettes dont la remorque « afforde » le transport de personnes. Le faible coût d’exploitation, la spontanéité qu’ils procurent et surtout la grande capacité à s’adapter à l’état des voies sont les facteurs qui concourent à faire du tricycle le moyen de transport le plus populaire de la ville. Les implications de cette forme de transport sont diverses, allant des questions socio-économiques, spatiales aux enjeux de gouvernance.
Le transport artisanal dans la ville de Ngaoundéré, une activité informelle : illégalité et légitimité
Authors: PETNGA NYAMEN Simon Pierre , SADIO FOPA Harry , MAÏPA Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

Comme dans la quasi-totalité des villes d’Afrique subsaharienne, Ngaoundéré connaît une croissance démographique et spatiale importante ces deux dernières décennies. Pour preuve, sa population urbaine a été multipliée par trois et son ressort territorial par deux en l’espace de 20 ans. Cette dynamique urbaine y a favorisé l’essor du transport artisanal afin de répondre aux besoins de mobilité de tou·te·s ses résident·e·s. L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner les politiques de gestion de la mobilité artisanale à Ngaoundéré afin d’en déduire sa valeur juridique et son statut social. Pour ce faire, l’approche historique a été privilégiée dans l’analyse des phénomènes et des processus liés à la dynamique du transport artisanal dans la ville de Ngaoundéré. Pour ce qui est des travaux empiriques, on adopte une approche méthodologique qualitative basée sur les observations directes de terrain, les analyses de différents supports cartographiques, des images satellites et le traitement des données collectées par entretiens semi-structurés avec les principaux acteurs et actrices du transport artisanal urbain à Ngaoundéré. Il en ressort que les moyens de transport des personnes et des biens ont essayé de suivre la dynamique démographique et spatiale de cette ville pour répondre à ses besoins de mobilité. Mais leurs multiplications et leurs diversifications ont participé à l’accentuation du désordre urbain et à la complexification de sa gouvernance. Aujourd’hui, la perception de cette activité informelle est duale : illégale, au strict sens du respect des textes de loi en vigueur au Cameroun, et légitime, pour sa contribution sociale et économique au bien-être quotidien des citadin·e·s de Ngaoundéré.
Study on the Brake Particle Emissions of Various Friction Materials
Authors:   ADVICS CO.,LTD., JAPAN, Imai Shotaro , Okayama Katsuya , Sugimoto Koji , Matsunaga Noriko
Published: May 2022

Brake wear debris and its contents have been matters of concern due to their impacts on the human body and the environment, which has led to many studies being done in the brake industry. In North America, copper is a prime example of brake wear debris impacting the environment when it’s exhausted to the atmosphere. The regulation of copper content in brake pads for new cars has been enacted and has led to the development of copper free friction materials which are used in the market today In Europe, micro particles such as PM2.5 and PM10 contained in the brake wear debris, which are also called BPE (brake particle emissions), are considered to affect human health and air pollution. As regulatory activities have accelerated, so has the work towards establishing measuring methods of BPE. As a brake supplier, fundamental research is necessary for understanding characteristics of BPE and reducing the amount of BPE for each type of friction material. As the first step of the research, BPE characteristics were investigated for various friction materials, such as Low Steel, Non Asbestos Organic, and Cu-Free Non Asbestos Organic. In addition, a hard coated rotor was also prototyped and investigated. In this study, a brake corner for a compact passenger car was used for testing. Particulate mass (PM2.5 and PM10) were obtained by a measurement system in accordance with JASO C470 (established in 2020). Also, the CPC (condensation particle counter) device was added to this system in order to measure the particulate number (PN) which was proposed in the WP29/GRPE/PMP/TF2 document. As a result, there were significant differences in the amount of BPE among the friction materials tested. The results also show good correlation between the amount of BPE and wear mass of the pad and rotor. In addition, it is suggested that PM2.5 account for 9-18% of wear mass, PM10 for 31-43% in this test condition.
Relationship between Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Sintered Metallic Brake Pad under the Effect of Thermomechanical Stresses
Authors:   École Centrale de Lille, FRANCE, Long Le Tran Hoang , Cristol Anne-Lise ,   Ecole Polytech Lille, FRANCE, Magnier Vincent ,   University Lille, FRANCE, Hosdez Jérôme
Published: May 2022

Sintered metallic composite is widely used as brake pad material for high energy railway thanks for its good resistance to severe solicitations caused by braking loads. Despite its efficiency, the degradation of the material properties under the effect of brake loads has been noticed in literature which is undoubtedly induced by the microstructure evolution. However, the microstructure evolution and its relation with mechanical behavior have so far not been intensively investigated due to the complexity of braking solicitations. To solve the problem without tackling it in all its complexity, two experimental tests were proposed where physics are decoupled; but still inspired by the braking sequence in terms of applied temperature and compressive load. The first one is the thermal solicitation test where a temperature gradient from 400°C to 540°C was applied to the material. The second one is the thermomechanical test where a compressive load at 20 MPa was applied under the same thermal gradient. The experiment time is fixed for two minutes, equivalent to the time of one braking stroke. Besides, the local microstructure evolution of the sintered metallic brake pad was characterized by Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupling with Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray microtomography. The evolution of mechanical properties was characterized by a series of compressive tests equipped with a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for analyzing deformation behavior. Based on the deformation behavior characteristics, the considered thermal and mechanical solicitations have no separate effect on the mechanical properties of the material. The sole evolution of mechanical behavior is due to the coupled thermomechanical solicitation, which increases the hardness of friction material. From the strain field analysis, the evolution takes place on the strain lines determined by the compressive test, which strongly depends on the distribution of graphite inclusions in the microstructure. The change in mechanical behavior is induced by the local microstructure evolution. Indeed, thermomechanical stresses cause the densification of the graphite in the normal direction, this structural change induce some shear cracks in the basal plane. In terms of the metallic matrix, the segregation of carbon in steel is investigated as a reason for the increased stiffness.
The Prospects of Lightweight SICAlight Discs in the Emerging Disc Brake Requirements
Authors:   Automotive Components Floby AB, SWEDEN, Awe Samuel , Thomas Adam
Published: May 2022

In the recent years, the automotive industry has been under constant pressure to reduce the vehicle's weight, minimize particulate matter emissions as well as improve corrosion resistance. For instance, several concerted efforts are being put together by the stakeholders to source for alternative brake disc materials that can fulfil these requirements better than the regular grey cast iron. However, this communication discusses some of the developing demands that the current and future automobile disc brake must meet. The paper also highlights some of the characteristics and prospects of lightweight aluminium matrix composite (SICAlight) rotor as a potential alternative to the traditional grey cast iron brake discs.
Investigation of Particle Dynamics with Real Vehicles and Swarm Sensors
Authors:   TU Braunschweig, GERMANY, Ostermeyer Georg-Peter ,   Institute of Dynamic and Vibration, GERMANY, Sandgaard Malte , Lehne-Wandrey Guido
Published: May 2022

In recent years, the improvement of air quality in Germany, but also worldwide, has increasingly moved into the public focus. Since the turn of the millennium, a significant aspect of improving air quality has been seen in the reduction of household emissions, for example, and in the adjustment of traffic-related emissions. Due to legal requirements, exhaust emissions have been significantly reduced as a result of technological innovations, whereby other emission sources have moved to the fore. In particular, non-exhaust emissions, such as tire abrasion, resuspension of fine dust and brake emissions are major sources of emissions that have a sustained impact on air quality. Air quality monitoring is carried out throughout Europe with high precision and very expensive measuring stations, which are distributed locally to individual locations in a city. Based on this data, measures such as driving bans or road closures are initiated. Due to the high price, a comprehensive and locally high-resolution measurement in a city is not feasible, which means that individual events such as acceleration and braking cannot be detected. In this work, swarm measurements are performed in a controlled environment with the help of low-cost fine dust sensors in order to be able to conclude about individual traffic events. Thereby a temporal and local dynamic of the emitted particles, for example during braking, will be investigated. The aim is to measure the distribution of particles around a vehicle during a specific driving event. A differentiation of the particle concentration will be investigated for different measurement scenarios.