bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium‐Catalyzed Desulfitative Mizoroki–Heck Couplings of Sulfonyl Chlorides with Mono‐ and Disubstituted Olefins: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Desulfitative Heck‐Type Reactions under Phosphine‐ and Base‐Free Conditions
Authors: Dubbaka Srinivas Reddy , Vogel Pierre
Published: December 2004

New conditions have been found for the desulfitative Mizoroki–Heck arylation and trifluoromethylation of mono‐ and disubustituted olefins with arenesulfonyl and trifluoromethanesulfonyl chlorides. Thus (E)‐1,2‐disubstituted alkenes with high stereoselectivity and 1,1,2‐disubstituted alkenes with 12:1 to 21:1 E/Z steroselectivity can be obtained. Herrmann's palladacycle at 0.1 mol % is sufficient to catalyze these reactions, for which electron‐rich or electron‐poor sulfonyl chlorides and alkenes are suitable. If phosphine‐ and base‐free conditions are required, 1 mol % [RhCl(C2H4)2] catalyzes the desulfitative cross‐coupling reactions. Contrary to results reported for [RuCl2(PPh3)2]‐catalyzed coupling reactions with sulfonyl chlorides, the palladium and rhodium desulfitative Mizoroki–Heck coupling reactions are not inhibited by radical scavenging agents. Possible sulfones arising from the sulfonylation of alkenes at 60 °C are not desulfitated at higher temperatures in the presence of the Pd or Rh catalysts.
Short‐term, medium‐term, long‐term, and lifetime risks of developing and dying of breast carcinoma in a Westernized Chinese population
Authors: Leung Gabriel M. , Thach Thuan Q. , Chan Eric , Foo William , Meng Oscar , Fielding Richard , Lam Wendy W. T. , Hedley Anthony J. , Wong Chit‐Ming , Lam Tai‐Hing
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Estimates of lifetime and shorter‐term risks of developing and dying of breast carcinoma are useful translational statistics for risk communication; however, these statistics are unknown for Chinese women, who account for one‐fifth of the world's female population. In the current study, the authors examined age‐specific 5‐year, 10‐year, 20‐year, and lifetime risks of breast carcinoma incidence and disease‐related mortality among Hong Kong women.

METHODS

Multiple‐decrement life tables were constructed by applying age‐specific incidence and mortality rates obtained from cross‐sectional data to a hypothetic birth cohort. Incidence, mortality, and population data from 1976 through 2000 were used.

RESULTS

For Hong Kong women in the period 1996–2000, the overall lifetime risk of developing invasive breast carcinoma was 5.7% (1 in 17), compared with 10.6% (1 in 9) for U.S. Asian/Pacific Islander women and 14.5% (1 in 7) for U.S. white women. The lifetime breast carcinoma–related mortality risk for Hong Kong women in that same period was 1.7% (1 in 58). For women age 50 years, the 5‐, 10‐, and 20‐year risks of developing breast carcinoma were 0.6% (1 in 172), 1.1% (1 in 87), and 2.1% (1 in 47), respectively. The absolute lifetime probability of developing breast carcinoma increased from 3.81% (1 in 26) during the period 1976–1980 to 5.73% (1 in 17) during the period 1996–2000; 44.5% of this change can be attributed to the increased longevity of women in the latter time period, and the remaining 55.5% can be ascribed to a secular rise in breast carcinoma incidence.

CONCLUSIONS

As China becomes more Westernized, the authors expect that the risks of developing and dying of breast carcinoma for Chinese women will become more similar to the corresponding risks for Western women. The current data from Hong Kong, the most Westernized Chinese community, appear to support this conclusion. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
A pilot study of high‐dose intraarterial cisplatin chemotherapy with concomitant accelerated radiotherapy for patients with previously untreated T4 and selected patients with T3N0–N3M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract
Authors: Foote Robert L. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Okuno Scott H. , Nichols Douglas A. , Olsen Kerry D. , Brown Paul D. , Garces Yolanda I. , Sargent Daniel J. , Strome Scott E.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

This Phase I clinical trial was developed to assess the feasibility of combining high‐dose intraarterial cisplatin chemotherapy with concurrent, concomitant boost accelerated radiation therapy for patients with previously untreated T4 and select patients with T3N0–N3M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract.

METHODS

Between July 1999, and February 2002, 19 patients were treated with 3 or 4 weekly cycles of intraarterial Cisplatin chemotherapy (150 mg/m2) with concurrent, concomitant boost accelerated radiation therapy (72 grays in 42 fractions over 6 weeks).

RESULTS

Two patient deaths occurred among the first 15 patients enrolled. Both patients presented with febrile neutropenia, and both died of complications related to infection. The number of cycles of intraarterial cisplatin was reduced from four cycles to three cycles, and an additional four patients were treated. The fourth patient treated on the modified protocol developed febrile neutropenia, sepsis, and a thromboembolic event, which resulted in lower extremity amputations. The maximum acute toxicity experienced was Grade 2 in 6 patients, Grade 3 in 5 patients, Grade 4 in 6 patients, and Grade 5 in 2 patients. With a median follow‐up of 21 months (range, 6.2–34.6 months), the overall survival at 1 year was 89.5% (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 76.7–100%). At 1 year, 92.9% of the patients were free from disease progression (95%CI, 80.3–100%).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that concurrent intraarterial cisplatin chemotherapy at a dose of 150 mg/m2 with concomitant boost accelerated radiation therapy is not feasible. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Monomers, Chains and Layers of [Pt2(SO4)4] Units in the Crystal Structures of the Platinum(III) Sulfates (NH4)2[Pt2(SO4)4(H2O)2], K4[Pt2(SO4)5] and Cs[Pt2(SO4)3(HSO4)]
Authors: Pley Martin , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: December 2004

The reaction of Pt(NO3)2 with concentrated sulfuric acid in sealed glass ampoules at 400 °C causes reduction of the nitrate ion to NH4+ and leads to single crystals of (NH4)2[Pt2(SO4)4(H2O)2] [triclinic, P$\bar 1$
, Z = 1, a = 749.96(9), b = 754.2(1), c = 765.4(1) pm, α = 102.15 (1)°, β = 110.23(1)°, γ = 100.87(1)°, Rall = 0.0677]. In the crystal structure, Pt2 dumbbells are coordinated by four bidentate‐bridging sulfate ions and two axial H2O molecules. The replacement of the axial H2O molecules with SO42−, which can be observed in the crystal structure of K4[Pt2(SO4)5] [triclinic, P$\bar 1$
, Z = 2, a = 975.6(1), b = 1331.8(1), c = 1491.0(1) pm, α = 101.156(8)°, β = 96.278(8)°, γ = 102.849(8)°, Rall = 0.0459], causes a connection of the dumbbells into chains of the composition 1∞[Pt2(SO4)4/1(SO4)2/2]4−. K4[Pt2(SO4)5] has been obtained from the reaction of K2[PtCl4] and concentrated H2SO4 at 400 °C in sealed glass tubes. The same reaction with Cs2[PtCl4] instead of K2[PtCl4] leads to Cs[Pt2(SO4)3(HSO4)] [monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4, a = 1724.8(2), b = 881.28(9), c = 935.1(1) pm, β = 100.397(8)°, Rall = 0.0458]. In the crystal structure, part of the bidentate‐bridging sulfate ions of the [Pt2(SO4)4] core act as monodentate ligands to further Pt2 dumbbells leading to anionic layers of the composition 2∞[Pt2(SO4)4/2(SO4)2/1]2− and neutral units with the formula 2∞[Pt2(SO4)4/2(HSO4)2/1]. The two types of layers are stacked alternatingly with the ten coordinate Cs+ ions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The effect of fatty acid composition on biodiesel oxidative stability
Authors: Falk Oliver , Meyer‐Pittroff Roland
Published: December 2004

Concerning their environmental impact, native based fuels and lubricants show immense potential. In fact, these products are highly exposed to oxidative processes during storage or application [1, 2]. One way to raise oxidative stabilities is the addition of synthetic antioxidants. Another way may be the modification of the fatty acid composition, since polyunsaturated fatty acids show a much higher proneness to autoxidation. In order to decrease the content of polyunsaturated and to raise the content of saturated components, experiments for fractional distillation and crystallisation as well as for hydrogenation of fatty acid methyl esters have been carried out.

In distillation experiments with separation columns the methyl esters performed good separation of the lower‐boiling esters with a chain‐length up to 16C‐atoms, from the C‐18 fraction, causing a degree of saturation up to 75 wt‐% in the distillate. In tests with fractional crystallisation, the rate of saturation could be raised up to 92.8 wt‐%. Using the process of catalytic hydrogenation, a rate of saturation up to 100 wt‐% could be achieved, depending on the duration of the hydrogenation process. By partial hydrogenation of the polyunsaturated components, products with high oxidation stability and low pour point could be produced within relatively short hydrogenation time.
Kinetics of free fatty acids esterification with methanol in the production of biodiesel fuel
Authors: Sendzikiene Egle , Makareviciene Violeta , Janulis Prutenis , Kitrys Saulius
Published: December 2004

The aim of this study was the determination of optimal conditions of free fatty acid esterification by methanol using acid catalyst, and the calculation of the kinetic parameters of this process.

It was found that the reaction rate depends on the amount of the catalyst and the acidity of the reaction mixture. The reaction rate changes also depending on the reaction duration, especially during the first 15 min.

Establishing the above mentioned parameters proved the effect of the agents on the reaction rate. Such dependence is characteristic to many heterogeneous processes. The data suggest that having excluded diffusion, the reaction order is about 1. Within the limits of the experimental conditions (free fatty acids 0.162 mol//L‐1.948 mol/L, temperature 20–60 °C, constant mixing speed –850 min‐1, 1% of catalyst (H2SO4)) the apparent energy of activation Et is ≈ 13.3 kJ/mol, while pre‐exponent A = 1.27. These parameters allow the assumption that diffusion restrictions are characteristic to the entire range of the concentrations and the reaction duration studied.
Investigating the mechanisms of action of CLAs – from animal models to humans and back
Authors: Banni Sebastiano
Published: December 2004

No abstracts.
Recent progress in the use of soluble ionic polymers as pseudostationary phases for electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Palmer Christopher P. , McCarney Jonathan P.
Published: December 2004

This review concerns the development, characterization, and application of soluble ionic polymeric materials as pseudostationary phases for electrokinetic chromatography since 2002. Cationic polymers, anionic siloxanes, polymerized surfactants (micelle polymers), and chiral polymers are considered. The use of stable suspensions of polymer nanoparticles in electrokinetic chromatography is also reviewed.
Capillary electrophoresis of inorganic ions: An update
Authors: Timerbaev Andrei R.
Published: December 2004

This review as a sequel of three earlier similar reports gives a summary of the progress and significant methodological developments, starting from 2002, in the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for inorganic ion analysis. As substantiated by the illustrative number of relevant references, improvements in sensitivity achieved both in and outside a CE system, advances in manipulating the separation selectivity, novel hardware configurations, and system performance innovations are continually being reported over the review period. Specifically viewed are the recent advancements in elemental (bio)speciation analysis, which remains one of the most fertile areas of CE research, as well as in three recently booming research topics: contactless conductivity detection, separations on microchips, and transient isotachophoretic preconcentration. A state‐of‐the‐art picture of technique's potentialities within the field of interest presented here demonstrates that CE has become recognized and is growing in acceptance as a reliable alternative to traditional analytical methods such as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry: Recent advances to the analysis of small achiral and chiral solutes
Authors: Shamsi Shahab A. , Miller Blair E.
Published: December 2004

We describe here the state‐of‐the‐art development of on‐line capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) over the last two years. Technological developments included are novel designs of new interfaces and ionization sources, new capillary coatings, buffers, and micelles as well as application of various modes of CE‐MS published in the recent literature. The areas of CE‐MS application in analysis of small achiral and chiral solutes are covered in sections that highlight the recent advances and possibilities of each mode of CE‐MS. Application areas reviewed in this paper include achiral and chiral pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, carbohydrates, and small peptides. The separation of enantiomers using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)‐MS with molecular micelles and capillary electrochromatography (CEC)‐MS using pack tapered columns appears to provide good tolerance to electrospray stability for routine on‐line CE‐MS. These two modes seem to be very suitable for sensitive detection of chiral pharmaceuticals in biological samples, but their use will probably increase in the near future. Overall, it seems that one mode of CE‐MS, in particular capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)‐MS, is now recognized as established technique for analysis of small charged solutes, but other modes, such as MEKC‐MS and CEC‐MS, are still within a period of development in terms of both MS‐compatible pseudostationary phases and columns as well as applications.
Conductivity detection for conventional and miniaturised capillary electrophoresis systems
Authors: Guijt Rosanne M. , Evenhuis Christopher J. , Macka Miroslav , Haddad Paul R.
Published: December 2004

Since the introduction of capillary electrophoresis (CE), conductivity detection has been an attractive means of detection. No additional chemical properties are required for detection, and no loss in sensitivity is expected when miniaturising the detector to scale with narrow‐bore capillaries or even to the microchip format. Integration of conductivity and CE, however, involves a challenging combination of engineering issues. In conductivity detection the resistance of the solution is most frequently measured in an alternating current (AC) circuit. The influence of capacitors both in series and in parallel with the solution resistance should be minimised during conductivity measurements. For contact conductivity measurements, the positioning and alignment of the detection electrodes is crucial. A contact conductivity detector for CE has been commercially available, but was withdrawn from the market. Microfabrication technology enables integration and precise alignment of electrodes, resulting in the popularity of conductivity detection in microfluidic devices. In contactless conductivity detection, the alignment of the electrodes with respect to the capillary is less crucial. Contactless conductivity detection (CCD) was introduced in capillary CE, and similar electronics have been applied for CCD using planar electrodes in microfluidic devices. A contactless conductivity detector for capillaries has been commercialised recently. In this review, different approaches towards conductivity detection in capillaries and chip‐based CE are discussed. In contrast to previous reviews, the focus of the present review is on the technological developments and challenges in conductivity detection in CE.
Monitoring mountain snowpack evolution using near‐surface optical and thermal properties
Authors: Lampkin Derrick J. , Yool Stephen R.
Published: December 2004

We developed a near‐surface moisture index (NSMI) that models relative moisture using visible and thermal spectra. The NSMI tracks the evolution of spring snowmelt and has potential MODIS applications. An analytical radiative transfer model for computing directional hemispherical reflectance and emissivity derived from the delta‐Eddington approximation to the radiative transfer equation was used to produce the NSMI. Modelled reflectance and emissivity, as a function of grain size, were used to produce the NMSI feature space, constructed from the normalized difference snow index (NDSI) on the abscissa and brightness temperature (Tb) on the ordinate. As grain size increases, the dynamic range (sensitivity) of NDSI decreases, saturating around 400–450 µm grain radius. Tb values for various grain sizes at fixed kinetic temperatures between 245 and 273 K and the NDSI were used to construct a simulated NSMI. Field measurements of surface wetness, surface/near‐surface grain size, average pack temperature and surface temperature for late February and March were validated in Fraser, Colorado, against measured NSMI using a scene from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Ground‐based measurements indicate significant changes in snow surface properties, representing a warming pack across three Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX) intensive study areas (ISAs) from February to March. Surface and average pack temperatures in March were warmer for all three sites. ASTER‐measured reflectance and Tb were sampled from each CLPX ISA and used to construct the NMSI. The lower elevation ISA (i.e. St Louis Creek) demonstrated higher mean Tb and lower mean NDSI, and the higher elevation ISA (i.e. Alpine) showed higher mean NDSI and lower mean Tb. ASTER‐derived NSMI demonstrated behaviour consistent for simulations with deviations due to topography, vegetation, and regional heterogeneity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground‐based frequency‐modulated continuous wave radar measurements in wet and dry snowpacks, Colorado, USA: an analysis and summary of the 2002–03 NASA CLPX data
Authors: Marshall Hans‐Peter , Koh Gary , Forster Richard R.
Published: December 2004

Ground‐based frequency‐modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar measurements made throughout the 2002–03 NASA Cold Lands Processes (CLPX) mission in Colorado, USA, were designed to study the major electromagnetic transitions within the alpine snowpack over a wide range of conditions, and their effect on measurements made with different active radar measurement parameters. Measurements during 2002 determined that measurements at C‐, X‐, and Ku‐band frequencies were necessary to retrieve the most snowpack information in a wide range of conditions. Measurements at four different incidence angles indicated that the snowpack layering was still visible at 15° but that the rough surface scattering of the snow–ground interface dominated the signal above 30° incidence. Measurements during 2003 were focused on characterizing the microwave response at C‐, X‐, and Ku‐band frequencies at four different sites with different snowpack conditions, indicating that the optimal measurement parameters vary with snowpack conditions. Measurements at different bandwidths illustrate the effect of bandwidth on vertical resolution. This ground‐truth data will help interpretation of air‐ and space‐borne active and passive microwave radar measurements that were made coincident with this study. In addition, this work may help guide future researchers when choosing FMCW radar measurement parameters, depending on the type of snowpack information their study requires. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling and measuring the spectral bidirectional reflectance factor of snow‐covered sea ice: an intercomparison study
Authors: Li Shusun , Zhou Xiaobing
Published: December 2004

Broadband albedo is a very important geophysical parameter in the Earth surface–atmosphere interaction in either global climate change or hydrological cycle and snowmelt runoff studies. To derive the broadband albedo accurately from satellite optical sensor observation at limited bands and at a single observation angle, the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) has to be specified quantitatively. In the present albedo derivation algorithms from the satellite radiance data, the BRF is either modelled or observed. Questions may arise as to how well a BRF model can be in the broadband albedo derivation. To help answer such questions, we studied the performance of a snow‐surface BRF model for two specific cases under large solar zenith angles (65° and 85°). We measured snow‐surface spectral directional reflectance under clear skies. The snow physical properties, such as snow grain size and snow density, at the same sites were also measured. In situ snow physical data are used to simulate the snow‐surface BRF and hemispherical directional reflectance factor (HDRF) through a multilayered azimuth‐ and zenith‐dependent plane‐parallel radiative transfer model. The field measurements and BRF and HDRF simulations all reveal the forward‐scattering nature of snow surface under large solar incidence angles, but the BRF model results depict the strongest forward‐scattering patterns under such solar zenith angles. Because the HDRF is simulated through coupling of the surface BRF with radiative transfer in the atmosphere, the resulting HDRF patterns agree with the field measurements better than the simulated BRF does. The deviation of the simulated HDRF from field‐based clear‐sky directional reflectance (FCDR) is within ±10% for the central (viewing zenith angle <45° ) and lateral sides of the viewing hemisphere. This level of agreement between the simulated HDRF and FCDR also implies that the simulated BRF model can provide remote‐sensing estimates of spectral albedo with an uncertainty of ±10% for the same part of the viewing hemisphere. Further improvement in BRF model performance requires better handling of single scattering properties of snow grains, surface roughness, and atmospheric correction. Also, better procedures and techniques in field measurement are necessary for more accurate assessment of the performance of BRF models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential role for platelet apheresis for post‐liver transplant thrombocytosis complicating portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Au W.Y. , Liu C.L. , Lo C.M. , Fan S.T. , Ma S.K.
Published: December 2004

Except for patients with underlying myeloproliferative diseases (MPD), thrombocytosis is rarely encountered in cirrhotic patients after liver transplantation. Although the long‐term control of primary thrombocytosis is important for the prevention of graft thrombosis in MPD patients, the threshold for intervention and best mode for the control of persistent reactive thrombocytosis after liver transplantation is unclear. We present two patients with extreme reactive thrombocytosis (over 1,000 × 109/l) due to intra‐abdominal sepsis after liver transplantation. Furthermore, both patients suffered from bleeding problems as well as ongoing venous thrombosis of the graft. Rapid control of the platelet count was achieved using platelet apheresis. The use of cell separation procedures may be a relatively rapid, reversible, and reasonably safe way to control platelet counts peri‐operatively in liver transplant recipients. J. Clin. Apheresis 19:192–196, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosorption and bioreduction of diamine silver complex by Corynebacterium
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Li Qingbiao , Lu Yinghua , Sun Daohua , Lin Xueping , Deng Xu , He Ning , Zheng Shuzhen
Published: December 2004

Corynebacterium strain SH09 separated from a silver mine was used for biosorption and bioreduction of diamine silver complex. The biosorption of the diamine silver complex was better than that of silver ions and the maximum of the former was about 350 (mg Ag) (g dried biomass)−1. After dried cells of SH09 were resuspended in the aqueous solution of diamine silver complex in the dark at 60 °C for more than 72 h, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that a large quantity of black particles whose diameter ranged from 10 to 15 nm were formed on the cell wall. The particles were identified as being silver nanoparticles by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV‐vis spectroscopy. Under the same conditions, no bioreduction of silver nitrate was found. According to IR spectra, some functional groups, such as the amide of the proteins, were involved in the processes of biosorption and bioreduction. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Numerical simulation of compressible fluid flow in 3D domains with translating boundaries
Authors: Horváth András , Horváth Zoltán
Published: December 2004

In our paper we present a method to the computational simulation of flow problems on domains with translating boundaries. Our moving mesh algorithm, defined on special tetrahedral meshes, avoids global interpolation and re‐meshing, thus it works quite efficiently on problems with strongly deforming domains while ensures conservativity. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conservative Velocity Interpolation for PDF Methods
Authors: Meyer D. W. , Jenny P.
Published: December 2004

In many particle methods the accurate interpolation of a velocity field represented on a computational grid to arbitrary positions is crucial [2, 5]. Here, the importance of mass conservation and order of the interpolation scheme were analyzed. Initially equally distributed particles were tracked in a stationary, incompressible 2d flow field using different interpolation schemes. It could be demonstrated that especially mass conservation is of great importance, in particular in the case of complex flow patterns. The ideas presented in this paper are more general and the methods can be extended for unsteady, compressible 3d flow problems. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Viscous compressible stability investigations in cylindrical coordinates
Authors: Müller S. B. , Keiderling F. , Kleiser L.
Published: December 2004

A viscous stability code based on the linearized compressible Navier‐Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates was developed. In this contribution, we discuss general aspects of its application and present some results on the stability of swirling jet flow at high subsonic Mach number. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Influence of Thermal Convection in Classical Taylor‐Couette Flows
Authors: Bonczek P. , Egbers C.
Published: December 2004

The presented work deals with the instabilities that occur in the flow of a viscous fluid between axisymmetric cylinders with a rotating inner and stationary outer cylinder. The results of a numerical study of convective flows are presented. The inner cylinder is rotating and heated from within, while the outer cylinder is stationary and cooled outside. Stationary horizontal endplates are used to seal the annulus, forming an enclosure. The working fluid is silikon oil M3. The flow of oil was rendered visible by injecting aluminium powder. By increasing the Reynolds number with angular velocity of the driving inner cylinder, the flow bifurcates into different types of instabilities. Investigation was aimed to find the values of critical Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers corresponding to the critical speeds and temperature differences at which these instabilities set in. The three‐dimensional problem was modelled numerically using software package FLUENT in which discretization is performed by means of finite volume techniques. Computational grid was created in preprocessor Gambit. Numerical experiments are conducted to determine the interdependence between the heat transfer mechanism and the structure of secondary flows
Experimental investigation of natural convection in rotating and non rotating wide spherical annuli
Authors: Brucks Antje , Sitte Bernd
Published: December 2004

The axisymmetric and stationary basic flow due to the unstable stratification in the lower region of a spherical annulus cooled from inside has already been investigated in some detail ([5], [4]). The same applies to the columnar cell flow regime of high Taylor numbers dominated by the force component perpendicular to the rotation axis ([2] and [3]). Yet the question of the initial mechanism of symmetry breaking at medium Taylor numbers has still not been investigated. Therefore the present paper investigates the onset of natural convection in a differentially heated wide spherical gap. The stability curves for radius ratio η = 0.4 and a silicon oil fluid with Pr = 39 are determined by varying Rayleigh and Taylor number. The m = 2 vortex is investigated in detail using quasi 3D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Periodical Convective Flow in Spherical Shells
Authors: Futterer B. , Hollerbach R. , Egbers C.
Published: December 2004

Natural convection in wide spherical shells of aspect ratio β = 1 changes in fundamental ways, when the Rayleigh number Ra reaches critical values. For low Ra the convection is steady and axisymmetric, but above a critical value it becomes timedependent, with plumes dripping of the ‘south pole’ periodically. At higher Ra these still two‐dimensional convective pulses become irregular in time, the transition occuring with period‐doubling bifurcation. Our numerical investigations of the flow show this transition scheme from steady to periodic to chaotic behaviour to be independent for Prandtl numbers Pr greater than 100. For decreasing Pr down to 6 the steady, axisymmetric basic state is observed up to higher and higher Ra . For β ≠ 1 the onset of periodicity appears at higher Ra , too. Small gap‐width reveal a crescent‐eddy type flow, wide gap‐width reveal a varied kidney‐shaped eddy type.
Spatial Velocity and Temperature Measurements in Non‐Isothermal Liquid Flows
Authors: Heiland H. G. , Wozniak G.
Published: December 2004

A surface tension driven flow in the liquid vicinity of an air bubble on a heated wall is studied experimentally. The liquid flow caused by the temperature gradient along the surface of the bubble is termed thermocapillary convection. The surface tension force and the buoyancy force oppose one another. The measurement technique is the 3D particle tracking velocity and thermometry, 3D PTV/T, using thermochromic liquid crystals and digital image processing. The paper describes the method in some detail and presents quantitative results for different Marangoni numbers. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical Modelling of Point Source Dispersion Inside Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Uruba Václav , Jonáš Pavel , Mazur Oton , Bezpalcová Klára
Published: December 2004

One of the most important problems in the turbulence theory is the process of turbulent mixing. Although many theoretical and experimental studies on the structure functions of a passive scalar as well as the probability density functions of its increment and gradient in a turbulent fluid have been published so far, the instantaneous feature of an advected scalar has not been explored very well. There are only a few experimental studies on a scalar concentration fluctuation analysis in turbulent flows. In this study the time‐series of both longitudinal velocity component and concentration analysis are to be presented. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deformation von Belebtschlammflocken in Dehnströmungen
Authors: Höfer Christine , Hartmann Christoph , Delgado Antonio
Published: December 2004

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Deformation von Belebtschlammflocken (BSF) in einer Dehnströmung betrachtet. Dazu werden BSF aus einer kommunalen Kläranlage in einem entsprechend geformten Kanal einer laminaren, dehnungsbehafteten Strömung ausgesetzt. Eine Dehnung der Flocken sowie Desintegration größerer Flockenaggregate durch diese mechanische Belastung können nachgewiesen werden. Diese strömungsinduzierte Desintegration erlaubt eine Vergrößerung der aktiven Oberfläche und verhindert eine metabolische Limitierung der inneren Bereiche der Flocken. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐Block Solution Algorithm for Joint PDF Methods
Authors: Jenny P. , Rembold B.
Published: December 2004

A multi‐block grid (MBG) based algorithm to solve the joint velocity‐frequency‐composition PDF transport equation for turbulent reactive flow is presented. The algorithm is based on a previously developed hybrid finite‐volume/particle approach which has significant advantages over stand alone particle PDF methods. It is demonstrated that the new solution method, due to the flexibility of MBGs, allows to perform simulation studies which involve very complex 3D geometries. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Waves in Reciprocating Compressors
Authors: Aigner Roland , Steinrück Herbert
Published: December 2004

In case of fast running reciprocating compressors an oscillating momentum on the piston has been observed. This oscillation has been attributed to internal waves. The aim of this paper is to present a simple model to show how such waves are initiated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Macroscopic pulse evolution for a nonlinear oscillator chain
Authors: Giannoulis Johannes , Mielke Alexander
Published: December 2004

We are interested in the macroscopic evolution of the modulation of a pulse which captures dispersive effects in a nonlinear discrete model. In the weakly nonlinear setting the associated modulation equation turns out to be the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We focus on the mathematical justification of this macroscopic limit. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of the degree of deacetylation and the substitution of carboxymethyl chitosan on its aggregation behavior
Authors: Chen Lingyun , Du Yumin , Tian Zhigang , Sun Liping
Published: December 2004

The aggregation behavior of carboxymethyl chitosan (CM‐chitosan) with various degrees of deacetylation (DD) and substitution (DS) was characterized with viscometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and GPC coupled with laser light scattering (GPC‐LLS). The results indicate that CM‐chitosan has a strong tendency to form aggregates in aqueous solution and the aggregation behavior depends on DD and DS values. The apparent aggregation number (Nap), the gyration radius (Rg), and the weight fraction of the aggregates (Fa) reached maximum at a DD value of 50%, then decreased, with the DD value deviating from 50%. A higher DS value helped to form aggregates; when the DS value increased from 0.65 to above 1.0, Nap and Rg increased sharply. The dependence of the refractive index increment (dn/dc) on the DD and DS values was related to variation of the charge density and the hydrophobic interaction along the molecular chains. The conformations of CM‐chitosan aggregates were studied by the LLS method. The aggregates showed a spherical shape, and the chain stiffness increased with introduction of the acetyl groups. The DS value had no clear influence on the chain conformation that was observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 296–305, 2005
Crystallization and morphology of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) blends. III. Crystallization and phase diagram by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Liu Jieping , Qiu Zhaobin , Jungnickel Bernd‐J.
Published: December 2004

The crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) blends was studied with differential scanning calorimetry, from which the phase diagram was derived. Strong miscibility was underlined by the large negative Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (−0.25). The crystallization of the blend components differed remarkably. Whereas PVDF always crystallized in the surroundings of a homogeneous melt, PHB crystallized in a volume that was confined by the already existing PVDF spherulites, partly in their surroundings and partly inside. Under isothermal conditions, PVDF usually crystallized regularly in three dimensions with predominant quench‐induced athermal nucleation. The Avrami exponent for PVDF dendritic spherulitic growth was, however, distinctly smaller than that for compact growth, and this revealed the two‐dimensional lamellar growth inside. This deviation from ideal Avrami behavior was caused by the development of compositional inhomogeneities as PVDF crystallization proceeded, and this decelerated the kinetics. PHB crystallized three‐dimensionally with mixed thermal and athermal nucleation outside the PVDF spherulites. Inside the PVDF spherulites, PHB crystallization proceeded in a fibrillar fashion with thermal nucleation; the growth front followed the amorphous paths inside the dendritic PVDF spherulites. The crystallization was faster than that in the melt of uncrystallized PVDF. Solid PVDF acts possibly heterogeneously nucleating, accelerating PHB crystallization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 287–295, 2005
Generalized lattice model of multicomponent equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems
Authors: Zakharov A. Yu , Zakharov M. A. , Lebedev V. V.
Published: December 2004

Helmholtz free energy functional in generalized lattice model is reduced to Ginzburg–Landau–like form. Connection between interatomic potentials characteristics and parameters of Ginzburg–Landau–like functional is obtained. Equations for equilibrium distributions of species in multicomponent systems are derived. Conditions of well‐posedness of the Ginzburg–Landau approximation are established. Corrections to Gorsky–Bragg–Williams condition of phase separation are founded. System of equations of rearrangement kinetics of multicomponent systems is derived. Description of the rearrangement processes via nonclassical partial differential equations is proposed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Report on three aliphatic dimethylarsinoyl compounds as common minor constituents in marine samples. An investigation using high‐performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sloth Jens J. , Larsen Erik H. , Julshamn Kåre
Published: December 2004

Three water‐soluble aliphatic arsenicals, dimethylarsinoyl acetate (DMAA), dimethylarsinoyl ethanol (DMAE), and dimethylarsinoyl propionate (DMAP), were identified in marine biological samples. Sample extracts in methanol/water (1 + 1) were analysed by cation‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICPMS). Eluate fractions from the HPLC/ICPMS analyses containing the compounds in question were collected and subjected to analysis by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS), which provided supportive evidence for the structures of the three compounds. The concentrations of the three arsenicals were determined in 37 marine organisms comprising algae, crustaceans, bivalves, fish and mammals by HPLC/ICPMS. The three arsenicals DMAA, DMAE and DMAP, which occurred at μg kg−1 concentrations, were detected in 25, 23 and 17 of the 37 samples analysed, respectively. The limits of detection were 2–3 μg kg−1 dry mass. The data illustrate that the three compounds are common minor constituents in marine samples. This is the first report on DMAE and DMAP as naturally occurring species in marine samples. The presence of DMAA and DMAE supports a proposed biosynthesis of arsenobetaine (AB) from dimethylarsinoylribosides. Alternative proposals, which explain the presence of the compounds in marine samples, are addressed briefly in the paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of All Quiet on the Western Front to our understanding of psychological trauma
Authors: Hunt Nigel
Published: December 2004

The most effective way of coping with a traumatic event is to develop a narrative, which can take many forms, e.g., talking to friends and family, formal treatment, written accounts. Autobiographical works and novels by ex-soldiers are good examples of texts, which can aid psychologists’ understanding of traumatic stress, providing powerful insights not normally obtained through traditional psychological methods. Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, illustrates the psychological problems experienced by men in battle. Psychologists have rarely used novels as sources of data, yet they provide a rich insight into the problems associated with traumatic events. The issues raised in the book include: an account of battle experience, civilian understanding, memory and coping. This approach can be used to extend our understanding of traumatic situations.
The fractal box dimension on human eyeball movement—objective, biological marker of schizophrenia?
Authors: Kleszczewski Tomasz , Rutkiewicz Wiesław
Published: December 2004

The authors developed a method of measuring the fractal box dimension of the human eyeball movement.We found a fractal property in schizophrenic subjects (n = 20) and normal controls (n = 20). The value of the fractal box dimension for schizophrenic patients differs from the results obtained in the control group.
Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase plus hydrogen peroxide: a catalytic system for human lipoprotein oxidation
Authors: Lapenna Domenico , Ciofani Giuliano , Pierdomenico Sante Donato , Giamberardino Maria Adele , Cuccurullo Franco
Published: December 2004

We report for the first time that bovine or human CuZnSOD plus H2O2 can catalyze human lipoprotein oxidation, inducing like free copper ions a typical oxidative kinetics with lag and propagation phases. Free copper released from CuZnSOD by H2O2, but not enzyme peroxidase activity and carbonate radical anion, is responsible for lipoprotein oxidation, which is indeed totally inhibited by copper chelators and BHT but unaffected by bicarbonate. Moreover, lipoprotein oxidation is significantly counteracted by the OH scavengers formate and azide, which can enter the active site of CuZnSOD and decrease copper release through scavenging of copper‐bound OH; benzoate and ethanol, which cannot enter, are instead ineffective, indicating no oxidative involvement of free OH escaped from the enzyme active site. The possibility of CuZnSOD/H2O2‐catalyzed lipoprotein oxidation in vivo is discussed.
MTSEA prevents ligand binding to the human melanocortin‐4 receptor by modification of cysteine 130 in transmembrane helix 3
Authors: Cox Alan , Donnelly Dan , Kaur Manminder , Cheetham Sharon C. , Cockcroft Victor B. , Findlay John B.C.
Published: December 2004

We have investigated the effect of the sulfhydryl‐reactive reagent, methyl thiosulfonate ethylammonium (MTSEA), on ligand binding to the human melanocortin‐4 (MC4) receptor stably expressed in HEK‐293 cells. MTSEA inhibited binding of the agonist, 125I‐NDPα‐MSH, and the antagonist, 125I‐SHU9119, in a concentration‐dependent manner. Pre‐incubation of cells with either the agonist or antagonist protected from subsequent MTSEA inhibition of radioligand binding. Mutation of Cys130 in transmembrane helix 3 to alanine, whilst not affecting ligand binding, led to a complete loss of the inhibitory effect of MTSEA. Since other types of sulfhydryl‐reactive reagents had no effect on ligand binding, we conclude that covalent modification of Cys130 by MTSEA disrupts ligand binding by neutralising a close‐by negative charge, most likely on Asp126.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain
Authors: CHEING G. L. Y. , LUK M. L. M.
Published: December 2004

This study examined the clinical effectiveness of high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for reducing hypersensitivity of the hand. Nineteen patients suffering from hand hypersensitivity were randomly assigned into either a treatment or a placebo group. A visual analogue scale and the Downey Hand Centre Hand Sensitivity Test were used to measure the tactile tolerance of the hand. Grip strength was assessed by a grip dynamometer. Daily applications of electrical stimulation were provided for 2 weeks. Significantly lower pain scores were found in the treatment group than in the placebo group by Day 7 and Day 11. The ranking of ten dowel textures of the Downey Hand Centre Hand Sensitivity Test in the treatment group was significantly higher than in the placebo group by Day 7 and Day 11. However, no significant intergroup difference was found in grip strength.
The Primary Sauve–Kapandji Procedure—For Treatment of Comminuted Distal Radius and Ulnar Fractures
Authors: HORII E. , OHMACHI T. , NAKAMURA R.
Published: December 2004

We have performed primary Sauve–Kapandji procedures on four patients with severe open comminuted fractures of both the distal radius and ulna. The fragmented distal ulna was fixed to the sigmoid notch in order to stabilize the ulnar side of the carpus, and a proximal pseudoarthrosis was maintained for forearm rotation. All the distal radial fractures united without major complications. The mean wrist flexion/extension arc was 76°, the mean pronation/supination arc was 135°, and grip strength was 64% of the contralateral side. All patients returned to their work or daily activities within short time period without any additional surgical treatment, except for removal of implants in three patients. The primary Sauve–Kapandji procedure is effective for the reconstruction of severely combined distal radius and ulnar fractures.
Build‐to‐order supply chain management: a literature review and framework for development
Authors: Gunasekaran A. , Ngai E.W.T.
Published: December 2004

The build‐to‐order supply chain management (BOSC) strategy has recently attracted the attention of both researchers and practitioners, given its successful implementation in many companies including Dell computers, Compaq, and BMW. The growing number of articles on BOSC in the literature is an indication of the importance of the strategy and of its role in improving the competitiveness of an organization. The objective of a BOSC strategy is to meet the requirements of individual customers by leveraging the advantages of outsourcing and information technology. There are not many research articles that provide an overview of BOSC, despite the fact that this strategy is being promoted as the operations paradigm of the future. The main objective of this research is to (i) review the concepts of BOSC, (ii) develop definitions of BOSC, (iii) classify the literature based on a suitable classification scheme, leading to some useful insights into BOSC and some future research directions, (iv) review the selected articles on BOSC for their contribution to the development and operations of BOSC, (v) develop a framework for BOSC, and (vi) suggest some future research directions. The literature has been reviewed based on the following four major areas of decision‐making: organizational competitiveness, the development and implementation of BOSC, the operations of BOSC, and information technology in BOSC. Some of the important observations are: (a) there is a lack of adequate research on the design and control of BOSC, (b) there is a need for further research on the implementation of BOSC, (c) human resource issues in BOSC have been ignored, (d) issues of product commonality and modularity from the perspective of partnership or supplier development require further attention and (e) the trade‐off between responsiveness and the cost of logistics needs further study. The paper ends with concluding remarks.
Responding to schedule changes in build‐to‐order supply chains
Authors: Krajewski Lee , Wei Jerry C. , Tang Ling‐Lang
Published: December 2004

This multiple case study explores the reaction strategies suppliers use to respond to short‐term dynamics of schedule changes in build‐to‐order supply chains. We examine the relationship and supply chain processes between a notebook computer manufacturer and five component suppliers. Two distinct reaction strategies emerge from these five buyer–supplier dyads. The “reduce uncertainty” strategy emphasizes supply contracts with a high degree of restrictiveness, relatively infrequent schedule revisions, and a high level of form postponement. The “cope with uncertainty” strategy emphasizes flexible supply contracts, relatively frequent schedule revisions, and low levels of form postponement. Eight propositions are formulated to understand the linkage between a supplier's power, its short‐term process flexibility, and the elements of its reaction strategy. The paper concludes by proposing future research directions.