bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a revision of the genus Diastema within Panama
Authors: Wentz Scott , Keene Jeremy
Published: May 2022

Diastema is a genus of plants within the subtribe Gloxiniinae (Gesneriaceae). Some of the key characteristics of Diastema are a racemose flowering axis consisting of solitary flowers in the axils of bracts on the stems with condensed internodes, nectary consisting of 5 finger-like glands, and a distinctive bi-lobed stigma. I am currently collecting morphological and molecular data and will complete field studies of the genus Diastema. Morphological studies will focus on taxonomically useful vegetative and reproductive characters with special emphasis given to trichome structure and fruit shape. Field work will be carried out in northern Panama.  I will be observing the ecology and population structure of the local species.  Field studies will provide an opportunity to obtain data that is not easily observed on herbarium specimens.  The outcomes of this research will provide a baseline for conservation and governmental agencies to work from to protect the habitat where these species exist.   Evolutionary studies will be completed following the field study to ascertain the relationships between the species present.  My research will be used toward a more comprehensive study of the subtribe and genus.
Stability Analysis of a Zika Model
Authors: MCDONALD HANNAH , Wang Qing , WANG ZHIJUN
Published: May 2022

The Zika virus threatens human health due to its correlation with serious birth defects. It is predominantly a vector-borne disease, carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. No vaccine or other treatment is yet available, so various efforts have been made to control mosquito populations. Two different compartmental models are developed to describe the effects of various control methods. The first considers the effects on the size of the mosquito population, while the second examines the resulting impacts on the spread of Zika. The equilibrium points are calculated and a stability analysis is then performed. The results of this analysis will predict which mosquito control methods are the most effective and the optimal time to implement these measures. The project was supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence and the Research Challenge Fund through a Summer Undergraduate Research Experience Grant from the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission Division of Science and Research.
Analysis of Nicotine Metabolisms in Chicken Development
Authors: Meadows Stacey jean , Russell Michelle , VanAardt Theunis , Omelchenko Natalia
Published: May 2022

Studies indicate that 12.7% women are smoking during pregnancy, and a significant proportion of the United States population has been exposed to maternal smoking in utero. The early chick embryo is an established model of the first month of embryonic development in humans, including for nicotine effects. At the same time, it is likely that the drug pharmacokinetics in chickens has important distinctions from the one described in humans. Here we attempted to characterize the nicotine metabolism in chickens by measuring changes in nicotine concentrations maintained in ovo after a single nicotine dose. Nicotine (nicotine hydrogen bitartrate solutions) was injected in 24 eggs prior to incubation to match blood plasma levels observed in heavy smokers (30-50 ng/ml). After injections, eggs were sealed and incubated for 5 days. The eggs were harvested on day 5 after injections. Embryos were homogenized and sampled; corresponding yolk and albumin samples were also collected. The nicotine concentrations in all samples were measured using MEPS analysis. The important differences in nicotine metabolic pathways in chicks and humans are discussed.
Comparison and delimitation of the Monopyle bilsaensis ined. complex within Ecuador
Authors: Radabaugh Kylee Marie , Keene Jeremy
Published: May 2022

KYLEE RADABAUGH, Dept. of Science & Mathematics, Glenville State College, Glenville, WV 26351, and JEREMY KEENE, Dept. of Science & Mathematics, Glenville State College, Glenville, WV 26351. Comparison and delimitation of the Monopyle bilsaensis ined. complex within Ecuador. Monopyle is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The genus is distributed from Central into northern South America. Recent studies for a revision of the genus have revealed many species complexes that require more in-depth study. Monopyle bilsaensis ined. a new species discovered in northern Ecuador near the Bilsa Biological Station is part of a species complex that has been difficult to delimit. It appears that the species is hybridizing with two other nearby species Monopyle ecuadorensis and Monopyle communis ined. The extensive hybridization between the species has made morphological separation very tedious.  In order to separate these species, I am currently using a molecular phylogenetic approach that utilizes both nuclear and chloroplast gene regions to compare the species.  The objectives of this research are to study the morphological and molecular characteristics of Monopyle found in Ecuador with special emphasis given to the species complex.  A comparison of all the taxa will provide insight into the overall evolution of the group in the area.  Future studies of this complex will include a phenetic analysis of taxonomically useful characters to confirm morphological differences in the group.
Inhibition of lipoprotein sorting in Francisella tularensis: a potential target of resazomycins, a novel family of antibiotics.
Authors: Hammond Stephanie , Sindeldecker Devin , Hickman Jennifer , Schmitt Deanna
Published: May 2022

Tularemia is a potentially fatal illness caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.  Inhalation of less than 10 bacteria results in an acute pneumonia with an associated mortality rate of 30-60% if left untreated. Due to the potential use of F. tularensis as a weapon of bioterrorism and development of antibiotic resistance, new antibiotics are being sought against this pathogen. We have identified a novel family of resazurin-based compounds named resazomycins which exhibit antimicrobial activity against F. tularensis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In order to proceed with in vivo testing of resazomycins, their mechanism of action must be determined. A recent study has shown that while F. tularensis and N. gonorrhoeae are taxonomically distinct from one another, they share a similar lipoprotein sorting system, LolDF. This complex differs from the LolCDE sorting complex commonly found in other Gram negative bacteria which indicates this system may be a target of resazomycins. To determine whether resazurin inhibits the function of LolDF we will express the genes that encode for the E. coli lipoprotein sorting system (lolCDE) in F. tularensis to see if we can confer resistance to resazurin. Experimentation thus far has proven to be unsuccessful in trying to generate this construct since overexpression of lolCDE in E. coli is lethal. To limit expression of these genes until the plasmid has been transferred into F. tularensis, we will explore different inducible expression systems. Future investigations will focus on cloning the E. coli lolCDE genes into a Francisella shuttle vector containing a tetracycline-regulatable promoter.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Tumor Growth Model in Response to a Combination Therapy Involving 4-1BB and IL-12
Authors: STADNITCHII VASILE , JARRELL BRENDAN , WANG ZHIJUN , WANG QING , KLINKE DAVID J.
Published: May 2022

Recently, combination therapies involving interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene delivery and 4-1BB targeted immunotherapy have proven especially fruitful in treating multiple cancers such as melanoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma and so on in murine models. We developed a multi-scale model using a system of impulsive ordinary differential equations (IODE) to describe the interaction between the immune system and tumor in response to the combination therapy. Sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate how alter the value of a model parameter would affect the tumor growth pattern. Variables were manipulated by powers of 100*, 10*, 0.1*, 0.01* and 0.001* control and differences were observed using graphs of solutions of the model. We found that six (out of fifty eight) parameters, including IFNγ secretion constant by NK cells (c4), IFNγ secretion constant by CD8+ T cells (c5), transfer rate constant of MHC class I negative to positive tumor cells (c10), tumor cell natural death rate constant (kd11), tumor cell proliferation rate constant (kp4), and constant in tumor logistic growth (r1, reciprocal of tumor carrying capacity) are sensitive to tumor growth and other important factors such as IFNγ concentration in tumor and the ratio of CD8+ T effectors to regulatory T cells in tumor. The project was supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence and the Research Challenge Fund through a Summer Undergraduate Research Experience Grant from the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission Division of Science and Research.
Effect of Nonequidiffusivity on Flame Acceleration in Obstructed Channels
Authors: Idowu Gbolahan Olawale , Akkerman V’yacheslav , Adebiyi Abdulafeez
Published: May 2022

The mechanism of ultrafast acceleration of a premixed flamefront propagating in a channel equipped with a “tooth-brush”-shaped array of tightly-packed obstacles has been revealed and quantified, analytically, and validated by means of the computational simulations [Bychkov et al., Phys. Rev. E (2008) 164501]. However, the Bychkov theory and modeling employed various simplifications, including that of equidiffusive combustion, where the thermal-to-mass diffusivities ratio (the Lewis number, Le) is unity. Nevertheless, real flames are usually nonequidiffusive, which is addressed in the present work. Specifically, the impact of Le, in the range 0.2 ≤ Le ≤ 2.0, on flame acceleration in obstructed channels is investigated by means of the extensive numerical simulation of the reacting flow equations with fully-compressible hydrodynamics and Arrhenius chemical kinetics. A detailed parametric study is performed for the blockage ratio (BR) in the range 1/3~2/3, the spacing between the obstacles being dz/R = 1/4~1/2, and the channel width D in the range 48 ≤ D/Lf ≤ 96, where Lf is the thermal flame thickness. A key role of Le is shown in all considered cases. Specifically, due to a flamefront thickening, the Le > 1 flames accelerate slower as compared to the equidiffusive ones. In contrast, the Le < 1 flames acquire stronger distortion of the front shape and thereby accelerate much faster than the equidiffusive flames. We relate the latter effect to the onset of the diffusional-thermal combustion instability.
Evaluation of teaching intervention on student perceptions of environment
Authors: Malcomb Emma , Bjorgo-Thorne Kim
Published: May 2022

Students are exposed to scientific principles such climate change and sustainability during a typical general education environmental science course.  The purpose of this research is to examine the change in student perceptions of climate change, ozone depletion, and sustainability following a pedagogical intervention. There were 20 students in the 2016 study, each of whom took a pre- and post-class survey, completed an interview, and participated in a targeted intervention regarding climate change.  Student interviews were scored based on declared confidence.  When asked about climate change, students reported that they were 68% confident in their understanding (mode =50%). Student confidence in their understanding of ozone depletion was 62% (mode = 50%). Student confidence in their understanding of sustainability was 66% (mode = 75%). Students were asked how often family and friends influenced their understanding of environmental issues. Interestingly, 50% of respondents indicated that there was no influence of friends/family, and 50% said there was an influence of friends/family on their perceptions. When asked about their influence from television, 55% of students indicated that television or news sources shaped their view on environmental issues.  Less than half of the students (48%) claimed to be influenced by social media. A comparison of pre- and post-survey data indicate that student confidence increases following the intervention (p <0.05).  In conclusion, student perceptions of climate change, ozone depletion, and sustainability can be addressed using an intervention, but care must be taken to continually reinforce correct perceptions. WVWC IRB Approval # WVWC 2017-005.
Effects of Nicotine on Chicken Embryonic Development
Authors: Bohn Natalie , Humphrey Victoria , Omelchenko-Comer Natalia
Published: May 2022

A large proportion of the United States population has been exposed to maternal smoking in utero. Mounting data suggests that nicotine can have a negative impact on neural system development. The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of nicotine exposure on chicken neural system. The early chick embryo is an established model of the first month of embryonic development in mammals. Nicotine (nicotine hydrogen bitartrate) or vehicle (sodium bitartrate monohydrate) solutions were injected in eggs prior to incubation (300ng/ml). Three cohorts of 24 eggs distributed between treatment groups were generated. After injections, eggs were sealed and placed in the incubator. Embryos were harvested on day 5 after injections, evaluated and measured, embedded in paraplast, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis. Our data indicates that the nicotine treatment does not affect viability, weight, or length of the embryos. Nonetheless, nicotine notably affects the axial rotation of the embryos (defined as a change in the dorsoventral orientation of the head during development). In this study, altered axial rotation was observed in nicotine treated groups 4 times more often than in controls (p<0.05). Microscopic analysis demonstrated that atypical axial rotation was associated with incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube in the cervical region, but not in other areas of the tube. Further research is needed to evaluate the exact mechanisms of the developmental insult onto neural system development observed in the present study.
Quantum Computers
Authors: Cordova Daniel Benjamin , Guzide Osman
Published: May 2022

Quantum computers once only existed in dreams and science fiction. Now, they are very much a reality. With quantum computers entering the market, questions are being asked. What is a quantum computer? What does it do? What are some of its features? And what is the future of quantum computers? This paper presents an analysis of quantum computers’ purpose, functionality, and future uses.
Distribution of sensory sensilla in the labral food canal and cibarium of Chrysops exitans (Diptera: Tabanidae).
Authors: Ranavaya II Mohammed I. , Joy James E.
Published: May 2022

Sensilla, beginning at the distal-most tip of the labrum and extending proximally through the cibarium to the stomodaeum, were examined in females of Chrysops exitans Walker. Totals of 328 setiform sensilla (range, 14 to 21; mean = 18.2; ±1 SD = 1.67), and 36 basiconic sensilla (mean = 2.0; ±1 SD = 0) were observed in the food canal of n = 18 sample individuals. Both types of sensilla were aggregated distally in the canal. Additionally, a group of five to 10 sensilla was observed in each lateral wall of the epipharynx, with a single median group, consisting of both setiform and basiconic sensilla, positioned immediately distal to the mouth opening into the cibarium. Two pairs of basiconic sensilla were consistently observed in the stomodaeum of every fly.
Investigation of the antibacterial activity of herbal leaves, extracts, and essential oils.
Authors: Studer Samantha , Clark Skye , Robertson Laura
Published: May 2022

As antibiotic-resistance in bacterial pathogens becomes more prevalent, there is an increasing need for alternative treatments for bacterial infections.  This study used disk-diffusion assays to investigate the ability of leaves, leaf extracts, and essential oils from a variety of herbs to inhibit growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus cereus.   Bacterial growth was not inhibited by leaves or leaf extracts (in 95% ethanol) from eucalyptus, thyme, rosemary, chocolate mint, sage, lemongrass, lemon balm, or lavender.  Bacterial growth was not inhibited by commercial essential oils from peppermint, sage, eucalyptus, lavender, or rosemary. Essential oils from lemongrass and from thyme inhibited growth of the Gram-positive bacterial species S. epidermidis and B. cereus.  The essential oil of thyme inhibited growth of E. coli; however, the essential oil of lemongrass did not inhibit growth of the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli.
Habitat requirements of two common aquatic snakes, Regina septemvittata and Nerodia sipedon sipedon
Authors: Meyer Dan T , McKinney Mathew , Loughman Zachary
Published: May 2022

Regina septemvittata (Queen Snakes)and Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Common Watersnake) are semi-aquatic colubrid snakes that utilize streams for their primary source of prey. Both species are currently listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as stable. The goal of this study was to determine which specific habitat aspects affect the presence or absence of R. septemvittata and N. sipedon sipedon. Snakes were collected in the summer and fall of 2017 from August to October in North Fork of Short Creek, a 3rd order stream located just south of West Liberty, WV. Using the Ohio QHEI form to quantify stream quality and program PRESENCE to generate Logistic Regression Models, stream sub-habitat types were compared with occurrence data. Resulting models revealed which specific sub-habitat types were associated with positive occurrence. Univariate models selected for riparian zone determined by the width and predominant cover present with an AIC weight of 0.499. Multivariate models selected riparian zone with an AIC of 0.372 and riparian plus total stream health with AIC of 0.185. Our preliminary data indicates that snake presence is related to both riparian zone and water quality. This suggests that sufficient cover quality and stream health are required to maintain populations of Regina septemvittata and Nerodia sipedon sipedon.
Evaluation of habitat characteristics associated with Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (Hornleaf riverweed), a foundation species in eastern North American rivers
Authors: Canfield Samuel Ansley
Published: May 2022

Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (Podostemaceae) is the only macrophyte within the genus that inhabits mid-order montane and piedmont rivers in eastern North America. Podostemum is considered a “foundation species” because the plant strongly influences benthic habitat structure and function by increasing habitat heterogeneity for macroinvertebrates and fishes, contributing to food webs, and sequestering water column nutrients.    The conservation status of Podostemum remains data deficient in many states (e.g. WV, PA), but some states, such as CT, KY, MA, ME, NY, and OH, classify Podostemum as threatened, endangered, or of special concern. Over the past 35 years, there has been documented local decline and extirpation of Podostemum in NH, VT, VA, and PA. The decline of Podostemum has been postulated to be the result of stream degradation, including excessive sedimentation, flow and water chemistry alteration, and nutrient enrichment. However, because no study has specifically investigated stream water physiochemical properties or environmental stressors associated with Podostemum, there is currently no reliable way to predict how water quality impacts the plant.   The proposed study includes two primary objectives. The first objective is to determine the physiochemical and physical habitat characteristics conducive to the growth and survival of Podostemum. The second is to model the distribution and possible decline of Podostemum based on historical records and field surveys. Physiochemical and habitat surveys will be conducted in West Virginia mid-order rivers and will be analyzed using logistic regression modeling. The outcomes of this research will be put towards an updated conservation strategy for this foundation species.
Investigating the Decline of Podostemum Ceratophyllum In West Virginia Rivers
Authors: Davis Destinee Austin , Beaumont Edward B , Wood James L
Published: May 2022

There is very little known about the ecology of the aquatic plant Podostemum ceratophyllum (Hornleaf Riverweed) but the few studies that have investigated the ecology of the plant indicate that it is an important component of eastern rivers, increasing resources available to benthic fauna, and influence nutrient cycling. Reductions in Podostemum biomass has been found to substantially decrease macroinvertebrate biomass, which may trigger trophic cascades that negatively impact fishes and other large bodied consumers. Anecdotal evidence indicates that there has been an overall decline in the plant’s population but the causes of decline remains unclear. Collection records of Podostemum date back to the mid 1800’s but few populations have been documented since the 1950’s. This project will resurvey populations of Podostemum ceratophyllum to ascertain the current extent of the plant in West Virginia. Surveys will be accompanied with the collection of water chemistry data to better document the environmental parameters of the plant and help understand the reasons for decline. Better documentation of Podostemum population locations and associated water quality parameters is important for the management and restoration of West Virginia’s rivers and streams. Grant provided by NASA West Virginia Space Grant Consortium, Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program.
Blockchain: Catching On.
Authors: Bruley Nicolette , Guzide Osman
Published: May 2022

Blockchain is a digital ledger that stores and records any and all transactions on a shared network. Its core use is in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin and was first conceptualized in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Blockchain has come a long way since 2008 and a long way since cryptocurrencies. It is a distributed computing platform that is used in the financial industry for secure bookkeeping and in the business industry for its use in smart contracts. Small and large businesses are dedicating resources to learning about it and governments have even started planning on how they can use it to securely store information.
Susceptibility of Brucella ovis to resazurin and resorufin pentyl ether.
Authors: Rawson Amy L. , Schmitt Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

Antibiotic resistance is one of the world’s biggest threats to public health. In the United States alone, there are approximately 2 million new cases of antibiotic-resistant infections annually resulting in 23,000 deaths and billions of dollars in healthcare related costs. The development of new antibiotics is essential to prevent the loss of additional lives from once “curable” diseases. We recently identified a novel family of resazurin-based compounds, resazomycins, which exhibit antimicrobial activity against F. tularensis and N. gonorrhoeae in vitro and in vivo.  A common feature of both these bacterial species is possession of a unique lipoprotein sorting system, LolDF.  To investigate the relationship between LolDF and susceptibility to resazomycins, we propose performing antibiotic susceptibility testing on a diverse collection of medically important LolDF-possessing bacterial strains. This study focuses on characterizing the efficacy of two resazomycins, resazurin (Rz) and resorufin pentyl ether (RPE), against Brucella ovis. B.ovis infects sheep causing a clinical or subclinical disease characterized by epididymitis and orchitis resulting in reduced fertility in rams. Additionally, B. ovis is occasionally linked with placentitis and abortions in ewes and increased perinatal mortality in lambs. Its significant impact on ram fertility causes a critical economic impact on sheep-producing regions globally. We are currently working to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Rz and RPE against B. ovis and if these antibiotics are effective at killing this bacterium within eukaryotic cells.
Testing metal oxides for potential as photoelectrocatalysts using SEAL.
Authors: Porter CJ , Cogar Roger , Harvey Erica
Published: May 2022

The Solar Army’s mission is to find an alternative fuel source that will replace the burning of fossil fuels. The desired fuel is hydrogen gas, obtained from the reaction of water and sunlight. This reaction happens naturally but needs to be much faster in order to make an abundant source of hydrogen gas. The Solar Army is searching for metal oxides that can act as photoelectrocatalysts to speed up this reaction. Metal oxide sample spots are prepared on glass plates and tested using SEAL (Solar Energy Activity Lab). The plates are coated with FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) and are conductive. Metal oxides are baked onto the plate and illuminated with an LED array (SEAL) of 64 “tiny suns” that shine through the plate. Relative photocurrent is measured as the light hits each metal oxide sample spot in turn. Metal oxide combinations that show higher photocurrent than copper oxide and iron oxide standards included on each plate are considered to show initial promise for photoelectrocatalytic activity.    Our research consisted of using SEAL to test plates prepared at outreach events, and uploading the results into an online database. None of the plates we tested had metal oxides that performed better than the standards. Identifying metal oxide combinations that do not show promise allows future researchers to focus attention on different combinations.  This portion of the Solar Army research is supported by funding from the NASA WV Space Grant Consortium, and the College of Science and Technology at Fairmont State University.
Vaccine development for protection against both Tularemia and Ebola
Authors: Pyles Gage Michael
Published: May 2022

Vaccine development for protection against both Tularemia and Ebola: Gage Pyles and Joseph Horzempa. Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WVThe Ebola Virus (EBOV) and Francisella tularensis (the causative agent of tularemia) are classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as Category A select agents because of their potential for use in bioterrorism.  The development of a vaccine against both pathogens could therefore substantially increase our preparedness against bioterror.  The overall goal of this research is to develop a vaccine that could combat both EBOV and F. tularensis.  We are in the process of generating a fusion protein consisting of GP (the glycoprotein of EBOV) and Tul4 (an immunodominant outer-membrane lipoprotein of F. tularensis).  This newly generated chimeric protein (Tul4-GP) will ultimately be expressed in F. tularensis LVS (Live Vaccine Strain).  Patients previously immunized with this strain show an immunological memory of over 30 years after being vaccinated.  Following transfer into F. tularensis LVS, expression of Tul4-GP will be confirmed and the efficacy of this strain as a vaccine against both pathogens will be determined.
Towards a Revision of Diastema within Central America
Authors: Wentz Scott
Published: May 2022

Diastema is a genus of flowering plants within the subtribe Gloxiniinae (Gesneriaceae). Some of the key characteristics of Diastema are a racemose flowering axis consisting of solitary flowers in the axils of bracts on the stems with condensed internodes, nectary consisting of 5 finger-like glands, and a distinctive bi-lobed stigma. There are currently only twenty described species and there has been very little research performed on the genus. I am currently collecting morphological and molecular data to delineate species. Any new potential new species are then compared to the appropriate type specimens to determine circumscription. Morphological studies focus on taxonomically useful vegetative and reproductive characters with special emphasis given to trichome structure and fruit shape. Molecular studies are focused on nuclear and chloroplast genes to ascertain if any hybridization has occured. The outcomes of this research will provide a baseline for conservation and governmental agencies to work from to protect the habitat where these species exist. My research will be used toward a more comprehensive study of the subtribe and genus.
Molecular dynamics investigation of surfactant micelles as a potential drug delivery vehicle
Authors: Rutherford Rebecca , Harvey Erica , Mertz Blake
Published: May 2022

A new molecular dynamics study is being initiated in which micellar structures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) are simulated within computationally constructed physiological conditions. Leading up to the simulation phase, several programs and reference files were used to construct a topology file, initial structure/coordinate files, and parameter files to accurately represent a single molecule of CTAB. This single molecule is utilized in making the initial configuration of a system. All systems begin in one of three configurations: a random assembly of molecules in a box, a pre-formed micelle, or an inverse micelle. These initial configurations, once assembled, are placed under generated physiological conditions by using Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) to solvate the system with water and add Na+ and Cl- ions to neutralize the system to 0.15 M NaCl, then using Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics (NAMD) to minimize energy and heat the system to 310 K. The system is then simulated using NAMD until a micelle has formed and stabilized. Following each simulation, quantitative and qualitative analysis is used to characterize the system. The overarching goal of this study is to determine the viability of CTAB as a drug carrier in a targeted drug delivery system. Funding for the project is provided by the College of Science and Technology at Fairmont State University and the NASA WV Space Grant Consortium.
Differential effects of endocannabinoid modulation of gastric inflammation following exposure to ethanol or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Authors: Aliff Hunter Lee , Eckard Matthew L. , Trexler Kristen R. , Kinsey Steven G. , Silvestri Emily
Published: May 2022

The endogenous cannabinoid system possesses several potential targets to reduce gastric inflammatory states, including gastric hemorrhages (i.e., gastric ulcers), which can pose serious health risks in certain populations (e.g., elderly or chronically ill). Of particular interest is the endocannabinoid ligand, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) arachidonoylglycerol, which has shown some promise as a potential therapeutic target in reducing gastric hemorrhages through cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) activation. While effective, increases in endogenous 2-AG are only possible through the use of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors, which carry a host of side effects that have hindered their use in human populations. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) offer an alternative approach to enhance CB1 receptor function for therapeutic gain. In the present study, both a MAGL inhibitors, JZL184, and a PAM, ZCZ011, were used to attempt to attenuate gastric hemorrhage formation in two models of hemorrhage induction. On the morning of the assay, mice were administered either Vehicle (1:1:18; ethanol:Cremophor:saline), JZL184 (40 mg/kg), or ZCZ (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg) followed two hours later by hemorrhage induction using ethanol or Diclofenac. Either 1 h (ethanol) or 6 h (Diclofenac) later, stomachs were harvested and hemorrhage size was quantified. Finally, stomachs were evaluated for myeloperoxidase (MPO), a byproduct of neutrophils used as a proxy measure of inflammation, via ELISA. These data suggest that ethanol or diclofenac can induce gastric hemorrhage, in accordance with previous literature, and that CB1 activation may alter hemorrhage induction.
Optical Properties of Donor/Acceptor Chalcone Materials in Solution and the Solid State
Authors: DeRosa Christopher A. , Broendsted Frederik
Published: May 2022

Organic fluorophores have gained interest in microscopy and optoelectronic applications. In particular, chalcone-based derivatives have been discovered as organic alternatives to conventional emitters such as metal complexes and inorganic salts. Advantages include bright fluorescence, low toxicity, and micro-environmental sensitivity to solvent polarity, viscosity and pH. In particular, properties such as solvatochromism (solvent polarity) can be utilized to sense microenvironment cellular components, such as the nonpolar phospholipid-based cell membranes. In this presentation, a series of chalcone-based materials were synthesized to probe the effects of modulating the donor/acceptor pairing (e.g. dicynanovinyl and carbonyl) and aromatic p-conjugation (e.g. naphthyl and thienyl). Dyes were prepared in 2-3 in low to moderate yields. Preliminary results in dichloromethane showed green fluorescence and modest quantum yields (~30%). Dyes showed solvatochromic behavior where the fluorescence is blue in nonpolar solvents (toluene) and orange in polar solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide) (D = 120nm). Multiple fluorescence chromisms in the solid state is also observed. Optical properties of the dyes and future directions will be presented.
Modeling the Transport of Manganese through Packed and Undisturbed Soil Columns
Authors: Mizia Ryan Matthew , O'Dell David
Published: May 2022

Naturally occurring manganese compounds are fairly insoluble; however, these forms can be converted to more soluble forms through disturbances by water, resulting in manganese deposits and transport through surrounding soils.                The primary objectives of this research were to determine the predictive capabilities for manganese transport, using the one-dimension convection-dispersion equation in both packed and undisturbed soil columns. This was completed through batch equilibration studies, along with experiments that monitored the concentration of manganese in leachate from the column.                With this data, the model was then evaluated by comparing observed manganese concentrations with predicted concentrations as a function of time and distance. These experiments were also used to determine the effectiveness of not only the one-dimension convection-dispersion equation, but also the accuracy of the input parameters determined for the model.
In Vitro Effects of Mushroom Extracts on Brain Tumor Cells
Authors: Gharib Oddai
Published: May 2022

Oddai Gharib, Alnairouz Katrib, and Gerald Hankins, Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112. In Vitro Effects of Mushroom Extracts on Brain Tumor Cells Glioblastomas are tumors that arise from astrocytes which are supportive cells of the brain. The cells of these tumors rapidly invade normal brain making these tumors highly malignant. Treatment is difficult and glioblastomas are usually fatal. Meningiomas arise from the meninges that surround the central nervous system. Although most meningiomas are benign they can still be dangerous. Further, there is no effective chemotherapy for meningiomas.   Researchers are interested on how natural products, including extracts of particular species of mushrooms, can affect the number of viable tumor cells. The research objective was to evaluate the effects of Boletus edulis mushroom, a native West Virginia species, on the proliferation/survival of glioblastoma and meningioma cells, focusing on the number of viable cells.   The mushroom extract was obtained by extracting ground mushroom with methanol and water. The extract was separated from insoluble solids by filtration. Then, the solvents were removed by rotary evaporation the dissolved at different concentrations in cell culture media to treat the cancer cells.    Results with CH157MN meningioma cells were variable and inconclusive. Interestingly, after treating the A172 glioblastoma cells with both low and high concentrations of Boletus edulis mushroom extract; the number of cells increased with increasing concentration of treatment. This indicates that the extract may contain specific compounds responsible for increasing the cell proliferation or inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death). If further experiments support these observations, the extracts or compounds from them may be of potential use in preventing apoptosis in conditions such as stroke or traumatic brain injury.
The characterization of F. tularensis-mosquito interactions following acquisition of these bacteria from nectar.
Authors: Starkey Kole Alan
Published: May 2022

Francisella tularensis is disseminated in nature by biting arthropods such as mosquitoes. Although mosquitoes have caused significant tularemia outbreaks, these insects are merely considered as mechanical vectors of F. tularensis.  One possible explanation for mosquitoes being a prominent, mechanical vector is that these insects feed on flower nectar between blood meals, allowing for transmission of F. tularensis between mosquitoes.  Others have reported that nectar is largely antimicrobial, partly due to the high osmolarity and presence of antimicrobial compounds in this plant material.  However, it was previously shown that F. tularensis can survive in flower nectar, suggesting that these bacteria are capable of resisting the aforementioned antimicrobial factors.  It was also demonstrated that mosquitoes are capable of transferring F. tularensis bacteria from one source of nectar to another. The purpose of this study was to further characterize F. tularensis-mosquito interactions following acquisition of the bacteria from nectar. Fluorescence microscopy indicated the presence of F. tularensis on the mouth-parts of mosquitoes that fed from inoculated sucrose solutions suggesting that feeding may contribute to colonization in the insects. It was also investigated whether the presence of leucine, an amino acid associated with certain types of nectar, influenced the survival of F. tularensis.  We also developed microscopy techniques to visualize the bacterial colonization sites on the mosquitoes.  These results further elucidate factors influencing plant-insect-bacterial interactions that may facilitate transmission of a pathogenic microbe.
Plastid genome evolution in the mycotrophic orchid genus Hexalectris Raf.
Authors: Barrett Craig
Published: May 2022

The leafless, terrestrial genus Hexalectris Raf. comprises nine species of holomycotrophic orchids native to Mexico and the southern USA. The genus belongs to the tribe Bletiinae, and is closely related to the leafy genera Basiphyllaea Schltr. and Bletia Ruiz & Pav. Vegetative morphology in Bletiinae follows a trend of reduction, with well-developed, conduplicate leaves in Bletia, highly reduced, plicate leaves in Basiphyllaea, and absence of leaf laminae in Hexalectris. Estimates of relationships among these genera vary among studies. Recent analyses place Basiphyllaea as sister to Hexalectris, or as nested within Bletia; one analysis places Basiphyllaea + Hexalectris as nested within Bletia. Studies in orchid clades containing holomycotrophs and in holoparasitic Orobanchaceae suggest that plastid genome degradation occurs as a result of relaxed selective pressures on photosynthesis, which parallels reduction in vegetative morphology. Thus, Bletiinae serves as a powerful model for comparison with such clades. To test hypotheses of plastid genome reduction in Bletiinae, we sequenced representatives of Bletia, Basiphyllaea, and Hexalectris, focusing primarily on the latter. All species of Hexalectris were included, with at least two accessions sampled per species, and more intensive sampling in the widespread Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhart, which ranges from Mexico to the eastern USA. Plastid genomes were assembled de novo and annotated, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on whole plastomes. Gene losses and pseudogene content were assessed across Bletiinae, as were patterns of selection on individual genes. These patterns are compared with recent mechanistic models of plastome evolution in parasitic lineages.
Differences among Chestnut Hybrids and Their Litter Fauna
Authors: Naylor Annika , Winters Michael , LaFantasie Jordana , Thomas-VanGundy Melissa
Published: May 2022

The composition of soil is determined by plants and their organic waste that has been broken down and recycled throughout the ecosystem. This process is controlled by bugs within the soil, called litter fauna. The analysis of litter fauna under the American Chestnut tree species gives details on the effects of that plant on the environment. The American chestnut has been functionally extinct since the introduction of the Chinese Chestnut blight to America in 1910’s. The American Chestnut used to dominate ecosystems and drive industry related to timber and nut harvest. Hybridization of the different American and Chinese Chestnut tree species has changed their morphology over the years in attempts to create a blight resistant hybrid. Scientists are unaware of the effects of the absence of American chestnuts and the emergence of pollinated hybrids on soil type and presence of litter fauna. Litter fauna diversity and population can help distinguish the health of an ecosystem therefore I hypothesized that abundance of individuals of non-Acarina taxa differs among hybrid tree types. Litter was collected under American Chestnut trees, Chinese Chestnut and two of their hybrids. The fauna was extracted using a Berlese funnel and analyzed.  I concluded that there is no functional difference in non-Acarina fauna samples among the hybrids and their pure-bred counterparts. This indicates that the reintroduction of American Chestnuts and their hybrids into the ecosystem will not negatively affect the soil and its litter fauna.
3044738842
Authors: Quinones Tristan , Anthony Bruce
Published: May 2022

TRISTAN QUINONES and Bruce ANTHONY, Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon WV, 26201.Effects of Alcohol Induced Misregulation of the Cell Cycle in Embryonic Derived Neuronal Stem Cells. A Model of Addiction and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. It is well-known that addiction has become a nation-wide epidemic. Exposure in humans induces a wide range of defects, many of which are associated with alterations to neuronal stem cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, repetitive exposure reduces stem cell numbers and the potential for neuroplasticity and altering limbic system signaling. Alcohol and drug-exposed neuronal stem cells show extreme reduction in both proliferation and survival through cell cycle misregulation and induced cell death. Both the G1-S and G2-M checkpoints are disrupted through variations in cyclin/cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) activities. Our lab has demonstrated an alcohol induced increased expression of transcription factor E2F1, CDK4/6, and retinoblastoma (Rb), which, accelerates G1-S phase transition and induces premature DNA synthesis. This acceleration in G1/S phase control seems to trigger an early exit from late G1 phase, inducing early DNA replication and altering patterns of chromosomal packaging. This likely contributes to a >40% cell losses from repetitive alcohol exposure (binge drinking). Research sponsored by WV-INBRE grant P20GM103434.
Alcohol and Drug induced Neuronal Stem Cell Losses.
Authors: Shockley Kylie , Anthony Bruce
Published: May 2022

Kylie Shockley and Bruce ANTHONY, Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon WV, 26201.Alcohol and Drug induced Neuronal Stem Cell Losses. Alcoholism and drug addiction have become a nationwide epidemic causing substantial increases in overdose deaths and decreased quality of life. Alcohol consumption by pregnant woman leads to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and similar development miscues are evident from various drugs of abuse. Alcohol and drugs of abuse has been shown to reduce proliferation and increase DNA damage through both oxidative stress and alterations in cell cycle progress in both embryonic and adult stem cell populations.  Cell losses from protein expressional changes at the G1/S phase checkpoint, and induces oxidative damage, thus hindering early S-phase progression through altered DNA synthesis.  There is little understanding of the extent of DNA damage or the mechanism used to induce cell death. While p53 has been suspected to be a link between cell cycle and apoptotic pathways, CHK1/2 and Cdc25 could be a p53 independent connection between the damaged cell cycle and increased apoptosis seen upon alcohol and methamphetamine exposure. Research sponsored by WV-INBRE grant P20GM103434.
Embryonic Neuronal Stemm Cell Differentiation is Drastically Effected by Single Doses of Alcohol and Methamphetamine
Authors: Mitchell William Collin , Anthony Bruce
Published: May 2022

The objective of this study is to examine population size and differentiation of embryonic neuronal stem cells prior to and after exposure to addictive drugs and alcohol. Prior to differentiation, E14 mouse neuronal stem cells were exposed to methamphetamine, one dose of alcohol (400ug/dL), or two doses of alcohol. The cells were then allowed to differentiate for 4 days, then examined using DAPI (nuclear), anti- oligodendrocyte marker 04, mouse anti-beta 3 tubulin 9 (Neurons), and anti- GFAP antigen (astrocytes). The cells were counted to determine the total number of cells and those with marker expression for each cell type compared to controls.    Exposure to both alcohol and methamphetamine caused a large decrease in both stem cell populations and differentiation of neurons.  Glial cell populations remained unaffected.  Methamphetamine exposure resulted in a drastic increase of un-differentiated stem cells.  The results support that consumption of alcohol and methamphetamine does affect population size and differentiation of neuronal stem cells.
Aqueous Metal Ion Extraction: Manganese (II), Nickel (II), Copper (II), and Zinc
Authors: Stone David
Published: May 2022

Water discharged as result of coal mining activity, referred to as acid mine drainage (AMD), is acidic and laced with metal ions; such as those of iron, manganese, and aluminum. A common technique of removing pollutant metal ions from water is precipitation, which involves the formation of insoluble metal compounds that fall out of solution. We are proposing the extraction of metal ions from aqueous solution by complexation utilizing monoamine-, diamine-, and triamine-functionalized silica gels.    The [M2+]i(0.01 M) were determined by complexometric titration using the disodium salt of EDTA with indicators Eriochrome Black T (Mn2+ and Zn2+) and Murexide (Cu2+ and Ni2+). The ligands: monoamine, diamine, and triamine; were then added in varying metal ion : ligand (M:L) ratios. After stirring and filtering the solutions, the [M2+]f was determined by complexometric titration. Metal ion extraction of over 90% for Mn2+ and Zn2+has been achieved utilizing monoamine-, diamine-, and triamine-functionalized silica gels, and up to ≈100% extraction for Cu2+ and Ni2+ using monoamine functionalized silica gel.    We also investigated the possibility of recovering the extracted Mn2+ ions from previous trials using nitric acid and regenerating the diamine functionalized silica gel using sodium hydroxide. A 70 % recovery of the Mn2+ was achieved.   This research was supported in part by WV NSF EPSCoR and NASA West Virginia Space Grant Consortium.