bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
bc1‐2 and MIB‐1 Labeling Indexes in Cats with Lymphoma
Authors: Dank Gillian , Lucroy Michael D. , Griffey Stephen M. , Gandour‐Edwards Regina , Madewell Bruce R.
Published: May 2009

Immunohistochemistry was used to examine feline lymphoid tumors for bcl‐2 and MIB‐1 expression. Tumor tissues from 29 cats were selected to represent 2 groups—cats that did not respond to chemotherapy and cats that responded to therapy. Median bcl‐2 immunoreactivity was 60%, and median MIB‐1 reactivity was 47%. There was no significant difference in median survival time between cats with tumors with high levels of bcl‐2 expression and those with low levels of expression. There was no significant difference in median survival time between cats with tumors with high levels of MIB‐1 expression and those with low levels of expression. Mean bcl‐2 immunoreactivity was significantly (P= .0004) higher in low‐grade (73.2%) than in high‐grade (16.9%) lymphomas, whereas the mean MIB‐1 immunoreactivity was significantly (P= .0201) higher in high‐grade (61.2%) lymphomas than in low‐grade (35.0%) lymphomas. The mean bcl‐2 immunoreactivity was significantly (P= .0042) greater in T‐cell lymphomas (66.8%) than in B‐cell lymphomas (22.8%), whereas the mean MIB‐1 immunoreactivity was significantly (P= .0052) lower in T‐cell lymphomas (36.4%) than in B‐cell lymphomas (65.2%). Although expression of bcl‐2 and MIB‐1 did not appear to be linked to responses to chemotherapy in cats with lymphoma, the data suggest a possible role for these regulatory proteins in the biology of feline lymphomas.
Understanding placental nutrient transfer – why bother? New biomarkers of fetal growth
Authors: Sibley C. P.
Published: May 2009

The placenta, in general and the physiology of maternofetal nutrient transfer is under‐researched compared to other organs with epithelial transport function, as evidenced, for example, by publication numbers. This report provides reasons why more researchers should become involved in this topic. First, the syncytiotrophoblast, the transporting epithelium of the placenta, though having many basic cell physiology properties similar to those of other transporting epithelia, has several properties which are markedly different. Better information on these might help fundamental understanding of how epithelia in general function as well as improving knowledge of how the syncytiotrophoblast operates. Second, the synctiotrophoblast has a key role in controlling fetal growth, not only by transporting nutrients and waste products of metabolism but also because it increasingly appears to be one site, perhaps even the dominant site, in which integration of, sometimes conflicting, signals between mother and fetus takes place. Finally, better understanding of placental nutrient transfer and especially of how it is regulated by maternal and fetal signals could provide better information on the placental phenotype in fetal growth disorders – information which might contribute to providing better biomarkers which the obstetrician could use to improve early diagnosis of these disorders.
Subjective evaluation of heavy-weight floor impact sounds in relation to spatial characteristics
Authors: Jeon Jin Yong , Lee Pyoung Jik , Kim Jae Ho , Yoo Seung Yup
Published: May 2009

This study investigated the effect of a spatial factor, the magnitude of interaural cross-correlation (IACC) function, on subjective responses to heavy-weight floor impact sounds. Heavy-weight impact sounds were generated by a heavy/soft impact source (impact ball) in real apartments, so that impact sound pressure levels (SPLs) (LAmax) and IACC could be analyzed. Just noticeable differences (JNDs) of impact SPL and IACC were investigated through the use of impact ball sounds. JNDs were determined by the criteria of 75% correct answers by participants, and it was found that JNDs of impact SPL and IACC were around 1.5 dB and 0.12–0.13, respectively. In addition, the annoyance caused by an impact ball was evaluated by changes in these two parameters. The results show that annoyance increased with increasing impact SPL and with decreasing IACC; the contributions of the two parameters to the scale value of annoyance were 79.3% and 20.4%, respectively. This indicates that the effects of IACC should be considered for the evaluation of annoyance, and the subjective response to impact ball sounds can be improved by controlling IACC, as well as impact SPL.
Results of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Interlaboratory Comparison of American National Standards Institute S12.6-1997 Methods A and B
Authors: Murphy William J. , Byrne David C. , Gauger Dan , Ahroon William A. , Berger Elliott , Gerges Samir N. Y. , McKinley Richard , Witt Brad , Krieg Edward F.
Published: May 2009

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Environmental Protection Agency sponsored the completion of an interlaboratory study to compare two fitting protocols specified by ANSI S12.6-1997 (R2002) [(2002). American National Standard Methods for the Measuring Real-Ear Attenuation of Hearing Protectors, American National Standards Institute, New York]. Six hearing protection devices (two earmuffs, foam, premolded, custom-molded earplugs, and canal-caps) were tested in six laboratories using the experimenter-supervised, Method A, and (naïve) subject-fit, Method B, protocols with 24 subjects per laboratory. Within-subject, between-subject, and between-laboratory standard deviations were determined for individual frequencies and A-weighted attenuations. The differences for the within-subject standard deviations were not statistically significant between Methods A and B. Using between-subject standard deviations from Method A, 3–12 subjects would be required to identify 6-dB differences between attenuation distributions. Whereas using between-subject standard deviations from Method B, 5–19 subjects would be required to identify 6-dB differences in attenuation distributions of a product tested within the same laboratory. However, the between-laboratory standard deviations for Method B were −0.1to3.0dB less than the Method A results. These differences resulted in considerably more subjects being required to identify statistically significant differences between laboratories for Method A (12–132 subjects) than for Method B (9–28 subjects).
Representation of the vocal roughness of aperiodic speech sounds in the auditory cortex
Authors: Yrttiaho Santeri , Alku Paavo , May Patrick J. C. , Tiitinen Hannu
Published: May 2009

Aperiodicity of speech alters voice quality. The current study investigated the relationship between vowel aperiodicity and human auditory cortical N1m and sustained field (SF) responses with magnetoencephalography. Behavioral estimates of vocal roughness perception were also collected. Stimulus aperiodicity was experimentally varied by increasing vocal jitter with techniques that model the mechanisms of natural speech production. N1m and SF responses for vowels with high vocal jitter were reduced in amplitude as compared to those elicited by vowels of normal vocal periodicity. Behavioral results indicated that the ratings of vocal roughness increased up to the highest jitter values. Based on these findings, the representation of vocal jitter in the auditory cortex is suggested to be formed on the basis of reduced activity in periodicity-sensitive neural populations.
Objective measures for predicting speech intelligibility in noisy conditions based on new band-importance functions
Authors: Ma Jianfen , Hu Yi , Loizou Philipos C.
Published: May 2009

The articulation index (AI), speech-transmission index (STI), and coherence-based intelligibility metrics have been evaluated primarily in steady-state noisy conditions and have not been tested extensively in fluctuating noise conditions. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the performance of new speech-based STI measures, modified coherence-based measures, and AI-based measures operating on short-term (30ms) intervals in realistic noisy conditions. Much emphasis is placed on the design of new band-importance weighting functions which can be used in situations wherein speech is corrupted by fluctuating maskers. The proposed measures were evaluated with intelligibility scores obtained by normal-hearing listeners in 72 noisy conditions involving noise-suppressed speech (consonants and sentences) corrupted by four different maskers (car, babble, train, and street interferences). Of all the measures considered, the modified coherence-based measures and speech-based STI measures incorporating signal-specific band-importance functions yielded the highest correlations (r=0.89–0.94). The modified coherence measure, in particular, that only included vowel/consonant transitions and weak consonant information yielded the highest correlation (r=0.94) with sentence recognition scores. The results from this study clearly suggest that the traditional AI and STI indices could benefit from the use of the proposed signal- and segment-dependent band-importance functions.
Relationship between sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) click structure and size derived from videocamera images of a depredating whale (sperm whale prey acquisition)
Authors: Mathias Delphine , Thode Aaron , Straley Jan , Folkert Kendall
Published: May 2009

Sperm whales have learned to depredate black cod (Anoplopoma fimbria) from longline deployments in the Gulf of Alaska. On May 31, 2006, simultaneous acoustic and visual recordings were made of a depredation attempt by a sperm whale at 108m depth. Because the whale was oriented perpendicularly to the camera as it contacted the longline at a known distance from the camera, the distance from the nose to the hinge of the jaw could be estimated. Allometric relationships obtained from whaling data and skeleton measurements could then be used to estimate both the spermaceti organ length and total length of the animal. An acoustic estimate of animal length was obtained by measuring the inter-pulse interval (IPI) of clicks detected from the animal and using empirical formulas to convert this interval into a length estimate. Two distinct IPIs were extracted from the clicks, one yielding a length estimate that matches the visually-derived length to within experimental error. However, acoustic estimates of spermaceti organ size, derived from standard sound production theories, are inconsistent with the visual estimates, and the derived size of the junk is smaller than that of the spermaceti organ, in contradiction with known anatomical relationships.
The acoustics and acoustic behavior of the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus)
Authors: Patek S. N. , Shipp L. E. , Staaterman E. R.
Published: May 2009

Numerous animals produce sounds during interactions with potential predators, yet little is known about the acoustics of these sounds, especially in marine environments. California spiny lobsters (Panulirus interruptus) produce pulsatile rasps when interacting with potential predators. They generate sound using frictional structures located at the base of each antenna. This study probes three issues—the effect of body size on signal features, behavioral modification of sound features, and the influence of the ambient environment on the signal. Body size and file length were positively correlated, and larger animals produced lower pulse rate rasps. Ambient noise levels (149.3dB re 1μPa) acoustically obscured many rasps (150.4±2.0dB re 1μPa) at distances from 0.9–1.4m. Significantly higher numbers of pulses, pulse rate, and rasp duration were produced in rasps generated with two antennae compared to rasps produced with only one antenna. Strong periodic resonances were measured in tank-recorded rasps, whereas field-recorded rasps had little frequency structure. Spiny lobster rasps exhibit flexibility in acoustic signal features, but their propagation is constrained, perhaps beneficially, by the noisy marine environment. Examining the connections between behavior, environment, and acoustics is critical for understanding this fundamental type of animal communication.
Forward projection of transient sound pressure fields radiated by impacted plates using numerical Laplace transform
Authors: Blais Jean-François , Ross Annie
Published: May 2009

Forward propagation of the transient sound pressure radiated by an impacted plate is presented. It is shown that direct and inverse time domain discrete Fourier transforms, involved in Fourier transform based near-field acoustical holography (NAH), lead to aliasing errors in the reconstructed time signals. Adding trailing zeros to the initial time signals is an inefficient way to reduce time aliasing errors. Hence, the numerical Laplace transform is introduced and a Fourier transform based transient NAH (TNAH) approach is formulated. An error measure is introduced to compare both NAH and TNAH with respect to the propagation distance and the location of the observation point in the projection plane. The percentage of error with TNAH is reduced by more than a factor of 10 without adding trailing zeros to the initial signals. Simulation results are validated experimentally using a free Plexiglas plate impacted at its center.
Radiation force calculation for oblique ultrasonic beams
Authors: Beissner K.
Published: May 2009

The acoustic radiation force exerted on a perfect absorber in a lossless fluid has recently been calculated for the case of a rectangular transducer emitting a static (i.e., “frozen”) ultrasonic field in the forward direction. The calculation is extended here, at least approximately, to the case of an oblique beam. This is important for measuring the ultrasonic power of scanning diagnostic devices.
Determining biosonar images using sparse representations
Authors: Fontaine Bertrand , Peremans Herbert
Published: May 2009

Echolocating bats are thought to be able to create an image of their environment by emitting pulses and analyzing the reflected echoes. In this paper, the theory of sparse representations and its more recent further development into compressed sensing are applied to this biosonar image formation task. Considering the target image representation as sparse allows formulation of this inverse problem as a convex optimization problem for which well defined and efficient solution methods have been established. The resulting technique, referred to as L1-minimization, is applied to simulated data to analyze its performance relative to delay accuracy and delay resolution experiments. This method performs comparably to the coherent receiver for the delay accuracy experiments, is quite robust to noise, and can reconstruct complex target impulse responses as generated by many closely spaced reflectors with different reflection strengths. This same technique, in addition to reconstructing biosonar target images, can be used to simultaneously localize these complex targets by interpreting location cues induced by the bat’s head related transfer function. Finally, a tentative explanation is proposed for specific bat behavioral experiments in terms of the properties of target images as reconstructed by the L1-minimization method.
Time-domain simulations of sound propagation in a stratified atmosphere over an impedance ground
Authors: Cotté Benjamin , Blanc-Benon Philippe
Published: May 2009

Finite-difference time-domain simulations of broadband sound propagation in a stratified atmosphere are presented. A method recently proposed to obtain an impedance time-domain boundary condition is implemented in a linearized Euler equations solver, which enables to study long range sound propagation over an impedance ground. Some features of the pressure pulse evolution with time are analyzed in both upward-and downward-refracting conditions, and the time-domain simulations are compared to parabolic equation calculations in the frequency domain to show the effectiveness of the proposed impedance boundary condition.
Decentralized harmonic control of sound radiation and transmission by a plate using a virtual impedance approach
Authors: Quaegebeur Nicolas , Micheau Philippe , Berry Alain
Published: May 2009

The problem under study in this article is the active control of sound transmission and radiation of a panel under a periodic excitation. The control strategy investigated uses independent control loops between an individual polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor and an individual lead zirconate titanate (PZT) actuator. The specific approach employed here uses the concept of virtual impedance. The aim is to determine for each frequency the optimal impedance between each PVDF sensor and the corresponding PZT actuator in order to reduce the sound power radiated by the plate. Theoretical predictions are compared to measurements of the sound radiated and transmission loss of a panel mounted with eight PZT-PVDF units. Reductions of up to 20 dB of the acoustic power can be achieved around mechanical resonances of the system, while the control strategy has little effect for off-resonance excitations.
Bayesian inversion of reverberation and propagation data for geoacoustic and scattering parameters
Authors: Dosso Stan E. , Nielsen Peter L. , Harrison Christopher H.
Published: May 2009

This paper applies nonlinear Bayesian inference theory to quantify the information content of reverberation and short-range propagation data, both individually and in joint inversion, to resolve seabed geoacoustic and scattering properties. The inversion of reverberation data alone is shown to poorly resolve seabed properties because of strong multi-dimensional correlations between parameters. Inversion of propagation data alone is limited by different correlations, but better constrains the geoacoustic parameters. However, propagation data are insensitive to scattering parameters such as Lambert’s scattering coefficient. In each case the parameter correlations are inherent in the physics of the forward problem (reverberation and propagation) and cannot be overcome by processing or inversion techniques; rather, the inversion of more informative data is required. This is accomplished here by joint inversion of reverberation and propagation data, weighted according to their respective maximum-likelihood error estimates. Joint inversion of reverberation and propagation data collected on the Malta Plateau (Strait of Sicily) resolves both geoacoustic and scattering properties and achieves smaller uncertainties for all parameters than obtained by the inversion of either data set alone.
Sensitivity of the human auditory system to temporal fine structure at high frequencies
Authors: Moore Brian C. J. , Sęk Aleksander
Published: May 2009

The frequency of sounds is coded partly by phase locking to the temporal fine structure (TFS) of the waveform evoked on the basilar membrane. On the basis of data obtained using sinusoids, it is usually assumed that in mammals, including humans, TFS information becomes unusable for frequencies above about 5000 Hz. Here, sensitivity to the TFS of complex sounds up to much higher frequencies is demonstrated. Subjects discriminated a harmonic complex tone, with a fundamental frequency F0, from a tone in which all harmonics were shifted upwards by the same amount in hertz. The phases of the components were selected randomly for every stimulus. Both tones had an envelope repetition rate equal to F0, but the tones differed in their TFS. To prevent discrimination based on spectral cues, the tones were passed through a fixed bandpass filter, centered at 14F0. A background noise was used to mask combination tones. Performance was well above chance for most subjects when F0 was 800 or 1000 Hz and all audible components were above 8000 Hz. Supplementary experiments confirmed that performance was not based on changes in the excitation pattern or on the discrimination of partially resolved components.
Concurrent-vowel and tone recognitions in acoustic and simulated electric hearing
Authors: Luo Xin , Fu Qian-Jie
Published: May 2009

Because of the poor spectral resolution in cochlear implants (CIs), fundamental frequency (F0) cues are not well preserved. Chinese-speaking CI users may have great difficulty understanding speech produced by competing talkers, due to conflicting tones. In this study, normal-hearing listeners’ concurrent Chinese syllable recognition was measured with unprocessed speech and CI simulations. Concurrent syllables were constructed by summing two vowels from a male talker (with identical mean F0’s) or one vowel from each of a male and a female talker (with a relatively large F0 separation). CI signal processing was simulated using four- and eight-channel noise-band vocoders; the degraded spectral resolution may limit listeners’ ability to utilize talker and/or tone differences. The results showed that concurrent speech recognition was significantly poorer with the CI simulations than with unprocessed speech. There were significant interactions between the talker and speech-processing conditions, e.g., better tone and syllable recognitions with the male-female condition for unprocessed speech, and with the male-male condition for eight-channel speech. With the CI simulations, competing tones interfered with concurrent-tone and syllable recognitions, but not vowel recognition. Given limited pitch cues, subjects were unable to use F0 differences between talkers or tones for concurrent Chinese syllable recognition.
N-SOLITON SOLUTIONS, AUTO-BÄCKLUND TRANSFORMATIONS AND LAX PAIR FOR A NONISOSPECTRAL AND VARIABLE-COEFFICIENT KORTEWEG-DE VRIES EQUATION VIA SYMBOLIC COMPUTATION
Authors: LI LI-LI , TIAN BO , ZHANG CHUN-YI , ZHANG HAI-QIANG , LI JUAN , XU TAO
Published: May 2009

In this paper, a nonisospectral and variable-coefficient Korteweg-de Vries equation is investigated based on the ideas of the variable-coefficient balancing-act method and Hirota method. Via symbolic computation, we obtain the analytic N-soliton solutions, variable-coefficient bilinear form, auto-Bäcklund transformations (in both the bilinear form and Lax pair form), Lax pair and nonlinear superposition formula for such an equation in explicit form. Moreover, some figures are plotted to analyze the effects of the variable coefficients on the stabilities and propagation characteristics of the solitonic waves.
PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF ENTANGLED STATE IN INTERACTING FOCK SPACE
Authors: DAS P. K. , GHOSH ARPITA
Published: May 2009

In this paper, we study Susskind–Glogower phase distribution of entangled state in the framework of interactions involving two modes of interacting Fock space which in its turn provides an interesting insigth into the structure of entangled state.
ATOMISTIC STUDY OF THE STRENGTH AND ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF PERFECT AND DEFECTED SILICON
Authors: LI CHENG-XIANG , MENG QING-YUAN , ZHONG KANG-YOU
Published: May 2009

The effects of vacancies on the strength and elastic constants of silicon, such as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are investigated using the molecular dynamics simulations with the Stillinger–Weber potential. The defected crystalline cells contain randomly generated defect distributions in the simulation models. The ideal strength is found to be 33.6 GPa at the strain 0.26. The Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio is 148 GPa and 0.252, respectively. It is found that the strength decreases as the point defect fraction increases, and the variation of the strength versus the point defect fraction coincides with a decaying exponential function. In addition, vacancies are shown to reduce the elastic constants. In general, the elastic constants of silicon vary linearly versus the defect fraction.
NANOSTRUCTURE OF TiO2 THIN FILMS PREPARED BY UNBALANCED MAGNETRON SPUTTERING
Authors: POKAIPISIT ARTORN , CHAIYAKUN SURASING , LIMSUWAN PICHET , NGOTAWORNCHAI BOONLAER
Published: May 2009

In this study, titanium dioxide ( TiO 2) thin films were deposited on unheated glass substrates using an unbalanced magnetron sputtering system with different deposition times of 25, 35 and 45 min, respectively. The structure and surface morphology of TiO 2 thin films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). It was found that the crystallite size of TiO 2 thin films was in the range of 10–20 nm, and the surface roughness was 1–3 nm. The SAED patterns show that the phase of TiO 2 thin films obtained in this study is anatase phase.
LOCV CALCULATIONS FOR POLARIZED LIQUID 3He WITH THE SPIN-DEPENDENT CORRELATION
Authors: BORDBAR G. H. , KARIMI M. J.
Published: May 2009

We have used the lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method to calculate some ground-state properties of polarized liquid 3 He at zero temperature with the spin-dependent correlation function employing the Lennard–Jones and Aziz pair potentials. We have seen that the total energy of polarized liquid 3 He increases with increasing polarization. For all polarizations, it is shown that the total energy in the spin-dependent case is lower than the spin-independent case. We have seen that the difference between the energies of spin-dependent and spin-independent cases decreases by increasing the polarization. We have shown that the main contribution of the potential energy comes from the spin-triplet state.
FIRST PRINCIPLE CALCULATION OF ELECTRONIC BAND STRUCTURE AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF KIO3
Authors: AKKUS HARUN , ERDINC BAHATTIN
Published: May 2009

The electronic band structure and optical properties of the ferroelectric single crystal KIO 3 have been investigated using the density functional methods. The calculated band structure for KIO 3 evidences that the crystal has a direct band gap with a value of 2.83 eV. The structural optimization has been performed. The real and imaginary parts of dielectric function, energy-loss function for volume and surface, and refractive index are calculated along the crystallographic axes.
CONTROL OF THz TRANSMISSION THROUGH METALLIC PHOTONIC CRYSTALS
Authors: ALY ARAFA H. , RYU SANG-WAN
Published: May 2009

We show theoretically that the optical properties of one-dimensional metallic photonic crystals can be enhanced considerably over the corresponding constituent metal. By properly choosing the structural and material parameters, the optical properties of one-dimensional metallic-dielectric photonic crystals can be enhanced by one order of magnitude in the visible and in the THz regions.
Corroles in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions
Authors: Vale Luís S. H. P. , Barata Joana F. B. , Santos Carla I. M. , Neves Maria G. P. M. S. , Faustino Maria A. F. , Tomé Augusto C. , Silva Artur M. S. , Paz Filipe A. A. , Cavaleiro José A. S.
Published: May 2009

The azomethine ylide generated from the reaction of a corrole-3-carbaldehyde and N-methylglycine was trapped with dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and fullerene C60 in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. A similar azomethine ylide generated from a corrole-2-carbaldehyde was trapped with 1,4-naphthoquinone, yielding the expected dehydrogenated 1,3-dipolar cycloadduct and a quinone-fused corrole derivative. A detailed synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the gallium(III)(pyridine) complex of 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole-3-carbaldehyde is also presented.
华人国际移民的历史回顾和社会学分析
Authors: 周敏
Published: May 2009

早在欧洲殖民主义国家开始涉足亚洲大陆以前，华人就已飘洋过海，到亚洲和世界其他地方暂住或定居，以寻求谋生机会。现有超过3300万的华侨和华人在中国（包括香港、澳门及台湾）以外的地方生活，分布在全球151个国家，其中80%在亚洲，14%在美洲。本文旨在探讨华人国际移民悠久的历史和已经形成并正在不断发展的全球华人移民社会网络和侨乡网络与更高层次的结构性的因素（殖民地化与反殖民地化，民族国家的建立和国家政权更迭）之间的相互作用对华人移民所产生的影响。我认为从中国大陆涌出来的一波又一波的移民潮和这些移民在接收国的暂住或定居后的再移民，与历史有关，与母国和接收国的经济、接收国的华人社区和社群、全球华人移民社会网络等因素的互动有直接关系。这些宏观和微观的各种因素决定了华人国际移民的性质和发展历程。因此，目前中国和其他移民输出国所面临的挑战是如何去管理、引导和控制移民。然而，国家的这种能力面临着相当大的局限，一方面受制于经济原因，另一方面也受制于移民的广泛的社会网络、侨乡网络和海内外的各种社团组织。
跨境的越南归侨：
Authors: 奈仓京子
Published: May 2009

本文以越南归侨为中心进行考察，探讨他们以再移民为出路的发展路向，论述他们自我认同以及家庭变化的情况。通过考察，可见农场的越南归侨与印尼归侨存在政治、经济差距，致使他们萌发“越南归侨”意识，而且这种意识逐渐转变为劣势感。越南归侨群体没有进行社会集团的组织化，向心力较弱，相对实力也较低。再者，越南归侨在国内不太稳定，他们把国家相对化了。对其本人而言，拥有越南归侨意识与追求更好的生活环境之间没有必然的联系。他们没有优先加强同胞意识，而是依靠个人及其家人的人际关系建立超越“越南归侨”、“归侨”认同的网络。
17 – 19 世纪会安的华人、唐帮会馆与华风
Authors: 李庆新
Published: May 2009

16世纪中叶以降，越南中部的会安(Hoi-an, Faifo)崛起成为中南半岛举足轻重的港埠和东亚国际贸易中心，经历了百余年的繁荣。中国人最早来到会安，且人多势众，主导着会安贸易。18世纪以后，会安华人按照阮朝法例建立自治性外侨组织唐帮（包括明乡社）和广肇（广东）、福建、琼府、中华、明香（明乡）等会馆。随着越来越多的清朝商民的迁入，中国语言文字、典籍文献、民间信仰、佛教等也传播到会安，深刻地影响地方社会与文化。
Central but not systemic lipid infusion augments the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia
Authors: Haywood Samuel C. , Bree Adam J. , Puente Erwin C. , Daphna-Iken Dorit , Fisher Simon J.
Published: May 2009

This study tests the hypothesis that lipids could act as an alternative fuel source in the brain during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to hyperinsulinemic (5 mU·kg−1·min−1) hypoglycemic (∼50 mg/dl) clamps. In protocol 1, intralipid (IL), a fat emulsion, was infused intravenously to prevent the fall in free fatty acid levels that occurs in response to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Intravenous lipid infusion did not alter the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. To test whether IL could have central effects in mediating the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, in protocol 2 the brains of precannulated rats were intracerebroventricularly (icv) infused with IL or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as control. Unexpectedly, the epinephrine and glucagon response to hypoglycemia was significantly augmented with icv IL infusion. To determine whether central IL infusion could restore defective counterregulation, in protocol 3 rats were made recurrently hypoglycemic (RH) for 3 days and on the 4th day underwent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamps with icv IL or aCSF infusion. RH rats had the expected impaired epinephrine response to hypoglycemia, and icv IL infusion again significantly augmented the epinephrine response in RH rats to normal. With regard to our experimental model of hypoglycemic counterregulation, we conclude that 1) systemic lipid infusion did not alter the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, 2) the icv infusion of lipids markedly increased CSF FFA levels and paradoxically augmented the epinephrine and glucagon responses, and 3) the blunted sympathoadrenal response in recurrently hypoglycemic rats was completely normalized with the icv lipid infusion. It is concluded that, in the setting of insulin-induced hypoglycemia, increased brain lipids can enhance the sympathoadrenal response.
Detection of low-frequency oscillations in renal blood flow
Authors: Siu K. L. , Sung B. , Cupples W. A. , Moore L. C. , Chon K. H.
Published: May 2009

Detection of the low-frequency (LF; ∼0.01 Hz) component of renal blood flow, which is theorized to reflect the action of a third renal autoregulatory mechanism, has been difficult due to its slow dynamics. In this work, we used three different experimental approaches to detect the presence of the LF component of renal autoregulation using normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), both anesthetized and unanesthetized. The first experimental approach utilized a blood pressure forcing in the form of a chirp, an oscillating perturbation with linearly increasing frequency, to elicit responses from the LF autoregulatory component in anesthetized normotensive rats. The second experimental approach involved collection and analysis of spontaneous blood flow fluctuation data from anesthetized normotensive rats and SHR to search for evidence of the LF component in the form of either amplitude or frequency modulation of the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms. The third experiment used telemetric recordings of arterial pressure and renal blood flow from normotensive rats and SHR for the same purpose. Our transfer function analysis of chirp signal data yielded a resonant peak centered at 0.01 Hz that is greater than 0 dB, with the transfer function gain attenuated to lower than 0 dB at lower frequencies, which is a hallmark of autoregulation. Analysis of the data from the second experiments detected the presence of ∼0.01-Hz oscillations only with isoflurane, albeit at a weaker strength compared with telemetric recordings. With the third experimental approach, the strength of the LF component was significantly weaker in the SHR than in the normotensive rats. In summary, our detection via the amplitude modulation approach of interactions between the LF component and both tubuloglomerular feedback and the myogenic mechanism, with the LF component having an identical frequency to that of the resonant gain peak, provides evidence that 0.01-Hz oscillations may represent the third autoregulatory mechanism.
Reciprocal backcross mice confirm major loci linked to hyperoxic acute lung injury survival time
Authors: Prows Daniel R. , Winterberg Abby V. , Gibbons William J. , Burzynski Benjamin B. , Liu Chunyan , Nick Todd G.
Published: May 2009

Morbidity and mortality associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome remain substantial. Although many candidate genes have been tested, a clear understanding of the pathogenesis is lacking, as is our ability to predict individual outcome. Because ALI is a complex disease, single gene approaches cannot easily identify effectors that must be treated concurrently. We employed a strategy to help identify critical genes and gene combinations involved in ALI mortality. Using hyperoxia to induce ALI, a mouse model for genetic analyses of ALI survival time was identified: C57BL/6J (B) mice are sensitive (i.e., die early), whereas 129X1/SvJ (S) mice are significantly more resistant, but with low penetrance. Segregation analysis of reciprocal F2 mice generated from B and S strains revealed significant sex, cross, and parent of origin effects. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified five chromosomal regions significantly linked to hyperoxic ALI survival time (named Shali1–Shali5). Further analyses demonstrated that both parental strains contribute resistance alleles to their offspring and that the phenotype demonstrated parent of origin effects. To validate earlier findings, we generated and tested mice from all eight possible B-S-derived backcrosses. Results from segregation and QTL analyses of 935 backcrosses, alone and combined with the previous 840 B-S-derived F2 population, further supported the highly significant QTLs on chromosomes 1 ( Shali1) and 4 ( Shali2) and confirmed that the sex, cross, and parent of origin all contribute to survival time with hyperoxic ALI.
The Effect of Spatial Scale on Predicting Time Series: A Study on Epidemiological System Identification
Authors: Monteiro L. H. A. , Oliveira D. N. , Chaui-Berlinck J. G.
Published: May 2009

A susceptible‐infective‐recovered (SIR) epidemiological model based on probabilistic cellular automaton (PCA) is employed for simulating the temporal evolution of the registered cases of chickenpox in Arizona, USA, between 1994 and
2004. At each time step, every individual is in one of the states S, I, or R. The parameters of this model are the
probabilities of each individual (each cell forming the PCA lattice) passing from a state to another state.
Here, the values of these probabilities are identified by using a genetic algorithm. If nonrealistic values
are allowed to the parameters, the predictions present better agreement with the
historical series than if they are forced to present realistic values. A discussion
about how the size of the PCA lattice affects the quality of the model predictions
is presented.
Ewing Sarcoma Fusion Protein EWSR1/FLI1 Interacts with EWSR1 Leading to Mitotic Defects in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Cell Lines
Authors: Embree Lisa J. , Azuma Mizuki , Hickstein Dennis D.
Published: May 2009

The mechanism whereby the fusion of EWSR1 with the ETS transcription factor FLI1 contributes to malignant transformation in Ewing sarcoma remains unclear. We show that injection of human or zebrafish EWSR1/FLI1 mRNA into developing zebrafish embryos leads to mitotic defects with multipolar and disorganized mitotic spindles. Expression of human EWSR1/FLI1 in HeLa cells also results in mitotic defects, along with mislocalization of Aurora kinase B, a key regulator of mitotic progression. Because these mitotic abnormalities mimic those observed with the knockdown of EWSR1 in zebrafish embryos and HeLa cells, we investigated whether EWSR1/FLI1 interacts with EWSR1 and interferes with its function. EWSR1 coimmunoprecipitates with EWSR1/FLI1, and overexpression of EWSR1 rescues the mitotic defects in EWSR1/FLI1-transfected HeLa cells. This interaction between EWSR1/FLI1 and EWSR1 in Ewing sarcoma may induce mitotic defects leading to genomic instability and subsequent malignant transformation. [Cancer Res 2009;69(10):4363–71]
RLIP76: A Target for Kidney Cancer Therapy
Authors: Singhal Sharad S. , Singhal Jyotsana , Yadav Sushma , Sahu Mukesh , Awasthi Yogesh C. , Awasthi Sanjay
Published: May 2009

RLIP76 is a multifunctional transporter protein that serves as an energy-dependent efflux mechanism for endogenously generated toxic metabolites as well as exogenous toxins, including chemotherapy drugs. Our recent studies in cultured cells, syngeneic animal tumor model, and in xenograft model have shown that RLIP76 serves a major cancer-specific antiapoptotic role in a wide variety of histologic types of cancer, including leukemia, melanoma, colon, lung, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Results of present studies in cell culture and xenograft model of Caki-2 cells show that RLIP76 is an important anticancer for kidney cancer because inhibition of RLIP76 function by antibody or its depletion by small interfering RNA or antisense DNA caused marked and sustained regression of established human kidney xenografts of Caki-2 cells in nude mouse. [Cancer Res 2009;69(10):4244–51]
An Imaging-Based Rapid Evaluation Method for Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity Discriminated Clinical Response to Rituximab-Containing Chemotherapy
Authors: Mishima Yuji , Sugimura Natsuhiko , Matsumoto-Mishima Yuko , Terui Yasuhito , Takeuchi Kengo , Asai Suzuka , Ennishi Daisuke , Asai Hiroaki , Yokoyama Masahiro , Kojima Kiyotsugu , Hatake Kiyohiko
Published: May 2009

Purpose: Rituximab has greatly improved the efficacy of chemotherapy regimens for CD20-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, although several mechanisms of action of rituximab have been identified, the exact therapeutic functions of these mechanisms remains to be clarified. In addition, there is no established prognostic marker to predict an individual response. This study verified the validity of ex vivo complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) susceptibility as a predictor of pathologic tumor regression in patients undergoing rituximab-containing chemotherapy and examined whether CDC contributes to the mechanism of action of rituximab.

Experimental Design: A rapid assay system was established to evaluate the tumoricidal activity of rituximab using a living cell–imaging technique. We analyzed lymph node biopsies obtained from 234 patients with suspected lymphomas and estimated the association between CDC susceptibility and the response to rituximab-containing chemotherapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma.

Results: This study revealed that CDC susceptibility of lymphoma cells freshly obtained from patients was strongly associated with response to rituximab-containing chemotherapy in both diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. This correlation was not apparent in cases that received chemotherapy without rituximab.

Conclusions: The system that we have established allows a successful assessment of rituximab-induced CDC and can distinguish cases refractory to rituximab-containing chemotherapy. The association between CDC susceptibility and therapy response suggests that CDC is pivotal in the ability of chemotherapy including rituximab to induce remission.
Trk Receptor Expression and Inhibition in Neuroblastomas
Authors: Brodeur Garrett M. , Minturn Jane E. , Ho Ruth , Simpson Anisha M. , Iyer Radhika , Varela Carly R. , Light Jennifer E. , Kolla Venkatadri , Evans Audrey E.
Published: May 2009

Neuroblastoma, the most common and deadly solid tumor in children, exhibits heterogeneous clinical behavior, from spontaneous regression to relentless progression. Current evidence suggests that the TRK family of neurotrophin receptors plays a critical role in these diverse behaviors. Neuroblastomas expressing TrkA are biologically favorable and prone to spontaneous regression or differentiation, depending on the absence or presence of its ligand (NGF) in the microenvironment. In contrast, TrkB-expressing tumors frequently have MYCN amplification and are very aggressive and often fatal tumors. These tumors also express the TrkB ligand (BDNF), resulting in an autocrine or paracrine survival pathway. Exposure to BDNF promotes survival, drug resistance, and angiogenesis of TrkB-expressing tumors. Here we review the role of Trks in normal development, the different functions of Trk isoforms, and the major Trk signaling pathways. We also review the roles these receptors play in the heterogeneous biological and clinical behavior of neuroblastomas, and the activation of Trk receptors in other cancers. Finally we address the progress that has been made in developing targeted therapy with Trk-selective inhibitors to treat neuroblastomas and other tumors with activated Trk expression.
A Vasculature-Targeting Regimen of Preoperative Docetaxel with or without Bevacizumab for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Impact on Angiogenic Biomarkers
Authors: Baar Joseph , Silverman Paula , Lyons Janice , Fu Pingfu , Abdul-Karim Fadi , Ziats Nicholas , Wasman Jay , Hartman Paul , Jesberger John , Dumadag Leda , Hohler Erin , Leeming Rosemary , Shenk Robert , Chen Helen , McCrae Keith , Dowlati Afshin , Remick Scot C. , Overmoyer Beth
Published: May 2009

Purpose: Taxanes have effects on angiogenesis causing difficulties in separating biological effects of chemotherapy from those due to angiogenesis inhibitors. This randomized phase II trial was designed to evaluate the additional biomarker effect on angiogenesis when bevacizumab is added to docetaxel.

Experimental Design: Patients with inoperable breast cancer were randomized to either 2 cycles of preoperative docetaxel (D) 35 mg/m2 i.v. weekly for 6 weeks, followed by a 2-week break; or docetaxel with bevacizumab 10 mg/kg i.v. every other week for a total of 16 weeks (DB). Plasma and serum markers of endothelial damage, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), and tumor microvessel density were assessed before treatment and at the end of each preoperative cycle.

Results: Forty-nine patients were randomized (DB, 24; D, 25). There was no difference in overall clinical response, progression-free survival, or overall survival. Vascular endothelial growth factor increased during treatment; more so with DB (P < 0.0001). Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) also increased (P < 0.0001); more so with DB (P = 0.069). Intercellular adhesion molecule increased (P = 0.018) and E-selectin decreased (P = 0.006) overall. Baseline levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectin correlated with clinical response by univariate analysis. DCE-MRI showed a greater decrease in tumor perfusion calculated by initial area under the curve for the first 90 seconds in DB (P = 0.024). DCE-MRI also showed an overall decrease in tumor volume (P = 0.012).

Conclusion: Bevacizumab plus docetaxel caused a greater increase in vascular endothelial growth factor and VCAM-1, and a greater reduction in tumor perfusion by DCE-MRI compared with docetaxel. Clinical outcomes of inoperable breast cancer were predicted by changes in VCAM-1 and E-selectin.
Assessment of GS-9219 in a Pet Dog Model of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Vail David M. , Thamm Douglas H. , Reiser Hans , Ray Adrian S. , Wolfgang Grushenka H.I. , Watkins William J. , Babusis Darius , Henne Ilana N. , Hawkins Michael J. , Kurzman Ilene D. , Jeraj Robert , Vanderhoek Matt , Plaza Susan , Anderson Christie , Wessel Mackenzie A. , Robat Cecilia , Lawrence Jessica , Tumas Daniel B.
Published: May 2009

Purpose: To assess, in dogs with naturally occurring non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pharmacokinetics, safety, and activity of GS-9219, a prodrug of the nucleotide analogue 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), which delivers PMEG and its phosphorylated metabolites to lymphoid cells with preferential cytotoxicity in cells with a high proliferation index such as lymphoid malignancies.

Experimental Design: To generate proof-of-concept, a phase I/II trial was conducted in pet dogs (n = 38) with naturally occurring non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using different dose schedules of GS-9219. A subset of dogs was further evaluated with 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging before and after treatment.

Results: The prodrug had a short plasma half-life but yielded high and prolonged intracellular levels of the cytotoxic metabolite PMEG diphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the absence of detectable plasma PMEG. Dose-limiting toxicities were generally manageable and reversible and included dermatopathy, neutropenia, and gastrointestinal signs. Antitumor responses were observed in 79% of dogs and occurred in previously untreated dogs and dogs with chemotherapy-refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The median remission durations observed compare favorably with other monotherapies in dogs with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. High 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine uptake noted in lymphoid tissues before treatment decreased significantly after treatment (P = 0.016).

Conclusions: GS-9219 was generally well tolerated and showed significant activity against spontaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as modeled in pet dogs and, as such, supports clinical evaluation in humans.
Imatinib blocks migration and invasion of medulloblastoma cells by concurrently inhibiting activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor and transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Abouantoun Thamara J. , MacDonald Tobey J.
Published: May 2009

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor (PDGFR) expression correlates with metastatic medulloblastoma. PDGF stimulation of medulloblastoma cells phosphorylates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and promotes migration. We sought to determine whether blocking PDGFR activity effectively inhibits signaling required for medulloblastoma cell migration and invasion. DAOY and D556 human medulloblastoma cells were treated with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), a PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to PDGFRB to test the effects of blocking PDGFR phosphorylation and expression, respectively. PDGFR cell signaling, migration, invasion, survival, and proliferation following PDGF-BB stimulation, with and without PDGFR inhibition, were measured. PDGF-BB treatment of cells increased PDGFRB, Akt and ERK phosphorylation, and transactivated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which correlated with enhanced migration, survival, and proliferation. Imatinib (1 μmol/L) treatment of DAOY and D556 cells inhibited PDGF-BB- and serum-mediated migration and invasion at 24 and 48 h, respectively, and concomitantly inhibited PDGF-BB activation of PDGFRB, Akt, and ERK but increased PTEN expression and activity. Imatinib treatment also induced DAOY cell apoptosis at 72 h and inhibited DAOY and D556 cell proliferation at 48 h. siRNA silencing of PDGFRB similarly inhibited signaling, migration, and survival and both siRNA and imatinib treatment inhibited PDGF-BB-mediated EGFR transactivation, indicating that the effects of imatinib treatment are specific to PDGFRB target inhibition. These results indicate that PDGFRB tyrosine kinase activity is critical for migration and invasion of medulloblastoma cells possibly by transactivating EGFR; thus, imatinib may represent an important novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of medulloblastoma. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(5):1137–47]