bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Response of Inbred Rabbits to Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Pincus William B. , Flick John A. , Ingalls Theodore H.
Published: January 2023

The nature of the cutaneous lesion following infection with vaccinia virus has been studied, using the cutaneous lesion of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection for a reference. Rabbits inbred for susceptibility and resistance to tuberculosis were infected with vaccinia virus, and 1 week later with BCG. The vaccinia lesion and BCG lesions behaved similarly with respect to timing, magnitude and severity within each rabbit strain. Rabbits resistant to tuberculosis rapidly developed severe BCG and vaccinia lesions which healed readily; susceptible rabbits slowly developed smaller lesions which healed with difficulty. Delayed hypersensitivity to vaccinia virus antigens and O.T. appeared early in the resistant rabbits, late or not at all in susceptible ones.

In spite of the variation in size and severity of the cutaneous vaccinia lesions among the strains of rabbits, there was no significant difference in the titer of virus recovered from the inoculation sites.

The similarity in development of cutaneous lesions and delayed hypersensitivity in inbred strains of rabbits following infection with BCG and vaccinia virus was considered to support the hypothesis that delayed hypersensitivity contributes to the pathogenesis of the primary vaccinia lesion.
Studies of the Immune Globulins of Human Serum
Authors: Vaerman J.-P. , Heremans J. F. , Vaerman C.
Published: January 2023

A method is described which allows the isolation of antigenically pure samples of the three immune globulins: γss (=7 S γ), γ1M (=19 S γ) and γ1A (=β2A), starting from individual serum samples.

The γss-globulin is obtained by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. Preparative ultracentrifugation in a sucrose density gradient is used to obtain the γ1M-globulin from a euglobulin precipitate. The γ1A-globulin is isolated from the remaining pseudoglobulin solution, by means of a modified fractionation procedure using precipitation with zine sulfate, preparative electrophoresis and salting out with ammonium sulfate, in the order indicated.

The purity and recovery rates of the three immune globulin fractions are assessed, and their value as representatives of the corresponding immune globulin groups of native serum is critically discussed.
The Synthesis of γ-Globulin by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Fleischman Julian B.
Published: January 2023

Experiments were performed to test the possibility that the three papain fragments of rabbit γ-globulin are synthesized separately in lymph node cells. Cell suspensions were incubated with tritiated leucine for periods between 30 sec and 24 hr. Incorporation of the label was stopped at the desired time by dilution with unlabeled L-leucine. The cells were harvested, washed and homogenized, and the labeled intracellular γ-globulin was isolated in the presence of carrier, cleaved with papain, and examined for the distribution of radioactivity among the three fragments. Essentially uniform labeling was found in all experiments. It is therefore unlikely that the papain fragments form separate pools from which the whole γ-globulin molecule is assembled.
Biologic Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Sugahara Takao
Published: January 2023

Skin reactivity and complement-fixing properties of soluble antigen-chicken antibody complexes were studied. It was found that the soluble complexes composed of rabbit γ-globulin induced skin reactions in normal guinea pigs. Chicken antibody directed toward the major rabbit γ-globulin antigenic determinant in Fr. III segment and that to the minor determinant in Frs. I and II (Porter's terminology) are comparable with respect to the ability to form skin reactive complexes. The complexes composed of either bovine serum albumin or Fr. (I + II) and homologous chicken antibodies failed to give the skin reaction. The results indicated the parallelism between the skin reactivity of the soluble complexes and the reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions with the antigen-antibody systems.

The soluble complexes of chicken antibody did not inactivate a significant amount of guinea pig complement in vitro.
Studies on the Adjuvant Action of Bacterial Endotoxins on Antibody Formation
Authors: Merritt Katharine , Johnson Arthur G.
Published: January 2023

The adjuvant action of endotoxin on antibody formation to a single injection of a soluble protein antigen (BGG) was demonstrated in an inbred strain of Balb mice. The adjuvant action of endotoxin was expressed in this system by decreasing the induction period and increasing peak titer. The length of time in relation to antigen administration during which endotoxin would exert its adjuvant action was found to be longer in the mouse (from 7 days before to 6 days after antigen) than in previous studies in the rabbit.

The DNA analogue 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) was found to inhibit antibody formation to BGG in these Balb mice when given daily in small doses or in a single large dose 24 or 48 hr after antigen. This single large dose of FUDR was found to be stimulatory to antibody formation when given near the time of antigen injection (1 hr before, with, or 1 hr after) or when given 4 days after antigen injection. No drug-induced tolerance to BGG in adult mice was achieved.
Studies on Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Dammin Gustave J.
Published: January 2023

The majority of the skin reactions in rabbits immunized with a variety of synthetic polypeptide antigens which elicited the production of circulating antibody were the classical active Arthus reactions (Arthus type I). However, the polypeptide preparation Glu56Lys43Tyr1-1 elicited a skin reaction which followed the course of the delayed, or tuberculin, reaction despite the fact that it elicited the production of circulating antibody (Arthus type II). On the basis of the skin reactions elicited by the various synthetic polypeptides, the hypothesis was advanced that the character and intensity of the skin reactions are determined in part by the amino acid composition of the antigen.
Adenovirus Vaccine Prepared by Thermal Inactivation of the Infective Molety of the Virus in Magnesium Ions
Authors: Yang Czau-Siung , Tai Fu-Hsiang , Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

MgCl2-inactivated adenovirus vaccine (type 7) was prepared by heating at 50°C for 30 min, six times longer than necessary to inactivate the infective moiety of the virus. The vaccine proved to be as antigenic in rabbits as the live virus, producing the same neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody titers. Infectivity could not be restored by removal of the MgCl2 through dialysis.
Dynamics and Quantitative Analysis of Passively Transferred Tuberculin Hypersensitivity
Authors: Feldman Joseph D. , Najarian John S.
Published: January 2023

Tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs was transferred by intravenous injection of H3-thymidine-labeled sensitized lymphoid cells. PPD and mineral oil were administered at the same time to elicit specific and nonspecific lesions. From 6 to 70 hr later, the skin sites were removed and the total radioactivity of the lesions counted.

Radioactivity increased to a peak in the PPD skin sites at 18 to 24 hr and declined over the next 2 days. In the control sites and in untreated skin, radioactivity was low or negligible throughout the period of observation. From these data and observations made in previous autoradiographic studies, the skin lesions of tuberculin sensitivity were shown to be composed of two concurrent processes; one, an accumulation of sensitized cells apparently in response to specific antigen; and two, an infiltration of mononuclear cells contributed by the host, probably as a response to injury. The absolute numbers of cells contributed by donor and host were also calculated. Less than 1% of transferred sensitized cells arrived at the site of antigen deposition and contributed a minor proportion of all the infiltrating mononuclear elements in the test lesion.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Bednekoff A. G. , Tolle A. , Datta S. P. , Friedman Janis , Stone W. H.
Published: January 2023

Sera and saliva of about 67% of 300 rabbits contained a substance which was capable of inhibiting the reaction between cattle anti-J serum and J-positive cells. The presence of this J-like substance in rabbit serum and presumably in saliva is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene. A J-like substance was found also in a nondialyzable fraction of rabbit urine. Rabbits lacking the J-like substance when injected with saliva from cattle containing J produced specific immune anti-J. Naturally occurring antibodies of rabbits did not show seasonal variation, but this could possibly be explained by the constant climatic conditions under which the rabbits were kept.
Biologic Characteristics of a Continuous Kidney Cell Line Derived from the African Green Monkey
Authors: Hopps Hope E. , Bernheim Barbara C. , Nisalak Ananda , Tjio Joe Hin , Smadel Joseph E.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

A continuous cell line derived from kidney tissue of the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops and designated BS-C-1, has been maintained through 142 subcultures. Cultures of the BS-C-1 line support the growth of simian virus 40 to the same extent as do primary Cercopithecus kidney cell cultures; moreover, the pathognomonic vacuolating changes induced by this virus are as apparent in the continuous cell line as in the primary cell cultures. The BS-C-1 cell cultures are suitable for propagating several viruses, including polio, measles, Rift Valley fever, respiratory syncytial, Coxsackie A9, O'Malley's A-1 agent, and simian agents 1, 4 and 5. In contrast, several strains of influenza A and B viruses and of adenoviruses 3, 4 and 7 as well as simian virus 2 failed to multiply in BS-C-1 cells.

No change in the susceptibility of the BS-C-1 cultures of SV40 virus was detected throughout 142 passages of the cell line. On the other hand, during this period of culture the cell line changed its chromosomal characteristics. Thus, the pattern remained diploid, i.e., 60 chromosomes, beyond the 20th subculture, and became subdiploid by the 41st passage after which it continued to change its characteristics with a majority of the cells in the 52nd passage having 59 chromosomes and the remainder 58; most of the cells had a dicentric chromosome. By the 111th passage, most of the cells approached the hypotetraploid state with 83% of the cells having 114 to 117 chromosomes. To our knowledge, this represents the first instance in which continuous observations have been made on the susceptibility of a tissue culture cell system to a given virus during a period when its cells changed from the diploid to the polyploid state. In this particular system the changes in chromosomal pattern were not associated with change in susceptibility to the virus. The BS-C-1 line is apparently free of extraneous microbial agents; seed cultures can be maintained in the frozen state; it grows rapidly and is not fastidious in its nutritional requirements.

The BS-C-1 continuous cell line provides the virologist with another tool for diagnostic and research work and perhaps for the large scale cultivation of viral agents for vaccines. As regards the last mentioned possibility the employment of continuous cell lines has recently received a cautious endorsement (22) for use in carefully planned, progressively expanding studies.
Structural Basis for the Differences between Type I and Type II Human γ-Globulin Molecules
Authors: Fahey John L.
Published: January 2023

Polypeptide chains common to all γ-globulin groups (i.e., 6.6 S γ-globulins, β2A-globulins, γ1-macroglobulins, and γ-microglobulins) were found in two forms (I and II) differing in antigenic composition. The two types of common polypeptides were characterized as “L” chains with a molecular weight of about 20,000.

Each 160,000 molecular weight human γ-globulin molecule appears to be composed of two “L” polypeptide chains with identical (type I or II) antigenic properties (which account for 25% of the molecule) and class specific (γ, β2A or γ1M-type) “H” components (which account for the remaining 75% of the molecule).
Studies on the Interaction between Bovine Serum Albumin and Natural and Synthetic Polyribonucleotides
Authors: Yachnin Stanley
Published: January 2023

Antisera obtained by the immunization of rabbits with heated polynucleotide-bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures prepared in 0.0015 M citrate buffer, pH 5.5 (C buffer) did not react with polynucleotide alone. The amount of antibody precipitated from such antisera by homologous antigen mixtures was greater than the amount precipitated by either native BSA or BSA heat denatured alone in an isotonic phosphate saline buffer, pH 7.4 (P-S buffer). Polynucleotide preadded to such an antiserum caused no reduction in the amount of antibody precipitable by homologous antigen. Mixtures of polynucleotide and BSA heated either separately or together in P-S buffer were less effective in precipitating antibody from such antisera than were homologous antigen prepared in C buffer. Absorption of polynucleotide-BSA antisera with heated BSA removed all cross-reacting antibody for both native and heated BSA, but further antibody precipitation could still be obtained with homologous antigen. Precipitin studies with anti-native BSA and anti-heated BSA showed that heated polynucleotide-BSA mixtures prepared in C buffer were closely related to heated BSA, while simultaneously retaining immunologic features of native BSA. It was concluded that the new antigenic properties found in heated BSA-polynucleotide mixtures were related to changes induced in the protein moiety by virtue of its interaction with polynucleotide, and that this interaction was strictly limited by the ionic strength and pH obtaining at the time of heating.
Some Biologic Aspects of Herpesvirus-Cell Interactions in the Presence of 5-Iodo, 2-Desoxyuridine (IDU)
Authors: Smith Kendall O.
Published: January 2023

The drug 5-iodo, 2-desoxyuridine (IDU) does not prevent adsorption of herpesvirus to cells but does prevent virus replication. Treatment of cells with the drug immediately after infection results in a loss of 96 to 99.5% of the input virus infectivity. Most of this loss occurs during the eclipse and the very early growth periods. The progeny of the surviving 0.5 to 4.5% fraction of virus is more resistant to similar destruction by IDU treatment. IDU stops viral replication already under way in infected cells but does not inactivate infectious virus already formed within these cells. IDU is unable to prevent or reverse significantly the cytopathic effects of herpesvirus on tissue culture cells. In fact, a highly reproducible cytotoxic effect is observable in infected cells in which viral replication is completely arrested by IDU treatment. When this cytotoxic effect was quantitated by counting the numbers of affected cells it was found to be about half of the infectious unit concentration. This cytotoxic characteristic is three times more stable to ultraviolet irradiation than is the infectivity and, thus, appears to be distinguishable from infectivity. Herpesvirus within infected cells is quite stable to thermal inactivation in the presence or absence of IDU; therefore, eradication of virus already present in tissue cultures solely by use of this drug would require long periods of time.
Studies on Immediate Cutaneous Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: McCamish Joan , Benedict Albert A.
Published: January 2023

Mice actively sensitized to egg albumin responded to intradermal challenge with the antigen by the development of immediate-type hypersensitive reactions. Two separate reactions were distinguishable macroscopically and microscopically. Phase 1 reaction consisted of a rapid, transitory inflammation, in which there was evidence of mast cell degranulation. It occurred as the only reaction very early after sensitization, and was briefly noticeable in animals tested later after sensitization. Phase 2 reaction, which when fully developed was a typical Arthus reaction, appeared only in the mice tested at longer intervals after the sensitizing injection. In these animals it developed more slowly than the phase 1 reaction, but eventually obscured it. Phase 2, also, took the form of an acute inflammation, particularly characterized by the occurrence of perivascular cuffing by neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mast cell degranulation was not a feature of phase 2.
Contact Sensitivity and Immunologic Unresponsiveness in Adult Guinea Pigs to a Component of Poison Ivy Extract, 3-N-Pentadecylcatechol
Authors: Bowser Robert T. , Baer Harold
Published: January 2023

Pentadecylcatechol, a component of poison ivy extract, is a potent contact sensitizer for guinea pigs when injected subcutaneously as an emulsion with mycobacteria (Freund's complete adjuvant) or by percutaneous application. Injection without mycobacteria or oral administration induces a state of immunologic unresponsiveness to contact sensitivity.
In Vitro Studies of Cellular Hypersensitivity
Authors: Carpenter Robert R.
Published: January 2023

Migration of monocytic-phagocytic cells from guinea pigs immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant is regularly and specifically inhibited in tissue culture by 5 to 10µg/ml of PPD. Migration of leukocytes and spindle cells from such animals is inhibited by PPD less consistently and to a lesser degree.

Cutaneous hypersensitivity to PPD in these animals develops 5 days after adjuvant immunization; at this time migration of mononuclear cells from explants of lung and regional node is inhibited by addition of 10 µg/ml of PPD. Splenic cells become sensitive 2 to 3 weeks after immunization and hepatic macrophages become sensitive only several weeks later.

Cellular hypersensitivity to antigen, as measured by this technique, develops in guinea pigs infected with Histoplasma or immunized with emulsions of complete Freund's adjuvant and T4 bacteriophage, bovine γ-globulin, human γ-globulin, or picrylated guinea pig skin. The sensitivity is specific for the immunizing antigen.

Serum from immunized guinea pigs increases the inhibitory effect of antigen on the migration of cells from sensitive tissue and confers antigenspecific sensitivity on normal cells. The serum factor affects primarily leukocytes.

The significance of in vitro hypersensitivity of several cell functions to antigen is discussed in regard to the cell types which have been available in culture.
Studies on Heat-Labile Opsonin in Rabbit Serum
Authors: Hirsch James G. , Strauss Bella
Published: January 2023

A technique has been developed which allows reliable quantitative assessment of phagocytosis of bacteria by rabbit granulocytes in vitro, and which permits study of the role of heat-labile serum factors in the phagocytic process.

Incubation of bacteria with fresh serum opsonized the organisms. After washing they were fully susceptible to ingestion in a serum-free system.

Using this preincubation technique the influence of ionic composition of the medium was observed on the opsonization and on the ingestion processes separately. High concentration of salt blocked both processes. Divalent cations were required for ingestion but not for opsonization of the bacteria. The lack of requirement for calcium and magnesium speaks against identification of heat-labile serum opsonin with the complete hemolytic complement system.

Features of heat-labile serum opsonin which distinguished it from antibody were the following: a) heat-lability, b) titer for various bacteria remarkably constant in various serum specimens, c) rapid reaction with bacteria at 38°C but not at 0°C, d) destruction by hydrazine or ammonia, e) not γ globulin, and f) lack of specificity as demonstrated in adsorption studies.
A Comparison of the Reactivity of Polivirus Complement-Fixing Antigens (Native, Heated and Sucrose Density Gradient C and D) with Human Sera
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L. , Hagens Shirley J. , Dukellis Elene J.
Published: January 2023

Acute- and convalescent-phase serum speciments from poliomyelitis patients were tested in parallel against crude untreated (native), crude heated and sucrose density gradient-purified C and D complement-fixing antigens of the three poliovirus types. The native antigens were somewhat superior to the D antigens for detecting the occurrence of diagnostically significant rises in antibody titer, but the homotypic and heterotypic antibody titers against both the native and D antigens showed fairly good correlation indicating that the native antigens produced in HeLa cells consisted largely of D antigen. Age and prior vaccination (Salk vaccine) exerted a similar influence on antibody titers to the native and D antigens in that older patients showed fewer significant increases in antibody level than did younger patients and vaccinated patients showed rises in antibody of lower magnitude than did nonvaccinated patients. Titers to the heated and C antigens were similar with the exception that type 3 heated antigen showed greater heterotypic activity than did type 3C antigen.

For diagnostic purposes purified D antigens were not found to possess any advantages over crude native antigens that would warrant the extra time and manipulations involved in their preparation.
An Immunologic Study of the “Lipovirus”
Authors: Chang R. Shihman
Published: January 2023

Sheep erythrocytes treated with lipovirus were so altered that they became agglutinated in the presence of specific antiserum. The serum agglutinating factor was stable to heat at 56°C for 30 min and was absorbed by lipovirus-treated red cells. This agglutination was specifically inhibited by pretreatment of antiserum with lipovirus. Rabbits injected with lipovirus responded with the formation of antibody in high titers as demonstrated by this reaction. Serums from 28 rabbits injected with a variety of viral, rickettsial, and bacterial agents and cell components did not agglutinate lipovirus-sensitized erythrocytes.

Complement-fixing antigen specific for the lipovirus was prepared by concentrating the specific involved shrunken cells. Antibody responses were demonstrated in all rabbits injected with the lipovirus but not in those injected with uninfected cells. Some animals immunized with lipovirus grown in human cells showed rises in antibody against uninfected chick cell antigen. Similarly, some injected with lipovirus in chick cells showed rises in antibody against human cells.

A variety of antisera or paired acute and convalescent sera were tested for “lipovirus” antibody. There is no evidence that the lipovirus is immunologically related to any of the following viruses: vaccinia, herpes simplex, varicella, cytomegalo-, adeno-, SV40, polyoma, influenza types A and B, para-influenza types 1, 2, 3 and 4, measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial and Newcastle disease viruses.
Dextran Sulfate Plaque Variants of Attenuated Type 1 Poliovirus
Authors: Takemoto K. K. , Kirschstein R. L.
Published: January 2023

Analysis of a stock of the NIH reference attenuated, type 1 poliovirus, NA-2 (Sabin strain) by a previously described procedure employing dextran sulfate (dex-s) in the overlay medium, showed that it consisted of three different plaque types. Two of the enhanced (10 mm) and two of the inhibited (less than 1 mm) plaque types were examined for their behavior in tests using the d and rct/40 markers. The enhanced or ds+ virus was found to be d+, rct/40-, whereas the inhibited or ds- virus was d-, rct/40-. One of the ds+ viruses produced histologic lesions of poliomyelitis but no paralysis in a high proportion (55%) of the monkeys after intrathalamic inoculation, whereas the other produced no lesions; the two ds- types caused minimal or no lesions.
Heterogeneity of Ap Antigen in Pig Red Blood Cells: Significance for Detection of Human “Immune” Anti-A
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: January 2023

Pig red cells were classified into five groups by a combination of various blood grouping methods. Significant reactions with AP1 cells occurred with human anti-A sera obtained from donors immunized with soluble specific blood group substance. Anti-AP1 was detected by one or another serologic method in both the 7 S and 19 S components of the γ-globulins. Only the 19 S component produced agglutination of AP1 cells, and only the 7 S component produced lysis.

Anti-AP1 antibody was demonstrated in sera from human subjects immunized with SSBGS-A, typhoid and paratyphoid vaccine, or tetanus antitoxin, and in rabbits immunized with type XIV pneumococcal polysaccharides. Anti-AP1 activity was present in both the 7 S and 19 S components of the γ-globulin of such sera. Five human anti-Lea sera also contained anti-AP1 antibody. The results furnish another example of the heterogeneity of antibody and of antigen.
Temporal Studies on Suppression by X-Ray of Adaptation for the Secondary Antibody Response
Authors: Porter Richard J.
Published: January 2023

Suppression of adaptation for a secondary antibody response was studied in rabbits exposed to severe whole-body x-radiation at various intervals after an injection of bovine γ-globulin. The tanned-cell hemagglutinin response to a test reinjection of BGG at least 49 days after x-radiation was used to assess the degree of suppression.

Administered 4 to 42 days after antigen, 450 r gave, in limited studies, only irregular results. A dose of 550 r administered 7 to 31 days after antigen gave similarly inconsistent supression, but this dose of x-rays administered 35 to 378 days after antigen resulted in essentially complete and permanent erasure of immunologic memory, so that the treated animals manifested typical responses of primary grade after reexposure to antigen.

These results suggest that the attainment of a stable condition of adaptation for secondary antibody formation is a slow process. The transformations initiated by a dose of antigen apparently require a period of 4 to 5 weeks before adaptation is fully developed.
Immunofluorescent Localization of Encephalitogenic Protein in Myelin
Authors: Rauch Helene C. , Raffel Sidney
Published: January 2023

A protein preparation extracted from bovine spinal cord by Dr. E. Roboz-Einstein and coworkers induces allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs. Normal human, guinea pig and bovine spinal cord tissue sections were exposed to rabbit antiencephalitogenic protein serum. Similar control sections were treated with normal rabbit serum, absorbed immune rabbit serum or buffered saline. Following the application of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled goat antirabbit γ-globulin, only those sections exposed to the specifically immunized rabbit serum showed fluorescent myelin structures. It is concluded that the encephalitogenic protein is localized in myelin, the target tissue of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and further that it lacks species specificity.
Antibodies Reacting with Steroid Haptens
Authors: Klopstock A. , Pinto M. , Rimon A.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits were immunized with conjugates of cholanic acid-albumin and of cholesterol-albumin.

The antisera obtained reacted with 9 and failed to react with 5 of the 14 different steroids tested.

The possible biologic significance of antisteroid antibodies is discussed.
Cellular Reactions to Reinjection of Antigen
Authors: Speirs R. S. , Speirs E. E.
Published: January 2023

Adult BBF1 mice were injected with radioactive antigen or antigen-antibody complexes. Reinjection of nonradioactive antigen at various periods resulted in a reappearance of labeled cells in the exudate. Inflammatory mononuclear cells which contained antigen derivatives reacted violently when re-exposed to specific antigen. Degenerative changes occurred, vesicles were formed and the cells became highly swollen. These reacting hypersensitive cells attracted eosinophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, forming cellular rosettes. Fragmentation of the injured cells occurred and cell fragments containing radioactive material were subsequently observed in macrophages along with engulfed necrotic eosinophils. The hypersensitive reaction appeared to occur in labeled macrophages until the 5th day of inflammation. After the 5th day, very few cells became vesiculated, but there was an increase in the number of cells which contained basophilic cytoplasm. These basophilic cells and the plasma cells in the spleen and bone marrow seldom contained radioactive material. A molecular concept of hypersensitivity and antibody formation was presented and discussed.
Isolation and Characterization of a New Herpes Virus
Authors: Holmes Albert W. , Caldwell Richard G. , Dedmon Robert E. , Deinhardt Friedrich
Published: January 2023

A new virus has been isolated from marmosets dying of generalized disease. This agent satisfies the chemical, physical, biologic and immunologic criteria for inclusion in the group of herpes viruses. The reservoir of this virus in nature is not known but it is not likely to be the marmoset. The temporary designation of herpes M or Herpesvirus tamarinus is suggested for this agent.
Studies on a Common Bedsonia-Group Antigen (CBA) Found in the Yolk of Hens′ Eggs
Authors: Terzin Alexander L. , Vedros Neylan A. , Dressler Harry R.
Published: January 2023

In the course of investigation of antigens of the psittacosis - lymphogranuloma - trachoma group (Bedsonia) it was noted that uninoculated hen's egg yolk elicited the production, in rabbits, of high titers of antibodies, reacting against Bedsonia antigens in complement fixation (CF) tests. Similar cross-reactions were obtained in guinea pigs, but were demonstrable only in CF inhibition (CFI) tests. Untreated yolk contained low titers of antigen reacting with anti-Bedsonia sera, but this titer was enhanced by treating the yolk with ethanol. This antigen, called common Bedsonia antigen or CBA, is ethanol soluble and soluble in ether only after treatment with ethanol. The possibility has been excluded that the above-described cross-reactions were due to contamination with yolk of Bedsonia antigens used in CF tests or for the immunization of animals.

CBA was detected in unincubated eggs or in the yolk of embryos 1 to 15 days old. Its similarity to Bedsonia antigens was further illustrated in CF tests in which titers obtained by primary incubation at 37°C for 90 min and at 4°C for 18 hr were compared. Temperature of incubation affected differently the reactions between anti-yolk serum against CBA and the major antigens of yolk, but did not discriminate between the reactions against CBA and Bedsonia antigens. When this test was applied to anti-psittacosis serum, in this case also, CBA and Bedsonia antigens could not be differentiated.
Immunochemical Studies of the Rh System
Authors: Rosenfield Richard E. , Kochwa Shaul
Published: January 2023

Analysis of the γ-globulin content and Rh antibody activity of eluates obtained from red cells of different phenotypes has revealed significant heterogeneity in the capacity of Rh antigens to bind and retain antibodies.

Eluates prepared from red cells sensitized with anti-Rh1,2 were successfully labeled with I131. The uptake of these labeled antibodies by red cells of different phenotypes revealed the antibody specificity to be anti-Rh1. However, the amounts of radioactivity bound by red cells of several Rh:1 phenotypes varied significantly and the observed differences changed as the amount of available antibody increased.
Liver Localizing Antibodies—The Limited Contribution of Ag-Ab Complexes
Authors: Sulitzeanu D. , Yagi Y. , Pressman D.
Published: January 2023

The contribution of antigen-antibody complexes in the liver localization of purified anti-rat-liver antibodies was studied by the use of Sephadex G-200 and the paired label technique and found to be unimportant. The 7 S antibody fraction eluted from the Sephadex column (Peak II) which is free of complexes, localized in the liver to a high extent, indicating the liver localization of anti-liver serum is due to specific antibody and not to nonspecific uptake of antigen-antibody complexes. The contribution of anti-rat-plasma antibody present in the anti-liver serum (which forms complexes upon injection into assay rats) is negligible since it was largely eliminated during the purification process as shown by the paired label experiments. The macroglobulin antibody may participate also in the liver localization of the purified anti-liver antibody preparation. The soluble complexes formed by the anti-liver globulin and a large excess of soluble antigens from liver connective tissue, localized poorly in the liver and was eliminated much more rapidly than the localizing antibody.
Fungal Multiplication and Histopathologic Changes in Vaccinated Mice Infected with Coccidioides Immitis
Authors: Kong Yi-Chi M. , Levine H. B. , Madin S. H. , Smith C. E.
Published: January 2023

Multiplication of Coccidioides immitis strain Silveira in the lungs of mice challenged intranasally with arthrospore doses of less than one LD30 was suppressed 50- to 500-fold (at different intervals postchallenge) by vaccination with either intact spherules or isolated spherule walls. At 8 months after challenge with six arthrospores, 74% of the immunized mice and 47% of surviving control mice harbored no organisms in the lungs. At doses of 7 to 15 arthrospores, dissemination to the liver and spleen occurred in 36 to 40% of the control mice but not in immunized mice. The absence of extrapulmonary lesions in vaccinated animals was associated with their augmented capacity to localize the involvement in the lungs; histologic studies showed that pulmonary granulomas in immunized mice had fewer necrotic foci, fewer spherules and more fibrosis than those in control mice.

The spherule vaccine of strain Silveira also inhibited the multiplication of an heterologous strain, 46, up to 100,000-fold. In contrast to strain Silveira, many spherules of the relatively avirulent strain 46 were phagocytized by macrophages in granulomas surrounded by dense fibrous connective tissue. The relatively avirulent properties of strain 46 for the mouse appeared to be associated with its susceptibility to phagocytosis rather than with its incapacity to proliferate in vivo.
Segregation of an Avirulent Variant of Rinderpest Virus by the Terminal Dilution Technique in Tissue Culture
Authors: de Boer C. J. , Barber T. L.
Published: January 2023

Passage of a previously modified strain of rinderpest virus by the terminal dilution technique resulted in segregation of an avirulent virus population. Inoculation of cattle with this virus stimulated the development of a significant degree of immunity which protected them against infection with massive doses of virulent virus, without causing a febrile response or lesions. The avirulent virus was not spread from inoculated cattle to normal ones by contact.
The Measurement of Second Component of Human Complement (C′2hu) by Its Interaction with EAC′1agp, 4gp Cells
Authors: Austen K. Frank , Beer Frances
Published: January 2023

The second component of complement (C′2hu) in whole human serum has been measured by its specific interaction with a cellular intermediate prepared with guinea pig complement, the EAC′1agp, 4gp cell. In this interaction the conversion of SAC′1agp, 4gp sites to SAC′1agp, 4gp, 2hu sites is stoichiometrically related to the relative C′2hu concentration in the reaction mixture; the reciprocal of the serum dilution which produces one SAC′1agp, 4gp, 2hu site/cell is arbitrarily defined as the number of C′2hu units/ml of serum.

Although there are deficiencies in the understanding of certain aspects of this titration, it does afford a sensitive and reproducible measurement of C′2hu. The titration is linear with the sera of patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema even though the C′2hu titer may be only 1 to 2% of normal. Because the steps in the assay can be separated, the influence of unusual factors in pathologic sera on the titration can be ascertained.
Multiple Discrete Components of the Univalent Fragments of Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Stelos Peter , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Specifically purified antibodies were prepared from the serum of individual rabbits or pooled sera from several rabbits hyperimmunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or ovalbumin. These were digested with papain and fractionated by column chromatography into the three major Porter fractions (I, II, III).

When subjected to disk electrophoresis, Fractions I and II each showed at least four components and Fraction III, three major components. Anti-BSA antibodies obtained from single rabbits gave essentially the same results as antibody prepared from pooled antiserum.

The intact specifically purified antibodies were shown to separate into two components by moving boundary electrophoresis. Sedimentation analysis, immunoelectrophoresis, and radioimmunoelectrophoresis showed the antibody preparations used were of the (160,000 MW) γ-globulin class. Immunoelectrophoresis of Fraction I and Fraction II showed a continuous distribution in electrophoretic mobility but did not separate into discrete bands.

The results suggest the presence of a limited number of discrete families of antibody molecules.
Protective Effect of Antibody or Elevated Temperature on Intracerebral Infection of Mice with Encephalomyocarditis Virus
Authors: Baron Samuel , Buckler Charles E.
Published: January 2023

After recovery of mice from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC) infection of the nervous system, little or no antibody could be detected in brain extracts. Intracerebral injection of antibody, in excess of the amount produced after recovery, failed to protect mice if the infection was already established in the nervous system. In contrast a passively induced elevated temperature protected mice even at a time when virus had reached greatest titer in the brain. This finding that elevated temperature is protective later in the course of EMC infection of mouse brain than is antibody is interpreted to favor the concept that nonimmune antiviral factors are more likely to account for recovery from established viral infection than is antibody.
Relationship Between γ-Globulin Metabolism and Low Serum γ-Globulin in Germfree Mice
Authors: Sell Stewart , Fahey John L.
Published: January 2023

The rates of synthesis and serum concentration of γ-globulin in mice appear to be related to the stimulation provided by intestinal microorganisms. The γ-globulin synthesis rate in normally raised mice is 50 times the synthesis rate in mice with no bacterial flora (germfree), 10 times the synthesis rate in mice with a subnormal bacterial flora, and ¼ the synthesis in mice placed in contact with other strains and species after being reared with a subnormal flora. Serum γ-globulin levels in these mice reflect the rates of γ-globulin synthesis. The mean γ-globulin level in normally reared mice is 35 times greater than in germfree mice. The ability of the mouse to catabolize large amounts of exogenous γ-globulin is not altered in the germfree state.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Rawson Arnold J. , Abelson Neva M.
Published: January 2023

Purified γ1A-globulin was prepared from a number of sera having isohemagglutinin activity against a wide range of red cell antigens.

A large proportion of the saline isohemagglutinin activity of potent anti-A, anti-B and anti-A,B sera was found in the γ1A-globulin. These antibodies did not hemolyze red cells in the presence of complement. They were readily neutralized by soluble blood group specific substance. They consisted, in part, of cross-reacting antibody. Sensitivity to treatment with mercaptoethanol appeared intermediate between that of γss- and γ1M-globulin. Digestion with papain destroyed activity in saline completely, although no evidence of a molecular split was seen by immuno-electrophoresis. Digestion with pepsin reduced, but did not destroy, the isohemagglutinin activity in saline. There was no evidence of exposure of additional S groups by enzymatic digestion.

No anti-D, anti-G, anti-K, anti-Fya or anti-Jka was found in purified γ1A-globulins prepared from potent antisera. Minimal anti-P and anti-Lea were demonstrated in this fraction, however.
Immunohemolysis as a Method for Quantitation of the A Antigen of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Grundbacher Fred J.
Published: January 2023

A hemolytic system has been developed for the study of the strength of the human A erythrocyte antigen. Under identical test conditions cell suspensions standardized colorimetrically have been incubated with a constant amount of reagent and C′. The percentage of hemolysis obtained is taken as a measure of strength for the A antigen. The method is highly reproducible and reveals quantitative differences between and within the A subtypes. Results are also presented and discussed from studies on effects of concentrations of red cells, reagent, and C′, as well as on the interrelation between reagent and C′. Since the requirements of the method are relatively small with regard to equipment and consumption of reagent, it may have additional applicability in quantitative studies on hemolytic antibody, C′ or red cell antigens.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate with Serum Proteins
Authors: Mckinney Roger M. , Spillane Janet T. , Pearce George W.
Published: January 2023

Many of the commercial fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) products are of a low degree of purity. Their use as reference standards for spectrophotometric measurements in determining fluorescein:protein ratios of labeled globulin is shown to lead to very appreciable error.

The extent of reaction of FITC products with rabbit γ-globulin under standardized conditions showed very close correlation with the purity of the isothiocyanate products as determined by infrared measurements. Rabbit and bovine α-globulin were found to react considerably more rapidly than horse α-globulin with FITC. In all species studied, the albumin fraction reacted much more rapidly than the γ-globulin fraction. A systematic study of the effects of temperature, concentration and pH on the rate and extent of reaction of FITC with normal rabbit γ-globulin indicated that the rate can be greatly accelerated by modifying the reaction conditions. At the reaction temperature of 25°C, pH 9.5, protein concentration 2.5% and buffer salt concentration of 0.05 M, conjugation of FITC with rabbit γ-globulin was essentially completed in 30 min. With these reaction conditions, the fluorescein: protein ratio of the conjugate was very reproducible and could be controlled by the initial amount of dye added.

The reaction of FITC with immune rabbit γ-globulin at 25°C and pH 9.5 gave results which were comparable to those obtained with normal rabbit γ-globulin. Antibody properties, as determined by staining titer, were not adversely affected.
Interruption of Macroglobulin Synthesis in Mice by Exposure to X-Rays
Authors: Berlin Byron S.
Published: January 2023

Mice were exposed to 500 r whole-body x-irradiation 3 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of formalin-treated influenza virus. Postirradiation HI antibody levels were temporarily lower than preirradiation titers, but returned to normal levels by the end of the 2nd week after vaccination. The explanation for the decrease seems to be that x-irradiation 3 days after vaccination interrupted the synthesis of macroglobulin antibodies and delayed the appearance of 7s γ-globulin antibodies.
Analysis of Normal Sheep Serum by Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Chordi Andres , Kagan Irving G.
Published: January 2023

Normal sheep serum was analyzed by electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic methods. Sheep serum proteins showed different electrophoretic mobility from human serum proteins. A total of 23 antigenic components in sheep serum were observed by immunoelectrophoresis, and a standard system of nomenclature was proposed to compare them with bands observed in human serum electrophoresis. Some characteristic features of serum proteins and chemical properties of the precipitin bands were investigated. Cross-reactions between antigenic components of human and sheep serum proteins were described. The importance of these cross-reactions in relation to serologic diagnostic tests was discussed.
Development of an Attenuated Mumps Virus Vaccine
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Shramek Grace
Published: January 2023

A tissue culture test for the evaluation of neutralizing serum antibodies against mumps virus, using L cells and interference phenomena between mumps and vesicular stomatitis viruses, is described, and the dynamics of this test system are discussed.
Blood Group Antibody Activity among γ1A-Globulins
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Bearden Jane
Published: January 2023

Evidence is presented that γ1A-globulins carry specific blood group antibody activity. In Coombs-like reactions anti-γ1A uniformly agglutinated anti-D and anti-G sensitized RBC but only rarely agglutinated cells sensitized by antibodies to other blood group factors. When found in these other blood group systems, the agglutination reactions were weak. Addition of purified γ1A-globulin to anti-γ1A-globulin and to anti-γ-globulin reduced the ability of the former to agglutinate anti-D sensitized red cells but was without effect on anti-γ-globulin reactions. Fractionation of various antisera by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by sucrose density gradient centrifugation led to identification of the γ1A antigen only in those antibodies in which it was detected in studies with whole serum. Presumptive evidence is presented that γ1A-globulins in various states of polymerization may function as antibodies.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Pasteurella Tularensis
Authors: Thorpe Bert D. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

In vitro phagocytic studies of normal and immune (from previously immunized animals) rabbit and guinea pig peritoneal and alveolar and mouse peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes were conducted. The cells were infected with four strains of Pasteurella tularensis of varying virulence for the three animal species. The effects of normal and immune autologous, homologous and heterologous sera on the ingestion and cytopeptic activities of these cells were observed.

It was concluded from the studies that cellular factors are paramount in host mechanisms of resistance to P. tularensis in both natural and acquired immunity in these three species of animals, and that extracellular specific antibodies per se are of secondary importance in acquired immunity.
Effects of Hibernation on the Latent Period in Normal and X-Irradiated Ground Squirrels
Authors: Jaroslow Bernard N. , Smith Douglas E.
Published: January 2023

Ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) were injected with 10 mg of I131-labeled BSA and placed in a cold room at 5°C and 50% relative humidity.

Only hibernators in which there was little or no detectable disappearance of circulating antigen were used. Upon arousal after 14 days, the posthibernation latent period of antibody formation was 5.7 days as compared to the 7.1-day latent period in nonhibernating controls. Upon arousal after 28 or 56 days, the latent period varied from 0 to 9 days. These findings indicate that all of the events of the latent period can occur during hibernation.

Animals placed in the cold room 4 or 6 days after antigen injection had posthibernation latent periods that ranged from 0 to 8 days. These findings indicated that events of the latent period that took place before entry into hibernation might in some cases be lost during hibernation.

Ground squirrels that hibernated for two weeks between antigen injection and x-irradiation (450 r) were rendered anergic, as were their irradiated, nonhibernating controls.
An Indirect Antiglobulin Test for the Detection of Hemagglutinins after Skin Transplantation
Authors: Cohen I. , Pick E. , Bitterman W. , Nelken D.
Published: January 2023

An indirect antiglobulin test using rabbit anti-hen serum and hen anti-rabbit serum is described. Donor specific hemagglutinins were detected in all sera from rabbits and hens that received skin grafts. Time of appearance, titers and persistence of these antibodies are described.