bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron scale structures of thin current sheets in magnetic reconnection
Authors: Jain N. , Sharma A. S. , Zelenyi L. M. , Malova H. V.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. An electron-magnetohydrodynamic model is used to simulate the structure of an electron scale current sheet during early phase of collisionless magnetic reconnection. The current sheet develops structures, viz. bifurcated, filamented and triple-peak structures at different locations in the current sheet. The reversal of the net out-of-plane electric field seen by electrons bifurcates the current sheet in the outflow regions, the individual peaks having scale sizes of a few electron skin depths. Secondary instabilities of the bifurcated CS lead to its filamentation in the outflow and separatrix regions while triple-peak structures form at reconnection sites. These structures have implications for the forthcoming NASA/MMS mission designed to resolve electron space and time scales in the magnetosphere.
Natural events of anoxia and low respiration index in oligotrophic lakes of the Atlantic Tropical Forest
Authors: Marotta H. , Fontes M. L. S. , Petrucio M. M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Hypoxia is a well-recognized condition reducing biodiversity and increasing greenhouse gases emissions in aquatic ecosystems, especially under warmer temperatures of tropical waters. Anoxia is a natural event commonly intensified by human-induced organic inputs in inland waters. Here, we assessed the partial pressure of O2 (pO2) and CO2 (pCO2) and the ratio between both (represented by the respiration index, RI) in two oligotrophic lakes of the Atlantic Tropical Forest, encompassing dry and rainy seasons over 19 months. We formulated the hypothesis that thermal stratification events could be coupled to natural hypoxia in deep waters of both lakes. Our results indicated a persistence of CO2 emissions from these tropical lakes to the atmosphere, on average ± standard error (SE), 2.3 (±0.3) mmol m−2 h−1 probably subsided by terrestrial C inputs from the forest. Additionally, the thermal stratification during the end of the dry season and the rainy summer was coupled to anoxic events and very low RI in deep waters, and to significantly higher pO2 and RI at the surface (about 20 000 μatm and 1.0, respectively). In contrast, the water mixing during dry seasons in the beginning of the winter was related to a strong destratification in pO2, pCO2 and RI in surface and deep waters, without reaching any anoxic conditions throughout the water column. These findings confirm our hypothesis, suggesting that lakes of the Atlantic Tropical Forest could be dynamic, but especially sensitive to organic inputs. Natural anoxic events indicate that tropical oligotrophic lakes might be highly influenced by human land uses, which increase organic discharges into the watershed.
"Gtool5": a Fortran90 library of input/output interfaces for self-descriptive multi-dimensional numerical data
Authors: Ishiwatari M. , Toyoda E. , Morikawa Y. , Takehiro S. , Sasaki Y. , Nishizawa S. , Odaka M. , Otobe N. , Takahashi Y. O. , Nakajima K. , Horinouchi T. , Shiotani M. , Hayashi Y.-Y. ,   Gtool development group
Published: April 2012

Abstract. A Fortran90 input/output library, "gtool5", is developed for use with numerical simulation models in the fields of Earth and planetary sciences. The use of this library will simplify implementation of input/output operations into program code in a consolidated form independent of the size and complexity of the software and data. The library also enables simple specification of the metadata needed for post-processing and visualization of the data. These aspects improve the readability of simulation code, which facilitates the simultaneous performance of multiple numerical experiments with different software and efficiency in examining and comparing the numerical results. The library is expected to provide a common software platform to reinforce research on, for instance, the atmosphere and ocean, where a close combination of multiple simulation models with a wide variety of complexity of physics implementations from massive climate models to simple geophysical fluid dynamics models is required.
Mass and momentum transfer by solitary internal waves in a shelf zone
Authors: Gavrilov N. , Liapidevskii V. , Gavrilova K.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The evolution of large amplitude internal waves propagating towards the shore and more specifically the run up phase over the "swash" zone is considered. The mathematical model describing the generation, interaction, and decaying of solitary internal waves of the second mode in the interlayer is proposed. The exact solution specifying the shape of solitary waves symmetric with respect to the unperturbed interface is constructed. It is shown that, taking into account the friction on interfaces in the mathematical model, it is possible to describe adequately the change in the phase and amplitude characteristics of two solitary waves moving towards each other before and after their interaction. It is demonstrated that propagation of large amplitude solitary internal waves of depression over a shelf could be simulated in laboratory experiments by internal symmetric solitary waves of the second mode.
Copper Corrosion Inhibition in 1 M HNO3 by Two Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Niamien P. M. , Kouassi H. A. , Trokourey A. , Essy F. K. , Sissouma D. , Bokra Y.
Published: April 2012

Corrosion behavior of copper in 1 M nitric acid containing either 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) or 2-thiomethylbenzimidazole (TMBI) was investigated experimentally and theoretically via weight loss method and quantum chemical approaches. It was found that the two compounds exhibit a very good performance as inhibitors for copper corrosion in the studied medium. Results show that the inhibition efficiencies increase with increasing temperature and increasing concentration of the inhibitors. It has been found that the studied compounds adsorb onto copper according to the modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the kinetic/thermodynamic isotherm of El-Awady. The thermodynamic adsorption parameters and kinetic corrosion parameters were determined and analyzed; on the bases of these parameters both physisorption and chemisorption were suggested for the studied compounds. Furthermore, the quantum chemical properties/descriptors most relevant to their potential action as corrosion inhibitors have been calculated. They include EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap (ΔE), dipole moment (μ), hardness (η), softness (σ), the fractions of electrons transferred (ΔN), electrophilicity index (ω), and the total energy change (ΔET). The theoretical results were found to be consistent with the experimental data reported.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Subtribe Ageroniina with Special Emphasis on Hamadryas (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with an Identification Key to the Species of Hamadryas
Authors: Murillo-Hiller Luis Ricardo
Published: April 2012

A cladistic analysis of the genus Hamadryas was done in order to answer two questions: is the genus Hamadryas monophyletic and, what characters best define the different species groups of the genus? The computer programs WinClada ver. 1.00.08 and Nona ver. 2.8 for phylogenetic analysis were used. The 20 species of Hamadryas were analyzed together with Ectima erycinoides, Batesia hypochlora and Panacea procilla; these four genera together form the sub-tribe Ageronina of the subfamily Biblidinae. These 23 species with a total of 66 characters were included in the data matrix: 43 of external morphology, two from the fore wing spiral organ (responsible for sound production), and 20 of the male genitalia. Three different analyses, including all of the non-Hamadryas, using each species as the out-group, were done in order to compare results. A fourth analysis, using only Ectima erycinoides as an out group, was done in order to verify and compare the species groups of Hamadryas Also, three different phylogenetic attributes were mapped: biogeography, palatability and capacity to produce sound signals. An identification key to all the species of Hamadryas was prepared. All the analysis done combining Hamadryas with the other three genera suggests that Hamadryas as currently defined is polyphyletic.
Le démembrement de l’archidiocèse de Saint-Boniface ou l’audace irlandaise (1905-1916)
Authors: Blay Jacqueline
Published: April 2012

Début décembre 1915, la communauté catholique francophone du Manitoba entre dans une période houleuse. Le gouvernement libéral de Tobias C. Norris s’apprête à bannir l’enseignement de toute autre langue que l’anglais dans les écoles de la province. La clause 258 du Règlement Laurier-Greenway de 1896 cause beaucoup d’embarras. Certaines écoles n’enseignent que la langue natale des minorités venues s’établir au Manitoba. Norris veut aussi imposer la scolarité obligatoire, à cause des taux effarants d’absentéisme. L’archidiocèse de Saint-Boniface est en profond désaccord avec ces projets de loi. Les catholiques francophones font aussi face à une menace interne. Un groupe d’Irlandais de Winnipeg cherche depuis presque dix ans à obtenir un changement de leadership. La mort de Mgr Adélard Langevin en juin 1915 présente l’opportunité recherchée. Le nouvel archevêque de Saint-Boniface, Mgr Arthur Béliveau, se retrouve donc confronté à une double menace qui, une fois les événements terminés, voit la communauté catholique francophone minorisée, au sein même de son Église et de sa province. Si l’histoire de la question scolaire de 1916 est bien connue, celle de l’archidiocèse de Saint-Boniface et de la création de l’archidiocèse de Winnipeg l’est beaucoup moins.
Corporate Social Responsibility, Managerial Entrenchment and Privatization. Example of an Algerian Public Company
Authors: Gana-Oueslati Emna , Labaronne Daniel
Published: April 2012

We focus on strategic choices of managers of a public port in Algeria. These choices are embodied in a policy of corporate social responsibility: quality certification, safety and environmen, public-private partnerships, investment citizens. We try to understand what prompted the managers of this company to move in this direction. We propose to interpret their managerial choices as the result of a policy of rooting. We suggest that this policy is likely to put them in a beneficial position on the day the privatization of port activities Algeria will return to the facts.
Coordination intraorganisationnelle : une approche conventionnelle des pratiques de stock dans la banque de détail
Authors: Maymo Vincent
Published: April 2012

Dans les organisations bancaires, la pratique de stockage des dossiers pose deux questions principales : la performance du management dans les sociétés de services d’une part et l’efficacité des mécanismes de coordination intra-organisationnelle d’autre part. Le concept de convention est mobilisé pour répondre au besoin de cohérence entre les dimensions cognitives et socio-techniques de la coordination et ses objectifs. Nous utilisons une grille de lecture pour analyser le processus de prêts immobiliers en banque de détail. L’opérationnalisation de cette grille met en évidence la contribution de la théorie des conventions à la performance organisationnelle et initie une typologie des conventions de comprendre l’origine des défaillances potentielles de coordination.
Comprehensive School Mental Health: An integrated “School-Based Pathway to Care” model for Canadian secondary schools
Authors: Wei Yifeng , Kutcher Stan , Szumilas Magdalena
Published: April 2012

Adolescence is a critical period for the promotion of mental health and the treatment of mental disorders. Schools are well-positioned to address adolescent mental health. This paper describes a school mental health model, “School-based Pathway to Care,” for Canadian secondary schools that links schools to primary care providers, mental health services, and the wider community, enabling them to address youth mental health in a collaborative manner. The model highlights the fundamental role of mental health literacy, gatekeeper training, and education/health system integration in improving adolescent mental health, and enhancing learning environments and academic outcomes.
The Absentee Minister of Education of Canada: The Canadian federal government’s constitutional role in First Nations education
Authors: Phillips Ron Sydney
Published: April 2012

In Canada, education is generally referred to as being the exclusive constitutional responsibility of the provinces and territories. However, the federal government has a constitutional responsibility. This responsibility comes from the Constitution Act 1982 and Treaties 1 - 11 between the Crown (i.e., The Government of Canada) and First Nations throughout Canada. It is very difficult to find any mention of the federal government’s constitutional education responsibilities in the literature or documents. This has allowed the federal government to downplay their educational responsibilities throughout Canada and the world. This paper examines the federal government’s constitutional responsibilities in First Nations education and makes recommendations.
Le journal L’Avenir (1847-1852) : engagé et impartial ?
Authors: Lefebvre Michèle
Published: April 2012

En 1847, moins de 10 ans après les rébellions des Patriotes et la réplique de Londres, l’Acte d’Union, un groupe de jeunes décide de fonder le journal L’Avenir afin de faire entendre la voix de la jeunesse sur toutes les questions d’intérêt public. D’abord mesuré, ce journal se lancera bientôt tête baissée dans les débats politiques et prendra résolument position pour Louis-Joseph Papineau, qui exige la dissolution de l’Union. Tout en proclamant avec ferveur des opinions politiques qualifiées de radicales, les journalistes de L’Avenir affirmeront le caractère indépendant et impartial de leur feuille. Ils emprunteront partiellement le modèle d’un nouveau type de journal populaire américain, le penny press, détaché des sources de financement politiques des journaux d’opinion. Dans quelle mesure les journalistes de L’Avenir sont-ils parvenus à concilier les mandats en apparence contradictoires de journal engagé mais impartial et indépendant? Et comment comprenait-on ces notions d’impartialité et d’indépendance dans le contexte du journal d’opinion du xixe siècle?
Quand l’édition devient terroriste : solidarité intellectuelle chez Jean Grave et Octave Mirbeau à la fin du xixe siècle en France
Authors: Moisan Justin
Published: April 2012

Le réseautage qui s’effectue dans les différents milieux anarchistes de la fin du xixe siècle fait montre de la structuration du mouvement libertaire de l’époque. À ce titre, les liens qui se tissent entre les anarchistes militants et les milieux littéraires et artistiques présentent des formes d’organisation anarchiste. La collaboration entre l’éditeur du journal anarchiste La Révolte Jean Grave et l’écrivain et journaliste de renom Octave Mirbeau représente un bon exemple du réseau qui s’élabore ainsi.

À travers divers moments marquants de leur coopération autour des pratiques éditoriales (journaux et livres), cet article montre de quelle manière leur engagement anarchiste participe au déploiement du mouvement libertaire, qui connaît, au cours de cette période, de nombreux bouleversements. À partir de ce cas, il s’agit de cerner la signification et le rôle de la solidarité, particulièrement chez les artisans du journal et du livre, qui se manifeste dans le développement de l’anarchisme.
A banquet for Alphonse Lemerre, the poets’ publisher
Authors: St. Onge Ruth-Ellen
Published: April 2012

The Banquet offert à M. Alphonse Lemerre is a document associated with an event which took place at the Palais d’Orsay on the 24 January 1902 in order to celebrate the promotion of the publisher Lemerre to the rank of Officier in the Légion d’honneur. The document is printed with great care in order to display the taste and the art of the publishing house of Lemerre, known for its editions of contemporary poets (above all, the Parnassians), as well as the poets of the Pléiade. In addition, it reproduces the speeches and toasts given by Lemerre and his guests José-Maria de Heredia, André Theuriet and other poets. The analysis of the discourse proffered by Lemerre in his speech, as well as that of his guests, will help us to understand his role as publisher, which, under pressure by the opposition of symbolic and material values, became more and more contradictory as the century wore on. Above all, the article will show how the Banquet highlights the ambivalence at the heart of Lemerre’s posture as an artistic, honest and paternal publisher of poets.
Évolution des lois, règlements et politiques en matière d’inclusion scolaire au Manitoba : une analyse critique des directives administratives
Authors: Duchesne Hermann , AuCoin Angèla
Published: April 2012

Le mouvement vers l’inclusion prend racine au Manitoba en 1966 avec la reconnaissance du droit d’accès à l’école publique pour les enfants handicapés mentaux. Toutefois, les problèmes liés à leur placement dans des environnements ségrégués sont rapidement reconnus et, dès 1975, le gouvernement prend position en faveur de l’intégration (mainstreaming). Ainsi, une grande majorité des élèves ayant des besoins spéciaux réintègrent les classes ordinaires au cours des années 1980, mais, comme les enseignants ne reçoivent qu’un soutien minimal, sinon aucun, l’insatisfaction grandit et les attitudes demeurent ambivalentes. Dans les années 1990, le Manitoba adopte une position proactive. L’inclusion devient le leitmotiv pour la planification du soutien aux élèves qui ont des besoins spéciaux. De 1995 à nos jours, Éducation Manitoba consolide les assises philosophiques, législatives, administratives et pédagogiques de l’inclusion. Tous les jeunes Manitobains et Manitobaines ont maintenant droit à une éducation appropriée, et des directives administratives concernant l’exercice de ce droit sont rassemblées dans un document sur les normes concernant les services aux élèves. L’analyse de ces normes à partir du cadre conceptuel élaboré par AuCoin, Goguen et Vienneau (dans ce numéro) montre qu’elles rejoignent l’ensemble des conditions jugées essentielles à l’inclusion, en y ajoutant une exigence d’imputabilité. Ces conditions seront-elles suffisantes pour assurer que tout un chacun se sentira accepté, apprécié et en sécurité dans sa communauté? La vigilance de tous les acteurs scolaires demeure de mise…
L’inclusion en service de garde au Québec : la situation d’une étape essentielle
Authors: Point Mathieu , Desmarais Marie-Élaine
Published: April 2012

L’inclusion est au centre des réflexions en éducation depuis bon nombre d’années. Les services de garde ne font pas exception et représentent une étape importante de l’inclusion du fait que les enfants y apprennent les débuts de la vie en société en contexte structuré avec les pairs de même âge. Au Québec, un service de garde n’a aucune obligation légale d’accueillir des enfants ayant des besoins particuliers. Bien qu’une politique gouvernementale en faveur de l’inclusion existe, chaque service de garde est libre d’accueillir ou non les enfants ayant des besoins particuliers. La décision revient à la direction de l’établissement et à son conseil d’administration. De ce fait, il n’est pas toujours facile pour les enfants ayant des besoins particuliers d’avoir accès aux services de garde (Trépanier et Ayotte, 2000). Pourtant, l’inclusion en service de garde influe très avantageusement sur le développement général et social des enfants ayant des besoins particuliers lorsqu’elle est effectuée dans un milieu de qualité, c’est-à-dire riche et stimulant, où la participation sociale de ces enfants est valorisée. Le soutien, la concertation des acteurs et les attitudes positives du personnel sont parmi les conditions nécessaires à une inclusion de qualité. À l’inverse, le manque de formation et l’accès difficile aux ressources humaines, matérielles et financières nuisent au processus inclusif.
L’apport d’une communauté d’apprentissage pour développer des pratiques collaboratives et inclusives : une recherche-action
Authors: Ouellet Sylvie , Caya Isabelle , Tremblay Marie-Pierre
Published: April 2012

Cet article présente les grandes lignes de l’accompagnement d’une équipe-classe désirant mieux structurer les actions pédagogiques pour développer la participation sociale des enfants ayant de grandes limitations. Ce texte propose le récit d’une expérience qui s’est déroulée dans une école primaire qui accueille des élèves ayant une déficience intellectuelle associée à de multiples handicaps. L’objectif principal du volet accompagnement de la recherche était de mettre en place un cadre de collaboration par une communauté d’apprentissage (Savoie-Zajc, 2010). La recherche-action s’est déroulée sur deux ans, à impliquer l’ensemble des intervenants travaillant auprès des élèves de la classe. Des observations et des entretiens ont permis d’explorer une pratique réflexive collective. Le processus de recherche-action a entraîné des retombées sur deux plans. Premièrement, la collaboration structurée à l’aide du modèle de la communauté professionnelle d’apprentissage (Savoie-Zajc, 2010; Savoie-Zajc et al., 2011) est désormais reconnue comme essentielle au travail quotidien des intervenants, qui ne s’imaginent pas revenir en arrière. Deuxièmement, les interventions sont désormais ancrées dans des modèles pédagogiques plus forts, tels que le développement de compétences (MELS, 2011) ainsi que la pédagogie créative au service de scénarios pédagogiques thématiques (Ouellet, 2010; Ouellet et Caya, 2011).
Développement d’un modèle d’évaluation d’un dispositif de soutien à l’inclusion scolaire
Authors: Bonvin Patrick
Published: April 2012

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter un modèle conceptuel qui puisse présider au développement d’un projet de recherche visant l’évaluation des prestations de renfort pédagogique dispensées aux enfants ayant des besoins particuliers dans le canton de Vaud (Suisse). Dans le contexte d’une réforme à visée inclusive, un modèle de services basé sur les principes du coenseignement et de la collaboration entre enseignantes et enseignants réguliers et spécialisés a été mis en oeuvre. Dans ce contexte, l’évaluation vise en premier lieu la description des formes de prestations, des caractéristiques de la population des enseignants prestataires et de la population d’enfants auxquels s’adressent ces mesures. Dans un deuxième temps, il s’agit de mettre en relation ces variables descriptives avec la réussite de l’expérience d’inclusion. Un modèle conceptuel est présenté qui pourrait répondre aux contraintes du mandat d’évaluation ainsi qu’à l’état actuel de la littérature sur les questions du coenseignement.
Le voyage de Dionysos dans la Grèce après 1975 ou Les épigones modernes de la dramaturgie grecque ancienne
Authors: Diamantakou-Agathou Kaiti
Published: April 2012

L’intérêt se focalise sur les pièces grecques modernes qui « dialoguent » avec des drames antiques, tragiques ou comiques, à thématique correspondante, à travers une « mémoire généalogique » qui semble survivre, manifeste ou latente, dans l’écriture théâtrale depuis l’antiquité jusqu’à nos jours. Ce « dialogue homogène », maintenu entre les traitements dramatiques grecs anciens et modernes des mythes communs, nous permettra de constater à plusieurs niveaux (formes, contenus, motivations, modes, fonctions, etc.) la tension et l’extension de l’« influence » et de l’« envergure » diachronique du mythe ancien, sous toutes ses formes esthétiques et codifications théâtrales possibles.
Molière en Grèce
Authors: Stasinopoulou Maria
Published: April 2012

Dans le cas des comédies de Molière représentées par des troupes helléniques, nous pourrons constater deux grandes tendances : les représentations d’avant-garde et classiques. Les unes focalisent sur le conflit intérieur du personnage ; les autres soit sur le jeu corporel, soit sur les aspects politiques et idéologiques de l’intrigue. Par ailleurs, le point commun des mises en scène ci-dessus est le respect du texte théâtral par les concepteurs de la représentation. Cette caractéristique nous permet de classifier les pièces étudiées selon la typologie proposée par Patrice Pavis. Ladite typologie a comme point de départ la fidélité au texte théâtral. Notre objectif est de constater de quelle façon la théâtralisation des personnages et des situations de ces pièces contribue à la transformation du texte en spectacle.
Dramaturgies marionnettiques
Authors: Sermon Julie
Published: April 2012

Depuis le tournant du XXe siècle, la marionnette n’est plus seulement un instrument théâtral spécifique, mais un modèle ou un idéal esthétique, un régime d’énonciation et de représentation alternatif qui, de façon explicite ou latente, continue d’inspirer les auteurs quelle que soit la nature des interprètes auxquels ils destinent officiellement leurs textes. Cet article se propose de déterminer quelles sont les caractéristiques du « marionnettique » et quelles sont leurs conséquences pour la dramaturgie et le jeu de l’acteur.
Adeno‐Associated Viral Vectors for Anterograde Axonal Tracing with Fluorescent Proteins in Nontransgenic and Cre Driver Mice
Authors: Harris Julie A. , Wook Oh Seung , Zeng Hongkui
Published: April 2012

Harnessing the natural ability of viruses to infect post‐mitotic cells such as neurons has provided an explosion of new methods to manipulate and reconstruct neural circuits in vivo. Here we describe the use of recombinant adeno‐associated viral vectors (rAAV) for axonal tract tracing in nontransgenic and transgenic Cre driver mice. Two protocols are presented for stereotactic‐guided placement of rAAV vectors into the live mouse brain using iontophoretic or nanoliter pressure injections. The methods discussed here will result in expression of fluorescent proteins in cell bodies, dendrites, and axons in targeted neurons, and can be easily adapted to address various experimental questions. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 59:1.20.1‐1.20.18. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermal Treatment Optimization of Electrodeposited Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Ti6Al4V Substrate
Authors: Drevet Richard , Fauré Joël , Benhayoune Hicham
Published: April 2012

Thermal behavior of electrodeposited hydroxyapatite (HAP) coating on a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) is investigated in order to optimize the heat treatment conditions for this prosthetic material. The synthesized coatings are annealed in air atmosphere at 400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C, and then characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) for structure and phases analysis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy associated to energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (SEM‐EDXS and STEM) are used for morphology and composition analysis. The results show that when the electrodeposited coating is annealed at temperatures greater than 600 °C, a well‐crystallized HAP is obtained with a notable change of its morphology. However, at these temperatures the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy (uncoated zones of the implant) is deteriorated by the formation of a thick surface oxide layer. Therefore, we limit the heat treatment temperature for the electrodeposited coatings on a Ti6Al4V alloy at 550 °C. At this optimized temperature it is demonstrated that the link between the coating and the substrate is improved and the crystallinity of the coating is controlled which make it well bioactive.
Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene oxide and nylon‐6 copolymer in a fiber form
Authors: Rwei Syang‐Peng , Tseng Yu‐Chi , Lin Wei‐Peng
Published: April 2012

A series of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and nylon‐6 copolymers were synthesized through condensation reactions. The rheology of the prepared copolymers was tested using a capillary flow rheometer. The molar mass was investigated by performing basic analyses such as relative viscosity, gel permeation chromatograph, and amino‐end group analysis. Their thermal properties were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, and the crystalline structure was determined using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The results obtained from partially oriented yarn indicated a dramatically conversion from the γ form to the α form. Following the draw texture process, the α form dominated all draw textured yarn. Once the segments of PEO were introduced into the nylon‐6 backbone, the moisture regain and qmax (warm/cool feeling) of the fabrics was enhanced remarkably. The surface resistivity of fabrics improved with increasing PEO content, which is mainly due to water absorption. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermal conductivity and morphology of silver‐filled multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyimide nanocomposite films
Authors: Tseng I‐Hsiang , Lin Hsin‐Chuan , Tsai Mei‐Hui , Chen Dong‐Sen
Published: April 2012

A facile methodology has been developed to synthesize silver‐filled multiwalled carbon nanotubes (S‐MWNTs)‐polyimide (PI) nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity for applications in flexible printed circuits or buried film capacitors, requiring efficient heat dissipation. MWNTs functioned as modules to facilitate the distribution of Ag particles within PI matrix. The intercalation of Ag within MWNTs was performed using capillary action upon mixing AgNO3 solution with PI precursor and followed by calcinations to reduce the ionic silver to Ag. The existence of Ag in the PI nanocomposites was observed from transmission electron microscope images and verified with the energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer. Homogeneous dispersion of SMWNTs in PI matrix and strong interaction between S‐MWNTs and PI were also suggested by SEM cross‐section images. The thermal conductivity of S‐MWNT/PI nanocomposite was a function of the content of S‐MWNTs in PI matrix. The PI nanocomposite containing 1.5 wt % of S‐MWNTs (S‐MWNT/PI‐1.5) exhibited the highest thermal conductivity, 0.37 W/mK. A decrease in thermal conductivity was observed while the surface roughness of the nanocomposite was higher than 1 μm owing to the high content of S‐MWNT in PI. In addition, the modified MWNTs improved flexibility of the PI matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Study on properties of gel polymer electrolytes based on ionic liquid and amine‐terminated butadiene‐acrylonitrile copolymer chemically crosslinked by polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Li Ming , Ren Wentan , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi
Published: April 2012

Based on amine‐terminated butadiene‐acrylonitrile copolymer chemically crosslinked by epoxycyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) were prepared by introducing one ionic liquid and LiClO4 into the polymer framework. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the interaction between the ionic liquid and LiClO4, and this interaction contributes to dissolving LiClO4 salt and increasing the ionic conductivity of GPE. Less content of POSS leads to higher ionic conductivities but lower gel content and modulus. The maximum ionic conductivity of 2.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 (30°C) was achieved and an Arrhenius‐type relationship between ionic conductivities and temperatures could be detected over the investigated temperature range. The generated GPE exhibited good electrochemical stability to 4 V from cyclic voltammogram tests, which made this kind of GPE a promising candidate for rechargeable lithium batteries. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of temperature on dynamic rheological properties of uncured rubber materials in both the linear and the nonlinear viscoelastic domains
Authors: Leblanc Jean L.
Published: April 2012

Investigating how rubber materials are affected by strain and strain rate (or frequency) in the room‐to‐curing temperature range allows to fully characterize them not only with respect to their processing behavior but also in view of their likely performances after vulcanization. Using a closed cavity dynamic rheometer, the adequate test protocols and data treatment, three gum elastomers, and three carbon black filled compounds were investigated in the 60–180°C range. The article describes the test protocol and the associated data treatment that were developed to document the effects of strain and temperature in both the linear and the nonlinear domains. Complex modulus G* and third relative torque harmonic variations with strain amplitude and temperature are reported and discussed in details. A set of relatively simple mathematical equations are demonstrated to offer the possibility to summarize large quantities of experimental data through a limited number of parameters whose physical meaning can be explained with respect to known aspects of polymer and rubber sciences. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Vestigial Tooth Anatomy and Tusk Nomenclature for Monodon Monoceros
Authors: Nweeia Martin T. , Eichmiller Frederick C. , Hauschka Peter V. , Tyler Ethan , Mead James G. , Potter Charles W. , Angnatsiak David P. , Richard Pierre R. , Orr Jack R. , Black Sandie R.
Published: April 2012

Narwhal tusks, although well described and characterized within publications, are clouded by contradictory references, which refer to them as both incisors and canines. Vestigial teeth are briefly mentioned in the scientific literature with limited descriptions and no image renderings. This study first examines narwhal maxillary osteoanatomy to determine whether the erupted tusks are best described as incisiform or caniniform teeth. The study also offers evidence to support the evolutionary obsolescence of the vestigial teeth through anatomic, morphologic, and histologic descriptions. Examination of 131 skull samples, including 110 museum skull specimens and 21 harvested skulls, revealed the erupted tusks surrounded by maxillary bone over the entire length of their bone socket insertion, and are thus more accurately termed caniniform or canine teeth. The anatomy, morphology, and development of vestigial teeth in five skull samples are more fully described and documented. Vestigial tooth samples included 14 embedded pairs or individual teeth that were partially exposed or removed from the maxillary bone. Their location was posterior, ventral, and lateral to the tusks, although male vestigial teeth often exfoliate in the mouth lodging between the palatal tissue and underlying maxillary bone. Their myriad morphologies, sizes, and eruption patterns suggest that these teeth are no longer guided by function but rather by random germ cell differentiation and may eventually cease expression entirely. The conclusions reached are that the narwhal tusks are the expression of canine teeth and that vestigial teeth have no apparent functional characteristics and are following a pattern consistent with evolutionary obsolescence. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positron Emission Tomography Molecular Imaging of Dopaminergic System in Drug Addiction
Authors: Hou Haifeng , Tian Mei , Zhang Hong
Published: April 2012

Dopamine (DA) is involved in drug reinforcement, but its role in drug addiction remains unclear. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the first technology used for the direct measurement of components of the dopaminergic system in the living human brain. In this article, we reviewed the major findings of PET imaging studies on the involvement of DA in drug addiction, especially in heroin addiction. Furthermore, we summarized PET radiotracers that have been used to study the role of DA in drug addiction. To investigate presynaptic function in drug addiction, PET tracers have been developed to measure DA synthesis and transport. For the investigation of postsynaptic function, several radioligands targeting dopamine one (D1) receptor and dopamine two (D2) receptor are extensively used in PET imaging studies. Moreover, we also summarized the PET imaging findings of heroin addiction studies, including heroin‐induced DA increases and the reinforcement, role of DA in the long‐term effects of heroin abuse, DA and vulnerability to heroin abuse and the treatment implications. PET imaging studies have corroborated the role of DA in drug addiction and increase our understanding the mechanism of drug addiction. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2′‐Chloro‐4′‐aminoflavone Derivatives Selectively Targeting Hepatocarcinoma Cells: Convenient Synthetic Process, G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Triggers
Authors: Jin Feng , Zhang Nannan , Tan Chunyan , Gao Dan , Zhang Cunlong , Liu Feng , Chen Zhe , Gao Chunmei , Liu Hongxia , Li Shangfu , Jiang Yuyang
Published: April 2012

A series of 2′‐chloro‐4′‐nitroflavone and 2′‐chloro‐4′‐aminoflavone derivatives were synthesized by a convenient synthetic process. The in vitro anti‐proliferation ability of these compounds was evaluated against hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2), breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF‐7), and human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells (K562). Most of synthetic compounds possessed notable anti‐proliferation activity against HepG2 cells and little activity against MCF‐7 cells and K562 cells. In particular, compounds 4c and 4e exhibited high anti‐proliferation activity against HepG2 cells with IC50 at about 2.0 µM. Further toxicity screening toward normal human hepatocytes indicated that some compounds had low toxicity against normal liver cells, among which 4e displayed very weak effects on QSG7701 and HL7702 cells, with IC50 values >100 and 50 µM, respectively. Compound 4c, with the best anti‐proliferation activity in amino‐substituted flavones (IC50 = 2.0 µM), was selected for further evaluation of its effects on apoptosis and the cell cycle. HepG2 cells were exposed to this compound at 10 µM, which induced nuclear disassembly and DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometry analysis suggested that the population of apoptotic cells greatly increased in the 4c‐treated HepG2 cells, and the cell cycle was arrested at the G2/M phase.
Design and One‐Pot and Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 2‐Amino/5‐Aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles Bearing a Benzimidazole Moiety as Antioxidants
Authors: Kerimov İlgar , Ayhan‐Kılcıgil Gülgün , Özdamar Elçin Deniz , Can‐Eke Benay , Çoban Tülay , Özbey Süheyla , Kazak Canan
Published: April 2012

In this study, two new series of 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles and 5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles carrying a benzimidazole moiety were synthesized. The antioxidant properties of these compounds were investigatedin vitroby the determination of the microsomal NADPH‐dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation levels (LP), the microsomal ethoxyresorufinO‐deethylase activity (EROD), and DPPH radical scavenger effects. Among the tested compounds, 2‐[(2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐1‐yl)methyl]‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (9) was found to be the most active compound in all threein vitrosystems.
Meanings of information: The assumptions and research consequences of three foundational LIS theories
Authors: Ma Lai
Published: April 2012

This article addresses the question “what is information?” by comparing the meaning of the term “information” and epistemological assumptions of three theories in library and information science: the “Shannon‐Weaver model,” Brookes’ interpretation of Popper's World 3, and the Data‐Information‐Knowledge‐Wisdom model. It shows that the term “information” in these theories refers to empirical entities or events and is conceptualized as having causal powers upon human minds. It is argued that the epistemological assumptions have led to the negligence of the cultural and social aspects of the constitution of information (i.e., how something is considered to be and not to be information) and the unquestioned nature of science in research methodologies.
Comparative performance analysis of European airports by means of extended data envelopment analysis
Authors: Suzuki Soushi , Nijkamp Peter , Pels Eric , Rietveld Piet
Published: April 2012

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has become an established approach for analyzing and comparing efficiency results of corporate organizations or economic agents. It has also found wide application in comparative studies on airport efficiency. The standard DEA approach to comparative airport efficiency analysis has two feeble elements, viz. a methodological weakness and a substantive weakness. The methodological weakness originates from the choice of uniform efficiency improvement assessment, whereas the substantive weakness in airport efficiency analysis concerns the insufficient attention for short‐term and long‐term adjustment possibilities in the production inputs determining airport efficiency.

The present paper aims to address both flaws by doing the following: (i) designing a data‐instigated distance friction minimization (DFM) model as a generalization of the standard Banker–Charnes–Cooper model with a view to the development of a more appropriate efficiency improvement projection model in the Banker–Charnes–Cooper version of DEA and (ii) including as factor inputs also lumpy or rigid factors that are characterized by short‐term indivisibility or inertia (and hence not suitable for short‐run flexible adjustment in new efficiency stages), as is the case for runways of airports. This so‐called fixed factor case will be included in the DFM submodel of the DEA. This extended DEA—with a DFM and a fixed factor component—will be applied to a comparative performance analysis of several major airports in Europe. Finally, our comparative study on airport efficiency analysis will be extended by incorporating also the added value of the presence of shopping facilities at airports for their relative economic performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Klebstoffart auf den Diffusionswiderstand von Holzverklebungen
Authors: Volkmer Thomas , Schmidt Jon‐Anton , Kranitz Katalin , Niemz Peter
Published: April 2012

An reinen Klebstofffilmen aus verschiedenen Klebstoffen (PVA, PUR, UF, MUF, EPI, Knochenleim) und an verklebten Holzlamellen mit einer mittigen Klebefuge wurde der Diffusionswiderstand im Dry‐ und im Wet‐Cup‐Verfahren nach DIN EN ISO 12572 bestimmt. Es wurden deutliche Unterschiede im Diffusionswiderstand zwischen den einzelnen Klebstoffarten gemessen. Der Diffusionswiderstand der Klebstofffilme war wesentlich höher als der der Verklebungen, was auf die entsprechenden Abbindemechanismen und die Eindringung der Klebstoffe in das Substrat zurückzuführen ist. Die Klebefugen der geprüften Systeme PVAc, EPI und 1K‐PUR erwiesen sich im Vergleich als sehr diffusionsdicht, was bei einer bauphysikalischen Bewertung von verklebten Holzelementen zu berücksichtigen ist.

Investigations of the water vapor resistance of glued wood joints depending on the type of adhesive. The water vapor resistance was measured at pure adhesive layers (PVA, PUR, UF, MUF, EPI, bone glue) and at glued wood lamellas according to DIN EN ISO 12572 using the dry‐cup and the wet‐cup‐procedure. Clear differences of the water vapor resistance between the different adhesive variants could be analyzed. The resistance of the pure adhesive layers was considerable higher than the resistance of the glued elements, what is due to the hardening principles and penetration of the adhesive into the substrate. The gluelines of the tested systems PVAc, EPI and 1K‐PUR within the jointed wood lamellas was very vapor tight, which has to be considered for a building physical evaluation of glued wood elements.
Data Collection in a Flat World: The Strengths and Weaknesses of Mechanical Turk Samples
Authors: Goodman Joseph K. , Cryder Cynthia E. , Cheema Amar
Published: April 2012

Mechanical Turk (MTurk), an online labor system run by Amazon.com, provides quick, easy, and inexpensive access to online research participants. As use of MTurk has grown, so have questions from behavioral researchers about its participants, reliability, and low compensation. In this article, we review recent research about MTurk and compare MTurk participants with community and student samples on a set of personality dimensions and classic decision‐making biases. Across two studies, we find many similarities between MTurk participants and traditional samples, but we also find important differences. For instance, MTurk participants are less likely to pay attention to experimental materials, reducing statistical power. They are more likely to use the Internet to find answers, even with no incentive for correct responses. MTurk participants have attitudes about money that are different from a community sample's attitudes but similar to students' attitudes. Finally, MTurk participants are less extraverted and have lower self‐esteem than other participants, presenting challenges for some research domains. Despite these differences, MTurk participants produce reliable results consistent with standard decision‐making biases: they are present biased, risk‐averse for gains, risk‐seeking for losses, show delay/expedite asymmetries, and show the certainty effect—with almost no significant differences in effect sizes from other samples. We conclude that MTurk offers a highly valuable opportunity for data collection and recommend that researchers using MTurk (1) include screening questions that gauge attention and language comprehension; (2) avoid questions with factual answers; and (3) consider how individual differences in financial and social domains may influence results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy Selection in Risky Choice: The Impact of Numeracy, Affect, and Cross‐Cultural Differences
Authors: Pachur Thorsten , Galesic Mirta
Published: April 2012

Real‐world decisions often involve options with outcomes that are uncertain and trigger strong affect (e.g., side effects of a drug). Previous work suggests that when choosing among affect‐rich risky prospects, people are rather insensitive to probability information, potentially compromising decision quality. We modeled the strategies of less and more numerate participants in the United States and in Germany when choosing between affect‐rich prospects and between monetarily equivalent affect‐poor prospects. Using large probabilistic national samples (n = 1047 from the United States and Germany), Study 1 showed that compared with more numerate participants, less numerate participants chose the normatively better option (i.e., the one with the higher expected value) less often, guessed more often, and relied more on a simple risk‐minimizing strategy. U.S. participants—although less numerate—selected the normatively better option more frequently and were more consistent across affect‐rich and affect‐poor problems than the German participants. Using a targeted quota sample (n = 118 from Germany), Study 2 indicated that although both more and less numerate participants paid less attention to probability information in affect‐rich than in affect‐poor problems, the two numeracy groups relied on different outcome‐based heuristics: More numerate participants often followed the minimax heuristic, and less numerate participants the affect heuristic. The observed strategy differences suggest that attempts to improve decision‐making need to take into account individual differences in numeracy as well as cultural‐specific experiences in making trade‐offs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zinc in the central nervous system: From molecules to behavior
Authors: Gower‐Winter Shannon D. , Levenson Cathy W.
Published: April 2012

The trace metal zinc is a biofactor that plays essential roles in the central nervous system across the lifespan from early neonatal brain development through the maintenance of brain function in adults. At the molecular level, zinc regulates gene expression through transcription factor activity and is responsible for the activity of dozens of key enzymes in neuronal metabolism. At the cellular level, zinc is a modulator of synaptic activity and neuronal plasticity in both development and adulthood. Given these key roles, it is not surprising that alterations in brain zinc status have been implicated in a wide array of neurological disorders including impaired brain development, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, and mood disorders including depression. Zinc has also been implicated in neuronal damage associated with traumatic brain injury, stroke, and seizure. Understanding the mechanisms that control brain zinc homeostasis is thus critical to the development of preventive and treatment strategies for these and other neurological disorders.