bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of axonal orientation to pathway-dependent modulation of excitatory transmission by direct current stimulation in isolated rat hippocampus
Authors: Kabakov Anatoli Y. , Muller Paul A. , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Jensen Frances E. , Rotenberg Alexander
Published: January 2012

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a method for modulating cortical excitability by weak constant electrical current that is applied through scalp electrodes. Although often described in terms of anodal or cathodal stimulation, depending on which scalp electrode pole is proximal to the cortical region of interest, it is the orientation of neuronal structures relative to the direct current (DC) vector that determines the effect of tDCS. To investigate the contribution of neural pathway orientation, we studied DCS-mediated neuromodulation in an in vitro rat hippocampal slice preparation. We examined the contribution of dendritic orientation to the direct current stimulation (DCS) neuromodulatory effect by recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in apical and basal dendrites of CA1 neurons within a constant DC field. In addition, we assessed the contribution of axonal orientation by recording CA1 and CA3 apical fEPSPs generated by stimulation of oppositely oriented Schaffer collateral and mossy fiber axons, respectively, during DCS. Finally, nonsynaptic excitatory signal propagation was measured along antidromically stimulated CA1 axons at different DCS amplitudes and polarity. We find that modulation of both the fEPSP and population spike depends on axonal orientation relative to the electric field vector. Axonal orientation determines whether the DC field is excitatory or inhibitory and dendritic orientation affects the magnitude, but not the overall direction, of the DC effect. These data suggest that tDCS may oppositely affect neurons in a stimulated cortical volume if these neurons are excited by oppositely orientated axons in a constant electrical field.
Immersion in Computer Games: The Role of Spatial Presence and Flow
Authors: Weibel David , Wissmath Bartholomäus
Published: January 2012

A main reason to play computer games is the pleasure of being immersed in a mediated world.Spatial presenceandfloware considered key concepts to explain such immersive experiences. However, little attention has been paid to the connection between the two concepts. Thus, we empirically examined the relationship between presence and flow in the context of a computer role-playing game (), a racing game (), and a jump and run game (). In all three studies, factor analysis revealed that presence and flow are distinct constructs, which do hardly share common variance. We conclude that presence refers to the sensation of being there in the mediated world, whereas flow rather refers to the sensation of being involved in the gaming action. Further analyses showed that flow and presence depend on motivation and immersive tendency. In addition, flow and presence enhanced performance as well as enjoyment.
Mathematical Model and Matlab Simulation of Strapdown Inertial Navigation System
Authors: Zhang Wen , Ghogho Mounir , Yuan Baolun
Published: January 2012

Basic principles of the strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) using the outputs of strapdown gyros and accelerometers are explained, and the main equations are described. A mathematical model of SINS is established, and its Matlab implementation is developed. The theory is illustrated by six examples which are static status, straight line movement, circle movement, s-shape movement, and two sets of real static data.
On the Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Boiling Saturated Magnesium Chloride Solutions
Authors: Alyousif Osama M. , Nishimura Rokuro
Published: January 2012

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behaviors for types 304, 310, and 316 austenitic stainless steels were investigated in boiling saturated magnesium chloride solutions using a constant load method under different conditions including test temperature, applied stress, and sensitization. Both of type 304 and type 316 stainless steels showed quite similar behavior characteristics, whereas type 310 stainless steel showed a different behavior. The time to failure (tf) parameter was used among other parameters to characterize the materials behavior in the test solution and to develop a mathematical model for predicting the time to failure in the chloride solution. The combination of corrosion curve parameters and fracture surface micrographs gave some explanation for the cracking modes as well as an indication for the cracking mechanisms. On the basis of the results obtained, it was estimated that intergranular cracking was resulted from hydrogen embrittlement due to strain-induced formation of martensite along the grain boundaries, while transgranular cracking took place by propagating cracks nucleated at slip steps by dissolution.
HIV-Associated Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Prognosis and Therapy in the Era of cART
Authors: Jacobson Caron A. , Abramson Jeremy S.
Published: January 2012

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are at increased risk for developing Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), a risk that has not decreased despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the modern era. HIV-associated HL (HIV-HL) differs from HL in non-HIV-infected patients in that it is nearly always associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and more often presents with high-risk features of advanced disease, systemic “B” symptoms, and extranodal involvement. Before the introduction of cART, patients with HIV-HL had lower response rates and worse outcomes than non-HIV-infected HL patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. The introduction of cART, however, has allowed for the delivery of full-dose and dose-intensive chemotherapy regimens with improved outcomes that approach those seen in non-HIV infected patients. Despite these significant advances, HIV-HL patients remain at increased risk for treatment-related toxicities and drug-drug interactions which require careful attention and supportive care to insure the safe administration of therapy. This paper will address the modern diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapy of HIV-associated HL.
Adaptive Source Location Estimation Based on Compressed Sensing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Liu Lei , Chong Jin-Song , Wang Xiao-Qing , Hong Wen
Published: January 2012

Source localization is an important problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). An exciting state-of-the-art algorithm for this problem is maximum likelihood (ML), which has sufficient spatial samples and consumes much energy. In this paper, an effective method based on compressed sensing (CS) is proposed for multiple source locations in received signal strength-wireless sensor networks (RSS-WSNs). This algorithm models unknown multiple source positions as a sparse vector by constructing redundant dictionaries. Thus, source parameters, such as source positions and energy, can be estimated by [Formula: see text]-norm minimization. To speed up the algorithm, an effective construction of multiresolution dictionary is introduced. Furthermore, to improve the capacity of resolving two sources that are close to each other, the adaptive dictionary refinement and the optimization of the redundant dictionary arrangement (RDA) are utilized. Compared to ML methods, such as alternating projection, the CS algorithm can improve the resolution of multiple sources and reduce spatial samples of WSNs. The simulations results demonstrate the performance of this algorithm.
A Herbal Composition ofScutellaria baicalensisandEleutherococcus senticosusShows Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an Ex Vivo Human Mucosal Tissue Model
Authors: Zhang Nan , Van Crombruggen Koen , Holtappels Gabriele , Bachert Claus
Published: January 2012

Background. Patients seek an effective alternative to pharmacotherapy including herbal treatment options for allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis.Material and Methods. Nasal mucosal tissue was obtained from 12 patients, fragmented, preincubated with tissue culture medium,S. baicalensisand/orE. senticosusand/or vitamin C (each compound 0.2 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL) for 1 hour at 37°C/5% CO2, and stimulated with anti-IgE for 30 minutes and 6 hours to imitate the allergic early and late phases. Furthermore, Staphylococcus aureus superantigen B (SEB) stimulation for 6 hours was used to imitate T-cell activation.Results. The combination ofS. baicalensisandE. senticosushad a more potent suppressive effect on the release of PGD2, histamine, and IL-5 thanS. baicalensisalone. The combination also resulted in a significant inhibition of SEB-induced cytokines comparable or superior to an established topical corticosteroid, fluticasone propionate. Vitamin C increased ciliary beat frequency, but had no anti-inflammatory effects.Discussion. The combination ofS. baicalensisandE. senticosusmay be able to significantly block allergic early-and late-phase mediators and substantially suppress the release of proinflammatory, and Th1-, Th2-, and Th17—derived cytokines.
Redirection of Lamb Waves for Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Ong W. H. , Chiu W. K.
Published: January 2012

Currently, structures are designed without structural health monitoring (SHM) in mind. It is proposed that SHM should be addressed at the design stage of new structures. This paper explores the benefit which can be gained from such considerations. The scope encompasses Lamb-wave-based SHM and a given fatigue critical location (FCL). Optimization is performed using specialised ray tracing. A case study is carried out using a specimen that simulates a hard-to-inspect region in a fuel vent hole in wings structures of aircraft. This work will report on the potential use of the focussing of stress wave to improve detectability of defect in this hard-to-inspect location. Following optimization, results are produced numerically and experimentally. The results revealed sensitivity to damage is nearly doubled while minimum detectable damage size is significantly decreased. As a result, this study brings together an assortment of specialised tools to form a workflow ready for implementation.
Development of a Method to Estimate Mouth-Level Benzo[a]pyrene Intake by Filter Analysis
Authors: Ding Yan S. , Chou Theodore , Abdul-Salaam Shadeed , Hearn Bryan , Watson Clifford H.
Published: January 2012

Background: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most potent carcinogens generated in cigarette smoke. During smoking, cigarette filters trap a significant portion of mainstream smoke benzo[a]pyrene. This trapped portion is proportional to what exits the end of the filter and is drawn into the mouth of smokers.

Methods: We developed a new method to estimate mouth-level BaP intake using filter analysis. In this analysis, cigarettes are smoked by a smoking machine using a variety of conditions to yield a range of mainstream smoke deliveries, which approximate a range of human puffing characteristics. Mainstream smoke BaP collected on Cambridge filter pads and the corresponding 1-cm mouth-end cigarette filter butts is extracted, purified by solid-phase extraction, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. On the basis of the amount of BaP retained in cigarette butts and the amount collected on pads, we can relate them using a linear regression model.

Results: Using this model and subsequently analyzing cigarette filters collected from smokers, we are able to estimate their mouth-level intakes, which smokers received when they consumed cigarettes. We made a series of measurements using research cigarettes and select commercial cigarettes having a wide range of machine smoke “tar” and nicotine deliveries.

Conclusions: In all cases, results indicate a linear relation of BaP between cigarette filter butts and Cambridge filter pads, with R2 ranging from 0.93 to 0.98.

Impact: This technique provides a noninvasive means to examine intake on a per cigarette basis to examine both exposure and behavioral aspects of smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(1); 39–44. ©2011 AACR.
Sex Hormones, Hormonal Interventions, and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Camargo M. Constanza , Goto Yasuyuki , Zabaleta Jovanny , Morgan Douglas R. , Correa Pelayo , Rabkin Charles S.
Published: January 2012

Estrogens may influence gastric cancer risk, but published studies are inconclusive. We therefore carried out a meta-analysis addressing the associations of gastric cancer in women with menstrual and reproductive factors and with use of estrogen- and antiestrogen-related therapies. Searches of PubMed up to June, 2011 and review of citations yielded a total of 28 independent studies, including at least one exposure of interest. Random effects pooled estimates of relative risk (RR) and corresponding 95% CIs were calculated for eight exposures reported in at least five studies, including: age at menarche, age at menopause, years of fertility, parity, age at first birth, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and tamoxifen treatment. Longer years of fertility (RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63–0.86) and HRT (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64–0.92) were each associated with decreased gastric cancer risk. Conversely, tamoxifen treatment was associated with increased risk (RR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.39–2.38). The other five exposures were not significantly associated. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that longer exposure to estrogen effects of either ovarian or exogenous origin may decrease risk of gastric cancer. Additional studies are warranted to extend this finding and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(1); 20–38. ©2011 AACR.
The Antidiabetic Drug Metformin Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Kato Kiyohito , Gong Jian , Iwama Hisakazu , Kitanaka Akira , Tani Joji , Miyoshi Hisaaki , Nomura Kei , Mimura Shima , Kobayashi Mitsuyoshi , Aritomo Yuuichi , Kobara Hideyuki , Mori Hirohito , Himoto Takashi , Okano Keiichi , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Murao Koji , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: January 2012

Recent studies suggest that metformin, which is commonly used as an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent of the biguanide family, may reduce cancer risk and improve prognosis, but the mechanisms by which metformin affects various cancers, including gastric cancer, remains unknown. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of metformin on human gastric cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and to study microRNAs (miRNA) associated with antitumor effect of metformin. We used MKN1, MKN45, and MKN74 human gastric cancer cell lines to study the effects of metformin on human gastric cancer cells. Athymic nude mice bearing xenograft tumors were treated with or without metformin. Tumor growth was recorded after 4 weeks, and the expression of cell-cycle-related proteins was determined. In addition, we used miRNA array tips to explore the differences among miRNAs in MKN74 cells bearing xenograft tumors treated with or without metformin in vitro and in vivo. Metformin inhibited the proliferation of MKN1, MKN45, and MKN74 in vitro. Metformin blocked the cell cycle in G0–G1in vitro and in vivo. This blockade was accompanied by a strong decrease of G1 cyclins, especially in cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 4, Cdk6 and by a decrease in retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation. In addition, metformin reduced the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in vitro and in vivo. The miRNA expression was markedly altered with the treatment of metformin in vitro and in vivo. Various miRNAs altered by metformin also may contribute to tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(3); 549–60. ©2012 AACR.
Vaginal Stump Metastasis from Sigmoid Colon Cancer
Authors: Tanaka Tomohito , Kanda Takayoshi , Sakaguchi Satoru , Munakata Satoru , Ohmichi Masahide
Published: January 2012

Background: Vaginal metastasis from organs other than the uterus is rare. Generally, patients with vaginal metastasis from colorectal cancer have a dismal prognosis. Although biopsy is the best method to make the diagnosis, massive bleeding may occur. On the other hand, liquid-based cytology (LBC) has the utility to perform immunocytochemistry on additional unstained slides: we can make a diagnosis with several immunocytochemical findings. Case: A 67-year-old postmenopausal female presented to our hospital with vaginal bleeding. The patient had undergone colectomy because of her stage III sigmoid colon cancer 3 years earlier. The patient had also undergone hysterectomy for cervical cancer 30 years earlier. LBC from the vaginal stump revealed adenocarcinoma. Immunocytochemically, cancer cells were negative for cytokeratin 7 and positive for cytokeratin 20, which suggested metastasis from the sigmoid colon cancer; the diagnosis was made without a biopsy. Conclusion: When the patient has a metastatic lesion from colon adenocarcinoma, LBC with immunocytochemistry is useful in making a diagnosis.
Application of a New Liquid-Based Procedure (TACAS) for the Screening of Cervical Cancer: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kuramoto Hiroyuki , Iwami Yoshiko , Sugimoto Naoko , Kato Chizuyo , Sugahara Takashi , Iida Manichi
Published: January 2012

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of a new liquid-based cytological procedure in a population screening program for cervix cancer. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 1,000 women who underwent primary screening at the Kanagawa Health Service Association. The cytological specimens obtained by either cotton stick and Cytobrush® or Cervex-Brush® were processed using the Thinlayer Advanced Cytology Assay System (TACAS™), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: (1) Cells were evenly distributed on specimens and stained evenly; (2) shrinkage of cells was 5% based on measurement of the nuclear diameters of granulocytes in comparison with those of the conventional procedure; (3) incidences of cells that occupied the whole area, 1/20≤, 1/4≤, 1/4> of the observation fields were 58.8, 26.2, 12.0 and 3.0%, respectively; (4) number of the squamous cells in cases with 1/4> was <5,000, in which specimen cells were correctly obtained from the squamocolumnar junction except in 3 cases (0.3%); (5) bleeding at cellular sampling was 5%, but did not disturb cell analysis; (6) inflammation caused by organisms was easily diagnosed; (7) detection rate of abnormal cytology was 4.3%, including ASC-US in 2.8% and ASC-H in 0.1%. Conclusion: TACAS is a feasible and useful cytological procedure.
p16INK4a and ProEx C Immunostains Facilitate Differential Diagnosis of Hyperchromatic Crowded Groups in Liquid-Based Papanicolaou Tests with Menstrual Contamination
Authors: Ge Yimin , Mody Dina R. , Smith Debora , Anton Rose
Published: January 2012

Objective: Evaluation of hyperchromatic crowded groups in Papanicolaou (Pap) tests from women during menstruation can be a diagnostic pitfall due to similar morphological appearances with significant cervical lesions. We studied the results of p16INK4a and ProEx C on cell blocks from Pap tests during menstruation in an attempt to facilitate the differentiation. Study Design: Immunohistochemical stains for p16INK4a and ProEx C were performed on 25 cell blocks prepared from residual liquid-based cervical material with menstrual contamination. Results: Strong, diffuse, and full thickness staining pattern for p16INK4a and ProEx C was observed in cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and small cell carcinoma of the cervix. The low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cases and cases negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy were negative for ProEx C, with focal staining for p16INK4a. The benign endometrial cells had either negative or focal patchy staining, which is often associated with tubal metaplasia. Conclusion: p16INK4a and ProEx C are sensitive markers for identifying significant lesions in Pap test specimens with menstrual contamination. Patchy/mosaic staining may be seen in benign endometrial tissue with tubal metaplasia, but strong, diffuse staining likely indicates HSIL or carcinoma. These findings can be helpful in interpreting hyperchromatic crowded groups in menstrual Pap specimens. Further study may be prudent, being aware of the small study group.
Cytopathologic Analysis of Stroma-Poor Salivary Gland Epithelial/Myoepithelial Neoplasms on Fine Needle Aspiration
Authors: Chen Longwen , Ray Nancy , He Huiying , Hoschar Aaron
Published: January 2012

Objective: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms with epithelial/myoepithelial cells but rare or no stroma is usually difficult. Our aim was to study the cytomorphology of this cohort of FNA cases and evaluate the clinical follow-up. Study Design: The diagnostic terminology for this group of aspirates was ‘favor an epithelial/myoepithelial neoplasm of the salivary gland’. The cytologic smears of 32 such cases were retrieved and showed cellular smears with bland-appearing or mildly atypical epithelial and myoepithelial cells without typical chondromyxoid stroma seen in pleomorphic adenoma (PA). Results: Twenty of the 32 cases had histologic follow-up. Ten of these 20 cases were PAs, including 8 cellular PAs. Two cases were basal cell adenomas, 1 case myoepithelioma and 1 case benign adenoma, not otherwise specified. Among the 6 malignant tumors on surgical resections, there were 3 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas, 1 myoepithelial carcinoma, 1 basal cell adenocarcinoma and 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma. Conclusions: Although 14 of the 20 (70%) cases were benign neoplasms, a substantial amount of cases (30%) were malignant salivary gland neoplasms. The generic diagnostic terminology of ‘epithelial/myoepithelial neoplasm of the salivary gland’ and appropriate clinical follow-up are recommended for these cases.
The Accuracy of the ‘Triple Test’ in the Diagnosis of Papillary Lesions of the Breast
Authors: Papeix Gabrielle , Zardawi Ibrahim M. , Douglas Charles D. , Clark David A. , Braye Stephen G.
Published: January 2012

Background and Objective: The literature on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology for papillary lesions presents a very mixed picture. Many authors advocate mandatory excision of these lesions. This recommendation is largely based on the ‘atypical’ nature of the FNA report. The aim of this work is to see if breast papillomas can be treated conservatively. Study Design: We report a retrospective study of outcomes for patients with a provisional diagnosis of a ‘papillary breast lesion’ based on assessment by palpation (no clinically suspicious features), sonography (benign or probably benign according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System ‘BI-RADS®’), and FNA (benign cytological category with a papillary architecture) findings from one integrated breast service. Results: Thirty-six cases were identified over a period of 6 years. Thirty-four of the patients had surgical excision. All of the 34 surgical cases were confirmed to be benign in nature on histopathology (intraduct papilloma). The remaining 2 cases were stable on follow-up. Conclusion: We believe that a policy of mandatory excision of papillary lesions of the breast is unnecessarily cautious.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Catecholamine Levels as Predictors of Outcome in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Moussouttas Michael , Huynh Thanh T. , Khoury John , Lai Edwin W. , Dombrowski Keith , Pello Scott , Pacak Karel
Published: January 2012

Objective: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with marked sympathetic activation at the time of ictus. The purpose of this study is to determine whether early central catecholamine levels measured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) relate to outcome in patients with SAH. Methods: Observational study of consecutive SAH grade 3–5 patients who underwent ventriculostomy placement, but did not undergo open craniotomy for aneurysm obliteration. CSF samples were obtained during the first 48 h following symptom onset and assayed for catecholamine levels. Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether the levels predicted mortality by day 15 or mortality/disability by day 30. Results: For the 102 patients included, mean age was 58, and 73% were female – 21% experienced day-15 mortality, and 32% experienced mortality/disability by day 30. Early mortality was related to Hunt-Hess (H/H) grade (p < 0.001), neurogenic cardiomyopathy (NC) (p = 0.003), cerebral infarction (p = 0.001), elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) (p = 0.029), epinephrine (EPI) level (p = 0.002) and norepinephrine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (NE/DHPG) ratio (p = 0.003). Mortality/disability was related to H/H grade (p < 0.001), NC (p = 0.018), infarction (p < 0.001), elevated ICP (p = 0.002), EPI (p = 0.004) and NE/DHPG (p = 0.014). Logistic regression identified age [OR 1.09 (95% CI 1.01–1.17)], H/H grade [9.52 (1.19–77)], infarction [10.87 (1.22–100)], ICP elevation [32.26 (2–500)], EPI [1.06 (1.01–1.10)], and (inversely) DHPG [0.99 (0.99–1.00)] as independent predictors of early mortality. For mortality/disability, H/H grade [OR 21.74 (95% CI 5.62–83)], ICP elevation [18.52 (1.93–166)], and EPI [1.05 (1.02–1.09)] emerged as independent predictors. Proportional-hazards analysis revealed age [HR 1.041 (95% CI 1.003–1.08)], H/H grade [6.9 (1.54–31.25)], NC [4.31 (1.5–12.35)], and EPI [1.032 (1.009–1.054)] independently predicted early mortality. Conclusions: CSF catecholamine levels are elevated in SAH patients who experience early mortality or disability. EPI may potentially serve as useful index of outcome in this population of patients with SAH.
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules in Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome: Cause or Result?
Authors: Chang Shan-Yueh , Huang Tzu-Chuan , Su Wen-Lin , Chian Chih-Feng , Perng Wann-Cherng
Published: January 2012

Objective: To report a case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mimicking lung cancer with lung to lung metastases in ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome (EAS). Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 60-year-old man suffering from hypokalemic alkalosis, hypertension and limbs paralysis was referred to our hospital. EAS caused by malignancy of lung was highly suspected due to multiple pulmonary nodules presenting on chest film and positron emission tomography (PET) images. Video-assisted thoracic surgical biopsy tissue was used to confirm invasive aspergillosis instead of malignancy. Finally, the patient died of opportunistic infection. Conclusion: This case showed that although EAS is usually associated with solid tumors, multiple pulmonary nodules secondary to opportunistic infections such as invasive aspergillosis must be kept in mind.
Deficient Expression of Genes Involved in the Endogenous Defense System against Transposons in Cryptorchid Boys with Impaired Mini-Puberty
Authors: Hadziselimovic F. , Hadziselimovic N.O. , Demougin P. , Krey G. , Oakeley E.J.
Published: January 2012

Mini-puberty is the period between 30 and 80 days after birth when testosterone and gonadotropin surges occur in male infants to induce the transformation of gonocytes into adult/dark spermatogonia. Cryptorchid boys with impaired mini-puberty develop infertility despite timely and successful surgical treatment. The decreased germ cell count found in this group of boys could be the result of uncontrolled transposon activity inducing genomic instability and germ cell death. A genome-wide analysis of 18 cryptorchid and 4 control testes was performed with Affymetrix chips. We found that 5 of 8 genes that are important for transposon silencing were not expressed in the high azoospermia risk group of cryptorchid boys but were expressed in the low azoospermia risk and control groups. Two genes, CBX3 and DNMT1, were equally expressed in all 3 groups. Impaired expression of the DDX4, MAEL,MOV10L1, PIWIL2, PIWIL4, and TDRD9 genes in the group of cryptorchid boys at high risk of infertility indicates that gene instability induced by impaired expression of transposon silencing genes contribute to the development of azoospermia. Intact mini-puberty appears to be essential for the development of the endogenous defense system mediated by transposon silencing.
Inflammation in Myocardial Diseases
Authors: Marchant David J. , Boyd John H. , Lin David C. , Granville David J. , Garmaroudi Farshid S. , McManus Bruce M.
Published: January 2012

Inflammatory processes underlie a broad spectrum of conditions that injure the heart muscle and cause both structural and functional deficits. In this article, we address current knowledge regarding 4 common forms of myocardial inflammation: myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, sepsis, viral myocarditis, and immune rejection. Each of these pathological states has its own unique features in pathogenesis and disease evolution, but all reflect inflammatory mechanisms that are partially shared. From the point of injury to the mobilization of innate and adaptive immune responses and inflammatory amplification, the cellular and soluble mediators and mechanisms examined in this review will be discussed with a view that both beneficial and adverse consequences arise in these human conditions.
Shortened Ca
2+
Signaling Refractoriness Underlies Cellular Arrhythmogenesis in a Postinfarction Model of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Belevych Andriy E. , Terentyev Dmitry , Terentyeva Radmila , Ho Hsiang-Ting , Gyorke Inna , Bonilla Ingrid M. , Carnes Cynthia A. , Billman George E. , Györke Sandor
Published: January 2012

Rationale:

Diastolic spontaneous Ca
2+
waves (DCWs) are recognized as important contributors to triggered arrhythmias. DCWs are thought to arise when [Ca
2+
] in sarcoplasmic reticulum ([Ca
2+
]
SR
) reaches a certain threshold level, which might be reduced in cardiac disease as a consequence of sensitization of ryanodine receptors (RyR2s) to luminal Ca
2+
.

Objective:

We investigated the mechanisms of DCW generation in myocytes from normal and diseased hearts, using a canine model of post–myocardial infarction ventricular fibrillation (VF).

Methods and Results:

The frequency of DCWs, recorded during periodic pacing in the presence of a β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, was significantly higher in VF myocytes than in normal controls. Rather than occurring immediately on reaching a final [Ca
2+
]
SR
, DCWs arose with a distinct time delay after attaining steady [Ca
2+
]
SR
in both experimental groups. Although the rate of [Ca
2+
]
SR
recovery after the SR Ca
2+
release was similar between the groups, in VF myocytes the latency to DCWs was shorter, and the [Ca
2+
]
SR
at DCW initiation was lower. The restitution of depolarization-induced Ca
2+
transients, assessed by a 2-pulse protocol, was significantly faster in VF myocytes than in controls. The VF-related alterations in myocyte Ca
2+
cycling were mimicked by the RyR2 agonist, caffeine. The reducing agent, mercaptopropionylglycine, or the CaMKII inhibitor, KN93, decreased DCW frequency and normalized restitution of Ca
2+
release in VF myocytes.

Conclusions:

The attainment of a certain threshold [Ca
2+
]
SR
is not sufficient for the generation of DCWs. Postrelease Ca
2+
signaling refractoriness critically influences the occurrence of DCWs. Shortened Ca
2+
signaling refractoriness due to RyR2 phosphorylation and oxidation is responsible for the increased rate of DCWs observed in VF myocytes and could provide a substrate for synchronization of arrhythmogenic events at the tissue level in hearts prone to VF.
Development and Validation of a Dispatcher Identification Algorithm for Stroke Emergencies
Authors: Krebes Sebastian , Ebinger Martin , Baumann André M. , Kellner Philipp A. , Rozanski Michal , Doepp Florian , Sobesky Jan , Gensecke Thomas , Leidel Bernd A. , Malzahn Uwe , Wellwood Ian , Heuschmann Peter U. , Audebert Heinrich J.
Published: January 2012

Background and Purpose—

Recent innovations such as CT installation in ambulances may lead to earlier start of stroke-specific treatments. However, such technically complex mobile facilities require effective methods of correctly identifying patients before deployment. We aimed to develop and validate a new dispatcher identification algorithm for stroke emergencies.

Methods—

Dispatcher identification algorithm for stroke emergencies was informed by systematic qualitative analysis of the content of emergency calls to ambulance dispatchers for patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (N=117) and other neurological (N=39) and nonneurological (N=51) diseases (Part A). After training of dispatchers, sensitivity and predictive values were determined prospectively in patients admitted to Charité hospitals by using the discharge diagnosis as reference standard (Part B).

Results—

Part A: Dysphasic/dysarthric symptoms (33%), unilateral symptoms (22%) and explicitly stated suspicion of stroke (47%) were typically identified in patients with stroke but infrequently in nonstroke cases (all <10%). Convulsive symptoms (41%) were frequent in other neurological diseases but not strokes (3%). Pain (26%) and breathlessness (31%) were often expressed in nonneurological emergencies (6% and 7% in strokes). Part B: Between October 15 and December 16, 2010, 5774 patients were admitted by ambulance with 246 coded with final stroke diagnoses. Sensitivity of dispatcher identification algorithm for stroke emergencies for detecting stroke was 53.3% and positive predictive value was 47.8% for stroke and 59.1% for stroke and transient ischemic attack. Of all 275 patients with stroke dispatcher codes, 215 (78.5%) were confirmed with neurological diagnosis.

Conclusions—

Using dispatcher identification algorithm for stroke emergencies, more than half of all patients with stroke admitted by ambulance were correctly identified by dispatchers. Most false-positive stroke codes had other neurological diagnoses.
The Differential Contributions of pFC and Temporo-parietal Cortex to Multimodal Semantic Control: Exploring Refractory Effects in Semantic Aphasia
Authors: Gardner Hannah E. , Lambon Ralph Matthew A. , Dodds Naomi , Jones Theresa , Ehsan Sheeba , Jefferies Elizabeth
Published: January 2012

Aphasic patients with multimodal semantic impairment following pFC or temporo-parietal (TP) cortex damage (semantic aphasia [SA]) have deficits characterized by poor control of semantic activation/retrieval, as opposed to loss of semantic knowledge per se. In line with this, SA patients show “refractory effects”; that is, declining accuracy in cyclical word–picture matching tasks when semantically related sets are presented rapidly and repeatedly. This is argued to follow a build-up of competition between targets and distractors. However, the link between poor semantic control and refractory effects is still controversial for two reasons. (1) Some theories propose that refractory effects are specific to verbal or auditory tasks, yet SA patients show poor control over semantic processing in both word and picture semantic tasks. (2) SA can result from lesions to either the left pFC or TP cortex, yet previous work suggests that refractory effects are specifically linked to the left inferior frontal cortex. For the first time, verbal, visual, and nonverbal auditory refractory effects were explored in nine SA patients who had pFC (pFC+) or TP cortex (TP-only) lesions. In all modalities, patient accuracy declined significantly over repetitions. This refractory effect at the group level was driven by pFC+ patients and was not shown by individuals with TP-only lesions. These findings support the theory that SA patients have reduced control over multimodal semantic retrieval and, additionally, suggest there may be functional specialization within the posterior versus pFC elements of the semantic control network.
Sallust’s Imitation of Greek Models at Catiline 14.2-3
Authors: Muse Kevin
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Sallust’s description of Catiline’s profligate retinue at Catiline 14.2-3 contains a well-known textual problem. It is certain that the prodigals at the beginning of the sentence wasted their property by means of three body parts (manu ventre pene). Problematic, however, are the three types of wastrel that immediately precede the body parts, printed in most editions as inpudicus adulter ganeo. Because of the imprecise correspondence between these characters and the body parts, a number of remedies have been proposed, ranging from various emendations that create a more straightforward chiastic structure to complete deletion of inpudicus adulter ganeo as glosses. This paper proposes to shed light on the passage by examining the Greek models that Sallust imitated in constructing it: Theopompus’ description of Philip’s courtiers in Macedon and a passage of invective by the orator Lycurgus. It is concluded that emendation, rather than radical truncation, is the best remedy.
Mitochondrial uniformity in populations of the treefrog Hyla molleri across the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Pablo González de la Vega Juan , Donaire David , Galán Pedro , Barth Adriane , Vences Miguel , Pabijan Maciej
Published: January 2012

Based on DNA sequences of fragments of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes we provide a first assessment of genetic variability of Iberian treefrog populations that have been historically allocated to Hyla arborea, partly as subspecies H. a. molleri. Our data from 147 specimens and 33 populations confirm strong divergence between these frogs and Central European H. arborea but relatively low differentiation across their range, supporting their status as a separate species, H. molleri. Preliminary phylogeographic data indicate a possible weak genetic differentiation of populations from the northern coast of the region of Galicia. We suggest inclusion of nuclear markers and an extension of the sampling into the coastal regions of Asturias and Cantabria, as well as the identification of the contact zone between H. molleri and H. arborea in either the Spanish Basque country or in France, as priorities for future research on this species.
Body condition and head size in snakes
Authors: Madsen Thomas
Published: January 2012

On several occasions during my many years of working with various snake species, I observed a significant positive relationship between body condition and head size (the former calculated from residual scores from a general linear regression of ln-transformed mass on ln-transformed snout-vent length). Based on results from my long-term study of water pythons (Liasis fuscus) this relationship is, however, most likely caused by a condition-dependent bias when recording snake snout-vent length (SVL). Water pythons in good condition were recorded as being "shorter" and hence having relatively larger head size, whereas snakes in poor condition were recorded as being "longer" with concomitant smaller head relative head size. Such a systematic bias may lead to spurious conclusions concerning the adaptive significance of the relationship between snake body condition and head size.
The Johannine Son of Man and the Historical Jesus: Shall Ever the Twain Meet? John 9.35 as a Test Case
Authors: Reynolds Benjamin E.
Published: January 2012

Scholarship has largely rejected the relevance of the Johannine Son of Man sayings as a source for solving the Son of Man debate. The suspicion of Jesus' words in John is the obvious reason for this rejection. Jn 9.35 presents an interesting test case for rethinking the authenticity of the Son of Man sayings in John. An examination of this saying reveals that it is discontinuous with early Christianity, Second Temple Judaism, and confessions of faith in John's Gospel. The combination of these factors suggests the possibility that the saying may have come from the lips of the historical Jesus.
Single Aircraft Integration of Remote Sensing and In Situ Sampling for the Study of Cloud Microphysics and Dynamics
Authors: Wang Zhien , French Jeffrey , Vali Gabor , Wechsler Perry , Haimov Samuel , Rodi Alfred , Deng Min , Leon Dave , Snider Jeff , Peng Liran , Pazmany Andrew L.
Published: January 2012

Clouds are a critical component of the Earth's coupled water and energy cycles. Poor understanding of cloud–radiation–dynamics feedbacks results in large uncertainties in forecasting human-induced climate changes. Better understanding of cloud microphysical and dynamical processes is critical to improving cloud parameterizations in climate models as well as in cloud-resolving models. Airborne in situ and remote sensing can make critical contributions to progress. Here, a new integrated cloud observation capability developed for the University of Wyoming King Air is described. The suite of instruments includes the Wyoming Cloud Lidar, a 183- GHz microwave radiometer, the Wyoming Cloud Radar, and in situ probes. Combined use of these remote sensor measurements yields more complete descriptions of the vertical structure of cloud microphysical properties and of cloud-scale dynamics than that attainable through ground-based remote sensing or in situ sampling alone. Together with detailed in situ data on aerosols, hydrometeors, water vapor, thermodynamic, and air motion parameters, an advanced observational capability was created to study cloud-scale processes from a single aircraft. The Wyoming Airborne Integrated Cloud Observation (WAICO) experiment was conducted to demonstrate these new capabilities and examples are presented to illustrate the results obtained.
Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Goal Attainment After Initiating Lipid-Modifying Therapy
Authors: Khovidhunkit Weerapan , Silaruks Songkwan , Chaithiraphan Vithaya , Ongphiphadhanakul Boonsong , Sritara Piyamitr , Nimitphong Hataikarn , Benjanuwattra Thanawat , Ambegaonkar Baishali M.
Published: January 2012

Previous studies focused on attaining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals after lipid-modifying therapy (LMT), but data on achieving normal levels of triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are limited. We reviewed medical records of patients initiated on LMT. High risk was defined as patients with coronary heart disease, diabetes, or 10-year Framingham risk >20%. Among 806 patients enrolled, 429 were at high risk. Prior to initiation of LMT, 66%, 35%, and 44% overall and 69%, 35%, and 45% in the high-risk group had elevated LDL-C, elevated triglyceride, and low HDL-C, respectively. After 12 months of LMT, 21%, 32%, and 39% overall and 26%, 25%, and 43% in the high-risk group still had elevated LDL-C, elevated triglyceride, and low HDL-C, respectively. Approximately 1 of 5 patients continued to experience elevated LDL-C coupled with elevated triglyceride and/or low HDL-C. In conclusion, a substantial proportion of patients initiated on LMT continued to have lipid abnormalities.
Ethnic Minority Psychological Associations
Authors: Delgado-Romero Edward A. , Forrest Linda , Lau Michael Y.
Published: January 2012

This article provides the introduction, background and rationale for the Major Contribution focused on five national ethnic minority psychological associations: the Asian American Psychological Association, The Association of Black Psychologists, the National Latina/o Psychological Association, the Society of Indian Psychologists, and the Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues (Division 45 of the American Psychological Association). The first five articles focus on each of the five major ethnic minority psychological associations and their relationship to the specialty of counseling psychology in general and, more specifically, to the largest professional organization of counseling psychologists, the Society of Counseling Psychology, Division 17 of the American Psychological Association. In the final article, we summarize general trends and make recommendations. In this introductory article, we (a) describe our rationale for the Major Contribution, (b) provide a brief history of counseling psychology’s growing commitment to an inclusive multicultural psychology, and (c) conclude with a brief description of the articles and authors included in the Major Contribution.
Study on student health literacy gained through health education in elementary and middle schools in China
Authors: Yu Xiaoming , Yang Tubao , Wang Shumei , Zhang Xin
Published: January 2012

Background: Health education in primary and middle schools in China has been implemented for more than two decades since 1990s. This study aims to assess the students’ health literacy gained through school health education, and provide scientific base to the concerned government agencies for updating the relevant national policy for school-based health education.

Methods: The study was conducted through cross-sectional multi-stage cluster-stratified sampling survey in 77 elementary and 76 middle schools in 24 project provinces and two municipal cities in China. A self-administered questionnaire was developed. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficient. A descriptive analysis was used to summarize the outcome.

Results: The survey covered 8,008 subjects (4,011 from elementary and 3,997 from middle schools). The correct answer given on the majority of health knowledge was higher than 60% among the surveyed subjects. However, it was found that there were differences on student knowledge and practices from regions and economic levels; and the healthy personal behaviours between elementary and middle school students varied. Positive correlations between knowledge and practices, knowledge and attitudes were observed among subjects.

Conclusions: Health literacy of the primary and middle school children in China was found to be limited and unbalanced. Thus school-based health education should be enhanced and the national guidelines for school health education and curriculum framework should be updated.
The inclusion of parents or carers in the consultation process of developing health-promotion activities in the Australian context
Authors: Bennett Paul , Gladman Justin
Published: January 2012

Objective:

Patterns of health behaviour and lifestyle established in childhood carry on into adulthood. Parents and carers have strong influences on the establishment of these patterns. Despite such influences, parents and carers are often omitted from the planning process in health-promotion and early intervention activities. This paper examines the literature to quantify the amount of consultation that occurs.

Method:

A systemic review of the available literature was conducted of papers published in English between 1998 and 2008 using OVID, Medline, CIAP, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, INFORMET and PubMed databases. The search was not limited to age; however, some papers indicted that their research were restricted to children over the age of five.

Results:

Three hundred and thirty one articles were retrieved of which 32 met the inclusion criteria. It was found that parents and carers are reliable and accurate reporters of the objective components of their child’s health, such as physical functioning, but unreliable when it comes to subjective components including pain and emotional psychosocial functioning of their children. However, parents and carers are often omitted or at best superficially included in the development of health-promotion and early intervention programmes in Australia.

Conclusions:

The lack of consultation with parents and carers in health-promotion and early interventions programmes by policy makers, programme developers and health advocates results in decreased consumer ownership, dissatisfaction with service delivery and creates barriers to engagement. Without adequate and appropriate engagement of parents and carers, early interventions and health-promotion programmes will result in superficial and short-term health outcomes.