bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing options for pair housing rhesus macaques using behavioral welfare measures
Authors: Baker Kate C. , Bloomsmith Mollie A. , Oettinger Brooke , Neu Kimberly , Griffis Caroline , Schoof Valérie A. M.
Published: October 2013

In a biomedical research environment, research or management procedures may render continuous full contact pairing of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) unfeasible. This study aimed to determine whether separation on a frequent basis or housing in adjacent cages with tactile contact interferes with the behavioral benefits of continuous full contact. Behavioral data (1260 hours) were collected from 32 adult females and 16 adult males housed at two National Primate Research Centers. Subjects were studied in four housing conditions: single housing, full contact pair housing, intermittent contact pair housing, and protected contact housing. After introduction, each pair was housed in each of the three social housing conditions in varying order. Among females, but not males, introducing animals into full and intermittent contact reduced levels of abnormal behavior. There was a trend toward this reduction in protected contact. In both females and males, full and intermittent contact was associated with lower levels of anxiety‐related behavior, but protected contact was not. Females spent more time inactive in protected contact than either full or intermittent contact, and males showed a trend toward less inactivity following introduction into full contact. Both sexes showed less affiliation in protected contact compared to the other forms of social housing. Agonistic behavior among females was not affected by housing condition; among males, levels were equivalent in full and intermittent contact but were higher in intermittent than protected contact. Frequent separation of pairs does not appear to detract from the behavioral benefits of pair housing. Separation by a barrier permitting tactile contact is inferior to other forms of social housing but showed modest improvements over single housing nonetheless. This study can guide the provision of social contact to rhesus macaques under conditions restricting pairs from continuous full contact. Am. J. Primatol. 76:30–42, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geographic origins and dietary transitions during the bronze age in the oman peninsula
Authors: Gregoricka Lesley A.
Published: October 2013

The nature of the Bronze Age transition from the Umm an‐Nar (ca. 2700–2000 BC) to the Wadi Suq (ca. 2000–1300 BC) period in the Oman Peninsula has been highly debated by archaeologists, with some characterizing the latter as a time of cultural isolation, social collapse, and/or population replacement following the successful involvement of the area in widespread interregional exchange networks across Arabia and South Asia. The hypothesis that a substantial change in residential mobility, immigration, and diet took place in response to considerable societal changes as reflected by the archaeological record was tested using stable oxygen and carbon isotope analysis. Archaeological human dental enamel from individuals interred in six Umm an‐Nar (n = 100) and seven Wadi Suq (n = 16) communal tombs in the United Arab Emirates was used. Oxygen isotope data reveal largely homogeneous ratios indicative of a predominantly local population that acquired water from isotopically similar sources, although the presence of immigrants during both periods suggests that the region was not as isolated as previously held. Carbon isotope data exhibit a substantial temporal shift from an extremely varied to a more restricted diet, demonstrating that while considerable changes in subsistence strategies and social organization took place in the early second millennium BC, population continuity and sustained (although lessened) participation in pan‐Gulf trade systems best characterizes this regional transformation. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:353–369, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
COX‐2 overexpression in sinonasal inverted papilloma
Authors: Suh Jeffrey D. , Palma‐Diaz Fernando , Bhuta Sunita , Wang Marilene B.
Published: October 2013

Background

Inverted papilloma (IP) is a benign, but locally aggressive neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The mainstay of treatment of IP is surgical resection, but high rates of tumor recurrence have been reported. Cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) has been found to be overexpressed in many tumors and has been used successfully as a therapeutic target. The goal of this study is to highlight COX‐2 expression in IP.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry for COX‐2 was performed on IP samples obtained during surgical resection between January 2012 and June 2013. The intensity of staining was evaluated by 2 head and neck pathologists blinded to the clinical features and outcomes. A positive stain was defined as having 10% or more of tumor cells exhibiting immunoreactivity.

Results

The study includes 13 tumor samples from 7 females and 6 males. Mean age was 54.5 (range, 18–81) years. Tumor locations included: nasal septum (1), ethmoid (3), sphenoid (4), and maxillary (5) sinuses. No tumors demonstrated malignancy or dysplasia. Five (38%) of the 13 IP samples stained strongly positive for COX‐2, and 3 of 13 (23%) stained weakly positive. There were no clinical differences in patients that stained strongly or weakly for COX‐2.

Conclusion

COX‐2 overexpression was identified in 62% of cases of IP in this study, and strongly positive in 38% of cases. Larger studies are necessary to identify the true incidence of COX‐2 expression for this tumor. Pharmaceuticals targeting COX‐2 may eventually provide an additional therapeutic option for select cases of recurrent or unresectable IP.
Interferon gamma causes olfactory dysfunction without concomitant neuroepithelial damage
Authors: Pozharskaya Tatyana , Lane Andrew P.
Published: October 2013

Background

Olfactory loss is a debilitating symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The pathophysiology of inflammatory olfactory dysfunction likely involves both conductive and sensorineural components. To study the interaction of CRS‐associated inflammatory cytokines with the olfactory epithelium (OE), a transgenic mouse model was developed that allows temporally‐controlled local gene expression. Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) is a prototypical T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine linked to nonpolypoid CRS (CRSsNP), as well as sinonasal viral and bacterial infections. In this study, the effects of chronic IFN‐γ expression on olfactory histology and function were investigated.

Methods

IFN‐γ secretion by olfactory sustentacular cells was induced in the transgenic mouse. Viability and gross behavior were unaffected. Mice were euthanized after 6 weeks of IFN‐γ expression, and olfactory tissue was studied by histology, immunohistochemistry, and electro‐olfactography (EOG). Findings were compared with uninduced littermates.

Results

IFN‐γ expression did not result in alteration of the normal histologic architecture of the neuroepithelium or lamina propria. However, EOG recordings demonstrated a significant decrease in odorant responses after IFN‐γ expression. In addition, a marked increase in submucosal CD45‐positive cells was observed, the majority of which were CD3‐positive and CD4‐positive lymphocytes.

Conclusion

Chronic IFN‐γ expression in the mouse OE results in diminished odorant responsiveness, despite the absence of inflammatory tissue damage. This suggests a direct effect of IFN‐γ on olfactory neuron function that may underlie olfactory loss in CRSsNP or viral infections. The infiltration of submucosal lymphocytes raises the possibility that other downstream cytokines also contribute to olfactory dysfunction.
Übergangsmetallkatalysierte C‐C‐Kupplungen mit Ethylen im Labormaßstab
Authors: Saini Vaneet , Stokes Benjamin J. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: October 2013

Ethylen ist das (volumenbezogen) in größter Menge synthetisierte organische Molekül. Es lässt sich leicht in übergangsmetallkatalysierte C‐C‐Kupplungsreaktionen einbinden, und zwar durch migratorische Insertion in Alkylmetall‐Intermediate. Wegen der D2h‐Symmetrie des Ethylens kann die Insertion nur einen einzigen Verlauf nehmen, was die Nebenproduktbildung limitiert und die Produktanalyse außerordentlich vereinfacht. Wie in diesem Kurzaufsatz beschrieben wird, wird bei vielen C‐C‐Kupplungen das Ethylenmolekül (oder mehrere) bei Umgebungsdruck und ‐temperatur eingefügt. Auch sind viele Reaktionen bekannt, bei denen ein in geeigneter Weise substituiertes Alken in das Produkt eingeführt wird.
Selective hydroaminomethylation of olefins using simple and efficient Rh–phosphinite complex catalyst
Authors: Khan Shoeb R. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: October 2013

Hydroaminomethylation of various olefins with primary and secondary amines was carried out using a simple and efficient rhodium–phosphinite complex catalyst. The influence of various reaction parameters including the effects of temperature, pressure, catalyst loading, time and solvents has been investigated. The present protocol is general with wider substrate applicability for the synthesis of an important class of aliphatic amines and arylethylamines. High activity and selectivity for amines was achieved with a very good substrate/catalyst molar ratio (turnover number 2500) under mild reaction conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations of environmental stress cracking resistance of HDPE/EVA and LDPE/EVA blends
Authors: Chen Yang
Published: October 2013

HDPE/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinylacetate) (EVA) and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/EVA blends were tested and compared with respect to their environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) using the Bell‐telephone test. The time to failure in the ESCR test improves with increasing EVA content, and considerable improvements were produced for LDPE/EVA blends while small improvements were observed for HDPE/EVA blends. Thermal, rheological, mechanical, and morphological studies were conducted which established a quantitative relationship between morphological features and composition. Furthermore, the failed specimens were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy and fractographic methodology to investigate the failure mechanism for ESCR samples. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39880.
Sulfonated poly(styrene)s‐PBIOO® blend membranes: Thermo‐oxidative stability and conductivity
Authors: Kerres Jochen A. , Katzfuß Anika , Chromik Andreas , Atanasov Vladimir
Published: October 2013

Low‐cost polymers poly(styrene) and poly(α‐methylstyrene) have been sulfonated followed by blending with PBIOO® (30 wt % sulfonated ionomer, 70 wt % PBIOO). At this polymer ratio the sulfonated ionomer served as the macromolecular acidic cross‐linker which led to enhancement of the PBIOO stability. Both membrane types were treated with Fenton's Reagent to investigate their resistance to oxidation and radical attack. Indeed, the blend membranes showed enhanced stability in oxidative conditions compared to the pure PBIOO membranes. Furthermore, the sulfonated poly(α‐methylstyrene)‐PBIOO blend membrane showed less weight loss during and after Fenton's Test than the corresponding poly(styrene sulfonic acid)‐PBIOO membrane. Assuming all the characteristics of the blend membrane before and after the Fenton's Test, we concluded for a partial degradation of both sulfonated poly(styrene)s, whereas they remain in the blend membrane matrix due to the acid‐base crosslinking. Thus, since the sulfonated poly((α‐methyl)styrene)‐PBIOO blend membranes conserved their integrity even after Fenton's Test they can be regarded as potential low‐cost high‐T fuel cell membranes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39889.
Biomineralized polypropylene/CaCO3 composite nonwoven meshes for oil/water separation
Authors: Liao Ke , Ye Xiang‐Yu , Chen Peng‐Cheng , Xu Zhi‐Kang
Published: October 2013

Polypropylene/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composite nonwoven meshes were prepared on the basic principle of biomineralization by using a facile alternate soaking process (ASP) within 20 min. Negatively charged poly(acrylic acid) brushes, which can induce CaCO3 nucleation, were first tethered onto the fiber surface of polypropylene nonwoven meshes via UV‐induced graft polymerization. ASP procedure was followed to mineralize CaCO3 particles on the fiber surface and to form the composite nonwoven meshes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/attenuated total reflectance, field emission scanning electron microscope, equipped X‐ray spectroscope, and X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the prepared composite meshes. The mineral cover density increased with the ASP cycles, and it progressively increased for the relative content of calcite in the crystalline part of the mineral layer as well. Contact angle measurements indicate that the as‐prepared composite nonwoven meshes were endowed with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, thus they showed prominent application prospects in wastewater treatment and oil/water separation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39897.
Intercalated clay structures and amorphous behavior of solution cast and melt pressed poly(ethylene oxide)–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Choudhary Shobhna , Sengwa Ram Jeewan
Published: October 2013

The polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films consisted of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and sodium cations montmorillonite (MMT) clay were prepared by aqueous solution casting and direct melt press compounding techniques, whereas the films of PEO with trimethyl octadecyl ammonium cations organo‐modified montmorillonite (OMMT) clay were formed by melt pressed technique. The clay concentrations in the nanocomposites used are 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 wt % of the PEO weight. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of these nanocomposites were measured in the angular range (2θ) of 3.8–30°. The values of basal spacing d001 of MMT/OMMT, clay gallery width Wcg, d‐spacings of PEO crystal reflections d120 and d112, and their corresponding crystallite size L, and the peaks intensity I (counts) were determined for these nanocomposites. Results reveal that the nanocomposites have intercalated clay structures and the amount of intercalation increases with the increase of clay concentration. As compared to melt pressed PEO–MMT nanocomposites, the amount of clay intercalation is higher in aqueous solution cast nanocomposites. At 20 wt % MMT dispersion in PEO matrix, the solution cast PEO–MMT nanocomposite almost changes into amorphous phase. The melt press compounded PEO–OMMT films show more intercalation as compared to the PEO–MMT nanocomposites prepared by same technique. In melt pressed nanocomposites, the PEO crystalline phase significantly reduces when clay concentration exceeds 3 wt %, which is evidenced by the decrease in relative intensity of PEO principal crystalline peaks. The effect of interactions between the functional group (ethylene oxide) of PEO and layered sheets of clay on both the main crystalline peaks of PEO was separately analyzed using their XRD parameters in relation to structural conformations of these nanocomposites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39898.
Synthesis and proton conductivity studies of methacrylate/methacrylamide‐based azole functional novel polymer electrolytes
Authors: Sinirlioglu Deniz , Aslan Ayse , Muftuoglu Ali Ekrem , Bozkurt Ayhan
Published: October 2013

Anhydrous polymer electrolytes based on azole functional methacrylates and methacrylamides have been produced for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Poly(methacryloyl chloride) (PMAC) was prepared first by free‐radical polymerization of methacryloyl chloride, followed by side chain functionalization with 5‐aminotetrazole (ATet), 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ATri) and 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (Tri). Finally, the obtained polymers were doped with triflic acid (TA) at stoichometric ratios of 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 with respect to azole units, and the anhydrous polymer electrolytes were obtained. The membranes were characterized by FT‐IR, 13C‐NMR, and elemental analysis. Thermal behaviour of polymers was explored by TGA and DSC. The samples were thermally stable up to approximately 200 oC. Proton conductivity was measured by impedance spectroscopy. Trifilic acid doped poly(methacryloyl aminotetrazole) (PMAATet‐(TA)4), poly(methacryloyl‐3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) (PMA‐Tri‐(TA)4), and poly(methacryloyl‐1,2,4‐triazole) (PMA‐ATri‐(TA)4) showed maximum proton conductivities of 0.01 Scm−1, 0.02 Scm−1 and 8.7x10−4 Scm−1, respectively, at 150°C and anhydrous conditions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39915.
Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic antistatic polyurethane synthesized by in situ polymerization
Authors: Li Changbing , Che Rongsheng , Xiang Jun , Lei Jingxin , Zhou Changlin
Published: October 2013

Antistatic polyurethane (APU) is prepared by in situ polymerization of polyester glycol (PEL), 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 1,4‐butanediol (BDO), and antistatic agent (AA) formed by dissolving sodium salts in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Comprehensive properties of the APU are investigated by the FT‐IR, mechanical characterization, surface resistivity measurement, relative humidity (RH) study, and TGA, respectively. It is found that the surface resistivity of the APU can be effectively reduced to 109.15 Ω, showing a good antistatic property. Moreover, the APU maintains a low surface resistivity (∼109.43 Ω) at the RH of 0.1%, revealing a non‐RH‐sensitive capacity of the APU. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39921.
Investigation of the crystalline phase morphology of a β‐nucleated impact polypropylene copolymer
Authors: Motsoeneng Teboho S. , Luyt Adriaan S. , van Reenen Albert J.
Published: October 2013

This study covers the preparation and the characterization of β‐nucleated impact polypropylene copolymer (NA‐IPC). Calcium stearate (CaSt), as well as pimelic (Pim) and adipic (Adi) acids, were doped into IPC as mono‐ or bicomponent nucleating agents (NAs) at varying mass ratios. Possible chemical interactions between the NAs and with IPC, as well as the effect of the NAs on the crystallization behavior and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics, were investigated. DSC and XRD results revealed that IPC nucleated with Pim and Pim‐CaSt nucleants induced up to 90% β‐crystals, whereas Adi and Adi‐CaSt formed only about 17% β‐crystals. This was associated with the strong nucleation efficiency of Pim. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics showed that the crystallization of IPC and NA‐IPC followed a three‐dimensional growth with athermal nucleation mechanism. FTIR showed that none of the NAs chemically reacted with IPC, and the chemical structure of the polymer was thus intact during the treatment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39923.
New thermogelling poly(ether carbonate urethane)s based on pluronics F127 and poly(polytetrahydrofuran carbonate)
Authors: Loh Xian Jun , Gan Hui Xian , Wang Han , Tan Si Jie Elain , Neoh Kar Yee , Jean Tan Sze Sze , Diong Huey Fen , Kim Jae Jung , Sharon Lee Wei Ling , Fang Xiaotian , Cally Owh , Yap Shengqun Sean , Liong Ka Pei , Chan Kwok Hoe
Published: October 2013

Pluronics F127 or (PEG)99–(PPG)69–(PEG)99 (with PEG and PPG representing polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, respectively) was chemically modified by reacting with poly(polytetrahydrofuran carbonate) (PTHF) diol using a standard poly(urethane) reaction. The poly(F127/PTHF urethane)s showed lower critical gelation concentration as compared with Pluronics F127. The solution properties of these polymers were investigated at different temperatures using a hydrophobic dye probe. The thermodynamic variables associated with micelle formation were determined. This study uncovered valuable structure–property relationships affecting the micellization and gelation behavior. We tested these materials as potential ophthalmic delivery agents for the sustained release of natamycin for the treatment of eye infections. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39924.
Climatic attribution at the regional scale: a case study on the role of circulation patterns and external forcings
Authors: Pasini Antonello , Modugno Giancarlo
Published: October 2013

At the regional scale, enhanced climatic variability masks the role of external forcings. It has been shown that a consistent attribution of regional temperature behaviour can be achieved just by considering circulation patterns as driving elements. Here we address this question: is the role of external forcings completely hidden in the changes of circulation patterns (eventually induced by them), or is there evidence of a more direct role for these forcings? Performing a fully nonlinear analysis shows that a direct role for anthropogenic forcings can be detected also at this regional scale, while natural forcings do not seem to influence temperature behaviour.
Accuracy of distance‐based travel time decomposition in probe vehicle systems
Authors: Neumann Thorsten
Published: October 2013

Probe vehicle data (PVD) are commonly used for area‐wide measurements of travel time in road networks. In this context, travel times usually refer to fixed edges of an underlying (digital) map. That means measured travel times have to be transformed into so‐called link travel times first. This paper analyzes a common method being applied for solving this task (distance‐based travel time decomposition). It is shown that, in general, its inherent imprecision must not be neglected. Instead, it might cause a serious misinterpretation of data if potential errors in the context of travel time decomposition are ignored. For this purpose, systematic as well as maximum deviations between “decomposed” and “true” link travel times are mathematically analyzed. By that, divergent statements in the literature about the accuracy of PVD are harmonized. Moreover, conditions for the applicability of the so‐called distance‐proportion method are derived depending on the permitted error level. Three examples ranging from pure theory to real world confirm the analytical findings and underline the problems resulting from distance‐based travel time decomposition at local level, for example, at individual intersections. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grenzen des Carbon Footprint für die Bewertung des ökologischen Bauens
Authors: Ströbele Benjamin
Published: October 2013

Im Kontext aktueller Bemühungen um eine einheitliche Normierung zur Bestimmung des Carbon Footprint beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit dessen Eignung für die Bewertung des ökologischen Bauens. Der Carbon Footprint stellt eine Ökobilanz dar, welche ausschließlich die Wirkungskategorie Treibhauspotential erfasst. Es werden Methoden aufgezeigt und angewendet, mit denen die ökologische und volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Wirkungskategorie Treibhauspotential im Vergleich zu anderen Wirkungskategorien einer Ökobilanz dargestellt werden kann. Ergänzend werden die Auswirkungen einer eindimensionalen Betrachtung durch den Carbon Footprint anhand eines beispielhaften Wohngebäudes aufgezeigt. Es erfolgen Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf die Angemessenheit, den Carbon Footprint als Leitindikator zu sehen, und über dessen Richtungssicherheit.

Limits of the carbon footprint for the assessment of ecological construction. In the context of current efforts to achieve a uniform standardization to determine the carbon footprint this article deals with its suitability for the assessment of ecological construction. The carbon footprint represents an LCA, which only covers the impact category global warming potential. Methods are described and used to demonstrate the ecological and macroeconomic importance of the impact category global warming potential compared to other impact categories of LCA. In addition, the impacts of a one‐dimensional consideration by the carbon footprint are illustrated by an exemplary residential building. Statements are made in relation to the adequacy of the carbon footprint as a headline indicator and its reliability.
Die Entwicklung eines mineralischen Feuchtespeicher‐Grundputzes
Authors: Stahl Thomas , Vonbank Roger , Holzer Michael
Published: October 2013

Im folgenden Aufsatz wird die Entwicklung eines Feuchtespeicherputzes auf mineralischer Basis beschrieben. Im Rahmen eines schweizerischen Forschungsprojekts zur Restaurierung von historischen Gebäuden wurden unterschiedliche, als feuchtespeichernd bekannte Putze nach dem Nordtestverfahren untersucht. Durch die anschließende Neuentwicklung konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich der optimierte Feuchtespeicherputz von heutigen, marktgängigen Produkten durch eine bis zu 9‐fache Feuchteaufnahme auszeichnet. Die Forschungsergebnisse erlauben nun eine gezielte Veränderung der Feuchtespeichereigenschaften und somit des Raumklimas von Alt‐ und Neubauten auf einfachem Wege durch die Verwendung entsprechender mineralischer Putzsystemkombinationen.

The development of a mineral based moisture buffering render. As part of a swiss research project dealing with refurbishment of historic buildings, different moisture‐storing renders were investigated according to the Nordictest method. By the subsequent new development it was shown that the moisture uptake of the optimized moisture buffering render is up to nine times higher than that of today`s products available in the market. The result of the research works enables a targeted modification of the moisture buffering properties and therefore of the indoor climate of old and new buildings on a simple way using appropriate mineral render system combinations.
Historische hölzerne Dachtragwerke im Raum Graz – Methodik zur Zustandsbeurteilung
Authors: Meisel Andreas , Silly Gregor , Moosbrugger Thomas , Ferk Heinz J. , Schickhofer Gerhard
Published: October 2013

Dieser Beitrag behandelt die zeitlichen, tragfähigkeitsrelevanten Einflüsse auf die Tragsicherheit historischer Dachwerke aus Holz sowie deren Schadenserfassung und Schadensanalyse. Darauf aufbauend wird eine für den Raum Graz entwickelte Methodik für eine nachvollziehbare und dokumentierbare Zustandsbeurteilung von Dachtragwerken dargestellt und anhand von Beispielen illustriert. Das Bewertungsschema ist nicht ohne Weiteres auf andere Bauwerke/Bauwerkstypen übertragbar.

Historic roof structures made of timber in Graz – methodology for site evaluation

This contribution deals with the influences of time and those relevant to bearing capacity on the reliability of historic timber roof structures. Furthermore the evaluation as well as damage analysis of historic roof structures are discussed. Based on this an easily comprehensible and documentable methodology temporarily only for roof structures in the area of Graz is presented and illustrated with examples.
Anforderungen an die Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit von Straßenbauwerken
Authors: C̆adez̆ Ivan , Hofmann Sascha
Published: October 2013

Zur Bestimmung der Nachhaltigkeit von Infrastrukturprojekten existieren in der Praxis bislang nur vereinzelte Bewertungssysteme, wie das US–amerikanische ENVISION‐Rating‐System oder das britische CEEQUAL‐Assessment‐Scheme. Diese basieren auf für alle Infrastrukturmaßnahmen allgemein anwendbaren Kriterien und ermöglichen dem Anwender somit keine bauwerks‐ oder funktionsspezifische Nachhaltigkeitsbetrachtung. Für eine ganzheitliche und lebenszyklusumfassende Bewertung von Verkehrsbauwerken sind jedoch insbesondere eine Differenzierung hinsichtlich der Bauwerksart (z. B. Straßen, Tunnel, Brücken) sowie die Definition spezifischer Zielkriterien für die drei Dimensionen der Nachhaltigkeit erforderlich. Allgemeine Kriterien müssen dabei um funktionsspezifische Indikatoren der jeweiligen Bauwerksklasse ergänzt werden, um die Besonderheiten in Planung, Bau und Betrieb über den Lebenszyklus des Bauwerks bewerten zu können. Als Ergebnis dieses Beitrags wird ein modularer Bewertungsansatz für Straßenbauwerke vorgestellt. Weiterhin werden erforderliche Systemgrenzen sowie spezifische Zielkriterien für die Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit von Verkehrsinfrastrukturprojekten am Beispiel von Straßenbauwerken aufgezeigt.

Sustainability assessment scheme for transport infrastructure projects

In this article system boundaries for the development of a sustainability assessment scheme of transport infrastructure projects are discussed. Existing assessment methods as the ENVISION Rating System launched by the Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure (ISI) and the Harvard Graduate School of Design or the UK‐based CEEQUAL Assessment Scheme base upon on general criteria which avoid a holistic sustainability evaluation. Hence, it is necessary to define specific criteria including particular requirements for each infrastructure construction type. This has to be carried out for each of the three sustainability dimensions. Especially for transport infrastructure projects sustainability requirements must be evaluated over the projects life cycle. As the result of the study a new modular assessment scheme for highways as a part of transport infrastructure projects is presented. In addition several new specific evaluation criteria for highways are introduced and explained.
Eisenbahntunnel Liefkenshoek in Antwerpen
Authors: Brux Gunther
Published: October 2013

Im Seehafen Antwerpen wurde der rund 6 km lange Liefkenshoek‐Tunnel mit zwei eingleisigen Röhren zum Verbinden der beiden Ufer der Schelde gebaut, womit ab 2014 die bestehende Fahrstrecke für täglich über 100 Güterzüge um 22 km kürzer wird. Die Tunnelvortriebe mit Unterquerung der Schelde und des Kanaldocks sind beendet und mit den Ausbauarbeiten ist begonnen worden.
Großbrände in Stahlbeton‐Straßentunneln
Authors: Schmidt Jörg , Bergerhausen Ulrich , Dehn Frank
Published: October 2013

Tunnel sind bedeutende Infrastrukturbauwerke. Die Beurteilung der Folgen von Brandereignissen in Tunneln ist daher auch von außerordentlicher volkswirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Ein solches Brandereignis stellt z.B. der Brand eines mit Benzin beladenen Tanklastzugs dar. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens für die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) wurden verschiedene Szenarien für diesen Extremfall mit unterschiedlichen Energiefreisetzungsraten und deren Einfluss auf die Tunneltragsicherheit mittels numerischer Strömungssimulationen und Finite‐Elemente‐Berechnungen untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass selbst Brandszenarien mit Flüssigkeitslachenbränden von bis zu 28 t Benzin durch die ZTV‐ING‐Temperatur‐Zeit‐Kurve abgedeckt werden können. Der folgende Beitrag fasst die wesentlichsten Ergebnisse zusammen.

Fires in reinforced concrete road tunnels – temperature loads, temperature distribution and concrete spalling

Tunnels are important infrastructure constructions. The assessment of the effects of fire events is therefore also of major economic importance. The fire of a tank truck loaded with gasoline represents such a fire event. Part of a research project for the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) examined different scenarios for an extreme case, different rates of energy release and their influence on the tunnel safety by means of CFD and FEM simulations. It could be shown that even fire scenarios with liquid laugh burns up to 28t petrol can be covered by the ZTV‐ING temperature time curve. The following article summarizes the most important results.
Textilbeton – Grundlegende Untersuchungen im Überblick
Authors: Lorenz Enrico , Schütze Elisabeth , Schladitz Frank , Curbach Manfred
Published: October 2013

Mit der zunehmenden Verbreitung des Textilbetons wird die Standardisierung von Versuchen zur Ermittlung der Materialkennwerte immer bedeutsamer. Im Rahmen der Grundlagenforschung sowie in Praxisprojekten und Verfahren zur Erteilung zahlreicher Zustimmungen im Einzelfall (ZiE) bzw. zur Erlangung einer allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung (abZ) haben sich wesentliche Kennwerte inklusive der zugehörigen experimentellen Untersuchungen herauskristallisiert. Die Veröffentlichung gibt hierzu einen aktuellen Überblick.

Textile Reinforced Concrete – Overview of standard test methods

Due to the fact that textile reinforced concrete is applied increasingly often, the development of standardized testing methods for the determination of material data is steadily gaining importance. The significant data and the corresponding experimental tests have already crystallized in the course of basic research and in practice projects as well as during procedures for the granting of numerous approvals for individual cases or general technical approvals. This publication offers a current overview of this topic.
Einleitung großer Biegebeanspruchungen in Plattentragwerke
Authors: Fastabend Michael , Buschmeyer Wilhelm , Schäfers Tobias
Published: October 2013

Die konstruktive Durchbildung von Stahlbetonbauteilen ist entscheidend für deren Tragverhalten. So müssen zur Einleitung großer Biegebeanspruchungen im Plattentragwerk spezielle Bewehrungsführungen und entsprechende Modellbildungen angewandt werden. Nur durch geeignete und betongerechte Methoden zur Verankerungsverkürzung lassen sich die Beanspruchungen sicher anschließen.

Initiation of high bend loading in slab structures Explanatory notes for construction design

The construction design of reinforced concrete elements is essential for the load‐bearing behavior. For the initiation of high bending loads in slab structures special reinforced layouts and appropriate modeling is necessary. Only with suitable methods of anchoring reduction the loadings can be connected certainly.
cis‐Clerodane Diterpenes from the Liverwort Scapania ciliata
Authors: Liu Na , Zhu Rong‐Xiu , Wang Song , Zhang Jiao‐Zhen , Lin Zhao‐Min , Li Rui‐Juan , Lou Hong‐Xiang
Published: October 2013

Chemical investigation of the Chinese liverwort Scapania ciliata led to the isolation of four new cis‐clerodane lactones, named ciliatolides A–D (1–4, resp.), among which compound 1 was found to be a tetranorclerodanoid. Their structures were determined by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, and, in the case of compound 1, together with a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configurations were established by analysis of the CD spectra and by quantum‐chemical CD calculations. The cytotoxicities of compounds 1–4 were preliminarily tested against the PC3 and MCF‐7 cell lines.
N‐Acylated Alanine Methyl Esters (NAMEs) from Roseovarius tolerans, Structural Analogs of Quorum‐Sensing Autoinducers, N‐Acylhomoserine Lactones
Authors: Bruns Hilke , Thiel Verena , Voget Sonja , Patzelt Diana , Daniel Rolf , Wagner‐Döbler Irene , Schulz Stefan
Published: October 2013

The Roseobacter clade is one of the most important bacteria group living in the ocean. Liquid cultures of Roseovarius tolerans EL 164 were investigated for the production of autoinducers such as N‐acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and other secondary metabolites. The XAD extracts were analyzed by GC/MS. Two AHLs, Z7‐C14 : 1‐homoserine lactone (HSL) and C15 : 1‐HSL, were identified. Additionally, the extract contained five compounds with molecular‐ion peaks at m/z 104, 145, and 158, thus exhibiting mass spectra similar to those of AHLs with corresponding peaks at m/z 102, 143, and 156. Isolation of the main compound by column chromatography, NMR analysis, dimethyl disulfide derivatization for the determination of the location of the CC bond and finally synthesis of the compound with the proposed structure confirmed the compound to be (Z)‐N‐(hexadec‐9‐enoyl)alanine methyl ester. Four additional minor compounds were identified as C14 : 0‐, C15 : 0‐, C16 : 0‐, and C17 : 1‐N‐acylated alanine methyl esters (NAMEs). All NAMEs have not been described from natural sources before. A BLASTp search showed the presence of AHL‐producing luxI genes, but no homologous genes potentially responsible for the structurally closely related NAMEs were found. The involvement of the NAMEs in chemical communication processes of the bacteria is discussed.
Copolymerisation of Propylene Oxide and Carbon Dioxide by Dinuclear Cobalt Porphyrins
Authors: Anderson Carly E. , Vagin Sergei I. , Hammann Markus , Zimmermann Leander , Rieger Bernhard
Published: October 2013

Two dinuclear cobalt porphyrins comprising different structural tethering motifs at the porphyrin periphery were synthesised, along with a representative mononuclear cobalt porphyrin, and their catalytic activities tested towards carbon dioxide–propylene oxide copolymerisation in the presence of bis(triphenylphosphoranyl)ammonium chloride cocatalyst. The catalytic activities of the mononuclear and the bis‐para‐tethered dinuclear cobalt porphyrin with selective formation of poly(propylene carbonate) are largely comparable, showing no benefit of dinuclearity in contrast to the case of cobalt salen complexes and suggesting that polymer growth proceeds exclusively from one metal centre. The alternative bis‐ortho‐tethered porphyrin demonstrated considerably reduced activity, with dominant formation of cyclic propylene carbonate, as a result of hindered substrate approach at the metal centre. Time‐resolved UV/Vis spectroscopic studies suggested a general intolerance of the cobalt(III) porphyrin catalysts towards the copolymerisation conditions in the absence of carbon dioxide pressure, leading to catalytically inactive cobalt(II) species. In the presence of carbon dioxide, the bis‐ortho‐tethered catalyst showed the fastest deactivation, which is related to an unfavourable steric arrangement of the linker fragment, as was also confirmed by NMR spectroscopic measurements.
Escherichia coli/ADH‐A: An All‐Inclusive Catalyst for the Selective Biooxidation and Deracemisation of Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Paul Caroline E. , Lavandera Iván , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Kroutil Wolfgang , Gotor Vicente
Published: October 2013

The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regeneration system present in Escherichia coli cells was exploited for the oxidation and deracemisation of secondary alcohols with the overexpressed alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus ruber DSM 44541 (E. coli/ADH‐A). Thus, various racemic alcohols were selectively oxidised with lyophilised or resting E. coli/ADH‐A cells without need for an external cofactor or co‐substrate. The addition of these substrates to the E. coli/ADH‐A cells in buffer afforded the corresponding ketones and the remaining enantioenriched (R)‐alcohols. This methodology was used for the desymmetrisation of a meso‐diol and for the synthesis of the highly valuable raspberry ketone. Moreover, a biocatalytic concurrent process was developed with the resting cells of E. coli/ADH‐A, ADH from Lactobacillus brevis, and glucose dehydrogenase for the deracemisation of various secondary alcohols, which afforded the desired enantiopure alcohols in more than 99 % ee starting from the racemic mixture. The reaction time of deracemisation of 1‐phenylethanol was estimated to be less than 30 min. The stereoinversion of (S)‐1‐phenylethanol to its pure (R)‐enantiomer was also achieved, which provided a biocatalytic alternative to the chemical Mitsunobu inversion reaction.
Support‐Induced Oxidation State of Catalytic Ru Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanofibers that were Doped with Heteroatoms (O, N) for the Decomposition of NH3
Authors: Marco Yanila , Roldán Laura , Armenise Sabino , García‐Bordejé Enrique
Published: October 2013

Ru nanoparticles were supported on monoliths that were coated with variously functionalized carbon nanofibers (CNFs), that is, un‐doped CNFs, CNFs that had been post‐treated with H2O2, and CNFs that had been doped with nitrogen during their growth. The Ru uptake (by equilibrium adsorption) onto N‐doped CNFs was larger compared to that on their un‐doped and O‐doped counterparts. The functionalization of the CNF support did not play a significant role in determining the size of the deposited Ru nanoparticles, but it substantially impacted on the sintering under the reaction conditions and on the electron density of the reduced metal. Among the catalysts on the different CNF supports, Ru on N‐CNF exhibited the highest H2 productivity from ammonia decomposition, which pointed to electronic effects that were induced by functionalization of the support.
Chemoselective Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Pd on Spherical Carbon
Authors: Esaki Hiroyoshi , Hattori Tomohiro , Tsubone Aya , Mibayashi Satoko , Sakata Takao , Sawama Yoshinari , Monguchi Yasunari , Yasuda Hidehiro , Nosaka Kazuto , Sajiki Hironao
Published: October 2013

We have developed a highly chemoselective hydrogenation method using a novel palladium catalyst supported on spherical carbon (0.5 % Pd/SC). The 0.5 % Pd/SC exhibited a novel catalytic activity and could achieve the chemoselective hydrogenation of alkynes, alkenes, azides, nitro groups, and aliphatic O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) ethers without hydrogenolysis of benzyl esters, benzyl ethers, nitriles, aromatic ketones, N‐carbobenzyloxy (N‐Cbz) protective groups, and aromatic O‐TBS ethers.
Kinetics of Bioethanol Production Employing Mono‐ and Co‐Cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis
Authors: Dhabhai R. , Chaurasia S. P. , Singh K. , Dalai A. K.
Published: October 2013

The kinetics of bioethanol production using mono‐ and co‐cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis with glucose, xylose, and glucose‐xylose sugar mixtures were investigated. A MATLAB® program was formulated for simulation of experimental results in order to get predicted values of ethanol production and sugar consumption and for kinetic parameter estimation. Kinetic parameters implied less extent of substrate and/or product inhibition when the co‐culture scheme of immobilized S. cerevisiae and free P. stipitis was employed for fermentation of mixed sugars. In addition, a high ethanol yield was achieved by applying this co‐culture strategy to wheat straw hydrolysates.
A novel fusion approach based on induced ordered weighted averaging operators for chemometric data analysis
Authors: AlHichri Haikel , Bazi Yakoub , Alajlan Naif , Melgani Farid , Malek Salim , Yager Ronald R.
Published: October 2013

This paper proposes a novel approach for the estimation of spectroscopic data by combining the predictions of an ensemble of estimators using the induced ordered weighted averaging (IOWA) fusion operators. For ensemble generation, we use Gaussian process regression (GPR) and extreme learning machine (ELM) estimators associated with different kernels. To render the model selection issue of ELM as efficiently as in the GPR Bayesian estimation method, we develop an automatic solution based on the powerful differential evolution (DE) algorithm. During the fusion process, the IOWA operator needs two things: (1) an order‐inducing value; and (2) a way to determine its weights. For the order‐inducing value, we propose to use the residual of each estimated output value. Because we cannot compute the true residual, we explore the idea of estimating the residuals themselves by associating to each estimator of the ensemble a second estimator of the same kind called a residual estimator. To learn the weights associated with these nonlinear operators, the proposed method relies on the concept of prioritized aggregation, where we generate the weights directly from the estimated residuals. Experimental results obtained on three real spectroscopic datasets confirm the interesting capabilities of the proposed IOWA fusion method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Two Different Objectives of the Concepts of Ionic Radii
Authors: Liu Jian‐Biao , Schwarz W. H. Eugen , Li Jun
Published: October 2013

Experimentally and theoretically derived interatomic distances (D) and ionic radii (R) of more than a hundred monomeric (AX), dimeric (A2X2, ABXY), and crystalline ([AX]) alkali halide species (A=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; X=H, F, Cl, Br, I, At) have been analyzed. Chemists use the word “atomic radius” for two antithetic concepts. LetDCiEE′jj′be the “billion” of distancesibetween two adjacent atoms in the millions of known compounds C from a hundred different elements E in bonding statesj. The common chemical aim is partitioningDapproximately into incrementsREj+RE′j′. This can be achieved with a few (say <thousand) predictive constantsREj. An antipodal aim is specifying in hindsight an electron density feature in the “billion” of different bondsi, by partitioning them into “two billions” of exact bonded radii${R{{{\rm C}i\hfill \atop {\rm E}\hfill}}}$+${R{{{\rm C}i\hfill \atop {\rm E}{^\prime}\hfill}}}$. The constant incremental and the variable bonded radii concepts with the same generic name are useful in different fields of research. Different concepts should be well distinguished, since they have different meaning, different numerical values, and different purposes.
Local Spin Analysis and Chemical Bonding
Authors: Ramos‐Cordoba Eloy , Salvador Pedro , Reiher Markus
Published: October 2013

The electronic structure of main‐group diatomic molecules is discussed in the light of local spin analysis. A deep investigation into the origin of local spins and their coupling is presented. It is shown that the presence of significant local spins in bonded molecules flags deviations from the classical bonding prototypes. For the notorious example of the C2molecule, the local spin analysis indicates that its ground state has all ingredients to be categorized as a diradical.
Mirror‐Image Organometallic Osmium Arene Iminopyridine Halido Complexes Exhibit Similar Potent Anticancer Activity
Authors: Fu Ying , Soni Rina , Romero María J. , Pizarro Ana M. , Salassa Luca , Clarkson Guy J. , Hearn Jessica M. , Habtemariam Abraha , Wills Martin , Sadler Peter J.
Published: October 2013

Four chiral OsII arene anticancer complexes have been isolated by fractional crystallization. The two iodido complexes, (SOs,SC)‐[Os(η6‐p‐cym)(ImpyMe)I]PF6 (complex 2, (S)‐ImpyMe: N‐(2‐pyridylmethylene)‐(S)‐1‐phenylethylamine) and (ROs,RC)‐[Os(η6‐p‐cym)(ImpyMe)I]PF6 (complex 4, (R)‐ImpyMe: N‐(2‐pyridylmethylene)‐(R)‐1‐phenylethylamine), showed higher anticancer activity (lower IC50 values) towards A2780 human ovarian cancer cells than cisplatin and were more active than the two chlorido derivatives, (SOs,SC)‐[Os(η6‐p‐cym)(ImpyMe)Cl]PF6, 1, and (ROs,RC)‐[Os(η6‐p‐cym)(ImpyMe)Cl]PF6, 3. The two iodido complexes were evaluated in the National Cancer Institute 60‐cell‐line screen, by using the COMPARE algorithm. This showed that the two potent iodido complexes, 2 (NSC: D‐758116/1) and 4 (NSC: D‐758118/1), share surprisingly similar cancer cell selectivity patterns with the anti‐microtubule drug, vinblastine sulfate. However, no direct effect on tubulin polymerization was found for 2 and 4, an observation that appears to indicate a novel mechanism of action. In addition, complexes 2 and 4 demonstrated potential as transfer‐hydrogenation catalysts for imine reduction.
Chemical Etiology of Nucleic Acid Structure: The Pentulofuranosyl Oligonucleotide Systems: The (1′→3′)‐β‐L‐Ribulo, (4′→3′)‐α‐L‐Xylulo, and (1′→3′)‐α‐L‐Xylulo Nucleic Acids
Authors: Stoop Matthias , Meher Geeta , Karri Phaneendrasai , Krishnamurthy Ramanarayanan
Published: October 2013

Under potentially prebiotic scenarios, ribose (pentose), the component of RNA is formed in meager amounts, as opposed to ribulose and xylulose (pentuloses). Consequently, replacement of ribose in RNA, with pentulose sugars, gives rise to prospective oligonucleotide candidates that are potentially prebiotic structural variants of RNA that could be formed by the same type of chemical pathways that gave rise to RNA from ribose. The potentially natural alternative (1′→3′)‐ribulo oligonucleotides and (4′→3′)‐ and (1′→3′)‐xylulo oligonucleotides consisting of adenine and thymine were synthesized and found to exhibit no self‐pairing or cross‐pairing with RNA. This signifies that even though pentulose sugars may have been abundant in a prebiotic scenario, the pentulose nucleic acids (NAs), if and when formed, would not have been competitors of RNA, or interfered with the emergence of RNA as a functional informational system. The reason for the lack of base pairing in pentulose NA highlights the contrasting and central role played by the furanosyl ring in RNA and pentulose NA, enabling and optimizing the base pairing in RNA, while impeding it in pentulose NA.