bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracardiac thrombosis in the Cape Mountain Zebra
Authors: Bath G.F.
Published: August 2012

The Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) is one of the rarest species of mammals in South Africa, and is threatened with extinction. At present there are less than 200 in existence, of which approximately 160 occur in the Mountain Zebra National Park near Cradock. Because of the rarity of the species and the undesirable concentration of the majority in an area of only 6 536 ha, a post-mortem examination is performed, if possible, on all animals to establish cause of death with the purpose of preventing large-scale mortalities. This is done even if the carcass is in a fairly advanced state of decomposition. Amongst the examinations so performed were two zebra which were believed to have died as a result of intraventricular thrombosis. The rarity of this condition and of the Cape mountain zebra makes a report on these cases necessary.
Further records of smaller mammals from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Rautenbach I.L. , Nel J.A.J.
Published: August 2012

An earlier paper (Rautenbach 1971) summarized documented distributional data on the smaller mammals in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, Republic of South Africa. Since then continued field- work in this Park (e.g. Nel and Rautenbach in press) has yielded more information on the distribution of some previously recorded species,whilst other species have been recorded for the first time. Collecting hasbeen concentrated on two localities in the vicinity of Twee Rivieren, two near Nossob Camp, as well as at Dankbaar in the north-central portion of the Park.
Death due to volvulus in a white rhinoceros ceratotherium simum from the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Vos V.
Published: August 2012

Acute intestinal obstruction due to volvulus is described as the cause of death in an adult white rhinoceros cow. It is also pointed out that the gross anatomical features which predispose volvulus in the horse, are also present in the white rhinoceros and is considered to have some significance in the aetiology of the present case.
A scientific bibliography on the national parks of South Africa
Authors: Bryden Helena B. , De Vos V.
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this bibliography is to enable students, researchers and managers working within the national parks of South Africa or compareable areas, to locate references relevant to their work.
Key word index
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

Scientific bibliography on the national parks of South Africa
Mammals of the Uitenhage and Cradock districts C.P in recent times
Authors: Skead C. J.
Published: August 2012

Mammals of the Uitenhage and Cradock districts C.P in recent times
Inleidende verslag oor veldbrandnavorsing in die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin
Authors: Van der Schijff H. P.
Published: August 2012

Inleidende verslag oor veldbrandnavorsing in die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin
A short account of the reptiles of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Fitzsimons D.Sc., V. , Brain Ph.D., C. K.
Published: August 2012

A short account of the reptiles of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Aspects of animal ecology in the Kalahari
Authors: Bolwig Neils
Published: August 2012

Aspects of animal ecology in the Kalahari
A report on the bird life of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: De Villiers J. S.
Published: August 2012

A report on the bird life of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Notes on some small mammals in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, with special reference to those preyed upon by Barn Owls
Authors: Davis D. H. S.
Published: August 2012

This paper is published by permission of the Secretary for Health.
Mycobacteriosis in the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Vos V. , McCully R. M. , Van Niekerk C. A.W.J.
Published: August 2012

A fatal case of Mycobacteriosis in a free-ranging Impala Aepyceros Melampus from the Kruger National Park (KNP) is described. A description of the macro- and microscopical manifestations is given. This is the first report of Mycobacteriosis in the KNP and in the Impala. In a subsequent survey on 27 939 animals, which represents five different big game species from the KNP, negative results for mycobacteriosis were obtained. In the light of these findings it is conjectured that the one positive case in the Impala was incidental with the source of infection unknown. The possibility of it being due to the avian Tubercle Bacillus is, however, raised.
Technique for describing woody vegetation composition and structure in inventory type classification, ordination and animal habitat surveys
Authors: Coetzee B. J. , Gertenbach W. P.D.
Published: August 2012

Woody structure and composition is recorded to provide for calculating per species, stem growth form and height class: (a) canopy regime at different height levels; (b) total projected canopy cover; and (c) density. Quadrat size is determined independently at each site for each height class to suit the density and distribution of plants.
The riddle of fitzsimons' 'Tzitzikama Cave'
Authors: Robinson G. A.
Published: August 2012

Many archaeologists and anthropologists (Clark 1959; Woodhouse 1971) have referred to the interesting information and material obtained from collections along the Tsitsikama coast between Coldstream and Groot River, by F. W. FitzSimons, Director of the Port Elizabeth Museum (1906-1936). This area now falls within the boundaries of the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park, Republic of South Africa. A wealth of material including 23 human skeletons, were apparently collected from one rather large shelter which has, subsequently, become known in the literature as the 'Tzitzikama Cave' (Schauder 1963). The exact location of this cave has, however, never been established. Because of the importance of the material and knowing that it was with-in tlie boundaries of the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park, a search for the Tzitzikama Cave' was made.
Records of assassin bug species (reduviidae, heteroptera) reported biting man
Authors: Hartwig E.K.
Published: August 2012

In southern Africa Acanthaspis obscura Stal, Pirates conspurcatus Distant, Rhinocoris segmentarius (Germar) and Panto-feistes pnnceps Stal intlict painful bites on humans. Serious consequences can develop. This is unknown to the public in general. Adult A. obscura and P. conspurcatus are responsible for the greatest number of bites because they are positively phototropic. R, segmentarius is not attracted to light but is the most common local species. Bites happen accidentally and could largely be avoided if the bugs could be recognized. The first three species have a wide distribution. Various insects are preyed on. The R. segmentarius female can lay 358 fertile eggs in six batches over a period of 77 days without copulating once in this period. Adults are most active in mid-summer although found throughout the year. These three species are abundant in some years and scarce in others. Preventive measures include screening homes and decoy lights. Control involves spraying with carbaryl.
Woodlice (crustacea, isopoda, terrestria) recorded by the late K. H. Barnard from the Kruger National Park and its neighbourhood
Authors: Lawrence R.F.
Published: August 2012

This short paper represents a list of the woodlice known from the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, up to the present time, most of them having been collected by R. F. Lawrence in 1962 and 1963. Much more intensive collecting will eventually be carried out in the Park and until this has been done the list of Isopoda given here must of necessity be regarded as incomplete and of a temporary nature. The number of species living in the Park may eventually prove to amount to twice the number known at the present time but in the meanwhile the paper should serve a useful purpose for indicating the genera and families which can be looked for by future collectors.
Phrynomerus Annectens (Werner), a rare frog in the Augrabies Falls National Park
Authors: Pienaar U. de V.
Published: August 2012

During a visit (1977.01.28) to the Augrabies Falls National Park, Republic of South Africa, a heavy shower of rain brought relief to prevailing hot, dry conditions. A specimen of the rare South West African Red banded Frog Phrynomerus annectens (Werner) was collected that evening, on the lawn of the administration block.
The occurrence of the Aloe Bat Eptesicus Zuluensis in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Schlitter D.A. , Rautenbach I.L.
Published: August 2012

In the course of performing a systematic review of southern African species of the genus Eptesicus, the collection at Skukuza in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, was examined. This collection previously formed the basis of reports on the species of small mammals of the Park (Pienaar 1964, 1970 and 1972; Rautenbach 1975). This report is part of a continued active effort to increase the knowledge of the distribution of species of small mammals within the boundaries of the Park.
Chromosome analysis in the Kruger National Park - the chromosomes of the saddle-backed jackal Canis Mesomelas
Authors: Wallace C.
Published: August 2012

Among the present-day members of the Canidae family are included the dogs and foxes (Wurster and Benirschke 1968). The genus Canis is represented in Africa by four species of jackal (Bigaike 1972). This paper presents the chromosome Findings in a male saddle-backed jackal Canis mesomelas studied in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa.
A phytosociological classification of the Hlane Wildlife Sanctuary, Swaziland
Authors: Gertenbach W.P.D. , Potgieter A.L.F.
Published: August 2012

A phytosociological classification of the vegetation of the Hiane Wildlife Sanctuary was undertaken, with special reference to the vegetation structure and the correlation between plant communities and the biotic and abiotic environment. This study contributes to the drafting of a management plan for the sanctuary.
The occurrence and distribution of Trox(coleoptera, trogidae) in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Scholtz C.H.
Published: August 2012

Eleven species of Trox are recorded from the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, and their distribution mapped. Six of these have a widespread distribution in the Ethiopian region. Elements of tropical northern (e.g. T. mutabilis Haat), eastern (e.g. T. unguicularis Haaf) and south west arid (e.g. T. zumpti Haaf) faunas in the Park are discussed. Trox radula damarinus Per. is re-established as a valid species on account of its distribution and the male genitalia.
The vocalizations and breeding behaviour of kassina senegalensis (anura, rhacophoridae) in summer breeding aggregations
Authors: Fleischack P.C. , Small C.P.
Published: August 2012

Two different call types are produced by male Kassina senegalensis (Dumeril and Bibron) in breeding aggregations. The most common of these is the mating call. A territorial call is also produced, and its production is dependent on the close proximity of other calling males. Mention is made of the ovipositional behaviour of this species.
Redescription of Placobdella Multistriata ( Johansson, 1909) (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)
Authors: Oosthuizen J. H
Published: August 2012

Study of a large number of specimens of Placobdella multistriata (Johansson, 1909) revealed the unsatisfactory nature of the information currently available on this leech. The reason is evidently the fact that previous workers had very limited and poorly prepared material at their disposal. In some instances, this even resulted in the description of non-existent species-taxa. In view of this unsound state of affairs, a redescription of P. multistriata is provided and evidence adduced for the amalgamation of Placobdella pulchra Moore, 1939, P. auroguttata Moore, 1939 and P. unita Moore, 1958 with P. multistriata.
Records of seven small mammal species (Insectivora, Chiroptera) new to the Kruger National Park
Authors: Rautenbach I. L , De Graaff G , Pienaar U De V
Published: August 2012

On a recent collecting expedition in the Kruger National Park, the occurrence of seven species of small mammals (one shrew and six bats) within the confines of this sanctuary was confirmed for the first time. One species (Pipistrellus rusticus) is reported for the first time from within the borders of the Transvaal, whereas another species (Myotis bocagei) is reported for the first time for the Republic of South Africa. The seven species are briefly discussed and the collections where the specimens have been accessioned are indicated.
Molerats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) in South African National Parks: notes on the Taxonomic "isolation" and Hystricomorph Affinities of the family
Authors: De Graaff G
Published: August 2012

The history of classification ofAfrotropical molerats is reviewed and an assessment is made of the supposed taxonomic "isolation" of the molerats (bathyergids) by considering morphological features in the skull, post-cranial skeleton, reproductive organs and myology which collectively point to hystricomorph affinities in contrast to a myomorph relationship which is often postulated.
Social organisation of the Cape Mountain Zebra Equus Z. Zebra in the Mountain Zebra National Park*
Authors: Penzhorn B. L
Published: August 2012

The social structure of Cape mountain zebras con- sists of breeding herds of one stallion, one to five mares and their offspring, as well as bachelor groups. Breeding herds remain stable over many years and when the stallion is displaced by another, the mares remain together. A dominance hierarchy exists, but leadership is random. Foals leave their maternal herds at a mean age of 22,3 months. The herd stallion tries to prevent the foals from leaving the herd. Bachelor groups are not as well defined as breeding herds, but core groups could be identified through a principal components analysis ordination. Family ties may be important in the establishment of core groups. Bachelors succeed in becoming herd stallions when about five years old. Aspects of the possible evolution of the social structure are discussed.
Notes on the mammal fauna of the Augrabies falls National Park AND surrounding areas, with special reference to regional zoogeographical implications
Authors: Rautenbach I. L , Schlitter Duane A , De Graaff G
Published: August 2012

An annotated checklist of the mammals recorded by direct or indirect means on or near the Augrabies Falls National Park, is provided. Speculations are offered as to which species have become locally extinct during historical times. The , Orange River as a faunal dispersal corridor and barrier, is considered. A numerical analysis to determine whether the Augra-

bies Falls district falls within the Namib or the South West Arid biotic zone, is discussed.
The use of horn sections to determine the age of Sable Hippotragus Niger
Authors: Grobler J. H
Published: August 2012

Age determination techniques were intensively investigated during a population dynamic study on sable Hippotragus niger (Grobler 1978 Population dynamics of sable in Rhodesia. D.Phil. Thesis, Univ. ofRhodesia).
A phytosociological reconnaissance of the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Van der Walt P. T
Published: August 2012

The vegetation of the Mountain Zebra National Park, situated within the Eastern Mixed Karooveld of the Republic of South Africa, was surveyed and analysed according to the Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method of sampling and synthesis. Brief discussions on the phytogeography of the Karoo and the physiography and climate of the Park are included. Three distinct major vegetation types are described floristically, physiognomically and ecologically. A vegetation map of the Park is provided.
The distribution, conservation status and factors affecting the survival of indigenous freshwater fishes in the Cape Province
Authors: Gaigher I. G , Hamman K.C.D , Thorne S.C
Published: August 2012

Fifteen of the 36 indigenous freshwater fishes of the Cape Province are endemic to this region and a further eight are endemic to the Republic of South Africa. A third of the species are listed in the South African Red Data Book - Fishes. The distribution and conservation status of each species, excluding eels, are described. The possible effect of environmental changes, such as farming and other forms of land use, exotics, mining, industrial development, human settlement and construction of dams, are discussed and conservation measures are proposed.
Productivity of Mountain Reedbugk Redunca Fulvorufula (Afzelius, 1815) at the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Skinner J. D
Published: August 2012

Eighty two adult mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvoru- fula were collected during four seasons, autumn, winter, spring and summer at the Mountain Zebra National Park mainly during 1975 and 1976. Body mass and carcass characteristics varied little with season, body mass varying from 24,0-35,5 kg for all buck shot and dressing percentage always exeeded 50. According to KFI animals were all in fair to good condition. Sixty four percent of all ewes were pregnant and 38,5 lactating. Females and males bred throughout the year but there was a peak in births during mid-summer. The species is highly productive, well adapted to the niche it occupies and lends itself to exploitation for meat production.
Body growth and age determination of the Sable Hippotragus Niger Niger (Harris, 1838)
Authors: Grobler J. H
Published: August 2012

Sable were studied in the Rhodes Matopos National Park in Zimbabwe from 1971@1978. This paper discusses aspects of body growth, both isometric and allometric, from the study. Also, age determination of the species from field observation, macroscopic analysis and microscopic examination of various tissues. Much of the data were taken from free-living and semi free-living known-age animals.
A note on feeding habits, Ectoparasites and measurements of the Black-Backed Jackal Canis Mesomelas from Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Hall-Martin A.J , Botha B. P
Published: August 2012

DsitSi from a small sample of black-backed jackals confined to the National Park indicated that they were opportunistic feeders taking various insects, molluscs, reptiles, birds, mammals and fruits as available. Raiding of ostrich Struthio camelus nests and the probable technique of egg-breaking is also recorded. Body measurements of these jackals fall with the range reported for this species in the Cape Province of South Africa. Observations on age indicate spring or early summer births.
Cub mortality in the Kalahari Lion Panthera Leo Vernayi (Roberts, 1948)
Authors: Eloff F. C
Published: August 2012

The extent and possible causes of cub mortality in the Kalahari lion are discussed. It is concluded that starvation is a major cause of death among cubs, largely due to the Kalahari lion's dependence on small mammals as a source of food. Other important mortality factors are abandonment of the cubs, dis- eases, the harsh desert environment and possibly predation.
The freshwater fishes of the middle and lower Orange river
Authors: Skelton P. H , Cambray J. A
Published: August 2012

The occurrence and distribution of freshwater fishes of the middle and lower Orange River in the Republic of South Africa is presented, based on a survey conducted in September 1980. Particular attention is paid to the Augrabies Falls region including the Augrabies Falls National Park. Comments on the distribution and conservation status of the fishes are given.
Occurrence of redwing Warbler Heliolais Erythroptera and some other observations from the Northern Kruger National Park
Authors: Milstein P Ie S , Milstein Davidine A
Published: August 2012

Some ornithological observations made during a brief visit to the unique Punda Maria @ Pafuri area of the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, include confirmation of the Redwing Warbler Heliolais erythroptera as an addition to the South African list, Forest Weaver Symplectes (Ploceus) bicolor and Bully Canary Serinus sulphuratus previously unrecorded from the Park, confirmation of the occurrence of Lesser Barred Warbler Camaroptera stierlingi, Purple- banded Sunbird Nectarinia bifasciata and Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis, and records involving the extended range or seasonal occur- rence of other bird species.
The influence of fire on populations of small mammals of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Kern N. G
Published: August 2012

A total of 16 000 trap-nights was employed over eleven months to examine the influence of burning on small mammal populations in two major veld-types of the Kruger National Park. Four burning treatments (control, annual August burning, triennial August and April burning) were examined in detail and the following parameters determined: small mammal species composition, population density, biomass and species diversity. The control treatment had a high, stable small mammal density, biomass and diversity; the annual burning treatment had a low diversity and was dominated by Tatera leucogaster. The triennial burning treatments showed a cycle of species composition from domination by T. leucogaster following burning, through domination by other rodent species to domination by Crocidura hirta at the end of the cycle. The distributions and movements of the small mammals can be explained in terms of cover and litter preferences.
Relationships between reproduction and environment in the Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Amphibius in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Smuts G. L , Whyte I. J
Published: August 2012

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius reproduction in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, is described and compared with that of other populations in Africa and with captive reared specimens. Information collected during drought and pluvial periods indicates that adult hippo cows react to adverse environmental conditions (reduced shelter in pools, overcrowding and food scarcity) by marked declines in conception rates (from 36,7 @ 5,6). Indirect evidence indicates that when environmental conditions are unfavourable calf survival is improved by extending the period of lactation and by calves suckling more than one cow. During favourable years some calves mature early (S S, 2 years, and 9 9 5 years) but generally sexual maturity is attained at six and 9-10 years for males and females respectively. The calving interval, when environmental conditions are favourable, is about two years and reproductive senescence and sterility are insignificant factors. The population sex ratio is 1:1. Hippos appear to be typical K-selected species. Environmental constraints have caused them to adopt a low reproductive rate and high survival rate and consequently a close adjustment to the long-term carrying capacity of the environment.
Another important Ichthyological find in the Kruger National Park (Protopterus Annectens Brieni)
Authors: Pienaar U De V
Published: August 2012

In a previous publication Pienaar (1978 The freshwater fishes of the Kruger National Park, Publ. National Parks Board) provides a systematic account and check-list of the freshwater fishes of the Kruger National Park (KNP), Republic of South Africa.
Demersal trawling in the nearshore region between Cape Seal and Klippen Point, Republic of South Africa, 1977-1979.
Authors: Crawford R. J. M
Published: August 2012

Annual landings of fishes trawled demersally in the vicinity of the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park increased by almost 75 between 1977 and 1979. Catches of sole Austroglossus pectoralis showed a large decrease over the same period, but catch rates for other species remained relatively constant suggesting that they have not yet been overexploited. Hake Merluccius capensis and horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus dominated the landings in all three years.
Notes on age determination, growth and measurements of Brown Hyaenas Hyaena Brunnea from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Mills M.G.L
Published: August 2012

Brown hyaenas were aged on the basis of tooth eruption and wear and five age-classes were recognised. Weights and seven different body measurements were recorded from 38 immobilised hyaenas. Full size is reached at the age of 30 months, but age-class 5 animals were significantly lighter than were animals from the other adult age-classes. This was probably due to the worn down premolars of old animals resulting in less efficient bone chewing. With a few puzzling exceptions the sizes of brown hyaenas from different parts of their distribution range are similar.
Age determination in Cape Mountain Zebras Equus Zebra Zebra in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Penzhorn B. L
Published: August 2012

The sizes of foals up to two years old can be used for age estimation in the field. Tooth eruption and replacement, which is similar to Hartmann and plains zebras, can be used for age estimation up to four years. No age classes based on tooth wear could be defined, due to the paucity of material. Infundibula in the incisors are retained to a greater age than in Hartmann or plains zebras. Cementum layer counts offer a reliable age determination method, at least up to 15 years.
First records of occurrence for two species of Bats in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Rautenbach I. L , Espie I. W
Published: August 2012

The Kruger National Park (KNP), Republic of South Africa, is one of the most intensively studied areas of Africa. Underlying the management practices for such a Park as well as broad-based ecological studies, is a thorough knowledge of the diversity and distribution of the fauna and flora under conservation.
Observations on the migration and habits of the Antelopes of the Kalahari Gemsbok Park - Part I
Authors: Eloff Prof. F. C.
Published: August 2012

Observations on the migration and habits of the Antelopes of the Kalahari Gemsbok Park - Part I
Observations on the migration and habits of the Antelopes of the Kalahari Gemsbok Park - Part II
Authors: Eloff Prof. F. C.
Published: August 2012

To follow up the observations made in the Kalahari Gemsbok Park in December, 1957, a second trip was made in June, 1958 on which the present report is based. It is intended mainly as a progress report, and a full discussion will be withheld at least until the four main seasonal periods have been covered.
A contribution to the study of the Coleoptera from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (Scarabaeidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae): I
Authors: Ferreira M. C.
Published: August 2012

From material collected by Dr. G. van Son (Transvaal Museum) at Twee Rivieren (Cape Province); 11-20th February, 1958, unless otherwise stated.
Die wildehond (Lycaon pictus)
Authors: Van der Merwe D.Sc. N. J.
Published: August 2012

Die wildehond (Lycaon pictus)
Die groot swartsprinkaanvoel (Ciconia nigra) (Linnaeus) in die Krugerwildtuin
Authors: Prozesky O.
Published: August 2012

Die groot swartsprinkaanvoel (Ciconia nigra) (Linnaeus) in die Krugerwildtuin
Adaptation of Crocidura Hirta Peters to variation in moisture conditions in Southern Africa
Authors: Meester J.
Published: August 2012

Adaptation of Crocidura Hirta Peters to variation in moisture conditions in Southern Africa
An annotated check list of the land mammal fauna of the West Coast National Park
Authors: Avery D.M. , Rautenbach I.L. , Randall R.M.
Published: August 2012

Some 4 000 Barn Owl pellets with small mammal remains have been collected over a period of nine years from two locations at the south end of the Langebaan lagoon. Two small samples of bones from archaeological sites on the Churchhaven peninsula provide evidence for past mammal occurrences. The remains of small mammals from the owl pellet collections provide an initial list of 18 species that occur within theWest Coast National Park. Subsequent conventional censusing by means of trapping and observational techniques to assess the small and large mammal species diversity of the area were conducted during 1989. This study documents the definite occurrence of 63 mammal species in the park, seven of which are exotics. The presence of a further five species requires confirmation. Interesting insight is gained into how direct censusing and owl pellet analyses augment each other in establishing the presence of small mammal taxa of an area.
Monitoring of sex and age ratios in ungulate populations of the Kruger National Park by ground survey
Authors: Mason D.R.
Published: August 2012

Objectives, techniques and problems of monitoring ungulate population structure and trends using standardised ground surveys as an adjunct to aerial counts are described and discussed in the light of experience gained over the past seven years. Because of ambiguities inherent in the interpretation of juvenile survival rates from data on age class distributions and until the accuracy and repeatability of the aerial counts in Kruger National Park have been assessed, a complementary approach to population monitoring using ground and aerial surveys is advocated.
The response of red duikers Cephalophus natalensis to drive counts
Authors: Rowland A.E.
Published: August 2012

The response of red duikers to drive counts conducted on three consecutive days was monitored. The disturbance level to the duiker community of this counting method is low, an it is unlikely to have any long-term effects. The red duiker flees rather than hides from the counting line, thereby increasing its chances of being counted.
Fish and other faunal remains from a Late Iron Age site on the Letaba River, Kruger National Park
Authors: Plug Ina , Skelton Paul
Published: August 2012

Fish remains from Late Iron Age sites in the Transvaal are relatively scarce. It seems as if the people did not utilize the riverine resources extensively. Therefore the unique assemblage of large numbers of fish bones on a Late Iron Age site, provides some insight into the fish population of a section of the Letaba River a few hundred years ago. The presence of other faunal remains provides some information on prehistoric utilization of the environment in general. Hunting strategies and aspects of herding can also be deduced from the faunal remains.
Population fluctuations and breeding of eland Taurotragus oryx in a western Transvaal nature reserve
Authors: Buys D. , Dott H.M.
Published: August 2012

The history of an eland population on the S A Lombard Nature Reserve in the western Transvaal is described. From a founder population of four eland in 1950 and 1951, the population grew to about 35 animals and was kept at this level through culling and translocation until 1976. During 1976 and 1977 unusual heavy rains were experienced and culling and removals were temporarily suspended. As a result the population increased unchecked and reached a peak of 81 in 1981. When climatic conditions returned to normal this was followed by a population crash in which 66 eland died over a period of three years. Calves are born throughout the year, but the majority of births occur during the period October to December, with a peak in November. The females have a high calving rate (90,9 ) and calf mortality is low (16,7 ).
Kalahari vegetation: veld condition trends and ecological status of species
Authors: Van Rooyen N. , Bredenkamp G.J. , Theron G.K.
Published: August 2012

Grazing intensity gradients were determined in the duneveld, river terrace and river bed habitats of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Under increased grazing, a species composition characterised mostly by annual forbs and grasses results. In all three habitats the relatively heavily grazed areas were closest to the watering points, although this was less evident in the river terrace and river bed habitats. Monitoring degradation at a watering point over the long term, produced results similar to those observed from a single sampling period. The identification of grazing gradients within homogeneous habitats, is a prerequisite for the classification of plant species into different categories. The allocation of a species to a category is based on the changes in frequency along this grazing gradient and this approach is more acceptable than the classification of species commonly used. The use of terminology such as Decreasers and Increasers is discussed.
Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa
Authors: Mills M.G.L.
Published: August 2012

The conservation management of large carnivores in Africa is reviewed. In large protected areas the complexity of the relations between predators and prey, and between competing predators, indicate that these relationships should not be disturbed, even though, superficially, there may seem to be sound reasons to do so. Management action, however, may have to be taken against carnivores that break out of reserves. The related questions of translocation and re-introduction are also complex. Guidelines for considering whether to and how to implement these strategies are presented. It is stressed that adequate follow-up observations should be made after translocating or re- introducing carnivores, so that more information on the success of these strategies can be obtained. Much of Africa comprises rural areas inhabited by pastoralists. It may be possible to manage some large carnivore species in these areas to the mutual benefit of man and beast, but for this type of program to be successful, a well planned public relations campaign is essential.
Long-term vegetation dynamics in the semi-arid Kalahari
Authors: Van Rooyen N. , Theron G.K. , Bredenkamp G.J.
Published: August 2012

Brief Communication
The occurrence and conservation status of Ceratogyrus bechuanicus and C. brachycephalus in the Transvaal, South Africa.
Authors: De Wet J.I. , Schoonbee H.J.
Published: August 2012

In South Africa, Ceratogyrus is presently protected by the Transvaal Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance. Owing to the demand for these spiders as pets they are classified as Commercially Threatened in terms of the ILJCN system. It was found, however, that the two known species in the Transvaal are well represented in protected areas which include nature reserves and national parks. Ceratogyrus bechuanicus is well represented in the Kruger National Park, Messina, D'nyala and Atherstone provincial nature reserves, as well as in the Klaserie and Sabi Sand private nature reserves in the Transvaal. The only conservation area in which C. brachycephalus has been located is the Messina Provincial Nature Reserve. With its much smaller distribution, C. brachycephalus has a higher conservation priority than C. bechuanicus. Applied ecological work needs to be done so that comprehensive species conservation plans for both species can be compiled.
Horn growth rates of free-ranging white and black rhinoceros
Authors: Pienaar D.J. , Hall-Martin A.J. , Hitchins P.M.
Published: August 2012

The intrinsic and observed anterior hom growth of white and black rhinoceroses is discussed. The effect of age and hom rubbing on hom growth is explained. Species and sex related differences in hom size and mass are investigated.
Landscape preference of the white rhinoceros in the southern Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar D.J. , Bothma J. Du P. , Theron G.K.
Published: August 2012

The long and short-term landscape preference of white rhinoceros in the southern Kruger NationarPark are investigated. A preference index and a chi-square test are used to ascertain if white rhinoceros prefer or avoid a particular landscape. Landscape 3 (moderately undulating granitoid plains with Combretnni zeyheri woodland), is the most preferred landscape while landscapes 2 (low granitoid mountains with Combretnmapicniafnni bushveld) and4 (granitoid lowlands with Acacia ^randicornuta tree- savanna), are avoided.
A preliminary report on settlement layout and gold melting at Thula Mela, a Late Iron Age site in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Kusel M.M.
Published: August 2012

Archaeological investigations at a Late Iron Age stone-walled hill site, Thula Mela, near the Luvuvhu River in the Pafuri area of the Kruger National Park, have produced evidence of gold melting. The recovery of two fragments of pottery crucibles with the remains of slag and gold globules and three gold beads from a test trench in a midden at Thula Mela represents the first direct evidence of indigenous gold melting in South Africa. From radiocarbon dates it was established that this site was occupied between the fifteenth and early seventeenth century AD.
Tuberculosis of the parotid salivary gland in a kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros
Authors: Weber A. , Van Hoven W.
Published: August 2012

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease which has a worldwide distribution and affects most animal and bird species. In the eastern Cape this disease has been known to affect the kudu since the turn of the century. Pre-existing lesions on the ears become infected with mycobacteria which causes swelling of the parotid gland and lymph nodes draining the area. In this article a case of tuberculosis is described affecting the parotid salivary gland and surrounding pre-auricular lymph nodes. The importance of tracing these lesions is stressed in order to prevent infection of people consuming the meat.
The Natal hinged tortoise Kinixys natalensis: a new record for the Kruger National Park
Authors: Haagner G.V.
Published: August 2012

The Natal hinged tortoise Kinixys natalensis: a new record for the Kruger National Park
Pelage patterns and crypsis in roosting bats: Taphozous mauritianus and Epomophorus species
Authors: Fenton M. Brock
Published: August 2012

The grizzled dorsal pelage of Taphozous mauritianus (Emballonuridae) contributes to the camouflage of these bats when they are roosting on natural surfaces. The white ear spots of Epomophorus spp. (Pteropodidae) represent disruptive patterns contributing to the cryptic appearance of these bats when they are roosting in foliage.
The use of remote sensing in quantifying rates of soil erosion
Authors: Chappell C.A. , Brown M.A.
Published: August 2012

A remote sensing technique is applied in the quantification of the aereal involvement and rates of spread of sodic sites in the upper Ripape River drainage basin of the Kruger National Park. The results show changing areas of sodic site erosion over a period of 41 years. Possible cause and effect relationships are not discussed but the magnitude of soil loss suggests that the erosion has progressed at a rate which is in excess of the rate of natural denudation, under the prevailing climatic regime.
Photosynthetic performance of rock-colonising lichens in the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa
Authors: Wessels Dirk , Kappen Ludger
Published: August 2012

The photosynthetic behaviour of endolithic andepilithic lichens characteristic of sedimentary and volcanic rock was investigated in situ in the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa. The park forms part of an inland semi-desert known as the Karoo, in the Cape Province. Temperatures within Balfour sandstone were monitored, the results showing that during the early morning, temperatures within the sandstone were nearly 5@C lower than ambient air temperatures. This may enhance the frequency of water condensing on the sandstone, which may be particularly important for the endoliths Leciclea aff. sarcogynoides and Sarcogyne cf. austroafricana. Maximum photosynthetic rates of the investigated species were found at temperatures between 20@C and 30@C, far higher than the recorded optimum temperatures for lichens from temperate and desert regions. Parmelia chlorea was the most productive species. Compared to the other epiliths, Peltula capensis was found to be a moderately productive species. The photosynthetic gain of Leciclea aff. sarcogynoides and Sarcogyne cf. austro-africana was low, but the photosynthetic gain of these two species still exceeded that of Acarospora sp.
Species of the genera Oxydirus, Dorylaimellus (Axodorylaimellus), Laimydorus  and Rhabdolaimus from rivers in the Kruger National Park (Nematoda: Dorylaimida and Araeolaimida)
Authors: Botha Annelize , Heyns J.
Published: August 2012

Descriptions are given oi'0.\'vdirusgangeticusS\c\dic\i, 1966, Laimydorus africanus spec. nov. and Rhaljclolainms terrestris De Man, 1880, recorded for the first time from South Africa. New distribution records are given for Dorylaimellus {Axodorylaimellus) caffrae (Kruger, 1965). Additional information is given and morphometric data are tabulated and where appropriate, illustrations are also given.
Testis size and spermatogenesis of tsessebes from Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Transvaal
Authors: Penzhorn B.L. , Van der Merwe N.J.
Published: August 2012

Testis mass of adult tsessebes (mean 45,3 g) and relative testis size (0,56) were consistent with the Class D social organisation of tsessebes. In singleale breeding systems, testes are relatively small. Spermatogenesis reached a peak in January, prior to the onset of the mating season.
'Police boys' and poachers: Africans, wildlife protection and national parks, the Transvaal 1902 to 1950
Authors: Carruthers Jane
Published: August 2012

The concentration on pure scientific research in the Kruger National Park has resulted in a neglect of a humanistic approach to nature conservation issues. The lack of human and political dimensions in important scientific contributions are serious short-comings in the light of present politico-environmental concerns. The impact of race and class on wildlife protection needs to be integrated. Scientifically sound but culturally chauvinistic protectionist strategies have been imposed upon disadvantaged African communities unable to articulate or formulate alternatives. African participation has usually either been ignored or relegated to patronizing and oversimplified accounts of Africans in the roles of 'native rangers' or 'poachers'. This police-poacher view is countered by an over-simplified African perception of national parks as being of benefit only to elitist white recreation. These divergent perceptions have important implications for the future of nature protection in South Africa.
Karyotypic data and attendant systematic implications for the bats of southern Africa
Authors: Rautenbach I.L. , Bronner G.N. , Schlitter D.A.
Published: August 2012

The standard karyotypic properties of 60 of the 73 species of bats known to occur in southern Africa, are reviewed. The karyotypes of 23 microchiropteran species are described for the first time; our results on a further 14 species are compared with earlier reports for those taxa. The previously published chromosomal information pertaining to 23 species for which we had no information, are cited. Systematic implications of observed patterns of karyotypic variation are briefly discussed. In particular, we conclude that the taxon Cistugo (currently recognised as a subgenus oiMyotis) should be afforded full generic rank; hypothesise that the karyotypes of the two species - M. (C.) seabrai and M. (C.) lesueuri - in Cistugo are probably ancestral for all vespertilionids; and question the wisdom of redefining the taxonomic limits of the genera Eptesicus and Pipistrellus until molecular data are available to resolve the dilemma posed by conflicting morphological and cytogenetic data suites.
Phytosociological classes of the western Transvaal grassland, South Africa
Authors: Bezuidenhout H. , Bredenkamp G.J. , Theron G.K.
Published: August 2012

A detailed syntaxonomical and synecological account of five newly described phytosociological classes of the western Transvaal, South Africa is given. Using a new large data set classification technique, a synoptic table was compiled from 1 025 releves, representing 114 plant communities. An objective classification technique (TWINSPAN) was used complementary to the Braun-Blanquet methodology. An ordination algorithm (DECORANA) was also applied to the synoptic data set. This indicates the floristic relationships among the classes while the vegetation gradient can be related to the habitat gradient.
Monitoring the condition of mountain zebra habitat in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Novellie P.A.
Published: August 2012

The study aimed at determining an appropriate sampling design for monitoring the quality of mountain zebra habitat. The parameter used for monitoring was an index of habitat suitability. The value of this index was greater than 20 in the habitat that was most favoured by the mountain zebras, whereas values below 20 were characteristic of moderate to poor habitat. It is recommended that if the index in the most favoured habitat declines to below 20, management intervention in the form of a reduction in stocking rate of large herbivores should be considered. A sample size of 20 randomly located monitoring plots should be adequate to detect a decline to below the critical level. There was considerable patchiness in the distribution of grazing pressure within plant communities, and this needs to be taken into account in the design of the monitoring programme.
A diagnostic species compendium of the genus Chonopeltis Thiele, 1900 (Crustacea: Branchiura) with notes on its geographical distribution
Authors: Avenant-Oldewage Annemarie , Knight Elmine
Published: August 2012

A tabulated and illustrated compendium of the diagnostic characters of the 13 species of Chonopeltis is presented. This enables any unknown species to be identified. A table and map, showing the geographical distribution of each species, is also given.
National Parks and social involvement - an argument
Authors: Loader J.A.
Published: August 2012

Discrimination, whether institutionalised or not, is described as the expression of prejudice, which, it is argued, is derived from projectionism, or the supposition that one's own perception coincides with reality and is therefore the only valid one. It is the result of naive ignorance of the world view(s) by which human attitudes are shaped. By means of the ecologically congenial concepts of interrelatedness and holism, it is here argued as an alternative that social involvement is (or, should be) an intrinsic part of conservation. A possible model for the purpose and some practical considerations are suggested.
Capture, Care and Management of Threatened Mammals
Authors: De Graaff G.
Published: August 2012

This is the third publication by the South African Veterinary Association's Wildlife Group (in collaboration with the World Association of Wildlife Veterinarians) on a topic relevant to nature conservation
Variations in selected water quality variables and metal concentrations in the sediment of the lower Olifants and Selati rivers, South Africa
Authors: Seymore T. , Du Preez H.H. , Van Vuren J.H.J. , Deacon A. , Strydom G.
Published: August 2012

A survey of the water and sediment quality of the lower Olifants River and lower Selati River was carried out. Metal concentrations (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) in the water and sediment, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the water were determined over a two-year period (April 1990 - February 1992). The water quality of the lower Selati River, which flows through the Phalaborwa area, was found to be influenced by the mining and industrial activities in the area. It was also the case with the lower Olifants River after the Selati-Olifants confluence, although the concentrations of most variables did decrease from the western side of the Kruger National Park to the eastern side due to dilution of the water by tributaries of the Olifants River. Variables of special concern were sodium, fluoride. chloride, sulphate, potassium, the total dissolved salts and the metal concentrations (except strontium). The water quality of the Selati River in the study area is a great cause of concern and a further degradation thereof cannot be afforded.
The Themedo triandrae - Setarietum incrassatae, a new association from gabbro in the Manyeleti Game Reserve, Gazankulu, South Africa
Authors: Bredenkamp G.J. , Deutschlander M.S.
Published: August 2012

Previous studies identified a unique plant community on gabbro in the Manyeleti Game Reserve, but it was not formally described. From a Braun-Blanquet analysis of this vegetation, six syntaxa were recognised. These were classified as one association, two subassociations, five variants and one community without syntaxonomic rank. All these syntaxa are newly decribed, and ecologically interpreted by means of habitat data. A quantitive assessment of the woody component of each syntaxon is presented. Ordinations, based on floristic and habitat data, revealed the position of the syntaxa on environmental gradients.