bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Templatic and subtractive truncation
Authors: Alber Birgit , Arndt-Lappe Sabine
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses processes of templatic and subtractive truncation as forms of morphological exponence. Even though there exists a substantial body of research especially on the formal analysis of truncatory processes, patterns of truncation have played a rather marginal role in morphological theory. The chapter proposes that there is clear evidence that both templatic and subtractive truncation are genuine and regular morphological processes. For templatic truncation we argue that the irregularity claim is untenable for a large number of attested processes. The chapter proposes a form-based typology and an optimality-theoretic approach to account for the this typology. For subtractive truncation, we summarise recent developments in optimality-theoretic phonological theory, which suggest that no subtractive formalism is needed to account for the pertinent phenomena. With respect to the meaning of templatic truncation, the chapter argues that the available evidence suggests that truncations are diminutives, which can be accommodated in recent morphological theories of diminutivisation.
1 The Commission’s General Powers of Enforcement
Authors: Andersen Stine
Published: January 2013

This chapter provides a general introduction to the general EU infringement procedure and discusses the political conditions underpinning it. It proceeds as follows. First, it outlines Article 88 the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and then discusses the in practice important tradition of friendly settlements according to Article 258 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Commission can employ its general enforcement powers as a tool to pursue policy objectives more broadly. The penultimate section examines the political conditions underpinning the general infringement procedure's modus operandi. It is argued that the relatively weak powers of the Commission and the drawn-out procedure reflects member state governments' call for flexibility in the implementation phase and hence in the enforcement phase. At the same time, the weaker powers of the Commission are offset by its wide margin of discretion. The Commission shall exercise this discretion with political tact. Its task is to ensure the delicate balance between supervising compliance, on the one hand, and sustaining diplomatic relations with the individual member states, on the other. Both dimensions are important per se and for the EU policy process more widely. The Commission is thus handling a complex, semi-political, semi-legal task. This is reflected in the notion of effectiveness discussed in the final section.
General number and the structure of DP
Authors: Paul Ileana
Published: January 2013

This chapter addresses the issue of general number: nominal forms that are underspecified for number. Drawing on data from Malagasy and a range of other languages, it is shown that general number does not correlate with other semantic properties of DPs, such as narrow scope. Thus there is no one-to-one mapping between morphosyntactic form and meaning.
Cultural Integration in Sweden
Authors: Nekby Lena
Published: January 2013

The cultural integration of immigrants and natives in Sweden is analysed in this study using nine measures of culture: within region gender gaps in education, marriage to a foreign born, marriage to a co-national, young marriage, cohabitation, divorce, partner age gaps, female employment, and female education. Results indicate that a process of cultural integration between immigrants and natives is occurring as initial differences between first-generation immigrants and natives on all cultural indicators are, with few exceptions, smaller or non-existent for second-generation immigrants. The relatively few deviations from this pattern found for some immigrant groups, concerning primarily marriage and cohabitation, are contingent on the selected sample of second-generation immigrants with parents from the same country of origin. When estimation includes the majority of second-generation immigrants with mixed backgrounds, a process of cultural integration is found for all groups and all measures.
Cultural Integration in Switzerland
Authors: Kohler Pierre
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores cultural integration paths of eight migrant groups in Switzerland. It specifically analyses the evolution of objective behaviours and subjective attitudes of migrants from the first to the second generation. In order to deepen the analysis, the cultural integration of migrants is further examined from different perspectives: across cohorts (older vs. younger migrants) and across types of couples (individuals in endogamous vs. mixed couples). First, behaviours are examined by looking at performances of migrants at school. As women play a key role in the transmission of cultural traits and the socialization of the second generation, the focus then turns to their position in the couple and in the labour market. Finally, this chapter looks at migrants’ use of language, their feelings towards Switzerland, as well as their attitudes towards gender, religious, and political issues. Evidence points to overall convergence. The most striking differences across groups pertain to gender-related attitudes and behaviours.
Cultural Integration in the United Kingdom
Authors: Georgiadis Andreas , Manning Alan
Published: January 2013

This chapter compares a relatively wide range of outcomes for the main ethnic minorities in the UK with the outcomes for white natives. The chapter also compares the outcomes for the foreign and UK born. The indicators we look at are fertility, marriage, and divorce rates, interethnic marriage, spousal age gaps, the gender gap in education, employment rates, national identity, religiosity, and language use. The chapter finds substantial heterogeneity across ethnic minority communities but also evidence that in almost all dimensions and for all groups, the UK-born minorities are closer to white natives than the foreign born.
5 Spatial directionals for robot navigation
Authors: Winterboer Andi , Tenbrink Thora , Moratz Reinhard
Published: January 2013

Previous research on spatial projective terms such as to the left (of) and in front (of) typically focuses on static (locative) usages. This chapter addresses the usage of such expressions in dynamic contexts (i.e. as directionals). As part of the general aim of developing a speech interface for allowing intuitive control of a mobile robot in navigation tasks, this chapter describes the implementation of a carefully selected subset of interpretations of directional terms in a robotic system. The system was validated and gradually im­proved by experiments involving spontaneous directional instruc­tions by users who were not informed about the robot’s capabilities.
7 Granularity in taxonomy, time, and space
Authors: Zacks Jeffrey M. , Tversky Barbara
Published: January 2013

The objects of language and thought establish the granularity at which cognition operates. Granularity can vary with respect to taxonomic classification, time, and space. One might suppose that basic cognitive operations such as judgments of similarity or mental imagery would be invariant over these changes in scale, but this appears not to be the case. This chapter reviews results from three domains that show how changes in grain lead to changes in the form of cognitive operations. In judgments about object features, small and medium taxonomic scales are heavily depending on an object’s parts, but large taxonomic scales are not. In perceiving events on a small temporal scale people pay close attention to actions on individual objects, but on a larger temporal scale they pay more attention to the particular objects involved. In spatial reasoning about small objects people tend to imagine objects being moved by an external force, but when reasoning about large environments they tend to imagine themselves moving within the environment. Thus, the computational form of cognitive operations appears to depend on the taxonomic, spatial, and temporal scale of the objects of those operations.
9 Granularity, space, and motion‐framed location
Authors: Tutton Mark
Published: January 2013

The ways in which different languages encode motion events has been the topic of intense analyses and dissections in recent years, especially with regard to Talmy’s (1991, 2000) verb / satellite-framed typology. This chapter shifts course by moving away from motion event typologies and the encoding of canonical motion events. Instead, it shows that English speakers can conceptualize space in terms of motion events even when they set out to encode locative relationships: this is termed motion-framed location and is lexicalized by spatial–temporal prepositions such as before and after. This chapter uses two interpretations of granularity (understood as level of specificity and scales of space) to explore key semantic and usage differences between the locative prepositions in front of and behind on the one hand, and before and after on the other. The analysis shows that the former locative prepositions encode a finer degree of locative semantic detail than do the spatial–temporal ones, and that the latter are more restricted in terms of the scales of space at which they are used. Before and after require constancy in the Figure / Ground locative relationship, thereby favoring non-manipulable entities which occupy fixed locations in space. In contrast, in front of and behind are used to lexicalize locative relationships at both large and small scales of space, without the same requirement of Figure and Ground locative stability.
Great Expectations: The Materiality of Commensurability in Social Media
Authors: Scott Susan V. , Orlikowski Wanda J.
Published: January 2013

This chapter considers the question of commensuration — the process of comparison according to a common metric — and how it is accomplished on online social media websites. When commensurability is produced through the distributed reviews and ratings of thousands of user-generated postings, and transformed through filtering and weighting algorithms into ratings and rankings, it may be expected that different things will be paid attention to, connected, and compared. The chapter is interested in understanding these differences and the implications of online user-based evaluation mechanisms for how commensurability is organized and achieved.
Digital Materiality and the Emergence of an Evolutionary Science of the Artificial
Authors: Yoo Youngjin
Published: January 2013

An important consequence of the pervasive digitalization of artifacts is that artifacts become generative due to the unique materiality of digital technology. As result, digital artifacts evolve once created, often in ways that surprise even those who designed them. We are at the cusp of a new artificial world that is inundated with digital artifacts that are continuously evolving. As biology emerged as an evolutionary science of nature, we need a new discipline focusing on the evolution of digital artifacts. The chapter uses an empirical study as a way of sketching out what might emerge as an evolutionary science of the artificial. Through the example, the chapter demonstrates how the basic ideas of evolutionary biology can be used as a basis to study the evolution of digital artifacts.
Soul‐Leading: The Unity Of The Phaedrus, Again
Authors: Moss Jessica
Published: January 2013

The Phaedrus claims that good logoi must be “put together like a living creature”, with parts that suit one another and the whole; but the dialogue itself seems to be a misshapen jumble. It begins as a series of elegant rhetorical speeches about love, and ends as a dry philosophical discussion of rhetoric. What makes it hang together? This essay argues for a new reading: the Phaedrus is a treatise on the kind of persuasion that Plato calls soul-leading (psuchagōgia). Here as in other dialogues Plato is concerned with how a philosopher can lead people’s souls (that is, their attention and concern) away from worldly things and toward the goods of philosophy – a task at which Socrates’ typical methods often fail. The two parts of the Phaedrus consider two methods of such soul-leading, love and rhetoric, and the dialogue as a whole asks how either or both can be successful. The events of the dialogue dramatize the endeavour, and unify the two proposed methods: we see Socrates engaged in an attempt at soul-leading, using as his tool Phaedrus’s love, not of another person, but of rhetoric.
Darwin et al. on Developmental Optimization
Authors: Loye David
Published: January 2013

There exists a disastrous discrepancy between the prevailing Darwinism of survival of the fittest and selfishness above all and implications for science, and education about the fact that Darwin actually wrote only twice of survival of the fittest but 95 times about love, and only 12 times about selfishness but 92 times about moral development, in The Descent of Man. It shows how reclamation of Darwin's “lost theory” reveals new relevance to the works of Bowlby, Erickson, Damon, de Waal, Harlow, Hoffman, Lewontin, Narvaez, Oliner, Rest, Schore, Yarrow, Montessori, Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, and Seldin and Epstein, in moral development and education; to Maslow's classic study of self-actualizers as moral exemplars; to the global ethic “movement” of theologian Hans Kung; to the development of the Global Sounding measure and companion moral code by Loye; and to the work of cultural transformation theorist Eisler identifying the child developmental impact of partnership versus domination systems.
“Now, where were we?”: Ideal and Actual Early Cinema Lecturing Practices in Britain, Germany and the United States
Authors: Buchanan Judith
Published: January 2013

This chapter demonstrates that there could be a considerable gap between the ideal film lecture advocated in the trade press, and real-life instances of less-than-perfect actual lecturing. Like the lanternist before him, the film lecturer was able to draw on his live showmanship effectively to “author” a film by an analogous speech act, making and remaking the show as required by the particular live situation. Campaigns in the trade press which promoted the erudition and eloquence of the lecturer, and the publication of set lectures to accompany particular films, contributed to a standardized notion of the cinematic lecture. However, an examination of a detailed transcription of one that accompanied the screening of a film of Othelloin Berlin in 1912 shows that the reality could be very far from ideal.
The Art of Not “Playing to Pictures” in British Cinemas, 1906–1914
Authors: Burrows Jon
Published: January 2013

It is traditionally thought that during the first ten years in which permanent cinemas became established in Britain, the accompaniment to silent films was typically supplied by lone pianists who improvised musical themes that subserviently complemented narrative developments as they unfolded on screen. This chapter acknowledges that, following a period in which mechanical musical devices predominated, this model was widely espoused around 1909–10. But it argues that such practices quickly fell out of fashion. Using the evidence of cinema licensing records, as well as debates published in the film-industry trade press, the chapter demonstrates that miniature orchestras had been installed in the majority of cinemas in London by 1913 and that such orchestras rarely attempted to tightly synchronize their music with the films they accompanied.
Animating the Audience: Singalong Films in Britain in the 1920s
Authors: Cook Malcolm
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines the brief but vigorous popularity of singalong films in Britain in the mid-1920s. This alternate sonic practice utilized an animated “bouncing ball” or similar device to indicate the lyrics of a song with the intent of promoting a communal singalong. Communal singing was not in itself an innovation and the chapter examines a number of precedents, which provide an important context for these films. The films also coincided with the broader cultural trend of community singing, indicating a geographically and historically specific moment. Both the singalong films and the community-singing movement engaged with the new technologies of sound reproduction: gramophone, telephone, and especially radio. These technologies would play a central role in the arrival of synchronized sound in cinemas and the singalong films may be considered a reflection of the debates about what the emerging sound cinema would sound and look like.
A New Hat for Hārītī
Authors: Schopen Gregory
Published: January 2013

No matter where one looks in Buddhist monastic literature there are indications that the monks who wrote it were concerned in a variety of ways with safe childbirth and sick children, and had devised a number of practices to deal with both. Several examples are given here, but the main focus is on a practice for which the converted demonness Hārītī is presented as the model. Although she is said to be the protector of children in the secondary literature, in an important account that has been largely overlooked but can be shown to have circulated in India, Hārītī herself is said to have given her own children to the monastic community when they were in need of protection. Buddhist monks and nuns are represented as the real protectors of children. Detailed instructions are provided for sending threatened children to monks and nuns and how the children should be treated.
Picturing Buddhism
Authors: Derris Karen
Published: January 2013

Storytelling has served as a primary resource for cultivating children’s religious and ethical worldviews in Buddhist cultures across Asia. Children growing up in Buddhist societies hear stories about the Buddha, (in)famous monks and nuns, and Buddhist legends from their parents and grandparents. This chapter explores how Buddhist worldviews may be cultivated in children growing up in Western cultural contexts where parents or grandparents may not have knowledge of or investment in narrative resources for children’s religious and ethical formation. A considerable number of children’s Buddhist storybooks have been published in English. By considering the Buddhist teachings, practices, and values expressed in these stories, we can begin to describe what a Buddhist worldview of children raised as Buddhists in the West might be. This analysis suggests the role a newly emerging corpus of Buddhist children’s literature might play in the generational development of Western Buddhism.
Superheroes and Slapstick
Authors: McDaniel Justin
Published: January 2013

The chapter focuses on a new generation of Buddhist adventure stories (texts, comic books, and films) for children. These stories are much more popular than didactic and systematic Buddhist lessons, yet they have been ignored by scholars. This chapter describes the new Buddhist pedagogical material for children in Thailand and its importance in their education.
Once We Were…
Authors: Cheng Wei-yi
Published: January 2013

In Tibetan and Theravada traditions, there exist only the bhikkhu sangha (fully ordained monks) but not the bhikkhuni sangha (fully ordained nuns). Efforts to establish the bhikkhuni sangha have been undertaken by Buddhist feminists in recent year and have borne fruit in Sri Lanka. In Dambulla the ordination of bhikkhuni has taken place each year since 1998. The author visited Dambulla Bhikkhuni Sangha in the summer of 2008. The chapter discusses the image of bhikkhuni in Sri Lankan textual discourse 100-year development of Dambulla Bhikkhuni Sangha.
Beyond the Strong Program in the Sociology of Religion
Authors: Smilde David
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores the issue of cultural autonomy as it relates to our portrayals of religion. First, it looks at the recent move toward a more robust view of religion and culture. Then it considers at some of the critiques of the idea of cultural autonomy that have taken place over the last few decades. Finally, it reviews some alternatives for understanding the causal impact of religious culture.
Religious Self-Constitution: A Relational Perspective
Authors: Pagis Michal
Published: January 2013

This chapter promotes an understanding of religious self-constitution as a relational and embodied process. The aim is to de-center the emphasis on belief in the commonly used category of the religious self and re-center it on an approach that studies the self as an embodied process contextualized in ongoing social relations. The chapter explores three dimensions of the embodied space in which religious selves develop: the importance of collective practice, the relation to the body, and the engagement with the material environment. Examples are provided from ethnographic research on the practice of Vipassana meditation, a Theravada Buddhist meditation of mindfulness. These examples are further supported by references to ethnographic studies that explore other religious practices such as Muslim fasting or Christian prayer.
Religion on the Move: Mapping Global Cultural Production and Consumption
Authors: Levitt Peggy
Published: January 2013

Many studies assert that aspects of religious life are “on the move” and that some kind of encounter—be it hybridization, syncretization, convergence, or transculturization—takes place. Others suggest ways of thinking about the spaces, networks, or flows that drive religious movement. In general, this work stops short of explaining what happens at these sites of encounter where what is moving bumps up against what is already there. We need a way to unpack and explain that contingent clustering, which holds the local, the national, the global, and all the layers of social experience in between in conversation with each other. We need a way of identifying systematic patterns of convergence, if they exist, and of explaining how power and history create them. We need to understand why some things move easily while others fail to launch or get blocked along the way. This chapter begins by laying out a transnational optic that helps elucidate aspects of these social relations and processes. It then outlines how “religion” can be understood and the carriers, geographies, and pathways that influence religious assemblage construction. It concludes with a discussion of how religious and ethnic movement compare, and reflects on how these different diversity markers are conceived and managed supports existing power hierarchies.
Liberalism versus Postliberalism
Authors: Knight John Allan
Published: January 2013

The divide between liberal and postliberal theology is one of the most important and far-reaching methodological disputes in twentieth-century theology. Their divergence in method brought related differences in their approaches to hermeneutics and religious language. The split between liberals and postliberals in their understanding of religious language is widely acknowledged, but rigorous philosophical analysis and assessment of these divergent understandings is seldom seen. Liberalism vs. Postliberalism provides just such analyses, using remarkable developments in analytic philosophy of language over the past forty years. The book provides an original analysis of the “theology and falsification” debates of the 1950s and 60s, placing them in the context of developments in analytic philosophy of language out of which they arose. These debates then supply the philosophical lens that brings into focus the centrality of the issue of religious language in the methodological dispute between liberal and postliberal theologians in the latter part of the twentieth century. Knight argues that recent developments in analytic philosophy of language reveal serious problems with both positions. In the course of the argument, the author makes important recent work in analytic philosophy accessible to theologians, religious studies scholars and their students. This philosophical work clears the ground for a more inclusive method that takes seriously the aspirations of both liberal and postliberal theologians. The book thus makes an important contribution to contemporary theological method, to the understanding of liberal and postliberal theologies in their similarities and differences, and to our understanding of the role of analytic philosophy in contemporary theology and religious studies.
Le Style en arabesque d'Assia Djebar
Authors: Boutaghou Maya
Published: January 2013

Assia Djebar utilise, pour les détourner, des représentations appartenant au genre de la peinture ‘orientaliste’, comme dans
Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement
(1980) et
Vaste est la prison
(1995). Comment réécrire, en langue française et sans le trahir, un monde de femmes dont les représentations historiques sont particulièrement informées par le discours orientaliste? Cette première interrogation qui sous-tend notre article se développera en une réflexion autour du rapport entre l'usage des différentes langues (arabe, français) et la mémoire des représentations algériennes d'abord orientalistes. Assia Djebar, contre toute forme d'amnésie historique et linguistique, tente de rassembler les différentes mémoires et langues algériennes accumulées au fil des conquêtes. Le ‘style en arabesque’ serait une tentative linguistique et poétique de détourner les représentations prises dans le filet de ce qui reste encore considéré par les Algériens comme un discours colonial. La figure de l'arabesque trahit le travail d'une structure en palimpseste; simultanément, elle désigne le mouvement subtil et ambivalent d'une présence entrelacée des langues et des représentations, visible pour le lecteur bilingue. Cette stratégie pour une Algérie plurielle et transculturelle s'oppose au discours monolithique de la construction identitaire algérienne officielle, nécessaire pour affirmer une arabité transcendante.
Crime sans châtiment: cinéma contemporain et éthique d'Emmanuel Levinas
Authors: Klekovkina Vera A.
Published: January 2013

Sous l'éclairage de l'éthique de la responsabilité d'Emmanuel Levinas et des études récentes centrées sur le lien entre l'esthétique et l'éthique de Colin Davis, Michele Aaron et Sam B. Girgus, cette étude analyse deux films français contemporains dont les protagonistes sont des
social serial killers
.
Elle est des nôtres
de Siegrid Alnoy et
Le Couperet
de Constantin Costa-Gavras interrogent l'agencivité de leurs protagonistes criminels autant que celle des spectateurs. Le premier film offre une rencontre visuelle avec l'altérité à travers Christine Blanc, un personnage déroutant et étranger. L'esthétique du film, surtout le décadrage, la discontinuité narrative et la primauté des gros plans, illustre comment l'indifférence humaine engendre l'aliénation individuelle et la déshumanisation collective. Ce film montre, au niveau thématique comme visuel, la transformation de l'héroïne à l'identité problématique en un sujet éthique qui, finalement, cherche sa rédemption. La comparaison entre l'adaptation cinématographique de Costa-Gavras et le roman de Donald E. Westlake,
The Ax
, montre comment les ajouts cinématographiques créent un surplus de signification éthique. Le cinéaste traduit visuellement le manque d'éthique générale dans une société ouroborique où l'altéricide devient principe de survie. Une question se pose: comment exercer notre propre agencivité spectatorielle devant de tels spectacles?
An Employer’s Duty to Provide Information and Advice on Economic Risks?
Authors: van Bever Aline
Published: January 2013

This paper considers whether, and if so, to what extent the employer has an implied duty to provide information and advice to the employee on the existence and extent of their legal and contractual rights and on measures they may need to take to protect the economic interests of the employee. The paper explores the traditional reluctance of the courts to imply such a duty, and argues that this position should be reassessed in the light of the evolution of the duty of mutual trust and confidence. After providing an account of the relevant case law, the paper submits that strong arguments exist in defence of the imposition of a minimum duty of information and advice on the employer, but stresses that the imposition of such a duty in a concrete case must be ‘necessary’ or ‘reasonable’ given the legitimate expectations of the employee and the employer. Moreover, the content and extent of this duty depends on an assessment of those expectations in light of a standard of reasonableness – a standard which must be applied with respect to labour law’s normative functions and foundations.
Postoperative Recovery with Bispectral Index versus Anesthetic Concentration–guided Protocols
Authors: Fritz Bradley A. , Rao Preetika , Mashour George A. , Abdallah Arbi ben , Burnside Beth A. , Jacobsohn Eric , Zhang Lini , Avidan Michael S.
Published: January 2013

Background:

Use of the bispectral index (BIS) monitor has been suggested to decrease excessive anesthetic drug administration, leading to improved recovery from general anesthesia. The purpose of this substudy of the B-Unawareand BAG-RECALL trials was to assess whether a BIS-based anesthetic protocol was superior to an end-tidal anesthetic concentration–based protocol in decreasing recovery time and postoperative complications.

Methods:

Patients at high risk for awareness were randomized to either BIS-guided or end-tidal anesthetic concentration–guided general anesthesia in the original trials. Outcomes included time to postanesthesia care unit discharge readiness, time to achieve a postoperative Aldrete score of 9–10, intensive care unit length of stay, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and severe postoperative pain. Univariate Cox regression and chi-square tests were used for statistical analyses.

Results:

The BIS cohort was not superior in time to postanesthesia care unit discharge readiness (hazard ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 1.0–1.1; n = 2,949), time to achieve an Aldrete score of 9–10 (hazard ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0–1.4; n = 706), intensive care unit length of stay (hazard ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.9–1.1; n = 2,074), incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (absolute risk reduction, −0.5%; 95% CI, −5.8 to 4.8%; n = 789), or incidence of severe postoperative pain (absolute risk reduction, 4.4%; 95% CI, −2.3 to 11.1%; n = 759).

Conclusions:

In patients at high risk for awareness, the BIS-guided protocol is not superior to an anesthetic concentration–guided protocol in time needed for postoperative recovery or in the incidences of common postoperative complications.
Bis[tris(2,2′-bipyridyl-κ2N,N′)cobalt(II)]cyclo-tetravanadate undecahydrate
Authors: Zhang Ke , Liang Da-Dong , Wang Ming-Hui , Liu Yan , Luan Guo-You
Published: January 2013

The title compound, [Co(C10H8N2)3]2[V4O12]·11H2O, is composed of two symmetry-related cations containing octahedrally coordinated CoIIions, a centrosymmetric [V4O12]4−anion with an eight-membered ring structure made up of four VO4tetrahedra, and 11 solvent water molecules. The CoIIcations and vanadate anions are isolated and build cation and anion layers, respectively. In addition, the title compound exhibits a three-dimensional network through intra- and intermolecular hydrogen-bond interactions between water molecules and O atoms of the anions, and the crystal structure is stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonds.
rac-5-Bromo-N-benzylisatincreatinine ethanol monosolvate
Authors: Penthala Narsimha Reddy , Crooks Peter A.
Published: January 2013

In the title compound [systematic name:rac-1-benzyl-5-bromo-3-hydroxy-3-(2-imino-3-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one ethanol monosolvate], C19H17BrN4O3·C2H5OH, which crystallized as a racemate (RRandSS), the isatin ring is almost planar, with an r.m.s. deviations from the mean plane of 0.0276 (14) Å. The phenyl ring of the benzyl group makes a dihedral angle with the mean plane of the isatin ring of 87.40 (5)° and the dihedral angle between the imidazole and isatin rings is 58.56 (7)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked into two-dimensional pleated-sheet networks in theacplane formed by O—H...O, N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds; within these sheets there areR44(10) rings that involve three molecules of the title compound and a single ethanol solvent molecule. In addition, there are π–π interactions between inversion-related benzyl groups, with an interplanar spacing of 3.444 (3) Å.
Ethyl 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-oxo-2-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate 1.25-hydrate
Authors: Mansor Nurul Shulehaf , Mohammat Mohd Fazli , Shaameri Zurina , Khaledi Hamid
Published: January 2013

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H17NO4·1.25H2O, consists of four substituted pyrrolidone molecules (two pairs of enantiomers) and five water molecules. The five-membered rings each have an envelope conformation, with the C atom bonded to the ester group as the flap. The mean planes of the five-membered rings of the four pyrrolidone molecules make dihedral angles of 60.87 (5), 64.45 (5), 62.03 (5) and 65.79 (5)° with respect to the phenyl rings. In the crystal, the pyrrolidone and water molecules are connected through O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to theabplane. The two-dimensional network is further stabilized by intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
N,N,N′,N′,N′′-Pentamethyl-N′′-[3-(trimethylazaniumyl)propyl]guanidinium bis(tetraphenylborate)
Authors: Tiritiris Ioannis
Published: January 2013

In the crystal structure of the title salt, C12H30N42+·2C24H20B−, the C—N bond lengths in the central CN3unit of the guanidinium ion are 1.3388 (17), 1.3390 (16) and 1.3540 (17) Å, indicating partial double-bond character in each. The central C atom is bonded to the three N atoms in a nearly ideal trigonal-planar geometry and the positive charge is delocalized in the CN3plane. The bonds between the N atoms and the terminalC-methyl groups of the guanidinium moiety, all have values close to a typical single bond [1.4630 (16)–1.4697 (17) Å]. C—H...π interactions are present between the guanidinium H atoms and the phenyl C atoms of one tetraphenylborate ion. The phenyl rings form a kind of aromatic pocket, in which the guanidinium ion is embedded.
2-Benzhydryl-6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
Authors: Yoon Sungwoo , Lee Junseong , Kim Youngjo
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C24H26O, was prepared by the reaction between 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol and diphenylmethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid. Three benzene rings are attached directly to the central C—H group in a twisted propeller conformation with the local pseudo-C3rotational axis coinciding with the C—H bond. There are three short C—H...O contacts in the molecule.
4-[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide
Authors: Farrukh Muhammad A. , Mohamed Shaaban K. , Ahmed Maqsood , Marzouk Adel A. , El-Moghazy Samir M.
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C16H14ClN3O2S, the dihedral angle between the benzene and pyrazole rings is 52.75 (2)°, while that between the pyrazole and 4-chlorophenyl rings is 54.0 (3)°. The terminal sulfonamide group adopts an approximately tetrahedral geometry about the S atom with a C—S—N angle of 108.33 (10)°. In the crystal, pairs of N—H...N hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of inversion dimers. These dimers are linkedviaa second pair of N—H...N hydrogen bonds and C—H...O interactions, forming a two-dimensional network lying parallel to thebcplane. The two-dimensional networks are linkedviaC—H...Cl interactions, forming a three-dimensional structure.
The charge-transfer complex 1-aminoanthraquinone–7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane (1/1)
Authors: Oliveira Adriano Bof de , Beck Johannes , Daniels Jörg , Santos Jaciara Nascimento , Feitosa Bárbara Regina Santos
Published: January 2013

The reaction of 1-aminoanthraquinone with 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane yielded the title charge-transfer complex, C14H9NO2·C12H4N4. The molecules have maximum deviations from the mean planes through the non-H atoms of 0.0769 (14) Å for an oxo O atom and 0.1175 (17) Å for a cyano N atom, respectively. The dihedral angle between the two planes is 3.55 (3)°. In the crystal, molecules are stacked into columns along thea-axis direction. Pairs of N—H...N and N—H...O interactions connect the molecules perpendicular to the stacking direction. Additionally, an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen-bond interaction is observed for 1-aminoanthraquinone.
Evaluating measures of global coherence ability in stories in adults
Authors: Wright Heather Harris , Capilouto Gilson J. , Koutsoftas Anthony
Published: January 2013

Background

Discourse coherence is a reflection of the listener's ability to interpret the overall meaning conveyed by the speaker. Measuring global coherence (maintenance of thematic unity of the discourse) is useful for quantifying communication impairments at the discourse level in clinical populations and for measuring response to discourse‐level treatments.

Aims

The aim was to determine feasibility of a four‐point global coherence scale developed by the authors. Specifically, they were (1) to estimate measurement reliability of the four‐point global coherence scale; and (2) to estimate construct validity for the four‐point global coherence scale.

Method & Procedures

Fifty cognitively healthy adults aged between 28 and 58 years participated in the study. Participants viewed and then told the stories depicted in two wordless picture books. Participants’ stories were orthographically transcribed and segmented into communication units (C‐unit). Raters scored each participant's story for global coherence using two global coherence scales (four‐ and five‐point scales). Each C‐unit received an individual score, then the mean global coherence score was computed, resulting in two mean global coherence scores for each coherence scale, one for each story, for all participants.

Outcomes & Results

Results indicated high reliability estimates for the scale. In addition, construct validity, specifically face validity and convergent validity, was effectively estimated for using the four‐point scale as a measure of maintenance of global coherence in stories told by cognitively healthy adults. Lastly, it was found that the wordless picture books elicited stories that are comparable and can be reliably interchanged as different forms to evaluate maintenance of global coherence.

Conclusions & Implications

The assumptions that the measure is feasible were achieved and face and convergent validity were adequately estimated. Future investigations should consider estimating predictive validity, concurrent validity and discriminant validity of the measure.
SURFACE: detecting convergent evolution from comparative data by fitting Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck models with stepwise Akaike Information Criterion
Authors: Ingram Travis , Mahler D.Luke
Published: January 2013

We present a method, ‘SURFACE’, that uses the Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck stabilizing selection model to identify cases of convergent evolution using only continuous phenotypic characters and a phylogenetic tree.

SURFACEuses stepwise Akaike Information Criterion first to locate regime shifts on a tree, then to identify whether shifts are towards convergent regimes. Simulations can be used to test the hypothesis that a clade contains more convergence than expected by chance.

We demonstrate the method with an application to HawaiianTetragnathaspiders, and present numerical simulations showing that the method has desirable statistical properties given data for multiple traits.

Therpackagesurfaceis available as open source software from the Comprehensive R Archive Network.
Alcohol and Sleep I: Effects on Normal Sleep
Authors: Ebrahim Irshaad O. , Shapiro Colin M. , Williams Adrian J. , Fenwick Peter B.
Published: January 2013

This review provides a qualitative assessment of all known scientific studies on the impact of alcohol ingestion on nocturnal sleep in healthy volunteer's. At all dosages, alcohol causes a reduction in sleep onset latency, a more consolidated first half sleep and an increase in sleep disruption in the second half of sleep. The effects on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the first half of sleep appear to be dose related with low and moderate doses showing no clear trend on REM sleep in the first half of the night whereas at high doses, REM sleep reduction in the first part of sleep is significant. Total night REM sleep percentage is decreased in the majority of studies at moderate and high doses with no clear trend apparent at low doses. The onset of the first REM sleep period is significantly delayed at all doses and appears to be the most recognizable effect of alcohol on REM sleep followed by the reduction in total night REM sleep. The majority of studies, across dose, age and gender, confirm an increase in slow wave sleep (SWS) in the first half of the night relative to baseline values. The impact of alcohol on SWS in the first half of night appears to be more robust than the effect on REM sleep and does not appear to be an epiphenomenon REM sleep reduction. Total night SWS is increased at high alcohol doses across gender and age groups.
Unmanned aerial vehicles as innovative remote sensing platforms for high‐resolution infrared imagery to support restoration monitoring in cut‐over bogs
Authors: Knoth Christian , Klein Birte , Prinz Torsten , Kleinebecker Till
Published: January 2013

Question

Can UAV‐based NIR remote sensing support restoration monitoring of cut‐over bogs by providing valid information on species distribution and surface structure?

Location

Restored polders of the Uchter Moor, a bog complex in NW Germany.

Methods

We used autonomously flying quadrocopters, supplied with either a panchromatic or colour infrared calibrated small frame digital camera to generate high resolution images of the restored bog surface. We performed a two‐step classification process of automatic image segmentation and object‐based classification to distinguish between four pre‐defined classes (waterlogged bare peat, Sphagnum spp., Eriophorum vaginatum and Betula pubescens. An independent validation procedure was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the classification.

Results

A set‐up composed of decision rules for reflectance, geometry and textural features was applied for identification of the four classes. The presented classification revealed an overall accuracy level of 91%. Most reliable attribution was obtained for waterlogged bare peat and Sphagnum‐covered surfaces, revealing producer accuracies of 95% and 91%, respectively. Lower but still feasible accuracy levels were obtained for Eriophorum vaginatum and Betula pubescens individuals (89% and 84%, respectively).

Conclusions

UAV‐based NIR remote sensing is a promising tool for monitoring the restoration of cut‐over bogs and has the potential to significantly reduce laborious field surveys. UAVs may increasingly play a significant role in future ecological monitoring studies, since they are small in size, highly flexible, easy to handle, non‐emissive and available at a comparatively low cost.
Nicotine‐motivated behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans requires the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits acr‐5 and acr‐15
Authors: Sellings Laurie , Pereira Schreiber , Qian Cheng , Dixon‐McDougall Thomas , Nowak Christina , Zhao Bin , Tyndale Rachel F. , van der Kooy Derek
Published: January 2013

Signaling at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans controls many behaviors, including egg‐laying and locomotor activity. Here, we show that C. elegans approaches a point source of nicotine in a time‐, concentration‐ and age‐dependent manner. Additionally, nicotine paired with butanone under starvation conditions prevented the reduced approach to butanone that is observed when butanone is paired with starvation alone and pairing with nicotine generates a preference for the tastes of either sodium or chloride over baseline. These results suggest nicotine acts as a rewarding substance in C. elegans. Furthermore, the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, the smoking cessation pharmacotherapy varenicline, mutation of the dop‐1 and dop‐2 dopamine receptors, and mutations of either acr‐5 or acr‐15, two nicotinic receptor subunit genes with sequence homology to the mammalian α7 subunit, all reduced the nicotine approach behavior. These two mutants also were defective at associating the presence of nicotine with butanone under starvation conditions and acr‐5 mutation could obviate the effect of pairing nicotine with salts. Furthermore, the approach deficit in acr‐15 mutants was rescued by selective re‐expression in a subset of neurons, but not in muscle. Caenorhabditis elegans may therefore serve as a useful model organism for nicotine‐motivated behaviors that could aid in the identification of novel nicotine motivational molecular pathways and consequently the development of novel cessation aids.
Mice lacking Period 1 and Period 2 circadian clock genes exhibit blue cone photoreceptor defects
Authors: Ait‐Hmyed Ouafa , Felder‐Schmittbuhl Marie‐Paule , Garcia‐Garrido Marina , Beck Susanne , Seide Christina , Sothilingam Vithiyanjali , Tanimoto Naoyuki , Seeliger Mathias , Bennis Mohammed , Hicks David
Published: January 2013

Many aspects of retinal physiology are modulated by circadian clocks, but it is unclear whether clock malfunction impinges directly on photoreceptor survival, differentiation or function. Eyes from wild‐type (WT) and Period1 (Per1) and Period2 (Per2) mutant mice (Per1Brdm1Per2Brdm1) were examined for structural (histology, in vivo imaging), phenotypical (RNA expression, immunohistochemistry) and functional characteristics. Transcriptional levels of selected cone genes [red/green opsin (Opn1mw), blue cone opsin (Opn1sw) and cone arrestin (Arr3)] and one circadian clock gene (RORb) were quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Although there were no changes in general retinal histology or visual responses (electroretinograms) between WT and Per1Brdm1Per2Brdm1 mice, compared with age‐matched controls, Per1Brdm1Per2Brdm1 mice showed scattered retinal deformations by fundus inspection. Also, mRNA expression levels and immunostaining of blue cone opsin were significantly reduced in mutant mice. Especially, there was an alteration in the dorsal–ventral patterning of blue cones. Decreased blue cone opsin immunoreactivity was present by early postnatal stages, and remained throughout maturation. General photoreceptor differentiation was retarded in young mutant mice. In conclusion, deletion of both Per1 and Per2 clock genes leads to multiple discrete changes in retina, notably patchy tissue disorganization, reductions in cone opsin mRNA and protein levels, and altered distribution. These data represent the first direct link between Per1 and Per2 clock genes, and cone photoreceptor differentiation and function.