bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of inorganic sulfur‐compound metabolism in the deep‐sea epsilonproteobacterium Sulfurovum sp. NBC37‐1
Authors: Yamamoto Masahiro , Nakagawa Satoshi , Shimamura Shigeru , Takai Ken , Horikoshi Koki
Published: February 2010

The molecular components involved in energy metabolism of deep‐sea Epsilonproteobacteria were characterized in the mesophilic hydrogen‐ and sulfur‐oxidizing chemolithoautotroph Sulfurovum sp. NBC37‐1. Previous whole‐genome analysis of strain NBC37‐1 identified key genes likely to be associated with both sulfur reduction (psr gene families) and oxidation (two sox gene clusters). However, the sox gene clusters showed unique organizations and low homologies to those in other bacteria. Therefore, the biochemical mechanism of inorganic sulfur metabolism has been uncertain. Enzymatic activity measurements and partial protein purification indicated that the Sox enzyme system was constitutively expressed, whereas the expression of sulfur‐reduction enzymes varied depending on the culture conditions. The operative Sox system in strain NBC37‐1 required membrane components. The molecular basis of energy metabolism reported in this study provides important insight into how deep‐sea Epsilonproteobacteria change their energy metabolism in response to variable physical and chemical conditions in mixing zones between hydrothermal fluid and ambient seawater.
Tantalizing evidence for caspase‐like protein expression and activity in the cellular stress response of Archaea
Authors: Bidle Kelly A. , Haramaty Liti , Baggett Natalie , Nannen Jennifer , Bidle Kay D.
Published: February 2010

An enigmatic feature of microbial evolution is the emergence of programmed cell death (PCD), a genetically controlled form of cell suicide triggered by environmental stimuli. Archaea, the second major prokaryotic domain of life, have been notably absent from the PCD inheritance discussion, due to a lack of genetic homologues. Using the model haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii, we document extremely high caspase‐specific activity and expression of immunoreactive proteins to human caspase 8 antisera, both of which were induced by salt stress and death and were abolished by in vivo addition of a broad‐spectrum caspase inhibitor. Caspase inhibition severely impaired cell growth under low and high salt stress, demonstrating a critical role in the cellular stress response. In silico analysis of the H. volcanii proteome identified a subset of 18 potential target proteins containing a signature tetrapeptide caspase cleavage motif (IETD), some with putative roles in allosteric regulation, signal transduction, osmotic stress and cell communication. Detection of similarly high activity and expression in other haloarchaea (Halorubrum and Haloarcula) and in diverse members of Euryarchaeota (the methanogen Methanosarcina acetivorans and the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus) and Crenarchaeota (the acidophile Sulfolobus solfataricus) argue for a broad representation within the archaeal domain. By playing a role in normal cell function, caspase‐like proteases in Archaea appear to have co‐evolved with other metabolic pathways, broadening their biological roles beyond apoptosis and cell death.
Characterization of halotolerant Bicosoecida and Placididea (Stramenopila) that are distinct from marine forms, and the phylogenetic pattern of salinity preference in heterotrophic stramenopiles
Authors: Park Jong Soo , Simpson Alastair G. B.
Published: February 2010

Recent culture‐based studies demonstrate the distinctiveness of the microbial eukaryote biota of very hypersaline environments. In contrast, microscopy‐based faunistic studies suggest that the biota of habitats of more moderate hypersalinity (60–150‰) overlaps substantially with that of marine environments, but this has barely been studied with modern techniques. To investigate the diversity and salinity tolerance range of these organisms, eight cultures of heterotrophic stramenopiles were established from (or from nearby) moderately hypersaline locations. These isolates represent five independent groups; Groups A, B and C are bicosoecids; Groups D and E belong to Placididea. One isolate (Group A) is a strain of the widespread marine species Cafeteria roenbergensis, and cannot grow above 100‰ salinity. The other isolates – Groups B–E – can all grow at 150–175‰ salinities and are probably moderate halophiles. Groups B–E all represent previously unsequenced species or even genera, although Group B is the sister group of the borderline extreme halophile Halocafeteria. The high level of novelty en countered suggests that moderately hypersaline environments may harbour a heterotrophic stramenopile biota distinct from that of marine environments. Interestingly, our new isolates are all most closely related to marine or halophilic forms, and our phylogenies show large clades defined by saline/non‐saline habitats within bicosoecids, placidomonads and related lineages. In particular, most freshwater/soil bicosoecids form one well‐supported clade. The sole major exception is Bicosoeca, which is intermixed with marine environmental sequences originally referred to as ‘MAST‐13’, which are from brackish water, not typical seawater. It seems that the freshwater/marine barrier has been crossed very few times in the evolutionary history of these heterotrophic stramenopile flagellates.
Nitrogen fixation by a marine non‐heterocystous cyanobacterium requires a heterotrophic bacterial consort
Authors: Li Zhongkui , Yu Jingjie , Kim Kyoung‐Rae , Brand Jerry
Published: February 2010

Cultures of the non‐heterocystous cyanobacterium, Leptolyngbya nodulosa, could be grown indefinitely in media devoid of combined nitrogen. Acetylene reduction assays showed that these cultures fixed nitrogen in the dark period of a diurnal cycle under micro‐oxygenic or anaerobic conditions. Addition of DCMU to cultures induced much higher rates of nitrogenase activity, most of which occurred in the light. Measurements of activity in the presence of chloramphenicol indicated that nitrogenase is synthesized in darkness and probably destroyed in the subsequent light period. Neither the dark‐mediated nitrogenase in the absence of DCMU nor light‐mediated activity in the presence of DCMU could be sustained for more than 3 days without a photoperiodic light/dark cycle. Axenic cultures could not be grown in the absence of combined nitrogen and did not demonstrate any acetylene reduction activity. An identical nifH gene sequence was found in axenic and non‐axenic cultures of L. nodulosa. RT‐PCR demonstrated that this gene was expressed only in non‐axenic cultures. Western blotting showed that the Fe‐protein of nitrogenase is absent in cultures that are incapable of acetylene reduction, indicating that the lack of nitrogenase activity is likely due to the absence of the enzyme. These observations strongly indicate that L. nodulosa contains a functional nitrogenase which is not expressed in the absence of heterotrophic bacteria.
Late‐Treated Phenylketonuria and Partial Reversibility of Intellectual Impairment
Authors: Grosse Scott D.
Published: February 2010

Individuals with late‐treated phenylketonuria (PKU) not detected by newborn screening but who followed dietary treatment for at least 12 months before 7 years of age have intelligence quotient (IQ) scores that range from severe impairment to the low‐normal range. Among adults with late‐treated PKU in California, 85% of those who were born from 1961 to 1978 had IQ scores of 70 or above. Longitudinal studies with repeated cognitive assessments often show average changes in cognitive test scores as high as 20–45 points. Although the severe cognitive impairment associated with untreated PKU can in many cases be partially reversed with dietary treatment, prompt initiation of treatment following newborn metabolic screening is essential for optimal development and the prevention of disability.
Placement in Foster Care Enhances Quality of Attachment Among Young Institutionalized Children
Authors: Smyke Anna T. , Zeanah Charles H. , Fox Nathan A. , Nelson Charles A. , Guthrie Donald
Published: February 2010

This study examined classifications of attachment in 42‐month‐old Romanian children (N = 169). Institutionalized since birth, children were assessed comprehensively, randomly assigned to care as usual (CAU) or to foster care, and compared to family‐reared children. Attachment classifications for children in foster care were markedly different from those in the CAU. Importantly, children placed in foster care before 24 months were more likely to have secure attachments and if placed earlier were less likely to have disorganized or insecure‐other attachments. Cognitive status predicted greater likelihood of organized attachment in the CAU and greater likelihood of secure attachment in the foster care and never‐institutionalized groups. Foster care is an important intervention to reduce the adverse effects following early deprivation.
Effects of Perinatal HIV Infection and Early Institutional Rearing on Physical and Cognitive Development of Children in Ukraine
Authors: Dobrova‐Krol Natasha A. , Van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , Juffer Femmie
Published: February 2010

To study the effects of perinatal HIV‐1 infection and early institutional rearing on the physical and cognitive development of children, 64 Ukrainian uninfected and HIV‐infected institutionalized and family‐reared children were examined (mean age = 50.9 months). Both HIV infection and institutional care were related to delays in physical and cognitive development, with a larger effect of the rearing environment. Family care, even of compromised quality, was found to be more favorable for children’s physical and cognitive development than institutional care. The impact of the quality of child care on physical and cognitive development is discussed in light of future interventions.
Early‐Childhood Poverty and Adult Attainment, Behavior, and Health
Authors: Duncan Greg J. , Ziol‐Guest Kathleen M. , Kalil Ariel
Published: February 2010

This article assesses the consequences of poverty between a child’s prenatal year and 5th birthday for several adult achievement, health, and behavior outcomes, measured as late as age 37. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1,589) and controlling for economic conditions in middle childhood and adolescence, as well as demographic conditions at the time of the birth, findings indicate statistically significant and, in some cases, quantitatively large detrimental effects of early poverty on a number of attainment‐related outcomes (adult earnings and work hours). Early‐childhood poverty was not associated with such behavioral measures as out‐of‐wedlock childbearing and arrests. Most of the adult earnings effects appear to operate through early poverty’s association with adult work hours.
Brooke‐Spiegler syndrome: report of a case with a novel mutation in the CYLD gene and different types of somatic mutations in benign and malignant tumors
Authors: Kazakov Dmitry V. , Schaller Jörg , Vanecek Tomas , Kacerovska Denisa , Michal Michal
Published: February 2010

The authors report a case of Brooke‐Spiegler syndrome (BSS) with a novel germline CYLD mutation and various somatic mutations identified in the lesional tissues. The patient was a 46‐year‐old man with multiple lesions on the face. The available histopathological material included 24 trichoepitheliomas, 2 large nodular basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), 2 spiradenomas, 1 spiradenocylindroma and 1 trichoblastoma composed of large and small nodules with prominent clear cell differentiation. Whereas one of the two BCCs manifested a conventional morphology, the second neoplasm additionally showed foci with high grade cytological features characterized by marked pleomorphism and numerous mitotic figures. There were also numerous signet ring cells and cells containing intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions. The germline mutation was a substitution mutation c.1684 + 1G> A. Somatic mutations were investigated in eight tissue blocks from which high quality genomic DNA had been successfully extracted. Somatic mutations included loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in four lesions and a single sequence mutation, namely a single base deletion c. 2322delA causing a frameshift mutation E774DfsX2. LOH occurred in both BCCs, one trichoepithelioma and one spiradenoma. In the remaining three lesions, the somatic event remained undetected.

Kazakov DV, Schaller J, Vanecek T, Kacerovska D, Michal M. Brooke‐Spiegler syndrome: report of a case with a novel mutation in the CYLD gene and different types of somatic mutations in benign and malignant tumors.
Physiological demands of competitive basketball
Authors: Narazaki K. , Berg K. , Stergiou N. , Chen B.
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study was to assess physiological demands of competitive basketball by measuring oxygen consumption (VO2) and other variables during practice games. Each of 12 players (20.4 ± 1.1 years) was monitored in a 20‐min practice game, which was conducted in the same way as actual games with the presence of referees and coaches. VO2 was measured by a portable system during the game and blood lactate concentration (LA) was measured in brief breaks. Subjects were also videotaped for time‐motion analysis. Female and male players demonstrated respective VO2 of 33.4 ± 4.0 and 36.9 ± 2.6 mL/kg/min and LA of 3.2 ± 0.9 and 4.2 ± 1.3 mmol/L in the practice games (P>0.05). They spent 34.1% of play time running and jumping, 56.8% walking, and 9.0% standing. Pre‐obtained VO2max was correlated to VO2 during play (r=0.673) and to percent of duration for running and jumping (r=0.935 and 0.962 for females and males, respectively). This study demonstrated a greater oxygen uptake for competitive basketball than that estimated based on a previous compendium. The correlation between aerobic capacity and activity level suggests the potential benefit of aerobic conditioning in basketball.
Linking co‐ordinative and fitness training in physical education settings
Authors: Gallotta M. C. , Marchetti R. , Baldari C. , Guidetti L. , Pesce C.
Published: February 2010

To assess whether an enrichment of the co‐ordinative demands of physical education (PE) during the curricular time may more efficiently improve co‐ordinative abilities than the traditional PE program. One hundred and fifty‐two middle school students aged 11–12 years were randomly assigned either to an experimental (n=77) or to a traditional (n=75) PE program lasting 5 months. The experimental intervention was structured in different modules focused on co‐ordination abilities. Pre‐ and post‐intervention tests assessed students' fitness (1 mile run/walk, curl‐up, flexed arm hang, trunk lift, sit and reach, 30 m run, standing long jump, basketball forward throw) and motor co‐ordination abilities (four field tests of kinesthetic discrimination and response orientation ability). After the intervention period, both groups showed a significant increment in most fitness tests. However, only the experimental group showed a significant improvement or a significantly more pronounced improvement than the control group in co‐ordinative performances. The results show that both experimental and traditional PE interventions lead to increase physical fitness levels, but only the experimental one also improves co‐ordinative abilities. Thus, focusing on a multivariate PE approach linking co‐ordination and fitness training seems to add quality to students' experiences without reducing their effectiveness in terms of physical fitness.
The beneficial effects of exercise on BMD are lost after cessation: a 5‐year follow‐up in older post‐menopausal women
Authors: Englund U. , Littbrand H. , Sondell A. , Bucht G. , Pettersson U.
Published: February 2010

This study investigates whether the positive effects on bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) and neuromuscular function following a combined weight‐bearing program are sustained in older women, a longer period after cessation of training. Thirty‐four women (18 exercisers and 16 controls) aged 73–88 years, who completed a 12‐month randomized‐controlled trial, were invited to a 5‐year follow‐up assessment of BMD and neuromuscular function. Both groups sustained significant losses in BMD of the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle during the follow‐up period. Significant losses were also seen in all neuromuscular function tests. The inter‐group change was, however, significant only for maximal walking speed where the exercise group had a significantly greater loss. In conclusion, this study suggests that gains in bone density and neuromuscular functions achieved by training are lost after cessation of training. Continuous high‐intensity weight‐loading physical activity is probably necessary to preserve bone density and neuromuscular function in older women.
Improved intramuscular blood flow and normalized metabolism in lateral epicondylitis after botulinum toxin treatment
Authors: Oskarsson E. , Piehl Aulin K. , Gustafsson B.‐E. , Pettersson K.
Published: February 2010

Lateral epicondylitis is a common cause of elbow pain, and decreased microcirculation in extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) has recently been suggested to contribute to the symptoms. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the treatment response after injection of botulinum toxin type A. Ten patients with unilateral epicondylitis and decreased intramuscular blood flow in ECRB participated. Handgrip, 2‐pinch grip and muscle strength during radial deviation and dorsal extension of the wrist were recorded. Perceived pain during contraction was evaluated with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and function in daily activities was assessed using the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand instrument (DASH) and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure instrument (COPM). Intramuscular blood flow was recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry, and microdialysis was used to analyze muscle metabolism. The difference in intramuscular blood flow between the control and the affected side had decreased 3 and 12 months after treatment (P=0.03). Lactate concentration at the 12‐month follow‐up had decreased (P=0.02); perceived pain was reduced and function in daily activities had improved. Injection of botulinum toxin is an alternative treatment for epicondylitis. Symptom relief may be due to enhanced microcirculation causing an aerobic metabolism.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Serum Anti‐endometrial Antibodies in Infertile Women – Potential Risk Factor for Implantation Failure
Authors: Sarapik Aili , Haller‐Kikkatalo Kadri , Utt Meeme , Teesalu Kaupo , Salumets Andres , Uibo Raivo
Published: February 2010

Citation Sarapik A, Haller‐Kikkatalo K, Utt M, Teesalu K, Salumets A, Uibo R. Serum anti‐endometrial antibodies in infertile women – potential risk factor for implantation failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010

Problem  Female infertility patients with diverse etiologies show increased production of autoantibodies.

Method of study  Immunoblot analysis of sera from patients with endometriosis and tubal factor infertility (TFI) and mass spectrometry identification of candidate antigens.

Results  The immunoblot results demonstrated the presence of IgA and IgG anti‐endometrial antibodies (AEA) to various antigens at molecular weights ranging from 10 to 200 kDa. Differences were detected in certain AEA reactions between the patients’ groups and particular AEA were associated with in vitro fertilization (IVF) implantation failure. IgA AEA to a 47‐kDa protein were more prevalent in TFI patients and were associated with unsuccessful IVF treatment. This antigen was subsequently identified as α‐enolase.

Conclusion  Determination of the presence and spectra of AEA in patients with endometriosis and TFI undergoing IVF may be a useful marker to predict their pregnancy outcome.
Mobile Cultures: From the Sociology of Transportation to the Study of Mobilities
Authors: Vannini Phillip
Published: February 2010

This article reviews the current state of the research on mobile cultures by situating it within the sociology of mobility, or mobilities. The review focuses in detail on empirical research on the social and cultural aspects of transportation. The study of transport in daily life, or the study of mobile cultures, is reviewed with a particular attention to issues of time and space, as well as the social problems and social inequalities generated by dominant patterns of mobility. It also discusses the mobility turn in sociology and the growth of a new mobility paradigm influencing important shifts in sociological theory and research methodology. It defines the field of mobilities as the study of the social aspects of movement, including the movement of people, material objects, information, and capital – both in the material and the virtual sense. Mobilities for instance may include phenomena as migration, transport, travel and tourism, wireless and portable communication technology use, the social organization of transportation and communication infrastructures, and regional and transnational flows of capital and material things.
Structural water in the Bench Crater chondrite returned from the Moon
Authors: ZOLENSKY Michael E.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— I have reinvestigated the mineralogy of the only carbonaceous chondrite (12037, 188) returned from the Moon and found saponite within, which comprises the first hydrous material returned from the Moon. That this phyllosilicate has survived impact onto the lunar surface suggests that asteroid and cometary impacts could have provided significant quantities of surviving clay (hydrous) minerals into the lunar regolith. The Bench Crater meteorite also provides a glimpse of the petrography of the ancient meteoroid complex, something not possible on the geologically active Earth.
A nondestructive analytical method for stone meteorites—and a controversial discrepancy
Authors: FREDRIKSSON K. , BRENNER P. R. , FREDRIKSSON B. J. , OLSEN E.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— A method is described for whole rock analyses of major elements in stone meteorites using the electron microprobe and requiring only powdering of the sample, most of which can be retrieved after analysis for additional analytical studies, such as instrument neutron activation analysis (INAA), radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) and O‐isotopic analysis. Whole individual chondrules of > 1 mg can be analyzed. The method is especially attractive for meteorites in short supply or of great rarity. A total of 398 meteorites were analyzed by this method. The results compare favorably with wet chemical analyses.

A study was made of seventeen ordinary chondrites to compare their whole rock (metal free) compositions with the averaged compositions of eleven to thirty‐eight of their respective individual chondrules (a total of 374 chondrules). The oxide ratio Al2O3/CaO is generally lower in chondrules than in their respective chondrites, the disparity being larger for petrographic grade 5 than for grade 3. Ordinary chondrites are not simply the sum of their respective chondrules. Furthermore, correlations between CaO, Al2O3 and TiO2 are strong for chondrules in unequilibrated chondrites and nonexistent in equilibrated chondrites. Also H, L and LL chondrite groups have similar bulk compositions within their respective groups, in spite of the different proportions of chondrules, kinds of chondrules, chondrule debris, and matrix. All this brings into question the metamorphic classification in which high petrographic grades are the metamorphosed equivalents of low petrographic grades.
In situ formation of palisade bodies in calcium, aluminum‐rich refractory inclusions
Authors: SIMON Steven B. , GROSSMAN Lawrence
Published: February 2010

Abstract— It has been suggested that palisade bodies—shells of spinel found within some calcium, aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs) and the phases the shells enclose—are intact mini‐CAIs that predate and were captured by their current hosts while the latter were still molten. We present new data and observations that indicate that most palisade bodies formed instead in situ while their host inclusions were crystallizing. The evidence includes observations of spinel‐lined cavities and glass‐filled, circular structures outlined by spinel in experimental run products crystallized from melts; a partially formed palisade body in an inclusion; a fassaite crystal that is optically continuous across a palisade wall; and similarity of unusual mineral compositions in some palisade bodies and their hosts. Our observations can be used to refute arguments for exotic origin and are most consistent with a model for in situ formation involving: (1) formation of vesicles in a largely molten inclusion; (2) nucleation of spinel upon and/or adherence to vapor‐melt interfaces, forming spinel shells around vesicles; (3)leakage of vesicles and filling with melt while spinel shells remain largely intact; and (4) crystallization of melt inside shells. This model is similar to one proposed for formation of segregation vesicles, which are partially‐ to completely‐filled vesicles found in some terrestrial basalts. In addition, we interpret framboids (i.e., dense clusters of spinel with little material between grains, found in most inclusions that contain palisade bodies) as polar or near‐polar sections through palisade bodies and therefore do not make a genetic distinction between the two features.
Original size of the Vredefort Structure: Implications for the geological evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin
Authors: THERRIAULT A. M. , GRIEVE R. A. F. , REIMOLD W. U.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Historically, there have been a range of diameter estimates for the large, deeply eroded Vredefort impact structure within the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Here, we estimate the diameter of the transient cavity at the present level of erosion as ∼124–140 km, based on the spatial distribution of shock metamorphic features in the floor of the structure and downfaulted Transvaal outliers. Taking erosion into account (<6 km) and scaling to original final rim diameter, an estimate of close to 300 km for the rim diameter is obtained. Independent estimates of the final rim diameter, based on an empirical relation of central uplift diameter to rim diameter, spatial distribution of pseudotachylites, and concentric large scale structural patterns, give a similar estimate of close to 300 km for the original final rim diameter. An impact structure of this size is expected to have had an original multi‐ring form. At this size, the Vredefort impact structure encompasses the bulk of the Witwatersrand Basin, which appears to owe its preservation to the Vredefort impact. In addition, the Vredefort impact event may have been the thermal driver for some of the widespread hydrothermal activity in the area, which, in recent interpretations, is believed to be a component in the creation of the world‐class gold deposits of the Witwatersrand Basin.
Planetary cratering 2: Studies of saturation equilibrium
Authors: HARTMANN William K. , GASKELL Robert W.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— A realistic computer model has been developed to display images of imaginary cratered surfaces, taking into account empirically measured input size distributions of primary and secondary craters, ejecta blanket morphology including feathering with distance, obliteration due to ejecta from outside the imaged area, lighting effects, etc. The model allows us to track surface evolution of morphology as new craters are added.

Using the model as well as lunar photos, we have studied the approach to saturation equilibrium (defined as a condition when no further proportionate increase in crater density occurs as input cratering increases). We find that an identifiable saturation equilibrium occurs close to a level previously identified for this state (Hartmann, 1984), typically fluctuating around a crater density from ∼0.4 to 2 times that level. This result is fairly robust vis‐à‐vis the range of model parameters we have chosen. Flooding, basin ejecta blankets, and other obliterative effects can introduce structure and oscillations within this range, even after saturation equilibrium is achieved.

These findings may constrain or revise certain earlier interpretations of satellite and planet surface evolution and impactor populations, which were predicated on the assumed absence of saturation equilibrium.

In our fourth experimental run, we found that suppression of “sandblasting” by subresolution impacts allows the smallest secondaries to rise above the saturation equilibrium line, a result that might be relevant to a similar situation on Gaspra and perhaps some other asteroids.
The Hadley Rille enstatite chondrite and its agglutinate‐like rim: Impact melting during accretion to the Moon
Authors: RUBIN Alan E.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Hadley Rille is a millimeter‐size EH chondrite containing euhedral and acicular enstatite grains, kamacite globules and preferentially aligned silicate aggregates separated by elongated kamacite‐rich patches. The Hadley Rille chondrite was significantly impact melted when it accreted to the lunar regolith at relative velocities of ∼>3 km s−1; ∼65–75% of the chondrules present initially were melted. During the impact, portions of the local regolith were melted and an agglutinate‐like rim formed around the chondritic projectile; the rim consists of flow‐banded vesicular glass, blebs of troilite and low‐Ni metallic Fe, rock fragments, glass(?) shards, and mineral grains. The mineral grains include enstatite (which is otherwise absent from the Moon and must have been derived from the projectile) and poorly characterized, micrometer‐size phases enriched in light rare‐earth‐elements (LREE), which probably formed during the impact. Several of the rock fragments contain <33 mg/g Cl, which was probably derived through impact‐induced volatilization of Cl from chondrule mesostases in the EH projectile.
Water in tektites and impact glasses by fourier‐transformed infrared spectrometry
Authors: BERAN Anton , KOEBERL Christian
Published: February 2010

Abstract—To improve the scarce data base of H2O content in tektites and impact glasses, we analyzed 26 tektites from all four strewn fields and 25 impact glass samples for their H2O content. We used the fourier‐transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrometry method, which permits measurement of areas of ∼40 μm in diameter. Our results show that the tektites have H2O contents ranging from 0.002 to 0.030 wt% (average 0.014 ± 0.008 wt%). Ivory Coast tektites have the lowest H2O abundances (0.002–0.003 wt%), and Muong Nong‐type indochinites and some North American tektites having the highest contents (up to ∼0.03 wt%). Impact glass samples (from the Zhamanshin, Aouelloul, and Rio Cuarto craters) yielded H2O contents of 0.008 to 0.13 wt% H2O. Typical impact glasses from the Aouelloul and Zhamanshin craters have low H2O contents (0.008 to 0.063 wt%). Libyan Desert Glasses and Rio Cuarto glasses have higher H2O contents (∼0.11 wt%). We also analyzed glasses of unknown origin (e.g., urengoites; glass fragments from Tikal), which showed very low H2O contents, in agreement with an origin by impact. Our data confirm that all tektites found on land have very low H2O contents (<0.03 wt% H2O), while impact glasses have slightly higher H2O contents. Both glass types are very dry compared to volcanic glasses. This study confirms that the low H2O contents (<0.05 wt%) of such glasses can be considered good evidence for an origin by impact.
Mineralogy of meteorite groups
Authors: RUBIN Alan E.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Approximately 275 mineral species have been identified in meteorites, reflecting diverse redox environments, and, in some cases, unusual nebular formation conditions. Anhydrous ordinary, carbonaceous and R chondrites contain major olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase; major opaque phases include metallic Fe‐Ni, troilite and chromite. Primitive achondrites are mineralogically similar. The highly reduced enstatite chondrites and achondrites contain major enstatite, plagioclase, free silica and kamacite as well as nitrides, a silicide and Ca‐, Mg‐, Mn‐, Na‐, Cr‐, K‐ and Ti‐rich sulfides. Aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites contain major amounts of hydrous phyllosilicates, complex organic compounds, magnetite, various sulfates and sulfides, and carbonates.

In addition to kamacite and taenite, iron meteorites contain carbides, elemental C, nitrides, phosphates, phosphides, chromite and sulfides. Silicate inclusions in IAB/IIICD and IIE iron meteorites consist of mafic silicates, plagioclase and various sulfides, oxides and phosphates. Eucrites, howardites and diogenites have basaltic to orthopyroxenitic compositions and consist of major pyroxene and calcic plagioclase and several accessory oxides. Ureilites are made up mainly of calcic, chromian olivine and low‐Ca clinopyroxene embedded in a carbonaceous matrix; accessory phases include the C polymorphs graphite, diamond, lonsdaleite and chaoite as well as metallic Fe‐Ni, troilite and halides. Angrites are achondrites rich in fassaitic pyroxene (i.e., Al‐Ti diopside); minor olivine with included magnesian kirschsteinite is also present. Martian meteorites comprise basalts, lherzolites, a dunite and an orthopyroxenite. Major phases include various pyroxenes and olivine; minor to accessory phases include various sulfides, magnetite, chromite and Ca‐phosphates. Lunar meteorites comprise mare basalts with major augite and calcic plagioclase and anorthositic breccias with major calcic plagioclase.

Several meteoritic phases were formed by shock metamorphism. Martensite (α2‐Fe,Ni) has a distorted body‐centered‐cubic structure and formed by a shear transformation from taenite during shock reheating and rapid cooling. The C polymorphs diamond, lonsdaleite and chaoite formed by shock from graphite. Suessite formed in the North Haig ureilite by reduction of Fe and Si (possibly from olivine) via reaction with carbonaceous matrix material. Ringwoodite, the spinel form of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, and majorite, a polymorph of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 with the garnet structure, formed inside shock veins in highly shocked ordinary chondrites.

Secondary minerals in meteorite finds that formed during terrestrial weathering include oxides and hydroxides formed directly from metallic Fe‐Ni by oxidation, phosphates formed by the alteration of schreibersite, and sulfates formed by alteration of troilite.
Incipient melt formation and devitrification at the Wanapitei impact structure, Ontario, Canada
Authors: DRESSLER B. O. , CRABTREE D. , SCHURAYTZ B. C.
Published: February 2010

Abstract—The Wanapitei impact structure is ∼8 km in diameter and lies within Wanapitei Lake, ∼34 km northeast of the city of Sudbury. Rocks related to the 37 Ma impact event are found only in Pleistocene glacial deposits south of the lake. Most of the target rocks are metasedimentary rocks of the Proterozoic Huronian Supergroup. An almost completely vitrified, inclusion‐bearing sample investigated here represents either an impact melt or a strongly shock metamorphosed, pebbly wacke. In the second, preferred interpretation, a number of partially melted and devitrified clasts are enclosed in an equally highly shock metamorphosed arkosic wacke matrix (i.e., the sample is a shocked pebbly wacke), which records the onset of shock melting. This interpretation is based on the glass composition, mineral relicts in the glass, relict rock textures, and the similar degree of shock metamorphism and incipient melting of all sample components. Boulder matrix and clasts are largely vitrified and preserve various degrees of fluidization, vesiculation, and devitrification. Peak shock pressure of ∼50–60 GPa and stress experienced by the sample were somewhat below those required for complete melting and development of a homogeneous melt. The rapid cooling and devitrification history of the analyzed sample is comparable to that reported recently from glasses in the suevite of the Ries impact structure in Germany and may indicate that the analyzed sample experienced an annealing temperature after deposition of somewhere between 650 °C and 800 °C.
Two new iron meteorites from the Province of Québec, Canada
Authors: KISSIN S. A. , HERD R. K.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Two iron meteorites, identified in 1994, have been recovered from the Province of Québec, Canada. Lac Dodon is a coarse octahedrite of 800 g, displaying only minor evidence of terrestrial weathering. A heat‐affected zone up to 1 mm thick is fairly well preserved. Penouille is a medium octahedrite of 72.5 g that was recovered from an ocean beach. Traces of a heat‐affected zone are preserved. Analyses reveal that both meteorites are members of group IAB, although Penouille is in the Ni‐rich IB tail of the group.
Mineralogy and cooling history of the calcium‐aluminum‐chromium enriched ureilite, Lewis Cliff 88774
Authors: CHIKAMI Jun , MIKOUCHI Takashi , TAKEDA Hiroshi , MIYAMOTO Masamichi
Published: February 2010

Abstract—The LEW 88774 ureilite is extraordinarily rich in Ca, Al, and Cr, and mineralogically quite different from other ureilites in that it consists mainly of exsolved pyroxene, olivine, Cr‐rich spinel, and C. The presence of coarse exsolved pyroxene in LEW 88774 is unique because pyroxene in most other ureilites is not exsolved. The pyroxene has bulk Wo contents of 15–20 mol% and has coarse exsolution lamellae of augite and low‐Ca pyroxene, 50 μm in width. The compositions of the exsolved augite (Ca33.7Mg52.8Fe13.5) and host low‐Ca pyroxene (Ca4.4Mg75Fe20.6) show that these exsolution lamellae were equilibrated at 1280 °C. A computer simulation of the cooling rate, obtained by solving the diffusion equation for reproducing the diffusion profile of CaO across the lamellae, suggests that the pyroxene was cooled at 0.01 °C/year until the temperature reached 1160 °C. This cooling rate corresponds to a depth of at least 1 km in the parent body, assuming it was covered by a rock‐like material. Therefore, LEW 88774 was held at this high temperature for 1.2 × 104years. The proposed cooling history is consistent with that of other ureilites with coarsegrained unexsolved pigeonites. Lewis Cliff 88774 includes abundant Cr‐rich spinel in comparison with other ureilites. The range of FeO content of spinels in LEW 88774 is from 1.3 wt% to 21 wt% [Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.04–0.6]. The Cr‐rich and Fe‐poor spinel in LEW 88774 has less Fe (FeO, 1.3 wt%) than spinels in other achondrites. We classify this spinel as an Fe, Al‐bearing picrochromite. Most ureilites are depleted in Ca and Al, but this meteorite has high‐Ca and Al concentrations. In this respect, as well as mineral assemblage and the presence of coarse exsolution lamellae in pyroxene, LEW 88774 is a unique ureilite. Most differentiated meteorites are poor in volatile elements such as Zn, but the LEW 88774 spinels contain abundant Zn (up to 0.6 wt%). We note that such a high Zn concentration in spinel has been observed in the carbonaceous chondrites and recrystallized chondrites. This unusual ureilite has more primitive characteristics than most other ureilites.
MÖssbauer spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis of the New Haifa meteorite
Authors: ABDU Yassir A. , ERICSSON Tore
Published: February 2010

Abstract— MÖssbauer spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) have been carried out for the investigation of a newly fallen Sudanese meteorite named New Haifa. The room temperature MÖssbauer spectrum is fitted with three sextets and two doublets. The sextets are assigned to Fe in troilite, kamacite, and taenite, and the two doublets are assigned to Fe2+in olivine and pyroxene (no Fe3+was found). The microprobe trace of Ni concentration across a kamacite‐taenite‐kamacite area shows a high‐Ni concentration at the interfaces between kamacite and taenite. From the microprobe analysis, olivine appears to have a constant composition, whereas pyroxene has a varying composition. The mole fractions of the Fe end members of olivine (fayalite) and pyroxene (ferrosilite) are found to be 23.5% and 23.2%, respectively. Accordingly, the New Haifa meteorite is classified as an ordinary L‐type chondrite.
Complex exposure histories for meteorites with “short” exposure ages
Authors: HERZOG G. F. , VOGT S. , ALBRECHT A. , XUE S. , FINK D. , KLEIN J. , MIDDLETON R. , WEBER H. W. , SCHULTZ L.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— We report measurements of 26Al and 10Be activities in nine ordinary chondrites and of the light noble gas concentrations and 36Cl and 41Ca activities in subsets of those meteorites. All but Murray have low 21Ne concentrations (<1.0 × 10−8cm3STP/g) and have previously been used to estimate 21Ne production rates. Ladder Creek, Murchison, Sena, and Timochin have inventories of cosmogenic radionuclides that are compatible with a single stage of irradiation and give 21Ne production rates that are consistent with the standard L‐chondrite value of 0.33 × 10−8cm3STP/g/Ma. In contrast, Cullison, Guenie, Shaw, and Tsarev experienced complex irradiation histories. They and several other meteorites with low nominal exposure ages also have lower 3He/21Ne ratios than expected based on their 22Ne/21Ne ratios. A general association between low 21Ne contents and 3He losses suggests that meteorites with short lifetimes often occupy orbits with small perihelia. However, meteorites with low 21Ne contents, one‐stage exposure histories, and losses of cosmogenic 3He are rare. Possible explanations for the scarcity are (1) statistical, (2) that it is harder for more deeply buried protometeoroids to lose gas in a liberating collision, and (3) that it is harder to insert more deeply buried protometeoroids directly into orbits with small perihelia.
The Galim LL/EH polymict breccia: Evidence for impact‐induced exchange between reduced and oxidized meteoritic material
Authors: RUBIN Alan E.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Galim is a polymict breccia consisting of a heavily shocked (shock stage S6) LL6 chondrite, Galim (a), and an impact‐melted EH chondrite, Galim (b). Relict chondrules in Galim (b) served as nucleation sites for euhedral enstatite grains crystallizing from the impact melt. Many of the reduced phases typical of EH chondrites (e.g., Si‐bearing metallic Fe‐Ni; Ti‐bearing troilite) are absent. Galim (b) was probably shock‐melted while in contact with a more oxidized source, namely, Galim (a); during this event, Si was oxidized from the metal and Ti was oxidized from troilite. Galim (a) contains shock veins and recrystallized, unzoned olivine. The absence of evidence for reduction in Galim (a) may indicate that the amount of LL material greatly exceeded that of EH material; shock metamorphism may have taken place on the LL parent body. Shock‐induced redox reactions such as those inferred for the Galim breccia appear to be restricted mainly to asteroids because the low‐end tail of their relative‐velocity distribution permits mixing of intact disparate materials (including accretion of projectiles of different oxidation states), whereas the peak of the distribution leads to high equilibration shock pressures (allowing impact‐induced exchange between previously accreted, disequilibrated materials). Galim probably formed by a two‐stage process: (1) accretion to the LL parent body of an intact EH projectile at low relative velocities, and (2) shock metamorphism of the assemblage by the subsequent impact of another projectile at significantly higher relative velocities.
Energetic proton irradiation history of the howardite parent body regolith and implications for ancient solar activity
Authors: RAO M. N. , GARRISON D. H. , PALMA R. L. , BOGARD D. D.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Previous studies have shown that the Kapoeta howardite, as well as several other meteorites, contains excess concentrations of cosmogenic Ne in the darkened, solar‐irradiated phase compared to the light, non‐irradiated phase. The two explanations offered for the nuclear production of these Ne excesses in the parent body regolith are either from galactic cosmic‐ray proton (GCR) irradiation or from a greatly enhanced flux of energetic solar “cosmic‐ray” protons (SCR), as compared to the recent solar flux. Combining new isotopic data we obtained on acid‐etched, separated feldspar from Kapoeta light and dark phases with literature data, we show that the cosmogenic 21Ne/22Ne ratio of light phase feldspar (0.80) is consistent with only GCR irradiation in space for ∼3 Ma. However, the 21Ne/22Ne ratio (0.68) derived for irradiation of dark phase feldspar in the Kapoeta regolith indicates that cosmogenic Ne was produced in roughly equal proportions from galactic and solar protons. Considering a simple model of an immature Kapoeta parent body regolith, the duration of this early galactic exposure was only ∼3–6 Ma, which would be an upper limit to the solar exposure time of individual grains. Concentrations of cosmogenic 21Ne in pyroxene separates and of cosmogenic 126Xe in both feldspar and pyroxene are consistent with this interpretation. The near‐surface irradiation time of individual grains in the Kapoeta regolith probably varied considerably due to regolith mixing to an average GCR irradiation depth of ∼10 cm. Because of the very different depth scales for production of solar ∼Fe tracks, SCR Ne, and GCR Ne, the actual regolith exposure times for average grains probably differed correspondingly. However, both the SCR 21Ne and solar track ages appear to be longer because of enhanced production by early solar activity. The SCR/GCR production ratio of 21Ne inferred from the Kapoeta data is larger by a at least a factor of 10 and possibly as much as a factor of ∼50 compared to recent solar particle fluxes. Thus, this study indicates that our early Sun was much more active and emitted a substantially higher flux of energetic (>10 MeV/nucleon) protons.
Sodium‐, chlorine‐rich mesostases in Chainpur (LL3) and Parnallee (LL3) chondrules
Authors: BRIDGES J. C. , ALEXANDER C. M. O'D. , HUTCHISON R. , FRANCHI I. A. , PILLINGER C. T.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Forty‐six chondrules from Chainpur (LL3.4) and 39 chondrules and clasts from Parnallee (LL3.6) have been sectioned and searched for Na‐, Cl‐rich phases by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Oxygen isotopic compositions, I‐Xe ages and ion probe data were also obtained on some of these chondrules. Sodium‐, Cl‐rich glass and microcrystalline sodalite (Na4Al3Si3O12Cl), nepheline (NaAlSiO4), scapolite (Na4Al3Si9O24Cl) have been identified in 7% of the Chainpur and 8% of the Parnallee samples. These phases are present in chondrule mesostases or, in one case, the plagioclase of a barred‐olivine chondrule. None of the chondrules contain >5 vol% Na‐, Cl‐rich phases. In the Chainpur chondrules, they originated through partial devitrification of silica‐undersaturated, rare‐earth‐element‐(REE), Na‐ and Cl‐rich mesostases. Two processes have been identified that led to the formation of these mesostases. In two of the chondrules, which consist mainly of low‐Ca pyroxene, the extended, metastable crystallization of low‐Ca pyroxene created silica‐undersaturated, REE‐rich residua. Barium‐ and Cl‐enrichments in nepheline and scapolite of one chondrule suggest that there was also an influx of alkalis and Cl during crystallization of the low‐Ca pyroxene. Similarly, another one of the Chainpur chondrules, mainly composed of olivine phenocrysts, is markedly enriched in Cl (10 × OC). As there is no evidence of corrosive metasomatism in any of the chondrules, Cl‐ (and alkali) enrichment is believed to have occurred when they were still partially molten. The chondrules were derived from normal O‐isotopic reservoirs, so the postulated influx of Ba, Na and Cl did not occur on an exotic parent body.

Trace amounts of nepheline and sodalite, present in two Parnallee chondrules, crystallized from small Na‐, Cl‐, REE‐rich residua following extended crystallization of anorthite. An I‐Xe age of 5.0 Ma post‐Bjurböle obtained on one of these Parnallee chondrules dates the crystallization of feldspathoid and, thus, formation of the chondrule.