bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SKEWED CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD MIX: WHY IT HAPPENS, WHY IT MATTERS
Authors: SULLIVAN TARA M. , BERTRAND JANE T. , RICE JANET , SHELTON JAMES D.
Published: August 2005

Contraceptive prevalence has been central to family planning research over the past few decades, but researchers have given surprisingly little consideration to method mix, a proxy for method availability or choice. There is no ‘ideal’ method mix recognized by the international community; however, there may be reason for concern when one or two methods predominate in a given country. In this article method skew is operationally defined as a single method constituting 50% or more of contraceptive use in a given country. Of 96 countries examined in this analysis, 34 have this type of skewed method mix. These 34 countries cluster in three groups: (1) sixteen countries in which traditional methods dominate, most of which are in sub-Saharan Africa; (2) four countries in which female sterilization predominates (India, Brazil, Dominican Republic and Panama); and (3) fourteen countries that rely on a single reversible method (the pill in Algeria, Kuwait, Liberia, Morocco, Sudan and Zimbabwe; the IUD in Cuba, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan; and the injectable in Malawi). A review of available literature on method choice in these countries provides substantial insight into the different patterns of method skew. Method skew in some countries reflects cultural preferences or social norms. Yet it becomes problematic if it stems from restrictive population policies, lack of access to a broad range of methods, or provider bias.
The Federal Theatre Project: A Case Study. By Barry B. Witham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 190. $70 cloth.
Authors: Fraden Rena
Published: August 2005

The Federal Theatre Project . . . was a unique and influential experiment in American theatre; not just for its outspoken politics, but because it reimagined the very way that theatre was produced in the United States. For the first time in the history of the country theatre was subsidized by the federal government, a practice with widespread precedents in Europe and Asia, but one that was totally out of step with free enterprise business practice and a culture which had banned plays in its Second Continental Congress. (1)

So opens Barry Witham's case study of the Seattle Federal Theatre Project from 1935 to 1939.
New Readings in Theatre History. By Jacky Bratton. Theatre and Performance Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. xi + 238. $24 paper; $70 cloth.
Authors: Mayer David
Published: August 2005

I have no hesitation in saying how much I admire Jacky Bratton's New Readings in Theatre History. I consider it an essential guide to an understanding of modern theatre historiography, and it offers a cluster of apposite alternative approaches to historical research. That this book throws light into some areas of the early Victorian stage that are rarely investigated and even less frequently analyzed is a further gift. Bratton has a knack for identifying those marginalized, by gender or by theatrical task, from central discourses and in restoring to these now-distant sources a reclaimed significance. She hears the small voices and those whose contributions to the British stage were rarely, if ever, known to audiences in the capital or major centers. She has given us a superb study, vital to the practicing historian.
Bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling
Authors: Lewis Marc D.
Published: August 2005

Efforts to bridge emotion theory with neurobiology can be facilitated by dynamic systems (DS) modeling. DS principles stipulate higher-order wholes emerging from lower-order constituents through bidirectional causal processes – offering a common language for psychological and neurobiological models. After identifying some limitations of mainstream emotion theory, I apply DS principles to emotion–cognition relations. I then present a psychological model based on this reconceptualization, identifying trigger, self-amplification, and self-stabilization phases of emotion-appraisal states, leading to consolidating traits. The article goes on to describe neural structures and functions involved in appraisal and emotion, as well as DS mechanisms of integration by which they interact. These mechanisms include nested feedback interactions, global effects of neuromodulation, vertical integration, action-monitoring, and synaptic plasticity, and they are modeled in terms of both functional integration and temporal synchronization. I end by elaborating the psychological model of emotion–appraisal states with reference to neural processes.
The concept of circular causality should be discarded
Authors: Bakker Bram
Published: August 2005

This commentary argues that one specific but central concept in Lewis's theory, circular causality, is fundamentally flawed and should be discarded – first, because it does not make theoretical sense, and, second, because it leads to problems in practice, such as confounding the interaction between different systems with the relationship between different levels of analysis of a single system.
The evolutionary link between mirror neurons and imitation: An evolutionary adaptive agents model
Authors: Borenstein Elhanan , Ruppin Eytan
Published: August 2005

This commentary validates the fundamental evolutionary interconnection between the emergence of imitation and the mirror system. We present a novel computational framework for studying the evolutionary origins of imitative behavior and examining the emerging underlying mechanisms. Evolutionary adaptive agents that evolved in this framework demonstrate the emergence of neural “mirror” mechanisms analogous to those found in biological systems.
An intermediate level between the psychological and the neurobiological levels of descriptions of appraisal-emotion dynamics
Authors: Chella Antonio
Published: August 2005

Conceptual space is proposed as an intermediate representation level between the psychological and the neurobiological levels of descriptions of appraisal and emotions. The main advantage of the proposed intermediate representation is that the appraisal and emotions dynamics are described by using the terms of geometry.
What is the significance of cross-national variability in sociosexuality?
Authors: Clark Andrew , Daly Martin
Published: August 2005

Schmitt finds that national sex ratios predict levels of sociosexuality, but how we should interpret this result is unclear for both methodological and conceptual reasons. We criticize aspects of Schmitt's theorizing and his analytic strategy, and suggest that some additional analyses of the data in hand might be illuminating.
Enacting emotional interpretations with feeling
Authors: Colombetti Giovanna , Thompson Evan
Published: August 2005

This commentary makes three points: (1) There may be no clear-cut distinction between emotion and appraisal “constituents” at neural and psychological levels. (2) The microdevelopment of an emotional interpretation contains a complex microdevelopment of affect. (3) Neurophenomenology is a promising research program for testing Lewis's hypotheses about the neurodynamics of emotion-appraisal amalgams.
On sociosexual cognitive architecture
Authors: Dickins Thomas E.
Published: August 2005

Schmitt has equivocated about the underlying psychology of sociosexuality, but from the data presented in the target article, it would appear that he has drawn out the underlying cognitive architecture. In this commentary, I describe this architecture and discuss two emerging hypotheses about heterosexual and homosexual male sociosexuality.
Universal sex differences across patriarchal cultures ≠ evolved psychological dispositions
Authors: Eagly Alice H. , Wood Wendy
Published: August 2005

Schmitt's findings provide little evidence that sex differences in sociosexuality are explained by evolved dispositions. These sex differences are better explained by an evolutionary account that treats the psychological attributes of women and men as emergent, given the biological attributes of the sexes, especially female reproductive capacity, and the economic and social structural aspects of societies.
The second to fourth digit ratio, sociosexuality, and offspring sex ratio
Authors: Fink Bernhard , Manning John T. , Neave Nick
Published: August 2005

Previous research has suggested that offspring sex ratio may be influenced by the actions of prenatal sex steroids, principally androgens. The relative length of the second (index finger) to the fourth digit (ring finger) has been reported to be a proxy to prenatal testosterone levels. This trait is sexually dimorphic, such that males display a significantly lower 2D:4D ratio (indicating higher testosterone exposure), and this dimorphism appears robust across different populations. We suggest that digit ratio (2D:4D) may form a useful marker to help explain variation in sex ratio and sociosexuality.
Auditory object processing and primate biological evolution
Authors: Horwitz Barry , Husain Fatima T. , Guenther Frank H.
Published: August 2005

This commentary focuses on the importance of auditory object processing for producing and comprehending human language, the relative lack of development of this capability in nonhuman primates, and the consequent need for hominid neurobiological evolution to enhance this capability in making the transition from protosign to protospeech to language.
Dynamic appraisals: A paper with promises
Authors: Frijda Nico H.
Published: August 2005

The proposed dynamic systems model of emotion generation indeed appears considerably more plausible and descriptively adequate than traditional linear models. It also comes much closer to the complex interactions observed in neurobiological research. The proposals regarding self-organization in emerging appraisal-emotion interactions are thought-provoking and attractive. Yet, at this point they are more in the nature of promises than findings, and are clearly in need of corroborating psychological evidence or demonstrated theoretical desirability.
Adding the missing link back into mate choice research
Authors: Mata Rui , Wilke Andreas , Todd Peter M.
Published: August 2005

Evolutionary psychologists should go beyond research on individual differences in attitudes and focus more on detailed models of psychological mechanisms. We argue for complementing attitude research with agent-based computational modeling of mate choice. Agent-based models require detailed specification of individual choice mechanisms that can be evaluated in terms of both their psychological plausibility and the population-level outcomes they produce.
Meaning and motor actions: Artificial life and behavioral evidence
Authors: Parisi Domenico , Borghi Anna M. , Di Ferdinando Andrea , Tsiotas Giorgio
Published: August 2005

Mirror neurons may play a role in representing not only signs but also their meaning. Because actions are the only aspect of behavior that are inter-individually accessible, interpreting meanings in terms of actions might explain how meanings can be shared. Behavioral evidence and artificial life simulations suggest that seeing objects or processing words referring to objects automatically activates motor actions.
An avian parallel to primate mirror neurons and language evolution?
Authors: Pepperberg Irene M.
Published: August 2005

Arbib presents a reasoned explanation for language evolution from nonhuman to human primates, one that I argue can be equally applied to animals trained in forms of interspecies communication. I apply his criteria for language readiness and language (in actuality, protolanguage) to the behavior of a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) taught to communicate with humans using rudiments of English speech.
Where's the example?
Authors: Kaup David J. , Clarke Thomas L.
Published: August 2005

Lewis has missed an excellent opportunity to concisely demonstrate that a dynamical system can provide a bridge between emotion theory and neurobiology.
Universal human traits: The holy grail of evolutionary psychology
Authors: Ryan Christopher , Jethá Cacilda
Published: August 2005

Although the search for universal human traits is necessarily the principle focus of researchers in evolutionary psychology, the habitual reliance on undergraduate students introduces profound doubts concerning resulting data. Furthermore, the absence of relevant data from foraging societies undermines claims of cross-cultural universality in this paper and in many others.
Motivation rather than imitation determined the appearance of language
Authors: Prudkov Pavel N.
Published: August 2005

Arbib derives the origin of language from the emergence of a complex imitation system; however, it is unlikely that this complication could occur without a prior complicating within the imitated systems. This means that Arbib's hypothesis is not correct, because the other systems determined the appearance of language. In my opinion, language emerged when the motivational system became able to support goal-directed processes with no innate basis.
Vocal gestures and auditory objects
Authors: Rauschecker Josef P.
Published: August 2005

Recent studies in human and nonhuman primates demonstrate that auditory objects, including speech sounds, are identified in anterior superior temporal cortex projecting directly to inferior frontal regions and not along a posterior pathway, as classically assumed. By contrast, the role of posterior temporal regions in speech and language remains largely unexplained, although a concept of vocal gestures may be helpful.
The role of frontocingulate pathways in the emotion-cognition interface: Emerging clues from depression
Authors: Pizzagalli Diego A.
Published: August 2005

By emphasizing nonlinear dynamics between appraisal and emotions, Lewis's model provides a valuable platform for integrating psychological and neural perspectives on the emotion-cognition interface. In this commentary, I discuss the role of neuroscience in shaping new conceptualizations of emotion and the putative role of theta oscillation within frontocingulate pathways in depression, a syndrome in which emotion-cognition relations are dysfunctional.
Shortcomings of the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory: Can psychometrics inform evolutionary psychology?
Authors: Voracek Martin
Published: August 2005

Simpson and Gangestad's (1991) Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI) is pivotal in Schmitt's cross-national study on sociosexuality. Here I elaborate on psychometric shortcomings of the SOI that are crucial in this research context.
Measuring sociosexuality across people and nations: Revisiting the strengths and weaknesses of cross-cultural sex research
Authors: Schmitt David P.
Published: August 2005

My response to the commentaries highlights three main points. First, the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI) has demonstrated adequate reliability and validity across dozens of studies, and it deserves its reputation as a useful measure of basic human mating strategies. Second, the sampling limitations of the International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP) do not negate the conclusion that sex differences in sociosexuality are likely universal across cultures. Third, the ISDP results support several theories of human sexuality, although some are based on faulty assumptions that render them less viable than others.
The importance of inhibition in dynamical systems models of emotion and neurobiology
Authors: Thayer Julian F. , Lane Richard D.
Published: August 2005

Lewis makes a compelling case for a dynamical systems approach to emotion and neurobiology. These models involve both excitatory and inhibitory processes. It appears that a critical role for inhibitory processes is implied but not emphasized in Lewis's model. We suggest that a greater understanding of inhibitory processes both at the psychological and neurobiological levels might further enhance Lewis's model.
A dynamic duo: Emotion and development
Authors: Walker-Andrews Arlene S. , Haviland-Jones Jeannette
Published: August 2005

A dynamic systems (DS) approach uncovers important connections between emotion and neurophysiology. It is critical, however, to include a developmental perspective. Strides in the understanding of emotional development, as well as the present use of DS in developmental science, add significantly to the study of emotion. Examples include stranger fear during infancy, intermodal perception of emotion, and development of individual emotional systems.
An emerging dialogue among social scientists and neuroscientists on the causal bases of emotion
Authors: Lewis Marc D.
Published: August 2005

The target article developed a dynamic systems framework that viewed the causal basis of emotion as a self-organizing process giving rise to cognitive appraisal concurrently. Commentators on the article evaluated this framework and the principles and mechanisms it incorporated. They also suggested additional principles, mechanisms, modeling strategies, and phenomena related to emotion and appraisal, in place of or extending from those already proposed. There was general agreement that nonlinear causal processes are fundamental to the psychology and neurobiology of emotion.
Living arrangements, family solidarity and life satisfaction of two generations of immigrants in Israel
Authors: LOWENSTEIN ARIELA , KATZ RUTH
Published: August 2005

This paper reports a study of the relationships between shared and separate living arrangements and the life satisfaction of two generations of migrants from the former Soviet Union to Israel, adult children (the younger generation) and their elderly parents. An attempt was made to identify the social, familial and personal factors that affect life satisfaction, and special attention was devoted to inter-generational family solidarity and to informal and formal social support. Data were collected from a stratified random sample of 425 respondents – 248 in the older generation and 177 in the younger. The results show that for both generations, contrary to expectations, life satisfaction was higher when the two generations lived in separate rather than shared households. Affectual solidarity was positively associated with life satisfaction for both generations, but functional solidarity for the older generation only. Among the older generation, the subjective evaluation of health contributed most to the explained variance; while among the younger, standard of living and employment contributed most. For both generations, family solidarity and social support had little impact. The findings are discussed in relation to the structural and economic factors that influence co-residence and which differentially affect the two generations.
Arab-American immigrant elders' views about social support
Authors: AJROUCH KRISTINE J.
Published: August 2005

Arab immigrants are a significant cultural presence in the United States of America and in this study's locale, the Detroit Metropolitan Area, yet their situations and experiences have rarely been examined. Six focus group interviews were conducted with both English-speaking and Arabic-speaking immigrants aged 60 years and older, to explore their descriptions of their ageing experiences with particular reference to expected and received social support. Tensions between cultural ideals and pragmatic realities were found about three topics: nursing home placements, expectations of children for care-giving, and state-sponsored support. Nursing homes were both feared and, in a form that met their cultural needs, seen as places that should be built. On children's support, there was a clear preference for independence and a simultaneous appreciation of children's help while wishing not to burden them. The informants saw state-sponsored support as providing material resources that could support independence, and as a source of discrimination because of their national origins. The Arab-American elders' narratives revealed diverse attitudes and experiences. By documenting the ways in which they made sense of their situations, initial assertions of cultural ideals were seen to be modified by more realistic expressions of support expectations, and an understanding was reached of the support strategies that they utilised to alleviate the demands and stresses on both the older immigrants and their families.
‘Lots of little kindnesses’: valuing the role of older Australians as informal volunteers in the community
Authors: WARBURTON JENI , MCLAUGHLIN DEIRDRE
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the ways in which older people contribute to their communities and families as informal volunteers. It challenges current ways of thinking that assign an economic value to the productive activities undertaken by older people. Using qualitative data from a study of older people resident in Queensland, Australia, the paper explores the ways that older people contribute to their families and to the community and the outcomes associated with these activities. Two specific themes emerged from the data: first, the ways in which older people contribute to strong inter-generational relations, and second, how they provide essential mutual support that permits many older people to remain living in the community. These contributions, while often small in themselves, are in aggregate critical both to family functioning and to the maintenance of sustainable and healthy communities. Many are reciprocal interactions that add value to the lives of individuals and offer positive social roles in later life, and they may be particularly important for those from minority cultural backgrounds or at risk of social isolation. The findings suggest that older people are integral to community and civil society and, therefore, that social policy should respond to the ageing of Australia's population and recognise the positive contributions of older people, rather than emphasising the costs of demographic change.
The effects of social change on relationships between older mothers and daughters in Turkey: a qualitative study
Authors: MOTTRAM SANEM ALIÇLI , HORTAÇSU NURAN
Published: August 2005

This paper discusses several changes in mother-daughter relationships in Turkey and their association with changing social conditions. It is based on in-depth interviews with 30 older mothers and their adult daughters. As a country experiencing rapid urbanisation, westernisation, military coups and economic crises, Turkey provides an increasingly changing setting for the investigation of inter-cohort changes in inter-generational relationships. Most of the mothers in the study were born during the 1930s, soon after the foundation of the Turkish Republic. They grew up during an era of material scarcity, restrictive social norms and few opportunities for advancement, and lived in a relatively homogeneous and stable social context. Most of the daughters were born during the 1950s; they grew up at a time of rapid social change and political turmoil but relative material abundance, and were exposed to consumerism and individualistic values that emphasised personal achievement and independence. The ideals and opportunities of the mothers’ youth conflicted with those presented to their children, and the goals of and approaches to parenting became unstable and a source of anxiety. The daughters were caught between their parents’ and their children's demands, which produced conflicts between their ideals and reality, and many experienced internal and inter-personal conflicts. Both mothers and daughters attributed differences in their personalities and parenting styles to the changing times.
Auto-bonding robot for space solar cells
Authors: Fu Zhuang , Zhao Yanzheng , Yang Qinghua , Cao Qixin , Chen Mingbo , Zhang Jun , Tang Zeqi
Published: August 2005

An auto-bonding robot (ABR) that consists of the mechanism of adhesive dispensing and auto-bonding, a pneumatic system and a control system, is presented in this paper. It is designed for the bonding operation of cover-glasses and space solar cells using adhesives. An adhesive dispensing method is proposed to control the thickness and position of the adhesive layer on solar cells and to provide a satisfactory bonding accuracy. The bubble-free bonding process is realized by the leaning mechanism of a pneumatic sucker. Experimental comparison of the manual and automatic bonding methods showed that there are no fragment and air bubbles between the cover-glass and the space solar cell, and no outflow adhesive on the surface by the automatic bonding process in a non-vacuum condition. The novel automatic bonding robot greatly improved the lightweight space solar cells bonding quality and production rate.
New Transformation and Analysis of a N-DOF LINAPOD with six struts for higher accuracy
Authors: Boye Tim , Pritschow Günter
Published: August 2005

Parallel kinematic machines (PKMs) and, in particular linapods, are being increasingly used in the industrial workplace. The complex control required for various linapod kinematics, each having different numbers and types of Degrees-of-Freedom (DOF), require corresponding transformations to be generated. This paper introduces a general form of transformation that can be adapted to a wide range of linapods. The approach is illustrated by an example and the concept of a five-DOF linapod for the milling process is proposed. Furthermore, the advantages from the two types of three-DOF Linapods are discussed, and it is shown how the position accuracy can be increased.
Feedback control of an underactuated planar bipedal robot with impulsive foot action
Authors: Choi Jun Ho , Grizzle J. W.
Published: August 2005

A planar underactuated bipedal robot with an impulsive foot model is considered. The analysis extends previous work on a model with unactuated point feet of Westervelt et al. to include the actuator model of Kuo. The impulsive actuator at each leg end is active only during the double support phase, which results in the model being identical to the model with unactuated point feet for the single support phase. However, the impulsive foot actuation results in a different model for the double support map. Conditions for the existence of a hybrid zero dynamics for the robot with foot actuation are studied. A feedback design method is proposed that integrates actuation in the single and double support phases. A stability analysis is performed using a Poincaré return map. As in Kuo's model, a more efficient gait is demonstrated with an impulsive foot action.
Singularities of manipulators with non-unilateral constraints
Authors: Yang Jingzhou , Abdel-Malek Karim
Published: August 2005

An analytical method is presented to obtain all surfaces enveloping the workspace of a general n degree-of-freedom mechanism with non-unilateral constraints. The method is applicable to kinematic chains that can be modeled using the Denavit-Hartenberg representation method for serial kinematic chains or its modification for closed-loop kinematic chains. The method developed is based upon analytical criteria for determining singular behavior of the mechanism. Singularities of manipulators with non-unilateral constraints have never been reported. The complete mathematical formulation is presented and illustrated using 4 & 5 DOF spatial manipulators. Four types of singularities are classified: Type I sets are position Jacobian singularities; Type II sets are instantaneous singularities that are due to a generalized joint are reaching its apex; Type III sets are domain boundary singularities, which are associated with the time initial and final values of the time interval; Type IV sets are coupled singularities, which are associated with a relative singular Jacobian, where the null space is reduced in one submatrix due to either of two occurrences: a Type II and Type III singularities.
“The Only Good Thing Was the G.I. Bill”: Effects of the Education and Training Provisions on African-American Veterans' Political Participation
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: August 2005

The education and training benefits of the G.I. Bill of Rights are renowned for their redistributive effects among nonblack veterans, but their consequences for black veterans remain in question. Among non-blacks, the provisions are known to have expanded access to education across class lines, and to have generated positive socioeconomic consequences. They also fostered greater postwar involvement in civic associations and political activities, particularly among less advantaged beneficiaries. Given the widely perceived view that the G.I. Bill represents a landmark social program, it is imperative to investigate whether access to its social and economic benefits transcended the rigid color line of the postwar era. As well, consideration of how the education and training benefits affected African-American veterans' political participation may deepen our understanding of the relationship between governance and civic engagement.
Reflections on Americanism
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: August 2005

Charles Williams's essay on the nature of progressive Americanism takes me back to where my quest to understand this phenomenon began: the labor movement of the 1930s. The broad nature and intensity of working-class rebellion and mobilization during the Depression decade once led the historian Irving Bernstein to label this period, the “Turbulent Years.” I was part of a group of self-described “new labor historians” that set out to penetrate the mysteries of this movement and especially the consciousness of the workers who participated in it. Most of us undertook community or single industry studies, out of the conviction that the kind of in-depth investigations that such focused work allowed would yield fully realized portraits of working-class insurgencies and of the workplaces and communities out of which they emerged. I chose to explore a New England textile city while others opted to work on transit workers in New York City, dockworkers in West Coast port cities, electrical workers in Pittsburgh and Schenectady, teamsters in Minneapolis, and a broad range of industrial workers in Chicago. All of us, however, had one eye on the automobile industry in Detroit and its environs, for this industry had produced what became, arguably, the most successful, innovative, and progressive CIO union, the United Automobile Workers (UAW).
Comment on “The Racial Politics of Progressive Americanism: New Deal Liberalism and the Subordination of Black Workers in the UAW”
Authors: Smith Rogers M.
Published: August 2005

My comments on Charles Williams' “Racial Politics of Progressive Americanism” can be brief, because it is an excellent essay and I could not agree more with its central argument. Williams demonstrates that, even though United Automobile Workers (UAW) leaders used the language of racial equality to support some civil rights advances, Walter Reuther and others also invoked a merely formal equality to deny power to blacks thought to be allied with Communists, and to sustain the support of anti-black workers. They pretended that African Americans were an ethnic group like those of many European-descended Americans, ignoring the enormous differences in the oppression black Americans had long experienced and continued to experience (and still experience). In these ways, an Americanist language, arguably a “liberal” language, of equal rights worked against the racial equality it purported to honor. On these points, I am fully persuaded.
The Federal Government and Slavery: Following the Money Trail
Authors: Ericson David F.
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study is to amend both the recent literature on the development of the American state and the recent literature on the impact of slavery on American public policy. In fact, with this article, I am bringing together these two bodies of literature by demonstrating how slavery contributed to the development of the American state. While the first body of literature largely ignores how slavery affected the development of the American state, the second traces the proslavery biases of federal policies without discussing how those policies positively affected the development of the American state. The assumption common to both is that, to the extent slavery affected the development of the American state, it negatively affected that development. My goal is to correct that assumption.
Remembering Humanity: How to Include Human Values in a Scientific Endeavor
Authors: Lippert Dorothy
Published: August 2005

TheBonnichsendecision has been heralded as a victory for anthropology, because it appears to vindicate the position of the plaintiffs who brought their suit in order to be allowed to conduct scientific research on a 9,000-year-old skeleton from North America. It appears to be a defeat for Native Americans, who view this skeleton as an ancestor and who would prefer to see the remains of this individual returned to the ground to continue the long journey back to the earth. In fact, this polarized view of the case returns the discourse surrounding repatriation to a previous level in which arguments were made over the question, “who owns the past?” While this may be a rhetorically satisfying problem to wrestle with, it does not capture the true nature of how archaeology can engage with Native people in the process of understanding ancient lives. It presumes that the past exists as a form of property. Under this simplistic construction, human remains can exist as property and can be owned by one group or another.
Particle age distributions and O2 exposure times: Timescales in bioturbated sediments
Authors: Meile Christof , Van Cappellen Philippe
Published: August 2005

A stochastic particle tracking approach is used to compute particulate age distributions and oxygen exposure times (OETs) in bioturbated marine sediments. Simulations representative of abyssal plain, continental slope, and continental shelf sediments indicate that within the mixed zone, the variability in particle age is of the same order of magnitude as the average age itself. This spreading of particle age by bioturbation complicates the interpretation of sedimentary archives. The results further show that average and median ages of particle‐bound constituents undergoing decay during early diagenesis deviate from those of inert tracers. Similarly, OETs depend on the biological mixing and biogeochemical reactivity of particulate constituents. Hence ratios of the O2 penetration depth (LO2) and the linear sedimentation rate (ω) may not offer reliable measures of actual OETs. Taking into account biodiffusional particle mixing and preferential degradation of organic matter under oxygenated conditions, the stochastic model predicts a global inverse relationship between the burial efficiency and the OET of organic carbon in ocean sediments. The relationship, however, differs significantly from that proposed by Hartnett et al. (1998), who used O2 penetration depths divided by linear sedimentation rates (LO2/ω) to estimate OETs.
Scaling and a Fokker‐Planck model for fluctuations in geomagnetic indices and comparison with solar wind ε as seen by Wind and ACE
Authors: Hnat B. , Chapman S. C. , Rowlands G.
Published: August 2005

The evolution of magnetospheric indices on temporal scales shorter than that of substorms is characterized by bursty, intermittent events that may arise from turbulence intrinsic to the magnetosphere or that may reflect solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling. This leads to a generic problem of distinguishing between the features of the system and those of the driver. We quantify scaling properties of short‐term (up to few hours) fluctuations in the geomagnetic indices AL and AU during solar minimum and maximum, along with the parameter ε that is a measure of the solar wind driver. We find that self‐similar statistics provide a good approximation for the observed scaling properties of fluctuations in the geomagnetic indices, regardless of the solar activity level, and in the ε parameter at solar maximum. This self‐similarity persists for fluctuations on timescales at least up to about 1–2 hours. The scaling exponent of AU index fluctuations show dependence on the solar cycle, and the trend follows that found in the scaling of fluctuations in ε. The values of their corresponding scaling exponents, however, are always distinct. Fluctuations in the AL index are insensitive to the solar cycle, as well as being distinct from those in the ε parameter. This approximate self‐similar scaling leads to a Fokker‐Planck model which, we show, captures the probability density function of fluctuations and provides a stochastic dynamical equation (Langevin equation) for time series of the geomagnetic indices.
New Umkehr ozone profile retrieval algorithm optimized for climatological studies
Authors: Petropavlovskikh I. , Bhartia P. K. , DeLuisi J.
Published: August 2005

We present a new Umkehr ozone profile retrieval algorithm (UMK04) that has been optimized for the study of monthly mean anomalies (MMA) to assess climate variability in multi‐year time series. Although the Umkehr technique is too noisy to monitor short‐term variability in atmospheric ozone, it is capable of monitoring long‐term changes in MMA with less then 5% uncertainty in the stratosphere, and with no influence from a priori information. By examining the information content of UMK04 we conclude that Umkehr data contain useful information about long‐term ozone trend down to the surface, provided the data are analyzed as column ozone amounts in 8‐layers, consisting of two ∼9.6 km layers in the lower atmosphere (253–1013, 63–253 hPa), five ∼4.8 km layers (32–63, 16–32, 8–16, 4–8, 2–4 hPa) in the stratosphere, plus a broad top layer spanning from 0–4 hPa.
Noise properties of continuous GPS data from concrete pillar geodetic monuments in New Zealand and comparison with data from U.S. deep drilled braced monuments
Authors: Beavan John
Published: August 2005

Reducing noise levels in geodetic data is critical for the interpretation and modeling of geophysically interesting signals. In this paper, I estimate noise properties of continuous GPS time series collected on concrete pillar monuments and compare them with similar data from deep drilled braced monuments that are considered the most stable three‐dimensional monuments available. I show that the time series noise properties are very similar between the monument types, at least for time series up to 4.5 years duration. Differences between the monument types are therefore not a dominant influence on these time series, implying that the less expensive concrete pillar monuments are a valid choice for recording many signals of geophysical interest.
North Atlantic Oscillation–related climate variability in a regional atmospheric model
Authors: Previdi Michael , Veron Dana E.
Published: August 2005

Climate variability over the Greenland ice sheet associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is simulated with the Polar MM5 (PMM5) regional climate model (RCM). Two five‐member monthly ensembles, each representative of high or low NAO extremes, are made, with data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts 40‐year reanalysis (ERA‐40) used to provide the forcing for the RCM runs. Ensemble differences between the high and low NAO cases are discussed, and model output is compared to ERA‐40 and to observations from automatic weather stations over Greenland. PMM5 is shown to reproduce several well‐known features of NAO‐related climate variability in the Greenland region, including colder near‐surface air temperatures, lower sea level pressure, stronger westerly winds south of Greenland, and reduced precipitation over western Greenland and the Labrador Sea during high NAO months.
Correlation between vasoconstrictor roles and mRNA expression of α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes in blood vessels of genetically engineered mice
Authors: Hosoda Chihiro , Tanoue Akito , Shibano Mari , Tanaka Yoshio , Hiroyama Masami , Koshimizu Taka‐aki , Cotecchia Susanna , Kitamura Tadaichi , Tsujimoto Gozoh , Koike Katsuo
Published: August 2005

We examined the contribution of each α1‐adrenoceptor (AR) subtype in noradrenaline (NAd)‐evoked contraction in the thoracic aortas and mesenteric arteries of mice. Compared with the concentration–response curves (CRCs) for NAd in the thoracic aortas of wild‐type (WT) mice, the CRCs of mutant mice showed a significantly lower sensitivity. The pD2 value in rank order is as follows: WT mice (8.21)>α1B‐adrenoceptor knockout (α1B‐KO) (7.77)>α1D‐AR knockout (α1D‐KO) (6.44)>α1B‐ and α1D‐AR double knockout (α1BD‐KO) (5.15). In the mesenteric artery, CRCs for NAd did not differ significantly between either WT (6.52) and α1B‐KO mice (7.12) or α1D‐KO (6.19) and α1BD‐KO (6.29) mice. However, the CRC maximum responses to NAd in α1D‐ and α1BD‐KO mice were significantly lower than those in WT and α1B‐KO mice.

Except in the thoracic aortas of α1BD‐KO mice, the competitive antagonist prazosin inhibited the contraction response to NAd with high affinity. However, prazosin produced shallow Schild slopes in the vessels of mice lacking the α1D‐AR gene. In the thoracic aorta, pA2 values in WT mice for KMD‐3213 and BMY7378 were 8.25 and 8.46, respectively, and in α1B‐KO mice they were 8.49 and 9.13, respectively. In the mesenteric artery, pA2 values in WT mice for KMD‐3213 and BMY7378 were 8.34 and 7.47, respectively, and in α1B‐KO mice they were 8.11 and 7.82, respectively. These pharmacological findings were in fairly good agreement with findings from comparison of CRCs, with the exception of the mesenteric arteries of WT and α1B‐KO mice, which showed low affinities to BMY7378.

We performed a quantitative analysis of the mRNA expression of each α1‐AR subtype in these vessels in order to examine the correlation between mRNA expression level and the predominance of each α1‐AR subtype in mediating vascular contraction.

The rank order of each α1‐AR subtype in terms of its vasoconstrictor role was in fairly good agreement with the level of expression of mRNA of each subtype, that is, α1D‐AR>α1B‐AR>α1A‐AR in the thoracic aorta and α1D‐AR>α1A‐AR>α1B‐AR in the mesenteric artery. No dramatic compensatory change of α1‐AR subtype in mutant mice was observed in pharmacological or quantitative mRNA expression analysis.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 456–466. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706325
Sildenafil offers protection against NSAID‐induced gastric injury
Authors: Sawatzky Deborah A , Megson Ian L , Rossi Adriano G
Published: August 2005

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 477–478. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706362
Biological activities of Bv8 analogues
Authors: Negri Lucia , Lattanzi Roberta , Giannini Elisa , Colucci Maria Antonella , Mignogna Giuseppina , Barra Donatella , Grohovaz Fabio , Codazzi Franca , Kaiser Alessandra , Kreil Guenther , Melchiorri Pietro
Published: August 2005

The small protein Bv8, secreted by the skin of the frog Bombina variegata, belongs to a novel family of secreted proteins whose orthologues have been identified in snakes (MIT) and in mammals (prokineticins (PKs)). A characteristic feature of this protein family is the same N‐terminal sequence, AVITGA, and the presence of 10 cysteines with identical spacing in the C‐terminal domain. Two closely related G protein‐coupled receptors that mediate signal transduction of Bv8/PKs have been cloned (PK‐R1 and PK‐R2). In mammals, the Bv8/PK protein family is involved in a number of biological activities such as ingestive behaviours, circadian rhythms, angiogenesis and pain sensitization.

In an attempt to identify the structural determinants required for the pronociceptive activity of Bv8, we prepared Bv8 derivatives lacking one (des‐Ala‐Bv8) or two (des‐Ala‐Val‐Bv8) residues from the N‐terminus.

des‐Ala‐Bv8 displayed a receptor affinity five times lower than that of Bv8, it was five times less potent in inducing [Ca2+]i transients and in causing p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation in CHO‐cells expressing PK‐R1 and PK‐R2. Moreover, dA‐Bv8 was about 20 times less potent than Bv8 in inducing hyperalgesia in rats.

The deletion of the first two amino acids of Bv8 abolished any biological activity both ‘in vitro’ and ‘in vivo’; however, des‐AlaVal‐Bv8 is able to antagonize the Bv8‐induced hyperalgesia, binding the PK‐Rs on peripheral and central projections of the primary sensitive neurons.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 625–632. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706376
Rho kinase inhibitors reduce neurally evoked contraction of the rat tail artery in vitro
Authors: Yeoh Melanie , Brock James A
Published: August 2005

The effects of Rho kinase inhibitors (Y27632, HA‐1077) on contractions to electrical stimulation and to application of phenylephrine, clonidine or α,β‐methylene adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (α,β‐mATP) were investigated in rat tail artery in vitro. In addition, continuous amperometry and intracellular recording were used to monitor the effects of Y27632 on noradrenaline (NA) release and postjunctional electrical activity, respectively.

Y27632 (0.5 and 1 μM) and HA‐1077 (5 μM) reduced neurally evoked contractions. In contrast, the protein kinase C inhibitor, Ro31‐8220 (1 μM), had little effect on neurally evoked contraction.

In the absence and the presence of Y27632 (0.5 μM), the reduction of neurally evoked contraction produced by the α‐adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin (10 nM) and idazoxan (0.1 μM) was similar.

The P2‐purinoceptor antagonist, suramin (0.1 mM), had no inhibitory effect on neurally evoked contraction in the absence or the presence of Y27632 (1 μM). In the presence of Y27632, desensitization of P2X‐purinoceptors with α,β‐mATP (10 μM) increased neurally evoked contractions.

Y27632 (1 μM) and H‐1077 (5 μM) reduced sensitivity to phenylephrine and clonidine. In addition, Y27632 reduced contractions to α,β‐mATP (10 μM).

Y27632 (1 μM) had no effect on the NA‐induced oxidation currents or the purinergic excitatory junction potentials and NA‐induced slow depolarizations evoked by electrical stimulation.

Rho kinase inhibitors reduce sympathetic nerve‐mediated contractions of the tail artery. This effect is mediated at a postjunctional site, most likely by inhibition of Rho kinase‐mediated ‘Ca2+ sensitization’ of the contractile apparatus.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 854–861. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706377
The semi-phosphorylative Entner–Doudoroff pathway in hyperthermophilic archaea: a re-evaluation
Authors: Ahmed Hatim , Ettema Thijs J. G. , Tjaden Britta , Geerling Ans C. M. , van der Oost John , Siebers Bettina
Published: August 2005

Biochemical studies have suggested that, in hyperthermophilic archaea, the metabolic conversion of glucose via the ED (Entner–Doudoroff) pathway generally proceeds via a non-phosphorylative variant. A key enzyme of the non-phosphorylating ED pathway of Sulfolobus solfataricus, KDG (2-keto-3-deoxygluconate) aldolase, has been cloned and characterized previously. In the present study, a comparative genomics analysis is described that reveals conserved ED gene clusters in both Thermoproteus tenax and S. solfataricus. The corresponding ED proteins from both archaea have been expressed in Escherichia coli and their specificity has been identified, revealing: (i) a novel type of gluconate dehydratase (gad gene), (ii) a bifunctional 2-keto-3-deoxy-(6-phospho)-gluconate aldolase (kdgA gene), (iii) a 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase (kdgK gene) and, in S. solfataricus, (iv) a GAPN (non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; gapN gene). Extensive in vivo and in vitro enzymatic analyses indicate the operation of both the semi-phosphorylative and the non-phosphorylative ED pathway in T. tenax and S. solfataricus. The existence of this branched ED pathway is yet another example of the versatility and flexibility of the central carbohydrate metabolic pathways in the archaeal domain.