bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions between Non-Ionic Additives and Cement Phases
Authors: Schirmer Ulrike , Osburg Andrea
Published: November 2015

For a variety of applications the use of polymer modified cement mortar (PCM) or polymer modified cement concrete (PCC) is state of the art. It is a matter of common knowledge that interparticular interactions between the mineral and polymer components, more precisely the adsorption behaviour and film formation processes of polymer particles, cause a change of properties in comparison to a concrete without any modification. The affinity of polymer particles to mineral surfaces determines the adsorption behaviour significantly and thus the microstructure formation of the entire system, in which mineral and polymer phases penetrate one another. A quantitative prediction of cementitious surface preferred by non-ionic stabilized polymer particles to adsorb, was aspirated by titration experiments carried out with electroacoustic zeta potential measurements and turbidity measurements of polymer modified pastes carried out by spectrophotometry.
Measuring the change of zeta potential of several cementitious components by a stepwise addition of polymer dispersions, do not require a variation of variables of the system. It can be measured without any treatment of the powdery raw materials or dissolution of the considered suspension. Equally the polymer dispersions were used in their original state.
Spectrophotometric analyses were used to determine the concentration of polymer particles in the liquid phase of fresh polymer modified cement-paste or pastes of additives like quartz powder. The preparation of dilution series allowed the assessment of desorption behaviour as well as the prediction of the amount of adsorbed particles.
Finally affinities of non-ionic stabilized polymer particles to several mineral surfaces in a state constituted, fresh paste could be described as a result of chemical induced repulsive or attractive forces and physical repressions, like the absence of sufficient space in liquid media for dispersed polymer particles. The central role of non-ionic stabilizers in adsorption processes was exposed especially by electroacoustic zeta potential measurements.
Durability Performance of Polymeric Waste Crumb Rubber as Fine Aggregates Replacement in Concrete
Authors: Abg Adenan D.S.Q. , Kamaruddin Kartini
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a study on durability performance of polymeric waste crumb rubber as partial fine aggregates replacement in concrete grade 30. The use of aggregates as constituent in concrete production commonly lead to a question about the sources of natural aggregates since concrete consumption has been increasing nowadays. Rubberized concrete has been introduced whereby natural fine aggregates are being replaced with crumb rubber in concrete since there are problems with availability of natural sand as fine aggregate material. Besides, polymeric waste materials production has been increasing. Crumb rubber used in this study was manufactured by special mill where scrap tire rubber is grinded and screened into smaller size of particles. Rubberized concrete is produced by mixing with different percentages of 10, 20 and 30% of crumb rubber as fine aggregates replacement. Water cement ratio of 0.53 and curing periods for 28 days and 60 days were considered in this study. The water absorption test was conducted to determine the percentages of water absorption, while water permeability test was conducted to determine the coefficient of permeability in concrete. Absorption and permeability are governed by the capillary pores in the cement paste. Pores that are too large resulted in high absorption and permeability, while pores that are small resulted in a low absorption and permeability. The durability performance in term of water absorption and water permeability in concrete was improved by introducing crumb rubber as polymeric waste materials to replace fine aggregates in concrete. The recycling and reusing of polymeric waste materials in concrete attract the interest worldwide which can promote sustainability and reduce the high environmental impact of the concrete technology.
Effect of Perlite Waste Powder on Chemical Resistance of Polymer Concrete Composites
Authors: Sokołowska Joanna Julia , Woyciechowski Piotr Paweł , Łukowski Paweł , Kida Kamila
Published: November 2015

The polymer concretes characterize with very high chemical resistance, achieved through the use of high-quality polymers and aggregates. The paper discusses the possibility of using the waste perlite powder, the very fine by-product of manufacturing and use of expanded perlite, as the component of polyester concrete (PC), in terms of the durability of concrete under chemical attack. Partial substitution of original microfiller (usually the quartz or calcium carbonate powders) of polymer concretes by the perlite powder is one of the potential ways of disposing this waste. In the paper the polyester concretes of various quantitative compositions, thus various waste perlite powder content, were exposed to the chemically aggressive environment. The compositions were designed on the basis of statistical design. The tested composites contained the unsaturated polyester used as the binder, the standard sand and crushed granite gravel of fraction 2-4 mm used as the basic aggregates and mix of quartz and perlite powders used as the microfiller. The specimens of concretes were exposed to the solution of potassium hydroxide of concentration of 5% for 60 days. The measure of polyester concrete resistance to potassium base were changes in mass and changes in the mechanical strength (flexural and compressive strength) of specimens subjected to chemical attack in comparison to specimens chemically unloaded. Additionally the visual inspection of the specimens outer surface and fracture surface after the flexural strength test were conducted.
Influences of Mixing Procedure on Properties of Fresh Latex Modified Cement Paste(I)
Authors: Han Dong Dong , Chen Wei Deng , Zhong Shi Yun
Published: November 2015

In this study, influences of mixing procedure on the latex adsorption behavior, slurry fluidity and setting time of latex modified cement paste (LMCP) mixed with polycarboxylate (PC) as superplasticizer were analyzed. There were three kinds of mixing procedure: LMCP added latex later than PC (LMCP-L), LMCP added latex before PC (LMCP-B), LMCP added latex and PC simultaneously (LMCP-S). The results show that, the adsorption isotherm of SAE latex by cement grains fits the Langmiur type, and the presence of PC can affect the adsorption behavior. Regardless of the mlatex/mcement (4% or10%), LMCP-B had the highest amount of adsorbed latex and slurry fluidity while LMCP-L had the lowest. And, the LMCP-B also had the longest initial and final setting times, while the setting times of LMCP-L and LMCP-S were comparable.
Influence of Superplasticizers on the Properties of Lightweight Mortar Plaster Made with Recycled Polymers
Authors: Garabito J. , Alameda Lourdes , Gadea Jesús , Gutiérrez-González Sara
Published: November 2015

The advantageous influence of two different polycarboxylate and melamine superplasticizers is studied in relation to the properties of blended mortar plaster made with recycled polymers (polyamide powder and polyurethane foam). The characteristics of the test specimens are defined and tested in both a fresh and a hardened state. The influence of the additives on the microstructure of the lightweight mortar plaster is defined through an analysis of the compatibility of the interface zone of the materials using Fast Scanning Electron Microscopy (FSEM).Our results show that the addition of additives influences the properties of the mortar plaster, enhances its mechanical properties, and increases its adherence with ceramic materials. These results confirm that superplasticizers (depending on the type and dosage) enhance both the properties of the mortar plasters produced with recycled polymers and the rheological properties of the mortars that include polyamide waste.
Development of Foam One-Part Geopolymers with Enhanced Thermal Insulation Performance and Low Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Authors: Abdollahnejad Z. , Pacheco-Torgal F. , de Aguiar José Barroso
Published: November 2015

Buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, increasing building energy efficiency is one the most cost-effective ways to reduce emissions. The use of thermal insulation materials could constitute the most effective way of reducing heat losses in buildings by minimising heat energy needs. These materials have a thermal conductivity factor lower than 0.065 (W/m.K) while other insulation materials such as aerated concrete can go up to 0.11. Current insulation materials are associated with negative impacts in terms of toxicity. Polystyrene, for example contains anti-oxidant additives and ignition retardants. In addition, its production involves the generation of benzene and chlorofluorocarbons. Polyurethane is obtained from isocyanates, which are widely known for their tragic association with the Bhopal disaster. Besides current insulation materials releases toxic fumes when subjected to fire. This paper presents experimental results on one-part geopolymers. It also includes global warming potential assessment and cost analysis. The results show that only the use of aluminium powder allows the production mixtures with a high compressive strength however its high cost means they are commercially useless when facing the competition of commercial cellular concrete. The results also show that one-part geopolymer mixtures based on 26% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)+58.3% Fly Ash (FA)+8% Calcined Stuff (CS) +7.7% Calcium Hydroxide (CH) and 3.5% hydrogen peroxide constitute a promising cost efficient (67 euro/m3), thermal insulation solution for floor heating systems with low global warming potential of 443 KgCO2eq/m3.
Status of Research and Application of Concrete-Polymer Composites in China
Authors: Wang Ru , Wang G. , Wang P.
Published: November 2015

Concrete-polymer composites (CPC) pose a major concern of construction industry in recent years. The use of polymer in concrete has long been proven successful due to its good compatibility and the improvement it makes to the concrete. This overview summarizes status of research and applications of CPC in China within the past 3 years, i.e. the influence of polymer on early hydration of cement, the interaction between polymer and cement, and the applications of CPC in waterproofing materials, pavement, repairing materials and so on.
Utilization of Fly Ash with Higher Loss on Ignition for Geopolymer Mortar
Authors: Sagawa Yasutaka , Ota Shu , Harada Koji , Nishizaki Takeyoshi , Goda Hiroki
Published: November 2015

In this study, utilization of coal fly ash with higher loss on ignition (LOI) for geopolymer mortar was investigated. The fly ash with approximately 9% of LOI was compared with Class F fly ash. Relationship between heat curing condition and strength was clarified. As the results, although compressive strength of geopolymer mortar with higher LOI was 30-50% smaller, it was available for geopolymer mortar as an alumina silicate material. The higher temperature and the longer period for initial curing, the higher strength was obtained. In order to decrease drying shrinkage, the higher temperature and the longer period for heat curing were required.
Sustainable Mortars with Incorporation of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials
Authors: Cunha Sandra , Aguiar José , Zalegowski Kamil , Garbacz Andrzej , Soares Patrícia , Azevedo Juliana , Ferreira Victor , Tadeu António
Published: November 2015

The construction industry is responsible for high energy and raw materials consumption. Thus, it is important to minimize the high energy consumption by taking advantage of renewable energy sources and reusing industrial waste, decreasing the extraction of natural materials. The mortars with incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) have the ability to regulate the temperature inside buildings, contributing to the thermal comfort and reduction of the use of heating and cooling equipment, using only the energy supplied by the sun. The simultaneous incorporation of PCM and fly ash (FA) can reduce the energetic consumption and the amount of materials landfilled. However, the addition of these materials in mortars modifies its characteristics. The main purpose of this study was the production and characterization in the fresh and hardened state of mortars with incorporation of different contents of PCM and FA. The binders studied were aerial lime, hydraulic lime, gypsum and cement. The proportion of PCM studied was 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the mass of the sand. The content of fly ash added to the mortars was 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the mass of the binder. It was possible to observe that the incorporation of PCM and fly ash in mortars caused differences in properties such as workability, microstructure, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength and adhesion.
Bidirectional Counterregulation of Human Lung Mast Cell and Airway Smooth Muscle β2 Adrenoceptors
Authors: Lewis Rebecca J. , Chachi Latifa , Newby Chris , Amrani Yassine , Bradding Peter
Published: November 2015

Human lung mast cells (HLMCs) play a central role in asthma pathogenesis through their relocation to the airway smooth muscle (ASM) bundles. β2 adrenoceptor (β2-AR)-agonists are used to relieve bronchoconstriction in asthma, but may reduce asthma control, particularly when used as monotherapy. We hypothesized that HLMC and human ASM cell (HASMC) responsiveness to β2-AR agonists would be attenuated when HLMCs are in contact with HASMCs. Cells were cultured in the presence of the short-acting β2-agonist albuterol, and the long-acting β2-agonists formoterol and olodaterol. Constitutive and FcεRI-dependent HLMC histamine release, HASMC contraction, and β2-AR phosphorylation at Tyr350 were assessed. Constitutive HLMC histamine release was increased in HLMC–HASMC coculture and this was enhanced by β2-AR agonists. Inhibition of FcεRI-dependent HLMC mediator release by β2-agonists was greatly reduced in HLMC–HASMC coculture. These effects were reversed by neutralization of stem cell factor (SCF) or cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1). β2-AR agonists did not prevent HASMC contraction when HLMCs were present, but this was reversed by fluticasone. β2-AR phosphorylation at Tyr350 occurred within 5 min in both HLMCs and HASMCs when the cells were cocultured, and was inhibited by neutralizing SCF or CADM1. HLMC interactions with HASMCs via CADM1 and Kit inhibit the potentially beneficial effects of β2-AR agonists on these cells via phosphorylation of the β2-AR. These results may explain the potentially adverse effects of β2-ARs agonists when used for asthma therapy. Targeting SCF and CADM1 may enhance β2-AR efficacy, particularly in corticosteroid-resistant patients.
Lunatic, Manic, and Radical Fringe Each Promote T and B Cell Development
Authors: Song Yinghui , Kumar Vivek , Wei Hua-Xing , Qiu Ju , Stanley Pamela
Published: November 2015

Lunatic, Manic, and Radical Fringe (LFNG, MFNG, and RFNG) are N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases that modify Notch receptors and regulate Notch signaling. Loss of LFNG affects thymic T cell development, and LFNG and MFNG are required for marginal zone (MZ) B cell development. However, roles for MFNG and RFNG in T cell development, RFNG in B cell development, or Fringes in T and B cell activation are not identified. In this study, we show that Lfng/Mfng/Rfng triple knockout (Fng tKO) mice exhibited reduced binding of DLL4 Notch ligand to CD4/CD8 double-negative (DN) T cell progenitors, and reduced expression of NOTCH1 targets Deltex1 and CD25. Fng tKO mice had reduced frequencies of DN1/cKit+ and DN2 T cell progenitors and CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cell precursors, but increased frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive T cells in the thymus. In spleen, Fng tKO mice had reduced frequencies of CD4+, CD8+, central memory T cells and MZ B cells, and an increased frequency of effector memory T cells, neutrophils, follicular, and MZ P B cells. The Fng tKO phenotype was cell-autonomous and largely rescued in mice expressing one allele of a single Fng gene. Stimulation of Fng tKO splenocytes with anti-CD3/CD28 beads or LPS gave reduced proliferation compared with controls, and the generation of activated T cells by Concanavalin A or L-PHA was also reduced in Fng tKO mice. Therefore, each Fringe contributes to T and B cell development, and Fringe is required for optimal in vitro stimulation of T and B cells.
The Tumor Antigen NY-ESO-1 Mediates Direct Recognition of Melanoma Cells by CD4+ T Cells after Intercellular Antigen Transfer
Authors: Fonteneau Jean Francois , Brilot Fabienne , Münz Christian , Gannagé Monique
Published: November 2015

NY-ESO-1–specific CD4+ T cells are of interest for immune therapy against tumors, because it has been shown that their transfer into a patient with melanoma resulted in tumor regression. Therefore, we investigated how NY-ESO-1 is processed onto MHC class II molecules for direct CD4+ T cell recognition of melanoma cells. We could rule out proteasome and autophagy-dependent endogenous Ag processing for MHC class II presentation. In contrast, intercellular Ag transfer, followed by classical MHC class II Ag processing via endocytosis, sensitized neighboring melanoma cells for CD4+ T cell recognition. However, macroautophagy targeting of NY-ESO-1 enhanced MHC class II presentation. Therefore, both elevated NY-ESO-1 release and macroautophagy targeting could improve melanoma cell recognition by CD4+ T cells and should be explored during immunotherapy of melanoma.
CD137 Agonist Therapy Can Reprogram Regulatory T Cells into Cytotoxic CD4+ T Cells with Antitumor Activity
Authors: Akhmetzyanova Ilseyar , Zelinskyy Gennadiy , Littwitz-Salomon Elisabeth , Malyshkina Anna , Dietze Kirsten K. , Streeck Hendrik , Brandau Sven , Dittmer Ulf
Published: November 2015

Recent successes in immune therapeutic strategies aimed to improve control over tumor growth have sparked hope that long-lived control of cancer through stimulation of the immune system can be possible. However, the underlying immunological mechanisms that are induced by immunotherapeutic strategies are not well understood. In this study, we used the highly immunogenic Friend virus–induced FBL-3 tumor as a model to study the mechanisms of immunological tumor control by CD4+ T cells in the course of CD137 (4-1BB) agonist immunotherapy in the absence of a CD8 T cell response. We demonstrate that treatment with a CD137 agonist resulted in complete FBL-3 tumor regression in CD8+ T cell–deficient mice. CD137 signaling enhanced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules in tumor-specific CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, a subset of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells was reprogrammed to eliminate immunogenic virus-induced tumor cells in response to CD137 agonist treatment. These cells expressed markers characteristic for Th cells (CD154) and produced the cytokine TNF-α or the T-box transcriptional factor Eomesodermin and granzyme B without loss of Foxp3 expression. Foxp3 Eomes double-positive CD4+ T cells were capable of eliminating immunogenic virus-induced tumor cells in vivo. Thus, our data show that tumor-induced Foxp3+CD4+ T cells can be reprogrammed into cytotoxic effector cells upon therapeutic costimulatory signaling and restore antitumor immunity.
Cutting Edge: Nonobese Diabetic Mice Deficient in Chromogranin A Are Protected from Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Baker Rocky L. , Bradley Brenda , Wiles Timothy A. , Lindsay Robin S. , Barbour Gene , Delong Thomas , Friedman Rachel S. , Haskins Kathryn
Published: November 2015

T cells reactive to β cell Ags are critical players in the development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Using a panel of diabetogenic CD4 T cell clones derived from the NOD mouse, we recently identified the β cell secretory granule protein, chromogranin A (ChgA), as a new autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. CD4 T cells reactive to ChgA are pathogenic and rapidly transfer diabetes into young NOD recipients. We report in this article that NOD.ChgA−/− mice do not develop diabetes and show little evidence of autoimmunity in the pancreatic islets. Using tetramer analysis, we demonstrate that ChgA-reactive T cells are present in these mice but remain naive. In contrast, in NOD.ChgA+/+ mice, a majority of the ChgA-reactive T cells are Ag experienced. Our results suggest that the presence of ChgA and subsequent activation of ChgA-reactive T cells are essential for the initiation and development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.
European Journal of Translational Myology – Myology Reviews
Authors: Carraro Ugo
Published: November 2015

Not available.
Permanent LMN denervation of human skeletal muscle and recovery by h-b FES: management and monitoring
Authors: Kern Helmut , Stramare Roberto , Martino Leonora , Zanato Riccardo , Gargiulo Paolo , Carraro Ugo
Published: November 2015

Denervation of a defined skeletal muscle is due to lower motor neuron (LMN) or peripheral nerve lesions that have major consequences on the muscle tissue. After early atrophy, the mid- and late-phases presents two very contrasting myofibers populations: beside those severely atrophic with internalized groups of myonuclei, large fast-type muscle fibers continue to be present 4 to 6 years after Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Recent results of rat experiments provides the rational basis for understanding the residual functional characteristics of the long-term denervated muscle and the molecular explanation of its ability to respond to home-base functional electrical stimulation (h-b FES) using custom-designed electrodes and stimulators. Further outcomes of the Vienna-Padova ten-year collaboration are: 1. a world-unique Myo- Bank of muscle biopsies and 2. improved imaging procedures (Color Computer Tomography (CT) scan and Functional Echomyography), all demonstrating that h-b FES induces improvements in muscle contractility, tissue composition and mass, despite permanent LMN denervation. The benefits of h-b FES could be extended from patents suffering with complete Conus-Cauda Syndrome to the numerous patients with incomplete LMN denervation of skeletal muscles to determine whether h-b FES reduces secondary complications related to disuse and impaired blood perfusion (reduction in bone density, risk of bone fracture, decubitus ulcers, and pulmonary thromboembolism). We are confident that translation of the results of a clinical experiment, the EU Project RISE, to the larger cohort of incomplete LMN denervated muscles will provide the wanted results.
The exercised skeletal muscle: a review
Authors: Marini Marina , Veicsteinas Arsenio
Published: November 2015

The skeletal muscle is the second more plastic tissue of the body - second to the nervous tissue only. In fact, both physical activity and inactivity contribute to modify the skeletal muscle, by continuous signaling through nerve impulses, mechanical stimuli and humoral clues. In turn, the skeletal muscle sends signals to the body, thus contributing to its homeostasis. We'll review here the contribute of physical exercise to the shaping of skeletal muscle, to the adaptation of its mass and function to the different needs imposed by different physical activities and to the attainment of the health benefits associated with active skeletal muscles. Focus will primarily be on the molecular pathways and on gene regulation that result in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise.
Excitation-contraction coupling and mechano-sensitivity in denervated skeletal muscles
Authors: Francini Fabio , Squecco Roberta
Published: November 2015

Skeletal muscle atrophy can be defined as a wasting or decrease in muscle mass and muscle force generation owing lack of use, ageing, injury or disease. Thus, the etiology of atrophy can be different. Atrophy in denervated muscle is a consequence of two factors: 1) the complete lack of motoneuron activity inducing the deficiency of neurotransmitter release and 2) the muscles disuse. The balance of the muscular functions depends on extra- and intra-muscular signals. In the balance are involved the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC), local growth factors, Ca2+-dependent and independent intracellular signals, mechano-sensitivity and mechano-transduction that activate Ca2+-dependent signaling proteins and cytoskeleton- nucleus pathways to the nucleus, that regulate the gene expression. Moreover, retrograde signal from intracellular compartments and cytoskeleton to the sarcolemma are additional factors that regulate the muscle function. Proteolytic systems that operate in atrophic muscles progressively reduce the muscle protein content and so the sarcolemma, ECC and the force generation. In this review we will focus on the more relevant changes of the sarcolemma, excitation-contraction coupling, ECC and mechano-transduction evaluated by electrophysiological methods and observed from early- to long-term denervated skeletal muscles. This review put in particular evidence that long-term denervated muscle maintain a sub-population of fibers with ECC and contractile machinery able to be activated, albeit in lesser amounts, by electrical and mechanical stimulation. Accordingly, this provides a potential molecular explanation of the muscle recovery that occurs in response to rehabilitation strategy as transcutaneous electrical stimulation and passive stretching of denervated muscles, which wre developed as a result of empirical clinical observations.
Recognition and prediction of individual and combined muscular activation modes via surface EMG analysis
Authors: Graupe Daniel
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses how recognition of individual and combined muscular activation modes (functions) and the prediction of intended such modes can be accomplished by identifying parameters of noninvasive surface EMG signals. It outlines the mathematical analysis of surface EMG signal to facilitate such recognition and related prediction, including recognition of intention (in terms of attempts) to activate motor functions from the EMG, without accessing the CNS itself, in cases where a patient, say, a high-level amputee does not have the final-activation muscles and joints. The EMG activity thus allows to interpret and recognize CNS commands from minute variations in the parameters of surface EMG signals that record changes in the firing of motor neurons triggering contractions in related muscle fibers. We note that although in popular media this is sometimes referred to as detection of “thoughts”, no thoughts are detected, but only motor-outcomes of thoughts as found in the EMG signal. Examples of concrete cases where such recognition or prediction were accomplished in the author’s lab and in devices that came out of that lab, are given as are references to these in the literature over the last 35 years.
Exercise, testing and research in rehabilitation medicine
Authors: Editors The
Published: November 2015

Not available.
Electrostimulation in sports and rehabilitation
Authors: Kern Helmut
Published: November 2015

The known effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) in Sports and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation are presented in a review of literature. Influences of NMES on strength, endurance, neural adaptations, therapy of edema and pain as well as functional improvements will be focused on. Basics of physiology and histology in human muscle tissues are discussed in depth as well as elementary knowledge of NMES derived from animal studies. The central topic of this review is the influence of NMES on human skeletal muscle regarding histological changes, fiber transformation as well as strength and endurance of muscles involved. We optimized NMES characteristics and then conducted a series of investigations with 9 volunteers that had 30 minutes of NMES applied twice daily for 7 weeks. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis portion of quadriceps femoris muscle on both the stimulated and no stimulated leg before and after the 7 week NMES period. Additionally participants performed isometric strength measurements of quadriceps femoris muscle at different knee joint angles before and after the 7 week stimulation period. Biopsies from the no stimulated side showed no significant changes and may therefore serve as proof for the quality of the biopsies and as a standard for comparison. The increment of type IIa fiber volume was 12.3% and of type IIa fiber number 16%, respectively. Volume density of intermyofibrillar mitochondria increased by 22%. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria remained unchanged which contrasts the effects seen in voluntary non-NMES muscle training. Capillary density was augmented by 14.58%. NMES is an appropriate means of adjusting longstanding muscle dysbalance regarding strength, endurance and improving oxidative metabolism in human skeletal muscle. Daily muscle fiber workload (i.e. number of stimuli per day) was found to be the main determinant of fiber transformation.
2012 Autumn Padua Muscle Days | Padova and Terme Euganee, Italy, November 23-25
Authors: Editors The
Published: November 2015

Not available.
3D segmented model of head for modelling electrical activity of brain
Authors: Friðgeirsson Egill A. , Gargiulo Paolo , Ramon Ceon , Haueisen Jens
Published: November 2015

Computer simulation and modelling of the human body and its behaviour are very useful tools in situations where it is either too risky to perform an invasive procedure or too costly for in vivo experiments or simply impossible for ethical reasons. In this paper we describe a method to model the electrical behaviour of human brain from segmented MR images. The aim of the work is to use these models to predict the electrical activity of human brain under normal and pathological conditions. The image processing software package MIMICS is used for 3D volume segmentation of MR images. These models have detailed 3D representation of major tissue surfaces within the head, with over 12 different tissues segmented. In addition, computational tools in Matlab were developed for calculating normal vectors on the brain surface and for associating this information to the equivalent electrical dipole sources as an input into the model.
Translational Myology for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: the evidence based approach
Authors: Kern Helmut
Published: November 2015

Not available
Reliability of novel postural sway task test
Authors: Sedliak Milan , Cvečka Ján , Tirpáková Veronika , Löfler Stefan , Šarabon Nejc , Kern Helmut , Hamar Dušan
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of parameters obtained from a novel postural sway task test based on body movements controlled by visual feedback. Fifty-nine volunteers were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of young (n = 32, 16 females and 16 males, age: 25.2 ± 3.4 years) and the second group of elderly individuals (n = 27, 17 females and 10 males, age: 75.7 ± 6.9 years). Participants stood in parallel on a computer based stabilographic platform with the feet approximately a shoulder width apart, the toes slightly pointing outwards, the hands placed on the hips. The computer screen was placed approximately 1.5 meter from the platform at a height of subjects’ eyes. An instantaneous visual feedback of participant’s centre of pressure (COP) was given in a form of a blue cross visible on the screen. Participants were instructed to keep the blue cross driven by movements of their hips as close as possible to a predefined curve flowing on the screen. Out of the 6 parameters studied, only the average distance of COP from the curve line and the sum of the COP crossings through the curve line showed high reliability. Correlation between these two highly reliable parameters was -0.89. There was also a statistical difference (p<0.001) between young and elderly in both the average distance of COP from the curve line and the sum of the COP crossings through the curve. To conclude, the novel postural sway task provides a simple tool with relatively low time burden needed for testing. The suggested output parameters measured are highly reliable and easy to interpret.
Does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) have a clinically relevant analgesic effect on different pain conditions? A literature review
Authors: Naka Asami , Keilani Mohammed , Loefler Stefan , Crevenna Richard
Published: November 2015

Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a standard therapy used in different painful conditions such as low back pain, diabetic polyneuropathy or arthrosis. However, literature reviews focusing on the effects and the clinical implication of this method in various painful conditions are yet scarce. The purpose of this literature research was to determine, whether TENS provides an analgesic effect on common painful conditions in clinical practice. Literature research was performed using three data bases (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Database), focusing on papers published in the space of time from 2007 to 2012. Papers were evaluated from two reviewers independently concerning the clinical outcome, taking account for the level of external evidence according to the German Cochrane levels of evidence (Ia – IV). 133 papers of varying methodological quality dealing with different painful conditions were selected in total. A clinically relevant analgesic effect was described in 90 painful conditions (67%). In 30 painful states (22%), the outcome was inconclusive due to the study design. No significant analgesic effect of TENS was observed in 15 painful conditions (11%). The vast majority of the papers were classified as Cochrane evidence level Ib (n = 64; 48%), followed by level Ia (n = 23; 17%), level III (n = 18; 14%), level IV (n = 15; 11%), level IIb (n = 10; 8%) and level IIa (n = 3; 2%). Most of the studies revealed an analgesic effect in various painful conditions, confirming the usefulness of TENS in clinical practice.
Ten years of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology
Authors: Fanò Illic Giorgio
Published: November 2015

The Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM) has been formally approved in late autumn 2003 by the University of Chieti Board of the first Director, Giorgio Fanò. Many Italian Myologists, coming from Italian Universities such as Università degli Studi di Chieti, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Università degli Studi di Messina, Università degli Studi di Milano, Università degli Studi di Padova, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Università degli Studi di Siena, who excel in Myology Research, recognized IIM and its potentiality for international joined collaboration.
Contents
Authors: Editors The
Published: November 2015

Not available.
Synchronization of muscular oscillations between two subjects during isometric interaction
Authors: Schaefer Laura V. , Torick Arndt H. , Matuschek Hannes , Holschneider Matthias , Bittmann Frank N.
Published: November 2015

Muscles oscillate with a frequency around 10 Hz. But what happens with myofascial oscillations, if two neuromuscular systems interact? The purpose of this study was to examine this question, initially, on the basis of a case study. Oscillations of the triceps brachii muscles of two subjects were determined through mechanomyography (MMG) during isometric interaction. The MMG-signals were analyzed concerning the interaction of the two subjects with algorithms of nonlinear dynamics. In this case study it could be shown, that the muscles of both neuromuscular systems also oscillate with the known frequency (here 12 Hz) during interaction. Furthermore, both subjects were able to adapt their oscillations against each other. This adjustment induced a significant ( < .05) coherent behavior, which was characterized by a phase shifting of approximately 90°. The authors draw the conclusion, that the complementary neuromuscular partners potentially have the ability of mutual synchronization.
The Ejtm Specials “The long-term denervated muscle”
Authors: Carraro Ugo , Coletti Dario , Kern Helmut
Published: November 2015

Not available.
The response of denervated muscle to long-term stimulation (1985, revisited here in 2014)
Authors: Lomo Terje
Published: November 2015

In 1985, at a meeting in Abano, I presented results showing that direct stimulation of skeletal muscles with appropriate stimulus patterns prevents the effects of denervation on non-junctional properties of muscle fibers. Hence, it appeared unnecessary to postulate that unknown nerve-derived trophic factors control such properties, as posited by the (anterograde) neurotrophic hypothesis. Here I discuss this conclusion in the light of what we know today, particularly with respect to the many lines of evidence that were then taken to support the trophic hypothesis, but which today have alternative interpretations consistent with control by evoked impulse activity. Despite much effort, no one has yet identified any nerve-derived factor consistent with the neurotrophic hypothesis. Reports favoring the existence of neurotrophic factors were numerous before 2000. Now they have essentially disappeared from the literature, including original research papers, textbooks and handbooks, suggesting that the hypothesis is no longer arguable. Thus, the results that I presented in our paper in 1985 seem to have held up rather well.
Home-based Functional Electrical Stimulation for long-term denervated human muscle: History, basics, results and perspectives of the Vienna Rehabilitation Strategy
Authors: Kern Helmut , Carraro Ugo
Published: November 2015

We will here discuss the following points related to Home-based Functional Electrical Stimulation (h-b FES) as treatment for patients with permanently denervated muscles in their legs: 1. Upper (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) damage to the lower spinal cord; 2. Muscle atrophy/hypertrophy versus processes of degeneration, regeneration, and recovery; 3. Recovery of twitch- and tetanic-contractility by h-b FES; 4. Clinical effects of h-b FES using the protocol of the “Vienna School”; 5. Limitations and perspectives. Arguments in favor of using the Vienna protocol include: 1. Increased muscle size in both legs; 2. Improved tetanic force production after 3-5 months of percutaneous stimulation using long stimulus pulses (> 100 msec) of high amplitude (> 80 mAmp), tolerated only in patients with no pain sensibility; 3. Histological and electron microscopic evidence that two years of h-b FES return muscle fibers to a state typical of two weeks denervated muscles with respect to atrophy, disrupted myofibrillar structure, and disorganized Excitation-Contraction Coupling (E-CC) structures; 4. The excitability never recovers to that typical of normal or reinnervated muscles where pulses less than 1 msec in duration and 25 mAmp in intensity excite axons and thereby muscle fibres. It is important to motivate these patients for chronic stimulation throughout life, preferably standing up against the load of the body weight rather than sitting. Only younger and low weight patients can expect to be able to stand-up and do some steps more or less independently. Some patients like to maintain the h-b FES training for decades. Limitations of the procedure are obvious, in part related to the use of multiple, large surface electrodes and the amount of time patients are willing to use for such muscle training.
History, mechanisms and clinical value of fibrillation analyses in muscle denervation and reinnervation by Single Fiber Electromyography and Dynamic Echomyography
Authors: Pond Amber , Marcante Andrea , Zanato Riccardo , Martino Leonora , Stramare Roberto , Vindigni Vincenzo , Zampieri Sandra , Hofer Christian , Kern Helmut , Masiero Stefano , Piccione Francesco
Published: November 2015

This work reviews history, current clinical relevance and future of fibrillation, a functional marker of skeletal muscle denervated fibers. Fibrillations, i.e., spontaneous contraction, in denervated muscle were first described during the nineteenth century. It is known that alterations in membrane potential are responsible for the phenomenon and that they are related to changes in electrophysiological factors, cellular metabolism, cell turnover and gene expression. They are known to inhibit muscle atrophy to some degree and are used to diagnose neural injury and reinnervation that are occurring in patients. Electromyography (EMG) is useful in determining progress, prognosis and efficacy of therapeutic interventions and their eventual change. For patients with peripheral nerve injury, and thus without the option of volitional contractions, electrical muscle stimulation may be helpful in preserving the contractility and extensibility of denervated muscle tissue and in retarding/counteracting muscle atrophy. It is obvious from the paucity of recent literature that research in this area has declined over the years. This is likely a consequence of the decrease in funding available for research and the fact that the fibrillations do not appear to cause serious health issues. Nonetheless, further exploration of them as diagnostic tools in long-term denervation is merited, in particular if Single Fiber EMG (SFEMG) is combined with Dynamic Echomyography (DyEM), an Ultra Sound muscle approach we recently designed and developed to explore denervated and reinnervating muscles.
CT and MRI assessment and characterization using segmentation and 3D modeling techniques: applications to muscle, bone and brain
Authors: Gargiulo Paolo , Helgason Thordur , Ramon Ceon , Jónsson jr Halldór , Carraro Ugo
Published: November 2015

This paper reviews the novel use of CT and MRI data and image processing tools to segment and reconstruct tissue images in 3D to determine characteristics of muscle, bone and brain.This to study and simulate the structural changes occurring in healthy and pathological conditions as well as in response to clinical treatments. Here we report the application of this methodology to evaluate and quantify: 1. progression of atrophy in human muscle subsequent to permanent lower motor neuron (LMN) denervation, 2. muscle recovery as induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES), 3. bone quality in patients undergoing total hip replacement and 4. to model the electrical activity of the brain. Study 1: CT data and segmentation techniques were used to quantify changes in muscle density and composition by associating the Hounsfield unit values of muscle, adipose and fibrous connective tissue with different colors. This method was employed to monitor patients who have permanent muscle LMN denervation in the lower extremities under two different conditions: permanent LMN denervated not electrically stimulated and stimulated. Study 2: CT data and segmentation techniques were employed, however, in this work we assessed bone and muscle conditions in the pre-operative CT scans of patients scheduled to undergo total hip replacement. In this work, the overall anatomical structure, the bone mineral density (BMD) and compactness of quadriceps muscles and proximal femoral was computed to provide a more complete view for surgeons when deciding which implant technology to use. Further, a Finite element analysis provided a map of the strains around the proximal femur socket when solicited by typical stresses caused by an implant press fitting. Study 3 describes a method to model the electrical behavior of human brain using segmented MR images. The aim of the work is to use these models to predict the electrical activity of the human brain under normal and pathological conditions by developing detailed 3D representations of major tissue surfaces within the head, with over 12 different tissues segmented. In addition, computational tools in Matlab were developed for calculating normal vectors on the brain surface and for associating this information with the equivalent electrical dipole sources as an input into the model.
The response of denervated muscle to long-term electrical stimulation
Authors: Lømo Terje , Westgaard Rolf H. , Hennig Rune , Gundersen Kristian
Published: November 2015

Not available.
Methods for dynamic characterization of the major muscles activating the lower limb joints in cycling motion
Authors: Roth Navit , Wiener Avi , Mizrahi Joseph
Published: November 2015

The functional activation, through electrical stimulation, of the lower limb consisting of several deficient muscles requires well-patterned and coordinated activation of these muscles. This study presents a method for characterizing the parameters of the major muscle groups controlling the ankle and knee joints in cycling motion, the latter having particular significance in the rehabilitation of locomotion. To lower mechanical indeterminacy in the joints the system is reduced by grouping the muscles acting in synergism. The joint torques were calculated by inverse dynamics methods from cycling motion data, including kinematics and foot/pedal reaction loads (forces, moments). The mechanical indeterminacy was resolved by applying optimization criteria and the individual muscle torques were parceled-out from the joint torques. System identification of the individual muscles, part of which being bi-articular, in this non-isometric condition was performed from the relationship between the evaluated force and the measured EMG of each the muscles, using both first and second order linear transfer functions. Feasibility of the presented method was demonstrated through the computation of the coefficients of the muscles involved and validating the results on the experimental data obtained from one subject.
Neurohypophyseal hormones: novel actors of striated muscle development and homeostasis
Authors: Costa Alessandra , Rossi Eleonora , Scicchitano Bianca Maria , Coletti Dario , Moresi Viviana , Adamo Sergio
Published: November 2015

Since the 1980's, novel functional roles of the neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin have emerged. Several studies have investigated the effects of these two neurohormones on striated muscle tissues, both in vitro and in vivo. The effects of vasopressin on skeletal myogenic cells, developing muscle and muscle homeostasis have been documented. Oxytocin appears to have a greater influence on cardiomyocite differentiation and heart homeostasis. This review summarizes the studies on these novel roles of the two neurohypophyseal hormones, and open the possibility of new therapeutic approaches for diseases affecting striated muscle.
Feasibility study of a novel electrode concept for a neuroprosthesis for augmentation of impaired finger functions
Authors: Hugosdóttir Rósa , Jónasson Skúli Þór , Sigþórsson Haraldur , Helgason Þórður
Published: November 2015

The project “Finger Rehabilitation” aims to design a neuroprosthesis with integrated electronics. The neuroprosthesis should enable spinal cord injured people, with injury at cervical vertebrae level, to increase finger mobility and activity with the use of functional electrical stimulation. The equipment is based on several integrated factors. The user has to be independent from any external help and has to be able to put it on, control the electrical stimulation and remove it by himself. The neuroprosthesis has to be both flexible and stable for the electrodes to remain firmly on the skin. In this part of the project, new electrodes which do not get stuck on the skin are described. The electrodes are small and have low impedance. A sleeve, made from glass fibres, is also described. The electrode matrices are integrated in the sleeve. The neuroprosthesis fits a patient with spinal cord injury at C5-C6. In this work, a novel electrode concept integrated in a glass fibre sleeve is tested on its ability for use in an “independent user” neuroprosthesis for finger movement rehabilitation.