bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter develops vector dissipativity notions for large-scale nonlinear impulsive dynamical systems. In particular, it introduces a generalized definition of dissipativity for large-scale nonlinear impulsive dynamical systems in terms of a hybrid vector dissipation inequality involving a vector hybrid supply rate, a vector storage function, and an essentially nonnegative, semistable dissipation matrix. The chapter also defines generalized notions of a vector available storage and a vector required supply and shows that they are element-by-element ordered, nonnegative, and finite. Extended Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov conditions, in terms of the local impulsive subsystem dynamics and the interconnection constraints, are developed for characterizing vector dissipativeness via vector storage functions for large-scale impulsive dynamical systems. Finally, using the concepts of vector dissipativity and vector storage functions as candidate vector Lyapunov functions, the chapter presents feedback interconnection stability results of large-scale impulsive nonlinear dynamical systems.
Introduction
Authors: Alexakis Spyros
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to provide a rigorous proof of the Deser–Schwimmer conjecture. This work is a continuation of the previous two papers of the author, which established the conjecture in a special case and introduced tools that laid the groundwork for the resolution of the full conjecture. The chapter then provides a formulation of the conjecture, presents some applications, and discusses its close relation with certain questions in index theory and in Cauchy–Riemann and Kähler geometry. Then, it broadly outlines the strategy of the proof and very briefly present the tasks that are undertaken in each of the subsequent chapters.
The Inductive Step of the Fundamental Proposition: The Simpler Cases
Authors: Alexakis Spyros
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes up the proof of Lemmas 4.16 and 4.19, which are easier than Lemma 4.24. The proof of these two lemmas relies on the study of the first conformal variation of the assumption of Proposition 4.13. This study involves many complicated calculations and also the appropriate use of the inductive assumption of Proposition 4.13.
The Inductive Step of the Fundamental Proposition: The Hard Cases, Part II
Authors: Alexakis Spyros
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes up the proof of Lemma 4.24 in Case B; this completes the inductive step of the proof of the fundamental proposition 4.13. The chapter recalls that Lemma 4.24 applies when all tensor fields of minimum rank μ‎ in (4.3) have all μ‎ of their free indices being nonspecial. We recall the setting of Case B in Lemma 4.24: Let M > 0 stand for the maximum number of free indices that can belong to the same factor, among all tensor fields in (4.3). Then consider all μ‎-tensor fields in (4.3) that have at least one factor T₁ containing M free indices; let M' ≤ M be the maximum number of free indices that can belong to the same factor, other than T₁. The setting of Case B in Lemma 4.24 is when M < 2. The chapter recalls that in the setting of case B the claim of Lemma 4.24 coincides with the claim of Proposition 4.13. To derive Lemma 4.24, the authors use all the tools developed in the Chapter 6, most importantly the grand conclusion, but also the two separate equations that were added to derive the grand conclusion.
Gâteaux differentiability of Lipschitz functions
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the main results on Gâteaux differentiability of Lipschitz functions by recalling the notions of the Radon-Nikodým property (RNP) and null sets. The discussion focuses not only on the mere existence of points of Fréchet differentiability, but also, and often more important, on the validity of the mean value estimates. After considering the RNP of a Banach space, the chapter examines Haar and Aronszajn-Gauss null sets. It then analyzes the existence result for Gâteaux derivatives as well as the meaning of multidimensional mean value estimates. It also explains how, for locally Lipschitz maps of separable Banach spaces to spaces with the RNP, the condition for the validity of the multidimensional mean value estimate may be simplified.
Smoothness, Convexity, Porosity, and Separable Determination
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how spaces with separable dual admit a Fréchet smooth norm. It first considers a criterion of the differentiability of continuous convex functions on Banach spaces before discussing Fréchet smooth and nonsmooth renormings and Fréchet differentiability of convex functions. It then describes the connection between porous sets and Fréchet differentiability, along with the set of points of Fréchet differentiability of maps between Banach spaces. It also examines the concept of separable determination, the relevance of the σ‎-porous sets for differentiability and proves the existence of a Fréchet smooth equivalent norm on a Banach space with separable dual. The chapter concludes by explaining how one can show that many differentiability type results hold in nonseparable spaces provided they hold in separable ones.
Ε‎-Fr ´Echet Differentiability
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter treats results on ε‎-Fréchet differentiability of Lipschitz functions in asymptotically smooth spaces. These results are highly exceptional in the sense that they prove almost Frechet differentiability in some situations when we know that the closed convex hull of all (even almost) Fréchet derivatives may be strictly smaller than the closed convex hull of the Gâteaux derivatives. The chapter first presents a simple proof of an almost differentiability result for Lipschitz functions in asymptotically uniformly smooth spaces before discussing the notion of asymptotic uniform smoothness. It then proves that in an asymptotically smooth Banach space X, any finite set of real-valued Lipschitz functions on X has, for every ε‎ > 0, a common point of ε‎-Fréchet differentiability.
Preliminaries to Main Results
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a number of results and notions that will be used in subsequent chapters. In particular, it considers the concept of regular differentiability and the lemma on deformation of n-dimensional surfaces. The idea is to deform a flat surface passing through a point x (along which we imagine that a certain function f is almost affine) to a surface passing through a point witnessing that f is not Fréchet differentiable at x. This is done in such a way that certain “energy” associated to surfaces increases less than the “energy” of the functionf along the surface. The chapter also discusses linear operators and tensor products, various notions and notation related to Fréchet differentiability, and deformation of surfaces controlled by ω‎ⁿ. Finally, it proves some integral estimates of derivatives of Lipschitz maps between Euclidean spaces (not necessarily of the same dimension).
Porosity, Γ‎N- and Γ‎-Null Sets
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the notion of porosity “at infinity” (formally defined as porosity with respect to a family of subspaces) and discusses the main result, which shows that sets porous with respect to a family of subspaces are Γ‎ₙ-null provided X admits a continuous bump function whose modulus of smoothness (in the direction of this family) is controlled by tⁿ logⁿ⁻¹ (1/t). The first of these results characterizes Asplund spaces: it is shown that a separable space has separable dual if and only if all its porous sets are Γ‎₁-null. The chapter first describes porous and σ‎-porous sets as well as a criterion of Γ‎ₙ-nullness of porous sets. It then considers the link between directional porosity and Γ‎ₙ-nullness. Finally, it tackles the question in which spaces, and for what values of n, porous sets are Γ‎ₙ-null.
Unavoidable Porous Sets and Nondifferentiable Maps
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Γ‎ₙ-nullness of sets porous “¹at infinity” and/or existence of many points of Fréchet differentiability of Lipschitz maps into n-dimensional spaces. The results reveal a σ‎-porous set whose complement is null on all n-dimensional surfaces and the multidimensional mean value estimates fail even for ε‎-Fréchet derivatives. Previous chapters have established conditions on a Banach space X under which porous sets in X are Γ‎ₙ-null and/or the the multidimensional mean value estimates for Fréchet derivatives of Lipschitz maps into n-dimensional spaces hold. This chapter investigates in what sense the assumptions of these main results are close to being optimal.
A King Travels
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This book examines the scripting and performance of festivals in Spain between 1327 and 1620, offering an unprecedented look at the different types of festivals that were held in Iberia during this crucial period of European history. Bridging the gap between the medieval and early modern eras, the book focuses on the travels and festivities of Philip II, exploring the complex relationship between power and ceremony, and offering a vibrant portrait of Spain's cultural and political life. The book covers a range of festival categories and probes the ritual meanings of these events, paying special attention to the use of colors and symbols, and to the power relations articulated through these festive displays. It argues that the fluid and at times subversive character of medieval festivals gave way to highly formalized and hierarchical events reflecting a broader shift in how power was articulated in late medieval and early modern Spain. Yet the book contends that these festivals, while they sought to buttress authority and instruct different social orders about hierarchies of power, also served as sites of contestation, dialogue, and resistance. The book sheds new light on Iberian festive traditions and their unique role in the centralizing state in early modern Castile.
A King Goes Traveling: Philip II in the Crown of Aragon, 1585–86 and 1592
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at Philip II's long voyages to the Crown of Aragon in 1585–86 and in 1592, and on the king's long and conflicting relations with Barcelona. These two extended journeys, coming as they did towards the end of Philip II's rule, allow one to compare the celebrations of an earlier age with the complicated and often unsuccessful emplotment of the king's progress through his eastern kingdoms. The pageantry of Philip's early years, when still as a prince he traveled through, and enjoyed lavish receptions in, Italy and the Low Countries, has been replaced by a comparative austerity born of new political realities and the slow but noticeable deterioration of Spanish influence in European affairs. Indeed, Philip II's 1585–86 and 1592 journeys provide a rather accurate reading of political shifts and of the mounting difficulties facing Spain.
From Carnival to Corpus Christi
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter assesses the relationship between Carnival and the annual Corpus Christi celebrations in late medieval and early modern Spain. Carnival has always been associated with revelry, subversive inversions of the social order, and transgressive behavior. Meanwhile, Corpus Christi is the high point of the Catholic devotional cycle in early modern Spain. Although it seems odd to juxtapose a feast such as Carnival with that of the Corpus Christi, there was a progression—uneven but perceptible—from the carnivalesque to the elaborate appropriation of some of these allegedly subversive themes of Carnival by the carefully programmed procession of the living body of Christ through the streets of Iberian cities.
Conclusion
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter examines the purpose of festivities. In the case of many celebrations, although they were always filled with social meanings and enacted with specific ideological purposes, it was not clear who actually benefitted from them. Most festivals were multivocal performances, and the register of voices varied according to the circumstances. By the early modern period, whenever the king was present, the events served the desires of the monarch and sought to enhance his prestige. Thus, festivals also served as a lens through which to examine questions of authority. Ultimately, the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period provides clear evidence of uneven continuities and discontinuities in these performances.
Weimar Cinema between Hypnosis and Enlightenment
Authors: Killen Andreas
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the place of hypnosis in Weimar Germany's cultural imaginary and its connection to a broad set of fears articulated around the “masses,” “mass culture,” and the problem of “mass psychology.” It relates this motif to debates about Weimar cinema, which aroused both intense apprehension concerning its impact on audiences and equally intense hopes concerning its possibilities as a medium of public instruction or enlightenment. In particular, it looks at Fritz Lang's film The Testament of Dr. Mabuse, which was banned in 1933 by Germany's film censor board due to fear that it represented an incitement not merely to crime but to revolution and terror. The chapter shows that Testament both casts a hypnotic spell and undoes it through a kind of “counterhypnosis.” It also discusses some of the questions raised by the banning of Testament, including one relating to the role of the mass media in modern public life.
Italian Fascism’s Wartime Enemy and the Politics of Fear
Authors: Stone Marla
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the specter of a demonic Communist enemy came to occupy a central place in the Italian Fascist imaginary during the regime's mobilization of the politics of fear. Two critical periods in Italian Fascism's wars are discussed: the military participation on the Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), framed by the Fascist regime as a “holy war” against communism, and Nazi Germany's war against the Soviet Union (1941–1943). The chapter shows how Fascist propaganda depicted Italy's wartime enemies in a way that tapped into the deepest fears of many Italians and their feelings of uncertainty about issues such as family, morality, and the Church. Facing waning support and growing resistance, the regime found that terror and anxiety were more effective in forging a connection between it and the population than a defense of Fascism.
An Arithmetical Analogue
Authors: Zannier Umberto , Masser David
Published: November 2017

This chapter slightly moves in another direction to describe a purely arithmetical analogue of Theorem 1.3. This material was not mentioned in the lectures, for lack of time and because of its partially different nature with the rest.
Unlikely Intersections in Elliptic Surfaces and Problems of Masser
Authors: Zannier Umberto , Masser David
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns from the multiplicative-group context to the context of abelian varieties. There are here entirely similar results and conjectures: we have already recalled the Manin–Mumford conjecture, and pointed out that the Zilber conjecture also admits an abelian exact analogue. Actually, abelian varieties have moduli, which introduce new issues with respect to the toric case. The chapter focuses mainly on some new problems, raised by Masser, which represent a relative case of Manin–Mumford–Raynaud, where the relevant abelian variety is no longer fixed but moves in a family. The unlikely intersections of Masser's questions occur in the special case of elliptic surfaces (i.e., families of elliptic curves), and can be dealt with by a method that has been recently introduced.
About the André-Oort Conjecture
Authors: Zannier Umberto
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses some aspects of the so-called André–Oort conjecture. It observes how this resembles the pattern of the statements discussed so far, recalling also a brief history. After a few general considerations about the shape of the André–Oort conjecture and its relation to the topics of the previous chapters, the chapter discusses in some detail what can probably be considered the most basic case of the conjecture, which is distinctly simpler to state. After a section devoted to a review of the basic definitions and results in the context of modular curves and singular invariants, it presents André's original proof. Subsequently it also outlines Pila's proof of the same statement, which follows the method already considered in Chapter 3. The final section discusses in a bit more detail the general definition of Shimura varieties, which appear in the very statements of André–Oort type.
Introduction
Authors: Haigh Joanna D. , Cargill Peter
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Earth's climate system—its composition, structure, and circulation—and some of the ways in which these vary naturally with time. It examines the key features of the structure of the Sun, its magnetic field, atmosphere, and its emission of radiation and particles. A comprehension of how the sun affects the Earth is a fundamental requirement for understanding how climate has varied in the past and how it might change in the future. This is particularly important in the context of determining the cause(s) of climate change and understanding natural factors in order to be able to attribute to human activity any past or potential future influence on a range of timescales.
Solar Influence through the Atmosphere
Authors: Haigh Joanna D. , Cargill Peter
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how measurements made over several decades from meteorological balloons across the globe were used to study variations in the average temperature of the atmosphere up to the lower stratosphere. Correlations between this temperature and solar activity, usually indicated by the solar 10.7 cm radio wave flux, were estimated, and a strong relationship was identified in mid-latitudes, implying temperature differences in that region of up to 1 K between minimum and maximum of the 11-year solar cycle. Continued observations, including from space-borne instruments, confirmed this signal over subsequent solar cycles. Subsequent work in this area sought to isolate the solar effect from other possible influencing factors using multiple linear regression analysis.
Uniform asymptotic stability, an initial treatment
Authors: Goebel Rafal , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Teel Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the uniform asymptotic stability of a closed set. Asymptotic stability is a fundamental property of dynamical systems—one that is usually desired in natural and engineered systems. It provides qualitative information about solutions, especially a characterization of the solutions' long-term trends. The asymptotic stability of a closed set, rather than of an equilibrium point, is significant since the solutions of a hybrid system often do not settle down to an equilibrium point. Furthermore, the asymptotic stability of an equilibrium point is a special case of asymptotic stability of a closed set. Namely, an equilibrium point is a closed set containing a single point.
Perturbations and generalized solutions
Authors: Goebel Rafal , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Teel Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the effect of state perturbations on solutions to a hybrid system. It shows that state perturbations, of arbitrarily small size, can dramatically change the behavior of solutions. While such a phenomenon is also present in continuous-time and discrete-time dynamical systems, it is magnified in the hybrid setting, due to the flows and the jumps being constrained to the flow and the jump sets, respectively. Perturbations affecting the whole state of a hybrid system are usually considered. The resulting behaviors are quite representative of what may occur if perturbations come from state measurement error in a hybrid feedback control system or from errors present in numerical simulations of hybrid systems. The case of hybrid feedback control is given some attention in this chapter. Also, throughout the chapter, effects of perturbations are related to the regularity properties of the data of hybrid systems.
Preliminaries from set-valued analysis
Authors: Goebel Rafal , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Teel Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter includes the necessary background on further developments in the theory of hybrid systems. It first presents the notion of convergence for a sequence of sets and how it generalizes the notion of convergence of a sequence of points. The chapter then deals with set-valued mappings and their continuity properties. Given a set-valued mapping M : ℝᵐ ⇉ ℝⁿ, the chapter defines the range of M as the set rgeM = {‎y ∈ ℝⁿ : Ǝx ∈ ℝᵐ such that y ∈ M(x)}‎; and the graph of M as the set gphM = {‎(x,y) ∈ ℝᵐ × ℝⁿ : y ∈ M(x)}‎. The chapter also specializes some of the concepts, such as graphical convergence, to hybrid arcs and provides further details in such a setting. Finally, the chapter discusses differential inclusions.
God and Metatron
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Metatron, that enigmatic figure assuming the title “Lesser God.” It begins with an analysis of a midrash transmitted only in the Bavli, in which Rav Idith—a Babylonian amora of the fourth or fifth century—deflects the fierce attacks of certain heretics who insist on assigning Metatron divine status. No doubt, the notion of a second divine power alongside that of God has gained followers among the Babylonian Jews. In order to substantiate this claim, the chapter surveys all the relevant Metatron passages preserved in rabbinic literature. It turns out that almost all of them are found either in the Babylonian Talmud or in the Hekhalot literature, most notably in 3 Enoch. The Metatron of the Bavli and the Hekhalot literature is a deliberate response on the part of the Babylonian Jews to the challenges posed by Christianity.
Has God a Father, a Son, or a Brother?
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: November 2017

This chapter returns to the realm of Palestinian Judaism and analyzes midrashim referring to God's family background. These midrashim again reflect the power structure of the Roman Empire with the emperor's dynasty, which includes the father, the brother, the son, and probably also the adoptive son. Since this hierarchy forms the backdrop of the nascent Christological speculations, it appears that it is the relationship between God and his Son in particular that is at stake in these sources. Additionally, some of these midrashim hint at the increasingly heated debate between Jews and Christians over the question of who is true heir to the Land of Israel.
Introduction
Authors: Finke Daniel , König Thomas , Proksch Sven-Oliver , Tsebelis George
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to study the reform of the European Union, which has been regularly attempted since the mid-1980s with little success. Reform has become even more necessary due to enlargements that integrated twelve countries from Eastern and Southern Europe and brought the total number of EU countries to twenty-seven. The main reason for the slow rate of change was the opposition to far-reaching institutional reform from a minority of political leaders. Ultimately, reform was achieved by a lengthy and complex trial and error process. This book shows how political leaders pushing for reform were capable of controlling this process. The remainder of the chapter discusses the major obstacles to reform, the approach used in the present study, followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.
Revealing Constitutional Preferences in the European Convention
Authors: Proksch Sven-Oliver
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines agenda control in the European Convention from a positional, rather than an institutional, angle. Convention President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's ability to extract so many concessions from the Convention depended to a large part on his central position within the conflict space. The chapter tests this argument by estimating revealed constitutional preferences in the European Convention of both the delegates and the Presidency. Thus, it argues that the Convention's success was partially due to positional agenda control by its presidency. This in turn allowed it to successfully employ strategic agenda control to eliminate amendments, select proposals, and finally propose a coherent draft for a European constitution. The chapter's basic premise is that the work of the European Convention marks a milestone for European institutional reform.
The Art of Political Manipulation in the European Convention
Authors: Tsebelis George , Proksch Sven-Oliver
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes how the first procedural impossibility of reforming European institutions was removed. It examines how the Convention leadership was able to structure an unprecedented constitutional process to reach a timely and successful outcome. Given that even intergovernmental conferences, despite months of preparations, sometimes fail to produce results, the failure of negotiations in the Convention was a distinct possibility. Another realistic possibility would have been an “anarchic” document in which different parts would have reflected the prevalence of different majorities. The reason that the European Convention was able to avoid both these outcomes and produce a constitution was the agenda control exercised by the praesidium and particularly by the Convention president, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, who was able to produce results through strategic leadership. Understanding that the European Convention was an exceptional event made possible by the combination of a creative, consistent, and overpowering agenda-setting process and the impasse created by the status quo (Treaty of Nice) explains how we came to an EU constitution, and why subsequently it became difficult to move away from this document in the Treaty of Lisbon.
Principals and Agents: From the Convention’s Proposal to the Constitutional Treaty
Authors: König Thomas , Finke Daniel
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the transformation of the Convention's proposal on the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe to the Lisbon Treaty in the aftermath of the two negative referendums from a principal-agent perspective. It shows that the common view of unitary member states, in which principals and agents share interests in the revision of treaties, can only partially—if not wrongly—explain the Treaty of Lisbon. The principal-agent analysis reveals that the political leaders delegated power to negotiating agents who worked out compromise solutions by partially revising the initial interests of their first order principals, the political leaders. Governmental agents from smaller countries were able to focus the negotiations on a few central reform issues, such as the number of Commissioners and the voting rules of the Council, and they also successfully influenced the final outcome of these issues. A major reason for their success was their credibility, which they could increase by pointing to integration-skeptic voters—particularly in countries that had announced a referendum. Hence, governmental agents increased their bargaining efficiency by referring to voters as their second-order principals.
Introduction
Authors: Storrs Landon R. Y.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Second Red Scare, which stunted the development of the American welfare state. In the 1940s and 1950s, conservatives in and out of government used concerns about Soviet espionage to remove from public service many officials who advocated regulatory and redistributive policies intended to strengthen democracy. The crusade against “Communists in government” had even more casualties than people thought. In addition to its well-known violation of civil liberties and destruction of careers, the Second Red Scare curbed the social democratic potential of the New Deal through its impact on policymakers who sought to mitigate the antidemocratic tendencies of unregulated capitalism.
Allegations of Disloyalty at Labor and Consumer Agencies, 1939–43
Authors: Storrs Landon R. Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at key figures in the emerging anticommunist network and analyzes two early episodes: the Smith Committee attack on the National Labor Relations Board and its allies, and the Dies Committee attack on the consumer movement, especially the League of Women Shoppers and the Office of Price Administration. The power of the labor movement in stimulating the reaction against the New Deal is well known, but the consumer movement should be recognized as another major trigger. Women were important in the ascendance of both industrial unionism and organized consumerism, and conservatives highlighted women's role in an effort to undermine public confidence in those movements and their allied government agencies.
The Loyalty Investigations of Mary Dublin Keyserling and Leon Keyserling
Authors: Storrs Landon R. Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Mary Dublin Keyserling and Leon Keyserling, who were particularly prominent targets for the anticommunist right from 1940 through the mid-1960s. His first claim to fame was drafting the National Labor Relations Act, and her career began as a consumer activist, so they aptly represent the movements whose successes mobilized anticommunist crusaders. The Keyserlings were “purchasing-power progressives” who argued that raising working-class living standards was essential for a healthy economy and a healthy democracy. They both experienced long, bruising loyalty investigations and resigned in 1953 during the transition to the Eisenhower administration. Leon reemerged as an economic adviser to the Democratic National Committee and the AFL-CIO in the late 1950s and then as an ally of the centrist Democrat Hubert Humphrey. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson appointed Mary head of the U.S. Women's Bureau, over the objections of congressional conservatives who revived the old disloyalty allegations.
Introduction
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Stiglitz Edward H.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides a background of party identification. The reality of American politics is not the same as it was a half century ago. American politics at the elite level has, in a word, polarized. Republican means conservative; Democrat means liberal. During the same period of time, voters' party identifications have become aligned with the ideological outlook of their parties. The largest number of Democrat supporters identify themselves as liberal; a still larger number of Republican supporters identify themselves as conservative. A result of this process is that the very same commitment that used to signal unthinking loyalty—party identification—has become the basis for coherently thinking about politics for a large number of voters. The specific purpose of this study is to propose a new theory of party identification—a reputational theory of party identification.
The Electoral Logic of Party Reputations
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Stiglitz Edward H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a theory of candidate positioning. The key to this account is the policy reputations of the two political parties. Candidates must take positions consistent with the policy reputations of their parties to collect a reputational premium. The chapter's job is twofold. The first task is to demonstrate that programmatic party identifiers favor candidates of their party on the grounds that they represent the overall outlook of their party, independent of the specific policy positions that the candidates take. The second task is to specify the range of positions that a candidate may take and still be judged to represent the overall outlook of the party by supporters of his party who know and share its outlook.
Introduction
Authors: Rubin Andrew N.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter discusses several iterations of militarized Orientalism and the function that it has continued to serve in military zones of rapid cultural translation. Such instances not only show how brazen the connection between power and knowledge has become in our culture, but also evince how profoundly the modalities for understanding have become instruments of power. The chapter briefly traces the genealogy of this view in the early years of the Cold War and describes the formidable structures and conjunctures of cultural domination, as well as the cultural mechanisms by which the United States rearticulated the discourse of British colonialism through the institutions and discourses of anticommunism.
Archives of Authority
Authors: Rubin Andrew N.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details the correspondence between the author and the Central Intelligence Agency regarding the release of information in line with the Freedom of Information Act. At the same time the chapter builds on an emerging body of scholarship that examines the relationship between American postwar ascendancy and “cultural diplomacy” in the early years of the Cold War and decolonization. Few studies have considered how the Congress for Cultural Freedom's (CCF) underwriting reshaped and refashioned the global literary landscape, altered the relationships between writers and their publics, and rendered those whom it supported more recognizable figures than others. These practices were conceived as part of an orchestrated imperial effort to occupy a global public space that by 1948 had been largely dominated by the socialist rhetoric of the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform).
Orwell and the Globalization of Literature
Authors: Rubin Andrew N.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the role of author George Orwell in the context of the globalization of literature. Orwell's late fiction, Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), helped to define and structure Western political and cultural conceptions of totalitarianism. In particular, the chapter looks at the universality of Nineteen Eighty-Four and how it has resonated even in the present day. It asks how our understanding of the process by which the novel was repeatedly translated, retranslated, adapted into different forms, and globalized enable us to think beyond the terms of the text and provide us with a better understanding of the cultural dimensions of the transnationalization of literature.
Archives of Critical Theory
Authors: Rubin Andrew N.
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to Institute for Social Research (or Frankfurt School) member Theodor Adorno as the partial representation of the experience of exile in terms of the ideology of positivism, which had damaged the very category of experience in general. Positivism and empiricism had reduced reality to a prosaic and administered calculus, the effect of which was embodied in the position of the exile when confronted with modernity. Moreover, as Adorno writes, “It is unmistakably clear to the intellectual from abroad that he will have to eradicate himself as an autonomous being if he hopes to achieve anything.” In postwar Germany, his critique of positivism would face new, mostly institutional challenges.
Humanism, Territory, and Techniques of Trouble
Authors: Rubin Andrew N.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the dimensions of Edward Said's critical writing. In spite of numerous attempts to define and identify an overarching methodology that can be traced throughout Said's some twenty-five books, few have successfully, or at the very least convincingly, identified a method that endures throughout his entire oeuvre. That such an intellectual, who is credited with the invention of fields like postcolonial studies and who has made a decidedly transforming contribution to the reinvention of humanism in general, has proven so elusive in this respect has to do with the changing exigencies he faced as an intellectual. At the same time, however, Said has exhibited a lasting affinity with a range of key figures, intellectuals, and critics—most notably Erich Auerbach (1892–1957), a scholar of classical and philological training.
Plotinus: First Ennead
Authors: Kalligas Paul
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the English translation of Paul Kalligas’s commentary on the first Enneads of Plotinus. The first Ennead comprises what Porphyry describes as “treatises with mainly ethical subject-matter” (VP 24.36–37). Nonetheless, it is immediately evident to the reader that Plotinus was rarely content with presenting a purely ethical doctrine; he was rather trying to probe into the metaphysical, psychological, and epistemological underpinnings of ethics. Thus, even his treatment of topics such as dialectic or beauty becomes easily integrated into the overall character of this set of treatises. Moreover, the first Ennead lays down some of the basic principles of Plotinus’s system (e.g., concerning the nature of man and the presence of the Good) and thus effectively serves as an introduction to his work as a whole.
Second Ennead
Authors: Kalligas Paul
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the English translation of Paul Kalligas’s commentary on the second Enneads of Plotinus. The second Ennead deals with “natural philosophy, including the physical universe and subjects connected with it” (VP 24.37–39). Because Plotinus is generally thought to have had little interest in the workings of the sensible world, it is not surprising that this part of his work has attracted relatively little attention on the part of modern scholarship. However, a careful reading of its contents reveals its crucial importance for understanding his philosophy as a whole. The reason is that it includes a series of detailed studies in conceptual analysis, which may serve as a kind of toolbox for reading the rest of his work and for understanding its logical structure and architecture. And, after all, both his complex metaphysical theories and his detailed treatment of psychological issues are in the last analysis meant to provide explanations of the functioning of the world of our common, everyday experience. We thus also come to appreciate better the reasons for his conflict with the Gnostics, who refused to see the sensible world as anything but a place of depravity and corruption.
Mumford-Tate Groups and Domains
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip A. , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

Mumford-Tate groups are the fundamental symmetry groups of Hodge theory, a subject which rests at the center of contemporary complex algebraic geometry. This book is the first comprehensive exploration of Mumford-Tate groups and domains. Containing basic theory and a wealth of new views and results, it is an essential resource for graduate students and researchers. Although Mumford-Tate groups can be defined for general structures, their theory and use to date has mainly been in the classical case of abelian varieties. While the book does examine this area, it focuses on the nonclassical case. The general theory turns out to be very rich, such as in the unexpected connections of finite dimensional and infinite dimensional representation theory of real, semisimple Lie groups. The book gives the complete classification of Hodge representations, a topic that should become a standard in the finite-dimensional representation theory of noncompact, real, semisimple Lie groups. It also indicates that in the future, a connection seems ready to be made between Lie groups that admit discrete series representations and the study of automorphic cohomology on quotients of Mumford-Tate domains by arithmetic groups. Bringing together complex geometry, representation theory, and arithmetic, this book opens up a fresh perspective on an important subject.
Mumford-Tate Groups
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the basic definitions and properties of Mumford-Tate groups in both the case of Hodge structures and of mixed Hodge structures. Hodge structures of weight n are sometimes called pure Hodge structures, and the term “Hodge structure” then refers to a direct sum of pure Hodge structures. The chapter presents three definitions of a Hodge structure of weight n, given in historical order. In the first definition, a Hodge structure of weight n is given by a Hodge decomposition; in the second, it is given by a Hodge filtration; in the third, it is given by a homomorphism of ℝ-algebraic groups. In the first two definitions, n is assumed to be positive and the p,q's in the definitions are non-negative. In the third definition, n and p,q are arbitrary. For the third definition, the Deligne torus integers are used.
Period Domains and Mumford-Tate Domains
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the basic definitions of period domains and their compact duals as well as the canonical exterior differential system on them. The period domain D is comprised of a set of polarized Hodge structures. The natural symmetry group acting on D is the group G(ℝ) of real points of the ℚ-algebraic group G = Aut(V,Q). Elementary linear algebra shows that G(ℝ) operates transitively on D. The chapter also discusses Mumford-Tate domains and their compact duals as well as the Noether-Lefschetz locus in period domains. The basic properties of Mumford-Tate domains are established in several places.
Hodge Representations and Hodge Domains
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with Hodge representations and Hodge domains. For general polarized Hodge structures, it considers which semi-simple ℚ-algebraic groups M can be Mumford-Tate groups of polarized Hodge structures, the different realizations of M as a Mumford-Tate group, and the relationship among the corresponding Mumford-Tate domains. The chapter uses standard material from the structure theory of semisimple Lie algebras and their representation theory. The discussion covers the adjoint representation and characterization of which weights give faithful Hodge representations, the classical groups and the exceptional groups, and Mumford-Tate domains as particular homogeneous complex manifolds. The examples concerning the classical groups illustrate both the linear algebra and Vogan diagram methods.
Hodge Structures with Complex Multiplication
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes Hodge structures with a high degree of symmetry, and specifically complex multiplication Hodge structures or CM Hodge structures. It broadens the notion of CM type by defining an n-orientation of a totally imaginary number field and constructs a precise correspondence between these and certain important kinds of CM Hodge structures. In the classical case of weight n = 1, the abelian variety associated to a CM type is recovered. The notion of the Kubota rank and reflex field associated to a CM Hodge structure is then generalized to the totally imaginary number field setting. When the Kubota rank is maximal, the CM Hodge structure is non-degenerate. The discussion also covers oriented imaginary number fields, Hodge structures with special endomorphisms, polarization and Mumford-Tate groups, and the Mumford-Tate group in the Galois case.
Classification of Mumford-Tate Subdomains
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This chapter develops an algorithm for determining all Mumford-Tate subdomains of a given period domain. The result is applied to the classification of all complex multiplication Hodge structures (CM Hodge structures) of rank 4 and when the weight n = 1 and n = 3, to an analysis of their Hodge tensors and endomorphism algebras, and the number of components of the Noether-Lefschetz locus. The result is that one has a complex but very rich arithmetic story. Of particular note is the intricate structure of the components of the Noether-Lefschetz loci in D and in its compact dual, and the two interesting cases where the Hodge tensors are generated in degrees 2 and 4. One application is that a particular class of period maps appearing in mirror symmetry never has image in a proper subdomain of D.
Arithmetic of Period Maps of Geometric Origin
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers some arithmetic aspects of period maps with a geometric origin. It focuses on the situation Φ‎ : S(ℂ) → Γ‎\D, where S parametrizes a family X → S of smooth, projective varieties defined over a number field k. The chapter recalls the notion of absolute Hodge classes (AH) and strongly absolute Hodge classes (SAH). The particular case when the Noether-Lefschetz locus consists of isolated points is alluded to in the discussion of complex multiplication Hodge structures (CM Hodge structures). A related observation is that one may formulate a variant of the “Grothendieck conjecture” in the setting of period maps and period domains. The chapter also describes a behavior of fields of definition under the period map, along with the existence and density of CM points in a motivic variation of Hodge structure.
Voting as an Ethical Issue
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of voting ethics. Voting is the principal way that citizens influence the quality of government. As such, individual voters have moral obligations concerning how they vote. Indeed, how individuals vote can help or harm people. Electoral outcomes can lead to a bad government, which can exploit the minority for the benefit of the majority. This book argues that citizens must vote well or abstain instead. Voters ought to vote for what they justifiedly believe promotes the common good. Even if many voters intend to promote the common good, they all too often lack sufficient evidence to justify the beliefs they advocate. When they do vote, they pollute democracy with their votes and make it more likely that people will have to suffer from bad governance.
Wrongful Voting
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that citizens have to meet certain epistemic standards when they vote, or otherwise they ought to abstain. It describes two kinds of bad voting: unexcused harmful voting and fortuitous voting. Unexcused harmful voting occurs when a person votes, without epistemic justification, for harmful polices or for candidates likely to enact harmful policies. This kind of voting is collectively—not individually—harmful, because individual votes have insignificant expected utility or disutility. On the other hand, fortuitous voting occurs when citizens vote for what are in fact beneficial policies or candidates likely to enact beneficial policies, but they lack sufficient justification to believe that these policies or candidates are good. In other words, fortuitous voting occurs when a person makes the right choice for the wrong reasons or for no reason at all.
For the Common Good
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that citizens should vote in ways that promote the common good rather than in ways that promote their self-interest at the expense of the common good. The egoistic view of voting holds that citizens rightly may choose government policies maximally favorable to themselves, regardless of what cost these programs impose upon others. In contrast, the public-spirited view holds that citizens ought to vote for the common good. On this view, citizens must not aim for purely private interests, especially when such interests come at the expense of the common good. Voters should look for policies good for all, rather than seeking to exploit their fellow citizens through government.