bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INCORPORACIÓN DE ABONOS VERDES Y BIOFERTILIZANTE FOLIAR EN EL CULTIVO ORGÁNICO DE FRESA (Fragaria spp.) VARIEDAD BRITGET EN LAS SABANAS, MADRIZ
Authors: González Álvaro Benavides , Contreras José Cisne , Miranda Reinaldo Laguna
Published: September 2010

Los pequeños productores de fresa del Municipio LasSabanas, han venido desarrollando en conjunto con laUniversidad Nacional Agraria, algunos trabajos que leshan permitido incrementar la producción orgánica delcultivo de fresa (Fragaria spp.); sin embargo, las principaleslimitantes se centran sobre el manejo de plagas y enfermedades,fertilidad de los suelos, evaluación de nuevos genotipos,entre otros. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluarmomentos de incorporación de abonos verdes y biofertilizanteen el cultivar de fresa Britget. El estudio fue conducido enla finca del Sr. José Méndez, en la Comunidad El Castillito,Municipio de Las Sabanas, Departamento de Madrizdurante el período de agosto del 2006 a mayo del 2007. Paraesto se empleó un diseño de parcelas e franjas en el que seestudiaron especies de leguminosas: gandul (Vigna unguilataL.) y mungo (Vigna radiata L.), y su incorporación en el suelo(12, 24 y 36 dds), y niveles de biofertilizante foliar (200 y 400l ha-1). Los tratamientos resultaron del arreglo factorial 2x3x2con tres réplicas. Las variables de fruto y rendimiento fueronsujeto a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y categorizaciónestadística mediante LSD (∞=0.05). Las variables de frutofueron afectadas por las leguminosas incorporada al suelo.De igual manera, los resultados obtenidos indicaron que lostratamientos conformados tuvieron efecto significativo sobreel rendimiento total, no así en las interacciones. Los mayoresvalores promedios en los efectos principales se presentaronen caupí (1490 kg ha-1) a los 12 dds de incorporados al suelo(1410 kg ha-1) y 400 l ha-1 de biofertilizante (1318 kg ha-1).Los mejores tratamientos fueron el caupí incorporado al sueloa los 12 y 24 dds con 400 lts ha-1 de biofertilizante, con totalesde 2000 y 2100 kg ha-1 de fruta fresca, respectivamente.Palabras clave: Fragaria; diseño parcelas subdivididas;Vigna unguilata; Vigna radiata; ANDEVA; LSD.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i13.16
EXPERIENCIAS DE LA APLICACIÓN COMERCIAL DE LA TÉCNICA DE REPRODUCCIÓN ACELERADA DE SEMILLA (TRAS) EN PLÁTANO EN RIVAS Y NANDAIME
Authors: Reyes-Castro Guillermo , Carcache Ena Rivers , Narváez Heidy Guadalupe Corea , Loáisiga Rosario Del Socorro García
Published: September 2010

La multiplicación convencional del plátano (Musa spp.)a través de los hijuelos del cormo, además de la bajatasa de propagación, facilita la diseminación de plagas yenfermedades. La técnica de reproducción acelerada desemillas (TRAS), una alternativa en la producción sana desemilla, fue utilizada para la multiplicación de los cultivaresPlátano Enano (PE) y CENSA ¾ (C ¾) en dos viveroscomerciales de Rivas y Nandaime donde se establecieron 19canteros en cada uno. En Rivas se multiplicaron 3 933 cormosde PE y 2 307 de C ¾ a 2.5 cm entre cormos en sustratosde arena de construcción (AC) y arena de playa (AP), riegopor microasperción y fertilizacion con completo (15-15-15)NPK. En Nandaime se propagaron 6 952 cormos de PE a 1.5cm entre cormos en AC. Se regó con regadoras y manguerasy se fertilizó con Súper fértil y Súper calcio. En Rivas lasplantas separadas de los cormos se sembraron en bolsas depolietileno, en mezcla de cascarilla de arroz-arena-tierra y enNandaime en 100% tierra. Se calculó el índice de brotación(IB) de los cormos. En Rivas el IB de PE fue 4 e igualmentepara C ¾. El IB de PE en Nandaime fue 3. El mejor IB de PEen Rivas resulta de la utilización inmediata de cormos frescosy yemas en mejor estado físico. El IB de PE en AC fue 5 y 3en AP, la diferencia la explica el mayor contenido de cenizasvolcánicas, minerales y capacidad de absorción de agua deAC. Se produjeron 17 039 plantas de PE y 9 052 de C ¾ enRivas y 21 637 plantas de PE en Nandaime. Los IB obtenidosson inferiores a los de la guía técnica-UNA. No se siguieronlas indicaciones de selección de semilla en el campo, distanciade siembra y momento de corte.Palabras clave: TRAS; plátano; índice de brotación; aplicación comercialDOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i13.17
EFECTO DE LA SUPLEMENTACIÓN CON Moringa oleífera SOBRE EL COMPORTAMIENTO PRODUCTIVO DE OVINOS ALIMENTADOS CON UNA DIETA BASAL DE PASTO GUINEA (Panicum maximun Jacq.)
Authors: Sánchez Nadir Reyes , Rodríguez Rosario , Araiea Bryan Mendieta , Sovalbarro Lester Meija , Taylor Anas P Mora
Published: September 2010

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca Santa Rosa propiedadde la Universidad Nacional Agraria, localizada geográficamenteen los 12°08'15'' latitud Norte y 86°09'36'' longitud Este, enel Departamento de Managua, Nicaragua con el objetivo deevaluar el comportamiento productivo de ovinos alimentadoscon una dieta basal de pasto guinea (Panicum máximum Jacq)y suplementados con diferentes niveles de Moringa oleífera.Se utilizaron 18 corderos mestizos (Pelibuey x Black belly)con pesos iníciales promedio de 20 ± 2 kg, los cuales fuerondesparasitados, vitaminados y distribuidos en un DiseñoCompletamente Aleatorio con tres tratamientos: Panicum máximum ad-libitum, P. máximum ad-libitum + 0.35 kg MS M.oleífera, y P. máximum ad-libitum + 0.50 kg MS M. oleífera.Las variables estudiadas fueron: consumo total de MS (CTMS),ganancia media diaria (GMD) y conversión alimenticia (CA).Se realizó análisis de varianza y comparaciones de mediascon la Prueba de Tukey utilizando MINITAB, versión 12.0.Los resultados de los análisis de varianza (P<0,05) mostraronque el mejor CTMS, GMD y CA se obtiene con la utilizaciónde P. máximum ad-libitum + 0.50 kg MS M. oleífera (0.8 kgMS/animal/día, 117.97 g/animal/día y 6.78), el que difiereestadísticamente (P< 0.05) del tratamiento con Panicummáximum ad-libitum, (0.57 kg MS/animal/día, 30.85 g/animal/día y 18.47) pero (P> 0.05) del tratamiento P. máximumad-libitum + 0.35 kg MS M. oleífera, (0.73 kg MS/animal/día,90.91 g/animal/día y 8.02). En conclusión el forraje de M.oleifera como suplemento proteico para ovinos consumiendouna dieta basal de P. máximum incrementa la ganancia de pesoy mejora el consumo total de MS y la conversión alimenticia.Palabras clave: Marango; ganancia media diaria; consumoanimal; conversión alimenticia.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i13.19
Modelo de administración de proyectos de electrificación rural en Nicaragua incluyendo la generación en sistemas aislados
Authors: Blanco N , Salazar O , Salazar E
Published: September 2010

Contribuir al desarrollo de los sistemas aislados de generación de energía eléctrica fue el objetivo de la investigación descrita en este artículo. En este estudio se planteó una propuesta de modelo de administración de proyectos de electrificación rural, con el propósito de obtener una mayor eficiencia de la operatividad administrativa de la empresa o proyecto. Los sistemas aislados, no conectados a la red eléctrica convencional, brindan abastecimiento de energía eléctrica a las comunidades de las zonas rurales de Nicaragua; éstos abarcan las zonas más extensas e históricamente olvidadas del país, pero que a su vez poseen grandes potencialidades en recursos naturales y productivos; tal es el caso de las Regiones Atlánticas Norte y Sur. Para la propuesta del modelo de administración de proyectos de electrificación rural se empleó una metodología de análisis de proyectos basada en un esquema matricial con instrumentos de recopilación cualitativa. Basados en los resultados de esta investigación, se recomienda que en los proyectos de sistemas térmicos (usando derivados de petróleo), la forma de organización que mejor se adecua a las necesidades administrativas es del tipo empresa privada, con un enfoque jurídico de sociedad de responsabilidad limitada. En los proyectos de sistemas hidroeléctricos se recomienda una forma de organización privada como una sociedad anónima. Finalmente, en los proyectos de sistemas fotovoltaicos se recomienda una forma de organización privada bajo una empresa cooperativa. Palabras claves: modelo de administración de proyectos; organización jurídica-administrativa.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v22i1.39Nexo: Revista Científica Vol.22, No.01, pp.10-14/Agosto 2009
Fórmulas de recurrencia entre Pm y la derivada k-esima de la delta de Dirac soportada en P*
Authors: Aguirre M
Published: September 2010

En este artículo se le dio un sentido a la fórmula de recurrencia Pm .δ (k) (P) -Cm, kδ (k-m) (P) = 0 si k ≥ m (ver fórmula 15) considerando la condición gradP ≠ 0, donde la constante Cm,k fue definida por la fórmula 16. En el segundo parágrafo se le dio un sentido a la misma fórmula pero para un caso especial: P = P(x) = P(x1, ...xn) = x12 + x22 + ...xp2 - xp+12 - ...xp+q2.La fórmula que se obtuvo es una generalización de fórmulas que aparecen en el libro de Gelfand and Shilov formula (c.f. ([1]), página 233) y es considerada por ejemplo por Bollini, Giambiagi and Tiomno para la teoría de regularización analítica en las ecuaciones clásicas de Yang-Mills y sus aplicaciones para el potencial singular (c.f. [4]).Palabras Claves: Recurrencia; potencia singularDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v22i2.46Nexo Revista Científica Vol. 22, No. 02, pp.72-79/Diciembre 2009
Biocompatible and Biodegradable Materials for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Irimia‐Vladu Mihai , Troshin Pavel A. , Reisinger Melanie , Shmygleva Lyuba , Kanbur Yasin , Schwabegger Günther , Bodea Marius , Schwödiauer Reinhard , Mumyatov Alexander , Fergus Jeffrey W. , Razumov Vladimir F. , Sitter Helmut , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar , Bauer Siegfried
Published: September 2010

Biocompatible‐ingestible electronic circuits and capsules for medical diagnosis and monitoring are currently based on traditional silicon technology. Organic electronics has huge potential for developing biodegradable, biocompatible, bioresorbable, or even metabolizable products. An ideal pathway for such electronic devices involves fabrication with materials from nature, or materials found in common commodity products. Transistors with an operational voltage as low as 4–5 V, a source drain current of up to 0.5 μA and an on‐off ratio of 3–5 orders of magnitude have been fabricated with such materials. This work comprises steps towards environmentally safe devices in low‐cost, large volume, disposable or throwaway electronic applications, such as in food packaging, plastic bags, and disposable dishware. In addition, there is significant potential to use such electronic items in biomedical implants.
Autistic and psychiatric findings associated with the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome: Case report and review
Authors: Quintero‐Rivera Fabiola , Sharifi‐Hannauer Pantea , Martinez‐Agosto Julian A.
Published: September 2010

The screening of individuals with mild dysmorphic features and mental retardation using whole genome scanning technologies has resulted in the delineation of several previously unrecognized microdeletion syndromes. Microdeletion of 3q29 has been recently described as one such new syndrome. The clinical phenotype is variable despite an almost identical submicroscopic deletion size in most cases. We report on two individuals that further expand the clinical presentation of this rare disorder and compare the findings with earlier reports to refine the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome phenotype. The propositi are a 10‐year‐old female and a 15‐year‐old male, who have in common intellectual disabilities, a history of autism and psychiatric symptoms ranging from bipolar disorder presenting with increasing suicidal ideation to aggressive behavior and general anxiety. Other shared physical findings include asymmetric face, high‐nasal bridge, crowded/dysplastic teeth, and tapered fingers. Oligonucleotide array‐based chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) using a genome‐wide SNP array identified a de novo subtelomeric microdeletion of chromosome region 3q29 ranging from 1.6 to 2.1 Mb. The region of overlap encompasses 20 RefSeq genes, including FBX045, DLG1, and PAK2. These genes are related to neuronal postsynaptic membrane function and PTEN signaling, suggesting a role for synaptic connectivity dysfunction in the etiology of autism in these children. The novel clinical presentation of our patients expands the clinical spectrum of the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome and provides additional insights into the pathophysiology of autism and psychiatric disorders. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel de novo PCDH19 mutations in three unrelated females with epilepsy female restricted mental retardation syndrome
Authors: Jamal Seema M. , Basran Raveen K. , Newton Stephanie , Wang Zhenyuan , Milunsky Jeff M.
Published: September 2010

Epilepsy and Mental Retardation Limited to Females (EFMR) [OMIM 300088] was first described in 1971 [Juberg and Hellman, 1971] in 15 related females with early onset grand mal seizures and mental retardation. Although EFMR demonstrates X‐linked inheritance, it follows an unusual pattern by sparing transmitting males and affecting only heterozygous females. In 2008, mutations within the protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) gene were implicated as causative of EFMR [Dibbens et al. (2008); Nat Genet 40:776–781]. The EFMR phenotype is typically characterized by seizure onset in infancy and mild to severe intellectual impairment. Several individuals with EFMR have also been described as having autistic features. We describe three unrelated female individuals, ranging in age from 3 to 19 years, with de novo novel PCDH19 mutations. All three individuals have seizure onset in infancy and require the use of multiple antiepileptic drugs. They also have varying degrees of intellectual impairment along with the presence of autistic features. Although most individuals with EFMR described to date demonstrate this unusual familial X‐linked inheritance, our three unrelated females with de novo mutations highlight the importance of testing PCDH19 in females with early onset epilepsy, intellectual impairment, and autistic features, regardless of family history. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and thermal properties of nylon copolymers containing dimer acid, adipic acid, and hexamethylenediamine
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Fang Xianli , Yao Cheng , Wu Fucun
Published: September 2010

The effects of the molar ratio of adipic acid to total diacid on the phase morphology and thermal properties of nylon copolymers containing dimer acid, adipic acid, and hexamethylenediamine were investigated. A significant structural transition from the γ form to α and β mixture forms occurred with increasing molar ratio. Meanwhile, the content of the crystals increased markedly. A σ–π* hyper conjugation effect was present in all of the as‐prepared samples. A strong σ–π* hyper conjugation effect could decrease the average distance between interchain amide groups and suppress the scission of the CN bond through the formation of highly combining aza double‐bond CN groups, which would, consequently, make the nylon copolymer much more stable. Differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetric analysis results indicate that the low thermal stability of the nylon copolymers with higher molar ratios of adipic acid to total diacid was simply due to the formation of cyclopentanone and caprolactam at 350–420°C, whereas for the nylon copolymers with lower molar ratios, the scission of the CC bond at 430–500°C directed the pyrolysis of the main chain. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Tensile properties of kenaf/unsaturated polyester composites filled with a montmorillonite filler
Authors: Rozman H. D. , Musa L. , Azniwati A. A. , Rozyanty A. R.
Published: September 2010

Kenaf/unsaturated polyester composites filled with montmorillonite (MMT) filler were produced. Overall, the study showed that, for samples with kenaf filler only, the strength properties decreased as the kenaf filler loading was increased from 40 to 60%. The increase in the kenaf filler loading reduced the amount of matrix material. This subsequently lowered the ability of the sample to absorb energy or distribute stress efficiently. However, with MMT, the tensile properties improved because of the high aspect ratio and surface area of the MMT. The study of the effect of kenaf filler size on the tensile properties showed that the samples with the smallest size (74 μm) displayed the lowest tensile properties compared to the larger ones. This was attributed to the agglomeration of the kenaf fillers. The addition of MMT resulted in an overall increase in the tensile strength of the composites compared to those without MMT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
In Situsynthesis of inorganic filler‐filled polyethylene using polyethersulfone‐supported TiCl4catalyst system
Authors: Rajesh Smitha , Parikh Parimal A. , Murthy Z. V. P.
Published: September 2010

In situethylene polymerizations with inorganic fillers were performed using catalyst based on titanium tetrachloride supported on polyethersulfone. The inorganic fillers used were MgO, TiO2, and CaCO3, which were pretreated with cocatalyst (methylaluminoxine) for better dispersion onto the polymer matrix. The formation of polyethylene (PE) within the whole matrix was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared studies. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction profile of the synthesized PEs indicated the presence of crystalline region. It was found that the nature of inorganic filler did not have any remarkable effect on the melting characteristics of the polymer, but the degree of crystallinity of PE was found to be higher for TiO2‐filled PE. The amount of filler incorporated into the matrix was also evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis, where TiO2‐filled PE showed ∼ 49% of filler material, which was also reflected in the higher productivity obtained by this system. The morphology of the filler‐filled PEs was different, whereas the elemental dispersion was found to be uniform on the surface as elucidated through energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of MgAlCe‐CO3 layered double hydroxides on the thermal stability of PVC resin
Authors: Yi Shi , Yang Zhan‐Hong , Wang Sheng‐Wei , Liu Dong‐Ren , Wang Su‐Qin , Liu Qing‐Yan , Chi Wei‐Wei
Published: September 2010

MgAlCe‐CO3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with different Ce/Al molar ratios were prepared by the constant pH coprecipitation method. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD and FTIR, and the results showed that the hydrotalcite‐like materials have a layered structure. Different LDHs as stabilizers were mixed with PVC resin. The tests of thermal aging and Congo red for the PVC composites were carried out at 180 ± 1°C, respectively. The results showed when MgAlCe‐CO3‐LDHs were added into PVC as single thermal stabilizers, 3 phr (parts per hundred PVC resin) MgAlCe‐CO3‐LDH with Ce/Al (molar ratio) = 0.075 has a better stabilizing effect on PVC than others. Compared with single thermal stabilizers (LDHs or Ca/Zn systems), the composite thermal stabilizers including 0.3 g calcium stearate (Cast2), 1 g zinc stearate (Znst2), and 3 g MgAlCe‐CO3‐LDH have significantly enhanced the thermal stability of PVC sample, and the thermal stable time was over 190 min. The main reason could be concluded to the special structure of Ce element and the synergistic reaction among MgAlCe‐CO3‐LDHs, Cast2, and Znst2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Modified katira gum for colon targeted drug delivery
Authors: Bharaniraja B. , Jayaram Kumar K. , Prasad C. M. , Sen A. K.
Published: September 2010

The aim of the this study is to develop colon targeted drug delivery systems for Ibuprofen using grafted katira gum as a carrier. Polyacrylamide‐grafted katira gum was synthesized by grafting acrylamide onto katira gum in presence of varying concentration of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator. Elemental analysis, FTIR, TGA, DTA, DSC, and SEM were used to characterize the grafting of acrylamide onto katira gum. Matrix tablets containing various proportions of grafted katira gum were prepared by wet granulation method. All the formulations were evaluated for hardness, drug content, swelling index, and in vitro release studies in simulated gastric fluid, small intestinal fluid, and simulated colonic fluid with and without enzymes. Ibuprofen was used for controlled release study. The drug release mechanism was studied by fitting into Peppas model and was found to be supercase‐II transport. Matrix tablets containing 0.3 g of CAN/gm of acrylamide showed optimum value and retained its physical integrity in simulated gastric, small intestinal and colonic fluid, where as other composition disintegrated within 2 h of dissolution testing in pH 1.2 buffer, simulated gastric fluid. The results of this study indicates that Ibuprofen matrix tablet containing 60 wt % composition of the above grafted katira gum would be potential formulations in delivering the drug to the colon and the more susceptible for enzymatic degradation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of pressure on the structure and electrical conductivity of cardanol–furfural–polyaniline blends
Authors: Souza Fernando G. , Orlando Marcos T. D. , Michel Ricardo C. , Pinto José Carlos , Cosme Tainá , Oliveira Geiza E.
Published: September 2010

Pressure‐sensitive polymers that simultaneously present reasonable electrical conducting properties, useful thermosetting behavior, and softness are hard to develop. To combine these properties into a single material, a cardanol‐based phenolic resin was prepared and blended in situ with polyaniline (PAni). The final polymer blend was composed of a soft solid material that could not be dissolved in ordinary solvents. Samples were characterized through X‐ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity and pressure sensitivity measurements. FTIR results indicate that the insertion of PAni into the blends did not change the chemical nature of the resin. According to wide‐angle X‐ray scattering results, PAni was dispersed homogeneously in the final polymer samples; this improved the sensitivity of the electrical conductivity to pressure variations, as confirmed through electromechanical tests. Pressure sensitivity and electromechanical analyses indicated that the produced blends could be used as pressure‐sensing materials. Among the tested materials, the blends containing 5 wt % PAni·H2SO4 presented the largest compression sensitivity values. Finally, it was shown for the first time through XRD analyses under pressure that PAni chains were considerably disturbed by compressive stresses. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of an acrylate‐copolymer‐based antistatic agent composed of a single‐ion conductive polymer electrolyte
Authors: Guo Dongyang , Wang Jiliang , Lei Jingxin
Published: September 2010

Monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate (MPEGA) was synthesized through the esterification reaction of acrylic acid and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s (MPEGs) of different molecular weights. Then, MPEGA was copolymerized with methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and β‐carboxyethyl acrylate neutralized with potassium hydroxide via conventional solution polymerization. In this way, a single‐ion conductive polymer‐electrolyte‐based antistatic agent (PEAA), in which potassium (K) ions were used as charge carriers, was obtained. The molecular structure, coordination effects between ether oxygen (EO) groups and K cations, ionic conductivity, and crystallization ability of the copolymer were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, conductivity measurements, polarizing optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The crystallinity of the synthesized PEAA apparently decreased with the molecular weight of MPEG and the EO/K molar ratio decreasing, and this led to a corresponding enhancement of the conductivity. The dependence of the conductivity of the copolymer on temperature could be divided into different linear parts, and each was in good agreement with the Arrhenius equation. Moreover, the dependence of the conductivity on the relative humidity (RH) revealed that the PEAA could maintain high ionic conductivity (∼10−6 S/cm) even at the low RH of 10%. This implies the potential widespread application of PEAAs for the preparation of antistatic composites and especially poly(vinyl chloride)‐ and poly(methyl methacrylate)‐related composites because of their considerable miscibility. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Burning‐rate enhancement of a high‐energy rocket composite solid propellant based on ferrocene‐grafted hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene binder
Authors: Saravanakumar D. , Sengottuvelan N. , Narayanan V. , Kandaswamy M. , Varghese T. L.
Published: September 2010

Four different samples of ferrocene‐grafted hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (Fc‐HTPB), containing 0.20, 0.52, 0.90, and 1.50 wt % iron, were synthesized by the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of ferrocene with hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) in the presence of AlCl3 as a (Lewis acid) catalyst. The effects of the reaction conditions on the extent of ferrocene substitution were investigated. The Fc‐HTPBs were characterized by IR, ultraviolet–visible, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectra. The iron content and number of hydroxyl groups were estimated, and the properties, including thermal degradation, viscosity, and propellant burning rates (BRs), were also studied. The thermogravimetric data indicated two major weight loss stages around 395 and 500°C. These two weight losses were due to the depolymerization and decomposition of the cyclized product, respectively, with increasing temperature. The Fc‐HTPB was cured with toluene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate separately with butanediol–trimethylolpropane crosslinker to study their mechanical properties. Better mechanical properties were obtained for the gumstock of Fc‐HTPB polyurethanes with higher NCO/OH ratios. The BRs of the ammonium perchlorate (AP)‐based propellant compositions having these Fc‐HTPBs (without dilution) as a binder were much higher (8.66 mm/s) than those achieved with the HTPB/AP propellant (5.4 mm/s). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of vegetable‐based polyols in unimodal glass‐transition polyurethane slabstock viscoelastic foams and some guidance for the control of their structure–property behavior. II
Authors: Vaughan Benjamin R. , Wilkes Garth L. , Dounis Dimitrios V. , McLaughlin Cam
Published: September 2010

Building on the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterization of the viscoelastic (VE) foam materials discussed in part I of this two‐part sequential series of articles, in this second part, we provide further information on the general physical properties of many of the same soy polyol and castor‐oil VE foams. In particular, the tensile, tear, elongation, indentation force deflection, support factor, compression set, hysteresis and ball‐rebound (resilience), and density properties are addressed in this article. The air flow and force buildup after compression deformation are also considered. Particular attention is also given to noting the degree of correlation of ball‐rebound behavior to that of the DMA damping data provided in part I. We concluded that when all of the properties of these vegetable‐based VE foams were taken as a whole, they had acceptable structure–property behaviors for VE applications, although certainly, the formulations could undoubtedly be further fine‐tuned for additional optimization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
17β‐Estradiol Exposure Accelerates Skeletal Development in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles
Authors: Bauer‐Dantoin Angela C. , Meinhardt Daniel J.
Published: September 2010

Although it is well established that estrogen regulates skeletal growth and ossification in mammals, the effects of estrogen on skeletal development in amphibians are relatively uncharacterized. This study was conducted to characterize the impact of 17β‐estradiol exposure on skeletal development in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. On day 48 postfertilization, tadpoles were placed in tanks containing 50% Holtfreter's Solution ±17β‐estradiol at one of four concentrations (10−11, 10−10, 10−9, and 10−8 M). At 7–11 day intervals until day 91, 7–10 tadpoles per group were killed, fixed, measured, and staged. Specimens were then cleared and double‐stained for cartilage and bone, and 34 skeletal elements were analyzed for ossification. Results from the study indicate that both low (10−11 M) and high (10−8 M) concentrations of 17β‐estradiol have a significant stimulatory effect on tadpole development. Both the larval stage and ossification index of tadpoles exposed to 10−11 or 10−8 M 17β‐estradiol were significantly greater than those observed in control animals by day 91 postfertilization. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous and exogenous estrogen could play a role in the regulation of bone ossification in amphibians. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric Analysis of Yak Placentomes During Gestation
Authors: Liu Ben , Cui Yan , Yang Bo , Fan Jiangfeng , Zhao Zhiwen , Yu Sijiu
Published: September 2010

To study the morphological characteristics of placentomes during gestation, thirty‐one yaks were used to determine anatomical and histological data of placentomes by morphometric method. The results showed that there were no significant changes in the total number of yak placentomes during gestation, but remarkably fewer placentomes in the non‐pregnant horn compared with the pregnant horn. The mean size of placentomes increased significantly from <61 days to 181–210 days and decreased in 211+ days. The development of placentomes in the pregnant horn were obviously different from that of the non‐pregnant horn except <61 days, which were longer, wider, and thicker. The volume density of fetal villi increased during gestation, with a concomitant reduction in the volume density of caruncular endometrium. However, there was no significant change in the surface density of fetal villi. The volume density of binucleate cell increased in prophase and then decreased. No apparent changes in the volume densities of maternal and fetal pyknotic cell occurred throughout gestation. There was a significant increase in the average total volume of yak placentomes from 61–90 days to 181–210 days and a significant decrease in 211+ days. The same patterns were showed in the average total volumes of caruncular endometrium and binucleate cell as well as the mean total surface area of fetal villi. However, the mean total volumes of fetal villi, maternal and fetal pyknotic cell increased constantly with increasing gestation time. Three types of placentome shape were identified in yak. The results showed that the maternal‐fetal contact area of yak was enlarged by increasing the placentome size as well as the total volume and surface area of placentome component during pregnancy, so placental function could be enhanced further to meet the needs of fetal development. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
COX‐2‐Mediated Regulation of VEGF‐C in Association With Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis in Lung Cancer
Authors: Liu Huidong , Yang Yanmei , Xiao Jianbing , Lv Yanhong , Liu Yan , Yang Huike , Zhao Linghui
Published: September 2010

The mechanisms underlying the effects of COX‐2 on tumor lymphangiogenesis remain largely undefined. Here, the human lung cancer cell lines A549, 95D, Anip973, and AGZY83‐a with different metastatic capacities were investigated by immunostaining, western blotting, and real‐time RT‐PCR. We observed increased expressions of COX‐2 and VEGF‐C in the three highly metastatic cell lines compared with the less metastatic AGZY83‐a cell line. The COX‐2‐specific inhibitor Celecoxib suppressed VEGF‐C expression whereas the main COX‐2 metabolite PGE2 elevated VEGF‐C expression in Anip973 and AGZY83‐a cells in positive and negative experiments. To determine the functional link to COX‐2 more specifically and elucidate the mechanistic pathway, we used a siRNA to knock down the high COX‐2 expression in Anip973 cells and transfected a COX‐2 cDNA to enhance the low COX‐2 expression in AGZY83‐a cells, and then treated the cells with EP1/EP4 agonists or antagonists, respectively. The results revealed that the EP1/EP4 agonists significantly increased VEGF‐C production in the COX‐2‐knockdown Anip973 cells. In contrast, the EP1/EP4 antagonists diminished VEGF‐C production in the COX‐2‐overexpressing AGZY83‐a cells. Furthermore, animal models provided evidence that Celecoxib decreased VEGF‐C expression, lymphangiogenesis, and lymph node metastases in Anip973 cells, whereas PGE2 treatment increased the same factors in the parental AGZY83‐a cells. A positive correlation between COX‐2 and VEGF‐C was also confirmed in vivo. The present data suggest that COX‐2 regulates VEGF‐C expression via the PGE2 pathway, and that EP1/EP4 receptors are involved in PGE2‐mediated VEGF‐C production. Thus, COX‐2 may represent a candidate gene for blocking tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural Organization of Hepatic Portal Vein in Rat with Special Reference to Musculature, Intimal Folds, and Endothelial Cell Alignment
Authors: Dong Hong‐Ming , Ichimura Koichiro , Sakai Tatsuo
Published: September 2010

Structural organization of hepatic portal vein (HPV) was examined in adult rats by means of light and electron microscopy. Three characteristic features were found in the wall structure of rat HPV. (1) Tunica media consisted of two kinds of smooth muscle. The inner circular smooth muscle (CSM) was composed with one or two layer of smooth muscle cells, and was found in the entire length of the HPV and its tributaries. The outer longitudinal smooth muscle (LSM) was limited to a specific region of HPV; in particular it was well‐developed at distal half of HPV. CSM counteracts luminal hydrostatic pressure to prevent circumferential hyperextension of venous wall, whereas LSM is likely to counteract a tractive force produced by gravity and movement of small intestine. (2) Intima of HPV showed a unique feature, intimal folds, which protruded into the lumen and were aligned almost circumferentially. Intimal folds were found only at the same region where the LSM was well‐developed. Thus, LSM is presumably involved in the formation of intimal folds. (3) The endothelial cells between intimal folds were circumferentially aligned along the folds, although those in the other regions of HPV were arrayed along the longitudinal axis of HPV or the direction of blood flow as reported in other kinds of blood vessel. This finding implied that the circumferential blood flow locally occurs on the surface of intima between the intimal folds. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epithelial Thickness of the Palatal Mucosa: A Histomorphometric Study in Koreans
Authors: Lee Yong‐Jae , Kwon Young‐Hyuk , Park Joon‐Bong , Herr Yeek , Shin Seung‐Il , Heo Seong‐Joo , Chung Jong‐Hyuk
Published: September 2010

Subepithelial connective tissue grafting (SCTG) is a frequently used method in the field of periodontal plastic surgery. There are relatively few reports defining epithelial thickness criteria for palatal mucosal SCTG. The aim of this study was to histologically measure the epithelial thickness of the palatal mucosa in a sample of Korean patients, with the goal of minimizing epithelium‐associated complications after root coverage procedures. A total of 30 Korean patients (12 males and 18 females) were enrolled in this study. To measure epithelial thicknesses, palatal mucosa adjacent to premolars and molars was obtained during procurement of SCTG. The effects of donor site, age and gender on the thickness of the epithelium were assessed and compared by histomorphometric analysis. The mean epithelial thickness of the palatal mucosa in our 30 patients was 430.63 μm, ranging from 113 to 823 μm. Epithelial thickness was not associated with donor site or age, but there were significant differences between genders, with males having much thicker palates than females. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The expression patterns of a eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit H in the silk glands in Bombyx mori
Authors: Wang Jia‐Lin , Wang Li‐fu , Wang Jin‐Xing , Zhao Xiao‐Fan
Published: September 2010

Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit H has been characterized in many organisms, and it has been found to play many roles including help regulate translation initiation. In this work, we studied the tissue distribution and expression profiles of Bombyx mori (B. mori) eIF3 subunit H (BmeIF3h). BmeIF3h was prominently expressed in silk glands, with anterior silk glands (ASGs), middle silk glands (MSGs), and posterior silk glands (PSGs) all expressing BmeIF3h. The expression levels of BmeIF3h in MSGs and PSGs were higher than that in ASGs during 0 d and 2 d of the 5th instar larvae. The expression levels of BmeIF3h in MSGs and PSGs were up‐regulated once the silk glands began to synthesize silk protein during the feeding stage of the 4th instar larvae. Immunohistochemistry showed that BmeIF3h was distributed in the cytoplasm of MSGs cells and in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of PSGs cells. These data suggest that BmeIF3h had different action behaviors in the MSGs and PSGs related to the production of the silk glue proteins and silk fibre proteins, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Juvenile hormone III produced in male accessory glands of the longhorned beetle, Apriona germari, is transferred to female ovaries during copulation
Authors: Tian Ling , Ji Bao‐zhong , Liu Shu‐wen , Jin Feng , Gao Jie , Li Sheng
Published: September 2010

We report on juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in vitro by male accessory glands (MAGs) in the longhorned beetle, Aprionona germari, accompanied by the transfer of JH from males to females during copulation. JH was extracted from the MAGs and separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. JH III was identified as the major JH by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A radiochemical assay and a non‐radioactive method were used to measure the in vitro rate of JH biosynthesis by the MAGs. After 4 h of incubation with 3H‐methionine in the medium, the radioactivity in the MAGs substantially increased. In a separate assay, incubation of the MAGs with non‐radioactive methionine for 4 h resulted in a 39% increase in JH III. Seven‐day‐old males were injected with medium 199 containing 3H–methionine and 24 h later they were mated with virgin females. Hemolymph and the MAGs were collected from the mated males and hemolymph, ovaries and eggs were collected from the mated females for assaying radioactive JH. The radioactivity incorporated into JH in the MAGs was transferred to the females during copulation and later transferred into their eggs. Assayed 1 h after copulation, JH III level in the MAGs decreased 42% and the content of JH III in the male hemolymph did not change, whereas the content of JH III in the female hemolymph and ovaries both increased. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of antihyperuricemic therapy on the clinical and radiographic progression of gout
Authors: Mccarthy Geraldine M. , Barthelemy Carl R. , Veum Judith A. , Wortmann Robert L.
Published: September 2010

Ten years ago, we studied the clinical and radiographic manifestations of gout in 60 patients and described 3 patterns of disease. To determine the consequences of management over a 10‐year period, we recently reassessed the 39 available patients of this population. We found that although reduced tophaceous deposition on physical examination correlated with normalization of the serum urate concentration, no correlation existed between radiographic changes and mean serum urate concentrations. Progression of gouty changes on radiography reflected progressive deformity on physical examination. We have described the radiographic changes that occurred in a well‐characterized population of subjects with gout over 10 years and determined that serum urate concentrations alone may not provide an effective means of monitoring the progression of tophaceous disease in bone.
Rheumatoid arthritis in women: Incidence rates in group health cooperative, seattle, washington, 1987–1989
Authors: Dugowson Carin E. , Koepsell Thomas D. , Voigt Lynda F. , Bley Linda , Lee Nelson J. , Daling Janet R.
Published: September 2010

As part of a prospective case‐control study of newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in women, we identified all cases of probable, definite, or classic RA diagnosed in 1987–1989 in 18–64‐year‐old women who were members of a health maintenance organization based in the Seattle, Washington area. Using both the 1958 and the 1987 American Rheumatism Association criteria for the diagnosis of RA and enrollment data from the health maintenance organization, we calculated the incidence by age and diagnostic class. Rates of RA incidence in women increased steadily with age. The incidence of probable, definite, or classic RA ranged from 13.1 per 100,000 person‐years at risk for 18–29‐year‐old women to 82.1 per 100,000 person‐years for 60–64‐year‐old women. The overall incidence rate, age‐adjusted to the 1980 US female population, was 27.9/100,000 person‐years. The overall incidence rate for definite/classic RA, age‐adjusted to the 1980 US female population, was 23.9 per 100,000 person‐years. When compared with adjusted rates of incidence of definite RA in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1950–1974, the incidence rates we found were 44.7% lower. Methodologic differences, changes in diagnostic criteria, and a declining incidence of RA among women over time may all be partial explanations for these results. The possible effects of reproductive factors, including oral contraceptives use, are discussed.
Synovial fluid levels of complement SC5b‐9 and fragment Bb are elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Brodeur James P. , Ruddy Shaun , Schwartz Lawrence B. , Moxley George
Published: September 2010

To determine whether complement turnover in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reflects activation by the classical or alternative pathway, we used novel immunoassays to measure products of complement activation (the membrane attack complex SC5b‐9 and the cleavage fragments Bb and C4d). Mean synovial fluid levels of SC5b‐9 were more than 8 times higher in RA than in crystal‐induced arthritis (gout and pseudogout) and over 16 times higher than in degenerative joint disease (DJD). Similarly, Bb levels were more than 3 times higher in RA synovial fluids than in crystal‐induced arthritis and over 7 times higher than in DJD. Levels of C4d did not differ among the groups. SC5b‐9 levels correlated with synovial fluid C3 anaphylatoxin (C3a), Bb, and C4d levels (r = 0.81, 0.62, and 0.51, respectively). In patients with RA, synovial fluid SC5b‐9 levels correlated with C3a and Bb (r = 0.6 and 0.56, respectively) but not with C4d. Therefore, novel assays for complement activation indicate that both classical and alternative pathways are involved in complement turnover and that the alternative pathway contributes more to complement activation in RA than in DJD or crystal‐induced arthritis.
Malignant histiocytosis as a fatal complication of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Grau J. M. , Aguilar J. L. , Cid Maria C. , Urbano‐Maarquez A.
Published: September 2010

We present the case of a 26‐year‐old Caucasian woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) of 9 years duration, mainly involving the kidney. Her clinical course was complicated in the last year by several infectious and noninfectious events, and after pancytopenia, fever, and extremely high levels of lactate dehydrogenase developed, the woman died. Light and electron microscopy of bone marrow, together with immunophenotyping, disclosed malignant histiocytosis, a complication of SLE that has not been reported.
Osteoarthritic changes in canine articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium fifty‐four months after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Brandt Kenneth D. , Myers Stephen L. , Burr David , Albrecht Marjorie
Published: September 2010

Anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in the dog results in osteophyte formation and in morphologic, metabolic, biochemical, and biomechanical changes in the articular cartilage of the unstable knee that mimic those of human osteoarthritis (OA). However, in dogs studied up to 2 years after ACLT, the changes have appeared to be self‐limiting, which has led to the suggestion that this is a model of cartilage damage and repair, rather than of OA. To ascertain whether changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone of dogs subjected to ACLT lead to progressive changes of OA, we studied 3 dogs for 54 months after ACLT. Arthrotomy was performed in the dogs to visualize and then transect the anterior cruciate ligament. When the dogs were killed, full‐thickness ulceration of the articular cartilage was seen on the medial femoral condyle and tibial plateau of the unstable knee, while cartilage in other regions was thicker than that of the contralateral knee, consistent with hypertrophic cartilage repair.

Synovial infiltration by mononuclear cells was not more severe than that seen in dogs killed at earlier intervals after ACLT, although gross fibrotic thickening of the capsule was apparent in each dog. Histomorphometric studies revealed a marked increase in subchondral bone volume and active bone formation. These findings show that the changes that develop in the canine knee joint after ACLT are progressive and are unambiguously those of OA.
Serial magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile dermatomyositis
Authors: Keim David R. , Hernandez Ramiro J. , Sullivan Donita B.
Published: September 2010

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to follow the course of juvenile dermatomyositis from the onset of disease through resolution of a primary relapse. The signal intensity of the T2‐weighted image of involved muscles was elevated during periods of disease activity, and returned to approximately normal levels with effective suppression of disease activity. T1‐weighted images of involved muscles remained approximately normal despite disease activity.
Effect of the thiol group on experimental gold‐induced autoimmunity
Authors: Tournade Hervé , Guery Jean‐Charles , Pasquier Régine , Vial Marie‐Cécile , Mandet Chantal , Druet Elvira , Dansette Patrick M. , Druet Philippe , Pelletier Lucette
Published: September 2010

Brown Norway rats injected with aurothiopro‐panolsulfonate sodium salt develop systemic autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the sulfur‐containing group in this experimental model of gold‐induced autoimmunity. It was shown that the sulfur‐containing group does not induce autoimmunity of itself, but potentiates the immunotoxic effects of gold.
Erosive arthritis in monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance: Report of four cases
Authors: Vitali Claudio , Baglioni Paolo , Vivaldi Ilo , Cacialli Roberta , Tavoni Antonio , Bombardieri Stefano
Published: September 2010

We report 4 case histories in which an erosive arthritis was associated with the presence of a monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance. In all 4 cases, the appearance of paraprotein was noted either before or during the development of the arthritis. Two patients had a rather atypical oligoarthritis, while the others had a rheumatoid‐like, symmetric polyarthritis. A synovial amyloid deposit was present in 2 patients, while mild mixed mononuclear infiltrates were the main pathologic finding in the others. In 2 patients, immunohistochemical investigation demonstrated deposits of immunoglobulin‐derived material of the same isotype as the monoclonal component in the synovial tissue.