bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Testing of Lock-Strip Gasket Glazing Systems
Authors: Parise CJ
Published: March 2009

The functional principles of lock-strip gasket glazing are described and illustrated. Critical factors affecting performance as related to air infiltration, water penetration, structural capacity, and durability are analyzed, and present test methods for evaluating performance of the gasket as a component as well as glazed assemblies are enumerated. New test methods being developed are also described and the need for additional test methods is emphasized.
Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites
Authors: Whitney JM
Published: March 2009

Description

The papers in the symposium on Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites were presented at a meeting held in San Antonio, Tex., 12-13 April 1972. The symposium was sponsored by The American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites. J. M. Whitney, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, presided as symposium chairman. Carl Zweben, Materials Science Corporation, and R. J. Diefendorf, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, presided as symposium vice-chairmen for Composites and Fibers, respectively.
Direct-Current Magnetic Hysteresigraphs
Authors: Gordon DI
Published: March 2009

Description

Recognizing the present need for up-to-date and reliable information on instrumentation for continuous recording of magnetic properties, the ASTM Committee A-6 on Magnetic Properties appointed a Task Group on Hysteresigraphs (TG-80). The primary mission of TG-8 was to publish as soon as possible a readable monograph summarizing the state of the art of magnetic hysteresigraphs. The present monograph on Direct-Current Magnetic Hysteresigraphs is the result of this effort.
Suicide and Its Association with Individual, Family, Peer, and School Factors in an Adolescent Population in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Tang Tze‐Chun , Ko Chih‐Hung , Yen Ju‐Yu , Lin Huang‐Chi , Liu Shu‐Chun , Huang Chi‐Fen , Yen Cheng‐Fang
Published: March 2009

A representative sample of 10,233 adolescent students was recruited to examine the rate of suicidal attempt and its correlates in the adolescents living in southern Taiwan. Five questions from the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (Kiddie‐SADS‐E) were used to inquire about the participants' suicidality. The associations between suicidal attempt and multidimensional factors were examined by using logistic regression analysis: 9.1% of the participants reported a suicidal attempt in the preceding year. Female gender, low self‐esteem, weekly alcohol use, illicit drugs use, depression, high family conflict, low maternal education level, poor family function, low connectedness to school, low rank, poor feeling in peer group, and drop out from school were associated with adolescent suicidal attempt. The rate of suicidal attempt was found to be high in Taiwanese adolescents, and multidimensional factors were correlated to adolescent suicidal attempt.
Explaining thermal failure in saturated clays
Authors: Hueckel T. , François B. , Laloui L.
Published: March 2009

Failure conditions in soils at elevated temperatures appear to be strongly dependent on the history of the application of stress and temperature. Four cases of such history leading to various modes of failure are identified and interpreted in terms of thermal Cam-clay models. Particular attention is given to the influence of thermal variability on the coefficient of the critical state, M, or the angle of internal friction. A detailed analysis of the material history offers an explanation of an apparent confusion about whether the soil strength is decreased or increased by temperature. In a companion paper, numerical analysis of the development of axisymmetric thermal and stress fields around a cylindrical heat source suggests that thermal failure may arise in conditions that are far from any mechanically critical situation.
Design and Installation of the Santa Ynez Unit Pipelines
Authors: Appleby R.J.T. , Kiltau D.K.
Published: March 2009

The Santa Ynez Unit Expansion project offshore Santa Barbara, California, includes the installation of two new platforms in water depths exceeding 1000ft. The pipelines connecting the new structures, Harmony in 1200 ft andHeritage in 1070 ft, to the existing Hondo platform in 850 ft and to theonshore facilities required the resolution of such technical challenges as:installation of 20" pipelines in water depths of 1260 ftinstallation of a new riser on platform Harmony in 1200 ft water depthmitigation of a 20" diameter pipeline span of a subsea canyon in 1230 ftwater depth.diverless connection of three 20" pipelines to risers

The SYU pipelines were successfully installed in early 1992. This paperprovides the technical approaches and results obtained during the design andinstallation of these pipelines.

Description of Santa Ynez Unit Expansion Project

Oil production from the Santa Ynez Unit started in 1981 from the Hondoplatform in 850 ft water depth. Oil is pumped to the "OS&T"(Offshore Storage and Treatment) facility, a converted tanker moored in 485 ftwater depth, for export using shuttle tankers. The SYU Expansion projectprovides for the addition of two platforms and a production treating facilityin Las Flores Canyon, near Santa Barbara, California.

Oil emulsion from the three platforms is commingled on Harmony and pumped toshore through a 20" ANSI 600# pipeline system. After separation andtreatment water from the emulsion is pumped back to Harmony for disposal. Produced gas from the Harmony platform is planned to be pumped to Hondo fortransmission to shore through an existing 12" pipeline. The field layout isshown in Figure 1, and pipeline data is provided in Table 1.
Pipeline Shore Approach Tunnel at Kalsto: The Damage and the Repair
Authors: Berge Bent , Waagaard Knut , Harneshaug Karsten
Published: March 2009

Gas from the North Sea is processed at Karsw, Western Norway, before it isexported to the European Continent. The pipelines are placed in a 600 metresconcrete tunnel, consisting of 5 bridge elements, at the shore approach.

Cracks developed in the foundations and the elements shortly afterinstallation, and they appeared to be caused by environmental loads.

To carry out a permanent repair, substantial engineering work to modify thedesign was necessary.

The repair was carried out in 1991 and 1992, and included the following underwater work:Repair of cracks in the concrete.Installation of new lateral support bearings and reinforcing the foundationsfor lateral forces.Installation of new flexible vertical bearings. These bearings weighed up to4.5 tonnes, and required jacking up 500 mm elements weighing up to 5000tonnes.

Gas transportation in the pipelines was never reduced due to the repair.

This paper describes the cause of the damages, the repair design and thecomplex underwater operations required to carry out the repair.

Introduction

The shore approach at Kalsw is part of the Statpipe Transport System and isshown as Figure 1. This pipeline system transports rich gas from Statfjord, Gullfaks and Veslefrikk fields in the North Sea to the Karsw Gas Terminal inWestern Norway for processing. Dry gas is thereafter exported to the EuropeanContinent.

The Norwegian coastline is very rugged, and the bottom is most often rockywith large topographical variations. At Kalsw the problem of having unevenbottom was solved by taking the pipelines ashore in a 600 m long bridge tunnel. Figure 2 shows the tunnel approach with the bottom profile.
Signal‐On Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors Based on CdS–Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for the Sensitive Detection of Choline and Acetylcholine
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Fei , Zhou Yi , Xu Jing‐Juan , Chen Hong‐Yuan
Published: March 2009

This work describes for the first time signal‐on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) enzyme biosensors based on cadmium sulfide nanocrystals (CdS NCs) formed in situ on the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNT–CdS can react with H2O2 to generate strong and stable ECL emission in neutral solution. Compared with pure CdS NCs, the MWCNT–CdS can enhance the ECL intensity by 5.3‐fold and move the onset ECL potential more positively for about 400 mV, which reduces H2O2 decomposition at the electrode surface and increases detection sensitivity of H2O2. Furthermore, the ECL intensity is less influenced by the presence of oxygen in solution. Benefiting from these properties, signal‐on enzyme‐based biosensors are fabricated by cross‐linking choline oxidase and/or acetylcholine esterase with glutaraldehyde on MWCNT–CdS modified electrodes for detection of choline and acetylcholine. The resulting ECL biosensors show wide linear ranges from 1.7 to 332 µM and 3.3 to 216 µM with lower detection limit of 0.8 and 1.7 µM for choline and acetylcholine, respectively. The common interferents such as ascorbic acid and uric acid in electrochemical enzyme‐based biosensors do not interfere with the ECL detection of choline and acetylcholine. Furthermore, both ECL biosensors possess satisfying reproducibility and acceptable stability.
Plastic Dissipation Mechanisms in Periodic Microframe‐Structured Polymers
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Boyce Mary C. , Wen Cheng‐Yen , Thomas Edwin L.
Published: March 2009

Novel lightweight micro‐ and nanostructured materials are being used as constituents in hierarchically structured composites for providing high stiffness, high strength, and energy absorbing capability at low weight. Three dimensional SU‐8 periodic microframe materials with submicrometer elements exhibit unusual large plastic deformations. Here, the plastic dissipation and mechanical response of polymeric microframe structures is investigated using micromechanical modeling of large deformations. Finite element analysis shows that multiple deformation domains initiate, stabilize, and then spread plasticity through the structure; simulated deformation mechanisms and deformation progression are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental observation. Furthermore, the geometry can be used to tailor aspects of 3D behavior such as effective lateral contraction ratios (elastic and plastic) during tensile loading as well as negative normal stress during simple shear deformation. The effects of structural geometry on mechanical response are also studied to tailor and optimize mechanical performance at a given density. These quantitative investigations enable simulation‐based design of optimal lightweight material microstructures for dissipating energy.
Triplet Harvesting in Hybrid White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Schwartz Gregor , Reineke Sebastian , Rosenow Thomas Conrad , Walzer Karsten , Leo Karl
Published: March 2009

White organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are highly efficient large‐area light sources that may play an important role in solving the global energy crisis, while also opening novel design possibilities in general lighting applications. Usually, highly efficient white OLEDs are designed by combining three phosphorescent emitters for the colors blue, green, and red. However, this procedure is not ideal as it is difficult to find sufficiently stable blue phosphorescent emitters. Here, a novel approach to meet the demanding power efficiency and device stability requirements is discussed: a triplet harvesting concept for hybrid white OLED, which combines a blue fluorophor with red and green phosphors and is capable of reaching an internal quantum efficiency of 100% if a suitable blue emitter with high‐lying triplet transition is used is introduced. Additionally, this concept paves the way towards an extremely simple white OLED design, using only a single emitter layer.
Glutathione peroxidase activity modulates recovery in the injured immature brain
Authors: Tsuru‐Aoyagi Kyoko , Potts Matthew B. , Trivedi Alpa , Pfankuch Timothy , Raber Jacob , Wendland Michael , Claus Catherine P. , Koh Seong‐Eun , Ferriero Donna , Noble‐Haeusslein Linda J.
Published: March 2009

Objective

Mice subjected to traumatic brain injury at postnatal day 21 show emerging cognitive deficits that coincide with hippocampal neuronal loss. Here we consider glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity as a determinant of recovery in the injured immature brain.

Methods

Wild‐type and transgenic (GPxTg) mice overexpressing GPx were subjected to traumatic brain injury or sham surgery at postnatal day 21. Animals were killed acutely (3 or 24 hours after injury) to assess oxidative stress and cell injury in the hippocampus or 4 months after injury after behavioral assessments.

Results

In the acutely injured brains, a reduction in oxidative stress markers including nitrotyrosine was seen in the injured GPxTg group relative to wild‐type control mice. In contrast, cell injury, with marked vulnerability in the dentate gyrus, was apparent despite no differences between genotypes. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an emerging cortical lesion during brain maturation that was also indistinguishable between injured genotypes. Stereological analyses of cortical volumes likewise confirmed no genotypic differences between injured groups. However, behavioral tests beginning 3 months after injury demonstrated improved spatial memory learning in the GPxTg group. Moreover, stereological analysis within hippocampal subregions demonstrated a significantly greater number of neurons within the dentate of the GPx group.

Interpretation

Our results implicate GPx in recovery of spatial memory after traumatic brain injury. This recovery may be attributed, in part, to a reduction in early oxidative stress and selective, long‐term sparing of neurons in the dentate. Ann Neurol 2009;65:540–549
Magnetic resonance imaging as a potential surrogate for relapses in multiple sclerosis: A meta‐analytic approach
Authors: Sormani Maria Pia , Bonzano Laura , Roccatagliata Luca , Cutter Gary R. , Mancardi Gian Luigi , Bruzzi Paolo
Published: March 2009

Objective

The aim of this work was to evaluate whether the treatment effects on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers at the trial level were able to predict the treatment effects on relapse rate in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis.

Methods

We used a pooled analysis of all the published randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trials in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis reporting data both on MRI variables and relapses. We extracted data on relapses and on MRI “active” lesions. A regression analysis weighted on trial size and duration was performed to study the relation between the treatment effect on relapses and the treatment effect on MRI lesions. We validated the estimated relation on an independent set of clinical trials satisfying the same inclusion criteria but with a control arm other than placebo.

Results

A set of 23 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis was identified, for a total of 63 arms, 40 contrasts, and 6,591 patients. A strong correlation was found between the effect on the relapses and the effect on MRI activity. The adjusted R2 value of the weighted regression line was 0.81. The regression equation estimated using the placebo‐controlled trials gave a satisfactory prediction of the treatment effect on relapses when applied to the validation set.

Interpretation

More than 80% of the variance in the effect on relapses between trials is explained by the variance in MRI effects. Smaller and shorter phase II studies based on MRI lesion end points may give indications also on the effect of the treatment on relapse end points. Ann Neurol 2009;65:268–275
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative subjects
Authors: Shaw Leslie M. , Vanderstichele Hugo , Knapik‐Czajka Malgorzata , Clark Christopher M. , Aisen Paul S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Blennow Kaj , Soares Holly , Simon Adam , Lewczuk Piotr , Dean Robert , Siemers Eric , Potter William , Lee Virginia M.‐Y. , Trojanowski John Q. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: March 2009

Objective

Develop a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature for mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) subjects.

Methods

Amyloid‐β 1 to 42 peptide (Aβ1–42), total tau (t‐tau), and tau phosphorylated at the threonine 181 were measured in (1) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained during baseline evaluation of 100 mild AD, 196 mild cognitive impairment, and 114 elderly cognitively normal (NC) subjects in ADNI; and (2) independent 56 autopsy‐confirmed AD cases and 52 age‐matched elderly NCs using a multiplex immunoassay. Detection of an AD CSF profile for t‐tau and Aβ1–42 in ADNI subjects was achieved using receiver operating characteristic cut points and logistic regression models derived from the autopsy‐confirmed CSF data.

Results

CSF Aβ1–42 was the most sensitive biomarker for AD in the autopsy cohort of CSF samples: receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.913 and sensitivity for AD detection of 96.4%. In the ADNI cohort, a logistic regression model for Aβ1–42, t‐tau, and APOε4 allele count provided the best assessment delineation of mild AD. An AD‐like baseline CSF profile for t‐tau/Aβ1–42 was detected in 33 of 37 ADNI mild cognitive impairment subjects who converted to probable AD during the first year of the study.

Interpretation

The CSF biomarker signature of AD defined by Aβ1–42 and t‐tau in the autopsy‐confirmed AD cohort and confirmed in the cohort followed in ADNI for 12 months detects mild AD in a large, multisite, prospective clinical investigation, and this signature appears to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD. Ann Neurol 2009
Free sialic acid storage disease without sialuria
Authors: Mochel Fanny , Yang Bingzhi , Barritault Julie , Thompson Jerry N. , Engelke Udo F. H. , McNeill Nathan H. , Benko William S. , Kaneski Christine R. , Adams David R. , Tsokos Maria , Abu‐Asab Mones , Huizing Marjan , Seguin Francois , Wevers Ron A. , Ding Jiahuan , Verheijen Frans W. , Schiffmann Raphael
Published: March 2009

We performed high‐resolution in vitro proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on cerebrospinal fluid and urine samples of 44 patients with leukodystrophies of unknown cause. Free sialic acid concentration was increased in cerebrospinal fluid of two siblings with mental retardation and mild hypomyelination. By contrast, urinary excretion of free sialic acid in urine was normal on repeated testing by two independent methods. Both patients were homozygous for the K136E mutation in SLC17A5, the gene responsible for the free sialic acid storage diseases. Our findings demonstrate that mutations in the SLC17A5 gene have to be considered in patients with hypomyelination, even in the absence of sialuria. Ann Neurol 2009;65:753–757
De novo STXBP1 mutations in mental retardation and nonsyndromic epilepsy
Authors: Hamdan Fadi F. , Piton Amélie , Gauthier Julie , Lortie Anne , Dubeau François , Dobrzeniecka Sylvia , Spiegelman Dan , Noreau Anne , Pellerin Stéphanie , Côté Mélanie , Henrion Edouard , Fombonne Éric , Mottron Laurent , Marineau Claude , Drapeau Pierre , Lafrenière Ronald G. , Lacaille Jean Claude , Rouleau Guy A. , Michaud Jacques L.
Published: March 2009

We sequenced genes coding for components of the SNARE complex (STX1A, VAMP2, SNAP25) and their regulatory proteins (STXBP1/Munc18‐1, SYT1), which are essential for neurotransmission, in 95 patients with idiopathic mental retardation. We identified de novo mutations in STXBP1 (nonsense, p.R388X; splicing, c.169+1G>A) in two patients with severe mental retardation and nonsyndromic epilepsy. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequencing showed that the splicing mutation creates a stop codon downstream of exon‐3. No de novo or deleterious mutations in STXBP1 were found in 190 control subjects, or in 142 autistic patients. These results suggest that STXBP1 disruption is associated with autosomal dominant mental retardation and nonsyndromic epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2009;65:748–753
Opportunistic infections and other risks with newer multiple sclerosis therapies
Authors: Berger Joseph R. , Houff Sidney
Published: March 2009

The introduction of newer therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis has generated considerable optimism. That optimism has been tempered by the potential risks of these therapies, such as the risk for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. A review of the possible causes of reactivation of JC virus in this population has illustrated the need to better understand the untoward effects of monoclonal antibody therapies and other immunomodulatory therapies currently being contemplated for use in multiple sclerosis. These drugs alter the immune response at different sites, and most, if not all, affect more than one aspect of host immunity. Drawing from existing experience with the use of these immunomodulatory therapies in other conditions and that available from the limited experience with multiple sclerosis, we review their potential untoward effects. The latter include a predisposition to opportunistic and community‐acquired infections, an altered response to vaccination, the development of cancers, and the appearance of autoimmune diseases. The identification of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as a risk of therapy is relatively straightforward in light of its rarity and high morbidity and mortality, but a relatively slight increased risk for more common and less disabling disorders may be overlooked. Determining the actual risk frequency for many of these complications will likely require careful postmarketing surveillance. Ann Neurol 2009;65:367–377
Prognostic value of brain diffusion‐weighted imaging after cardiac arrest
Authors: Wijman Christine A. C. , Mlynash Michael , Finley Caulfield Anna , Hsia Amie W. , Eyngorn Irina , Bammer Roland , Fischbein Nancy , Albers Gregory W. , Moseley Michael
Published: March 2009

Objective

Outcome prediction is challenging in comatose postcardiac arrest survivors. We assessed the feasibility and prognostic utility of brain diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) during the first week.

Methods

Consecutive comatose postcardiac arrest patients were prospectively enrolled. AWI data of patients who met predefined specific prognostic criteria were used to determine distinguishing apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) thresholds. Group 1 criteria were death at 6 months and absent motor response or absent pupillary reflexes or bilateral absent cortical responses at 72 hours or vegetative at 1 month. Group 2 criterion was survival at 6 months with a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 4 or 5 (group 2A) or 3 (group 2B). The percentage of voxels below different ADC thresholds was calculated at 50 × 10−6 mm2/sec intervals.

Results

Overall, 86% of patients underwent DWI. Fifty‐one patients with 62 brain DWIs were included. Forty patients met the specific prognostic criteria. The percentage of brain volume with an ADC value less than 650 to 700 × 10−6mm2/sec best differentiated between Group 1 and Groups 2A and 2B combined (p < 0.001), whereas the 400 to 450 × 10−6mm2/sec threshold best differentiated between Groups 2A and 2B (p = 0.003). The ideal time window for prognostication using DWI was between 49 and 108 hours after the arrest. When comparing DWI in this time window with the 72‐hour neurological examination, DWI improved the sensitivity for predicting poor outcome by 38% while maintaining 100% specificity (p = 0.021).

Interpretation

Quantitative DWI in comatose postcardiac arrest survivors holds promise as a prognostic adjunct. Ann Neurol 2009;65:394–402
Antibodies produced by clonally expanded plasma cells in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Owens Gregory P. , Bennett Jeffrey L. , Lassmann Hans , O'Connor Kevin C. , Ritchie Alanna M. , Shearer Andrew , Lam Chiwah , Yu Xiaoli , Birlea Marius , DuPree Cecily , Williamson R. Anthony , Hafler David A. , Burgoon Mark P. , Gilden Don
Published: March 2009

Objective

Intrathecal IgG synthesis, persistence of bands of oligoclonal IgG, and memory B‐cell clonal expansion are well‐characterized features of the humoral response in multiple sclerosis (MS). Nevertheless, the target antigen of this response remains enigmatic.

Methods

We produced 53 different human IgG1 monoclonal recombinant antibodies (rAbs) by coexpressing paired heavy‐ and light‐chain variable region sequences of 51 plasma cell clones and 2 B‐lymphocyte clones from MS cerebrospinal fluid in human tissue culture cells. Chimeric control rAbs were generated from anti‐myelin hybridomas in which murine variable region sequences were fused to human constant region sequences. Purified rAbs were exhaustively assayed for reactivity against myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein by immunostaining of transfected cells expressing individual myelin proteins, by protein immunoblotting, and by immunostaining of human brain tissue sections.

Results

Whereas humanized control rAbs derived from anti‐myelin hybridomas and anti‐myelin monoclonal antibodies readily detected myelin antigens in multiple immunoassays, none of the rAbs derived from MS cerebrospinal fluid displayed immunoreactivity to the three myelin antigens tested. Immunocytochemical analysis of tissue sections from MS and control brain demonstrated only weak staining with a few rAbs against nuclei or cytoplasmic granules in neurons, glia, and inflammatory cells.

Interpretation

The oligoclonal B‐cell response in MS cerebrospinal fluid is not targeted to the well‐characterized myelin antigens myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Ann Neurol 2009;65:639–649
Crystal‐Structure Determination of Powdered Paramagnetic Lanthanide Complexes by Proton NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Kervern Gwendal , D'Aléo Anthony , Toupet Loïc , Maury Olivier , Emsley Lyndon , Pintacuda Guido
Published: March 2009

Verschiebung im Kristall: Die NMR‐Spektroskopie eignet sich für die Strukturbestimmung von mikrokristallinen paramagnetischen Festkörpern ohne Isotopenanreicherung. Paramagnetische Effekte, die unter bestimmten Aufnahmebedingungen in 1H‐NMR‐Spektren auftreten, werden genutzt, um die Konformation der Moleküle im Gitter und ihre Packung in der Festphase abzuleiten. Die Methode wird anhand der Untersuchung einer Familie von Lanthanoidverbindungen vorgestellt (siehe Bild).

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Borreagentien für die orthogonale Funktionalisierung mithilfe von Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kreuzkupplungen
Authors: Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto
Published: March 2009

Eine Frage des Standpunkts: Kontrollierte Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Reaktionen von Substraten mit mehreren potenziellen Kupplungsstellen gelangen, indem die Borsubstituenten angepasst wurden (siehe Schema).

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Iterative In Situ Click Chemistry Creates Antibody‐like Protein‐Capture Agents
Authors: Agnew Heather D. , Rohde Rosemary D. , Millward Steven W. , Nag Arundhati , Yeo Woon‐Seok , Hein Jason E. , Pitram Suresh M. , Tariq Abdul Ahad , Burns Vanessa M. , Krom Russell J. , Fokin Valery V. , Sharpless K. Barry , Heath James R.
Published: March 2009

Auf Proteinfang: Iterative Klick‐Reaktionen (siehe Schema des dritten Liganden‐Screenings) und eine Methode zum Aufbau von Bibliotheken mit einer Verbindung pro Kügelchen ermöglichten die Synthese von selektiven, hoch affinen Proteineinfangagentien aus einzelnen Fragmenten. Die resultierenden Liganden sind wasserlöslich und (bio)chemisch sowie thermisch stabil. Durch Kupfer(I)‐katalysierte Cycloadditionen sind sie im Gramm‐Maßstab zugänglich.

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Ordered Poly(p‐phenylene)/Layered Double Hydroxide Ultrathin Films with Blue Luminescence by Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Yan Dongpeng , Lu Jun , Wei Min , Han Jingbin , Ma Jing , Li Feng , Evans David G. , Duan Xue
Published: March 2009

Lavender layers: A poly(p‐phenylene) anionic derivate and exfoliated Mg‐Al layered double hydroxide monolayers were assembled into ultrathin films with well‐defined blue fluorescence (see picture; the numbers indicate the number of bilayers), long‐range order, and high photostability. These films work as multiple quantum‐well structures for valence electrons.

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Grafting of polypropylene and its potential use as metal ion adsorption resin
Authors: Amaro Lucía Pérez , Rivas Bernabé L. , Coiai Serena , Passaglia Elisa , Augier Sylvain , Ciardelli Francesco
Published: March 2009

Polypropylene (PP) was modified by radical grafting of acrylic acid (AA) in the melt by using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as initiator. To reach a high grafting degree (GD) without substantially modifying PP‐chain structure, a few runs were carried out by employing butyl 3‐(2‐furanyl)propenoate (BFA), which is a coagent able to preserve the molecular weight (MW) of PP macromolecules in the presence of radical grafting reagents. All the samples were extracted with selective solvents to remove unreacted chemicals and free poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and the GD was accurately determined by using the FTIR methodology. The GD ranged from 1.51 to 4.67 mol %. High‐temperature size permeation chromatography analysis was used to evaluate MW behavior, confirming the control exerted by the presence of BFA on the degradation reactions. DSC, TGA, and SEM analyses were performed to analyze the chemical modification effects on the polymer products' thermal and morphological properties. Finally, selected samples, with a particle size distribution in the range 100–850 μm, were tested as metal ion adsorption resins. Al(III), Cr(III), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II) were studied, and the highest adsorption efficiency values (in percentage) were obtained for Al(III) (15–20%) and Hg(II) (25–30%). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Piezoresistivity of silicone‐rubber/carbon black composites excited by Ac electrical field
Authors: Wang Shou‐Li , Wang Peng , Ding Tian‐Huai
Published: March 2009

Flexible conductive composites were prepared using liquid silicone rubber as a matrix and conductive carbon black (CCB) as a filler, and the filler loading was varied from 1 to 15 phr in mass ratio. The surface conductivity was studied as a function of CCB concentration (1, 5, 10, 15 wt %), frequency in the range from DC to 1 MHz. The AC resistivity of the composites with low CCB concentration was found to be frequency dependent, whereas the composites with high CCB concentration was almost frequency independent. The resistance/impedance drift of the composites with time decreases sharply with the increase of frequency of applied electrical field. The piezoresistivity of the composite with 5 wt % CCB concentration (the upper percolation limit) was studied. It is found that the composite exhibits prominent positive piezoresistivity coefficient effect through the measurement frequency, and the sensitivity becomes steeper with the increase of exciting frequency. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Photografting of methyl methacrylate onto high‐density polyethylene initiated by aliphatic ketones
Authors: Han Jianmei , Wang H. L.
Published: March 2009

The photografting of a water‐insoluble monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) initiated by an aliphatic ketone/water/alcohol initiating system has been reported. The aliphatic ketones, such as acetone, butanone, and cyclohexanone, could effectively initiate the grafting reaction when they were mixed with water and ethanol to form homogeneous aliphatic ketone/water/ethanol mixed solvents that could dissolve the water‐insoluble monomer. The nature of aliphatic ketone affected the grafting; at the same aliphatic ketone/water/ethanol volume ratio, the grafting system containing acetone or butanone always led to a higher extent of grafting than that containing cyclohexanone. Water also played a very important role in the grafting reaction; in the tested range, the rate of formation of grafted PMMA on HDPE increased with the increase of water : volume ratio. The grafting of MMA carried out in 5 acetone/40 water/55 ethanol mixed solvent led to the highest extent of grafting. ATR‐FTIR characterizations of the grafted samples proved the successful grafting of MMA onto HDPE. SEM investigations of the HDPE surfaces grafted in different aliphatic ketone/water/ethanol mixed solvents indicate the morphologies of grafted surfaces varied with the mixed solvents used. This study broadened the application fields of the aliphatic ketone/water/alcohol initiating system for photografting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermal and electrical properties of copoly(1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐ethers) containing fluorene groups
Authors: Hamciuc Corneliu , Hamciuc Elena , Mirela Ipate Alina , Cristea Mariana , Okrasa Lidia
Published: March 2009

A series of aromatic copolyethers containing 1,3,4‐oxadiazole rings and fluorene groups was prepared by nucleophilic substitution polymerization technique of 9,9‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)fluorene, 1, or of different amounts of 1 and an aromatic bisphenol, such as 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol or phenolphthalein, with 2,5‐bis(p‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole. The polymers were easily soluble in polar solvents like N‐methylpyrrolidone, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and chloroform and can be cast from solutions into thin flexible films. They showed high thermal stability, with decomposition temperature being above 425°C. The polymers exhibited a glass‐transition temperature in the range of 195–295°C, with a reasonable interval between glass‐transition and decomposition temperature. Electrical insulating properties of some polymer films were evaluated on the basis of dielectric constant and dielectric loss and their variation with frequency and temperature. The values of the dielectric constant at 10 kHz and 20°C were in the range of 3.16–3.25. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and curing properties of novel phosphorus‐containing naphthyl epoxy systems
Authors: Ai Hao , Xu Kai , Liu Huan , Chen Mingcai , Zhang Xiuju
Published: March 2009

In an attempt to obtain flame‐retardant epoxy systems with high thermal properties, novel phosphorus‐containing naphthyl epoxies were synthesized through the addition reaction of diethyl phosphite and two naphthyl epoxy monomers, diglycidyl ether of 2,2′‐hydroxyl‐1,1′‐binaphthalene and 1,1′‐diglycidyldinaphthylmethane. The addition reaction was monitored with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solubility experiments, and the reaction conditions were studied. The spectral results showed that oxirane in phosphorus‐modified epoxies could undergo an isomerization process in which carbonyl groups were generated during the reaction at temperatures higher than 140°C. The structure and epoxy equivalent weight of the modified naphthyl epoxies were determined by means of 1H‐NMR and 31P‐NMR. The thermal curing reactivity and activation energy of the phosphorus‐containing naphthyl epoxies were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry with dicyanodiamide and diaminodiphenylsulfone as the curing agents, and they were compared with those of an epoxy modified with 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Deterioration of polypropylene/silicon dioxide nanocomposites before oxidative degradation
Authors: Li Jifang , Yang Rui , Yu Jian , Liu Ying
Published: March 2009

The thermal aging of polypropylene (PP)/SiO2 nanocomposite films was carried out at 130°C. In contrast to the widely accepted thermal oxidation mechanism, the film ruptured far before the carbonyl group was detected and without a noticeable reduction in the molecular weight. Observations with a polarizing optical microscopy and a scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that, instead of oxidative degradation, at least three other factors were responsible for the rapid deterioration of the PP/SiO2 nanocomposites: (1) recrystallization during the thermal aging, which gave rise to a major volume contraction and, thus, great stress along the spherulite boundaries, which might have induced cracks there (another effect of the recrystallization was the rejection of nanoparticles and defects to the spherulite boundaries, which, therefore, weakened the boundaries); (2) poor interfacial interaction between the matrix and the nanoparticles; and (3) large temperature changes, which created interfacial debonding because of the significant difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of PP and the nanoparticles. The results of this study extend the understanding of the thermal oxidative degradation mechanism of polymer materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Construction of A Multiple Myeloma Diagnostic Model by Magnetic Bead‐Based MALDI‐TOF Mass Spectrometry of Serum and Pattern Recognition Software
Authors: Wang Qing‐Tao , Li Yong‐Zhe , Liang Yu‐Fang , Hu Chao‐Jun , Zhai Yu‐Hua , Zhao Guan‐Fei , Zhang Jian , Li Ning , Ni An‐Ping , Chen Wen‐Ming , Xu Yang
Published: March 2009

A diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM) is difficult to make on the basis of any single laboratory test result. Accurate diagnosis of MM generally results from a number of costly and invasive laboratory tests and medical procedures. The aim of this work is to find a new, highly specific and sensitive method for MM diagnosis. Serum samples were tested in groups representing MM (n = 54) and non‐MM (n = 108). These included a subgroup of 17 plasma cell dyscrasias, a subgroup of 17 reactive plasmacytosis, 5 B cell lymphomas, and 7 other tumors with osseus metastasis, as well as 62 healthy donors as controls. Bioinformatic calculations associated with MM were performed. The decision algorithm, with a panel of three biomarkers, correctly identified 24 of 24 (100%) MM samples and 46 of 49 (93.88%) non‐MM samples in the training set. During the masked test for the discriminatory model, 26 of 30 MM patients (sensitivity, 86.67%) were precisely recognized, and all 34 normal donors were successfully classified; patients with reactive plasmacytosis were also correctly classified into the non‐MM group, and 11 of the other patients were incorrectly classified as MM. The results suggested that proteomic fingerprint technology combining magnetic beads with MALDI‐TOF‐MS has the potential for identifying individuals with MM. The biomarker classification model was suitable for preliminary assessment of MM and could potentially serve as a useful tool for MM diagnosis and differentiation diagnosis. Anat Rec, 292:604–610, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Impact of Dietary Organic and Transgenic Soy on the Reproductive System of Female Adult Rat
Authors: Brasil Flávia Bittencourt , Soares LavíNia Leal , Faria Tatiane Silva , Boaventura Gilson Telles , Sampaio Francisco José Barcellos , Ramos Cristiane Fonte
Published: March 2009

The goal of this article was to compare the effects of a prolonged use of organic and transgenic soy on the lipid profile and ovary and uterus morphology. Wistar rats were fed three different diets from weaning until sacrifice at 15 months of age. The three diets were: casein‐based diet control group (CG), organic soy‐based diet group (OSG), or transgenic soy‐based diet group (GMSG). There were no differences in food consumption or in the diet isoflavone components among the groups. Compared with the CG diet, both the OSG and GMSG diets were associated with significant reductions in body weight, serum triglycerides, and cholesterol (P < 0.05) (CG = 406 ± 23.1; 104.3 ± 13.2; 119.9 ± 7.3 GMSG = 368 ± 17.6; 60.3 ± 4.6; 83.3 ± 5.7 OSG = 389 ± 23.5; 72.3 ± 12.5; 95.5 ± 8.0, respectively). The volume density of endometrial glandular epithelium was greater in the GMSG group (29.5 ± 7.17, P < 0.001) when compared with the CG (18.5 ± 7.4) and OSG (20.3 ± 10.6) groups. The length density of endometrial glandular epithelium was shorter in both GMSG (567.6 ± 41.1) and OSG (514.8 ± 144.5) diets compared with the CG (P < 0.05) diet. GMSG also resulted in reduced follicle number and increased corpus luteum number compared to the OSG or CG diets (P < 0.05). In summary, both GMSG and OSG diets resulted in decreased body weight and lower serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and alterations in uterine and ovarian morphology were also observed. The prolonged use of soy‐based diets and their relation to reproductive health warrants further investigation. Anat Rec, 292:587–594, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemistry of Olivocochlear Neurons in the Hamster
Authors: Reuss Stefan , Disque‐Kaiser Ursula , Antoniou‐Lipfert Patricia , Gholi Maryam Najaf , Riemann Elke , Riemann Randolf
Published: March 2009

The present study was conducted to characterize the superior olivary complex (SOC) of the lower brain stem in the pigmented Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus. Using Nissl‐stained serial cryostat sections from fresh‐frozen brains, we determined the borders of the SOC nuclei. We also identified olivocochlear (OC) neurons by retrograde neuronal tracing upon injection of Fluoro‐Gold into the scala tympani. To evaluate the SOC as a putative source of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), arginine‐vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), or pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) that were all found in the cochlea, we conducted immunohistochemistry on sections exhibiting retrogradely labeled neurons. We did not observe AVP‐, OT‐, or VIP‐immunoreactivity, neither in OC neurons nor in the SOC at all, revealing that cochlear AVP, OT, and VIP are of nonolivary origin. However, we found nNOS, the enzyme responsible for nitric oxide synthesis in neurons, and PACAP in neuronal perikarya of the SOC. Retrogradely labeled neurons of the lateral olivocochlear (LOC) system in the lateral superior olive did not contain PACAP and were only infrequently nNOS‐immunoreactive. In contrast, some shell neurons and some of the medial OC (MOC) system exhibited immunofluorescence for either substance. Our data obtained from the dwarf hamster Phodopus sungorus confirm previous observations that a part of the LOC system is nitrergic. They further demonstrate that the medial olivocochlear system is partly nitrergic and use PACAP as neurotransmitter or modulator. Anat Rec, 292:461–471, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expansion of the Human Embryonic Brain During Rapid Growth: Area Analysis
Authors: Levitan Michael L. , Desmond Mary E.
Published: March 2009

This report focuses on growth of the brain of the early human embryo, Carnegie stages 12–23. Areas of median sections from 50 to 58 embryos were measured to determine the best mathematical model to describe growth of the three primary brain vesicles and to determine the change in the ratio of tissue to cavity areas (T/C). An exponential model best describes growth of the brain and head during this time period. The head expands 248‐fold compared with a 171‐fold growth of the brain. The whole brain, forebrain, and midbrain all exhibit larger cavities than tissue initially followed by a reversal of such at a critical time (stages 21–24). The presumptive cerebellar tissue which was twice the cavity initially grows to become more than six times the cavity. Boxplots of the T/C ratios for the head and brain plus its components reveal that initially the tissue is less than the cavity (10–20% and 40–60%, respectively) but eventually becomes larger (60–200%). Anat Rec, 292:472–480, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemistry of Olivocochlear Neurons in the Hamster
Authors: Reuss Stefan , Disque‐Kaiser Ursula , Antoniou‐Lipfert Patricia , Gholi Maryam Najaf , Riemann Elke , Riemann Randolf
Published: March 2009

Pseudocolored frontal sections of the Phodopus sungorus brainstem, showing the location of the superior olivary nuclei in Nissl‐stained sections, from rostral (top section) to candal (bottom section). See Reuss, et al., on page 461, in this issue.Anatomical Record 292:461–471.
Greasing the wheels of Aβ clearance in Alzheimer's Disease: The role of lipids and apolipoprotein E
Authors: Fan Jianjia , Donkin James , Wellington Cheryl
Published: March 2009

Although apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the most common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), how apoE participates in AD pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. ApoE is also the major carrier of lipids in the brain. Here, we review studies showing that the lipidation status of apoE influences the metabolism of Aβ peptides, which accumulate as amyloid deposits in the neural parenchyma and cerebrovasculature. One effect of apoE is to inhibit the transport of Aβ across the blood‐brain‐barrier (BBB), particularly when apoE is lipidated. A second effect is to facilitate the proteolytic degradation of Aβ by neprilysin and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), which is enhanced when apoE is lipidated. We also describe how apoE becomes lipidated and how this impacts Aβ metabolism. Specifically, genetic loss of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 impairs apoE lipidation and promotes amyloid deposition in AD mouse models. ABCA1 catalyses the ATP‐dependent transport of cholesterol and phospholipids from the plasma membrane to lipid‐free apolipoproteins including apoE. Conversely, selective overexpression of ABCA1 increases apoE lipidation in the central nervous system (CNS) and eliminates the formation of amyloid plaques in vivo. Deficiency of Liver‐X‐Receptors (LXRs), transcription factors that stimulate ABCA1 and apoE expression, exacerbates AD pathogenesis in vivo, whereas treatment of AD mice with synthetic LXR agonists reduces amyloid load and improves cognitive performance. These studies provide new insights into the mechanisms by which apoE affects Aβ metabolism, and offer opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches to reduce the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Multiobjective optimization of the operation of a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed ion‐exchange system for continuous protein recovery
Authors: Mazumder Jahirul , Zhu Jingxu , Bassi Amarjeet S. , Ray Ajay K.
Published: March 2009

Like most real‐life processes, the operation of liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) system for continuous protein recovery is associated with several objectives such as maximization of production rate and recovery of protein, and minimization of amount solid ion‐exchange resin requirement, all of which need to be optimized simultaneously. In this article, multiobjective optimization of a LSCFB system for continuous protein recovery was carried out using an experimentally validated mathematical model to find the scope for further improvements in its operation. Elitist non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm with its jumping gene adaptation was used to solve a number of bi‐ and tri‐objective function optimization problems. The optimization resulted in Pareto‐optimal solution, which provides a broad range of non‐dominated solutions due to conflicting behavior of the operating parameters on the system performance indicators. Significant improvements were achieved, for example, the production rate at optimal operation increased by 33%, using 11% less solid compared to reported experimental results for the same recovery level. The effects of operating variables on the optimal solutions are discussed in detail. The multiobjective optimization study reported here can be easily extended for the improvement of LSCFB system for other applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 873–890. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.