bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Names of God in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Dewrell Heath D. , Garbarino Andrew M.
Published: April 2023

The Hebrew Bible presents Israel and Judah as having only one legitimate deity, a god whose proper name is Yahweh, but one also finds a variety of names and epithets for this deity within the Bible. The generic word Elohim, “god” or “gods” (Hebrew ʾĕlōhîm), comes to serve as something of an alternate name for Yahweh in its own right. In addition, the Hebrew word El (ʾēl) can be either the common noun “god” or the name of El/Ilu, a deity known from non-Israelite West Semitic sources—for instance as the head of the pantheon in the mythological texts from Ugarit. Each of these names may take further descriptors, such as “Yahweh of Hosts” (yhwh ṣəbāʾôt) or “El Shaddai” (ʾēl šadday). In the case of compound names that include El, such as the latter, it is possible that the name originally belonged to a local manifestation of El and was secondarily attached to Yahweh, either in the course of Israelite religious development or, more artificially, by the biblical authors (see Compound El Names). This ambiguity about the origins of compound El names occupies much of the literature on the names of God in the Hebrew Bible, implicating as it does larger issues relating to the historical origins of Yahweh religion, particularly whether Yahweh arose as an independent deity or developed from a manifestation of El. Here, the idea of a sort of “convergence” of two or more deities into a single deity has been a common model for explaining how the biblical Yahweh came to bear his various names. Since “origins” have long been inexorably attractive to antiquarians and philologists alike, the majority of work on these divine names and epithets has been devoted to etymological investigations. Such studies often operate under the assumption, whether implicit or explicit, that the linguistic significance of each divine name reveals something important about the original nature and provenance of the deity who bore it.
Indigenous Criminology
Authors: Tauri Juan
Published: April 2023

After centuries of colonization and ongoing subjugation by governments of all political persuasions, the contemporary situation of Indigenous peoples in settler-colonial jurisdictions is highlighted by profound social, political, and economic hardship and marginalization. One area of social policy and practice where this subjugation is most profound is the relationship between Indigenous communities and the criminal justice system. Since the early 1990s Indigenous scholars and our critical non-Indigenous allies have exposed the ongoing marginalization of Indigenous peoples by both the agents and the agencies of crime control as well as, at times, criminologists who routinely support their activities. Over this period a significant and distinct Indigenous-centered critical scholarship has developed, producing a lexicon that challenges conventional analysis and representations of Indigenous life-worlds. It is also a body of work that privileges Indigenous epistemologies and experiences of crime, social harm, and (neo)colonial governance. The lexicon has grown to such an extent that it is now possible to speak of a distinctly Indigenous criminology, an approach to social harm that touches on a wide range of topics that exposes the depth and character of Indigenous people’s engagement with settler-colonial criminal justice. Thus far, scholars whose work falls into the broad category of Indigenous criminology have provided us with critical insight into a range of empirical issues related to Indigenous peoples experience of colonial crime control, including policing of our communities; the impact of penal policies, most especially the use of prison; and our experiences of state crime, especially genocide. A body of material is growing highlighting Indigenous peoples historical and contemporary responses to crime and social harm and critiquing academic criminology and its support for the (neo)colonial state. The bibliographic material that follows has been selected to offer a gateway into the developing field of Indigenous criminology, one that is both academic and, by necessity, political.
Sperone Speroni
Authors: Katinis Teodoro , Verbaere Lies
Published: April 2023

Sperone Speroni degli Alvarotti (b. 1500–d. 1588) is a protagonist of the Italian Renaissance between the generation of Pietro Pomponazzi and Pietro Bembo and that of Torquato Tasso and Jacopo Mazzoni. He was educated at the University of Bologna as an Aristotelian under the guidance of Pomponazzi, who remained for him an important inspirational figure, as evident in his most famous Dialogo delle lingue. Speroni was a prominent member of the Accademia degli Infiammati in Padua and thereafter of the Accademia delle Notti Vaticane in Rome, and for a short period he taught logic and philosophy at the University of Padua. His rhetoric, often used in defense of rhetoric itself, was extraordinarily well known between Venice and Rome. He advocated the Italian vernacular as a language for scientific and philosophical knowledge, and, coherently with his position, he wrote all his works in Italian. Speroni has mostly been studied for his participation in the questione della lingua (quarrel about language), for his theory of dialogue, and as a prolific author of dialogues on several different subjects. This focus clearly emerges from the number of editions of his Dialogo delle lingue as well as from the most frequent subjects of the critical studies, which risks portraying Speroni as a unidimensional author with a narrow range of intellectual interests. Although in recent years the scholarly effort has been extended to the study of his revolutionary ideas on the sophistic tradition (to mention one possible direction of research), most of his literary production and ideas are still waiting for a deep exploration that could shed new light on the originality of his thought and writing style. For example, volume 5 of the 1740 edition of his works gathers a collection of trattatelli (short treatises) on a large variety of matters, from mathematics to literary criticism, but very few explorations have been done in this direction. We offer a bibliography of primary and secondary sources that intends to include all the modern editions of Speroni’s works and all the scholarly production since the beginning of the twentieth century. Among the primary sources, the reader will also find the 1740 edition, which is still the most extended so far accomplished, and its source, the seventeen volumes of manuscripts kept in Padua, which are still partially unexplored.
Thomas Wyatt
Authors: Powell Jason
Published: April 2023

Thomas Wyatt (b. 1504?–d. 1542) almost certainly wrote the first sonnet in English. His Penitential Psalm paraphrase inaugurated a fashion for psalm translation, he introduced ottava rima to the English language, and he may have invented poulter’s measure—a form now often derided by critics, but deeply popular in Wyatt’s own century. His Quyete of Mynde (1529) became the first classical moral essay published in English. His diplomatic letters from the court of Charles V from 1537 to 1540 experiment with narrative form, and his letters of advice to his son reveal a deep interest in the Stoic thought of Seneca and Epictetus. Yet Wyatt was above all a royal servant—sometimes to the wrong royal, if he remained devoted, as Brigden 2012 (cited under Book-Length Studies) suggests, to Katherine of Aragon as late as 1529, well beyond the point of political expediency. Thomas Cromwell’s patronage appears to have restored him to Henry VIII’s favor, despite imprisonment with the accused lovers of Anne Boleyn in 1536 and another imprisonment in 1541. He died on 11 October 1542 after developing a fever while riding to greet the imperial ambassador at Falmouth. This article complements the excellent separate Oxford Bibliographies in British and Irish Literature article “Thomas Wyatt,” and should be consulted alongside of it where possible.
Art in Renaissance England
Authors: String Tatiana C.
Published: April 2023

The literature on the visual arts in the English Renaissance, which largely tracks the reigns of the Tudor and Jacobean monarchs, was, until the 1990s, heavily focused on portraiture. An important and comprehensive catalogue of Tudor portraits in the National Portrait Gallery was produced by Roy Strong (Strong 1969b, cited under Portraiture). The Tudor period was traditionally treated by art historians as a prologue to an identifiable British style that emerged only in the seventeenth, and even eighteenth, century. Gradually, a new generation of scholars began producing close examinations of different media: architecture, tapestries, funeral monuments, portrait miniatures, and gardens, as well as a wider range of paintings and portraits, extending to those of the middle classes. These examinations were rooted in documentary evidence and enlivened especially the study of the visual arts in the reign of Henry VIII. Milestone anniversaries, such as the five hundredth anniversary of Henry VIII’s birth, in 1991, and the quincentenary anniversary of his accession to the throne, celebrated in 2009, contributed to a growing number of scholarly monographs, exhibitions and their catalogues, and edited volumes based on academic conferences devoted to the study of Tudor visual art. This field has taken the lead in technical analysis of works of art. The five-year Making Art in Tudor Britain project, led by Tarnya Cooper, then at the National Portrait Gallery in London, pioneered the focused study and comparative findings of more than one hundred English Renaissance paintings through the use of the latest technologies.
Odisha
Authors: Tripathy Jyotirmaya
Published: April 2023

Located on the country’s Eastern seaboard, the Indian state of Odisha has been known as Kalinga, Utkal, and Odra (or Orissa, as it was known up until 2011). Carved out of a larger Odia-speaking region of India, it came into existence as a separate linguistic province in 1936. The name Odisha traces its roots to Odra, an ancient kingdom in the northern part of the state. It is mentioned in Sarala Das’s Mahābhārata, which was composed during the reign of Gajapati king Kapilendra Deva in the fifteenth century. While Kapilendra called his kingdom Odisha Rajya, references to Kalinga can be found in Vyasa’s Mahābhārata and later in various Puranas. Though Kalinga’s border altered over time, Odisha remains the most culturally representative part of that empire, which extended to Odia-speaking areas of present-day Bengal, Jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh. Ancient Kalinga lost its freedom first to the Magadha king Maha Padma Nanda in the 4th century bce and later to Maurya king Ashoka in 261 bce in the Kalinga war. However, by the 1st century bce, Kalinga gained independence and became a powerful empire under Kharavela, who assumed the title “Chakravarti.” As Kalinga’s power waned, its territory shrank to the area between the Kapisha River (in West Bengal) and the Godavari, and later from the Mahanadi to the Godavari. While the kingdoms differed in shape, the major dynasties that ruled dominant parts of Kalinga were Sailodbhava (6th to 8th century ce), Bhaumakara (8th to 10th century ce), Keshari (late 9th to early 11th century ce), Eastern Ganga (11th to 15th century ce), and the Suryavamsi Gajapati kings (15th and 16th centuries ce). After being ruled for a brief period by the Bhoi dynasty, Odisha came under the rule of the Afghans and then the Mughals in the late 16th century, followed by the Marathas in the 18th century and the British in the early 19th century. It has thirty districts, with Bhubaneswar as its capital—the largest city, the seat of government, and itself an ancient center of religion. The state is predominantly Hindu but has a sizeable Muslim and Christian population as well as some distinct indigenous communities. It is also home to adherents to faiths such as Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, and practitioners of other indigenous forms of religion such as Mahima.
Mathematics Identity
Authors: Caviness Stephen L. , Sharpe Charlotte
Published: April 2023

Consider a time when you have spoken with a friend, colleague, or family member who does not particularly like mathematics. When mathematics enters a conversation, they may change their posture, take a step back, and assert that they are “not a math person,” or that they “do not get along” with mathematics. Statements like this can provide a glimpse of someone’s mathematics identity. Defining the construct of mathematics identity has been a focus of theory and research, and yet there remains no single definition of mathematics identity. Still, over the last several decades, research on mathematics identity has developed considerably both in quantity of research and depth of understanding within the field. Researchers view mathematics identity more broadly than a feeling, belief, or attitude toward mathematics—though many do see this as part of the construct. Mathematics identity may also include whether one is recognized by others as competent in mathematics, the stories one tells about their personal history with mathematics, and the performative actions one makes when doing mathematics. We have organized this article into six sections. We begin with a collection of General Overviews, including literature reviews, encyclopedia entries, and books on mathematics identity. Our second section highlights the Theoretical Underpinnings used to guide researchers in the field. As research has developed, subtopics of learner and teacher identity have emerged. Therefore, the third section covers Mathematics Learner Identity, while the fourth covers Mathematics-Related Teacher Identity. This is followed by a fifth section on Intersectionality, highlighting the complexities of mathematics identity and its interrelatedness with other constructs. Lastly, we share some Journals that frequently house the research on mathematics identity.
Donna Haraway
Authors: Watson Matthew , Cornfeld Li
Published: April 2023

Donna J. Haraway (b. 1944–) counts among the most creative—and provocative—of cultural theorists today. Her gifts to critical thought have tracked from work on the history of biology, to the place of technology in feminist and socialist debates over objectivity, to the politics and ethics of genetic interventions into life forms, to expressions of multispecies companionship, kinship, and flourishing. For more than four decades, she has helped to develop realist, pragmatist, feminist, and antiracist problematics, continuously asking squirm-inducing questions about the politics and aesthetics of knowing. Originally trained in biology and the history of science, Haraway’s scholarship has altered the terms and debates of multiple fields, including anthropology, science and technology studies (STS), feminist studies, cultural studies, philosophy, literary theory, ecocriticism, animal studies, and disability studies, among others. Here, we focus chiefly on her influences on anthropology. Since publishing her first book in 1976, Haraway has offered prescient contributions to anthropological questions of what biology and culture (as well as aesthetics, technologies, and languages) might be. At the same time, our exploration of Haraway’s anthropological contributions will necessarily engage overlapping areas of inquiry, as she has helped channel rich transfusions of critical discourse across boundaries dividing STS, feminist theory, and sociocultural anthropology. This boundary-crossing amounts to something of a biographical imperative for Haraway, who has consistently channeled her Roman Catholic socialization as a child and her scientific socialization as a biology graduate student into imaginative, mythic refigurations of the cultures of technoscience. A figure deeply committed to the tropic powers of figures themselves (e.g., the cyborg, OncoMouse, the companion animal), Haraway has long fashioned herself as a border-crossing, canine-loving, chimerical human companion honing a quasi-ethnographic vision as she situates and resituates sciences, including one corner of biological anthropology’s kinship chart: primatology. Relentlessly committed to the generative effects of situating science as a complex of worldly material and semiotic practices, Haraway routinely supplants abstracted constructions of knowledge—often termed the “view from nowhere” or the “god’s eye view”—with fleshy, situated, self-aware accounts of knowing, as a contingent, often fragile, open-ended process. Through her singular, experimental, and passionate prose, Haraway refashions and re-mediates cultural, technological, and scientific systems, re-envisioning facts, values, technologies, signs, mythologies, and organisms as historically contingent, thoroughly entangled, often bumptious forms. These critical interventions have been widely received, debated, and extended within anthropological discussions of feminism, laboratory studies, technoscience, biopower, and multispecies ethnography, among other areas.
Marriage in Colonial Latin America
Authors: Wisnoski III Alexander
Published: April 2023

The early years of the colonial era coincided with the Catholic Church’s reaffirmation that marriage was a holy sacrament. Alongside that affirmation the Council of Trent outlined the parameters of marriage, as the church began spreading and enforcing these teachings. Just as marriage was an institution worth policing by the church, the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns were similarly invested in matrimony. Official marriages, and the families they produced, were the ideal building blocks for these empires. However, who should marry whom also mattered a great deal. The scholarship on marriage in colonial Latin America has studied in depth both the racial and class considerations of marriage and the extent this changed over time. While creating marital units was an important line of interrogation, the historiography also considered what transpired between couples after exchanging vows. What were the gender roles for the couple? What marital ideals did Indigenous people, enslaved Africans, and other marginalized groups prioritize and advance? What legal standing did wives have? How did mobility affect these marriages? These and other questions help present a wide spectrum of what the married life could look like in colonial Latin America. Such interrogations also found many instances of marital conflict and spousal abuse, and consider how couples, the community, and the various legal jurisdictions treated these ruptures and abuses. This body of research also investigated those relationships that didn’t fit neatly into the church’s definition of proper marriage.
Giulio Douhet, airpower theorist
Authors: Hippler Thomas
Published: April 2023

Giulio Douhet is one of the most important, if not the most important, early air strategists in the world, and he is considered the first to have developed a coherent doctrine of strategic airpower. Since the 1920s his name has become synonymous with the terror bombing of civilian populations, and Douhet has thus been a constant reference for further attempts to think about strategic bombing. He was born in 1869 and, following a family tradition, joined the army as an artillery officer. From 1910 onward he became interested in aeronautical matters. During the First World War he held several staff positions but did not gain firsthand war experience. Trialed, demoted, and imprisoned, he was rehabilitated in 1920. Actively involved with Italian Fascism, he lived as a writer and journalist up to his death in 1930. His seminal work, Il dominio dell’aria, was published in 1921 and in an augmented second edition in 1927 and was translated into English in 1942. Most of his vast intellectual production, however, is still little known outside Italy, both his beginnings as liberal thinker with a cosmopolitan outlook before Italy joined the war in 1915 and his later ideas about tactics and strategy of aerial warfare and his early ideas of “deterrence.” During the First World War and the 1920s, he advocated the creation of an independent air force, which gave rise to animated discussions with and, indeed, harsh criticism from military and naval circles. Within the Italian air force, Amedeo Mecozzi positioned himself from the 1920s onward as the “anti-Douhet.” During the tenure of Fascist leader Italo Balbo as secretary of state and later minister for aviation, Douhet’s ideas became a central point of reference, both positively and negatively, for the very animated discussions inside Italian air circles. Douhet’s work has been translated into many languages, including English. During the Second World War and in the immediate aftermath, Douhet’s early theorizing of a strategic employment of airpower gained him prominence, especially in the English-speaking world.
Crimean War, 1853–1856
Authors: Lambert Andrew
Published: April 2023

The Crimean War (1853–1856) transformed the “Eastern question”—the future of the declining Ottoman Turkish Empire—into a conflict involving three European great powers, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, while the other great powers, Austria and Prussia along with the United States, were diplomatically engaged. The war also affected the interests of Sweden-Norway, Denmark, Piedmont-Sardinia, Greece, Japan, and China. While it was a limited war, the nature and scale of Russia’s defeat exposed the inability of a preindustrial empire with a servile population to compete with technologically advanced industrial nation-states, supported by powerful economic and industrial sectors and inclusive politics. The military campaign in Crimea dominates most narratives, reflecting the scale of casualties rather than strategic significance. Sevastopol was destroyed to prevent Russia from launching an amphibious assault on Istanbul and the Bosphorus Strait. The war was waged all round the Black Sea, the Baltic, and the White Sea and on the Pacific coast of Imperial Russia, striking Russian naval bases and seagoing trade: Anglo-French troops were never deployed more than a day’s march from the coast and depended entirely on sea-based logistics as well as naval gunfire support,. Outside Crimea allied casualties were minimal—a reality that avoided sensationalist newspaper coverage but distorted perceptions of the conflict. After the fall of Sevastopol in September 1855, the British mobilized a massive sea-based force to threaten St. Petersburg, the Imperial Russian capital, at a time when economic warfare had rendered Russia structurally bankrupt. Moderate allied peace terms secured the support of neutral Austria, which demanded that Russia accept them. Russia accepted defeat, before launching a major transformation of the empire, the economy, and communication and transport systems. The Ottoman Empire survived for another fifty years, while France promoted a new European system that favored the principle of nationalities. Britain celebrated victory by reviewing the fleet built to attack St. Petersburg, a public statement of deterrence. Piedmont-Sardinia joined the war to secure a seat at the peace conference, where it advanced the cause of a united Italy. In Britain military and administrative failures raised questions about the role of the aristocracy in war and government. The conflict affected popular culture in Britain and France, creating new ideas of heroism, notably that of nurses following the high-profile work of Florence Nightingale. The impact of this conflict on the tactics, strategy and weapons, and facial hair styles of the American Civil War (1861–65) has never been fully appreciated.
Roman Republic
Authors: Elliott Simon
Published: April 2023

The Roman military machine is so well known to us today it is easy to take its rise to dominance in the ancient world for granted. However, its origins were complex and have their roots deep within the Roman Republic, and even earlier. Indeed, Rome’s rise to greatness was never guaranteed and was a painstaking process featuring many setbacks. These challenges were interspersed with long periods of consolidation. It was during the latter that Rome assimilated many of the ideas, both cultural and practical, of its opponents, an ability that helps explain the longevity of both the Republic and later Empire. This trend is particularly evident during the former, when even in the most frightful circumstances Rome often showed true grit to come back from adversity and ultimately win long and drawn-out conflicts. Republican Rome’s opponents often never understood this unique combination, to absorb an opponent’s ideas and to never give in. Carthage and a succession of Hellenistic kingdoms paid for this in blood, and ultimately their freedom. The below narrative initially features a chronologically based series of themes reviewing the military history of the Roman Republic, before covering specific Republican Roman and opposing military establishments. Note that where any opponents are not covered in this latter section, they will have been considered earlier in the reading list.
Boundaries
Authors: Nesi Giuseppe , Turrini Paolo
Published: April 2023

Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention famously includes “a defined territory” among the four qualifications for statehood. This requirement is seen as reflective of customary law by many, whereas others hold the view that a defined territory is a pre-legal condition for exercising sovereignty in a community of equal states. Even if this can be doubted, based on the observation that some territorial entities in world history have fared well even with no clear understanding of their precise borders, it is true that the current international society has accepted the idea that boundaries are necessary. All in all, the idea that a “defined territory” is a prerequisite for statehood must allow for the possibility of some segments of the frontier line being undetermined (here and in the following we use the words “boundary,” “border,” and “frontier” interchangeably). This bibliography lists a number of items as starting references for research on the concept of a boundary, its history, its application in specific geographical contexts, and its role in interstate disputes (having in mind that the distinction between boundary and territorial disputes is a matter of quantity rather than quality). The point of view is primarily legal, but other perspectives—sociological, historical, geographical, anthropological, and political, inter alia—have given rise to a copious literature, including no less than five journals devoted to borders and border areas (Journal of Borderlands Studies; International Journal of Migration and Border Studies; Border and Regional Studies; Borders in Globalization Review; and Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies). Since these approaches may be fruitful in light of what is usually known as cross-fertilization among different disciplines, non-legal studies are occasionally referred to, convinced as we are that lawyers should not ignore the origins, consequences, and other “surroundings” of their objects of study. Conversely, we leave out those subjects that are extensively covered by other Oxford Bibliographies articles, such as “Territorial Title”, “Secession,” and, save for some scattered bibliographic elements, “Uti Possidetis Iuris” (but other entries are quoted below). Some internal cross-references, to be found in introductory paragraphs and elsewhere, are present, given the unavoidable overlapping between sections.
Museums
Authors: Black Barbara
Published: April 2023

The nineteenth century gave birth to a new type of institution, the civic museum. While the human inclination to collect may be transhistorical, transcultural, and, indeed, fundamental to us as a species, Victorian England offers a distinctive case study regarding projects of civic, large-scale acquisition—that is, collecting with the objective of exhibiting and display. The building of museums became a central cultural enterprise in 19th-century England. Museums and their construction were indispensable to the construction of the nation’s identity as the century’s premier global power, with London emerging as a world city at this time. The Victorian cityscape cannot be understood without considering the museum and its ties to modernity, growth, and expansion—its institutional aim to build a citizenry befitting the politically powerful nation, to foster a strong and binding sense of citizenship and national belonging. The century’s many public museums were a consequence of post–French Revolution energies directed toward the democratization of luxuries, specifically the transforming of formerly private troves of the nobility, aristocracy, and church into public collections that were meant to be enjoyed by a wide and diverse public. The Industrial Revolution also fueled Victorian museum culture, developing construction capacities necessary for large-scale buildings as well as reproduction technologies that permitted collections to grow by way of plaster casts and copies. In this age of builders, the public museum speaks to the Victorian investment in engineering most broadly and, more specifically, in a built environment that features modern comfort and convenience. Victorian science, developing conceptions about knowledge and education, and the growing popularity of tourism fueled as well the museum-building enterprise. In particular, such disciplines as ethnography, historiography, archaeology, art history, and Darwinian evolutionary biology relied upon collecting. A Victorian ideal was the universal survey museum, which—much like its sister institutions of the zoo, the botanical gardens, and the panorama—aimed to contain all the world under one roof. In this regard, Victorian museums operated by means of a distinctive blend of miniature and gigantic, allowing visitors a potent form of mental travel through both time and place. A pillar in the public sphere, civic museums were committed to education and outreach; many of Victorian London’s grand museums promoted the founding of circulating or satellite museums, which brought the knowledge, pleasures, and instruction that arise from curation and exhibition to both the provinces and colonies.
Carson McCullers
Authors: Dews Carlos
Published: April 2023

Lula Carson Smith McCullers (b. 1917–d. 1967), known most commonly as Carson McCullers, was an American novelist, writer of short stories, essayist, playwright, poet, and children’s author, born and raised in Columbus, Georgia, who spent most of her adult life outside the South, primarily in New York City. McCullers left her native region permanently with the publication of her first novel in 1940, when she was only twenty-three years old. Heralded as a wunderkind following the success of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, she went on to write four more novels, Reflections in a Golden Eye (1941), The Member of the Wedding (1946), The Ballad of the Sad Café (1951), and Clock Without Hands (1961). McCullers also found success on the stage with the award-winning production of her first play, The Member of the Wedding (1950), a stage adaptation of her novel, that ran for 501 performances on Broadway. A second play, The Square Root of Wonderful (1958), was not well received by critics and closed after only forty-five performances. McCullers’s work has proven popular for adaptation. With the exception of Clock Without Hands, all her novels have been adapted for the screen and some of her short stories, including “A Domestic Dilemma,” “A Tree. A Rock. A Cloud,” and “The Sojourner,” have been adapted as short films or for television. Due to a misdiagnosed and improperly treated case of childhood rheumatic disease, McCullers was plagued with ill health for most of her life. She had a series of increasingly debilitating strokes beginning in her early twenties that continued and ultimately led to her death on 29 September 1967 at age fifty. McCullers’s legacy seems secure, due in large part to the continued critical and popular interest in her work, especially The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, selected in a 1998 list by the Modern Library as the seventeenth of the one hundred most important 20th-century novels, and by Time magazine as one of the top one hundred novels published between 1923 and 2005. McCullers, elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1952, was a part of a group of writers from the American South seen as the literary representatives of the region in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Critical response to McCullers’s work is characterized by attention to her consideration of adolescence; disability; loneliness and the search for belonging, love, and understanding; gender and sexual identity; racial discrimination and racism; empathy; the outsider; freaks and freakishness; and what many mislabel as the Southern gothic or grotesque aspects of her work.
Observational (Non-Randomized) Studies
Authors: Rosenbaum Paul
Published: April 2023

In 1965, the statistician William G. Cochran defined an observational study as an attempt to draw inferences about the effects caused by a treatment, a policy, a program, an exposure, or an intervention in a context in which randomized experimentation is not possible for practical or ethical reasons. A “treatment” or “control” condition is something that could, in principle, be imposed or withheld; however, in most observational studies, there are overwhelming ethical or practical barriers to imposing the treatment on human subjects for experimental purposes. For instance, the treatment may be harmful, such as the sudden death of a spouse and its possible effects on depression, or a potentially traumatic event and its possible effects as a cause of post-traumatic stress syndrome. Alternatively, the treatment might be a prison sentence that is imposed by a court, in a typical context in which it is neither reasonable nor realistic to alter the prison sentence for research purposes. Observational studies became distinct from experiments when Sir Ronald Fisher invented randomized experimentation. In a randomized experiment, individuals are assigned to treatment or control by a truly random mechanism, perhaps by flips of a fair coin, or more commonly today by random numbers generated by a computer. Randomized treatment assignment ensures that there is no systematic reason that certain types of people receive treatment and other types receive control; it is simply luck. The benefits of randomized treatment assignment are absent in observational studies. Treated individuals and controls may differ systematically prior to treatment, so a difference in outcomes observed after treatment may not be an effect caused by the treatment. Some pretreatment differences are visible in data; others are not. Treated individuals might typically be somewhat older than controls, so treated individuals might be matched to controls of the same age to remove or adjust for that difference in age. There are many methods of adjusting for measured covariates, and matching is the simplest of these. Treated and control individuals may also differ prior to treatment in terms of covariates that were not measured, and it is not possible to match or adjust for an unmeasured covariate. Most of the controversy that commonly attends an observational study consists of debate about possible biases from the failure to adjust for some unmeasured covariate. Most of the creative effort in designing a successful observational study focuses on addressing possible biases from unmeasured covariates.
Flood Ecology
Authors: Paudel Shishir , Benavides Juan C.
Published: April 2023

Flooding is a condition in which the terrestrial surface, streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands can no longer hold the discharge of water, and the excess water spreads out to the adjoining structures. Often such spreads bring ecological, environmental, economic, and societal destruction and disaster. Therefore flooding, as one of the major destructive natural disturbances in general, comes with a negative connotation. Although flooding can happen in a multitude of ways, from an ecological point of view, low to mild natural flooding (“regular flooding”) is a natural process in many terrestrial and transition zones (e.g., coastal transitions), provides several ecosystem services, and is an essential factor affecting the structure, function, and the health of coastal and riverine ecosystems, including floodplains. For instance, regular or predictable flooding is significant to maintaining healthy floodplain soils and vegetation that provide multiple resources to surrounding communities. However, the extent, intensity, direction, timing, and duration of flooding in a landscape would determine the ecological functions versus disaster. This article focuses on historical to recent literature on flooding ecology, types of flooding, and effects of flooding on different components of natural ecosystems. Because flooding ecology and its impact on agriculture and humanity deserve their separate bibliography, this bibliography deals only with the human and socioeconomic aspects of flooding.
New Age Judaism
Authors: Werczberger Rachel
Published: April 2023

New Age Judaism, sometimes also called “Jewish Renewal” or “neo-Hasidism,” is an umbrella term used here to describe the loose assemblage of various cultural initiatives and collective individual practices that have emerged in North America and in Israel since the late 1960s under the influence of the counterculture and later the New Age spiritualities. In the framework of American Judaism, New Age Judaism is often used to refer to the style of discourse and practice offered by the Jewish Renewal movement founded and led by the late Rabbi Schachter-Shalomi (b. 1924–d. 2014). However, in this article, the term refers to a much broader phenomenon and includes New Age Kabbalah (neo-Kabbalah); neo-Hasidism; the North American Jewish Renewal movement; New Age–styled hybrid practices such as Torah yoga and Jewish shamanism; and new types of non-affiliated Jewish, spirituality-inclined communities and fellowships. These cultural modalities differ from each other in terms of their commitment to the Jewish law, their emphasis on renewal and personal and collective transformation, and the universalization of Jewish mystical tradition. At the same time they all share the following aspects: a (re)turn to Jewish mystical lore, especially to Kabbalah and Hasidism; eclecticism and hybridity (i.e., openness to non-Jewish spiritual traditions and the willingness to integrate them into the Jewish practice); a critical outlook on institutionalized Judaism; an emphasis on spiritual experiences (i.e., highly personal, subjective, and unmediated experiences of the sacred); and a therapeutic approach and a focus on self-help, self-realization, and development. Some scholars suggest that New Age Judaism is the product of the global New Age culture and postmodern spiritualities pointing to intersection of this new form of Jewish discourse and practice with the broader contemporary spiritualties. Others prefer to study it through the notion of “Jewish spirituality” and its relation to Jewish mystical traditions, namely Kabbalah and Hasidism. Because such cognate topics are represented by separate Oxford Bibliographies in Jewish Studies entries, this article does not directly cover Modern Kabbalah, Hasidism, and Bratslav/Breslev Hasidism. Attracting the attention of anthropologists and ethnographers of contemporary Jewish life, New Age Judaism is often studied using ethnographic methods. Other scholarship takes a more textual and philosophical direction and focuses on the writings of leaders of Jewish New Age groups.
Multilingualism in Latino Literature
Authors: Pérez Firmat Gustavo
Published: April 2023

Multilingualism is the term for the cultural and linguistic practices among those whose linguistic repertoire contains two or more languages. Latino pan-ethnicity, which embodies diversity of origins and paths of migration, effects of colonialism, race, color, class and Indigenous linguistic survivals make multilingualism a fundamental part of the Latino experience. In addition to Spanish and English, Latino writers utilize multiple varieties of both languages, as well as dialects and vernaculars. The linguistic hybrid called Spanglish is a major factor in Latino literature, with writers and readers seeing the combination of Spanish and English as emblematic of their dual identities. According to Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldúa, her writing includes standard English, slang, standard Spanish, Mexican Spanish, and pachuco or caló (Chicano urban slang). Miguel Algarín, a founding member of the Nuyorican Poet’s group, spoke of the oral and aural mix of syllable and stress in the mix of Caribbean Spanish and African American English that one hears in New York City. In addition, Latino writers embrace strategies of translation and self-translation. Many speak of the difficulties in attempting to render in a second language incidents and feelings originally experienced in their first language. Self-translators often describe the two versions of their texts as interconnected in ways that move beyond the established concepts of original and translation.
Diversification of Amniotes
Authors: Brocklehurst Neil
Published: April 2023

The amniotes are a clade represented today by the mammals, reptiles, and birds. Together they include more than 25,000 species living today, and a fossil record stretching back to the Carboniferous, 315 million years ago. Amniotes are united by their reproduction; unlike non-amniote tetrapods (hereafter referred to as “amphibians”), they lack a larval stage and protect the embryo by the amniotic egg. The amniotic egg includes extra-embryonic membranes such as the amnion, and structures that permit an exchange of gases and waste between the embryo and the atmosphere. The evolution of this egg gave their reproduction complete independence from water, allowing a fully terrestrial lifestyle to evolve. Along with this adaptation, the shift to a fully terrestrial lifestyle included evolutionary modifications for breathing, feeding, locomotion, and musculature. Amniotes originated during the latter stages of the Carboniferous, between 315 and 330 million years ago according to molecular clock estimates. Their earliest divergence represents the split into two lineages: the Synapsida (represented in the present by the mammals) and the Reptilia or Sauropsida (represented today by the reptiles and birds). Subsequently these two lineages rapidly diversified into a great diversity of species and ecologies that is seen in the fossil record and the present day. Vertebrate terrestrialization is a classic example of adaptive zone invasion followed by phenotypic diversification, and provides a natural laboratory for studying patterns of diversification during such adaptive radiations. Study of these topics has included examinations of species richness and diversification, morphological diversity, as well as in-depth examination of the key innovations that have made amniotes so successful. All this work has been underpinned by more than three decades of analyses of phylogeny and more than a century of work on the fossil record. These researches have given an extensive literature into the diversification of amniotes.
Beyond Skin Rash: Alpelisib-Induced Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Schutte Tim , Zeverijn Laurien J , Geurts Birgit S , de Wit Gijsbrecht F , Kok Marleen , Opdam Frans L
Published: April 2023

Alpelisib is a specific oral PI3K inhibitor used combined with fulvestrant for the treatment of patients with HR+/HER2–/PIK3CA-mutated metastatic breast cancer. Adverse drug reactions with alpelisib are common, including hyperglycemia and rash. Here we describe extraordinary and life-threatening reactions beyond skin rash in two patients with progressive PIK3CA-mutated metastatic cancer in whom alpelisib was initiated. Case-A (vaginal cancer): After 10 days on treatment, she developed dry eyes, generalized rash and itching. Alpelisib was interrupted and symptomatic treatment initiated. Because of an initial tumor response, a rechallenge was done. Ninety minutes after a reduced dose of alpelisib, she developed an anaphylactic reaction with angioedema, hypotension, and skin rash. Case-B (breast cancer): After 11 days on treatment, she developed skin rash and alpelisib was interrupted. At re-initiation, she felt tingles in her face and ears and some skin erythema. Given the mild rash, a second rechallenge with premedication was performed. Ninety minutes after a reduced dose of alpelisib, she developed a type-1 allergic reaction with angioedema, tingles, and skin rash. In both cases, a type-1 allergic reaction was diagnosed and symptomatic treatment was initiated, alpelisib was permanently discontinued and the patients fully recovered the next week(s). This report underlines the critical importance to consider type-I allergic reactions in the differential diagnosis in cases of rash associated with alpelisib. Even if a reaction develops after days on treatment, a type-I allergic reaction cannot be excluded. A rechallenge can be dangerous and should always be well contemplated or even avoided.
The Mutational, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Landscape of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Authors: Liu Man , Li Na , Tang Hongzhen , Chen Luohai , Liu Xuemei , Wang Yu , Lin Yuan , Luo Yanji , Wei Shaozhen , Wen Wenli , Chen Minhu , Wang Jiaqian , Zhang Ning , Chen Jie
Published: April 2023

Background

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent clinically and genetically heterogeneous malignancies, thus a comprehensive understanding of underlying molecular characteristics, prognostic signatures, and potential therapeutic targets is urgently needed.

Methods

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and immunohistochemistry were applied to acquire genomic and immune profiles of NENs from 47 patients.

Results

Difference was distinguished based on differentiation grade and primary localization. Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) harbored distinct molecular features; we observed that tumor mutational burden (TMB) and tumor neoantigen burden (TNB) were significantly higher in NECs versus NETs. Notably, we identified a 7-gene panel (MLH3, NACA, NOTCH1, NPAP1, RANBP17, TSC2, and ZFHX4) as a novel prognostic signature in NENs; patients who carried mutations in any of the 7 genes exhibited significantly poorer survival. Furthermore, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and germline homogeneity in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are common in NENs, accounting for 39% and 36%, respectively. Notably, HLA LOH was an important prognostic biomarker for a subgroup of NEN patients. Finally, we analyzed clinically actionable targets in NENs, revealing that TMB high (TMB-H) or gene mutations in TP53, KRAS, and HRAS were the most frequently observed therapeutic indicators, which granted eligibility to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and targeted therapy.

Conclusion

Our study revealed heterogeneity of NENs, and identified novel prognostic signatures and potential therapeutic targets, which directing improvements of clinical management for NEN patients in the foreseeable future.