bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EQUILIBRIUM OF A THIN COMPRESSIBLE MEMBRANE
Authors: Hay G. E.
Published: April 2011

An investigation has been made of the equilibrium of a thin incompressible elastic membrane lying between two rigid bodies, one fixed and the other mobile. The present paper concerns the corresponding problem for a compressible membrane.Membranes are divided mathematically into four classes according as their compressibility is (i) finite, (ii) small, (iii) very small, (iv) so small that the membrane may be considered as incompressible. The movable boundary is assigned a rigid body displacement. By the introduction of approximation based on the thinness of the membrane a determination of the resulting stress, strain and displacement is made for each of the above four classes of membranes.
THE EQUILIBRIUM OF A THIN COMPRESSIBLE MEMBRANE WITH APPLICATION TO THE PERIODONTAL MEMBRANE
Authors: Hay G. E.
Published: April 2011

The equilibrium of a thin compressible elastic membrane has been considered. In the present work the theory developed in that paper (3) is applied to the periodontal membrane which lies between the tooth and the jaw-bone.For simplicity, a tooth is considered of which the root is a right circular cone, the thickness of the membrane being assumed constant. A load is applied to the tooth in a plane containing the axis of the root and a determination is made of the resulting stress in the membrane and displacement of the tooth.It is also found that the periodontal membrane holds the tooth in place in a way different from that commonly accepted by dentists.
MEASUREMENT OF SMALL OPTICAL ACTIVITIES WITH THE QUARTZ CRYSTAL LIGHT MODULATOR
Authors: McKinley D. W. R.
Published: April 2011

An experimental procedure is described for using the quartz crystal light modulator as an instrument for measuring very small optical rotations of the plane of polarization. The accuracy of the measurement is of the order of 10 sec. of arc, and the method is capable of still greater precision.An elementary analysis of the crystal behaviour explains the fundamental and second harmonic components of light intensity present in the modulated beam of light.
THE ALKALOIDS OF SENECIO SPECIES: III. SENECIO INTEGERRIMUS, S. LONGILOBUS, S. SPARTIOIDES AND S. RIDELLII
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Senecionine is the main alkaloid of Senecio integerrimus, but a small amount of a new alkaloid, integerrimine (C18H25O5N), was also found. S. longilobus contains longilobine (C18H23O5N) and S. ridellii contains ridelliine (C18H23O6N), both alkaloids being new. In addition to the main alkaloid of S. spartioides, which was identified as seneciphylline, a minor base, spartioidine (C18H23O5N), apparently new, was obtained. Hydrolysis of the new alkaloids that were available in sufficient quantity for this purpose yielded, in all cases, retronecine and a new necic acid. A structural formula for senecic acid is proposed.It has been shown that chemical examination of Senecio spp. may be used as an aid to botanical classification.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DETERMINATION OF IRON AND COPPER IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETRY
Authors: Parker W. E. , Griffin F. P.
Published: April 2011

The dipyridyl method of estimating available iron has been modified so that it can be applied directly to coloured extracts of plant tissues. By combining the dipyridyl method for iron with the carbamate method for copper, interference of iron with the copper determination has been eliminated and the simultaneous estimation of iron and copper on the same simple made possible.
THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: IV. THE ROLE OF FREE RADICALS IN THE DECOMPOSITION OF n-BUTANE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Folkins H. O.
Published: April 2011

An investigation has been made of the inhibition of free radical chain processes in the decomposition of n-butane by the addition of nitric oxide. The method was to initiate chains in butane at low temperatures by means of ethylene oxide, and then to investigate the efficiency of nitric oxide in suppressing these chains.It was found that nitric oxide is not completely efficient as a chain breaker, inasmuch as sensitization by ethylene oxide persisted in the presence of large amounts of nitric oxide. It is therefore concluded that maximum inhibition of organic decomposition reactions by nitric oxide does not in all cases correspond to complete suppression of chains, and hence the real chain length in such reactions may be greater than that inferred from the results of the nitric oxide inhibition method.
A STUDY OF THE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PYRROLE WITH ISATIN AND THE APPLICATION OF THE METHOD TO BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
Authors: Guest G. H. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

Fromm's method for the determination of minute amounts of pyrrole has been modified and applied to the determination of pyrrole produced by the dry distillation of various substances. The pyrrole obtained from gelatin is derived entirely from the proline and hydroxyproline which it contains. Enzymatic, acid, or alkali hydrolyzates of gelatin, gliadin, and glutenin, contain no detectable amount of free pyrrole. Sodium peroxide markedly increases the yield of pyrrole obtained in the dry distillation of gelatin. The addition of copper sulphate catalyzes the oxidation of proline to pyrrole by sodium peroxide.
A NOTE ON THE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PROLINE
Authors: Guest G. H.
Published: April 2011

A colorimetric method for the determination of proline is described. The procedure involves the oxidation of proline with lead peroxide and the condensation of the oxidation product with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to give a red compound. The oxidation product can, if desired, be separated by steam distillation before applying the colour reaction. The method is limited in application to proteins which contain little or no hydroxyproline. By this method casein is found to contain 7.94% of proline.
PRESSURE, VOLUME, TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF ETHYLENE IN THE CRITICAL REGION. II.
Authors: McIntosh R. L. , Dacey J. R. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The data of a previous publication have been extended. Nine pressure isothermals of the one component system ethylene in the critical region are given. Further evidence of the existence of a two phase system above the temperature of meniscus disappearance as normally determined is presented. The existence of a latent heat of vaporization above this temperature is pointed out. An explanation of the hysteresis of liquid phase density with temperature at constant volume is offered, and a qualitative description of the changes occurring in the transition region of liquid to gas is developed from the experimental evidence.
FRACTIONATION OF THE CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF MAPLE SYRUP
Authors: Sair Louis , Snell J. F.
Published: April 2011

A method of fractionating the chloroform soluble constituents of maple syrup has been devised. Marked differences were observed among Quebec syrups of different years. Fat constituted half the weight of the extract of the 1935 syrup but was completely absent in the 1936, and present in very small quantity in the 1937, product. Crystals of carbonyl compounds having vanillin odour were isolated from bisulphite fractions of the 1935 and 1936 extracts, but the crystals from the two years' syrups differed from each other in melting point and chemical behaviour. Vanillin was not found. An odourless fraction constituting 35% in 1935 and 65% in 1936 had a composition and a behaviour similar to those of lignin. The substance chiefly responsible for maple odour is indicated to be an enolic viscous oil, volatile at 0.03 mm., and present in the 1936 and 1937 syrups in the proportions of 0.6 gm. per 100 gal. of syrup, or about 1 p.p.m.
CALYCANTHINE: IV. A STRUCTURAL FORMULA
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

The alkaloid calycanthine (C22H26N4), when degraded with selenium, yields a mixture of norharman, lepidine, skatole, β-ethyl-indole and a base. Heating calycanthine with palladium liberates ammonia. Benzoylation followed by oxidation brings about scission of the molecule into benzoyl-N-methyl-tryptamine and an acidic fragment which contains a benzoylated nitrogen, and another nitrogen, presumably included in a ring. A chemical structure which will account for these results is suggested. On the basis of the suggested formula, the foregoing acidic fragment should contain a hydroquinoline nucleus and it should be possible to dehydrogenate it to quinoline. Such is found to be the case. The formula suggested by Barger, Madinaveitia, and Streuli (1) is discussed.
DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC SURFACE OF FIBROUS MATERIALS
Authors: Wiggins E. J. , Campbell W. B. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The Kozeny equation relating specific surface and permeability of a bed of unconsolidated particles has been shown to be applicable to fibrous materials such as glass, wool, and celanese. The diameters of the constituent fibre may be as small as 0.0006 cm., while their ratio of length to diameter may be indefinitely large. Uniformity of size or of packing is not essential.
THE REACTION OF HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM ATOMS WITH PROPANE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Parlee N. A. D.
Published: April 2011

The reaction of hydrogen atoms with propane has been investigated over the temperature range 30° to 250 °C. by the Wood-Bonhoeffer method. The products are solely methane at low temperatures, and methane, ethane, and ethylene at higher temperatures.It is concluded that the results can be explained only by the assumption that the reaction[Formula: see text]is of importance. The bearing of this on the Rice-Herzfeld mechanisms is discussed. The activation energy of the reaction is 10 ± 2 Kcal.The main steps in the postulated mechanism are:Primary Reaction[Formula: see text]Secondary Reactions at Low Temperatures[Formula: see text]Additional Secondary Reactions at High Temperatures[Formula: see text]The reaction of deuterium atoms with propane was also investigated. It was found that the methane and ethane produced were highly deuterized, while the propane was not appreciably exchanged.
THE ALKALOIDS OF PAPAVERACEOUS PLANTS: XXIII. GLAUCIUM FLAVUM CRANTZ
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

An exhaustive examination of Glaucium flavum has revealed the presence of luteanine, isocorydine, aurotensine, and alkaloid F47 (not yet characterized), in addition to the two alkaloids already known to be present, namely, protopine and glaucine.
EVAPORATION IN AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY
Authors: Alty T.
Published: April 2011

not available
SOME PEZICULA SPECIES AND THEIR CONIDIAL STAGES
Authors: Groves J. Walton
Published: April 2011

The following species of Pezicula have been cultured and the genetic connection of their conidial stages has been established; Pezicula carpinea (Pers.) Tul. with the conidial stage Cryptosporiopsis fasciculata (Tode) Petr., Pezicula pruinosa Farl. with the conidial stage Sphaeronema pruinosum Peck, Pezicula Corni with the conidial stage Cryptosporiopsis cornina (Peck) Petr. and Syd., Pezicula Rubi (Lib.) Niessl with the conidial stage Discosporiella phaeosora (Sacc.) Petr., and Pezicula Hamamelidis n. sp. with the conidial stage a Cryptosporiopsis species.The form of the conidial spore is relatively constant in the different species, but the form of the conidial fruiting body is variable.
VIBRIO AMYLOCELLA, N. SP., A SOIL ORGANISM THAT DECOMPOSES CELLULOSE AND PRODUCES GLUCOSE FROM STARCH
Authors: Gray P. H. H.
Published: April 2011

Vibrio amylocella, n. sp., isolated from soil, attacks cellulose, starch, dextrin, and sugars. It does not grow in mediums containing beef extract. It can obtain its nitrogen from peptone, amino-acids, and mineral salt compounds, when supplied with a suitable source of carbon. Glucose is formed from starch and dextrin in liquid cultures, and accumulates in a starch medium containing ammonium chloride, but is utilized completely when potassium nitrate is supplied. The accumulation of glucose is related to the development of acidity, which renders the organism non-viable. Calcium carbonate depresses diastatic action and enables the organism to utilize the glucose formed.The diastatic enzyme of V. amylocella is more active apart from the organism than in its presence. The organism is more active in starch hydrolysis than some common diastatic organisms.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: I. ROOTING OF CUTTINGS TAKEN FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER REGIONS OF A NORWAY SPRUCE TREE
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Cuttings from the upper and lower regions of a Norway spruce tree were treated with talc only, and with talc containing 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid. Ten weeks after being planted in sand, 43% of the upper and 75% of the lower cuttings were rooted. Hormone treatment increased the number of roots per rooted cutting but decreased the mean length of root. Lower cuttings produced twice the length of root of the upper cuttings, and the mean length of individual roots was also significantly greater. Nineteen weeks after being planted, the cuttings not rooted at 10 weeks were re-inspected, and gave final rooting values for the experiment of 48% for upper cuttings and 86% for lower. Physiological differences are consequently suggested in cuttings taken from the upper and lower regions.
SEPTORIA CANKER OF INTRODUCED AND NATIVE HYBRID POPLARS
Authors: Bier J. E.
Published: April 2011

Studies have shown that Septoria musiva Peck, a North American fungus which occurs commonly as a leaf-spotting parasite on native poplars, produces cankers, in addition to leaf injury, on certain introduced poplars (Populus Rasumowskyana Schneid., P. Petrowskyana Schneid., and P. berolinensis Dipp.), and the native hybrids, Northwest and Saskatchewan poplar.Field observations and inoculation experiments demonstrated that most of the inoculum for spring infection arises from ascospores of a Mycosphaerella stage, and that the fungus enters the stems through mechanical wounds uninjured lenticels, leaf petioles, or stipules. Incipient cankers occur in the bark of the current year's wood, soon girdling leading and side shoots. They later spread from lateral branches into the main stem, developing into perennial cankers which ultimately girdle and kill the trees.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPARASITIC FAUNA OF TRINIDAD MAMMALS: VI. PARASITES OF EDENTATES
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

Of the internal parasites from two species of anteaters and an armadillo from Trinidad, B.W.I., five species of nematodes are described as new to science, viz., Lauroia trinidadensis, Delicata pseudoappendiculata, Longistriata cristata, L. urichi, and Pintonema tamandua.
IMPROVED POLE PIECE CONSTRUCTION OF THE OBJECTIVE LENS OF A MAGNETIC ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Prebus Albert
Published: April 2011

The paper is a description of a new form of pole piece devised for the electron microscope developed at the University of Toronto.
CADMIUM PHOTOSENSITIZED REACTIONS OF ETHYLENE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Potvin Roger
Published: April 2011

An investigation has been made of the cadmium photosensitized reactions of ethylene and of ethylene-hydrogen mixtures. With ethylene alone the quantum yield of the reaction is very low, viz., about 0.01. With ethylene-hydrogen mixtures the quantum yield is about 0.5 to 0.7 depending upon the conditions. The products of the reaction are methane, ethane, propane, butane, propylene, and higher hydrocarbons. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed and compared with that of the mercury photosensitized reaction. It is concluded that the main steps of the reaction in the presence of hydrogen are[Formula: see text]together with radical recombination reactions, and reactions of the type[Formula: see text]
SOLID SOLUTIONS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND WATER
Authors: Giguère P. A. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An attempt has been made to determine the exact composition of the first crystals that separate out on freezing solutions of hydrogen peroxide and water of various concentrations. Special care was taken to ensure complete removal of any liquid wetting the solid phase. In all cases the crystals were found to contain both components and in proportions usually different from those in the mother-liquor. Owing to the limitations of the experimental method used, the results are only approximate, but they afford ample evidence for the existence of solid solutions. The possibility of hydrogen peroxide forming solid solutions with water is discussed from the standpoint of the crystal structure of both components.
MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY IN THE CRITICAL REGION. ETHYLENE
Authors: Mason S. G. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A precision oscillating disc viscometer has been constructed with a view to studying viscosities of systems at the critical temperature and critical pressure. A new method of computing logarithmic decrements is described and a number of results obtained with ethylene are presented. Of particular interest is the transition in viscosity on an isochore through the critical temperature.
THE HEATS OF ADSORPTION AND WETTING OF MERCERIZED CELLULOSES BY SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS, WATER, AND METHYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Morrison J. L. , Campbell W. Boyd , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The heats of adsorption and wetting by aqueous sodium hydroxide, water, and methyl alcohol have been determined for celluloses mercerized at several different alkali concentrations. A quantity named the "heat of mercerization" has been determined, and it is considered to be a measure of the irreversible effects that distinguish mercerized from standard cotton cellulose, such as changed crystal lattice and enhanced internal surface. The extent of the latter change for the various mercerized celluloses has been shown by the heat of wetting measurements with water and methyl alcohol.
LINOLENIC ACID AND ITS ISOMERS
Authors: McCutcheon J. W.
Published: April 2011

The preparation of linolenic acid by a modification of Rollett's method is described. The melting point of the solid hexabromide is placed at 181.9 °C. The boiling point, specific gravity, iodine value, and refractive index of the ethyl ester, and the melting point of the free acid, were determined. A soft white gummy hexabromide of melting point 145° to 150 °C. was isolated from the ethyl ether soluble hexabromides in proportions approaching that obtained for the solid isomer. Reduction of the so-called liquid hexabromostearic acid gave a product that could not be differentiated from the solid derivative. These facts support the general theory regarding the isomerism noted in the bromo derivatives of the non-conjugated unsaturated fatty acids, and indicate that the so-called a- and β-linolenic acids are identical. No attempt is made to assign any particular cis-trans configuration to this acid, nor to exclude the theoretical existence of seven others.
THE PROBLEM OF PLASTEIN FORMATION: II. THE CHEMICAL CHANGES INVOLVED IN PLASTEIN FORMATION BY PAPAIN AND BY PEPSIN
Authors: Collier H. B.
Published: April 2011

It has been confirmed that free amino and carboxyl groups disappear during plastein formation from concentrated proteose by crystalline pepsin. Using papain, the changes are obscured by simultaneous hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the plasteins results in the liberation of free amino and carboxyl groups.Reactive "tyrosine" decreases during plastein formation by either enzyme. The same groups are liberated on enzymatic hydrolysis of the plasteins, in a manner analogous to that which takes place in the hydrolysis of typical proteins.It is concluded that in so far as the changes in amino, carboxyl, and "tyrosine" groups are concerned, the plasteins are similar to typical proteins. It is further suggested that the phenolic hydroxyl groups of tyrosine play an essential role in the structure of the protein molecule.Benzaldehyde was found to have no effect on the formation of plastein from proteose by crystalline pepsin.
THE VISCOSITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE CRITICAL REGION
Authors: Naldrett S. N. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the viscosity of carbon dioxide in the critical region have been made with great precision by means of an oscillating disc viscosimeter. The variation of viscosity with temperature at constant density has been determined for 14 different densities. Isothermals have been evaluated from a plot of the isochores. One isothermal was determined directly and is in agreement with those determined indirectly.The form of the viscosity-temperature isochores is not the same as that found by Mason and Maass (12) for ethylene, in that there is no minimum at the critical temperature nor even up to 7 °C. above. For the region just above the condensation temperature, the viscosity is more dependent on density than on temperature; the isochores are almost flat and are well separated. However, the isothermals are spread between an upper and a lower limit of density, showing that viscosity is not entirely independent of temperature. Time lags were observed in the present investigation in the opposite direction to those observed by Geddes and Maass (9); this would appear to decrease the strength of their claims that the time lags that they observed are due to the formation of a structure in the liquid state.
THE PHOSPHORUS AND IODINE CONTENTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FISH OILS
Authors: Heddle R. D. , Brawn J. S.
Published: April 2011

The amounts of phosphorus and iodine in various British Columbia fish oils have been determined. It has been found that the concentration of phosphorus in the various fish oils is too low to exert much of an antioxidant effect, that samples of fish oil from different localities differ widely in their iodine content, and that fish oils are a relatively high source of iodine.
THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF SEVERAL PLANT RUSTS
Authors: Brown A. M.
Published: April 2011

Experiments conducted under greenhouse conditions have shown that Uromyces Trifolii hybridi, U. Fabae, and Phragmidium speciosum are heterothallic. All of these rusts produce well developed pycnia. One of them, Uromyces Fabae, may shorten its life-cycle by omitting aecia or may produce uredia and aecia in association.By similar experiments it has been found that Puccinia coronata Elaeagni, P. Grindeliae and P. Xanthii are homothallic. Ashworth's conclusion that P. Malvacearum is homothallic has been confirmed. In all of these rusts, single sporidia give rise spontaneously to binucleate infections. P. Malvacearum, P. Xanthii, and usually P. Grindeliae lack pycnia, while P. coronata Elaeagni, a rust described as being without pycnia, is shown to produce occasional ones.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: V. THE EFFECT OF INDOLYLACETIC ACID AND NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H. , Thistle M. W.
Published: April 2011

Norway spruce cuttings collected in November 1938 were treated, in three experiments, with a series of solutions containing from 1/729 to 400 p.p.m. of indolylacetic acid. The effects, in all concentrations, were reduced rooting and increased mortality. The addition of nutrient salts to the treating solution further reduced rooting and increased mortality of the cuttings. These negative results of solution treatments contrast with beneficial effects already reported for application of indolylacetic acid in talc dust.
QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS: IV. THE RHIZOSPHERE IN RELATION TO THE NUTRITIVE REQUIREMENTS OF SOIL BACTERIA
Authors: West P. M. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

Bacteria of the rhizospheres of flax and tobacco were found to possess more complex nutritive requirements than those in the corresponding control soils. The roots of even young seedlings favour the development of those types that are dependent upon a supply of thiamin, biotin, and amino nitrogen for their growth, thus suggesting that the roots may excrete significant amounts of these stimulative substances. The "rhizosphere effect" was more pronounced with susceptible than with resistant varieties of either flax or tobacco. A greater difference was found to exist between the rhizosphere and the control soil where the latter is poor than where it is richly supplied with organic matter, since liberation of growth substances by plant decomposition permits a limited development of the more typically rhizosphere forms, apart from the zone of influence of the growing plant.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: X. CORRELATIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES WITH NITROGEN FRACTIONS AND WITH MALT EXTRACT, STEEPING TIME, AND MALTING LOSS
Authors: Sallans Henry R. , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Glutelin is the only nitrogen fraction that is significantly correlated with starch, barley extract, and insoluble carbohydrate, between varieties. In each case the correlation coefficient barely attains the 5% level of significance. Within varieties the correlation coefficients for starch and barley extract with glutelin, hordein, and salt-soluble nitrogen are all negative and attain the 1% level of significance. Insoluble carbohydrate shows no intra-varietal associations with any of the nitrogen fractions.Starch and barley extract are very closely associated with malt extract both within and between varieties. Insoluble carbohydrate is closely related to malt extract between but not within varieties. It is shown that Bishop's principle of regularities in the carbohydrate and nitrogen composition within varieties fails to apply to insoluble carbohydrate. Intra-varietal associations of steeping time with starch, r = 0.797, barley extract, r = 0.730, and insoluble carbohydrate, r = −0.782, are not dependent on the total nitrogen of the barleys.Regression coefficients of malt extract on barley extract are homogeneous both within and between varieties, and the average varietal and station regressions do not differ significantly. It is shown that barley extract is more closely related to malt extract than either starch or insoluble carbohydrate, between varieties. Within varieties it affords a more accurate estimate of malt extract than either starch or total nitrogen.
THE EFFECT OF CROP DEBRIS ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF CEREAL ROOT-ROTTING FUNGI
Authors: Tyner L. E.
Published: April 2011

The effect of wheat, oat, and barley straw, composted with soil, on the development of disease on the basal parts of wheat seedlings was studied in a series of greenhouse experiments during three seasons. The pathogens used were Ophiobolus graminis Sacc., Helminthosporium sativum P. K. and B., and Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. The wheat-straw composts were distinctly more favourable to the development of disease than the composts of either oat or barley straw. The least injury occurred on seedlings grown in composts of oat straw. It is suggested that the micro-organisms associated with the decomposition of oat straw bring about some degree of biological control of the plant pathogens also present.Although the amount of straw applied sometimes influenced severity of disease, the effects were not consistent from planting to planting. Apparently the actual carbon to nitrogen ratio had less effect upon disease development than did the chemical nature of the straw.The kind and amount of straw in the composts also influenced seedling vigour. This vigour was, in general, inversely proportional to the degree of infection.The introduction of a short fallow period between plantings decreased infection somewhat and increased vigour.The pathogenicity of the artificial inoculum added at the first planting was practically vitiated before the second planting. Subsequently, the infection ratings tended to increase and were about the same as those in the uninoculated series.
EFFECT OF NUMBERS OF COLONIES PER PLATE ON THE ESTIMATE OF THE BACTERIAL POPULATION IN SOIL
Authors: James Norman , Sutherland Marjorie L.
Published: April 2011

Numbers of colonies of bacteria on plates from two series of 36 plots were found to vary widely on one date of sampling and from day to day. In an attempt to determine the effect of this variation and of introducing a dilution of different strength during the progress of an experiment on the accuracy of estimates, samples were plated in a series of replicate dilutions, with three parallel plates from each. In Experiment 1, four replicate dilutions of one strength were used. The experiment was repeated 120 times and shows that parallel dilutions, prepared by a slightly altered technique, add only very little to the error of the experiment beyond that of the interaction. In Experiment 2, three replicate dilutions of 1:300,000; 1:400,000, and 1:500,000 strengths, respectively, were used. This experiment was repeated 162 times, yielding a final result similar to that from dilutions of one strength. In the third experiment three replicate dilutions of 1:150,000; 1:250,000, and 1:400,000 strengths, respectively, were used. This experiment was repeated 360 times and shows that parallel dilutions, varying to this extent, introduce an appreciable error to the experiment.When counts from the 1:150,000 dilutions were correlated with those from the 1:400,000 dilutions of the same samples, it became obvious that the two systems of diluting do not provide estimates that are interchangeable. This proved true also with counts from five other pairs of dilutions, prepared in Experiments 2 and 3. In each case a curve was fitted to the data from the correlation surface, resulting in a sixth degree curve for the 1:150,000 and 1:400,000 dilutions, third degree curves for four other pairs of dilutions, and a linear relation for one pair.The results show that one dilution does not provide an estimate that agrees with that from another dilution of different strength, except at one count. A system of making estimates by using two dilutions and correcting the counts to provide interchangeable estimates is suggested.The data from Experiment 3 were corrected on this basis and analysed. The corrected data yield an F value for dilutions of different strength about the same as that obtained by the use of parallel dilutions of one strength.
AN ABERRANT STRAIN OF PUCCINIA HELIANTHI SCHW.
Authors: Brown A. M.
Published: April 2011

The aberrant strain of rust here discussed was first observed in haploid infections arising from germinating teliospores of the tuberosus strain of Puccinia Helianthi. The teliospores occurred on a single leaf of Helianthus tuberosus. Teliospores on several other leaves of the same collection were induced to germinate, but their sporidia produced only normal infections. This strain of rust differed from the parent strain in colour, pathogenicity, spore viability, and host range, and was parctically intersterile with it. It also differed in urediospore size, shape, and echinulation, and in ability to withstand warm temperatures. It is suggested that these differences were probably due to a mutation in which the loss or gain of chromatin carrying more than one gene was involved.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VIII. EFFECTS OF MEDIA AND PHYTOHORMONE DUST TREATMENTS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H. , Farrar J. L.
Published: April 2011

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings collected in November were treated with talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, planted in five media including two different sands and mixtures of these with peat humus, and propagated in a greenhouse. While 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid treatment increased survival in sand and there were interactions between media and phytohormone treatments, the marked differences between the various media were the striking feature of the results. Mixtures of peat humus with sand were uniformly superior to sand only. There were also some differences between a fine and a coarse sand, when used either alone or in combination with peat. It may accordingly be concluded that selection of a suitable medium is of great importance in the propagation of Norway spruce cuttings.
THE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF DEVELOPING SALMON EGGS
Authors: Hayes F. R. , Hollett Andrew
Published: April 2011

The glycogen and glucose contents of salmon eggs, detached embryos, yolk sacs, and livers have been estimated periodically from fertilization to the end of yolk absorption. Glycogen is absent at the beginning, appears midway between fertilization and hatching, and later increases steadily in concentration, reaching a maximum of 0.53 mg. per 130 mg. egg. Glycogen storage by the liver begins suddenly some time after hatching, before which the muscles serve as a storage place. No glycogen ever appears in the yolk. The initial quantity of glucose is 0.064 mg. per egg. The concentration increases with development, is interrupted at hatching, and then continues to rise, reaching a maximum value of 0.29 mg. per egg. The glucose is distributed throughout all parts of the system, and its fluctuations parallel those of the water content, leading to the suggestion that the glucose concentration per unit of water is constant throughout development.
APOPHALLUS IMPERATOR SP. NOV., A HETEROPHYID ENCYSTED IN TROUT, WITH A CONTRIBUTION TO ITS LIFE HISTORY
Authors: Lyster L. L.
Published: April 2011

Apophallus imperator sp. nov., (Heterophyidae: Trematoda) is described and figured. It is a potential human parasite of which the metacercarial stage is encysted in Salvelinus fontinalis in the Province of Quebec. The other hosts are unknown; experimentally, it becomes adult in cats and pigeons. The significance of the genus Apophallus and related genera is reviewed and the systematics of Apophallus discussed. Organization of the gonotyl is the only feature accepted as uniformly distinctive of this genus and modifications in that structure are traced and recommended for their significance in specific diagnoses.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: II. CHLORIDE, NITRATE, AND NITRITE CONTENT OF BACON AND PICKLE
Authors: Cook W. H. , White W. H.
Published: April 2011

Analysis of Wiltshire bacon produced in Canadian plants showed that different sides varied in their chloride, nitrate, and nitrite contents, the chloride content being the most uniform. Although the observed variations were statistically significant they do not necessarily affect the quality of the product. An analysis of variance showed that differences between the sides from different plants were the main general source of variation in the chloride and nitrate contents, while the differences between sides from the same plant were the main source of variation in nitrite content. This, and other evidence, indicates that the properties of the individual side affect its nitrite content to a considerable extent.The variation in the composition of the pickles used in different plants was significantly greater than the variations within plants, although the chloride content was relatively uniform throughout. Other curing practices, such as the number of injections used for pumping a side and the time in cure, also varied between different plants. Statistical computations showed that the number of injections used for pumping was correlated with the chloride and nitrite content of the sides, while their nitrate content was correlated with the nitrate content of the pump pickle. Although these factors affected the composition of the product with respect to each constituent, the level of the correlation coefficients was rather low. It is therefore concluded that most of the observed variation in the bacon was contributed by other unmeasured factors, or by inherent differences between the carcasses.The analysis of variance showed significant differences between the content of the three constituents at different samplings. The method of sampling, however, did not permit the true effect of ageing to be distinguished precisely from the effect of systematic differences in position, and the observed differences between samplings might possibly have been due entirely to the effect of position.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: V. QUANTITATIVE BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CURING PICKLES
Authors: Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Five combinations of diluent, salt concentration of medium, and incubation temperature have been used to study the bacterial content of curing pickles used for making Wiltshire bacon. On representative pickles from 16 plants the highest mean count was on 10% salt agar (brine dilution) incubated at 20 °C. The lowest count was on nutrient agar incubated at 37 °C. Counts on media containing no salt, 4% salt, and 10% salt (water dilution) with incubation at 20 °C. gave intermediate values. Counts on spent pickles were higher than on cover pickles. Pump pickles showed a surprisingly high number of organisms.The analytical error attributable to diluting, plating, and counting was relatively small compared with the other sources of variance. Under certain conditions the error of sub-sampling a small jar of pickle exceeds the error between replicate plates. Sampling and sub-sampling errors were therefore the primary factors limiting the precision of the determinations.Statistical analysis of the results showed that the differences in numbers observed by the different methods were highly significant for all pickles from 16 plants, and that the bacterial content of the pickles from the different plants differed significantly over all media. The number of bacteria observed by the different methods was usually correlated, i.e., pickles from a plant showing a high count by one method usually showed a high count by the other methods and vice versa. Nevertheless, it was possible to demonstrate a significant differential response of the bacteria in cover and spent pickles to the different growth conditions used. This suggests qualitative differences in the flora of the pickles. Of the several growth conditions tested, nutrient agar at 20 °C. and 10% salt agar with brine dilutions appear to be the most suitable for demonstrating differential responses attributable to qualitative differences between the flora of different pickles.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON THE USE OF PHENOTHIAZINE AS AN ANTHELMINTIC FOR SHEEP
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

The development and production of a disintegrating tablet as a practical means of employing phenothiazine as an anthelmintic for sheep are further described. Continued critical tests have shown high efficiencies against Oesophagostomum, Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Monodontus, Nematodirus, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, and Chabertia. Tests against single infections with Ostertagia continued to show the complete efficiency of this form of treatment against this parasite. The periods of excretion of destroyed parasites with the faeces are noted. Single doses of phenothiazine did not anaematize animals under treatment.
THE FATE OF PHENOTHIAZINE IN THE SHEEP
Authors: Collier H. B.
Published: April 2011

Methods have been devised for the detection and estimation of phenothiazine and its derivatives in the faeces, urine, blood, and milk of sheep, following oral administration of the drug.Only unchanged phenothiazine was detected in the faeces. In the urine was found a conjugate which was hydrolysed by strong acid in the cold. The conjugate was tentatively identified as potassium leuco phenothiazone sulphate; it was also present in the blood serum and the milk.Catalase is inhibited by leuco phenothiazone, leuco thionol, and thionol, but not by phenothiazone.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XII. EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE COLOUR AND COLOUR STABILITY OF BACON
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

The colour of quadruplicate pieces of factory-cured bacon heated at temperatures of 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C. for 5, 10, 20, and 40 hr. was measured at the conclusion of heating, and also after subsequent exposure of the samples for 12, 20, and 96 hr. at 10 °C. and 95% relative humidity. Interacting effects of time and temperature of heating on colour at the conclusion of treatment were demonstrable. At 40 and 50°, total intensity increased with the duration of heating; at 60 and 70°, there was no definite trend, and at 80° it diminished markedly as the period of heating was prolonged. The maximum average intensity resulted from heating at 70°.The decrease in intensity after 12 hr. exposure was related to the duration, but not to the temperature, of previous heating. There was no significant change in intensity between 12 and 20 hr., but a further decrease was evident at the end of 96 hr. The decrease in green intensity was still related to the duration, rather than to the temperature, of heat treatment, but the effects of duration of heating on red and blue stability, noted at 12 and 20 hr., were now replaced by temperature effects.Partial correlation coefficients indicate that increased nitrite content of the meat at the conclusion of heating tended to be associated with a lower intensity of colour. On the other hand, both nitrite content and loss in weight (chiefly moisture) on heating were correlated with increased colour stability on exposure.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON STRONGYLOIDES AGOUTII IN THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Griffiths Henry J.
Published: April 2011

The suitability and tolerance of the guinea pig to infection with Strongyloides agoutii presented an opportunity for the study of the bionomics of this species in an experimental host.Serial transfer of this nematode through the guinea pig yielded a mixed type (free males and filariform larvae) of free-living development in faecal cultures which occasionally reverted to the indirect mode common to S. agoutii. A reversion to the indirect mode of development was produced when ova from faeces of guinea pigs infected with S. agoutii were cultured in sterile agouti faeces.The termination of the prepatent period of S. agoutii in the guinea pig was shown to range from 7 to 10 days, and 71% of 58 animals were positive by faecal test by the eighth day. The patent period ranged from three to eight weeks.The guinea pig was shown to develop an absolute acquired immunity to re-infection with S. agoutii. This resistance has been retained over a period of at least 6 to 13 months. An age resistance was not observed in animals one year old and over.
A REVISION OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF GONIA MEIGEN (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Morrison Frank O.
Published: April 2011

Twenty American species of Gonia are separated on the basis of the shape of the anal forceps coupled with other characters. Four species, G. grandipulvilli, G. discalis, G. albagenae, and G. tenuiforceps, are described as new. The anal forceps are figured for each species. G. brevipulvilli Tothill is a synonym for G. longiforceps Tothill. A phylogenetic order and grouping of the species is based on the shape of the forceps, season of capture, and habitat. Complete taxonomic history of all categories is given.
PARASITES OF SOME CANADIAN SEA MAMMALS
Authors: Lyster L. L.
Published: April 2011

Four nematodes, two acanthocephalids and specimens of the cestode genus Diphyllobothrium are reported from seals and white whales in Arctic and temperate coastal waters of Canada. Phocascaris netsiki sp. nov. is described from Phoca hispida and observations on flagella in Anisakis simplex are recorded.
THE EFFECTS OF TROPOSPHERIC AND STRATOSPHERIC ADVECTION ON PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
Authors: Penner C. M.
Published: April 2011

Pressure and temperature variations at Sault Ste. Marie during 1938–39 for all levels up to 20 km. have been studied. The pressure extremes are progressively retarded at higher levels in the troposphere, while in the stratosphere the retardation decreases so that the phase becomes more nearly that of the surface pressure. The temperature extremes at greater altitudes in the troposphere are advanced with respect to the surface values. In the stratosphere the temperature variation reverses phase. Pressure and temperature anomalies are discussed in their relation to advection. High surface pressures are accompanied by a warm troposphere and a cold stratosphere. The opposite is true of low surface pressures. Seasonal differences in pressure and temperature variations are discussed.
THE CAPTURE CROSS-SECTION FOR THERMAL NEUTRONS OF CADMIUM, LITHIUM6, BORON10, BARIUM, MERCURY AND HYDROGEN
Authors: Harrington E. L. , Stewart J. L.
Published: April 2011

A comparison method of measuring, by using solutions, the capture cross-sections for thermal neutrons is described. The chief advantages are directness, simplicity, and freedom from uncertainties as to direction of path, or as to the magnitude of the scattering effect. The method is best suited to nuclei of large cross-sections. Assuming the well checked value for the cadmium nucleus to be correct, the capture cross-sections of certain other nuclei were determined. The results for barium and for hydrogen differ widely from values previously published.
THE DIFFUSION OF WATER VAPOUR THROUGH A SLIT IN AN IMPERMEABLE MEMBRANE
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

Starting with the elementary equation for the diffusion of a vapour, an equation is developed giving the relation between the amount of vapour diffusing through a slit in an impermeable membrane and the width of the slit. The results given by this equation are compared with experimental values and a satisfactory agreement is obtained.
BAND SPECTRUM AND STRUCTURE OF THE BCl MOLECULE
Authors: Herzberg G. , Hushley W.
Published: April 2011

The 1Π−1Σ+ system of the BCl molecule has been photographed in the sixth order of a 20 ft. grating. The previous interpretation of the vibrational structure by Miescher (5) is slightly modified. The new formula for the Q heads of the B11Cl35 molecule is[Formula: see text]The fine structure of a number of bands has been measured and analysed, leading to the following accurate values for the rotational constants: B′e = 0.7054 cm.−1, α′e = 0.00820 cm.−1, B″e = 0.6838 cm.−1, α″e = 0.00646 cm.−1. The internuclear distance in the ground state is r″e = 1.716.10−8 cm. The molecular constants of BCl are compared with those of the iso-electronic molecules CS, PN, and SiO as well as with those of BBr, BCls, and BBr3.
SYNTHESIS OF VERATROYL ACETALDEHYDE AND INFLUENCE OF A HYDROXYL GROUP ON THE REACTIVITY OF THE PARA-CARBONYL GROUP
Authors: Brickman Leo , Hawkins W. Lincoln , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Attempts, by three independent methods of synthesis, to prepare vanilloyl acetaldehyde are described. In each case it has been shown that the presence of a para phenolic hydroxyl group either prevents or alters the normal course of the reactions. The synthesis of veratroyl acetaldehyde has been accomplished, and this product is described. A theoretical explanation for the mutual interrelationship of the carbonyl and para phenolic hydroxyl group is suggested.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PETT VISUAL TEST FOR VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Authors: Pett L. B. , Lipkind Marian K.
Published: April 2011

Under the conditions prescribed for the Pett test, which is described, it has been found that: (i) antecedent light does not affect the median of the three tests usually performed; (ii) no error results from the wearing or not wearing of glasses; (ii) the use of pilocarpine to contract the pupils is not advisable; (iv) some light may be admitted into the test room; (v) the time of exposure to the bright light (30 sec.) is suitable; (vi) repeated tests cause a 'learning' effect so rarely as to be of little concern; (vii) the standard error of the mean is ±1.4 and of the median is ±2.4 sec. Some results are presented suggesting that a diurnal rhythm in the vitamin A content of the blood exists.
PASTURE STUDIES. XIX.: A SIMPLIFIED APPARATUS FOR THE CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION OF MOISTURE AND FAT FROM BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
Authors: Crampton E. W. , Purdy T. L.
Published: April 2011

A modification of the Kaye apparatus for the determination of moisture by distillation and of lipids by isopropyl ether extraction is described. The modified apparatus has been used in the analysis of plant material and faeces, and typical results are presented. It appears that isopropyl ether and ethyl ether yield similar amounts of extract, but that oven-drying may result in values that are too low.