bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles by the Precipitation Method
Authors: Zhang Qiu Li , Yang Zhi Mao , Ding Bing Jun
Published: March 2009

Cerium oxide nanoparticles with sphere-like in shape were synthesized by precipitation method, using cerium nitrate as raw material and ammonium acid carbonate as precipitation agent. Effects of reactant concentration, supersonic wave and dispersant agent on properties of the cerium oxide particles were investigated. Experimental results showed that the dispersant agent played important roles on the size of resulting particles. Besides, supersonic wave prevented the precipitate from agglomerateing partially.
Influence of Mg and Si in the Aluminum on the Thermo-Physical Properties of Pressureless Infiltrated SiCp/Al Composites
Authors: Zhou Xian Liang , Zou Ai Hua , Hua Xiao Zhen , Zhang Jian Yun
Published: March 2009

SiCp/Al composites based on different matrix elements Mg and Si content were fabricated by pressureless infiltration. Through microscope investigation by SEM and TEM, density examination, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal conductivity measuring by Netzsch DIL 402EP and Netzsch LFA 447 Nanoflash, the effects of Mg and Si in the aluminum on the thermo-physical properties of SiCp/Al composites was studied and analysed. The results showed that , adding Mg element in matrix enhaced the densification and thermal conductivity of composites, but meanwhile increased the CTE of SiCp/Al composites. When Mg element content was in higher than 6.3wt%, CTE of SiCp/Al composites increased obviously. Adding Si element in matrix markedly reduced the CTE of composites , but meanwhile decreased thermal conductivity of composites. When Si element content was higher than 5-9wt%,thermal conductivity of composites declined obviously. Adding Mg element in matrix improved the interface wet ability between molten aluminum and SiC particles, and adding Si element in matrix could control the formation of A14C3 which is a detrimental interface reaction product during the pressureless infiltration processing. Therefore, adding appropriate Mg in company with Si in matrix will be more benefit to enhance the integer properties of SiCp/Al composites.
Preparation and Electrochemical Capacitance of Ruthenium Oxide-Titania Nanotube Composite
Authors: Xie Yi Bing , Zhou Li Min , Huang Chuan Jun , Liu Yang , Lu Jian
Published: March 2009

A well-aligned titania nanotube array grown on titanium sheet was fabricated by an anodization process in hydrofluoric acid-phosphoric acid-ethylene glycol aqueous electrolyte. Electroactive ruthenium oxide was filled into independent titania nanotubes or deposited on the surface of planar titanium sheet by an electrodeposition-oxidation process. Electrochemical capacitances of these well-designed ruthenium oxides were investigated for supercapacitor applications. Accordingly, ruthenium oxide-titania/titanium (RuO2-TiO2/Ti) nanocomposite exhibits a much higher specific capacitance, power and energy density than ruthenium oxide/titanium (RuO2/Ti) in sulphate acid electrolyte. The utilization efficiency of RuO2 is intensively improved by introducing a novel electrode substrate with a nanotube array structure. Such a superior performance of RuO2-TiO2/Ti nanocomposite is ascribed to its highly accessible reaction sites of well-tailored RuO2 on TiO2 nanotubes.
Performances Research of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Wu Shao Peng , Yue Hong Bo , Ye Qun Shan , Pang Ling
Published: March 2009

A kind of hybrid fiber was added into asphalt mixtures with the purpose of gaining pavement material with higher performance-to-price ratio. The hybrid fiber was constitutive of cellulose fiber and polyester fiber in several different proportions. Superpave mix design procedure was used to prepare hybrid fiber reinforced asphalt mixtures. Different kinds of specimens were formed with optimum asphalt content. Prolonged rutting test was conducted for the investigation of pave pavement properties of asphalt concrete. Test results show that hybrid fiber reinforced asphalt mixtures have better high-temperature deformation resistance, when the proportion of cellulose fiber in hybrid fiber ranges from 20% to 60%. Three points blending test was used to evaluate the low-temperature cracking property. Data prove that hybrid fiber with property proportion is of benefit to low-temperature cracking resistance. Water sensitivity test and indirect tension fatigue test were also carried out. Asphalt concrete with fiber has much better water damage resistance than that without fiber. For asphalt mixtures containing hybrid fiber, the cycle numbers to failure increase with the proportion decreasing of cellulose fiber in hybrid fiber. Making integrated analysis, hybrid fiber reinforced asphalt concrete has high performance-to-price ratio, which is propitious to spread of fiber reinforced asphalt concrete.
Bioactivating the Surfaces of Titanium by Sol-Gel Process
Authors: Li Yun Cang , Xiong Jian Yu , Wong C.S. , Hodgson Peter  D. , Wen Cui E
Published: March 2009

In the present study, titanium (Ti) samples were surface-modified by titania (TiO2), silica (SiO2) and hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings using a sol-gel process. The bioactivity of the film-coated Ti samples was investigated by cell attachment and morphology study using human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. Results of the cell attachment indicated that the densities of cell attachment on the surfaces of Ti samples were significantly increased by film coatings; the density of cell attachment on HA film-coated surface was higher than those on TiO2 and SiO2 film-coated surfaces. Cell morphology study showed that the cells attached, spread and grew well on the three kinds of film-coated surfaces. It can be concluded that the three kinds of film coatings can bioactivate the surfaces of Ti samples effectively. Overall, Ti sample with HA film-coated surface exhibited the best bioactivity.
Flower-visiting and mating behaviour of Eulonchus sapphirinus (Diptera: Acroceridae)
Authors: Borkent Christopher J. , Schlinger Evert I.
Published: March 2009

Acrocerid flies are often considered to be rare and their role in pollination is poorly understood. In this study, adult Eulonchus sapphirinus Osten Sacken were common on flowers of Geranium robertianum L. (Geraniaceae) in Olympic National Park, Washington, and have morphological and behavioural characteristics that indicate a dependence on floral nectar. Both males and females of this species are good potential pollinators from a behavioural standpoint. They make few revisits to individual flowers, remain highly constant to one flowering species in each nectar-foraging bout, and carry pollen on their bodies. Individuals were abundant and formed the majority of insect visitors to G. robertianum flowers. Males and females differed in their flower-visiting behaviour, with females visiting more individual flowers and doing so more slowly than males. This difference between the sexes appears to relate to mating behaviour, which takes place within the flower patches. The ramifications of the observed flower-visiting and mating behaviour for flower pollination are discussed. This study shows that based on both their abundance and their behaviour, these flies are potentially important pollinators in certain habitats.
South Korean species of the genus Geodromicus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae)
Authors: Kim Tae-Kyu , Shin Choru , Ahn Kee-Jeong
Published: March 2009

In a taxonomic study of the genus Geodromicus Redtenbacher in South Korea, five species are recognized, two of which, G. abdominalis Zerche and G. beibienkoi Tikhomirova, are reported for the first time in South Korea, and G. hermani (Watanabe), previously recorded from South Korea, is reported as a misidentification of G. beibienkoi. A comparison of morphological features of South Korean Geodromicus species, a key, and illustrations of the diagnostic characters are provided.
Description and phylogenetic interpretation of chromatophore migration from larval air sacs to adult structures in some Chaoboridae (Diptera)
Authors: Borkent Christopher J. , Borkent Art
Published: March 2009

During development, many chromatophores on the air sacs of larvae of Chaoborus Lichtenstein disperse to the tracheal trunks and throughout the body of the pupae. In male pupae, chromatophores on the posterior air sacs move to the developing testes and vasa deferentia and some become the adventitious spotting previously reported for adults of Chaoborus. In larvae of Mochlonyx Loew, chromatophores have a similar development pattern, but in female pupae some also surround the spermathecae. Larvae of Eucorethra Underwood have chromatophores scattered throughout much of the body but it is uncertain whether these are homologous to those of Chaoborus and Mochlonyx. Outgroup comparisons show that the migration of chromatophores from the larval air sacs to the adult male testes and vasa deferentia is a synapomorphy of Chaoborinae. The presence of pigmented fat body on the larval testes in many Culicidae, Eucorethra, and Mochlonyx is plesiomorphic, and the transparent larval testes in Chaoborus are a synapomorphy of the genus. The dark adult testes in Mochlonyx are derived from pigmented larval fat body and chromatophores from the larval air sacs, and this is proposed as an intermediate evolutionary state. It is likely that the chromatophores surrounding the testes of pupae of Chaoborinae provide protection against ultraviolet radiation, but further study is needed.
Good Seismic Data in Bad Weather
Authors: Kostov C. , Barsch J. , Deal K. , Grion S. , Ronen S. , Walker L.
Published: March 2009

Acquisition downtime resulting from bad weather is often a significantfactor in the cost of marine seismic surveys. In the North Sea, for instance, seismic data are acquired mostly during the summer, and weather downtime canstill amount to 40% of the survey time.

Our approach to reducing weather downtime is based on the followingconcepts:During multiple acquisition passes, seismic signal is repeatable; badweather noise is not.Filtering algorithms are applied to reduce swell noise.Imaging with least-squares inversion algorithms is less sensitive tonoise-edited data than conventional imaging.

To test these concepts we acquired multiple pass data covering the sameareas in good and bad weather. A survey was made from the Barents sea and theacquisition was performed with a vessel equipped for standard 3D surveys.

Commercial 3D data provide a reference for quantitative comparison ofseismic images and of attributes derived from the seismic data. The resultsobtained so far are encouraging, and we expect opportunities for cost-effectivereduction of bad weather downtime (10% to 20%) without compromising qualityrequirements.

Introduction

The purpose of this work is to process and combine data from multi-passacquisitions during bad weather conditions to obtain a reliable image of thesubsurface.

The survey acquired with this aim had 6 streamers each 3 Km long, towed at 7m nominal depth, with an overall separation of 750 m. Dual 3707 cubic inchessources with 75 m separation at a depth of 6 m were fired every 25 m. Thenumber of channels per cable was 240 with 12.5 m group spacing.

During recording in bad weather, the streamers were towed at 7-8 m depth. Maintaining seismic instruments in their nominal positions by varying sourceand streamer depths was identified as an important aspect of the survey design. In practice acquisition in bad weather was stopped when the swell noise was sohigh that it pulled the streamers up to the surface.
Patterns and Clinical Implications of Misdiagnosis in Dermatomyositis
Authors: Bao Aaron , Patel Saloni , Mecoli Christopher A. , Kelly William , Albayda Jemima , Adler Brittany , Paik Julie , Christopher-Stine Lisa , Tiniakou Eleni , Kang Jun
Published: February 2025

This cohort study examines the prevalence and outcomes of misdiagnosing dermatomyositis or clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis diagnosis.
Social and Financial Costs of Neonatal Intestinal Failure
Authors: Raghu Vikram K. , Belaid Sirine , Gutierrez Susan , Holzer Pamela , Orris Shelby , Rothenberger Scott , Presel Tracey , Ackerman Kimberly , Alissa Feras , King Dale , Woo Baidal Jennifer , Rudolph Jeffrey A. , Bond Geoffrey , Mazariegos George V. , Horslen Simon P. , Smith Kenneth J.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Neonatal short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure is rare, and observational studies are limited to small cohorts. Health disparities exist in long-term management with little known about the initial hospitalization.

Objective

To identify children with neonatal short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure and to determine whether race, ethnicity, and neighborhood opportunity are associated with length of stay during their initial hospitalizations.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study of children with neonatal short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure was conducted between 2004 and 2020, with validation and analysis performed from July 2022 to April 2024. Children were identified from the Pediatric Health Information System database, which included administrative data from 50 freestanding US children’s hospitals. Children were included on the basis of a diagnosis code of postsurgical malabsorption and billed charges for a neonatal intensive care unit stay and sustained parenteral nutrition use.

Exposures

Race and ethnicity were included as a single variable with categories of Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, other (Asian and multiracial, combined because of low numbers), and unknown according to hospital report. Child Opportunity Index quintile ranged from very low (lowest quintile) to very high (highest quintile).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was length of stay measured in number of days from admission to discharge. The χ2 analysis was used to examine unadjusted associations between categorical variables, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for continuous variables.

Results

A total of 2267 children with neonatal short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure were identified (997 female [44%]; 410 Hispanic [18%]; 481 non-Hispanic Black [21%]; 690 non-Hispanic White [30%]; 231 other [10%]; 455 unknown [20%]), with 629 (28%) living in areas with very low Child Opportunity Index. The median (IQR) length of stay for the initial admission was 150 (112-200) days, with a median (IQR) cost of $528 628 ($374 040-$766 446). In multivariable analysis, non-Hispanic Black children remained in the hospital for 16 days longer than their non-Hispanic White counterparts (95% CI, 7-25 days; P < .001). Child Opportunity Index was not significantly associated with length of stay when controlling for race and ethnicity.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study, children with neonatal short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure experienced long initial hospital stays, incurring high costs, with non-Hispanic Black children disproportionately affected. Interventions targeting safe and efficient transition to home are needed to address both efficacy and equity for these children.
Racial Differences in ctDNA Profiles, Targeted Therapy Use, and Outcomes in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Podany Emily L. , Foffano Lorenzo , Gerratana Lorenzo , Medford Arielle J. , Clifton Katherine , Tapiavala Shaili , Velimirovic Marko , Lipsyc-Sharf Marla , Reduzzi Carolina , Bubie Adrian , Putur Annika , Ademuyiwa Foluso O. , Puglisi Fabio , Gradishar William J. , Ma Cynthia X. , Bardia Aditya , Cristofanilli Massimo , Davis Andrew A.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Black patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC) have higher mortality rates than White patients despite advances in treatment.

Objectives

To examine whether Black patients with metastatic breast cancer have different genomic profiles compared with White patients and whether there are inequities in targeted treatment use between these groups.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective, population-based cohort study assessed adult patients with mBC who underwent genomic profiling at academic institutions in the US between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2023. Data analysis was performed between July 2023 and July 2024. A validation cohort was also included.

Exposures

Targeted treatment use.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcomes were differences in circulating tumor DNA profiles and use of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors between Black and White patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Results

The study sample included 1327 women with mBC (mean [SD] age, 58.0 [12.8] years; 140 Black and 1057 White). Black patients had a significantly higher rate of GATA3 single-nucleotide variants (odds ratio, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.17-4.54; P = .02) and CCND2 copy number variants (odds ratio, 4.63; 95% CI, 1.79-11.97; P = .002) on multivariate analysis. These differences were validated in a population-based evidence cohort of 27 224 patients. Black patients with PIK3CA single-nucleotide variants were significantly less likely to receive PI3K inhibitors than White patients (1 of 17 [5.9%] vs 45 of 156 [28.8%]; P = .04), whereas there was no difference in use of CDK4/6 and mTOR inhibitors, which do not require a targetable alteration. Black patients had a shorter overall survival from the time of circulating tumor DNA testing compared with White patients.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study of patients with mBC found somatic differences, shorter overall survival, and targeted treatment disparities in PI3K inhibitor use in Black compared with White patients despite equal incidence of PIK3CA alterations. Researchers should consider these differences when designing future research and interventions to address the striking and persistent outcomes gap between Black and White patients with mBC.
Social Media Posts About Medical Tests With Potential for Overdiagnosis
Authors: Nickel Brooke , Moynihan Ray , Gram Emma Grundtvig , Copp Tessa , Taba Melody , Shih Patti , Heiss Raffael , Gao Mingyao , Zadro Joshua R.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Social media is an influential source of medical information, but little is known about how posts discuss medical tests that carry potential for overdiagnosis or overuse.

Objective

To investigate how social media posts discuss 5 popular medical tests: full-body magnetic resonance imaging, the multicancer early detection test, and tests for antimullerian hormone, gut microbiome, and testosterone.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study assessed posts on Instagram and TikTok between April 30, 2015, and January 23, 2024, that discussed full-body magnetic resonance imaging, the multicancer early detection test, and tests for antimullerian hormone, gut microbiome, and testosterone. Using keywords on newly created accounts, posts were searched and screened until 100 posts for each test on each platform were identified (n = 1000). Posts were excluded if they did not discuss 1 of the 5 tests or were not in English or if the account holders had fewer than 1000 followers.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was information about benefits, harms, and overall tone discussed in the post. All outcomes were summarized descriptively. Logistic regression was used to assess whether the use of evidence or the account holder being a physician or having financial interests influenced how tests were discussed.

Results

A total of 982 posts from account holders with a combined 194 200 000 followers were analyzed. Across all tests, benefits were mentioned in 855 posts (87.1%) and harms in 144 (14.7%), with 60 (6.1%) mentioning overdiagnosis or overuse. Overall, 823 posts (83.8%) had a promotional (vs neutral or negative) tone. Evidence was explicitly used in 63 posts (6.4%), personal anecdotes were used in 333 (33.9%), 498 posts (50.7%) encouraged viewers to take action and get the test, and 668 account holders (68.0%) had financial interests. Posts from physicians were more likely to mention harms (odds ratio, 4.49; 95% CI, 2.85-7.06) and less likely to have an overall promotional tone (odds ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.35-0.80).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of social media posts about 5 popular medical tests, most posts were misleading or failed to mention important harms, including overdiagnosis or overuse. These data demonstrate a need for stronger regulation of misleading medical information on social media.
National Incidence of Physician Suicide and Associated Features
Authors: Makhija Hirsh , Davidson Judy E. , Lee Kelly C. , Barnes Arianna , Choflet Amanda , Zisook Sidney
Published: February 2025

Importance

Previous reports regarding comparative suicide incidence among US physicians vs nonphysicians have been inconclusive.

Objective

To estimate the national incidence of male and female physician suicide and analyze associated factors, comparing findings to the general population.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study investigated suicides among physicians and nonphysicians aged 25 years and older in the US from January 2017 to December 2021. The analysis took place from November 2023 to September 2024. National Violent Death Reporting System data from 30 US states and Washington, DC, were used. Decedents with missing age or sex were excluded for incidence, and missing race, ethnicity, or marital status for further analyses.

Exposure

Physician occupation.

Main Outcome and Measures

Suicide incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and odds ratios (aORs) adjusted by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and marital status were used to compare preceding circumstances, primary method, and substances.

Results

A total of 448 physician (354 [79%] male and 94 [21%] female; mean [SD] age, 60 [16] years) and 97 467 general population (76 697 [79%] male and 20 770 [21%] female; mean [SD] age, 51 [17] years) suicides were identified. Female physicians had higher rates of suicide than female nonphysicians in 2017 (IRR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.19-2.83) and 2019 (IRR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.09-2.65), with overall higher 2017 to 2021 suicide risk (IRR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.23-1.87). Male physicians had lower 2017 to 2021 suicide risk than male nonphysicians (IRR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.93). Compared to the general population and including all available jurisdiction data, physicians had higher odds of depressed mood (aOR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.14-1.61; P < .001) as well as mental health (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.39-1.97; P < .001), job (aOR, 2.66; 95% CI, 2.11-3.35; P < .001), and legal (aOR, 1.40, 95% CI, 1.06-1.84; P = .02) problems preceding suicide as well as use of poisoning (aOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.50-2.30; P < .001) and sharp instruments (aOR, 4.58; 95% CI, 3.47-6.06; P < .001). Physicians also had higher odds of positive toxicology for caffeine; poison; cardiovascular agents; benzodiazepines; anxiolytics, nonbenzodiazepines, or hypnotics; and drugs not prescribed for home use.

Conclusion and Relevance

These findings show a higher incidence of suicide for US female physicians compared to female nonphysicians. Comprehensive and multimodal suicide prevention strategies remain warranted.
Prehospital Resuscitative Thoracotomy for Traumatic Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Perkins Zane B. , Greenhalgh Robert , ter Avest Ewoud , Aziz Shadman , Whitehouse Andrew , Read Steve , Foster Liz , Chege Frank , Henry Christine , Carden Richard , Kocierz Laura , Davies Gareth , Hurst Tom , Lendrum Robbie , Thomas Stephen H. , Lockey David J. , Christian Michael D.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) presents a critical challenge in trauma care, often occurring rapidly after injury before effective interventions are available.

Objective

To evaluate the association of prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy with survival outcomes for TCA.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study examined all cases of prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for TCA in London from January 1999 to December 2019. Data were analyzed from July 2022 to July 2023.

Exposure

Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for TCA.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes included survival to hospital admission and neurological status at discharge.

Results

Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy was undertaken in 601 patients with out-of-hospital TCA. The median (IQR) age was 25 (20-37) years; 538 (89.5%) were male and 63 (10.5%) female. A total of 529 patients (88.0%) had a penetrating mechanism of injury. TCA occurred at a median (IQR) of 12 (6-22) minutes after the emergency call, with 491 arrests (81.7%) before the advanced trauma team’s arrival. TCA was the result of cardiac tamponade (105 patients, 17.5%), exsanguination (418 patients, 69.6%), and exsanguination combined with cardiac tamponade (72 patients, 12.0%). Thirty patients (5.0%) survived to hospital discharge, with a favorable neurological outcome observed in 23 survivors (76.6%). Survival varied significantly with the cause of TCA: 22 of 105 patients (21%) with cardiac tamponade, 8 of 418 patients (1.9%) with exsanguination, and none of the 72 patients with combined or other pathologies survived. There were no survivors beyond 15 minutes of TCA for cardiac tamponade and 5 minutes after exsanguination. Multivariable analysis revealed that the cause of TCA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 21.1; 95% CI, 8.1-54.7; P < .001), duration of TCA (aOR, 20.9; 95% CI, 4.4-100.6, P < .001), and absence of the need for internal cardiac massage (AOR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.06-0.5; P = .001) were independently associated with survival.

Conclusions and Relevance

TCA occurs soon after injury, with only a brief window available for effective intervention. This study found that resuscitative thoracotomy is feasible in a mature, physician-led, urban prehospital system and is associated with improved survival for patients with out-of-hospital TCA, particularly when caused by cardiac tamponade, in situations where other treatment options are limited.
The roles and applications of extracellular vesicles in cancer
Authors: Théry Clotilde , Louvard Daniel
Published: February 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been studied for several decades and are attracting growing interest among life scientists and oncologists. Understanding the extent of diversity of their cellular origins, structure, molecular composition, and consequently functions is still under progress. EVs offer numerous diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, but many fundamental questions about their functions need to be resolved in order to effectively and safely implement their applications in the treatment of human diseases.
Evaluating artifact‐free four‐dimensional computer tomography with 16 cm detector array
Authors: Yeo Inhwan , Nie Wei , Fan Jiajin , Joo Mindy , Correa Michael , Xu Qianyi
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To evaluate a 16 cm‐array axial four‐dimensional computer tomography (4DCT) in comparison with a 4 cm‐array 4DCT in the presence of respiration irregularity.

Method

Ten traces of lung tumor motion from CyberKnife treatments were imported to move the lung cylinder, containing a spherical target, of a phantom. Images were acquired for the lung that moved to each of the 10‐positions/phases (1) step‐wisely by nominal helical scan at each movement (ground truth), (2) continuously by 4D scan with the 16 cm array, and (3) the same with the 4 cm array, involving table shift. Irregularities, consisting of baseline shift and/or amplitude change of the traces in their second periods, affected #3 scan only in its second table position. The full‐widths at half maximum of the target in the direction of the motion were determined on the average (Ave) CT, maximum‐intensity (Mip) CT, and a phase (MP) CT that is associated with the maximum error, comparing #2 and 3 with #1. Three tumor‐shaped targets were also imaged, and overlap ratios of them from #2 and 3 with the targets from #1 were inter‐compared. Hounsfield unit (HU)s of the targets were also compared.

Results

The average difference in the spherical‐target length between #2 and #1 was found to be 0.28 ± 0.15 cm on AveCT, 0.00 ± 0.18 cm on MipCT, and 0.07 ± 0.06 cm on MPCT, showing agreement. The average difference between #3 and #1 was 0.34 ± 0.23 cm on AveCT, 0.48 ± 0.31 cm on MipCT, and 0.56 ± 0.50 cm on MPCT, showing disagreement. The overlap ratios were better with #2 than with #3 for all tumor‐shaped targets in each phase CT and MipCT, but they were not perfect for #2 due to motion averaging and phase sorting limitations. The differences in HUs were smaller with #2 than with #3, but not fully satisfactory with #2.

Conclusion

4DCT with the 16 cm array needs to be used to minimize the impact of the irregularity.
Green and Efficient Recovery of Tungsten from Spent SCR Denitration Catalyst by Na2S Alkali Leaching and Calcium Precipitation
Authors: Li Dong , Chang Jie , Wei Yuxuan , Qiao Jinxi , Yue Xilong , Fan Hongjie , Zhang Lei , Guo Xueyi
Published: February 2025

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst of V2O5‐WO3/TiO2 type is widely used in industrial denitration process. Deactivated spent SCR denitration catalyst can be used for tungsten recovery. In the existing hydrometallurgical recovery processes, NaOH leaching and Na2CO3 leaching need high temperature and high pressure to obtain high leaching efficiency of tungsten, and they have the disadvantages of large reagent consumption, high impurity leaching efficiency, and high equipment requirements. In this paper, tungsten is recovered from the reductive leaching residue of spent SCR denitration catalyst (LRDC) using Na2S as leaching agent after vanadium recovery is achieved, and it can achieve higher tungsten leaching efficiency, lower impurity leaching efficiency, and lower energy consumption under the low alkalinity condition. The thermodynamics, leaching behaviors, and kinetics of tungsten alkali leaching process are investigated respectively, and the leaching efficiency of tungsten reaches 82.03% under the optimum conditions. After circulating leaching, oxidation, and neutralizing precipitation, tungsten is precipitated by adding CaCl2, and the precipitation efficiency of tungsten can reach 94.45% under the optimum conditions. The chemical composition of CaWO4 product meets the requirements of GB5192‐85 for impurity content of II‐class synthetic scheelite.
Enhancing Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection Through Cobalt‐Substituted Hafnia
Authors: Oh Jeonghyeon , Wee Avis Sin Hui , Park Eun‐Byeol , Hwang Jaejin , Kim Seon Je , Jeong Hu Young , Khine Myat Thet , Pujar Pavan , Lee Jaekwang , Kim Young‐Min , Kim Sunkook
Published: February 2025

Engineered defect chemistry in ultrathin (≈5 nm) hafnia through substitutional cobalt (HCO) is investigated for selective glucose sensing. Thin films of HCO, grown using chemical solution deposition (CSD)—traditionally used to grow thick films—on silicon, show significant glucose sensing activity and undergo monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transformation. The presence of multivalent cobalt in hafnia, with oxygen vacancies in proximity, selectively oxidizes glucose with minimal interference from ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid. Theoretical investigations reveal that these oxygen vacancies create a shallow donor level that significantly enhances electrocatalytic activity by promoting charge transfer to the conduction band. This results in considerable selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility in sensing characteristics. These findings highlight the technological importance of using CSD for thin films, paving the way for ultrathin CSD‐processed HCOs as potential candidates for selective glucose sensing applications.
Synthetic Lethality of SHP2 and XIAP Suppresses Proliferation and Metastasis in KRAS‐mutant Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Fu Nai‐jie , Sheng Yu‐wen , Fan Zhe , Wu Zhao , Li Ling‐yu , Xi Rui‐ying , Shi Xiao‐ke , Zhang Guo‐lin , Wang Fei
Published: February 2025

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations are associated with poor prognosis and poor response to standard therapeutic regimens in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Identification of novel synthetic lethal partners in oncogenic KRAS is an alternative therapeutic strategy for KRAS‐mutant malignancies. After high‐throughput screening against a preclinical/clinical compound library, embelin, a known X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) inhibitor, specifically inhibits the catalytic activity and phosphorylation of Src homology domain 2 containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) in KRAS‐mutant NSCLC cells. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown of XIAP and SHP2 induce synthetic lethality in KRAS‐mutated NSCLC cells and xenograft animal models. Mechanistically, dual inhibition of XIAP and SHP2 by embelin lessens the proliferation and metastasis, activates senescence and endogenous apoptosis, inhibits cancer‐related RAS/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), wingless‐related integration site (Wnt), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling pathways, and overcomes compensatory feedback in the MAPK signals through the modulation of mitogen‐inducible gene‐6 (MIG‐6) and SPROUTY2 (SPRY2). Collectively, SHP2 and XIAP are potential synthetic lethal partners, and embelin warrants further development as a novel therapeutic option for alleviating KRAS‐mutant NSCLC by cotargeting SHP2 and XIAP.
Dynamic Ultralong Phosphorescence and Optical Waveguiding Switches in Silver–Organic Complex via Reversible Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Conversion
Authors: Xing Chang , Qi Zhenhong , Ma Yu-Juan , Yan Dongpeng , Fang Wei-Hai
Published: February 2025

Dynamic ultralong room‐temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials with stimuli‐responsive properties have attracted considerable interest for applications in sensors, light‐emitting devices, and information security. Here, we introduce a novel class of silver (Ag)‐organic complexes exhibiting rare, direct ultralong RTP, achieved through the heavy‐atom effect of Ag+ ions and highly ordered assembly of coordination polymers. The Ag‐based complex displays reversible solvent‐responsive RTP, shifting from green to yellow emission in response to humidity and solvent variations. This transformation is driven by a solvent‐mediated single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) conversion, enabling color‐tunable active optical waveguides and one‐dimensional (1D) polarization switching. Therefore, this study provides a new strategy for creating dynamically controllable ultralong all‐phosphorescent metal‐organic complexes and advances the design of stimuli‐responsive 1D photonic systems for promising information encryption and anti‐counterfeiting applications.
Borohydride Oxidation as Counter Reaction in Reductive Electrosynthesis
Authors: Kuzmin Julius , Lill Malin , Ahumada Guillermo , Goossens Ellymay , Kjaer Steffensen Astrid , Riisager Anders , Lundberg Helena
Published: February 2025

An efficient reaction at the counter electrode is of key importance for the success of net oxidative and net reductive electrochemical transformations. For electrooxidative processes, cathodic proton reduction to H2 serves as the benchmark counter reaction. In contrast, net reductive electrochemical transformations have less attractive oxidative counter reactions to choose from and commonly rely on dissolution of a sacrificial anode that effectively results in stoichiometric metal consumption for the processes. In this study, we demonstrate that anodic borohydride oxidation has great potential to successfully replace the use of such sacrificial anodes for a variety of electroreductive organic transformations. This anodic transformation effectively serves as the inverse of cathodic proton reduction, producing H2 using inert carbon‐based electrode materials.
Investigating 1,2,3‐Bistriazole‐Functionalized Sn (II) Chemosensors for COX‐2 Detection
Authors: Singh Gurjaspreet , Yadav Vinit , Dalal Anurag , Sharma Devina , Mithun  , Stanzin Jigmat , Khurana Sumesh , Singh Manraj , Bhalla Aman
Published: February 2025

This article, describe the synthesis of 4‐ethynylaniline derived 1,2,3‐bis‐triazole (3) via Cu(I) catalyzed click reaction and various spectroscopic methods such as FT‐IR, TGA, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry are used for characterization. The probe 3 exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity to Sn (II) in UV–visible spectroscopy, with a limit of detection of 27 μM and association constant 8.32 MM−1, respectively. The synthetic sensor practical application was further explored by detecting Sn (II) in real sample analysis. The computational analysis using the DFT techniques shows the binding mechanism of sensor with Sn (II). Additionally, molecular docking investigation was conducted against cyclooxygenase‐2 to shows the anti‐inflammatory properties of the synthesized ligand having a good binding energy −10.26 Kcal mol−1.
Insect Resistance to Insecticides: Causes, Mechanisms, and Exploring Potential Solutions
Authors: Liang Jiyun , Xiao Feng , Ojo James , Chao Wu Hai , Ahmad Bilal , Alam Aleena , Abbas Sohail , Abdelhafez Mogeda M. , Rahman Nadeemur , Khan Khalid Ali , Ghramh Hamed A. , Ali Jamin , Chen Rizhao
Published: February 2025

Insecticides play a crucial role as the primary means of controlling agricultural pests, preventing significant damage to crops. However, the misuse of these insecticides has led to the development of resistance in insect pests against major classes of these chemicals. The emergence of resistance poses a serious threat, especially when alternative options for crop protection are limited for farmers. Addressing this challenge and developing new, effective, and sustainable pest management approaches is not merely essential but also critically important. In the absence of alternative solutions, understanding the root causes behind the development of resistance in insects becomes a critical necessity. Without this understanding, the formulation of effective approaches to combat resistance remains elusive. With insecticides playing a vital role in global food security and public health, understanding and mitigating resistance are paramount. Given the growing concern over insect resistance to insecticides, this review addresses a crucial research gap by thoroughly examining the causes, mechanisms, and potential solutions. The review examines factors driving resistance, such as evolutionary pressure and excessive pesticide use, and provides a detailed analysis of mechanisms, including detoxifying enzyme overproduction and target site mutations. Providing an analysis of potential solutions, it discusses integrated pest management, strategic insecticide rotation, and the use of new pest control technologies and biological agents. Emphasizing the urgency of a multifaceted approach, the review provides a concise roadmap for sustainable pest management, guiding future research and applications.
The effect of microbial metabolites from colonic protein fermentation on bacteria‐induced cytokine production in dendritic cells
Authors: Xie Zhuqing , Eriksen Danny Blichfeldt , Johnsen Peter Riber , Nielsen Dennis Sandris , Frøkiær Hanne
Published: February 2025

Compared to the well‐defined immune‐modulating effect of butyrate, the understanding of the effect of other protein fermentation metabolites is limited. This study aimed to investigate the impact of protein‐derived metabolites (valerate, branched‐chain fatty acids, ammonium, phenol, p‐Cresol, indole, and hydrogen sulfide) on cytokine production in murine bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, or Staphylococcus aureus USA300. Some of the metabolites, but not the short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), strongly affected cell viability. After short‐term treatment and depending on the microbial stimulus, SCFAs affected the cytokine profile similarly but weaker than butyrate, as reflected by inhibition of IL‐12p70 and IL‐10 but enhanced IL‐23 (LPS and S. aureus USA300) and IL‐1β production. Compared to butyrate, valerate exhibited a weaker and slower effect on cytokine expression. Two‐day treatment with valerate and butyrate resulted in similar effects, that is, LPS‐induced IL‐12 abrogation and IL‐10 enhancement, increased aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) expression, and after LPS stimulation, increased expression of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (Dusp1). In conclusion, SCFAs exhibited low toxicity and modulated microbially stimulated BMDCs. Valerate and butyrate showed the strongest effect, which was dependent on the specific microbial stimulation and the course of the SCFA treatment. Our work adds knowledge regarding the role of protein‐derived metabolites from gut bacterial fermentation on the immune system.
Harnessing Synthetic Riboswitches for Tunable Gene Regulation in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Khadke Rushikesh M , Arora Vaani , Gupta Payal , RODE Ambadas B.
Published: February 2025

RNA switches regulated by specific inducer molecules have become a powerful synthetic biology tool for precise gene regulation in mammalian systems. The engineered RNA switches can be integrated with natural RNA‐mediated gene regulatory functions as a modular and customizable approach to probe and control cellular behavior. RNA switches have been used to advance synthetic biology applications, including gene therapy, bio‐production, and cellular reprogramming. This review explores recent progress in the design and functional implementation of synthetic riboswitches in mammalian cells based on diverse RNA regulation mechanisms by highlighting recent studies and emerging technologies. We also discuss challenges such as off‐target effects, system stability, and ligand delivery in complex biological environments. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the potential of synthetic riboswitches as a platform for customizable gene regulation in diverse biomedical applications.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigation of Cobalt Oxide Hydroxide Thin Films by Square‐Wave Voltammetry and Multi‐Frequency Electrochemical Faradaic Spectroscopy
Authors: Glaubitz Franz , Lindemann Erik , Mirceski Valentin , Schröder Uwe
Published: February 2025

In this study, a detailed investigation of the redox behavior of cobalt(II/III) oxide‐hydroxide is presented. With the enhanced sensitivity and unique pulse nature of square‐wave voltammetry (SWV), two distinct electrode processes could be observed, proposing a two‐step oxidation of Co(OH)2 according to: Co(OH)2→CoO(OH)→CoO2. In the initial scan of cyclic voltammetry, Co(OH)2 is irreversibly oxidized to CoO(OH) with the quasireversible Co3O4/CoO(OH) redox system prevailing in subsequent scans. The system was further kinetically characterized. Theoretical studies and the unique peak splitting in SWV revealed that the electrode reaction is associated with an anodic charge transfer coefficient of
=0.59 and an apparent standard rate constant of ks,app=(2.9±0.1) ⋅ 10−5 cm s−1. To cope with the complexity of the electrode process pertinent to the redox couple Co3O4/CoO(OH), the recently introduced and advanced multi‐frequency electrochemical Faradaic spectroscopy (MEFS) was applied. With rapid measurement times of only 4 s, compared to multiple, hour‐long experiments for square‐wave and cyclic voltammetry, an apparent standard rate constant of ks,app=(2.2±0.2) ⋅ 10−5 cm s−1 was obtained with MEFS, which is quite close to the established methods, highlighting the advantages of this novel square‐wave derived technique.
Global Spectral Analysis of Polaritonic Coupling of Multiple Organic Dyes to a Tunable Fabry‐Pérot Resonator Operating with Mirror Separations up to 10 µm
Authors: Kertzscher Christoph , Mauch Michael , Keck Jakob , Meixner Alfred J.
Published: February 2025

We study strong optical coupling and the formation of hybrid polaritons by a donor‐acceptor pair of J‐aggregated dyes separated by up to 11 µm in a tunable Fabry‐Pérot resonator. Fitting a phenomenological Hamiltonian to the white light transmission spectra of different cavity‐J‐aggregate‐configurations, for which several hundred spectra were recorded sequentially as function of cavity length, allows us to determine coupling energies as a function of the effective cavity distances. The theoretical analysis shows that certain hybrid polaritons contain contributions from both dyes, making this system a promising platform for polariton‐mediated energy transfer at very large distances.
Comprehensive transcriptome, miRNA and kinome profiling identifies new treatment options for personalized lung cancer therapy
Authors: Zhong Shen , Börgeling Yvonne , Zardo Patrick , Jonigk Danny , Borlak Jürgen
Published: February 2025

Background

Basic research identified oncogenic driver mutations in lung cancer (LC). However, <10% of patients carry driver mutations. Thus, most patients are not recommended for first‐line kinase inhibitor (KI)–based therapies. Through enabling technologies and bioinformatics, we gained deep insight into patient‐specific signalling networks which permitted novel KI‐based treatment options in LC.

Methods

We performed molecular pathology, transcriptomics and miRNA profiling across 95 well‐characterized LC patients. We confirmed results based on cross‐linked immunoprecipitation‐sequencing data, and used N = 524 adeno‐ and 497 squamous cell carcinomas as validation sets. We employed the PamGene platform to identify aberrant kinases, validated the results by evaluating independent siRNA and CRISPR‐mediated mRNA knockdown studies in human LC cell lines.

Results

Transcriptomics revealed 439, 1240, 383 and 320 significantly upregulated genes, respectively, for adeno‐, squamous, neuroendocrine and metastatic cases, and there are 1092, 1477, 609 and 1267 downregulated DEGs. Based on gene enrichment analysis and experimentally validated miRNA–gene interactions, we constructed regulatory networks specific for adeno‐, squamous, neuroendocrine and metastatic LC. Molecular profiling discovered 137 significantly upregulated kinases (range 2–26‐fold) of which 65 and 72, respectively, are tyrosine and serine‐threonine kinases while 6 kinases carry driver mutations. Meanwhile, there are 21 kinases commonly upregulated irrespective of the histological type of LC. Bioinformatics decoded networks in which kinases function as master regulators. Typically, the networks consisted of 14, 9, 16 and 19 highly regulated kinases in adeno‐, squamous, neuroendocrine and metastatic LC. Inhibition of kinases which function as master regulators disrupted the signalling networks, and their gene knock‐down studies confirmed inhibition of cell proliferation in a panel of human LC cell lines. Additionally, the proposed molecular profiling enables KI‐based therapies in patients with acquired drug resistance.

Conclusions

Our study broadens the perspective of KI‐based therapies in LC, and we propose a framework to overcome acquired drug resistance.