bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Bioelectrocatalysis by NADP‐Reducing Hydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Voronin Oleg G. , van Haaster Daan J. , Karyakina Elena E. , Hagen Wilfred R. , Karyakin Arkady A.
Published: September 2007

The direct bioelectrocatalysis by an NAD(P)‐reducing hydrogenase is reported for the first time. In contrast to previous attempts to involve similar enzymes in bioelectrocatalysis [1–4], which were in fact unsuccessful, in our report an effective electrocatalysis by Pyrococcus furiosus hydrogenase is convincingly shown by (i) achievement of the hydrogen equilibrium potential and (ii) a high current of hydrogen oxidation (0.3 mA cm−2 at 100 mV overpotential and at 75 °C). The latter is just a few times lower compared to enzyme electrodes based on NAD(P)‐independent hydrogenases.
Electrochemical Detection of MS2 Phage Using a Bead‐based Immunoassay and a NanoIDA
Authors: Bange Adam , Tu Jian , Zhu Xiaoshan , Ahn Chong , Halsall H. Brian , Heineman William R.
Published: September 2007

A microbead based sandwich immunoassay for MS2 bacteriophage was developed using an interdigitated array (IDA) electrode with nanoscale dimensions (220 nm electrode width, 620 nm gap). The IDA was fabricated using an electron beam lithographic lift‐off technique. After an antibody‐assisted capture of MS2 using paramagnetic microbeads, a β‐galactosidase labeled secondary antibody was used to convert p‐aminophenyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (PAPG) into the redox active p‐aminophenol (PAP). Amperometric detection of PAP with IDA electrodes at +300 and −200 mV vs. a Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used to measure the result, detecting MS2 concentrations as low as 10 ng/mL.
Electrochemical Studies of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Laccase from Trametes versicolor
Authors: Ivnitski Dmitri , Atanassov Plamen
Published: September 2007

This paper describes electrochemical behavior of laccase from the fungus Trametes versicolor. The issues related to discrimination of the redox potentials corresponding to copper centers T1 and T2/T3 in the active site and possible mechanism of intramolecular electron transfer have been discussed. The electron‐transfer rate constant for laccase immobilized on carbon electrode is 3.4 s−1. The bioelectrocatalytic activity of the enzyme was studied in the presence of 1,4‐hydroquinone (HQ). The kinetics of HQ oxidation is very fast (KM=3.8 μM). However, the catalytic activity of laccase in the presence of high concentration of HQ decreases drastically. It is suggested that the T2/T3 copper center is able to accept electrons from HQ molecules directly via intramolecular channel.
Electrochemical Ammonia Gas Sensing in Nonaqueous Systems: A Comparison of Propylene Carbonate with Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ji Xiaobo , Banks Craig E. , Silvester Debbie S. , Aldous Leigh , Hardacre Christopher , Compton Richard G.
Published: September 2007

First, the direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation of ammonia has been studied by cyclic voltammetry at glassy carbon electrodes in propylene carbonate. In the case of the indirect oxidation of ammonia, its analytical utility of indirect for ammonia sensing was examined in the range from 10 and 100 ppm by measuring the peak current of new wave resulting from reaction between ammonia and hydroquinone, as function of ammonia concentration, giving a sensitivity 1.29×10−7 A ppm−1 (r2=0.999) and limit‐of‐detection 5 ppm ammonia. Further, the direct oxidation of ammonia has been investigated in several room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), namely 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim] [BF4]), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate ([C4mim] [OTf]), 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim] [NTf2]), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4mim] [NTf2]) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim] [PF6]) on a 10 μm diameter Pt microdisk electrode. In four of the RTILs studied, the cyclic voltammetric analysis suggests that ammonia is initially oxidized to nitrogen, N2, and protons, which are transferred to an ammonia molecule, forming NH$\rm{ _{\rm{4}}^ + }$ via the protonation of the anion(s) (A−). However, in [C4mim] [PF6], the protonated anion was formed first, followed by NH$\rm{ _{\rm{4}}^ + }$. In all five RTILs, both HA and NH$\rm{ _{\rm{4}}^ + }$ are reduced at the electrode surface, forming hydrogen gas, which is then oxidized. The analytical ability of this work has also been explored further, giving a limit‐of‐detection close to 50 ppm in [C2mim] [NTf2], [C4mim] [OTf], [C4mim] [BF4], with a sensitivity of ca. 6×10−7 A ppm−1 (r2=0.999) for all three ionic liquids, showing that the limit of detection was ca. ten times larger than that in propylene carbonate since ammonia in propylene carbonate might be more soluble in comparison with RTILs when considering the higher viscosity of RTILs.
Thermal Denaturation of Collagen Analyzed by Isoconversional Method
Authors: Vyazovkin Sergey , Vincent Luc , Sbirrazzuoli Nicolas
Published: September 2007

An isoconversional method is proposed to be used for evaluating activation energy of protein denaturation. Applied to DSC data on collagen denaturation, the method yields an activation energy that decreases throughout the process. The Lumry‐Eyring model gives an explanation for this decrease and affords estimates for the enthalpy of the reversible step and the activation energy of the irreversible step of denaturation. The reversible unfolding is detectable by multi‐frequency temperature‐modulated DSC.

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Tandem RAFT Polymerization and Click Chemistry: An Efficient Approach to Surface Modification
Authors: Ranjan Rajesh , Brittain William J.
Published: September 2007

PS grafted silica nanoparticles have been prepared by a tandem process that simultaneously employs RAFT polymerization and click chemistry. In a single pot procedure, azide‐modified silica, an alkyne functionalized RAFT agent and styrene are combined to produce the desired product. As deduced by thermal gravimetric and elemental analysis, the grafting density of PS on the silica in the tandem process is intermediate between analogous “grafting to” and “grafting from” techniques for preparing PS brushes on silica. Relative rates of RAFT polymerization and click reaction can be altered to control grafting density.

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High‐performance liquid chromatography as a tool for the chemical standardisation of Triphala—an Ayurvedic formulation
Authors: Singh D. P. , Govindarajan R. , Rawat A. K. S.
Published: September 2007

Triphala is an anti‐oxidant‐rich herbal formulation containing fruits of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and T. belerica in equal proportions. The preparation is frequently used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat diseases such as anaemia, jaundice, constipation, asthma, fever and chronic ulcers. Anti‐mutagenic effects of the polyphenolic fractions isolated from Triphala have been reported, thus indicating that the phenols present in the formulation might be responsible for its therapeutic efficacy. A simple high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the separation and quantitative determination of the major antioxidant polyphenols from Triphala has been developed. The use of an RP18 column with an acidic mobile phase enabled the efficient separation of gallic acid, tannic acid, syringic acid and epicatechin along with ascorbic acid within a 20 min analysis. Validation of the method was performed in order to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. In addition, optimisation of the complete extraction of phenolic compounds was also studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoinitiated curing of mono‐ and bifunctional epoxides by combination of active chain end and activated monomer cationic polymerization methods
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla , Yagci Yusuf
Published: September 2007

Photoinitiated cationic polymerization of mono‐ and bifunctional epoxy monomers, namely cyclohexeneoxide (CHO), 4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl‐3′,4′‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (EEC), respectively by using sulphonium salts in the presence of hydroxylbutyl vinyl ether (HBVE) was studied. The real‐time FTIR spectroscopic, gel content determination, and thermal characterization studies revealed that both hydroxyl and vinyl ether functionalities of HBVE take part in the polymerization. During the polymerization, HBVE has the ability to react via both active chain end (ACE) and activated monomer mechanisms through its hydroxyl and vinyl ether functionalities, respectively. Thus, more efficient curing was observed with the addition of HBVE into EEC‐containing formulations. It was also demonstrated that HBVE is effective in facilitating the photoinduced crosslinking of monofunctional epoxy monomer, CHO in the absence of a conventional crosslinker. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4914–4920, 2007
A density functional theory computational study of the role of ligand on the stability of CuI and CuII species associated with ATRP and SET‐LRP
Authors: Rosen Brad M. , Percec Virgil
Published: September 2007

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and single electron‐transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) both utilize copper complexes of various oxidation states with N‐ligands to perform their respective activation and deactivation steps. Herein, we utilize DFT (B3YLP) methods to determine the preferred ligand‐binding geometries for Cu/N‐ligand complexes related to ATRP and SET‐LRP. We find that those ligands capable of achieving tetrahedral complexes with CuI and trigonal bipyramidal with axial halide complexes with [CuIIX]+ have higher energies of stabilization. We were able to correlate calculated preferential stabilization of [CuIIX]+ with those ligands that perform best in SET‐LRP. A crude calculation of energy of disproportionation revealed that the same preferential binding of [CuIIX]+ results in increased propensity for disproportionation. Finally, by examining the relative energies of the basic steps of ATRP and SET‐LRP, we were able to rationalize the transition from the ATRP mechanism to the SET‐LRP mechanism as we transition from typical nonpolar ATRP solvents to polar SET‐LRP solvents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4950–4964, 2007
Behavioral and histopathological consequences of paraquat intoxication in mice: Effects of α‐synuclein over‐expression
Authors: Fernagut P.O. , Hutson C.B. , Fleming S.M. , Tetreaut N.A. , Salcedo J. , Masliah E. , Chesselet M.F.
Published: September 2007

Genetic variability in the α‐synuclein gene and long‐term exposure to the pesticide paraquat constitute possible risk factors for sporadic Parkinson's disease. The goal of the present study was to further characterize the effects of paraquat in mice as a model of Parkinson's disease and to determine whether it acted synergistically with α‐synuclein over‐expression to cause nigrostriatal cell death or dysfunction. Paraquat (10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered once a week for 3 weeks to mice over‐expressing human α‐synuclein under the Thy1 promoter and their wild‐type littermates. The effect of paraquat on catecholaminergic neurons was reminiscent of that of Parkinson's disease, with preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tier of the substantia nigra pars compacta and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in the locus coeruleus. α‐Synuclein over‐expression did not increase paraquat‐induced cell loss, and paraquat did not worsen the behavioral deficits observed in the transgenic mice. However, paraquat markedly increased proteinase‐K‐resistant α‐synuclein aggregates in substantia nigra of the transgenic mice. The data further validate the use of paraquat to model Parkinson's disease in mice and show that although paraquat and α‐synuclein over‐expression act synergistically to increase protein aggregation in vivo, this interaction does not result in short‐term neuroprotection or increased vulnerability of nigrostriatal neurons. Synapse 61:991–1001, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent developments on high current measurement using current shunt
Authors: Kawamura Tatsuo , Haginomori Eiichi , Goda Yutaka , Nakamoto Tetsuya
Published: September 2007

The Short‐circuit Testing Liaison (STL) is the organization that consists of high power testing laboratories of the world. Member laboratories perform short‐circuit tests under uniform interpretations of the IEC standards agreed through technical discussions and information exchanges among them. One of the recent projects that the STL has been working on is to establish uncertainty and traceability of high current measurement by international comparison tests with reference shunts. In concert with this project, the IEC Working Group is preparing the new standard for high current measurements. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Calotropis gigantea, Acacia Caesia and Abelmoschus Ficulneus seeds
Authors: Sundar Rao K. , Pantulu A. J. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: September 2007

The percentage contents of oil and protein in the seeds of Calotropis gigantea Linn. (Asclepiadaceae), Acacia caesia Willd., syn. A. intsia (Leguminosae) and Abelmoschus ficulneus Wight & Arm., syn. Hibiscus ficulneus Linn. (Malvaceae) were 30.8, 8.8 and 14.4, and 19.0, 11.7 and 20.0, respectively. The major fatty acid was 18:1 in C. gigantea and 18:2 in the other two seeds oils. Malvalic, sterculic and dihydrosterculic acids were present in small quantities in A. ficulneus seed oil. The major essential amino acids in the seed proteins were phenylalanine, lysine and histidine in C. gigantea, threonine and arginine in A. caesia and lysine and phenylalanine in A. ficulneus.
13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the fatty acid composition of palm oil
Authors: Soon Ng , Ng Wee Lam
Published: September 2007

Gated decoupled 13C NMR spectra of the saturated and olefinic carbons in palm oil can be used for direct determination of the composition of the fatty acids in mole fractions of the saturated, monoene and diene acid chains. The results are more informative than the conventional iodine value which is used as a measure of the total unsaturation in the fatty acids.
The analysis of glycerol by gas chromatography
Authors: Snyder James , Franko‐Filipasic Borivoj
Published: September 2007

Commencai glycerol and its organic impurities can be measured accurately by a single gas Chromatographic GC analysis utilizing Tenax‐GC® and flame detection.
Lipid from yeast fermentation: Effects of cultural conditions on lipid production and its characteristics of rhodotorula glutinis
Authors: Yoon S. H. , Rhee J. S.
Published: September 2007

To produce lipids from microbial origins, Rhodotorula glutinis (syn. Rhodotorula gracilis) NRRL Y‐1091 was cultured in batch and continuous systems under nitrogen‐ and carbon‐limited conditions. The lipid production patterns are shown to be different from each other depending on growing conditions. In continuous cultures under nitrogen‐limited conditions, the maximum lipid accumulation was observed at the lowest dilution rate examined, giving the efficiency of substrate conversion of 16.4 g lipid per 100 g glucose consumed. As the dilution rate increased, cell biomass, lipid content, lipid productivity and lipid yield decreased. In carbon‐limited continuous cultures, cell biomass decreased with increasing dilution rate, but lipid content remained almost constant. Neutral lipid portions in nitrogen‐limited cultured yeast cells decreased as the dilution rate increased, and glyco‐ and phospholipid portions showed the reverse trend. Major components in the neutral lipid portions in yeast cells are triglyceride, free fatty acid, steryl ester and sterol. Phosphatidylserine was the predominant phospholipid in yeast cells. The dilution rate also affected the fatty acid composition of all lipid portions; polyunsaturated fatty acids increased and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased with increasing dilution rates. The degrees of unsaturation of each lipid class and total lipids were also increased by increasing the dilution rate.
The freeze fracture ultrastructure of peanut oil and other natural and synthetic triacylglycerol droplets
Authors: Rigler M. W. , Roth I. L. , Kritchevsky D. , Patton J. S.
Published: September 2007

The freeze fracture morphology of some emulsified natural and synthetic triacylglycerol oils was examined. Emulsions were frozen by two methods, immersion in liquid melted Freon 22 (rate ∼ 100 K/ sec) or by a jet of liquefied propane (rate ∼ 10,000 K/sec). Emulsion droplets appeared spherical regardless of freezing method. Droplets frozen with propane appeared featureless in cross‐fracture and demonstrated smooth cores regardless of oil type. Those frozen by immersion possessed cores exhibiting lamellae embedded in an amorphous matrix. Pure unsaturated oils such as triolein appeared structureless regardless of freezing rate, whereas natural oils exhibited characteristic morphologies which were partially related to their saturated fatty acid content. Immersion frozen peanut oil possessed, in addition to interior laminations, distinct surface laminations regardless of droplet size, emulsion preparation technique or buffer pH. The laminations were 100 Å thick and extended 3–15 layers deep into the droplet and were caused by long chain C20, C22 and C24 fatty acids. Six kinds of peanut oil were examined and their droplet surface laminations could be grouped into three structural classes. There was no correlation between structural features of the peanut oils and their atherogenicity. The type of surface lamination that a peanut oil exhibited appeared to be related to its ratio of oleic to linoleic acid. The cryoprotectant glycerol was soluble in olive oil to < 0.1% and produced no morphological alterations of the droplet.
Vacuum‐assisted Wound Closure and Mesh‐mediated Fascial Traction—A Novel Technique for Late Closure of the Open Abdomen
Authors: Petersson Ulf , Acosta Stefan , Björck Martin
Published: September 2007

Background

Open abdomen (OA) treatment often results in difficulties in closing the abdomen. Highest closure rates are seen with the vacuum‐assisted wound closure (VAWC) technique. However, we have experienced occasional failures with this technique in cases with severe visceral swelling needing longer treatment periods with open abdomen. Feasibility and short‐term outcome of a novel combination of techniques for managing the open abdomen are presented.

Methods

The VAWC technique was combined with medial traction of the fasciae through a temporary mesh in seven consecutive patients. The VAWC‐system was changed and the mesh tightened every 2–3 days.

Results

Median (range) age in the 7 men was 65 (17–78) years. The diagnoses were ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (3), operation for juxtarenal AAA (1), iatrogenic aortic lesion (1), trauma (1) and abdominal abscesses (1). Four patients were decompressed due to abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) or intra‐abdominal hypertension, and 3 could not be closed after laparotomy. Intra‐abdominal pressure prior to OA treatment was 24 (17–36) mmHg. Maximal separation of the fasciae was 16 (7 –30) cm. Delayed primary closure was achieved in all patients after 32 (12–52) days with OA. No recurrent ACS was seen. No technique‐specific complication was observed. Two small incisional hernias, one intra‐abdominal abscess and one wound infection occurred in three patients.

Conclusions

Delayed primary closure in cases with severe visceral swelling and long periods of OA seems feasible with this technique.
Biochemistry and bioenergetics of glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Sauer S. W.
Published: September 2007

Glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) is a central enzyme in the catabolic pathway of l‐tryptophan, l‐lysine, and l‐hydroxylysine which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl‐CoA to crotonyl‐CoA and CO2. Glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (GDD) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by the accumulation of glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids in tissues and body fluids. Untreated patients commonly present with severe striatal degeneration during encephalopathic crises. Previous studies have highlighted primary excitotoxicity as a trigger of striatal degeneration. The aim of this PhD study was to investigate in detail tissue‐specific bioenergetic and biochemical parameters of GDD in vitro, post mortem, and in Gcdh−/− mice. The major bioenergetic finding was uncompetitive inhibition of α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by glutaryl‐CoA. It is suggested that a synergism of primary and secondary excitotoxic effects in concert with age‐related physiological changes in the developing brain underlie acute and chronic neurodegenerative changes in GDD patients. The major biochemical findings were highly elevated cerebral concentrations of glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acid despite low permeability of the blood–brain barrier for these dicarboxylic acids. It can be postulated that glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids are synthesized de novo and subsequently trapped in the brain. In this light, neurological disease in GDD is not ‘transported’ to the brain in analogy with phenylketonuria or hepatic encephalopathy as suggested previously but is more likely to be induced by the intrinsic biochemical properties of the cerebral tissue and the blood–brain barrier.
Simple fistulas: Diagnosis and management in low‐resource settings—A descriptive report
Authors: Lassey A.T.
Published: September 2007

Obstetric fistulas occur in developing countries because of the scarcity or complete absence of obstetric services. The magnitude of the problem is unknown but thought to be sizeable. This article describes a basic approach to the care of women with fistulas in a low‐resource rural hospital in northern Ghana, where the results were similar to those obtained at better‐equipped centers. The facility includes an outpatient clinic for history taking and clinical examinations, and a laboratory for hemoglobin concentration assessment, sickling test, blood grouping, and cross‐matching when necessary. Anesthesia consists of a spinal anesthesia given by the surgeon and monitored by a nurse while the surgeon scrubs up before repairing the fistula. Surgery is performed with the patient in exaggerated lithotomy position, and a bed sheet used as a sling prevents her from falling backwards. The patients are kept at the hospital for 14 days postoperatively for continuous bladder drainage.
Fistula Fortnight: Innovative partnership brings mass treatment and public awareness towards ending obstetric fistula
Authors: Ramsey K. , Iliyasu Z. , Idoko L.
Published: September 2007

Objective

As part of the global Campaign to End Fistula, the Fistula Fortnight, a 2‐week mass obstetric fistula treatment project, was organized in northern Nigeria to contribute to reducing the backlog of untreated fistulas and raise awareness regarding obstetric fistulas and safe motherhood.

Methods

An array of partners joined forces to provide free surgical treatment, strengthen the capacity of existing facilities to manage obstetric fistulas, and utilize media strategies to raise awareness.

Results

The Fistula Fortnight took place from February 21 to March 6, 2005, at 4 established fistula repair centers in the northern Nigeria states of Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, and Sokoto. A total of 569 women received treatment, with an 87.8% rate of successful closures. The highly publicized event also raised awareness on the issue of obstetric fistula and helped put a face to maternal deaths.

Conclusion

The Fortnight, which required extensive and thoughtful planning involving many persons cognizant of health system and quality of care issues, was effective in drawing attention to the vast fistula problem and contributed to reducing the backlog of patients.
Was there a Scientific Revolution?
Authors: HARRISON PETER
Published: September 2007

During the middle decades of the twentieth century, the Scientific Revolution came to be understood as a key period in Western history. Recently, historians have cast doubt upon this category, questioning whether the relevant institutions and practices of the seventeenth century are similar enough to modern science to warrant the label ‘scientific’. A central focus of their criticisms has been the identity of natural philosophy – the major discipline concerned with the study of nature in the early modern period – and its differences from modern science. This paper explores natural philosophy and its relation to philosophy more generally. It concludes that a significant philosophical revolution took place in the seventeenth century, and that this was important for the subsequent emergence of modern science.
Coming to Terms with the Scientific Revolution
Authors: HEILBRON JOHN L.
Published: September 2007

Was there a Scientific Revolution at any time between 1550 and 1800? The question comes to asking whether ‘revolution’ is a good metaphor for the course of natural knowledge during early modern times. According to the findings presented here, the metaphor is useful, that is, productive of insights, if it is taken in analogy to a major political revolution. It then suggests a later onset, and a swifter career, for the Scientific Revolution than is usually prescribed, and reveals Newton not as its culmination but as its counterpoise. The analysis also discloses an unexpected analogy between the universities of the thirteenth century and the learned societies of the seventeenth.
The Scientific Revolution and the Problem of Periodization
Authors: RABB THEODORE K.
Published: September 2007

Because of its clear-cut and logical narrative structure, the story of the Scientific Revolution from Copernicus to Newton is essential to an understanding of the shape of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European History. Moreover, the crucial role of scientific discovery in helping to bring about the victory of the ‘moderns’ over the ‘ancients’ in the late seventeenth century provides a central reason for marking this period as the end of the age of the Renaissance. Regardless of problems of definition, therefore, the Scientific Revolution is of crucial importance to the enterprise of organizing the past into distinct and coherent periods.
Mentor and Constant Friend: the Life of George Francis Fitzgerald (1851–1901)
Authors: WEAIRE D. , COEY J. M. D.
Published: September 2007

George Francis Fitzgerald is known to most students of physics for his proposal of the Fitzgerald (-Lorentz) Contraction, but this is a minor episode in a remarkable life. Many of his ideas found expression through others. His powerful influence on the physics of his time has been reconstructed from his correspondence, as leader of the Maxwellians.
As We Saw It: The Context of the Life of George Francis Fitzgerald
Authors: PURSER MICHAEL
Published: September 2007

Drawing on the traditions and perspectives of the author's own family and relatives, which included George Francis Fitzgerald, the society in which this notable physicist lived and worked in the late nineteenth century is sketched.
‘Our Friend of Brilliant Ideas’: G. F. Fitzgerald and the Maxwellian Circle
Authors: HUNT BRUCE J.
Published: September 2007

From the late 1870s until his death in 1901, the Irish physicist G. F. Fitzgerald was one of the most active and influential proponents of Maxwell's theory of the electromagnetic field. Along with Oliver Lodge, Oliver Heaviside, Heinrich Hertz, and other ‘Maxwellians’, Fitzgerald took the lead in extending Maxwell's theory, clarifying its expression, and subjecting it to experimental test. The surviving correspondence of this Maxwellian circle provides a window into the workings of late Victorian physics and into the private side of scientific communication.
The Architecture of an Information Revolution
Authors: Dale Adrian
Published: September 2007

The twenty-first century is already proving to be the real dawn of the information revolution. The internet is now officially coming of age and highly functional mobile devices are everywhere. The youth of today are permanently connected and the media world is shifting to a “born digital”, “on line first” mentality. Every part of our society is feeling the effects of this revolution and is reaping the benefits of “real time information everywhere” ... or are they? Adrian Dale, in the second Willi Steiner Memorial Lecture, suggests that the reality is that many businesses are failing to keep pace with information growth and desperately need help – the question is from whom?
Bird & Bird: Our Approach to Knowledge Management
Authors: Pearson Kathryn
Published: September 2007

In her Conference presentation Kathryn Pearson discussed Bird & Bird's approach to Knowledge Management (KM). She considered the skills needed to become a legal knowledge manager and how these differ from those needed in Library and Information Services (LIS). She reviewed the merits of KM and the firm's approach to KM from three angles: people, process and technology, giving examples from recent KM projects.
Spatial variations in slip rate along the Death Valley‐Fish Lake Valley fault system determined from LiDAR topographic data and cosmogenic 10Be geochronology
Authors: Frankel Kurt L. , Dolan James F. , Finkel Robert C. , Owen Lewis A. , Hoeft Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2007

The Death Valley‐Fish Lake Valley fault zone (DV‐FLVFZ) is a prominent dextral fault system in the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ). Combining offset measurements determined with LiDAR topographic data for two alluvial fans with terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide 10Be ages from the fan surfaces yields a late Pleistocene slip rate of ∼2.5 to 3 mm/yr for the northern part of the DV‐FLVFZ in Fish Lake Valley. These rates are slower than the late Pleistocene rate determined for the system in northern Death Valley, indicating that slip rates decrease northward along this major fault zone. When summed with the slip rate from the White Mountains fault, the other major fault in this part of the ECSZ, our results suggest that either significant deformation is accommodated on structures east of Fish Lake Valley, or that rates of seismic strain accumulation and release have not remained constant over late Pleistocene to Holocene time.
Location Quotients, Ambient Populations, and the Spatial Analysis of Crime in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Andresen Martin A
Published: September 2007

This paper uses the location quotient, a common measurement from economic geography and regional economics, to capture the specialization of criminal activity in Vancouver, Canada. Location quotients have barely been introduced into criminological research, yet they provide additional insight into crime analysis not available using crime counts and crime rates. The location quotients for automotive theft, break and enter, and violent crimes are mapped for Vancouver, Canada, and tested using social disorganization and routine activity theory as a theoretical framework. Strong support is found for these theories to predict specialization in criminal activity by interpreting their expectations in the context of crime-specific attractors.
Collaborative Partnerships for Urban Development: A Study of the Vancouver Agreement
Authors: Mason Michael
Published: September 2007

Collaborative partnerships—featuring intergovernmental and/or public–private sector cooperation—have been identified as a leading organisational expression of the ‘new urban governance’. The paper examines the Vancouver Agreement—an urban development compact between the governments of Canada, British Columbia, and the City of Vancouver. Signed in March 2000 for a five-year term, and renewed in April 2005, the Vancouver Agreement has been widely acclaimed as an example of successful collaborative working, addressed to the revitalisation of the city's Downtown Eastside. The origins of the agreement are explained in the context of an urban crisis in the Downtown Eastside, where established policies were seen to be failing. High-level political support for a new governance approach led to the adoption of an urban development partnership, and the paper sets out its structure and strategic programmes of action. Benchmarked against conditions for effective intergovernmental working posited in the public administration literature, the paper then analyses five procedural attributes of the partnership: resource sharing, leadership, community involvement, mutual learning, and horizontal accountability. Concluding observations are offered on the long-term prospects for the Vancouver Agreement.
Cofilin recruitment and function during actin-mediated endocytosis dictated by actin nucleotide state
Authors: Okreglak Voytek , Drubin David G.
Published: September 2007

Cofilin is the major mediator of actin filament turnover in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism of cofilin recruitment to actin networks during dynamic actin-mediated processes in living cells and cofilin's precise in vivo functions have not been determined. In this study, we analyzed the dynamics of fluorescently tagged cofilin and the role of cofilin-mediated actin turnover during endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In living cells, cofilin is not necessary for actin assembly on endocytic membranes but is recruited to molecularly aged adenosine diphosphate actin filaments and is necessary for their rapid disassembly. Defects in cofilin function alter the morphology of actin networks in vivo and reduce the rate of actin flux through actin networks. The consequences of decreasing actin flux are manifested by decreased but not blocked endocytic internalization at the plasma membrane and defects in late steps of membrane trafficking to the vacuole. These results suggest that cofilin-mediated actin filament flux is required for the multiple steps of endocytic trafficking.
TERSE AND TERRIBLE TEXTS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

While working twelve hours a day, seven days a week, young reporter Mencken finds time to write short stories and poetry. His influences include Rudyard Kipling and Theodore Dresier. All this activity takes its toll, and Mencken travels to the Caribbean to recuperate. His previous notions of race were shattered upon seeing that unlike the African-Americans in Baltimore, those in Jamaica were given high positions in government and administration. He begins writing a humorous column on local politics, but yearns for more excitement in his life.
A MAN OF ABILITY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken tried to rehabilitate the Herald after the Baltimore Fire. In his desperation, he abandoned his own principles and printed a fabricated story about the Russo-Japanese war. Restless, he came to the realization that journalism was fleeting, and that “the man who devotes his life to it writes his history in water.” He returned to drama criticism, a powerful medium for scrutinizing the beliefs of society. His first serious book of criticism was on playwright George Bernard Shaw. Although His literary stature was rising, it could not avert the demise of his newspaper, the Baltimore Herald.
THE INFERNAL FEMININE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

No one sensed the changes in Mencken more fully than his girlfriend, Marion Bloom, whose own traumatic experiences as a nurse in war-torn France pushed her towards Christian Science, and away from Mencken.
OLD DISCORD AND NEW ALLIANCES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter chronicles the rise and fall of the famous Mencken/Nathan partnership, their departure from The Smart Set, and the inauguration of The American Mercury, a magazine credited for influencing widespread changes in the magazine industry. It also introduces a new character in the story: the notorious Charles Angoff, who will, in the future, do his best to damage Mencken's reputation.
THE TAMED OGRE OF CATHEDRAL STREET
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the married life of Henry Mencken and Sara Haardt. With marriage, the gossip columnists reported that Mencken became one of the most polite and cheerful men in America.
THE TUNE CHANGES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Although Mencken remained popular among American blacks during the 1930s, he began to alienate Jewish American fans who believed that Mencken, like the rest of the world, was ignoring the threat of Adolf Hitler. This was exacerbated by Mencken's flippant review of the abridged version of Mein Kampf in the pages of The American Mercury.
MENCKEN AS BOSS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the influence a popular president like Franklin D. Roosevelt had on the press, and the danger of journalists' reliance on White House handouts and propaganda. To mitigate this, Mencken became editor of the Baltimore Evening Sun. His tireless energy and daily denunciation of FDR not only stressed out the staff, but also himself. Mencken was also concerned over stories coming out of Hitler's Berlin, and decided to go there to see for himself what exactly was going on. He was convinced that the negative stories he heard were the same kind of propaganda he witnessed during World War I.
2 Fifty Ways to Feel YourPudor
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates the many different forms of pudor, the Latin term that roughly corresponds to English “shame”. The concept of face is further explored, the method of describing emotional scripts is fully elaborated, and a system or “taxonomy” of pudor-scripts is described and analyzed to show how the Romans experienced the emotion in a wide range of circumstances. Since pudor is a form of distress felt at seeing oneself being seen in discreditable terms, a section of the chapter also considers the many different forms that “being seen” in the relevant sense could take. The chapter concludes by analyzing the relation between two emotions of self-attention, verecundia and pudor.
Genes, Germs, and Enzymes
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the development of the understanding of genes, enzymes, and microbial genetics. The first breakthrough in understanding how genes actually functioned in the cell was made by British physician Archibald Garrod, who, in 1908, discovered that a gene controlled biochemical reactions by directing the formation of a single enzyme. Geneticists claim that Garrod's insight was unappreciated and overlooked for several decades until it was rediscovered in the 1940s by George Beadle and Edward Tatum. They proposed that a gene acts by determining the specificity of a particular enzyme and thereby controls, in a primary way, enzymatic synthesis and other metabolic reactions in the organism. Their proposal, known as the “one-gene: one-enzyme” hypothesis, played a directive role in the development of biochemical genetics throughout the 1940s and 1950s.
Genetic Heresy and the Cold War
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the outlawing of Mendelian genetics in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, and the emergence of Lysenkoism. Led by Trofim Denisovich Lysenko and supported by the Communist Party, antigeneticists in the Soviet Union denied that the basis of heredity was in special substances such as chromosomal genes, and they asserted rather that evolutionary and agricultural advances had been achieved through the inheritance of acquired characteristics. In the West, Lysenkoism came to represent a breakdown of scientific freedom and a clamp down of political control over the beliefs of scientists and the direction of research. Historians and biologists have extended considerable effort to analyze how Lysenkoism arose and maintained its power — how dogmatism, authoritarianism, displaying how the abuse of state power can help create and sustain erroneous theories.
Creatures of Empire
Authors: Anderson Virginia DeJohn
Published: September 2007

This study presents colonial American history as the story of three-way interactions among Indians, English colonists, and livestock. By situating domestic animals at the heart of the colonizing process in 17th-century New England and the Chesapeake region, the book restores contingency to a narrative too often dominated by human actors alone. Livestock were a central factor in the cultural clash between colonists and Indians as well as a driving force in expansion west. By bringing livestock across the Atlantic, colonists assumed that they provided the means to realize America's potential, a goal that Indians, lacking domestic animals, had failed to accomplish. They also assumed that Native Americans who learned to keep livestock would advance along the path toward civility and Christianity. But colonists failed to anticipate that their animals would generate friction with Indians as native peoples constantly encountered free-ranging livestock often trespassing in their cornfields. Moreover, concerned about feeding their growing populations and committed to a style of animal husbandry that required far more space than they had expected, colonists eventually saw no alternative but to displace Indians and appropriate their land. This created tensions that reached boiling point with King Philip's War and Bacon's Rebellion, and it established a pattern that would repeat time and again over the next two centuries.
“THE NECESSITIES OF THE HOUR”: ANNA DICKINSON'S CIVIL WAR
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes how Anna Elizabeth Dickinson successfully stormed the male-dominated bastion of partisan politics during the Civil War, becoming a leading stump speaker for the Republican Party even while maintaining a radical critique of the relatively moderate Lincoln administration. In barely two years Dickinson had made the rapid transition from her early war status as a captivating young Philadelphia radical with a gift for oratory, to her role as a successful abolitionist speaker in New England, to her new identity as a national celebrity. When Lincoln fell to an assassin's bullet, Dickinson paid homage to his numerous virtues in a speech in New York, but retracted none of her earlier critiques. Even to the very end, Dickinson and Lincoln had different paths in response to the nation's greatest crisis.
“A WOMAN OF EARNEST CONVICTIONS”: THE LYCEUM
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

When the Civil War came to a close, the nation faced a battery of questions, from the fate of the conquered Southern states to whether the nation grant a political voice to African American men while continuing to exclude women. These issues weighed heavily on Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. As an advocate for both women and African Americans, she would be forced to take a position on one of the crucial political debates of the day: which citizens should be granted suffrage in the postwar world? This chapter focuses on Dickinson's participation in the Lyceum Movement, which originated in New England in the late 1820s and in its original embodiment was distinctly local and pointedly educational. Community groups would arrange a series of lectures, commonly on scientific, historical, or philosophical topics, to be delivered by amateur orators, who were almost exclusively men.
“WHAT NEW GRIEF HAS COME TO YOU?”: THE PERSONAL AND THE POLITICAL
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

In the half-dozen years following the Civil War, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson's personal life followed the patterns she had established in her early twenties. Among dozens of admirers, a series of men and women grew particularly enamored with the captivating orator. Only months after Elias Irish succumbed to tuberculosis in 1866, Illinois congressman John Baker — two decades her senior — sent Dickinson several romantic notes before abandoning his quest when she failed to reciprocate his affections. She was also linked, at one time or another, to Iowa Congressman William B. Allison, New York reporter Ralph Meeker, and Ohio reporter Whitelaw Reid. Dickinson also continued to develop close, often physically intimate, relationships with other women, including Lou Brackett and Susan B. Anthony.
After the Knowledge Is Gone
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes three strategies that managers can use when employees actually leave an organization with critical intellectual capital. One is effectively rehiring retirees or other ex-employees who return to work in the organization as contractors or consultants. The pros and cons of this increasingly common practice, which has led to the growth of a segment known as the “working retired”, are discussed. Another solution involves making smart outsourcing decisions about how to replace critical capabilities that a firm can no longer sustain internally. It is argued that outsourcing can actually accelerate the loss of essential knowledge and make organizations more vulnerable in the long term. When unique capabilities are lost, a detailed case study is presented with a suggested process for lost knowledge recovery.
Toward the Ancient Future
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

In the United States at the turn of the 1970s, the countercultural revolution, which turned many Americans on to hallucinogens and alternative lifestyles, was on the decline. Many spiritual seekers felt fatigue from the psychedelic and communal experiences and longed for natural, individually-oriented spirituality. One of these spiritual seekers was Michael Harner, an anthropologist who, while formally remaining an academic, gradually grounded himself in the countercultural community. Harner experimented with drugless spiritual techniques from native North American, Siberian, and Sami traditions, which rely more on drumming, rattling, chanting, and guided meditation. Since his thinking resonated well with the sentiments of many spiritual seekers, his workshops began to enjoy popularity. In 1980, he established the Foundation for Shamanic Studies (FSS), the first school of modern shamanism, which organizes, systematizes, and disseminates archaic knowledge worldwide. Thus, shamanism entered modern Western nature communities. Given Harner's role as one of the first to spearhead the shamanism idiom in modern Western esotericism, this chapter discusses neo-shamanism in Europe and North America as well as Harner's spiritual experiences.
What Are We?
Authors: Olson Eric T.
Published: September 2007

Discussions of personal identity commonly ignore the question of our basic metaphysical nature: whether we are biological organisms, spatial or temporal parts of organisms, bundles of perceptions, or what have you. This book is a general study of this question. It begins by explaining what the question means and how it differs from others, such as questions of personal identity and the mind-body problem. It then examines critically the main possible accounts of our metaphysical nature. The book does not endorse any particular account but argues that the matter turns on issues in the ontology of material objects. If composition is universal–if any material things whatever make up something bigger–then we are temporal parts of organisms. If things never compose anything bigger, so that there are only mereological simples, then either we are simples–perhaps the immaterial souls of Descartes–or we do not exist at all. If some things compose bigger things and others do not, we are organisms.
Contamination and Manipulation in a Briber y Case: US v. Paul Manziel
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

In a successful drug sting operation against Paul Manziel’s brother, Bobby Joe Manziel, one tape recording gave law enforcement a clue that Paul may be involved in an unrelated bribery event. The undercover cooperating witness then turned his attention to Paul, using recording strategies in which he manipulated the tape recorder and otherwise contaminated the evidence to the extent that the case had to be dismissed before trial.