bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La aportación crítica de Elisabeth Eastlake (1809-1893) al debate de la fotografía en las artes a mediados del siglo XIX: la publicación de Fotografía (1857) en el Quaterly Review
Authors: Carabias Álvaro Mónica
Published: January 2022

En 1857, la historiadora del arte Elisabeth Eastlake escribía el primer ensayo crítico conocido hasta la fecha, sobre la dimensión histórica y estética de la fotografía en el marco del debate sobre la artisticidad de la fotografía y su lugar en las artes. Consciente y sorprendida respecto al modo en que la fotografía estaba alterando las formas tradicionales de representar al mundo, intentó arrojar algo de luz sobre el futuro del nuevo arte. Incluso, tranquilizar al público más conservador e ilustrado con un texto en el que proclamaba públicamente que el verdadero, revolucionario y experimental potencial de la fotografía residía en su versatilidad para representar el presente. Este artículo centra su interés en esta aportación al debate Arte/Fotografía y analiza el contenido de este ensayo pionero publicado en la revista de literaria y política Quaterly Review.
Aproximación al aprendizaje de la comunicación oral en la Educación Secundaria para Adultos. Un estudio de casos
Authors: Godoy-Martín Francisco-Javier
Published: January 2022

El alumnado de Educación Secundaria para Personas Adultas se encuentra generalmente, por sus características y situaciones personales, más cercano a la incorporación al mercado laboral. Por ello, es necesario que los planes formativos incluyan aquellas competencias que le permitan alcanzar un mayor nivel de empleabilidad. No cabe duda de que, en la actualidad, la competencia en comunicación oral es uno de los requisitos más demandados por las empresas. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es identificar cuáles son los principales problemas a los que se enfrenta el alumnado de Educación Secundaria para Personas Adultas en la preparación de una intervención oral formal. Se ha seguido una metodología cualitativa basada en el estudio de casos, cuyas técnicas utilizadas han sido la observación directa, la observación participante y la entrevista semiestructurada, en la que se han tenido en cuenta procesos de producción, factores psicológicos y la influencia de la tecnología. Los resultados reflejan que la forma de tratar y organizar la información y la escasez de actividades orales durante el curso son los principales problemas para el desarrollo de la competencia oral formal.
El Prácticum en el Grado de Maestro/a de Educación Infantil: análisis de diarios docentes
Authors: Martín Gómez Paula , García Rodríguez María Luisa , Mena Marcos Juanjo
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCCIÓN Desde el Plan Bolonia de formación de maestros se aboga por ampliar la tradicional función docente del profesorado, confiándole además una función investigadora. Al mismo tiempo se reta al profesorado universitario para cumplir con las nuevas demandas que exigen dotar a los maestros y maestras de recursos suficientes para responder, con la mayor calidad posible, a las necesidades de las sociedades modernas. El Prácticum ofrece al futuro profesorado oportunidades de entrenar ambas funciones en los contextos profesionales reales, cada vez más diversos y complejos. Las estancias en las escuelas proporcionan escenarios en los que realizar cierta investigación educativa a través de la autoevaluación reflexiva, iniciándose así en una estrategia de adquisición de la necesaria competencia investigadora, componente insoslayable de la identidad profesional. En estas circunstancias cobra importancia el diario docente, entendido como instrumento que favorece la actitud reflexiva e investigadora. MÉTODO Se analiza, con NVIVO 12, el contenido de diarios profesionales escritos por estudiantes de Grado de Maestro de Educación Infantil de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Salamanca, durante la estancia en escuelas correspondiente al Prácticum del último año formativo. Del análisis emergen las categorías contexto educativo, profesorado, alumnado y familias.  RESULTADOS  Los resultados muestran que las reflexiones se centran fundamentalmente en las tareas del profesorado. DISCUSIÓN Las conclusiones ofrecen pistas sobre ciertas características de la formación actual que servirán como punto de partida para orientar al profesorado universitario sobre la dirección a tomar para contribuir al desarrollo profesional de los futuros docentes. Avalan el diario docente como alternativa posible a tener en cuenta entre las estrategias conducentes a adquirir la competencia investigadora por parte del profesorado de Educación Infantil, a condición de que sea enfocado desde la necesaria mirada autoescudriñadora y, preferentemente, guiado por el profesorado universitario para alcanzar un buen nivel de profundidad.
Alumnado con diversidad funcional en la universidad: necesidades y dificultades
Authors: Mayo Pais Mª Emma
Published: January 2022

Introducción. La presente investigación se plantea con el objetivo de conocer cuáles son las necesidades y dificultades que presentan los estudiantes con diversidad funcional en la universidad. Método. Se utilizó un cuestionario para la recopilación de datos. Participaron 73 estudiantes con diversidad funcional, que cursan sus estudios en una universidad pública española. Resultados. Los resultados obtenidos indican que este colectivo presenta dificultades para seguir las explicaciones del profesorado, realizar las prácticas y/o los exámenes. Asimismo, un porcentaje importante considera que el profesorado tendría que recibir formación para saber cómo atender a la diversidad y que las medidas educativas puestas en marcha por la institución no responden a sus necesidades. Conclusión. Como conclusión podemos afirmar que se hace necesaria la eliminación de barreras arquitectónicas e instaurar programas de formación docente para mejorar la atención a la diversidad, pues no hacerlo contribuirá a generar barreras que impiden la inclusión, al no garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades.
Factores de personalidad e innovación docente en España: aproximación desde distintos enfoques
Authors: Monge-López Carlos , Gómez-Hernández Patricia
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCCIÓN. La innovación docente supone una serie de transformaciones orientadas a la mejora, por lo que se puede considerar un elemento necesario en los centros educativos. Sin embargo, estos procesos de cambio se encuentran influidos por una gran cantidad de factores, siendo los rasgos de personalidad del profesorado unos de los más importantes y amplios. El principal objetivo de esta investigación fue relacionar, comparar, predecir y comprender los factores de innovación docente del profesorado a partir de sus rasgos de personalidad. MÉTODO. Se desarrolló un diseño de investigación que combinó un estudio por encuesta (1,670 profesores de Educación Infantil, Primeria y Secundaria cumplimentaron el CFID y el 16PF-5) con un estudio de caso (centro educativo madrileño donde se realizaron entrevistas, observaciones, análisis documental, producciones personales y grupo de discusión). RESULTADOS. Algunos rasgos de personalidad del profesorado estuvieron presenten en los modelos para predecir la participación institucional (R2corregida = .43), la apertura psicopedagógica (R2corregida = .30) y la planificación didáctica (R2corregida = .31). También se encontraron relaciones entre la personalidad y la innovación docente, además de diferencias significativas en personalidad en función de los factores de innovación del profesorado. DISCUSIÓN. La apertura al cambio, la afabilidad y la animación del profesorado son rasgos de la personalidad sumamente importantes en los procesos de innovación docente.
EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN CUBA IN THE XX CENTURY. PRESENT AND FUTURE IN THE XXI CENTURY
Authors: Cardero Montoya Alfredo
Published: January 2022

El texto plantea una comparación histórica de la situación educativa en Cuba y su transición al siglo XXI.
Estudiante de Costa Rica gana medalla de bronce en las Olimpiadas Internacionales de Química
Authors: Reyes Pérez Paola
Published: January 2022

Estudiante de Costa Rica gana medalla de bronce en las Olimpiadas Internacionales de Química
La Causalidad de estar en China
Authors: Trejo Edwin
Published: January 2022

Experiencias del autor en China.
RULES FOR DETERMINING THE ORDER OF DISPENSING DRUGS IN THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: APPLICATION, FEATURES
Authors:   Vitebsk State Order of Peoples' Friendship Medical University, Kuhach V. V. , Tarasova E. N. ,   Vitebsk State Order of Peoples' Friendship Medical University
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the rules of determining the order for dispensing drugs in the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter - the Union). It is shown that when registering drugs and making changes to the registration dossier in the Member States of the Union prescription drugs with conventional, special (containing narcotic or psychotropic substances in the composition), limited (used exclusively at a hospital or causing very serious adverse reactions) prescription may be sorted out. Active ingredients in prescription drugs are also classified depending on the possibility of re-sale using the same recipe. Over-the-counter drugs are those meeting relevant criteria based on their safety profile. In addition, over-the-counter drugs may be those containing prescription active ingredients but with the lower dosage, the number of doses in the package and another route of administration.
ASSORTMENT ANALYSIS OF DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MILD AND MODERATE ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors:   Vitebsk State Order of Peoples' Friendship Medical University, Tarasova E. N. , Konorev M. R. ,   Vitebsk State Order of Peoples' Friendship Medical University, Lapkouskaya K. V. ,   Vitebsk State Order of Peoples' Friendship Medical University
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the assortment analysis of 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs used for the treatment of mild and moderate ulcerative colitis. A brief description of dosage forms for oral and rectal administration used for the treatment of this disease is given. It is shown that therapeutic efficacy of the drug is associated with the concentration of the active substance in the large intestine. Therefore, in order to increase its effectiveness it is important to use such dosage forms that would help to prevent and reduce mesalazine absorption in the proximal small intestine and contribute to maximum release in the large intestine. It is shown that the rectal suspension of mesalazine, which is a first-line drug and is included in the list of essential medicines, is not produced in the Republic of Belarus. Special attention is paid to the possibility of expanding the range of mesalazine drugs if there is a possibility of extemporal suspension production from tablets presented in the assortment including a domestic manufacturer.
NOMENCLATURE ANALYSIS OF MEDICINES PREPARED BY PHARMACIES OF RUE «BELPHARMATSIYA»
Authors: Kirilyuk A. A.
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the nomenclature analysis of medicines prepared at 21 pharmacies of the 1st category of RUE «BELPHARMATSIYA», the largest state pharmacy network in Minsk. Medicines preparation at pharmacies is carried out according to the doctors’ prescriptions and the requirements (applications) of healthcare organizations as well as in the form of intra-pharmacy stocking and packing. The main tasks of pharmacy preparation are: providing the population and healthcare organizations with dosage forms not manufactured by industry, preparation of dosage forms mainly used in pediatric and geriatric practice, individual pharmacotherapy provision. Pharmacists make from 38 to 174 dosage forms in one day. The nomenclature of the medicines prepared numbers 392most common prescriptions of which 47,2% prescriptions are unique: they were prepared by one pharmacy only. The most prevalent (42,8%) is preparation of complex in composition dosage forms which contain at least 4 ingredients. Therefore, there is an urgent question about the stability of dosage forms and shelf life detection (currently, the legislation hasn’t established shelf life of medicines prepared at pharmacy). The assortment of active ingredients and excipients has been analyzed. There are cases of medicines preparation from industrial medicines. The need for almost 100 names of active ingredients has been established. Nomenclature analysis of the prescriptions has confirmed the importance of medicines preparation development at a pharmacy to provide the population with medicines.
Nutrient Media Optimization for Date Palm Micropropagation (Phoenix dactylifera L.)
Authors: Mangrio Ghulam Sughra , Simair Altaf Ahmed , Tabassum Shumiala , Kumar Bharat , Mangrio Nadia
Published: January 2022

An experimental study was conducted to optimise nutritional media for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) micropropagation by employing a shoot tip as an explant on basic Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with varied Auxin (IAA, NAA) and Cytokinin (Kinetin and 2ip) concentrations for shoot and root multiplication. The findings of date palm regeneration on basal MS medium (Control) without Kinetin and IAA indicated a decreased survival rate (5.0%) and no root or shoot up to the end of the experiment. When the basal MS medium having different Kinetin and IAA concentrations showed an increased rate of survival, i.e. basal MS +0.5 mg/L of Kinetin and 0.0 IAA (8.0%), MS basal+1.0 mg/L of Kinetin and 0.5 IAA (6.6) and basal MS +2.0 mg/L of Kinetin and 1.5 IAA (7.0) and basal MS contains 1.5 mg/L of Kinetin and 1.0 IAA resulted in highest survival rate (8.8%). However, the highest number of shoots (2.2) and a maximum length of shoots (8.8 cm) were recorded on basal MS medium containing 2.0 mg/L of Kinetin and 1.5 IAA. Moreover, the highest number of roots (3.34) and measured the maximum length of roots (3.56 cm) was achieved on basal MS media containing 1.0 NAA and 1.5 mg/L of 2ip.
Association Mapping of Agronomic traits in Bread Wheat using a high Density 90k SNP Array
Authors: Sher Muhammad Ali , Khan Abdus Salam , Ali Zulfiqar , Khan Sultan Habibullah
Published: January 2022

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a high-density infinium 90K SNP array. We identified a total markers traits associations (MTAs) (p ?0.000) for the following plant traits; days taken to 50% heading(DH), days to 50% maturity (DM), plant height (Ph) cm, flag leaf area cm2 (FLA), tillers number per plant, spike length (SL) cm and grain yield per plant (GP) g. Most of the SNPs were identified in the A and B genome as compared to the D genome. The significant associated SNPs were mainly distributed on the chromosome 2B, 3B, 5A, and 5B. Nine SNPs on chromosome 5A, 2B and 2D were identified having pleiotropic effects The correlation analysis showed a significant positive association among SL, NT, GP. Which depicted that these traits are promising for breeding high yielding wheat cultivars. This study provided useful information of the valuable genetic loci for marker-assisted breeding.
Ledelse mellom sterke ideologier og lillebrorkomplekser – en eksplorerende studie i tverrfaglig spesialisert rusbehandling
Authors: Erlandsen Margrethe Aaen , Harwiss Hilde Elise Lytomt , Bjartveit Steinar , Arnevik Espen Ajo
Published: January 2022

Background: Substance use treatment has long traditions in Norway, but it was not until 2004 that it became part of the specialist health service, leading to new leadership requirements. The aim of this study was to understand how the field is perceived from a leadership perspective and how leaders perceive their leadership role.

Method: The study is based on three focus group interviews with the mentors of 28 network groups. Data were analysed through systematic text condensation.

Results: The analysis resulted in a clustering of four aspects the informants reported to characterise their perceptions of their leadership role: the inferiority complex, values ​​in substance use treatment, pragmatic leadership, and subjective leadership.

Implications: The analysis shows that informal hierarchies of power, ideology, and expectations of interdisciplinarity in all decisions provide fertile ground for a flat structure and ambiguity in management. The findings reveal the need for measures to strengthen recognition of the field and develop the leadership role.

Keywords: Substance use treatment, leadership, drugs, addiction, health, leadership development
Analisis Penyimpanan Produk Menggunakan Metode Shared Storage (Studi Kasus di PT. X)
Authors: Candrianto Candrianto , Amalia Wahyuni , Ramadhan Habib Syafira
Published: January 2022

PT. X is a company engaged in shipping services. This company has a spare part storage warehouse that is not yet effective and efficient. This can be seen from the placement of items that are not suitable and require a long time in the process of picking up goods. This study aims to redesign the layout of the storage warehouse using the shared storage method. Shared storage is a method of arranging a storage area based on the warehouse floor area by placing the items that are sent immediately closest to the door, and so on. This method uses the FIFO (first in first out) principle so that the outbound process is easier and takes less time to search for goods. Based on the processing using the shared storage method, a proposal is made to improve the layout by adding 2 storage racks arranged by product type. The previous pallet 1210 became 3234. Forging of storage racks takes into account the size of the demand, so that products with more demand are placed in the area close to the door. With this, there are no more products stored in any area, and product collection will be easier and faster
Segmentasi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit dengan Data Mining Teknik K-Means Clustering Berdasarkan Luas Areal, Produksi dan Produktivitas
Authors: Yuniarti Trisna , Hayati Dahliyah
Published: January 2022

The oil palm is the most productive plantation product in Indonesia. Government strategies and policies related to oil palm plantations continue to be carried out considering that the plantation area is increasing every year. Segmentation of oil palm plantations based on area, production, and productivity aims to identify groups of potential oil palm plantations in the territory of Indonesia. This segmentation can provide consideration in formulating strategies and policies that will be made by the government. The segmentation method for grouping oil palm plantations uses the K-Means Clustering Data Mining technique with 3 clusters specified. Data mining stages start from data collection until representation is carried out, where 34 data sets are collected, only 25 data sets can be processed further. The results of this grouping obtained three plantation segments, namely 72% of the plantation group with low potential, 20% of the plantation group with medium potential, and 8% of the plantation group with high potential.
Kajian Mutu Kimia Bubuk Kopi Espresso Aceh Berdasarkan Rasio Pencampuran Varietas Kopi Arabika dan Robusta dan Teknik Penyangraian
Authors: Hasni Dian , Muzaifa Murna , Rahmad Dedy , Insan Maulana
Published: January 2022

Generally there are two coffee varietes cultivated in Indonesia, known as Arabica and Robusta coffee. Arabica distinctively known for its distinctive quality but limited quantity compared to robusta which is commonly use for commercial coffee production due to its robust productivity. Nowadays, global market demand encourages a huge variety of coffee product, based on coffee such as espresso. The quality of espresso is influence by many factors such as roasting technique and ratio blending of coffee ground. This study aims to determine the influence of blending ratio and roasting techniqus to the chemical compounds of coffee ground and its espresso brewed. This research used Factorial Random Design, consists of 2 factors. First factor is ratio of blending Arabica and Robusta with three levels ratio; B1=70:30; B2=80:20; and B3=90:10). The second factor is roasting technique, consisting of 2 levels of conventional roasting(P1) and torrefacto (P2). Each treatment was repeated 3 replications to obtain 18 units of experiment. Measured parameters are pH of brewed espresso and moisture (%), ash (%), protein (%), lipid (%) and caffeine (%) contents of coffee ground. The results showed that the blending ratio was highly significant (P≤0,01) to the moisture and protein contents of coffee grounds and pH of resulted espresso. The best treatment was obtained from combination of B1P1 treatment (combination blending ratio (70%:30%) and conventional roasting) with 2.00% moisture content, 4.83% ash, 13.04% protein, 10.41% fat, 81.17% carbohydrate and caffeine 1.49%.
Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel, Perbandingan Jumlah Pelarut dan Waktu Maserasi terhadap Perolehan Rendemen Aquilaria Malaccensis Lam.
Authors: Miftahurrahmah Miftahurrahmah , Ulia Hasnah , N. H Harmiwati
Published: January 2022

Aquilaria Malaccensis Lam. is one of the most popular plants contains essential oil, both of them used by pharmaceutical and also cosmetic industry. The plants used in this study came from Jambi, Indonesia which is known, It’s one of the best quality agarwood in the world. This study aims to determine the best conditions for the yield so that it can be produced on an industrial scale. The study reviewed the effect of yield based on size of particles, ratio of solvent, and the operating time, maceration. The research was carried out in three steps. The first, raw material preparation, fermentation and maceration, and then evaporation. Preparation of raw materials is prepared in three variables, 2-5 cm, ±2cm, and size <40 mesh. Methanol is the solvent that will be used in multiple ratio of solvent to agarwood, its 1:7, 1:9, and 1:11(gr/ml). In addition, the maceration time was varied for each sample, 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days. Based on the research variables, obtained essential oil of agarwood dark brown in colour, with a special fragrance of agarwood. Based on the difference in particle size, it is known that size <40 mesh, yield is 3.16%, while for the larger size, 2-5 cm, the yield is 3.12%. In the variable ratio of the amount of solvent used, it is known that 1:9 (gr/ml) is the best point for yield. At maceration step known that 2-3 days, it doesn’t gives a significant change, 2.12 g for 3 days, and 1.92 g for 2 days.
Different computational technique for solution of variation issue
Authors: Ashish Dhamanda
Published: January 2022

Issue of large demand of electricity by customers in all countries becomes a big challenge to all. In this paper the issue of frequency and corresponding power in the generating station has been focused and three generating units taken as a source of electricity generation. Computational technique like; PI, PID, Fuzzy and GA Technique has been applied for the solution of such issues, when the generating unit is operating normal and also even in disturbing condition. The Simulink model has been simulated and comparative result of response has been tabulated for best effectiveness. Comparative results show that the GA techniques gives good results with respect to the other techniques by satisfying the all system parameters in all the conditions.
Barneperspektiv og selvrapportering i studiet av barns og tenåringers utvikling: Teoretiske overveielser og forskningsmetodiske problemer
Authors: Fottland Helg
Published: January 2022

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A king’s luck? A discussion of battle-luck and ill-fortune in Sverris Saga
Authors: Coroban Costel
Published: January 2022

This article brings the concept of luck to the forefront in a discussion of the Saga of King Sverris (Sverris saga) while at the same time introducing the reader to the age of the Civil War in Norway. An important scholar who has contributed to outlining the role of luck in Norway’s early medieval political ideology was Vilhelm Peter Grønbech with his seminal work, The Culture of the Teutons. The methodology employed in this short contribution is that of comparing and contrasting Grønbech’s established theory with more recent hypotheses and interpretations in order to reach a conclusion whether the theoretical concepts of the mentioned scholar are applicable in the interpretation of Sverris saga.
Implementation of Virtual Classroom and Zoom Networks in Continuing Student Learning
Authors: Nurbaiti Nurbaiti , Al Aflah Nadhrah , Supardi Supardi
Published: January 2022

Almost all corners of the world have been affected or affected by this Covid-19 virus disease, even some countries have set a lockdown status and other anticipations for the spread of the Covid-19 virus. The alternative used in this bold learning activity system is to utilize the internet network, namely the Zoom Meeting and Classroom application. This study aims to determine students' perceptions of the use of internet networks such as zoom meetings and classrooms used and how effective learning is during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research conducted here uses descriptive qualitative research methods. And the results of this study indicate that the zoom application is an application that is very effective and preferred by students because it is easier to use and very efficient when the learning process is bold and shows that some students who give their perception of the application used during learning that are brave are the Zoom Meeting application, namely the application. Zoom Meeting. by 66.7%, followed by the Google Meet application at 22.2% and the Classrom application at 11.1%.
Work accident risk analysis with FMEA (failure mode and effect analysis) method on steel frame bridge project
Authors: Sutapa I Ketut , Kader I Made Suardana , Santiana I Made Anom , Wibawa I Gede Sastra , Yasa I Made Tapa , Suasira I Wayan
Published: January 2022

Risk is the possibility of the occurrence of an event outside of which every activity that is likely to be detrimental is carried out by humans. In the Nangarasong Steel Frame construction project in Flores district, there is uncertainty which will create a risk that can encourage the project and can affect the potential for work accidents. Uncertainty factors can cause risk in an activity that has an impact on decreasing labor productivity, risk of cost, time, and damage to design or technology. To reduce these adverse impacts, a risk management system is needed, which includes analysis, analysis, and monitoring of risks that may occur. Risk management makes an integrated effort to manage the risk of work accidents by using the FMEA (Failure Mode And Effect Analysis) method. All construction projects that may experience accident risks are identified and analyzed for the severity with FMEA, from the results of which the causes and impacts of the work accident risks will be sought. After knowing and the impact of the risk of work accidents, the next action on the risk of work accidents that result.
Cilicia: The First Christian Churches in Anatolia
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: January 2022

This article explores the origin of the Christian church in Anatolia. While individual believers undoubtedly entered Anatolia during the 30s after the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:9-10), the book of Acts suggests that it was not until the following decade that the first church was organized. For it was at Antioch, the capital of the Roman province of Syria, that the first Christians appeared (Acts 11:20-26). Yet two obscure references in Acts point to the organization of churches in Cilicia at an earlier date. Among the addressees of the letter drafted by the Jerusalem council were the churches in Cilicia (Acts 15:23). Later Paul visited these same churches at the beginning of his second ministry journey (Acts 15:41). Paul’s relationship to these churches points to this apostle as their founder. Since his home was the Cilician city of Tarsus, to which he returned after his conversion (Gal. 1:21; Acts 9:30), Paul was apparently active in church planting during his so-called ‘silent years’. The core of these churches undoubtedly consisted of Diaspora Jews who, like Paul’s family, lived in the region. Jews from Cilicia were members of a Synagogue of the Freedmen in Jerusalem, to which Paul was associated during his time in Jerusalem (Acts 6:9). Antiochus IV (175-164 BC) hellenized and urbanized Cilicia during his reign; the Romans around 39 BC added Cilicia Pedias to the province of Syria. Four cities along with Tarsus, located along or near the Pilgrim Road that transects Anatolia, constitute the most likely sites for the Cilician churches. The evidence, though incomplete, points to Cilicia as the location of the first Christian churches in Anatolia.
Popular Religion in Old Testament Research: Past, Present & Future
Authors: Gomes Jules
Published: January 2022

The heightened interest in the study of popular religion in various disciplines has led to scholars giving it consideration in the field of biblical studies. The ‘popular religion movement’, if one can so call recent developments, has, up to now, had no voice within traditional biblical criticism that makes little room for the ‘religion of the marginalised’. Even more complex are the issues of definition, scope, and method from which scholars of popular religion struggle to extricate themselves. Nevertheless, given the cross fertilisation with ancillary disciplines and the rise of new perspectives on scripture from different continents, such a pursuit does offer surprises that can contribute to mainstream critical thought. This paper examines the history of the ‘popular religion movement’ and negotiates methodological possibilities for the future.
A Revised Date for Pentateuchal Texts? Evidence from Ketef Hinnom
Authors: Waaler Erik
Published: January 2022

The trend of OT scholarship is to date Pentateuchal texts to exilic or post-exilic times. The silver amulets from Ketef Hinnom may challenge this conclusion. Based on archaeological and palaeographic studies, the amulets are dated between 725 and 650 BC. The amulets contain material from the Priestly source (Nu. 6:24–26) as well as from the frame of Deuteronomy (Dt. 7:9). It is argued that the person who inscribed the silver plates is likely to have used a single source for these two quotations, a source that probably included more Pentateuchal material. Thus disparate Pentateuchal texts existed and were conjoined prior to the reform of Josiah. If it is reasonable to posit a lapse of time for this early version to become influential and the accidental inscription of the amulets to occur, the extended source text must be yet earlier.
John Calvin on ‘Before All Ages’
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: January 2022

This brief paper argues that John Calvin’s exegesis of πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων in 2 Timothy 1:9 and Titus 1:2 provides no reason for thinking that he rejected the Augustinian account of God’s timeless eternity. On the contrary, there is clear evidence in the Institutes that he took Augustine’s view. His exegesis concerns whether the phrase means ‘before time’ (as he thinks is the case in 2 Tim. 1:9) or ‘a very long time ago’ (its meaning in Tit. 1:2).
Power in the Pool: The Healing of the Man at Bethesda and Jesus’ Violation of the Sabbath (Jn. 5:1-18)
Authors: Bryan Steven M.
Published: January 2022

The man whom Jesus healed at the pool of Bethesda in John 5 harboured a magical belief that God’s power was at certain times impersonally resident within the water and thus accessible apart from any direct intention or action by God. Similarly the Jews’ response to the man’s healing betrays their belief that, by healing on the Sabbath, Jesus has used God’s power in a way unsanctioned by God and therefore independent of God. In this context, the healing functions as a sign that the actions of Jesus are one with those of God. This sign is subsequently taken up in and explained by the following discourse which likewise has as its central theme the absolute unity which exists between the actions of the Son and his Father.
Innocent Suffering in Egypt
Authors: Bricker Daniel P.
Published: January 2022

There are many studies exploring the idea of innocent suffering and the concept of theodicy as it occurs in the literature of ancient Mesopotamia and Israel, but this is not so much the case with ancient Egyptian literature. This article will explore this matter in regard to ancient Egyptian documents. The point is to discover what factors in Egyptian culture led to the exclusion of theodicy and the idea of innocent suffering from their world view and literature.
Corinth in the First Century AD: The Search for Another Class
Authors: Jongkind Dirk
Published: January 2022

A consideration of living spaces in ancient Corinth suggests that it is not possible to characterise its society as one made up merely of a very small number of élite alongside vast numbers of non-élite who were extremely poor. The variety of housing suggests the existence of another class.
Terminological Patterns and the Divine Epithet Shaddai
Authors: Warning W.
Published: January 2022

By juxtaposing the first seven occurrences of the divine epithet Shaddai in Genesis and Exodus it becomes evident that they are both terminologically and thematically interrelated and culminate in Exodus 6:3.
Gospel and Scripture: Rethinking Canonical Unity
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: January 2022

It is widely believed that the Christian Bible is merely an anthology of the religious literature of ancient Israel and the early church, and that to speak of its ‘unity’ or ‘coherence’ is no longer possible. But biblical unity is still an issue where one seeks to understand the texts in their relation to God, and there are two main ways in which this issue is typically presented: biblical unity may be grounded in the process of divine inspiration which is believed to have generated these writings, or it may be grounded in a theory of providential ordering. The problem with both approaches is that they fail to reflect on the relation between scripture and the gospel, the proclamation of what God has done in and through Jesus and his Spirit which, for Christians, lies at the centre of the testimony of both Old and New Testaments. In his letter to the Galatians, Paul struggles to articulate an evangelical hermeneutic for scriptural interpretation, over against opponents who hold no less ‘high’ a doctrine of scripture than he does. This evangelical hermeneutic is not simply imposed on the texts from the outside, but identifies fundamental elements in the dynamics of these texts, notably the promise/law polarity. In broad outline, Paul’s argument can serve as a model for our own attempts to rethink scriptural unity.
Proclaiming the Future: History and Theology in Prophecies against Tyre
Authors: Renz Thomas
Published: January 2022

This essay seeks to contribute to our understanding of the nature and function of predictive prophecy. On the basis of programmatic statements in Isaiah 40-55 and a careful analysis and comparison of prophecies against Tyre in Isaiah 23 and Ezekiel 26 that takes into account the actual history of Tyre, other prophetic references to Tyre, and the theological thrust of the relevant sections, it is argued that predictions are an essential part of the prophetic message. Yet they offer a paradigmatic picture of God’s dealings with his people and the nations rather than a detailed outline of future events. Thus prophetic predictions are not historiography before the event but a proclamation of God’s purpose. This explains the conventional and vague language of many predictions, the element of conditionality in biblical prophecy, and the selective nature of the vision of the future being offered.
Pauline Paternity in 1 Thessalonians
Authors: Burke T. J.
Published: January 2022

Two aspects of Paul’s paternal relations, hierarchy/authority and affection, towards his Thessalonian ‘offspring’ are investigated against the first century Jewish and Graeco-Roman views of fatherhood. Paul’s relationship with the Thessalonians was a hierarchical one, similar to that of the paterfamilias (head of the household) who assumed the responsibility for socialising his children into the community. As the founder-father of the community, Paul may have regarded the Thessalonian church as in some sense belonging to him. However, his superordinate position is tempered by a more gentle formulation in that he exercised paternal (as opposed to apostolic) authority towards his converts. Contrary to some views, there is an abundance of evidence in 1 Thessalonians to show that Paul was not averse to showing affection towards his converts. The apostle demonstrates his love in different ways, but it is his sudden physical separation from the Thessalonians—a severance that is akin to a ‘death’ or a ‘bereavement’— which calls forth an unprecedented display of tenderness. This also compares favourably with the response of ancient fathers when their offspring died. The article concludes that any proper view of Paul’s paternity needs to account for the dialectic between his superordinate status and the deep love he also felt for his ‘children’.
The ‘New’ Roman Wife and 1 Timothy 2:9-15: The Search for a Sitz im Leben
Authors: Winter Bruce W.
Published: January 2022

A challenging passage for exegetes and theologians alike is 1 Timothy 2:9-15. What has eluded the discussion has been the source of the image of the wife against which the passage is set. In this essay evidence will be presented which shows that the ‘new’ Roman wife was a contemporary perception which influenced this discussion. The evidence for her is threefold, viz., literary works, the poems of leading elegists of the era of the late Republic and early Empire, and the Augustan laws on marriage which aimed to rein in her promiscuous behaviour. This essay does not seek to comment on the passage as a whole but simply to highlight those sections where this background illuminates specific issues.
Ethics and the Perfect Moral Law
Authors: Bunting Harry
Published: January 2022

This paper examines contemporary virtue ethics and the claim that Christian ethics is a virtue ethic. Three central theses are identified as being central to virtue ethics: a priority thesis, a perfectionist thesis and a communitarian thesis. It is argued that defences of the priority thesis—it best addresses the moral crisis in our society, it does justice to historical consciousness and it remedies the incompleteness in deontic ethics—are unconvincing. It is argued that virtue and moral perfection are best understood in terms of psychologically appropriate dispositions to act in accordance with moral principles. It is further argued that the communitarian thesis raises relativist difficulties and fails to do justice to the universal elements of morality. Each of these arguments is developed philosophically and the implications for Christian ethics are explored. In light of the theory of virtue sketched in the paper it is concluded that the independence thesis, upon which virtue ethics rests, is untenable and that an examination of the structure of the universal moral principles underlying the Christian faith remains the proper subject matter for Christian ethics.
Women in Public Life in the Roman East: Iunia Theodora, Claudia Metrodora and Phoebe, Benefactress of Paul
Authors: Kearsley R. A.
Published: January 2022

Iunia Theodora and Claudia Metrodora were female benefactors who possessed Roman citizenship and who lived in cities of the Roman East around the middle of the first century A.D. Both used their wealth and high social standing to assist their fellow citizens and to improve the circumstances of their lives. Claudia Metrodora displays the characteristics of a civic patron by the manner in which she financed festivals and buildings associated with her native city and with the religious league of the Ionian cities. Iunia Theodora lived at Corinth during the period of Paul’s activity in that region. Her activity is described as relating to political and, possibly, commercial patronage. She is described by a cognate of the word προστάτις, the term which is applied to Phoebe with respect to the church at Kenchreai and to Paul himself (Rom. 16:1-2). The inscriptions relating to these two female benefactors permit an exploration of the ways in which wealthy women might exercise patronage in a civic or wider spheres.
Paul, the Devil and ‘Unbelief’ in Israel
Authors: Uddin Mohan
Published: January 2022

The theme of this article is a consideration of Paul’s theological understanding of the underlying causes of Israel’s ‘unbelief’ with reference to the message of his gospel. An examination of 2 Corinthians 3:1-4:6 and Romans 9-11 indicates that Paul attributed the cause(s) of Jewish ‘unbelief’ not only to God and Israel itself but also to the ‘Satan’ figure. This raises the question of the coherence of a particular aspect of Paul’s theology; in other words, does his thinking about this matter really make sense? The influence of intertestamental Jewish apocalypticism upon Paul as a former Pharisee and then Christian apostle provides a useful (and, arguably, necessary) tool in the task of evaluating the apostle’s theological coherence concerning Israel’s large-scale (but certainly not total) rejection of his gospel. While the major aim of the article is a consideration of Paul’s coherence concerning this issue within his own time-frame, one cannot entirely lose sight of the hermeneutical problem for readers today when faced with this challenging aspect of Paul’s outlook.
Did Moses Permit Divorce? Modal wěqāִtal as Key to New Testament Readings of Deuteronomy 24:1-4
Authors: Warren Andrew
Published: January 2022

The New Testament discussions of divorce, both in Matthew 19 and elsewhere, are dominated by a distinction between Permission and Obligation. It is generally assumed that the debate arises from a ‘presupposition’ of divorce in Deuteronomy 24. An improved syntactic analysis of the Old Testament text shows Moses to have in fact issued a specific directive on divorce, but in such a way that it was open to the kind of misunderstanding that we see corrected by Jesus. This analysis is supported by all the New Testament texts. By applying the categories of linguistic modality to main-clause verbs, verbs of reporting, verbs of divorcing and conditional clauses, it is possible to shed more light on how Jesus and the Pharisees dealt with the Old Testament text, and to show just what was wrong with the Pharisees’ understanding of Hebrew grammar.
‘Who Can Refute a Sneer?’ Paley on Gibbon
Authors: Cole Graham A.
Published: January 2022

‘Who can refute a sneer?’ is a famous quotation from William Paley. It was his reaction to Edward Gibbon’s massive The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire with its oblique, ironically delivered critique of Christianity. This article places the quotation in its context in Paley’s works and seeks to show how he addressed the sneer in his A View of the Evidences of Christianity in more than one place. In particular, Paley’s argument for the candour of the New Testament writers as evidence of their integrity (contra Gibbon) is examined and likewise his argument against the view that the rise of Islam is more impressive in some ways than that of Christianity (contra Gibbon). Paley’s response to David Hume’s writings has received some scholarly attention, but his response to Gibbon has been hardly explored. This article seeks to fill that lacuna.
Natural Revelation and the Purpose of the Law in Romans
Authors: Seifrid Mark A.
Published: January 2022

In Romans 1-2, Paul argues the justice of divine wrath upon idolatry and upon the one who judges another. Jews and Gentiles enter his argument only as individuals, not as ethnic groups. Only in Romans 3 does Paul bring the charge that all human beings are idolaters. In establishing the justice of God’s wrath, Paul claims that even Gentiles without the Law fully possess the knowledge of God’s will, through their participation in the created order. Consequently, the advantage of the Jew lies in the possession of the oracles of God, which make known divine judgement and salvation. Correspondingly, a distinctive function of the Law emerges in Romans 3:19-20, namely, the outward and objective establishing of human guilt. It is this aspect of the Law which sets it apart from natural law, and which makes it a witness to the righteousness of God given in Christ.
Dionysus Against the Crucified: Nietzsche Contra Christianity, Part II
Authors: Williams Stephen N.
Published: January 2022

This is the second part of a two-part study of Nietzsche and Christianity (TynB 48 [1997] 219-43). Nietzsche’s phrase ‘Dionysus against the Crucified’ is used as a kind of text for the articles. ‘Dionysus’ is the principle of life: raw, tragic, joyful, but real, subject to no extraneous principle. ‘The Crucified’ is the principle of death: anti-natural, symbolising consciousness of sin and foreboding authority of God, imposing a morbid principle on life. This second part is an analytic response to Nietzsche from a Christian point of view. While the course of Dionysus bypasses the reality of human suffering (since attending to it introduces compassion and wrecks joy), the strength of the crucified one lies in his embrace of what is darkest and deepest in reality.
Babel and Derrida: Postmodernism, Language and Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Bartholomew Craig G.
Published: January 2022

This article assesses the challenge postmodernism constitutes for biblical interpretation via an analysis of Derrida’s reading of the Tower of Babel narrative. Derrida’s setting of the text in play is found to be an unhelpful model for biblical interpretation, but his foregrounding of language in the narrative and the implications of philosophy of language for interpretation are useful. The contours of Derrida’s Babelian philosophy of language are explored and its insights noted. It is argued that the ultimate issues in philosophy of language are theological and that Christian scholars need to articulate a Christian view of language.
Effectual Call or Causal Effect? Summons, Sovereignty and Supervenient Grace
Authors: Vanhoozer Kevin J.
Published: January 2022

Classical theism is in danger of being overthrown by the current revolution in theological paradigms. The doctrine of the effectual call affords a good case study of the broader God/world relation: if God’s call and divine action in general are interventions, then grace appears ultimately to be a matter of efficient causality—an impersonal relation. Panentheists argue that God need not intervene in the world because the world is in God and, therefore, is open to his general call. On the panentheistic analogy, God is to the world as the mind is to the brain, and divine grace, like the mind, does not intervene but ‘supervenes’ on the world, God’s body. It is not clear, however, whether God’s personal agency can be preserved in this model. Rethinking the doctrine of the effectual call in terms of ‘speech acts’ suggests a new picture for the God/world relation, where the Spirit ‘advenes’ on the Word to bring about not an impersonal but a uniquely personal effect: understanding.
The Theology of Deuteronomy 27
Authors: Barker Paul A.
Published: January 2022

The problems of unity in Deuteronomy 27 are usually treated diachronically resulting in an impoverished theological appreciation of the chapter. Rather than offering two equally possible options, blessing and curse, the ceremony on Mt Ebal as instructed here is biased towards curse. No blessings are recited, despite their announcement; the stones are set up on the mountain of curse and the theme of curse brackets the Pentateuch. Nonetheless there is an optimism about the chapter. However this is a result of Yahweh’s grace, not Israel’s obedience. The provision of an altar and sacrifices and the allusions to the Abrahamic covenant in particular show that Israel stands under Yahweh’s grace