bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Complex Allylic Esters via C—H Oxidation vs C—C Bond Formation.
Authors: Vermeulen Nicolaas A. , Delcamp Jared H. , White M. Christina
Published: December 2010

The optimized conditions allow a direct catalytic synthesis of various target compounds with excellent (E) selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Constructing Multiply Substituted Arenes Using Sequential Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed C—H Olefination.
Authors: Engle Keary M. , Wang Dong‐Hui , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: December 2010

A catalyst system Pd(O‐Ac)2—amino acid is identified for the chemoselective bis‐olefination of arylacetic acids, e.g. (I) or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum‐Catalyzed Regioselective Formation of β‐Alkoxy Ketones from Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Yang Daxin , Huang Jianfeng , Liu Bo
Published: December 2010

Zeise′s dimer in combination with 15‐crown‐5 catalyzes the formation of ketones from 2‐(homopropargyloxy)ethanols.
ChemInform Abstract: Macroporous Magnetic Poly(GMA‐EGDMA‐DVB) Microspheres Supported Palladium Complex as an Efficient Catalyst for Heck Reaction.
Authors: Yuan Ding Zhong , Zhang Qiu Yu , Dou Jin Bo
Published: December 2010

The novel heterogeneous catalyst promotes the formation of cinnamic acids in moderate to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Effective Preparation of Sulfonyl‐ or Sulfinyl‐Substituted Fluorinated Alkenes and Their Stereoselective Addition—Elimination Reactions with Organocuprates.
Authors: Yamada Shigeyuki , Shimoji Kanoko , Takahashi Toshio , Konno Tsutomu , Ishihara Takashi
Published: December 2010

Newly synthesized sulfone (V) and sulfoxide (IX) undergo stereoselective addition—elimination reactions with organocuprates generated in situ from CuCN and Grignard reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed ortho‐Arylation of Phenylacetamides, Benzamides, and Anilides with Simple Arenes Using Sodium Persulfate.
Authors: Yeung Charles S. , Zhao Xiaodan , Borduas Nadine , Dong Vy M.
Published: December 2010

Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative ortho‐arylation with unactivated arenes proceeds smoothly for a range of electron‐rich phenylacetamides (I), benzamides (IV) and anilides (VII), (IX) in the system Na2S2O8—TFA.
ChemInform Abstract: [2 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition Between Alkynes, Acrylates, and Titanocene(II): Regioselective Formation of 5‐Alkoxycarbonyltitanacyclopent‐2‐enes and Their Addition to Carbonyls.
Authors: Oishi Shigeki , Ohomika Kaoru , Tsubouchi Akira , Takeda Takeshi
Published: December 2010

The title reaction affords 5‐alkoxycarbonyltitanacyclopent‐2‐enes, such as (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroaromatic Annulation Studies on 2‐[Bis(methylthio)methylene]‐1,3‐indanedione: Efficient Routes to Indenofused Heterocycles.
Authors: Verma Rajiv K. , Ila Hiriyakkanavar , Singh Maya Shankar
Published: December 2010

Title compound (I) and N,S‐acetals such as (XIII) or (XVII), derived therefrom, are suitable substrates for the preparation of various heterocyclic skeletons which are of interest in pharmaceutical chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of α‐Branched Enals.
Authors: Lifchits Olga , Reisinger Corinna M. , List Benjamin
Published: December 2010

Salts that consist of a cinchona alkaloid‐derived primary ammonium cation and a chiral phosphate anion catalyze the epoxidation of α‐branched (E)‐α,β‐disubstituted enals with superb enantioselectivity in favor of the trans‐diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Spirodiclofen Analogues as Potential Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitors: A Convenient Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Structure—Activity Relationship.
Authors: Ke Shaoyong , Sun Tingting , Zhang Zhigang , Zhang Ya‐Ni , Liang Ying , Wang Kaimei , Yang Ziwen
Published: December 2010

20 title compounds of type (V) are prepared and tested for their insecticidal and herbicidal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Approach to Trisubstituted 3‐Aminopyrrole Derivatives by Yb(OTf)3‐Catalyzed [4 + 1] Annulation of 2‐Azadiene with Me3SiCN.
Authors: Sasada Toshiaki , Sawada Takuya , Ikeda Reiko , Sakai Norio , Konakahara Takeo
Published: December 2010

In addition to the novel synthesis of 3‐aminopyrroles, the transformation of pyrroles bearing the isoxazole group into pyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐4‐ones through a reductive ring‐opening reaction and subsequent intramolecular cyclization is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Core‐Modified meso‐Aryl Expanded Porphyrins.
Authors: Chandrashekar T. K. , Prabhuraja V. , Gokulnath S. , Sabarinathan R. , Srinivasan A.
Published: December 2010

The synthesis and characterization of the first examples of singly and doubly fused expanded porphyrins, e.g. (III), and (V) containing dithienothiophene cores is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Indolequinones from Bromoquinones and Enamines Mediated by Cu(OAc)2·H2O.
Authors: Inman Martyn , Moody Christopher J.
Published: December 2010

It provides an efficient and widely applicable method to prepare products which are of biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Synthesis of Highly Substituted Indole Derivatives.
Authors: Sagyam Rajeshwar Reddy , Vurimidi Himabindu , Padi Pratap Reddy , Srinivas Katkam , Ghanta Mahesh Reddy
Published: December 2010

The reaction of aryl hydrazines with phenylamide (I) proceeds differently from that of hydrazine hydrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Au(I)‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction Involving Formal Double Hydroamination of Alkynes Bearing Tethered Carboxylic Groups: An Easy Access to Fused Dihydrobenzimidazoles and Tetrahydroquinazolines.
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Mutyala Anil Kumar , Lakshmi Pediredla G. V. V. , Gajula Balakrishna , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Pottireddygari Gurava Reddy , Rao Tadikamalla Prabhakar
Published: December 2010

The title reaction can be performed under conventional heating or microwave conditions and proceeds with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Stabile Paolo , Lamonica Alessandro , Ribecai Arianna , Castoldi Damiano , Guercio Giuseppe , Curcuruto Ornella
Published: December 2010

Condensation of different carboxylic acids with benzhydrazide is efficiently promoted by TBTU to give diacylhydrazine intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Tertiary Ethers Through Geometric Control of Highly Substituted Oxocarbenium Ions.
Authors: Liu Lei , Floreancig Paul E.
Published: December 2010

Tetrahydropyrans containing a quaternary stereocenter at position 2 are prepared in a stereocontrolled way by DDQ oxidation of propargylic or allylic ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Miceller‐Mediated Phosphomolybdic Acid: Highly Effective Reusable Catalyst for Synthesis of Quinoline and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Chaskar Atul , Padalkar Vikas , Phatangare Kiran , Langi Bhushan , Shah Chetan
Published: December 2010

The catalyst can be recycled from the aqueous layer and reused two times with negligible loss in activity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Convenient Synthesis of 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydrothieno[3,2‐c]pyridines by a Modified Pictet—Spengler Reaction via a Formyliminium Ion Intermediate.
Authors: Kitabatake Michikazu , Hashimoto Aki , Saitoh Toshiaki , Sano Takehiro , Mohri Kunihiko , Horiguchi Yoshie
Published: December 2010

The Pictet‐Spengler reaction is performed as a one‐pot procedure by condensing thienylethylamine (I) with carbonyl compounds (II), followed by treatment of the in situ formed imines with acetic‐formic anhydride (III) to produce a formyliminium ion, which upon treatment with TFA cyclizes into tetrahydrothienopyridines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Heteropolyacid‐Promoted Synthesis of Indeno[1,2‐b]quinoline‐9,11(6H,10H)‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Alinejhad Hamideh , Bakhtiari Khadijeh , Daroogheha Zohreh , Bamoharram Fatemeh F. , Derikvand Fatemeh , Alimadadi Behnoush
Published: December 2010

The title compounds, e.g. (V), are prepared by four‐ or three‐component coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Highly Selective Method for the Synthesis of Cryptotackiene Derivatives by Iodine.
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Shan , Zhou Jie , Yin Ming‐Yue , Yang Ke , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: December 2010

Surprisingly, the reaction proceeds with high selectivity and gives only a single diastereoisomer.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐spirocycloalkanediones by Three‐Component Reaction of 5‐Aminopyrazole Derivatives, Paraformaldehyde and Cyclic β‐Diketones.
Authors: Quiroga Jairo , Trilleras Jorge , Pantoja Dayana , Abonia Rodrigo , Insuasty Braulio , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo
Published: December 2010

The reaction of diketones of type (I) gives spiro compounds (IV) as single products.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Convenient Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinazoline Derivatives with the Aid of Tin(II) Chloride.
Authors: Wang Manman , Dou Guolan , Shi Daqing
Published: December 2010

2‐Nitrobenzamides undergo a Sn‐mediated reductive cyclization with haloketones or keto acids to give the title pyrrolo‐fused quinazoline derivatives in general.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of 2‐Alkoxy(aralkoxy)‐5‐chloro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolines and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Al‐Salahi Rashad , Geffken Detlef
Published: December 2010

Title compounds (I) are obtained by chlorination of triazoloquinazolinones with either oxalyl chloride or phosphorus oxychloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem 6π‐Electrocyclization and Cycloaddition of Nitrodienes to Yield Multicyclic Nitroso Acetals.
Authors: Creech Gardner S. , Kwon Ohyun
Published: December 2010

Upon heating, nitrodienes rearrange through 6π‐electrocyclization to form nitronate intermediates, which can be captured through tandem [3 + 2] dipolar cycloadditions to form highly functionalized nitroso acetals.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Alkenyl Boronic Half Acid Synthesis and Applications.
Authors: McNulty LuAnne , Kohlbacher Kris , Borin Katie , Dodd Bryan , Bishop Jeni , Fuller Lindsey , Wright Zach
Published: December 2010

The metathesis of vinyl and propenyl boronic esters with homoallylic alcohols allows facile access to title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorinated Briarane Diterpenoids from the Sea Whip Gorgonian Corals Junceella fragilis and Ellisella robusta (Ellisellidae)
Authors: Wang Su‐Hui , Chang Yu‐Chia , Chiang Michael Y. , Chen Yung‐Husan , Hwang Tsong‐Long , Weng Ching‐Feng , Sung Ping‐Jyun
Published: December 2010

isolation, structure determination and bioactivity of the two new chlorinated briaranes, fragilide J (I) and robustolide L (II) along with the known metabolite robustolide H
ChemInform Abstract: Castanolide and epi‐Castanolide, Two Novel Diterpenoids with a Unique seco‐Norabietane Skeleton from Salvia castanea Diels f. pubescens Stib.
Authors: Pan Zheng‐Hong , He Juan , Li Yan , Zhao Yu , Wu Xing‐De , Wang Kou , Peng Li‐Yan , Xu Gang , Zhao Qin‐Shi
Published: December 2010

Preliminary tests of castanolide (I)(space group P212121 with Z=4) and epi‐castanolide (II)(space group P21 with Z=2) concerning cytotoxicity and PAF antagonistic activity do not reveal any positive results.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Activity Relationship of Lupane‐Triterpene Glycosides from Acanthopanax koreanum on Spleen Lymphocyte IL‐2 and IFN‐γ.
Authors: Kim Young Ho , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

Three new lupane‐triterpene glycosides acankoreosides M—O ,(I)—(III), resp.,are isolated along with several known related glycosides from title plant leaves.
ChemInform Abstract: Antimicrobial Phenolic Abietane Diterpene from Lycopus europaeus L. (Lamiaceae).
Authors: Radulovic Niko , Denic Marija , Stojanovic‐Radic Zorica
Published: December 2010

A new acetylated highly oxygenated abietane‐type diterpenoid named euroabienol (I) is isolated from Lycopus europaeus L.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of an Enyne Metathesis/Diels—Alder Cycloaddition Sequence: A New Versatile Approach to the Syntheses of C‐Aryl Glycosides and Spiro‐C‐Aryl Glycosides.
Authors: Subrahmanyam Ayyagari V. , Palanichamy Kalanidhi , Kaliappan Krishna P.
Published: December 2010

A wide range of C‐aryl [cf.(V)] and spiro‐C‐aryl glycosides [cf.(IX)] is smoothly obtained using the title metathesis—cycloaddition sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Pollenopyrroside A (I) and B (II), Novel Pyrrole Ketohexoside Derivatives from Bee‐Collected Brassica campestris Pollen
Authors: Guo Juan‐Li , Feng Zi‐Ming , Yang Ya‐Jun , Zhang Zhi‐Wu , Zhang Pei‐Cheng
Published: December 2010

isolation, structure and cytotoxicity
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Double Pro‐Drug: INX‐08189. A New Clinical Candidate for Hepatitis C Virus.
Authors: McGuigan Christopher , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

A phosphoramidate ProTide motif and a 6‐O‐methoxy base pro‐drug moiety are combined to generate lipophilic prodrugs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorosulfolipids and the Corresponding Alcohols from the Octocoral Dendronephthya griffini
Authors: Chao Chih‐Hua , Huang Ho‐Cheng , Wang Guey‐Horng , Wen Zhi‐Hong , Wang Wei‐Hsien , Chen I‐Ming , Sheu Jyh‐Horng
Published: December 2010

purification and structure elucidation of the new polychlorolipids (I)
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 Constituents of the Bark of Poncirus trifoliata.
Authors: Feng Tao , Wang Rui‐Rui , Cai Xiang‐Hai , Zheng Yong‐Tang , Luo Xiao‐Dong
Published: December 2010

A total of 36 compounds including the new prenylated flavonoids (I) and (II) are isolated from the stem bark of Poncirus trifoliata.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of [1,2,5]Triazepane and [1,2,5]Oxadiazepane as Versatile Structural Units for Drug Discovery.
Authors: Suzuki Hideyuki , Utsunomiya Iwao , Shudo Koichi
Published: December 2010

Seven‐membered saturated heterocyclic [1,2,5]triazepane and [1,2,5]oxadiazepane derivatives, e.g. (I), are synthesized as candidates for linker or terminal structural moieties for drug development.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel Amine‐Derived Bis‐azoles as Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents.
Authors: Fang Bo , Zhou Cheng‐He , Rao Xian‐Cai
Published: December 2010

A series of various title compounds such as (I) are prepared by conventional procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrahydropyridine Derivatives with Inhibitory Activity on the Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines. Part 3.
Authors: Nakao Akira , Ohkawa Nobuyuki , Nagasaki Takayoshi , Kagari Takashi , Doi Hiromi , Shimozato Takaichi , Ushiyama Shigeru , Aoki Kazumasa
Published: December 2010

In order to develop a new class of anti‐rheumatic drugs which inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8, a series of 3‐pyridylpyrrole derivatives possessing a bicyclic tetrahydropyridine moiety at the 4‐position of the pyrrole ring are synthesized and their pharmacological activities are evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1,5‐Diaryl‐1,2,4‐triazole Derivatives as Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibitors.
Authors: Jiang Bo , Zeng Yi , Li Meng‐Jie , Xu Jin‐Yi , Zhang Yong‐Na , Wang Qiu‐Juan , Sun Ni‐Yue , Lu Tao , Wu Xiao‐Ming
Published: December 2010

The results of biological tests show that compound (I) is a potent and selective inhibitor of COX‐2 (IC50 = 0.37 μM) being equipotent to celecoxib.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relationship and Microwave Dielectric Properties in the Viciniy of Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3
Authors: Ohsato Hitoshi , Koga Eiichi , Kgomiya Isao , Kakimoto Ken‐ichi
Published: December 2010

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Transformations in 3d‐Metal Oxides at High and Ultrahigh Pressure: State of the Art
Authors: Lyubutin I. S. , Gavriliuk A. G.
Published: December 2010

Review: 225 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Bi‐2212 Conductor and Magnet Program at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Authors: Larbalestier D. , Hellstrom E. , Jiang J. , Kametani F. , LoSchiavo M. , Myers D. , Schwartz J. , Shen T. , Trociewitz U.
Published: December 2010

Review: 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Salophen‐Based Receptors for Anions
Authors: Dalla Cort Antonella , De Bernardin Paolo , Forte Gianpiero , Mihan Francesco Yafteh
Published: December 2010

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Synthetic Approaches to 6,15‐Iminoisoquino[3,2‐b]3‐benzazocine Compounds
Authors: Avendano Carmen , de la Cuesta Elena
Published: December 2010

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphine Oxides in Present‐Day Organocatalysis
Authors: Benaglia Maurizio , Rossi Sergio
Published: December 2010

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Substitution of Thiol Groups in Polyfluoroarenethiols for Chlorine and Bromine Atoms. Production of Chloro‐ and Bromopolyfluoroarenes
Authors: Platonov V. E. , Nikulshin P. V. , Maximov A. M.
Published: December 2010

Review: 12 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Olefin/Paraffin Alkylation: Evolution of a “Green” Technology
Authors: Gaffney Anne M. , Angevine Philip J.
Published: December 2010

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Synthesis and Improved Biological Properties of Modified MRNA Cap Analogues
Authors: Kore Anilkumar R. , Charles Irudaya , Shanmugasundaram Muthian
Published: December 2010

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkenylphosphines: Applications in Synthesis, Catalysis and Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Julienne D. , Toulgoat F. , Delacroix O. , Gaumont A.‐C.
Published: December 2010

Review: 168 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Catalysis: From Concepts to Selected Applications
Authors: Sauthier Mathieu , Zinck Philippe , Mortreux Andre
Published: December 2010

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Product Subclass 4: N‐Nitrogen‐ or N‐Phosphorus‐Functionalized Alkylamines (n≥2)
Authors: Roy K.‐M.
Published: December 2010

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination in the Synthesis of Polyazamacrocycles
Authors: Beletskaya I. P. , Averin A. D. , Bessmertnykh A. G. , Denat F. , Guilard R.
Published: December 2010

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions of Organosilicon Reagents Through Intramolecular Activation
Authors: Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Catalytic Reactions Triggered by Addition of Arylrhodium(I) Species across Alkynes
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Murakami Masahiro
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Formazans in the Synthesis of Heterocycles. Part 1. Synthesis of Azoles
Authors: Buzykin B. I.
Published: December 2010

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Amphotericin B Derivatives
Authors: Volmer Astrid A. , Szpilman Alex M. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: December 2010

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Activation of Tropos Species in the Achievement of Chiral Inducers for Enantioselective Catalysis
Authors: Iuliano Anna
Published: December 2010

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electroorganic Synthesis: A Novel Route of Green Synthesis
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Sharma Laxmi Kant , Singh R. K. P.
Published: December 2010

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photodissociation and Photoelectron Imaging of Molecular Ions: Probing Multisurface and Multichannel Dynamics.
Authors: Singh Prashant Chandra , Shen Lei , Kim Myung Hwa , Suits Arthur G.
Published: December 2010

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Acquired Immunity to Herbivory and Allelopathy Caused by Airborne Plant Emissions
Authors: Arimura Gen‐ichiro , Shiojiri Kaori , Karban Richard
Published: December 2010

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microstructured Catalytic Reactors
Authors: Renken Albert , Kiwi‐Minsker Lioubov
Published: December 2010

Review: 282 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods of Determination of Organic Compounds in Air
Authors: Krylov V. A. , Mosyagin P. V. , Mikhirev D. A. , Eremin S. A. , Krylov A. V.
Published: December 2010

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 3D Structures of Membrane‐Associated Small Molecules as Determined in Isotropic Bicelles
Authors: Matsumori Nobuaki , Murata Michio
Published: December 2010

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
Authors: Bakhmutov Vladimir I.
Published: December 2010

Review: 47 refs.
Hermann Staudinger und der Kunstpfeffer. Ersatzgewürze
Authors: Vaupel Elisabeth
Published: December 2010

Als während des Ersten Weltkrieges der Pfeffer, das beliebteste Scharfstoffgewürz der Deutschen, knapp wurde, synthetisierte Hermann Staudinger, der Chemie‐Nobelpreisträger des Jahres 1953, in Zusammenarbeit mit Paul Immerwahr einen Piperin‐ähnlichen Scharfstoff. Auf indifferente Füllstoffe aufgetragen, kam er zwischen 1917–1923 und abermals zwischen 1940–1948 als “Kunstpfeffer” in den Handel. Als nach Kriegsende wieder Naturpfeffer zur Verfügung stand, wurde die Herstellung des qualitativ schlechten, teuren Ersatzpfeffers eingestellt. Trotz der auf die Kriegs‐ und frühen Nachkriegsjahre beschränkten Produktion verschiedener Ersatzgewürze hatte die Suche nach entsprechenden Synthesen zur Herstellung einzelner Duftstoffe einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die sich allmählich entwickelnde Aromastoffindustrie.
Die Chemie hinter den komplexen Molekülen
Authors: Welter Kira
Published: December 2010

Der Nobelpreis für Chemie 2010 geht an drei Wissenschaftler, die maßgebliche Methoden entwickelt haben, mit denen unter milden Bedingungen die Synthese hochkomplexer organischer Moleküle gelingt. Der US‐Amerikaner Richard F. Heck und die Japaner Ei‐ichi Negishi und Akira Suzuki erhalten die Auszeichnung für die Entwicklung der Palladium‐katalysierten Kreuzkupplungen, die mittlerweile zu den wichtigsten Werkzeugen der modernen Synthesechemie gehören.
Kohlenstoffwaben
Authors: Harrer Roswitha
Published: December 2010

Weil sie zweidimensionale Kohlenstoffkristalle (Graphen) zum ersten Mal isolieren und charakterisieren konnten, erhielten die beiden an der Universität von Manchester arbeitenden Russen Andre Geim und Konstantin Novoselov den Nobelpreis für Physik 2010.
Quantitative characterization of preneoplastic progression using single‐cell computed tomography and three‐dimensional karyometry
Authors: Nandakumar Vivek , Kelbauskas Laimonas , Johnson Roger , Meldrum Deirdre
Published: December 2010

The development of morphological biosignatures to precisely characterize preneoplastic progression necessitates high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) cell imagery and robust image processing algorithms. We report on the quantitative characterization of nuclear structure alterations associated with preneoplastic progression in human esophageal epithelial cells using single‐cell optical tomography and fully automated 3D karyometry. We stained cultured cells with hematoxylin and generated 3D images of individual cells by mathematically reconstructing 500 projection images acquired using optical absorption tomographic imaging. For 3D karyometry, we developed novel, fully automated algorithms to robustly segment the cellular, nuclear, and subnuclear components in the acquired cell images, and computed 41 quantitative morphological descriptors from these segmented volumes. In addition, we developed algorithms to quantify the spatial distribution and texture of the nuclear DNA. We applied our methods to normal, metaplastic, and dysplastic human esophageal epithelial cell lines, analyzing 100 cells per line. The 3D karyometric descriptors elucidated quantitative differences in morphology and enabled robust discrimination between cell lines on the basis of extracted morphological features. The morphometric hallmarks of cancer progression such as increased nuclear size, elevated nuclear content, and anomalous chromatin texture and distribution correlated with this preneoplastic progression model, pointing to the clinical use of our method for early cancer detection. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A case report: Concurrent chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and T‐cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia‐type clonal proliferation as detected by multiparametric flow cytometry
Authors: Song Sophie
Published: December 2010

Background:

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a subtype of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm. Although several studies have reported concurrent myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and T‐cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T‐LGL), coexistence of CMML and T‐LGL has not been characterized. We describe here a unique case of CMML plus an underlying T‐LGL‐type clonal proliferation in a patient with a long standing history of severe anemia and recent pancytopenia.

Methods:

Multiparametric immunophenotyping by flow cytometry was conducted using fresh peripheral blood collected in EDTA. In addition, morphologic evaluation of the peripheral blood smear and T‐cell gene rearrangement studies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed.

Results:

Flow cytometric analysis revealed abnormal monocytosis with multiple aberrancies including expression of cross‐lineage markers CD2 and CD56, plus reduced expression of multiple antigens. In addition, abnormal CD8+ T‐cells were identified, demonstrating dim expression of CD5 and dim to complete loss of CD7. In correlation with clinical history and morphologic review, a diagnosis of CMML plus underlying abnormal CD8+ T‐cell lymphoproliferation was made. The clonality of these abnormal T‐cells was confirmed by T‐cell gene rearrangement studies.

Conclusions:

We have identified a unique case of CMML in association with subclinical T‐LGL, neither of which, alone, could fully explain the clinicopathologic features identified. Our findings suggest that the coexistence of these two entities may not be coincidental, and it is likely that they may share a common pathogenic pathway related to immune‐dysregulation. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Classical and atypical neuroblastoma— Case reports
Authors: Csáthy László , Kappelmayer János , Szegedi István , Kajtár Béla , Kiss Csongor , Hevessy Zsuzsanna
Published: December 2010

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in early childhood with a pluripotent neural cell origin. The disease often infiltrates the bone marrow, and these cases are candidates for flow cytometric diagnosis and disease follow‐up, more so in atypical cases that are diagnostically challenging by other methods. Here, we report two neuroblastoma cases, one with characteristic neuroblastoma cells forming Homer–Wright rosettes found in the bone marrow sample by histological examination. This case showed the classical immunophenotype with CD81/CD56/CD117 positive and CD45 negative labeling and 80% bone marrow infiltration. Minimal residual disease measurement was performed in a regular fashion, and flow cytometry results showed good correlation with other disease markers. Analyzing 300,000 events provided a sensitivity level of 0.01%. The second case showed atypical cell morphology on histological examination, after which flow cytometric analysis was initiated. Atypical cells displayed CD81 and bright CD56 but CD117 negative immunophenotype, with a 28% bone marrow infiltration. In most cases the primary tumor can be identified, but in this particular case only bone marrow involvement could be detected using flow cytometry, as such making it a powerful tool for diagnosis and disease monitoring. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Congenital acute leukemia with initial indolent presentation—A case report
Authors: Campos Lydia , Nadal Nathalie , Flandrin‐Gresta Pascale , Vasselon Christian , Aanei Carmen , Berger Claire , Stephan Jean Louis
Published: December 2010

Background:

Congenital acute leukemia is a rare event, presenting usually as an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. A differential diagnosis is the transient myeloproliferative disorder observed in Down syndrome. We describe the case of an apparently healthy newborn male child presenting with normal peripheral blood (PB) counts but with a blast population on differentials. The child's condition and the blast population remained unchanged during the first year of life.

Methods:

Bone marrow and PB were morphologically analyzed. Multiparametric flow cytometry was performed at the time of diagnosis and repeated at 1 year. These studies were completed by cytogenetic and molecular analyses.

Results:

Bone marrow contained 40% of undifferentiated blasts. Multiparametric flow cytometry showed low expression of CD38, HLA‐DR, and CD33 markers. All other markers were negative. Constitutional and blast cell karyotypes were normal. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed no rearrangement. Molecular studies were negative. The blast percentage remained stable during several months. After 1 year, the PB counts showed thrombocytopenia, with an increase of blast cells exhibiting the same phenotype. Clinically, an enlarged spleen was found. The child did not respond to chemotherapy and only partially to gemtuzumab ozogamicin. A cord blood cell transplantation was finally performed. With a follow‐up of 12 months, the child is doing well.

Conclusions:

To our knowledge, this is the first case of congenital acute leukemia with initially indolent course in a newborn without Down syndrome. This observation emphasizes the importance of a careful follow‐up. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Variation of MDR proteins expression and activity levels according to clinical status and evolution of CML patients
Authors: Vasconcelos Flavia C. , Silva Karina L. , Souza Paloma Silva de , Silva Luiz Felipe R. , Moellmann‐Coelho Arthur , Klumb Claudete E. , Maia Raquel Ciuvalschi
Published: December 2010

The involvement of the multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by ABC transporter proteins P‐glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein‐1 (MRP1) overexpressions in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are not completely understood. Pgp and MRP1 expressions and activity were analyzed in samples from 158 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Using flow cytometry, Pgp expression was more frequently observed in early chronic (P= 0.00) and in advanced (P= 0.02) CML phases when it was compared to MRP1 expression. Variation of MDR expression and activity were observed during the CML evolution in patients previously treated with interferon and imatinib. In the K562‐Lucena cell line, Pgp positive, imatinib caused an enhancing in Pgp expression at protein and mRNA levels, whereas in the Pgp negative cell line, this drug was capable of decreasingMDR1/Pgp mRNA levels. Our result emphasizes the importance of understanding the different aspects of MDR status in patients with CML when they are under investigation in determining imatinib resistance. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Europäischer Maßstab außenliegender Bauwerksabdichtungen am Beispiel Deutschland und Österreich
Authors: Hubner Wolfgang
Published: December 2010

Die Bauwerksabdichtung an erdberührten Bauteilen ist im Regelfall auf die Bestandsdauer eines Bauwerkes auszulegen und kann als eine der wichtigsten Bauleistungen bezeichnet werden. Das Normenwesen in Österreich und Deutschland hat sich aufgrund der Erfahrungen aus den vergangenen Jahr(zehnt)en bis dato zu einem technisch fundierten Planungs‐ und Applikationsregelwerk entwickelt.

Aus der Sicht des Autors bestehen punktuell unterschiedliche Lösungsansätze; Abweichungen in essentiellen, die Ausführungsqualität beeinflussenden Punkten, wurden dabei nicht geortet.

Die ÖNORM umfasst in der Planungs‐Verfahrensnorm ÖNORM B7209 und der Werkvertragsnorm ÖNORM B2209 Teil 1 sämtliche Leistungen für Bauwerksabdichtungen, die DIN 18195 manifestiert die Leistungen der Bauwerksabdichtung in einzelnen Normexemplaren, von Teil 1 bis Teil 10.

European standards for exterior waterproofing of structures: the example of Germany and Austria. As a rule, waterproofing in structures that are in physical contact with the ground has to be oriented towards the age of the structure in question and is among the most essential aspects of building works.

Based on many years, even decades, of experience, standardisation in Austria and Germany now provides a well‐founded set of technical planning and application regulations. From the author’s point of view, a number of differences do exist in certain approaches, bit no relevant discrepancies can be found regarding essential points that are decisive for the quality of execution.

The Austrian planning and procedural standard ÖNORM B7209 and the standard on works contracts (ÖNORM B2209, Part 1) include all works relevant for the field of waterproofing of buildings, and in the case of German standards, this matter is treated in DIN 18195, Parts 1 through 10.
Design of Unreinforced Masonry According to the Canadian Standards
Authors: Korany Yasser
Published: December 2010

The Canadian standard CSA S304.1‐04 provides provisions for the structural design of unreinforced, reinforced, prestressed, and prefabricated masonry structures and for ‐ masonry components such as beams, walls, columns, and pilasters in accordance with the requirements of the National Building Code of Canada. The Canadian standard prescribes the limit states design method for all types of masonry construction. An empirical design approach is permitted for unreinforced masonry. In this article, an overview of the provisions of CSA S304.1‐04 pertaining to the design of unreinforced masonry structures is presented.

Bemessung von unbewehrtem Mauerwerk nach der Kanadischen Norm. Die kanadische Norm CSA S304.1‐04 enthält Festlegungen zur ingenieurmäßigen Bemessung von unbewehrten, bewehrten, vorgespannten und vorgefertigten Mauerwerkkonstruktionen und für Mauerwerksbauteile wie Balken, Wände, Pfeiler und Pilaster in Übereinstimmung mit der kanadischen Bauordnung. Die nationalen Bauvorschriften fordern die Anwendung der Methode der Grenzzustände für alle Arten von Mauerwerkkonstruktionen. Eine empirische Bemessungsmethode ist für unbewehrtes Mauerwerk zugelassen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Überblick über die Kanadische Bemessungsnorm im Hinblick auf die Bemessung von unbewehrtem Mauerwerk gegeben.

Der Beitrag stellt die meisten, jedoch nicht alle Festlegungen zur ingenieurmäßigen Bemessung von unbewehrtem Mauerwerk vor. Interessierte Leser können in den angegebenen Quellen weitere Informationen und Ausführungen dazu finden. Der Leser sei aber auch darauf hingewiesen, dass die kanadische Norm weitere Festlegungen zur ingenieurmäßigen Bemessung von bewehrtem, vorgespanntem und vorgefertigtem Mauerwerk enthält. Die diese Art von Mauerwerk betreffenden Passagen werden hier nicht vorgestellt.
Voltammetric determination of promethazine hydrochloride at a multi‐wall carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode
Authors: Xi Xia , Ming Liang , Liu Jie
Published: December 2010

A simple and sensitive method is described for voltammetric determination of promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ), a widely used phenothiazine drug, based on its electrochemical oxidation at a multi‐wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Compared with bare GCE, the MWCNT‐modified GCE exhibited excellent enhancement effect on the electrochemical oxidation of PMZ. PMZ yielded two anodic peaks at about 0.61 V and 0.78 V, and the peak at 0.61 V was applied to the determination. Under optimized conditions, the anodic peak current was linear to the concentration of PMZ in the range from 5.0 × 10−8 to 4.0 × 10−4 M with the detection limit of 1.0 × 10−8 M. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.28% for 8.0 × 10−6 M PMZ (n = 10). To further validate its possible application, the proposed method was successfully used for the quantification of PMZ in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GHB and synthetic cathinones: clinical effects and potential consequences
Authors: Karila Laurent , Reynaud Michel
Published: December 2010

Designer drugs belong to a group of legally or illegally produced substances that are structurally and pharmacologically very similar to illicit drugs. In the past, designer drugs were often used during all‐night dance parties, but they are now consumed in multiple settings from college bars to parks to private house parties. Most of these club drugs can be bought on legal websites and home‐delivered for private parties. Recently, legal highs have once again become a burning media issue across the world. Our review will focus on GHB and synthetic cathinones. Literature searches were conducted for the period from 1975 to July 2010 using PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Internet underground and governmental websites using the following keywords alone or in combination: designer drugs, club drugs, party drugs, GHB, synthetic cathinones, mephedrone, methylone, flephedrone, MDAI, and MDVP. Available epidemiological, neurobiological, and clinical data for each compound are described. There is evidence that negative health and social consequences may occur in recreational and chronic users. The addictive potential of designer drugs is not weak. Non‐fatal overdoses and deaths related to GHB/GBL or synthetic cathinones have been reported. Clinicians must be careful with GBL or synthetic cathinones, which are being sold and used as substitutes for GHB and MDMA, respectively. Interventions for drug prevention and harm reduction in response to the use of these drugs should be implemented on the Internet and in recreational settings. Prevention, Information, Action, and Treatment are the main goals that must be addressed for this new potentially addictive problem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable, conditional, and muscle‐fiber‐specific expression of electroporated transgenes in chick limb muscle cells
Authors: Wang Hui , Bonnet Aline , Delfini Marie Claire , Kawakami Koichi , Takahashi Yoshiko , Duprez Delphine
Published: December 2010

Limb muscle formation is spread out over time and, consequently, muscle cells are not easy to target at any particular stages. We aimed to design a technique to study gene function in the different steps of limb muscle formation. We have associated transposon‐mediated gene transfer and a tetracycline‐dependent activation method with forelimb somite electroporation. In addition, we have established a new vector combining a differentiated‐muscle‐cell‐specific promoter and the transposon system, which allows stable gene expression in limb differentiated muscle cells and not in muscle progenitors. Using these methods, we observed that conditional Fgf4 expression in muscle cells at the onset of fetal muscle differentiation and specific Fgf4 expression in differentiated muscle cells alter muscle fiber formation in chick limbs. Limb somite electroporation with these set of vectors allowing stable, conditional, and differentiated‐muscle‐specific expression of transgenes opens new perspectives for investigating gene function at various steps of limb muscle formation. Developmental Dynamics, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fgfr1 and the IIIc isoform of Fgfr2 play critical roles in the metanephric mesenchyme mediating early inductive events in kidney development
Authors: Sims‐Lucas Sunder , Cusack Brian , Baust Jeffrey , Eswarakumar Veraragavan P. , Masatoshi Hagiwara , Takeuchi Akihide , Bates Carlton M.
Published: December 2010

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (Fgfrs) have critical roles in kidney development. FgfrIIIb is thought to act in epithelium, while FgfrIIIc functions in mesenchyme. We aimed to determine roles of Fgfr2IIIc in kidney development. Mice with deletion of Fgfr2IIIc (Fgfr2IIIc−/−) had normal kidneys. Combination of Fgfr2IIIc−/− with conditional deletion of Fgfr1 in metanephric mesenchyme (MM) (Fgfr1Mes−/−Fgfr2IIIc−/−) had small but identifiable MM at embryonic day (E) 10.5, expressing mesenchymal markers including Eya1, Six2, Pax2, and Gdnf (unlike Fgfr1/2Mes−/− mice that have no obvious MM). E11.5 Fgfr1Mes−/−Fgfr2IIIc−/− mice had rudimentary MM expressing only Eya1. Control, Fgfr2IIIc−/−, and Fgfr1Mes−/−Fgfr2IIIc−/− kidney mesenchymal tissues also express Fgfr2IIIb. In ureteric lineages, E10.5 Fgfr1Mes−/−Fgfr2IIIc−/− embryos had ureteric outgrowth (sometimes multiple buds); however, by E11.5 Gdnf absence lead to no ureteric elongation or branching (similar to Fgfr1/2Mes−/− mice). Beyond E12.5, Fgfr1Mes−/−Fgfr2IIIc−/− mice had no renal tissue. In conclusion, Fgfr2IIIc and Fgfr1 in kidney mesenchyme (together) are critical for normal early renal development. Developmental Dynamics, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinase expression during blastema formation in regeneration‐competent versus regeneration‐deficient amphibian limbs
Authors: Santosh Neetha , Windsor L. Jack , Mahmoudi Behnaz S. , Li Bingbing , Zhang Weiping , Chernoff Ellen A. , Rao Nandini , Stocum David L. , Song Fengyu
Published: December 2010

We used an antibody array to compare the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐8, ‐9, ‐10, and ‐13, as well as the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)‐1, ‐2, and ‐4 during blastema formation in amputated hindlimbs of regeneration‐competent wild‐type axolotls and stage‐54 Xenopus, and regeneration‐deficient short‐toes axolotls and Xenopus froglets. Expression of MMP‐9 and ‐2 was also compared by zymography. Both short‐toes and froglet failed to up‐regulate MMPs in a pattern comparable to the wild‐type axolotl, suggesting that subnormal histolysis is at least in part responsible for the poor blastema formation characteristic of both short‐toes and froglet. MMP levels were much lower in amputated stage‐54 Xenopus limb buds than in the other animals, suggesting that blastema formation in these limb buds requires much less extracellular matrix degradation than in fully differentiated limbs. TIMP expression patterns followed the same trends as the MMP's in each group of animals. Developmental Dynamics 240:1127–1141, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BaAnIV(PO4)2 (AnIV = Th, Np) – A New Family of Layered Double Phosphates
Authors: Wallez Gilles , Bregiroux Damien , Popa Karin , Raison Philippe E. , Apostolidis Christos , Lindqvist‐Reis Patric , Konings Rudy J. M. , Popa Aurelian F.
Published: December 2010

BaTh(PO4)2 has been synthesized by a wet chemistry route and the new isotype BaNp(PO4)2 by solid‐state reaction. Although the former has been the subject of several studies since the early 1980s, the crystal structures of both compounds are reported here for the first time. Rietveld analysis shows Ba layers alternating with An(PO4)2 slabs along the a axis. Although those compounds are isostructural to RbEu(SO4)2, these phosphates can be seen as modified yavapaiite derivatives with increased coordination numbers for Ba (XIV) and Th/Np (VIII). Raman and electron absorption spectra highlight the similarities and differences with chemically related compounds.
Highly Efficient Hydroformylation of 1‐Hexene over an ortho‐Metallated Rhodium(I) Complex Anchored on a 2D‐Hexagonal Mesoporous Material
Authors: Nandi Mahasweta , Mondal Paramita , Islam Manirul , Bhaumik Asim
Published: December 2010

The hydroformylation reaction is an important class of reaction as it enhances the carbon chain length of an olefin molecule. RhI complexes are conventionally used as the catalyst for this reaction although they possess severe drawbacks with respect to separation and recycling. A phenyl‐functionalised 2D‐hexagonal mesoporous silica material has been synthesised by a surfactant templating pathway. The phenyl group of this mesoporous material was functionalised through nitration, followed by its reduction to the amine derivative. The amine group was further subjected to Schiff‐base condensation, and the RhI complex was then heterogenised over its surface to yield the ortho‐metallated complex anchored on the mesoporous silica matrix. The materials have been characterised by using powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption studies. The RhI‐loaded mesoporous material acts as a very efficient catalyst for the hydroformylation reaction of 1‐hexene and exhibits high selectivity towards the formation of n‐heptanal at 343 K in the presence of H2/CO at 50 bar pressure.
From Triplesalen to Triplesalophen: Ferromagnetic Interactions through Spin‐Polarization in a Trinuclear NiII Triplesalophen Complex
Authors: Freiherr von Richthofen Carl‐Georg , Stammler Anja , Bögge Hartmut , Glaser Thorsten
Published: December 2010

The synthesis and characterization of the ligand triplesalophen is presented. This ligand is the all sp2‐hybridized analogue of the ligand triplesalen, which was designed for the synthesis of single‐molecule magnets with a supramolecular building block approach. The triplesalophen ligand allows the isolation of a trinuclear NiII complex with one square‐planar NiII ion (S = 0) and two paramagnetic octahedral NiII (S = 1) ions. Magnetic measurements demonstrate ferromagnetic interactions in agreement with the spin‐polarization mechanism.
Development of a new enrichment method for simultaneous determination of copper and zinc in water samples
Authors: Ciftci Harun , Tunc Turgay , Tasdemir Ibrahim Hudai , Ciftci Esen
Published: December 2010

In the present study, an enrichment and separation method for the simultaneous determination of trace amounts of Cu and Zn in water samples was developed. Copper and Zn ions found in water matrix in trace amounts were preconcentrated on Duolite XAD 761 resin without using any chelating agent and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). Experimental parameters such as pH, concentration of metal ions, amount of resin, and sample volume for quantitative determination of Cu and Zn ions were optimized. The elution process was performed by using 5 ml of 2 mol/L HCl solution. The preconcentration factors for Cu and Zn were found to be 160 and 200, respectively. Under optimized conditions, limit of detection for Cu and Zn were 2.46 and 3.54 µg/L, respectively. The Langmuir adsorption model was applied to describe the equilibrium isotherm. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of resin was estimated as 31.2 and 17.7 mg/g for Cu and Zn, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine the Cu and Zn content of various water samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:616–621. © 2010 SETAC
Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic [3H]leucine incorporation assays for determining pollution-induced bacterial community tolerance in copper-polluted, irrigated soils
Authors: Aaen Karoline Nolsø , Holm Peter E , Priemé Anders , Hung Ngoc Ngo , Brandt Kristian Koefoed
Published: December 2010

Pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) constitutes a sensitive and ecologically relevant impact parameter in ecotoxicology. We report the development and application of a novel anaerobic [3H]leucine incorporation assay and its comparison with the conventional aerobic [3H]leucine incorporation assay for PICT detection in soil bacterial communities. Selection of bacterial communities was performed over 42 d in bulk soil microcosms (no plants) and in rice (Oryza sativa) rhizosphere soil mesocosms. The following experimental treatments were imposed using a full factorial design: two soil types, two soil water regimes, and four Cu application rates (0, 30, 120, or 280 µg g−1). Bacterial communities in bulk soil microcosms exhibited similar Cu tolerance patterns when assessed by aerobic and anaerobic PICT assays, whereas aerobic microorganisms tended to be more strongly selected for Cu tolerance than anaerobic microorganisms in rhizosphere soil. Despite similar levels of water-extractable Cu, bacterial Cu tolerance was significantly higher in acid sulfate soil than in alluvial soil. Copper amendment selected for significant PICT development in soils subjected to alternate wetting and drying, but not in continuously flooded soils. Our results demonstrate that soil bacterial communities subjected to alternate wetting and drying may be more affected by Cu than bacterial communities subjected to continuous flooding. We conclude that the parallel use of anaerobic and aerobic [3H]leucine PICT assays constitutes a valuable improvement over existing procedures for PICT detection in irrigated soils and other redox gradient environments such as sediments and wetlands. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:588–595. © 2011 SETAC