bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient radiation treatment planning based on voxel importance
Authors: Mair Sebastian , Fu Anqi , Sjölund Jens
Published: July 2024

Objective. Radiation treatment planning (RTP) involves optimization over a large number of voxels, many of which carry limited information about the clinical problem. We propose an approach to reduce the large optimization problem by only using a representative subset of informative voxels. This way, we drastically improve planning efficiency while maintaining the plan quality. Approach. Within an initial probing step, we pre-solve an easier optimization problem involving a simplified objective from which we derive an importance score per voxel. This importance score is then turned into a sampling distribution, which allows us to subsample a small set of informative voxels using importance sampling. By solving a—now reduced—version of the original optimization problem using this subset, we effectively reduce the problem’s size and computational demands while accounting for regions where satisfactory dose deliveries are challenging. Main results. In contrast to other stochastic (sub-)sampling methods, our technique only requires a single probing and sampling step to define a reduced optimization problem. This problem can be efficiently solved using established solvers without the need of modifying or adapting them. Empirical experiments on open benchmark data highlight substantially reduced optimization times, up to 50 times faster than the original ones, for intensity-modulated radiation therapy, all while upholding plan quality comparable to traditional methods. Significance. Our novel approach has the potential to significantly accelerate RTP by addressing its inherent computational challenges. We reduce the treatment planning time by reducing the size of the optimization problem rather than modifying and improving the optimization method. Our efforts are thus complementary to many previous developments.
Study on the regulation factors and mechanism of self-heating effects in non-rectangular 14 nm bulk FinFET*
Authors: Qin Zhaohui , Chen Lan , Lu Renjie , Wang Yali , Hao Xiaoran , Chen Rong , Sun Yan , Du Qin
Published: July 2024

This work investigates the innovative design of a 14 nm bulk 3D non-rectangular structure fin field-effect transistor (FinFET). By incorporating a cylindrical trapezoidal structure into the upper portion of the FinFET, it transcend the limitations posed by the self-heating (SH) effect observed in traditional rectangular fins.Through the density gradient model and thermal conduction model, the changes in the electron carrier temperature and lattice temperature of the channel are studied, and the relationship between electrical properties and thermal resistance was further analyzed, revealing the effect of SH on the threshold voltage and switching speed of the device. In addition, the SH effect of the doping of source and drain extension regions was also explored, and the effects of electron mobility changes at different ambient temperatures were also studied to clarify their impact on the electrical properties. Ultimately, this work offers novel insights into the design, optimization, and reliability studies of device structures affected by SH effects.
Fast and accurate 3D FEM model for electromagnetic simulations of no-insulation HTS coils based on polygon-anisotropic-resistivity
Authors: Zhong Zhuoyan , Wu Wei , Jin Zhijian
Published: July 2024

For no-insulation (NI) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils, a 3D electromagnetic model, which is fast and accurate, conducive to establish, and straightforward to multi-physics coupling, is still required. This paper introduces a polygon-anisotropic-resistivity (PAR) method for 3D FEM electromagnetic simulations of NI HTS coils. This model avoids dividing each tape into the specific HTS-tape layer and turn-to-turn contact layer, which yields: (1) a reduced computational burden; (2) improved convergence due to smaller element aspect ratios. The significance of the PAR method lies in its indispensable role in achieving a 3D anisotropic-resistivity model with high computing speed and accuracy. The proposed PAR model is rigorously evaluated through three types of simulations: (1) charge and discharge tests; (2) AC losses of the NI coil subjected to AC fields with a DC current supply; (3) heat-triggered quench and recovery scenarios. For these simulations, the PAR model is validated by comparisons with the full-element model, namely, the 3D FEM model that explicitly incorporates each specific HTS-tape layer and turn-to-turn contact layer in the H-formulation model, and is also validated by previous experimental data for AC losses. Good consistency is observed. The computing speed of the PAR model is tested to be 12–38 times that of the full-element model with the same accuracy. The PAR model achieves a 40% reduction in degrees of freedom compared to the full-element model, with the same mesh density along the HTS tape width and length, facilitating more precise and larger scale coil simulations within the same computational memory limits. Additionally, the PAR model entirely eliminates the inherent inaccuracies found in the conventional-anisotropic-resistivity 3D model, which stem from discrepancies between the arranged anisotropic-resistivity and the actual computed coil meshes. The proposed PAR model will enhance the prevalence of 3D electromagnetic analyses of NI HTS coils.
Madelung mechanics and superoscillations
Authors: Waegell Mordecai
Published: July 2024

In single-particle Madelung mechanics, the single-particle quantum state

Ψ
(

x
→

,
t
)
=
R
(

x
→

,
t
)

e

i
S
(

x
→

,
t
)

/

ℏ

is interpreted as comprising an entire conserved fluid of classical point particles, with local density

R
(

x
→

,
t

)
2

and local momentum

∇
→

S
(

x
→

,
t
)

(where R and S are real). The Schrödinger equation gives rise to the continuity equation for the fluid, and the Hamilton–Jacobi equation for particles of the fluid, which includes an additional density-dependent quantum potential energy term

Q
(

x
→

,
t
)
=
−

ℏ
2

2
m

∇
→

R
(

x
→

,
t
)

R
(

x
→

,
t
)

, which is all that makes the fluid behavior nonclassical. In particular, the quantum potential can become negative and create a nonclassical boost in the kinetic energy. This boost is related to superoscillations in the wavefunction, where the local frequency of Ψ exceeds its global band limit. Berry showed that for states of definite energy E, the regions of superoscillation are exactly the regions where

Q
(

x
→

,
t
)
<
0

. For energy superposition states with band-limit

E
+

, the situation is slightly more complicated, and the bound is no longer

Q
(

x
→

,
t
)
<
0

. However, the fluid model provides a definite local energy for each fluid particle which allows us to define a local band limit for superoscillation, and with this definition, all regions of superoscillation are again regions where

Q
(

x
→

,
t
)
<
0

for general superpositions. An alternative interpretation of these quantities involving a reduced quantum potential is reviewed and advanced, and a parallel discussion of superoscillation in this picture is given. Detailed examples are given which illustrate the role of the quantum potential and superoscillations in a range of scenarios.
Investigating the effect of scaling and temperature on the performance of improved junctionless nanowire FET through simulation analysis
Authors: Bharti  , Mittal Poornima
Published: July 2024

An Improved Junctionless Nanowire Field Effect Transistor (I-JL-NWFET) device is proposed in this paper to address the limitations of conventional JL-NWFET. This research paper initially, comprehensively analyzes the impact of channel length (L) and channel thickness (t

si
) scaling on the electrical, analog/RF, and linearity performance of I-JL-NWFET and JL-NWFET. The results suggest that the specific design features in I-JL-NWFET contribute to a more robust and less sensitive response to variations in scaling compared to its counterpart, JL-NWFET. Furthermore, an exploration into the impact of temperature on the electrical, analog/RF, and linearity performance is also conducted for both I-JL-NWFET and JL-NWFET. The electrical performance of I-JL-NWFET showcases a significantly reduced temperature sensitivity in parameters like drain current (I

D
), Subthreshold Slope (SS) and Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) compared to JL-NWFET. Subsequently, analyzing the analog/RF performance in the context of parameters such as transconductance (g

m
), Transconductance Gain Factor (TGF), output conductance (g

d
), early voltage (V

EA
), total gate capacitance (C

GG
), and cut-off frequency (f

T
) under temperature variation, a lower degree of variability in I-JL-NWFET is observed compared to JL-NWFET. Furthermore, the linearity performance of I-JL-NWFET, assessed through parameters such as second and third-order transconductance (g

m2
, g

m3
), second and third-order input voltage intercept points (VIP2, VIP3), and third-order intermodulation distortion (IIP3 and IMD3) is improved at the higher temperature than that of JL-NWFET.
Solitons, lump and interactional solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional BLMP equation in incompressible fluid
Authors: He Guoliang , Han Yitong , Xu Tao , Wang Ming
Published: July 2024

Based on the Hirota bilinear method, we systematically investigate the (3+1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Manana-Pempinelli (BLMP) equation in incompressible fluids and main results include: (1) the formulas of N-kink-soliton solutions and the bound states of multi solitons are all presented, (2) the lump solution is derived by the positive quadratic function method, (3) the interactional solutions are given, i.e., one lump interacts with one- and two-kink-soliton, (4) some special periodic solutions are discussed, i.e., lump-periodic solutions and homoclinic breather solutions.
A MEMS piezoelectric hydrophone with high sensitivity and wide bandwidth
Authors: Liu Dongdong , Zhang Lidong , Zhang Mengxiao , Zhang Hongquan
Published: July 2024

To solve the problems of low sound pressure sensitivity and narrow operating bandwidth of hydrophones, this paper proposes a MEMS piezoelectric hydrophone with a corrugated structure substrate. This design is improved from two aspects, on the one hand, the MEMS technology is used to make the aluminum oxide substrate into a corrugated structure, the corrugated structure can make the hydrophone work with better linearity, and at the same time broaden the hydrophone’s operating bandwidth; on the other hand, the array design is utilized to improve the sound pressure sensitivity by integrating four identical sensitive cores in the same piece of hydrophone. The test results show that the sound pressure sensitivity of the MEMS piezoelectric hydrophone of this design is better than −207.6 dB in the operating bandwidth of 10 ∼ 3800 Hz, and reaches the highest −195.5 dB sound pressure sensitivity at the input signal frequency of 2500 Hz.
Modular invariant hilltop inflation
Authors: King Stephen F. , Wang Xin
Published: July 2024

In this paper we show that it is possible to achieve successful hilltop inflation in which the inflaton is identified as the modulus field in a modular invariant theory. The dilaton plays a crucial role in shaping the potential. Modular invariant gaugino condensation provides the mechanism for the modulus stabilisation after inflation. The inflationary trajectory lies on the lower boundary of the fundamental domain of the modulus field τ. Inflation starts near the fixed point τ = i, and ends at a point near τ = ω, which is the global de Sitter vacuum. We investigate the allowed parameter space for successful modular invariant hilltop inflation.
Constraints on cosmic-ray boosted dark matter with realistic cross section
Authors: Guha Atanu , Park Jong-Chul
Published: July 2024

Sub-MeV cold dark-matter particles are unable to produce electronic recoil in conventional
dark-matter direct detection experiments such as XENONnT and LUX-ZEPLIN above the detector
threshold. The mechanism of boosted dark matter comes into picture to constrain the parameter
space of such low mass dark matter from direct detection experiments. We consider the effect of
the leading components of cosmic rays to boost the cold dark matter, which results in significant
improvements on the exclusion limits compared to the existing ones. To present concrete study
results, we choose to work on models consisting of a dark-matter particle χ with an
additional U(1)' gauge symmetry including the secluded dark photon, U(1)B-L, and
U(1)L
e-L

μ
. We find that the energy dependence of the scattering cross section plays a
crucial role in improving the constraints. In addition, we systematically estimate the Earth
shielding effect on boosted dark matter in losing energy while traveling to the underground
detector through the Earth.
Study of mass outflow rates from magnetized advective accretion disk around rotating black holes
Authors: Jana Camelia , Das Santabrata
Published: July 2024

We develop and discuss a model formalism to study the properties of mass outflows that are emerged out from a relativistic, magnetized, viscous, advective accretion flow around a rotating black hole. In doing so, we consider the toroidal component as the dominant magnetic fields and synchrotron process is the dominant cooling mechanism inside the accretion disk. With this, we self-consistently solve the coupled accretion-ejection governing equations in the steady state and obtain the shock-induced global inflow-outflow solutions in terms of the inflow parameters, namely plasma-β (=pgas /pmag, pgas and pmag being gas and magnetic pressures), accretion rates (ṁ) and viscosity (αB), respectively. Using these solutions, we compute the mass outflow rate (Rṁ, the ratio of outflow to inflow mass flux) and find that mass loss from the magnetized accretion disk continues to take place for wide range of inflow parameters and black hole spin (ak). We also observe that Rṁ strongly depends on plasma-β, ṁ, αB and ak , and it increases as the magnetic activity inside the accretion disk is increased. Further, we compute the maximum mass outflow rate (R
max
ṁ) by freely varying the inflow parameters and find that for magnetic pressure dominated disk, R
max
ṁ ~ 24% (~ 30%) for a
k=0.0 (0.99). Finally, while discussing the implication of our model formalism, we compute the maximum jet kinetic power using R
max
ṁ which appears to be in close agreement with the observed jet kinetic power of several black hole sources.
Application of coincidence index in the discovery of co-expressed metabolic pathways
Authors: Cassucci dos Santos João Paulo , Bruno Odemir Martinez
Published: July 2024

Analyzing transcription data requires intensive statistical analysis to obtain useful biological information and knowledge. A significant portion of this data is affected by random noise or even noise intrinsic to the modeling of the experiment. Without robust treatment, the data might not be explored thoroughly, and incorrect conclusions could be drawn. Examining the correlation between gene expression profiles is one way bioinformaticians extract information from transcriptomic experiments. However, the correlation measurements traditionally used have worrisome shortcomings that need to be addressed. This paper compares five already published and experimented-with correlation measurements to the newly developed coincidence index, a similarity measurement that combines Jaccard and interiority indexes and generalizes them to be applied to vectors containing real values. We used microarray and RNA-Seq data from the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum and the bacterium Escherichia coli, respectively, to evaluate the capacity of each correlation/similarity measurement. The utilized method explores the co-expressed metabolic pathways by measuring the correlations between the expression levels of enzymes that share metabolites, represented in the form of a weighted graph. It then searches for local maxima in this graph using a simulated annealing algorithm. We demonstrate that the coincidence index extracts larger, more comprehensive, and more statistically significant pathways for microarray experiments. In RNA-Seq experiments, the results are more limited, but the coincidence index managed the largest percentage of significant components in the graph.
Weak gravitational lensing around dyonic ModMax black hole in plasma
Authors: Turakhonov Ziyodulla , Atamurotov Farruh , Övgün Ali , Abdujabbarov Ahmadjon , Urinov Sunnatillo
Published: July 2024

In this study, we examine the effects of weak gravitational lensing and determine the shadow radius around black holes within the Dyonic ModMax (DM) spacetime, also accounting for models with nonuniform plasma distributions. By analyzing various gravitational lens models, we compare corrections to vacuum lensing due to gravitational effects within plasma and plasma inhomogeneity, finding that these effects could be observed in hot gas within galaxy clusters. Starting with the orbits of photons around a black hole in DM, we investigate the shadow and weak gravitational lensing phenomena. Utilizing observational data from the Event Horizon Telescope for M87* and SgrA*, we constrain parameters within DM gravity. To connect our findings to observations, we examine the magnification and positioning of lensed images, along with the weak deflection angle and magnification for sources near different galaxies.
Impacts of 10–30-day atmospheric oscillation on persistent compound heatwaves in the Yangtze River Delta with implications for local electricity demand and supply
Authors: Li Jianying , Xiao Qingyao , Chen Yang , Mao Jiangyu , Song Lili , Zhai Panmao , Wang Shu
Published: July 2024

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is a hotspot of compound heatwaves characterized by scorching day and sweltering night persisting for more than 3 days. The YRD compound heatwaves are intimately associated with the 10–30-day variations of air temperature, with 46 identified heatwaves during the summers of 1979–2022 mostly occurring within the positive phases of 10–30-day T
max and T
min anomalies. The coincidence of positive phases in 10–30-day T
max and T
min comes from a dipole pattern of the corresponding potential vorticity (PV) anomalies in the upper troposphere. This dipole PV pattern leads to anomalous descents in the YRD and associated anticyclones in the lower troposphere. As a result, the increased adiabatic heating and incident solar radiation cause the extreme daytime heat. The enhanced humidity in the YRD increases the downward longwave radiation, resulting in the extreme nighttime temperatures. As the increased temperature and humidity enhance stratification stability in the lower troposphere, the coupling between daytime and nighttime heat extremes persists, leading to a compound heatwave. During a YRD compound heatwave, the 10–30-day atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) exerts a potential influence on the electricity demand and supply. Continuous extreme heat leads to a dramatic surge in cooling demand. While the influence of 10–30-day ISO on wind energy resources is weak, the dipole pattern of 10–30-day PV anomalies strongly reduces solar energy resources over the mid–lower reaches of the Yellow River, thus exerting greater challenges for electricity supply to the YRD.
The implications of further reservoir development on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia: trade-offs between hydropower, irrigation and transboundary water security
Authors: Murgatroyd Anna , Wheeler Kevin , Hall Jim W , Whittington Dale
Published: July 2024

We evaluate the implications for Ethiopia and Egypt of two dams that could be built upstream of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), in combination with hypothetical Ethiopian irrigation schemes upstream of these Blue Nile hydropower facilities. Two new dams could increase average annual hydropower on the Blue Nile River from Lake Tana to Khartoum and the Main Nile River from Khartoum to Aswan by almost 50% (30.2 TWh yr−1 to 44.7 TWh yr−1). A system-wide analysis of the expected financial benefits of various development scenarios reveals little financial justification for substantial irrigation withdrawals upstream of the GERD. Withdrawing 5 billion cubic meters annually upstream of the GERD without additional hydropower development would reduce total average annual hydropower generation on the Blue and Main Nile River by 10.9% (3.3 TWh yr−1). If two new dams were constructed upstream of the GERD, withdrawing this volume would cause a 15.2% (6.8 TWh yr−1) reduction. 1 and 5 bcm yr−1 of withdrawals upstream of the three dams would also affect water supply downstream, reducing average annual outflow from Sudan’s Merowe Reservoir by 1.1% (0.7 bcm yr−1) and 6.2% (4.1 bcm yr−1), respectively, and by <1% (0.2 bcm yr−1) and 3.3% (1.8 bcm yr−1) at Egypt’s High Aswan Dam (HAD) Reservoir, respectively. Whilst the annual probability of the HAD storage falling below 60 bcm and invoking its current drought management policy is estimated to currently be 0.085, these two scenarios of upstream withdrawals would increase that annual probability to 0.111 and 0.452 respectively.
The relationship between pro-environmental behavior, subjective well-being, and environmental impact: a meta-analysis
Authors: Krumm Laura
Published: July 2024

A substantial change towards more pro-environmental behavior (PEB) is essential to reach the required reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. These behavior changes will have consequences on people’s daily lives and thus might affect their well-being. Previous research generally finds positive correlations between PEB and well-being. This meta-analysis explores whether the relationship between PEB and well-being depends on the environmental impact of the performed PEB. Overall, the paper finds a small but significant positive relation between PEB and well-being. When accounting for the environmental impact of the PEB, however, the positive relationship only remains for low-impact PEB. The meta-analysis does not provide any evidence that engaging in high-impact PEB relates to well-being. Consequently, these findings demonstrate that there is more ambiguity in the relationship between PEB and well-being than previously described in the literature and that the environmental impact of PEB matters when evaluating its relationship with well-being. These findings have important implications for policy-making trying to facilitate mitigation efforts that ultimately aim to balance the well-being of the current and future generations.
Perception of Agricultural Extension Workers to Importance of Conservation Agriculture Technology Nineveh Governorate
Authors: Hameed Talal Saeed , Abd Al-Faraje Dhoha M. , Adress Luma Monther
Published: July 2024

The research aimed to Identifying the level of perception of agricultural extension workers in conservation agriculture technology in Nineveh Governorate. Identifying the correlation between the level of perception of agricultural extension workers about conservation agriculture technology and independent variables. The research community included all agricultural employees working in the Nineveh Agriculture Directorate, who numbered (330) agricultural employees, located in (30) agricultural divisions in addition to the directorate’s center. A 50% random sample was taken from them. Thus, the research community reached (165) respondents. For the purpose of achieving the research objectives, a questionnaire was prepared, which is one of the means of collecting information from the respondents through a set of questions or statements required to be answered by the respondents. the results show More than half of the respondents had a high level of awareness of the conservation agriculture technique. and there is a significant correlation between the respondents’ level of awareness of conservation agriculture technology and the following variables (age, level of education, sources of agricultural information, and desire for innovation). And one of the most important proposals that help in applying new agricultural technologies is providing initiatives that are considered the basis for applying this technology.
The Level of Extension Services Provided for Cultivation of Field Crops in Tal Afar District / Nineveh Governorate
Authors: Ali Ahmed Abdulbari Mohammed , Salih Al-Hamdany Majeed Hadi
Published: July 2024

The current investigation aims to determine the level of extension services provided to field crop growers in Tal Afar District / Nineveh Governorate and to determine a significant correlation between the level of agricultural extension services in Tal Afar District / Nineveh Governorate and the independent factors (age, educational level, sources of agricultural information, social participation). (and official) as well as identifying the problems facing farmers related to the level of extension services provided. The questionnaire was presented to a panel of specialists in order to determine its suitability as a research instrument for achieving the study’s aims. For fulfilling the aims of the study, it was first tested. The validity coefficient was 0.91, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.83. The number of its items was (18) items, and a random sample was chosen (120 farmers, representing (17%) of the number of farmers in the Tal Afar district, which numbered (708), and the SPSS statistical program was used, and this was in October 2023. The most significant finding from the study was that, on average, extension service was delivered at a rate of 70%. This shows that the extension services and activities in the study area could be better for farmers. Furthermore, this finding demonstrates that the extension service provision reality and the independent variables are interconnected. Moreover, there are many problems that farmers are exposed to in the study area, for which appropriate solutions must be found. The research recommends the need to pay attention to qualified workers with minds that carry knowledge to achieve the ability to provide the best according to distinct outputs that benefit the organization and the need to protect them from leaking and moving away from the organization.
Effect of Full and Rainfed Irrigation, Traditional and Nano NPK Fertilizers on The Productivity on Five Genotypes of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)
Authors: Al-Jobury Marwan Rahman , Al-Juheieshy Waleed Khalid
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during the winter agricultural season of 2022 and 2023 in the village of Al-Abbasiya, which is about 12 kilometers north of the center of the city of Mosul in northern Iraq, with the aim of studying the effect of two levels of irrigation (full and Rainfed irrigation) and two levels of fertilization (Traditional and nano-NPK fertilizer) on the yield and quality of five Genotypes of safflower (Gilla, MUJ-36, MUJ-38, MUJ-7, MUJ-2). The experiment was implemented according to the split split-block system and in a randomized Complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications. The results showed that there were significant differences between the two irrigation treatments in all the studied traits, as full irrigation recorded the highest average number of discs per plant, disc diameter, number of seeds per disc, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, percentage of oil in seeds, and oil yield. The results showed that there were significant differences between the fertilization levels, with NPK nano fertilizer giving the highest averages. The genotypes recorded significant differences among themselves, and the Gilla formula gave the highest averages. The interaction between irrigation, fertilization, and genotypes was significant in all the studied traits. The highest seed and oil yields were obtained from the interaction of full irrigation with nano-fertilizer with the Gilla formula, with an average productivity of (403.19 and 38.61 g. m2) respectively.
The Role of Media in Achieving Sustainable Agricultural Development from the Point of View of Agricultural Employees in Salah Al-Din Governorate |1
Authors: Hammoud Wafa Saleh , Jassim Mahmood Hadis
Published: July 2024

The research aimed to identify the role of the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development from the point of view of the respondents, as well as to identify the variation in the point of view of the respondents according to their personal variables in achieving agricultural development in Salah al-Din Governorate, which are (age, training in the field of sustainable agricultural development, sources of obtaining information, attitude towards sustainable agricultural development), A questionnaire form was prepared consisting of two sections. The first section included some independent variables related to employees, while the second section included (48) paragraph, each which represents a role for the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development, divided into four field: (the economic field, the social field, the environmental field, the field technical). The research community included all agricultural employees in the Salah al-Din Governorate Agriculture Directorate and its affiliated agricultural divisions. A simple random sample of (50%) was selected from the agricultural divisions, bringing the number of divisions included in the final research procedures to (13) agricultural divisions that include (216) employees. A percentage of (50%) of the employees of each division was selected, so that the number of respondents reached (98). The results showed that the role of the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development, from the point of view of the respondents in Salah al-Din Governorate, medium tends to be high. It also showed that there is a discrepancy in the views of the respondents regarding the role of the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development according to the personal factors of the respondents. The researchers concluded the need to activate the role of the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development through programs and publishing scientific recommendations that would achieve social and economic development for rural people through good farm management while preserving means of production. The researchers recommend paying attention to developing and diversifying programs for agricultural development in order to reach the largest number of farmers in the research area and assigning employees who have a positive attitude towards sustainable agricultural development to prepare programs and videos that explain how to apply modern technologies and preserve means of production and the environment.
An Economic Study of Crop Structure in Salah Al-Din Province Using Linear Programming
Authors: Bulqader Muna A. , Ali Eskander H. , Baker Yusrah T.
Published: July 2024

The research aimed to use quantitative methods in making decisions by using linear programming by drawing an optimal crop structure that achieves economic efficiency using resources. Thereafter, three optimal strategies that maximized the net return of the water unit, minimized expenses, and optimised net income were formulated. The plans included 14 summer and winter crops, and the restrictions included three restrictions on area, 12 restrictions on water, 4 restrictions on human labor, and one restriction on mechanical labor, in addition to restrictions on non-negativity and crop composition. The mortgager achieved a net income of 178 billion, with a profit margin per dunum of 218 thousand dinars, while the optimal crop structure that maximizes net income achieved a profit greater than the actual one by 13%, at 202 thousand dinars per dunum, while the optimal plan with the lowest cost had costs of 56.6 billion dinars, while the actual cost was 150.1 billion dinars, returning water alone. It increased from 372 dinars to 403 dinars. The research recommends the necessity of implementing optimal plans and improving the efficiency of irrigation use by relying on modern methods of irrigation
Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Algae Chroccoccus turgidus and Calothrix fusca in Absorbing Phosphate and Nitrite from Water
Authors: Al-Rajab Ibrahim Hamad I. , Al-Shandah Bashar Tareq
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in the Department of Life Sciences, College of Sciences, Tikrit University, using two species of algae from the Division Cyanophycophyta, isolated, purified, and identified from freshwater spring water in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, namely Chroccoccus turgidus and Calothrix fusca. They were activated by re-cultivating them several times using liquid and solid algae culture media prepared in the laboratory. The study included estimating the effect of the following factors on the efficiency of the algae (C. turgidus and C. fusca) in reducing the concentrations of phosphate (µg/L) and nitrate (µg/L): growth period (0, 7, 14), temperature (20, 24.5, and 30 °C), light intensity (400 and 1960 Lux), type of culture medium (Chu-10 and BG-11), and pH (8 and 8.5). The results were as follows: C. turgidus recorded the lowest concentrations of phosphate and nitrate, 3.47 and 0.516 µg/L, respectively. Cyanobacteria algae reduced the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate with the progression of the experimental time by 11.49% and 18.59%, respectively. The high temperature of 30 °C reduced the concentration of phosphate by 9.56%. Increasing the light intensity to 1960 Lux resulted in the lowest average concentration of phosphate, which was 3.396 µg/L. The Chu-10 medium contributed to a significant reduction in the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate by 16.37% and 12.72%, respectively. Raising the pH value from 8 to 8.5 reduced the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate by 10.45% and 7.89%, respectively.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of the Monthly and Seasonal Mean of High Vegetation Cover, Total Precipitation, and Temperature in Iraq for the Period (1950-2022)
Authors: Hashim Shiemaa A. , Tawfeek Yasmin Q. , Al-Taai Osama T. , Abbood Zainab M.
Published: July 2024

Droughts are generally considered to be a long-term climate risk, where persistent lack of rainfall dries up soil and vegetation, followed by lower water levels in rivers and lakes. Drought may worsen and continue for years in large areas, leaving negative consequences for people and nature. Data are taken by High Vegetation Cover (HVC) Total Precipitation (TP) and Temperature (T) from satellites recorded by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The choice years (1950-2022) over Iraqi stations extend between two latitudes (29.55°-37.225°) North of the equator and between two longitudes (38.455°-48.548°) East of the Corniche line. Otherwise, was studied the seasonal means of HVC, TP, and T also the monthly means of HVC, TP, and T, as well as the relationship between HVC, TP, and T. The results showed the largest amount of HVC occurred at Mosul station of the period (1950-2022) and less amount of HVC occurred in stations (Sinjar, Makhmour, Qaim, Anah, Haditha, Ramadi, Kerbela, Nukhib, Najaf, Diwaniyah, Amara, Samawah, Basrah and Kalis). It turns out that vegetation cover is present in all months. The largest amount of TP occurred at Amadiyah station and a smaller amount of HVC occurred at Najaf station in all months. The highest amount of rain was in March and the lowest amount of rain was in July and August. The largest of T occurred at Nasiriya station and less amount of T occurred at Amadiyah station. The highest temperature was in July and August, the lowest temperature was in January and February.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Commercial Catch of Marine Fish
Authors: Al-Shamary Ahmed Chasib , Ramadan Ismail Ahmed , Othman Moataz Hikmat
Published: July 2024

In the present study, the commercial catch was studied and the catch was compared before and after the Corona pandemic by catching the catch by selecting three stations for the study, the first in the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab, Two station in the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab and marine waters, and three station in the See waters, within Lang Anwar 2 and for the period between December 2017 and 2021 And depending on periods and a questionnaire method for fishermen working in the fishing sector, the results show that the commercial fish catch was greatly affected by Covid 19, and the highest catch was for shrimp, then commercial fish such as Tenulosa ilisha, and E.coioides. also A fisherman and the results were that the catch was also affected in terms of bringing it for sale or marketing the catch.
The Effect of Two Types of Pesticides, Chemocis ULV and Chemocis D, on the Development, and Hatching of Eggs and Larvae of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (L.)
Authors: Al-Zaidy Faleh M. , Younis Kadhim H. , Al-Najare Ghasan A. , Jabir Amer A.
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the effects of two aquatic pollutants, Chemocis ULV and Chemocis D, on the hatching rates and embryonic development of common carp eggs. The experiment employed three different concentrations (5, 10, and 15 ppm) of each compound, along with a control treatment, using the air-hatching technique. The results revealed a significant decrease in hatching rates at concentrations of 10 ppm for both pesticides, reaching 20% and 25%, respectively. The control treatment exhibited the highest hatching percentage, with 96% and 95% for each experiment. Conversely, hatching percentages declined with increasing pollutant concentrations, reaching zero hatching at 15%. The study identified an inverse relationship between egg-hatching time and pesticide concentration for both compounds. Furthermore, the analysis of distortions indicated that the lowest percentage occurred at a concentration of 5 ppm, while the highest was observed at a concentration of 10 ppm. This research contributes valuable insights into the adverse effects of Chemocis ULV and Chemocis D on common carp embryonic development and emphasizes the importance of monitoring and mitigating the impact of such pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.
Assessment of Water Quality of the Marsh of Dalmaj Based on some Physico-Chemical Parameters
Authors: Jabbar Sattar Nadhim , Abed Alasady Raid Kadhim
Published: July 2024

As a result of entrenched industries, human causes, urban habitats, water pollution and sewage discharges into the waters have contributed to the decline of animal populations in Dalmage Marsh, which is home to thousands of species. We use procedures approved by the World Health Organization to evaluate physical and chemical properties in three different sites of the marsh of Dalmaj, which may pose a significant risk to public health and to all aquatic organisms. The rates of physical and chemical properties for the months studied were as follows: pH (7.708), temperature (19.15) °C, and dissolved oxygen (DO) (5.611) mg/L, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (2.126) mg/L, Electrical Conductivity (EC)(28719) μS/cm, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)(21767) mg/L, Turbidity(18.39) NTU, Total Hardness (TH)(11304) mg/L, Calcium(397.7) mg/L, Magnesium (2330) mg/L, NO3 (7.759) mg/L, and chloride (5407) mg/L. The results also showed fluctuations in physical and chemical parameters at each of the sites during the study months, which indicates an increase in water pollution due to human activities in the waters of the Dalmaj. We recommend conducting more studies every year to monitor pollution in Dalmaj water that changes the values of chemical and physical properties.
Study of the physicochemical parameters of groundwater in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate/Iraq
Authors: Abd Al-Khader Asaad Razzaq , Hussein Haider Mashkoor
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study was to identify some physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the concentrations of nutritional salts such as phosphates nitrates and nitrites in the groundwater of ten wells selected in various locations in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate from July to September 2023. The temperatures of the wells’ water were somewhat similar between Wells values ranged between 18-21 degrees Celsius. The pH values ranged between (7.1-7.5). EC values were (1345-18460) μs/cm. TDS values were between (13840-1084) mg/l. total hardness values were (500-4006) mg/l, Chloride ion values were between (138-4960) mg/l. and Sulfates (SO4) values were (288-952) mg/l. Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate values were between (12.64 - 0.75) mg/l, (0.002-0.384) mg/l and (0.024-4.128) mg/l, respectively.
Thiamethoxam Behaviour Modelling in the Clay Soil
Authors: Odah Al-Waeli Wissam Mansour , Al-Farttoosy Alaa Hassan , Omran Iman Mussa
Published: July 2024

Because all pesticides are poisons that are intentionally released into the environment, pesticide behaviour is significant. It is necessary to consider the chemical and physical properties of pesticides in order to comprehend the causes of poorly executed pest management. The results showed that the equilibrium constant of Thiamethoxam was achieved between 60 to 180 minutes. The kinetic reaction explained that Thiamethoxam is subjected to the second order with a rate constant of 0.0017 mg mimute-1. Moreover it is more fitting to the Freundlich model compared to the Langmuir model. The bF was recorded 0.02 with the correlation coefficient 0.9999, indicating that Thiamethoxam mobiles on non-ideal surfaces. As long as it was subjected to the second reaction kinetic order, the half-life was 566.4 minutes (0.39 day). In terms of Thiamethoxam distribution in the soil, the distribution coefficient Kd was 0.22 mL g-1, suggesting that Thiamethoxam tends to be less mobile in the soil.
The Effect of Five Types of Storage Bags on the Infestation of Wheat and Barley Grains with khapra Beetle Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera : Dermestidae)
Authors: Abbas Al-Hayali Tareq Saadi , Qader Fadel Abbas
Published: July 2024

Six types of packing bags with two thicknesses (15 and 25) micron were prepared, and then 10 grams of sterilized, sound wheat seed, free of any previous insect infestation, was added to each bag of (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, cellophane and Canvas.) with two thickness (15 and 25) microns. Then the bags were completely sealed. The experiment was carried out using three replicates for each treatment, and all the bags were placed inside a three-dimensional glass box (50 x 59 x 80 cm). The top of the box was covered with a piece of tulle cloth, and then 50 pairs of Khapra beetle, Trogodrma granarium adults were released inside the aforementioned box space. The experiment was carried out by placing the box inside the laboratory at a temperature (28-35) and 45-55 % relative humidity in order to be able to penetrate the larvae and adults of Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium. After more than 30 days after the appearance of the first generation individuals, penetration was evaluated by studying the number of larvae and adults penetrating the bags and the percentage of loss in seed weight inside the bags. The results of the study showed that Canvas, cloth, and cellophane bags were the worst types of bags due to their ease of penetration by insects, while it became clear that the most resistant types to insect penetration were both P.V.C, Polyvinyl chloride and P.P, Polypropylene storage bags.
Isolation and Identification of Cucumber Root Rot-Associated Fungi and Assessment of Their Pathogenicity
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim Ali , Al-Juboory Hurria Hussein
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted at the Laboratories of the Crop Protection Directorate / Ministry of Agriculture – Iraq for isolating the causative agents of cucumber root rot disease from various sites in Baghdad, Salah al-Din, Sulaymaniyah, and Basra provinces in Iraq, and testing their pathogenicity on cucumber seeds in the laboratory Results of isolation and diagnosis revealed the presence of several plant-associated fungi that varied in appearance across different regions The fungus Rhizoctonia solani was the most prevalent, as it appeared in the majority of the isolated samples, totaling fifteen isolates, while the isolates of Fusarium spp and Macrophomina phaseolina reached 5 and 2 isolates, respectively The results of pathogenicity assessment for 22 fungal isolates indicated that all tested fungi significantly reduced the germination rate of cucumber seeds Germination rates in their treatments ranged from 0-43.3% compared to 100% in the control Isolates R7 to R15 of R. solani, 1F to F5 of Fusarium. spp, and isolates M1 and M2 of M. phaseolina exhibited significant superiority over other isolates, which completely inhibiting seeds germination, while the germination rates for isolate treatments R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 reached 43.3, 36.6, 20, 10, 30, 6.6%, respectively
The Effect of Ten Plant Powders on Lesser Grain Borer, Rhizopertha dominica During Different Storage Periods
Authors: Saber Najdat Ghazi , Mansor Mohammed Shakir , Qader Fadel Abbas
Published: July 2024

A study examined three concentrations (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0g plant powder/10g wheat grain) of ten plant powders Anise, Pimpinella anisum, Black pepper, Piper nigrum, Ginger, Zingiber officinale, lamb’s ear, Stachys byzantine and Red pepper, Capsicum annuum. Coriander, Coriandrum sativum Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum, Cumin, Cuminum cyminum. Cinnamon, Cinnamomum cassi and Turmeric, Curcuma longa on the lesser. Grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, larvae and adults, the percentage of wheat grain weight losses during 1,2, and 3 storage months. The results of the study showed that the highest rate of larvae was 35.25 larvae for fenugreek plant, while the number of larvae limited to 3.80 larvae, for black pepper after one month of storage. Thus, the results also showed that the highest rate of Lesser grain borer adult number is 45.25 adults, was recorded for Fenugreek plant after 3 months of storage, while the lowest rate of adult number is 4.75 adults, was recorded for black pepper plant after one month of storage. Thus, the results also indicated that the concentrations of powders have a large and clear effect on the insect. The highest rate of larvae number is 18.46 larvae at 2.0 g/100 gm concentration, while the lowest rate of larvae is 3.60 larvae was recorded for a concentration of 6.0 g/100 gm seeds. The results also showed that the highest rate of the insect adult number is, 29.23 adults was recorded for a concentration of 2 g/10g grains, after 3 storage months, while the lowest rate of adult is 4.63 adults recorded for a concentration of 6.0 gm/10 gm seeds. The results also showed that the highest rate of grain losses is 5.59 grams, recorded for Coriander plant after 3 months of storage, while the lowest rate of grain weight losses, 0.69 g, was recorded for black pepper powder after 1 month of storage.
Study of the Food Preference of Rusty Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Laboratory
Authors: Shweil Thekra Habib , Al-Jubouri Raghad Khalaf
Published: July 2024

A laboratory experiment was applied to evaluate the effect of wheat flour, wheat groats, and rice grains on the growth and development of the red rusty flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in terms of number (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults) and percentages (hatching, pupation, and adult emergence). The results showed the highest number (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults) on wheat flour were 70.00 eggs, 58.33 larvae, 44.66 pupae, and 39.66 adults, respectively. The highest percentages of (hatching, pupation, and emergence of adults) on wheat flour were 83.56%, 77.35%, and 88.28% respectively.