bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Somatic Evolution Through the Introduction of Random Mutation to the Rules of Conway’s Game of Life
Authors: King Michael R.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Conway’s Game of Life (GOL), and related cellular automata (CA) models, have served as interesting simulations of complex behaviors resulting from simple rules of interactions between neighboring cells, that sometime resemble the growth and reproduction of living things. Thus, CA has been applied towards understanding the interaction and reproduction of single-cell organisms, and the growth of larger, disorganized tissues such as tumors. Surprisingly, however, there have been few attempts to adapt simple CA models to recreate the evolution of either new species, or subclones within a multicellular, tumor-like tissue.

Methods

In this article, I present a modified form of the classic Conway’s GOL simulation, in which the three integer thresholds that define GOL (number of neighboring cells, below which a cell will “die of loneliness”; number of neighboring cells, above which a cell will die of overcrowding; and number of neighboring cells that will result in spontaneous birth of a new cell within an empty lattice location) are occasionally altered with a randomized mutation of fractional magnitude during new “cell birth” events. Newly born cells “inherit” the current mutation state of a neighboring parent cell, and over the course of 10,000 generations these mutations tend to accumulate until they impact the behaviors of individual cells, causing them to transition from the sparse, small patterns of live cells characteristic of GOL into a more dense, unregulated growth resembling a connected tumor tissue.

Results

The mutation rate and mutation magnitude were systematically varied in repeated randomized simulation runs, and it was determined that the most important mutated rule for the transition to unregulated, tumor-like growth was the overcrowding threshold, with the spontaneous birth and loneliness thresholds being of secondary importance. Spatial maps of the different “subclones” of cells that spontaneously develop during a typical simulation trial reveal that cells with greater fitness will overgrow the lattice and proliferate while the less fit, “wildtype” GOL cells die out and are replaced with mutant cells.

Conclusions

This simple modeling approach can be easily modified to add complexity and more realistic biological details, and may yield new understanding of cancer and somatic evolution.
ChatGPT versus human essayists: an exploration of the impact of artificial intelligence for authorship and academic integrity in the humanities
Authors: Revell T. , Yeadon W. , Cahilly-Bretzin G. , Clarke I. , Manning G. , Jones J. , Mulley C. , Pascual R. J. , Bradley N. , Thomas D. , Leneghan F.
Published: October 2024

Generative AI has prompted educators to reevaluate traditional teaching and assessment methods. This study examines AI’s ability to write essays analysing Old English poetry; human markers assessed and attempted to distinguish them from authentic analyses of poetry by first-year undergraduate students in English at the University of Oxford. Using the standard UK University grading system, AI-written essays averaged a score of 60.46, whilst human essays achieved 63.57, a margin of difference not statistically significant (p = 0.10). Notably, student submissions applied a nuanced understanding of cultural context and secondary criticism to their close reading, while AI essays often described rather than analysed, lacking depth in the evaluation of poetic features, and sometimes failing to properly recognise key aspects of passages. Distinguishing features of human essays included detailed and sustained analysis of poetic style, as well as spelling errors and lack of structural cohesion. AI essays, on the other hand, exhibited a more formal structure and tone but sometimes fell short in incisive critique of poetic form and effect. Human markers correctly identified the origin of essays 79.41% of the time. Additionally, we compare three purported AI detectors, finding that the best, ‘Quillbot’, correctly identified the origin of essays 95.59% of the time. However, given the high threshold for academic misconduct, conclusively determining origin remains challenging. The research also highlights the potential benefits of generative AI’s ability to advise on structuring essays and suggesting avenues for research. We advocate for transparency regarding AI’s capabilities and limitations, and this study underscores the importance of human critical engagement in teaching and learning in Higher Education. As AI’s proficiency grows, educators must reevaluate what authentic assessment is, and consider implementing dynamic, holistic methods to ensure academic integrity.
Enhancing sustainability in agriculture with nanofertilizers
Authors: Saurabh Kirti , Prakash Ved , Dubey Abhishek Kumar , Ghosh Sonaka , Kumari Arti , Sundaram Prem K. , Jeet Pawan , Sarkar Bikash , Upadhyaya Ashutosh , Das Anup , Kumar Santosh , Makarana Govind , Kumar Ujjwal , Kumar Atish , Singh Ravi Ranjan
Published: October 2024

The pursuit of sustainable agriculture has become imperative in addressing global food security challenges while minimizing environmental impacts. Recent innovations in nanotechnology have given rise to a promising solution: nanofertilizers. Research reveals that these nanofertilizers can significantly enhance nutrient use efficiency, reducing environmental consequences, and advancing the cause of cleaner production. With potential increases of up to 30% in nutrient use efficiency and 20% in crop yields compared to traditional fertilizers, nanofertilizers demonstrate the capability to substitute up to 50% of conventional fertilizers, thereby diminishing their ecological footprint. This review paper explores the emerging trends and advancements in the field of nanofertilizers and their potential to revolutionize modern agriculture. We delve into the fundamental concepts of nanofertilizers, including their unique characteristics and controlled-release mechanisms. We analysed the impact of nanofertilizers on crop productivity, quality, and growth through the lens of research findings and case studies. While acknowledging the substantial potential of nanofertilizers, we also address environmental and safety considerations, emphasizing the importance of responsible deployment. In an era prioritizing environmental concerns, nanofertilizers offer a promising solution to meet growing food demands while protecting ecosystems.

Graphical Abstract
Young people’s participation in urban landscape planning and transformation: a scoping review of interactive approaches
Authors: Hagemann Frederik Aagaard , Sang Åsa Ode , Randrup Thomas Barfoed
Published: October 2024

This article presents a review of methodological advancements and transformative potential in participatory processes with young people in urban landscapes. It offers a framework understanding of current types of participatory processes in relation to urban landscape planning, and underlines lifeworld and action as two key components in transformative participatory processes with young people. The two-step scoping review of a literature sample (n = 44 studies) finds a prevalence of less-interactive approaches to young people’s participation in urban landscapes, and subsequently analyses openings for lifeworld and action in the more interactive approaches described (n = 17 studies). The interactive methods described demonstrate opportunities to facilitate young people’s own articulations of lifeworlds within the urban landscape, especially in extended processes deploying multiple creative methods. The relatively few examples of actions and interventions resulting from participatory processes points to the need for further development and the ambition to include young people in transforming urban landscapes towards increased sustainability.
Expanding Pharmaceutical Access Via Over the Counter Drugs
Authors: Jouaneh Terra Marie M. , Gowda Vrushab , Miller Brian J.
Published: October 2024

This commentary addresses the recent U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) proposed rule to expand access to nonprescription drugs through additional conditions of nonprescription use (ACNU). It surveys the various pathways to market for pharmaceutical products, noting the distinct requirements for over-the-counter (OTC) products differentiating them from prescription products. It subsequently reviews the ACNU proposed rule, weighing its potential benefits against possible limitations. With a view towards the future, the ACNU proposed rule is acknowledged as part of a longstanding tradition to expand drug channels in a risk-stratified fashion with increasing clinical oversight to address in tandem increasing consumer risks. Finally, the proposed rule also serves as a potential prelude for a future behind the counter drug pathway.
An unexpected role of Nogo-A as regulator of tooth enamel formation
Authors: Pagella Pierfrancesco , Lai Chai Foong , Pirenne Laurence , Cantù Claudio , Schwab Martin E. , Mitsiadis Thimios A.
Published: October 2024

Neurite outgrowth inhibitor A (Nogo-A) is a major player in neural development and regeneration and the target of clinical trials aiming at promoting the regeneration of the central nervous system upon traumatic and ischemic injury. In this work, we investigated the functions of Nogo-A during tooth development to determine its role in dental physiology and pathology. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques, we showed that Nogo-A is highly expressed in the developing mouse teeth and, most specifically, in the ameloblasts that are responsible for the formation of enamel. Using both Nogo-A knockout and K14-Cre;Nogo-A fl/fl transgenic mice, we showed that Nogo-A deletion in the dental epithelium leads to the formation of defective enamel. This phenotype is associated with overexpression of a set of specific genes involved in ameloblast differentiation and enamel matrix production, such as amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelin. By characterising the interactome of Nogo-A in the dental epithelium of wild-type and mutant animals, we found that Nogo-A directly interacts with molecules important for regulating gene expression, and its deletion disturbs their cellular localisation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of the intracellular, but not cell-surface, Nogo-A is responsible for gene expression modulation in ameloblasts. Taken together, these results reveal an unexpected function for Nogo-A in tooth enamel formation by regulating gene expression and cytodifferentiation events.
Hallmarks of a genomically distinct subclass of head and neck cancer
Authors: Muijlwijk Tara , Nauta Irene H. , van der Lee Anabel , Grünewald Kari J. T. , Brink Arjen , Ganzevles Sonja H. , Baatenburg de Jong Robert J. , Atanesyan Lilit , Savola Suvi , van de Wiel Mark A. , Peferoen Laura A. N. , Bloemena Elisabeth , van de Ven Rieneke , Leemans C. René , Poell Jos B. , Brakenhoff Ruud H.
Published: October 2024

Cancer is caused by an accumulation of somatic mutations and copy number alterations (CNAs). Besides mutations, these copy number changes are key characteristics of cancer development. Nonetheless, some tumors show hardly any CNAs, a remarkable phenomenon in oncogenesis. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) arise by either exposure to carcinogens, or infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV-negative HNSCCs are generally characterized by many CNAs and frequent mutations in CDKN2A, TP53, FAT1, and NOTCH1. Here, we present the hallmarks of the distinct subgroup of HPV-negative HNSCC with no or few CNAs (CNA-quiet) by genetic profiling of 802 oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OCSCCs). In total, 73 OCSCC (9.1%) are classified as CNA-quiet and 729 as CNA-other. The CNA-quiet group is characterized by wild-type TP53, frequent CASP8 and HRAS mutations, and a less immunosuppressed tumor immune microenvironment with lower density of regulatory T cells. Patients with CNA-quiet OCSCC are older, more often women, less frequently current smokers, and have a better 5-year overall survival compared to CNA-other OCSCC. This study demonstrates that CNA-quiet OCSCC should be considered as a distinct, clinically relevant subclass. Given the clinical characteristics, the patient group with these tumors will rapidly increase in the aging population.
IGF2BP1 phosphorylation in the disordered linkers regulates ribonucleoprotein condensate formation and RNA metabolism
Authors: Hornegger Harald , Anisimova Aleksandra S. , Muratovic Adnan , Bourgeois Benjamin , Spinetti Elena , Niedermoser Isabell , Covino Roberto , Madl Tobias , Karagöz G. Elif
Published: October 2024

The insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) is a conserved RNA-binding protein that regulates RNA stability, localization and translation. IGF2BP1 is part of various ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates. However, the mechanism that regulates its assembly into condensates remains unknown. By using proteomics, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of IGF2BP1 at S181 in a disordered linker is regulated in a stress-dependent manner. Phosphomimetic mutations in two disordered linkers, S181E and Y396E, modulate RNP condensate formation by IGF2BP1 without impacting its binding affinity for RNA. Intriguingly, the S181E mutant, which lies in linker 1, impairs IGF2BP1 condensate formation in vitro and in cells, whereas a Y396E mutant in the second linker increases condensate size and dynamics. Structural approaches show that the first linker binds RNAs nonspecifically through its RGG/RG motif, an interaction weakened in the S181E mutant. Notably, linker 2 interacts with IGF2BP1’s folded domains and these interactions are partially impaired in the Y396E mutant. Importantly, the phosphomimetic mutants impact IGF2BP1’s interaction with RNAs and remodel the transcriptome in cells. Our data reveal how phosphorylation modulates low-affinity interaction networks in disordered linkers to regulate RNP condensate formation and RNA metabolism.
Cryo-EM structures of ryanodine receptors and diamide insecticides reveal the mechanisms of selectivity and resistance
Authors: Lin Lianyun , Wang Changshi , Wang Wenlan , Jiang Heng , Murayama Takashi , Kobayashi Takuya , Hadiatullah Hadiatullah , Chen Yu Seby , Wu Shunfan , Wang Yiwen , Korza Henryk , Gu Yucheng , Zhang Yan , Du Jiamu , Van Petegem Filip , Yuchi Zhiguang
Published: October 2024

The resistance of pests to common insecticides is a global issue that threatens food production worldwide. Diamide insecticides target insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs), causing uncontrolled calcium release from the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum. Despite their high potency and species selectivity, several resistance mutations have emerged. Using a chimeric RyR (chiRyR) approach and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we investigate how insect RyRs engage two different diamide insecticides from separate families: flubendiamide, a phthalic acid derivative, and tetraniliprole, an anthranilic compound. Both compounds target the same site in the transmembrane region of the RyR, albeit with different poses, and promote channel opening through coupling with the pore-forming domain. To explore the resistance mechanisms, we also solve two cryo-EM structures of chiRyR carrying the two most common resistance mutations, I4790M and G4946E, both alone and in complex with the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole. The resistance mutations perturb the local structure, directly reducing the binding affinity and altering the binding pose. Our findings elucidate the mode of action of different diamide insecticides, reveal the molecular mechanism of resistance mutations, and provide important clues for the development of novel pesticides that can bypass the resistance mutations.
Model of driving factors for success in public health project management using structural equation modeling
Authors: Santos Carolina , Varajão João , Takagi Nilton , Manuela Gonçalves A.
Published: October 2024

In a context where pandemic crises and chronic conditions are a constant and increasing threat, the success of public health projects is absolutely critical. However, little is known about the factors that influence the success of projects that aim to provide conditions for people to be healthy and prolong the life of the population as a whole. A mixed-method study was carried out to fill the literature gap, resulting in a new model of success factors for public health projects. The research work theorizes the success factors that impact public health project success, providing relevant knowledge for project managers and contributing to the successful management of public health projects.
Interpretable GWAS by linking clinical phenotypes to quantifiable immune repertoire components
Authors: Tan Yuhao , Wang Lida , Zhang Hongyi , Pan Mingyao , Liu Dajiang J. , Zhan Xiaowei , Li Bo
Published: October 2024

Bridging the gap between genotype and phenotype in GWAS studies is challenging. A multitude of genetic variants have been associated with immune-related diseases, including cancer, yet the interpretability of most variants remains low. Here, we investigate the quantitative components in the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, the frequency of clusters of TCR sequences predicted to have common antigen specificity, to interpret the genetic associations of diverse human diseases. We first developed a statistical model to predict the TCR components using variants in the TRB and HLA loci. Applying this model to over 300,000 individuals in the UK Biobank data, we identified 2309 associations between TCR abundances and various immune diseases. TCR clusters predicted to be pathogenic for autoimmune diseases were significantly enriched for predicted autoantigen-specificity. Moreover, four TCR clusters were associated with better outcomes in distinct cancers, where conventional GWAS cannot identify any significant locus. Collectively, our results highlight the integral role of adaptive immune responses in explaining the associations between genotype and phenotype.
Machine-learning-accelerated structure prediction of PtSnO nanoclusters under working conditions
Authors: Zeng Fanke , Cen Wanglai
Published: October 2024

Credible property calculations based on the structure prediction of multi-component catalyst clusters under working conditions via a machine-learning-accelerated genetic algorithm and ab initio thermodynamics approach.
Chiral ultrasmall nickel hydroxide nanoparticles enable enantioselective magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma and lung metastases
Authors: Li Yu , Zhang Zefan , Gao Meimei , Bai Jinwei , Zhang Xuan , Cheng Wenyuan , Wang Baodui , Lei Junqiang
Published: October 2024

The synthesized chiral Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles via a chiral ligand exchange method exhibit chiral selectivity in the MRI of hepatocellular carcinoma and lung metastases in vivo, with d-Ni(OH)2 NPs demonstrating superior imaging performance compared to l-Ni(OH)2 NPs.
A distributed photovoltaic short‐term power forecasting model based on lightweight AI for edge computing in low‐voltage distribution network
Authors: Fan Yuanliang , Wu Han , Lin Jianli , Li Zewen , Li Lingfei , Huang Xinghua , Chen Weiming , Zhao Jian
Published: October 2024

Recent years, the tremendous number of distributed photovoltaic are integrated into low‐voltage distribution network, generating a significant amount of operational data. The centralized cloud data centre is unable to process the massive data precisely and promptly. Therefore, the operational status of distributed photovoltaic systems in low‐voltage distribution network becomes difficult to predict. However, edge computing in the distribution network enable local processing of data to improve the real‐time and reliability of the forecasting service. In this regard, this paper proposes a distributed photovoltaic short‐term power forecasting model based on lightweight AI algorithms. Firstly, based on the Pearson correlation coefficient method, an analysis is conducted on the historical operational data in the network to extract important meteorological features that are correlated with the photovoltaic power output. Secondly, a distributed photovoltaic power forecasting model for the distribution network is constructed based on the Xception and attention mechanism. Finally, the model is trained using pruning, which involves removing redundant parts of the model, resulting in a compact and efficient forecasting model. By conducting validation on real‐world datasets, the results demonstrate that the model presented in this article possesses a smaller size and higher forecasting accuracy compared to other state‐of‐the‐art forecasting models.
Unveiling sociotherapists’ coping resources: exploring professional experiences through thematic analysis
Authors: Jankowiak Barbara , Soroko Emilia , Pietrzak Sebastian , Wilk Maciej
Published: October 2024

Sociotherapy is a widely used form of psychological and pedagogical group help for children and adolescents in Poland. However, it is still unknown under this name, which causes its marginalization in scientific research. Knowing that sociotherapists face myriad challenges in working with individuals, groups, and systemic challenges, we decided to examine the coping strategies that led them to successful outcomes while working with adolescents. We conducted in-depth interviews with 22 sociotherapists (aged 28–60), asking them to share narratives of difficulties they overcame at work. We analyzed the resulting statements about the subjects’ experience using reflective thematic analysis. We created the following themes, which reflect the structure of resources (themes), mobilized by the sociotherapists: (1) “I can rely on other professionals”; (2) “I am ready to work on and with myself”; (3) “I am ready to be a container for their feelings”; (4) “I need to take action!”; 5) “But I’m a sociotherapist, and I have a mission!”. Findings show that coping with challenges involves seeking support from professionals and acknowledging personal growth in the work environment. Supervision and crisis intervention policies may become vital resources for sociotherapists. Broader access to societies can strengthen their professional role and foster a community-supported principle of good practice in sociotherapy.
Twice daily allied health rehabilitation is feasible in acutely hospitalised older people: an observational study
Authors: Kay J. E. , D’Souza A. N. , Klaic M. , Jacob A. N. , Marston C. , Goonan R. , Crowley H. , Granger C. L.
Published: October 2024

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of twice daily rehabilitation in older patients admitted to an acute care of the elderly (ACE) hospital ward. Method This was a prospective single-site, cohort study of twice daily interventions provided by ACE physiotherapists, occupational therapists and/or allied health assistants in an ACE hospital ward. The feasibility of twice daily therapy was evaluated using a range of outcomes including satisfaction, fidelity and limited efficacy. Results A total of 220 patients were included (median age 86 [IQR 81–91] years, 54% female, with a median length of hospital stay of 7 [IQR 5–10] days). Twice daily therapy was delivered on 71% (n = 757) of patient admitted weekdays (fidelity). Moderate-to-large effect sizes were observed in patient functional and mobility measures during their hospital stay and most patients (74%) were able to be successfully discharged home (limited efficacy). Both staff and patients reported high levels of satisfaction with physiotherapy and occupational therapy while on the ACE ward. Conclusion Twice daily therapy with acutely hospitalised elderly patients is feasible, facilitated discharge home, and is associated with high patient and staff satisfaction.
A theoretical framework for predicting the heterogeneous stiffness map of brain white matter tissue
Authors: Chavoshnejad Poorya , Li Guangfa , Solhtalab Akbar , Liu Dehao , Razavi Mir Jalil
Published: October 2024

Finding the stiffness map of biological tissues is of great importance in evaluating their healthy or pathological conditions. However, due to the heterogeneity and anisotropy of biological fibrous tissues, this task presents challenges and significant uncertainty when characterized only by single-mode loading experiments. In this study, we propose a new theoretical framework to map the stiffness landscape of fibrous tissues, specifically focusing on brain white matter tissue. Initially, a finite element (FE) model of the fibrous tissue was subjected to six loading cases, and their corresponding stress–strain curves were characterized. By employing multiobjective optimization, the material constants of an equivalent anisotropic material model were inversely extracted to best fit all six loading modes simultaneously. Subsequently, large-scale FE simulations were conducted, incorporating various fiber volume fractions and orientations, to train a convolutional neural network capable of predicting the equivalent anisotropic material properties solely based on the fibrous architecture of any given tissue. The proposed method, leveraging brain fiber tractography, was applied to a localized volume of white matter, demonstrating its effectiveness in precisely mapping the anisotropic behavior of fibrous tissue. In the long-term, the proposed method may find applications in traumatic brain injury, brain folding studies, and neurodegenerative diseases, where accurately capturing the material behavior of the tissue is crucial for simulations and experiments.
Study on the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of dual-loss type composite MWCNT/CIP/GF/EP
Authors: Wen Xianglong , Chen Wei , Chen Kai , Wang Guangqian , Song Chunsheng , Zhang Jinguang
Published: October 2024

The electromagnetic properties of single-loss glass fiber (GF) absorbing composites with the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) particles and single-loss GF absorbing composites with the addition of carbonyl iron powder (CIP) particles in the X-band were studied. Using CST electromagnetic simulation combined with experiments, dual-loss MWCNT/CIP/GF/epoxy resin absorbing composites were designed and prepared. The effects of thickness ratio and periodic layering on the absorbing properties of dual-loss GF absorbing composites were investigated. The results show that by changing the thickness ratio and periodic layering, the impedance matching and attenuation characteristics of the dual-loss GF absorbing composites can be altered, thereby affecting the overall absorbing performance. The optimal group exhibited a maximum reflection loss of −55.3 dB at 8.5 GHz, with an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.0 GHz, covering 71.4% of the X-band.
Optimization of high performance hybrid composite under ballistic test and performance of the hybrid composite under IED blast
Authors: Khuntia Sravan Kumar , Suresh Kumbhar Avinash , Joshi Jithin , Sudheendra K , Govindaraju M , Bhowmik Shantanu
Published: October 2024

In this investigation a novel material has been developed comprising of Silicon Carbide (ceramic), Aluminium honeycomb (metal) and Poly Ether Ketone (PEK)—Poly Phynelene Benzobisoxaole (PBO) fiber based blast proof composite. The experimental results proved that this polymeric composite is highly suitable for 9 mm pistol bullet with 430 m s−1 at distance of 5 m as well as for improvised explosive devices blast to absorb the sharpnels/splinters. This investigation also highlights an efficient back layer for a blast-proof sandwich composite. Layer optimization was carried out by finite element method (FEM) analysis of blast effect on the multi-layer polymer composite panel by ANSYS Explicit Dynamics (LS DYNA Solver). The resultant optimal layers of PEK-PBO composites then tested to validate results of FEM analysis. Experimentally it is proved that polymeric composite with 10 layers of PBO fabric when test fired under 9 mm pistol bullet with 430 m s–1 at distance of 5 m, the bullet penetrates, however, when the polymeric composite is made with a total of 20 layers of PEK-PBO fabric, all the test fired bullets are stopped. Therefore, under SNANAG 4569 blast test, the polymeric composite was essentially made with 20 layers of PBO fabric and it is experimentally proved that PEK-PBO composite is highly efficient as the back layer of hybrid composite and all the sharpnels of IED blast are completely absorbed.
Fabrication and development of mechanical metamaterials via additive manufacturing for biomedical applications: a review
Authors: Chen Junsheng , Chen Jibing , Wang Hongze , He Liang , Huang Boyang , Dadbakhsh Sasan , Bartolo Paulo
Published: October 2024

In this review, we propose a comprehensive overview of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and design possibilities in manufacturing metamaterials for various applications in the biomedical field, of which many are inspired by nature itself. It describes how new AM technologies (e.g. continuous liquid interface production and multiphoton polymerization, etc) and recent developments in more mature AM technologies (e.g. powder bed fusion, stereolithography, and extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB), etc) lead to more precise, efficient, and personalized biomedical components. EBB is a revolutionary topic creating intricate models with remarkable mechanical compatibility of metamaterials, for instance, stress elimination for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, negative or zero Poisson’s ratio. By exploiting the designs of porous structures (e.g. truss, triply periodic minimal surface, plant/animal-inspired, and functionally graded lattices, etc), AM-made bioactive bone implants, artificial tissues, and organs are made for tissue replacement. The material palette of the AM metamaterials has high diversity nowadays, ranging from alloys and metals (e.g. cobalt–chromium alloys and titanium, etc) to polymers (e.g. biodegradable polycaprolactone and polymethyl methacrylate, etc), which could be even integrated within bioactive ceramics. These advancements are driving the progress of the biomedical field, improving human health and quality of life.
Are All Welfare Ranges the Same?
Authors: Timmerman Travis
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores Tatjana Višak’s arguments for the claim that all animals have the same welfare ranges. It starts by defining capacity for welfare and reviews some theoretical considerations that bear on this question. Next, Višak’s empirically informed, theoretical arguments for the claim that all animals have the same welfare ranges are reviewed. Her arguments rely on the idea that relativized accounts of well-being are the most plausible accounts and appeal to a certain view about the evolutionary explanation of hedonic capacities. It’s then argued that relativized accounts of well-being are implausible because (i) they generate absurd conclusions and (ii) cannot plausibly be extended to account for animals’ total well-being. The paper ends by reviewing Višak’s evolutionary explanation of hedonic capacities and argues that the descriptive features of evolution she discusses do not provide evidence of equal hedonic capacities across taxa. In fact, given the way that evolution works, it would be very surprising if that turned out to be true. Consequently, Višak’s arguments fail to establish their conclusion.
Differences in the Intensity of Valenced Experience across Species
Authors: Schukraft Jason , Barrett Meghan , Schnell Alex , Trevarthen Anna , Fischer Bob
Published: October 2024

We do not have direct interspecies measures of the intensity of valenced experiences. Still, we can explore some factors that might affect animals’ welfare ranges. This chapter explores those factors and, ultimately, explains why we have to rely on indirect proxies for variation. First, we consider what theoretical evolutionary biology can tell us about the function of valenced experience. Next, we explore how different aspects of intellectual and emotional complexity might affect the characteristic intensity of valenced experience. Finally, we explore potential neurobiological, behavioral, and physiological markers of the intensity of valenced experience in human and nonhuman animals.
Cognitive Health Benefits of Everyday Physical Activity in a Diverse Sample of Middle-Aged Adults
Authors: Hakun Jonathan G , Benson Lizbeth , Qiu Tian , Elbich Daniel B , Katz Mindy , Shaw Pamela A , Sliwinski Martin J , Mossavar-Rahmani Yasmin
Published: October 2024

Background

Physical activity has been associated with a wide range of health benefits including long-term benefits for cognitive and brain health. Whether episodes of everyday physical activity are associated with immediate cognitive benefits remains unknown.

Purpose

The purpose of the current study was to examine whether episodes of physical activity, occurring over the course of participants’ daily lives, are associated with short-term improvements in cognitive health.

Methods

Participants completed a 9-day ecological momentary assessment protocol involving 5 daily assessments of self-reported physical activity and ambulatory cognitive assessments of processing speed and visuospatial working memory. Data were analyzed in a multilevel modeling framework to explore changes in performance on each task associated with physical activity during the period leading up to the assessment as well as individual differences in average frequency of physical activity.

Results

Results of MLMs indicated that engaging in physical activity during the period (~3.5 hr) leading up to an assessment was associated with improvements in processing speed equivalent to 4 years of cognitive aging. Such improvements were observed for both light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels. No association was observed for visuospatial working memory accuracy; however, response time during the working memory task reliably mirrored the association observed for processing speed. The short-term benefits were observed, particularly, for individuals with an overall higher frequency of reported physical activity.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that engaging in everyday physical activity of any intensity level may have short-term, acute benefits for cognitive health and point to new potential targets for intervention.

Clinical Trial information

NCT03240406.
Exposure to GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Bariatric Surgery Use on Obesity Policy Support
Authors: Post Stacy M , Hoffman Rebecca K , Chen Junhan , Stock Michelle L , Persky Susan
Published: October 2024

Background

Glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1s) are a newer class of obesity medications that have garnered significant attention by the public and media. Media reports suggest that medical interventions such as GLP-1s are often perceived as weight loss “shortcuts.”

Purpose

The present experimental research tested the effect of exposure to medical weight loss interventions on GLP-1 policy support, dependent on body mass index.

Methods

A sample of 440 participants (Mage= 37, SD = 12.6) were randomly assigned to read about a woman who lost 15% of her body weight either with a GLP-1, bariatric surgery, or diet/exercise. Participants reported on beliefs that the woman took a weight loss “shortcut” and support for three policies expanding GLP-1 coverage.

Results

Exposure to a woman who lost weight with GLP-1 or bariatric surgery (vs. diet/exercise) led to higher GLP-1 policy support. However, such exposure was also indirectly associated with lower policy support, partially mediated by weight loss “shortcut” beliefs.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that exposure to medical weight loss interventions leads to higher GLP-1 policy support. Exposure may also, indirectly, lead to lower policy support due to beliefs that such interventions are shortcuts. Findings have implications for policymakers who are interested in how perceptions of medical weight loss interventions influence support for obesity treatments and related health policies.
Enhancing RNA-seq analysis by addressing all co-existing biases using a self-benchmarking approach with 2D structural insights
Authors: Su Qiang , Long Yi , Gou Deming , Quan Junmin , Lian Qizhou
Published: October 2024

We introduce a groundbreaking approach: the minimum free energy–based Gaussian Self-Benchmarking (MFE-GSB) framework, designed to combat the myriad of biases inherent in RNA-seq data. Central to our methodology is the MFE concept, facilitating the adoption of a Gaussian distribution model tailored to effectively mitigate all co-existing biases within a k-mer counting scheme. The MFE-GSB framework operates on a sophisticated dual-model system, juxtaposing modeling data of uniform k-mer distribution against the real, observed sequencing data characterized by nonuniform k-mer distributions. The framework applies a Gaussian function, guided by the predetermined parameters—mean and SD—derived from modeling data, to fit unknown sequencing data. This dual comparison allows for the accurate prediction of k-mer abundances across MFE categories, enabling simultaneous correction of biases at the single k-mer level. Through validation with both engineered RNA constructs and human tissue RNA samples, its wide-ranging efficacy and applicability are demonstrated.
Unravelling relationships and inferring the biogeographic history of a group of herbaceous bamboos from the Northeast Atlantic Forest (Piresia: Olyreae: Bambusoideae)
Authors: Jesus Izabela S D , Barreto Silvia B , Santana de Carvalho Daniel , Schnadelbach Alessandra S , Carvalho Maria Luiza S
Published: October 2024

Phylogenies with complex evolutionary histories commonly reflect different evolutionary processes that genes and species may undergo, especially groups with low internal resolution, such as Piresia, a South American herbaceous bamboo genus. Diversification in Piresia is probably recent and associated with hybridization, polyploidization, sympatric speciation, and tropical forest dynamics, creating intricate phylogenetic relationships with paraphyletic and/or cryptic species. In this study, we compare phylogenies generated from six different molecular markers to better estimate and understand the relationships within the genus Piresia, focusing on species from the Atlantic Forest (AF), including the paraphyletic taxa P. leptophylla. We also applied a biogeographic approach to understand the processes influencing the evolutionary history of Piresia. The biogeographic analyses reveal that Piresia originated during the Pliocene and diversified in the Pleistocene, probably influenced by climatic fluctuations. Our results indicate that there is a phylogenetic disjunction between Amazonian and AF species, and low phylogenetic resolution within the latter. Besides, the phylogenetic results retrieved the evolutionary history of Piresia based on the AF lineages (AFI, AFII, AFIII) for the Atlantic Forest.
Mechanical stimulation promotes fibrochondrocyte proliferation by activating the TRPV4 signaling pathway during tendon–bone insertion healing: CCN2 plays an important regulatory role
Authors: Bian Xuting , Liu Xiao , Zhou Mei , Tang Hong , Wang Rui , Ma Lin , He Gang , Xu Shibo , Wang Yunjiao , Tan Jindong , Tang Kanglai , Guo Lin
Published: October 2024

Background

We previously confirmed that mechanical stimulation is an important factor in the repair of tendon–bone insertion (TBI) injuries and that mechanoreceptors such as transient receptor potential ion-channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4; also known as transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) are key to transforming mechanical stimulation into intracellular biochemical signals. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of mechanical stimulation regulating TRPV4.

Methods

Immunohistochemical staining and western blotting were used to evaluate cartilage repair at the TBI after injury. The RNA expression and protein expression of mechanoreceptors and key pathway molecules regulating cartilage proliferation were analyzed. TBI samples were collected for transcriptome sequencing to detect gene expression. Calcium-ion imaging and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the function of TPRV4 and cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) after the administration of siRNA, recombinant adenovirus and agonists.

Results

We found that treadmill training improved the quality of TBI healing and enhanced fibrochondrocyte proliferation. The transcriptome sequencing results suggested that the elevated expression of the mechanistically stimulated regulator CCN2 and the exogenous administration of recombinant human CCN2 significantly promoted TRPV4 protein expression and fibrochondrocyte proliferation. In vitro, under mechanical stimulation conditions, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-CCN2 not only inhibited the proliferation of primary fibrochondrocytes but also suppressed TRPV4 protein expression and activity. Subsequently, primary fibrochondrocytes were treated with the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A and the recombinant adenovirus TRPV4 (Ad-TRPV4), and GSK1016790A partially reversed the inhibitory effect of siRNA-CCN2. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway participated in the above process.

Conclusions

Mechanical stimulation promoted fibrochondrocyte proliferation and TBI healing by activating TRPV4 channels and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and CCN2 may be a key regulatory protein in maintaining TRPV4 activation.
The establishment and potential spread of Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in North America
Authors: Getz Michael P , Best Lincoln R , Melathopoulos Andony P , Warren Timothy L
Published: October 2024

Mason bees, subgenus Osmia Panzer (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), are economically and ecologically significant pollinators. In eastern North America, the rapid spread of 2 non-native species from Asia, Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski and Osmia taurus Smith, has coincided with declines in native Osmia populations, raising concern about the effects of further exotic arrivals. Here we investigate the recent establishment in British Columbia, Canada of the European orchard bee, Osmia cornuta Latreille, previously thought to be limited to Europe and its periphery. We document O. cornuta records ranging more than 170 km, including sightings of live adults and the discovery of a multigenerational nest with hundreds of cocoons. We tested whether these cocoons could be discriminated from other Osmia species by training a machine learning classifier on features extracted from images. The best performing model could not reliably discriminate cocoons by species, raising the possibility O. cornuta could be inadvertently intermingled in future commercial shipments. Recent occurrence records of O. cornifrons and O. taurus were spatially isolated, suggesting ongoing anthropogenic dispersal of these species. We predicted the suitability of North American habitats for O. cornuta by estimating its native climate niche. This analysis indicated broad regions of the Pacific Northwest and eastern North America contain potentially suitable habitat. Our findings document the establishment of O. cornuta in North America and the potential for its expansion. Our study demonstrates the utility of accessible biodiversity data archives and public observation programs in tracking non-native species spread and highlights the need for future monitoring of exotic Osmia.
Contextualising Edix Hill: First-Pandemic Plague and Britain
Authors: Singer Rachel
Published: October 2024

The 2019 discovery of Yersinia pestis ancient DNA at Edix Hill in Cambridgeshire unquestionably confirms that plague was present in sixth-century Britain. Prior treatments of this evidence have decontextualised it from its British setting, considering it aside from the richly studied British archaeological and textual records, to detrimental effect. This article considers this new evidence in context, presenting a historiography of early medieval British epidemics and a summary of current scientific knowledge of the topic to contend that the discovery marks a significant shift in our understanding of early British plague and to clarify what palaeoscientific data can and cannot tell us about plague’s presence in and its impact on Britain. It then argues a new theory of the spread of plague based on recent developments in our understanding of British demographics, ecology and trade routes, contending that early first-pandemic Y. pestis was transmitted to Britain at least two distinct times via separate routes, with the first introduction potentially pre-dating the introduction of plague to Constantinople in 542 CE. The article then reflects on why British sources have been omitted from or misused in plague scholarship, arguing that this trend speaks to British history’s damaging insularity and to methodological issues within plague studies. It concludes by connecting this issue to wider geographical hierarchies within scholarship on Late Antiquity and suggests ways in which future plague scholarship can respond to these challenges.
How neighbourhood effects vary by achievement level
Authors: Borgen Nicolai T , Zachrisson Henrik Daae
Published: October 2024

After long-standing calls for research into ‘for whom’ neighbourhood matters, the literature has recently gained traction, focussing on background characteristics such as gender, race, and socioeconomic background. However, there is still scarce and only indirect evidence on whether neighbourhood effects vary by children’s academic ability. In this paper, we combine the Neighbourhood Choice Model with quantile regressions to investigate whether neighbourhood effects vary by children’s academic proneness. Using Norwegian register data, we demonstrate heterogeneity in the effects of neighbourhood deprivation as a function of students’ proneness to academic achievement. Students with the very lowest and highest academic potential are the least affected by neighbourhood disadvantage, while those with below average—but not at the lowest end—are most strongly affected. Moreover, while girls are less affected than boys, and children from less educated and affluent families are more affected by neighbourhood disadvantage than their more privileged peers, the effects of these observed moderators are considerably smaller than the heterogeneity observed as a function of academic proneness. Overall, our use of quantile regressions opens up new venues for understanding ‘for whom’ neighbourhoods matter, with individual-level academic vulnerability and strengths being an influential source of neighbourhood effects variation.
Tranexamic acid to prevent bleeding after endoscopic resection of large colorectal polyps: a pilot project
Authors: Rai Mandip , Sedarous Mary , Taylor Connie , McKay Jackie , Hookey Lawrence , Bechara Robert
Published: October 2024

Background and aims

Delayed post-polypectomy bleeding (DPPB) can occur up to a month following the procedure but is typically seen within the first week. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a member of a class of drugs called antifibrinolytic agents. It reduces fibrinolysis by slowing down the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which may prevent bleeding. The goal of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility of using tranexamic acid after endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of large (≥2 cm) non-pedunculated colorectal polyps (LNPCPs) to prevent DPPB.

Methods

This was a single centre feasibility study conducted at the Kingston Health Sciences Centre in 2021. After the polypectomy was completed, IV tranexamic acid was given [1 gram of TXA in 100 mL of normal saline] and infused over a 10-min interval. The participants received tranexamic acid 1 gram PO TID to be taken for 5 days.

Results

A total of 25 patients were enrolled with a mean polyp size of 3 cm. Intraprocedural bleeding occurred in 7 patients (28%) and all of these were treated with soft coagulation. Two patients had clipping for suspected muscle injury. All 25 patients received IV TXA post-procedure. Sixteen patients (64%) took every dose of the prescribed pills. One patient presented with post-polypectomy bleeding. All patients completed the day 30 follow-up phone call. There were no major adverse events.

Conclusions

TXA to prevent delayed post-polypectomy bleeding (DPPB) was feasible to use with no major adverse events reported. A randomized controlled study will be needed to see if TXA can significantly reduce DPPB.