bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Pneumococcal Antigens with Complement in Rats
Authors: Coonrod J. Donald , Jenkins Susan
Published: January 2020

Complement activation with pneumococcal antigens was studied both in vitro and after injection of the antigens into rats. Whole pneumococci of various serotypes activated C3-C9 in rat serum treated with ethyleneglycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-
N,N
′-tetraacetic acid, although serotypes differed greatly in the extent of activation. Some purified pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides also activated C3-C9 in rat serum, but only when the antigens were present in concentrations of 500 to 1,000 μg/ml. Much of the activation with capsular polysaccharides was eliminated by the use of ethyleneglycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-
N,N
′-tetraacetic acid. Activation of C3-C9 by capsular polysaccharides did not correlate with the level of reactivity observed with whole organisms of the same serotypes. After injection of 5 × 10
9
pneumococci (type 3 or type 4) intravenously into rats, there was a transient decline in serum C3-C9 activity, but there was no decline in C3-C9 levels after intravenous injection of 1,000 μg of type 3 or type 4 capsular polysaccharides. As determined by immunofluorescence, circulating capsular polysaccharide was deposited in several tissues, including the vascular endothelium and glomerular mesangium of the kidney. C3 was not detectable in these deposits, and there was no histological evidence of an inflammatory response. Capsular polysaccharides appear to be only weak activators of complement. Other pneumococcal antigens may be more important in the pathogenesis of hypocomplementemia in pneumococcal infection.
Mechanisms of resistance to infection with Coccidioides immitis in mice
Authors: Beaman L V , Pappagianis D , Benjamini E
Published: January 2020

Serum from vaccinated mice was ineffective in neutralizing the infectivity of arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis for recipient mice. However, a T-cell-enriched lymphocyte population was effective in preventing a lethal infection. Spleen cells from immune mice were passaged through nylon wool columns resulting in a T-cell enriched, B-cell-depleted population as shown by the susceptibility of the cell population to anti-theta serum and the inability of the cells to transfer adoptively an immune response to ovalbumin. Whereas transfer of 5 x 10(7) unfractionated immune spleen cells was required to protect 100% of the recipients against a lethal infection with C. immitis, 7 x 10(6) T-cell-enriched immune spleen cells were sufficient for the same level of protection. Thus, transfer of resistance to infection was achieved with fewer cells after the removal of B cells from the transferred spleen cells. The results confirm that T cells are crucial in transferring resistance against infection with C. immitis in mice.
Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus
Authors: Kreutzer D L , Dreyfus L A , Robertson D C
Published: January 2020

The bactericidal activity of guinea pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) against a smooth-intermediate strain (45/0) and a rough strain (45/20) of Brucella abortus has been examined. After incubation for 120 min, guinea pig PMNs incubated with either the smooth strain 45/0 or the rough strain 45/20 exhibited no bactericidal activity against the former and caused only a 34% decrease in viability of the latter. Human PMNs were more bactericidal than guinea pig PMNs to both strains; however, the killing of strain 45/20 by human PMNs was less than that observed in control experiments with S. aureus strain 502A. Both strains of B. abortus readily associated with guinea pig and human PMNs, and the bacteria were apparently ingested without stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway. Lysates (10 micrograms/ml, pH 5.5), prepared from guinea pig or human granules, were not particularly toxic to either strain unless supplemented with H2O2 and a halide (I- or Cl-). An oxygen-dependent killing system appeared to be lethal against both strains of B. abortus, with I- being more active than Cl- in the presence of H2O2 and granule lysate. The data suggest that degranulation after ingestion of Brucella by phagocytes does not occur due to the lack of a proper stimulus or possibly the baccilli actively inhibit the degranulation process thereby protecting the microbe from killing systems normally effective against extracellular parasites.
Relationship between superoxide dismutase and pathogenic mechanisms of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Welch D F , Sword C P , Brehm S , Dusanic D
Published: January 2020

Listeria monocytogenes was examined for superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity. Two catalase-negative strains possessed at least twofold greater SOD activities than the catalase-positive L. monocytogenes strains examined. Growth conditions such as aeration and iron concentration influenced the specific activity of SOD obtained from cells cultured in defined media. L. monocytogenes SOD from crude extracts and after partial purification was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Iron was associated with the single band of SOD activity detected in the gels. SOD activity appeared to be primarily extracytoplasmic. Survival of organisms in a superoxide-generating medium was studied, with photoactivation of riboflavin used as the source of free radical formation. Virulent, catalase-positive L. monocytogenes strains were relatively resistant to killing in a pH 7 superoxide-containing medium. An intact-cell assay for SOD was developed, which used the superoxide-generating system and employed the superoxide-dependent oxidation of sulfite, added to the medium, and inhibition of this oxidation by SOD. Maximal SOD activites of intact cells were observed when 100 to 400 micrograms (dry weight) of viable Listeria cells per ml was added to the medium. A possible role for SOD in the pathogenesis of listeric infection is discussed.
Production of exotoxin A by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a chemically defined medium
Authors: DeBell R M
Published: January 2020

A defined medium was developed in which easily measured quantities of exotoxin A (PE) were produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103. The medium contained three L-amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, and alanine), basal and trace salts including 14 mM K2HPO4, 14 mM glucose, and 140 mM glycerol. The concentrations of amino acids which yielded most satisfactory results were 6 mM alanine, 13 mM aspartic acid, and 16 mM arginine. The identity of PE in the culture supernatant fluid was demonstrated by adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl transferase activity and by immunodiffusion with sheep antitoxin elicited with purified PE and with PE produced in Trypticase soy broth dialysate and pure PE as controls. PE production was also demonstrated by mouse lethality and passive hemagglutination. As compared to Trypticase soy broth dialysate, P. aeruginosa produced 25 to 50% PE in the defined medium. Different strains of P. aeruginosa produced PE in the defined medium in proportions relative to those in Trypticase soy broth dialysate.
Enhancement of Human Neutrophil Bactericidal Activity by Chemotactic Factors
Authors: Issekutz Andrew C. , Lee Kam-Yin , Biggar W. Douglas
Published: January 2020

Neutrophils are important effector cells in the defense against microorganisms. They migrate into infected sites and then phagocytose and kill bacteria. Chemotactic factors may be important for initiating neutrophil migration. We investigated whether chemotactic factors might also influence an event subsequent to chemotaxis, namely bacterial killing. It was found that preincubation (20 min at 37°C) of human leukocytes with chemotactic substances such as zymosan-activated serum, a C5a-containing fraction of zymosan-activated serum,
N
-formyl methionyl phenylalanine or
N
-formyl methionyl-leucine-phenylalanine, enhanced leukocyte killing of
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
, and
Streptococcus faecalis
in a dose-dependent fashion. The concentration of chemotactic factor required to enhance killing was similar to that required to induce neutrophil chemotaxis. In addition, zymosan-activated serum, C5a fraction, and the two
N
-formyl methionyl peptides increased the hexose monophosphate shunt activity of resting and phagocytosing neutrophils by two- to threefold. In contrast, bacterial killing by sodium azide-treated neutrophils and neutrophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease was not increased by any chemotactic factor. These findings suggest that chemotactic factors stimulate neutrophil oxygen-dependent microbicidal pathways. These observations illustrate another important contribution of biologically active molecules to effector cell function and host defense.
Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity to Rickettsia mooseri
Authors: Murphy J R , Wisseman C G , Fiset P
Published: January 2020

When nonimmune guinea pigs are inoculated intradermally (i.d.) with Rickettsia mooseri (R. typhi), the rickettsiae replicate at the site of inoculation, leading to the development of a grossly observable lesion. In contrast, guinea pigs which have recovered from R. mooseri infection are resistant to challenge and prevent both rickettsial growth and the formation of lesions. To study the mechanisms of this immunity, sera or splenic cells collected from nonimmune or immune guinea pigs were inoculated separetely into nonimmune recipients. Splenic cells collected from immune donors protected R. mooseri-naive recipients from i.d. challenge as measured by control of rickettsial growth and by prevention of development of lesions at i.d. sites of inoculation. In contrast, serum from immune and nonimmune doners failed to protect nonimmune recipients by either criterion.
Effects of anionic inhibitors of phagosome-lysosome fusion in cultured macrophages when the ingested organism is Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Authors: Draper P , Hart P D , Young M R
Published: January 2020

The mouse pathogen Mycobacterium lepraemurium is readily phagocytosed by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Ingestion is normally followed by fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes. The influence of some aninonic compounds known to inhibit fusion in other systems was investigated by transmission electron microscopy after ingestion of M. lepraemurium. Fusion was markedly, although temporarily, inhibited by suramin and moderately inhibited by poly-D-glutamic acid. The effects are, however, not sufficient to permit these agents to be used to study the long-term effects of shutting off the secondary lysosome-phagosome fusion system in cultured macrophages infected with M. lepraemurium.
Electrophoresis of buffalo (bos bubalis) serum proteins including immunoglobulins
Authors: Satija K C , Rajpal S , Pandey R , Sharma V K
Published: January 2020

Antigenic components of buffalo (Bos bubalis) serum, which were also components of buffalo colostrum, seminal plasma, milk whey, saliva, and tears, were investigated by the ager gel diffusion test and immunoelectrophoresis. Immunoglobulins of buffalo serum were identified by immunoelectrophoresis employing rabbit-anti-buffalo serum and rabbit-anti-buffalo gamma-globulin. Based on immunoelectrophoretic patterns immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgGA, and IgM were detected both in the serum and colostrum of buffaloes. Tears contained both IgG and IgM. Cross-reactions of buffalo serum with seminal plasma, saliva, and milk whey were observed only in the IgG region. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, lipoprotein (5.2% +/- 0.41), IgM (11.4% +/- 3.1), IgG (9.4% +/- 0.98), haptoglobin 21.8% +/- 3.73), transferrin (10.4% +/- 2.15), ceruloplasmin (7.8% +/- 1.3), postalbumin (20.8% +/- 2.09), and albumin (13.7% +/- 0.75) were identified provisionally.
Enterotoxins, O-groups, and K88 Antigen in
Escherichia coli
from Neonatal Piglets With and Without Diarrhea
Authors: Söderlind O. , Möllby R.
Published: January 2020

In a comparison between piglets (1-7 days old) with diarrhea and healthy piglets of the same age and 1 to 8 weeks old, 810 intestinal strains of
Escherichia coli
from 81 piglets from as many different herds in Sweden were investigated with regard to O-group, enterotoxicity, and possession of K88 antigen. A clear difference was found between the
E. coli
isolates from piglets with diarrhea and from representatives of healthy herds without diarrhea, with regard to (i) the homogeneity of strains in individual pigs and (ii) the distribution of O-groups, K88 antigen, and frequency of enterotoxicity. Strains from piglets with diarrhea showed a high frequency of O-group 149 (53%), enterotoxicity (61%), and K88 antigen (56%), while not more than 3% of the strains from healthy piglets of the same age harbored any of these characteristics. Of the isolates in O-groups 8, 64, and 115, 36% were enterotoxigenic. The corresponding data for O-group 149 and nontypable strains were 96 and 1%, respectively. Furthermore, K88 antigen was only found in O-groups 8 and 149. In O-group 149, 96% of the strains (
n
= 167) produced the K88 antigen as well as heat-labile enterotoxin. In contrast, strains producing heat-stable enterotoxin were mainly found in O-groups 8, 9, 64, 115, and 141. There was a significant difference in the frequencies of
E. coli
strains producing heat-labile enterotoxin between piglets with diarrhea and those without, whereas the pathogenic role of heat-stable enterotoxin-producing strains was less apparent.
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of pathogenic yeasts by human monocytes and neutrophils
Authors: Schuit K E
Published: January 2020

The kinetics of phagocytosis and killing of four fungal forms with varying virulence by two types of phagocytic cells was examined. Human monocytes ingested Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, and the blastospores of Candida albicans more rapidly than did human neutrophils. There was no difference in the rate of phagocytosis of C. albicans pseudohyphae by these two cell types. Intracellular killing of each of the four fungal forms was consistently and significantly more rapid by monocytes than by neutrophils. Neutrophils were unable to destroy ingested C. albicans pseudohyphae. These experiments suggest that the monocyte plays an important role in host defenses against fungal diseases and that the relative virulence of the pathogenic yeasts in human disease may be related to the ability of these organisms to survival after being ingested by circulating phagocytes.
Immunization of calves against enterotoxigenic colibacillosis by vaccinating dams with purified K99 antigen and whole cell bacterins
Authors: Acres S D , Isaacson R E , Babiuk L A , Kapitany R A
Published: January 2020

Pregnant cattle were either vaccinated subcutaneously with (i) a suspension of purified Escherichia coli K99 pili, (ii) a Formalin-killed whole cell bacterin containing enterotoxigenic E. coli strain B44 (O9:K30;K99:H-), or (iii) a bacterin containing six different strains of bovine enterotoxigenic E. coli (multiple-strain bacterin), or were left as nonvaccinated controls. After birth, calves were allowed to nurse their dams and, at 12 to 14 h of age, were challenged orally with 10(11) cells of enterotoxigenic E. coli strain B44. Colostral antibody titers were determined against K99, K30, and O9 antigens of B44. In the nonvaccinated control group, 9 of 10 calves developed diarrhea and died within 24 to 72 h. Similarly, all six calves in the multiple-strain bacterin group developed diarrhea and four died. In contrast to calves in the two groups mentioned above, calves nursing cows vaccinated with either purified K99 or the homologous whole cell bacterin were protected against fatal diarrhea. There was a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.0005) between protection against fatal diarrhea and K99, but not K30 or O9 colostral antibody titers. Vaccination of cows with either purified pili or whole cell preparations containing sufficient K99 antigen may provide a means of preventing enterotoxigenic colibacillosis in calves.
Replication of vesicular stomatitis virus facilitated by Shope fibroma virus in vivo
Authors: Crouch N A , Mitchell R L
Published: January 2020

Previous studies show that Shope fibroma virus facilitates replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in some rabbit cells grown in vitro. In the present investigation, the possibility that these two viruses can also interact in vivo was determined. Rabbits inoculated intradermally with both viruses together, or each separately, were examined for the formation of lesions or tumors and for the production of infectious virus. The presence of VSV interfered with tumorigenesis by Shope fibroma virus. In tumors already formed, production of infectious VSV was greater than in normal skin. Hence, each virus affected the other. Sera and tissues of normal rabbits were found to contain a substance which inhibits VSV; this may act to limit replication of VSV in rabbit skin. In addition, cultured rabbit skin cells appeared to adsorb VSV inefficiently. When persistently infected by Shope fibroma virus, however, adsorption of VSV was markedly improved. Our results suggest that in vivo Shope fibroma virus may facilitate adsorption of VSV to reduce the effect of a natural inhibitor and consequently enhance production of infectious virus.
Delayed hypersensitivity responses in mice and guinea pigs to Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium vaccae, and Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum cytoplasmic proteins
Authors: Watson S R , Morrison N E , Collins F M
Published: January 2020

Antigenic relationships between Mycobacterium vaccae, M. nonchromogenicum, and M. leprae were examined in mice and guinea pigs injected with M. vaccae or M. nonchromogenicum suspensions. The growth of both organisms in outbred ICR and four inbred mouse strains was followed up to 30 days. M. nonchromogenicum persisted in the livers and spleens of the inbred mice substantially better than did the M. vaccae population in the same mouse strains. A translucent colony variant of M. vaccae isolated from the opossum survived in vivo better than the opaque colony isolated from opossums and cattle. Persistence of M. vaccae and M. nonchromogenicum was not markedly increased in T-cell-depleted (nude) mice. Normal mice infected with increasing numbers of M. vaccae did not develop delayed-type hypersensitivity to the homologous M. vaccae cytoplasmic protein antigen. When heat-killed M. vaccae were incorporated into Freund adjuvant, both mice and guinea pigs developed delayed hypersensitivity to cytoplasmic antigens prepared from M. vaccae, M. nonchromogenicum and M. vaccae vaccines cross-sensitized guinea pigs to the M. leprae cytoplasmic antigens.
Animal model of neutropenia suitable for the study of dual-phagocyte systems
Authors: Rehm S R , Gross G N , Hart D A , Pierce A K
Published: January 2020

When two sets of phagocytic cells participate simultaneously in the inflammatory process and bacterial killing, the relative contribution of each cell type is difficult to ascertain. The use of cell-specific antibody will permit selective depletion of one phagocyte population. We describe an experimental model of granulocytopenia which utilizes the immunoglobulin G fraction of an antigranulocyte serum. This material markedly depleted circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN); within 2 h after injection of antigranulocyte globulin, PMN counts were at 19% of original levels and remained significantly depressed for 24 h. Granulocyte recruitment was also impaired, with only 5 x 10(3) PMN appearing in the lungs in response to an aerosol of Klebsiella, compared to 4.17 x 10(5) PMN in control animals (P less than 0.01). Most importantly, alveolar macrophages retained normal viability (97% versus 94% for control value, P not significant) normal phagocytic function, and normal bactericidal capacity. Antigranulocyte globulin is thus a valuable tool for the study of bacterial defense mechanisms.
Analysis of the effects of lipopolysaccharide on macrophages: differential phagocytic responses of C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ macrophages in vitro
Authors: Vogel S N , Marshall S T , Rosenstreich D L
Published: January 2020

The phenomenon of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in vitro macrophage cytotoxicity has been reported by a number of investigators but has often been difficult to reproduce and to quantitate. In this report, we have examined the effect of LPS on the ability of macrophages to ingest 51Cr-labeled, opsonized sheep erythrocytes as a method for examining the direct toxic effects of LPS on macrophages in vitro. By using this assy, we can clearly discriminate between LPS responder C3H/HeN macrophages and LPS nonresponder C3H/HeJ macrophages and demonstrate that LPS induces a profound inhibition of Fc-mediated phagocytosis in LPS responsive macrophages. Furthermore, low concentrations of LPS stimulate phagocytosis in macrophages derived for C3H/HeJ mice. The lipid A moiety of the LPS is responsible for the observed enhancement or inhibition of Fc-mediated phagocytosis. This assay was more sensitive than LPS-induced cytotoxicity, since inhibition of phagocytosis was detectable in cultures of LPS-sensitive macrophages even when cytotoxicity, assessed by trypan blue exclusion, was not. Thus, this assay represents an extremely sensitive method for analyzing the direct effects of LPS on macrophages.
Phenotypic expression of genetically controlled host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Skamene E , Kongshavn P A
Published: January 2020

Several inbred mouse strains, all of them derived from the C57BL background, have genetically determined increased resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes, whereas a variety of other strains are relatively sensitive to this infection. Comparison of the host response to L. monocytogenes in the sensitive A strain and the resistant C57BL/6 (B6) strain revealed that the B6 mice were superior to A mice both in the T-cell-independent and in the T-cell-dependent phase of the response. Although animals of both strains had equal ability to clear their circulation of intravenously administered Listeria and to take up comparable amounts of bacteria in their livers and spleens, already 24 to 48 h after infection the genetic advantage of B6 strain mice to suppress bacterial proliferation was apparent. Both the primary (early and late) and the secondary responses as well as the ability to inactivate the bacterial load after adoptive protection by syngeneic immune lymphocytes were more efficient in the B6 animals, suggesting that the common effector macrophage arm of the antilisterial resistance rather than the lymphocyte arm (mediating the T-cell-dependent phase of response) is genetically controlled.
Extraction and partial characterization of a leukotoxin from a plaque-derived Gram-negative microorganism
Authors: Tsai C C , McArthur W P , Baehni P C , Hammond B F , Taichman N S
Published: January 2020

The plaque-derived gram-negative microorganism Y4 identified as a member of the genus Actinobacillus, was tested for a soluble cytotoxic factor(s). Sonication or incubation of viable Y4 microorganisms in distilled water or normal human serum resulted in liberation of a soluble material which was cytotoxic in vitro for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The Y4 soluble sonic extract was also cytotoxic to human peripheral blood monocytes. However, human lymphocytes, platelets, and fibroblasts, as well as rabbit, rat, and mouse leukocytes and chicken embryo fibroblasts, were not killed by exposure to the Y4 sonic extract. No hemolytic activity was detected in the Y4 sonic extract. No hemolytic activity was detected in the Y4 sonic extract. Consequently, the factor(s) in the Y4 sonic extract was referred to as Y4 leukotoxin. The Y4 leukotoxin was inactive at 4 degrees C, heat sensitive (56 degrees C, 30 min), and inactivated by proteases. The cytotoxic effect of Y4 leukotoxin on PMNs was dose, time, and temperature dependent. The leukotoxin did not bind to viable PMNs at 4 degrees C but did bind to dead PMN membrane components at both 4 and 37 degrees C. The addition of bovine serum albumin (51 mg/ml) to PMN-Y4 leukotoxin cultures inhibited the release of lactate dehydrogenase from the PMNs, but did not prevent the death of the cells as indicated by electron microscopy. Lysosomal markers were released in parallel to the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from Y4 leukotoxin-treated PMNs. The addition of 0.02 M ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid to these cultures inhibited release of lysosomal markers but enhanced the release of lactate dehydrogenase. These results suggested that a soluble leukotoxin with specificity for only human PMNs and monocytes can be liberated from viable Y4. What role this leukotoxin plays in the pathogenicity of the Y4 microorganism is not yet known. However, this leukotoxin is one of the first materials from a plaque-derived microorganism with a potential role in the pathogenesis of juvenile periodontitis.
Interferon induction by the immunomodulating polyanion lambda carrageenan
Authors: Turner E V , Sonnenfeld G
Published: January 2020

The lambda fraction of carrageenan induced murine interferon, which was characterized by sensitivity to trypsin and inhibition by pretreatment of target cells with actinomycin D.
Mechanisms of
Listeria monocytogenes
-Mediated Modulation of Tumor Growth
Authors: Fulton Amy M. , Croft William , Dustoor Meher M. , Blazkovec A. A.
Published: January 2020

Studies using
Listeria monocytogenes
as an antitumor agent were initiated to determine the requirements for
Listeria
-mediated tumor inhibition to occur. When Strain 13 guinea pigs were injected with an admixture of viable
Listeria
and a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in a ratio of 1 bacterium to 100 tumor cells,
Listeria
had a marked capacity to inhibit tumor growth. This confirms an earlier study in our laboratory (M. M. Dustoor, A. Fulton, W. Croft, and A. A. Blazkovec, Infect. Immun.
23:
54-60, 1979). At no time did animals exhibit overt symptoms of disease as a result of
Listeria
infection. Animals treated with antilymphocyte serum, which had previously been shown to abrogate T-cell functions, were no longer able to suppress
Listeria
-tumor cell mixtures. Treatment in vivo with carrageenan, a macrophage-inhibitory agent, also abrogated
Listeria
-mediated tumor inhibition. These results suggest that
Listeria
-mediated inhibition requires intact T-lymphocyte and macrophage function. Experiments in which
Listeria
was given in admixture with the tumor cells or in the opposite flank demonstrated that the antitumor effects require intimate association of the
Listeria
and tumor cells. Histopathological studies, showing that macrophages and lymphocytes are the predominant inflammatory cells present at sites of tumor destruction, further suggest a role for these cells in
Listeria
-mediated inhibition. Animals which had rejected prior
Listeria
-tumor cell inocula were resistant to rechallenge with the homologous tumor for more than 1 year. This work thus confirms in vitro studies demonstrating that both lymphocytes and macrophages are required for
Listeria
-mediated tumor inhibition to occur. This study demonstrates that viable
Listeria
can have potent antitumor effects without causing overt disease as a result of
Listeria
infection.
Assessment of attachment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to HeLa cells by double radiolabeling
Authors: Gubish E R , Mace M L , Steiner S M , Williams R P
Published: January 2020

Attachment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to HeLa cells was assessed by a technique using double radioisotopic labeling. Piliated, virulent bacteria from colony type 2 attached to HeLa cells to a greater extent than nonpiliated, avirulent bacteria from colony type 4. Maximal attachment rates for bacteria from both colony types occurred during the early incubation periods at 37 degrees C, and the HeLa cells appeared saturated at 4 h. Attachment was maximum at pH 6.5 and dependent upon the multiplicity of infection. Treatment of the HeLa cells with trypsin diminished the degree of attachment, but this effect substantially disappeared by 24 h after trypsin treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed bacteria of colony types 2 and 4 adhered to the HeLa cell surface. Thin-section transmission electron microscopy showed that bacteria were associated with the surface of the HeLa cell but not ingested.
Isolation of a cured strain from Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8
Authors: Ishii-Kanei C , Uchida T , Yoneda M
Published: January 2020

A nonlysogenic, non-toxinogenic strain was isolated from the PW8 strain of C. diphtheriae by two-step ultraviolet induction. This strain was lysed by phages derived from the PW8 strain but not by beta phages from the C7(beta) strain. When this cured strain was lysogenized with phages from the PW8 strain, toxin production by the resulting lysogens was about a half or a quarter of that of the parent strain PW8.
In vitro synthesis of humoral factors (immunoglobulins and complement) in lesional skin of leprosy patients
Authors: Lai A Fat R F , Jin J C , Diesselhoff-den Dulk M , van Furth R
Published: January 2020

An in vitro culture technique was used to demonstrate the synthesis of immunoglobulins and complement in lesional skin of patients representing the entire clinico-histopathological spectrum of leprosy. The results indicate that immunoglobulin G is produced in different amounts in the various forms of leprosy. Classification of the patients according to the three main groups shows that a small amount of immunoglobulin G synthesis occurred in tuberculoid leprosy, a distinct amount occurred in borderline leprosy, and large amount occurred in lepromatous leprosy. Contrary to expectation, synthesis of C3 was found only in some of the cultures of these three forms of leprosy. The function of the locally synthesized immunoglobulin G and the findings concerning C3 synthesis are discussed.
Inability of passively acquired antibody to protect lambs against experimental pasteurellosis
Authors: Wells P W , Evans H B , Burrells C , Sharp J M , Gilmour N J , Thompson D A , Rushton B
Published: January 2020

An experimental model of pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep was used to investigate the role of serum antibody in resistance to this disease. Lambs which had been vaccinated with a sodium salicylate extract of Pasteurella haemolytica type A1 were protected against challenge with PI3 virus followed by P. haemolytica type A1 7 days later. The majority of untreated lambs and lambs which had received either 200 ml of antiserum to P. haemolytica or 200 ml of control serum intraperitoneally 18 h before infection with P. haemolytica type A1 succumbed to the challenge. Lymphocytes from vaccinated lambs showed a specific proliferative response when exposed to P. haemolytica type A1 sodium salicylate extract, and this response increased after exposure of these animals to P. haemolytica type A1 in aerosol. The results indicate that the humoral immune response alone is incapable of affording protection against experimental pasteurellosis and that cell-mediated immunity may play an important part in resistance to this disease.
Attachment pili from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli pathogenic for humans
Authors: Deneke C F , Thorne G M , Gorbach S L
Published: January 2020

Pili from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli pathogenic for humans have been isolated by adsorption to the surface of erythrocytes followed by thermal elution. The pili are composed of two protein subunits with molecular weights of 13,100 and 12,500 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. These pili also bind to human buccal cells under temperature conditions (37 degrees C) which prevent the binding of these pili to the erythrocytes. Analogous temperature effects on binding have previously been observed with whole bacterial cells. This binding can be inhibited by antiserum prepared against the isolated pili.
Adherence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to glass surfaces
Authors: Feldner J , Bredt W , Razin S
Published: January 2020

Attachment of M. pneumoniae to glass was quantitated in an experimental system enabling the settling down of [3H]palmitic acid-labeled cells onto glass cover slips. Attachment of mycoplasmas suspended in buffer increased with temperature, decreased with higher ionic strength, and showed a maximum at about pH 5.5. The findings suggest a participation of ionic bonds in the attachment process. Trypsin did not detach glass-bound mycoplasmas, and treatment of the cells with glutaraldehyde did not reduce their attachment to glass, suggesting that membrane components other than proteins may be involved in the attachment. Low concentrations (up to 20 mg/ml) of bovine serum albumin buffer. However, during the next few hours, attachment increased far above the bovine serum albumin control. This marked increase was reduced by more than half in the presence of chloramphenicol. Increased attachment was also observed when glucose (0.1 to 2 mg/ml) was added to the bovine serum albumin-containing buffer. The findings suggest different mechanisms for the attachment in protein-free buffer and in growth medium or glucose-containing bovine serum albumin buffer, respectively. The latter apparently requires metabolic activity of the mycoplasmas.
Depression of vaccinal immunity to Marek's disease by infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus
Authors: Witter R L , Lee L F , Bacon L D , Smith E J
Published: January 2020

The effect of infection with low-virulence, tissue culture-propagated strains of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) on protective vaccinal immunity against Marek's disease (MD) lymphomas was investigated. Vaccinated chickens inoculated at hatching with greater than 10(4) focus-forming units of REV and challenged with MD virus were poorly protected against MD lesion development as indicated by protective indices of 53 to 79% for strain CS (P less than 0.05) and 42 to 49% for strain T (P less than 0.01) compared to 78 to 100% for REV-free controls. Furthermore, the response of blood lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation and the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes and Brucella abortus were less in REV-inoculated chickens than in controls. The REV-induced depression of immune responses was more severe in chickens infected with mildly pathogenic strain T than in chickens infected with the apathogenic strain CS and was generally transient with both virus strains. Little or no depression of immune responses was observed in chickens inoculated with less than 10(3) focus-forming units of REV. These studies extend knowledge on the immunodepressive ability of low-virulence REV strains and establish that infection with these viruses depresses certain parameters of MD vaccinal immunity, an important model for cellular immunity against virus-induced neoplasia in the chicken.
Requirements of immunoglobulin and the classical and alternative complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of multiple strains of Gram-negative aerobic bacilli
Authors: Leist-Welsh P , Bjornson A B
Published: January 2020

The requirements for immunoglobulin and the alternative and classical complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were determined. Human sera deficient in immunoglobulin or classical pathway activity, or both, were compared for their ability to promote phagocytosis os and killing of 13 bacterial strains by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Seven of the thirteen microorganisms required immunoglobulin for phagocytosis and killing and utilized only the classical complement pathway. Three required immunoglobulin and utilized both the classical and alternative pathways. The other three microorganisms required minimal immunoglobulin and utilized the alternative or classical pathway, or both. None of the microorganisms utilized the alternative pathway in immunoglobulin-deficient sera or could be forced to utilize this pathway in sera deficient in both immunoglobulin and classical pathway activity. These results demonstrated a heterogeneity in the requirements for immunoglobulin and the alternative and classical complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes among various genera of gram-negative aerobic bacilli, as well as among strains of the same species. In addition, the results suggested that a mechanism of classical pathway activation dependent upon minimal immunoglobulin participates in phagocytosis and intracellular killing of certain gram-negative aerobic bacilli.
Human complement activation by lipopolysaccharides from bacteroides oralis, fusobacterium nucleatum, and veillonella parvula
Authors: Nygren H , Dahlén G , Nilsson L A
Published: January 2020

The properties of different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations to induce C3 conversion in human serum was studied by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. C3 conversion by the alternative pathway was evaluated after calcium depletion, and lipid A-dependent activation was measured by means of inhibition with polymyxin B sulfate. LPS from Bacteroides oralis converted Co mainly via the alternative pathway, whereas LPS from Fusobacterium nucleatum and Veillonella parvula const pronounced lipid A-dependent conversion. The results are discussed in relation to the chemical composition of the LPS preparations.
Prostaglandin regulation of colony-stimulating factor production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine leukocytes
Authors: Moore R N , Urbaschek R , Wahl L M , Mergenhagen S E
Published: January 2020

The production of colony-stimulating factor by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine peritoneal leukocytes and their adherent subpopulations (greater than 80% macrophages) was markedly enhanced by indomethacin at concentrations sufficient to block prostaglandin E synthesis. Addition of physiological concentrations of E-series prostaglandins reversed this enhancing effect of indomethacin in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that colony-stimulating factor production by stimulated leukocytes is regulated by E-series prostaglandins and suggest that prostaglandins function to limit myelopoiesis by inhibiting colony-stimulating factor production and concomitantly the induction of cell proliferation.
Infection of cultured human type II pneumonocytes with certain respiratory viruses
Authors: Tyrrell D A , Mika-Johnson M , Phillips G , Douglas W H , Chapple P J
Published: January 2020

Human type II alveolar pneumonocytes were grown either as monolayers derived from a clone or as organotypic cultures of fetal lung. The type II cells in these cultures retained in their cytoplasm multilamellar bodies which were morphologically identical to similar organelles present in type II cells of intact human fetal and adult lung. A number of respiratory viruses infected the cells and produced a cytopathic effect in the cultures. Viral components were also detected in some of the infected cells. Adenovirus type 3, human coronavirus 229E, and rhinovirus types 2 and 9 produced new infectious virus, but influenza A and parainfluenza 3 virus apparently did not.
Isolation and characterization of toxic fractions from Brucella abortus
Authors: Tabatabai L B , Deyoe B L , Ritchie A E
Published: January 2020

Two types of toxic fractions, protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich, were isolated from attenuated (strain 19) and virulent (strain 2308) Brucella abortus organisms. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein-rich fraction, in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in the protein bands derived from the attenuated and virulent strains. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicated that the major differences between these protein fractions were in the molecular weight range from 14,000 to 40,000. Immunoelectrophoresis of these fractions from the attenuated and virulent strains revealed differences in the antigenic spectrum. Polypeptides in the carbohydrate-rich fraction could be visualized on polyacrylamide gels only when reacted with fluorescamine before electrophoresis. Immune sera did not precipitate the components of the carbohydrate-rich fraction. Intradermal injecttion of the protein and carbohydrate-rich fractions resulted in different types of skin lesions in guinea pigs, i.e., edematous/erythematous and necrotic lesions, respectively. Fractions derived from attenuated and virulent strains of B. abortus were equally toxic in the guinea pig skin test. The toxic activity of both types of fractions was susceptible to pronase and heat treatment.
Comparison of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis infections of mice and their effect on acquired cellular resistance
Authors: Young E J , Gomez C I , Yawn D H , Musher D M
Published: January 2020

By using mice infected with strains of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis we examined the histological responses to infection, the relationship of histology to persistence of organisms, and the relation of persistence of organisms to the acquisition of acquired cellular resistance (ACR). Infection with B. abortus resulted in well-formed granulomas in the livers, which persisted for more than 30 days. In contrast, infection with B. melitensis produced microabscesses in the livers which resolved before 30 days. The clearance of organisms from the tissues was also different. A total of 30 days after infection, large numbers of viable bacteria were recovered from the tissues of B. abortus-infected mice whereas bacteria were no longer recoverable from B. melitensis-infected animals. ACR to Listeria monocytogenes, another intracellular pathogen, persisted for more than 30 days in B. abortus-infected mice but waned rapidly in B. melitensis-infected animals. This disappearance of ACR due to B. melitensis paralleled the clearance of bacteria from the tissues.
Antigenic diversity of the serotype antigen complex of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: analysis by an indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay
Authors: Johnston K H
Published: January 2020

An indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) has been developed to analyze the antigenic profile of the outer membrane serotype complex of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antisera raised in rabbits to serotype-specific vesicles (SSV) reacted primarily with homologous SSV; however, there was significant cross-reactivity (less than 50%) with heterologous SSV. N. meningitidis SSV cross-reacted with all antigonococcal SSV but at a lower degree (less than 20%). Preimmune sera did not cross-react significantly with all antigonoccoccal SSV. The sensitivity of the ELISA was enhanced when the integral SSV proteins 1a and 2 were used as adsorbed antigen. Heterologous anti-SSV cross-reacted slightly, having ELISA values less than 15% of the homologous reaction. Antisera prepared by immunoabsorbent affinity columns were highly specific. Homologous affinity anti-SSV reacted only with proteins 1a and 2. The reaction of immune sera was inhibited by homologous proteins 1a and 2; lipopolysaccharide and proteins 1a and 2 isolated from heterologous serotypes did not inhibit the reaction. The reaction of affinity-purified antisera could be inhibited only by homologous protein 1a. By the use of affinity-purified antisera, a specific and highly sensitive ELISA was developed to analyze the antigenic profile of strains of N. gonorrhoeae.
Protection against Escherichia coli K1 infection in newborn rats by antibody to K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen
Authors: Bortolussi R , Ferrier P
Published: January 2020

The protective value of antibody to the K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen of Escherichia coli was investigated in a newborn rat model of E. coli K1 infection. Pregnant rats were immunized intravenously with E. coli, and the agglutinating titer to meningococcal group B polysaccharide, which is identical to K1 polysaccharide, was measured in the serum of rats and their offspring. Convalescent serum from rat mothers showed an increased antibody titer in animals injected twice but not once with E. coli K1. Although no agglutinating antibody was detected in the serum of rat pups, animals suckled by mothers having a meningococcal group B agglutinating titer of 1:8 or greater had reduced infection and mortality rates after intraperitoneal injection with E. coli K1 compared with animals suckled by mothers having a low titer of agglutinating antibody (P less than 0.05). In addition, greater protection could be conferred on rat sucklings by oral supplementation with a horse serum rich in antibody to meningococcal group B polysaccharide, suggesting that antibody was abosorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and by itself could be protective. These studies demonstrated that antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of E. coli K1 altered the severity of E. coli K1 infection. Final clearance of bacteria from the blood appeared to await the maturation of other host defense systems in the newborn rat.
Effect of route on inoculation on host resistance to Nocardia
Authors: Beaman B L , Maslan S , Scates S , Rosen J
Published: January 2020

Virulent strains of Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia caviae were injected into mice by five different routes. When these organisms were grown to the same stage of growth in the same medium and otherwise prepared identically, it was found that they differed significantly in their ability to infect and kill the host, depending entirely upon the route of inoculation. Thus, N. caviae 112 was 30 times more virulent than N. asteroides GUH-2 when administered intranasally, whereas N. asteroides was at least 10 times more pathogenic than N. caviae when injected intravenously. They had similar degrees of virulence when given intraperitoneally. N. asteroides GUH-2 induced a more persistent and progressive infection than N. caviae 112 when injected into the footpads of mice; however, the latter strain was more lethal for the animals when given by this route. Different routes of infecting mice indicate a compartmentalization of the host response to different strains of nocardia. Therefore, the use of different strains of nocardia under carefully controlled and defined conditions should make it possible to dissect the nocardia-host interactions at the cellular levels.
Factors affecting expression of the Escherichia coli pilus K99
Authors: Isaacson R E
Published: January 2020

An enzyme-linked antibody centrifuge assay for the detection of Escherichia coli pilus K99 was developed and shown to be a specific and quantitative assay for the detection of cell-bound K99. The data presented demonstrate the usefulness of the assay as a diagnostic tool. Using the assay, several factors that affect expression of K99 were investigated. Expression of K99 was dependent upon the degree of aeration provided: nonaerated bacteria produced little or no K99, whereas aerated bacteria produced large amounts of K99. K99 also appeared to be produced only by logarithmically growing cells, whereas there was a demonstrable decline in the amount of K99 per cell during stationary phase. Glucose was shown to repress K99 expression. At 0.5% glucose, K99 expression was highly repressed. Glucose-mediated repression could be overcome by the addition of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Several other carbon sources also inhibited K99 expression, including pyruvate, arabinose, and lactose; glycerol was stimulatory.
Elevated glycosyltransferase activities in infected or traumatized hosts: nonspecific response to inflammation
Authors: Canonico P G , Little J S , Powanda M C , Bostian K A , Beisel W R
Published: January 2020

Streptococcus pneumoniae infection leads to multifold increases in sialyltransferase, galactosyltransferase, alpha 2-fucosyltransferase, and alpha 3-fucosyltransferase activity of rat liver. Such changes may reflect an increased demand for glycosylation of acute-phase proteins synthesized and secreted by the liver during inflammatory processes. Serum sialyltransferase became elevated in bacteria-infected or burned rats and sandfly fever-infected humans, but did not correlate with acute-phase serum protein changes. These data suggest that nonparenchymal liver cells, such as macrophages, may contribute substantially to elevated sialyltransferase activity in the circulation during infection and, as such, represent a general host response to infection and tissue trauma.