bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method for the Topical Application of Small Measured Doses of Insecticide Solutions to Individual Insects
Authors: Kerr R. W.
Published: July 2009

A microburette made from glass capillary tubing is mounted on the mechanical stage of a microscope and filled with insecticide solution to a point at which the meniscus is in the field of the microscope. The magnified images of the meniscus and a calibrated micrometer scale in the eyepiece are projected on to a small screen mounted close to the tip of the microburette so that the scale and the insect being dosed can be seen simultaneously. This feature renders the apparatus particularly suitable for topical application work in which accurate positioning of the dose on the insect is required. When an insect, held in a suction device described, is applied to the tip of the burette, the solution flows out unaided, and stops immediately the insect is removed. With the microburette described, doses from 0.005 to 0.035 μl. can be dispensed to within ±0.00035 μl. The apparatus can be made to cover several other dosage ranges, either lower or higher, by simple modifications which are discussed.
Wet Season Fraying of Wings of Tsetse-flies, Glossina morsitans
Authors: Jackson C. H. N.
Published: July 2009

The wings of male Glossina morsitans appear to become frayed in the rainy season at about the same rate as in the dry season, and their brittleness seems directly related to age. The law of diminishing returns does not appear to apply, perhaps because of the weakening of portions of the trailing edge between indentations fairly near together.
The Effect of Rainfall on the Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica (De Berg.) in the Gezira, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Hanna A. D.
Published: July 2009

The Gezira Scheme is divided into three areas according to the incidence of the Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica.

1. The Northern area of normal abundance.

2. The Central area of occasional abundance.

3. The Southern area of possible abundance.

The causes for this difference in the number of Jassids in the three areas were studied and rainfall in showers over 10 mm. in July and August was found to be the important factor. A definite correlation was found between the number of Jassids on cotton and the amount of this rainfall.

Some experiments were carried out which proved that the effect of rain was due to the splashing of mud from the soil on to the lower side of the leaves. The rain could therefore be effective if it is heavy enough to produce mud splashing.

It was shown by a simple apparatus that mud splashing hardly rises more than 30–40 mm.

The correlation between the number of Jassids and the amount of rainfall in July and August might be used as a basis for forecasting the extent of Jassid attack on cotton every year.
The Bionomics and Morphology of Brenthia leptocosma Meyrick (Lep., Glyphipterygidae)
Authors: Williams J. R.
Published: July 2009

Brenthia leptocosma is a Microlepidopteron which feeds upon the Boraginaceous bush, Cordia macrostachya. This plant, since its accidental introduction into Mauritius about 1900, has become a pest of considerable agricultural importance. Other food-plants are C. myxa, C. abyssinica and C. holstii, which are all unimportant trees. B. leptocosma has been recorded only from Mauritius. It is not likely to be indigenous for it is restricted to Cordia species, none of which are considered to be native to Mauritius.

The morphology and biology of the various stages are described.

The distribution of B. leptocosma is that of its food-plants: it is extremely numerous in all regions below about 1,500 feet, which is the upper limit for C. macrostachya. The abundance of the moth is due to the excessive growth of C. macrostachya. Owing to its mode of life, it is of no value as a controlling agent of C. macrostachya.

Larval and pupal parasites are recorded.
Two new Anoplura
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

During the course of plague investigations carried out in Kenya Colony in 1921 by the late Dr. R. Van Someren, and in Uganda during 1922 by the same collector in conjunction with Dr. C. A. Baker, some hundreds of Mallophaga and Anoplura were collected, mainly from small rodents. This material was sent to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology in two instalments, and the present paper deals only with a new species and variety represented in the first collection forwarded by Mr. T. J. Anderson, Government Entomologist, Nairobi. The rest of the collection will be dealt with later. The opportunity has been taken to add also the description of a very remarkable louse which infests an Indian tree shrew.
Notes on the Nomenclature of Australian Tabanidae: Sub-family Pangoniinae
Authors: Ferguson Eustace W.
Published: July 2009

The question of the proper allocation of the subgeneric names introduced by Walker (Insect. Saund. Dipt, i, 1850) for the division of the genus Pangonia, Latr., appears never to have been entirely or satisfactorily settled.

In his work Walker subdivided Pangonia into 15 subgenera, for which he proposed the names Nuceria, Fidena, Dicrania, Melpia, Scaptia, Pangonia, Tacina, Phara, Clanis, Osca, Philoliche, Scione, Plinthina, Scarphia and Lilaea. Three of these names (Dicrania, Pangonia, and Philoliche) were, however, adopted from previous authors. Three of the names (Dicrania, Pangonia, and Scione) have been utilized since that date, though in the case of Dicrania the name of the genus has recently been altered to Elaphella, while Walker used the name Pangonia for a group of the genus (sens, lat.) in which the type species was not included.
Pupae of some Palestinian Culicines
Authors: Theodor Oscar
Published: July 2009

In connection with the study of Anopheline pupae with Dr. P. A. Buxton, I extended my comparisons to the Culicine pupae accessible to us, in the first place to discover their differences from Anopheline pupae, and in the second to bring the Culicine pupae themselves into a system. As with the Anopheline pupae, I limited my comparisons to the trumpets and the chaetotaxy of the abdomen, especially of the last three abdominal segments.
On some Tropical Thysanoptera
Authors: Karny H. H.
Published: July 2009

The following paper deals with a collection of Thysanoptera from various tropical countries, but especially Africa, received by the author from the Imperial Bureau of Entomology for determination. As most of the species before me are from new localities or from new food-plants, I have thought it desirable to give the data not only for the new species, but for all the others also.
Race Suicide in Stegomyia
Authors: Buxton P. A. , Hopkins G. H. E.
Published: July 2009

If the destruction of the breeding-places of Aëdes argenteus (aegypti, fasciata) is carried out too completely, it is known that some of the females lay their eggs in abnormal places in which they would never oviposit if their peace of mind had not been very greatly disturbed. Carter has advocated placing pots of water on verandahs in order that the female mosquitos may follow their sexual instincts without perversion ; at the same time no breeding takes place, as the pots are emptied, dried and refilled once a week. A drawback to this method is that it must be done by a careful, methodical person or the pots may become breeding-places and larvae will adhere to the bottom of the pot and survive.
A New Grasshopper injurious to Rice in Siam
Authors: Uvarov B. P.
Published: July 2009

♀. Very slender, strongly resembling an Atractomorpha in general appearance.

Antennae basally somewhat dilated and slightly compressed, about half as long again as the head. Head conical, as long as pronotum. Face very strongly oblique, obsoletely punctured and with irregular subobliterate longitudinal rugosities. Frontal ridge between antennae raised, below ocellum very low, with the sulcus distinct throughout, widened at the fastigium ; margins very obtuse. Eyes strongly elongate. Fastigium of vertex (fig. 4) about as long as an eye, and about half as long again as the basal width ; its sides, seen from above, distinctly concave ; surface convex, with a faint trace of the median carinula in the hind part, the carinula being better developed on the occiput.
Observations on the Life-history of Helopeltis on Cotton in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Lean Owen B.
Published: July 2009

The work described in the following paper was undertaken subsequent to Mr. F. D. Golding's investigations (2), which established the significance of Helopeltis spp. (Capsidae) to the Nigerian cotton crop, and which showed that some study of the life-history of this recent addition to the list of Nigerian insect pests was desirable.
A Note on the Bionomics of Tabanus fasciatus niloticus, Aust
Authors: King Harold H.
Published: July 2009

A few larve of Tabanus fasciatus niloticus were obtained on 4th March 1925 near Renk, on the White Nile, their habitat being the Nile cabbage (Pistia stratiotes, Linn.). They were by no means common, a search of a couple of hours yielding but seven specimens. They were lying submerged in the water, supported on the bases of the lower leaves in such a position that their caudal respiratory siphons could be extended to reach the surface of the water, and never more than a single larva occurred on an individual plant. In appearance they were typical Tabanid larvae, except as regards colour ; the normal colour is white to yellowish, but the larvae in question were bright green, similar to the green of the leaves among which they were situated. They were placed in a glass jar with water, plant débris and some Nile cabbages, and taken to Khartoum, the journey occupying ten days. When the contents of the jar were examined in Khartoum two larvae were recovered and removed each to a test-tube containing a roll of filter-paper and water. They fed readily on earthworms.
Notes on the Sweet Potato Pyralid Moth, Megastes grandalis, Guen
Authors: Cowland J. W.
Published: July 2009

Megastes grandalis was first reported from Brazil ; there have been no other records until 1919, when it was reported from Trinidad as a serious pest during certain seasons of the year to the roots and tubers of the sweet potato. At present this is the only known food-plant.

The eggs are laid two or three together in the axils of the leaf-petioles or on the underside of the leaf. The laxva at first feeds near the place where it hatches, then travels to the base of the stem and bores its way in, eating out tunnels through the roots and tubers, leaving the cortex untouched. It pupates in a silken cocoon near the surface. The moths live only a few days during which oviposition takes place. Descriptions of the immature stages are given. The writer obtained a Trichogramma egg parasite and Tachinid larval parasites.

This work was undertaken at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, West Indies.

The Imperial Bureau of Entomology kindly identified the parasites.
Some Termites from Ceylon
Authors: Kemner N. A.
Published: July 2009

Some months ago I received from Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London, a collection of termites from Ceylon which he kindly entrusted to me for the purpose of identification. The termites were collected by the Government Entomologist of Ceylon, Mr. T. C. Hutson, in different parts of the island, in tea plantations. If this is the case, the termites were presumably not collected on the plains but at some height above the sea-level, where tea preferably is cultivated. There are, however, no detailed records of the height of the localities.
Observations upon Lixophaga diatraeae, Townsend, a Tachinid Parasite of Diatraea saccharalis, Fabr., in Porto Rico
Authors: Box Harold E.
Published: July 2009

The Tachinid fly parasite of Diatraea saccharalis, F. (sugar-cane moth borer), which forms the subject of the present paper, was described in 1916 by Dr. C. H. T. Townsend1 under the name Euzenilliopsis diatraeae. In 1924, Dr. J. M. Aldrich6 pointed out that Dr. Townsend's new genus was untenable and referred E. diatraeae to Lixophaga, Towns., of which Euzenilliopsis, Towns., is now considered a synonym. In certain of the earlier papers in which this fly is mentioned as a parasite of D. saccharalis, it is referred to as Tachinophyto (Hypostena) sp.
Natural Enemies of Sirex cyaneus, Fabr., in England and their Life-history
Authors: Chrystal R. N. , Myers J. G.
Published: July 2009

Rhyssa persuasoria and Ibalia leucospoides, both parasitic on Sirex cyaneus, have been studied at Oxford.

Rhyssa lays its eggs in the burrow of and near to the almost or quite full-fed host larva or the pupa, by piercing the solid wood with itsovipositor. Feeding is entirely ectoparasitic and takes only a few weeks, during which the host larva may burrow a little further. The winter is passed by Rhyssa as a resting larva. Pupation takes place in the spring, and the whole life-cycle normally occupies one year.

Ibalia oviposits in the young larva just before ormore rarely just after hatching, utilising the oviposition-bores of the Sirex for this purpose. The first-stage larva is elongate, with sickle-shaped mandibles, and larval feeding seems wholly endoparasitic. Sirex larvae parasitised by Ibalia confine their boring largely to the outer portions of the trunk, and usually make their final cell just under and approximately parallel to the surface. The life-cycle of Ibalia requires at least two years.

Owing to the very different instars which they attack, there seems no risk of superparasitism of Ibalia by Rhyssa or vice versa, and it is therefore suggested that both species be introduced into New Zealand as a measure against Sirex juvencus, which is there very destructive to plantations of Pinus radiata.
A Revision of Diparopsis Hmps. (Agrotidae, Lepidoptera)
Authors: Clements A. N.
Published: July 2009

The genus Diparopsis Hmps. is confined to Africa. During the present century, an insect always identified hitherto as Diparopsis castanea Hmps. has become a serious pest as a bollworm of cotton in many parts of that continent. Until recently, the genus was thought to consist of only two species, D. castanea Hmps. and D. tephragramma B.-Bkr., but differences in the structure of the frontal process of the adult suggested that the former comprised two or more distinct sub-species or species. The present study was undertaken to determine the status of these different forms. It is based on the material in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History) and on additional material obtained through the courtesy of the Government Entomologist, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.
An Ecological Study of Mosquitos in Wuhan Area
Authors: Sheng Tseng , Wu I.
Published: July 2009

Field and laboratory studies were made of the mosquitos of the Wuhan area, central China, between June 1947 and March 1948.

The following species were collected :Anopheles hyrcanusvar.sinensis, Mansonia uniformis, Armigeres obturbans, Aëdes albopictus, Culex fuscanus, Culex vagans, Culex fatigans, Culex pipiensandCulex tritaeniorhynchus. A brief account is given of the topography and other environmental features of Wuhan.

The seasonal incidence and feeding habits of the adults, and the breeding sites favoured by the various species are recorded.

Monthly mean figures for rainfall, temperature and humidity are examined in relation to incidence of malaria and abundance of adults and larvae ofAnopheles hyrcanusvar.sinensis. The peak of malaria incidence coincides with that ofAnophelespopulation which occurs two to three months after the peak of rainfall at an average relative humidity of 66 per cent.

A chemical analysis of waters from different types of breeding sites was made. Both the total organic nitrogen, and the amount of dissolved oxygen were considerably greater in the breeding site ofArmigeres obturbansthan in those of other genera. A sample of water from a site in which no mosquito breeding was observed contained very much smaller amounts of organic substances and minerals than samples from known breeding sites.

Other ecological factors affecting the early stages in their breeding sites are briefly referred to.
Studies on Aqueous Suspensions of Insecticides. Part II. Quantitative Determinations of Weights of DDT picked up and retained
Authors: Barlow F. , Hadaway A. B.
Published: July 2009

The weights of insecticide picked up by mosquitos and tsetse flies in short contact periods on deposits from aqueous suspensions of DDT crystals of different sizes have been determined chemically and correlated with corresponding mortality rates.

The rate of action of DDT particles picked up by mosquitos increases as the size decreases.

Taking into account the weights of insecticide picked up, the median lethal dosage increases as the particle size increases. A further factor, that of retention on the body of the insects, has to be considered, however, for there is evidence that adherence of particles in the 0–10 and 10–20 micron ranges is greater than that of larger particles. Availability, and therefore effectiveness, of deposits from aqueous suspensions of insecticide particles is influenced considerably by the type of material to which they are applied.
Diapause behaviour of Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae), in Bangalore, India
Authors: Jayanth K. P. , Bali Geetha
Published: July 2009

Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister was introduced for biological control trials against the weed Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in India. The insect entered diapause over an extended period of time between July and December in Bangalore. Diapausing adults burrowed into the soil, and emerged in May–June with the commencement of monsoon rains. Percentage diapause increased over time, peaking at 72% during November. Non-diapausing adults were capable of breeding, under laboratory conditions, during the winter. Some adults bred both before and after diapause, during two consecutive years. Soil moisture played an important role in providing the conditions for burrowing or emerging from the diapause chambers. The studies also showed that diapausing adults had to be exposed to the high summer temperatures, for termination of the diapause. It was possible to break diapause by continuous exposure to 30°C, 35°C and 40°C for 22 days, nine days and 10 hours, respectively, during February–March, about three months after its inception. This method can be used to initiate mass multiplication for carrying out releases early in the season.
The early Stages of British Biting Midges Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and allied Genera
Authors: Kettle D. S. , Lawson J. W. H.
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a key to the larvae and pupae of 28 species of Culicoides found in Britain and to larvae and pupae of the genera Stilobezzia, Serromyia and Ceratopogon including the subgenera Ceratopogon and Isohelea. The keys are supplemented by descriptions of the larvae and pupae, including photographs of the fourth instars and figures of the so-called “hypopharynx” —the true epipharynx—of most of the larvae and by figures of specific characters of the pupae. Twenty-eight species of Culicoides larvae are described:—C. albicans, C. chiopterus, C. circumscriptus, C. cubitalis, C. cunctans, C. delta, C. fascipennis, C. grisescens, C. halophilus, C. heliophilus, C. impunctatus, C. lupicaris, C. maritimus, C. nubeculosus, C. obsoletus, C. odibilis, C. pcdlidicornis, C. pictipennis, C. pseudochiopterus, C. pulicaris, C. punctatus, C. riethi, C. salinarius, C. scoticus, C. simulator, C. stigma, C. truncorum, and C. vexans. The descriptions of the pupae include all the above, with the addition of C. parroti.

An analysis has been made of the breeding preferences of Culicoides and it was found that species could be placed in one of six groups depending on the larval habitat. The six categories were:— (i) Bog, (ii) Fresh Water Marsh, (iii) Swamp, (iv) Mud, (v) Salt Water Marsh and (vi) Dung.

The vertical distributions of seven species of Culicoides larvae are given. There are marked differences between the species in this respect.
The Effects of atmospheric Pressure on the Flight Responses of Aëdes aegypti (L.)
Authors: Haufe W. O.
Published: July 2009

Laboratory investigations with the mosquito AËdes aegypti (L.) have shown that air pressure has the following effects on flight activity:

The effects of pressure changes are consistently large enough to constitute an important factor in determining activity provided the mosquitos are acclimatised first to a particular pressure level.

The period of constant conditions necessary for complete acclimatisation was between three and six hours for all pressure conditions investigated.

When the period of acclimatisation had been fulfilled, the flight activity was approximately the same at all levels of static pressure investigated between 550 mm. and 800 mm. Hg.

After complete acclimatisation the activity following a moderate decrease in pressure was 1·5 to 2·4 times that following a similar increase in pressure when the general pressure level exceeded 735 mm. Hg.

When the general pressure level was less than 735 mm. Hg., the activity following a decrease in pressure was less than that following an increase; it would appear that 735 mm. is a critical pressure level for the stock of A. aegypti employed.

The activity during a uniform rise in pressure from 530 mm. to 730 mm. at 7·7 mm. /min. was at least 10 times that during a reverse fall in pressure fall in pressure at the same uniform rate.

Provided the rate of change was not greater than 1 mm./sec., the maximum flight activity for falling pressures was observed at 780 mm. while the maximumfor rising pressures was observed at 735 mm.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VIII.—An Experiment against the Tsetse Fly, Glossina swynnertoni Aust., in an isolated Area of Thronbush and Thicket
Authors: Hocking K. S. , Burnett G. F. , Sell R. C.
Published: July 2009

An isolated area of 2,200 acres of thicket and thronbush in the Central Province, Tanganyika, was treated from the air with a DDT-in-oil aerosol in an attempt to eliminate the tsetse fly, Glossina swynnertoni Aust. Eight applications of 0·25 lb. technical DDT per acre were planned to be done at fortnightly intervals.Delays due to unseasonal bad weather reduced this to seven at a slightly higher rate and over a longer-period.

G. swynnertoni was reduced from an apparent density of about 7 to zero at the end of the second application. No flies were caught after the fifth application for a period of six months.

It is not possible to say whether the few caught since then have been brought in or are the offspring of survivors of the insecticidal treatment.

This experiment was more successful than that on the Galapo Block in the same ares, to a highly significant degree, and this is attributed to the vulnerability of the smaller population present. It was doubtfully better than the first treatment of the North Block, also in this area, because the increase in population in the latter block may have been assisted by immigration.
Oxygen Absorption of Natural Waters in Nairobi with Reference to Anopheline Mosquitos
Authors: Harvey D. , Symes C. B.
Published: July 2009

The following data have been gathered over a period of about one year (January to December 1929) in the Nairobi District, Kenya Colony.

It was thought that the organic content of natural waters would certainly offer some indication of their suitability for the breeding of Anopheline mosquitos and that an investigation might suggest some definite line of approach to this intensely complex problem.

During November and December 1928, certain water sources were selected by one of us (C. B. S.), in widely separated parts of the district, for weekly sampling. In each separate area some four to eight places were chosen for routine searches for Anopheline larvae ; thus in the Q area (Table II) seven places were searched every week and in the B area (Table I) six places. From the places in each area two were chosen for routine oxygen absorption tests, one with Anopheline larvae and one without, water from these same two places being sampled and tested weekly. Thus in the Q area, spots Q 5 and Q 6 were used for this purpose, and in the B area B 3 and B 5. It is necessary to emphasise the fact that these places were separated from one another by distances of 50 to 150 yards. The choice of the source of water to be sampled was made purely on the presence or absence of Anopheline larvae at the beginning of the work.
Phytalus (Col., Melol.) in Sugar-cane in Mauritius
Authors: d'Emmerez de Charmoy D.
Published: July 2009

Like Mauritius, many other cane-growing countries in the world are suffering severely from the ravages of Lamellicorn beetle grubs. In some of these countries, such as Australia, India, South America and the West Indian Islands, these insects are indigenous, whilst in others, such as Hawaii and Mauritius, some of them have been accidentally introduced.

Through intensive cultivation of sugar-cane, which in some places is the staple industry, these so-called white grubs have found an abundance of food and an adequate environment, so that they have become, even in their country of origin, a major pest of sugar-cane ; whilst in places where they have been introduced, the damage done, in some cases, is a serious menace to the sugar industry.

Heavy annual losses are being sustained in the Philippines, Queensland and Porto Rico ; at present the damage in Porto Rico is estimated to be 3 million dollars yearly.

In order to cope with such a state of affairs, all possible effort is nowadays being made in most of these countries to try to control the pests by rational and scientific methods. Though many important points have been solved by research workers engaged thereon, there still remain many unknown factors upon which enlightenment is required.
New Trypetidae (Dipt.) from South Africa, II
Authors: Munro H. K.
Published: July 2009

The following descriptions axe based on material collected or reared by the author, together with specimens reared from host-plant material collected by colleagues to whom the author's thanks are due.

From the descriptions it will be further evident that the generic location of new species is still difficult, but this state of affairs can only be remedied by a monographic revision of the African Trypetidae. It is felt, however, that although the author has such a work in progress, it is not desirable to hurry publication. Delay is advisable, especially in view of the number of new species continually being found, and the frequent need for the formation of new genera.

Types of the new species are in the author's collection ; paratypes so far as available will be placed in the British Museum.
Further Studies on Leaf-curl of Cotton in the Sudan
Authors: Kirkpatrick T. W.
Published: July 2009

The reasons for adopting the name “ leaf-curl ” for the virus disease which is manifested by symptoms of “ leaf-crinkle ” on certain varieties of cotton, and by “ mosaic ” on certain others, are discussed.

A brief review is given of the very few references in previous literature which are relevant to leaf-curl.

Up to the end of February 1931, 168 straightforward attempts had been made to transmit crinkle from Sakel cotton to Sakel by means of white-flies (Bemisia gossypiperda, Misra & Lamba), of which no fewer than 157 were successful. No transmission was obtained with any other insects.

A single white-fly can transmit the disease to a healthy plant, though infection is less regularly obtained when one or only a few white-flies are used.

There is a large amount of negative evidence which indicates that the virus is not transmitted through the seed of Sakel cotton. There is also no evidence that it can be transmitted through the soil.

In nearly 200 controlled experiments, the incubation period of the virus in the plant varied from 8 to 34 days, but over two-thirds of the recorded periods were between 11 and 19 days. Possible causes of the variation in the incubation period are discussed.

Little is known with certainty about the factors which influence the severity of the disease.

At least one case of complete recovery from the disease appears to have been observed. Partial recovery is not infrequent.
Parasites and Hyperparasites of the Egg-pods of injurious Locusts (Acridodea) of Turkestan
Authors: Jazykov (Zakhvatkin) Al. A.
Published: July 2009

The following brief contribution summarises a part of the contents of an extensive Russian report on parasites of the egg-pods of some Turkestan Acridodea, studied by the writer while on the staff of the Middle-Asian Institute of Plant Protection (Tashkent, U.S.S.R.), in the years 1927–30.

The writer is specially indebted to Mr. V. I. Plotnikov, Director of the Institute, under whose supervision the work was done, and who kindly identified the Acridian hosts ; and for the identification of the parasites reared, to Messrs. A. A. Ogloblin, Santa-Anna (Scelionidae), S. J. Paramonov, Kiev (Bombyliidae), B. B. Rohdendorf, Leningrad (Tachinidae) and B. S. Kuzin, Moscow (Meloidae). The author's thanks are due also to Mr. B. P. Uvarov, for his kind assistance in the publication of this note.
The Eradication of Simulium neavei, Roubaud, from an Onchocerciasis Area in Kenya Colony
Authors: Garnham P. C. C. , McMahon J. P.
Published: July 2009

1. An onchocerciasis area in South Kavirondo, Kenya Colony, 65 square miles in extent, has been freed from Simulium neavei.

2. The fly was eliminated by the periodical application of DDT emulsion to all infested rivers and streams in the locality. Details of technique are described.

3. Most aquatic life, other than this species of Simulium, had returned to the treated streams, three months after the last application.

4. A microfilaria index of 37 per cent. in children aged four to eight was established as a base-line for future surveys.
Observations on Mortality among Insects exposed to dry insecticidal Films
Authors: Busvine J. R. , Barnes Sarah
Published: July 2009

A variety of insects were exposed to films of insecticides by confining them for various periods on filter papers impregnated by a volatile solvent method. The following results were observed:—

1. Nine species of insect and two species of tick were exposed to films of different insecticides for a standard exposure of two hours at 30°C. It was found that freshly prepared films of Gammexane were most toxic, followed by pyrethrins, DDT and rotenone.

2. The relative toxicity of the films of undiluted insecticides is considerably different from that of the same insecticides applied in oily solution.

3. The very sparse toxic films of Gammexane soon lost their toxicity, apparently by evaporation. The pyrethrin films were also less persistent than those of DDT.

4. The test organisms can be arranged in groups showing different types of susceptibility.

5. Percentage mortality among bugs kept in motion for a specified period over a given deposit of DDT is greater than that among stationary bugs exposed to the same deposit for the same period. The addition of an irritant to a DDT spray would therefore enhance the efficiency of the insecticide.

6. A marked time lag in achieving complete mortality among bugs exposed to dry DDT films is recorded. No such lag was observed among bugs exposed to Gammexane nor among lice and flour beetles exposed to DDT. In these latter cases, percentage mortality gradually increased as the time of the exposure increased.

7. Percentage mortality among bugs exposed intermittently to DDT for a given total period of exposure did not differ appreciably from that obtained among bugs exposed continuously for the same period. After intermittent exposure for a particular total time, the length of the intervals during which the insects were in contact with the insecticide did not influence the percentage mortality.
A New Species of Mutilla parasitic on Glossina morsitans
Authors: Turner R. E.
Published: July 2009

♀.—Nigra; thorace rufo-ferrugineo; segmentis dorsalibus primo secundoque apice bruneotestaceis, albo-fimbriatis; tertio etiam albo-fimbriato.
Initial Experiments in the use of DDT Against Mosquitos in British Guiana
Authors: Symes C. B. , Hadaway A. B.
Published: July 2009

1. Simple trials of the effect on mosquitos of single applications of DDT to the internal surfaces of houses were initiated in British Guiana during the period 27th January to 20th April, 1945.

2. The solution used in the first two trials was 4·6 per cent. DDT (72 per cent. para para) in kerosene applied at the rate of about 2 quarts per 1,000 square feet (i.e., approximately 100 mg. of crude DDT per square foot).

3. An apparent reduction in the house population of Anopheles darlingi, the chief malaria vector, followed the treatment. Reduction exceeded 99·7 per cent. over eight weeks in the treated houses on one estate and 98·8 per cent. over six weeks on another.

4. In a third trial with a small variety of simple formulations, promising results were obtained with a 6 per cent. emulsion and a 2½ per cent. solution. But mosquito catches over a short period suggest that mud walls, thatch and whitewash may interfere to some extent with the action of DDT.

5. The cost of applications was of the order of one shilling and sixpence for each room (or small hut) of about 1,000 sq. feet internal wall and ceiling surface. This estimate does not include European supervision or the initial cost and depreciation of apparatus.
Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies
Authors: Miles Mary
Published: July 2009

A study of the immature stages of the Anthomyiid flies, Delia cilicrura, D. trichodactyla, Erioischia brassicae, E. floralis and Pegohylemyia fugax, associated with injury to cruciferous crops, has shown that the several species can be distinguished. The egg stage can be identified by the sculpturing of the chorion, except in the case of the closely related species E. brassicae and E. floralis where the sculpturing is similar but there is a considerable difference in size.

The larvae can be distinguished by differences in the shape and character of the head and in its relation to the prothorax, and in the form of the mouth-parts in the three instars. The number of finger-like processes of the anterior spiracles and the number and arrangement of the tubercles of the eighth abdominal segment also contribute to the identification of the larvae.
The Persistence and Fate of DDT on Foliage. I.—The Influence of Plant Wax on the Toxicity and Persistence of Deposits of DDT Crystals
Authors: Burt P. E. , Ward J.
Published: July 2009

The persistence and toxicity of DDT crystals on thin layers of plant wax were studied. Deposits of crystalline DDT at rates of 2 to 8 microgm. per sq. cm. were applied to glass plates, plain or coated with a 0·5 μ layer of wax obtained from leaves of sisal or cabbage. The plates were stored for various periods at 18°C. and at 43°C. (representing temperature and tropical leaf-temperatures). DDT remaining after storage was estimated biologically by means of its contact action on adult Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.), and chemically by a modification of the Schechter-Haller method. At 18°C, there was no significant change in any of the deposits when estimated chemically. But biological estimation showed that, although the toxicity of the deposits on waxed plates was unchanged, that on glass plates was doubled after storage for eight days. The reason for this change was not discovered. At 43°C., the amount of DDT, estimated both chemically and biologically, diminished rapidly and was negligible after 26 days. The loss of toxicity at 43°C. was shown to be accompanied by loss of weight of the deposits. Loss at 43°C. from plain glass plates could be much reduced by storing them in an atmosphere saturated with DDT vapour. It appeared, therefore, that loss of toxicity at the higher temperature was due to volatilisation of DDT and not to decomposition.
On the Parasites and Predators of the Cockroach. I.—Tetrastichus hagenowii(Ratz.)
Authors: Cameron Ewen
Published: July 2009

In this paper the cockroach, a general name used here to include the commoner species ofPeriplaneta, BlattaandBlattella, etc., is approached from an economic and medical point of view. Special emphasis is placed on the possibilities of its control by biological methods, and to this end the whole field of its inter-relationships with other organisms in various parts of the world has been carefully surveyed. As a result some 73 parasites, predators and symbionts from such widely diverse groups as the Protozoa, Nematoda, Insecta, Arachnida, the Algae and Bacteria have been reviewed and classified.

The more important parasites, some 25 in number, have been placed along with the chief predators in a group (A) by themselves. Most of the former are members of the Hymenoptera-Parasitica, the more prominent being the Eulophid,Tetrastichus hagenowii(Ratz.), and theEvaniid, Evania appendigasterL., with six of its congeners. Amongst the predators of this group, certain Sphecoid wasps of the genusAmpulex, represented by seven distinct species, take pride of place. In the second big division (B) the individual species are mostly members of the Protozoa, withEndamoebaas a prominent genus, and of the Nematoda, with several genera, most of them in the Oxyuroidea.

The present paper, which is intended to serve as the introductory one of a series on the natural enemies of the cockroach, deals in detail with a very important parasite, namely the Eulophid,Tetrastichus hagenowii.
The Fertilisation ofGlossina palpalisin Captivity
Authors: Nash T. A. M.
Published: July 2009

In breedingGlossina palpalis(R.-D.) in captivityin Northern Nigeria, it was found that even though the sexes are segregated within 24 hours of emergence, a few females succeed in producing larvae. Examination of the spermathecae of females thus segregated shows that nearly 4 per cent. are fertilised. This low fertilisation rate is due to the impotence of most males under 24 hours old. When young males of different ages were forced to compete with older males for the females' favours, it was found that young males must be 7 to 8 days old before their virility approaches that of older males.

When virile males are added to mating cages containing virgin females, pairing startsimmediately, but the number of pairs decreases steadily until after 23 hours, pairing has virtually ceased. The cessation of copulation is due to the female becoming unwilling to pair and to her ability to repulse the male; but if she is re-fed her willingness will be restored to a considerable extent. There is no need to leave the sexes together formore than 24 hours, as excellent fertilisation can be achieved in that time.
Population Studies of the Pea Aphid in East Anglia
Authors: Dunn J. A. , Wright D. W.
Published: July 2009

Data on the populations of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), have been accumulated over four years on several leguminous crops in East Anglia. The populations on lucerne have provided the most extensive studies.

Considerable annual variation was shown by the populations, but in spring the development of a peak in the numbers of Aphids occurred on lucerne, hop trefoil and sainfoin. On lucerne, which was periodically cut, the Aphids persisted throughout the growing season and a tendency towards the development of a peak in numbers in the autumn was also recorded.

All the factors which affected the number of Aphids varied considerably in the influence they exerted. The probable reason for the more obvious trends in the populations have been given in fairly broad outline, but how the effect of these factors had been altered or predisposed by less apparent factors has been speculated upon only in certain instances.
Overwintering Egg Populations of the Pea Aphid in East Anglia
Authors: Dunn J. A. , Wright D. W.
Published: July 2009

Egg populations of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), overwintering on lucerne and hop trefoil have been followed. On hop trefoil the overwintering mortality of these eggs was 83 per cent. Although the mortality was apparently less on lucerne, a wide discrepancy existed between the two crops in the ratio between the total numbers of eggs at the beginning of eclosion and the number of Aphids which successfully established themselves the following spring. The peak number of fundatrices on lucerne was three times the egg total at the beginning of eclosion whereas on hop trefoil it was only half. Many more eggs than were recorded were undoubtedly laid on the lucerne plants and the high number of fundatrices subsequently found must have emerged from eggs that had fallen or been knocked off the host-plant.
Biology and host specificity of the Chondrilla gall mite Aceria chondrillae (G. Can.) (Acarina, Eriophyidae)
Authors: Caresche L. A. , Wapshere A. J.
Published: July 2009

The Eriophyid gall mite, Aceria chondrillae (G. Can.), which is distributed from south-east Russia to Portugal, was studied in the Mediterranean region as part of a biological control programme against skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea) for Australia. The mite induces the vegetative and flower buds of Chondrilla to form leafy galls in which the full life-cycle is completed, causing stunting of the plant and reducing seeding. The mite overwinters in the rosettes of C. juncea without inducing gall development or reproducing. Populations decrease markedly during winter, recover in spring and infestations spread rapidly during summer. Reproduction is sexual and spermatophores are deposited by the males. Amblyseius sp. preys on A. chondrillae without marked effect. Tests made by placing fully developed galls of A. chondrillae on 75 species of plant including certain Cichoriaceae closely related to Chondrilla showed that the mite was highly specific to Chondrilla. Comparative tests with four geographical strains of A. chondrillae against six forms of C. juncea of various geographical origins indicated that the strains were specialised to their usual host form of the plant. A Greek strain of the mite readily attacked the main Australian form of C. juncea, and this strain has been introduced into Australia as a biological control agent for the weed.
Circadian flight activity in four sibling species of theAnopheles gambiaecomplex (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Jones M. D. R. , Gubbins S. J. , Cubbin C. M.
Published: July 2009

Circadian flight activity in the males and females ofAnopheles gambiaeGiles species A and B, A. melas (Theo.) and A. merus Dön. has been investigated using the acoustic actograph technique. In each species the pattern and timing of activity in males and females is almost identical. Cyclical activity continues in constant dark; the period of the cycle is approximately half-an-hour shorter inA. gambiaespecies A and half-an-hour longer inA. merusthan in the other two species. In alternating 12 h light: 12 h dark, both sexes are active during the dark period, with peaks of activity following light-off and light-on. After light-off, the species become active in the following order:A. gambiaespecies A,A. melas, A. gambiaespecies B,A. merus. A. merusis approximately 20 min later than species A.
Inversion polymorphism and circadian flight activity in the mosquitoAnopheles stephensiList. (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Jones M. D. R.
Published: July 2009

Circadian flight activity inAnopheles stephensiList. has been investigated using the acoustic aotograph technique. In alternating 12 h light: 12 h dark (50 or 200 lx), both sexes are active during the dark period, with peaks of activity following light-off and light-on. Cyclical activity persists in constant dark and is inhibited and reset by prolonging the light period. There are small differences between the carriers of the alternative chromosomal arrangements 2R+ ( +/+) and 2Rb (b/b) and between the sexes. In +/+ females the period of the cycle in constant dark is approximately half-an-hour longer and, in LD 12:12, there is less activity at light-on than in both sexes of b/b or in +/+ males. The +/+ males appear to be less susceptible to the inhibitory effect of prolonging the light period, although the cycle is reset.
Seasonal elimination of some size classes in males of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Phelps R. J. , Clarke G. P. Y.
Published: July 2009

Sizes of young field-collected males of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. were compared with those of teneral males emerging in the laboratory from field-collected puparia. Based on the mean size, indications were that smaller flies in field populations were selected against for about seven months in the year. A method is described for estimating the proportion of flies lost in the field population, and for the calculation of standard deviations for the estimates. Estimates of the extent of elimination showed that up to 35·2% of the total fly population in the field was eliminated in the cool months and up to 75·5% in the hot dry months.
Comparative plague dynamics of tropicalLocusta(Orthoptera, Acrididae)
Authors: Farrow R. A.
Published: July 2009

The occurrence and causes of plagues of tropicalLocustaspp. are compared for the three major outbreak areas, Middle Niger of Mali (L. migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.)), south-west Madagascar (L. m. capito(Sauss.)), and Mindanao (Philippines) (L. m. manilensis(Meyen)). Multiplication and concentration are the two most important processes involved and may occur concurrently or sequentially depending on the outbreak area. In the Middle Niger and Madagascar heavy rainfall, through its effect of increasing multiplication, is the key density-disturbing factor, whereas on Mindanao the factor is drought leading to concentration of locusts. Variations in multiplication rates are determined by the response of eggs and hoppers to desiccation and by the density-dependent effects of fecundity and natural enemies. Concentration is caused by the restriction of favourable breeding habitats in relation to the seasonal population displacements and, because it occurs at different seasons in the three outbreak areas owing to their differing climates and geographies, profoundly modifies the timing of outbreaks. Man's modification of the environment, particularly in relation to the dry season survival ofLocusta, has caused outbreaks to occur in new areas. Long-term solutions to the problem of controlling such outbreaks lie in the field of management rather than in the continued use of insecticides because of the continued reinfestation from surrounding populations. The use of natural enemies does not as yet show any promise as a means of controlling outbreaks of tropicalLocusta.
The production of distribution maps of the incubation and hopper development periods of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera, Acrididae)
Authors: Symmons P. M. , Green S. M. , Robertson R. A. , Wardhaugh K. G.
Published: July 2009

This paper describes the method used to produce maps of the incubation and hopper development periods of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.). From these maps it is possible to calculate the likely development periods of eggs and hoppers for, respectively, laying and hatching on any date and at any place within the invasion area of the species. Maps could not be based on actual observations of development periods because such observations are few in number, irregular in distribution and are not for standard dates. Instead, expected mean development periods for laying and hatching on the first of each month were calculated for a large number of meteorological stations for which long-term mean temperatures were available, using relationships between the rates of development and mean daily screen temperatures. These relationships were, in the main, derived from earlier work by one of the authors (K.G.W.) and his associates. Some assessment has been made of the accuracy of development periods derived from the maps.
Further Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies, with Keys to all the known Genera and Species—(Cont.)
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

In the form of the head this genus is allied to the Acidia-Pseudospheniscus group, but is distinguished by the very short antennae, by the bare third vein, by the dc. bristles being placed on the line of the a. sa., by the peculiar coloration of the head, and by the wing-pattern of the Aciura type. Only one as yet undescribed species from Abyssinia, Br. kovácsi, Bezzi.