bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les passifs nominaux
Authors: Gross Gaston
Published: November 2007

The passive was studied exclusively in relation to verb constructions. This article points out the existence of passives implying noun predicates. These passives are constructed with pairs of support verbs : donner/recevoir, /aire/recevoir, /aire/subir, exercer/subir, faire\faire l'objet de. The similarities and the differences with the verbal passive are examined in detail. This phenomenon concerns thousands of nouns, and may be observed in languages as varied as the Romance languages, English, German and Korean, etc. One is therefore fully justified in introducing the term nominal passive into grammatical nomenclature.
Aspects pragmatiques de la référence temporelle : indétermination, ordre temporel et inférence
Authors: Moeschler Jacques
Published: November 2007

This paper argues for a radical pragmatic and inferential approach of temporal reference assignment. It shows first that temporal expressions allowing the calculation of temporal reference are undetermined and must be non-literally interpreted and second that it is possible to formulate, via the notion of causality, a

coreferential solution to the sequencing problem.
Les compléments nominaux dans une perspective typologique et la question de l'auxiliarité
Authors: Lamiroy Béatrice
Published: November 2007

B. Lamiroy : Les compléments nominaux dans une perspective typologique et la question de l'auxiliarité

The aim of this paper is to account for the relationship between NP complements and infinitival complements for a particular class of verbs, that of so-called (semi-auxiliaries. The data examined belong to two Romance languages, viz. French and Spanish. For all verbs, both in French and Spanish, a definitional property is that they select an infinitival complement but never a that -clause (que P). However, whereas in French only few verbs also subcategorize for a NP complement, in Spanish the latter property holds for more than half of the verbs. This empirical fact is not only worth noting in a typology of Romance languages (section 1), but it also raises the theoretical question of how the universal category of auxiliaries ougth to be defined (section 2).
Discours en situation de travail
Authors: Boutet Josiane , Gardin Bernard , Lacoste Michèle
Published: November 2007

J. Boutet, B. Gardin, M. Lacoste

Authors present research in a new field : analysis of language at work. They place this research in the development of discourse analysis in France, they point out the specificity of this domain and organize these studies from three perspectives : lexical production at work, mixing of various semiotics, and mixing of

language and activity.
Une analyse sémiolinguistique du discours
Authors: Charaudeau Patrick
Published: November 2007

P. Charaudeau

Any method of analysis depends on a theoretical framework on which is based the empirical phenomenon observed and which cosntructs the object under study. What is proposed here is to define such a framework, stating that it is a question of semiolinguistic problematics of discourse and the components of the resulting socio-language structuration. There follows the presentation of the methodological framework which the Centre d'Analyse du Discours uses in its analysis of monological and dialogical texts.
L'analyse des discours constituants
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique , Cossutta Frédéric
Published: November 2007

D. Maingueneau, F. Cossutta

This article presents a type of discourse analysis suitable for discourses « constituent » (religious, philosophical, scientific, for example), whose function is to warrant the multiple verbal productions in a society. It is assumed that the remarkable status they have as founding discourses gives them common proper-

ties. This assumption is exemplified with religious and philosophical texts from the XVII th century.
Styles, apories et impostures
Authors: Saint-Gerand Jacques-Philippe
Published: November 2007

Jacques-Philippe Saint-Gérand : Style, apories & impostures...

Why such an incredible amount of recent publications about style, while so few of them are actually able to project a new light on the field ? The first reason lies in the absence of a real critical sense which would lead to adopt linguistic terminologies although the epistemological background of linguistics is not really mastered. The second reason is the contempt towards literature — as a personal experience — and

history — as a type of general causality — since the advent of structuralism. A third reason may be added : the constraints of the French official recruiting selection process for teachers, which assumed a continuing parallelism between the grammatical form and the superficial content of the texts. The double aim of this paper is to suggest that no new wine can be pured in such old vessels without being wasted, and

to explain how stylistic readings must take in account the historicity of the text and the subjective historicity of the reader himself, far beyond the simple use of a technological and impersonal vocabulary. Here are the ethics of reading.
Seul comme Benveniste ou comment la critique manque de style
Authors: Meschonnic Henri
Published: November 2007

Henri Meschonnic : How criticism lacks style

Benveniste is famous but misread. His style, his manner, the specific rhythm of his discourse are not perceived with all their critical dimension. For example, the philological point of view chosen by C. Dalimier to prove that « platonicien » definition of rhythm does exist before Plato, despite Benveniste, overlooks the essential of what he actually says.

Stylistice has to be critical or not to be.
De l'ego à la classe de locuteurs : lecture linguistique des Méditations
Authors: Ali Bouacha Magid
Published: November 2007

Magid Ali Bouacha : « De l'ego à la classe de locuteurs : lecture linguistique des Méditations »

Descartes' Metaphysical Meditations can be read as both a particularizing and generalizing discourse. The first person subject category is precisely the site in which the first person morpheme / and the philosophical concept of the ego are worked out. An analysis of the uses of the first person as a marker of discursive and ennunciative operations demonstrates that the stakes of the Metaphysical Meditations are less a question of constructing a universal subject position than the opening of a category of speakers retrospectively. This category can be constituted a posteriori through each one of their utterances which can be repeated by different speakers under the same truth conditions.
Les verbes supports d'adjectifs et le passif
Authors: Gross Maurice
Published: November 2007

Maurice Gross : Passives and the support verbs for adjectives

We argue that support verbs intervening in adjectivizations of verbs such as :

This story annoys Bob = This story is annoying to Bob

Bob can analyze the tissues = The tissues are (E + un) analyzable by Bob are similar to the auxiliary be of the Passive forms :

Bob (is + remains) annoyed by this story

This story remains annoying to Bob

The tissues remain (E + un) analyzable by Bob

By studying the combinations of modal and aspectual support verbs with passive participles, we show that the syntactic variations of Passive forms are of the same type as the variations of adjectival sentences.
Les verbes causatifs « polymorphiques » : les prédicats complexes en français
Authors: Zaenen Annie , Dalrymple Mary
Published: November 2007

A. Zaenen & M. Dalrymple :

The syntactic analysis of French causative constructions relies on the distinction, crucial in the LFG formalism, between the constituent structure (hierarchical : faire takes a VP complement) and the functional structure (flat : faire and the infinitival V form a complex predicate in a unique functional structure). The semantic representation is constructed from the f-structure, lexical semantic information (which specifies

semantic roles associated with each predicate), and independent rules which map functions onto semantic roles. This construction takes the general form of a deduction in linear logic, whose property of resource sensitivity is exploited to give the effect of completeness and coherence, which are general constraints on linguistic structures.
Les compléments ambiants
Authors: Morel Mary-Annick
Published: November 2007

Mary-Annick Morel, : « Les compléments ambiants »

The chapter written by Damourette et Pichon about "les complements ambiants" is, in my opinion, among the studies which are at once most original and representative of their theoretical approach. There are to be found the finest analysis on the different relationships that can be established between the constituants of the sentence, which are very difficult to deal with in the context of the traditionnal grammar taught at school, and wich contemporary linguistic theories have merely enlightened. This chapter also sheds light on a number of conveying points with the theoretical hypotheses which have been developped in the past few years at the university of Paris III (EA 1483 "Recherches sur le francais contemporain" under

my supervision, JE "Acquisition et contrastivite" under the supervision of L.
Les propositions subordonnées dans l'EGLF de J. Damourette et E. Pichon
Authors: Huot Hélène
Published: November 2007

Henri Portine, : « The Description of the Range of Meaning and Structures in Damourette and Pichon's Essai de Grammaire de la Langue francaise : The Case of the french Word comme »

This article sets out the analysis of the french word comme by J. Damourette and E. Pichon in their Essai de Grammaire de la Langue francaise (1940). This analysis develops on syntactic and semantic levels. Damourette and Pichon distinguish : utterances of comme introducing a subordinate clause (then, comme is named « strument oncinatif » by Damourette and Pichon) ; different turns of phrases (« echantillants », « qualifiants », « quasiceptifs », in accordance with Damourette and Pichon's terms) ; uses of comme in exclamations. The author of this article studies the relationship between « confrontatif » and « echantillant » in the way Damourette and Pichon describe it, then he analyses their use of zeugma. After a brief comparison between Damourette and Pichon's analysis of comme and Beauzee's one (Beauzee is a french grammarian of eighteenth century), this article ends with some reflections about the notion of "strument » and the place of syntax in any grammatical analyses.
La Phonologie Déclarative
Authors: Angoujard Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

This paper is a non-derivational approach to phonology, based upon constraints. Declarative Phonology uses only one level of representation, discards re-writing rules and comes within the framework of the Lexicalist Programme.

A new analysis of intrusive r in English shows the necessary integration of Declarative Phonology into an approach based upon principles and parameters : there exists a phonological organisation and the very principles of this organisation are supposed to constrain constraints.
L'ancien et le nouveau. Quelques remarques sur la phonologie et son histoire
Authors: Escarabajal P.
Published: November 2007

Phonology has long been a cumulative science, but this not so clearly the case today. Since the sixties, generative phonology has deliberately tried to hide its grounding in the structuralist phonology. As a consequence, contemporary phonologists who try to uncover the historical roots of their actual practice have difficulties with the so called post-bloomfieldian heritage. Through a precise reanalysis of the history of generative phonology, the paper focuses on concepts and hypotheses which are of first importance for contemporary research showing the continuity between ancient and new frameworks. Rethinking phonology as a cumulative science appears as being a condition for its current development.
Habiter le temps : le couple imparfait/passé simple en français
Authors: Bres Jacques
Published: November 2007

Any praxis is inscribed in time. To what extent does man's perception of time leave an inprint on Saussurian "langue" ? Revisiting a well beaten track in linguistic studies, we propose to give this farrcaching question a partial answer concerning the opposition between French imparfait and passé simple. We first capture the opposition between those two tenses in a passive way, in which man as a subject (subjected to...) bears witness to the flow of time from future to past ; we then capture the opposition in an active way, in which man as a project bears witness to the flow of time from past to future. This two-fold representation bears on the opposition between imperfect and simple past. It is shown next that linguistic theories view tenses as markers of localisation in time whereas verb forms also help mark how the time implied by the process is viewed, what orientation is given to it. Our contention is that implied time is represented in a downward fashion (particularisation) with imperfect and in an upward fashion (generalisation) with simple past.
Les mystères de la transitivité invisible
Authors: Noailly Michèle
Published: November 2007

When verbal transitivity becomes « invisible », one is confronted with a surface void. An interpretative calculus (calculation) then takes over which either concludes that this absence marks indeterminedness (absolute use), or reduces this void through environment scanning, whether it be context (Ø anaphora) or global situation (Ø deixis). In the last two cases the principle remains stable though their differ in illustration, which leads one to admit that for everything pertaining to things linguistic, one must take into account extra-linguistic reality and integrate it not only in the study of text phenomena that make up meaning but also maybe in the description of the system itself.
Synonymie, morphologie dérivationnelle et transformations
Authors: Gross Maurice
Published: November 2007

We compare synonymy relations to transformational relations. Transformations are the equivalence relations defined by Z. S. Harris. They include adjectivizations and nominalizations, they move entirely derivational morphology into the domain of syntax. These transformations operate between elementary sentences and they make use of support verbs. With this extension, we show that synonymy relations can be viewed as generalizing basic transformations.
Aspects de la théorie d'Antoine Culioli
Authors: Franckel Jean-Jacques , Paillard Denis
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the epistemological foundations of the theory developped by Antoine Culioli and his team, underlying three main aspects: 1) the operations of enunciation (grounding on the inner organization of the utterances); 2) the operation of location, as the origin of the constituent operations of an utterance; and 3) invariance and variation, dealing with the diversity of natural languages on the one hand, and with the identity and the variation of morpho-lexical items on the other hand. This presentation leads to an understanding of the main trends now developping within the framework of this theory.
Langue et nationalité au Brésil. Années 1930 et 1940
Authors: Onice Payer M. , Dias Luiz Francisco
Published: November 2007

In this article we consider two linguistic facts which occured in Brazil during the years 1930-1940: first, the project of the Parliament to change the name of the language spoken in Brazil from Portuguese language to Brazilian language; second, the campaigns for nationalizing the educational system, intended for the large wave of European immigrante. Those campaigns aimed at teaching immigrants Brazil's national language and at officially discouraging them from talking or writing their own languages. From these two facts, one can see how citizenship and Brazilianity are related to the general questions of language and nationality. At the root of those juridical measures there is a discursive formulation of national unity and linguistic homogeneity, related to the heterogeneity of Brazilian society.
Les substantifs déverbaux événementiels
Authors: Kiefer Ferene
Published: November 2007

The aim of the paper is to propose a classification of complex event nouns based on event structure. The claim is made that the event structure of verbs can be identified on the basis of the compatibility of verbs with temporal adverbiale. In addition to the traditionally used in — and for — adverbiale one has to take into consideration punctual adverbiale (e.g. à deux heures "at two o'clock"), durative adverbiale which denote the duration of a consequent state (e.g. pour une durée de deux heures "for two hours") and continuative adverbiale (e.g. de deux ans "by two years"). This classification yields at least nine event types. Since the event structure of verbs is inherited by complex event nouns , it is concluded that in French there must be at least nine different types of such nouns.
Pour une véritable fonction « synonymie » dans un traitement de texte
Authors: Gross Gaston
Published: November 2007

Dictionaries of synonyms used in word processors can be shown to be inadequate. To remedy this, the analysis of synonymy should be based on the concept of usage and to this end a description grid is proposed; this grid is made up of a dozen parameters, the main ones being those where the argument domains are defined (syntactic features and object classes); in cases of polysemy, each usage is associated to the synonyms which are peculiar to it. This description does not simply make it possible to improve the synonym function of word processors, it also opens the way for automatic processing of synonymy.
Opérateurs et enjeux discursifs
Authors: Landre A. , Friemel Edouard
Published: November 2007

This study analyses argumentative operators in terms of how they work and tries to show the characteristics of a situation can, on one hand, determine the speakers' objectives and, on the other hand, organize the choice of certain language elements, bringing with the functionally differentiated use of the operators. Resolutely, we take the point of view of a speaker who is a member of a social group, carrying with him a history, beliefs, images, etc., and who finds himself in a communication situation in which he has a stake and specific objectives, (all) underlying his discursive strategies. We propose to identify four different discursive strategies which make up as many argumentation variations, translated into language through a differentiated use of language operators according to situations and speakers' objectives. Globally, the results will show that the finalities sought (inferred by the directions) are detectable in language through the analysis of specific linguistic markers, translating thus the discursive strategies of the subjects.
L'accomplissement de l'« étrangéité » dans et par l'interaction : procédures de catégorisation des locuteurs
Authors: Mondada Lorenza
Published: November 2007

Speakers, as well as analysts, deal with the problem of having to relevantly categorize themselves, their interlocutors and other persons in interactions. This categorization process is a contextualized, heuristic accomplishment related to the social action being performed locally. In this article, a conversational approach to categorization processes, inspired by Harvey Sachs, helps us to re-think such taken-for-granted categories as « non-native » or « foreigner » in exolingual conversation, and to analyze how speakers make these categories relevant in their actual interactions.
Émergence de la conscience langagière en travail de groupe entre apprenants de langue étrangère
Authors: Nussbaum Luci
Published: November 2007

This paper aims to define the conditions allowing the emergence in peer groups of linguistic awareness and representations of learning. The first part analyzes the characteristics of the interaction when learners work in groups. The second part examines the procedures used by learners in metalinguistic problem solving tasks and communicative activities.
Système écrivant et processus de mise en mots dans les rédactions interactionnelles
Authors: Krafft Ulrich , Dausendschön-Gay Ulrich
Published: November 2007

In « conversational writing » two or more persons cooperate in order to produce common texts. We propose to consider these groups as « writing systems », whose functioning conditions can be determined as follows : construction of an interactional space, management of social relationship, definition of roles for the « agents » of the system, conceptualization of the task, use of material resources, of norms and conventions. The processes of L2 text production by a writing system are the object of a second series of analyses : wording activities, preparation and elaboration. These processes can be described as a step-by-step conceptual organisation with a view to formulating the contents the system proposes to transmit.
Acquisition des langues ou socialisation dans et par le discours ? Pour une redéfinition du domaine de recherche sur l'acquisition des langues étrangères
Authors: Roberts Celia
Published: November 2007

This paper recasts the process of learning to use a second language as language socialisation (SLS). But also identifies some limitations of SLS. The social aspects of language learning and use include not only a study of second language interaction but also the wider social outcomes of intercultural encounters. Detailed analyses of encounters between minority workers and gatekeepers from the majority group are used to illuminate the socio-cultural knowledge necessary for SLS. They also shed light on the ways in which minority workers are ideologically positioned in interaction and so on the potentially hostile environment for language learning. The link between SLS and wider social processes is illustrated through Gumperz's work on intercultural communication.
Auxiliaire de modalité et complément adverbial
Authors: Meunier Annie
Published: November 2007

In a Lexique-Grammaire framework, Annie Meunier analyzes the sequence Paul a eu l'honnêteté d'intervenir, which conveys a modality parallel to the one expressed by par N (par honnêteté). The first sequence presents certain properties. It carries tense inflections before an infinitival predicate. It also carries a negation mark extended over the entire sentence. The insertion of this modality within the predicate evoked the term auxiliary. Meunier enumerates the properties of the two modalities and the constraints imposed on their usage. It is suggested that the two modalities can be considered modal auxiliaries of a « psychological » nature in the sense of Gross 1975 (table 1). She further demonstrates that despite the differences, the two modalities display semantic and distributional similarities.
Le lexique en mouvement : création lexicale et production sémantique
Authors: Cusin-Berche Fabienne
Published: November 2007

We're wondering about what could be a « lexical and grammatical semantics », through the examination of neological processes. It appears that the meaning of a lexical unit cannot be conceived without any references to the lexical system, which conditions the formation of neologisms, and cannot be apprehended out of its discursive actualisations whereas the grammatical meaning, conceived as determined by its category belonging, remains to be denned more meticulously.
La négation dans les proverbes
Authors: Palma Silvia
Published: November 2007

.Silvia Palma (Universite de Reims) : The Negation in Proverbs

In this article, proverbs are considered from a purely linguistic point of view, and within the frame of the theory of argumentation in language (Anscombre & Ducrot) and the theory of topoi (Anscombre eds, 1995). As linguistic items close to names, proverbs can qualify a situation through a stereotypical frame. The situation will then be considered as a representative (or not representative) case of the stereotype involved in the proverb.

The article focuses on negative proverbs that show a negation because of their rich enunciative structure (negation being a preeminently polyphonic context). We finally suggest, for the proverbs with a negation, a classification mainly based on their enunciative structure.
Modes d'organisation et de signalisation dans des textes procéduraux
Authors: Pery-Woodley Marie Paule
Published: November 2007

This paper concerns the organisation of text and its surface signalling. It sets out a theoretical framework based on Halliday's functional theory of language, Mann & Thompson's RST, Virbel's Model of Text Architecture and Charolle's discourse frames. After a discussion of the bases for classifying texts in genres and types, it provides some detailed analyses of software manuals, which illustrate the need to envisage their organisation as a complex structure of interconnected levels. These illustrative analyses lead to an extended conception of the notion of marker of text organisation, which includes visual as well as lexical and syntactic markers. They also provide some directions for the articulation of levels of organisation through an attempt to relate the different models of text.
Le rôle du lexique dans la théorie des stéréotypes
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

The aim of this article is to develop the claim made in earlier papers that the standard form (±P, ±Q) of the topoï at work in the Theory of Argumentation in Language are in fact contrary to the basic claims this theory relies on. After examining several objections, an alternative theory will then be suggested, namely the Theory of Stereotypes, based on ideas adapted from Putnam, Kripke, and others. This theory, apart from evading the above mentioned objections, is consistent with the basic hypothesis of the Theory of Argumentation in Language, and moreover, provides a more satisfactory explanation for a wide range of facts.

Key words: Argumentation, Stereotypes.
À propos des mécanismes sémantiques de formation de certains noms d'agent en français et en espagnol
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

The main goal of this study is to account for the morphological, syntactical and semantic characteristics of French suffixation in -eur and its Spanish equivalent -or to derive agent nouns, as well as some divergences between these two languages. An explanation of a large variety of phenomena will be provided within the framework of the Semantics of Stereotypes, mainly based on some salient properties of generic sentences on one side, and on the existence of two basic stems, namely nominal and verbal, with aspectual differences.
La détermination des noms de sentiment en grec moderne
Authors: Gavrilidou Zoé
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with determination in nominal predicates of "feelings". The basic hypothesis that underlies this text is that the lexico-semantic properties of nominal predicates impose constraints on their determination. That is why we put forward the idea that the theoretical framework of classes of objects permits us to describe, formalize and encode nominal predicate determination. Taking as example the class of objects of "feelings", which demonstrate a high semantico-syntactic heterogeneity, we investigate their standard or marked determination in close relation with the Support Verbs that actualize them. First, we briefly present the model of analysis of simple phrases that we adopt, that is the lexicon-grammar, then, we describe the theoretical framework of classes of objects and, finally, we study the determination in predicate nouns of feelings (of first or second degree) and their syntatic behavior as arguments after appropriate verbal, adjectival or nominal predicates.
Effects of microcompounding process parameters on the properties of ABS/polyamide‐6 blends based nanocomposites
Authors: Özkoç Güralp , Bayram Göknur , Quaedflieg Martin
Published: November 2007

Melt intercalation method was applied to produce acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/polyamide‐6 (ABS/PA6) blends based organoclay nanocomposites using a conical twin‐screw microcompounder. The blend was compatibilized using a maleated olefinic copolymer. The effects of microcompounding conditions such as screw speed, screw rotation‐mode (co‐ or counter‐), and material parameters such as blend composition and clay loading level on the morphology of the blends, dispersibility of nanoparticles, and mechanical properties were investigated. Furthermore, corotating screws were modified to achieve elongational flow which is efficient for obtaining dispersive mixing. The morphology was examined by SEM analysis after preferential extraction of the minor phase. Subsequently, the SEM micrographs were quantitatively analyzed using image analyzer software. The morphology of the blends indicated that processing with counter‐rotation at a given screw speed yielded coarser morphology than that of processed with corotation. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that highest level of exfoliation is observed with increasing PA6 content, at 200 rpm of screw speed and in corotation mode. Also, the effects of screw speed, screw rotation mode, and screw modification were discussed in terms of XRD responses of the nanocomposites. The aspect ratio of the clay particles which were measured by performing image analysis on TEM micrographs exhibited a variation with processing conditions and they are in accordance with the modulus of the nanocomposites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Enrichment of poly(butyl methacrylate) and its graft copolymer of polybutadiene on the surface of polypropylene blend
Authors: Chen Hanjia , Shi Xuhua , Zhu Yafei , Zhang Yi , Xu Jiarui
Published: November 2007

The enrichment and diffusion of poly (butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) and its graft copolymer of polybutadiene on the surface of polypropylene (PP) blends were investigated using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), contact angle measurements (CDA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been found that the selective aggregation of the PBMA and its copolymers on the surface of blends is mainly affected by the content, molecular weight, and the segregated domains. Lower content and higher surface energy die are in favor of the enrichment of additives on the surface of PP. PBMA with higher molecular weight has lower diffusivity and bigger phase domains, which results in its lower enrichment on the surface of PP blend film. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Role of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II in development of vascular dysfunction in diabetic rats with hypertension
Authors: Yousif Mariam H. M. , Akhtar Saghir , Walther Thomas , Benter Ibrahim F.
Published: November 2007

We examined the influence of chronic treatment with KN‐93 (an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), 5 mg/kg given every other day for 4 weeks) on mean arterial pressure (MAP), urine protein and vascular reactivity in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Treatment with KN‐93 did not cause any significant changes in body weight, blood glucose or MAP in any of the groups studied. However, diabetes‐induced elevations in urine volume and protein were significantly attenuated in KN‐93‐treated animals. KN‐93‐mediated decrease in urine volume and protein was more pronounced in SHR compared to WKY rats. The increased vascular responsiveness to endothelin‐1 and angiotensin II in isolated carotid arteries from STZ‐treated WKY (D‐WKY) and SHR (D‐SHR) was normalized by chronic treatment with KN‐93. Furthermore, chronic treatment with KN‐93 significantly prevented the development of diabetes‐induced endothelial dysfunction as impaired endothelium‐mediated vascular relaxation to carbachol and histamine under diabetic conditions was reversed by parallel treatment with the inhibitor. These results suggest that signal transduction involving CaMKII contributes to the development of abnormal vascular reactivity and renal dysfunction during simultaneous occurrence of hypertension and diabetes. We conclude that inhibition of CaMKII‐mediated signalling could be an effective way to antagonize the elevated activities of injury‐promoting factors in diabetic patients with hypertension. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Assembly of N2‐Modified Guanosine Derivatives: Formation of Discrete G‐Octamers
Authors: Martić Sanela , Liu Xiangyang , Wang Suning , Wu Gang
Published: November 2007

In the presence of Na+ ions, two N2‐modified guanosine derivatives, N2‐(4‐n‐butylphenyl)‐2′,3′,5′‐O‐triacetylguanosine (G1) and N2‐(4‐pyrenylphenyl)‐2′,3′,5′‐O‐triacetylguanosine (G2), are found to self‐associate into discrete octamers that contain two G‐quartets and a central ion. In each octamer, all eight guanosine molecules are in a syn conformation and the two G‐quartets are stacked in a tail‐to‐tail fashion. On the basis of NMR spectroscopic evidence, we hypothesize that the π–π‐stacking interaction between the N2‐side arms (phenyl in G1 and pyrenyl in G2) can considerably stabilize the octamer structure. For G1, we have used NMR spectroscopic saturation‐transfer experiments to monitor the kinetic ligand exchange process between monomers and octamers in CD3CN. The results show that the activation energy (Ea) of the ligand exchange process is 31 ±5 kJ mol−1. An Eyring analysis of the saturation transfer data yields the enthalpy and entropy of activation for the transition state: ΔH≠=29 ±5 kJ mol−1 and ΔS≠=−151 ±10 J mol−1 K−1. These results are consistent with an associative mechanism for ligand exchange.
Racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer survival
Authors: Curtis Elana , Quale Chris , Haggstrom David , Smith‐Bindman Rebecca
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND.

The reasons for race/ethnicity (R/E) differences in breast cancer survival have been difficult to disentangle.

METHODS.

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare data were used to identify 41,020 women aged ≥68 years with incident breast cancer between 1994–1999 including African American (2479), Hispanic (1172), Asian/Pacific Island (1086), and white women (35,878). A Cox proportional hazards model assessed overall and stage‐specific (0/I, II/III, and IV) R/E differences in breast cancer survival after adjusting for mammography screening, tumor characteristics at diagnosis, biologic markers, treatment, comorbidity, and demographics.

RESULTS.

African American women had worse survival than white women, although controlling for predictor variables reduced this difference among all stage breast cancer (hazards ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.97–1.20). Adjustment for predictors reduced, but did not eliminate, disparities in the analysis limited to women diagnosed with stage II/III disease (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.10–1.54). Screening mammography, tumor characteristics at diagnosis, biologic markers, and treatment each produced a similar reduction in HRs for women with stage II/III cancers. Asian and Pacific Island women had better survival than white women before and after accounting for all predictors (adjusted all stages HR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.47–0.79]; adjusted stage II/III HR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.47–0.79]). Hispanic women had better survival than white women in all and stage II/III analysis (all stage HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.75–1.04) and stage II/III analysis (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.75–1.04), although these findings did not reach statistical significance. There was no significant difference in survival by R/E noted among women diagnosed with stage IV disease.

CONCLUSIONS.

Predictor variables contribute to, but do not fully explain, R/E differences in breast cancer survival for elderly American women. Future analyses should further investigate the role of biology, demographics, and disparities in quality of care. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Predicting snow density using meteorological data
Authors: Meløysund Vivian , Leira Bernt , Høiseth Karl V. , Lisø Kim Robert
Published: November 2007

This paper presents a simple method for predicting snow density by use of weather data. Six hundred and eight snow density (bulk weight density) measurements from the period 1967–1986 are used in a multiple regression analysis. The measurements are performed at 105 sites in the Ås area situated in Akershus County in southeast Norway. The area has a relatively stable winter climate. Weather data from an observing station with three registrations a day are used in the analyses. The distance between the measurement sites and the meteorological station varied between 0.6 and 14 km. A clear correlation is found between the observed climate and the measured snow density. A multiple regression equation is developed with a coefficient of determination equal to 70% and a standard deviation equal to 24 kgm−3. Snow density values suggested in the Norwegian code NS 3491‐3 is in most cases overestimated. Expressions given in an annex to the international regulations for snow loading on roofs (ISO 4355) are less applicable to prescribing snow density for climate studied in this investigation. Still, they can be used as simple and rough estimates. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Precursors of cardiorespiratory events in infants detected by home memory monitor
Authors: Hunt Carl E. , Corwin Michael J. , Lister George , Weese‐Mayer Debra E. , Ward Sally L. Davidson , Tinsley Larry R. , Neuman Michael R. , Willinger Marian , Ramanathan Rangasamy , Rybin Denis ,   and the Collaborative Home Infant Monitoring Evaluation (CHIME) Study Group
Published: November 2007

In 1,079 infants monitored for >700,000 hr at home for apnea or bradycardia, we found an association between infants having multiple events exceeding conventional or a priori defined more extreme thresholds and less favorable developmental outcome at 1 year of age than infants with few or no events. If it is necessary to prevent such events to minimize risk for developmental morbidity, there is reason to determine whether there are disturbances in advance of the apnea or bradycardia that herald their onset. In the 85 infants with at least 1 extreme event and 1 conventional event, we hypothesized that apnea and bradycardia do not occur de novo but rather are preceded by cardiorespiratory and hemoglobin O2 saturation changes. We compared recorded time intervals preceding these events, and we analyzed three preceding time intervals for each conventional and extreme event, and each non‐event recording: Time‐2 hr: up to 2 hr before; Time‐1 hr: up to 1 hr before; and Time‐75 sec: the 75 sec immediately preceding each event. O2 saturation progressively decreased preceding both conventional and extreme events, and progressive increases occurred in heart and breathing rate variability. Duration of respiratory pauses and of periodic breathing progressively increased preceding conventional events, respiratory rate variability increased immediately preceding conventional events and at 1 hr preceding extreme events, and O2 saturation decreased immediately preceding both conventional and extreme events. Thus, conventional and extreme events do not occur de novo but rather are preceded by autonomic instability of the cardiorespiratory system. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:87–98. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient Photoinduced Absorption in Ultrathin As-grown Nanocrystalline Silicon Films
Authors: Lioudakis Emmanouil , Othonos Andreas , Lioutas Ch B , Vouroutzis N
Published: November 2007

We have studied ultrafast carrier dynamics in nanocrystalline silicon films with thickness of a few nanometers where boundary-related states and quantum confinement play an important role. Transient non-degenerated photoinduced absorption measurements have been employed to investigate the effects of grain boundaries and quantum confinement on the relaxation dynamics of photogenerated carriers. An observed long initial rise of the photoinduced absorption for the thicker films agrees well with the existence of boundary-related states acting as fast traps. With decreasing the thickness of material, the relaxation dynamics become faster since the density of boundary-related states increases. Furthermore, probing with longer wavelengths we are able to time-resolve optical paths with faster relaxations. This fact is strongly correlated with probing in different points of the first Brillouin zone of the band structure of these materials.
Aluminum ions inhibit phospholipase D in a microtubule‐dependent manner
Authors: Pejchar Přemysl , Pleskot Roman , Schwarzerová Kateřina , Martinec Jan , Valentová Olga , Novotná Zuzana
Published: November 2007

Aluminum is a highly cytotoxic metal to plants, but the molecular base and the primary target of Al toxicity are still unknown. The most important physiological consequence of Al toxicity is a cessation of root growth and changes in root morphology suggesting a role of the root cytoskeleton as a target structure. The important role of phospholipid degrading enzyme phospholipase D in regulation of cytoskeleton remodelling in both animal and plant organisms is now evident. Both the phospholipid pathway and the cytoskeleton are influenced by Al3+, but their relationship with Al stress remains to be explored. Therefore, we tested the possibility that Al stress could be sensed by plants through microtubules in close interaction with phospholipases. We have shown that Al3+ reduced the formation of phosphatidic acid in vivo, inhibited activity of phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate‐dependent phospholipase D in vitro and that the phosphatidic acid production is modified by microtubule dynamics.
Topical problems of gold metallogeny
Authors: Safonov Yu.G. , Popov V.V. , Volkov A.V. , Zlobina T.M. , Chaplygin I.V.
Published: November 2007

Siberian geologists in general and Academician V.A. Kuznetsov in particular made a considerable contribution to metallogeny. To follow them, we consider regularities of location and formation of gold deposits. Analysis of topical problems of gold metallogeny reflects general problems of state-of-the-art metallogeny. The analysis is based on concepts of geologic-genetic types of gold deposits and metallogenic specialization of geodynamic-geotectonic regimes and settings. The types of endogenic-polygenic gold ore and gold-bearing deposits restricted to certain settings — among which, in addition to traditional ones, intracratonic basins have been established — are characterized by depressions and heterochronous areas of rift and plume tectonomagmatic activity.
Notes on the Blood-sucking Diptera met with in Eastern and South-Eastern Abyssinia
Authors: Drake-Brockman R. E.
Published: November 2007

The highlands of Abyssinia are remarkably free from blood-sucking flies, if theCulicidæ,Stomoxys, andHippoboscidæare excepted.
Identification of theDiadegmaspecies (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) attacking the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Azidah A.A. , Fitton M.G. , Quicke D.L.J.
Published: November 2007

The species ofDiadegmathat attackPlutella xylostella(Linnaeus) are revised. Following a morphometric study involving principal components and discriminant analyses, seven distinct morphospecies are recognized. One species is described as new:D. novaezealandiaefrom New Zealand.Diadegma mollipla(Holmgren) is the name for the species from sub-Saharan Africa and some Indian Ocean and South Atlantic islands.Diadegma varunaGuptasyn. nov.andD. niponicaKusigematisyn. nov.are both synonymized withD. fenestrale(Holmgren).Diadegma xylostellaeKusigemati is strongly presumed to be a synonym ofD. semiclausum(Hellén). An illustrated identification key is provided and each species is described in a standard way.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of different geographic populations of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Reineke A. , Karlovsky P. , Zebitz C.P.W.
Published: November 2007

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus, is one of the most serious insect pests of palaearctic and nearctic hardwood forests. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to detect genetic diversity within and among gypsy moth populations. Five AFLP primer combinations were used on 98 L. dispar samples from different parts of Europe, Asia and North America, detecting a total of 481 polymorphic and 58 monomorphic fragments. Genetic similarities based on these data were calculated and cluster analysis was performed to graphically display groupings between isolates. Lymantria dispar individuals from close geographical areas of Europe were mostly grouped together in cluster analysis resulting in the formation of subgroups corresponding to the origin of the samples. Supporting this observation, clustering of individuals from 22 neighbouring populations in southern Germany agreed well with the region they originated from. Thus, AFLP analysis revealed the existence of a certain degree of genetic variability between European gypsy moth populations that could be explained by the accumulation of polymorphisms resulting from both historical population bottlenecks and the adaptation to different environmental conditions. The results of this study therefore demonstrate that AFLP analysis is a sensitive technique for distinguishing genotypes from different geographic origins as well as from neighbouring local populations and provides sufficient molecular markers for future characterization of the gypsy moth genome.
Cytotaxonomic studies of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Baldanza F. , Gaudio L. , Viggiani G.
Published: November 2007

A cytotaxonomic study was carried out on 13 species of Encarsia Förster, known to parasitize aleyrodids and diaspidids. The chromosomes varied greatly both in number and morphology, with E. protransvena Viggiani having the lowest chromosome number (2n = 6) and E. asterobemisiae Viggiani & Mazzone the highest (2n = 20). The most common chromosome number was 2n = 10. C-banding, G-banding and silver staining for nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) provided the possibility of distinguishing between karyotypes with the same chromosome number and morphology and to identify all the pairs of homologues in a diploid set for advanced cytogenetic studies. The karyotype of Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) was also examined. The chromosome data suggested that in Encarsia, karyotype differentiation has mainly occurred through a series of centric fusions, although other rearrangements may also have been significant. The importance of karyological data in systematic studies and in the identification of biotypes and cryptic species of economic interest is outlined.
Analysis of long-term light-trap data for Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia: the effect of climate and crop host plants
Authors: Maelzer D.A. , Zalucki M.P.
Published: November 2007

Regression analyses of a long series of light-trap catches at Narrabri, Australia, were used to describe the seasonal dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). The size of the second generation was significantly related to the size of the first generation, to winter rainfall, which had a positive effect, and to spring rainfall which had a negative effect. These variables accounted for up to 96% of the variation in size of the second generation from year to year. Rainfall and crop hosts were also important for the size of the third generation. The area and tonnage of many potential host crops were significantly correlated with winter rain. When winter rain was omitted from the analysis, the sizes of both the second and third generations could be expressed as a function of the size of the previous generation and of the areas planted to lucerne, sorghum and maize. Lucerne and maize always had positive coefficients and sorghum a negative one. We extended our analysis to catches of H. punctigera (Wallengren), which declines in abundance after the second generation. Winter rain had a positive effect on the sizes of the second and third generations, and rain in spring or early summer had a negative effect. Only the area grown to lucerne had a positive effect on abundance. Forecasts of pest levels from a few months to a few weeks in advance are discussed, along with the improved understanding of the seasonal dynamics of both species and the significance of crops in the management of insecticide resistance for H. armigera.