bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Greek Conceptions of Unity
Authors: Klein Étienne , Lachièze-Rey Marc
Published: November 2023

Many of the Greek thinkers were inspired by monism. They aspired to explain phenomena on the basis of a single principle. Our senses may well suggest a world made of an infinite variety of things and phenomena, but for the purpose of trying to understand it, we have no choice but to introduce some semblance of order, in other words, some underlying unity. Natural elements, these philosophers believed, are not to be understood as isolated pieces disconnected from the rest. Instead, they must be amenable to integration into a broader explicative framework that gives them both meaning and functionality. Hence the conviction that, hidden deep within reality, there must exist some principle or fundamental substance from which all things can be derived. Out of this came a number of doctrines promoting one primordial element or another, the nature of which was not even necessarily inert or material. The justification for starting this analysis by reviewing a few doctrines originating with the Greek thinkers is that they are the ones who planted in physics the seed of its eventual power. Yet, the Greeks do not have the comer on monism. For instance, the
The Unity of Physics
Authors: Klein Étienne , Lachièze-Rey Marc
Published: November 2023

From its inception, science has always taken the mantle of universality. “Any subject is one,” proclaimed Buffon, “and no matter how vast, it can be condensed in a single discourse.” Science’s craving for unity acts as a most efficient stimulus to expand our knowledge. Indeed, it has led to increasingly spectacular successes. Yet, modern science seems to have exploded into a multitude of highly specialized areas and distinct disciplines that may at times be interconnected, but that by and large ignore one another. There appears to be an overwhelming trend toward a proliferation of distinct and autonomous “subdivisions.” Researchers in different fields often experience great difficulties understanding each other. Science in general seems to follow a course inconsistent with integration, partitioning its structure while at the same claiming to unify its content. The contradiction is most striking in physics. One might legitimately question whether this drive toward unity is an inherent part of the scientific process.
An Uncommon Place
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin
Published: November 2023

Few of us ever bother to examine the faces of old friends very closely, and so it is with Mount Vernon. If you visit Washington’s home today, chances are you will come by car or bus along the George Washington Parkway. After purchasing tickets and entering, on foot, an imposing gateway, most people then follow a short avenue to the bottom of the flat expanse of lawn that the guidebooks identify as the bowling green. There, abruptly, the house comes into view, barely two hundred yards away, looking much as it must have in Washington’s lifetime. Yet so familiar is it-so often has it been pictured in books, prints, and paintings (not to mention on postcards, coffee mugs, and dish towels)-that it is easy to stand before it and still not see the real thing.
The Washingtons of Virginia, 1657-1757
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin
Published: November 2023

In a life blessed with more than a few fortuitous turns, it was no accident that Mount Vernon became George Washington’s home. When he took it over at the age of twenty-two, it had already belonged to four generations of Washingtons, beginning with his great-grandfather John, who founded the family line in Virginia. In England, John Washington’s clergyman father had been ousted from his living by Puritans, ostensibly for drinking too often in alehouses. America was kinder. Restless, acquisitive, and ambitious, the family prospered from the start, early on becoming part of the colony’s emerging elite. In the long run, however, it proved easier to rise into that group than it did to move upward through its ranks, and in that sense each generation discovered certain stubbornly persistent limits to its achievement.
“Things Not Quite Orthodox”: George Washington, Architect
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin
Published: November 2023

Planning buildings combined two of Washington’s great enthusiasms: his surveyor’s passion for imposing order on space and his lifelong love of the theater, coupled with his sense of life itself as a series of theatrical performances. A well-conceived building was one that both satisfied the mind and set the stage for purposeful, dramatic action. But as important as architecture was to Washington, he never had much to say about it in general terms. Happily, however, his silence was not absolute, for in a series of letters written toward the end of his life, he did hazard several singularly revealing remarks on the subject.
Decentering Sex: Rethinking Jewish Sexual Ethics
Authors: Plaskow Judith
Published: November 2023

My purpose in this chapter is to sketch an agenda for a Jewish feminist sexual ethics that, as my title indicates, has a major paradox at its core. Sexual ethics is necessarily about sex: sexual ideologies, sexual norms and behaviors, the shifting and conflicted attitudes toward sex in the history of a particular religious tradition, and questions of authority and the transformation of tradition. The very act of writing about sexual ethics, whatever the content, by definition places sexuality at the center of interest and discussion. Yet, there are many reasons to question and even undermine the centrality of sexuality as a topic of religious concern. Private sexual behavior is given too much weight, both in our society at large and as a subject of religious debate. Too much is heaped upon it, both as an explanation for our social ills and as the center of our personhood. Why address sexuality at all, then; and how can one formulate a sexual ethic that decenters sex? Is it possible for a sexual ethic to focus on the sexual ideologies that are part of our social fabric, rather than on the rights and wrongs of individual sexual behavior? Whatever the final answers to these questions, I want to explore the two opposing impulses that animate this project: the impulse toward creating a sexual ethic and the impulse toward decentering sex.
The Social Construction of Sexuality: Implications for the Churches
Authors: Gudorf Christine E
Published: November 2023

A shared understanding of sexual values, roles, categories, rules, and norms has disappeared in the United States. This disappearance is rapidly advancing on the developing world as one part of the tidal wave of postmodernism. The disappearance of consensus around sexuality in our society is partly a result of the process of colonization of all areas of human life by the capitalist economy and its rationalizations. The capitalist economy has emphasized greater worker mobility and consumerism as the measure of both personal satisfaction and fulfillment of family obligation and has gradually required more work hours in order to sustain the American family’s standard of living. At the same time, automation, increased foreign industrial and technological competition, and the export of production to low-wage areas has created a permanent labor surplus and many low-wage, temporary, or seasonal servicesector jobs insufficient for family support. These trends created pressures for smaller family size and more mobile worker families and the need for second (wives’) salaries in working- and lower-middle class families. This in turn impacted the roles of women and men in the various racial/class sectors. Unemployment rates also increased, especially among minority groups, and the degree of support available to the family from extended kin and lifelong neighbors was lowered. All of this has affected attitudes toward sex, love, marriage, family, and parenting.
“To Make Martyrs of Their Children”: “Female Genital Mutilation,” Religious Legitimation, and the Constitution
Authors: McBride James
Published: November 2023

Sparked by Alice Walker’s Possessing the Secret of Joy and Warrior Marks (with Pratibha Parmar), as well as her hour-long documentary of the same name, the controversy over what is dubbed “female genital mutilation” (FGM) has been propelled into the spotlight on network television and in North American newspapers and journals. In 1994 Lydia Oluloro, an illegal immigrant from Nigeria, successfully fought deportation orders by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), on the grounds that the return to her native country would subject her two American-born daughters, ages six and four, to this practice by her relatives.
Competing in Computers
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

In the tropical city state of Singapore, scores of factory buildings are emblazoned with the logos of American computer companies such as Apple, Compaq, Seagate, Western Digital, and Hewlett-Packard. Trucks roll away from loading docks carrying personal computers, monitors, printers, and disk drives bound for air cargo terminals at Changi International Airport and then to markets around the world. Meanwhile, other cargo planes are arriving filled with various components and subassemblies from Taiwan, Malaysia, and Thailand to supply the just-in-time production schedules of the same American companies. In Scotts Valley, California, Seagate engineers are designing a new generation of hard disk drives. They make regular flights to Singapore to confer with process engineers at the plant where the first production models will be built. In turn, these engineers consult with the plant manager and engineers in Penang, Malaysia, and Bangkok, Thailand, where critical subassemblies will be manufactured.
Globalization of the Computer Industry
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s, the computer industry changed from a company-and country-based production structure into a global production system with little regard for company or country boundaries. The agent of change was the introduction of the personal computer, which transformed the way computers were designed, built, sold, and used. No longer were computers primarily made by large, vertically integrated companies to their own proprietary standards using their own components, peripherals, and software. Instead, PCs were designed and assembled according to common standards using components, peripherals, and software made by thousands of suppliers.
Asia’s New Competitors: Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The personal computer revolution created opportunities for new countries to become integrated into the production network of the PC industry. The most notable entrants were the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) of Asia: Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The NIEs’ economies had grown at exceptional rates on the strength of labor-intensive manufacturing and rising exports, but by the late 1970s, labor costs were going up and new competition was developing from lower wage countries in the region. The governments of Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore were convinced that their economies needed to “graduate” to more capital- and technology-intensive industries. In the electronics industry, the governments promoted production of more advanced consumer products, such as VCRs and microwave ovens, and sophisticated components such as semiconductors.
Asia’s New Competitors: Singapore and Hong Kong
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The city-states of Singapore and Hong Kong are extraordinary economic success stories and highly competitive rivals. The two have long been the leading trading centers in the region and more recently have developed strong exportoriented manufacturing sectors. These two competitors could hardly be more different, however, in economic and social ideology. Since gaining independence in 1965, Singapore has pursued a state-guided economic strategy with large state-owned enterprises controlling key sectors such as housing, petroleum refining, and the national airline. It has also pursued a paternalistic (or in Singaporean parlance, “communitarian”) social policy that has created a clean, safe environment for foreign investors while cobbling together a common identity in a multicultural society. Hong Kong, by contrast, has a strong belief in laissez faire economics and an abhorrence for government intervention in the economy.
Lessons for Companies and Countries
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

Hindsight is 20/20, and it is easy to weave a series of ad hoc decisions and coincidental events into a theory of grand strategies and master plans. It is also tempting to imitate the successful strategies of another, not realizing that those strategies succeeded under a particular set of circumstances that no longer hold. The East Asian computer industry flourished within a competitive environment that has already changed dramatically and will be very different in the future. The industry itself continues to change rapidly, with new technologies, new markets, and new industry structures developing as the network era arrives. Still, that does not mean that we cannot learn from the past. So before we look at the emerging network era and its implications, we look first at what durable lessons the PC era offers for companies competing in computers.
The Goddess-Women Equation in Sakta Tantras
Authors: Khanna Maohu
Published: November 2023

Women have been kind to religion, but religion has not been favorable to them. Feminist critiques of classical Hinduism unequivocally assert that Hinduism betrayed women. Study of the early scriptures, the Vedas, amply proves that women could not become priestesses, run religious institutions, or have direct access to spiritual liberation. These criticisms are often framed in the context of the great divide between the exalted image of the divine feminine and her inferior status on the social plane.
Women’s Wealth and Worship Female Patronage of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism in Medieval Tamilnadu
Authors: Orr Leslie
Published: November 2023

South Asian scriptural norms-and popular stereotypes-have led us to believe that women in the subcontinent have not had a public presence and that their participation in religious activities has been less important and less “official” than that of men. Dharmaśāstra literature, which is widely considered to have shaped the behavior of Hindu women, defines women primarily as wives within the framework of the patrilineal family, represents women’s economic capacity and autonomy as severely restricted, and, in part because of her lack of personal resources, regards a woman’s religious activity as dependent on the support and permission of her husband. Although dharma literature and sectarian literature, such as the āgamas, carefully describe the qualifications and procedures for men to take up the roles of sacrificer, renouncer, teacher, or priest, we search in vain in these texts for official sanction for women to occupy such publicly recognized and formally defined religious roles.I Jain and Buddhist normative texts, by contrast, do provide means through which women may enter onto the renunciant’s path-a path depicted as most conducive to attainment of the highest spiritual goal-and detail the organization of female monastic orders as officially constituted elements in the structure of the religious community as a whole. But these same texts require that Jain and Buddhist nuns be subject to restrictions above and beyond those applying to their male counterparts, that nuns be excluded from certain types of activities in which monks may engage, that nuns show deference to monks, and that the nuns’ orders be dependent on and subordinate to the authority of male monastic institutions.Z
Women in Radical Movements in Bengal in the l940s The Story of the Mahilā Ātmaraksā Sarniti (Women’s Self Defense League)
Authors: Chaudhuri Tripti
Published: November 2023

A woman’s movement, as Gail Omvedt defines it, “is the organized effort to achieve the goals of equality and/or liberation for women.”l It also mobilizes women to motivate them for a change in the system of political, social, and economic equality.
A Brief History of Memory Research
Authors: Bower Gordon H
Published: November 2023

Psychology as a discipline developed out of philosophical discussions regarding the nature of the mind and mental life. The study of memory and learning arose from philosophical questions regarding how people come to know things about their world. Learning is assuredly the primary way we acquire knowledge, and remembering is a primary means by which people support knowledge claims, as when a witness in court asserts “I remember seeing Jones with a revolver in his hand.”
Encoding and Retrieval of Information
Authors: Brown Scott C , Craik Fergus I M
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to outline some recent developments in our understanding of human memory processes-specifically, encoding and retrieval processes in long-term episodic memory. A brief history of work in this area is provided, followed by a discussion of memory codes. The nature of encoding and retrieval operations is then explored, with a discussion of how these two types of processes interact. The chapter concludes with a description of some factors that lead to enhancement and impairment of memory performance.
Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: Rovee-Collier Carolyn , Hayne Harlene
Published: November 2023

Since Freud (1935) first proposed that adult behavior is rooted in the infancy period, psychologists have viewed infants’ experiences as the cornerstone of later development. This view presumes that infants can preserve a relatively enduring record of their experiences-a capacity that, paradoxically, infants are thought to lack. In what follows, were view the major paradigms used to study infant memory, their basic findings, and new evidence of infants’ memory capacity that re solves this paradox. Finally, we consider three current issues-memory distortions, the ontogeny of multiple memory systems, and infantile amnesia.
Memory in the Aging Brain
Authors: Anderson Nicole D , Craik Fergus I M
Published: November 2023

In chapter 25, Balota, Dolan, and Duchek provide a comprehensive review of age-related memory decrements and the cognitive theories that have been developed in order to account for them. Our goal in this chapter is to put these findings and theories into a broader context. To facilitate this goal, we propose that the memory decrements shown by older people are mediated by a cascade of neurological and cognitive changes (see figure 26.1).
Selective Memory Disorders
Authors: Mayes Andrew R
Published: November 2023

It has been known since the end of the nineteenth century that brain damage can impair memory relatively selectively (Ribot, 1881), and since World War II evidence has grown that damage to different brain regions selectively disrupts different kinds of memory (see Mayes, 1988). Memory depends on encoding (processing and representing) different kinds of information, which are then stored and later retrieved. Selective memory disorders are interesting because their existence means that memory loss occurs although information for which memory is impaired is still being processed (and hence encoded) relatively normally.
Memory in the Dementias
Authors: Hodges John R
Published: November 2023

Work on memory in the dementias has expanded enormously over the past 10 years. The main bulk of this work has been aimed at understanding the early cognitive sequelae of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other forms of dementia, and thus improving methods of detection and differentiation of these disorders. The second, and more innovative line of research has aimed to understand normal memory processes through the study of patients with memory failure in the context of the dementias. This chapter covers both aspects: most of the work on AD relates to the clinical issues, while that on semantic dementia concerns more theoretical questions.
Connectionist Models of Memory
Authors: Mcclelland James L
Published: November 2023

The study of memory has been pursued within many different paradigms, and memory has been thought of in many different ways. Often memory has been viewed as a storehouse of items. Items are created, and then filed away as if they were books in a library. Storage, loss, organization, and retrieval of memories have all been considered from this point of view. Other theories (e.g., Ander son, 1983) hold that memory is a network of nodes with associative connections among them.
Memory Systems of 1999
Authors: Schacter Daniell. , Wagner Anthony D , Buckner Randy L
Published: November 2023

In 1804, the French philosopher Maine de Biran published a monograph that contained a novel and perhaps even radical thesis. He contended that memory is not a single function or entity, instead distinguishing among three separate types or forms that can operate independently of one another: representative memory (conscious recall of facts and events), mechanical memory (learning of habits and skills), and sensitive memory (affective modifications). Maine de Biran devoted a great deal of attention to explaining, elaborating, and illustrating his key thesis (Maine de Biran, 1929; see Schacter & Tulving, 1994, for further discussion).
How the Laser Happened
Authors: Townes Charles H
Published: November 2023

In How the Laser Happened, Nobel laureate Charles Townes provides a highly personal look at some of the leading events in twentieth-century physics. Townes was inventor of the maser, of which the laser is one example; an originator of spectroscopy using microwaves; and a pioneer in the study of gas clouds in galaxies and around stars. Throughout his career he has also been deeply engaged with issues outside of academic research. He worked on applied research projects for Bell Labs; served on the board of directors for General Motors; and devoted extensive effort to advising the government on science, policy, and defense. This memoir traces his multifaceted career from its beginnings on the family farm in South Carolina. Spanning decades of ground-breaking research, the book provides a hands-on description of how working scientists and inventors get their ideas. It also gives a behind-the-scenes look at the scientific community, showing how scientists respond to new ideas and how they approach a variety of issues, from priority and patents to the social and political implications of their work. In addition, Townes touches on the sociology of science, uncovering some of the traditions and values that are invisible to an outsider. A towering and energetic figure, Townes has explored or pioneered most of the roles available to the modern scientist. In addition to fundamental research, he was actively involved in the practical uses of the laser and in the court cases to defend the patent rights. He was a founding member of the Jasons, an influential group of scientists that independently advises the government on defense policy, and he played an active part in scientific decisions and policies from the Truman through the Reagan administration. This lively memoir, packed with first-hand accounts and historical anecdotes, is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the history of science and an inspiring example for students considering scientific careers.
Physics, Furman, Molecules and Me
Authors: Townes Charles H
Published: November 2023

My childhood memories are chiefly of the 20-acre farm that my father, Henry Keith Townes, bought on the edge of Greenville, near the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwest corner of South Carolina. Father’s family had been farming in this region for generations, mainly growing cotton but also corn, other grains, apples, peaches, and sweet potatoes. My father’s primary occupation was his law practice, but our family, like many in the area, followed a sort of Southern planter tradition, by owning a bit of productive land, farming it ourselves, or renting to tenant farmers.
Bell Labs and Radar, A (Fortunate) Detour From Physics
Authors: Townes Charles H
Published: November 2023

In 1939, with my fresh Ph.D., it seemed absolutely clear that the ideal thing to do was to somehow work my way into a faculty position at a good university where I would be able to teach and do research.
Maser Excitement and a Time Reflection
Authors: Townes Charles H
Published: November 2023

Before-and even after-the maser worked, our description of its performance met with disbelief from highly respected physicists, even though no new physical principles were really involved. Their objections went much deeper than those that had led Rabi and Kusch to try to kill the project in its cradle; fully familiar with oscillators and molecular beams, these two never questioned the general idea. They just thought it was impractical and that it diverted departmental resources from basic physics and more sensible work.
Glances Both Backward and Forward
Authors: Townes Charles H
Published: November 2023

The biochemist Albert Szent-Gyorgi has said “Discovery is seeing what everybody else has seen, and thinking what nobody else has thought.” The laser discovery seems to fit this image; it is built upon ideas that were long known, at least to some. Yet the ideas had to be assembled in a novel way and the value of doing that had to be recognized.
Sharing and Interpreting Dreams in Amerindian Nations
Authors: Tedlock Barbara
Published: November 2023

We can only know what another has dreamed or imagined through cultural forms such as narratives, chants, songs, dances, or visual images. Since sensory perception is mediated by its translation into interpretable forms, shared dreams and visions are by nature culturally variable expressive representations. For example, dreams often provide an arena where the living may contact the dead, but the nature and evaluation of this contact between ancestors and dreamers is variable not only between cultures, but also within a single culture. Thus, in the American Southwest, while most Zunis and Navajos express fear of contact with the dead, Zuni medicine women and men together with Navajo peyotists actively seek such contact during dreaming and trancing. The Xavante of Brazil describe and interpret the nature of their contact with the ancestors as depending upon a dreamer’s gender and time of life. While women of all ages share their dreams by singing laments, men vary their dream representations discursively according to their age group. Adolescent boys learn to compose dream songs by observing their ancestors at a distance during their dreams. Old men, on the other hand, speak of directly interacting with their ancestors in dreams and even merging their identities with them. They share their dreams by narrating myth segments relating to each image.
Idolum and Imago Roman Dreams and Dream Theories
Authors: Cancik Hubert
Published: November 2023

Dreams and dream interpretation do not have a specific place in Roman public religion. However, the Romans did much to develop divination. There was a college that specialized in augury; it interpreted species, numbers, and direction of flight as well as the cries of birds. The haruspices analyzed the entrails of sacrificial animals, read the signs on the livers, and interpreted lightning flashes and monstrosities of all kinds. In addition, the Romans cultivated ecstatic inspirational prophesying: the Sibylline sayings, preserved in oracular books, which were elucidated by the quindecemvirs. None of these, however, specialized in dreams. Dreams were not an element of Roman state religion in their own right. In the rare event that the gods indicated their will through a dream, the dream was dealt with through the official channels generally prescribed for omens affecting the state.1 An example2: the great games of Jupiter were once interrupted by an evil sign without it being noticed. Therefore, Jupiter appeared three times in the dreams of a disbelieving peasant, demanding the “renewal” (instauratio) of the games. Finally, affiicted with a terrible disease, the peasant reported his dream to the senate, that is, the consuls. The peasant immediately recovered from his illness, and the senate “examined” the dream and ordered the games to be repeated. In this manner the dream was integrated into the Roman system of prodigies (prodigia).
Dreams and Visions in Early Christian Discourse
Authors: Strournsa Guy G
Published: November 2023

In the absence of a Christian Artemidorus, we possess no early Christian “key to dreams.” Gershom Scholem once remarked that no Buddhist monk ever dreamt of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Could we imagine a Christian monk in fifth-century Egypt, for instance, dreaming of Dionysos? The answer is, most probably, negative. A more serious question is whether the Christians saw their God in dreams and visions in the same way as the pagans saw theirs. What kind of impact did Christianity have upon the perception of dreams and visions? Through the specific case of the dramatic mutation of Western culture with the advent of Christianity, it is the problem of the cultural and religious determination of dreams and visions which will be raised here.
Astral Dreams in Judaism Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: ldel Moshe
Published: November 2023

We live multidimensional lives. Among other things, we inhabit simultaneously a variety of times: a private one, consisting of birth, youth, maturity, and death; microchronic time, used below to refer to the rhythms of daily and yearly rituals; historical time, dealing with the events of groups and nations, described here as the mesochronos; and cosmic time, dealing with processes in nature and universe, which we call macrochronos.1 Some mystics attempted to escape time altogether by reaching an ecstatic, atemporal experience. Everyone also experiences “oneiric time,” which is a special form of private, conscious time. A person may inhabit some of these times at the same time; it is always interesting to explore the shifting balances between such times, balances that characterize different personalities or various cultures. Rather than attempting to distinguish between these religious cultures on the basis of their alleged definitive discrimination between times, and then describing a certain religion against the background of this choice, I suggest we examine ways different religions integrate various forms of time differently.
The Cultural Index of Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams
Authors: Moses Stephane
Published: November 2023

In his book on the interpretation of dreams (Die Traumdeutung, 1900), Freud begins by comparing his own theory of dreams to ancient doctrines concerning the nature of dreams and their interpretation, yet juxtaposes it, as well, with modern scientific theories, especially that of psychiatry. In doing so, he places his research in the continuity of a long tradition while demonstrating, at the same time, the radical innovation of his own discoveries. They are opposed both to the positivist theses of the psychiatric school, according to which “a dream is not a mental act at all, but a somatic process,” and to the conceptions of ancient cultures that saw dreams as supernatural revelations. These two conflicting views of the nature of dreams necessarily lead to two opposite conceptions of how they may be interpreted: if dreams are pure physiological processes, the very question of their meaning is irrelevant, and the attempt to interpret them will forever be “a purely fanciful task;” on the other hand, if dreams are messages coming from another realm, they must be decipherable-provided the interpreter has the keys that can unlock their code.
Knowledge of Values
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

To speak of knowledge of values is to claim that there are cases in which a judgment of value is not mere opinion. The difference between knowledge and opinion has been a subject of philosophical investigation for more than two thousand years, and the investigation has intensified in the last few decades.
Promoting What Is Good, Avoiding What Is Bad
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

It may seem intuitively that the judgment that something has value carries with it an implication that, other things being equal, it would be better to bring it about (or preserve it, or to have it) than not to bring it about (or preserve it, or to have it). Judgments of negative value may seem to have corresponding implications that are at least as imperative. Thus, there would seem to be a link between judgment of value, on one hand, and recommendation of-or commitment toaction, on the other.
The Seven Sages as Performers of Wisdom
Authors: Martin Richard P
Published: November 2023

NATURE, culture, gender, myth, East, West, truth - the degree to which these concepts are not transcendent universals but are socially constructed has finally hit us. Cultural anthropology will mold the shape of classical studies for this generation. This is an exciting but also difficult situation: to be fully and honestly philologists, we must now learn our Geertz along with Greek, absorb Lienhardt as well as Latin, undertake ethnography after epigraphy. It is with the help of such comparative studies that this essay examines just one aspect of a particular and complex Greek construction, the notion of “wisdom.” One way to get a clearer view of this concept in any society is to ask informants, “Who is called wise?” Had the question been put to a Greek in classical times, he or she would probably and properly have replied: “The Wise Men.” The answer is so simple indeed that most investigators of early Greek philosophy or society skip right over it.
Introduction
Authors: Inden Ronald
Published: November 2023

South Asia has been one of the focal points for rethinking the forms that West ern knowledge of non-Western civilizations has taken. The “scientific” study of “traditional” South Asian texts, beginning with the Vedas—once thought to be the oldest extant texts in an Indo-European language—has been central to the colonial construction of India as a civilization and to the nationalist project of making India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal into “modern” independent nations.
moving on to the past: how can we reconstruct the life of jesus?
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

We have spent a good deal of time looking at the historical sources that can inform us about jesus of nazareth. the historian’s sources are like the auto mechanic’s tools: it’s one thing to have them, but another thing to know how to use them. At this stage we need to consider what to do with the sources we have in order to help us determine what Jesus said, did, and experienced. I’ll begin by considering what a historian might hope for in a set of sources and then reflect on how our available sources stack up against this historian’s wish list.
a place for everything: jesus’ other teachings in their apocalyptic context
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Context may not be everything, but it’s not far off. The words “just kidding” mean something pretty different if spoken by the self-appointed comedian who lives across the hall from you, a sheep farmer in the barn of his Wyoming ranch, or the president of the United States speaking into a red phone in the Oval Office.
Introduction
Authors: Evans G R
Published: November 2023

Bernard thought there was more than one way to heaven. There was, in his view, no better choice than to be a monk, for the monastic life was very heaven on earth; yet the ground rules of Christian living could-if with difficulty—be followed by all Christians, whatever their calling. Although Bernard wrote chiefly for a monastic readership, he spent a great deal of time chivvying persons in secular positions to establish the right Christian priorities in their lives and activities. In his mind, the whole body of the faithful stands behind his principally monastic audience.
Academic Theology: Bernard And A Different Sort Of Learning
Authors: Evans G R
Published: November 2023

We have been describing a monastic theology in which the realities are spiritual. That does not, to a twelfth-century reader, make them the less intellectual.1 When Anselm, in the ontological argument of his Proslogion (HIV), made the leap from the notion that the God who is ‘that-than-whichnothing-greater-can-be-thought’ exists in the mind to the assertion that he must also exist in reality,2 he was speaking not merely philosophically, but in the terms of a world of thought in which reality has a spiritual and even a devotional dimension.Animus is notanima; mind is not soul; however, and increasingly, in the world of the school and in the understanding of scholars in Bernard’s lifetime, the cultivation of the former was taking place in some kinds of school in a forum not primarily concerned with the growth of the latter.
Eclecticism and Modern Hindu Discourse
Authors: Hatcher Brian A
Published: November 2023

Hindu apologists routinely support their interpretations of the Hindu world view with what seems an almost promiscuous use of the world’s many philosophies and religions. The truths of Hindu thought are commonly demonstrated with references to sources as disparate as the Upanishads, the New Testament, and the sermons of Theodore Parker. These strange, even bizarre, juxtapositions pose a troubling problem for many sympathetic Western scholars of this tradition, namely, what to do about the absurdities that Indian thinkers want to pass for historical truths? This book examines the classical roots and contemporary significance of eclecticism within modern Hindu discourse. Hatcher begins by focusing on the thought of Swami Vivekananda as exemplary of the tone and character of modern Hindu eclecticism. Vivekananda, who became well-known in the West after his sensational appearance at the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893, regularly spiced his lectures with references to Jesus, the Buddha, and the prophet Muhammad, as well as to his own personal guru, Sri Ramakrishna. Hatcher then seeks to identify the ancient Indian antecedents of this eclecticism, finding them especially in the sacrificial ritualism of the Vedas. Returning to the modern period, he focuses on 19th-century Bengal, introducing the reader to a wide range of modern Indian eclecticisms. The development of Hindu thought during this period, Hatcher argues, can only be understood within the context of the enforced cultural encounter created by British colonial rule. In conclusion, Hatcher attempts to strike a delicate balance between the contending views of eclecticism as poesis and as a form of false consciousness. He proposes a pragmatic approach to evaluating the validity of eclectic knowledge.
A Framework for Measuring Primary Care
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Primary care, as defined in Chapter 1, provides the philosophical underpinnings for the organization of a health services system. But the general definitions provide no help when the task is to determine whether a given system merits the description primary care. More specificity is required.
Primary Care in the Context of Health Systems
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Many different characteristics determine the way that health service systems appear and how they operate. The multiplicity of these characteristics provides the opportunity for innumerable permutations and combinations, so that no two health systems look alike or perform in the same way. This is the case when countries are compared as well as when subsystems within countries are examined. Nevertheless, all health service systems face similar challenges: to provide health services in an effective, efficient, and equitable manner.
Public Health and Community-Oriented Primary Care
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

There is little doubt that access to effective medical care services improves health. Deprivation of access, as by withdrawal of previously provided services, has been followed in a relatively short period of time by decfines in health (Fihn and Wicher, 1988; Lurie et al., 1986). Despite the clear importance of environmental and social conditions, including nutrition and housing, better access to health services makes a difference, particularly for those who have been relatively deprived of them. Improvements in access to care by virtue of the passage of legislation to provide funding and/or services for care of socially deprived individuals are followed by improvements in health.
Duns Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: November 2023

The nature and content of the thought of Duns Scotus (c. 1266-1308) remains largely unknown except by the expert. This book provides an accessible account of Scotus’ theology, focusing both on what is distinctive in his thought, and on issues where his insights might prove to be of perennial value.
Jesus: God And Man
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: November 2023

According to Christian orthodoxy, Jesus Christ is a person-the second person of the Trinity-who has both divine and human natures. As the Council ofChalcedon (451) puts it, the two natures are united in ‘‘a single person.’’ This union is usually referred to as the ‘hypostatic’ union (from ‘hypostasis,’ = ‘person’). The point of the definition offered by Chalcedon is that the subject of divine and human attributes is the person of the Word. ‘Person’ here is not to be understood as referring to any sort of psychological concept. The crucial thing about a person, on the Chalcedonian view, is that it is a subject of characteristics. This was made a bit clearer at the third council of Constantinople in 680-81, where it was taught that Christ has two wills and two sorts of activity divine and human. So having human will and activity is not sufficient for being a person.
Gone for Good
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

Amid the clamorous debates on political correctness, the Western canon, and alcohol abuse on campus, many observers have failed to notice the most radical change in the American University: the Golden Age of massive government funding is gone. And, as Stuart Rojstaczer points out in this incisive look at higher education, the consequences are affecting virtually every aspect of university life. Laced with humorous and insightful anecdotes, Gone for Good is a highly personal tour of the university system as it has evolved from the glory days of phenomenal post-WWII growth to the financial stresses that now beset it. Stuart Rojstaczer, professor of Hydrology at Duke, shows how almost unlimited funding during the Cold War years encouraged universities to become unwieldy behemoths--with ever-enlarging faculties and administrative staffs, an explosion of new buildings that are proving costly to maintain, and a parade of programs designed largely to impress other universities. Rojstaczer asserts that despite the scarcity of new funding sources, universities continue to strive for unlimited growth--with disastrous results: skyrocketing tuition (well over $20,000 per year at top tier schools); desperate attempts to increase enrollments (lower standards, inflated grades, and new majors in some rather implausible areas of study); and increasing pressure on faculty who already spend more time researching than teaching to raise more money through research grants. The time has come, Rojstaczer argues, to abandon an outmoded idea of growth and create a leaner university system more beneficial to both students and society. For parents, students, and anyone interested higher education, Gone for Good offers a vivid account of the crossroads where universities now stand--and a compelling argument about which path they should take.
Heart and Soul
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

It was February of 1993 and my department was holding its monthly faculty meeting. We were a small department of twelve faculty members and ten of us were seated in our conference room. The other two would have been there but were out of town. For most of our faculty meetings, this level of interest and attendance was not common. But this day’s meeting was about money and research. We were collectively deciding whom to admit for graduate study the following fall.
You’ve Got to Believe
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

I have a friend from another department who fled Cuba as a child, and whose views on communism and, in particular, Fidel Castro are highly negative. I sympathize with his opinion. My parents were refugees as well. My mother spent much of World War II imprisoned in a Soviet work camp and my father defected from the Polish Red Army (used as cannon fodder by Stalin) after the war. But liberal to leftist politics dominate universities, and Castro’s Cuba, despite its well-known deficiencies, remains a darling of many academics. When my friend told me that Duke was developing a student program in Cuba (our students would take classes in Cuba for six weeks during the summer), I commiserated.
Getting Tenure
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

During my first month on campus, I attended the annual meeting for untenured faculty sponsored by the university administration. The meeting consisted principally of a panel discussion about the tenure process. In order for us to get to know each other and the members of the panel, it was followed by a social hour. On the panel were members of the committee that made tenure decisions (the APT Committee, where the letters stand for Appointment, Promotion, and Tenure or “Almighty Police of Tenure” depending upon whether you have tenure) and some of the deans and senior university administrators. Every year we hire a few tens of new tenure-track faculty and it usually takes six years before you can be considered for tenure, so there is a potential audience of about 200 for these meetings. Of course, many of these people have already attended at least one meeting like this and don’t feel compelled to come every year. Seated with me in the audience that year were about fifty untenured faculty members.
Cross-Modal Control of Attention Shifts
Authors: Ward Lawrence M , McDonald, John J , Golestani Narly
Published: November 2023

The study of the control of visual attention in space is one of the most exciting and rewarding directions of modern cognitive science re search, as the other chapters in this book amply demonstrate. However, the modern study of attention began in the auditory domain, and for many years much of what we learned about attention phenomena was learned in the context of processing of simple and complex auditory stimuli. Indeed, the early studies in the control of visual attention made frequent reference to comparable, or noncomparable, phenomena in other modalities, especially audition and touch (e.g., Posner, 1978). Yet by the mid-1980s, researchers’ attention had shifted to the visual do main, with dramatic results. These new understandings beg the question of whether similar systems exist in other modalities, and whether the other-modality systems share common operating principles, per haps even common brain areas, with those involved in the control of visual attention. This chapter summarizes much of what we know about the interaction of auditory and visual attention systems, including quite a bit of previously unpublished research. We conclude that there is indeed deep interaction between the mechanisms that control visual and auditory attention, and argue that a cross-modal approach promises a different and more generally useful view of attention mechanisms than does study of attention within any single modality.