bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin's lymphoma cells are efficiently engrafted and tumor marker CD30 is expressed with constitutive nuclear factor‐κB activity in unconditioned NOD/SCID/γcnull mice
Authors: Dewan Md. Zahidunnabi , Watanabe Mariko , Ahmed Sunjida , Terashima Kazuo , Horiuchi Sankichi , Sata Tetsutaro , Honda Mitsuo , Ito Mamoru , Watanabe Toshiki , Horie Ryouichi , Yamamoto Naoki
Published: August 2005

As there are very few reproducible animal models without conditioning available for the study of human B‐cell‐type Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), we investigated the ability of HL cells to induce tumors using novel NOD/SCID/γcnull (NOG) mice. Four human Epstein–Barr virus‐negative cell lines (KM‐H2 and L428 originated from B cells, L540 and HDLM2 originated from T cells) were inoculated either subcutaneously in the postauricular region or intravenously in the tail of unmanipulated NOG mice. All cell lines successfully engrafted and produced tumors with infiltration of cells in various organs of all mice. Tumor cells had classical histomorphology as well as expression patterns of the tumor marker CD30, which is a cell surface antigen expressed on HL. Tumor progression in mice inoculated with B‐cell‐type, but not T‐cell‐type, HL cells correlated with an elevation in serum human interleukin‐6 levels. Tumor cells from the mice also retained strong nuclear factor (NF)‐κB DNA binding activity, and the induced NF‐κB components were indistinguishable from those cultured in vitro. The reproducible growth behavior and preservation of characteristic features of both B‐cell‐type and T‐cell‐type HL in the mice suggest that this new xenotransplant model can provide a unique opportunity to understand and investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis and malignant cell growth, and to develop novel anticancer therapies. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 466–473)
Interferon reduces somatic mutation of mitochondrial DNA in liver tissues from chronic viral hepatitis patients
Authors: Nishikawa M. , Nishiguchi S. , Kioka K. , Tamori A. , Inoue M.
Published: August 2005

Summary.  We recently reported that the genetic instability resulting in the high rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation in noncancerous liver tissue is consistent with the multicentric hepatocarcinogenesis detected clinically. Interferon (IFN) has been reported to reduce hepatocarcinogenesis in individuals with hepatitis virus infection. Liver biopsy specimens were obtained from 26 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection before and after IFN therapy (total dose: 252 million units). The mean (±SD) age of the study population was 45 ± 9 years and 13 (50%) were male [mode of acquisition: blood transfusion (27%), unknown (73%); viral load: 5.2 ± 1.1 k copies/mL; duration of infection: 17 ± 9 years (65%), unknown (35%); genotype: I (4%), II (80%), III (8%), IV (8%); alcohol intake: positive (31%), negative (69%)]. DNA samples were extracted from the specimens and subjected to direct sequencing. The mtDNA mutation frequency in the D‐loop was increased in liver specimens from individuals with HCV infection compared with 21 controls (2.5 vs 0.6, P < 0.001). IFN therapy decreased the mtDNA mutation (mean difference = 0.7, P < 0.001) and the decreased number of mtDNA mutations was positively correlated with suppression of the total histological activity index score (mean difference = 1.3, P < 0.01). These results clearly indicate that the mutational rate of mtDNA is strongly associated with IFN therapy. Thus, analysis of mtDNA could provide a new criterion for the therapeutic evaluation of the effect of IFN, and may be useful for the prediction of risk of carcinogenesis.
Weight loss during pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment of chronic hepatitis C*
Authors: Seyam M. S. , Freshwater D. A. , O'Donnell K. , Mutimer D. J.
Published: August 2005

Summary. Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with interferon (IFN)‐alpha, as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin, is associated with significant side‐effects including weight loss. The aim of our study was to describe the evolution of body weight during combination antiviral treatment and to examine the possible determinants of weight loss. This was a retrospective analysis of 126 patients who received combination therapy of pegylated IFN‐alpha‐2b and ribavirin at our unit. Body weight was recorded at each outpatient attendance during treatment and follow‐up, and was expressed as a percentage of baseline value. We observed a decline of body weight during treatment. Median (range) weight values at 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks (expressed as percentage of baseline weight) were 97.7 (91.5–110.2), 95.4 (84.4–109.4), 93.7 (80.8–106.5), and 91.1 (80.1–103.6) respectively. There was no significant association of increased weight loss with age, gender, pretreatment weight, ethnicity, pretreatment histological stage, cumulative IFN dose (adjusted for body weight), HCV genotype or treatment outcome. Median body weight returned to baseline within 6 months of stopping treatment. Patients experience significant weight loss during combination therapy. Those experiencing greater weight losses during therapy did not benefit from improved antiviral response.
Higher doses of peginterferon alpha‐2b administered twice weekly improve sustained virological response in difficult‐to‐treat patients with chronic hepatitis C: results of a pilot randomized study
Authors: Lodato F. , Azzaroli F. , Brillanti S. , Colecchia A. , Tamé M. R. , Montagnani M. , Muratori R. , Giovanelli S. , Feletti V. , Bacchi Reggiani M. L. , Roda E. , Mazzella G.
Published: August 2005

Summary.  Beside substantial progress in treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) particular patients (genotype 1/4, high viral load, previous nonresponse, cirrhosis) remain difficult to treat. The aim of our pilot randomized study was to compare efficacy and tolerability of standard doses of Peginterferon alpha‐2b + ribavirin with higher doses of Peginterferon alpha‐2b administered twice weekly + ribavirin. Sixty‐five outpatients with CHC were subsequently enrolled. Group A (n = 22) received recommended doses of Peginterferon alpha‐2b and group B (n = 43), received high doses twice weekly. Groups were comparable for baseline characteristics. All genotype 1/4 patients had high baseline viraemia. Sustained virological response (SVR) was significantly higher in group B among naïve patients (72%vs 25%, P = 0.024). A significantly higher rate of SVR was observed in group B both considering only genotype 1/4 patients, (46%vs 13%, P = 0.03) and grouping together genotype 1/4 naive and relapsers (57%vs 11%, P = 0.039). Discontinuation rate was 32% (7 of 22) in group A and 19% (8 of 43) in group B. Our response rates are the highest reported for genotype 1/4 with high viraemia. Our pilot study supports the need of randomized studies to evaluate both viral kinetics and efficacy of high dose and twice weekly administration of Peginterferon alpha‐2b in genotype 1/4 patients with high viraemia who may need personalized treatment schedules.
Cultural differences: The experience of establishing an occupational therapy service in a developing community
Authors: Bourke‐Taylor Helen , Hudson Dawn
Published: August 2005

Aim:  This paper documents the subjective experience of a Western trained occupational therapist as she establishes a service in a community that is developing its health‐care services. The community is located in the Dominican Republic.

Method and Results:  Ethnographic interviewing was used to document the tasks and events that occurred during this 6 month project. Challenges arose related to the region's developing health, education and community services, training the local workers and the reaction of the recipients of occupational therapy service. The contrast in beliefs, values and cultural customs between the therapist and the local people contributed to the challenge.

Conclusion:  This study indicates that exporting Western occupational therapy services without any changes causes significant conflict for the professional and the clients. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the importance of understanding cultural differences between the therapist and client, as well as the need for occupational therapy services in communities that seek to improve the health and abilities of the local people requiring rehabilitation services.
Workers’ compensation insurance agents’ satisfaction with occupational therapy activities of daily living assessments
Authors: Mason Rachael , Darzins Susan , Cromie Jean
Published: August 2005

Background and Aim: Little is known about insurance agents’ (insurers) satisfaction with the services provided by occupational therapists when they assess injured workers’ activities of daily living (ADL). Demonstration of accountability and provision of high‐quality services are important to the occupational therapy profession. The aim of this study was to evaluate insurers’ overall satisfaction with occupational therapy ADL assessments for injured workers, including communication, timeliness of reports, equipment provision, knowledge of insurers’ requirements and the workers’ compensation process, and provision of a professional opinion. Relationships between insurers’ overall satisfaction with ADL assessments, degree of experience in their job, formal qualifications and roles within their organisation were also investigated.

Method: A telephone survey was developed and administered to a sample of 40 claims officers and injury management advisors from 10 Victorian Work Cover Authority authorised agents.

Results: Insurers were generally satisfied with occupational therapy ADL assessments. They were less satisfied with occupational therapists’ knowledge of workers’ compensation system requirements and how occupational therapists made decisions when recommending household services.

Conclusion: To improve services to the insurance industry, occupational therapists need to better understand relevant legislative frameworks.
Improving handwriting without teaching handwriting: The consultative clinical reasoning process
Authors: Erhardt Rhoda P. , Meade Vickie
Published: August 2005

Background and Aim: Children who have difficulty with handwriting are often referred for occupational therapy. This case report describes a dynamic intervention process and consultative relationship between an occupational therapist and physiotherapist, meeting the needs of an adolescent with handwriting problems.

Methods and Results: Examples are given of the collaborative clinical reasoning process, problem‐solving strategies, and ongoing adaptation of activities, materials, and equipment, leading to moderate improvement in handwriting and significant improvements in school reports and athletic competence, maintained for 6 years.

Conclusion: Clinical decisions for selecting and modifying intervention techniques can be derived from assessment of occupational performance areas and performance components (underlying motor, sensory, and perceptual deficits interfering with the production of legible handwriting), within relevant performance contexts.
Adult onset tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome
Authors: KAYNAR KUBRA , ERSOZ SAFAK , AKYOL NURETTIN , ERSOZ ONDER , UNLU OZGE , OZBAY TULIN , ULUSOY SUKRU
Published: August 2005

SUMMARY:  A Turkish woman aged 44 years who presented with a 1 month history of abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss of 10 kg was diagnosed as having acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Opthalmological evaluation revealed unilateral uveitis and contralateral chorioretinal scarring. X‐ray films of the pelvis revealed unilateral sacroileitis. An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein, tubular proteinuria and renal glucosuria returned to normal 2 weeks after treatment was started. It is important to be aware of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome in order to achieve a quick diagnosis in patients with renal impairment and tubular dysfunction with minor symptoms so that appropriate management can be started early.
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in paediatric peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: EKIM MESIHA , FITÖZ SUAT , YAGMURLU AYDIN , ENSARI ARZU , YÜKSEL SELÇUK , ACAR BANU , ÖZÇAKAR Z BIRSIN , KENDIRLI TANIL , BINGÖLER BAHAR , YALÇINKAYA FATOŞ
Published: August 2005

SUMMARY:  Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a serious complication of chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD). In contrast to the adult population, there are few studies regarding EPS in paediatric CPD patients, and the majority of reported patients are from Japan. The aim of the present report is to define the incidence of EPS in our paediatric CPD patients and to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics. A total of 104 paediatric patients were followed from November 1989 to November 2003 and two were diagnosed as EPS (1.9%). The dialysis periods of these patients were 45 and 53 months with 6 and 8 peritonitis episodes, respectively. Clinical signs of EPS developed 7 and 14 days after the removal of the dialysis catheter, and CPD was replaced by haemodialysis because of persistent peritonitis. One patient was well after surgical management but died 6 months later. The second patient who was treated with prednisolone remained well at 16 months. In conclusion, EPS is a rare but important complication of CPD. We recommend that all patients on CPD who develop ultrafiltration failure be evaluated radiologically for the occurence of EPS. Management should be tailored to the individual patient.
Intradialytic serum protein concentrations differ between nightly nocturnal and conventional haemodialysis
Authors: WIGGINS KATHRYN J , SOMERVILLE CHRISTINE A , KNIGHT RICHARD , SIMMONDS ROSEMARY , BODDINGTON JANEANE , AGAR JOHN WM
Published: August 2005

Aim:  Nocturnal haemodialysis (NHD) is a new haemodialysis (HD) modality that has been shown to have many benefits when compared with conventional haemodialysis (CHD). Previous results from our NHD programme have demonstrated a 7% fall in the postdialysis serum albumin concentration when compared with the pre‐HD levels. A similar, physiological, 9% haemodilution of albumin is seen in normal individuals on assuming a supine posture.

Method:  In this observational study, the intradialytic change in the concentration of 11 serum proteins (total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, amylase, transferrin, complement factors 3 and 4, free thyroxine and C‐reactive protein (CRP)) was measured in 10 patients on NHD and in 10 age‐ and sex‐matched controls on CHD. The ultrafiltration rate (UFR) was also recorded.

Results:  We demonstrated an intradialytic fall in the total protein (0.63%), albumin (2.40%), alkaline phosphatase (1.84%), amylase (8.82%), complement factor 3 (2.73%) and CRP (8.19%) in patients on NHD. This was of a lesser magnitude than that occurring in the pilot study but still approximated the physiological fall in serum proteins occurring with overnight recumbency in normal individuals. In contrast, all serum proteins measured rose during CHD, reflecting intravascular volume contraction and haemoconcentration. The UFR was significantly lower in NHD than CHD (234.52 ± 20.90 mL/h vs 435.38 ± 38.44 mL/h, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  We concluded that NHD is a modality that facilitates the use of a low UFR and hence the slow removal of volume which, in turn, results in a minimal perturbation of the normal recumbent volume distribution mechanism and the partial preservation of the normal physiological response to recumbency of the serum protein concentration.
Octreotide therapy for chylous ascites in a chronic dialysis patient
Authors: LEE PEI‐HSIEN , LIN CHUN‐LIANG , LAI PING‐CHIN , YANG CHIH‐WEI
Published: August 2005

SUMMARY:  Chylous ascites, a rare complication in patients receiving continuous peritoneal dialysis, often presents with turbid dialysate. This characteristic makes it frequently confused with peritonitis. Conservative treatments including bowel rest and dietary intervention with medium chain triglycerides are advised by many authors in the literature. However, this approach usually takes a long time before the lymphorrhagia are eventually resolved. Here, a case of chylous ascites that was successfully treated with subcutaneous octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, is reported. By shortening the bowel rest period, this treatment avoids the nutritional and immunological adverse effects. A series of peritoneal equilibrium tests were performed after administration of octreotide and the results showed that octreotide did not alter the peritoneal function in the short term. Therefore, subcutaneous octreotide administration is a safe and effective therapy in peritoneal dialysis patient with chylous ascites.
Glomerulonephritis due to antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody‐associated vasculitis: An update on approaches to management
Authors: LITTLE MARK A , PUSEY CHARLES D
Published: August 2005

SUMMARY:  A patient with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody‐associated vasculitis frequently has multisystem disease and might present to a range of medical specialities. The manifestations that result in the greatest burden of morbidity and mortality are renal and pulmonary disease. In this review we will focus on rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis due to vasculitis, with specific reference to recent advances in our understanding of pathogenesis. The current standard of care for managing renal vasculitis, be it mild, moderate or severe, has largely been established in clinical trials of prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, azathioprine and plasma exchange. In addition to these, newer therapies such as mycophenolate mofetil and infliximab are being used more frequently. We will review the role of each of these approaches to management of small vessel vasculitis in 2005.
Semiocladius Sublette and Wirth: taxonomy and ecology of an estuarine midge (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)
Authors: Cranston Peter S , Dimitriadis Sophia
Published: August 2005

Abstract Semiocladius Sublette and Wirth, described from adult midges from south‐western Pacific Ocean shores, has the Australian Camptocladius crassipennis Skuse as its type. Immature stages previously known only from Semiocladius kuscheli Sublette and Wirth from sub‐Antarctic New Zealand were associated tentatively, by co‐occurrence. For the first time, the immature stages for the Australian species are associated definitively by rearing. Larvae rear to a pupa identical to a speculatively associated exuviae of Semiocladius from Lord Howe Island. Adults conform to the described S. crassipennis. Larval Semiocladius are distinctive and previous diagnoses are confirmed. In contrast, the putatively associated pupa of S. kuscheli is indistinguishable from that of the marine intertidal Thalassosmittia Strenke and Remmert, whereas the newly associated S. crassipennis pupa is distinct. The pupa of S. kuscheli may have been misassociated. Semiocladius live in the mesohaline of the salinity gradient of the Clyde River estuary, south‐east Australia and the genus appears to be a distinctive western Pacific saline/mesohaline taxon.
Host‐range and cold temperature tolerance of Floracarus perrepae Knihinicki & Boczek (Acari: Eriophyidae), a potential biological‐control agent of Lygodium microphyllum (Pteridophyta: Lygodiaceae)
Authors: Goolsby John A , Zonneveld Ryan , Makinson Jeffrey R , Pemberton Robert W
Published: August 2005

Abstract The leaf galling eriophyid mite Floracarus perrepae is a widespread and damaging herbivore of Old World climbing fern, Lygodium microphyllum, across its native range in tropical and subtropical Asia and Australia; and was therefore selected as a candidate biological‐control agent for the invasive fern in Florida, USA. The host testing of F. perrepae focused on Lygodium species from North America and the Neotropics, along with threatened or endangered ferns from Florida. Sporeling ferns were used for the initial no‐choice screening and F. perrepae showed normal development on the Florida genotype of L. microphyllum with 33.0 ± 4.6 mites per marginal leaf roll gall, modest development on the North American native Lygodium palmatum with 29.0 ± 9.3 mites per roll, and minor development on six other fern species (4.0–0.3). Leaf rolls were induced only on Lygodium species and full rolls were common only on L. microphyllum. These same six non‐target plant species were tested again as more mature plants in both no‐choice and choice tests and F. perrepae developed only on L. microphyllum. Lethal minimum temperature and cold stress tests were also conducted on F. perrepae. These tests revealed that it would not likely establish north of USDA hardiness zone 8a (−9.5 to −12.2°C), which means it would not overlap with L. palmatum from temperate North America. Our studies conclude that F. perrepae is specific to L. microphyllum, poses little or no risk to native or cultivated ferns in North and South America, and therefore should be considered for release in Florida.
Revision of Scotocyma Turner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae)
Authors: Schmidt Olga
Published: August 2005

Abstract  The Australasian genus Scotocyma Turner is revised, containing the species S. albinotata (Walker), S. legalis (Warren), S. asiatica Holloway, S. scotopepla Prout, stat. n., S. manusensis Prout, stat. n., S. mimula (Warren), stat. n. and S. miscix Prout. Scotocyma euryochra Turner, syn. n., S. idioschema Turner, syn. n., S. ischnophrica Turner, syn. n. and S. transfixa Turner, syn. n. are regarded as synonyms of S. albinotata. Four species are described as new: S. samoensis, sp. n., S. sumatrensis, sp. n., S. rutilimixta, sp. n. and S. longiuncus, sp. n. Lectotypes are designated for S. scotopepla, S. manusensis and S. miscix. All species are illustrated, and keys to species and distribution maps are provided. A phylogenetic analysis was performed to test the monophyly of the genus and to examine distribution patterns of the species. A biogeographical discussion is included. The tribal position of the genus is clarified and relationships to closely related genera are discussed.
Calibration of sampling techniques and determination of sample size for the estimation of egg and larval populations of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on irrigated soybean
Authors: Duffield Simon J , Winder Linton , Chapple David G
Published: August 2005

Abstract  Informed spray decisions require accurate assessments of the target pest's density. Currently, no advice is provided to farmers on the best method for sampling soybean for insect pests, although spray thresholds for Helicoverpa larvae are provided. This article describes the results of a trial designed to calibrate relative sampling techniques for Helicoverpa larvae; visual inspection of plants in situ in the field, beat cloth, sweep net and D‐vac sampling were compared with an absolute measure of population density. The absolute measure was derived from the bagging and removal of whole plants in the field, followed by subsequent examination in the laboratory. Analysis of the distribution of Helicoverpa larvae collected by the different samples was then used to calculate the number of samples required to determine whether the economic threshold had been reached to different levels of certainty and accuracy. Significant relationships were detected between all the relative sampling techniques and the absolute, suggesting that all could be used to estimate field populations. However, due to the high variance and therefore increased sample sizes required, or the length of time taken to collect samples, only beat‐cloth sampling appeared to offer a realistic method for farmers in the field. The results also suggest that the current best practice of sampling six locations per crop provides an adequate assessment of the field populations at the currently accepted threshold level of 6 larvae m−2. However, if the economic spray was reduced, the number of samples required to determine an accurate population estimate would increase dramatically.
Frankliniella lantanaesp. n. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a polymorphic alien thrips damagingLantanaleaves in Australia
Authors: Mound Laurence A , Nakahara Seuo , Day Michael D
Published: August 2005

Abstract A new species ofFrankliniellaKarny, probably introduced to Australia from the Caribbean area, is described here as causing feeding damage to the young leaves ofLantanain south‐eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. The new species is unusual within this large, primarily Neotropical genus, in that it feeds only on leaves, not in flowers, and that adult females are either apterous or fully winged. Only 10 of the 160 described species ofFrankliniellaare known to exhibit wing reduction, and notes are given on these together with notes on the seven species of the genus that are not endemic to the New World. Life history studies, including sex and morph ratios, indicate that egg to adult can require as little as 12 d, but despite breeding well in greenhouses, the species is not known to develop large populations in the field in Australia.
Monitoring insecticide resistance in Australian Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) detects fipronil and spinosad resistance
Authors: Herron Grant A , James Tanya M
Published: August 2005

Abstract  Insecticide resistance monitoring using a Potter precision spray tower with discriminating concentration and log dose probability techniques underpins the Australian insecticide management strategy for Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. Abamectin, acephate, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, dimethoate, endosulfan, fipronil, malathion, methamidophos methidathion, methiocarb, methomyl, pyrazophos and spinosad are recommended for use against F. occidentalis but abamectin, methiocarb and pyrazophos are the only chemicals where insecticide resistance has not been detected. Although not registered, chlorfenapyr was effective against F. occidentalis and should be pursued for that purpose. In contrast, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos and malathion resistance were detected at low to moderate levels throughout the study period putting their sustainable use for F. occidentalis control in doubt. Although it appears that acephate, dimethoate, endosulfan, fipronil, methamidophos, methidathion and spinosad remain effective, some populations contained a small percentage of thrips that survived exposure to a concentration that killed 100% of the susceptible strain. Subsequent laboratory selection of one such population separately with fipronil and spinosad caused an increase in resistance to these insecticides. These products must now be considered at risk. This is the first report of fipronil or spinosad resistance in populations of F. occidentalis.
Larvae of four species of theHyphydrus lyratusspecies‐group (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae)
Authors: Alarie Yves , Watts Chris H S
Published: August 2005

Abstract The third instars of the Australian speciesHyphydrus lyratusSwartz,H. contiguusWehncke,H. elegans(Montrouzier) andH. decemmaculatusWehncke (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae) are described, including a chaetotaxic analysis of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment and urogomphi. Larvae of these species morphologically resemble other species ofHyphydrusIlliger for which the larvae have been described. A key to identify larvae of the Australian species ofHyphydrusis provided. Larvae ofH. effeminatusWatts appear identical to those ofH. decemmaculatus. A 822 bp fragment of theCO1gene of larvae and adults of these species showed very slight differences, suggesting the possibility that, in Australia at least,H. decemmaculatusis polymorphic.
The emergence and control of overwintering Helicoverpa armigera pupae in southern New South Wales
Authors: Duffield Simon J , Dillon Martin L
Published: August 2005

Abstract  The extent and timing of the spring emergence of Helicoverpa armigera moths from overwintering pupae was measured in southern New South Wales (NSW). Survival was comparable to that in northern NSW, suggesting that the colder conditions did not significantly reduce the survival of overwintering pupae. Most adults emerged from mid‐October to mid‐November, approximately 2 weeks later than reported in northern NSW. The pattern of emergence is similar to that predicted by the HElicoverpa Armigera and Punctigera Simulation (HEAPS) model, although it tended to be earlier than predicted. Simulation of the pattern of emergence from 1990 to 2001 predicted a range of approximately 4 weeks in the date of emergence. This suggests that moths will not emerge in this part of southern NSW before October. The impact of locally used cultivation techniques on the survival of overwintering pupae supported previous findings highlighting the need for either plant line or full cultivation to ensure adequate control of overwintering pupae. Neither direct drilling nor shallow cultivation (Lillistons) provided consistently reliable control. Practical management of overwintering pupae in the region requires adequate cultivation before October
The Fallacy of Misplaced Leadership*
Authors: Wood Martin
Published: August 2005

abstract The leadership literature typically talks about the discreteindividualityof its subject and particularly the personal qualities and capabilities of a few key people occupying top positions in a hierarchy. Current leadership research now has begun to generate new knowledge about leadership practice in relations of interpersonal exchange. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for the ramifications of this insight to be more sufficiently developed. The current discussion explores how a perspective of process studies challenges the dominance of the field by individual social actors and discrete schemes of relations. Its aims are twofold. First, it will show how both of these latterepistemologiesare lacking and suggest that current leadership research and development activities must rise to theontologicalchallenge ofprocessesrather thanthings. Second, it looks at some methodological implications of this way of thinking as a productive incitement to future management studies.
An Action Pattern Model of Inter‐firm Cooperation*
Authors: Lui Steven S. , Ngo Hang‐yue
Published: August 2005

abstract  An action pattern model was developed and applied to the examination of inter‐firm cooperative processes. The model considered cooperation as a continuous cycle of actions and reactions between cooperating partners. The building blocks of the model include cooperative equilibrium, disruptive events, action types and action patterns. Three action pattern variables were proposed to describe the interactions. It was hypothesized that action patterns are contingent on partner relationships and the transaction cost characteristics of a partnership. The hypotheses were tested on a sample of 263 partnerships in the construction industry in Hong Kong. The quantitative study was supplemented by four in‐depth case studies. The results show that: (1) trust was an important antecedent of action patterns; and (2) transaction cost variables moderate the relationships between partner relationships and action patterns. These findings suggest that future research should give more attention to the interaction of partners during cooperation.
Finding Form: Looking at the Field of Organizational Aesthetics
Authors: Taylor Steven S. , Hansen Hans
Published: August 2005

abstract Organizational research has long focused on the instrumental sphere with its questions of efficiency and effectiveness and in recent decades there has been interest in the moral sphere with its questions of ethics. Within the last decade there has also emerged a field that draws on the aesthetic sphere of our existence in organizations. In this review we look at the field of organizational aesthetics in terms of content and method, suggesting four broad categories of organizational aesthetics research: intellectual analysis of instrumental issues, artistic form used to look at instrumental issues, intellectual analysis of aesthetic issues, and artistic form used to look at aesthetic issues. We then suggest how organizational scholars might pursue artistic aesthetic organizational research.
The Role, Use and Activation of Strong and Weak Network Ties: A Qualitative Analysis*
Authors: Jack Sarah L.
Published: August 2005

abstract A characteristic of studies seeking to explain the structure and operation of networks is the use of Granovetter's strong and weak tie hypothesis. Whilst this hypothesis has become an established paradigm, questions and disagreements arise over its applicability at demonstrating the real use and value of each tie. This study extends the work of Granovetter. Using a qualitative ethnographic approach to explore in‐depth the networking activities of fourteen respondents, it aims to enhance understanding about the role of ties, how they are used and activated for business activity. Findings demonstrate that it is strong ties that are instrumental for business activity and used extensively to provide knowledge and information but also to maintain, extend and enhance business and personal reputations. Unless activities require their reactivation and manifestation, strong ties remain latent and dormant within the network. Strong ties also provide the mechanism to invoke ‘weak’ ties, represented by nodes operating in a wider social context.
A shared document‐based annotation tool to support learner‐centred collaborative learning
Authors: Nokelainen Petri , Miettinen Miikka , Kurhila Jaakko , Floréen Patrik , Tirri Henry
Published: August 2005

A shared document‐based annotation tool was presented, and its usefulness in two different real‐life web‐based university‐level courses (adult learners, n= 27 and adolescent learners, n= 23) was empirically investigated. The study design embodied three data collection phases: (1) a pretest measuring self‐rated motivation, learning strategies, and social ability; (2) log file data analysis showing actual use of the system features; and (3) a posttest in a form of an email survey. For both groups, the results showed that the level of motivation has a positive effect on activity in the system and the final grade. The learners, who reported to have good time‐management strategies, were the most active users of the system. The level of social ability predicted both the number of consecutive comments in the documents and the threads in document‐related newsgroup discussions. Log file data analysis showed that user activity in the system was positively related to the final grade in both samples. Results of the posttest showed that all the respondents agreed when asked: (1) if the system brought added value to the learning process; (2) if the use of the system changed their studying habits favourably; and (3) if they would like to use the system in other courses.
Prompting conceptual understanding with computer‐mediated peer discourse and knowledge acquisition techniques
Authors: Liu Chen‐Chung , Lee Jia‐Hsung
Published: August 2005

Numerous computer‐mediated communication (CMC) tools have been designed to facilitate group discourses on the Web. However, previous studies noted that participants did not value online conferencing as a method for conducting in‐depth discussions, and instead considered this method as merely scratching the surface of the issues involved. Therefore, the teachers must moderate the online discourse to add value to the success of CMC. This study presents a methodology that uses knowledge acquisition techniques during online discourses to increase student conceptual understanding and evaluation skills. The methodology explains the conceptual frameworks of individuals and the conceptual relationships between student peers. Active database triggers then are applied to automatically monitor the conceptual relationships and to moderate online discourses between student peers. Student reactions demonstrated that discourses mediated by the repertory grid analysis technique helped group members not only promote common conceptual understandings but also to approach the level of conceptual understanding of the teacher.
Design criteria for work‐based learning: Merrill's First Principles of Instruction expanded
Authors: Collis Betty , Margaryan Anoush
Published: August 2005

In multinational corporations, new models of learning are developing. A particular model with direct applications for challenges facing distributed workforces is one that combines the strengths of formal and informal learning while focusing on participants’ work‐based tasks. An operationalisation of this model in the context of the ongoing professional development of the engineers, geologists, and other technical specialists in a multinational oil company (Shell EP) is described. Important for the quality control and continual improvement of the implementation of the model is a set of criteria for the design and evaluation of courses reflecting its work‐based learning approach.Merrill's First Principles of Instruction (2002)form a starting point for such a model, but need to be expanded to reflect the particular needs of the Shell EP context. This article presents the expansion of Merrill's First Principles as theMerrill+design and evaluation criteriafor courses with work‐based activities for technical professionals and demonstrates how the criteria can be applied through a selection of some results of evaluations of more than 60 of the Shell EP courses using a course‐scan methodology based on the Merrill+ criteria. Implications of use of the Merrill+ criteria for design and evaluation are discussed.
Checklist and context‐bound evaluations of online learning in higher education
Authors: Hosie Peter , Schibeci Renato
Published: August 2005

A review is undertaken of what different commentators have written about the evaluation of educational courseware in higher education. Speculation is made on the reasons for the lack of such evaluations. The role of checklists for evaluating online courseware is discussed despite the acknowledged limitations. Checklists have been developed at Edith Cowan University specifically for assessing aspects of online pedagogical learning materials in higher education. These checklists are intended to be useful indicators of the areas where online learning materials are strong and identify areas that may be deficient rather than to arrive at a numeric score. The form of checklist proposed is a valuable screening device to use before undertaking a context‐bound evaluation of courseware.

Contextual evaluations are a complementary and valuable alternative to traditional forms of evaluation of educational courseware, such as checklists. A case is also made in this article for using a checklist developed for assessing aspects of online pedagogical learning materials in higher education. It is argued that, when used in conjunction with a context‐bound approach, such checklists may be more useful in indicating the pedagogical quality of online learning materials.

Quality of the instructional design remains an important consideration in evaluating courseware. Continuing comments and dissent are invited on the value of contextual evaluations of educational courseware to reinvigorate the debate over appropriate ways of evaluating online courseware that will provide helpful information for higher education.
Reforms of Environmental Policies in the Presence of Cross‐border Pollution and Public–Private Clean‐up*
Authors: Hatzipanayotou Panos , Lahiri Sajal , Michael Michael S.
Published: August 2005

We construct a two‐country model where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Pollution abatement is undertaken by both private producers and the public sector. We characterize Nash optimal levels of the policy instruments in the two countries: emission taxes and funds allocated for public abatement activities. We examine the implications of a number of multilateral policy reforms. One of our findings is that the magnitude of the beneficial effect of a reform depends on the scope of the reform; if it is restricted to a subset of policy instruments, then the efficacy of environmental policy reform can be greatly undermined.
A randomised controlled pilot study of the management of gestational impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Bancroft K. , Tuffnell D. J. , Mason G. C. , Rogerson L. J. , Mansfield M.
Published: August 2005

Objective To determine whether a study of a less intensive form of management for impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy is feasible and whether women would accept randomisation.

Design Prospective randomised controlled study.

Setting A large district general hospital and a large teaching hospital in West Yorkshire.

Sample
Seventy women with impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy.

Methods One group monitored plasma glucose up to four times daily. The other group did not monitor plasma glucose at all.

Main outcome measures
The number of women recruited of those approached and neonatal admissions to special care baby units in each group.

Results Sixty‐eight of 70 women approached entered the study. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in neonatal outcome measures. The median number of plasma glucose measurements in the monitored group was 118 (range 0–500), and 19% of women in the monitored group were treated with insulin.

Conclusions This study fails to demonstrate any benefit from intensive management of impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy with additional maternal inconvenience. This pilot study has shown that a large randomised controlled study of the management of impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy is not only feasible but necessary.
Lipid peroxidation in umbilical arterial blood at birth: the effects of breech delivery
Authors: Kaya Hakan , Oral Baha , Dittrich Ralf , Özkaya Okan
Published: August 2005

Objective
To determine oxygen free radical activity in breech presentation at birth and relate it to umbilical cord blood acid‐base status.

Design
A series of 63 singleton deliveries (28 cephalic deliveries as controls), 23 breech deliveries with normoacidemia, and 12 breech deliveries with mild acidaemia) had determination of malondialdehyde and acid‐base parameters.

Setting
The delivery suite in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.

Participants
Sixty‐three singleton infants born at term with spontaneous or induced labour and initially normal fetal heart rate tracing.

Methods
After delivery, umbilical cord arterial and venous blood samples were collected for the determination of malondialdehyde concentrations. Oxygen saturation, pO2, pCO2, pH, and base excess were also measured.

Main outcome measures
Umbilical cord arterial and venous blood gases and malondialdehyde levels.

Results
There was a significant correlation between umbilical arterial and venous levels of malondialdehyde and all acid‐base parameters (P < 0.001). There were negative correlations between malondialdehyde levels and pH, pO2 and bicarbonate, while there was a positive correlation between malondialdehyde concentrations and pCO2. A positive correlation between malondialdehyde levels and base excess was present in the control group and total breech group (n= 35). The malondialdehyde levels in the total breech group, nonacidaemic breech group (n= 23) and the mildly acidaemic breech group (n= 12) were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.0001). However, acid‐base parameters in the nonacidaemic breech group were not statistically different from those in the control group.

Conclusion
Lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde) existed to some extent in the umbilical cords of newborns with normal acid‐base parameters in breech delivery. Our data support the contention that lipid peroxide may be a more sensitive measure for metabolic dysfunctions due to fetal hypoxia than acid‐base balance.
Maternal serum total activin A and follistatin in pregnancy and parturition
Authors: Schneider‐Kolsky Michal , D'Antona Donato , Evans Lee W. , Taylor Nancy , O'Connor Anne , Groome Nigel P. , de Kretser David , Wallace Euan M.
Published: August 2005

Objective
To examine changes in maternal serum levels of activin A and follistatin during pregnancy and labour

Design
In three cross sectional and three longitudinal studies venous blood was collected from women during pregnancy, spontaneous labour, labour induction and prior to elective caesarean section for the measurement of activin A and follistatin.

Setting
Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

Population
One hundred and twenty‐three women participated in a cross sectional study in pregnancy, 18 women in two longitudinal pregnancy studies, 36 women in a cross sectional labour study, nine women in a longitudinal study of labour induction. Ten women undergoing elective caesarean section were also studied.

Methods
Activin A and follistatin were measured using two sensitive and specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results
In the cross sectional study of pregnancy, mean (SEM) maternal serum activin A and follistatin levels increased towards term (2.4 ng/mL (0.3) and 1.8 ng/mL (0.3) in first trimester to 18.9 ng/mL (3.8) and 5.3 ng/mL (0.9) at term, respectively), but the longitudinal study revealed that levels plateau in the last three weeks of pregnancy (16.0 ng/mL (2.6) and 6.2 ng/mL (1.4) at 37 weeks and 16.6 ng/mL (3.5) and 6.2 ng/mL (0.5) before labour for activin A and follistatin, respectively). There was no difference in levels of activin A and follistatin between women delivered by caesarean section and labouring women at term (14.9 ng/mL (2.8) vs 11.0 ng/mL (0.93) and 5.95 ng/mL (0.67) vs 5.71 ng/mL (0.63), respectively) and levels of both proteins did not alter throughout spontaneous or induced labour.

Conclusions
We believe that these data argue against activin A playing an acute role in the initiation or regulation of human parturition.
Oestradiol‐releasing vaginal ring versus oestriol vaginal pessaries in the treatment of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Lose G. , Englev E.
Published: August 2005

Objectives
To assess the efficacy of an oestradiol‐releasing vaginal ring and oestriol pessaries in the alleviation of lower urinary tract symptoms occurring after the menopause.

Design
Randomised, parallel group, controlled trial.

Setting
Twenty‐six clinics of practising gynaecologists and one outpatient clinic at a department of obstetrics and gynaecology.

Population
Two hundred and fifty‐one postmenopausal women, with a mean age of 66 years, reporting at least one bothersome lower urinary tract symptom.

Methods
One hundred and thirty‐four women were treated with the oestradiol‐releasing ring for 24 weeks; 117 women were treated with oestriol pessaries 0.5 mg every second day for 24 weeks.

Main outcome measures
Subjective scores of urgency, frequency, nocturia, dysuria, stress incontinence and urge incontinence.

Results
The two treatments were equally efficacious in alleviating urinary urgency (51%vs 56%), urge incontinence (58%vs 58%), stress incontinence (53%vs 59%) and nocturia (51%vs 54%). Dysuria was alleviated in 76%vs 67%, equivalence was not demonstrated. No statistically significant difference was found for any primary efficacy endpoint. Sixty percent of the participants rated the form of administration via the vaginal ring as excellent, compared with 14% for the pessaries (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Low dose vaginally administered oestradiol and oestriol are equally efficacious in alleviating lower urinary tract symptoms which appear after the menopause. The form of administration of the vaginal ring, seems to be more acceptable than oestriol pessaries.