bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developments in Pressure Diecasting
Authors: Street A. C.
Published: January 2014

The range of diecasting machines has increased, in size and locking force, making possible the production of engine cylinder blocks, transmission housings, and other large and complex components, especially in aluminium alloys. Instrumentation has been developed to measure and control the speed and pressure of metal injection, temperature control of the dies, measurement of machine locking force, and oscillographic monitoring of the diecasting process, sometimes with a computer built into the equipment. Large diecasting plants can now receive molten aluminium alloy consignments direct from the secondary metal smelter. In molten-metal handling in the diecasting plant, further developments are being made in furnace design, both for bulk metal melting of scrap, runners, and ingots and in the bale-out furnaces adjacent to the diecasting machines. Several producers of zinc alloy diecastings are now making their own alloy, under carefully controlled conditions. During the past ten years most diecasting companies have been successful in mechanizing at least part of their production. Most zinc alloy diecastings are now produced automatically and considerable development in the much more difficult automation of aluminium diecasting has been. achieved. Methods of automatic ladling, lubrication, and trimming and machining processes linked with automatic diecasting production are discussed. New deburring processes and specialpurpose machines and robots used in handling all stages of the manufacturing processes are described. The positioning and the correct dimensioning of runners and gates has received much attention during the past ten years. Die designers are obtaining valuable help from the mathematical formulae and monographs which have been developed. While the major production of zinc, aluminium, and magnesium alloy diecastings involves standard alloys that were well known ten years ago, some new alloys have been developed. The hypereutectic aluminium–silicon alloys used in the production of some cylinder blocks are described. The development of new die materials, including those based on molybdenum, has helped to make possible the diecasting of high melting point alloys, including stainless steel. Some new diecasting techniques are discussed, including the possibilities of the oxygen-purging or pore-free diecasting process, developed in Japan, but so far little explored in the West. Improved finishing processes for the electroplating of zinc alloy diecastings are described.
Water-Pollution Control in an Integrated Steelplant
Authors: Kwasnoski D.
Published: January 2014

The American iron and steel industry consists of 179 companies operating 420 plants. Of these, only 63 plants of 23 companies are classified as integrated, i.e. having both primary (coke, iron, and steel) and finishing (rolling and finishing) facilities. This review highlights the pollution problems of integrated steelplants, effluent limitations, and control technology for meeting these effluent limitations.
4: Critical evaluation of constitution of aluminium-iran-silicon system
Authors: Rivlin V. G. , Raynor G. V.
Published: January 2014

The phase equilibria and constitution of the Al-Fe-Si system are reviewed on the basis of the published literature. The complexity of this system has been the source of numerous contradictory reports. For the purpose of review the more reliable publications are accepted to obtain a self-consistent description of the system in terms of 18 ternary invariant liquidus reactions, and 6 ternary intermetallic phases. Lattice spacings and crystal structures are reviewed. It is shown that direct information on equilibria below the liquidus is scanty, and the solid-phase relationships between the ternary phases remain largely conjectual.
Stress-corrosion cracking of martensitic and ferritic stainless steels
Authors: Truman J. E.
Published: January 2014

One of the limitations of stainless steels (a limitation which is sometimes overstated) is their susceptibility to stress- corrosion cracking (SCC). This has proved to be the greatest hazard with the face-centred cubicstructured austenitic grades, a review concerning which has already appeared in Int. Met. Rev. While the other three groups, martensitic, ferritic, and duplex (ferritic–austenitic) differ markedly in behaviour, there is susceptibility to SCC the degree of which depends on steel composition, heat treatment, and environment. This review is concerned with these last three groups. Consideration of the martensitic (hardenable) types is by subgroup; the simple carbon 12–13% chromium types, the alloyed temper-resistant variants, the precipitationhardening grades, and the controlledtransformation types. Influences of test technique, test environment, stee 1 composition, and steel heat treatment are noted and data discussed in terms of practical implications and cracking mechanism. Cracking is more likely with steel in the stronger states. It is considered that a form of hydrogen embrittlement plays a dominant but not necessarily exclusive role in SCC failures. Steel heat treatment and composition play an important part in establishing susceptibility, the latter sometimes in ways which are difficult to explain. Data for the stable ferritic and duplex steels are less extensive and there is a need for substantial further experimentation. A mechanism involving localized corrosion along a narrow front can be reasonably supported, but strong cases have been made for at least involvement of hydrogen. There is ample evidence that these steels can be used under circumstances where the austenitic types would fail.
The Rise and Growth of Libraries in Pre-War Indonesia
Authors: Sulistyo-Basuki L.
Published: January 2014

The development of Indonesian libraries was related to the effects of Dutch colonialism and the changing economic policies of the administration. Special libraries arose during the nineteenth century, especially agricultural and botanical, followed by village and school libraries. The Dutch influence came to a sudden end with the Japanese occupation. This paper was presented at the Library History Group's ‘Libraries and Modernity’ conference held as part of the Library Association's UmbrelLA4 meeting at UMIST, Manchester, in June I997.
Oh! to have been a Fly on the Wall: Panizzi, his Precursors and Contemporaries
Authors: Sternberg Ilse
Published: January 2014

Rather than write solely about Panizzi's vision of the British Museum Library, I should like to reconsider some elements of his beliefs. I shall try, by looking at his predecessors, contemporaries, and immediate successorS:1to examine the formation of his ideas and those of others who influenced them. What I will suggest is that not only did Panizzi have ‘vision’ but so too did those with whom he surrounded himself. His greatest strengths were his political awareness and his ability to listen to and to use, not always with public acknowledgement, the visionary ideas of others. To do this I will review the development of those ideas as recorded in their day, though to accomplish this mammoth task I shall inevitably raise more questions than I shall have the space or the knowledge to answer.
‘Do I Dare Disturb the Universe?’ Reflections on the Library at Ciudámuerta
Authors: Schmidt G.
Published: January 2014

The library at Ciudámuerta may never have existed, but it certainly appears to have had pretensions to be a ‘universal library’. Its custodians seem rarely to have been disturbed — until one day a brash young librarian arrived and tried to put the library into order. But in reality, Miguel de Unamuno's story, ‘La revolución de la biblioteca de Ciud´muerta’, has to be seen as a political fable of its time.
French Book Production From 1454: A Quantative Analysis
Authors: Ladurie Emmanuel Le Roy , Smedley-Weill Anette , Zysberg André
Published: January 2014

This paper was delivered by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie as the Creighton Lecture for 1997 at the University of London, England. The writing of it is the common work and study of Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Anette Smedley-Weill, and André Zysberg. But the basic research was implemented by a team of four historians: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (Collège de France), André Zysberg (Université de Caen), Anette Smedley-Weill (CNRS) and Yann Fauchois (BNF). The present study utilizes the records of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, to chart the development of French printing from its beginnings. Seven graphs chart the growth of French printing up to 1960; the text will concentrate on the period before 1871.
Mr Maltby At War
Authors: Holden Hilda
Published: January 2014

Herbert John M. Maltby (c. 1881-1954) was not originally a librarian. After working at Bradford City Art Gallery he had moved to Salford as curator of its Art Gallery and Museum, where he was to become one of the earliest promoters of Salford's not-yet famous painter, L. S. Lowry (1887-1976). In 1935 Maltby was appointed as Director of Art Galleries, Libraries, and Museums in that borough, but his tenure was inevitably to be seriously affected by the outbreak of war. Described by Alan Longworth as Ca quietly efficient librarian, friendly and popular with his own staff’,l Maltby retired in 1946 to Bury St Edmunds where he became librarian of the Cullum Library and compiled that city's published official guide of 1953.
Randolph Greenfield Adams: Sentimental Bookman-Scholar and ‘Griffin’ at the Gate
Authors: Shaddy Robert A.
Published: January 2014

Much attention has been paid to the great American book collectors of the past; and deservedly so, for many of them enormously enriched libraries in the United States. But equally important were the librarians who dealt with such collectors and created a climate which encouraged their benefactions. Randolph Greenfield Adams (1892-1951), though trained as a historian, became one of the most influential rare book librarians of his time as first director of the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan. He appreciated the importance of rare books as historical sources for the benefit of serious ‘scholars’ rather than just for the use of ‘students’, and published a classic essay on ‘Librariansas the enemy of books’.
Weldable Al:Zn:Mg alloys
Authors: Kent K. G.
Published: January 2014

The weldable aluminium : zinc : magnesium alloys contain 3–5% zinc and 1.2–2.8% Mg, with the total amount of zinc + magnesium in the range 5–7%. Unlike the related high-strength alloys the weldable compositions do not contain copper, because this element can have an adverse effect on weldability, but they contain additions of one or more of the minor elements, manganese, chromium, zirconium, and titanium. The weldable alloys will age-harden at ambient temperature (natural ageing), although higher strengths can be obtained by ageing at moderately elevated temperatures in the range 120–180°C (395–455 K) (artificial ageing). A wide range of mechanical properties can be obtained from the alloys, depending mainly on composition and heat-treatment and partly on the particular wrought form considered. Some typical compositions and mechanical properties are shown in Table 1.
Western Place Name Sketches
Authors: Pearce T. M.
Published: January 2014

(no abstract)
Place Name Literature, United States and Canada, 1952–1954
Authors: Seely P. A. , Sealock R. B.
Published: January 2014

(no abstract)
The Unconscious Meaning of Personal Names
Authors: Seeman Mary V.
Published: January 2014

AbstractPersonal names serve many purposes, both for the namer and for the named. They are conferred, at least in part, in honour of someone who has gone before. Cultural traditions dictate the extent of commemorative name-giving. Names inform about genealogy and geography, and about the circumstances of birth. The etymological and linguistic associations of names are grasped intuitively without conscious knowledge of semantic roots. These unconscious associations frequently emerge in nicknaming and in dreams. Passage from one life stage to another may accompany a change of name, as may religious conversion or new ideological affiliation. Because so many inferences can be drawn from the choice of a given name, it is no wonder that, in some cultures, the personal name is kept secret, a protection against betrayal.
Unusual First Names: A Positive Outlook
Authors: Zweigenhaft Richard L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAfter discussing some problems with the tendency to generalize from the literature on the psychological effects of unusual first names, this article summarizes a series of studies that have been performed. In contrast to much of the research literature, which tends to warn against giving such names to one's child, these studies suggest a more positive view. The results provide evidence that having an unusual name may have no observable negative effects, and, in some contexts and in some ways, may have positive effects.
The Place Name Correspondence of Chester Arthur Brown
Authors: Carmony Marvin
Published: January 2014

(no abstract)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles and George Turberville
Authors: Fleissner Robert F.
Published: January 2014

AbstractHardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles may get her name through his interest in the Renaissance writer (and translator of Boccaccio) George Turberville, the last names being originally variants. Numerous references to Renaissance literature throughout the novel support this proposal – as well as Rebekah Owen's own explicit familiarity with Turberville's work.
Palestinian First Names: An Introduction
Authors: Tushyeh Hanna Y. , Lawson Edwin D. , Rishmawi George
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn analysis of the first names of 768 Palestinian school children from the West Bank and from within the Green Line reveals 341 different names. The inventory of these names indicates the usual form of the name as transcribed into the Roman alphabet, pronunciation, frequency, meaning, and perceived identification (“Christian,” “Moslem,” or “Neutral”). Additional analysis evaluates Christian vs. Moslem usage, determines the perceived identification, and identifies the most popular names.
Malvolio's Manipulated Name
Authors: Fleissner Robert F.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe way Malvolio's name in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night relates to the code he gives us, M.DA.I., suggests some kind of correlation or metathesis. The most provocative solution is a recondite French origin, notably by way of Montaigne (but also in terms of Malvenu in Spenser's Faerie Queene).
Weaubleau from French Bois Blanc ‘White Woods’: A Missouri Toponymic Mystery Solved
Authors: Cohen Gerald Leonard
Published: January 2014

AbstractFull credit for solving the origin of Weaubleau (Creek) goes to Walter Schroeder, who noticed an 1841 document specifying that Weaubleau derives from French Bois Blanc ‘ white woods.’ Several changes occurred to disguise this bois blanc origin, and the result was a placename that virtually defied a proper analysis. Include me among those who stumbled in an early attempt to determine the name's derivation.
The US Board on Geographic Names and International Programs
Authors: Randall Richard R.
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhile its initial goal was to standardize names in the United States, the US Board on Geographic Names soon broadened its work to include names in other areas. This activity required the creation of international programs in which the Board collaborated with individual countries, groups of countries, international organizations, and the United Nations.
Mexico: The Rabbit's Navel
Authors: Tibón Gutierre
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe toponym Mexico has long been etymologized as “the navel of the moon.” This anatomical image has been supported by recent research which identifies the positions of the early lakes on the present site of Mexico City, showing a pattern similar to that perceived on the moon, in both cases resembling a rabbit. Aztec priests searched for a long time to locate an island on which to build a temple. The island, Tenochtitl´n, is in a position corresponding to the navel of the rabbit.
Stream Generic Terms as Indicators of Historical Settlement Patterns
Authors: Campbell Jon C.
Published: January 2014

AbstractU.S. geographic names may be analyzed with relative ease using data sorting techniques with the Geographic Names Information System. An intensive computer search of the stream names in each state reveals and locates on base maps, using computer-driven plotters, unusual stream generic terms, such as kill, coulee, and cañada. Tables show the relative frequency and the distribution of toponymic generic terms. The study of selected generic terms in placenames demonstrates some degree of correlation with historical patterns of settlement and provides an instructive, but not always reliable, aid to historical research.
Coromuel and Pichilingue
Authors: Aschmann Homer
Published: January 2014

AbstractCoromuel and Pichilingue, established as minor placenames near La Paz, Baja California, derive from English and Dutch pirates and privateers who careened their ships in coves on the uninhabited peninsula in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Pichilingue (from Dutch Vlissingen) is documented to the early eighteenth century, but Coromuel (from Cromwell) only to the mid-nineteeth century.
Proper Names in Maupassant's Short Stories
Authors: Schapira Charlotte
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn his numerous novels and short stories, Guy de Maupassant used an enormous number of proper names, some of which were his own invention. He used a variety of methods to create names, and he used names in various ways, ranging from comical to significant narrative purposes.
A Pair of Desert Saints: Name Symbolism in Peter Shaffer's Equus
Authors: Simpson Hassell
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe names of the two protagonists in Peter Shaffer's drama Equus allude to “desert saints” in different senses, suggesting the celibacy, loneliness, and idealism of those characters, as well astheir conflict and kinship on matters of rebellion and religious belief. Other names in the play, including that of the hospital setting, refer to a variety of cultural antecedents. Although the effects 'of these names are much subtler than those of such names in fiction, the end result for Shaffer is a verbal symbolism that amplifies and undergirds his potent thesis.
Games with Names in Midnight's Children
Authors: Millward Celia
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn Midnight's Children, Salman Rushdie integrates the meanings of names into the fabric of the novel itself, overtly points out many of his games with names, and even makes bilingual jokes with the names he uses. The origins of Rushdie's hundreds of names and nicknames reflect the multicultural background of India and Pakistan.
Wisdom of Zeus
Authors: Partington Anna
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Mediterranean deity Zeus is a stalwart character of ancient Greek literature, credited with a variety of roles, including ‘father of gods and of men,’ ‘king of the immortals,’ ‘cloud gatherer,’ ‘counsellor,’ and ‘thunderer.’ A comparative exploration of Mideast and European languages offers cultural insights into the meaning of the name Zeus.
Mapping Names
Authors: Vasiliev Irina Ren
Published: January 2014

AbstractUsing computers to make maps of geographic, personal, or other names can provide an efficient means of making numerous maps from the same database. Onomastic maps can be drawn using a variety of software, available for both DOS/Windows and Macintosh.
The Influence of Media on Given Names
Authors: Vandebosch Heidi
Published: January 2014

AbstractMass media, especially television, appears to be playing an increasingly important role in selecting and giving names. The media are providing a pool of potential names, associating them with particular social characteristics and presenting some names as more desirable than others. The practice of “naming after stars” illustrates how media can stimulate the use of certain positively-associated names. Negative name stereotypes may be created or confirmed by the media, especially by television drama, which may, consciously or unconsciously, lead to the depopularization of some names.
A Medley in the Spectrum: Color Names
Authors: Harder Kelsie B.
Published: January 2014

Abstract[To my mentor and my friend Wilhelm Nicolaisen, who has many times dragged me clear of onomastic disasters, I dedicate this small token of my respect for his great mastery of scholarship in many disciplines and also for his witty and colorful personality]Color names can all be called metaphorical and have come about in accord with human concepts of reality or realities. They are also arbitrary; and probably in common with all names, they have no real relationship with the material, but they take on a reification of their own. So far, lexicographers have not accepted the advertising nomenclature, preferring to rely on earlier names and on chemical synthetic bases of natural pigments. Occasionally, the base or original color combinations take on the name of the mixer, Bke being an instance, from the name of the originator, Nathan Bice, although advertisers generally ignore original names and freely substitute their own preferences.
Contributions of the United States Geological Survey to the Documentation of Alaska Native Names, 1950–75
Authors: Kari James
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe mapping of Alaska, primarily at the beginning of the twentieth century· and again just after the middle of the century, documented thousands of native-language placenames. A recent study of the placenames of a 3,800-square-mile area centered on the Stevens Village ancestral lands adjacent to the Yukon River provided the correct forms of more than 200 Athabaskan placenames, and rescued much of the oral system that had fallen into disuse. A systematic review should be undertaken of the approximately 3,000 Alaska native names collected in the 1950-75 period so that more accurate versions could be considered for adoption. An essential resource for such a review is Donald Orth's 1967 Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, which provides precise citations of sources.
A Further Note on the “Title + First Name” Form of Address
Authors: Murray Thomas E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the March, 2002 issue of this journal I published an essay in which I stated that the “title + first name” form of address (Dr. Phil, Dr. Laura) had only recently been created. But that is clearly untrue: the “title + first name” formula is at least as old as the mid-nineteenth century in American English (and very likely dates to colonial times), and is well-attested much earlier in British English. In fact, worldwide the phenomenon probably dates to the advent of first names. This brief essay provides examples of the “title + first name” form of address from throughout history, speculates on some of the functions it has probably served, and calls for additional research on many aspects of the phenomenon.
“Kankakee”: An Old Etymological Puzzle
Authors: McCafferty Michael
Published: January 2014

AbstractAll the analyses offered for the venerable old Illinois and Indiana placenames “Kankakee,” including those suggested in the 18th century, have been incorrect. There are basically two reasons for this: 1) As written, the term “Kankakee” is nonsensical and unanalyzable; 2) the language the name came from became extinct and did not enjoy a solid linguistic examination and reconstruction until the the closing years of the 20th century. The French explorer Cavelier de La Salle was the first European to record the hydronym that in time would evolve into “Kankakee”. It was his name for the combined Illinois River-Kankakee River waterway. Monolingual La Salle commonly botched his Native placenames recordings. Fortunately, he did a reasonably good job recording this placenames.
For Richard Schmal
Surnames and American Trademark Law
Authors: Adams Michael , Adams Jennifer Westerhaus
Published: January 2014

AbstractAmerican law discourages trademark registration of words that look and sound like surnames, yet some surnames are trademarks or parts thereof. The controlling issue in determining whether a mark is “primarily merely a surname” is its primary significance to the purchasing public, but several factors contribute to this determination: (1) surname rareness; (2) personal relation to the surname; (3) alternate meanings; (4) whether the mark has the structure and pronunciation of a surname; and (5) the mark's style. Thus, rarer, semantically developed, transparently onomastic words have a better chance of trademark status: it is by no means easy to determine what counts as the look and sound of a surname. Trademark law inadvertently promotes onomastic discrimination. Because the mass of American consumers easily identifies Western European surnames, those names are better protected from commercial appropriation. The “look and sound of a surname,” after all, is culturally determined. As a result, the law both reflects and reinforces attitudes about what counts as a surname and what doesn't.
Larger Than Life: Titanic And Her Name Heritage
Authors: Edgette J. Joseph
Published: January 2014

AbstractRanked as one of the worst maritime disasters of all time, the well-known story of the tragic maiden voyage of R.M.S. Titanic has been thoroughly researched and retold periodically with renewed interest through means of popular culture and literature. This article identifies, discusses, and analyzes pertinent observations that, in turn, reveal specific patterns regarding the practice of names and naming that came to light during the process of examining the gravemarkers and cenotaphs of her passengers. Beginning with the origin of the ship's name, the evolution of her nicknames, and the patterns revealed by the names of her first-class passengers, a case can be made for the role of class distinction in the preservation and replication of names held by America's aristocracy. Sources of data were confined to primary documents, archival materials, and field notes and photographs taken during the last five years spanning the United States and Canada.
The True Name Movement: Japanese Teachers' Struggle for Empowering Korean Children.
Authors: Tai Eika
Published: January 2014

AbstractPersonal naming has been central to the state's control of Koreans in Japan, but it has also been an important political strategy for Korean activists to challenge Japanese authorities. In the 1970s, Japanese teachers in public schools formed a true name movement, in which they encouraged Korean students to discard their false (Japanese) names, declare their true (Korean) names and true identities, and fight against ethnic discrimination. When the movement began, this rhetoric effectively captured the minds of Korean students. However, it became problematic in the 1980s, when the movement gradually spread. More and more Korean children became attached to their Japanese names and took those names as their true names; For them, the rhetoric was a rigid system of ethnic classification, in which a personal name, an ethnic self, and the true self signified one another. Yet, the movement helped them learn the political significance of personal naming.
“Hopeless Colored Names” A Taxonomy of Naming and Re-naming Rituals in Baraka's Dutchman
Authors: Pinchoff Thomas A. Greenfield and Sarah
Published: January 2014

AbstractEven as naming rituals stand among the most persistent themes in African-American literature, Imamu Amiri Baraka's Dutchman, the most important play of the 1960s Black Arts Movement, is singular in the centrality of naming to its dramatic structure and meaning. From the profusion of over thirty-five different names, epithets, and appellations with which Lula (a young white female) and Clay (a young African-American male) manipulate and vitiate each other, we construct a taxonomy of three separate, interconnected naming rituals for analyzing the dramatic functions of naming in Dutchman: an Ethnic Cleansing Ritual, a Sexual and Gender Dissolution ritual, and an Existential Negation ritual. Each naming ritual reveals its own truth about. the overarching conflicts of the drama and, in tandem with the other naming rituals, elucidates Dutchman's links to its predecessors in both canonical African-American writing and modern European existentialist drama.
The Struggle for a Standard: Evidence From Place Names
Authors: Tan Peter K. W.
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn Singapore several languages and several dialects of English contend for the distinction of “standard.” A brief history of standardization of English is given along with a consideration of the differences between the situations in Britain and the U.S. on the one hand and countries in East and Southeast Asia on the other, in particular the fact that in Britain and the U.S. there has been no official state involvement in developing a standard language or variety but in Singapore there is considerable government intervention through such programs as the Speak Good English Movement. Street names provide a useful source of data which suggest that the Singapore government prefers as “standard” names which echo English over Malay or Chinese, thus demonstrating the more prominent position of English.
Modelling of melting and solidification behaviour during laser spot welding
Authors: Katayama Seiji , Mizutani Masami , Matsunawa Akira
Published: January 2014

It is well known that rapid solidification and fast cooling rates occur in pulsed laser spot welds. It is particularly difficult, but important, to determine various solidification parameters in terms of development of novel microstructure, prevention of welding defects, and improvement in mechanical properties. Therefore, in this study, a heat conduction and solidification model considering the effects of microsegregation and latent heat is developed to provide a reasonably good knowledge of rapid melting and solidification behaviour in such a spot weld. It was confirmed that the latent heat would greatly affect thermal histories during solidification and growth rates of cellular dendrite tips. Also, microsegregation models on the basis of the pseudobinary phase diagram are proposed for rapid solidification to obtain a better knowledge of thermal histories and growth rates of cellular dendrites. These models could be utilised to reveal variations in a molten pool and a mushy zone region during spot welding, and consequently to reduce cracking in laser spot welds of commercially available aluminium alloy.
Grain refinement and hydrogen embrittlement in iron aluminide alloy FA129
Authors: Fasching A. A. , Edwards G. R. , David S. A.
Published: January 2014

Iron aluminides are susceptible to hydrogen cold cracking during gas tungsten arc welding. Fine grained base materials have been shown to be more resistant to environmental embrittlement when tested in the presence of water vapour than coarse grained base materials. To study the effect of fusion zone grain size on cold cracking susceptibility, welds were produced using magnetic arc oscillation to refine the fusion zone grain structures. Tensile tests were conducted in varying water vapour atmospheres, on weldments with average fusion zone grain sizes ranging between 115 and 530 μm. Fracture strength data followed Hall–Petch behaviour and the effect of water vapour concentration was also incorporated into the traditional plot. The results of the tensile tests showed the finer grain size fusion zones were less susceptible to hydrogen cracking and more tolerant of high hydrogen concentration than coarse fusion zone grain structures.
Measurement and theoretical investigation of arc sensor sensitivity in dynamic state during gas metal arc welding
Authors: Mao W. , Ushio M.
Published: January 2014

This paper shows the experimental and the theoretically predicted results of the sensitivity characteristics of the arc sensor in a dynamic state during gas metal arc welding. First, a mathematical model of the sensor for theoretical prediction was introduced, and then the rationality of the model was confirmed by a series of corresponding experiments. Finally, simulation analyses were made in order to clarify how the welding system and welding conditions affect the sensitivity characteristics of the arc sensor. It is shown that the frequency of torch height variation (the sensor's input) significantly affects the sensitivities of the welding current and the welding voltage (the sensor's outputs). The current sensitivity is highest when the frequency of torch height variation is ∼5 Hz, but the voltage sensitivity simply increases with the increase of torch height variation frequency. It is also clarified that a decrease in the welding loop's inductance and/or the equivalent output resistance of the welding power source improves the sensor's current sensitivity but decreases voltage sensitivity. Decreasing the electrical resistance, but with an increase in electric field intensity of the arc column, or using a shorter setting electrode extension are useful ways of increasing the current and voltage sensitivities of the sensor.
New model for prediction of ferrite number of stainless steel welds
Authors: Babu S. S. , Vitek J. M. , Iskander Y. S. , David S. A.
Published: January 2014

A new semi-empirical model for predicting the ferrite content of stainless steel welds has been developed. This model predicts the ferrite number of stainless steel welds as a function of composition. The model is based on an equation representing the free energy change between ferrite and austenite. This model has been derived from published data of experimental weld metal compositions and their corresponding ferrite numbers. The predictive capability of this model was found to be good and describes the effect of alloying elements on the ferrite number. This model is comparable in accuracy to currently available constitution diagrams but is applicable to a wider range of alloy compositions.
Review of factors affecting condition assessment of nickel based transition joints
Authors: Parker J.D. , Stratford G.C.
Published: January 2014

The high temperature performance of welds manufactured between ferritic low alloy steels and austenitic stainless steels is critical to power plant operation. The fabrication of these joints via established procedures using nickel based consumables should ensure adequate service life. However, low ductility failures as a consequence of creep cavitation at interfacial carbides have been reported in these welds within less than 10 years of operation. Accurate assessment of damage develop ment in plant welds is therefore required to prevent unplanned outages. Remaining life predictions can be made using post-exposure testing provided material is available. Non-destructive assessments are preferred and the potential exists for establishing techniques based on monitoring cavity density or strain accumulation.
Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in bovine placentas
Authors: Su Jianmin , Wang Yongsheng , Xing Xupeng , Liu Jun , Zhang Yong
Published: January 2014

Background

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that is essential for epigenetic gene regulation in development and disease. To date, the genome-wide DNA methylation maps of many organisms have been reported, but the methylation pattern of cattle remains unknown.

Results

We showed the genome-wide DNA methylation map in placental tissues using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation combined with high-throughput sequencing (MeDIP-seq). In cattle, the methylation levels in the gene body are relatively high, whereas the promoter remains hypomethylated. We obtained thousands of highly methylated regions (HMRs), methylated CpG islands, and methylated genes from bovine placenta. DNA methylation levels around the transcription start sites of genes are negatively correlated with the gene expression level. However, the relationship between gene-body DNA methylation and gene expression is non-monotonic. Moderately expressed genes generally have the highest levels of gene-body DNA methylation, whereas the highly, and lowly expressed genes, as well as silent genes, show moderate DNA methylation levels. Genes with the highest expression show the lowest DNA methylation levels.

Conclusions

We have generated the genome-wide mapping of DNA methylation in cattle for the first time, and our results can be used for future studies on epigenetic gene regulation in cattle. This study contributes to the knowledge on epigenetics in cattle.
Differential transcriptional profile of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in response to abiotic stresses
Authors: Pinto Anne Cybelle , de Sá Pablo Henrique Caracciolo Gomes , Ramos Rommel T J , Barbosa Silvanira , Barbosa Hivana P Melo , Ribeiro Adriana Carneiro , Silva Wanderson Marques , Rocha Flávia Souza , Santana Mariana Passos , de Paula Castro Thiago Luiz , Miyoshi Anderson , Schneider Maria P C , Silva Artur , Azevedo Vasco
Published: January 2014

Background

The completion of whole-genome sequencing for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis strain 1002 has contributed to major advances in research aimed at understanding the biology of this microorganism. This bacterium causes significant loss to goat and sheep farmers because it is the causal agent of the infectious disease caseous lymphadenitis, which may lead to outcomes ranging from skin injury to animal death. In the current study, we simulated the conditions experienced by the bacteria during host infection. By sequencing transcripts using the SOLiDTM 3 Plus platform, we identified new targets expected to potentiate the survival and replication of the pathogen in adverse environments. These results may also identify possible candidates useful for the development of vaccines, diagnostic kits or therapies aimed at the reduction of losses in agribusiness.

Results

Under the 3 simulated conditions (acid, osmotic and thermal shock stresses), 474 differentially expressed genes exhibiting at least a 2-fold change in expression levels were identified. Important genes to the infection process were induced, such as those involved in virulence, defence against oxidative stress, adhesion and regulation, and many genes encoded hypothetical proteins, indicating that further investigation of the bacterium is necessary. The data will contribute to a better understanding of the biology of C. pseudotuberculosis and to studies investigating strategies to control the disease.

Conclusions

Despite the veterinary importance of C. pseudotuberculosis, the bacterium is poorly characterised; therefore, effective treatments for caseous lymphadenitis have been difficult to establish. Through the use of RNAseq, these results provide a better biological understanding of this bacterium, shed light on the most likely survival mechanisms used by this microorganism in adverse environments and identify candidates that may help reduce or even eradicate the problems caused by this disease.
Tissue specific analysis reveals a differential organization and regulation of both ethylene biosynthesis and E8 during climacteric ripening of tomato
Authors: Van de Poel Bram , Vandenzavel Nick , Smet Cindy , Nicolay Toon , Bulens Inge , Mellidou Ifigeneia , Vandoninck Sandy , Hertog Maarten LATM , Derua Rita , Spaepen Stijn , Vanderleyden Jos , Waelkens Etienne , De Proft Maurice P , Nicolai Bart M , Geeraerd Annemie H
Published: January 2014

Background

Solanum lycopersicumor tomato is extensively studied with respect to the ethylene metabolism during climacteric ripening, focusing almost exclusively on fruit pericarp. In this work the ethylene biosynthesis pathway was examined in all major tomato fruit tissues: pericarp, septa, columella, placenta, locular gel and seeds. The tissue specific ethylene production rate was measured throughout fruit development, climacteric ripening and postharvest storage. All ethylene intermediate metabolites (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), malonyl-ACC (MACC) andS-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)) and enzyme activities (ACC-oxidase (ACO) and ACC-synthase (ACS)) were assessed.

Results

All tissues showed a similar climacteric pattern in ethylene productions, but with a different amplitude. Profound differences were found between tissue types at the metabolic and enzymatic level. The pericarp tissue produced the highest amount of ethylene, but showed only a low ACC content and limited ACS activity, while the locular gel accumulated a lot of ACC, MACC and SAM and showed only limited ACO and ACS activity. Central tissues (septa, columella and placenta) showed a strong accumulation of ACC and MACC. These differences indicate that the ethylene biosynthesis pathway is organized and regulated in a tissue specific way. The possible role of inter- and intra-tissue transport is discussed to explain these discrepancies. Furthermore, the antagonistic relation between ACO and E8, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibiting protein, was shown to be tissue specific and developmentally regulated. In addition, ethylene inhibition by E8 is not achieved by a direct interaction between ACO and E8, as previously suggested in literature.

Conclusions

The Ethylene biosynthesis pathway and E8 show a tissue specific and developmental differentiation throughout tomato fruit development and ripening.
Association of epicardial fat with left ventricular diastolic function in subjects with metabolic syndrome: assessment using 2-dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Park Hyo Eun , Choi Su-Yeon , Kim Minkyung
Published: January 2014

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is related with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and poor cardiovascular outcome. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness, measured by echocardiography, is increased in subjects with MetS. However, the association of EAT with LV diastolic function has not been evaluated in subjects with MetS.

Methods

In this retrospective study, EAT thickness was measured in 1,486 consecutive asymptomatic patients with no known heart disease who had transthoracic echocardiography during a self-referred healthcare exam. Subjects with a history of ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy or significant valvular heart disease were excluded. LVDD was defined as E/e’ ratio ≥ 15. Subjects were grouped into two groups, those with MetS and those without.

Results

MetS was present in 346 subjects. There was no difference in LV systolic function between the two groups. However compared to patients without MetS, patients with MetS had larger left atrium (LA) size and higher E/e’ ratio (38 ± 5 versus 35 ± 5 mm for LA and 10.0 ± 3.3 versus 8.7 ± 2.7 for E/e’ ratio in subjects with versus without MetS both p < 0.001). LVDD was found in 27 (7.8%) subjects with MetS, compared to 30 (2.6%) subjects without MetS (p < 0.001). In subjects with MetS, EAT was significantly correlated with LVDD, even after adjusting for other cardiometabolic risk factors such as age, systolic blood pressure, BMI, blood glucose and LDL cholesterol (OR 1.845, 95% CI 1.153-2.951, p = 0.011).

Conclusion

Greater EAT is found in subjects with MetS. EAT is significantly associated with LVDD in subjects with MetS, even after adjusting for other risk factors.
Developing and validating risk prediction models in an individual participant data meta-analysis
Authors: Ahmed Ikhlaaq , Debray Thomas PA , Moons Karel GM , Riley Richard D
Published: January 2014

Background

Risk prediction models estimate the risk of developing future outcomes for individuals based on one or more underlying characteristics (predictors). We review how researchers develop and validate risk prediction models within an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis, in order to assess the feasibility and conduct of the approach.

Methods

A qualitative review of the aims, methodology, and reporting in 15 articles that developed a risk prediction model using IPD from multiple studies.

Results

The IPD approach offers many opportunities but methodological challenges exist, including: unavailability of requested IPD, missing patient data and predictors, and between-study heterogeneity in methods of measurement, outcome definitions and predictor effects. Most articles develop their model using IPD from all available studies and perform only an internal validation (on the same set of data). Ten of the 15 articles did not allow for any study differences in baseline risk (intercepts), potentially limiting their model’s applicability and performance in some populations. Only two articles used external validation (on different data), including a novel method which develops the model on all but one of the IPD studies, tests performance in the excluded study, and repeats by rotating the omitted study.

Conclusions

An IPD meta-analysis offers unique opportunities for risk prediction research. Researchers can make more of this by allowing separate model intercept terms for each study (population) to improve generalisability, and by using ‘internal-external cross-validation’ to simultaneously develop and validate their model. Methodological challenges can be reduced by prospectively planned collaborations that share IPD for risk prediction.
Age-dependent ferritin elevations and HFE C282Y mutation as risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in males: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Kennish Lauren , Attur Mukundan , Oh Cheongeun , Krasnokutsky Svetlana , Samuels Jonathan , Greenberg Jeffrey D , Huang Xi , Abramson Steven B
Published: January 2014

Background

Age, gender and genetic predisposition are major intrinsic risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA). Iron increases are associated with age and gene mutation. In the present study, we examined whether serum ferritin, an indicator of total body iron stores, correlates with clinical features in patients with OA, and whether the hemochromatosis Fe (HFE) gene mutation plays a role.

Methods

In a 2-year longitudinal observational study, 127 patients with knee OA and 20 healthy individuals (controls) were enrolled. All patients underwent standardized weight-bearing fixed-flexion posteroanterior knee radiographs. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed for serum ferritin, and genotyped for HFE using allelic discrimination methods.

Results

Higher levels of serum ferritin were found in patients older than 56 years (P =0.0186) and males (P =0.0006), with a trend toward higher ferritin in patients with OA. HFE gene mutation carriers were more prevalent among patients with OA than among healthy controls. When stratified further by gender, we found that male patients with OA had higher levels of serum ferritin than male control subjects [odds ratio = 4.18 (limits of 95% confidence interval: 0.86–27.69, P = 0.048)]. Analyses of radiographic data indicated that higher ferritin was associated with narrower joint space width at baseline (P = 0.032) in male patients. Additionally, among men, risk prediction of radiographic severity [Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade >2)] in the higher ferritin group was almost five times that of the lower ferritin group (odds ratio = 4.74, P = 0.023).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that increased ferritin levels are associated with symptomatic knee OA in males. This finding needs to be validated in a larger cohort of patients.