bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity, Food Consumption and Nutritional Status among Female High School Students in North Denpasar
Authors: Zuhdy Nabila , Ani Luh Seri , Utami Ni Wayan Arya
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Optimal nutrition status will lead to health and productive adolescent. Recently, double burden of nutritional status has occurred among adolescent, including underweight and overweight. This study assessed that relationship among adolescent in urban area.
Methods: This study was cross-sectional survey with a total sample of 75 female students who were randomly selected from three high schools. Data were collected by interviews using a structured questionnaire, Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ) and Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaires (APARQ). Anthropometric measurement was done for height, weight, middle upper arm and stomach circumference. Data of food consumption were analyzed using software Nutri-Survey, WHO Anthro Plus. Thecorrelation of risk factor and nutritional status were tested by linier regression.
Results: This study supports the evidence of double burden in nutritional status among high school female students. Despite 18,67% of chronic energy deficiency, 8% students were overweight. Consumption of snack and fast food was also frequent, that may relate to high level of fat sufficiency among them. Variable significantly associated in all indicators of nutritional status was weight control (p<0.05). Physical activities had no significant relationship to nutritional status.
Conclusion: There was double burden of nutritional status among high school female students especially overweight. Weight control had significant relationship toward nutritional status, while physical activities had no significant relationship to nutrition status.
Risk Factors of Low Birth Weight (LBW) among Infants at dr. R. Soedjono General Hospital East Lombok
Authors: Yuliani  , Putra I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka , Windiani I Gusti Ayu Trisna
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The infant mortality rate related to low birth weight (LBW) in the East Lombok district increased from 18.0% in 2012 to 26.1% in 2013. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of LBW among infants in dr. R. Soedjono General Hospital, East Lombok.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted in dr. R. Soedjono General Hospital involving 59 LBW and 118 normal weight infants as controls (1:2) which were selected by systematic random sampling. Secondary data regarding chronic energy deficiency and anemia were collected using medical records and delivery register. Data on maternal characteristics,birth spacing, access to antenatal care,  socioeconomic status, cigarette smoke exposure, wood smoke exposure and mosquito repellent exposure were collected through interviews. Data were analyzed using bivariate to determine crude OR and multivariate to calculate adjusted OR.
Results: Characteristics of cases and controls was similar in terms of education, employment and maternal parity, but significantly different in age. Multivariate analysis showed that variables significantly associated with LBW were income with OR=2.3 (95%CI: 1.06-4.9), cigarette smoke exposure with OR=2.9 (95%CI: 1.31- 6.33), chronic energy deficiency with OR=3.1 (95%CI: 1.24-7.59) and maternal ages <20 years or >35 years with OR=3.2 (95%CI: 1.46-6.90). Wood smoke exposure and anemia were not significantly associated with LBW with OR=1.2 (95%CI: 0.44-2.88) and OR=1.1 (95%CI: 0.82-1.27).
Conclusion: Risk factors associated with LBW among infants were low income, cigarette smoke exposure, chronic energy deficiency and mother’s age <20 years or >35 years.
Association of Competence, Motivation and Nurse Workload with Nurse Performance at Mental Hospital in Bali Province
Authors: Budiawan I Nengah , Suarjana Ketut , Wijaya I Putu Ganda
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Average Bed Occupation Rate (BOR) of Mental Hospital in Bali Province in 2014 amounted to 85.3% with an average length of stay about 50 days. Preliminary study indicated inadequate performance of nurses at Mental Hospital in Bali. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of competence, motivation and nurses workload with the performance of nurses in wards of Mental Hospital in Bali Province.
Methods: This research was a cross sectional survey. The subjects of the study consisted of all nurses in the inpatient unit, amounting to 111 people. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and observation sheet filled out by the head of the room. Data were analyzed using bivariate with chi-square test, and multivariate with logistic regression method.
Results: Bivariate analysis showed significant association between the performance of nurses with competence and motivation (p<0.001), however no association with workload (p=0.94). Multivariate analysis showed that the performance of nurses was associated with competence with AOR=65.38 (95%CI: 6.88-621.52) and with motivation (AOR=61.71; 95%CI: 7.15-532.59), however was not significantly associated with workload (AOR=1.012; 95%CI: 0.32-3.17).
Conclusion: The performance of nurses was significantly associated with competence and motivation, however not associated with workload.
Disease History and Delayed Diagnosis of Dengue Infection as Risk Factors for Dengue Shock Syndrome in Wangaya Hospital Denpasar
Authors: Yatra I Made Suganda , Putra I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka , Pinatih Gede Ngurah Indraguna
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a serious public health concern in Bali Province, especially in Denpasar wherein the incidence rate amounted to 217.7 per 100,000 in 2014. This figure is much higher than national incidence of 51 per 100,000. Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) frequently occur alongside high mortality. This research aims to identify risk factors of DSS among DHF patients hospitalized in Wangaya Hospital Denpasar.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted. Cases (47) were DSS patients and controls (94) were dengue patients hospitalized in Wangaya Hospital in 2013- 2014. Data were collected from medical records on as age, gender, duration of fever, dengue history, haematocrit, platelets, class of care and health insurance.
Results: Risk factors that independently associated with DSS were history of previous dengue infection with adjusted OR=11.6 (95%CI=1.83-73.96), duration of fever before admission ≥4 days with adjusted OR=5.5 (95%CI: 2.03-14.96), haematocrit ≥42% with adjusted OR=2.8 (95%CI: 1.02-7.68), platelets <50,000/mm3 with adjusted OR=5.2 (95%CI: 1.88-14.36), and third class ward with adjusted OR=2.9 (95%CI: 1.01-8.29).
Conclusion: History of previous dengue infection and delay in recognizing the symptoms of dengue fever increased risk of DSS. In addition, patients who hospitalized in the third class ward had higher risk of DSS.
Perceived Benefits as Variable Related to Voluntary Enrolment in the National Health Insurance Program (JKN) at Public Health Centre I East Denpasar
Authors: Widhiastuti Ida Ayu Putri , Januraga Pande Putu , Wirawan Dewa Nyoman
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: By 2019 all Indonesian citizens should be covered by the JKN program. In 2015 the proportion of population covered by JKN was 53.4%, constituting 34.0% paid by the government, 4.3% by their employer and 3.9% independently, while 57.8% were not covered by JKN. In order to achieve universal coverage there needs to be increased enrolment from non-government employees and people who work independently. This study aims to understand the relationship between out patient enrolment and sociodemographic variables, information about JKN, perceived risk of falling sick, perceived benefits and barriers to access JKN.
Methods: Cross sectional sample survey was conducted among 188 households, consist of 94 non-employee JKN participants and 94 respondents not yet enrolled. Data was collected through interview and analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using logistic regression.
Results: Exposure to JKN information was 89.36%. Bivariate and multivariate analysis showed that the only variable associated with JKN enrollment was perceived benefits with adjusted OR=4.53 (95%CI: 2.15-9.55). There was no association with sociodemographic variables, information regarding JKN and health status risk perception.
Conclusion: Variable connected with voluntary JKN enrolment at Primary Health Care I Denpasar East was perception of benefits.
Factors that Contribute to the Acceptance of Vasectomy as Contraception Option in East Lombok Regency
Authors: Ardiana Yudi , Januraga Pande Putu , Karmaya I Nyoman Mangku
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The national family planning program currently promotes the role of husbands as acceptors of vasectomy as contraception. The Wanasaba Sub-district of the East Lombok Regency is one of the areas with a high number of acceptors. This phenomenon needs to be understood more deeply in order to increase vasectomy contraception uptake in other areas. This study aims to understand in depth the factors that contribute to the acceptance of vasectomy as contraception in the Sub-District of Wanasaba of East Lombok.
Methods: The study used a qualitative design with phenomenology approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. The study was conducted among 20 participants consisting of five couples of vasectomy acceptors and five couples of non-vasectomy acceptors. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results: Research showed that the decision to undergo vasectomy was voluntarily and swift without any pressure or coercion from providers or others. The main factor contributing to the acceptance of vasectomy was the availability of free, direct and fast services facilitated efficiently by providers and cadres. Another factor was economical owing to the fact that hormonal contraceptive was considered costly. The driving factor for the acceptance of vasectomy was active support from the spouse along with social acceptability of the process from the community.
Conclusion: Service availability, in addition to the involvement from health workers and cadres were crucial in providing information on the procedure, and in promoting and facilitating vasectomy uptake. It is necessary to improve the capacity of cadres, family planning field workers and family planning motivators in order to increase the number of vasectomy acceptors.
Relationship between the Responsiveness of Service Providers with Patient Satisfaction at Three Conventional Radiography Services in Denpasar
Authors: Ariwidyastuti Cokorda Istri , Januraga Pande Putu , Duarsa Dyah Pradnyaparamita
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Patient satisfaction, including on radiography services, is an important component of health care provision. Surveys on patient satisfaction have been carried out particularly in government hospitals, but a more detailed study to determine the relationship between patient satisfaction with the responsiveness of service providers has yet to be carried out. This study aims to determine the relationship between the six domains of responsiveness of service providers and outpatient satisfaction at three conventional radiography facilities in Denpasar.
Methods: Study was conducted by cross-sectional survey of 158 respondents selected consecutively in three conventional radiography services, namely a government hospital, a private hospital and a private radiology clinic. Data were collected through interviews using modified questionnaires on responsiveness from WHO. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate (chi-square test) and multivariate logistic regression method.
Results: Univariate analysis indicated that patient satisfaction was 69% but still below the minimum service standards (>80,0%). Multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with satisfaction were the domain of attention (AOR=3.77; 95%CI: 1.62-8.76), the quality of infrastructure (AOR=4.57; 95%CI: 1.61-12.93) and communication (AOR=6.30; 95%CI: 1.75-22.64).
Conclusion: Patient satisfaction was generally still below the standard. Domains of responsiveness associated with patient satisfaction were the quality of infrastructure, level of attention and communication skills of service providers.
Maternal and Infant Risk Factors on The Incidence of Neonatal Asphyxia in Bali: Case Control Study
Authors: Widiani Ni Nyoman Ayuk , Kurniati Desak Putu Yuli , Windiani I Gusti Ayu Trisna
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012 showed neonatal mortality rate (AKN) in Indonesia amounted to 19/1000 live births. The causes were respiratory distress or asphyxia (35.9%), premature delivery, low birth weight (32.4%) and sepsis (12%). Neonatal asphyxia in the last 5 years at Sanglah Hospital in Denpasar relatively stagnant namely: 2010 (8.6%), 2011 (9.3%), 2012 (11.6%), 2013 (8.3%), and 2014 (11.3%). This study aims to identify risk factors of mothers and infants to neonatal asphyxia.
Methods: The study design was a case control with a sample of 172 infants of 86 cases and 86 controls were selected randomly from the birth register at Sanglah Hospital in 2015 and matched by age of gestation. Cases were neonatal (0-28 days) born with asphyxia, while control were neonatal without asphyxia. Data analysis was performed using univariate, bivariate (chi square test) and multivariate using logistic regression.
Results: The study finding showed that significant risk factors which increased the incidence of neonatal asphyxia were nuchal cord with adjusted OR (AOR)=6.55 (95% CI: 2.34 to 18.33); anemia during pregnancy with AOR=6.49 (95% CI: 2.21 to 19.03); prolonged labor with AOR=6.27 (95% CI: 1.37 to 28.70), low birth weight with AOR=3.85 (95% CI: 1.61 to 9.18); maternal age <20 years and >35 years with AOR=3.57 (95% CI: 1.48 to 8.61) and hypertension during pregnancy with AOR=2.40 (95% CI: 1.06 to 5.44).
Conclusion: Mathernal and infant factors that increased risk of neonatal asphyxia were nuchal cord, anemia during pregnancy, prolonged labor, low birth weight, maternal age <20 years and >35 years and hypertension during pregnancy.
High parity and chronic energy deficiency increase risk for low birth weight in Situbondo District
Authors: Ekowati Dyah , Ani Luh Seri , Windiani I Gusti Ayu Trisna
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) in Situbondo District increased from 2.79% in 2008 to 5.85% in 2014. The highest prevalence in 2015 was found in Bungatan Subdistrict (11%). This study aims to determine risk factors of LBW in Bungatan Subdistrict, Situbondo.
Methods: A case control study was conducted in Bungatan Subdistrict. A total of 60 infants born at the Bungatan Public Health Centre were included in the study. Cases were infants with LBW and controls were those with normal birth weight. All infants born with LBW were taken as cases (20 infants) while 40 controls were selected using a systematic random sampling. Data were collected from February to March 2016. Data were analysed using bivariate and multivariate technique with logistic regression test.
Results: The majority of respondents were unemployed (80%), aged between 20-35 years during the pregnancy (53.33%), with parity of ≤3 (66.67%), low education level (61.67%), anemia during the pregnancy (68.33%), good nutritional status (75.00%), poor nutrition intake during the pregnancy (51.67%) and without pre-eclampsia (88.33%). Parity of >3 increased the risk of LBW (AOR=6.4; 95%CI: 1.66-24.75). Chronic energy deficiency increased the risk of LBW (AOR=5.6; 95%CI: 1.41-22.57).
Conclusions: Parity of more than three and chronic energy deficiency increase the risk for LBW in Bungatan Public Health Centre, Situbondo District.
Predictors of improved nutritional status among HIV/AIDS patients who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar
Authors: Utarini Gusti Ayu Eka , Sawitri Anak Agung Sagung , Merati Ketut Tuti Parwati
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with improved nutritional status among HIV/AIDS patients. This study aims to examine proportion, median time, incidence rate, and predictors of improved nutritional status among HIV/AIDS patients who received ART at Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar.

Methods: A restrospective cohort study was conducted in Denpasar City. A total of 207 medical records of HIV/AIDS patients who received ART between 1st of January 2012 and 30th of June 2015 were included in the study. Kaplan Meier analysis was performed to calculate incidence rate and median time of improved nutritional status among HIV/AIDS patients. Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical variables included body mass index (BMI), body weight, haemoglobin level, CD4 count, HIV clinical stadium, ART regiments, and opportunistic infections (OIs). Data were analysed using cox proportional hazard model to identify predictors of improved nutritional status among HIV/AIDS patients.

Results: As many as 65.22% of HIV/AIDS patients who received ART experienced an improvement in their nutritional status with the incidence rate of 9.1 per 100 person months and median time of 6.1 months. Multivariate analysis showed that predictors of improved nutritional status were BMI at ART initiation (AHR=1.34; 95%CI: 1.16-1.5), HIV clinical stadium (AHR=1.45; 95%CI: 1.02-2.06), CD4 count at ART initiation (AHR=0.89; 95%CI: 0.81-0.99) and the presence of diarrhoea (AHR=1.83; 95%CI: 1.06-3.14).

Conclusions: Predictors of improved nutritional status among HIV/AIDS patients who received ART were BMI, HIV clinical stadium, CD4 count and diarrhoea.
Direct and Indirect Factors Influencing Selection of Birthing Attendants in Gunungsari, West Lombok (NTB)
Authors: Aryaniti Ni Nyoman , Wulandari Luh Putu Lila , Karmaya I Nyoman Mangku
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: This study aims to determine the direct and indirect factors influencing the selection of birth attendants in Gunungsari subdistrict, West Lombok.

Methods: This study was cross-sectional with a purposively selected sample of 27 mothers giving birth assisted by non-health professionals. Samples of those assisted by health professionals were taken by means of proportional systematic random sampling in Gunungsari and Penimbung health centers, respectively 29 of 916 and 14 of 437. Exogenous factors were maternal education levels, attendance to ANC classes, knowledge levels regarding to birthing attendants, maternal attitude, family support, and access to facilities. Birth attendant selection was the endogenous factor. Data were collected by means of interviews. Data analysis includes descriptive and inferential analysis with path analysis by linear regression.

Results: The majority of respondents were 21-25 years old (87.4%), housewives (47.14%) had education under high school (65.72%) and were married (88.57%). Family support had a direct influence in decision making with a coefficient of 0.534 and 35.54% influence overall. Attendance to ANC classes in addition to family support had an indirect influence with a coefficient of 0.520 and 34.78% influence overall. Family support had a direct influence and the factor of attendance to ANC classes and family support has an indirect effect with the overall effect of 70.32%.

Conclusion: The presence of the husband/family was needed in ANC class, through an implementation of schedule agreement.
Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Early Married Couples in Aikmel Subdistrict, East Lombok District
Authors: Aryanti Hery , Ani Luh Seri , Karmaya I Nyoman Mangku
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Early marriage considered as a major issue in Indonesia including West Nusa Tenggara Province with a prevalence of 23.9%. This results in the increasing number of total fertility rate (TFR) as many as 2.8 children. This is higher than the national TFR (2.36). An effective implementation of family planning program can decrease TFR. Until currently very limited study have identified factors associated to the use of contraceptive methods among early marriage couple in Aikmel Subdistrict East Lombok.

Method: This is a cross-sectional quantitative study involving 84 early marriage women in Aikmel Subdistrict East Lombok. Samples were selected using convenience method and were interviewed to obtain data related to characteristic, contraceptive method history, knowledge, information from health provider and support from their husband. Data were analysed using univariate and bivariate (chi square test).

Results: The majority of respondent’s first time marriage were at aged ≥17 year (64.3%). Most of the respondents have low education level (66.7%) and do not work (57.1%), have low level of knowledge (92,9%), lack of information from health provider (91.7%) and lack of support from husband (51.2%). Husband’s support was found to be the most significant factor associated to contraceptive use among early marriage women (p<0,001). Other factors including age at first marriage, education level, employment, level of knowledge and information from health providers were not statistically associated to contraceptive use.

Conclusion: Support from husband is the most significant factor associated to contraceptive use among early marriage women in Aikmel Subdistrict East Lombok.
Manager Factor Associated to the Compliance of Local Smoke-Free Regulation among Star Hotels in Badung District
Authors: Devhy Ni Luh Putu , Astuti Putu Ayu Swandewi , Duarsa Dyah Pradnyaparamita
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Smoke-free area regulation has been issued recently in Bali Province and Badung District. This study aimed to identify factors associated to the compliance of local smoke-free regulation in star hotel.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analytic study conducted in Badung District from March to May 2014. Samples were 104 hotels and the managers that selected using systematic random sampling. Compliance data collected through observation using the observation form and the data of managers through interviews using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and poisson regression.

Result: The results shows that the compliance of star hotels to local smoke-free regulation was low (15.4%). The concrete support of hotel managers was significantly associated with the compliance to smoke free regulation (PR=4.25; 95%CI: 1.03-17.58). The factors that not significantly associated to the compliance were the knowledge (PR=2.0; 95%CI: 0.8-4.9), attitude (PR=2.5; 95%CI: 0.8-8.2), and organization support (PR=1.8; 95%CI: 0.7-4.5). Furthermore the hotel compliance of managers who have smoking behavior was 0% while the managers without smoking behavior, the compliance was 19.5%.

Conclusion: The compliance of star hotels in Badung District on the implementation of local smoke-free regulation was relatively low and the compliance was associated with the presence of concrete support of the hotel managers.
Consideration of Including Male Circumcision in the Indonesian HIV Prevention Strategy
Authors: Sutarsa I Nyoman
Published: April 2024

The findings from SR on ‘male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men’ are warranted to be introduced. Male circumcision can reduce HIV transmission among sexually active men by 38 – 66%. This finding is highly relevant to Indonesian context and partially transferable because of: (1) the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia, ranging from concentrated and generalised HIV epidemics; (2) heterosexual contact is a major route of HIV transmission; and (3) the demographic feature of high risk population. These facts alone, however, do not sufficiently address applicability issues to justify implementation. There are three major applicability issues that should be taken into consideration: (1) HIV/AIDS epidemic and the centrality of sex workers in the transmission of HIV in Indonesia; (2) cultural and social reluctance; and (3) health system readiness. Complete community readiness assessment and a complete applicability-transferability attributes assessment are essential prior to adoption. This requirement mandates a new field of research agenda in Indonesia. In the current situation, the SR finding on male circumcision potentially impacts national policy and regulation - particularly in disseminating information strategy. The findings provide immediate justification to start promoting the health benefits of male circumcision to the wider community.
Early marriage practices and the health impacts on female adolescent health in Central Lombok: a qualitative study
Authors: Herliana Baiq Rizka , Utami Ni Wayan Arya , Kurniati Desak Putu Yuli
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Early marriage through merariq or eloping tradition is a common practice in West Nusa Tenggara particularly in Central Lombok. Early marriage leads to several negative consequences on the reproductive health of female adolescents. This study aims to explore early marriage practices and its impacts on the reproductive health of female adolescents in Central Lombok.
Methods: A qualitative study with a case study approach was conducted, and seven early married female adolescents purposively selected as the study participants. Interviews were also conducted with two family members of the female adolescents, one community leader, and a midwife who worked as an adolescent health coordinator at a public health centre. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach to map the reasons for early marriage and its impacts on the reproductive health of female adolescents.
Results: Our in-depth interviews revealed that several reasons associated to early marriage practices were: lacking in knowledge regarding the effects of early marriages, perceived benefits of early marriages including perception on maturity and logical thinking, and social sanctions from the society because it considered a disgrace when the eloped girl returned home. Several negative consequences of early marriages emerged from this study were complicated pregnancy/delivery, low birth weight, and undernourished children. Our informants concerned about the psychological effects of early marriages which include fear, regret, and depression. Eloped female adolescents lose their agency for decision making including the right for further education.
Conclusions: Early marriage practices bring negative health consequences to female adolescents. An active collaboration across health sector and community leaders is required to provide sufficient information regarding the harmful effects of early marriages. Also, a more effective communication strategy using a family-based approach is required to appropriately target female adolescents with health information associated with the impacts of early marriage.
Why do HIV-positive pregnant women discontinue with comprehensive PMTCT services? A qualitative study
Authors: Suryanti Putu Emy , Sari Komang Ayu Kartika , Januraga Pande Putu , Lubis Dinar
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) is a government program aimed at preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. A comprehensive PMTCT program involves the implementation of HIV testing up to antiretroviral (ARV) treatment for mothers with positive HIV test results. Coverage of comprehensive PMTCT remains low, with many HIV-positive pregnant women who discontinued ARV treatment. This study aims to explore the reasons of HIV-positive pregnant women to discontinue with the comprehensive PMTCT program.
Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in Badung District, Bali Province, with seven respondents: one HIV-positive pregnant woman who did not continue the ARV treatment, two HIV-positive women who gave birth the previous year and did not take ARV, three public health centre (PHC) providers, and one head of PHC. Respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed thematically. The results presented narratively to illustrate the reasons why HIV-positive pregnant women discontinued with the comprehensive PMTCT program.
Results: The emerging themes related to the reasons of HIVpositive pregnant women discontinued with the comprehensive PMTCT program included the lack of comprehensive PMTCT-related information, the lack of health provider assistance, and the high stigma towards people living with HIV (PLHIV). These barriers were affecting the willingness of HIV-positive pregnant women to continue with the program.
Conclusions: Lack of comprehensive PMTCT-related information, lack of assistance by health care providers, and high public stigma impacts upon HIV-positive pregnant women’s willingness to continue with comprehensive PMTCT program. There is a need for a minimum service standard in the implementation of comprehensive PMTCT services and comprehensive information on HIV infection in order to reduce the stigma towards PLHIV.
The association between hypertension self-management and stroke event in male patients at the Badung District Hospital, Bali
Authors: Sutini Ni Kadek , Septarini Ni Wayan , Wirawan I Made Ady , Sawitri Anak Agung Sagung
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke. Despite efforts to control hypertension with pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, the prevalence of and death from stroke is reported to be increasing. This study aims to determine the association of hypertension self-management with the incidence of stroke in patients with hypertension.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 44 patients suffering from hypertension and who had suffered a stroke as cases, as well as 44 patients with hypertension and without stroke as controls. Cases and controls were conveniently selected at the outpatient clinic of Badung District Hospital. Data on self-management of diet, physical activity, stress mitigation efforts, alcohol consumption, and medication adherence were collected using self administered questionnaire. Data on the diagnosis of hypertension, stroke and history of comorbidities were obtained from the patient’s medical records. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was employed to assess the association between hypertension self-management with the incidence of stroke in patients with hypertension.
Results: Characteristics of cases and controls did not differ in education, marital and socioeconomic status, but differed in age and employment. Multivariate analysis showed that there were three components of hypertension self-management associated with the incidence of stroke, namely poor adherence to medication (AOR=7.28; 95%CI: 2.19-24.17), poor self-management of stress (AOR=5.45; 95%CI: 1.56-18.99), and poor management of self-regulated diet (AOR=5.28; 95%CI: 1.31-21.32).
Conclusion: Medication adherence, diet and stress management are the three main components of self-management that are associated with stroke events among hypertension patients. Efforts to increase medication adherence, diet and stress management should be enhanced.
Hospital facilities, occupational safety environment and self-efficacy as predictors of healthcare-associated infections prevention and control compliance in nurses of inpatient care units
Authors: Adiningsih Luh Yulia , Nopiyani Ni Made Sri , Wirawan Made Ady
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The implementation of healthcareassociated infections (HAIs) prevention and control program in hospitals remains sub-optimal. The present study aims to determine the relationships between nurse’s self-efficacy, hospital’s occupational safety environment, and the availability of facilities, with the compliance on HAIs prevention and control in hospital inpatient care units.
Methods: Cross-sectional survey was conducted with 128 nurses selected using systematic random sampling at Buleleng District Hospital’s inpatient care units. Data collection was conducted in March 2018 using self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of five sections including characteristics of respondents, HAIs prevention and control practices, self-efficacy, occupational safety environment and the availability of facilities. Bivariate analysis was conducted to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficients between variables. Multivariate analysis was performed with multiple linear regressions to examine self-efficacy, occupational safety environment and availability of facilities as predictors of the compliance on HAIs prevention and control.
Results: The study shows that 56.2% of nurses reported good compliance on HAIs prevention and control practices. Bivariate analysis shows a significant correlation between HAIs prevention and control compliance scores and self-efficacy (r=0.45; p=0.00), occupational safety environment (r=0.53; p=0.00), and the availability of facilities (r=0.65; p=0.00). Multivariate analysis shows that the availability of facilities is a significant predictor of HAIs prevention and control compliance (β=0.49; p<0.01) while self-efficacy and the occupational safety environment are also found to be significant predictors, although with lower standardized coefficients: β=0.16 (p=0.03) and β=0.17 (p=0.04), respectively.
Conclusion: The significant predictors of compliance on HAIs prevention and control are availability of facilities, self efficacy and hospital’s occupational safety environment. This study highlights the importance of optimizing the availability of facilities, improving the occupational safety environment, and enhancing nurses’ self-efficacy in order to reduce the incidence of HAIs in hospitals.
Heterogeneity effect of technical measures: Evidence from the Vietnam seafood trade
Authors: Nga Le Thi Viet , Minh Doan Nguyen
Published: April 2024

The free trade movement sweeping across the globe has destabilized the role of tariffs and emphasized the importance of technical measures as the main tool for regulating trade. The effect of technical measures on trade flow is both controversial and ambiguous despite their undeniable popularity in both theoretical and empirical literature.  Empirical evidence shows both a positive and negative relationship between technical measures and trade volume which raises the question of “what determinants create and dictate the heterogeneity associating with the effect of technical measures on trade”. This paper aims at constructing a theoretical foundation that explains the mechanics by which technical measures affect trade flow  and identifies the existence of the heterogeneity effect of SPS and TBT measures on Vietnam’s seafood exports by using a gravity model with a combination of PPML and moderator estimation. Accordingly, an additional SPS measure boosts the export of Vietnam’s seafood by 0.3%  but an additional TBT measure decreases Vietnam’s seafood  export by 1.9% on average. Furthermore, the results   of this study also confirm the moderating role of firms’ efficiency and consumers’ preferences in determining  the impact of technical barriers on trade. This paper also recommends some solutions for the Vietnamese  government and enterprises to enhance their ability to comply with TBT and SPS measures to promote seafood export.
Analysis of the Interaction of Oceanic Cloudiness with the Upper Oceanic Stratum
Authors:   Independent Researcher, La Motte en Champsaur, Hautes-Alpes, France, Zeltz Éric
Published: April 2024

Objective: This paper addressed the relationship between two physical quantities of interest in climatology: the thermal energy present in the upper ocean stratum (UOS) and the oceanic cloudiness (OC), i.e., the one located above oceans. Methods: The interplay between these physical quantities was pointed out by analyzing the time series of seasonal and diurnal anomalies of ocean's total cloud cover, and the anomalies of the thermal energy present in the UOS. We examined these time series to identify signals indicative of interactions between the UOS and OC. We then aimed to explain these interactions at a climatological level. Finally, for validation, we demonstrated that our explanations are consistent with a global climatological model that we developed. Results: It was demonstrated that in both cases, the time series could be described as a Markov-1 alternating type, exhibiting similar structures. This led to the conclusion that the OC served as a natural thermostat in relation to the thermal energy contained in the UOS. By using a simple mathematical model previously introduced in a recent paper by the author (2023) to account for the thermal exchanges between the troposphere and the UOS, we confirmed that the OC acted as a natural thermostat for the thermal energy in the UOS. This "natural thermostat" effect, incorporated in the model, resulted in simulations projecting significantly less warming by 2095 compared to those from most existing global climate models (GCMs). Conclusion: Methodologically, this paper confirmed the interest of using Markov chains to identify climatological interactions. The developed GCM, utilized for validating hypotheses explaining these interactions, proved simple and efficient for simulating key climatological parameters in the evolution of the global climate. On a strictly scientific level, the work's main contribution lies in providing a definitive answer about cloud cover feedback in global warming, establishing it as significantly negative.
Technology Integration in Music Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: O'Leary Emmett J. , Bannerman Julie K.
Published: April 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic caused schools to implement a variety of teaching modalities, with technology playing a central role in teachers’ work. Music education was no exception. Music teachers were required to use educational technology in new ways throughout pandemic teaching, but it was unknown if the pandemic would foment meaningful changes to ongoing educational praxis or represent a temporary adaptation in teaching. This descriptive qualitative study explored music educators’ experiences teaching with technology during the COVID-19 pandemic and their expectations for using technology in their classrooms moving forward. Fourteen music educators from throughout the United States participated in two semistructured interviews describing their work during and through the pandemic. Findings indicated that pandemic music teaching environments and the complexities of teaching in new modalities intensified known barriers to technology integration, such as access, training, and alignment with teachers’ pedagogical values (Ertmer et al., 2012; Francom, 2020). Participants actively evaluated and curated technology for use in their classrooms, with varying levels of access and support. Music teachers engaged in self-directed professional development, relying on colleagues and online professional communities on social media. Although music teachers reported greater comfort with technology for music teaching, many welcomed a return to normal learning environments as pandemic constraints eased. Findings suggest that pandemic-related adjustments to teaching practices will not foment sustainable technology integration in participants’ music classrooms.
CONJUNCTIVITIS INFECTION: A BRIEF REVIEW ON ITS CLASSIFICATION, ETIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
Authors: ZULFIQAR M , RAFIQUE S , HABIB A , QADER A , ASGHAR A , RIAZ R
Published: April 2024

Conjunctivitis is a common inflammatory disease in humans, and it has different types of categories, such as acute, chronic, infectious, and noninfectious. Conjunctivitis may break as an epidemic in different areas of the world. It causes discomfort in the eyes. Some signs and symptoms like redness of the eye, eye discharge, grittiness of the eyes, and lashes sticking together may appear. Based on etiologic agents, conjunctivitis is classified as viral conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, follicular conjunctivitis, and neonatal conjunctivitis. It may be due to contact with people having eye infections. Many strains of bacteria, viruses, and allergens cause different types of conjunctivitis. Many treatment strategies are applied to treat various kinds of conjunctivitis worldwide. Usually, antibiotics are used for the treatment of conjunctivitis, such as ophthalmic ointments erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and fusidic acid treatment. As a home remedy, many people wash their eyes with normal saline and water to reduce the duration of eye diseases.
EARLY TRACHEOSTOMY MIGHT DECREASE THE DURATION OF HOSPITALIZATION AMONG ICU PATIENTS
Authors: SARWAR T , PERVAIZ R , AKASH S , ARIF HMH , ABDELBAKY AM , AWAD AHA , BANO S , RAZA S
Published: April 2024

Background: Prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients can result in adverse outcomes, prompting consideration of tracheostomy (TQT) as a potential intervention. However, the optimal timing for TQT remains uncertain, necessitating further investigation into the clinical characteristics of patients undergoing early versus late TQT. Objectives: To compare outcomes, including duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stays, and mortality rates, between patients undergoing early TQT (within approximately ten days of oro-tracheal intubation) and those undergoing late TQT (after ten days). Study Design: This study utilised a retrospective cohort design. Setting: Data were collected from patients admitted to Bahria International Hospital's ICU. Duration of Study: Data collection occurred between January 2022 and December 2023. Material and Methods: Patients were stratified based on the timing of TQT placement, and clinical outcomes were analysed accordingly. Parameters assessed included duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stays, and mortality rates. Results: Patients in the early TQT group demonstrated shorter ICU and hospital stays (20 ± 17 vs. 33 ± 23 days, p = 0.03; 43 ± 33 vs. 53 ± 49 days, p = 0.01, respectively), reduced duration of mechanical ventilation (18 ± 15 vs. 31 ± 19 days, p < 0.001), and a higher ICU survival rate (64% vs. 55%).  Conclusion: Early tracheostomy placement, performed within ten days of mechanical ventilation initiation, appears to confer benefits in shorter ICU and hospital stays, reduced mechanical ventilation duration, and improved ICU survival rates. These findings highlight the importance of timely TQT placement in critical care management strategies.
The Influence of Mannan Oligosaccharides and Beta Glucan Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Constituents, and Cecal Parameters of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Osman Moustafa Amin , Motawe Hady Fathy Abbas , Shoukry Mohsen Mahmoud , El-Komy Esteftah Mohamed , Khattab Marwa Salah , Radwan Ahmed Saad , Hamouda Reda El-Sayed
Published: April 2024

Growth promoters in poultry feed have been under severe attention since antibiotics were banned for use in animal diets by the European Union. Thus, it has been important for poultry researchers to find alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) to boost the health and production performance of poultry. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding ALTIMOS® (cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; mannan oligosaccharides [MOS] + beta-glucan [BG]) to broiler diets on productive performance, blood parameters, intestine histopathology, and cecum microbiota of broiler chicken. A total of 252 one-day-old Ross chicks were randomly selected and divided into seven treatments, with six replicates of each treatment. The treatments were the control group (0% feed additives), and groups that received 0.05, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500, 1.0, and 2.0 g MOS+BG /kg basal diet for 35 days feeding trial. The results showed that during most trial periods, the group fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 g MOS+BG/kg had the highest body weight and weight gain, as well as the lowest feed consumption and best feed conversion ratio, compared to other treated groups. Moreover, this group had the best productive performance in the accumulative period. The inclusion of MOS+BG at 1.0 g/kg diet showed no significant effect on carcass percent compared to the control group. In addition, the inclusion of MOS+BG at 1.0 g/kg diet resulted in the lowest count of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in the cecum, the highest Lactobacillus bacteria count among all experimental treatments, and a higher yeast count compared to the control group. The group fed 1.0 g MOS+BG/kg ration had the lowest blood cholesterol, whereas there were no significant differences among all experimental groups in the measured liver functions. Notably, the Hemoglobin percentage in the group fed MOS+BG at 1.0 g/kg feed was the highest. In the group fed 1.0 and 2.0 g MOS+BG/kg, the intestinal villi length was longer, and the histopathology revealed mild alteration. Overall, the supplementation of 1.0 g MOS+BG/kg diet improved growth performance, blood constituents, and cecum’s beneficial bacteria counts of broilers.
The Fusion of Inflation and Economic Growth: A Time Series Analysis
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent city, Uzbekistan, Hakimov Hakimov ,   Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent city, Uzbekistan,   Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent city, Uzbekistan,   Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent city, Uzbekistan, Vikorjon Bakhriddinov , Ural Kodirov , Nabieva Nilufar
Published: April 2024

This study addresses the two types of fusion between inflation and economic growth in Uzbekistan. The first is the quantitative relationship between inflation and economic growth, and the second is the marginal relationship between them. The first relationship is based on a simple regression model, while the second analysis is carried out by a threshold regression model. Also, the threshold regression model itself has been analyzed using two methods (TSLS and OLS). The data for the research was covered from 2000 to 2022. Also, the variables used in the analysis were checked for stationarity by the Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests. The predictors were included in the study after confirmation of hypothesis tests that were positive. According to the results of the study, the correlation between inflation and economic growth in Uzbekistan is negative. Particularly when inflation is lower than a certain level, economic growth is influenced positively, while it has a negative effect on economic growth when it exceeds a certain level. In general, the study determined the optimal level of inflation for Uzbekistan in terms of its positive impact on economic growth.
Lack of Sleep among College Students Can Lead to Negative Emotions and Affect Memory
Authors: Li Wenyi
Published: April 2024

Sleep deprivation is associated with various disorders in most body systems. College students are one of the most significantly affected groups by sleep deprivation. However, the impact of sleep deprivation on emotions and memory has been fully demonstrated. No researchers have studied whether sleep deprivation causes social anxiety and affects college students' ability to remember words. This study aims to explore the effects of sleep deprivation on emotional control and memory abilities in adolescents. Thirty-four participants were investigated online to collect and evaluate sleep quality, Social anxiety, and vocabulary memory. The questionnaire included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Self Review Anxiety Scale (SAS), and vocabulary memory time under different sleep qualities. Correlation and regression analyses of sleep quality, Social anxiety, and memory foreword ability. There was no significant correlation between sleep deprivation, anxiety, and vocabulary memory. Research has shown that sleep deprivation does not cause stress or affect vocabulary memory. To improve the reliability of current research, future work can increase the sample size.