bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Developing a National Health Policy
Authors: Evang Karl
Published: May 2005

Since national health policy is developed through the political instruments and modalities of a given country, it would be unrealistic to prescribe a solution applicable everywhere. Health matters are “in” in the political world, due partly to the rapidly rising cost of medical care and related social services, and partly to pressure groups which have become aware of the potentialities of health services in the population. Also, the “man-consuming” sector of society, industry and war machines, can use man as he is produced by nature only to a limited extent; more must, therefore, be invested in his health. The emergency period in health protection and promotion is over in the richer parts of the world. However, few countries have yet produced a national health policy. The difficulties encountered in this process are discussed, and it is suggested that a great deal can be learned from the initiative, in the 1920s, of a recommendation by the Health Section of the League of Nations that every country develop a national food policy. It is argued that it is time for the World Health Organization to urge its member states to develop and introduce a national health policy.
A Profile of Computer Use among the University of Illinois Humanities Faculty
Authors: Jacobson Michael J. , Weller Martha H.
Published: May 2005

The faculty of the School of Humanities of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) were surveyed to assess their current use of and attitudes towards educational computing. The respondents were generally self-trained in computer use, indicated positive attitudes to, and made frequent use of computers. Frequency of computer use, level of general computing skills, computer interest, and anxiety were analyzed according to respondent rank, sex, and age. Faculty perceptions of obstacles to computer use in the humanities indicate a need to address issues of funding for hardware, quality of software, training, and technical support. The main faculty interests in applications software include word processing, desktop publishing, graphics, database management, communications, and computer-assisted instruction. While recognizing that humanities faculty do not have the same level of involvement in computing as faculty in more “technical” disciplines, UIUC humanists, as a group, are clearly not intimidated by computer technology.
The Psychology of Colombian Street Children
Authors: Aptekar Lewis
Published: May 2005

This article calls into question the diverse perceptions of the street children in Colombia. Through the use of participant observations and the administration of the Bender-Gestalt, Kohs Block Designs, and Human Figure Drawing tests, the author explains the psychology of the street children. Their behavior on the streets is explained as being rational and appropriate to their circumstances. Since most of the children are not actively rejected by their families, and because they receive support among their peers and from private benefactors in the society, their mental health is not as bad as popularly believed. The misperceptions of them and of the way they are treated by the society are explained in the context of the family and class structure in Colombia. The dominant society consists of patrifocal families that raise children to be submissive to their fathers, whereas the lower social classes raise their children in matrifocal families, which do not have men in them, and which encourage their children to be independent at an early age. The children in their early public display of liberty symbolically threaten the man's dominance in the patrifocal family system. As a result the children's skills are devalued.
The Effects of Using an Advance Organizer on Students' Learning in a Computer Simulation Environment
Authors: Kang Sook-Hi
Published: May 2005

This study investigated whether an advance organizer could facilitate learning in a computer simulation environment. It also examined the differential effectiveness of an advance organizer across three different grade levels. Sixty-six students, evenly distributed by grades fifth, sixth, and seventh, participated in the study. Within each grade, students were randomly assigned to the advance organizer group or the non-organizer group. A simulation was developed using HyperCard. A post-test was used to measure effectiveness in terms of achievement gains. Analyses of data showed significant differences between the organizer and the non-organizer groups as well as across grade levels. However, the organizer-by-age interaction was not significant. The instructional effectiveness of the organizer did not rely on age in any significant way.
Elaboration in Text as Breadth and Depth
Authors: Ramsey Shirley
Published: May 2005

This study compares two community newspapers, through content analysis, for indices of elaboration identified through various theoretical sources. The object of the study is to trace the relationship of economic development and technological growth to use of elaborative elements in text describing science and technology. One community was ascertained by census and other data to be developing; the other community was determined to be stagnant; indices for depth and breadth in coverage, use of visualization in figures of speech, and other indices were compared. Copy from the developing area showed strong correlations of all indices for breadth and depth; coverage from the other area, while containing elements of visualization, showed fewer correlations.
Experiential Training of Primary Health Workers in Nigeria
Authors: Egwu I. N.
Published: May 2005

A training program which encourages trained primary health workers in Nigeria to develop and integrate theoretical and community-relevant skills, is described. Prior to field work (field posting), students received lectures on health concepts related to their prospective field assignments. They were then tested on these concepts at the end of the lectures. Practice modules, as an operational approach in the community were developed. There was evidence to suggest enhanced knowledge base, better understanding of the principles of primary health care, and an appreciation of the role and desirability of community-oriented training. The applicability of these findings to the training of other cadres of health workers, including medical students, is suggested. Their implications for the development and practice of primary health care are discussed.
Alien Rescue: A Problem-Based Hypermedia Learning Environment for Middle School Science
Authors: Liu Min , Williams Doug , Pedersen Susan
Published: May 2005

This article describes an innovative hypermedia product for sixth graders in space science: Alien Rescue. Using a problem-based learning approach that is highly interactive, Alien Rescue engages students in scientific investigations aimed at finding solutions to complex and meaningful problems. Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional strategy proven to be effective in medical and business fields, and it is increasingly popular in education. However, using PBL in K-12 classrooms is challenging and requires access to rich knowledge bases and cognitive tools. Alien Rescue is designed to provide such cognitive support for successful use of PBL in sixth-grade classrooms. The design and development of Alien Rescue is guided by current educational research. Research is an integral part of this project. Results of formative evaluation and research studies are being integrated into the development and improvement of the program. Alien Rescue is designed in accordance with the National Science Standards and the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for science. So far Alien Rescue has been field-tested by approximately 1400 sixth graders. More use in middle schools is in progress and more research on its use is planned.
A Comparison of Adult Bereavement in the Death of a Spouse, Child, and Parent
Authors: Sanders Catherine M.
Published: May 2005

The Grief Experience Inventory (GEI) and the MMPI were used to assess bereavement reactions in 102 newly bereaved individuals; 107 controls were also assessed. Intensities of bereavement reactions were compared across three types of deaths experienced, i.e., spouse, child, and parent. Significantly higher intensities of grief were noted in parents surviving their child's death. A distinct number of physiological symptoms were noted in the bereaved group as compared to controls. Frequent church attenders were more likely to respond with higher optimism and social desirability but more repression of bereavement responses than were less frequent church attenders. Income did not appear to contribute negatively to bereavement itself but rather to the constellation of debilitating variables which surrounds those with low income. There were no differences in bereavement intensities between those who survived a chronic-illness death as compared with sudden death situations.
The Social Nature of the Definition Problem in Health
Authors: Kelman Sander
Published: May 2005

In this article it is argued that through the adoption of the appropriate theoretical approach and the derivation of suitable analytical categories, the definition problem in health can be seen as operational, nontrivial, and highly problematic to the determination of health care policy. Specifically, an attempt is made to isolate the social basis of the definition of health. Part one develops the theoretical approach to the problem. First, notions of health are traced paradigmatically, then a historical materialist approach is employed to develop the social basis of an operational, contemporary definition of health. This definition is then compared with other existing definitions, and part one concludes with a discussion of the possibilities of a normative definition. Part two applies the new definition by reinterpreting parts of the history of public health and medicine, and concludes with a discussion of how this definition is highly problematic to the major structural reforms currently under way in the American health care system.
Coping Mechanisms in Patients Presenting for in-Vitro-Fertilization
Authors: Sonawalla Shamsah , Parikh Rajesh , Parikh Firuza
Published: May 2005

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to assess the coping mechanisms in patients presenting for in-vitro fertilization (IVF).

Methods:

We evaluated thirty consecutive couples presenting for in-vitro-fertilization. All couples were interviewed individually at first, and then together, using a semi- structured interview technique. Psychiatric diagnoses were made using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV) criteria. Coping mechanisms used by the individuals were assessed using the Mechanisms of Coping Scale (MOCS). Other instruments used were Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Self-Rating Symptom Scale (SRSS), and Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI).

Results:

The mean age of the sixty patients was 32.3 ± 5.2 years. Fatalism was the commonest factor on the mechanisms of coping scale. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) across all factors of the MOCS for demographic factors showed that men used problem-solving mechanisms significantly more often than women ( F = 3.0, df = 1, 58, p < 0.05). ANOVA across coping factors on stressors with post-hoc tests of significance revealed that individuals facing social stress used fatalism significantly more often than other coping mechanisms, while those facing career stress used problem-solving significantly more often than other coping mechanisms ( F = 5.6, df = 1, 58, p < 0.05 and F = 3.04, df = 1,58, p < 0.01 respectively). ANOVA across coping factors on HAM-D-17 scores revealed that individuals who used fatalism had significantly higher HAM-D-17 scores compared to those who did not ( F = 4.4, df = 1, 58, p < 0.05). ANOVA across coping factors on HAM-A scores revealed that individuals who used escape-avoidance had significantly lower HAM-A scores than those who did not ( F = 4.3, df = 1, 58, p < 0.05). ANOVA across coping factors on SRSS scores revealed that individuals who used passivity or fatalistic coping mechanisms had significantly higher scores on SRSS than who did not ( F = 4.6, df = 1, 58, p < 0.05 and F = 3.5, df = 1, 58, p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Differential patterns of coping were found among the sixty individuals presenting for IVF and were associated with a variety of factors including gender, education, stressors, and levels of depression, anxiety, and overall psychopathology. Efforts to recognize and recruit the coping mechanisms of infertile individuals are likely to enhance their ability to participate effectively in treatment.
Belief in Life after Death and Societal Integration
Authors: Hynson Lawrence M.
Published: May 2005

Using a secondary analysis of a national probability sample collected in 1973, the author concluded that religious belief does affect the norm of functional integration. Specifically, the research compared those who accept a belief in an afterlife and those who do not with how they perceived social relationships. It was found that believers more often saw people to be more helpful, trusting, and fair than nonbelievers. These three items were combined into a measure of functional integration and were significantly related with belief even with controls for other variables. These findings were consistent with the classical views of Durkheim and other sociologists.
Why Did August Strindberg Not Kill Himself?
Authors: Shulman Ernest
Published: May 2005

The Swedish playwright, August Strindberg (1849–1912) spent the years 1894–1896 in a self-described “Inferno” when he believed himself literally in hell. A man with prior suicidal tendencies, he developed persecutory delusions pointing to the definite possibility of suicide by 1896. His recovery in 1897, followed by a short partial relapse, and then renewed recovery in early 1898 led to a productive and stable, albeit lonely, final period of life with less feuding and pessimism, and more emotional balance. Scholars have tended to credit his adoption of some of Swedenborg's ideas as instrumental in his recovery. However, an alternative interpretation is offered, focusing on human-relations aspects of his life. This interpretation emphasizes validation of his essential sense of himself as tormented genius and later as loving Father as the critical recovery variables. The relative importance of different facts presumed to have prevented Strindberg's possible suicide is discussed.
Importance of “Significant Others” in Predicting Cooperation with Diabetic Regimen
Authors: Shenkel Randee Jae , Rogers Joseph P. , Perfetto Greg , Levin Roberta
Published: May 2005

Patients' cooperation with their medical regimen is of prime importance in the treatment of a chronic illness such as diabetes. A psychosocial model of behavioral prediction developed by Fishbein was used to examine compliance intentions among diabetic patients. Patients' beliefs about the consequences of following their diet were identified. Surprisingly, how important following the regimen was to “significant others” in a patient's life was a stronger predictor of behavioral intention than were the patient's own beliefs.
Introduction: Organizational Change and Work Reforms at the Levels of Society, Trade Union, Work Group, and Task
Authors: Johansson Gunn
Published: May 2005

This article introduces the third series of articles in the Special Section on work organization and health. The authors follow up on themes addressed in earlier articles, among them the interrelations between work organization and health, organizational obstacles to democratization at the work place, and the need for employee involvement in attaining and developing democratic forms of work organization.
Vision Spontaneously Establishes the Percept of Pictorial Balance
Authors: Locher Paul , Nagy Yvonne
Published: May 2005

The present experiment sought empirical evidence that pictorial balance can be detected spontaneously with the first glance at a painting. Stimuli consisted of color and black-and-white reproductions or adaptations of structurally balanced paintings and one or more reconstructed less balanced versions of each work of art. Art-trained and untrained subjects rated the compositions for balance on a 6-point Likert scale after presentation durations which permitted either a single fixation (100 ms) or multiple fixations (5 s). The results show that both naive and sophisticated participants discriminated the less balanced from the more balanced versions of the black-and-white paintings with a single glance at each. They were also able to discern differences in balance among the color stimuli in the single fixation condition, but not the subtle differences in balance between the two versions of each painting. Subjects' assessment of a composition's balance based on stimulus information encoded with one fixation did not significantly change when exposure duration permitted multiple fixations of that composition. Data are consistent with the view that the induced structural organization resulting from the balanced configuration of a painting's element is detected spontaneously by the eye “at first glance.”
Some Unsolved Problems of Science News Reporting
Authors: Robbins Jan C.
Published: May 2005

Standardized news selection, rigidly patterned reporting, and an outdated conception of the nature of the scientific enterprise have produced a misleading picture of science in the mass media. The ferment of scientific ideas, the revolutionary impact of scientific change, the variety of ways in which science has been practiced, and the fundamental importance of intellectual creativity in science have all been underplayed. Thoughtful, interpretive reporting based on a broad understanding of the history, philosophy, and sociology of science could vastly improve public understanding.
The Writer, the Reader, and the Scientific Text
Authors: Bernhardt Stephen A.
Published: May 2005

Using examples from journal articles in the natural sciences, the author argues that scientific writing has conventions of personality which are rhetorically constrained. Writers represent themselves and their readers at specific junctures in the text through the use of pronominals, verbs entailing reasoning, modals expressing possibility or obligation, and adjectives or adverbs which qualify assertions. Seven rhetorical acts are identified which are likely to bring the writer and/or the reader to the surface of the text: 1) acknowledging assistance; 2) referring to one's own research; 3) justifying hypothesis selection; 4) justifying methods chosen or departures from established methods; 5) explaining adjustments to results or inability to interpret results; 6) stating conclusions and comparing conclusions to those of other studies; and 7) discussing implications for reader behavior.
Providing Insight into SQL
Authors: Reye James D.
Published: May 2005

SQL is the well-known, industry-standard language for accessing relational databases. Although users often have no trouble writing simple queries in SQL, most people experience difficulties in correctly formulating and understanding more complex queries. To help users gain a greater insight into SQL, a special interface has been developed. This is intended as a support tool for introductory database courses. This system provides two special facilities: 1) a progressive execution option, which allows the user to receive immediate feedback on an SQL query as it is being entered on a word-by-word basis; and 2) additional windows which allow the user to view an illustration of what is occurring inside an SQL query, as well as the final results.
Development of Videotapes for Teaching College Accounting in a Nontraditional Format
Authors: Burke George C. , Farris Michael
Published: May 2005

Videotapes and a workbook were developed, tested, and implemented to deliver accounting courses in a nontraditional format to students of Southwest Texas State University.
The Significance of Seeds in Eastern Woodlands Prehistoric Economy: A Contextual Analysis
Authors: Conaty Gerald T.
Published: May 2005

Macrobotanical remains from eight archaeological sites in the Eastern Woodlands are compared to determine if there are significant trends in the paleoeconomic importance of seeds. Data obtained from feature-fill and from general midden deposits present different profiles of the significance of seeds in prehistory. It is argued that the context from which data are obtained must be considered in any discussion of the significance of that information.
A Review of “The Need to Reassess Technical Communication's Methods, Assumptions, and Directions”
Authors: Skelton Terry
Published: May 2005

The present confusion over what technical communication is or ought to be is a temporary condition brought on by challenges like those issued by Paul Anderson, John Brockmann, and Jack Selzer. They have raised important issues which challenge practices and assumptions which many of us in the field have accepted tacitly. However, the weaknesses they have identified in the disciplines of theory and pedagogy do not necessarily indicate the failure of those disciplines to come of age. Thomas Kuhn's concept of “paradigm” suggests that such criticism may actually indicate new growth in already mature disciplines.
A Comparison of Technological and Adaptive Strategies between Normanskill Occupations in the Delaware and Hudson Valleys
Authors: Stevens J. Sanderson
Published: May 2005

Review of models concerning hunter-gatherer subsistence (Cleland, 1976), resource procurement (Binford, 1980), and land-use patterns (Pagoulatos, 1992) suggests different adaptive strategies should be expressed in the archaeological record through variations in settlement patterns and technological assemblages. Comparison of data regarding site location, tool diversity, feature diversity, and subsistence strategies indicates Normanskill groups in the Hudson and Delaware valleys employed different adaptive strategies. Specifically, these data suggest Normanskill groups in the upper Delaware Valley employed a technological system and adaptive strategy which emphasized two site types, namely base camps and nearby target locations. Conversely, River phase groups in the Hudson Valley practiced a more diversified strategy whereby resources were procured and initially processed at target locations and subsequently returned to the base camp for final processing, distribution, and consumption. Observed differences in the respective technological systems and adaptive strategies have implications for their associated territorial range, social structure, and relationship with Broadspear groups.
Increasing the Oral Communication Competencies of the Technological Student: The Professional Speaking Method
Authors: Geonetta Sam C.
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses a method to improve the oral communication competencies of technological students that has been utilized successfully at the University of Missouri-Rolla, the main scientific/engineering school of the University of Missouri system. Methods of individual instruction are explored, including personal assessment of strengths and weaknesses, individualization of course goals, time management, and the reduction of communication anxiety. Methods of group instruction are also detailed, including different types of oral presentations the technologist might be expected to make, building a professional attitude, the professional portfolio, and out-of-class speaking experience. Two premises form the basis for these methods. First, that a strong individual approach will significantly increase competencies in oral communication while reducing anxiety. And second, that emphasizing a professional attitude will encourage the student to work to his capacity in improving his competencies, and will prepare him to be a more effective professional.
A Systematic Review of Parent-Oriented Programs to Prevent Children's Use of Alcohol and other Drugs
Authors: Elmquist Donna L.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this review was to analyze systematically the characteristics of twenty-two instructor-led parent-oriented programs. An objective of each of these programs was to prepare parents to prevent their children's alcohol and other drug use. To conduct this program review, the author developed 120 criteria for analyzing and reviewing the characteristics of the programs. The criteria were grouped under five main topics or components: 1) general characteristics, 2) instructional characteristics, 3) skills addressed, 4) generalization methods, and 5) evaluation. The author then trained two uninformed reviewers to review with reliability each program. The results of the reviews are summarized according to program characteristics. Recommendations are based upon the review results. These results and recommendations can help prospective users make an informed decision before they adopt or invest in a program.
“Home Burial” and “Dead Baby”: Poetic Perspectives in Medical Education
Authors: Nixon Lois LaCivita , Wear Delese
Published: May 2005

This article illustrates the use and value of literature in increasing one's sensitivity and compassion in areas extending beyond the prescribed boundaries of medical training and practice. “Home Burial” by Robert Frost and “Dead Baby” by William Carlos Williams portray in different ways the anguish and despair of parents after a child's death. If anatomy, biochemistry, and micro-biology prepare health care providers for the clinical dimensions of their work, these poems attend to other attributes of good care giving.
Teachers' Perceptions of Instructional Technology and Staff Development
Authors: Chin Sabrina Su-Fen , Hortin John A.
Published: May 2005

Technology changed teachers' roles from a centralized position to that of a decentralized position. This article examines that role change and discusses the factors that cause teachers to use or not use technology in their classroom. Also, suggestions for successful inservice training in technology are discussed and suggestions for changing attitudes about technology are presented.
The Grief Process as a Social Construct
Authors: Wambach Julie Ann
Published: May 2005

The grief process was observed as a social construct during a 1981–82 field study of three widows support groups in Phoenix, Arizona. The grief process was accepted by widows and professionals as a fact that was not contestable. They shared the image of a survivor as a wayfarer through the territory of grief, and the grief process was seen as an aid for the widow on her journey. There were two forms of aid: as a timetable and as a guide. As a timetable, the grief process was a list of points of demarcation along the way with specified times for reaching each. Used as a timetable, the grief process contributed to widows' distress and concern about time and events. As a guide, the grief process was a series of sign posts the traveler could notice along the way to gauge her progress through grief; differences and changes were indicated over time but no appropriate durations were stipulated. Used as a guide, the grief process contributed to rebuilding widows' previously easy definition and placement of events within the flow of time. The investigator pointed out that the grief process was originally the product of scholarly writers and that these findings have implications for interactions among widows, popular writers, professionals, and researchers.
Educational Technology: Will it Spread?
Authors: Gerardi Robert , Benedict Gary , Burke Michael A.
Published: May 2005

A turning point in the computer revolution is at hand. During the past twenty-five years spectacular developments in electronic technology have occurred. The probable future for instructional technology is an extension of current directions in computer, video, and other areas of electronic technology. Production of media materials will be simplified by programmable personal computer cameras that record images digitally rather than on film, voice activated word processing and computer graphics. Teachers may assume a defensive posture. Their fears may be groundless as there is a definite limit to the time which learners can spend at a computer terminal. The future promises to make learning truly individual and universal.
Word from the Front Lines: Injured Worker Organizations Speak Out
Authors: Hammer Allyne
Published: May 2005

An injured worker, from her experience in the system, describes the flaws in the Workers' Compensation system. She employs information gathered from injured worker organizations around the country, the Workplace Injury Studies Institute, and the findings from a 1996 study by the RAND Institute for Civil Justice. She looks at fraud in the Comp systems, and the roles of medical providers, attorneys, and insurers. She also describes the climate of suspicion around claimants in the process: how it feels to be an injured worker, and to be followed and videotaped by a hireling of an insurance company, and how she watched a fellow claimant led out of a Comp board proceeding in handcuffs.
Changing Perceptions of the Late Archaic: An Example from the Southern Southwest
Authors: Roth Barbara J.
Published: May 2005

This article examines new evidence on the Late Archaic occupation of southern Arizona and the relationship between Late Archaic and early ceramic period groups in this region. New data point to similar adaptations resulting in the presence of agricultural villages dispersed along desert waterways. The impact these data have on our interpretation of the Late Archaic and their role in subsequent ceramic period developments are discussed.
Insider/Outsider Dilemmas in the Development of an Appalachian Self-Care Health Education Program
Authors: Schiller Preston L. , Steckler Allan , Dawson Leonard
Published: May 2005

This case study examines the process whereby a community based self-care health education program was developed and implemented in a poverty-struck coal mining region of southern Appalachia. One of the principle dynamics explored here in depth is the tension between “insiders” (persons who know the area but may not be well versed in program planning, implementation or evaluation) and “outsiders”; persons who may be professionally prepared for mounting programs but are hampered in their ability to adjust to or handle the vicissitudes of an unfamiliar social or cultural situation. Suggestions are advanced as to how this tension might be better managed.
Nixon's Resignation and Death Rates: Individual/Systems Interaction in America
Authors: Marriott Cindy , Fitzgerald Joseph M.
Published: May 2005

Two studies are reported in which death rates were examined to determine the impact of Richard Nixon's resignation as a cultural/environmental event. As hypothesized, in the first study a significant dip in the number of deaths occurred in Atlanta, Georgia in the week immediately following the resignation. An examination of subpopulations indicated that the phenomenon was strongest among those individuals who had no obvious familial support system. In the second study, analysis of death rates for the entire state of Wisconsin indicated that the effect was strongest among circulatory deaths for males and neoplasmic deaths (tumor-related deaths) for females. The results are interpreted in terms of a stress hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, significant cultural events will be accompanied by emotional reactions, including stress reactions, and we may expect alterations in behavior to accompany these emotional reactions. In this instance, the behavior is death.
Perceptions about Prenatal Care among Health Providers and Mexican-American Community Women: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Alcalay Rina
Published: May 2005

Latino women in California have less access to health care, particularly prenatal care, than any other ethnic group. This exploratory study identified perceptions about prenatal care needs, barriers to utilization of health services and common health behaviors during pregnancy among a sample of Mexican American women and a sample of prenatal care providers. The research used a combination of written questionnaires and focus-group discussions to gather data from a sample of sixty Mexican American community women, and a written questionnaire only to get information from a sample of forty providers. Results showed that providers perceived Mexican American women as doing better than non-Latino women regarding a series of health behaviors during pregnancy and as doing worse regarding another set of prenatal care behaviors. Results also showed that Mexican American pregnant teenagers are at particularly high risk regarding prenatal care due to a combination of structural and cultural factors. Acculturation was found to be an important factor affecting prenatal care beliefs and behaviors among this population. This relationship deserves further study. The influence of acculturation also needs to be considered in the design of prenatal care communication strategies with Mexican American women.
Importing Vocabularies to Describe Literary Structure
Authors: Crew Louie
Published: May 2005

With the vocabularies of their own disciplines, students majoring in technical subjects can access fresh insights into how writers write. For example, the symbols of computer flowcharts may bring insights when used to monitor rhetoric. Charts of organizational hierarchies, such as those that many corporate executives use, may illuminate equally well the shifting hierarchies of the characters in a work of fiction. Graphs and charts of syntactic and lexical networks may reveal the hidden structures of a narrative. An engineering major needs to see how a writer engineers words, a business major to see how a writer establishes hierarchies, a computer science major to see how a writer devises the flow of rhetoric. If we encourage students to explain literature with the professional vocabularies of their own disciplines, we can train them as lively apprentices, not as drudges. If we English teachers heed our students' special vocabularies, we may expect students to examine our own jargon more thoughtfully, such as the vocabulary by which we chart subordination and punctuation. Literature is everyone's heritage. No discipline monopolizes the critical insight or the vocabulary with which to articulate it.
Effects of Normative Feedback on Consumption among Heavy Drinking College Students
Authors: Agostinelli Gina , Brown Janice M. , Miller William R.
Published: May 2005

College students, particularly those who drink heavily, tend to overestimate the prevalence of heavy drinking among their peers. A self-regulation model predicts that feedback of undesirable deviation from normative standards would result in correction of behavior toward perceived norms. From a screening of 568 college students, sixty-four heavy drinkers were identified and offered the opportunity to participate in a survey study of drinking. Of these, twenty-six accepted and returned questionnaires with detailed information regarding their drinking practices. These were randomized to receive or not receive, by return mail, personal feedback of their drinking relative to population norms. At an independent follow-up interview, feedback subjects showed greater reduction in weekly consumption and typical intoxication levels, relative to controls. This simple feedback intervention, requiring no personal contact, may be a cost-effective strategy for reducing risky drinking.
Establishing Standards for Outpatient and Inpatient Care
Authors: Bogatyrev I. D.
Published: May 2005

The development of norms of outpatient and inpatient care in the U.S.S.R. is based on studies of the morbidity of different population groups. Analysis is made of general morbidity data on recorded visits to medical facilities and data on medical examinations. An average of 1247.1 such visits and 195.1 cases of hospitalization (including confinements and abortions) were recorded per 1000 urban population in five cities with a total population of 1.5 million. The total number of visits reflected adequately acute and chronic morbidity with marked clinical manifestations, but did not accurately reflect the extent of mild and early forms of chronic disease. Experienced physicians from research institutions in twelve major specialties examined 54,000 people from different communities. Additional investigations such as x–ray and laboratory tests were performed as necessary. Over 800 unknown incidences of disease or abnormal conditions for each 1000 population were revealed during these examinations. These findings were used for the introduction of corrective factors in the determination of actual need in medical care.
The Epidemiology of Depression in Medical Care
Authors: Katon Wayne
Published: May 2005

Major depression may be the most common medical 01 psychiatric disorder seen in primary medical care clinics, occurring in approximately 6 to 10 percent of the clinic populations. Despite this high prevalence rate, patients with depression often go undiagnosed or are misdiagnosed. The evidence suggests a multifactorial etiology for this problem. Many patients with depression selectively focus on the somatic components of their depressive syndrome and minimize or even deny affective and cognitive symptoms. Depression and medical disorders also often occur concomitantly with depression causing amplification of somatic complaints. Due to the unidimensional focus on the biomedical model many physicians only evaluate and treat the physical illness and do not diagnose the depression. This often leads to aggressive medical testing and treatment that carries the risk of iatrogenic injury (polysurgery, multiple tests and procedures, prescription of opiates and benzodiazepines). Several interventions are suggested to improve the diagnostic acumen of primary care physicians.
The Stream of Consciousness: XVIII. Introducing the State-Appropriative Acts
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

From within the stream of consciousness, according to William James, there take place very frequently acts of “appropriation” to oneself of other basic durational components of the stream. Some components are thus “owned,” but some are “disowned”; also, “assent” is bestowed on the contents of some states of consciousness, whereas others may be rejected as false or unacceptable. At one point, James suggests that every state of consciousness belonging to one's stream of consciousness is an appropriation to oneself; otherwise, the stream would not hang together as a single mental whole. This article explicates the latter thesis and raises certain objections to it, while acquainting the reader with James's account of the state-appropriative acts. Also addressed here is a “parenthetical digression” that occurs as James introduces the state-appropriative acts: He is strongly attracted by the view, which he sets aside for the present, that no state of consciousness provides unmediated awareness of any other state of consciousness.
Understanding Process and Affective Factors in Small Group versus Individual Learning with Technology
Authors: Lou Yiping
Published: May 2005

Based on 198 independent findings from 71 studies with experimental or statistical controls, the results of this meta-analysis indicate that, on average, students learning with computers in small groups attempted a greater amount of task ( d+ = +0.15), used more learning strategies ( d+ = +0.36), had more positive attitude toward small group learning ( d+ = +0.54), but needed more task completion time ( d+ = −0.21) as compared to students learning with computers individually. No significant difference was found on student attitude toward instruction whether they learned in small groups or individually. However, effect sizes varied significantly, ranging from extremely positive to extremely negative in each of the outcomes analyzed. Significant predictors concerning technology and task characteristics included type of programs, instructional control, feedback, and task structure. Significant predictors concerning grouping and learner characteristics included group learning strategy, group work experience, and group size.
Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Death Attitude Profile-Revised
Authors: Clements Richard , Rooda Linda A.
Published: May 2005

The Present Study Examined The Factor Structure, reliability, and validity of the Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R; Wong, Reker, & Gesser, 1994) using a sample of 403 hospital and hospice nurses. A principal-components factor analysis of the DAP-R indicated that the DAP-R may consist of six factors instead of the five originally reported by Wong et al. The first four factors reported by Wong et al., which correspond to the subscales that they labeled Fear of Death, Death Avoidance, Approach Acceptance, and Escape Acceptance, were replicated in the present study, and these subscales were found to have acceptable levels of internal consistency and to possess some degree of concurrent validity. However, the items which loaded on the fifth factor in Wong et al.‘s study (their “Neutral Acceptance” subscale) were split across two factors in the present study, suggesting that this subscale may not be measuring a unitary construct.
The Urban Fiscal Crisis in the United States, National Health Insurance, and Municipal Hospitals
Authors: Craig John , Koleda Michael
Published: May 2005

The fiscal stress which many U.S. cities are currently experiencing, the persistent problems of large-city local government hospitals, the recent decisions for selected public hospital closings in New York City and Philadelphia, and the prospective enactment of a program of national health insurance collectively raise questions about the viability of the nation's major municipal hospitals. While the majority of the nation's 40 largest cities are in a state of economic and demographic decline, the diversity which characterizes their fiscal conditions and their responses to fiscal stress suggests caution in generalizing from the highly publicized New York City experience in assessing the ability of cities to continue to maintain public hospital activities. Indeed, there is considerable evidence to indicate that the staying power of municipal hospitals is quite substantial even in circumstances of severe fiscal stress. Further, analysis of the effect of Medicaid implementation on municipal hospital utilization and of the impact of prospective national health insurance programs on the demand for and supply of medical services suggests that municipal hospitals will continue to be important providers of health care services for many years to come.
The Potential Role of Unemployment Benefits in Shaping the Mental Health Impact of Unemployment
Authors: Rodriguez Eunice , Lasch Kathryn , Mead June P.
Published: May 2005

This study looks at the association between formal systems of support (unemployment compensation or welfare) and mental health outcomes during periods of unemployment. It assesses whether unemployed persons not receiving unemployment benefits are at greater risk of reporting depression and suffering ill-health than those receiving some kind of unemployment compensation, independent of total household income. The authors performed a secondary analysis of data collected in the National Survey of Families and Households, 1987–1988. Outcome measures included an index of depression and perception of health status. Multiple regression analyses were used. The unemployed receiving unemployment compensation or benefits from other entitlement programs did not report significantly higher depression relative to the employed. Rather, the study found a significantly higher index of depression among unemployed persons receiving welfare benefits or no benefits, even after controlling for total household income and previous employment/unemployment history. Thus unemployment compensation may play an important role in ameliorating the impact of unemployment on depression. By contrast, means-tested benefits may not be sufficient to reduce the risk for reporting depression and suffering ill-health in comparison with the full-time employed. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of social policy development.
Combining Aggregate and Individual Methods of Flake Debris Analysis: Aggregate Trend Analysis
Authors: Bradbury Andrew P. , Carr Philip J.
Published: May 2005

Numerous approaches are currently employed for the analysis of chipped stone debris. These can generally be classified as aggregate and individual flake based methods. Here, elements of these two analyses are combined to produce a simplified form of analysis that allows useful insights into the technological make-up of flake debris assemblages. Specifically, general size data from aggregate analyses are combined with two attributes recorded on individual flakes as a pragmatic way of characterizing flake debris assemblages. Flake debris derived from flintknapping experiments demonstrate that differences between core reduction and tool production are observable for each and general trends in the data are derived through simulating archaeological assemblages. The utility of the method is demonstrated by application to the Bifurcate occupation of the Hart site (15La183) in Lawrence County, Kentucky. It is concluded that this method can be fruitfully applied to archaeological data sets, especially as an exploratory stage of research or when only limited analysis time is available.
A Research Derived Bereavement Support Group Technique for the Hiv-1 Infected
Authors: Goodkin Karl , Burkhalter Jack E. , Tuttle Raymond S. , Blaney Nancy T. , Feaster Daniel J. , Leeds Barbara
Published: May 2005

A brief, semi-structured, bereavement support group for HIV seropositive and at risk homosexual men suffering a recent loss of a close friend or lover is described. The intervention employed a set of topics to stimulate group discussion. These topics were organized into three phases: making contact, venting of emotion, and “moving on.” Our predictive theoretical model integrating life stressor appraisal, social support availability, and active coping was incorporated. Therapeutic foci are active monitoring of stressor load; accurate stressor appraisal; extending, using and evaluating one's social support network; and selection of adaptive coping strategies. Three vignettes illustrate the integration of the research protocol with clinical issues. Implications for clinical care are discussed.
A Bibliography on Suicide and Suicide Attempts among American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: May Philip A.
Published: May 2005

Presented here is a bibliography on suicide and self-destruction among American Indians and the native peoples of Alaska. This area of knowledge has been characterized by rapid growth in the last twenty years. The number of existing sources now totals 160 items. All of these works are listed here with a brief documentation of trends in the literature.
Factors Affecting the Unacceptability of Suicide and the Effects of Evaluator Depression and Religiosity
Authors: Presto Charles T. Lo , Sherman Martin F. , Dicarlo Margaret A.
Published: May 2005

This study represents a partial replication and extension of Deluty's investigations of the factors affecting suicide unacceptability [1]. Two hundred eighty-two Catholic college students evaluated scenarios which manipulated precipitating illness (i.e., severe depression, chronic physical pain, and terminal bone cancer) and gender of victim. In addition, evaluator variables (i.e., gender, mood state, and religiosity) were also considered. Results indicated that the unacceptability of suicide is a function of precipitating illness and gender of victim as well as a function of an evaluator's mood state, and religiosity. In addition, complex interactions among several of these variables were found, suggesting the complexity of decisions regarding the unacceptability of suicide.