bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Latino Christians and Seculars Fit the Culture War Profile? Latino Religiosity and Political Behavior
Authors: Gibson Troy , Hare Christopher
Published: March 2012

This article examines the effect of religious affiliation and depth of religious commitment on the political behavior of Catholic Latinos, evangelical Latinos, and secular/unaffiliated Latinos. The culture war theory connects theological conservatism with political conservatism, but because prior research shows that minority groups often have alternate experiences with churches that place religious doctrine and teachings in varying political contexts, it is not clear that Latinos fit the culture war profile. We find that religious tradition and church attendance have an additive but differing impact on ideological and partisan identification as well as various policy preferences on social issues where culture war religious divisions are usually found (abortion, gay marriage, death penalty, and support for Israel) and other non-social issues (universal healthcare and taxing and spending). We find that religiosity has the greatest effect on the political behavior of evangelical Latinos, followed by secular/unaffiliated Latinos and committed Latino Catholics, and that religious tradition is largely consistent in moving evangelical Latinos to the political right and secular/unaffiliated Latinos to the political left.
Direct Democracy and Minority Rights: Direct and Indirect Effects on Religious Minorities in Switzerland
Authors: Christmann Anna , Danaci Deniz
Published: March 2012

Most of the research on the effects of direct democracy on minority rights is empirically limited to the direct effects of direct democracy. This article takes the issue a step further and examines both direct and indirect effects by investigating the rights of religious minorities in Switzerland. The analysis provides two main insights: all direct effects are negative and can be observed when the rights of out-groups like Islamic minorities are at stake. Second, indirect effects on the parliamentary process can be observed, too: parliaments make laws more restrictive toward Islamic minorities if they fear a popular vote. However, they develop strategies to enforce their liberal interests, as shown by the fact that extensions of the rights of religious minorities are passed in total revisions.
An overview of sea state conditions and air‐sea fluxes during RaDyO
Authors: Zappa Christopher J. , Banner Michael L. , Schultz Howard , Gemmrich Johannes R. , Morison Russel P. , LeBel Deborah A. , Dickey Tommy
Published: March 2012

Refining radiative‐transfer modeling capabilities for light transmission through the sea surface requires a more detailed prescription of the sea surface roughness beyond the probability density function of the sea surface slope field. To meet this need, exciting new measurement methodologies now provide the opportunity to enhance present knowledge of sea surface roughness, especially at the microscale. In this context, two intensive field experiments using R/PFloating Instrument Platformwere staged within the Office of Naval Research's Radiance in a Dynamic Ocean (RaDyO) field program in the Santa Barbara Channel and in the central Pacific Ocean south of Hawaii. As part of this program, our team gathered and analyzed a comprehensive suite of sea surface roughness measurements designed to provide optimal coverage of fundamental optical distortion processes associated with the air‐sea interface. This contribution describes the ensemble of instrumentation deployed. It provides a detailed documentation of the ambient environmental conditions that prevailed during the RaDyO field experiments. It also highlights exciting new sea surface roughness measurement capabilities that underpin a number of the scientific advances resulting from the RaDyO program. For instance, a new polarimetric imaging camera highlights the complex interplay of wind and surface currents in shaping the roughness of the sea surface that suggests the traditional Cox‐Munk framework is not sufficient. In addition, the breaking crest length spectral density derived from visible and infrared imagery is shown to be modulated by the development of the wavefield (wave age) and alignment of wind and surface currents at the intermediate (dominant) scale of wave breaking.
A unified spectral parameterization for wave breaking: From the deep ocean to the surf zone
Authors: Filipot J.‐F. , Ardhuin F.
Published: March 2012

A new wave‐breaking dissipation parameterization designed for phase‐averaged spectral wave models is presented. It combines wave breaking basic physical quantities, namely, the breaking probability and the dissipation rate per unit area. The energy lost by waves is first explicitly calculated in physical space before being distributed over the relevant spectral components. The transition from deep to shallow water is made possible by using a dissipation rate per unit area of breaking waves that varies with the wave height, wavelength and water depth. This parameterization is implemented in the WAVEWATCH III modeling framework, which is applied to a wide range of conditions and scales, from the global ocean to the beach scale. Wave height, peak and mean periods, and spectral data are validated using in situ and remote sensing data. Model errors are comparable to those of other specialized deep or shallow water parameterizations. This work shows that it is possible to have a seamless parameterization from the deep ocean to the surf zone.
Hybrid fitting of a hydrosystem model: Long‐term insight into the Beauce aquifer functioning (France)
Authors: Flipo N. , Monteil C. , Poulin M. , de Fouquet C. , Krimissa M.
Published: March 2012

This study aims at analyzing the water budget of the unconfined Beauce aquifer (8000 km2) over a 35 year period, by modeling the hydrological functioning and quantifying exchanged water fluxes inside the system. A distributed process‐based model (DPBM) is implemented to model the surface, the unsaturated zone and the aquifer subsystems. Based on an extensive literature review on multiparameter optimization and inverse problem, a pragmatic hybrid fitting method that couples manual and automatic calibration is developed. Three data subsets are used for calibration (10 year), validation (10 year) and test (35 year). The global piezometric head root‐mean‐square error is around 2.5 m for the three subsets and is rather uniformly spatially distributed over 78 piezometers. The sensitivity of the simulation to the different steps of the calibration process is investigated. The transmissivity field permits the fitting of the low‐frequency signal for long‐term filtering of the recharge signal, whereas the storage coefficient filters the signal with a higher frequency. For long‐term insight into aquifer system functioning, the priority is thus to first fit the transmissivity field and to assess the distributed aquifer recharge accurately. The fitted DPBM, coupled with a linear model of coregionalization, is then used to quantify the hydrosystem water mass balance between 1974 and 2009, indicating that there is yet no trend of water resources decrease neither due to climate nor to human activities.
A semianalytic model for the computation of imbibition through polygonal cross sections
Authors: Kim Daesang , Lindquist W. Brent
Published: March 2012

We develop a semianalytic method for the computation of arc‐menisci motion in an imbibition process through any irregular polygonal cross section for any arbitrary wetting angle from 0° to 90°. The method produces the sequence of unique arc meniscus configurations that develop as the capillary pressure decreases throughout the imbibition process. To test for robustness of the algorithm, we apply the method to the analysis of arc meniscus motion for imbibition processes in a sample of 23,639 throat cross sections obtained from analysis of X‐ray computed tomographic images of 22% porosity Fontainebleau sandstone. Extending the work of Glantz and Hilpert (2011), we define the chord axis, which captures the motion of stable arc menisci in a polygonal cross section. Unlike the one‐parameter family of drainage axes introduced by Lindquist (2006), the chord axis is independent of the wetting angle. We demonstrate that the semianalytic method can be used to construct the chord axis for any polygonal cross section.
Hydroclimatology of flash flooding in Atlanta
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Smith James A. , Villarini Gabriele , Baeck Mary Lynn
Published: March 2012

The objective of this study is to characterize the climatology of extreme rainfall and flash flooding in Atlanta, Georgia using high‐resolution land surface, rainfall, and discharge datasets. We examine nine urban watersheds in the Atlanta area that range in size from 3.7 to 225 km2 and exhibit a range of urban development and land‐use characteristics. We develop a high‐resolution 15 min, 1 km2 radar rainfall data set for the 2002–2010 period using the Hydro‐NEXRAD system with volume scan reflectivity observations from the Atlanta WSR‐88D radar and rainfall observations from a dense network of 72 U.S. Geological Survey rain gauges. Bias‐corrected radar rainfall fields accurately capture the spatial and temporal structure of heavy rainfall. There is enhancement of heavy rainfall within and east of the urban core, and a rainfall minimum north and northwest of the city. There has been an increase in variability of annual flood peaks in Atlanta since the 1960s associated with urban impacts on runoff production. Flood response is dependent on a combination of basin size, drainage network structure, spatial distribution of land use, and basin storage in urban soils and storm water detention ponds. Future studies of urban rainfall modification in Atlanta and elsewhere should consider the influence of regional topography and other geographic features on the storm environment.
Wildlife forensics
Authors: Wolinsky Howard
Published: March 2012

Genomics has become a powerful tool for conservationists to track individual animals, analyse populations and inform conservation management. But as helpful as these techniques are, they are not a substitute for stricter measures to protect threatened species.
To hype, or not to(o) hype
Authors: Rinaldi Andrea
Published: March 2012

Scientists and journalists try to engage the public with exciting stories, but who is guilty of overselling research and what are the consequences?
Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trial of Lorcaserin for Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The BLOOM‐DM Study
Authors: O'Neil Patrick M. , Smith Steven R. , Weissman Neil J. , Fidler Meredith C. , Sanchez Matilde , Zhang Jinkun , Raether Brian , Anderson Christen M. , Shanahan William R.
Published: March 2012

The BLOOM‐DM (Behavioral Modification and Lorcaserin for Obesity and Overweight Management in Diabetes Mellitus) study evaluated efficacy and safety of lorcaserin for weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Secondary objectives included evaluations of glycemic control, lipids, blood pressure, and quality of life. This 1‐year, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial enrolled 604 patients 1:1:1 to placebo, lorcaserin 10 mg once daily (QD) or lorcaserin 10 mg twice daily (BID). Patients were treated with metformin, a sulfonylurea (SFU) or both; had glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7–10%; were 18–65 years old; and had BMI 27–45 kg/m2. Patients received diet and exercise counseling. Safety monitoring included serial echocardiograms. Mean (± SD) age was 52.7 ± 8.7; 54.2% were women; 60.5% were white, 20.9% were African American, and 13.8% were Hispanic. Mean (± SD) weight was 103.6 ± 17.8 kg; BMI was 36.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2. Most patients (91.7%) took metformin; 50.2% took a SFU. More patients lost ≥5% body weight with lorcaserin BID (37.5%; P < 0.001) or lorcaserin QD (44.7%; P < 0.001) vs. placebo (16.1%; modified intent to treat (MITT)/last observation carried forward (LOCF)). Least square mean (± SEM) weight change was −4.5 ± 0.35% with lorcaserin BID and −5.0 ± 0.5% with lorcaserin QD vs. −1.5 ± 0.36% with placebo (P < 0.001 for each). HbA1c decreased 0.9 ± 0.06 with lorcaserin BID, 1.0 ± 0.09 with lorcaserin QD, and 0.4 ± 0.06 with placebo (P < 0.001 for each); fasting glucose decreased 27.4 ± 2.5 mg/dl, −28.4 ± 3.8 mg/dl, and 11.9 ± 2.5 mg/dl, respectively (P < 0.001 for each). Symptomatic hypoglycemia occurred in 7.4% of patients on lorcaserin BID, 10.5% on lorcaserin QD, and 6.3% on placebo. Common adverse events were headache, back pain, nasopharyngitis, and nausea. Lorcaserin was associated with significant weight loss and improvement in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
The Glucagon Receptor Is Involved in Mediating the Body Weight‐Lowering Effects of Oxyntomodulin
Authors: Kosinski Jennifer R. , Hubert James , Carrington Paul E. , Chicchi Gary G. , Mu James , Miller Corey , Cao Jin , Bianchi Elisabetta , Pessi Antonello , SinhaRoy Ranabir , Marsh Donald J. , Pocai Alessandro
Published: March 2012

Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide secreted postprandially from the L‐cells of the gut that has a weak affinity for both the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). Peripheral administration of OXM in humans and rodents causes weight loss reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. It has been suggested that OXM modulates energy intake solely through GLP1R agonism. Because glucagon decreases food intake in rodents and humans, we examined whether activation of the GCGR is involved in the body weight‐lowering effects of OXM. We identified an equipotent GLP1R‐selective peptide agonist that differs from OXM by only one residue (Q3→E, OXMQ3E), but has no significant GCGR agonist activity in vitro and ∼100‐fold reduced ability to stimulate liver glycogenolysis. Chronic treatment of obese mice with OXM and OXMQ3E demonstrated that OXM exhibits superior weight loss and lipid‐lowering efficacy, and antihyperglycemic activity that is comparable to the corresponding GLP1R‐selective agonist. Studies in Glp1r−/− mice and coadministration of OXM and a GCGR antagonist revealed that the antiobesity effect of OXM requires activation of both GLP1R and GCGR. Our data provide new insight into the mechanism of action of OXM and suggest that activation of GCGR is involved in the body weight‐lowering action of OXM.
The Food Safety Hazard Guidebook
Authors: Lawley Richard , Curtis Laurie , Davis Judy
Published: March 2012

Food safety is important and consumers have a right to expect that those who supply the food that they buy have taken every care to manufacture products that will do them no harm. Those with a responsibility for the regulation of the global food industry recognise this principle and legislate accordingly and the business of managing and regulating the safety of the food supply chain has come a long way in the last 25 years or so. Prompted by the emergence of new food safety hazards, such as the bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157, powerful new techniques for evaluating and managing the risks presented by these threats have been developed. For example, hazard analysis critical control point, or HACCP, has now become the food safety management system of choice worldwide. Although the food safety management tools are now widely available, they are still virtually useless unless they are supported by adequate and accurate information. HACCP does not work unless its practitioners have access to enough data and scientific knowledge to enable them to understand hazards and how to control them effectively. The Food Safety Hazard Guidebook is an attempt to address the problem of accessing the available information by distilling the key facts about a wide range of individual food safety hazards into a single text. The result is a guidebook, rather than an encyclopaedia, which acts as a portal for the immense and ever expanding body of scientific knowledge that exists for food safety. It is an easy-to-use information resource for anyone with a professional interest in the safety of the food supply. The book is easy to navigate and presents concise and carefully researched factual information on a wide range of biological and chemical hazards in a clear format that is designed to support risk analysis exercises and HACCP studies. It covers a broad range of established and emerging food safety hazards and includes details of authoritative sources of further information (many web-based) for those seeking to examine a topic in greater depth. The section on food allergens is a particularly valuable component of the book, the chapters on fish toxins are also useful and unusual in a book of this kind and bacterial pathogens are comprehensively covered. One of the most important features of the book is the wide scope of the content and the highly structured format designed to help the reader find information quickly. Other key benefits to the reader are: -The wide range of biological and chemical hazards covered in a single book -Written specifically with food industry professionals in mind -Easy to navigate and accessible for the non-expert -Clear and concise presentation of factual information presented in a format that lends itself to use in risk assessment exercises -Inclusion of references and web links to reliable sources of further information on each chapter -specifically designed for practical use by a professional readership.
The B55α-containing PP2A holoenzyme dephosphorylates FOXO1 in islet β-cells under oxidative stress
Authors: Yan Ling , Guo Shuangli , Brault Marie , Harmon Jamie , Robertson R. Paul , Hamid Rizwan , Stein Roland , Yang Elizabeth
Published: March 2012

The FOXO1 (forkhead box O1) transcription factor influences many key cellular processes, including those important in metabolism, proliferation and cell death. Reversible phosphorylation of FOXO1 at Thr24 and Ser256 regulates its subcellular localization, with phosphorylation promoting cytoplasmic localization, whereas dephosphorylation triggers nuclear import and transcriptional activation. In the present study, we used biochemical and molecular approaches to isolate and link the serine/threonine PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) holoenzyme containing the B55α regulatory subunit, with nuclear import of FOXO1 in pancreatic islet β-cells under oxidative stress, a condition associated with cellular dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of FOXO1 dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation was investigated in pancreatic islet INS-1 and βTC-3 cell lines subjected to oxidative stress. A combined chemical cross-linking and MS strategy revealed the association of FOXO1 with a PP2A holoenzyme composed of the catalytic C, structural A and B55α regulatory subunits. Knockdown of B55α in INS-1 cells reduced FOXO1 dephosphorylation, inhibited FOXO1 nuclear translocation and attenuated oxidative stress-induced cell death. Furthermore, both B55α and nuclear FOXO1 levels were increased under hyperglycaemic conditions in db/db mouse islets, an animal model of Type 2 diabetes. We conclude that B55α-containing PP2A is a key regulator of FOXO1 activity in vivo.
Genotoxicity Evaluation in Severe or Mild Diabetic Pregnancy in Laboratory Animals
Authors: Lima P.H. , Sinzato Y. , Gelaleti R. , Calderon I.M. , Rudge M.V. , Damasceno D.
Published: March 2012

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity (DNA damage levels) in lymphocyte samples from pregnant Wistar rats with severe or mild diabetes and in whole blood samples from their newborns. Wistar female rats (1 and 90 days of age) and male rats (approximately 90 days of age) were used. The experiment consisted of 2 experimental groups (n=8 animals/group): 1) rats with severe diabetes, 2) rats with mild diabetes. For mild diabetes induction, the rats received streptozotocin (STZ) subcutaneously (100 mg/kg body weight) at day of birth, and those showing glycemia from 120 to 300 mg/dL in their adult life were included. For induction of severe diabetes, adult rats received 40 mg/kg STZ (intravenous route), and those showing glycemia > 300 mg/dL were included. At day 21 of pregnancy, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized for removal of maternal and fetal blood samples for determination of the oxidative DNA damage by applying Endo III and Fpg using the comet assay. Thus, the rats with mild diabetes and their offspring showed higher Fpg-sensitive sites, reflecting the damage resulting from hyperglycemia. The rats with severe diabetes and their offspring showed higher oxidative DNA damage detected by Fpg and Endo III-sensitive sites, showing general repercussions related to diabetes. The enzymatic treatment for DNA damage evidenced that the maternal repercussions of diabetes are associated with oxidative DNA damage of their newborn, which was not reflected using only the analysis of DNA damage free of the enzymes.
Effects of Sex and Age on Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol in Nondiabetic Subjects
Authors: Ouchi M. , Oba K. , Yamashita H. , Okazaki M. , Tsunoda M. , Ohara M. , Sekimizu K. , Watanabe K. , Suzuki T. , Nakano H.
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of sex and age on serum levels of 1,5-AG in nondiabetic subjects.

A total of 1 134 nondiabetic subjects aged 16–96 years with HbA1c less than 6.8% were recruited and divided into 4 HbA1c groups (Q1: HbA1c≤5.3; Q2: 5.4–5.8; Q3: 5.9–6.3; and Q4: 6.4–6.8 [%]). 38 elderly subjects (65 years or older) in the Q3 and Q4 groups (13 men and 25 women) underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

The Q4 group had significantly lower 1,5-AG levels than did the Q1 group among nonelderly males, nonelderly females, and elderly men. In elderly women, 1,5-AG levels did not differ among the 4 HbA1c groups. In both nonelderly and elderly subjects, the 1,5-AG level of the Q1 group was significantly higher in males than in females. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis showed that age was significantly associated with 1,5-AG level in both sexes. HbA1c was significantly associated with the 1,5-AG level in males, while there was no significant association between HbA1c and the 1,5-AG level in females. In the elderly OGTT group, although the glucose levels of both sexes during OGTT were identical, the mean urinary glucose levels and the percentages of subjects with glucosuria were significantly higher in elderly men than in elderly women.

Serum 1,5-AG levels were significantly associated with age and sex. The sensitivity of the 1,5-AG level for identifying postprandial hyperglycemia in elderly women with near-normoglycemia is less reliable because they have a higher renal threshold for glucose.
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like is a key receptor interacting protein 3 downstream component of TNF-induced necrosis
Authors: Zhao Jie , Jitkaew Siriporn , Cai Zhenyu , Choksi Swati , Li Qiuning , Luo Ji , Liu Zheng-Gang
Published: March 2012

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an important inflammatory cytokine and induces many cellular responses, including inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and necrosis. It is known that receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinases, RIP1 and RIP3, are key effectors of TNF-induced necrosis, but little is known about how these two RIP kinases mediate this process, although reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and JNK activation have been suggested to be two downstream events of RIP kinases. Here we report the identification of mixed lineage kinase domain-like, MLKL, as a key RIP3 downstream component of TNF-induced necrosis. Through screening a kinase/phosphatase shRNA library in human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells, we found that knockdown of MLKL blocked TNF-induced necrosis. Our data suggest that MLKL functions downstream of RIP1 and RIP3 and is recruited to the necrosome through its interaction with RIP3. Finally, we found that MLKL is required for the generation of ROS and the late-phase activation of JNK during TNF-induced necrosis. However, because these two events are not involved in TNF-induced necrosis in HT-29 cells, the target of MLKL during TNF-induced necrosis remains elusive. Taken together, our study suggests that MLKL is a key RIP3 downstream component of TNF-induced necrotic cell death.
The Effect of Temperature and Salinity on the Elimination of Enrofloxacin in the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum
Authors: Chang Zhi-Qiang , Gao Ai-Xin , Li Jian , Liu Ping
Published: March 2012

The effect of temperature and salinity on the elimination of enrofloxacin (EF) in Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum was investigated. The clams, cultured under different temperatures and salinities (16°C and 30‰, 22°C and 30‰, or 22°C and 20‰), were exposed to EF at 5 μg/mL of water in a medicated bath. After a 24-h exposure, the concentration of EF in various tissues was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and the elimination rate of EF in those tissues was investigated by regression analysis. After the treatment, the initial concentrations of EF among tissues were (in decreasing order) plasma > gill > visceral mass > foot > adductor muscle. In all tissues the elimination half-life (t1/2) of EF in the clams cultured at 22°C and 20‰ and 16°C and 30‰ were markedly longer than in those cultured at 22°C and 30‰, and the t1/2 at 16°C and 30‰ was slightly longer than that at 22°C and 20‰. Slight differences were also observed in t1/2 values among various tissues. These data indicate that both temperature and salinity had significant effects on the elimination of EF in the Manila clams and that lower temperature or salinity could result in slower elimination.

Received January 21, 2011; accepted December 2, 2011.
Pier Paolo Pasolini and the medium of song: texts written for Laura Betti for the Giro a vuoto show
Authors: Ferrari Sebastiano
Published: March 2012

This article focuses on the outcome of an important episode within contemporary Italian culture: the encounter between the world of literature and song, and specifically examines the lyrics written by Pier Paolo Pasolini for the actress and singer Laura Betti for the Giro a Vuoto show, performed in 1960 in Milan. This essay intends to highlight the key elements of this encounter and the characteristic elements of these songs by virtue of textual and stylistic analysis, and provide remarks with regard to the relationship between music, text and singing performance. A study of this kind allows emphasis to be placed on the innovation originating from this distinctive collaboration which represents an important sign of change towards the emergence of a quality song within the mass market which would later come to be defined as canzone d'autore (singer-songwriter genre).
Visual anthropology and sensory ethnography in contemporary Sardinia: A film of a different kind
Authors: Carta Silvio
Published: March 2012

This article reads David MacDougall'sTempus de Baristas(1993) as an instance of the rejection of the didacticism of documentary films driven by the logic of the written text. This ethnographic film about the life of three goat-herders is one of the films that allows the Sardinian-speaking subjects a space and, therefore, a far more prominent role in the total cinematic construction than has usually been the case.Tempusmarks the definitive departure from the transmission of written socio-anthropological knowledge that is typical of expository documentaries. The article concludes that the filmic approach of whichTempusis a landmark produces a corporeal and emplaced knowledge that counterbalances the abstract vision of many documentaries about the author's native island and questions traditional forms of scholarly communication, opening up new areas of ethnographic understanding.
Francesco è vivo, e lotta insieme a noi!Rebuilding local identities in the aftermath of the 1977 student protests in Bologna
Authors: Hajek Andrea
Published: March 2012

The decade spanning from 1968 to 1980, known also as theanni di piombo, is among the most difficult and traumatic periods in Italian post-war history. One of the most memorable years of this decade was 1977, when a new student movement stood up against the established order. The so-called Movement of ‘77 manifested itself among others in Bologna, where it had a predominantly creative and joyful character. Nevertheless, the protests were violently struck down when left-wing student Francesco Lorusso was killed by police forces during clashes, resulting in an urbanguerriglia. This incident worsened the relationship between the historical left and younger generations of (more radical) left-wing activists, and marked the beginning of the end of the Movement of ‘77. The chapter on 1977 was, however, never really closed, and a ‘counter-memory’ has continued to divide the local community ever since. In this article, we shall see how different memory communities in Bologna have dealt with this ‘collective trauma’, focusing on the former Movement of ‘77 and the way it has used public commemorative rituals to rebuild a collective identity for itself in subsequent years.
Industrial methodology for process verification in research (IMPROVER): toward systems biology verification
Authors: Meyer Pablo , Hoeng Julia , Rice J. Jeremy , Norel Raquel , Sprengel Jörg , Stolle Katrin , Bonk Thomas , Corthesy Stephanie , Royyuru Ajay , Peitsch Manuel C. , Stolovitzky Gustavo
Published: March 2012

Motivation: Analyses and algorithmic predictions based on high-throughput data are essential for the success of systems biology in academic and industrial settings. Organizations, such as companies and academic consortia, conduct large multi-year scientific studies that entail the collection and analysis of thousands of individual experiments, often over many physical sites and with internal and outsourced components. To extract maximum value, the interested parties need to verify the accuracy and reproducibility of data and methods before the initiation of such large multi-year studies. However, systematic and well-established verification procedures do not exist for automated collection and analysis workflows in systems biology which could lead to inaccurate conclusions.

Results: We present here, a review of the current state of systems biology verification and a detailed methodology to address its shortcomings. This methodology named ‘Industrial Methodology for Process Verification in Research’ or IMPROVER, consists on evaluating a research program by dividing a workflow into smaller building blocks that are individually verified. The verification of each building block can be done internally by members of the research program or externally by ‘crowd-sourcing’ to an interested community. www.sbvimprover.com

Implementation: This methodology could become the preferred choice to verify systems biology research workflows that are becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated in industrial and academic settings.

Contact:  gustavo@us.ibm.com
RpoS proteolysis is controlled directly by ATP levels in Escherichia coli
Authors: Peterson Celeste N. , Levchenko Igor , Rabinowitz Joshua D. , Baker Tania A. , Silhavy Thomas J.
Published: March 2012

The master regulator of stationary phase in Escherichia coli, RpoS, responds to carbon availability through changes in stability, but the individual steps in the pathway are unknown. Here we systematically block key steps of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and monitor the effect on RpoS degradation in vivo. Nutrient upshifts trigger RpoS degradation independently of protein synthesis by activating metabolic pathways that generate small energy molecules. Using metabolic mutants and inhibitors, we show that ATP, but not GTP or NADH, is necessary for RpoS degradation. In vitro reconstitution assays directly demonstrate that ClpXP fails to degrade RpoS, but not other proteins, at low ATP hydrolysis rates. These data suggest that cellular ATP levels directly control RpoS stability.
A conserved role for COMA/CENP-H/I/N kinetochore proteins in the spindle checkpoint
Authors: Matson Daniel R. , Demirel Pinar B. , Stukenberg P. Todd , Burke Daniel J.
Published: March 2012

The COMA/CENP-H/I kinetochore complex regulates microtubule dynamics at kinetochores. The complex is also required to generate spindle checkpoint signals in both yeast and human cells under conditions where Aurora B activity is compromised. Our data explain why mammalian cells treated with Aurora inhibitors still have a functional spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), since the checkpoint signals through CENP-H/I/N. The SAC effect from depleting the CENP-H/I/N complex cannot be explained by a weakened SAC signal, and the complex has no role in the SAC response to paclitaxel. We propose a model to explain the differential response of human cells to nocodazole and paclitaxel.
The DNA helicase Pfh1 promotes fork merging at replication termination sites to ensure genome stability
Authors: Steinacher Roland , Osman Fekret , Dalgaard Jacob Z. , Lorenz Alexander , Whitby Matthew C.
Published: March 2012

Bidirectionally moving DNA replication forks merge at termination sites composed of accidental or programmed DNA–protein barriers. If merging fails, then regions of unreplicated DNA can result in the breakage of DNA during mitosis, which in turn can give rise to genome instability. Despite its importance, little is known about the mechanisms that promote the final stages of fork merging in eukaryotes. Here we show that the Pif1 family DNA helicase Pfh1 plays a dual role in promoting replication fork termination. First, it facilitates replication past DNA–protein barriers, and second, it promotes the merging of replication forks. A failure of these processes in Pfh1-deficient cells results in aberrant chromosome segregation and heightened genome instability.
DNA replication through hard-to-replicate sites, including both highly transcribed RNA Pol II and Pol III genes, requires the S. pombe Pfh1 helicase
Authors: Sabouri Nasim , McDonald Karin R. , Webb Christopher J. , Cristea Ileana M. , Zakian Virginia A.
Published: March 2012

Replication forks encounter impediments as they move through the genome, including natural barriers due to stable protein complexes and highly transcribed genes. Unlike lesions generated by exogenous damage, natural barriers are encountered in every S phase. Like humans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe encodes a single Pif1 family DNA helicase, Pfh1. Here, we show that Pfh1 is required for efficient fork movement in the ribosomal DNA, the mating type locus, tRNA, 5S ribosomal RNA genes, and genes that are highly transcribed by RNA polymerase II. In addition, converged replication forks accumulated at all of these sites in the absence of Pfh1. The effects of Pfh1 on DNA replication are likely direct, as it had high binding to sites whose replication was impaired in its absence. Replication in the absence of Pfh1 resulted in DNA damage specifically at those sites that bound high levels of Pfh1 in wild-type cells and whose replication was slowed in its absence. Cells depleted of Pfh1 were inviable if they also lacked the human TIMELESS homolog Swi1, a replisome component that stabilizes stalled forks. Thus, Pfh1 promotes DNA replication and separation of converged replication forks and suppresses DNA damage at hard-to-replicate sites.
ATAC-king the complexity of SAGA during evolution
Authors: Spedale Gianpiero , Timmers H.Th. Marc , Pijnappel W.W.M. Pim
Published: March 2012

The yeast SAGA (Spt–Ada–Gcn5–acetyltransferase) coactivator complex exerts functions in gene expression, including activator interaction, histone acetylation, histone deubiquitination, mRNA export, chromatin recognition, and regulation of the basal transcription machinery. These diverse functions involve distinct modules within this multiprotein complex. It has now become clear that yeast SAGA has diverged during metazoan evolution into two related complexes, SAGA and ATAC, which exist in two flavors in vertebrates. The compositions of metazoan ATAC and SAGA complexes have been characterized, and functional analyses indicate that these complexes have important but distinct roles in transcription, histone modification, signaling pathways, and cell cycle regulation.
H2B monoubiquitylation is a 5′-enriched active transcription mark and correlates with exon–intron structure in human cells
Authors: Jung Inkyung , Kim Seung-Kyoon , Kim Mirang , Han Yong-Mahn , Kim Yong Sung , Kim Dongsup , Lee Daeyoup
Published: March 2012

H2B monoubiquitylation (H2Bub1), which is required for multiple methylations of both H3K4 and H3K79, has been implicated in gene expression in numerous organisms ranging from yeast to human. However, the molecular crosstalk between H2Bub1 and other modifications, especially the methylations of H3K4 and H3K79, remains unclear in vertebrates. To better understand the functional role of H2Bub1, we measured genome-wide histone modification patterns in human cells. Our results suggest that H2Bub1 has dual roles, one that is H3 methylation dependent, and another that is H3 methylation independent. First, H2Bub1 is a 5′-enriched active transcription mark and co-occupies with H3K79 methylations in actively transcribed regions. Second, this study shows for the first time that H2Bub1 plays a histone H3 methylations-independent role in chromatin architecture. Furthermore, the results of this work indicate that H2Bub1 is largely positioned at the exon–intron boundaries of highly expressed exons, and it demonstrates increased occupancy in skipped exons compared with flanking exons in the human and mouse genomes. Our findings collectively suggest that a potentiating mechanism links H2Bub1 to both H3K79 methylations in actively transcribed regions and the exon–intron structure of highly expressed exons via the regulation of nucleosome dynamics during transcription elongation.
Osmosensitive Changes of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Response to Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibition
Authors: Wormit Alexandra , Butt Salman M. , Chairam Issariya , McKenna Joseph F. , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Kjaer Lars , O’Donnelly Kerry , Fernie Alisdair R. , Woscholski Rüdiger , Barter M.C. Laura , Hamann Thorsten
Published: March 2012

Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in the world, the main load-bearing element in plant cell walls, and represents a major sink for carbon fixed during photosynthesis. Previous work has shown that photosynthetic activity is partially regulated by carbohydrate sinks. However, the coordination of cellulose biosynthesis with carbohydrate metabolism and photosynthesis is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that cellulose biosynthesis inhibition (CBI) leads to reductions in transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, and starch degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. In parallel, we show that CBI induces changes in carbohydrate distribution and influences Rubisco activase levels. We find that the effects of CBI on gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism can be neutralized by osmotic support in a concentration-dependent manner. However, osmotic support does not suppress CBI-induced metabolic changes in seedlings impaired in mechanoperception (mid1 complementing activity1 [mca1]) and osmoperception (cytokinin receptor1 [cre1]) or reactive oxygen species production (respiratory burst oxidase homolog DF [rbohDF]). These results show that carbohydrate metabolism is responsive to changes in cellulose biosynthesis activity and turgor pressure. The data suggest that MCA1, CRE1, and RBOHDF-derived reactive oxygen species are involved in the regulation of osmosensitive metabolic changes. The evidence presented here supports the notion that cellulose and carbohydrate metabolism may be coordinated via an osmosensitive mechanism.
Tris(4-methylanilinium) pentachloridoantimonate(III) chloride monohydrate
Authors: Xu Qian
Published: March 2012

The title compound, (C7H10N)3[SbCl5]Cl·H2O, consists of 4-methylanilinium cations, Cl−and [SbCl5]2−anions and water molecules. The five Cl atoms bound to Sb [Sb—Cl = 2.4043 (9)–2.6262 (11) Å] form a square-pyramidal coordination environment. In addition, two [SbCl5]2−anions related by an inversion center are joined by Sb...Cl interactions [Sb...Cl = 3.7273 (14) Å] into an [Sb2Cl10]4−dimer with two bridging Cl atoms. The anions, water molecules and ammonium groups of the cations are linked by N—H...Cl, N—H...O and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to theacplane. The benzene rings of the 4-methylanilinium cations are packed between these layers.
8-O-Acetyl-8-epi-9-deoxygoniopypyrone
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Chantrapromma Suchada , Prawat Uma , Boonnak Nawong , Razak Ibrahim Abdul
Published: March 2012

The title compound (systematic name: 7-oxo-3-phenyl-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-4-yl acetate), C15H16O5, is a styryllactone derivative which was isolated fromGoniothalamus macrophyllus. The molecule has two fused rings consisting of a tetrahydro-2H-pyran and a lactone ring, with the benzene ring and the acetyl group attached to the tetrahydro-2H-pyran ring. The tetrahydro-2H-pyran ring is in a standard chair conformation, whereas the lactone ring is in an envelope conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak C—H...O interactions into sheets parallel to theacplane. Weak C—H...π interactions are also observed.
Dichloridobis(2-phenylpyridine-κN)zinc(II)
Authors: Dharmalingam Sivanesan , Lee Ha-Jin , Yoon Sungho
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, [ZnCl2(C11H9N)2], the Zn2+cation lies on a twofold axis and is coordinated by two Cl−anions and the N atoms of two 2-phenylpyridine ligands, forming a ZnN2Cl2polyhedron with a slightly distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry. The dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and the metal-bound pyridine ring is 50.3 (4)° for each 2-phenylpyridine ligand. This arranges the phenyl ring from one ligand in the complex above the pyridine ring of the other resulting in an intramolecular π–π interaction, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6796 (17) Å. Weak C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal packing, linking molecules into chains along thecaxis.
N′-(5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methoxybenzohydrazide
Authors: Tan Yao
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C15H13ClN2O3, contains two independent hydrazone molecules. Each molecule adopts anEconfiguration with respect to the methylidene unit and forms an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond. The principal difference between the two unique molecules is the relative orientation of the two benzene rings, the dihedral angles between them being 4.0 (3) and 65.9 (3)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked through N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along thecaxis.
Poly[di-μ3-chlorido-di-μ2-chlorido-{μ4-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis[(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl]benzene-1,4-diamine-κ4P:P′:P′′:P′′′}tetracopper(II)]
Authors: Liu Jia-Qin , Zhang Yan , Lü Ya-Jing , Jiang Zhen-Jü
Published: March 2012

In the title complex, [Cu4Cl4(C58H52N2P4)]n, four CuIIatoms are held togetherviatwo doubly bridging and two triply bridging chlorides, forming a stair-like Cu4Cl4core having crystallographically imposed inversion symmetry, while the benzene-1,4-diamine ligand (with a crystallographic inversion center at the centroid) acts in a tetradentate coordination mode, bridging two adjacent Cu4Cl4cores, resulting in a chain along thea-axis direction. One Cu atom has a distorted tetrahedral geometry, coordinated by one P atom, one μ2-Cl and two μ3-Cl atoms, while the second Cu atom adopts a trigonal geometry, coordinated by one P atom, one μ2-Cl and one μ3-Cl atoms.
3-Deoxy-1,2-di-O-isopropylidene-5-O-tosyl-D-threo-pentofuranose
Authors: Doboszewski Bogdan , Silva Maria J. e , Nazarenko Alexander Y. , Nemykin Victor N.
Published: March 2012

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C15H20O6S, the two independent molecules crystalllize in a chiral setting with two different conformations, twisted4T3and envelope4E, for the furanose rings. Weak C—H...O contacts strengthen the crystal structure.
(2-Oxo-2H-benzo[h]chromen-4-yl)methyl morpholine-4-carbodithioate
Authors: Kant Rajni , Gupta Vivek K. , Kapoor Kamini , Kour Gurvinder , Kumar K. Mahesh , Mahabaleshwaraiah N. M. , Kotresh O.
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C19H17NO3S2, the morpholine ring is in a chair conformation. In the coumarin ring system, the dihedral angle between the benzene and pyran rings is 3.9 (1)°. In the crystal, weak C—H...O interactions link the molecules into corrugated layers parallel to (102). The crystal packing also exhibits π–π interactions, with distances of 3.644 (1) and 3.677 (1) Å between the centroids of the benzene rings of neighbouring molecules.
4-[2-(Benzylamino)phenyl]-2,6-dimethylquinolineN-oxide
Authors: Geffe Mario , Schollmeyer Dieter , Detert Heiner
Published: March 2012

The title compound, C24H22N2O, was obtained in a two-step procedure from the corresponding 4-(2-iodophenyl)quinoline. The quinoline system is approximately planar [maximum deviation from the least-squares plane = 0.021 (2) Å]. The planes of the quinoline system and the phenyl ring subtend a dihedral angle of 78.08 (8)°. In the crystal, pairs of molecules are connectedviaa center of symmetry and linked by a pair of angular N—H...O hydrogen bond. These dimers form columns oriented along thecaxis.
Getting There, Being There, Staying and Belonging: A Case Study of Two Indigenous Australian Children's Transition to School
Authors: Bell‐Booth Rachel , Staton Sally , Thorpe Karen
Published: March 2012

Indigenous Australians are among the most unhealthy populations in the world and yet they reside in a country where the non‐Indigenous population enjoys high standards of well‐being. Education has been identified as the key mechanism for closing this equity gap. At school commencement many Indigenous children are already at risk of disengagement. This four‐year longitudinal study of two Indigenous boys from a socially marginalised community examined key factors affecting transitional trajectories into school. While child characteristics affected level of achievement the critical factors in sustaining positive educational engagement were social support, school practices, inclusion of family and positive expectation.
Microarray analysis of Etrog citron (Citrus medica L.) reveals changes in chloroplast, cell wall, peroxidase and symporter activities in response to viroid infection
Authors: RIZZA SERENA , CONESA ANA , JUAREZ JOSÉ , CATARA ANTONINO , NAVARRO LUIS , DURAN‐VILA NURIA , ANCILLO GEMA
Published: March 2012

Viroids are small (246–401 nucleotides), single‐stranded, circular RNA molecules that infect several crop plants and can cause diseases of economic importance. Citrus are the hosts in which the largest number of viroids have been identified. Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), the causal agent of citrus exocortis disease, induces considerable losses in citrus crops. Changes in the gene expression profile during the early (pre‐symptomatic) and late (post‐symptomatic) stages of Etrog citron infected with CEVd were investigated using a citrus cDNA microarray. MaSigPro analysis was performed and, on the basis of gene expression profiles as a function of the time after infection, the differentially expressed genes were classified into five clusters. FatiScan analysis revealed significant enrichment of functional categories for each cluster, indicating that viroid infection triggers important changes in chloroplast, cell wall, peroxidase and symporter activities.