bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transforming of Ethos and Developing New Norms and Institutions
Authors: İhsanoğlu Ekmeleddİn
Published: July 2019

Part II discusses the transformation of education from traditional to modern through developing new institutions, introducing new cultural content. Legal identity and autonomy of the Darülfünun and its financial well-being, the evolution of modern scholarly literature and terminology, and the tradition of academic research are explained in detail. This part sheds light on an important and pioneering experiment involving both Islamic and Western cultures. It tracks the multifaceted transformation at work in İstanbul during the transition from classical to modern modes of scientific education. The Ottoman administrators themselves occupy the focus of my study, as they were the ones who set the terms for the new ethos that came to undergird the modern norms and institutions of the empire. In doing so, this study situates the establishment of the Darülfünun within the general context of Ottoman modernization.
The Revolutionary Lens
Authors: Bezzant Rhys S.
Published: July 2019

Part of the intriguing power of Edwards’s mentoring is the legacy he creates during and after the American Revolution. He trains his mentees to be not mere mimics but rather leaders who can reason from first principles and adapt their proclamation to the particular social context of their ministry. Edwards spawns a school of ministry known subsequently as the New Divinity, which institutionalizes Edwards’s revivalist impulses in founding Andover Seminary in Newton, Massachusetts, in 1808. Their successes in New England in local church settings and their influence on debates of the early republic are dramatic, evidenced in federalist political philosophy as well as the cause of abolition. Edwards takes traditional mentoring practices and retools them to operate in a modern and democratic world.
The Dynamics of Inuit Social Transformation
Authors: Kral Michael J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the social–historical background against which Inuit youth have one of the highest suicide rates in the world. It takes a community, cultural, and historical perspective and considers the view that suicide is a symbol of social suffering. The chapter examines the dominant forms of sociocultural change among Inuit during the past several decades. Although White people arrived in the Arctic in the early 20th century as missionaries, police, and a large fur-trading company, the most significant force of change in Inuit history was the moving of Inuit from their land camps into crowded settlements in the 1950s and 1960s. Much of this imperialism/colonialism is discussed, as is hunting, sharing, and schooling.
Colonial Impact on Family and Inuuqatigiingniq/Relatedness
Authors: Kral Michael J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses several major changes in Inuit society during the past half-century. These changes are all related to inuuqatigiingniq, which translates as “being with others,” or relatedness, in Inuit culture. The most negative change is that in Inuit relationships, especially the family. It is the thesis of this book that the effects of colonialism are seen most vividly in relationships, especially in the family, and that these changes among Inuit are the cause of their current social problems, including suicide. Well-being was strongly based on the maintenance of close and loving interpersonal relationships, especially among Inuit in the family. Traditional Inuit family history is presented, showing how family was the basis of social organization and identity. Changes in marital relatedness, as well as traditional Inuit relatedness, are discussed.
Beneficence and the Diagnostician
Authors: Carlin Nathan
Published: July 2019

The focus of this chapter is on beneficence. Part one begins by providing an overview of the principle and then offer two classic cases in bioethics that illustrate how it is often understood. One deals with the first heart transplant, and the other deals with smoking cessation. Part two moves to a discussion of Paul Pruyser’s pastoral image of the diagnostician to open up another way of looking at beneficence. In part three, the author correlates beneficence with the diagnostician. The previous chapter engaged pathographies as a means of offering experiential inquiry. This chapter does so by focusing on a pastoral conversation with a medical resident in the author’s care. The chapter concludes, as previous chapters, by emphasizing how pastoral aesthetics raises different moral concerns not usually considered by principlism. The argument is that a pastoral perspective on beneficence emphasizes existential well-being.
Beginning Woodwinds and Brass
Authors: Dalby Bruce
Published: July 2019

Many school jazz programs in North America do an impressive job of developing their members’ technical and music-notation-reading skills, necessary to perform jazz big band literature with polish and precision. However, many school jazz students are as dependent on notation as they are in the concert band. Although the young jazzer may take improvised solos in jazz band performances, he may be unable to negotiate chord changes or incorporate characteristic jazz vocabulary. In light of this, this chapter covers concepts and skills relevant to beginning jazz instruction for wind instrumentalists. Specifically, it identifies three foundational topics for the reader to consider in fashioning an authentic and effective jazz curriculum: (1) establishing a listening foundation, (2) developing ear-playing ability, and (3) developing a personal repertoire of jazz tunes. Following these sections the text addresses (4) style and articulation and (5) rhythm.
Jazz Guitar
Authors: Sneider Bob
Published: July 2019

Throughout the history of jazz, the guitar has been an omnipresent voice as a rhythm section instrument and a solo voice. Having a strong guitarist in any jazz ensemble is a benefit and significantly increases the breadth of material that an ensemble can effectively perform. Taking a student with limited notational staff reading and chord vocabulary on the journey toward being a well-functioning guitarist in a jazz ensemble is no small feat! By understanding guitar function in jazz and melodic technique best practices, school music teachers can have a positive impact on young guitarists. This chapter addresses the technical possibilities/limitations of the guitar, diagnoses the needs and strengths of a young guitarist, recommends best practices, and provides a hands-on demonstration of learning through notated melodic and chordal examples.
Jazz Piano
Authors: Schmidt Russell A.
Published: July 2019

Performing as a pianist in a jazz ensemble can be very rewarding. But to ensure participation is satisfying for both the individual and the group, requisite skill sets for performance must be learned, and musical responsibilities to fellow performers must be understood. This chapter presents useful harmonic theory and practical jazz piano exercises to help developing jazz pianists build a strong foundation. In addition, various harmonic exercises are presented that educators can provide to assist their pianists’ development, including an overview of basic, flexible voicings that are useful in many different jazz styles. The latter portion of the chapter provides a general philosophy regarding the role of the piano within the jazz ensemble, providing teachers with the perspective necessary to offer their pianists the most effective instruction.
Effort and Success as Predictors of Passion
Authors: Lex Maike , Gielnik Michael M. , Frese Michael
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, we review theoretical and empirical research describing effort and success as predictors of passion for work, focusing on entrepreneurs’ passion for their work. We first present the theoretical rationale and empirical evidence for the causal effect flowing from people’s effort and success to their passion. We then investigate the underlying mechanisms that mediate and moderate this effect. The existing findings are integrated into a comprehensive theoretical model describing effort and success as predictors of passion. We further incorporate the theoretical model into the predominant theoretical view describing success as an outcome of passion, leading to an integrated framework on the reciprocal relationships between people’s success and passion for work.
The Origin and Classification of Ideas
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter (1) expounds Locke’s empiricist principle that all of our ideas are derived from experience, and (2) offers a clarification of the structure of Book II of the Essay. Regarding (1), it explains his twofold use of the term “idea” to mean both any sensory or introspectible state and any concept, his distinctions between ideas of sensation and ideas of reflection and between simple and complex ideas, and his classification of simple ideas. It identifies some noteworthy points about the idea of solidity. Regarding (2), it provides a clarification of the organization of Book II, in light of the facts that Locke (a) digresses into the theory of primary qualities and secondary qualities in Book II Chapter viii before continuing his aetiology of ideas, and (b) discusses several complex ideas of reflection, in Book II Chapters x and xi, before officially turning to complex ideas in Chapter xii.
Personal identity
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter analyzes Locke’s seminal treatment of personal identity and examines objections to it and replies to them. It (1) discusses his sharp divorce between a person’s identity and the identity of any substance, (2) formulates in analytical style his definition of personal identity in terms of memory, and (3) explains his view that personal identity is a “forensic” notion. Regarding (1), it argues that although Locke’s same substance/different person scenario makes sense, his same person/different substance scenario crosses the bounds of sense. Regarding (2), it shows how a definition of personal identity in terms of memory can be refined so as to avoid counterexamples proposed by Berkeley, Thomas Reid, and John Perry. Regarding (3), it argues that such a refined definition is incompatible with Locke’s forensic view of personhood, unless one appeals to Christian doctrine about the afterlife and about Judgement Day—as indeed Locke was prepared to do.
The problem of perception
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter formulates the problem of perception, which Locke sometimes dismisses but eventually tries to solve. The formulation hinges on the “argument from the multiple possible causes of any perceptual experience,” which shows that no physical thing can be “immediately perceived,” i.e., known to exist solely on the basis of one’s current perceptual experience. This conclusion generates a regress, since any experience one might appeal to for corroboration also has multiple possible causes. The problem can’t be avoided simply by adopting a two-term rather than a three-term theory of perception, because perceptual experiences can be phenomenologically indistinguishable whether they are caused by a physical object affecting one’s sense-receptors or caused otherwise. This has led to the traditional question: can knowledge of physical things be legitimately inferred from knowledge of immediately perceived ideas, sensations, or “sense-data” (on a three-term theory), or of ways of being “appeared to” (on a two-term theory)?
Narrow Fairways
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Despite India’s three decades of economic liberalization, access to quality education, well-paying jobs, and high standards of living align with prior class and caste advantages, leaving many poor and working-class people stuck in place and obligated to seek handouts from the rich. The study draws on ten years of ethnographic fieldwork at three private golf clubs in Bangalore, India’s Silicon Valley, to explore the ties of dependence wealthy club members generate with the poor lower-caste golf caddies who carry their bags, and in a manner that reproduces their positions of privilege and authority. The caddies are not employees, and yet neither do they have complete control over their rates and schedules. Making $3–5 for a five- or six-hour round, caddies deploy acts servility and deference to yield additional money for healthcare, children’s school fees, and other household expenses. While a rare few caddies win sufficient support to put them and their families on a path of social mobility, most struggle to make ends meet, living in less-than-secure housing, going without food in some cases, and sending their children to low-quality schools that all but guarantee they will take up similar work as their fathers. The necessity but ultimate limitation of such relationships between the rich and poor underscores the failure of India’s development strategy, which favors private over public interests, and has yet to establish well-funded healthcare, education, and basic social services that would improve chances of social mobility and independence among the poor.
The “Caddie Question”
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

The golf caddies of Bangalore are not employees at the clubs where they work, and yet they must hand over personal identification, sign an attendance register, wear uniforms, attend training sessions, and submit to managerial oversight. Despite laboring under conditions that mimic regularized employment, however, the caddies are ambivalent about prospects of formalizing ties with the clubs. The chapter presents this as a rational response to the indiscriminate and arbitrary application of disciplinary measures outlined in minutes to meetings, annual reports, and other official documents. Though wages, tips, and extras still only amount to a paltry sum, a majority of caddies prefer the status quo over initiating a struggle to win low-wage formal employment that would further restrict their autonomy. This same stance, however, also commits them to even greater dependence on members, with the result of upholding the status quo.
The Labor of Aspiration
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

The new elite—young, flashy, and wealthy—tend to favor the newer Karnataka Golf Association (KGA) in Bangalore, leaving the colonial-era Bangalore Golf Club (BGC) to older members, many of whom live on pensions. The caddies at the BGC are also older, poorer, and more religiously diverse than other caddies in the city. This combination results in a culture of servility and deference that yields distinct social mobility trajectories. In some cases, for example, and often with the support of prior advantages in the home, caddies are able to leverage relationships with members to propel themselves and their families forward—a form of social mobility referred to here as upward servility. In rarer cases, though, caddies can refuse the demands of servility and deference, carving out a more traditional path to social mobility that is more independent of members. In still other cases, servility and deference result in more servility and deference without much material benefit or anything approaching social mobility.
Caste Illa
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

For Dalits, or former Untouchables, living at the back of Challaghatta, a village bordering the Karnataka Golf Association (KGA), the club presents an opportunity to earn money and respect apart from their caste identities. The stark contrast between the club and village leaves many caddies from Challaghatta with the sense that merit, discipline, and hard work are really all that matter in improving their position within the club and beyond it. Yet these ideas are also tested when it comes to finding their children better-than-average schools or when they think about moving out of Challaghatta. Caste, in the end, combined with limited material resources, proves a stable and oppressive force in their lives.
The Burden of Distinction
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Well-intentioned golf club members in Bangalore take on great responsibilities in supporting their preferred caddies, who nevertheless remain poor, by comparison, even after decades in this line work. Often, however, these same club members neglect to consider the social and emotional burdens these gifts bring upon the caddies. The chapter highlights the case of one caddy at the Karnataka Golf Association (KGA) whose circumstances had improved greatly as the result of support he received from several members, but who also felt a sense of inadequacy and shame for not being able to support himself and his family without them.
Escape from Challaghatta
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Individual success for the poor does not necessarily translate into success for their children, as the case of a pair of one-time caddies suggests. Even as they are earning a steady income as coaches at the Karnataka Golf Association (KGA), they still live at the Challaghatta on the backside of the golf course, alongside other poor and lower-caste families. As such, they are in no better position to help secure their children high-quality education or better job prospects than other caddies who have a history of alcohol abuse and bad financial decisions. Their success as coaches at the club compared with others who remain as caddies reveals the perils of social mobility at this level of society—in a way, these former caddies are too successful, having given up the possibility of asking help from members, and yet without the status or broader network beyond the club to further advance their children.
Courthouse Claims
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

Existing legal claims have a hard time trying to remedy reproductive wrongs, but procreation patients and their committed partners should be able to seek meaningful recovery for professional negligence that thwarts their legitimate family plans. I distinguish three kinds of unwanted reproductive outcomes: (1) no baby, where victims had sought one; (2) any baby, where the goal was none at all; and (3) a particular type of baby, where parents undertook efforts to have one with different traits. Our legal system should recognize each of these complaints—that’s what this chapter recommends. The first tort action that I propose is for negligently frustrated attempts to pursue pregnancy or parenthood; the second concerns dashed efforts to avoid those activities and roles; the third is for offspring selection gone amiss. I call these the rights of procreation deprived, procreation imposed, and procreation confounded. Each reflects the responsibilities that certain individuals or institutions owe to preserve the reproductive interests of others. Formal obligations in matters of pregnancy and parenthood is what sets professional negligence apart from otherwise similar transgressions at the hand of intimate partners. Fertility doctors and other healthcare practitioners assume practice-specific duties of care that nonspecialists do not. Committed partners should be entitled to sue for reproductive negligence as well, not just patients who undergo medical treatment themselves. Extending procreation rights to this committed partner recognizes the impact these wrongs have on their family plans and the life they share—courts should allow recovery for that one, clearly identifiable, additional claimant.
Damage Awards
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

Two questions should guide award determinations for procreation deprived, imposed, and confounded: First, how serious is a plaintiff’s reproductive loss? The answer goes to the nature and duration of that loss’s practical consequences for the plaintiff’s life. The second question asks how likely any future loss is to come about, and the extent to which its cause can be traced to a defendant’s misconduct, as opposed to some other factor for which the defendant isn’t to blame. The severity of reproductive injuries calls for objective inquiry into how a reasonable person in the plaintiff’s shoes would be affected. Permanent injuries tend to be more severe than temporary ones because they can be expected to cause greater disruption to major life activities like education, work, marriage, friendships, and emotional well-being. The question isn’t what plaintiffs would have done if they’d known that negligence would dash their efforts—it’s how much those injuries can be expected to impair their lives, from the perspective of their own ideals and circumstances. The causation element of this damages inquiry asks: What are the odds that plaintiffs would have suffered the complained-of reproductive outcome if it hadn’t been for the professional misconduct? Preexisting infertility, contraceptive user error, and genetic uncertainty can deprive, impose, or confound procreation just the same in the absence of any wrongdoing. Probabilistic recovery starts with the award total corresponding to the absolute loss in question, and reduces it by the extent to which the loss was caused by outside forces.
Control Orientations in the East and West
Authors: Yamaguchi Susumu , Sawaumi Takafumi
Published: July 2019

Individuals exercise control over themselves, others, and environment. According to a seminal work by Weisz, Rothbaum, and Blackburn, which represents a Western view, people in the West prefer to control others or environment to make their life more comfortable (primary control), whereas people in the East prefer to control themselves to fit into environment (secondary control). This chapter critically examines the Western conceptualization of control. Then an alternative view based on Asian value system is presented. According to this view, East–West differences exist not in the target of control (oneself vs. others or environment) but in how people attempt to control others and their environment. The authors present empirical evidence to support the alternative view and propose a framework to understand individuals’ seeking for psychological well-being in the East and West. Westerners (especially North Americans) prefer to control the environment so that they can feel autonomous, whereas Easterners (especially Japanese) care more about consequences of control in terms of interpersonal harmony.
Religion and Related Morality Across Cultures
Authors: Saroglou Vassilis
Published: July 2019

Is religious morality the same across the major world religions and various cultural contexts? This chapter makes, for the first time, a review, synthesis, and interpretation of the relevant findings from recent international, focused cross-cultural, and experimental studies. Both striking quasi-universal features and amazing cultural differences emerge in the ways religion (individual religiosity, religious ideas, and/or religious heritage at the collective level) endorses, shapes, or privileges specific moral preferences regarding a vast spectrum of domains of human activity. The latter include sexuality; fertility, marriage, and parenting; work- and economy-related attitudes and behavior; various prosocial attitudes and behaviors; and civic attitudes toward democracy, social engagement, the environment, and honesty in society. The final discussion focuses on the religious conflict, across cultures, between interpersonal–consequentialist and righteous–deontological morality, and the evolutionary explanations of the transculturally strong religion-morality association and of the cultural diversity of religion and its morality.
Networking with Sources
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2019

This chapter investigates the labor of networking with sources. News fixers indicate that their networks of potential interviewees are perhaps the most lucrative thing they can offer a visiting reporter. Because of this, they spend years cultivating trust with a variety of contacts, some of whom are dangerous people to displease. Parachute journalists might try to buy fixers’ local contacts, showing little regard for the years of emotional labor that led the fixers to build trust with people who might pose a threat to both the journalist and the fixer. Once the journalist arrives and the news fixer draws upon his or her contact list, another problem emerges: the fixer must ensure that the client does not upset the valuable contact by showing cultural ignorance or insensitivity. This can become a complicated dance of playing to both sides, something that many of my interviewees say is necessary in order to keep the contact for future jobs, while also helping the journalist get the interviews needed to tell the story.
Boundary-Drawing around the Proper
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

This chapter draws on the musical biographies of the young people in this study to map out the ‘institutional ecology’ of youth classical music in England. Music conservatoires and exam boards, many established during the late Victorian period, were influential in consecrating classical music as more valuable than other genres by institutionalizing musical standards. During the 1880s and 1890s, these institutions served a demand for training ‘respectable’ middle-class femininity and reinforcing boundaries between middle and working classes. The chapter concludes by examining how this boundary-drawing around the ‘proper’ was reproduced by young people in this study today through ideas of what counted as ‘serious’ or ‘proper’ music. Such taste boundaries work to safeguard classical music’s privileged status in education and funding and reinforce its association with valued class identities.
A Community-in-Sound
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes how young people in this study recognized an emotional depth in classical music that they stated they did not get from other musics, and that was particularly linked to the Romantic repertoire they preferred. The participants’ recognition of a deep interiority both in themselves and in this music constitutes a form of interpellation of themselves as subjects who are able to recognize the value of this music. Through this process, classical music can be seen as a cultural technology for knowing the bourgeois self. The embodied and affective experience of playing in classical music ensembles and the acoustic aesthetic facilitate transcendence of the body. The sound itself does the work of opening up the individual to facilitate a sense of community. Crucially, this deeply personal experience links young people into institutions and social groups that possess high levels of economic, social, and cultural capital.
Conclusion
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

The conclusion lays out four ways in which the tradition and practices of classical music form an ‘articulation’ with the middle classes: the formal modes of social organization that it requires; its modes of embodiment; its imaginative dimension; and the aesthetic of detail, precision, and ‘getting it right’. It argues that the aesthetic of classical music does the boundary-drawing work of retaining this as a middle-class space and practice, and within these spaces, classical music cultivates a form of selfhood characterized by emotional depth that is recognized as valuable. It draws out two ways in which this book contributes to a wider understanding of the middle classes: the ways in which gender identities structure classed reproduction, and the continuing role of classical music as legitimate culture conferring institutionalized cultural capital. Finally, it lays out ways forward for classical music in policy and practice.
Viewing
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

Film programming is a vital element for libraries today, and there are key features of effective programs that create social and interactive experiences. Although it can be difficult to design film programs that create community, given library constraints of time and talent, partnering with community organizations can help create library film programs relevant to the communities they serve. As with author visits, filmmaker appearances, whether live or virtual, can provide audiences insight into motivation, imagination, and the creative process. Media influence our attitudes and behaviors in complicated ways not fully understood. Overuse of video games and the rise of consumerism, cyberbullying, sexting, and online pornography are real concerns. Digital citizenship is about access as it relates to the normative behaviors and knowledge that are needed for responsible participation in digital culture. To counter the paradigm of risk and harm of media use and youth, some librarians are assessing the real needs of people in their communities and using intentional and appropriate use of new media for young children, teens, and at-risk populations. Because film and media engage the head, heart, and spirit, they can stimulate complex discussion about social, political, moral, and ethical issues.
Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Ethics
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides an overview of Zhu Xi’s metaphysics epistemology, and ethics, with the aim of providing the basic foundations of his philosophical system. It explains how he developed, shaped, and codified earlier Confucian views about issues such as the relationship between pattern-principle and qi, the character of human nature, and proper course of learning into a new and powerful system of philosophy that could claim to continue the earlier Confucian tradition, address a range of pressing contemporary practical social and political problems, and offer an attractive and appealing alternative to Daoism and Buddhism.
Social Conditions of His Time
Authors: Bossler Beverly
Published: July 2019

While Zhu Xi developed complex philosophical theories, his ultimate objective was the moral transformation of society. This chapter concerns his directives and exhortations to people in his jurisdiction, promulgated during his stints as a local official, as well as in his letters to disciples and friends addressing concrete issues in family relations, and in his funerary biographies (especially for women), where he exhibited considerable flexibility and accommodation to social custom. Zhu’s official directives include general admonishments to behave well and be diligent in agriculture, as well as specific warnings about officials cheating commoners, illegal family division, and unorthodox religious practices. Many of the texts in this chapter deal with family issues. Like his writings on society, Zhu’s writings on families were largely prescriptive: families needed to be properly “regulated” and interactions among family members guided by ritual.
Science and Natural Philosophy
Authors: Sik Kim Yung
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents selections from Zhu Xi’s writings and conversations concerning his knowledge about and attitude toward the natural world and the objects and phenomena in it. The selections include discussions on such basic concepts as pattern-principle, qi, yin-yang, the five phases, etc. Together they amount to what might be considered his “natural philosophy.” In addition, this chapter includes Zhu Xi’s writings and comments on various scientific subjects, such as calendrical astronomy, harmonics, geography, medicine, and mathematics, his views about why these are things well-educated gentleman should know, and how one should go about acquiring proper knowledge of these aspects of the natural world.
The Eighth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the eighth month of life. In the eighth month, the author’s son is showing signs of separation anxiety for the very first time, clinging to his mom and dad in new or unfamiliar environments. The author points out that separation anxiety is generally taken as one of the first signs of attachment. She goes on to describe attachment and research on different attachment qualities between an infant and his or her caregiver. She discusses the factors that lead to an insecure attachment style, with a focus on the effect of institutionalization on children’s attachment.
The Ninth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the ninth month of life. As the fall approaches and the author has to return to work, she has to make different choices about childcare. Because in the United States employers are only required to provide 12 weeks of maternity leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), and very often that leave is unpaid, most new mothers must return to work while their children are still infants. The chapter focuses on describing different childcare options—specifically daycare versus nannies—and the pros and cons of each based on research.
Multiple Identities and Self-Esteem
Authors: Serpe Richard T. , Long-Yarrison Fritz , Stets Jan E. , Stryker Sheldon
Published: July 2019

Self-esteem is a common concern in our everyday life. People associate high self-esteem with positive self-feelings, behaviors, and outcomes, and low self-esteem with negative self-feelings, behaviors, and outcomes. We explore how individuals feel about themselves in global terms given the multiple role identities (religious, parent, and spouse/partner) they may claim. We anticipate that role identities that are more important to individuals will be linked to positive feelings about themselves in those identities. In turn, these positive feelings should be associated with positive feelings about themselves overall. The role identities are examined as they relate to self-esteem. The findings reveal that both role-specific self-efficacy and self-worth are positively related to global self-esteem. Additionally, more important role identities are positively associated with role-specific self-esteem, and higher self-esteem in these identities is tied to global self-esteem. The findings contribute to an understanding of how specific role identity self-feelings relate to global self-feelings.
Toward a Theory of Moral Identity Development
Authors: Aldecoa John
Published: July 2019

There has been growing interest in moral identity development among moral psychologists. However, identity theorists have had little to say on this issue. In this chapter, I will attempt to bring identity theorists into the discussion by conceptualizing moral identity development in identity theory terms. I outline three phases of moral identity development that emerge within the literature. First is the pre-formative phase, which exists prior to the formation of the moral identity. Second is the formative phase, which occurs as the moral identity takes on moral meanings learned through socialization. Third is the transformative phase, which takes place as the moral identity works to control perceptions to ensure verification. As I argue, an identity theory approach to moral identity development has much to add to the current literature on the topic.
The Moral Identity and Immoral Behavior
Authors: Stets Jan E. , McCaffree Kevin
Published: July 2019

We describe how people can claim to be moral individuals while simultaneously engaging in immoral behavior. We take as our starting point moral disengagement strategies in which people selectively disengage from their harmful behavior. People may equate their harmful actions with worthy goals; soften bad actions to make them sound better; ignore or deny bad consequences; or blame others for bad outcomes. We argue that these and other strategies are cognitive devices to manage identity non-verification (“I am a good person, but I am doing a bad thing”) and the negative feelings that ensue. We discuss how different strategies are used depending upon the identities that are activated, and how these strategies evolve from a deliberate process that becomes habitual over time. We also discuss how these strategies might be tempered so that individuals become aware of the bad consequences of their behavior and take steps to alleviate them.
Identity Formation in Street Demonstrations
Authors: Klandermans Bert , Stekelenburg Jacquelien van
Published: July 2019

Every day, somewhere in the world, citizens take to the streets to vent their anger about grievances they share. A central mechanism in our understanding of protest behavior is identity formation. To experience shared grievances and emotions, a shared identity must develop. We address the question with whom protesters identify. Rather than examine whether dynamics of identification determine mobilization and participation, we will assess whether dynamics of mobilization and participation foster identification. We distinguish deductive and inductive identity formation. Taking the deductive route, people deduce a shared identity from a higher-order category membership they share; for example, being a union member. Taking the inductive route, a collective identity emerges as group members interact. Hypotheses derived from this conceptualization are tested. We present data on identification from a study of 81 demonstrations and 16,597 participants in eight European countries. We find that inductive and deductive identity formation have different antecedents.
Criminal and Regulatory Law
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

Colonial judges had significant criminal and regulatory responsibilities that are the subject of this chapter. A major focus was on sex crimes, the prosecution of which varied considerably from colony to colony. Adoption of the criminal procedure norms of the common law was more uniform in all of the colonies. The chapter ends with an examination of the administrative and regulatory norms of colonial courts in connection with such matters as the building of infrastructure, taxation, the licensing and control of the liquor business, and the regulation of elections.
Triumphant Kings and the Legacy of Akkadian Steles
Authors: Eppihimer Melissa
Published: July 2019

The Susa stele of Naram-Sin of Akkad is often viewed as a model for later victory monuments, in part because of modern Orientalist stereotypes and admiration for the stele’s aesthetics. However, other Akkadian monuments presented a different view of Akkadian kingship. This chapter argues that post-Akkadian images of a triumphant king standing upon his enemy were shaped by a wider range of visual models and memories of the Akkadians. Case studies include rock reliefs in the Zagros Mountains, royal steles from the Old Babylonian period, and the Bisitun relief of the Achaemenid king Darius I. The irony of this chapter is that it reaffirms the stele of Naram-Sin’s exceptional status within the history of Mesopotamian art while undermining the notion that this exceptionalism led to the stele’s direct influence over the design of later victory monuments.
Stricken
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

In 1959, after cruising down the Nile, Nell arrived in Greece. A friend had told her that studio space was cheap and the scenery gorgeous. On the island of Mykonos, she wound up living at the spacious home of a new friend. Avoiding the strong sunlight, she painted the view from her window—an indoor-outdoor approach that she would continue throughout her life. Her idyllic life was shattered when she was stricken with polio. Friends rallied to have her airlifted to New York. In the hospital, lying in an iron lung that breathed for her, she very nearly died. Recovered sufficiently to use a wheelchair, she was told that, as a paraplegic, her art career was over. But, aided by the solicitous care of her English nurse, Dilys Evans, who became her lover, she began to retrain her more usable left hand for oil paintings, using her right hand for watercolors.
Travel and Turmoil
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

In 1964, Nell and Dilys left New York on the Queen Mary, bound for London. The next stop was Burton Bradstock in West Dorset, home of poet Howard Griffin, where Nell began painting garden views. The women spent time in Paris and Lisbon before flying to the Caribbean island of St. Lucia, where Nell’s dealer Elinor Poindexter and her husband owned a banana plantation. Nell delighted in the native plants and birds. She taught the teenaged son of their cook to read and write and enjoyed visits by Arthur Cohen, her major collector, and poet Galway Kinnell. But despite the lush surroundings, the eleven months on St. Lucia were plagued by inconveniences, from quarreling workmen to scorpions and torrential rains. Nell’s April 1966 Poindexter Gallery show, which included many works completed in St. Lucia, was well reviewed. Then came a great shock: in late May, Dilys suddenly moved out.
Gloucester
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

In the summer of 1974, Nell found a cottage to buy in her beloved Gloucester. Named for her mother, Eudora Cottage would be her and Carolyn’s home from June to late autumn every year. Nell made detailed sketches for plants in the many gardens she envisioned. The house also had to be renovated to accommodate a wheelchair user’s needs. Exploring Cape Ann required the assistance of a household staff of three, one driving a vintage Cadillac. In her paintings of local vistas, Nell avoided postcard fidelity to nature, preferring to capture the effervescent quality of light on water and gardens rife with blooms. This chapter also takes a quick look at other notable artists, including Stuart Davis and Marsden Hartley, who drew and painted Gloucester landscapes. In 1975, when Nell’s poet friend Howard Griffin died in Austria, he left his property to Nell—a bequest that would broaden her horizons.
Theft (Sariqah)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

The chapter begins with the definition of theft and proceeds to examine issues over nisāb (the minimum value of stolen goods). Then it looks at issues over safekeeping (ḥirz), ownership, and methods of proof. The chapter ends with a review of the Qur’anic provisions on repentance and its impact on the punishment of theft.
Issues over Wine Drinking (Shurb)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

An issue is raised at the outset whether shurb is a ḥudūd crime or a taʿzīr offence. Another issue concerns the quantum of punishment and also the constituent elements of this offence, such as the actual extent of intoxication and whether intention is also a requirement. The chapter also discusses the position of other intoxicants, including narcotics and drug abuse.
Protest Groups and Physical Violence
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 1 lays the basis for the analyses in subsequent chapters by summarizing the protest groups and types of violence examined in this book. A first section takes a closer look at the protest groups discussed in chapters 2 to 8: the 1960s student movements in the United States and Germany, the new social movements, and the global justice movement protests. It describes involved social movement groups and discusses their claim-making, their membership composition, their stance toward violence, the frequency of such groups clashing with police, as well as police perceptions of them. A second section discusses the definition of violence used in the book. Highlighting different concepts of violence, it argues for a concise definition of physical interpersonal violence—as actions injuring or killing another person. This definition also allows examination of whether other types of actions often labeled “violence,” such as property damage, may foster interpersonal violence.
Losing Control
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 discusses the first of three paths to protest violence discussed in the book. Each of these paths involves interactions, interpretations, and emotional dynamics that emerge between the start of the protest and violence erupting. In this first path, police mismanagement and spatial incursions merge into a loss-of-control path. In this path, the organization of police forces is either flawed or breaks down during the protest situation. When the resulting uncertainty and disorientation of officers is combined with territorial invasions by protesters, officers perceive a loss of control over the situation. This loss of control leads officers to assume that usually reliable situational routines have broken down, which increases tensions and fear and favors physical clashes. The chapter uses detailed case vignettes to illustrate how a loss-of-control path unfolds. It examines the role of territory in protests and provides insights into police objectives and training.
Educating
Authors: Rotter Andrew J.
Published: July 2019

The chapter provides a sensory history of empire in the two countries, India and the Philippines, at the turn of the twentieth century. By that point, the process of visualizing Indian and Filipino subjects was well underway by their colonizers. The chapter looks at sight and sound and how they can be used to narrate the story at this point. The dynamics of Anglo-American soundscapes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries transferred readily and deliberately to sites of empire, to India and the Philippines. In particular, it looks at the music in the two empires at this time.
Addendum
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

There is currently a growing movement among some Christian philosophers to defend Reformed/Calvinist theological commitments with analytical precision and rigor. A number of the characteristic commitments of Reformed theology bear importantly on the problem of hell; the most important of these is theological determinism, which, when combined with a rejection of universalism, raises a host of serious problems. In addition to exacerbating concerns about divine justice and love, there are at least two doxastic problems that are unique to Calvinism. First is the problem of faith: a necessary condition of faith is trust, but a thorough understanding of the implications of Calvinist theology would seem to undermine one’s grounds for reasonably trusting God. Second is the problem of hope: Calvinism is incompatible with at least one of the deepest hopes of the Christian faith, while encouraging another hope that is thoroughly unedifying, and perhaps even despairing.
Providence, Freedom, and God’s Creation of the Damned
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

In the view of many anti-universalists, human free will is both a great good and that which poses the greatest obstacle to universalism. If created persons have free will, then it seems it is finally up to those persons, and not up to God, whether all will be saved. This is the most popular argument against universalism, but it turns out to be complicated by the fact that the metaphysical assumptions that drive it themselves generate problems for anti-universalists. For a variety of reasons, anti-universalism turns out to be ill-wed to each of the standard accounts of providence—viz., compatibilism, Molinism, and open theism—as none provides the anti-universalist with an adequate explanation of why God creates the damned. The chapter closes with a discussion of why the author is nevertheless unwilling to embrace universalism.
Introduction
Authors: Biberman Yelena
Published: July 2019

The introduction presents the main puzzle: states with robust militaries, such as Pakistan and India, gambling with violence by outsourcing counterinsurgency to nonstate actors. Why would these states share their world-class armies’ resources and responsibilities with characters of questionable capability and loyalty? The puzzle is illustrated with a discussion of the risks and illicit nature of violence outsourcing with concrete examples from around the world. The introduction also explains the value of studying state-nonstate alliances in times of civil war, and why South Asia is the ideal setting for doing so. The chapter then provides a survey of the existing research, overview of the main argument, and outline of the book’s structure.