bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Future of Humic Substances Research: Preface to a Debate
Authors: Janzen Henry
Published: March 2019

For centuries, scientists have been probing the nature and dynamics of organic matter in soil and sediment. A prominent approach in this research has been to extract humic substances using a strong alkaline solution. The continuing merits of this time‐honored approach, however, has prompted some recent debate. Does the study of humic substances, as defined by alkaline extraction, still promise further advances in our understanding of organic matter dynamics in terrestrial and aquatic systems? The two articles in this special section offer divergent responses to this question, providing a framework for enlightening discourse that will help direct future research. Receptive reading of these views will not only lead to clarity on a crucial issue but also offer insight into how best to learn from potentially divisive questions that will inevitably arise in the study of soil, a still mysterious medium.
Effect of Missing Values on Variance Component Estimates in Multienvironment Trials
Authors: Aguate Fernando , Crossa Jose , Balzarini Mónica
Published: March 2019

Multienvironment trials (METs) are conducted to evaluate cultivars across locations and years with often incomplete data structure due to annual cultivar replacements. The imbalance could cause biased variance component (VC) estimates depending on data dimension, proportion of missing values, and the cultivar dropout mechanism. The objective of this study was to quantify the bias of VC estimates obtained from imbalanced datasets. We performed simulations of METs with different data dimensions (number of cultivars, locations, and years) using VC parameters taken from real wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) METs. The missing values were generated by annually dropping and replacing cultivars. The genotypic variance estimates obtained from analyses of 2 yr of METs, and >40% missing values, were overestimated in all simulated scenarios. The percentage of bias was highly influenced by the number of years considered for analysis. Variance component estimates from simulations with more years of METs were less biased: 8‐yr analyses produced <5% bias in the genotypic variance and its interactions, even in highly imbalanced datasets. Increasing the number of annually tested cultivars or the number of locations was less beneficial in terms of decreasing bias than increasing the number of years. Cultivar‐mean repeatability was considerably affected by increases in the percentage of missing values, which caused reductions of up to 60% with few years of METs. Results showed that, even with cultivar replacement, linear mixed models can estimate VCs with <5% bias when there are four or more years of METs, with or without imbalance (up to 40%).
Lithologic, Climatic and Depth Controls on Critical Zone Transformations
Authors: Tian Zhiyuan , Hartsough Peter C. , O'Geen Anthony T.
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas

Biotite content was positively related to regolith thickness in granitic terrain.

Depth regulates regolith transformations by dampening subsurface temperature.

The degree of soil development does not reflect deep regolith characteristics.

We evaluated the effects of temperature and subtle differences in lithology (biotite content) on the degree of pedogenesis in regolith (soils + saprock) in granitic terrain of the southern Sierra Nevada. Deep regolith was sampled from summit and backslope landscape positions in two catchments representing the transition from rain‐dominated (1100 m elevation) to snow‐dominated (2000 m elevation) precipitation. Regolith thickness varied regardless of degree of soil development (e.g., Alfisols vs. Inceptisols), ranging from 1.4 to 7.6 m at the 1100 m site and 1.5 to 10.7 m at the 2000‐m site. Biotite content in fine sand fractions of saprock was positively correlated with regolith thickness at both sites. In the rain‐dominated catchment (1100 m elevation), particle grain size was negatively correlated with regolith thickness. Evidence of pedogenic transformations was evaluated based on clay content and dithionite extractable iron (Fed). The degree of regolith transformation was controlled by heat energy, which was related to the temperature mediated by depth. Annual sum of heat energy modeled from surface to hard bedrock showed a significant positive correlation with clay content and Fed concentration. The slopes of regression lines between annual heat energy load and clay and Fed were steeper at the 1100 m site, where the dominant form of precipitation was rain. This trend is a result of the greater degree of pedogenesis and higher temperatures in soils compared with saprock at 2000 m.
Accumulation and Precipitation of Cu and Zn in a Centenarian Vineyard
Authors: Bortoluzzi Edson Campanhola , Korchagin Jackson , Moterle Diovane Freire , dos Santos Danilo Rheinheimer , Caner Laurent
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas

The study highlights soil geochemical‐mineralogical alteration due to Cu‐based fungicide application.

Copper enrichment reached 26 times greater in vine rhizosphere than in the control site.

Copper precipitation at high soil pH favors mineral formation in the vine rhizosphere.

Vineyard areas have received remarkable amounts of Cu‐based fungicides and organic waste, causing metals to accumulate in the soil profile. The objective of this study was to determine the different chemical forms of Cu and Zn in a centenarian vineyard soil and discuss the formation of Cu‐ and Zn‐bearing minerals in the clay fraction. For this, a Brazilian Inceptisol planted with vines (123‐yr‐old vineyard) was sampled in (i) the vine rhizosphere (RV), (ii) the middle of the plant row (MPR), and (iii) under a natural forest site (F) (control treatment). The amounts of total, exchangeable and residual Cu forms in the RV reached 4500, 1400, and 600 mg kg‐1, respectively. The chemical enrichments of Cu and Zn in RV were 26 and 2.8 times greater than those in the F site, respectively. Peaks were observed on the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns in the clay fraction from the RV site that were compatible with Cu‐bearing minerals. The mineralogical results are potentially and broadly significant to highlight the mechanisms of co‐precipitation of toxic ions in soils where fungicides were applied. A centenarian vineyard that received high amounts of Cu‐based fungicide accumulated Cu in the rhizosphere zone, had favorable conditions (i.e., high metal and pH levels) for the occurrence of Cu‐bearing minerals. Furthermore, long‐term traditional agriculture practices should be revisited to avoid environmental contamination.
MI SSION INMITTE N DER KU LTURE N UND RE LIGI ONEN IN DER NEUERE N PR OTE STANTI SCHEN THEOLOGIE
Authors: Bokwa Ignacy
Published: March 2019

Niniejsze opracowanie stawia sobie za cel przedstawienie najważniejszych procesówi tendencji w nowszej protestanckiej teologii misji. Punktem odniesienia jestteologia misji w ujęciu wybitnych teologów pierwszej połowy XX wieku: MartinaKählera, Ernsta Troeltscha i Karla Bartha. Była to teologia misji koncentrującasię prawie wyłącznie na przesłankach wypływających z Objawienia Bożego, przyjednoczesnym nieuwzględnianiu adresata tego przesłania. Koniec drugiej połowyXX i początek XXI wieku niosą ze sobą zupełną zmianę perspektywy: w centrumuwagi pojawia się odbiorca ewangelicznego przesłania ze swoją kulturą, zwyczajamioraz splotem uwarunkowań gospodarczych, politycznych i społecznych. Efektemtych przemian jest próba zastąpienia tradycyjnej teologii misji – teologią interkulturową,w której główną rolę odgrywają etnologia, kulturoznawstwo i politologia.Tematyka teologiczna pojawia się natomiast marginalnie i raczej w kontekściedialogu i konwiwencji z innymi religiami. Najnowsza protestancka teologia misjipróbuje odnaleźć złoty środek pomiędzy skoncentrowaniem się na przesłaniu ewangelicznymi misyjnym nakazie Jezusa Chrystusa z jednej strony – a problematykąreligioznawczą i kulturową z drugiej strony.
Pos ynodalna adho rtacja apos tols ka „Amoris Laetitia” w pol u na pięcia międz y wolno ścią i prawdą
Authors: Menke Karl-Heinz
Published: March 2019

Artykuł przedstawia możliwe interpretacje „Amoris Laetitia” papieża Franciszka.Autorzy szeroko odnoszą się do komentarzy niemieckich biskupów, wskazującmożliwe ryzyka nadinterpretacji Magisterium.
Od Pa cho miusza do Benedykta. Officium divinum w reguła ch monas tyczn ych
Authors: Wiąckiewicz Debora Justyna
Published: March 2019

The article presents the issue of the presence and development of officiumdivinum in the texts of monastic rules from saint Pachomius to saint Benedict,that is from the fourth to the half of the sixth century. Texts of religious legislatorspresented in a chronological sequence show the consecutive stages of the formationof the liturgical prayer structure by successive generations of monks, and the impactthat earlier documents had on later customs and traditions in the framework of thecommunally celebrated opus Dei.
A TRANSFORMAÇÃO DIGITAL E A GESTÃO DO CONHECIMENTO: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A MELHORIA DOS PROCESSOS PRODUTIVOS E ORGANIZACIONAIS
Authors: Diogo Ricardo Alexandre , Kolbe Junior Armando , Santos Neri
Published: March 2019

A Transformação Digital (TD), também chamada de Indústria 4.0, tem implementado tecnologias para o aperfeiçoamento dos processos produtivos e de gestão organizacional. Diante desse cenário, o presente estudo pretende verificar como a Gestão do Conhecimento (GC) pode contribuir para a TD nas organizações e, ao mesmo tempo, como a TD está colaborando para a GC. Sendo assim, primeiramente a GC é contextualizada junto aos conceitos de TD. Então, para se atingir o objetivo deste estudo, uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada, considerando a relação dos pilares da Indústria 4.0 e dos Sistemas Ciber-Físicos com a GC. Para finalizar, os resultados da revisão sistemática são analisados e discutidos para responder ao objetivo deste trabalho.
ACCOUNTING FOR PLANETARY SURVIVAL ACKNOWLEDGE: THE BACKGROUND
Authors: Bauwens Michel
Published: March 2019

The proposal of this paper is to present a summary of ten years of research at the P2P Foundation, including by our own P2P Lab but also by our partners in common research programs, of what we know today about the emerging commons economy. It includes a basic account of why the ‘invention’ of the blockchain has been important, but stresses that the needed distributed ledgers may take other forms in the future. This section may not offer a lot of new elements for those that are already technologically savvy about the topic, but it does offer a critical engagement with the qualities and flaws of the current model, and suggests how it can be tweaked and transformed, to also serve as a basis for a post-capitalist, commons-centric economy.
Recent Advances in the In-silico Structure-based and Ligand-based Approaches for the Design and Discovery of Agonists and Antagonists of A2A Adenosine Receptor
Authors: Agrawal Nikhil , Chandrasekaran Balakumar , Al-Aboudi Amal
Published: March 2019

A2A receptor belongs to the family of GPCRs, which are the most abundant membrane protein family.
Studies in the last few decades have shown the therapeutic applications of A2A receptor in various diseases. In the
present mini-review, we have discussed the recent progress in the in-silico studies of the A2A receptor. Herein, we
described the different structures of A2A receptor, the discovery of new agonists and antagonists using virtualscreening/
docking, pharmacophore modeling, and QSAR based pharmacophore modeling. We have also discussed
various molecular dynamics (MD) simulations studies of A2A receptor in complex with ligands.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Essential and Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Imprialos Konstantinos P. , Bouloukou Sofia , Kerpiniotis Georgios , Katsimardou Alexandra , Patoulias Dimitrios , Bakogiannis Constantinos , Faselis Charles
Published: March 2019

Background:

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are a second-line class of antihypertensive drugs,
which have been accounted for as the optimal add-on therapy in the triple algorithm for the management of resistant
hypertension.

Objectives:

To assess the effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of patients with essential
hypertension and resistant hypertension.

Method:

We conducted a meticulous review of the literature and comprehensive identification of the clinical
trials assessing the efficacy of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in individuals with primary and resistant
hypertension.

Results:

MRAs have been thoroughly tested in several clinical studies in relevance to blood pressure lowering
effects, over the last six decades. Accumulating data observed that MRAs resulted in a significant reduction in
blood pressure level in patients with resistant hypertension. In addition, spironolactone was found to beneficially
affect the management of resistant hypertension.

Conclusion:

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists exert a significant antihypertensive effect. Future welldesigned
randomized controlled studies are greatly needed to address crucial clinical aspects in the field.
Novel Targets For Therapeutic Intervention in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. What is the Best Way to Assess the Safety Profile of a Drug?
Authors: Yzet Clara , Tse Stacy S. , Kayal Maia , Hirten Robert , Colombel Jean-Frédéric
Published: March 2019

The emergence of biologic therapies has revolutionized the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by halting disease progression, increasing remission rates and improving long-term clinical outcomes. Despite these well-described benefits, many patients are reluctant to commence therapy due to drug safety concerns. Adverse events can be detected at each stage of drug development and during the post-marketing period. In this article, we review how to best assess the safety parameters of new IBD medications, from the earliest stage of development to population-based registries, with a focus on the special populations often excluded from the evaluation process.
Nanotechnology Advanced Strategies for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mohsen Amira Mohamed
Published: March 2019

Background:

Medications currently available for the management of diabetes mellitus are inconvenient and have some limitations. Thus, investigations for novel approaches are needed to deliver and target antidiabetics safely to the site of action.

Objective:

The present review emphasizes the limitations of conventional antidiabetics and provides the recent progresses of nanotechnology in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with a special highlight on the novel nanocarriers methodologies employed as antidiabetic drug delivery systems.

Methods:

The potential nanocarriers employed for the treatment of diabetes comprise liposomes, niosomes, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems, polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, dendrimers and micelles. Herbal nanomedicine has also emerged to be a promising way for adequate delivery of herbal compounds. Other nanotechnology approaches involve the usage of oral insulin, inhalable insulin, artificial pancreas, and nanopump.

Results:

Nanocarriers have proved to lead a successful delivery of antidiabetic medications, aiming at drug targeting for enhanced efficacy and safety.

Conclusion:

These innovative generations of drug delivery systems have important benefits over conventionally existing ones. The future of nanotechnology in the management of diabetes is still open with several prospects and will be of pronounced significance.
ADIE - Nursing Interventions of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Integrative Review of the Literature
Authors: Subrata Sumarno Adi , Phuphaibul Rutja , Kanogsunthornrat Nirobol , Siripitayakunkit Apinya
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims:

Diabetic foot ulcer is recognized as a consequence of peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease amid individuals with diabetes. As is well known, this situation still remains a crucial problem in nursing practice. Available studies describing an algorithm of inter- related nursing interventions concerned with diabetic foot ulcers are limited. Therefore, this integrative review was aimed to present evidence-based practice for overcoming the complications of diabetic foot ulcer as well as preventing lower extremity amputation.

Methods:

This integrative review retrieved scientific literature from PubMed, CINAHL, ProQuest, SAGE Publishing and ScienceDirect databases as published from 2008 to 2017. Thirty-seven studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this study.

Results:

Our findings present that neurologic and circulatory assessments were considered as primary steps prior to conducting interventions. Formulating a diagnosis based upon the assessment results is a principal part to determine appropriate interventions. Multiple experimental studies displayed the effectiveness of certain interventions consist of applying wound cleansing, advanced modern wound dressing, topical therapy, offloading, intensive diabetes education and advanced treatment modalities. Hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein, procalcitonin, the potential of hydrogen of wound fluid, wound size, neurological and circulatory status were determined as the outcomes measurement which must be correctly evaluated.

Conclusion:

This review contributes an algorithm for intervening diabetic foot ulcer thereby generating the given name: ADIE (Assessment, Diagnosis, Interventions, and Evaluation). A collaborative care amid multidisciplinary diabetes team is needed for implementing along with evaluating the feasibility of the study findings. Moreover, active family participation also plays a crucial role to achieve successful management of diabetic foot ulcer at home.
An Improved Segmentation and Classifier Approach Based on HMM for Brain Cancer Detection
Authors: Sharma Shruti , Rattan Munish
Published: March 2019

Introduction:

Brain tumors are fatal diseases that are spread worldwide and affect all types of age groups. Due to its direct impact on the central nervous system, if tumor cells prevail at certain locations in the brain, the overall functionality of the body is disturbed and chances of a person approaching death are high. Tumors can be cancerous or non-cancerous but in many cases, the chances of complete recovery are less and as a result death rate has increased all over the world despite recent advancements in technology, equipment and awareness. So the main concern is to detect brain related diseases at early stages so that they do not spread into vital parts of brain and disrupt body functions. Also, more precise and accurate technologies are required to serve as aid in the diagnosis, treatment and surgery of brain.

Aims & Objectives:

Therefore, its high alarming time to monitor mortality statistics and develop faster and accurate methods to curb the situation by simulating tissue deformation and locating cancerous nodes which is currently the prominent area of interest.

Methods:

A brain tumor is used to design the deformation model. Early stage detection of tumors is difficult from images. Moreover, the accuracy involved is low. Keeping all this into consideration, a machine learning approach has been developed for classification of cancerous and non-cancerous tissues so that the tissues having risk of future problem can also be recognized. The patient’s deformation model can be designed and brain tumor patterns are given as input on the basis of which tumor in the brain is marked. The proposed method of segmentation is based on a statistical model called Hidden Markov Model (HMM) which extricates the cancerous portion out of fed input MRI image along with the calculation of parameters such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), fault rate dust detection and accuracy.

Results &Discussion:

The results obtained from parametric analysis show that HMM has performed better than the technique of Support Vector Regression (SVR) for brain cancer segmentation in terms of PSNR, MSE, fault rate dust detection and accuracy. So image processing is used in combination with Hidden Markov Model for classification and analysis to which MRI images are fed as input.

Conclusion:

In this way, integration of artificial intelligence techniques with image processing can serve as a good way for segmentation of tumors and for classification purposes with good accuracy.
Physiological Microenvironmental Conditions in Different Scalable Culture Systems for Pluripotent Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation
Authors: Torizal Fuad G. , Horiguchi Ikki , Sakai Yasuyuki
Published: March 2019

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs) are a valuable cell type that has a wide range of biomedical applications because they can differentiate into many types of adult somatic cell. Numerous studies have examined the clinical applications of PSCs. However, several factors such as bioreactor design, mechanical stress, and the physiological environment have not been optimized. These factors can significantly alter the pluripotency and proliferation properties of the cells, which are important for the mass production of PSCs. Nutritional mass transfer and oxygen transfer must be effectively maintained to obtain a high yield. Various culture systems are currently available for optimum cell propagation by maintaining the physiological conditions necessary for cell cultivation. Each type of culture system using a different configuration with various advantages and disadvantages affecting the mechanical conditions in the bioreactor, such as shear stress. These factors make it difficult to preserve the cellular viability and pluripotency of PSCs. Additional limitations of the culture system for PSCs must also be identified and overcome to maintain the culture conditions and enable large-scale expansion and differentiation of PSCs. This review describes the different physiological conditions in the various culture systems and recent developments in culture technology for PSC expansion and differentiation.
The Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) Exerts a Wide Range of Effects in Carcinogenesis and Response to Therapy
Authors: Hafezi Shirin A. , Abdel-Rahman Wael M.
Published: March 2019

Background:

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic plasticizer that is commonly used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Human exposure occurs when BPA migrates from food and beverage containers into the contents when heated or even under normal conditions of use. BPA exerts endocrine disruptor action due to its weak binding affinity for the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. BPA exerts other effects by activating the membrane receptor GPER (GPR30) and/or other receptors such as the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs).

Objective:

This review summarizes emerging data on BPA and cancer. These include data linking exposure to BPA with an increased risk of hormone-related cancers such as those of the ovary, breast, prostate, and even colon cancer. BPA can also induce resistance to various chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and vinblastine in vitro. The development of chemoresistance to available therapeutics is an emerging significant aspect of BPA toxicity because it worsens the prognosis of many tumors.

Conclusion:

Recent findings support a causal role of BPA at low levels in the development of cancers and in dictating their response to cytotoxic therapy. Accurate knowledge and consideration of these issues would be highly beneficial to cancer prevention and management.
In-vitro Pre-Treatment of Cancer Cells with TGF-β1: A Novel Approach of Tail Vein Lung Cancer Metastasis Mouse Model for Anti-Metastatic Studies
Authors: Khan Ghulam Jilany , Sun Li , Abbas Muhammad , Naveed Muhammad , Jamshaid Talha , Baig Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf , Yuan Shengtao
Published: March 2019

Background:

Aggressive behavior of tumor metastasis comes from certain mutations, changes in cellular metabolic and signaling pathways that are majorly altered by tumor microenvironment (TME), its other components and growth factors like transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) which is chiefly known for its epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT). EMT is a critical step of metastasis cascade in actual human lung cancer scenario.

Objective:

Our present study is focused on unveiling the in-vivo metastatic behavior of TGF-β1 treated lung cancer cells that undergo EMT.

Methods:

The lung cancer epithelial A549 cells were treated in-vitro with TGF-β1 (3-5ng/ml for 72 h) for EMT. After confirming the transformation of cells by phenotype modifications, wound healing and cell migration assay and qRT-PCR analyses of EMT biomarkers including E. Cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, Slug, MMP2 and MMP9; those TGF-β1 modified cells were probed with fluorescent trackers and were injected into the tail vein of BALB/c nude mice for metastatic dissemination studies.

Results:

Our findings indicate that the distribution of TGF-β1 treated A549 cells as compared to W.T A549 towards lungs is less in terms of total relative fluorescent cluster count, however, the difference is insignificant (52±4, 60±5 respectively). Additionally, we show that TGF-β1 treated cells tend to metastasize almost 2, 3, 1.5, 2 and 1.7 times more than W.T towards liver, brain, ovaries, bones and adrenal gland, respectively, which is very much like human lung cancer metastasis.

Conclusion:

Conclusively, it is the first study ever reporting that a pre-treatment of cells with TGF-β1 for experimental lung cancer metastasis mouse model may portray a more precise approach for the development of potential therapeutic treatments. Additional pre-treatment studies with the application of other TME conditions like hypoxia and factors like NFκB, VEGF etc. may be a future prospect to develop a better understanding.
Selecting Yield and Nutritional Traits in Sphenostylis stenocarpa Landraces for Food Improvement
Authors: Aremu Charity , Abberton Micheal , Adebiyi Timothy , Asaleye Abiola J. , Inegbedion Henry , Abolusoro Stephen , Adekiya Aruna , Aboyeji Christopher , Dunsin OluGbenga
Published: March 2019

Background:

Sphenostylis stenocarpa is an underexploited African indigenous food crop that is enriched in nutritional quality.

Objective:

Exploring the robust genetic base of this landrace can help to maximize the benefit of the agricultural sector on the economy through production that is enhanced by packaging and patent. This as well will increase the quality of food production and promote African campaign on food sustainability.

Methods:

Upon this, this research made use of multiple statistics to identify S. stenocarpa yield and nutritional trait relatedness that supported selection for maximum yield and nutritional trait output. Yield and related traits including protein and oil contents of twenty-three Sphenostylis stenocarpa landraces were studied under a four year planting seasons in Teaching and Research farm of Landmark University, Nigeria.

Results:

Trait variances from Landrace × Year (L × Y) interaction, Principal Component and Cluster analyses were evaluated and the variation patterns were identified. Some vegetative (maturity phase, height and branching) and yield traits (Pod traits, seed yield and oil content) correlated significantly (p < 0.05) in the L × Y interactions. This suggests the usefulness of these traits in improving S. stenocarpa grain and oil quality yield. Tuber and nodule yield including protein content did not differ significantly in the variance table.

Conclusion:

The result indicates that one location trial is insufficient to determine such trait performance. The first four PCs that accounted for 51 percent of the total variations were traceable to branching, maturity date, pod numbers, seed and oil content as main contributors to yield.
Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistant (AMR) Salmonella Enterica Isolates Associated With Cattle at Harvest in Mexico
Authors: Maradiaga Martha , Echeverry Alejandro , Miller Mark. F. , den Bakker Henk C. , Nightingale Kendra , Cook Peter W. , Brashears M. T. , Brashears Mindy M.
Published: March 2019

Despite being the target of control efforts for many decades, Salmonella enterica continues to be linked with a large amount of foodborne illnesses and outbreaks worldwide. Over the years, Salmonella isolated from meat products have exhibited a high level of antibiotic resistance. In this study, a total of 351 Salmonella isolates, recovered from cattle fecal samples (n = 31), hides (n = 105), and beef carcasses (n = 215) from 3 abattoirs in Mexico were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug was found in 205 (58.4%) isolates and 20 different resistance phenotypes were observed among this Salmonella isolates set. Resistance to tetracycline (40.2%) and nalidixic acid (21.1%) was most commonly observed. Additionally, the most common multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes shared resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and trimethopin/sulfamethoxazole (11.3%), resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethopin/sulfamethoxazole (3.4%), and resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline (2.5%). When it came to antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in each abattoir, we determined there was no statistical difference in the frequency of resistant vs. susceptible Salmonella isolates among the three abattoirs (P > 0.05). These data indicate that Salmonella isolates recovered from beef cattle in Mexico are commonly resistant to antimicrobials and often multiple antimicrobials. In Mexico, antimicrobial resistance, and in particular, multidrug-resistance, maybe of particular concern due to the much higher prevalence of Salmonella in retail beef. This may lead to the spread of resistance and to the reduction of antibiotic efficacy for the control of animal and human infections. Promoting control measures and inspection standards on imported animals and food products should be applied to avoid the spread of antibiotic resistance in various populations and among countries.
El número, como instrumento de medición y formación de una realidad materica, abstracta y matemática
Authors: Villa Carrero Juan Manuel , Tarazona Julián Orlando
Published: March 2019

El presente trabajo consiste en trascender lo perceptual, ese primer conocimiento de alguna cosa a través de los sentidos, paraoptar por el número, como instrumento de medición y formación de una realidad materica, abstracta y matemática en el diseñode nuevos objetos arquitectónicos. En concreto, la problemática en este trabajo fue elaborar herramientas electrónicas quepermitan extraer información fuera del alcance de la realidad experiencial del diseñador y explorar métodos de modelado de lasdinámicas de la realidad. Como resultado, este trabajo permitió, a través de sensores de sonido, medir y dar forma a estasdinámicas y procesarlas digitalmente a través de mapas espacio-temporales, en lugar de los estáticos mapas convencionaleshabituales en los análisis arquitectónicos. Lo anterior favoreció el control y significación de los diseños de nuevos objetos. Locual, es fundamental, si comprendemos que los objetos fabricados por el hombre desnaturalizan el mundo para acercarlo más aobjetivos humanos y/o artificiales. Todo esto parece confirmar, la falta de un mayor compromiso por parte de los diseñadorescon lo real, más allá de un mundo de símbolos, en la era del antropoceno.

Palabras Claves: Antropoceno,Diseño Realidad,Materialismo dialéctico,Sensores.
Respondalidad: Estrategia de la Gestión en Proyectos
Authors: Ureña Villamizar Yan Carlos , Castrillón Jaimes Yusbely Cecilia , Carruyo-Durán Yaritza
Published: March 2019

El término respondabilidad tiene una castellanización del término inglés accountability, que significa responsabilidad de dineroy compromiso moral y legal con los Interesados (es decir, aquellos involucrados que pueden afectar o ser afectados por lasactividades de la organización). Es evidente que en el idioma español no existe una traducción exacta de esta palabra. Ahora eltérmino aceptado en América Latina y Centroamérica es la respondabilidad, que se entiende como la acción empresarial deresponder a las demandas y compromisos adquiridos. En Colombia el término es aún incipiente, sin embargo, la necesidadpública ya se nota como grandes empresas o corporaciones, a la hora de gestionar el cierre de proyectos.

Palabras Claves: Estrategia,Gestión,Proyectos,Responsabilidad
Uso de plasma rico em plaquetas na Odontologia: revisão integrativa
Authors: Cunha Corbacho Porto Gabriela , Sena Reis Mirelle , Kataoka Tais Hana , Rocha Soledade Kaliane
Published: March 2019

O periodonto tem como objetivo inserir, sustentar e proteger o dente, sendo dividido em periodonto de proteção (gengiva) e periodonto de sustentação (osso alveolar, ligamento periodontal e cemento). Em desequilíbrio com o hospedeiro, surgem as doenças que o afetam como a gengivite: uma inflamação no periodonto de proteção que tem como principal tratamento a remoção da causa. Já a periodontite é caracterizada pela perda de inserção do dente e pela destruição dos tecidos periodontais causada por microrganismos que, mesmo após tratamento, deixam sequelas. Afim de reverter estas sequelas, a regeneração periodontal compreende uma sequência de eventos a nível molecular e celular que visa à formação de osso alveolar, cemento e ligamento periodontal, para devolver a função que foi perdida. Através da utilização do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) obtido através da coleta e centrifugação do sangue do próprio paciente, objetiva-se a rápida cicatrização de feridas e reparação de sequelas, como as deixadas pela periodontite, além de ser rico em concentrados sanguíneos e células capazes de reparar tecido ósseo, o que contribui na regeneração periodontal, como evidenciados nos resultados de pesquisas clínicas mais atuais.
Os diferentes procedimentos de aquisição de bens por dispensa de licitação na EMBRAPA/CNPMF
Authors: Araújo dos Reis George , Barbosa de Oliveira Aline , Dantas Fraga Igor
Published: March 2019

A licitação é o meio utilizado por entidades públicas para que sejam efetuadas as aquisições e contratações; porém, há casos específicos em que é dispensável a sua realização. Nessas ocasiões, aplica-se a sua inexigibilidade ou a sua dispensa. A dispensa de licitação, objeto da presente pesquisa, pode ser realizada por dois procedimentos diferentes: o primeiro é o método tradicional, que fora adotado desde a implementação da Lei 8.666/1993 e, o segundo, é a cotação eletrônica, que foi regulamentada através da Portaria no 306/2001 como uma forma de buscar maior transparência, redução de custos e agilidade nos processos de aquisição. Neste contexto, o trabalho objetivou avaliar comparativamente, em relação à tempestividade, economicidade e competitividade, como ocorre o processo de aquisição de bens em situações de dispensa de licitação na Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA/CNPMF), situada na cidade de Cruz das Almas - BA. Para alcançar esse objetivo, realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, de caráter quali-quantitativo, através de um estudo de caso. Os dados analizados provem do levantamento e análise dos processos de dispensa tradicional e por cotação eletrônica, realizados na EMBRAPA durante os anos de 2009 a 2016. Os dados foram coletados de processos constantes no sitio de compras governamentais e de processos físicos arquivados na unidade. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a cotação eletrônica, no período de estudo, se mostrou mais vantajosa para a EMBRAPA do que a dispensa tradicional, visto que obteve uma maior tempestividade, prazos menores de realização e números maiores de fornecedores participantes, demonstrando elevada competitividade; e também obteve mais economicidade, pois a média de valores dos anos foi menor que o método tradicional.
Lessons from the 20 years of the Brazilian inflation targeting regime
Authors: Araújo Eliane , Arestis Philip
Published: March 2019

This paper analyzes the Brazilian experience with the inflation targeting
regime (ITR) since its adoption in June 1999. The theoretical analysis
starts by covering the New Consensus Macroeconomics (NCM) only policy, in
which the ITR is the monetary policy recommendation. This discussion is then
complemented first by the current debate in the international mainstream on
the need for a flexible ITR that considers the effects of monetary policy on
the economy and second by the heterodox discussion on the need to completely
abandon the ITR. The discussion on the Brazilian experience and its
comparison with international experiences show that Brazil is one of the few
countries where the monetary policy objective is restricted to price control
and where the horizon for returning inflation to the target is only one
year. Within this institutional framework, the Brazilian economy under the
ITR is marked by the maintenance of extremely high real and nominal interest
rates and with difficulties in meeting the inflation targets. The price
control obtained also did not generate the expected externalities in terms
of economic growth and employment. After almost 20 years of adopting the ITR
in Brazil, it has generated exaggerated contractionary pressures on the
Brazilian economy, indicating the need for a thorough examination of
monetary institutions in Brazil in order to resume economic growth with
price stability and social equity.
Audit Firm Reputational Consequences of Alleged Non-Accounting Misconduct by Clients: How Bargaining Power Temporarily Shifts Around Securities Litigation
Authors: Donelson Dain C. , Ege Matthew S. , Leiby Justin
Published: March 2019

This study examines how auditor-client bargaining power changes when misconduct unrelated to accounting, which we proxy for using non-accounting securities fraud lawsuits, is revealed at another client of the auditor. This type of misconduct can cause perceived reputational damage for the auditor that temporarily increases client bargaining power. In the year after suit filing, fees are lower for clients in the same city-industry office as the sued client, but are unchanged for clients of other auditors in the same city-industry, suggesting the effect is not due to economic distress. This effect is stronger (1) when suits are severe, likely because the negative information is more salient, and (2) when client bargaining power is stronger. Overall, these results provide evidence that reputation is important for U.S. audit firms. Further, the results also support the notion that reputation is susceptible to temporary damage from events beyond auditors' control.

JEL Classifications: K22; M42; M49.
Do Audit Firm Tenure and Size Moderate Changes in Financial Reporting Quality Due to Mandatory IFRS Adoption?
Authors: Riccardi William N.
Published: March 2019

Regulators have expressed concerns that auditors become less effective external monitors as the length of the auditor-client relationship increases. I examine how audit firm tenure is associated with changes in financial reporting quality due to mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards. I argue that auditors were integral in proper implementation of IFRS and could have mitigated potential negative consequences associated with IFRS adoption. My findings suggest that short audit firm tenure was associated with a decrease in quality, relative to those with medium length tenure. Differences between clients with medium and long tenure are generally not significant. Other results indicate that companies with a Big 4 auditor had greater improvements, or smaller decreases, in reporting quality relative to non-Big 4 clients. My results do not support concerns that longer tenure impairs audit quality. My study is also relevant to standard setters as they evaluate the results of IFRS adoption.
Trust and Compliance Effects of Taxpayer Identity Theft: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Authors: Farrar Jonathan , Hausserman Cass , Pinto Odette
Published: March 2019

We experimentally investigate how tax authority responsibility for preventing identity theft and tax authority responsiveness following identity theft influence taxpayers' trust in the tax authority and subsequent tax compliance intentions. We find evidence that trust mediates the positive relation between tax authority responsiveness and compliance, but that this mediation effect is conditional upon levels of tax authority responsibility for the identity theft. Specifically, when taxpayers perceive that the tax authority is to blame for the identity theft, higher responsiveness by the tax authority does not significantly influence compliance through trust. However, when the tax authority is not to blame for identity theft, higher responsiveness by the tax authority significantly influences compliance through trust. These findings suggest that when the tax authority is to blame for identity theft, there may be little it can do to increase taxpayers' trust and subsequent compliance.
Borlanmış % 5 Mg Katkılı Ni-Mg Alaşımının Yüzey Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: YILDIZ İsmail , GÜNEŞ İbrahim
Published: March 2019

Bu çalışmada, % 95 Ni ve % 5 Mg içeren Ni-Mg alaşımının borlama işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Alaşım malzemesini üretmek için toz metalurjisi yöntemiyle Ni ve Mg metal tozları uygun kaplar içerisinde homojen bir şekilde karışması için tek faza sahip elektrik motorlu döner bir karıştırıcıda 24 saat süreyle karıştırılmıştır. Karıştırılan tozlar özel olarak tasarlanmış silindirik kalıplara dökülerek 300 bar basınç altında preslendikten sonra Ar atmosferi ortamında tüp fırın içerisinde 530 °C sıcaklıkta sinterleme işlemine tabi tutulmuşlardır. Sinterlenerek üretilen numunelere sırasıyla sertlik ve yoğunluk testleri uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, sinterlenerek üretilmiş numunelere kapalı fırın ortamında 900 ve 1000 °C sıcaklıklarda 1.5 – 4.5 saat sürelerde ticari Ekabor tozu kullanılarak borlama işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Borlanan numunelerin borür tabaka kalınlıkları optik mikroskop yardımıyla ölçülmüştür. Borlama işlemi sonucunda elde edilen borür fazları XRD analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Borlanmış Nikel-Magnezyum numunelerinin XRD analizi sonucunda Ni3B, Ni2B, NiB ve Mg fazları elde edilmiştir. Artan borlama sıcaklığı ve süresine bağlı olarak elde edilen Ni-Mg numuneler üzerinde farklı kalınlıklarda borür tabakaları ölçülmüştür. Mg içeriğinin borlama olayına yardımcı olması ve borür tabakalarının büyümesine etki etmesinin dışında mikroyapıda gözenekli bir yapı oluşmasına neden olmuştur.
The Influence of Distance on Radiant Exposure and Degree of Conversion Using Different Light-Emitting-Diode Curing Units
Authors: Al-Zain AO , Eckert GJ , Platt JA
Published: March 2019

Objectives:

To investigate the influence of curing distance on the degree of conversion (DC) of a resin-based composite (RBC) when similar radiant exposure was achieved using six different light-curing units (LCUs) and to explore the correlation among irradiance, radiant exposure, and DC.

Methods and Materials:

A managing accurate resin curing-resin calibrator system was used to collect irradiance data for both top and bottom specimen surfaces with a curing distance of 2 mm and 8 mm while targeting a consistent top surface radiant exposure. Square nanohybrid-dual-photoinitiator RBC specimens (5 × 5 × 2 mm) were cured at each distance (n=6/LCU/distance). Irradiance and DC (micro-Raman spectroscopy) were determined for the top and bottom surfaces. The effect of distance and LCU on irradiance, radiant exposure, and DC as well as their linear associations were analyzed using analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficients, respectively (α=0.05).

Results:

While maintaining a similar radiant exposure, each LCU exhibited distinctive patterns in decreased irradiance and increased curing time. No significant differences in DC values (63.21%-70.28%) were observed between the 2- and 8-mm distances, except for a multiple-emission peak LCU. Significant differences in DC were detected among the LCUs. As expected, irradiance and radiant exposure were significantly lower on the bottom surfaces. However, a strong correlation between irradiance and radiant exposure did not necessarily result in a strong correlation with DC.

Conclusions:

The RBC exhibited DC values >63% when the top surface radiant exposure was maintained, although the same values were not reached for all lights. A moderate-strong correlation existed among irradiance, radiant exposure, and DC.
Fracture Toughness Analysis of Ceramic and Resin Composite CAD/CAM Material
Authors: Hampe R , Theelke B , Lümkemann N , Eichberger M , Stawarczyk B
Published: March 2019

Objectives:

To evaluate and compare the fracture toughness of dental CAD/CAM materials of different material classes intended for in-office milling (glass ceramics, hybrid, resin composites) and the influence of aging on this property.

Methods and Materials:

The fracture toughness (critical intensity factor, KIc) values of 9 CAD/CAM restorative materials (Ambarino High-Class, Brilliant Crios, Cerasmart, exp. CAD/CAM composite, Katana Avencia, Lava Ultimate, VITA Enamic, IPS Empress CAD, and IPS e.max CAD) were determined using the SEVNB method in a four-point bending setup. Twenty bending bars of each material with a 4 × 3 cross and a minimum length of 12 mm were cut out of CAD/CAM milling blocks. Notching was done starting with a pre-cut and consecutive polishing and v-shaping with a razor blade, resulting in a final depth of v-shaped notches of between 0.8 and 1.2 mm. Half of the specimens were selected for initial fracture toughness measurements. The others were thermocycled in distilled water for 30,000× (5/55°C; 30-second dwell time) before testing. Specimen fracture surfaces were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Results:

All specimens for each material fractured into two fragments and showed the typical compression curl and brittle failure markings. Comparing initial KIc values, lithium disilicate ceramic IPS e.max CAD showed significantly the highest and leucite-reinforced ceramic IPS Empress CAD significantly the lowest KIc values (p<0.001). All tested CAD/CAM materials with a resin component ranged in the same KIc value group (p>0.999-0.060). After thermal cycling, the highest KIc values were measured for lithium disilicate ceramic IPS e.max CAD, followed by resin composite materials Ambarino High-Class (p<0.001-0.006) and hybrid material VITA Enamic (p<0.001-0.016), while the significantly lowest values were reflected for the resin composite materials Cerasmart, LAVA Ultimate (p<0.001-0.006), and Katana Avencia (p<0.001-0.009). The roughness of the fracture surfaces varied depending on the microstructure of the respective material. The ceramic surfaces showed the smoothest surfaces. The fracture surface of VITA Enamic revealed microstructural inhomogeneities and microcracks. For CAD/CAM resin composite materials, crack paths through the matrix and interfaces of matrix and fillers could be observed at the microstructure level.

Conclusions:

The materials tested show differences in fracture toughness typical for the class they belong to. With one exception (Ambarino High-Class), thermocycling affected the fracture toughness of materials with a resin component negatively, whereas the leucite and lithium disilicate ceramic showed stability.