bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global terrestrial water storage connectivity revealed using complex climate network analyses
Authors: Sun A. Y. , Chen J. , Donges J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Terrestrial water storage (TWS) exerts a key control in global water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles. Although certain causal relationships exist between precipitation and TWS, the latter also reflects impacts of anthropogenic activities. Thus, quantification of the spatial patterns of TWS will not only help to understand feedbacks between climate dynamics and hydrologic cycle, but also provide new model calibration constraints for improving the current land surface models. In this work, the connectivity of TWS is quantified using the climate network theory, which has received broad attention in the climate modeling community in recent years. Complex networks of TWS anomalies are built using two global TWS datasets, a remote-sensing product that is obtained from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, and a model-generated dataset from the global land data assimilation system's NOAH model (GLDAS-NOAH). Both datasets have 1 ° × 1 ° resolutions and cover most global land areas except for permafrost regions. TWS networks are built by first quantifying pairwise correlation among all valid TWS anomaly time series, and then applying a statistical cutoff threshold to retain only the most important features in the network. Basinwise network connectivity maps are used to illuminate connectivity of individual river basins with other regions. The constructed network degree centrality maps show TWS hotspots around the globe and the patterns are consistent with recent GRACE studies. Parallel analyses of networks constructed using the two datasets indicate that the GLDAS-NOAH model captures many of the spatial patterns shown by GRACE, although significant discrepancies exist in some regions. Thus, our results provide important insights for constraining land surface models, especially in data sparse regions.
Verification of the multi-layer SNOWPACK model with different water transport schemes
Authors: Wever N. , Schmid L. , Heilig A. , Eisen O. , Fierz C. , Lehning M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The widely-used detailed SNOWPACK model has undergone constant development over the years. A notable recent extension is the introduction of a Richards Equation (RE) solver as an alternative for the bucket-type approach for describing water transport in the snow and soil layers. In addition, continuous updates of snow settling and new snow density parametrisations have changed model behaviour. This study presents a detailed evaluation of model performance against a comprehensive multi-year data set from Weissfluhjoch near Davos, Switzerland. The data set is collected by automatic meteorological and snowpack measurements and manual snow profiles. During the main winter season, snow height (RMSE: <4.2 cm), snow water equivalent (SWE, RMSE: <40 mm w.e.), snow temperature distributions (typical deviation with measurements: <1.0 °C) and snow density (typical deviation with observations: <50 kg m−3) as well as their temporal evolution are well simulated in the model and the influence of the two water transport schemes is small. The RE approach reproduces internal differences over capillary barriers but fails to predict enough grain growth since the growth routines have been calibrated using the bucket scheme in the original SNOWPACK model. The agreement in both density and grain size is sufficient to parametrise the hydraulic properties. In the melt season, a more pronounced underestimation of typically 200 mm w.e. in SWE is found. The discrepancies between the simulations and the field data are generally larger than the differences between the two water transport schemes. Nevertheless, the detailed comparison of the internal snowpack structure shows that the timing of internal temperature and water dynamics is adequately and better represented with the new RE approach when compared to the conventional bucket scheme. On the contrary, the progress of the meltwater front in the snowpack as detected by radar and the temporal evolution of the vertical distribution of melt forms in manually observed snow profiles do not support this conclusion. This discrepancy suggests that the implementation of RE partly mimics preferential flow effects.
Element uptake, accumulation, and resorption in leaves of mangrove species with different mechanisms of salt regulation
Authors: Medina E. , Fernandez W. , Barboza F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Element uptake from substrate and resorption capacity of nutrients before leaf shedding are frequently species-specific and difficult to determine in natural settings. We sampled populations of Rhizophora mangle (salt-excluding species) and Laguncularia racemosa (salt-secreting species) in a coastal lagoon in the upper section of the Maracaibo strait in western Venezuela to estimate accumulation and resorption of mineral elements. Leaves collected fortnightly during 4~months within the rainy season were stratified as young, adult, old, and senescent. We measured changes in concentration of essential elements (N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe) and Na (elemental analyzer and plasma spectrometer), leaf succulence (water/area), and specific leaf area (area/mass) and calculated relative resorption or accumulation of elements in senescent leaves before abscission. Succulence was similar in young leaves of both species and increased with age, more abruptly in L. racemosa. Concentrations of N, K, and Mg were higher in R. mangle, whereas those of P, Na, Ca, and S were higher in L. racemosa. Concentration of K per unit leaf water decreased with age in both species; however, Na concentration in R. mangle remained at a similar level until increasing markedly in senescent leaves, whereas in L. racemosa it increased throughout the leaf lifespan. Relative changes based on leaf mass, leaf area, or whole leaf did not differ statistically. On a leaf mass basis both species showed resorption of C, N, P, and K and accumulation of S, Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, and Fe. However, R. mangle was more efficient restricting Na and S uptake, resorbing P, and accumulating Fe than L. racemosa. The P / N resorption ratio is > 1 in R. mangle and < 1 in L. racemosa. We conclude that those differences are related to higher root permeability to Na and S salts in the salt-secreting species and to higher P requirements of R. mangle compared to L. racemosa. Our results give a comprehensive picture of nutrient dynamics in the foliage of mangrove species with contrasting mechanisms of salt regulation.
Improving essay writing through ICT and task- based approach: a strategy that works- the case of 2nd year EFL students at Jijel University in Algeria
Authors: Guemide Boutkhil , Benachaiba Celllali , Bedri Ibtissam
Published: April 2015

In EFL, learners strive to acquire the necessary language skills in order to be able to communicate effectively in the target language. Writing is amongst EFL pillars and one of the skills that takes time and practice to master. It helps EFL students with certain opportunities, such as communicating ideas and researching papers. Algerian EFL students suffer in their writing process- essay writing in particular, and they, most of the times, fail in their writing performances because of some crucial factors.

This paper analyzes the different factors affecting Algerian EFL learners in their essay writing. It also proposes a helpful strategy for improving their essay writing through ICT and Task- Based Approach which was conducted as an action research with second year EFL students at the English department at Jijel University during the second semester of 2013- 2014 academic year. The results showed an improvement in students’ writing skills after conducting the aforementioned strategy of task- based learning approach together with the use of ICTs.
Teachers' practices for the purpose of developing creativity among children in primary learning stage and its relation to a number of variables
Authors: Dababneh Kholoud
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine teachers’ practices performed to develop creativity among children in primary learning stage in Jordan. It also aimed to determine the differences between teachers' creative practices according to class grade level, teachers' specification, and type of school. To achieve the research objective, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among 200 primary grade teachers. The findings indicated that the ratings of teachers' practices that develop creativity were related to creative climate classroom and to students’ awareness of their creative potentials. Practices that were most perceived as least contributing to developing creativity were related to educational material, family support, instructional creative practices, and lesson planning. Furthermore, the findings indicated that there was a statistically significant difference due to the class grade level, except for the variable of teachers’ awareness of their creative potential and creativity in lesson planning, which was in favor of preschool grade level, and due to the type of school in favor of private schools. Whereas no statistically significant differences were found due to teacher specification except for students awareness of their creative potentials and creativity in lesson planning. In light of the findings, the researcher put a number of suggestions and recommendation.
3arabizi, Greeklish, and SMSki: The hybrid making of language in the age of the internet and mobile technology
Authors: Bianchi Robert
Published: April 2015

Design is usually seen as a systematic practice engaged in by professionals, resulting in physical products for consumption. Yet, the internet and mobile technology have opened the field of design to non-professionals who have created several non-tangible, knowledge-based products including communication and language forms. The internet provides an unregulated space for various hybrid makings ranging from novel domains of communication and self-expression such as wikis and blogs to dynamic platforms for interaction such as Facebook, Twitter, and Internet Relay Chat. Regarding language, one such grassroots design product is 3arabizi, a unique linguistic blend of Arabic and English. This paper explores the origins, characteristics, and functions of 3arabizi as a case of language making in response to socio-environmental constraints and opportunities in online contexts. In particular, the paper highlights 3arabizi's use of arithmographemes i.e., keyboard numbers used as letters. Other hybrid online languages such as Greeklish (Greek-English) and SMSki (Russian-English) are also discussed.
US-Japan Security Alliance Adrift?
Authors: Akaha Tsuneo
Published: April 2015

How stable is the US-Japan security alliance in the post-Cold War era? Have the “end of history”, the “end of the Cold War”, the end of a “hegemonic world”, and the “end of geography” (or the beginning of a borderless world economy) so altered the national security needs and priorities of the United States and Japan that they no longer need or desire the security alliance they have maintained since 1952? Will the alliance remain the anchor of Japanese and US policies in the Asia-Pacific region? In the age of multilateralism, will the two countries seek multilateral alternatives that will replace the bilateral alliance? In this brief analysis, I will review the ongoing debate in Japan and in the United States concerning the future of the US-Japan security alliance in the post-Cold War era.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v4i0.415 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.4 2007: 3-20
The “Great Game”: Mongolia between Russia And China
Authors: Her Eric
Published: April 2015

No abstract available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v4i0.421 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.4 2007: 62-71
New Priorities after the Adoption of the CTBT
Authors: Erdenechuluum L
Published: April 2015

No abstract available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v4i0.422 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.4 2007: 72-78
Some remarks on the methods of assessing the population density of higher plants in cases of aggregated spatial structure
Authors: Kwiatkowska Anna Justyna , Symonides Ewa
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the methods used for. assessing the density of higher plants. The analysis was carried out on natural population (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) characterized by aggregated spatial structure. Attention has been paid to the surface methods with high (0.25 m2) and low <0.01 m2) basal unit, as also to the non-surface methods: the closest individual, the nearest neighbour, and the wandering quarter. Studies have shown that these 'methods do not give comparable results. The discussion points out' which methods can be used for the assessment of the density of aggregated populations, and what conditions must be fulfilled in order to obtain reliable results.
Analysis of the variability of nine natural Anthyllis vulneraria s.l. populations
Authors: Łukaszewska K. , Szweykowski J. , Kaczmarek Z.
Published: April 2015

It was established on the basis of examination of nine natural Anthyllis vulneraria populations from various geographical regions of Poland that the type of variability differs in the coastal, Wielkopolska lowland and Tatra populations. The results of the experiments support the idea of the taxonomic distinctness of the coastal, lowland and montane plants; the coastal populations belong to Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. maritima, Tatra populations to Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. affinis and populations from the Wielkopolska Lowland and Sudetes to Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. polyphylla (Kostrakiewicz, 1959).
Alkylresorcinols of rye (Secale cereale L.) caryopses IV. Three-step preparation of 5-n-alkylresorcinols
Authors: Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen W. , Tłuścik F. , Kozubek A.
Published: April 2015

Whole rye or wheat grains were extracted with acetone at room temperature. The extracts were pooled and acetone was evaporated. The remaining acetone oil was washed out with n-pentane until a colourless filtrate was obtained. The residue was dried, then dissolved in chloroform-acetone (95:5) mixture and separated by column chromatography on silica gel. The fractions containing 5-n-alkylresorcinols were pooled, condensed and crystallised from n-hexane. The preparation obtained was homogeneous in thin-layer chromatography and gave the UV spectrum characteristic for 5-n-alkyl derivatives of resorcinol.
Connections between microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum in mitotic spindle
Authors: Tarkowska J. A.
Published: April 2015

Dividing endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherinae Bak. were treated with an 0.025 per cent aqueous solution of an oleander glycosides mixture which produces severe disturtaances in the mitotic spindle and high hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the whole cells. There appear between the kinetochore microtubules (MTs) numerous elongated and narrow ER cisterns, particularly well visible when the number of kinetochore MTs is reduced. Both these structures (MTs and ER) are frequently connected by cross-bridges. The presumable role of these connections is discused.
Variability of ventral scales in polish populations of Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. (Hepaticae, Marchantiales)
Authors: Szweykowski Jerzy , Bobowicz Maria Anna
Published: April 2015

Samples taken from 6 natural populations of the liverwort species Conocephalum conicum were cultivated in a glasshouse and the variability of 9 ventral scale characters was studied in them. Genetic differences were discovered between population samples but all the attempts to correlate them with the geographic distribution and/or habitat ecology have failed so far.
Changes in auxin activity in tumourous and normal tobacco calluses treated with morphactin IT 3233
Authors: Chirek Z. , Maciejewska-Potapczyk W.
Published: April 2015

The addition of morphactin IT 3233 in 1-40 mg/dm3 concentrations to the medium inhibited the growth in vitro of normal and tumourous tobacco calluses. The auxin activity (estimated by the Avena coleoptile straight growth test) of the acid ether extracts from these tissues increased. The activity of zone I (Rf 0.2-0.4, 0.5, solvent system: butanol:water:ammonia 10:10:1) in normal tissues increased more intensively than that of zone II (Rf 0.6-0.8, 0.9). In tumourous tissues, however, these changes were smaller and they concerned merely zone I of auxin activity (Rf 0.0-0.5). It seems that the mechanism of morphactin activity in both kinds of tissue is different. It may be supposed that the excessive accumulation of auxins induces growth inhibition of tissues. A previously found increase in the activity of IAA-oxidase influenced by morphactin might be considered as an adaptation to a higher level of IAA.
Are the embryos of apple tree, cv. Antonówka in the state of dermancy?
Authors: Lewak St.
Published: April 2015

A critical note on the paper of Czerski and Jankowska "Growth of apple seedlings (Malus domestica) cv. Antonówka obtained from non-stratified embryos".
Studies on antigenic differences in needle proteins of Pinus sylvestris L., P. mugo Turra, P. uliginosa Neumann and P. nigra Arnold
Authors: Prus-Głowaci W. , Szweykowski J.
Published: April 2015

By means of serological methods (double immunodiffusion, immunoabsortion and quantitative immunoprecipitation), using three kinds of antisera: antisylvestris, antimugo and antiuliginosa authors performed a comparison of antigenic properties of proteins from needles of P. sylvestris, P. mugo, P. uliginosa and P. nigra. Proteins characteristic for the species P. sylvesiris, and P. uliginosa were found. On the basis of the results obtained it was established, that the most distinct species are P. mugo and P. sylvestris, P. uliginosa is antigenically different from the two taxa but is showing greater similarity to P. mugo than to P. sylvestris. P. nigra proteins are different from proteins P. sylvestris, P. mugo, and P. uliginosa. They show however, some antigenic similarity to P. sylvestris proteins.
Assessment of soybean (Glycine max) vigour by the seed leachate conductivity assay
Authors: Knypl J. S.
Published: April 2015

Conductivity of seed leachates is inversely correlated with germination and growth of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., at low temperatures. It is concluded that the seed leachate conductivity assay can be employed to assess soybean seed vigour. Cold tolerance of soybean can markedly be enhanced by increasing the hydration level of the seeds to at least 20% by means of exposure of the seeds to HRH (water saturated atmosphere) for 4 days. It is suggested that increased vigour following HRH exposure is due to re-establishment of the cell membrane integrity in the course of exposure.
Learning Style Dimensions and Professional Characteristics of Academic Librarians
Authors: Rinehart Amanda , Sharkey Jennifer , Kahl Chad
Published: April 2015

Do librarians with different characteristics, such as type of work responsibilities or age, have different learning styles? The authors analyzed results from over 1,500 responses to a version of the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) questionnaire based on the Felder-Silverman Learning Styles model. This model consists of eight dimensions paired on four scales: Active/Reflective; Sensing/Intuitive; Visual/Verbal; and Sequential/Global. In addition to their scores on the ILS questionnaire, respondents were also asked about demographic and professional characteristics. Statistically significant differences in learning style scores were found to exist between librarians with different types of position responsibilities. In particular, for three out of four scales, catalogers have statistically different learning styles than other librarian groups. Recognition of different learning styles and thoughtful integration of appropriate teaching styles may improve workplace interpersonal communication, enhance professional development and staff training, and strengthen teaching.
Survival, Differentiation, and Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Human Stem Cells Complexed With Neurotrophin-3-Releasing Pharmacologically Active Microcarriers in an Ex Vivo Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Daviaud Nicolas , Garbayo Elisa , Sindji Laurence , Martínez-Serrano Alberto , Schiller Paul C. , Montero-Menei Claudia N.
Published: April 2015

Stem cell-based regenerative therapies hold great potential for the treatment of degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). We recently reported the repair and functional recovery after treatment with human marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells adhered to neurotrophin-3 (NT3) releasing pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAMs) in hemiparkinsonian rats. In order to comprehend this effect, the goal of the present work was to elucidate the survival, differentiation, and neuroprotective mechanisms of MIAMI cells and human neural stem cells (NSCs), both adhering to NT3-releasing PAMs in an ex vivo organotypic model of nigrostriatal degeneration made from brain sagittal slices. It was shown that PAMs led to a marked increase in MIAMI cell survival and neuronal differentiation when releasing NT3. A significant neuroprotective effect of MIAMI cells adhering to PAMs was also demonstrated. NSCs barely had a neuroprotective effect and differentiated mostly into dopaminergic neuronal cells when adhering to PAM-NT3. Moreover, those cells were able to release dopamine in a sufficient amount to induce a return to baseline levels. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stanniocalcin-1 as potential mediators of the neuroprotective effect of MIAMI cells and NSCs, respectively. It was also shown that VEGF locally stimulated tissue vascularization, which might improve graft survival, without excluding a direct neuroprotective effect of VEGF on dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate a prospective interest of human NSC/PAM and MIAMI cell/PAM complexes in tissue engineering for PD.

Significance

Stem cell-based regenerative therapies hold great potential for the treatment of degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The present work elucidates and compares the survival, differentiation, and neuroprotective mechanisms of marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible cells and human neural stem cells both adhered to neurotrophin-3-releasing pharmacologically active microcarriers in an ex vivo organotypic model of PD made from brain sagittal slices.
First-in-Human Case Study: Pregnancy in Women With Crohn's Perianal Fistula Treated With Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: A Safety Study
Authors: Sanz-Baro Raquel , García-Arranz Mariano , Guadalajara Hector , de la Quintana Paloma , Herreros Maria Dolores , García-Olmo Damián
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) had any influence on fertility, course of pregnancy, newborn weight, or physical condition of newborns. We performed a retrospective study of patients with a desire to become pregnant after having received intralesional injection of autologous ASCs for the treatment of perianal or rectovaginal fistula associated with Crohn's disease. We collected data on the resulting pregnancies, deliveries, and newborns of these patients. ASCs were expanded in vitro and characterized according to the international guidelines for cell surface markers (clusters of differentiation) and differentiated to adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes prior to implantation (except first implant in 2002). We analyzed five young women with Crohn's disease treated with ASCs: one for rectovaginal and perianal fistula, two for rectovaginal fistula only, and two for perianal fistula only. All patients received 2 doses of 20 million and 40 million cells at an interval of 3–4 months. Another patient received 2 doses of 6.6 million and 20 million ASCs with 9 months between each dose. Fertility and pregnancy outcomes were not affected by cell therapy treatment. No signs of treatment-related malformations were observed in the neonates by their respective pediatricians. In the patients studied, cell therapy with ASCs did not affect the course of pregnancy or newborn development.

Significance

Local treatment with mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue seems not to affect the ability to conceive, the course of pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes, or newborns' health in female patients. This is the first publication about pregnancy outcome in women with perianal fistula and Crohn's disease treated with stem cell therapy, and could be of interest for doctors working in cell therapy. This is a very important question for patients, and there was no answer for them until now.
Pratiques informationnelles dans une communauté professionnelle : les conditions d’émergence de la durabilité des écosystèmes informationnels
Authors: Lehmans Anne , Soumagnac Karel
Published: April 2015

Les pratiques informationnelles d'une communauté professionnelle en écoconstruction soulèvent le problème de la durabilité des écosystèmes informationnels, analysé dans un projet de recherche aquitain. Face à un enjeu social fort, une communauté professionnelle peut-elle parvenir à structurer ou autogérer un système d’information durable, à la fois cohérent avec ses objectifs affichés et résistant dans le temps aux évolutions des contextes économiques, techniques, sociaux, malgré l’absence d’organisation ou de médiation externe ? Pour appréhender les pratiques informationnelles, la méthodologie de la recherche a reposé sur trois types d’approches : sociologique, sémio-pragmatique et documentaire. Trois orientations des systèmes informationnels émergent, vers l’acteur, vers l’organisation et vers l’activité. C’est autour de l’activité par les réseaux entre acteurs que les interactions et les formats se structurent pour assurer la durabilité de l’information.
Effects of Continuous Pollution by Pharmaceutical Micropollutants on the Fouling of a Membrane Bioreactor Treating Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Li Chengcheng , Guigui Christelle , Cabassud Corinne
Published: April 2015

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are increasingly used for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse and great concerns have been raised in the last decade about some emerging trace pollutants found in aquatic environment, notably pharmaceutical products. As a consequence, the removal of pharmaceutical micropollutants by MBRs has been extensively investigated but there is still a lack of knowledge on the effects of the current presence of pharmaceutical micropollutants in domestic wastewaters on MBR fouling. Among the different pharmaceuticals, it was decided to focus on carbamazepine (CBZ), an anti-epileptic drug, because of its occurrence in domestic wastewaters and persistence in biological processes including MBRs. The chemical analysis of soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the supernatant showed that a continuous introduction of CBZ into a submerged MBR via the feed (about 90 µg/L CBZ in the feed) led to a significant increase in the concentration of proteins whereas no significant change was found for polysaccharides. Size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-SEC) analysis showed that the addition of CBZ induced a significant increase of 10-100 kDa proteins in the supernatant and a slight decrease of 100-1000 kDa proteins. After addition of CBZ a significant increase of transmembrane pressure (TMP) in the MBR was observed, which indicates that the increase of the quantity of 10-100 kDa proteins led to a more severe fouling caused by internal fouling in the biocake that was formed on MBR membrane surface. This study also suggests that 10-100 kDa proteins might play a major role in the TMP jump phenomenon. Moreover it was found that addition of CBZ to the MBR affected the biological activities, as a slight inhibition of the exogenous respiration rate was observed.
Sewage Sludge Conditioning using Opuntia Ficus Indica Juice
Authors: Betatache Hayat , Aouabed Ali
Published: April 2015

This work aimed to study the possibility of using plant matter, Opuntia ficus indica juice (OFIJ), for conditioning the Beni-Messous (Algiers) wastewater treatment plant sludge. The optimum dosage of OFIJ was found to be 0.4 g⋅kg‑1 of dry matter, for which the residual turbidity, the dryness of the filtration cake, and the specific resistance of filtration were found to be 2.5 NTU, 24% and 0.13⋅1012m⋅kg‑1, respectively. The results obtained with OFIJ are also compared with those of commercial polyelectrolytes such as Chimfloc C4346, a cationic polymer, Sedipur NF 400, a non-ionic polymer, and Sedipur AF 102, an anionic polymer, and inorganic conditioners such as FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3. OFIJ proved to be the most efficient because the optimum dosage was found to be 0.4 g⋅kg‑1 of dry matter for OFIJ whereas for Chimfloc C4346, FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3 the optimum doses were be found to be 0.8, 80 and 60 g⋅kg‑1. Based on the obtained results, OFIJ could be used as a natural conditioner in sewage sludge treatment.
Élimination des parabènes et du triclosan dans un filtre non drainé de l'assainissement non collectif (ANC)
Authors: Seidl Martin , Caupos Emilie , Nasri Behzad , Saillé Christophe , Fouché Olivier
Published: April 2015

L'assainissement non collectif ou autonome (ANC) est un dispositif assurant la collecte, le traitement et l’évacuation des eaux usées domestiques de manière autonome, à proximité de l’habitation, là où le coût d'infrastructures collectif serait trop élevé. Les travaux de recherche effectués dans le cadre du projet Gessol, Ancres, se penchent sur l'efficacité de l'ANC et notamment celle du filtre à sable non drainé et du sol dans l'élimination de la pollution carbonée, azotée et des micropolluants émergents parabènes et triclosan. Pour ce faire, un dispositif neuf, équipé d'un système de collecte et de prélèvement de l'eau a été suivi pendant 18 mois. Les premiers résultats indiquent un abattement de plus de 80 % de la pollution entrante avec une contribution non négligeable du sol. En ce qui concerne les parabènes et triclosan, on observe pour les parabènes une élimination de 87 % entre la sortie de la fosse septique et la sortie du massif filtrant. Le sol ne contribue pas significativement à leur élimination. Pour le triclosan, l'abattement global est de 72 % avec une contribution majoritaire (47 %) par le sol. Les différences entre les deux substances sont probablement dues à leur structure moléculaire.
A AVALIAÇÃO EXTERNA DAS ESCOLAS E A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES: O CASO PAULISTA
Authors: Da Cunha Malheiros Santana Andréia , Rothen José Carlos
Published: April 2015

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o impacto do Sistema de Avaliação do Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo (SARESP) e do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação no Estado de São Paulo (IDESP) na formação continuada de professores. Este artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa de pós-doutorado que investigou como os resultados da avaliação externa são trabalhados em duas escolas com desempenhos antagônicos no IDESP: uma com resultado crescente, e outra, decrescente. No estudo de caso, foram adotados como procedimentos metodológicos a análise documental, a observação das reuniões pedagógicas das escolas, um questionário destinado aos professores e diretores e entrevistas com os supervisores de ensino. Concluiu-se que o modelo de formação continuada realizado a partir dos resultados das provas visa ao treinamento dos professores. Esse tipo de formação é elaborado pela Secretaria de Educação, que reduz a formação continuada à preparação dos professores para treinarem os alunos a realizar as provas aplicadas pelo Estado; a escola não tem autonomia para trabalhar os resultados das avaliações externas, nem o hábito de indagar suas razões e causas. Os resultados nas avaliações são analisados e vistos como metas a serem atingidas sem que seja promovido o diálogo entre as avaliações externas e internas.
POLÍTICAS DE AVALIAÇÃO EDUCACIONAL E FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES
Authors: Dos Santos Viegas Elis Regina , Alves da Silva Scaff Elisangela
Published: April 2015

Este texto visa contribuir para a análise da política de formação continuada de professores alfabetizadores dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, buscando apontar sua relação com o caráter indutor das políticas de avaliação. Toma-se como lócus o município de Dourados (MS), onde foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores de cinco escolas públicas da rede municipal de ensino, bem como com gestores municipais responsáveis pela implementação de políticas de formação continuada de professores, no intuito de identificar suas impressões acerca da política de formação continuada desenvolvida pela rede municipal de ensino. As considerações feitas pelos gestores indicam um fortalecimento da relação formação/ avaliação, que propõe um direcionamento de políticas que assegurem recursos materiais e financeiros, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, estabelecem mecanismo de aferição da aplicação desses recursos. Sendo assim, conclui-se que as ações de formação continuada vêm sendo direcionadas para a mediação dos resultados a partir do desempenho dos alunos.
Sociology in and of Wales: An Overview
Authors: Day Graham
Published: April 2015

Beginning with early fact-finding investigations this paper outlines the emergence of a distinctive sociology of Wales and relates it to changes occurring in the Welsh university system. It traces the tensions between emphases on language and culture, and on class and economy, and shows how the focus of sociological work has shifted over time, reflecting changes in Welsh society and political structures. Early preoccupation with community studies and the fate of the Welsh language gave way to questions of economic decline and structural inequality. Themes of uneven development, social and economic restructuring and internal colonialism were explored. The nature of Welsh identity was problematised. Devolution of political powers to Wales has opened up new questions about national belonging and civil society. It has brought Welsh sociologists closer to government and helped strengthen the research base in Wales, at some risk to the critical independence of social science.
The Trans-Siberian Railway as a Corridor of Trade between Finland and Japan in the Midst of World Crises
Authors: Sahi Juha
Published: April 2015

The Trans-Siberian railway long played the role of a second alternative transportation route between Finland and Japan. Not until the early 1970s did the Trans-Siberian railway begin to be used on a larger scale for the purposes of Finnish-Japanese trade. This took place in the aftermath of containerization in trade traffic. Goods were, however, transported between the two countries via Siberia long before this, during the World Wars. Using mostly Finnish business and state archive records and publications, the article examines the significance of the Siberian traffic in Finnish-Japanese trade as well as collaboration by private and state interests and the place of a transit state in enabling this traffic.
Dreaming on a Railway Track: Public Works and the Demise of New Zealand's Provinces
Authors: Brett André
Published: April 2015

The demise of New Zealand's provinces in 1876 demands explanation. I argue that public works policy undermined the provinces and that railway development provided the impetus for abolition. The failure of the six original provinces to meet hinterland settler demands for public works led to the creation of new provinces in 1858, destabilising the system. Reckless investment in railways in the 1860s robbed the provinces of popular support and led to a prohibition on borrowing. This created a developmental vacuum until the central government acquired public works policy in 1870. The provinces thus lost their primary reason for existence. New Zealand's provinces are a valuable case study in how railways and other forms of transportation can shape political systems.
Spread of model climate sensitivity linked to double‐Intertropical Convergence Zone bias
Authors: Tian Baijun
Published: April 2015

Despite decades of climate research and model development, two outstanding problems still plague the latest global climate models (GCMs): the double‐Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bias and the 2−5°C spread of equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). Here we show that the double‐ITCZ bias and ECS in 44 GCMs from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3/5 are negatively correlated. The models with weak (strong) double‐ITCZ biases have high (low)‐ECS values of ~4.1(2.2)°C. This indicates that the double‐ITCZ bias is a new emergent constraint for ECS based on which ECS might be in the higher end of its range (~4.0°C) and most models might have underestimated ECS. In addition, we argue that the double‐ITCZ bias can physically affect both cloud and water vapor feedbacks (thus ECS) and is a more easily measured emergent constraint for ECS than previous ones. It can be used as a performance metric for evaluating and comparing different GCMs.
EVT
and
E‐CVT
for Full Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Cheng Yuan , Cheng Ming
Published: April 2015

Due to the pressures of environmental pollution and the current energy crisis, hybrid electric vehicles (
HEVs
) have gained increasing attention. Many power train concepts have been presented to achieve more energy efficient and functionally integrated solutions for
HEVs
. In this chapter, the electric variable transmission (
EVT
) and the electronic‐continuously variable transmission (E‐
CVT
) propulsion systems have been reviewed. Both
EVT
and E‐
CVT
can realize power split function, therefore series and parallel hybrid power flows are achieved.

The E‐
CVT
adopts planetary gear (
PG
) to perform the power split function. The
PG
consists of a set of gears and connects different power plants. With the aid of the
PG
, the electric driving force and engine driving force are effectively split and combined. Different E‐
CVT
system architectures as well as their operating principles are briefed.

The
EVT
is a quite new concept. No mechanical
PG
is installed instead of two integrated electric machines. The
EVT
not only implements a transmission of the engine power but also opens a gate enabling the input and output of electric power. These features make
EVT
a competitive
HEV
solution with a highly integrated function of
CVT
, starter, and generator. The operating principle as well as different topologies has been introduced in this chapter.
The Variable PulleyCVT
Authors: van Spijk J.G.L.M. , Englisch A.
Published: April 2015

In this chapter, the functional principle of the variable pulley continuously variable transmission (CVT) is explained and some typical examples of the architecture of this kind of transmission are shown. This type of transmission is characterized by the fact that power is being transmitted by a belt or a chain type of component, between two conical pulleys that are adjustable. For both types of component, the design and the construction are explained, as well as the functional behavior. The transfer of the torque from one pulley to the other is based on friction. The required frictional force is typically applied by hydraulic pressure. Different concepts for the setup of the hydraulic control system for clamping pressure purpose are described together with the further functions such as clutch control, cooling, and lubrication. There is also attention needed for the different components that create the hydraulic functions, such as pump, solenoids, valves, and sensors. Finally, the assembly and manufacturing of the variator—the belt pulley set—are also explained with regard to specific requirements and methods.
Elastomeric Components for Noise and Vibration Isolation and Control in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Ang , Shangguan Wen‐Bin
Published: April 2015

Elastomeric isolators are used in a variety of different applications to reduce noise and vibration. Using isolators effectively requires the product design and development engineer to satisfy multiple objectives, which typically include packaging restrictions, environmental criteria, limitations on motion control, load requirements, and minimum fatigue life, in addition to vibration isolation performance. An understanding of elastomeric material properties and the methods used to characterize elastomeric component behavior is necessary to achieve desired performance. Typical design criteria and functional objectives for various isolator applications, including powertrain mounts, suspension control arm bushings, shock‐absorber bushings, exhaust hangers, flexible couplings, cradle mounts, body mounts, and vibration dampers are also discussed.
Hybrid Systems and High Voltage Components
Authors: Morikawa Masami
Published: April 2015

It took 10 years for hybrid vehicles (
HVs
) to find full acceptance with customers since their initial introduction in 1997. However, the history of
HVs
is inextricably linked with that of electric vehicles (
EVs
), going back as far as the 1950s. This chapter describes the history of
EVs
and
HVs
to the present day, the types and characteristics of
EV
‐based
HV
systems, and the configuration and role of the main
HV
components.
Pedestrian Protection Overview
Authors: Arregui‐Dalmases Carlos , Fredriksson Rikard , Kerrigan Jason R. , Velazquez‐Ameijide Joan , Sanchez‐Molina David
Published: April 2015

The World Bank estimates that between 41% and 75% of all road traffic fatalities worldwide are pedestrians and that nearly 35% of all pedestrian fatalities are children. Three factors are important to fully understand a vehicle pedestrian collision. The environment, the vehicle and the pedestrian contribute to accidents and determine their outcome. Further, the accident can be divided into three parts on a time‐scale; pre‐, in‐ and post‐crash. In each of these time events, the environment, vehicle and road user are more or less influential factors important to consider. Our aim in this chapter is to describe the fundaments of vehicle‐pedestrian collisions, covering aspects like influencing factors of the collision, the vehicle structures responsible for pedestrian injuries and active‐ passive countermeasures from the injury biomechanics point of view.
Doctor–Patient Interaction
Authors: Beach Wayne A.
Published: April 2015

As the future of medical care unfolds, more informed and assertive patients will progressively impact the interactional landscape of clinical encounters. Patients maneuver their way through medical interviews by initiating a wide array of social actions, and increased proactivity by patients may exemplify increasing momentum toward a fundamental shift in how lay persons negotiate and manage medical authority. A framework is provided for understanding how language and social interaction (
LSI
) researchers examine patient–provider interactions and the interactional foundations for medical authority. A series of transcribed examples are then provided to illustrate how patients orient to medical authority through actions such as indirect requests, displaying resistance to doctors' positions and providing explanations that minimize drinking and other risky health behaviors. Future implications for research and medical education are briefly reviewed.
Research Interview Discourse
Authors: Ensink Titus
Published: April 2015

The purpose of research interviews is to obtain information from different respondents in order to answer a research question. The two main types of research interviews are standardized survey interviews and open interviews. The information obtained should meet scientific requirements. These requirements may be at odds with normal interactional behavior.
Discourse Markers
Authors: Bolden Galina B.
Published: April 2015

The term discourse markers refers to a class of linguistic devices that includes words and phrases, such as,anyway,well,you know,I mean,oh,so,like, anduh. Language and social interactional scholarship on discourse markers is concerned with how discourse markers are used as resources for social action, and, consequently, how they are deployed to enact or negotiate relationships between interactants. This article discusses and illustrates some common interactional functions of discourse markers in English, including how discourse markers are used to indicate contiguities and disjunctions between interactional units, convey stances vis‐à‐vis prior actions, and facilitate turn‐taking.
Forms of Address
Authors: Havu Eva
Published: April 2015

Forms of address are words and phrases used for addressing a collocutor. They include pronominal, nominal, and verbal forms of address and mark different types of interpersonal relationships, varying not only across different cultures but also across different social groups within a certain culture. After providing a brief historical survey on the development of different types of address this article discusses pronominal, nominal, and verbal forms of address and their variation in different social situations, and examines the pragmatic uses of nominal forms of address.
Talk Radio, Discourse
Authors: Dori‐Hacohen Gonen
Published: April 2015

Radio was the first electronic mass medium. It became a prominent part in people's every day experiences and in the discursive practices of mass media that followed in its wake. Moreover, radio was instrumental in creating communities around it and it has a central part in the public sphere. Key features of radio discourse include: intentionality, sociability, performativity, interactivity, and liveliness. There are many radiophonic genres; foremost among them is the phone‐in, in which an ordinary person calls in to a program to talk with a host in front of the audience. The structure and features of phone‐ins are illustrated to demonstrate how an institutional setting is achieved.
Facial Expressions
Authors: Ruusuvuori Johanna
Published: April 2015

According to a popular view in psychology, facial expression is a channel to express emotion or to convey one's emotional state to others. A somewhat contrasting approach maintains that facial expression is first and foremost a social signal and has many other functions in addition to displaying emotion. While the approaches differ in focus and emphasis they do not exclude one another. Research on the intertwining of facial expression and spoken interaction in conversational contexts can contribute to both approaches.
Talk Radio, Political
Authors: Dori‐Hacohen Gonen
Published: April 2015

Radio has always had the potential to change public life. Ordinary citizens participate in programs during which they call in to the radio station and express their opinion. As such, these programs are part of the public sphere, as well as an entertainment form. These programs are taken as a service in public stations, and as a revenue source in commercial stations. In the commercial stations, the shows promote the one‐sided political agenda of their hosts' stars. In the public stations, the shows facilitate a balanced discussion between different citizens. All participants in both types of programs use argumentative practices, including the use of rhetoric. Yet, the host is the power holder in the interactions. The programs and interactions in them also encode other power relations, as these programs may promote conservative, at times racist views. Radio is still a masculine medium, and participants in talk radio adhere to the normative gender order.
Ethnolinguistic Vitality
Authors: Ehala Martin
Published: April 2015

Ethnolinguistic vitality is a group's ability to maintain and protect its existence in time as a collective entity with a distinctive identity and language. It involves continuing intergenerational transmission of group's language and cultural practices, sustainable demography and active social institutions, social cohesion, and emotional attachment to its collective identity. This article identifies the key stages of the development of the concept, and the main theoretical models with an outline of their core elements.