bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stubble trouble! Moisture, pathogen fitness and cereal type drive colonisation of cereal stubble by three fungal pathogens
Authors: Petronaitis Toni , Forknall Clayton , Simpfendorfer Steven , Backhouse David , Flavel Richard
Published: March 2022

Stubble-borne cereal diseases are a major constraint to production in Australia, with associated costs rising as a result of increased adoption of conservation agriculture systems. The fungal pathogens that cause these diseases can saprotrophically colonise retained cereal residues, which may further increase inoculum levels post-harvest. Hence, saprotrophic colonisation by the stubble-borne fungal pathogens Fusarium pseudograminearum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Bipolaris sorokiniana were compared under a range of moisture conditions for stubble of six cereal varieties (two bread wheat, two barley, one durum wheat and one oat). Sterile cereal stubble was inoculated separately with two isolates of each pathogen and placed, standing, under constant relative humidity conditions (90, 92.5, 95, 97.5 and 100%) for 7 days at 25 °C. Stubble was then cultured in increments of 1 cm to determine the percentage colonisation height of each tiller. Fusarium pseudograminearum colonised farther within tillers, leaving a greater proportion of the standing stubble colonised compared with B. sorokiniana and P. tritici-repentis, suggesting F. pseudograminearum has higher saprotrophic fitness. Saprotrophic colonisation also increased with increasing relative humidity for all pathogens and varied by cereal type. Disease management strategies, such as reduced cereal harvest height, may limit saprotrophic colonisation and improve stubble-borne disease management in conservation agriculture systems.
Unbalanced signed graphs with extremal spectral radius or index
Authors: Brunetti Maurizio , Stanić Zoran
Published: March 2022

Let $$\dot{G}=(G,\sigma )$$

G
˙

=

(
G
,
σ
)

be a signed graph, and let $$\rho (\dot{G})$$

ρ
(

G
˙

)

(resp. $$\lambda _1(\dot{G})$$

λ
1

(

G
˙

)

) denote the spectral radius (resp. the index) of the adjacency matrix $$A_{\dot{G}}$$

A

G
˙

. In this paper we detect the signed graphs achieving the minimum spectral radius $$m(\mathcal S \mathcal R_n)$$

m
(
S

R
n

)

, the maximum spectral radius $$M(\mathcal S \mathcal R_n)$$

M
(
S

R
n

)

, the minimum index $$m(\mathcal I_n)$$

m
(

I
n

)

and the maximum index $$M(\mathcal I_n)$$

M
(

I
n

)

in the set $$\mathcal U_n$$

U
n

of all unbalanced connected signed graphs with $$n\geqslant 3$$

n
⩾
3

vertices. From the explicit computation of the four extremal values it turns out that the difference $$m(\mathcal S \mathcal R_n)-m(\mathcal I_n)$$

m

(
S

R
n

)

-
m

(

I
n

)

for $$n \geqslant 8$$

n
⩾
8

strictly increases with n and tends to 1, whereas $$M(\mathcal S \mathcal R_n)- M(\mathcal I_n)$$

M

(
S

R
n

)

-
M

(

I
n

)

strictly decreases and tends to 0.
Needed independent and dependent variables in multi-element behavior support plans addressing severe behavior problems
Authors: LaVigna Gary W. , Hughes Elizabeth C. , Potter Geoff , Spicer Matthew , Hume Linda , Willis Thomas J. , Huerta Elena
Published: March 2022

Ethically
, behavior analysts are required to use the least aversive and restrictive procedures capable of managing behaviors of concern. This article introduces and discusses a multi-element paradigm for devising support plans that include ecological, positive programming, and focused-support proactive strategies for reducing the frequency of problem behavior occurrence. It also includes reactive strategies, i.e., separate independent variables. In this paradigm, reactive strategies are aimed solely at getting rapid, safe control over the incident, thereby reducing measured and quantified episodic severity. Behavior analysts who publish in mainstream behavioral journals do not always make it explicit how they, in fact, successfully employed non-aversive reactive procedures to achieve rapid/safe control over the severity of a behavioral incident. Three examples of published studies in the behavioral literature which successfully, though only implicitly, used non-aversive reactive strategies (NARS) to reduce the severity of the behaviors of concern are described. The multi-element paradigm discussed in the present article is illustrated by the support plans that address the challenging behavior of three children in a pre-school setting, using both proactive and reactive strategies. Reactive strategies were used for the purpose of reducing episodic severity (ES) and proactive strategies were aimed at reducing the frequency of occurrence. Following a comprehensive functional analysis and assessment (CFA) and the implementation of a multi-element behavior support (MEBS) plan, results show successful outcomes without the need for any aversive or restrictive procedures. When addressing severe behaviors of concern, in addition to reducing behavioral occurrence, safety should also be improved by reducing ES as a measured outcome and as a function of the reactive strategies employed, including in many cases, the use of strategic capitulation, i.e., providing the identified reinforcer for the target behavior.
Regulating Thermogalvanic Effect and Mechanical Robustness via Redox Ions for Flexible Quasi-Solid-State Thermocells
Authors: Peng Peng , Zhou Jiaqian , Liang Lirong , Huang Xuan , Lv Haicai , Liu Zhuoxin , Chen Guangming
Published: March 2022

The design of power supply systems for wearable applications requires both flexibility and durability. Thermoelectrochemical cells (TECs) with large Seebeck coefficient can efficiently convert low-grade heat into electricity, thus having attracted considerable attention in recent years. Utilizing hydrogel electrolyte essentially addresses the electrolyte leakage and complicated packaging issues existing in conventional liquid-based TECs, which well satisfies the need for flexibility. Whereas, the concern of mechanical robustness to ensure stable energy output remains yet to be addressed. Herein, a flexible quasi-solid-state TEC is proposed based on the rational design of a hydrogel electrolyte, of which the thermogalvanic effect and mechanical robustness are simultaneously regulated via the multivalent ions of a redox couple. The introduced redox ions not only endow the hydrogel with excellent heat-to-electricity conversion capability, but also act as ionic crosslinks to afford a dual-crosslinked structure, resulting in reversible bonds for effective energy dissipation. The optimized TEC exhibits a high Seebeck coefficient of 1.43 mV K−1 and a significantly improved fracture toughness of 3555 J m−2, thereby can maintain a stable thermoelectrochemical performance against various harsh mechanical stimuli. This study reveals the high potential of the quasi-solid-state TEC as a flexible and durable energy supply system for wearable applications.
Boosting Zn||I2 Battery’s Performance by Coating a Zeolite-Based Cation-Exchange Protecting Layer
Authors: Shang Wenshuo , Li Qiang , Jiang Fuyi , Huang Bingkun , Song Jisheng , Yun Shan , Liu Xuan , Kimura Hideo , Liu Jianjun , Kang Litao
Published: March 2022

Highlights

High-performance Zn||I2 batteries were established by coating zeolite protecting layers.

The Zn2+-conductive layer suppresses I3− shuttling, Zn corrosion/dendrite growth.

The Zeolite-Zn||I2 batteries achieve long lifespan (91.92% capacity retention after 5600 cycles), high coulombic efficiencies (99.76% in average) and large capacity (203–196 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) simultaneously.

The intrinsically safe Zn||I2 battery, one of the leading candidates aiming to replace traditional Pb-acid batteries, is still seriously suffering from short shelf and cycling lifespan, due to the uncontrolled I3−-shuttling and dynamic parasitic reactions on Zn anodes. Considering the fact that almost all these detrimental processes terminate on the surfaces of Zn anodes, modifying Zn anodes’ surface with protecting layers should be one of the most straightforward and thorough approaches to restrain these processes. Herein, a facile zeolite-based cation-exchange protecting layer is designed to comprehensively suppress the unfavored parasitic reactions on the Zn anodes. The negatively-charged cavities in the zeolite lattice provide highly accessible migration channels for Zn2+, while blocking anions and electrolyte from passing through. This low-cost cation-exchange protecting layer can simultaneously suppress self-discharge, anode corrosion/passivation, and Zn dendrite growth, awarding the Zn||I2 batteries with ultra-long cycle life (91.92% capacity retention after 5600 cycles at 2 A g−1), high coulombic efficiencies (99.76% in average) and large capacity (203–196 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1). This work provides a highly affordable approach for the construction of high-performance Zn-I2 aqueous batteries.
Sexual dimorphism in toothed whales (Odontoceti) follows Rensch’s rule
Authors: Caspar Kai R. , Begall Sabine
Published: March 2022

Rensch’s rule entails that male-biased sexual size dimorphism scales allometrically with body size and is assumed to generally apply to polygynous taxa. However, so far only few mammalian groups have been shown to conform to it. Toothed whales (Odontoceti) not only span a substantial range of body sizes, but are commonly presumed to be predominantly polygynous, thus representing a promising candidate group to test for Rensch’s rule. Here we compiled a dataset of sex-specific body lengths in 57 species of toothed whales and demonstrate that sexual size dimorphism in this group does indeed follow Rensch’s rule. When focusing on selected subgroups of toothed whales, conformity to the rule was prominent among lineages of the speciose superfamily Delphinoidea, while it was not found in the beaked whales of the family Ziphiidae. These results support the assumption that polygynous and polygynandrous mating systems and marked precopulatory intrasexual competition between males are common among toothed whales. However, female-biased sexual size dimorphism as well as monomorphism occur at notable frequencies as well, suggesting that reproductive strategies are nevertheless variable among these marine mammals.
What is Normal Pornography Use in a Highly Religious Area? Exploring Patterns of Pornography Use in Utah
Authors: Esplin Charlotte R. , Hatch S. Gabe , Ogles Benjamin M. , Wood David , Rasmussen Benjamin D. , Braithwaite Scott R.
Published: March 2022

Background

Pornography has become mainstream in society, including in the state of Utah, which is a highly religious, conservative state.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to gather basic descriptive norms for pornography use in the state of Utah (given its unique religious profile), establish clinical cutoffs based on frequency and duration of pornography consumption, and begin to establish a clinical picture of problematic pornography use in a regionally representative sample.

Methods

We recruited a representative sample of 892 Utahns via CloudResearch.com. Participants completed the following measures: Consumption of Pornography – General (COPS); Problematic Pornography Use Scale; Clear Lake Addiction to Pornography Scale; The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (Second Version).

Outcome

Documentation of pornography use norms among Utahns.

Results

In our sample, 79% reported viewing pornography in their lifetime (85% of men, 75% of women). The most common frequency of pornography viewing was weekly or monthly among men, and monthly or every 6 months among women, which is comparable to national averages. Men and women showed significantly different pornography use frequencies. We demonstrate a relationship between higher levels of pornography use and higher perceived levels of pornography use as a problem or “addiction” and depression scores and explore the typical demographics of our highest pornography users.

Clinical Translation

This study will aid clinicians in using the COPS to derive normal pornography use compared to above average pornography use among pornography users from a religious background, especially for clinicians who seek to provide normative data to clients presenting with problematic pornography use like in motivational interviewing interventions.

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths include our measures generally demonstrated strong validity, we provide the beginnings of sound clinical implementation of the COPS for benchmarking pornography use in a clinical setting in Utah, and that our sample was representative of the state of Utah according to current census data. Limitations include those commonly seen in survey-based data collection methods, and that findings from our unique Utah sample may not be as relevant among other religious or cultural samples.

Conclusion

Our findings provide an updated picture of pornography use in the state of Utah and suggest that even those high in religiosity continue to use pornography. Our results can provide a spectrum of pornography use, aiding a pornography user in treatment to be able to compare his or her use to this norm.
Mycorrhizal Dynamics in Ecological Systems
Authors: Allen Michael F.
Published: March 2022

Mycorrhizae are mutualisms between plants and fungi that evolved over 400 million years ago. This symbiotic relationship commenced with land invasion, and as new groups evolved, new organisms developed with varying adaptations to changing conditions. Based on the author's 50 years of knowledge and research, this book characterizes mycorrhizae through the most rapid global environmental changes in human history. It applies that knowledge in many different scenarios, from restoring strip mines in Wyoming and shifting agriculture in the Yucatán, to integrating mutualisms into science policy in California and Washington, D.C. Toggling between ecological theory and natural history of a widespread and long-lived symbiotic relationship, this interdisciplinary volume scales from structure-function and biochemistry to ecosystem dynamics and global change. This remarkable study is of interest to a wide range of students, researchers, and land-use managers.
Design and analysis of variable camber wing of propeller aircraft using the actuator disc method
Authors: Liu R. , Bai J. , Qiu Y. , Li Y.
Published: March 2022

Variable camber flap technology can adjust the spanwise circulation distribution, thereby reducing the induced drag. Therefore, the concept of variable camber flap is introduced into the design of propeller aircraft wing, and the design for drag reduction of propeller aircraft is carried out. The numerical simulation of the propeller aircraft is carried out by using the actuator disc method with non-uniform distribution of radial and circumferential loads. Through the unsteady simulation of a single propeller, the aerodynamic load on a periodic propeller is extracted as a boundary condition to the steady simulation of the full aircraft. The load extracted by the actuator disc is compared with the unsteady simulation result, which verifies the reliability of the method. The design for drag reduction at cruise and climb design conditions are respectively carried out with the variable camber flap technology. The variable camber cruise configuration is evaluated at both the begin and end cruise conditions. The results show that, after the flaps deflecting at a small angle according to the circulation distribution, the camber distribution of the wing is adjusted to make the circulation distribution closer to the elliptical circulation distribution. At the design cruise condition, the drag coefficient is reduced by 1.4 counts, and the lift-drag ratio increase by 0.1. At both begin and end cruise conditions, the drag coefficient decreases by 1 count, and the lift-drag ratio increases by 0.07. At the design climb condition, the drag coefficient decreases by 1 count, and the lift-to-drag ratio increases by 0.09.
To wait or not to wait: Optimal time interval between the first and second blood-culture sets to maximize blood-culture yield
Authors: Fabre Valeria , Jones George F. , Hsu Yea-Jen , Carroll Karen C. , Cosgrove Sara E. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: March 2022

The optimal timing of blood culture (BCx) sets collection has not been evaluated with continuous BCx detection systems. The yield of BCx was similar between short intervals (median, 3 minutes) and longer intervals (median, 16 or 43 minutes) among 5,856 BCx, except for improved polymicrobial bacteremia detection with long-interval BCx.
Insufficient Supply, Diagnostic Services, and Lack of Trained Personnel in Primary Hospitals in North-West Ethiopia Worsened Trauma Care: A Mixed-Method Study
Authors: Denu Zewditu Abdissa , Yassin Mensur Osman , Azale Telake , Biks Gashaw Andargie , Gelaye Kassahun Alemu
Published: March 2022

Objective:

Although there has been a massive expansion of hospitals in Ethiopia in the last 2 decades, most are primary-level hospitals. Assessing the capability of the hospitals in managing trauma victims is essential to strengthening the hospitals.

Methods:

We employed a mixed-method approach using quantitative descriptive design triangulated with qualitative research. We audited 10 hospitals using WHO essential trauma care checklist. We interviewed 37 health care professionals, 9 hospital managers, and 12 decision-makers using a semi-structured interview guide. We used the COREQ checklist to report the qualitative finding.

Results:

The physical structures of the hospitals were good in all cases. Airway, breathing and circulation management were partially available, with a score ranging from 0 - 3. The extent of injury, lack of radiology service, and scarcity of drugs and supplies were common causes for the referral of trauma victims to Gondar University hospital.

Conclusion and recommendation:

Unavailability of drugs and supplies, lack of diagnostic services, inability to recruit specialist professionals, lack of training, and inconvenient working and living environment were stated as the main barriers to providing trauma care. In the study area, the gaps in trauma care in the primary hospitals can be improved by further commitment of the hospitals, the district, zonal administrators, and the regional health bureau.
The Effects of a Disaster Preparedness app on Community Knowledge and Intentional Behavior in Hurricane Risk Areas
Authors: Susmini Susmini , Feri Jhon , Wijaya Sapondra , Wibowo Wahyu Dwi Ari , Arifin Hidayat , Lee Bih-O
Published: March 2022

Objective:

With the advancement of technology, disaster preparedness related to hurricane hazards can be taught through an app. This study aimed to examine the effect of using an android-based disaster preparedness app on community knowledge and intentional behavior in hurricane risk areas.

Methods:

A quasi-experimental study was conducted from October to November, 2020 and a total of 80 respondents were recruited using cluster sampling. The treatment group was given the intervention in the form of the disaster preparedness app for 2 weeks. Meanwhile, the control group received home visits and conventional education about hurricane disasters twice throughout the same period. We then used a Wilcoxon Signed Rank test to analyze the pre-test and post-test and a Mann-Whitney U test to compare between treatment and control groups.

Results:

After the implementation of the SiBen app, we found a statistically significant difference in knowledge between treatment and control groups (P < 0.003) and intentional behavior between treatment and control groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The findings indicate that the disaster preparedness app was an effective educational program able to improve the knowledge and intentional behavior among community members in a hurricane risk area.
Epistemological Disjunctivism and the Conditionality Problem for Externalism
Authors: Echeverri Santiago
Published: March 2022

Epistemological disjunctivism (ED) has been thought to solve the conditionality problem for epistemic externalism. This problem arises from externalists’ characterization of our epistemic standings as conditional on the obtaining of worldly facts which we lack any reflective access to. ED is meant to avoid the conditionality problem by explicating subjects’ perceptual knowledge in paradigmatic cases of perceptual knowledge via their possession of perceptual reasons that are both factive and reflectively accessible. I argue that ED's account of reflectively accessible factive perceptual reasons is also prey to the conditionality problem. After that, I submit that Stroud's influential formulation of the conditionality problem relies on a methodological requirement that is potentially dissociable from ED. So, it is possible to put ED in the service of a more modest anti-skeptical strategy. I close by suggesting that this modest anti-skeptical strategy successfully undercuts the underdetermination-based skeptical paradox. Nevertheless, it does not have substantial advantages over some forms of epistemic externalism.
A multiplicative ergodic theoretic characterization of relative equilibrium states
Authors: ANTONIOLI JOHN , HONG SOONJO , QUAS ANTHONY
Published: March 2022

In this article, we continue the structural study of factor maps between symbolic dynamical systems and the relative thermodynamic formalism. Here, one is studying a factor map from a shift of finite type X (equipped with a potential function) to a sofic shift Z, equipped with a shift-invariant measure
$\nu $
. We study relative equilibrium states, that is, shift-invariant measures on X that push forward under the factor map to
$\nu $
which maximize the relative pressure: the relative entropy plus the integral of
$\phi $
. In this paper, we establish a new connection to multiplicative ergodic theory by relating these factor triples to a cocycle of Ruelle–Perron–Frobenius operators, and showing that the principal Lyapunov exponent of this cocycle is the relative pressure; and the dimension of the leading Oseledets space is equal to the number of measures of relative maximal entropy, counted with a previously identified concept of multiplicity.
Almost blenders and parablenders
Authors: BIEBLER SÉBASTIEN
Published: March 2022

A blender for a surface endomorphism is a hyperbolic basic set for which the union of the local unstable manifolds robustly contains an open set. Introduced by Bonatti and Díaz in the 1990s, blenders turned out to have many powerful applications to differentiable dynamics. In particular, a generalization in terms of jets, called parablenders, allowed Berger to prove the existence of generic families displaying robustly infinitely many sinks. In this paper we introduce analogous notions in a measurable setting. We define an almost blender as a hyperbolic basic set for which a prevalent perturbation has a local unstable set having positive Lebesgue measure. Almost parablenders are defined similarly in terms of jets. We study families of endomorphisms of
$\mathbb {R}^2$
leaving invariant the continuation of a hyperbolic basic set. When an inequality involving the entropy and the maximal contraction along stable manifolds is satisfied, we obtain an almost blender or parablender. This answers partially a conjecture of Berger, and complements previous works on the construction of blenders by Avila, Crovisier, and Wilkinson or by Moreira and Silva. The proof is based on thermodynamic formalism: following works of Mihailescu, Simon, Solomyak, and Urbański, we study families of skew-products and we give conditions under which these maps have limit sets of positive measure inside their fibers.
Microbiology, empiric therapy and its impact on the outcomes of nonventilated hospital-acquired, ventilated hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia in the United States, 2014–2019
Authors: Zilberberg Marya D. , Nathanson Brian H. , Puzniak Laura A. , Shorr Andrew F.
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To explore whether microbiology profiles and the impact of inappropriate empiric treatment differ in the setting of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia that requires subsequent mechanical ventilation (vHABP) versus one that does not (nvHABP) versus ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP).

Design:

Multicenter retrospective cohort study within Premier Research database, 2014–2019.

Methods:

We identified cases based on a previously publishedInternational Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision/Tenth Revision Clinical Modification(ICD-9/ICD-10-CM) algorithm, and we compared the 3 groups with respect to the bacterial pathogens isolated from their blood, sputum, or lower airway samples, and their respective rates of exposure to inappropriate empiric treatment. Using regression modeling we computed the effect of inappropriate empiric treatment on outcomes.

Results:

Among 17,819 patients who met enrollment criteria, 26.5% had nvHABP, 25.6% vHAPB, and 47.9% VABP.S. aureus(majority methicillin-susceptible) was the most frequently isolated organism, followedP. aeruginosa,K. pneumoniae, andE. coliwith variations across the conditions. Rates of carbapenem resistance were highest in VABP (9.1%) and to third-generation cephalosporins in vHABP (14.9%). Patients with nvHABP were most likely to receive inappropriate empiric treatment (8.5%). Although inappropriate empiric treatment was associated with an increase in adjusted postinfection-onset hospital length of stay (2.3 days) and cost ($12,142), its greatest magnitude was in the nvHABP group (4.9 days, $13,147).

Conclusions:

Substantial microbiologic differences exist among populations who suffer nvHABP, vHABP, and VABP, and inappropriate empiric treatment significantly worsens utilization outcomes. Given the moderate rates of carbapenem resistance and third-generation cephalosporin resistance, all patients require empiric coverage for a range of bacteria, including those targeting extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenem resistance where appropriate.
Multiple heat transport maxima in confined-rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Hartmann Robert , Verzicco Roberto , Klein Kranenbarg Liesbeth , Lohse Detlef , Stevens Richard J.A.M.
Published: March 2022

Moderate rotation and moderate horizontal confinement similarly enhance the heat transport in Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC). Here, we systematically investigate how these two types of flow stabilization together affect the heat transport. We conduct direct numerical simulations of confined-rotating RBC in a cylindrical set-up at Prandtl number

$\textit {Pr}=4.38$

, and various Rayleigh numbers

$2\times 10^{8}\leqslant {\textit {Ra}}\leqslant 7\times 10^{9}$

. Within the parameter space of rotation (given as inverse Rossby number

$0\leqslant {\textit {Ro}}^{-1}\leqslant 40$

) and confinement (given as height-to-diameter aspect ratio

$2\leqslant \varGamma ^{-1}\leqslant 32$

), we observe three heat transport maxima. At lower

$ {\textit {Ra}}$

, the combination of rotation and confinement can achieve larger heat transport than either rotation or confinement individually, whereas at higher

$ {\textit {Ra}}$

, confinement alone is most effective in enhancing the heat transport. Further, we identify two effects enhancing the heat transport: (i) the ratio of kinetic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses controlling the efficiency of Ekman pumping, and (ii) the formation of a stable domain-spanning flow for an efficient vertical transport of the heat through the bulk. Their interfering efficiencies generate the multiple heat transport maxima.
A sparse optimal closure for a reduced-order model of wall-bounded turbulence
Authors: Chua Khoo Zhao , Chan Chi Hin , Hwang Yongyun
Published: March 2022

In the present study, a set of physics-informed and data-driven approaches are examined towards the development of an accurate reduced-order model for a turbulent plane Couette flow. Based on the utilisation of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), a particular focus is given to the development of a reduced-order model where the number of POD modes are not large enough to cover the full dynamics of the given turbulent state, the situation directly relevant to the reduced-order modelling for turbulent flows. Starting from the conventional Galerkin projection approach ignoring the truncation error, three approaches enhanced by both physics and data are examined: (1) sparse regression of the POD-Galerkin dynamics; (2) Galerkin projection with an empirical eddy-viscosity model; (3) Galerkin projection with an optimal eddy viscosity obtained from a newly proposed sparse regression – an idea applying the sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics framework to an eddy-viscosity model. The sparse regression of the POD-Galerkin dynamics does not perform well, as the number of POD modes for the given chaotic dynamics appears to be too small. While the unsatisfactory performance of the Galerkin projection model with an empirical eddy viscosity is observed, the newly proposed approach, which combines the concept of an optimal eddy-viscosity closure with a sparse regression, more accurately approximates the chaotic dynamics than the other reduced-order models considered. This is demonstrated with the mean and time scales of the POD mode amplitudes as well as the first- and second-order turbulence statistics.
Bistability of the large-scale dynamics in quasi-two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: de Wit Xander M. , van Kan Adrian , Alexakis Alexandros
Published: March 2022

In many geophysical and astrophysical flows, suppression of fluctuations along one direction of the flow drives a quasi-two-dimensional upscale flux of kinetic energy, leading to the formation of strong vortex condensates at the largest scales. Recent studies have shown that the transition towards this condensate state is hysteretic, giving rise to a limited bistable range in which both the condensate state as well as the regular three-dimensional state can exist at the same parameter values. In this work, we use direct numerical simulations of thin-layer flow to investigate whether this bistable range survives as the domain size and turbulence intensity are increased. By studying the time scales at which rare transitions occur from one state into the other, we find that the bistable range grows as the box size and/or Reynolds number$Re$are increased, showing that the bistability is neither a finite-size nor a finite-$Re$effect. We furthermore predict a cross-over from a bimodal regime at low box size, low$Re$to a regime of pure hysteresis at high box size, high$Re$, in which any transition from one state to the other is prohibited at any finite time scale.
On shock-induced evolution of a gas layer with two fast/slow interfaces
Authors: Liang Yu , Luo Xisheng
Published: March 2022

The shock-induced evolution of a gas layer with two fast/slow interfaces is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Specifically, the gas layer is located between a lighter gas and a heavier gas, forming a light/medium/heavy (LMH) configuration. Linear stability analysis is utilised to derive a new analytical model to quantify the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) on the two interfaces of such an A/B/C-type fluid layer. Three quasi-one-dimensional (1-D) LMH fluid layers with different initial layer thicknesses are generated to study the wave patterns and interface motions. A general 1-D theory is established to describe the motions of the shock/rarefaction waves reverberating inside the fluid layer and the displacements of the two interfaces. Six quasi-2-D LMH fluid layers with diverse initial layer-thickness and amplitude combinations are created to explore the hydrodynamic instabilities of the two interfaces. It is found that the interface coupling significantly influences the interface evolution, even resulting in an abnormal phase reversal of a shocked fast/slow interface if the two interfaces are anti-phase and the initial layer is very thin. The specific conditions for the abnormal phase reversal and the instability freeze out are deduced. Moreover, the additional RMI (or Rayleigh–Taylor stabilisation) imposed by the shock (or rarefaction waves) reverberating inside an LMH fluid layer on the first (or second) interface is quantified. It is proved that the reverberating waves inside an LMH fluid layer stabilise the two interfaces. Finally, a nonlinear model is obtained by incorporating the nonlinearity effect into the linear model, which well describes the perturbation growths of the two interfaces in a later regime.
Knowledge Hiding and Hider's Innovative Behavior in Chinese Organizations: The Mediating Role of Silence Behavior and the Moderating Role of Zhongyong Thinking
Authors: Chen Liangyong , Luo Xiaozhen , Zhou Fei , Zhang Tianqi
Published: March 2022

Drawing from the theory of territorial behavior, this article predicts the explanatory role of silence behavior in the relationship between knowledge hiding and hider's innovative behavior in Chinese organizations, and the potential of Zhongyong thinking in mitigating the detrimental effect of knowledge hiding. Results derived from a time-lagged and multi-source survey support our hypotheses. Specifically, knowledge hiding is negatively associated with the innovative behavior of the hider. Silence behavior mediates the relationship between knowledge hiding and innovative behavior. Meanwhile, Zhongyong thinking moderates the positive relationship between knowledge hiding and silence behavior, as well as the indirect relationship between knowledge hiding and innovative behavior through silence behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on these findings.
Voter Outreach Campaigns Can Reduce Affective Polarization among Implementing Political Activists: Evidence from Inside Three Campaigns
Authors: KALLA JOSHUA L. , BROOCKMAN DAVID E.
Published: March 2022

Campaigns regularly dispatch activists to contact voters. Much research considers these conversations’ effects on voters, but we know little about their influence on the implementing activists—an important population given the outsized influence politically active Americans wield. We argue personal persuasion campaigns can reduce affective polarization among the implementing activists by creating opportunities for perspective-getting. We report unique data from three real-world campaigns wherein activists attempted to persuade voters who had opposing viewpoints: two campaigns about a politicized issue (immigration) and a third about the 2020 presidential election. All campaigns trained activists to persuade voters through in-depth, two-way conversations. In preregistered studies, we find that these efforts reduced affective polarization among implementing activists, with reductions large enough to reverse over a decade’s increase in affective polarization. Qualitative responses are consistent with these conversations producing perspective-getting, which reduced animosity by humanizing and individuating out-partisans. We discuss implications for theories of prejudice reduction.
Effects of mesh topology on MHD solution features in coronal simulations
Authors: Brchnelova M. , Zhang F. , Leitner P. , Perri B. , Lani A. , Poedts S.
Published: March 2022

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the solar corona have become more popular with the increased availability of computational power. Modern computational plasma codes, relying upon computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods, allow the coronal features to be resolved using solar surface magnetograms as inputs. These computations are carried out in a full three-dimensional domain and, thus, selection of the correct mesh configuration is essential to save computational resources and enable/speed up convergence. In addition, it has been observed that for MHD simulations close to the hydrostatic equilibrium, spurious numerical artefacts might appear in the solution following the mesh structure, which makes the selection of the grid also a concern for accuracy. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and trade off two main mesh topologies when applied to global solar corona simulations using the unstructured ideal MHD solver from the COOLFluiD platform. The first topology is based on the geodesic polyhedron and the second on$UV$mapping. Focus is placed on aspects such as mesh adaptability, resolution distribution, resulting spurious numerical fluxes and convergence performance. For this purpose, first a rotating dipole case is investigated, followed by two simulations using real magnetograms from the solar minima (1995) and solar maxima (1999). It is concluded that the most appropriate mesh topology for the simulation depends on several factors, such as the accuracy requirements, the presence of features near the polar regions and/or strong features in the flow field in general. If convergence is of concern and the simulation contains strong dynamics, then grids which are based on the geodesic polyhedron are recommended compared with more conventionally used$UV$-mapped meshes.
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on music festival attendees
Authors: Kinnunen Maarit , Honkanen Antti
Published: March 2022

As festivals were cancelled or people were afraid of participating in mass gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic, the well-being effects of festival participation were missed. How can these missed hedonic, eudaimonic or social well-being impacts be described, and how has the prolonged absence of live music events and the cancellation of the festival summer influenced attitudes towards festivals? Research data comprised nearly 13,000 responses to the Finnish Festival Barometer 2020 at a time when all the large festivals had been cancelled. Clustering the COVID-19 related questions led to three segments named Covid-cautious, Music-driven and Experience-oriented. The findings indicate challenges for event organisers, particularly in terms of communality. The theoretical contribution of this study is in scrutinising the well-being effects of festival attendance at a time when festivals were banned. Thus, survey participants could say the factors they missed most, revealing the most important well-being dimensions for their festival attendance.
Visual servoing of a laser beam through a mirror
Authors: Odira Japheth Ka’pesha , Andreff Nicolas , Petiet Luc , Byiringiro Jean Bosco
Published: March 2022

In this study, we present a new approach to improving vocal fold access to perform phonomicrosurgery. It is done by shooting the laser through a mirror to reach the vocal fold hidden parts. A geometrical study of laser shooting path was conducted for vocal fold anatomical constraints, followed by devising a laser-shooting system conceptual design. Control laws were developed and tested by simulation and validated experimentally on a test bench in a monocular and stereoscopic configuration. Simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed approach.
Picking out the Impurities: Attention-based Push-Grasping in Dense Clutter
Authors: Lu Ning , Cai Yinghao , Lu Tao , Cao Xiaoge , Guo Weiyan , Wang Shuo
Published: March 2022

“Picking out the impurities” is a typical scenario in production line which is both time consuming and laborious. In this article, we propose a target-oriented robotic push-grasping system which is able to actively discover and pick the impurities in dense environments with the synergies between pushing and grasping actions. First, we propose an attention module, which includes target saliency detection and density-based occluded-region inference. Without the necessity of expensive labeling of semantic segmentation, our attention module can quickly locate the targets in the view or predict the candidate regions where the targets are most likely to be occluded. Second, we propose a push–grasp synergy framework to sequentially select proper actions in different situations until all targets are picked out. Moreover, we introduce an active pushing mechanism based on a novel metric, namely Target-Centric Dispersion Degree (TCDD) for better grasping. TCDD describes whether the targets are isolated from the surrounding objects. With this metric, the robot becomes more focused on the actions around the targets and push irrelevant objects away. Experimental results on both simulated environment and real-world environment show that our proposed system outperforms several baseline approaches,which also has the capability to be generalized to new scenarios.
Robotic autonomous systems for earthmoving equipment operating in volatile conditions and teaming capacity: a survey
Authors: Nguyen Huynh A.D. , Ha Quang P.
Published: March 2022

There has been an increasing interest in the application of robotic autonomous systems (RASs) for construction and mining, particularly the use of RAS technologies to respond to the emergent issues for earthmoving equipment operating in volatile environments and for the need of multiplatform cooperation. Researchers and practitioners are in need of techniques and developments to deal with these challenges. To address this topic for earthmoving automation, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of significant contributions and recent advances, as reported in the literature, databases of professional societies, and technical documentation from the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM). In dealing with volatile environments, advances in sensing, communication and software, data analytics, as well as self-driving technologies can be made to work reliably and have drastically increased safety. It is envisaged that an automated earthmoving site within this decade will manifest the collaboration of bulldozers, graders, and excavators to undertake ground-based tasks without operators behind the cabin controls; in some cases, the machines will be without cabins. It is worth for relevant small- and medium-sized enterprises developing their products to meet the market demands in this area. The study also discusses on future directions for research and development to provide green solutions to earthmoving.
Feedforward combined multi-axis cross-coupling contour control compensation strategy of optical mirror processing robot
Authors: Jin Zujin , Cheng Gang , Meng Yutong
Published: March 2022

During the movement of an optical mirror processing robot (OMPR), the movement error of each branch chain leads to contour errors of the grinding tool, which reduce the accuracy of the optical mirror surface. To improve the processing accuracy of an OMPR, it is necessary to study the control and compensation strategy of its contour error. In this study, first, a kinematics analysis of an OMPR is conducted, and the trajectory of the end execution point in the world coordinate system is transformed into the fixed coordinate system of the robot. Combined with the common trajectory of optical mirror processing, based on the Frenet coordinate system, contour error models of the OMPR in straight line, arc, and spiral trajectories are established. Subsequently, the contour error, feedforward channel gain, and compensation channel gain models of the parallel module are established in the task space, and concurrently, the control variables and stability of the system are analyzed. Finally, the established feedforward combined multi-axis cross-coupling contour control compensation strategy is analyzed experimentally to verify its accuracy and effectiveness. It provides a theoretical basis for a robot to directly face the precision processing object using the control and compensation strategy in a future research study to improve the molding accuracy of a surface and optimize the processing technology of a large-scale optical mirror.
A Review of Overall Survival Extrapolations of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors Used in Health Technology Assessments by the French Health Authorities
Authors: Grumberg Valentine , Roze Stéphane , Chevalier Julie , Borrill John , Gaudin Anne-Françoise , Branchoux Sébastien
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Extrapolation is often required to inform cost-effectiveness (CE) evaluations of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) since survival data from pivotal clinical trials are seldom complete. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of estimates of long-term overall survival (OS) predicted in French CE assessment reports of ICIs, and to identify models presenting the best fit to the observed long-term survival data.

Methods

A systematic review of French assessment reports of ICIs in the metastatic setting since inception until May 2020 was performed. A targeted literature review was conducted to collect associated extended follow-up of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) used in the CE assessment reports. Difference between projected and observed OS was calculated. A range of standard parametric and spline-based models were applied to the extended follow-up data from the RCT to determine the best-fitting survival models.

Results

Of the 121 CE assessment reports published, 11 reports met the inclusion criteria. OS was underestimated in 73 percent of the CE assessment reports. The mean relative difference between each source was −13 percent (median: −15 percent; IQR: −0.4 to 26 percent). Models providing the best fit were those that could reflect nonmonotonic hazards.

Conclusions

Based on the available data at the time of submission, longer-term survival of ICIs was not fully captured by the extrapolation models used in CE assessments. Standard and flexible parametric models which can capture nonmonotonic hazard functions provided the best fit to the extended follow-up data. However, these models may still have performed poorly if fitted to survival data available at the time of submission to the French National Authority for Health.
Access to Long-Term Care for Minority Populations: A Systematic Review
Authors: Scott Mary M. , Mayhew Alain , Jeong Ahwon , Shaver Nicole , Lapenskie Julie , Hsu Amy T. , Tanjong-Ghogomu Elizabeth , Tanuseputro Peter , Huang Emily , Welch Vivian
Published: March 2022

It has been shown that there is disparity in access to long-term care and other services for minority populations. This study assessed long-term care access among older individuals belonging to minority populations including visible, ethnocultural, linguistic, and sexual minorities. Barriers and facilitators influencing admission were identified and evaluated.

A search for articles from 10 databases published between January 2000 and January 2021 was conducted. Included studies evaluated factors affecting minority populations’ admission to long-term care, and non-residents’ perceptions of future admission. This review was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42018038662. Sixty included quantitative and qualitative studies, ranging in quality from fair to excellent. Findings suggest minority status is associated with reduced admission to long-term care, controlling for confounding variables. Barriers identified include discordant language, fear of discrimination, lack of information, and family obligations. Findings suggest that minority populations experienced barriers accessing long-term care and had unmet cultural and language needs while receiving care in this setting.