bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of females prior to parturition reduces neonatal mortality in Galago
Authors: Izard M. Kay , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: June 2005

Eighteen years of birth records for three species of Galago at the Duke University Primate Center were examined to determine the effects of isolation of pregnant females on neonatal mortality rates. Isolation significantly decreased neonatal mortality rates in all three species over neonatal mortality rates in infants born to unisolated females. The frequency of cannibalism of infants did not differ between isolated and unisolated females. Secondary sex ratio differed significantly from 1:1 for all three species, but higher mortality in males in the first 10 days of life resulted in sex ratios that did not differ from 1:1 in G. garnettii and G. crassicaudatus.
Effect of separation distance on isolation call structure in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Masataka Nobuo , Symmes David
Published: June 2005

Isolation calls of captive squirrel monkeys were recorded by separating infants from their natal group members and then permitting vocal contact between the “lost” baby and the group at systematically varied distances. Separated infants gave longer calls at greater separation distances from their natal group members, and responding adults and juveniles similarly extended the length of their vocalizations. In the longer variants, a highfrequency element was prolonged, which is considered to be an example of the net advantage of a “frequency window” in the ambient noise of environments.
Social organization of Galagos in Kenyan coastal forests: I. Galago zanzibaricus
Authors: Harcourt Caroline S. , Nash Leanne T.
Published: June 2005

The social organization of Galago zanzibaricus was studied for the first time and the study included data from two different sites in the coastal forests of Kenya. A combination of mark‐recapture and radio‐tracking techniques was used to investigate patterns of inter‐ and intrasexual home range overlap. Associations in sleeping groups indicated social ties between individuals. Patterns of range use were established by radio‐tracking focal individuals. Adult males generally had nonoverlapping ranges, shared with one or two females and their offspring with which the male regularly slept. Young females remained longer in their natal ranges than males and reproduced within their natal ranges. Range size and distance traveled per night were similar between the sexes; both sexes probably defended territories. None of the other galago (bushbaby) species studied to date show the degree of close male‐female association found in G. zanzibaricus. This study thus extends the variety of social organization documented in nocturnal prosimians.
Social organization of Galagos in Kenyan coastal forests: II. Galago garnettii
Authors: Nash Leanne T. , Harcourt Caroline S.
Published: June 2005

The social organization of Galago garnettii was studied for the first time and the study included data from two different sites in the coastal forests of Kenya. A combination of mark‐recapture and radio‐tracking techniques was used to investigate patterns of inter‐ and intrasexual home range overlap. Patterns of range use were established by radio tracking focal individuals. Adult females of different ages shared highly overlapping ranges, while like‐aged females showed little range overlap. Females matured and had their first infants in their natal ranges. Adult males' ranges were larger than those of females and overlapped them extensively. Resident adult males showed little range overlap with each other, unless they were of different ages. Turnover of males was frequent in both populations. Males probably dispersed from their natal ranges. Adults rarely slept together. The social organization of G. garnettii is relatively similar to that of the closely related G. crassicaudatus of southern Africa but contrasts with that of its sympatric congener, G. zanzibaricus. The differences and similarities between these three species are discussed in relation to diet and body size.
Male behavior through the breeding season in Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis
Authors: Williams Lawrence , Vitulli William , McElhinney Tana , Wiebe R. Herbert , Abee Christain R.
Published: June 2005

The Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) is a seasonal breeder. Male squirrel monkeys show distinct morphological and behavioral changes prior to and during the breeding season. A “fatting syndrome” includes increased body weight, increased levels of androgens, and in the Bolivian subspecies, an increasingly active role in the social organization of the group. In this study, the behavior of ten adult male Bolivian squirrel monkeys was analyzed over a 6‐month period prior to, during, and after the breeding season. Each was housed as the only adult male in a breeding unit with six to ten adult females and one juvenile male. Employing a principle components method, 11 behavioral clusters were generated from 27 responses. Their activity clusters were identified as follows: sexual activity that showed a peak around the time of peak conceptions; excitatory activity that was initially high but decreased throughout the breeding season; and maintenance activity that did not change across the breeding season. The changing social behavior of the male squirrel monkey parallels physiological changes and is correlated with changing androgen levels.
Comparative studies of social behavior in Callicebus and Saimiri: Behavioral and physiological responses of established pairs to unfamiliar pairs
Authors: Anzenberger G. , Mendoza S. P. , Mason W. A.
Published: June 2005

Comparisons were made of the behavioral and physiological responses of heterosexual pairs of two closely related New World primates, Callicebus moloch and Saimiri sciureus, to confrontations with unfamiliar pairs. Subject pairs were exposed to strangers in two situations differing in the presumed degree of arousal they imposed: obligatory (full visual exposure) and facultative (one part of the test cage allowed visual withdrawal). Behavioral reactions were evaluated employing frequencies of affiliative behaviors, agonistic behaviors, and spatial distribution. Physiological reactions were evaluated employing heartrate and plasma corticosteroid levels. Callicebus males and females were similarly affected by unfamiliar pairs. Both sexes behaved agonistically towards strangers; pairmates drew closer together and behaved in a coordinated fashion. Display behaviors declined, and spatial withdrawal increased over time. Heartrate in both sexes increased during confrontations, particularly during obligatory exposure. The reactions of Saimiri to strangers differed between the sexes. Males reacted agonistically toward unfamiliar conspecifics, as reflected in displays and spatial adjustments. In contrast, females showed a strong attraction to unfamiliar females. Despite the sex differences in behavior, heartrate did not differentiate confrontation conditions clearly in either sex. Plasma cortisol measures failed to differentiate between experimental conditions in either species.
Estradiol increases somatomedin‐C concentrations in adolescent rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Osterud Erin L. , Lackey Suzette , Wilson Mark E.
Published: June 2005

Estradiol (E2) may enhance somatomedin‐C (Sm‐C) secretion during puberty in female rhesus monkeys. The present study evaluated the importance of age and acute changes in E2 on Sm‐C secretion. Intact (INT) females at their first ovulation (age 3.5 yr; n = 6) had higher levels of Sm‐C across the ovulatory cycle than did intact adults (ADT) (n = 5). Levels of Sm‐C were similar for both groups during the follicular and luteal phases despite higher follicular phase levels of E2. Young, ovariectomized, E2‐treated (E2OVX) females (age 3.5 yr; n = 5; E2 = 50 pg/ml) had higher basal levels of Sm‐C than did either age‐matched ovariectomized (OVX) females (n = 3), ovariectomized adults (OXA), or E2‐treated ovariectomized adults (E2A) (E2 = 100 pg/ml). When ovariectomized groups were given E2 to induce ovulatory increases, no changes in serum Sm‐C occurred. Comparisons among age‐mates revealed that basal levels of Sm‐C were similar between INT and E2OVX, yet these levels were higher than those for OVX. Sm‐C levels were similar among all adult groups. Serum growth hormone (GH) was highest in E2OVX, next highest in INT and OVX, and lowest in all adults. Higher Sm‐C levels in young animals are, thus, related to these age differences in GH concentrations and are further enhanced by basal levels of E2 and not by acute changes in this steroid. Low Sm‐C secretion in adults is associated with low GH levels. Thus, the facilitory effect of basal E2 on Sm‐C release is observed during conditions when basal GH levels are elevated, a situation normally limited to adolescence.
Group extinction and fusion in free‐ranging vervet monkeys
Authors: Hauser Marc D. , Cheney Dorothy L. , Seyfarth Robert M.
Published: June 2005

Three cases of group fusion were observed among vervet monkeys in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, during the 1984 drought. In all cases, group fusion involved the migration of at least two females into a small neighboring group. Following migration, the females' natal groups ceased to exist. Although migrants initially assumed low ranks, none received high rates of aggression, and two rose in rank 6 months after their arrival. Migrant females appeared to employ a number of “strategies,” including grooming, allomothering, participation in intergroup encounters, and the formation of coalitions against males and each other to hasten integration. Results suggest that the causes of male and female migration differ fundamentally, and that group fusion occurs primarily in response to the inability of small groups of females to compete successfully with other groups for resources.
Population trends of the mantled howler groups of La Pacifica, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Authors: Clarke Margaret R. , Zucker Evan L. , Scott Norman J.
Published: June 2005

A complete survey of La Pacifica in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica was conducted in July 1984 in order to determine whether the howler (Alouatta palliata) population had declined since 1972 as a result of deforestation. During the 6‐day survey, 257 howlers were located, representing 16 different social groupings and nine solitary animals. The total number of howlers, the number and location of groups, and the age‐sex composition were very similar to a 1972–1976 survey of the same population. Age‐sex composition of La Pacifica howler groups was similar to those of another population of mantled howlers in Costa Rica and of populations in Mexico and in Panama, although La Pacifica had a higher mean number of adult females per group. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that the La Pacifica howler population has declined in recent times.
The inheritance mode of simian‐type E, F, and GH blood groups in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Terao Keiji , Fujimoto Koji , Cho Fumiaki , Honjo Shigeo
Published: June 2005

The mode of inheritance of four different red cell antigens (Ecy, Fcy, Gcy, and Hcy), detected by alloimmune reagents prepared by us for the cynomolgus monkey, was studied. The results of the segregation analysis suggest that each antigen is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Both the random sample analysis and family study revealed that two of these red cell antigens (Ecy and Fcy) probably represent the products of two independent genes while the expression of the other two antigens (Gcy and Hcy is governed by two autosomal codominant alleles. Thus, three simian‐type blood group systems could be demonstrated by the four newly developed alloimmune reagents. We use the following nomenclature for these blood groups: the E and F blood groups, each with two phenotypes, antigen positive (E and F) and antigen negative (e and f), and the GH blood group having three phenotypes (G, H, and GH).
Long‐call structure and its relation to taxonomy in lion tamarins
Authors: Snowdon Charles T , Hodun Alexandra , Rosenberger Alfred L. , Coimbra‐Filho Adelmar F.
Published: June 2005

Recent evidence on craniodental morphology suggests the acceptance of three species of lion tamarins (Leontopithecus). Confirmatory evidence is presented here using the morphology of long‐call vocalizations recorded from several individuals of each type of lion tamarin. Recordings were made of Leontopicthecus rosalia, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, and Leontopithecus chrysomelas at the Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (FEEMA) and of L. rosalia at Monkey Jungle in Florida. Thirty separate parameters were measured, and 17 of them differed significantly between populations. In general, L. chrysomelas had higher pitched calls with shorter note duration, while L. chrysopygus, the larger of the animals, had lower pitched calls with longer note duration. L. rosalia was either intermediate to the other two populations or resembled L. chrysopygus. Thus, the results from the analysis of vocal structures closely paralleled the results obtained with more traditional taxonomic methods and suggests that the quantitative analysis of vocal strucures can be a useful adjunct in taxonomy.
Breeding performance of captive‐born cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) females: Proposed explanations for colony differences
Authors: Tardif Suzette D. , Carson Robert L. , Clapp Neal K.
Published: June 2005

Successful breeding by captive‐born Saguinus oedipus females has now been reported from several colonies, but a marked parity effect (ie, differences in infant survival with the number of litters produced) is usually observed; survival of infants of primiparous females is extremely low but increases with subsequent litters. This parity effect was not observed in the captive‐born breeding females in the Oak Ridge Associated Universities colony, with survival of offspring of primiparous females at 58.6%. Two explanations are proposed for this difference: (1) pairing with a male having previous experience in siring and rearing offspring may improve infant survival for primiparous females; and (2) postponing mating to a later age may increase infant survival for primiparous mothers.
Patterns of mating among male patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kenya
Authors: Harding Robert S. O. , Olson Dana K.
Published: June 2005

An habituated group of wild patas monkeys was observed in Kenya for 550 h in 1984. Observations were made primarily during an interval that, as previous studies at the same site had demonstrated, coincided with the annual mating and conception periods. Earlier field studies of patas at other sites had reported that heterosexual patas groups had only a single resident adult male and that mating was harem‐polygynous. At the Kenya site, by contrast, as many as six males were simultaneously resident and mated in the group during the conception period. Males adopted a variety of tactics to gain access to receptive females, ranging from opportunistic mating to attempts at sequestration that resembled consort behavior in other cercopithecoids such as savanna baboons and rhesus macaques. Aggressive competition for access to females took place among the males, although the number of completed copulations per male did not bear a positive relation to agonistic dominance rank. For patas monkeys, harem polygyny is only one available option within an overall mating system that is best described as a form of promiscuous polygyny, especially during periods when conception is most likely.
Effect of solar eclipse on the behavior of a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Branch Jane E. , Gust Deborah A.
Published: June 2005

A captive group of chimpanzees, housed in an outdoor compound at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, was observed during the annular solar eclipse of May 30, 1984. The behavior of each animal was recorded using an instantaneous scan‐sampling technique (Altmann: Behaviour 49:227–265, 1974). Beginning 2 days prior to the eclipse and continuing through the day following the eclipse, data were collected from 1100 to 1300 hours daily. At 1214 hours on the day of the eclipse, when the sky began to darken and the temperature began to decrease, solitary females and females with infants moved to the top of a climbing structure. As the eclipse progressed, additional chimpanzees began to congregate on the climbing structure and to orient their bodies in the direction of the sun and moon. At 1223 hours, during the period of maximum eclipse, the animals continued to orient their bodies toward the sun and moon and to turn their faces upward. One juvenile stood upright and gestured in the direction of the sun and moon. Sunlight began to increase at 1225 hours, and as it became brighter, the animals began to descend from the climbing structure. The behaviors exhibited by the group during the period of maximum eclipse were not observed prior to or following the eclipse nor as darkness approached at normal, daily sunset. These data indicate that a solar eclipse, a rare and uncommon environmental event, can influence and modulate the behavior of chimpanzees.
Positional behavior of female bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Cant John G. H.
Published: June 2005

Observational data were collected on the positional behavior of habituated adult female orangutans in the rain forest of the Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Results revealed the following about locomotion during travel: movement was concentrated in the understory and lower main canopy; and brachiation (without grasping by the feet) accounted for 11% of travel distance, quadrupedalism for 12%, vertical climbing for 18%, tree‐swaying for 7%, and clambering for 51%. In climbing and clambering, the animal was orthograde and employed forelimb suspension with a mixture of hindlimb suspension and support. Thus suspension by the forelimbs occurred in at least 80% of travel. Locomotion in feeding trees resembled that during travel but with more climbing and less brachiation. Feeding was distributed more evenly among canopy levels than was travel, and use of postures (by time) included sitting 50%, suspension with the body vertical 11%, and suspension by hand and foot with the body horizontal 36%. The traditional explanation of the evolution of the distinctive hominoid postcranium stresses brachiation. More recently it has been proposed that climbing, broadly defined and partly equivalent to clambering in this study, is the most significant behavior selecting for morphology. The biomechanical similarity of brachiation and the orthograde clambering of orangutans precludes the present results from resolving the issue for the evolution of Pongo. The orangutan is by far the largest mammal that travels in forest canopy, and a consideration of the ways that its positional behavior solves problems posed by habitat structure, particularly the tapering of branches and gaps between trees, indicates that suspensory capacities have been essential in permitting the evolution and maintenance of its great body size.
Measurement of excreted steroids in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Reslir Linda , Wasser Samuel K. , Sackett Gene P.
Published: June 2005

A practical method for the quantitative measurement of the estrogenic steroid estradiol‐17β in the feces of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) is described. The method, which includes homogenization, filtration, ether extraction, and sephadex purification, produces an 85.3% recovery of 3H‐estradiol. Comparable recovery of 3H‐progesterone (64.1%) and 3H‐testoster‐one (67.9%) is also obtained. Estradiol, measured by radioimmunoassay methodology, has inter‐ and intra‐assay variations of 7.1% and 4.3%, respectively. Linearity of estradiol was checked by varying the amount of feces analyzed. Results show a correlation of 0.9945, Y = 32.526x + 0.205. Accuracy of estradiol, determined by adding radioinert estradiol to the feces before homogenization, was 98.7% with a correlation of 0.9950, Y = 1.027x − 0.543. The menstrual cycles of several animals were analyzed and corresponded well with serum levels of estradiol‐17β. Similar correspondence was obtained in matched fecal and serum samples from pregnant animals. These methods provide a practical and accurate solution to the problem of collecting hormone data in field studies without the potential complications of capture in laboratory research.
Urinary gonadotropin and estrogen excretion during the postpartum estrus, conception, and pregnancy in the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)
Authors: Ziegler T. E. , Bridson W. E. , Snowdon C. T. , Eman S.
Published: June 2005

Hormonal profiles during postpartum estrus, time of conception, and pregnancy were determined in urine samples from six cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Noninvasive collection techniques permitted daily sampling throughout lactation and pregnancy. Urinary estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and both bioactive and immunoreactive luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) measures revealed an interval of 19 ± 2.07 (S E M) days between parturition and the postpartum ovulatory LH peak. An increase in both E1 and E2 was seen prior to the LH peak; however, E1 and E2 continued to increase to their highest concentrations after the LH peak. Since postpartum ovulations resulted in pregnancy, neither postpartum estrus nor conception was suppressed by lactation. The length of gestation (measured from the LH peak to parturition) was 183.7 ± 1.14 (S E M) days, which is at least 30 days longer than that previously reported for other callitrichid species. Both E1 and E2 reached their maximum levels during midpregnancy but showed a rapid decline at parturition. Gestational levels of CG were first detectable approximately 20 days after the LH peak and continued to be elevated for approximately 80 days. The Sub‐Human Primate Tube Test (SHPTT) for pregnancy did not detect the LH Peak and was less sensitive than other methods in detecting CG. Two RIA methods and a bioassay technique could not distinguish between LH and CG. We concluded that monitoring both estrogen and LH concentration was needed to determine when ovulation occurs in the cotton‐top tamarin, since peak values of estrogen are seen after the ovulatory LH peak. Also, these tamarins were pregnant the majority of the time, indicating an unusually high fertility rate in contrast to most noncallitrichid primate species.
Pregnancy outcome in free‐ranging vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Turner T. R. , Whitten P. L. , Jolly C. J. , Else J. G.
Published: June 2005

A preliminary assessment of individual female differences in conception rate and fetal wastage has been determined for a population of wild vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). One of three troops of vervet monkeys, the subjects of a long‐term behavioral study, was trapped and blood was obtained for electrophoretic analysis. Pregnant females exhibited a distinctive serum aminopeptidase phenotype allowing a conclusive determination of pregnancy. Of the seven females diagnosed as pregnant, three later gave birth. Of the females that aborted, two were nulliparous and one was very old. Studies of captive animals have indicated that age and rank may affect a female's ability to carry a fetus to term. These factors, rather than the trapping procedure, may have been responsible for most of the fetal loss in the trapped troop. A comparison of all three troops for a 3‐year period indicated that there were fluctuations in yearly birth success of individual females, as well as a relatively high miscarriage rate. The results of this study indicate the advantages of obtaining joint behavioral and biological data.
A possible role of plantations for primate conservation in Madagascar
Authors: Ganzhorn Jörg U.
Published: June 2005

The utilization of eucalyptus plantations by seven sympatric species of prosimians was studied in the eastern rainforest of Madagascar. The species were Avahi laniger, Cheirogaleus major, Hapalemur griseus, Indri indri, Lemur fulvus, Lepilemur mustelinus, and Microcebus rufus. None of the lemurs was ever found in young eucalyptus plantations with little undergrowth. This was mainly due to the lack of travel opportunities within the shrub layer and between the shrubs and the canopy. Food (mainly berries) is seasonally available in the shrub layer but cannot be exploited because frugivorous lemurs cannot reach it. Old eucalyptus plantations with dense undergrowth are used by all prosimian species. They provide food as well as travel and resting facilities. Mixed tree plantations in the western part of Madagascar were used by groups of Lemur fulvus, Lepilemur mustelinus, and Propithecus verreauxi. According to these results, old eucalyptus plantations and mixed tree species plantations could be used to provide firewood and construction wood for the human population. They also might extend the habitat for lemurs and serve as buffers against human disturbance.
Manipulation of objects in a captive group of lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles , Lindquist Teresa
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the manipulative propensities of a captive group of lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). Simple natural objects (browse and bamboo poles) were provided regularly in the home cage. Findings indicate richness in the frequency and form of manipulative activities, with juvenile males manipulating the test objects more frequently and exhibiting more goal‐directed manipulative activity than adult females. A variety of goal‐directed manipulative activities (use of objects to act as ladders, to apply leverage, and to create perches) occurred spontaneously, with some instances involving joint action or social use. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that macaques possess extensive capacities for object exploration and social facilitation, and that an evolutionary history of omnivorous foraging habits correlates positively with the expression of anomalous sensorimotor skills.
Spider monkey home ranges: A comparison of radio telemetry and direct observation
Authors: Fedigan Linda M. , Fedigan Laurence , Chapman Colin , Glander Kenneth E.
Published: June 2005

The ranging patterns of two male and five female spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) were studied with the use of radio telemetry in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. The average size of a spider monkey home range was 62.4 hectares; however, range size varied with sex, and, for females, with the presence of a dependent infant. The probability of encountering a radio‐collared spider monkey in a three‐hour search using radio telemetry (0.91) was much greater than using a visual search (0.20), and telemetric data resulted in a larger estimate of mean home range size than did observational data, when all subjects were compared. However, the difference appeared to be owing to the presence of male ranges in the telemetric, but not the observational, data. When the size of home ranges derived from radio‐tracking data for adult females was compared to size of ranges for adult females derived from observations, the results were not significantly different. Adult males had larger home ranges than adult females, thus lending support to the hypothesis that males have adapted to the dispersion of females by occupying a large home range that overlaps the ranges of several adult females. The smallest home ranges were occupied by low‐weight females with dependent infants, perhaps reflecting social and energetic constraints.
Laterality in spontaneous motor activity of chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys
Authors: Aruguete Mara S. , Ely Elizabeth A. , King James E.
Published: June 2005

Varieties of nonmanipulative motor responses were observed in chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys. Chimpanzees displayed a right hand preference for touching their inanimate environments but used their right and left hands equally for touching their faces and their bodies. The latter result was not consistent with previous reports of a left hand preference for face touching in apes. The right hand preference for environmental touching was stronger in male than in female chimpanzees. Squirrel monkeys had a right preference for combined hand and foot responses directed to their bodies, but expressed no handedness for environmentally directed touching. These limb preferences in chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys indicate that neither precise, complex manipulation nor postural instability are necessary conditions for population level hand preferences. Factor analysis of the chimpanzee manual responses showed distinct self and environmentally directed factors. Analysis of the squirrel monkey data also showed self and environmental factors, except that body scratching had a negative loading on the environmental factor. This latter result suggests that self‐scratching by squirrel monkeys is a displacement activity that suppresses manual exploration of the environment. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dialects in wild chimpanzees?
Authors: Mitani John C. , Hasegawa Toshikazu , Gros‐Louis Julie , Marler Peter , Byrne Richard
Published: June 2005

Chimpanzees emit a loud, species‐typical long distance call known as the pant hoot. Geographic variation between the pant hoots of chimpanzees living in two neighboring populations, the Mahale Mountains and Gombe Stream National Parks, Tanzania, was examined. Analysis of six acoustic features revealed subtle differences in the way chimpanzees from the two populations called. Individuals from the Mahale study site uttered one section of their pant hoots at a faster rate and with shorter elements than animals from Gombe Stream. In addition, individuals at Mahale delivered broader‐band, higher pitched “climax” elements than males from Gombe. While genetic factors, anatomical differences, variations in the use of calls at the two sites, and changes in calling over time may account for the variability between populations, we suggest the additional possibility that differences in pant hooting may be due to learning. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating reproductive success of primates and other animals with long and incompletely known reproductive life spans
Authors: Rhine Ramon J.
Published: June 2005

Lifetime reproductive success is difficult to obtain for adequate numbers of wild, long‐lived animals because of incomplete knowledge of reproductive life histories and fates of offspring. A procedure is described that provides a standard estimate of lifetime reproductive success from either complete or incomplete reproductive life spans. For this procedure, reproductive success is defined as the following ratio: the number of offspring living to a criterion age in a given time period divided by the number expected for that age and period. The number expected is based upon the mean inter‐birth interval of the population, the length of the time period, the age criterion of reproductive success chosen by the researcher (e.g., the average age of menarche), and the probability that an offspring will live to the criterion age. The effect of error upon the estimation of parameters is analyzed using the yellow baboons of Mikumi National Park as an example. The method can be used for both sexes, any litter (clutch) size, any mating system, any mean length of interbirth interval, any age criterion of reproductive success, and any study length that allows a reasonably sized sample of individuals for each of whom a substantial proportion of their reproductive life span is known. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Census of gorillas in northern Republic of Congo
Authors: Fay J. Michael , Agnagna Marcellin
Published: June 2005

We censused gorilla populations in northern Congo from February to April 1989 and June 1990. The objective was to provide the first quantitative data from a variety of sites on gorilla populations from a country that had unknown but potentially high populations. The method used was a census of nests along strip transects. A total of 401.0 km of transects was sampled in four different study areas. The overall density calculated for all transects was 0.4 nesting gorillas/km2. The highest density, 1.2 nesting gorillas/km2, was found in the vast Likouala swamp area of north central Congo. The two northern sites showed low densities of 0.1 and 0.2 nesting gorillas/km2, respectively. The northwestern site showed an intermediate density of 0.6 nesting gorillas/km2. The vegetation type with the highest density was swamp forest with 2.4 nesting gorillas/km2. The limited sample presented shows that gorillas are widespread and common in northern Congo, even in the swamp forests previously considered unsuitable as gorilla habitat. It is probable that Congo holds the largest population of gorillas in Africa after Gabon. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New method for in vivo recording of myometrial activity in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus
Authors: Crane Linda H. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Dukelow W. Richard
Published: June 2005

Videolaparoscopy was used to visualize the reproductive tract contractility of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. This technique gives information on the nature, direction of propagation, duration, and frequency of contractions. At the times of ovulation, and embryo entry to the uterus, contractile activity was observed in both the uterus and oviduct, with the latter being more frequent. The dominant direction of propagation was towards the utero‐tubal junction, and simultaneous contractions were frequently observed in both uterus and oviduct. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal clearance and excretion of endogenous substances in the owl monkey
Authors: Weller Richard E. , Baer Janet F. , Málaga Carlos A. , Buschbom Raymond L. , Ragan Harvey A.
Published: June 2005

The clearance and excretion of creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium by the kidney was evaluated in 62 owl monkeys using timed urine collections and quantitative urinalyses. The endogenous clearance of creatinine was determined for each monkey.

Urinary electrolyte excretion and fractional electrolyte excretions (FE) were measured. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the correlation between urinary excretion and FE for each electrolyte. The coefficient of determination for each analyte was significant (P ⩽ .0001). Determination of FE was found to be an appropriate indicator of the renal handling of electrolytes and, when viewed in conjunction with urinalysis and other serum parameters, an aid in evaluating renal function in the owl monkey. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social relations in semi‐free‐ranging sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) and the question of female dominance
Authors: Kubzdela Katarzyna S. , Richard Alison F. , Pereira Michael E.
Published: June 2005

Female social dominance over males is thought to characterize most of the prosimian primates of Madagascar. It has been reported in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli in the wild but intersexual relations were not fully characterized. In this paper we examine female‐male spatial and agonistic relations in semi‐free‐ranging P. v. coquereli in order to evaluate intersexual social dominance and related behavioral asymmetries. Two hundred hours of focal sampling were conducted on two pairs of P. v. coquereli at the Duke University Primate Center, Durham, NC. Behavioral categories including approach, departure, follow, pass, replace, and aggression were scored and recorded. Our results show strong asymmetry of aggressive encounters, suggesting female dominance over males. No submissive signals were observed. The analysis of spatial relations showed that males were more active than females in maintaining proximity and, on average, male spatial movements could be predicted by female location and activities more often than vice versa. These results indicate a spatially central role for the female of each pair. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primate longevity: Its place in the mammalian scheme
Authors: Austad Steven N. , Fischer Kathleen E.
Published: June 2005

Data on captive longevity in 587 mammalian species were analyzed in order to evaluate primate longevity in the context of general mammalian life history patterns. Contrary to some recurrent claims in the literature, we found that 1) primates are not the longest‐lived mammalian order, either by absolute longevity, longevity corrected for body size, or metabolic expenditure per lifetime; 2) although relative brain size is highly correlated with longevity in primates, this is an aberrant trend for mammals in general, and other body organs account for an even greater amount of variation in longevity; and 3) there has been no progressive evolution of increased longevity among the primate superfamilies. The exceptional magnitude of primate longevity may, in keeping with evolutionary senescence theory, be due to an evolutionary history of low vulnerability to environmentally imposed death due to their body size, arboreal habit, and propensity to live in social groups. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Communal roosting and formation of sleeping clusters in barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Ansorge Viveka , Hammerschmidt Kurt , Todt Dietmar
Published: June 2005

Sleeping cluster composition and distribution were studied in a semi‐free‐ranging population of 174 Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in Rocamadour/France. Over a period of 2 months 341 sleeping clusters comprising 754 animals were recorded as animals left the sleeping trees. To control for nocturnal activities five observation periods were conducted, each of which covered a complete night. Sleeping partners were selected from a particular set of individuals. From night to night there was considerable fluctuation among the individuals, which finally formed a sleeping cluster. Preferred size of sleeping clusters was two and three individuals per cluster. The majority of females spent the nights in body contact to infants or female juveniles; whereas males either slept alone or with older male juveniles. Adult males and females never shared a sleeping cluster. During the night the animals showed hardly any locomotive and vocal activity. Sleeping clusters remained stable until dissociation the next morning. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alveolar bone loss in wild baboons
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Jolly Clifford J. , Schaeffer Jeffrey
Published: June 2005

Radiograph‐based methods were used to assess alveolar bone loss in 12 juvenile and 18 adult baboons (Papio hamadryas, sensu lato) living in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia. Alveolar bone loss, as measured from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar crest, averaged about 1 mm in juveniles and about 1.5 mm in adults. Densitometry of alveolar bone from the radiographs provides a baseline for comparisons with other adult baboons. Periodontal disease surveys of baboon populations using such methods may identify potential etiological agents. Such knowledge may contribute to a better understanding of periodontal disease etiology in humans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary data on voluntary food sharing in brown capuchin monkeys
Authors: de Waal Frans B. M. , Luttrell Lesleigh M. , Canfield M. Eloise
Published: June 2005

Spontaneous interactions over fruits and vegetables were observed in a captive group of Cebus apella. The group lacked fully grown males; 3 adult females dominated the remaining 11 individuals, most of which were adolescents and late juveniles. Apart from expressions of interest and unsuccessful attempts to claim food, interactions over food included two types of interindividual food transfer: forced claims (i.e., involuntary transfers) and peaceful sharing. These two categories represented 7.2% and 20.3% of 3,389 observed food interactions, respectively. Sharing of food was subdivided into four categories; the most frequent category was the collection of discarded food items from within reach of the possessor, and the least frequent was active giving of food items by the possessor. The voluntary nature of food transfers was further investigated in an experiment in which two monkeys were placed in adjacent cages with a wire‐mesh partition between them. One subject received food; the other did not. Although this setup made it easy for possessors to prevent food transfers, sharing occurred in all 18 tests on different combinations of individuals. In 10 of the tests, possessors were observed to actively push food through the mesh partition to their partner. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic data standards for primate colonies
Authors: Dyke Bennett
Published: June 2005

A set of simple standards has been developed to ease the task of transferring primate colony data between institutions and computers, and to assure that colony vital statistics are appropriate for demographic and genetic analyses. The standards have been designed to be easily and inexpensively implemented from existing databases, and also may serve as a guide to the setup of new colony record‐keeping systems. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein electrophoretic variability in Saimiri and the question of its species status
Authors: Silva Barbara T. F. , Sampaio Maria I. C. , Schneider Horacio , Schneider Maria P. C. , Montoya Enrique , Encarnación Filomeno , Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Salzano Francisco M.
Published: June 2005

An electrophoretic survey of 15 protein systems (22 loci) was employed to determine the genetic relationships among 9 populations (441 individuals) of South American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus, S. sciureus boliviensis, and S. sciureus ustus). Genetic markers capable of differentiating the second from the two other taxa were observed mainly in the ADA and GPI systems. Heterogeneity for ADA and CA2 between populations from opposite banks of the Jamari river was verified in S. sciureus ustus. The average heterozygosities ranged from 3% to 5%, the lowest being in S. sciureus sciureus and the highest in S. sciureus boliviensis. Low genetic distances (D = 0.001−0.057) were observed between populations within taxa or between S. sciureus sciureus and S. sciureus ustus. But both differed to a larger extent from S. sciureus boliviensis (D = 0.11 in both comparisons). There is a positive correlation between the genetic and geographic distance matrices. The three taxa are more clearly separated (D = 0.76–0.77) from the outgroup used for comparison (Cebus apella). Our data suggest that there is only one large, polytypic species of squirrel monkeys in South America, S. sciureus, forming a contiguous ring of geographical races or subspecies. Two of the most differentiated forms meet at the Peruvian Amazonia where natural hybrids and secondary intergradation have been reported. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hematologic reference values for the fetal long‐tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Tarantal Alice F.
Published: June 2005

Complete blood counts (CBCs) were performed on 68 fetal macaque blood samples collected from 31 fetuses by repeat ultrasound‐guided cardiocentesis (gestational day [GD] 80–150; term ∼ GD 165) with the goal of defining normative hematologic reference values during prenatal life. Lymphocytes were the primary white blood cells (WBCs) observed throughout gestation. Segmented neutrophils were the second highest percent of WBCs and were noted to rise significantly during GD 130–140. Overall, WBCs increased progressively throughout gestation with a transient decline at the beginning of the third trimester (∼ GD 110). A steady linear rise in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, and hematocrit was observed with a marginal decline close to term; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) showed a consistent linear decline throughout gestation whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) remained relatively stable. Nucleated RBCs (NRBCs per 100 WBCs) were present on GD 80, showed a sharp decline mid‐second trimester (∼ GD 90), and were significantly diminished by the beginning of the third trimester (∼ GD 110). No quantitative changes in platelets were noted throughout the study period. Evaluations of erythrocyte morphology indicated polychromasia and anisocytosis as typical characteristics throughout gestation with rare occurrence of hypochromasia and poikilocytosis. Howell‐Jolly bodies were intermittently observed. These data reveal distinct similarities when compared to prenatal hematologic characteristics for human fetuses and provide baseline data which can be applied to experimental studies where prenatal hematopoietic/hematologic toxicity may be anticipated. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model life tables for the smaller new world monkeys
Authors: Dyke Bennett , Gage Timothy B. , Ballou Jonathan D. , Petto Andrew J. , Tardif Suzette D. , Williams Lawrence E.
Published: June 2005

Mortality statistics from five populations of small New World monkeys (includinsg Callithrix jaccus, Leontopithecus rosalia, Saguinus fuscicollis, and Saguinus oedipus) were combined to generate a standard model life table reflecting the mortality patterns of these primates. The model is applied to three individual populations to illustrate a strategy for smoothing and interpolating mortality statistics of varying completeness and quality. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model life tables for the larger old world monkeys: A revision
Authors: Gage Timothy B. , Dyke Bennett
Published: June 2005

We report a change in the method of averaging parameters of the Siler mortality model fitted to a series of Old World monkey survivorship schedules. Substitution of geometric for arithmetic means of multipliers of exponential terms avoids incorrect weighting of parameters. These changes have minor effects on the composite standard mortality schedule for these animals originally described in 1988. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Context and gender‐specific differences in the acoustic structure of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) phee calls
Authors: Norcross J. L. , Newman J. D.
Published: June 2005

Captive adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) produce whistle‐like “phee” calls in two contexts; in the home cage environment, phee calls may function as part of territorial marking behavior, and when animals are separated from social companions, phee calls may serve to reunite the group. Isolation phee calls tend to have more syllables than calls produced in the home cage by the same animals, and as a result, are longer in duration. The durations of isolation call syllables are shorter than in home cage calls, and isolation calls have lower start and end frequencies, higher peak frequencies, and increased frequency range compared to phee calls produced by the same animals in their home cages. The modifications made to the general structure of the phee call by isolated animals result in more information that may indicate context or location of an isolated caller. When the vocalizations were analyzed by sex, between‐sex differences in call structure appeared consistently in both contexts. Males tended to exhibit higher call frequencies and greater variability between syllables than females. Published 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Take‐over and infanticide in South Indian Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)
Authors: Ross Caroline
Published: June 2005

A take‐over and infanticide were observed in a South Indian population of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). A one‐male, bisexual troop of langurs (Troop B1) was attacked by a band of two adult males and one subadult male. During the take‐over, the resident male and one elderly female were driven from the troop. The youngest infant, about two months old, was fatally wounded by an attack from the dominant incoming male (S1). However, other young infants in Troop B1 were left unharmed. All three incoming males remained in Troop B1 but the troop appeared to remain functionally one‐male, as S1 did not allow the other adult male to copulate. There was no sign that S1 attempted to eject the other two males from troop B1. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.