bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexually dimorphic venom proteins in long-jawed orb-weaving spiders (Tetragnatha) comprise novel gene families
Authors: Zobel-Thropp Pamela A. , Bulger Emily A. , Cordes Matthew H.J. , Binford Greta J. , Gillespie Rosemary G. , Brewer Michael S.
Published: June 2018

Venom has been associated with the ecological success of many groups of organisms, most notably reptiles, gastropods, and arachnids. In some cases, diversification has been directly linked to tailoring of venoms for dietary specialization. Spiders in particular are known for their diverse venoms and wide range of predatory behaviors, although there is much to learn about scales of variation in venom composition and function. The current study focuses on venom characteristics in different sexes within a species of spider. We chose the genusTetragnatha(Tetragnathidae) because of its unusual courtship behavior involving interlocking of the venom delivering chelicerae (i.e., the jaws), and several species in the genus are already known to have sexually dimorphic venoms. Here, we use transcriptome and proteome analyses to identify venom components that are dimorphic inTetragnatha versicolor. We present cDNA sequences including unique, male-specific high molecular weight proteins that have remote, if any, detectable similarity to known venom components in spiders or other venomous lineages and have no detectable homologs in existing databases. While the function of these proteins is not known, their presence in association with the cheliceral locking mechanism during mating together with the presence of prolonged male-male mating attempts in a related, cheliceral-locking species (Doryonychus raptor) lacking the dimorphism suggests potential for a role in sexual communication.
Understanding the cone scale in Cupressaceae: insights from seed-cone teratology in Glyptostrobus pensilis
Authors: Dörken Veit Martin , Rudall Paula J.
Published: June 2018

Both wild-type and teratological seed cones are described in the monoecious conifer Glyptostrobus pensilis and compared with those of other Cupressaceae sensu lato and other conifers. Some Cupressaceae apparently possess a proliferation of axillary structures in their cone scales. In our interpretation, in Glyptostrobus each bract of both typical and atypical seed cones bears two descending accessory shoots, interpreted here as seed scales (ovuliferous scales). The primary seed scale is fertile and forms the ovules, the second is sterile and forms characteristic tooth-like structures. The bract and the two axillary seed scales are each supplied with a single distinct vascular bundle that enters the cone axis as a separate strand; this vasculature also characterises the descending accessory short shoots in the vegetative parts of the crown. In wild-type seed cones, the fertile seed scale is reduced to its ovules, and the ovules are always axillary. In contrast, the ovules of some of the teratological seed cones examined were located at the centre of the cone scale. An additional tissue found on the upper surface of the sterile lower seed scale is here interpreted as the axis of the fertile seed scale. Thus, the central position of the ovules can be explained by recaulescent fusion of the upper fertile and lower sterile seed scales. In several teratological cone scales, the ovules were enveloped by an additional sterile tissue that is uniseriate and represents an epidermal outgrowth of the fertile seed scale. Close to the ovules, the epidermis was detached from lower tissue and surrounded the ovule completely, except at the micropyle. These teratological features are potentially significant in understanding seed-cone homologies among extant conifers.
Biologia molecular aplicada à ciência das plantas daninhas
Authors: Schneider Theodoro , Rizzardi Mauro Antônio , Nunes Anderson Luis , Bianchi Mario Antonio , Brammer Sandra Patussi , Rockenbach Ana Paula
Published: June 2018

As plantas daninhas possuem elevada variabilidade genética, e principalmente por este motivo, são adaptadas a ambientes com intensa atividade humana. Embora o controle de plantas daninhas tenha evoluído de maneira positiva nos últimos anos, elas continuam a interferir na produção agrícola. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é apresentar a contribuição da biologia molecular nos estudos aplicados a herbologia. Há lacunas entre o que aprendemos sobre genômica de plantas daninhas e como esses conhecimentos poderiam nos auxiliar no manejo e melhorar a competividade de culturas agrícolas frente às plantas daninhas. Muitos estudos na área da ciência das plantas daninhas podem ser realizados com o emprego de técnicas de biologia molecular, sendo eles: caracterização do genoma de espécies de plantas daninhas, visando à identificação destes com maior acurácia, identificação de espécies resistentes a herbicidas e seu mecanismo de resistência, variabilidade e similaridade genética entre populações de plantas daninhas, identificação de genes envolvidos nos processos de interação entre plantas, dentre outros.
Manejo de plantas daninhas no sistema de mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Silva Gustavo Soares , Silva André Felipe Moreira , Giraldeli Ana Ligia , Ghirardello Giovani Apolari , Victoria Filho Ricardo , Toledo Roberto Estêvão Bragion de
Published: June 2018

O uso de mudas pré-brotadas (MPB) de cana-de-açúcar é uma tecnologia que proporciona sanidade, vigor e uniformidade de plantio com foco na qualidade e produtividade, para a formação de viveiros e replantio de áreas comerciais, assim como em áreas de MEIOSI. Contudo, a presença de plantas daninhas pode afetar a produtividade por competir por água, luz, nutrientes e espaço com as mudas de cana-de-açúcar. A integração dos métodos cultural, mecânico e químico proporciona o controle das plantas daninhas, de modo que não afetem a produtividade e longevidade do canavial. O controle mecânico através da operação de quebra-lombo associado ao controle químico é uma das ferramentas utilizadas. Assim como o controle químico que através dos herbicidas residuais garantem controle das plantas daninhas durante o estabelecimento da cultura no campo. Contudo, as mudas de cana-de-açúcar possuem raízes que ficam em contato com o herbicida na camada de solo tratada, afetando a questão da seletividade. Dessa forma, o manejo de plantas daninhas no sistema de plantio com MPB proporciona um campo de novos estudos e discussões.
Evaluation of ion recombination and polarity effect on photon depth dose measurements using mini‐ and micro‐ion chamber
Authors: Fogliata Antonella , Bresolin Andrea , Gallo Pasqualina , La Fauci Francesco , Pelizzoli Marco , Reggiori Giacomo , Cozzi Luca
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To investigate the effect of ion recombination () and polarity () correction factors on percentage depth dose (PDD) curves for three ion chambers, using flat and flattening filter free (FFF) beams, across different broad field sizes. A method to assess these effects and their corresponding corrections is proposed.

Methods

and were evaluated following the IAEA TRS‐398 protocol for three ion chambers: PTW Semiflex‐3D‐31021, PinPoint‐3D‐31022, and Semiflex‐31010. PDD measurements were acquired from dmax to 32 cm depth at four voltages (± 400 V or ± 300 V, and ± 100 V) for field sizes 4 × 4, 10 × 10, 20 × 20, and 40 × 40 cm2. The values were computed after the correction at each applied voltage. This study aimed to assess the variation of the factors along scanning depths for different field sizes, to evaluate the need for correcting the scanning data.

Results

was independent of depth and field size for Semiflex‐3D, while it presented an increasing value with depth for the PinPoint‐3D. increased with dose rate, i.e., decreased with depth. The variation of this perturbation effect over the PDD range was about 0.1% for flat beams with all three ion chambers. With FFF beams, it was around 0.3% with PinPoint‐3D, and 0.8% for 10FFF with Semiflex‐3D. A second‐order polynomial fit can be determined to directly correct the raw data scanned along the beam axis for both and .

Conclusion

can significantly affect the PDD scanning measurements in FFF beams acquired with Semiflex‐3D. An error close to 1% at large depths could be present, meaning an error of less than 0.3% relative to the dose at the depth of dmax.
Motor phenotypes associated with genetic neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Santana Almansa Alexandra , Snyder LeeAnne Green , Chung Wendy K. , Bain Jennifer M. , Srivastava Siddharth
Published: November 2024

Objective

There is a growing number of monogenic disorders implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Motor impairment is frequently seen in these disorders, although not clearly defined. We aimed to characterize the motor phenotype of genetic NDDs.

Methods

We analyzed data from Simons Searchlight, collecting information on patients with genetic NDDs. Data analyzed included Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Second Edition (Vineland‐II) motor standard scores, motor milestones and tone abnormalities.

Results

In total, 959 patients with 57 genetic disorders were included. Disorders associated with Vineland‐II motor standard score <56 included GRIN2B‐related disorder (mean standard score = 53.5), HNRNPH2‐related disorder (mean standard score = 55.8) and SCN2A‐related disorder (mean standard score = 49.9). The only genetic condition with a mean age of sitting unsupported ≥18 months was GRIN1‐related disorder (mean age = 26.3 months). Genetic conditions with a mean age of walking independently ≥36 months included CTNNB1‐related disorder (mean age = 37.4 months) and HNRNPH2‐related disorder (mean age = 41.9 months). Tone abnormalities included hypotonia in 83% (577/696), hypertonia in 16% (112/696), a diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP) in 10% (73/696) and a diagnosis specifically of spastic CP in 3% (23/696).

Interpretation

Patients with genetic NDDs have a spectrum of motor impairment, which warrant further characterization.
FDA warns against overdose on fentanyl patches by children
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2024

“Accidental exposure to medication is a leading cause of poisoning in children,” the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warned in a September 2024 announcement about fentanyl skin patches. “Young children, in particular, have died or become seriously ill after being exposed to a skin patch containing fentanyl, a powerful opioid pain reliever.”
Short‐Peptide‐Induced Diffusion‐limited Plasmonic Aggregation with Broad Spectral Tunability for Wearable Ophthalmic Devices in Color Vision Deficiency Correction
Authors: Ran Shengdong , Chen Yuzhe , He Haiyang , Zhang Qingwen , Liu Xiaohu , Wang Yi
Published: November 2024

Smart wearable ophthalmic devices such as contact lenses have gained widespread interest owing to their compactness, portability, and versatility and have emerged as the most promising, non‐invasive, wearable devices for the treatment and diagnosis of a variety of ocular diseases. While contact lenses for the treatment of congenital eye diseases such as color vision deficiency (CVD) are reported, they show limited spectral adjustment range and the unavailability of blocking harmful light such as high‐energy blue light (HEBL). In this study, silver nanoparticle (AgNP) based multifunctional contact lenses that can correct various types of CVDs and filter out harmful light are developed. AgNPs are controllably assembled via short‐peptide‐induced diffusion‐limited aggregation and then integrated into the contact lenses. By varying the sequence and concentration of the peptides, the extinction value of the nanoparticles can be broadly tuned in the 400–600 nm range. The multifunctional contact lenses thus show wide spectral tunability and are capable of efficiently correcting multiple CVDs and blocking HEBL. The contact lenses are found to have excellent biocompatibility with cell and animal tests. In conclusion, the multifunctional contact lenses provide a candidate for the correction of CVD and protection against HEBL, and pave the way for personalized wearable ophthalmic devices.
Dual‐Bond Confinement Enhanced Polyphosphides Adsorption and Electrochemical Kinetics in Metal Phosphides Anodes for Reversible and Stable Lithium/Sodium Storage
Authors: Cheng Deliang , Lei Li , Li Lintong , Wei Ankai , Ouyang Chuying , Tan Liang , Huang Qiang , Chen Yiwang
Published: November 2024

Metal phosphides exhibit high energy densities as hosts for lithium/sodium storage owing to their conversion reaction mechanism. Nevertheless, they typically suffer from inferior reversibility and cyclability because of the dissolution of polyphosphides and sluggish electrochemical kinetics. Herein, a series of dual‐bond confined MXene‐MxPy‐G composites have been fabricated, in which MxPy nanoparticles are strongly bound with MXene and graphene nanosheets via Ti─P and C‐P bonds. On one hand, the dual‐bond confinement offers strong adsorption to trap polyphosphides, greatly stabilizing the conversion‐formed products during cycling. On the other hand, dual‐bond immobilization largely promotes electron transfer and ion diffusion, facilitating the reversibility of conversion reactions. As anticipated, these MXene‐MxPy‐G hybrids demonstrate superb lithium/sodium‐storage performance. Particularly, as an anode for lithium‐ion batteries, the MXene‐Sn4P3‐G delivers a high initial coulombic efficiency of 90.1% and a high reversible capacity of 1058.6 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. Even tested at high rates of 1.0/2.0 A g−1, it can still maintain high reversible capacities of 820.6/726.5 mAh g−1 after 1450 cycles. When applied in pouch full‐cells and sodium‐ion batteries, it also shows extended cyclic lifespans of 350 and 1200 cycles. This work provides new insights to improve the reversibility and cyclability of conversion‐type anodes.
Bioprinting of Aptamer‐Based Programmable Bioinks to Modulate Multiscale Microvascular Morphogenesis in 4D
Authors: Rana Deepti , Rangel Vincent R. , Padmanaban Prasanna , Trikalitis Vasileios D. , Kandar Ajoy , Kim Hae‐Won , Rouwkema Jeroen
Published: November 2024

Dynamic growth factor presentation influences how individual endothelial cells assemble into complex vascular networks. Here, programmable bioinks are developed that facilitate dynamic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) presentation to guide vascular morphogenesis within 3D‐bioprinted constructs. Aptamer's high affinity is leveraged for rapid VEGF sequestration in spatially confined regions and utilized aptamer‐complementary sequence (CS) hybridization to tune VEGF release kinetics temporally, days after bioprinting. It is shown that spatial resolution of programmable bioink, combined with CS‐triggered VEGF release, significantly influences the alignment, organization, and morphogenesis of microvascular networks in bioprinted constructs. The presence of aptamer‐tethered VEGF and the generation of instantaneous VEGF gradients upon CS‐triggering restricted hierarchical network formation to the printed aptamer regions at all spatial resolutions. Network properties improved as the spatial resolution decreased, with low‐resolution designs yielding the highest network properties. Specifically, CS‐treated low‐resolution designs exhibited significant vascular network remodeling, with an increase in vessel density(1.35‐fold), branching density(1.54‐fold), and average vessel length(2.19‐fold) compared to non‐treated samples. The results suggest that CS acts as an external trigger capable of inducing time‐controlled changes in network organization and alignment on‐demand within spatially localized regions of a bioprinted construct. It is envisioned that these programmable bioinks will open new opportunities for bioengineering functional, hierarchically self‐organized vascular networks within engineered tissues.
Functional Assessment of a Bioprinted Immuno‐Mimetic Peyer's Patch Recapitulating Gut‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Park Jongho , Lee Gihyun , Park Je‐Kyun
Published: November 2024

Gut immune models have attracted much interest in better understanding the microbiome in the human gastrointestinal tract. The gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) has complex structures that interact with microorganisms, including the intestinal monolayer as a physiological barrier and the Peyer's patch (PP) involved in the immune system. Although essential for studying GALT and microbiome interactions, current research often uses simplified models that only recapitulate some components. In this study, GALT is recapitulated to consider the morphology and function of lymphocyte‐containing PP beneath the intestinal monolayer and to analyze microbiome interaction. Using the bioprinting technique, a dome‐shaped structure array for the PP is fabricated, and epithelial cells are cocultured to form the intestinal monolayer. The developed GALT model shows stable cell differentiation on the hydrogel while exhibiting durability against lipopolysaccharides. It also exhibits increased responsiveness to Escherichia coli, as indicated by elevated nitric oxide levels. In addition, the model underscores the critical role of GALT in maintaining bacterial coexistence and in facilitating immune defense against foreign antigens through the secretion of immunoglobulin A by lymphocyte spheroids. The proposed GALT model is expected to provide significant insights into studying the gut‐immune system complexity and microbiome.
K2FeO4‐Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer via In Situ Synthesis of Fe2O3 and O2
Authors: Sun Yi , Peng Xin , Guan Yudong , Su Tong , Xie Zezun , Wu Ziying , Long Yongxuan , Zhu Huihui , Shao Jie , Mai Xiaoli , Shi Xuzhi , Wu Tingting , Teng Zhaogang , Zhang Bing , Chen Kun , Xin Xiaoyan
Published: November 2024

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) offers a promising minimally invasive treatment for breast cancer, but its efficacy is limited by the hostile tumor microenvironment (TME), including hypoxia and high glutathione (GSH) levels. Although various strategies to improve oxygen concentration or reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) resistance for enhanced PDT have been explored, they typically require intricate design and complex synthesis of multifunctional nanocarriers. Thus, this study introduces a facile K2FeO4‐induced strategy to enhance PDT efficiency in breast cancer through the tumor in situ synthesis of Fe2O3 and O2. Inspired by the successful application of K2FeO4 in ecological remediation and hemostasis, K2FeO4 reacts with GSH, biological system, H2O2, and water, to generate Fe2O3 and O2. Intratumoral injection of K2FeO4 improves the TME, followed by Ce6 administration to enhance PDT through synergistic ferroptosis. This approach boosts PDT efficacy significantly by increasing ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, and inhibiting GSH and GPX4. Proteomic analysis revealed alterations in key pathways, including endocytosis and energy metabolism. This K2FeO4‐PDT strategy creates a positive feedback loop by enhancing oxidative stress, providing an interesting and promising approach to PDT.
Three‐Level Chirality Transfer and Amplification in Liquid Crystal Supramolecular Assembly for Achieving Full‐Color and White Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Wang Xujie , Gao Xinhui , Zhong Hai , Yang Kai , Zhao Biao , Deng Jianping
Published: November 2024

Chiral liquid crystal supramolecular assembly provides an ideal strategy for constructing excellent circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials. However, the chirality transfer in chiral liquid crystals normally occurs at two levels from the configurational chirality to the supramolecular phase chirality. The more precise and more levels of chirality transmission are fascinating but remain challenging. The present work reports the first success of three‐level chirality transfer and amplification from configurationally point chirality of small molecules to conformationally helical chirality of helical polymers and finally to supramolecular phase chirality of cholesteric liquid crystals composed of chiral nonfluorescent polymers (P46) and nematic liquid crystals. Noticeably, the helical twisting power of P46 is five‐fold larger than its monomer. Full‐color and white CPL with maximum luminescence dissymmetry factor up to 1.54 and photoluminescence quantum yield up to 63.8% are realized utilizing helical supramolecular assembly combined with selective reflection mechanism. Also significantly, the electrically stimuli‐responsive CPL switching device as well as anti‐counterfeiting security, information encryption, and chiral logic gate applications are developed. This study deepens the understanding of chirality transfer and amplification across different hierarchical levels.
2D Multifunctional Phototransistor Based on MoTe2/Graphene/SnS0.25Se0.75 Heterostructure with High Photogain and Reconfigurable Polarized Detection
Authors: Gao Jiahao , Tao Lin , Chen Jianru , Huang Jianming , Zhou Yao , Yang Mengmeng , Sun Yiming , Huo Nengjie , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Luo Dongxiang , Gao Wei
Published: November 2024

2D van der Waals (vdWs) heterojunctions exhibit facile fabrication process and tunable optoelectronic properties. However, suppressing interfacial charge traps and multifunctional photoresponse remain significant challenges. Here, the study designs a 2D multifunctional phototransistor based on ambipolar MoTe2/graphene (Gr)/p‐type SnS0.25Se0.75 double vdWs vertical heterostructure via alloy engineering. The middle Gr interlayer is pivotal in reducing interfacial charge traps, facilitating vertical photocarrier transportation, and enhancing light absorption coefficient. Under photogating effect, the trapped electrons in SnS0.25Se0.75 promote the photogating effect, resulting in the maximum photogain of 8084 and specific detectivity (D*) of 8.2 × 1012 Jones. Under photoconductive effect, a high responsivity (R) of 36.9 A W−1 and D* of 7.17 × 1011 Jones are achieved. Under photovoltaic effect, the devices exhibit a remarkable R of 501 mA W−1, D* of 1.4 × 1011 Jones. Notably, a self‐driven photocurrent polarized ratio of 8 under 635 nm is achieved because of the anisotropic nature of SnS0.25Se0.75 and the effective double built‐in electric fields. By varying the gate voltage, the polarization ratio can be modulated from 1 to 2.5, enabling reconfigurable polarized‐sensitive detection. Above all, the designed heterojunction with multifunctional and reconfigurable polarization detection.
Beating the Odds with Binuclear N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Metallacycles: A Practical and Efficient Full‐Color Tunable Fluorescence System
Authors: Wang Chaoyu , Duan Lixin , Chai Qiongjie , Ma Yanzhe , Qian Dongjin , Tu Tao
Published: November 2024

Achieving full‐color emission with just two emitters presents a significant challenge. Two N‐heterocyclic carbene metallacycles (NHC‐M; M ═ Ag, Au) featuring a tetraphenylethene core, combining covalent and coordination bonds are synthesized to restrict rotation within the NHC‐M‐BC (BC = bicyclic) metallacycles and greatly enhanced their quantum yields. The enhancement is accomplished by adjusting the CH3CN/H2O solvent mixture, allowing emission tuning from blue to green for NHC‐Ag‐BC. Further diversification of the emission spectrum, including access to high‐quality white light (CIE coordinates 0.33, 0.34), is facilitated through the addition of sulforhodamine B via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The compatibility of NHC‐Ag‐BC with agarose gel extends its applicability to UV‐LEDs chromic coatings, as well as information encryption and anti‐counterfeiting materials. The results underscore the viability of dual‐fluorophore systems for achieving full‐color emission and highlight the potential for developing versatile, multi‐colored functional materials.
Inhibiting Cation Segregation to Enable Highly Efficient Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Dong Chaomin , Chen Guoyi , Yao Fang , yu Zhiqiu , Dong Kailian , Du Shengjie , Huang Lishuai , Wang Cheng , Wang Ti , Wang Shuxin , Ke Weijun , Fang Guojia
Published: November 2024

Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) present potential applications for next‐generation displays due to their excellent luminescent properties and solution processing. The formamidinium‐caesium lead bromide (FAxCs1−xPbBr3) mixed cation strategy is one of the primary methods to achieve high‐performance of Cs‐dominate PeLEDs system. However, the inhomogeneous distribution of cations is detrimental to the photoelectronic performance of Cs‐dominated PeLEDs. Here, in mixed FA/Cs perovskite films, it is observed that Cs, Br and trace Pb elements precipitated on the surface of the perovskite films. It is found that the segregation of cations is induced by the uncontrollable crystallization process of Cs/FA cations. By introducing biuret additive, the hydrogen bonding interaction of biuret and FA cation balances crystallization rate, which therefore significantly improves the crystal quality and cations distribution of perovskite films. As a result, green PeLEDs with a high external quantum efficiency of 28.8% are obtained, and represent five times enhancement in half‐life time (T50) of 2.48 h at an initial luminance of 100 cd m−2 relative to the control device. The results help to understand the relationship between cationic distribution and PeLEDs properties, offering significant insights for modulating the performance of PeLEDs.
Recent Advances in PDMS Optical Waveguides: Properties, Fabrication, and Applications
Authors: Zimmermann Camila A. , Amouzou Koffi N. , Ung Bora
Published: November 2024

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) has emerged as a promising polymer for fabricating optical waveguides. Its optical transparency, stretchability, flexibility, biocompatibility, and facile processing are a complement to common optical materials that are more brittle and stiff such as fused silica, polystyrene (PS), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Although PDMS is not a new material, with its first synthesis dating back to the early twentieth century, recent decades have seen an increased effort to expand its use in optical waveguides beyond conventional rubber applications. This review compiles established concepts and new advancements in PDMS science to shed light on limitations and new opportunities to better harness PDMS’ potential for optical waveguiding. With the materials science tetrahedron in mind (structure, properties, processing, and performance), this review explores the state‐of‐the‐art in PDMS waveguide technology and exposes relevant basic concepts pertaining to its physicochemical properties. The goal is to equip the photonics community with knowledge to further expand PDMS waveguide technology. The review covers three main topics: PDMS’ key properties (chemical, optical, thermal, and mechanical, besides biological and environmental aspects); PDMS waveguide fabrication techniques (processing, refractive index tuning, and post‐processing); and its applications. The review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and future prospects.
Spiro‐Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Deng Yun , Li Yue , Li Xiaoyan , Yu Fan , Li Hao , Zhu Shoujia , Wang Bingyang , Chen Zhikuan , Feng Quanyou , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei
Published: November 2024

Spiro structures, possessing unique π‐electron systems, large steric hindrance, high glass transition temperature, and chemical stability, serve as critical structural building blocks in constructing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. The incorporation of various heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen in 9,9′‐spirobifluorene generates diverse spiro structures like spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐xanthene], spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐thioxanthene], and spiro[acridine‐9,9′‐fluorene]. Based on the charge transfer characteristics, TADF emitters built upon spiro structures can be classified into various types, including twisted intramolecular charge transfer, through‐space charge transfer, multiresonance, and exciplex‐type TADF emitters. This review systematically highlights the recent progress in the research on TADF emitters comprised of spiro‐structured aromatics. It intricately explores the molecular design strategies, material synthesis methods, understanding of photophysical attributes, and analysis of organic light‐emitting diode performance. Concurrently, it sketches out the challenges faced in the commercial application stage while providing an outlook for potential research trajectories.
Batch vs Continuous‐Flow Method to Synthesize N‐(3‐Acylamidopropyl)Lactams Through N−C Bond Cleavage in Amides with Amidines
Authors: Govindan Karthick , Chen Nian‐Qi , Venkatachalam Gokulakannan , Leung Tsz‐Fai , Lin Wei‐Yu
Published: November 2024

The selective N−C bond cleavage of amides to create value‐added products through a transition metal‐free approach has become a significant challenge. Here, we present a method to convert amides into N‐(3‐acylamidopropyl)lactams through sequential amide chemoselective N−C bond cleavage and amidine ring opening under mild conditions, applicable in batch and continuous flow processes. These methods utilize bench‐stable reagents and are operationally straightforward and mild, enabling synthesis on a gram scale with excellent functional group tolerance. Additionally, the synthetic feasibility of these reactions under flow conditions has proven to be highly efficient, providing N‐(3‐acylamidopropyl)lactam derivatives with improved yields and shorter reaction time.
CTNND1‐Related Disorder: New Insight on Prenatal Phenotype
Authors: Conti B. , Di Napoli C. , Hafdaoui S. , Nicotra V. , Cesaretti C. , Runza L. , Accurti V. , Boito S. , Iascone M. , Marchetti D. , Silipigni R. , Finelli P. , Natacci F.
Published: November 2024

CTNND1 is a gene located in 11q12.1, encoding for p120 catenin, a protein involved in maintaining adherent junctions, regulating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and transcriptional signaling of different cellular pathways. Pathogenic variants in CTNND1 are classically associated with isolated cleft palate and Blefaro‐cheilo‐dontic syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition characterized by abnormalities of the eyelid. Considering different signs and symptoms associated first with Blefaro‐cheilo‐dontic syndrome and later specifically with CTNND1, Ahlaratani and colleagues proposed a wider developmental role for CTNND1 than previously described, associating a broader phenotypic spectrum. This report describes a prenatal case in which a CTNND1 pathogenic variant and reverse phenotyping allowed a diagnosis of Blefaro‐cheilo‐dontic syndrome associated with characteristics never related to Blefaro‐cheilo‐dontic syndrome or CTNND1, such as hydrocephalus. This report is the first detailed fetal case of Blefaro‐cheilo‐dontic syndrome, and the new feature reported is consistent with CTNND1 developmental role and may add new insights into the phenotype spectrum that is being defined.
Generation of Bis(pentafluorophenyl)boron Enolates from Alkynes and Their Catalyst‐Free Alkyne Coupling
Authors: Shibuya Masatoshi , Yuruka Souta , Yamamoto Yoshihiko
Published: November 2024

Carbon‐carbon bond forming reactions are powerful synthetic tools for constructing organic molecular frameworks. In this study, strongly Lewis acidic bis(pentafluorophenyl)boron enolates were generated from alkynes through oxygen transfer from 2,6‐dibromopyridine N‐oxide using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3]. Boron enolates were highly reactive owing to the strong Lewis acidity of the boron centers, and thus immediately coupled with alkynes. N‐Ethynylphthalimide reacted as an alkyne with 2,6‐dibromopyridine N‐oxide and B(C6F5)3 to form a semi‐stable bis(pentafluorophenyl)boron enolate through the coordination of the carbonyl group to the boron center. This enolate underwent coupling with another alkyne.
Controllable Heavy n–type Behaviours in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Non‐Conjugated Passivants
Authors: Guan Haowei , Wu Jie , Yang Daobin , Xie Lisha , Zhang Weifu , Shan Jiahong , Wang Zhongqiang , Meng Yuanyuan , Zhu Jintao , Chen Fei , Zhou Yubo , Ge Ziyi
Published: November 2024

Interfacial issues between the perovskite film and electron transport layer greatly limit the efficiency and stability of inverted (p‐i‐n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Despite organic ammonium passivants have been widely established as interfacial layers, they failed to improve electron extraction. Here, we reported that the heavy n‐type characteristics in a low band gap perovskite film could be modulated by incorporating non‐conjugated ammonium passivants with strong electron‐withdrawing abilities. This resulted in a significant enhancement of electron extraction in the heavily n‐type doped perovskite. The passivant‐treated PSCs exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 25.74 % with an excellent fill factor of 85.4 % and a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.166 V, which are significantly higher than that of the control device. The unencapsulated devices maintained 88 % of their initial PCEs after 1,200 hours at 85 °C.
Validation of a Dried Blood Spot Assay for Testosterone Measurement Using Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gruenstein Yehudah
Published: November 2024

Testosterone is a critical hormone involved in regulating various physiological processes in both men and women. Accurate testosterone measurement is essential for diagnosing endocrine disorders such as hypogonadism and polycystic ovary syndrome and for routine testing. Traditionally, testosterone levels are measured using serum or plasma samples, which present challenges in sample collection, storage, and transport, particularly in resource‐limited settings. Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has emerged as an effective alternative for hormone analysis, offering significant advantages in terms of sample stability, ease of collection, and simplified logistics. This study aimed to validate a DBS‐based testosterone assay using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) to ensure accuracy and precision comparable to conventional serum‐based methods. Drops of whole blood samples were collected from adult volunteers using a single‐use safety lancet for finger pricks, with blood applied onto DBS cards (PerkinElmer 226 Spot Saver RUO card) for further analysis. The testosterone was extracted from DBS using a liquid‐liquid method and analyzed with LC‐MS/MS. The assay demonstrated excellent linearity across a wide concentration range (0.1–100 ng/mL) with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.999 and achieved a lower limit of detection of 0.058 ng/mL and a lower limit of quantification of 0.086 ng/mL. The method showed high precision, with intra‐ and inter‐day coefficients of variation below 10%, and satisfactory recovery rates. Hematocrit correction and matrix effect evaluations confirmed the robustness of the assay for clinical and research applications. Additionally, the assay displayed a strong clinical correlation between testosterone levels in DBS and venous serum samples, supporting its reliability for testosterone monitoring. This validation study supports that the DBS‐based LC‐MS/MS testosterone assay is a reliable tool for testosterone quantification for routine testing.
Optimizing melt electrowriting prototypes for printing non‐medical and medical grade polycaprolactone meshes in prolapse repair
Authors: Vaz Maria Francisca , Martins Joana Alexandra Pinheiro , Pinheiro Fabio , Ferreira Nuno Miguel , Brandão Sofia , Alves Jorge Lino , Fernandes Antonio Augusto , Parente M. P. L. , Silva Maria Elisabete
Published: November 2024

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) arises from insufficient support of female pelvic organs. Synthetic implants used in treatment can cause complications like infections, mesh shrinkage, and tissue erosion, often due to biomechanical compatibility issues. This research aims to optimize printing parameters for a melt electrowriting process using medical grade biodegradable Poly (ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) with a pellet extruder. The primary goal is to produce meshes with specific characteristics, including square and diagonal shapes, and filament diameters of 80, 160, and 240 μm. These meshes are evaluated through mechanical tests, comparing their performance with a commercially available mesh and sheep vaginal tissue. The mechanical analysis showed that the commercial mesh was 84% stiffer than sheep vaginal tissue at higher strain levels. Non‐medical grade PCL, with 80 μm meshes, closely matched the tissue's mechanical properties, with an 8% variation. Medical‐grade PCL exhibited distinct behavior, with the 80 μm square mesh (two layers) showing a 27% variation and the 160 μm diagonal mesh (one layer) displaying the closest fit at 9%. The findings indicate that 3D‐printed biodegradable meshes, particularly those printed with medical‐grade PCL, may serve as a suitable alternative to mitigate complications associated with commercial implants.
A high‐performance stretchable strain sensors with hierarchically gradient morphology of filler network
Authors: Zhang Rong , Xiang Yifan , Liu Qingyan , Liu Qingting , Fu Xudong , Hu Shengfei
Published: November 2024

In recent years, stretchable strain sensors have received increasing attention in areas such as human motion detection and soft robotics. However, how to simultaneously improve the sensitivity and operating range of them remains one of the most important challenges. In order to solve this challenge, in this study, nickel‐coated graphite (NCG)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hybrid conductive networks of stretchable strain sensors PNCs with graded degree of sedimentation were constructed in PDMS using the sedimentation method. Due to the difference in packing density and packing morphology, NCG mainly stays in the middle and lower layers, forming a partially‐sedimented state, whereas the CNTs are close to uniformly dispersed, and such partially settled NCG network is especially critical. Based on this, the obtained composite PNCs have high sensitivity, with a GF value as high as 1.48 × 104 in the 0%–25% strain range and an operating range of 224.8%, which achieves a good recognition and detection of the full range of human body movements. This work provides a new process for the preparation of high‐performance stretchable strain sensors.
Self‐healing nanocomposite film of polyvinyl alcohol—polyacrylic acid incorporated with iodine
Authors: Alebrahim Mohammad A. , Ahmad Ahmad A. , Alakhras Lina A. , Al‐Bataineh Qais M.
Published: November 2024

Self‐healing polyvinyl alcohol‐polyacrylic acid (PVA‐PAA) composite films incorporated with molecular iodine (I2) are presented for optoelectronic applications. The incorporation mechanism between the PVA‐PAA donor and I2 acceptor is investigated by studying the chemical, crystal, and morphological properties of the composite films. Incorporating PVA‐PAA composite films with I2 decreases the crystallinity degree of the composite films, which increases the electrical conductivity by enabling the segmental motion in the polymer matrix. PVA‐PAA/I2 composite films are stable at temperatures lower than 200°C, where the majority of optical, optoelectronic, and electrical applications can be realized. Additionally, introducing I2 into the PVA‐PAA matrix increases the melting temperature of the composite films. Moreover, the optical and electrical properties of the PVA‐PAA/I2 composite films are investigated. The bandgap energy of PVA‐PAA film is 3.88 eV, decreasing continuously to 3.38 eV as I2 concentration increases to 16 wt.%. On the other hand, The average conductivity of the PVA‐PAA film is . Increasing I2 concentration in the PVA‐PAA matrix increases the electrical conductivity continuously up to . The physical properties of the PVA‐PAA/I2 composite films exhibit self‐healing properties after thermal treatment and UV irradiation that occur during the operation cycling in optical, optoelectronic, and electrical applications.
Synthesis and evaluation of self‐healing polyvinyl alcohol‐tannic acid membranes for skin bio‐applications
Authors: Suhail Zarmeen , Ashfaq Jaweria , Channa Iftikhar Ahmed , Sadia Madeeha , Chandio Ali Dad , Sharmmari Basheer A. , Pervez Tasneem , Al‐Jahwar Farooq K.
Published: November 2024

Autonomic self‐healing films have shown limited mechanical strength, hindering their application as biomaterials, particularly in skin bioengineering. To address this challenge, we developed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐tannic acid (TA)‐based membranes with improved self‐healing properties and strong mechanical performance. Using a blade coating method and freeze–thaw cycles (−10°C for 1 h, followed by room temperature thawing), the synthesized membranes demonstrated a tensile strength of 8.8 MPa before healing and 7.6 MPa after healing, achieving an 88% healing efficiency. Membrane thickness showed a slight reduction from 465 to 432 μm posthealing. After 3000 bending cycles at a 1 cm radius, the membranes maintained flexibility with no significant changes in water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) (7.66 g/m2·day) or oxygen transmission rate (OTR) (0.13 cm3/m2·day·bar). These results underscore the membranes' suitability for dynamic skin environments, combining robust mechanical properties with excellent self‐healing capabilities. The PVA‐TA membranes present a promising solution for advanced skin bioengineering applications.
Rational design of temperature‐responsive binary polymers containing sulfobetaine and quaternary ammonium fragments for application in lignocellulosic hydrolysis
Authors: Pan Xinyue , Li Feiyun , Yuan Peng , Tang Yanjun
Published: November 2024

Enzymatic strengthening and cellulase recovery are effective ways for improving the economy of lignocellulosic hydrolysis. A series of temperature‐responsive quaternary ammonium salt type enzymatic hydrolysis promoters (PSDM) were obtained by aqueous‐solution free radical polymerization. PSDM dissolved under lignocellulosic enzymatic hydrolysis conditions (50°C). After hydrolysis, it co‐precipitated with cellulase when cooling. PSDM had significantly improved hydrolysis and recycling enzyme properties. The efficiency of high‐solid substrate enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob residues improved to 1.2 times, and 50% of the cellulase amount was saved when adding 1.5 g/L of PSDM1 to the system. Hydrophobic binding may be the main driving force for co‐precipitation between PSDM and cellulase. In this work, regulation of glucose yield and cellulase consumption were realized by adjusting the ratio of positive and negative charges in PSDM. This work provides a new idea for reducing the cost of technology for this lignocellulosic sugar platform.
Fresh insights into the light‐induced pineal gland circadian rhythm transmission mechanism derived from mRNA and miRNA profiling
Authors: Li Yunlei , Sun Yanyan , Yuan Jingwei , Li Xiangchen , Shi Lei , Isa Adamu Mani , Wang Yuanmei , Ge Pingzhuang , Zong Yunhe , Wang Panlin , Chen Jilan
Published: November 2024

The circadian clock significantly impacts animal health and productivity, with light playing a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms. However, the mechanisms behind light‐induced circadian transmission remain unclear, particularly in light‐sensitive avian species. The pineal gland is a key component acting as the photosensitive master oscillator in the avian clock system. Using transcriptome sequencing and small RNA sequencing technologies, we identified circadian genes and miRNAs in the chick pineal gland under light–dark and sudden constant‐light conditions. We observed rhythmic oscillations in up to 1299 genes during the light–dark cycle, with 400 genes maintaining rhythms under constant light. Our findings highlight the light‐sensitive temporal organization in birds as the phase distribution of circadian genes in the pineal gland correlates with light exposure changes. A novel regulatory mechanism involving light, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, light‐sensitive miRNAs, such as gga‐miR‐34b‐5p, and light‐sensitive circadian genes, such as CRY2, was discovered to participate in the light input system of the chick pineal clock, through which light regulates the oscillators and outputs of the circadian clock system. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and Oil Red O staining revealed cyclic changes in lipid synthesis and metabolism throughout the circadian day, which may be a key mechanism through which the circadian clock influences pineal physiology. Our results enhance the understanding of light‐induced circadian transmission mechanisms and identify potential targets for optimizing the circadian clock through light.
D1244 im Betrieb
Authors: Böhm Michael , Dakova Spasena , Stiefelmaier Jonas , Zeller Amelie , Stein Charlotte , Tarín Cristina , Sawodny Oliver
Published: November 2024

Das globale Bauen ist für etwa 50 % der weltweiten CO2‐Emissionen und des Ressourcenverbrauchs verantwortlich. Um zukunftsfähig zu sein, bedarf es einer drastischen Reduktion, was jedoch im Widerspruch steht zur weltweiten Demografie, die durch Bevölkerungsanstieg und Urbanisierung gekennzeichnet ist. Ein möglicher Ansatz sind adaptive Tragwerke, die mit verteilter Aktorik und Sensorik ausgestattet durch geometrische Adaption die Verformungen und Spannungsverteilungen unter Last manipulieren können. Für Hochhäuser ermöglicht diese Technologie etwa eine Halbierung des Ressourceneinsatzes. Der weltweit erste Prototyp wurde Ende 2021 auf dem Campus der Universität Stuttgart eingeweiht. Das D1244 ist mit zwölf Stockwerken auf einer Grundfläche von 5 m × 5 m insgesamt 36 m hoch und besitzt 24 hydraulische Aktoren, 128 DMS sowie ein optisches Messsystem, das mit zwei Kameras an 16 Punkten des Tragwerks die Verformungen in der Ebene parallel zum Kamerasensor im Submillimeterbereich misst. In diesem Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, welche Schritte innerhalb der modellbasierten Entwicklungskette zur Automatisierung und Regelung des Hochhauses bisher erfolgt sind und welche Ergebnisse erzielt wurden. Dabei wird auf die experimentelle Modellidentifikation und den darauf aufbauenden Regler‐ und Beobachterentwurf eingegangen. Die verwendeten Algorithmen zur Fehlererkennung werden vorgestellt und auf Basis von ersten Validierungsmessungen wird ihre grundsätzliche Funktionalität nachgewiesen.
The review and development of professional standards through the lens of Democratic Anchorage points
Authors: Simpson Charlaine , Beck Anna , Campbell Louise
Published: November 2024

The recent review of the Scottish professional standards for teachers, led by the General Teaching Council for Scotland, offered a unique perspective to interrogate participative approaches in policy‐making in the Scottish education context and to provide insights and implications for future policy‐making. Using one of the authors’ experiences as a General Teaching Council Scotland Officer during the review of the professional standards, this paper conceptualises the consultation process as a form of democratic governance, using Sørensen and Torfing's framing of the four anchorage points that enable democratic legitimacy in governance networks. This perspective places policy‐making within a governance structure that is created by networks that interact, overlap and are entangled with each other, implying a decentralised form of governance. An analysis of the stages of the review process demonstrated that it was participatory. However, there was an over‐reliance on the established policy‐making community. In addition, authentic participation was restricted as choices were limited by the metagovernor. We argue that Sørensen and Torfing's anchorage points for democratic legitimacy allow an interrogation of the extent to which policy‐making in Scottish education is authentically democratic and conclude by offering a framework of critical questions for more transparent democratic participation in future iterations of similar professional standards reviews.