bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Challenge of Islam Nusantara Against Terorism: Analysis Study of Islam Nusantara of Ulama NU Movement in Central Java
Authors: Mu'min Ma'mun , Mufid Fathul
Published: July 2019

The more widespread ideology in the era of global terrorism today has become a global concern, acts of terror committed national or transnational terrorists have been bad for the creation of a harmonious world order, pluralist and inclusive. Several countries collapse in the Middle East and Africa as well as the tense conditions in Poso has been the evidence of how acts of terror committed the terrorists do not recognize tribes, nations and religions. If this trend continues, then the life of mankind and civilization of the world will be damaged. Long before understanding terrorism rampant in Indonesia and the world, the scholars Walisongo through propaganda Islamiyah has offered the concept of Islam Nusantara, the moderate Islam that can adapt to the cultural heritage at the time. Islam Nusantara or moderate Islam is essentially Islam that gave mercy to all the worlds. These efforts Walisongo scholars ulama NU followed by the next generation until now. Rampant ideology of terrorism today is of course a challenge for the NU clerics spearheading the development of Islam in the Indonesian archipelago. This research will find: formulation of basic normatively and historicity and the philosophical concept of Islam Nusantara, formulated the concept of Islam Nusantara in the perspective of scholars Walisongo and ulama NU in Central Java, the dynamics of socio-political development of Islam Nusantara in Central Java from time to time, the public response in Central Java to the development of Islam Nusantara, and the contribution of Islam Nusantara in a moderate Islam that can create harmony, pluralist and inclusive in order peaceful world civilization.
Islam Nusantara in Political Contestation Identity Religion in Indonesia
Authors: Khamdan Moh. , Wiharyani W
Published: July 2019

The relationship between the religion represented by Islam and the State that is represented by the democratic political system continues remain to be a problem. Ideological debates that Islamic law should be implemented and escorted through Islamic countries experiencing resistance against groups who argued that Islam is a substance that is in compliance with democracy. Religious ideology has often been a motivation to justify the struggle through the violence that has been done. Strengthening of violence in the name of religion is regarded as a form of struggle for bottomic beliefs and religious form in kaffah. Nationalism of Islamic religion Leaders by receiving Pancasila as the Indonesian ideology  its been a moderate wisdom that has taken to maintain the unity of Indonesia, while keeping the existence of religions living. The relationship of religion and the State by Islamic religion Leaders of Nahdhatul Ulama (NU) considered as a mutual-connection with maintaining Indonesian nationalism without discriminating treatment of religions, tribes, and inter-group relations is face Islam Nusantara in Indonesia. Politics as the source of radicalism muted by NU leaders with a fatwa that receiving of Pancasila both as the nations foundation and as a spirit of Islam Nusantara. This research uses psychology politics theory and the theory of social identity’s approach that analyzing potential radicalism in society.
Syntax Errors in The Qur'an
Authors: Mohd Rafi Fakhrur Razi , Nurbayan Yayan , Al Farisi M. Zaka
Published: July 2019

This research is motivated by the thought of an orientalist–‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi–which states that the Qur’an has no perfection. He poured his thoughts into a book Is The Qur’an Infallible? In his book, he states that the Qur’an contains 22 Arabic syntax errors. His thoughts effected in many Muslims doubtful towards the authenticity of the Qur’an. In addition, non-Muslims also increasingly undermine the authenticity of it. Considering that this issue is a matter that must be addressed, the researcher will research further in this case. The purpose of this study is to refute the thoughts of ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi and to maintain the purity, image, and authenticity of the Qur’an. The research method used in this research is descriptive analysis with the qualitative approach. The finding of this research indicates that ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi’s thoughts on Qur’anic verses are wrong and this is due to his lack of understanding of Arabic theories especially the theories of Arabic syntax.
The Role of Multicultural Education towards the Strengthening of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Case Study University of Muhammadiyah Metro)
Authors: Fatonah Isti
Published: July 2019

The religious conflicts seem to correlate strongly with factors of non religion. Religion is usually a factor triggering the riots that preceded the conflict with economics, such as snatching parking lots, the area, and other factors. In other words, a small conflict often happens to be a huge deal. Multicultural education is education which notes the skill and knowledge base for the citizens of the world, it is important for students, penetrating all aspects of the education system, develop the attitudes, knowledge, and skills that enable students working for social justice. Process when a teacher and students together learn the importance of cultural variables for academic success as well as implement science education provides a critical attention to the social sciences and to help students to develop skills. Multicultural education is very important to minimize and prevent the occurrence of conflicts in some regions. Through education-based, multicultural attitudes and mindsets (the thinking) students will be more open to understand and appreciate diversity. In addition, the multicultural education are also useful for establishing ethnic diversity, race, religion, and culture (promoting diversity values). A key aspect in implementing multicultural education in schools is the absence of a policy that inhibits tolerance, including the absence of affront to race, ethnicity, and gender, cultivate sensitivity to against cultural differences.
Pesantren Resistance to Modern Education System and It’s Implication to Culture of Learning: a Study on Pondok Pesantren Al-Is'af Kalabaan, Guluk-Guluk, Sumenep, Jawa Timur
Authors: Solichin Mohammad Muchlis
Published: July 2019

Pesantren (Islamic boarding school) grew as traditional Islamic education institutions since the beginning of Islam arrival to Indonesia. The kiai in the traditional pesantren educated the student set of classical Islamic text books those organized by the method sorogan and bandongan. In the early 20th century, pesantrens have got challenge with school education system that introduced by Dutch Colonial Government in the first 1900s. The challenge to pesantren also came from Muslim Reformist which also performed modern educational system in their schools and madrasah. Facing the challenge, most of pesantren modernized their educational system by performing schools and madrasah affiliated to the Indonesian government. There were only a few pesantrens those rejected the of modern educational system. Pesantren al- Is’af rejected the school education system and had ben keeping the sustainability of traditional education of Islamic knowledge teaching learning. The rejection brought about the effort of the pesantren in sthrengtening teaching learning classical Islamic textbook (kitab kuning) with sorogan and bandongan methods. Some of the text books had taugt the rule of santri learning. There were many rules, norms and belief that resulted the culture of learning in Pesantren.
Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Different Environmental Conditions on Pipelines Corrosion Rates
Authors: Adeyanju Olusiji Ayoade , Oyekunle Layioye Ola
Published: July 2019

An estimate of about $18.5 million are expended by industries in Nigeria yearly on corrosion, the oil and gas industry takes more than 65% of this cost due to the peculiar nature of their facilities and operational conditions. In spite of the use of galvanized pipeline and application of the anti-corrosion coating of crude oil pipeline and other metallic structure in the oil and gas industry, corrosion failures are still daily occurrences. These corrosive failures have been attributed to the environmental conditions in which the pipeline and other metallic structures are located. This research studies the rate of deterioration (corrosion rate) of carbon steel pipeline (flow pipe) under five different environmental conditions, coated with different anti-corroding agents, and subjected to different temperatures and pH values. Five Different environmental conditions through which pipelines are laid (Top soil + Fresh water, Sea water bed sand + Sea water, Lagoon water, Seawater, NaCl solution (0.5M)) were simulated in the laboratory. Different seventy gram (70g) samples of the carbon steel pipeline were used as the coupon samples. Red oxide oil paint and tar paint were used as the anti-corroding agents. Water bath was used in regulating the temperature and different concentration of HCL and NaOH were used to vary the pH. Weight loss method was used to calculate the corrosion rates.

Results show that carbon steel resists corrosion better when buried in soil than when submerged in water; also the corrosion rate is more in sea water than in the lagoon water of relatively smaller salinity. The rate of corrosion was observed to increase with: increase in temperature, increase in salinity, and increases in acidity and alkalinity. Also the tar paint is more effective as anti-corrodant than the red oxide oil paint when applied to the carbon steel pipeline under same environment conditions. The study successively reduced the corrosion rate of the 70g coupon sample from 0.00127g/day when the sample were suspended in 0.5M, NaCl solution to 0.000104g/day when pipeline coated with tar paint are buried in dry soil.
Prediction of Oil Reservoir Performance And Original-Oil-in-Place Applying Schilthuis And Hurst-Van Everdingen Modified Water Influx Models
Authors: Onuka Amarachi Uche , Okoro Franklin
Published: July 2019

This paper predicts the future performance of an oil reservoir with no initial gas cap, being produced by a strong underlying aquifer using the Schilthuis steady state and Hurst-Van Everdingen modified water influx models. The aim of this analysis is to highlight the discrepancies in the capabilities of the Schilthuis steady state water influx model and the Hurst-Van Everdingen modified model to effectively give the reservoir engineer a thorough understanding of the effects of aquifer influx into a reservoir on the cumulative oil production and estimation of oil-in-place. This was achieved by carrying out a simulation analysis using the Schilthius steady state and the Hurst-Van Everdingen unsteady state models in the MBAL package to predict changes in the following reservoir parameters for a 20-year period. For the production period being analysed, the oil recovery factor was given as 26.76%. The difference in recoverable reserves estimated using the Schilthuis steady state and Hurst-Van Everdingen modified water influx models was 0.406738 MMSTB. This implies that in the year 2020, using the Schilthuis steady state model to estimate the water influx into the reservoir, would not be able to account for 0.406738 million stock tank barrels of oil that had been recovered from the reservoir. This is attributed to the unrealistic assumptions of the Schilthuis steady state model that the pressure of the aquifer is constant as the dynamic nature of the reservoir-aquifer system will suggest a change in pressure with time as production of oil continues in an oil reservoir. Therefore, the Hurst-Van Everdingen modified model has been proven to be a more effective tool for the reservoir engineer because it takes into consideration the dependence of pressure changes in a reservoir-aquifer system with time.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Undulating Pipeline on Sand Transport in Multiphase Flow
Authors: Okeke Nonso E. , Adeyem Osho , Archibong-Eso Archibong , Baba Yahaya D. , Aliyu Aliyu M. , Aluyor Emmanuel O. , Yeung Hoi
Published: July 2019

Previous research work has shown that sand production with hydrocarbons has helped to increase the productivity of oil wells. However, this poses difficulties during shut down and start-up operations due to sand deposition and are aggravated when the pipelines are undulating. The hilly-terrain geometry of pipelines strongly affects multiphase flow regimes hence the need to study sand transport characteristics as it is vital in efficient pipeline design. The aim of this research work is to experimentally investigate the flow hydrodynamics that exist during sand transport in multiphase flow at different sand concentration. A 2-inch dip facility which consists of a downhill pipeline section, a lower elbow (dip) and an uphill pipeline at inclination angles of 24° is used in the study. Extensive data were collected and analysed from continuous measurement of instantaneous liquid and sand hold up using conductivity rings and flow visualisation using a high speed camera. Results show that five different flow patterns were obtained from the sand-water test both via visual observation and from the conductivity rings data namely: full suspension, streak, saltation, sand dunes and sand bed. The knowledge of flow at minimum transport condition and full suspension establishes the erosion rate over the life span of the pipeline. In contrast, the sand holdup measurement and sand dune regime which was uniquely identified using the conductivity ring method would help overcome the limitation of sand measurement in pipeline. Also, the Sand-Air-Water experiment carried out shows the influence of the pipe geometry and multiphase flow regimes on sand transport in multiphase transport pipelines.
Using the new FRAC4Well Models for Predicting Fracture Gradient in Depleted Formations; a Key Driver for Borehole Stability Management in Brown Fields
Authors: Bassey Akong , Dosunmu Adewale , Otutu Friday , Pedro Abiye
Published: July 2019

Optimal and consistent prediction of fracture gradient and stress path in depleted formation are of vital importance for well design and well integrity management. A modified and innovative concept for predicting stress path and fracture gradient for depleted intervals was formulated to ease well design and delivery in mostly conventional brown fields. It is imperative to further constrain the impact of poisons ratio as the major rock property affecting the stress path and fracture gradient evaluation considering the uniaxial scaling and variation of horizontal stresses generated by the strength interface of the drained poisons ratio scales in depleted formations. However, in addition to the modeling strategy, a rock property base stress path models (FRAC4Well model) was developed to account for the lateral stress variations at depletions for the change in minimum horizontal stress to pore pressure changes (pore-stress coupling). However, the study also considered the modeling strategy referencing linear elastic – constrained stress changes at different late time production periods within the reservoir, and the representative fracture gradient window. A stepwise validation strategy was formulated for stress arching hysteresis and it impact on thin/soft and thick/hard formations considering the sideburden and overburden impact for the different layers of the reservoirs as the horizontal stresses varies. A fast running semi-analytical model was also proposed to predict fracture sealing potentials after plugging and LCM selection during stress caging as a basis for fracture aperture closure mechanism. However, it is very important to have an accurate prediction of the boundaries of fracture gradients as the pore pressure depletes for optimal wellbore stability prediction to further mitigate challenges such as well control perturbations, borehole instability related NPT's and well integrity challenges that may arise as a result of erroneous fracture gradients predictions due to pore pressure depletion.
Exploitation of Thin Oil Rim with Large Gas Cap, a Critical Review
Authors: Peter Obidike , Onyekonwu Mike , C. E. Ubani
Published: July 2019

In this paper, review findings from past literature on development of thin oil rim reservoirs are presented. The review entailed going through several papers written in the subject with a view to identifying possible research gaps with opportunity of proffering solutions.

The review areas that require attention include; proper definition of thin oil rim reservoir, inadequacy of the current classification of factors that affect oil rim development by non-consideration of strategic, commercial and stakeholder aspects. Other areas include; non- application of a combined depletion and flooding scheme under critical flow conditions in the Niger Delta and non-focus on controllable factors in the use of engineering design in the evaluation of thin oil rim reservoir development options.

Hence in this paper we proffer thoughts on a rational definition of a "Thin oil rim reservoir", highlight some development schemes termed "novel" in this study and propose such applications in evaluation of thin oil rim reservoirs especially in the Niger Delta. The evaluation of these options suffixes as evidence that due diligence has been made in a bid to ensure a robust development plan.

Finally, the paper presents discussion on recovery factor from thin oil rim reservoir developments with the objective of providing guidance on applicable ranges and highlight the opportunities in giving more focused attention and priority to the development of a thin oil rim reservoir.
Cement Packer: Recovery of Bypassed Reserves in Highly Deviated Well Using Large-Volume Cement Through Coiled Tubing, Offshore Niger Delta
Authors: Amos C. , Osanaiye E. , Louis S. , Ighavini E. , Ahabike G. , Olofin A. , Ejukorlem-Okusi R.
Published: July 2019

Recently, a multinational exploration and production (E&P) company identified an opportunity for production optimization in a shallow reservoir with the zone of interest behind casing and without using any form of isolation for completions.

A major challenge during this operation was the engineering design, as this was the first time a catenary cement operation of more than 31.8 m3 (200 bbl) of slurry would be pumped through coiled tubing (CT), in addition to the high well deviation (~79°) consideration for installation of the cement retainer. Additionally, insufficient deck space on the platform and load-bearing capacity to accommodate the intervention spread presented a potential derailer for the attic oil development.

A rigless well intervention program was designed using a 1.75-in. (125K) CT catenary system unit, which could be installed on a barge. The system would allow better CT reach and a higher injector snub/pull capacity. CT was used to install the cement retainer, punch holes in the 4 1/2-in. tubing, and pump cement.

A total of 34.6 m3 (218 bbl) of 15.8-lbm/gal resilient slurry was pumped through CT, which was equivalent to pumping a cement volume approximately six times greater than the CT volume. This was necessary to place a 1056-m cement packer in the 4 1/2-in. tubing 9 5/8-in. casing annulus and place 200 m of cement on the cement retainer.

The operation was successfully completed using CT, avoiding more costly rig options for recompletion of the well. Zonal isolation was achieved, and the bypassed reservoir pay was perforated with ~600 B/D production. This approach proved to be cost-effective, with savings of approximately USD 1.3 million, which was achieved without compromising operational and safety performance.

Rigless recompletion has been a cost-effective approach for production optimization in mature fields. However, existing well architecture, access to bypassed hydrocarbon pays, and environmental characteristics present challenges for developing some of these reserves.
Between PPT and PIFB 2018: Risk Assessment of Stakeholders for an Integrated Petroleum Asset Development
Authors: Gbakon Kaase , Iledare Omowumi , Adeogun Oyebimpe
Published: July 2019

This paper performs uncertainty quantification (UQ) to capture the risk – both from investor and government perspective – to which an integrated petroleum development project is exposed to. The current fiscal system will be compared against the proposed PIFB 2018. Following the field development concept, the comparative economics are developed using Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) in recognition of the extant fiscal provisions. The DCF is expressed in nominal terms with sensitivity and stochastic modelling. The integrated development concept incorporates a 12kbpd refinery and a 150mmscfd gas plant on a 250mmboe onshore marginal field. The results indicate that the Petroleum Industry Fiscal Bill (PIFB 2018) delivers nearly twice in expected investor value than the current Petroleum Profit Tax/Marginal Field Regulations (PPT/MFR) on the integrated project. Furthermore, government take (GT%) shrinks from 45% under the PPT/MFR to 28% under the proposed regime. Stochastic analysis shows that investors are less exposed to failure under PIFB fiscal terms and instruments than the PPT/MFR. There is a higher likelihood (54%) of investor failure under the PPT than the 46% probability of a loss under the PIFB. The expected GT under PIFB is lower than that under PPT, however, there is significant likelihood (>65%) that neither system will deliver to government as much as the expected lifecycle Take. However, decoupling the value chain reveals varying risk reward profiles for the different segments with implications for policy formulation. A key insight drawn from the study is for policy makers to encourage the development of integrated projects to deliver a "portfolio" government take. This will smoothen out volatilities in tax receipts given that in this integrated development, government inflows from the different value chain components have different timings, levels and uncertainty.
Using Cloud Based Well Engineering Data and Wellbore Integrity Analysis to Reduce Risk in Niger Delta Workovers
Authors: Seymour K. P. , Stuart C.
Published: July 2019

The Niger Delta is a prolific oil and gas province with almost 160 oilfields and 1,500 wells put on production since the 1960s. Many of these wells have been producing for decades and now find themselves in hands of new operating companies of limited resources. There are strong commercial drivers to keep these wells in production through rapidly planned workover operations. The historical records for these wells are poor and in many instances nonexistent, often being no more than a very simplistic A4 completion diagram lacking in details and summary. The basis for design and the history of numerous interventions has long been lost and the focus of new operators is often on only the production casing and the tubing strings. However, it is imperative to consider the full well architecture and construction history because some were design optimized with minimal casing setting 13 3/8" shallow and completing in 9 5/8". Worst case consequence of this design approach is well blowout and cratering if the production casing fails with a gas column to surface. A generic case is presented to emphasize the reality of this risk. The risks of extending well life, compounded by change of use in late life are discussed in the context of design validation. The causes and challenge of poor well engineering data are reviewed, to establish the historical norms in not only the Niger Delta but globally. The importance of tracking down data in the well Intervention planning process is emphasized. It is further proposed that controlled, as-built drawings of all wells, which do not omit casing details, lithology, and critical component features such as wellheads casing hanger seals and Xmas tree should be electronically created, cloud stored and used as a basis for well bore integrity analysis prior to undertaking interventions/workovers. An example from a North Sea Development Project is presented. Such a system should also be used to establish which critical barriers exist during the intervention, how they will be validated, and how is evidence captured in order to address the typical human factors which are fundamental in many blowouts. Critically the system should produce accurate well integrity reports during operations to track compliance with the plan. A generic example for a typical Niger delta dual bore completion well is presented.
Leak Detection in Natural Gas Pipelines Using Intelligent Models
Authors: Akinsete Oluwatoyin , Oshingbesan Adebayo
Published: July 2019

Detection of small leaks in gas pipelines is an important and persistent problem in the oil and gas industry. However, the industry is beginning to investigate how tools of Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, etc. can be used to improve current industry processes.

This work aims to study the ability of intelligent models to detect small leaks in a natural gas pipeline using operational parameters such as pressure, temperature and flowrate through existing industry performance metrics (sensitivity, reliability, robustness and accuracy). Observer design technique was applied to detect leaks in a gas pipeline using a regresso-classification hierarchical model where an intelligent model acts as a regressor and a leak detection algorithm acts as a classifier. Five intelligent models (Gradient Boosting, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Network) were used in this present work.

Results showed that the Random Forest and Decision Tree models are the most sensitive as they can detect a leak of 0.1% of nominal flow in about 2 hours. All the intelligent models had high reliability with zero false alarm rate in testing phase. However, due to this level of reliability, the models had low accuracy with the Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Machine performing best and better regressors than the others. All the intelligent models are robust. The average time to leak detection for different leak sizes for all the intelligent models were compared to a real time transient model in literature. The intelligent models had a time savings of 25% to 48%.

Results in this present work further suggest that intelligent models could be used alongside a real time transient model to improve leak detection. Also, that the tools of big data, data analytics, artificial intelligence can be harnessed to improving leak detection results.
The Use of 4D & Dynamic Synthesis in Brown Field Development: A Case Study of S-P3 Infill Well Maturation, Preparation and Drilling
Authors: Uwerikowe G. , Oshewa O. , Wantong P. , Usman M.
Published: July 2019

Based on the Field Development Plan (FDP), AKPO Reservoir ST was developed with two crestal producers (ST-P2 and ST-P1) and two water injectors at the periphery (ST-W2 on the eastern flank and ST-W1 on the western flank). However, the results of a time lapse seismic monitor (4D M-2) in addition to dynamic simulation showed that the attic oil of S-Reservoir would be bypassed at the end of Field life. The time lapse seismic monitor (4D M-2) results also showed that the main producer in the S-Reservoir; ST-P2 was risking early water breakthrough from the ST-W2 water injector at the toe. Hence, the need for an infill well to mitigate these identified risks. This paper presents the maturation & drilling strategy, well results and the production performance of the first infill well of the AKPO Field.

The infill maturation strategy involved the update of the geological model with recent well/ 4D seismic information, evaluation of the present static uncertainties on in-place volumes, history matching of the dynamic model in line with current field behaviour and the evaluation of the incremental production and economic value of the infill well.

S-P3 trajectory was designed as a sub-horizontal drain to target and produce the attic oil in the S-Reservoir up-dip of producer ST-P2. It was completed across two fault blocks to ensure drainage of the southern panel as fault behaviour remains one of the main uncertainty. The well trajectory was placed as far up-dip as possible, with its toe set higher than the shallowest completion of ST-P2 in the S-reservoir.

The final well result for S-P3, drilled in Q4 2016, was outstanding, thanks to excellent integration of seismic, geological and dynamic data. The main results included: Optimal well placement, as a result of real time adjustments of the well trajectory aided by reservoir navigation toolsMore attic oil found as a result of shallower top of S-ReservoirIncremental production of 15 kboepd over 2 years and an incremental reserves of ∼10 Mboe.
Logging While Drilling Cement Evaluation: Case Study in Deep Water Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Itua Osazua Joshua , Jenakumo Timipere , Ringim Mohammed Hafiz , Kuijper Andre de
Published: July 2019

Assessing well integrity through cement bond analysis is recommended and sometimes legally required because the potential risk of a poorly executed cement job on people, assets and environment during- and post well construction can be catastrophic. Traditionally, cement bond logs were acquired with wireline tools. Following advances in tool response modelling and log data processing, Logging While Drilling (LWD) acoustic data for cement bond analysis - acquiring the data while tripping in or tripping out of hole - has become an attractive and viable option to consider over traditional wireline data acquisition. The LWD option comes with the added advantage of substantial savings in rig time while eliminating operational complexity and safety risks associated with additional wireline logging operation particularly in high angle- and extended reach wells.

To assess the robustness of the LWD cased hole cement evaluation logs and to validate its application to Deep Water (DW) wells, LWD and wireline acoustic logs were acquired back-to-back in three wells in the DW Gulf of Guinea (GoG), and the bond index estimated from both acquisitions were compared. This paper presents the outcome of the work and provides support to the opportunity to consider LWD acoustic data acquisition for quantitative cement bond evaluation.
Effect of Water Salinity on Crude Oil Viscosity in Porous Media at Varying Temperatures
Authors: Ogolo Naomi A. , Adesina Daniel O. , Akinboro George O. , Onyekonwu Mike O.
Published: July 2019

Viscosity is one major property of crude oil that is highly dependent on temperature and affects production operations. But temperature is not the only factor that affects oil viscosity; other factors include oil composition, pressure and dissolved gas. However, it has been observed that water salinity can also affect crude oil viscosity. It is therefore imperative that the effect of water salinity on crude oil viscosity be studied since water injection schemes using produced water or sea water is a common practice because it is economical and efficient in oil displacement from porous media.

This paper studies the effect of water salinity on crude oil viscosity at temperatures of 30°C, 70°C and 110°C. Sand samples were flooded with crude oil of known viscosity and brine of different salinity values ranging from 30g/l to 70g/l, after which the oil viscosities were determined again as well as the brine density. The flooding experiments were conducted like relative permeability experiments under steady state with an overburden pressure of 3000psi, using a standard core flooding equipment at a flow rate of 2ml/min.

The experimental results show that water salinity can increase crude oil viscosity. It was observed that the viscosity of the oil varied from 0.5cp to 2.3cp at different water salinity levels which could have been as a result of the chemical interaction between the two fluids. The effect of water salinity on the oil viscosity was more obvious at 30°C than at 70°C and 110°C, indicating that temperature could have played a vital role in the interaction process. On the other hand, the variation in water density after the oil-water interaction was more significant at higher temperatures than at 30°C. It was also observed that the maximum oil viscosity at 30°C was 2.26cp at 50g/l water salinity while 30g/l salinity gave the highest viscosity values of 1.29cp and 1.06cp for 70°C and 110°C respectively. This stresses the importance of conducting such studies with water samples intended to be used for water injection. It is therefore recommended that the effect of water salinity on crude oil viscosity be studied before embarking on any water injection scheme since high oil viscosity is not desired during oil production operations.
Predictive Data Analytics for Effective Electric Submersible Pump Management
Authors: Sherif Sanusi , Adenike Omisore , Obehi Eremiokhale , Funso Adebowale , Eyituoyo Blankson
Published: July 2019

Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) failures cause disruptions that lead to production deferement besides the cost of interventions/workovers post failure. The service life of an ESP is difficult to predict as it is affected by several factors which include reservoir characteristics, pump operating conditions and even the installation procedure. Measurement and monitoring of both dynamic and static ESP parameters play a critical role in extending the run-life. However, due to the complex nature of ESP failures, it can be difficult to identify anomalies by simply trending data.

Notable progress has been made in the past years with respect to the development of systems for monitoring but most operators are yet to fully leverage on a system that will allow for proactive ESP health condition monitoring.

In this paper, generalized machine-learning techniques and information acquired through real-time streaming was used to predict impending failures. This study applies Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on ESP intallations for a marginal field in the Niger Delta where production optimization and cost reduction are key to sustenance. Python was used for the data processing/statistical analysis and the algorithm development. The major objective of the PCA was to identify correlations in the dynamic ESP parameters: Intake Pressure, Intake Temperature, Discharge Pressure, Vibrations, Motor Temperature, Motor Current, Systems Current and Frequency recorded by the Variable Speed Drive (VSD) at regular intervals. Once the correlation/pattern was identified, the PCA approach found the directions of maximum variance in the high-dimensional data (in this study eight-dimensional) and projected it onto a smaller dimensional subspace while retaining most of the information. For each installation, a stable region for the operating frequency was identified and failed ESPs showed a clear drift from the stable region months before the failure occured, which was not apparent in the recorded parameters from the VSD.

The paper describes how to use Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to predict an ESP's runlife bringing the industry a step closer to proactive ESP monitoring as opposed to the current reactive methods.
Bottom-Hole Pressure Estimation from Wellhead Data Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Akinsete Oluwatoyin , Adesiji Blessing Adetoye
Published: July 2019

Accurate pressure losses prediction for flow in tubing installations is of great importance in the petroleum industry. Historically, the Bottom-Hole Pressure (BHP) determination was obtained using down-hole pressure gauges, because of the economic disadvantage and redundancy, this procedure seems to be less effective, this led to the adoption of the BHP prediction process in estimation. The wide acceptance of data-driven analytics makes the estimation procedure a valid approach in the industry today. Recently, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), a technique which has been widely accepted because the model proved to predict better than the conventional correlations.

This present work aims to develop a prediction model for BHP based on input and output data obtained from the Volve production field in Norway. Machine learning algorithm based on ANN was used to predict and further improve the accuracy of the prediction while considering a large production dataset from different wells of the field. In developing the model, the initial dataset was processed to about 2,500 data points; the model was trained, tested and cross-validated based on the parameters from the data. Results affirmed that ANN has the ability to handle large dataset, results also revealed that ANN outperformed other models, with a Coefficient of Determination of 0.99997, Root Mean Squared Error of 0.07405 and Mean Absolute Error of 0.02657, which shows high predictability of the model. These results indicated that the ANN model gives a better prediction of BHP when compared to other mechanistic models.

Finally, this work supports the claim, that Production engineers can accurately predict the pressure at the sand-face of a producing well without the use of expensive BHP gauge.
Delineating Fracture Patterns from Seismic and Well Derived Multi-Attributes Data
Authors: John Rotimi Oluwatosin , Liang Yao , Wang Zhenli
Published: July 2019

Structural complexities are concerns frequently encountered as peculiar features in most hydrocarbon provinces which various attempts has been made to resolve using conventional spatial images of the subsurface as continuous seismic reflections. These structural patterns are either tectonic or sedimentonic in origin and confers anisotropy and heterogeneity in subsurface formations thereby increasing the uncertainty associated with exploring hydrocarbon locked in their pores. Diffraction imaging has been used in various instances to delineate subtle discontinuities that synthesize diffraction waves in hydrocarbon formations, in tandem with reflection seismic and other invasive geophysical logs and core, in comparatively understanding fracture orientations and establishing relationships with the temporal data that are often regarded as most reliable. These data points have been used to infer structural relationship between the naturally fractured clastic formations in an oil and gas field with success. Rock elastic properties and signal anisotropy derived from core and logs resulted in structural attributes that correlated well with seismic diffraction volume inferred properties, giving credence to the relationships established and usefulness of the diffraction volume for characterizing and emphasizing small scale features hitherto classed as sub-seismic.
A Machine Learning Approach to Shear Sonic Log Prediction
Authors: Bukar Idris , Adamu M. B. , Hassan Usman
Published: July 2019

A machine learning approach to shear sonic log prediction is demonstrated. The results of this approach were compared to that of an approach based on the Greenberg-Castagna empirical method. This approach is based on supervised machine learning and is implemented in MATLAB. While the Greenberg-Castagna method is an empirical method that attempts to predict shear velocity log from compressional velocity log for various pure and composite lithologies, this approach uses, in addition to compressional velocity log as the main predictor, several other logging measurements as predictors including gamma ray, bulk density, neutron, resistivity, porosity and water saturation logs. A dataset which includes wells with recorded shear velocity logs is used to train and validate the machine learning model. A feature selection process is performed to highlight which of the logs would be good predictors of shear velocity (VS). Various regression models are then trained, and the predicted values compared to the actual for the various models by their root-mean-square errors (RMSE), and the model with the smallest RMSE is chosen. Predictions are then carried out on another well within the dataset, which serves as the validation set. The results show improvement in the accuracy of the predictions over the linear regression model based on the Greenberg-Castagna method, as measured by the RMSE. The case study also demonstrates the potential of carrying out shear sonic log prediction in hydrocarbon-bearing intervals, which is a limitation of the Greenberg-Castagna method which only works in brine-saturated rocks. This approach would provide improved accuracy where shear sonic logs are absent and need to be predicted for geomechanics, rock physics and other applications. This is particularly important in older fields where shear sonic logs were never acquired in the older wells.
A Novel Approach for Predicting Sand Stringers: A Case Study of the Baka Field Offshore Nigeria
Authors: Chudi Obinna , Kanu Magnus , Anaevune Austin , Yamusa Idris , Iwegbu James , Sesan Oloniboko , Musa Joel
Published: July 2019

This paper details the seismic reservoir characterization study, aimed at predicting isolated sand lenses or stringers. Sand stringers or lenses are laterally discontinuous bodies that are encased in a different lithological body, they appear isolated and variable in lateral extent and thickness but mostly occur as thin beds. The thickness of these stringers makes it difficult for pre-drill predictions. One complicating factor of sand stringer is its potential of being isolated overpressured ramps which if unexpectedly encountered during drilling can cause kicks and if severe a blow-out is inevitable.

The Baka field is located some 120km off the coast of Nigeria in water depths of 2600ft (800m) to 3900ft (1200 m) with several wells drilled to date. Two of these wells have encountered unpredicted sand bodies that range in thickness from 15-25ft. These sand bodies were encountered within the Baka reservoir play interval of 5000 to 10000ft and were not predicted from conventional seismic reflectivity data, inverted seismic and offset well correlation. To obtain a better prediction of this stringers, alternative solutions are required. For this reason, a novel methodology - Geo-body constrained inversion approach was developed in 2017 to enable accurate prediction of stringer sands. Using this technique, a high-resolution acoustic impedance volume was built. Result of this study allowed the identification of gas bearing sand stringers encountered in previously drilled wells, thereby calibrating the model. The Geo-body inversion model proved a reliable tool for safe drilling of wells in 2018, ensuring that sand stingers were predicted at pre-drill phase in the Baka field.
Sustainability Assurance and Evaluation for Effective Corporate Social Responsibility Communication
Authors: Uwem E. Ite
Published: July 2019

Over the years, oil and gas companies in Nigeria have adopted several policy approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR) to complement their stakeholder relations strategy. These include corporate philanthropy, strategic CSR as well as partnership schemes. Some companies have also gone further to demonstrate significant commitment and interest for CSR delivery by increasing their expenditure on CSR. To derive maximum value, companies need to report with certainty, the direct and indirect impact of their contributions to sustainable development. Yet, there are challenges in determining the actual impact and outcomes of CSR initiatives, and reporting same to internal and external stakeholders, without greenwashing. Many CSR projects have been known to fail shortly after completion and handing over to beneficiaries. This is partly due to initial failure to incorporate a robust set of sustainability criteria into the design and implementation process. On the other hand, attempts to measure project impacts after completion sometimes do not yield the desired results for effective CSR communication due to deployment of poorly designed methodology for data collection and analysis. This paper provides guidance on sustainability assurance and evaluation criteria which can assist companies to move beyond the annual reporting on the number of completed projects and amount of money spent (i.e. quantity delivered), to telling the story of the impact of projects on beneficiaries as well as the macroeconomic, social and environmental effects (i.e. quality and value-added). The paper concludes that the knowledge and full understanding of the impacts and effects of completed community development projects are crucial inputs for effective CSR communication as well as lessons for the planning and delivery of subsequent projects.
The Impact of the Proposed Petroleum Industry Fiscal Bill PIFB, 2018 Tax Scheme on the Economics of Oil Production in Nigeria
Authors: Nyoor Bariture , Oyebimpe Adeogun , Iledare Omowumi O.
Published: July 2019

Revenue from petroleum operations remains the most important contributor to government expenditures in Nigeria. Hence, the onus is on the central government to design fiscal regime that would maximize economic rents to the nation. The Petroleum Industry Fiscal Bill (PIFB) of 2018 seems to be the awaited bill that may satisfy the economic objectives of the Nigerian government. PIFB 2018 proposes the replacement of the default petroleum profit tax with single tax system, petroleum income tax and additional petroleum income tax to cater for windfall profits. This research uses deterministic spreadsheet approach to evaluate the impacts of this new tax scheme on the profitability of oil ventures in Nigerian deep-water production sharing contracts. The deterministic results were subjected to Monte Carlo Simulation using Crystal Ball Risk analysis software to account for risks and uncertainties inherent in the business. The typical project examined under PIFB (2018) generated a positive Net Present Value (NPV) of MM$595.18, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 23.7% which is higher than opportunity cost of capital, Profitability Index (PI) of 1.34, Contractor take of 11.9% and Host Government take of 88.1%. All evaluated indicators gave positive results meaning that investments under this new fiscal regime will be profitable giving the government higher take as compared to the current regime. The results also show that the contractor take can increase to as high as 25% taking advantage of Reserves Replacement Ratio (RRR) tied to additional production allowance. The bill however, does not explicitly state the conditions for cost recovery limit and profit oil sharing, as such could create a lot concerns to investors and may also hamper investment in the industry. Hence, the bill should be reviewed before passage into law.
Data Envelopment Analysis DEA of Natural Gas Utilization in Nigeria
Authors: Ojaraida Lolo , Iledare Omowumi , Idowu Adekunle
Published: July 2019

Nigeria has huge natural gas resources, yet there is a great concern on the availability of natural gas supply for primary energy requirement to power its economy. This paper focuses on evaluating the efficiency of natural gas utilization in Nigeria from 1995 to 2017. Its purpose is to evaluate gas use with respect to industrial development and susceptibility of GDP to a sudden decrease in natural gas production.

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is a mathematical (optimization) tool for assessing the relative efficiencies of decision making units (DMU), was applied to show that natural gas is not fully utilized in Nigeria and has thus impacted economic growth negatively. The vulnerability indexes for the period under consideration were high, suggesting that Nigeria is not self-sufficient in natural gas. In addition, there is strong evidence from empirical results to suggest that as gas consumption increases GDP rises as well. This implies that a right policy framework and implementation strategies need to be in place to advance Nigeria's economic growth aspiration.