bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urgently Creating the Better in Global Health
Authors: Marlink Richard
Published: September 2017

In this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Govind Persad and Ezekiel Emanuel argue that “[t]he provision of cheaper, less effective health care is frequently the most effective way of promoting health and realizing the ethical values of utility, equality, and priority to the worst off.” I agree that we should not let the perfect get in the way of the good, but just providing cheaper, less effective treatment for utilitarian or other reasons is not a comprehensive approach to global health. In my experience as an on‐the‐ground global health practitioner, the choice is never that simple. As time passes, dynamics evolve, and so should the responses to a global health problem. The goal of global health should be urgently improving responses toward better access to care and equity in health, without which the good may become the enemy of the better. In other words, there are places and times in which the approach Persad and Emanuel describe may be appropriate, but their recommendations fail to account for the realities of a population‐level medical emergency and for the fact that once an emergency is initially or partially addressed in any setting, time can be the enemy, if it breeds complacency.
Despairing about Health Disparities
Authors: Fleck Leonard M.
Published: September 2017

I have never doubted that the problem of inequalities in health status and access to needed care is a difficult ethical and political challenge. After reading the essays in Understanding Health Inequalities and Justice: New Conversations across the Disciplines, edited by Mara Buchbinder, Michele Rivkin‐Fish, and Rebecca Walker, I concluded that despair was the only suitable response in the face of daunting ethical and political complexity.

The editors of this volume have three questions in mind that they asked contributors to address. (1) How do scholars from various disciplines approach relations between health inequalities and ideals of justice? Social scientists want to offer empirical descriptions of inequalities in health status across a range of social groups, but there are numerous ways of offering such descriptions. Are they all “correct”? Philosophers and medical ethicists want to make normative judgments regarding which inequalities matter, ethically speaking. So (2) do we need to know when considerations of justice are relevant to assessing health inequalities and which considerations of justice are most relevant in specific contexts? Ultimately, (3) the question is which of these scholarly approaches is most useful for improving health policy.
Visuomotor effects of body part movements presented in the first‐person perspective on imitative behavior
Authors: Watanabe Rui , Higuchi Takahiro , Kikuchi Yoshiaki , Taira Masato
Published: September 2017

Imitative stimuli presented from a first‐person perspective (FPP) produce stronger visuomotor effects than those presented from a third‐person perspective (TPP) due to the relatively greater response of the mirror neuron system (MNS) to FPP stimuli. Some previous studies utilizing TPP stimuli have reported no differences in MNS activity between moving and static bodies’ stimuli. However, few studies have compared visuomotor effects of such stimuli when presented in the FPP. To clarify this issue, we measured cortical activation in 17 participants during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imitation task involving three conditions: moving (a lifting finger was presented), static (an “X” appeared on a static finger), and control (an “X” appeared on a button). All stimuli were presented from the FPP or TPP. Participants were asked to lift the finger corresponding to the imitative stimulus. In the FPP condition, moving stimuli elicited greater MNS activation than static stimuli. Furthermore, such movement effects were stronger in the MNS and insula (a region associated with body‐ownership) for FPP stimuli than for TPP stimuli. Psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed increased connectivity between the MNS and insula for moving stimuli in the FPP condition. These findings suggest that bodily movements presented in the FPP elicit a greater visuomotor response than static body presented in the FPP, and that the visuomotor effects of bodily movements were greater in the FPP condition than in the TPP condition. Our analyses further indicated that such responses are processed via the neural system underlying body‐ownership. Hum Brain Mapp 38:6218–6229, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evapotranspiration and water source of a tropical rainforest in peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Lion Marryanna , Kosugi Yoshiko , Takanashi Satoru , Noguchi Shoji , Itoh Masayuki , Katsuyama Masanori , Matsuo Naoko , Shamsuddin Siti‐Aisah
Published: September 2017

To evaluate water use and the supporting water source of a tropical rainforest, a 4‐year assessment of evapotranspiration (ET) was conducted in Pasoh Forest Reserve, a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. The eddy covariance method and isotope signals of rain, plant, soil, and stream waters were used to determine forest water sources under different moisture conditions. Four sampling events were conducted to collect soil and plant twig samples in wet, moderate, dry, and very dry conditions for the identification of isotopic signals. Annual ET from 2012 to 2015 was quite stable with an average of 1,182 ± 26 mm, and a substantial daily ET was observed even during drought periods, although some decline was observed, corresponding with volumetric soil water content. During the wet period, water for ET was supplied from the surface soil layer between 0 and 0.5 m, whereas in the dry period, approximately 50% to 90% was supplied from the deeper soil layer below 0.5‐m depth, originating from water precipitated several months previously at this forest. Isotope signatures demonstrated that the water sources of the plants, soil, and stream were all different. Water in plants was often different from soil water, probably because plant water came from a different source than water that was strongly bound to the soil particles. Plants showed no preference for soil depth with their size, whereas the existence of storage water in the xylem was suggested. The evapotranspiration at this forest is balanced and maintained using most of the available water sources except for a proportion of rapid response run‐off.
Association between long‐term low‐intensity cigarette smoking and incidence of smoking‐related cancer in the national institutes of health‐AARP cohort
Authors: Inoue‐Choi Maki , Hartge Patricia , Liao Linda M. , Caporaso Neil , Freedman Neal D.
Published: September 2017

An increasing proportion of US smokers smoke ≤10 cigarettes per day (CPD) or do not smoke every day, yet the health effects of low‐intensity smoking are poorly understood. We identified lifelong smokers of <1 or 1‐10 CPD and evaluated risk of incident cancer among 238,525 cancer‐free adults, aged 59‐82, in the NIH‐AARP Diet and Health Study. A questionnaire administered in 2004‐2005 assessed CPD during nine age‐periods (<15 to ≥70). We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression with age as the underlying time metric. Of the 18,233 current smokers, (7.6%), 137 and 1,243 reported consistently smoking <1 CPD and 1‐10 CPD, respectively. Relative to never smokers, current smokers who reported consistently smoking 1‐10 CPD over their lifetime were 2.34 (95% CI = 1.86‐2.93) times more likely to develop smoking‐related cancer. Current lifetime smokers of <1 CPD were 1.89 (95% CI = 0.90‐3.96) times more likely to develop tobacco‐related cancer, although the association did not reach statistical significance. Associations were observed for lifelong smoking of ≤10 CPD with lung cancer (HR = 9.65, 95% CI = 6.93‐13.43); bladder cancer (HR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.22‐4.05); and pancreatic cancer (HR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.05‐3.95). Among lifelong ≤10 CPD smokers, former smokers had lower risks of smoking‐related cancer with longer time since cessation and longer smoking duration. Lifelong <1 and 1‐10 CPD smokers are at increased risk of incident cancer relative to never smokers and would benefit from cessation, providing further evidence that even low‐levels of cigarette smoking cause cancer.
A quasi‐experimental evaluation of rent assistance for individuals experiencing chronic homelessness
Authors: Pankratz Courtney , Nelson Geoffrey , Morrison Marie
Published: September 2017

This study investigated the effectiveness of the addition of rent assistance to existing housing and support services in the Waterloo region of Ontario for people experiencing chronic homelessness. A nonequivalent comparison group design was used to compare the outcomes between (a) participants selected to receive rent assistance plus support services (n = 26) and (b) participants receiving support services only (n = 25). Participants were interviewed at baseline and 6 months later. Participants in the rent assistance condition showed significantly greater improvements over time relative to the comparison group in housing stability and quality of life. They also demonstrated significantly better perceived housing quality, and there were trends of greater improvement in community functioning, social support, and food security. The findings demonstrate that rent assistance is associated with superior program outcomes for people experiencing chronic homelessness and is a necessary component of supported housing models, such as Housing First.
Conversion of benzoic acid into phenol in an ITMS under CI‐MSn conditions. Recognition of ortho‐chlorobenzoyl derivatives
Authors: Begala Michela
Published: September 2017

Isomeric chlorobenzoyl cations (m/z 139), under collision‐induced experiments, fragment identically. Chlorobenzoyl cations can be efficiently converted into cholorophenol radical cations by the reaction with methanol in the ion trap analyzer under CI‐MSn conditions. The substitution of the carbonyl group with a hydroxyl moiety is able to induce an ortho effect, which is absent in the startingortho‐chlorobenzoyl cation. This transformation could be useful to recognize ortho‐chlorinated benzoyl derivatives without the need of MS spectrum comparison of the whole set of isomers. The method reported in this study could be applicable to biologically active molecules that dissociate to form the chlorobenzoyl cations under CI or CI collision‐induced dissociation conditions, such as indomethacin, the degradation products from the insect growth regulator 1‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl)‐3‐(4‐chlorophenyl) urea, and lorazepam.
Unraveling the inhibitory effect of dihydromyricetin on heterocyclic aromatic amines formation
Authors: Zhou Bin , Zhao Yueliang , Wang Xichang , Fan Daming , Cheng Kawing , Wang Mingfu
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mutagens and rodent carcinogens. Flavonoids have attracted considerable attention for development into effective inhibitors against the formation of genotoxic HAAs in thermally processed foods.

RESULTS

The inhibitory effect of dihydromyricetin (DMY) on the formation of key HAAs, including 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), 2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]‐quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2‐amino‐3,4,8‐trimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline (4,8‐DiMeIQx), was significant. In chemical models, DMY (0.05 mmol, 0.1 mmol, and 0.2 mmol) significantly decreased the amount of PhIP formed (43.0%, 54.7%, and 75.7% respectively). A significant inhibitory effect on the formation of MeIQx and 4,8‐DiMeIQx was also observed. Moreover, DMY (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) reduced the generation of PhIP (by 48.0%, 59.0%, and 80.1% respectively) and that of MeIQx (by 45.8%, 62.0%, and 76.7% respectively) in fried beef patties.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that DMY could be converted into myricetin during thermal processing, and both DMY and myricetin could trap phenylacetaldehyde, a major Strecker aldehyde of phenylalanine, in a similar manner to thus inhibit the generation of PhIP. This study provides valuable information for the development of effective strategies to minimize HAA content in thermally processed foods and also sheds light on the mechanism that accounts for the inhibitory effect. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Nitrogen dynamics in flooded soil systems: an overview on concepts and performance of models
Authors: Nurulhuda Khairudin , Gaydon Donald S , Jing Qi , Zakaria Mohamad P , Struik Paul C , Keesman Karel J
Published: September 2017

Extensive modelling studies on nitrogen (N) dynamics in flooded soil systems have been published. Consequently, many N dynamics models are available for users to select from. With the current research trend, inclined towards multidisciplinary research, and with substantial progress in understanding of N dynamics in flooded soil systems, the objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the modelling concepts and performance of 14 models developed to simulate N dynamics in flooded soil systems. This overview provides breadth of knowledge on the models, and, therefore, is valuable as a first step in the selection of an appropriate model for a specific application. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Local indigenous fruit‐derived juices as alternate source of acidity regulators
Authors: D'souza Cassandra , Fernandes Rosaline , Kudale Subhash , Naik Azza Silotry
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Acidity regulators are additives that alter and control food acidity. The objective of this study was to explore local indigenous fruits as sources of natural acidity regulators. Juices extracted from Garcinia indica (kokum), Embilica officinalis (amla) and Tamarindus indica (tamarind) were used as acidulants for media such as coconut milk and bottle gourd juice. The buffering capacity β, acid composition, antioxidant activity and shelf‐life study of the acidified media were estimated.

RESULTS

Potentiometric titration showed G. indica to possess the highest buffering capacity in both ranges. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis showed T. indica contained a high level of tartaric acid (4.84 ± 0.01 mg g−1), while G. indica had citric acid (22.37 ± 0.84 mg g−1) and E. officinalis had citric acid (2.75 ± 0.02 mg g−1) along with ascorbic acid (2.68 ± 0.01 mg g−1). 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity was high for E. officinalis (91.24 ± 0.66%) and T. indica (90.93 ± 0.817%) and relatively lower for G. indica (34.61 ± 3.66%). The shelf‐life study showed total plate count to be within the prescribed limits up to a week, in accordance with safety regulations.

CONCLUSION

This investigation confirmed the suitability of indigenous fruit juices as alternatives to existing acidity regulators. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of pre‐operative imaging and double balloon enteroscopy in the surgical management of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors: Is it necessary?
Authors: Manguso Nicholas , Gangi Alexandra , Johnson Jeffrey , Harit Attiya , Nissen Nicholas , Jamil Laith , Lo Simon , Wachsman Ashley , Hendifar Andrew , Amersi Farin
Published: September 2017

Background and Objectives

Pre‐operative localization of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNET) is important for operative planning. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of pre‐operative imaging and double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in identifying extent of disease.

Methods

Database review identified 85 patients with primary SBNET between 2006 and 2013. Analysis included patients who underwent imaging, endoscopy, and surgery at our institution.

Results

Average age was 60.7 years. Sixty‐six (77.1%) patients had a primary NET in the ileum. Seventy‐two patients (67.3%) underwent CT, 47 (46.7%) had MRI, 44 (46.7%) had somatostatin receptor imaging (SRI), and 41 (39.3%) underwent DBE. The sensitivity of each in identifying the NET was 59.7% for CT, 54% for MRI, 56% for SRI, and 88.1% for DBE. Eighteen (21.2%) patients had primary tumors not identified on imaging. Of these 18, 13 underwent DBE, and 12 of 13 (92.3%) DBEs identified the primary lesion. DBE was significantly better at identifying the primary NET than CT, MRI or SRI (P = 0.004, 0.007, and 0.012).

Conclusions

Most SBNETs are identified with a combination of imaging modalities. In those with unidentified primary tumors after imaging, DBE should be considered as it may provide valuable information as to the location of the primary tumor.
Chronic wasting disease influences activity and behavior in white‐tailed deer
Authors: Edmunds David R. , Albeke Shannon E. , Grogan Ronald G. , Lindzey Frederick G. , Legg David E. , Cook Walter E. , Schumaker Brant A. , Kreeger Terry J. , Cornish Todd E.
Published: September 2017

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of members of the family Cervidae. Although CWD has been a serious concern among wildlife managers in several states in the United States and 2 Canadian provinces for over a decade, it is not known how CWD affects movement of hosts during the preclinical and clinical phases of disease. We hypothesized that normal movement patterns are altered by CWD. We evaluated migratory status, migration corridors, dispersal behavior, hourly activity patterns, home range areas, and resource selection for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of known CWD status as a means of understanding how CWD infection influenced habitat use and disease spread. We captured deer, tested for CWD by tonsil biopsy, marked deer with radio‐transmitters (2003–2010) or global positioning system collars (2006–2010), and recaptured individuals annually for CWD testing. The proportion of CWD‐positive females that migrated was significantly less than CWD‐positive males. All deer that were CWD‐negative were more active than their CWD‐positive cohabitants, which was most pronounced in fall for males when CWD‐positive deer were significantly less active throughout the day. Home range areas were small ( = 1.99 km2) and were larger for CWD‐negative females than CWD‐positive females. Resource selection analyses indicated that all deer, regardless of CWD status, sex, or migratory status selected riparian habitats. Riparian habitats represent high CWD risk areas that should be targeted for potential disease management actions (e.g., surveillance, culling, environmental treatments). © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Balloon dilation of the eustachian tube for dilatory dysfunction: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Poe Dennis , Anand Vijay , Dean Marc , Roberts William H. , Stolovitzky Jose Pablo , Hoffmann Karen , Nachlas Nathan E. , Light Joshua P. , Widick Mark H. , Sugrue John P. , Elliott C. Layton , Rosenberg Seth I. , Guillory Paul , Brown Neil , Syms Charles A. , Hilton Christopher W. , McElveen John T. , Singh Ameet , Weiss Raymond L. , Arriaga Moises A. , Leopold John P.
Published: September 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube with Eustachian tube balloon catheter in conjunction with medical management as treatment for Eustachian tube dilatory dysfunction.

Study Design

In this prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, patients age 22 years and older with Eustachian tube dilatory dysfunction refractory to medical therapy to undergo balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube with balloon catheter in conjunction with medical management or medical management alone.

Methods

The primary endpoint was normalization of tympanogram at 6 weeks. Additional endpoints were normalization of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionaire‐7 symptom scores, positive Valsalva maneuver, mucosal inflammation, and safety.

Results

Primary efficacy results demonstrated superiority of balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube with balloon catheter + medical management compared to medical management alone. Tympanogram normalization at 6‐week follow‐up was observed in 51.8% (72/139) of investigational patients versus 13.9% (10/72) of controls (P < .0001). Tympanogram normalization in the treatment group was 62.2% after 24 weeks. Normalization of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionaire‐7 Symptom scores at 6‐week follow‐up was observed in 56.2% (77/137) of investigational patients versus 8.5% (6/71) controls (P < .001). The investigational group also demonstrated substantial improvement in both mucosal inflammation and Valsalva maneuver at 6‐week follow‐up compared to controls. No device‐ or procedure‐related serious adverse events were reported for those who underwent balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated superiority of balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube with balloon catheter + medical management compared to medical management alone to treat Eustachian tube dilatory dysfunction in adults.

Level of Evidence

1b. Laryngoscope, 128:1200–1206, 2018
A simple 3‐dimensional model to analyse wheel‐rail adhesion under wet condition
Authors: Wu Bing , Chen Ming , Wu Tao , Wen Zefeng , Jin Xuesong
Published: September 2017

The object of this paper is to develop a 3‐dimensional numerical model to estimate the wheel and rail adhesion coefficient considering surface roughness under wet condition. The water film thickness formed between wheel and rail plays an important role on the adhesion coefficient. Firstly, the full isothermal elasto‐hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) theory of elliptical contact is used to obtain more than 20 different film thickness cases using Bett and Cappi's viscosity equation of water. Based on the numerical solutions, empirical formulas for the central and minimum film thickness are obtained relating to rolling speed, wheel and rail contact force, and material parameters and compared with results obtained by previous studies. Secondly, taking the surface roughness into consideration, the EHL theory is used to obtain the load carried by water, and the statistical elastic‐plastic mico‐contact model presented by Lee et al. was applied to calculate the load carried by asperities. Meanwhile, the thermal influencing reduction factor is used to consider the inlet heating effects on the film thickness, and the change of water viscosity is also taken into consideration due to the flash temperature generated between the moving rough surfaces. Furthermore, the present work investigates the dependence of the wheel/rail adhesion coefficient on train speed and surface roughness amplitude under wet condition.
Experimental and numerical assessment of hyperthermic laser lipolysis with 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser on a porcine fatty tissue model
Authors: Milanic Matija , Muc Blaz Tasic , Jezersek Matija , Lukac Matjaz
Published: September 2017

Background and Objectives

The aim of this study was to develop experimental and numerical models for a better understanding of hyperthermic laser lipolysis (HHL).

Study Design

A 3 cm thick porcine fat sample was irradiated over a 4.3 × 4.7 cm2 area for 2 minutes with a 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser using 1.2 W/cm2 irradiance. Two irradiation scenarios were considered: without and with forced air cooling. Following the irradiation, the sample was left to cool down by natural convection. During the irradiation period, the surface temperature of the sample was continuously recorded by an infrared camera. Additionally, temperature depth profiles during the cooling period were also obtained. A one‐dimensional model of the laser irradiation procedure was developed, including light and heat transport. The model was used to determine the absorption coefficient of the fat and the heat convection coefficients from the measured data, and to evaluate the treatment by varying the parameters.

Results

The measured temperature depth profiles revealed a maximum temperature (45.5°C) at the surface for a non‐cooled sample, and a surface temperature of 38°C with a subsurface temperature peak of 42.6°C at a depth of 5.7 mm for a cooled sample. This corresponded well with the measured surface temperature increase following the irradiation as a result of heat diffusion from the heated deeper fat layers. The developed numerical model was used to fit the measured data. A good agreement between the model and the measurements was obtained. By varying the treatment parameters, basic empirical relations connecting the treatment, thermal signal, and temperature depth profile parameters were found.

Conclusions

The results of this study provide a better understanding of transcutaneous laser lipolysis. The developed numerical model can be extended to transcutaneous laser lipolysis of human subjects. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:125–136, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biodegradable Inorganic–Organic POSS–PEG Hybrid Hydrogels as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Yu Jingjing , Liu Zongtao , Shen Jinrui , Lu Cuifen , Hu Xingjian , Dong Nianguo , Yang Guichun , Chen Zuxing , Nie Junqi
Published: September 2017

Biodegradable hydrogels have attracted much attention in tissue engineering due to their good biocompatibility and elastomeric behavior. In this work, a series of inorganic–organic polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxanes–poly(ethylene glycol) (POSS–PEG) hybrid hydrogels are prepared by covalently grafting POSS into PEG and further cross‐linked by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) degradable peptide via Michael‐type addition polymerization. All the POSS–PEG hybrid hydrogels have a porous structure and high hydrophilic ability, and the grafted hydrophobic POSS macromers result in a higher mechanical properties and lower equilibrium swelling ratio. Additionally, the hydrogels can be biodegraded by MMP‐2 solution and the POSS loading level can influence the degradation rate. It is worth mentioning that POSS‐containing hybrid hydrogels can be prepared in water and be used for 3D cell culture. In vitro cell viability study on human umbilical vein endothelial cells for 3D cell culture indicates POSS–PEG hydrogels have good compatibility. All of these results suggest that these POSS–PEG hybrid hydrogels exhibit the potential for tissue engineering scaffolds.
Natural history of post‐void residual urine volume over 5 years in community‐dwelling older men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project
Authors: Noguchi Naomi , Chan Lewis , Cumming Robert G. , Blyth Fiona M. , Handelsman David J. , Waite Louise M. , Le Couteur David G. , Naganathan Vasi
Published: September 2017

Aims

To describe the natural history of post‐void residual urine volume (PVR) in community‐dwelling older men.

Methods

The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project involves a representative sample of community‐dwelling men aged 70 and older in a defined geographic area of Sydney, Australia. PVR were measured at baseline and 2‐year and 5‐year follow‐up. The measurements were considered valid when the voided volumes were 150 mL and over. Three‐hundred twenty‐nine men without conditions that are likely to alter PVR (neurological disorders, prostate cancer, and a history of urological treatment) were included in the analyses.

Results

Baseline PVR were 0‐49 mL in 183 men, 50‐99 mL in 59 men, 100‐199 mL in 72 men, 200‐399 mL in 11 men, and 400 mL and over in 4 men. Thirteen out of 314 (4%) men with a baseline PVR of 0‐199 mL and 2 out of 11 (18%) men with a baseline PVR of 200‐399 mL had surgery for benign prostate enlargement (BPE) or indwelling catheterization over 5 years compared to three out of four men (75%) with a PVR of 400 mL and over. In all 101 men with a baseline PVR of less than 400 mL who did not receive urological treatment during follow‐up and had valid PVR data for both 2‐year and 5‐year follow‐up, PVR did not exceed 400 mL at either follow‐up time point.

Conclusion

Conservative management may be appropriate for most older men with incidentally found elevated PVR of up to 400 mL.
Objectively Assessed Physical Activity and Weight Loss Maintenance among Individuals Enrolled in a Lifestyle Intervention
Authors: Unick Jessica L. , Gaussoin Sarah A. , Hill James O. , Jakicic John M. , Bond Dale S. , Hellgren Margareta , Johnson Karen C. , Peters Anne L. , Coday Mace , Kitzman Dalane W. , Bossart Suzette , Wing Rena R. ,   the Look AHEAD Research Group.
Published: September 2017

Objective

To examine the relationship between objectively assessed moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and 4‐year weight loss (WL) and WL maintenance among individuals with diabetes enrolled in the Look AHEAD trial.

Methods

MVPA was measured in a subgroup of lifestyle intervention participants with accelerometry data at baseline and at 1 and 4 years (n = 553; age: 59.7 ± 6.8 y; BMI: 35.5 ± 5.9 kg/m2). Minutes per week of bout‐related MVPA were calculated (≥ 3 metabolic equivalents, ≥ 10‐min bouts), and adherence to the national physical activity (PA) recommendation for WL maintenance (≥ 250 min/wk) was assessed.

Results

Independent of 1‐year WL, 4‐year MVPA (β = −0.003, SE = 0.002, P = 0.006), but not 1‐year MVPA (β = 0.0001, SE = 0.001, P = 0.50), was significantly associated with 4‐year WL. Compared with “nonmaintainers” (≥ 10% WL at year 1, but < 10% at year 4; n = 132), WL maintainers (≥ 10% WL at years 1 and 4; n = 103) had higher MVPA at year 1 (253.4 ± 251.8 vs. 163.9 ± 158.2 min/wk, P = 0.002) and year 4 (155.3 ± 180.6 vs. 111.4 ± 154.5 min/wk, P = 0.046). Although 38.8% and 22.3% of WL maintainers engaged in ≥ 250 min/wk at years 1 and 4, respectively, many engaged in < 150 min/wk (year 1: 41%, year 4: 61%).

Conclusions

Higher weekly MVPA is associated with greater long‐term WL and weight maintenance; however, many individuals are able to maintain ≥ 10% WL while engaging in little MVPA.
Asian Adolescents with Excess Weight are at Higher Risk for Insulin Resistance than Non‐Asian Peers
Authors: Elsamadony Ahmed , Yates Kathy F. , Sweat Victoria , Yau Po Lai , Mangone Alex , Joseph Adriana , Fierman Arthur , Convit Antonio
Published: September 2017

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether Asian American adolescents have higher metabolic risk from excess weight than non‐Asians.

Methods

Seven hundred thirty‐three students, aged 14 to 19 years old, completed a school‐based health screening. The 427 Asian and 306 non‐Asian students were overall equivalent on age, sex, and family income. Height, weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, and blood pressure were measured. Fasting triglycerides, high‐ and low‐density lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin levels were measured. Asian and non‐Asians in lean or overweight/obesity groups were contrasted on the five factors that make up the metabolic syndrome.

Results

Asian adolescents carrying excess weight had significantly higher insulin resistance (IR), triglyceride levels, and waist‐height ratios (W/H), despite a significantly lower overall BMI than corresponding non‐Asians. Similarly, Asians had a stronger relationship between W/H and the degree of IR than non‐Asian counterparts; 35% and 18% of the variances were explained (R2 = 0.35, R2 = 0.18) respectively, resulting in a significant W/H by racial group interaction (Fchange[1,236] = 11.56, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Despite lower overall BMI, Asians have higher IR and triglyceride levels from excess weight than their non‐Asian counterparts. One‐size‐fits‐all public health policies targeting youth should be reconsidered and attention paid to Asian adolescents, including those with mild degrees of excess weight.
High‐Level Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) expression is linked to poor prognosis in prostate cancer
Authors: Burdelski Christoph , Shihada Rami , Hinsch Andrea , Angerer Alexander , Göbel Cosima , Friedrich Emily , Hube‐Magg Claudia , Burdak‐Rothkamm Susanne , Kluth Martina , Simon Ronald , Möller‐Koop Christina , Sauter Guido , Büscheck Franzika , Wittmer Corinna , Clauditz Till S. , Krech Till , Tsourlakis Maria C. , Minner Sarah , Graefen Markus , Schlomm Thorsten , Wilczak Waldemar , Jacobsen Frank
Published: September 2017

Background

Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) is an enzyme involved in removal of toxic byproducts accumulating during glycolysis from the cell. GLO1 is up regulated in many cancer types but its role in prostate cancer is largely unknown.

Methods

Here, we employed GLO1 immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray including 11 152 tumors and an attached clinical and molecular database.

Results

Normal prostate epithelium was negative for GLO1, whereas 2059 (27.3%) of 7552 interpretable cancers showed cytoplasmic GLO1 staining, which was considered weak in 8.8%, moderate in 12.5%, and strong in 6.1% of tumors. Up regulation of GLO1 was significantly linked to high original Gleason grade, advanced pathological tumor stage and positive lymph node status (P < 0.0001 each). Comparison of GLO1 staining with several common genomic alterations of prostate cancers revealed a strong link between GLO1 up regulation and TMPRSS2:ERG fusion (P < 0.0001) and an ERG‐independent association with PTEN deletion (P < 0.0001). GLO1 up regulation was strongly linked to early biochemical recurrence in univariate analysis (P < 0.0001) and predicted poor prognosis independent from most (except from nodal stage) established prognostic parameters in multivariate analysis (P ≤ 0.03).

Conclusions

GLO1 upregulation is linked to aggressive prostate cancers characterized by ERG fusion and PTEN deletion. The strong and independent prognostic value makes it a promising candidate for routine diagnostic applications either alone or in combination with other markers.
Unexpectedly High Minority‐Carrier Lifetimes Exceeding 20 ms Measured on 1.4‐Ω cm n‐Type Silicon Wafers
Authors: Veith‐Wolf Boris A. , Schmidt Jan
Published: September 2017

We measure very high minority‐carrier lifetimes exceeding 20 ms on 1.4‐Ω cm n‐type Czochralski silicon wafers passivated using plasma‐assisted atomic‐layer‐deposited Al2O3 on both wafer surfaces. The measured maximum effective lifetimes are surprisingly high as they significantly exceed the intrinsic lifetime limit previously reported in the literature. We are able to measure such high lifetimes by realizing an exceptionally homogeneous Al2O3 surface passivation on large‐area samples (12.5 × 12.5 cm2). The importance of the homogeneous passivation is demonstrated by comparison with samples of locally reduced passivation quality.
Reductive Functionalization of Graphenides With Nickel(II) Porphyrin Diazonium Compounds
Authors: Hou Hui‐Lei , Dasler Daniela , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas
Published: September 2017

A novel type of a graphene‐porphyrin hybrid with a direct covalent linker between graphene and a nickel(II) tetraphenylporphyrin unit has successfully been synthesized by the reductive exfoliation/functionalization of potassium intercalated graphite as starting material. Moreover, we directly compared the reactivity of two structurally different porphyrin derivatives, namely, meso‐NiTPP‐N2+, with the diazonium group in 4′‐position of a peripheral phenyl ring and a novel β‐NiTPP‐N2+ diazonium cation, where the diazonium group is directly attached to the β‐pyrrolic position of the 18 π electron core. Due to sterical restraints, this intermediately generated porphyrin radical cannot attack the extended π surface of graphene and only a functionalization of present dangling bonds at the flake edges may be obtained in this case. All reaction products have been analyzed in detail be means of Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis.
Repeated SPRT charts for monitoring INAR(1) processes
Authors: Xu Shangjie , Jeske Daniel R.
Published: September 2017

Poisson integer valued autoregressive (INAR) models have been proposed for modeling correlated count data. Poisson lognormal (PLN) INAR models extend their use to overdispersed contexts. In this paper, we will propose the use of a repeated Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) procedure to detect change in first‐order INAR and PLN INAR models. We consider change in the mean, the autocorrelation parameter, and the overdispersion parameter. Simulation results show the repeated SPRT procedure performs favorably relative to previously proposed CUSUM procedures that are based on either the observations themselves or residuals of the observations from predicted values. A dataset on invasive insect species is used to illustrate the repeated SPRT procedure.
Emerging arboviruses in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Chikungunya and Zika outbreaks, 2014‐2016
Authors: Gregianini Tatiana Schäffer , Ranieri Tani , Favreto Cátia , Nunes Zenaida Marion Alves , Tumioto Giannini Gabriela Luchiari , Sanberg Nara Druck , da Rosa Marilda Tereza Mar , da Veiga Ana Beatriz Gorini
Published: September 2017

Questions investigated

The recent emergence of arboviruses such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil has posed a threat to human health and to the country's economy. Outbreaks occur mainly in tropical areas; however, increasing number of cases have been observed in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state; therefore, surveillance of these arboviruses is essential for public health measures.

Design

In this study, we analyzed 1276 samples from patients with clinically suspected arboviral diseases between 2014 and 2016. Demographic and clinical data were collected and described; cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were analyzed.

Essential findings

Results show that CHIKV and ZIKV entered RS in 2014 and 2015, respectively, with imported cases confirmed. Autochthonous infections occurred in 2016 for both viruses, with a total of 5 autochthonous cases for CHIKV and 44 for ZIKV. Most patients were older than 21 years; the main symptoms were fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and headache; rash, conjunctivitis, and pruritus were also reported in ZIKV cases. Three cases of congenital Zika syndrome were confirmed in our study, while another 20 cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were confirmed (10 positive for syphilis, 6 for toxoplasmosis and 4 for cytomegalovirus).

Main conclusions

Considering co‐circulation of different arbovirus in RS, including Dengue virus, CHIKV, and ZIKV, and the presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the area, surveillance of patients infected by these viruses contributes to the control and prevention of such diseases. Practical difficulties in diagnosing these infections are discussed.
Self‐triggered model predictive control for networked control systems based on first‐order hold
Authors: He Ning , Shi Dawei , Chen Tongwen
Published: September 2017

In this work, a new self‐triggered model predictive control (STMPC) algorithm is proposed for continuous‐time networked control systems. Compared with existing STMPC algorithms, the proposed STMPC is implemented based on linear interpolation (first‐order hold) rather than the standard zero‐order hold, which helps further reduce the difference between the self‐triggered control signal and the original time‐triggered counterpart and thus reduce the rate of triggering. Based on the first‐order hold implementation, a self‐triggering condition is derived and the corresponding theoretical properties of the closed‐loop system are analyzed. Finally, the comparison between the proposed algorithm and the zero‐order hold–based STMPC is carried out through both theoretical analysis and a simulation example to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Take steps to change the culture in fraternity, sorority communities
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2017

It seems fraternity and sorority communities frequently wind up in the media spotlight after engaging in behavior contrary to the stated values of their chapter as well as their campus community. And that leaves student affairs professionals faced with the complicated challenge of figuring out how to fix the problem. The solution really comes down to a change in the fraternity and sorority culture. And that leaves student affairs professionals with their work cut out for them.
Learn beneficial strategies for interacting with governing boards
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2017

Governing boards have an influence on college‐student success and play a critical role in the shared governance structure in higher education. But student affairs professionals sometimes find it difficult to approach governing board members because of public scrutiny and political or conflicting interests. For example, board members (also known as trustees) often have a dual role as donors to the institution and often don't reflect the make‐up of the campuses they serve. To overcome these challenges, student affairs professionals need to develop a better understanding of board priorities and plan more strategic interactions that will allow for collaborative efforts toward student success.
Was college liable for attack against a student?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: September 2017

John Mallett went into the offices of Miami‐Jacobs Business College and used a knife to attack Admissions Representative Gerald Dowe, for no apparent reason, in March 2012. Although he was stabbed several times, Dowe managed to render Mallett unconscious.
Ultrafast Flame Annealing of TiO2 Paste for Fabricating Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency
Authors: Kim Jung Kyu , Chai Sung Uk , Cho Yoonjun , Cai Lili , Kim Sung June , Park Sangwook , Park Jong Hyeok , Zheng Xiaolin
Published: September 2017

Mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) films are broadly used as electrodes in photoelectrochemical cells, dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). State‐of‐the‐art mesoporous TiO2 NP films for these solar cells are fabricated by annealing TiO2 paste‐coated fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass in a box furnace at 500 °C for ≈30 min. Here, the use of a nontraditional reactor, i.e., flame, is reported for the high throughput and ultrafast annealing of TiO2 paste (≈1 min). This flame‐annealing method, compared to conventional furnace annealing, exhibits three distinct benefits. First, flame removes polymeric binders in the initial TiO2 paste more completely because of its high temperature (≈1000 °C). Second, flame induces strong interconnections between TiO2 nanoparticles without affecting the underlying transparent conducting oxide substrate. Third, the flame‐induced carbothermic reduction on the TiO2 surface facilitates charge injection from the dye/perovskite to TiO2. Consequently, when the flame‐annealed mesoporous TiO2 film is used to fabricate DSSCs and PSCs, both exhibit enhanced charge transport and higher power conversion efficiencies than those fabricated using furnace‐annealed TiO2 films. Finally, when the ultrafast flame‐annealing method is combined with a fast dye‐coating method to fabricate DSSC devices, its total fabrication time is reduced from over 3 h to ≈10 min.
Teaching English Stress: A Case Study
Authors: Sadat‐Tehrani Nima
Published: September 2017

This article addresses the issue of teaching pronunciation in English as a second language (ESL) classes by specifically looking at the impact of teaching lexical stress rules and tendencies on learners' stress placement performance. Sixteen rules in the form of interactive worksheets were taught in three ESL classes at pre‐intermediate, intermediate, and upper intermediate levels (N = 38). The rules were taught and reviewed during 9 weeks, each taking approximately 25 minutes of class time. They dealt with four areas: word categories, compound nouns, verb‐noun pairs, and suffixes. The participants recorded a list of carefully chosen 100 words two times, once before and once after the teaching of the rules. The results show a statistically significant reduction of mean error percentage from 33.8% to 18.3%, with an effect size (Cohen's d) of 1.67. The implications of this research are twofold. On the one hand, it is evidence for the successful teaching of suprasegmentals and in particular lexical stress rules in ESL classes, and on the other, it contains a methodology and a sample lesson plan for teaching such rules (see Appendix A). The article thus argues for the inclusion of English lexical stress prediction rules in the ESL pronunciation curriculum to enhance learners' overall intelligibility.
Development of the national feral swine map, 1982–2016
Authors: Corn Joseph L. , Jordan Thomas R.
Published: September 2017

The Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study developed the first national feral swine (Sus scrofa) map for the United States in 1982 in collaboration with state wildlife resources agencies. National feral swine distribution maps were completed in 1982, 1988, and 2004 as individual maps, and then annually beginning in 2008 through the National Feral Swine Mapping System (NFSMS). The NFSMS is an internet‐based data‐collection website used in collaboration with state wildlife resources agencies and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. These ongoing collaborations have provided for a long‐term database that documents the expansion of established feral swine populations in the United States. The number of states reporting established populations was 18 in 1982 and 35 in 2016. The geographic area included in the distribution of feral swine increased from 544,854 km2 in 1982 to 1,675,618 km2 in 2016. We describe the development of the national feral swine maps including details on how these data were collected; provide feral swine maps for select years from 1982 to 2016; and note some of the uses of these maps. These maps detail the expansion of feral swine since 1982, which can be used in the future to monitor increases or decreases in the distribution of feral swine as natural reproduction of feral swine continues and feral swine control programs are implemented. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
A fully verified container library
Authors: Polikarpova Nadia , Tschannen Julian , Furia Carlo A.
Published: September 2017

The comprehensive functionality and nontrivial design of realistic general-purpose container libraries pose challenges to formal verification that go beyond those of individual benchmark problems mainly targeted by the state of the art. We present our experience verifying the full functional correctness of EiffelBase2: a container library offering all the features customary in modern language frameworks, such as external iterators, and hash tables with generic mutable keys and load balancing. Verification uses the automated deductive verifier AutoProof, which we extended as part of the present work. Our results indicate that verification of a realistic container library (135 public methods, 8400 LOC) is possible with moderate annotation overhead (1.4 lines of specification per LOC) and good performance (0.2 s per method on average).
Das SARO-Gutachten (1961): Beurteilung von Entstehung, Inhalt und Wirkung
Authors: Mäding Heinrich
Published: September 2017

The paper provides a historical review and appraisal of the 1961 report by the Expert Committee Responsible for Spatial Planning (SARO), which is judged to have had great significance for the start-up phase of federal spatial planning in Germany. The focus of the analysis is on a detailed evaluation of the text according to five key questions concerning its suitability as a policy advice document. Looking back to the policy advice demands of the time, the extent to which the text fulfilled the task allocated to the committee is assessed. Looking forwards, the political resonance of the text is outlined using important spatial planning documents of the years up to 1975. It is concluded that the suitability of the text for providing policy advice is limited by a number of factors. Criticisms include the use of the carrying capacity concept as a benchmark and the insufficient elaboration of the strategy in both material and procedural terms. Nonetheless, the political resonance of the document was positive and the report represented an important step towards the Spatial Planning Act of 1965.