bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of multistage chains in public transport: The case of Quito, Ecuador
Authors: Bastidas Zelaya Efrain
Published: October 2016

Because of the growth of cities in size and population, people get used to perform several stage trips involving transfers due to advantages such as time or price paid, being multistage trips more attractive compared to single stage trips. In Quito, Ecuador, nowadays multistage trips represent one third of total daily trips. This paper seeks to identify main characteristics of multistage trips as well as find relationships and inferences that allow recommendations regarding best practices to policy makers and transport managers. The information used belong to the data collected in the Household Survey Mobility held in Quito in 2011. Based on these data, the present work starts using an analysis with descriptive statistics. The next phase of this research involves the search for a methodology in order to identify correlations between demographic, socioeconomic and transport variables related with traveler´s choice for making or not a transfer.  Best methodology found was the use of Binary Logistic Regression (Logit) and specific computer software, with which different statistic's models were performed to find the strongest correlation. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations as well as suggestions for future research.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3530
WHAT CAN BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION BRING TO TRANSPORT SERVICE OPERATIONS IN A CONTEXT OF INCREASING LIBERALIZATION
Authors: Mateu Céspedes José María
Published: October 2016

Transport services continue to be liberalized across the entire European Union, although at differing speeds in each Member State. This momentum is expected to continue in the coming years. Against this background, attention to new dimensions of transport services becomes imperative. The focus, which has so far centred on managing infrastructure, must now shift to lesser explored areas, like product innovation and customer relationship management. The efficiency and competitiveness of new private operators will depend to a large extent on achieving a balanced development of the three aforementioned areas, as well as paying particular attention to their inherent logic, in order to build a strong value proposition. Business model innovation emerged in the field of strategic management yet goes beyond the traditional framework of competition 'for the market' and 'in the market', opening a wider and more promising space, i.e. the market creation framework. The goal is no longer to discover and exploit opportunities, but to create new opportunities and generate new market spaces.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3673
Bicycling-related accidents and factors contributing to injury
Authors: González Peréz Luis Miguel , Wideberg Johan , GONZALEZ PEREZ-SOMARRIBA Borja
Published: October 2016

Objective: This study was conducted to find the epidemiological characteristics of bicycling-related maxillofacial fractures in a defined population, and identify factors contributing to injury. Methodology: A prospective study was carried out involving patients presenting with maxillofacial fractures sustained in bicycling-related accidents. Results: Between 908 of all cycling accidents attending for medical treatment, 122 patients (13% of all cycling accidents) were admitted with facial fractures between 2007 and 2014. Male and female ratio was 2.6:1, and the mean age was 29.4 years (standard deviation: 12.8, range: 12-79 years). Causes of injury included collisions (63%) and accidental falls (37%). The fracture patterns seen were mandibular (49%), zygomatic (32%), orbital (13%), nasal (7%), maxillary (2%), and frontal (2%). Condylar fractures were the most common of the mandibular fractures (63%). The most frequently observed concomitant lesions were orthopedic injuries. Conclusions: Bicycling-related maxillofacial injuries are common and therefore important to identify in order to design a sustainable transport system and for units that provide assistance to traffic accident victims. Missed diagnosis or delayed treatment can lead to facial deformities and functional problems. Wearing protective helmets and the improvement of the helmets design is one aspect that would be of interest for the prevention of injuries. Keywords: Cycling; bicycle-related trauma; maxillofacial fractures; risk factors; helmets.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3718
EXPERIMENTAL ASSESMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF COACHES STRUCTURES AFTER COLLISION REPAIR
Authors: Alcalá Enrique , Rincón Dávila David , Furones Crespo Arturo , Martín López Angel Luis
Published: October 2016

Vehicles repair after an accident and the quality assurance of the repair is a major safety issue. If the vehicle type category is M3, collective road transport vehicles, there is an additional concern due to their high number of occupants, the responsibility of third parties transport and the severity of some type of collisions such as rollovers. Moreover it has to be considered that the high cost of these vehicles and the investment made on them by the transport companies makes it profitable to proceed to their repair after some accidents. In this work it is quantified the loss of energy absorption capabilities of the structural steel profiles of rectangular hollow section used in the construction of these vehicles. The deformation energy has been measured by means of bending tests and calculating the bending moment vs bending angle curve. The load has been applied to reach 10, 15 and 20 permanent bending angles, representing those rollover structural deformations found on coach collisions of different severities. All test specimens have been straightened and bended up to 20 degrees some in the same bending direction as initial bend test and some in the opposite direction. The results show a significant loss of strength of the profiles and the final influence on a repaired structure has been quantified modeling with a FEM model a standard Regulation ECE 66 of Geneva type approval test. It is then demonstrated how it should be defined requirements for repaired buses and coaches after their repair of structural damages in collisions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4040
Applying the polluter-pays principle to rail: Environmental differentiation of rail access charges
Authors: Pons-Rigat Aleix , Turró Calvet Mateu , Ubalde Claver Lluís
Published: October 2016

Environmental charges to rail service operators are still at an early stage of implementation in Europe. Current schemes are dissimilar and most of them have a very limited scope or do not provide effective incentives to abate environmental impacts. This is due to several practical difficulties in implementing internalisation pricing schemes in the railway sector. The first difficulty arises from the lack of internalisation in other transport modes and the small competitive margin of railways. Increasing the overall level of rail charges could affect their survival. A second difficulty is due to the uncertainties in the valuation of external costs and in the establishment of the optimal level of charges. On top of that, the imperfect competition in the rail market and its operational and financial rigidities imply that pricing decisions could be unfair and produce undesired demand effects. These difficulties should not prevent, however, advancing towards the application to rail of adequate charging methods for its environmental costs. This paper addresses the problem of setting environmentally differentiated rail charges through an analytical approach. A generalised formulation is developed that sets the level of charges as a function of the degree of internalisation in other modes. Then, the optimal trade-off in the level of differentiation is assessed to extract general guidelines. Based on this, both the derived overall costs and benefits and the impacts on each agent are quantified.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4050
GIS TOOLS FOR ANALYZING ACCIDENTS AND ROAD DESIGN: A REVIEW
Authors: Satria Romi
Published: October 2016

A significant unexpected outcome of transportation systems is road accidents with injuries and loss of lives. In recent years, the number of studies about the tools for analyzing accidents and road design has increased considerably. Among these tools, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) stand out for their ability to perform complex spatial analyses. However, sometimes the GIS, has been used only as a geographical database to store and represent data about accidents and road characteristics. It has also been used to represent the results of statistical studies of accidents but, these statistical studies have not been carried out with GIS. Owing to its integrated statistical-analysis capabilities GIS provides several advantages. First, it allows a more careful and accurate data selection, screening and reduction. Also, it allows a spatial analysis of the results in pre and post-processing. Second, GIS allows the development of spatial statistics that rely on geographically-referenced data. In this paper, several GIS tools used to model accidents have been examined. The understanding of these tools will help the analyst to make a better decision about which tool could be applied in each particular condition and context.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4052
INFORMATION RELATED TO POSTAL FLOWS AND BIG DATA ANALYSIS POTENTIAL. THE CASE OF SPAIN
Authors: Martinez Alvaro Oscar , Nuñez Gonzalez Angela
Published: October 2016

National Post Offices manage huge volumes of letters and parcels. Data associated to these flows are growing fast, with a great variety related to the diversity of postal products. The research described in this paper has classified all information flows of Correos, the Spanish National Post Office. In spite of the complexity of the current postal service portfolio, only four categories of matrices allow the classification of all postal information flows. Thanks to the migration towards new products, analyses with simple techniques will provide more and better information in the future, due to the structured nature of existing databases.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4058
DIAGNÓSTICO DE LA MOVILIDAD EN LA CIUDAD DE SALTA
Authors: Arenas Angélica Noemí
Published: October 2016

El presente trabajo estudia los diferentes aspectos involucrados en la movilidad de la Ciudad de Salta. Está ubicada en el extremo noroeste (NO) de la República Argentina, tiene más de 433 años desde su fundación y concentra el 44 % de la población provincial. La ciudad constituye el centro de un área metropolitana que alcanza los 536.113 habitantes cuya población ha crecido en un 46 % en un periodo de 19 años. En cuanto al parque automotor, en la ciudad de Salta se ha duplicado la cantidad de autos circulantes en un periodo de 18 años, con alrededor de 180.000 vehículos, a febrero de 2016. Paralelamente, se observa un crecimiento de la zona urbanística, extendida principalmente en la dirección norte-sur, con una deficiente red vial de interconexión, con consecuentes problemas de congestión vehicular, contaminación, incrementos de tiempos de viajes, inequidades en la accesibilidad, incremento de costos del transporte, entre otros. En este trabajo se realizó un diagnóstico del estado de situación de la movilidad urbana enfocada en factores como el sistema de transporte, la trama urbana de la movilidad, la accesibilidad y el aspecto socio-ambiental. Se realizaron estudios sobre estos factores en el área urbana de Salta, analizando particularmente algunas áreas específicas del territorio. A partir de esta información, se confeccionó un diagnóstico sobre los factores considerados y se detectaron aspectos prioritarios para el análisis de alternativas tendientes para lograr una mejor calidad de vida de los habitantes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4060
IMPACTOS DE LA ACCESIBILIDAD MEDIANTE TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO EN LOS VALORES INMOBILIARIOS: UNA COMPARACIÓN ENTRE LAS CIUDADES DE ROMA Y SANTANDER
Authors: Cordera Piñera Rubén , Coppola Pierluigi , Dell'Olio Luigi , Ibeas Angel
Published: October 2016

Existe evidencia empírica que avala la hipótesis de que incrementos en la accesibilidad a oportunidades pueden impactar positivamente en los valores inmobiliarios. Sin embargo, esta capitalización de los beneficios de la accesibilidad puede ser desigual en distintas áreas de estudio. En esta investigación se estiman modelos hedónicos y modelos hedónicos espaciales en dos áreas urbanas para comparar si existen diferencias en los impactos de la accesibilidad utilizando transporte público. Las dos áreas de estudio seleccionadas han sido una ciudad media sin grandes problemas de movilidad (Santander, España) y una gran ciudad con elevados problemas de congestión (Roma, Italia). Los modelos hedónicos estimados han considerado la posible existencia de efectos espaciales, habitualmente presentes en los datos inmobiliarios, que pueden generar dependencia en los residuos de los modelos hedónicos. La accesibilidad se ha medido utilizando dos tipos de indicadores: de accesibilidad relativa y gravitatoria. Los resultados permiten afirmar que la accesibilidad fue un factor positivo en el precio de los valores inmobiliarios de ambas ciudades, si bien en el caso de Santander únicamente de forma relativa al centro urbano. Estos resultados son relevantes de cara a implementar políticas de captura del valor que permitan financiar nuevos proyectos de transporte público.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4065
Tool to manage Road Safety Deficiencies and risk of highway crashes
Authors: López Maldonado Griselda , Baena Ruíz Leticia , Garach Morcillo Laura , De Oña López Juan
Published: October 2016

In order to facilitate the management of the results obtained in the project “Analysis of the relationship between Road Safety Deficiencies, crashes and hazardous sections” financed by Public Works Agency of the Regional Government of Andalusia (AOPJA) and led by the research group TRYSE from University of Granada, a safety management tool has been developed. This application allows safety managers to consult some factors affecting crashes on two-lane rural highways.The main aim of that project was to analyze the influence of some road deficiencies on crashes and hazardous sections in the Complementary Road Network of Andalusia. These deficiencies were defined in a checklist and were identified by a road inspection. Decision Trees (DTs), that are a data mining technique that allows the extraction of Decision Rules (DRs), were used. DRs revealed the relationship between road deficiencies and crashes.The application allows two different analyses. A specific analysis of the Complementary Road Network of Andalusia, in which, particular safety problems can be identified, and the location of roads with those problems can be obtained. A more general analysis in which some characteristics related to road safety can be selected in order to know the combination of factors contributing to traffic crashes. Safety problems are based on data from Complementary Road Network of Andalusia but results can be extrapolated to other rural highways in Spain.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4068
Modelización de la Movilidad Urbana Vertical y su relación con el Transporte Público de Pamplona
Authors: Díaz Carrero José Luis , Rives Navarro Laura
Published: October 2016

La movilidad urbana vertical (MUV) ha estado relacionada con el transporte de pasajeros desde su origen. Escaleras mecánicas, cintas transportadoras y elevadores son elementos que hacen accesibles las estaciones tren, de metro o de autobuses. Su función es que estos medios de transporte sean accesibles, que se reduzcan los tiempos de viaje y que se mejoren las conexiones entre los diferentes medios. En las ciudades de un tamaño medio como el Área Metropolitana (AM) de Pamplona, en las que, por sus distancias, gran parte de la población puede realizar sus itinerarios caminando, es fundamental estudiar las barreras urbanas que pueden existir, tanto las generadas por la propia topografía como por el diseño de los espacios públicos. Los elementos de MUV no solo resuelven los problemas de accesibilidad del entorno, sino que, según su posición, en ocasiones son capaces de generar nuevos ejes urbanos que modifican en parte la movilidad urbana. Como veremos, estos elementos de MUV pueden plantear una alternativa al transporte público en zonas de peor accesibilidad o pueden complementarse con la red de transporte público urbano como intercambiador. Para analizar la movilidad peatonal del AM de Pamplona se tomarán como base los datos de la Encuesta Domiciliaria de Movilidad  de 2013. Además, con la experiencia en modelización y en estudios de accesibilidad de transporte público durante los últimos años, se ha elaborado un modelo sencillo de movilidad peatonal en el que se han integrado los ascensores y analizado su impacto.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4076
Methodological application of Location of service Public Bike. Service MUyBICI of Murcia
Authors: LIÑÁN Ruiz Roberto José , Berenguer Sempere Fernando J. , Vera López José Antonio , Pabón Dueñas Ana Belén , Merino Córdoba Salvador
Published: October 2016

The use of non-motorized means of transport such as the bicycle, brings many benefits to the user and for the city in terms of costs and health for the first and decreased environmental pollution for the city. To find the optimal location for placement of the different parties to public bike, aims to attract the usual user and potential, have the feasibility of switching modes without any restrictions, while generating the ability to balance the demands users towards sustainable modes of transport, with special attention to cycling and public bike loan. The implementation of this methodology is performed in the municipality of Murcia (Spain) due to the opening of its public bicycle system MUyBICI which will have 60 benches, with a total of 1,200 posts anchor and put into circulation 600 public bicycles. As selection criteria to be considered for the optimal location of the beds, the existing network of bike paths were considered, roads used by all users of the public highway, a description of travel and a database information with different land uses and socioeconomic data transport areas. In this paper an analysis model and application for optimal design of banking locations for Murcia MUyBICI service occurs. Specifically, they define what are the best locations to attract a larger number of users, in order to achieve a change in the percentage of the modal split of the municipality, increasing the number of users MUyBICI service. This work comes under the direction of the Bicycle Office of Murcia, part of the ALEM (Local Agency for Energy and Environment) service under the Department of Environment of the City of Murcia.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4090
UNDERSTANDING TRANSIT USERS IN ALGIERS: KEY QUALITY FACTORS AT THE RAILWAY SERVICES
Authors: De Oña Rocío
Published: October 2016

Algerians citizens most often travel by foot on their daily trips because the lack of a homogeneous offer of public transit and intermodality throughout the city. Furthermore, the private vehicle is experiencing a notable increased use over the last few years. To curb this tendency, the government has launched a metro and a tramway system as key parts of a whole sustainable transport strategy. Guaranteeing the profitability of these modes of transport demands a high quality operation level focused on the users’ needs and requirements. While numerous studies have been carried out in developed countries for identifying the essential aspects of different transit modes, this area is still new in developing countries. Then, this paper aims to identify the key quality factors of the railway transit services in Algiers for advising transit authorities and managers towards the most appropriate policy measures. The railway transit services in Algiers consist on three modes of transport: the metro, the tramway (both started into operation in 2011), and a commuter rail system. A Principal Component Analysis combined with a regression model integrates the assessment approach. The results of this research highlight differences among the transit systems analyzed and provide useful insights for the Algiers government and transit authorities.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4100
Diseño de redes de autobús frente a la dispersión de la movilidad urbana
Authors: Badia Rodriguez Hugo
Published: October 2016

Este artículo busca dar respuesta a la discusión sobre qué tipo de estrategia de red es la más adecuada: (i) una basada en conexiones directas, u (ii) otra basada en transferencias. En el estudio también se ha introducido el análisis de una red puramente radial, origen de las otras dos. A través de un modelo analítico se comparan los costes totales que implica trabajar con cada uno de los esquemas de red analizados para diferentes escenarios de dispersión de la movilidad urbana. De ello se obtienen los rangos de aplicabilidad de dichas estructuras vinculados a ese grado de dispersión. El fenómeno de descentralización de las actividades ha sido creciente en los entornos urbanos, hecho que dificulta mantener conectada la ciudad a través de redes radiales, e incluso de viajes directos. Esa es una de las principales razones para justificar un cambio de estructura basada en transferencias. A su vez, el artículo incluye la manera en la que los resultados del modelo analítico pueden ser extrapolados a ciudades reales. Es decir, conocido el grado de dispersión de la demanda en una ciudad, poder determinar que estructura de red es más adecuada. Para el análisis de la descentralización de la demanda se parte de la información que aportan matrices origen-destino que permiten obtener índices de autocorrelación espacial y de desigualdad. Ambos índices se complementan para conocer la estructura de la ciudad y su grado de descentralización. En este caso, se trabaja con la ciudad de Barcelona, que presenta un grado de descentralización que justifica cambiar a una estructura en base a transferencias.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4102
ESTIMACIÓN DE UNA MATRIZ ORIGEN-DESTINO A PARTIR DE LA TELEFONÍA MÓVIL Y OTROS DATOS DE FUENTES HETEROGÉNEAS
Authors: Romero Pérez Luis Miguel , Cáceres Sánchez Noelia , García Benítez Francisco , Reyes Gutiérrez Antonio
Published: October 2016

La información obtenida de forma directa de una encuesta domiciliaria, basada en el hogar, no puede considerarse, en general, fidedigna a nivel de pares O-D. Los viajes capturados se expanden para reproducir el número de viajes totales y los generados por las zonas de transporte. A través de ese proceso de expansión se concentran los viajes generados por las zonas de transporte en un pequeño conjunto de relaciones O-D capturadas en la encuesta. Por el contrario, las virtudes de una matriz O-D derivada de la telefonía móvil son varias: relativamente rápida de obtener y económicamente muy competitiva frente a una nueva encuestación, está basada en observaciones de una muestra amplia de la población y no tiene riesgo de sesgo ni de una baja tasa de respuesta. Sin embargo, por su naturaleza, tiene dificultades para captar los viajes de corta duración. Esta comunicación combina la información derivada de la telefonía móvil con la obtenida mediante encuestas domiciliarias, conteos de tráfico y datos de tiempos de viaje para obtener una matriz Origen-Destino representativa de hora punta de la Ciudad de Málaga y los municipios integrados en el ámbito territorial del Consorcio de Transporte Metropolitano del Área de Málaga (CTMAM), junto a Torremolinos y Benalmádena por estar enclavados en el ámbito territorial del consorcio. El trabajo ha sido desarrollado en el marco de un proyecto de investigación para la Agencia de Obra Pública de la Junta de Andalucía. La comunicación presenta aspectos novedosos en cuanto a la información de partida, matrices de telefonía móviles y datos de tiempo de viaje de Google para todos los arcos de la red, tanto como en la metodología desarrollada para la completa integración de dicha información de naturaleza heterogénea.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4113
Análisis de la calidad del servicio en el transporte público mediante redes neuronales artificiales
Authors: Garrido Rodriguez Maria Concepcion
Published: October 2016

El éxito de un servicio de transporte público reside en su capacidad para captar nuevos pasajeros y de fidelizar el uso de los actuales. De ahí que las administraciones y los gestores de transporte se preocupen cada vez más por conocer cuál es la calidad percibida por los usuarios. Aunque existen numerosos métodos matemáticos que ya han sido utilizados para analizar la calidad del servicio en el transporte público, es necesario seguir avanzando en el estudio de nuevas técnicas que sean válidas para su estudio. En esta ponencia se aplica la técnica de las redes neuronales artificiales al estudio de la calidad del servicio en el transporte público. La metodología novedosa desarrollada al aplicar las redes neuronales artificiales mitiga considerablemente las principales limitaciones que éstas presentan, por lo que además de aportar una nueva herramienta para análisis de la calidad del servicio en el transporte público, pone a disposición de los especialistas en esta técnica un nuevo procedimiento de aplicación de las redes neuronales artificiales aplicable a cualquier campo de estudio en el que esta técnica sea aplicada.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4120
Finding the right RoPax vessel size and freight price. A coste and mode choice model
Authors: Morales Fusco Pau , Grau Sala Marc , Saurí Marchán Sergi
Published: October 2016

Motorways of the sea operated as RoPax services are natural competitors with only-road freight haulage transportation. Cost, time and quality perceived are the determinants that make transporters and shippers use one route or another. This research considers the role that shipping companies and their ship deployment and pricing strategy have in the equation, as incentives for modal shift from road to sea. A model of the ships and transporter costs is developed considering different business models for the transporter (accompanied versus unaccompanied cargo) followed with a discrete choice model that, once calibrated, allows to test the influence that variables such as frequency, ship size and commercial speed might play into the competitiveness of a shipping line. As a result, different pricing strategies for the shipping line are developed and the characteristics of the optimal shipping line for each of them are found, to either maximize the profit of the shipping company or the modal shift.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4148
DYNAMIC MODELLING OF HIGH SPEED BALLASTED RAILWAY TRACKS: ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Sánchez-Cambronero Santos , Gallego Inmaculada , Rivas Ana , Lajara Julián
Published: October 2016

The aim of the paper is to present a numerical model for a ballasted railway track that includes the dynamic effect of a moving train load and predicts the values of the vertical stiffness of the infrastructure. This model is therefore deemed to be a tool for the evaluation of the state of the track during service situations as well as a predictive model of the behaviour of the system. Consequently, it will be very useful when sizing the cross section of a new railway line is required.The main modelling tool is the finite element method. In regard to this, the application of damping elements to avoid the elastic wave reflection on the boundaries of the numerical domain will be studied. The proposed dynamic analysis consider the change in time of the value of the train load, but not the change in position along the tracks.In the end, a set of suggestions for the numerical model with moving loads will be summarize aiming for the mitigation of the unusual behaviour of the contact surface between the ballast and the sleepers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4218
ESTIMACIÓN DEL NIVEL DE SERVICIO DE UN CARRIL LENTO
Authors: Valencia Alaix Víctor Gabriel , García García Alfredo
Published: October 2016

La operación vehicular en una carretera convencional depende de la atención adecuada de los adelantamientos de los vehículos lentos por parte de los más rápidos; una alternativa es mediante la provisión de carriles auxiliares a lo largo de la vía antes de pasar a una carretera multicarril.El objetivo es calibrar el modelo de simulación TWOPAS y aplicarlo en una carretera convencional española para estimar y comparar el nivel de servicio estimado en ella y en un carril lento con el resultado del procedimiento del Highway Capacity Manual - HCM.Se observó la operación vehicular en una carretera convencional de España mediante el registro a través de cámaras de control dispuestas a lo largo de la carretera, y en el carril lento, de manera que sirvió para calibrar el modelo de microsimulación TWOPAS considerando parámetros operacionales del parque automotor y aplicándolo para estimar el nivel de servicio.Se aplicó el procedimiento del HCM para estimar el nivel de servicio en segmentos de carretera con carril lento para comparar sus resultados con los obtenidos en la simulación.El modelo de simulación usado fue el TWOPAS, inserto en el Traffic Analisys Module (TAM) del Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM), cuyos resultados en términos de Percent Time Spent Following (PTSF), Average Travel Speed (ATS) y otros permite la evaluación operacional.Los resultados y conclusiones permiten valorar la utilidad del modelo, la correspondencia de la realidad operacional en carretera y la norma española y la conveniencia operacional del carril lento estudiado.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4220
SOCIAL NETWORKS, BIG DATA AND TRANSPORT PLANNING
Authors: Ruiz Sánchez Tomás , Mars Aicart María del Lidón , Arroyo López María Rosa , Serna Nocedal Ainhoa
Published: October 2016

The characteristics of people who are related or tied to each individual affects her activitytravel behavior. That influence is especially associated to social and recreational activities, which are increasingly important. Collecting high quality data from those social networks is very difficult, because respondents are asked about their general social life, which is most demanding to remember that specific facts. On the other hand, currently there are different potential sources of transport data, which is characterized by the huge amount of information available, the velocity with it is obtained and the variety of format in which is presented. This sort of information is commonly known as Big Data. In this paper we identify potential sources of social network related big data that can be used in Transport Planning. Then, a review of current applications in Transport Planning is presented. Finally, some future prospects of using social network related big data are highlighted.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4251
Public transport traffic management systems simulation in Craiova city
Authors: Racila Laurentiu
Published: October 2016

Urban transport is a comprehensive and dynamic mechanism. Therefore, all the problems for improving and reorganization of the system can be examined only in the light of a systemic approach. Currently, public passenger transport is one of the most important branches of the urban development in cities and metropolis. Public passenger transport activity and all the steps taken to improve that activity are considered to be of great social importance. In the current stage of city development, one of the main tasks is to create a public passenger transportation system that is safe, affordable, economical, reliable and environmentally friendly. The important role of passenger transport in the city's economy and achieving important social services to the population, dictates the need to introduce measures in the system that are harmonious, balanced and effective. This can only be done, in the context of current development, only after the system as a whole is tested extensively through special traffic and management software.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4255
PBL - Problem Based Learning for Companies and Clusters
Authors: Hamburg Ileana , Vladut Gabriel
Published: October 2016

Small and medium sized companies (SMEs) assure economic growth in Europe. Generally many SMEs are struggling to survive in an ongoing global recession and often they are becoming reluctant to release or pay for staff training. In this paper we present shortly the learning methods in SMEs particularly the Problem Based Learning (PBL) as an efficient form for SMEs and entrepreneurship education. In the field of Urban Logistics it was developed four Clusters with potential of innovation and research in four European Regions: Tuscany - Italy, Valencia - Spain, Lisbon and Tagus - Portugal, Oltenia – Romania. Training and mentoring for SMEs, are essential to create competitiveness. Information and communication technologies (ICT) support the tutors by using an ICT platform which is in the development.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4261
Actualización de modelos de demanda con datos reducidos. El caso de Riad
Authors: Lillo Enrique
Published: October 2016

Las encuestas domiciliarias de movilidad (EDM) son un instrumento valioso para la planificación de transportes, y la principal fuente de datos para el ajuste de modelos de demanda en las grandes ciudades. Por los recursos necesarios (económicos y organizativos) y el plazo para su realización y explotación, la actualización de los modelos con nuevas EDM no es siempre posible, por más que cambien las condiciones de la ciudad (nueva población, nuevos desarrollos, etc.) o los patrones de movilidad. Sin embargo, partiendo de la información de una EDM previa, es posible actualizar y mejorar los modelos de demanda con un coste en recursos y tiempo razonable; realizando encuestas domiciliarias con una muestra más reducida y seleccionada para cumplir con los objetivos previamente marcados para la actualización de los modelos de demanda. En esta ponencia se presenta una experiencia de este tipo realizada para actualizar los modelos de demanda de Riad (Arabia Saudí) por encargo de Arriyadh Development Authority (ADA). El proceso se realizó entre los años 2014-2015.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4264
Comparison of Spinal Angles in a Typing Task on a Laptop and a Desktop Computer: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Alyami Hiedar , Albarrati Ali M.
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVE. This study’s objective was to discover whether a difference exists in four postural angles while performing a typing task on a laptop and a desktop computer.

METHOD. Twenty healthy participants performed a 5-min typing task on each computer.

RESULTS. Statistically significant differences for all angles were found when comparing sitting at the desktop computer with sitting at the laptop. Neck angle (p < .0005), head tilt (p < .0005), and lumbar lordosis (p = .018) were significantly higher when using the laptop. The greatest posterior pelvic tilt was associated with the desktop (p = .018).

CONCLUSION. A desktop appears to be more appropriate for the cervical and lumbar regions; however, using a laptop may be more suitable for pelvic tilt.
State of the Journal, 2016
Authors: Richards Lorie Gage
Published: October 2016

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT) had a successful 2016. From September 2015 to September 2016, the number of manuscripts submitted remained steady at 255. Manuscripts were received from 30 non-U.S. countries, compared with 23 countries in 2015. AJOT continues to have the highest impact factor and to be the highest ranked of the occupational therapy journals listed in Journal Citation Reports. AJOT continues to focus on publishing research articles on aspects of occupational therapy among varied populations with diverse acute and chronic conditions. Changes in 2016 include requiring authors to register clinical trials at public trial registration sites and welcoming new associate editors and reviewers to the AJOT family.
Lower-tropospheric CO2 from near-infrared ACOS-GOSAT observations
Authors: Kulawik Susan S. , O'Dell Chris , Payne Vivienne H. , Kuai Le , Worden Helen M. , Biraud Sebastien C. , Sweeney Colm , Stephens Britton , Iraci Laura T. , Yates Emma L. , Tanaka Tomoaki
Published: October 2016

Abstract. We present two new products from near-infrared GOSAT observations: lower tropospheric (LMT, from 0–2.5 km) and upper tropospheric/stratospheric (U, above 2.5 km) carbon dioxide partial columns. We compare these new products to aircraft profiles and remote surface flask measurements and find that the seasonal and year-to-year variations in the new partial columns significantly improve over the ACOS-GOSAT initial guess/a priori, with distinct patterns in the LMT and U seasonal cycles which match validation data. For land monthly averages, we find errors of 1.9, 0.7, and 0.8 ppm for retrieved GOSAT LMT, U, and XCO2; for ocean monthly averages, we find errors of 0.7, 0.5, and 0.5 ppm for retrieved GOSAT LMT, U, and XCO2. In the southern hemisphere biomass burning season, the new partial columns show similar patterns to MODIS fire maps and MOPITT multispectral CO for both vertical levels, despite a flat ACOS-GOSAT prior, and CO/CO2 emission factor consistent with published values. The difference of LMT and U, useful for evaluation of model transport error, has also been validated with monthly average error of 0.8 (1.4) ppm for ocean (land). The new LMT partial column is more locally influenced than the U partial column, meaning that local fluxes can now be separated from CO2 transported from far away.
Controls on hydrologic drought duration in near-natural streamflow in Europe and the USA
Authors: Tijdeman Erik , Bachmair Sophie , Stahl Kerstin
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Climate classification systems, such as Köppen–Geiger and the aridity index, are used in large-scale drought studies to stratify regions with similar hydro-climatic drought properties. What is currently lacking is a large-scale evaluation of the relation between climate and observed streamflow drought characteristics. In this study we explored how suitable common climate classifications are for differentiating catchments according to their characteristic hydrologic drought duration and whether drought durations within the same climate classes are comparable between different regions. This study uses a dataset of 808 near-natural streamflow records from Europe and the USA to answer these questions. First, we grouped drought duration distributions of each record over different classes of four climate classification systems and five individual climate and catchment controls. Then, we compared these drought duration distributions of all classes within each climate classification system or classification based on individual controls. Results showed that climate classification systems that include absolute precipitation in their classification scheme (e.g., the aridity index) are most suitable for differentiating catchments according to drought duration. However, differences in duration distributions were found for the same climate classes in Europe and the USA. These differences are likely caused by differences in precipitation, in catchment controls as expressed by the base flow index and in differences in climate beyond the total water balance (e.g., seasonality in precipitation), which have been shown to exert a control on drought duration as well. Climate classification systems that include an absolute precipitation control can be tailored to drought monitoring and early warning systems for Europe and the USA to define regions with different sensitivities to hydrologic droughts, which, for example, have been found to be higher in catchments with a low aridity index. However, stratification of catchments according to these climate classification systems is likely to be complemented with information of other climate classification systems (Köppen–Geiger) and individual climate and catchment controls (precipitation and the base flow index), especially in a comparative study between Europe and the USA.
Learning about water resource sharing through game play
Authors: Ewen Tracy , Seibert Jan
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Games are an optimal way to teach about water resource sharing, as they allow real-world scenarios to be enacted. Both students and professionals learning about water resource management can benefit from playing games, through the process of understanding both the complexity of sharing of resources between different groups and decision outcomes. Here we address how games can be used to teach about water resource sharing, through both playing and developing water games. An evaluation of using the web-based game Irrigania in the classroom setting, supported by feedback from several educators who have used Irrigania to teach about the sustainable use of water resources, and decision making, at university and high school levels, finds Irrigania to be an effective and easy tool to incorporate into a curriculum. The development of two water games in a course for masters students in geography is also presented as a way to teach and communicate about water resource sharing. Through game development, students learned soft skills, including critical thinking, problem solving, team work, and time management, and overall the process was found to be an effective way to learn about water resource decision outcomes. This paper concludes with a discussion of learning outcomes from both playing and developing water games.
Retraction Note to: “Global Assessment in the World Bank Education Strategy 2020”
Authors: Collins Christopher S.
Published: October 2016

This article published in Volume 2, Issue 1, pages 29-41 (DOI 10.5195/ehe.2011.41) has been retracted at the request of the editors. The editors became aware of the issue on 21 March 2016 and quickly began investigating the situation. Several locations in the article contain plagiarized texts from various authors, either with inadequate or no attribution. Specifically, these include: excerpts from Marilee J. Bresciani’s 2006 book Outcomes-Based Academic and Co-Curricular Program Review: A Compilation of Institutional Practices appearing on page 30; excerpts from Tom Schuller and Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin’s chapter in the 2009 book International Organizations and Higher Education Policy: Thinking Globally, Acting Locally? appearing on page 31; excerpts from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) website “UNESCO, OECD guidelines for quality provision in cross-border higher education” appearing on page 31; excerpts from David H. Kamens and Connie L. McNeely’s 2010 article, “Globalization and the Growth of International Education Testing and National Assessment” published in the Comparative Education Review appearing on page 31, and; excerpts from E. J. K. McKellar’s conference paper “Change our assessment practices? Why should we? The theory behind assessment practices” appearing on pages 32-33. The author apologizes to the journal and to its readers for the errors noted above.
Bioencapsulation Technologies in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Majewski Rebecca L. , Zhang Wujie , Ma Xiaojun , Cui Zhanfeng , Ren Weiping , Markel David C.
Published: October 2016

Bioencapsulation technologies have played an important role in the developing successes of tissue engineering. Besides offering immunoisolation, they also show promise for cell/tissue banking and the directed differentiation of stem cells, by providing a unique microenvironment. This review describes bioencapsulation technologies and summarizes their recent progress in research into tissue engineering. The review concludes with a brief outlook regarding future research directions in this field.
The Removal of a Stuck Catheter: An Alternative to Hong's Technique
Authors: Lodi Massimo , Ebrahimi Reza Far , Pezzotti Piera , Carbonari Luciano
Published: October 2016

The use of the tunneled central venous catheter (CVC) is steadily increasing worldwide as a means of vascular access for hemodialysis. The increased use of these devices, which often outlive the patients, and the extended time they are used are associated with more frequent complications. Among these, one of the emerging complications is that of the “embedded” or stuck catheter. This term refers to when the catheter cannot be removed after detaching the retention cuff. In medical literature, experiences with the removal of stuck catheters are described with the use of several different methods. Currently the most commonly used technique also considered the safest is “endoluminal dilation” also known as Hong's Technique, recently modified by Quaretti and Galli. Below, a new technique using a Vollmar ring is described for removing a stuck catheter as an alternative to Hong's technique, or after a failed attempt at using Hong's technique.
Advantage of Deep Inspiration Breath Hold in Left-sided Breast Cancer Patients Treated with 3D Conformal Radiotherapy
Authors: Lastrucci Luciana , Borghesi Simona , Bertocci Silvia , Gasperi Chiara , Rampini Andrea , Buonfrate Giovanna , Pernici Paola , De Majo Roberta , Gennari Pietro Giovanni
Published: October 2016

Purpose

To compare 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) treatment plans based on free-breathing (FB) and deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) and investigated whether DIBH technique enables a decrease of cardiac left anterior descending coronary artery (LADCA) and lungs dose with respect to the FB.

Methods

Twenty-three left-sided breast cancer patients referred for breast radiotherapy were included. The planning target volume (PTV) encompassed the breast and organs at risk including heart, LADCA, lungs, and contralateral breast, which were contoured in FB and DIBH CT scans. Dose to PTV was 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Two treatment plans were generated for each patient: FB-3D-CRT and DIBH-3D-CRT. Dosimetry parameters were obtained from dose volume histograms. Data were compared using the paired-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results

For heart, LADCA, and left lung, a significant dose reduction was found using DIBH technique. By using DIBH, an average reduction of 25% was observed in LADCA for the volume receiving 20 Gy and of 48% considering the mean heart dose.

Conclusions

The DIBH technique results in a significant decrease of dose to the heart, LADCA, and left lung compared to FB.
Peritoneal Metastases from Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Treated by Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Authors: Sugarbaker Paul H.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that often presents in an advanced stage. Not only systemic metastases but also local recurrence and peritoneal metastases prevent long-term survival in these patients.

Methods

A profoundly symptomatic patient with extensive peritoneal metastases and local recurrence was treated using cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with melphalan as the chemotherapy agent.

Results

Relative sparing of the small bowel within the abdomen and pelvis allowed a visible complete resection of all cancer. The HIPEC with melphalan was used to control microscopic residual disease. Similar surgical technology used in this patient could be used to prevent local recurrence and peritoneal metastases in patients at the time of resection of the primary adrenal cortical carcinoma.

Conclusions

Rare diseases may have peritoneal metastases as a component of disease progression and profit from treatment with CRS plus HIPEC. The clinical features suggesting a favorable outcome from this combined treatment are relative sparing of small bowel and its mesentery, absence of disease outside the abdomen, low-grade disease, or limited extent of high-grade disease.