bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waterborne pathogens detection technologies: advances, challenges, and future perspectives
Authors: Oon Yoong-Ling , Oon Yoong-Sin , Ayaz Muhammad , Deng Min , Li Lu , Song Kang
Published: November 2023

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that pathogens like Escherichia coli, primarily linked to food and water contamination, are associated with 485,000 deaths from diarrheal diseases annually, translating to a staggering worldwide economic loss of nearly 12 billion USD per annum. International organizations like the WHO and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) have established related guidelines and criteria for pathogenic detection technologies and driving the search for innovative and efficient detection methods. This comprehensive review examines the trajectory of waterborne pathogenic bacteria detection technologies from traditional techniques, i.e., culture-based methods, to current detection methods including various forms of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques [qualitative real-time PCR, digital PCR, ELISA, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, next-generation sequencing (NGS)] and to emerging techniques, i.e., biosensors and artificial intelligence (AI). The scope of the review paper focuses on waterborne pathogenic bacteria that are recognized as human pathogens, posing tangible threats to public health through waterborne. The detection techniques’ merits, constraints, research gaps and future perspectives are critically discussed. Advancements in digital droplet PCR, NGS and biosensors have significantly improved sensitivity and specificity, revolutionizing pathogen detection. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with these technologies has enhanced detection accuracy, enabling real-time analysis of large datasets. Molecular-based methods and biosensors show promise for efficient water quality monitoring, especially in resource-constrained settings, but on-site practical implementation remains a challenge. The pairwise comparison metrics used in this review also offer valuable insights into quick evaluation on the advantages, limitations and research gaps of various techniques, focusing on their applicability in field settings and timely analyses. Future research efforts should focus on developing robust, cost-effective and user-friendly techniques for routine waterborne bacteria monitoring, ultimately safeguarding global water supplies and public health, with AI and data analysis playing a crucial role in advancing these methods for a safer environment.
Examining the role of participant and study partner report in widely-used classification approaches of mild cognitive impairment in demographically-diverse community dwelling individuals: results from the Einstein aging study
Authors: Chang Katherine H. , Wang Cuiling , Nester Caroline O. , Katz Mindy J. , Byrd Desiree A. , Lipton Richard B. , Rabin Laura A.
Published: November 2023

Objective

The role of subjective cognitive concerns (SCC) as a diagnostic criterion for MCI remains uncertain and limits the development of a universally (or widely)-accepted MCI definition. The optimal MCI definition should define an at-risk state and accurately predict the development of incident dementia. Questions remain about operationalization of definitions of self- and informant-reported SCCs and their individual and joint associations with incident dementia.

Methods

The present study included Einstein Aging Study participants who were non-Hispanic White or Black, free of dementia at enrollment, had follow-up, and completed neuropsychological tests and self-reported SCC at enrollment to determine MCI status. Informant-reported SCC at baseline were assessed via the CERAD clinical history questionnaire. Self-reported SCC were measured using the CERAD, items from the EAS Health Self-Assessment, and the single memory item from the Geriatric Depression Scale. Cox proportional hazards models examined the association of different operationalizations of SCC with Petersen and Jak/Bondi MCI definitions on the risk of dementia, further controlling for age, sex, education, and race/ethnicity. Time-dependent sensitivity and specificity at specific time points for each definition, and Youden’s index were calculated as an accuracy measure. Cox proportional hazards models were also used to evaluate the associations of combinations of self- and informant-reported SCC with the risk of incident dementia.

Results

91% of the sample endorsed at least one SCC. Youden’s index showed that not including SCC in either Jak/Bondi or Petersen classifications had the best balance between sensitivity and specificity across follow-up. A subset of individuals with informants, on average, had a lower proportion of non-Hispanic Blacks and 94% endorsed at least one self-reported SCC. Both informant-reported and self-reported SCC were significantly associated with incident dementia.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the SCC criterion may not improve the predictive validity for dementia when included in widely-employed definitions of MCI. Consistent with some prior research, informant-reported SCC was more related to risk of incident dementia than self-reported SCC. Given that requiring informant report as a diagnostic criterion may unintentionally exclude health disparate groups, additional consideration is needed to determine how best to utilize informant-report in MCI diagnosis.
Risk factors and a prediction model for the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage using cerebral microhemorrhage and clinical factors
Authors: Feng Hao , Wang Xin , Wang Wenjuan , Zhao Xingquan
Published: November 2023

Background

This study aimed to identify the risk factors and construct a prediction model for the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at discharge, 3 months, and 12 months.

Methods

A total of 269 patients with ICH were retrospectively enrolled at our hospital between January 2014 and August 2016. The prognosis of ICH was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS); an mRS score > 2 was considered a poor outcome. The primary endpoint was the 3-month mRS, whereas the secondary endpoints included the mRS scores at discharge and 12 months, and mortality.

Results

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale, International Normalized Ratio (INR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), epencephalon hemorrhage, and primary hematoma volume were significantly associated with a poor mRS score at 3 months. The predictive value of the prediction model based on these factors for a poor mRS score was 87.8%. Furthermore, a poor mRS score at discharge was affected by the GCS, NIH stroke scale, and primary hematoma volume; the constructed model based on these factors had a predictive value of 87.6%. In addition, the GCS, NIH stroke scale, and surgery were significantly related to a poor mRS score at 12 months; the predictive value of the constructed model based on the aforementioned factors for a poor mRS score was 86.5%. Finally, primary hematoma volume is significantly associated with the risk of 12 months mortality.

Conclusions

The study identified risk factors and constructed a prediction model for poor mRS scores and mortality at discharge, 3 and 12 months in patients with ICH. The prediction models for mRS scores showed a relatively high predictive performance.
Altered electrophysiology mechanism related to inhibitory control in adults with insomnia
Authors: Ding Xiaobin , He Liang , Geng Xicong , Zhao Xuan , He Zijing , Zhang Xiangzi
Published: November 2023

Background

Insomnia disorder (ID), one of the most common psychophysiological disorders, can cause a serious burden on the individual's work and academic performance. Cognitive dysfunction often exists in patients with insomnia, which negatively affects their living quality. Inhibitory control (IC), as a vital cognitive function, allows individuals to suppress attention, behavior, or thoughts that are irrelevant to the task, so as to effectively adapt to the current goal. The earlier studies on the inhibitory control of insomnia patients predominantly used subjective scales for evaluation and that can have drawbacks because they don't provide an objective assessment.

Methods

In order to investigate the inhibitory control function of insomniacs, this research subdivides inhibitory control into response inhibition and conflict inhibition. The response inhibition and conflict inhibition capacities of insomniacs were evaluated using the two-choice oddball task and the color-word stroop task, and accordingly the association between insomnia disorder and inhibitory control capacity as well as its cognitive neural mechanism was able to be examined.

Results

Behavioral results finding, insomniacs conducted the two-choice oddball test and the color-word stroop task with lower accuracy and slower reaction times when compared to healthy sleepers. ERP results finding, when performing the two-choice oddball task, the P3 amplitude of the insomniacs was significantly lower than that of healthy sleepers while there was no significant difference between the two groups' N2 amplitudes. At the same time, when completing the color-word stroop task, the insomniacs' N450 amplitude was significantly lower than that of healthy sleepers.

Discussion

The above findings suggest that in response inhibition tasks, insomniacs may have weaker motor inhibition abilities, and similarly perform weaker conflict monitoring abilities in conflict inhibition tasks, which indicates that insomniacs' inhibitory control is impaired compared to that of healthy sleepers. This study thus relates to the finding at the electrophysiological level that there is a certain correlation between insomnia and a decline in inhibitory control ability, which may suggest that improving inhibitory control function in patients with insomnia is a clinically significant and worthwhile area of adjuvant treatment.
New characterization of dihydroergotamine receptor pharmacology in the context of migraine: utilization of a β-arrestin recruitment assay
Authors: McConnachie Lisa , Goadsby Peter J. , Vann Robert E. , Ray Sutapa , Shrewsbury Stephen B. , Aurora Sheena K.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) is an established effective acute therapy for migraine and is often characterized by its broad receptor pharmacology. Knowledge of DHE pharmacology largely comes from studies employing older methodologies.

Objective

To assess DHE receptor activity using high-throughput methods to screen for functional ß-arrestin activity at G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Methods

Functional receptor activities of DHE and sumatriptan succinate (both 10 μM) were screened against 168 GPCRs using the gpcrMAX assay. Agonist and antagonist effects were considered significant if receptor activity was >30% or inhibited by >50%, respectively. Radiolabeled ligand binding assays were performed for DHE (0.01–300 nM for 5-HT3 and 4E; 0.3–10,000 nM for 5-HT1B, α-adrenergic2B [i.e., α2B-adrenoceptor], D2, and D5) to assess specific binding to select receptors.

Results

DHE (10 μM) exhibited agonist activity at α-adrenergic2B, CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7), dopamine (D)2/5, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A/1B/2A/2C/5A receptors and antagonist activity at α-adrenergic1B/2A/2C (i.e., α1B/2A/2C-adrenoceptors), calcitonin receptor–receptor activity modifying protein 2 (CTR-RAMP2) or amylin 2 (AMY2), D1/3/4/5, and 5-HT1F receptors. Sumatriptan succinate (10 μM) exhibited agonist activity at the 5-HT1B/1E/1F/5A receptors. DHE demonstrated a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 149 nM at the 5-HT1F receptor and a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 6 μM at the CXCR7 receptor. DHE did not bind to the 5-HT3 receptor at concentrations up to 300 nM and bound poorly to 5-HT4E and D5 receptors (IC50 of 230 and 370 nM, respectively). DHE bound strongly to the D2, 5-HT1B, and α-adrenergic2B receptors (IC50 of 0.47, 0.58, and 2.8 nM, respectively).

Conclusion

By using a high-throughput β-arrestin recruitment assay, this study confirmed the broad receptor profile of DHE and provided an update on DHE receptor pharmacology as it relates to migraine.
Association between dietary antioxidant indices and glaucoma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Li Wenwei , Wang Bin
Published: November 2023

Objective

To explore the relationship between dietary antioxidant indices (DAI) and glaucoma using the data from the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Methods

Our study comprised participants who completed the NHANES dietary intake interview and visual health questionnaire at age 40 or older. The intakes of the vitamins A, C, and E as well as of zinc, selenium, and magnesium were used to generate the DAI, which represents the overall antioxidant qualities. The self-report method for glaucoma diagnosis (ever been told by an eye doctor) was used. Survey logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the association between DAI and glaucoma.

Results

A total of 6,128 participants were included in our study. The unadjusted model’s findings revealed a negative correlation between dietary antioxidant indices and self-reported glaucoma [0.93 (0.90, 0.96), p < 0.0001]. For every unit increase in dietary antioxidant indices, the risks of self-reported glaucoma in model 1 (adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status and PIR) decreased by 5% [0.95 (0.90, 0.99), p = 0.02]. After adjusting all the covariates (model 2), the risks of self-reported glaucoma decreased by 6% [0.94 (0.90, 0.99), p = 0.02] for each unit increase of dietary antioxidant indices. After converting DAI into classified variables (tertile), the same trend was found (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

In this analysis of the NHANES database, we found higher dietary antioxidant indices were associated with lower risk of glaucoma.
Feasibility of intraoperative neuromonitoring and cortical/subcortical mapping in patients with cerebral lesions of highly functional localizations—pathway to case adapted monitoring and mapping procedures
Authors: Staub-Bartelt Franziska , Rapp Marion , Sabel Michael
Published: November 2023

Background

Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and mapping procedures via direct cortical stimulation (DCS) are required for resection of eloquently located cerebral lesions. In our neurooncological department, mapping and monitoring are used either combined or separately for surgery of functional lesions. The study aims to provide a practical insight into strengths and pitfalls of intraoperative neuromonitoring and mapping in supratentorial functionally located infiltrating lesions.

Methods

IONM and mapping techniques performed in eloquent located brain tumors were analyzed with a focus on neurological outcome and resection results obtained via MRI. Additionally, the surgeons’ view on obligatory techniques was explored retrospectively immediately after surgery. To evaluate the impact of the described items, we correlated intraoperative techniques in various issues.

Results

Majority of the 437 procedures were performed as awake surgery (53%). Monopolar stimulation was used in 348 procedures and correlated with a postoperative temporary neurological deficit. Bipolar stimulation was performed in 127 procedures, particularly on tumors in the left hemisphere for language mapping. Overall permanent deficit was seen in 2% of the patients; neither different mapping or monitoring modes nor stimulation intensity, localization, or histopathological findings correlated significantly with permanent deficits. Evaluation of post-OP MRI revealed total resection (TR) in 209 out of 417 cases. Marginal residual volume in cases where total resection was assumed but MRI failed to proof TR was found (0.4 ml). Surgeons’ post-OP evaluation of obligatory techniques matched in 73% with the techniques actually used.

Conclusion

We report 437 surgical procedures on highly functional located brain lesions. Resection without permanent deficit was adequately achievable in 98% of the procedures. Chosen mapping or monitoring techniques mostly depended on localization and vascular conflicts but also in some procedures on availability of resources, which was emphasized by the post-OP surgeons’ evaluation. With the present study, we aimed to pave the way to á la carte choice of monitoring and or mapping techniques, reflecting the possibilities of even supratotal resection in eloquent brain tumor lesions and the herewith increased need for monitoring and limiting resources.
Intensity modulated radiation therapy with stereotactic body radiation therapy boost for unfavorable prostate cancer: five-year outcomes
Authors: Carrasquilla Michael , Sholklapper Tamir , Pepin Abigail N. , Hodgins Nicole , Lei Siyuan , Rashid Abdul , Danner Malika , Zwart Alan , Bolanos Grecia , Ayoob Marilyn , Yung Thomas , Aghdam Nima , Collins Brian , Suy Simeng , Kumar Deepak , Hankins Ryan , Kowalczyk Keith , Dawson Nancy , Collins Sean
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with brachytherapy boost for unfavorable prostate cancer has been shown to improve biochemical relapse-free survival compared to IMRT alone. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a less-invasive alternative to brachytherapy. Early outcomes utilizing SBRT boost suggest low rates of high-grade toxicity with a maintained patient-reported quality of life. Here, we report the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and prostate cancer-specific survival (PCSS) of patients treated with IMRT plus SBRT boost.

Materials and methods

Between 2008 and 2020, 255 patients with unfavorable prostate cancer were treated with robotic SBRT (19.5 Gy in three fractions) followed by fiducial-guided IMRT (45–50.4 Gy) according to an institutional protocol. For the first year, the patient’s PSA level was monitored every 3 months, biannually for 2 years, and annually thereafter. Failure was defined as nadir + 2 ng/mL or a rising PSA with imaging suggestive of recurrence. Detection of recurrence also included digital rectal examination and imaging studies, such as MRI, CT, PET/CT, and/or bone scans. PFS and PCSS were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

The median follow-up period was 71 months. According to the NCCN risk classification, 5% (13/255) of the patients had favorable intermediate-risk disease, 23% (57/255) had unfavorable intermediate-risk disease, 40% (102/255) had high-risk disease, and 32% (83/255) had very high-risk disease. Androgen deprivation therapy was administered to 80% (204/255) of the patients. Elective pelvic lymph node IMRT was performed in 28 (10%) patients. The PFS for all patients at 5 years was 81% (favorable intermediate risk, 91%; unfavorable intermediate risk, 89%; high-risk, 78%; and very-high risk, 72%). The PCSS for all patients at 5 years was 97% (favorable intermediate risk, 100%; unfavorable intermediate risk, 100%; high risk, 100%; and very high risk, 89%).

Conclusion

The incidence of failure following IMRT plus SBRT for unfavorable prostate cancer remains low at 5 years.
Magnetic resonance imaging radiomics-based prediction of clinically significant prostate cancer in equivocal PI-RADS 3 lesions in the transitional zone
Authors: Zhao Ying-Ying , Xiong Mei-Lian , Liu Yue-Feng , Duan Li-Juan , Chen Jia-Li , Xing Zhen , Lin Yan-Shun , Chen Tan-Hui
Published: November 2023

Purpose

This bi-institutional study aimed to establish a robust model for predicting clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) (pathological grade group ≥ 2) in PI-RADS 3 lesions in the transition zone by comparing the performance of combination models.

Materials and methods

This study included 243 consecutive men who underwent 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy from January 2020 and April 2022 which is divided into a training cohort of 170 patients and a separate testing cohort of 73 patients. T2WI and DWI images were manually segmented for PI-RADS 3 lesions for the mean ADC and radiomic analysis. Predictive clinical factors were identified using both univariate and multivariate logistic models. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models were deployed for feature selection and for constructing radiomic signatures. We developed nine models utilizing clinical factors, radiological features, and radiomics, leveraging logistic and XGboost methods. The performances of these models was subsequently compared using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and the Delong test.

Results

Out of the 243 participants with a median age of 70 years, 30 were diagnosed with csPCa, leaving 213 without a csPCa diagnosis. Prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) stood out as the only significant clinical factor (odds ratio [OR], 1.068; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.029–1.115), discovered through the univariate and multivariate logistic models. Seven radiomic features correlated with csPCa prediction. Notably, the XGboost model outperformed eight other models (AUC of the training cohort: 0.949, and validation cohort: 0.913). However, it did not surpass the PSAD+MADC model (P > 0.05) in the training and testing cohorts (AUC, 0.949 vs. 0.888 and 0.913 vs. 0.854, respectively).

Conclusion

The machine learning XGboost model presented the best performance in predicting csPCa in PI-RADS 3 lesions within the transitional zone. However, the addition of radiomic classifiers did not display any significant enhancement over the compound model of clinical and radiological findings. The most exemplary and generalized option for quantitative prostate evaluation was Mean ADC+PSAD.
Neuroinflammation and status epilepticus: a narrative review unraveling a complex interplay
Authors: Foiadelli T. , Santangelo A. , Costagliola G. , Costa E. , Scacciati M. , Riva A. , Volpedo G. , Smaldone M. , Bonuccelli A. , Clemente A. M. , Ferretti A. , Savasta S. , Striano P. , Orsini A.
Published: November 2023

Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency resulting from the failure of the mechanisms involved in seizure termination or from the initiation of pathways involved in abnormally prolonged seizures, potentially leading to long-term consequences, including neuronal death and impaired neuronal networks. It can eventually evolve to refractory status epilepticus (RSE), in which the administration of a benzodiazepine and another anti-seizure medications (ASMs) had been ineffective, and super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE), which persists for more than 24 h after the administration of general anesthesia. Objective of the present review is to highlight the link between inflammation and SE. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown that neuroinflammation can contribute to seizure onset and recurrence by increasing neuronal excitability. Notably, microglia and astrocytes can promote neuroinflammation and seizure susceptibility. In fact, inflammatory mediators released by glial cells might enhance neuronal excitation and cause drug resistance and seizure recurrence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation could be crucial for improving SE treatment, wich is currently mainly addressed with benzodiazepines and eventually phenytoin, valproic acid, or levetiracetam. IL-1β signal blockade with Anakinra has shown promising results in avoiding seizure recurrence and generalization in inflammatory refractory epilepsy. Inhibiting the IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE)/caspase-1 is also being investigated as a possible target for managing drug-resistant epilepsies. Targeting the ATP-P2X7R signal, which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and triggers inflammatory molecule release, is another avenue of research. Interestingly, astaxanthin has shown promise in attenuating neuroinflammation in SE by inhibiting the ATP-P2X7R signal. Furthermore, IL-6 blockade using tocilizumab has been effective in RSE and in reducing seizures in patients with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). Other potential approaches include the ketogenic diet, which may modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and the use of cannabidiol (CBD), which has demonstrated antiepileptic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, and targeting HMGB1-TLR4 axis. Clinical experience with anti-cytokine agents such as Anakinra and Tocilizumab in SE is currently limited, although promising. Nonetheless, Etanercept and Rituximab have shown efficacy only in specific etiologies of SE, such as autoimmune encephalitis. Overall, targeting inflammatory pathways and cytokines shows potential as an innovative therapeutic option for drug-resistant epilepsies and SE, providing the chance of directly addressing its underlying mechanisms, rather than solely focusing on symptom control.
Pragmatic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to support clinical implementation of optimized gentamicin dosing in term neonates and infants: proof-of-concept
Authors: de Hoop-Sommen Marika A. , van der Heijden Joyce E. M. , Freriksen Jolien J. M. , Greupink Rick , de Wildt Saskia N.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Modeling and simulation can support dosing recommendations for clinical practice, but a simple framework is missing. In this proof-of-concept study, we aimed to develop neonatal and infant gentamicin dosing guidelines, supported by a pragmatic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach and a decision framework for implementation.

Methods

An already existing PBPK model was verified with data of 87 adults, 485 children and 912 neonates, based on visual predictive checks and predicted-to-observed pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter ratios. After acceptance of the model, dosages now recommended by the Dutch Pediatric Formulary (DPF) were simulated, along with several alternative dosing scenarios, aiming for recommended peak (i.e., 8–12 mg/L for neonates and 15–20 mg/L for infants) and trough (i.e., <1 mg/L) levels. We then used a decision framework to weigh benefits and risks for implementation.

Results

The PBPK model adequately described gentamicin PK. Simulations of current DPF dosages showed that the dosing interval for term neonates up to 6 weeks of age should be extended to 36–48 h to reach trough levels <1 mg/L. For infants, a 7.5 mg/kg/24 h dose will reach adequate peak levels. The benefits of these dose adaptations outweigh remaining uncertainties which can be minimized by routine drug monitoring.

Conclusion

We used a PBPK model to show that current DPF dosages for gentamicin in term neonates and infants needed to be optimized. In the context of potential uncertainties, the risk-benefit analysis proved positive; the model-informed dose is ready for clinical implementation.
Intermittent hypoxia: linkage between OSAS and epilepsy
Authors: Ma Yue , Wu Qiong
Published: November 2023

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) refers to the current apnea during sleep caused by upper airway collapse. Meanwhile, epilepsy is a common neurological disorder with a tendency for spontaneous and persistent seizures. Accumulating evidence indicates that OSAS was not independent of epilepsy. Patients with OSAS were observed to be susceptible to epilepsy, while OSAS could decrease the seizure threshold in epilepsy. However, the mechanisms underlying the association of OSAS with epilepsy have not been fully understood. In this study, we propose that intermittent hypoxia, common among OSAS patients due to upper airway collapse, is the linkage between OSAS and epilepsy. Intermittent hypoxia induces elevated levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially causing excessive inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress in brain tissue, which might ultimately lead to the development of epilepsy. Therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation and oxidative stress may provide novel insights into the treatment of OSAS and epilepsy.
Computed tomography-based imaging biomarker identifies coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
Authors: Pyo Jaehun , Chau Ngan-Khanh , Park Eun-Kee , Choi Sanghun
Published: November 2023

Rationale: The increase in the incidence and the diagnostic limitations of pneumoconiosis have emerged as a public health concern. This study aimed to conduct a computed tomography (CT)- based quantitative analysis to understand differences in imaging results of pneumoconiosis according to disease severity.

Methods: According to the International Labor Organization (ILO) guidelines, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) are classified into five categories. CT images were obtained only at full inspiration and were quantitatively evaluated for airway structural variables such as bifurcation angle (θ), hydraulic diameter (Dh), wall thickness (WT), and circularity (Cr). Parenchymal functional variables include abnormal regions (emphysema, ground–glass opacities, consolidation, semi consolidation, and fibrosis) and blood vessel volume. Through the propensity score matching method, the confounding effects were decreased.

Results: Category 4 demonstrated a reduced θ in TriLUL, a thicker airway wall in both the Trachea and Bronint compared to Category 0, and a decreased Cr in Bronint. Category 4 presented with higher abnormal regions except for ground–glass opacity and a narrower pulmonary blood vessel volume. A negative correlation was found between abnormal areas with lower Hounsfield units (HU) than the normal lung and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity, with narrowed pulmonary blood vessel volume which is positively correlated with abnormal areas with upper HU than the normal lung.

Conclusion: This study provided valuable insight into pneumoconiosis progression through a comparison of quantitative CT images based on severity. Furthermore, as there has been paucity of studies on the pulmonary blood vessel volume of the CWP, in this study, a correlation between reduced pulmonary blood vessel volume and regions with low HU values holds significant importance.
A simulation-free constrained regression approach for flux estimation in isotopically nonstationary metabolic flux analysis with applications in microalgae
Authors: Küken Anika , Treves Haim , Nikoloski Zoran
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Flux phenotypes from different organisms and growth conditions allow better understanding of differential metabolic networks functions. Fluxes of metabolic reactions represent the integrated outcome of transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications, and directly affect growth and fitness. However, fluxes of intracellular metabolic reactions cannot be directly measured, but are estimated via metabolic flux analysis (MFA) that integrates data on isotope labeling patterns of metabolites with metabolic models. While the application of metabolomics technologies in photosynthetic organisms have resulted in unprecedented data from 13CO2-labeling experiments, the bottleneck in flux estimation remains the application of isotopically nonstationary MFA (INST-MFA). INST-MFA entails fitting a (large) system of coupled ordinary differential equations, with metabolite pools and reaction fluxes as parameters. Here, we focus on the Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) as a key pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesizing organisms and ask if approaches other than classical INST-MFA can provide reliable estimation of fluxes for reactions comprising this pathway.

Methods

First, we show that flux estimation with the labeling patterns of all CBC intermediates can be formulated as a single constrained regression problem, avoiding the need for repeated simulation of time-resolved labeling patterns.

Results

We then compare the flux estimates of the simulation-free constrained regression approach with those obtained from the classical INST-MFA based on labeling patterns of metabolites from the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella ohadii under different growth conditions.

Discussion

Our findings indicate that, in data-rich scenarios, simulation-free regression-based approaches provide a suitable alternative for flux estimation from classical INST-MFA since we observe a high qualitative agreement (rs=0.89) to predictions obtained from INCA, a state-of-the-art tool for INST-MFA.
Moral Uncanny Valley revisited – how human expectations of robot morality based on robot appearance moderate the perceived morality of robot decisions in high conflict moral dilemmas
Authors: Laakasuo Michael
Published: November 2023

In recent years a new sub-field of moral psychology has emerged: moral psychology of AI and robotics. In this field there are several outstanding questions on how robot appearance and other perceived properties of the robots influences the way their decisions are evaluated. Researchers have observed that robot decision are not treated identically to human decisions, even if their antecedents and consequences are identical to human decisions. To study this moral judgment asymmetry effect further, two studies with a series of high conflict moral dilemmas were conducted: Study 1 – which used photorealistic full body imagery -- revealed that utilitarian decisions by human or non-creepy (i.e., nice) looking robotic agents were less condemned than “creepy” (i.e., unease inducing) robots, whereas “creepy” robots received higher moral approval when making deontological decisions. Furthermore, an exploratory analysis demonstrated that the creepiest robot did not cause moral surprise or disappointment when making utilitarian decisions. However, Study 2 showed that mere symbolic representation of the agent’s face did not trigger the Moral Uncanny Valley (where decisions of creepy robots are perceived negatively), suggesting that the effect is dependent on the photorealistic appearance of the agent. These results are in tension with some previous findings in robot moral judgment literature. Future research should focus on creating standardized stimuli for studying moral decisions involving robots and elucidating the complex interactions between agent appearance, decision type, and pre-decision expectations. This work deepens our understanding of the relationship between a decision-making agent’s appearance and the moral judgment of their decisions. The findings have significant implications for the design and implementation of autonomous agents in morally charged situations.
The effects of pre-task music on exercise performance and associated psycho-physiological responses: a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of controlled studies
Authors: Delleli Slaheddine , Ouergui Ibrahim , Ballmann Christopher Garrett , Messaoudi Hamdi , Trabelsi Khaled , Ardigò Luca Paolo , Chtourou Hamdi
Published: November 2023

This systematic review summarized the studies that examined the pre-task music effects on performance aspects and quantitatively analyzed their outcomes. A systematic search for controlled studies investigating the acute effects of pre-task music on physical performance, cognitive aspects and associated psycho-physiological responses was performed through Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases up to 17 May 2023, with thirty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data was analyzed using the robust multilevel meta-analysis model of standardized mean difference “SMD” with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and prediction intervals (PI) were reported. Pre-task music induced improvements of completion time (SMD = −0.24; 95% CI = −0.46 to −0.01; PI = −0.82 to 0.35;p = 0.04), relative mean power (RMP) (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.60; PI = −0.36 to 1.12;p = 0.003) and fatigue (SMD = −0.20; 95% CI = −0.32 to −0.09; PI = −0.36 to −0.05;p = 0.01), moderate effects on relative peak power (RPP) (SMD = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.85; PI = −0.42 to 1.48;p = 0.005), and high effect on feeling scale (FS) (SMD = 2.42; 95% CI = 0.52 to 4.31; PI = −11.43 to 16.26;p = 0.03). Greater benefits were recorded in jumping performance in males than females (p = 0.01), and for active than trained subjects for completion time (p = 0.02), RPP (p = 0.02) and RMP (p = 0.03). Larger benefits were obtained for FS post-warming up than after testing (p = 0.04). Self-selected music induced greater effects than pseudo- and pre-selected for performance decrement index (p = 0.05) and FS (p = 0.02). It could be concluded that pre-task music improved psychological responses and fatigue-related symptoms associated with exercise performance enhancement.
A narrative review of digital biomarkers in the management of major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant forms
Authors: Vignapiano Annarita , Monaco Francesco , Pagano Claudio , Piacente Martina , Farina Federica , Petrillo Gianvito , Sica Raffaella , Marenna Alessandra , Shin Jae Il , Solmi Marco , Corrivetti Giulio
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Depression is the leading cause of worldwide disability, until now only 3% of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) experiences full recovery or remission. Different studies have tried to better understand MDD pathophysiology and its resistant forms (TRD), focusing on the identification of candidate biomarkers that would be able to reflect the patients’ state and the effects of therapy. Development of digital technologies can generate useful digital biomarkers in a real-world setting. This review aims to focus on the use of digital technologies measuring symptom severity and predicting treatment outcomes for individuals with mood disorders.

Methods

Two databases (PubMed and APA PsycINFO) were searched to retrieve papers published from January 1, 2013, to July 30, 2023, on the use of digital devices in persons with MDD. All papers had to meet specific inclusion criteria, which resulted in the inclusion of 12 articles.

Results

Research on digital biomarkers confronts four core aspects: (I) predicting diagnostic status, (II) assessing symptom severity and progression, (III) identifying treatment response and (IV) monitoring real-word and ecological validity. Different wearable technologies have been applied to collect physiological, activity/sleep, or subjective data to explore their relationships with depression.

Discussion

Depression’s stable rates and high relapse risk necessitate innovative approaches. Wearable devices hold promise for continuous monitoring and data collection in real world setting.

Conclusion

More studies are needed to translate these digital biomarkers into actionable interventions to improve depression diagnosis, monitoring and management. Future challenges will be the applications of wearable devices routinely in personalized medicine.
Voices and challenges of marginalized and vulnerable groups in urban informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: building on a spectrum of community-based participatory research approaches
Authors: Karuga Robinson , Kabaria Caroline , Chumo Ivy , Okoth Linet , Njoroge Inviolata , Otiso Lilian , Muturi Nelly , Karki Jiban , Dean Laura , Tolhurst Rachel , Steege Rosie , Ozano Kim , Theobald Sally , Mberu Blessing
Published: November 2023

Urbanization is rapidly increasing across Africa, including in Nairobi, Kenya. Many people, recent migrants and long-term residents, live within dense and dynamic urban informal settlements. These contexts are fluid and heterogeneous, and deepening the understanding of how vulnerabilities and marginalization are experienced is important to inform pointed action, service delivery and policy priorities. The aim of this paper is to explore vulnerabilities and marginalization within Korogocho and Viwandani informal settlements in Nairobi and generate lessons on the value of a spectrum of community based participatory research approaches for understanding health and well-being needs and pinpointing appropriate interventions. In the exploratory stages of our ARISE consortium research, we worked with co-researchers to use the following methods: social mapping, governance diaries, and photo voice. Social mapping (including the use of Focus Group Discussions) identified key vulnerable groups: marginalized and precarious child heads of households (CHHs), Persons with disability who face multiple discrimination and health challenges, and often isolated older adults; and their priority needs, including health, education, water and sanitation. The governance diaries generated an understanding of the perceptions of the particularly vulnerable and marginalized informal settlement residents regarding the various people and institutions with the power to influence health and wellbeing; while photo voice highlighted the lived experiences of vulnerability and marginality. Understanding and responding to fluid and intersecting marginalities and vulnerabilities within growing urban informal settlements is particularly critical to achieving inclusive urbanization, where no one is left behind, a theme central to the Sustainable Development Goals and Kenya’s Vision 2030.
Promoting Latinx health equity through community-engaged policy and practice reforms in North Carolina
Authors: Thoumi Andrea , Plasencia Gabriela , Madanay Farrah , Ho Ethan Shih-An , Palmer Caroline , Kaalund Kamaria , Chaudhry Nikhil , Labrador Amy , Rigsby Kristen , Onunkwo Adaobi , Almonte Ivan , Gonzalez-Guarda Rosa , Martinez-Bianchi Viviana , Cholera Rushina
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The Latinx Advocacy Team & Interdisciplinary Network for COVID-19 (LATIN-19) is a unique multi-sector coalition formed early in the COVID-19 pandemic to address the multi-level health inequities faced by Latinx communities in North Carolina.

Methods

We utilized the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) Research Framework to conduct a directed content analysis of 58 LATIN-19 meeting minutes from April 2020 through October 2021. Application of the NIMHD Research Framework facilitated a comprehensive assessment of complex and multidimensional barriers and interventions contributing to Latinx health while centering on community voices and perspectives.

Results

Community interventions focused on reducing language barriers and increasing community-level access to social supports while policy interventions focused on increasing services to slow the spread of COVID-19.

Discussion

Our study adds to the literature by identifying community-based strategies to ensure the power of communities is accounted for in policy reforms that affect Latinx health outcomes across the U.S. Multisector coalitions, such as LATIN-19, can enable the improved understanding of underlying barriers and embed community priorities into policy solutions to address health inequities.
Risk factors for household food insecurity in the Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network cohort study
Authors: Martinez-Brockman Josefa L. , Hromi-Fiedler Amber , Galusha Deron , Oladele Carol , Acosta Lisbette , Adams O. Peter , Maharaj Rohan G. , Nazario Cruz M. , Nunez Maxine , Nunez-Smith Marcella , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael ,   on behalf of the ECHORN Writing Group
Published: November 2023

Background

Globally, 1.3 billion people were considered food insecure as of 2022. In the Caribbean region, the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was 71.3% as of 2020, the highest of all subregions in Latin America. Experienced based measurement scales, like the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale, are efficient measurement tools of food insecurity used globally. The Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network (ECHORN) Cohort Study is a population-based longitudinal cohort study in the two Caribbean U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as in Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago. The purpose of this research was to examine the demographic, psychosocial, behavioral, and environmental risk factors associated with household food insecurity (HFI) among adults ≥40 years of age in the ECHORN cohort.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis of baseline ECHORN cohort study data was conducted. The primary outcome was household food insecurity (none, mild, moderate/severe). A total of 16 known and potential risk factors were examined for their association with HFI. The ANOVA and chi-square statistics were used in bivariate analysis. Ordinal logistic regression was used for the multivariable and sex stratified analyses.

Results

More than one-quarter of the sample (27.3%) experienced HFI. In bivariate analyses, all risk factors examined except for sex, were significantly associated with HFI status. In the multivariable analysis, all variables except sex, education, marital status, smoking status, and residing in Puerto Rico were significant predictors of HFI in the adjusted model. In sex stratified analysis, depression, food availability, self-rated physical health, and island site were significantly associated with increased odds of worsening HFI for women, but not for men. Source of potable water was an important risk factor for both men and women.

Discussion

The prevalence of HFI in the ECHORN cohort study is comparable to other studies conducted in the region. While women did not have an increased risk of HFI compared to men, a different set of risk factors affected their vulnerability to HFI. More research is needed to understand how water and food security are interrelated in the ECHORN cohort.
Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on antimicrobial resistance among general public across 14 member states in the WHO European region: results from a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Singh-Phulgenda Sauman , Antoniou Pantelis , Wong Danilo Lo Fo , Iwamoto Kotoji , Kandelaki Ketevan
Published: November 2023

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health threat requiring urgent action. Pan-European data on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among the general public regarding antibiotic use and AMR is limited.

Methods

A multicentric, cross-sectional survey of the general public was conducted in the capital cities of 14 Member States of the WHO European Region. A validated questionnaire from the AMR Eurobarometer survey was used to collect data on antibiotic use and knowledge, access to antibiotics, and understanding of policy responses through face-to-face exit interviews.

Results

Out of 8,221 respondents from 14 Member States, 50% took antibiotics in the past 12 months and the majority (53%) obtained their most recent course from a medical practitioner. The most reported reasons for taking antibiotics orally in the past 12 months were cold (24%), sore throat (21%), cough (18%), and flu (16%). Overall, 84% of participants showed a lack of knowledge about appropriate antibiotic use. However, only 37% of respondents reported receiving any information in the past year about the importance of avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use. Doctors were the most cited (50%) and most trusted (80%) source of information. Among respondents who experienced COVID-19, 28% took antibiotics with a prescription, while 8% took antibiotics without a prescription.

Conclusion

This study highlights the urgent need for targeted awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to address knowledge gaps and promote responsible antibiotic use. The findings emphasize the role of the general population in combating AMR. The data serve as baseline information for future evaluations and interventions in the Region.