bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of olfactory sensitivity, preferences, and behavioral responses in Mexican cavefish is influenced by fish personality
Authors: Blin Maryline , Valay Louis , Kuratko Manon , Pavie Marie , Rétaux Sylvie
Published: December 2023

Animals are adapted to their natural habitats and lifestyles. Their brains perceive the external world via their sensory systems, compute information together with that of internal states and autonomous activity, and generate appropriate behavioral outputs. However, how do these processes evolve across evolution? Here, focusing on the sense of olfaction, we have studied the evolution in olfactory sensitivity, preferences, and behavioral responses to six different food-related amino acid odors in the two eco-morphs of the fish Astyanax mexicanus. To this end, we have developed a high-throughput behavioral setup and pipeline of quantitative and qualitative behavior analysis, and we have tested 489 six-week-old Astyanax larvae. The blind, dark-adapted morphs of the species showed markedly distinct basal swimming patterns and behavioral responses to odors, higher olfactory sensitivity, and a strong preference for alanine, as compared to their river-dwelling eyed conspecifics. In addition, we discovered that fish have an individual ‘swimming personality’, and that this personality influences their capability to respond efficiently to odors and find the source. Importantly, the personality traits that favored significant responses to odors were different in surface fish and cavefish. Moreover, the responses displayed by second-generation cave × surface F2 hybrids suggested that olfactory-driven behavior and olfactory sensitivity is a quantitative genetic trait. Our findings show that olfactory processing has rapidly evolved in cavefish at several levels: detection threshold, odor preference, and foraging behavior strategy. Cavefish is therefore an outstanding model to understand the genetic, molecular, and neurophysiological basis of sensory specialization in response to environmental change.
Universell utforming av spesialrom
Authors: Lefdal Else Margrethe , Bech Jannicke T. B. , Dalstein Gunn Synnøve
Published: December 2023

Krav til universell utforming av skoler er regulert av ulike lovverk. Ingen elever skal utestenges fra obligatorisk undervisning på bakgrunn av nedsatt funksjonsevne. Det kan likevel tas forbehold om rimelighet ut fra den enkeltes behov, og løsningene skal ikke være byrdefulle for virksomheten. Krav om universell utforming eller tilrettelegging gjelder hovedløsningen i de fysiske forholdene. Gjennom en kartleggingsstudie har vi undersøkt om verksteder for Kunst og håndverk er universelt utformet. Utvalget er praksisskoler tilknyttet Institutt for estetiske fag ved OsloMet – storbyuniversitetet. Studien viser flere felles utfordringer og et forbedringspotensial innen områdene orientering, tilgang og opphold knyttet til universell utforming av kunst- og håndverksrom. I artikkelen stilles det spørsmål om forbehold i lovverket er av betydning for at elever får den opplæringen de har krav på i Kunst og håndverk.
STTA: enhanced text classification via selective test-time augmentation
Authors: Xiong Haoyu , Zhang Xinchun , Yang Leixin , Xiang Yu , Zhang Yaping
Published: December 2023

Test-time augmentation (TTA) is a well-established technique that involves aggregating transformed examples of test inputs during the inference stage. The goal is to enhance model performance and reduce the uncertainty of predictions. Despite its advantages of not requiring additional training or hyperparameter tuning, and being applicable to any existing model, TTA is still in its early stages in the field of NLP. This is partly due to the difficulty of discerning the contribution of different transformed samples, which can negatively impact predictions. In order to address these issues, we propose Selective Test-Time Augmentation, called STTA, which aims to select the most beneficial transformed samples for aggregation by identifying reliable samples. Furthermore, we analyze and empirically verify why TTA is sensitive to some text data augmentation methods and reveal why some data augmentation methods lead to erroneous predictions. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that STTA is a simple and effective method that can produce promising results in various text classification tasks.
Frequency of heterotic hybrids in relation to general combining ability of parents in sweet corn
Authors: Madhunapantula Vani Praveena , Talekar Sidramappa Channappa , Kachapur Rajashekhar Mahantaswami , Salakinkop Shiddappa Ramappa , Lal Mohan , Naidu Gopalakrishna
Published: December 2023

The success of developing prominent hybrids directly depends on the selection of parents with good combining ability which can transfer desirable genes with additive effects to their progeny. The data of 42 hybrids generated using 7 × 7 full diallel design; their seven parents along with three check hybrids were subjected to combining ability analysis from the experiment that was carried out during rainy season 2019. The analysis of variance showed significant general combining ability, and specific combining ability mean sum of squares for all the thirteen characters studied. It is obvious from the results that three lines (SC Sel 2, SC Sel 1 and SC Sel 3) showed high overall general combining ability status, suggesting these lines as good general combiners across traits. Eighteen hybrids had high overall specific combining ability status, while nearly 52% (22 hybrids), 57% (24 hybrids) and 47% (20 hybrids) of crosses showed high overall mid-parent, better-parent and standard heterosis. The unique superiority of crosses involving high overall general combiner parent in the crosses highlighted the importance of using such parents to realize high heterotic crosses. A non-linear relationship between high overall specific combining ability status and heterotic status of hybrids was noticed. The probability of obtaining a cross with high standard heterosis was more with employing parents with high general combining ability status.
Morphometric and morphologic analysis of the foramen spinosum in the Slovenian population with clinical correlations
Authors: Šink Žiga , Umek Nejc , Cvetko Erika
Published: December 2023

Background

The foramen spinosum (FS) is a pivotal passage for neurovascular structures within the skull base. We performed a detailed morphometric and morphological analysis of the FS to emphasize its clinical relevance.

Materials & Methods

The study was performed on dried skull specimens obtained from the anatomical collections of the Institute of Anatomy and Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Ljubljana. The morphometric and morphologic features of FS in 126 whole human skulls and 15 skull halves were analyzed, including dimensions, shape, and other anatomical variations, as well as relationships to surrounding structures. Measurements were done with a digital sliding caliper.

Results

The mean length and width of the FS were 2.45 ± 0.65 mm and 2.03 ± 0.53 mm on the right side and 2.49 ± 0.61 mm and 2.08 ± 0.48 mm on the left side. The most frequently observed shape was round (56.7%), followed by oval (28.2%), irregular (8.7%) and drop shaped (6.3%). Several anatomical variations were also noted, including FS duplication, confluences with other foramina, and FS obstruction due to marginal bony outgrowths.

Conclusion

The FS exhibits notable interindividual differences in anatomical characteristics which should be considered during neurosurgical procedures and radiological interventions in the skull base.
Choline regulation of triglycerides synthesis through ubiquintination pathway in MAC-T cells
Authors: Hu Mengxue , Liu Lily
Published: December 2023

This study aims to investigate the regulatory mechanism of choline (CH) on triglyceride (TG) synthesis in cows, with a specific focus on its potential association with high milk fat percentage in the gut of the Zhongdian yak. By employing combined metagenomics and metabolomics analysis, we establish a correlation between CH and milk fat production in yaks. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) were exposed to varying CH concentrations, and after 24 h, we analyzed the expression levels of key proteins (membrane glycoprotein CD36 (CD36); adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP); and ubiquintin (UB)), cellular TG content, lipid droplets, and cell vitality. Additionally, we evaluated the genes potentially related to the CH-mediated regulation of TG synthesis using real-time qPCR. CH at 200 μM significantly up-regulated CD36, ADFP, UB, and TG content. Pathway analysis reveals the involvement of the ubiquitination pathway in CH-mediated regulation of TG synthesis. These findings shed light on the role of CH in controlling TG synthesis in MAC-T cells and suggest its potential as a feed additive for cattle, offering possibilities to enhance milk fat production efficiency and economic outcomes in the dairy industry.
Covariation between microeukaryotes and bacteria associated with Planorbidae snails
Authors: Clerissi Camille , Huot Camille , Portet Anaïs , Gourbal Benjamin , Toulza Eve
Published: December 2023

Background

Microbial communities associated with macroorganisms might affect host physiology and homeostasis. Bacteria are well studied in this context, but the diversity of microeukaryotes, as well as covariations with bacterial communities, remains almost unknown.

Methods

To study microeukaryotic communities associated with Planorbidae snails, we developed a blocking primer to reduce amplification of host DNA during metabarcoding analyses. Analyses of alpha and beta diversities were computed to describe microeukaryotes and bacteria using metabarcoding of 18S and 16S rRNA genes, respectively.

Results

Only three phyla (Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta and Alveolata) were dominant for microeukaryotes. Bacteria were more diverse with five dominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria). The composition of microeukaryotes and bacteria were correlated for the Biomphalaria glabrata species, but not for Planorbarius metidjensis. Network analysis highlighted clusters of covarying taxa. Among them, several links might reflect top-down control of bacterial populations by microeukaryotes, but also possible competition between microeukaryotes having opposite distributions (Lobosa and Ichthyosporea). The role of these taxa remains unknown, but we believe that the blocking primer developed herein offers new possibilities to study the hidden diversity of microeukaryotes within snail microbiota, and to shed light on their underestimated interactions with bacteria and hosts.
A review of sebum in mammals in relation to skin diseases, skin function, and the skin microbiome
Authors: Vanderwolf Karen , Kyle Christopher , Davy Christina
Published: December 2023

Diseases vary among and within species but the causes of this variation can be unclear. Immune responses are an important driver of disease variation, but mechanisms on how the body resists pathogen establishment before activation of immune responses are understudied. Skin surfaces of mammals are the first line of defense against abiotic stressors and pathogens, and skin attributes such as pH, microbiomes, and lipids influence disease outcomes. Sebaceous glands produce sebum composed of multiple types of lipids with species-specific compositions. Sebum affects skin barrier function by contributing to minimizing water loss, supporting thermoregulation, protecting against pathogens, and preventing UV-induced damage. Sebum also affects skin microbiome composition both via its antimicrobial properties, and by providing potential nutrient sources. Intra- and interspecific variation in sebum composition influences skin disease outcomes in humans and domestic mammal species but is not well-characterized in wildlife. We synthesized knowledge on sebum function in mammals in relation to skin diseases and the skin microbiome. We found that sebum composition was described for only 29 live, wild mammalian species. Sebum is important in dermatophilosis, various forms of dermatitis, demodicosis, and potentially white-nose syndrome. Sebum composition likely affects disease susceptibility, as lipid components can have antimicrobial functions against specific pathogens. It is unclear why sebum composition is species-specific, but both phylogeny and environmental effects may drive differences. Our review illustrates the role of mammal sebum function and influence on skin microbes in the context of skin diseases, providing a baseline for future studies to elucidate mechanisms of disease resistance beyond immune responses.
Aplicação do método de Monte Carlo na análise de viabilidade econômico-financeira de uma cervejaria artesanal
Authors: De Assunção Wellinton , Rocha Moisés dos Santos , Rodrigues Jean Robert Pereira , De Oliveira Fernando Lima , Campos Lúcio Flávio de Albuquerque , Pinto Mauro Sergio Silva , Gomes Wellington Pereira , Almeida Raí Dias
Published: December 2023

A cerveja artesanal tem conquistado uma posição proeminente no mercado brasileiro. Por se tratar de um produto que preza pela qualidade, variabilidade e com constante expansão de mercado, a cerveja artesanal tem atraído um público que intensifica cada vez mais o rigor em suas escolhas de consumo. Este empreendimento envolve um processo complexo de produção, distribuição e gestão, exigindo um planejamento minucioso, avaliações e análises financeiras para competir de forma eficaz e atender às expectativas dos consumidores. O presente trabalho objetiva analisar, por meio do método de Simulação de Monte Carlo (SMC), a viabilidade econômico-financeira no processo de avaliação de uma empresa de produção de cerveja artesanal no Maranhão. Como resultados, identificou-se que o investimento na cervejaria é viável no cenário base, com um VPL de R$ 8.827,40 e uma probabilidade de êxito de 46,60% para o período de 5 anos. No cenário alternativo, com variações de TMA entre 15%, 16% e 17%, o investimento também foi considerado viável, o que sugere a escolha do método de SMC para a análise de viabilidade econômica.
Occupational hazard management in grain storage units
Authors: Kunh Peterson Diego , Christ Divair , Coelho Silvia Renata Machado , Brun Sergio Adelar , Fernandes Carlos Aparecido , Borges Reginaldo , Pereira Junior Edson Hermenegildo , Dos Santos Cidmar Ortiz
Published: December 2023

With the expansion of global grain production, in which Brazil ranks 4th with 7.8%, and, in light of the estimated production for the 2022/2023 harvest of 309.9 million tons, there is a deficit in storage capacity, currently representing 60.9% of production. Given the importance and expectation of expanding, it is necessary to prevent illnesses and accidents linked to this process. This work aims to develop an occupational hazards management model during the grain storage and drying processes, to determine the hazards that workers are exposed in their activities. The methodology was applied in western Paraná, Brazil, in a grain drying and storage unit during the inter-harvest and harvest periods to analyze, identify, evaluate, prioritize, and develop an action plan for the hazards. Among the hazards identified in the literature and at the site, exposure to heat and noise was evaluated, generating a score that represents the hazard situation in the environment. Of the 104 possible points in the evaluation, occupational exposure to heat obtained the lowest score of 70 (regular level), compared to noise with a score of 90 (normal level). For solving identified non-conformities, it can be highlight the replacement of thermal protection gloves and installation of a on-site temperature and humidity meter. With the methodology, it is possible to evaluate hazards and propose mechanisms that lead to their resolution, prioritizing the most critical levels according to the generated score.
Mortality and Morbidity among Neonates Born to COVID-19 Positive Mothers in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Chennai: An Ambispective Cohort Study
Authors: Aswini Rajagopal Velu , Naaraayan Sridevi A , Devimeenakshi Krishnaswami
Published: December 2023

Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, has had varied clinical impacts across different age groups. Understanding the morbidity and mortality rates among neonates born to COVID- 19 positive mothers is crucial for ensuring preparedness within the healthcare system. Aim: To compare the morbidity and mortality rates of newborns born to COVID-19 positive and negative mothers. Materials and Methods: This ambispective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India between August 2021 and October 2022. Newborns born to mothers with COVID-19 at the time of delivery were classified as cases, while newborns born to the next two COVID-19 negative pregnant women who delivered immediately after the COVID-19 positive mother were considered as controls. The study included a sample of 214 COVID-19 positive mothers and 426 COVID-19 negative mothers. Clinical data were recorded, and all newborns were followed for one week to assess their morbidity and outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether COVID-19 infection is a risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes. Results: Among the newborns, 357 (55.8%) were females, and 333 (52%) were delivered via caesarean section. Of the newborns, 39 (6.1%) were preterm and 95 (14.8%) had low birth weight. The overall mortality rate was 1.25%. Four (1.8%) neonates tested positive for COVID-19. Logistic regression analysis revealed that caesarean section, respiratory distress syndrome, and prematurity were statistically significant morbidities associated with maternal COVID-19 positive status. The odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) were 4.090 (2.840-5.882) for caesarean section, 2.291 (1.508-3.480) for respiratory distress syndrome, and 2.359 (1.181-4.712) for prematurity. The mortality and other morbidities were similar between the two groups. Conclusion: Respiratory distress syndrome and prematurity were the common morbidities observed in newborns born to COVID-19 positive mothers.
Clinico-aetiological Profile and Outcome of Hypernatremic Dehydration in Term Neonates Admitted to the NICU at a Tertiary Care Centre in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Gagneja Sanchi , Goyal Dileep , Mittal Hemlata , Shekhawat Savita , Sareen Devendra , Sandhu Sukhanwar Singh
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Hypernatremic dehydration is commonly found in the first week of neonatal life. Hypernatremia develops when water loss exceeds sodium loss, as in lactational failure with inadequate breastfeeding, or when sodium intake exceeds water intake disproportionately (salt poisoning), such as when neonates receive concentrated formula or top milk. The common presentations include lethargy, irritability, poor feeding, dehydration, reduced urinary frequency, significant weight loss, and fever. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinico- etiological profile and outcome of hypernatremic dehydration in term neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at a tertiary care centre. Additionally, the study aimed to examine the factors contributing to hypernatremic dehydration. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the NICU, Department of Paediatrics, of Geetanjali Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India from February 2021 to July 2022. A total of 51 term neonates with a history of inadequate breastfeeding, maternal history of lactational failure, significant weight loss (>10% weight loss within a short period of time), or dehydration fever, along with hypernatremia (serum sodium > 145 mEq/L), were enrolled in the study. Data regarding serum sodium level, serum bilirubin level, Kidney Function Test (KFT), Ultrasonography of Kidney, Ureters and Bladder (USG KUB), and neuroimaging were collected for all study subjects and statistically analysed using the Chi-square test. Results: A total of 51 neonates were admitted to the NICU during the study period, with a mean age of 6.05±2.2 days (range 0-15 days) and a mean birth weight of 2810 grams. The study showed that the mean weight (in %) loss was 13.75±4.1 (range 10.1-21%). The study also revealed that 64.7% of the mothers of neonates experienced lactational failure, with a p-value <0.05. The presenting complaints were poor feeding (92.2%), fever (45.1%), excessive crying (96.1%), and decreased urine output (47%). The mean Standard Deviation (SD) sodium level on admission was 155.3 mEq/L. Two neonates developed neurological complications (intracranial haemorrhage and cerebral oedema), and 62.7% of neonates developed Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Conclusion: Hypernatremic dehydration poses a significant threat in early neonatal life and is often underdiagnosed. Common causes include a lack of awareness about exclusive breastfeeding, lactational failure, and improper breastfeeding techniques, as well as feeding problems due to inverted/flat nipples or cracked nipples/breast engorgement. These findings were observed in the present study.
Comparison of Linear Dimensional Stability among Three Different Types of Interocclusal Recording Materials: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Pokale Smita Vijay , Patil Viraj N , Melavanki Chithra L , Hallikerimath Rajendra B , Patil Abhijit P , Kurugodu Kishor Kumar , Astagi Preeti B
Published: December 2023

Introduction: In routine dental practice, clinicians often face difficulty in selecting accurate interocclusal recording materials due to the introduction of numerous options in the market. Therefore, it is crucial to choose the appropriate material and use it correctly for the success of any prosthesis. Aim: To evaluate and compare the linear dimensional stability of three different types of interocclusal recording materials: polyvinyl siloxane bite registration paste (orangebite), polyether bite registration paste (ramitec), and bite registration wax (aluminium filled). Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, with microscopic evaluation performed at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology at Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India in September 2020 for a period of four days. A stainless steel die was used to make impressions, and materials were manipulated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A total of 30 samples (10 for each material) were created. Three minutes after the respective setting time of each material, discs were separated from the die. The distance between two parallel lines was measured using a stereomicroscope at different time intervals: one hour, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: In the intragroup comparison of dimensional changes at different time intervals, all three materials showed statistically insignificant results (p>0.05). However, statistically significant results (p≤0.05) were found when comparing the materials at different time points. Polyether bite registration material exhibited better dimensional stability than polyvinyl siloxane and bite registration wax at one hour, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Conclusion: Polyether demonstrated superior dimensional stability compared to polyvinyl siloxane and bite registration wax. The dimensional stability was influenced by both the material used and the duration of time
Factors Affecting Blood Donations among COVID-19 Plasma Donors at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mandya, Karnataka, India
Authors: Yogendra P , Mythreyi MU , Malathi BG , . Sumaisa
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Blood group antibodies are associated with susceptibility to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among different blood groups. Factors such as age and male sex have been identified as risk factors for COVID-19 and disease severity. Aim: Determination of blood groups of COVID-19 positive plasma donors and examine the association of blood groups with different sexes and age groups. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the factors that either prevent or motivate COVID-19 positive individuals to donate plasma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed records from July 2020 to June 2021 at the Blood Bank of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India. The sample size included 115 COVID-19 plasma donors, selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data on blood group, age, sex, and factors influencing plasma donation were recorded. The collected data was entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 statistical software, applying the Chi-square test. Results: Among the 115 COVID-19 positive patients, 113 were males and two were females. The most commonly affected age group was between 31-40 years (44 donors), and the most commonly observed blood group was O+ve (44 cases). There was no significant association between gender and age group (p-value-0.299). Similarly, there was no significant association between blood group and age groups (p-value-0.730). When evaluating the reasons for donating blood, the majority of people (33 out of 115) mentioned that their family member required blood. The provision of transport facilities by the blood bank did not significantly increase the number of blood donations, as most people preferred using their own vehicles (44 out of 115) due to the fear of COVID-19 infection. Among their friends, the main reason for not donating blood was the fear of infection (63 out of 115). Conclusion: Individual with blood group ‘O’ were more affected by COVID-19 compared to other blood groups. The pandemic has impacted blood transfusion services as fewer donors are visiting hospitals for blood donation. It is important to thoroughly assess and address the various reasons that prevent individuals from donating plasma through mass awareness campaigns.
Polyglandular Syndrome with Complications and a Rare Co-existence of Hypercortisolism in a Young Girl: An Internist Approach
Authors: Vidhya K , Ananthkrishnan P , Panda Prasan Kumar
Published: December 2023

Patients diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) can sometimes manifest as part of broader clinical presentations known as Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes (APS). APS refers to a group of rare autoimmune disorders in which multiple endocrine glands are affected by autoimmune attacks. There are four types of APS described so far, including APS1, APS2, APS3 and APS4. In contrast to APS1 and APS2, APS3 does not involve the adrenal cortex. In APS3, autoimmune thyroiditis occurs with other organspecific autoimmune diseases, excluding Addison’s disease. A 20-year-old female with a known case of T1DM, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), hypothyroidism, and hypertension recently presented with a hypertensive emergency. On further evaluation, she was also diagnosed as a possible case of APS3 with a rare presentation of hypercortisolism instead of Addison’s disease. Various challenges were faced while managing her diabetes due to the brittle diabetes pattern she showed, and also there was a dilemma in the conclusive diagnosis of hypercortisolism in this patient due to the co-existing CKD.
s Estimation of HbA2 Alone Sufficient for Screening Beta Thalassaemia Carriers: A Case in Perspective
Authors: Suresh Beena , Ravichandran Umarani , Jagadeesh Sujatha
Published: December 2023

Beta thalassaemia is one of the most common inherited haemoglobinopathies, characterised by reduced or absent production of the beta globin chain. In India, the carrier frequency of thalassaemia is estimated to be 3-4%. The prevention of Beta thalassaemia is the best strategy, and this can be achieved through carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis. Carriers of beta thalassaemia can be easily identified using haematological parameters such as complete blood count and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for haemoglobin analysis. The characteristic findings observed in thalassaemia carriers include microcytosis, hypochromia, with a Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) of less than 80 fL and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) of less than 28 pg. They also present with elevated levels of HBA2 (α2δ2) ≥3.5%. Carrier screening for beta thalassaemia primarily relies on the observation of elevated HbA2 levels. However, in rare cases, some carriers can have normal HbA2 levels, leading to false-negative screening results. In a case involving a married couple who underwent routine preconceptional screening by complete blood count and HPLC for thalassaemia screening, the male partner had elevated HbA2 levels (5.2%), while the female partner had normal HbA2 levels (1.6%). Molecular testing revealed that the male partner was heterozygous for the Intervening Sequence (IVS) 1-5 (G>C) mutation, while the female partner was found to be heterozygous for the CD41-42 (-CTTT) mutation. It is important to consider molecular testing of the HBB gene in couples, even if one partner is a carrier and the other partner has normal or borderline HbA2 levels.
Migrants’ Remittances, Agricultural Producer Service and Wage Inequality in the Dual Economy
Authors: Chen Lihui , Wang Dianshuang
Published: December 2023

Previous literature finds that migrants’ remittance narrows down wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labor, since the external funds flow into the rural area and raise wage rate of unskilled labor. However, it should be noted that the structure of agricultural production has also changed and small-scale agriculture utilizes remittance to purchase producer service that could substitute unskilled labor. The paper establishes three-sector general equilibrium models and theoretically analyzes the impact of an increase in remittance rate on wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labor. In the primary stage of service sector, an increase in remittance rate reduces both skilled and unskilled wage rate and has an ambiguous impact on wage inequality. The obtained result of wage inequality is robust even when we extend the basic theoretical model by considering the popularization stage of service sector.
The Impact of Virtual Clinic on the Services` Users during Corona Virus Pandemic (COVID-19) in Health Care Centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aljameeli Abdulrahman Mohammed
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to assess the impact of virtual clinic on the services'` users during the Corona Virus (COVID-19) pandemic in health care centers in Riyadh. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method, and the study sample consisted of 100 individuals who used services in health care centers in Riyadh. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package program. The researcher reached to several results, the most important of which are; virtual clinics are very effective in improving the delivery of user services. Most of study subjects are fully treated despite not being seen in person. More than two thirds of the study sample 68% consider that the length of time spent with the therapist or one of his family members is a good period. The treatment was explained by the virtual clinic staff to a very good degree (67%).  The degree of accuracy, care and skill of the virtual clinic staff is high (69%).  Courtesy, respect, sensitivity and friendliness are provided by the virtual clinic staff at an excellent rate of 88%. The virtual clinic staff is distinguished by a very high respect for patient privacy (88%). The staff responds to the patient's questions about the treatment plan effectively and to a high degree (99%). The degree of the comprehensive treatment experience of the study sample using a virtual clinic is very good and excellent (81%). The researcher also concluded several recommendations, including; - Providing adequate time for health care users by health care providers.
Response of Sesame Growth and Yield to Jivamrut
Authors: Parikh R. M. , Chaudhary B. J. , Patel C. K.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Instructional Farm, C. P. College of Agriculture, to study the “Response of sesame growth and yield to jivamrut” during kharif season of 2020 with Seven treatment combinations comprising, three levels of jivamrut, two time of application of jivamrut and one control (No jivamrut) were evaluated in randomized block design (in a factorial arrangement) with single control and replicated four times. The results of present investigation revealed that significantly the highest plant height and branches per plant were found with application of jivamrut. Levels of jivamrut and time of application of jivamrut were found non-significant with respect to plant height. Time of application of jivamrut was found significant with respect to branches per plant but levels of jivamrut was found non-significant. The yield attributes of sesame viz., number of capsules per plant, test weight, seed yield and stalk yield were found significant due to application of jivamrut, levels of jivamrut and time of application of jivamrut. Application of jivamrut was found significant but levels and time of application of jivamrut were found non-significant with respect to number of seeds per capsule. Application jivamrut provided significantly higher seed (556 kg/ha) and stalk (1425 kg/ha) yields of sesame, in case of levels of jivamrut (L3) 1000 lit/ha recorded significantly higher seed (607 kg/ha) and stalk (1513 kg/ha) yields of sesame and application of jivamrut at 20 days interval recorded significantly higher seed (647 kg/ha) and stalk (1708 kg/ha) yields as well as higher net return and benefit: cost ratio also found with this (L3) and 20 days interval. Interaction was found non-significant for yield attributes and yield.
Enhancing Crop Growth, Yield and Economics of Spring Baby Corn through Different Spacing and Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Anu  , Shweta  , Singh Karmal , Dinesh  , Bhardwaj Nitin , Arun  , Kumar Pardeep , Kumar Anil
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during spring season of 2019 at Agronomy Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univeristy, Hisar, Haryana to investigate the effect of different spacing and irrigation regimes on growth and yield of spring’s baby corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with four irrigation treatments viz. one irrigation - 6 leaf stage, two irrigation - 6 leaf and knee high stage, two irrigation - knee high and pre-tasselling stage and three irrigation - 6 leaf, knee high and pre-tasselling stage in main plots and four spacing treatments viz. 60 × 20 cm, 60 × 15 cm, 45 × 20 cm and 45 × 15 cm in sub-plots. The results showed significantly higher growth parameters and cob yield in three irrigation – 6 leaf, knee high and pre-tasselling stage. One irrigation – 6 leaf stage recorded early 50% days to tasselling and silking. In case of spacing treatments, 45 × 15 cm recorded higher growth parameters i.e. plant height, dry matter accumulation and LAI. Yield attributes i.e. cob girth, length and weight was observed higher in 60 × 20 cm spacing treatment and yield was recorded maximum in 45 × 15 cm. The highest gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded higher in 45 × 15 cm spacing.
Interchange and Comact Grade Separated Junction: Classifications' System Considerations, Traffic Safety, and Operations Overview
Authors: Bassan Shy
Published: December 2023

The paper presents system considerations and classification criteria of interchange geometric design based on the new Israeli Interchange design guidelines (VOLUME III of geometric design standards for rural (interurban) highways and urban freeways).

The paper gives a methodological overview of interchanges systematical warrant in order to adjust and essentially construct an appropriate interchange that connects two intersecting highways. This warrant refers to the number of legs, partiality, functional classification, and access control type of intersecting highways zone (in the final stage of construction) based on highway classification. The paper also covers system considerations for implementing a compact grade separated junction (CGSJ) in a major highway, and traffic operation, safety, and public transport insights.
Statistical Analysis of the Physico-Chemical Characterization of Three Arid Soils in the Hadjer-Lamis Region, Chad
Authors: N’Djédanoum Timbe , Djinet Alain Ignassou , Soumaïla Gandema , Ouedraogo François , Naon Bétaboalé , Zougmore Francois
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study is to carry out a physico-chemical characterization of three arid soils. Soil samples were taken from a horizon of 0-20 cm and analyzed as follows: texture, electrical conductivity, maximum water retention capacity and natural moisture content were determined at the Laboratory of Soils-Water-Plants (LASEP) in Chad. On the other hand, the organic matter rate, soil reaction, total and assimilable phosphorus, total nitrogen, total potassium, CEC, exchangeable bases, and C/N ratio were determined at the National Soil Office (BUNASOL) in Burkina Faso. XLSTAT software version 7.5.2 was used for this work, and tests for comparison of means were carried out using the Fischer method with a threshold of 5%. The results of these analyses give for each soil in this order (% clay, % silt, % sand), Dandi (19.5%, 17.5%, 63%), Karal (17%, 7.5%, 75.5%) and Mani (14%, 7%, 79%), all these three soils have a sandy-silty texture. The organic matter levels obtained overall are low: Dandi (0.68 mg/100 g dry matter), Karal (0.61 mg/100 g dry matter), Mani (0.61 mg/100 g dry matter), these results confirm the aridity of these soils. Total phosphorus levels in Dandi, Karal and Mani are 182.50 mg/100 g, 265.50 mg/100 g and 388 mg/100 g dry matter respectively, while assimilable phosphorus levels are 13.08 mg/100 g, 42.33 mg/100 g and 18.10mg/100g dry matter respectively. The three soils have a slightly basic pH-water: Dandi (8.07), Karal (7.29), Mani (7.03) as for the pH-KCl, they are as follows: Dandi (6.28), Karal (6.33) and Mani (6.03). Soil C/N ratios vary from 7.83 to 17.05, CEC from 12.82 to 23 meq/100 g, electrical conductivity from 160.50 to 666.50 µS/cm and maximum water retention capacity from 34.66 to 45.22%. Moisture levels ranged from 2.77 to 4.40% and saturation levels were Mani (19.50%), Dandi (41.09%) and Karal (53.43%). The sum of the bases, meanwhile, varies as follows Dandi (1205.55 mg/100 g dry matter), Mani (2094.68 dry matter) and Karal (2162 mg/100 g dry matter). The total potassium obtained in each of the soil samples is as follows: Dandi (480.50 mg/100 g of dry matter), Karal (483 mg/100 g of dry matter) and Mani (325 mg/100 g of dry matter) and finally, the total nitrogen content varied from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/100 g of dry matter.
Is there a place for a (Virtual) European Network and reference centers on Pelvic Venous Disease (PeVD)? Thinktank?
Authors:   Department of Vascular Surgery, Heelkunde Friesland, Locations MCL and Nij Smellinghe Ziekenhuis, Friesland, The Netherlands, Wikkeling Marald
Published: December 2023

The creation of a virtual European network and reference centers, targeted at Pelvic venous disease, holds promising potential for the medical and research communities. Nevertheless, effective implementation of the initiative necessitates prudent planning, funding, and support. The establishment of such networks and reference centers requires certain considerations. We will elaborate on these considerations and are there best practices? The development from reference centers into (virtual) networks and even thinktanks is a precarious process of which is making its way from infancy to adulthood.
Pelvic venous disease; knowledge gap
Authors:   Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Josee E Van Rijn Marie , J Zeebregts Clark ,   University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Groningen, The Netherlands
Published: December 2023

Good quality data is lacking for pelvic venous disease (PeVD) and there are knowledge gaps in several topics. While we know that multiple pregnancies, hormonal factors and compression syndromes are risk factors, less is known about environmental and lifestyle factors. Most studies investigated the effect of coil embolization in relation to pain, but outcomes missing are quality of life (QOL), recurrence, complications, cost- effectiveness and predictors of a good response. There are no studies comparing different embolization techniques and hardly any studies on alternative treatment modalities or pharmacological treatment. It is important to distinguish different symptoms PeVD can cause when reporting patient related outcomes. Most studies use VAS scores, however, there is more to PeVD than pain. Concomitant diseases are common and may impact QoL by itself and must be taken into consideration as well. Finally, there are gaps in patient education and awareness. A scoring system would help in identifying patients. Recently, such a screening score was proposed. In conclusion, research in the field of PeVD is still in its infancy creating gaps in knowledge and awareness. Closing these gaps is essential for PeVD diagnosis and treatment.
Tungsten
Authors: Olalde Ranulfo Lemus , Venezia Carmen
Published: December 2023

Tungsten is a rare metal with numerous applications, most notably in machine tools, catalysts, and superalloys. The physical and chemical properties of tungsten and its compounds of commercial importance (such as sodium tungstate, ammoniummeta‐ andpara‐tungstate, tungsten metal, tungsten carbide, and tungsten oxides), as well as tungsten industrialization, recycling, occupational exposure, and biomonitoring are discussed. Between 1970 and 1990, most tungsten toxicological investigations concerned the toxicity and health effects of cemented carbides, also known as hard metal, rather than tungsten and its compounds themselves. However, within the last decade a diversity of studies on the toxicity of the water soluble and bioavailable sodium tungstate, have been conducted to fill several toxicity knowledge gaps. Acute toxicity studies on several soluble (sodium tungstate, ammoniumpara‐ andmeta‐tungstate) and sparingly water‐soluble (tungsten metal, tungsten oxides, tungsten carbide) substances reported low acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity, as well as a lack of eye and dermal irritation and sensitization potential. Studies published within the last 5–7 years on sodium tungstate include oral repeated exposure, reproductive, developmental, neurotoxicological, and immunotoxicological endpoints. Several reports have incorrectly associated repeated exposure toxicity of hard metals with pure tungsten carbide. As the toxicity of hard metal does not represent the intrinsic toxicity of tungsten substances so it is discussed separately within this chapter.
Dibenzo‐
p
‐Dioxins: 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐
p
‐Dioxin and Other Polychlorinated Dioxin‐Like Chemicals
Authors: Birnbaum Linda S. , De Vito Michael J.
Published: December 2023

2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlordibenzo‐
p
‐dioxin (TCDD) is often called the most potent toxic man‐made chemical. TCDD is the most toxic member of the polychlorinated dibenzo‐
p
‐dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar PCBs or “dioxin‐like” chemicals (DLCs). These chemicals have similar structures and toxicological effects. TCDD is considered the prototype of the DLCs due to its toxic potency, persistence in the environment and biological systems and because it is the most studied of the DLCs. While polychlorinated dibenzo‐
p
‐dioxins are a class of compounds with 75 possible congeners, as shown in the following structure, only those chlorinated in all the lateral positions are considered dioxins or DLCs. The lateral chlorines result in planar compounds and impart metabolic stability, biological potency, and environmental persistence. TCDD and other DLCs induce a broad range of biochemical and toxic responses. These effects are elicited through their binding and activating the Ah‐receptor (AhR), which is an intracellular protein that acts as a ligand‐activated transcription factor. The binding and activation of the AhR by DLCs initiate a cascade of biochemical, cellular, tissue, and organ‐level effects leading to developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity, among others.
Insect Repellents (DEET) and Others
Authors: Britt Janice K.
Published: December 2023

Insect repellents are an important part of almost everyone's lives. Approximately 40% of Americans and 200 million people in the world use
N,N
‐diethyl‐
meta
‐toluamide (DEET). A variety of insect repellents, both synthetic and natural, are available for use including DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of citronella,
p
‐menthane‐3,8‐diol (PMD)/oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), 2‐undecanone, and catnip oil, and others. Insect repellents are important in repelling vector‐borne diseases including dengue viruses, Eastern equine encephalitis, yellow fever, and Zika virus. Insect repellents come in various forms (e.g., spray‐on, wipe, lotion, cream, gel, clip‐on, candles, torches, coils), and label directions should be followed to ensure their safe use. This chapter discusses the use, production, exposure, and potential health effects of several of the major insect repellents that are currently in use. It also addresses some of the myths that exist surrounding repellent use.
Eades, Diana
Authors: Clarke Isobelle
Published: December 2023

This entry details the academic career and contributions of the Australian linguist, Diana Eades. Eades is a major figure in the field of forensic linguistics with her work on increasing understanding about the linguistic disadvantage and communicative challenges faced by speakers of Aboriginal English and nonstandard varieties of English in the Australian legal context. Additionally, her work on language analysis for the determination of origins, the discursive construction of consent, and the communication of rights is aimed at improving the enforcement of law and the delivery of justice.
Pragmatics: Research Methods
Authors: Jucker Andreas H.
Published: December 2023

Pragmatics uses a broad range of research methods. While its origins can be found in the introspectional methods of language philosophers, more recent approaches tend to favor empirical research methods based on experimentation and observation. Introspectional methods are based on philosophical and cognitive considerations of intuited language samples. Experimental methods make use of a range of different elicitation techniques involving both production and perception tasks in which specific factors influencing the use of language can be carefully isolated. Observational methods, finally, are based on natural language data that has been produced in communicative situations without any researcher intervention. They include both small‐scale data sets in which the details of communicative interaction can be investigated manually and large‐scale corpora of language data in which units of pragmatic interest are retrieved with corpus‐linguistic tools. The choice of method always depends on the specific research questions to be investigated and the available data, and it must take into consideration the respective strength and weaknesses of each method.