bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Giant intrathoracic lipoma presenting as a lump in the supraclavicular fossa
Authors: Khatib Manaf , Soldin Mark G
Published: July 2010

A 25-year-old man presented with a lump in the supraclavicular fossa. Subsequent investigations showed that the patient had a giant intrathoracic lipoma that has caused the deviation of his trachea to the left and had encased his great vessels. Multidisciplinary discussions concluded that tracheal stenting was most suitable for the patient. We describe details of his presentation, clinical findings and discuss the management options of a giant intrathoracic lipoma.
Splenic torsion: a case report
Authors: Hussain M , Deshpande R , Bailey STR
Published: July 2010

Introduction

Torsion of the spleen is a rare cause of abdominal pain. Predisposition occurs following abnormal development of splenic suspensory ligaments. We report a case of splenic torsion in a spleen sited in a normal anatomical position and discuss the latest treatment options. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been reported in the literature to date.

Case Presentation

A 73-year-old Caucasian woman presented to our department with sudden onset, severe, left-upper abdominal pain. An enhanced computed tomography revealed an unenhancing spleen. She underwent an urgent laparotomy and splenectomy for 360° torsion of her spleen.

Conclusions

Splenic torsion in a wandering spleen has been described with an incidence of < 0.2%. Symptoms vary from asymptomatic to an acute surgical abdomen. Diagnosis is commonly made using colour Doppler sonography or enhanced computed tomography. Surgery is guided by clinical setting, with preservation of the spleen as the goal.
A dangerous pleural effusion
Authors: Basu Somprakas , Bhadani Shilpi , Shukla Vijay K
Published: July 2010

Bilothorax is a rare complication of biliary peritonitis and, if not treated promptly, can be life-threatening. We report a case of a middle-aged woman who had undergone a bilio-enteric bypass and subsequently a biliary leak developed, which finally led to intra-abdominal biliary collection and spontaneous bilothorax. The clinical course was rapid and mimicked venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction and pulmonary oedema, which led to a delay in diagnosis and management and finally death. We high-light the fact that bilothorax, although a rare complication of biliary surgery, should always be considered as a probable cause of massive effusion and sudden-onset respiratory and cardiovascular collapse in the postoperative period. A chest X-ray and a diagnostic pleural tap can confirm the diagnosis. Once detected, an aggressive management should be instituted to prevent organ failure and death.
A rare case of high-grade serous ovarian epithelial carcinoma presenting as an isolated cystic mediastinal mass: a case report and brief review of the literature
Authors: Scarci Marco , Attia Rizwan , Routledge Tom , King Juliet
Published: July 2010

A 70-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of increasing breathlessness. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest confirmed a well-defined cystic lesion abutting the mediastinum in the right hemi thorax measuring 8 × 6 cm. She underwent a right thoracotomy to excise the cystic lesion. Biopsies for histology demonstrated metastatic serous ovarian epithelial carcinoma. We report a very unusual primary presentation of ovarian epithelial carcinoma as a single cystic mediastinal mass. We also include a brief review of the literature.
Upregulation of CDKN2A and suppression of cyclin D1 gene expressions in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas
Authors: Tani Yuji , Inoshita Naoko , Sugiyama Toru , Kato Masako , Yamada Shozo , Shichiri Masayoshi , Hirata Yukio
Published: July 2010

Objective

Cushing's disease (CD) is usually caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas, while silent corticotroph adenomas (SCA) are macroadenomas without Cushingoid features. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying their different tumor growth remains unknown. The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the gene expression profile of cell cycle regulators and cell growth-related transcription factors in CD, SCA, and non-functioning adenomas (NFA).

Design and methods

Tumor tissue specimens resected from 43 pituitary tumors were studied: CD (n=10), SCA (n=11), and NFA (n=22). The absolute transcript numbers of the following genes were quantified with real-time quantitative PCR assays: CDKN2A (or p16INK4a), cyclin family (A1, B1, D1, and E1), E2F1, RB1, BUB1, BUBR1, ETS1, and ETS2. Protein expressions of p16 and cyclin D1 were semi-quantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemical study.

Results and conclusion

CDKN2A gene expression was about fourfold greater in CD than in SCA and NFA. The gene expressions of cyclins D1, E1, and B1, but not of A1, in CD were significantly suppressed than those in NFA. Cyclin D1 gene expression positively correlated with cyclins B1 and E1. The gene expressions of E2F1, RB1, BUB1, BUBR1, ETS1, and ETS2 did not differ between each group. Positive immunostaining for p16 and negative immunostaining for cyclin D1 were more frequent in CD than in NFA; there were positive correlations between mRNA and protein expressions of p16 and cyclin D1. Thus, it is suggested that upregulated CDKN2A with the concomitant downregulated cyclin gene family is partly involved in the small size of ACTH-secreting adenoma.
Altered fasting and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels in patients with liver failure are normalized after liver transplantation
Authors: Diz-Lois Maria Teresa , Garcia-Buela Jesús , Suarez Francisco , Sangiao-Alvarellos Susana , Vidal Ovidio , Cordido Fernando
Published: July 2010

Context

Anorexia is a problem of paramount importance in patients with advanced liver failure. Ghrelin has important actions on feeding and weight homeostasis. Experimental data exist, which suggest that ghrelin could protect hepatic tissue. Both fasting and post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ghrelin concentrations are controversial in liver cirrhosis and are unknown after liver transplantation.

Objective

Our aim was to study fasting ghrelin concentrations and their response to an OGTT in liver failure patients before and after liver transplantation.

Design and methods

We included 21 patients with severe liver failure studied before (pretransplantation, PreT) and 6 months after liver transplantation (posttransplantation, PostT), and 10 age- and body mass index-matched healthy or overweight subjects as the control group (Cont). After an overnight fast, 75 g of oral glucose were administered; glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were obtained at baseline and at times 30, 60, 90, and 120 min.

Results

Fasting ghrelin (median and range, pg/ml) levels were lower in PreT: 539 (309–1262) than in Cont: 643 (523–2163),P=0.045. Fasting ghrelin levels increased after liver transplantation, 539 (309–1262) vs 910 (426–3305), for PreT and PostT respectively,P=0.001. The area under the curve (AUC) of ghrelin (pg/ml min) was lower in PreT: 63 900 (37 260–148 410) than in Cont: 76 560 (56 160–206 385),P=0.027. The AUC of ghrelin increased in PostT, 63 900 (37 260–148 410) vs 107 595 (59 535–357 465), for PreT and PostT respectively,P=0.001. Fasting levels and the AUC of ghrelin were similar in PosT and Cont.

Conclusions

Decreased fasting and post-OGTT ghrelin levels in liver failure patients were normalized after liver transplantation.
Oxytocin and tumor necrosis factor α stimulate expression of prostaglandin E2 synthase and secretion of prostaglandin E2 by luminal epithelial cells of the porcine endometrium during early pregnancy
Authors: Waclawik Agnieszka , Blitek Agnieszka , Ziecik Adam J
Published: July 2010

Oxytocin (OXT) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) have been implicated in the control of luteolysis by stimulating endometrial secretion of luteolytic prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α). Nevertheless, OXT concentration in porcine uterine lumen increases markedly on days 11–12 of pregnancy, and TNF is expressed in endometrium during pregnancy. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of OXT and TNF on expression of the enzymes involved in PG synthesis: PG-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), PGE2synthase (mPGES-1) and PGF synthase, and PGE2receptor (PTGER2), as well as on PG secretion by endometrial luminal epithelial cells (LECs) on days 11–12 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. LECs isolated from gilts on days 11–12 of the estrous cycle (n=8) and pregnancy (n=7) were treated with OXT (100 nmol/l) and TNF (0.6 nmol/l) for 24 h. OXT increasedPTGS2mRNA and mPGES-1 protein contents, as well as PGE2secretion but only on days 11–12 of pregnancy. TNF stimulatedPTGS2andmPGES-1mRNA, as well as mPGES-1 protein expression and PGE2release on days 11–12 of pregnancy and the estrous cycle. In addition, expressions of PTGER2 and PTGER4 were determined in corpus luteum (CL). Abundance ofPTGER2mRNA and PTGER4 protein in CL was upregulated on day 14 of pregnancy versus day 14 of the estrous cycle. This study indicates that TNF and OXT regulate PGE2synthesis in LECs during early pregnancy. PGE2secreted by LECs, after reaching ovaries, could have a luteoprotective effect through luteal PTGER2 and PTGER4, or may directly promote uterine function and conceptus development.
p-adically closed fields with nonstandard analytic structure
Authors: Bleybel Ali
Published: July 2010

We prove quantifier elimination for the field ℚp((tℚ)) (the completion of the field of Puiseux series over ℚp) in Macintyre's language together with symbols for functions in a class containing both t-adically and p-adically overconvergent functions. We also show that the theory of ℚp((tℚ)) is b-minimal in this language.
First order properties on nowhere dense structures
Authors: Nešetřil Jaroslav , de Mendez Patrice Ossona
Published: July 2010

A set A of vertices of a graph G is called d-scattered in G if no two d-neighborhoods of (distinct) vertices of A intersect. In other words, A is d-scattered if no two distinct vertices of A have distance at most 2d. This notion was isolated in the context of finite model theory by Ajtai and Gurevich and recently it played a prominent role in the study of homomorphism preservation theorems for special classes of structures (such as minor closed classes). This in turn led to the notions of wide, almost wide and quasi-wide classes of graphs. It has been proved previously that minor closed classes and classes of graphs with locally forbidden minors are examples of such classes and thus (relativized) homomorphism preservation theorem holds for them. In this paper we show that (more general) classes with bounded expansion and (newly defined) classes with bounded local expansion and even (very general) nowhere dense classes are quasi wide. This not only strictly generalizes the previous results but it also provides new proofs and algorithms for some of the old results. It appears that bounded expansion and nowhere dense classes are perhaps a proper setting for investigation of wide-type classes as in several instances we obtain a structural characterization. This also puts classes of bounded expansion in the new context. Our motivation stems from finite dualities. As a corollary we obtain that any homomorphism closed first order definable property restricted to a bounded expansion class is a restricted duality.
Continuous isomorphisms fromRonto a complete abelian group
Authors: Bridges Douglas , Hendtlass Matthew
Published: July 2010

This paper provides a Bishop-style constructive analysis of the contrapositive of the statement that a continuous homomorphism ofRonto a compact abelian group is periodic. It is shown that, subject to a weak locatedness hypothesis, ifGis a complete (metric) abelian group that is the range of a continuous isomorphism fromR, thenGis noncompact. A special case occurs whenGsatisfies a certain local path-connectedness condition at 0. A number of results about one-one and injective mappings are proved en route to the main theorem. A Brouwerian example shows that some of our results are the best possible in a constructive framework.
On complex exponentiation restricted to the integers
Authors: Toffalori Carlo , Vozoris Kathryn
Published: July 2010

We provide a first order axiomatization of the expansion of the complex field by the exponential function restricted to the subring of integers modulo the first order theory of (Z, +, −).
Universally measurable subgroups of countable index
Authors: Rosendal Christian
Published: July 2010

It is proved that any countable index, universally measurable subgroup of a Polish group is open. By consequence, any universally measurable homomorphism from a Polish group into the infinite symmetric group S∞ is continuous. It is also shown that a universally measurable homomorphism from a Polish group into a second countable, locally compact group is necessarily continuous.
Division rings whose vector spaces are pseudofinite
Authors: Dries Lou van den , Lopes Vinicius Cifú
Published: July 2010

Vector spaces over fields are pseudofinite, and this remains true for vector spaces over division rings that are finite-dimensional over their center. We also construct a division ring such that the nontrivial vector spaces over it are not pseudofinite, using Richard Thompson's group F. The idea behind the construction comes from a first-order axiomatization of the class of division rings all whose nontrivial vector spaces are pseudofinite.
The Laczkovich-Komjáth property for coanalytic equivalence relations
Authors: Gao Su , Jackson Steve , Kieftenbeld Vincent
Published: July 2010

Let E be a coanalytic equivalence relation on a Polish space X and (An)n∈ω a sequence of analytic subsets of X. We prove that if lim supn∈kAn meets uncountably many E-equivalence classes for every K ∈ [ω]ω, then there exists K ∈ [ω]ω such that ∩n∈kAn contains a perfect set of pairwise E-inequivalent elements.
Financial services liberalization and international integration in South Eastern Europe
Authors: Prica Ivana
Published: July 2010

The first part of this paper analyses the regulatory framework for international trade in financial services within the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO), with special attention paid to the open issues including the scope of prudential measures and capital mobility limitations. The process of the international integration of the South Eastern Europe (SEE) countries is mainly dictated by their goal of EU integration. With regard to the services' sectors, a major liberalization step on the way is WTO accession. Of the countries in the region only Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro are still not WTO members and in order to become members significant liberalization commitments will be demanded of them. For this reason the second part of the paper deals with concrete financial liberalization commitments undertaken by the original WTO members in SEE and the newly WTO acceded SEE member countries. The last part of the paper provides a quantitative analysis of these commitments by means of the measurement of liberalization indices in the banking sectors in SEE countries. This is to provide a general idea of the scope of liberalization that may be required from a SEE country in order to achieve WTO membership on the road to EU integration.
The policy of consumer protection in the electricity market
Authors: Filipovic Sanja , Tanic Gordan
Published: July 2010

The provision of a safe and reliable electricity supply has a central place in modern social life. The rise of electricity prices and the process of liberalization of the electricity market are the two main factors which have made it necessary to modify the current traditional ways of protecting vulnerable customer categories. The Internal Energy Market Directives provisions ensure that citizens have access to energy of a specified quality level at reasonable, cost-reflective prices and to the conditions of real competition and free choice. This objective implies intervention due to the fact that some consumer classes are less attractive for the companies (remote consumers, low consumption consumers or low-income consumers). The aim of this paper is to analyze the current forms of vulnerable customer protection from the critical point of view and to point out possibilities for their application in the case of Serbia.
The safety network system and prospects for the appearance of a financial crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Plakalovic Novo
Published: July 2010

The article is on the system of the safety network of the financial sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and potential causes of possible financial instability. The network of protection of financial institutions in BH is to a certain extent incomplete but a high level of regulatory and supervisory activities has been present so far, which effects the expressed stability of financial institutions. Potential risks and the vulnerability of the financial system arise from a range of features which are characteristic of the local financial institutions, their activities, the condition of the BH economy, and macroeconomic stability and flows of goods and capital between the country and foreign countries. The sector of financial institutions has been privatized and it is in foreign ownership. Foreign exposure of domestic economy and financial markets is limited to only a small number of countries (Austria, Germany). There are pressures in respect of the increased rates of return on bank capital and there is a very high dynamic of credit growth. Possible unfavourable scenarios could bring about problems in the banking sector, which is shown by stress tests. The deterioration of the macroeconomic imbalance could also be a significant cause of serious problems in the local financial sector. There are no certain indicators that this could happen in the near future and influence the appearance of a financial crisis; however, such a situation cannot be ruled out.
Acetic acid-promoted condensation of o-phenylenediamine with aldehydes into 2-aryl-1-(arylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazoles under microwave irradiation
Authors: Azarifar Davood , Pirhayati Mojgan , Maleki Behrooz , Sanginabadi Mehrangiz , Yami Nejat
Published: July 2010

An efficient and simple procedure was developed for the green synthesis of various 2-aryl-1-(arylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazoles in high yields by acetic acid-promoted condensation of o-phenylenediamine with aldehydes in air under microwave irradiation and transition metal catalystfree conditions.
Theoretical and experimental studies on torque converters
Authors: Manea Adriana , Dobândă Eugen , Babic Milun
Published: July 2010

Lysholm-Smith torques converters has a special importance, due to the fact that this kind of machine can realize a continuously variation of the torque and of the rotational speed to the outlet shaft as function of the resistant torque and, in the same time, an amortization of the shocks and vibrations. This type of torque converter has three turbine stages, intercalated by two stages of reactors (having stationary blades). The present paper presents theoretical and experimental results obtained on a Lysholm-Smith torque converter CHC-380 in the laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Department from ?POLITEHNICA? University of Timi?oara, ROM?NIA. Theoretical, was studied the behavior of the torque converter, expressed by the characteristic curves. Experimentally, was studied the variation of the temperature inside the torque converter with and without the cooling system and, also, the influence of the filling degree on the characteristic curves. The paper discusses, in the same time the definition and the variation of the degree of transparency for this particular torque converter.
Analysis of the electricity production potential in the case of retrofit of steam turbines in a district heating company
Authors: Babic Milun , Gordic Dusan , Jelic Dubravka , Koncalovic Davor
Published: July 2010

Today, in Serbia there are several sites with installed combined heat and power facilities. The most of these plants, for various reasons, do not produce electricity. One such plant is "Energetika" (Kragujevac, Serbia), which is primarily a district heating company. Steam generator in the plant has been installed in the 1970's and has worked in one short period of time. Installed steam turbines are 8 MW and 20 MW rated power. ?Energetika? in accordance with the general trend of increasing energy efficiency of production process initiated revitalization of the plant. This revitalization started with a study which approach and the results are briefly given in the paper. All results show that retrofit of facility should be acceptable for the management. Developed scenarios indicate that in the case of the limited resources optimal retrofit should start with smaller turbine (8 MW rated power) then after providing the funds should continue with the retrofit of 20 MW turbine.
Finding the balance between the energy security and environmental protection in Serbia
Authors: Bukurov Masa , Babic Milun , Ljubicic Blazo
Published: July 2010

There are very few issues that are as important to our collective future as energy. Like everyone else, Serbia has its stake in reducing energy price, enhancing the security of energy supply, and reducing emissions, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with fossil fuels. In the years to come Serbian economy is expected to grow and industry to search and explore the potential of using cleaner alternative fuels. There is a lot that could be done to conserve energy and to reduce environmental footprint. But the most important thing that could be done to enable Serbian industry to reduce emissions is the implementation of a modernized Power Generation system. At the same time the reality can?t be neither sugarcoated nor ignored and alternatives to fossil fuel will succeed only if they are economically feasible for suppliers and users alike. New technologies currently under development should be considered to allow Serbia the use of energy resources in a more efficient ways and with better protection of the environment. If successfully deployed, the development of alternative, renewable fuels will allow Serbian energy sector to effectively decouple its growth from GHG emissions. This paper explore opportunities and the potential of alternative fuels for increasing competition in energy supply, for reducing emissions and in Serbia while decreasing dependence on imported energy.
Assessment of the drum remaining lifetime in thermal power plant
Authors: Zivkovic Miroslav , Vulovic Snezana , Vujanac Rodoljub
Published: July 2010

In this paper analysis of stress and thermal-elastic-plastic strain of the drum is performed. Influence of modified thickness, yield stress and finite element model of welded joint between pipe and drum on assessment of the remaining lifetime of the drum in the thermal power plant is analyzed. Two analyses are compared. In the first, drum is modeled by shell and by 3D finite elements with projected geometrical and material data of drum. Then, the drum is modeled by shell and by 3D finite elements with modified thickness and yield stress. The analysis show that detailed modeling of stress concentration zones is necessary. Adequate modeling gives lower maximal effective plastic strain and increased number of cycles and, in that case, 3D finite elements are better comparing to shell finite elements.
Failure criteria of fibre reinforced composites in homogenous temperature field
Authors: Milosavljevic Dragan , Bogdanovic Gordana , Veljovic Ljiljana , Radakovic Aleksandar , Lazic Mirjana
Published: July 2010

The present paper examines the failure criteria of layered composites with orthotropic properties in the homogenous temperature field. The composite has modeled by two mechanically equivalent families of fibres. The paper formulates constitutive equations in terms of intrinsic ?preferred? directions, which are defined by the orientation of fibers at any point of the composite. A uniformly heated, thermoelastic solid undergoes distortion as well as volume change because it experiences differential expansions in different directions. This effect is more complicated if, in addition of being anisotropic, the material is inhomogeneous, as in the case with laminated materials. In order to illustrate the influence of temperature on the failure of this group of materials constitutive equations are derived and adopted for use in failure criteria, without the influence of temperatures, and with the influence of increased temperature.
Novel methods for axial fan impeller geometry analysis and experimental investigations of the generated swirl turbulent flow
Authors: Protic Zoran , Nedeljkovic Milos , Cantrak Djordje , Jankovic Novica
Published: July 2010

Geometry analysis of the axial fan impeller, experimentally obtained operating characteristics and experimental investigations of the turbulent swirl flow generated behind the impeller are presented in this paper. Formerly designed and manufactured, axial fan impeller blade geometry (originally designed by Prof. Dr-Ing. Z. Protic?) has been digitized using a threedimensional (3D) scanner. In parallel, the same impeller has been modeled by beta version software for modeling axial turbomachines, based on modified classical calculation. These results were compared. Then, the axial fan operating characteristics were measured on the standardized test rig in the Laboratory for Hydraulic Machinery and Energy Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade. Optimum blade impeller position was determined on the basis of these results. Afterwards, the impeller with optimum angle, without outlet vanes, was positioned in a circular pipe. Rotational speed has been varied in the range from 500 till 2500rpm. Reynolds numbers generated in this way, calculated for axial velocity component, were in the range from 0,8?105 till 6?105. LDA (Laser Doppler Anemometry) measurements and stereo PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) measurements of the 3D velocity field in the swirl turbulent fluid flow behind the axial fan have been performed for each regime. Obtained results point out extraordinary complexity of the structure of generated 3D turbulent velocity fields.
Investigation of the turbulent swirl flows in a conical diffuser
Authors: Benisek Miroslav , Ilic Dejan , Cantrak Djordje , Bozic Ivan
Published: July 2010

Results of the theoretical and experimental investigations of the turbulent mean swirl flows characteristics change along straight conical diffuser of incompressible fluid (air) are presented in this paper. The main swirl flow characteristics review is given. In addition: the specific swirl flow energy, the energy loss, the mean circulation, the swirl flow parameter, the ratio between the swirl and axial flow loss coefficients change along the diffuser are presented. Among other values: the Boussinesq number, outlet Coriolis coefficient and swirl flow loss coefficient dependences on inlet swirl flow parameter are also given. The swirl flow specific energy and outlet Coriolis coefficient calculation procedure are presented in this paper, as well as experimental test bed and measuring procedures. The swirl flow fields were induced by the axial fan impeller. Various swirl parameters were achieved by the impeller openings and rotational speeds.
Editorial
Authors: Witczak-Plisiecka Iwona
Published: July 2010

Editorial
Basic Properties of Metrizable Topological Spaces
Authors: Pąk Karol
Published: July 2010

Basic Properties of Metrizable Topological Spaces

We continue Mizar formalization of general topology according to the book [11] by Engelking. In the article, we present the final theorem of Section 4.1. Namely, the paper includes the formalization of theorems on the correspondence between the cardinalities of the basis and of some open subcover, and a discreet (closed) subspaces, and the weight of that metrizable topological space. We also define Lindelöf spaces and state the above theorem in this special case. We also introduce the concept of separation among two subsets (see [12]).
Small Inductive Dimension of Topological Spaces. Part II
Authors: Pąk Karol
Published: July 2010

Small Inductive Dimension of Topological Spaces. Part II

In this paper we present basic properties of n-dimensional topological spaces according to the book [10]. In the article the formalization of Section 1.5 is completed.
Basic Properties of Periodic Functions
Authors: Li Bo , Li Dailu , Men Yanhong , Liang Xiquan
Published: July 2010

Basic Properties of Periodic Functions

In this article we present definitions, basic properties and some examples of periodic functions according to [5].
Sarcopenia, Cardiopulmonary Fitness, and Physical Disability in Community-Dwelling Elderly People
Authors: Chien Meng-Yueh , Kuo Hsu-Ko , Wu Ying-Tai
Published: July 2010

Background

Sarcopenia refers to the loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging. It is believed to be associated with functional impairment and physical disability.

Objective

The purposes of this study were: (1) to compare the physical activity, muscle strength (force-generating capacity), cardiopulmonary fitness, and physical disability in community-dwelling elderly people with sarcopenia, borderline sarcopenia, and normal skeletal muscle mass in Taiwan and (2) to test the hypothesis that sarcopenia is associated with physical disability and examine whether the association is mediated by decreased muscle strength or cardiopulmonary fitness.

Design

This was a cross-sectional investigation.

Methods

Two hundred seventy-five community-dwelling elderly people (148 men, 127 women) aged ≥65 years participated in the study. The participants were recruited from communities in the district of Zhongzheng, Taipei. Predicted skeletal muscle mass was estimated using a bioelectrical impedance analysis equation. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated by dividing skeletal muscle mass by height squared. Physical disability was assessed using the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale. Physical activity was assessed using a 7-day recall physical activity questionnaire. Cardiopulmonary fitness was assessed using a 3-minute step test, and grip strength was measured to represent muscle strength.

Results

Cardiopulmonary fitness was significantly lower in elderly people with sarcopenia than in those with normal SMIs. Grip strength and daily energy expenditure (kcal/kg/day) were not significantly different between the participants with sarcopenia and those with normal SMIs. The odds ratio for physical disability between the participants with sarcopenia and those with normal SMIs was 3.03 (95% confidence interval=1.21–7.61). The odds ratio decreased and the significant difference diminished after controlling for cardiopulmonary fitness.

Limitations

A causal relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity, cardiopulmonary fitness, and physical disability cannot be established because of the cross-sectional nature of study design.

Conclusions

Sarcopenia was associated with physical disability in elderly men. The association between sarcopenia and physical disability was mediated to a large extent by decreased cardiopulmonary fitness.
Clinical Interpretation of Outcome Measures Generated From a Lumbar Computerized Adaptive Test
Authors: Wang Ying-Chih , Hart Dennis L. , Werneke Mark , Stratford Paul W. , Mioduski Jerome E.
Published: July 2010

Background

A computerized adaptive test (CAT) provides a way of efficiently estimating functional status in people with specific impairments.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to describe meaningful interpretations of functional status (FS) estimated using a lumbar CAT developed using items from the Back Pain Functional Scale (BPFS) and selected physical functioning items.

Design and Setting

This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 17,439 patients with lumbar spine impairments in 377 outpatient rehabilitation clinics in 30 states.

Outcome Measures

Patient self-reports of functional status were assessed using a lumbar CAT (0–100 scale).

Methods

Outcome data were interpreted using 4 methods. First, the standard error of the estimate was used to construct a 95% confidence interval for each CAT estimated score. Second, percentile ranks of FS scores were presented. Third, 2 threshold approaches were used to define individual patient–level change: minimal detectable change (MDC) and clinically important change. Fourth, a functional staging model, the Back Pain Function Classification System (BPFCS), was developed and applied.

Results

On average, precision of a single score was estimated by FS score±4. Based on score distribution, 25th, 50th and 75th percentile ranks corresponded to intake FS scores of 44, 51, and 59, and discharge FS scores of 54, 62, and 74, respectively. An MDC95 value of 8 or more represented statistically reliable change. Receiver operating characteristic analyses supported that changes in FS scores of 5 or more represented minimal clinically important improvement. The BPFCS appeared clinically logical and provided insight for clinical interpretation of patient progress.

Limitations

The BPFCS should be assessed for validity using prospective designs.

Conclusions

Results may improve clinical interpretation of CAT-generated outcome measures and assist clinicians using patient-reported outcomes during physical therapist practice.
Linking Reading Coaches and Student Achievement
Authors: Lockwood J. R. , McCombs Jennifer Sloan , Marsh Julie
Published: July 2010

Many policymakers suggest that school-based reading coaches can improve teachers’ practice, which consequently will improve students’ literacy skills. Although reading coaches are increasingly prevalent in schools nationwide, empirical evidence for their effects on student achievement is scarce. This article helps to address this gap by conducting an evaluation of a statewide reading coach program in Florida middle schools. Using achievement data from nearly 1,000 Florida middle schools from the 1997–1998 through 2005–2006 school years, we find that receiving a state-funded coach was associated with statistically significant improvements in average annual reading achievement gains for two of the four cohorts of schools analyzed. We examine implications for state and district policy and future research.
Preservation of the superior petrosal sinus during the petrosal approach
Authors: Hafez Ahmad , Nader Remi , Al-Mefty Ossama
Published: July 2010

Object

The petrosal approach is based on sectioning the superior petrosal sinus (SPS) and the tentorium. However, the venous anatomy in certain situations forbids this maneuver. The authors have derived a technique that enables the SPS to be spared during the performance of the petrosal approach. They describe the anatomical basis of this technique and report on 2 cases in which the technique was applied.

Methods

Five alcohol-preserved cadaveric heads injected with colored silicone were used for bilateral dissection and demonstration of the technique. The described method was thoroughly investigated in these cadavers to assess its advantages, variabilities, and limitations. Subsequently, the technique was applied during the resection of petroclival tumors in 2 patients.

Results

The authors were able to demonstrate that the approach provides good access to the petroclival area through both the middle and posterior fossa in cadavers. By deriving a new technique of applying the combined petrosal approach without cutting the SPS, the senior author (O.A.M.) managed to achieve total resection of a dumbbell-shaped trigeminal schwannoma in a 19-year-old woman and of a petroclival meningioma in a 49-year-old man.

Conclusions

This modification of the petrosal approach involving sparing of the SPS or cutting of the tentorium is an effective means for cases in which the venous anatomy mandates preservation of these structures.
A novel solution to reduce the complications of distal shunt catheter displacement associated with obesity
Authors: Morrison John F. , Sung Kristin E. , Bergman Ari M. , Rosenblatt Michael S. , Arle Jeffrey E.
Published: July 2010

Despite the varied sources of hydrocephalus, all shunt-treated conditions involve redirection of CSF to the body, commonly the peritoneum. Migration of the distal catheter tip out of the peritoneal space can occur, leading to the need for reoperation. Although uncommon, the authors have recently had 3 such cases in obese patients involving distal tubing retropulsion in otherwise uncomplicated surgeries. In addressing this issue, the authors performed anchoring of the distal catheter tubing through a small abdominal mesh, which is commonly used for hernia repair to increase catheter tube friction without compromising CSF flow. The results suggest this method may mitigate the chance of peritoneal catheter displacement in patients with higher than normal intraabdominal pressure.
Efficient Synthesis of Highly Functionalised 5-oxo-4,5-Dihydro-1H-Pyrroles and 5-Oxo-2,5-Dihydro-1H-Pyrroles Derivatives
Authors: Souldozi Ali , Dadrass Ali Reza , Ranjdost Zahra
Published: July 2010

Methyl 2-(2-benzoylphenylamino)-2-oxoacetate and dimethyl 2,2′-(4,4′-methylenebis(4,1- phenylene)bis(azanediyl)) bis(2-oxoacetate) undergo a smooth reaction with triphenylphosphine and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates to produce corresponding highly functionalised 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrroles and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrroles derivatives.
Study on the Structure-Activity Relations of Pleuromutilin Derivatives with an Aromatic Amide and a Thioether Group in the C14 side Chain
Authors: Xu Ke-ping , Zhang Yuan-yuan , Luo Juan , Chen Shan-li , Wang Yu-liang
Published: July 2010

Nine novel pleuromutilin derivatives having benzamide substituents have been synthesised permitting structure-activity relations of pleuromutilin derivatives with aromatic amide and thioether groups in the C14 side chain to be studied. The results showed that the heterocyclic carboxamide group was necessary to enhance bio-activities.
Multicomponent Tandem Synthesis of Oxospirobicyclic Butenolidobarbiturates
Authors: Teimouri Mohammad Bagher , Abbasi Tayyebeh , Khavasi Hamid Reza
Published: July 2010

Novel oxospirobicyclic γ-butenolides containing barbiturate moiety have been synthesised by the Michael-addition of primary amines to dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates followed by aldol-like reaction with alloxan derivatives, and then γ-lactonisation. Subsequent 1,4-addition of water and elimination of the amine group completes the sequence. This tandem reaction sequence represents a rapid and unprecedented route to the described biologically interesting molecules.
Novel Synthesis and Characterisation of N-Substituted-Calix[4](aza)Crown Derivatives
Authors: Qiang Shi Zhi , Qing Feng Ya , Xian Meng Shu
Published: July 2010

A novel series of calix[4](aza)crown derivatives is prepared by the reaction between calix[4](aza)crown and 4-bromoacetamido-N-alkyl-1, 8-naphthalimide derivatives. They may be useful fluorescent chemosensors, and have been structurally characterised by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and elemental analyses. From the analytical data, it was found those compounds adopted a cone conformation.
Synthesis of 5′-Bromo-2′-Hydroxy-4,4′,6′-TrimetHoxychalcone from Garcinia Nervosa and of its Isomer 3′-Bromo-2′-Hydroxy-4,4′,6′-Trimethoxychalcone
Authors: Parab Sulaksha J. , Kapdi Shubhada G. , Naik Chandrakant G. , Kamat Shrivallabh P.
Published: July 2010

The unambiguous syntheses of the naturally occurring 5′-bromo-2′-hydroxy-4,4′,6′-trimethoxychalcone 1, a constituent of Garcinia nervosa, and its positional isomer 3′-bromo-2′-hydroxy-4,4′,6′-trimethoxychalcone 6 are described.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Homoallylamines from Aldimines with Allylstannane Promoted by MgI2 Etherate
Authors: Zhang Xingxian , Hu Shenghui , Shi Junchen
Published: July 2010

We describe a mild and efficient procedure for the synthesis of homoallylamines by addition of allyltributylstannane to aldimines with promoted by MgI2 etherate (MgI2•(OEt2)n) in good to excellent yields.
Antioxidative Properties of Recently Synthesised D–Π–D type Schiff-Base Ligands
Authors: Karaoglan Gulnur Keser , Kiymaz Nilay Altas , Erden Ibrahim , Peksel Aysegul
Published: July 2010

Two recently synthesised D–π–D type Schiff base ligands have been screened for their antioxidant capacity using several tests; reducing power, chelating ability on metal ions, scavenging capacity against the radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide, hydroxyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride. The results were compared with synthetic antioxidants e.g. butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, α-tocopherol, trolox or ascorbic acid. The results indicate that the ligands have significant hydroxyl and free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating effect and reducing power against various antioxidant systems in vitro. One ligand (L2) showed excellent activity on scavenging the ABTS radical and superoxide radical. Therefore, these ligands may be a new kind of effective scavengers of reactive oxygen species.
Feminist Aesthetics and the Neglect of Natural Beauty1
Authors: Lintott Sheila
Published: July 2010

Feminist philosophy has taken too long to engage seriously with aesthetics and has been even slower in confronting natural beauty in particular. There are various possible reasons for this neglect, including the relative youth of feminist aesthetics, the possibility that feminist philosophy is not relevant to nature aesthetics, the claim that natural beauty is not a serious topic, hesitation among feminists to perpetuate women's associations with beauty and nature, and that the neglect may be merely apparent. Discussing each of these possibilities affords a better understanding of, but none justify the neglect of natural beauty in feminist aesthetics.
Reconsidering Scenic Beauty
Authors: Berleant Arnold
Published: July 2010

Attempts to justify the objectivity and universality of aesthetic judgment have traditionally rested on unsupported assumptions or mere assertion. This paper offers a fresh consideration of the problem of judgments of taste. It suggests that the problem of securing universal agreement is false and therefore insoluble since it imposes an inappropriate logical criterion on the extent of agreement, which is irrevocably empirical. The variability of judgments of taste actually forms a subject ripe for inquiry by sociologists, psychologists, historians and anthropologists, as well as by aestheticians. Scenic beauty provides a vivid test for the variability of these judgments.
Modernisation with Local Characteristics: Development Efforts and the Environment on the Zoige Grass and Wetlands, 1949-2005
Authors: Hayes Jack Patrick
Published: July 2010

The Zoige grasslands (Chinese, Ruo'er gai) on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau are a wetland and grassland region composed of marshes, bogs, wet meadows and shallow lakes interspersed with low hills and sub-alpine meadows. These grass and wetlands are recognised as an important grazing zone for western China, a globally significant biodiversity hotspot and major bird flyway. Since the late 1980s, research on the region has highlighted increasing regional environmental degradation. This study is an overview of the state-led development projects and local efforts to 'improve' local conditions on the grass and wetlands since 1949 and their impact on the regional ecological and social environment. It focuses mainly on historical state-led development projects to study and alter the wetlands, as well as more recent efforts to raise environmental awareness of the importance of Chinese wetlands. Development efforts by the Chinese state have led to both positive and negative outcomes for local Tibetan residents who had little or no say in modernisation efforts until the late 1980s, but who have received most of the blame for regional environmental problems. Despite recognised problems with water use and wetland degradation, as well as administrative emphasis on fencing, settlement and official land use management in nature reserves, the Chinese state continues to dominate discourse and management of the Zoige wetlands. However, local Tibetans have played an increasing role in regional wetland management. A historical assessment, in contrast to media portrayals and official discourses of the origins of grass and wetland degradation, explains more about the processes of degradation, and with increased local participation, points a new way forward to help in the formulation of more effective policies and mitigation measures.
Atmosphere: An International and Interdisciplinary Scientific Open Access Journal
Authors: Jacob Daniela
Published: July 2010

The new online, Open Access journal Atmosphere has been launched to present reviews, regular research papers, communications and short notes on atmospheric topics. These topics include experimental and theoretical work related to the physical atmosphere, such as turbulence, atmospheric flow, dynamic and physical processes and mechanisms, atmospheric chemistry, such as changes in atmospheric composition, including aerosols, ozone, air pollution, chemical weather, meteorology and scale interaction, climate, climate change and environmental science, including water and energy cycles. [...]
Nanoscale “Quantum” Islands on Metal Substrates: Microscopy Studies and Electronic Structure Analyses
Authors: Han Yong , Ünal Bariş , Jing Dapeng , Thiel Patricia A. , Evans James W. , Liu Da-Jiang
Published: July 2010

Confinement of electrons can occur in metal islands or in continuous films grown heteroepitaxially upon a substrate of a different metal or on a metallic alloy. Associated quantum size effects (QSE) can produce a significant height-dependence of the surface free energy for nanoscale thicknesses of up to 10–20 layers. This may suffice to induce height selection during film growth. Scanning STM analysis has revealed remarkable flat-topped or mesa-like island and film morphologies in various systems. We discuss in detail observations of QSE and associated film growth behavior for Pb/Cu(111), Ag/Fe(100), and Cu/fcc-Fe/Cu(100) [A/B or A/B/A], and for Ag/NiAl(110) with brief comments offered for Fe/Cu3Au(001) [A/BC binary alloys]. We also describe these issues for Ag/5-fold i-Al-Pd-Mn and Bi/5-fold i-Al-Cu-Fe [A/BCD ternary icosohedral quasicrystals]. Electronic structure theory analysis, either at the level of simple free electron gas models or more sophisticated Density Functional Theory calculations, can provide insight into the QSE-mediated thermodynamic driving force underlying height selection.
Functional Coatings or Films for Hard-Tissue Applications
Authors: Wang Guocheng , Zreiqat Hala
Published: July 2010

Metallic biomaterials like stainless steel, Co-based alloy, Ti and its alloys are widely used as artificial hip joints, bone plates and dental implants due to their excellent mechanical properties and endurance. However, there are some surface-originated problems associated with the metallic implants: corrosion and wear in biological environments resulting in ions release and formation of wear debris; poor implant fixation resulting from lack of osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity; implant-associated infections due to the bacterial adhesion and colonization at the implantation site. For overcoming these surface-originated problems, a variety of surface modification techniques have been used on metallic implants, including chemical treatments, physical methods and biological methods. This review surveys coatings that serve to provide properties of anti-corrosion and anti-wear, biocompatibility and bioactivity, and antibacterial activity.