bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidation‐State and Coordination‐Site Specificity Influencing Dimensional Extension and Properties of Two Iron Complexes with Similar Helical Chains
Authors: Xu Ying , Han Lei , Lin Zheng‐Zhong , Liu Cai‐Ping , Yuan Da‐Qiang , Zhou You‐Fu , Hong Mao‐Chun
Published: October 2004

Two new iron coordination frameworks, {[NH2(CH3)2]2FeII(pydc)2}n (1) and {[NH2(CH3)2]FeIII(pydc)2}n (2) (pydc = 2,5‐pyridinedicarboxylate), have been synthesized through the reaction of FeCl3 with H2pydc in dimethylformamide (DMF). 1 crystallizes in an achiral space group C2/c, while 2 crystallizes in a chiral space group P43212. Both crystal structures consist of 21 helices with similar units: [FeII(pydc)2]2− and [FeIII(pydc)2]−, respectively. The iron oxidation states have been confirmed by means of ESR spectra and bond valence calculations. Quantum chemistry calculations and thermogravimetric analysis have demonstrated their energy and thermal stability. Magnetic studies have revealed that 1 and 2 show weak antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions between the metal centers, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Anomalous Diamagnetic Behaviour of the 1H NMR Spectra of a Coordinated Imino Nitroxide Radical in Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Lanthanide(III) Complexes
Authors: Tsukuda Toshiaki , Ogita Masahiro , Suzuki Takayoshi , Kaizaki Sumio
Published: October 2004

Diamagnetic lanthanide(III) complexes with an imino nitroxide radical IM2py [2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐oxyl], [Ln(hfac)3(IM2py)] (Ln = Y and Lu; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate), exhibit 1H NMR chemical shifts for the pyridyl protons of the coordinated IM2py suggesting it behaves as if it were diamagnetic. To a series of paramagnetic lanthanide complexes of this type, the structural analyses of the lanthanide induced shifts (LIS) of the hfac 3‐proton and pyridyl protons in IM2py were successfully applied, showing not only the diamagnetic behaviour of the pyridyl protons in the IM2py group, but also the dominant dipolar contribution and isostructural nature with apparent or effective axial symmetry in solution irrespective of the asymmetry in the solid state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cocondensation Reactions of Five‐Membered Heterocycles with Lithium Atoms at 77 K
Authors: Mendoza Oscar , Rehmann Franz‐Josef K. , Cuffe Laurence P. , Tacke Matthias
Published: October 2004

Lithium atoms were cocondensed with eight aromatic five‐membered heterocycles in the presence of THF at 77 K. In the case of the oxygen‐ and sulfur‐containing heterocycles (furans and thiophenes), the reaction resulted in C−H bond activation and led to the corresponding aryllithium compound. The other heterocycles (pyrroles) failed to react with lithium atoms in the presence of THF. A special case was found when oxazole was reacted under these cocondensation conditions; here a dilithiated product was obtained. DFT (B3LYP/6‐31G**) calculations were carried out in order to interpret the pathways of the reactions and the possible intermediates. For all the reactions π‐ and σ‐complexes between lithium clusters and the heterocycles were found as stable intermediates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A New Ligand for the Formation of Triangular Building Blocks in Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Müller Iris M. , Möller Daniela
Published: October 2004

In this article we describe the synthesis, characterisation and metal binding properties of tris(5‐bromo‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)triaminoguanidinium chloride [H6Br3L]Cl (1), which can be seen as a triangular building block for supramolecular chemistry. 1 crystallises either in a triclinic (1a) or a rhombohedral (1b) system depending on the used solvent . The pure ligand adopts a conformation unfavourable for the coordination of metal centres, but in the presence of a base or a basic metal salt, a change in the conformation can be observed. The reaction of 1 with (NH4)6[Mo7O24] in the absence of further base results in the formation of small, red crystal needles with the formula [Mo(O)2(OH2)(H3Br3L)]·2 DMF (2), while the reaction of 1 with CuCl2, sodium 5,5‐diethylbarbiturate (NaHbar) and Et3N leads to the formation of dark red‐black crystals with the formula (Et4N)2[{Cu(Hbar)}3Br3L] (3). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Extending The Reaction Landscape of the {Pt(μ‐S)2Pt} Core: From Metal Centers to Non‐Metallic Electrophiles
Authors: González‐Duarte Pilar , Lledós Agustí , Mas‐Ballesté Rubén
Published: October 2004

See original Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 3585–3599(DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400422)
.
Potential chemoprotective effects of the coffee components kahweol and cafestol palmitates via modification of hepatic N‐acetyltransferase and glutathione S‐transferase activities
Authors: Huber Wolfgang W. , Teitel Candee H. , Coles Brian F. , King Roberta S. , Wiese Frederick W. , Kaderlik Keith R. , Casciano Daniel A. , Shaddock Joseph G. , Mulder Gerard J. , Ilett Kenneth F. , Kadlubar Fred F.
Published: October 2004

Coffee drinking has been associated with reduced incidence of colorectal cancer, possibly via chemoprotection/modification of the metabolism of dietary heterocyclic amine carcinogens such as 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo‐[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) by kahweol and cafestol palmitates (K/C), two components of unfiltered coffee. Using the PhIP‐exposed male Fisher F344 rat as a model, K/C have been shown to reduce colonic PhIP‐DNA adducts by > 50%. We have used the male F344 rat to investigate the effects of dietary K/C (0.02–0.2% as a 1:1 mixture) on the metabolism of PhIP by N‐acetyltransferase‐ (NAT), sulfotransferase‐ (SULT), and glutathione‐dependent pathways. K/C decreased hepatic NAT‐dependent PhIP activation by up to 80% in a dose‐dependent manner. Conversely, hepatic glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity/expression increased, e.g., 3–4 fold toward 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (total activity), up to 23‐fold toward 4‐vinylpyridine (rGSTP1), and ∼ 7‐fold for rGSTA2 protein. These effects had fully developed after 5 days of the test diet and persisted for at least 5 days after withdrawal of K/C. Hepatic glutathione increased two‐ to threefold and this increase was more short‐lived than other changes. K/C did not modify hepatic SULT activity or colon NAT and GST activities. Benzylisothiocyanate and black tea, which have also been shown to reduce the formation of PhIP‐DNA adducts in this model, had little effect on hepatic NAT, SULT, GST, or GSH. In primary culture of rat hepatocytes, both kahweol and cafestol palmitates reduced NAT activity by 80%. In summary, the unique potential of K/C to convert rapid acetylators to a slow acetylator phenotype, accompanied by GST induction, might contribute to chemoprevention against cancers associated with heterocyclic amines. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:265–276, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Xylotomische Untersuchungen an inkohlten Hölzern aus dem Braunkohlentagebau Berzdorf (Oberlausitz, Deutschland)
Authors: Dolezych M. , van der Burgh J.
Published: October 2004

Aus dem miozänen Braunkohlentagebau Berzdorf in der Oberlausitz (Sachsen) werden erstmals autochthone Braunkohlenhölzer in großer Anzahl mit über 300 Fossilien beschrieben. Mit den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen wird nachgewiesen, dass das Berzdorfer Braunkohlenmoor eine geringe phytofazielle Amplitude aufwies, sich jedoch unterschiedliche Vegetationsbereiche ausgebildet hatten. Es stellt sich heraus, dass die von der Niederlausitz bekannten Vegetationen auch in stratigraphisch älteren Braunkohlenablagerungen vorkommen. Die xylotomischen Ergebnisse führen zur Deklarierung des Berzdorfer Kohlenkomplexes als Glyptostrobus/Sequoia‐Typus.

Eine biostratigraphische Korrelierung dieses isolierten terrestrischen Braunkohlenvorkommens von Berzdorf mit den sequenz‐ und biostratigraphisch gut eingestuften Niederlausitzer Flözen war möglich. Verschiedene, für diese Region neue Holzarten wurden festgestellt: Glyptostroboxylon tenerum, G. rudolphii sp. nova, Taxodioxylon gypsaceum, T. germanicum, T. cryptomerioides, Cupressinoxylon cupressoides, Pinuxylon parryoides. Glyptostroboxy‐lon tenerum wurde anhand des Typusmaterials von KRAUS neu untersucht, emendiert und botanisch zu Cunninghamia gestellt.

Glyptstroboxylon rudolphii sp. nova wird aufgestellt für Glyptostrobus‐ähnliche Hölzer. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chenopodium probstii and Chenopodium missouriense: two North American plant species in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and neighbouring countries
Authors: Dostálek J. , Jehlík V.
Published: October 2004

This paper presents the results of a floristic‐taxonomic survey of two North American invasive species, Chenopodium probstii Aellen and Ch. missouriense Aellen, in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and neighbouring countries. It is based mainly on the results of a re‐analysis of the authors' herbarium material collected from 1957 to 2003, deposited mainly in the PRA Herbarium (herbarium of the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Průhonice near Prague). Also, the chorology and ecology of both species in Czechian and Slovakian are discussed. In addition, a summary of data on the occurrence of both species throughout their distribution is presented, with emphasis on European records. On the basis of this analysis, the hypothetical origin of Ch. probstii in North America is confirmed. First‐time records of this species are presented for Egypt, North Korea, Poland, Slovenia, Croatia and Romania. The second species, Ch. missouriense, is reported for the first time from Slovakia and Austria. Sources of further dissemination of both species in their secondary European area of distribution are described. In Europe, both these invasive species are in the pro‐ cess of naturalisation (ephemerophyte → epoecophyte), approximately in the resting‐phase lag; significant range expansion can be expected in the near future, especially for Ch. probstii.
Carotenoids in the thalli of certain Venezuelan lichen species of the genera Pyxine and Ramalina
Authors: Czeczuga B. , Czeczuga‐Semeniuk E. , Morales Mèndez A. , Lopèz‐Figueiras M.
Published: October 2004

Column, thin‐layer and reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of the following carotenoids in the thalli of five lichen species of the genus Pyxine and five species of the genus Ramalina from Venezuela: α‐carotene, β‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin, lutein, 3′‐epilutein, zeaxanthin, lutein epoxide, an‐theraxanthin, heteroxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxan‐thin, capsochrome, 3′‐hydroxyechinenone, eschscholtzxanthin, β‐doradexanthin, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, β‐citraurin and bixin.

The total content of carotenoids ranged from 22.44 (Pyxine daedalea) to 63.56 μg g−1 dry weight (Ramalina morrocoyensis). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A force‐field description of short‐range repulsions for high density alkane molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Hayes Joseph M. , Greer James C. , Morton–Blake David A.
Published: October 2004

The use of Buckingham (exp‐6) van der Waals potentials in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can quite successfully reproduce experimental thermodynamic data at low densities. However, they are less successful in producing a description of the repulsive regions of the potential energy surface (PES) that is in accord with the results of high‐level ab initio computations. We show that Morse potentials can be parameterized to give excellent fits to both the attractive and repulsive regions of the PES. The best set of alkane van der Waals Morse function parameters reported to date for the description of nonbond repulsive interactions is presented, as determined by comparison with both ab initio and experimental results. C…C, H…H and C…H atom‐pair potentials employing parameter sets based on the use of the geometric mean in the fitting procedure are found to be portable from methane to n‐butane. Fitting to a combination of methane dimer interaction energies and forces from ab initio calculations yields parameter sets whose performance is superior to those determined from the interaction energies alone. Used in MD simulations, our newly developed parameter sets predict thermodynamic functions that show better agreement with experiment than those based on parameter sets in common use. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1953–1966, 2004
Defining psychology: What can it do for us?
Authors: Haaga David A.F.
Published: October 2004

“Psychology,” like many abstract terms, is difficult to define precisely. Henriques' (this issue) argument that psychology, though unified and coherent, actually spans two realms—psychological formalism (“the science of mind,” this issue) and human psychology (“the science of human behavior at the individual level,” this issue)—seems likely to improve the clarity of the concept. The strongest contribution of his analysis may be its placing “psychology” in the larger conceptual framework of the Tree of Knowledge taxonomy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The unification of psychology: A noble quest
Authors: Calhoun Lawrence G.
Published: October 2004

Henriques' effort to develop a unified theory for psychology represents a noble quest (this issue). Even if the quest fails, the effort itself may produce benefits for psychology. This article focuses first on some general comments on the unified theory, with some suggestions about elements that seem desirable in the theory and some elements that may benefit from further elaboration. A specific application to the area of posttraumatic growth suggests the theory is capable of providing a framework for understanding specific areas of human psychology. Finally, the potential future of the unified theory is considered with a focus on its potential as a “useful mass movement” in psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Thermal, chemical and thermo‐chemical pre‐treatment of waste activated sludge for anaerobic digestion
Authors: Valo Alexandre , Carrère Hélène , Delgenès Jean Philippe
Published: October 2004

The influence of different pre‐treatments was studied in order to observe the effects of temperature, pH and treatment time on Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) solubilization, and anaerobic digestion of pre‐treated sludge. Results showed that thermo‐chemical pre‐treatments were the most efficient on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) solubilization, which could reach 83% at 170 °C with pH = 12. Yet, increase in COD solubilization in thermo‐chemical pre‐treatment was not linked to an increase in soluble Volatile Solids (VS) as optimal conditions were 170 °C, and 130 °C with pH = 10, for this criterion. So, temperature was found to be the most influential parameter on COD and VS solubilization. Biodegradability batch anaerobic tests confirmed results obtained on WAS solubilization, that is to say that 170 °C and 130 °C with pH = 10 were optimal conditions, with respectively 45% and 21% of anaerobic digestion enhancement. Thus these two conditions were chosen for sludge treatment before continuous anaerobic digestion. Results, after stabilization have shown a better efficiency of 170 °C compared with 130 °C with pH = 10 pre‐treatment, since after anaerobic digestion it led to 71% of COD degradation and 59% of Total Solids (TS) degradation, with an improvement of 54% in biogas production. The main differences between those two pre‐treatments could be due to the pre‐treatments themselves more than to an effect on anaerobic digestion, because the first one led to a partial loss of WAS COD (near 17% of initial COD) and the second one to an increase in TS due to addition of base. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Glutathione production by glutathione‐degrading enzymes displayed on proteoliposomes reconstituted from bovine kidney brush border membranes
Authors: Gotoh Takeshi , Watanabe Mitsuhiro , Iguchi Hisashi , Kikuchi Ken‐Ichi
Published: October 2004

Glutathione (L‐γ‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinylglycine) is physiologically synthesized through two ATP‐dependent reactions catalyzed by γ‐glutamylcysteine synthase and glutathione synthase. The present study was designed to produce glutathione without the aid of ATP by using glutathione‐degrading enzymes, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and aminopeptidase M, in reverse: intrinsically the former enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione to give L‐cysteinylglycine and a γ‐glutamyl moiety and the latter hydrolyzes the peptide linkage of L‐cysteinylglycine. Both enzymes were simultaneously displayed on proteoliposomes, which were reconstituted from bovine kidney brush border membranes by a cholate dialysis method. The kinetic analysis using artificial substrates, L‐γ‐glutamyl‐p‐nitroanilide for γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and L‐leucine‐p‐nitroanilide for aminopeptidase M, revealed that the proteoliposome reconstitution significantly increased the enzyme activities: for both the enzymes the maximum reaction rates were increased and Michaelis constants with the respective substrates were decreased. When the proteoliposomes were incubated with the amino acids glycine, L‐cysteine, and L‐glutamate (or L‐glutamine) at 37 °C, a new product was determined on HPLC analyses using ODS and cation‐exchange columns, coinciding in retention time with authentic glutathione. This product was identified to be glutathione by LC–MS and 1H‐NMR, after being purified by gel filtration using Sephadex G10 and HSKgel Toyopearl HW‐40F in succession. When the incubation mixture contained acivicin and bestatin, specific inhibitors for γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and aminopeptidase M, respectively, glutathione was not produced at all. These results indicated that glutathione was produced by two‐step reversible reactions of aminopeptidase M and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase from its constituent amino acids. The equilibrium glutathione concentration obtained with L‐glutamine as a glutamyl donor substrate was about 3.5 times higher than that obtained with L‐glutamate. The maximum pH for the glutathione production was 7.0–7.5, reflecting pH dependence of the activities of the enzymes. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Regeneration of adult rat spinal cord is promoted by the soluble KDI domain of γ1 laminin
Authors: Wiksten Markus , Väänänen Antti J. , Liebkind Ron , Liesi Päivi
Published: October 2004

Regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals is hampered by formation of a glial scar and by proteins released from the myelin sheaths of injured neuronal pathways. Our recent data indicate that the KDI (Lys‐Asp‐Ile) domain of γ1 laminin neutralizes both glial‐ and myelin‐derived inhibitory signals and promotes survival and neurite outgrowth of cultured human spinal cord neurons. We show that after complete transection of the adult rat spinal cord, animals receiving onsite infusion of the KDI domain via osmotic mini‐pumps recover and are able to sustain their body weights and walk with their hindlimbs. Animals treated with placebo suffer from irreversible hindlimb paralysis. Microscopic and molecular analyses of the spinal cords indicate that the KDI domain reduces tissue damage at the lesion site and enables neurite outgrowth through the injured area to effect functional recovery of the initially paralyzed animals. That the KDI domain enhances regeneration of acute spinal cord injuries in the adult rat suggests that it may be used to promote regeneration of spinal cord injuries in humans. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ageing‐related decline in adenosine A1 receptor binding in the rat brain: An autoradiographic study
Authors: Meerlo Peter , Roman Viktor , Farkas Eszter , Keijser Jan N. , Nyakas Csaba , Luiten Paul G.M.
Published: October 2004

The adenosine system has important neuromodulatory and neuroprotective functions in the brain. Several lines of evidence suggest that ageing is associated with major alterations in the adenosine system, which may be partially responsible for changes in sleep, mood, and cognition. In the present study, we examined adenosine A1 receptor density in the rat brain by means of quantitative autoradiography to obtain a detailed anatomical overview of the changes during ageing. A1 receptor binding was assessed in young, old, and senescent animals of 3, 24, and 30 months old, respectively. There was a clear age‐dependent reduction in adenosine A1 receptors in most of the brain areas examined, but the magnitude of this reduction varied greatly among regions. Also, whereas some regions displayed a gradual decline in A1 binding sites across the three age classes, other regions showed a particularly strong decrease between the ages of 24 and 30 months. For example, whereas the hippocampus and thalamus showed a gradual decline in A1 binding, some cortical and septal regions showed a more abrupt decline after the age of 24 months. Since particularly in rats many studies have used animals at the age of 24 months or even less, the ageing‐related decline in adenosine A1 signaling might have been underestimated. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

An Erratum has been published for this article in J Neurosci Res 79: 724, 2005.
Immobilized betulinic acid column and its interactions with phospholipase A2 and snake venom proteins
Authors: Tseng Hsiao‐Chun , Liu Yin‐Chang
Published: October 2004

Betulinic acid (BA) is a plant‐derived pentacyclic triterpenoid. Although BA has been found to have diverse pharmacological effects, including anti‐tumor and anti‐inflammatory actions and potential as inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), its cellular targets remain unclear. In this study, BA was immobilized onto an acrylamide matrix. The immobilized‐BA column could retain the purified PLA2 of bovine pancreas or the PLA2 of snake venom from Naja nigricollis. The bound PLA2 were not eluted by high salt concentrations but were eluted by either acid or calcium free buffer. Besides the PLA2, a group of basic proteins of snake venom with molecular weights of about 7 kDa were also strongly bound by immobilized BA. One of these proteins was identified as γ‐cardiotoxin. The usefulness of immobilized BA for exploring the cellular targets of BA is discussed.
The luminescence properties of the colloidal GaAs and
CdS semiconductor quantum dots
Authors: Lalayan A , Avetisyan A , Djotyan A
Published: October 2004

The colloidal QDs of GaAs and CdS semiconductors with
the radiuses about 20Å and 30Å correspondingly have been
formed by laser ablation method in the liquid media. The optical
absorption and the photoluminescence spectra of the GaAs and CdS
colloidal QDs have been investigated experimentally and
theoretically. The considerable blue shift of the
photoluminescence connected with the size effects has been
registered. The theoretical analysis of the optical properties has
been performed on the basis of the quantum-mechanical
consideration of the electron-hole system in the spherical QD in
the effective mass approximation. The influence of the surface
charge of the QD and of impurity centers on the absorption edge
and on the luminescence properties is discussed.
Spatially incoherent modulational instability in a non local medium
Authors: Peccianti M , Conti C , Alberici E , Assanto G
Published: October 2004

We study one-dimensional transverse modulational
instability in a non local medium excited by a spatially
incoherent source. Employing undoped nematic liquid crystals in a
planar pre-tilted configuration, we investigate the role of the
spectral broadening induced by incoherence in conjunction with
spatially non local molecular reorientation. The phenomenon is
modeled using the Wigner transform.
157 nm fluorine laser ablation of wooden surfaces as an
improved preparation technique for microscopy
Authors: Kopp M , Roddewig E , Günther H , Ohms G , Leck M , Viöl W
Published: October 2004

By means of 157 nm VUV short-wavelength
laser-irradiation the wood layer of damaged cells near the surface
as well as deeper wood regions can be removed. As this is a
non-thermal laser ablation-process, oxidation of the wood surface
exposed to 157 nm under N2-atmosphere is avoided even with high
power densities. By applying a mechanical pre-treatment process
the wood structure is compressed and can then be removed with
almost no damage. Four types of wood - spruce, pine, beech and
oak - were ablated in all three main cutting directions prescribed
for an anisotropic material such as wood. Several microscopic
techniques were used. To measure the ablation depth LSM was
applied. The surface roughness as well as the quality of the laser
ablation was determined by using LV-SEM. CAM was used to measure
the contact angle and thereby calculate the surface energy.
Ablation can be carried out regardless of the cutting direction
used to obtain clean and open surfaces free of artefacts.
The numerical solution of an inverse periodic transmission problem
Authors: Bruckner Gottfried , Elschner Johannes
Published: October 2004

We consider the inverse problem of recovering a 2D periodic structure from scattered waves measured above and below the structure. We discuss convergence and implementation of an optimization method for solving the inverse TE transmission problem, following an approach first developed by Kirsch and Kress for acoustic obstacle scattering. The convergence analysis includes the case of Lipschitz grating profiles and relies on variational methods and solvability properties of periodic boundary integral equations. Numerical results for exact and noisy data demonstrate the practicability of the inversion algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of prednisone in canine muscular dystrophy
Authors: Liu Jocelyn M. K. , Okamura Carol S. , Bogan Daniel J. , Bogan Janet R. , Childers Martin K. , Kornegay Joe N.
Published: October 2004

Glucocorticoid use may provide short‐term functional improvement in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We report functional and histopathologic changes following a 4‐month course of daily oral prednisone in a canine model of DMD, termed golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD). Muscle extension forces in GRMD dogs treated daily with 1 and 2 mg/kg prednisone measured 2.349 ± 0.92 and 3.486 ± 0.67 N/kg, respectively, compared to 1.927 ± 0.63 N/kg in untreated GRMD controls (p< 0.05 for 2mg/kg group); GRMD muscle flexion forces measured 0.435 ± 0.13 and 0.303 ± 0.08 N/kg, respectively, compared to 0.527 ± 0.01 N/kg in untreated GRMD controls (p< 0.05 for both groups). Although cranial sartorius hypertrophy and tibiotarsal joint angles also tended to improve, myofiber calcification increased and fetal myosin expression decreased following prednisone. Thus, functional data indicate benefit but histopathologic changes following prednisone treatment in GRMD suggest possible deleterious consequences. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Schwann cell is a target in ischemia–reperfusion injury to peripheral nerve
Authors: Iida Haruyasu , Schmeichel Ann M. , Wang Yanping , Schmelzer James D. , Low Phillip A.
Published: October 2004

Ischemia–reperfusion (IR) causes oxidative injury and ischemic fiber degeneration due to injury of the neuron and axon. In this study, we explore the effect of oxidative stress on Schwann cells, as a specific peripheral nerve target, using our established rat model for IR injury. Fifty‐six rats were used. Six groups (N = 8 each) underwent complete hindlimb ischemia for 4 h, followed by reperfusion durations of 0 h, 3 h, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. One group underwent sham operation (N = 8). We evaluated immunohistochemical labeling for oxidative injury using anti‐8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG). To identify cells committed to apoptosis, we studied immunolabeling to caspase‐3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) positivity. Only minimal positivity was seen in the sham, 0‐h, and 3‐h groups. Positivity to 8‐OHdG, caspase‐3, and TUNEL increased significantly in groups undergoing longer reperfusion (8‐OHdG, 7–28 days; caspase‐3, 14–42 days; TUNEL, 14–42 days). The positive cells surrounding axons were identified as being Schwann cells by their configuration and colabeling with S‐100. We conclude that apoptosis of Schwann cells occurs during reperfusion and continues even when axons regenerate. Schwann cell apoptosis could contribute to impairment of axonal function and efficiency of fiber regeneration. Both these abnormalities are known to occur in experimental and human diabetic nerves. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Quadriceps fatigue caused by catchlike‐inducing trains is not altered in old age
Authors: Allman Brian L. , Cheng Arthur J. , Rice Charles L.
Published: October 2004

The relative loss of peak force from electrical stimulation protocols has provided inconsistent results when used to compare muscle fatigability between young and old adults. In addition to the effect of task on these comparisons, age‐related alterations in the development and relaxation of force are possible factors that have not been considered. The purposes of this study were to compare the fatigability of the quadriceps of young (26.7 ± 1.0 years) and old men (78.3 ± 1.3 years), as assessed by changes in peak force, force time integral (FTI), and half‐relaxation time (HRT), during intermittent electrical stimulation protocols, and to determine whether manipulation of the activation frequency affected the comparisons. Fatigue was caused by constant‐frequency (CF), and catchlike‐inducing (CI) train protocols, both of which consisted of intermittent trains (6 pulses on: 650 ms off) of stimulation. After each protocol, the force‐generating capacity of the fatigued muscle was assessed with three trains of stimuli: a CF train, a CI train and a 1‐s 50‐HZ train. There was no effect of age on the loss of peak force or the development of low‐frequency fatigue induced by either protocol. Conversely, irrespective of the protocol, the FTI was better maintained by ∼9% in the old than young men. Because peak force did not differ between groups during fatigue, it is likely that the FTI was preserved by the exacerbated slowing of HRT in the quadriceps of the old men. The results confirm an apparent paradox between muscle fatigue and stimulation with CI trains: a single CI train produces greater force than a CF train in a fatigued muscle, but there is greater fatigue induced by repetitive CI than CF train stimulation. Old age did not affect this fatigue paradox. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Functional assessment of Aδ and C fibers in patients with Fabry's disease
Authors: Valeriani Massimiliano , Mariotti Paolo , Le Pera Domenica , Restuccia Domenico , De Armas Liala , Maiese Toni , Vigevano Federico , Antuzzi Daniela , Zampino Giuseppe , Ricci Roberta , Tonali Pietro
Published: October 2004

The pathophysiology of neuropathic pain in Fabry's disease (FD) is still largely unknown. Seven FD patients were studied by laser evoked potentials (LEPs) to assess the function of the Aδ and C fibers. Laser pulses were delivered on the skin of the hand and perioral region at painful intensity to record LEPs related to Aδ‐fiber inputs and at nonpainful intensity to obtain LEPs related to C‐fiber inputs. When the perioral region was stimulated, a vertex positive component was recorded with a mean latency of 260.3 ms and 376 ms after Aδ‐ and C‐fiber stimulation, respectively. The mean Aδ‐LEP amplitude was significantly lower in FD patients (N1/P1 mean values were 2.8 μV and 4.5 μV after hand and face stimulation, respectively, compared to 4 μV and 8.9 μV for controls; N2/P2 mean values were 8.2 μV and 11.1 μV after hand and face stimulation, respectively, and 16.7 μV and 22.3 μV in controls). Unlike the healthy subjects, 6 FD patients, suffering from neuropathic pain, showed a late positive potential related to C‐fiber function (mean latency, 377.1 ms) also after facial stimulation at painful intensity, suggesting a relative overflow of C‐fiber input, which may be relevant in the pathophysiology of pain in this disease. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Differentiation of emotional disturbance and social maladjustment: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Hughes Tammy L. , Bray Melissa A.
Published: October 2004

We provide an overview of this special issue of Psychology in the Schools, which focuses on the current status of the debate about the definition of emotional disturbance (ED) provided in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997) and the exclusionary clause regarding social maladjustment (SM). The debate centers on three areas: special education classification, which is ultimately a fiscal matter for law makers; differential diagnosis of clinical or educational disorders, which is ultimately a question about the worth of diagnostic taxonomies; and use of the terms emotional disturbance and social maladjustment, which have not been scientifically established. In this introduction we argue that Congress has already decided the issue of special education eligibility for those with social maladjustment. Rather, the core issue is the evaluation of the scientific merit of ED and SM differentiation as it relates to treatment planning. This is addressed in this special issue by a number of authors outlining the steps necessary for schools to move forward from this debate toward a focus on empirically‐based treatment for children whose emotions and/or behaviors interfere with their learning or the learning of others. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 819–821, 2004.
Developmental pathways to conduct disorder: Implications for serving youth who show severe aggressive and antisocial behavior
Authors: Frick Paul J.
Published: October 2004

Research has uncovered a large number of risk factors that can place a child at risk for showing severe antisocial and aggressive behavior and to be diagnosed with conduct disorder. In this paper, recent research is outlined that has organized these risk factors into distinct pathways, each involving somewhat distinct causal processes, through which children develop this disorder. This body of research has been important for advancing our understanding of the causes of conduct disorder. In addition, it has some important implications for service delivery. The comprehensive and individualized approach to intervention that seems most indicated based on this research is consistent with the way most educators are trained to view service delivery. As a result, this body of research could be very helpful in guiding school personnel in the development of individualized educational plans that meet the needs of children with conduct disorder. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 823–834, 2004.
Social maladjustment and students with behavioral and emotional disorders: Revisiting basic assumptions and assessment issues
Authors: Olympia Daniel , Farley Megan , Christiansen Elizabeth , Pettersson Hollie , Jenson William , Clark Elaine
Published: October 2004

While much of the current focus in special education remains on reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1997, disparities in the identification of children with serious emotional disorders continue to plague special educators and school psychologists. Several years after the issue of social maladjustment and its relationship to serious emotional disturbance was discussed and debated, little appears to have changed. Children, adolescents, and families are subjected to widely varying philosophies, assessment procedures, and services based on questionable criteria used to determine whether a student “qualifies” for services under the Serious Emotional Disturbance (SED) designation. In this paper, we address how this issue has significantly affected access to services for students with serious emotional disturbances. Faulty assumptions regarding the relationship of social maladjustment to emotional disturbance in children/adolescents are identified and the implications of these assumptions for children are described. The lack of research supporting specific tools developed to assess social maladjustment in the context of a serious emotional disorder and the impact of this current practice on children is addressed from a practical and ethical standpoint. The role of the school psychologist as gatekeeper is contrasted to that of the more positive role as facilitator. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 835–847, 2004.
Differentiating emotional disturbance from social maladjustment: Assessing psychopathy in aggressive youth
Authors: Gacono Carl B. , Hughes Tammy L.
Published: October 2004

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997) requires identification of emotional disturbance by special education criteria. It also requires that emotional disturbance be distinguished from social maladjustment. In some cases, a thorough evaluation of the child's character pathology can aid in this determination. While methods such as the Rorschach, BASC, and MMPI‐A are useful in understanding behavior and personality, psychopathy assessment may be particularly useful for organizing opinions in this matter. In this article we discuss the relevance of psychopathy's two‐factor structure in formulating a schema for making the differentiation between emotional disturbance and social maladjustment and review methods for gathering information about this troublesome aspect of character pathology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 849–860, 2004.
Emotional disturbance/social maladjustment: Why is the incidence increasing?
Authors: Kehle Thomas J. , Bray Melissa A. , Theodore Lea A. , Zhou Zheng , McCoach D. Betsy
Published: October 2004

Numerous arguments have addressed the controversies surrounding the category of emotional disturbance (ED) and the exclusion, or proposed inclusion, of students with social maladjustment (SM). In this article we address the consensually agreed upon characteristics of ED that are in common with SM, in addition to examining characteristics that supposedly also differentiate students who are ED from those who are SM. Given that SM has not been clearly defined and therefore it has proven to be an exceedingly difficult task for practitioners to differentiate children who are ED from SM suggests that they should be considered as a single condition termed ED/SM. Characteristics of ED and SM have substantial overlap, but apparently enough difference is noted to argue that they are distinguishable disorders requiring differential diagnoses and treatment, resulting in one that warrants special education services, and one that does not. We argue that whether these children are classified as ED, SM, or ED/SM, they all should qualify for special education services based primarily on the inescapable fact that they need professional assistance if their condition militates against optimal educational attainment. Furthermore, there exists little, if any, differentiation of effective and enduring treatment on the basis of whether a child is classified as either ED or SM. Finally, an alternative nonenvironmental explanation is offered for the apparent increase in incidence of characteristics associated with ED/SM. The alternative explanation is based on the genetic phenomenon heterosis that provides a plausible argument that secular changes in several cognitive, physical, and psychological characteristics may have the same nonenvironmental etiology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 861–865, 2004.
Using multimodal functional behavioral assessment to inform treatment selection for children with either emotional disturbance or social maladjustment
Authors: Miller Jeffrey A. , Williams Shelagh J. , McCoy Erika L.B.
Published: October 2004

Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) is an assessment procedure used to identify the reasons for children's misbehavior. In this article we provide an overview of one approach to FBA known as multimodal functional behavioral assessment (MFBA) that provides a comprehensive examination of the causes of children's disruptive behavior. The literature for the causes (functions) of behavior identified in MFBA is reviewed as applied to children with the educational classifications of emotional disturbance and social maladjustment. Differences between educational classifications for each function are highlighted with the purpose of informing treatment selection in school settings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 867–877, 2004.
Evaluating the differential treatment of emotional disturbance and social maladjustment
Authors: Theodore Lea A. , Akin‐Little Angeleque , Little Steven G.
Published: October 2004

The vague and incomplete federal definition of emotional disturbance has caused a great deal of controversy and debate since the inception of Public Law 94–142. The lack of resolution among professionals attempting to elucidate the distinction between emotional disturbance and social maladjustment has resulted in continued conflict. Included in this debate are (a) whether students who are socially maladjusted should be included in the federal definition of emotional disturbance; (b) whether students identified as socially maladjusted should receive services; and (c) whether differential treatment for the two groups is warranted. In this article we provide a rationale for differential treatment between these two disorders as well as pertinent interventions tailored to meet the needs of individuals identified with emotional disturbance (ED) and social maladjustment (SM). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 879–886, 2004.
Bullying: Considerations for defining and intervening in school settings
Authors: Elinoff Mahri J. , Chafouleas Sandra M. , Sassu Kari A.
Published: October 2004

Bullying has been described as one of the most common and potentially serious forms of school violence. It is a pervasive problem affecting many students with serious adverse consequences for some. Given the prevalence of and consequences associated with bullying, we investigated the concept of bullying as applied to school settings. In this article, we discuss the need for an expanded definition of bullying, including particular considerations for differential behaviors between genders. Best practices for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of bullying behaviors in schools, and implications for school psychologists are also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 887–897, 2004.
Deconstructing a definition: Social maladjustment versus emotional disturbance and moving the EBD field forward
Authors: Merrell Kenneth W. , Walker Hill M.
Published: October 2004

In this article we discuss the definition of emotionally disturbed (ED) from the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, with a specific focus on the clause contained in this definition, which is designed to exclude from special education services students who are considered to be socially maladjusted (SM). The history of the SM exclusionary clause and its impact is detailed herein. We argue that the federal ED definition, and especially its SM exclusionary clause, have both served to inhibit the progress of the behavior disorders subspecialty within the special education field, and have diverted energy and attention from more important aspects of serving students with behavioral and emotional problems. From both a pragmatic and empirical standpoint, we argue that the SM exclusionary clause is untenable, and that it deserves neither our support nor the continued professional focus that it continues to demand. Using the “Triangle of Support” model as an exemplar, we propose that assessment methods should be linked to comprehensive systems of service delivery to provide a true cascade of services for students with behavioral and emotional problems. Recommended alternative definitions of ED are discussed, including the National Coalition definition of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders that narrowly missed congressional approval for replacing the current definition. Further, we recommend adoption of the externalizing–internalizing broadband dimensional dichotomy as an emerging and scientifically sound alternative way of conceptualizing emotional and behavioral problems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 899–910, 2004.
Shifting from categories to services: Comprehensive school‐based mental health for children with emotional disturbance and social maladjustment
Authors: Heathfield Lora Tuesday , Clark Elaine
Published: October 2004

To meet the present and future educational and mental health needs of our nation's youth, current models of mental health service delivery need to be reformed. Any more time spent arguing the differences between categories such as Emotional Disturbance (ED) and Social Maladjustment (SM) will only delay much needed services and deplete our already limited resources. Children's mental health needs are not being met in the current model of service delivery. It is proposed that school psychology facilitate the move toward a comprehensive school‐based mental health service model. This type of model is consistent with many of the 2002 Futures of School Psychology Conference goals. This model also recognizes the importance of children's social–emotional functioning in that positive mental health directly impacts the learning potential of children. Additionally, the comprehensive school‐based mental health service model emphasizes the importance of prevention and early intervention. These proactive strategies are desperately needed to more effectively meet the rising numbers of youth with mental health needs. By focusing on preventing emotional and behavioral disorders and intervening early at the onset of symptoms, students will no longer have to wait until they are classified as ED or SM to receive much needed services. School psychology can play a pivotal role in the reform efforts toward a comprehensive school‐based mental health service model that promotes positive mental health in all children. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 911–920, 2004.
Blocker efflux through blocked pores
Authors: Ronan Dawn , Sordé Nathalie , Matile Stefan
Published: October 2004

The objective of this paper is to clarify a frequent confusion that occurs with synthetic multifunctional pores: does molecular recognition by a synthetic pore exclude molecular translocation through the same pore? Evidence that this is not the case is provided with a set of competitive experiments using a rigid‐rod β‐barrel with internal histidine–arginine dyads as synthetic multifunctional pores (SMPs) as well as 8‐hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate (HPTS) as a fluorescent and 1,3,6,8‐pyrenetetrasulfonate (PTS) as a non‐fluorescent blocker. Direct evidence for the efflux of HPTS blockers through blocked SMPs is obtained by quenching of released HPTS with an externally added quencher. Blockage of blocker efflux through blocked pores was demonstrated by adding PTS as the opposing external blocker (KD = 3.3 μM). A Hill coefficient of n = 1.5 may indicate that binding of more than one PTS blocker is necessary to inhibit the efflux of HPTS blockers. Supported by structural information on blockage and selectivity from biological potassium channels, blocker efflux through blocked pores is discussed as being implicated in selectivity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of relative rates of chromyl chloride oxidation and chromic acid oxidation of acyclic alkenes versus alkene IPs and HOMOs
Authors: Nelson Donna J. , Li Ruibo , Brammer Christopher
Published: October 2004

Plots of logarithms of relative reaction rates of chromyl chloride oxidation and of chromic acid oxidation of alkenes (log krel values) versus alkene ionization potentials (IPs) and versus their highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels (HOMOs) demonstrate excellent correlations. Each plot has a similar appearance and shows a single line with a positive slope. The results indicate that the rate‐determining step of each title reaction involves an electrophilic attack on the alkene π‐bond without significant steric effects; this supports a proposed 2 + 3 cycloaddition mechanism and disfavors a proposed stepwise 2 + 2 cycloaddition mechanism. Comparison is made with other d0 transition metal complexes that oxidize alkenes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.