bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of internet in physical exercise of modern man
Authors: Markov-Čikić Ivana , Ivanovski Aleksandar
Published: July 2021

The axiological assumptions of the modern society have been called into question under the challenges of today, which has also been reflected in the aspects of individual physical exercise and the development of the value of society's awareness of this important segment. The modern forms of communication via internet and social networks are some of the basic features of the modern way of life. Therefore, it is important to examine their role in various forms of values of consciousness, both in morality, art, law and politics, as well as in physical exercise and sports. In parallel with the examination of all types of social consciousness and the analysis of the value function in social life that internet communications and virtual reality have, another 'new reality' caused by the coronavirus pandemic has emerged. It can be said that people's awareness of the importance of physical exercise for the quality of their own life is an axiological assumption for their survival. The key values, such as: preservation of health, prevention of obesity, prevention of cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, osteoporosis and depressive-anxiety conditions cannot be disputed in any segment. The new virtual reality has therefore sought ways to support, enhance and encourage these core values of physical exercise. Numerous platforms and applications have been developed that can have an impact on the complete improvement of health and quality of life of all age groups. Regular physical activity also brings benefits to a person's mental health. It is also a segment where internet platforms cannot negatively affect the fact that regular physical exercise with internet apps or YouTube trainers cannot challenge the increase in Dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain associated with improved pleasure or the secretion of endorphins, hormones responsible for improving mood and energy. What 'new reality' and 'virtual reality' cannot provide when it comes to physical exercise, is face-to-face communication, eye contact, socialising, fun and laughter in the gym while performing exercises in group programs. This paper will try to find the answers on how much the mentioned socialisation has been reduced by the new situation and whether the likes and the emoticons can be stimulating as much as the living word during the physical exercise.
Giants of physical culture Rafael and Dušanka Ban
Authors: Kebin Vladimir
Published: July 2021

Having had the opportunity to live with Bans for a period of time and having analysed their biographic and bibliographic data, as well as the entirety of their scientific work, the author comes to the conclusion that the members of Ban family, both father and daughter, had dedicated their entire lives to physical culture. The opus of Rafael and dr Dušanka Ban has been founded on a carefully nurtured sport-sokol lifestyle. Based on their entire opus, the author believes that there are people of a certain kind, the rare and extraordinary ones, who relish the burden of creatorship in their field of expertise-physical culture. They set up new guidelines and in the process reexamine the foundational premises of physical culture, in theory as well as in practice.
Hunters in Europe: What does it mean "the hunters population" in Europe?
Authors: Benko Miroslav , Náhlik András , Tomljanović Kristijan
Published: July 2021

According to FACE (The European Federation of Associations for Hunting) approximately 7 million hunters are registered in Europe. Throughout the year they work in nature, in the hunting ground, or organize work of supporting teams and individuals on development of habitats with different kinds of animals, of which only some are hunted or listed as game. By using methods of positive selection and care in order to increase quality and quantity of the habitat itself, is maintained and permanently increased biological diversity of plant populations and whole ecosystem same as animal populations, including game. Disappearance of certain animal species in certain parts of Europe surely is not caused by game management, but is a result of rapid urbanization and development of urban and rural areas with all the supporting infrastructure. Human overpopulation parallel brought to reduction of habitat areas for numerous animal and game species. It's therefore required to establish balance between humans and other beings on a certain space, which therefore requires good management. The most competent members of human community which can manage wild animals and game in the most competent way are certainly hunters. In every community mutual understanding and cooperation of all other stakeholders and ecosystem beneficiaries is key. We should not forget that a human is part of natural ecosystem and a hunter is the most competent person who understands habits and life of game animals and therefore can manage it in the best way. Due to this reason game, hunter and hunters population take care of the game animals survival, their overall food chain their development and relative relationship in order to avoid deterioration and favoring of certain species over the other, increasing biological diversity of game animals and habitat which they inhabit; of overall and particular individual health state, of active and passive protection defining and implementing regulations important for behavior and management, on the basis of good management and good will in this way actively and significantly contributing to development of environmental protection.
Pobreza y voluntariado: viejos y nuevos retos
Authors: Blavia Galindo Carolina
Published: July 2021

En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la función del voluntariado social en la actualidad. Concretamente, el voluntariado dedicado a la nueva pobreza fruto de las recientes crisis socio/económicas. Muchas personas encuentran respuesta en ONGs y entidades sociales que prestan servicios de primera atención, coordinadamente con los servicios sociales básicos. Hablamos de la transición del voluntariado más reivindicativo y comunitario del inicio de la democracia post-franquista hasta la actualidad. Sostenemos la idea de que, el actual paradigma neo-liberal nos está devolviendo a formas de actuación anteriores a la democracia y destacamos como, las formas de ayuda se reducen cada vez más a aportaciones de capital material (dinero y especie) y tutorizaciones para “funcionalizar” a aquellos que van quedando fuera del sistema. Analizamos el papel del voluntariado del Tercer Sector de Acción Social (TSAS) y el intento por redefinir su lugar y función a través de la relación, como forma de superación del asistencialismo. Para su desarrollo, además de contextualizar históricamente el tema, nos hemos basado en diversas fuentes documentales, que abordan el tema relacional, mixturado con la experiencia laboral y reflexiones contrastadas, de quien escribe el artículo, después de más de veinte años en la atención social en el ámbito del TSAS.
Bibliographic Ghostbusting: The Evanescent Life and Spirited Times of the Canadian Journal of Homoeopathy (1856-57)
Authors: Connor J. T. H.
Published: July 2021

Until recently, analysis of the Canadian Journal of Homoeopathy proved to be difficult; the possibility that this periodical was a bibliographic ghost was plausible. This discussion is based on a close reading of the publication, however, now that a complete run of it is readily and conveniently accessible. This account examines the social and intellectual contexts and also the content of this periodical devoted to mid-Victorian medical reform, in particular the medical sectarian practice of homeopathy in Canada West (previously identified as Upper Canada then later as Ontario), while situating its production and publication within other studies of print culture and medical journalism in Canada. Pivotal in this enterprise as founding editor and publisher were the efforts of homeopath Dr. W.A. Greenleaf of St. Catharines and Hamilton.
La localisation des écoles primaires et le bruit aérien dans la région métropolitaine
de Toronto : un diagnostic d’équité environnementale et une analyse des impacts sur la
réussite scolaire
Authors: Audrin Thomas , Apparicio Philippe , Séguin Anne-Marie
Published: July 2021

Cet article poursuit deux objectifs. Premièrement, il s’agit de vérifier si les
écoles primaires accueillant des enfants issus de milieux défavorisés sont
disproportionnellement localisées à proximité des aéroports, dans la région métropolitaine
de Toronto. Deuxièmement, il s’agit de vérifier si les écoles primaires avec des niveaux de
bruit aérien élevés présentent des niveaux de réussite scolaire plus faibles. L’étude porte
sur 1420 écoles primaires publiques ou catholiques. Les courbes NEF ont été utilisées comme
indicateur de gêne causée par le bruit des avions. Treize variables décrivant les
caractéristiques des écoles et de leur clientèle ont été recueillies au niveau de chaque
établissement pour l’année scolaire 2017-2018 à partir de données du Gouvernement de
l’Ontario et du Ministère de l’Éducation. Des tests de Student ont été effectués pour
réaliser le diagnostic d’équité environnementale alors que pour évaluer l’impact du bruit
aérien sur la réussite scolaire, douze modèles de régression ont été construits. Les
résultats des tests de Student démontrent que les écoles primaires avec des niveaux plus
élevés de bruit aérien accueillent une clientèle plus souvent issue de milieux défavorisés
et d’une langue maternelle autre que la langue d’enseignement. Concernant la réussite
scolaire, les écoles dans la zone NEF présentent des taux de réussite significativement plus
faibles. Par contre, une fois contrôlées les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, le bruit
aérien n’est plus significativement associé à des taux de réussite plus faibles.
“Not just herniated disc” back pain: Outcome of oxygen-ozone treatment in selected applications.
Authors: Bonetti Matteo , Zambello Alessio , Leonardi Marco , Princiotta Ciro
Published: July 2021

Low back pain and sciatica are highly debilitating conditions affecting all socioeconomic groups at an increasingly early age. They are caused by different often concomitant spinal disorders: disc or facet joint disease, spondylolisthesis (with or without listhesis), vertebral body and interapophyseal arthrosis, spinal stenosis, radicular and synovial cysts and, more rarely, infections and primary or metastatic cancer.Treatment of low back pain and/or sciatica requires an accurate diagnosis based on thorough history-taking and physical examination followed by appropriate imaging tests, namely computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance scans in addition to standard X-rays of the spine.In recent years, several reports have demonstrated the utility of oxygen-ozone therapy in reducing the size of herniated discs. The present study reports on the outcome of oxygen-ozone treatment in 416 patients with non-discogenic low back pain caused by degenerative disease of the posterior vertebral compartment (facet synovitis, Baastrup syndrome, spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, facet degeneration).
Clinical and imaging selection criteria treating lumbar disc herniations by oxygen-ozone therapy, corticosteroid and local anaesthetic.
Authors: Muto Mario , Giurazza Francesco , Pimentel Silva Ricardo , Guarnieri Gianluigi
Published: July 2021

Radicular lumbar back pain is an important public health problem not already provided with a unequivocal treatment approach. Medical and physical therapies represent the first solution, however when these are not successful, the second therapeutic step is still controversial and mini-invasive treatment may play an important role. In these cases oxygen-ozone therapy has been proved to be a very safe and effective option that is widely used with different modalities.
This paper, by reviewing oxygen-ozone therapy literature data, aims to propose an effective procedural technique and to clarify patient’s selection criteria; furthermore complications and follow-up management are also considered.
Valencia honouring Juan Luis Vives
Authors: Tournoy G.
Published: July 2021

Valencia honouring Juan Luis Vives. “Quousque tandem, Valentia Edetanorum, patiere maculam istam?”
Basic life support training in schools
Authors: Souza Romualdo Parente de , Faria João Carlos Pina
Published: July 2021

Older children and adolescents are able to learn and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers in a satisfactory manner. Schools are places where training in basic life support can be carried out. This narrative review was carried out to assess the effectiveness of training in basic life support in schools, analyzing different learning methodology, age groups, and gaining confidence in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a real situation. The search was conducted in the MEDLINE database. Articles published from 01/01/2014 to 12/31/2019, with children under 18 years of age, published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, were selected. Three hundred and nine articles were found, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria in the study. There was great heterogeneity in the methodologies evaluated, making it difficult to compare some studies. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation taught to school children has resulted in the retention of skills and knowledge. There was a direct relationship between age group and quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation can also change the stigma and fear associated with procedures. We conclude that the teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by different methodologies is effective in the learning of children and adolescents and improves their confidence in doing it. Although older than 12 years of age have a greater ability for depth of compression, other points of basic life support can be developed in younger children.
Knowledge of the self facing the experience of illness by cancer and palliative care
Authors: Zilli Francielly , Oliveira Stefanie Griebeler , Cordeiro Franciele Roberta , Zillmer Juliana Graciela Vestena
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The illness of an oncological disease provides experiences capable of modifying the body and the subjects' ways of life. Objective: To analyze how the knowledge of the self occurs facing the experience of illness by cancer and palliative care. Methods: This is a qualitative case study research based on post-critical theories, specifically in Foucault Studies. The participants were six patients who were experiencing cancer and palliative care, linked to a home hospitalization service. The data were collected from March to June 2018, based on open interviews, participant observation, and speech instigation through the use of occupational therapist therapeutic activities. The analysis occurred based on problematizations. Results: From the statements, different ways of getting sick were identified, from diagnosis to their approach to death, causing changes in the body, way of living, and in the perception of oneself from a life-threatening disease. Conclusion: Finally, we concluded that different ways of experiencing cancer and palliative care provided different modes of subjectivation. The lack of self-recognition was confronted by bodily changes and consequently by limitations, so the way this experience was lived reflected in the way they thought about the end of life.
Association of clinical epidemiological factors to polypharmacy among patients with multiple sclerosis: real-life data
Authors: Oliveira Vanessa Marcon de , Rios Cinthia Caldas , Gubert Vanessa Terezinha , Ferreira Cristiane Munaretto , Vasconcelos-Pereira Erica Freire de , Toffoli-Kadri Mônica Cristina , Monreal Maria Tereza Ferreira Duenhas
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Treatment for multiple sclerosis should focus on relapse prevention and treatment, as well as symptom and disease progression control, which require the use of multiple medications. Objective: To evaluate the association of polypharmacy and related clinical, epidemiological factors in multiple sclerosis patient cohorts. Methods: It was conducted a prospective study of multiple sclerosis patients that held a prescription of disease-modifying drugs between January and December 2017. The medications were analyzed and classified as either long-term or as-needed medications for therapeutic objective and prescription status purposes. Results: During 2017, 124 patients were attended, 106 were eligible for the study, and 81 agreed to participate. The average age was 40.95±11.69 years. The disease duration varied between 6 months and 30 years, with a median of 7 years. More than half of the multiple sclerosis patients suffered from comorbidities (54.32%), and 76.54% were categorized as polypharmacy. The comparison of polypharmacy between the groups yielded significant differences for comorbidities and employment status and regarding age between patients with polypharmacy and patients without polypharmacy of long-term medications. Conclusion: The age of the patient and the presence of comorbidities are important factors related to polypharmacy.
Para além das fronteiras: a política linguística brasileira de promoção internacional do português
Authors: Diniz Leandro Rodrigues Alves
Published: July 2021

Neste livro, Leandro Rodrigues Alves Diniz desafia o leitor a circular para além das fronteiras territoriais e simbólicas que em geral se nos dão a ver nas políticas linguísticas de promoção da língua portuguesa no exterior, pensando-as como espaços que só podem ser compreendidos a partir de um exercício de destotalização. O autor tece uma fina análise dos desenhos de internacionalização que essas ações de expansão da língua portuguesa delineiam no mapa do mercado das línguas no mundo, a um só tempo situando o leitor acercadas relações ideológicas, de poder e econômicas que atravessam esse mercado, e convidando-o a uma leitura sempre crítica e posicionada. Trata-se, assim, de um texto indispensável aos que se interessam pelos movimentos políticos de promoção internacional de uma língua ? indissociáveis de seus processos de ensino-aprendizagem ?, incluindo linguistas, linguistas aplicados, internacionalistas e professores de línguas, em particular, de Português como Língua Adicional.
Effect of malaria parasite shape on its alignment at erythrocyte membrane
Authors: Dasanna Anil K , Hillringhaus Sebastian , Gompper Gerhard , Fedosov Dmitry A
Published: July 2021

During the blood stage of malaria pathogenesis, parasites invade healthy red blood cells (RBC) to multiply inside the host and evade the immune response. When attached to RBC, the parasite first has to align its apex with the membrane for a successful invasion. Since the parasite’s apex sits at the pointed end of an oval (egg-like) shape with a large local curvature, apical alignment is in general an energetically unfavorable process. Previously, using coarse-grained mesoscopic simulations, we have shown that optimal alignment time is achieved due to RBC membrane deformation and the stochastic nature of bond-based interactions between the parasite and RBC membrane (Hillringhaus et al., 2020). Here, we demonstrate that the parasite’s shape has a prominent effect on the alignment process. The alignment times of spherical parasites for intermediate and large bond off-rates (or weak membrane-parasite interactions) are found to be close to those of an egg-like shape. However, for small bond off-rates (or strong adhesion and large membrane deformations), the alignment time for a spherical shape increases drastically. Parasite shapes with large aspect ratios such as oblate and long prolate ellipsoids are found to exhibit very long alignment times in comparison to the egg-like shape. At a stiffened RBC, a spherical parasite aligns faster than any other investigated shape. This study shows that the original egg-like shape performs not worse for parasite alignment than other considered shapes but is more robust with respect to different adhesion interactions and RBC membrane rigidities.
When Homer ceased laughing
Authors: Shcherbakov Fedor
Published: July 2021

Since the very beginning of its proliferation, the Homeric epic has been subject to various ways of interpretation and modes of understanding. Particular attention has been paid to those passages from Homeric poems in which the gods commit obscene, absurd, or comical actions. In the opinion of critics of Iliad and Odyssey, such myths were not worthy of the appropriate faith in the Greek gods. Therefore, my article focuses on the third, “comical” group of these Homeric grey areas, and deals with the following questions: how and why did Homer’s comical passages move from a discourse of the ridiculous and the funny to a discourse of the serious by means of philosophical interpretation over the centuries? I will try to uncover the general principles and conditions of that hermeneutical mechanism which made it possible to translate Homer’s comical plots from the language of Olympic “domestic” nonsense into the language of the most important physical, ethical, and metaphysical truths. To achieve this task, my article will conditionally distinguish two ways of transition from the comical to the serious: the first, which was carried out in ancient allegorism, was to directly produce a translation, and to declare that the “superficial” meaning of the myth is false, and its deep level is true. The second way – ancient symbolism – was to turn the comical into the serious through the immediate translation of comical myths into the religious discourse of the sacred, which did not imply a stark contrast between the comical and the serious but, on the contrary, harmonized them.
Editorial
Authors: Troitskiy Sergey , Lavrentev Aleksandr , Ivanova Alyona , Laineste Liisi
Published: July 2021

The editorial article for the special issue of EJHR “Laughter and Humour in Communication” provides an overview of all the presented articles and highlights the general idea of the issue.
Research on image classification method based on improved multi-scale relational network
Authors: Zheng Wenfeng , Liu Xiangjun , Yin Lirong
Published: July 2021

Small sample learning aims to learn information about object categories from a single or a few training samples. This learning style is crucial for deep learning methods based on large amounts of data. The deep learning method can solve small sample learning through the idea of meta-learning “how to learn by using previous experience.” Therefore, this paper takes image classification as the research object to study how meta-learning quickly learns from a small number of sample images. The main contents are as follows: After considering the distribution difference of data sets on the generalization performance of measurement learning and the advantages of optimizing the initial characterization method, this paper adds the model-independent meta-learning algorithm and designs a multi-scale meta-relational network. First, the idea of META-SGD is adopted, and the inner learning rate is taken as the learning vector and model parameter to learn together. Secondly, in the meta-training process, the model-independent meta-learning algorithm is used to find the optimal parameters of the model. The inner gradient iteration is canceled in the process of meta-validation and meta-test. The experimental results show that the multi-scale meta-relational network makes the learned measurement have stronger generalization ability, which further improves the classification accuracy on the benchmark set and avoids the need for fine-tuning of the model-independent meta-learning algorithm.
The predatory bug Orius strigicollis shows a preference for egg-laying sites based on plant topography
Authors: Yu Chendi , Huang Jun , Ren Xiaoyun , Fernández-Grandon G Mandela , Li Xiaowei , Hafeez Muhammad , Lu Yaobin
Published: July 2021

Background

Oviposition site selection is an important factor in determining the success of insect populations. Orius spp. are widely used in the biological control of a wide range of soft-bodied insect pests such as thrips, aphids, and mites. Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) is the dominant Orius species in southern China; however, what factor drives its selection of an oviposition site after mating currently remains unknown.

Methods

Here, kidney bean pods (KBPs) were chosen as the oviposition substrate, and choice and nonchoice experiments were conducted to determine the preferences concerning oviposition sites on the KBPs of O. strigicollis. The mechanism of oviposition behavior was revealed through observation and measurement of oviposition action, the egg hatching rate, and the oviposition time.

Results

We found that O. strigicollis preferred the seams of the pods for oviposition, especially the seams at the tips of the KBPs. Choice and nonchoice experiments showed that females did not lay eggs when the KBP tail parts were unavailable. The rates of egg hatching on different KBP parts were not significantly different, but the time required for females to lay eggs on the tip seam was significantly lower. Decreased oviposition time is achieved on the tip seam because the insect can exploit support points found there and gain leverage for insertion of the ovipositor.

Discussion

The preferences for oviposition sites of O. strigicollis are significantly influenced by the topography of the KBP surface. Revealing such behavior and mechanisms will provide an important scientific basis for the mass rearing of predatory bugs.
Proof of anthocyanins in the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes
Authors: Dávila‐Lara Alberto , Reichelt Michael , Wang Ding , Vogel Heiko , Mithöfer Axel
Published: July 2021

Yellow to red colored betalains are a chemotaxonomic feature of Caryophyllales, while in most other plant taxa, anthocyanins are responsible for these colors. The carnivorous plant family Nepenthaceae belongs to Caryophyllales; here, red‐pigmented tissues seem to attract insect prey. Strikingly, the chemical nature of red color in Nepenthes has never been elucidated. Although belonging to Caryophyllales, in Nepenthes, some molecular evidence supports the presence of anthocyanins rather than betalains. However, there was previously no direct chemical proof of this. Using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry, we identified cyanidin glycosides in Nepenthes species and tissues. Further, we reveal the existence of a complete set of constitutively expressed anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in Nepenthes. Thus, here we finally conclude the long‐term open question regarding red pigmentation in Nepenthaceae.
Revisiting the need for radiation output measurements after X‐ray tube replacement in computed tomography
Authors: Stauduhar Paul J. , Jones A. Kyle
Published: July 2021

Purpose

State regulations require that CT radiation output be measured using a dosimeter after major service. The most common major service is tube replacement. We hypothesized that historical QC data could be used instead to determine if output measurements are necessary, potentially reducing the need for output measurements that require an on‐site visit by a qualified medical physicist.

Methods

Records of 65 original equipment manufacturer (OEM) tube replacements were reviewed to determine with what frequency output was outside the manufacturer's specifications. The previous 7 days of historical quality control (QC) data prior to a tube change was used to establish a baseline mean noise level and 95% inferential confidence intervals (ICIs) about the mean. This was compared to an ICI constructed using 7 days of QC data post‐tube change and the region of indifference. Different methods for acquiring samples of image noise were compared using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

None of the 65 tube replacements reviewed in this study resulted in an output change that exceeded the manufacturer's specifications. In all but one case, the results of the ICI analysis matched the measured output results. In the single case where results were discordant, the mean image noise was slightly higher after the tube change, which may have indicated the need for a larger sample size or service unrelated to the X‐ray tube, for example, system calibration. The method used to sample image noise did not significantly affect the calculated mean noise.

Conclusions

This review of historical OEM tube replacement data indicated the likelihood of output falling outside manufacturer specifications is low. Considering this, it is likely that using QC data from programs required by regulation and the American College of Radiology (ACR), medical physicists can reliably verify radiation output stability remotely instead of making measurements using a dosimeter.
Single‐Component Optogenetic Tools for Inducible RhoA GTPase Signaling
Authors: Berlew Erin E. , Kuznetsov Ivan A. , Yamada Keisuke , Bugaj Lukasz J. , Boerckel Joel D. , Chow Brian Y.
Published: July 2021

Optogenetic tools are created to control RhoA GTPase, a central regulator of actin organization and actomyosin contractility. RhoA GTPase, or its upstream activator ARHGEF11, is fused to BcLOV4, a photoreceptor that can be dynamically recruited to the plasma membrane by a light‐regulated protein‐lipid electrostatic interaction with the inner leaflet. Direct membrane recruitment of these proteins induces potent contractile signaling sufficient to separate adherens junctions with as little as one pulse of blue light. Induced cytoskeletal morphology changes are dependent on the alignment of the spatially patterned stimulation with the underlying cell polarization. RhoA‐mediated cytoskeletal activation drives yes‐associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization within minutes and consequent mechanotransduction verified by YAP‐transcriptional enhanced associate domain transcriptional activity. These single‐transgene tools do not require protein binding partners for dynamic membrane localization and permit spatiotemporally precise control over RhoA signaling to advance the study of its diverse regulatory roles in cell migration, morphogenesis, and cell cycle maintenance.
Recent Progress in Essential Functions of Soft Electronic Skin
Authors: Chen Jianwen , Zhu Yutian , Chang Xiaohua , Pan Duo , Song Gang , Guo Zhanhu , Naik Nithesh
Published: July 2021

Inspired by the human skin, electronic skins (e‐skins) composed of various flexible sensors, such as strain sensor, pressure sensor, shear force sensor, temperature sensor, and humility sensor, and delicate circuits, are emerged to mimic the sensing functions of human skins. In this review, the strategies to realize the versatile functionalities of natural skin‐like e‐skins, including strain‐, pressure‐, shear force‐, temperature‐ and humility‐sensing abilities, as well as self‐healing ability and other functions are summarized. Some representative examples of high‐performance e‐skins and their applications are outlined and discussed. Finally, the outlook of the future of e‐skins is presented.
All‐Inorganic CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals/2D Non‐Layered Cadmium Sulfide Selenide for High‐Performance Photodetectors by Energy Band Alignment Engineering
Authors: Peng Mingfa , Ma Yulong , Zhang Lei , Cong Shan , Hong Xuekun , Gu Yiheng , Kuang Yawei , Liu Yushen , Wen Zhen , Sun Xuhui
Published: July 2021

Perovskites have attracted intensive attention as promising materials for the application in various optoelectronic devices due to their large light absorption coefficient, high carrier mobility, and long charge carrier diffusion length. However, the performance of the pure perovskite nanocrystals‐based device is extremely restricted by the limited charge transport capability due to the existence of a large number of the grain boundary between perovskite nanocrystals. To address these issues, a high‐performance photodetector based on all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals/2D non‐layered cadmium sulfide selenide heterostructure has been demonstrated through energy band engineering with designed typed‐II heterostructure. The photodetector exhibits an ultra‐high light‐to‐dark current ratio of 1.36 × 105, a high responsivity of 2.89 × 102 A W−1, a large detectivity of 1.28 × 1014 Jones, and the response/recovery time of 0.53s/0.62 s. The enhancement of the optoelectronic performance of the heterostructure photodetector is mainly attributed to the efficient charge carrier transfer ability between the all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskites and 2D cadmium sulfide selenide resulting from energy band alignment engineering. The charge carriers’ transfer dynamics and the mechanism of the CsPbBr3 perovskites/2D non‐layered nanosheets interfaces have also been studied by state‐state PL spectra, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements.
Immune‐Modulating Mucin Hydrogel Microdroplets for the Encapsulation of Cell and Microtissue
Authors: Yan Hongji , Melin Marcus , Jiang Kun , Trossbach Martin , Badadamath Bharathesh , Langer Krzysztof , Winkeljann Benjamin , Lieleg Oliver , Hong Jaan , Joensson Haakan N. , Crouzier Thomas
Published: July 2021

Immune‐modulating biomaterials used to encapsulate cells and microtissue transplants can be engineered to dampen the immune reaction and increase treatment efficacy. Mucin‐derived materials have gained attention for their ability to modulate macrophage and dendritic cell activity, and to trigger mild foreign body response when implanted in vivo. In this study, the potential of mucin hydrogels (Muc‐gels) as cell‐encapsulating materials is investigated. When placed in contact with blood, Muc‐gels trigger significantly lower complement activation, compared to clinical grade alginate hydrogels. Muc‐gel is a size‐selective barrier strongly hindering the diffusion of molecules with a hydrodynamic radius larger than 6 nm such as immunoglobulins. Muc‐gels support the growth of MIN6m9 insulin‐secreting cells into islet‐like organoids and the survival of primary human pancreatic islets, which maintained glucose responsiveness. Muc‐gels can be shaped into microdroplets in which MIN6m9 cells or cell aggregates can be encapsulated without loss of viability. Microdroplet encapsulation will allow transplants to be easily injected and improve their survival by favoring mass transport through the capsule. The combination of strong immune modulatory properties, appropriate selective barrier profile, biocompatibility for embedded cells Muc‐gels of particular value for microencapsulating cells or microtissues for transplantation.
Local Cracking‐Induced Scalable Flexible Silicon Nanogaps for Dynamically Tunable Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates
Authors: Qu Chunyan , Guo Qinglei , Huang Gaoshan , Mei Yongfeng
Published: July 2021

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as a promising and convenient analytical tool for molecule sensing, has turned out to be one of the most important applications of plasmonic nanostructures. However, its large‐area production, controllability, and adjustability remain significant challenges because of the weak control over the fabrication and spatial arrangement. Herein, a silicon nanogap array‐based flexible plasmonic substrate is developed, with capabilities of large‐area production, controllable arrangement, and width of nanogaps, by utilizing the standard microfabrication platform, and the fabricated flexible plasmonic substrate is further explored for dynamically tunable SERS for molecular sensing. After experimentally and theoretically optimizing the geometric designs of precursors, a 90 × 90 silicon nanogap array (over 1 cm × 1 cm) with a yield of about 99.74% is achieved. SERS is realized by depositing Au films onto the silicon nanogap. Dynamically tunable SERS is demonstrated by the thermally induced local stretch or contraction of silicon nanogaps, where the key parameters including Raman enhancement and sensitivity of the molecular sensor can be conveniently adjusted. These presented results significantly expand the scope of engineering opinions for flexible plasmonic nanostructures, which have many envisioned applications especially for environmental monitoring and biochemical detection.
Combining Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Materials in 3D Printing for Fabricating Microfluidic Devices with Spatial Wettability
Authors: Männel Max J. , Weigel Niclas , Hauck Nicolas , Heida Thomas , Thiele Julian
Published: July 2021

The fabrication of microfluidic flow cells via projection micro‐stereolithography (PμSL) has excited researchers in recent years. However, due to the inherent process properties of most commercial PμSL, microfluidic devices are fabricated in a monolithic fashion with uniform material properties across a flow cell. Yet, the large surface‐to‐volume ratio in microfluidics demands to tailor microchannel surface properties—particularly in planar microchannel arrangements—with spatial control and micron‐scale resolution to form a desired flow profile, e.g., emulsion droplets. Here, the fabrication of planar microfluidic devices by PμSLbased 3D printing with spatial control over surface properties is presented. For that, homemade photopolymer formulations being either hydrophilic or hydrophobic are designed. Adding acrylic acid to a resin containing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate lowers the contact angle down to 0° against water creating a superhydrophilic surface. By utilizing 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecyl acrylate, a photopolymer formulation allowing for 3D‐printing a hydrophobic microchannel surface with a contact angle >120° against water is obtained. Combining these two materials, microfluidic flow cells with spatially defined wettability are 3D‐printed for emulsion formation. Finally, the resin vat of the commercial PμSL printer is switched during the printing process for fabricating multimaterial geometries, as exemplarily applied for realizing a hydrophobic‐hydrophilic‐hydrophobic device for forming O/W/O double emulsions.
Liquid‐Based Digital Readable Tilt Sensor
Authors: Matsuda Ryosuke , Zihao Song , Kamoto Umihiro , Ota Hiroki
Published: July 2021

It is crucial for tilt sensors to be driven by simple systems for motion‐tracking devices, robot control, and aviation equipment. However, in current tilt sensors, measurement error accumulation, which is known as drift, occurs owing to complicated calculations. Moreover, to mitigate drift, an alternating current or optical equipment is required, which increases the complexity of the observation system. Thus, for further application of tilt sensors, a simple measurement system is essential. In this study, a sensor that can detect tilt by simply turning a direct current on and off using a conductive liquid material is developed. This sensor detects the direction and angle of the tilt in two dimensions, and it does not require an external calculation mechanism because it detects the tilt directly as a digital signal. A leveling machine with thermal actuators and a wearable device is demonstrated as applications of the developed sensor. This sensor realizes angle detection with a simple mechanism and structural solution, which is significant in the field of wearable devices and robots.
Overcoming Barriers: Clinical Translation of siRNA Nanomedicines
Authors: Tieu Terence , Wei Yingkai , Cifuentes‐Rius Anna , Voelcker Nicolas H.
Published: July 2021

RNA interference has garnered new hope for many difficult to treat diseases that have been “undruggable” using conventional small molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has shown great strides in targeting difficult to treat diseases as siRNA therapeutics are able to efficiently silence specific genes throughout the body. This review highlights major barriers in siRNA delivery and how nanoparticles have been used to circumvent these barriers. The authors outline many of the recent promising preclinical successes in siRNA delivery using nanoparticles. Importantly, the review examines current FDA‐approved siRNA therapeutics and provides a comprehensive analysis of current siRNA candidates in clinical trials. Lastly, the authors discuss future challenges and opportunities in this expansive field of research.
Effect of geographic distance on domestic trade: A case of the US Green industry
Authors: Yue Chengyan , Lai Yufeng , Khachatryan Hayk , Hodges Alan
Published: July 2021

The prediction that the effect of geographic distance as a barrier for trade will decrease over time and eventually be eliminated as a result of technological developments has been proposed for decades. However, empirical evidence suggests the negative effect of geographic distance persists in both international and domestic trade. This study uses data from a national survey of nursery and greenhouse growers in the United States to investigate the effect of geographic distance on trade. We model trades as a two‐step process in which selling firms and buyers were matched first, and then a positive trade flow occurs conditional on the match. This process leads to a simple zero‐inflated estimation strategy and provides a meaningful interpretation of the zero‐trades. We demonstrate that this approach predicts the overall trade flow better than the Poisson or Gamma Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PML) approach, due to its ability to predict zero trade flows more accurately. The empirical results indicate the effect of distance on trade volume is large and statistically significant. In addition, firms trade almost exclusively with partners in the home state or in states with branch offices. We find that social media and website advertising is much less effective in increasing the trade flow than traditional advertising channels. [EconLit Citations: Q17, Q13].
Calculation of the flux density function for protein crystals from small scale settling and filtration experiments
Authors: Radel Benjamin , Nguyen Tu Hoang , Nirschl Hermann
Published: July 2021

Development and engineering of protein crystals regarding mechanical stability and crystallizability occurs on a small scale. Later in the process chain of industrial production however, filtration properties are important to separate the crystals from mother liquor. Many protein crystals are sensitive to mechanical stress which is why it is important to know the filtration behavior early on. In this study, we analyze settling and filtration behavior of isometric, rod‐like and needle shaped lysozyme and rod‐like alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) crystals on a small scale using an optical analytical centrifuge. Needle shaped lysozyme and rod‐like ADH crystals show compressible material behavior. With the results from settling and filtration experiments, the flux density function is calculated and modeled which can be used to describe the whole settling and permeation process in dependency of the solids volume fraction. This is also an issue for simulations of industrial processes.
The effect of data provenance on estimates of gestation length in African and Asian colobines
Authors: Borries Carola , Smaers Jeroen B. , Mongle Carrie S. , Koenig Andreas
Published: July 2021

Objectives

It seems to be commonly accepted that gestation length within the subfamily Colobinae lasts several weeks longer in the African tribe (Colobini) than in the Asian tribe (Presbytini) even though closely related taxa of similar body mass should have similar life histories. Suspecting problems with data provenance to cause the difference, we revisited the published records expecting similar gestation lengths in both tribes if based on vetted, accurate data.

Materials and Methods

We compiled published gestation length data for Colobini and Presbytini, labeling them as “unspecified” (n = 16) if the primary reference could not be located, methods were not described, and/or conceptions, the beginning of gestation, were determined based on sporadic observations of mating. If conceptions were determined based on changing hormone levels or patterns of daily mating records, we labeled the data as “accurate” (n = 12). We analyzed the ln transformed data in a phylogenetic framework in relation to adult female body mass.

Results

In the unspecified dataset, gestation length in the two tribes overlapped extensively and did not differ significantly. However, in the accurate dataset, gestation length was significantly shorter in Colobini (not longer, as previously assumed).

Discussion

Data provenance had a strong impact on the comparison, reversing the relationship in gestation length in the two sister tribes. It remains to be determined why gestation lengths differ, whether, relative to the other primates, Colobini have a shortened gestation or Presbytini a lengthened gestation, and whether similar differences exist in other closely related taxa. Addressing these questions will require additional, broader, comparative analyses.
Kooperative Effekte in schaltbarer Katalyse: Verbesserung der Doppel‐Click‐Reaktionsausbeuten von symmetrischen Rotaxanen
Authors: Ghosh Amit , Paul Indrajit , Schmittel Michael
Published: July 2021

Reversibles Umschalten zwischen der in sich geschlossenen cyclisch‐dimeren Anordnung [Cu2(1)2]2+ (AUS‐Zustand) und dem expandierten dimeren homoleptischen Komplex [FeCu2(1)2]4+ (AN‐Zustand) durch Zugabe/Entfernung von Fe2+ ermöglichte die Katalyse einer Doppel‐Clickreaktion und die Präparation von [2]‐Rotaxanen in hoher Ausbeute. Mechanistische und computergestützte Studien offenbaren kooperative Effekte im zweiten Cycloadditionsschritt aufgrund einer abstandstoleranten Präorganisation des ersten Clickprodukts an den beiden Kupfer(I)‐beladenen Phenanthrolin‐Untereinheiten von [FeCu2(1)2]4+, was wertvolle grundlegende Erkenntnisse für Doppel‐Click‐Strategien liefert.
Study on the biodegradability of a chitosan‐modified hyperbranched polymer for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Chen Qingyuan , Ye Zhongbin , Xu Hongwei , Wang Yuqi , Lai Nanjun
Published: July 2021

This study introduced a chitosan‐modified hyperbranched polymer (HPDACS). The biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and biodegradability of HPDACS under different water quality were measured under static conditions, as well as the concentration changes before and after degradation. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to observe the micromorphology before and after degradation. The biodegradability, viscosity change, and molecular weight change of the polymer before and after passing through the porous medium were measured. The results were compared with the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and the dendritic polymer. The results showed that in bacteria‐containing sewage, the biodegradation rate of HPDACS reached 81%. Moreover, the molecular backbone of HPDACS was completely broken after degradation. Its viscosity loss reached 84.87%, indicating its good biodegradability. HPDACS also can reduce the concentration of polymer in the produced fluid. In core flow experiments, viscosity of HPDACS is loss to 40%. The hyperbranched network structure of HPDACS can reduce the shearing action in the porous medium, thus reducing the extent of biodegradation. The presence of microorganisms resulted in a viscosity loss of HPDACS of ~2%. Therefore, HPDACS can fully exert the fluidity control effect through the porous medium and can meet the requirements of polymer flooding.