bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinicoradiological manifestations of paraganglioma syndromes associated with succinyl dehydrogenase enzyme mutation
Authors: Barber Brendan , Ingram Mark , Khan Sameer , Bano Gul , Hodgson Shirley , Vlahos Ioannis
Published: April 2011

Background

Paragangliomas are rare tumours derived from the autonomic nervous system that have increasingly been recognised to have a genetic predisposition. Mutations of the enzyme succinyl dehydrogenase (SDH) have proven to result in paraganglioma formation. There are four subunits (A through D) that form the enzyme complex and are associated with different genophenotypic expressions of disease. SDHB and SDHD mutations are more common, whereas SDHA and SDHC mutations are rare. Patients with SDHB mutations are prone to extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, malignant disease and extra-paraganglial neoplasia, whereas SDHD mutations have a greater propensity for multiple, benign head and neck paragangliomas.

Methods

Diagnosis of a sporadic paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma should lead to a full genetic workup of the patient and family if SDH mutations are found.

Results

Further annual screening will be required depending on the mutation, which can have a significant impact on radiologists and the resources of the radiology department.

Conclusion

We present our imaging experience with a series of patients with proven SDH mutations resulting in paragangliomas with a review of the literature.
Endometrial ablation with the NovaSure system in Iran
Authors: Asgari Zahra , Moini Ashraf , Samiee Haydeh , Tehranian Afsaneh , Mozafar‐Jalali Sima , Sabet Somayeh
Published: April 2011

Objective

To evaluate the rate of response to treatment with the NovaSure endometrial ablation device among Iranian women with menorrhagia.

Methods

Twenty 35–50‐year‐old women with menorrhagia who were referred to Arash Hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 2008 were enrolled. They underwent endometrial ablation via the NovaSure system and were followed‐up for 2 years.

Results

The incidence of amenorrhea was 30.0% at the end of the 2‐year follow‐up period. Hypomenorrhea was reported by 40.0% of women. The mean number of days of bleeding per month decreased significantly, from 30.0 ± 6.4 days before treatment to 3.1 ± 2.6 days after 2 years (P < 0.001). The severity of bleeding decreased significantly within 2 years after treatment (P < 0.001). In total, 85.0% of women were satisfied and 90.0% had responded to treatment—as defined by amenorrhea, hypomenorrhea, or return to normal menstruation.

Conclusion

The NovaSure system is effective and should be considered by gynecologists for the treatment of menorrhagia.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Robbins R. M.
Published: April 2011

Respectful as I must be, and am, of the traditional forms for the transaction of our Society's business, I feel nevertheless that some change is desirable in the order of events at our Anniversary meeting. It does not seem to me fitting that the presentation of medals in recognition of services of high value to scholarship should come at the end of our proceedings, as a kind of appendix to them. These awards should stand as the foremost event of the evening. Of course, in these rooms tradition must be invoked to justify innovation. To say: nec omnia apud priores meliora; that times change, and not always for the worse, is a risky thing in this company.But our practice in earlier years, in the 1930s, was altered more than once; so the tradition can be said to be one of change. Accordingly, before we go on to anything else, I invite those present to prepare to mark with their congratulations and applause the award of the Frend medal and of the Society's gold medal.
The Thetford Treasure: A Reappraisal
Authors: Watts Dorothy J.
Published: April 2011

The Thetford Treasure of late Roman gold jewellery and silver utensils was published in 1983 by Catherinejohns and Timothy Potter, who believe it to be connected with the cult of Faunus, an ancient Latian god hitherto unattested in Roman Britain. There do appear to be iconographical links between the jewellery and several of the inscriptions, yet a number of inscriptions would, in another fourthcentury context, have been considered Christian. Johns and Potter have rejected such identification. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine these particular inscriptions and also to investigate the possible use for the silver implements in the Treasure. Such examination suggests a Christian element. An attempt is made to explain the presence of this component in an otherwise pagan hoard against the background of religious instability in the second half of the fourth century.
Nicopolis ad Istrum, Bulgaria: An Interim Report on the Excavations 1985–7
Authors: Poulter Andrew
Published: April 2011

The first three seasons of excavation at Nicopolis ad Istrum have established that the castellum, a strongly defended enclosure of 5.7 ha., represents the site of the late Roman city of the fourth to sixth centuries A.D. In addition to a well-preserved early Roman gate and road, excavations have uncovered a fourth-century building, a sixth-century Christian basilica, workshops and a late Roman gate. Finds include reused architectural material from the Roman city, early and late Roman pottery, glass, seeds and bone, three inscriptions and a wide range of small finds in bone, iron, bronze and gold.
‘The Most Untractable of all Saxon Uncouthness’: Eighteenth-Century Painted Glass in Ely Cathedral and the Removal of the Choir
Authors: Baylis Sarah F.
Published: April 2011

This paper examines the history of one of the most important schemes of eighteenth-century painted glass in England: the east window of Ely Cathedral by the Dublin-born James Pearson. Although it was never completed, remains of this window have been preserved in the cathedral and in the bishop's palace. The Ely work remains Pearson's earliest recorded and most substantial commission, and a reassessment is made of its significance in his long career as a glass-painter. Changes in the proposed iconography are studied in the light of contemporary attitudes to imagery and the place of the painted glass scheme is analysed in the complex and controversial restoration history of Ely Cathedral. The paper demonstrates that eighteenth-century painted glass played an important role in the adaptation of cathedrals to contemporary liturgical requirements: at Ely, it largely determined the placing and layout of the new choir.
A Decision-Tree Approach to the Interpretation of Archaeological Data
Authors: Marshall Anne , Marshall Garry
Published: April 2011

A number of techniques capable of generating descriptions of data have been developed in the area of Artificial Intelligence. Their suitability for use with a data set compiled to record the details of Anglo-Saxon structures in Britain is considered. An appropriate method which describes the data by means of decision trees is chosen and, after some adaptation, is used to generate descriptions of this data in the form of decision trees. The resulting descriptions compare favourably with interpretations obtained by archaeological analysis.
Excavation and Survey at St Patrick's Chapel and St Peter's Church, Heysham, Lancashire, 1977–8
Authors: Potter T. W. , Andrews R. D.
Published: April 2011

This paper reports excavations in 1977 and 1978 at the chapel and adjoining cemetery of St Patrick's, Heysham, and an architectural survey of the nearby church of St Peter's. The chapel initially comprised a single-celled, stone-built structure, plastered inside and out. Associated with it were pieces of painted plaster, two bearing letters, and, in all probability, a stone carved with a bird's head, perhaps of late seventh- to late eighth-century date. The chapel was subsequently enlarged. One burial included a bone comb of Anglo-Scandinavian type, and calibrated radiocarbon dates for three skeletons range between AD 960 and 1185.

This report was submitted for publication in March 1992.
The Alleged Incorruption of the Body of St Edmund, King and Martyr
Authors: Gransden Antonia
Published: April 2011

Bede, writing about St Cuthbert, quotes Psalm 16:10 ‘neither wilt Thou [i.e. God] suffer thine Holy One to see corruption’ (Jaager 1935, 121 line 821; Rollason 1989, 38). It was believed in the medieval west that incorruption of the body after death was a sign of especial sanctity. Ælfric remarked that England was rich in the incorrupt bodies of saints (Skeat 1900, 333 lines 250–63). Bede dwells on the incorruption of St Æthelthryth of Ely (Plummer 1896, i, 245–6, Book iv ch. 1), besides that of St Cuthbert (ibid., 1, 276–7 Book iv ch. 30), and also mentions the incorruption of St Æthelthryth's sister, Æthelberga (ibid., i, 144 Book iii ch. 9), and of St Fursey (ibid., 1, 168 Book iii ch. 19). Felix alleges that the body of St Guthlac of Crowland (died AD 715) was incorrupt (Colgrave 1956, 160–2 ch. 51; see below), and Abbo of Fleury claimed the same distinction for St Edmund, king of East Anglia (AD 841–69; Winterbottom 1972, 82 ch. 14 lines 1–11, 85 ch. 15 lines 58–61).
Anniversary Address
Authors: Evans John D.
Published: April 2011

By tradition this annual address is something of a miscellany, not to say a farrago. Among the many ingredients that may go into it, there is one element which is fairly constant, namely a certain amount of comment on the activities of the Society during the year just concluded, on changes in the staff and officers, and on any other notable events which have occurred. Any custom as time-honoured as this one should surely be regarded as venial, if not commendable, in this Society. However, it seems to me that in this case it can also plead a very positive justification and practical utility in that it brings to the notice of the Fellowship generally much which would otherwise be buried in the Minutes of various committees. At all events, I give notice that I intend to follow custom in this matter this evening.
The Late Bronze Age Hoard from Brough-On-Humber: A Re-Assessment
Authors: Briggs Stephen , Leahy Kevin , Needham Stuart P.
Published: April 2011

The discovery in 1719, at Brough-on-Humber [North Humberside, SE 93 26], of a hoard of Late Bronze Age weapons and casting matrices is described from contemporary manuscript and printed sources. The subsequent passage of its component artefacts through antiquarian collections is carefully documented, and four pieces are recognized as surviving in the British Museum. These comprise two rare two-piece casting moulds together with one example of each casting product. One mould is a Welby, the other a Meldreth, type, formerly provenanced respectively to ‘Yorkshire’ and ‘Quantock Hills, Somersetshire’. All are described in detail and suggestions made as to the casting techniques in which they were employed. The hoard, possibly originally comprising more artefacts than were recorded, was accompanied by a spearhead, a socketed chisel and a tanged awl or spike, now lost. These are attributed to Burgess's ‘Ewart Park phase’ of LBA2, with parallels scattered throughout the north-east, east, south-east and south of England.
On the Statue of King Charles at Charing Cross
Authors: Ball R. M.
Published: April 2011

Newly discovered evidence, here printed, from the proceedings in an equity suit in the Exchequer shows that le Sueur's statue of Charles I was indeed buried underground in the Interregnum, and illuminates the circumstances of the burial. This fills a lacuna in the documentary history of the statue.
The Title-Page and Illustrations to the Monasticon Anglicanum 1655–1673
Authors: Corbett Margery
Published: April 2011

On the printed title-page to the Monasticon are the names of Roger Dodsworth and William Dugdale. The main body of the work was divided into sections, each dealing with a monastic order and the edifices which had belonged to it. It was Dugdale who commissioned Wenceslaus Hollar and his pupil Daniel King to make views of the cathedrals and churches for this enterprise. Since the development of the monasteries and the Church of England were inextricably mixed, this vast book in three folio volumes became a history of the foundations of all the principal churches in the kingdom.
An Interim Report on Excavations at Etton, Maxey, Cambridgeshire, 1982–1984
Authors: Pryor Francis , French Charles , Taylor Maisie
Published: April 2011

This interim report is principally concerned with waterlogged lower ditch deposits of the Etton causewayed enclosure. The site is situated near the eastern edge of the Maxey complex of cropmarks, and owes its remarkable preservation to a high local water table and a blanket deposit of clayey alluvium which has protected the archaeological deposits from plough-damage. The description of the causewayed enclosure includes interim discussions of woodworking, the use of cattle as draught animals, and outlines of the environmental succession. Short statements on pottery and other finds are also included. Brief mention is also made of the earlier (Phase I) and later (Phase II) Neolithic sites at Etton Woodgate, immediately to the west of the causewayed enclosure. These sites, which were also partially waterlogged, were discovered during a watching brief of topsoil-removal work in the adjacent quarry. Etton Woodgate II produced very early evidence for textiles and for possible charcoal manufacture. The Discussion outlines recent research in the region and offers provisional explanations for the roles of lowland causewayed enclosures.
Frogmore House before James Wyatt
Authors: Smith Nicola
Published: April 2011

Recent remedial work at Frogmore House, Windsor, presented the opportunity for an investigation into the origins and development of the building. In this paper the original house of 1680 is described and attributed to Hugh May. The subsequent history of Frogmore is outlined up to the late eighteenth century, when the house was altered and enlarged by James Wyatt. A previously unknown scheme of wall-painting was discovered during repairs in the staircase hall, and this is here analysed and assigned to Louis Laguerre. An inventory of the contents of the house in 1700 is appended.
Gothic Architecture Illustrated: the Drawings of Thomas Rickman in New York
Authors: Aldrich Megan
Published: April 2011

In the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library of Columbia University in New York is an interleaved second (1819) edition of Thomas Rickman's An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture. This volume contains sixty-six relatively unknown illustrations of medieval architecture in Rickman's hand which can be dated to the later 1830s. It was discovered that many of these drawings in the Avery Library were either traced outright or modelled after plates from well-known contemporary works on architecture, in particular the works of John Britton. There is reason to think that Rickman may have purchased the rights to Britton 's plates and other sources, revised them, and had intended to reprint them as lithographs to illustrate afifth edition of An Attempt.
Late bronze age hoards from the Chelmer valley, Essex
Authors: Buckley D. G. , Brown N. , Greenwood P.
Published: April 2011

Details of a recently discovered Ewart Park phase hoard from Boreham, Essex are reported. The opportunity is also taken to publish Late Bronze Age metal finds from Boreham, together with a hoard discovered in the nineteenth century at Little Baddow. These finds are viewed in the light of recent fieldwork and previous finds in the Chelmer Valley.
An Illuminator of the Queen Mary Psalter Group: The Ancient 6 Master
Authors: Dennison Lynda
Published: April 2011

This study traces the career of a single illuminator (the Ancient 6 Master) who was active in England from c. 1310 to 1335. For much of this time it can be shown that he worked in collaboration with the artist of Queen Mary's Psalter, one of the most profusely illustrated English manuscripts in existence Although a large number of books have been grouped under the heading of the ‘Queen Mary’ style, they have never received a proper classification, nor has any detailed attention been given to the problem dating. This paper attempts both to isolate the works in which the two artists participated and to propose a sequence ofproduction. Since most of these manuscripts are devoid of internal documentary evidence for dating, a chronology has been devised on the basis of the Ancient 6 Master's artistic development; this has involved an investigation of minor aspects of style. As a result, it has been possible to learn about the career of the Queen Mary Artist, and by virtue of the few firmly datable manuscripts, viewed in the light of the chronology proposed, dates have been suggested for the others within this group.
The British Museum Excavations at Adulis, 1868
Authors: Munro-Hay Stuart
Published: April 2011

In 1868, during the British military expedition to Magdala in Abyssinia (Ethiopia), an archaeological excavation was undertaken, under the auspices of R. Holmes, a representative of the British Museum, at the ancient port-city of Adulis a few kilometres from the Red Sea coast. The excavation, of which some details were reported in a War Office Publication of 1870, was one of the earliest undertaken in Africa south of the Sahara. As a result an ancient church was discovered and cleared. Among the finds were a number of items of ecclesiastical furniture, some apparently imported in a prefabricated state from the Roman eastern Mediterranean. Some of these pieces, now lodged in the British Museum, are here published for the first time.
Olives from Roman Spain: A Unique Amphora find in British Waters
Authors: Sealey P. R. , Tyers P. A.
Published: April 2011

In 1983 a fisherman in the Thames estuary at Pan Sand trawled up a Roman amphora filled with olives which had been preserved indefrutumsyrup. The jar is dated c. AD 70 ± 15. An attempt is made to relate the olive varieties at Pan Sand to those described in the ancient documentary sources. The Pan Sand jar exemplifies a new category of amphora, called London 555. They were produced in the province of Baetica in Roman Spain; claims that the form was made in the Rhône valley are regarded as unproven. Stratified finds from Britain show the form was current from c. AD 50/55 until c. AD 125/150. London 555 develops from Haltern 70 and continues the trade represented by that form. The last London 555 amphoras explain part of the Dressel 17 phenomenon. London 555 was not the only category of amphora used to export preserved olives from Baetica after Haltern 70; the trade continued until the late Empire and helps explain finds of olives from late contexts in Roman Britain.
The Fifteenth-Century Garner at Leadenhall, London
Authors: Samuel Mark
Published: April 2011

Excavation and observations from 1984–6 on the Leadenhall Court site in the City of London revealed elements of the fifteenth-century market building known as ‘The Leadenhall’. The truncated foundations were located in various areas of the site; 177 medieval moulded stones were found reused in later cellar walls; and a fragment of the west wall survived to its full height of 11.17m encased between Victorian buildings. The recording and subsequent study of these features, together with a reassessment of such plans and drawings of the building as have survived, established the ground plan of the quadrangle and chapel, and made possible a complete reconstruction of the north range of this important civic building. The methodology used in the reconstructions is described with particular emphasis upon the analysis of the moulded stones. In conclusion, both the design of the structure and the documentary sources are studied to show how it may have been intended to function.

The arcaded ground floor functioned as part of a common market, while the upper floors were intended to be a granary. For convenience, however, this dual-purpose building is referred to as the ‘garner’ throughout the text.
Excavations at the Roman Temple in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire in 1980 and 1981
Authors: Casey P J , Hoffmann B , Dore J
Published: April 2011

Re-examination of the published evidence from the excavation of the Temple of Nodens at Lydney, Gloucestershire, by R E M Wheeler, FSA suggested a more complicated structural sequence than that postulated by the excavator, whilst detailed study of the numismatic evidence threw doubt on the traditional chronology. In the light of new phasing hypothesized from the theoretical work based on re-examination of the published data, selective re-excavation of coin dated features was undertaken. The results, confirming the theoretical work, suggest that the religious buildings had their inception in the second half of the third rather than in the middle of the fourth century, that there was a refurbishment in the fourth century but that there was serious deterioration of the structures after the middle of the century. Features attributed to the post-Roman period are seen to fall within a Roman chronology.
The ‘Rufus Tomb’ in Winchester Cathedral
Authors: Crook John
Published: April 2011

One of Winchester Cathedral's most celebrated monuments, the so-called ‘Tomb of William Rufus’, has been officially re-attributed. It is now displayed to visitors as that of Bishop Henry of Blois (1129–71). The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the evidence which has led to the renaming of the monument. Information obtained when the tomb was last opened in 1868 is newly evaluated, leading to conclusions quite different from those of the nineteenth-century investigators, whose analysis of the evidence was coloured by their conviction that they had discovered the remains of the Red King. It is further suggested that William Rufus's bones are indeed located in the mortuary chests in Winchester Cathedral presbytery, as inscriptions on those chests maintain.
Richard III and the Knave of Cards: An Illuminator's Model in Manuscript and Print, 1440s to 1990s
Authors: Sutton Anne F , Visser Fuchs Livia
Published: April 2011

For over two hundred years certain historians and art historians have been asserting that a portrait of Richard III can be found in the presentation miniature of one of Edward IV's manuscripts. This ‘portrait’ was the starting point of this investigation. The history of this myth has been traced, and that of the picture itself, its component parts and the book in which it appears, and it was the second phase of this research which revealed another complex trail of copies and imitations by illuminators and other artists.
South Italy, England and Elysium in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Small Alastair , Small Carola
Published: April 2011

In a complex of interconnecting tunnels at Avigliano in South Italy there are two inscriptions at two entrances in eighteenth century lettering referring, one to Inferno, the other to Elysium. The measurements of the spatial components of the tunnels refer to Pythagorean numerology. The complex is on land formerly belonging to the local Corbo family and was probably constructed about 1762 by Carlo Corbo for rituals of the mystical, somewhat unorthodox Neapolitan freemasonry of the time. They can be compared to the tunnels at West Wycombe, England where Sir Francis Dashwood who, like many contemporaries, was acquainted with Italian freemasonry, apparently parodied such masonic ideas. The Avigliano tunnels were still in use in 1838. By then the Corbo were embroiled in revolutionary politics perceived as having masonic links.
A Decorated Iron Age Copper Alloy Knife from Hertfordshire
Authors: Megaw Ruth , Megaw Vincent , Niblett Rosalind
Published: April 2011

One of the objects on display in the ‘Celtic Iron Age’ gallery of the British Museum is so small that in fact it may not be immediately appreciated for what it is – a cast bronze knife with exquisite curvilinear decoration which measures a mere 11omm in length (figs Ia−b2a−c).

To date only the briefest of descriptions of the knife have appeared in print accompanied by illustrations which, it must be said, hardly do it justice.2 Thus, some further notes may be added to draw further attention to one of the miniature insular masterpieces of what, despite the best efforts of many, is still widely termed ‘early Celtic art’.
A Jeweller's Die from Alchester; Oxfordshire
Authors: Henig Martin
Published: April 2011

A small lump of copper alloy, roughly ovoid in shape and measuring 45mm in length, 28mm in breadth and 10mm thick (fig I a), was excavated at Alchester in 1927 beneath the courtyard of a building just inside the east gateway, apparently associated with mid second-century pottery. In his report, published in our Journal, J H Iliffe calls it merely an ‘irregular lump of bronze, flat on the back’. It was presented to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford together with other finds by the Alchester Excavation Committee and the Accession register carries a somewhat fuller description: ‘Bronze object of uncertain use. Oval; flat on one side, convex on the other. On the flat side four hollows with undecipherable decoration within them – a weight? A bronze ingot?’ Over twenty years ago our Fellow, Mr P D C Brown, then Assistant Keeper in the Department of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum, took an impression of this face (fig I b). The hollows were clearly identifiable as two confronted pairs of serpent heads, and the object was thus a die for manufacturing the terminals of serpent bracelets and rings. Presumably it was used by taking a strip of gold or silver, bending it into a hoop and hammering the ends into the impressions. One pair is larger, with a width of 10mm, and was certainly employed for bracelets; the other is slighter at 7mm and the heads are closer together and they could well have been employed for rings.
A Tudor Parcel-Gilt Livery Badge from Chelsham, Surrey
Authors: Gaimster D R M , Goodall J A
Published: April 2011

In late 1996 a heraldic parcel-gilt badge (fig 1) was found during a metal detecting rally by Mr Martin Hay of Horley, Surrey, in a field just to the north of Chelsham Court Farm, near Chelsham, Surrey (National Grid Ref: TQ 388 586). The badge was subsequently brought by Mr David Williams of Reigate, Surrey, to the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum for identification. It was established that the find had been made on land belonging to Earl Compton of Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire. The Chelsham estate was acquired by the Sixth Marquess of Northampton in 1943 and passed on via family Trustees to The Earl Compton in 1994. As this single find was made before the Treasure Act came into force on 24 September 1997, it does not qualify as Treasure under the terms of the new legislation. As a casual loss under the old regulations of Treasure Trove, ownership of the object was claimed by the landowner who has generously agreed to lend it to the British Museum for display purposes.
Tokens Attributable to Sark
Authors: Thompson R H
Published: April 2011

The octagonal copper artefact illustrated in figure 1, dimensions 27 by 22 by 2mm and weight 8.60g = 132.7grs, bears on die obverse a shield of arms within a double octagonal border, the outer denticular, and the incomplete inner border linear; this looks like an impression from a professionally engraved seal-die, though one perhaps of a provincial goldsmith's rather than a metropolitan standard. The reverse, in contrast, is from a crudely engraved die which nevertheless shows in places an octagonal border of pellets; its device is a merchant's mark with sign of four to left, a letter H in base and a letter C on the upright, the whole between two fleurs de lis, all in relief. The die axis is 180°.
The Winchester Hoard: A Find of Unique Iron Age Gold Jewellery from Southern England
Authors: Hill J D , Spence Anthony J , Niece Susan La , Worrell Sally
Published: April 2011

An unusual group of gold jewellery was discovered by a metal detectorist near Winchester in southern England in 2000. The hoard included two possibly unique massive necklaces made in a clearly classical style, but different from typical classical necklaces and from the torcs and collars of Iron Age Europe. The hoard also contained extremely rare gold versions of types of brooches commonly made in bronze and iron in north-west Europe during the first century BC, the end of the pre-Roman Iron Age. This paper describes these unique objects and the results of an archaeological investigation of their find spot. Detailed scientific analysis of the objects’ technology has proven crucial for interpreting their origins and broader significance. Finally, the broader consequences of the find for interpreting the significant changes that took place in southern Britain in the century before the Roman conquest are discussed.
Cardinal Wolsey's Tapestry Collection
Authors: Campbell Tom
Published: April 2011

Wolsey's significance as a patron of the arts has received considerable attention in recent years, but although modern studies have recognized that displays of plate and valuable materials played an important role in the demonstration of his wealth and power, his tapestry collection has never received detailed analysis. In fact, contemporary descriptions indicate that Wolsey's tapestries were one of the most striking aspects of his notoriously ostentatious lifestyle and an inventory of his possessions taken in the early 1520s shows that by this date he had amassed a collection of more than six hundred pieces. It is the purpose of this article to re-assess the evidence relating to the history, content and use of this vast collection.
The Finding of the Esquiline Silver Treasure: an Unpublished Letter
Authors: Ridley Ronald T.
Published: April 2011

The ‘Esquiline Treasure’ is one of the prize exhibits in the British Museum; two small objects from it are to be found in Paris and Naples. A contemporary account of its discovery in 1793 was published by the leading antiquarian of the day, Ennio Quirinio Visconti. He described the operation as a chance excavation near the monastery of the Minims on the Esquiline with a further footnote specifying that the site was a little beyond the Subura in the remains of some ancient rooms of good construction but filled later with ruins.
The Development of Embossed Goldwork in Bronze Age Europe
Authors: Needham Stuart
Published: April 2011

The discovery of a pair of armlets from Lockington and the re-dating of the Mold cape, add substance to a tradition of embossed goldworking in Early Bronze Age Britain. It is seen to be distinct in morphology, distribution and decoration from the other previously defined traditions of goldworking of the Copper and Early Bronze Ages, which are reviewed here. However, a case is made for its emergence from early objects employing ‘reversible relief to execute decoration and others with small-scale corrugated morphology. Emergence in the closing stages of the third millennium BC is related also to a parallel development in the embossing of occasional bronze ornaments. Subsequent developments in embossed goldwork and the spread of the technique to parts of the Continent are summarized. The conclusions address the problem of interpreting continuity of craft skills against a very sparse record of relevant finds through time and space.
St Davids Bishop's Palace, Pembrokeshire
Authors: Turner Rick , Coldstream Nicola , Evans Veronica , Godbert John , Sale Bevis
Published: April 2011

This paper provides a comprehensive description of St Davids Bishop's Palace. Almost completely built under the patronage of Bishop Henry de Gower (1328–47), it represents the most remarkable secular building in the Decorated style. Detailed analysis of each elevation of the palace has enabled sixteen phases of work to be identified, nine of which are grouped into three building campaigns sponsored by Bishop de Gower. This has enabled the evolution of the plan and the functions of the different rooms to be identified. The two main ranges of the palace are decorated with a unique, arcaded parapet, containing over 130 carved corbels, with other sculpture surviving internally. This represents the largest group of sculpture in a domestic building of this period and a detailed catalogue and analysis is presented. Both the architectural detailing and the sculpture show that the master craftsmen had close links with the Bristol school of the Decorated period.
Monumental Brasses and The Black Death – A Reappraisal
Authors: Badham Sally
Published: April 2011

It has long been assumed that the Black Death totally devastated the brass engraving industry in England, but no previous study has focused specifically on this period. Stylistic analysis, particularly of the inscriptions, shows that there was continuity of production in the London A workshop right through the period of recurrent plague and that a second workshop, London B, was established towards the end of the 1350s. The workshops appear to have responded to a reduced supply of skilled labour by limiting their product range. The brasses of the plague years are modest in comparison with earlier brasses, though those commemorated were not of lower social status. No large figure brasses date from this decade, though significant numbers of minor compositions were produced. This temporary inability to supply elaborate, high-quality figure brasses enabled the Tournai ateliers to expand exports to England.
The Nave Roof and other Timberwork at the Church of St Mary, Kempley, Gloucestershire: Dendrochronological Dating
Authors: Morley Beric M , Miles Daniel W H
Published: April 2011

A description and analysis of the early roof at Kempley was published in the Journal fifteen years ago. At that time the roof was under repair and could be examined closely. Despite alterations in the seventeenth century, it was possible to reconstruct its original form on paper (fig 1). Its construction, in oak, with simple bare-faced lap-dovetail joints, and all members either horizontal or vertical, suggested an early date. The only direct parallels are on the Continent. The trusses could be shown to be integral with the walls, and a review of the evidence for the date of the masonry structure gave four possible models, two in the eleventh century and two at a date loosely referred to as ‘around 1120’. The author expressed a preference for the later date, and the arguments that supported it. Even so, if correct, it suggested that this was the earliest nave roof surviving in Britain.
Fieldwork at Great Langdale, Cumbria, 1985-1987: Preliminary Report
Authors: Bradley Richard , Edmonds Mark
Published: April 2011

The Lake District mountains have long been known as the source of Neolithic artefacts belonging to petrological group VI. The study of their wider distribution has played a central part in investigations of the ‘axe trade’. Unfortunately, it is not clear that all Group VI axes originated in this area and in any case it is now known that there is no direct relationship between different fall-off patterns and the processes that led to their creation. At the same time, it is not possible to compare work at Neolithic flint mines with current knowledge of how non-flint axes were distributed. Recent fieldwork, in the wake of a survey carried out by the National Trust and the Cumbria and Lancashire Archaeological Unit, has tried to investigate the ways in which stoneworking at Great Langdale was organized and the relationship between methods of exploiting the raw materials on site and changes in the distribution of Cumbrian axes across Britain as a whole. This has involved experimental archaeology, technological analysis, environmental investigations and small-scale excavation. This work has resulted in the recognition of two distinct modes of production. These are discussed in relation to the environmental history of the surrounding region.
Roman Cineraria in ‘Monumenta Mattheiana’ and the Collection of Henry Blundell at Ince
Authors: Davies Glenys
Published: April 2011

Many of the ash chests collected by Henry Blundell for Ince Blundell Hall (Lancashire) came from the Mattei collection. By comparing the engravings in Monumenta Mattheiana (1778) with those published in 1803 by Blundell we can see what restorations and other changes were carried out between these dates. However, in one respect these changes are not as radical as it might seem, since apparent changes to the inscriptions are in fact merely the result of mistakes made in the production of the Monumenta Mattheiana engravings.
A Note Upon Six Stall Plates of Degraded Knights of the Garter
Authors: Begent Peter J.
Published: April 2011

Ashmole MS 1121 in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, contains details of six Stall Plates which it would appear were removed from St George's Chapel following Degradation from the Order of the Garter. Of these, three are those of Companions whose names do not appear in the generally accepted lists of those who were formally degraded.
Silver Plating on Copper, Bronze and Brass
Authors: Niece Susan La
Published: April 2011

Silver has generally been valued second only to gold from at least as early as 2000BC. A material which is highly prized becomes a status symbol and cheaper imitations find a ready market. Craftsmen very early developed methods of applying thin layers of silver onto base metal as an economical use of precious metal, whether for its decorative effect or, particularly in the case of plated coins, to deceive the customer. Unfortunately, silver plating is less commonly preserved than gold plating, and corrosion at the interface between the silver and base metal may destroy the evidence of how the plating was applied. The situation is complicated because many of the white metal surfaces on pieces labelled as ‘silvered’ are in fact produced by tin, or more rarely, by arsenic. Nevertheless, there are still sufficient surviving examples to indicate that silver plating has a long history during which techniques were developed to give better results and to allow more economical use of the precious metal.
The Penard-Wilburton Succession: New Metalwork Finds from Croxton (Norfolk) and Thirsk (Yorkshire)
Authors: Needham Stuart
Published: April 2011

Two important new metalwork groups were exhibited at a Society of Antiquaries ballot (4 May 1989, Needham 1989a). They contain both bronze and gold metalwork including some types that are rare, or as yet unique. Consideration of these finds, along with other associations of Penard to Wilburton date (1200–900 BC), leads to the conclusion that the Wallington complex is best subsumed within Penard (1200–1000 BC) and has minimal overlap with Wilburton. It is acknowledged that Wilburton material shows contrasting regional distributions, but this is seen as resulting from the nature of production and social organization during the tenth century BC. Some discussion is given to the character of hoards in the important period of change from Penard to Wilburton.
The Noble Imp: The Upper-Class Child in English Renaissance Art and Literature
Authors: Wilson Jean
Published: April 2011

In the Beauchamp Chapel of St Mary's, Warwick, lies the body of Lord Denbigh, son of Robert, Earl of Leicester, and of his wife, Lettice Knollys (pl. XXXVIIa). The tomb, unlike those of his parents, his uncle, Ambrose Dudley, or the original denizen of the chapel, Richard Beauchamp, warrants little mention in guides and histories, and yet the child who was buried there was for the course of his short life one of the greatest heirs in England, and his tomb embodies the contradictions and ambiguities of the English Renaissance attitude to children.
Medieval and Georgian Stained Glass in Oxford and Yorkshire. The Work of Thomas of Oxford (1385–1427) and William Peckitt of York (1731–95) in New College Chapel, York Minster and St James, High Melton
Authors: Brighton Trevor , Sprakes Brian
Published: April 2011

In the story of the survival and revival of glass-painting in post-Reformation England, York and Oxford play a significant part. York was especially important because it supported three important artists who helped to maintain the city as a major glass-painting centre, namely Bernard Dinninckhoff (fl. 1585-c. 1620), Henry Gyles (1645–1709), and William Peckitt (1731–95). Oxford's part lay in its patronage of glass-painters. Various colleges patronized foreign and native artists, in particular Abraham and Bernard van Linge, Henry Gyles, William Price and William Peckitt.
Some Eighteenth-Century Drawings of the Ruthwell Cross
Authors: Cassidy Brendan , Howlett David
Published: April 2011

When Presbyterian iconoclasts tumbled the Ruthwell Cross in 1642 they inflicted irreparable damage on one of the great monuments of Anglo-Saxon art and, unwittingly, provided scholars with boundless opportunities for discussion about how the Cross originally looked. Attempts to reconstruct and interpret the imagery and inscriptions have become a staple of scholarly endeavour. New evidence about its early appearance, therefore, is likely to be of some value. This note presents some eighteenth-century drawings of the Cross, until now unpublished, that survive in the library of the Royal Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. They have the merit of illustrating all the fragments of the Cross that were known in 1788. And in a modest way they supplement our information about the Cross before it deteriorated further under inclement Scottish skies in the hundred years prior to its reinstallation in the church at Ruthwell in 1887.
The Portraiture of Lady Margaret Beaufort
Authors: Hepburn Frederick
Published: April 2011

Lady Margaret Beaufort (1443–1509), Countess of Richmond and Derby, was one of the most remarkable women of her time. A wealthy heiress, she was married early, and was already widowed at the age of thirteen, shortly before the birth of her son, who was to become King Henry VII. During the Wars of the Roses she learned to survive through political astuteness, though she showed that she was willing to risk all for her son when, during Richard III's reign, she conspired to bring Henry to the throne. Her devotion to Henry, together with her outstanding personal qualities, meant that when he became king in 1485, Lady Margaret remained his most trusted supporter and adviser. Accorded semi-regal status, she administered her vast estates with exemplary efficiency and fairness, showing a concern for individuals which sprang from her own religious humility. She is best known today for her patronage of learning, particularly at Cambridge, where in addition to providing endowments for individual religious scholars, she was the foundress of Christ's and St John's Colleges. In view of Lady Margaret's achievements it seems entirely appropriate, not only that she is buried in Henry VII's Chapel in Westminster Abbey, but also that her epitaph was written by Erasmus and that her splendid gilt bronze tomb-effigy (fig. 1) is the masterpiece of another man of the Renaissance, the Florentine sculptor Pietro Torrigiano.
Two Early First Millennium BC Wells at Selsey, West Sussex and their Wider Significance
Authors: Thomas Mike Seager
Published: April 2011

Two early first millennium BC assemblages from Selsey Bill are considered, one of Late Bronze Age date and one of Early Iron Age date. Detailed examination of two large features suggests both a common function for the features and a functional similarity between the sites to which they belong. Data from them are tested against a contemporary, regional database. In terms of site activity and settlement form, both belonged to the same cultural tradition. But differences in inter-regional relationships, outlook and resource strategies are identified. The change, paralleled on contemporary Sussex sites, is attributed to population growth and a filling-out of the landscape.
Is There Anybody Out There? A Reconsideration of the Environmental Evidence from the Breiddin Hillfort, Powys, Wales
Authors: Buckland Paul C , Pearson Mike Parker , Wigley Andy , Girling Maureen A
Published: April 2011

Researchers have often assumed that the Iron Age hillforts of the Welsh borders were densely occupied centres of population. One of these is the Breiddin, occupied in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age, which was excavated in 1969–76. At its centre was a natural water reservoir, Buckbean Pond, which provided a radiocarbon dated sequence of deposition contemporary with the later prehistoric occupation of the hillfort. The beetle assemblage from these deposits was never properly studied or published due to Maureen Girling's death and, as a result, its implications for understanding the human impact on the pond's immediate environment were not fully appreciated. Despite the remains of four-post structures close to the pond and of roundhouses and associated deposits in the vicinity, both flora and insect faunas indicate a quiet natural pond with little disturbance other than casual grazing by animals. This ‘evidence of absence’ does not square with the archaeological evidence which is here interpreted as deriving from human activity which was neither permanent nor intensive.
The Carnyx in Iron Age Europe
Authors: Hunter Fraser
Published: April 2011

This paper reviews the evidence for the carnyx, the Iron Age animal-headed horn, in its European setting. The starting point is the head from Deskford, north-east Scotland: the results of recent work are described and a revised dating proposed. Excavations at the findspot strongly indicate it was a votive deposit. The nature of the wider European evidence and its biases are reviewed, to provide a firmer basis for commenting on the date and distribution of the instrument. Finally, attempts to reconstruct the carnyx are described.
The Orientation of Churches: Some New Evidence
Authors: Ali Jason R , Cunich Peter
Published: April 2011

We hypothesized that the important early second millennium churches in England may have been aligned using a magnetic compass. If true, the building orientations would enable the post sixteenth-century geomagnetic observatory records to be extended back several hundred years. Directional data were collected from 143 sites, most of which were constructed between the mid-eleventh and late twelfth centuries, including all of the old English cathedrals and many large church buildings in use today, as well as numerous ruined monastic sites. However, processing the data revealed that the compass was not used to align the buildings. Attempting to explain the data, we exhumed Wordsworth's suggestion that church orientation was governed by the sun's position as it rose above the horizon on the feast day of the saint to whom the church was dedicated. The data obtained in the present study suggest that Wordsworth's basic hypothesis might hold for as many as 43 per cent of the churches if sunrise and sunset positions are considered; sun-based Easter Day and equinoctial day orientations could explain a significant majority of the remaining sites.
Divine Kingship and Dynastic Display: The Altar Wall Murals Of St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster
Authors: Howe Emily
Published: April 2011

Destroyed by fire in 1834, St Stephen's Chapel at the Palace of Westminster was undoubtedly one of the most opulent and enduringly influential English building programmes of the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Focusing on the programme of wall-painting which flanked its high altar, this paper seeks to clarify the royal chapel's importance not only in terms of its stylistic innovation, but as an arena for Edward Ill's kingly image-making. The study explores the ways in which the chapel space was used and the audiences for which its dynastically forward-looking images were intended. Scrutinising the representations of Edward III and his family, and the biblical scenes beneath which they kneel, it tests the hypothesis that the Westminster murals reflected more than just conventional mid-fourteenth-century devotional preoccupations and were, in fact, indicative of the Plantagenet's own Christian ideology of his kingship.