bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QSARs on the Depuration Rate Constants of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Elliptio complanata
Authors: Wu Dan , Liu Xinhui , Wang Lei , Wang Liang , Xu Mingzhu , Sun Tao , Yang Zhifeng , Zhou Junliang
Published: February 2009

Using quantum chemical descriptors and partial least squares (PLS) regression, a quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) model was developed to predict the depuration rate constants (kd) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for mussels, Elliptio complanata (log kd=−2.1406+0.6013DE−2.0767×10−3 Mw−0.201EHOMO). With a high cumulative cross‐validated regression coefficient value (Q$\rm{ {_{cum}^{2}}}$) of 0.927 and low standard deviation (SD) of 0.065, the model obtained by the training set shows a good predictive ability, and it is validated to be robust by predicting the test set. Among 20 quantum chemical descriptors, the dielectric energy (DE), the molecular weight (Mw), and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO) are the key descriptors governing the logkd values in the model. Increase in the DE or decrease in the Mw values leads to the increase in logkd, indicating the van der Waals interactions and steric hindrance effect on the depuration process. Decrease in the EHOMO values results in increasing the logkd values, implying important roles the molecular orbital energies may play in the biological depuration of PAHs in mussels.
Peak‐fitting of high resolution ToF‐SIMS spectra: a preliminary study
Authors: Abel M. L. , Shimizu K. , Holliman M. , Watts J. F.
Published: February 2009

Peak‐fitting has been performed on a series of peaks obtained by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) analysis in order to assess whether information may be obtained from this procedure on the samples' characteristics. A variety of samples were examined including a range of treatments for aluminium leading to different surface roughnesses, polymer films with a range of polydispersities, molecular weight (MW) and thicknesses as well as aluminium samples with adsorbed adhesion promoters on the surface. Variation of peak‐fitting was assessed by varying the peak intensity, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and peak asymmetry.

Although further studies are needed it is possible to say that the peak width increases with roughness whereas peak asymmetry seems to be related to oxide thickness. Polymer characteristics do not seem to influence the width whereas the peak asymmetry increases either versus MW or polydispersity. A possible assumption is that the peak asymmetry relates to the ion formation processes. Additional work with varying polymer films thickness indicates that both FWHM and peak asymmetry may be related to sample charging and this could be used for assessment of film thicknesses. Finally, peak‐fitting was used to obtain a more reliable peak area when peaks are too close in mass to use current methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric estimation of quality adjusted lifetime (QAL) distribution in progressive illness–death model
Authors: Pradhan Biswabrata , Dewanji Anup
Published: February 2009

In this work, we consider the parametric estimation of quality adjusted lifetime (QAL) distribution in progressive illness–death models. The main idea of this paper is to derive the theoretical distribution of QAL for the progressive illness–death models, under parametric models for the sojourn time distributions in different states, and then replace the model parameters by their estimates obtained by standard techniques of survival analysis. The method of estimation of the model parameters is also described. A data set of IBCSG Trial V has been analyzed for illustration. Extension to more general illness–death models is also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanointerstice‐Driven Microflow
Authors: Chung Seok , Yun Hoyoung , Kamm Roger D.
Published: February 2009

To generate flow in microchannels, various actuation schemes such as electrokinetic, pressure‐driven, and capillary‐driven flow have been suggested. Capillary‐driven flow is widely used in plastic disposable diagnostic platforms due to its simplicity and because it requires no external power. However, plastics such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), generally used in microfluidics, are hydrophobic, which inhibits capillary force generation and requires surface enhancement that deteriorates with age. It is shown that the microchannels made of PMMA lose their acquired hydrophilicity by oxygen plasma treatment in long‐term storage and tend to generate slow capillary flow exhibiting large variability. To promote consistency and drive flow in the microchannel, nanointerstices (NI) are introduced at the side wall of the microchannel, which results in capillary flow that is less dependent on surface characteristics. The results show that NI flow generation can be a useful alternative technique to create long‐term predictable flow in commercialized products with microchannels.
The Actin Polymerization Regulator WAVE2 Is Required for Early Bone Marrow Repopulation by Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Ogaeri Takunori , Eto Koji , Otsu Makoto , Ema Hideo , Nakauchi Hiromitsu
Published: February 2009

The Rho GTPase family members play essential roles in hematopoiesis. Of these, Rac1 is thought to be required for the appropriate spatial localization of hematopoietic stem and/or progenitor cells (HSPCs) within the bone marrow (BM), whereas Rac2 likely plays a role in BM retention of HSPCs. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Rac-mediated functions in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we studied Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous proteins (WAVEs), the specific effectors downstream of the Rac GTPases in actin polymerization. We here showed that CD34−/lowc-Kit+Sca-1+lineage− HSCs (CD34−KSL HSCs) express WAVE2 but neither WAVE1 nor WAVE3. Because WAVE2 knockout mice are embryonic-lethal, we utilized HSCs in which the expression of WAVE2 was reduced by small interfering RNA. We found that knockdown (KD) of WAVE2 in HSCs affected neither in vitro colony formation nor cell proliferation but did impair in vivo long-term reconstitution. Interestingly, WAVE2 KD HSCs exhibited unaltered homing but showed poor BM repopulation detected as early as day 5 after transplantation. The mechanistic studies on WAVE2 KD HSCs revealed modest but significant impairment in both cobblestone-like area-forming on stromal layers and actin polymerization upon integrin ligation by fibronectin. These results suggested that WAVE2-mediated actin polymerization, potentially downstream of Rac1, plays an important role in intramarrow mobilization and proliferation of HSCs, which are believed to be crucial steps for long-term marrow reconstitution after transplantation.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Epigenetic Hierarchy Governing Nestin Expression
Authors: Han Dong Wook , Do Jeong Tae , Araúzo-Bravo Marcos J. , Lee Sung Ho , Meissner Alexander , Lee Hoon Taek , Jaenisch Rudolf , Schöler Hans R.
Published: February 2009

Nestin is an intermediate filament protein expressed specifically in neural stem cells and progenitor cells of the central nervous system. DNA demethylation and histone modifications are two types of epigenetic modifications working in a coordinate or synergistic manner to regulate the expression of various genes. This study investigated and elucidated the epigenetic regulation of Nestin gene expression during embryonic differentiation along the neural cell lineage. Nestin exhibits differential DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns in Nestin-expressing and nonexpressing cells. In P19 embryonic carcinoma cells, activation of Nestin expression is mediated by both trichostatin A and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment, concomitant with histone acetylation, but not with DNA demethylation. Nestin transcription is also mediated by treatment with retinoic acid, again in the absence of DNA demethylation. Thus, histone acetylation is sufficient to mediate the activation of Nestin transcription. This study proposed that the regulation of Nestin gene expression can be used as a model to study the epigenetic regulation of gene expression mediated by histone acetylation, but not by DNA demethylation.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Navigating China's labyrinth: Singapore government‐linked companies and lessons learned from their experiences
Authors: Qingyang Gu , Chan Sarah
Published: February 2009

The government‐linked companies (GLCs) were among the earliest Singapore firms to venture into China and tap into its rapid economic growth. Riding on their expertise in services and manufacturing, the financially strong GLCs have been able to penetrate the mainland market and gain a firm foothold in China. However, their success has not come easy. Many of the GLCs experienced many difficulties and had to learn to deal with the complexities of doing business in the mainland. This article uses an analytical framework to explore the difficulties that the GLCs face, with the Singapore‐Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) as a case study. The article also examines if there has been a change in the business strategies after the SIP experience, offering some useful lessons for companies investing in China. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retail bank selection in developed and developing countries: A cross‐national study of students' bank‐selection criteria
Authors: Blankson Charles , Omar Ogenyi Ejye , Cheng Julian Ming‐Sung
Published: February 2009

This exploratory research article is concerned with students' selection of retail banks in the United States and Ghana. It is a comparative cross‐national study aimed at revealing the factors determining retail bank selection among students in different environmental settings. The key objective is to establish if there are any significant differences and/or similarities in students' selection of retail banks in developed and developing economies. A similar data‐collection method was employed in the United States and Ghana to facilitate constructive comparison. The results identified four key factors—convenience, competence, recommendation by parents, and free banking and/or no bank charges—to be consistent across the two economies. The recommendation of the study is that in the context of an open and liberalized market environment, retail bank marketing strategies should be standardized irrespective of the national development stage. It concludes that retail bank managers particularly in developing countries should learn to provide consistent and good customer care. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asian tax review: Tax in troubled times
Authors: Lipsher Laurence E.
Published: February 2009

The current financial crisis is global in scope and goes very deep. It will get worse before it gets better. Of the nine jurisdictions I cover, none will come out of this unscathed. China is the most likely to emerge as a consuming nation; the others are not yet strong enough to weather this crisis. This article gives brief summaries of the economic outlook for the Asian region and a tentative analysis of how each of the nine areas I report on is likely to navigate through this economic storm.
Secret and joy of configurational mechanics: From foundations in continuum mechanics to applications in computational mechanics
Authors: Steinmann P. , Scherer M. , Denzer R.
Published: February 2009

Over the recent years configurational mechanics has developed into a very active and successful topic both in continuum mechanics as well as in computational mechanics. On the continuum mechanics side the basic idea is to consider energy variations that go along with changes of the material configuration. Configurational forces are then energetically dual to these configurational changes. Configurational forces take the interpretation as being the driving forces in the kinetics of defects; like e.g., cracks, inclusions, phase boundaries, dislocations and the like. On the computational side it turns out that a discretisation scheme brings in artificial, discrete configurational forces that indicate in a certain sense the quality, e.g., of a finite‐element mesh. This information can then be used to optimize the nodal material positions. Surprisingly, even driven by energetical arguments, it turns out that a finite element mesh optimized with respect to discrete configurational forces also renders superior results in terms of classical error measures. The manuscript will span the field from the underlying theoretical foundations over the algorithmic challenges to various computational applications.
A framework for Satisfiability Modulo Theories
Authors: Kroening Daniel , Strichman Ofer
Published: February 2009

We present a unifying framework for understanding and developing SAT-based decision procedures for Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT). The framework is based on a reduction of the decision problem to propositional logic by means of a deductive system. The two commonly used techniques,
eager
encodings (a direct reduction to propositional logic) and
lazy
encodings (a family of techniques based on an interplay between a SAT solver and a decision procedure) are identified as special cases. This framework offers the first generic approach for eager encodings, and a simple generalization of various lazy techniques that are found in the literature.
Use of Intraoperative Insulin Assay for the Localisation of Insulinoma
Authors: Scott‐Coombes David , Eatock Fiona , Henley Robert , Luzio Stephen D.
Published: February 2009

Background

The curative treatment for patients with insulinoma is the surgical removal of the tumour; however, these tumours are small and therefore their preoperative localisation using ultrasound and CT scans may be difficult.

Methods

Intraoperative serum insulin measurements were used as an aid to the surgical management of seven unselected and consecutive presentations of insulinoma.

Results

In six of the seven cases we were able to demonstrate an increase in the peripheral serum insulin concentration between 3 and 5 min after manual examination of the tumour. In addition, there was a 50% decrease in concentration 10 min after removal of the tumour.

Conclusions

We believe that intraoperative insulin measurements are of use in demonstrating the functionality of tumours localised by intraoperative ultrasound and surgical examination. In addition, they act as an indicator of the completeness of surgery post tumour excision.
Low Temperature Growth of In2O3and InN Nanocrystals on Si(111) via Chemical Vapour Deposition Based on the Sublimation of NH4Cl in In
Authors: Zervos Matthew , Tsokkou Demetra , Pervolaraki Maria , Othonos Andreas
Published: February 2009

Indium oxide (In2O3) nanocrystals (NCs) have been obtained via atmospheric pressure, chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) on Si(111) via the direct oxidation of In with Ar:10% O2at 1000 °C but also at temperatures as low as 500 °C by the sublimation of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) which is incorporated into the In under a gas flow of nitrogen (N2). Similarly InN NCs have also been obtained using sublimation of NH4Cl in a gas flow of NH3. During oxidation of In under a flow of O2the transfer of In into the gas stream is inhibited by the formation of In2O3around the In powder which breaks up only at high temperatures, i.e.T > 900 °C, thereby releasing In into the gas stream which can then react with O2leading to a high yield formation of isolated 500 nm In2O3octahedrons but also chains of these nanostructures. No such NCs were obtained by direct oxidation forT
G < 900 °C. The incorporation of NH4Cl in the In leads to the sublimation of NH4Cl into NH3and HCl at around 338 °C which in turn produces an efficient dispersion and transfer of the whole In into the gas stream of N2where it reacts with HCl forming primarily InCl. The latter adsorbs onto the Si(111) where it reacts with H2O and O2leading to the formation of In2O3nanopyramids on Si(111). The rest of the InCl is carried downstream, where it solidifies at lower temperatures, and rapidly breaks down into metallic In upon exposure to H2O in the air. Upon carrying out the reaction of In with NH4Cl at 600 °C under NH3as opposed to N2, we obtain InN nanoparticles on Si(111) with an average diameter of 300 nm.
Effects of Spacers on Surface Activities and Aggregation Properties of Anionic Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Cao Xulong , Li Zhenquan , Song Xinwang , Cui Xiaohong , Wei Yuping , Cheng Fa , Wang Jun
Published: February 2009

This present article employs four anionic Gemini surfactants with different spacer groups and investigates their physicochemical and aggregation properties. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at CMC (γCMC) and C20 of these surfactants have been investigated using the du Nouy ring method. The aggregation number (N) was determined with intrinsic fluorescence quenching method using pyrene as a fluorescence probe and benzophenone as a quencher. Results show that these anionic Gemini surfactants have lower CMC and C20 values compared with those conventional ones and show higher surface activity. As expected, the spacer plays an important role in the aggregation properties of Gemini surfactants. Under experimental conditions, Gemini B–D with an alkoxylated group as spacer has a lower CMC and a higher aggregation number than Gemini A with methylene as spacer. For Gemini B–D, the CMC and aggregation number values decrease with the increasing flexible spacer length. The micropolarity also affects the aggregation of the present anionic Gemini surfactants. The micropolarity of micelle becomes low when the concentration of surfactants increases. Aggregation numbers of surfactants increase and fluorescence intensities decrease with the increasing concentration of NaCl. These results will help us to understand the relationship between the architectures of Gemini surfactants and their various properties in aqueous solution.
Genetic Diversity of Isolated Populations of Indonesian Landraces of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Collected in East Kalimantan on the Island of Borneo
Authors: Thomson Michael J. , Polato Nicholas R. , Prasetiyono Joko , Trijatmiko Kurniawan R. , Silitonga Tiur S. , McCouch Susan R.
Published: February 2009

Although the genetic diversity of rice germplasm has been well characterized globally, few studies have taken an in-depth view of a large number of rice landraces on a local scale. To better understand the relationships between rice genetic diversity and associated geographic and cultural factors, we collected and characterized 183 rice landraces from 18 villages along the Bahau and Kayan rivers in the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. A genetic diversity analysis using 30 microsatellite markers detected a clear distinction between the indica and japonica varietal groups (F
st = 0.59), with 80% of the landraces identified as tropical japonica and 20% indica, which largely correlated with the field-level ecotypes: upland japonica and lowland indica. Indigenous knowledge from local farmers was gathered about the names, origins, and uses of the landraces, which provides a rich background to compare with the genetic relationships of these traditional varieties.
Host races inChaetostomella cylindrica(Diptera: Tephritidae): genetic and behavioural evidence
Authors: Smith C.A. , Al-Zein M.S. , Sayar N.P. , Knio K.M.
Published: February 2009

The highly oligophagous tephritidChaetostomella cylindricainfests the flower heads of six genera and ten species of thistles in Lebanon. It predominantly utilizes two hosts occurring in sympatry,Notobasis syriacaandOnopordum illyricum. Previous work showed that adult flies emerging fromN. syriacafit more closely the description of the species, particularly with respect to the colour and pattern on the mesonotum; furthermore, significant differences were observed between the aculeus shape and length. This study investigates the biology of the immatures and compares adults from the two host races behaviourally and genetically. Larvae of both races fed in a similar way, with each larva destroying 3–10 achenes; however, the oviposition behaviour of females differed. Females of theOnopordum-associated flies laid an average of three eggs per head, and deposited the eggs glued to each others in a cluster, while females of theNotobasis-associated flies deposited their eggs unattached, usually with one egg per head. Subtle differences were also observed in the post-mating behaviour of adult males. DNA sequencing of an amplified fragment of the mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene revealed 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 622 base pairs. A PCR-RFLP method was developed to distinguish the two host-associated populations. Together with previously published morphometric studies, our data show thatC. cylindricaconsists of distinct host races, which seem to be reproductively isolated as two separate genetic lineages were observed.
Comparative flight performance of three important pestAdelphocorisspecies of Bt cotton in China
Authors: Lu Y.H. , Wu K.M. , Wyckhuys K.A.G. , Guo Y.Y.
Published: February 2009

The massive adoption of Bt cotton throughout China has been accompanied by outbreaks of secondary pests such asAdelphocorisspp. (Heteroptera: Miridae). TheAdelphocorisgroup primarily consists of three species:A. suturalis,A. fasciaticollisandA. lineolatus, which greatly differ in geographical distribution and seasonal dynamics. However, the underlying drivers of these differences remain to be understood. The study of flight behaviour of these three species can yield important insight into their spatial and temporal dynamics and help explain their distribution. We examined flight propensity of the threeAdelphocorisspp. under a range of biological and environmental conditions using a computer-monitored flight-mill. Gender and mating status only had minor effects on flight performance in these species, while age exerted great effects on it. Flight capacity was low for one-day-old adults and increased with age until day 10–13, then gradually decreased afterwards. Temperature and relative humidity affected flight propensity, with 20–23°C and 64–68% RH considered optimal for flight of all three species. Between-species comparisons indicated thatA. suturalisandA. fasciaticollishad similar flight distance and duration, which were significantly greater than forA. lineolatus. Our findings provide crucial information for understanding geographical distribution and seasonal occurrence and for developing regional forecasting and pest management protocols forAdelphocorisspecies.
ON DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF VON GEHLEN AND ROAN
Authors: DATE ETSURO
Published: February 2009

Polynomials appearing in the description of ground states of superintegrable chiral Potts models are shown to satisfy a special class of generalised hypergeometric differential equations after a simple modification. This proves a conjecture of von-Gehlen and Roan.
TRIGONOMETRIC DARBOUX TRANSFORMATIONS AND CALOGERO–MOSER MATRICES
Authors: HAINE LUC , HOROZOV EMIL , ILIEV PLAMEN
Published: February 2009

We characterize in terms of Darboux transformations the spaces in the Segal–Wilson rational Grassmannian, which lead to commutative rings of differential operators having coefficients which are rational functions of ex. The resulting subgrassmannian is parametrized in terms of trigonometric Calogero–Moser matrices.
YANG–BAXTER MAPS AND THE DISCRETE KP HIERARCHY
Authors: KAKEI S. , NIMMO J. J. C. , WILLOX R.
Published: February 2009

We present a systematic construction of the discrete KP hierarchy in terms of Sato–Wilson-type shift operators. Reductions of the equations in this hierarchy to 1+1-dimensional integrable lattice systems are considered, and the problems that arise with regard to the symmetry algebra underlying the reduced systems as well as the ultradiscretizability of these systems are discussed. A scheme for constructing ultradiscretizable reductions that give rise to Yang–Baxter maps is explained in two explicit examples.
A NON-COMMUTATIVE SEMI-DISCRETE TODA EQUATION AND ITS QUASI-DETERMINANT SOLUTIONS
Authors: LI C. X. , NIMMO J. J. C.
Published: February 2009

A non-commutative version of the semi-discrete Toda equation is considered. A Lax pair and its Darboux transformations and binary Darboux transformations are found and they are used to construct two families of quasi-determinant solutions.
ON SEPARATION OF VARIABLES AND COMPLETENESS OF THE BETHE ANSATZ FOR QUANTUM N GAUDIN MODEL
Authors: MUKHIN E. , TARASOV V. , VARCHENKO A.
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we discuss implications of the results obtained in [5]. It was shown there that eigenvectors of the Bethe algebra of the quantum N Gaudin model are in a one-to-one correspondence with Fuchsian differential operators with polynomial kernel. Here, we interpret this fact as a separation of variables in the N Gaudin model. Having a Fuchsian differential operator with polynomial kernel, we construct the corresponding eigenvector of the Bethe algebra. It was shown in [5] that the Bethe algebra has simple spectrum if the evaluation parameters of the Gaudin model are generic. In that case, our Bethe ansatz construction produces an eigenbasis of the Bethe algebra.
EXPLICIT SOLUTION FORMULAS FOR THE MATRIX-KP
Authors: SCHIEBOLD CORNELIA
Published: February 2009

We study a non-commutative version of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations and construct a family of solutions generalizing naturally the soliton to the non-commutative setting. From this we derive explicit solution formulas as well for the scalar as for the matrix-Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation which still depend on operator parameters.
Neighbourhood Social Change in West European Cities: Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Lis Catharina , Soly Hugo
Published: February 2009

It is argued that both the tenacity of the neighbourhood and its adaptability were much greater than historians have tended to think, and that this was true not only during theancien régimebut also during the nineteenth century when the rate of mobility between towns and within towns reached enormous proportions. Demographic, social and cultural changes did not result in the destruction of the local community, but in its transformation, a transformation in which the growing need for reciprocity among working-class neighbours played a crucial role. The decline of more or less institutionalized forms of self-regulation went hand in hand with the construction by the lower classes of informal channels of social interaction based on local ties, which stimulated an active and participatory street life. Moreover, the tendency towards geographical segregation contributed to the development of a different collective sense of identity in working-class neighbourhoods, which added a new dimension to the concept of solidarity.
Lashers and Leviathan: The 1954 Coalminers' Strike in Colonial Zimbabwe
Authors: Phimister Ian
Published: February 2009

In 1953 Southern Rhodesia's (Zimbabwe's) only coal mine, Wankie Colliery, was taken over by the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa. The colliery's new owners soon discovered that the elimination of “hand lashing” (shovelling of coal) was the key to better productivity and expanded output. Coal cutting machinery was installed wherever possible, but in the colliery's two oldest shafts existing mining methods were too deeply entrenched and consequently too expensive simply to be swept away. Instead Anglo American attempted to reinforce colonial production relations. Supervision underground was tightened up, and the degree of “self-regulation” enjoyed by lashers in determining the amount of work they did was limited. The introduction of a new mine tub designed to increase productivity precipitated strike action in February 1954 by the colliery's entire black labour force.
“Liberty or Death”: Working Class Agitation and the Labour Question in Colonial Freetown, 1938–1939
Authors: Abdullah Ibrahim
Published: February 2009

This article examines the labour disturbances which occurred in Freetown, Sierra Leone (Figure 1), between 1938 and 1939. Contrary to the prevailing interpretation that the colonial state in Africa was faced with an alternative of either forcefully pushing the working class out of the city or moving towards some form of corporatism, this article argues that such an option was only feasible in situations where labour was relatively quiescent or where a casual labour problem existed. In Freetown, where a stable labour force existed, the choice was between accepting a militant labour movement over whom officials had little or no control, or creating a labour movement that would eschew militant protest and follow the path dictated from above. The existence of a militant organization committed to continous agitation and the use of strike weapons to force employers to acknowledge the presence of a working class were critical factors in shaping official response to labour disturbances in the British colonies.
Slavery, the Labour Movement and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850–1890
Authors: Casanovas Joan
Published: February 2009

Nineteenth-century Cuban colonial and slave society sharply divided its inhabitants by race and ethnicity. These race and ethnicity divisions, and the formidable repressive apparatus necessary to sustain slavery and colonialism, hindered the emergence of a class identity among the urban popular classes. However, this oppressive atmosphere created working and living conditions that compelled workers of diverse ethnicity and race to participate, increasingly, in collective action together. Free labour shared many of the adversities imposed on unfree labour, which led the emerging Cuban labour movement, first to oppose the use of unfree labour in the factories, and later, to become openly abolitionist.
“The Great End of All Government…”: Working People's Construction of Citizenship Claims in Early Nineteenth-Century England and the Matter of Class
Authors: Steinberg Marc W.
Published: February 2009

In the heat of the battle for parliamentary reform William Cobbett preached to the working people of England in his inimitable blustery dictums. “[I]f you labour honestly,” he counselled, “you have a right to have, in exchange for your labour, a sufficiency out of the produce of the earth, to maintain yourself and your family as well; and, if you are unable to labour, or if you cannot obtain labour, you have a right to maintenance out of the produce of the land […]”. For honest working men this was part of the legacy of constitutional Britain, which bequeathed to them not only sustenance but, “The greatest right […] ofevery man, the right of rights, […] the right of having a share in the making of the laws, to which the good of the whole makes it his duty to submit”. Nonetheless, he warned, such rights could not legitimately negate the toiling lot that was the laborer's fate: “Remember that poverty is decreed by the very nature of man […]. It is necessary to the existence of mankind, that a very large proportion of every people should live by manual labour […]”.
The Emergence of Citizenship in France and Elsewhere
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: February 2009

In April 1793, France was waging war both inside and outside its borders. Over the previous year, the French government had taken up arms against Austria, Sardinia, Prussia, Great Britain, Holland and Spain. In its first seizure of new territory since the Revolution began in 1789, it had recently annexed the previously Austrian region we now call Belgium. Revolutionaries had dissolved the French monarchy in September 1792, then guillotined former king Louis XVI in January 1793. If France spawned violence in victory, it redoubled domestic bloodshed in defeat; a major French loss to Austrian forces at Neerwinden on 18 March 1793, followed by the defection of General Dumouriez, precipitated both a call for expanded military recruitment and a great struggle for control of the revolutionary state. April saw the formation of the Committee of Public Safety, fearsome instrument of organizational combat. France's domestic battle was to culminate in a Jacobin seizure of power.
Colonialism, Capitalism and the Discourse of Freedom
Authors: Prakash Gyan
Published: February 2009

In the history and historiography of labour servitude, the ideology of modernity and progress looms large. Thus it was with bitter irony that a British officer described the miserable condition of a labourer in late nineteenth-century colonial India: “Steam, the great civilizer, has not done much for this man, although the railroad runs within a few hundred yards of his door.” The persistence of the miserably poor existence was bad enough, but truly appalling was the fact that the introduction of modern industry had not set the labourer free. The poor labourers, or kamias as they were called locally, had seen modernity whizz past them without carrying them along in its journey to progress and freedom.
Coal and Colonialism: Production Relations in an Indian Coalfield,c. 1895–1947
Authors: Simeon Dilip
Published: February 2009

The year 1995 marked the centenary of the exploitation of a 400 squarekilometre tract in the Indian province of Bihar known as the Jharia coalfield. From 1895, when rail lines entered the region, until the end of the World War I, coal output in India increased tenfold and the size of the mines' workforce fivefold. By 1907 Jharia was yielding half of India's output. One of its oldest mines was Khas Jharia, which worked a 260-feet deep source. Thirty-four years after it opened, its surface had merged with the outskirts of Jharia township and restrictions were imposed on the dimensions of its galleries. Despite these, Khas Jharia's pillars collapsed on 8 November 1930 causing an 18-feet deep subsidence and widespread destruction. This incident was the proximate cause of an underground fire which rages to this day.
“Capital Spectacles in British Frames”: Capital, Empire and Indian Indentured Migration to the British Caribbean
Authors: Kale Madhavi
Published: February 2009

As “They Came in Ships” by the Guyanese poet Mahadai Das suggests, scholarship on indentured immigration is not an exclusively academic concern in Caribbean countries with sizeable Indian populations. An international conference on Indian diaspora held recently at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago, was not only covered by national news media, but also attended by Trinidadians (almost exclusively of Indian descent) unattached to the university, some of whom also contributed papers, helped to organize and run it. In Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago, contestations over national identities are grounded in and self-consciously refer to a shared historical archive. This includes conventional, written material such as colonial administration records, newspapers, travelogues, and memoirs that reflect the concerns of privileged observers: government officials, reporters and editors, missionaries, labour activists, historians, anthropologists. It also includes memories and accounts of personal and group experiences by others in these societies, transmitted orally or through other popular media, and they all simultaneously and unevenly undermine as well as authorize each other.
Unsettling the Household: Act VI (of 1901) and the Regulation of Women Migrants in Colonial Bengal
Authors: Sen Samita
Published: February 2009

The advent of capitalism has traditionally been associated with a transformation of the economic and political functioning of the family. Capital is presumed to weaken, certainly to modify, gender and age hierarchies by undermining the productive role of the household. The labour market takes over the organization of work and age of consent legislations undermine parental authority in order to create the new legal subject capable of entering “free” labour contracts. The family, though it remains outside the norms of capitalism, primarily undertakes the physical and social reproduction of labour within the capitalist sphere. Such a transformation of the “family” is, however, not inevitable. In nine-teenth-century India the colonial state, though avowedly committed to a free market in labour, in practice often upheld familial claims on women's labour and sexuality. As a result, gender and generational controls within the family were enhanced rather than weakened.
Revenue authorities and public authority in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Fjeldstad Odd-Helge , Moore Mick
Published: February 2009

Since the early 1990s, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have established semi-autonomous revenue authorities (ARAs), organisationally distinct from ministries of finance, with some real operational autonomy, and with staff paid at rates substantially higher than those in comparable public sector jobs. This has been seen by some observers as a step to dilute the power of the central state executive. We demonstrate that this is a misreading of the story of revenue authorities in Africa. Both African governments and the international development agencies involved in the reforms see ARAs as a means of increasing central government revenues, and thus enlarging the authority of the (central) state. To date, there is little sign that the creation of revenue agencies has actually increased public revenues. It has, however, facilitated a range of reforms in the ways in which taxes are assessed and collected, and deflected pressures that might otherwise have emerged for substantial privatisation of tax collection.
Forced labour in Eritrea
Authors: Kibreab Gaim
Published: February 2009

Using fieldwork data collected in Eritrea, Rome, Milan and Stockholm, and supplemented by human rights organisation reports and discussions with key informants in four cities in the UK, this article examines the extent to which the Eritrean national service and its concomitant Warsai-Yikaalo Development Campaign qualify as forced or compulsory labour as defined by the relevant international conventions.
Selected chiefs, elected councillors and hybrid democrats: popular perspectives on the co-existence of democracy and traditional authority
Authors: Logan Carolyn
Published: February 2009

The long-standing debate about the proper role for Africa's traditional leaders in contemporary politics has intensified in the last two decades, as efforts to foster democratisation and decentralisation have brought competing claims to power and legitimacy to the fore, especially at the local level. Questions persist as to whether traditional authority and democratic governance are ultimately compatible or contradictory. Can the two be blended into viable and effective hybrid systems? Or do the potentially anti-democratic features of traditional systems present insurmountable obstacles to an acceptable model of integration? Survey data collected by the Afrobarometer indicate that Africans who live under these dual systems of authority do not draw as sharp a distinction between hereditary chiefs and elected local government officials as most analysts would expect. In fact, popular evaluations of selected and elected leaders are strongly andpositivelylinked. They appear to be consistently shaped by each individual's ‘leadership affect’, and by an understanding of chiefs and elected officials as common players in a single, integrated political system, rather than as opponents in a sharply bifurcated one. Moreover, there is no evident conflict between supporting traditional leadership and being a committed and active democrat. Rather than finding themselves trapped between two competing spheres of political authority, Africans appear to have adapted to the hybridisation of their political institutions more seamlessly than many have anticipated or assumed.
Spectral sensitivity, visual pigments and screening pigments in two life history stages of the ontogenetic migratorGnathophausia ingens
Authors: Frank Tamara M. , Porter Megan , Cronin Thomas W.
Published: February 2009

Spectral sensitivity, visual pigment absorbance spectra and visual pigment opsin sequences were examined in younger shallow-living and older deep-living instars of the ontogenetically migrating lophogastridGnathophausia ingens.Spectral sensitivity measurements from dark adapted eyes and microspectrophotometric measurements of the rhabdom indicate maximal sensitivity for long wavelength (495–502 nm) light in both life history stages, but the younger instars are significantly more sensitive to near-ultraviolet light than the adults. Both life history stages express the same two opsins, indicating that there is no ontogenetic change in visual pigment complement between life history stages. Chromatic adaptation shifted the spectral sensitivity maximum to significantly longer wavelengths in both age-classes, but a distinct secondary short wavelength peak is visible only in the younger instars. These shifts appear to be due to the presence of migrating screening pigments, which are probably vestigial in the deep-living adults. Anomalies in the response waveforms under chromatic adaptation also apparently result from filtering by screening pigments, but via an unknown mechanism.
Manohar Lal: Scholar, Economist and Statesman
Authors: KRISHNAMURTY J.
Published: February 2009

Manohar Lal was an outstanding student of Alfred Marshall, a highly respected teacher, a successful lawyer-politician and a very able provincial Minister of Finance. The focus, in this paper, is on his stay in Cambridge until 1906, his career in India as an economist and as a lawyer and politician in the Punjab until 1945. I argue that his work in economics was not marked by great originality. His achievements were to have been a good teacher, to have successfully competed with British students and to have established close personal links with the British academic community. In politics, while he did not have a political base and was a scholar among politicians, he held high office with great competence. I believe he was one of the select groups of Indians who provided an inspiration to others by showing that Indians could compete successfully with the best from any country at the highest level.
Investigation of stimulated Raman scattering using a short-pulse diffraction limited laser beam near the instability threshold
Authors: Kline J.L. , Montgomery D.S. , Rousseaux C. , Baton S.D. , Tassin V. , Hardin R.A. , Flippo K.A. , Johnson R.P. , Shimada T. , Yin L. , Albright B.J. , Rose H.A. , Amiranoff F.
Published: February 2009

Short pulse laser plasma interaction experiments using diffraction limited beams provide an excellent platform to investigate the fundamental physics of stimulated Raman scattering. Detailed understanding of these laser plasma instabilities impacts the current inertial confinement fusion ignition designs and could potentially impact fast ignition when higher energy lasers are used with longer pulse durations (>1 kJ and >1 ps). Using short laser pulses, experiments can be modeled over the entire interaction time of the laser using particle-in-cell codes to validate our understanding quantitatively. Experiments have been conducted at the Trident laser facility and the Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI) to investigate stimulated Raman scattering near the threshold of the instability using 527 nm and 1059 nm laser light, respectively, with 1.5–3.0 ps pulses. In both experiments, the interaction beam was focused into pre-ionized helium gas-jet plasma. Measurements of the reflectivity as a function of intensity and kλD were completed at the Trident laser facility, where k is the electron plasma wave number and λD is the plasma Debye length. At LULI, a 300 fs Thomson scattering probe is used to directly measure the density fluctuations of the driven electron plasma and ion acoustic waves. Work is currently underway comparing the results of the experiments with simulations using the VPIC particle-in-cell code. Details of the experimental results are presented in this manuscript.
Non-cupping, measure and computably enumerable splittings
Authors: BARMPALIAS GEORGE , MORPHETT ANTHONY
Published: February 2009

We show that there is a computably enumerable function f (that is, computably approximable from below) that dominates almost all functions, and f ⊕ W is incomplete for all incomplete computably enumerable sets W. Our main methodology is the LR equivalence relation on reals: A ≡LRB if and only if the notions of A-randomness and B-randomness coincide. We also show that there are c.e. sets that cannot be split into two c.e. sets of the same LR degree. Moreover, a c.e. set is low for random if and only if it computes no c.e. set with this property.
The method of the Yu–Ding Theorem and its application
Authors: FAN YUN
Published: February 2009

We begin by reviewing the major results dealing with the structure of the cl-degrees, and then focus on the method of the Yu–Ding Theorem, which is an important result in this area. By strengthening the Yu–Ding procedure, we construct a cl-cuppable cl-degree of c.e. sets.
Unary automatic graphs: an algorithmic perspective
Authors: KHOUSSAINOV BAKHADYR , LIU JIAMOU , MINNES MIA
Published: February 2009

This paper studies infinite graphs produced from a natural unfolding operation applied to finite graphs. Graphs produced using such operations are of finite degree and automatic over the unary alphabet (that is, they can be described by finite automata over the unary alphabet). We investigate algorithmic properties of such unfolded graphs given their finite presentations. In particular, we ask whether a given node belongs to an infinite component, whether two given nodes in the graph are reachable from one another and whether the graph is connected. We give polynomial-time algorithms for each of these questions. For a fixed input graph, the algorithm for the first question is in constant time and the second question is decided using an automaton that recognises the reachability relation in a uniform way. Hence, we improve on previous work, in which non-elementary or non-uniform algorithms were found.
Cupping Δ20 enumeration degrees to 0e′
Authors: SOSKOVA MARIYA IVANOVA , WU GUOHUA
Published: February 2009

In this paper we prove that every non-zero Δ20e-degree is cuppable to 0e′ by a 1-generic Δ20e-degree (and is thus low and non-total), and that every non-zero ω-c.e. e-degree is cuppable to 0e′ by an incomplete 3-c.e. e-degree.
Growing at a Perfect Speed
Authors: ALBERT M. H. , LINTON S. A.
Published: February 2009

A collection of permutation classes is exhibited whose growth rates form a perfect set, thereby refuting some conjectures of Balogh, Bollobás and Morris.