bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greek Grammarians and Roman Society during the Early Empire: Statius' Father and his Contemporaries
Authors: McNelis Charles
Published: February 2004

Statius' Silvae 5.3 is a poem written in honor of the poet's dead father. In the course of the poem, Statius recounts his father's life and achievements. Prominent among these accomplishments are the years the elder Statius spent as a teacher of Greek poetry—a grammarian—in Naples. Statius tells us which Greek poets his father taught and to whom. The content and audience of Statius' father's instruction form the basis of this paper.

A number of the Greek poets taught by Statius' father are not obvious candidates for inclusion in a course of instruction in Greek poetry. Lycophron, Corinna or Epicharmus, for instance, are not commonly found in other accounts of Greek education in Roman Italy during the early empire. The elder Statius' pedagogical activity has thus been viewed as a Neapolitan peculiarity. Yet, I argue, the same authors taught by Statius' father were the focus of grammarians who were working in Rome itself. The curriculum of Statius' father is thus representative of Greek intellectual activity in early imperial Rome.

The pedagogical activity of Statius senior is relevant to Roman intellectual history in a second way. His students consisted of aristocrats from around the Bay of Naples and southern Italy. Some of these students were likely Roman. So too the students of the Greek grammarians working in Rome likely encountered young Romans. How did the study of some mainstream and some recondite Greek poets fit into the élite discourse of the early empire? I argue that knowledge of the poets taught by the elder Statius was geared towards marking off the élite from the non-élite. Students of grammarians such as Statius' father were given the tools to engage in aristocratic discourse, which constituted a claim for prestige and honor in early imperial Rome.
Women, Property, and Surveillance in Classical Athens
Authors: JOHNSTONE STEVEN
Published: February 2004

While it is sometimes thought that free Athenian women were hemmed in by surveillance within the oikos, this article argues that the obstacle that impeded them when they attempted to control property was that they were excluded from the impersonal and formal systems of surveillance of male citizens. Athenian public life, lived in the view of others, dramatically extended the agency of those within it. While women could compensate for their legal incapacities by cultivating the personal trust of men, this required them to treat some of the people closest to them instrumentally, thus transforming their affectionate relationships.
O Brother, Where Art Thou?
Authors: Content Rob , Kreider Tim , White Boyd
Published: February 2004

Beneath its broad caricatures and genre­bending, O Brother, Where Art Thou? has an earnest, Depression­era agenda. Its episodic plot can be understood as a series of moral trials in which the solidarity of the poor is tested by various threats and temptations of the rich and powerful. The most crucial of these tests is put not to the film's protagonists, but to its audience: Will we see, as clearly as do the three white fugitives, that their fate is inextricably bound to that of their black brethren?
The House of Mirth
Authors: Morrison James
Published: February 2004

The great British filmmaker Terence Davies adapts Edith Wharton's American classic, The House of Mirth, and the sensibilities of author and filmmaker mesh unexpectedly, producing a film of uncommon delicacy. Simulating the traditional costume drama as it has been codified by such directors as James Ivory, Davies actually works against the most entrenched conventions of the genre by countering naturalism with artifice. This review of Davies's film examines the aesthetic strategies of this extraordinary adaptation, and places the film in the context of Davies's work and contemporary art cinema more generally.
To Kill a Mockingbird
Authors: Holcomb Mark
Published: February 2004

Over its 40-year life span, Robert Mulligan's To Kill a Mockingbird has achieved an almost mythic status. Luminaries inside and outside the American filmmaking community have touted its virtues as a work of art and a galvanizing incitement to social justice, but few have dared to question its validity as a sociopolitical touchstone. This essay does just that, arguing that, in spite of the film's lingering appeal and aesthetic accomplishments,its low-key warmth, comfortable stereotypes, and ossified good intentions may actually obscure the questions of race and class upon which its iconic reputation rests.
From Hell
Authors: Overpeck Deron
Published: February 2004

The Hughes brothers first gained critical attention for their intelligent investigations of the African-American experience in films like Menace II Society (1993) and American Pimp (2000). In From Hell (2001)—based on the graphic novel of the same name—the brothers attempt to examine the Jack the Ripper murders within a similar framework, but also with the goal of maki" different from their "black movies."Unfortunately, in doing so, they lost the social critique of both the source material and their previous films. The brothers' ideas about black movies and about themselves as filmmakers and the critical response to From Hell illustrate how black movies continue to exist in a cinematic ghetto.
Ali
Authors: Thompson Clifford
Published: February 2004

Like its subject, Michael Mann's Ali boasts many things. It features fine performances from Will Smith, Jon Voight, and Jamie Foxx; exciting reenactments of Ali's fights with Sonny Liston, Joe Frazier, and George Foreman that give the viewer the feeling of actually being in the ring; and a beautifully filmed opening sequence—which,as it turns out, is a harbinger of the movie's two crippling weaknesses....
Mulholland Drive
Authors: Nochimson Martha P.
Published: February 2004

But what does David Lynch really think of Hollywood? Mulholland Drive reveals both his passionate, radiant belief in the rich possibilities of American popular culture and his dark insight into its capacity to destroy its best and brightest. Everything hinges on one moment in which the destinies of seemingly disparate people join in an irreversible trajectory. Double identities, shifts in time and space, music, and the fertile darkness of the unknown all serve as elements by means of which Lynch conveys his vision.
Waddaya Lookin' At?: Re-reading the Gangster Genre Through "The Sopranos"
Authors: Nochimson Martha P.
Published: February 2004

"Waddaya Lookin' At?" challenges both current thinking about the genre of the gangster film and simplistic moralizing about "The Sopranos." Establishing the gangster genre as one of five discrete categories of crime entertainment, Nochimson proposes that "The Sopranos" brings to the surface the moral dilemmas and emotional melodrama of the screen mobster that have hitherto been masked because of Production Code restrictions and macho evasions. Far from glamorizing gangsters and/or insulting Italian Americans, the series is founded on a sophisticated exploration of the gangster's charm. It provokes audiences to exchange their unquestioning delight in intense and spontaneous energy and immediate solutions for a mature form of ethics.
The Gleaners and I (Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse)
Authors: Callenbach Ernest
Published: February 2004

Agnès Varda is a veteran of both documentary and feature production. This visually gorgeous essay-film, shot on digital video, shows her elegant eye and supple mind in top form. Gleaning, the practice of picking up crops left behind by hired pickers, is an ancient institution, and Varda makes it a powerful metaphor. Modern gleaners find nourishment in oyster beds, potato fields, street markets, and dumpsters. In Varda's collection of gleaned images, we encounter people (including famous artists), paintings, insights into our wasteful agribusiness system, and playful visual poems. The film's warmth and ingenuity made it surprisingly popular; it's now on DVD with a sequel revisiting Varda's subjects two years later.
The Filmmaker as Visionary: Excerpts from an Interview with Stan Brakhage
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: February 2004

After providing a brief introduction to Brakhage's prolific career, MacDonald interviews the legendary avant-garde filmmaker about four pivotal films: Anticipation of the Night (1958), the controversial film that established Brakhage's commitment to a new form of cinematic sight and threw the avant-garde film world into an uproar; the four-part Scenes from Under Childhood (1969-1970), one of Brakhage's most elaborate evocations of how the freedom of a baby's vision is lost as the child is acculturated into language; The Loom (1986), Brakhage's requiem for his remarkable marriage with Jane Collum Brakhage; and Commingled Containers(1997), a film made during the first moments of Brakhage's confrontation with bladder cancer. He died on March 9, 2003.
Heaven
Authors: Yacowar Maurice
Published: February 2004

Tom Tykwer gives Krzysztof Kiesłowski a voice from the dead. Kiesłowski's script follows the unlikely love affair between an idealistic woman bomber and the young second-generation cop who helps her escape from jail. They bring each other different kinds of salvation. A pattern of striking aerial visuals points to the characters' transcendence of both mundane laws and the rhetoric of melodrama. This rich film surely is All That Kiesłowski's Heaven Allows.
Reviews: Memento
Authors: Content Rob
Published: February 2004

The impaired short-term memory of Memento’s American Everyman hero wins our sympathy, but his deliberate exploitation of his “condition” gradually earns our suspicion as well. Leonard Shelby is a genuine victim, but he’s also criminally violent, profoundly deceived, and haunted by unwelcome memories. So as the film’s reverse-order narration unwinds,displaying his willful revision of long-term memories about his marriage, profession, and motives, we should likewise rewind and revise our initial sympathy.
Hollywood Outsider-Insider: An Interview with Chuck Workman
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: February 2004

Abstract Scott MacDonald: “Hollywood Outsider-Insider:An Interview with Chuck Workman.” Scott MacDonald talks with Chuck Workman, who began his career producing advertisements and trailers for low-budget films, then graduated to trailers for big-budget films (Star Wars; Paris, Texas...), and to feature documentaries (Superstar: The Life and Times of Andy Warhol; The Source), dramatic features (most recently, A House on a Hill, to be released later this year), and short and feature-length compilation films, including the historical miniretrospectives that enliven the Academy Awards shows, year after year.
Tokaji: Forever Amber
Authors: Lambert-Góócs Miles
Published: February 2004

Hungary's Tokaji dessert wines have been produced as botrytis ('noble rot') wines since the first half of the 17th century. A variety of evidence demonstrates conclusively that these wines have long been produced by maturation methods that encourage the influence of oxygen and result in amber color, associated aromas and a characteristic chemical composition. A special peculiarity in this regard is Tokaji's content of amino acids and aldehydes. At this time, however, post-Communist, foreign-owned wineries are seeking to minimize the role of oxygen and change traditional style by asserting that oxidatively matured Tokaji was a Communist-period aberration.
Cheesecakes, Junkets, and Syllabubs
Authors: Wilson Carol
Published: February 2004

Milk, cream, butter and cheese were known as "white meats" in medieval England. During the Tudor era the cow became the favorite animal for milking, mostly, but not entirely, replacing goats and ewes. It was much easier and less time consuming to milk one cow than, say, ten or twelve sheep.

White meats were used to produce rich, smooth cheesecakes and cool silky syllabubs and junkets. Tart de Bry, made with soft rich cheese, cream, sugar and spices was a favorite dish at the medieval feasts of the wealthy nobility, as was junket, a very rich delicacy of pure cream curdled with rennet, sweetened with sugar and flavoured with rosewater,which was enjoyed at the end of the meal. Syllabub, a frothy confection of cream or milk, white wine, cider or ale sweetened with sugar was originally a favorite drink in the Tudor and Stuart periods.

In the Elizabethan era, junket was flavoured with spices as well as sugar and was accompanied with fresh cream. Syllabubs came into vogue in the Tudor and Stuart eras;the clear liquid was drunk from the spout of a syllabub pot and the frothy cream eaten with a spoon. By the eighteenth century the proportion of cream had increased and was worked through a chocolate mill, (which had just come into general use) to produce thicker syllabubs, which soon became fashionable desserts. Syllabubs, along with other unrenetted creams and custards ousted junket from banqueting tables and junket became an everyday dish sold in the London streets.

These elegant confections provided a feast for the eyes as well as the palate and are an important part of the great heritage of English culinary history.
"Deviled Ham Untouched by Hands": Food-Related Vintage Stereoviews
Authors: Schinto Jeanne
Published: February 2004

This is an essay about depictions of food in vintage stereoviews, i.e., three-dimensional photographs mass-marketed in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The piece, illustrated with striking examples from the author's collection, offers a look at a unique resource. Images include meat processors working in Chicago at the time of Upton Sinclair;Italians drying spaghetti on racks in the streets of Naples; East-End Londoners readying themselves for a banquet to honor King Edward VII; and a Liberty Bell made entirely of California apples. The author introduces to Gastronomica's readers this immensely rich,largely undiscovered store of visual information about food history and culture.
France: Dining with the Doom Generation
Authors: Perineau Lucie
Published: February 2004

French cooking is going down the drain. In fact, it's been going that way since the 1960s',when women abandoned the kitchen to take up jobs. But there's more to the problem than a mere lack of time: our whole food culture seems to be floundering. Confused by GMOs, disgusted by mad cow attacks and fatally attracted to junk food, French consumers have lost control over their shopping carts and diets, and lost interest in cooking. As a result, the social function of food is disappearing: today, dining with your friends can be a daunting experience. Oddly, this does not prevent most French from seeing their cooking as "still the best in the world", and dismissing the others; this is precisely one of the reasons of its downfall. Today, as British and American chefs take over traditional French cooking, it's definitely time for another French food revolution.
Making a Tsimes, Distilling a Performance: Vodka and Jewish Culture in Poland Today
Authors: Ingall Andrew
Published: February 2004

Despite the decimation of Polish Jewry after the Holocaust and its further reduction during the anti-Zionist campaigns of the late 1960s, a niche market for kosher and Jewish-style vodka has emerged and expanded in Poland since the late 1980s. Brands such as Cymes, Rachela and Jankiel capitalize on Poland's complex attitudes towards Jews and Jewishness, which are rooted in late 19th century socio-economic relationships. Responding out of curiosity and disgust to some of the caricatures depicted on Jewish-style vodka labels, Andrew Ingall conceived a performance in Cracow that attempted to stimulate critical reflection on the stereotyping and marketing of Jewish culture. Ingall offered tastings of Polish vodka, including a fictitious product called Zydek (translated approximately as 'Jewboy'), and solicited participants to respond to questionnaires about the liquor samples. Ingall staged two performances, each of which used various strategies and questions. One prevailing attitude towards Jewish-style vodka is that it is a premium alcohol of unusual quality, so pure that it leaves no hangover. Although he acknowledges inherent problems with the project as an educational intervention, Ingall views his experience in Cracow as an opportunity to engage tourists and Polish residents in a dialogue about ethnic misrepresentation.
The Skinny on Fat
Authors: Allport Susan
Published: February 2004

This article looks at the experience that people around the world have had with fat and is a rebuttal to Gary Taubes' piece in The New York Times 'What if Fat Doesn't Make You Fat'. Taubes fails to distinguish between different fats in his lengthy article, essentially an apologia for the Atkins' diet. But only when we know the specific fats that people are eating can we draw consistent lessons about fat. The healthiest diets, as it turns out, the diets of the Inuit, Japanese, and Greeks, provide a rich amount of the essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fats that are found in the photosynthetic membranes of plants, and in animals who eat those leafy greens. The least healthy diets, the diets associated with the highest rates of heart disease, diabetes and obesity, are rich in saturated fats and/or omega-6 fatty acidsand not so rich in omega-3s. Omega-6 fatty acids originate in the seeds of grains and nuts and are just as essential for human health as omega-3s. But once technology made it possible to extract these fats from corn, soy beans, and sunflower seeds, omega-6s have flooded the food supply and the human body and are now suspected of causing a long laundry list of unwanted consequences, including obesity. The key to a healthy diet is not its cholesterol content, as this trip around the world makes clear, nor its animal fat content, but rather its polyunsaturate content: a balanced ratio of omega-6s to omega-3s.
Train Oil and Snotters: Eating Antarctic Wild Foods
Authors: Rubin Jeff
Published: February 2004

People may no longer eat the wild foods of Antarctica, because the Antarctic Treaty's Protocol on Environmental Protection signed in 1991 prohibits even "disturbing" any wildlife, but there is a long history of living off the land in Antarctica and on the remote islands of the Southern Ocean. Visitors regularly ate seals, penguins and other seabirds, eggs, shellfish, and several unusual endemic plants. Fresh food was critical in avoiding scurvy, caused by a lack of Vitamin C. Local foods also occupied a prominent place on the table during Antarctic holidays such as Midwinter's Day.
The Molecular Tourist
Authors: Jategaonkar Lisa
Published: February 2004

This is a gastronomy tour unlike any other. This article takes you, the tourist, to the very plant cells of your food. As a tourist of a plant cell, you view the cell's instructions in the cell's DNA. Later, witness how these proteins translate into plant traits, like defense against insects and fungus, or to produce products like oil. You'll have the opportunity to visit many different ports of call to see how the handiwork differs plant to plant. You'll notice that gradual changes to the DNA of the plant have resulted in molecular tours different than the ones our ancestors frequented. Even today, new traits continue to be bred into plants. Finally, the tour takes you inside some of these newly developed plants to enable you to witness some of the characteristic molecular changes.
The Propitiatory Meal
Authors: Banerji Chitrita
Published: February 2004

This article is an analysis of the varied ways in which the meal has been used as a tool for appeasement and propitiation in Bengali Hindu society from ancient times. Bengal is a region that is naturally fertile and yet is often subjected to the fearsome destruction of floods and cyclones. The uncertainty of life has always been palpable here. The numerous rivers that make the region a delta also made Bengal the last hinterland of Aryan exploration and settlement in ancient times. Pre-Aryan inhabitants, whom historians describe as proto-Australoid, subscribed to animistic beliefs, which blurred the line between this world and the next. Their funerary practices involved serving food to supernatural creatures who inhabited the earth. In such a region, the imposition of the Hindu caste system, which attributed preeminence to the Brahmins and the males, further increased the sense of vulnerability on the part of a large section of the population'women and members of the lower castes. Mythic notions of food as something with which to appease a dangerous creature eventually translated into the social custom of serving carefully prepared meals to gods, Brahmins, males and other beings with power and superiority. The article presents examples from mythology, religious texts, literature and even film, to illustrate this custom. Widows were particularly vulnerable in Bengali Hindu society. They were not allowed to remarry and also blamed for the death of their husbands. The rituals and deprivations of a widow's life provide the most poignant instances of appeasement through food. One of the best-known rituals of propitiation is the Bengali feast of Jamaishashthi, when the son-in-law is invited by his wife's family and served an elaborate multi-course meal. He is also given expensive gifts. The purpose of the ritual was to ensure that he treats his wife well and protects her from being treated too abusively by his mother and sisters. The practice has survived in modern times even though it has lost much of its potent significance.
The Political Palate: Reading Commune Cookbooks
Authors: Hartman Stephanie
Published: February 2004

This article examines cookbooks produced by American communes in the early 1970s, considering each as the historical record of a unique political and social community. It also analyzes them as still-relevant examples of how eating habits can reflect political ideals. The variety of these books testifies to the many ways of negotiating this question.

The first part provides an overview of the counter-cultural movement and the role of food within it. The conviction that society had gone terribly awry led to the founding of thousands of utopian communities, determined to invent and model alternatives. Food was inseparable from the most closely held values of commune residents, who tried to live what they believed through making conscious choices about what they ate, how they grew or got their food, and how they divided the labor. What people discussed most on communes was apparently not sex, not "the revolution," but food.

These eclectic, irreverent cookbooks remind us that eating is seldom a pure expression of political conviction; it also reflects considerations of economy, availability, ethnicity, personal history, and sensual gratification. Interspersing recipes with creative writing and psychedelic art, one cookbook explains how to skin a porcupine, cook with hashish, and make Grand Marnier sabayon. Another advocates bread-baking and shop-lifting in its critique of capitalism; a third approaches cooking as part of Buddhist practice. Throughout, their leisurely, process-oriented approach to food is the antithesis of both Betty Crocker and Martha Stewart. They show how cooking and eating can bring together pleasure and politics in unexpected ways.
International relations in Spanish physics from 1900 to the Cold War
Authors: Sánchez-Ron José M.
Published: February 2004

This paper studies the tactics developed in Spain to improve the country's scientific capacity over most of the 20th century. Early in the 20th century, Spain sought to raise its low scientific standing by establishing relations with foreign scientists. The tactics changed according to the political situation. The first part of the paper covers the period from 1900 to the Civil War (1936-39); the second examines consequences of the conflict for physical scientists in Spain; and the third analyzes the growth of physical sciences in Franco's Spain following the Civil War, a period in which the United States exerted special influence.
The tale of two peripheries: The creation of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste
Authors: De Greiff Alexis
Published: February 2004

The negotiations to create the International Centre for Theoretical Physics took place between 1960 and 1963 within the International Atomic Energy Agency. This study pays special attention to the active roles played by scientists, politicians, and intellectuals from the host-city, Trieste (Italy), and the historical circumstances that allowed this group of local actors to become key figures in the establishment of the Centre. The hostility of delegations from several industrialized countries, the Soviet Union, and India, and the constraints that the American hostility put upon the future of the Centre, are also considered. The paper lies at the intersection of the history of 20th-century physics, international relations of science, and development studies.
Pater optime:Vergilian Allusion in Obrecht'sMille quingentis
Authors: Gallagher Sean
Published: February 2004

Efforts to uncover biographical data in the text of Jacob Obrecht's motet Mille quingentis have led scholars to minimize the significance of the poem's figurative language. Written in response to the death of the composer's father, the text is a hybrid of different poetic styles, a reflection of the rich web of literary and cultural practices that lies behind it. Allusions to the poetry of Vergil figure more prominently in the motet than has been previously recognized. Other examples of the kinds of allusions found in Mille quingentis, drawn from a wide range of works, demonstrate that Obrecht was here participating in a more general commemorative practice, wherein the assimilation of well-known classical texts served to express private sentiments using a "public" language newly charged with meaning. A consideration of texts that possibly mediated his use of Vergilian language and themes (among them a treatise of Johannes Tinctoris) suggests that the motet's biographical significance lies principally in what it can tell us about Obrecht's intellectual background and tendencies, as well as his engagement with the humanistic literary environment he would have encountered during his first stay at the Ferrarese court.
Josquin Desprez in Ferrara
Authors: Merkley Paul
Published: February 2004

The recovery of two notarial documents prepared in Ferrara on behalf of Josquin Desprez soon after his arrival in that city in the spring of 1503 demonstrates his intentions at that time to obtain the provosty of Notre Dame of Condé and reveals the complicated exchange of benefices that brought about that result. The documents name Loyset Compère and Pierre Duwez as respondents to Desprez in a quadrangular exchange of positions. In this transaction Josquin appointed the dean of the chapter of Condé to resign the benefice he held in the collegiate church of Saint-Quentin. Since this was a position over which the King of France enjoyed full legal rights of collation, Josquin ordered the position to be surrendered to that monarch or his confessor, rather than to the pope. Accordingly these documents provide a very strong indication that Louis XII of France was the composer's patron before he came to Ferrara and that the king approved of this benefice exchange.

In light of these implications, aspects of the composer's career before and after his Ferrarese service are reconsidered, including occasions on which he composed works for patrons in the French and imperial networks, such as Margaret of Austria, and his collaboration with the poet Jean Lemaire de Belges. Repertoire from Josquin's year in Ferrara is discussed, along with the Hercules Mass. Sections of his setting of the psalm Miserere mei deus are commented on, in connection both to a Biblical passage concordant with a verse of the psalm and to remarks by the theorist Glareanus. The expressive qualities of the Miserere are related to the devotional and ceremonial of duke Ercole, especially in the context of the outbreak of the plague in Ferrara.
The Printing History of J.S. Bach's Musical Offering: New Interpretations
Authors: Butler Gregory
Published: February 2004

Evidence from the original printed edition not only supports Philipp Spitta's theory that Bach sent the print of his Musical Offering to Frederick the Great in Potsdam in two separate installments but further suggests that the work was also printed in two distinct sections, the first in Leipzig and the second possibly in the region of Halle. In Bach's earliest concept of the work, it was to have included only the three- and six-part ricercars; he subsequently enlarged the scope of the collection. A detailed examination of the engraving suggests why this was so, and it also reveals that a third Schübler brother was involved in the engraving of the plates. Finally, the heterogeneous makeup of the surviving exemplars of the print hints at a novel strategy adopted by Bach for the marketing of the work.
The Wanderer's Many Returns: Schubert's Variations Reconsidered
Authors: Perry Jeffrey
Published: February 2004

Franz Schubert composed four instrumental movements that form a distinct repertoire: the "Trout" Quintet D. 667/iv; the Octet D. 803/ iv; Piano Sonata in A minor, D. 845/ii; and the Impromptu in B-flat, D. 935/iii. Each of them comprises a set of variations on a major-key theme. Each includes (not unexpectedly) one variation in the parallel minor and (more remarkably) a variation in VI followed by a retransition leading to a dominant interruption that prepares the final tonickey variation. Examination of these movements reveals the intimate relationship and common derivation of variation set, sonata form, character piece, Lied, and aria in Schubert. Schubert's formal integrations are made in the service of a Romantic sensibility of distance, loss, memory, and regret. He joins musical aspects of distance (from the theme, from a home key, from a home register) to distance in its poetic aspects: from the past, from home, from old loves and places. Schubert not only continues the 18th-century tradition of musical depictions of distance, he transforms and expands them in unprecedented ways. The result is a poignant intersection of formal innovation and musical poetics.
Two Monteverdi Problems, and Why They Matter
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: February 2004

A close examination of Monteverdi's problematic settings of two texts, "Zefiro torna, e di soavi accenti" (1632) and "Su, su, su pastorelli vezzosi" (1638, 1651), raises significant issues concerning his poetic sensitivities and also the status of his literary and musical sources. This further calls into question the modern reception of his agenda for the so called seconda pratica, for all its role as an integral part of the stories conventionally told of the composer.
Death of a Lover and the Birth of the Polyphonic Ballade: Machaut's Notated Ballades 1–5
Authors: Leach Elizabeth Eva
Published: February 2004

This article examines a group of five ballades which stand at the very opening of those set to music in the Machaut manuscripts. The importance of manuscript order to arguments about chronology has led to the neglect of order's role in the construction of meaning. While they are ostensibly individual lyric items, Machaut's first five music ballades collectively outline a very cogent narrative, from theje-lover's declaration of love to his death from refusal. In parallel with such an amorous progress, there is a poetic and musical progress as the authorial persona of the poet-composer poses and solves problems of formal musical organization, ultimately narrating a parallel (and arguably equally fictive) story of the creation of the polyphonic ballade. The duplication of one of these five ballades within several of the central Machaut sources is viewed as an invitation to read parallels between the opening five ballades in the music section and the opening 11 ballades in the music-less lyric section, the Loange des dames. Between them, the openings of these sections explain the emotional and professional situation of a writer whose very success as a poet-composer almost requires his je's failure as a lover-protagonist.
TheLiber selectarum cantionumand the "German Josquin Renaissance"
Authors: Schlagel Stephanie P.
Published: February 2004

Josquin des Prez's posthumous popularity in mid 16th-century Germany can be traced to the Liber selectarum cantionum quas vulgo mutetas appellant (Augsburg: Grimm & Wyrsung, 1520), a collection of 25 large-scale sacred, occasional, and humanistic motets, including five by Isaac, six by Senfl, and no fewer than seven bearing Josquin's name. Of these, Praeter rerum seriem, Benedicta es,caelorum regina, Miserere mei, Deus, Inviolata, integra et casta es, Maria, and Stabat mater dolorosa would become the most long-lived and widely disseminated of all Josquin's compositions. The interests of Conrad Peutinger, who authored the volume's epilogue, provide insights into the prominence of Josquin's motets within the context of this anthology. His implicit appreciation of Josquin's motets for their fusion of abstract compositional devices and poetic expression would be explicitly stated by commentators of the next generation. The versions of Josquin's motets in the Augsburg print, assiduously prepared by Ludwig Senfl, prove to be reliable and are closely related—and sometimes superior—to readings found in sources nearer to the composer in both time and place. In fact, many posthumous sources for these works, including ones central to the German Josquin renaissance beginning with Ott's Novum et insigne opus musicum, appear to be derived from the Augsburg print
The Roles of Notation in Frutolf of Michelsberg's Tonary
Authors: Maloy Rebecca
Published: February 2004

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek clm. 14965b, copied in the early 12th century, consists of a treatise and lengthy tonary attributed to Frutolf of Michelsberg (d. 1103). With its ample list of mass and office chants, sequences, and processional antiphons, the tonary of the Munich MS has long been recognized as the most significant of its kind. A modern edition was produced by Coelestin Vivell in 1919. Because this edition is widely available, scholars have given little attention to one of the manuscript's most striking features, namely its substantial use of St. Gall neumes and letter notation. Vivell based his edition of the tonary on the Munich MS but omitted most of its notation, believing it served no practical purpose. Although Urbanus Bomm discussed the notation in his study of modality and chant, no comprehensive study of it exists. In its scope and significance, the notation in the Munich tonary far exceeds the traditional roles of tonary notation. In addition to incipits and finals, the scribe notated internal passages of many chants. A close examination of these passages reveals that they were carefully chosen and that they correspond precisely to problematic points in the repertory. The passages singled out for notation pose either practical or theoretical difficulties, and the notation serves to clarify the scribe's preferred solutions. Through comparison of the Munich tonary with a wide range of other sources, this essay illustrates the nature of these problems and the ways in which the notation clarifies them. The scribe emends traditional versions of melodies to present readings more compatible with modal theory, often reflecting the specific perspectives articulated in Frutolf's theoretical writings. In effect, the tonary serves a dual role as a theoretical work and practical performance guide. It opens a window onto a vigorous discussion and debate that surrounded the chant tradition in the late 11th century and offers a remarkable witness to the interaction between theory and practice in the Middle Ages.
Absolute Pitch in Williams Syndrome
Authors: Lenhoff Howard M. , Perales Olegario , Hickok Gregory
Published: February 2004

Absolute pitch is reported to occur in 1 out of 10,000 persons, usually those trained in music before age 6. We demonstrate that the five individuals we tested, who have Williams syndrome, a condition caused by a microdeletion of about 20 genes in the q11.23 region of one of their two chromosomes number seven, possess near ceiling levels of absolute pitch despite their limited cognitive abilities. With these individuals, we also describe our preliminary findings on relative pitch, transposition, and retention. We discuss the possibilities that (1) the incidence of absolute pitch among individuals with Williams syndrome is higher than that found in the general population and (2) the normal early childhood critical period of absolute pitch acquisition may be extended in individuals with Williams syndrome.
Perceptual Dynamics of Circular Pitch
Authors: Giangrand J. , Tuller B. , Kelso J. A. S.
Published: February 2004

The convention of representing pitch and key relations within a geometric scheme has a long history. Such schemes often emphasize perceptual similarities or differences among tones or keys. In the present work, we focus on the dynamics of perception of pitch movement, within the framework of geometric models. In the first two experiments, perception of the pitch pattern of pairs of Shepard tones (R. N. Shepard, 1964) is examined in three different orderings: (1) random permutation of tone pairs, (2) sequential increases in the frequency components of the second tone of each pair, and (3) sequential decreases in the second tone's frequency components. Consistent with previous reports, when tone pairs are randomly permuted, the pitch pattern is equally likely to be judged as ascending or descending as the frequency difference between tones nears the half-octave. In the ordered conditions, the boundary between ascending and descending pitch is sensitive to the direction of frequency change such that hysteresis, or perceptual assimilation, is observed. In Experiment 3, we obtain pitch judgments of all two-tone permutations of Shepard tones of the chromatic scale, then map the judgments onto a toroidal stimulus space formed by the product of two pitch circles. Perceptual dynamics are explored by systematic excursions through the stimulus space. The results indicate that spatial models of pitch provide an incomplete description of the higher than/lower than pitch relationship in Shepard tones; also crucial is the path taken through the space defined by the stimuli.
Pitch Spelling: A Computational Model
Authors: Cambouropoulos Emilios
Published: February 2004

In this article, cognitive and musicological aspects of pitch and pitch interval representations are explored via computational modeling. The specific task under investigation is pitch spelling, that is, how traditional score notation can be derived from a simple unstructured 12-tone representation (e.g., pitch-class set or MIDI pitch representation). This study provides useful insights both into the domain of pitch perception and into musicological aspects of score notation strategies. A computational model is described that transcribes polyphonic MIDI pitch files into the Western traditional music notation. Input to the proposed algorithm is merely a sequence of MIDI pitch numbers in the order they appear in a MIDI file. No a priori knowledge such as key signature, tonal centers, time signature, chords, or voice separation is required. Output of the algorithm is a sequence of "correctly" spelled pitches. The algorithm is based on an interval optimization approach that takes into account the frequency of occurrence of pitch intervals within the major-minor tonal scale framework. The algorithm was evaluated on 10 complete piano sonatas by Mozart and had a success rate of 98.8% (634 pitches were spelled incorrectly out of a total of 54,418 notes); it was tested additionally on three Chopin waltzes and had a slightly worse success rate. The proposed pitch interval optimization approach is also compared with and tested against other pitch-spelling strategies.
Economic Crisis and the Mexican State: Toward a New Institutional Interpretation
Authors: Flores-Quiroga Aldo R.
Published: February 2004

This article proposes an institutional interpretation of Mexico's long economic crisis of the end of the twentieth century. It argues that the inability of the Mexican government to commit credibly to protecting property rights is largely responsible for the stagnation of private investment levels between 1982 and 1995. This inability is similar to that of the English Crown in the seventeenth century, which resorted to property rights assaults to confront recurrent fiscal crises. The English solution to this problem came in the form of the Glorious Revolution and its associated reforms that stabilized the property rights regime by constraining the Crown's discretion. England's economic growth increased substantially afterwards. Mexicans have attempted a similar reform, through the adoption of domestic and international mechanisms that, as discussed in this article, stabilize the property rights regime. The reform is still unfinished, and it still faces considerable challenges, but if they are surmounted, a return to sustained economic growth is very likely.

Este artículo propone una interpretación institucional de la extensa crisis económica de México a finales del siglo XX. Aquí se establece que la ineptitud delgovierno mexicano paracomprometerse verazmente aprotegerlos derechos de propiedad es laresponsible delestancamiento de los niveles de las inversiones privadas entre 1982 y 1995. Esta ineptitud es similar a la de la Corona inglesa en el siglo XVII, la cual recurrió a atropellos a los derechos de propiedad para confrontar las reiteradas crisis fiscals. La solución inglesa a dicho problema fue la Revolución Gloriosa y sus reformas que estabilizaron elregimen de los derechos de propiedad limitando el poder de la Corona. Posteriormente, Inglaterra tuvo un crecimiento económico sustancial. Los mexicanos han intentado hacer una reforma similar a través de la adopción de mecanismos domésticos e internacionales que,como se arguye en este artículo, estabilizan el regimen de los derechos de propiedad. La reforma aún no ha terminado, y todavía se enfrenta a desafíos considerables, pero si éstos se superan, es probable el retorno a un crecimiento económico sostenido.
Exiliados de la Revolución mexicana: El caso de los villistas (1915–1921)
Authors: Lerner Victoria
Published: February 2004

As a result of the Mexican Revolution, many politicians from various factions were forced into exile between 1906 and 1940, particularly between 1910 and 1920. The subject has merited little attention until the present despite the fact that its study can provide another perspective on the Mexican Revolution, the one of the opponents who were defeated. This study focuses on the exile of the villistas that began in the autumn of 1915 and ended at the beginning of the 1920s. The article considers who were the villista exiles, how they escaped from Mexico, how they adapted economically in the United States, and when they returned to their country. It also examines certain political tendencies and their later activities between 1920 and 1940. Four political activities in the United States intended to change the political situation in Mexico are considered. Finally, the article examines how U.S. authorities, closely involved with their Mexican counterparts, treated the exiles.

LaRevolución mexicanacausó elexilio de muchos políticos de distintas facciones entre 1906 y 1940, sobre todo entre 1910 y 1920. Este tema ha merecido muy pocaatención hasta elmomento presente,a pesarde que através de élpodemos aproximarnos desde otra perpectiva a la Revolución mexicana, desde el punto de vista de los opositores que muchas veces fueron los vencidos. Este estudio se centra en el exilio de los villistas que empezó en el otoño de 1915 y terminó a principios de la década de 1920. En este artículo se analiza quiénes fueron los exiliados villistas, cómo escaparon de México, su acomodo económico y laboral en Estados Unidos y el retorno a su patria, dejando ver ciertas tendencias políticas de su actuaciónpolítica ulterior entre 1920y 1940.Se desmenuzan cuatro actividades políticas que emprendieron en Estados Unidos para cambiar la situación mexicana. Finalmente se abarca la forma en que fueron tratados durante su exilio en los Estados Unidos, por las autoridades de este país que estaban estrechamente vinculadas con las mexicanas.
Indigenism, Mestizaje, and National Identity in Mexico during the 1940s and the 1950s
Authors: Doremus Anne
Published: February 2004

In the 1940s the Mexican state stepped up its efforts to integrate the Indian into mainstream society, hoping to stimulate racial mixing or mestizaje, which it viewed as key to the nation's social and economic welfare. This article explores the diverse ways that some of Mexico's most renowned artists and intellectuals aided the state's efforts to promote mestizaje during the 1940s and the 1950s. It also reveals the contradictions in their works, and shows how film's attempts to promote mestizaje hindered those of writers and anthropologists.

Durante los años 40 el Estado mexicano doblegó sus esfuerzos para integrar al indio, esperando estimular el mestizaje, lo cual consideró como de primordial importancia para el bienestar social y económico del país. Este artículo examina las diversas maneras en que algunos de los artistas e intelectuales mexicanos más conocidos ayudaron al estado a promover el mestizaje durante los años 40 y 50. También revela las contradicciones en sus obras, y demuestra cómo los intentos del cine para promover el mestizaje entorpecieron los de los escritores y antropólogos.
Liberating theMunicipio Libre: The Normalization of Municipal Finance in Yucatan
Authors: Turner Brian
Published: February 2004

This article investigates the reform of municipal funding in Yucatán in the 1990s. At the beginning of this period, the state government had considerable discretion in municipal funding. By 2000, municipal funding practices were considerably constrained by federal law. The article explores whether, and how, political considerations entered into the distribution of these funds at the end of the Zedillo sexenio, despite reforms. After analyzing the data regarding municipal finance, the article concludes that while normalization made municipal finance somewhat less capricious, funding was still a political and partisan process in the state.

En este artículo se investiga la reforma del financiamiento municipal en Yucatán en los años noventa. Al principio de este período, el gobierno del estado tenía una injerción considerable en el manejo del financiamiento municipal. Antes de 2000, las prácticas del financiamiento municipal estaban sujetas considerablemente por ley federal. El artículo explora tanto si las consideraciones políticas fueron incorporadas en la distribución de estos fondos al final del sexenio de Zedillo, ello a pesar de las reformas, así como la manera en que tal hecho se llevó a cabo. Después de analizar los datos con respecto a las finanzas municipales, se concluye que mientras que la normalización hizo el financiamiento municipal algo menos caprichoso, el financiamiento seguía siendo un proceso político y partisano en el estado.