bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future trends in diagnosis using laboratory-on-a-chip technologies
Authors: TALARY M. S. , BURT J. P. H. , PETHIG R.
Published: July 2002

There has been an enormous growth in the development of biotechnological applications, where advances in the techniques
of microelectronic fabrication and the technologies of miniaturization and integration in semiconductor industries are
being applied to the production of Laboratory-on-a-Chip devices. The aim of this development is to create devices that
will perform the same processes that are currently carried out in the laboratory in reduced timescales, at a lower cost,
requiring less reagents, and with a greater resolution of detection and specificity. The expectations of this Laboratory-on-a-Chip revolution is that this technology will facilitate rapid advances in gene discovery, genetic mapping and gene
expression with broader applications ranging from infectious diseases and cancer diagnostics to food quality and environmental
testing. A review of the current state of development in this field reveals the scale of the ongoing revolution
and serves to highlight the advances that can be perceived in the development of Laboratory-on-a-Chip technologies.
Since miniaturization can be applied to such a wide range of laboratory processes, some of the sub-units that can be used
as building blocks in these devices are described, with a brief description of some of the fabrication processes that can be
used to create them.
Seasonal synchrony: the key to tick-borne encephalitis foci identified by satellite data
Authors: RANDOLPH S. E. , GREEN R. M. , PEACEY M. F. , ROGERS D. J.
Published: July 2002

A previous analysis of tick infestation patterns on rodents in Slovakia suggested that the key to the focal distribution of
western-type tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEv) in Europe is the geographically variable degree of synchrony in the
seasonal activity of larval and nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks. This prediction is here tested by examining records, from 7
different countries, of the seasonal variation in the abundance of larvae and nymphs feeding on rodents or questing on the
vegetation. Larvae consistently started feeding and questing earlier in the year at sites within TBEv foci than elsewhere,
so that they appeared in the spring as soon as nymphs were active. Such larval–nymphal synchrony is associated with a
rapid fall in ground-level temperatures from August to October as revealed by the satellite-derived index of Land Surface
Temperature (LST). Likewise, of 1992 pixels sampled on a grid across Europe, the 418 that fell within TBEv foci were
characterized by a higher than average rate of autumnal cooling relative to the peak midsummer LST. It is proposed that
such a seasonal temperature profile may cause unfed larvae to pass the winter in quiescence, from which they emerge
synchronously with nymphs in the spring.
The comparison of latent variable models of non-psychotic

psychiatric morbidity in four culturally diverse populations
Authors: JACOB K. S. , EVERITT B. S. , PATEL V. , WEICH S. , ARAYA R. , LEWIS G. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. Factor analysis has been employed to identify

latent variables that are unifying

constructs and that parsimoniously describe correlations among a

related group of variables.

Confirmatory factor analysis is used to test hypothesized factor

structures for a set of variables; it

can also, as in this paper be used to model data from two or more

groups simultaneously to

determine whether they have the same factor structure.

Method. Non-psychotic psychiatric morbidity, elicited by

the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule

(CIS-R), from four culturally diverse populations was compared.

Confirmatory factor analysis was

employed to compare the factor structures of CIS-R data sets from

Santiago, Harare, Rotherhithe

and Ealing. These structures were compared with hypothetical one

and two factor (depression–anxiety) models.

Results. The models fitted well with the different data

sets. The depression–anxiety model was

marginally superior to the one factor model as judged by various

statistical measures of fit. The two

factors in depression–anxiety model were, however,

highly correlated.

Conclusions. The findings suggest that symptoms of

emotional distress seem to have the same factor

structure across cultures.
Heuristics refound
Authors: Wimsatt William C.
Published: July 2002

Gigerenzer et al.'s is an extremely important book. The ecological validity of the key heuristics is strengthened by their relation to ubiquitous Poisson processes. The recognition heuristic is also used in conspecific cueing processes in ecology. Three additional classes of problem-solving heuristics are proposed for further study: families based on near-decomposability analysis, exaptive construction of functional structures, and robustness.
Looking closely at infants' performance and experimental procedures in the A-not-B task
Authors: Diamond Adele
Published: July 2002

Thelen et al.'s model of A-not-B performance is based on behavioral observations obtained with a paradigm markedly different from A-not-B. Central components of the model are not central to A-not-B performance. All data presented fit a simpler model, which specifies that the key abilities for success on A-not-B are working memory and inhibition. Intention and action can be dissociated in infants and adults.
Differences between men and women in age preferences for a same-sex partner
Authors: Over Ray , Phillips Gabriel
Published: July 2002

We show through analysis of personal advertisements that
age preferences for a homosexual or lesbian partner are similar to
differences found between men and women in age preferences for
a opposite-sex partner. Such data call into question the claim by
Kenrick & Keefe (1992) that the sex differences in age selectivity in
mate selection are governed by reproductive strategies.
The anomaly of the anomalous
Authors: Glicksohn Joseph
Published: July 2002

What R&P term the “noise reduction model”
implies that the psi-conducive state is related to the induction of an
altered state of consciousness (ASC). Yet there is a problem in
embedding psi in the ASC, because one anomaly is replacing another.
This seems to be a general strategy in the literature of the
anomalous.
Mirrors and radical behaviorism: Reflections on C. M. Heyes
Authors: Gallup Gordon G.
Published: July 2002

Heyes's attempt to reinterpret research on primate
cognition from the standpoint of radical behaviorism is strong on
dialogue and debate but weak on evidence. Recent evidence concerning
self-recognition, for example, shows that her arguments about
differential recovery from anesthetization and species differences in
face touching as alternative accounts of the behavior of primates in
the presence of mirrors) are invalid.
What is the dynamical hypothesis?
Authors: Chater Nick , Hahn Ulrike
Published: July 2002

Van Gelder's specification of the dynamical hypothesis
does not improve on previous notions. All three key attributes of
dynamical systems apply to Turing machines and are hence too general.
However, when a more restricted definition of a dynamical system
is adopted, it becomes clear that the dynamical hypothesis is too
underspecified to constitute an interesting cognitive claim.
New features for old: Creation or derivation?
Authors: Latimer Cyril R.
Published: July 2002

Schyns, Goldstone & Thibaut oppose the notion of fixed
feature analysis, suggesting the possibility of flexible feature
creation in object recognition and categorisation. Such proposals
cannot be assessed until clear definitions of the objects in question
and their decompositions are formulated. Flexibility may come from the
decompositions of objects rather than from feature creation.
Feature creation as a byproduct of attentional processing
Authors: Perruchet Pierre , Vinter Annie
Published: July 2002

Attributing the creation of new features to categorization
requirements implies that the exemplars displayed are correctly
assigned to their category. This constraint limits the scope of Schyns
et al.'s proposal to supervised learning. We present data
suggesting that this constraint is unwarranted and we argue that
feature creation is better thought of as a byproduct of the
attentional, on-line processing of incoming information.
The inverted colour space of vampires
Authors: Kranda Karel
Published: July 2002

Palmer's attempt to dust off Locke's construct of “inverted spectrum” is discussed here to examine its plausibility. Perceptual inversion could be fulfilled by adopting the notion of “inverted trichromacy” rather than by the proposed existence of “red-green reversed trichromats.” Although the former alternative conforms to a hypothetical world of vampires, it fails to conform to the realities of genetics and neuroscience.
The Churchlands' neuron doctrine: Both cognitive and reductionist
Authors: Sutton John
Published: July 2002

According to Gold & Stoljar, one cannot consistently be both
reductionist about psychoneural relations and invoke concepts developed
in the psychological sciences. I deny the utility of their distinction
between biological and cognitive neuroscience, suggesting that they
construe biological neuroscience too rigidly and cognitive neuroscience
too liberally. Then, I reject their characterization of reductionism.
Reductions need not go down past neurobiology straight to physics, and
cases of partial, local reduction are not neatly distinguishable from
cases of mere implementation. Modifying the argument from unification as
reduction, I defend a position weaker than the radical but stronger than
the trivial neuron doctrine.
What's really doing the work here? Knowledge representation or the Higher-Order Thought theory of consciousness?
Authors: O'Brien Gerard , Opie Jonathan
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner offer us a theory of explicit and implicit
knowledge that promises to systematise a large and diverse body of
research in cognitive psychology. Their advertised strategy is to
unpack this distinction in terms of explicit and implicit
representation. But when one digs deeper one finds
the “Higher-Order Thought” theory of consciousness
doing much of the work. This reduces both the plausibility and
usefulness of their account. We think their strategy is broadly
correct, but that consensus on the explicit/implicit knowledge
distinction is still a fair way off.
Knowledge by ignoring
Authors: Pietroski Paul M. , Dwyer Susan J.
Published: July 2002

Some cases of implicit knowledge involve representations of
(implicitly) known propositions, but this is not the only important
type of implicit knowledge. Chomskian linguistics suggests another model
of how humans can know more than is accessible to consciousness. Innate
capacities to focus on a small range of possibilities, thereby ignoring
many others, need not be grounded by inner representations of any
possibilities ignored. This model may apply to many domains where human
cognition “fills a gap” between stimuli and judgment.
Homeomorphisms with the whole compacta being scrambled sets
Authors: HUANG WEN , YE XIANGDONG
Published: July 2002

A homeomorphism on a metric space (X,d) is completely scrambled if for each x\not= y\in X, \lim sup_{n\longrightarrow +\infty} d(f^n(x),f^n(y))>0 and \lim inf_{n\ longrightarrow +\infty}d(f^n(x),f^n(y))=0. We study the basic properties of completely scrambled homeomorphisms on compacta and show that there are ‘many’ compacta admitting completely scrambled homeomorphisms, which include some countable compacta (we give a characterization), the Cantor set and continua of arbitrary dimension.
On the residual Julia sets of rational functions
Authors: MOROSAWA SHUNSUKE
Published: July 2002

We consider the subset of the Julia set called the residual Julia set, which comes from an analogy of
the residual limit set of a Kleinian group. We give a necessary and sufficient condition in order that
the residual Julia set is empty in the case of hyperbolic rational functions.
Depression Among Older People: A Need for Greater Awareness
Authors: Curran Stephen
Published: July 2002

During the past year depression has remained an important theme
of debate
in Britain because of its continued high prevalence and association with

suicide. Nonetheless patients are often inadequately assessed, the diagnosis
is
frequently missed, and treatment is commonly inadequate. Depression also

has a complex aetiology and physical causes including several medical
conditions are often causally related. The condition has a devastating
effect on
an individual's life and without adequate treatment can be disabling.
The
following papers examine some of these issues in detail.
Which historical sociology? A Response to Stephen Hobden's ’Theorising the International System‘
Authors: NEXON DANIEL
Published: July 2002

In a recent article in the Review of International Studies, Stephen Hobden does a great service by initiating a critical evaluation of the potential for historical sociology in international relations theory. Hobden considers seminal studies by Michael Mann, Theda Skocpol, Charles Tilly, and Immanuel Wallerstein, and concludes that each is inadequate for building an historical sociology of the international system. Articles such as Hobden's are particularly important in international relations, where many major theories are dependent upon the assumptions and methods of other disciplines. From time to time, we need to ask, in a comparative manner, just how useful such methods and assumptions really are.
Voices of peace and the legacy of reconciliation: popular music, nationalism, and the quest for peace in the Middle East
Authors: Al-Taee Nasser
Published: July 2002

This article explores political, cultural and musical issues surrounding the dispute between Palestinians and Israelis, particularly over Jerusalem, which each party uses to symbolise and promote their own perception of the conflict. Specifically, I examine selected popular musical landmarks that capture the essence of the struggle from the ultra-nationalistic tones of the 1960s and 1970s to the more reconciliatory ones in the 1990s advocating peace. Special attention is given to musical cooperation between Israeli and Palestinian singers who played a strong role in the promotion of peace within a utopian dream of coexistence between Arabs and Jews.
Time-optimal smooth-path motion planning for a mobile robot with kinematic constraints
Authors: Jiang K. , Seneviratne L.D. , Earles S.W.E.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a novel time-optimal motion planning strategy for
a mobile robot with kinematic constraints. The method works in environments
in presence of obstacles, without needing to generate the configuration space
for the robot. Further, it derives a minimum time first derivative smooth path,
as opposed to a minimum distance path which is commonly given by various present
solution techniques. The problem is solved in three stages: (i) A reduced
visibility graph for a point object is obtained. (ii) The reduced visibility
graph is converted into a feasible reduced visibility graph accounting for the
size and kinematic constraints of the robot. (iii) The A* algorithm is used to
search the feasible reduced visibility graph with the cost function being the
time of travel, to obtain a safe, time-optimal, smooth path. The algorithm runs
in polynomial time. The method has been tested in computer simulations and test
results are presented
A computer-aided product redesign system for robotic assembly
Authors: Hsu Wynne , Lee C. S. G. , Lim Andrew
Published: July 2002

It is an established fact that a majority of a product's cost is determined by its design. Hence, effort should be directed to achieve a lower cost design without sacrificing the original functionality. A computer-aided product redesign system is proposed to provide help in generating assembly-oriented redesign by taking the robotic assembly constraints into consideration. The system operates in two phases: In the first phase, an objective evaluation of the input design is performed to determine whether there is a need for redesign. During the second phase, the focus is to aid the designer in searching for feasible design alternatives. Three quantitative measures have been proposed to evaluate the conformity of an input design to a list of DFA design guidelines. If the input design received a bad evaluation results on any of the three measures, a search for feasible redesign suggestions is initiated to derive suitable redesign suggestions.
COMPOSER: A case-based reasoning system for engineering design
Authors: Purvis Lisa , Pu Pearl
Published: July 2002

The frequent use of past experience by human engineers when solving new problems has led to an interest in the use of case based reasoning (CBR) to help automate engineering design. In engineering design it often occurs that many past exp
eriences must be combined to solve a new problem, and thus the process of case based adaptation must
efficiently and systematically combine information from many sources. We have developed a constraint based methodology for case combination that allows its application across a wide range of problems. We have shown that our approach provides an efficient
adaptation methodology that ensures convergence upon a solution if one exists, provides a uniform representation of cases, and is generalizable beyond just one domain. Our technique is implemented in a case based reasoning system called COMPOSER, which ha
s been tested in two design domains: assembly sequence design and configuration design.
ViSIAr – A virtual sensor integration architecture
Authors: Hardy Nigel , Maroof Aftab Ahmad
Published: July 2002

Virtual sensors (software abstractions to support programming of sensor use) have been shown to have software-engineering benefits. A sensor integration system is required to support them. We examine the general requirements of such systems and consider the
important design requirements. An idealised architecture, ViSIAr, is proposed to serve as a framework for designing and constructing them. Illustrative examples are provided.
Local on-line planning in biped robot locomotion amongst unknown obstacles
Authors: Yagi M. , Lumelsky V.
Published: July 2002

The focus of this work is on sensor-based motion planning for a biped robot operating in a scene with unknown obstacles. Using on-line sensor information about its surroundings, the robot negotiates obstacles on its way. Depending on the obstacle's shape, size, and location, the decision-making system chooses an appropriate walking pattern. The robot

then negotiates the obstacle and resumes stable motion. The walking pattern is chosen from a small number of precomputed patterns that together cover a reasonably wide range of possible situations. The overall control strategy is based on the concept of Zero Moment Point. Each precomputed pattern guarantees dynamically stable motion; its stability is obtained by adjusting the swing leg center of mass and hip position trajectories. The approach is fast enough for real-time implementation. Simulation experiments demonstrate stability of motion when negotiating various obstacles.
ECONOMETRIC METHODS
Authors: Tripathi Gautam
Published: July 2002

The fourth edition of Econometric Methods
by Jack Johnston and John DiNardo, is a rewrite of the
venerable third edition by Johnston that sustained several
generations of economists. As stated by the authors themselves,
the reason for undertaking this major revision is to provide
a comprehensive and accessible account of currently available
econometric methodology, and in my opinion they have been
successful in achieving their objective. The book has 13
chapters and runs to 531 pages. Each chapter ends with
a selection of problems, several of which are new to this
edition. Answers are not provided, although a solutions
manual is available. Two appendices, one on matrix algebra
and the other on statistical preliminaries, are intended
to make the book as self-contained as possible. Not unexpectedly,
the appendices are somewhat tersely worded, and the reader
may wish to supplement them with additional reference material.
Conforming to current practice, the book is accompanied
by a data diskette containing several data sets, allowing
the reader to replicate the applications given in the text.
Nocturnal pollination of Parkia velutina by Megalopta bees in Amazonia and its possible significance in the evolution of chiropterophily
Authors: Hopkins M. J. G. , Hopkins H. C. Fortune , Sothers C. A.
Published: July 2002

Canopy observations of the rain forest tree Parkia velutina (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Amazonian Brazil indicate that it is pollinated by night-flying bees. The small red flowers are organized into spherical heads; they open in the late afternoon and attract Megalopta bees (Halictidae: Augochlorini) which forage for pollen after dark. In contrast to the numerous bat-pollinated species of Parkia, no nectar was detected. Nocturnal melittophily is proposed as a possible intermediate stage in the evolution of chiropterophily from diurnal entomophily in Parkia.
Effects of forest fragmentation on frugivorous and nectarivorous bats in French Guiana
Authors: Cosson Jean-François , Pons Jean-Marc , Masson Didier
Published: July 2002

The effects of tropical forest fragmentation on frugivorous and nectarivorous bats were studied on recent islands created by the flooding of a dam in French Guiana. Study sites include forest islands isolated by water, and control plots in nearby continuous forest. Studies began 1y before the onset of forest fragmentation and encompassed the first 3y after flooding. Forest fragmentation greatly modified the diversity and abundance of bats. Changes occurred more rapidly in the smallest fragments than in the largest one, and trends were remarkably similar among all the studied islands. Bat captures in islands were characterised by the scarcity of understorey frugivores. Differences in home range size and foraging strategies may explain why understorey fruit bat species are more sensitive to fragmentation than canopy ones. Changes in the frugivorous bat community may have indirect consequences on both the demographic and the genetic structures of plant populations inside forest fragments.
Can models of agents be transferred between different areas?
Authors: AYLETT RUTH , DAUTENHAHN KERSTIN , DORAN JIM , LUCK MICHAEL , MOSS SCOTT , TENNENHOLTZ MOSHE
Published: July 2002

One of the main reasons for the sustained activity and interest in the field of agent-based systems, apart from the obvious recognition of its value as a natural and intuitive way of understanding the world, is its reach into very many different and distinct fields of investigation. Indeed, the notions of agents and multi-agent systems are relevant to fields ranging from economics to robotics, in contributing to the foundations of the field, being influenced by ongoing research, and in providing many domains of application. While these various disciplines constitute a rich and diverse environment for agent research, the way in which they may have been linked by it is a much less considered issue. The purpose of this panel was to examine just this concern, in the relationships between different areas that have resulted from agent research. Informed by the experience of the participants in the areas of robotics, social simulation, economics, computer science and artificial intelligence, the discussion was lively and sometimes heated.
Argument-based applications to knowledge engineering
Authors: CARBOGIM DANIELA V. , ROBERTSON DAVID , LEE JOHN
Published: July 2002

Argumentation is concerned with reasoning in the presence of imperfect information by constructing and weighing up arguments. It is an approach for inconsistency management in which conflict is explored rather than eradicated. This form of reasoning has proved applicable to many problems in knowledge engineering that involve uncertain, incomplete or inconsistent knowledge. This paper concentrates on different issues that can be tackled by automated argumentation systems and highlights important directions in argument-oriented research in knowledge engineering.
Special issue: perspectives on recent intelligent agents research as viewed through two conferences
Authors: HOWE ADELE , PARSONS SIMON
Published: July 2002

In recent years, interest in intelligent agents has ballooned. With the WWW as a source of seemingly limitless opportunity and robotics platforms becoming cheaper and more easily maintained, the applications are myriad, challenging and within reach of even small groups.
OPTIMAL GROWTH IN CONTINUOUS-TIME WITH CREDIT RISK
Authors: Browne Sid
Published: July 2002

We consider asset allocation strategies for the
case where an investor can allocate his wealth dynamically
between a risky stock, whose price evolves according to
a geometric Brownian motion, and a risky bond, whose price
is subject to negative jumps due to its credit risk and
therefore has discontinuous sample paths. We derive optimal
policies for a number of objectives related to growth.
In particular, we obtain the policy that minimizes the
expected time to reach a given target value of wealth in
an exact explicit form. We also show that this policy is
exactly equivalent to the policy that is optimal for maximizing
logarithmic utility of wealth and, hence, the expected
average rate at which wealth grows, as well as to the policy
that maximizes the actual asymptotic rate at which wealth
grows. Our results generalize and unify results obtained
previously for cases where the bond was risk-free in both
continuous- and discrete-time.
EXTENSIVE READING IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE CLASSROOM. Richard R. Day and Julian Bamford. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. vii + 238. $59.95 cloth, $21.95 paper.
Authors: Haynes Margot
Published: July 2002

This book is delightful but needs to be approached with care.
POWER, PEDAGOGY, AND PRACTICE.Tricia Hedge and Norman
Whitney (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. xi + 398. £19.40
paper.
Authors: Baugh John
Published: July 2002

This book is a compilation of informative chapters containing selected papers
(1988–1995) that first appeared in the English Language Teaching Journal,
edited by Hedge and Whitney. The chapters have been reorganized “to provide a useful
resource for teachers, trainee teachers, teacher educators, students, and researchers” (p.
1).
Commentary on Rispoli's review
Authors: MACWHINNEY BRIAN
Published: July 2002

The debate between nativism and empiricism has been the central
issue in
developmental psychology for well over three centuries. Nowhere has the

opposition between nature and nurture been felt more keenly than in the

study of child language development. At times the debate has proven useful,

or at least entertaining. But there are those, like Matthew Rispoli, who
worry
that a fixation on this issue may reinforce a polarization that will eventually

‘run developmental psycholinguistics into the ground’.
A Hele-Shaw problem and the second Painlevé transcendent
Authors: FOKAS A. S. , TANVEER S.
Published: July 2002

We consider the time evolution of an unbounded interface between
a viscous fluid
and a displacing fluid of negligible viscosity in a Hele-Shaw geometry.
Using a
conformal mapping transformation z=F(ζ, t)

from the lower half ζ-plane to the flow
domain Ω(t) in the z-plane, the dynamics is formulated
in terms of an
integro-differential equation for F on the real ζ axis. This
formulation
is similar to earlier
results for radial and channel geometries. Using a certain explicit solution
it is shown
that the zero surface tension problem is ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard.

Furthermore, certain earlier formal asymptotic results for small but non-zero
surface
tension [47], are rigorously established. This is
achieved by relating the similarity
reduction of the Harry–Dym equation to the Painlevé II equation,
and by studying
this equation in the complex plane. In particular, it is shown that there
exists a
unique solution of Painlevé II equation which satisfies the appropriate
far-field
algebraic decay condition in a certain sector Ŝ of the
complex plane and which in Ŝ
is free of singularities. This solution asymptotes to certain elliptic
functions in other
sectors of the complex plane and contains a set of denumerably infinite
number of
singularities that approach the boundary of Ŝ from the outside at
large distances
from the origin (in the similarity variable). This is consistent with earlier
numerical
results.
On étale covers of curves
Authors: KAMIENNY S. , WETHERELL J. L.
Published: July 2002

Let K be a number field with ring of integers R.
For each integer g>1 we consider
the collection of abelian, étale R-coverings
f[ratio ]Y→X, where X and Y are connected
proper curves over R and the genus of X is g.
We ask the following question: is there
a positive integer B = B(K, g)
which bounds the degree of such coverings? In this
note we provide partial results towards such a bound and study the relationship
with bounds on torsion in abelian varieties.
On the principal blocks of F[Sfr ]11 and F[Sfr ]12
over a field of characteristic 3
Authors: TAN KAI MENG
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we construct the Ext-quivers of the principal blocks of
F[Sfr ]11 and F[Sfr ]12, where F is an
algebraically closed field of characteristic 3. We also obtain the
Loewy structures of three principal indecomposable modules of the principal block
of F[Sfr ]11.
‘Fast Craft and the COLREGS’
Authors: Weber Hanno
Published: July 2002

The May 1997 issue of the Journal contains an essay by
R. D. Pike
on fast craft. I very
much agree with his opinion on factual matters. However, I do not agree
with the
author's legal opinion on the existing COLREGS and I would
like to suggest for
consideration a much simpler solution in the future COLREGS.
Operational Benefits and Risk Reduction of Marine Accidents
Authors: Goossens L. H. J. , Glansdorp C. C.
Published: July 2002

Safety is a crucial issue in densely sailed waterways.
Traffic guidance systems (VTS) have proven
to be valuable in this respect. The effectiveness of current systems and
the benefits for
improvements in navigation are addressed in this paper. Relevant incidents
are analysed with
a risk assessment tool (Accident Sequence Precursor method) developed for
complex system
analyses. The method is capable of drawing conclusions on a high level:
strategic and tactic
events and the human errors associated with the navigator's
task cycle. Changes in current VTS
systems will not likely improve safety records in dense areas. Improvements
might best be
achieved by reducing or eliminating the human factor in incident sequences.
Operating in the North Atlantic
MNPS Airspace
Authors: Whelan Conor
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the issue of operating aircraft through the
North Atlantic's Minimum
Navigation Performance Specification (MNPS) airspace. Noting that aircraft
constantly
strive for reduced fuel burn and uplift, it describes how flight operators
and pilots conduct
safe, efficient flights through the region. Reference is made to mechanisms
of the North
Atlantic MNPS airspace in terms of its Organized Track Structure and other
routes that
exist. These different structures emphasize the level of flexibility available.
Flight planning
procedures and requirements necessary to obtain oceanic Air Traffic Control
(ATC)
clearances are mentioned, as is an account of how communication and position
reporting
procedures operate to apply the Mach Number technique. Other aspects of
MNPS
operations such as ETOPS operational restrictions, meteorological effects,
the employment
of Reduced Vertical Separation Minima and planned regional changes aim
to provide an
overview of the MNPS system's current and future air traffic management.
Current Methods for Meteorological
and Marine Forecasting for the
Assistance of Navigation and
Shipping Operations
Authors: Del Prete R. , Pezzoli A. , Pezzoli G.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this paper is to illustrate a methodology for
the enhancement of
meteorological marine forecasts tailored to the needs of navigation. The
study consists
of two parts: (1) Theoretical background. Introduction to numerical models
for weather
forecasting used by meteorological centres. A review of the most reliable
equations for
prediction of intensity and direction of wind and sea state. In particular,
reference is made
to the tables for wind forecasting developed by R. Mayençon and A. Pezzoli
and the
equations for prediction of sea state obtained by K. Haselman and D. J.
T. Carter in light
of the JONSWAP experiment. (2) Practical application. Application of the
methodology to
a real-world example: a weather forecast elaborated by the Meteohydrological
Laboratory
at Dipartimento d'Idraulica Trasporti ed Infrastrutture Civili (DITIC)
of the Polytechnic of
Turin. The forecast was requested by the Consorzio Prada Challenge 2000
as a
meteorological support for the training they held in the Tyrrhenian Sea
for the next
America's Cup series.
The Effect of Globalstar MSS
Transmissions on the Future
Reception of GLONASS
Authors: Cooper John , Daly Peter
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the impact of a new generation of mobile communications, Mobile
Satellite Services (MSS), on the reception of GLONASS signals in the future. The two
systems are very closely located in the frequency spectrum, and the effect of this co-location
has been derived. It is shown that the performance of GLONASS in a future GNSS-1 will
be heavily affected by the current emissions proposed by the Globalstar consortium.
Guiding Blind Pedestrians with a
Personal Navigation System
Authors: Dodson A. H. , Moon G. V. , Moore T. , Jones D.
Published: July 2002

With the assistance provided by the white cane or guide dog, most blind pedestrians can find
their way to known destinations along familiar routes. Finding new or known destinations
along unfamiliar routes is more challenging. Before such a journey is attempted, detailed
instructions must be acquired. The difficulty of obtaining and then reliably following such
instructions deters many blind pedestrians from travelling alone in unknown areas. This
paper demonstrates a technological approach, by way of field trials, that supplements the
existing aids and eliminates the need for sighted guides. The approach has the potential to
offer greater independence to the blind person. The investigation suggests that the
methodology used in personal navigation systems for the sighted is sub-optimal for guiding
the blind pedestrian. Suitable extensions are introduced, and the results show the proposed
methodology is efficient for guiding the blind individual to unknown destinations in the
chosen field trial environment.
The relevance of systematics in choosing priority areas for global conservation
Authors: FJELDSÅ JON
Published: July 2002

While some researchers suggest that higher taxon richness be used for setting conservation priorities, others claim that even data on ‘accepted species’ are inadequate, and that documentation of the finest patterns of differentiation is needed. The significance of taxonomic resolution was assessed using distributional data for 798 Andean bird species, which were recorded in 15′ × 15′ grid cells. This dataset was used because of the fine spatial resolution and the complex biogeographic patterns in this region. The primary database served as a template for creating three new databases, namely for genera, broadly defined biospecies and phylogenetic species. With this spatial resolution, the taxic richness ‘hotspots’ were roughly the same on all taxonomic levels, but the ratio between generic and species richness increased towards the biologically-poor high plateaus. Richness ‘hotspots’ covered only a small fraction of the endangered species. ‘Hotspots of endemism’ provided better guidance, and complementarity was decidedly best, but with generic data neither of these approaches were effective. On the other hand, the recognition of phylogenetic species revealed few new areas of endemism which were not also apparent using ‘accepted’ species. The analyses drew attention to aggregates of endemic species which are often sited in areas immediately adjacent to areas with dense human populations, possibly because traditional human settlements relied on ecoclimatic conditions which also determined the peaks of endemism. Since data are available for some taxonomic groups for detailed analysis of species data, there is little reason to base the conservation planning on coarser surrogates.
Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine protected areas
Authors: BADALAMENTI F. , RAMOS A.A. , VOULTSIADOU E. , SÁNCHEZ LIZASO J.L. , D'ANNA G. , PIPITONE C. , MAS J. , FERNANDEZ J.A. RUIZ , WHITMARSH D. , RIGGIO S.
Published: July 2002

Marine protected areas (MPAs) may be important for protecting the marine environment, but they may also have substantial socio-cultural impacts about which very little is currently known, or acknowledged. In the Mediterranean, few data are available on the socio-economic consequences of MPAs. The present study reviews the existing data on MPAs in Spain, France, Italy and Greece. A general increase in tourist activities in Mediterranean MPAs is evident, as are increases in the abundances of larger fish species, although there are no data indicating yields for fisheries increase adjacent to MPAs. A large increase in the number of divers and vessels using MPAs has already had impacts on natural benthic communities as a result of diver damage, mooring and the feeding of large fish by divers. Emphasis has been given in only a few MPAs to promoting public awareness of these impacts. Although the conservation of nature should be considered the fundamental objective of MPAs, neglecting their social, cultural and economic impacts has at times led to poor local consensus, if not hostility. We believe that planning and managing MPAs should be conducted on a multidisciplinary basis. Nonetheless, no single model can be considered valid for the whole Mediterranean. The very variable characteristics of coastal areas, from those of small uninhabited islands to those of cities, require different weightings to be assigned for each factor in order to achieve a durable equilibrium and realize the original objectives of each MPA. Only with such flexibility of management will it be possible to reach a greater understanding of the MPA system and create a lasting consensus in favour of conservation, a consensus which would mean an overwhelming majority of people actively avoiding damaging nature and preventing others from doing so.
Density dependence in marine protected populations: a review
Authors: LIZASO J.L. SÁNCHEZ , GOÑI R. , REÑONES O. , CHARTON J.A. GARCÍA , GALZIN R. , BAYLE J.T. , JEREZ P. SÁNCHEZ , RUZAFA A. PÉREZ , RAMOS A.A.
Published: July 2002

The cessation or reduction of fishing in marine protected areas (MPAs) should promote an increase in abundance and mean size and age of previously exploited populations. Thus density-dependent changes in life-history characteristics should occur when populations are allowed to recover in MPAs. In this review, we synthesize the existing information on resource limitation in marine ecosystems, density-dependent changes in life-history traits of exploited populations and evidence for biomass export from MPAs. Most evidence for compensatory changes in biological variables has been derived from observations on populations depleted by high fishing mortality or on strong year classes, but these changes are more evident in juveniles than in adults and in freshwater rather than in marine systems. It is unclear if adults of exploited marine populations are resource limited. This may suggest that exploited populations are controlled mainly by density-independent processes, which could be a consequence of the depleted state of most exploited populations. MPAs could be a useful tool for testing these hypotheses. If we assume that resources become limiting inside MPAs, it is plausible that, if suitable habitats exist, mobile species will search for resources outside of the MPAs, leading to export of biomass to areas which are fished. However, it is not possible to establish from the available data whether this export will be a response to resource limitation inside the MPAs, the result of random movements across MPA boundaries or both. We discuss the implications of this process for the use of MPAs as fisheries management tools.
Evolutionary optimization within an intelligent hybrid system
for design integration
Authors: SU D. , WAKELAM M.
Published: July 2002

An intelligent hybrid approach has been developed
to integrate various stages in total design, including
formulation of product design specifications, conceptual
design, detail design, and manufacture. The integration
is achieved by blending multiple artificial intelligence
(AI) techniques and CAD/CAE/CAM into a single environment.
It has been applied into power transmission system design.
In addition to knowledge-based systems and artificial neural
networks, another AI technique, genetic algorithms (GAs),
are involved in the approach. The GA is used to conduct
optimization tasks: (1) searching the best combination
of design parameters to obtain optimum design of gears,
and (2) optimization of the architecture of the artificial
neural networks used in the hybrid system. In this paper,
after a brief overview of the intelligent hybrid system,
the GA applications are described in detail.
The influence of demographic change and cumulative risk of
pelvic inflammatory disease on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: SIMMS I. , ROGERS P. A. , NICOLL A.
Published: July 2002

A retrospective study was carried out to determine the recent
epidemiology of ectopic
pregnancy in England between the biennial years 1988/9 and 1992/3.
The number of ectopic
pregnancy cases were combined with numbers of conceptions and the
rates analysed for trend
over time. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy rose significantly
(P=0·05) over this period.
However, this could be entirely explained by increasing numbers of
births in older women and
a highly significant positive association was found between risk of
ectopic pregnancy and
maternal age (P<0·0001). Over the study period
the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in women
aged 40 years or more was over 14 times that observed in those under
16 years of age. It is
suggested that this reflects cumulative risk of acquiring pelvic
inflammatory disease. The
surveillance of ectopic pregnancy provides a useful indicator of
the level of reproductive morbidity in women.
Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in the 1990s in Sydney,
Australia
Authors: FERSON M. J. , YOUNG L. C. , STOKES M-L.
Published: July 2002

Surveillance of hepatitis A in residents of Eastern Sydney Health
Area identified substantial
epidemics in homosexual males in 1991–2 with a peak rate of 520 per
100000 recorded in
males aged 25–29 years, and again in 1995–6, with a peak rate
of 405 per 100000 per year in
males aged 30–34 years. During 1994–5 an epidemic was detected
among disadvantaged youth
associated with injecting drug use; peak rates of 200 per 100000 per year
were reported in
males aged 25–29 years and of 64 per 100000 per year among females
aged 20–24 years. The
epidemiology of hepatitis A in these inner suburbs of Sydney is characterized
by very few
childhood cases and recurrent epidemics among homosexual men. Identified
risk groups need
to be targeted with appropriate messages regarding the importance of hygiene
and vaccination
in preventing hepatitis A. However, poor access to health services among
disadvantaged youth
and a constant influx of young homosexual males into these inner suburbs
present major
challenges to hepatitis A control.
Infection rate of Leptospira interrogans in the field rodent,

Apodemus agrarius, in Korea
Authors: CHO M. K. , KEE S. H. , SONG H. J. , KIM K. H. , SONG K. J. , BAEK L. J. , KIM H. H. , OH H. B. , KIM Y. W. , CHANG W. H.
Published: July 2002

Leptospirosis has significantly decreased in Korea since 1988,
following the leptospiral
vaccination programme initiated in 1988. Whether this wholly explains the
decreased incidence
is uncertain. As an initial step to answer this question, infection
rates of Leptospira interrogans
in field rodents, Apodemis agrarius, were examined and compared
with previous data.

Two hundred and twenty-two A. agrarius were captured during
October–December 1996.
Spirochaetes were isolated from 22 (9·9%) and leptospiral DNA was
detected in an additional
6 rodents (12·6%). Subsequent microscopic agglutination tests (MAT)
classified all these
isolates as L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar
lai. The above data did not
significantly differ from previous surveys in 1984–7. There was no
significant change of L.
interrogans infection in field rodents following the introduction
of the vaccination programme
in Korea. Further studies are needed to determine the role of human vaccination
in reducing
incidence.
Mathematical models of Haemophilus influenzae type b
Authors: COEN P. G. , HEATH P. T. , BARBOUR M. L. , GARNETT G. P.
Published: July 2002

A review of empirical studies and the development of a
simple theoretical framework are used
to explore the relationship between Haemophilus influenzae type
b (Hib) carriage and disease
within populations. The models emphasize the distinction between asymptomatic
and
symptomatic infection. Maximum likelihood methods are used to estimate
parameter values of
the models and to evaluate whether models of infection and disease are
satisfactory. The low
incidence of carriage suggests that persistence of infection is only compatible
with the absence
of acquired immunity to asymptomatic infection. The slight decline in carriage
rates amongst
adults is compatible with acquired immunity, but could be a consequence
of reduced contacts.
The low rate of disease observed in adulthood cannot be explained if protection
from disease is
a product of previous detectable exposure to Hib alone. We estimate an

Ro of 3·3 for Hib in
developed countries, which suggests that current immunization programmes
may eliminate the
infection. Analysis of the disease data set suggests the absence of maternal
immunity and
increased susceptibility to disease in the oldest age classes.
Laboratory investigation and comparison of Salmonella
Brandenburg cases in New Zealand
Authors: WRIGHT J. M. , BRETT M. , BENNETT J.
Published: July 2002

An apparent increase in the incidence of S. Brandenburg

in New Zealand, coupled with the
possibility that the virulence of the organism may also be changing, prompted
this study.

Three typing methods: macro-restriction fragment length polymorphism
(MRFLP) profiling
using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid
profiling and antimicrobial susceptibility
profiling were used to determine strain diversity amongst 115 recent and
historical isolates of
S. Brandenburg from both human cases and non-human sources.

Antimicrobial resistance was noted only in three isolates.
Plasmids of varying sizes were found
in 31 isolates. MRFLP analysis resulted in 13 different patterns. Combining
the three sets of
typing data yielded 24 composite types. Comparison of composite type, isolation
date and
geographical location of case allowed the retrospective recognition of
seven potential clusters
during the 5-year study period. Composite types of 24 (80%) of the non-human
isolates tested
were indistinguishable from human isolates, suggesting that human infection
may be via a
number of vehicles.

Although not cost-effective for routine use on all salmonella isolates,
the methods used in
this study are an important adjunct to serotyping for discrimination within
an emerging
serotype.