bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Necessarily Relative: Is Juvenile Justice Speedy Enough?
Authors: Butts Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

Despite 30 years of expanding procedural rights for juveniles, young offenders have not been provided with a constitutional right to a speedy trial. Yet concerns about timeliness are often equally pressing in the juvenile court. This study examines the timing of juvenile justice by analyzing delinquency case processing in nearly 400 jurisdictions. One fourth of all cases required 90 days or more to reach disposition—the maximum recommended by national standards. Processing time varied according to jurisdiction size, the rate of formal adjudications, and other characteristics of juvenile court caseloads.
Who Gets Revoked? A Comparison of Intensive Supervision Successes and Failures in Vermont
Authors: Ryan James E.
Published: March 2007

Little research exists on differences between intensive community supervision successes and failures. One of the reasons for this scarcity of information is that a narrow range of criteria is often used to select candidates for such programs, hence differences among those who succeed and those who fail are difficult to discern. This research examined differences between successes and failures using a more heterogeneous population—offenders placed on furlough in preparation for release from incarceration in Vermont. The main finding was that the offender most likely to fail was the same offender likely to be selected for intensive community supervision.
Review Essay: Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Social Policy
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

This essay discusses some of the major facets of the race, ethnicity, and crime topic and identifies the major questions that need to be addressed. It reviews the development of criminological interest in this topic from the 1920s to the present. Furthermore, it reviews the evidence on race and crime and on ethnicity and gang behavior. Finally, it examines a number of recent statements that have addressed issues of public policy related to “underclass” crime.
Children in Custody: 20-Year Trends in Juvenile Detention, Correctional, and Shelter Facilities
Authors: Smith Bradford
Published: March 2007

Using data drawn from the Children in Custody (CIC) statistical series, this article presents 20-year trends (1) in the number and characteristics of juvenile correctional facilities, (2) in the number and characteristics of youth held in juvenile correctional facilities, and (3) in the costs of confinement of youth held in juvenile correctional facilities. A brief history and some of the limitations of the CIC data are presented. The new Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement that replaced CIC in 1997 is briefly described. The article concludes that, even after controlling for the size of the at-risk juvenile population and inflation, there were more juveniles, more males, more minorities, and more violent offenders in more crowded, secure, and costly juvenile correctional facilities in 1995 than there were in the preceding years.
A Comparative Recidivism Analysis of Releasees from Private and Public Prisons
Authors: Lanza-Kaduce Lonn , Parker Karen F. , Thomas Charles W.
Published: March 2007

This research compared the recidivism rates of groups of releasees from privately and publicly operated prisons. The study consisted of 198 male releasees from two private facilities in Florida who were precision matched with releasees from public prisons. Recidivism over one year was measured in alternative ways. The private prison group had lower rates of recidivism. Those released from private prisons who reoffended committed less serious subsequent offenses than did their public prison counterparts. The two groups were similar in how long it took for rearrest or for the first recidivism event to occur.
Elite Perceptions of the Poor: Reflections for a Comparative Research Project
Authors: De Swaan Abram , Manor James , Øyen Else , Reis Elisa P.
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the ways in which the elites perceive the poor, especially in those societies where poverty is most prevalent. The poor are dependent on the elites, but the elites are also affected by the poor: their presence creates negative external effects in the lives of the elites (threats such as crime, contagion, pollution, vagrancy and rebellion) but they also represent opportunities for the established strata (as potential workers, soldiers and, more recently, as consumers and voters). Members of the elites cannot ward off these threats, or realize the opportunities on their own: that requires collective action on their part. Thus, an awareness of these interdependencies and a sense of responsibility among the elites, a `social consciousness', may well be a necessary condition for intervention to reduce poverty. This article presents the theoretical and methodological reflections underlying a comparative research project into elite perceptions of poverty.
Women's Participation in Armed Forces Cross-Nationally: Expanding Segal's Model
Authors: Iskra Darlene , Trainor Stephen , Leithauser Marcia , Segal Mady Wechsler
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors analyse and extend Segal's theory of factors affecting women's military participation cross-nationally through a literature review on three very different countries, Australia, Mexico and Zimbabwe. These countries differ not only in geographic location, but also in how the dimensions of Segal's theory apply to each. Segal's model focuses on societal and institutional-level variables, in the military, in the culture and in the social structure that affect the degree and nature of women's participation in the armed forces. While the model fits in a general sense, the authors find that other variables need to be added, and existing ones revised. Thus, they propose an expansion of Segal's theory to include additional factors and hypotheses for the relationship between each of these variables and the extent of women's participation in a nation's armed force, using examples from Australia, Mexico and Zimbabwe.
Sociology of Work at the Crossroad
Authors: Castillo Juan José
Published: March 2007

In the author's opinion, the `big question' now facing sociologists derives from the evident contrast between, on the one hand, work situations and the problems found there (e.g. poor working conditions), and on the other, the way in which research programmes focus on very similar issues in countries with very different social, economic and cultural situations. Researchers appear to be obsessed with what are mistakenly seen as cosmopolitan issues.

The author identifies a number of different perspectives from which one can explore the possible future of the sociology of work: the organization of the profession, its academic-scientific structure, and trends in work and in social demand for the discipline.

The author argues that to ensure a positive future for both the sociology of work and the societies in which it is practised, sociology must regain its role in the definition of sociological problems and so prevent the conscious ideological trivialization of the discipline. He also argues the case for continual theoretical reconstruction and epistemological vigilance so that sociology can define its theoretical field and identify possible paths towards a greater social role for the discipline.
The Impact of Metropolitanism on Central City Education
Authors: Ranney David C.
Published: March 2007

Among the many forces affecting the quality of education in large city school systems is the interaction of the school systems with their suburban counter-parts. This paper analyzes the determinants of school expenditures in large cities with special emphasis on the relationship between city and suburban school expenditures.
A Replication among School Principals of the Gross Study of Role Conflict Resolution
Authors: Sayan Donald L. , Charters W. W.
Published: March 2007

This study tested Gross's theory of role-conflict resolution by collecting measures on the predictor variables in advance of the time at which actors encountered and resolved role conflict. Other procedures closely replicating those used by Gross were also followed. In both situations predictions failed to exceed levels of chance. This raised questions concerning the differences between the studies and concerning the efficacy of the theory.
Toward a Theory of Collective Negotiations
Authors: Vantine A. William
Published: March 2007

Collective negotiations is becoming a modus operandi in many school districts throughout the United States. This article presents a theoretical framework that might be used by researchers and practitioners to understand the various dimensions and complexities of the bargaining process.
A Methodological Approach to the Problem of Administrative Control in Human Service Organizations
Authors: Ammentorp William M. , Popper Samuel H. , Morris Jon R.
Published: March 2007

Students of delivery systems in education and the other human services are making increasing use of concepts drawn from organization technology, control theory, and human system design. These concepts are frequently integrated in computer simulation models where alternative management decisions, policies, and organization structures can be tested prior to implementation. The authors explore the direction of this development and point to potential areas of application and research. The central theme of the article is one of control and the relationship between control, structure, and workflow of human service organizations.
Public Prejudice Against Women School Administrators: The Possibility of Change
Authors: Stockard Jean
Published: March 2007

This paper uses survey data to explore the extent to which greater contact with women school administrators and changing generations can influence public prejudice toward women administrators and override the impact of regional and educational differences on these attitudes. Little support is found for these possibilities. Specifications of cognitive dissonance and consistency theories, specifically involving the problems of generalizing from one situation to another and the need for sufficient stimuli to create dissonance, are used to explain these findings. If affirmative action programs result in more women being hired for line administrative positions, however, it is suggested that sufficient dissonance or cognitive inconsistency may be created to produce attitude change.
Functional Requirements and the Theory of Action
Authors: Hills R. Jean
Published: March 2007

This article was prompted by recent questioning of the concept offunctional requirements. The author's investigation and analysis of the Parsonian theory of action are the basis of this treatment and clarification of action theory and the notion offunctional requirements. The centrality of the concept to that body of thought is underscored, and a paradigm for empirical analysis is suggested.
Elementary School Principals' Work Behavior
Authors: Kmetz John T. , Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

The work behavior of five elementary school principals was examined using Mintzberg's structured observation technique. The principals' activities exhibited the intensity, variety, and fragmentation typical of administrator work. Compared with secondary principals in an earlier study, the elementary principals' pace was less hectic, and they spent more time on the instructional program. They also exhibited many individual differences. The authors conclude with a consideration of the limitations of structured observation. The article is an expanded version of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York Citv, March 1982.
Evolution in the Profession
Authors: Goldhammer Keith
Published: March 2007

The early growth ofprofessionalism in educational administration is traced, and the pervasive hope and energetic activity that characterized the field in the early 1950s and gave promise for continued development of the profession are noted. The promise was unfulfilled, largely because any progress made in knowledge expansion was overshadowed by powerful and rapidly changing influences upon the schools and upon the practice of administration. It is contended that these influences may have had greater impact on shaping the profession than did any of the rational efforts being expended in the universities. Finally, the various areas in which educational administration stillfalls short of meeting the criteria established for full acceptance as profession are examined.
Predictors of Teachers' Preferences Concerning their Evaluation
Authors: Stark Joan S. , Lowther Malcolm A.
Published: March 2007

Personal backgrounds, skills, and attitudes toward professional success reported by experienced classroom teachers modestly predicted preferences for ways of evaluating their work. Teachers view their work as an amalgam: a labor, a profession, a craft, and an art. Achieving consensus regarding teacher evaluation may require multifaceted approaches that recognize varied teacher needs and backgrounds.
Leader Substitutes in Educational Organizations
Authors: Freeston Kenneth R.
Published: March 2007

This study, using stepwise multiple regression analysis, examined the presence of leader substitutes in educational organizations, the relationship between leader substitutes, department head leader behaviors, and teacher-perceived organizational commitment, role ambiguity, and role conflict. Into this study, I incorporated the variables, design, methodology, instrumentation, and data analysis procedures developed by Kerr and Jermier (1978). Generally, leader substitutes, not leader behaviors, were identifled by teachers as having significant relationships to the criterion variables of organizational commitment and role ambiguity. Both leader substitutes and leader behavior weresignificant predictor variables with role conflict.
Teacher Teaming in Middle Schools: Dilemmas for a Schoolwide Community
Authors: Kruse Sharon D. , Louis Karen Seashore
Published: March 2007

This article presents an analysis of the experiences of four middle schools with interdisciplinary teams. The findings suggest that although teaming is often considered to be a vehicle for the development of community in schools, it may also present tensions for the development of cohesiveness across teams. The findings are presented in the form of dilemmas for middle school administrators who seek to develop a school wide community that can support both teacher and student development.
Knowledge Utilization in Educational Policy and Politics: Conceptualizing and Mapping the Domain
Authors: Mitchell Douglas E. , Boyd William Lowe
Published: March 2007

Based on the authors' work on the Knowledge Base Project for the University Council for Educational Administration, they have constructed a heuristic, conceptual map of how knowledge is used in educational policy and politics. In this article, they present this conceptual map and analyze its implications for research and practice. The basic framework, which is graphically represented and explained, consists of three intersecting dimensions: policy control mechanisms, paradigm versus parameter-knowledge types, and five distinctive analytical levels. The authors find that a troublesome gap exists between believable paradigms of educational policy and politics and documented operational parameters for these paradigms. Problem such as these, highlighted by the mapping, suggest areas in which future research is especially needed.
Confidence Intervals for Effect Sizes
Authors: Fan Xitao , Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2007

Confidence intervals for reliability coefficients can be estimated in various ways. The present article illustrates a variety of these applications. This guidelines editorial also promulgates a request that EPM authors report confidence intervals for reliability estimates whenever they report score reliabilities and note what interval estimation methods they have used. This will reinforce reader understanding that all statistical estimates, including those for score reliability, are affected by sampling error variance. And these requirements may also facilitate understanding that tests are not impregnated with invariant reliability as a routine part of printing.
The Performance of the Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimator in Multiple Regression Models with Missing Data
Authors: Enders Craig K.
Published: March 2007

A Monte Carlo simulation examined the performance of a recently available full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimator in a multiple regression model with missing data. The effects of four independent variables were examined (missing data technique, missing data rate, sample size, and correlation magnitude) on three outcome measures: regression coefficient bias, R2 bias, and regression coefficient sampling variability. Three missing data patterns were examined based on Rubin’s missing data theory: missing completely at random, missing at random, and a nonrandom pattern. Results indicated that FIML estimation was superior to the three ad hoc techniques (listwise deletion, pairwise deletion, and mean imputation) across the conditions studied. FIML parameter estimates generally had less bias and less sampling variability than the three ad hoc methods.
Academic Predictors for Black Students
Authors: Tatham Clifford B. , Tatham Elaine L.
Published: March 2007

Forty-five black males and 28 black females were designated as being either academically successful (graduation or GPA at least 1.0) or academically unsuccessful. A two way (Sex × Academic Success) multivariate analysis of variance indicated that with respect to SAT-V, SAT-M, and HSR standard score, the males differed significantly ( p < .005) from the females. The successful males differed ( p < .10) from the unsuccessful males with respect to these three variables, but no such difference was found for females. Measures of academic achievement should not be the only measures used in selecting black students for admittance to college. Other measures such as motivation and socio-economic background need to be explored.
The Comparative Validities of Three Scoring Systems Applied to An Objective Achievement Examination in Chemistry
Authors: Holmes Roy A. , Michael Joan J. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 67 university students in an upper division course in organic chemistry for nonmajors, a probabilistic scoring method applied to a 72-item standardized multiple-choice examination in which each question was answered by every student yielded a validity coefficient at least equal to as well as an estimate of reliability higher than the corresponding indices associated with two traditional scoring formulas.
A Computer Program for Hotelling's T2 for Single or Related Samples With Optional Post-Hoc and Contrasting Univariate Analyses
Authors: Lutz J. Gary
Published: March 2007

The program performs Hotelling's T2 for single or related samples. It has utility as a research tool in that it follows the test with any of three post-hoc analyses: simultaneous confidence intervals for individual variables, for user-supplied linear compounds, and for the optimum linear compound of the variables. Also, the program has utility as an instructional tool in that it tests more than one hypothesis for a given data set and provides corresponding univariate tests for comparison. Finally, the program generates the equation of the confidence region for the population centroid and determines the relative location of each hypothesized centroid.
An Empirical Comparison of Two Individual Differences Multidimensional Scaling Models
Authors: Shikiar Richard
Published: March 2007

Two recently formulated models of individual differences multidimensional scaling (MDS) were compared empirically over five different judgment tasks. Comparisons were made for both stimulus dimensions and subject parameters. Results indicate remarkable similarity for the stimulus dimensions and moderate agreement for the subject parameters. Additional comparisons involving differing obliquities of solutions for individuals were also made, with inconclusive results.
Predicting Performance in a Combined Undergraduate and Medical Education Program
Authors: Richards James M. , Calkins E. Virginia , McCanse Andrew , Burgess Michael M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the prediction of success in the six-year combined undergraduate and medical education program at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Students enter this program directly from high school, and at the end of six years receive their bachelors and medical degrees simultaneously. In addition to the usual measures of academic success, criteria for this study included measures of personal development, participation in cultural and community activities, and attitudes and plans with respect to various kinds of medical careers. The best predictor for any given criterion variable tended to be previous standing on the same variable, and in general adding other predictor variables improved prediction only a little. Academic performance was largely independent of other criteria. Implications for selection policy are considered.
Comparison of Cartoon and Verbal Methods of School Attitude Assessment Through Multitrait-Multimethod Validation
Authors: Arlin Marshall N. , Hills David
Published: March 2007

Cartoon and noncartoon versions of three North Carolina Advancement School instruments measuring attitudes toward school climate, arithmetic, and language arts were given to 402 children, grades 2-6. Pupils were asked which version they preferred, and validity was examined using an adaptation of the multitrait-multimethod procedure. Pupils greatly preferred the cartoon versions to the verbal versions, but no differences were found between the validity of the cartoon and noncartoon versions.
Predictive Validity of the American University of Beirut Trial Aptitude Battery
Authors: Abu-Sayf F.K. , Za'rour George I.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of student scores on a battery of tests given at the time of their admission to the American University of Beirut and their subsequent college grades, the validity of the three new tests for predicting college grades was obtained. The results in general suggested a low to moderate predictive validity for each of the tests. Suggestions for test revision were based on item analysis and on classification of the items in terms of both the factors of science aptitude and the subject matter each item represents.
Empirical Option Weighting with a Correction for Guessing
Authors: Reilly Richard R.
Published: March 2007

Because previous reports have suggested that the lowered validity of tests scored with empirical option weights might be explained by a capitalization of the keying procedures on omitting tendencies, a procedure was devised to key options empirically with a "correction-for-guessing" constraint. Use of the new procedure with Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) data resulted in smaller increases in reliability than those observed when unconstrained procedures were used, but validities for quantitative subforms were not appreciably lowered. Validities for verbal subforms were lowered slightly, however.
A Computer Program to Calculate Adjusted and Unadjusted Interrater Reliabilities for Sets and Subsets of Judges
Authors: Greene John F. , McCook William M. , Archambault Francis X.
Published: March 2007

A computer program to be used to assess interrater reliabilities has been written. Given judges' ratings on a set of variables pertaining to subjects or events, the program will produce for each variable, a printed analysis of variance summary table for between subjects/ events, within subjects/events, and between judges sources of variability, a reliability coefficient, an adjusted reliability coefficient and means and standard deviations for each rater. Further, analysis of variance and reliability output for subsets of judges is generated.
Q Factor Analysis: Applications To Educational Testing and Program Evaluation
Authors: Redburn F. Stevens
Published: March 2007

The potential use of Q factor analysis for evaluating and designing educational and clinical programs is discussed and illustrated. The advantages of this technique in comparison to normative measurement employing prevalidated or a priori scales include additional richness of theoretical insight, discovery of the structure as well as the content of the individual's thinking, relative independence from prior conceptualization, and efficiency in gathering detailed information quickly. Q factor analysis is most appropriate for use in clinical or educational situations where available typologies or scales seem inadequate, where the psychological dynamics of learning or treatment are not well understood, or where it is desirable to avoid anticipating the precise direction and character of program impact. Several practical applications of the technique are suggested.
A Preliminary Validation of an Instrument To Measure the Degree of Counselor Restrictive-Nonrestrictive Cognitive Orientation
Authors: Seay Thomas A. , Riley F. Terrill
Published: March 2007

The present study was designed to provide a source of empirical validity for an instrument which measures the degree of cognitive functioning of a counselor along a restrictive-nonrestrictive dimension. The restrictive-nonrestrictive dimension refers to a holistic orientation as a mode for experiencing life by the receptivity toward the processing of and responding to sources of internal and external stimuli. To establish validity for the instrument, one hundred eleven counselor trainees in different phases of a training program designed to produce open and humanistic counselors were compared on the Counselor R Scale. The Rokeach Dogmatism Scale was included for analysis, since it was thought to be a component of the restrictive-nonrestrictive dimension. In the use of a 2 × 4 analysis of variance design for unequal n's, the study provided data supporting the hypothesis that counselors in different phases of their training would differ in their scores on the Counselor R Scale. As a trainee progresses through a humanistically oriented training program, he or she can be expected to move from the restrictive to the nonrestrictive ends of the measured dimension. Conclusions, implications, and future research potential were described.
Predictive Validity of Svib Pharmacist Scales
Authors: Johnson Richard W. , Kirk Kenneth W. , Ohvall Richard A.
Published: March 2007

The predictive validity of the old and new men's Pharmacist scales and the new women's Pharmacist scale on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank was investigated for 279 male and 76 female pharmacy students. Each of the three scales significantly differentiated between graduates and nongraduates from the pharmacy program. Separate sex norms appeared to be necessary for the two men's scales, but not for the new women's scale. The women's scale most accurately identified the pharmacy majors and produced the highest correlations with the criterion for both sexes.
The Validity of the Sra Achievement Series, Multilevel Edition: Reading, Language Arts, and Arithmetic Subtests for Minority and Non-Minority Group Fourth Grade Pupils
Authors: Tokar Edward B. , Stofflet Frederick
Published: March 2007

Significant positive correlations, with one exception, between ratings of fourth grade pupils by teachers on a three point scale and scores on the Reading, Language Arts, and Arithmetic subtests of the SRA Achievement Series, Multilevel Edition, Blue Form E suggested that these subtests would be valid measures of group academic achievement by both minority and non-minority children. A nonsignificant correlation between SRA reading and teacher's rating of minority group pupil reading achievement suggested a need for further investigation. Correlations between SRA subtest scores and teacher's ratings ranged from .20 to .57 for minority group pupils and from .46 to .55 for non-minority group pupils.
Two Measures of Resultant Achievement Motivation: Their Relationships To Each Other and To Academic Performance for Three Samples of College Males
Authors: Waters L.K. , Waters Carrie Wherry
Published: March 2007

The Mehrabian and Hermans scales of resultant achievement motivation were correlated with each other and with cumulative grade point average for three samples of lower division college males. In each sample, the two scales were significantly, but not highly, correlated (average r = .31). The Hermans scale was consistently related to grade point average across samples. Significantly more accurate predictions of academic performance were obtained for lower fear of failure students and for students who perceived their present course grades as more important to their future career plans than for students who perceived present grades as less important to their future career plans.
Validation of the Personal Orientation Dimensions: an Inventory for the Dimensions of Actualizing
Authors: Shostrom Everett L. , Knapp Robert R. , Knapp Lila
Published: March 2007

The Personal Orientation Dimensions (POD) (Shostrom, 1975) has been developed as a refinement and extension of the measurement of concepts of actualizing. Samples nominated as actualizing or as non-actualizing were administered the POD to establish the validity of the instrument for differentiating between such clinically recognized populations. That all scales significantly differentiated these samples thus demonstrated the validity of the POD for discriminating between samples clinically observed to be actualizing or non-actualizing.
Prediction of School Readiness and Early Grade Achievement By Classroom Teachers
Authors: Buttram Joan , Covert Robert W. , Hayes Marjorie
Published: March 2007

The Hayes Early Identification Listening Response Test (HEILRT) designed to measure school readiness, emphasizes listening comprehension, visual perceptual, and fine motor skills. The HEILRT was administered to kindergarten children in medium-sized groups in 20 minute sessions. The two levels of the test correlated .79 and .83 with the Metropolitan Readiness Test. No significant correlations were obtained btween the HEILRT and demographic indices. The test also correlated highly positive with first and second grade achievement. The major strength of the test is its effectiveness in identifying preschool children who may experience achievement problems in early elementary grades.
Comments on the Analysis of Variance Strategy for the Computation of Intraclass Reliability
Authors: Selvage Rob
Published: March 2007

ANOVA computed intraclass reliability coefficients are often underestimated because ANOVA assumptions are ignored. Assumptions of an alternate technique are explored. Biasedness of the intraclass reliability coefficient is discussed and a table of corrections presented.
A Computer Program for the Analysis of Categorical Data
Authors: Serlin Ronald C.
Published: March 2007

A computer program is described which performs the Bowker test of symmetry in a square contingency table, the Light-Margolin and Pearson tests for homogeneity in non-ordered contingency tables, the Kruskal-Wallis test for ordered dependent variables, and the Kendall and Maxwell tests for monotonic trend in ranks. The description includes the input, output, limitations, and availability of the program.
Strategies in Canonical Correlation with Application to Behavioral Data
Authors: Wood Donald A. , Erskine James A.
Published: March 2007

Since canonical correlation is being increasingly applied in the behavioral sciences, a comprehensive appraisal of its merits is warranted. A survey of the literature employing this technique indicates incomplete use of the method and confusion in canonical terminology. This paper reviews and integrates four analytical procedures that provide interpretive assistance for canonical solutions: (a) testing for significance, (b) estimating stability, (c) naming dimensions, and (d) predicting within dimensions identified. These procedures are used to analyze 309 skilled factory worker job value and perceived job characteristic responses to 35 work referent items. Results show that: (a) only three of the twelve highly significant (p < .01) canonical correlations indicate meaningful underlying constructs, (b) stability estimates are necessary to identify these constructs, (c) only a selected subset of work referent items is crucial to dimensional naming, and (d) prediction is bi-directionally significant (p < .01) within each dimension interpreted. Future canonical applications can provide substantive contributions to the behavioral sciences only with a full appreciation and implementation of these analytical strategies.
Criterion-Referenced Reliability Estimated by Anova
Authors: Lovett Hubert T.
Published: March 2007

For criterion-referenced (C-R) tests, variance was defined as a measure of the variability of scores from the criterion of minimal, acceptable performance. By analogy to norm-referenced test theory C-R reliability was defined as the proportion of observed variance attributable to true variance. The definition of C-R reliability was then extended to the mean of a number of parallel measures. A typical test situation was described as a randomized, complete block design. For this design a score model was formulated which incorporated the criterion of minimal, acceptable performance. Expected values for the mean squares, error and person, were derived and shown to be equal to observed and error variance for C-R tests. C-R reliability was then redefined in terms of the expected values, error and person. Using the methods developed, C-R was calculated for a hypothetical example.
Normal Scaling of the Unidimensional Dominance Matrices: the Domain Referenced Model
Authors: Krus David J. , Krus Patricia H.
Published: March 2007

Described is an alternative algorithm for Thurstone's pair comparisons method. This algorithm provides an improved capacity for handling indeterminate proportions of 1.00 and 0.00 as well as untruncated estimates of population scale values.
An Algorithm for Assessing Factor Structure Congruence
Authors: Armenakis Achilles A. , Feild Hubert S. , Wilmoth James N.
Published: March 2007

The coefficient of congruence is a quantitative measure of the similarity of factor structures for different samples of subjects. This paper is intended to inform interested readers of the availability of a computer program capable of computing coefficients of congruence of factor structures.
Moderation of Achievement Prediction in an Elementary School Metric Curriculum by Trait X Instructional Method Interactions
Authors: Keim-Abbott Sylvia , Abbott Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The interaction of mental ability and two instructional methods (instructor-paced guided discovery and student-paced mastery learning) was investigated for a second grade linear metric curriculum unit. As predicted, mental ability was positively ( r = .71) correlated with achievement for students ( N = 47) taught by the guided discovery method, but mental ability was essentially uncorrelated ( r = .12) with achievement on the metric unit for students ( N = 55) taught by the mastery learning method. Areas of significant differences were found using multiple regression methods and the Johnson-Neyman technique. The implications of the trait X treatment interaction found in this study were discussed with respect to instructional theory and the prediction of academic achievement.
Relationships of Indices of Eighth Grade Academic Achievement to Sex and to Measures of Differentiated Aptitudes and Personality Traits
Authors: Merrifield Philip R. , Hummel-Rossi Barbara
Published: March 2007

Relationships between achievement measures and those of aptitude, sex, and personality traits were explored in a sample of 226 eighth grade students in a suburban school. Eighteen aptitude measures and a 14-scale personality inventory were administered and factor analyzed; salient tests and scales were selected as predictors of standardized measures of academic achievement. Results of a sequential, step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that an evaluation of systems test (Figure Analogies) and a production of systems test (Word Grouping) together predicted 48 to 52% of variances in standardized tests of language, mathematics, and social studies. That sex was not a significant predictor of achievement reflected a possible breakdown in the previously identified strong sex-linked patterns between traits and achievement.
An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of Heterogeneous Regression Slopes in Analysis of Covariance
Authors: Hamilton Basil L.
Published: March 2007

The effects of violation of the assumption of homogeneity of regression on the Type I error rate and on the power of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were investigated. The data situations included in the study involved two groups with one covariate and one criterion, with varying equal and unequal group sizes, and varying degrees of violation of the assumption of homogeneity of regression. Results indicated that ANCOVA appeared robust to the violation of the assumption of homogeneity of regression when group sizes were equal; the technique appeared not to be robust for unequal group sizes. For equal group sizes and all slope combinations, the empirical alpha levels were near the corresponding nominal alpha levels. For unequal group sizes and unequal regression slopes, however, large discrepancies were observed between the empirical alpha levels and the corresponding nominal alpha levels. Results also indicated that the power of ANCOVA was not severely altered by heterogeneous regression slopes as long as the group sizes were equal.
Relationships in Analogy Items: a Semantic Component of a Psychometric Task
Authors: Whitely Susan E.
Published: March 2007

The verbal analogy item has played a major role in the measurement of intelligence. Despite numerous correlational studies, however, neither the nature of intelligence nor the nature of the cognitive strategies and semantic structures that govern analogy test performance is well understood. These doubts arise from the apparent inappropriateness of correlational data for studying cognitive processes and structures, and the dearth of experimental research on the analogy item as a cognitive task. As a first step to investigate the analogy item as a cognitive task, the current study attempted to identify a semantic structure of relationships that individuals use to comprehend the completed analogy. A latent partition analysis of subjects' categorizations of keyed analogy items, grouped according to relational similarity, yielded eight latent types of relationships which generalized across subjects and items. Implications of the results for test development and test validity are discussed, and the content of the latent categories are compared to the semantic cognitive structures postulated by major theorists on intelligence.
Tailor: A Fortran Procedure for Interactive Tailored Testing
Authors: Cudeck Robert A. , Cliff Norman , Kehoe Jerard F.
Published: March 2007

TAILOR, a FORTRAN program for tailored testing, is described. The procedure for a joint ordering of persons and items with no pretesting as the basis for the tailored test is given, and a brief discussion of the computer program is included.
Computer Procedure to Compute Unweighted Means Analysis for Two-Factor Fixed Effects Analysis of Variance
Authors: Smith Robert A. , James Mark , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

A computer program is described that computes F ratios and attendant probabilities for two-factor fixed effects analysis of variance designs with disproportional cell frequencies. The number of levels for each factor is limited to five and all zero values are considered to be equivalent to missing values.
A New Formula Score
Authors: Abu-Sayf F.K.
Published: March 2007

A new formula for the correction for chance success was advanced and investigated, the mathematical solution of which has the property of equating the scores of fast and slow examinees of equal competence. On an 80-item test of English vocabulary, examinees informed of this new scoring system—which encourages the use of partial knowledge while discouraging random guessing—were found to omit unknown items more frequently than those following the directions of the three most commonly used scoring systems. It was also found that the new scores were more reliable than the others, but only for difficult tests.
An Examination of the Bilevel Dimensionality of Lower and Higher Mental Processes in Probability Achievement
Authors: Weber Margaret B.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the bilevel dimensionality of probability achievement, as operationalized by Levin (1975), through using three psychometric procedures: (1) Rasch latent trait analysis; (2) factor analysis; and (3) classical item analysis. It was found that seven items exceeded the criterion fit for the unilevel latent trait model. The remaining items defined a unidimensional trait. The factor structure lent support to the concept of unidimensionality. Further, the point biserial coefficients indicated increased homogeneity among only Rasch fitting items compared with that in the original test.
A Comparison of the Predictive Validity of a Measure of General Intelligence and a Piaget-Derived Test Relative to an Achievement Examination in High School Chemistry
Authors: Carlson Jerry S. , Dalton Starrett , Fagal Ruth E.
Published: March 2007

Intelligence test scores and the Piaget-derived Longeot test scores were compared as predictors of chemistry achievement. It was found that intelligence test scores (IQ scores) did predict both concrete and formal chemistry achievement more accurately than did the Longeot scores. However, it was pointed out that the construct measured by the Longeot is more clearly defined than the construct measured by the intelligence test. In this respect the Longeot measure may be preferable to the intelligence test.
The Use of Chance Corrected Percentage of Agreement to Interpret the Results of a Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Wiedemann Carl F. , Fenster C. Abraham
Published: March 2007

Most programs for performing discriminant analysis provide a summary table of hits and misses in predicting group membership by using the discriminant function. The interpretation of such tables can be enhanced greatly by computing Cohen's kappa, κ, the chance corrected percentage of agreement between actual and predicted group membership. The standard error of kappa can be used to set confidence limits for the accuracy of the discriminant prediction and to test the difference in predictive accuracy for two independent samples. This was demonstrated in this article, using data previously published in a more preliminary form.
Comparing Package Programs for Factor Analysis
Authors: Wimberley Ronald C.
Published: March 2007

Earlier comparisons of packaged programs for factor analysis are updated because of recent revisions in some programs. The top status of SPSS is no longer so apparent as formerly. BMD and SAS now have expanded options. SAS has flexibility and convenience.
A Modified Rule of Thumb for Evaluating Scale Reproducibilities Determined By Electronic Computers
Authors: Hofmann Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The Goodenough technique for determining scale error is compared to the Guttman technique and demonstrated to be more conservative than the Guttman technique. Implications with regard to Guttman's evaluative rule of thumb for evaluating a reproducibility are noted.
A Correlation of Barron's Ego Strength Scale and Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale
Authors: Martin John D. , Stokes Elizabeth H. , Ayers Joyce L.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation was initiated to determine the degree of relationship between measures of the respective constructs of ego strength and dogmatism. The instruments employed in the investigation were Barron's Ego Strength Scale and Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale. The subjects utilized in the study were 53 (25 males, 28 females) undergraduate students from an Adolescent Psychology class at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee. It was hypothesized that a significant but inverse relationship existed between ego strength and dogmatism. A Pearson product-moment correlation between the relevant measures eventuated in a coefficient of -.42, which was significant beyond the .01 level.
The Relationship of Scores on Elizur's Hostility System on the Rorschach to the Acting-Out Score on the Hand Test
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Brent Diana
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree of relationship between Elizur's (1949) Hostility Scoring on the Rorschach to the Acting-Out Score on the Hand Test (Wagner, 1961). The subjects were 29 volunteers with a mean age of 34 years from the general population. The Rorschach and the Hand Test were administered individually to each subject in a single sitting. The Pearson product-moment correlation technique was used to compare the acting-out score with the hostility level. The correlational coefficients obtained in the study ranged from .40 to .64 and attained significance beyond the .01 level. The results of the study indicate that there is a significantly positive relationship between the two measures of aggressiveness. The Hand Test might better be utilized in predicting the direction to the aggressiveness as it also takes into consideration the positive or socially acceptable feelings manifested by the subject.
Tests of Hypotheses for Unbalanced Factorial Designs Under Various Regression/Coding Method Combinations
Authors: Blair R. Clifford , Higgins J.J.
Published: March 2007

The controversy surrounding regression methods for unbalanced factorial designs is well known and well documented in articles by Overall and Spiegel (1969), Rawlings ( 1972), Gocka (1973), Overall and Spiegel (1973a), Overall and Spiegel (1973b), Appelbaum and Cramer (1974), Overall, Spiegel and Cohen (1975), and Rock, Werts and Linn (1976) to name just a few. Since it is possible to use any one of several popular systems for coding independent classification variables (Kerlinger and Pedhazur, 1973) with any one of the proposed regression methods, it is not surprising that some controversy has arisen concerning these coding schemes as well (Wolf and Cartwright, 1974; Bogartz, 1975; Overall, Spiegel, and Cohen, 1975). To add to the confusion of the applied researcher, "canned" computer programs employ different regression methods (Golhar and Skillings, 1976) in conjunction with different coding schemes with little (or even worse, incorrect) documentation (Francis, 1973). This is important because, as will be shown below, different regression methods when used in combination with different coding schemes yield tests of different hypotheses. Some of these hypotheses seem quite useful, while others do not. Noteworthy also is the fact that these hypotheses as functions of regression/coding method combinations have not been explicitly delineated in the educational literature. Implicit in this paper then is the assumption that researchers assessing unbalanced factorial designs should be aware of the statistical hypotheses which they are bringing under test. This is true when the researcher designs his or her own regression model as well as when packaged computer programs are being used. In order to aid the applied researcher through this maze, then, the purposes of this paper are as follows: (1) to present the statistical
Multiple Comparisons within Anova Using Orthogonal or Nonorthogonal Components
Authors: Gaito John
Published: March 2007

The individual contemplating the use of a multiple comparison procedure is faced with a bewildering array of potential methods, each presenting unique features slightly different than the others. The development of these procedures has been useful in emphasizing the error rates involved in a number of comparisons; however, anova procedures using orthogonal or nonorthogonal components can handle these aspects also. Comparisons involving nonorthogonal components provide a flexible approach to multiple comparisons. The desired error rate can be attained or approximated by modification of the α level.