bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personal Group-Self and Transpersonal Groupobject
Authors: Cohen Bertram D. , Ettin Mark F
Published: July 2003

Two usages of the term `group self' are delineated: (1) an individual's `personal group-self' or personal identity as a member of a group; and (2) the `transpersonal group's self' or members' personifications of the group as though it had its own consciousness and personal agency. We do not imply any notion of a `group mind' or `collective consciousness' as objective truth. We refer instead to beliefs about persons by persons. In this constructivist sense, we describe the `groupobject' function of the personified group, outline some common archaic and mature patterns of its expression in therapy groups, and derive some therapeutic implications of our formulation.
The Laius Complex: The Effect of Intergenerational Conflict on the Development of the Self
Authors: Maratos Jason
Published: July 2003

With the integration of later developments in psychoanalytic and scientific thinking, this article aims to enlarge on our previous understanding of internal psychic structure, inter- and intra-generational relationships. It proposes a specific wav through which cross-generational experiences influence not only internal structures but also the mode of thinking and the culture of the next generation.
Progressive Emotional Communication: Criteria for a Well-Functioning Group
Authors: Ormont Louis R.
Published: July 2003

This article attempts to present a standard for determining forward movement in group treatment. It spells out three variables in progressive emotional communication and discusses some resistances to the standard.
Social Mind, Social Brain: What Changes in Group Therapy?
Authors: Holman Chris
Published: July 2003

What is the biological underpinning of the mental processes observed as people respond to group therapy? The evidence linking mind and brain, and for the genetic predisposition to adaptation by the brain, is reviewed. The brain reflects in its structure the social context in which it has developed, and is a sufficient vehicle for the mind and its social manifestations.
Writing as a Tool of Reflective Practice: Sketches and Reflections from Inside the Split Milieu of an Eating Disorders Unit
Authors: Davidson Ben
Published: July 2003

The writer draws on experience as a student psychiatric nurse, working within a culture of an inpatient eating disorders unit which is split. The conflict between forms of physical treatment and psychological care is drawn out, as are a number of complicated dynamics within and between the staff and patient groups. It is argued that, by remaining alive to countertransference and obstinately committed to communicating one's experience, by writing and other means, it is possible to find a role in such a situation.
Evolution of Attentional Processes in the Human Organism
Authors: Rosen Steven M.
Published: July 2003

In this article I explore the evolution of human attention, focusing particularly on the phylogenetic and ontogenetic implications of the work of the American psychoanalyst Trigant Burrow. Attentional development is linked to the emergence of visual perspective, and this, in turn, is related to Burrow's notion of `ditention' (divided or partitive attention). Burrow's distinction between `ditention' and `cotention' (total organismic awareness) is examined, and, expanding on this, I identify a threefold pattern of perceptual change: prototention->ditention--->cotention. Next, I relate ditentive visual perspective to binocular convergence, and make use of the `perspectivally ambiguous', `non-convergent' Gestalt figure known as the Necker Cube to illustrate cotention. In conclusion, I propose, with Burrow, that the shift from the currently pervasive ditentive pattern of awareness to a cotentive mode could have a salutary effect on human society.
When is a Group not a Circle?
Authors: Hook Beatrice
Published: July 2003

In this article I endeavour to show that containment in Foulkesian group-analytic psychotherapy has a number of different aspects. I outline how containment needs to be active as well as interpretive and that this results in a temporary distortion of the circular shape of the analytic group. The conductor; while always remaining a member of the group, temporarily joins with other professionals outside the group in order to understand better the psychopathology of a particular patient. Then s/he is able to reintegrate within the group those aspects of the patient which have been projected outside.
Teachers' Inner Group and Professional Identity: A Study Based on the DAG Model
Authors: Loscertales Felicidad , Guil Ana
Published: July 2003

This article focuses on the inner self as symbolized in examples of Ada Abraham's Draw a Group (DAG) model. Almost 300 primary school teachers in Seville were invited to take part in a DAG sample survey, and the observations and subsequent conclusions are recounted with particular reference to the teachers' professional self: Suggestions are put forward as to further applications of the model in group analysis.
Psychodrama: The Process of Dramatizing Scenarios
Authors: Avron Ophelia
Published: July 2003

For a psychoanalyst, group experience is an extremely beneficial exercise in that the parameters of ordinary clinical practice still hold good, although the as-yet-uncharted territory of group responses are still to be explored; the analyst is therefore forced to invent new hypotheses to explain this particular clinical dimension.
From May to November: A Six-Month Group for Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Gordon Danka , Giles Suzanna
Published: July 2003

The authors describe the setting up and running of a group in the NHS for survivors of sexual abuse. We discuss our experience of the group's development from a semi-structured framework toward a modified group-analytic model.
Empathy with Psychotic States in the Institutional Group
Authors: Correale Antonello
Published: July 2003

This article focuses on the difficulty in empathizing with a psychotic patient, explaining that such a difficulty is determined by the distressing transformations which the state of the Self of this very particular type of patient undergoes. The concept of a narrative scenario is examined by illustrating that the scenarios produced by the group represent a particular sense of Self of these patients, with clinical examples taken from the group that the author documented during the course of regular supervision.
Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis in a Thermoplastic Composite Cantilever Beam Loaded by Bending Moment
Authors: Sayman Onur , Uyaner Mesut , Tarakçioglu Necmettin
Published: July 2003

In this study, an elastic-plastic stress analysis is carried out in a thermoplastic composite cantilever beam loaded by a bending moment at the free end. The composite beam is reinforced unidirectionally by steel fibers at 0, 30, 45, 60, and 90° orientation angles. An analytical solution is performed for satisfying both the governing differential equation in the plane stress case and boundary conditions for small plastic deformations. The solution is carried out under the assumption of the Bernoulli-Navier hypotheses. It is found that the intensity of the residual stress component of σ x is maximum at the upper and lower surfaces or at the boundary of the elastic and plastic regions. The composite material is assumed to be as hardening linearly. The Tsai-Hill theory is used as a yield criterion.
Experimental Study for Buckling and Postbuckling Behaviors of Composite Laminates with Multiple Delaminations
Authors: Hwang Shun-Fa , Liu Guu-Huann
Published: July 2003

The buckling and postbuckling behaviors of composite laminates with multiple delaminations under uniaxial compression are experimentally studied. The through-width multiple delaminations with triangular shape are used to simulate impact damage. A nonlinear buckling analysis from finite element method is also used to predict the buckling loads that are compared with experimental results. The critical delamination growth loads of multiple delaminations are obtained from postbuckling tests. The difference of single delamination and multiple delaminations on buckling behavior and postbuckling behavior is discussed. The results indicate that the buckling loads obtained by the nonlinear buckling analysis are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values. Experiments have proven that short delaminations distributed under the near-surface, long delamination have no effects on the buckling loads. The critical delamination growth loads of single-delamination specimens are much higher than those of multiple-delamination specimens, and the shape of the triangular multiple delaminations can affect the critical delamination growth loads.
Non-Isothermal Modeling of Co-Rotating and Contra-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders
Authors: Avalosse Th. , Rubin Y. , Fondin L.
Published: July 2003

The quality of the mixing of different raw materials, i.e. the uniformity of the mixture, is a key issue that will determine the morphology and the specific product properties of the resulting compound [1,2]. Numerical simulation of flow in extruder components provides a new insight, both qualitative and quantitative, into those features.

3-D transient numerical simulations of twin screw extruder (TSE) configurations are presented. A special method, the mesh superposition technique (MST), has been introduced to provide a convenient way to model intermeshing TSEs without involving any remeshing complexity [3]. It has been validated in previous work for isothermal cases [4]. To account for the important non-isothermal effects, the method is compared against numerical and experimental results for additional, non-isothermal validation [5].

We present an analysis of different non-isothermal features that characterize the flow induced by a co-rotating as well as a contra-rotating configuration. Both cases are compared in terms of pressure profiles, temperature fields, resulting torque imposed on the screws and from a mixing point of view to illustrate a typical analysis of different TSEs and provide objective information to select the most appropriate configuration for specific process requirements.
Optimization of Cooling Systems in Injection Molds by an Easily Applicable Analytical Model
Authors: Rao Natti S. , Schumacher Guenter , Schott Nick R. , O’brien Keith T.
Published: July 2003

The production rate of injection-molded articles is determined by the cooling time of the polymer melt in the mold. By using state-of-the-art numerical software the mold design can be optimized in order to achieve fast cooling. However, the efforts required to apply this software do not always justify its use in dealing with the daily design problems.

Taking the changing mold wall temperature into account a straightforward analytical procedure for optimizing the cooling channel lay-out for a thermoplastic resin has been developed. The equations in the model can be easily solved by means of a hand-held calculator, thus enabling quick estimates of the effect of relevant parameters on mold design. Results of numerous simulations and a worked-out example illustrate the application of the model which has led to good results in practice.
Simulation of the Filling and Curing Phase in Injection Molding of Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR)
Authors: Haberstroh E. , Michaeli W. , Henze E.
Published: July 2003

The injection molding of Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) represents a cost-efficient process for the production of high quality rubber parts. Due to the extreme thermal conditions in the mold and the very low material viscosity a precise subvolumetric filling of the cavity is required to avoid flash formation. Modeling flow properties, curing characteristics and the pvT-behavior creates the basis for a unified simulation of the injection molding process. The implementation of these models into a process simulation software makes it possible to calculate the filling phase considering a subvolumetric filling and to simulate the course of cavity pressure during the heating phase.
A Physico-Mathematical Model for the Dispersion Process in a Co-Rotating Intermeshing Twin Screw Extruder
Authors: Flecke J. , Potente H. , Kretschmer K.
Published: July 2003

To modify the properties of polymers, mineral fillers are frequently added during the compounding process. Due to adhesive forces, these pulverized fillers tend to agglomerate. Therefore, in order to achieve a good homogenisation, it is essential not only to distribute them but also to break down the solid agglomerates. A number of relating models have been published, describing observations (agglomerate rupture, erosion, clustering) made during the dispersion process in a mostly isolated manner. Here, a new model considering each observed effect has been developed in order to get a comprehensive description of the dispersion process. To verify the model, it was implemented into a program for the process simulation of co-rotating twin screw extruders (SIGMA [1]), and thus compared to experimental data. It showed that the model could well describe the experimentally determined data.
Mechanical Properties and Dispersion Behavior of Composite Materials Compounded with Surface Treated Titanium Dioxides
Authors: Hamamoto A. , Tanaka T. , Kinoshita M.
Published: July 2003

The mechanical properties of polycarbonate compounded with titanium dioxide are investigated. Titanium dioxide treated with methyl polysiloxane on alumina silica coating is compounded in the matrix polymer using twin screw extruder. Izod impact strength of this composite material is higher than that of the composite material compounded with untreated titanium dioxide. The dispersibility of this treated filler is evaluated by fracture surface and turbidity of the solution of the composite materials. The results suggest that the composite material compounded with titanium dioxide which is treated with methyl polysiloxane and alumina silica at the same time has higher dispersibility. And the melt viscosity of composite material shows same behavior with neat polycarbonate. This suggests that the melt viscosity is affected by the dispersibility of particles.
Influence of Stress on Peel Strength of Acid Copolymers to Foil
Authors: Morris Barry A.
Published: July 2003

As an acid copolymer is converted in the extrusion coating process, it undergoes considerable stress and orientation. This stress arises from shear forces in the extruder and die, from extensional forces as the melt curtain is drawn down and from shrinkage forces during crystallization. It is hypothesized that these stresses may influence peel strength by impacting tensile properties and residual stress at the foil-polymer interface. Relationships are developed between stress and common processing parameters such as air gap, die gap, melt temperature and line speed. An experiment is described where processing parameters were changed in a systematic way to alter the stress imposed on the polymer. Data is presented which strongly supports the hypothesis, and provides an understanding as to the role and impact of various processing parameters.
Elastic Properties of Reinforced Solids: Analogue of Mohr Circle Diagram - II
Authors: Sharma Rajesh , Ranjan Ashish
Published: July 2003

A reduction in the circle diagram for n-phase composite body (n 3) is obtained which effects an improvement in the existing bounds in terms of further reducing the region within which the point (, S) must of necessity lie. A bound on the absolute value of the difference in strains acting on two phases of the composite is deduced in terms of the modulus of composite and elastic properties of the respective phases. Analysis analogous to Mohr circle diagram is considered for the general case and the mixture is assumed to possess the properties described in literature.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of ABS-CaCO3 Composites
Authors: Tang C. Y. , Chan L. C. , Liang J. Z. , Cheng K. W. E. , Wong T. L.
Published: July 2003

The tensile, impact and bending properties of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) filled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) composites were measured at room temperature. It was found that the tensile modulus increased nonlinearly with increasing the weight fraction φ + of the fillers, and the tensile strength and tensile fracture stress decreased gently with the increase of. The Charpy notched impact strength decreased quickly when φ≤ 10%, and then decreased gently with increasing φ. While the bending strength increased when φ≤ 10%, and then it decreased gradually with increasing φ. However, the effects of filler size and its surface treatment on these mechanical properties were insignificant. Furthermore, the Vicat softening temperature (TV) of the samples was measured at a constant loading and a temperature ramp rate. The result showed that TV increased with the addition of. It indicates that CaCO3 fillers are beneficial to improve the heat resistant properties of the resin.
Solid Particle Erosion of Unidirectional GF Reinforced EP Composites with Different Fiber/Matrix Adhesion
Authors: Barkoula N. -M. , Karger-Kocsis J.
Published: July 2003

The influence of interfacial modification and relative fiber orientation (parallel, Pa and perpendicular, Pe) on the solid particle erosion was investigated in unidirectional (UD) reinforced glass fiber (GF) epoxy (EP) composites. The interfacial modification was varied by GF sizing. The erosive wear behavior was studied in a modified sandblasting apparatus at three impact angles (30, 60 and 90). The surface topography of the eroded composites was investigated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a non-contact 3D laser profilometer.

The results showed a strong dependence of the erosive wear on the jet angle. The GF/EP systems presented a brittle erosion behavior, with maximum weight loss at 90 impact angle. It was established that good fiber/matrix adhesion improved the resistance to erosive wear. On the other hand, the relative fiber orientation had anegligible effect except the erosion at 30 impact angle. High roughness of the eroded surfaces indicated for high erosion rates, i.e. low resistance to solid particle erosion.
Fibre Fraction Effects on Thermal Degradation Behaviour of GFRP, CFRP and Hybrid Composites
Authors: Vanaja A. , Rao R. M.V.G.K.
Published: July 2003

The effects of fibre fraction on thermal degradation of composites containing glass, carbon and glass/carbon hybrid reinforcements in a bifunctional epoxy resin system were studied. Thermogravimetric technique was used to monitor the weight loss with the temperature. The degradation patterns so obtained were correlated with the fibre fraction of the composites.
Heating Cycle Design for Thick Composite Laminates Using Curing Processes for Thin Laminates
Authors: Yang Z. L. , Lee S.
Published: July 2003

A new method has been developed to determine the curing cycles for thick laminates. The method uses numerical simulation together with knowledge of the conventional curing process for thin laminates. Once the process control parameters have been introduced, an iterative procedure is employed to arrive at the optimal heating cycles for thick laminates. Autoclave curing processes have been carried out using conventional cycles for (1 mm) laminates, as well as optimised cycles for thick section (12.5 mm) laminates. The interlaminar shear strengths of thick laminates, processed using the two types of curing cycles have been determined. Results show that there is no difference in the interlaminar shear strengths of laminates produced using the optimised and conventional curing cycles, but the curing times can be greatly reduced for the optimised curing cycle.
Effects of Shear Deformation and Restrained Warping on the Displacements of Composite Beams
Authors: Pluzsik Aniko , Kollar Laszlo P.
Published: July 2003

This paper compares the results of different beam theories with finite element calculations and determines simple rules which designers may apply to insure simplified theories give acceptable results. Specifically, we analyze the effect of shear deformation and restrained warping. For thin-walled beams with layups that may be symmetrical or unsymmetrical, orthotropic or unorthotropic, simple expressions are developed to determine the effect of shear deformation. We also demonstrate that the effect of restrained warping in balanced, anisotropic open-section beams may be determined using the warping stiffness derived for orthotropic beams.
Experimental Study on the Mitigation of Backdraft in Compartment Fires with Water Mist
Authors: Weng W. G. , Fan W. C.
Published: July 2003

In this paper, the results of a reduced-scale experimental test series using water mist to mitigate backdraft in compartment fires are presented. This reduced-scale compartment (1.2 m 0.6 m 0.6 m)was fitted with a variety of end opening geometries: middle-slot, upside-slot, downside-slot, door, window and vertical middle-slot, and ceiling opening geometries: slot and window. Water mist was generated by a downward-directed pressure nozzle that was operated at pressure of 0.2 MPa. Experimental variables included fuel flow rate, burn time, water mist injection time and mass, and opening geometries. Histories recorded prior to backdraft included upper layer temperatures, lower layer temperatures, and species concentration for oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Data collected to quantify the backdraft included opening gas flow velocities and compartment pressures. The experimental results show that water mist is an effective mitigating tactic that is able to suppress backdraft in compartment fires primarily by means of diluting the gas in the compartment and reducing total hydrocarbons mass fraction, rather than by a thermal mechanism of cooling. KEY WORDS: backdraft, compartment fire, water mist.
Effect of Non-halogen Flame Retardant Additives on the Properties of Vinyl Ester Resins and their Composites
Authors: Malik Mona , Choudhary Veena , Varma I. K.
Published: July 2003

The paper describes the effect of combination of char forming additives and char forming catalysts on limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density and mechanical properties of neat as well as glass fibre reinforced vinyl ester (VE) resins. Three different samples of VE resins were prepared by reacting diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and methacrylic acid in stoichiometric (1: 2, sample A) and non-stoichiometric (1: 1.7, sample B and 1: 1, sample C) amounts. These resins were diluted with reactive diluents (50% w/w) styrene (S)/glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) or a combination of GMA with S for fabrication of neat sheets as well as composites. Incorporation of flame retardant additives (combination of ammonium polyphosphate, azobiscarbonamide, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate and hydrated alumina) in the laminates increased the LOI and decreased the smoke density values. The highest LOI was observed in laminates based on resin C containing flame retardant additives and a phosphorus containing amine as a hardener.
Forced Forward Smoldering Propagation in Horizontally Oriented Flexible Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Wang J. H. , Chao Christopher Y. H. , Kong Wenjun
Published: July 2003

A series of experiments was conducted in a small-scale wind tunnel to investigate the effect of forced flow on forward smoldering propagation in flexible polyurethane foam material located horizontally. In the wind tunnel, the air at a flow rate in the range of 0.01-1.5m/s passed over the foam layer surface. Foam samples of different lengths with the same cross-sectional area were studied. From the experimental results, it is seen that the foam length has no clear influence on the smolder propagation velocity. With an increase of air flow rate, firstly, the smolder propagation velocity increases and reaches a maximum at an air flow rate of around 0.8 m/s due to the increased mass transfer of oxygen into the smolder reaction region. It decreases with further increase of air flow rate as heat losses becomes dominant compared to the positive effect of the increase of oxygen transfer into the reaction zone. The variation of the steady smoldering temperature with the air flow rate follows the same trend as that of the smolder propagation velocity. In this paper, a simple analysis is also presented to analyze the co-effect of the mass transfer of oxygen to the smoldering reaction region and the heat loss to the surrounding on the smolder propagation under our current experimental conditions.
Post-Flashover Fires in Light and Heavy Timber Construction Compartments
Authors: Hakkarainen Tuula
Published: July 2003

A series of fire experiments was performed to study the gas temperature development and charring behaviour of timber construction compartments. The measured gas temperatures were 300-500 C lower than predicted by the parametric temperature-time curves of Eurocode 1 for unprotected and insufficiently protected timber structures. For structures protected with a double layer of gypsum plasterboard, the agreement was better. In all cases, however, the prediction was on the safe side. One protective layer of gypsum plasterboard delayed the onset of charring for 20 min. Using two layers, the delay time was doubled. Reduced charring rates for long exposure times were observed, resulting from the increasingly protective effect of the char layer withtime.
Evidence from Microcalorimetry for Low-Temperature Dehydrogenation of an Activated Carbon
Authors: Godefroy J. , Jones J. C.
Published: July 2003

Following recent related work on anthracite, the authors have examined, with a microcalorimeter, the behaviour of activated carbons in air at 70 C. It appears that small samples (<150 mg) exhibit an overall endotherm, most probably attributable to dehydrogenation.
Environmental Inhibitors to Informal Learning in the Workplace: A Case Study of Public School Teachers
Authors: Lohman Margaret C.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine environmental inhibitors to informal learning in the workplace. Twenty-two experienced teachers were interviewed and numerous site visits were made to each school where these teachers worked to develop a greater understanding of the ways in which aspects of their work environment inhibited them from engaging in informal learning. Four environmental inhibitors emerged from an analysis of the data: lack of time for learning, lack of proximity to learning resources, lack of meaningful rewards for learning, and limited decision-making power in school management. Implications of these findings for theory, research, and the facilitation of informal learning in the workplace are discussed.
Perspective Transformation Over Time: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study of HIV-Positive Adults
Authors: Courtenay Bradley C. , Merriam Sharan , Reeves Patricia , Baumgartner Lisa
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to find out whether HIV-positive adults who had participated in a study of the centrality of meaning-making in transformational learning had maintained 2 years later their perspectives of making meaningful contributions through service to others, or if the advent of protease inhibitors would have resulted in their reverting to previously held, self oriented, and materialistic views of the world. Fourteen of the original 18 participants were interviewed. Two major findings emerged: First, for all 14 participants, the perspective transformations that they had undergone 2 years previously had held. Second, there were changes in meaning schemes that included the adoption of a future-oriented perspective, greater attention to care of the self, and an integration of the HIV-positive status into their self-definition. The life-changing nature of transformational learning, the stability of its outcomes, and ongoing changes in meaning schemes suggest implications for adult educators.
Life Mission and Adult Learning
Authors: Kroth Michael , Boverie Patricia
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between adult learning and life mission. This was a qualitative, exploratory study intended to generate theory by studying the impact of mission on learning. A model emerged from the research that proposes the relationship of life mission to self-directed learning and to transformational learning. This study suggests that adult educators can improve the learning process by providing the means for learners to understand their life mission and how it relates to their own learning. Life mission explication may also support a change in the learning experience from being more teacher-directed to being more student-directed. The study proposes that emancipatory learning must include not only awareness building but also purpose seeking.
Adult Learning in a Non-Western Context: The Influence of Culture in a Senegalese Farming Village
Authors: Diouf Waly , Sheckley Barry G. , Kehrhahn Marijke
Published: July 2003

In Senegal, as in many developing countries, the education of adults is often guided by theories of adult learning developed in Western societies. There is little evidence, however, that such theories are useful for educating farmers living in rural African villages. This study, conducted in a rural fanning village in Senegal, explored what, when, why, how, and from whom do adults in African villages learn? Using ethnographic research methods, information was collected from the village chief, six key informants, and individual villagers (N = 38). The results suggest that a community's social-cultural norms and values exert a powerful influence on the learning of African adults. For this reason, educational programs in African villages would be most effective if they were woven into the social-cultural fabric of the community. The results also suggest that cultural traditions influence the what, when, why, and from whom-but not the how-of adult learning.
Expanding Theories of Career Development: Adding the Voices of African American Women in the White Academy
Authors: Alfred Mary V.
Published: July 2003

Many theorists have proposed models to explain career development. The appropriateness of these models for women and minority groups, however, has been widely criticized. Changes in the composition of the workforce, including the increased number of minority professionals in majority organizations, call for new ways of theorizing career development. Using a bicultural framework, this study examined the professional development history of five tenured African American women at a predominantly White university to explore how minority professionals develop competencies to meet career expectations in White organizational cultures. The findings indicate that race, culture, and identity play a vital role in the career development of minority professionals in majority organizations. An important finding is the way the women accessed the power of their bicultural life structure to develop strategies for maintaining successful careers in White organizational cultures.
Negotiating About Power, Frames, and Continuing Education: a Case Study in Public Health
Authors: Umble Karl E. , Cervero Ronald M. , Langone Christine A.
Published: July 2003

Drawing on the Cervero and Wilson theory of program planning as the negotiation of interests, the purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the distinction between meta-negotiation and substantive negotiation. A case study approach was used to examine a continuing education course in public health. Historically, the course had represented an attempt to implement federal immunization policy. After the course was under way, stakeholders whose interests were not being fully met engaged in meta-negotiations to change the power relationships at the planning table and in substantive negotiations to change the content of the course and audience for it. The redesign and implementation of the course represented a recurring series of substantive negotiations of personal, organizational, and societal interests within relations of power and meta-negotiations about the power relations themselves as stakeholders sought to have their interests represented at the planning table.
Understanding African American Learners' Motivations to Learn in Church-Based Adult Education
Authors: Isaac E. Paulette , Guy Talmadge , Valentine Tom
Published: July 2003

The adult education literature is clearly lacking as a source of knowledge about learning among African Americans. This study examined the motivations for learning among African American adults in three church-based adult education programs. A survey was developed to identify learners' motivations. A seven-factor structure was selected as the most conceptually meaningful in explaining their motivations. Four factors were identified that are consistent with findings of prior research, and three factors appear to contribute new insights into adults' motivations to learn. The African American church as a site for learning is discussed in light of these motivations.
Gender and Women's Experience at Work: A Critical and Feminist Perspective on Human Resource Development
Authors: Howell Sharon L. , Carter Vicki K. , Schied Fred M.
Published: July 2003

This study draws on critical and fenminist scholarship on the sociology of work- and gender relations in an exploration of women's workplace learning through human resource development initiatives. The study, informed by a critical ethnographic research paradigm, was conducted over a 6-month period at two workplaces. Two overarching themes are discussed: (a) women and organizational change and (b) disappearing boundaries among work, family, and community. The research points out serious flaws in many assumptions underlying mainstream training and development programs about why and how women work in the office or on the shop floor. For adult educators, questions of who defines "productive work," as well as how that work is rewarded, become central to understanding the workplace and its role in controlling workers and in shaping the production of knowledge.
The Politics of Facilitation in Practitioner Inquiry Groups
Authors: Drennon Cassandra E. , Cervero Ronald M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of the study was to understand the struggles that facilitators of practitioner inquiry groups in adult literacy education face when enacting democratic practices. The study employed a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with 10 demographically diverse inquiry group facilitators. The unit of analysis was the critical incidents they recounted from practice situations, and the data were analyzed thematically. In their practice, facilitators encounter at least one of three fundamental issues of power compelling them to negotiate their own social and organizational identity, the identity of the group in terms of its definition and boundaries, or the public identity of practitioner inquiry. As facilitators negotiate within a web of power relationships to achieve their aims, they also act on power relationships in ways that either reproduce or transform them.
Know Thyself: The Impact of Portfolio Development on Adult Learning
Authors: Brown Judith O.
Published: July 2003

Thousands of years ago the Greeks carved above their temples the phrase “know thyself,” two simple words that imply a lifetime of investigation. Throughout the ages philosophers and scholars have emphasized the importance of self-knowledge as an outcome of learning. One teaching strategy that facilitates self-knowledge among adult students is the creation of an experiential learning portfolio. This study describes and explains how the development of such a portfolio affected a diverse group of adult undergraduates. Qualitative inquiry methods were employed within a case study design to obtain a detailed description of the portfolio experience from the participants’ perspectives. The findings suggest that portfolio development increased students’ understanding of what, why, and how they learned throughout their careers, enhanced their communication and organization skills, and reinforced the importance of reflection in learning.
An Ecological Perspective of Power in Transformational Learning: A Case Study of Ethical Vegans
Authors: McDonald Barbara , Cervero Ronald M. , Courtenay Bradley C.
Published: July 2003

Critics have argued for a better understanding of power in transformational learning. This study explored the power of normative ideologies in the transformational learning of ethical vegans. The findings indicate that Mezirow's transformation theory does not adequately account for power relations in this case of transformational learning, power was central to the transformational learning of ethical vegans, relations of power operated across interrelated scales of organization and time, normative ideologies regulated emancipatory praxis over time, and transformational learning should be viewed from a more holistic perspective.
A Narrative Approach to Development: Implications for Adult Education
Authors: Rossiter Marsha
Published: July 2003

Adult educators have relied heavily on stage and phase theories of human development to understand adults as learners and the place of learning in their lives. Such models of development have been questioned in terms of the developmental ends posited and the related implications for practitioners. This article describes a narrative approach to adult development and suggests that such a perspective holds rich potential for enhancing our understanding of adult learners and the possible roles educators might play in learners' developmental processes. Key orientations that constitute a narrative approach are discussed; they focus on narrative knowing and meaning making, and the temporal, retrospective, contextual nature of narrative development.
Ontogeny of the Daily Profile of Plasma Melatonin in European Starlings Raised under Long or Short Photoperiods
Authors: Dawson Alistair , Van't Hof Thomas J.
Published: July 2003

Photoperiodic manipulation of young European starlings suggests that their reproductive physiology is incapable of responding to a short photoperiod until they are fully grown. This study aimed to determine whether the lack of response to a short photoperiod is reflected in the daily profile of plasma melatonin concentrations. Five-day-old starlings taken from nest boxes showed a significant ( p < 0.0001) rhythm in plasma melatonin concentrations, with high values during night. In nestlings hand-reared from 5 days of age on a long photoperiod (LD 16:8), equivalent to natural photoperiod at the time, the amplitude of the daily rhythm in melatonin increased significantly ( p < 0.01) with age until birds were fully grown (20 days old). In nestlings reared on a short photoperiod (LD 8:16), the daily melatonin profile remained almost identical to that of long photoperiod birds until they were fully grown. However, after 20 days old, the duration of elevated nighttime melatonin began to extend to encompass the entire period of darkness. In contrast, fully grown starlings transferred from a long to a short photoperiod had partially adapted to the short photoperiod after 5 days; by 10 days, the daily melatonin profile was identical to that of birds held chronically on a short photoperiod. Thus, consistent with responses of reproductive physiology, the pineal of young birds appears to be incapable of perceiving, or adapting to, a short photoperiod.
Investigation of Blood Compatibility of PMEA Coated Extracorporeal Circuits
Authors: Kocakulak M. , Koçum C. , Saber R. , Ayhan H. , Günaydin S. , Sari T. , Zorlutuna Y. , Bingöl N.
Published: July 2003

In this study, the blood compatibility of the PMEA-coated and uncoated hollow fibers was investigated using poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) PMEA-coated (X-coating, Terumo Corp., Japan) and uncoated (Capiox SX 18, Terumo Inc., Japan) oxygenators. Total protein, human serum albumin, fibrinogen, erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelets loss quantities were detected on blood samples taken in five different times during cardiopulmonarybypass (CPB) such as; baseline (T1), during CPB (T2), end of CPB (T3), after protamine injection (T4) and intensive care (T5). The average loss of fibrinogen for uncoated and PMEA-coated fiber surfaces was 1.34 and 0.25 g/L, respectively. After operation protein desorption assayfrom the PMEA-coated and uncoated fiber surfaces were examined, and significant protein desorption differences were found as 1.46 and 5.70 mg/dL, respectively. More platelet aggregation was observed for the uncoated fibers. Also for platelet loss quantities, significant differences were found as 116,000 and 36,000 cell/mm3,respectively,for uncoated and PMEA-coated fibers. Less bleeding was observed in the patients operated with oxygenator containing PMEA-coated fibers; more and longer postoperative haemorrhaging were observed when uncoated circuits have been used; fibrinogen losses caused longer blood clotting times. Differences in adsorbed protein quantities on hollow fiber surface and denaturation were examined by the aid of STM images, which showed that more proteins existed in the sample solution of uncoated fiber surfaces.
Polymer-Conjugated Bioactive Oligonucleotides
Authors: Bonora Gian Maria
Published: July 2003

This paper presents our most recent investigations on the effect of a soluble, inert polymer as a conjugating agent for synthetic oligonucleotides. In particular, we studied in detail the influence of a high-molecular weight unit of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on both natural and chimeric oligonucleotides acting as antisense andanti-gene effectors. The attachment of a fluorophore at one end of the PEG-oligonucleotideconjugateallowedtrackingofthe intracellular path of these large chemical moieties in order for us to better understand their biological activity. Also evaluated were the substitution of PEG with other chemically and biologically compatible polymer as supporting units. As an extension of these studies, a particular effort was made to prepare orthogonally protected, bifunctional PEG to obtain mixed oligonucleotide PEG-conjugates bearing at the other extremity a peptide as a targeting cellular moiety, or other bioactive molecules able to improve the biological properties of the starting oligonucleotides.
Biological Effects and Antitumor Activity Induced by Benzocaine Conjugated Anionic Polymers
Authors: Panaitescu Luminita , Ottenbrite Raphael M.
Published: July 2003

Three maleic anhydride copolymers [poly(maleic anhydride-vinyl acetate), poly(maleic anhydride-styrene) and poly(maleic anhydride-methyl methacrylate)] were prepared as well as the corresponding benzocaine conjugates. The maleic anhydride moiety was hydrolyzed to the corresponding polycarboxylate anions and then biologically evaluated using pyran copolymer as the standard. All of the polymers showed internal organ toxicity of the liver, kidneys and spleen which increased with increasing molecular weight, however, the benzocaine derivatives decreased this effect in most cases. The biological evaluations included hemoglobin levels, hematocrit levels, red blood indices and mean cell volumes which were increased on an average of 50%. The blood protein profiles were not changes significantly; on average they were changed about ±50%. The unmodified copolymers decreased the major serum and cholesterol levels by ∼75%. The copolymers (with or without) benzocaine decreased both the blood sugar and enzyme profiles. The antitumour activity was evaluated against Walker carcinosarconoma; although the benzocaine enhanced these effects, only pyran and the 18,000 Mw benzocaine-modified poly(maleic anhydride-vinyl acetate) produced significant effects.
Thrombocytopenia in Critical Care Patients
Authors: DeLoughery Thomas G.
Published: July 2003

Thrombocytopenia is a common laboratory finding in the intensive care unit (ICU) patient. Because the causes can range from laboratory artifact to life-threatening processes such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), identifying the cause of thrombocytopenia is important. In the evaluation of the thrombocytopenia patient, one should incorporate all clinical clues such as why the patient is in the hospital, medications the patient is on, and other abnormal laboratory findings. One should ensure that the patient does not suffer from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or one of the thrombotic microangiopathies (TMs). HIT can present in any patient on heparin and requires specific testing and antithrombotic therapy. TMs cover a spectrum of disease ranging from TTP to pregnancy complications and can have a variety of presentations. Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation depends on the patient’s condition and complication. Other causes of ICU thrombocytopenia include sepsis, medication side effects, post-transfusion purpura, catastrophic anti phospholipid antibody disease, and immune thrombocytopenia.
The Utility of Open Lung Biopsy in Patients With Diffuse Pulmonary Infiltrates as Related to Respiratory Distress, Its Impact on Decision Making by Urgent Intervention, and the Diagnostic Accuracy Based on the Biopsy Location
Authors: Chuang Ming-Lung , Lin I-Feng , Tsai Ying-Huang , Vintch Janine R. E. , Pang Leuo-Chuan
Published: July 2003

Patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates (DPI), especially those who present with respiratory distress (RD), may benefit from early open lung biopsy (OLB) to guide management. Benefits of urgent OLB would be expected by saving the time to reach accurate specific diagnoses. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the impact of OLB between patients presenting with and without RD, (2) to focus on the impact of an urgent OLB as compared to an elective OLB, and (3) to compare the different yields of specific diagnoses in the middle lobe or lingula as compared to the other lobes. Thirty-four patients (17 patients presented with RD and 17 patients did not) with an average age of 43 years who presented with DPI were selected to undergo an OLB. An urgent OLB was performed in 11unselected patients. Twelve specimens from the middle lobe or lingula were compared to 25 specimens from the other lobes. The impact of the OLB results on decision making did not differ significantly between patients with and without RD. Patients with RD suffered a higher in-hospital mortality rate, OLB-related complications, and longer mechanical ventilation requirements than the patients without RD. The impact on decision making and complications between urgent OLB and elective OLB was comparable. The diagnostic yield from biopsy sites in the middle lobe or lingula resembled those specimens from the other lobes. The authors conclude that OLB may play a role in decision making for patients with DPI. However, OLB makes no difference in decision making between patients with and without RD. Patients with RD undergoing OLB procedures may suffer a poorer outcome. Urgent OLB may not benefit patients with DPI in decision making. The biopsy site does not appear to affect the accuracy of the diagnostic yield from an OLB procedure.
Pericardial Infusion of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Fibropurulent Pericarditis
Authors: Reznikoff Charles P. , Fish Jeffrey T. , Coursin Douglas B.
Published: July 2003

A 61-year-old man developed a loculated fibropurulent pericarditis, a rare complication of bacteremia. This occurred as a complication of a Staphylococcal aureus bacteremia from a head and neck abscess following self-extraction of a tooth. Despite surgical intervention and placement of 2 pericardial drains, a refractory, inadequately drained infected pericardial effusion persisted. Although there is limited experience with thrombolytic therapy to dissolve a fibrin clot in the pericardium, break down loculated adhesions, and facilitate free drainage of infected material, lysis is well described in the management of exudative pleural effusions. After infusion of 30 mg of tissue plasminogen activator in 100 cc normal saline through the pericardial drain of the patient, a large amount of infected serosanginous material subsequently drained during the next 2 days. The patient became afebrile and culture negative, remained hemodynamically stable, and had resolution of his pericarditis and pericardial effusion on electrocardiogram and echocardiogram, respectively.