bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes following formation of a dedicated pediatric liver transplant anesthesia team
Authors: Drobish Julie K. , Reina Eduardo , Nieva Daniel , Weinhold Ashley , George Preeta , Thompson Douglas , Khan Adeel S. , Doyle Maria B. M. , Welch Timothy P.
Published: February 2022

Background

Given the complex nature of liver transplant surgery, adult centers typically use a dedicated liver transplant anesthesia team, which has improved patient outcomes.

Aims

Our goal was to determine whether a dedicated pediatric liver transplant anesthesia team was associated with improved patient outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study analyzed patients who underwent liver transplantation from April 2013 to September 2020 at St. Louis Children's Hospital. The general group (April 2013–December 2016) was compared with the liver group (January 2017–September 2020). Outcomes measured included cases per anesthesiologist, early extubation, ventilator days, fluid and blood administration, postoperative events, and intensive care unit and hospital length of stay (LOS).

Results

Patients in both groups had similar demographics. The average number of cases/anesthesiologist/year was 2.9 times higher in the liver group (mean (SD) general 0.7 (0.5), liver 2.0 (0.6), and difference in mean [95% CI] 1.3 [0.8, 1.8]). The rate of extubation in the operating room was higher for patients in the liver group (general 56%, liver 80%, and difference in proportion [95% CI] 24.7 [7.0, 42.4]), while the number of ventilator days was lower (mean (SD) general 2.1 (4.4), liver 1.1 (3.6), and difference in proportion [95%CI] −0.9 [−2.6, 0.7]). Colloid administration was higher in the liver group (mean (SD) general 23.9 (14.5) ml/kg, liver 48.4 (37.7) ml/kg, and difference in mean [95% CI] 24.6 [12.7, 36.4]), while fresh frozen plasma administration was lower in the liver group (mean (SD) general 15.3 (23.9) ml/kg, liver 6.2 (14) ml/kg, and difference in mean [95% CI] −9.0 [−16.8, −1.3]). There were no significant differences between the groups in postoperative events including blood product transfusions, vasopressor use, and thromboses, or in the intensive care unit and hospital LOS.

Conclusions

The liver group was associated with increased early extubations, decreased ventilator days, and decreased fresh frozen plasma use.
Barberry plays an active role as an alternate host of Puccinia graminis in Spain
Authors: Villegas Dolors , Bartaula Radhika , Cantero‐Martínez Carlos , Luster Douglas , Szabo Les , Olivera Pablo , Berlin Anna , Rodriguez‐Algaba Julian , Hovmøller Mogens S. , McIntosh Robert , Jin Yue
Published: February 2022

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis, is a destructive group of diseases. The pathogen uses Berberis species as alternate hosts to complete its life cycle. B. vulgaris and the endemic species B. hispanica and B. garciae are present in Spain. The objective of this study was to investigate the functionality of the indigenous barberry as alternate hosts. Field surveys were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Huesca, Teruel and Albacete provinces of Spain. Aecial samples on barberry were analysed via infection assays and DNA analysis. B. garciae was predominant in Huesca and Teruel provinces, often found in the field margins of cereal crops. Aecial infections on B. garciae were observed in May and uredinial infections on cereal crops in June. Scattered B. hispanica bushes were occasionally found near cereal crops in Albacete, where aecial infections on B. hispanica were observed in June when most cereal crops were mature. Infection assays using aeciospores resulted in stem rust infections on susceptible genotypes of wheat, barley, rye and oat, indicating the presence of the sexual cycle for P. graminis f. sp. tritici, f. sp. secalis and f. sp. avenae. Sequence analyses from aecial samples supported this finding as well as the presence of Puccinia brachypodii. This study provides the first evidence that indigenous Berberis species play an active role in the sexual cycle of P. graminis under natural conditions in Spain.
Sugar transporters and their molecular tradeoffs during abiotic stress responses in plants
Authors: Salvi Prafull , Agarrwal Ruchi , Kajal  , Gandass Nishu , Manna Mrinalini , Kaur Harmeet , Deshmukh Rupesh
Published: February 2022

Sugars as photosynthates are well known as energy providers and as building blocks of various structural components of plant cells, tissues and organs. Additionally, as a part of various sugar signaling pathways, they interact with other cellular machinery and influence many important cellular decisions in plants. Sugar signaling is further reliant on the differential distribution of sugars throughout the plant system. The distribution of sugars from source to sink tissues or within organelles of plant cells is a highly regulated process facilitated by various sugar transporters located in plasma membranes and organelle membranes, respectively. Sugar distribution, as well as signaling, is impacted during unfavorable environments such as extreme temperatures, salt, nutrient scarcity, or drought. Here, we have discussed the mechanism of sugar transport via various types of sugar transporters as well as their differential response during environmental stress exposure. The functional involvement of sugar transporters in plant's abiotic stress tolerance is also discussed. Besides, we have also highlighted the challenges in engineering sugar transporter proteins as well as the undeciphered modules associated with sugar transporters in plants. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive discussion on the role and regulation of sugar transporters during abiotic stresses and enables us to target the candidate sugar transporter(s) for crop improvement to develop climate‐resilient crops.
Dynamics of mass migration
Authors: Brausmann Alexandra , Djajić Slobodan
Published: February 2022

Armed conflicts, natural disasters, environmental degradation, or other crises can trigger massive population movements that present a serious challenge for the destination countries. We provide a theoretical analysis of the dynamics of population movements and their interaction with border‐control policy of destination authorities. Our model exhibits a trade‐off between the speed of the border‐control response and the total cost of bringing immigration flows back to a target level. Simulations of the model, based on the 2015 Syrian refugee crisis, also highlight the implications of criminalizing human‐smuggling activity and the influence of a diaspora on the dynamics of migration.
Preferences for Economic and Environmental Goals in Rural Community Development in the Western United States*
Authors: Ulrich‐Schad Jessica D. , Jakus Paul M. , Bordigioni Malieka , Albrecht Don E.
Published: February 2022

Rural residents in the United States do not always agree on local development priorities, yet understanding and accounting for their preferences is a step towards more effective and equitable community development. We use survey data spanning different types of rural Intermountain West communities to gauge residents' preference weights for economic and environmental rural development goals. Given that community tenure and age are often related to development preferences, respondents are divided into three groups based on these factors using a classification tree approach. Long‐term residents (>36 percent of life spent in the community) have the strongest economic preferences, while older newcomers have the strongest environmental preferences. The Leti heterogeneity index reveals that long‐term residents also displayed the greatest homogeneity of preferences. Ordered probit analysis shows that goal preferences are also related to sex, education, household income, community financial security, and the share of county income derived from wealth assets. These findings provide a more nuanced and methods‐based understanding of residential tenure in a community and its relationship to development attitudes across a variety of rural place types, all valuable information for rural community and economic development practitioners.
Unequal effects of disruptive events
Authors: Aquino Taylor , Brand Jennie E. , Torche Florencia
Published: February 2022

Disruptive events have significant consequences for the individuals and families who experience them, but these effects do not occur equally across the population. While some groups are strongly affected, others experience few consequences. We review recent findings on inequality in the effects of disruptive events. We consider heterogeneity based on socioeconomic resources, race/ethnicity, the likelihood of experiencing disruption, and contextual factors such as the normativity of the event in particular social settings. We focus on micro‐level events affecting specific individuals and families, including divorce, job loss, home loss and eviction, health shocks and deaths, and violence and incarceration, but also refer to macro‐level events such as recession and natural disasters. We describe patterns of variation that suggest a process of resource disparities and cumulative disadvantage versus those that reflect the impact of non‐normative and unexpected shocks. Finally, we review methodological considerations when examining variation in the effect of disruptive events.
Cytologic features of an acanthomatous ameloblastoma in a dog
Authors: Palić Jelena , Heier Annabelle , Wohlsein Peter
Published: February 2022

An 8‐year‐old mixed breed male dog was presented with a mass on the rostral mandibular gingiva that quickly emerged 2–3 weeks prior to presentation. The mass was firm, smooth, well‐circumscribed, and approximately 2 × 1 × 0.5 cm in size rostral to the left mandibular canine tooth (304). Clinical examination and radiographs were unremarkable. Cytology revealed two distinct cell populations, consisting of numerous uniform‐appearing epithelial cell clusters and low numbers of individual spindle cells. Epithelial cells had mild anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, round nuclei with finely stippled chromatin, no prominent nucleoli, high N:C ratios, and low amounts of pale basophilic cytoplasm. Slender spindle cells observed had oval nuclei with no prominent nucleoli and wispy cytoplasm. On histopathologic examination, the lamina propria of the gingiva was dissected by numerous irregular and anastomosing trabeculae and islands of neoplastic epithelial cells. Neoplastic cells were focally in connection with the hyperplastic overlying epithelium. The trabeculae were surrounded and embedded by cell‐rich fibrous stroma. Peripheral to the islands and trabeculae, cells were arranged in palisades, and the nuclei had an antibasilar location. The epithelial cells had prominent intercellular bridges, low amounts of cytoplasm, and one round to oval nucleus. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were mild to moderate, and six mitoses/10 HPF were present. Tumor cells reached the deep sample margins. Histopathologic evaluation was consistent with acanthomatous ameloblastoma. This locally aggressive neoplasm causes alveolar bone lysis and often extends beyond alveolar bone margins. Acanthomatous ameloblastoma is an important differential for rostral mandibular gingival masses containing numerous uniform epithelial cell clusters with rare slender spindle cells.
Factores familiares que predisponen el embarazo adolescente en América Latina y El Caribe, 2009-2019.
Authors: Cuba Sancho Juana Matilde , Ochoa Camac Kimberly Ayyusa
Published: February 2022

El embarazo adolescente es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, que requiere un abordaje integral y multidisciplinario de los factores que lo causan; sin embargo, el reconocimiento que se da a la familia frente a este problema aún es débil, a pesar del rol importante que cumple en esta etapa de vida. Objetivo: Analizar la información basada en evidencias acerca de los factores familiares que predisponen el embarazo adolescente en América Latina y el Caribe, que permitirá fortalecer el cuidado de enfermería al identificar oportunamente factores de riesgo y el diseño de estrategias que reduzcan el impacto. Método: Revisión sistemática realizada de Mayo a Octubre del 2020, utilizando los descriptores Decs y Mesh en la identificación de palabras clave, así como los operadores booleanos “AND” y “OR” para generar ecuaciones de búsqueda en las bases de datos SCIELO, LILLACS, PUBMED, ALICIA y el Repositorio Latinoamericano; siendo seleccionados 10 artículos y 5 tesis. Conclusiones: La importancia de considerar a la familia dentro del cuidado de la salud integral del adolescente,  radica en fortalecer la identificación oportuna de riesgos para asegurar la continuidad de un desarrollo óptimo, al reconocer que existen factores familiares como la disfuncionalidad familiar, tener una familia desestructurada, el  antecedente familiar y la falta o inadecuada educación sexual y reproductiva del adolescente, los cuales fueron identificados en el presente estudio y de mantenerse  afectarán el futuro de estas adolescentes y de sus próximas generaciones.
Assessing the Secondary Stress in a Pipe System With Circumferential Surface Crack Using Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Uddin Mohammed , Kalyanam Sureshkumar , Wilkowski Gery , Brust Frederick , Martin John
Published: February 2022

In flaw evaluation criteria, the design limits for the secondary stresses are frequently different than the primary stresses. The evaluation procedure for primary stresses is load-controlled based which is independent of pipe deformation. The evaluation procedures for secondary stresses are displacement controlled which are dependent on pipe deformation. Certain stress components such as thermal expansion, thermal stripping, welding residual stress, misalignment/cold-springing, dynamic anchor motion are historically considered secondary stresses and their design limits are based on elastic stress analysis. In reality, there can be much more rotation/displacement of the pipe with nonlinear fracture behavior due to nonlinear material behavior and plasticity at the crack plane providing extra margins on the elastically calculated rotation values that come from uncracked-pipe design analyses. In assessing secondary stress margin, a secondary stress reduction factor is defined as the ratio of elastic-plastic moment to elastic moment. This is equivalent to another concept using a plastic reduction factor (PRF) as well as the inverse of structural (or safety) factor (SF) in ASME Section XI flaw evaluation criteria for various service levels. In this work, the secondary stress reduction factor was determined for a representative pipe system with multiple crack sizes, crack locations, and loading conditions. Nonlinear finite element (FE) analyses of a whole uncracked-pipe system were performed using abaqus® under various loading combinations to determine the critical locations for cracks in the pipe system. Next, FE analyses of the cracked-pipe system were carried out using cracked-pipe element—a methodology developed by the authors. Cracked-pipe system analyses were conducted for two loading conditions—one producing contained plasticity or single-hinge system and the other producing larger plasticity in the pipe system. Several analyses were conducted for each loading condition with a combination of two crack sizes at two key locations. Secondary stress reduction factors were then calculated for both loading conditions in the pipe system. Finally, the margin in secondary stress was assessed for the pipe system by comparing the secondary stress reduction factors with that for straight pipe sections (determined for experimental bend tests) as well as with the recommended equivalent PRF and the equivalent ASME secondary stress correction factors.
Measuring the speed of light using optical feedback from a picosecond diode laser
Authors: Aljalal Abdulaziz M.
Published: February 2022

An experiment for measuring the speed of light by measuring the distance between regularly generated optical pulses is described. The experiment utilizes optical feedback from a visible picosecond diode laser to accurately determine the distance between two successive laser pulses. The required setup is compact, and it does not implement either a fast detector or an oscilloscope. This experiment is suitable for an undergraduate physics instructional laboratory course or as an independent student project.
Progressive quantum collapse
Authors: Mullin William J. , Sakhel Asaad R. , Ragan Robert J.
Published: February 2022

Instantaneous collapse of the wave function upon measurement of a single particle is one of the postulates of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. However, what happens when a many-body system in a macroscopic coherent state is measured one particle at a time? Here, we consider successive measurements of individual spins from a spin Bose condensate that starts in a Schrödinger cat state. When the spin measurements are done one particle at a time, the collapse of the spin condensate is not instantaneous but leads to probabilities for spin measurement that strongly depend on the previous measurements. What is surprising is that an almost complete collapse occurs in very few measurements. Even in a large system, a single cat component is emphasized quite quickly in the sequence of measurements. We examine the process by analysis of a simple two-Fock-state cat, as well as a cat state that has many components. Justification is given for our theoretical measurement process.
General formalism for calculating the thermal efficiency of thermodynamic
cycles defined in a p–V diagram
Authors: Könye Viktor , Cserti József
Published: February 2022

We develop a general method for calculating the thermal efficiency of arbitrary thermodynamic cycles defined in the pressure-volume (p–V) diagram. To demonstrate how effective our approach is, we calculate the thermal efficiency of ideal gas engines for a few non-trivial cycles in the p–V diagram, including a circular shape, a heart shape, a cycloid of Ceva, and a star-shaped curve. We determine the segments along the cycle where heat is absorbed or released from the heat engine. Our method can be applied to any gas model, and, as an example, we present the results for the van der Waals gas.
Analysis of the linear oscillation dynamics of Fluidyne engines
Authors: Ito M. , Murti P. , Tsuboi S. , Shoji E. , Biwa T.
Published: February 2022

A Fluidyne engine is a liquid piston Stirling engine that uses thermally induced self-sustained oscillations of water and air that are filled in a looped tube and tuning column. It presents high potential for use as a low-temperature-difference Stirling engine with a simple structure. This study analyzes the linear oscillation dynamics of the Fluidyne from a thermoacoustic point of view, with particular emphasis on the local specific acoustic impedance of the working gas, which is given by the ratio of the complex amplitudes of the pressure and velocity oscillations in the regenerator of the Fluidyne. The frequency dependence of the specific acoustic impedance indicates that the gas in the regenerator region undergoes a thermodynamic cycle equivalent to the Stirling cycle when the oscillation frequency is equal to the natural oscillation frequency of the U-shaped liquid column in the Fluidyne. The analysis of the natural oscillation modes determined two key parameters for the desired specific acoustic impedance: the tuning column length and the connecting position to the loop. Experimental verification was achieved via measurements of the onset temperature ratio and acoustic field of a prototype Fluidyne engine.
The Dose–Response of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Biceps Femoris Architecture and Eccentric Knee Flexor Strength: A Randomized Interventional Trial
Authors: Behan Fearghal P. , Vermeulen Robin , Whiteley Rod , Timmins Ryan G. , Ruddy Joshua D. , Opar David A.
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To examine the dose–response of the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) on biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture and eccentric knee flexor strength. Design: Randomized interventional trial. Methods: Forty recreationally active males completed a 6-week NHE training program consisting of either intermittent low volumes (group 1; n = 10), low volumes (group 2; n = 10), initial high volumes followed by low volumes (group 3; n = 10), or progressively increasing volumes (group 4; n = 10). A 4-week detraining period followed each program. Muscle architecture was assessed weekly during training and after 2 and 4 weeks of detraining. Eccentric knee flexor strength was assessed preintervention and postintervention and after 2 and 4 weeks of detraining. Results: Following 6 weeks of training, BFlh fascicle length (FL) increased in group 3 (mean difference = 0.83 cm, d = 0.45, P = .027, +7%) and group 4 (mean difference = 1.48 cm, d = 0.94, P = .004, +14%). FL returned to baseline following detraining in groups 3 and 4. Strength increased in group 2 (mean difference = 53.6 N, d = 0.55, P = .002, +14%), group 3 (mean difference = 63.4 N, d = 0.72, P = .027, +17%), and group 4 (mean difference = 74.7, d = 0.83, P = .006, +19%) following training. Strength returned to baseline following detraining in groups 2 and 3 but not in group 4. Conclusions: Initial high volumes of the NHE followed by lower volumes, as well as progressively increasing volumes, can elicit increases in BFlh FL and eccentric knee flexor strength. Low volumes of the NHE were insufficient to increase FL, although as few as 48 repetitions in 6 weeks did increase strength.
Global growth of earthquake early warning
Authors: Allen Richard M. , Stogaitis Marc
Published: February 2022

Public-private partnerships provide a method for vastly expanding sensor networks
Optimizing Amazonian dams for nature
Authors: Holtgrieve Gordon W. , Arias Mauricio E.
Published: February 2022

Algorithms assess opportunities, forgone benefits, and environmental trade-offs
Human health effects of chemical mixtures
Authors: Liew Zeyan , Guo Pengfei
Published: February 2022

Child neurodevelopment can be adversely affected by endocrine-disrupting chemicals
In Other Journals
Authors: Smith Keith T. , Kelly Priscilla N. , Purnell Beverly A. , Alderton Gemma , Ash Caroline , Yeston Jake , Funk Michael A.
Published: February 2022

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Scientists call ‘endemic’ message premature
Authors: Servick Kelly
Published: February 2022

As pandemic restrictions lift, virus tracking and preparation for next variant may suffer
COVID-19 boosts risk of heart disease 1 year later
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: February 2022

Giant study shows even mild cases can take a long-term toll on heart and blood vessels
Microbiome data dominated by wealthy countries
Authors: Ortega Rodrigo Pérez
Published: February 2022

Skew could hamper development of targeted therapies
Draft Genome Sequences of Two
Sphingobium
Species Associated with Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Degradation Isolated from an HCH-Contaminated Soil
Authors: Khan Nelson , Brizola Toscan Rodolfo , Lunayo Accadius , Wamalwa Benson , Muge Edward , Mulaa Francis J. , Kallies René , Harms Hauke , Wick Lukas Y. , Nunes da Rocha Ulisses
Published: February 2022

The draft genome sequences of two
Sphingobium
strains that are hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degraders are presented. The strains were isolated from HCH-contaminated soil in Kitengela, Kenya. Both genomes possess the
lin
genes responsible for HCH degradation and gene clusters for degradation of other xenobiotic compounds.
Alphaflexivirus Genomes in Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease-Affected, Disease-Exposed, and Disease-Unexposed Coral Colonies in the U.S. Virgin Islands
Authors: Veglia A. J. , Beavers K. , Van Buren E. W. , Meiling S. S. , Muller E. M. , Smith T. B. , Holstein D. M. , Apprill A. , Brandt M. E. , Mydlarz L. D. , Correa A. M. S.
Published: February 2022

Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) is decimating Caribbean corals. Here, through the metatranscriptomic assembly and annotation of two alphaflexivirus-like strains, we provide genomic evidence of filamentous viruses in SCTLD-affected, -exposed, and -unexposed coral colonies. These data will assist in clarifying the roles of viruses in SCTLD.
Complete Genome Sequences of Four Streptococcus parasuis Strains Obtained from Saliva of Domestic Pigs in Japan
Authors: Nomoto Ryohei , Ishida-Kuroki Kasumi , Nakagawa Ichiro , Sekizaki Tsutomu
Published: February 2022

Streptococcus parasuis
is a close relative of
Streptococcus suis
, an important zoonotic pathogen that causes various diseases in pigs and humans. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of four strains, including the type strain of
S. parasuis
, isolated from the saliva of healthy pigs in Japan.
Fifteen-minute consultation: A structured approach to the child with palpable cervical lymph nodes
Authors: Ruffle Amy , Beattie George , Prasai Amit , Jeanes Annmarie , Paddock Michael
Published: February 2022

Palpable cervical lymph nodes are common in children and are a frequent reason for presentation to both primary and secondary care. Enlarged lymph nodes are most commonly the result of self-limiting infection, and in children, are rarely the first indicator of a malignant process. This article presents an evidenced-based approach to evaluating these patients.
Risk factors for the presence of important fractures in ED patients with shoulder dislocation: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Delattre Sousa Salomé , Houze-Cerfon Charles Henri , Le Gourrierec Thibault , Charpentier Sandrine , Dubucs Xavier , Balen Frederic
Published: February 2022

Background

Prereduction shoulder X-rays are frequently done to rule out an important fracture that might preclude reduction of a shoulder dislocation in the ED. Our objective was to determine the risk factors for an important fracture in patients admitted to the ED with shoulder dislocation.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Toulouse University Hospital from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018. All patients admitted to the ED with clinical presentation of shoulder dislocation were included. The primary end point was the presence of an important fracture (excluding Bankart and Hill-Sachs fractures). Logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for the presence of an important fracture.

Results

Six hundred and two patients were included in the study and 81 (13%) had an important fracture. Three risk factors were associated with important fracture: age over 40 years (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.7; 95% CI 1.5 to 4.8), first incident (aOR=4.3; 95% CI 1.7 to 10.8) and the circumstances in which the trauma occurred (fall from a height or direct impact, fall of over 1 m, road accident or epilepsy) (aOR=5.5; 95% CI 2.6 to 30). One hundred sixty-six patients (28%) had no risk factors in our cohort. In the absence of these risk factors, the risk of an important fracture was found to be 0.6% (95% CI 0 to 3.3).

Conclusion

We describe 3 independent clinical risk factors associated with an important fracture in ED patients with shoulder dislocation: age >40 years, first incident and a traumatic circumstance. Prereduction radiography may be safely avoided when these factors are absent.
Comparative efficacy of anaesthetic methods for closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures: a systematic review
Authors: Goh Amelia Xin Chun , Yeo Jun Wei , Gao Jocelyn Fangjiao , Ong Marcus Eng Hock , Chong Shu-Ling , Siddiqui Fahad Javaid , Ho Andrew Fu Wah
Published: February 2022

Background

Forearm fractures in children often require closed reduction in the emergency setting. The choice of anaesthesia influences the degree of pain relief, which determines the success of reduction. Main methods of anaesthesia include procedural sedation and analgesia, haematoma block, intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA) and regional nerve blocks. However, their comparative effectiveness is unclear. This study aims to synthesise peer-reviewed evidence and identify the most effective, in terms of pain reduction, and safest anaesthetic method.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 15 June 2021. Randomised controlled trials comparing anaesthetic methods for the closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures in the emergency setting were included. Two reviewers independently screened, collected data and assessed the risk of bias for the selected outcomes. The primary outcome was pain during reduction. Secondary outcomes included pain after reduction, adverse effects, satisfaction, adequacy of sedation/anaesthesia, success of reduction and resource use.

Results

1288 records were screened and 9 trials, which studied 936 patients in total, were included. Four trials compared the main methods of anaesthesia. Within the same method of anaesthesia, one compared administrative routes, one compared procedural techniques, one compared different drugs, one compared the use of adjuncts and one compared different doses of the same drug. One study found better pain outcomes with infraclavicular blocks compared with procedural sedation and analgesia. Lidocaine was superior in analgesic effect to prilocaine in IVRA in one study. One study found lower pain scores with moderate-dose than low-dose lidocaine in IVRA.

Conclusion

Few randomised controlled trials compared anaesthetic methods in the closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures. High heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Overall, current data are insufficient to guide the choice of anaesthetic method in emergency settings. More adequately powered trials, conducted using standardised methods, are required.
The Power of Machines That Control Experiments
Authors: De Brito Vasco Boavida , Costa José Félix , Poças Diogo
Published: February 2022

We consider the experimenter (e.g. the experimental physicist) as a Turing machine — the digital component — and the experiment of measurement — the analog component — as an oracle to the Turing machine. The algorithm running in the machine abstracts the experimental method of measurement (encoding the recursive structure of experimental actions) chosen by the experimenter. In this paper we prove that the central analogue-digital complexity classes [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be characterized in terms of protocols to perform measurements controlled by standard Turing machines.
REPRODUCING KERNEL HILBERT SPACES OF FRACTAL INTERPOLATION FUNCTIONS FOR CURVE FITTING PROBLEMS
Authors: LUOR DAH-CHIN
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we show that the spaces of some types of fractal interpolation functions are reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces with two different types of inner products. Then we apply these results to curve fitting problems. We establish the fractal interpolation functions that are in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces and that minimize the regularized empirical error.
UNIVERSAL MULTIFRACTAL STATIONARY DENSITIES IN EXPANDING PIECEWISE LINEAR COUPLED MAPS
Authors: JALLA DEEPAK , KOLWANKAR KIRAN M.
Published: February 2022

The phenomenon of synchronization in coupled chaotic maps has been studied extensively by the researchers in nonlinear dynamics for several years. But, there is hardly any study of the stationary densities of coupled maps as a function of the coupling parameter. Here, we numerically analyze stationary densities of two nonlinearly coupled tent maps. In the process, we find that the emergent stationary density can become multifractal even if the stationary density of the individual maps is smooth. In this work, we study piecewise linear and everywhere expanding maps as the stationary density for these maps is described by a simple functional relation. By extensive numerical simulations we find that for this class of maps the multifractal spectrum is universal and does not seem to change with the coupling or map parameters. The existence of this multifractal nature is not surprising, a posteriori, as it is known the densities satisfying similar functional relation are known to be multifractal but the form of the multifractal spectrum here is intriguing as it does not seem to conform to the existing theory of multifractal functions.
Steady-state solutions of one-dimensional equations of non-Newtonian hemodynamics
Authors: Krivovichev Gerasim V.
Published: February 2022

This paper is devoted to obtaining and analysis of steady-state solutions of one-dimensional equations for the simulation of blood flow when the non-Newtonian nature of blood is taken into account. The models, based on the rheological relations, widely used for the blood, are considered. The expressions for the nonlinear frictional term are presented. For the Power Law, Simplified Cross, and Quemada models, the exact integrals of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation, obtained from the averaged momentum equation, are obtained. It is demonstrated that several solutions exist for every rheological model, but the physically relevant solutions can be selected by the appropriate value of Mach number. The effects of the velocity profile and the value of hematocrit on the steady-state solutions are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the flattening of the velocity profile, which is typical for the blood, leads to the diminishing of the length of the interval, where the solution exists. The same effect is observed when the hematocrit value is increased.
Effect of uniform and nonuniform porosity on free vibration of functionally graded circular plate
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Khare Sumit
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to determine the natural frequencies of functionally graded (FG) porous circular plates while taking into account the uniform and nonuniform porosity distribution in the thickness direction. The material properties of FG plates are assumed to be varying continuously in the thickness direction. The material properties are calculated based on Voigt’s micro-mechanical model taking power law distribution method with arbitrary power index. The mathematical model of the FG circular porous plate is based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The motion of equations is derived using Hamilton’s energy principle and the Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) is applied to solve this equation. Convergence studies with respect to the number of nodes are used to validate the established solution methodology for nondimensional frequencies of FG circular plates. The nondimensional frequency for the FG circular plate is calculated and compared to the existing literature results. The effects of the thickness to radius ratio, material parameters, porosity distribution, and boundary conditions on the fundamental frequency for FG porous circular plates are also discussed in detail.
Volar Dislocation of Trapezoid with Coronal Fracture – A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: DABAS Vineet , BHATIA Nishant , GUPTA Palash
Published: February 2022

Volar dislocation of the trapezoid is a rare injury and is easily missed. It is more common to have a dorsal dislocation of trapezoid or multiple carpometacarpal joint dislocations. The rare nature of the injury also means that there is little guidance in literature regarding optimal treatment. We are reporting the presentation, management and a 3-year follow-up of this rare injury in a 19-year-old male.

Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Interaction between volcanic and non-volcanic systems and its implication for prospectivity in the Faroe–Shetland Basin, NE Atlantic continental margin
Authors: Ziska Heri , Árting Uni , Riishuus Morten S.
Published: February 2022

Exploration in the Faroe–Shetland Basin on the Faroese Continental Shelf has revealed thick and complex volcanic successions and discovery of inter-volcanic oil-bearing siliciclastic sandstone fan deposits in the central parts of the basin. The possibility for such play types at the fringe of the North Atlantic Igneous Province requires a better understanding of the interaction between competing sedimentary and volcanic depositional transport systems. We have re-examined volcanic units in cuttings from exploration wells in the greater Judd Sub-basin area for evaluation of facies and geochemical affinity. This allows for chemostratigraphical correlation of wells to the absolute radiometrically age-constrained Faroe Islands Basalt Group. The collective well data were subsequently tied to a regional interpretation of 2D seismic data which facilitated a detailed interpretation of temporal development of the volcanic successions in the Judd Sub-basin area in terms of geometry, volcanic facies, depositional environment, and interdigitation with non-volcanic sedimentary units.

The Judd Sub-basin was influenced by major volcanic phases during pre-breakup and syn-breakup. The influence was both direct, in the form of volcanic deposits, and indirect, in the form of obstructing established sedimentary transport systems and creating new provenance areas. The volcanic transport systems reached different areas of the Judd Sub-basin at different times during pre-breakup volcanism. The earliest incursion in the west was during late Mid Paleocene (T-sequence T31/T32). With at least three stratigraphically discrete incursions of volcanic material into the Judd Sub-basin, possibilities arise for sub- and inter-volcanic stratigraphic and structural traps for each incursion.
New Method in Surface Treatment of Nanopipette for Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions (ITIES) Experiment
Authors: Anupriya Edappalil Satheesan , Shen Mei
Published: February 2022

Interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is a powerful platform for chemical sensing and studying electron/ion transfer reactions and is typically formed between the interface of two immiscible solutions such as an oil phase and an aqueous phase. Micro/nano ITIES interface are generally formed at the tip of a borosilicate/quartz pipette, inner surface of which can be rendered hydrophobic to be filled with an organic solvent by a method called silanization. Nano/micrometer-sized electrodes are typically silanized by vapor silanization methods in which silanizing agent in vapor phase is exposed to nanopipettes. Micrometer-sized pipettes have been also silanized by directly filling liquid silanization agent, one type of liquid silanization methods, but this method has not been used at the nanoscale. Liquid silanization method allows to selectively silanize a single channel in a dual-channel pipette platform. Here, we developed the liquid silanization method for nanoscale ITIES and demonstrated that a stable cyclic voltammogram for tetrabutylammonium ion transfer across water/dichloroethane interface can be accomplished. We also presented challenges for liquid silanization at the nanoscale and strategies to overcome them. The liquid silanization methods presented here lay the foundation for future development of dual channel multi-functional probe where one channel is nanoITIES.
Synthesis and Enhanced H2S Sensing Properties of V2O3-NiO Nanoflower Assembled by Porous Nanosheets
Authors: Qiu Tiantian , Luo Na , Guo Mengmeng , Cai Haijie , Cheng Zhixuan , Xu Jiaqiang
Published: February 2022

Constructing porous structure has proved to be an effective strategy to improve the gas sensing properties of metal oxide semiconducting materials. In this work, high-performance hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas sensing material with porous structure were synthesized by growing nickel oxide (NiO) on vanadium trioxide (V2O3) seeds. Morphology and structure characterizations reveal that the novel three-dimensional (3D) nanoflowers are formed by self-assembling two-dimensional (2D) porous nanosheets with high surface area and abundant active sites. Compared with pristine NiO, the sensing performance of V2O3-NiO (VN8, VN7, VN6) with different ratios of V3+: Ni2+ is enhanced due to their porous structure. Among them, VN7 sensor shows excellent sensing properties at 200 °C. The response to 500 ppb H2S can reach 65, which increases as high as 2.2 times compared with the pristine NiO sensor. The response time to 500 ppb H2S is further decreased from 13 s of the pristine NiO sensors to 8 s of VN7 sensor. The VN7 sensor also shows a wide linear range from 20 ppb to 500 ppb, high selectivity, good repeatability, long-term stability, moisture resistance and low detection limit (20 ppb), indicating its potential candidate for ppb-level H2S detection in complex environment of industrial mine.
Quantifying the Effect of Separator Thickness on Rate Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Horváth Dominik V. , Tian Ruiyuan , Gabbett Cian , Nicolosi Valeria , Coleman Jonathan N.
Published: February 2022

In addition to improving parameters such as energy density and stability, it is important to maximise rate performance in lithium-ion batteries. While much work has focused on rate-limiting factors associated with the electrodes, much less attention has been paid to the effect of the separator on rate-performance. Here we perform a quantitative study on the effect of separator thickness on the rate-performance of a model system of NMC-based half cells. By fitting experimental capacity vs rate curves, we measured the characteristic time associated with charge/discharge as a function of separator thickness, finding a roughly linear increase for separator thicknesses below ∼65 μm. This behaviour is consistent with a simple physical model which shows the separator thickness dependence to be dominated by electrolyte resistance effects. The predictions of the model match the data extremely well with no adjustable parameters.
Convenient Surface Treatment of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Materials Improve the Cycle Performance
Authors: Tang Jianbo , Xie Qian , Chen Zhishan , Tian Ye , Zuo Jianliang , Yang Wei , Zheng Wenzhi
Published: February 2022

In this study, a suitable surface treatment was designed to optimize the cyclic quality of the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. Results show that solvent treatment can wash away the lithium compounds on material’s surface, which will hinder the diffusion of Li+ and catalyze the decomposition of the electrolyte. Disorder degree of nickel and oxygen layers will reduce after solvent treatment, which helps Li+ to embed and release better. A protective layer was found on the Solvent-treated surface of NCM811 by scanning electron microscope. Transmission Electron Microscope shows that a 3–4 nm thick Rock-salt phase NiO generated on the material surface can protect the structure stability and prevent the collapse of material with the process of charge and discharge. Through electrochemical tests show that the electrochemical performance of the material is markedly improved. Therefore, solvent treatment as a convenient modification method has specific industrial application value.
A Systematic Study on Three Kinds of Oscillations during Simultaneous Occurrence of Nitrate Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Cu and Ag Electrodes
Authors: Kuge Terumasa , Oshikiri Yoshinobu , Harada Takashi , Nakanishi Shuji , Mukouyama Yoshiharu
Published: February 2022

The reduction of nitrate ions on Cu and Ag electrodes shows three kinds of oscillations in the potential region of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The oscillations, which appear both under potential-controlled and current-controlled conditions, are sequentially named oscillations I, II, and III as the rate of the HER increases. Oscillation I appears when the electrolyte is acidic, while the other oscillations appear irrespective of the electrolyte pH. To reveal how N-shaped negative differential resistances (N-NDRs) are associated with the HER, a high-speed camera, electrochemical impedance analyzer, and high-gravity electrode are used, which leads to the following conclusions: oscillations I and III are hidden N-NDR (HN-NDR) types, with the former caused by a reaction intermediate of the HER, while the latter is attributed to the inherent nature of bubbles. This paper discusses how these N-NDR characteristics are induced and hidden by the occurrence of the HER. On the other hand, oscillation II is explained by the diffusion limitation of nitrate ions, enhanced convection due to the hydrogen bubble evolution, and change in the pH at the electrode surface.
Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Cell with a Barrier Layer Free Oxygen Electrode and Phase Inversion Derived Hydrogen Electrode
Authors: Zhang Yongliang , Xu Nansheng , Tang Qiming , Huang Kevin
Published: February 2022

High-temperature solid oxide cells (SOCs) have fundamental advantages in efficiency and product rate over their low-temperature counterparts. However, the commercial development of SOCs is hindered by cost and reliability. To solve the issues, lowering the operating temperature of SOCs is deemed the best solution. Here we report on our effort toward intermediate temperature (IT) SOCs by developing a barrier layer free high-performance oxygen electrode and open structured hydrogen electrode. The results show that the new oxygen electrode provides reasonably good oxygen electrocatalytic activity at IT range for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions and the open structured hydrogen electrode provides low gas diffusion path for H2/H2O. However, at high electrolysis current density such as 1 A cm−2 and 650 °C, the present oxygen electrode delaminates after 200 h. The phase-inversion derived open structured hydrogen electrode helps gas diffusion but, in the meantime, reduces reactive sites. A proper balance of porosity and number of reactive sites is still needed for future hydrogen electrode development.
Optimization of a pericyte therapy to improve muscle recovery after limb immobilization
Authors: Wu Yu-Fu , Lapp Samuel , Dvoretskiy Svyatoslav , Garcia Gabriela , Kim Michael , Tannehill Amanda , Daniels Laureen , Boppart Marni D.
Published: February 2022

In this study, pericytes were isolated from mouse skeletal muscle based on cell surface marker expression of neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) or melanoma cell adhesion molecule (Mcam/CD146) and then compared for the capacity to recover skeletal muscle after a period of immobilization in recipient mice. We report that CD146+Lin− pericytes exhibit higher capacity than NG2+Lin− pericytes to recover Type IIa fiber quantity, capillary content, and collagen turnover after disuse.