bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of salmonellae in cattle and in the environment on California dairies
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , Da Roden Lin , Thurmond Mark C. , Dilling George W. , Konrad Hans , Pelton Jeffrey A. , Picanso John P.
Published: December 2023

Milk samples were collected from all lactating cows on 60 dairies (mean number of cows/dairy, 584; range, 66 to 2,834) randomly selected from 701 California dairies enrolled in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association program. Samples were tested, by means of an elisa, for antibodies against Salmonella serogroup B, C1, and D1 antigens (somatic antigens 01, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12). Blood samples were collected from all cows with positive results and tested for serologic evidence of exposure to salmonellae. Samples for bacteriologic culture (pooled feces from 20 randomly selected calves, swabs of wet areas and feces from calf pens and dairy hospital pens, drag swab sample from wastewater lagoon, and samples of feed components) were also collected from all 60 dairies. Seven (11.7%) of the 60 dairies each had 1 sample that yielded Salmonella organisms (3 S typhimurium, 1 S dublin, 1 nonmotile Group D salmonella, 1 S derby, and 1 S oranienberg). Five of the Salmonella isolates came from the hospital pens and 2 came from calf pens. Thirty-three dairies did not vaccinate cattle against salmonellosis, and of these, 24 (72.7%) had ≥ 1 seropositive cow (titer ≥ 200), and 20 (61 %) had ≥1 persistently seropositive cow (titer for each of 2 blood samples collected ≥ 60 days apart was ≥ 200). Of the 27 dairies that did vaccinate cows against salmonellosis, 24 (89%) had ≥ 1 seropositive cow, and 21 (78%) had ≥ 1 persistently seropositive cow.

We concluded that studies that use of bacteriologic culture of fecal and environmental samples to determine the percentage of dairies with Salmonella-infected cows may underestimate the true percentage.
Perioperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous tumors in Equidae
Authors: Théon A. P. , Pascoe J. R. , Meagher D. M.
Published: December 2023

Twenty-seven horses (and 1 mule) with 32 histologically confirmed cutaneous tumors were studied to evaluate the effects of intratumoral injection of cisplatin initiated at the time of surgery. As a result of surgery, 9 of the wounds were closed primarily (5 sarcoids, 4 carcinomas) and 23 were left open to granulate (16 sarcoids, 6 carcinomas, 1 hamartoma). Chemotherapy consisted of 4 treatment sessions of intratumoral injection of cisplatin in purified sesame oil at 2-week intervals. The first treatment session was administered intraoperatively. A controlled-release formulation of cisplatin in sesame oil was used to limit drug egress from the injection site. Dosage was 1 mg of cisplatin/cm3 of tissue. The mean relapse-free interval was 41 ± 3.7 months. The estimates of overall relapse-free survival rates were 92 ± 5% at 1 year and 77 ± 11% at 4 years. Cisplatin-related local toxicosis was minimal and wound healing was not compromised. Intratumoral injection of cisplatin appears safe and effective when administered in the perioperative period for selected tumors in equidae.
Evidence for a high rate of false-positive results with the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Ehrlichia risticii antibody in horses
Authors: Madigan John E. , Rikihisa Yasuko , Palmer Jonathan E. , DeRock Elfriede , Mott Jason
Published: December 2023

Objective—

The original objective was to determine seroprevalence of Ehrlichia risticii antibody among horses in California. On the basis of the unexpected results of the survey, an investigation into the accuracy and reproducibility of results of the indirect fluorescent antibody (
ifa) test for E risticii was carried out.

Design—

Prospective, seroprevalence study.

Animals—

Healthy horses (n = 655) and horses with clinical signs of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (
eme; n = 514) from various regions of California.

Procedure—

The
ifa test was performed. Results were compared with results of an
elisa and with results of western immunoblot analysis.

Results—

Overall, 104 of 655 (15.9%) healthy horses had evidence of an antibody response. However, 84 of 514 (16.3%) horses with clinical signs of
eme also had positive test results, and of the 8 seropositive diseased horses for which paired (acute and convalescent) samples had been submitted, only 1 had a rise in antibody titers between the acute and convalescent samples. Comparison of results for the
ifa test,
elisa, and western immunoblot analysis revealed a high rate of false-positive results for the
ifa test. Subsequent studies suggested that routine vaccination of horses with non-E risticii vaccines may have contributed to the false-positive reactions.

Clinical Implications—

The data failed to provide conclusive evidence of E risticii infection among California horses. Owing to the high percentage of false-positive test results, caution is advised when using the
ifa test to diagnose
eme in horses or to determine the necessity for E risticii vaccination.
Comparison of tilmicosin with long-acting oxytetracycline for treatment of respiratory tract disease in calves
Authors: Musser J. , Mechor G. D. , Gröhn Y. T. , Dubovi E. J. , Shin S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare the effect of a single parenteral injection of tilmicosin with that of a single dose of a long-acting oxytetracycline as treatment in the early stages of naturally acquired undifferentiated respiratory tract disease in young dairy calves.

Design

Prospective clinical trial, randomized block design.

Animals

40 dairy calves.

Procedure

78 calves from 5 farms were examined weekly until 3 months old. When respiratory tract disease was diagnosed by a veterinarian, the calf was assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups. Transtracheal wash samples were acquired to characterize the pathogens. The veterinarian, who was unaware of treatment assignments, examined calves for 3 days after treatment and evaluated severity, using a scoring system. Growth rates were measured.

Results

On the basis of response to initial treatment, relapse rates, and effect on growth rates, the antibiotics were determined to be equally effective. Severity of clinical disease was significantly (P < 0.03) less for the tilmicosin-treated calves on days 2 and 3 after treatment. Findings from analysis of transtracheal wash samples indicated Pasteurella multocida (25/40), P haemolytica (4/40), Haemophilus somnus (4/40), Actinomyces pyogenes (3/40), and Aspergillus sp (2/40). Mycoplasma was isolated in association with bacterial isolates in 22 calves.

Clinical Implications

Tilmicosin and oxytetracycline are effective in treatment of respiratory tract disease in young calves, even when Mycoplasma spp are involved. Tilmicosin is more effective in resolving clinical signs. Early treatment of dairy calves with respiratory tract disease may decrease detrimental effects on growth.
Catheterization of the auricular vein in cattle: 68 cases (1991–1994)
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Talioferra Lecrecia , Navarre Christine B. , Hooper R. Neil
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the use of auricular vein catheters (AVC) in cattle in a clinical setting.

Design

Case series.

Animals

57 cattle.

Procedure

68 AVC were placed in cattle for the administration of drugs or rehydration fluids. Catheter size, quantity of fluids administered, duration of administration, drugs administered, duration of catheter maintenance, and problems were recorded.

Results

The AVC ranged in size from 20 to 14 gauge, with the latter being the predominate size. A maximum flow rate of 7.7 L/h was achieved, and the flow rate was satisfactory in all but 1 case. The maximum duration of maintenance was > 96 hours. Problems occurred in 29 of 68 (43%) catheterizations; the most frequent problem was occlusion of the catheter, which occurred 16 times (24%). No serious complications occurred.

Clinical Implications

Auricular vein catheters were a convenient, safe, and low-cost alternative to jugular vein catheters. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:905–907)
Efficacy of a temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type-1 vaccine against abortion and stillbirth in pregnant heifers
Authors: Cravens Ronald Lynn , Ellsworth Michael Aaron , Sorensen Cynthia Deanne , White Amy Kathleen
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) vaccine against BHV-1 challenge-induced abortion and stillbirth.

Design

Prospective randomized control trial.

Animals

20 cycling, nonpregnant, BHV-1 seronegative heifers of various breeds and weights, 12 to 15 months old.

Procedure

Heifers were randomly assigned to a vaccinate (n = 10) or nonvaccinate control (n = 10) group. Seventeen to 26 days after members of the vaccinate group received a second dose of vaccine, all heifers were artificially inseminated. Heifers were challenged intravenously with Cooper strain BHV-1 between days 177 and 187 of gestation. Aborted fetuses and stillborn calves were necropsied, and tissues collected for histologic examination and virus isolation. Heifers, calves, and fetuses were tested for BHV-1 antibody throughout the study.

Results

The difference in number of abortions or stillbirths between vaccinated heifers (1/10) and control heifers (10/10) was significant (P < 0.003). Seven of 10 control heifers had a virus neutralization antibody titer to BHV-1 at abortion or stillbirth that declined or remained unchanged from their titer at a previous serologic evaluation (7 to 66 days earlier).

Clinical Implications

Prebreeding vaccination of replacement heifers with modified-live BHV-1 vaccine provides fetal protection at 6 months of gestation (7 months after vaccination) and appears to be a reasonable precaution to control economic losses associated with BHV-1 infection. Abortions induced by BHV-1 are not necessarily associated with rising or markedly high virus neutralization antibody titers. These titers should be used cautiously when assessing the role of BHV-1 in bovine abortion and stillbirth. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208: 2031-2034)
Use of immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for detection of oncornaviruses in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fibrosarcomas from cats
Authors: Ellis John A. , Jackson Marion L. , Bartsch Robert C. , McGill Larry G. , Martin Karen M. , Trask Brenda R. , Haines Deborah M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether there was intralesional infection or expression of FeLV or feline sarcoma virus in suspected vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas in cats.

Design

Prospective case series.

Sample Population

130 suspected vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas from cats and 1 multicentric fibrosarcoma from 1 cat.

Procedure

Excisional biopsy specimens were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Expression of FeLV antigen was assessed, using a polyclonal goat anti-FeLV glycoprotein 70 (gp 70) serum and an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining technique. The FeLV genome was detected with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primers targeted to a conserved sequence in the untranslated region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the FeLV.

Results

FeLV gp 70 and LTR sequence were detected in a multicentric fibrosarcoma. All 130 of the suspected vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas were FeLV gp 70 negative on the basis of immunohistochemical test results; 100 fibrosarcomas also were examined by use of PCR and were negative for FeLV LTR region.

Clinical Implications

Exogenous retroviruses, FeLV, and feline sarcoma virus were not detected in these suspected vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas, using immunohistochemistry and PCR. Additional testing will be required to determine the nature of genomic alterations that are involved in the oncogenesis of vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:767–771)
Induction of parturition in alpacas and subsequent survival of neonates
Authors: Bravo P. Walter , Bazan Patricia J. , Troedsson Mats H. T. , Villalta Pedro R. , Garnica Jorge P.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate use of fluprostenol, dexamethasone, and oxytocin for induction of parturition in alpacas, and to determine viability of the newborn crias.

Design—

Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

Animals—

36 pregnant alpacas within 10 days of parturition.

Procedure—

Animals were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Plasma progesterone and plasma and urine estrone sulfate concentrations were measured for 5 days after treatment. Clinical signs of the neonates were determined.

Results—

Time between treatment and parturition was significantly shorter for animals that received fluprostenol than for animals in any other group. The highest dose of dexamethasone (0.5 mg) caused fetal death. None of the other treatments induced early parturition. Time between birth and first suckling, body weight, rectal temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory rate at birth and serum IgG concentration 24 hours after birth were not different between crias born after fluprostenol treatment and crias born to control alpacas.

Clinical Implications—

Fluprostenol was effective at inducing parturition in these alpacas, but dexamethasone and oxytocin were not. crias born after fluprostenol treatment were similar to crias born to control alpacas. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1760–1762)
Use of statistical models to evaluate racing performance in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Martin G. S. , Strand E. , Kearney M. T.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To develop a statistical model to evaluate the influence of specific parameters on racing performance in Thoroughbreds.

Design—

Survey.

Sample Population—

Racing records of Thoroughbreds performing in Louisiana from 1981 to 1985.

Procedure—

Race results for 20 randomly selected days from 5 racetracks during 5 years were analyzed, using regression analysis.

Results—

The most influential parameter was distance raced. There were significant differences in racing performance among horses at different tracks. At the tracks examined, fast racing surfaces resulted in significantly faster finish times than good racing surfaces, and good racing surfaces resulted in significantly faster finish times than muddy racing surfaces. Finish times also were significantly faster as a function of increasing purse amount and age of horse. Finish times were significantly faster during quarter 4 (summer) and significantly slower during quarter 1 (fall). Races were run at significantly faster times as the number of the race progressed during the day. The finish times were significantly slower as the number of horses competing in the race increased, as the weight carried by the horse increased, and as the starting position away from the rail increased.

Clinical Implications—

The coefficients used in the statistical model of this report may be used by researchers to compare before injury and after treatment finish times. The coefficients can be used to standardize past racing performances to uniform conditions, thus permitting comparison from 1 race to another to determine success of treatments and to inform owners of prognosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1900–1906)
Survey of veterinary professionals and other veterinary conference attendees for antibodies to Bartonella henselae and B quintana
Authors: Noah Donald L. , Kramer Cynthia M. , Verbsky Matthew P. , Rooney Jane A. , Smith Kathleen A. , Childs James E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine serologic and epidemiologic characteristics of an occupational group potentially at risk for Bartonella sp infection.

Design

Epidemiologic survey.

Sample Population

351 veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and other individuals attending a veterinary conference in Ohio.

Procedure

A serum sample was obtained from each individual and tested for antibodies to Bartonella henselae or B quintana. A 24-question survey also was administered regarding demographic, occupational, and exposure information.

Results

25 (7.1 %) individuals were seropositive for B henselae or B quintana. Forty-seven, of whom 5 were seropositive, reported a history of illness consistent with cat-scratch disease and 18, of whom 3 were seropositive, reported a previous diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Of the variables analyzed, only years of experience with cats was correlated with seropositivity.

Clinical Implications

The overall seroprevalence for 2 species of Bartonella in this occupational group was only slightly higher than that reported from other surveys. Seroprevalences among veterinarians, veterinary technicians, hospital staff, and others were essentially identical. Small sample groups, high percentage of cat ownership among participants, unknown duration of seropositivity, and unknown prevalence of infection among cats were potential confounders. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:342–344
Epizootic of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis on a farm
Authors: Fenger Clara K. , Granstrom David E. , Langemeier John L. , Stamper Shelby
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the clinical findings, course of treatment, and long-term outcome of horses on a farm in central Kentucky during an epizootic of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM).

Design—

Cohort study.

Animals—

21 horses on a farm in central Kentucky, 12 of which developed clinical signs of EPM.

Procedure—

Horses on the farm were serially examined for signs of neurologic disease and serum and CSF antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona. Horses were considered to have EPM if they had neurologic signs and positive test results for antibodies to S neurona in CSF. Blood values were monitored for evidence of abnormalities resulting from long-term pyrimethamine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration. Physical, neurologic, and fetal necropsy examinations were performed as needed. Horses were treated for EPM until they had negative test results for CSF antibodies to S neurona.

Results—

Of 21 horses on the farm, 12 had EPM over the course of 6 months. The duration of treatment ranged from 45 to 211 days, excluding 1 horse that persistently had CSF antibodies to S neurona. Adverse effects from pyrimethamine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration included transient fever, anorexia, and depression (n = 2); acute worsening of ataxia (2); mild anemia (4); and abortions (3).

Clinical Implications—

EPM may develop as an epizootic. In the horses of this report, subtle clinical signs that were originally considered unimportant ultimately progressed to obvious neurologic signs. Adverse effects associated with EPM treatment included worsening of neurologic signs, anemia, abortion, and leukopenic and febrile episodes. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:923–927)
Field study of the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine
Authors: Powell David G. , Dwyer Roberta M. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Fulker Richard H. , Whalen Joseph W. , Srinivasappa Javaraiah , Acree William M. , Chu Hsien-Jue
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine.

Design—

Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Animals—

316 pregnant Thoroughbred mares during the first year of the study and 311 during the second year.

Procedure—

During the first year, mares received 3 doses of vaccine or placebo, IM, at 8, 9, and 10 months of gestation. Serum neutralizing antibody titers were measured before vaccination and 1 and 35 days after foaling. Antibody titers were measured in foals 1, 7, 35, 60, 90, and 120 days after birth. During the second year, mares that had been vaccinated the previous year received a single booster dose of vaccine approximately 1 month prior to parturition. Mares that had received the placebo the previous year and mares new to the study received 3 doses of vaccine or placebo. Serum neutralizing antibody titers were measured in samples taken from mares approximately 1 day after foaling and from foals approximately 1 and 60 days after birth.

Results—

Adverse reactions were not observed. Antibody titers were significantly increased at the time of foaling and 35 days after foaling in vaccinated, compared with control, mares and for 90 days after birth in foals born to vaccinated, compared with foals born to control, mares. Incidence of rotaviral diarrhea was lower in foals born to vaccinated, compared with foals born to control, mares, but the difference was not significant.

Clinical Implications—

Results suggest that the equine rotavirus vaccine is safe and immunogenic and that reasonable efficacy under field conditions can be expected. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:193–198)
Reliability of early radiographic evaluations for canine hip dysplasia obtained from the standard ventrodorsal radiographic projection
Authors: Corley E. A. , Keller G. G. , Lattimer J. C. , Ellersieck M. R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine reliability of preliminary evaluations for canine hip dysplasia (CHD) performed by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals on dogs between 3 and 18 months of age.

Design

Retrospective analysis of data from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals database.

Animals

2,332 Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherd Dogs, and Rottweilers for which preliminary evaluation had been performed between 3 and 18 months of age and for which results of a definitive evaluation performed after 24 months of age were available.

Procedure

Each radiograph was evaluated, and hip joint status was graded as excellent, good, fair, or borderline phenotype or mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia. Preliminary evaluations were performed by 1 radiologist; definitive evaluations were the consensus of 3 radiologists. Reliability of preliminary evaluations was calculated as the percentage of definitive evaluations (normal vs dysplastic) that were unchanged from preliminary evaluations.

Results

Reliability of a preliminary evaluation of normal hip joint phenotype decreased significantly as the preliminary evaluation changed from excellent (100%) to good (97.9%) to fair (76.9%) phenotype. Reliability of a preliminary evaluation of CHD increased significantly as the preliminary evaluation changed from mild (84.4%) to moderate (97.4%) CHD. Reliability of preliminary evaluations increased significantly as age at the time of preliminary evaluation increased, regardless of whether dogs received a preliminary evaluation of normal phenotype or CHD.

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that preliminary evaluations of hip joint status in dogs are generally reliable. However, dogs that receive a preliminary evaluation of fair phenotype or mild CHD should be reevaluated after 24 months of age. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1142–1146)
Objective scoring of animal handling and stunning practices at slaughter plants
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: December 2023

Objective

To develop objective methods for monitoring animal welfare at slaughter plants to ensure compliance with the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act.

Design

Survey of existing procedures.

Sample Population

24 federally inspected slaughter plants.

Procedure

6 variables evaluated at each plant were stunning efficacy, insensibility of animals hanging on the bleeding rail, vocalization, electric prod use, number of animals slipping, and number of animals falling.

Results

Of 11 beef plants, only 4 were able to render 95% of cattle insensible with a single shot from a captive-bolt stunner. Personnel at 7 of 11 plants placed the stunning wand correctly on 99% or more of pigs and sheep. At 4 beef plants, percentage of cattle prodded with an electric prod ranged from 5% at a plant at which handlers only prodded cattle that refused to move to 90% at another plant. Use of electric prods at 6 pork plants scored for prod use ranged from 15 to almost 100% of pigs. Percentage of cattle that vocalized during stunning and handling ranged from 1.1 % at a plant at which electric prods were only used on cattle that refused to move to 32% at another plant at which electric prods were used on 90% of cattle and a restraint device was inappropriately used to apply excessive pressure.

Clinical Implications

To obtain the most accurate assessment of animal welfare at slaughter plants, it is important to score all of the aforementioned variables. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:36–39)
Comparison of three methods used for assessment of pain in dogs
Authors: Holton Lynne Louise , Scott Ethel Marian , Nolan Andrea Mary , Reid Jacqueline , Welsh Elizabeth , Flaherty Derek
Published: December 2023

Objective

To investigate the reliability of 3 scales used for assessment of pain in dogs.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

50 dogs that had surgery.

Procedure

Dogs were allocated into 3 groups (group 1, 25 dogs assessed 1 hour after the end of surgery; group 2, 41 dogs assessed between 21 and 27 hours after the end of surgery; group 3, 16 dogs assessed on the day of surgery and on the subsequent day). Each dog was scored for pain 4 times by 3 (groups 1 and 3) or 4 (group 2) veterinarians, using all 3 scales (ie, simple descriptive, numerical rating, and visual analogue) during each scoring period. Analysis of data was performed using ANOVA, loglinear modeling, calculation of reproducibility coefficients, and Cohen's kappa statistic.

Results

Significant variability existed among observers for use of all 3 scales. Variability among observers and between observers and dogs accounted for 29 to 36% of the total variability (group 1, 36.1 and 32.3% and group 2, 35.1 and 29.7%, for visual analogue scale and numerical rating scale scores, respectively). Kappa statistic values calculated for data obtained by use of the simple descriptive scale indicated that agreement was fair for the observers (group 1, 0.244 to 0.299; group 2, 0.211 to 0.368; group 3, 0.233 to 0.321).

Clinical Implications

Analysis of pain score data in dogs must incorporate observer variability when more than 1 observer is used. Comparative analysis of data accrued from pain studies in various hospitals must account for this variability. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:61–66)
Effect of ranitidine on intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals
Authors: Sanchez L. Chris , Lester Guy D. , Merritt A. M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine intragastric pH in newborn foals and to examine the effect of IV or oral administration of an H2-receptor antagonist on intragastric pH.

Design

Prospective controlled study.

Animals

6 healthy mixed-breed neonatal foals.

Procedure

Intragastric pH was measured, using an antimony electrode. Foals were monitored on days 2, 4, and 6 after birth, and each received 3 treatments. The pH was recorded for 4 hours before treatment and for 10 hours after ranitidine administration (2 mg/kg [0.91 mg/lb] of body weight, IV; 6.6 mg/kg [3 mg/lb PO) or 20 hours after corn syrup administration. Mean and median pH and percentage of time pH was ≥ 4 were calculated.

Results

Mean intragastric pH significantly increased for 5 hours after IV administration of ranitidine, compared with baseline data. Percentage of time intragastric pH was ≥ 4 increased significantly for 4 hours after ranitidine administration, and median pH increased significantly for hours 2 to 4 after administration. Oral administration of ranitidine significantly increased mean and median pH for hours 2 to 8 after administration and percentage of time pH was ≥ 4 for hours 2 to 7 after administration.

Clinical Implications

Neonatal foals have highly acidic gastric fluid. Intravenous or oral administration of ranitidine significantly increased intragastric pH for 4 and 8 hours, respectively. Suckling affected intragastric pH and underscored the need for frequent feeding of neonatal foals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:1407–1412)
Use of clinical parameters for differentiation of gram-positive and gram-negative mastitis in dairy cows vaccinated against lipopolysaccharide core antigens
Authors: Morin Dawn E. , Constable Peter D. , McCoy Gene C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether clinical parameters could be used to differentiate clinical mastitis (CM) caused by gram-positive bacteria from CM caused by gram-negative bacteria in dairy cows vaccinated against lipopolysaccharide core antigens.

Design

Case series.

Animals

143 episodes of CM in 86 dairy cows in a single herd.

Procedure

Cows were examined at onset of CM, and 24 clinical parameters including rectal temperature, heart rate, rumen contraction rate, degree of dehydration, various udder and milk characteristics, lactation number, stage of lactation, and season of year were recorded. Milk production and milk constituent concentrations before onset of CM were obtained from Dairy Herd Improvement Association records. Values for cows with gram-negative CM were compared with values for cows with gram-positive CM. Logistic regression was used to identify important predictors of gram-negative CM.

Results

64 (45%) CM episodes were caused by gram-negative bacteria and 79 (55%) were caused by gram-positive bacteria. Rumen contraction rate was significantly lower and milk protein percentage before onset of CM was significantly higher in cows with gram-negative, rather than gram-positive, CM. Logistic regression indicated that CM was more likely to have been caused by gram-negative bacteria if it developed during the summer, milk was watery, or rumen contraction rate was low. Sensitivity and specificity of the final regression model were 0.58 and 0.80, respectively. Predictive value of a positive result was 0.74 when proportion of CM episodes caused by gram-negative bacteria was assumed to be 50%.

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that clinical observations do not allow accurate prediction of CM pathogens and should not be the sole criteria for deciding whether cows with CM are treated with antibiotics. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1423–1431)
Clinical appearances, healing patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of horses with fungal keratitis: 53 cases (1978-1996)
Authors: Gaarder James E. , Rebhun W. C. , Ball M. A. , Patten V , Shin Sang , Erb H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare initial clinical appearances, healing mechanisms, risk factors, and outcomes of horses with fungal keratitis.

Design

Retrospective analysis.

Animals

52 horses (53 eyes) with fungal keratitis.

Procedure

Medical records and clinical photographs of eyes were reviewed. Keratomycoses were categorized on the basis of clinical appearance at initial examination and pattern of healing.

Results

Five distinct forms of mycotic keratitis were recognized. Of 53 affected eyes, 34 (64%) retained sight and had varying degrees of corneal scarring after treatment, 6 (11%) had a cosmetic appearance but were blind, and 13 (25%) were enucleated. Bacterial-like ulcers were the most frequent type and the most difficult for predicting outcome. Eyes affected by superficial fungal keratitis were likely to be chronically infected and to require debridement and extended treatment but usually healed with minimal scarring. Keratomycosis with a surrounding furrow resulted in a grave prognosis. Aspergillus organisms were isolated from 9 of 10 such eyes. Cake-frosting material was a positive prognostic sign. Fungal corneal stromal abscesses tended to be caused by yeast.

Clinical Implications

This information will aid practitioners in recognizing various forms of fungal keratitis and guide them when making therapeutic decisions and prognoses for affected horses. (J AM Med Assoc 1998;213:105-112)
Economic evaluation of neonatal health protection programs for cattle
Authors: Larson R. L. , Pierce V L. , Randle R. F
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To develop an economic tool that can be used to help cattle producers evaluate benefits of neonatal health programs.

Design—

Computer simulation of a multiple-year spreadsheet model, using economic and production variables.

Sample Population—

Records for a university research farm beef herd.

Procedure—

Data from the university research farm beef herd for each year from 1990 to 1995 were evaluated to determine economic benefits for the cowcalf enterprise that would result from a decrease in morbidity and mortality. A baseline economic evaluation of returns to variable costs was performed, using actual production and marketing information. Actual economic performance was contrasted with a projected simulation in which morbidity and mortality were decreased. Sensitivity analysis for the simulation model assessment of a neonatal health program was also performed.

Results—

Mean-per-cow increase in net income for the herd during the 6-year period for morbidity and mortality reductions of 20, 40, and 60% was $7.44, $14.93, and $22.42, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that net income per cow was not sensitive to errors in projections of morbidity and mortality.

Clinical Implications—

Identifying potential economic benefits for implementing a neonatal health plan and quantifying the costs to implement each component of the plan can be used by veterinarians and their clients when formulating a proactive strategy to provide the greatest potential for economic reward. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:810-816)
Human contact with bait containing vaccine for control of rabies in wildlife
Authors: McGuill Michael W. , Kreindel Silvia M. , DeMaria Alfred , Robbins Alison H. , Rowell Steven , Hanlon Cathleen A. , Rupprecht Charles E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To document the number of human contacts with bait containing liquid vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine, to evaluate factors that might affect human contact with bait-vaccine units, and to summarize adverse reactions in people after contact with vaccine.

Design

Retrospective 4-year survey of directors of 6 oral rabies vaccination programs.

Sample Population

Human residents in areas of vaccination programs.

Procedure

Data were collected from report forms and telephone conversations with directors of oral rabies vaccination programs in Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Texas, and New York. Data collected included information regarding human contact with bait and vaccine, sex and age of person involved in contact, human population density, bait density, type of labeling used on bait, and other factors.

Results

Human contact with bait was more likely in areas where bait had white labels (vs lettering in black ink) and in areas with high human population densities. Directors of all programs reported that human contact with bait-vaccine units was minimal. Adverse reactions in exposed people were not reported. On the basis of these findings, concerns about V-RG vaccine posing a substantial public health risk remain unfounded.

Clinical Implications

Directors of oral rabies vaccination programs should systematically collect information about exposures and potential factors affecting exposure of people to bait-vaccine units. People with substantial exposure to V-RG vaccine should be evaluated for immune status and any resulting symptoms should be documented and monitored. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1413-1417)
Clinical outcome and associated diseases in dogs with leukocytosis and neutrophilia: 118 cases (1996–1998)
Authors: Lucroy Michael D. , Madewell Bruce R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe diseases, prognosis, and clinical outcomes associated with leukocytosis and neutrophilia in dogs.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

118 dogs with leukocytosis and neutrophilia.

Procedure

Medical records from 1996 to 1998 were examined for dogs with WBC ≥ 50,000 cells/μl and neutrophilia ≥ 50%. Signalment, absolute and differential WBC counts, body temperature, clinical or pathologic diagnosis, duration and cost of hospitalization, and survival time were reviewed.

Results

Mean age was 7.7 years, WBC count was 65,795 cells/μl, and absolute neutrophil count was 53,798 cells/μI. Mean duration of hospitalization was 7.4 days and cost of hospitalization was $2,028.00. Forty (34%) dogs were febrile, and 73 (62%) dogs died. Overall median survival time was 17 days. Dogs with neoplasia or fever were more likely to die than dogs that were hospitalized or had systemic or local infections.

Clinical Implications

Leukocytosis and neutrophilia were associated with high mortality rate and have prognostic value. Given the mean duration and cost of hospitalization, frank discussion with an owner at first recognition of leukocytosis and neutrophilia may be warranted. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:805–807)
Inflammatory bowel disease in horses: 11 cases (1988-1998)
Authors: Scott Edward A. , Heidel Jerry R. , Snyder Stanley P. , Ramirez Santos , Whitler William A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine clinical and surgical abnormalities in, and long-term outcome of, horses that undergo surgery because of colic secondary to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

11 horses.

Procedure

Medical records of horses that had undergone abdominal surgery and in which IBD had been diagnosed on the basis of histologic examination of intestinal biopsy specimens were reviewed.

Results

5 horses were examined because of acute colic and 6 were examined because of chronic colic. At surgery, all 11 horses had edematous or hemorrhagic bowel segments suggestive of IBD. In addition, 6 horses had circumferential mural bands (CMB) causing constriction of the small (4 horses) or large (2) intestine. Intestinal resections were performed in 7 horses. All 11 horses survived surgery and were discharged from the hospital; 10 horses were still alive at the time of follow-up (1.5 to 7 years after surgery).

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that IBD is an uncommon cause of colic in horses. Surgical resection of segments of intestine with constrictive CMB may relieve clinical signs of colic. Horses with IBD that had surgery had a good prognosis for long-term survival. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1527-1531)
Use of mammary gland and colostral characteristics for prediction of colostral IgG1 concentration and intramammary infection in Holstein cows
Authors: Maunsell Fiona P. , Morin Dawn E. , Constable Peter D. , Hurley Walter L. , McCoy Gene C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether mammary gland or colostral characteristics at calving could be used to predict colostral immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration or intramammary infection (IMI) and whether leakage of colostrum affects IgG1 concentration.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

113 multiparous Holstein cows.

Procedure

Cows were examined within 3 hours of calving, and mammary gland and colostral characteristics, colostral volume, somatic cell count, and concentrations of IgG1, fat, and protein were determined. Bacteriologic culture of mammary secretions was performed approximately 14 and 7 days before calving and at calving. Associations of gland and colostral characteristics with colostral IgG1 concentration, colostral volume, and IMI were examined.

Results

Thick or thin colostrum had higher IgG1 concentration than colostrum of intermediate viscosity. Colostrum from mammary glands that were firm had low IgG1 concentration. Colostral IgG1 concentration was weakly correlated with volume. Intramammary infection was likely to be detected if colostrum contained clots or blood or if the California Mastitis Test (CMT) score was ≥ 2. Somatic cell count was higher for glands with IMI than for uninfected glands, and CMT score was correlated with cell count.

Clinical Implications

Mammary gland and colostral characteristics were of little value in predicting IgG1 concentration. Our findings do not support recommendations that first milking colostrum that is thin (watery) or that is from cows producing large volumes not be fed to dairy calves. Colostral characteristics, particularly CMT score, were of value for predicting IMI. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1817-1823)
Outcome of surgical versus medical treatment of dogs with beta cell neoplasia: 39 cases (1990–1997)
Authors: Tobin Regina L. , Nelson Richard W. , Lucroy Michael D. , Wooldridge John D. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare outcome of surgical versus medical treatment of dogs with beta cell neoplasia.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

39 dogs with clinical signs of hypoglycemia and serum glucose and insulin concentrations consistent with a diagnosis of beta cell neoplasia.

Procedure

Information on signalment; clinical history; physical examination findings; results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and urinalysis; serum glucose and insulin concentrations; results of thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasonography; treatment and treatment complications; survival time; and cause of death were obtained from medical records.

Results

26 dogs underwent exploratory celiotomy and partial pancreatectomy; 13 dogs were treated medically (ie, dietary change and prednisone). Median survival time was significantly longer for dogs treated surgically than for dogs treated medically. Significant differences were not found in mean age, body weight, duration of clinical signs prior to diagnosis, serum glucose and insulin concentration, or results of other serum biochemical tests between dogs treated surgically and dogs treated medically; also, there was no significant correlation between any of these parameters and survival time for either group of dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results suggest that exploratory celiotomy and partial pancreatectomy are indicated once a tentative diagnosis of beta cell neoplasia is established in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:226–230)
Managed artificial recharge through drywells
Authors:   Civil Engineer, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile, Olivares M. Yerko , Herrera R. Paulo ,   Adjunct professor, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
Published: December 2023

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a water management strategy that uses aquifers for the seasonal or inter-annual storage of exceeding surface water. Systems that implement artificial recharge use infiltration ponds or shallow or deep infiltration wells. While articifial recharge through infiltration ponds requires large areas and infiltration through deep wells demands high investment, infiltration through drywells, which inject water to the vadose zone, is often a preferred option because of its low cost and relatively easy implementation. We present results of detailed numerical simulations to assess the operation of a single drywell to implement an artificial recharge system. We demonstrate that depending upon the distribution and property of the geological materials that compose the subsurface, the operation of the well can produce quite different results in terms of effective recharge. We expect that these findings will help design real MAR systems and provide supporting information for decision-makers in charge of approving and financing such water management systems.
Spacing hinterland water for Algiers city (Algeria)
Authors:   University of M'sila, M'sila, Algeria, Medjadj Tarek , Setti M'hammed ,   University of Sciences and Technology of Algiers, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria, Feloussia Lahcene ,   University of M'sila, M'sila, Algeria
Published: December 2023

Of all the kinds of relationship, the one that links man with water is considered as profound and serious in geographical surveys. Yet in the past, the greatest threat to agriculture was a major problem, the attention of people is now captured by water in cities. The increasing need of water in Algiers is due to the growth of population and urbanism. On the other hand, there is a rise in water needs per capita. This problem didn't arise during the last decades, but today the situation is no longer the same. It's a considerable challenge for the capital Algiers, especially for the next generations. Using a geo-history method, which consists in studying the evolution of hinterland water space in time, we will direct our research towards the exposure of the influences exerted by the increase of water needs in the zone of study. The finality of the work is to identify the water resources around the Algiers City and that arises from the spacing of evolution hinterland water. We will obtain valuable information about the extension, the distance of the hinterland water supplier from the city of Algiers. The expected result of this work is to determine the hinterland which can be counted on to supply the city of Algiers with drinking water in the medium and long term. Finally, we can think of hydraulic planning and development based on the principles of sustainable development. This with the aim of proposing solutions to current problems and ensuring the needs of future generations.
Current state of knowledge and the applicability of augmented reality in orthopedic surgery – a systematic review
Authors: Alanazi Abdulelah , Alanazi Saad , Alhamyani Anhar , Alkhalifah Abdulhadi , Alsaif Amal , Alhamdi Muath , Alghamdi Danh , Alariany Osama , Hawsawi Etedal , Bawazeer Abdulaziz , Alrasheedi Raghad , Khashoggi Hala
Published: December 2023

Background: Surgical practice is constantly altering due to computer-assisted solutions. When it comes to computer-integrated surgical methods, augmented reality is one of the most innovative technologies. Although augmented reality is becoming more and more common in many medical fields, its use in orthopedic surgery is still unclear. This article aims to give a comprehensive overview of the state of the art and the potential applications of AR in orthopedic surgery.
Method: A thorough study of the literature was conducted to determine the present level of knowledge and the relevance of AR in orthopedic surgery. The three databases \"PubMed,\" \"Cochrane Library,\" and \"Web of Science\" were thoroughly searched. The \"Preferred Reporting Items on Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis\" criteria were adhered to during the systematic review.
Results: Based on the previously mentioned preset search keywords and exclusion criteria, six papers were selected for additional examination. During the categorization procedure, the gathered studies were separated into the following groups: trauma, placement, and surgical education and training. Every study included populations of people. Two HMDs, a projector, and a monitor were employed as the display type in three of the trials.
Conclusion: The research and current understanding of augmented reality in orthopedic surgery as reported in the literature is summarized in this publication.
“УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ВІСНИК” – ЧАСОПИС УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СПРОТИВУ (1970 – 1972)
Authors: ДЕРЕВІНСЬКИЙ Василь
Published: December 2023

Метою статті є дослідження самвидавчого підпільного журналу “Український вісник” як чинника та складової боротьби українського національного руху на початку 1970-х рр. Методологічною основою дослідження послужив конкретно-історичний, порівняльний та історико-аналітичний методи. Використано принципи об’єктивності, історизму, багатофакторності. Наукова новизна: вивчено причини створення журналу, особливості формування видавничого колективу, умови здійснення підготовки, друку та змісту журналу. Висновки. У ході проведеного дослідження встановлено, що в умовах тотального контролю та переслідування з боку радянських спецслужб В’ячеславу Чорноволу вдалося створити і видавати підпільний самвидавний журнал. На усіх етапах видання часопаису він дотримувався суворої конспірації: починаючи від збору інформації, опрацювання редакційних матеріалів, друкування “сигнального примірника” та тиражування й оприлюднення. Надретельні засоби конспірації дозволили йому видавати журнал відносно тривалий період часу за непростих тогочасних суспільно-політичних обставин. Небезпека викриття видавців журналу змусила В. Чорновола ретельно підібрати обмежену кількість помічників.

З’ясовано, що В. Чорноволу вдалося успішно організувати канали розповсюдження журналу, особливо, налагодити нелегальне переправлення через радянський кордон на Захід. Завдяки тому, що за кордоном журнал перевидавався значними накладами його читацька аудиторія  вельми зросла. Виявлено, що матеріали“Вісника” об'єктивно, ґрунтовно і відносно швидко надали громадськості як у середині країни, так і за її межами інформацію про діяльність борців за свободу та репресії влади. Таким чином, “Український вісник” перетворився на надзвичайно дієвий інструмент провадження українським національним рухом інформаційної війни з радянським режимом.

Ключові слова: “Український вісник”, В. Чорновіл, журнал, самвидав, національний рух.