bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Chloramphenicol in Honey and Milk by HPLC Coupled with Aptamer‐Functionalized Fe3O4/Graphene Oxide Magnetic Solid‐Phase Extraction
Authors: Tu Chunyan , Guo Yinan , Dai Yuanyuan , Wei Wei , Wang Weiping , Wu Liang , Wang Aijun
Published: November 2019

An aptamer‐functionalized Fe3O4/graphene oxide was synthesized by chemical co‐precipitation method and then employed in the magnetic solid‐phase extraction for selective enrichment of chloramphenicol before HPLC. The aptamer was covalently bonded to the Fe3O4/graphene oxide complex by 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and N‐hydroxysuccinimide. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency including solution pH, extraction time and temperature, types and volume of elution solvent, and elution time were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, good linearity was obtained between the peak area and analyte concentration in the range of 7.0 to 1.0 × 103 µg/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.9994. The limit of detection and quantitation were 0.24 µg/L and 0.79 µg/L, respectively. The developed method was employed to the analysis of chloramphenicol in honey and milk samples. The recoveries ranged from 80.5% to 105.0% with relative standard deviations less than 8.9%.

Practical Application

An aptamer‐functionalized Fe3O4/graphene oxide was synthesized and employed in magnetic solid phase extraction for the enrichment of chloramphenicol before HPLC. The presented assay was employed for the determination of chloramphenicol in honey and milk with satisfactory results.
Proteostasis failure and cellular senescence in long‐term cultured postmitotic rat neurons
Authors: Ishikawa Shoma , Ishikawa Fuyuki
Published: November 2019

Cellular senescence, a stress‐induced irreversible cell cycle arrest, has been defined for mitotic cells and is implicated in aging of replicative tissues. Age‐related functional decline in the brain is often attributed to a failure of protein homeostasis (proteostasis), largely in postmitotic neurons, which accordingly is a process distinct by definition from senescence. It is nevertheless possible that proteostasis failure and cellular senescence have overlapping molecular mechanisms. Here, we identify postmitotic cellular senescence as an adaptive stress response to proteostasis failure. Primary rat hippocampal neurons in long‐term cultures show molecular changes indicative of both senescence (senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase, p16, and loss of lamin B1) and proteostasis failure relevant to Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we demonstrate that the senescent neurons exhibit resistance to stress. Importantly, treatment of the cultures with an mTOR antagonist, protein synthesis inhibitor, or chemical compound that reduces the amount of protein aggregates relieved the proteotoxic stresses as well as the appearance of senescence markers. Our data propose mechanistic insights into the pathophysiological brain aging by establishing senescence as a primary cell‐autonomous neuroprotective response.
S3 Guidelines: Epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs – Short version, Part 2
Authors: Mahler Vera , Nast Alexander , Bauer Andrea , Becker Detlef , Brasch Jochen , Breuer Kristine , Dickel Heinrich , Drexler Hans , Elsner Peter , Geier Johannes , John Swen Malte , Kreft Burkhard , Köllner Arno , Merk Hans , Ott Hagen , Pleschka Silvia , Portisch Maria , Spornraft‐Ragaller Petra , Weisshaar Elke , Werfel Thomas , Worm Margitta , Schnuch Axel , Uter Wolfgang
Published: November 2019

Epicutaneous patch testing is the diagnostic standard for the detection of allergic contact dermatitis. The present guidelines are aimed at residents and board‐certified physicians in the fields of dermatology and allergology as well as other medical specialties involved in establishing the indication for patch testing and its execution in patients with contact dermatitis and other forms of delayed‐type hypersensitivity. The target audience also includes other health care providers and insurance funds.

Based on a systematic literature search and a formal consensus process (S3), the guidelines were developed by dermatologists in collaboration with pediatricians, occupational medicine physicians, nursing staff as well as patient representatives. The systematic methodological approach and appraisal of evidence upon which the recommendations are based are outlined in a separate method report that also contains evidence tables.

The guidelines address general aspects of patch testing as well as medicolegal issues. The recommendations given relate to topics such as the indication for patch testing, informed patient consent, as well as the choice of test substances, test chambers and test site, duration of exposure, reading times and interpretation of test reactions. Furthermore, recommendations are provided with respect to endogenous and exogenous factors, specific patient groups (children, pregnant women, immunosuppressed individuals) as well as possible risks and adverse events associated with patch testing using contact allergens.
Just banter? Friendship, teasing and experimental aggression in adolescent peer networks
Authors: Burnett Heyes Stephanie
Published: November 2019

Aggressive behaviour serves many useful social functions, yet can also have damaging consequences. In line with evidence showing adolescent development in social cognitive abilities, we hypothesized that the use of aggression would become more sophisticated with age. We investigated adolescent aggression towards peers using an experimental, hypothetical aggression paradigm, the hot sauce paradigm, in a school‐based social network setting. Participants (N = 162 aged 11–17, 98 male) indicated which strength of imaginary hot sauce they would allocate to each of their classmates. A Social Network Questionnaire quantified participants’ perceived dyadic social tie strength with each classmate, and the incidence of mutual or unilateral dyadic real‐world aggression (e.g. teasing). Participants allocated weaker hot sauce to peers with whom they reported strong, positive social ties and an absence of self‐reported unilateral real‐world aggression. With increasing cross‐sectional age, there was a decrease in the impact of social tie strength and an increase in the extent to which hot sauce allocation was predicted by self‐reported mutual real‐world aggression. This pattern of findings is consistent with young (vs. late) adolescent use of experimental, hypothetical Hot Sauce aggression to reflect real‐world animosity, while late adolescents’ behaviour is more subtle. These findings extend our understanding of the dyadic social context of adolescent aggressive behaviour using a novel experimental aggression paradigm.
Pyridoxine‐dependent epilepsy is more than just epilepsy
Authors: Coughlin Curtis R
Published: November 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Jiao et al. on pages 315–321 of this issue.
Preferential attention to same‐and other‐ethnicity infant faces does not fully overcome the other‐race effect
Authors: Martinez Sarah , Hahn Amanda , Leytze Mckaila , Lucier Kathleen , Amir‐Brownstein Bette , Jantzen Kelly J.
Published: November 2019

Given the attentional and motivational saliency of infant faces, triggered by a set of perceptual baby schema features, other‐ethnicity infant faces may overcome the processing differences associated with the other‐race effect (ORE). Using an attentional bias paradigm, we found that while there was a same‐ethnicity attentional bias for adult faces, there was no difference in attention to same‐ and other‐ethnicity infant faces, suggesting that other‐ethnicity infant faces are equally salient and not subject to the same bias as other‐ethnicity adult faces. To directly measure the ORE, we used a recognition memory test to measure differences between same‐ and other‐ethnicity infant and adult faces. Regardless of age, same‐ethnicity faces were better remembered than other‐ethnicity faces. Further, regardless of ethnicity, adult faces were better remembered than infant faces, a finding consistent with an Other Age Effect. Taken together, these experiments suggest that the saliency of baby schema does not fully overcome the social or perceptual factors leading to the ORE.
All‐trans retinoic acid improves pancreatic cell proliferation on induced type 1 diabetic rats
Authors: Ramírez‐Moreno Agustina , Quintanar Escorza Martha Angélica , García Garza Rubén , Hady Keita , Meléndez Valenzuela Adrian , Marszalek Jolanta E. , Sharara‐Núñez Ibrahim , Delgadillo‐Guzmán Dealmy
Published: November 2019

All‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been extensively studied as an integrating component of endocrine functions in the pancreas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ATRA on physiopathological biomarkers in an experimental model of rat with type 1 diabetes induced by alloxan (T1D). Twenty Wistar rats were divided equally into five groups, each receiving a different treatment: a control group (CG), a diabetic group without T1D treatment, a diabetic group treated with ATRA, a diabetic group supplemented with vitamin E (VIT E), and a group that was given olive oil (V). The administration of ATRA for 17 days produced a significant reduction in weight and glucose levels, compared to the T1D and VIT E groups. The evaluation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipoperoxidation showed no relevant difference among the groups. The results of the histological analysis showed similarities both in the size and in the number of islets of Langerhans in the pancreatic tissue obtained from the ATRA group and the CG. ATRA displayed a significant reduction of glycemic values in diabetic rats. Ultrastructurally, ß‐cells, acinar, and ductal cells restored their normal appearance. ATRA can contribute to the recovery of pancreatic damage due to alloxan induction. It seems that the antioxidant effect of ATRA is not responsible for the differences observed.
Preparation of YSZ porous ceramics with precise porosity control
Authors: Lang Ying , Tian Chuan‐Jin , Dai Xin , Wang Chang‐An
Published: November 2019

Conventional preparation of porous ceramics often hard to accurately control the porosity of the samples. In this paper, by improving the foaming method, the foaming process is placed in the limited space of the ball mill tank, and YSZ porous ceramics with different porosity are obtained by changing the amount of slurry. Initial results showed that the porosity of the sample varies linearly with the increasing of addition of slurry. From the microscopic morphology, it can be seen that the increase in slurry content will reduce the number of pore with little changed size, which lead to the decrease in porosity. Therefore, with simple calculation YSZ porous ceramics with 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, and 65% porosity can be obtained using the method of foaming in limited space by ball milling.
Ethical challenges of novice nurses in clinical practice: Iranian perspective
Authors: Naseri‐Salahshour V. , Sajadi M.
Published: November 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify the ethical challenges of novice nurses in the first year of clinical practice.

Background

Novice nurses experience a lot of ethical complications in the clinical workplace, especially in the first year of clinical practice. These ethical challenges are scarcely studied.

Methods

Current research was a descriptive qualitative study conducted on twelve novice nurses in educational hospitals affiliated to Arak University of Medical Sciences (from August to December 2018)in Iran. Data were collected through semi‐structured in‐depth interviews, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Data were analysed using content analysis.

Results

A total of 12 nurses participated, the majority of whom were female (8; 66.6%), and their average age was 23.6 years. Findings of this study revealed four main themes: patient: the forgotten part, exposure to inequalities, inattention to professional ethics and facing a state of quandary. Several sub‐themes also appeared in this study.

Conclusion

These findings can reveal a clear picture of the ethical challenges of novice nurses in Iran. They can be used as a guidance for managers, authorities and nursing stakeholders in order to protect and support these nurses. Further research on each concept is suggested.

Implications for nursing and health policy

These findings can be used to inform nursing education, research, management and clinical practice. Meanwhile, the results of this study may be used to formulate a strategy for training nursing managers in order to protect and support the next generation of nurses.
Band gap narrowing and magnetic properties of transition‐metal‐doped Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 lead‐free ceramics
Authors: Zhang Yuemin , Deng Hongmei , Si Shufang , Wang Tiantian , Zheng Dongliang , Yang Pingxiong , Chu Junhao
Published: November 2019

Transition metal (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni)‐doped Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 (BCZT) lead‐free ceramics with excellent optical and magnetic properties are synthesized via a solid‐state reaction method. The effects of TM elements on the sintering, structure, optical, and magnetic properties of BCZT ceramics are investigated in detail. Structural phase transition from the coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases to a single rhombohedral phase is observed owing to grain refinement. A narrow band gap of 1.68 eV is achieved in the Co‐doped BCZT. The optical absorption of TM‐doped BCZT is enhanced, which is ascribed to the molecular orbital rearrangement caused by lattice distortion. Moreover the magnetic behaviors of TM‐doped BCZT are observed. The Fe‐doped BCZT presents the most evident ferromagnetism, resulting from the exchange coupling interaction between the Fe3+ ions and oxygen vacancies. These results provide additional insight into the use of TM‐doped BCZT lead‐free ferroelectric ceramics for various applications.
Demography and population parameters of two species of eristaline flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae, Eristalini)
Authors: Campoy Andrés , Sáez Lidia , Pérez‐Bañón Celeste , Rojo Santos
Published: November 2019

The importance of eristaline flies (Diptera, Syrphidae, Eristalini) as pollinators in natural ecosystems and for agricultural crops is well known. However, in‐depth studies on the life cycle of most of these species have yet to be carried out. The aim of this research was to study the life cycle of Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus, 1758) and Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) in order to improve the current rearing system employed at the University of Alicante. The results were analysed using the age‐stage, two‐sex life table method. As one of the main results, the mean duration of the life history of E. tenax and E. aeneus was 46.06 and 65.12 days (d), respectively. The most critical step for both species was found at the beginning of the larval stage (first instar), when the highest mortality was recorded. Population parameters were also analysed and compared. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (λ), the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) were 0.09 (d−1), 1.09 (d−1), 42.11 offspring and 40.97 d, in the case of E. aeneus and 0.05 (d−1), 1.05 (d−1), 23.13 offspring and 59.23 d, in the case of E. tenax. These results indicate that the current rearing system is more efficient for E. aeneus, which displays a faster population growth. However, some modifications need to be implemented to improve the production of E. tenax.
An Integrated Model of Family Strengths and Resilience: Theorizing at the Intersection of Indigenous and Western Paradigms
Authors: Sánchez Ricardo O. , Letiecq Bethany L. , Ginsberg Mark R.
Published: November 2019

In this article, we theorize a new conceptual framework of family strengths and resilience emerging at the intersection of indigenous and Western approaches to family systems. Our work acknowledges that there are universal tenets pertaining to family and family relations within many cultural paradigms, yet few family theories have included or integrated an indigenous lens. Here, we draw on ecosystemic and “wheel of life” worldviews to guide our work, recognizing that much of Western family science and indigenous ways of knowing view family life as relational, interdependent, and connected to larger ecosystems. To explicate our integrated framework of family strengths and resilience, we delineate five domains: family as a living organism, family connectedness to nature, family centering processes, family rituals, and transgenerational family relations. Last, we discuss implications of our conceptual framework for research and clinical family practice.
Nonstandard Work Schedules and Father Involvement Among Resident and Nonresident Fathers
Authors: Pilarz Alejandra Ros , Cuesta Laura , Drazen Yonah
Published: November 2019

Objective

The authors examined associations between resident and nonresident fathers' nonstandard work schedules, work hours, and their level of involvement with their young children in the United States.

Background

Nonstandard work schedules may negatively impact father involvement either directly by reducing fathers' availability or indirectly by taking a toll on their well‐being. Prior research on nonstandard schedules and father involvement has focused on two‐parent households, yet nonstandard schedules may pose similar or greater challenges to nonresident fathers.

Method

Using data on 1,598 resident and 759 nonresident fathers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we estimated regression models to test associations between fathers' nonstandard work schedules, work hours, and fathers' involvement—accessibility, engagement, and responsibility—controlling for confounding factors and using residualized change models. For nonresident fathers only, we estimated associations between nonstandard schedules, work hours, and child support.

Results

Among nonresident fathers, working evenings was associated with lower engagement relative to working standard hours only and other nonstandard schedules, and in some models, working a variable schedule was associated with greater responsibility relative to other nonstandard schedules. Among resident fathers, working any nonstandard schedule versus standard hours only was associated with greater responsibility, and total work hours were negatively associated with each measure of involvement.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that fathers' work schedules may be an important factor in understanding resident and nonresident fathers' involvement with their young children.
Where does the forest come back from? Soil and litter seed banks and the juvenile bank as sources of vegetation resilience in a semiarid Neotropical forest
Authors: Lipoma María Lucrecia , Fortunato Valentina , Enrico Lucas , Díaz Sandra
Published: November 2019

Questions: The existence of reservoirs from which dominant plants recruit after disturbances is a key factor in ecosystem resilience. With this in mind, we ask the following qestion: where do woody species regenerate from in the semiarid Neotropical Chaco forest? Is land use affecting the floristic composition of biodiversity reservoirs? Are the soil and litter seed banks and the juvenile bank potential sources of resilience of these forests in the face of different land‐use regimes?

Location: Chancaní, Northwestern Córdoba, Argentina.

Methods: We selected four ecosystem types subjected to increasing long‐term land‐use intensity: primary forest (no land use in the last 50 years), secondary forest (low land‐use intensity), closed species‐rich shrubland (moderate land‐use intensity), and open shrubland (high land‐use intensity). We monitored four sites per ecosystem type where we recorded adults, saplings and seedlings of all woody species. We collected litter and soil samples that were processed in the laboratory for taxonomic identification and germination of seeds. We compared the floristic composition of the soil and litter banks, as well as of the juvenile bank (“biodiversity reservoirs”) with that of established vegetation of the primary forest, considered as the reference ecosystem. We also compared the established vegetation from sites under land use with that of the primary forest.

Results: Woody species were scarcely represented in the soil, but very well represented in the litter and the juvenile banks from different ecosystem types. These two reservoirs showed high similarity with the established vegetation of the primary forest. However, as land‐use intensity increased, similarity between the reservoirs and the established vegetation of the primary forest decreased.

Conclusion: Litter and juvenile banks, but not the soil bank, are the main reservoirs for the recruitment of new individuals of woody species in the Chaco forest. However, the ability of these reservoirs to act as sources of resilience decreases as land use intensifies.
Transurethral resection in women with symptomatic keratinizing squamous metaplasia of urinary bladder: A retrospective study of 92 cases
Authors: Wang Huan , Chong Tie , Tang Xiu‐Ying , Zheng Wen‐Bo
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To investigate the efficacy of transurethral resection (TUR) on relieving urinary symptoms in patients with keratinizing squamous metaplasia (KSM) of the urinary bladder.

Methods

Data were analyzed from a retrospective study of patients receiving transurethral bipolar plasma resection (bi‐TUR) treatment for symptomatic KSM. Urinary symptoms were assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and a numeric rating scale pain score. Efficacy was assessed using the IPSS to determine changes from baseline in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Self‐reported quality of life (QoL) was assessed by the last question of the IPSS questionnaire.

Results

A total of 92 female patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 42 years. LUTS, pain, and hematuria were the most common symptoms that affected patients. The median follow‐up duration was 51 months. There were significant improvements in LUTS from baseline IPSS after TUR (P < .001). The percentage of the patients with moderate to severe LUTS went down from 52.2% to 18.5%. The median Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)‐11 pain score reduced from 3 at baseline to 0 at the last visit. Twenty‐one out of 40 patients reported that the pain symptoms disappeared completely. No patients reported hematuria symptoms at the final follow‐up. Improvement of self‐reported QoL was significant (P < .001). A total of 57.6% of patients reported an improvement, 26.1% of patients reported no improvement, and 16.3% reported deterioration.

Conclusions

Bi‐TUR therapy significantly relieved urinary symptoms in women with KSM. Improvement of QoL was acceptable with a success rate of 57.6%. Considering the very low complication rate, our study supported bi‐TUR as an alternative treatment for patients who are resistant to medical therapy.
2015–16 ENSO contributed reduction in oil sardines along the Kerala coast, south‐west India
Authors: Shetye Suhas S. , Kurian Siby , Gauns Mangesh , Vidya Pottekkatt Jayapalan
Published: November 2019

Fishery along the west coast of India largely depends on pelagic fish such as oil sardines, which are dominant during the south‐west monsoon. However, the response of sardine population to the warming caused by the climatic events such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is poorly studied. Here, we hypothesize that the ENSO‐related changes in biogeochemistry can adversely affect the oil sardines. We have used biogeochemical data collected along the Kerala coast during September 2015 (ENSO year) and September 2017 (a normal year) supported by catch per unit effort (CPUE) and fishery landing data to show the ENSO‐related bio‐physical dynamics and its impact on the oil sardine population along the south‐west coast of India. During the 2015 ENSO year, upwelling velocity decreased minimizing cooling of surface waters and resulted with an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) (~1.8°C). Consequent decrease in nutrient levels favoured nano‐phytoplankton and pico‐phytoplankton. On the other hand, during September 2017 when the ENSO effect was nullified, the decreased SST and availability of nutrients in the euphotic zone resulted in the dominance of micro‐phytoplankton. The hydrographic conditions (reduction in upwelling intensity), and reduction in micro‐phytoplankton abundance and zooplankton density in turn perhaps affected the fishery potential of the region. Oil sardines population (along the west coast) collapsed from 1.55 lakh tones (2014) to 0.46 lakh tones during 2015–2016 ENSO event, while in 2017 the conditions become favorable and their population was back to normal (1.27 lakh tones). Our results are in close agreement with our hypothesis and suggest that ENSO events could reduce phytoplankton productivity and disrupt the food chain, which in turn can affect the oil sardine population along the west coast of India.
Modularity and evolution of flower shape: the role of function, development, and spandrels inErica
Authors: Reich Dieter , Berger Andreas , von Balthazar Maria , Chartier Marion , Sherafati Mahboubeh , Schönenberger Jürg , Manafzadeh Sara , Staedler Yannick M.
Published: November 2019

Flowers have been hypothesized to contain either modules of attraction and reproduction, functional modules (pollination‐effecting parts) or developmental modules (organ‐specific). Do pollination specialization and syndromes influence floral modularity?

In order to test these hypotheses and answer this question, we focused on the genusErica: we gathered 3D data from flowers of 19 species with diverse syndromes via computed tomography, and for the first time tested the above‐mentioned hypotheses via 3D geometric morphometrics. To provide an evolutionary framework for our results, we tested the evolutionary mode of floral shape, size and integration under the syndromes regime, and – for the first time – reconstructed the high‐dimensional floral shape of their most recent common ancestor.

We demonstrate that the modularity of the 3D shape of generalist flowers depends on development and that of specialists is linked to function: modules of pollen deposition and receipt in bird syndrome, and access‐restriction to the floral reward in long‐proboscid fly syndrome. Only size and shape principal component 1 showed multiple‐optima selection, suggesting that they were co‐opted during evolution to adapt flowers to novel pollinators. Whole floral shape followed an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (selection‐driven) evolutionary model, and differentiated relatively late.

Flower shape modularity thus crucially depends on pollinator specialization and syndrome.
The Historical Presidency: The Nixon Act
Authors: Jacobson Zachary Jonathan
Published: November 2019

Scholars are accustomed to viewing Ronald Reagan the politician through the prism of his career as a Hollywood actor. The presidency, Lou Cannon wrote, was Reagan’s “role of a lifetime.” Less often appreciated is that Richard Nixon, too, was the quintessential actor, transforming time and again to reinvent himself as the “new” Nixon and the new “new” Nixon. He was the eager “boy wonder.” He was the fierce Red‐baiter. He was the revered elder statesman. For more than half a century, scholars have sought to locate which was the “real Nixon.” The exercise has proven elusive, for Nixon became a secretive president not simply for security or trickery but because he hid himself. In this essay, I look to leave Nixon both more and less legible. I have found that by shifting over and over, in hiding, in acting, in playing each role, Nixon became unknowable.
A Bayesian Spatial Categorical Model for Prediction to Overlapping Geographical Areas in Sample Surveys
Authors: Bakar Shuvo K. , Biddle Nicholas , Kokic Philip , Jin Huidong
Published: November 2019

Motivated by the Australian National University poll, we consider a situation where survey data have been collected from respondents for several categorical variables and a primary geographic classification, e.g. postcode. Here, a common and important problem is to obtain estimates for a second target geography that overlaps with the primary geography but has not been collected from the respondents. We examine this problem when areal level census information is available for both geographic classifications. Such a situation is challenging from a small area estimation perspective for several reasons: there is a misalignment between the census and survey information as well as the geographical classifications; the geographic areas are potentially small and so prediction can be difficult because of the sparse or spatially missing data issue; and there is the possibility of non-stationary spatial dependence. To address these problems we develop a Bayesian model using latent processes, underpinned by a non-stationary spatial basis that combines Moran's I and multiresolution basis functions with a small but representative set of knots. The study results based on simulated data demonstrate that the model can be highly effective and gives more accurate estimates for areas defined by the target geography than several existing models. The model also performs well for the Australian National University poll data to predict on a second geographic classification: statistical area level 2.
The Effect of Opinion Readability on the Impact of U.S. Supreme Court Precedents in State High Courts
Authors: Fix Michael P. , Fairbanks Bailey R.
Published: November 2019

Objective

This article examines whether more readable U.S. Supreme Court opinions are cited with greater frequency in state courts of last resort.

Methods

We use random slope, random intercept multilevel models to analyze 30 years of state high court citations to U.S. Supreme Court majority opinions issued during the 1987–2006 terms.

Results

Our analysis reveals that opinion readability exerts a strong substantive impact on citation rates. This effect holds while accounting for a variety of factors previously shown to influence citation rates.

Conclusion

Institutional constraints, workload considerations, and audience costs should lead state high courts to find clearly written opinions more attractive than jargon‐laden ones. This makes the readability of a U.S. Supreme Court precedent a useful heuristic for state courts when selecting among potential relevant precedents. As these courts play a major role in implementing U.S Supreme Court decisions, our findings indicate that the readability of U.S. Supreme Court opinions has a strong effect on their long‐term impact.
Fungal‐based bioherbicides for weed control: a myth or a reality?
Authors: Triolet M , Guillemin J‐P , Andre O , Steinberg C
Published: November 2019

The use of bioherbicides containing fungal active ingredients or natural fungal molecules is one of the possible solutions to reduce the use of chemical products. This paper focuses on studies of bioherbicides, including both living fungi and natural fungal molecules, published in the last 45 years, and their associated weed targets; current problems in the development of bioherbicides are also discussed. Bibliometric methods based on the Web of Science database were used to analyse relevant articles published between 1973 and 2018. Overall analysis suggested that interest in bioherbicides extends over the preceding thirty years, when many potential microorganisms and natural fungal molecules were proposed. Furthermore, analysis of about 229 articles indicated an encouraging exploitable potential, although there is a real gap between the number of experimental studies and the small number of products currently on the market. A dozen fungal‐based bioherbicides are on the market in the United States and Canada, while countries, such as China and South Africa, have one, and none is available in Europe. The active ingredients in these bioherbicides are living fungi, but no fungal molecule‐based product is thus far on the market. Reasons for this gap include production hurdles, formulation process, ecological fitness, duration of herbicidal effects, and costly and time‐consuming registration procedures. However, it is clear that analysis of fungus–plant interactions provides a promising source of bioherbicides that may be applied to appropriate cropping systems for environment‐friendly, sustainable weed control.
Increased crop diversity reduces the functional space available for weeds
Authors: Pakeman R J , Brooker R W , Karley A J , Newton A C , Mitchell C , Hewison R L , Pollenus J , Guy D C , Schöb C
Published: November 2019

There is a drive to improve the sustainability of agricultural systems including the biodiversity component. Cultivar mixtures offer yield benefits from the same land area, but the mechanisms behind this overyielding have not been completely worked out. One potential mechanism is improved competition with weeds. We use an experimental approach of varying barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypic and phenotypic diversity to test the hypothesis that increases in diversity have an impact on weed growth strategies and community assembly, or if responses are driven by barley performance. There was no effect of increasing barley mixture diversity on weed traits, either in terms of species means or the community‐weighted mean. However, Functional Richness of the weed community decreased with increasing barley mixture diversity mainly as a result of reduced specific leaf area Functional Richness. This pattern was driven by a reduction in species richness of the weed community rather than by reduced variation within species. Whilst barley phenotype had different impacts on weed traits, there were no specific mixtures of phenotypes or genotypes that had consistent effects on community assembly or weed species responses. The competitive exclusion of weed species could have agronomic and environmental benefits, through better targeting or less frequent use of herbicides. Growing crop mixtures is one of many strategies available to improve agricultural sustainability and resilience, and one that has clear benefits.
Experimental Study of Air Slot Jet Impingement Cooling From Cylinder Placed on a Flat Plate
Authors: Ganatra Ketan Atulkumar , Singh Dushyant
Published: November 2019

The experimental study for air slot jet impingement cooling from the heated cylinder is carried out. The heated cylinder is placed on a flat plate. The flat plate has an effective dimension as plate length (P) from heat transfer point of view. The heating of the cylindrical surface is done by providing a constant heat flux. The various parameters which affect the heat transfer from the cylinder are ReD, h/S, S/D, and P/D. The range of the parameters considered are ReD = 10,000–25,000, h/S = 4–12, S/D = 0.072–0.108, and P/D = 0–2. The effect of various parameters on heat transfer distribution (stagnation and local Nusselt number) from the cylinder is investigated. The local Nusselt number has a maximum value at θ = 0 deg and then it decreases upto θ = 180 deg. This trend is observed for all the parametric variations. The stagnation Nusselt number (Nustag) and local Nusselt number increases with the change of parameters as increase in ReD and S/D and decrease in h/S. However, Nustag remains independent with the change in P/D. The correlation for stagnation and mean Nusselt number is developed using regression analysis as a function of ReD, h/S, S/D, and P/D. The maximum error associated with the correlated value of Nustag and Num as compared with the experimental data is observed as ±13% and ±25%.
Buckling of an Elastic Plate/Layer Along a Rigid Base With Adhesion
Authors: Adams George G.
Published: November 2019

An infinitely long elastic plate/layer is under uniaxial compression with its long dimension held by adhesion to a flat rigid base without friction. A prescribed length of the plate/layer is free of adhesion. This configuration is similar to a pre-stressed elastic film for which buckling of an unbonded section is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for delamination. For that configuration, buckling occurs at the Euler buckling load of a fixed–fixed plate. Although the present study does not include friction or tangential interface stresses, the onset of buckling should be similar for these two cases. For the case of an elastic plate, a cohesive zone is used and it is found that the fixed–fixed buckling load is not attained except for extremely large values of a cohesive zone parameter. For realistic values, the buckling load is about half of that value. For the situation of an elastic layer with adhesion (without a cohesive zone), the buckling load approaches the fixed–fixed value only for very large values of the ratio of the unbonded length to the thickness.
Heat Transfer Evaluation for a Two-Pass Smooth Wall Channel: Stationary and Rotating Cases
Authors: Saravani Mandana S. , DiPasquale Nicholas J. , Abbas Ahmad I. , Amano Ryoichi S.
Published: November 2019

This study presents findings on combined effects of Reynolds number and rotational effect for a two-pass channel with a 180-deg turn, numerically and experimentally. To have a better understanding of the flow behavior and to create a baseline for future studies, a smooth wall channel with the square cross section is used in this study. The Reynolds number varies between 6000 and 35,000. Furthermore, by changing the rotational speed, the maximum rotation number of 1.5 is achieved. For the numerical investigation, large eddy simulation (LES) is utilized. Results from the numerical study show a good agreement with the experimental data. From the results, it can be concluded that increasing both Reynolds number and rotational speed is in favor of the heat transfer coefficient enhancement, especially in the turn region.
Exergy-Based Sustainability Analysis for Tile Production From Waste Plastics in Uganda
Authors: Balcom Paige , Carey Van P.
Published: November 2019

This paper presents an exergy-based sustainability analysis of manufacturing roof tiles from plastic waste in Uganda. This work focuses specifically on the developing country context and on utilizing waste material. A summary of the current Ugandan plastic waste situation, environmental and health issues associated with plastic waste, current means of recycling plastic waste into new products, and an analysis of the Ugandan roofing market is presented. The total exergy consumed to produce one batch of 75 tiles is over 240 MJ, the potentially recoverable exergy is nearly 17 MJ (8% of consumed exergy), and the realistic recoverable exergy is over 6.4 MJ (nearly 3% of consumed exergy). Recycling plastic waste into roof tiles saves a net 188 kg of CO2 from entering the atmosphere per batch when compared with open burning. If all of Kampala’s plastic waste was converted to roofing tiles, nearly 560 tonnes of CO2 could be saved per year.
An Accurate Thermal Measurement Approach for Determining Fan Efficiencies Based on System Identification
Authors: aus der Wiesche Stefan , Reinker Felix , Wagner Robert , Epple Philipp , Fritsche Manuel , Russwurm Hans Jörg
Published: November 2019

A novel thermal measurement approach is presented for the determination of fan efficiencies. This approach is not resting on a simple direct measurement of the occurring temperature difference but on a system identification based on the transient time signal of the involved temperature measurement device. The values of the system parameters can be identified after recording the transient response of the system to a step input, i. e. the fan is suddenly turned on. By means of a representative case study considering a centrifugal fan, the system identification and its relation to fan efficiency are presented. The outcome of the new thermal approach is compared with results of standardized fan performance tests and with results obtained by the direct temperature measurement method without system identification. It is shown that the direct temperature measurement provides typically poor data whereas the novel thermal approach leads to results which are well comparable with these obtained by standard performance test at the design point.
An Experimental Study of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Performance in Artificial Natural Wind by an Active Control Multi-Fan Turbulent Wind Tunnel
Authors: Toshimitsu Kazuhiko , Matsubara Hiroyuki , Kikuchi Haruka , Parnravee Porntisarn
Published: November 2019

Recent developments in wind turbine design research account for the effects of velocity fluctuation and the characteristic turbulence of the installation location site to improve performance. For the design, a low-cost natural wind generator and a laboratory-based performance evaluation of the wind turbine are useful. This paper describes a new actively controlled multi-fan wind tunnel that generates natural wind at a reduced cost. The driving section of its wind tunnel has 100 PC cooling fans that are controlled by an original embedded system. The fluctuating velocity wind is successfully generated with a mean velocity 7m/s, turbulent intensity 2% and turbulent integral scale 5 m, 10 m, 20 m, based on Karman’s power spectrum density function. In particular, the wind satisfies the Kolmogorov’s −5/3 multiplication rule of inertial subrange with the frequency range 0.01∼2.0 Hz. Furthermore, the performance of a wind turbine in steady and natural winds can be investigated. From the results, it is made clear that integral scale has a large effect on the wind turbine performance. The maximum power coefficient in natural wind of the integral scale 5 m and 10m is 124% larger than one of steady wind with the same mean velocity 7 m/s.
Impacts of Storm Surges on Hydrodynamics and Salinity of Sabine Lake and Sabine River Diversion Canal
Authors: Wang Hairui , Zhang Ning
Published: November 2019

In this study, a hydrodynamic and salinity transport model was developed for simulations of Sabine Lake water system located on the Texas-Louisiana border. The target simulation area ranges from Sabine River near Deweyville, TX as the north boundary to the Gulf of Mexico as the south boundary, and from Neches River near Beaumont, TX as the west boundary to part of Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW) and Sabine River Diversion Canal (SRDC) as the east boundary. The entire area includes several major water bodies, such as Sabine Lake, Sabine River, Sabine Pass, Sabine Neches Canal (Ship Channel), and part of GIWW and SRDC. The SRDC supplies fresh water to the area industry, mainly petrochemical. High salinity in SRDC could significantly affect the daily production of the industry. The major purposes of this study is to use the validated hydrodynamic and salinity transport model to assess and predict the salinity in SRDC under severe weather conditions such as hurricane storm surges. Measurement data from NOAA and USGS were used to calibrate the boundary conditions as well as to validate the model. Two different levels of storm surges each lasting for 24 hours were simulated, 0.5 and 1 meter, respectively, and the salinity in SRDC was monitored and compared to analyze the storm surge threats on SDRC water quality. The result shows that it took about 2 days for the salinity reaching SRDC under the 1m storm surge condition and about 3 days under 0.5m surge condition and the salinity value could reach as high as 5 to 10 ppt.
Development of a Surface Flow Sensor for Measuring Turbulent Drag Force
Authors: Doh Il , Kwon Il-Bum , Chang Jiho , Chun Sejong
Published: November 2019

A surface flow sensor is needed if turbulent drag force is to be measured over a vehicle, such as a car, a ship, and an airplane. In case of automobile industry, there are no automobile manufacturers which measure surface flow velocity over a car for wind tunnel testing. Instead, they rely on particle image velocimetry (PIV), pressure sensitive paint (PSP), laser Doppler anemometry (LDA), pitot tubes, and tufts to get information regarding the turbulent drag force. Surface flow sensors have not devised yet.

This study aims at developing a surface flow sensor for measuring turbulent drag force over a rigid body in a wind tunnel. Two sensing schemes were designed for the fiber-optic distributed sensor and the thermal mass flow sensor. These concepts are introduced in this paper. As the first attempt, a thermal mass flow sensor has been fabricated. It was flush-mounted on the surface of a test section in the wind tunnel to measure the surface flow velocity. The thermal mass flow sensor was operated by either constant current or constant resistance modes. Resistance ratio was changed as the electric current was increased by the constant current mode, while power ratio was saturated as the resistance was increased by the constant resistance mode. Either the resistance ratio or the power ratio was changed with the flow velocity measured by a Pitot tube, located at the center of test section.
Decay of Turbulence in a Duct With Transverse Magnetic Field
Authors: Zikanov Oleg , Krasnov Dmitry , Boeck Thomas , Sukoriansky Semion
Published: November 2019

Decay of honeycomb-generated turbulence in a duct with a static transverse magnetic field is studied via high-resolution direct numerical simulations. The simulations follow the revealing experimental study [1], in particular the paradoxical observation of high-amplitude velocity fluctuations, which exist in the downstream portion of the flow when the strong transverse magnetic field is imposed in the entire duct including the honeycomb exit, but not in other configurations. It is shown that the fluctuations are caused by the large-scale quasi-two-dimensional structures forming in the flow at the initial stages of the decay and surviving the magnetic suppression. Statistical turbulence properties, such as the energy decay curves, two-point correlations and typical length scales are computed. The study demonstrates that turbulence decay in the presence of a magnetic field is a complex phenomenon critically depending on the state of the flow at the moment the field is introduced.
A New Immersed Stress Method Based on Volume Average
Authors: Fukada Toshiaki , Takeuchi Shintaro , Kajishima Takeo
Published: November 2019

Based on the volume-averaged equations for fluid-solid two-phase flow, an immersed stress method (ISM) is proposed to compute the fluid-solid interaction. As the averaging volume is explicitly defined, the reaction force on the fluid from the solid is related to the surface stress. The size of the averaging volume is comparable to the grid width to capture the flow structure in the grid scale. The reaction force based on the surface stress is computed by assuming the distributions of the velocity and the pressure. Applying the ISM to flows around a particle larger than the grid scale, the drag and lift forces are reasonably represented by computing the surface stress distribution by the ISM.