bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Researches at Isthmia
Authors: Jenkins R. J. H. , Megaw H.
Published: October 2013

The following article embodies the results of researches made by the writer at the supposed site of the Sanctuary of Poseidon at the Isthmus and of the Isthmian games. Two short campaigns of excavation upon a very small scale were made in 1932 and 1933, in the course of which many areas were tested. Mr. H. Megaw has rendered invaluable assistance by making a revised and accurate plan of Justinian's fort (the so-called temenos) and a new plan of the district which includes all the areas in which trials were made; the section dealing with the fortifications (pp. 69–79) is also his work. The writer's thanks are also due to Mr. E. J. A. Kenny, who assisted in the preparation of the western section of the large plan; fig. 9 is based on a large-scale plan also by him. A short notice of the operations undertaken in 1932 appeared in J.H.S. 52, 244, but at least one suggestion made in it has now to be abandoned in the light of the fresh evidence secured in 1933.
An Archaeological Survey of the Classical Antiquities of the Island of Chios Carried out between the Months of March and July 1938
Authors: Hunt D. W. S.
Published: October 2013

Although Chios and its antiquities have been visited and described by many travellers from the earliest times, it is only recently that any serious archaeological investigations have been carried out in the island, and up to the present only two sites have been thoroughly excavated. Dr. Kourouniotis, who carried out the first excavation on Chios, gives a list, in ἈρΧ. Δελτ. I, p. 64, of the more important references to the island up to the time of that article, and for a complete list the reader is referred to the Bibliography of Chios by Dr. Philip Argenti (Oxford, Clarendon Press).

Since Dr. Kourouniotis wrote there have been several articles published in various periodicals, almost all on the epigraphy of Chios, and his list should now be supplemented by the following: Plassart and Picard, BCH XXXVII 193; A. Reinach, REG XXII pp. 193–4; Rehm, Gnomon II p. 124; Evangelides Ἀpχ· Δελτ. IX παράρτημα p. 51; Αρχ· Δελτ. XI παράρτημα 23 (and cf. Keil, Jahreshefte XIV p. 54); Arch. Anz. XLV p. 144; Peek, Ἀρχ. Ἐφ.
A Bronze Age Cemetery at Lápithos
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

As the excavation at Lampousa was coming to its close, news came that tombs of the Bronze Age had been found about a mile further west, in a field bounded by the coast; and leave was at once obtained to examine the site. During most of this excavation, Mr. Leonard Buxton was in charge, and this summary of results is collected from his tomb-plans and field notes, as war-service and other duties thereafter prevented him from preparing a formal report. All the objects from these tombs were sent to the Cyprus Museum, repaired by that skilful veteran, Loizo of Dali, and registered by Mr. Markides.

The same nearly level and fairly recent deposit of sandy limestone and calcareous sand as forms the acropolis at Akheiropoiétos, here forms the foreshore, with a low ragged cliff about 10 feet above sea-level, and a level surface of sandy soil for about a quarter of a mile inland, till it is smothered by sandy hill-wash, full of springs, and mostly planted with olives.
§ 2. Evidence of a Minoan Shrine on the Temple Site at Palaikastro
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: October 2013

A number of fragments of clay rhyta in the form of a bull's head were discovered at Palaikastro on 1 April, 1905, in area Π in a L.M.I stratum immediately overlying a M.M.III deposit. Such pots were evidently cheap imitations of works of art like the silver rhyton from the Fourth Shaft Grave at Mycenae and the steatite rhyton from the Little Palace at Knossos. Another fragment of such a rhyton was uncovered in Π 105, and the nose of yet another in Π 106. On 5 April, 1905, a cheek and one eye of a bull's head rhyton were found in Π 101, and on 18 April a painted nozzle in χ 24; in both instances in deposits dating from the M.M.III period. Sir Arthur Evans has traced the development of the bull-shaped fillers of the M.M.I period back to Early Dynastic types in Sumer, but stresses the fact that this particular group of bull's head rhyta seems to have originated in Crete, and he points out the propriety of such rhyta in a cult of the earth-shaker (PM I. 188; II. 260; III. 537).
The Greek Theatre Cavea
Authors: Dilke O. A. W.
Published: October 2013

No records or vase-paintings of an early date give any idea of the appearance of the primitive theatre cavea, and few of the remains in Attica can be traced back even as far as the Persian Wars. The earliest form of the Theatre of Dionysus at Athens may belong to the first half of the sixth century B.C., but none of the cavea there is of very early date; and it is questionable whether the theatre at Thorikos is as old as the sixth century. There is mention of a theatre at Eleusis, but none has been brought to light. It has therefore been suggested that the wide flight of steps above the Telesterion represented an auditorium.
Suggested Changes in the Troizen Inscription
Authors: Hardy D. A. , Pritchett W. K.
Published: October 2013

Total success in establishing a text for such a defaced document as the alleged decree of Themistokles can hardly be expected. The left half of the inscribed surface is so deeply scratched as to resemble a butcher's chopping block. There are so many scars, running in so many directions, that it is easy to imagine letters where we can be sure that none exists. For example, in line 8, but much below the inscribed surface, there are four strokes which seem to make a mu. In line 34 there are strokes in the shape of an alpha between the pi and eta of the word hyperesia. In both cases the ‘strokes’ are merely scratches. For this reason, this is one of the most treacherous inscriptions in Greek epigraphy to study by photography alone. And published texts which depend on photographs, of whatever number, should be treated with great caution.
The Inscriptions of South-East Chios, II
Authors: Forrest W. G.
Published: October 2013

The column drums of the temple at Phanai and the blocks and mouldings of Emporio have attracted a number of occasional scribblings; some of these are cut, many are scratched or punched in rows of single or multiple dots, for others the surface of the stone has only been ‘slightly stunned’. Most are memorial and need no general comment after Rehm's treatment of the Μνήσθη formula. Those that are complete are all of Rehm's ‘motherland’ type and the rest should no doubt be restored on the same pattern.

In general they are of little interest and less importance; indeed the main thing we should like to know about them is their date since in several cases the text has run on from block to block (nos 25, 28 (a), (b), and (c), and 29 (a)) and was therefore inscribed while the blocks were still in their original position. At the moment we have a terminus ante quem in the sixth century A.D. for the destruction of most of the pagan buildings on the site when the basilica church, in which most of the surviving fragments have been found, was built.
A Kiln Site at Knossos
Authors: Homann-Wedeking Betty
Published: October 2013

In March 1937 peasant digging on the lower south-east slope of Monasteriako Kephali, by Knossos, discovered various sherds which included a few kiln wasters. It was clear that there had been a kiln site near and it seemed best to try to find it at once and so anticipate its being accidentally destroyed. Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Dunbabin and a few students, including myself, supervised a brief excavation. A short description of the remains of the two kilns discovered appeared in the JHS summary of that year's excavations. Before the war I had intended to publish a further short account of the site and of some pottery connected with it; and in spite of the loss of some relevant notes and illustrations in the intervening years it still seems worth recording such data as I have.
An Attic Bowl
Authors: Dunbabin T. J.
Published: October 2013

In Plate 17 and Figs. 1–2 I publish a bowl formerly in the possession of Humfry Payne, which passed to me from Mrs. Payne. It was bought in Athens and was, I believe, found in Attica.

The shape is common in Attica in the late seventh and early sixth centuries, not elsewhere, unless perhaps in Boeotia. That this vase is Attic is made certain by the clay, which is a warm brown with a tendency to red. The surface is well polished. The paint is good, rather lustrous, and brown where used thinly. The applied red is exactly that of many Attic vases of the period.
Antiquities of Amari
Authors: Dunbabin T. J.
Published: October 2013

Amari is the district of Crete which lies south-west of Mount Ida. It is a hill-district, consisting mainly of the slopes of Ida and Kedros, which with its craggy sides and hundred springs is no unworthy rival to Ida. Between the two mountains lies the valley of the river Platys. Amari forms an eparchy, with thirty-nine villages, but no large centre of population. The villagers, farmers and shepherds, are an old-fashioned folk; they still maintain many of their traditional customs, dispense an open-handed hospitality, and have more than their share of the war-like virtues of the Cretans.
Excavations in Ithaca, II
Authors: Heurtley W. A.
Published: October 2013

Pelikáta hill might best be described as a spur of Mt. Exogé, which lies immediately to the west of it; but it is also joined on the south to the central peak of the island (Mt. Anogé) by a narrow ridge on which stands the main street of Stavrós village. Elsewhere it is detached (Pl. 2), and its sides fall in irregular gradations, broken further by terraces, to Afáles bay on the north, Phríkes bay on the east and Pólis bay on the south. From the summit all three bays are visible and any one of them can be reached in a short half-hour. In addition to its command of the three bays, Pelikáta has to-day, and presumably had in the past, a supply of first-rate drinking-water, reached at a depth of a few metres below the surface; and a small level space on the actual summit.
Excavations at Kato Phana in Chios
Authors: Lamb W.
Published: October 2013

῾῾ φάναι, λιμὴν βαθύς , καὶ νεως ᾿ Απόλλωνος καὶ ἄλσος φοινίκων.᾿᾿ Though the anchorage at Kato Phana is not as good as Strabo implies, there is no doubt that here was the site of his temple, a site which has preserved, with only a slight distortion, its ancient name. From other sources we learn that the Chiots were defeated by the Athenians in a battle there during the summer of 512 b.c. and that the wine grown on the spot was much appreciated. Numerous arrow-heads may or may not be relics of the battle, and a struggling vineyard among sandhills forms a slender link with the nobler vineyards of the past.
Proxeny Decrees from Megara
Authors: Heath R. M.
Published: October 2013

At the west end of the mediaeval castle on the Megarian Minoa the front surface of the west wall has fallen away. The foundations of the wall thus laid bare consist of large square blocks of poros and blue limestone from Hellenic buildings. The corner block is of blue limestone and is inscribed in three columns on its upper surface. On the face of the second and third columns are traces of mortar which show that there was originally a course above the stone. The block is 1·12 m. in breadth and ·55 m. in height. Its depth cannot be ascertained, as it is buried almost up to the surface. At the top is a margin 10 cm. in width, extending along the whole length of the stone. The inscription is below the margin, and the three columns are separated by vertical grooves. The first column is ·355 m. in breadth, the second ·32 m., and the third ·265 m.
Contributions to the History of Levant Currencies
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

A find of French and Neapolitan mediaeval silver coins made recently in one of the southern Sporades, probably Kasos, attracted my attention in a jeweller's shop at Smyrna in the spring of 1912. In 1913 I found the same hoard with some additions in changed hands. I then managed to secure a representative selection and an analysis of the whole collection.
‘The Forty.’
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

In Turkish geographical nomenclature certain ‘round’ numbers are regularly employed in an arbitrary sense. Most important of these are ‘a thousand and one’ (bin bir), used to express the idea of ‘countless,’ and ‘forty’ (kirk), which is similarly used for ‘numerous.’ As examples of the first may be cited the well-known ‘thousand-and-one-column’ (Bin Bir Direk) cistern at Constantinople and the ‘Thousand and one Churches’ (Bin Bir Kilisse) in Lycaonia. For the second we may instance several rivers called Kirk Getchid (‘Forty Fords’, in Greek Sarandáporos), the town Kirk Agatch (‘Forty Trees’), springs called Kirk Gueuz (‘Forty Eyes’), districts called Kirk In, Kirk Er (‘Forty Caves’) and numerous others.

Side by side with names like the foregoing, which explain themselves if we read ‘numerous’ for ‘forty,’ we find certain localities denominated simply ‘the Forty’ (Tk. Kirklar, Gr. Saránda). They are especially common in Pontus but occur also elsewhere, as e.g. in Mysia, where there are at least two villages called Kirklar, and in Caria, where the name is applied to a site with ruins of a church near the ancient Loryma and to an ancient tomb east of Knidos. Similarly mysterious are names like Kirklar Dagh (‘Mountain of the Forty,’ not ‘Forty Mountains’) which like the foregoing, imply an association with forty persons. These ‘forties’ call for explanation.
The Followers of Praxiteles
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

A very large proportion of the statues that fill our museums are liable to be dismissed somewhat curtly in descriptions as belonging to the ‘School of Praxiteles.’ It would be interesting to know exactly what percentage of the total number of ancient statues which have come down to us is formed by the Aphrodites, Satyrs, Erotes, and others usually classed under this head, but it must certainly be a very large proportion.

Considering the very large number of statues which we treat in this way, it is startling to discover that our literary evidence contains no record at all of any such school ever having been in existence. We know of followers and pupils of Pheidias, of Polycleitus, and of Lysippus, but we hear of no followers or pupils of Praxiteles or of Scopas, in spite of the undoubted and obvious influence of their style upon the sculpture that now fills our museums. It is true that we know of two sons of Praxiteles, Cephisodotus and Timarchus, but the list of their works, though containing a Leto, an Aphrodite, and two statues of Artemis, includes a greater number of statues which we should be inclined to call un-Praxitelean in character.
The Greek Inscriptions at Petworth House
Authors: Hutton C. A.
Published: October 2013

In the spring of 1915 I had the opportunity of examining the long Greek inscription at Petworth House, Sussex, first published in 1883 by U. Köhler (Ath. Mitt. viii. pp. 57 f.), from a squeeze and copy supplied by the late Dr. A. S. Murray (Fig. 1), and republished with corrections in I.G. ii. 5, 477 d. The right side of the inscription is so much worn (Pl. XIV.) that though the letters can be traced in a good light on the stone or on a photograph, they leave no impression on a squeeze; I was therefore able to make some important additions to the published text.

They may be summed up as follows:—

(1) The lines are incomplete on the right side.

(2) The stone contains lists of names from six tribes, not four, but a portion of the lines belonging to the third and the sixth tribe has been cut off.

(3) The second tribe is Akamantis and the list under that heading is now complete; the third is Hippothontis.

(4) A few words and letters have been added to the fragmentary Decree at the top of the stone (ll. 1–6).

(5) Köhler's restorations of the text of the second Decree (ll. 7–26) are almost all correct.
Pontus, Bithynia and the Bosporus
Authors: Rostovtsef M.
Published: October 2013

Everyone who has the slightest acquaintance with the Crimea at the present time, and especially with the economic conditions which prevail there, is thoroughly aware of its intimate connexion, both economic and social, with the southern coast of the Black Sea—with Samsun, Eregli, Sinope, Kerasund, Trebizond and other towns. Great masses of workmen from these parts flood the cities of the Crimea. Practically all shipments by sea in vessels of small displacement are carried out by the owners of feluccas, who hail from the municipal centres of ancient Pontus and from the neighbouring sea-towns of what was once Bithynia. A glance at the map is sufficient to show that there is no casual connexion here; the close interconnexion between the shores of the Crimea and the southern coast of the Black Sea, which is almost visible with the naked eye from the southernmost point of the Crimea, has been brought about by the natural conditions of the locality. The decline in the prosperity of the southern Turkish coast of the Black Sea and the great prosperity of the Crimea in the years immediately preceding the war were the chief reasons why the Crimea played the part of employer, and the sea towns of the southern coast the part of supplier of labour. They provided as well the necessary tonnage for coastwise shipping, mostly in the shape of small sailing vessels. Such could not always be the case, nor indeed have such conditions continuously prevailed, although, generally speaking, similar relations must needs be established quite independent of the fortune assigned by history to the districts with which we are now dealing.
Strabo and Demetrios of Skepsis
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: October 2013

Though the name of Demetrios of Skepsis is hardly known to us except through Strabo, he was in his way a remarkable man. The only independent account of him is a mention by Diogenes Laertius as one in a list of well-known namesakes; ἑνδέκατος Σκήψιος, πλούσιος καὶ εὐγενὴςἄνθρωπος καὶ φιλόλογος ἄκρως οὖτος καὶ Μητρόδωρον προεβιβασε τὸνπολίτην (V. v. 11). The date of his birth is fairly closely fixed by his own statement in Strabo (XIII. i. 27) that he visited Ilium as a boy (μειράκιον) when the Romans landed in Asia to attack Antiochus, i.e. in 190 B.C. The word μειράκιον may be taken to mean anything from about 14 to 20 years of age. Demetrios therefore cannot have been born much before or after 205 B.C. Some surprise may be felt at the statement that he gave Metrodoros his start in life; Metrodoros, the friend of Mithridates, died, as we know from Strabo (XIII. i. 55) and Plutarch Lucullus 22) in or immediately after 70 B.C. The lives of the two men therefore cover some 135 years; if both lived to be 75, Metrodoros can only have been 15 at Demetrios' death. The description of Demetrios as ‘a man of wealth and birth, and a scholar to his finger-tips’ is quite borne out by what we know of his works. He plainly inherited the tradition of the little nest of Platonists and Aristotelians who were established at Skepsis and the neighbouring Assos; he was an enthusiast for Homer and geography, and devoted his life to a geographical commentary on Homer, and more particularly to the Trojan Catalogue, which so nearly concerned his native Troad: He found place, however, for excursuses of very wide range; for instance the long one on the Kuretes in Strabo X. iii. 19–22. Another on the changes in the face of the earth produced by volcanic action is quoted in l. iii. 17.
The Campaign and Battle of Mantineia in 418 B.C.
Authors: Woodhouse W. J.
Published: October 2013

Among the more elaborate pieces of purely military history written by Thucydides is the section (of fourteen chapters in the Fifth Book) devoted to that Arkadian campaign of King Agis by which, in the late summer of 418 B.C., he ruined the far-reaching schemes of Alkibiades and restored the tarnished prestige of Sparta. According, to Thucydides, this fortunate achievement was due more to good luck than to good management; not in any wise is it exhibited as the reasonably forecast outcome of cunningly contrived, if somewhat delicately articulated, machinery. Something less than justice is thereby done to one of the most remarkable personages of that time. Both by Thucydides himself, and, after his example, by most modern historians, the Spartan king, in his connexion with these operations at any rate, is pilloried without further question as a bungler, and, indeed, as little better than a fool. It would seem that the time has come to ask whether that verdict is justified.
Hastings and Finlay
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

I feel that first of all I owe you a word of explanation why I, who have never studied the history of the Greek War of Independence, should have ventured to speak to you to-day about two of the best known of the Britons who then offered their services to Greece against the Turks. Finlay was an intimate friend and the executor of Hastings, and had in his possession much of his friend's correspondence and other papers. Consequently, when many years after Finlay's death, his library was presented to the British School, among his private papers, manuscripts and journals were found, those of Hastings as well. I have therefore drawn largely on this still unpublished material to illustrate the lives and careers of these two British Philhellenes.
The Battlefield of Pharsalos
Authors: Lucas F. L.
Published: October 2013

The dead of Pharsalos sleep sound; but more than a century ago their battlefield began to walk; and since Leake a dozen scholars in succession have found it in as many different places, over an area of forty miles by ten.

I must apologise for introducing yet another claimant theory, but I have at least aimed also at reducing the total by the abolition of one or two of its wilder predecessors. I propose, then, to summarise the ancient evidence, to state and criticise the theories based on it, and to conclude with a new attempt at solution, checked by walking over the plains of Pharsalos.

Far the first, then, among our authorities stands of course Caesar himself (Bellum Civile, III. 81–98). After the occupation of Gomphoi and Metropolis, all the states of Thessaly, except Larissa, had declared for him. Accordingly, ‘having found a convenient position in the Thessalian plain,’ he sat down there to wait for Pompey and the final decision. A few days later Pompey marched south to Larissa and joined Scipio. When next heard of, their army is encamped opposite Caesar on a hill.
§ V.—The Campaign of 1922
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

After we had spent several days in preparations, including the purchase and despatch of timber and other stores, Miss Lamb left Athens for Mycenae on May 11th, and began work the next day with six men. Dr. Boethius arrived on May 12th and the Director on May 13th. The other members of the party, Miss Lorimer, Mr. Heurtley, Mr. Hutchinson and Dr. Smith, arrived on May 16th and 17th. The number of men employed gradually rose to fifty-five, and then towards the end of the excavations was reduced by degrees to thirty, and finally to four when work closed on August 15th. The headquarters were again established in the Metrovgenes house, and accommodation was reserved at the ‘Fair Helen’ Hotel for the women members of the party.
Notes on the Harbours of S. Boeotia, and Sea-trade between Boeotia and Corinth in Prehistoric Times
Authors: Heurtley W. A.
Published: October 2013

The following notes were made partly in the course of a voyage taken in a small sailing boat in the late summer of 1922, from Corinth across the gulf, and along the Boeotian coast, during which all the south Boeotian harbours, as well as Voulis in Phokis, were visited, and partly in the course of subsequent visits from the land side. It is hoped that the notes may supplement, if they cannot improve upon, Mr. Gomme's excellent description of this part of Boeotia, and at the same time throw some light on trading relations between the two sides of the gulf in pre-Hellenic times.

Of the three possible harbours from which Thebes could be reached from the south, the nearest to Thebes is Kreusis, or, as it is now called, Livadóstro. The difficulties of the journey from there to Plataea are vividly described by Mr. Gomme (op. cit., p. 204), but there is reason to think that communication between Livadóstro and Thebes has always passed through Parapoúngia or its ancient representative Eutresis, rather than through Plataea. At the present day there are two paths to Parapoúngia, which serve the east and west sides respectively of the Livadóstro plain.
The Finlay Library
Authors: Miller William
Published: October 2013

The study of mediaeval, Turkish and modern Greek history now attracts considerable attention in Athens. Important works upon these periods have been recently published by Greek scholars; lectures upon Byzantine history in particular are crowded not merely by students, but also by the general public, and several newspapers make a special feature of articles by specialists on social life in the reign of Otho. In these circumstances it is fortunate that the British School has possessed since 1899 the Finlay library, to which the adjacent library of M. Gennadios, opened in April, now provides a worthy counterpart.

The Finlay library, of which I speak from some two years' work among its shelves, consists, apart from general literature and travels, mainly of four divisions: (1) books used by Finlay for the Byzantine, Trapezuntine, Frankish and Turkish periods of his history; (2) books about the War of Independence and the reign of Otho; (3) a collection of Greek newspapers; and (4) Finlay's review articles, Times' correspondence, diaries and other documents. Of these the first section is nowadays the least important. Since Finlay's death much has been published about the Byzantine, Frankish and Turkish times, and the Empire of Trebizond, which renders some of his sources inadequate or obsolete.
Excavations at Haliartos, 1926
Authors: Austin R. P.
Published: October 2013

A Permit was granted for the School to carry out a trial excavation at Haliartos in Boeotia with the object of establishing the plan of the ancient walls of the city and testing the future possibilities of the site.

Digging was begun on March 30th on the west wall of the Acropolis—Mr. Woodward being present to direct operations for the first two days. Five men were employed at first, but after the opening week the number was raised to six.

For about a fortnight the workmen were employed in determining the lines of the walls of the Acropolis. It was found impossible in the limited time available for the excavation to include the outer town walls in the investigation. For the second fortnight the men were chiefly engaged in excavating a sanctuary and adjacent buildings which were discovered within the Acropolis. Work was continued until April 28th.
Excavations at Haliartos, 1926, Part II
Authors: Austin R. P.
Published: October 2013

In the last volume of the Annual a report was given on the work done at Haliartos in 1926. It was not possible at that time to publish the excavation exhaustively as the finds had not been thoroughly examined, but I have recently made a further study of them, and have prepared this supplementary paper to bring the publication up to date. The finds are here catalogued and discussed under their several sections, and the conclusions derived from them are set out in the summary at the end.
Further Notes on the Greek Acrophonic Numerals
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

In an article on ‘The Greek Numeral Notation’ published in this Annual, xviii. 98 ff., I restricted myself to a discussion of those systems which compose the so-called ‘acrophonic’ group, promising for some future occasion an article dealing with the second, or ‘alphabetic,’ group of numeral systems. This promise has not been forgotten, though the greatness of the undertaking and the lack of adequate leisure have led to delay in its fulfilment; I have, however, collected considerable materials and hope before long to prepare them for publication. Meanwhile, the accession of fresh evidence relative to the acrophonic numerals, while it does not appear to me to invalidate my main conclusions, calls for the addition of a few notes to my previous article with a view of bringing it up to date and rendering it less incomplete.
Report on Excavations at the Toumba and Tables of Vardaróftsa, Macedonia, 1925, 1926: Part I. (B.S.A. xxvii. pp. 1–66). Corrigenda and Addenda
Authors: Heurtley W. A. , Davies O.
Published: October 2013

P. 7, Fig. 6. Pit should read Pit D.

P. 21, Fig. 10. For Period D read Period C.

P. 41, Fig. 26 is a Sketch; Figs. 27, 28 are Plans.

Pl. VIII, a, b. Scale ca. 1: 5.

Pl. XI, b. For 1: 6 read ca. 1 : 2.

Addenda, p. 39.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—28: Part II. Four Hellenistic Decrees
Authors: Woodward A. M. , Robert Louis
Published: October 2013

The number of decrees recovered from Ancient Sparta is regrettably small, and of them by no means all contain resolutions of the Spartan state. One complete text, and apparently six incomplete texts in the Laconian Corpus (I.G. v. 1, 12, 13, 14, 23, 28, 29 and 30), and three, and perhaps four, of the fragments published in the Annual from the recent excavations (B.S.A. xxvi. pp. 231 ff., Nos. 22, 23, 24 and 28) represent copies of resolutions passed by other states and erected at Sparta, in recognition of her citizens who had won honour and privileges at their hands. It is to this class of inscription that the four texts here published all belong, and they have the further importance that substantial portions of each can be read, or, in the case of No. 87, restored.

The first (No. 84) is a decree of Arcadian Orchomenos, conferring proxeny on a Spartan; the second is a decree of Eretria in favour of Spartan dikasts; the third is probably a decree of Tralles, but is too incomplete to furnish either the full record of the services rendered by the recipient or the honours bestowed on him; and the last is in honour of Spartan dikasts, passed by the city of Demetrias in Thessaly.
The Copper Mines of Cyprus
Authors: Davies O.
Published: October 2013

There is no doubt that during the historical period Cyprus was a copper-mining centre of great importance; not only does the literary evidence testify to this, but also the large slag-heaps found in many parts of the island. It is not our intention, however, to treat of this period, but to examine how far Cyprus produced copper during the bronze age.

Prof. Gjerstad has, in his Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus, shewn that at least till the end of the bronze age there seems to be no racial change in the population, the cultural development being steady. During Late Cypriot II and III, however, Mycenean ware and its local imitations become so frequent that it is likely that Mycenean overlords were ruling in Cyprus; such a state of affairs fits in well with Mycenean history of this time, and probably now Cyprus began to be hellenised.
Ἐώθινα Ἀναστάσιμα. The Morning Hymns of the Emperor Leo, Part II
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

By invitation of the Rask-Oersted Foundation a conference was held at Copenhagen in July 1931. Plans for the study and publication of Byzantine hymns with music were put forward; and a resolution was passed recommending a uniform method for the transcription of Byzantine melodies. This was as follows:

'1. Agreement has been reached with regard to the values of the Byzantine interval-signs in the Middle (Round) and Late (Cucuzelian) systems.

'2. Byzantine musical handbooks afford some indication of the dynamic effect of certain signs. These signs affect the length of the notes, the stress or the rhythm.
Excavations in Ithaca, I
Authors: Heurtley W. A. , Lorimer H. L.
Published: October 2013

The area of the Protogeometric cairns here described was first discovered in 1931, when we opened a trial pit (Fig. 3) which revealed part of a wall (Fig. 4, 6) and behind it what seemed to be a confused mass of stones mixed with black earth, and containing sherds, ranging from a few LH III to Protogeometric. These stones we took to be the remains of a collapsed house. In 1932 the pit was extended, principally to West and North, and though we encountered the same masses of stones all over the area, it became possible to discover some coherence in them. The plan (Fig. 3) and section (Fig. 4) give some idea of the complexity of the remains, but for the sake of clearness the accumulations of stones (all of which it was necessary to plot before they could be removed) between the surface and the remains actually shown are omitted. In the neighbourhood of wall 6 the stones explained themselves as remains of a succession of terrace-walls and their filling, built at various periods to terrace up the area to the North of them, each time with a slightly different alignment. It was only when we had got near virgin soil that the cairns became recognisable. They had naturally suffered in the process of terracing and had been further disturbed by a series of Byzantine cist graves (Fig. 3, 12–21; Fig. 5), the makers of which had displaced the stones and contents of the cairns and the earth above them. It is really remarkable that the cairns have survived at all and it is only owing to the skilful and patient work of Miss Lorimer that their structural character has been recognised.
Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Commerce with Italy, Sicily and France in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.
Authors: Blakeway Alan
Published: October 2013

The date of the first contact of the Greeks with the Western Mediterranean is very difficult to determine from literary sources. It is as old as the Theogony and probably as old as the Odyssey; but there is, as yet, no general agreement as to the date of either of these sources. Many historians still assume that it began, if not with the foundation of the Greek colonies in Sicily, at least with that of Cumae. These colonies, they maintain, were planted solely as a means of solving the problem of over-population in old Greece, in areas suitable for the production of corn, and without commercial intent. Whence came the necessary geographical knowledge and how the sites were chosen is seldom clearly stated, if it is stated at all. We are left with vague suggestions such as a preliminary expedition of exploration or ‘Traditional Survival’ of geographical knowledge based on Minoan, Mycenaean and Nostoi voyages, any explanation, in fact, that will save the historian from the natural assumption that the western colonies were planted in areas previously reached by Greek commercial enterprise.
IV. The Cave of Skaphidhia
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S. , Money-Coutts M. B.
Published: October 2013

A quarter of an hour north of the village of Tzermiadho runs a line of cliffs which eventually join the west end of the Trapeza plateau. They are fronted by a thick growth of ilex trees, which makes the examination of them a matter of some difficulty. Many shallow caves occur, and from the top left-hand corner of one, 2 metres above the floor, a narrow hole about 50 cms. in diameter leads to a small chamber some 4 metres by 2, with a height never exceeding 70 cms. Only the inmost 2 metres contained any earth. This had been covered with a thin film of stalactite, above which was found the small Early Minoan I suspension pot (see p. 22 and Plate IV, 2). There is a stalactite pillar near the south wall. In the main body of the cave the first 20 cms. below the surface produced sherds from open bowls, tubular handles, rims, and other sherds of Late Neolithic date, some with a good burnish, but most rough, as well as a few sherds of typical Trapeza Ware. There were many bones, mostly of animals, but some, including a jaw bone, undoubtedly human. Below this arbitrary level to bed-rock, which slopes down to a maximum depth of 50 cms. to the southwest, the same Late Neolithic ware was found, but with a bigger proportion of well-burnished and well-finished fragments. A few incised and punctuated sherds appeared also. Bones, again mostly animal, occurred.
A List of Clazomenian Pottery
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: October 2013

By ‘Clazomenian’ is usually meant what seems to be the main group of East Greek pottery decorated in a mature b.f. style. It is most obviously distinguished from Attic, on which it is partly dependent, by its greater tendency to decorative forms and details, as for example in the more extensive use of rows of white dots, and by such favourite motives as sirens and scales containing white drops. The home of Clazomenian is in northern Ionia: from Samos southwards, where its counterpart is the reserving and more traditional pottery known as Fikellura, no important b.f. school developed.

The first and still the only big find of Clazomenian pottery was made by W. M. Flinders Petrie in 1886 at Tell Defenneh in Egypt: most of this find went to the British Museum and a selection of the pieces was promptly and fairly published in 1888. In this publication Petrie, though not expert in Greek archaeology, noted the unity of the group, but—mainly (I suspect) on grounds of frequency—considered it to be a local Greek product of Tell Defenneh.
Type, Group and Series: A Reconsideration of Some Coroplastic Fundamentals
Authors: Nicholls R. V.
Published: October 2013

Although so much that has been written about ancient terracotta figurines has concentrated particularly on their arrangement into groups of various kinds, very little attention has been given specifically to the principles necessarily governing any such classification. The object of the present article is to attempt to remedy this neglect in so far as it concerns Greek mould-made terracottas, more especially of the archaic period. This chronological restriction has been thought desirable, partly because of the limitations of my own acquaintance at first hand with material of later date, partly because rather different technical factors do somewhat influence the classification of, for example, Hellenistic terracottas. But it is not to be overlooked that, with suitable modifications, the principles considered here probably have a validity that extends far beyond the archaic period in time and, for that matter, far beyond Greece in area. In the interests of simplicity and clarity it will be necessary to restrict to the basically essential the illustrative material employed and the critical appraisals of classificatory systems used by earlier writers. To offset this brevity let it here be stated that it is expected that the near future will see the publication of the first of a series of detailed studies in which the principles here evolved will be applied on a large scale. Technical matters will be dealt with here only in so far as they have a direct bearing on classification.
Part III. The Agamemnoneion
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: October 2013

On Professor Wace's invitation I joined his staff on the Mycenae excavation in 1950 in order to undertake the testing of an area where Geometric pottery had been picked up in ploughland by the Mycenaean Causeway a kilometre S.S.W. of the acropolis. The soundings here reported were carried out in the first ten days of August at the place called Ayios Ioannis on the left bank of the Chaos watercourse, in a field which extends some sixty metres up from the causeway. On his plan of Mycenae Steffen marked considerable traces of ‘Cyclopean’ buildings a short distance back from the stream bank, but these are no longer to be seen.

The first probe was made at a distance of about seven metres to the east of the abutment of the Mycenaean Causeway on the south bank. A very rough terrace wall or substructure on an alignment north-east by north was found at plough level and exposed for a length of four metres; it has a loose stone backing something over a metre thick and is preserved to a height of 80 cm. on the face. The wall is bedded in gravel, and being at the presumed level of the top of the causeway may have had some connection with the network of roads that radiated from it; below plough level a little plain L.H. III pottery was found.
Hellenic Houses at Ammótopos in Epirus
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: October 2013

During my travels in Epirus information reached me of a site near the village of Koumsádhes, now Ammótopos, which I visited on 5 July 1931. The village lies on that route from Arta to Ioánnina which was in vogue during Turkish times and probably during antiquity; for it is both shorter and cooler in summer than the modern road which follows the Loúros valley. Leaving Arta I walked in some three and a half hours to Koumsádhes, and thence one hour westwards to the site, which occupies a limestone spur on the western side of the valley and commands the entry into the pass leading northwards over the shoulder of Mt. Xerovoúni.
Notes on Attic Inscriptions
Authors: Lewis David M.
Published: October 2013

IG I2 80 +; Paton, The Erechtheum (1927), 449–450; Wade-Gery, JHS LI (1931), 82; Ferguson, Treasurers of Athena 176; Dinsmoor, AJA XXXVI (1932), 312; Deubner, Attische Feste 19; SEG X 28; Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis 323.

The editio minor publication of this decree curiously failed to take into account Wilhelm's discussion of its epigraphical problems. The facts were correctly stated by him. Fragment b has its left margin preserved, and since the width of the stone can be determined from fairly certain restorations in fragment a, considerably more sense can be made out of the third part, the πάτρια of the Praxiergidai, than either Ziehen or Hiller attempted.

EM 6629; three fragments of Pentelic marble with back preserved. Fragment a has its top preserved, fragment b its left edge, fragment c its right edge. Original thickness 0·065 m., but the back slopes to each edge. Parts I and II are cut with a horizontal chequer of 0·0106 and a vertical chequer of 0·0104 with chisels measuring 9, 7·5, 6, and 4 mm. Part III is cut with a horizontal chequer of 0·0129 and a vertical chequer of 0·0126 with chisels measuring 11, 9, 7·5, and 4 mm.
Part III. A Possible Middle Helladic Fortification Wall
Authors: Rowe K. R.
Published: October 2013

Schliemann on his plan of the acropolis of Mycenae marks a terrace wall on the north-west corner of the ‘summit’. Steffen on his plan of the acropolis marks the same wall as one of his ‘kyklopische Stutz- u. Abschnittsmauern’. Dr. Leicester Holland included the wall in his plan of the palace made during our excavations there in 1920–23. Then we thought that this wall was a terrace wall which supported the end of the inclined roadway which climbed the Citadel from the Ramp to the north-west Propylon (9) of the Palace with its paved forecourt (7).

In 1939 in excavating the rock shelf to the east of the Guardroom (3, 4) and below the terrace wall which supports the temple foundations on the north, we found a much ruined wall (Fig. 7, Z) on the very edge of the rock shelf, which here drops abruptly to the north. This wall was associated with a Middle Helladic deposit. Above this lay a somewhat disturbed Late Helladic stratum where the splendid ivory group of two women and a boy was discovered. The wall is a packed construction of largish stones about 1·25 m. thick, and the deposit behind it rests in a hollow in the rock and was at most 1·25 m. deep.
Part V. Four Tombs
Authors: Desborough V. R. d'A.
Published: October 2013

This is a true cist burial, in that the skeleton, of an infant, was placed in a stone casket. The casket is a single block of poros, roughly hollowed out until the requisite depth was reached. Its dimensions are 0·60 m. × 0·50 m., but the block is not a perfect rectangle by any means. The depth is c. 0·30 m. Underneath the block a group of seven roughly circular shallow holes and two shallow rectangular depressions are to be seen; the only explanation I can suggest for these is that it was perhaps originally intended to hollow out the block from this side. Over the casket two blocks of sandstone were placed; both have a shallow depression underneath. At the west end of the casket and closely adjoining it lay a triangular block of poros about 0·48 m. wide and 0·35 m. high (only partially visible on Plate 43). This, from the similarity of material and workmanship, seems to have had some connection with the burial. Could it have been a small unsculptured stele? The unsculptured stelai from Schliemann's Grave Circle are triangular at the top.

The burial lies partially over a wall which may have been intended as a boundary for the Prehistoric Cemetery area, thus showing that the height of the wall mentioned can have been no higher at this point at the time of this burial, and suggesting that, if in fact this is an enclosure wall, it was not felt desirable to bury the dead outside the enclosure, either in the case of this burial or in that of the Geometric cist and pithos burials, and arguing some continuity in the cult of the dead. The wall itself, so far as has yet been ascertained, cannot be later than the L.H. IIIA period, and is probably considerably earlier.
Part VI. The Cyclopean Terrace Building and the Deposit of Pottery beneath It
Authors: Wace Elizabeth B.
Published: October 2013

The Cyclopean Terrace Building lies to the north-west of the Lion Gate on the northern end of the Panagia Ridge and faces almost due west across the valley of the Kephissos and modern main road from Corinth to Argos. It lies just below the 200 m. contour line, and one terrace below the houses excavated in 1950–51 by Dr. Papadimitriou and Mr. Petsas to the east at the same end of the ridge. The area contains a complex of buildings, both successive and contemporary, and in view of the discovery of structures both to the south-west and, by the Greek Archaeological Service, to the north-east it is likely that this whole slope was covered by a portion of the outer town of Mycenae. This report will deal only with the structure to which the name Cyclopean Terrace Building was originally given, the so-called ‘North Megaron’, supported by the heavy main terrace wall.

The excavation of this structure was begun in 1923. The main terrace wall was cleared and two L.H. IIIC burials discovered in the top of the fill in the south room. In 1950 it was decided to attempt to clear this building entirely in an endeavour to find out its date and purpose. The clearing was not, however, substantially completed until the close of the 1953 excavation season, and this report presents the available evidence for the date as determined by the pottery found beneath the building; the purpose is still a matter for study, though various tentative conclusions can be put forward.
Early Euboean Pottery and History
Authors: Boardman John
Published: October 2013

This paper is divided into three sections. In the first a group of pottery fragments from Chalcis serves as an introduction to a study of early Euboean pottery, and of its appearance and imitation in other parts of the Greek world. In the second some archaic and black-figured vases are published as addenda to my article on ‘Pottery from Eretria’ in BSA xlvii. 1–48, plates 1–14. This I refer to here simply as Eretria. Finally some historical considerations are prompted by the archaeological evidence reviewed. Briefly they involve the following theses: that Strabo's ‘Old Eretria’ may lie at or near Amarynthos at the distance from Eretria that Strabo indicated; that Euboeans played a major part in the foundation of Al Mina (Posideion) on the North Syrian coast in the early eighth century B.C.; that they may be largely responsible for the adoption of the Semitic alphabetic characters for the Greek language; and that Eretria was the ultimate victor in the ‘Lelantine War’.

Mme Semni Karouzou has with customary generosity granted me permission to publish several vases in the National Museum, Athens. Other pieces in the Louvre, the British Museum, and the Ashmolean Museum are illustrated by permission of the authorities of those museums. Mrs. A. D. Ure has been particularly helpful in the study of the black-figured vases and is herself preparing a study of a series closely related to the Euboean vases which are discussed here.