bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Drift Characteristics of the Yellow Sea Using the Finite Element Model
Authors: Byun Sang-Shin , Yuk Jin-Hee
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the drift characteristics of the Yellow Sea using a finite element model. A tidal model of the Yellow Sea was constructed, and its accuracy was verified by comparing the calculated tide levels and tidal current results with observed data. Six points with distinct tidal characteristics were selected across different areas of the Yellow Sea, and the drift paths due to tidal currents were analyzed. Additionally, the drift paths under the influence of increasing wind, in combination with tidal currents, were examined. At the point where a north-south reciprocating current occurs, the particle movement distance increases when a southwesterly wind blows, compared to the influence of the currents alone. On the other hand, at the point characterized by a counterclockwise elliptical current, the drift distance either increases or decreases depending on the location. The relationship between wind and water depth was analyzed, revealing that the shallower the water depth, the greater the wind's influence, leading to increased particle movement.
Effect of Local Fire Risks and Preventive Measures on the Installation of Residential Firefighting Systems in Detached House
Authors: Lee Dalbyul
Published: October 2024

This study analyzes the major factors affecting the installation of residential firefighting systems in detached houses. In particular, it investigates the dependence of local fire risk and local government prevention efforts, along with housing and household characteristics, on the type of installation. This study used data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census, the first nationwide survey on residential firefighter system installation, and employed multinomial logistic regression analysis. The analysis results revealed that less than half of households had installed all firefighting systems, where the installation rate differed significantly by region. Housing and household characteristics also influenced the installation type. Local fire risk as well as the local government’s fire prevention policies positively affect the installation of residential firefighting systems.
Parametric Study on Structural Performance According to the Condition Grade of Open-cut Electric Power Tunnel
Authors: Chun Nakhyun , You Ilhwan , Kim Ji-Su , Lee Seung-Jung , Hwang Kyeong-Min , Kim Jung Joong
Published: October 2024

In this study, the structural performance of electric power tunnels was evaluated based on the type and degree of damage. For experimental performance evaluation, a power structure test specimen was designed with a state safety performance of grade D corresponding to a concrete damage area ratio of 44% and structural safety performance of grade D with a reduced cross-section of 25% of the main reinforcement of the upper slab. The electric power structures with grade D state safety performance and structural safety performance exhibited 63% load-bearing capacity compared to those without damage. Cracks occurred on the outside of the structure under the experimental conditions simulating the overburden load, implying the possibility of corrosion of the outer reinforcing bars of the real structure. Finite element analysis showed that reducing the area of the outer main rebar of the upper slab caused more significant reduction in the load-bearing capacity than that of the inner main rebar.
Evaluation of Material Characteristics and Durability of Mixture of Carbon-Eating Concrete and Electric Arc Furnace Slag via Optimal Carbon Dioxide Curing
Authors: Lee Ohseong , Parr Jean-Luc Malan , Park Jungjun , Yoon Youngsoo
Published: October 2024

This study evaluates the material characteristics and durability of a mixture of carbon-eating concrete (CEC) and electric arc furnace slag. Due to the high C3A content present in the electric arc furnace reducing slag binder used in the CEC mix, the initial and final setting times of CEC are observed to be 18.8% and 7.0% faster than those of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), respectively. The optimal carbon dioxide curing condition is determined by varying the pressure and temperature variables within the scope of this study. The 3-day compressive strength of CEC under optimal carbon dioxide curing conditions is observed to exceed the 28-day compressive strength of OPC. The formation of calcium carbonate, which contributes to early strength, is confirmed via scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, CEC exhibits significantly higher improvements in abrasion resistivity and chloride-ion penetration resistivity when subjected to carbon dioxide curing compared to OPC.
Wall Deflection and Ground Surface Settlement due to Braced Deep Excavation in Soft-Soil Ground
Authors: Lim Gilsang , Jeong Wonchul , Ku Chunwon , Hwang Chaeun , Jin Jaeseon , Back Wonjin
Published: October 2024

An extensive database comprising more than 1,100 case histories of wall displacements and ground settlements due to deep excavations in soft soils created by Long, Moormann, and Wang et al. (2009) was analyzed. The applicability of the criteria for maximum lateral displacements and ground settlements using their database was analyzed. When excavation work is conducted under ground conditions where seaweed cohesive soil is distributed thickly, excessive horizontal displacement is expected to occur owing to low undrained shear strengths. Therefore, ground reinforcement was performed by applying a reinforcement method on the excavation side to secure a stability factor against a basal heave that exceeds 3.0. When using this method, applying the management standard for the maximum horizontal displacement, i.e., 0.3%H of the retaining wall, as the limit value is considered appropriate. This is expected to minimize the horizontal displacement of the retaining wall and the subsidence of the background during excavation work.
A Study on the Analysis of Reduction Effects and Comparison of Economic Feasibility by Applying the LID Technique
Authors: Kim Jongchang , Jung Kwansue
Published: October 2024

This study conducted a comparative review of the effects and project costs of four different flood runoff reduction measures applied in the Dongnam District 1 watershed. Using the XP-SWMM model, the effects of three LID (low-impact development) technologies—infiltration trenches, permeable pavement, and green roofs—were analyzed. The results showed reductions in both peak flood discharge (32.65 m3/s → 27.85 m3/s) and total runoff volume (99,725 m3 → 86,814 m3). However, the application of LID technologies alone is insufficient for mitigating flood risks. Therefore, flood reduction measures were categorized into four CASEs, combining LID technologies with conventional stormwater management facilities. The cost comparison for each CASE was as follows: CASE 1 (LID + pump) at 22.3 billion KRW, CASE 2 (LID + stormwater storage facility) at 20.3 billion KRW, CASE 3 (pump) at 20.6 billion KRW, and CASE 4 (stormwater storage facility) at 21.0 billion KRW. Despite the use of LID technologies, the project costs for CASEs 3 and 4, which utilized existing reduction methods, were higher. This indicates that integrating LID technologies with conventional reduction measures is likely the most effective approach.
Prioritization of Evaluation Items for Industrial Accident Prevention Factors Using the Fuzzy TOPSIS Technique
Authors: Heo Dae Wook , Yang Won Jik
Published: October 2024

With the rapid progress of industrialization, serious accidents have frequently occurred at industrial sites. Despite the existence of several laws and regulations for preventing industrial accidents, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act, social criticism has been raised regarding their inefficiency. To address this issue, the Serious Accident Punishment Act was implemented. The Ministry of Employment and Labor and the Korea Safety and Health Agency have prepared and implemented various industrial accident prevention measures and programs; however, the number of industrial accidents has not decreased. Therefore, new evaluation criteria must be introduced when establishing policies or systems to prevent industrial accidents. This study introduces evaluation items used in Europe and the United States as industrial accident prevention items for assessing industrial accident prevention projects and proposes a plan to select priorities for these items by applying the fuzzy TOPSIS technique. Prioritization was determined by calculating four evaluation criteria and ten industrial accident prevention items using a 7-point linguistic scale. Our results allow for the simultaneous consideration of several industrial accident prevention items. Thus, various aspects of industrial accident prevention activities can be comprehensively evaluated, enhancing the effectiveness and execution of safety and health management, thereby helping to reduce industrial accidents.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends in Hazard Mitigation Studies in Korea: Based on Articles from the Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
Authors: Seo Man Deok , Park Bom
Published: October 2024

This study conducts a bibliometric analysis to identify research trends in hazard mitigation, based on 3,074 papers published in the Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation between 2010 and 2023. The findings revealed that research on climate change and disaster response was the most active, with key topics including natural disaster management, urban water resource management, fire analysis and prevention, and AI-based disaster management. A keyword analysis highlighted “disaster” and “climate change” as having the highest frequency and centrality within the network. Institutional analysis identified the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology as the leading institution in co-authorship, with high research productivity and a key role as an intermediary. The authors’ analysis revealed that certain authors were central to expanding the field through diverse cooperation. These insights highlight the evolution of hazard mitigation research in Korea and offer guidance for future research to tackle emerging challenges in disaster management.
Policy Improvement for Local Governments by Analyzing Demands for Safe Environments by Vulnerable Groups: Focusing on Daejeon Metropolitan City
Authors: Cho Seong
Published: October 2024

This study highlights the importance of improving safety environments for vulnerable groups, especially individuals with disabilities, in the face of the disasters and accidents that frequently occur in modern society. People with disabilities are more likely to suffer greater harm due to physical and environmental limitations during disasters, necessitating systematic response measures. This study proposes practical and tailored support measures to improve safety environments for vulnerable groups. To this end, a survey and in-depth interviews were conducted, focusing on disabled individuals, the elderly, and children in Daejeon, to analyze their perceptions and needs regarding safety environments. The research findings show that individuals with disabilities have a high level of fear of disasters and safety accidents, and their ability to respond in emergency situations is very low. Elderly people experience difficulty responding during emergencies due to social isolation and limited access to information, whereas children lack awareness of risks, making it challenging for them to respond appropriately when accidents occur. Based on these findings, this study emphasizes the need for tailored educational programs, expanded safety infrastructure, and the development of IoT-based support systems to provide comprehensive measures for vulnerable groups. In conclusion, this study proposes tailored policies and support measures that consider the characteristics of vulnerable groups. By doing so, it is intended to strengthen the disaster response capabilities of vulnerable groups, including individuals with disabilities and the elderly, and contribute to creating a safer social environment.
Reconstructing a Sense of Relational Agency in Family Therapy
Authors: De Mol Jan , Reijmers Ellen , Verhofstadt Lesley , Kuczynski Leon
Published: March 2018

The concept of agency is relevant in family therapy. As family therapists we approach each family member as a full agent, which means that what each person thinks and feels, makes sense, and that each person contributes in a significant way to the construction of a relationship. A person's sense of relational agency is constructed in relationships through processes of relational influence. Thus, agency is a relational construct and is dependent on bidirectional transactions in a relationship. A person's sense of relational agency refers to the belief a person has about being able to influence another person, that this influence is significant for the other, makes a difference for the other, and contributes to the construction of the relationship. Many family members who enter therapy have lost their sense of relational agency. In this paper we discuss ideas how to reconstruct family members’ sense of relational agency in therapeutic practice.
A Network Therapy Clinic for Clients with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Krilich Lorren , Van Vorst Laura , Koski Stuart , Winn Alana , Rhodes Paul
Published: March 2018

Over the past 30 years a systemic approach has been applied to complex cases involving intellectual disability and behaviours of concern. This paper describes a model that draws on systemic family therapy and network therapy as well as the use of a reflective team. A single session intervention was provided for families of people with intellectual disability. A systemic consultation was used as a pre‐session meeting for professionals working with the family. The systemic consultation and single session therapy allowed the family and the professional network to gain insight. Involving the professionals in the therapy session also enhanced the alliance between professionals and family. This approach assists everyone involved in the case to find a way to progress.
Species distribution modeling based on the automated identification of citizen observations
Authors: Botella Christophe , Joly Alexis , Bonnet Pierre , Monestiez Pascal , Munoz François
Published: March 2018

Premise of the Study

A species distribution model computed with automatically identified plant observations was developed and evaluated to contribute to future ecological studies.

Methods

We used deep learning techniques to automatically identify opportunistic plant observations made by citizens through a popular mobile application. We compared species distribution modeling of invasive alien plants based on these data to inventories made by experts.

Results

The trained models have a reasonable predictive effectiveness for some species, but they are biased by the massive presence of cultivated specimens.

Discussion

The method proposed here allows for fine‐grained and regular monitoring of some species of interest based on opportunistic observations. More in‐depth investigation of the typology of the observations and the sampling bias should help improve the approach in the future.
Back Cover: Internally Reuse Waste: Catalytic Asymmetric One‐Pot Strecker Reaction of Fluoroalkyl Ketones, Anilines and TMSCN by Sequential Catalysis (Chin. J. Chem. 4/2018)
Authors: Liu Yun‐Lin , Yin Xiao‐Ping , Zhou Jian
Published: March 2018

A highly enantioselective one‐pot Strecker reaction of α‐fluoroalkyl α‐aryl ketones, anilines, and TMSCN is disclosed, which simultane‐ously reuses water byproduct and catalyst from the ketimine formation step as a promoter and an additive to improve the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the subsequent Strecker reaction, respectively. The picture shows that the chiral bifunctional tertiary amine mediated asymmetric Strecker reaction is irrigated by the water generated in the p‐TsOH catalyzed ketimine formation, and fertilized by the remaining acid catalyst. More details are discussed in the article by Zhou et al. on page 321–328.

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Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease Underestimates Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Ascites Undergoing Colectomy
Authors: Fleming Matthew M. , Liu Fangfang , Zhang Yawei , Pei Kevin Y.
Published: March 2018

Background

The Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and ascites correlate with surgical morbidity and mortality. However, the MELD score does not account for ascites. We sought to evaluate whether the MELD score accurately risk stratifies patients with ascites.

Methods

We analyzed the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005–2014) to examine the risk‐adjusted morbidity and mortality of cirrhotic patients with and without ascites undergoing colectomy for diverticulitis. Patients were stratified by MELD score, and the presence of ascites and outcomes were compared between patients with and without ascites to the reference group of low MELD and no ascites. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for demographic factors and comorbidities.

Results

A total of 16,877 colectomies were analyzed. For each MELD stratum, patients with ascites have increased risk of complications compared to those without ascites (P < 0.05 unless indicated): low MELD ascites OR 1.13, P = 0.69, moderate MELD no ascites OR 1.37, moderate MELD ascites OR 2.06, high MELD no ascites OR 1.93, and high MELD ascites OR 3.54. These trends hold true for mortality: low MELD ascites OR 2.91, P = 0.063, moderate MELD no ascites OR 1.47, moderate MELD ascites OR 5.62, high MELD no ascites OR 3.04, and high MELD ascites OR 9.91.

Conclusion

Ascites predicts an increased risk for postoperative morbidity and mortality for cirrhotic patients undergoing colectomy for all MELD classifications. These findings suggest that the MELD score significantly underestimates postoperative risk as it does not account for ascites.
Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lal Sandeep Narayan , Kaur Jaspreet , Anthwal Pooja , Goyal Kanika , Bahl Pinky , Puliyel Jacob M.
Published: March 2018

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in decreasing respiratory distress in bronchiolitis.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Tertiary-care hospital in New Delhi, India.

Participants

72 infants (age < 1y) hospitalized with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis were randomized to receive standard care, or nCPAP in addition to standard care, in the first hour after admission. 23 parents refused to give consent for participation. 2 infants did not tolerate nCPAP.

Intervention

The outcome was assessed after 60 minutes. If nCPAP was not tolerated or the distress increased, the infant was switched to standard care. Analysis was done on intention-to-treat basis.

Main outcome measures

Change in respiratory rate, Silverman-Anderson score and a Modified Pediatric Society of New Zealand Severity Score.

Results

14 out of 32 in nCPAP group and 5 out of 35 in standard care group had change in respiratory rate ≥10 (P=0.008). The mean (SD) change in respiratory rate[8.0 (5.8) vs 5.1 (4.0), P=0.02] in Silverman-Anderson score [0.78 (0.87) vs 0.39 (0.73), P=0.029] and in Modified Pediatric Society of New Zealand Severity Score [2.5 (3.01) vs. 1.08 (1.3), P=0.012] were significantly different in the nCPAP and standard care groups, respectively.

Conclusion

nCPAP helped reduce respiratory distress significantly compared to standard care.
Celiac Disease in Children with Moderate-to-Severe Iron-deficiency Anemia
Authors: Narang Manish , Natarajan Ravikumar , Shah Dheeraj , Puri Amarender Singh , Manchanda Vikas , Kotru Mrinalini
Published: March 2018

Objective

To evaluate the proportion of children with moderate to severe iron-deficiency anemia who have associated celiac disease.

Methods

This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among children aged 1 to 12 years of age with moderate-to-severe iron deficiency anemia and control children without anemia.Serum IgA-tissue trans-glutaminase levels were assessed in both cases and controls. All children with positive celiac serology underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and duodenal biopsy; biopsy finding of Marsh grade 3 was considered positive for celiac disease.

Results

There were 152 anemic children and 152 controls with mean (SD) hemoglobinof 7.7 (1.8) and 12.2 (0.74) g/dL, respectively. 16 (10.5%) cases and 3 (2%) control patients had positive serology for celiac disease [OR (95% CI) 5.33 (1.52-18.67), P=0.007]. Six (3.9%) children with iron-deficiency anemia and none of the controls had biopsy features diagnostic of celiac disease.

Conclusion

In the Northern Indian tertiary-care hospital outpatient setting, Celiac disease was associated with 4% of children presenting with moderate-to-severe anemia.
Effect of Face-to-Face Education on Anxiety and Pain in Children with Minor Extremity Injuries Undergoing Outpatient Suturing in Emergency Department
Authors: Beigom Bigdeli Shamloo Marzieh , Zonoori Sahar , Naboureh Abbas , Nasiri Morteza , Bahrami Hadi , Maneiey Mohammad , Allahyari Bayatiani Fatemeh
Published: March 2018

Objective

To assess the effect of face-to-face education on anxiety and pain in children with minor extremity injuries undergoing outpatient suturing.

Methods

Children in intervention and control groups received face-to-face education (10 minutes) and no specific education, respectively. The anxiety and pain was measured using Modified-Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, and pain by Faces Pain Scale–Revised, respectively in 3 stages viz, pre-procedure and pre-intervention, post-procedure.

Results

Children in the intervention group were less anxious than the control at pre-procedure and post-intervention stage (41.1 (13.8) vs. 46.3 (19.1), respectively, P=0.03) and post-procedure and post-intervention stage (32.3 (17.2) vs. 40.2 (12.9), respectively, P=0.01). Children in the intervention group experienced less pain than the control at pre-procedure and post-intervention stage (3.9 (3.8) vs. 4.9 (3.1), respectively, P<0.001) and post-procedure and post-intervention stage (3.1 (1.2) vs. 4.0 (2.1), respectively, P=0.001).

Conclusions

Face-to-face education could reduce anxiety and pain in children undergoing suturing in the emergency department.
Blowing Your Own Trumpet: How to Increase the Online Visibility of Your Publication?
Authors: Khalil Sumaira , Mishra Devendra , Upadhyay Deepika
Published: March 2018

After seeing one’s manuscript in the print form in a journal, the author feels a sense of elation which is indescribable. However, if one really want peers and other researchers to take note of the work, some more effort is needed. With the massive increase in the number of biomedical journals in print – supplemented by another large chunk online–quite a few published papers remain unread by majority of the readers. The availability of social sites, persistent identifiers, and manuscript-sharing sites has simplified the job of increasing the impact of an article. We herein share some of these tricks-of-the-trade.
Characteristics of bias‐based harassment incidents reported by a national sample of U.S. adolescents
Authors: Jones Lisa M. , Mitchell Kimberly J. , Turner Heather A. , Ybarra Michele L.
Published: March 2018

Using a national sample of youth from the U.S., this paper examines incidents of bias‐based harassment by peers that include language about victims' perceived sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, religion, weight or height, or intelligence. Telephone interviews were conducted with youth who were 10–20 years old (n = 791). One in six youth (17%) reported at least one experience with bias‐based harassment in the past year. Bias language was a part of over half (52%) of all harassment incidents experienced by youth. Perpetrators of bias‐based harassment were similar demographically to perpetrators of non‐biased harassment. However, bias‐based incidents were more likely to involve multiple perpetrators, longer timeframes and multiple harassment episodes. Even controlling for these related characteristics, the use of bias language in incidents of peer harassment resulted in significantly greater odds that youth felt sad as a result of the victimization, skipped school, avoided school activities, and lost friends, compared to non‐biased harassment incidents.
Optically stimulated luminescence ages from the Lake Agassiz basin in Manitoba
Authors: Teller James T. , McGinn Roderick A. , Rajapara Haresh M. , Shukla Anil D. , Singhvi Ashok K.
Published: March 2018

Geomorphic analysis and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from undated Lake Agassiz beaches and adjacent fluvial sediments on Riding Mountain in Manitoba provide insight into their early history. New OSL ages of 14.5±2.4 and 13.4±0.7 ka on the oldest (Herman to Norcross) beaches of Lake Agassiz near the Canada-U.S. border indicate that the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) retreated from that part of the Agassiz basin by ~14.5 ka. To the north along Riding Mountain, the Herman strandlines are absent, and OSL ages on the oldest beach there average 12.9 ka, which links it to the younger Norcross-Tintah strandlines. In adjacent Riding Mountain, OSL ages and geomorphological relationships of a large abandoned glacial spillway >200 m above the oldest beaches of Lake Agassiz indicate that this channel predates retreat of the LIS and formation of beaches in this part of the Agassiz basin, with ice remaining in this area until after 14.5 ka. OSL ages on the Gimli beach 170 km to the east are >3000 yr older than conventional assignments, suggesting that it formed during the Moorhead low-water phase 12.8–10.6 ka. Luminescence ages support the conclusion that the Campbell beach formed ~10.9 ka near the end of the Moorhead low-water phase.
The successful use of radiofrequency-induced heat therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review
Authors: DAVID JOHN R.
Published: March 2018

The present gold standard of the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is pentavalent antimonials either sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) or meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime), These drugs are quite toxic. They are given by injection and usually administered intramuscularly or intravenously for three weeks or intralesionally for seven or more weeks. That is why the successful introduction of radiofrequency-induced heat therapy using a Thermomed™ 1.8 instrument administered in a single application, with minimal toxic effects, is so important for the treatment of CL.
Stellar Rotation in Open Clusters (Review Paper)
Authors: Abt Helmut A.
Published: March 2018

The characteristics of rotational velocities in fifteen open clusters and associations are summarized. The differences in mean rotational velocities observed between individual groups are found to be due primarily to three mechanisms: evolutionary expansion, tidal coupling of rotational and orbital motion in binaries, and magnetic braking in Ap stars.
Maxwellian Distributions for Stellar Rotations
Authors: Deutsch Armin J.
Published: March 2018

For stars in the main-sequence band, the distributions of ‘line-widths’ Ksin; are rediscussed, with the inclusion of recent measurements by Walker and Hodge for B stars, and by Preston for Ap stars. The Ap stars are counted with normal stars of the same color-class. Over the whole range from B2 to A2, the observed incidence of sharp-line stars far exceeds the incidence predicted on the hypothesis that the true rotational velocities have a Maxwellian distribution. The ‘extra’ slow rotators are probably close binary remnants, in the sense of Van den Heuvel. However, it remains unclear how to distinguish individual members of this group of stars.
Magnetic Braking and the Oblique Rotator Model
Authors: Mestel L. , Selley C. S.
Published: March 2018

This work investigates the dynamical evolution of a rotating magnetic star which drives a stellar wind. The basic magnetic field of the star is supposed symmetric about an axis, which is inclined at an angle X to the rotation axis k (Figure 1). We adopt the familiar equations of an inviscid perfectly conducting gas. In a steady state, the velocity as seen in a frame rotating with the star is taken as
Significance of Time Variations in the Be Phenomenon
Authors: Limber D. Nelson
Published: March 2018

When I prepared the discussion in the subsequent sections I did not realize just how subject to question were certain basic ideas relating to the interpretation of the Be phenomenon. In view of the points already raised in the course of this Colloquium, I should like to preface my prepared remarks with certain additional ones.

There appears to be little question that the Be phenomenon has important things to tell us of stellar rotation. It appears almost equally clear that too superficial an approach could well lead to invalid conclusions at any one of a number of points. Some caution therefore, appears advisable. Nevertheless, there appear to be a number of reasons for believing that a relatively simple rotational interpretation of the phenomenon rests on much more solid ground than does any other yet put forward.
Differential Rotation in the Solar Interior
Authors: Clement Maurice J.
Published: March 2018

One of the big problems in stellar rotation which has been the object of much debate recently concerns the magnitude of the angular velocity in the central regions of the sun. It is a good example of our general ignorance of the distribution of angular momentum in the interiors of stars. There is good reason, of course, for this ignorance. One can’t make any direct observations and from a theoretical point of view there are many real problems such as the lack of a good theory of convection and meridian circulation, and our ignorance of the structure and magnitude of magnetic fields in the deep stellar interior. These problems among others make it very difficult, for example, to specify a surface condition on the angular velocity. It was pointed out recently (Clement, 1969; this paper is referred to hereinafter as Paper I) that such a condition might enable us to estimate the magnitude of the interior stellar rotation.
Effective International Medical Disaster Relief: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Broby Nicolette , Lassetter Jane H. , Williams Mary , Winters Blaine A.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The aim of this study was to assist organizations seeking to develop or improve their medical disaster relief effort by identifying fundamental elements and processes that permeate high-quality, international, medical disaster relief organizations and the teams they deploy.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive design was used. Data were gathered from interviews with key personnel at five international medical response organizations, as well as during field observations conducted at multiple sites in Jordan and Greece, including three refugee camps. Data were then reviewed by the research team and coded to identify patterns, categories, and themes.

Results

The results from this qualitative, descriptive design identified three themes which were key characteristics of success found in effective, well-established, international medical disaster relief organizations. These characteristics were first, ensuring an official invitation had been extended and the need for assistance had been identified. Second, the response to that need was done in an effective and sustainable manner. Third, effective organizations strived to obtain high-quality volunteers.

Conclusion

By following the three key characteristics outlined in this research, organizations are more likely to improve the efficiency and quality of their work. In addition, they will be less likely to impede the overall recovery process.

BrobyN, LassetterJH, WilliamsM, WintersBA. Effective international medical disaster relief: a qualitative descriptive study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(2):119–126.
Environmental Contamination Sources and Control in High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Vane Ronald , Carlino Vince
Published: March 2018

Traditionally, contamination control in SEMs has focused on pump oils, finger prints, dirty specimens, and good vacuum practice in manufacturing. Now, the use of dry pumps at all stages of the vacuum system of new FE SEMs, and the use of better vacuum practices on the part on users and manufacturers have made environmental hydrocarbons, the hydrocarbon background contamination of our world, a significant source of the remaining hydrocarbons in electron microscope vacuum systems. These environment sources of hydrocarbons (HC) cause a loss of resolution and contrast in imaging at the highest levels of magnification.
Watching Neurons Hand Off Molecules
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W
Published: March 2018

Since the discovery of nerve growth factor, it has been thought that neurotrophic factors are released or secreted from target cells. However, more recently it has been suggested that a specific neurotrophic factor known as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may reach target cells directly from pre-synaptic axons. It has not been known how these molecules get from the neuron in which they are produced to the target cells. Keigo Kohara, Akihiko Kitamura, Mieko Morishima, and Tadaharu Tsumoto have demonstrated that BDNF is transported anterogradely from presynaptic neurons to target neurons.
An Alternative Mechanism for Generation of Spherical Debris Particles on Bearing Raceway Spalls
Authors: Tibbits Patrick
Published: March 2018

Spherical debris particles in spalled areas of bearing raceways have been attributed to motions of the crack faces during spall generation. This note suggests an alternative generation mechanism for the particles.

Figure 1, from Failure Atlas for Hertz Contact Machine Elements, shows a spherical debris particle lying on the spalled surface of a bearing raceway. The atlas characterizes the spheroids as characteristic of spalling fatigue, and attributes the spheroids to alternating micro-motions between crack faces, but qualifies by saying that the specific mechanism of their generation is not understood. The spheroid measures about 50 microns and consists of bearing steel, oxidized at the surface.
Service Contracts: Manufacturers Vs. Insurance Companies
Authors: Converse Ken
Published: March 2018

First, the OEM is obligated to service contract customers first. Without a could go to the bottom of the list. This would not be all that different with a third party firm—although they might try a little harder to be timely. With service contracts, payment has been made up front (or at least committed up front) for a entire year. This is guaranteed income and includes a guaranteed liability (for the OEM) “to maintain the instrument/system to its original specifications”. Service organizations must and do take this responsibility seriously. This liability doesn't exist with biliable customers, and work will be done to the best of the OEM's ability and only to the limit of the specific purchase order.
Does The World Need A Traceable Ruler?
Authors: Geller Joseph D
Published: March 2018

According to the International Standards Organization (ISO), for companies that are in compliance with ISO-9000 or QS-9000, traceable measurements shall be made when products or processes require dimensional measurements be made to a known uncertainty. These measurements are often made with a traceable ruler or micrometer. For magnification (the ratio of object size to image size) to be traceable, both the image and object size must be measured with calibration standards that have traceable dimensions. In the current ISO jargon the “uncertainty” of the instruments used to make the measurements must be known. The word “accuracy” is now only considered to be a subjective term and shall remain dimensionless.
Spiral Powder Overlays
Authors: Fraundorf P , Lin Shuhan
Published: March 2018

Whether you encounter electron powder diffraction patterns everyday, or run across them only rarely, interpreting them may require a bit of preparation. But it's easy to lose track of the numbers for your microscope's camera constant, not to mention the bewildering array of lattice parameters and symmetries that one may encounter in the microscope. In that context, we describe overlays you might want to assemble for measuring camera constants, and for recognizing crystal systems most likely to yield electron powder diffraction patterns in your lab. Pulling this out of a drawer and/or computer folder thereafter might help you come up with quick answers, even if you haven't thought about analyzing diffraction data for quite a while.
Color Matching to Ink Jet Printers from a Computer Screen, Part 2
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry
Published: March 2018

In the previous article (part 1), the procedure for setting the computer screen was discussed by using Adobe Gamma in the control panel. Adobe Gamma is also found on the drive where the system is installed. Click on Program Files > Common Files > Adobe > Calibration > Adobe Gamma.cpl. Double click to launch the gamma control wizard. On a Macintosh the Apple Calibration Utility can be used.

The merits of using ink jet printers were also discussed. Merits include low cost (though costs escalate with the purchase of cartridges), high quality prints from any application, and the technology of a fine spray with higher image resolution as opposed to a laser jet printer and Tektronix Phasers (these printers separate images into dots at compromised resolutions).
Confocal Scanning Laser Holography: A Tool for Non-Invasive Internal Measurement
Authors: McLeod RA , Jacquemin P , Lai S , Herring RA
Published: March 2018

Confocal Holography is a combination of two well known concepts: confocal microscopy and light (laser) holography. Confocal microscopy places an aperture at a conjugate focus to the specimen focus. This filters any rays that are not on the focus plane, allowing a 3-dimensional image of the specimen to be built up over a set of planes.

Holography is the measurement of both the amplitude and phase characteristics of light. Typically most methods only measure the amplitude of the image. The phenomenon of interference allows the determination of the phase shift for a coherent source as well. The phase information is directly related to the index of refraction of a material, which in turn is a function of the temperature and composition.
Site Specific Three-dimensional Structural Analysis in Tissues and Cells Using Automated DualBeam Slice &View
Authors: Lich Ben
Published: March 2018

DualBeam instruments that combine the imaging capability of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the cutting and deposition capability of a focused ion beam (FIB) provide biologists with a powerful tool for investigating three-dimensional structure with nanoscale (1 nm-100 nm) resolution. Ever since Van Leeuwenhoek used the first microscope to describe bacteria more than 300 years ago, microscopy has played a central role in scientists' efforts to understand biological systems. Light microscopy is generally limited to a useful resolution of about a micrometer. More recently the use of confocal and electron microscopy has enabled investigations at higher resolution. Used with fluorescent markers, confocal microscopy can detect and localize molecular scale features, but its imaging resolution is still limited. SEM is capable of nanometer resolution, but is limited to the near surface region of the sample.
Negatice Stiffness Vibration Isolation Technology for Nanotechnology
Authors: Platus David L
Published: March 2018

It wasn't too long ago that making the decision where to locate your scanning probe microscope was a simple one put it in the basement where the ambient vibration was minimized. But recently, with nanotechnology applications growing exponentially, scientists and engineers are putting their equipment in a multitude of locations where vibration noise is significantly high. Scanning probe microscopes, interferometers and stylus profilers are being sited in locations that pose a serious challenge to vibration isolation.

Additionally, in an effort to keep their nano-equipment costs as low as possible by cutting out the peripherals, many academics and industries are not adequately providing for vibration isolation on their ultra-sensitive nano-equipment that they are putting into their facilities.
Heated-Tip AFM: Applications in Nanocomposite Polymer Membranes and Energetic Materials
Authors: Killgore Jason P , King William , Kjoller Kevin , Overney René M
Published: March 2018

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a key technique for the measurement and analysis of samples when nanoscale topography is of interest. It offers a number of complementary probing modes that extend an AFM's measurement capability to a wide range of material and transport properties of surfaces, including hardness, friction, conductivity and adhesion among others. Sample temperature controlled AFM extends the study of surface morphology and properties to include changes in the material phases.

Recently, silicon microfabricated AFM cantilevers that have integrated heaters, as shown in figure 1, have become commercially available. These cantilevers were initially developed for probe based data storage by researchers at IBM Zurich, Figure 1. With the availability of these cantilevers, AFM measurements can be performed where the tip is heated as opposed to the sample.
Serial Sectioning via Microtomy (or, How To Get Over 100 Consecutive Serial Sections On One TEM Gird)
Authors: Elliott David
Published: March 2018

Serial sectioning of TEM blocks is a common technique. The more sections that are desired, the more complex the procedure becomes. Some of the problems faced are staining without losing or obscuring sections, appropriate block trimming, finding the area of interest in the next section, transferring sections to the grid. Here, I relate a set of techniques that permit the microtomist to regularly get over 100 consecutive serial sections on a single slot grid. Much of what is discussed below is not new, but by putting all of these techniques together I believe that a powerful tool for TEM is presented.

The first issue that must be addressed is how to stain the sections on the grid without losing sections or obscuring sections with staining artifacts (e.g. lead pepper). The simplest solution is to stain the sample with both uranium and lead prior to embedding and not stain the sections on the grid.
What TEM Camera Should I Choose?
Authors: Bode Michael , Wibbelt Michael , Huelk Christoph
Published: March 2018

Image acquisition in a TEM requires the conversion of the electron image into a photon image and the acquisition of this photon image with an imaging device. There are two principal techniques to do so: a fiber-coupled camera and a lens-coupled camera. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Please be aware that we (Soft Imaging System Corp) produce both types of cameras. There are also two principle camera positions on a TEM, and the choice of position must be taken into account for any decision. The positions are: side-mount (camera mounted on 35mm port above the viewing chamber), and bottom-mount (also known as on-axis mount, camera mounted below the viewing chamber).
There is Art in Science and Science in Art
Authors: Saunders Thomas H
Published: March 2018

When a sixty thousand dollar microscope is used as a paint brush, neither science nor art are in trouble - but rather benefactors, witness to the fact that there can be "science in art" and "art in science."

Arguably, except for a very few kids, our high schools are churning out hamburger helper generations, the product of a defective educational philosophy that believes that self esteem is more important than inspiring a tough academic regimen that leads to the pursuit of a science-focused secondary and post secondary education. Horses drink water because they want to, not because they were led to it. Kids pursue science and the achievement of excellence not because it is available, but rather because somewhere along their early education experience someone inspired their interest and curiosity.
Sample Preparation for Textile Nanofiber Composites
Authors: Garcia R , Fedorova N , Knowlton V , Oldham C , Pourdeyhimi B
Published: March 2018

The increased emphasis on nano-structured materials is placing an ever increasing demand on sample preparation techniques to unveil such fine structure. Nano-structured fibers are even more difficult because of the ease with which these materials can smear even when prepared under liquid nitrogen (LN2) as shown (Figure 1). This is especially true for the islandin- the-sea structures where it is rather hard to reveal the island structures due to smearing. In the search for a possible solution, a sample preparation technique that has shown great results in other composite structures of different polymer blends was applied to these structures.
Inexpensive Digitization of an SEM
Authors: Aldrich Henry C , Williams Donna S
Published: March 2018

Because of the high cost of Polaroid film, many years ago we fitted our Hitachi S-450 scanning electron microscope with a 35 mm camera. At that time, we used a Pentax ME Super, which was totally manual and had to have the film advanced by a hand lever. This was an annoyance, but when we set up the system, Polaroid Type 55 film was about $2.00 per photo, and the cost of 35 mm spooled in our lab ran about $.10 per photo.

When we traded the Hitachi S-450 for the later Hitachi S-570, we moved the 35 mm system to this microscope. About 1999, when the Pentax ZX-50 with motorized film advance became available, we adapted it to the S-570, using the Pentax electric shutter release. The lens used with both of these cameras was an elderly 50 mm screw-mount Pentax Macro lens that focused well on the CRT of the SEM.
High Resolution Light Microscopy of Live Cells
Authors: Vodyanoy Vitaly
Published: March 2018

All living creatures, including humans, are made of cells. The majority of life forms exist as single cells that perform all functions to continue independent life. Some cell structures, cell organelles and particularly bacteria and viruses are commonly too small to be fully observed with an optical microscope. Therefore, an electron microscope is required. Since samples examined with an electron microscope are exposed to very high vacuum, it is impossible to view living cells. The sample preparation for electron microscopy requires that living cells be killed, frozen, dehydrated, and impregnated with heavy metals.
Electron Microscopy Enters a New Era Using Aberration Correction
Authors: Batson PE
Published: March 2018

Once in a while we have the privilege of participating in an activity that promises to radically improve our technical capability to explore materials at the microscopic level. The recent practical demonstration of aberration correction in the SEM, the TEM and the STEM signify nothing less than a revolution in the way that we design and operate electron optics for microscopy.

Scherzer understood from the beginning of electron microscopy that an open magnetic lens having cylindrical symmetry will have positive, non-zero aberration coefficients, and so therefore will always have some minimum aberrations. In practical instruments, it was arranged that the limiting defect would be spherical aberration in the objective lens. This allowed the imaging performance to be largely characterized by a single parameter, spherical aberration, and also allowed a certain amount of image simulation and post-experiment analysis to facilitate interpretation of imaging results.