bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ОБЪЕКТИВАЦИЯ «МАСКУЛИННОГО» НАБОРА ГЕНДЕРНОЙ АСИММЕТРИИ В СИСТЕМЕ НАЗВАНИЙ УЛИЦ БЕЛОРУССКОГО ГОРОДА
Authors: Мезенко Анна Михайловна
Published: December 2022

Статья посвящена осмыслению и описанию белорусской урбанонимии в связи с феноменом гендера.  Устанавливаются особенности объективации гендерной асимметрии в названиях улиц  Витебска и Добруша. Показываются особенности в наборе «маскулинных» названий линейных объектов городов. Утверждается, что проявление гендерных особенностей можно наблюдать как на уровне статистической структуры урбанонимикона, так и в его качественном наполнении. Делается вывод, в соответствии с которым маскулинный урбанонимикон ориентирован на успех и прогресс, на симпатию к силе. Подчеркиватся, что степень маскулинности – величина изменчивая, поскольку она прочно увязана с социально-политическим состоянием общества. При этом, несмотря на определенную гибкость современных социальных стандартов, норм и ценностей, общество продолжаетвоспроизводить гендерные стереотипы прошлого.
ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ КИТАЙСКИХ ГАСТРОНИМОВ С КОМПОНЕНТОМ ТОПОНИМОМ
Authors: Доржиева Галина Сергеевна , Цзяньго Гао
Published: December 2022

В статье исследуется информационный потенциал гастрономической культуры Китая на основе различных экстралингвистических факторов с учетом их самобытности и своеобразия. Рассматриваются общечеловеческие и национально-специфические особенности китайских гастронимов с компонентом-топонимом. Термин «гастроним» предполагает не только изучение происхождения названий национальных блюд, но и их тесную связь с природно-географическими и климатическими особенностями среды обитания, а также историко-культурными и национальными традициями питания китайского общества в социолингвистическом и ономасиологическом аспектах. По мнению авторов, китайские гастронимы с компонентом-топонимом выполняют свои основные функции, а именно, номинативную и локативную или ориентирующую. В состав гастронимов входят хоронимы (Сычуаньские пикули (四川泡菜), гидронимы (карп Хуанхэ под кисло-сладким соусом (糖醋黄河鲤鱼), оронимы (тофу гор Багуншань (八公山豆腐), ойконимы (утка по-пекински (北京烤鸭), урбанонимы (жареный забродивший соевый творог Хуэйчжоу (徽州毛豆腐) и др. Включение данных категорий топонимов в состав гастронимов объясняется их дифференцирующей функцией, т.е. отличительными мотивирующими признаками, характерными для индивидуального названия. Российско-китайские экономические и культурные связи имеют продолжительную историю и отличаются заметным развитием в последние десятилетия. Китайские гастронимы содержат глубокий пласт фоновых знаний, связанных с национальной культурой, национальным менталитетом, они хорошо известны и понятны носителям языка и культуры. Владение фоновыми знаниями не менее важно, чем знание языка, т.к. они включают систему мировоззренческих взглядов, этические оценки, эстетические вкусы, нормы речевого и неречевого поведения, то есть большую часть знаний, которыми обладают все члены китайского социума. Важное место в парадигме общекультурной компетенции любого специалиста занимает знание обычаев и традиций страны, этикетных правил поведения, в том числе и гастрономической культуры.
The Relationship Between Financial Performance and Existence of Members with Accounting or Audit Background in The Board of Directors: Evidence from Turkish Banking Sector
Authors: BALOĞLU Gürol , ÇAKALI Kaan Ramazan
Published: December 2022

The relationship between the financial performance and the composition and structure of board of directors (BoD) of enterprises is among the research topics in the literature. In this study, the relationship between the financial performance and existence of members with accounting or audit background in the BoD of banks, which has not been studied in previous academic literature is analyzed. Dependent variables are chosen as ROA and ROE and the ratio of members with accounting or audit background in the BoDs of banks is chosen as the independent variable. Two distinct periods are used to test the existence of the relationship, 2017-2021 and 2016-2020 periods. In the analysis, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U test are applied. As a result, a significant difference in bank performances depending on the presence of members with accounting or audit background in BoD is identified in both ROE and ROA with different extends.
Insights into the clinical profile and comorbidities of Factitious Disorder in a multispecialty setting in southwest Nigeria: A cases series and review
Authors: FASESAN OLUWATOYIN , AWOKOYA EUNICE
Published: December 2022

Background: Factitious disorder (FD) is an under-recognized and under-diagnosed mental condition. Healthcare professionals often have challenges to diagnose and treating the disorder. As a result, needless and endless medical resources are recommended to assess and evaluate those affected. FD may present as a physical condition, a psychological disorder, or maybe both depending on the prominent symptoms. However, there is a strong correlation between having FD and psychiatric symptoms.
Main Text: FD occurs in early adulthood, with a mean age of onset of 25 years in both genders, although with differing demographic features. The lifetime prevalence of FD imposed on oneself in clinical settings is 1.0%, 0.1% in the overall population (ranging between 0.007% and 8.0%) and occurs more in female health care professionals. FD may make up 0.6%–3.0% of psychiatric referrals, and it accounts for 3-5% of doctor-patient contacts. In actuality, 1-2% of hospital admissions and an average of 6-8% of all psychiatric admissions have been underreported. The study aimed to highlight the signs and symptoms of FD identified in a psychiatry department of a multispecialty center and to increase the awareness of health practitioners. A critical review of the literature was done with an emphasis on psychological symptoms. PubMed, Mendeley, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched and full-text publications of journals from 2010-2021 were included.
Conclusion: FD is a diagnostic puzzle that necessitates adequate, prompt medical attention as well as social support because of the potentially fatal consequence. A stronger patient-therapist relationship can strengthen the patient's conscious self-control to minimize the symptoms; therefore the healthcare provider has to be open-minded. For the diagnostic enigma to be removed and for ease of treatment, additional research, increasing awareness among medical professionals and the general public, accurate evaluation, diagnosis, and psychotherapy should be encouraged. These case studies will contribute to the knowledge base of FD and improve the quality of care.
Ergenlerde Yaşam Doyumunun Yordayıcısı Olarak Duygu Düzenleme
Authors: SAĞAR Mehmet Enes
Published: December 2022

düzeylerini ne kadar yordadığı incelenmiştir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modeline dayalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın araştırma grubunu 2021-2022 eğitim-öğretim yılında Ege Bölgesinde bir lisede öğrenim gören 129 (%51.1) erkek, 135 (%48.9) kız olmak üzere toplam 264 lise öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Araştırma grubuna ilişkin yaş ortalaması 16.09 olarak belirlenmiştir. Veri toplama araçları olarak “Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği”, “Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği” ve “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada veriler çoklu doğrusal regresyon analiz (adımsal) yöntemi ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, ergenlerde yaşam doyumunu birinci sırada duygu düzenleme ölçeğinin “yeniden değerlendirme” alt boyutunun ve ikinci sırada ise duygu düzenleme ölçeğinin “bastırma” alt boyutunun anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı belirlenmiştir.
Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmen Adaylarının Çevrimiçi Eğitim Faaliyetlerine Yönelik Görüşleri
Authors: TURAN Saim , KARASU AVCI Emine
Published: December 2022

2019 yılı aralık ayında Çin'in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkan ve süregelen zamanla tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 pandemisi sağlıktan ekonomiye, turizmden tarıma, mühendislikten eğitime birçok alanı etkilemiştir. Bu süreçte eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerinde öne çıkan değişiklik yüz yüze eğitim modeline ara verilerek bütün öğretim faaliyetlerinin çevrimiçi ortamlarda yürütülmeye başlanması olmuştur. Bu araştırmada pandemi sürecinde önemi daha da artan çevrimiçi eğitim faaliyetlerine yönelik sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının görüşlerinin ortaya konması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden açıklayıcı durum çalışmasından yararlanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada veriler pandemi sürecindeki bulaş riski ve sosyal mesafe uygulaması dikkate alınarak hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış çevrimiçi görüşme formuyla elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmada öğretmen adayları çevrimiçi öğrenmenin hem avantajları hem dezavantajları olduğunu belirtmektedirler. Mevcut çevrimiçi eğitim faaliyetlerinin yetersiz olduğunu düşünmektedirler. Çevrimiçi eğitim uygulamaları sırasında çeşitli sorunlarla karşılaştıklarını ifade etmektedirler.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Afet ve Göç Kavramlarına İlişkin Geliştirdikleri Metaforların İncelenmesi
Authors: USTA Galip
Published: December 2022

Tarih boyunca afetlerin ve göçlerin her zaman önemli konulardan birisi olduğu söylenebilir. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada; bir üniversitesinin meslek yüksekokulunda okuyan öğrencilerin “Afet” ve “Göç” kavramlarına ilişkin algılarının, geliştirdikleri metaforlar aracılığı ile incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. “Afet…gibidir. Çünkü…” kavramına yönelik 112 adet farklı metafor geliştirildiği ve bu metaforlardan da 13 adet kategori oluşturulduğu tespit edilmiştir. “Afet” kavramına ilişkin geliştirilen metaforlardan en sık tekrar edilenin “Yıkım-yıkım ekibi” metaforu olduğu saptanmıştır. Katılımcılar afet kavramını zihinlerinde en fazla “Yıkım-yıkım ekibi” metaforu ile canlandırmışlardır. Yıkım-yıkım ekibinden sonra sıkça tekrar edilen metaforların “Savaş, ölüm-azrail, ateş, kıyamet gelmiş, hayal kırıklığı-psikolojik yıkım, felaket, çığ, rüya, hayat, düşman, su, domino taşı vb.” şeklinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Katılımcıların “Göç” kavramına ilişkin oluşturdukları metaforlar değerlendirildiğinde; “Savaş” metaforunun ilk sırada yer aldığı saptanmıştır. Katılımcılar göç kavramını zihinlerinde en fazla “savaş” metaforu ile canlandırmışlardır. Savaş metaforundan sonra “Yeniden doğuş, yıkım, ayrılık, yalnız kalmak, zorunluluk, sürgün, kuraklık, özlem vb.” metaforların da sıkça tekrar edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda; katılımcıların “Afet” ve “Göç” kavramlarına ilişkin geliştirdikleri metaforlar aracılığı ile bu konudaki duygu ve düşünceleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen metaforların afet ve göç konusunda eğitim veren kişilerin eğitim faaliyetlerinin planlanmasına katkı sunabileceği düşünülmektedir. Göçe ve afetlere ilişkin eğitim faaliyetlerinde doğru konunun ve etkili aktarım yönteminin benimsenmesiyle birlikte, katılımcılarda bir farkındalık oluşturulabileceği, dolayısıyla elde edilen kazanımlar doğrultusunda afet ve göçe ilişkin olayların olumsuz sonuçlarının en aza indirilebileceği düşünülmektedir.
Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Türkiye ile Ukrayna Arasındaki Dış Ticarete Etkisi
Authors: ÖÇAL Bora , ÖZTÜRK Mahmut Sami
Published: December 2022

Bu çalışmanın amacı Rusya-Ukrayna arasında meydan gelen savaşın Türkiye ile Ukrayna arasındaki dış ticarete olan etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye ile Ukrayna arasındaki ithalat ve ihracat rakamları hem miktar hem de dolar bazında 2021 ve 2022 yılları bazında ele alınmış ve 2021 ile 2022 yılları dış ticaret rakamları arasında farklılık olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. 2021 ve 2022 yıllarına ait verilerin kıyaslanabilmesi için 2022 yılında savaşın etkilerinin başladığı ve devam ettiği dönem aralığı ile 2021 yılındaki aynı dönem aralığı seçilmiştir. Savaş öncesi ve savaş sırasında dış ticaret konusunda farklılığın olup olmadığına ilişkin ithalat miktarı, ithalat tutarı, ihracat miktarı ve ihracat tutarı konusunda 4 farklı hipotez oluşturulmuştur. Hipotezlerin test edilmesi için Paired-Samples T Testinden faydalanılmıştır. Yapılan hipotez testleri neticesinde oluşturulan hipotezlerin tamamı kabul edilmiş ve savaş öncesi dönem ile savaş dönemi arasında dış ticaret rakamları konusunda anlamlı farklılığın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İthalat ve ihracat miktar ve tutarlarındaki farklılığın hangi ürün gruplarından kaynaklandığını tespit edebilmek için ise 2021 ve 2022 yılları için en çok artış ya da azalış gösteren ürün grupları araştırılmıştır. Çalışma neticesinde en çok göze çarpan sonuç ise; gıda ürünleri, hava araçları ve taşıtları ile silah sanayisine ait gereçlerin ihracatındaki meydana gelen önemli artışlar olmuştur.
Mevduat Bankalarının Finansal Etkinliklerinin Karşılaştırılması: Türkiye İçin Bir Araştırma
Authors: BOLAT İsmet , ERTÜRKMEN Gülferah
Published: December 2022

Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de mevcut olan Mevduat bankalarının etkinlik düzeyinin belirlenip, hangilerinin daha etkin çalıştığının tespit edilmesidir. Araştırmada 2012-2021 yılları arasını kapsayan veriler, Türkiye Bankaları Birliği (TBB) veri setinden elde edilmiştir. Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren kamu sermayeli, özel sermayeli ve yabancı sermayeli mevduat bankaları araştırmadaki analizlerde kullanılmıştır.

Çalışmada etkinlik yöntemi olarak değerlendirilen; BCC-O (ölçeğe göre değişken getiri altında çıktı yönelimli), VZA (Veri Zarflama Analizi) analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada girdi değişkenler olarak (Özkaynaklar/Toplam Aktifler, Faiz giderleri/Toplam Varlıklar), çıktı değişkenler olarak (Faiz gelirleri/ Toplam Varlıklar, Toplam Krediler/ Toplam Varlıklar, Net dönem Karı-Zararı/ Ödenmiş Sermaye) seçilmiştir.

Analize dâhil edilen Mevduat bankalarının BCC-O etkinlik sonuçlarına bakıldığında incelenen yıllarda, Mevduat bankalarının etkinlik skoruna ulaştıkları yıl sayısının, etkinlik skoruna ulaşamadıkları yıl sayısından daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür.
Combination of cardiac and carotid glomus tumour: a rare case report
Authors: Sabzi Feridoun , Heydari Aghigh , Rouzbahani Mohammad , Heidari Moghaddam Reza , Asadmobini Atefeh
Published: December 2022

The most common tumour of the heart is myxoma but paraganglioma (also called glomus tumour in extracardiac sites) in the cardiac position is the rarest of them. While this tumour accounts for 0.8% of all primary benign tumours, the combination of both neoplasms is an exceedingly rare occurrence. Herein, we present a case of combined carotid glomus tumour and left atrial paraganglioma tumour in which respiratory distress was the presenting symptom of cardiac type but carotid tumour was asymptomatic. The case underwent a two-step resection of the neck and cardiac mass with an uncomplicated postoperative course and in the 1year follow-up, no recurrence of tumour in both sites was found on physical exam and imaging studies.
Contribution to the Salpingidae (Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidea) of Greece including new faunistic records and ecological data on a poorly studied family
Authors: Kakiopoulos George , Demetriou Jakovos
Published: December 2022

Salpingidae are a small family of beetles living mainly under the bark of deciduous forest trees and conifers, feeding on fungi, organic matter and other insects. A total of 23 species are known in the Western Palearctic out of which only six have been recorded in Greece. Material surveys of the first author during the last decades unveil ten species of Salpingidae for the country. Four species, Salpingus ruficollis (Linnaeus, 1760), Sphaeriestes castaneus (Panzer, 1796), Sphaeriestes exsanguis (Abeille de Perrin, 1870) and Vincenzellus ruficollis (Panzer, 1794) are reported from Greece for the first time. These records are presented alongside a literature survey regarding Greek Salpingidae, their overall distribution, ecology, host-plants and conservation status in the country.
Exemples d’habitats aristocratiques sur les sites des rues Eugène-Desteuque et Ponsardin à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Cavé Magalie , Sindonino Stéphane , Groetembril Sabine
Published: December 2022

Les fouilles de la rue Eugène-Desteuque et du 6 rue Ponsardin offrent trois exemples de demeures de l’élite gallo-romaine. Elles occupent le quart sud-ouest de la ville du Haut-Empire, plus particulièrement la zone comprise entre l’angle sud-est du forum et la porte Cérès. Malgré un état de conservation relativement moyen étant donné l’étagement des vestiges sur plusieurs siècles, les apports à la connaissance de l’habitat aristocratique à Reims sont nombreux. Les revêtements décorés présents sur les parois et les sols confirment la précocité et le dynamisme du développement de la ville dans les premiers temps de l’Empire. Les plans adoptés s’inspirent de modèles méditerranéens bien connus en Gaule avec des pièces, pour certaines spacieuses et chauffées, agencées autour d’une cour. La domus de la rue Ponsardin constitue, en l’état actuel des recherches, l’un des seuls exemples de cryptoportique en contexte urbain d’habitat privé. Celui-ci est composé de plusieurs ailes, percé de soupiraux et doté d’un décor peint remarquable à panneaux vert céladon et motifs soignés.
Les caves de Reims/Durocortorum à travers les exemples de la fouille du tramway
Authors: Cavé Magalie
Published: December 2022

En 2007-2008, le projet de création d’une trémie routière dans le cadre des travaux d’aménagement du tramway à Reims (Marne), entre la place de la République et le square Colbert, a permis de dégager plus de 8 000 m2 de vestiges se rapportant à cinq rues et cinq îlots d’habitat d’un quartier de la ville antique, compris entre la porte de Mars et les bords de la Vesle. Les structures mises au jour sont tronquées en raison du caractère linéaire de l’emprise et des dégâts causés par les aménagements modernes. Parmi elles, trente caves, comblées entre le milieu du ier s. et la fin du iiie s., voire le début du ive s. apr. J.‑C., sont conservées. Elles s’ajoutent à la longue liste de structures enterrées maçonnées, de construction simple ou plus complexe et parfois agrémentées de quelques effets décoratifs, observées dans d’autres secteurs de la ville du Haut-Empire, en particulier en périphérie. Les types de matériaux et les techniques de construction mis en œuvre sont recensés et analysés, de même que tous les éléments qui pourraient renseigner d’autres usages que le simple stockage de denrées. Prises en compte dans leur ensemble, elles donnent un bon aperçu des modalités d’occupation de ce quartier urbain intermédiaire où se mêlent, de manière relativement anarchique tant les limites des différentes unités d’habitation sont difficiles à fixer avec certitude, des habitations modestes et plus riches, des pratiques artisanales et probablement des activités commerciales qui bénéficient de la proximité des rues. Lorsque les vestiges en élévation sont quasi inexistants, comme c’est le cas ici, le comblement des caves s’avère souvent précieux pour permettre de caractériser les occupations dont elles dépendent. Dans cette approche comparative, les données recueillies, qu’elles soient matérielles, spatiales ou chronologiques, sont replacées dans un contexte plus large, à l’échelle de l’îlot, du site ou de la ville antique, nous amenant à revenir sur certaines découvertes rémoises, dont certaines relancent la question de la fonction religieuse des sous-sols antiques.
Studies on the Formation and Association Characteristics of IgG Class Antibodies in Bovine Serum and Colostrum Against Protein Antigens
Authors: Hammer D. K. , Kickhöfen B. , Henning G.
Published: December 2022

Three antigenically distinct immunoglobulins of the IgG type, denoted as γ2, γ1 and γGs, have been previously identified in bovine serum. Forty to 50% of the serum IgG is composed of the γGs fraction, which was found to be the only important protein component of the colostrum.

Cattle given several courses of immunization with rabbit serum albumin or egg albumin in incomplete Freund's adjuvant have a remarkable immune response. As a consequence of immunization, important changes were observed in the concentration of antibodies associated with the different classes of IgG immunoglobulins. By comparing the antibody activities of these fractions after the first and the third courses of immunization, the increase of γ2 type antibody was found to be much more pronounced than that of the γGs class antibodies. This gradual quantitative shift of activity from γGs to γ2 immunoglobulin accompanied and was apparently responsible for a similar change in the association rates of the different classes of IgG globulins. During the immunization period there was a transition from low to high speed association of antibodies belonging to the γ2 type. Simultaneously, a progressive decrease in the association rates of γGs class antibodies was found after several courses of immunization. The reason for variability in the association rate of the different IgG classes of antibodies during the course of immune response is discussed.
Immunoglobulin Classes of Antibody-Forming Cells in Mice
Authors: Cosenza Humberto , Nordin Albert A.
Published: December 2022

The biosynthetic potential of IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells in the spleens of mice during the first 8 days after immunization with sheep erythrocytes was examined. The double immunofluorescence technique was used to detect cells synthesizing both IgM and IgG hemolysins simultaneously. A total of 5944 plaque-forming cells (PFC) were examined: 2329 were IgG hemolysin producers, 3585 were IgM hemolysin producers, and only 30 could be classified as double (IgM-IgG) antibody producers. The proportion of double producers never exceeded 1.2% and it was usually below 1%.

It is concluded that the single antibody-producing cell is phenotypically restricted to the synthesis of one immunoglobulin antibody class at a time. The percentage (0.79%) of double IgM-IgG producers that was found at the time when IgM PFC were decreasing and IgG PFC were increasing in number is too low to suggest that the rapid rise of IgG PFC was due to the majority of the IgM PFC switching to the production of IgG hemolysin.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Levine Philip
Published: December 2022

The data presented furnishes no evidence that atopic hypersenstiveness is inherited conjointly with the serological group, in other words, atopic children may or may not have the blood-group of the atopic parent.
Investigation on “Cold” or Auto-Hemoagglutination
Authors: Chen-Pien Li
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions

“Cold” or auto-agglutination was observed in the blood of a patient suffering from syphilitic liver cirrhosis with ascites and aortic regurgitation. The condition was not observed in the patient's two daughters. The “cold” or the auto-hemoagglutination took place only at (room) temperature, and the clumps broke down at 37°C. The reaction was reversible. The “cold” or auto-hemoagglutination was due to a substance, the “cold” or auto-hemoagglutinin, present in the serum. The serum was able to agglutinate at the low temperature the red blood corpuscles of any human blood group and rabbit's red blood cells as well. The serum contained no auto-hemolysin. The “cold” or auto-hemoagglutinin was present in the ascitic fluid in appreciable amount. As a result of absorption tests, the “cold” or auto-hemoagglutinin was found to consist of at least two substances, namely “cold auto-agglutinin” and “cold hetero-agglutinin.” The former which clumps the patient's own cells is perhaps different from the “cold isoagglutinin” which clumps the red blood cells of other individuals. The “cold agglutinin” was more active than the iso-agglutinin at 0°C., but less active at room temperature. The “cold agglutination” was found to be greatly accelerated by acetic acid and saturated solution of ammonium sulphate and inhibited by alkaline solutions. The mechanism of the “cold agglutination” is discussed. It is assumed that the “cold agglutinin” is precipitated by the “cold agglutinogen” upon the surface of the red cells, forming an unstable compound, thereby reducing or reversing their electrical charge. Normally the red blood cells are kept apart by the like charge. In this case, some of the cells have their charge reduced or reversed before others, so they attract their surrounding cells with opposite charge, forming clumps. As the compound formed by the “cold agglutinin” and “cold agglutinogen” combination is unstable, it will be broken down if heated to body temperature.
A Study of the Blood Groups among the American Indians
Authors: Nigg Clara
Published: December 2022

The percentage occurrence of the four Landsteiner blood groups in two series of full-blooded Indians is as follows: First series, comprising 316 Indians of many tribes: group I 70.89 per cent, group II 27.21 per cent, group III 1.58 per cent, group IV 0.32 per cent. Second series, comprising 457 Indians of the Navajo tribe only: group I 72.65 per cent, group II 26.91 per cent, group III 0.22 per cent, group IV 0.22 per cent. Because of the unusually high percentage of group I, both the corpuscular and serum isoagglutination elements were studied and were found to conform to those of true group I bloods.
Studies on the Dick Test and Agglutination Reaction in a Series of University Students
Authors: Sherwood Noble P. , Baumgartner Leona
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions

Out of a series of 176 volunteers, 44 gave quite definite histories of scarlet fever. Twenty-five per cent of those giving a history of scarlet fever gave positive Dick tests. It was noted that approximately half of the positives were obtained from individuals reporting having had severe cases with complications. Thirty-three and three tenths per cent of those giving a negative history of scarlet fever gave positive Dick tests. In comparing the skin reactions with agglutination reactions using a polyvalent streptococcus antigen it was observed that of the 55 individuals in all groups giving a positive skin test only 14.5 per cent possessed agglutinins as compared to 25.5 per cent of the 121 giving negative Dick tests. Among those giving no history of scarlet fever, 5 out of 44 or 11.3 per cent of those giving positive Dick tests also possessed agglutinins for Streptococcus scarlatinae, whereas 23 out of 88 or 26.1 per cent of those giving negative skin tests, possessed agglutinins for what is regarded by many as the etiological factor. Our results apparently add further evidence pointing to the streptococcus etiology of scarlet fever. They also suggest, however, the need of further work on the skin test and its correlation with immunity to scarlet fever.
The Effect on the Dick Test of Retesting with Strong (1:50) Toxin
Authors: Sherwood Noble P.
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusion

The results when closely studied seem to suggest that in addition to any toxin-antitoxin mechanism there is also a local tissue mechanism that plays a rôle in these skin reactions.

Attention is called to the clinical effect of the intradermal injection into susceptible individuals of 0.1 cc. of 1:50 toxin.

Absorption experiments with human red cells apparently increased the toxicity of the toxin.
Induction of Systemic Delayed Hypersensitivity During Experimental Viral Infection of the Respiratory Tract with a Myxovirus or Paramyxovirus
Authors: Wetherbee Roger E.
Published: December 2022

Development of systemic delayed hypersensitivity was demonstrated in inbred strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs experimentally infected with influenza A/Hong Kong/1968(H3N2) virus or parainfluenza 3 virus. Groups of seronegative guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally with live influenza A virus or parainfluenza 3 virus, or ether-inactivated parainfluenza 3 virus, and nasal washings, sera, and suspensions of peritoneal exudate cells were collected at varying intervals. Animals receiving the live virus suspensions shed virus for 6 to 8 days, developed significant rises in serum neutralizing antibody titers, and demonstrated systemic delayed hypersensitivity 6 or 7 days after inoculation, which persisted 25 days after inoculation. The group inoculated with ether-inactivated parainfluenza 3 virus failed to shed virus or manifest a systemic delayed hypersensitivity response although one animal had a rise in serum antibody titer.

The development of the delayed hypersensitivity correlates in time with the cessation of virus shedding and the appearance of circulating antibody. However, the role of delayed hypersensitivity in resolution of respiratory viral infections remains to be defined.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Hussain Rabia , Bradbury Susan M. , Strejan Gill
Published: December 2022

An Ascaris suum allergen was obtained in purified form by a combined procedure employing Sephadex gel filtration and polyvinyl chloride block electrophoresis. The purity of the allergen (Asc-1) was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, sedimentation pattern in the ultracentrifuge and isoelectric focussing. The molecular weight of Asc-1 ranged from 17,000 (as determined by sedimentation equilibrium) to 19,000 (as determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration) and the sedimentation coefficient was 1.8S. The allergen was negatively charged (pI = 4.8 to 5), contained 8.6% reducing sugars and dissociated into subunits of equal molecular weight in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amino acid analysis showed high glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and lysine content, and absence of half-cystine, methionine, and amino sugars. The allergen stimulated the production of reaginic (Hc) antibodies in Bordetella pertussis-treated rats, and as little as 10-8 to 10-9 µg of Asc-1 elicited positive P-K reactions in rats passively sensitized with rat anti-Ascaris reaginic sera.
Immunologic Release of Histamine and Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis from Human Lung
Authors: Tauber Alfred I. , Kaliner Michael , Stechschulte Daniel J. , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

The capacity of prostaglandins to suppress the IgE-dependent antigen-induced release of histamine from human lung tissue requires concentrations which increase tissue levels of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and involves a receptor distinct from that utilized by beta adrenergic agents. The inhibition of histamine release and concomitant rise of cyclic AMP in response to prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) occurs in a dose response fashion, reaching a peak within 1 min and persisting for at least 60 min. That the supression of mediator release from the subpopulation of target cells by the prostaglandins is related to elevations in total tissue cyclic AMP is supported by the kinetic relationship of the two events, the augmentation of both events in the presence of a methylxanthine, and the finding that the relative potency of isoproterenol, norepinephrine, PGE1 and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) to inhibit mediator release is in accord with their relative capacity to elevate cyclic AMP. The finding that low doses of prostaglandins enhance mediator release while reducing tissue levels of cyclic AMP reveals that these agents could profoundly modulate the immunologic release of chemical mediators.
C3 Destruction in Serum by Zymosan: Dependency on the Early Components of C and Hageman Factor
Authors: Gigli I. , Koethe S. , Austen K. F.
Published: December 2022

Incubation of zymosan with whole human serum yields a pattern of C utilization characterized by the preferential destruction of C3. The prerequisites for the effect of zymosan in whole serum were examined by utilizing sera deficient in certain proteins of the C- and kinin-forming systems. Incubation of C2-deficient serum or Hageman factor-deficient serum with zymosan resulted in minimal C3 destruction. Reconstitution of the serum with either C2, or activated or precursor Hageman factor, respectively, yielded destruction of C3 comparable to that obtained in normal serum. C3 destruction in Fletcher factor-deficient serum (prekallikrein deficient) was normal. Analysis of zymosan particles after incubation with normal serum indicated that C1, as assessed by C1 transfer, was present. A pH 3.6 or 7.0, 0.6 M NaCl eluate of the particles contained IgM, IgG, properdin, and β1C/β1A. In addition, the eluate was capable of correcting the clotting activity of Hageman factor-deficient plasma.
Participation of Factors B, D, E, and C3b Inactivator in Cobra Venom (CVF)-Induced Activation of the Alternate C Pathway
Authors: Ruddy S. , Fearon D. T. , Austen K. F.
Published: December 2022

Two serum proteins are required for the generation of an active CVF complex capable of cleaving and inactivating C3: properdin factor B (C3PA, GBG) and factor D, an α-globulin of 26,000 m.w. Decay at 37°C of active CVF complex prepared from purified CVF, B, and D results in the appearance of the electrophoretically altered fragments of factor B. Although mixtures of CVF, B, and D are highly active in C3 destruction, even large amounts of these reagents are inefficient in initiating the interaction of the terminal components so as to achieve the lysis of urisensitized sheep erythrocytes in the presence of guinea pig serum-EDTA. Factor E, a euglobulin of 150,000 to 200,000 m.w., is required for the development of lytic activity comparable to that observed with whole serum.

Substitution of C3b for CVF in reactions with factors B and D also results in C3 destruction and cleavage of factor B.
Isolation of the Proenzyme Forms of C1r and C1s from Human Serum
Authors: Valet Gunter , Cooper Neil R.
Published: December 2022

The precursor forms of human C1r and C1s were isolated from the neutral or acid euglobulin fractions of serum. The precipitate was dissolved, adsorbed to a DE-32 cellulose column at pH 7.5, and eluted with a linear salt gradient in the presence of 0.001 M EDTA. The separate pools containing C1r or C1s were each rechromatographed at pH 8.0 under similar conditions on TEAE-cellulose. The final step for each protein was a separation on Sephadex G-200 at pH 7.5 in the presence of 0.001 M EDTA. A four step assay was employed to locate precursor C1r in column fractions. First, C1r present in the fractions was activated with trypsin; second, precursor C1s was added and the mixture was incubated to allow activation of C1s by C1r̄; third, C4 was added and after an additional incubation period, residual C4 was quantitated hemolytically.
Requirement for an Extra Factor from Serum for Bacterial Killing by Nascent C5̄6̄7̄, C8 and C9
Authors: Goldman J. N. , Ruddy S. , Austen K. F.
Published: December 2022

An activated complex of C5 and C6 (C) appears in the supernatants of reaction mixtures containing purified C5 and C6 and sheep erythrocytes which have been reacted with antibody and the first four C components (EAC1423). Addition of C7 to C yields the trimolecular complex C which, for a short time, can affix to the surface of an unsensitized erythrocyte rendering it susceptible to lysis upon the further addition of C8 and C9 (reactive lysis). Lysis is readily accomplished when sheep erythrocytes are the target cells, however, killing of rough Escherichia coli cannot be accomplished with the same reagents over a wide range of concentrations, even though the bacteria are highly susceptible to killing by whole serum. The addition of an extra factor present in a pH 7.5 pseudoglobulin fraction of human serum does lead to killing of the bacteria.
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) of Reduced and Dissociated C3 and C5: Studies of the Polypeptide Chain (PPC) Subunits and Their Modifications by Trypsin (TRY) and C4̄2̄-4̄2̄3̄.
Authors: Nilsson Ulf , Mapes J.
Published: December 2022

Our previous PAGE studies (according to Weber and Osborn) revealed an α and a β PPC of C5 of the approximate m.w. of 120,000 and 80,000, respectively. Our present studies show a similar structure of human C3, with an α and a β PPC of approximately 110,000 and 70,000 m.w. respectively. Furthermore, the effects of TRY and of - on C3 and C5 were explored by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and by PAGE. C3b (TRY) and C3b () were both faster than C3 and indistinguishable by IEP. C5b (TRY) was distinctly faster than C5b () which was, however, only slightly faster than C5 by IEP. PAGE analysis indicated that the modifications observed by IEP were all related to degradations of the α PPC:s of C3 and C5: conversion of C3 to C3b (TRY) or C3b () coincided with a reduction of the m.w. of the α PPC of C3 by approximately 7000 to 8000; conversion of C5 to C5b (TRY) coincided with the reduction of the α PPC of C5 by approximately 18,000, whereas conversion of C5 to C5b () coincided with a reduction by less than 18,000.
Evidence for a New Cytotoxic Mechanism: The C1 Bypass Activator Pathway
Authors: Frank Michael M. , May Joseph E.
Published: December 2022

Sheep erythrocytes sensitized with 20 to 40 times the quantity of IgG or IgM antibody required for lysis via the classical C pathway (EA') undergo lysis in C4-deficient guinea pig serum (C4D) or C2-deficient human serum (C2 titer — <0.05% normal) (C2D). The mechanism of this lysis was found to proceed via a previously undescribed cytotoxic pathway which had an absolute requirement for C1 and components of the alternate C pathway.

Two independent lines of investigation demonstrated the requirement of C1 for lysis in the C-deficient sera: 1) serum depleted of C1 by low ionic strength precipitation sustained a marked loss of lytic activity which was overcome by the use of the C-cell intermediate EAC1; 2) Mg-EGTA completely inhibited lysis by this pathway while allowing normal function of the alternate C pathway.
The Platelet in C-Blood Coagulation Interaction
Authors: Zimmerman Theodore S. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J.
Published: December 2022

Investigation of the coagulation abnormality in the blood of rabbits congenitally deficient in C6 indicates that C can markedly enhance platelet coagulant activity and that failure of this mechanism is responsible for the clotting defect. Addition of inulin to platelet-rich normal rabbit plasma enhances platelet coagulant activity 20-fold more than either collagen, kaolin, or ADP. No effect on coagulant activity of C6-deficient platelet-rich plasma is seen after addition of inulin, nor can an effect be demonstrated on platelet-free normal rabbit plasma. Addition of inulin to C6-deficient platelet-rich plasma does induce partial aggregation, probably due to C3 binding, and partial release (less than 5%) of vasoactive amines. Subsequent addition of C6 is followed by maximal aggregation (due to both ADP-independent and ADP-dependent mechanisms), as well as additional release of vasoactive amines and evolution of clot-promoting activity. Generation of clot-promoting activity and vasoactive amine release are complete before significant leakage of cytoplasmic lactic dehydrogenase.
C-Mediated Release of Membrane-Bound Immune Complexes
Authors: Miller Gary , Nussenzweig Victor
Published: December 2022

Mouse B lymphocytes bind soluble immunecomplexes consisting of 125I-BSA, mouse anti-BSA, and C (AgAbC) by means of membrane receptors for C components (probably C3 split products) and for Ab aggregated by antigen. The membrane-bound complexes, which appear as “caps” in radioautographs, are neither ingested nor shed when the cells are kept in tissue culture medium for several hours at 37°C. However, when the cells are suspended in fresh mouse serum at 37°C, most of the complexes are rapidly released. Guinea pig or human sera release the complexes less rapidly. Studies of 51Cr-labeled cells show that the release of complexes is not caused by cell death; neither is it the result of dissociation or extensive enzymatic degradation of the complexes, since the released complexes are precipitated by 50% saturated ammonium sulfate and are eluted with the void volume on Sephadex G-200. The release is mediated by the alternate pathway for C fixation.
C3-Dependence of B-Cell Activation?
Authors: Bitter-Suermann D. , Dukor P. , Gisler R. H. , Schumann G. , Dierich M. , König W. , Hadding U.
Published: December 2022

There is growing evidence that LPS are B cell mitogens, can substitute for T cells, and activate the alternate pathway of the C system (bypass), but the interdependence of these phenomena is unclear. Therefore the effect of other potent bypass-activators, especially CVF, was investigated with regard to the mentioned activities and the role of C3: 1) Purified, pyrogen-free CVF in its soluble form or coupled to Sepharose (Seph-CVF) as well as LPS (E. coli 0111:B4) are strongly mitogenic for B cells. In the presence of C3-sufficient but not C3-depleted fetal calf serum (FCS), lymph node cells (LNC) from congenitally athymic nude mice can be stimulated by CVF and Seph-CVF with a concentration optimum of 16 µg/ml (30-fold enhancement of the H3-Th. uptake). 2) Bypass-activating B cell mitogens can substitute for T cells in a T cell-dependent antibody response: Addition of LPS, CVF or most effectively Seph-CVF restores the potential of antibody formation to SRBC in B cell cultures, supplemented with macrophages or 2-mercapto-ethanol and FCS (50- to 100-fold rise in 19S plaque-forming cells).
Reconstitution of Serum C1q After Bone Marrow Transplantation in Patients with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Authors: Ballow M. , Day N. K. , Biggar W. D. , Park B. H. , Good R. A.
Published: December 2022

Five patients with severe combined immune deficiency (CID) disease and diminished serum C1q (27 to 44% of normal) who received bone marrow transplantation to reconstitute immunologic function were studied. The diagnosis of CID was made according to the WHO criteria. Serum levels of C1q were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion according to the method of Hanauer and Christian. Agematched controls had a serum concentration of 20.2 µg N/ml, whereas our patients with CID had a mean level of 6.3 µg N/ml. Three of the five patients had successful engraftment, partial or full immunologic reconstitution, and an increase in the serum C1q to normal after bone marrow transplantation. One patient failed to have a graft “take” with no evidence of immunologic reconstitution, and the C1q remained very low. In the fifth patient the serum levels of C1q fluctuated widely, but despite normal immunologic function the C1q remained deficient.
Nonimmune Activation of C: Two New Phenomena
Authors: Gewurz Henry
Published: December 2022

We report two new phenomena which involve nonimmune activation of C. The first now has been seen in seven individuals with various diseases from whom freshly collected blood had normal C activity but which upon coagulation showed depletion of C1, C4 and C2 (but not C3–C9) hemolytic activities. This consumption was prevented by heparin and EDTA, retarded by citrate and hirudin, but unaffected by EACA; the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. In the second phenomenon, interactions between certain polyanions (heparin (H), chondroitin sulfate, dextran sulfate, hyaluronic acid) and polycations (protamine (P), polybrene, neomycin) in human serum (1:5) resulted in pronounced C consumption as well as precipitation, and these effects were compared during heparin-protamine interactions. Optimum precipitation was observed when approximately 70 µg H (10 anticoagulant units) were reacted with 100 µg P; reduced H precipitation was observed when larger amounts of H were added.
Identification of a Heat Labile Human Serum Factor (UF) with GBG; Participation in Anaphylatoxin-Forming Systems
Authors: Lynen R. , Schmidt G. , Vogt W.
Published: December 2022

A heat-labile factor of human serum (UF) which together with properdin is implicated in classical anaphylatoxin (AT) formation by zymosan has been purified. It is a β-globulin, m.w., about 90000; pI, 5.7 (4°C). Functionally, UF is identical with properdin factor B, immunochemically with GBG. No antigenic relation exists between conglutinogen-activating factor and UF.

By treatment of human serum with zymosan UF is cleaved into two fragments carrying the antigenic determinants of glycine-rich α-globulin (GAG) and glycine-rich γ-globulin (GGG), respectively. A fraction of GGG is bound to the zymosan together with other factors, forming a labile, C3 and C5 cleaving, and AT-releasing complex. The same cleavage of UF is seen when serum is treated with free or insolubilized CVF. Insolubilized CVF incubated with human serum and washed acquires stable C3-cleaving and AT-releasing activities, inhibitable by anti-CVF or anti-UF serum. No such activity develops when insolubilized CVF is incubated with serum lacking UF or with purified UF alone.
Allotypic Markers on Fab Fragments of Mouse Immunoglobulins
Authors: Spring Susan B. , Nisonoff Alfred
Published: December 2022

Allotypic determinants were detected on the Fab fragments of mouse IgG by guinea pig antisera prepared against polymerized Fab fragments of IgG from the C57BL and AKR strains. Different markers were detected by the two antisera. Indirect precipitation, with 125I-labeled Fab as ligand, was used for the assay. Each of the two markers was present on 20 to 25% of the Fab population. With one antiserum it was shown that this was due to restriction of the marker to one IgG subclass (IgG2a); it was inferred that a subclass restriction applies to the other antiserum as well. This, and the absence of markers on free light chains, suggest that the determinant(s) are present in the CH1 domain. Among various strains there is a close correlation between the possession of a Fab marker and the linkage group, based on Fc determinants, to which a strain belongs. With antiserum to C57BL Fab all strains in a given linkage group were the same with respect to the presence or absence of the Fab marker; strains carrying the Ig-1b allele were positive whereas all other strains tested were negative. Strains with a given allele also behaved similarly with respect to the anti-AKR Fab antiserum, except that this reagent divided the Ig-1a allelic group of strains into two subgroups.
The Use of Protein-Substituted Nylon Catheters for Selective Immunoadsorption in Vivo
Authors: Lyle Leon R. , Parker Brent M. , Parker Charles W.
Published: December 2022

Nylon tubing was partially hydrolyzed with acid and conjugated with human serum albumin (HSA) or ovalbumin (OA) by means of a water soluble carbodiimide or glutaraldehyde. The antigen-substituted tubing reacted specifically with antibody in vitro as indicated by selective uptake of 125I-labeled anti-HSA or 131I-labeled anti-OA from mixtures of the two radioactive proteins. The HSA-substituted tubing had a 125I to 131I ratio of τ; 2.5 whereas the OA-substituted tubing had a ratio of < 0.4. The antigen-substituted tubing was evaluated for its ability to interact with antigen in vivo by passing lengths of HSA and OA tubing into the inferior vena cava of heparinized dogs. As in the in vitro experiments selective binding of 125I anti-HSA or 131I anti-OH antibody was observed. Kinetic measurements indicated that if the tubing were cycled continuously through the venous system it would be possible theoretically to remove milligram amounts of antibody over a 24-hr period. Since nylon tubing can be conjugated to a variety of proteins, haptens, and hapten protein conjugates, the nylon catheter system may be applicable to the removal of circulating antigens and antibodies in man and experimental animals.
Analysis of Specificity of Antibodies Contained in Antiserum against Poliovirus with Mutants Resistant to Inhibitors in Equine Serum
Authors: Urasawa Shozo , Urasawa Tomoko , Kanamitsu Masatsugu
Published: December 2022

By propagating poliovirus (Mahoney strain) in cell culture in the presence of normal equine sera, mutant viruses resistant to virus-inhibitory factors in animal sera (inhibitor-resistant mutants) were obtained. Neutralization of various inhibitor-resistant mutants with a number of inhibitory sera showed the presence of five kinds of inhibitory factors (inhibitors) differing in specificity from one another. Further, antibody absorption tests with five different inhibitor-resistant mutants revealed that antiserum against Mahoney strain contained at least five kinds of antibodies with different specificities. On the basis of these results, the antigenic constitution of Mahoney strain was investigated.