bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FOUNDATION OF NOMADIC LIFE
Authors:   doctor of philosophy (PhD), chief of department of Bases of military radiotechnique and electronics, Military and engineering institute of radio electronicsand communication, Almaty city, Kazakhstan, Kenzhebayev D.A.
Published: June 2021

In this article, in the context of identifying the content of a new little-known historical source, the features of the life of the Kazakh pastoralist society at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries are revealed. The revealed material is a collection of statistical data that allow to reveal the characteristic features of the nomadic life of Kazakhs in the specified chronological framework from the point of view of scientific analysis conducted by contemporary researchers of the socio-cultural processes under consideration. The identified historical source, according to the author, is a unique and undoubtedly of scientific interest material scientifically substantiating the numerous laws of Kazakh society. Due consideration is given to its aspects, such as traditions, customs, ways of farming, economic, ethnographic, geographical relationships and a number of others. The revealed material allows us to take a new look at the multifaceted structure of Kazakh nomadic life and, in contrast to the established opinion, to state the original author's view of the significance of various types of livestock in the life of the indigenous population and their relationship and mutual relationship.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SANCTIONS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF INFLUENCE
Authors:   PhD candidate of International Relations Department of Eurasian National University named after L.N. GumilyovNur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Askerbek A.
Published: June 2021

Economic sanctions can be attractive policy tools for a number of governments that want to influence a country's behavior. From an economic point of view, sanctions, based on their nature, can lead to changes that turn against the initiating party. There is no convincing evidence in the literature that economic sanctions are an effective foreign policy instrument. However, the number of sanctions episodes is growing, and in recent years, this tool is still popular. This study analyzes the mechanism of the work of sanctions, and the problems that countries face when applying sanctions as a foreign policy tool. The focus is on the example of the imposition of sanctions by the West against the Russian Federation. The conclusion of the study is well-reasoned evidence of the fact that economic sanctions are also a source of economic costs for the countries initiating them, as well as countries supporting their introduction. A country faced with sanctions may develop trade relations with third parties that are not members of the sanctions coalition. The study notes that sanctions are mainly taken in addition to diplomatic and other forms of pressure. The sanction mechanism and technologies for their introduction are in constant development. Increasingly, the so-called “smart” sanctions are used, which are aimed at financial transactions, business activity, as well as private individuals, to limit their freedom of movement. The study notes that when taking various sanctions measures, it is difficult to make an accurate assessment of the degree of achievement of the final results. It was revealed that a higher effectiveness of influence is achieved with the integrated use of measures of a political and economic nature. At the same time, despite the identified shortcomings in the use of economic sanctions and the lack of evidence of their effectiveness, it can be argued that they are a preferable option in comparison with military intervention. At the same time, sanctions are not always a guarantee of preventing a military clash
YOUTH AND CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION
Authors:   Doctor of Political Science, Professor of the Department of political science and political technologies al-Farabi Kazakh National university, Almaty, Kazakhstan, e-mail: zainieval@mail.ru, Zainieva L.U. , Serik A.S. ,   master’s degree in al-FarabiKazakh National university, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

The article deals with cross-border cooperation between different States. Particular attention is paid to the development of this area of activity in the Commonwealth of Independent States, particularly in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. Cross-border cooperation affects many different aspects of the life of all population groups. The article addresses issues related to the interaction of youth in the humanitarian sphere
OBJECTIONS TO THE POLICY OF COLLECTIVIZATION IN THE 20-30S OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors:   Senior Lecturerof the Institute of History and law at Abai KazNPU,Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kenzhebekova А.С.
Published: June 2021

In the 1920s, the strong consolidation of the Soviet system of power led to significant changes in the system of traditional economy of the Kazakh people. In 1928, a campaign to confiscate rich and middle-class groups of Kazakhs, and a policy to destroy native families of Kazakh origin, developed into mass discontent with the Soviet government. Thus began the causes of 372 revolts against collectivization. The article describes the political changes that occurred in the Kazakh steppe in the 20-30s of the XX century. Especially in those years, the tragic fate of the Kazakh people, who opposed the policy of collectivization against the Soviet government, was described. Opposition to the Soviet authorities varied significantly in each region of Kazakhstan. Opposition to corporate policy has two aspects, as stated in the article. The first was the process of moving residents of the border district to another country, the second was the uprising against local authorities and law enforcement agencies. The study includes a historiographical overview of the problem and recent collections of sources
SOCIAL MEDIA'S RELATIONSHIP TO POLITICS: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   PhD student of the Department of Political Science and Political Technologiesal-FarabiKazakh National University(Almaty, Kazakhstan), e-mail: kutbanbayeva.indira@gmail.com, Kutbanbayeva I.
Published: June 2021

The influence of social media is a new trend in modern politics. This is primarily due to the fact that social media has become a platform for increasing political activity. The article considers social media as a new technology that can be used effectively in the political space. In addition, the ways of forming state policy in social networks are defined. We study the features of providing and receiving information in social media. The article analyzes the need to form and promote the image of political leaders, their goals and objectives. The growth of social media has changed the way political communication is carried out, moving to a new level. In order to promote the communications of a political leader or political party on the Internet, the essence of websites is revealed. Special attention is paid to the effectiveness of political activities based on social media.
FORMATION OF A NEW SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISION IN KASSR IN THE 1928-1930s (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NORTHERN REGION)
Authors:   Sh.Ualikhanov KSU, Doktor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,Kokshetau,Kazakhstan,kanat.bazarov.1957@mail.ru, Bazarov К.Т. , Naimanbayev B.R. ,   Silkway International University. Doktor of Historical Sciences, ActingProfessor.Shymkent,Kazakhstan,naimanbaev_b@mail.ru
Published: June 2021

The paper discusses the issues related to identifying changes in the administrative-territorial division of Kazakhstan in the late 1920-1930s of the 20th century. The objectives of the Soviet state building required the demolition of the former tsarist system of government and the creation of a new structure of the administrative-territorial structure. It is noted that the new management system was more effective and pragmatic than the previous one and more specifically took into account the peculiarities of the economic and geographical nature and composition of the population. It is especially emphasized that the meaning of the reforms was, first of all, in carrying out economic zoning for the allocation of economic zones with different specialization. These reforms in Kazakhstan began later than in the central regions and were carried out on the basis of a special plan approved by the Soviet government. Akmola province was one of the largest territorial formations on the territory of the Kazakh Territory, in connection with which the implementation of the administrative-territorial reorganization in it was of key importance. That is why the northern region was chosen as an example in this paper
THE POSITION OF THE SOVIET POWER TO CLERGY DURING OF TOTALITARIANISM FORMATION
Authors:   с.h.s., acting associate professor,S. Seyfullin Kazakh agrotechnical university,Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Dzhumagaliyeva K.V.
Published: June 2021

From the first days of the establishment of Soviet power, its attitude to religion was determined. The new government separated religion from the state, thereby initially determining its position to the clergy. Having come to power, the Bolsheviks repealed the laws, where peoples were opposed on religious-national grounds. The Orthodox Church took a frankly negative position regarding not only the church poly of the Bolshevik state, but also its entire internal and external poly. At the beginning, the Soviet government treated denominations differentiated. In comparison with the adherents of the Orthodox Church, Muslims were in a slightly more preferred position. The reason was that in Muslim society Islam was not just a religion but a way of life. Violent changes in the traditional way of Muslim peoples could lead to large-scale protests against the new government. But the national and religious life of Muslim peoples did not correspond to the class-political system of Bolshevism. As a result, the communist regime was forced, through aggressive ideological, coercive and repressive measures, to impose its line in the field of national construction and national-religious life. As the religious policy of the Bolsheviks intensified in the regions of the traditional spread of Islam, discontent among Muslim believers increased.
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE KAZAKH SOCIETY (LATE XIX CENTURY AND EARLY XX CENTURY)
Authors:   magister of history, senior lecturer of the Department of History, Kazakh national women's pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kaldybayeva S.S.
Published: June 2021

At the end of the NINETEENTH century, there were significant changes in the field of public education, which led to the opening of a large number of schools and madrassas. The change in the system of education in Kazakhstan required new textbooks and manuals, dictionaries. The tsarist government, attracting Kazakh youth to educational systems, sought to train specialists who would protect the interests of the tsarist government. Russian Russian schools will be opened in the Kazakh steppe by sending missionaries, and Kazakh children will be trained in major Russian cities. The persecution of Tatar mullahs who perform in madrassas in a religious direction, banned their published religious books and, on the contrary, set them the task of publishing books that promote Christianity. In order to provide religious and moral education in Russian schools where indigenous peoples study, the issue of publishing books of this content was raised.
THE PEACE PROCESS IN AFGHANISTAN
Authors:   Master student of High school of social and humanitarian sciences of Astana International University, Kalkamanov A.B. , Ibrayeva A.I. ,   PhD, Acting Head of High school of social and humanitarian sciences of Astana International University
Published: June 2021

This article reflects the retrospective, current situation and perspective of the peace regulation process in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The aim of the work is to analyze the development of the situation in the most unstable country located at the junction of three regions – Central Asia, Middle East and South Asia. The article analyzes the progress of the peace process, the main political players and mediators, as well as obstacles to peace in Afghanistan. Step by step negotiation progress, the issues and aspects has been demonstrated to achieve peace. Different personalities have been indicated who play a key role in the beginning of the long-awaited inter-Afghan dialogue. The preliminary results of the first rounds of negotiations were summarized, which resulted in forecasting further development of the situation.
Terrestrial exospheric dayside H-density profile at 3–15 Re from UVIS/HDAC and TWINS Lyman-α data combined
Authors: Zoennchen Jochen Hard , Connor Hyunju Kim , Jung Jaewoong , Nass Uwe , Fahr Hans Jörg
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Terrestrial ecliptic dayside observations of the exospheric Lyman-α column intensity between 3–15 Earth radii (Re) by UVIS/HDAC at CASSINI have been analysed to derive the neutral exospheric H-density profile at the Earth's ecliptic dayside in this radial range. The data were measured during CASSINIS's swing by manoeuvre at the Earth on 18 August 1999 and are published by (Werner et al., 2004). In this study the dayside HDAC Lyman-α observations published by (Werner et al., 2004) are compared to calculated Lyman-α intensities based on the 3D H-density model derived from TWINS Lyman-α observations between 2008–2010 (Zoennchen et al., 2015). It was found, that both Lyman-α profiles show a very similar radial dependence in particular between 3–8 Re. Between 3.0–5.5 Re impact distance Lyman-α observations of both TWINS and UVIS/HDAC are existing at the ecliptic dayside. In this overlapping region the cross-calibration of the HDAC profile against the calculated TWINS profile was done, assuming, that the exosphere there was similar for both due to comparable space weather conditions. As result of the cross-calibration the conversion factor between counts/s and Rayleigh fc = 3.285 [counts/s/R] is determined for these HDAC observations. Using this factor the radial H-density profile for the Earths ecliptic dayside was derived from the UVIS/HDAC observations, which constrained the neutral H-density there at 10 Re to a value of 35 cm−3. Furthermore, a faster radial H-density decrease was found at distances above 8 Re (≈ r−3) compared to the lower distances 3–7 Re (≈ r−2.37). This increased loss of neutral H above 8 Re might indicate a higher rate of H ionization in the vicinity of the magnetopause at 9–11 Re (near sub solar point) and beyond, because of increasing charge exchange interactions of exospheric H atoms with solar wind ions outside the magnetosphere.
Physical controls and a priori estimation of raising land surface elevation across the southwestern Bangladesh delta using Tidal River Management
Authors: Islam Md Feroz , Schot Paul P. , Dekker Stefan C. , Griffioen Jasper , Middelkoop Hans
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta in Bangladesh is one of the largest and most populated deltas in the world and threatened by relative sea level rise (RSLR). Renewed sediment deposition through tidal river management (TRM), a controlled flooding with dike breach, inside the lowest parts of the delta polders (so-called “beels”) can potentially counterbalance RSLR. The potential of TRM application in different beels across southwestern Bangladesh, however, still remains to be determined. We used a 2D morphodynamic model to explore the physical controls of five variables on total sediment deposition inside the beels during TRM: river tidal range (TR), river suspended sediment concentration (SSC), inundation depth (ID), width of the inlet (IW) and surface area of the beel (BA). Non-linear regression models (NLMs) were developed using the results of 2D models to quantify how sediment deposition inside the beels depends on these variables. The NLMs have an average coefficient of determination of 0.74 to 0.77. Application of the NLMs to 234 beels of southwestern Bangladesh indicates that TRM operation in beels located closer to the sea will retain more sediment as a result of decreasing SSC further inland. Beels in the western part retain more sediment because of lower average land surface elevation. Smaller beels have higher potential to raise land surface elevation due to nonlinear increase of sediment deposition per day (SPD) with beel area. Compartmentalization of larger beels may increase their potential to raise land surface elevation. Thus, the length of time of TRM application in cyclic order will need to vary across the delta to counterbalance RSLR, depending on current beel land surface elevation and local TRM sediment accumulation rates. We found that operating TRM only during the monsoon season is sufficient to raise land surface in 96 % and 80 % of all beels by more than 3 and 5 times the yearly RSLR, respectively. Applying TRM only seasonally offers huge advantages as to keeping the land available for agriculture during the rest of the year. The methodology presented here applying regression models based on 2D morphodynamic modeling may be used for the low-lying sinking deltas around the world to provide an a-priori estimation of sediment deposition from controlled flooding to counterbalance RSLR.
A DIGITAL ARCHIVE OF BOROBUDUR BASED ON 3D POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Kawato M. , Li L. , Hasegawa K. , Adachi M. , Yamaguchi H. , Thufail F. I. , Riyanto S. ,   Brahmantara, Tanaka S.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Three-dimensional point clouds are becoming popular representations for digital archives of cultural heritage sites. The Borobudur Temple, located in Central Java, Indonesia, was built in the 8th century. Borobudur is considered one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site. We are developing a virtual reality system as a digital archive of the Borobudur Temple. This research is a collaboration between Ritsumeikan University, Japan, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), and the Borobudur Conservation Office, Indonesia. In our VR system, the following three data sources are integrated to form a 3D point cloud: (1) a 3D point cloud of the overall shape of the temple acquired by photogrammetry using a camera carried by a UAV, (2) a 3D point cloud obtained from precise photogrammetric measurements of selected parts of the temple building, and (3) 3D data of the hidden relief panels recovered from the archived 2D monocular photos using deep learning. Our VR system supports both the first-person view and the bird’s eye view. The first-person view allows immersive observation and appreciation of the cultural heritage. The bird’s eye view is useful for understanding the whole picture. A user can easily switch between the two views by using a user-friendly VR user interface constructed by a 3D game engine.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL 3D MODEL FOR THE FARNESE THEATRE IN PARMA
Authors: Zerbi A. , Mikolajewska S.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Modern surveying technologies allow to obtain a digital copy of cultural assets, which can be more or less adherent to reality. When 3D reconstruction concerns historical architecture, it is necessary to deal with a series of issues that may concern choosing of the most suitable survey methodologies, processing of acquired data, management of large amounts of data, making data always upgradable and easily editable, etc. By addressing these issues in advance and adopting an extremely interdisciplinary approach in the entire process, it is possible to identify the best methodologies to use in order to achieve a versatile 3D model.This paper describes an ongoing research aimed at the creation of a multifunctional digital model of one of the most important 17th century wooden theatres in Europe, the Farnese Theatre in Parma. The main aim is to generate a tool able to respond simultaneously to the different needs that have arisen in recent years, mostly related to the documentation, preservation, valorization and dissemination of knowledge about the monument. This article describes the project and the adopted methodology, focusing mainly on survey and modeling phases. Particular attention will also be paid to the process of reconstruction of the original decorations of the proscenium, completely lost after an Allied air raid in 1944. The illustrated methodologies define a possible workflow to be adapted in other similar contexts. Finally, possible uses of the generated model will be also briefly illustrated.
MONITORING TERRAIN DEFORMATIONS CAUSED BY UNDERGROUND MINING USING UAV DATA
Authors: Jóźków G. , Walicka A. , Borkowski A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Underground mining causes terrain surface deformations that lead to various threats to the environment and people, thus a systematic deformation monitoring needs to be performed. This monitoring mainly focuses only on the vertical part of the deformation and remote sensing techniques are currently very often used for this purpose. The development of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) open new possibilities in this context. Most commonly, the mapping UASs are equipped with RGB cameras but also other lightweight sensors are utilized. In this work, the usefulness of UAS photogrammetry and LiDAR data is investigated in the context of detection and measurement of terrain deformations caused by underground mining. The accuracy of the methods was compared in reference to TLS data. The UAS and TLS measurements were performed in 2018 and 2019 but the subsidence was also evaluated in regards to ALS data acquired in 2011. The standard methodology based on Digital Terrain Models of Difference (DoDs) was applied to detect the subsidence. The DoD analysis was restricted to the hard surfaces. The profiles along the roads were also analysed to validate the accuracy of the data. The analysis showed that the UAS photogrammetry enables to obtain less noisy data and more accurate results of the terrain subsidence measurement than the UAS LiDAR sensors. The comparison of the DoDs showed about 33 cm subsidence between 2011 and 2018, which gives a subsidence rate of about 5 cm/year. The observed subsidence between years 2018 and 2019 was equal to about 5 to 15 cm depending on the measurement technique and investigated area.
A CASE STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF HAND-HELD MOBILE LASER SCANNING IN THE PLANNING OF AN ITALIAN FOREST (ALPE DI CATENAIA, TUSCANY)
Authors: Sofia S. , Sferlazza S. , Mariottini A. , Niccolini M. , Coppi T. , Miozzo M. , La Mantia T. , Maetzke F.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Precision forestry is becoming a key sector for forest planning because it allows complex analyses of forest data to be carried out simply and economically. It contributes to the integration between technicians and operators in the sector by guaranteeing the transparency of the forest management operations (Corona et al., 2017). In the context of the progressive development of technology, we investigated the feasibility of using the hand-held mobile laser scanner (HMLS) system in different types of forest sites and comparison of the characteristics of individual trees (tree height, diameters at breast height) with traditional surveys, applied with the aim to validate the performance of the system for a future alternative methodology for forest planning thanks to the collaboration with the forestry company “Dimensione Ricerca Ecologia Ambiente Italia” (D.R.E.Am. Italia). GEOSLAM ZEB HORIZON ™ laser scanner is a hand-held mobile laser scanner containing SLAM technology that can be solved the problem of no GNSS signal or poor signal under the forest canopy making it more practical for forest investigations (Gollob et al., 2020). 15 forest sample plots are selected to reflect different stand conditions in Mediterranean forests taking into count the development stage and density of the sub-canopy vegetation, as well as the species composition in the forest stands. The aim of this study is to show the possible extrinsic circumstances that make the method fail by varying the ecological status of forest plots.
DEVELOPMENT OF PANORAMIC VIRTUAL TOURS SYSTEM BASED ON LOW COST DEVICES
Authors: Boukerch I. , Takarli B. , Saidi K. , Karich M. , Meguenni M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The virtual visit is a simulation of reality that allows virtually changing time or placing. Unlike this, virtual reality offers the possibility to associate the real world with the virtual world, while ensuring interactivity and an improvement in prospecting the reality. One of the most used form of virtual reality is the 360° panoramic imagery and video, currently in the market we can find many providers of panoramic cameras, going from costly professional cameras to the low cost consumer grade cameras. In addition, many software providers offers the virtual tours creation and visualisation, to our knowledge, only google street view offers full mapping functionalities, but the data capture and collection is an opaque operation. Generally, smartphones are equipped with positioning capabilities, based on sensors like gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetometer used as compass and GPS, the integration of this data allow the estimation of the pose.This paper discusses the creation of an interactive virtual reality with 360° panoramic images with the possibility of automating its acquisition and integration in mapping environment by using smartphone positioning methods, while the panoramic images are taken using costumer grade camera, which composes a low cost system for acquiring and diffusing panoramic virtual tours map. The developed solution is a dynamic web interface using several open source libraries and programming tools.
INVESTIGATION OF SENTINEL-1 TIME SERIES FOR SENSITIVITY TO FERN VEGETATION IN AN EUROPEAN TEMPERATE FOREST
Authors: Mueller M. M. , Dubois C. , Jagdhuber T. , Pathe C. , Schmullius C.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. In this study, a dense Copernicus Sentinel-1 time series is analyzed to gain a better understanding of the influence of undergrowth vegetation, in particular of eagle fern (Pteridium aquilinum), on the C-band SAR signal in a temperate forest in the Free State of Thuringia, Germany. Even if signals from the ground below the canopy may not be expected at C-band, previous studies showed seasonal fluctuations of the backscatter for temperate forests without canopy closure, notably for evergreen coniferous stands. Many factors can be responsible for these observed fluctuations, but in this study, we analyze one possible factor: the presence of undergrowth vegetation, in particular, of fern. Especially, the Sentinel-1 backscatter signal is analyzed for different acquisition configurations regarding its temporal and its spatial stability at different growth stages. This time series study shows that a difference of backscattered signal of up to 0.7 dB exists between forest patches with a dense fern density in the understory and the ones with low undergrowth vegetation. This signal difference depends on the season and is remarkably strong comparing winter (no fern undergrowth) with summer (major fern undergrowth).
REMOTE SENSING AND NIGHT TIME URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Authors: Arellano B. , Roca J.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The urban climate literature has highlighted the remarkable prominence of nighttime UHI phenomenon. During nighttime the UHI effects become more evident due to the greater thermal inertia of the materials used in urban fabric. It is during the night when the heat accumulated in urban materials, especially in contexts of heat waves, can generate significant health risks. The low cooling capacity of urban construction materials negatively affects the comfort and the health of urban dwellers. However, and despite the great importance of night stress due to heat, the study of night UHIs is still underdeveloped. In this context, this paper aims to determine nighttime LST contrasting Landsat's very limited nighttime images with daytime ones. The example developed refers to heat wave situations during the summer 2015. The case study is the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (35 municipalities, 636 km2, 3.3 million inhabitants).
ANALYSIS ON THE AREA CHANGES AND ITS INFLUENCING FACTORS OF THE LAKES IN WUHAN CITY BASED ON GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE
Authors: Gong T. , Xie S. , Zhao H.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Urban lakes play an important role in urban development and environmental protection, and lakes are an important city card of Wuhan city. We calculated the lake area of in Wuhan city from 1987 to 2019 and its change over time and in space by using the MNDWI method and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, and explored the driving force of lake area changes by using Pearson correlation coefficient in this paper. The results show: (1) The lakes in Wuhan city were shrinking and the total area decreased from 837.89 km2 in 1987 to 734.10 km2 in 2019 at a rate of 3.15 km2 per year, but changed differently in different stages: increasing in the period of 1987 to1993, decreasing in the period of 1993 to 2004 while being stable in the period of 2004 to 2019. (2) The lakes were mainly distributed in the central and eastern parts of Wuhan city (i.e., Wuchang District, Jiangxia District, and Caidian District). (3) Climate factors and human activities have jointly affected the changes in lake area. In terms of climate factors, the total area of lakes had a strong correlation with precipitation and temperature. In terms of human activities, permanent population had a moderate correlation with the lake changes. The study verified the feasibility of monitoring the long-term lake sequence on the GEE platform, and provided reference for lake protection in Wuhan city.
ASSESSMENT OF COMBINING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND OBJECT BASED IMAGE ANALYSIS TO LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION USING SENTINEL 2 SATELLITE IMAGERY (TENES REGION, ALGERIA)
Authors: Zaabar N. , Niculescu S. , Mihoubi M. K.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Land cover maps can provide valuable information for various applications, such as territorial monitoring, environmental protection, urban planning and climate change prevention. In this purpose, remote sensing based on image classification approaches undergoing a high revolution can be dedicated to land cover mapping tasks. Similarly, deep learning models are considerably applied in remote sensing applications; which can automatically learn features from large amounts of data. Prevalently, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), have been increasingly performed in image classification. The aim of this study is to apply a new approach to analyse land cover, and extract its features. Experiments carried out on a coastal town located in north-western Algeria (Ténès region). The study area is chosen because of its importance as a part of the national strategy to combat natural hazards, specifically floods. As well as, a simple CNN model with two hidden layers was constructed, combined with an Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA). In this regard, a Sentinel-2 image was used, to perform the classification, using spectral index combinations. Furthermore, to compare the performance of the proposed approach, an OBIA based on machines learning algorithms mainly Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), was provided. Results of accuracy assessment of classification showed good values in terms of Overall accuracy and Kappa Index, which reach to 93.1% and 0.91, respectively. As a comparison, CNN-OBIA approach outperformed OBIA based on RF algorithm. Therefore, Final land cover maps can be used as a support tool in regional and national decisions.
MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES FOR KNOWLEDGE EXTRACTION FROM SATELLITE IMAGES: APPLICATION TO SPECIFIC AREA TYPES
Authors: Dumitru C. O. , Schwarz G. , Datcu M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. When we want to extract knowledge form satellite images, several well-known image classification and analysis techniques can be concatenated or combined to gain a more detailed target understanding. In our case, we concentrated on specific extended target areas such as polar ice-covered surfaces, forests shrouded by fire plumes, flooded areas, and shorelines. These image types can be described by characteristic features and statistical relationships. Here, we demonstrate that both multispectral (optical) as well as SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images can be used for knowledge extraction. The free availability of image data provided by the European Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites allowed us to conduct a series of experiments that verified our classification approaches. This could already be verified in our recent work by quantitative quality tests.
UAV-BASED LIDAR HIGH-RESOLUTION SNOW DEPTH MAPPING IN THE SWISS ALPS: COMPARING FLAT AND STEEP FORESTS
Authors: Koutantou K. , Mazzotti G. , Brunner P.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Snow depth mapping in Alpine forests is of high importance for hydrogeology, ecology, tourism, and natural hazards prevention. Different remote sensing approaches have been employed for the precise mapping of snow depth within forests. However, optical sensors cannot provide below-canopy information. While Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) systems have been used successfully in this context and allow obtaining data below canopies, the costs of acquisitions are very high, not allowing frequent data acquisitions. UAV-based Lidar technology potentially can provide the critical below-canopy information at lower cost and allows for frequent acquisitions.First attempts to employ a UAV-based Lidar system in forests have proven promising, but they are limited to flat forests and to grid-level snow depth calculations. In this study, we present UAV-based Lidar data of both flat and steep forests. Different Lidar processing workflows are analyzed and compared, and snow depth algorithms are used both at the point and the grid level. Whereas the UAV-Lidar system proved capable of mapping snow in both environments, the steep forests' data processing comes with greater challenges, especially for the 3D registration, ground classification, and point-to-point snow depth calculations.
INVERSING GLACIER ALBEDO IN HIGH MOUNTAIN ASIA BASED ON SENTINEL-3 SATELLITE DATA
Authors: Tian Y. , Liu Z.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Surface albedo, defined as the ratio of the upward to downward solar irradiance, is an important climate parameter in the surface energy budget. Among them, glacier albedo is the link between glaciers and the hydration process of climate and cold zones, and it is also an important factor restricting the development of distributed glacier energy-material balance model. Changes in the albedo of ice and snow can alter the energy balance of the entire geo-gas system and can also cause local and even global climate change. Glaciers in High Mountain Asia have experienced heterogeneous rates of loss since the 1970s. The positive feedback effect of ice and snow makes its albedo an important indicator of ice and snow surface mass balance. This study used partly Sentinel-3 level-1b data of High Mountain Asia in 2017, RGI (Randolph Glacier Inventory) 6.0 and SPP (Snow Properties Processor) developed by the ESA’s team to extract the region's mountain glacier albedo in SNAP (Sentinel Application Platform) environment. At present, the products of the whole year of 2017 have been produced, with a time resolution of one month and a spatial resolution of 300 m.
AUTOMATED STRUCTURAL FOREST CHANGES USING LIDAR POINT CLOUDS AND GIS ANALYSES
Authors: Novo A. , González-Jorge H. , Martínez-Sánchez J. , Fernández-Alonso J. M. , Lorenzo H.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Forest spatial structure describes the relationships among different species in the same forest community. Automation in the monitoring of the structural forest changes and forest mapping is one of the main utilities of applications of modern geoinformatics methods. The obtaining objective information requires the use of spatial data derived from photogrammetry and remote sensing. This paper investigates the possibility of applying light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point clouds and geographic information system (GIS) analyses for automated mapping and detection changes in vegetation structure during a year of study. The research was conducted in an area of the Ourense Province (NWSpain). The airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, acquired in August 2019 and June of 2020, reveal detailed changes in forest structure. Based on ALS data the vegetation parameters will be analysed.To study the structural behaviour of the tree vegetation, the following parameters are used in each one of the sampling areas: (1) Relationship between the tree species present and their stratification; (2) Vegetation classification in fuel types; (3) Biomass (Gi); (4) Number of individuals per area; and (5) Canopy cover fraction (CCF). Besides, the results were compared with the ground truth data recollected in the study area.The development of a quantitative structural model based on Aerial Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds was proposed to accurately estimate tree attributes automatically and to detect changes in forest structure. Results of statistical analysis of point cloud show the possibility to use UAV LiDAR data to characterize changes in the structure of vegetation.
MAPPING COASTAL AND WETLAND VEGETATION COMMUNITIES USING MULTI-TEMPORAL SENTINEL-2 DATA
Authors: Villa P. , Giardino C. , Mantovani S. , Tapete D. , Vecoli A. , Braga F.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Operational monitoring of complex vegetation communities, such as the ones growing in coastal and wetland areas, can be effectively supported by satellite remote sensing, providing quantitative spatialized information on vegetation parameters, as well as on their temporal evolution. With this work, we explored and evaluated the potential of Sentinel-2 data for assessing the status and evolution of coastal vegetation as the primary indicator of ecosystem conditions, by mapping the different plant communities of Venice lagoon (Northeast Italy) via a rule-based classification approach exploiting synoptic seasonal features of spectral indices and multispectral reflectance. The results demonstrated that coastal and wetland vegetation community type maps derived for two different years scored a good overall accuracy around 80%, with some misclassification in the coastal areas and overestimation of salt marsh communities coverage, and that virtual collaborative environments can facilitate the use of Sentinel-2 data and products to multidisciplinary users.
3D MULTI-RESOLUTION MAPPING OF MARS USING CASP-GO ON HRSC, CRISM, CTX AND HIRISE
Authors: Muller J.-P. , Tao Y. , Putri A. R. D. , Conway S. J.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Automated large-scale retrieval of stereo photogrammetric DTMs of Mars fall into three categories: use of COTS software such as BAE-SOCET®; private software such as the DLR-VICAR software suite and open source solutions such as the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP). We describe here a novel open source system developed on the back of ASP known as CASP-GO (Tao et al., 2018) which has automated and extended ASP to be able to be applied to all modern single-pass or repeat-pass stereo photogrammetric datasets from 21st century systems such as HRSC, CTX and HiRISE, CASP-GO also includes an automated co-registration system which employs HRSC (itself linked to MOLA) as the base-map upon which all other DTMs are co-registered. We show an example here of this automated co-registration system applied to multi-resolution stacks including CRISM images. Several thousand multi-resolution 3D products, Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) and their corresponding orthorectified images (ORIs) have been generated and used in a wide variety of scientific studies, a few examples of which are shown here. Finally, a new method distributing these products providing long-term archiving and ease of access using DOIs is shown employing the ESA-PSA Guest Storage Facility and their corresponding display within the iMars webGIS system.
DETECTING THE SOURCES OF ICE BLOCK FALLS AT THE MARTIAN NORTH POLAR SCARPS BY ANALYSIS OF MULTI-TEMPORAL HIRISE IMAGERY
Authors: Su S. , Fanara L. , Zhang X. , Gwinner K. , Hauber E. , Oberst J.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. We have developed a method for automatically detecting the sources of ice block falls at the Martian north polar scarps. Multitemporal red-filter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images were processed by using the open source NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline in combination with the USGS Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers to produce 0.25 m resolution images as well as a 1 m resolution DTM. The multi-temporal HiRISE images were firstly ortho-rectified by the DTM, and then co-registered by using the Enhanced Correlation Coefficient Maximization (ECC) algorithm. We applied the change detection method on the well-aligned sub-meter scale HiRISE images, which were taken in Mars Year 29 and Mars Year 30, to investigate mass wasting at the scarp area centred at 85.0°N, 151.5°E. The idea of the change detection method is to identify changing shadow patterns based on the grayscale difference between the images. The final results show that erosion events occurred at the full length of this study’s scarp within one Mars Year. However, only the upper and lower part of the scarp show erosion activity, whereas the intermediate parts seem inactive, and this correlates with the slope.
UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND VHR SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR EMERGENCY
MAPPING. THE OCTOBER 2020 FLOOD IN LIMONE PIEMONTE (ITALY)
Authors: Teppati Losè L. , Chiabrando F. , Giulio Tonolo F. , Lingua A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Heavy rain between the 2nd and 3rd of October 2020 severely affected the area of Limone Piemonte, Piemonte Region (Italy). The consequence of those two days of rain was a flood that, starting from the hamlet of Limonetto severely damaged the areas close to the riverbed of the Vermegnana river and the related hydrographyc network. A synergistic multi-sensor and multi-scale approach for documenting the affected areas using VHR satellite images and UAVs (Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles) is presented. The pro and cons in terms of level of detail and processing strategies are reviewed with a focus on the workflows adopted for processing large UAV datasets. A thorough analysis of the 3D positional accuracy achievable with different georeferentation strategies for UAVs data processing is carried out, confirming that if an RTK (Reale Time Kinematic)-enabled GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receiver is available on the UAV platform and proper acquisition guidelines are followed, the use of GCPs (Ground Control Points) is not impacting significantly on the overall positional accuracy. Satellite data processing is also presented, confirming the suitability for large scale mapping.
AUTOMATED BUILDING SEGMENTATION AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FROM SATELLITE IMAGES FOR DISASTER RELIEF
Authors: Yuan X. , Azimi S. M. , Henry C. , Gstaiger V. , Codastefano M. , Manalili M. , Cairo S. , Modugno S. , Wieland M. , Schneibel A. , Merkle N.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. After a natural disaster or humanitarian crisis, rescue forces and relief organisations are dependent on fast, area-wide and accurate information on the damage caused to infrastructure and the situation on the ground. This study focuses on the assessment of building damage levels on optical satellite imagery with a two-step ensemble model performing building segmentation and damage classification trained on a public dataset. We provide an extensive generalization study on pre- and post-disaster data from the passage of the cyclone Idai over Beira, Mozambique, in 2019 and the explosion in Beirut, Lebanon, in 2020. Critical challenges are addressed, including the detection of clustered buildings with uncommon visual appearances, the classification of damage levels by both humans and deep learning models, and the impact of varying imagery acquisition conditions. We show promising building damage assessment results and highlight the strong performance impact of data pre-processing on the generalization capability of deep convolutional models.
Brief communication: A framework to classify glaciers for water resource evaluation and management in the Southern Andes
Authors: Schaffer Nicole , MacDonell Shelley
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Numerous drafts of a Glacier Protection Law (GPL) have been proposed in Chile since 2006, but the law has not been approved due to a lack of consensus partially due to inadequate definitions of landform types. Neither the approved Argentinian GPL or Chilean draft explicitly identify or define different glacier types nor are their distinct hydrological roles considered. We propose three glacier categories that group landforms based on their sensitivity to environmental changes, which is strongly associated with their hydrological role, and review both national inventories to facilitate the evaluation and/or management of water resources.
Feedback Loops: Algorithmic Authority, Emergent Biases, and Implications for Information Literacy
Authors: O'Hara Ian
Published: June 2021

Algorithms have become increasingly ubiquitous in our modern, technologically driven society. Algorithmic tools that are embedded to “enhance” the user experience when information-seeking carry problematic epistemological concerns. These algorithms are developed and interjected into search tools by human beings who, consciously or not, tend to impart biases into the functionality of the information retrieval process. These search tools have become our primary arbiters of knowledge and have been granted relatively unmitigated sovereignty over our perceptions of reality and truth. This article provides broader awareness of how the bias embedded within these algorithmic systems structures users’ perception and knowledge of the world, preserving traditional power hierarchies and the marginalization of specific groups of people, and examines the implications of algorithmic search systems on information literacy instruction from a critical pedagogical perspective.
Reducing Barriers to Access in Archival and Special Collections Public Services
Authors: Dreyer Rachael , Nofziger Cinda
Published: June 2021

Archives and special collections libraries are not intuitive spaces for users. Barriers, both real and perceived[i], exist whenever accessing an archive or special collections library. Access to archives and rare books should be within reasonable reach of all who have an interest in historical topics. This paper examines barriers to access in archival and special collections environments, discusses the importance of recognizing barriers, and addresses steps to dismantle them at your institution. Specific examples from our experience help illustrate where barriers exist and how to increase access, inclusivity, and transparency in archival and special collections public services.[i] However, perceived barriers are very real to the individuals affected by them. At the same time, as researchers become more experienced with the procedures used to access archives and special collections, the impact of perceived barriers may be mitigated.
Western Merchants and Intra-Asian Trade: John Henry Duus at Treaty port Hakodate (Part One 1861-68)
Authors: Ivings Steven
Published: June 2021

This article examines the business activities of John Henry Duus, a long-standing foreign resident of the treaty port of Hakodate. In the first of this two-part article, I trace Duus’ background and focus in on his efforts to conduct business at Hakodate in the 1860s. Though Duus’ efforts to foster trade between Japan and western countries proved largely fruitless, he played an important role as a local agent for Chinese and China-based western firms and thus was active in fostering intra-Asian trade. As an Asia-born Anglo-Dane who first came to Hakodate as a British merchant but later switched allegiances to Denmark and served as Danish consul, Duus’ career also points to the cosmopolitan background of western treaty porters at the more peripheral treaty ports such as Hakodate.
Jürgen Melzer, Wings for the Rising Sun: A Transnational History of Japanese Aviation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2020. xxvi, 339 pp. ISBN 9780674244429
Authors: Tsutsui William M.
Published: June 2021

-