bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Appendix: questionnaire for complement control and control predicates
Authors: Stiebels Barbara
Published: January 2021

This questionnaire focuses on control structures that are instantiated by predicates that take a state of affairs (SOA) argument. Noonan (1985) has called these predicates 'complement-taking predicates'; I will use the notion of SOAAtaking predicates (SOAA = state of affairs argument).

Prototypically, complement control is instantiated by certain classes of verbs; however, adjectives (be eager to) and nouns (e.g. nominalizations such as promise) may function as control predicates as well. 'Control' refers to the pattern of argument identification between an argument of the SOAA-taking predicate and an argument of the SOAA-head. In the literature the notion of 'equi deletion' or 'equi-NP deletion' has been used (following Rosenbaum 1967), which refers to structures in which an overt argument of the matrix predicate is identified with a covert argument of the embedded predicate. This questionnaire aims at a cross-linguistic application of the notion of control and thus uses a semantic definition of complement control. It extends the notion of control to other patterns of referential dependency between arguments of a SOAA-taking predicate and of the embedded predicate.
Semantic and structural aspects of complement control in Korean
Authors: Gamerschlag Thomas
Published: January 2021

In this article, I will present a survey of control structures in Korean. The survey is based on a sample of seventy SOA-argument-taking predicates, which are classified with respect to their complementation patterns and control properties. As a result, Korean is characterized as a language in which semantically determined control is predominant, whereas constructionally induced control is only marginal. In the discussion of the sample, I will show that there are two major classes of verbs exhibiting semantic control: the first class consists of matrix verbs such as hwuhoyhata 'regret' or kangyohata 'force', which require obligatory coreference between a matrix argument and the embedded subject due to their lexical meaning. The verbs of the second class are utterance verbs such as malhata 'tell', which select clauses headed by the quotative complementizer ko. With these verbs, subject, object, or split control arises if specific modal suffixes are attached to the verb heading the complement clause. In the second part of the paper, I will provide a lexical analysis of control in Korean, which adopts the Principle of Controller Choice proposed by Farkas (1988) as well as additional constraints which have to be assumed independently.
Influence of animacy and grammatical role on production and comprehension of intersentential pronouns in German L1-acquisition
Authors: Bittner Dagmar
Published: January 2021

In anaphora resolution theory, it has been assumed that anaphora resolution is based on a reversed mapping of antecedent salience and anaphora complexity: minimal complex anaphora refer to maximal salient antecedents. In order to ex-amine whether and by which developmental steps German children gain command of this mapping maxim we conducted an experiment on production and comprehension of intersentential pronouns including the three pronoun types zero, personal, and demonstrative pronoun. With respect to antecedent salience, the experiment varied syntactic role (subject/object) and in/animacy. Six age groups of children (age range from 2;0 to 6;0) and an adult control group has been tested. The hypothesis arising from the mapping maxim is that zero pronoun correlates with more salient antecedents than personal and demonstrative pronoun, the latter correlating with the least salient antecedents. The results are: In production, children first establish the opposition of zero pronoun with animate antecedents vs. demonstrative pronoun with inanimate antecedents. In a next step, syntactic role comes into play and a more complex system opposing the three presented pronoun types is established. In comprehension, however, the effect of pronoun type re-mains weak and antecedent features remain a strong factor in reference choice. However, also adults employ pronoun type and antecedent features. The oldest children and the adults show variation in personal pronoun resolution according to the animacy pattern of the potential antecedents. In case of identical animacy features, the subject is the preferred candidate; in case of distinct animacy features, there is a tendency to choose the object antecedent.
"The hare hugs the rabbit. He is white ... Who is white?": Pronominal anaphora in Russian
Authors: Gagarina Natalia Vladimirovna
Published: January 2021

This paper investigates the production and comprehension of intrasentential anaphoric pronominal reference in Russian. In particular, it examines the elicited imitation and comprehension of three anaphoric pronouns in subject position – personal 3rd singular masculine, demonstrative and zero – in one hundred and eighty monolingual Russian-speaking children and twenty adults. The three types of pronouns were designed to have an antecedent in the preceding sentence containing a verb and two arguments. These antecedents differ in their syntactical role and animacy. The sentence position, agentivity and topicality remained constant. The sentences with (in)animate subjects and objects constituted the following four 'conditions': two sentences with a subject and an object being either animate or inanimate and two sentences with a subject and an object exhibiting a diverse (in)animacy. Regarding the resolution of the anaphoric pronouns the similarity principle (or feature-concord rule) and its possible violations were tested. This principle suggests that an anaphoric pronoun is most likely resolved to the antecedent with a maximum of similar characteristics or features and it primarily governs the assignment of an antecedent to anaphoric pronouns in subject position in the absence of the violating conditions. Results show the influence of this rule on the anaphora resolution process increasing with age, on the one hand, and the development of the impact of animacy, syntactic role and the type of anaphoric pronouns that violate the feature-concord rule, on the other.
Papers on pragmasemantics
Authors: Benz Anton , Blutner Reinhard
Published: January 2021

Optimality theory as used in linguistics (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004; Smolensky & Legendre, 2006) and cognitive psychology (Gigerenzer & Selten, 2001) is a theoretical framework that aims to integrate constraint based knowledge representation systems, generative grammar, cognitive skills, and aspects of neural network processing. In the last years considerable progress was made to overcome the artificial separation between the disciplines of linguistic on the one hand which are mainly concerned with the description of natural language competences and the psychological disciplines on the other hand which are interested in real language performance.

The semantics and pragmatics of natural language is a research topic that is asking for an integration of philosophical, linguistic, psycholinguistic aspects, including its neural underpinning. Especially recent work on experimental pragmatics (e.g. Noveck & Sperber, 2005; Garrett & Harnish, 2007) has shown that real progress in the area of pragmatics isn’t possible without using data from all available domains including data from language acquisition and actual language generation and comprehension performance. It is a conceivable research programme to use the optimality theoretic framework in order to realize the integration.

Game theoretic pragmatics is a relatively young development in pragmatics. The idea to view communication as a strategic interaction between speaker and hearer is not new. It is already present in Grice' (1975) classical paper on conversational implicatures. What game theory offers is a mathematical framework in which strategic interaction can be precisely described. It is a leading paradigm in economics as witnessed by a series of Nobel prizes in the field. It is also of growing importance to other disciplines of the social sciences. In linguistics, its main applications have been so far pragmatics and theoretical typology. For pragmatics, game theory promises a firm foundation, and a rigor which hopefully will allow studying pragmatic phenomena with the same precision as that achieved in formal semantics.

The development of game theoretic pragmatics is closely connected to the development of bidirectional optimality theory (Blutner, 2000). It can be easily seen that the game theoretic notion of a Nash equilibrium and the optimality theoretic notion of a strongly optimal form-meaning pair are closely related to each other. The main impulse that bidirectional optimality theory gave to research on game theoretic pragmatics stemmed from serious empirical problems that resulted from interpreting the principle of weak optimality as a synchronic interpretation principle.

In this volume, we have collected papers that are concerned with several aspects of game and optimality theoretic approaches to pragmatics.
Typology of consonantal insertions
Authors: Żygis Marzena
Published: January 2021

The present study, based on a typological survey of ca. 70 languages, offers a systematization of consonantal insertions by classifying them into three main types: grammatical, phonetic, and prosodic insertions. The three epenthesis types essentially differ from each other in terms of preferred sounds, domains of application, the role of segmental context, their occurrence cross-linguistically, the extent of variation and phonetic explication.

The present investigation is significantly different from other analyses of consonantal epentheses in the sense that it neither invokes markedness nor diachronic state of the processes under discussion. Instead, it considers the different nature of the epenthetic segments by referring to the representational levels and/or domains which are relevant for their appearance.
Introduction
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Rialland Annie , Patin Cédric , Riedel Kristina
Published: January 2021

The papers in this volume were originally presented at the Bantu Relative Clause workshop held in Paris on 8-9 January 2010, which was organized by the French-German cooperative project on the Phonology/Syntax Interface in Bantu Languages (BANTU PSYN). This project, which is funded by the ANR and the DFG, comprises three research teams, based in Berlin, Paris and Lyon. [...] This range of expertise is essential to realizing the goals of our project. Because Bantu languages have a rich phrasal phonology, they have played a central role in the development of theories of the phonology-syntax interface ever since the seminal work from the 1970s on Chimwiini (Kisseberth & Abasheikh 1974) and Haya (Byarushengo et al. 1976). Indeed, half the papers in Inkelas & Zec’s (1990) collection of papers on the phonology-syntax interface deal with Bantu languages. They have naturally played an important role in current debates comparing indirect and direct reference theories of the phonology-syntax interface. Indirect reference theories (e.g., Nespor & Vogel 1986; Selkirk 1986, 1995, 2000, 2009; Kanerva 1990; Truckenbrodt 1995, 1999, 2005, 2007) propose that phonology is not directly conditioned by syntactic information. Rather, the interface is mediated by phrasal prosodic constituents like Phonological Phrase and Intonation Phrase, which need not match any syntactic constituent. In contrast, direct reference theories (e.g., Kaisse 1985; Odden 1995, 1996; Pak 2008; Seidl 2001) argue that phrasal prosodic constituents are superfluous, as phonology can – indeed, must – refer directly to syntactic structure.
Locative relatives in Durban Zulu
Authors: Cheng Lisa L.-S. , Downing Laura J.
Published: January 2021

This paper examines locative relatives in Durban Zulu. We show that locative relatives differ from nominal relatives crucially in prosodic phrasing as well as in resumptive pronoun marking. We propose that the best way to account for locative relatives in Zulu is to resort to the old style adjunction analysis of relative clauses, with an empty operator. The system we propose assumes that such an adjunction analysis co-exists with a head-raising analysis, which accounts for the nominal relative clauses.
MAIN: multilingual assessment instrument for narratives
Authors: Gagarina Natalʹja Vladimirovna , Klop Daleen , Kunnari Sari , Tantele Koula , Välimaa Taina , Balčiūnienė Ingrida , Bohnacker Ute , Walters Joel
Published: January 2021

The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) was designed in order to assess narrative skills in children who acquire one or more languages from birth or from early age. MAIN is suitable for children from 3 to 10 years and evaluates both comprehension and production of narratives. Its design allows for the assessment of several languages in the same child, as well as for different elicitation modes: Model Story, Retelling, and Telling. MAIN contains four parallel stories, each with a carefully designed six-picture sequence. The stories are controlled for cognitive and linguistic complexity, parallelism in macrostructure and microstructure, as well as for cultural appropriateness and robustness. The instrument has been developed on the basis of extensive piloting with more than 550 monolingual and bilingual children aged 3 to 10, for 15 different languages and language combinations. Even though MAIN has not been norm-referenced yet, its standardized procedures can be used for evaluation, intervention and research purposes. MAIN is currently available in the following languages: English, Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Bulgarian, Croatian, Cypriot Greek, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Icelandic, Italian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Standard Arabic, Swedish, Turkish, Vietnamese, and Welsh.
Indefinite subjects in Durban Zulu
Authors: Cheng Lisa L.-S. , Downing Laura J.
Published: January 2021

It has long been observed that subjects cross-linguistically have topic properties: they are typically definite, referential and/or generic (Givón 1976). Bantu languages are said to illustrate this generalization: preverbal position for NPs is equated with both subject and topic status and postverbal position with focus (and non-subject). However, there is a growing body of work showing that preverbal subjects are not necessarily syntactically or semantically equivalent to topics. For example, Zerbian’s (2006) careful study of preverbal position in Northern Sotho shows that preverbal subjects meet few of the semantic tests for aboutness topics. The study of restrictions on preverbal subjects in Durban Zulu presented in this paper builds on Zerbian (2006) and Halpert (2012). In particular, we investigate the interpretational properties of preverbal indefinite subjects. These subjects show us that preverbal subjects carry a presupposition of existence. We explore an analysis connecting the "strong reading" of preverbal subjects with how high the verb moves in Zulu (following Tsai’s 2001 work on Mandarin).
Subjective assertions are weak: exploring the illocutionary profile of perspectivedependent predicates
Authors: Beltrama Andrea
Published: January 2021

Sentences containing subjective predicates – e.g., “The movie was awesome” – areintuitively anchored to a particular perspective; this makes them different from sentences describingobjective facts – e.g., “The movie was set in 1995”. While authors have long debatedon whether this intuition tracks a lexical distinction between subjective and factual predicates,much remains to be explored on whether, and how, the difference between these two assertionsis reflected at the illocutionary level. Relying on evidence from two experiments, we show thatassertions containing subjective predicates display different discourse behavior from objectiveassertions. We take these findings to support the idea that SAs should be assigned a specialillocutionary profile, unveiling a genuine empirical difference between subjective and factualspeech.Keywords: subjectivity, discourse, assertion, Common Ground.
Scalar diversity and negative strengthening
Authors: Benz Anton , Bombi Carla , Gotzner Nicole
Published: January 2021

In recent years, experimental research has demontrated great variability in the ratesof scalar inferences across different triggering expressions (Doran et al. 2009, 2012, van Tielet al. 2016). These studies have been taken as evidence against the so-called uniformity assumption,which posits that scalar implicature is triggered by a single mechanism and that thebehaviour of one scale should generalize to the whole family of scales. In the following, wepresent an experimental study that tests negative strengthening for a variety of strong scalarterms, following up on van Tiel et al. (2016). For example, we tested whether the statementJohn is not brilliant is strengthened to mean that John is not intelligent (see especially Horn1989). We show that endorsement rates of the scalar implicature (e.g., John is intelligent butnot brilliant) are anti-correlated with endorsements of negative strengthening. Further, wedemonstrate that a modified version of the uniformity hypothesis taking into account negativestrengthening is consistent with van Tiel et al.’s data. Therefore, variation across scales may bemore systematic than suggested by the van Tiel et al. study.Keywords: Scalar diversity, scalar implicature, manner implicature, negative strengthening,inferencing task.
Embedded implicature in a new interactive paradigm
Authors: Benz Anton , Gotzner Nicole , Raithel Lisa
Published: January 2021

Previous research on scalar implicature has primarily relied on metalinguistic judgmenttasks and found varying rates of such inferences depending on the nature of the task andcontextual manipulations. This paper introduces a novel interactive paradigm involving both aproduction and a comprehension component, thereby fixing a precise conversational context.The main research question is what is reliably communicated by some in this communicativesetting, when the quantifier occurs in unembedded positions as well as embedded positions.Our new paradigm involves an action-based task from which participants’ interpretation of utterancescan be inferred. It incorporates a game–theoretic design, including a precise modelto predict participants’ behaviour in the experimental context. Our study shows that embeddedand unembedded implicatures are reliably communicated by some. We propose two cognitiveprinciples which describe what can be left unsaid. In our experimental context, a productionstrategy based on these principles is more efficient (with equal communicative success andshorter utterances) than a strategy based on literal descriptions.Keywords: scalar implicature, embedded implicature, experimental pragmatics, game–theoreticpragmatics.
Miners and modals
Authors: Boylan David
Published: January 2021

I generalise Kolodny and MacFarlane’s miners puzzle by showing epistemic analoguesof their case exist. After motivating various conservative approaches to the originalproblem, I show how they fail to solve the problem in its epistemic guise. I argue that a probabilisticapproach to information-sensitivity gives a general solution to the problem.Keywords: deontic modals, miners puzzle, epistemic ‘should’, probability.
Children’s comprehension of pronouns and definites
Authors: Brockmann Saskia , McConnell Sara , Hacquard Valentine , Lidz Jeffrey
Published: January 2021

We present an experiment which tests children’s comprehension of the requirementsof use of pronouns and definites. An adult-like use of definites and pronouns imposes differentbut related requirements. In the case of definites, a unique referent is required in the context,whereas in the case of a pronoun, the referent in the context has to be salient. In this experiment,we use a novel word task to test three-year-olds’ sensitivity to these requirements. Ourresults show that children are adult-like in their sensitivity to salience in their comprehensionof pronouns, compared to definites. However, they failed to show sensitivity to the uniquenessrequirement on the use of definites.Keywords: pronouns, definiteness, language acquisition, salience, uniqueness, familiarity.
Focus on what’s not at issue: gestures, presuppositions, appositives under contrastive focus
Authors: Esipova Maria
Published: January 2021

This paper is an attempt to systematically investigate how contrastive focus interactswith various types of not-at-issue content (co-speech and post-speech gestures, lexical presuppositions,and appositives). I look, in particular, at when focus forces at-issue interpretationsof typically not-at-issue content, when it does not, and when such at-issue interpretations areimpossible even to satisfy focus-related requirements. I conclude that the main factors affectinghow a given type of content aligns along these dimensions are its prosodic (in)dependence andlevel of attachment in the syntax. The two factors also interact in a non-trivial way, in particularfor gestures, which I use as a basis for an analysis of gestures that does not assume that theirtemporal alignment directly determines their semantics (contra Ebert and Ebert, 2014; Ebert,2017; Schlenker, 2018), but instead relies on syntax/semantics and syntax/prosody interaction.Keywords: focus, not-at-issue content, gestures, presuppositions, appositives.
Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 22, 2
Authors: Sauerland Uli , Solt Stephanie
Published: January 2021

ZASPiL 61.2018 contains 29 articles.
On competing degree morphemes in verbs of change in Southern Aymara
Authors: Gabriel Martínez Vera Gabriel
Published: January 2021

In this paper, I address verbal predicates of change in Southern Aymara, an understudiedAndean language. I concentrate on verbs that are derived with the suffix -cha. Thissuffix derives degree achievements and creation predicates. I propose that they should be analyzeduniformly as degree achievements. The main empirical point of this paper is that thereare two degree morphemes that combine with verbs with -cha, namely, a covert positive morphemev.POS and an overt suffix -su. The latter is a degree morpheme that restricts the standardof comparison to lexical or contextual maximal degrees. I propose an analysis in terms of MaximizePresupposition: v.POS and -su constitute lexical alternatives where the latter is preferredover the former when maximal values are reached. v.POS is thus felicitous when no maximumis reached. The discussion bears on how telicity is achieved cross-linguistically when degreeachievements are considered, thus enriching our typologies on the topic.Keywords: degree achievement, creation predicate, telicity, Maximize Presupposition, Aymara.
Underspecified changes: a dynamic, probabilistic frame theory for verbs
Authors: Naumann Ralf , Petersen Wiebke , Gamerschlag Thomas
Published: January 2021

The verb ‘rise’ can be used both with property-denoting nouns like ‘temperature’but also with NPs like ‘a Titan’ or ‘China’. Whereas in the former case the change triggeredby a rising event is directly related to the subject (its current value increases), this does nothold for ‘a titan’ or ‘China’. In this case it is a property of these objects, say their height ortheir political power, which increases in value. Furthermore, ‘rise’ does not target a particularproperty as the examples above show. This data has led Cooper (2010) to the conclusion thatit is presumably not possible (i) “to extract a single general meaning of words which covers allthe particular meanings of the word in context”, and (ii) “to determine once and for all the setof particular contextually determined meanings of a word”. In this article we present a solutionto the two problems raised by ‘rise’ in a frame theory. ‘Rise’ is analyzed as a scalar verb whichdoes not lexicalize a complete scale in its meaning. Rather, it shows underspecification relativeto the dimension (property) parameter of a scale. The set of admissible properties is determinedby a constraint on the value ranges of properties. If the property is not uniquely determinedby the subject, the comprehender uses probabilistic reasoning based on world knowledge anddiscourse information to defeasibly infer the most likely candidates from this set (2nd problem).The first problem is solved not by simply introducing objects into the representation of adiscourse but instead by pairs consisting of an object and an associated frame component whichcollects the object information contributed by the discourse. Changes triggered by events likethe one denoted by ‘rise’ are modelled as update operations on the frame component while theobject component is left unchanged.Keywords: lexical semantics, scalar changes, frame theory, probabilities.
Embedding non-restrictive relative clauses
Authors: Poschmann Claudia
Published: January 2021

Schlenker (2010) recently provided data from English and French suggesting that,contrary to standard assumptions (McCawley, 1982; Potts, 2005; Arnold, 2007; AnderBoiset al., 2011), non-restrictive relative clauses (NRCs) can take narrow scope under operators ofthe sentence within which they are embedded. This paper presents three experiments in Germanconfirming this claim. The results show that embedded readings are available with NRCs inGerman and give first insights into the puzzle under which conditions these embedded readingsdo or do not show up.Keywords: relative clauses, appositives, projection, rhetorical relations.
semantics of Turkish numeral constructions
Authors: Sağ Yağmur
Published: January 2021

This paper explores Turkish numeral constructions, which have typologically twointeresting properties: (i) the existence of an optional classifier, (ii) the incompatibility of pluralswith them. I argue that numerals are modifiers of type <,> defined only foratomic properties (Ionin and Matushansky 2006). The explanation rests on the semantics ofbare singulars proposed to denote sets of atoms (contra Bale et al. 2010), and the semantics ofthe classifier claimed to be a partial identity function presupposing atomic properties.Keywords: numerals, atomicity, number neutrality, plurality, kinds, optional classifiers.
pa/wa of imperative alternatives
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Stegovec Adrian
Published: January 2021

This paper deals with topic markers interacting with discourse information in imperatives.It compares two topic markers from Slovenian (‘pa’) and Japanese (‘-wa’) and showsthat while they mostly match in terms of the foci they associate with, their functions differ inimperatives: only ‘pa’ may yield a concessive imperative reading. It is shown that this readingcan be derived while keeping a single entry for ‘pa’ by making attitudes of discourse participantspart of the focus ‘pa’ associates with. The split between Slovenian and Japanese can then beattributed to minor differences in terms of which foci ‘pa’ and ‘-wa’ may associate with.Keywords: imperatives, Slovenian, Japanese, alternative semantics, topic markers, focus,discourse particles, performative modality.
Morphologische Verbfehler in elizitierten Narrativen bei russisch-deutsch bilingualen Kindern im Grundschulalter
Authors: Vorobyeva Olga
Published: January 2021

This paper focuses on morphological verb errors in elicited narratives of Russian-German primary school bilinguals. The data was collected from 37 children who were separated into four groups according to the age and language acquisition type (simultaneous and successive). The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) (Gagarina et al. 2012) was used for data collection. The narratives produced in mode telling after listening to a model story were analysed and morphological verb errors in Russian and German were classified. Therefore, the error classification of Gagarina (2008) for Russian monolingual children was expanded and for the classification of German errors an own classification was suggested. Errors in Russian typically produced by monolinguals and unique bilingual errors as well were documented. The results show that the language of the environment (German) increases with age. Older children make fewer errors than younger ones. Nevertheless, a strong heterogeneity between children within each group can be observed.
Towards a convivial tool for narrative assessment: Adapting MAIN to Gondi (Dantewada, India), Halbi and Hindi for Gondi- and Halbi-Hindi speaking bilinguals
Authors: Chimirala Uma Maheshwari
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the adaptation of MAIN to Gondi (Dantewada), Halbi and Hindi for Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilinguals. The Gondi and Halbi communities and the context in which Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilingual children are growing up are described, and the adaptation process is outlined together with its theoretical underpinnings. Finally, results from a study of 54 Halbi-Hindi bilinguals from Grade 3 (Mean age = 8.5 years), Grade 5 (Mean age = 10.9 years) and Grade 7 (Mean age = 12.9 years) are presented. The results showed that, for the macrostructure of Grade 3 and Grade 5, L1 retelling was significantly better than L2 retelling, though this pattern was not found in Grade 7 where the performance was at the same level across languages for retelling. Narrative macrostructure was consistently higher in tellings than in the retellings regardless of languages and grades.
The adaptation of MAIN to Luxembourgish
Authors: Weth Constanze , Wealer Cyril
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the addition of Luxembourgish to the language versions of MAIN, the adaption process and the use of MAIN in Luxembourg. A short description of Luxembourg’s multilingual society and trilingual school system as well as an overview of selected morphosyntactic and syntactic features of Luxembourgish introduce the Luxembourgish version of MAIN.
Using LITMUS-MAIN with Norwegian-Russian bilingual children growing up in Norway
Authors: Rodina Yulia
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the experience of using the Norwegian and Russian versions of LITMUS-MAIN to elicit narrative data from bilingual Norwegian-Russian children as well as from Norwegian- and Russian-speaking monolinguals (Rodina 2017, 2018). The paper reports on the slight adaptations to the standardized design, procedure and analysis that were done to make the tasks more suitable for this specific population. It highlights the advantages, challenges, and potential associated with the task against a backdrop of the research conducted with Norwegian-Russian bilinguals in Norway.
Sistem Basis Data Manajemen Akademik dengan Platform Web pada Sekolah Menengah Atas Muhammadiyah 4 Bandung
Authors: Aslamia Ayu Hidayah , Darmadi Herru
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this research is to design a database system that is implemented in a web-based academic management that can be used to support the information system and academic management at Muhammadiyah 4 High School Bandung. The proposed Method in system design includes 2 parts, such as system analysis and product design. Analytical methods include literature studies, interviews, and questionnaire. Meanwhile, the database design method used are three stages database design according to Connoly and Begg. The results achieved are web based academic and database management system at Muhammadiyah High School 4 Bandung. The conclusion obtained from this research is the system is able to provide information needs, faster, accurate, prevent duplication problem of data , to support decision making, to improve effective communication between the user, and to get the information easier.
Identification of Student Academic Performance using the KNN Algorithm
Authors: Nugroho Aldi , Riady Osvaldo Richie , Calvin Alexander , Suhartono Derwin
Published: January 2021

Students are an important asset in the world of education also an institution and therefore also need to pay attention to students' graduation rates on time. The ups and downs of the percentage of students' abilities in classroom learning is one important element for assessing university accreditation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and evaluate teaching and learning activities using the KNN Algorithm classification. By processing student complaints data and seeing the results of previous learning can obtain important things for higher education needs. In predicting graduation rates based on complaints, this study uses the K-Nearest Neighbor classification algorithm by grouping data k = 1, k = 2, k = 3 with the smallest value possible. In experiments using the KNN method the results were clearly visible and showed quite good accuracy. From the experiment it was concluded that if there were fewer complaints from one student it could minimize the level of student non-graduates at the university and ultimately produce good accreditation.
Semantic Segmentation for Aerial Images: A Literature Review
Authors: Sanjaya Yongki Christian , Gunawan Alexander Agung Santoso , Irwansyah Edy
Published: January 2021

Semantic image segmentation is one of the fundamental applications of computer vision which can also be called pixel-level classification. Semantic image segmentation is the process of understanding the role of each pixel in an image. Over time, the model for completing Semantic Image Segmentation has developed very rapidly. Due to this rapid growth, many models related to Semantic Image Segmentation have been produced and have also been used or applied in many domains such as medical areas and intelligent transportation. Therefore, our motivation in making this paper is to contribute to the world of research by conducting a review of Semantic Image Segmentation which aims to provide a big picture related to the latest developments related to Semantic Image Segmentation. In addition, we also provide the results of performance measurements on each of the Semantic Image Segmentation methods that we discussed using the Intersectionover-Union (IoU) method. After that, we provide a comparison for each semantic image segmentation model that we discuss using the results of the IoU and then provide conclusions related to a model that has good performance. We hope this review paper can facilitate researchers in understanding the development of Semantic Image Segmentation in a shorter time, simplify understanding of the latest advancements in Semantic Image Segmentation, and can also be used as a reference for developing new Semantic Image Segmentation models in the future
Anticoagulant group tender review
Authors:   RM Analytiсs, Kalinina Nadezhda
Published: January 2021

In the context of a pandemic, the pharmaceutical industry strives to take all appropriate steps not only to maintain continuity of production, but to ensure uninterrupted procurement and supplies of drugs and medical products. Today, the drugs that are also used to treat coronavirus infection are under the spotlight – the demand for antibiotics, antivirals and anticoagulants has increased. At the same time, there are also issues associated with the “regulatory guillotine”, which complicate the procurement process of essential drugs.
Affordable and modern antithrombotic therapy for atrial fi brillation
Authors:   RM Analytics, Kalinina Nadezhda
Published: January 2021

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia that can be complicated by stroke at the 1 to 30% credible level per year in the absence of anticoagulant therapy, depending on the risk factor profile. Numerous clinical studies have strongly confirmed the efficacy of antithrombotic therapy, mainly with anticoagulants, in patients with AF [1].
Topical issues of pharmaceutical organization systematization
Authors:   Territorial body of the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare for Kostroma region, Kostroma, Russia, Drigo A.E. , Lavrenteva L.I. ,   Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia, Zheltkevich O.V. ,   Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia, Korchkova N.V. ,   Kostroma Regional Pharmacy Base, Kostroma, Russia
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of pharmaceutical activities. The main contradictions of legislation in the approaches to the definition of the concepts of “pharmaceutical organization”, “subject of pharmaceutical activities”, “pharmacy organization”, “type of pharmacy organization” are considered. The problem of uncertainty in the status of a pharmacy organization, an individual entrepreneur with a pharmaceutical license has been identified. The need to develop an unified terminology for the types of pharmacy organizations, indicating their differences according to criteria such as functional purpose and structural features, is indicated. It was proposed to amend the Federal Law-61 taking into account the provisions of Federal Law-323, a new order “On the approval of the types of pharmaceutical organizations.
Ukrainian patent reform: render harmless a utility model
Authors:   Patent Attorney of Ukraine (Kiev), Kirichenko Irina
Published: January 2021

The patent is an amazing thing, it’s like a narcotic: nothing but a chemical formula known for more than one century, registered as a utility model, but can subjugate all other licenses and permits in a way that no other “gun” can. According to Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Rights to Inventions and Utility Models”, a utility model (just as an invention) is the result of human intellectual activity in any sphere of technology i.e. the object of the utility model (UM) may be any product (device, substance etc.) or a process (unlike us, unfortunately our Russian colleagues severely limited innovation activity. For example, Article 1351, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation allows you to protect as a utility model only a technical solution relating to an apparatus).
Narrowbandness of seismic ground displacement on a broader area of the lithosphere and importance on base motion in isolated structures
Authors: Morales César A.
Published: January 2021

Power spectral density of horizontal ground displacement of large and recent events in earthquake-prone Latin America is analyzed. The results confirm -in a larger region of the world- that strong motion horizontal displacement is a narrowband process, which was previously demonstrated solely on a very limited area: the State of California. Nonetheless, those limited and previous results proved to be important in seismic base isolation; particularly, in the solution of the problem of large displacements at the structure base. This is a current problem for which more expensive techniques than passive control are presently being implemented, as active or hybrid control; therefore, it is emphasized that a solution exists within simple base isolation, and it is based on ground displacement narrowbandness.
Study of 2D contaminant transport with depth varying input source in a groundwater reservoir
Authors: Singh Mritunjay Kumar , Rajput Sohini , Singh Rakesh Kumar
Published: January 2021

This study deals with a two-dimensional (2D) contaminant transport problem subject to depth varying input source in a finite homogeneous groundwater reservoir. A depth varying input source at the upstream boundary is assumed as the location of disposal site of the pollutant from where the contaminant enters the soil medium and ultimately to the groundwater reservoir. At the extreme boundary of the flow site, the concentration gradient of the contaminant is assumed to be zero. Contaminant dispersion is considered along the horizontal and vertical directions of the groundwater flow. The governing transport equation is the advection–dispersion equation (ADE) associated with linear sorption and first-order biological degradation. The ADE is solved analytically by adopting Laplace transform method. Crank–Nicolson scheme is also adopted for the numerical simulation of the modelled problem. In the graphical comparison of the analytical and numerical solutions, the numerical solution follows very closely with the analytical solution. Also, Root Mean Square (RMS) error and CPU run time are obtained to account for the performance of the numerical solution.
Prospects for the use of prolonged concentrates of blood clotting factor IX in the treatment of hemophilia B
Authors: Konstantinova V. N. , Andreeva T. A. , Kim A. V.
Published: January 2021

Hemophilia B is a hereditary disease of the blood clotting system caused by a deficiency or molecular abnormalities of blood clotting factor IX. The main method of treatment is intravenous administration of coagulation factor IX concentrates. To optimize treatment and increase patient adherence to therapy, concentrates with a prolonged half-life have been developed.
Treatment of rare bleeding disorders
Authors: Florinskiy D. B. , Zharkov P. A.
Published: January 2021

Rare bleeding disorders include inherited deficiencies of fibrinogen, factors (F)II, FV, FVII, FX, FXI, FXII, and FV + FVIII, as well as a multiple deficiency of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Some of these deficiencies are more studied, due to the large number of patients, some are extremely rare, and so at this stage it is quite difficult for them to develop a universal approach to therapy and prophylactic treatment. The purpose of this review was to evaluate treatment options for these deficiencies.
Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants and their Possible Effect as Therapeutic Agents against COVID-19: A Review
Authors: Khairan Khairan , Idroes Rinaldi , Tallei Trina E. , Nasim Muhammad J. , Jacob Claus
Published: January 2021

Background:

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has
infected more than 117 million people worldwide and caused almost 2.6 million deaths.
Currently, the appropriate therapeutic drugs are not yet available to treat diseases caused by this
coronavirus infection. This is due to the fact that discoveries and developments of new
medications require a lot of time and resources. The alternative solution for this viral infection is
to utilize medicinal plant-based bioactive compounds as therapeutic agents to fight against
COVID-19.

Methods:

Herein, through an extensive search of the literature, we reviewed the potential of some
bioactive compounds from medicinal plants as therapeutic agents against COVID-19. The results
of this review still require further investigation to clinically validate them, either in vitro or in
vivo, in order to find the effective antiviral drugs from medicinal plants for COVID-19 treatment.

Results:

From a total of 60 identified medicinal plants, 50 of them have possible effects as
therapeutic agents against particular target proteins encoded by the coronavirus genes such as
Nsp1, Nsp3 (Nsp3b, Nsp3c, PLpro and Nsp3e), Nsp7-Nsp8, Nsp9-Nsp10, Nsp14-Nsp16
complexes, 3CLpro, E protein, ORF7a, Spike (S) glycoprotein, C-terminal RNA binding domain
(CRBD), N-terminal RNA binding domain (NRBD), helicase and RdRp. The most common
bioactive compounds from the medicinal plants as therapeutic agents for COVID-19 treatment
were flavonoid compounds.

Conclusion:

Medicinal plants can serve as starting points for therapeutic agent development
against some target proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, the results require clinical validation,
either in vitro or in vivo, for COVID-19 treatment.
Evaluating the Safety and Tolerability of Azilsartan Medoxomil Alone or in Combination With Chlorthalidone in the Management of Hypertension: A Systematic Review
Authors: Katsi Vasiliki , Michalakeas Christos , Soulaidopoulos Stergios , Antonopoulos Alexios S. , Vlachopoulos Charalambos , Tousoulis Dimitris , Tsioufis Konstantinos
Published: January 2021

Background:

Azilsartan medoxomil (AZM) is the newest representative in the class of
angiotensin receptor blockers. Azilsartan medoxomil in combination with the older diuretic
chlorthalidone (CLD) in fixed-doses of AZM/CLD 40/12.5 mg and 40/25 mg has been approved
by the FDA for use in patients with essential hypertension. We sought to evaluate the safety and tolerability
of AZL-M alone and in combination with CLD.

Methods:

We conducted a search in PubMed using the keywords ‘azilsartan’, ‘azilsartan medoxomil’,
‘chlorthalidone, ‘safety’, ‘tolerability’ in order to find scientific studies evaluating the safety
of these drugs. We included studies reporting side effects of these drugs, alone or in combination,
in comparison to placebo or other antihypertensive medications. For our systematic review, we followed
the PRISMA guidelines.

Results:

Azilsartan medoxomil is a potent antihypertensive medicine with an acceptable safety profile.
The most commonly reported adverse events are dizziness, headache, fatigue, upper respiratory
tract infection and urinary tract infection. Chlorthalidone is more potent and has a considerably
longer duration of action than the most commonly prescribed diuretic hydrochlorothiazide. Safety
and tolerability between these two drugs are similar except higher serum uric acid and lower potassium
levels with chlorthalidone.

Conclusions:

The combination of azilsartan medoxomil with chlorthalidone has been shown to be
effective in lowering blood pressure with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. This fixeddose
combination is an attractive treatment option for hypertension management.
Exploring the Incidence of Premature Rupture of Membrane and its Associated Factors in Public Hospitals of Eastern Zone Tigray Region, Ethiopia, 2019
Authors: Weldegeorges Desta Abraha , Welay Fissaha Tekulu , Mengesha Meresa Berwo , Gebremeskel Senait Gebreslasie , Kassahun Selam Shushay , Gebremedhin Tsige Shushay
Published: January 2021

Background:

Premature membrane rupture is an obstetric emergency when the fetal membrane ruptures and the amniotic fluid is expelled from the uterus at least one hour before the start of labor. The incidence of PROM during pregnancy is a concern to obstetrics as it is associated with many adverse pregnancy outcomes such as chorioamnionitis oligohydramnios, preterm labour, neonatal sepsis and neonatal asphyxia.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to explore the incidence of premature rupture of membranes and its associated factors in public hospitals of the eastern zone, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2019.

Methods:

The authors used a facility-based cross-sectional study design to study 212 participants from April to May 2019. The sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula. An interviewer-administered, pre-tested, and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The analysis was run using SPSS version 20. Finally, the odds ratio with 95% CI was used to measure the association after multivariable analysis and statistical significance was evaluated at p-value <0.05.

Results:

The incidence of premature rupture of a membrane in this study was 29 (13.7%). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that predictors like multigravida 2.1(1.94-6.03) having sexually transmitted infection AOR 1.3 and 95% CI (1.02-5.56) and previous history of premature rupture of membrane AOR and 95% CI 3.9 (1.9-10.02) were found to be associated with the occurrence of premature rupture of membrane.

Conclusions:

The incidence of premature rupture of the membrane in this study was high. Hence its occurrence put the health of the mother and the fetus in danger. Pregnant mothers with preexisting obstetric and medical cases should be followed with special emphasis as a pretext to prevent the occurrence of maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes.