bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compositional flow in porous media: Riemann problem for three alkanes
Authors: Matos Vítor , Marchesin Dan
Published: July 2017

We consider the flow in a porous medium of three fluid compounds such as alkanes with different boiling points; the compounds partition into a liquid and a gaseous phase. Under some judiciously chosen physical assumptions, the flow is governed by a system of conservation laws; we derive the expression for the Rankine-Hugoniot locus, which involves a parameter dependent fifth degree polynomial in two variables. This expression allows us to establish in detail the bifurcation behavior of the locus

Supplemented by the analysis of characteristic speeds and eigenvectors, the bifurcation analysis of the Rankine-Hugoniot locus is the enabling fulcrum for solving the Riemann problem for all data, which should be a prototype for general three component flow of two phases in porous media. Despite the existence of many similarities between this model and earlier models where proofs were not possible, here we managed to prove analytically many features.

This system of conservation laws has three equations yet it leads to a characteristic polynomial of degree two; this peculiar feature has been unveiled recently, and it is typical of flow of fluids that change density upon changing phase.
The Road Ahead for America's Colleges and Universities
Authors: Archibald Robert B. , Feldman David H.
Published: July 2017

This book evaluates the threats—real and perceived—that American colleges and universities must confront over the next thirty years. Those threats include rising costs endemic to personal services like higher education, growing income inequality in the United States that affects how much families can pay, demographic changes that will affect demand, and labor market changes that could affect the value of a degree. The book also evaluates changing patterns of state and federal support for higher education, and new digital technologies rippling through the entire economy. Although there will be great challenges ahead for America’s complex mix of colleges and universities, this book’s analysis is an antidote to the language of crisis that dominates contemporary public discourse. The bundle of services that four-year colleges and universities provide likely will retain their value for the traditional age range of college students. The division between in-person education for most younger students and online coursework for older and returning students appears quite stable. This book provides a view that is less pessimistic about the present, but more worried about the future. The diverse American system of four-year institutions is resilient and adaptable. But the threats this book identifies will weigh most heavily on the schools that disproportionately serve America’s most at-risk students. The future could cement in place a bifurcated higher education system, one for the children of privilege and great potential and one for the riskier social investment in the children of disadvantage.
Subjects and Sovereign
Authors: Muller Hannah Weiss
Published: July 2017

In the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War, when a variety of conquered and ceded territories became part of an expanding British Empire, crucial struggles emerged about what it meant to be a “British subject.” In Grenada, Quebec, Minorca, Gibraltar, and Bengal, individuals debated the meanings and rights of subjecthood, with many capitalizing on legal ambiguities and local exigencies to secure access to political and economic benefits. In the hands of inhabitants and colonial administrators, subjecthood became a shared language, practice, and opportunity as individuals proclaimed their allegiance to the crown and laid claim to a corresponding set of protections. Approaching subjecthood as a protean and porous concept, rather than an immutable legal status, Subjects and Sovereigns demonstrates that it was precisely subjecthood’s fluidity and imprecision rendered it useful to a remarkably diverse group of individuals. This book revisits the traditional bond between subject and sovereign, arguing that this relationship endured as a powerful site for claims-making throughout the eighteenth century. Muller analyzes both legal understandings of subjecthood, as well as the popular tradition of declaring rights, to demonstrate why subjects believed they were entitled to make requests of their sovereign. She reconsiders narratives of upheaval and transformation during the Age of Revolution and insists on the relevance and utility of existing structures of state and sovereign. Emphasizing the stories of subjects who successfully leveraged their loyalty and negotiated their status, Subjects and Sovereign also explores how and why subjecthood remained an organizing and contested principle of the eighteenth-century British Empire.
Hobbes, Universal Names, and Nominalism
Authors: Duncan Stewart
Published: July 2017

This chapter addresses the nominalism of Thomas Hobbes. It begins by examining the ways in which Hobbes presented and argued for nominalist views in a series of works, including The Elements of Law (1641), Leviathan (1651), and De Corpore (1655). It then considers two prominent criticisms of Hobbes’s views. The first is a criticism from the seventeenth century, associated with the claim that Hobbes was an ultranominalist. This criticism, made by Descartes, More, and Leibniz, was that Hobbes’s view made it impossible for people speaking different languages to talk about the same thing. The second criticism, which has been prominent more recently, is that Hobbes fails to be a consistent nominalist, because his explanations appeal to similarity, and this appeal itself involves a universal.
Computation, Interpretation, and Mediation
Authors: Kockelman Paul
Published: July 2017

The chapter shows the fundamental importance of ideas from computer science to the concerns of linguistic anthropology (and to the concerns of culture-rich and context-sensitive approaches to communication more generally). It reviews some of the key concepts and claims of computer science (language, recognition, automaton, Universal Turing Machine, and so forth). It argues that the sieve, as both a physical device and an analytic concept, is of fundamental importance not just to anthropology, but also to linguistics, biology, philosophy, and critical theory. And it argues that computers, as both engineered and imagined, are essentially text-generated and text-generating sieves. In relating computer science to linguistic anthropology, this chapter also attempts to build bridges between long-standing rivals: face to face interaction and mathematical abstraction, linguistic relativity and universal grammar, mediators and intermediaries.
Electoral Reform
Authors: Martínez i Coma Ferran
Published: July 2017

This chapter theorizes that international monitors can seek to improve electoral integrity both through deterrence effects (preventing malpractices from occurring) and prospective reforms (making recommendations for improvements in electoral laws, administrative procedures, and practices). In this regard, monitors seek to share awareness of best practices and common policies, providing the basis for further technical assistance and advice. Most observer reports by international agencies contain a series of recommendations. However, the contents of these proposals, and their impact, have not been compared systematically in previous research. Focusing on the activities of the Organization of American States, this chapter analyzes the recommendations made in a series of reports in Latin American elections and whether these are linked with subsequent legal and administrative reforms in these countries.
Protective Effects of Japanese Soybean Paste (Miso) on Stroke in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP)
Authors: Watanabe Hiromitsu , Sasatani Megumi , Doi Toshiki , Masaki Takao , Satoh Kenichi , Yoshizumi Masao
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS

Soybean isoflavones have been shown to reduce the risk of cerebral infarction in humans according to epidemiological studies. However, whether intake of miso can reduce the incidence of stroke in animal models remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of soybean paste (miso) in an animal model of stroke.

METHODS

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were fed a miso diet (normal diet 90%, miso 10%; final NaCl content 2.8%), a high salt diet (normal diet and NaCl 2.5%; final NaCl content 2.8%), or a low salt diet (normal diet; final NaCl content 0.3%).

RESULTS

Kaplan–Meier survival curves revealed a significantly lower survival rate in the high salt group compared to the miso group (P = 0.002) and the low salt group (P ≤ 0.001). Large hemorrhagic macules were found in the cerebrum in the high salt group, whereas none were found in the other 2 groups. There were also fewer histological and immunohistochemical changes in the brain and kidneys in the miso group compared to the high salt group.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that miso may have protective effects against stroke despite its high salt content.
Clofazimine in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections: A Growing Niche
Authors: McGuffin Sarah A , Pottinger Paul S , Harnisch James P
Published: July 2017

Infection secondary to rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in individuals with underlying structural lung disease or immune compromise. Such infections, particularly those caused by the Mycobacterium abscessus group, are challenging to treat due to high virulence, antibiotic resistance, and the lack of effective and tolerable therapies. Although novel antimycobacterials are under development, clofazimine—a drug historically administered as part of multidrug therapy regimens for Mycobacterium leprae—holds promise as a chemotherapeutic for the treatment of RGM. The history, pharmacologic properties of clofazimine, as well as in vitro and in vivo studies against RGM are described here and highlight a potential new niche for an old drug.
Why Positionality Matters in Deaf Education Research
Authors: Graham Patrick J. , Horejes Thomas P.
Published: July 2017

The positionality of any researcher influences the data collection of their research directly or indirectly, which in turn has an impact on the research being conducted. This chapter discusses the importance of reflecting on one’s own insider and outsider positionality and how they contribute to the study design, research measures, and dynamics of the research team. Positionality and intersectional perspectives are also examined as important elements of the research. Using examples from international research experiences, this chapter offers examples of how positionality concerns arose in our research. Finally, this chapter outlines different approaches and solutions that our research team used to address the complexities that arose surrounding positionalities, which become possible strategies for any researcher wanting to study deaf education.
Conclusion—Cracking the China Conundrum
Authors: Huang Yukon
Published: July 2017

This chapter brings together the factors that have shaped perceptions about China’s economic rise. It begins by discussing the diverging views of China’s economic prospects. This has implications for the debate about the role of the state and prospects for political liberalization framed against President Xi’s corruption campaign and more aggressive foreign policies. Observers see China through their own self-prescribed lens. Factors shaping such perceptions fall under three themes. The first relates to geopolitical tensions and mistrust; the second to location and choice of comparators, complicated by China’s size, speed of change and complexity; and the third is China’s differing institutions and relevance of traditional analytical frameworks. In addition, lack of transparency complicates judgments. Understanding the nature of these differences is the initial step in forging more constructive relations between China as an abnormal great power and the rest of the world.
Multiracial Identity and Racial Politics in the United States
Authors: Masuoka Natalie
Published: July 2017

This book highlights a new cultural norm to racially self-identify as “multiracial” and offers evidence on the possible political implications of this racial identity. It first catalogues a cultural shift from assigning race to perceiving race as a product of personal identification by tracing events over the course of the twentieth century. Chapters then present evidence from a variety of sources including in-depth interviews, public opinion surveys and census data to understand how certain individuals embrace the agency of self-identification and choose to assert multiracial identities. An included case study on President Barack Obama shows how multiracial identity narratives can be strategically used to reduce anti-black bias among voters. The book concludes by discussing how narratives promoting multiracial identities are in direct dialogue with, rather than in replacement of, the longstanding racial order.
The Economics of American Art
Authors: Ekelund Jr. Robert B. , Jackson John D. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: July 2017

The Economics of American Art focuses solely on critical economic aspects of the full range of American art (as opposed to art produced and traded in the United States). After a brief introduction to the history of this market, simple economics in both narrative and statistical form is used to plumb a number of important topics and issues. Using a unique sample of 14,000 art auction observations between 1987 and 2013 of eighty American artists born before 1950, several important topics related to art and the marketplace are examined. These include such matters as the age at which artists achieve peak productivity. Further, the authors query whether the undeniably “innovative” art being produced in the United States today is partially related to marketing and modern selling techniques rather than the age-related link most often offered as explanation. Marketing techniques and the “fairness” of auction house estimates are evaluated in this regard. Other aspects of the auction marker, such as “bought-ins” and “burning,” are also addressed. The authors show statistically that there are two basic markets for American art: that produced prior to 1950 and that (post-1950) labeled “contemporary.” Investment in the latter, the authors conclude, may be far more remunerative. The disturbing issues of art crime, money laundering with art, fakes, and fraud are analyzed, with the costs and benefits of such activities in mind, as are the issues of the impact of an artist’s death and the appearance of bubbles in the art market.
The Phonology of Chichewa
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

Bantu languages have played and continue to play an important role as a source of data illustrating core phonological processes—vowel harmony, nasal place assimilation, postnasal laryngeal alternations, tonal phenomena such as high tone spread and the OCP, prosodic morphology, and the phonology–syntax interface. Chichewa, in particular, has been a key language in the development of theoretical approaches to these phonological phenomena. This book provides thorough descriptive coverage, presented in a clear, atheoretical manner, of the full range of phonological phenomena of Chichewa. Less well-studied topics—such as positional asymmetries in the distribution of segments, the phonetics of tone, and intonation—are also included. The book surveys, where relevant, important recent theoretical approaches to phonological problems—such as vowel harmony, the phonology–syntax interface, focus prosody, and reduplication—where Chichewa data is routinely referred to in the theoretical literature. The book will therefore serve as a resource for phonologists—at all levels and working in different theoretical frameworks—who are interested in the processes discussed. Because many of the phonological processes in Chichewa are conditioned by particular morphological or syntactic contexts, the book should also be of interest to linguists working on the interfaces. As there are almost no other monographs on the phonology of Bantu languages available, this book serves as an excellent introduction to core issues in the phonology of Bantu languages.
Kant on Judging and the Will
Authors: Buroker Jill Vance
Published: July 2017

Kant’s Critical philosophy depends on the distinction between theoretical and practical reason, which he borrowed from Aristotle. But unlike Aristotle Kant claims that theoretical reason is subordinate to practical reason. This raises the possibility that theoretical judging could be a voluntary activity. This chapter investigates Kant’s view of the relation between theoretical judgments and the will. Based on Andrew Chignell’s recent work, it is argued that Kant recognizes the legitimate direct use of the will only in judgments he labels Belief (Glaube). With respect to Knowledge, his position is identical to Descartes’s position on clear and distinct perception. An analysis of Kant’s voluntarism regarding the activities of theoretical reason provides a model for subordinating theoretical reason to practical reason.
Actual Causation
Authors: Hitchcock Christopher
Published: July 2017

This chapter connects two themes in the work of Peter Menzies: (1) the agency theory of causation; and (2) the analysis of actual causation in terms of structural equation models together with considerations of normality. According to the latter type of analysis, actual causation involves certain kinds of path-specific effects. What is the practical benefit of knowing about such effects? The chapter argues that such knowledge is not necessary for one-shot decisions, but is crucial for plans that involve multiple steps. Such plans require that we know how our interventions will work in conjunction with future interventions that are feasible, expected, and desirable. This explains both the focus on path-specific effects, and the sensitivity of actual causation to considerations of normality.
Cause without Default
Authors: Blanchard Thomas , Schaffer Jonathan
Published: July 2017

Must causal models distinguish default from deviant events? Yes, say Menzies (2004, 2007), Hitchcock (2007), Hall (2007), and Halpern (2008), inter alia. No, argues this chapter. It argues that adding defaults into causal models (1) generates complicating and under-constrained unclarities, (2) fails to solve the problems it has been claimed to solve, and (3) fails to fit the most psychologically plausible accounts of how norms influence cognition generally. Instead of adding defaults into causal models, it recommends clarifying the background constraints on what counts as an apt causal model, and attending to background cognitive biases about the availability of alternatives.
Which Face Comes First? The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office
Authors: Bardi Luciano , Calossi Enrico , Pizzimenti Eugenio
Published: July 2017

Recently, students of European parties have come to agree that organizational power has been concentrating in the party in public office (PPO), whose particular interests and objectives shape those of the party at large. This process of growing autonomy of the PPO—hypothesized by Katz and Mair—goes hand in hand with that of party penetration of the state and with a corresponding decline of party presence within civil society. This chapter aims to verify, empirically, if the PPO is indeed moving in the direction of becoming the strongest party organizational ‘face’. It also investigates whether the degree of ascendancy of the PPO varies 1) across parties and 2) across countries. To this end, it analyses persistence and change in party organizations across ten European countries, from the 1970s to 2010, using data from the Political Party Database Project (PPDB) and comparable data from the Party Organizations Data Handbook.
The Paradox of Party Funding
Authors: Biezen Ingrid van , Kopecký Petr
Published: July 2017

This chapter addresses the role of public funding in party organizational transformation. Focusing mainly on European democracies, and using the new systematic data obtained from the Political Party Database, this chapter makes two contributions to the party politics literature. First, a range of existing findings about the importance of state subsidies for party life are re-examined, probing in particular the extent to which party incomes depend on public funding, as opposed to private donations and membership fees. Second, the association between parties’ dependence on state subsidies and party organization is explored, probing in particular the relationship between public monies and the size of parties’ memberships. Unlike the first exploration, which largely confirms most existing conclusions about the patterns of party financing, the findings from the second exploration appear to be more challenging: contrary to usual expectations, state funding of political parties does not necessarily undermine party membership.
Patterns of Intra-Party Democracy across the World
Authors: Bolin Niklas , Aylott Nicholas , Berge Benjamin von dem , Poguntke Thomas
Published: July 2017

Despite the widespread recognition of the relevance of intra-party democracy (IPD), there has been a lamentable scarcity of empirical data suitable for large-N cross-sectional comparative analysis. This has changed with the Political Party Database Project (PPDB) project. Against this background this chapter sheds some light on questions about whether and how IPD varies systematically by country and party level criteria. The empirical analysis shows that country-level factors are generally more important than party-level factors. Most importantly, the existence of a party law and levels of trust and affluence are associated with higher levels of IPD. However, the authors also find that smaller parties, in terms of membership size, are associated with higher levels of IPD. While the results must be interpreted with some caution, the authors believe they constitute a first step towards reframing the scholarly debate on IPD from what is normatively desirable to a discussion about causes and consequences of variations in IPD.
Rules of Engagement?
Authors: Kosiara-Pedersen Karina , Scarrow Susan E. , Haute Emilie van
Published: July 2017

This chapter investigates whether variations in party affiliation rules have political consequences, looking in particular at their effects on partisan participation. The research presented here combines data from the Political Party Database (PPDB) with surveys of party members and party supporters, looking for evidence of whether potential affiliates’ behaviour is sensitive to the relative costs of party membership. The data suggest that such sensitivity exists, with supporters being more likely to join parties which offer more benefits, and which offer membership at a lower price. They are also less likely to acquire traditional membership if cheaper affiliation options exist. Conversely, when membership is relatively costly, those who do join are more likely to use their membership by being active in the party. Our findings provide some support for demand-side views of party membership, according to which political parties are able to use membership rules to affect who joins a party.
Conclusion
Authors: Webb Paul D. , Poguntke Thomas , Scarrow Susan E.
Published: July 2017

This chapter briefly recaps the findings of this volume, then addresses more general questions concerning the types of organizational patterns that researchers should expect to find, and the most fruitful approaches to understanding the origins and implications of those patterns. The authors review the PPDB data in order to assess the empirical applicability of various well-known ideal-types of parties. They find that only a minority of the cases in the dataset fit into one of these ideal-type categories—even when the bar is set low for such classification. It is argued that the ideal-type approach, while it has its merits, is less useful as a practical guide for empirical research than analytical frameworks based on the key dimensions of party organization—resources, structures, and representational strategies. The chapter closes by emphasizing the very real consequences that the organizational choices made by parties can have for representative democracy.
How Reforms Fail
Authors: Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2017

This chapter shows that political decision-makers need to solve two difficult problems when they build support for reforms by compensating losers. First of all, compensation can be economically and politically costly, and political decision-makers take four types of costs into account when they decide whether a reform is worth pursuing: dilution costs, deadweight costs, internal costs, and audience costs. Second, winners cannot always commit to compensation, which matters greatly to a political system's level of reform capacity since promises of compensation ring hollow if the losers believe that those promises will not, in fact, be fulfilled. The empirical examples discussed in the chapter include a comparative case study of reforms in Belgium and the Netherlands, a comparative analysis of government debt in parliamentary democracies, and a discussion of democratic paralysis in the United States since the 1980s.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Social Investment
Authors: Deken Johan De
Published: July 2017

The chapter develops a typology of social investment that seeks to go beyond a conceptualization based on a mere dichotomy between ‘compensation’ and ‘investment’, by analysing these policies in terms of the kind of capital that is invested in the targeted population. Next, it discusses some of the conceptual limitations of the approach. A second part is dedicated to operationalizing the concept, focusing on the input side of the policy process. It discusses what one can and cannot do with social expenditure, by allocating the different policy branches that the OECD distinguishes in its Social Expenditure Database (SOCX) within the proposed typology. It concludes by discussing a series of methodological problems with regard to interpreting cross-national and longitudinal variation in spending patterns to qualify the observed changes.
The Truncated German Social Investment Turn
Authors: Seeleib-Kaiser Martin
Published: July 2017

Traditionally Germany has been categorized as the archetypical conservative welfare state, a categorization not systematically questioned in much of the comparative welfare state regime literature. For many scholars Germany was largely stuck and unable to reform its coordinated market economy and welfare state arrangements at the turn of the twenty-first century, due to a large number of veto points and players and the dominance of two ‘welfare state parties’. More recent research has highlighted a widening and deepening of the historically institutionalized social protection dualism, whilst at the same time significant family policy transformations, which can be considered as partially in line with the social investment paradigm, have been emphasized. This chapter sets out to sketch the main policy developments and aims to identify political determinants of social policy change in Germany.
Social Investment in Latin America
Authors: Sandberg Johan , Nelson Moira
Published: July 2017

This chapter aims to understand the viability of the SIA in Latin America by focusing on the extent to which conditional cash transfers (CCTs) fulfil the stock, flow, and buffer functions of social investment. Despite evidence that CCTs make important social investment contributions, our analysis shows that they are inadequately supported by policies impacting before (e.g. early childhood education and care (ECEC), and preschool), during (e.g. educational reforms to increase quality of teaching and learning), and after educational trajectories (e.g. labour-market policies). This points to the vast importance of policy context in planning, designing, and implementing social investments. Programmes like CCTs have, to date, been implemented on the margins of existing welfare and social policy systems, and gaps could be addressed in the short and medium term through a comprehensive SIA that ideally pursues three interrelated objectives.
Social Investment, Social Democracy, Neoliberalism, and Xenophobia
Authors: Crouch Colin
Published: July 2017

The first social investment welfare state (SIWS) strategy in the 1990s marked a constructive compromise between social democracy and neoliberalism, but it left too many social democratic needs unfulfilled. But any attempt at its renegotiation must deal with the fact that neoliberals today are more aggressive than in the late 1990s. However, the rise of xenophobic populism and its threat to the neoliberal project might persuade policymakers of the relative attractiveness of a positive relationship with social democracy. A reformulated version of SIWS along Hemerijck’s lines would be a fundamental part of such a relationship, and this is what is discussed throughout this chapter.
Science at the Seaside
Authors: Hadjiafxendi Kyriaki , Plunkett John
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that the scientific and imaginative appeal of the Devon coast in the mid-Victorian period played a key role in the development of popular science and, more particularly, marine biology. It also played an important part in the tourist development of resorts such as Ilfracombe and Torquay. The publications of Philip Henry Gosse, Charles Kingsley, George Tugwell, and George Henry Lewes, among others, helped to encourage a fascination with the littoral space of the seashore, and the exotic creatures that could be found there. As a leisure pursuit, natural history combined pleasure, curiosity, and spectacle with an enlightenment desire to better understand the surrounding world. The popularity of seaside science was given a further boost by the refinement of the marine aquarium by Gosse; their domestic display became a fashionable craze of the 1850s.
Fields—Maxwell’s Equations
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

Chapter 3 explores the concept of the field, which is necessary to describe forces without resorting to action at a distance, and uses it to describe electromagnetism, as encapsulated by the Maxwell equations. First, scalar fields and the Klein–Gordon equation are discussed. Vector calculus is introduced. The physical meaning of Maxwell’s equations is explained. The equations are then solved for electrostatic fields. Non-uniform charge distributions and dipole moments are discussed. The vector and scalar potentials are introduced. Electromagnetic wave solutions of Maxwell’s equations are found and the Hertz experiment is described. Magnetostatics is discussed briefly. The Lorentz force is described and used to determine the motion of a charged particle in a cyclotron or synchrotron. The action principle for electromagnetism is described. The energy and momentum carried by the electromagnetic field are calculated. The reaction of a charged particle to its own electromagnetic field is considered.
Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics is further developed in order to address real-world 3-dimensional physics. 3-dimensional vector notation is used for quantum mechanical operators and the Schrödinger equation is presented in this notation. The density of states of a particle in a box is considered. The angular momentum operators are defined. The eigenfunctions of the Laplacian are found. The Schrödinger equation with a spherical potential is analysed and solved for a Coulomb potential. The spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom is discussed. The spin operators are introduced. The Stern–Gerlach experiment and the Zeeman effect are discussed. The quantum mechanics of identical particles is considered and fundamental particles are shown to behave as either bosons or fermions depending on their spin. The action and the Feynman path integral are shown to offer an alternative approach to quantum mechanics that elucidates the connection between quantum and classical physics.
Atoms, Molecules and Solids
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

Chapter 9 presents an introductory overview of quantum chemistry and solid state physics. First, the Periodic Table is examined in terms of atomic structure, electron orbitals and the shell model. Simple polar and non-polar molecules are considered in terms of the overlap of atomic orbitals which gives rise to covalent bonding between atoms. Hückel theory is used to analyse the electronic structure of benzene and polyene molecules. These ideas are extended to periodic solids. Bloch’s theorem is used to explain their band structure in terms of molecular orbital theory. Band theory provides an explanation of the distinctions between metals, semi-conductors and insulators. Caesium chloride is used to illustrate how the band structure and properties of an ionic compound arise from its atomic structure. Metals are discussed, with emphasis on copper as an illustrative example, and the significance of the Fermi surface is explained. Ferromagnetism is considered in the transition metals.
Stars
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

This chapter gives a concise account of stellar theory. The Sun is presented as a starting point for the study of stars and a test-bed for theories of stellar structure. The Herzsprung–Russell diagram provides the basis for the classification and understanding of stars. The equations of stellar structure are derived and used to describe main sequence stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis and the principal nuclear processes are described, including the proton–proton chain, CNO cycle and triple alpha process. Simple relationships describing stellar properties are derived from the stellar structure functions. These include the mass–radius, mass–temperature and temperature–luminosity relations. The evolution of giant stars beyond the main sequence is discussed, along with their subsequent evolution into white dwarfs or neutron stars. Various types of supernovae and the nuclear processes that occur during such explosions are discussed, along with a detailed account of supernova SN1987A.
Playing with Fire
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

From the early 1990s many emerging and developing economies (EDEs) liberalized their capital accounts, allowing greater freedom for international lenders and investors to enter their markets, as well as for their residents to operate in international financial markets. Despite recurrent crises, liberalization has accelerated in the new millennium. Global financial integration of EDEs has been greatly facilitated by progressively looser US monetary policy, notably policies culminating in crises in the US and Europe and the ultra-easy monetary policies adopted in response. Not only have traditional cross-border financial linkages of EDEs deepened and their external balance sheets expanded rapidly, but also foreign presence in their domestic markets and the presence of their nationals in foreign markets have reached unprecedented proportions. As a result new channels have emerged for the transmission of financial shocks from global boom–bust cycles. Almost all EDEs are now vulnerable irrespective of their balance-of-payments, external debt, net foreign assets, and international reserves positions, although these play an important role in the way such shocks could impinge on them. This is a matter for concern since the multilateral system lacks mechanisms to prevent beggar-thy-neighbour policies in major advanced economies that exert strong impact on global economic and financial conditions or for orderly and equitable resolution of financial crises with international dimensions. This volume provides a comprehensive treatment of global financial linkages of EDEs and the vulnerabilities they entail, based on a rich set of data and information that have not been put together so far in the literature.
Stalin's Defectors
Authors: Edele Mark
Published: July 2017

Stalin’s Defectors is the first systematic study of the phenomenon of front-line surrender to the Germans in the Soviet Union’s ‘Great Patriotic War’ against the Nazis in 1941–5. No other Allied army in the Second World War had such a large share of defectors among its prisoners of war. Based on a broad range of sources, this book investigates the extent, the context, the scenarios, the reasons, the aftermath, and the historiography of front-line defection. It shows that the most widespread sentiment animating attempts to cross the front line was a wish to survive this war. Disgruntlement with Stalin’s ‘socialism’ was also prevalent among those who chose to give up and hand themselves over to the enemy. While politics thus played a prominent role in pushing people to commit treason, few desired to fight on the side of the enemy. Hence, while the phenomenon of front-line defection tells us much about the lack of popularity of Stalin’s regime, it does not prove that the majority of the population was ready for resistance, let alone collaboration. Both sides of a long-standing debate between those who equate all Soviet captives with defectors, and those who attempt to downplay the phenomenon, then, over-stress their argument. Instead, more recent research on the moods of both the occupied and the unoccupied Soviet population shows that the majority understood its own interest in opposition to both Hitler’s and Stalin’s regime. The findings of this book support such an interpretation.
Liberal Equality and the Moral Status of Parent-Child Relationships
Authors: Olsaretti Serena
Published: July 2017

The justification of the parent-child relationship that lies at the core of the family raises two main challenges for liberal egalitarianism: the challenge of authority and the challenge of partiality. These point, respectively, to the burdens of justifying to children their parents’ having rights over them, and to third parties parents’ favoring of their children in ways that negatively affects others. This paper examines some recent attempts at justifying the family and meeting these two challenges by appealing to the non-instrumental value of the parent-child relationship. It argues that these accounts do not capture some important convictions about the moral status of the parent-child relationship and thereby do not fully meet the two stated challenges. The paper also offers an alternative basis for justifying the parent-child relationship on which parents, by virtue of being morally responsible for their children’s existence, have an obligation to enter a relationship with them.
Political Philosophy and Epistemology
Authors: Enoch David
Published: July 2017

Public reason theorists in political philosophy—roughly, Rawlsians—often make what sure sound like epistemological statements. They talk about justifying principles to others, about the uncertainty with which we should hold our evaluative commitments, about reasonable persons and comprehensive doctrines, about a morally politically motivated higher epistemic standard, about intellectual modesty, and, of course, about the burdens of judgment. But they rarely explain, let alone defend, these seemingly epistemological commitments, nor do they engage contemporary epistemological literature. This paper exposes these commitments to epistemological scrutiny, arguing that at the end of the day they cannot be vindicated. It focuses on what, on such theories, a reasonable person who is nevertheless committed to a comprehensive doctrine believes, and on what epistemic standard may be politically relevant in this context.
Proxy Battles in Just War Theory
Authors: Lazar Seth , Valentini Laura
Published: July 2017

Orthodox just war theorists argue that the principles governing conduct in war—jus in bello—broadly track the current laws of armed conflict. Revisionists deny this. This chapter argues that these first-order disagreements are traceable to second-order disputes about (i) the appropriate site of principles of jus in bello and (ii) the feasibility constraints that theorizing about jus in bello should take into account. Regarding (i), orthodox theorists focus on the institutions that govern armed conflict, revisionists on individuals’ conduct. The chapter shows that, holding a given site constant, the substantive disagreement between the camps shrinks. Regarding (ii), orthodox theorists factor likely non-compliance into the design of the jus in bello, revisionists resist this move. It is argued that, relative to the site for which each is theorizing, both stances are defensible. Attention to second-order disputes in the ethics of war helps us better diagnose and adjudicate first-order ones.
Toward Nonlocal Gravitation
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

Is gravity nonlocal? Einstein interpreted the principle of equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses to mean that there exists a profound relationship between inertia and gravitation. Based on Einstein’s fundamental insight, it would seem natural to extend history dependence to the gravitational domain. However, it is not clear how to develop a nonlocal extension of Einstein’s local principle of equivalence. To go forward, we therefore choose an indirect approach based on a certain analogy with electromagnetism. In a material medium, the electromagnetic constitutive relations are nonlocal and this fact leads to the nonlocal electrodynamics of media. It turns out that general relativity can be formulated in a form that resembles the electrodynamics of media. Making the corresponding gravitational constitutive relations nonlocal would then lead to nonlocal GR. This indirect approach is adopted in the rest of this book.
Nonlocal Gravity and Dark Matter
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

The implications of linearized NLG for the gravitational physics of the Solar System, spiral galaxies and nearby clusters of galaxies are critically examined in this chapter. In the Newtonian regime, NLG involves a reciprocal kernel with three length parameters. We discuss the determination of these parameters by comparing the predictions of the theory with observational data. Furthermore, the virial theorem for the Newtonian regime of NLG is derived and its consequences for nearby “isolated” astronomical systems in virial equilibrium are investigated. For such a galaxy, in particular, the galaxy’s baryonic diameter namely, the diameter of the smallest sphere that completely surrounds the baryonic system at the present time, is predicted to be larger than the basic nonlocality lengthscale, which is about 3 kpc, times the effective dark matter fraction of the galaxy.
Let There Be Lights
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 6 describes solid-state lighting. It covers electroluminescence light-emitting diodes, quantum dots, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), liquid crystals and liquid crystal displays. The importance of synthesis of high purity semiconductors for lighting applications is stressed. Use of materials to produce clear white light is outlined. Association structures in solution such as micelles and liquid crystals are described.
Moral Testimony
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: July 2017

Is there anything peculiarly bad about accepting moral testimony? According to pessimists, trusting moral testimony is an inadequate substitute for working out your moral views on your own. Enlightenment requires thinking for oneself, at least where morality is concerned. Optimists, by contrast, aim to show that trusting moral testimony isn’t bad largely by arguing that it’s no worse than trusting testimony generally. Essentially, they play defense. However, this chapter goes on the offensive. It explores two reasons for thinking that trusting another person’s moral testimony is especially good. The first is an extended application of some of the lessons from recent discussions about epistemic injustice. The second, borrowing some cryptic epistemological thoughts from the young Marx, is that trusting another’s moral testimony is necessary for perfecting ourselves. It concludes that it can be better to accept moral testimony than to arrive at the same moral view on your own.
A New Narrative for Psychology
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

A New Narrative for Psychology is a far-reaching book that seeks to reorient how scholars and laypersons study and think about persons and the goals of psychological understanding. The book provides a challenging critique of contemporary variable-centered, statistical methods, revealing what these approaches to psychological research leave unexplored; it presents readers with a cutting-edge, narrative, approach for getting at the thorny problem of meaning making in human lives. For readers unfamiliar with narrative psychology, this is an excellent first text, which considers the history of narrative psychology and its place in contemporary psychology. The book goes well beyond the basics, however. A New Narrative for Psychology offers a fresh and innovative theoretical perspective on narrative as an active interpretive process that is implicated in most aspects of everyday life, and the ways in which narrative functions to make present and real subjective and inter-subjective experiences. Theory is grounded in vivid illustrations of what can be learned from the intensive study of how persons, in time and space, narrate their experiences, selves, social relationships, and the world. A New Narrative for Psychology reintroduces narrative psychology as a credible, trustworthy, and useful perspective for considering the hows and whys of human meaning making and argues for the necessity of narrative as a central, and complementary, perspective in scientific psychology. It is an invitation to a conversation about the critical questions of psychology, the most effective strategies for approaching them, and the future of discipline.
Contextualising Knowledge
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: July 2017

Contextualising Knowledge defends a contextualist semantics to knowledge ascriptions, and integrates it into a detailed discussion of the theoretical significance of knowledge. Ichikawa develops a kind of relevant alternatives contextualism, suggesting that which possibilities a subject must rule out in order to count as “knowing” vary according to the speaker’s conversational context, and uses it to consider the prospects for central theoretical roles for knowledge. Contextualism and the “knowledge first” program are rarely treated together, and sometimes argued to stand in significant tension. But Contextualising Knowledge makes the case that together they comprise an appealing package of views. After articulating and defending his preferred form of contextualism (Chapter 1), Ichikawa explores connections between knowledge and many other states of interest; Chapter 2 defends a contextualist semantics for counterfactual conditionals, and relates it to that given for knowledge ascriptions, including a vindication of a kind of traditional “sensitivity” constraints on knowledge. Chapter 3 defends a version of “E=K”, proposing that evidence ought to be understood in terms of knowledge, and that contextualism can help defend the view from some important objections. This chapter also relates contextualism to foundationalism and central epistemic questions. Chapter 4 defends a theory of epistemic justification in terms of knowledge; Chapters 5–7 take up and defend particular versions of knowledge norms of practical reasoning, assertion, and belief, respectively. The overall picture of Contextualising Knowledge is one that emphasizes the importance of both knowledge itself, and of the semantics of “knows” in thinking about the former.