bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le réseau routier cévenol au Moyen Âge : un lien entre Massif central et sillon rhodanien
Authors: Brechon Franck
Published: January 2019

La relation entre la route et la montagne a souvent été pensée en termes d’obstacle, de césure entre deux plaines ou de contraintes de circulation. Cette approche, trop limitative, n’est pas fonctionnelle pour le Massif central, qui offre de très vastes étendues à une altitude moyenne assez élevée. Dans ce contexte, cette relation doit être repensée pour prendre en compte le rôle propre de la montagne. À l’échelle du rebord sud-est du Massif central, les contacts entre plaine et montagne mettent à profit les complémentarités climatiques et productives, et induisent des flux commerciaux qui se développent à compter du xiiie siècle. Ces flux sont à l’origine d’une structuration originale du réseau routier presque entièrement dédié à ces circulations qui relient plaines et plateau. Il n’est alors pas question de traverser la montagne, mais de la desservir et de l’irriguer.
Des sommets des Pyrénées à la cartographie de la Grèce : Pierre Peytier (1793-1862)
Authors: Débarbat Suzanne
Published: January 2019

Dans le cadre fixé pour le Congrès des sociétés historiques et scientifiques de 2017, « Circulations montagnardes et européennes », qui se tenait à l’université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, la carrière de Pierre Peytier (1793-1862), qui a œuvré dans les Pyrénées puis en Grèce, a été examinée. Ses travaux s’insèrent, principalement à partir de 1816, dans le projet de nouvelle carte de France, projet qui réalisera ce qui s’est appelé la Carte d’état-major. Puis, entre 1828 et 1836, Peytier est appelé comme ingénieur-géographe du Dépôt de la guerre à être associé aux savants de l’expédition de Morée, chargée de contribuer à la cartographie de la Grèce. Il rédigera en outre le troisième volume du tome IX du Mémorial du Dépôt général de la guerre en 1853.
Effect of Hydrogen Redistribution during Aging on the Martensitic Transformation and Superelasticity of Nanocrystalline TiNi Alloy
Authors: Baturin Anatolii , Lotkov Alexander , Grishkov Victor , Rodionov Ivan , Zhapova Dorzhima
Published: January 2019

The paper presents the results of a study the hydrogen effect on the structural-phase transformations and the superelasticity in binary ultrafine-grained (UFG) TiNi based alloy after diffusion redistribution hydrogen as a result of aging at room temperature. The redistribution of hydrogen in the process of long-term aging after electrolytic hydrogenation of UFG wire specimens the Ti49,1Ni50,9(at.%) stabilizes the B2 structure. Superelasticity in samples aged at room temperature after hydrogenation is significantly deteriorated.
Interaction of Components of Co-Sn and Co-Sn-Cu Powder Materials in Liquid Phase Sintering
Authors: Sokolov Evgeniy Georgiyevich , Ozolin Alexander Vitalyevich , Svistun Lev Ivanovich , Arefieva Svetlana Alexandrovna
Published: January 2019

The interaction of components and structure formation were studied in liquid phase sintering of Co-Sn and Co-Sn-Cu powder materials. The powders of commercially pure metals were mixed with an organic binder and applied on the steel substrate. Sintering was performed under vacuum at temperatures of 820 and 1100 °C. The structure of sintered alloys was investigated by X-ray diffractometry and electron probe microanalysis, and microhardness (HV0.01) of the structural components was measured. It has been found that the nature of interaction of the liquid tin with the solid phase at the initial stage of sintering affects the formation of structure and porosity of Co-Sn and Co-Sn-Cu alloys considerably. In Co-Sn alloys, diffusion of tin into cobalt particles leads to the formation of intermetallic compounds, which hinders spreading of the liquid phase. This results in a porous defect structure formed in Co-Sn alloys. In Co-Sn-Cu alloys, at the initial stage of sintering the liquid phase enriched with copper is formed that wets the cobalt particles and contributes to their regrouping. As a result of this, materials with minor porosity are formed.
The Pouring Process Optimization for the Conductive Slip-Rin
Authors: Zhang Kun Liang , Hong Bin , Zhang Li Peng , Ji Ya , Gao Zhen Dong , Gao Jian Ye
Published: January 2019

Based on its specific structural features, the packaging technology is extraordinary significant for the conductive slip-ring (CSR) encapsulating with epoxy molding compounds (EMC). In this work, a modified vacuum packaging technology has been proposed which includes a pouring process.By the construction of the relevant models, the packaging technology was calculated by MATLAB and discussed. It indicates that the EMC can be easily poured into the concentric ring slit of the CSR only with a differential pressure of 200 Pa between the outside pressure and the inside pressure. On the bases of the experimental results; the EMC can easily flow up from the bottom to the top of the CSR packaging mold vertically.
Modeling and Investigation of the Process of Hot Rolling of Large-Sized Ingots from Aluminum Alloy of the Al-Mg System, Economically Alloyed by Scandium
Authors: Mann Viktor , Sidelnikov Sergey , Konstantinov Igor , Baranov Vladimir N. , Dovzhenko Ivan , Voroshilov Denis , Lopatina Ekaterina , Yakivyuk Olga , Belokonova Irina
Published: January 2019

Results of researches of process of hot rolling of ingots from the experimental aluminum alloy which is economically alloyed by scandium are given. The computer model of process of hot rolling with the use of which the straining, temperature and speed processing modes conditions is calculated and also power parameters of processing is calculated in applied to industrial conditions. It is shown that the use in the model of a certain shape of the ingot faces (Petrov's lock) and indirect rolling action in the edging stand is made it possible to reduce the likelihood of the formation and further development of micro cracks on the edges of rolled metal. The adequacy of results of modeling was confirmed by carrying out pilot-industrial tests when rolling large-size ingots from the experimental alloy and obtaining batches of hot-rolled plates and sheets of various sizes. The tensile test was used to study deformed samples after rolling and samples obtained on five regimes of heat treatment with varying heating temperatures of 300, 350 and 380 oС and holding time in the furnace for 1 and 3 hours. The results of the studies on samples of hot-rolled sheets 10 mm thick showed that, compared with the initial state, the strength characteristics of the metal after heat treatment are reduced by an average of 12-20%, and plastic characteristics increase by 50-65%. In this case, the heat treatment regimes 1 - 3 give a good ratio of the ductility and plastic properties of the metal.
Environmental Factors Influencing Benthic Polychaete Distributions in a Subtropical Lagoon
Authors: Cox Anthony , Hope Daniel , Angelica Zamora-Duran M. , Johnson Kevin B.
Published: January 2019

AbstractFine-grained organic-rich sediments (FGORS) in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, sometimes called “muck,” contain elevated water, silt-clay, and organic matter contents and are abundant as a result of anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Many polychaetes
inhabit the benthic sediments of estuaries and tolerate various degrees of FGORS. FGORS composition can be variable, and its effects on infaunal life such as polychaetes may depend upon concentration and composition. The IRL Cox Muck Index (CMI) is proposed as a mechanism for assigning a single
value to the complex composition of muck and found to be a useful tool for summary and comparison. CMI has negative correlations with polychaete density (R2 = 0.2, p < 0.001), richness (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.001), and diversity (R2
= 0.55, p < 0.001) based on multiple regression of principle components (PCs) derived from principle components analysis (PCA). Sediment with CMI of <1 fails to meet the definition of IRL muck in at least one parameter and is assumed capable of sustaining some metazoan life. The
CMI range of 0.1‐0.2 supports the most robust polychaete community. The polychaete species Diopatra cuprea, Glycera americana, Alitta succinea, and Pectinaria gouldii persisted in the IRL above 0.6 CMI. An environmental dredging project removed muck sediments midway through
this study and polychaete recovery following dredging was monitored. At one site, an area of Turkey Creek with abundant muck, the CMI was significantly reduced from 1.4 to 0.8 (p < 0.001). The developing polychaete community at these stations included G. americana and A.
succinea. At the end of the study, there were increases in overall polychaete community density, richness, and diversity to 1,000 m−2, S = 3, H = 0.55, respectively.
Why Maritime Cybersecurity Is an Ocean Policy Priority and How It Can Be Addressed
Authors: McGillivary Phil
Published: January 2019

AbstractMaritime cybersecurity is developing as an issue that affects the ocean. Recent security breaches cost shipping companies hundreds of millions of dollars and put marine ecosystems at risk by disabling ship controls and increasing risks of collisions and hazmat spills.
Additionally, most new ships are designed to transmit engine performance data ashore to allow timely maintenance and efficient operation. However, many ships still prohibit such data transmission due to security concerns, resulting in increased ship emissions and environmental risks from accidental
release of oil, hydraulic fluids, or lubricants. Similarly, research vessel data are routinely sent ashore, but security concerns for their computers are also increasing, especially when they operate in global ports and oceans. Maritime cybersecurity is also critical as autonomous ships are
being developed. Addressing maritime cybersecurity is therefore a valid area of scientific policy research and important for ocean science operations.The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has called for improved maritime cybersecurity, and the U.S. Coast Guard also recently released
a Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular (NVIC; NVIC 05-17) on maritime cybersecurity for comments. The newly established Maritime Cyber Security Committee of the Marine Technology Society is coordinating maritime cybersecurity best practice information, contacts for cybersecurity professionals,
and lessons learned on responding to cyberattacks to make this information broadly available. We review here various stakeholder approaches to maritime cybersecurity, outline available resources, and discuss how advanced methods, including optical communications and quantum encryption, will
improve maritime cybersecurity. Scientists have a role in developing and implementing maritime cybersecurity methods and policies to ensure safe ship operations and improved environmental security for the oceans.
Blue Economy of India and Technology Initiatives II
Authors: Atmanand Malayath Aravindakshan , Venkatesan Ramasamy , Ramanamurthy Mallavarapu Venkata , Ramadass Gidugu Ananda , Kirubagaran Ramalingam , Vedachalam Narayanaswamy
Published: January 2019

AbstractWith land-based resources depleting fast, sustained harvesting of ocean resources with an appropriate trade-off between economic growth, social needs, and the health of the ocean environment is essential. India, with an over 7600-km-long coastline, an exclusive economic
zone of 2.3 million km2, and seeking extension for additional 560 km, has initiated blue economic policies for leveraging the growth of the national economy. The first part of the paper presented in the OCEANS '18 conference in Kobe discussed the technology initiatives to harness
the vast living and nonliving blue economic resources in India, including deep-ocean minerals, hydrocarbons, renewable energy, ocean desalination, and bioprospecting. This paper describes the activities carried out related to the activities undertaken by the National Institute of Ocean Technology
(NIOT) in the areas of coastal protection, cyclone and tsunami early warning systems, coral habitat observations, sustainable fishing, and numerical studies carried out to understand the influence of natural gas leaks on deep-ocean ecology.
Pressure-Tolerant Electronics and Discharge Performance of Pressure-Compensated Lead Acid Batteries Under Hyperbaric Conditions
Authors: Vishwanath Billavara Omaiah , Vedachalam Narayanaswamy , Muthuvel Panayan , Jayanthi Kannaiyah , Ramadass Gidugu Ananda
Published: January 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the variations in the energy discharge performance of pressure-compensated valve-regulated lead acid (PC VRLA) batteries under the influence of increased hydrostatic pressure is essential for the reliable design of deep-ocean battery-powered systems.
The paper reviews developments in the field of pressure-tolerant electronics and presents observations from the experiments done on a12 V‐40 Ah absorbent glass mat type PC VRLA battery in a hyperbaric chamber at 600 bar pressure. It is identified that, during discharge at 600 bar pressure,
the terminal voltage and energy discharge capacity of a 12-V fully charged battery drop by 1.05 V and about 15%, respectively, and need to be discharged below the minimum voltage levels recommended under normal ambient conditions. The identified results, along with the temperature derating
factor, could be used for sizing of deep-ocean operated PC VRLA batteries.
New Dynamic Positioning Reference System Concepts Enabled by Autonomy
Authors: Rinnan Arne
Published: January 2019

AbstractA certain level of autonomy is already present in dynamic positioning (DP), and DP requirements have been a driving force in the development of a diversity of high-reliability reference systems. Today, there is a strong drive for autonomous concepts and solutions
in several market niches (e.g., short sea shipping and ocean-based aquaculture). At the same time, the market downturn in traditional oil and gas leads to a reduced implementation of new reference system solutions. A development toward higher levels of autonomy in novel operations drives the
development from traditional reference systems toward solutions capable of proximity awareness and connectivity. The existing reference system technologies comprise a good platform for this development, but new technology elements like new sensor fusion concepts, machine learning, artificial
intelligence, and extended connectivity are evolving. The article presents ongoing developments within microwave, laser, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and inertial-based reference systems and discusses likely future developments. Connectivity will be a native feature of future
reference systems and is also discussed. The article is focusing on the drivers behind these developments and some of the related challenges from a high-level perspective. Current development is running at a much higher pace than legislation and regulation can adapt. Some input to regulation
challenges and trade-offs are outlined.
Advances in Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing for Monitoring Marine Infrastructure, Measuring the Deep Ocean, and Quantifying the Risks Posed by Seafloor Hazards
Authors: Hartog Arthur H. , Belal Mohammad , Clare Michael A.
Published: January 2019

AbstractDistributed optical fiber sensors provide new opportunities for monitoring the marine environment. We review the physical foundations of this sensor technology and discuss how it can be applied to radically augment the networks of subsea sensors that help monitor fundamental marine processes and to complete our understanding of local, regional, and global interactions in this environment.
MTS Manned Underwater Vehicles 2017‐2018 Global Industry Overview
Authors: Kohnen William
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe manned underwater vehicle industry continues to build momentum into 2018; much of this has been driven by strong market trends and technology. There is renewed growth in the luxury yachting industry, in citizen science, and in ocean philanthropy. Tourism submersibles
offer high-end touring expeditions for boutique destinations and specialty cruise ships. In Asia, notably China, Japan, and India, deep-ocean science is gathering attention for research and commercial applications. The industry also benefits from an accepted use of lithium batteries by class
societies and strong developments in the areas of navigation and communication technology. Finally, although military development typically focuses on unmanned capabilities, there is more investment in deep submergence submarine rescue vessels.
IL-27 and TCR Stimulation Promote T Cell Expression of Multiple Inhibitory Receptors
Authors: DeLong Jonathan H , O’Hara Hall Aisling , Rausch Matt , Moodley Devapregasan , Perry Joseph , Park Jeongho , Phan Anthony T , Beiting Daniel P , Kedl Ross M , Hill Jonathan A , Hunter Christopher A
Published: January 2019

Inhibitory receptors (IR) are a diverse group of cell surface molecules that modulate T cell activation, but there are gaps in our knowledge of the cell-extrinsic factors that regulate their expression. The present study found that in vivo overexpression of IL-27 in mice led to increased T cell expression of PD-L1, LAG-3, TIGIT, and TIM-3. In vitro, TCR stimulation alone promoted expression of multiple IRs, whereas IL-27 alone induced expression of PD-L1. However, the combination of intermediate TCR stimulation and IL-27 resulted in synergistic induction of LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT. In vivo, infection with Toxoplasma gondii resulted in parasite-specific effector T cells that expressed high levels of IR, and at local sites of infection where IL-27 production was highest, IL-27 was required for maximal effector cell expression of PD-L1, LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT. Together, these results affirm the critical role of TCR signals in the induction of IR expression but find that during infection, IL-27 promotes T cell expression of IR.
Survival outcomes of patients with cervical cancer and accompanying hydronephrosis: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Pergialiotis Vasilios , Bellos Ioannis , Thomakos Nikolaos , Haidopoulos Dimitrios , Perrea Despina N. , Kontzoglou Konstantinos , Daskalakis Georgios , Rodolakis Alexandros
Published: January 2019

Hydronephrosis is a sign of advanced stage disease in patients with cervical cancer. Its presence is believed to negatively affect the survival of patients. To date, however, consensus in this field is still lacking. The purpose of the present systematic review is to gather the available data and to provide directions for future research in the field. We systematically searched Medline, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRA and Google Scholar databases from inception till June 2018. Overall, 22 studies were included in the present systematic review that evaluated outcomes from 8521 patients with cervical cancer. The findings of our systematic review support that hydronephrosis negatively affects the overall survival of cervical cancer patients. Specifically, the reported 5-year OS hazards ratio for hydronephrosis ranged between 1.34 and 3.74. Outcomes concerning the disease-free survival of these patients were, however, less discrete. None of the included studies reported whether the decreased survival of patients with hydronephrosis was attributed to complications of obstructive uropathy such as uremia and sepsis. Thus, it remains, to date, unclear whether placement of ureteral stents or percutaneous nephrostomy may actually benefit these patients. More studies are needed to evaluate the actual impact of hydronephrosis on survival rates at the various stages of cervical cancer and to help establish consensus regarding the optimal mode of management of these patients.
The Omega-3 Index in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collegiate Football Athletes
Authors: Anzalone Anthony , Carbuhn Aaron , Jones Lauren , Gallop Ally , Smith Alex , Johnson Palmer , Swearingen Lisa , Moore Craig , Rimer Ernest , McBeth Joe , Harris William , Kirk K. Michelle , Gable David , Askow Andrew , Jennings Will , Oliver Jonathan M.
Published: January 2019

Context

The essential omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exhibit vital biological roles and are critical for cardiovascular and neurologic health. Compared with the general population, football athletes may be at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Further, those same athletes are also exposed to repetitive head impacts, which may lead to long-term neurologic deficits. Both diets high in ω-3 FAs and supplementation with ω-3 FAs have been reported to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and early evidence suggests a potential neuroprotective effect of supplementation.

Objective

To determine the (1) erythrocyte content of DHA and EPA, as measured by the Omega-3 Index, expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids, in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football athletes and (2) distribution across the Omega-3 Index risk zones established for cardiovascular disease: high risk, <4%; intermediate risk, 4% to 8%; and low risk, >8%.

Design

Cross-sectional descriptive study.

Setting

Multicenter trial.

Patients or Other Participants

Deidentified data including complete erythrocyte fatty acid profile from the 2017–2018 season, age at time of testing, height, weight, and ethnicity were collected from 404 athletes.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Omega-3 Index.

Results

About 34% of athletes (n = 138) had an Omega-3 Index considered high risk (<4%), and 66% (n = 266) had a risk considered intermediate (4%–8%). None had a low-risk Omega-3 Index.

Conclusions

The Omega-3 Index is a simple, minimally invasive test of ω-3 FA status. Our data indicate that football athletes may be deficient in the ω-3 FAs DHA and EPA. The fact that no athlete had an Omega-3 Index associated with low risk suggests football athletes may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease in later life.
Agricultural and Forestry Off-Road Machinery Control and Communication Network
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: January 2019

SAE J1939-2 specifies the requirements for application of SAE J1939 in agricultural and forestry equipment. This document specifies the series of documents within the set of SAE J1939 documents that are applicable to agricultural and forestry equipment and provides further requirements for this industry.

The SAE and ISO groups have cooperated to define agricultural and forestry networks in a manner to allow compatibility of ECUs and messaging protocols between the A&F and the T&B networks.
A method to assess the accuracy of sonic anemometer measurements
Authors: Peña Alfredo , Dellwik Ebba , Mann Jakob
Published: January 2019

Abstract. We propose a method to assess the accuracy of atmospheric turbulence
measurements performed by sonic anemometers and test it by analysis of
measurements from two commonly used sonic anemometers, a Metek USA-1 and a
Campbell CSAT3, at two locations in Denmark. The method relies on the
estimation of the ratio of the vertical to the along-wind velocity power
spectrum within the inertial subrange and does not require the use of another
measurement as reference. When we correct the USA-1 to account for
three-dimensional flow-distortion effects, as recommended by Metek GmbH, the
ratio is very close to 4∕3 as expected from Kolmogorov's hypothesis, whereas
non-corrected data show a ratio close to 1. For the CSAT3, non-corrected data
show a ratio close to 1.1 for the two sites and for wind directions where the
instrument is not directly affected by the mast. After applying a previously
suggested flow-distortion correction, the ratio increases up to ≈1.2,
implying that the effect of flow distortion in this instrument is still not
properly accounted for.
Comparisons between the WRF data assimilation and the GNSS tomography technique in retrieving 3-D wet refractivity fields in Hong Kong
Authors: Xiong Zhaohui , Zhang Bao , Yao Yibin
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Water vapor plays an important role in various scales of weather processes.
However, there are limited means to accurately describe its three-dimensional
(3-D) dynamical changes. The data assimilation technique and the Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tomography technique are two of the
limited means. Here, we conduct an interesting comparison between the GNSS
tomography technique and the Weather Research and Forecasting Data
Assimilation (WRFDA) model (a
representative of the data assimilation models) in retrieving wet
refractivity (WR) in the Hong Kong area during a wet period and a dry period.
The GNSS tomography technique is used to retrieve WR from the GNSS slant wet
delays. The WRFDA is used to
assimilate the zenith tropospheric delay to improve the background data. The
radiosonde data are used to validate the WR derived from the GNSS tomography,
the WRFDA output, and the background data. The root mean square
(rms) of the WR
derived from the tomography results, the WRFDA output, and the background
data are 6.50, 4.31, and 4.15 mm km−1 in the wet period. The rms
becomes 7.02, 7.26, and 6.35 mm km−1 in the dry period. The lower
accuracy in the dry period is mainly due to the sharp variation of WR in the
vertical direction. The results also show that assimilating GNSS ZTD into the
WRFDA only slightly improves the accuracy of the WR and that the WRFDA WR is
better than the tomographic WR in most cases. However, in a special
experimental period when the water vapor is highly concentrated in the lower
troposphere, the tomographic WR outperforms the WRFDA WR in the lower
troposphere. When we assimilate the tomographic WR in the lower troposphere
into the WRFDA, the retrieved WR is improved.
Lignin oxidation products as a vegetation proxy in stalagmite and drip water samples from the Herbstlabyrinth, Germany
Authors: Heidke Inken , Scholz Denis , Hoffmann Thorsten
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Here we present the first quantitative record of lignin oxidation products (LOPs) in a Holocene stalagmite from the Herbstlabyrinth Cave in central Germany, as well as LOP results from 16 months of drip water monitoring. Lignin is only produced by vascular plants and is therefore an unambiguous vegetation proxy, which can help to better interpret other vegetation and climate proxies in speleothems. We compared our results with stable isotope and trace element data from the same samples. The drip water monitoring reveals a seasonal pattern of LOPs in a fast drip site with low LOP concentrations in winter and higher LOP concentrations in summer, which is opposite to the behaviour of the drip rate, Mg2+ and PO3−4 concentrations. In the stalagmite, LOP concentrations are correlated or show a similar behaviour to P, Ba and U concentrations. The LOP ratios C/V and S/V, which are usually used to differentiate between angiosperm and gymnosperm and woody and non-woody lignin sources, are anticorrelated to the LOP concentrations and show a similar behaviour to δ13C and Mg concentrations. These results highlight the potential of LOPs as a new, highly specific vegetation proxy in speleothems, but also demonstrate current limitations in our understanding of the transport of lignin from the soil into the cave and the speleothems.
Changes in the future summer Mediterranean climate: contribution of teleconnections and local factors
Authors: Barcikowska Monika J. , Kapnick Sarah B. , Krishnamurty Lakshmi , Russo Simone , Cherchi Annalisa , Folland Chris K.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The realistic simulation of the summer Mediterranean climate requires not only refined spatial scales, but also an adequate representation of land-atmosphere interactions and teleconnections. Addressing all of these issues remains a challenge for most of the CMIP3/CMIP5 generation models. In this study we analyze high-resolution (~0.5° lat x lon) RCP8.5 future projections of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory CM2.5 model with a new incorporated land model (LM3). The simulated regional future changes suggest pronounced warming and drying over most parts of the Mediterranean. However the changes are distinctively less radical when compared with the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble. Moreover, changes over the Southeast (off the coast area of the Balkans) and Central Europe indicate not only a very modest warming, compared to the CMIP5 projections, but also wetting tendencies. The difference of CM2.5 projections of future changes over previous-generation models highlights the importance of a) a correctly projected magnitude of changes of the North Atlantic Oscillation and its regional impacts, which have the capacity to partly offset the anthropogenic warming and drying over the western and central Mediterranean; b) a refined representation of land surface-atmospheric interactions, which are a governing factor for thermal- and hydro-climate over Central and Southeastern Europe. The CM2.5 projections also indicate a maximum of warming (Levant) and drying (Asia Minor) over the eastern Mediterranean. The changes derived in this region indicate a decreasing influence of atmospheric dynamics in maintaining the regional temperature and precipitation balance and instead an increasing influence of local surface temperature on the local surface atmospheric circulation.
Role-play simulations as an aid to achieve complex learning outcomes
in hydrological science
Authors: Bring Arvid , Lyon Steve W.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Students in hydrology are expected to become proficient in a set of quantitative skills, while also acquiring the ability to apply their problem-solving abilities in real-life situations. To achieve both these types of learning outcomes, there is broad evidence that activity-based learning is beneficial. In this paper, we argue that role-play simulations in particular are useful to achieve complex learning outcomes, i.e., making students able to coordinate and integrate various analytical skills in complicated settings. We evaluated the effects of an integrated water resources management (IWRM) negotiation simulation next to more traditional teaching methods intended to foster quantitative understanding. Results showed that despite similar student-reported achievement of both complex and quantitative intended learning outcomes, the students favored the negotiation simulation over the traditional method. This implies that role-play simulations can motivate and actively engage a classroom thereby creating a space for potential deeper learning and longer retention of knowledge. While our findings support the utility of simulations to teach complex learning outcomes and indicate no shortcoming in achieving such outcomes next to traditional methods aimed at quantitative learning outcomes, simulations are still not widely used to foster activity-based learning in the classroom. We thus conclude by presenting three particularly challenging areas of role-play simulations as learning tools that serve as potential barriers to their implementation and suggest ways to overcome such roadblocks.
Impact of climate model resolution on soil moisture projections in central-western Europe
Authors: van der Linden Eveline C. , Haarsma Reindert J. , van der Schrier Gerard
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Global climate models project widespread
decreases in soil moisture over large parts of Europe. This paper
investigates the impact of model resolution on the magnitude and seasonality
of future soil drying in central-western Europe. We use the general
circulation model EC-Earth to study two 30-year periods representative of the
start and end of the 21st century under low-to-moderate greenhouse gas
forcing (RCP4.5). In our study area, central-western Europe, at high spatial
resolution (∼25 km) soil drying is more severe and starts earlier in
the season than at standard resolution (∼112 km). Here, changes in the
large-scale atmospheric circulation and local soil moisture feedbacks lead to
enhanced evapotranspiration in spring and reduced precipitation in summer. A
more realistic position of the storm track at high model resolution leads to
reduced biases in precipitation and temperature in the present-day
climatology, which act to amplify future changes in evapotranspiration in
spring. Furthermore, in the high-resolution model a stronger anticyclonic
anomaly over the British Isles extends over central-western Europe and
supports soil drying. The resulting drier future land induces stronger soil
moisture feedbacks that amplify drying conditions in summer. In addition,
soil-moisture-limited evapotranspiration in summer promotes sensible heating
of the boundary layer, which leads to a lower relative humidity with less
cloudy conditions, an increase in dry summer days, and more incoming solar
radiation. As a result a series of consecutive hot and dry summers appears in
the future high-resolution climate. The enhanced drying at high spatial
resolution suggests that future projections of central-western European soil
drying by CMIP5 models have been potentially underestimated. Whether these
results are robust has to be tested with other global climate models with
similar high spatial resolutions.
A multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean nuclear test
Authors: Gaebler Peter , Ceranna Lars , Nooshiri Nima , Barth Andreas , Cesca Simone , Frei Michaela , Grünberg Ilona , Hartmann Gernot , Koch Karl , Pilger Christoph , Ross J. Ole , Dahm Torsten
Published: January 2019

Abstract. On 3 September 2017 official channels
of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea announced the successful test of
a thermonuclear device. Only seconds to minutes after the alleged nuclear
explosion at the Punggye-ri nuclear test site in the mountainous region in
the country's northeast at 03:30:02 (UTC), hundreds of seismic stations
distributed all around the globe picked up strong and distinct signals
associated with an explosion. Different seismological agencies reported body
wave magnitudes of well above 6.0, consequently estimating the explosive
yield of the device on the order of hundreds of kT TNT equivalent. The
2017 event can therefore be assessed as being multiple times larger in energy
than the two preceding North Korean events in
January and September 2016. This study provides a multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean event
and its aftermath using a wide array of geophysical methods. Seismological
investigations locate the event within the test site at a depth of approximately
0.6 km below the surface. The radiation and generation of P- and S-wave energy in
the source region are significantly influenced by the topography of the Mt.
Mantap massif. Inversions for the full moment tensor of the main event reveal a
dominant isotropic component accompanied by significant amounts of double couple
and compensated linear vector dipole terms, confirming the explosive character
of the event. The analysis of the source mechanism of an aftershock that occurred
around 8 min after the test in the direct vicinity suggest a cavity
collapse. Measurements at seismic stations of the International Monitoring
System result in a body wave magnitude of 6.2, which translates to an yield
estimate of around 400 kT TNT equivalent. The explosive yield is possibly
overestimated, since topography and depth phases both tend to enhance the peak
amplitudes of teleseismic P waves. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar
analysis using data from the ALOS-2 satellite reveal strong surface deformations
in the epicenter region. Additional multispectral optical data from the Pleiades
satellite show clear landslide activity at the test site. The strong surface
deformations generated large acoustic pressure peaks, which were observed as
infrasound signals with distinctive waveforms even at distances of 401 km. In
the aftermath of the 2017 event, atmospheric traces of the fission product
133Xe were detected at various locations in the wider region. While
for 133Xe measurements in September 2017, the Punggye-ri test site is
disfavored as a source by means of atmospheric transport modeling, detections in
October 2017 at the International Monitoring System station RN58 in Russia
indicate a potential delayed leakage of 133Xe at the test site from the
2017 North Korean nuclear test.
Evaluating the destabilization susceptibility of active rock glaciers in the French Alps
Authors: Marcer Marco , Serrano Charlie , Brenning Alexander , Bodin Xavier , Goetz Jason , Schoeneich Philippe
Published: January 2019

Abstract. In this study, we propose a methodology to estimate the spatial
distribution of destabilizing rock glaciers, with a focus on the French Alps.
We mapped geomorphological features that can be typically found in cases of
rock glacier destabilization (e.g. crevasses and scarps) using orthoimages
taken from 2000 to 2013. A destabilization rating was assigned by taking into
account the evolution of these mapped destabilization geomorphological
features and by observing the surface deformation patterns of the rock
glacier, also using the available orthoimages. This destabilization rating
then served as input to model the occurrence of rock glacier destabilization
in relation to terrain attributes and to spatially predict the
susceptibility to destabilization at a regional scale. Significant evidence
of destabilization could be observed in 46 rock glaciers, i.e. 10 % of the
total active rock glaciers in the region. Based on our susceptibility model
of destabilization occurrence, it was found that this phenomenon is more
likely to occur in elevations around the 0 ∘C isotherm (2700–2900 m a.s.l.),
on north-facing slopes, steep terrain (25 to 30∘) and flat to slightly
convex topographies. Model performance was good (AUROC = 0.76), and the
susceptibility map also performed well at reproducing observable patterns of
destabilization. About 3 km2 of creeping permafrost, or 10 % of the
surface occupied by active rock glaciers, had a high susceptibility to
destabilization. Considering we observed that only half of these areas of
creep are currently showing destabilization evidence, we suspect there is a
high potential for future rock glacier destabilization within the French
Alps.
Performance of non-intrusive uncertainty quantification in the aeroservoelastic simulation of wind turbines
Authors: Bortolotti Pietro , Canet Helena , Bottasso Carlo L. , Loganathan Jaikumar
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The paper studies the effects of uncertainties on aeroservoelastic wind turbine models. Two non-intrusive uncertainty quantification methods are considered, namely non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion and Kriging. Uncertainties are associated with the wind inflow characteristics and the blade surface state, on account of soiling and/or erosion, and propagated throughout the aeroservoelastic model of a large conceptual off-shore wind turbine. Results are compared with a brute-force extensive Monte Carlo sampling. Both methods appear to yield similar results, with a somewhat faster convergence for Kriging. The analysis of the solution space clearly indicates the effects of uncertainties and their couplings, and highlights some possible shortcomings of current mostly deterministic approaches.
Intercultural Communicative Competence Awareness of Turkish Students and Instructors at University Level
Authors: Tosuncuoglu Irfan
Published: January 2019

Competence in intercultural communication requires an understanding of both the L1 and L2 cultures, and many now believe that language learning is, in many respects, cultural learning. The relationship between language and culture, as well as the role of cultural competence in communicative competence has come increasingly under the microscope and as a result, educators have gained a greater appreciation for the role culture plays in language acquisition. Intercultural communicative competence refers to the ability of an individual to navigate within a given society appropriately. In other words, individuals are able to use appropriate gestures, understand the unspoken meaning within the words, appreciate the cultural underpinnings in any communication, and make appropriate cultural references to aid understanding. From this viewpoint, in order to understand the perception of Intercultural communicative awareness (ICC), a survey was performed among instructors and students of English. This survey was distributed to 42 Turkish instructors of English and 183 Turkish students from the English Language and Literature Department of Karabuk University, a total number of 225 respondents. The participants were aged between 18 and 55. By means of set scientific instruments such as (Anova, Spss, etc.) the data collected from the participants was analysed and evaluated.
EELC 2018/36 An expectation that a disabled employee should work long hours was potentially discriminatory (UK)
Authors: McEvoy Tom
Published: January 2019

EELC 2018/36 An expectation that a disabled employee should work long hours was potentially discriminatory (UK)

The Court of Appeal has confirmed that an expectation that a disabled employee would work long hours was a ‘provision, criterion or practice’ in a disability discrimination claim regarding reasonable adjustments. It also held that, on the facts, the employer’s conduct had caused the employee to resign and this entitled him to claim constructive unfair dismissal.
EELC 2018/39 Supreme Court decision on part-time work and fixed-term employment (DK)
Authors: Clasen Christian K.
Published: January 2019

EELC 2018/39 Supreme Court decision on part-time work and fixed-term employment (DK)

The Danish Supreme Court has held there was no discrimination against four part-time teachers at a university in that they did not receive pension contributions. Their positions could not be compared to those of full-time teachers, who were entitled to pension contributions. However, it did constitute a violation of the Danish rules on fixed-term work that the teachers had, for a number of years, been employed on several fixed-term contracts, as they had, in effect, been continuously employed in the same position. Consequently, the teachers were awarded compensation.
EELC 2018/43 Non-guaranteed and voluntary overtime should be taken into account when calculating holiday pay (UK)
Authors: Kristophersen Soren
Published: January 2019

EELC 2018/43 Non-guaranteed and voluntary overtime should be taken into account when calculating holiday pay (UK)

The Employment Appeal Tribunal has ruled both non-guaranteed and voluntary overtime should be included in the calculation of holiday pay.
EELC 2018/44 Travelling time from home to customers is working time in the absence of a fixed work place (BE)
Authors: Pecinovsky Pieter
Published: January 2019

EELC 2018/44 Travelling time from home to customers is working time in the absence of a fixed work place (BE)

For workers without a fixed workplace, travelling time between their place of residence and the first customer and travelling time between the last customer and the place of residence constitutes working time.
The effect of the aggregate type on the properties of pavement concrete
Authors: Rogojsz Grzegorz , Skupski Damian , Januszewski Bartosz
Published: January 2019

This paper presents the results of laboratory tests on the properties of cement concrete
containing various types of aggregate. The purpose of the tests was to determine the effect of aggregate
on compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, air pore characteristics, frost resistance and
the modulus of elasticity of concrete for road surfaces. The aggregate that meets the requirements for
road concrete was determined on the basis of the tests.
Keywords: road concrete, frost resistance of aggregate, frost resistance of road concrete.
DIRECTIONS OF MODIFICATION OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN THE POLICE
Authors: LASOTA-JĄDRZAK Agata
Published: January 2019

The problem of improving the decision-making process in highly hierarchical organizations is the subject of reflection and discussion of many authors. The aim of the paper is to signal the need to
introduce changes not only in the organizational structure of the Police of the Republic of Poland, maximizing the rationality of the decision-making process in the conditions of deep civilizational transformations, but also introducing modern methods of information management. The proposed directions of changes will increase the effectiveness of the functioning of the Police organizational units in the conditions of increasing turbulence of the state environment in the 21st century.
THE SEARCH FOR AN OPTIMAL FORM OF CIVIL-MILITARY COOPERATION IN THE AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN POLAND. NEW CHALLENGES – NEW SOLUTIONS
Authors: MARKIEWICZ Telesfor Marek
Published: January 2019

The article contains an overview of the European Union’s legal regulations and provisions of the national aviation law applying to civil and military cooperation and coordination in managing air traffic, as well as operational agreements between the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency and organisational units of the Ministry of National Defence. The author conducts an analysis of the standards applicable in this scope, points out the practical consequences of certain legal instruments that are in force and suggests solutions that may contribute to improvement of the existing legal and organisational mechanisms of cooperation in the area of studies in question.
Quantitative Image Analysis of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Immunohistochemistry for Breast Cancer: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists
Authors: Bui Marilyn M , Riben Michael W. , Allison Kimberly H. , Chlipala Elizabeth , Colasacco Carol , Kahn Andrea G. , Lacchetti Christina , Madabhushi Anant , Pantanowitz Liron , Salama Mohamed E. , Stewart Rachel L. , Thomas Nicole E. , Tomaszewski John E. , Hammond M. Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Context.—

Advancements in genomic, computing, and imaging technology have spurred new opportunities to use quantitative image analysis (QIA) for diagnostic testing.

Objective.—

To develop evidence-based recommendations to improve accuracy, precision, and reproducibility in the interpretation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) for breast cancer where QIA is used.

Design.—

The College of American Pathologists (CAP) convened a panel of pathologists, histotechnologists, and computer scientists with expertise in image analysis, immunohistochemistry, quality management, and breast pathology to develop recommendations for QIA of HER2 IHC in breast cancer. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to address 5 key questions. Final recommendations were derived from strength of evidence, open comment feedback, expert panel consensus, and advisory panel review.

Results.—

Eleven recommendations were drafted: 7 based on CAP laboratory accreditation requirements and 4 based on expert consensus opinions. A 3-week open comment period received 180 comments from more than 150 participants.

Conclusions.—

To improve accurate, precise, and reproducible interpretation of HER2 IHC results for breast cancer, QIA and procedures must be validated before implementation, followed by regular maintenance and ongoing evaluation of quality control and quality assurance. HER2 QIA performance, interpretation, and reporting should be supervised by pathologists with expertise in QIA.
An Introduction to Pharmacotherapy for Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Authors: Harthan Aaron A.
Published: January 2019

Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a wide array of diseases and complications in the pediatric patient. The rarity of these disorders limits the ability to conduct and review robust literature regarding the disease states, mechanisms of dysfunction, treatments, and outcomes. Often, treatment plans will be based on the pathophysiology associated with the disorder and theoretical agents that may be involved in the metabolic process. Medication therapies usually consist of natural or herbal products. Established efficacious pediatric doses for these products are difficult to find in tertiary resources, and adverse effects are routinely limited to single case reports. This review article attempts to summarize some of the more common inborn errors of metabolism in a manner that is applicable to pharmacists who will provide care for these patients.