bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived Personality Traits Associated with Classroom Seat Selection
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Polson D. Michol , Hintze Wayne J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between classroom seating location and student's personality characteristics. 110 women and 172 men were shown a diagram which divided a traditional classroom into front, middle, and back sections. They rated perceived personality characteristics of students seated in each section and described themselves using a semantic differential. Students in each section were perceived as having a unique set of personality characteristics. Furthermore, individuals preferred to sit in the section containing students who were perceived to have traits similar to their own. Both men and women tended to prefer the front two sections of the classroom; their preference was slightly stronger for women than for men. Women characterized the personality traits of students in each section differently from men. Women tended to view those in the front as leaders and as academically successful.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XLIII. Negative Correlation between Accuracy of Card-Guessing and Geomagnetic Activity: A Case Study
Authors: Makarec K. , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

A single subject who had a history of multiple PSI experiences was given 23 sessions of 40 symbol-guessing trials per session over a 4-mo. period. Accuracy scores were correlated with the geomagnetic activity (Ap) on the days of the testing. A moderately strong negative correlation was found between the scores and the geomagnetic activity. These results are compatible with those reported for subjective psi experiences.
Type a Behavior as a Function of Reversed Computer Activity
Authors: Beattie Richard , Parks Cherri , Parks James
Published: September 2011

Four consecutive trials involving a computer activity were presented to 110 students categorized as Type A+, A-, B+, or B- personalities. A fifth trial presented the same computer activity with controls in reversed position, and Type A groups had more difficulty than Type B groups.
Informed Consent: IX. Effects of the Withdrawal Clause in Longitudinal Research
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , Ogden Epp P.
Published: September 2011

In two year-long studies, one of a sensitive nature (sexual activity) and one of a much less sensitive nature (mathematics anxiety), approximately 33% of subjects were lost when prompted to continue their participation, compared to 52% who were lost when they were reminded of their withdrawal option at each follow-up point. Evidence for potential biasing of samples is also presented.
Differential Use of Dimensions in Similarity and Preference Judgements among 4- to 6-Year-Olds
Authors: Itskowitz Rivka , Strauss Helen , Gross Yigal
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed developmental changes in the use of size, color, and shape considerations in similarity, judgement, and preference of geometric figures. 45 4-, 5-, and 6-yr.-old children were presented all possible pairs of geometric figures differing in shape (circle, triangle, and square), color (red or black), and size (small or big). Comparisons were analyzed by multidimensional scaling techniques. Children as young as four responded to the different dimensions but weighted them differently on the two tasks. Developmental trends appeared in use of given dimensions, primarily on the preference task.
A Case-Study Assessment of ‘Pointing’ during the First Three Months of Life
Authors: Hannan Thomas E. , Fogel Alan
Published: September 2011

The emergence and behavioral organization of the earliest form of ‘pointing’ was examined through the use of microanalytic measures applied to bouts of face-to-face interaction. A female infant and her mother were videotaped in a semi naturalistic setting once a week for the first 12 weeks of the infant's life. Trained coders transcribed maternal and infant behavior into time-based, event-concurrent, mutually exclusive categories of action. One central question was addressed: are there behavioral regularities (i.e., sequential, temporal, co-occurrent or contingent patterns of organization) in the display of a ‘point’ when considered with other movements of the infant's hands, expressive movements of the face, and categories of maternal behavior. Analysis indicated that ‘pointing’ was a relatively stable and continuous activity across the first three months of this infant's life. ‘Pointing’ occurred in eight of the 12 sessions examined, with the first ‘point’ observed at 18 days of age. Moreover, a significant majority of the ‘pointing’ occurred with the right hand. Finally, specific occurrences of ‘pointing’ were sequentially organized with movements of the same hand and co-occurred with movements of the eyes and mouth. It was suggested that these early ‘points’ may already be a separate part of a cluster of orienting behaviors that appear soon after birth.
Beta Weights, Unit Weights, and other Weights
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A simple example of the use of different weights with just two predictors was presented. The replacement of the beta weights by unit weights resulted in a very slight loss of predictive validity, and even the arbitrary reversal of the beta weights resulted in a smaller loss than might have been expected. A relationship demonstrated by Green was used to help explain these results. In many situations, it appears worthwhile to follow the approach taken here to determine how great a loss of predictive validity would result from the use of unit weights in place of beta weights.
Handedness and Dementia
Authors: Naugle Richard I. , Bigler Erin D. , Cullum C. Munro , Massman Paul J.
Published: September 2011

Some researchers have speculated that left-hand dominance is more prevalent among patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer's type which began prior to age 65 yr. and that, in those patients, the disease runs a more rapid course. In the present study, seven left-handed dementia patients were matched with seven right-handed dementia patients on the basis of age and years of education and were compared with regard to neuropsychological compromise. While the left-handed group was somewhat more impaired than the right-handed subjects, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.
Effect of Setting a Level of Aspiration on Students' Test Performance in a Psychology Course
Authors: Siry Jo Anne Michaele
Published: September 2011

Effect of level of aspiration on the performance of 63 college students from three general psychology classes was assessed. It was hypothesized that students who predict what score they will receive on Tests 2, 3, and 4 will perform significantly better than those who do not make such predictions. Classes who set goals did not significantly outperform the control class. Previous research indicates that setting a level of aspiration is effective with visual-motor tasks, but the present study indicates that goal-setting did not affect academic tests as measured here.
Long-Term Effect of Repetition on Judgments of Grammaticality
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: September 2011

11 students were asked again to judge the relative grammaticality of the sentences which had been presented repeatedly 4 mo. previously. The repetition treatment involved repeated presentation of the sentences. The findings show that the stringent judgment criterion adopted 4 mo. before is still applied when judging the grammatical sentences. These findings cannot be explained by a satiation theory which does not predict the long-term effect of repetition on judgments of grammaticality.
Anxiety as Avoidance: Defensive Information Processing as Measured by Decreased Information Intake in Habituation to a Tone
Authors: Ferguson Eva Dreikurs
Published: September 2011

High and low anxious men and women were tested for habituation to a tone. Mean first habituation trial, of low-amplitude electro-dermal responding, occurred significantly sooner for subjects high in anxiety than for those low in anxiety. Analysis indicates defensive information processing occurs under anxiety.
Training Factors and Physical Fitness among Aerobic Dance Instructors
Authors: Blessing Daniel L. , Tucker Larry A. , Williford Henry N.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among selected training factors for 35 aerobic dance instructors who had taught for at least one year. Descriptive data were collected via questionnaire and laboratory testing. Maximum aerobic power (VO2 max) was determined from a treadmill test. The instructors taught an average of 5.6 classes per week, 4.2 days per week, for 3.9 yr. Mean total class duration was about 1 hr. with an average of 24.3 min. of actual aerobic activity. Mean level of intensity during the training phase of the workouts was 76% of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Among the aerobic dance instructors, there were significant linear associations between intensity of training and Max VO2 [ml/(kg·min.)], accounting for 27.7% shared variance. Duration of the aerobic phase of workouts showed a significant quadratic relationship with Max VO2 accounting for 20.2% shared variance. Frequency of training was linearly related to Max VO2, accounting for 21.7% shared variance. Results indicate that the significant predictor variables accounted for almost 55% of the variance of the criterion, Max VO2 in combination.
Levels of State Anxiety for Males Facing Redundancy and Subsequently Reporting to Be Employed or Unemployed
Authors: Layton Clive
Published: September 2011

State anxiety scores for male adults, facing redundancy, were elevated whilst subjects awaited dismissal. Six months later, anxiety levels fell most notably for the reemployed. Simple strategies, providing some amelioration for individuals during the stressful anticipation period, were rarely provided by employers.
Visual Dominance in Olfactory Memory
Authors: Batic Nidia , Gabassi Pier Giorgio
Published: September 2011

The object of the present study was to verify the emergence of a ‘visual dominance’ effect in memory tests involving different sensory modes (sight and smell), brought about the preattentive mechanisms which select the visual sensory mode regardless of the recall task.
Violence and Prospect-Refuge Values
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Appleton's prospect-refuge theory of landscape aesthetics is joined to Kupfer's treatment of the more contemporary forms of violence as aesthetic projects. The insufficiency in the modern urban environment of good opportunities to see without being seen stresses the present and near future into heightened feelings of vulnerability, adding with untoward social circumstance to activate more extreme measures to secure an advantage in our dealings with the world. From the standpoint of prospect-refuge theory, violence directed to asserting the self as someone who matters is a misbegotten effort to unstress the present and near future. Violence valued only for the aesthetic satisfaction in dismembering persons and things to formlessness suggests an attempt to kill time. As the likelihood of violent incidents increases, revisions in the prospect-refuge map together with institutional reforms become more urgent.
Vertical Reversal and Lateral Reversal as Components of Inversion in Recognition Memory for Upside-down Faces
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

Subjects viewed upright photographs of faces, then attempted to recognize them unchanged, vertically reversed or inverted. In two of four conditions, hit scores were lower for inverted than vertically reversed faces, suggesting that lateral reversal is a meaningful component of inversion. The effect was not sufficiently strong, however, to overcome a generally high false-alarm rate for upside-down faces.
Differential Visual Field-Interhemispheric Transfer: Can it Explain Sex and Handedness Differences in Lateralization?
Authors: Haude Richard H. , Morrow-Tlucak Mary , Fox Diane M. , Pickard Kevin B.
Published: September 2011

104 men and women were tested for visual field-hemispheric transfer of spatial information on a dot-localization task. Right-handed subjects showed significant improvement when stimuli were presented to the left visual field of the right hemisphere (LVF-RH) after practice on the same task presented to the right visual field of the left hemisphere (RVF-LH) first. No improvement was found when the task was presented in the reverse order (LVF-RH first followed by RVF-LH). It was concluded that, for right-handers, transfer of spatial information to the right hemisphere is facilitated while transfer to the left hemisphere is inhibited. Left-handed subjects demonstrated no significant improvement in either condition, suggesting inhibition or lack of transfer of spatial information in either direction. No sex differences were found in either right-handed or left-handed subjects. The findings suggest that there may be different mechanisms underlying the similarities in functional lateralization of women and left-handers.
Possible Learned Detection of Exogenous Brain Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: A Case Study
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Makarec K.
Published: September 2011

Zener card representations were presented visually for 15 sec. every 30 sec. for a total of 40 trials per session over 17 sessions to a single subject who displayed temporal lobe lability. During the 15 sec. before the presentation of one of the symbols (target) either a specific 4-Hz magnetic field pattern or a 1-Hz or 7-Hz magnetic field was presented bilaterally at the level of the temporal lobes. Field strengths were in the order of milligauss (about 1000X background values). The subject was required to anticipate the next symbol for each trial. Only when the 4-Hz field preceded the target symbol did the subject's accuracy of guessing remain systematically above (50%) chance (20%) over the sessions. These results suggest that exogenous magnetic fields may become discriminative stimuli through temporal association. Evidence of habituation was also obtained.
Facial Action Patterns, Electromyography, and Moods in Response to an Insoluble Task as a Function of Sex and Sex-Role Differences
Authors: Klions Douglas E. , Sanders Kim S. , Hudak Mary A. , Dale J. Alexander , Klions Herbert L.
Published: September 2011

College students of either androgynous or sex-typed orientation were randomly assigned to either an insoluble concept-formation task or a solvable one. Posttreatment scores were compared for measures of dysphoric mood (Multiple Affect Adjective List), electromyographic responses (corrugator and zygomatic), and discrete facial responses (Facial Action Coding System). In Study 1, 18 androgynous women were compared to 16 feminine women; in Study 2, 16 androgynous men were compared to 16 masculine men. The insoluble task was associated with more corrugator activity (frowning) than the solvable task in both studies. Feminine women displayed more corrugator responses across both tasks than androgynous women. However, masculine men did not differ from androgynous men in over-all corrugator response activity. Androgynous women smiled more than feminine women on the facial action coding measure. Men subjected to the insoluble task reported significantly more anxiety, depression, and hostility. Masculine men scored higher on anxiety during the insoluble task than androgynous men, while the latter scored somewhat higher on anxiety in the other condition.
Effect of Actual and Perceived Availability of Time on Voluntarism
Authors: Unger Lynette S.
Published: September 2011

Actual and perceived availability of time were hypothesized to be directly related to hours volunteered. However, actual time was unrelated and perceived time negatively related to voluntarism.
Auditory Illusion Analogous to the Baldwin Figure in Vision
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

An auditory illusion was demonstrated in which there was perceptual shortening of the temporal interval contiguous to a low frequency (large) tone and/or perceptual lengthening of the temporal interval contiguous to a high frequency (small) tone. This auditory analogy to the Baldwin figure was demonstrated after first determining that there was a symmetrical expansion of perceived time during the auditory filled-duration illusion.
Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Adults during Long Performance
Authors: Almirall Helena , Gutiérrez Emilia
Published: September 2011

Better to understand the relation of auditory to visual reaction time (RT) tasks during a long period (320 min.) as well as the evolution of these performances along time, 24 subjects were tested. RT tasks were delivered at 10-min. intervals for 320 min. Correlations between auditory and visual RTs and cross-correlation functions were calculated. Our results confirmed their association, which was maintained throughout the experiment. There were no significant differences in the mean RT by sex or time of day; however, differences were found for the trend slope between type of stimulus and sex.
Cognitive Performance and Cognitive Style of Young Children
Authors: Kalyan-Masih Violet , Curry Eileen
Published: September 2011

For 31 white preschool children of the University Child Development Laboratory and their parents measures given were Piagetian tasks for cognitive performance and Coate's Preschool Embedded Figures Test for cognitive style and a demographic questionnaire for parents. Pearson correlations of cognitive performance with cognitive style of young children and performance differences by children's sex and age, and parental income were estimated. Significant values between cognitive performance and cognitive style were noted. No significant differences by sex of children or by parental income were found. Developmental differences by age of children were noted for both cognitive performance and style. Possible value of such information for parents and teachers was suggested.
Relative Effects of Scopolamine and Electroconvulsive Shock upon Habit Reversal in White Rats
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: September 2011

30 adult male white rats were equally divided into control, scopolamine, and electroconvulsive shock groups to learn 20 successive reversal problems in an E-maze for water after 23 ½ hr. of deprivation. The noncorrection method was used. After 1 mo. of preliminary training, each scopolamine animal received an intraperitoneal injection of 1 mgm of scopolamine hydro-bromide per kgm of body weight while each in the shock group was given an ECS of 35 mA for .2 sec. at the end of every 10 daily trials. When a rat obtained 9 correct of 10 trials, the goal was switched to the opposite side of the maze. Controls were much superior to both experimental groups. While scopolamine animals experienced more detrimental effects initially, they caught up with the shock group and finally became superior. This shift is interpreted in terms of building tolerance to scopolamine and increasing anxiety to shock as effects of differential treatments accumulated.
Children's Time Perception as Affected by Order of Stimulus Presentation
Authors: Bowers Robin L. , Richards Ralph W.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 5- to 6-yr.-old children estimated the time requited to view 15 color slides containing an assortment of familiar objects. In one group, the pictures appeared in categorical order. A second group viewed the same 15 slides in a random order. The results showed that, although picture-recall was similar for the two groups, children in the category group estimated significantly longer durations than subjects in the random condition. The findings were discussed in the context of Ornstein's 1969 storage size hypothesis.
Generating Probable Consequences
Authors: Cooper William E. , Nelson Lori J.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to examine some of the factors that influence peoples' generation of likely consequences associated with a major hypothetical life event, involving the loss of the function of one of one's own limbs. The design included four limbs involving two inclusion relations, thumb-hand and foot-leg, and two viewpoints involving consequences for oneself or for others. The results indicated that subjects generate more numerous consequences for primary than for secondary consequences, more for short-term consequences than for medium- or long-term ones, mote for an inclusive limb than for an included limb (e.g., hand vs thumb), and more pertaining to oneself than to others. Individual differences in the generation of consequences were not associated with prior experience involving functional loss of the limbs tested or with general differences in academic performance. The results permit inference about some of the mental processes that accompany consequence generation.
Development of Problem-Solving Strategies in Repeated Sentence-Verification Tasks
Authors: Harpur John G. E. , Macleod Heather M. A. , Decker Joy V.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to investigate the development of problem-solving strategies by subjects in a sentence-verification paradigm which permitted repeated exposure to problems of the same type. While it was predicted that subjects would show a general improvement across trials as a function of repeated exposure to similar sets of problems, nevertheless it was predicted that some types of problem would show little or no improvement across trials, while other problems would show significant improvement as the subjects determined more efficient strategies to use to aid in rapid solutions. The results illustrate that certain types of sentence-verification tasks allow the development of efficient strategies which significantly decrease reaction times across trials, while other problem types produce uniform response rates across problem sets with negligible improvement as a function of practice. The results ate interpreted in terms of the relative availability of problem-solving strategies for the different types of verification task.
Effectiveness of Visual vs Kinesthetic Instruction for Learning a Gross Motor Skill
Authors: Mount Julie
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare visual with kinesthetic instruction for learning a motor skill that is not visually monitorable. Previous studies comparing visual and kinesthetic information have all used arm tasks for which the nonvisual condition was artificial. 20 subjects were randomly assigned to either a kinesthetic or a visual instruction group. The task was to draw a horizontal line with the right foot while in a quadruped position. All subjects received visual knowledge of results. While performance improved over the course of the 10 instructional sessions and trials, no difference in performance was found between the two instructional groups. A follow-up study is required to determine whether this result was based on visual dominance. Understanding the effectiveness of the different modalities for teaching gross motor skills would be valuable to physical therapists, physical educators, and psychologists.
Effects of Discrimination Training on Reading Improvement among Adults
Authors: Patti Paul , Kose Gary , Duncan Joan
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of discrimination training on improving reading skills for young adults. 90 college students ( M age = 26.2 yr.), who were identified as low achievers with below average reading skills, were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions: the General Discrimination Group, the Reading Discrimination Group, and the Study Skills Group. Following 10 days of training, the subjects were tested on a standard reading achievement test, a problem-solving test, and a measure of cognitive style. Minimal differences between the pre- and posttraining scores for all three training conditions were noted. These findings contrast with developmental research that has indicated the importance of discrimination ability and suggest distinctive problems of adults with poor reading skill.
Impact of Teachers' Morale on the Classroom
Authors: Stevens Rita , White William
Published: September 2011

The attitude and morale of 191 teachers in 15 school districts was measured by Rotter's Locus of Control Scale and White and Stevens' Survey of Teacher Morale. The Locus of Control score and three semantic differential variables generated from factor analysis of responses to 10 teacher concepts were placed in the stepwise regression analysis of the Standardized California Achievement Test scores in reading or language arts for each classroom. The multiple correlation of .22 was nonsignificant between locus of control scores, teachers' morale scores, and students' achievement scores.
Ear Preference in Telephone Listening
Authors: Seeman Jeanette , Surwillo Walter W.
Published: September 2011

Telephone-listening behavior was surveyed by questionnaire in 294 airline reservations agents to discover whether there is a preference for listening with the right ear. All of the subjects wore headsets as was their normal practice at work, thereby leaving both hands free for other activities so data were minimally biased by hand preference. Findings showed no evidence of a right-ear preference. Instead a left-ear preference was reported in 59% of the group—a finding that was statistically significant at the .001 level of confidence. Persons listening with the left ear had more experience using headsets to listen on the telephone than persons listening with the right ear.
Parental Control in Child-Rearing and Adjustment in Young Adults
Authors: De Man Anton
Published: September 2011

42 male and 30 female undergraduate students participated in a study of the relationship between perceived parental control in child-rearing and adjustment in young adults. A correlational analysis indicated that low adjustment is moderately associated with high parental control.
Visual Feature Integration in Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Elliott Digby , Hennessey Bernie
Published: September 2011

This study examined the ability of 7 learning disabled children to detect and integrate visual features in a complex display. While the learning disabled children performed more poorly over-all than 6 control children, differences between the two groups were most pronounced when subjects were required to conjoin or integrate visual features to make a decision about the presence of a target item. This finding is discussed with reference to automatic and attention-demanding components of visual perception.
Response Selection on the Rorschach Test
Authors: Fernández-Ballesteros Rocio , Vizcarro-Guarch Carmen
Published: September 2011

After discussion of some theoretical speculations concerning the nature of the Rorschach process, two experimental manipulations of the Rorschach task are presented. Three groups of normal ( n = 6) and schizophrenic subjects (7 paranoid and 7 nonparanoid) participated. Their mean age was 30.7 yr. In the first experimental version of the Rorschach, simplified inkblots (sections of the standard cards) were used to verify the influence of stimulus complexity on response for the three groups. In the second, an experimental version of the Rorschach task was created to highlight the influence of the selection process among different associations to blots. To this end, a list including responses both of positive and negative form quality to each card, was provided each subject. Data are discussed, highlighting the minimal differences obtained by the experimental manipulations and relating these to theoretical speculations.
Occupational Stress and Receipt of Professional Counseling in Special Education
Authors: Fimian Michael J. , Krupicka William M.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the receipt of professional counseling services in response to problems related to stress in one state-wide sample of special education teachers. An analysis of variance was conducted for each stress variable to estimate the significance of mean differences between groups of counseling recipients and nonrecipients. Most comparisons indicated significantly stronger and more frequent stressful experiences for counseling recipients than for nonrecipients with respect to scores on Professional Distress, Emotional Manifestations, Physiological-Fatigue Manifestations, and Total Stress.
A Semantic Analysis of the Imagery Questionnaire
Authors: Chara Paul J. , Hamm Donald A.
Published: September 2011

107 students were asked to elucidate the meaning of their responses to Marks' (1973) imagery questionnaire by ranking six possible meanings of those responses. Results indicated that subjects primarily use means other than scrutinizing their “images” per se in responding to the imagery questionnaire.
Assessing Social Desirability in Family Self-Report
Authors: Fristad Mary A.
Published: September 2011

This study focused on social desirability in family members' self-reports. 32 clinical families (93 family members) were given self-report measures from the McMaster and Circumplex family-assessment models and a measure of social desirability. Clinicians assessed these families on clinical rating scales from the same models. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between self-reports, social desirability scores, and clinicians' ratings. It was expected that social desirability would be a suppressor variable (i.e., when accounted for, the similarity between clinicians' and family members' ratings would be enhanced). This did not occur; instead, social desirability was significantly but negatively correlated with ratings of pathology. Results provide evidence that correcting for social desirability on clinical pencil-and-paper tests is not supported.
Short-Term Haptic Memory for Three-Dimensional Objects
Authors: Kiphart Michael J. , Auday Bryan C. , Cross Henry A.
Published: September 2011

In 8 experiments college students felt 32 geometric objects and were tested in a signal-detection framework to same or distractor items. Retention intervals and intervening experiences were also manipulated following initial touching. In all instances performance was high, and there was no evidence of a decline in haptic sensitivity over the retention intervals employed. These surprising results were interpreted as consistent with the 1985 contention of Klatzky, Lederman, and Metzger that the haptic modality constitutes an expert system.
Concept Knowledge as a Predictor of First- and Fourth-Grade Reading Achievement
Authors: Gallivan Joanne
Published: September 2011

The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts and the Gates-MacGinitie Readiness Skills test were compared on predicting reading achievement in Grades 1 and 4. Both tests were significant predictors of achievement in both grades. These findings show that the Boehm test has utility as a predictor of reading achievement and as a practical alternative to readiness tests.
Listeners' Perception of Harshness for Vowels of the Vowel Quadrilateral
Authors: Schliesser Herbert F.
Published: September 2011

Psychological ratings of harshness were available for both normal and hyperfunctional productions of the vowels of the vowel quadrilateral /a/, /i/, /æ/, and /u/. A consistent pattern was observed across the two conditions. The vowel /u/ was perceived least harsh and /æ/ most harsh, with /a/ and /i/ being perceived about equally harsh. The perceptual concomitant of “harsh” applied to vowels seems independent of muscular adjustments associated with “tense” vowel production and requires another explanation.
A Preliminary Report of Oral Tactile Sensation and Responses to Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Cantrell James , Petrosino Linda , Fucci Donald , Nance Rita
Published: September 2011

Individual speakers vary widely in their reactions to delayed auditory feedback. In this pilot investigation, 21 adults with normal speech and hearing completed standardized readings under simultaneous and 200-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Minimally and maximally affected speakers were identified. Vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from the tongue and thenar eminence of the right hand for a group of five minimally and a group of five maximally affected speakers. Analysis showed that vibrotactile thresholds were lower (more sensitive) at both assessment sites for the group of maximally affected speakers. This finding is discussed in relation to the possible implications of heightened tactile sensitivity in the control of speech under delayed auditory feedback.
Effect of Practice Procedure on Skill Acquisition
Authors: Dunham Paul , Dunham Trey , Dunham Timothy Andrew
Published: September 2011

49 children in Grade 1 in an isolated community were assessed on their form and skill in making a basket for a one-step basketball lay-up following practice using a pseudoshaping, specific, or schema procedure. Analysis gave a significant form effect but no difference in success of making baskets.
Effect of Bandwidth Knowledge of Results on Movement Consistency
Authors: Sherwood David E.
Published: September 2011

The effect of “bandwidth” knowledge of results (KR), given only if the subject's response is outside of a certain movement-time bandwidth, on learning and performance of a rapid elbow-flexion movement was examined. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three feedback groups, a 5% bandwidth group (BW5), a 10% bandwidth group (BW10), or a control group (KR), who received knowledge of results on every trial. Subjects moved a light, horizontal, aluminum lever through 60° in 200 msec, for 100 acquisition trials with KR given depending on group and 25 transfer trials without KR (transfer phase). Although the subjects in the BW10 group received knowledge of results fewer times during acquisition, they showed less within-subject variability chan the BW5 and KR groups on the transfer test which suggests that giving KR about a relatively large bandwidth enhances movement consistency.
Fixation Accuracy and Perceptual Asymmetry for Consonants
Authors: Berger Jean-Marc , Perret Etienne
Published: September 2011

Fixation accuracy was related to perception of laterally presented consonants. Small left-eye fixation inaccuracy influenced perceptual performance of 8 men and 8 women.
Ultradian Cyclicity in Auditory and Visual Reaction Time during Long Performance
Authors: Almirall Helena , Ferrer Ramon , Sànchez-Turet Miquel
Published: September 2011

24 subjects were tested to check the hypothesis proposed by Kleitman about a “basic rest-activity cycle”. Reaction time tasks were delivered at 10-min. intervals for 320 min. Spectral density function analyses showed no significant periods within the limits of the cycle. Discussion concerns fulfilling assumptions of spectral analysis and Fisher's test.
Further Learning Effects of Knowledge of Results upon Time Estimation
Authors: Montare Alberto
Published: September 2011

College students of both sexes served as their own controls to test four hypotheses in each of three experiments designed to assess effects of knowledge of results (KR) as verbal information correct to the nearest .01 sec. on time estimations. Analysis indicated that (1) KR significantly increased the mean accuracy of time estimations obtained by the methods of production and estimation but not by the method of reproduction, (2) that KR significantly decreased the variance of the time estimations in all three experiments, (3) that in all three experiments after KR underestimators significantly increased their mean time estimates whereas overestimators significantly decreased their mean time estimations, and (4) that no significant sex differences were present. Notions of excitation and inhibition as intervening variables and of the Pavlovian first- and second-signalling systems were employed in tentative explanations.
Saltation as a Rotation of Space-Time Axes
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

Given two taps on the skin at the same position and a third tap some distance away, an observer reports the second tap as occurring at a position between the first and third taps. This is the saltation phenomenon, and as presented in this theoretical note, it is a phenomenon which is easily accommodated by a theoretical rotation of space-time axes.
A Factor Analysis of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory Using an Alcoholic Population
Authors: Robertson E. D. , Fournet G. P. , Zelhart P. F. , Estes R. E.
Published: September 2011

The present study reports a factor analysis of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory using 103 alcoholic men. Kirton in 1976 and we in an unpublished work in 1986 noted identical factor structures when responses from nonalcoholic populations to the inventory were factor analyzed. Recent reviews regarding personality characteristics of alcoholics suggest characteristics similar to the adaption-innovation concepts of Kirton. This factor analysis for an alcoholic sample supports the validity of the inventory as a measure of problem-solving style of alcoholics.
Absorption and Enjoyment of Music
Authors: Rhodes Larry A. , David Daniel C. , Combs Allan L.
Published: September 2011

For 35 participants, 12 men and 23 women, scores on the Tellegen Absorption Scale significantly correlated with ratings of how much they liked music. After completing the scale, each participant listened to eight 4-min. selections of music presented in quasirandom order. These were excerpts from classical, new age, rock, and country music. Each was rated on a scale from 1, for strongly disliked, to 5, for strongly liked. The Pearson correlation of .51 between the Absorption Scale scores and the mean rating scores collapsed across all types of music was significantly greater than zero. Correlations for each of the various types of music were .51 for classical music, .40 for new age music, .20 for rock music, and .11 for country music.
Effects of Depressed Mood Induction on Reasoning Performance
Authors: Radenhausen Russell A. , Anker James M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between depressed mood, reasoning and perceptual performance was examined with 57 undergraduate volunteers. To intensify its effect, Velten's 1968 mood induction procedure was modified by having subjects hear a prerecording of each mood statement prior to saying it themselves. Also, midway through the experiment subjects completed an abbreviated mood induction to ensure continuation of the appropriate mood. Ratings of subjects' mood on a 13-point Likert scale before and after mood induction indicated the mood induction was effective. Subjects completed the reasoning measure of 48 syllogisms, and the perceptual measure involving identification of positive, negative, or neutral stimulus words presented tachistoscopically. “Depressed” individuals showed poorer reasoning performance of marginal significance than “elated” subjects. Mood induction did not appear to affect perceptual performance. Results are discussed in terms of the research on reasoning deficits in depression.
Psychological Effects of Running Loss on Consistent Runners
Authors: Chan Connie S. , Grossman Hildreth Y.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the psychological effects of running loss upon consistent runners. We compared a group of 30 “Prevented Runners” who were unable to run for at least two weeks with a group of 30 “Continuing Runners” who ran without interruption on the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Zung Depression Scale, and a Running Information questionnaire. We found that Prevented Runners displayed significantly greater symptoms of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, confusion, over-all mood disturbance, and lower self-esteem than did Continuing Runners. Deprivation of running may result in withdrawal symptoms of psychological distress for consistent runners who rely on running as a coping strategy for stress reduction and who feel dependent upon the psychological reinforcements of running.
What is the Catch?
Authors: Diggles Virginia A. , Grabiner Mark D.
Published: September 2011

Comments on the 1987 criticisms by Whiting and Savelsbergh, clarifications, and corrections are provided.
Field Independence and Simultaneous Processing in Preschool Children
Authors: Hall Cathy W. , Gregory Gail , Billinger Elizabeth , Fisher Tony
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relations between field independence and simultaneous processing of preschool children as measured by the Preschool Embedded Figures Test (PEFT) and subtests from the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), respectively. Data partially supported the assumption that field-independent children would perform significantly better on simultaneous processing tasks in general. Significant age and sex differences on field-independence/field-dependence and simultaneous-processing abilities were found among the embedded figures task and selected portions of the K-ABC. Analysis of embedded figures further indicated age differences, but no significant sex differences.
Subjects' Skill and Biphasic Effects of Met-Enkephalin upon the Acquisition and Retention of a Perceptual Motor Task
Authors: Woosley Emge A. , Chara Paul J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of met-enkephalin on the acquisition and retention over 10 days of a perceptual motor skill were investigated. Mice were randomly assigned to either one of two experimental groups (1-mg or 3-mg injections per 1-kg of body weight of met-enkephalin) or one of two control groups (dH2O injections). During the acquisition phase of the study, they were separated into “slow” and “fast” learners on the basis of their skill in negotiating a water maze. The results indicated an inhibitory effect of met-enkephalin in the 3-mg condition in the retention phase of the experiment. Subjects' skill was not implicated as a critical factor in retention of this simple task.
Training of Conversational Skills with Institutionalized Elderly: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Fernández-Ballesteros R. , Izal M. , Diaz P. , Gonzalez J. L. , Souto E.
Published: September 2011

16 residents in a Residential Care Home for elderly people volunteered and were trained in a social skills program aimed at increasing conversational skills. Subjects were assigned randomly to three groups, one experimental and two control groups (placebo and waiting list). The techniques used in the experimental group were behavior rehearsal, feedback, modeling, discriminative reinforcement, verbal instructions, and homework. Relative to control groups, experimental subjects showed significant increases in conversational skills, such as receiving information, speaking-up, and giving information. They also showed a significant decrease in their scores on Zung's Self-rating Scale of Depression compared with the two control groups. They showed an increase in assertive responses and a decrease in aggressive and inhibited responses. These changes remained when follow-up was made 3 mo. later, suggesting the potential utility of this training program with elderly persons residing in old people's homes.
Generalization of Training Speaking Skills: The Role of Overt Activity, Feedback, and Child's Initial Level of Competence
Authors: Reid Luc , Lefebvre-Pinard Monique , Pinard Adrien
Published: September 2011

72 children (mean age = 6–5) were assigned to 1 of 6 training conditions for speaking skills in a 2 (with or without feedback) × 3 (degree of overt activity) crossed design. Children in the active condition participated directly in three training exercises; each child in the passive condition observed the performance of the child in the active condition to whom he was matched; children in the active-passive condition received a combination of the two previous treatments. Children were given a pretest and immediate and delayed posttests, each of which was comprised of five tasks, four of which aimed at measuring possible transfer to other referential communication behaviors. Posttest evaluations showed that improvements in speaking behavior were related to the feedback condition, but not to the child's initial level of competence as assessed by global performance on the five pretest tasks. The reverse was true for the four transfer tasks. The amount of overt activity did not exert a significant effect on children's performance of any of the five tasks. Possible causes of the difficulty of obtaining transfer in training experiments are discussed.
Motion Verb Acquisition: Development of Definitions
Authors: Gallivan Joanne
Published: September 2011

This experiment explored as a function of development the changes in the content of subjects' concepts of motion verbs. 60 subjects (3-yr.-olds, 4-yr.-olds, 5-yr.-olds and adults) took part in interviews in which questions designed to assess their understanding of the meanings of 10 verbs were posed. Analyses of the response-types produced, the level of generality of concept instances discussed, and the appropriateness of the word definitions supplied all indicated that children's concepts are initially quite particular and limited mainly to knowledge of the situations and entities to which the verbs can apply. Development of verb meanings appears to consist of generalization of the concepts underlying use of the words, replacing particular specific information about the referents to which the words may apply.
Influence of Age, Sex, Hearing Loss and Balance on Development of Catching by Deaf Children
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A. , Ersing Walter F.
Published: September 2011

132 deaf boys and girls were evaluated on development for catching and static and dynamic balance proficiency. Additional information was obtained relative to age and hearing loss in decibels. Mature form in catching was related to chronological age and proficiency of balance. Sex and hearing loss do not appear to affect level of development as measured for catching.
Training versus Nontraining of Mothers as Home Reading Tutors
Authors: Wilks Ray T. J. , Clarke Valerie A.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of training mothers as home reading tutors was assessed using a sample of 42 mother-child pairs. The children were aged 8 to 9 yr. Analyses showed that the amount of time parents spent listening to a child read at home was positively related to both reading accuracy and comprehension scores. A short group-program training mothers as home reading tutors achieved the anticipated changes in mothers' behaviours: delayed intervention, increased use of meaning and contextual cues rather than direct word prompts, and greater use of praise. Children's reading accuracy was marginally improved and reading comprehension was significantly increased as a result of training the mothers as home reading tutors.
Call for a Follow-up Study of Experiments on Long-Term Deprivation of Human Infants
Authors: Razel Micha
Published: September 2011

Three experiments on long-term isolation and educational deprivation of infants were performed 50 years ago by Myrtle McGraw and by Wayne and Marsena Dennis. Current textbooks regularly present these studies incorrectly as supporting the notion that early motor development is unaffected by environment. This presentation is shown to be incorrect by a reanalysis of the studies which indicates severe and far-reaching negative effects of the depriving conditions upon the experimental infants. A follow-up study of the experimental subjects in later years and a publication of McGraw's unreported study are called for.
Color Preference of ICD-9 Schizophrenics and Normal Controls
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Z. , Fernando Lakshman M. D.
Published: September 2011

Color preferences of 20 inpatients with ICD-9 diagnosis of schizophrenia were compared with those of 24 normal control subjects by means of the cards of the Luescher 8 Color Test. The only significant difference was found on the Luescher Anxiety Scale; however, this difference seems too weak for practical clinical use.
Bip-Bender Protocols of Learning Disabled and Regular Education Students
Authors: Mallinger Barry L. , Longley Kaye F.
Published: September 2011

20 learning disabled and 20 normal elementary school children took the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test twice, once under standard conditions and again using Background Interference Procedure paper. Based on Koppitz's scoring system, the disabled pupils did equally poorly on both modes but performed significantly worse than the normal children when given the standard Bender first. No other differences were found. Other scoring methods are suggested for investigation.