bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exceptional Photonic Properties Through Click Chemistry and Self‐Assembly of Fluorodendrimers and Polymers
Authors: Kim Tae‐Dong , Kang Jae‐Wook , Luo Jingdong , Haller Marnie , Tian Yanqing , Chen Baoquan , Hau Steve , Shi Zhengwei , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Ketomethylene Functionality — A Versatile Source for the Synthesis of Some Interesting Selenadiazoles
Authors: Reddy D. Bhaskar , Padmavathi V. , Padmaja A. , Reddy M. V. Ramana , Reddy A. Somasekhar , Balaiah A. , Reddy T. V. Ramana
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent‐Free Organic Synthesis on Mineral Supports Using Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Balalaie Saeed , Golizeh M.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Oxidation of Organocuprates — An Offbeat Strategy for Synthesis
Authors: Surry David S. , Spring David R.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation: Chiral Ligands and Applications
Authors: Gladiali Serafino , Alberico Elisabetta
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of psico‐Nucleosides
Authors: Richardson Stewart K. , Howell Amy R. , Taboada Rosa
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In situ Solid‐State NMR Studies of Photocatalytic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Pilkenton Sarah , Raftery Daniel
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4‐(4‐Methylsulfonylphenyl)‐3‐phenyl‐2(3H)‐thiazole Thione Derivatives as New Potential COX‐2 Inhibitors
Authors: Emami Saeed , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: June 2006

Synthesis of novel 4‐(4‐methylsulfonylphenyl)‐3‐phenyl‐2(3H)‐thiazole thione derivatives with functionalized diarylheterocycle pharmacophore as potential COX‐2 inhibitors was described. The title compounds were synth‐ esized by cyclocondensation of corresponding dithiocarbamate and 2‐bromo‐1‐(4‐methylsulfonylphenyl)ethanone, followed by dehydration with H2SO4. All of the target compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, IR and mass spectral data.
Domino Michael/Retro‐Michael/Mukaiyama‐Aldol Reactions of 1,3‐Bis‐Silyl Enol Ethers with 3‐Acyl‐ and 3‐Formylbenzopyrylium Triflates – Synthesis of Functionalised 2,4′‐Dihydroxybenzophenones
Authors: Appel Bettina , Rotzoll Sven , Kranich Remo , Reinke Helmut , Langer Peter
Published: June 2006

The reaction of 1,3‐bis‐silyl enol ethers with 3‐acyl‐ and 3‐formylbenzopyrylium triflates, which can be generated in situ from 3‐acyl‐ and 3‐formylchromones, affords a great variety of functionalised 2,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenones and 4‐(2‐hydroxybenzoyl)salicylates. These products are formed by a domino Michael/retro‐Michael/Mukaiyama‐aldol reaction. This methodology is successfully applied to the synthesis of novel UV‐A/B and UV‐B filters. Three 4‐(2‐hydroxybenzoyl)salicylic acids show a good in vitro activity in a selectin bioassay. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Simple Stereoselective Route to α‐Trifluoromethyl Analogues of Piperidine Alkaloids
Authors: Bariau Annabelle , Bux Jatoi Wahid , Calinaud Pierre , Troin Yves , Canet Jean‐Louis
Published: June 2006

The highly diastereoselective synthesis of five trifluoro‐substituted analogues of mono‐, di‐, and trisubstituted piperidine alkaloids was accomplished in two to four steps from 2‐trifluoromethyl keto‐protected 4‐piperidones, prepared by an intramolecular Mannich‐type reaction methodology. A simple stereoselective elaboration of new 2‐(trifluoromethyl)‐4‐piperidinols and 4‐amino‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)piperidines is also described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Maximal independent sets in graphs with at most r cycles
Authors: Ying Goh Chee , Meng Koh Khee , Sagan Bruce E. , Vatter Vincent R.
Published: June 2006

We find the maximum number of maximal independent sets in two families
of graphs. The first family consists of all graphs with n vertices and at most r cycles. The second family is all graphs of the first family which are connected and satisfy n ≥ 3r. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 53: 270–282, 2006
Maximum pebbling number of graphs of diameter three
Authors: Bukh Boris
Published: June 2006

Given a configuration of pebbles on the vertices of a graph G, a pebbling move consists of taking two pebbles off some vertex v and putting one of them back on a vertex adjacent to v. A graph is called pebbleable if for each vertex v there is a sequence of pebbling moves that would place at least one pebble on v. The pebbling number of a graph G is the smallest integer m such that G is pebbleable for every configuration of m pebbles on G. We prove that the pebbling number of a graph of diameter 3 on n vertices is no more than (3/2)n + O(1), and, by explicit construction, that the bound is sharp. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
α‐Glucan phosphorylase and its use in carbohydrate engineering
Authors: Yanase Michiyo , Takaha Takeshi , Kuriki Takashi
Published: June 2006

Amylose is expected to be a functional biomaterial for various industries but is not produced on an industrial scale, since the purification of natural amylose from starch is difficult. The authors have recently established a system to produce synthetic amylose from either sucrose or cellobiose using the combined action of α‐glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) together with sucrose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.7) or cellobiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.20). In these combined enzymic systems, α‐glucan phosphorylase is a key enzyme. This paper summarises the authors' work to engineer practical α‐glucan phosphorylase for industrial processes and its use in the enzymatic synthesis of essentially linear amylose and other glucose polymers. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Differential operators and boundary value problems on hypersurfaces
Authors: Duduchava L. Roland , Mitrea Dorina , Mitrea Marius
Published: June 2006

We explore the extent to which basic differential operators (such as Laplace–Beltrami, Lamé, Navier–Stokes, etc.) and boundary value problems on a hypersurface 𝒮 in ℝn can be expressed globally, in terms of the standard spatial coordinates in ℝn . The approach we develop also provides, in some important cases, useful simplifications as well as new interpretations of classical operators and equations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
When a lattice homomorphism is a Riesz homomorphism
Authors: Ercan Z. , Wickstead A.W.
Published: June 2006

Let E and F be uniformly complete vector lattices with disjoint complete systems (ui )i ∈I and (vi )i ∈I of projection elements of E and F respectively. In this paper we prove that if T is a lattice homomorphism from E into F with T (λui ) = λvi for each λ ∈ ℝ and i ∈ I then T is linear. This generalizes the main results of [4] and [5]. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Littlewood–Paley decompositions and Besov spaces on Lie groups of polynomial growth
Authors: Furioli G. , Melzi C. , Veneruso A.
Published: June 2006

We introduce a Littlewood–Paley decomposition related to any sub‐Laplacian on a Lie group G of polynomial volume growth; this allows us to prove a Littlewood–Paley theorem in this general setting and to provide a dyadic characterization of Besov spaces B s,q p (G ), s ∈ ℝ, equivalent to the classical definition through the heat kernel. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Equivalence of AMLE, strong AMLE, and comparison with cones in metric measure spaces
Authors: Juutinen Petri , Shanmugalingam Nageswari
Published: June 2006

In this paper, we study the relationship between p ‐harmonic functions and absolutely minimizing Lipschitz extensions in the setting of a metric measure space (X, d, μ ). In particular, we show that limits of p ‐harmonic functions (as p → ∞) are necessarily the∞ ‐energy minimizers among the class of all Lipschitz functions with the same boundary data. Our research is motivated by the observation that while the p ‐harmonic functions in general depend on the underlying measure μ , in many cases their asymptotic limit as p → ∞ turns out have a characterization that is independent of the measure. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The approach‐dependent, time‐dependent, label‐constrained shortest path problem
Authors: Sherali Hanif D. , Jeenanunta Chawalit , Hobeika Antoine G.
Published: June 2006

In this article, we consider an approach‐dependent, time‐dependent, label‐constrained shortest path problem. This is a variant of the shortest path problem defined on a transportation network comprised of a set of nodes and a set of directed arcs such that each arc has an associated label designating a mode of transportation, and an associated travel‐time function that depends on the time of arrival at the tail node, as well as on the link via which this node was approached. A label constraint is specified that controls the admissible sequence of transportation modes, and the approach‐dependent travel‐time feature models turn‐penalties and prohibitions in transportation networks, whereby the time spent at an intersection before entering the next link depends on whether we travel straight through the intersection, or make a right turn at it, or make a left turn at it, as permissible. We propose two effective algorithms to solve this problem and present related theoretical complexity results. In addition, we also explore various heuristic delay estimation and network curtailment schemes that can be used to confine the search to only the more promising subsets of the network to reduce computational effort while preserving near‐optimality. Extensive empirical results using available data for the Portland, OR, and Blacksburg, VA, transportation networks are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed procedures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 48(2), 57–67 2006
The potential of the European network of congenital anomaly registers (EUROCAT) for drug safety surveillance: a descriptive study
Authors: Meijer Willemijn M. , Cornel Martina C. , Dolk Helen , de Walle Hermien E. K. , Armstrong Nicola C. , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. ,   EUROCAT Working Group
Published: June 2006

Background

European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) is a network of population‐based congenital anomaly registries in Europe surveying more than 1 million births per year, or 25% of the births in the European Union. This paper describes the potential of the EUROCAT collaboration for pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety surveillance.

Methods

The 34 full members and 6 associate members of the EUROCAT network were sent a questionnaire about their data sources on drug exposure and on drug coding. Available data on drug exposure during the first trimester available in the central EUROCAT database for the years 1996–2000 was summarised for 15 out of 25 responding full members.

Results

Of the 40 registries, 29 returned questionnaires (25 full and 4 associate members). Four of these registries do not collect data on maternal drug use. Of the full members, 15 registries use the EUROCAT drug code, 4 use the international ATC drug code, 3 registries use another coding system and 7 use a combination of these coding systems. Obstetric records are the most frequently used sources of drug information for the registries, followed by interviews with the mother. Only one registry uses pharmacy data. Percentages of cases with drug exposure (excluding vitamins/minerals) varied from 4.4% to 26.0% among different registries. The categories of drugs recorded varied widely between registries.

Conclusions

Practices vary widely between registries regarding recording drug exposure information. EUROCAT has the potential to be an effective collaborative framework to contribute to post‐marketing drug surveillance in relation to teratogenic effects, but work is needed to implement ATC drug coding more widely, and to diversify the sources of information used to determine drug exposure in each registry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐reactive metal/oxide interfaces: from model calculations towards realistic simulations
Authors: Goniakowski Jacek , Mottet Christine , Noguera Claudine
Published: June 2006

In the last decade two principal factors have stimulated the progressive regain of interest for non‐reactive metal/oxide interfaces. On one hand, the efforts invested by the community of model catalysis in analyzing the reactivity properties of supported metal nano‐clusters have resulted in an abundance of high quality experimental data. They have also risen several precise questions on the direct and indirect role played by the substrate in the determination of catalytic properties of deposited metal particles, and have thus reiterated the interrogations concerning the nature of interactions at the metal/oxide interfaces. On the other hand, conceptual improvements of first‐principles calculations, such as implementations of various GGA functionals, have added enormously to the reliability of these methods, and have enlarged considerably their field of application. However, most ab initio simulations are sooner or later confronted to the constrains on the computational cost, inherent of this kind of approaches. It concerns principally the limited size of systems which can be treated in practice, a factor which turns out to be particularly limiting in realistic studies of interfaces, where the mismatch of lattice parameters is at the origin of incommensurate interface structures, long‐range reconstructions, or/and complex structural deformations and dislocations.

In this context, the goal of this paper is two‐fold. First, we give an overview of essential metal/oxide interface characteristics as obtained from ab initio calculations on model systems, with a special focus on late transition metals, such as Pd, and on a highly ionic oxide substrate, such as MgO. It includes results on the relation between the strength of interfacial interaction and the type of deposited metal (transition, noble), the nature of metal deposit (isolated atoms, constituted interface), and the character of the substrate (non‐polar, polar). We also comment on effects due to defects at the oxide surface. Secondly, we describe an effective approach to simulate non‐reactive deposition of nano‐scale metal objects on a surface of highly ionic oxide. The core of this approach is a many‐body potential energy surface (PES) constructed on the basis of results of ab initio calculations for model metal/oxide interface structures. We present its application to studies on the deposition of late transition metals (Pd, Ag) on the MgO(100) surface, including the determination of substrate‐induced change of equilibrium atomic structure and morphology of metal nano‐clusters, the analysis of stress release at the interface, and the investigation of the role of the oxide substrate on the melting properties of supported clusters. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Makal (Xanthosoma yucatanensis) Starch
Authors: Torruco‐Uco Juan G. , Chel‐Guerrero Luis A. , Betancur‐Ancona David
Published: June 2006

Starch was isolated from a non‐conventional source: makal (Xanthosoma yucatanensis) and molecular characteristics were determined using X‐ray diffraction, light scattering and chain length determination. The granules had an oval shape with sizes between 8 and 20 μm, with an average size of 12.4 μm. Amylose content was 22.4% and amylopectin content 77.6%. The granules presented a C‐type X‐ray diffraction pattern, with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 5–19 for branch chain lengths and an average molar mass of 5.4×106 g/mol. The RH and the RG was 61.7 and 92.7 nm, respectively. Gelatinization temperature was 72.6 to 84.2°C and transition enthalpy was 15 J/g, which may be related to the X‐ray diffraction pattern and to the small granule size of makal starch. The retrogradation of makal starch increased during storage.
Profiles of adolescent stress: The development of the adolescent stress questionnaire (ASQ)
Authors: Byrne D.G. , Davenport S.C. , Mazanov J.
Published: June 2006

The importance of stress in the understanding of adolescent health and well‐being is widely documented. The measurement of adolescent stress has however been subjected to sufficient methodological and conceptual criticism in recent times to warrant a concerted re‐evaluation of the exercise. This study sought information on the nature of adolescent stressors, building on a previous instrument developed by the first author to ask adolescents themselves to inform the development of a pool of new items reflecting stressor experience and to advise on the wording of these items to comprehensively assess that experience. This pool of items was then administered as a self‐reported questionnaire to a large sample of school‐age adolescents (N>1000) together with a scale to assess the intensity of distress arising from stressor occurrence. Principal components analysis of the questionnaire yielded 10 internally reliable dimensions of adolescent stress, the nature of which were consistent with the available literature on adolescent stressor experience. Scales constructed from this PCA related positively to measures of anxiety and depression, and negatively to a measure of self‐esteem, suggesting that they were valid measures of adolescent stress. Test–retest reliability was good for all scales. The resultant Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ) is therefore suggested to have potential for the measurement of adolescent stress in both research and clinical contexts.
Aetiology‐specific patterns in end‐stage heart failure patients identified by functional annotation and classification of microarray data
Authors: Beisvag Vidar , Lehre Per Kristian , Midelfart Herman , Aass Halfdan , Geiran Odd , Sandvik Arne Kristian , Lægreid Astrid , Komorowski Jan , Ellingsen Øyvind
Published: June 2006

Background:

The objective of the present study was to use gene expression profiling, functional annotations and classification to identify aetiology‐specific biological processes and potential molecular markers for different aetiologies of end‐stage heart failure.

Methods and results:

Individual left ventricular myocardial samples from eleven coronary artery disease and nine dilated cardiomyopathy transplant patients were co‐hybridized with pooled RNA from four non‐failing hearts on custom‐made arrays of 7000 human genes. Significance analysis identified differential expression of 153 and 147 genes, respectively, in coronary artery disease or dilated cardiomyopathy versus non‐failing hearts. Analysis of Gene Ontology biological process annotations indicated aetiology‐specific patterns, primarily related to genes involved in catabolism and in regulation of protein kinase activity. Gene expression classifiers were obtained and used for class prediction of random samples of coronary artery diseased and dilated cardiomyopathic hearts. Best classifiers frequently included matrix metalloproteinase 3, fibulin 1, ATP‐binding cassette, sub‐family B member 1 and iroquois homeobox protein 5.

Conclusion:

Combining functional annotation from microarray data and classification analysis constitutes a potent strategy to identify disease‐specific biological processes and gene expression markers in e.g. end‐stage coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy.
TSGA10 prevents nuclear localization of the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α
Authors: Hägele Sonja , Behnam Babak , Borter Emanuela , Wolfe Jonathan , Paasch Uwe , Lukashev Dmitriy , Sitkovsky Michail , Wenger Roland H. , Katschinski Dörthe M.
Published: June 2006

The hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1 is a transcriptional regulator of genes involved in oxygen homeostasis. We previously described testis‐specific isoforms of HIF‐1α (mHIF‐1αI.1 and hHIF‐1αTe). Using mHIF‐1α exon I.1 knock‐out mice we confirmed the specific expression of mHIF‐1αI.1 in the sperm tail. A protein–protein interaction between HIF‐1α and the testis specific gene antigen 10 (TSGA10) was identified by yeast two‐hybrid screening. TSGA10 is expressed in testis but also in other organs and malignant tissues. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the C‐terminal part of TSGA10 accumulates in the midpiece of spermatozoa, where it co‐localizes with HIF‐1α. HIF‐1α nuclear localization and HIF‐1 transcriptional activity were significantly affected by overexpressed TSGA10.
Intravenous administration of mannosylated cationic liposome/NFκB decoy complexes effectively prevent LPS‐induced cytokine production in a murine liver failure model
Authors: Higuchi Yuriko , Kawakami Shigeru , Oka Machiko , Yabe Yoshiyuki , Yamashita Fumiyoshi , Hashida Mitsuru
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to inhibit endotoxin induced cytokines production and liver injury by liver non‐parenchymal cell (NPC) selective delivery of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) decoy using mannosylated cationic liposomes (Man‐liposomes). In this study, we examined the distribution, inhibitory effect on cytokines production and ALT/AST of intravenously injected Man‐liposome/NFκB decoy complex. Man‐liposome/[32P] NFκB decoy complexes mostly accumulated in the liver, preferentially in NPC. In a murine lipopolysaccharide‐induced liver failure model, the production of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), IFNγ, IL1‐β, ALT and AST were effectively reduced by Man‐liposome complexes. However, cationic or galactosylated cationic liposome complexes could not inhibit TNFα production.
THE OPEN CONSPIRACY OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY AND THE CASE OF W. N. EWER, COMMUNIST AND ANTI-COMMUNIST
Authors: CALLAGHAN JOHN , MORGAN KEVIN
Published: June 2006

This article is a response to an account of a communist espionage circle which appeared in this journal in 2003. It argues that the original article is seriously misleading because of its apparently exclusive reliance on previously classified intelligence documents and the interpretations found within them. Combined with a failure to provide an appropriate historical context, particularly concerning the politics of the drama's central figure – the Daily Herald journalist W. N. Ewer – and a tendency to import questionable value judgements into the narrative, the original piece substitutes the secret policeman's opinions for a real history of its subject-matter.
VIOLENCE AND CIVILITY IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA
Published: June 2006

Violence in early modern Europe, 1500–1800. By Julius R. Ruff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xii+269. ISBN 0-521-59119-8. £13.95.

The London mob: violence and disorder in eighteenth-century England. By Robert Shoemaker. London: Hambledon and London, 2004. Pp. xvi+393. ISBN 1-85285-389-1. £25.00.

Outlaws and highwaymen: the cult of the robber in England from the middle ages to the nineteenth century. By Gillian Spraggs. London: Pimlico, 2001. Pp. x+372. ISBN 0-7126-6479-3. £12.50.

The duel in early modern England: civility, politeness and honour. By Markku Peltonen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. x+355. ISBN 0-521-82062-6. £45.00.

Swordsmen: the martial ethos in the three kingdoms. By Roger B. Manning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. xvi+272. ISBN 0-19-926121-0. £47.00.

Rebellion, community and custom in early modern Germany. By Norbert Schindler, translated by Pamela E. Selwyn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv+311. ISBN 0-521-65010-0. £55.00.

The history of violence appears to hold a particular fascination for scholars of the early modern period. This is not least because it is so often deemed integral to the differences between modern and pre-modern culture and politics, despite the fact that this particular difference is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain. The progressive decline and containment of violence – or at least certain forms of violence – has been central to narratives of state formation, the transition from courtesy to civility, a shift from aristocratic to bourgeois cultural hegemony, and the ‘civilizing process’ first theorized by Norbert Elias. Despite Michel Foucault's complication (if not rejection) of their teleological assumptions, such celebratory accounts of modernization have proved remarkably tenacious, albeit in a fragmented fashion. As the selection of books under review here illustrates, with the exception of Manning and, most notably, Peltonen, current scholarship is more likely to uphold, or to modify subtly, rather than to reject entrenched views of a gradual abeyance of violence in early modern Europe in response to imperatives of civility and politeness and to emergent state control.
Cloud radiative forcing at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility: 1. Technique, validation, and comparison to satellite‐derived diagnostic quantities
Authors: Mace Gerald G. , Benson Sally , Sonntag Karen L. , Kato Seiji , Min Qilong , Minnis Patrick , Twohy Cynthia H. , Poellot Michael , Dong Xiquan , Long Charles , Zhang Qiuqing , Doelling David R.
Published: June 2006

It has been hypothesized that continuous ground‐based remote sensing measurements from collocated active and passive remote sensors combined with regular soundings of the atmospheric thermodynamic structure can be combined to describe the effects of clouds on the clear sky radiation fluxes. We critically test that hypothesis in this paper and a companion paper (part 2). Using data collected at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, we explore an analysis methodology that results in the characterization of the physical state of the atmospheric profile at time resolutions of 5 min and vertical resolutions of 90 m. The description includes thermodynamics and water vapor profile information derived by merging radiosonde soundings with ground‐based data and continues through specification of the cloud layer occurrence and microphysical and radiative properties derived from retrieval algorithms and parameterizations. The description of the atmospheric physical state includes a calculation of the clear and cloudy sky solar and infrared flux profiles. Validation of the methodology is provided by comparing the calculated fluxes with top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface flux measurements and by comparing the total column optical depths to independently derived estimates. We find over a 1‐year period of comparison in overcast uniform skies that the calculations are strongly correlated to measurements with biases in the flux quantities at the surface and TOA of less than 6% and median fractional errors ranging from 12% to as low as 2%. In the optical depth comparison for uniform overcast skies during the year 2000 where the optical depth varies over more than 3 orders of magnitude we find a mean positive bias of less than 1% and a 0.6 correlation coefficient. In addition to a case study where we examine the cloud radiative effects at the TOA, surface and atmosphere by a middle latitude cyclone, we examine the cloud top pressure and optical depth retrievals of ISCCP and LBTM over a period of 1 year. Using overcast periods from the year 2000, we find that the satellite algorithms tend to compare well with data overall but there is a tendency to bias cloud tops into the middle troposphere and underestimate optical depth in high optical depth events.
Echo source discrimination in single‐pass airborne radar sounding data from the Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Implications for orbital sounding of Mars
Authors: Holt John W. , Peters Matthew E. , Kempf Scott D. , Morse David L. , Blankenship Donald D.
Published: June 2006

The interpretation of radar sounding data from Mars where significant topographic relief occurs will require echo source discrimination to avoid the misinterpretation of surface echoes as arising from the subsurface. This can be accomplished through the identification of all radar returns from the surface in order to positively identify subsurface echoes. We have developed general techniques for this using airborne radar data from the Dry Valleys of Antarctica. These data were collected in a single pass, including Taylor Glacier, ice‐covered Lake Bonney, and an ice‐free area of Taylor Valley. The pulsed radar (52.5–67.5 MHz) was coherently recorded. Our echo discrimination techniques included a radar simulator using a digital elevation model (DEM) to predict the location and shape of surface echoes in the radar data. Real and simulated echo strengths were used to calculate a signal‐to‐clutter ratio. This was complemented by the cross‐track migration of radar echoes onto the surface. These migrated echoes were superimposed on the DEM and imagery in order to correlate with surface features. Using these techniques enabled us to identify a number of echoes in the radar data as arising from the surface and to identify subsurface echoes, including a continuous reflector under the main trunk of Taylor Glacier and multiple reflectors beneath the terminus of Taylor Glacier. Surface‐based radar confirms the thickness of the glacier at three crossing points. The results illustrate the importance of using complementary techniques, the usefulness of a DEM, and the limitations of single‐pass radar sounding data.
Martian global‐scale CO2 exchange from time‐variable gravity measurements
Authors: Karatekin Ö. , Van Hoolst T. , Dehant V.
Published: June 2006

The Martian CO2 cycle causes variations in the gravity field that can be detected by an orbiting spacecraft. The time‐variable ΔC20 and ΔC30 reported from the radio tracking analysis of Mars Global Surveyor are used to calculate the seasonal changes in the polar cap masses as well as in the global atmospheric pressure. The results show a good agreement with the model‐dependent solutions of general circulation models and CO2 thickness observations of the High Energy Neutron Detector on board Mars Odyssey.
Influence of nutrient availability, stand age, and canopy structure on isoprene flux in a Eucalyptus saligna experimental forest
Authors: Funk Jennifer L. , Giardina Christian P. , Knohl Alexander , Lerdau Manuel T.
Published: June 2006

Eucalyptus plantations occupy approximately 10 million ha of land in the tropics and, increasingly, afforestation and reforestation projects are relying on this genus to provide rapid occupation of degraded sites, large quantities of high‐quality wood products, and high rates of carbon sequestration. Members of the genus Eucalyptus are also very high emitters of isoprene, the dominant volatile organic compound emitted by trees in tropical ecosystems, which significantly influences the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. While fertilization growth response of these trees has been intensively studied, little is known about how fertilization and tree age alter isoprene production from plantations of these trees. Here we examined the effects of fertilization and tree age on leaf‐level isoprene flux from 2‐ and 6‐year‐old trees in a Eucalyptus saligna experimental forest in Hawaii. Leaf‐level emission at a given canopy height did not differ between fertilized and unfertilized 6‐year‐old trees likely because leaf nitrogen content did not vary with fertilization. Across treatments, however, the standardized emission rate of isoprene (emission at a standard light and temperature) followed patterns of leaf N content and declined with canopy depth. Although leaf nitrogen content was similar between 2‐year and 6‐year fertilized trees, leaf‐level emission rates declined with stand age. Surprisingly, despite differences in stand leaf area and leaf area distribution, modeled canopy‐level isoprene flux was similar across stands varying in fertilization and tree age. Model results suggest that leaf area index was high enough in all treatments to absorb most of the light penetrating the canopy, leading to similar canopy flux rates despite the very different sized canopies.
Nonlinear motions at the internal tide source
Authors: van Haren Hans
Published: June 2006

Oceanic internal tidal wave generation is commonly modeled via interaction of a sinusoidal barotropic vertical velocity W with topography. However, general w above slopes are predominantly nonlinear, as appears in some nonhydrostatic models. Here, 1–2 Hz sampled observations are presented from 2–84 m above the bottom (mab) at ∼1400 m at the Bay of Biscay continental slope. Fronts are observed that all propagate upslope having heights >50 mab and more or less, ±5%, occurring at the tidal periodicity. They are accompanied by O(10 min) pulses of w≈0.10 m s−1 ≫W and irregular small‐scale waves superimposed on an asymmetric tidal signal. This nonlinearity is further exemplified by variations in frontal arrival and steepness, height, form, and is causing: i) internal tidal intermittency of ∼10 tidal periods, ii) nonlinear generation of internal tidal higher harmonics at the source. The observations suggest internal tide generation in a broadband instead of a monochromatic beam.
In vivo evidence for a role of protein kinase C in peripheral nociceptive processing
Authors: Souza Adriano L S , Moreira Fabrício A , Almeida Karine R , Bertollo Caryne M , Costa Karina A , Coelho Márcio M
Published: June 2006

The present study was designed to characterize the nociceptive response induced by protein kinase C (PKC) peripheral activation and to investigate if this biochemical event is important for the nociceptive response induced by formaldehyde, and bradykinin (BK).

Intraplantar injection of phorbol‐12,13‐didecanoate (PDD; 0.01, 0.1 or 1 μg), a PKC activator, but not of 4α‐PDD (inactive analogue), dose‐dependently induced thermal hyperalgesia in rats. This response was not observed at the contralateral hindpaw. Intraplantar injection of PDD (0.01, 0.1 or 1 μg) also induced mechanical allodynia. In mice, injection of PDD (0.1 or 1 μg) into the dorsum of the hindpaw induced a spontaneous licking behaviour.

Intraplantar co‐injection of chelerythrine (10 or 50 μg), a PKC inhibitor, attenuated the thermal hyperalgesia induced by PDD (0.1 μg) in rats.

The second phase of the nociceptive response induced by the injection of formaldehyde (0.92%, 20 μl) into the dorsum of mice hindpaws was inhibited by ipsi‐, but not contralateral, pre‐treatment with chelerythrine (1 μg).

Intraplantar injection of BK (10 μg) induced mechanical allodynia in rats. Ipsi‐ but not contralateral injection of bisindolylmaleimide I (10 μg), a PKC inhibitor, inhibited BK‐induced mechanical allodynia.

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PKC activation at peripheral tissues leads to the development of spontaneous nociceptive response, thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Most importantly, it also gives in vivo evidence that peripheral PKC activation is essential for the full establishment of the nociceptive response induced by two different inflammatory stimuli.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 239–247; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704434
Effect of NXY‐059 on infarct volume after transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat; studies on dose, plasma concentration and therapeutic time window
Authors: Sydserff S G , Borelli A R , Green A R , Cross A J
Published: June 2006

The efficacy of the free radical trapping agent NXY‐059 in reducing the infarct volume following both transient and permanent focal ischaemia has been examined in rats.

In the transient ischaemia model, rats were subjected to a 2 h occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Intravenous infusion of NXY‐059 (1, 10 and 30 mg kg−1 h) for 21.75 h starting 2.25 h after the occlusion, produced a dose‐dependent decrease in both neurological impairment and the histologically measured infarct volume (a mean 59% decrease at 10 mg kg−1 h).

In the permanent ischaemia model, animals were injected (s.c.) with a loading dose of NXY‐059 of 32.5, 53.8 or 75.4 mg kg−1 and osmotic minipumps were implanted which had been primed to deliver respectively 30, 50 or 70 mg kg−1 h. When treatment was initiated 5 min after MCA occlusion there was a dose dependent protection of both cortical and sub‐cortical tissue (cortex: 63% at the mid‐range dose). Protection was related linearly to plasma concentration (plasma unbound NXY‐059 concentration at 1 h: 37±16 μmol l−1 at the mid‐range dose).

When the mid range dose was administered between 5 min – 4 h after MCA occlusion, a marked and statistically significant protection was seen at all time points (44% protection in cortex at 4 h).

These data demonstrate the substantial neuroprotective efficacy of NXY‐059 at plasma concentrations that can be achieved clinically and indicate that NXY‐059 also has a therapeutic window of opportunity that is clinically relevant.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 103–112; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704449
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors affect the fibrinolytic system of human vascular cells in vitro: a comparative study using different statins
Authors: Wiesbauer Franz , Kaun Christoph , Zorn Gerlinde , Maurer Gerald , Huber Kurt , Wojta Johann
Published: June 2006

The results of several clinical studies investigating the effect of statin therapy on the fibrinolytic system in vivo are inconclusive. We compared the effect of six different statins (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin) on components of the fibrinolytic system expressed by human vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells and by the human hepatoma cell line HepG2.

All statins used except pravastatin significantly decreased PAI‐1 production in human endothelial and smooth muscle cells. This effect was also seen in the presence of IL‐1α and TNF‐α. All statins except pravastatin increased t‐PA production in human smooth muscle cells. On a molar basis cerivastatin was the most effective HMG CoA reductase inhibitor used. Only simvastatin and lovastatin increased t‐PA production in endothelial cells. The effects on the fibrinolytic system were reversed by mevalonate. Statins decreased mRNA levels for PAI‐1 in endothelial and smooth muscle cells and increased mRNA levels for t‐PA in smooth muscle cells. Statins did not affect PAI‐1 expression in HepG2 cells. Cell viability was not influenced by statins in endothelial cells and HepG2 cells whereas in smooth muscle cells a cytotoxic effect was seen at high concentrations.

If the effects on the fibrinolytic system of vascular cells in vitro shown in this study are also operative in vivo one could speculate that by increasing t‐PA and decreasing PAI‐1 at sites of vascular lesions statins might reduce fibrin formation and thrombus development. Such an effect might contribute to the clinically proven benefits of statin therapy.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 284–292; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704454
Magnolol attenuates VCAM‐1 expression in vitro in TNF‐α‐treated human aortic endothelial cells and in vivo in the aorta of cholesterol‐fed rabbits
Authors: Chen Yung‐Hsiang , Lin Shing‐Jong , Chen Jaw‐Wen , Ku Hung‐Hai , Chen Yuh‐Lien
Published: June 2006

In a previous study, we showed that magnolol, a potent antioxidant derived from a Chinese herb, attenuates monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) expression and intimal hyperplasia in the balloon‐injured aorta of cholesterol‐fed rabbits. Expression of cell adhesion molecules by the arterial endothelium and the attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium may play a major role in atherosclerosis. In the present study, the effects of magnolol on the expression of endothelial‐leukocyte adhesion molecules and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) in tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were investigated.

Pretreatment of HAECs with magnolol (5 μM) significantly suppressed the TNF‐α‐induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) (64.8±1.9%), but had no effect on the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 and endothelial cell selectin.

Magnolol (5 and 10 μM) significantly reduced the binding of the human monocytic cell line, U937, to TNF‐α‐stimulated HAECs (58.4 and 56.4% inhibition, respectively). Gel shift assays using the 32P‐labelled NF‐κB consensus sequence as probe showed that magnolol pretreatment reduced the density of the shifted bands seen after TNF‐α‐induced activation. Immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence staining of nuclear extracts demonstrated a 58% reduction in the amount of NF‐κB p65 in the nuclei in magnolol‐treated HAECs. Magnolol also attenuated intracellular H2O2 generation in both control and TNF‐α treated HAECs.

Furthermore, in vivo, magnolol attenuates the intimal thickening and TNF‐α and VCAM‐1 protein expression seen in the thoracic aortas of cholesterol‐fed rabbits.

Taken together, these data demonstrate that magnolol inhibits TNF‐α‐induced nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65 and thereby suppresses expression of VCAM‐1, resulting in reduced adhesion of leukocytes. These results suggest that magnolol has anti‐inflammatory properties and may play important roles in the prevention of atherosclerosis and inflammatory responses in vivo.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 37–47; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704458
Hypoxia—Ischemia Preferentially Triggers Glutamate Depletion from Oligodendroglia and Axons in Perinatal Cerebral White Matter
Authors: Back Stephen A , Craig Andrew , Kayton Robert J , Luo Ning Ling , Meshul Charles K , Allcock Natalie , Fern Robert
Published: June 2006

Ischemia is implicated in periventricular white matter injury (PWMI), a lesion associated with cerebral palsy. PWMI features selective damage to early cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, a phenomenon associated with glutamate receptor activation. We have investigated the distribution of glutamate in rat periventricular white matter at post-natal day 7. Immuno-electron microcopy was used to identify O4(+) oligodendroglia in control rats, and a similar approach was employed to stain glutamate in these cells before and after 90 mins of hypoxia-ischemia. This relatively brief period of hypoxia-ischemia produced mild cell injury, corresponding to the early stages of PWMI. Glutamate-like reactivity was higher in oligodendrocytes than in other cell types (2.13±0.25 counts/μm2), and declined significantly during hypoxia-ischemia (0.93±0.15 counts/μm2: P < 0.001). Astrocytes had lower glutamate levels (0.7±0.07 counts/μm2), and showed a relatively small decline during hypoxiaischemia. Axonal regions contained high levels of glutamate (1.84±0.20 counts/μm2), much of which was lost during hypoxia-ischemia (0.72±0.20 counts/μm2: P >0.001). These findings suggest that oligodendroglia and axons are the major source of extracellular glutamate in developing white matter during hypoxia-ischemia, and that astrocytes fail to accumulate the glutamate lost from these sources. We also examined glutamate levels in the choroid plexus. Control glutamate levels were high in both choroid epithelial (1.90±0.20 counts/μm2), and ependymal cells (2.20±0.28 counts/μm2), and hypoxia-ischemia produced a large fall in ependymal glutamate (0.97±0.08 counts/μm2: P >0.001). The ependymal cells were damaged by the insult and represent a further potential source of glutamate during ischemia.
Biological evaluation of tubulysin A: a potential anticancer and antiangiogenic natural product
Authors: Kaur Gurmeet , Hollingshead Melinda , Holbeck Susan , Schauer-Vukašinović Vesna , Camalier Richard F. , Dömling Alexander , Agarwal Seema
Published: June 2006

Tubulysin A (tubA) is a natural product isolated from a strain of myxobacteria that has been shown to depolymerize microtubules and induce mitotic arrest. The potential of tubA as an anticancer and antiangiogenic agent is explored in the present study. tubA shows potent antiproliferative activity in a panel of human cancer cell lines irrespective of their multidrug resistance properties. It induces apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells and shows significant potential antiangiogenic properties in several in vitro assays. It is efficacious in initial animal studies using a hollow fibre assay with 12 different human tumour cell lines. This study suggests that both in vitro and preclinical profiles of tubA may translate into clinically useful anticancer properties.
Modelling insecticide-binding sites in the voltage-gated sodium channel
Authors: O'Reilly Andrias O. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. , Williamson Martin S. , Field Linda M. , WAllace B. A. , Davies T. G. Emyr
Published: June 2006

A homology model of the housefly voltage-gated sodium channel was developed to predict the location of binding sites for the insecticides fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid, and DDT an early generation organochlorine. The model successfully addresses the state-dependent affinity of pyrethroid insecticides, their mechanism of action and the role of mutations in the channel that are known to confer insecticide resistance. The sodium channel was modelled in an open conformation with the insecticide-binding site located in a hydrophobic cavity delimited by the domain II S4-S5 linker and the IIS5 and IIIS6 helices. The binding cavity is predicted to be accessible to the lipid bilayer and therefore to lipid-soluble insecticides. The binding of insecticides and the consequent formation of binding contacts across different channel elements could stabilize the channel when in an open state, which is consistent with the prolonged sodium tail currents induced by pyrethroids and DDT. In the closed state, the predicted alternative positioning of the domain II S4-S5 linker would result in disruption of pyrethroid-binding contacts, consistent with the observation that pyrethroids have their highest affinity for the open channel. The model also predicts a key role for the IIS5 and IIIS6 helices in insecticide binding. Some of the residues on the helices that form the putative binding contacts are not conserved between arthropod and non-arthropod species, which is consistent with their contribution to insecticide species selectivity. Additional binding contacts on the II S4-S5 linker can explain the higher potency of pyrethroid insecticides compared with DDT.