bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influência do tamanho dos frutos do palmiteiro Euterpe edulis Mart. na germinação das sementes e crescimento das mudas
Authors: Fleig Frederico Dimas , Rigo Sandra Marisa
Published: May 2017

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do tamanho dos frutos maduros na germinação e vigor das sementes e no crescimento das mudas de Euterpe edulis Mart. Utilizou-se frutos maduros provenientes de Rio do Sul/SC. Os frutos foram peneirados em malha de 13,5 e 15mm, formando três amostras de diferentes tamanhos de frutos: pequenos (Æ < 13,5mm), médios (Æ entre 13,5 e 15mm) e grandes com diâmetros superiores a 15mm. Avaliou-se a germinação, do experimento conduzido em câmara de germinação, por 105 dias. Conclui-se que os frutos de tamanho médio apresentaram maiores percentagem e velocidade de germinação, seguido dos pequenos e dos grandes. No segundo experimento avaliou-se os pesos da parte aérea, das raízes e total, a altura da parte aérea, o diâmetro do coleto e o comprimento de raízes. Constatou-se que os frutos de maior tamanho originaram plantas significativamente maiores, bem como com maior peso seco quando comparadas com as originadas de frutos pequenos.
Implantação de povoamentos de Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. com mudas e semeadura direta.
Authors: Schneider Paulo Renato , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Schneider Paulo Sérgio Pigatto
Published: May 2017

No presente trabalho foi estudada a emergência e sobrevivência à campo da Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e 2 tratamentos, definidos como plantio com mudas e semeadura direta à campo. Os resultados demostraram que não existe diferença significativa entre a sobrevivência de plantas do sistema de implantação com mudas e semeadura direta à campo. A sobrevivência das plantas em plantio com mudas foi de 88 % e em semeadura direta à campo de 76 %, resultando uma diferença absoluta de 12 % entre as duas formas de implantação de povoamentos da espécie.
Efeito da intensidade de desrama na produção de Pinus elliottii Engelm., implantado em solo pobre, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
Authors: Schneider Paulo Renato , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Hoppe Juarez Martins
Published: May 2017

No presente trabalho estudou-se a influência da intensidade de desrama sobre a produção de madeira de Pinus elliottii Engelm. em um experimento em blocos  casualizados com três repetições e 5 tratamentos, definidos por: T1 - testemunha, sem desrama; T2 - desrama dos ramos seco; T3 - desrama de 40 % da altura total; T4 - desrama de 50 % da altura total; e T5 - desrama de 60 % da altura total das árvores. Observou-se que o diâmetro e a produção de madeira foram fortemente influenciados pela intensidade da desrama, aos 11 anos de idade. A testemunha com 263,5 m3/ha não diferiu do tratamento com desrama de ramos secos com 245,1 m3/ha, mas ambos diferiram dos tratamentos com desrama de 40 % da altura total com 231,5 m3/ha, da desrama de 50 % da altura total com 225,5 m3/ha, da desrama com 60 % da altura total com 211,6 m3/ha. A menor perda de produção foi de 12,1 % obtida no tratamento com desrama de 40 % da altura total, e a maior de 19,7 % ocorreu no tratamento de desrama com 60 % da altura total. Estes resultados permitem concluir pela recomendação da utilização de desrama com intensidade inferior a 40 % da altura total das árvores, pois permitem menores perdas de produção, ganhos em incremento diamétrico e na qualidade da madeira.
Determinação do peso do desbaste para florestas de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, com base no índice de espaçamento relativo.
Authors: Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Schneider Paulo Renato
Published: May 2017

O trabalho descreve a produção de um povoamento de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, submetido a 4 pesos de desbaste (tratamentos) realizados aos 96 meses e repetido aos 124 meses após o plantio e regulados em função da área basal da testemunha não desbastada (100%),  e demais tratamentos com a  manutenção de 60%, 50% e 40 % da área basal da testemunha. O experimento foi instalado segundo o delineamento de blocos casualizados com  2 repetições, em parcelas de 400m2. O  índice  de  espaçamento  relativo  (S%) calculado  para os  três tratamentos de desbaste foi ajustado por regressão, o qual apresentou coeficientes angulares semelhantes, gerando retas paralelas.  Por outro lado, os coeficientes de intercessão diminuiram com a redução do peso de desbaste.  A variação da intercessão foi descrita por regressão,  tendo como variável independente a percentagem de área basal mantida  após o desbaste. Para a estimativa do Índice de Espaçamento foi definida a equação geral   S% = - 10,95540 + 0,09561 Gmant - 0,001951 Gmant2 + 1,16672 h100 .
Comparação de diferentes métodos de amostragem, de área fixa e variável, em uma floresta de Araucaria angustifolia .
Authors: Moscovich Fabio Abel , Brena Doádi Antônio , Longhi Solon Jonas
Published: May 2017

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma Floresta de Araucaria angustifolia pertencente à Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, RS. O objetivo foi comparar quatro métodos de amostragem de área variável (Strand, Prodan, Quadrantes e Bitterlich) com o método de Área Fixa e determinar a eficiência de cada um deles nas estimativas dos parâmetros quantitativos (volume comercial com casca, número de árvores e área basal) e qualitativos (abrangência das espécies) da população. Realizou-se o inventário de um hectare considerando todas as árvores com circunferência a altura do peito (CAP) ≥ 30 cm. Estas foram identificadas e medidas suas alturas totais e comerciais. O método de Área Fixa adotado foi o de faixas com 100 m de comprimento e 10 m de largura (10 faixas contíguas). Para os métodos de Prodan, Quadrantes e Bitterlich foram realizados 25 pontos amostrais distribuídos sistematicamente a cada 20 m e do método de Strand realizou-se 30 linhas de amostragem de 15,7 m de comprimento. Pela análise de variância verificou-se que os distintos métodos não apresentaram diferenças significativas na estimativa do volume, área basal e número de árvores por hectare. Encontrou-se diferença significativa no número de espécies amostradas, sendo o método de Área Fixa o que apresentou maior média. Com os tempos tomados e os coeficientes de variação encontrados para cada estimativa foi calculada a eficiência relativa, onde verificou-se que, o método de Strand foi sempre superior aos demais métodos na estimação de todos os parâmetros. Em contraposição, o método dos Quadrantes foi o que apresentou a menor eficiência relativa na estimação de todos os parâmetros.
Produtividade e custos do processador trabalhando em povoamentos de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden.
Authors: Tarnowski Bernardo Carlos , Schneider Paulo Renato , Machado Carlos Cardoso
Published: May 2017

No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo de tempos com o objetivo de ajustar equações para estimar o tempo das atividades, a produtividade, o custo operacional e da produção do processador utilizado em um sistema de colheita de madeira de povoamentos de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, em topografia plana, no Estado da Bahia. O ciclo operacional do processador consistiu no tempo gasto para processar uma árvore e foi dividido em etapas as quais foram cronometradas, usando a metodologia dos tempos individuais. A unidade amostral foi constituída do ciclo operacional da máquina. A análise estatística baseou-se em estudo de regressão, sendo utilizado o procedimento de modelagem de regressão "stepwise". Com as equações ajustadas, foi possível estimar a produtividade da máquina em função do diâmetro das árvores. Nas condições do estudo, considerando uma eficiência operacional de 70%, a produtividade do processador foi de 25,8 m³cc/h, o custo operacional 47,90 US$/h e o custo de produção de 1,86 US$/m³cc. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: o tempo de processamento das árvores varia diretamente com o aumento do diâmetro; o tempo de preparação, ao contrário do tempo de processamento, possui uma baixa correlação com o diâmetro das árvores; a produtividade do processador é diretamente proporcional ao aumento do diâmetro das árvores, quando expressa em volume, e inversamente proporcional, quando expressa em número de árvores; o custo por metro cúbico de madeira processada com processador, varia numa relação inversa ao aumento do diâmetro; do custo operacional do processador, o custo fixo é o de maior proporção, seguido do custo variável, administrativo e da mão-de-obra; e, o custo de produção do processador diminui em forma exponencial com o aumento do diâmetro das árvores.
Utilização de extensores alternativos na produção de compensados multilaminados.
Authors: Iwakiri Setsuo , Cunha Alexsandro B. , Alburquerque Carlos Eduardo C. , Gorniak Elianice , Mendes Lourival Marin
Published: May 2017

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida  com o objetivo de avaliar a potencialidade de uso de farinhas de soja, arroz, milho, aveia e mandioca, como extensores alternativos a  farinha de trigo (testemunha) para produção de compensados. Foram produzidas 21 chapas com lâminas de madeira de Eucalyptus cloeziana, sendo três chapas por tratamento, utilizando a seguinte formulação em partes por peso: resina uréia-formaldeído - 100, extensor - 75, água - 80 e catalisador - 7. Os resultados médios de resistência da linha de cola aos esforços de cizalhamento, pelo teste seco e úmido, demostraram que as farinhas de arroz e de aveia podem ser utilizados como extensor alternativo à farinha de trigo.
A estrutura do sub-bosque de povoamentos homogêneos de Mimosa scabrella Bentham, em área minerada, em Poços de Caldas, MG.
Authors: Nappo Mauro Eloi , Oliveira Filho Ary Teixeira de , Martins Sebastião Venâncio
Published: May 2017

Foi realizado um inventário florístico-estrutural da regeneração natural de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas do sub-bosque de um plantio homogêneo de Mimosa scabrella Bentham implantado, visando à reabilitação de área minerada, em Poços de Caldas. Foram utilizadas dezenove parcelas de 50 m2 (5 m × 10 m) e amostrados os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com altura igual ou superior a 30cm, tendo sido encontrados 1.946 indivíduos, pertencentes a 63 famílias botânicas. Amostras de solo foram coletadas à profundidade de 0 cm a 20 cm, em cada uma das dezenove parcelas e analisados os teores de areia, silte, argila, matéria orgânica, pH, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Foi analisada a influência de variáveis edáficas sobre a densidade das espécies amostradas, utilizando Análise de Correspondência Canônica ("Canonical Correspondence Analysis" - CCA). Foi verificada correlação significativa entre elas a 5% de probabilidade pelo teste de Monte-Carlo. As espécies Miconia sellowiana, Miconia pepericarpa, Cestrum amictum, Alchornea triplinervia, Cordia superba e Casearia sylvestris apresentaram comportamento próximo ao indiferente em relação às variáveis edáficas estudadas, sendo que estas se destacam de forma superior em relação às demais espécies quanto aos parâmetros florístico-estruturais. Esse comportamento reforça a indicação de tais espécies, feita por NAPPO (1999), como de potencial para uso em plantios mistos e de enriquecimento em condições similares às da área estudada. A identificação e mensuração de outras variáveis ambientais e do histórico da área são peças importantes para o entendimento dos processos de dinâmica de povoamentos e, em particular, para áreas degradadas em fase de reabilitação.
Silvicultura seminatural na região sudoeste da Alemanha.
Authors: Spathelf Peter , Seling Irene
Published: May 2017

Um breve histórico mostra o desenvolvimento geral da silvicultura alemã e menciona o desenvolvimento acessório da silvicultura seminatural (seminatural silviculture, naturally-oriented silviculture). As motivações, para a silvicultura seminatural são discutidas com referência a seus aspectos ecológicos e econômicos. Os elementos da silvicultura seminatural do estado de Baden-Württemberg são apresentados. O conceito em si não é uma estratégia de preservação, mas visa também à produção de madeira. Alguns aspectos de florestas jardinadas, como o bem-conhecido "Plenterwald", com sua longa tradição na Floresta Negra, são discutidos. Como ainda há muitos povoamentos puros no sudoeste da Alemanha, estratégias de conversão desses povoamentos em povoamentos mistos inequiâneos são mostrados, utilizando alguns exemplos. Critérios e indicadores de silvicultura seminatural, que são desenvolvidos por regiões ou sítios, podem ser utilizados para estabelecer um processo de certificação de madeira de florestas. A silvicultura seminatural é considerada como sistema adequado e racional para cumprir necessidades futuras das florestas num mundo que muda rapidamente.
Fauna do solo em áreas com Eucalyptus spp. e Pinus elliottii, Santa Maria, RS.
Authors: Soares Maria Izabel Jacques , Costa Ervandil Corrêa
Published: May 2017

Este trabalho, com início na primavera de 1996 e término no inverno de 1997, teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento populacional da fauna do solo em áreas com Eucalyptus spp. e Pinus elliottii, situadas no Campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para a coleta do solo, utilizou-se um extrator, formando-se amostras em dez pontos, nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 e de 15-20 cm, em cada estação do ano. Por meio deste estudo, pôde-se identificar alguns representantes dos Phylum Annelida e Arthropoda que participam do contexto fauna-solo-vegetação. O total de indivíduos, seu respectivo percentual e número de indivíduos por metro quadrado foram obtidos. Observou-se o predomínio do Phylum Arthropoda e, mais especificamente, da classe Insecta na área com Eucalyptus spp. e do Phylum Annelida na área com Pinus elliottii. A variável profundidade originou modelos matemáticos que explicam a distribuição populacional dentre as áreas estudadas. A variável estação do ano não apresentou uma diferença significativa. Não foi possível, portanto, estabelecer um modelo de distribuição populacional.
Relações morfométricas para Cabralea canjerana (Well.) Mart.
Authors: Durlo Miguel Antão
Published: May 2017

Utilizando-se uma série diamétrica em substituição ao conceito de cronosséries, foram estudadas as formas, dimensões e relações morfométricas de Cabralea canjerana (Well.) Mart. em uma floresta secundária da encosta sul do planalto sul-rio-grandense.
Exatidão dos modelos polinomiais não-segmentados e das razões entre volumes para representar o perfil do tronco de Pinus taeda.
Authors: Fischer Fernando , Scolforo José Roberto S. , Acerbi Júnior Fausto Weimar , Mello José Márcio de , Maestri Romualdo
Published: May 2017

O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a: 1) exatidão das razões entre volumes compatíveis com sua respectiva função de afilamento; 2) os modelos polinomiais de potência inteira e dos modelos polinomiais de potências fracionárias e inteiras; 3) estudar a influência das classes de diâmetro, da produtividade dos sítios e das diferentes regiões na exatidão dos ajustes para representação do perfil do fuste de Pinus taeda na região nordeste do Paraná. Foram cubadas 304 árvores, utilizando-se do pentaprisma de Wheeler sobre tripé de base regulável com suunto acoplado. Nas proximidades de cada árvore cubada foi lançada uma parcela e medida a altura das árvores dominantes. Pôde-se efetuar assim a classificação de sítio no local de cada cubagem. Os diâmetros das árvores cubadas rigorosamente foram agrupados em classes, em intervalos de 5 cm. Para avaliação da exatidão das estimativas do perfil do fuste, foram utilizadas as seguintes estatísticas: coeficiente de determinação; erro padrão residual; desvio dos diâmetros em cada i-ésima posição no fuste; desvio padrão das diferenças dos diâmetros; soma do quadrado do resíduo relativo e porcentagem dos resíduos dos diâmetros. Verificou-se que o ajuste das equações de afilamento devem ser preferidos por sítio e classe de diâmetro, além da utilização do modelo polinomial de potências fracionárias e inteiras para as estimativas do perfil do fuste.
“Something that matters”: the Religious Dimension of Moral Experience
Authors: Hauskeller Michael
Published: May 2017

Written from a broadly atheist point of view, this paper explores the religious dimension of moral experience, that is, whether in order to be moral and/or to live a life that in our own eyes means something it is necessary to believe in something that transcends what we can verify through science or direct observation and even what we can clearly articulate. I investigate the question through an interpretation of the work of four very different writers, namely Hans Jonas, Alfred North Whitehead, Albert Camus, and Cormac McCarthy, who all contribute valuable insights that suggest the impossibility of a moral life, and indeed any decent human life at all, that is based purely on tangible reality andthe rationally justifiable.
Deleuze, Resnais y Prigogine: El año pasado en Marienbad y los sistemas dinámicos inestables
Authors: Durán Allimant Ronald
Published: May 2017

Siguiendo lo expresado o sugerido por el filósofo francés Gilles Deleuze en su libro La imagen-tiempo: Estudios sobre cine 2, interpretamos, en el presente artículo, el film El año pasado en Marienbad del director francés Alain Resnais como un sistema dinámico inestable o caótico, teniendo como base las ideas del físico-químico Ilya Prigogine. Consideraremos los elementos visuales y sonoros de la película de Resnais como sistemas dinámicos que entran en relaciones de sincronía y asincronía, estableciendo de esta manera una compleja dinámica de regularidad y caos. Además, analizaremos algunos aspectos del espacio visual y del movimiento, gestos y corporalidad de los personajes desde esta perspectiva.
Deleuze para el psicoanálisis: repetición y diferencia
Authors: Ascorra Costa Paula , Eaton Cabello Joseph
Published: May 2017

El objetivo de este artículo se enmarca dentro de la investigación por los modos de subjetivación contemporáneo, en particular, respecto de polémicas entre la filosofía de Gilles Deleuze y el psicoanálisis. Deleuze atiende al descubrimiento fundamental de los procesos anímicos inconsciente, asumiendo una posición “crítica” de la imagen del pensamiento psicoanalítico, en particular, en lo que respecta a pensar la repetición como repetición subyugada a la representación (identidad) y repetición como liberación del tiempo. Nos parece que, en esto, Deleuze tiene en la mira un Freud que deviene dialéctico, en el fondo, un flanco de controversia con Hegel. Nos parece que situar esta polémica es fundamental para entender en qué sentido Deleuze es un acontecimiento para el psicoanálisis, y cómo es que – entonces – su interés por sonsacar la diferencia a la repetición, deviene un proyecto solidario del proyecto psicoanalítico. Las lecturas canónicas de Freud y de Lacan han sido útiles, pero han tenido también el efecto de hegemonizar la investigación y, con esto, de ir agotar las posibilidades que el pensamiento psicoanalítico se autoriza a considerar como propios. Es por esto que proponemos una lectura que, tomando a Deleuze, pasa desde Freud hasta Donald Winnicott, dando cuenta de un encuentro inédito para pensar el “límite” de la temporalidad y con ello, de la subjetivación. Winnicott puso poco interés en la construcción de una metapsicología, es más bien su trabajo de problematización clínica, en particular de exploración de la naturaleza de la “ilusión”, el que permite pensar teóricamente los conceptos que dan cuenta de la repetición y diferencia. Esta es – a nuestro entender- una de las exploraciones necesarias para pensar la subjetivación en el mundo contemporáneo.
La estética más allá del arte: A propósito de Gilles Deleuze
Authors: Llevadot Laura
Published: May 2017

Este trabajo lleva a cabo un análisis de las críticas que la estética de Deleuze ha recibido y que se cifran en la imposibilidad de comprender las prácticas actuales del arte contemporáneo a través de su planteamiento. Por el contrario se tratará de demostrar cómo en realidad la estética deleuziana supone una superación del concepto de arte, por lo que no sólo su planteamiento no es moderno ni conservador, sino que permite salir del paradigma clásico en el que el arte contemporáneo sigue aún preso.
The Origins of Social Media
Authors: Malloy Judy
Published: May 2017

In the formative years of the Internet, researchers collaboratively connected computing systems with a goal of sharing research and computing resources. The model process with which they created the Internet and its forefather, the ARPANET, was echoed in early social media platforms, where creative computer scientists, artists, writers, musicians educators explored the promise of computer-based platforms to bring together communities of interest in what would be called “cyberspace.” With a focus on the arts and humanities, this introduction traces the development of social media affordances in applications such as email, mailing lists, BBSs, the Community Memory, PLATO, Usenet, mail art, telematic art, and video communication. The author outlines the early social media platforms documented in each chapter in this book and summarizes how the book's epilogues both explore differences between early and contemporary social media and look to the future of the arts in social media.
Introduction and Overview of Statistical Approaches to Gene × Environment Interactions for Complex Phenotypes
Authors: Windle Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an introduction and overview of important issues that served as motivations for this book. For many complex phenotypes (e.g., depression, diabetes, obesity, substance use), there is substantial evidence that while genetic influences are important, so are environmental influences; moreover, there is substantial evidence from both behavior genetic studies (e.g., twin and adoptee studies) and molecular genetic studies (both human and infrahuman) that genes commonly interact with environmental factors in predicting complex phenotypes. The fields of genomics and other –omics (e.g., proteomics, metabolomics) provide exciting opportunities to advance science and foster the goals of public health and a more individualized intervention approach (e.g., precision medicine). The goals of these more individualized approaches would benefit greatly not only by advances in genomics and other –omics, but also by incorporating information both on environments and their interactions with genomic and other biological material and regulatory processes (e.g., environmental signal to biological pathway responses). Such findings would thereby offer more flexible guidance to a broader range of prevention, intervention, and treatment targets, and facilitate more tailored programs based on a fuller complement of G and E influences.
Voice Leading
Authors: Huron David.
Published: May 2017

Voice leading is the musical art of combining sounds over time. This book offers an accessible account of the cognitive and perceptual foundations of voice leading. Drawing on decades of scientific research, explanations are provided for many practices and phenomena, including the perceptual dominance of the highest voice, chordal-tone doubling, direct octaves, embellishing tones, and the musical feeling of sounds “leading” somewhere. The traditional rules of voice leading are shown to align almost perfectly with modern scientific accounts of auditory perception. Expanding beyond chorale-style writing, the book shows how established perceptual principles can be used to compose, analyze, and critically understand any kind of acoustical texture from tune-and-accompaniment songs and symphonic orchestration to jazz combo arranging and abstract electroacoustic music. Finally, the book also reviews pertinent research establishing the role of learning and enculturation in auditory and musical perception.
Environmentalism of the Rich
Authors: Dauvergne Peter
Published: May 2017

This book analyzes the power of environmentalism to advance global sustainability. On some measures progress would seem strong. Wildlife sanctuaries are multiplying. Eco-certification is strengthening. Energy efficiency is rising. And recycling is increasing by the day. Yet the earth continues to spiral into a worsening sustainability crisis. Why? Is the world community perhaps on the verge of turning the tables on this crisis? Partly, a global political economy of ever more – of more growth, sales, and consumption – is swamping environmental gains. At the same time powerful political and corporate forces are dividing, suppressing, and capturing environmentalism. Environmentalists have much to be proud of, and many caring people have sacrificed their lives to defend nature. As this book reveals, however, the comforts and concerns of those with money, status, and power are increasingly coming to dominate the demands and outcomes of environmentalism. Manifestations of “environmentalism of the rich” – such as sustainable development policies, corporate responsibility initiatives, nongovernmental partnerships with business, and eco-consumerism – are doing some good. But as this book shows environmentalism of the rich is not aggregating into global progress, doing little to alter the violent, inequitable, and unjust sources of wealth, and failing completely to curb the accelerating globalization of unsustainability. Progress will require the environmental movement to confront these failures head on, especially the consequences of rising rates of unequal and unsustainable consumption.
Fascist Pigs
Authors: Saraiva Tiago
Published: May 2017

“Fascist Pigs” investigates the breeding of new animals and plants embodying fascism. It details the role of technoscientific organisms in the national battles for food independence launched by Mussolini, Salazar, and Hitler, the first large scale mobilizations of the three fascist regimes. The narrative transforms the fascist “back to the land” into a modernist experiment involving geneticists and their organisms (wheat, potatoes, pigs), mass propaganda for peasants and urban consumers, and overgrown bureaucratic structures. In contrast to the generalized emphasis on race, it brings food to the forefront of a renewed understanding of fascism.The fascist obsession with land translated also into violent imperial quests for Lebensraum in Europe and Africa. The book unveils how agricultural experiment stations in Ethiopia, Mozambique and Auschwitz were central for putting in place colonial forced labor schemes for the production of coffee, cotton, and rubber. The story of karakul sheep standardized by scientists at the University of Halle goes a step further. It follows sheep around into Germany, Ukraine, South West Africa, Libya, and Angola, connecting through the travels of a single organism the white settler stories and frontier genocide of the three fascist regimes.This is not a study about what happened to scientists under fascism, but one that by following the historical trajectories of technoscientific organisms reveals how new forms of life intervened in the formation and expansion of fascism.
Evolution of Institutions and Organizations
Authors: Currie Thomas E. , Turchin Peter , Bednar Jenna , Richerson Peter J. , Schwesinger Georg , Steinmo Sven , Wacziarg Romain , Wallis John J.
Published: May 2017

Some economists argue that institutions are the most important factor affecting variation in economic growth. We need, however, to better understand how and why institutions emerge and change. This chapter develops a conceptual framework, informed by evolutionary theory and complexity science, that follows models of cultural evolution in viewing institutions as part of a nongenetic system of inheritance. This framework is used to examine how broad historical factors (not just economic factors) influence present-day institutional arrangements and economic outcomes, as well as how noninstitutional aspects of culture (e.g., values, beliefs) interact with institutions to shape behavior in particular contexts. Overall, this framework emphasizes the processes by which institutions evolve, and how they can coevolve with other institutions and culture. This approach is illustrated using four examples to demonstrate how evolution theory and complexity science can be used to study institutional emergence and change. Explicit models of the processes of institutional evolution need to be developed and then tested and assessed with data. This framework holds promise to bring together and synthesize the findings and insights from a range of different disciplines.
Men, Machines, and Modern Times
Authors: Morison Elting E. , Marx Leo
Published: May 2017

An engaging look at how we have learned to live with innovation and new technologies through history.

People have had trouble adapting to new technology ever since (perhaps) the inventor of the wheel had to explain that a wheelbarrow could carry more than a person. This little book by a celebrated MIT professor—the fiftieth anniversary edition of a classic—describes how we learn to live and work with innovation. Elting Morison considers, among other things, the three stages of users' resistance to change: ignoring it; rational rebuttal; and name-calling. He recounts the illustrative anecdote of the World War II artillerymen who stood still to hold the horses despite the fact that the guns were now hitched to trucks—reassuring those of us who have trouble with a new interface or a software upgrade that we are not the first to encounter such problems.

Morison offers an entertaining series of historical accounts to highlight his major theme: the nature of technological change and society's reaction to that change. He begins with resistance to innovation in the U.S. Navy following an officer's discovery of a more accurate way to fire a gun at sea; continues with thoughts about bureaucracy, paperwork, and card files; touches on rumble seats, the ghost in Hamlet, and computers; tells the strange history of a new model steamship in the 1860s; and describes the development of the Bessemer steel process. Each instance teaches a lesson about the more profound and current problem of how to organize and manage systems of ideas, energies, and machinery so that it will conform to the human dimension.
Chemical structure-guided design of dynapyrazoles, cell-permeable dynein inhibitors with a unique mode of action
Authors: Steinman Jonathan B , Santarossa Cristina C , Miller Rand M , Yu Lola S , Serpinskaya Anna S , Furukawa Hideki , Morimoto Sachie , Tanaka Yuta , Nishitani Mitsuyoshi , Asano Moriteru , Zalyte Ruta , Ondrus Alison E , Johnson Alex G , Ye Fan , Nachury Maxence V , Fukase Yoshiyuki , Aso Kazuyoshi , Foley Michael A , Gelfand Vladimir I , Chen James K , Carter Andrew P , Kapoor Tarun M
Published: May 2017

Cytoplasmic dyneins are motor proteins in the AAA+ superfamily that transport cellular cargos toward microtubule minus-ends. Recently, ciliobrevins were reported as selective cell-permeable inhibitors of cytoplasmic dyneins. As is often true for first-in-class inhibitors, the use of ciliobrevins has in part been limited by low potency. Moreover, suboptimal chemical properties, such as the potential to isomerize, have hindered efforts to improve ciliobrevins. Here, we characterized the structure of ciliobrevins and designed conformationally constrained isosteres. These studies identified dynapyrazoles, inhibitors more potent than ciliobrevins. At single-digit micromolar concentrations dynapyrazoles block intraflagellar transport in the cilium and lysosome motility in the cytoplasm, processes that depend on cytoplasmic dyneins. Further, we find that while ciliobrevins inhibit both dynein's microtubule-stimulated and basal ATPase activity, dynapyrazoles strongly block only microtubule-stimulated activity. Together, our studies suggest that chemical-structure-based analyses can lead to inhibitors with improved properties and distinct modes of inhibition.
Mitochondrial complex I deficiency leads to the retardation of early embryonic development in Ndufs4 knockout mice
Authors: Wang Mei , Huang Ya-Ping , Wu Han , Song Ke , Wan Cong , Chi A-Ni , Xiao Ya-Mei , Zhao Xiao-Yang
Published: May 2017

Background

The NDUFS4 gene encodes an 18-kD subunit of mitochondria complex I, and mutations in this gene lead to the development of a severe neurodegenerative disease called Leigh syndrome (LS) in humans. To investigate the disease phenotypes and molecular mechanisms of Leigh syndrome, the Ndufs4 knockout (KO) mouse has been widely used as a novel animal model. Because the homozygotes cannot survive beyond child-bearing age, whether Ndufs4 and mitochondrial complex I influence early embryonic development remains unknown. In our study, we attempted to investigate embryonic development in Ndufs4 KO mice, which can be regarded as a Leigh disease model and were created through the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) and Cas9 (CRISPR associated)-mediated genome editing system.

Methods

We first designed a single guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting exon 2 of Ndufs4 to delete the NDUFS4 protein in mouse embryos to mimic Leigh syndrome. Then, we described the phenotypes of our mouse model by forced swimming and the open-field test as well as by assessing other behavioral characteristics. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was performed to obtain KO embryos to test the influence of NDUFS4 deletion on early embryonic development.

Results

In this study, we first generated Ndufs4 KO mice with physical and behavioral phenotypes similar to Leigh syndrome using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The low developmental rate of KO embryos that were derived from knockout gametes indicated that the absence of NDUFS4 impaired the development of preimplantation embryos.

Discussion

In this paper, we first obtained Ndufs4 KO mice that could mimic Leigh syndrome using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Then, we identified the role of NDUFS4 in early embryonic development, shedding light on its roles in the respiratory chain and fertility. Our model provides a useful tool with which to investigate the function of Ndufs4. Although the pathological mechanisms of the disease need to be discovered, it helps to understand the pathogenesis of NDUFS4 deficiency in mice and its effects on human diseases.
Exoskeleton may influence the internal body temperatures of Neotropical dung beetles (Col. Scarabaeinae)
Authors: Amore Valentina , Hernández Malva I.M. , Carrascal Luis M. , Lobo Jorge M.
Published: May 2017

The insect exoskeleton is a multifunctional coat with a continuum of mechanical and structural properties constituting the barrier between electromagnetic waves and the internal body parts. This paper examines the ability of beetle exoskeleton to regulate internal body temperature considering its thermal permeability or isolation to simulated solar irradiance and infrared radiation. Seven Neotropical species of dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) differing in colour, surface sculptures, size, sexual dimorphism, period of activity, guild category and altitudinal distribution were studied. Specimens were repeatedly subjected to heating trials under simulated solar irradiance and infrared radiation using a halogen neodymium bulb light with a balanced daylight spectrum and a ceramic infrared heat emitter. The volume of exoskeleton and its weight per volume unit were significantly more important for the heating rate at the beginning of the heating process than for the asymptotic maximum temperature reached at the end of the trials: larger beetles with relatively thicker exoskeletons heated more slowly. The source of radiation greatly influences the asymptotic temperature reached, but has a negligible effect in determining the rate of heat gain by beetles: they reached higher temperatures under artificial sunlight than under infrared radiation. Interspecific differences were negligible in the heating rate but had a large magnitude effect on the asymptotic temperature, only detectable under simulated sun irradiance. The fact that sun irradiance is differentially absorbed dorsally and transformed into heat among species opens the possibility that differences in dorsal exoskeleton would facilitate the heat gain under restrictive environmental temperatures below the preferred ones. The findings provided by this study support the important role played by the exoskeleton in the heating process of beetles, a cuticle able to act passively in the thermal control of body temperature without implying energetic costs and metabolic changes.
Holocene slip rates along the San Andreas Fault System in the San Gorgonio Pass and implications for large earthquakes in southern California
Authors: Heermance Richard V. , Yule Doug
Published: May 2017

The San Gorgonio Pass (SGP) in southern California contains a 40 km long region of structural complexity where the San Andreas Fault (SAF) bifurcates into a series of oblique‐slip faults with unknown slip history. We combine new10Be exposure ages (Qt4: 8600 (+2100, −2200) and Qt3: 5700 (+1400, −1900) years B.P.) and a radiocarbon age (1260 ± 60 years B.P.) from late Holocene terraces with scarp displacement of these surfaces to document a Holocene slip rate of 5.7 (+2.7, −1.5) mm/yr combined across two faults. Our preferred slip rate is 37–49% of the average slip rates along the SAF outside the SGP (i.e., Coachella Valley and San Bernardino sections) and implies that strain is transferred off the SAF in this area. Earthquakes here most likely occur in very large, throughgoing SAF events at a lower recurrence than elsewhere on the SAF, so that only approximately one third of SAF ruptures penetrate or originate in the pass.
New insights into SMA pathogenesis: immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation
Authors: Deguise Marc‐Olivier , Kothary Rashmi
Published: May 2017

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by motor neuron degeneration, although defects in multiple cell types and tissues have also been implicated. Three independent laboratories recently identified immune organ defects in SMA. We therefore propose a novel pathogenic mechanism contributory to SMA, resulting in higher susceptibility to infection and exacerbated disease progression caused by neuroinflammation. Overall, compromised immune function could significantly affect survival and quality of life of SMA patients. We highlight the recent findings in immune organ defects, their potential consequences on patients, our understanding of neuroinflammation in SMA, and new research hypotheses in SMA pathogenesis.
Size Effects in Continuous Drive Friction Welded Spray‐Compacted Hypereutectic Al–Si Alloys
Authors: Feng Jian , Wettlaufer Marc
Published: May 2017

Spray‐compacted hypereutectic Al–Si alloy is one of the most important lightweight materials for casting components in electric vehicles. Size effects in such alloys jointed by continuous drive friction welding have been investigated by connecting the interfacial microstructure with the joint strength. The nature of phases present, the topology, and the dispersion of particles have been examined carefully. The mechanical properties of joints have been characterized by transverse tensile tests, microhardness tests, XRD residual stress measurements, and finite element simulations. Size effects on the strengthening of the joint strength and the fracture of particles have been evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. It has been confirmed that the micromechanical strengthening, which is related to the average particle size d and proportional to d−0.5, and the residual stress together determine the joint strength. By means of the fracture‐mechanical analysis, a lower and an upper limit of the particle size have been defined to assess whether a particle can be refined or not during continuous drive friction welding.
An All‐Plastic Field‐Effect Nanofluidic Diode Gated by a Conducting Polymer Layer
Authors: Pérez‐Mitta Gonzalo , Marmisollé Waldemar A. , Trautmann Christina , Toimil‐Molares María Eugenia , Azzaroni Omar
Published: May 2017

The design of an all‐plastic field‐effect nanofluidic diode is proposed, which allows precise nanofluidic operations to be performed. The fabrication process involves the chemical synthesis of a conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer over a previously fabricated solid‐state nanopore. The conducting layer acts as gate electrode by changing its electrochemical state upon the application of different voltages, ultimately changing the surface charge of the nanopore. A PEDOT‐based nanopore is able to discriminate the ionic species passing through it in a quantitative and qualitative manner, as PEDOT nanopores display three well‐defined voltage‐controlled transport regimes: cation‐rectifying, non‐rectifying, and anion rectifying regimes. This work illustrates the potential and versatility of PEDOT as a key enabler to achieve electrochemically addressable solid‐state nanopores. The synergism arising from the combination of highly functional conducting polymers and the remarkable physical characteristics of asymmetric nanopores is believed to offer a promising framework to explore new design concepts in nanofluidic devices.
The Mechanistic Insights into the 2H‐1T Phase Transition of MoS2 upon Alkali Metal Intercalation: From the Study of Dynamic Sodiation Processes of MoS2 Nanosheets
Authors: Huang Qianming , Li Xiaomin , Sun Muhua , Zhang Lei , Song Chenzhi , Zhu Liang , Chen Pan , Xu Zhi , Wang Wenlong , Bai Xuedong
Published: May 2017

Phase transition in 2D MoS2 is an important issue in transition metal dichalcogenides. The mechanism of the phase transition is investigated extensively, while a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism remains to be elusive. The 2H to 1T phase transition of MoS2 can be induced by intercalation with alkali metals, associated with transformation of its electronic and structural orders. Here, by using in situ transmission electron microscopy, the electrochemical sodiation processes of MoS2 nanosheets are investigated. This paper points out an intermediate phase 2H‐Na0.25MoS2 with 2 × √3 superstructure. The phase transition occurs from 2H‐Na0.5MoS2 to 1T‐Na0.5MoS2, where the ratio of Mo3+ and Mo4+ is 1:1 and intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) between the two ions should not be neglected. Based on this viewpoint it is proposed that the IVCT plays an important role in the formation of the phase transition. The findings provide a new perspective on the mechanism of the phase transition, and help to better understand the phase transition mechanism of other transition metal dichalcogenides.
Laser‐Assisted Nanowelding of Graphene to Metals: An Optical Approach toward Ultralow Contact Resistance
Authors: Keramatnejad Kamran , Zhou Yun Shen , Li Da Wei , Golgir Hossein Rabiee , Huang Xi , Zhou Qi Ming , Song Jing Feng , Ducharme Stephen , Lu Yong Feng
Published: May 2017

The electrical performance of graphene‐based devices is largely limited by substantial contact resistance at the heterodimensional graphene–metal junctions. A laser‐assisted nanowelding technique is developed to reduce graphene–metal (G–M) contact resistance and improve carrier injection in suspended graphene devices. Selective breakdown of CC bonds and formation of structural defects are realized through laser irradiation at the edges of graphene within the G–M contact regions in order to increase the chemical reactivity of graphene, facilitate G–M bonding, and, therefore, maximize interfacial carrier transportation. Through this method, significantly reduced G–M contact resistances, as low as 2.57 Ω µm are obtained. In addition, it is demonstrated that the location of laser‐induced defects within the contact areas significantly impacts the interfacial properties and the carrier mobility of graphene devices. A fourfold increase in photocurrent is observed in the suspended graphene photodetectors with treated G–M interfaces as compared to ordinary ones. This contact‐free and position‐selective technique minimizes the degradation of the graphene channels and maintains the superior performance of graphene devices, making it a promising approach for reducing G–M resistance in the fabrication of graphene‐based devices.
The aggressive peripheral T‐cell lymphomas: 2017
Authors: Armitage James O.
Published: May 2017

Background

T‐cell lymphomas make up approximately 10%‐15% of lymphoid malignancies. The frequency of these lymphomas varies geographically, with the highest incidence in parts of Asia.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of aggressive peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) is usually made using the World Health Organization classification. The ability of hematopathologists to reproducibly diagnose aggressive PTCL is lower than that for aggressive B‐cell lymphomas, with a range of 72%‐97% for the aggressive PTCLs. Risk Stratification: Patients with aggressive PTCL are staged using the Ann Arbor Classification. Although somewhat controversial, positron emission tomography scans seem to be useful as they are in aggressive B‐cell lymphomas. The specific subtype of aggressive PTCL is an important risk factor with the best survival seen in anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma—particularly young patients with the anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive subtype.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy

Anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma is the only subgroup to have a good response to a CHOP‐like regimen. Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma has a prolonged disease‐free survival in only ∼20% of patients, but younger patients who have an autotransplant in remission seem to do better. PTCL‐not otherwise specified is not one disease. Anthracycline‐containing regimens have disappointing results, and a new approach is needed. Natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma localized to the nose and nasal sinuses seems to be best treated with radiotherapy‐containing regimens and the majority of patients are cured. Enteropathy‐associated PTCL and hepatosplenic PTCL are rare disorders with a generally poor response to therapy although selected patients with enteropathy‐ associated PTCL seem to benefit from intensive therapy.
Evaluating the effect of a year‐long film focused environmental education program on Ugandan student knowledge of and attitudes toward great apes
Authors: Leeds Austin , Lukas Kristen E. , Kendall Corinne J. , Slavin Michelle A. , Ross Elizabeth A. , Robbins Martha M. , van Weeghel Dagmar , Bergl Richard A.
Published: May 2017

Films, as part of a larger environmental education program, have the potential to influence the knowledge and attitudes of viewers. However, to date, no evaluations have been published reporting the effectiveness of films, when used within primate range countries as part of a conservation themed program. The Great Ape Education Project was a year‐long environmental education program implemented in Uganda for primary school students living adjacent to Kibale National Park (KNP) and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP). Students viewed a trilogy of conservation films about great apes, produced specifically for this audience, and participated in complementary extra‐curricular activities. The knowledge and attitudes of students participating in the program from KNP, but not BINP were assessed using questionnaires prior to (N = 1271) and following (N = 872) the completion of the program. Following the program, students demonstrated a significant increase in their knowledge of threats to great apes and an increase in their knowledge of ways that villagers and students can help conserve great apes. Additionally, student attitudes toward great apes improved following the program. For example, students showed an increase in agreement with liking great apes and viewing them as important to the environment. These data provide evidence that conservation films made specifically to address regional threats and using local actors and settings can positively influence knowledge of and attitudes toward great apes among students living in a primate range country.