bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un dimanche a la campagne: Nostalgia, Painting, and Depressive Masochism
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

IN the introduction to this section I explored various ways in which this film is nostalgic: the reference to the tradition de qualite implied by the use of a Bost novel, the pre-First World War setting, rurality, and the emphasis on childhood. But at its most basic it is a film about a painter and his relationship with his work, and nostalgia is also, and more importantly, constructed by continual reference to painting. Apart from the discussions concerning Monsieur Ladmiral’s career as a painter, many shots are patterned on recognizable paintings in the French Impressionist and Nabi tradition. My concern here is with the implications, both practical and theoretical, of such intertextual references. I shall argue that painting, far from being superstructural decoration, is essential for the construction of nostalgia, and allows us to develop a theory of the nostalgia film which can build upon Higson’s ideological analysis of the British heritage film, by introducing the psycho¬ analytic paradigm which emphasizes the spectator’s position in relation to the work of the film.
Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources: Nostalgia and Hysteria
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

IN this chapter I shall argue that the popularity of Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources lies first in their reference to Pagnol’s 1930s popular comedies (nostalgia for rural community as well as nostalgia for the golden age of French cinema), and second in the fact that they are melodrama. I shall examine the differences between Berri’s films and Pagnol’s original film Manon des Sources (1952), as well as the novel he based on that original (1962). From this examination I shall draw the conclusion that Berri’s films fail to implement the notion of community upon which their success is predicated, and that this failure is bound up with the most striking feature of the films as melodrama: the repression of female characters and the foregrounding of an hysterical sexuality.
Coup de foudre: Nostalgia and Lesbianism
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

Coup de foudre (1983) is usually seen as an example of mainstream lesbian film, and has often been bracketed with similar Hollywood films from the 1980s, such as Lianna (1983) and Desert Hearts (1986) (see Holmlund 1991; Merck 1986; Straayer 1990). This might on the face of it seem surprising, given that lesbianism in Coup de foudre is closeted behind gestures and dialogue which are more likely to lead to the conclusion that it is a film about female bonding. Coup de foudre is also a nostalgic film, and it is the uneasy marriage between female bonding/covert lesbianism and nostalgia which I shall explore in this chapter. I shall be arguing that this marriage is important because it allows the spectator more easily to construct a female perspective, predicated on the rejection of patriarchal law. In this respect, lesbianism is tangential to the film’s concerns, although this is not to deny the validity of lesbian counter-readings. By linking nostalgia and lesbianism, however, the film creates ambivalence, since its nostalgia is clearly predicated, as indeed one might expect from the Kleinian analysis outlined in the chapter on Un dimanche a la campagne, on nostalgia for both father and mother. Far from suggesting that this ambivalence is contradictory, as if lesbianism excluded nostalgia for the father, I shall show how it is a crucial part of the function of nostalgia.
The Polar
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

THE polar, or police thriller, is one of the staple genres of French cinema. In 1980, for example, 24 of the 160 French or majority French co-productions were polars (15 per cent). Their popularity can be gauged by the fact that of the 159 films (including US films) in the period 1980-87 to have more than 500,000 spectators in Paris, 16 were polars (ro per cent). It is a genre which has often been seen as a rite of passage for young film-makers, because a polar is assured of a reasonable success. A number of young film¬ makers began their careers at the beginning of the decade with polars, and went on to become well established: Arcady with Le Grand Pardon (1982), Beineix with Diva (1980), Behat with Urgence (1985), Missiaen with Tir groupe (1982).
Subway: Identity and Inarticulacy
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

I s HALL begin my analysis of Subway with what one could call the orthodox view of the cinema du look, as vacuous hyper-realist surface. A recent expression of this view can be found in Buss’s history of the French polar, or police thriller. He is here referring to a much-remarked sequence of Subway, where Helena/Adjani, bored with the society dinner she is attending with her husband, tells the assembled• company to ‘fuck off’ (‘je vous emmerde’): Buss is here repeating the view of critics such as the Cahiers du cinema, forcefully expressed during the 1980s. My problem with this view is that it takes little account of the ideology of the cinema du look, and even less the theoretical positions in which it places the spectator. I shall therefore briefly review two commonplaces concerning the ideological function of the polar, namely that it is uniquely placed to comment on society, and that the genre vehicles a complex and shifting debate in terms of national identity, particularly in relation to the USA. I shall then return to Subway to show how the film’s ‘meaning’ is not just valueless, simplistic, superficial rejection, but a more complex interference of intertextual
Tenue de soiree: The ‘Suffering Macho’
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

BLIER is often seen, like Pialat, as one of the major auteurs of the 1980s. Like Pialat, his career began in the 1960s. But more than Pialat, his films, since Les Valseuses, of which Tenue de soiree is more or less a remake, focus resolutely on the crisis of masculinity. Tenue de soiree in fact gathers together many of the issues linked to nostalgia and the repositioning of masculinity, and the paradoxes they engender. Tenue de soiree is postmodern in its amoral derision, but it is also nostalgic cinematographically, in that it harks back to the films of the 1930s and the 1950s, as well as the film whose succes de scandale put both Blier and Depardieu on the cinematic map, Les Valseuses. Tenue de soiree is also nostalgic in its concerns, since it is a misogynistic reply to feminism. Its misogyny is, as so often in Blier’s work, a provocation, but that provocation is essential to the hazardous but in the end unsuccessful repositioning of masculinity underlying the films studied in this book. Like Trois hommes et un couffin, it at least has the merit of making that_repositioning its unambiguous central message, even if that message is devalued by the comic genre to which the film belongs. And yet, unlike Trois hommes et un couffin, it is less comedy than black humour, albeit suffused with a pathos typical of Blier’s films.
Introduction
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

This book is intended as a guide to late twentieth-century American fiction for the undergraduate student and the general reader. The principal objective has been to offer substantial and detailed interpretations of the primary texts, and to suggest contexts in which those novels might usefully be considered. The discussions of the novels attempt to achieve a balance between interpretation and sometimes necessary expository comments, although even exposition is interpretative in the way that it prioritizes certain aspects of narrative above others. The chapters take certain subject areas in American life and investigate their representation in fiction. This is necessarily a two-way process in which the reading of fiction conditions what the reader deems to be important in the American social text, and this relationship is one of the most difficult issues that this book seeks to tacitly manage: how does a critic move with confidence between the literary text and the social text? Clearly, it is no simple correspondence.
Gender and History
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

Hayden White’s Metahistory (1973) was an important work of historiography, a book that revealed the ways in which any understanding of history is powerfully conditioned (even determined) by the linguistic form that it takes. This occurs because historical narratives are structured in terms of the devices of language, tropes or ‘proto¬ cols’, that are anterior to historical consciousness. For White, the historian’s methodology is always crucially anticipated by the structures of language in ways that strongly influence the perspective on any history that claims to have been arrived at independently, naturally or dispassionately. The shapes of historical narrative cannot be innocent, but work in the service of power, and that power exists prior to historical consciousness.
Sport
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

For a variety of social and historical reasons, sport occupies a different place in American culture than it does in Europe. In the United States sport is the distillation of that competitive spirit that is integral to a free-market culture and it dramatizes vividly the ethos of success that is central to American life. As the Washington Redskins’ George Allen put it, ‘Every time you win, you’re reborn; when you lose, you die a little’, or as Leo Durocher of the Brooklyn Dodgers said ‘Nice Guys finish last’. Sport is also part of the democratic spirit of American society, a revered arena of the rags-to-riches narrative regardless of social or ethnic background, and sport is important because it tells a story of how ‘a frontier people becomes the richest industrial nation in the world The real descendants of Davy Crockett and Mike Fink are Babe Ruth and Dizzy Dean’.
Introduction
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

French literature is generally proposed as a relatively unproblematic and valid subject or discipline. This is in spite of debates about, for example, the nature of the canon, and the status of regional literatures and their relationship to the canon (not to mention debates about the validity of studying literary production independently from other forms of cultural production). The institutionalization of the study of national literatures and their displacement of the classics as the principal ‘humane’ discipline occurred at a particular historical moment; the growth of empire and the rise of national literary disciplines happened simultaneously. It is only recently that the existence of francophone (and for that matter anglophone, lusophone, and hispanophone) literatures, which can no longer be unproblematically annexed to the mainstream European parent literature, has been fully acknowledged. Furthermore the nature of the relationship between the European literature and literatures in the European language (or a language closely related to it) is, increasingly, analysed not to reveal the latter as imitative or an extension of the European parent literature, but rather as fundamentally subversive, a rebellious child which obliges the parent to redefine his or her identity in relation to the next generation.
Antilles And French Guiana
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

Suzanne Cesaire’s characterization of literary production on Martinique, in an article in Tropiques (1941), ‘Misere d’une poesie’, holds for French writing in the other French territories in the Caribbean. Poetry was the dominant genre and romanticism, Parnassianism, and symbolism had been the literary movements to which West Indian writers had contributed. The poets regarded as models were Baudelaire, Hugo, Verlaine, Leconte de Lisle (born on La Reunion), Theodore de Banville and Jose-Maria de Heredia (both born in Cuba). Classical forms dominated and the themes were conventional: the description of ‘exotic’ landscapes, melancholic meditations in the twilight hours, and so on.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

It is now widely known that the assumption that African literature (as opposed to African literature in the European languages) began as a consequence of European influence is erroneous. Numerous typologies for a wide range of oral genres have been defined: panegyric and historical poems constituting the two major historical genres; proverbs and riddles making up two of the most important philosophical ones. Oral traditions undoubtedly represent the most significant source for much African literature in the European languages (most importantly francophone, anglophone, and lusophone). And whilst the oral traditions now compete with, and are threatened by, writing (to which they also continue to contribute), ever cheaper modem technologies, tape-recordings, radio, film, and video, for example, have also offered exciting possibilities for the traditional performed arts and modem variants.
The Faltering Republic and the New Dynamism in the ‘South’
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The character of the Republic and its institutions had been fundamentally altered by the Orangist revolution of 1747-51.1 Yet the fears and grievances which had brought it about had not been removed. The decay of Dutch industry continued as before. As early as 1750, the merchants of Amsterdam appeared to be reverting to their former pessimistic view of prospects for the Republic’s trade and shipping. The slide in the value of VOC shares at Amsterdam, from 584 to 492 per cent, between January and July 1750, was interpreted as a sign of lack of confidence in the Republic and its commerce2 and equally in the newly reformed structure of the VOC which followed from the naming of the hereditary Stadholder as ‘Chief Director’ (Opperbewindhebber) of the United East India Company, in 1749, with power to influence the choice of the other directors and, in Zeeland, to choose them outright.
Introduction: time and space
Authors: Langford Paul
Published: October 2023

Time may be seamless but historians are of necessity snippers and stitchers as they tailor the past. Sometimes they impose their own patterns regardless of pre-existing fashionings. More often they rely on earlier cutters of the cloth. For the scope of this volume there was a considerable number of choices to draw on. There are various ‘long’ eighteenth centuries, starting in 1660 or 1668 and ending in 1815 or1832. There are also ‘short’ eighteenth centuries, from 1702 or 1714 to 1783 or 1789 or 1793.
Enlightenment and faith
Authors: Hempton David
Published: October 2023

Once upon a time, interpretations of the religious and intellectual history of the British Isles from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the Napoleonic Wars were based upon a straightforward set of inter- locking propositions. The Church of England was regarded as a spiritually moribund, but exceptionally privileged establishment, with even less glorious episcopal outposts in Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. Old Dissent, with its roots deep in the seventeenth century and beyond, was seen as a tradition in which Calvinism inexorably surrendered to Unitarianism, piety to rationality, and political acquiescence to uncompromising resistance. Methodism was perceived as a peculiarly English species of counter-enlightenment enthusiasm designed to convert, delude, and, ultimately, subjugate the masses.
The wealth of the nation
Authors: Daunton Martin
Published: October 2023

Thomas Robert Malthus, the great and gloomy economist, compared the economic and social history of the British Isles in the eighteenth century to a race between a hare and a tortoise. The hare of population growth could always outstrip the tortoise of food supply, with very serious consequences for the wealth of the nation and the welfare of the British people. Malthus assumed that any gains in the supply of food would be hard won and slow, as a result of ingenuity and back-breaking toil in winning more crops from the land, or by extending cultivation to marginal soils on the uplands. By contrast, it was only too easy to produce more children. Hence Malthus’s dread that an increase in the population would both force up food prices and drive down wages as a result of competition for work.
Contested empires, 1756–1815
Authors: Duffy Michael
Published: October 2023

The restorative political stability created by Sir Robert Walpole was founded upon a policy of peace, but the fall of the master in 1742 accompanied the start of the most extensive period of warfare in British history. In fifty-two of the seventy-seven years between 1739 and 1815 the British state was cially and unoﬃcially at war with rival imperial powers or with rebels within its empire (Table 6.1).
Kingship, government, and political life, c.1160-c. l 280
Authors: Summerson Henry
Published: October 2023

The accession of Henry II to England in 1154, like that of Malcolm IV to Scotland in the previous year, brought no institutional changes to the government of the country each ruled. Indeed, Henry’s determination to restore the state of affairs prevailing at his grandfather’s death, nineteen years earlier, implied that such change was not to be expected. But in a wider perspective the accession of a man who was already by inheritance duke of Normandy and count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine, and by marriage duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitou and Auvergne, was certain to change the balance of power within the British Isles, not least by bringing new preoccupations to English kingship (see Map 14). As long as this continental empire lasted, Henry II and his sons spent years at a time outside England, their demands on the latter realm were constantly shaped by their empire’s needs, and their relations with the kingdoms and lesser principalities on the English borders took on a different character.
Introduction
Authors: Wormald Jenny
Published: October 2023

The seventeenth century was, historically, and is, historiographically, a mess—wherein lies its fascination. This is a book about that century, the ‘short seventeenth century’, squeezed between the ‘long sixteenth’, 1485–1603, and the ‘long eighteenth’, 1688–1815. And perhaps it is appropriate that it should be so. For these were eighty-five intensely crowded years. They began in 1603 with the accession of a foreign, Scottish, king, James VI, to the thrones of England and Ireland and the principality ofWales; they witnessed in the middle of the century civil wars within all three kingdoms, which resulted in the public trial and execution of another king, Charles I; they then saw the attempt to create a ritish republic, whose failure led to the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, only to see it crash down again less than three decades later, in the so-called ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688–9 against James VII and II; and with a certain neatness, they ended with the accession of another foreign king, the Dutch William of Orange, this time foreign to all three, not just two, of his kingdoms. That might well appear to be quite enough to be going on with; for in contrast even to that most profound and often traumatic of events, the long-drawn-out Reformation of the sixteenth century, these were rapidly disturbing and sometimes violent episodes, abruptly shattering long-established assumptions and expectations and habitual patterns of conduct.
Restoration or Initiation?
Authors: Barnard Toby
Published: October 2023

In 1684, John Wilson, lately recorder of the city of Derry in the north of Ireland, published a Discourse of Monarchy. Numerous others in an access of loyalty to Charles II wrote on the same topic. Wilson, however, differed from most in treating ‘of the imperial crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland’. As an English lawyer, advanced to act as the chief legal adviser in an Irish corporation riven by confessional and ethnic rivalries, he saw the Stuarts’ problems from an unusual perspective. The multinational monarchy over which Charles II had presided since 1660 was threatening to break apart.
Introduction
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: October 2023

What are we to make of Roman Britain? At school most of us were told that Britain was invaded twice by Julius Caesar and conquered under Claudius, and that the Romans built roads, cities, villas, baths, and Hadrian’s Wall. In AD 410 ‘the legions were withdrawn to defend the centre of the empire against the barbarians’ and ‘the Romans left Britain’, with hardly a trace of their society left behind, other than some rather large ruins. We probably also absorbed —particularly if we were brought up in Wales, Scotland, or Ireland-an impression that the indigenous population of these islands (or ‘Celts’) were free spirits devoted to liberty and high artistic achievement who universally resisted the Romans.
A second start: from the defeat of Boudicca to the third century
Authors: Fulford Michael
Published: October 2023

The rebellion of Boudicca interrupted the conquest of Britain. That process was dependent not only on the situation within the province, but also on the level of commitment on the part of the emperor. The success of the Claudian invasion had been a major triumph, and surrender of the province, though considered by Nero, was not an option. However, the resources of the empire were not unlimited and, as we shall see, the conquest of Britain had to be judged against other priorities. It is clear that for most of the period up to the death of the Emperor Septimius Severus in York in 211 Rome was committed to military advance in Britain. Logically, the security of the province could only be ensured through total conquest of the island, but compromise frontier positions were adopted in the second century. The commitment to territorial expansion had a much wider impact on Britain, and on the development of society as reflected by town and rural settlement.
Culture and social relations in the Roman province
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: October 2023

In its broadest sense ‘culture’ may be defined as values shared within a particular social group. These are represented through various means such as the arts, religious cults, and lifestyles, which not only reflect the society’s values, but also help to shape them. The Roman province of Britain is a place in which these connections between culture and social relations can be seen with particular clarity, despite some inevitable gaps in our knowledge. One reason for this must be that in the overall cultural history of the British Isles this was a particularly formative period: it has been said that ‘Rome took Britain from pre-history’. Another reason is that in the course of this development Roman Britain contained, in effect, a number of different ‘micro societies’ which each demonstrate culture and social relations in their own particular terms: inhabitants of early, post Conquest towns, Roman military personnel in Britain, the wealthy elite in the fourth-century country estates are all examples of different social groups in Roman Britain which have their own particular stories to tell.
Unity and disunity: the price of victory
Authors: Dutton David
Published: October 2023

At first sight it would appear perverse, absurd even, to suggest that Britain in 1945 was anything other than an unequivoca1ly victorious power. A moment’s contemplation of the situation which would have arisen from a successful Nazi invasion and occupation of the British Isles should be enough to set the respective characteristics of victory and defeat into context. The only Great Power, apart from Germany, to fight through the two world wars of the twentieth century from beginning to end, Britain had emerged on the winning side from both. Her triumph, in military terms, was absolute in 1945 in a way that it had not been in 1918. Indeed, there were many who regarded the victory of the later year as finishing the job left incomplete at the end of the earlier contest, resolving the German Question once and for all.
Nuclear Language and How We Learned to Pat the Bomb
Authors: Cohn Carol
Published: October 2023

My close encounter with nuclear strategic analysis started in the summer of 1984. I was one of forty-eight college teachers attending a summer workshop on nuclear weapons, strategic doctrine, and arms control that was held at a university containing one of the nation’s foremost centres of nuclear strategic studies, and that was co-sponsored by another institution. It was taught by some of the most distinguished experts in the field, who have spent decades moving back and forth between academia and governmental positions in Washington. When at the end of the programme I was afforded the chance to be a visiting scholar at one of the universities’ defence studies centre, I jumped at the opportunity.
Situated l<nowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective
Authors: Haraway Donna
Published: October 2023

Academic and activist feminist inquiry has repeatedly tried to come to terms with the question of what we might mean by the curious and inescapable term ‘objectivity’. We have used a lot of toxic ink and trees processed into paper decrying what they have meant and how it hurts us. The imagined ‘they’ constitute a kind of invisible conspiracy of masculinist scientists and philosophers replete with grants and laboratories. The imagined ‘we’ are the embodied others, who are not allowed not to have a body, a finite point of view, and so an inevitably disqualifying and polluting bias in any discussion of consequence outside our own little circles, where a ‘mass’- subscription journal might reach a few thousand readers composed mostly of science haters.
All Hyped Up and No Place to Go
Authors: Bell David , Binnie Jon , Cream, Julia , Valentine Gill
Published: October 2023

The joint authoring of a paper can be a troublesome affair, necessitating some kind of initial ‘coming clean’ with regard to what went on behind the scenes; what is there between the lines. The four of us are positioned personally and politically very differently and have different levels of investment in the identities and controversies which we discuss here. Hence in the preparation and writing of this paper we adopted different, often contradictory standpoints. Rather than attempt to create an artificial coherent argument out of our ‘troubles: we have tried to let the conflicts we experienced producing this paper-we might say our differences-show in order to illustrate precisely the tensions that we feel exist within theories of gender identities and the subversive potentials of ‘transgressive’ performances of identity in space.
The Easy Decade, 1951–1961
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

It is not necessary to spend time at this point giving a detailed account of the relationship between the legal and industrial relations systems in the 1950s, for that task was discharged in Chapter 1, when we described and analysed Kahn-Freund’s theory of collective laissez-faire. It was in the early 1950s that Kahn-Freund’s original writing on this subject took place and, indeed, the first half of the decade can claim to have been the high-water mark of post-war abstentionism. As we saw in the last chapter, by the fall in 1951 of the second, post-war Labour government, the wage freeze of 1948 had collapsed, and in its final year the government was operating without a wages policy, whilst the wartime restrictions on striking had eventually been repealed. All that was left of the wartime emergency legislation in this respect was the system of compulsory, unilateral arbitration (but without any accompanying prohibitions on strikes and lock-outs) and the system of legal enforcement of recognized terms and conditions of employment (both contained in Order 1376). Finally, the various corporatist initiatives which some people had advocated had failed to develop and become institutionalized to any significant degree in the immediate post-war period, although a live, if declining, tradition of co-operation between government and trade unions continued into the 1950s.
In the Sticks
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

After twenty-five years police service on urban Tyneside, the author-a social anthropologist-transferred, on promotion as Superintendent, to West Mercia Constabulary. The arrival of this 'import' coincided with monetarist demands for efficiency and effectiveness, a political thrust which came hard up against rural ideas of hierarchy, paternalism, and a cultural belief that denied validity to outsiders - such as those in the adjacent West Midlands Police. Detailing the way West Mercia operated and justified some bizarre practices, the ethnography shows how cultural identity was defined and deployed on a daily basis and explores the diverse and rich cultural baggage the rural world sustained even in the face of intense calls for the management of change. Reflecting on the lack of financial control he found, the author links all this to the racism he observed-to a xenophobic means of maintaining social boundaries, defending edgy environments and preserving a semi-closed culture from the intrusions of outsiders.
Introduction
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Although this is an analysis of a police force, it is not an ethnography featuring ‘gasp-making’ stories of exotic skulduggery in some binary world of cops and robbers. Only occasionally does it consider the world of arrests or battles with ‘animals’, as they are categori7.ed by the police (Leach 1982: 57), as they pursue their historic role of containing the ‘dangerous classes’ (Hobbs 1988: 36–40; Foucault 1980; Thorpe et al. 1980). The narrative contains no chilling accounts of murder or high-speed car chases. Instead it concentrates on those areas of policing not easily accessible even to those participant observers given limited access to this institution of power.
The Anthropologist at Home
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

I had joined Newcastle upon Tyne City Police in 1955, when I was 16 years old. By the mid-l960s I was a detective constable in the city centre division, and subsequently spent seven years on the first drug squad in the North-East of England (Young 1977, 1979, 1991a). Having reached the rank of detective inspector, I obtained three year’s paid leave in 1974 on a Home Office Police Staff College Scholarship, and read Social Anthropology at Durham University. Returning to police work in 1977, I spent the next six years in and around the urban conurbation of Tyneside, and in 1982-3 was posted for some twenty months to South Shields as a deputy subdivisional commander—a somewhat grandiose piece of rhetoric for the prosaic position of local ‘chief inspector’. In many ways this rhetorical exaggeration is a pointer to the way symbolic form and gesture is used by the police to enhance and ‘construct their community . . . [thus] making it a resource and a repository of meaning’ (Cohen 1986: 17). It also gives an initial clue to the way the hierarchic principle dominates police thinking.
Rural Rides
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

When I moved to West Mercia I had only once passed through Shropshire en route to Wales; and had never been to Worcestershire or Herefordshire. However, from my analysis of Northumbria police I knew that a sense of place and concepts of territoriality were crucially important both to police forces as a whole and more importantly to individual police officers. Institutional history requires the constable constantly to define the smallest nuance of place, starting from a baseline of ‘my’ foot beat in ‘our’ section, on ‘our’ subdivision, and every incident has to be reported beginning, ‘At (time) on (day and date) I was at (exact place)’.
Further Fiscal Fallies
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

With the force budget standing at some £47 million, it might seem somewhat churlish to be shocked by the couple of thousand pounds badly spent on a poorly administrated purchase of dictating machines, outlined above. However, the discovery of other untendered purchases caused alarm bells to ring, and I began to record notes—not the least because I had visions of the Audit Commission descending and surcharging those deemed to have incurred such excesses.
Expanding the Universe
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Each fieldnote brings to mind another fraught episode or troublesome project which had the O&M officer and I burning midnight oil, and our first twelve months in the force was therefore an exhilarating but uphill struggle to come to grips with rural styles of policing and to see what we might achieve. Within a few weeks of our arrival we had created a project list which covered everything from the standardization of crime files (necessitating the amalgamation of seven different crime file frontispieces and formats then running in the force), to a ‘vehicle workshop evaluation’.
Personal Notes
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

By mid-1987 I had been part of West Mercian society for almost four years. I was approaching twenty-nine years’ service, and had spent another three years non-pensionable service as a cadet. I was thus within fourteen months of the regular thirty-year service retirement point, but had been in police society for almost thirty-three years. There was no compulsion to go, however, and I could have stayed until I was 60 years of age; a decade and more away. I was somewha1 surprised then, to receive joining instructions to attend a three-month Intermediate Command Course (ICC) at the Police Staff College.
Arms
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

It is fast becoming a cliché of progressive social commentary that ‘small arms are the real weapons of mass destruction’. Approximately half a million people die every year from gunshot wounds, many of them in armed conflict but a large proportion too outside the context of any hostilities. Many more people are seriously injured through the use of firearms, and more still are indirectly affected. Where whole communities are engulfed by gun violence, access may be prevented to schools, land, markets, health clinics, and humanitarian assistance, with disastrous short- and long-term consequences for the inhabitants.
Death Penalty
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

The campaign to abolish the death penalty is one of the great historic struggles of the international human rights movement. For some, abolition remains among the movement’s defining tasks and key ambitions. At one level, it is easy to see why. Deliberately killing a person is pretty much the worst thing you can do to them. The death penalty rationalises deliberate killing, and makes retribution a principle of penal policy. At another level, however, the abolition of the death penalty is not an obvious priority. It is concerned with the forms of punishment, rather than the causes of crime.
Development
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

In recent years human rights have become an important part of debates, policy-making and activism in the field of development. ‘Rights-based’ approaches to development, premised on the idea that strategies and programmes should be informed by attention to human rights, are now widely endorsed. And just as human rights have entered the arena of development, so too development has become a key issue in discussions, activities and norm-making within the field of human rights. One manifestation of this is the emergence of the ‘right to development’, embodying the notion that development is the basis of a human right in itself.
Globalisation
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

What is globalisation? To some, it denotes above all the ubiquity in today’s societies of branded goods and corporate logos. To others, it points to the dizzying pace and staggering turnover of the global financial market.To others still, it evokes the rise of satellite television, world music, and the English language as a lingua franca. To yet others, it is synonymous with the consolidation of international and regional governance, especially through the World Trade Organization.Whatever the focus, most people understand globalisation to refer to important changes in the economic, cultural and political spheres, in connection with economic liberalisation and technological innovation.
International Crimes
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 a fascinating conversation took place about the fate of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II. Should he be exiled, or should he be brought to trial? And if he should be brought to trial, under what law and before what tribunal? For some delegates, there was simply no basis for international criminal proceedings of this sort. International law was concerned with the responsibility of states for breaches of international norms, whereas crime was ‘essentially a violation of the law within each national unit, a violation by the [individual] subject of his duty to his sovereign’.
Media
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

What is the function of the media in shaping political life? Edmund Burke is said to have characterised the parliamentary reporters’ gallery as a ‘fourth estate’, additional to, and in some respects more important than, the three estates or social groups whose representatives actually constituted parliament. This concept of the ‘fourth estate’ has come to be associated with the idea that the press plays a crucial role in enabling citizens to exercise control over political processes. That is, it has come to be associated with the democratic significance of the press, and with the ideal of an informed and vigilant ‘public sphere’ within which to debate decisions, influence agendas, and scrutinise the action of public officials.
Sexuality
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

Sexuality is, of course, about sex. But, as our discussion here will confirm, it is also about access to pensions, custody of children, tenancy rights, and security of employment, to mention just a few of the further topics that are raised. If these rather unsexy matters are also at stake, this is because, like many other categories of human identification and interaction, sexuality names a domain of power relations. Social goods and opportunities are differentially distributed, according to a ‘sex-gender system’ in which some forms of relationship, activity, and identity are privileged, while others are disfavoured and disciplined.
Victims
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

Victims, victimhood, victimisation, victimology, the victim movement. Our discussion here revolves around these words, which direct attention to the experiences, needs and claims of those who have suffered harms of various kinds, and to the approaches, controversies and outcomes that have materialised in this regard. Both the academic discipline of victimology and the victim movement have mostly been concerned with criminal harms, that is to say, with victims of crime.
Introduction
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel
Published: October 2023

Why should a common lawyer study French administrative law? This is a question that the student of English law, to whom this book is primarily addressed, may fairly ask. The answer lies in the value of a comparative approach to a study of one’s own law. In order that the solutions given to problems arising in our administrative law may be better understood, it is instructive and valuable to appreciate how those same or similar problems have been or are being resolved by the corresponding institutions of another highly developed legal system. Great benefit is to be derived from a study of other common law jurisdictions, but it is sometimes even more valuable to go outside the common law world and make comparisons with a legal system having a quite different history and tradition.
The Constitutional and Administrative Background
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel
Published: October 2023

The ‘duality’ of the droit civil and the droit administratif in France, and more particularly the dual system of courts, cannot be under stood without some appreciation of French constitutional history and the present Constitution of the Fifth Republic. This is particularly important because the Conseil d’Etat was the child of the Revolution of 1789 and the period of the Consulate (1798-1802), although droit administratif itselfwas, as we shall see in a subsequent chapter, a later development. The course of French political history since the Revolution has been charted by repeated shifts of power between the executive and the representative assembly. On the one hand, there has been the authoritarian or Bonapartist tradition (inherited from the Ancien Regime) of autocratic rule based upon a powerful and centralized bureaucracy and acting more or less independently of parliament. On the other hand, there is the parliamentary tradition whereby the elected assembly imposes its will upon the executive, although still relying upon a strong bureaucracy.
Extensions and Generalizations
Authors: Dixit Avinash K
Published: October 2023

where the functions are identified by superscripts to avoid confusion with partial derivatives, which are being denoted by subscripts. For the moment, continue to ignore any other restrictions such as non-negativity on the variables. We need m < n, for n constrains on n variables will generally reduce the choice to a discrete set of points, while more constraints will, in general, be mutually inconsistent.
Convex Sets and Their Separation
Authors: Dixit Avinash K
Published: October 2023

Lagrange’s Theorem and the Kuhn-Tucker Theorem give us first order necessary conditions for constrained maximization problems. The conditions are not in general sufficient to determine the optimum. The same necessary conditions would arise if we wanted to minimize the same objective function subject to the same constraints. When I discussed this point in Chapter 2, I mentioned that maxima and minima can be distinguished by examining the curvatures of the objective and constraint functions. That idea is developed in this chapter and Chapters 7 and 8.
Second-Order Conditions
Authors: Dixit Avinash K
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter developed sufficient conditions for optimality, using properties like concavity and quasi-concavity. These were defined globally, that is, over the full domain of definition of the functions. For example, a function is called concave if the tangent at any point lies on or above the graph of the function, or if the graph lies on or above the chord joining any two points of it. Correspondingly, the conditions are sufficient for a global maximum; the x satisfying them does at least as well as any other feasible x. In a sense the conditions are ideal; if they are met, we have no further worry that some distant point somewhere may do better than the one we are looking at.
Issues Involved with the Seasonal Adjustment of Economic Time Series
Authors: Bell* William R , Hillmer Steven C
Published: October 2023

In the first part of this article, we briefly review the history of seasonal adjustment and statistical time series analysis in order to understand why seasonal adjustment methods have evolved into their present form. This review provides insight into some of the problems that must be addressed by seasonal adjustment procedures and points out that advances in modern time series analysis raise the question of whether seasonal adjustment should be performed at all. This in turn leads to a discussion in the second part of issues involved in seasonal adjustment. We state our opinions about the issues raised and review some of the work of other authors. First, we comment on reasons that have been given for doing seasonal adjustment and suggest a new possible justification. We then emphasize the need to define precisely the seasonal and nonseasonal components and offer our definitions. Finally, we discuss criteria for evaluating seasonal adjustments. We contend the proposed criteria based on empirical comparisons of estimated components are of little value and suggest that seasonal adjustment methods should be evaluated based on whether they are consistent with the information in the observed data. This idea is illustrated with an example.
Introduction
Authors: Hylleberg S
Published: October 2023

Although seasonal fluctuations account for a major part of the variation in many quarterly and monthly economic time series, the attitude of many economists has been and still is well expressed in the following citation from William Stanley Jevons (1862), p. 4: ‘Every kind of periodic fluctuation, whether daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or yearly, must be detected and exhibited not only as a subject of study in itself, but because we must ascertain and eliminate such periodic variations before we can correctly exhibit those which are irregular or non-periodic, and probably of more interest and importance.’ Implicit in this attitude is the belief that seasonality is periodic to such a degree that it is relatively easy to eliminate, but also that economics has little to say about the seasonal movements and conversely that seasonal variation tells us very little of interest about economic theory. However, both views are incorrect but none the less persistent.
The X-11 Method
Authors: Hylleberg S
Published: October 2023

The Bureau of the Census method I was a seven-step program based on a refinement of the ratio-to-moving-average method developed by Macaulay (1931) at the NBER. The method was introduced in 1954 and used as a springboard for the method II of 1955 (see Shiskin and Eisenpress (1957) and Shiskin (1960, 1978)). During the following years several versions of this method were put forward. The versions were denoted X-1, X-2, etc. The last version, the X-11 method, was developed in 1965 (see Shiskin et al. (1967); Kallek (1978); Kuiper (1978); and Danmarks Statistik (1975)). The X-11 method has been in use since 1965, but the program has been improved by the introduction of several different options that allow the user to adhere to the special characteristics of the individual series.
Unobserved-Components Models for Seasonal Adjustment Filters
Authors: Burridge Peter , Wallis Kenneth F
Published: October 2023

Abstract. Time series models are presented, for which the seasonal-component estimates delivered by linear least squares signal extraction closely approximate those of the standard option of the widely-used Census X-11 program. Earlier work is extended by consideration of a broader class of models and by examination of asymmetric filters, in addition to the symmetric filter implicit in the adjustment of historical data. Various criteria that guide the specification of unobserved-components models are discussed, and a new preferred model is presented. Some nonstandard options in X-11 are considered in the Appendix.

Key words: Time series; seasonal adjustment; signal extraction; X-11 method; unobserved-components models; ARIMA models.
Estimating Structural Models of Seasonality
Authors: Engle* Robert F
Published: October 2023

The intention of this paper is to define and estimate several classes of models of seasonal behavior. A stochastic model will be formulated for each of several unobserved components that then add to give an observed series. The statistical problem is first to choose the appropriate model from the class, then to estimate the unknown parameters of the model, and finally to estimate the values of the unobserved components. When one of the components is a seasonal, the end result is a seasonally adjusted data series.

There are at least three advantages of this approach to seasonal adjustment. First, with an explicit statistical model of the seasonal process, it is possible to calculate the properties of different methods and the variances of individual component estimates. Second, the method of seasonal adjustment will be tailored to the characteristics of the series, and third, it is possible to incorporate additional information about economic trends and cycles, weather, strikes, and holidays which will help distinguish seasonal from nonseasonal behavior and will provide means for automatically correcting for phenomena that are normally treated as outliers.