bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A priori test of perfectly stirred reactor approach to evaluating mean fuel consumption and heat release rates in highly turbulent premixed flames
Authors: Lipatnikov Andrei N
Published: July 2023

Unsteady three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data obtained earlier by Dave et al. ( J Fluid Mech 2020; 884: A46) from a statistically planar and one-dimensional, highly turbulent, moderately lean hydrogen-air flame propagating in a box are processed to perform a priori test of perfectly stirred reactor model. The test aims in particularly at estimating mesh resolution (or filter width within large eddy simulation framework) required to neglect variations in the temperature and mixture composition within a computational cell when evaluating mean (or filtered) fuel consumption and heat release rates. For this purpose, fuel consumption and heat release rates sampled directly from the DNS data and averaged over a cube of width [Formula: see text] are compared with fuel consumption and heat release rates calculated using the temperature and species concentrations averaged over the same cube. Moreover, turbulent burning velocities computed by integrating the former and latter rates are compared with one another. A ratio of [Formula: see text] to a laminar flame thickness [Formula: see text] is varied from 0.44 to 1.8. The obtained results indicate that the tested simple approach performs reasonably well (poor) if [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text], respectively). This result is further supported by directly filtering fuel consumption rate in a laminar premixed flame. The values of the thickness [Formula: see text], calculated using detail chemical mechanisms for different fuels under elevated temperatures and pressures associated with combustion in piston engines, indicate that it is difficult to satisfy the constraint of [Formula: see text] in contemporary unsteady multidimensional numerical simulations of turbulent burning in such engines.
Presidential Activism and Success in Foreign and Defence Policy: A Study of Portugal’s Premier-Presidential Regime
Authors: Amorim Neto Octavio , Anselmo André
Published: July 2023

This article investigates presidents’ foreign and defence policy activism under Portugal’s premier-presidential system from 1982 to 2021. First, the article discusses the extant literature on intra-executive conflicts in semi-presidential systems. Then, it provides an overview of Portugal’s experience with semi-presidentialism since 1976 and the powers of the Portuguese president. The third section describes all significant foreign and defence policy presidential interventions from 1982 to 2021 that resulted in disputes with the prime minister. This section estimates presidents’ and prime ministers’ ex-ante preferences over the issues at stake. We verify which preference is closest to the ex-post content of the policy implemented – if it is the president’s, it counts as a presidential win. We identify the formal and informal means by which presidents acted. Informal means are essentially going public tactics. In addition, we inductively pin down the necessary and sufficient conditions under which presidents intervene and succeed. The article’s main findings are two: first, the president’s second term, absence of a strictly unified executive and a majority cabinet are separately necessary but jointly sufficient for presidential interventions to occur; second, formal powers are a necessary but insufficient condition for presidential victory. Finally, we speculate on the policy, institutional, and electoral consequences of presidential activism.
Aesthetics of Agency and the Rhythm of Gameplay
Authors: Kalmanlehto Johan
Published: July 2023

In this study I investigate aesthetics of agency in games in terms of rhythm. Following C. Thi Nguyen's theory of agency as the aesthetic medium of games, I suggest that the aesthetic experience of agency can be interpreted in terms of rhythm. First, I provide an overview of Nguyen's theory of games as the art of agency. By focusing on Nguyen's characterization of the aesthetic experience of agency, I highlight a need for a more detailed description of agential aesthetics. Second, I introduce a philosophical interpretation of rhythm as a distinction between form and flow. Finally, by using Elden Ring as an example I argue that an understanding rhythm as form in continuous motion captures the transient and mutable character of agency as the object of the player's aesthetic experience. Rhythm provides insight into the temporal nature of Nguyen's process aesthetics and explains how agency can have nonconceptual meaning.
Genicular Artery Embolization: A Promising Treatment Option for Recurrent Effusion Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Lutz Rex W. , Post Zachary D. , Thalody Hope S. , Czymek Miranda M. , Ponzio Danielle Y. , Kim Christopher E. , Ong Alvin C.
Published: July 2023

Background:

Selective genicular artery embolization (GAE) has shown promise as a minimally invasive treatment option for persistent symptomatic recurrent effusions (REs) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Purpose:

We sought to investigate the radiographic and clinical success of GAE for RE after TKA.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data on primary and revision TKA patients with RE, both hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic, who underwent GAE between 2019 and 2021 with a minimum of 6-month follow-up. All embolization procedures were performed by a single interventional radiologist. Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores were collected prior to GAE and at 1, 3, and 6 months post-procedure. Recurrence of effusion following GAE was assessed at 6 months using ultrasound.

Results:

Seventeen patients, 10 female and 7 male, with 18 TKAs and a mean (SD) age of 63.1 (8.6) years were included. We saw a mean (SD) of 36.1 (24.4) and 3.3 (3.0) point improvement in WOMAC and VAS scores, respectively. In addition, 14 of the 18 TKAs (77.8%) seen at final follow-up had complete resolution of effusion confirmed by ultrasound.

Conclusion:

Our retrospective review found that a majority of patients showed significant clinical improvement and resolution of effusion following GAE. These findings suggest that GAE may be an effective minimally invasive treatment option for RE following TKA and should be further investigated.
Benchtop evaluation of a double stent retriever thrombectomy technique for acute ischemic stroke treatment
Authors: Hofmeister Jeremy , Bernava Gianmarco , Rosi Andrea , Reymond Philippe , Brina Olivier , Muster Michel , Lovblad Karl-Olof , Machi Paolo
Published: July 2023

Background and purpose

A mechanical thrombectomy technique using a double stent retriever approach has been reported for the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to perform a benchtop evaluation of the mechanism of action and efficacy of a double-stent retriever approach compared to a single-stent retriever approach.

Materials and methods

In vitro, mechanical thrombectomy procedures were performed in a vascular phantom reproducing an M1-M2 occlusion with two different clot analog consistencies (soft and hard). We compared the double stent retriever approach to the single stent retriever approach and recorded the recanalization rate, distal embolization, and retrieval forces of each mechanical thrombectomy procedure.

Results

The double stent retriever approach achieved a higher recanalization rate and lower embolic complications compared to the single stent retriever approach. This seems to stem from two facts: the greater probability of targeting the correct artery with two stents in the case of bifurcation occlusion, and an improved clot capture mechanism using the double stent retriever approach. However, the double stent retriever was associated with an increased initial retrieval force.

Conclusions

In vitro evaluation of the mechanism of action of the double stent retriever provided explanations that appear to support the high efficacy of such an approach in patient cohorts and could help operators when selecting the optimal mechanical thrombectomy strategy in cases of arterial occlusions difficult to treat with a single stent retriever.
Participant Directed Mobile Interviews: A Data Collection Method for Conducting In-Situ Field Research at a Distance
Authors: Arntson Cheryl L , Yoon Minn N
Published: July 2023

COVID-19 restrictions necessitated innovative online adaptations to conventional qualitative methods; however, virtual interviews do not permit capturing visual data from participants’ environments. Traditional mobile interviews conducted in situ provide contextual, relational, and situational knowledge. Virtual adaptations of mobile interviews have been theorized but not fully tested. This paper compares experiences with an online interview and a virtual adaptation of a mobile interview, the Participant-Directed Mobile Interview (PDMI), during a pilot study examining the design elements of private dental office waiting rooms as symbolic presentations of a dentist’s and dental clinic’s identity. Participants ( n = 4), who worked in private dental clinics and had participated in the planning and designing the waiting room, were selected using a purposive and convenience sample design. Participants were required to have access to a mobile device, the internet, and the Zoom cloud-based video conferencing platform. A semi-structured interview preceded PDMI, and both were recorded on Zoom. Unlike the online semi-structured interview, PDMI revealed the participant’s relationship to the space, produced more nuanced and contextual data and clarified the meaning of subjective statements and terms. Mobile devices used by the participant (iPad/mobile phone) provided the researcher with a view of the space and access to visual and relational data that would not be possible if the camera focused on the participants alone. Participants could freely explore, interact with, and reflect on the space in real-time, enhancing the depth and breadth of responses. PDMI was limited by participants’ access to and choice of equipment and internet services and their technical skill level. This technique could be applied to circumstances beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. PDMI could increase access, reduce research costs in distant or remote communities, and provide valuable insights within various methodologies and disciplines.
Community pharmacists’ perspectives on assessing kidney function and medication dosing for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: A qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework
Authors: Tran Jaclyn , Shaffelburg Connor , Phelan Emma , Neville Heather , Lively Allison , Poyah Penelope , Tennankore Karthik , More Keigan , Soroka Steven , Harpell Diane , Wilson Jo-Anne
Published: July 2023

Background:

The kidneys are responsible for the elimination of many drugs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common, and medications may require adjustment to avoid adverse outcomes. Despite the availability of kidney drug dosing resources, people with CKD are at risk of inappropriate drug prescribing. Community pharmacists are in the ideal position to mitigate harm from inappropriate prescribing in this population.

Methods:

In this qualitative study, community pharmacists were interviewed on their perspective on kidney function assessment and dose adjustment in people with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2). The theoretical domains framework for targeting behavioural change was used to inform the interview guide and analysis. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation. Semistructured virtual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and uploaded into NVIVO 12 Pro to facilitate thematic analysis. Deductive and inductive iterative coding approaches were employed to determine categories and themes.

Results:

Twelve pharmacists were interviewed, with a mean age of 42 years and 16 years of experience. Four themes comprising 10 categories were identified to influence kidney function assessment and dosing, including resources (information access, technology, references), environment (pharmacy infrastructure, practice setting), reflection (triggers, experience and training, collaboration) and leadership and governance (pharmacist role, advocacy). Feedback on an optimal CKD tool was collected, and enabling themes (categories) for implementation included knowledge and skills (education, training) and reflection (role, support, integration).

Conclusions:

Findings will inform the interventions needed to improve implementation of kidney assessment and dosing of high-risk medications in people with kidney impairment into community pharmacy practice. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2023;156:xx-xx.
Unplanned meetings: Shifting school principal practice 5 min at a time
Authors: Midha Gopal
Published: July 2023

This article systematically reviews the literature noting unplanned meetings of the principal or unplanned principal meetings (UPMs) from 1970 to 2022. UPMs are understudied though they are considered essential for communication and/or labeled as distractions. The purpose of this review is to examine notations of UPMs in academic literature to estimate how much principal time they comprise and what purposes they serve. The systematic literature search used keyword search, snowballing, and personal network references to yield 31 academic publications. The interpretive findings of the review suggest that UPMs comprise at least 16% of principal workdays and provide information exchange, crisis management, and emotional support. UPMs fulfilled these purposes through their informality, candidness, immediacy, and confidentiality. UPMs epitomize that small does not mean simple. Even though they usually take under 5 min, they shift the school principal time, attention, and space and carry the potential to shift school and school leadership practice. Significantly, the everyday, little-noted UPMs manifest the work tension and work intensity of principalship and may serve as a novel lens to theorize principal practice.
Peer-initiated motivational climate, mental health and adherence in competitive youth sport
Authors: McLaren Colin D , Shanmugaratnam Achuthan , Bruner Mark W
Published: July 2023

Through interactions with important social agents (coaches, parents, and peers), youth athletes will infer that being successful in sport falls somewhere along the continuum between (a) improvement and hard work and (b) winning at all costs. The environment created as a result of these interactions has important implications for athlete mental health and future sport participation. This study examined the relationships between peer-initiated motivational climate, athlete wellbeing, and intention to return to the team. Youth athletes ( N = 130; Mage = 13.45 years) from nine competitive ice hockey teams completed a questionnaire near the end of season. Using mixed-effects linear modeling, findings revealed that a task-related peer climate significantly predicted wellbeing ( β = 0.32, 95% CI [0.18, 0.47]) and intention to return ( β = 0.43, 95% CI [0.17, 0.68]), whereas an ego-related peer climate was not significantly related to wellbeing ( β = 0.10, 95% CI [−0.07, 0.26]) or intentions to return ( β = −0.29, 95% CI [−0.58, 0.01]).
Music Worlds and Event Networks: An Exposition
Authors: Crossley Nick
Published: July 2023

Musical activity in contemporary societies clusters in distinct ‘music worlds’, centred on such factors as style and/or locality. A number of studies have analysed these music worlds as networks of participants, linked in a variety of ways. This is useful but only captures some aspects of music worlds, neglecting others. In this article I introduce the concept of ‘event networks’ as a complement which allows us to capture much that ‘participant networks’ exclude. An event network is a sequence of events, such as gigs, certain pairs of which are linked by a flow of both participants (e.g. artists, audience members and support personnel) and the various resources and (evolving) conventions those participants carry with them. It forms an important part of the social structure of a music world and we can analyse it, empirically, using social network analysis (SNA). In the first part of the article I elaborate theoretically upon the concept of event networks and its significance in relation to music worlds. In the second part I develop this via an illustrative analysis of an empirical event network. The purpose of this analysis is to stimulate further discussion of event networks, of the interpretation of their properties and of possibilities for future analyses.
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance academic communication, education and research: a balanced approach
Authors: Esplugas Mireia
Published: July 2023

Much has been written about the concerns surrounding artificial intelligence (AI). This article looks positively at how AI can enhance communication and academic skills, including teaching and research. The article explains what AI, Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT), and chat-GPT are and highlights a few AI-based tools that are currently in use to improve communication and academic skills. It also mentions potential AI problems, such as a lack of personalization, societal biases, and privacy concerns. The future lies in the training of hand surgeons to master the skill of precise communication and academia using AI tools.
Evaluation of diuretic efficiency of intravenous furosemide in patients with advanced heart failure in a heart failure clinic
Authors: Herrera-Leaño Nancy , Barahona-Correa Julián E. , Muñoz-Velandia Oscar , Fernández-Ávila Daniel G. , Mariño-Correa Alejandro , Alberto García Ángel
Published: July 2023

Introduction:

Diuretic efficiency (DE) is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in acute heart failure (HF) at long-term follow-up. The performance of DE in advanced HF and the outpatient scenario is unclear.

Methods:

Survival function analysis on a retrospective cohort of patients with advanced HF followed at the outpatient clinic of Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (Bogotá, Colombia) between 2017 and 2021. DE was calculated as the average of total diuresis in milliliters divided by the dose of IV furosemide in milligrams for each 6-h session, considering all the sessions in which the patient received levosimendan and IV furosemide. We stratified DE in high or low using the median value of the cohort as the cutoff value. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalizations during a 12-month follow-up. Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank test were used to compare patients with high and low DE.

Results:

In all, 41 patients (66.5 ± 13.2 years old, 75.6% men) were included in the study, with a median DE of 24.5 mL/mg. In total, 20 patients were categorized as low and 21 as high DE. The composite outcome occurred more often in the high DE group (13 versus 5, log-rank test p = 0.0385); the all-cause mortality rate was 29.2% and was more frequent in the high DE group (11 versus 1, log-rank test p = 0.0026).

Conclusion:

In patients with advanced HF on intermittent inotropic therapy, a high DE efficiency is associated with a higher risk of mortality or HF hospitalization in a 12-month follow-up period.
Alpha NSW: What would it take to create a state-wide paediatric population-level learning health system?
Authors: Hodgins Michael , Samir Nora , Woolfenden Susan , Hu Nan , Schneuer Francisco , Nassar Natasha , Lingam Raghu
Published: July 2023

Background:

The health and well-being of children in the first 2000 days has a lasting effect on educational achievement and long-term chronic disease in later life. However, the lack of integration between high-quality data, analytic capacity and timely health improvement initiatives means practitioners, service leaders and policymakers cannot use data effectively to plan and evaluate early intervention services and monitor high-level health outcomes.

Objective:

Our exploratory study aimed to develop an in-depth understanding of the system and clinical requirements of a state-wide paediatric learning health system (LHS) that uses routinely collected data to not only identify where the inequities and variation in care are, but also to also inform service development and delivery where it is needed most.

Method:

Our approach included reviewing exemplars of how administrative data are used in Australia; consulting with clinical, policy and data stakeholders to determine their needs for a child health LHS; mapping the existing data points collected across the first 2000 days of a child’s life and geospatially locating patterns of key indicators for child health needs.

Results:

Our study identified the indicators that are available and accessible to inform service delivery and demonstrated the potential of using routinely collected administrative data to identify the gap between health needs and service availability.

Conclusion:

We recommend improving data collection, accessibility and integration to establish a state-wide LHS, whereby there is a streamlined process for data cleaning, analysis and visualisation to help identify populations in need in a timely manner.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Fourth Generation Minimally Invasive Distal First Metatarsal Osteotomy-Akin Osteotomy Technique on First Ray Articular Contact Properties
Authors: Reddy Sudheer C. , Schipper Oliver N. , Li Jihui
Published: July 2023

Background

Hallux valgus is a common deformity encountered but remains a complex clinical entity. Fourth-generation minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques consisting of a percutaneous distal metatarsal transverse osteotomy combined with an Akin osteotomy have been used to address mild to severe hallux valgus deformities. The benefits of an MIS approach include improved cosmesis, faster recovery, lower opiate requirement, immediate weightbearing, and favorable outcomes relative to a traditional, open procedure. An understudied area with respect to hallux valgus correction is the effect that osteotomies can have on the articular contact properties of the first ray following correction.

Methods

Sixteen paired cadaveric specimens were dissected to include the first ray and tested in a customized apparatus. Specimens were randomized to receive a distal transverse osteotomy translated either 50% or 100% of the width of the first metatarsal shaft. The osteotomy was performed with either a 0° or 20° distal angulation of the burr relative to the shaft in the axial plane. Specimens were tested in the intact state and following the distal first metatarsal osteotomy for peak pressure, contact area, contact force and center of pressure at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and first tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints. An Akin osteotomy was then performed on each specimen, and peak pressure, contact area, contact force, and center of pressure were recalculated.

Results

There was a notable decrease in peak pressure, contact area, and contact force across the TMT joint with greater shifts of the capital fragment. However, at 100% translation of the capital fragment, distal angulation of the osteotomy by 20° appears to improve loading across the TMT joint. Addition of the Akin osteotomy at 100% translation also aids in increasing the contact force across the TMT joint. The MTP joint is less sensitive to changes in shifts and angulation of the capital fragment. The Akin osteotomy also leads to increased contact force across the MTP joint when the capital fragment is translated 100%.

Conclusion

While the clinical significance is unknown, larger shifts of the capital fragment lead to greater load alterations at the level of the TMT joint than the MTP joint. Distal angulation of the capital fragment and the addition of an Akin osteotomy can aid in reducing the size of those changes. The Akin can lead to increased contact forces at the MTP joint with 100% translation of the capital fragment.

Level of Evidence:

Not applicable, Biomechanical study
Attacks Against Journalists in Brazil: Catalyzing Effects and Resilience During Jair Bolsonaro’s Government
Authors: Ozawa Joao V. S. , Lukito Josephine , Lee Taeyoung , Varma Anita , Alves Rosental
Published: July 2023

Attacks on journalists have become a growing concern in democracies around the world. Past scholarship suggests that such attacks could lead to a chilling effect of journalists self-censoring their reporting. However, there is limited empirical work that substantiates the effects of attacks on journalists. To empirically test the existence of chilling effects, this mixed-methods study uses the conditions of journalism under Jair Bolsonaro’s government in Brazil as an exploratory case study. We investigate how attacks ( N = 901) and propaganda messages ( N = 518,853) impacted news coverage ( N = 20,998) in the first two years of Bolsonaro’s government, based on time series analysis and in-depth interviews with journalists ( N = 18). Our results suggest that, despite the increase in government attacks, Brazilian journalists do not exhibit chilling effects; instead, they display what we call catalyzing effects. Our time series results showed that an increase in state propaganda leads to an increase in news coverage. Furthermore, our qualitative data affirms the concept of catalyzing effects. Findings from the interviews suggest that catalyzing effects operate as a form of resilience among journalists. Catalyzing effects do not necessarily manifest as more coverage, but as persistent coverage despite ongoing criticisms and threats (both social and physical). Our findings offer a path forward, highlighting the importance of bringing the discussion about violence and attacks against journalists back to the community of journalists experiencing this hostility. Network support, journalists said, has been crucial, which points to the need for a solidarity infrastructure that supports journalists’ constructive role in society.
Digital health for all: How digital health could reduce inequality and increase universal health coverage
Authors: van de Vijver Steven , Tensen Paulien , Asiki Gershim , Requena-Méndez Ana , Heidenrijk Michiel , Stronks Karien , Cobelens Frank , Bont Jettie , Agyemang Charles
Published: July 2023

Digital transformation in health care has a lot of opportunities to improve access and quality of care. However, in reality not all individuals and communities are benefiting equally from these innovations. People in vulnerable conditions, already in need of more care and support, are often not participating in digital health programs. Fortunately, numerous initiatives worldwide are committed to make digital health accessible to all citizens, stimulating the long-cherished global pursuit of universal health coverage. Unfortunately initiatives are not always familiar with each other and miss connection to jointly make a significant positive impact. To reach universal health coverage via digital health it is necessary to facilitate mutual knowledge exchange, both globally and locally, to link initiatives and apply academic knowledge into practice. This will support policymakers, health care providers and other stakeholders to ensure that digital innovations can increase access to care for everyone, leading towards Digital health for all.
Physical Activity, Screen Media Use and Sleep of Children With Developmental Disorders in Singapore: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hwa Chia (谢永和) Michael Yong , Qing Lua (赖玉晴) Verity Yu , Tan (陈慧怡) Deanna , Kiong Chua (蔡满镪) Terence Buan
Published: July 2023

Highlights

More research is available on the on- and off-screen behaviors of typically developing children but substantially less research is available on these behaviors among children with developmental disabilities (CwDD). As CwDD have different lifestyle needs and profiles than typically developing children, there exists an unmet need for a lifestyle and time-use questionnaire which examines screen-viewing time, physical activity time, and sleep duration of CwDD. This behavioral research report presents pilot results on the lifestyle behaviors of CwDD in Singapore using a validated questionnaire called Parent-surveillance of digital media habits in childhood Questionnaire® (Parent-smalQ®) on this largely unexplored group of children. The Singapore integrated 24-h guidelines stipulate that for optimal development, children should acquire a lifestyle that integrates regular physical activity, limited sedentary behavior, adequate sleep, among other lifestyle behaviors. This research report provides additional insights into the prevalence of CwDD in meeting the Singapore integrated 24-h guidelines recommendations.
Media Framing of Student-Athlete Suicide: An Examination of Problems, Causes, Moral Evaluations and Treatment Recommendations
Authors: Parrott Scott
Published: July 2023

At least five NCAA student athletes died by suicide in spring 2022. The deaths generated national news media attention while underscoring the stressors student-athletes face in relation to mental health. Journalists play an important role in shaping public understanding of issues, including mental health and suicide. By framing issues, journalists can shape the way audiences interpret (a) problems, (b) their causes, (c) their moral implications, and (d) potential treatments. The present study used thematic analysis to understand how four types of news organizations framed the student-athletes' deaths by suicide in 2022. The study examined 75 stories from national news outlets (e.g., Washington Post), sports publications (e.g., ESPN), student publications (e.g., The Badger Herald at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), and community publications (e.g., The Capital Times in Madison, WI). News stories identified environmental factors (e.g., poor mental health resources, stress) as a problem for student-athletes, while describing misplaced university priorities as a cause. Journalists described a need for universities and the NCAA to improve the depth and breadth of mental health resources for student-athletes, describing the action as a moral imperative. Implications are discussed in relation to sports communication and health communication.
Historical Analysis of the Development of Prisons in India: Human Rights in Retrospect
Authors: Nazim Sohail , Haider Kulsum
Published: July 2023

The prison system is crucial to administering criminal justice and maintaining peace in society. Indian prisons have a long history dating back to the ancient and modern eras. It remains a travesty of the Indian criminal justice system to manage and administer prisons, particularly during the medieval and modern periods. Even the current prison conditions are woeful, requiring a change in the system. The first prison reformation in India began under Lord Macaulay in 1835. Human rights for prisoners have been vehemently advocated and protected by the Indian Constitution and Judiciary. Because of these factors, human rights movements related to prisoners have continued to grow in India. In this article, the authors analysed the evolution of the prison system in India through the lens of human rights.
The Effect of Sound Localization on Auditory-Only and Audiovisual Speech Recognition in a Simulated Multitalker Environment
Authors: Sheffield Sterling W. , Wheeler Harley J. , Brungart Douglas S. , Bernstein Joshua G. W.
Published: July 2023

Information regarding sound-source spatial location provides several speech-perception benefits, including auditory spatial cues for perceptual talker separation and localization cues to face the talker to obtain visual speech information. These benefits have typically been examined separately. A real-time processing algorithm for sound-localization degradation (LocDeg) was used to investigate how spatial-hearing benefits interact in a multitalker environment. Normal-hearing adults performed auditory-only and auditory-visual sentence recognition with target speech and maskers presented from loudspeakers at −90°, −36°, 36°, or 90° azimuths. For auditory-visual conditions, one target and three masking talker videos (always spatially separated) were rendered virtually in rectangular windows at these locations on a head-mounted display. Auditory-only conditions presented blank windows at these locations. Auditory target speech (always spatially aligned with the target video) was presented in co-located speech-shaped noise (experiment 1) or with three co-located or spatially separated auditory interfering talkers corresponding to the masker videos (experiment 2). In the co-located conditions, the LocDeg algorithm did not affect auditory-only performance but reduced target orientation accuracy, reducing auditory-visual benefit. In the multitalker environment, two spatial-hearing benefits were observed: perceptually separating competing speech based on auditory spatial differences and orienting to the target talker to obtain visual speech cues. These two benefits were additive, and both were diminished by the LocDeg algorithm. Although visual cues always improved performance when the target was accurately localized, there was no strong evidence that they provided additional assistance in perceptually separating co-located competing speech. These results highlight the importance of sound localization in everyday communication.
Racial-ethnic Differences in Anticipatory Stress about COVID-19 Mortality: An Evaluation of Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Grace Matthew K. , García Ashley M.
Published: July 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected the health of people of color in the United States. In this study, we use national survey data ( n = 1,844) to examine racial-ethnic variation in people’s worries about COVID-19 mortality and the mechanisms that underlie these differences. Consistent with stress theory, we find that Black and Latinx respondents are more likely than Whites to worry about the possibility that they, a romantic partner, or a child will die from the virus. Black and Latinx respondents are also more likely to report prior COVID-19 infection, to know someone who has tested positive for the virus, to work in essential jobs, to live in more densely populated counties with higher infection rates, and to contend with more same-race COVID-19 infections at the national level. Across these different layers of social context, however, only prior COVID infection and knowing someone who has tested positive for the virus are linked to greater worry about COVID-related mortality. Mediation analyses indicate the greater prevalence of prior infection among Black and Latinx respondents explains little of the gap in anticipatory stress, whereas approximately one-fifth of the Black-White and Latinx-White discrepancy in worries about COVID-19 mortality are attributable to the greater social connectivity of Black and Latinx respondents to family and friends who have been affected by the virus. We outline the implications of these findings for future scholarship.
Shared-Medical Appointment for Screening and Risk Assessment for Fall Prevention
Authors: Moran Ryan , Ramirez Michelle , Woods Gina , Hofflich Heather , Wing, MS David , Nichols Jeanne
Published: July 2023

Background: The median age of Americans is rising and fall risk increases with age. While the causes of falls are multifactorial, falls risk can be reduced. Only a small percentage of older-adults report being asked about fall risk or falls. The CDC has initiated a Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths and Injuries (STEADI) toolkit, but penetration into practice has been slow. To address this, we implemented a Falls Prevention Shared Medical Appointment (SMA) at an academic internal medicine clinic. Methods: Patients were referred to the SMA and scheduled per their preference virtually or in-person. Patients attended a nurse visit for appropriate fallrisk related screening, followed by the SMA with two physicians for review of medical history, fall screening results and implementation of fall reduction strategies. Follow-up survey of the patients assessed program effectiveness. Results: Fifty-two patients were seen/assessed between November 2021 and February 2023 with SMAs ranging from 3 to 5 patients with an average age of 77 (=/− 6.7). Questionnaire self-reported risk factors, self-reported strength, and polypharmacy were associated with objective markers of increased fall risk. Survey results indicate acceptability of this model. Conclusion: Falls prevention SMAs can be effective. More work is needed to further delineate and refine cohort selection.
A survey of Australian rheumatologists’ perspectives of nutrition needs in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Samm De-arne A , Macoustra Aimee R , Crane Rhiannon K , McWilliams Leah M , Proudman Susanna M , Chapple Lee-anne S
Published: July 2023

Aim:

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is an incurable inflammatory condition synonymous with unique nutrition needs. As rheumatologists are frequently responsible for managing the various organ manifestations, this study aimed to understand the service needs and nutritional concerns of rheumatologists involved in the care of adults with systemic sclerosis.

Methods:

A 13-item online qualitative and quantitative survey was distributed via REDCap® from January to March 2022 to rheumatologists who are members of the Australian Scleroderma Interest Group and consult patients with systemic sclerosis. Data were collected on rheumatologists’ demographics, and their views on symptoms observed, nutrition concerns and priorities, and preferred dietetic service provision for their patients. Data are reported as number (%).

Results:

Of 27 eligible rheumatologists, 17 (63%) completed the survey. All rheumatologists reported gastrointestinal symptoms in their patients ( n = 17, 100%); predominantly reflux ( n = 17, 100%) and dysphagia ( n = 17, 100%). Weight loss was observed by the majority of rheumatologists ( n = 15, 88%). Rheumatologists reported patients used food avoidance/special diets to manage symptoms ( n = 12, 71%). Dietetic consultation was reported as potentially beneficial by all rheumatologists, with the preferred time being when symptoms increase or change ( n = 15, 88%), and the preferred approaches being written resources ( n = 15, 88%), face-to-face ( n = 14, 82%) and telephone consultation ( n = 14, 82%). Advice on gaining weight ( n = 14, 82%) and systemic sclerosis symptom management ( n = 13, 77%) were the most desired education topics reported.

Conclusion:

Rheumatologists commonly observe gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis and report dietetics services would be advantageous in supporting their patients to gain weight and better manage their symptoms.
Where do psychologists turn to inform clinical decisions? Audience segmentation to guide dissemination strategies
Authors: Kwon Nayoung , Stewart Rebecca E. , Wang Xi , Marzalik Jacob S. , Bufka Lynn F. , Halfond Raquel W. , Purtle Jonathan
Published: July 2023

Background

Audience segmentation is an analysis technique that can identify meaningful subgroups within a population to inform the tailoring of dissemination strategies. We have conducted an empirical clustering audience segmentation study of licensed psychologists using survey data about the sources of knowledge they report most often consulting to guide their clinical decision-making. We identify meaningful subgroups within the population and inform the tailoring of dissemination strategies for evidence-based practice (EBP) materials.

Method

Data come from a 2018–2019 web-based survey of licensed psychologists who were members of the American Psychological Association (APA; N = 518, response rate = 29.8%). Ten dichotomous variables assessed sources that psychologists regularly consult to inform clinical decision-making (e.g., colleagues, academic literature, and practice guidelines). We used latent class analysis to identify segments of psychologists who turn to similar sources and named each segment based on the segment's most salient characteristics.

Results

Four audience segments were identified: the No-guidelines (45% of psychologists), Research-driven (16%), Thirsty-for-knowledge (9%), and No-reviews (30%). The four segments differed not only in their preferred sources of knowledge, but also in the types of evidence-based posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments they provide, their awareness and usage intention of the APA PTSD clinical practice guideline, and attitudes toward clinical practice guidelines.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that licensed psychologists are heterogeneous in terms of their knowledge-seeking behaviors and preferences for knowledge sources. The distinctive characteristics of these segments could guide the tailoring of dissemination materials and strategies to subsequently enhance the implementation of EBP among psychologists.
Double-Bundle PCL Reconstruction in the Multiple-Ligament Injured Knee
Authors: Parker Kate M. , Treme Gehron P. , Richter Dustin L.
Published: July 2023

Background:

Multi-ligament knee injuries and knee dislocations are potentially devastating injuries that typically result in injury to both cruciate ligaments and variable injury to collateral ligament complexes.

Indications:

Surgical intervention typically leads to better patient outcomes than nonoperative management. We describe our preferred technique for bicruciate ligament reconstruction with a focus on double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction.

Technique Description:

A transtibial approach is used to drill the PCL tibial tunnel. A safety incision on the proximal medial tibia, which may incorporate the distal aspect of a medial-sided incision for medial collateral ligament (MCL) reconstruction, allows palpation of the PCL fovea for anatomic tunnel placement, protection of the posterior neurovascular structures, and egress of arthroscopic fluid during the case. This technique uses an inside-out approach for creation of the 2 femoral sockets to recreate the 2 PCL bundles. The grafts are passed in antegrade fashion, with passage and femoral fixation of the posteromedial (PM) bundle followed by the anterolateral (AL) bundle. After passage of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft and fixation on the femur in standard fashion, attention is turned to PCL tibia-sided fixation. We use a screw and spiked washer to fix the AL bundle at 90° of flexion with an anterior drawer maneuver. The PM bundle is then fixed with a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interference screw in near full extension. Fixation of the ACL on the tibia in standard fashion completes the bicruciate ligament reconstruction.

Results:

In biomechanical cadaveric studies, double-bundle PCL reconstruction has been shown to more closely approximate native knee kinematics, with more restraint to posterior translation at all knee flexion angles and less internal rotation laxity at higher knee flexion angles. In clinical results, both single-bundle and double-bundle reconstructions improve knee stability and patient-reported outcomes. Double-bundle PCL reconstruction may provide improved objective posterior tibial stability and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores.

Discussion:

Double-bundle PCL reconstruction can be performed efficiently with good outcomes and potentially less residual posterior translation or internal rotation laxity than single-bundle PCL reconstruction.

Patient Consent Disclosure Statement:

The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.
EFEMP2 upregulates PD-L1 expression via EGFR/ERK1/2/c-Jun signaling to promote the invasion of ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Shen Xin , Jin Xuli , Fang Shuang , Chen Jie
Published: July 2023

Background

Fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2 (EFEMP2) has been reported to be related to the progression of various cancers. We have previously reported that EFEMP2 was highly expressed in ovarian cancer and was strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients. This study intends to further explore its interacting proteins and possible downstream signaling pathways.

Method

The expression of EFEMP2 was detected by RT-qPCR, ICC and western blot in 4 kinds of ovarian cancer cells with different migration and invasion ability. Cell models with strong or weak EFEMP2 expression were constructed by lentivirus transfection. The effects of the down-regulation and up-regulation of EFEMP2 on the biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells were studied through in-vitro and in-vivo functional tests. The phosphorylation pathway profiling array and KEGG database analyses identified the downstream EGFR/ERK1/2/c-Jun signaling pathway and the programmed death-1 (PD-L1) pathway enrichment. Additionally, the protein interaction between EFEMP2 and EGFR was detected by immunoprecipitation.

Result

EFEMP2 was positively correlated with the invasion ability of ovarian cancer cells, its down-regulation inhibited the migrative, invasive and cloning capacity of cancer cells in vitro and suppressed the tumor proliferation and intraperitoneal diffusion in vivo, while its up-regulation did the opposite. Moreover, EFEMP2 could bind to EGFR to induce PD-L1 regulation in ovarian cancer, which was caused by the activation of EGFR/ERK1/2/c-Jun signaling. Similar to EFEMP2, PD-L1 was also highly expressed in aggressive cells and had the ability to promote the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and PD-L1 upregulation was partly caused by EFEMP2 activation. Afatinib combined with trametinib had an obvious effect of inhibiting the intraperitoneal diffusion of ovarian cancer cells, especially in the group with low expression of EFEMP2, while overexpression of PD-L1 could reverse this phenomenon.

Conclusion

EFEMP2 could bind to EGFR to activate ERK1/2/c-Jun pathway and regulate PD-L1 expression, furthermore PD-L1 was extremely essential for EFEMP2 to promote ovarian cancer cells invasion and dissemination in vitro and in vivo. Targeted therapy against the source gene EFEMP2 is our future research direction, which may better inhibit the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells.