bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Ethanol: An Approach to Transforming Greenhouse Gas to Fuel Source
Authors: Du Juan , Zhang Peng , Liu Huizhen
Published: February 2021

Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into high‐value fuels or chemicals is considered as a promising way to utilize CO2 and alleviate the excessive greenhouse gas emission. Among multiple catalysis approaches, electrochemical reduction of CO2 to ethanol has an important prospect due to the high energy density and widely applications of ethanol. In recent years, many electrocatalysts for CO2 reduce reaction (CO2RR) have shown promising catalytic activity for ethanol production. In this review, we will introduce the recent progress in this field. The basic principles and electrochemical performances of CO2RR are reviewed at first. Then, several categories of active electrocatalysts for CO2RR to ethanol are summarized, including the discussion of reaction mechanism and catalytic sites. Finally, several possible strategies are proposed, providing guidance for future design and preparation of high‐performance catalysts.
Thermal evolution of neutron stars described within the equation of state with induced surface tension
Authors: Tsiopelas Stefanos , Sagun Violetta
Published: February 2021

We present a modeling of the thermal evolution of the neutron stars, incorporating an effect of neutron and proton pairing. The considered equation of state with induced surface tension (IST) reproduces properties of normal nuclear matter, fulfills the proton flow constraint, provides a high‐quality description of particle yields created in heavy‐ion collisions, and is equally compatible with the constraints from astrophysical observations and the GW170817 event. The model features strong direct Urca processes for the stars above 1.91 M⊙. Our results show a very good agreement with the available cooling data, including observational data of the compact object in the center of the Cassiopeia A (Cas A), even without introducing nuclear pairing. The rapid cooling rate of the Cas A can be also reproduced by a 1.66 M⊙ star with an atmosphere of light elements, high‐mass 1.955 − 1.96 M⊙ stars with paired and unpaired matter, as well as by a 1.91 M⊙ star with inclusion of neutron and proton pairings in the singlet channel.
Heterogeneity of Graphite Lithiation in State‐of‐the‐Art Cylinder‐Type Li‐Ion Cells
Authors: Petz Dominik , Mühlbauer Martin J. , Schökel Alexander , Achterhold Klaus , Pfeiffer Franz , Pirling Thilo , Hofmann Michael , Senyshyn Anatoliy
Published: February 2021

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Anatoliy Senyshyn. The cover picture displays the lithium distribution in the graphite anode of an 18650‐type Li‐ion battery. A look into the cell's interior illustrates a non‐destructive character of the performed studies. The background template corresponds to the structure of lithiated graphite, referring to the diffraction technique as a tool for spatially resolved quantification of lithium concentration within the cell. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/batt.202000178.
Identification of the metabolites of tofacitinib in liver microsomes by liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Ping , Wu Shuang , Dong Zhaoqin
Published: February 2021

Tofacitinib is an orally available Janus kinase inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of tofacitinib in mouse, rat, monkey, and human liver microsomes fortified with β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium salt and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid. The biotransformation was executed at a temperature of 37°C for 60 min, and the samples were analyzed by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS) operated in positive electrospray ionization mode. The structures of the metabolites were elucidated according to their retention times, accurate masses, and MS/MS spectra. Under the current conditions, a total of 13 metabolites, including 1 glucuronide conjugate, were detected and structurally proposed. Oxygenation of the pyrrolopyrimidine ring, oxygenation of piperidine ring, N‐demethylation, oxygenation of piperidine ring side chain, and glucuronidation were the primary metabolic pathways of tofacitinib. Among the tested species, tofacitinib showed significant species difference. Compared with other species, rat showed similar metabolic profiles to those of humans. The present study provides some new information regarding the metabolism of tofacitinib in animals and humans, which would bring us considerable benefits for the subsequent studies focusing on the pharmacological effect and toxicity of this drug.
Variation in Target Attainment of Beta‐Lactam Antibiotic Dosing Between International Pediatric Formularies
Authors: Gastine Silke , Hsia Yingfen , Clements Michelle , Barker Charlotte I.S. , Bielicki Julia , Hartmann Christine , Sharland Mike , Standing Joseph F.
Published: February 2021

As antimicrobial susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens decreases, ensuring optimal dosing may preserve the use of older antibiotics in order to limit the spread of resistance to newer agents. Beta‐lactams represent the most widely prescribed antibiotic class, yet most were licensed prior to legislation changes mandating their study in children. As a result, significant heterogeneity persists in the pediatric doses used globally, along with quality of evidence used to inform dosing. This review summarizes dosing recommendations from the major pediatric reference sources and tries to answer the questions: Does beta‐lactam dose heterogeneity matter? Does it impact pharmacodynamic target attainment? For three important severe clinical infections—pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis—pharmacokinetic models were identified for common for beta‐lactam antibiotics. Real‐world demographics were derived from three multicenter point prevalence surveys. Simulation results were compared with minimum inhibitory concentration distributions to inform appropriateness of recommended doses in targeted and empiric treatment. While cephalosporin dosing regimens are largely adequate for target attainment, they also pose the most risk of neurotoxicity. Our review highlights aminopenicillin, piperacillin, and meropenem doses as potentially requiring review/optimization in order to preserve the use of these agents in future.
Holocene chloroplast genetic variation of shrubs (Alnus alnobetula, Betula nana, Salix sp.) at the siberian tundra‐taiga ecotone inferred from modern chloroplast genome assembly and sedimentary ancient DNA analyses
Authors: Meucci Stefano , Schulte Luise , Zimmermann Heike H. , Stoof‐Leichsenring Kathleen R. , Epp Laura , Bronken Eidesen Pernille , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: February 2021

Climate warming alters plant composition and population dynamics of arctic ecosystems. In particular, an increase in relative abundance and cover of deciduous shrub species (shrubification) has been recorded. We inferred genetic variation of common shrub species (Alnus alnobetula, Betula nana, Salix sp.) through time. Chloroplast genomes were assembled from modern plants (n = 15) from the Siberian forest‐tundra ecotone. Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA; n = 4) was retrieved from a lake on the southern Taymyr Peninsula and analyzed by metagenomics shotgun sequencing and a hybridization capture approach. For A. alnobetula, analyses of modern DNA showed low intraspecies genetic variability and a clear geographical structure in haplotype distribution. In contrast, B. nana showed high intraspecies genetic diversity and weak geographical structure. Analyses of sedaDNA revealed a decreasing relative abundance of Alnus since 5,400 cal yr BP, whereas Betula and Salix increased. A comparison between genetic variations identified in modern DNA and sedaDNA showed that Alnus variants were maintained over the last 6,700 years in the Taymyr region. In accordance with modern individuals, the variants retrieved from Betula and Salix sedaDNA showed higher genetic diversity. The success of the hybridization capture in retrieving diverged sequences demonstrates the high potential for future studies of plant biodiversity as well as specific genetic variation on ancient DNA from lake sediments. Overall, our results suggest that shrubification has species‐specific trajectories. The low genetic diversity in A. alnobetula suggests a local population recruitment and growth response of the already present communities, whereas the higher genetic variability and lack of geographical structure in B. nana may indicate a recruitment from different populations due to more efficient seed dispersal, increasing the genetic connectivity over long distances.
Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of a Model Magnesium Battery
Authors: Bautista Sebastián P. , Weil Marcel , Baumann Manuel , Montenegro Claudia Tomasini
Published: February 2021

Energy‐storage systems are considered as a key technology for energy and mobility transition. Because traditional batteries have many drawbacks, there are tremendous efforts to develop so‐called postlithium systems. The magnesium–sulfur (MgS) battery emerges as one alternative. Previous studies of Mg–S batteries have addressed the environmental footprint of its production. However, the potential impacts of the use‐phase are not considered yet, due to its premature stage of development. Herein, a first prospective look at the potential environmental performance of a theoretical Mg–S battery for different use‐phase applications is given to fill this gap. By means of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, an analysis of different scenarios and a comparison with other well‐established technologies are conducted. The results suggest that the environmental footprint of the Mg–S is comparable with that of the commercially available counterparts and potentially outperforms them in several impact categories. However, this can only be achieved if a series of technical challenges are first overcome.
Diversity of kindling of limbic seizures after lateral fluid percussion injury in the rat
Authors: Medel‐Matus Jesús‐Servando , Shin Don , Sankar Raman , Mazarati Andrey
Published: February 2021

Lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) in rats is used to model post‐traumatic epilepsy (PTE), with spontaneous seizures occurring in up to ½ of the subjects. Using the kindling paradigm, we examined whether animals without detectable seizures had an altered seizure susceptibility. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to LFPI. Seven‐nine months later, spontaneous seizures were monitored for two weeks. Afterward, the animals underwent kindling of basolateral amygdala. For kindling outcomes, the animals were categorized based on the 95% confidence intervals of mean number trials to kindling (ie 3 consecutive stage 4‐5 seizures). Spontaneous seizures were detected in 7 out of 24 rats. There was no correlation between the severity of LFPI and either baseline afterdischarge properties, or kindling rates. Six LFPI rats kindled at a rate comparable to those in sham‐LFPI (n = 10) and in naïve (n = 7) subjects. Ten LFPI rats kindled faster and 8—slower than controls. None of slow‐kindling rats had spontaneous seizures during the prekindling monitoring. During the same period, six fast‐kindling and three normal‐kindling rats had been seizure‐free. Thus, kindling reveals a diversity to seizure susceptibility after LFPI beyond an overt seizure symptomatology, ranging from the increased susceptibility to the increased resistance.
Stability enhancement of lycopene in Citrullus lanatus extract via nanostructured lipid carriers
Authors: Sirikhet Jutiporn , Chanmahasathien Wisinee , Raiwa Araya , Kiattisin Kanokwan
Published: February 2021

Lycopene is one of naturally occurring carotenoids in plants including watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Heat, light, and oxygen effect on lycopene isomerization and degradation. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are drug delivery system which can enhance the stability of active compound. Therefore, this study aimed to develop watermelon extract loaded in NLCs for lycopene stability improvement. The NLCs were prepared using a hot homogenization technique. Cocoa butter was used as solid lipid. Grape seed oil was used as liquid lipid. Span® 80 and Plantasens® HE20 were used as an emulsifier. The selected unloaded NLCs contained solid lipid to liquid lipid at the ratio of 3:1 and 10% (w/w) of total lipid. The particle size of watermelon extract‐loaded NLCs (WH‐loaded NLCs) was 130.17 ± 0.72 nm with low PDI and high zeta potential. It also presented high entrapment efficiency. For stability study, the WH‐NLC3 could enhance stability and maintain lycopene content after stability test. It exhibited the highest values of lycopene content (83.26 ± 2.30%) when stored at 4°C. It also possessed a prolonged release pattern over 48 hr. Therefore, the NLCs could improve stability and release profile of lycopene from watermelon extract.
Altered brain functional network dynamics in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Luo Lekai , Li Qian , You Wanfang , Wang Yuxia , Tang Wanjie , Li Bin , Yang Yanchun , Sweeney John A. , Li Fei , Gong Qiyong
Published: February 2021

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating and disabling neuropsychiatric disorder, whose neurobiological basis remains unclear. Although traditional static resting‐state magnetic resonance imaging (rfMRI) studies have found aberrant functional connectivity (FC) in OCD, alterations in whole‐brain FC and topological properties in the context of brain dynamics remain relatively unexplored. The rfMRI data of 29 patients with OCD and 40 healthy controls were analyzed using group independent component analysis to obtain independent components (ICs) and a sliding‐window approach to generate dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) matrices. dFC patterns were clustered into three reoccurring states, and state transition metrics were obtained. Then, graph‐theory methods were applied to dFC matrices to calculate the variability of network topological organization. The occurrence of a state (State 1) with the highest modularity index and lowest mean FC between networks was increased significantly in OCD, and the fractional time in brain State 1 was positively correlated with anxiety level in patients. State 1 was characterized by having positive connections within default mode (DMN) and salience networks (SAN), and negative coupling between the two networks. Additionally, ICs belonging to DMN and SAN showed lower temporal variability of nodal degree centrality and efficiency in patients, which was related to longer illness duration and higher current obsession ratings. Our results provide evidence of clinically relevant aberrant dynamic brain activity in OCD. Increased functional segregation among networks and impaired functional flexibility in connections among brain regions in DMN and SAN may play important roles in the neuropathology of OCD.
Numerical study of heat and mass transfer in MHD flow of nanofluid in a porous medium with Soret and Dufour effects
Authors: Qureshi Imran Haider , Nawaz M. , Abdel‐Sattar M. A. , Aly Shaban , Awais M.
Published: February 2021

This article models the transport mechanism of mass and heat energy under temperature and concentration gradients. Mathematical models in the form of partial differential equations based on conservation laws for fluid flow and transfer of heat and mass subjected to thermal diffusion and diffusion thermos, heat generation porous medium, and buoyancy forces are developed under boundary layer approximations. These models along with models of nanostructures are solved numerically using the shooting method with the Runge–Kutta method of order five. Convergent solutions are obtained and are used for parametric analysis regarding thermal enhancement of a working fluid having nanoparticles of CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2. Numerical experiments are performed and it is observed that the transport of heat is accelerated when the compositional gradient is increased. Similarly, a significant rise in the transport across concentration is noted when the temperature gradient is increased. The magnetohydrodynamic flow experienced retardation when the porous medium parameter and Hartmann number are increased. The temperature increased when the friction force produced heat and that heat is distributed to the particles of the fluid. Hence, viscous dissipation is responsible for widening the thermal boundary layer region.
First‐ and second‐degree family history of ovarian and breast cancer in relation to risk of invasive ovarian cancer in African American and white women
Authors: Bethea Traci N. , Ochs‐Balcom Heather M. , Bandera Elisa V. , Beeghly‐Fadiel Alicia , Camacho Fabian , Chyn Deanna , Cloyd Emily K. , Harris Holly R. , Joslin Charlotte E. , Myers Evan , Moorman Patricia G. , Peres Lauren C. , Rosenow Will , Setiawan Veronica W. , Wu Anna H. , Rosenberg Lynn , Schildkraut Joellen M.
Published: February 2021

Family history (FH) of ovarian cancer and breast cancer are well‐established risk factors for ovarian cancer, but few studies have examined this association in African American (AA) and white women by histotype. We assessed first‐ and second‐degree FH of ovarian and breast cancer and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in the Ovarian Cancer in Women of African Ancestry Consortium. Analyses included 1052 AA cases, 2328 AA controls, 2380 white cases and 3982 white controls. Race‐specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multilevel logistic regression with adjustment for covariates. Analyses were stratified by histotype (high‐grade serous vs others). First‐degree FH of ovarian cancer was associated with high‐grade serous carcinoma in AA (OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.50, 3.59) and white women (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.82, 3.38). First‐degree FH of breast cancer increased risk irrespective of histotype in AAs, but with high‐grade serous carcinoma only in white women. Associations with second‐degree FH of ovarian cancer were observed for overall ovarian cancer in white women and with high‐grade serous carcinoma in both groups. First‐degree FH of ovarian cancer and of breast cancer, and second‐degree FH of ovarian cancer is strongly associated with high‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma in AA and white women. The association of FH of breast cancer with high‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma is similar in white women and AA women, but may differ for other histotypes.
Fourth‐year dental hygiene students’ educational preparedness: Self‐confidence ratings of the Canadian Dental Hygienists Association baccalaureate competencies (2017‐2019)
Authors: Sunell Susanne , Laronde Denise M , Kanji Zul
Published: February 2021

Problem statement

The Canadian Competencies for Baccalaureate Dental Hygiene Programs (CCBDHP) were first published in 2015 by the Canadian Dental Hygienists Association. They reflect the first articulation of dental hygiene baccalaureate competencies in North America. However, there is little evidence to support baccalaureate graduates acquire these abilities.

Objective

To examine the confidence levels of baccalaureate fourth‐year students in their ability to demonstrate the CCBDHPs.

Methods

This 3‐year longitudinal study rated the self‐confidence levels of fourth‐year students as they neared graduation from the University of British Columbia from 2017 to 2019. It involved an online, anonymous survey using a 5‐point scale ranging from not confident to confident. Respondents rated their self‐confidence in the 110 sub‐competencies articulated within the 13 competency domains of the CCBDHP.

Results

Responses were received from 54 of the 70 graduating students for a cumulative 77% response rate. Respondents expressed the most confidence in the competency domains of Clinical Therapy (100%), Collaboration (100%), Disease Prevention (100%), Professionalism (100%), and Oral Health Education (90%) but expressed less confidence in Research Use (73%), Health Promotion (70%), Leadership (67%), Policy Use (20%), and Advocacy (11%).

Conclusion

These data suggest that curriculum revisions are needed in 5 domains but such changes may not be sufficient. Transition support may be warranted to assist graduates as they enter practice, while some competencies may be more appropriate for graduate studies. The study contributes to an international discussion about the educational preparedness of baccalaureate graduates, and the boundaries between diploma, baccalaureate and master's education.
Evaluation of the relationship between VRK2, rs4380187 polymorphisms, and genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population
Authors: Liu Xianglai , Han Tianming , Xie Hailing , Fu Zejuan , Yao Qiankun , Lin Zhan , Zhu Hong , Zhan Dafei
Published: February 2021

Background

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a serious hereditary mental disease with a low recovery rate, especially due to the lack of understanding about the cause of the disease. VRK2 is considered to be related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between VRK2, rs4380187 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and schizophrenia.

Methods

Peripheral blood DNA was extracted using a genomic DNA extraction kit. The DNA samples were genotyped using the Agena MassARRAY platform, and four genetic models were applied to compute the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression. The p value was obtained by the chi‐square and t test for independent samples.

Results

The C allele of rs4380187 SNP was significantly (p = 0.008) associated with decreased risk of SZ. The AA genotype of rs4380187 showed significantly (p = 0.009) lower frequency in cases with SZ than in controls and was associated with decreased risk of the disease. The frequency of the CA genotype of rs4380187 correlated with a 0.73‐fold decreased risk of SZ (p = 0.033). In the co‐dominant genetic model, the genotype of rs4380187 was associated with a decreased risk of SZ (p = 0.010). We also found that the log‐additive model of rs4380187 significantly reduced the risk of SZ disease (p = 0.007).

Conclusion

This study provides further evidence that rs4380187 SNP is associated with SZ. This genotype variation could be associated with the psychopathology and cognitive function in SZ.
Superior Laryngeal Nerve Signal Attenuation Influences Voice Outcomes in Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Iwata Ayaka J. , Liddy Whitney , Barczyński Marcin , Wu Che‐Wei , Huang Tzu‐Yen , Van Slycke Sam , Schneider Rick , Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Dralle Henning , Cernea Claudio R. , Kamani Dipti , Ahmed Amr H. , Okose Okenwa C. , Wang Bo , Randolph Gregory W.
Published: February 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

The objective was to identify whether injury of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) or changes in EBSLN parameters after dissection during thyroidectomies correlate with changes in voice quality postoperatively.

Study Design

Prospective multicenter case series.

Methods

A prospective multicenter study was conducted on patients undergoing thyroidectomies with intraoperative nerve monitoring. Electromyography waveforms of EBSLN stimulation before (S1) and after superior pole dissection (S2) were evaluated using endotracheal tube (ETT) and cricothyroid intramuscular (CTM) electrodes. Voice outcomes were assessed using Voice‐Related Quality of Life Surveys and Voice Handicap Index.

Results

A total of 131 at‐risk EBSLNs were evaluated in 80 patients. Two nerves showed loss of CTM twitch coupled with an absent S2 signal response. Complete EBSLN loss of signal was more likely with: 1) Cernea EBSLN anatomic classification Type 2B; 2) with a longer distance from the sternothyroid muscle insertion site; and 3) with larger lobar volumes (P < .05). Patients who experienced a more than 50% decrement in CTM amplitudes of S2 (n = 7) by CTM electrodes had a statistically significant decline in their voice outcomes compared to those who did not (n = 69) (P < .05).

Conclusions

Patients experienced worse voice outcomes when at least one EBSLN response amplitude decreased by more than 50% after dissection when measured by CTM needle electrodes. CTM needle electrodes have an ability to measure finer amplitude changes compared to ETT electrodes, may represent a safe method to deduce subtle EBSLN injuries, and may serve to optimize voice outcomes during thyroidectomy. CTM needle electrodes are safe and tolerated well.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:1436–1442, 2021
The production, circulation, consumption, and ownership of scientific knowledge: Historical perspectives: Review
Authors: Hill Tom
Published: February 2021

Key points

The paper is the product of a long period of research in the Royal Society's extensive archives.

Through an exploration of the evolution of Philosophical Transactions, this paper addresses the question of who owns scholarly content and who has the right to circulate it.

For much of its history, Philosophical Transactions has not operated on a commercial basis but instead as a component of the Royal Society's information dissemination efforts.

Commercial publishing is relatively new: it grew considerably in the early part of the Cold War.

While commercial publishers are well placed to respond to changes in the market, the paper vividly demonstrates no business model is invulnerable to change.
Metal–Protein Nanoparticles Facilitate Anti‐VSV and H1N1 Viruses Through the Coordinative Actions on Innate Immune Responses and METTL14
Authors: Zhu Xin‐Jie , Feng Jin‐Qiu , Zheng Meng‐Zhu , Yang Ze‐Ruo , Zhao Lei , Zhang Wei , Zhong Wu , Chen Ying‐Yu , Lin Jian
Published: February 2021

Host defense systems can invade viral infection through immune responses and cellular metabolism. Recently, many studies have shown that cellular metabolism can be reprogrammed through N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modifications during viral infection. Among of them, methyltransferase like‐14 enzyme (METTL14) plays an important role in m6A RNA modification, yet its antiviral function still remains unclear. In this work, it is uncovered that metal–protein nanoparticles designated GSTP1‐MT3(Fe2+) (MPNP) can polarize macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and activate immune responses to induce Interferon‐beta (IFN‐β) production in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)‐infected macrophages. Further investigation elucidates that a high dose of IFN‐β can promote the expression of METTL14, which has a well anti‐VSV capacity. Moreover, it is found that other negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses (H1N1(WSN)), can also be inhibited through either immune responses or METTL14. Collectively, these findings provide insights into the antiviral function of METTL14 and suggest that the manipulation of METTL14 may be a potential strategy to intervene with other negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA viruses infections.
Impact of rim zone modifications on the surface finishing of ferritic–pearlitic 42CrMo4 using electrochemical machining
Authors: Zander Daniela , Schupp Alexander , Mergenthaler Stefanie , Pütz René D. , Altenbach Christoph
Published: February 2021

The efficiency of material removal using electrochemical machining (ECM) is highly dependent on the initial rim zone modifications of the material to be processed. The influence of the rim zone modifications, such as topography and microstructure, on ECM, is investigated on ferritic–pearlitic 42CrMo4 steel by experiment and simulation. 42CrMo4 steel in two different premachining states—ground and electric discharge machined (EDM)—is subjected to a subsequent surface finishing by ECM in sodium nitrate solution. Before and after ECM, the topography and microstructure are examined using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, and topography analysis methods. The electrochemical properties of the material are determined by potentiodynamic polarization. The efficiency of surface finishing by ECM is quantified by mass spectroscopic analysis (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) of the process electrolyte and related to the rim zone modifications by simulation. The results reveal that the efficiency of material removal during ECM is higher for EDM than for ground 42CrMo4. This is attributed to an increased roughness of EDM 42CrMo4 and to the unfavorable electrochemical properties of the cementite phase in ground 42CrMo4.
Multicolor Fluorescent Polymeric Actuator with Self‐Sustained Oscillation Behavior
Authors: Zhan Beibei , Wei Shuxin , Hu Zhengfang , Liu Hao , Qiu Huiyu , Liu Qingquan , Lu Wei , Chen Tao
Published: February 2021

Soft fluorescent polymeric films are receiving increasing attention in the fields of sensing, display, information encryption, and so on. However, a few attempts are conducted to heterogeneously integrate fluorescent polymeric films with other soft polymeric materials into topology‐optimized architectures (e.g., bilayer and pattern), which may lead to as‐yet‐unimagined performance. Herein, the synthesis of novel multicolor fluorescent polymeric films is presented via dynamic lanthanide coordination, followed by the fabrication of bilayer actuators with unique self‐sustained oscillation behavior. The polymeric films are prepared from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oligomer containing 2,6‐pyridinediimine ligands that can chelate with Eu3+/Tb3+ ions to trigger vivid red/bluish green fluorescence via antenna effect. After being further interfacially engineered with pan paper, fluorescent bilayer actuators are prepared, which display reversible 2D/3D shape deformation in response to environmental temperature changes owing to the mismatch between thermal expansion abilities of two layers. Interestingly, when placing the bilayer actuator with one end fixed near a constant heat source, quite unique self‐sustained oscillation behavior is observed, which encourages to explore their potential applications as dynamic alarming devices. The present study broadens the list of fluorescent polymeric films and suggests the huge potential of multimaterial integration to develop powerful functional materials with versatile uses.
Phase‐field modeling of rate‐dependent fluid‐driven fracture initiation and propagation
Authors: Yang Jie , Tchelepi Hamdi A. , Kovscek Anthony R.
Published: February 2021

The rate‐dependent behavior associated with deformation and fracturing of materials, such as natural rocks, poses significant challenges for modeling. In addition to the complications of the viscoelastic response, the speed of fracture propagation reflects micromechanical mechanisms in the fracture process zone (FPZ). In order to represent these complicated behaviors, a thermodynamically consistent, rate‐dependent fracture model is required. Based on rigorous thermodynamic principles, we derive a rate‐dependent phase‐field mechanical model coupled with single‐phase fluid flow in both the matrix and the fracture. The model is guaranteed to satisfy energy conservation during fracture propagation. The system of equations is solved using the introduced solution procedure and a novel preconditioner that accounts for the complex fluid–structure interaction. The proposed phase‐field model is tested against several benchmark problems on solid‐fluid coupling, fluid‐driven fracture propagation and rate‐dependent viscoelastic deformation. The model serves as a strong basis for investigating rate‐dependent fracturing experiments and for making predictions of material behaviors under new conditions.
Landscape of Cyclin Pathway Genomic Alterations Across 5,356 Prostate Cancers: Implications for Targeted Therapeutics
Authors: Jardim Denis L. , Millis Sherri Z. , Ross Jeffrey S. , Woo Michelle Sue-Ann , Ali Siraj M. , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: February 2021

The cyclin pathway may confer resistance to standard treatments but also offer novel therapeutic opportunities in prostate cancer. Herein, we analyzed prostate cancer samples (majority metastatic) using comprehensive genomic profiling performed by next-generation sequencing (315 genes, >500× coverage) for alterations in activating and sensitizing cyclin genes (CDK4 amplification, CDK6 amplification, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CDKN2B [loss], CDKN2A [loss], SMARCB1), androgen receptor (AR) gene, and coalterations in genes leading to cyclin inhibitor therapeutic resistance (RB1 and CCNE1). Overall, cyclin sensitizing pathway genomic abnormalities were found in 9.7% of the 5,356 tumors. Frequent alterations included CCND1 amplification (4.2%) and CDKN2A and B loss (2.4% each). Alterations in possible resistance genes, RB1 and CCNE1, were detected in 9.7% (up to 54.6% in neuroendocrine) and 1.2% of cases, respectively, whereas AR alterations were seen in 20.9% of tumors (~27.3% in anaplastic). Cyclin sensitizing alterations were also more frequently associated with concomitant AR alterations.
Ultrasonic assisted preparation of some new zinc complexes of a new tetradentate Schiff base ligand: thermal analyses data, antimicrobial and DNA cleavage potential
Authors: Akbari Zahra , Montazerozohori Morteza , Hoseini Seyed Jafar , Naghiha Reza
Published: February 2021

A new tetradentate Schiff base ligand (L) (L = obtained by condensation reaction between triethylenetetraamine and (E)‐3‐(2‐nitrophenyl)acrylaldehyde) and some of its zinc (II) complexes formulated as ZnLX2 in which X = halide/pseudohalide were synthesized and characterized by some physical and spectral techniques such as infra‐red (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV–Visible, microanalyses, and conductivity measurements. Among the complexes, zinc chloride, iodide, and nitrate complexes were also prepared as nanostructure powder under sonication conditions confirmed by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x‐ray analysis (EDAX). Moreover, zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by direct thermolysis of nanopowder of ZnLI2 complex under air atmosphere. Moreover, the thermal behaviors of the compounds were studied based on thermo‐gravimetric (TG)/differential thermal gravimetric (DTG)/differential thermal analyses (DTA) analyses data under nitrogen atmosphere. Furthermore, antibacterial/antifungal activities of the ligand and its zinc complexes were screened by the well diffusion method against some bacteria and funguses. Ultimately, the DNA cleavage potential of the compounds was evaluated by gel electrophoresis technique.
Biosensor Based on Self‐Assembled Films of Graphene Oxide and Polyaniline Using a Field‐Effect Device Platform
Authors: Oliveira Danilo A. , Molinnus Denise , Beging Stefan , Siqueira José R. , Schöning Michael J.
Published: February 2021

A new functionalization method to modify capacitive electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor (EIS) structures with nanofilms is presented. Layers of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and graphene oxide (GO) with the compound polyaniline:poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (PANI:PAAMPSA) are deposited onto a p‐Si/SiO2 chip using the layer‐by‐layer technique (LbL). Two different enzymes (urease and penicillinase) are separately immobilized on top of a five‐bilayer stack of the PAH:GO/PANI:PAAMPSA‐modified EIS chip, forming a biosensor for detection of urea and penicillin, respectively. Electrochemical characterization is performed by constant capacitance (ConCap) measurements, and the film morphology is characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An increase in the average sensitivity of the modified biosensors (EIS–nanofilm–enzyme) of around 15% is found in relation to sensors, only carrying the enzyme but without the nanofilm (EIS–enzyme). In this sense, the nanofilm acts as a stable bioreceptor onto the EIS chip improving the output signal in terms of sensitivity and stability.
Perovskite/Silicon‐Nanowire‐Based Hybrid Heterojunctions for Fast and Broadband Photodetectors
Authors: Asuo Ivy M. , Banerjee Debika , Pignolet Alain , Nechache Riad , Cloutier Sylvain G.
Published: February 2021

A hybrid photodetector fabricated with a halide perovskite and silicon nanowire (SiNW) heterojunction for broadband detection ranging from near‐ultraviolet to near‐infrared is reported. The device fabrication is conducted by directly coating chemically etched vertical SiNW arrays with perovskite thin films and nanofibers produced from liquid precursors. The optimized perovskite thin film/SiNW heterojunction‐based device under 532 nm illumination exhibits excellent spectral responsivity of 13 A W−1, high specific detectivity reaching 1013 Jones at 0.3 V external bias, and fast rise/fall times of 22.2/17.6 μs. The device shows very good stability under ambient conditions, even after 30 days of storage. Overall, this simple, all‐solution‐based hybrid photodetector offers great potential for the future integrated optoelectronic devices.
Investigation of Superconducting Properties and Possible Nematic Superconductivity in Self‐Doped BiCh2‐Based Superconductor CeOBiS1.7Se0.3
Authors: Kiyama Ryosuke , Hoshi Kazuhisa , Goto Yosuke , Mizuguchi Yoshikazu
Published: February 2021

The superconducting properties and possible nematic superconductivity of the self‐doped BiCh2‐based (Ch: S, Se) superconductor CeOBiS1.7Se0.3 are investigated through measurements of the in‐plane anisotropy of magnetoresistance (MR). Single crystals of CeOBiS1.7Se0.3 are grown using a flux method. The single‐crystal structural analysis reveals that the crystal structure at room temperature is tetragonal (P4/nmm). Bulk superconductivity with a transition temperature of 3.3 K is observed through electrical resistivity and magnetization measurements. Investigation of the anisotropy of the upper critical field suggests relatively low anisotropy in the crystal compared to that of other BiCh2‐based superconductors. In the superconducting states of CeOBiS1.7Se0.3, a twofold symmetric in‐plane anisotropy of MR is observed, which indicates the in‐plane rotational symmetry breaking in the superconducting states of CeOBiS1.7Se0.3.
A new stochastic ocean physics package and its application to hybrid‐covariance data assimilation
Authors: Storto Andrea , Andriopoulos Panagiotis
Published: February 2021

Generating optimal perturbations is a key requirement of several data assimilation schemes. Here, we present a newly developed stochastic physics package for ocean models, implemented in the NEMO ocean general circulation model. The package includes three schemes applied simultaneously: stochastically perturbed parametrization tendencies (SPPT), stochastically perturbed parameters (SPP) and stochastic kinetic energy backscatter (SKEB) schemes. The three schemes allow for different temporal and spatial perturbation scales. Within a limited‐area ocean model configuration, ensemble free‐running simulations were performed to assess the impact and reliability of the schemes. They prove complementary in increasing the ensemble spread at different scales and for different diagnostics. The ensemble spread appears reliable; for instance, it proves consistent with the root‐mean‐square differences with respect to higher‐resolution (sub‐mesoscale) simulations that here represent the “truth” (in the sense that it includes “unresolved physics”). Interestingly, both the SPPT and the SKEB schemes lead to an increase of eddy kinetic energy at small spatial scales (2–10 km), and contribute to modify the ensemble mean state, mitigating warm biases near the thermocline due to the enhancement of the upper ocean vertical mixing. As an application of the stochastic packages, the ensemble anomaly covariances coming from the ensemble free‐running simulations are used to feed large‐scale anisotropic covariances that complement smaller‐scale ones in a hybrid‐covariance regional analysis and forecast system in the Mediterranean Sea. Ensemble‐derived covariances are formulated as slowly varying three‐dimensional low‐resolution empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The improvements due to the addition of such covariances to the stationary ones are found significant in real‐data experiments, within verification skill scores against glider profile data, remotely sensed observations and current speed measurements from drifters, radar and moorings.
Total robotic ALPPS approach for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic liver
Authors: Fernandes Eduardo de Souza M. , de Barros Fernando , Magistri Paolo , Di Sandro Stefano , Rezende de Carvalho Paulo , Roza da Silva Filipe , Andrade Ronaldo O. , Pimentel Leandro S. , Girão Camila L. , Pedreira de Mello Felipe , Torres Orlando Jorge M. , Di Benedetto Fabrizio
Published: February 2021

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common indication for associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS). Robotic liver resection has been done for HCC, but robotic ALPPS is a rare procedure.

Methods

To present three cases of totally robotic ALPPS in cirrhotic patients with HCC.

Results

Three cirrhotic male patients with HCC underwent ALPPS; the mean age was 54.3 years. MELD score was ≤9 and tumour size between 90 and 140 mm. The mean hypertrophy of the future liver remnant after the first stage was 77.5% and no postoperative liver failure was reported. Mean operative time of stage 1 was 7:30 h and of stage 2 was 4:37 h, without blood transfusion. The mean hospital stay for the first stage was 10 days and for the second stage was 9.3 days. No postoperative complication was recorded.

Conclusions

Robotic ALPPS in cirrhotic patients with HCC is safe and feasible.
Individual Plasmonic Nanoprobes for Biosensing and Bioimaging: Recent Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Ma Jun , Wang Xinyu , Feng Jian , Huang Chengzhi , Fan Zhongcai
Published: February 2021

With the advent of nanofabrication techniques, plasmonic nanoparticles (PNPs) have been widely applied in various research fields ranging from photocatalysis to chemical and bio‐sensing. PNPs efficiently convert chemical or physical stimuli in their local environment into optical signals. PNPs also have excellent properties, including good biocompatibility, large surfaces for the attachment of biomolecules, tunable optical properties, strong and stable scattering light, and good conductivity. Thus, single optical biosensors with plasmonic properties enable a broad range of uses of optical imaging techniques in biological sensing and imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution. This work provides a comprehensive overview on the optical properties of single PNPs, the description of five types of commonly used optical imaging techniques, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR) microscopy, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, total internal reflection scattering (TIRS) microscopy, and dark‐field microscopy (DFM) technique, with an emphasis on their single plasmonic nanoprobes and mechanisms for applications in biological imaging and sensing, as well as the challenges and future trends of these fields.
Photocatalytic and Thermocatalytic Conversion of Methane
Authors: Li Zhonghua , Yi Zhiguo , Li Zhaosheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: February 2021

Methane, a high‐quality fuel and important chemical raw material, is widely used in industrial production and life applications. However, the utilization and conversion rates of methane are low because methane is a very stable hydrocarbon gas. At present, the main industrial route of methane conversion involves thermocatalysis technology operating at high temperature. However, this approach has the disadvantages of high energy consumption, high equipment requirements, and high reaction temperature, resulting in shortened catalyst lifetime. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new technology that can effectively utilize and transform methane under mild conditions to obtain the target products. As a kind of clean and renewable energy, solar energy has attracted extensive attention, and research on the effective conversion of methane by solar energy has become an important field. Herein, the recent achievements of solar energy in promoting or driving the catalytic conversion of methane are reviewed. The selection and design of photocatalysts used in different photocatalytic methane conversion reactions are focused on, which may provide important guidance for future research on this process. The prospects and challenges of photocatalytic methane conversion are also discussed.
Identification, isolation, and structure elucidation of novel forced degradation products of alectinib hydrochloride
Authors: Parmar Raghuvirsinh , Rajput Sadhana , Mohan Arivozhi
Published: February 2021

The present study focuses on novel degradation products of alectinib hydrochloride generated from forced degradation study. In this process, an analytical method was developed that is not only compatible with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry but sufficiently efficient to capture each of the possible degradation products’ peaks with effective separation from alectinib peak. Alectinib hydrochloride was exposed to acidic, alkali, oxidation, photolytic, and thermal conditions as recommended by the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. No major degradation was observed under acidic, alkali, photolytic and thermal conditions however the drug was observed to be significantly degraded under oxidative stress conditions generating four novel degradation products that are not reported in the literature. The degradation products were isolated using preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography and then structurally elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry studies. Most importantly, three degradation products were identified as constitutional isomers. The probable degradation products were identified as N‐oxide impurity, epoxide impurity, N‐hydroxy impurity, and amide impurity, respectively. Moreover, pathway of formation of these degradation products was also postulated in detail.
Verbascoside inhibits the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition of prostate cancer cells through high‐mobility group box 1/receptor for advanced glycation end‐products/TGF‐β pathway
Authors: Wu Chun‐Hsien , Chen Chung‐Hsien , Hsieh Pei‐Fang , Lee Yen‐Hsi , Kuo Wade Wei‐Ting , Wu Richard Chen‐Yu , Hung Chih‐Hsin , Yang Yu‐Lin , Lin Victor C.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Prostate cancer has significant mortality and metastasis rate in the male. Unfortunately, effective treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer is still lacking. Verbascoside, a phenylethanoid glycoside, displays various pharmacological properties, such as the anti‐cancer activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of purified verbascoside on human prostate cancer and the associated molecular mechanisms.

Materials and Methods

The human prostate cancer cell lines, Du‐145 and PC‐3, were treated with various concentrations of verbascoside (0.1, 1, 10 μM) for 24 h followed by the examination of cell viability using MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. Cell migration and invasion capacities were assessed by wound healing assay and transwell system. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐associated factors, components of transforming growth factor (TGF‐β)/Smad signaling, and high‐mobility group box (HMGB)/receptor for advanced glycation end‐products (RAGE) axis.

Results

Verbascoside treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of Du‐145 and PC‐3 cells. We showed that verbascoside decreased the expression of EMT promotors, Snail and Slug, and increased the expression of E‐cadherin. Moreover, the expression level of alpha‐smooth muscle actin was downregulated by verbascoside as well. Besides, we found that the TGF‐β pathway was suppressed, which was demonstrated by the diminished expression of type I and II TGF‐β receptors and phosphorylated Smad2/3 along with the upregulated Smad7. Our data suggested that this downregulation of TGF‐β signaling was mediated by repression of HMGB 1 (HMGB1)/RAGE axis.

Conclusion

Verbascoside mitigated the cell proliferation and aggressiveness of prostate cancer via downregulation of TGF‐β‐associated EMT progression through HMGB1/RAGE suppression. Collectively, our findings revealed that verbascoside may be a beneficial dietary supplement for prostate cancer patients.