bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Water-Damaged Home and Health of Occupants: A Case Study
Authors: Thrasher Jack Dwayne , Gray Michael R. , Kilburn Kaye H. , Dennis Donald P. , Yu Archie
Published: December 2011

A family of five and pet dog who rented a water-damaged home and developed multiple health problems. The home was analyzed for species of mold and bacteria. The diagnostics included MRI for chronic sinusitis with ENT and sinus surgery, and neurological testing for neurocognitive deficits. Bulk samples from the home, tissue from the sinuses, urine, nasal secretions, placenta, umbilical cord, and breast milk were tested for the presence of trichothecenes, aflatoxins, and Ochratoxin A. The family had the following diagnosed conditions: chronic sinusitis, neurological deficits, coughing with wheeze, nose bleeds, and fatigue among other symptoms. An infant was born with a total body flare, developed multiple Cafe-au-Lait pigmented skin spots and diagnoses with NF1 at age 2. The mycotoxins were detected in bulk samples, urine and nasal secretions, breast milk, placenta, and umbilical cord.Pseudomonas aueroginosa, Acinetobacter, Penicillium,andAspergillus fumigatuswere cultured from nasal secretions (father and daughter). RT-PCR revealedA. fumigatusDNA in sinus tissues of the daughter. The dog had 72 skin lesions (sebaceous glands and lipomas) from which trichothecenes and ochratoxin A. were detected. The health of the family is discussed in relation to the most recent published literature regarding microbial contamination and toxic by-products present in water-damaged buildings.
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and the Use of Prescription Medication: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mannion Cynthia , Mansell Deborah
Published: December 2011

Objective. To examine the association of self-efficacy, perception of milk production, and lactating women’s use of medication prescribed to increase breast milk in a cohort of 18–40-year-old mothers over six months.Methods. Mothers (n=76) attending community clinics completed the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and the Humenick/Hill Lactation Scale, a measure of perceived milk production, three times.Results. Domperidone, a dopamine antagonist, was used by 28% of participants. On average, those using domperidone had lower self-efficacy scores than those not using it (P<0.05) and were more likely to have used formula (Pearson chi-square test statistic =6.87,df=1,P<0.05). Breastfeeding self efficacy and perception of milk production were positively correlated.Conclusion. Breastfeeding assessment conducted prior to prescription of galactogogues is recommended for mothers and healthy term babies. Following Baby-Friendly hospital protocols and increasing self-efficacy for lactating women may be most effective in sustaining breastfeeding. Risks and benefits of various galactogogues are discussed.
Acupuncture Stimulation Alleviates Corticosterone-Induced Impairments of Spatial Memory and Cholinergic Neurons in Rats
Authors: Lee Bombi , Sur Bong-Jun , Kwon Sunoh , Jung Euntaek , Shim Insop , Lee Hyejung , Hahm Dae-Hyun
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether acupuncture improves spatial cognitive impairment induced by repeated corticosterone (CORT) administration in rats. The effect of acupuncture on the acetylcholinergic system was also investigated in the hippocampus. Male rats were subcutaneously injected with CORT (5 mg/kg) once daily for 21 days. Acupuncture stimulation was performed at the HT7 (Sinmun) acupoint for 5 min before CORT injection. HT7 acupoint is located at the end of transverse crease of ulnar wrist of forepaw. In CORT-treated rats, reduced spatial cognitive function was associated with significant increases in plasma CORT level (+36%) and hippocampal CORT level (+204%) compared with saline-treated rats. Acupuncture stimulation improved the escape latency for finding the platform in the Morris water maze. Consistently, the acupuncture significantly alleviated memory-associated decreases in cholinergic immunoreactivity and mRNA expression of BDNF and CREB in the hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that stimulation of HT7 acupoint produced significant neuroprotective activity against the neuronal impairment and memory dysfunction.
Behcet's Disease and Endocrine System
Authors: Ozhan Onur , Sezer Kerem
Published: December 2011

Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic disease which is characterized by recurrent oral apthous ulcerations, recurrent genital ulcerations, skin eruptions, ocular involvements and other various systemic manifestations as well as systemic vasculitis. Endocrine involvement in BD regarding various systems can be seen. Hypophysis is one of the best and dense vascularized organs of the body, thus it is likely that it can be affected by BD. Not only anterior hypophysis functions, but posterior hypophysis functions as well can be affected. As BD is a disease of autoimmune process, it may be possible that adrenal insufficiency or alterations in the cortisol levels could be expected. Another concern is whether or not there is insulin resistance in patients with BD. The avaliable data suggests that there is an increased susceptibility to insulin resistance in patients with BD.
Orthogonal Multiwavelet Frames in L2(Rd)
Authors: Zhanwei Liu , Guoen Hu , Guochang Wu
Published: December 2011

We characterize the orthogonal frames and orthogonal multiwavelet frames in L2(Rd) with matrix dilations of the form , where A is an arbitrary expanding d × d matrix with integer coefficients. Firstly, through two arbitrarily multiwavelet frames, we give a simple construction of a pair of orthogonal multiwavelet frames. Then, by using the unitary extension principle, we present an algorithm for the construction of arbitrarily many orthogonal multiwavelet tight frames. Finally, we give a general construction algorithm for orthogonal multiwavelet tight frames from a scaling function.
Analysis of Mobility and Sharing of WSNs By IP Applications
Authors: Bijwaard Dennis J. A. , Havinga Paul J. M. , Eertink Henk
Published: December 2011

Movement of wireless sensor and actuator networks, and of nodes between WSANs are becoming more commonplace. However, enabling remote usage of sensory data in multiple applications, remote configuration, and actuation is still a big challenge. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and describe which mobility support can best be used in different scenarios, and how shared usage of mobile WSANs by multiple IP applications can best be scaled up. This paper describes logistic and person monitoring scenarios, where different types of movements take place. These mobility types and their implications are categorized and analysed. Different degrees of support for these mobility types are analysed in the context of the mobility scenarios. Additionally, different schemes are analysed for shared use of mobile WSANs by multiple applications. In conclusion, guidelines are provided for dealing with mobile and overlapping WSANs and the most promising scheme for shared use of mobile WSANs by IP applications.
[18F]FLT–PET Imaging Does Not Always “Light Up” Proliferating Tumor Cells
Authors: Zhang Cathy C. , Yan Zhengming , Li Wenlin , Kuszpit Kyle , Painter Cory L. , Zhang Qin , Lappin Patrick B. , Nichols Tim , Lira Maruja E. , Affolter Timothy , Fahey Neeta R. , Cullinane Carleen , Spilker Mary , Zasadny Kenneth , O'Brien Peter , Buckman Dana , Wong Anthony , Christensen James G.
Published: December 2011

Purpose: [18F]FLT (3′-Fluoro-3′ deoxythymidine)–PET imaging was proposed as a tool for measuring in vivo tumor cell proliferation. The aim of this article was to validate the use of [18F]FLT–PET imaging for measuring xenograft proliferation and subsequent monitoring of targeted therapy.

Experimental Design: In exponentially growing xenografts, factors that could impact the outcome of [18F]FLT–PET imaging, such as nucleoside transporters, thymidine kinase 1, the relative contribution of DNA salvage pathway, and the ratio of FLT to thymidine, were evaluated. The [18F]FLT tracer avidity was compared with other proliferation markers.

Results: In a panel of proliferating xenografts, [18F]FLT or [3H]thymidine tracer avidity failed to reflect the tumor growth rate across different tumor types, despite the high expressions of Ki67 and TK1. When FLT was injected at the same dose level as used in the preclinical [18F]FLT–PET imaging, the plasma exposure ratio of FLT to thymidine was approximately 1:200. Thymidine levels in different tumor types seemed to be variable and exhibited an inverse relationship with the FLT tracer avidity. In contrast, high-dose administration of bromdeoxyuridine (BrdUrd; 50 mg/kg) yielded a plasma exposure of more than 4-fold higher than thymidine and leads to a strong correlation between the BrdUrd uptake and the tumor proliferation rate. In FLT tracer-avid models, [18F]FLT–PET imaging as a surrogate biomarker predicted the therapeutic response of CDK4/6 inhibitor PD-0332991.

Conclusions: Tumor thymidine level is one of the factors that impact the correlation between [18F]FLT uptake and tumor cell proliferation. With careful validation, [18F]FLT–PET imaging can be used to monitor antiproliferative therapies in tracer-avid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res; 18(5); 1303–12. ©2011 AACR.
Sonographic Evaluation of the Superior Sinus Sagittalis
Authors: Goldstein Israel , Tamir Ada , Weizman Boris , Wiener Zeev
Published: December 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the normal ultrasonographic growth of the fetal superior sinus sagittalis (SSS) throughout gestation. Patients and Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional study, measurements of the fetal sinus sagittalis were obtained in patients undergoing elective fetal anatomical surveys or fetal growth scan at between 16.6 and 34.7 weeks of gestation. Special attention was given to the SSS of the fetal brain. On the coronal plane, the SSS may be easily identified immediately below the frontal bone, and anterior to the fetal head parenchyma. Results: 206 fetuses were scanned. A regression line of the SSS was created throughout gestation and a first-degree correlation was found between gestational age (GA) and the SSS height (r = 0.418; p < 0.0001; SSS = -0.015 + 0.0178 × GA). Normal values were established for different gestational weeks. Conclusion: We provide ultrasonographic dimensions of the fetal SSS across pregnancy. This data potentially allows for prenatal diagnosis of abnormal appearance of the SSS.
Somatotopic Location of Corticospinal Tracts in the Internal Capsule with MR Tractography
Authors: Lee Dong Hoon , Kwon Yong Hyun , Hwang Yoon Tae , Kim Joong Hwi , Park Ji Won
Published: December 2011

We demonstrated the exact location of the somatotopic area of the corticospinal tract in the internal capsule. Ten healthy subjects participated in this study. We used the imaging technique that combines functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor tractography. In order to reduce erroneous elements while image processing, we used the probabilistic tracking algorithm and brain normalization method. Our results showed that hand fibers were located anteromedial to foot fibers, and the separation angle between them was 45.00–78.69°. In conclusion, we confirmed the relative location of hand and foot fibers and the separation angle in the internal capsule. These data are useful information for neuroscience researchers.
Arginine and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine in Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in the Rat
Authors: Chen Gin-Fu , Moningka Natasha C. , Sasser Jennifer M. , Zharikov Sergey , Cunningham, Jr. Mark , Tain You-Lin , Schwartz Idit F. , Baylis Chris
Published: December 2011

Background/Aims: Reduced renal L-arginine (L-Arg) synthesis/transport, induction of arginases and increased endogenous NOS inhibitor, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) will inhibit NO production. This study investigated pathways of L-Arg synthesis/uptake/utilization, ADMA degradation and oxidant/antioxidants in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Rats were given low- (LD) or high-dose (HD) PAN and followed for 11 weeks for proteinuria. BP was measured and blood and tissues were harvested and analyzed for abundance of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) and lyase (ASL), arginase, cationic amino acid transporter (CAT1) and dimethylargininedimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) in kidney, cortex, aorta and liver. Arginase and DDAH activity, plasma L-Arg and ADMA, renal pathology and creatinine clearances were also measured. Results: PAN caused dose-dependent kidney damage and hypertension and creatinine clearance fell in HD-PAN. Renal ASS fell in HD-PAN, renal cortex and aortic ASL and membrane CAT1 fell in both PAN groups. There was no activation of renal arginase, but aortic arginase increased in LD-PAN. Renal DDAH activity fell moderately in LD-PAN and markedly in HD-PAN where hepatic DDAH activity also fell. Plasma L-Arg was unchanged while ADMA rose moderately and dose-dependently with PAN. There were several indices of oxidative stress which was most prominent in HD-PAN. Conclusion: Reduction in renal ASS/ASL and loss of renal cortex CAT1 compromises renal L-Arg synthesis and release. Loss of aortic CAT1 impairs L-Arg uptake. Increased plasma ADMA was associated with progressive loss of renal DDAH activity. However, loss of renal clearance and falls in hepatic DDAH activity in HD-PAN did not have additive effects on plasma ADMA.
Relationship between Magnesium and Clinical Biomarkers on Inhibition of Vascular Calcification
Authors: Salem Silvia , Bruck Heike , Bahlmann Ferdinand H. , Peter Mirjam , Passlick-Deetjen Jutta , Kretschmer Axel , Steppan Sonja , Volsek Michaela , Kribben Andreas , Nierhaus Marc , Jankowski Vera , Zidek Walter , Jankowski Joachim
Published: December 2011

Background: Arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular disease are strongly associated with vascular calcification. Hyperphosphatemia is an essential risk factor for increased vascular calcification. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients could serve as an in vivo model for accelerated calcification. This study focuses on the most likely protective effects of magnesium ion (Mg2+) on phosphate-induced vascular calcification ex vivo/in vitro. Furthermore, plasma Mg2+ concentrations of ESRD and healthy controls were investigated for association with surrogate parameters of vascular calcification in vivo. Methods: Aortic segments of male Wistar-Kyoto rats were incubated and the phosphate concentration of the medium was elevated. The aortic segments were incubated in the absence and presence of MgCl2; tissue calcification was quantified by different methods. Serum Mg2+ concentrations of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD stage 5; ESRD) and patients without CKD (controls) were associated with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) as surrogate parameter for arteriosclerosis and arterial stiffening. Results: Incubation of aortic segments in the presence of β-glycerophosphate and NaH2PO4 caused an increased tissue Ca2+ deposition compared to control conditions. This increased amount of Ca2+ in the aortic rings was significantly decreased in the presence of Mg2+. In CKD patients, but not in controls, magnesium serum concentration was associated with the IMT of the carotid arteries. In addition, CKD patients with higher magnesium serum concentration had a significantly lower PWV. Discussion and Conclusion: Elevated phosphate concentrations in the culture media induce ex vivo/in vitro medial calcification in intact rat aortic rings in the presence of alkaline phosphatase. Mg2+ ions reduced ex vivo/in vitro vascular calcification despite increased phosphate concentration. This hypothesis is additionally based on the fact that CKD patients with high Mg2 serum levels had significantly lower IMT and PWV values, which may result in a lower risk for cardiovascular events and mortality in these patients. Therefore, Mg2+ supplementation may be an option for treatment and prevention of vascular calcification resulting in a reduction of cardiovascular events in CKD patients.
Temperature–Moisture Dependence of the Deep Convective Transition as a Constraint on Entrainment in Climate Models
Authors: Sahany Sandeep , Neelin J. David , Hales Katrina , Neale Richard B.
Published: December 2011

Properties of the transition to strong deep convection, as previously observed in satellite precipitation statistics, are analyzed using parcel stability computations and a convective plume velocity equation. A set of alternative entrainment assumptions yields very different characteristics of the deep convection onset boundary (here measured by conditional instability and plume vertical velocity) in a bulk temperature–water vapor thermodynamic plane. In observations the threshold value of column water vapor above which there is a rapid increase in precipitation, referred to as the critical value, increases with temperature, but not as quickly as column saturation, and this can be matched only for cases with sufficiently strong entrainment. This corroborates the earlier hypothesis that entraining plumes can explain this feature seen in observations, and it places bounds on the lower-tropospheric entrainment. Examination of a simple interactive entrainment scheme in which a minimum turbulent entrainment is enhanced by a dynamic entrainment (associated with buoyancy-induced vertical acceleration) shows that the deep convection onset curve is governed by the prescribed minimum entrainment. Results from a 0.5° resolution version of the Community Climate System Model, whose convective parameterization includes substantial entrainment, yield a reasonable match to satellite observations in several respects. Temperature–water vapor dependence is seen to agree well with the plume calculations and with offline simulations performed using the convection scheme of the model. These findings suggest that the convective transition characteristics, including the onset curve in the temperature–water vapor plane, can provide a substantial constraint for entrainment assumptions used in climate model deep convective parameterizations.
Self-Stratification of Tropical Cyclone Outflow. Part II: Implications for Storm Intensification
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: December 2011

Tropical cyclones intensify and are maintained by surface enthalpy fluxes that result from the thermodynamics disequilibrium that exists between the tropical oceans and atmosphere. While this general result has been known for at least a half century, the detailed nature of feedbacks between thermodynamic and dynamic processes in tropical cyclones remains poorly understood. In particular, the spatial relationship between surface fluxes and the radial entropy distribution apparently does not act to amplify the entropy gradient and therefore the surface winds. In previous work, this problem was addressed by accounting for the radial distribution of convective fluxes of entropy out of the boundary layer; this led to the conclusion that a radial gradient of such convective fluxes is necessary for intensification.

Part I showed that the assumption of constant outflow temperature is incorrect and argued that the thermal stratification of the outflow is set by small-scale turbulence that limits the Richardson number. The assumption of Richardson number criticality of the outflow allows one to derive an equation for the variation of outflow temperature with angular momentum; this in turn leads to predictions of vortex structure and intensity that agree well with tropical cyclones simulated using a full-physics axisymmetric model. Here it is shown that the variation of outflow temperature with angular momentum also permits the vortex to intensify with time even in the absence of radial gradients of entrainment into the boundary layer. An equation is derived for the rate of intensity change and compared to simple models and to simulations using a full-physics model.
Mechanisms for Global Warming Impacts on Precipitation Frequency and Intensity
Authors: Chou Chia , Chen Chao-An , Tan Pei-Hua , Chen Kuan Ting
Published: December 2011

Global warming mechanisms that cause changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation in the tropics are examined in climate model simulations. Under global warming, tropical precipitation tends to be more frequent and intense for heavy precipitation but becomes less frequent and weaker for light precipitation. Changes in precipitation frequency and intensity are both controlled by thermodynamic and dynamic components. The thermodynamic component is induced by changes in atmospheric water vapor, while the dynamic component is associated with changes in vertical motion. A set of equations is derived to estimate both thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation, especially for heavy precipitation. In the thermodynamic contribution, increased water vapor reduces the magnitude of the required vertical motion to generate the same strength of precipitation, so precipitation frequency increases. Increased water vapor also intensifies precipitation due to the enhancement of water vapor availability in the atmosphere. In the dynamic contribution, the more stable atmosphere tends to reduce the frequency and intensity of precipitation, except for the heaviest precipitation. The dynamic component strengthens the heaviest precipitation in most climate model simulations, possibly due to a positive convective feedback.
Ocean Surface Impacts on the Seasonal-Mean Precipitation over the Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Chen Mingyue , Wang Wanqiu , Kumar Arun , Wang Hui , Jha Bhaskar
Published: December 2011

This study analyzes factors affecting the predictability of seasonal-mean precipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean. The analysis focuses on the contributions from the local sea surface temperature (SST) forcing in the Indian Ocean, the remote SST forcing related to ENSO in the tropical eastern Pacific, and the role of local air–sea coupling. To understand the impacts of the individual factors, the prediction skill over the tropical Indian Ocean for four model simulations, but with different treatments for the ocean, are compared. The seasonality in precipitation skill, the local precipitation–SST relationship, and prediction skill related to Indian Ocean dipole mode (IODM) are examined. It is found that the importance of the accuracy of local SST and the presence of local air–sea coupling in the Indian Ocean has a strong seasonal dependence. Accurate local SSTs are important during the boreal fall season, whereas the local air–sea coupling is important during the boreal spring. The precipitation skill over the Indian Ocean during boreal winter is primarily from ENSO. However, ENSO impacts are better realized with the inclusion of an interactive ocean. For all four seasons, the simulation without the interannual variations of local SST in the Indian Ocean shows the least precipitation skill and a much weaker seasonality. It is also found that, for the simulation where the global SSTs are relaxed to the observations and hence maintain some level of active air–sea coupling, the observed seasonal cycle of precipitation–SST relationship is reproduced reasonably well. In addition, the analysis also shows that simulations with accurate SST forcing display high precipitation skill during strong IODM events, indicating that IODM SST acts as a forcing for the atmospheric variability.
(A)Temporal Dialectic
Authors: Harasemovitch Jeanne C.
Published: December 2011

The intimate relationship between timelessness, time, and transference is generative in its clinical impact on analysis. A tendency to define and represent timelessness and time as opposing structures, antithetical in aim, can obscure the fertility and complexity of their relationship. The creative and transformative power of an (a)temporal dialectic is proposed whose engagement with transference destroys and creates new paradigms of human experience, presenting analyst and analysand with fresh ways of thinking and being. A brief history of timelessness and time in psychoanalysis follows their intertwined developmental path and their import in transference-countertransference experience.
Muslim Attitudes toward Business in the Emerging Market Economy of China
Authors: Wang Yuting , Yang Fenggang
Published: December 2011

Chinese Muslims are a religious minority in a non-Islamic society that has been undergoing rapid economic and social changes. In the emerging market economy of China, Muslims hold various attitudes toward business. Based on 53 in-depth interviews with Muslim businesspeople in the capital city of Beijing, Zhengzhou in Central China, and Guangzhou in Southern China near Hong Kong, the authors find five distinguishable types of Muslim businesspeople: socially detached, socially engaged, pragmatic, traditionalist and secular. The different ways of being Chinese Muslim businesspeople offer valuable information for the understanding of the compatibility of Islam with modernity and with non-Islamic cultures.
In the Footsteps of the Tourists: Buddhist Revival at Museum/Temple Sites in Beijing
Authors: Fisher Gareth
Published: December 2011

Only a fraction of the Buddhist temples in Beijing that once housed monastics now function as places for religious activity. Some were demolished while others were converted to schools, government buildings, or residences. Several of these former temples have been restored; however, some have not been reopened as official religious sites but rather as fee-charging museums. Other temples have been restored to religious use but remain encircled within fee-charging “parks” that cater mostly to tourists. Lay Buddhists in Beijing are challenging this “museumification” of Buddhist temples by seeking exemption from admission fees and engaging in religious activities at museum/temple sites. Through a close examination of two of these sites, the White Dagoba Temple and the Eight Great Places Park, the author explores how Buddhist laypeople engaged in popular worship practices are slowly transforming museum/temples into social spaces informed by a vital, living Buddhist religion.
Contemporary Han Chinese Involvement in Tibetan Buddhism: A Case Study from Nanjing
Authors: Jones Alison Denton
Published: December 2011

One of the most striking trends in urban Chinese Buddhism is the adoption of elements of Tibetan Buddhism by ethnically Han Chinese Buddhists. The author offers a preliminary exploration of this phenomenon. Focusing on regular lay Buddhists, she describes the characteristics of Han involvement with Tibetan Buddhism and explores the reasons for this trend. The author combines a structural perspective that focuses on how Tibetan Buddhism is supplied in eastern cities with a cultural perspective that examines how the appeal of Tibetan Buddhism is constructed for a Han Chinese audience.
The Chinese Buddhist Ecology in Post-Mao China: Contours, Types and Dynamics
Authors: Yanfei Sun
Published: December 2011

The author delineates the configuration of the Chinese Buddhist ecology in post-Mao China by focusing on three major types of religious actor found in the ecology. She spells out how the interactions between the internal characteristics of religious groups and external structural conditions have shaped the development patterns of groups in each type. First, the dominant Buddhist temples, which enjoy state recognition, have been beset by the hollowing-out process. Second, the type of Buddhist groups with ambiguous legal status has been growing vigorously in the interstices of the current Chinese socio-political structure but faces uncertainties. An array of actors and forms, including self-appointed monks and the mixed form of Buddhism and popular religion, exist on the fringe of institutional Buddhism and constitute the third type. Within this type, the syncretic sects, receiving censure from both the state and the Buddhist establishment, are forced to operate underground.
Zeal for Paul but Not According to Knowledge: Douglas Campbell’s War on ‘Justiﬁcation Theory’
Authors: Matlock R. Barry
Published: December 2011

Douglas Campbell’s The Deliverance of God: An Apocalyptic Rereading of Justiﬁcation in Paul is a thoroughgoing critique of what Campbell calls ‘Justiﬁcation theory’ (JT, ‘a fundamentally contractual and hence also individualist and rationalist soteriology’), which he takes to be the underlying cause of a vast range of historic and current difﬁculties in reading Paul. Campbell aims to eliminate JT from Paul, both criticizing it in its own right and displacing it via a ‘rhetorical’ and ‘apocalyptic’ rereading of Rom. 1–4 and related texts. In this way, he hopes to lead Pauline scholarship not only ‘beyond the “Lutheran” reading of Paul’ but ‘beyond the protests of “the new perspective” as well’, declaring his book to be ‘an important moment in the advance to ecclesial and scholarly triumph of the participatory and apocalyptic gospel’. This review essay follows closely Campbell’s account of JT and its difﬁculties, offers a methodological and substantive critique of his ‘theoretical description’ of JT and its ‘conventional reading’ of Romans, and identiﬁes and critiques the key moves that make up Campbell’s rereading of Rom. 1–4.
An Attempt to be Understood: A Response to the Concerns of Matlock and Macaskill with The Deliverance of God
Authors: Campbell Douglas A.
Published: December 2011

This is a rejoinder to the criticisms of Grant Macaskill and Barry Matlock of The Deliverance of God. Because they largely misunderstand the complex argument of Deliverance it is redescribed and exemplified here in relation to Gal. 2.15-16, in the light of which the concerns of Macaskill and Matlock can be seen to be either misdirected or inadequate. Counter to their negative contentions it is argued that the essentially Arian problems within Paul’s description described by Deliverance remain real, widespread, and critical, but that no serious difficulties are visible as yet in the fundamentally Athanasian reading of Paul’s justification texts Deliverance offers. In alternative terms: if Paul is read consistently and rigorously ‘backward’, and never ‘forward’, a quagmire of interpretative difficulties can be negotiated, but not otherwise.
Morphologic Manifestations of Gene-Specific Molecular Alterations (“Genetic Addictions”) in Mouse Models of Disease
Authors: Couto S. S. , Bolon B. , Cardiff R. D.
Published: December 2011

Neoplasia in both animals and humans results in part from lasting activation of tumor-promoting genes (“oncogenes”) or diminished function of genes responsible for preventing neoplastic induction (“tumor suppressor genes”). The concept of “genetic addiction” has emerged to indicate that neoplastic cells cannot maintain a malignant phenotype without sustained genotypic abnormalities related to aberrant activity of oncogene(s) and/or inactivity of tumor suppressor gene(s). Interestingly, some genetic abnormalities reliably produce distinct morphologic patterns that can be used as structural signatures indicating the presence of a specific molecular alteration. Examples of such consistent genetic/microanatomic pairings have been identified for mutated oncogenes, such as rising mucin-producing capacity with RAS overexpression, and mutated tumor suppressor genes—including PTEN eliciting cell hypertrophy, RB1 dictating neuroendocrine differentiation, and TRP53 encouraging sarcomatous transformation. Familiarity with the concept of genetic addiction, as well as the ability to recognize such regular genomic-phenotypic relationships, are of paramount importance for comparative pathologists who are engaged in phenotyping genetically engineered mice to help unravel genomic intricacies in both health and disease.
Of Mice and Microflora
Authors: Treuting P. M. , Clifford C. B. , Sellers R. S. , Brayton C. F.
Published: December 2011

The phenotype of genetically engineered mice is a combination of both genetic and environmental factors that include the microflora of the mouse. The impact a particular microbe has on a mouse reflects the host–microbe interaction within the context of the mouse genotype and environment. Although often considered a confounding variable, many host–microbe interactions have resulted in the generation of novel model systems and characterization of new microbial agents. Microbes associated with overt disease in mice have been the historical focus of the laboratory animal medical and pathology community and literature. The advent of genetic engineering and the complex of mouse models have revealed previously unknown or disregarded agents that now oblige the attention of the biomedical research community. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate how phenotypes can be affected by microflora by focusing on the infectious diseases present in genetically engineered mouse (GEM) colonies of our collective institutions and by reviewing important agents that are rarely seen in most research facilities today. The goal is to introduce the concept of the role of microflora on phenotypes and in translational research using GEM models.
Housed Gypsies and Travellers in the UK: work, exclusion and adaptation
Authors: Smith David , Greenfields Margaret
Published: December 2011

Gypsies and Travellers 1 are one of the most excluded black and minority ethnic (BME) communities in the UK across numerous domains. Despite the increased policy focus on levels of unemployment and economic inactivity among BME groups in recent years, little attention has been paid to the economic position of Gypsies and Travellers, not least because there is a lack of systematic data on the employment status and working patterns of these communities. Few of the programmes set up to tackle unemployment specifically target this population and, anecdotally, a mismatch exists in relation to mainstream back-to-work programmes and community needs. This article considers a series of related studies that explore the accommodation histories and adaptive strategies utilised by housed Gypsies and Travellers across four locations in southern England. One strand of these studies is concerned with employment opportunities and practices following the transition into housing. We draw on these findings to discuss the role of cultural adaptations in mediating the wider socioeconomic context and how recourse to collective responses helps to shape economic and labour market outcomes for members of this group.
Rage against the market: Bristol’s Tesco riot
Authors: Clement Matt
Published: December 2011

In April 2011, in the inner-city Stokes Croft area of Bristol, a riot broke out triggered by the heavy-handed policing of a sustained campaign opposed to the building of a Tesco store in the area. Stokes Croft is adjacent to the St Paul’s area where, thirty-one years ago, the first of the 1980s series of riots, across cities throughout Britain, took place. This piece examines the underlying background to the ‘Tesco riots’, including increasing gentrification, lack of housing and rising levels of inequality; the mixed and multicultural nature of the local population; and the inordinate power and control wielded by a giant corporation like Tesco. Was the Tesco riot a harbinger of a growing, subterranean mood of resistance? Was it one aspect of a new social movement?
UK: the real ‘immigration debate’
Authors: Webber Frances
Published: December 2011

This transcript of a speech given to the UK’s Churches’ Refugee Network by a former barrister points up the ‘free world’s’ role in the creation of refugees and how globalisation now entrenches a new social Darwinism. Domestic policies increasingly restrict legal aid and increase detention and deportation for migrants and asylum seekers. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the voluntary sector are being challenged by this new context and have to take a clear stand on human rights and build solidarity with the marginalised.
A Palestine that might have been
Authors: Brittain Victoria
Published: December 2011

Despite unremitting, decades-long attempts to present the narrative and history of the Palestinian struggle as Israel, the US and western powers would have us see it, there has been a persistent and enduring counter-view, backed by meticulous academic research, political and personal involvement, direct experience, campaigning and historical analysis, that continues to be expressed from myriad perspectives and in myriad ways. Some of the most significant of these recent works, on Hamas, the PLO, Palestinian prisoners in Israel, US/Palestine negotiations, and the boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) campaign, are examined in depth here. Their authors include Shafiq al-Hout, Sara Roy, Omar Barghouti, Beverley Milton-Edwards and Stephen Farrell, Abeer Baker and Anat Matar, and Clayton Swisher. Taken together, these works provide an effective antidote to the propaganda on the conflict.
Effects of temperature and strain rate on the dynamic responses of three polymer-bonded explosives
Authors: Li Junling , Lu Fangyun , Qin Jingui , Chen Rong , Zhao Pengduo , Lan Lingang , Jing Shiming
Published: December 2011

Polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) are typical particulate composites of energetic crystals in a polymer matrix, which have a volume fraction of 60% to 95%. They are engineered to provide reliable performance and maximum safety envelopes through reduction of their sensitivity. There are three kinds of polymer-bonded explosive materials; namely, PBX1, PBX2, and PBX3. The last two polymer-bonded explosives were recently invented, in search of the more insensitive polymer-bonded explosive but with high detonation energy also. To investigate the dynamic response of new materials, the uniaxial compressive stress–strain behavior of the three polymer-bonded explosives was investigated as a function of temperature and strain rate. Constant and non-constant strain rate loading experiments were conducted in the use of pulse shapers. By comparing two different loads, the strain rate effect of these materials was found to depend on the instantaneous strain rate. The variations in failure stress, and failure strain with temperature, strain rate, and material composition were examined. The dependence of compressive strength on temperature and strain rate can be attributed to the Young’s modulus and fracture surface energy according to Griffith criteria for fracture. The axial splitting caused by brittle fracture for most conditions was also investigated. Another failure mode of PBX2 agreed with the Mohr’s failure mode criterion. All results show that PBX2 has more stable mechanical behavior and higher detonation performance.
Transverse vibrations in piezothermoelastic beam resonators
Authors: Grover D , Sharma JN
Published: December 2011

In this article, the closed form expressions for the transverse vibrations of a piezothermoelastic beam, based on Euler–Bernoulli theory, have been derived. The effects of electric potential, relaxation times, thermomechanical coupling, and beam dimensions on energy dissipation induced by thermoelastic damping microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) resonators have been investigated under free edge conditions. Analytical expressions for damping and frequency shift of vibration due to electric potential and thermal variations are obtained. The vibrations of such resonators are significantly affected due to surface conditions. Some numerical results with the help of MATLAB programming software in the case of lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-5A material have been presented graphically for illustration of analytical developments.
What You Need to Know
Authors: Rio Carlos M. Del , Mieling Gail G.
Published: December 2011

To date, there is no article that addresses the dissertation process in the vocative case to demystify doctoral expectations. This article provides guidance to doctoral students, within accredited doctoral counselor education and supervision programs, who face paralyzing emotions as they navigate through degree attainment processes. Herein, the authors instigate discussion among seasoned academics to better equip doctoral candidates as they culminate their studies. This presentation is within an historical context of the evolution of the counseling profession and concludes with reflections on current events that contribute to the evolving nature of American culture and academia.
Rab11 Is a Useful Tool for the Diagnosis of Microvillous Inclusion Disease
Authors: Talmon Geoffrey , Holzapfel Melissa , DiMaio Dominick J. , Muirhead David
Published: December 2011

Microvillous inclusion disease (MVID) is a congenital condition presenting with intractable diarrhea. Biopsies demonstrate abnormal apical PAS and CD10 staining in surface enterocytes correlating with the presence of characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions. MVID has been linked to mutations in myosin Vb, important in apical membrane recycling. Rab11 associates with myosin Vb in vesicle membranes and is also integral in recycling plasma membrane components. The authors performed Rab11 immunostaining on biopsies from 7 MVID cases, 10 normal small intestines, and 10 with chronic enteritis. In MVID cases, Rab11 showed diffuse apical cytoplasmic staining of surface enterocytes in a pattern similar to PAS and CD10, which was absent in all the 20 control cases. Ultrastructural examination confirmed localization to the external surface of MVID cytoplasmic inclusions. Rab11 staining may be a useful adjunct in MVID diagnosis and the results support that myosin Vb dysfunction is important in the pathogenesis of MVID.
A neurofuzzy controller for full vehicle active suspension systems
Authors: Aldair AA , Wang WJ
Published: December 2011

The main objectives of designing the controller for vehicle suspension systems are to reduce the discomfort sensed by passengers that arises from road roughness and to increase the road handling associated with the pitching and rolling movements. This necessitates a very fast and accurate controller to meet as many control objectives as possible. This paper deals with an artificial intelligent neurofuzzy (NF) technique to design a robust controller. The advantage of this controller is that it can handle the nonlinearities faster than other conventional controllers. The approach of the proposed controller is to minimize the vibration on each corner of the vehicle by supplying control forces to the suspension system when travelling on a rough road. The other purpose of using the NF controller for the vehicle model is to reduce the body inclinations that are made during intensive maneuvers, including braking and cornering. A full vehicle nonlinear active suspension system is introduced and tested. The robustness of the proposed controller is being assessed by comparison with an optimal proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The results show that the intelligent NF controller has improved the dynamic response measured by decreasing the cost function.
An energy analyzing method for the assessment and diagnosis of rub–impact fault in a rotor system
Authors: Cong Feiyun , Chen Jin , Dong Guangming
Published: December 2011

An energy analyzing method called the Impact Energy Model (IEM) is introduced to assess and diagnose the rub–impact fault of a rotor system. The main purpose of the model is to indicate the probability of rub–impact or the severity level of the fault. Utilizing the nonlinear predictive energy, an effective quantitative evaluation index IEM is obtained from the model. Some work has been done elsewhere to partly demonstrate the IEM through experiments. In this paper we mainly discuss the variation of the IEM index with the speed ratio Ω at different levels of damping ratio ξ. The stagnation point is discussed in detail which is important to the assessment for the probability or severity of a rub–impact fault. The influence of dynamic stiffness is discussed which may affect the assessment result of the IEM. Furthermore, a sensitive area of the rotor operating system is presented. The result shows that this sensitive area provides a reference for the operation and design of a rotor system.
On the dynamics of a beam with switching crack and damaged boundaries
Authors: AL-Shudeifat Mohammad A , Butcher Eric A
Published: December 2011

The local equivalent linear stiffness method (LELSM), which has previously been found to be efficient in predicting the modal behavior of nonlinear structural dynamic systems with cubic and dead-zone nonlinearities, is applied to a beam with a switching crack where the crack is modeled as a nonsmooth (clearance) nonlinearity. In addition, the LELSM is also applied for the boundary damage of the beam where the damage is modeled via smooth (cubic) nonlinearity, while a new technique for finding the global equivalent bilinear stiffness matrix (GEBSM) is introduced here to be applied to the systems with clearance nonlinearity or switching stiffness. As a result, the GEBSM of the system of concern is formulated based on the approximated analytical values of the bilinear frequencies of the system. For a system with mixed clearance and cubic nonlinearities, the GEBSM is found first for the clearance nonlinearity, and then the LELSM is subsequently applied to update the GEBSM for finding the global equivalent linear stiffness matrix (GELSM) of the system. It is found that the GEBSM and GELSM modes, for which no a priori simulation is required, closely approximate the corresponding proper orthogonal modes for either a vanishing clearance or a small nonvanishing clearance.
Relative error model reduction via time-weighted balanced stochastic singular perturbation
Authors: Tahavori Maryamsadat , Shaker Hamid Reza
Published: December 2011

A new mixed method for relative error model reduction of linear time-invariant systems is proposed in this paper. This order reduction technique is mainly based upon the time-weighted balanced stochastic model reduction method and singular perturbation model reduction technique. Compared to the other analogous counterparts, the proposed method provides more accurate results in terms of time-weighted norms when applied to the practical examples. It is shown that important properties of the time-weighted stochastic balanced reduction technique are extended to the mixed reduction method by using the concept and properties of the reciprocal systems. The results are further illustrated by two practical numerical examples: a model of compact disc player and a model of the atmospheric storm track.
Hypothenar hammer syndrome: A case and brief review
Authors: Swanson Keith E , Bartholomew John R , Paulson Rolf
Published: December 2011

Hypothenar hammer syndrome is an uncommon cause of upper-extremity ischemia that is often overlooked in the absence of a thorough occupational and recreational history. Importantly, it is a reversible cause of hand ischemia that, if missed, can lead to significant morbidity and even amputation. The occupational ramifications and quality of life of those affected can be significant. Its relative rarity, set against the ubiquitous use of the hand as a ‘hammer’ is noteworthy. Several other causes of hand ischemia can present similarly; therefore, consideration of other etiologies must be thoroughly investigated. Key distinguishing clinical features, in addition to a detailed occupational and recreational history, may include characteristic sparing of the thumb, the absence of a hyperemic phase in ‘Raynaud’s phenomenon’, and a positive Allen’s sign. Both non-invasive and invasive diagnostic studies, including bilateral upper-limb segmental pulse volume recordings (PVR), arterial duplex examination, and upper-extremity angiography, are complementary to a thorough history and physical examination. Optimal management strategies are not well defined because of its rarity and resultant lack of quality, evidence-based data. Though most cases can be successfully managed non-operatively, micrographic arterial reconstruction may be limb saving in severe or recalcitrant cases. Newer, experimental strategies including selective sympathetic blockage using botulinum toxin A have been reported in a few recalcitrant cases. The brief case description illustrates the typical presentation and potential treatment strategies employed in a difficult case. A review of relevant literature is also presented.