bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Conservative Approach for Restoring Anterior Guidance: A Case Report
Authors: PONTONS‐MELO JUAN CARLOS , PIZZATTO EDUARDO , FURUSE ADILSON YOSHIO , MONDELLI JOSÉ
Published: November 2011

One of the most common dental problems in today's clinics is tooth wear, specifically when related to bruxism. In such cases, the esthetics of anterior teeth may be compromised when excessive wear to the incisal surfaces occurs. Anterior tooth wear resulting from parafunctional bruxism can be conservatively treated with the use of direct resin composite restorations. This restorative approach has the advantages of presenting good predictability, load resistance, acceptable longevity, preservation of healthy dental tissues, and lower cost when compared with indirect restorations. The use of resin composites to solve esthetic problems, however, requires skill and practice. Thus, the present article demonstrates a conservative approach for restoring the esthetics and function of worn anterior teeth with the aid of direct resin composite restorations and selective occlusal adjustment.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A conservative approach to restore anterior teeth with excessive wear is possible with direct resin composites.

(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2011)
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—VENTRICULO‐PERITONEAL SHUNT ASSOCIATED INFECTION IN A DOG
Authors: Platt Simon R. , McConnell J. Fraser , Matiasek Lara
Published: November 2011

Ventriculo‐peritoneal shunting is a surgical treatment for hydrocephalus. Complications of this procedure are not well described in dogs. The most common complication in humans is infection, which can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated quickly. We describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of a shunt‐associated cerebral infection in a dog. The MR features of the infection included hyperintensity of the lining of the ventricular system visible on a T2‐weighted FLAIR sequence and marked linear contrast enhancement of the ependymal layer on T1‐weighted sequences, similar to that described in people.
Identification and analysis of functionally important amino acids in human purinergic 12 receptor using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system
Authors: Ignatovica Vita , Megnis Kaspars , Lapins Maris , Schiöth Helgi B. , Klovins Janis
Published: November 2011

The purinergic 12 receptor (P2Y12) is a major drug target for anticoagulant therapies, but little is known about the regions involved in ligand binding and activation of this receptor. We generated four randomized P2Y12 libraries and investigated their ligand binding characteristics. P2Y12 was expressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model system. Four libraries were generated with randomized amino acids at positions 181, 256, 265 and 280. Mutant variants were screened for functional activity in yeast using the natural P2Y12 ligand ADP. Activation results were investigated using quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models and ligand–receptor docking. We screened four positions in P2Y12 for functional activity by substitution with amino acids with diverse physiochemical properties. This analysis revealed that positions E181, R256 and R265 alter the functional activity of P2Y12 in a specific manner. QSAR models for E181 and R256 mutant libraries strongly supported the experimental data. All substitutions of amino acid K280 were completely inactive, highlighting the crucial role of this residue in P2Y12 function. Ligand–receptor docking revealed that K280 is likely to be a key element in the ligand‐binding pocket of P2Y12. The results of this study demonstrate that positions 181, 256, 265 and 280 of P2Y12 are important for the functional integrity of the receptor. Moreover, K280 appears to be a crucial feature of the P2Y12 ligand‐binding pocket. These results are important for rational design of novel antiplatelet agents.
Efficient generation of jets from magnetically arrested accretion on a rapidly spinning black hole
Authors: Tchekhovskoy Alexander , Narayan Ramesh , McKinney Jonathan C.
Published: November 2011

We describe global, 3D, time-dependent, non-radiative, general-relativistic, magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accreting black holes (BHs). The simulations are designed to transport a large amount of magnetic flux to the centre, more than the accreting gas can force into the BH. The excess magnetic flux remains outside the BH, impedes accretion, and leads to a magnetically arrested disc. We find powerful outflows. For a BH with spin parameter a = 0.5, the efficiency with which the accretion system generates outflowing energy in jets and winds is η≈ 30 per cent. For a = 0.99, we find η≈ 140 per cent, which means that more energy flows out of the BH than flows in. The only way this can happen is by extracting spin energy from the BH. Thus the a = 0.99 simulation represents an unambiguous demonstration, within an astrophysically plausible scenario, of the extraction of net energy from a spinning BH via the Penrose–Blandford–Znajek mechanism. We suggest that magnetically arrested accretion might explain observations of active galactic nuclei with apparent η≈ few × 100 per cent.
Securing Landscape Resilience to Tropical Cyclones in Australia's Wet Tropics under a Changing Climate: Lessons from Cyclones Larry (and Yasi)
Authors: TURTON STEPHEN M.
Published: November 2011

Tropical cyclones are part of the ecosystem dynamics of rainforests in the Wet Tropics of Australia, and intact forest areas show remarkable ability to recover from cyclonic disturbance. However, forest remnants, littoral rainforests, and riparian vegetation have been shown to be particularly susceptible to cyclonic winds and post‐disturbance weed invasion with consequences for their long‐term conservation values. I evaluate the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones impacting the Wet Tropics region since records began in 1858. The recent Category 4 cyclones featured in this study, Larry and Yasi, had return intervals of about one in 70 years. I then discuss the natural resource management (NRM) lessons from Cyclone Larry and put forward practical recommendations on how authorities should deal with natural resources in the clean‐up and recovery phases. I argue that natural resources must be treated as valuable commodities by including their protection and rehabilitation in the same way that human livelihoods, infrastructure and industry are covered in disaster management planning. This requires NRM issues to be included in disaster response policy and legislation, together with ensuring that structures are in place to mitigate the effects of cyclones on natural resources. There is a general consensus that tropical cyclone intensity will increase under climate change while frequency will decrease slightly. This has profound implications for the long‐term sustainability of ecosystems in the Wet Tropics. There is a real risk of a phase shift to vegetation types dominated by disturbance species, including weeds, at the expense of cyclone intolerant species. It is therefore important that we begin to build more cyclone resilient landscapes to reduce the vulnerability of our remaining rainforest habitats and primary production systems. Securing landscape resilience requires greater NRM investment in key areas, including landscape connectivity, river repair, protecting coastal assets and cyclone resilient farms. While climate change poses a long‐term threat to the rainforests of the region, we need to focus on more immediate pressures affecting our remaining biodiversity, notably clearing of native habitat, habitat fragmentation and degradation, and biosecurity issues.
Volatile Compounds Formation in Alcoholic Fermentation from Grapes Collected at 2 Maturation Stages: Influence of Nitrogen Compounds and Grape Variety
Authors: Martínez‐Gil Ana M. , Garde‐Cerdán Teresa , Lorenzo Cándida , Félix Lara José , Pardo Francisco , Rosario Salinas M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The aim of this work was to study the influence of nitrogen compounds on the formation of volatile compounds during the alcoholic fermentation carried out with 4 nonaromatic grape varieties collected at 2 different maturation stages. To do this, Monastrell, Merlot, Syrah, and Petit Verdot grapes were collected 1 wk before harvest and at harvest. Then, the musts were inoculated with the same Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain and were fermented in the same winemaking conditions. Amino acids that showed the highest and the lowest concentration in the must were the same, regardless of the grape variety and maturation stage. Moreover, the consumption of amino acids during the fermentation increased with their concentration in the must. The formation of volatile compounds was not nitrogen composition dependent. However, the concentration of amino acids in the must from grapes collected 1 wk before harvest can be used as a parameter to estimate the concentration of esters in wines from grapes collected at harvest and therefore to have more information to know the grape oenological capacity. Application of principal components analysis (PCA) confirmed the possibility to estimate the concentration of esters in the wines with the concentration of nitrogen compounds in the must.
On Quantifying Nonthermal Effects on the Lethality of Pressure‐Assisted Heat Preservation Processes
Authors: Peleg Micha , Corradini Maria G. , Normand Mark D.
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Direct experimental identification and quantification of the pressure contribution to a pressure‐assisted sterilization process efficacy is difficult. However, dynamic kinetic models of thermal inactivation can be used to assess the lethality of a purely thermal process having the same temperature profile. Thus, a pressure‐assisted process’ temperature record can be used to generate a corresponding purely thermal survival curve with parameters determined in conventional heating experiments. Comparison of the actual final survival ratio with that calculated for the purely thermal process would reveal whether the hydrostatic pressure had synergistic or antagonistic effect on bacterial spores survival. The effect would be manifested in the number of log cycles subtracted or added to the survival ratio, and in the length of time at the holding temperature needed to produce the final survival ratio of the combined process. A set of combined treatments would reveal how the temperature and pressure profiles affect the pressure's influence on the process’ lethality to either vegetative cells or spores. The need to withdraw samples during the thermal and combined processes would be avoided if the thermal survival parameters could be calculated by the “three endpoints method,” which does not require the entire survival curve determination. Currently however, this method is limited to thermal inactivation patterns characterized by up to 3 survival parameters, the Weibull‐Log logistic (WeLL) model, for example.
Comparative Photodynamic Evaluation of New Phenothiazinium Derivatives against Propionibacterium acnes†
Authors: Wainwright Mark , Smalley Helen , Scully Orlanda , Lotfipour Ehsaneh
Published: November 2011

The screening of recently patented derivatives of the standard phenothiazinium agents methylene blue and toluidine blue was carried out against Propionibacterium acnes, the main bacterium associated with acne vulgaris. Comparative tests were made using the topical agent benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and standard tetracyclines. Each of the photosensitizers employed, including the lead compounds, was photobactericidal at lower concentrations than BPO, and produced a much more rapid kill than the tetracyclines. In addition, the tetracyclic and pentacyclic phenothiazinium derivatives exhibited high light:dark kill ratios, suggesting that these examples might be particularly useful in practice.
Manipulation of Förster Energy Transfer of Coupled Fluorophores Through Biotransformation by Pseudomonas resinovorans CA10
Authors: Daniele Michael A. , Bandera Yuriy P. , Foulger Stephen H.
Published: November 2011

An alkyne‐terminated anthracene and azide‐terminated carbazole were joined through a copper‐catalyzed cycloaddition to form a joined donor/acceptor pair. The photonic pair exhibited energy transfer when excited at the peak absorbance of carbazole and fluoresced with an anthracene spectral response. The fluorescent behavior was confirmed as Förster energy transfer (FRET). The lysate of Pseudomonas resinovorans CA10, a member of a predominant group of soil microorganisms that can metabolize a host of substrates, was employed to degrade the pair and alter the luminance spectral characteristics. The FRET was diminished and the corresponding, individual fluorescence of carbazole and anthracene returned. This general approach may find applications in single‐cell metabolic studies and bioactivity assays.
Metagenome‐based Screening Reveals Worldwide Distribution of LOV‐Domain Proteins
Authors: Pathak Gopal P. , Losi Aba , Gärtner Wolfgang
Published: November 2011

Metagenomes from various environments were screened for sequences homologous to light, oxygen, voltage (LOV)‐domain proteins. LOV domains are flavin binding, blue–light (BL)‐sensitive photoreceptors present in 10–15% of deposited prokaryotic genomes. The LOV domain has been selected, since BL is an ever present and sometimes harmful environmental factor for microbial communities. The majority of the metagenome material originated from the Sargasso Sea Project and from open‐ocean sampling. In total, more than 40 million open reading frames were investigated for LOV‐domain sequences. Most sequences were identified from aquatic material, but they were also found in metagenomes from soil and extreme environments, e.g. hypersaline ponds, acidic mine drainage or wastewater treatment facilities. A total of 578 LOV domains was assigned by three criteria: (1) the highly conserved core region, (2) the presence of minimally 14 essential amino acids and (3) a minimal length of 80 amino acids. More than three quarters of these identified genes showed a sequence divergence of more than 20% from database‐deposited LOV domains from known organisms, indicating the large variation of this photoreceptor motif. The broad occurrence of LOV domains in metagenomes emphasizes their important physiological role for light‐induced signal transduction, stress adaptation and survival mechanisms.
Photochemical Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Sagripanti Jose‐Luis , Grote Gudrun , Niederwöhrmeier Bärbel , Hülseweh Birgit , Marschall Hans‐Jürgen
Published: November 2011

Adaptability to a broad range of environments together with relatively high resistance to antibiotics and to disinfectants makes Pseudomonas aeruginosa a concern in hospitals and in public health. We investigated whether UVA‐mediated photochemical inactivation of P. aeruginosa could be accomplished with high efficiency while at the same time preserving the sensitivity of subsequent diagnostic tests. We characterized dose responses and bactericidal kinetic rates of 5‐iodonaphthyl 1‐azide (INA) and of amotosalen (AMO) as these substances exposed to UVA are known to inactivate germs with minimal impact to blood products or to viral antigens. Neither UVA without photochemicals nor INA or AMO in the dark inactivated bacteria. We found that AMO was ca 1000‐fold more effective in inactivating P. aeruginosa cells than INA under similar conditions. Photoinactivation with either INA or AMO at conditions that abolished bacterial infectivity did not impair polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing. For comparison, similar titers of Bacillus atrophaeus spores (a surrogate for B. anthracis) remained unaffected at conditions that reduced the survival of P. aeruginosa below detection levels. The results presented in this study should assist in improved methods to inactivate P. aeruginosa in environmental, clinical and forensic samples without impairing subsequent nucleic acid‐ or immune‐based analysis.
The use of cone beam computed tomography in the management of displaced roots into the maxillary antrum
Authors: Haidar R.Z. , Sivarajasingam V. , Drage N.A.
Published: November 2011

Displacement of roots into the maxillary antrum is an intraoperative complication during extraction of upper molar teeth. A combination of panoramic, intraoral and occipitomental radiography is normally considered the imaging method of choice in assessing the position of the displaced roots. We describe the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the management of displaced roots in the antrum. CBCT aids in localising displaced roots and informs surgical access.
Some observations on travertine algae from Stjáni hot spring, Lýsuhóll, Iceland
Authors: Pentecost Allan
Published: November 2011

The photosynthetic microbial flora of an Icelandic hot spring is described. Several cosmopolitan cyanobacteria were common, but diatoms were scarce despite the apparently high silica content of the water. A red alga, Chroothece mobilis occurred among the cyanobacteria and has not been previously recorded from this environment.
Analysis of characteristics of randomized clinical trials in leukemia that are associated with how results are reported
Authors: Burrett Julie A. , Lunn Daniel
Published: November 2011

Background Since many trials are small, systematic reviews are essential for obtaining statistically reliable results. However, some trials are better‐reported than others. Non‐publication or delayed publication could lead to bias in a review. We identify trial characteristics affecting how quickly or widely results of randomized trials are reported, and hence how likely the trial is to be found by reviewers.

Methods We analyzed all randomized trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia that began before 1988 and all articles for these trials published before 2000, as identified by the Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) Collaborative Group secretariat. This was the set of 149 trials included in the Second International Collaborative Workshop on Childhood ALL Studies at the end of 1992, comprising 243 randomized comparisons.

We used multiple linear regression to analyze time to first mention or to first reporting of results (time to publication), logistic regression for whether a randomization was ever mentioned or reported, and Poisson regression for frequency of mentions or publications.

Results Collectively, the articles mentioned 217 randomizations, with results reported for 188. Highly statistically significant results were published faster, each tenfold reduction in the p‐value (e.g., going from 0.5 to 0.05 or from 0.05 to 0.005) resulting in publication on average 20 months earlier (95% confidence interval 6–34, p = 0.005), non‐statistically significant results from trials outside North America and Europe took on average 55 months longer than those without these characteristics (95% CI 22–88, p = 0.001), and results from trials in high income countries were more likely to reach publication at some point than were results from other countries (odds ratio 7.8, 95% CI 2.4–25.3, p = 0.0006).

Randomizations in high income countries were mentioned 73 months earlier than those in middle or low income countries (95% CI 51–94, p < 0.0001), were more likely to ever be mentioned (OR 13.1, 95% CI 2.1–80.9, p = 0.006), and were mentioned more frequently (incidence ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.5, p = 0.003), as were North American trials compared with those conducted elsewhere (IR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6, p = 0.01).

Conclusions Systematic reviewers should not rely solely on published reports, but should use additional ways of finding trials in order to minimize biases related to results and other trial characteristics. This relates both to published reports of trial results and to mentions of trials in the literature.
Effects and patient compliance of sustained‐release versus immediate‐release glipizides in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Li , Sun Xin , Du Liang , Yuan Qiang , Li Honghao , Tian Haoming , Li Youping
Published: November 2011

This review aimed to address effects of sustained‐release versus immediate‐release glipizide on glucose control, insulin secretion, and compliance. We searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Chinese Biomedical database from inceptions to May 31, 2011, screened reference lists of relevant studies, and contacted pharmaceutical companies. Randomized trials and cohort studies were included. We pooled data using a random‐effect model. Nineteen trials involving a total of 1440 patients and 2 retrospective cohort studies with a total of 13452 patients were included. Trials were of low quality. No trials reported patient important outcomes. The reduction of fasting plasma glucose from the baseline appeared larger for sustained‐release than for immediate‐release glipizide (mean difference −0.26 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.52 to −0.01). The reduction was not significantly different between the two drugs for HbA1c (−0.03%, −0.20% to 0.14%) or 2‐hour postprandial plasma glucose (−0.21 mmol/L, −0.96 to 0.55). Sustained‐release glipizide appeared to reduce insulin secretion from the baseline, whereas the immediate‐release formulation increased the secretion (fasting insulin: −1.04 vs. 0.88 μIU/ml; 2‐hour postprandial insulin: −2.94 vs. 0.24 μIU/ml). Patients administering sustained‐release glipizide had less hypoglycemia (Peto odds ratio 0.21, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.52) and lower missed dosing (Peto odds ratio 11. 42, 95% CI 6.47 to 20.18). The cohort studies showed patient compliance results consistent with those of the trials. Sustained‐release glipizide appears to achieve similar glucose control with decreased insulin secretion, fewer hypoglycemic episodes, and higher patient compliance than immediate‐release glipizide. However, these findings are inconclusive due to inadequate study quality, short follow up, and unavailability of patient important outcomes.
Resting Energy Expenditure per Lean Body Mass Determined by Indirect Calorimetry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Cats
Authors: Center S.A. , Warner K.L. , Randolph J.F. , Wakshlag J.J. , Sunvold G.D.
Published: November 2011

Background

Resting energy expenditure (REE) approximates ≥60% of daily energy expenditure (DEE). AccurateREEdetermination could facilitate sequential comparisons among patients and diseases if normalized against lean body mass (LBM).

Objective

(1) Validate open‐flow indirect calorimetry (IC) system and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF‐BIA) to determineREEandLBM, respectively, in healthy nonsedated cats of varied body conditions; (2) normalizeREEagainstLBM.

Animals

Fifty‐seven adult neutered domestic short‐haired cats with stableBW.

Methods

Continuous (45‐min)IC‐measurements determined least observed metabolismREE. Cage gas flow regulated with mass flow controllers was verified using nitrogen dilution; span gases calibrated gas measurements. Respiratory quotient accuracy was verified using alcohol combustion.IC‐REEwas compared toDEE, determined using doubly labeled water.MF‐BIA LBMwas validated against criterion references (deuterium, sodium bromide). Intra‐ and interassay variation was determined forICandMF‐BIA.

Results

MeanIC‐REE(175 ± 38.7 kcal; 1.5–14% intra‐ and interassayCV%) represented 61 ± 14.3% ofDEE. BestMF‐BIAmeasurements were collected in sternal recumbency and with electrodes in neck‐tail configuration.MF‐BIA LBMwas not significantly different from criterion references and generatedLBMinterassayCV% of 6.6–10.1%. Over‐ and underconditioned cats had significantly (P ≤ .05) lower and higherIC‐REE(kcal/kg) respectively, compared with normal‐conditioned cats. However, differences resolved withREE/LBM(approximating 53 ± 10.3 kcal/LBM[kg]).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

ICandMF‐BIAvalidated herein reasonably estimateREEandLBMin cats.REE/LBM(kg) may permit comparison of energy utilization in sequential studies or among different cats.
Severe Myositis Associated with Sarcocystis spp. Infection in 2 Dogs
Authors: Sykes J.E. , Dubey J.P. , Lindsay L.L. , Prato P. , Lappin M.R. , Guo L.T. , Mizisin A.P. , Shelton G.D.
Published: November 2011

Background

Dogs are definitive hosts for numerous species of the intracellular protozoan parasite Sarcocystis. Reports of sarcocysts in muscles of dogs most often represent incidental findings.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To report the clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and molecular findings in 2 dogs with myositis associated with Sarcocystis spp. infection, as well as the response to treatment with antiprotozoal drugs.

Animals

Two dogs with severe myositis in association with massive sarcocystosis.

Methods

Retrospective case review. Affected dogs were identified by a diagnostic laboratory. Attending clinicians were contacted, and the medical records reviewed. Immunostaining and electron microscopy were performed on muscle biopsies. Biopsies also were subjected to 18S rRNA gene PCR.

Results

Both dogs had fever, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity when first evaluated. One dog developed hyperbilirubinemia. Subsequently, both dogs had increased serum creatine kinase activity and clinical signs of myositis, with reluctance to move, generalized pain, and muscle wasting. Histopathology of muscle biopsies showed severe inflammatory and necrotizing myopathy with numerous sarcocysts. Ultrastructural studies and 18S rRNA gene sequence results were consistent with infection with a Sarcocystis spp. other than Sarcocystis neurona. Both dogs initially were treated unsuccessfully with clindamycin and anti‐inflammatory drugs. One dog died. The other dog subsequently responded to treatment with decoquinate.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Sarcocystis spp. infection should be included in the differential diagnosis for dogs that develop fever, thrombocytopenia, increased liver enzyme activities, and clinical and biochemical evidence of myositis. Although additional studies are required, decoquinate holds promise as an effective treatment for the disease.
Quantitative and Qualitative Urine Protein Excretion in Dogs with Severe Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Schaefer H. , Kohn B. , Schweigert F.J. , Raila J.
Published: November 2011

Background

Proteinuria is an established characteristic of renal disease in dogs, providing diagnostic and prognostic information. Little is known about the occurrence and severity of proteinuria in dogs with severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Hypothesis

The quantitative and qualitative urinary protein (UP) excretion is altered in dogs with SIRS.

Animals

Thirty‐nine dogs with SIRS and 15 healthy control dogs at admission.

Methods

A case control study was performed. Diagnosis of SIRS was based on clinical and clinicopathological findings. Urinary protein (UP) was measured by a colorimetric assay. Urinary albumin (UAlb) and urinary retinol‐binding protein (URBP) were measured by ELISA and quantified in relation to urinary creatinine (UC). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamid‐gel electrophoresis was conducted to identify the qualitative pattern of proteinuria. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to assess differences in UP/UC, UAlb/UC and URBP/UC between the groups. P‐values < .05 were considered significant.

Results

Dogs with SIRS had higher ratios of UP/UC, UAlb/UC and URBP/UC (all P < .001) in comparison to healthy control dogs. Dogs with SIRS had a total of 11 protein bands compared to 3 bands in healthy controls. In dogs with SIRS, 58% of the total counted bands were in the low molecular weight range (<60 kDa) whereas 42% were in the middle (60–80 kDa)/high molecular weight range (>80 kDa).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

SIRS alters UP excretion in dogs. Further studies should evaluate whether or not the magnitude of proteinuria is predictive of the severity and outcome of dogs with SIRS.
Diagnosis, Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Infections Caused byRhodococcus equiin Foals
Authors: Giguère S. , Cohen N.D. , Keith Chaffin M. , Slovis N.M. , Hondalus M.K. , Hines S.A. , Prescott J.F.
Published: November 2011

Rhodococcus equi, a Gram‐positive facultative intracellular pathogen, is one of the most common causes of pneumonia in foals. AlthoughR. equican be cultured from the environment of virtually all horse farms, the clinical disease in foals is endemic at some farms, sporadic at others, and unrecognized at many. On farms where the disease is endemic, costs associated with morbidity and mortality attributable toR. equimay be very high. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide recommendations regarding the diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused byR. equiin foals.
Ejecta deposition after oblique impacts: An influence of impact scale
Authors: SHUVALOV Valery
Published: November 2011

Abstract– Simple estimates suggest that ejecta blankets around larger craters should be more asymmetric than around smaller craters for the same oblique impact angle. Numerical simulations presented in the paper confirm that an increase in the scale of gravity‐dominated craters (and in the size of the corresponding projectiles) increases the asymmetry of both impact craters and ejecta blankets around them.
Thermal history of Northwest Africa 5073––A coarse‐grained Stannern‐trend eucrite containing cm‐sized pyroxenes and large zircon grains
Authors: ROSZJAR Julia , METZLER Knut , BISCHOFF Addi , BARRAT Jean‐Alix , GEISLER Thorsten , GREENWOOD Richard C. , FRANCHI Ian A. , KLEMME Stephan
Published: November 2011

Abstract– We report on the bulk chemical composition, petrology, oxygen isotopic composition, trace element composition of silicates, and degree of self‐irradiation damage on zircon grains of the eucrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 5073 to constrain its formation and postcrystallization thermal history, and to discuss their implications for the geologic history of its parent body. This unequilibrated and unbrecciated meteorite is a new member of the rare Stannern‐trend eucrites. It is mainly composed of elongated, zoned pyroxene phenocrysts up to 1.2 cm, plagioclase laths up to 0.3 cm in length, and is rich in mesostasis. The latter contains zircon grains up to 30 μm in diameter, metal, sulfide, tridymite, and Ca‐phosphates. Textural observations and silicate compositions, coupled with the occurrence of extraordinary Fe‐rich olivine veins that are restricted to large pyroxene laths, indicate that NWA 5073 underwent a complex thermal history. This is also supported by the annealed state of zircon grains inferred from μ‐Raman spectroscopic measurements along with U and Th data obtained by electron probe microanalyses.
The impact of choice on retributive reactions: How observers’ autonomy concerns shape responses to criminal offenders
Authors: van Prooijen Jan‐Willem , Kerpershoek Emiel F. P.
Published: November 2011

The present research examined the psychological origins of retributive reactions, which are defined as independent observers’ anger‐based emotions, demonized perceptions, and punishment intentions in response to criminal offenders. Based on the idea that society's justice system has an autonomy‐protective function, we reason that chronic autonomy interacts with situational autonomy cues (i.e., opportunities to make choices) to predict retributive reactions to criminal offenders. More specifically, we hypothesized that choice opportunities in an unrelated decision‐making context would prompt people to display stronger retributive reactions to offenders than no‐choice opportunities, and that these effects of choice would be particularly pronounced among people who chronically experience deprivation of autonomy needs. Results from two experiments supported this hypothesis. It is concluded that retributive reactions to criminal offenders originate from a desire to regulate basic autonomy needs.
Kinetics of exercise‐induced neural activation; interpretive dilemma of altered cerebral perfusion
Authors: Miyazawa Taiki , Horiuchi Masahiro , Ichikawa Daisuke , Sato Kohei , Tanaka Naoki , Bailey Damian M. , Ogoh Shigehiko
Published: November 2011

Neural activation decreases cerebral deoxyhaemoglobin (HHbC) and increases oxyhaemoglobin concentration (O2HbC). In contrast, patients who present with restricted cerebral blood flow, such as those suffering from cerebral ischaemia or Alzheimer's disease, and during the course of ageing the converse occurs, in that HHbC increases and O2HbC decreases during neural activation. In the present study, we examined the interpretive implications of altered exercise‐induced cerebral blood flow for cortical oxygenation in healthy subjects. Both O2HbC and HHbC (prefrontal cortex) were determined in 11 healthy men using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCA Vmean) was determined via transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Measurements were performed during contralateral hand‐grip exercise during suprasystolic bilateral thigh‐cuff occlusion (Cuff+) and within 2 s of cuff release (Cuff–) for the acute manipulation of cerebral perfusion. During Cuff+, both MCA Vmean and O2HbC increased during exercise, whereas HHbC decreased. In contrast, the opposite occurred during the Cuff– manipulation. These findings highlight the inverse relationship between cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation as determined by NIRS, which has interpretive implications for the kinetics underlying exercise‐induced neural activation.
Serine racemase deletion abolishes light‐evoked NMDA receptor currents in retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Sullivan Steve J. , Esguerra Manuel , Wickham Robert J. , Romero Gabriel E. , Coyle Joseph T. , Miller Robert F.
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  Retinal ganglion cells represent a population of neurons that relay information from the retina to the brain. During retinal light responses, the spiking activity of retinal ganglion cells is shaped in part by NMDA receptors, which require a coagonist for activation. There is debate over if glycine or d‐serine serves as the endogenous coagonist to retinal ganglion cell NMDA receptors. To address this question, we used a mutant mouse lacking functional serine racemase, the d‐serine‐synthesizing enzyme. In this study we show that d‐serine is required to activate retinal ganglion cell NMDA receptors during light stimulation. Mice lacking serine racemase also appeared to have alterations in the relative contribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors to light responses. Interestingly, behavioural tests showed that mice lacking serine racemase had no apparent visual deficits. Collectively, these findings raise interesting questions about the role of d‐serine in shaping excitatory synapses and in visual processing.
Control of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal stress axis activity by the intermediate conductance calcium‐activated potassium channel, SK4
Authors: Liang Zhi , Chen Lie , McClafferty Heather , Lukowski Robert , MacGregor Duncan , King Jonathan T. , Rizzi Sandra , Sausbier Matthias , McCobb David P. , Knaus Hans‐Guenther , Ruth Peter , Shipston Michael J.
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  Our ability to respond to stress is critically dependent upon the release of the stress hormone adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. ACTH release is controlled by the electrical properties of corticotrophs that are determined by the movement of ions through channel pores in the plasma membrane. We show that a calcium‐activated potassium ion channel called SK4 is expressed in corticotrophs and regulates ACTH release. We provide evidence of how SK4 channels control corticotroph function, which is essential for understanding homeostasis and for treating stress‐related disorders.
Fast calcium and voltage‐sensitive dye imaging in enteric neurones reveal calcium peaks associated with single action potential discharge
Authors: Michel K. , Michaelis M. , Mazzuoli G. , Mueller K. , Vanden Berghe P. , Schemann M.
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  Imaging of slow, long‐lasting changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) is a common method to assess neuronal activity. We found that fast [Ca2+]i imaging (≥200 Hz sampling rate) may be a new option to record fast neuronal events including spike discharge and fast synaptic transmission in enteric neurones. These [Ca2+]i peaks required opening of voltage‐gated sodium and calcium channels as well as Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
Skin sympathetic nerve activity component synchronizing with cardiac cycle is involved in hypovolaemic suppression of cutaneous vasodilatation in hyperthermia
Authors: Kamijo Yoshi‐ichiro , Okada Yoshiyuki , Ikegawa Shigeki , Okazaki Kazunobu , Goto Masaki , Nose Hiroshi
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  Thermoregulatory responses during exercise are reduced following thermal dehydration. If individuals do not rehydrate adequately, it could lead to heat exhaustion or stroke with the worst case scenario being death. Plasma volume loss during dehydration has been suggested to suppress cutaneous vasodilatation in response to hyperthermia via a baroreflex‐mediated reduction in active vasodilator activity rather than enhanced active vasoconstrictor activity. However, no changes in the electrical signals of the efferent neural pathway have ever been identified. In the present study, we found a component of efferent skin sympathetic nerve activity that was synchronized with the cardiac cycle in thermally stressed individuals. This nerve activity increased with an increase in oesophageal temperature and the increase was significantly suppressed by hypovolaemia. Thus, this component of skin sympathetic nerve activity might represent the active vasodilator signals that regulate skin blood flow during hyperthermia in humans.
Orai3 – the ‘exceptional’ Orai?
Authors: Shuttleworth Trevor J.
Published: November 2011

Abstract  The field of agonist‐activated Ca2+ entry in non‐excitable cells underwent a revolution some 5 years ago with the discovery of the Orai proteins as the essential pore‐forming components of the low‐conductance, highly Ca2+‐selective CRAC channels whose activation is dependent on depletion of intracellular stores. Mammals possess three distinct Orai proteins (Orai1, 2 and 3) of which Orai3 is unique to this class, apparently evolving from Orai1. However, the sequence of Orai3 shows marked differences from that of Orai1, particularly in those regions of the protein outside of the essential pore‐forming domains. Correspondingly, studies from several different groups have indicated that the inclusion of Orai3 is associated with the appearance of conductances that display unique features in their gating, selectivity, regulation and mode of activation. In this Topical Review, these features are discussed with the purpose of proposing that the evolutionary appearance of Orai3 in mammals, and the consequent development of conductances displaying novel properties – whether formed by Orai3 alone or in conjunction with the other Orai proteins – is associated with the specific role of this member of the Orai family in a unique range of distinct cellular activities.
Differential effects of Kv7 (M‐) channels on synaptic integration in distinct subcellular compartments of rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons
Authors: Shah Mala M. , Migliore Michele , Brown David A.
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  Ion channels are pores that allow the exchange of molecules across cell membranes. In nerve cells (neurons) of the hippocampus (a brain region involved in learning and memory), the potassium KV7 channel is present predominantly in the cell body (the soma) and in its axon, a projection from the cell body that produces brief electrical signals known as action potentials. We have previously shown that axonal KV7 channels control action potential initiation and so regulate cell excitability. However, cells also receive inputs from other cells connected to them, resulting in longer lasting electrical signals known as synaptic potentials. In this study, we show that only somatic KV7 channels influence synaptic potential shapes and summation, whereas axonal channels increase the ability of synaptic potentials to generate action potentials. Hence, axonal and somatic KV7 channels differentially contribute to information processing within hippocampal neurons, which may be important for processes such as cognition
Heterosynaptic long‐term potentiation at interneuron–principal neuron synapses in the amygdala requires nitric oxide signalling
Authors: Lange M. D. , Doengi M. , Lesting J. , Pape H. C. , Jüngling K.
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  Long‐lasting changes in efficacy of cell–cell communication (long‐term potentiation; LTP) at specialized sites (synapses) between neurons in the brain are thought to underlie forms of learning and memory. These forms of LTP can occur at excitatory synapses and inhibitory synapses, thus in‐ or decreasing the activity of neurons. We provide evidence for a novel form of LTP at inhibitory synapses (LTPi) on a subset of neurons in the amygdala of mice, a brain region involved in fear and anxiety. This LTPi enhances the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at synapses between inhibitory interneurons and excitatory principal neurons (PNs) in a sub‐region of the amygdala. The described LTPi is heavily dependent on the production and diffusion of the volatile gas nitric oxide (NO), produced by PNs during stages of increased activity. These findings indicate that NO‐mediated long‐term regulation of inhibitory transmission in the amygdala might contribute to the learning of fear.
Thermal Modeling of a Solar Steam Turbine With a Focus on Start-Up Time Reduction
Authors: Spelling James , Jöcker Markus , Martin Andrew
Published: November 2011

Steam turbines in solar thermal power plants experience a much greater number of starts than those operating in baseload plants. In order to preserve the lifetime of the turbine while still allowing fast starts, it is of great interest to find ways to maintain the turbine temperature during idle periods. A dynamic model of a solar steam turbine has been elaborated, simulating both the heat conduction within the body and the heat exchange with the gland steam, main steam and the environment, allowing prediction of the temperatures within the turbine during off-design operation and standby. The model has been validated against 96 h of measured data from the Andasol 1 power plant, giving an average error of 1.2% for key temperature measurements. The validated model was then used to evaluate a number of modifications that can be made to maintain the turbine temperature during idle periods. Heat blankets were shown to be the most effective measure for keeping the turbine casing warm, whereas increasing the gland steam temperature was most effective in maintaining the temperature of the rotor. By applying a combination of these measures the dispatchability of the turbine can be improved significantly: electrical output can be increased by up to 9.5% after a long cooldown and up to 9.8% after a short cooldown.
Nonlinear Fault Diagnosis of Jet Engines by Using a Multiple Model-Based Approach
Authors: Naderi E. , Meskin N. , Khorasani K.
Published: November 2011

In this paper, a nonlinear fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme that is based on the concept of multiple model approach is proposed for jet engines. A modular and a hierarchical architecture is proposed which enables the detection and isolation of both single as well as concurrent permanent faults in the engine. A set of nonlinear models of the jet engine in which compressor and turbine maps are used for performance calculations corresponding to various operating modes of the engine (namely, healthy and different fault modes) is obtained. Using the multiple model approach, the probabilities corresponding to the engine modes of operation are first generated. The current operating mode of the system is then detected based on evaluating the maximum probability criteria. The performance of our proposed multiple model FDI scheme is evaluated by implementing both the extended Kalman filter and the unscented Kalman filter as detection filters. Simulation results presented demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed multiple model FDI algorithm for both structural and actuator faults in the jet engine.
A Novel Optical Method for Real-Time Control of Bolt Tightening
Authors: Meng Aidong , Nassar Sayed A. , Templeton Douglas
Published: November 2011

A digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) system is developed for the real-time measurement and monitoring of the out-of-plane surface deformation around a preloaded bolt head or nut. The proposed system is specifically developed for the dynamic control of the bolt tightening process by continuously monitoring the out-of-plane joint surface deformation that will have been independently correlated to the bolt preload. Spatial phase shifting is employed to quantitatively determine the distribution of phase data by introducing a spatial carrier fringe pattern to the speckle interferogram. This is achieved by leading the object and reference beams through two separate apertures. The configuration is also suitable for collecting the real-time surface deformation during bolt tightening. The experimental DSPI system is set-up with optical components on a vibration-isolation table. A MATLAB software is developed for image acquisition and phase data calculations that yield the out-of-plane surface deformation caused by the bolt preload. The test fixture uses an M12 steel fastener and aluminum joint. For miniature screw applications, however, a plastic joint is used.
An Immersed Boundary Method for Simulation of Wind Flow Over Complex Terrain
Authors: Jafari S. , Chokani N. , Abhari R. S.
Published: November 2011

The accurate modeling of the wind resource over complex terrain is required to optimize the micrositing of wind turbines. In this paper, an immersed boundary method that is used in connection with the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with k-ω turbulence model in order to efficiently simulate the wind flow over complex terrain is presented. With the immersed boundary method, only one Cartesian grid is required to simulate the wind flow for all wind directions, with only the rotation of the digital elevation map. Thus, the lengthy procedure of generating multiple grids for conventional rectangular domain is avoided. Wall functions are employed with the immersed boundary method in order to relax the stringent near-wall grid resolution requirements as well as to allow the effects of surface roughness to be accounted for. The immersed boundary method is applied to the complex terrain test case of Bolund Hill. The simulation results of wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy show good agreement with experiments for heights greater than 5 m above ground level.
Intelligent Control of a Large Variable Speed Wind Turbine
Authors: Ayoubi Mohammad A. , Tai Li-Chou
Published: November 2011

We present two intelligent controllers for large and flexible wind turbines operating in high-speed winds, a Fuzzy-P + I and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller. The control objective is to regulate the rotor speed at the given rated power in region 3 (full load) via collective blade pitch angle. The modeled turbine is a three-bladed, upwind machine with a flexible blade and tower. We use the particle swarm optimization method in off-line training for our adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller. Numerical simulations are performed using wind inflow step change with a set of input–output data of a nonlinear wind turbine model. We compare the performance of the proposed controllers with the baseline PI-controller. Simulation results confirm successful performance of the proposed controllers.