bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy and offspring blood pressure at age 5y: follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial in Mexico (804.21)
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Gómez Yareni , Ramakrishnan Usha , Stein Aryeh , Barraza‐Villarreal Albino , Romieu Isabelle , Rivera Juan
Published: June 2021

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in adults results in blood pressure improvements. The influence of prenatal DHA supplementation on blood pressure (BP) in childhood remains relatively unexplored. We investigated the effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on offspring blood pressure at age 5 y. In a double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial conducted in Mexico (POSGRAD), pregnant women were supplemented daily with 400 mg DHA or placebo from 18‐22 wk gestation to parturition. In the present follow up study, the blood pressure of 802 offspring children at age 5 years (82.4% of the birth cohort) was measured, using an automated blood pressure monitor (OMRON 711). Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded as the average of three readings (SBP; mean +SD 93.1 + 8.2mmHg and DBP; 56.7 + 6.4mmHg).

Between group differences in mean BP (DHA ‐ placebo) were: SBP, 0.56 (95% CI ‐0.50, 1.61) mmHg; and DBP, 0.15 (95% CI ‐0.72, 1.02) mmHg, after adjustment by side of the arm in which the measurement was performed, age at follow‐up, gender, child height and overweight status at age 5y, and maternal overweight at recruitment. Despite improvements in DHA status at birth, this study shows that prenatal DHA supplementation did not affect offspring blood pressure in early childhood.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH (HD058818; HDO43099), March of Dimes Foundation and CONACYT no.SALUD‐2008‐01‐87121
Risk factors for iron depletion and parasites in schoolchildren of Arandas, Jalisco, Mexico (804.24)
Authors: Vasquez‐Garibay Edgar , Campos Liliana , Romero Enrique , Nuño Maria Eugenia , Miranda Lizette , Napoles Francisco , Del Angel Alma , Velarde Fernando
Published: June 2021

With the purpose to demonstrate risk factors associated to parasites and iron depletion on school children it was carried out a case and control design, 102 children of 60 to 144 months of age as a case group from the Instituto Alteño para el Desarrollo de Arandas, Jalisco and 206 randomly selected children from the elementary school as controls were included. Variables as ferritin levels (ng/mL) and parasites, socioeconomic, demographic, family characteristics, and hygiene were considered. A non paired t Student, U Mann Whitney, chi square tests and odds ratio were estimated. Family income of the controls was higher than cases (p=0.031). Fathers with incomplete elementary school was higher in cases (41.3%) than controls (35.4%) [RM=1.88 (1.0, 3.55), p=0.05]. Temporary jobs were higher cases than controls [RM = 5.6 (3.26, 9.62), p < 0.001]. Ferritin concentration was higher in controls (60 ng/mL) that cases (25 ng/mL) p < 0.001. Frequency of parasites was of 32% in cases and 22% in controls. Giardiasis and two or more parasites were higher in cases than controls (p < 0.01). Lower family incomes, instability of father’s job, lack of education, persons sleeping in the same room and living with animals were associated with parasites and iron depletion. (p < 0.05). There were a similarity of associated factors to iron depletion and parasites and the presence of parasites was risk factor for iron depletion.

Grant Funding Source: National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico & Teasdale Corti Grant # 103460‐044, Canada
Caregiver perceptions, practices, and preferences relating to multiple micronutrient powders for children 6‐23 mo of age in the northern highlands of Peru (804.28)
Authors: Harding Kimberly , Zavaleta Nelly , Roche Marion , Neufeld Lynnette
Published: June 2021

Background: To ensure multiple micronutrient powders (MNP) for children have their intended effect, it is important to understand caregivers’ experiences. Objective: We aimed to assess perceptions, practices, and preferences relating to the use of MNP among caregivers of children enrolled in a study to compare different MNP dosing schemes in Cajamarca, Peru. Methods: Infants age 6‐11 mo (n=400) were randomly assigned to 6 mo daily, 6 mo intermittent (every other day), 12 mo daily, or 12 mo intermittent MNP supplementation. MNP were provided monthly and field staff conducted home visits twice monthly. Unused MNP sachets were collected throughout and at endline (12 mo) all caregivers were asked about their experiences using MNP. Results: Most (94%) reported being very satisfied with MNP. One quarter (27%) reported difficulties remembering to give the MNP scheme as recommended. The most frequently reported strategies for remembering were keeping the MNP in the kitchen or bedroom. Most (98%) reported that giving their child MNP eventually became part of their regular routine; about half (59%) said that this took a week or less. Adherence was high; 85% of the MNP sachets were used and almost everyone (98%) reported giving all or most of the MNP to their child. Most (95%) reported noticing benefits after giving MNP to their child; increased appetite and increased hemoglobin (as informed by the study nurse) were most common. Caregivers assigned to the daily scheme were over 3 times more likely to say they would select their own scheme, compared to those in the intermittent group (OR: 3.6, 95%CI: 2.3‐5.7). Conclusions: MNP were acceptable and used with high adherence over the long term in this population; daily supplementation was preferred over intermittent.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Micronutrient Initiative
The relationship between family income and physical fitness and obesity of children (806.11)
Authors: Jin Yichen , Jones‐Smith Jessica
Published: June 2021

Objective To assess the association between family income and children’s physical fitness and obesity with 8 race/ethnic groups.

Methods 1,618,892 fifth, seventh, and ninth grade children who took the physical fitness test (PFT) between 2010 and 2012 in California were included in this cross‐sectional study. Multiple linear and log‐binomial regressions were used to test whether lower‐family income (as indicated by eligibility for National School Lunch Program) was associated with physical fitness or obesity. Differences were tested by race/ethnicity while adjusting for age and gender.

Results Average fitness score was 4.45 (standard deviation=1.47); range 0 (least healthy) to 6 (most healthy). Prevalence of obesity was 19.3%. 56% of children were classified as lower income. Lower family income (vs. higher) was associated with lower fitness score (‐0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: ‐0.62 to ‐0.53). Lower income children had higher prevalence of obesity (relative risk=1.82, 95% CI: 1.74 to 1.91) compared to higher income children. These inverse associations were seen among American Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, Filipino, Hispanic/Latino, African American, White and two or more races for which inverse associations were significant.

Conclusion Within many race/ethnic groups, children with lower family incomes tend to have less healthy physical fitness status and have higher risk of obesity.
Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables correlated with decreased total intake and % body fat in young adults (806.18)
Authors: Smolinski Paulina , Tyzbir Robert
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how fruit and vegetable (F/V) intake of young adults related to total daily energy intake (TDEI), body mass index (BMI), and body fatness. Trends in F/V consumption are also reported. Participants included 725 male and female students ages 18‐25 who elected to take a nutrition course from 2009‐2013. Each student kept a three day, self‐reported dietary journal and height and weight were measured. Percentage of body fat was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Diets were assessed for F/V intake normalized to cups per 1000 kilocalories and data analysis was completed using SPSS. Results indicate that from 2009 to 2013 the amount of fruits and vegetables eaten had increased for males and females by 0.27 cups per 1000 kilocalories, indicating a positive change in the habits of young adult students. TDEI and body fatness decreased over these years while BMI slightly increased. The correlation coefficient was ‐0.31 (p<0.001) for TDEI and F/V consumption, indicating that the higher the intake of fruits and vegetables, the lower the TDEI. A regression analysis predicting BMI from TDEI, body fatness, and F/V consumption yielded a coefficient of 0.15 (p<0.001) for body fatness, 1.39 (p<0.001) for TDEI, and ‐0.23 (p=0.005) for F/V intake. We conclude that TDEI and % body fat decrease with increased intake of F/V. BMI may increase with increased body fatness and TDEI, but may decrease with increased F/V intake.
Feeding strategies derived from behavioral economics can increase vegetable intake in children as part of a home‐based intervention (808.23)
Authors: Cravener Terri , Loeb Katharine , Radnitz Cynthia , Schwartz Marlene , Zucker Nancy , Finklestein Stacey , Wang Y. Claire , Rolls Barbara , Keller Kathleen
Published: June 2021

We tested the effect of using behavioral economic strategies to increase children's vegetable intake in the home. These strategies included pairing cartoons with vegetables to increase appeal and presenting vegetables as the optimal default. Children (n=24; 3‐5 years‐old) in both control and treatment groups received weekly supplies of plain packaged vegetables, presented as a free choice with an alternative snack (granola bar), during baseline (wk 1) and follow‐up (wk 4). During wks 2‐3, the control group continued to receive plain packages, but the treatment group received vegetables packaged with their favorite cartoons with sticker incentives, presented as the default choice at snacks/meals. Children were allowed to opt for the granola bar after an imposed wait time. Weekly nutrition lessons were delivered to both groups. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a time* treatment interaction on vegetable intake; during wks 2‐3, the treatment group doubled vegetable intake from baseline, while the control showed no change (p<0.01). Increased vegetable intake during wks 2‐3 was associated with decreased granola bar intake (p蠄0.01). Behavioral economics has the potential to inform parental feeding practices and improve children’s food choices.
Behavioral measures of eating in relation to body habitus in college freshmen (810.29)
Authors: Hootman K , Bailey J , Guertin K , Cassano P
Published: June 2021

The transition to college is associated with weight gain in 75% of freshmen, but the relations between behavioral indicators of eating and anthropometric outcomes are unclear. In a longitudinal study of 264 randomly selected participants, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was administered the summer prior to freshman year of college. Body composition (truncal and total body adiposity via DXA) was assessed at baseline; anthropometry measurements [weight, height, and waist circumference (WC)] were collected at the beginning and end of the first semester. Covariates included baseline usual diet (FFQ), physical activity and sedentary time, as well as the frequency of dining hall use over the first semester. 92% of participants completed the TFEQ and 69% completed follow‐up. Compared to males, females had greater total TFEQ scores and greater emotional eating (EE) and cognitive restraint sub‐scores (P<0.05). In cross‐sectional gender‐adjusted linear regression models, total TFEQ score and the disinhibited eating (DE) and EE sub‐scores were positively associated (P<0.05) with baseline anthropometry and body composition. In models fully adjusted for covariates, the associations of total TFEQ and EE scores were strengthened; total TFEQ explained 0.4‐8.4% of the variation in anthropometric indicators, whereas the 3 sub‐scores together explained 1.6‐12.7%. The TFEQ (total and sub‐scores) had little or no relation with anthropometric change over the first semester, but frequency of dining hall use was positively associated with change in all anthropometric indicators (P<0.05). Disinhibited and emotional eating scores were positively associated with weight, BMI and WC at the beginning of freshman year, but did not predict change in these anthropometric indicators over the first semester.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by internal funding from Cornell and NRSA InstitutionalTraining Grant T32 DK 7158‐38 (KH).
Dietary fat intake and plasma homocysteine in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients (810.3)
Authors: Boyer Jacqueline , Campa Adriana , Martinez Sabrina , Greer Pedro , Dizon Kimberly , Fleetwood Chrisitina , Nagi Gagandeep , Ramamoorthy Venkataraghavan , Stewart Tiffanie , Baum Marianna
Published: June 2021

Objective: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We assessed the relationship between diet and plasma homocysteine (Hcy) in HIV‐infection.

Methods: After consenting, plasma Hcy, folate, and vitamin B12 were obtained from 291 HIV+ adults. HHcy was defined as Hcy>12 µmol/L. 24‐hour food recalls were analyzed using Nutribase 9.0; ART use was collected. Linear and Logistic regressions were used.

Results: Mean age was 44.92 years, 65% were men, 69.8% Black, and 81% were on ART; 22.7% had HHcy. Participants not on ART had higher saturated fat intake (33.64±28.42 vs. 25.41±20.54 g, P=0.045) and higher plasma Hcy levels (11.14±2.90 vs. 10.04±3.97 μmol/L, P= 0.053) than those on ART. Hcy levels were positively correlated with total fat (β=0.011, SE=0.004, p=0.020) and saturated fat intake (β=0.029, SE=0.013, p=0.036). Among those on ART, Hhcy was associated with high systolic blood pressure (OR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.112, 4.251, p=0.023).

Conclusion: HHcy is associated with higher total fat and saturated fat intake in HIV+ adults not ART. Among those on ART, Hcy was not associated with diet, but with hypertension. Interventions should be tailored to address increased fat intake and hypertension in the HIV+ population.

Grant Funding Source: NIAAA
Human milk and neurodevelopment in children with very low birth weight (810.31)
Authors: Koo Winston , Tank Surinder , Tank Surinder , Martin Sandra
Published: June 2021

VLBW infants often have compromised neurodevelopment. Breast milk has many factors that could affect nervous system and might benefit neurodevelopment in VLBW infants.

Methods. 7 databases searched for original studies on HM feeding and neurodevelopment in VLBW children.

Results. Ten cohort observational studies reviewed. Three studies eliminated for no formal neurodevelopment assessment, no control group, earlier follow up data from the same cohort resp. Five studies based on secondary analysis of VLBW subjects in non‐breast milk studies.

Control group from the same cohort and received variable amounts of HM (0‐80%). Final sample size 18 to 704 (median 219). Fortification of HM in 2 studies and use of preterm infant formula in 3 studies. HM intake from 4 weeks to 12 months. Donor milk use not specified. HM intake defined as dichotomous (cut point of 80% of HM) or arbitrary as 3 to 5 categories in volume or duration. Follow up for 3 studies were <3 years, one at 5 years and 3 at 6 years or more.

Neurodevelopment assessment was within normal or low normal range in HM fed group. The advantage of HM feeding was not demonstrated consistently and was due to lower scores in the formula fed group. The greatest advantage of HM was reported in one secondary analysis study at 30 months with formula fed infants with significantly lower Bayley mental and psychomotor development index score by 13 and 12 points (>0.8 SD) resp. Whereas, the 3 follow up studies of neurodevelopment at 6 ‐ 11 years showed advantage of HM was limited to scores on subtests of cognitive function and with highest HM intake. No advantage demonstrated for breastfeeding beyond 4 months in one study and 8 months in another. In the 3rd study, HM intake is an independent predictor of reading but not mathematics attainment at 11 years. None of the studies used the current highly enriched preterm formulas or HM fortifier.

Conclusion. In VLBW infants, the protective effect on neurodevelopment from HM remains to be defined.
Trends in fiber and whole grain intake in the U.S. NHANES 2001‐2010: what’s changing? (810.5)
Authors: McGill Carla , Liska DeAnn , Fulgoni Victor
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to examine the 10 year trends in sources of dietary fiber and whole grain (WG) among the US population using NHANES 2001‐2010. Weighted intakes of fiber and WG were calculated and food sources categorized according to the USDA FNDDS, 5.0. Mean fiber intake for children 4‐18 y was 13.2±0.1 g/d and for adults 19+ y was 16.1±0.2 g/d. Mean WG intake for children was 0.52±0.01 oz eq/d and for adults 0.71±0.02 oz eq/d. Grain products, fruit and vegetables contributed approximately 80% of total dietary fiber for children and adults. “Mixtures, mainly grain, pasta & bread” and “Fruit, excluding berries” were the top 2 sources of dietary fiber for all ages; intakes of both food groups increased (p<0.01) between 2001‐2010. “White bread, rolls” decreased (p<0.01) as the third source of dietary fiber for both children and adults. Intake of “Cereals, not cooked”, the top source of WG for children, decreased (p=0.0003). There was no change in intakes of the two major sources of WG among adults: “Yeast bread, rolls” and “Cereals, not cooked”. Among the top 15 food sources of dietary fiber only 3 included WG. Snacks made an important contribution (蠅18% of total) to intakes of both fiber and WG for all age groups. These results show that fiber and WG are provided by different foods and different strategies are needed to increase fiber without increasing calories, such as including fiber to foods that are already consumed.

Grant Funding Source: Funding by Kellogg Company
Changes in self‐perception of functional health and well‐being following participation in a weight‐loss intervention (811.13)
Authors: Metzgar Catherine , Piehowski Kathryn , Preston Amy , Miller Debra , Nickols‐Richardson Sharon
Published: June 2021

The Short‐Form 36 Health Survey (SF‐36) was used to assess perceived changes in 8 health constructs (physical functioning, PF; role physical, RP; bodily pain, BP; general health, GH; vitality, V; social functional, SF; emotional, E; mental health, MH) in 60 premenopausal women who participated in an 18‐wk weight‐loss intervention. Women (mean±SD age: 35.9±5.8 y, BMI: 31.0±4.3 kg/m2) were randomized to an energy‐restricted diet including 1 sugar‐free cocoa beverage and 2 dark chocolate snacks/d (DCG, n=30) or 1 sugar‐free non‐cocoa beverage and 2 non‐chocolate snacks/d (NCG, n=30). Women completed the SF‐36 at baseline and week 18. Within and between group differences were analyzed using paired and independent t‐tests, respectively. Both groups significantly reduced weight (P<0.001) and perceived improvements in GH (P<0.05), with no significant differences between groups. The DCG reported improved PF (P<0.05) and the NCG increased V (P<0.05), but differences between groups were not found in SF‐36 health constructs. All 60 women self‐reported improvements in PF (P<0.05), V (P<0.05) and GH (P<0.001). A dietary pattern that promotes weight loss may result in self‐perceived improvements in personal health, ability to perform daily activities and energy level. Further research is warranted to understand how self‐ratings of health influence weight loss in women.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by The Hershey Company, Hershey, PA
Overeating to impress: conspicuous food consumption among males (811.15)
Authors: Kniffin Kevin , Wansink Brian
Published: June 2021

To what extent is overeating among men an artifact of women's mate preferences or intrasexual competition? While previous research concerning sexual selection pressures upon eating behaviors has focused on disordered consumption among women, we present three studies that consider the relevance of female mate choice and intrasexual selection for male eating patterns in the context of courtship. Study 1 demonstrates that women rate men who eat significantly more food on dates as significantly less attractive. Study 2 shows that men expect that male competitive eaters will enjoy significantly greater reproductive fitness than comparably successful women. While Studies 1 and 2 directly address female mate choice and intrasexual competition, Study 3 examines sex‐specific patterns of consumption in a naturalistic field setting and finds that men but not women eat significantly more when they are provided relatively large containers of food. Particularly in light of public policy debates about the regulation of container sizes, our findings generate applied value for public health campaigns that are designed to curb overeating and stem longer‐term consequences of obesity.
Healthcare savings from reduced constipation rates attributed to increased dietary fiber intakes: a decision‐analytic model (813.5)
Authors: Miller Paige , Schmier Jordana , Levine Jessica , Perez Vanessa , Maki Kevin , Rains Tia , Devareddy Latha , Sanders Lisa , Alexander Dominik
Published: June 2021

The present study estimated the economic impact of increased dietary fiber consumption on direct medical costs associated with constipation in the U.S. using a decision‐analytic model. The model was developed with the following input parameters from the peer‐reviewed literature: prevalence of functional constipation; current dietary fiber intakes; proportion meeting recommended intakes; proportion expected to experience constipation alleviation with increased dietary fiber consumption; and annual direct medical costs updated to U.S. $ 2012. Sensitivity analyses explored the model robustness to each parameter. Direct medical cost‐savings was $12.7 billion annually among adults. This base case model assumed that 3% of men and 6% of women currently met recommended dietary fiber intakes; each 1 g/d increase in dietary fiber intake reduced constipation prevalence by 1.9%; and all adults would increase dietary fiber intakes to 25 g/d. Sensitivity analyses found that even if only 50% of the adult population increased dietary fiber intake by 3g/d, annual medical costs savings would exceed $2 billion. All plausible scenarios resulted in cost savings of at least $1 billion. The finding that the simple, realistic change of increasing dietary fiber intakes could result in cost savings exceeding $12.7 billion is promising and highlights the need for strategies to increase dietary fiber intakes.
Heat stress and endotoxin exposure alter expression of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages (815.3)
Authors: Lu Hang , Wang Ling , Ajuwon Kolapo
Published: June 2021

Heat stress results in significant homeorhetic changes in the body to enhance survival during this condition. Although the immune system plays a critical role in defense against pathogens, the impact of heat stress on this system is poorly understood. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of determining the impact of ambient temperature on cytokine expression in the RAW 264.7 macrophage model. Cells at confluence were exposed to either control (37 oC) or heat stress (41.5 oC) conditions for 24 hours before being challenged with LPS (10 ng/ml) for an additional 3 hours. Thereafter, RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed for RT‐PCR analysis. Expression of pro‐inflammatory M1 macrophage markers (TNFα, INOS, IL‐6, and IL‐1β) and anti‐inflammatory M2 markers (IL‐10 and Arginase 1) were determined. Heat stress resulted in significant upregulation of INOS, IL‐1β, and IL‐6. On the contrary, heat stress led to downregulation (P < 0.05) of expression of TNFα and tended (P < 0.1) to downregulate IL‐10. Treatment with LPS resulted in significant upregulation (P < 0.05) of all genes. There was significant interaction between ambient temperature and endotoxin exposure on the expression of a few genes. An additive effect of heat stress and endotoxin in stimulating the expression of INOS, IL‐1β, IL‐6 was obtained, whereas induction of TNFα by LPS was significantly lower in heat stress than in control temperature. These results suggest that heat stress results in significant modification of macrophage response to immune challenge in a way that could have significant implication for the regulation of immune response in animals during heat stress.
VDRG polymorphisms interact with calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy to affect bone mass of lactating adolescent mothers (818.10)
Authors: Normando Paula , Diogenes Maria Eduarda , Cabello Giselda , Cabello Pedro , Donangelo Carmen , Bezerra Flávia
Published: June 2021

We investigated the influence of vitamin D receptor gene (VDRG) polymorphisms on bone mass of lactating adolescents (14‐19 y) supplemented (n=26) or not (n=21) with calcium and vitamin D3 (600 mg + 200IU/d) from 26 wk of gestation until parturition. Bone mineral content (BMC), area (BA) and density (BMD) of total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS, L1‐L4), total hip and femoral neck (FN) were assessed by DXA, at 20 wk postpartum. VDRG polymorphisms rs1544410 (G>A) and rs10735810 (T>C) were determined by RFLP. The effects of polymorphisms and their interaction with supplementation were assessed by ANCOVA after adjustment for significant covariates. rs1544410 (G>A) and supplementation interacted to affect TBBMC (P<0.05), TBBMD Z score (P=0.07) and FNBMC (P<0.05). Supplemented mothers with GA genotype had higher TBBMC (8.8%), TBBMD Z score (18.2%) and FNBMC (10%) than placebo with the same genotype (P<0.05). No isolated effects of polymorphisms nor significant interactions between rs10735810 (T>C) and supplementation were observed. Our results suggest that the effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on bone mass of lactating adolescents can be modulated by VDRG polymorphisms. Lactating mothers with GA genotype seemed to be more responsive to supplementation in the tested conditions.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by CNPq, FAPERJ
Inactivity from one overnight hospital stay reduces basal muscle protein synthesis in young adults (820.15)
Authors: Reidy Paul , Borack Michael , Markofski Melissa , Dickinson Jared , Drummond Micah , Fry Christopher , Gundermann David , Walker Dillon , Volpi Elena , Rasmussen Blake
Published: June 2021

Multiple day (3‐14d) models of bed‐rest or step reduction have shown that physical inactivity decreases muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Little is known regarding how soon this decrement in muscle protein synthesis occurs following inactivity, such as during an overnight hospital stay, which has been associated with reductions in physical activity. To examine the effect of inactivity from one overnight stay, on MPS we recruited 75 young subjects that were assigned to either walk on to the clinical research unit at 7am before assessment of MPS (Walk‐on) or as inpatient subjects who were studied after an overnight stay (Overnight) and before assessment of MPS the following morning. We had a subset of subjects (from Walk‐on and Overnight) wear a step activity monitor, which collected step data from midnight until initiation of the tracer infusion. We used stable isotopic methods and collected vastus lateralis biopsies 2‐3h apart for assessment of mixed MPS. Walk‐on and Overnight took ~1210 and ~88 steps, respectively. MPS was ~20% lower (p<0.05) for Overnight as compared to Walk‐on. We conclude that one overnight stay in the hospital is an inactivity model.

Grant Funding Source: NIH/NIAMS (AR049877) and NIH/NIA P30 AG024832
Contribution of dietary fat to high‐density lipoprotein triglyceride during nocturnal hypertriglyceridemia (821.12)
Authors: Vorland Colby , Peterson Kerry
Published: June 2021

Low HDLc concentrations in the metabolic syndrome are driven by elevated blood levels of triglyceride (TG)‐rich lipoproteins (TRL) and transfer of this TG into HDL through the enzyme cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP). The goal of this study was to utilize an in vivo method to directly quantify the transfer of TG from TRL and its fractions(very‐low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons) to HDL. Obese patients (5M, 3F, 44±10 y) were fed whole‐foods meals labeled with d31‐TG with the last meal (181kcal and 6g of fat) eaten at 2200h. Lipoproteins were isolated hourly beginning at 0000h. As expected, the total TG content rose first in TRL followed by a rise in HDL, though, both TRL‐ and HDL‐TG did not measurably change over time. Surprisingly, the TG content of HDL did not correlate with that of TRL (r= ‐0.54, p=0.21), chylomicrons (r= ‐0.721, p=0.068), or VLDL (r= ‐0.038, p=0.935). The proportion of TG from the diet in both TRL and HDL changed over time (p<0.001, and p=0.004) and peaked at 18.8±3% and 9.8±1.5% of TG, respectively. As expected, the contribution of dietary fat to HDL‐TG positively correlated with that in TRL‐TG (r=0.93, p=0.003), chylomicrons (r=0.89, p=0.007), and VLDL (r=0.79, p=0.035). These data reflect the transfer of dietary fat from TRL to HDL and suggest dietary labeling is a better indicator of CETP‐mediated lipid transfer compared to TG content of HDL.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by a UW‐Stout Student Research and CEHHS Student Research Initiative Award
Fatty acid chain length and degree of saturation regulate expression of pyruvate carboxylase in Madin‐Darby bovine kidney cells (821.9)
Authors: Boesche Katherine , Koser Stephanie , Donkin Shawn
Published: June 2021

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes oxaloacetate (OAA) synthesis and ostensibly links gluconeogenesis and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrates activation of bovine PC mRNA in Madin‐Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells in response to a PPAR agonist but a decrease with saturated FA. Our objective was to determine effects of chain length and degree of saturation through copresence of saturated and unsaturated FA on PC mRNA. Cells at 80% confluence were exposed to either individual FA bound to BSA (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n‐9 cis or C18:3n‐3 cis) or FA cocktails in 25:75, 50:50 or 75:25 for combinations of C16:0: C18:3n‐3 cis or C18:0: C18:3n‐3 cis or C18:1n‐9 cis: C18:3n‐3 cis. Total FA concentration was 1 mM. Both C16:0 and C18:0 independently decreased (P < 0.05) PC mRNA (0.70, 0.18, 2.53 ± 0.41; C16:0, C18:0, control, respectively). The ratio of 25:75 C18:3n‐3 cis: C18:0 increased PC expression compared to C18:0 (1.97, 0.18 ± 0.41; P < 0.05) but only 75:25 C18:3n‐3 cis: C16:0 could recover PC expression to levels similar to control (1.55, 2.53 ± 0.41; P > 0.1). Results indicate that C18:3n‐3 cis is a more potent alleviator of PC depression in C18:0 treated cells compared to C16:0: C18:3n‐3 cis treatments. C18:1n‐9 cis treatments did not depress PC (P > 0.10), revealing FA saturation is key in PC expression. PC activation by unsaturated FA may play a critical role in setting the capacity for OAA synthesis.
Anti‐carcinogenic effect of glyceollins in DMBA‐induced mammary tumor model (824.5)
Authors: Kim Bo Ram , Seo Ji Yeon , Kang Hye Ryung , Kim Seong Soon , Zakharova Alexandra , Kim Mi Hye , Woo Ji Eun , Han Mi Kyung , Kim Jong‐Sang
Published: June 2021

Glyceollins are synthesized from daidzen in soybean elicited with Aspergillus sojae. Several studies reported that glyceollins had anti‐estrogenic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer activities in both breast cancer cell and animal models. This study was aimed at investigating whether glyceollins exert anticancer activity through regulation of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes. That is, I was interested in investigating if glyceollins can inhibit DMBA‐induced breast cancer development by enhancing xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes such as glutation S ‐transferase, glucuronyl transferase, and sulfotransferase. The expression of phase 2 enzymes in organs collected from mice was assessed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry(IHC). Also we observed the tumor formation in mammary grand mice by whole mount analysis. The number of fat pad TEBs in the mammary tissue was significantly increased by DMBA treated and reduced by co treatment with glyceollins. Also glyceollins were found to induce same antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes in the liver. Therefore, we suspected that DMBA had little effect on mammary tissue as it was rapidly metabolized by detoxifying enzymes induced by glyceollins. In conclusion, glyceollins apprear to confer protection to mammary tissue from chemical carcinogen.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NRF‐2010‐0027204 and 2011‐0009782 and IPET (High Value‐added Food TechnologyDevelopment Program, 2012, 112066‐3), S. Korea
Folate deficiency affects mammary gland development in pre‐ and peri‐pubescent mice (827.12)
Authors: Miszewski Susan , Berryhill Grace , Green Ralph , Borowsky Alexander , Miller Joshua , Hovey Russell
Published: June 2021

The ducts of mammary glands (MG) undergo phases of isometric and allometric growth during postnatal life. Folate is required for DNA synthesis and stability, where its effects are modulated by estrogen. Here we investigated the effects of folate deficiency on early MG development. Female FVB mice were assigned to either a control (2 mg folic acid/kg) or deficient (0 mg folic acid/kg) amino acid defined diet during in utero, postnatal, and early pubertal development. Tissues were assessed at weaning and during the peri‐pubescent period. The area occupied by the mammary ducts was reduced in folate deficient animals at weaning and during early puberty (p<0.0001). The slope of MG growth in the isometric phase, from birth to weaning, was less for the MG of deficient females compared with controls (95% confidence limits 0.23‐0.78 and 1.47‐1.82, respectively). Allometric growth was unaffected by diet. We conclude that folate deficiency impairs ductal elongation in the MGs of female mice prior to puberty. Alterations in pre‐pubertal development may fundamentally alter MG physiology throughout life, with potential impacts on lactation potential and risk of breast cancer.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by California Breast Cancer Research Program
Betaine is as effective as folate at re‐synthesizing methionine for protein synthesis during moderate methionine deficiency in piglets (827.15)
Authors: McBreairty Laura , Robinson Jason , Harding Scott , Randell Edward , Brunton Janet , Bertolo Robert
Published: June 2021

Methionine is an essential amino acid that is in high demand in neonates for protein synthesis as well as for transmethylation (TM) reactions, such as creatine synthesis and DNA methylation. TM reactions produce homocysteine, which can be either converted to cysteine or re‐methylated to methionine via folate or betaine (synthesized from choline). It is unclear whether both remethylation pathways are equally important in neonates for remethylation. The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementation with folate, betaine or a combination of both (n=6) can re‐synthesize methionine for protein synthesis when dietary methionine is limiting. In piglets adapted to low‐methionine diets devoid of folate, choline and betaine, we measured 13C‐phenylalanine oxidation pre‐ and post‐supplementation as an indicator of protein synthesis. Prior to supplementation, plasma folate (‐60%), betaine (‐95%), dimethylglycine (‐95%), choline (‐60%) and cysteine (‐45%) were all lower (p<0.05) compared to baseline with no change in homocysteine. Post‐supplementation, phenylalanine oxidation levels were ~30% lower (p<0.05) with any methyl donor supplementation with no difference among groups. This demonstrates an equal capacity for betaine and folate to remethylate methionine for protein synthesis and warrants future research on betaine in the infant diet.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Distribution of functional 1‐carbon metabolism single nucleotide polymorphisms in Gambian versus European populations (827.4)
Authors: Owen Jennifer , Silver Matt , Corbin Karen , Dominguez‐Salas Paula , Moore Sophie , Hennig Branwen , Zeisel Steven
Published: June 2021

Choline is an essential dietary nutrient and, along with its metabolites, has profound implications in cell signaling, methyl group donation, neurotransmitter synthesis, structural integrity of cell membranes, and fetal neurogenesis. Several important single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the choline and folate metabolism pathways have been associated with organ dysfunction, either liver or muscle damage, in response to a low choline diet. A study was conducted to compare the distribution of these known functional SNPs in pregnant women in rural Gambia (N=248), a population with a low choline diet, versus a North Carolina population of European Descent (N=230), a population with a relatively high choline diet. The effect alleles of these SNPs increase dietary choline requirements and contribute to organ dysfunction. The prevalence of the effect allele of functional SNPs in 1‐carbon metabolism was significantly different in Gambian versus European populations: PEMT rs12325817 2.4% and 17.5%, MTHFD1 rs2236225 2.4% and 15.0 %; CHDH rs12676 0.0% and 9.4 % (P<0.0001). Interestingly, in the Gambian population, the effect alleles are reduced or absent as compared to the North Carolina population. This supports our current hypothesis that dietary choline intake is a novel selective pressure that could lead to the differences in SNP distribution and associated risk for organ dysfunction in these populations.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by The Gates Foundation
Dietary intake and blood levels of choline in a cohort of Canadian pregnant women and newborn infants (827.9)
Authors: Visentin Carly , Masih Shannon , Plumptre Lesley , Malysheva Olga , Sohn Kyoung‐Jin , Ly Anna , Lausman Andrea , Berger Howard , Croxford Ruth , Caudill Marie , O'Connor Deborah , Kim Young‐In
Published: June 2021

The developing fetus has a high demand for choline which must be supplied by the mother. To date, very few studies have examined dietary choline intake during pregnancy and its relationship with biomarkers of choline metabolism. We determined dietary intake of choline in 368 pregnant women using a food frequency questionnaire during early and late pregnancy. We measured plasma free choline and metabolite levels in maternal blood samples at 12‐16 weeks gestation and at delivery and in cord blood. Mean dietary choline intake was 313±135 mg/d and did not change appreciably across gestation. Conversely, mean plasma choline levels significantly increased by 49% (p<0.0001), betaine levels significantly decreased by 22% (p<0.0001) and dimethylglycine levels significantly increased by 16% (p<0.0001) from early to late pregnancy. Mean plasma levels of trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) did not change significantly. Maternal dietary choline intake during early pregnancy was only correlated with maternal blood levels of dimethylglycine (r=0.13; p= 0.02) but not with choline, betaine or TMAO levels. Furthermore, maternal plasma choline levels at delivery were not correlated with cord blood choline levels, whereas maternal plasma betaine levels correlated with cord blood betaine levels (r=0.34; p<0.0001). Our data indicate that plasma choline levels significantly increase during pregnancy despite no appreciable change in dietary choline intake and that dietary choline intake does not predict maternal or cord blood levels of choline.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by CIHR MOP #106446
Flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside improves insulin sensitivity through upregulating GLUT4 expression in diet‐induced obese mice (829.25)
Authors: Wang Yanwen , Fofana Bourlaye , Roy Moumita , Ghose Kaushik
Published: June 2021

Flaxseed Lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Improves Insulin Sensitivity through Upregulating GLUT4 Expression in Diet‐Induced Obese Mice Yanwen Wang1, Bourlaye Fofana2, Moumita Roy1, and Kaushik Ghose 2 1 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3 2 Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3 The objective of this study was to determine the anti‐diabetic effect and underlying mechanisms of flaxseed lignans in diet‐induced obese and insulin resistant mice. Male C57BL/6J mice, at the age of 8 wk, were provided with a high‐fat diet to induce insulin resistance. The age‐matched male C57BL/6J mice fed in parallel with a low‐fat diet were used as the normal control. After 12 wk, the high‐fat diet‐fed mice were randomized into 4 groups and treated by gavage feeding once a day with 0 (high‐fat/insulin resistant control), 10, 100, and 1,000 mg/kg/d of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG, 60% pure) lignan dissolved in water, respectively, for 6 weeks. The high‐fat and low‐fat control groups were gavaged with the vehicle. It was demonstrated that oral administration of SDG lowered body weight, serum insulin, total cholesterol and free fatty acid levels. SDG also improved oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance. Further molecular experiments showed that SDG increased muscle GLUT4 protein expression. The results suggest that flaxseed SDG lignan protects from insulin resistance in diet‐induced obese mice and has potential to be used as a natural product for the prevention and treatment of obesity‐related insulin resistance or diabetes.

Grant Funding Source: TUFGEN 604381
Comparisons of anti‐hyperglycemic effects of vitamin B4, vitamin B6 and vitamin C in animal model (829.31)
Authors: Lee Se‐Woon , Cho Cha‐Young , Jo Sung‐Hoon , Yoo Jong‐Il , Apostolidis Emmanouil , Jang Hae‐Dong , Kwon Young‐In
Published: June 2021

We selected 3 kinds of water soluble vitamins such as vitamin B₄, vitamin B₆, and vitamin C using Sprague Dawley(SD) rat model. The concentration of vitamin B₄and vitamin B₆ for sucrose loading test was 50 mg/kg, vitamin C was 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg. The effect of as vitamin B₄, vitamin B₆, and vitamin C on the postprandial blood glucose increase after meal was investigated in SD rats fed on sucrose. Three vitamin samples significantly reduced the postprandial blood glucose levels after sucrose loading. These results indicate that vitamin B₄, vitamin B₆, and vitamin C may have anti‐hyperglycemic effect by suppressing carbohydrate absorption in the gastrointestinal level, and thereby reducing the postprandial increase of blood glucose. These results indicate that vitamin B₄, vitamin B₆, and vitamin C may improve postprandial in blood glucose and glucose homeostasis since it inhibits intestinal sucrase and thus delays carbohydrate absorption, although clinical trials are needed.
Effects of curcumin supplementation on iron overload and liver cancer in a mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis (829.8)
Authors: Messner Donald , Ho Easter , Hahn Hejin , Kowdley Kris
Published: June 2021

Curcumin, a key bioactive component of the dietary spice turmeric, is an antioxidant iron chelator with cancer prevention potential. The aim of this study was to investigate curcumin and turmeric for iron depletion and chemoprevention of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced liver cancer in a mouse model of hemochromatosis. C3H/HeJ wild type and hfe ‐/‐ male mice were given a single IP injection of DEN at 5 weeks of age and then fed diets containing 40 ppm iron, +/‐ 2% curcumin or 5% turmeric (≍0.2% curcumin). At 36 weeks of age the hfe ‐/‐ mice showed 3‐fold higher levels of liver iron but similar incidence of DEN‐induced cancer vs.wild type. Dietary curcumin did not alter body weights, liver iron, or incidence of cancer (≍77% in all hfe ‐/‐ groups). However the number of liver tumors per animal were increased 2.8x in the curcumin group (p<0.01) and 2.3x in the turmeric group (p<0.05). Liver/body weight ratios increased in both groups (p<0.001). There was no effect of diet on oxidative damage (TBARS) in tumor‐free liver tissue. Western blots suggested increased liver redox defenses (GST‐α and heme oxygenase‐1) in animals fed turmeric. We conclude that addition of curcumin near the maximum achievable in the diet was not effective in decreasing iron overload in this mouse model of hemochromatosis. High levels of dietary curcumin and turmeric appeared to increase, rather than protect against, the hepatocarcinogenic effects of DEN.

Grant Funding Source: NIH #AT003448
Lessertia frutescens (Sutherlandia) suppresses multiple intracellular signaling pathways associated with inflammatory responses in murine macrophages (830.12)
Authors: Lei Wei , Browning Jimmy , Eichen Peggy , Zong Yijia , Chuang Dennis , Lu Chi‐Hua , Folk William , Sun Grace , Fritsche Kevin
Published: June 2021

Sutherlandia is an herb native to southern Africa and traditionally used in various inflammatory conditions. Previously, we reported that an ethanolic extract of Sutherlandia (SE) had anti‐inflammatory activity in murine macrophages. This study was designed to investigate the impact of SE on inflammation‐related intracellular signaling pathways, and to identify the bioactive component(s) in this herb. RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to various concentrations of SE for 1 hr, then an inflammatory response was triggered by co‐treatment with LPS and IFNγ. The phosphorylated and total STAT1, ERK1/2, p38, and JNKs in cell lysates were determined by Western blot. Exposure to SE significantly decreased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and ERK1/2 by up to 80% and 70%, respectively. Meanwhile, SE had only a limited effect on the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. We used nitric oxide (NO) production as a screening tool to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory activities of Sutherlandia‐specific constituents: sutherlandiosides A‐D, sutherlandins A‐D. None of these compounds were able to reduce LPS/IFNγ‐induced NO production. In summary, our crude Sutherlandia extract suppressed several key signaling pathways related to inflammatory responses in macrophages, and we continue to search for the constituent(s) responsible.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH P50AT006273
Hair growth promoting effects of Geranium sibiricum L extract on human dermal papilla cell under glucocorticoid‐induced stress condition (830.18)
Authors: Lee Bog‐Hieu , Yu Miri , Choi Joo‐Yeon , Jeong Gi Hee
Published: June 2021

The study investigated whether Geranium Sibiricum L extract(GSE) with high antioxidant activity has hair growth promoting effect in artificial stress condition or not. MTT assay and scratch migration assay were used for to determine the GSE effect on human dermal papilla cell(hDPC). To analyze hair growth promoting effect of GSE, we implemented Ki67 immunochemistry staining and cytokine(TGF‐β1 and HGF) analysis. Stress condition was induced using synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone, DEX). GSE showed highest proliferation effect in 19.5 ppm(ug/ml) and migration effect of GSE was actively accelerated in 19.5 ppm as well. DEX treatment group appeared to be very low Ki 67 positive cells but GSE and DEX co‐treatment group exhibited Ki 67 positive cells more than normal condition(NC) group. Relative TGF‐β1 expression was the lowest in GSE group, while DEX group showed the highest TGF‐β1 expression. GSE and DEX co‐treatment group showed 25.8% lower TGF‐β1 expression than DEX treatment group. Relative HGF expression was the highest in GSE group. In DEX group, HGF expression was very low, but GSE and DEX co‐treatment group showed similar HGF expression to NC group. GSE and DEX co‐treatment group expressed 12 times more HGF expression level than DEX group. These results suggest that GSE promotes the proliferation and migration of hDPC possibly by suppressing TGF‐β1(hair growth inhibition cytokine) expression level, and elevating HGF(hair growth promoting cytokine) expression in stressful condition.

Grant Funding Source: supported by Basic Science Research Program through the Natiional Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)