bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Condensation of Nickel–Carbonyl Clusters with Soft Lewis Acids: Synthesis and Characterisation of the {Cd2Cl3[Ni6(CO)12]2}3– Dimer
Authors: Femoni Cristina , Iapalucci Maria Carmela , Longoni Giuliano , Ranuzzi Fabrizio , Zacchini Stefano , Fedi Serena , Zanello Piero
Published: July 2007

Reaction of [Ni6(CO)12]2– in thf with 2 equiv. of the softLewis acid CdCl2·2.5H2O gives the new dimeric species {Cd2Cl3[Ni6(CO)12]2}3–. The formation of the latter is not the result of direct addition of CdCl2 to [Ni6(CO)12]2–, but it involves some intermediate species, i.e. [Ni9(CO)18]2– and [Ni9(CO)18Cd2Cl4]2–. The crystal structure of [NBu4]3{Cd2Cl3[Ni6(CO)12]2}·thf was ascertained by X‐ray crystallography. In the solid state, the {Cd2Cl3[Ni6(CO)12]2}3– cluster anions are pillared along the crystallographic c axis, forming infinite columns of perfectly alternating cluster anions and thf molecules. The chemical and electrochemical behaviours of {Cd2Cl3[Ni6(CO)12]2}3– are also reported and compared to those of the parent [Ni6(CO)12]2– dianion.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Nb‐Doped VO2 Thin Films Prepared by Aerosol‐Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition
Authors: Piccirillo Clara , Binions Russell , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: July 2007

Niobium‐doped vanadium dioxide (VxNb1–xO2, x = 0–0.037) thin films were prepared by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) of vanadyl(IV) acetonate and niobium(V) ethoxide in ethanol. Samples were analysed by EDX, XRD, Raman, XPS and SEM. The analyses confirmed the deposition of niobium, even if no separated phase was formed; the morphological structure of the films was affected by the dopant presence. The thin films showed thermochromic behaviour, with a marked change in optical properties above and below the switching temperature. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The First Heterohexametallic Transition‐Metal Complex
Authors: Packheiser Rico , Lang Heinrich
Published: July 2007

The synthesis and characterisation of a first heteromultimetallic transition metal complex with six different metal atoms (Fe, Ru, Re, Au, Cu and Ti), connected through carbon‐rich bridging units, are reported. Complex {1‐[(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)RuC≡C]‐3‐[(bipy*)(CO)3ReC≡C]‐5‐[PPh2AuC≡C‐bipy({[Ti](μ‐σ,π‐C≡CSiMe3)2}Cu)]C6H3}PF6 is accessible in a consecutive reaction sequence by applying building blocks from a ligand and coordination complex library. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Fluoxetine vs placebo for depressive symptoms after stroke: failed randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ruddell M. , Spencer A. , Hill K. , House A.
Published: July 2007

Background

Growth in antidepressant prescribing is a well‐recognised phenomenon in developed countries. In stroke care, the evidence of effectiveness from systematic reviews is surprisingly weak. We therefore decided to undertake a randomised controlled trial comparing fluoxetine to placebo.

Methods

Double blind placebo‐controlled trial. Cases were high‐scorers on the GHQ‐28 and we applied minimal exclusion criteria.

Results

Despite screening 614 patients we were able to randomise only one into the trial. High rates of refusal to participate and exclusions due to physical ill health were coupled with high rates of prescribing among stroke clinicians, to cause this recruitment problem.

Conclusions

In addition to the predicted practical problems of conducting an RCT in an elderly frail population, it became clear that most clinicians are not in equipoise about the value of antidepressant medication despite the lack of strong evidence for its effectiveness. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased susceptibility to liver injury in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice involves NKG2D-ligand interaction and natural killer cells
Authors: Chen Yongyan , Wei Haiming , Sun Rui , Dong Zhongjun , Zhang Jian , Tian Zhigang
Published: July 2007

The innate immunopathogenesis responsible for the susceptibility to hepatocyte injury in chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers is not well defined. In this study, hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice (named HBs-Tg) were oversensitive to liver injury after immunologic [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or concanavalin A (ConA)] or chemical (CCl4) triggering. It was then found that the nonhepatotoxic low dose of ConA for wild-type mice induced severe liver injury in HBs-Tg mice, which was dependent on the accumulated intraheptic natural killer (NK) cells. Expressions of NKG2D ligands (Rae-1 and Mult-1) in hepatocytes were markedly enhanced upon ConA stimulation in HBs-Tg mice, which greatly activated hepatic NK cells via NKG2D/Rae-1 or Mult-1 recognition. Interestingly, the presence of NK T cells was necessary for NK cell activation and worked as positive helper cell possibly by producing interferon-γ and interleukin-4 in this process.

Conclusion

: Our findings for the first time suggested the critical role of NKG2D recognition of hepatocytes by NK cells in oversensitive liver injury during chronic HBV infection. (Hepatology 2007.)
Human and computer integrated manufacturing: A manufacturing strategy based on organization, people, and technology
Authors: Kidd P. T.
Published: July 2007

Much of the human factors research in the area of advanced manufacturing has been concerned with human factors in the design and implementation of manufacturing technology. Recent research has shown that competitive manufacturing needs to be based upon developing a manufacturing strategy which satisfies business needs. Investment in technology by itself does little to improve competitiveness and profitability. The article therefore considers the application of human factors in the development of a manufacturing strategy. This is quite a different problem from using human factors at the design and implementation level, and a more careful and pragmatic approach is needed. Some preliminary results of research aimed at developing a manufacturing strategy tool kit suitable for senior managers are described.
Workers' assessments of three flexible manufacturing systems
Authors: Adler Paul S.
Published: July 2007

This article explores workers' reactions to three flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) through their responses to the Job Diagnostic Survey and other questionnaire items. Data from two installations are compard to data presented in previous studies of a third installation and to samples of workers on stand‐alone machines. One of the new cases was characterized by its semi‐autonomous team organization, while the other new installation was organized along rather conventional lines. Three results are highlighted. First, the skill requirements of FMS jobs were seen by workers as greater than the skill requirements of both stand‐alone conventional and NC equipment. Second, workers on both these new FMSs expressed equally high levels of satisfaction and motivation, considerably higher than that found in the earlier study. Third, an understanding of these worker reactions to FMSs requires a detailed characterization of their specific tasks and technologies.
The human factors of system design: Understanding and enhancing the role of human factors engineering
Authors: Rouse William B. , Cody William R. , Boff Kenneth R.
Published: July 2007

Design decisions which govern the operability of human‐machine systems should be made by people who thoroughly understand human factors principles, methods, and data. In practice, however, these decisions are often made by people trained in other design disciplines. These individuals may not be aware of, misinterpret, or not value this information. To ensure that human factors information is better integrated into the design process than is currently the case, we need to understand the context, perspectives, and activities associated with system design. Based on a review of design literature and eight field studies, this paper characterizes human‐machine system design in terms of its social and organizational context and the activities of its individual participants. Information access and utilization is seen as the common denominator across individuals. However, due to differences among design disciplines in how phenomena, problems, and solutions are represented, information across disciplines is often misinterpreted or misused, Implications of this analysis for design supports that can improve information integration into design, especially from the human factors domain, are discussed.
Human factors in manufacturing: The need for a consistent strategy
Authors: Burnes Bernard , James Hakeem
Published: July 2007

It has become increasingly obvious over the last decade that the companies that prosper in the 1990s will be those that successfully adopt a progressive approach to human factors. Though this is clear, what is less so is how managers should undertake such major changes. This article approaches this question by, first, describing how, from a study of the implementation of new technology in manufacturing companies, we came to view strategic planning as a central and essential process for tackling the issue of human factors. It then describes and discusses one company's experience of attempting to develop a strategy that challenged existing structures, functions, and jobs. In conclusion, the article draws attention to the need for managers to share/develop a common vision, and work as a consistent, cohesive, and stable unit, and to recognize the extended timetable necessary to achieve the types of changes required.
Development of a symbols library for the protection of health and safety at work—aids for the planning of manufacturing systems
Authors: Nicolaisen Peter
Published: July 2007

In flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) where industrial robots are in use, often little attention is paid to working conditions and safety to the human part of the system (operator, programmer, maintenance personnel). However, it is very difficult for many users to find a suitable solution for their problem. Although working groups, discussing and formulating safety standards for industrial robots, were already formed in various countries at a very early time, it is apparent that safety at the industrial robot workstation cannot be achieved solely by observing regulations, but can only be guaranteed if it is included from the outset in the overall system concept and layout as a planning criterion, and practical planning aids for health and safety aspects are provided to the designer.
On the interdisciplinary design of human‐centered knowledge‐based systems
Authors: Kirby John
Published: July 2007

This article describes the application of a human‐centered approach to the assessment and design of knowledge‐based advisory systems for use by design engineers. The human‐centered approach has arisen from interdisciplinary research into developing new ways of designing human‐computer systems and emphasizes the need to develop systems which extend rather than diminish the skills and knowledge of their users. The traditional rule‐based expert systems paradigm is analyzed and it is concluded that it is a typical product of technology‐centered design. A human‐centered approach to the design of knowledge‐based advisory systems is proposed which uses hypertext technology. The application of this approach to the design of a prototype knowledge‐based advisory system implemented in Smalltalk for use by control engineers is described.
Environment, manufacturing technology, and embedded knowledge
Authors: Sobol Marion G. , Lei David
Published: July 2007

This article focuses on the relationship between different types of organization‐based knowledge and its application to utilizing various forms of advanced manufacturing technology. Explicit knowledge is transparent in the sense that any firm with a comparable skill and technology base can understand and apply it in a fast and similar manner. Tacit knowledge is based more on insight, practice, and cumulative learning that is deeply embedded within the organization's dynamic routines and operating systems. The effective learning and application of new types of manufacturing skills and techniques, such as computer‐integrated manufacturing (CIM) and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), is based heavily on the firm's cultivation of tacit, embedded knowledge to build competitive advantage. A model describes the strategic application of different manufacturing technologies across varying levels of technological change and market fragmentation. In each of the four cells, the roles of workers, managers, and different subunits of the firm are discussed as they relate to understanding the nexus between types of knowledge and manufacturing activities.
Cognitive and sociotechnical issues in design for manufacturability
Authors: Helander Martin G.
Published: July 2007

The decision to invest in manufacturing is a complex problem. In the past engineers have often focused on the promises and possibilities of technologies, but failed to analyze issues related to human factors and organizational constraints. As a result, many investments have failed. This article reviews three problem areas where greater emphasis must be spent on human factors issues: (1) incorporation of human factors evaluation criteria in concurrent engineering, (2) use of computer aids to support the cognitive requirements of the design process, and (3) organizational impact of the introduction of computer systems for manufacturing, planning, and production. A planning model for manufacturing is proposed that unifies these problem areas.
Temporal strategies of operators dealing with numerous parallel processes: A field study
Authors: Grosjean Vincent
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a field study of the temporal strategies used by manual workers in a fiberglass factory. Their work consists of feeding ten machines working in parallel. These operators use two very different strategies in their work: one based on anticipation of the future evolution of the process, and another that does not use such an anticipatory strategy. We show that the temporal constraints imposed by the machines are at the base of whether or not the workers develop this strategy. We also discuss the impacts of these temporal strategies on different factors, such as performance, the number of errors committed, and the nature and topics of the operator's interactions with his colleagues. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shared functional representation in cooperative tasks‐the example of shift changeover
Authors: Grusenmeyer C.
Published: July 2007

The growing complexity of industrial systems emphasizes the problems of coordination of operators' activities. Studies on collective work are more and more numerous. However, most of them are focused on cooperation between operators with different abilities and a well‐defined problem to solve. Within this framework, shift changeover seems to be a specific collective situation. This paper will try to demonstrate the interest of the concept of shared functional representation between operators through two case studies about shift changes. These analyses have shown how the lack of shared functional representation between operators can contribute to a nonoptimum shift change. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Qualitative modeling of the organizational acceptance of advanced manufacturing technologies
Authors: Paul Brian K. , Cochran Jeffery K.
Published: July 2007

The need to effectively manage technology has been around since the early days of American industrialization. Pioneers of American manufacturing such as DuPont and Ford all faced competitive pressures to develop and apply emerging technologies. In the past decade, the rash of failures involving the implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) suggests technology implementation requires a better understanding of the human issues involved. Fundamental to the implementation of AMT is the existence of technology champions. Some researchers have suggested that technology champions can be cultivated through the identification and engagement of informal leaders. The following study proposes a methodology for simulating group interaction based on communication diffusion theory. This methodology is used to identify and engage informal opinion leaders for the purposes of improving CIM implementations. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Do it right the first time‐quality as the crucial change agent in the European steel industries
Authors: Franz Hans‐Werner
Published: July 2007

Originally a mass production industry, the production and transformation of steel has become a high‐tech industry with a differentiated quality production, marching in the vanguard of computer‐integrated manufacturing. During the severe crisis of the 1980s, relevant parts of the European steel industry managed to establish new patterns of quality‐oriented rationalization along with modernized approaches to workforce deployment. Indeed, new patterns of Human Resource Management are appearing, partly formulated as comprehensive post‐Tayloristic strategies, partly hidden under a patchwork of conventional and neo‐Tayloristic measures. Systemic rationalization, especially in the pursuit of quality, leads to a growing need of what we call systemic cooperation. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A predictive model for the successful integration of concurrent engineering with people and organizational factors: Based on data of 25 companies
Authors: Duffy Vincent , Danek Annette , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: July 2007

Manufacturers that use concurrent engineering perform the design of the product and process in parallel and may utilize teams as the primary work group. In order to implement concurrent engineering, manufacturers have relied on a variety of new technologies. In this paper, it is proposed that models developed for the effective management of technological and organizational change could be effectively used to predict the levels of success of the organization attributed to concurrent engineering. An integrated model was developed that considers the human and organizational variables that are thought to be important when implementing a new technology. A questionnaire was developed and administered at 25 manufacturing companies. Results provide a reliable and valid model whereby time spent by management in determining task, work structure, and technology implementation accounts for 46.7% of the variance attributed to the effectiveness of organizations. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A fuzzy logic approach for safety and collision avoidance in robotic systems
Authors: Graham James H.
Published: July 2007

A major factor that has limited the application of robots in industrial and human service applications has been the lack of robust sensing and control algorithms for detection and prevention of collision conditions. This paper discusses an approach to the collision avoidance control of robots using a fuzzy logic methodology for the integration of sensory input data from the robot's environment. The paper presents a formulation of the collision avoidance problem using the occupancy grid formulation, and discusses the use of a combination of Dempster‐Shafer inference and fuzzy logic in fusing the sensory information and making robot movement decisions. This hybrid approach utilizes the strengths of both systems to provide an effective and computationally tractable result. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ebselen attenuates cadmium‐induced testicular damage in mice
Authors: Ardais Ana P. , Santos Francielli W. , Nogueira Cristina W.
Published: July 2007

This study was designed to examine if ebselen, an organoselenium compound with antioxidant and glutathione peroxidase‐mimetic properties, attenuates testicular injury caused by intraperitoneal administration of CdCl2. A number of toxicological parameters were evaluated in the testes of mice, such as δ‐aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ‐ALA‐D) activity, lipid peroxidation, ascorbic acid levels and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Ebselen attenuated lipid peroxidation levels altered by CdCl2. δ‐ALA‐D activity inhibited by the highest dose of CdCl2 was attenuated by ebselen. A significant negative correlation between lipid peroxidation levels and δ‐ALA‐D activity was observed. Ebselen restored ascorbic acid levels reduced by CdCl2. A significant negative correlation between ascorbic acid levels and δ‐ALA‐D activity reinforces the idea that ebselen attenuated the damage induced by CdCl2 via its antioxidant property. The significant correlation between ALT and δ‐ALA‐D activity supports the assumption that ebselen prevented damage caused by CdCl2. The results show that ebselen attenuated oxidative stress, a process important for CdCl2 toxicity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some aspects of chemotherapy
Authors: Linnell W. H.
Published: July 2007

A summary, prepared by the author, of his paper read at Cardiff before a joint meeting of the South Wales section of the Society and the local section of the Institute of Chemistry on December 8, 1939.
Patterns of spatial and temporal cranial muscle development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae)
Authors: Ziermann Janine M. , Olsson Lennart
Published: July 2007

The African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis, has been a major vertebrate model organism for developmental studies for half a century. Because most studies have focused on the early stages of development, this has had the effect that many aspects of organogenesis and later development remain relatively poorly known in this species. In particular, little is known about cranial muscle development even at the level of morphology and histological differentiation of muscle anlagen and muscle fibers. In this study, we document the morphogenesis and histological differentiation of cranial muscles in X. laevis. We provide a detailed account of the timing of development for each of the cranial muscles, and also describe a new muscle, the m. transversus anterior. The cranial musculature of X. laevis larvae generally develops in a rostrocaudal sequence. The first muscles to differentiate are the extrinsic eye muscles. Muscles of the mandibular and hyoid arches develop almost simultaneously, and are followed by the muscles of the branchial arches and the larynx, and by the mm. geniohyoideus and rectus cervicis. Despite the fact that differentiation starts at different stages in the different muscles, most are fully developed at Stage 14. These baseline data on the timing of muscle differentiation in the X. laevis can serve as a foundation for comparative studies of heterochronic changes in cranial muscle development in frogs and other lissamphibians. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of proximal tibia anterior shear force during a vertical stop‐jump
Authors: Sell Timothy C. , Ferris Cheryl M. , Abt John P. , Tsai Yung‐Shen , Myers Joseph B. , Fu Freddie H. , Lephart Scott M.
Published: July 2007

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) continues to be a significant medical issue for athletes participating in sports and recreational activities. Biomechanical analyses have determined that anterior shear force is the most direct loading mechanism of the ACL and a probable component of noncontact ACL injury. The purpose of this study was to examine the biomechanical predictors of proximal tibia anterior shear force during a stop‐jump task. A biomechanical and electromyographic (EMG) analysis of the knee was conducted while subjects performed a vertical stop‐jump task. The task was chosen to simulate an athletic maneuver that included a landing with a sharp deceleration and a change in direction. The final regression model indicated that posterior ground reaction force, external knee flexion moment, knee flexion angle, integrated EMG activity of the vastus lateralis, and sex (female) would significantly predict proximal tibia anterior shear force (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.8609). Knee flexion moment had the greatest influence on proximal tibia anterior shear force. The mathematical relationships elucidated in the current study support previous clinical and basic science research examining noncontact ACL injuries. This data provides important evidence for clinicians who are examining the risk factors for these injuries and developing/validating training programs to reduce the incidence of injury. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1589–1597, 2007
Spectral synthesis of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectra with broadband Stokes lasers of arbitrary line shapes
Authors: Marrocco Michele
Published: July 2007

An accurate analysis of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) relies on spectral convolutions over the relevant bandwidths. Although analytical solutions of CARS signals generated by pump and Stokes lasers with standard (i.e. Gaussian or Lorentzian) line shapes are well known, broadband Stokes lasers can deviate from the assumed profiles. To minimize the influence of such a deviation, it is customary to normalize the data to the previously measured background CARS spectrum reproducing the Stokes laser profile. However, no one has so far quantified the possible changes in the final outcome of a CARS experiment when the Stokes profile undergoes a distortion from standard line shapes. In an attempt to include this issue in the general treatment of CARS signals, the calculation of CARS spectra with arbitrary Stokes line shapes is described in this paper. To that end, the complexity of such problem is solved by linearizing the smooth profile of the broadband laser. Advantages of this new strategy are discussed in regard to an application to molecular hydrogen and signal corrections are found to be as high as 10% of the standard CARS intensities calculated for a Gaussian Stokes profile. For such signal variations, imprecision of standard CARS thermometry is expected to be about 3%. Comparison with background‐corrected standard intensities reveals, instead, an agreement on the spectral line strengths only; CARS line shapes and off‐resonance signal levels are in disagreement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain wave analysis. An electroencephalographic technique used for evaluating the communications‐effect of advertising
Authors: Weinstein Sidney , Weinstein Curt , Drozdenko Ronald
Published: July 2007

The results from the authors's applied research studies of communications‐effect and electroencephalographic (EEG) recording, which took place over the last ten years, employing thousands of respondents, are integrated in this paper. Application of EEG methodology to ad research, rather than theory, is stressed. Brain Wave Analysis

Brain Wave Analysis is a service mark of NeuroCommunication Research Laboratories, Inc., for its brand of EEG service.

, an EEG technique, is described. A positive relationship determined between Brain Wave Analysis and sales is discussed, as well as various applications such as “brain typing” the target market. The application of Brain Wave Analysis in determining effective advertising frequency is discussed as it relates to Krugman's three exposure theory. The continuing development of EEG analysis is briefly discussed.
The effects of compressed speech on listener attitudes
Authors: Nickell Gary S. , Pinto John N.
Published: July 2007

The effect of time‐compressed persuasive communications on listener attitudes was investigated. Previous research has indicated that faster speech rates enhance the perception of a message with no loss in comprehension. However, many of these studies suffer from methodological problems that make their conclusions tentative. The present study is an attempt to clarify the effects of time compression on commercial messages. Eighty subjects listened to one of two commercial messages at one of four speeds: 150, 175, 200, or 225 words per minute (WPM). Subjects later rated the message on several dependent measures using nine attitude rating scales and one behavioral intention measure. Results show support for the moderate speeds of 175 and 200 WPM being the preferred rate of speed on most of the dependent measures. The results suggest that many of the beneficial effects of faster speech rates previously shown may be artifacts of methodological controls.
The effects of discrepant power perceptions in a marketing channel
Authors: Gaski John F.
Published: July 2007

There have been numerous attempts to measure power in marketing channels, most relying on perceptions reported by the channel entities. Such measures have been shown to suffer from considerable bias (Phillips 1981). In particular, perceptions from different sides of a channel dyad may not be in close agreement. This study attempts to identify some consequences of such a perceptual disparity.
The effect of fear on purchase intentions
Authors: Mcdaniel Stephen W. , Zeithaml Valarie A.
Published: July 2007

The parallel response paradigm, set forth by Leventhal (1970), offers an explanation that accounts for the conflicting effects of facilitation and inhibition which result from fear arousal. Using this paradigm as a framework, the relationship between fear and purchase intentions was explored in a mail survey using a window protection device as a sample product. Results revealed a positive association between fear and purchase intentions.
Direct observation of search behavior in the purchase of two nondurable products
Authors: Gobb Cathy J. , Hoyer Wayne D.
Published: July 2007

This study examines external information search for nondurable products using a relatively unobtrusive measurement technique in an effort to minimize the demand bias inherent in many previous search studies. An attempt is made to explain differences in search behavior using five groups of predictive variables: decision task, shopping lifestyles, general shopping behavior, personality, and demographics. The findings support the notion of very limited search in the purchase of common, inexpensive, low involvement goods. Variables related to the decision task appear to be the best predictors of external information search behavior.
Personal constructs: Their use in the marketing of intangible services
Authors: Lewis Robert G. , Klein David M.
Published: July 2007

Marketing services requires identification of consumer's perceptions of salient attributes for positioning. Personal constructs (Kelly 1963) are at the core of consumers' determination of the degree to which attributes exist within phenomenon. Using Kelly's notion of personal constructs, this paper proposes a conceptual framework from which intangible attributes can be “tagged” to tangible signs.
The attraction paradigm in dyadic exchange
Authors: Caballero Marjorie , Resnik Alan J.
Published: July 2007

Although the marketing literature alludes to the influence of interpersonal attraction in dyadic exchange, the composition of attraction, as well as its relationship to other elements in the exchange process, has not been given adequate attention. Since substantial empirical evidence supports the impact of attraction on a variety of human responses, this article examines how attraction impacts on marketing dyads and presents a model of interpersonal attraction as a framework for empirical testing. The implications of the model are discussed, and suggestions for further research are given.
Cost‐ versus convenience‐oriented consumers: Demographic, lifestyle, and value perspectives
Authors: Morganosky Michelle A.
Published: July 2007

The demographic, lifestyle, and product value perspectives of convenience‐oriented consumers were compared with those of cost‐oriented consumers. Findings significant at least at the 0.05 level suggest that convenience‐oriented consumers do differ from cost‐oriented consumers on demographic, lifestyle, and product value perspectives. Implications for market segmentation and promotional strategies are presented.
Inflation‐induced adaptive behavior
Authors: McDaniel Stephen W. , Rao C. P. , Jackson Ralph W.
Published: July 2007

Periods of rapidly rising prices are seen by many as cyclical and pervasive phenomena in modern day economic systems. When rapid price increases occur, they are likely to induce adaptive behavior on the part of consumers. This article reports on a study seeking to analyze consumer inflation‐induced adaptive behavior as it relates to three food‐related consumer activities–food buying, preparation, and consumption. Results indicate that consumers, in general, attempt to adjust to the changing economic environment in several ways: they exercise more care and planning in food shopping, are more price sensitive and price conscious, are willing to sacrifice convenience but not quality, and try to maintain their usual level of food consumption and food habits. Results also indicate that inflation leads to greater adaptive behavior on the part of lower income consumers.
The hispanic family—consumer research issues
Authors: Alaniz Lisa Penaloza , Gilly Mary C.
Published: July 2007

There are significant differences in the structure and composition of the Hispanic‐American family when compared to models of the American family in the family life‐cycle literature. For researchers using the family life‐cycle framework to classify consumers, it is important to recognize key differences in families and the effects of these differences on family consumption behavior. The primary theoretical assumption made in this paper is that ethnic/racial differences in family structure and composition represent variations in subcultural norms governing family behaviors, including family consumption behaviors. Consumer research issues—such as difficulties encountered when conducting research on Hispanics—are discussed, as well as the effects of subcultural norms on aspects of consumer behavior. Future research is recommended to enrich our understanding of family consumption behavior by introducing a cultural dimension.
Shopping patterns: An exploration of some situational determinants
Authors: Mattson Bruce E. , Dubinsky Alan J.
Published: July 2007

Given the importance of specific behaviors, particularly choice behaviors, to marketing decisions, researchers have focused much of their attention on investigating determinants of choice behavior. Broader units of analysis, namely patterns of consumer behaviors, however, may also be useful in shaping marketing strategy. In fact, some research demonstrates that definite consumer shopping patterns exist. The present study goes beyond previous research by investigating the situational influences of time pressure and gift/self shopping on prestore and store visit shopping patterns.
An investigation of the determinants of cue utilization
Authors: Sullivan Gary L. , Burger Kenneth J.
Published: July 2007

Consumers' evaluations of subjective attributes are frequently accomplished using surrogate indicators as cues. An experiment was conducted to test the impact of three independent variables suggested by the literature to be central to the cue utilization process. Support for the notion that predictive value and confidence value interact to determine the influence of a cue on the evaluation of subjective attributes was obtained. The study results also indicate that the effect of predictive value and confidence value is consistent for both intrinsic and extrinsic cues.
The impact of interpersonal anxiety on consumer information processing
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul
Published: July 2007

Effects of interpersonal anxiety on consumer information processing were investigated from a psychoanalytic perspective. Findings indicate that increases in the number and importance of others in subjects' decision environments heighten experienced levels of anxiety. In addition, the relationship of anxiety to information processing was found to be curvilinear (inverted U‐shaped) as indicated by the total amount of information and the processing mode selected by subjects during a decision task. Implications for marketers and future research directions are provided.
Why marketing should quit giving subliminal advertising the benefit of the doubt
Authors: Saegert Joel
Published: July 2007

The popular belief in subliminal advertising has remained robust in spite of the fact that advertising professionals almost universally discount it as a practical technique. The current psychological theories of Silverman [Silverman, L. H. (1976). Psychoanalytic theory: The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated. American Psychologist, 31 (Sept.), 621–637] and his colleagues provide a conceptual basis for how changes in behavior might result from subliminal stimulation. However, the theory specifies stimulus conditions which make it highly unlikely that successful use of subliminal messages could be achieved in a promotional context. In light of Silverman's theories, even two recent demonstrations of subliminal effects in the advertising literature fail to enhance the credibility of subliminal advertising as a professional tool.
Self‐referencing as a mediator of the effectiveness of sex‐role portrayals in advertising
Authors: Debevec Kathleen , Iyer Easwar
Published: July 2007

This research examines the extent to which individuals self‐reference advertising portrayals and the consequences of doing so. A composite self‐referencing measure is developed relative to how self‐referencing has been defined and induced in past research. Individuals who exhibited high levels of self‐referencing of stimulus advertisements elicited more positive attitudes and cognitive responses than those who exhibited low levels of self‐referencing. Self‐referencing was also found to mediate the effect of various sex‐role portrayals on respondents' attitudes.
Timing of negative disclosures and attitudinal consequences
Authors: Smart Denise T. , Ensley Elizabeth E.
Published: July 2007

How to deal with situations that put a product and a company in a negative light has become a major concern for a number of companies. Research in the area of self‐disclosure of information and the effect on attraction for the source of the information suggest possible strategies for timing of disclosure of negative information in the advertising message to reduce negative attitudes about the product and the company. This article reports the results of an experiment designed to measure the effects of early or late disclosure of information when consequences of the situation are either light or severe.
Recent perspectives on unconscious processing: Still no marketing applications
Authors: Pratkanis Anthony R. , Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: July 2007

The history of subliminal research consists of cycles during which investigators report a subliminal finding, others fail to replicate it, but, nevertheless, the finding is publicized and achieves some degree of acceptance among lay audiences. Such cycles have been permitted by (a) inadequately standardized empirical criteria for subliminal effects and (b) lack of consensus on theories of unconscious processes. Recent advances in methods have yielded some replicable subliminal effects and new models of unconscious processes have abandoned some of the controversial motivational assumptions of past perspectives. Nevertheless, cautious interpretation of this recent work maintains the wisdom of a skeptical appraisal of the potential for productive marketing applications.
The intensifying effects of exciting television programs on the reception of subsequent commercials
Authors: Singh Surendra N. , Hitchon Jacqueline C.
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the effects of viewer excitement as elicited by television programs on the effectiveness of commercials embedded in such programs. A review of the literature suggests that the physiological arousal which results from suspenseful or emotional programs can be usefully characterized as an intensifier of important viewer responses. A brief overview of the literature on program context effects to date is given and a model is developed which positions arousal in relation to other mediating variables affecting commercial impact. The paper concludes with a summary of the more pressing issues arising from the study of excitement as an aspect of media environment.
Psychological meaning: Empirical directions for identification and strategy development
Authors: Golden Linda L. , Alpert Mark I. , Betak John F.
Published: July 2007

Meaning is important in attitude and perception research. Consumers can assign meanings to product attributes that do not conform to standard usage or have not been considered by the researcher, and a misunderstanding of that meaning can result in ineffective marketing strategy. This paper explores different levels of meaning and, through empirical example, presents a methodology for investigating the psychological meaning of attributes. Alternative methodologies for studying psychological meaning are discussed, and techniques for investigating the strategic operationalization of empirical semantic meaning results are illustrated using a mass transit study.
Opinion leaders, adopters, and communicative adopters: A role analysis
Authors: Venkatraman Meera P.
Published: July 2007

Our knowledge of the relationship between opinion leaders and adopters is based on discontinuous innovations. This paper argues that the relationship is different for continuous innovations. Previous research suggests that besides opinion leaders and adopters, communicative adopters—consumers who are both opinion leaders and adopters‐play important yet different roles in the diffusion of continuous innovations. Based on a study of 317 moviegoers, this paper shows that communicative adopters can be characterized as ‘Change agents,’ opinion leaders as ‘Interpersonal communicators,’ and adopters as ‘Nonpersonal influencers’.
Gender schema and fashion consciousness
Authors: Gould Stephen J. , Stern Barbara B.
Published: July 2007

Psychologists, consumer researchers, and marketers have long measured psychological traits related to gender, especially gender schema. This study assesses various psychological gender measures, including a new one, gender consciousness, in relation to a marketing variable of interest, fashion consciousness. Results indicate that biological sex is predominant when assessing the two sexes together. However, other variables emerge as important when within‐sex differences are assessed: public self‐consciousness for females and private gender consciousness (a new measure) for males. Marketing implications are discussed, primarily on the basis of these within‐sex differences, since fashion marketers usually target separately one or the other sex in their campaigns.
Involvement and risk
Authors: Venkatraman Meera P.
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the relationship between product class involvement and the ability to handle purchase risk. Adopting the enduring‐instrumental model of involvement, this paper examines its relationship with dimensions of risk such as uncertainty, importance, and innovation proneness. It proposes that enduringly involved consumers have a greater ability to handle risk as compared to instrumentally involved consumers. The findings, based on purchase behavior for the personal computer, food processor, and video cassette recorder, generally support the hypothesized relationships between involvement and risk for each of these three products. The implications of these findings for different facets of information seeking and purchase behavior are discussed.
Middle‐class black consumers and intensity of ethnic identification
Authors: Williams Jerome D. , Qualls William J.
Published: July 2007

This article reports on an empirical study analyzing the differences between black (buppies) and Anglo (yuppies) middle‐class consumers responding to advertising featuring celebrity endorsers. Particular attention is given to variability within the black consumer segment by examining intensity of identification and socioeconomic status. Using a laboratory experiment, 160 subjects were drawn from a large metropolitan area. The implications are that while black consumers who have moved up the socioeconomic ladder have similar responses to their Anglo counterparts, they should not necessarily be viewed as having lost strong ethnic identity.
Black and white response to culturally targeted television commercials: A values‐based approach
Authors: Pitts Robert E. , Whalen D. Joel , O'Keefe Robert , Murray Vernon
Published: July 2007

This study examines the effect of four national television advertisements for product category leader brands. These ads were developed expressly for black consumers. Through the use of cultural values, responses to ethnic or subculturally oriented marketing communication was measured. Two hundred and seventy one black and white respondents were drawn from a large urban, mid‐western city and a midsize deep‐south city. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine the differences between responses to each advertisement by black versus white respondents. The study confirmed the results that black respondents display a more positive affect toward a commercial message featuring black actors than do comparable whites.
Music format effects in radio advertising
Authors: Sullivan Gary L.
Published: July 2007

Radio advertising performance was experimentally investigated to determine whether music format can moderate the persuasive effect of ads for low involvement type products. Recall, attitude toward the product, attitude toward the advertisement, and behavioral intention scores each provide support for the research hypothesis. As predicted, a highly involving music format produced the most consistently favorable effects for the products tested.
Using rank values as an interval scale
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. , Midgley David F.
Published: July 2007

This article uses a psychometric technique to transform rank data into an interval scale. An empirical example shows that when the rank and interval scales are used as the dependent variable in a MANOVA there is no difference in the interpretation of the statistical analysis.
Scarcity effects on value: A quantitative review of the commodity theory literature
Authors: Lynn Michael
Published: July 2007

Commodity theory (Brock, 1968) deals with the psychological effects of scarcity. According to the theory, scarcity enhances the value (or desirability) of anything that can be possessed, is useful to its possessor, and is transferable from one person to another. This article introduces commodity theory to the marketing literature, reports a meta‐analysis of studies designed to test the theory, and discusses the marketing implications of the theory along with suggestions for future marketing research.
The impact of moods generated by television programs on responses to advertising
Authors: Mathur Mahima , Chattopadhyay Amitava
Published: July 2007

The impact of television‐program‐generated moods on the processing of embedded advertisements was examined within an experimental setting. Results show that program‐induced moods affected the amount of message recall and cognitive responses toward the advertisement. In addition, the results show that the affective bias in the cognitive responses toward the advertisement is affected by program‐induced moods. The implications of the results and directions for a program of research are discussed.
Fanatic consumer behavior: Athletics as a consumption experience
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Robinson Harold
Published: July 2007

This research is an attempt to explore the effects of fanatic consumer behavior on the activities and resulting feeling states of consumers. Using a random national sample of triathletes, results demonstrate that extreme involvement with their sport affects many aspects of their lives, and produces both positive and negative feelings. A model, comprising motivations, resulting behaviors, and affective outcomes, is developed and validated. Finally, implications for future investigations of fanatic consumer behavior are provided.
The golden section
Authors: Crowley Ayn E.
Published: July 2007

The golden section hypothesis, which predicts a specific proportion of positive and negative affective judgments, is described and tested in a marketing context. Results support the existence of the golden section in consumer judgments of a marketing stimulus and suggest that this affective response bias also exists within the independent factors that comprise the total judgment of a stimulus.