bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen über die Wechselwirkung von Aromaten mit Ansolvosäuren III. IR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen am System Benzol/Ansolvosäure/Halogenwasserstoff bei tiefen Temperaturen
Authors: Perkampus H.‐H. , Baumgarten E.
Published: April 2015

Es werden die IR‐Spektren der Komplexe von Benzol und Benzol‐d6 mit AlCl3, AlBr3 und GaCl3 bei tiefer Temperatur und im festen Zustand mitgeteilt.

Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß für die Wechselwirkung die Anwesenheit von Halogenwasserstoff erforderlich ist. Die resultierenden ”ternären Komplexe” sind demnach als ”Protonadditionskomplexe” zu formulieren. Es zeigt sich ferner, daß diese ternären Komplexe oberhalb – 60°C nicht beständig sind. Die in den IR‐Spektren der Komplexe neu auftretenden Banden, lassen sich auf Grund der Symmetrieänderung bei der Protonaddition größtenteils IR‐inaktiven Benzolschwingungen zuordnen. Zur Unterstützung hierfür wird der Isotopieeffekt des ternären Komplexes Benzol‐d6‐GaCl3‐DCl herangezogen. Im Komplex Benzol‐GaCl3‐DCl sowie Benzol‐d6‐GaCl3‐HCl erfolgt bereits bei – 100°C ein H/D‐Austausch.
Homogene Redoxreaktionen in sulfationenhaltigen Lösungen I. System FeII/FeIII
Authors: Bächmann K. , Lieser K. H.
Published: April 2015

Unter Verwendung von Fe‐59 wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Elektronenaustausches in sulfationenhaltigen Lösungen im System FeII/FeIII bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gemessen. Für die Stabilitätskonstanten der Komplexverbindungen FeSO4+ und Fe(SO4)2− wurden die unter den Versuchsbedingungen neu bestimmten Werte verwendet. Die Elektronenaustauschgeschwindigkeiten betragen für 25 °C und die Ionenstärke 1: k1 (FeSO4+/Fe2+) = 295 1 Mol−1sec−1, k2 [Fe(SO4)2−/Fe2+] = 17500 1 Mol−1sec−1. Für die Aktivierungsenergien wurden folgende Werte gefunden: E1 (FeSO4+/Fe2+) = 13,8 Kcal/Mol, E2 [Fe(SO4)2−/Fe2+] = 15 Kcal/Mol.

Für die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten k des Elektronenaustausches zwischen verschiedenen Komplexen des FeIII einerseits und Fe2+‐ionen andererseits wurde folgende Beziehung gefunden: log10k = 1,1 + 0,5 | Δ log10K|. | Δ log K| ist die absolute Differenz der Logarithmen der Stabilitätskonstanten der beiden gleichartigen Komplexe des FeIII und des FeII. Dieser Beziehung gehorchen alle Elektronenaustauschgeschwindigkeiten zwischen FeIII‐Komplexen und Fe2+‐Ionen, soweit Werte für die Stabilitätskonstanten zur Verfügung stehen.
Lockere Elektronenüberführungsverbindungen des Hexamethylbenzols mit halogenhaltigen Lösungsmitteln
Authors: Dörr F. , Buttgereit G.
Published: April 2015

Es wird gezeigt, daß die Veränderung der Absorptionsspektren von Hexamethylbenzol und Mesitylen in Chloroform, Tetrachlorkohlenstoff, Bromoform und Tetrabromkohlenstoff als Lösungsmittel einer Wechselwirkung von der Art einer schwachen „Elektronen‐Überführungs”︁‐Komplexbildung zuzuschreiben ist.
Über den Reduktionsmechanismus von Eisenoxyden
Authors: Bogdandy L. V. , Schulz H. P. , Stranski I. N. , Würzner B.
Published: April 2015

Abhängigkeit der Reduktionsgeschwindigkeit vom Gesamtdruck und Partialdruck des Wasserstoffes, der Temperatur, der Korngröße und der Struktur des Erzes. Deutung der gefundenen Abhängigkeiten durch ein Modell, bei dem Gastransport und Diffusion von Eisenionen im Wüstit gemeinsam geschwindigkeitsbestimmend sind.
Die Erdalkalikomplexe von 4‐substituierten Pyridin‐2,6‐dicarbonsäuren
Authors: Blasius E. , Brozio B.
Published: April 2015

Die Stabilitäten der Erdalkalikomplexe von sechs Pyridin‐2,6‐dicarbonsäuren mit verschiedenen Substituenten in 4‐Stellung wurden durch potentiometrische Titration bestimmt. Es ergeben sich Beziehungen zwischen der Acidität der unsubstituierten 4‐R‐Pyridine und der abgeleiteten 4‐R‐Pyridin‐2,6‐dicarbonsäuren und den Komplexstabilitäten der Erdalkalichelate.
Ramanspektroskopische Untersuchungen an flüssigen primären aliphatischen Aminen 3. Mitteilung. Untersuchungen an CH‐, CN‐ und CCN‐Banden
Authors: Wolff H. , Staschewski D.
Published: April 2015

Die Ramanspektren, die von flüssigen primären aliphatischen Aminen unter früher beschriebenen Bedingungen mit einer Dispersion von 20 bis 25 cm−1/mm bei Temperaturen zwischen + 20 und ‐ 80°C gewonnen wurden, werden wiedergegeben.

Aus den Spektren, die unter Ausschluß der schon behandelten NH‐Valenzbanden erörtert werden, ergibt sich, daß im CH‐Deformations‐ und im CH‐Valenzgebiet von Methylamin nicht nur jeweils zwei Grundschwingungsbanden auftreten, wie andere Beobachter des Ramanspektrums von Methylamin festgestellt hatten, sondern jeweils drei Grundschwingungsbanden. Dies ist im Einklang mit den Ergebnissen von Ultrarotmessungen und daraus zu verstehen, daß die Methylaminmolekel einen schwach asymmetrischen Kreisel darstellt.

Die Zahl der Banden im CH‐Valenzgebiet von Methylamin, die nicht Grundschwingungen zugeordnet werden können, wird mit fünf ebenfalls größer gefunden, als andere Beobachter festgestellt hatten. Auch die vermehrte Zahl der Banden wird weitgehend aus Fermiresonanz von Ober‐ und Kombinationstönen der CH‐Deformationsschwingungen miteinander oder mit Grundtönen von CH‐Valenzschwingungen erklärt.

Mehrere nahe benachbarte, von früheren Beobachtern nicht einzeln wahrgenommene Banden im CH‐Deformationsgebiet von Äthyl‐ und n‐Propylamin werden den Deformationsschwingungen von Methyl‐ und Methylengruppen zugeschrieben.

Es werden die Möglichkeiten untersucht, die niedrige Lage der totalsymmetrischen CH‐Valenzschwingung bei Methylamin und Methanol auf eine Hybridisierungsänderung des Methylgruppenkohlenstoffs unter dem Einfluß des Substituenten zurückzuführen.
Zustandsdiagramm und thermodynamisches Verhalten der Systeme Pd/H2und Pd/D2bei normalen Temperaturen; H/D‐Trenneffekte
Authors: Wicke E. , Nernst G. H.
Published: April 2015

Mit Hilfe von Übertragungskatalysatoren (UH3‐, UD3‐, Cu‐Pulver) wurden an kompaktem Pd (0,3 und 0,15 mm Folien) Aufbau‐ und Abbauisothermen mit H2und D2gemessen; Temperaturen + 75 bis −78 °C, Drucke 760 bis 10−3Torr, Atomzahlverhältnissen(= H/Pd bzw. D/Pd) von 0,001 bis 0,83. Aus den Messungen im Bereich der α‐Phase wurden die chemischen Potentiale des gelösten H bzw. D im Grenzzustandn→ 0 und ihre auf eine Attraktionswechselwirkung zurückgehenden, der Konzentration proportionalen Zusatzanteile berechnet. Im Bereich derβ‐Phase wurden die entsprechenden Zusatzanteile ermittelt. Sie treten hier formal als Repulsionswechselwirkung auf; die Desorptionsenthalpien nehmen linear mitnab. extrapoliert aufn→ 1 bis nahezu auf 0. – Eine eingehende Diskussion der im Bereich des Zweiphasengebietes auftretenden Hysterese führt zu dem Schluß, daß die Zersetzungsdrucke nahezu den Gleichgewichtsdrucken entsprechen. Aus ihrer Temperaturabhängigkeit ergaben sich die Zersetzungsenthalpien zuΔHH2= 9,32 ± 0,1;ΔHD2= 8,88 ± 0,1 (kcal/mol), die Zersetzungsentropien zuΔSH20= 21,8 ± 0,2,ΔSD20= 23,4 ± 0,2 (cal/grd.mol). Messungen an Pd‐Mohr lieferten innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen dieselben Werte. ‐ Für die Trennfaktoren von H2/D2‐Gemischen 1/1 an Pd‐Mohr wurde α = 2,25 (50 °C) bis 3,7 (−78 °C) gefunden.
Fehlordnung in Kobaltferrit
Authors: Müller W. , Schmalzried H.
Published: April 2015

Die Verteilung von Co2+, Co3+, Fe2+ und Fe3+ auf Tetraeder‐ und Oktaederplätze im Spinell Co1‐xFe2+xO4 wird diskutiert. Der stöchiometrisch zusammengesetzte Kobaltferrit CoFe2O4 tritt demnach in einer Struktur auf, die der inversen Grenzstruktur Fe3+ [Co2+Fe3+]O4 nahe kommt. Bei Kobaltüberschuß (x < 0) wird im wesentlichen Fe3+ durch Co3+, bei Eisenüberschuß (x > 0) im wesentlichen Co2+ durch Fe2+ im Oktaederteilgitter ersetzt. Mit diesem Modell wird unter geeigneten Annahmen der Selbstdiffusionskoeffizient von Kobalt und Eisen im Kobaltferrit als Funktion der Zusammensetzung x und des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks berechnet und mit gemessenen Werten verglichen. Ferner wird der Verlauf des Existenzgebietes von Kobaltferrit als Funktion der Temperatur und des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks abgeleitet. Rechnung und Experiment stimmen zufriedenstellend überein. Die Berechnung des Standardwertes der freien Bildungsenthalpie des Ferrits aus CoO und Fe2O3 ergibt bei 1200 °C etwa − 6,4 kcal.
Untersuchungen über den Transport von Ionen gegen ihr Konzentrationsgefälle durch Membranen
Authors: Woermann D. , Spei M.
Published: April 2015

Es wird der Transport von Halogenionen gegen ihr Konzentrationsgefälle durch feinporige Zellulosemembranen unter dem gleichzeitigen Einfluß eines Diffusionspotentials und einer Konvektion der Porenflüssigkeit untersucht. Im stationären Zustand findet man auf der einen Seite der Membran Konzentrationserhöhungen bis zu 70% gegenüber dem Anfangszustand. Im Anfangszustand ist die Konzentration der Halogenionen auf beiden Seiten der Membran gleich. Aus den Bewegungsgleichungen für den Teilchentransport in feinporigen Membranen wird eine Beziehung zwischen dem Diffusionspotential, der Volumenflußdichte und der Konzentrationsdifferenz der Halogenionen im stationären Zustand abgeleitet. Die Versuchsergebnisse werden an Hand dieser Gleichung diskutiert.
Über das Reaktionsgeschehen bei der Bestrahlung von Chlor mit Wasserstoffatomen
Authors: Seidel W. , Martin H. , Rehling H. , Mietzner F. G.
Published: April 2015

Bei der Bestrahlung von hochverdünntem Chlor mit “heißen” H‐Atomen bildet sich so viel HCl, daß das Reaktionsgeschehen als Reaktion allein zwischen Strahlgasatomen und Cl2 nicht erklärt werden kann.

Auf rechnerischem Wege wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, daß die HCl‐Bildung wegen der Langlebigkeit der H‐Atome überwiegend beherrscht wird von einer homogenen Gasreaktion zwischen Chlor und im Reaktionsraum vagabundierenden H‐Atomen.

Die Durchrechnung ergibt die Aktivierungsenergien AE = 1900 cal/mol für H + Cl2 → HCl + Cl und AE = 4500 cal/mol für H + HCl → H2 + Cl, die mit den Literaturwerten verträglich sind.
Beiträge zur Thermodynamik von Polymerlösungen 6. Mitteilung: Dampfdruckmessungen von benzolischen Polyvinylcarbazollösungen oberhalb und unterhalb der Glastemperatur
Authors: Ueberreiter Kurt , Bruns Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

Es wird eine Apparatur zur Dampfdruckmessung von Polymerlösungen beschrieben, welche die Vorzüge der absoluten und relativen Meßmethode in sich vereint. Damit wurden die Dampfdrucke der Lösungen von sechs verschiedenen Polyvinylcarbazolfraktionen in Benzol über einen Konzentrationsbereich von 30 bis 90 Gew.‐% und einen Temperaturbereich von 6–55 °C bestimmt. Die Dampfdruckkurven lg p1 gegen 1/T weisen einen Knick auf, der durch den Übergang in den Glaszustand verursacht wird. Zeitmessungen des Dampfdrucks ergaben, daß selbst kurz unterhalb der Glastemperatur auch nach längerem Warten keine Umwandlung des Glases zurück in den Flüssigkeitszustand erfolgt.
Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung an isotaktischem und syndiotaktischem Polymethylmethacrylat in Lösung
Authors: Wunderlich W. , Kirste R. G.
Published: April 2015

Die Form der Streukurven von gelösten Polymethylmethacrylaten (PMMA) ist eine Funktion der Taktizität. In der Streukurve des syndiotaktischen PMMA läßt sich der Einfluß einer Periodizität erkennen. Eine quantitative Deutung gelingt durch Überlagerung einer Helixstreukurve mit einer Knäuelstreukurve. Dabei muß gesetzt werden H = 21 Å, R = 4 Å und a = 13 Å (H und R sind die Identitätsperiode bzw. der Radius der Helix, a ist die Persistenzlänge des Knäuels.)

Die Streukurve des isotaktischen PMMA zeigt nahezu den Verlauf, der für Fadenknäuel nach Kratky et al. [2–5] zu erwarten ist. Jedoch ist ein Intensitätsdefizit zu beobachten, das durch plausible Annahmen gedeutet wird. Als Persistenzlänge ergibt sich ebenfalls ein Wert von a = 13 Å.

Der Einfluß der endlichen Ausdehnung des Fadenquerschnitts auf die Streukurve hängt von der Elektronendichteverteilung im Querschnitt und von der Elektronendichte des Lösungsmittels ab. Bei PMMA in Benzol kann der Querschnittsfaktor bis zu einem Streuwinkel von 2 θ = 10° gleich 1 gesetzt werden.
Thermodynamische Eigenschaften von Luft bei hohen Temperaturen (Ohne Berücksichtigung der Strahlungsanteile)
Authors: Kuthe R. , Neumann Kl. K.
Published: April 2015

Im Anschluß an frühere Veröffentlichungen teilen wir weitere Ergebnisse mit: Wir berechneten für ein Luftplasma die Innere Energie, die Enthalpie je Volumeneinheit, den Kompressibilitätsfaktor, das Verhältnis der „effektiven spezifischen Wärmen”︁ und die Zahl der Elektronen je Volumeneinheit. Weiter bestimmten wir die Temperaturbereiche, in denen bei gegebenem Druck bestimmte Teilchensorten (Moleküle, Atome und Ionen) in höheren Konzentrationen als 1 Mol‐% vorkommen. Schließlich berechneten wir noch im einzelnen die Translationsenthalpie, die Rotations‐Schwingungsenthalpie, die Enthalpie der elektronischen Anregung, die Dissoziationsenthalpie und die Ionisationsenthalpie für verschiedene Ionisationsstufen.

Wir setzten thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht zwischen den einzelnen Materieteilchen voraus (nicht auch Gleichgewicht zwischen Materieteilchen und Strahlung), ferner die Gültigkeit des idealen Gasgesetzes. Wir bringen die Ergebnisse in Diagrammform für einen Temperaturbereich von 1000–100000 °K für die Drucke 103, 102, 101, 1, 10−1, 10−2 und 10−3 bar.
A Molecular Model for the Interaction of Ethidium Bromide with Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Fuller Watson , Waring M. J.
Published: April 2015

X‐ray diffraction and molecular model building studies have led to a model for the interaction between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ethidium bromide in which the planar ring system of the drug is intercalated between successive base‐pairs of the DNA. This model is compared with that proposed by Lerman for the DNA‐proflavine interaction.
Build‐A‐Robot: Using virtual reality to visualize the Denavit–Hartenberg parameters
Authors: Flanders Megan , Kavanagh Richard C.
Published: April 2015

Virtual reality‐based educational tools allow students to visualize and interact with three‐dimensional objects in ways that cannot be achieved using traditional teaching methods. This type of educational tool is especially relevant to mechanically‐complex courses, such as those pertaining to robotics and mechatronics. Build‐A‐Robot is such a tool, created using the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), MATLAB, and the Simulink 3D Animation Toolbox, to study the forward kinematics of serial robot arms according to the Denavit–Hartenberg convention. This tool is described, and the power of using MATLAB to directly manipulate VRML geometric dimensions is explored. The potential of this tool is evidenced by student survey responses and examination results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:846–853, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21656
Use of internal and external sources of knowledge and innovation in the Canadian wine industry
Authors: Doloreux David
Published: April 2015

Using a sample of 146 Canadian wine‐producing firms, I analyze the link between knowledge sources and innovation by examining the way in which different strategies influence a firm's capacity for innovation. I then examine which innovation strategies are more strongly linked to innovation and the extent to which there are differences amongst wine‐producing regions in Canada. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoparticle‐stabilized microbubbles for multimodal imaging and drug delivery
Authors: Mørch Ýrr , Hansen Rune , Berg Sigrid , Åslund Andreas K. O. , Glomm Wilhelm R. , Eggen Siv , Schmid Ruth , Johnsen Heidi , Kubowicz Stephan , Snipstad Sofie , Sulheim Einar , Hak Sjoerd , Singh Gurvinder , McDonagh Birgitte H. , Blom Hans , de Lange Davies Catharina , Stenstad Per M.
Published: April 2015

Microbubbles (MBs) are routinely used as contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. The use of ultrasound in combination with MBs has also attracted attention as a method to enhance drug delivery. We have developed a technology platform incorporating multiple functionalities, including imaging and therapy in a single system consisting of MBs stabilized by polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐coated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs, containing lipophilic drugs and/or contrast agents, are composed of the widely used poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) polymer and prepared in a single step. MBs stabilized by these NPs are subsequently prepared by self‐assembly of NPs at the MB air–liquid interface. Here we show that these MBs can act as contrast agents for conventional ultrasound imaging. Successful encapsulation of iron oxide NPs inside the PBCA NPs is demonstrated, potentially enabling the NP–MBs to be used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or molecular ultrasound imaging contrast agents. By precise tuning of the applied ultrasound pulse, the MBs burst and the NPs constituting the shell are released. This could result in increased local deposit of NPs into target tissue, providing improved therapy and imaging contrast compared with freely distributed NPs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a peptide‐functionalized imaging nanoprobe for the targeting of (FXYD2)γa as a highly specific biomarker of pancreatic beta cells
Authors: Burtea Carmen , Laurent Sophie , Crombez Deborah , Delcambre Sébastien , Sermeus Corine , Millard Isabelle , Rorive Sandrine , Flamez Daisy , Beckers Marie‐Claire , Salmon Isabelle , Vander Elst Luce , Eizirik Decio L. , Muller Robert N.
Published: April 2015

Diabetes is characterized by a progressive decline of the pancreatic beta cell mass (BCM), which is responsible for insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycaemia. There are currently no reliable methods to measure non‐invasively the BCM in diabetic patients. Our work describes a phage display‐derived peptide (P88) that is highly specific to (FXYD2)γa expressed by human beta cells and is proposed as a molecular vector for the development of functionalized imaging probes. P88 does not bind to the exocrine pancreas and is able to detect down to ~156 human pancreatic islets/mm3 in vitro after conjugation to ultra‐small particles of iron oxide (USPIO), as proven by the R2 measured on MR images. For in vivo evaluation, MRI studies were carried out on nude mice bearing Capan‐2 tumours that also express (FXYD2)γa. A strong negative contrast was obtained subsequent to the injection of USPIO–P88, but not in negative controls. On human histological sections, USPIO–P88 seems to be specific to pancreatic beta cells, but not to duodenum, stomach or kidney tissues. USPIO–P88 thus represents a novel and promising tool for monitoring pancreatic BCM in diabetic patients. The quantitative correlation between BCM and R2 remains to be demonstrated in vivo, but the T2 mapping and the black pixel estimation after USPIO–P88 injection could provide important information for the future pancreatic BCM evaluation by MRI. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diameter‐Controlled Synthesis and Capacitive Performance of Mesoporous Dual‐Layer MnO2 Nanotubes
Authors: Huang Yunpeng , Liang Zhengyong , Miao Yue‐E , Liu Tianxi
Published: April 2015

Mesoporous dual‐layer MnO2 nanotubes assembled from well‐aligned MnO2 nanosheets are synthesized via a facile and efficient sacrificial template method. To begin with, the self‐standing carbon nanofibrous membranes are prepared via electrospinning and high‐temperature carbonization, followed by an in situ redox reaction in KMnO4 solution to coat the carbon nanofiber (CNF) template with MnO2 nanosheets until the CNFs are consumed. The synthesized dual‐layer MnO2 nanotubes are composed of an inner shell of packed MnO2, and an outer shell of mesoporous sheet‐like MnO2. Importantly, the dimensions of the MnO2 nanotubes can be easily controlled by tuning parameters including CNF diameter and redox reaction temperature. The MnO2 nanotube electrode thus prepared manifests excellent cycling stability with a specific capacitance of 231 F g−1 and an areal capacitance of 309 mF cm−2 for supercapacitors. This approach opens up a new way for designing MnO2 nanostructures as promising electrode materials.
Hierarchical Construction of Bounded Solutions in Critical Regularity Spaces
Authors: Tadmor Eitan
Published: April 2015

We construct uniformly bounded solutions for the equations div U = f and U = f in the critical cases and , respectively. Criticality in this context manifests itself by the lack of a linear solution operator mapping . Thus, the intriguing aspect here is that although the problems are linear, construction of their solutions is not. Our constructions are special cases of a general framework for solving linear equations of the form , where is a linear operator densely defined in Banach space with a closed range in a (proper subspace) of Lebesgue space , and with an injective dual . The solutions are realized in terms of a multiscale hierarchical representation, , interesting for its own sake. Here, uj's are constructed recursively as minimizers of

urn:x-wiley::media:cpa21575:cpa21575-math-0010

where the residuals are resolved in terms of a dyadic sequence of scales with large enough . The nonlinear aspect of this construction is a counterpart of the fact that one cannot linearly solve in critical regularity spaces.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global Well‐Posedness of the Three‐Dimensional Primitive Equations with Only Horizontal Viscosity and Diffusion
Authors: Cao Chongsheng , Li Jinkai , Titi Edriss S.
Published: April 2015

In this paper, we consider the initial boundary value problem of the three‐dimensional primitive equations for planetary oceanic and atmospheric dynamics with only horizontal eddy viscosity in the horizontal momentum equations and only horizontal diffusion in the temperature equation. Global well‐posedness of the strong solution is established for any H2 initial data. An N‐dimensional logarithmic Sobolev embedding inequality, which bounds the L∞‐norm in terms of the Lq‐norms up to a logarithm of the Lp‐norm for p > N of the first‐order derivatives, and a system version of the classic Grönwall inequality are exploited to establish the required a~priori H2 estimates for global regularity.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Challenges of flow‐cytometric estimation of nuclear genome size in orchids, a plant group with both whole‐genome and progressively partial endoreplication
Authors: Trávníček Pavel , Ponert Jan , Urfus Tomáš , Jersáková Jana , Vrána Jan , Hřibová Eva , Doležel Jaroslav , Suda Jan
Published: April 2015

Nuclear genome size is an inherited quantitative trait of eukaryotic organisms with both practical and biological consequences. A detailed analysis of major families is a promising approach to fully understand the biological meaning of the extensive variation in genome size in plants. Although Orchidaceae accounts for ∼10% of the angiosperm diversity, the knowledge of patterns and dynamics of their genome size is limited, in part due to difficulties in flow cytometric analyses. Cells in various somatic tissues of orchids undergo extensive endoreplication, either whole‐genome or partial, and the G1‐phase nuclei with 2C DNA amounts may be lacking, resulting in overestimated genome size values. Interpretation of DNA content histograms is particularly challenging in species with progressively partial endoreplication, in which the ratios between the positions of two neighboring DNA peaks are lower than two. In order to assess distributions of nuclear DNA amounts and identify tissue suitable for reliable estimation of nuclear DNA content, we analyzed six different tissue types in 48 orchid species belonging to all recognized subfamilies. Although traditionally used leaves may provide incorrect C‐values, particularly in species with progressively partial endoreplication, young ovaries and pollinaria consistently yield 2C and 1C peaks of their G1‐phase nuclei, respectively, and are, therefore, the most suitable parts for genome size studies in orchids. We also provide new DNA C‐values for 22 orchid genera and 42 species. Adhering to the proposed methodology would allow for reliable genome size estimates in this largest plant family. Although our research was limited to orchids, the need to find a suitable tissue with dominant 2C peak of G1‐phase nuclei applies to all endopolyploid species. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The cell‐surface proteome of cultured adipose stromal cells
Authors: Donnenberg Albert D. , Meyer E. Michael , Rubin J. Peter , Donnenberg Vera S.
Published: April 2015

In this technical note we describe a method to evaluate the cell surface proteome of human primary cell cultures and cell lines. The method utilizes the BD Biosciences lyoplate, a system covering 242 surface proteins, glycoproteins, and glycosphingolipids plus relevant isotype controls, automated plate‐based flow cytometry, conventional file‐level analysis and unsupervised K‐means clustering of markers on the basis of percent of positive events and mean fluorescence intensity of positive and total clean events. As an example, we determined the cell surface proteome of cultured adipose stromal cells (ASC) derived from 5 independent clinical isolates. Between‐sample agreement of very strongly expressed (n = 32) and strongly expressed (n =16) markers was excellent, constituting a reliable profile for ASC identification and determination of functional properties. Known mesenchymal markers (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105) were among the identified strongly expressed determinants. Among other strongly expressed markers are several that are potentially immunomodulatory including three proteins that protect from complement mediated effects (CD46, CD55, and CD59), two that regulate apoptosis (CD77 and CD95) and several with ectoenzymatic (CD10, CD26, CD13, CD73, and CD143) or receptor tyrosine kinase (CD140b (PDGFR), CD340 (Her‐2), EGFR) activity, suggesting mechanisms for the anti‐inflammatory and tissue remodeling properties of ASC. Because variables are standardized for K‐means clustering, results generated using this methodology should be comparable between instrumentation platforms. It is widely generalizable to human primary explant cultures and cells lines and will prove useful to determine how cell passage, culture interventions, and gene expression and silencing affect the cell‐surface proteome. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Actualizing real‐time indoor positioning systems using plane models
Authors: Lu Ta‐Te , Yeh Sheng‐Cheng , Wu Shang‐Hung
Published: April 2015

Compared with other indoor positioning methods, pattern matching offers greater accuracy. However, its construction requires additional time and manpower cost, and larger positioning environments result in correspondingly greater construction costs and computing complexity. To reduce the cost and computing complexity of pattern construction, plane models featuring radio signals were adopted in conjunction with quick response codes to facilitate the simple and rapid construction of indoor environments in this study. The advantages of using plane equations instead of pattern matching radio maps for positioning computations include the following: (1) reducing the complexity of positioning computations; (2) eliminating the influences of positioning area size; and (3) providing reliable and accurate positioning with an average error of approximately 2.8 m. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacing solid‐state nanopores with gel media to slow DNA translocations
Authors: Waugh Matthew , Carlsen Autumn , Sean David , Slater Gary W. , Briggs Kyle , Kwok Harold , Tabard‐Cossa Vincent
Published: April 2015

We demonstrate the ability to slow DNA translocations through solid‐state nanopores by interfacing the trans side of the membrane with gel media. In this work, we focus on two reptation regimes: when the DNA molecule is flexible on the length scale of a gel pore, and when the DNA behaves as persistent segments in tight gel pores. The first regime is investigated using agarose gels, which produce a very wide distribution of translocation times for 5 kbp dsDNA fragments, spanning over three orders of magnitude. The second regime is attained with polyacrylamide gels, which can maintain a tight spread and produce a shift in the distribution of the translocation times by an order of magnitude for 100 bp dsDNA fragments, if intermolecular crowding on the trans side is avoided. While previous approaches have proven successful at slowing DNA passage, they have generally been detrimental to the S/N, capture rate, or experimental simplicity. These results establish that by controlling the regime of DNA movement exiting a nanopore interfaced with a gel medium, it is possible to address the issue of rapid biomolecule translocations through nanopores—presently one of the largest hurdles facing nanopore‐based analysis—without affecting the signal quality or capture efficiency.
Strategies of fluorescence staining for trace total ribonucleic acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis with argon ion laser‐induced fluorescence
Authors: Chung Yi‐An , Chen Yi‐Hsin , Chang Po‐Ling
Published: April 2015

In this work, five fluorescent dyes (SYTO‐9, SYBR Green I, SYBR Green II, SYBR Safe, and SYBR Gold) were used as both on‐column and precolumn stains for total RNA analysis by CE‐LIF with Ar ion laser excitation. In the on‐column RNA stain, the SYTO‐9 provided the highest fluorescence intensity and the lowest detectable concentration, as low as 10 pg/μL, while the SYBR Green II and SYBR Gold were adsorbed on the poly(ethylene oxide) thus affected the separation efficiency. As a precolumn stain, SYBR Gold was the most sensitive among the five dyes due to the strong affinity between the dye and RNA molecules. As a result, a single‐cell quantity of RNA (10‒30 pg per cell) could be detected by CE‐LIF with precolumn staining by SYBR Gold. Because of the great savings of fluorescent dye using precolumn stain (one button dye may use for one million stain), this method is the best strategy for RNA staining in terms of cost‐effectiveness and sensitivity.
In vitro antidiabetic effects of selected fruits and vegetables against glycosidase and aldose reductase
Authors: Wu Tong , Luo Jiaqiang , Xu Baojun
Published: April 2015

In vitro antidiabetic effect of fruits and vegetables with reports as folk remedies were investigated. The antidiabetic effects were evaluated by comparing the inhibitory properties of α‐glycosidase, aldose reductase, and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that lychee extract exhibited the best dose‐dependent inhibitory activity against α‐glycosidase with IC50 of 10.4 mg/mL, and lemon peel extract exhibited aldose reductase inhibitory potential with IC50 value at 3.63 mg/mL. Besides, the result also showed that the inhibitory effects of blueberry and plum against α‐glycosidase were strong among the fruits samples. Bitter gourd and eggplant demonstrated significant inhibitory potential against aldose reductase, with IC50 values at 8.55 mg/mL and 8.06 mg/mL, respectively. The result from correlation analysis part showed that the antioxidant activities of selected fruits and vegetables were found related to their health beneficial effects, as there was positive correlations between total flavonoids content (TFC) and aldose reductase inhibitory activity (r2 = 0.556).
A computed tomography radiogenomic biomarker predicts microvascular invasion and clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Banerjee Sudeep , Wang David S. , Kim Hyun J. , Sirlin Claude B. , Chan Michael G. , Korn Ronald L. , Rutman Aaron M. , Siripongsakun Surachate , Lu David , Imanbayev Galym , Kuo Michael D.
Published: April 2015

Microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an independent predictor of poor outcomes subsequent to surgical resection or liver transplantation (LT); however, MVI currently cannot be adequately determined preoperatively. Radiogenomic venous invasion (RVI) is a contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CECT) biomarker of MVI derived from a 91‐gene HCC “venous invasion” gene expression signature. Preoperative CECTs of 157 HCC patients who underwent surgical resection (N = 72) or LT (N = 85) between 2000 and 2009 at three institutions were evaluated for the presence or absence of RVI. RVI was assessed for its ability to predict MVI and outcomes. Interobserver agreement for scoring RVI was substantial among five radiologists (κ = 0.705; P < 0.001). The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of RVI in predicting MVI was 89%, 76%, and 94%, respectively. Positive RVI score was associated with lower overall survival (OS) than negative RVI score in the overall cohort (P < 0.001; 48 vs. >147 months), American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor‐node‐metastasis stage II (P < 0.001; 34 vs. >147 months), and in LT patients within Milan criteria (P < 0.001; 69 vs. >147 months). Positive RVI score also portended lower recurrence‐free survival at 3 years versus negative RVI score (P = 0.001; 27% vs. 62%). Conclusion: RVI is a noninvasive radiogenomic biomarker that accurately predicts histological MVI in HCC surgical candidates. Its presence on preoperative CECT is associated with early disease recurrence and poor OS and may be useful for identifying patients less likely to derive a durable benefit from surgical treatment. (Hepatology 2015;62:792–800)
Dynamic river–groundwater exchange in the presence of a saline, semi‐confined aquifer
Authors: Unland N. P. , Cartwright I. , Daly E. , Gilfedder B. S. , Atkinson A. P.
Published: April 2015

Understanding groundwater–surface water exchange in river banks is crucial for effective water management and a range of scientific disciplines. While there has been much research on bank storage, many studies assume idealized aquifer systems. This paper presents a field‐based study of the Tambo Catchment (southeast Australia) where the Tambo River interacts with both an unconfined aquifer containing relatively young and fresh groundwater (<500 μS/cm and <100 years old) and a semi‐confined artesian aquifer containing old and saline groundwater (electrical conductivity > 2500 μS/cm and >10 000 years old). Continuous groundwater elevation and electrical conductivity monitoring within the different aquifers and the river suggest that the degree of mixing between the two aquifers and the river varies significantly in response to changing hydrological conditions. Numerical modelling using MODFLOW and the solute transport package MT3DMS indicates that saline water in the river bank moves away from the river during flooding as hydraulic gradients reverse. This water then returns during flood recession as baseflow hydraulic gradients are re‐established. Modelling also indicates that the concentration of a simulated conservative groundwater solute can increase for up to ~34 days at distances of 20 and 40 m from the river in response to flood events approximately 10 m in height. For the same flood event, simulated solute concentrations within 10 m of the river increase for only ~15 days as the infiltrating low‐salinity river water drives groundwater dilution. Average groundwater fluxes to the river stretch estimated using Darcy's law were 7 m3/m/day compared with 26 and 3 m3/m/day for the same periods via mass balance using Radon (222Rn) and chloride (Cl), respectively. The study shows that by coupling numerical modelling with continuous groundwater–surface water monitoring, the transient nature of bank storage can be evaluated, leading to a better understanding of the hydrological system and better interpretation of hydrochemical data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in antigen‐specific CD4+ responses to opportunistic infections in HIV infection
Authors: Pollock Katrina M. , Montamat‐Sicotte Damien J. , Cooke Graham S. , Kapembwa Moses S. , Kon Onn M. , Grass Lisa , Sampson Robert D. , Taylor Graham P. , Lalvani Ajit
Published: April 2015

HIV‐infected individuals with severe immunodeficiency are at risk of opportunistic infection (OI). Tuberculosis (TB) may occur without substantial immune suppression suggesting an early and sustained adverse impact of HIV on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)‐specific cell mediated immunity (CMI). This prospective observational cohort study aimed to observe differences in OI‐specific and MTB‐specific CMI that might underlie this. Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we compared CD4+ responses to MTB, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and Candida albicans in individuals with and without HIV infection. MTB‐specific CD4+ T‐cells were more polyfunctional than virus specific (CMV/EBV) CD4+ T‐cells which predominantly secreted IFN‐gamma (IFN‐γ) only. There was a reduced frequency of IFN‐γ and IL‐2 (IL‐2)‐dual‐MTB‐specific cells in HIV‐infected individuals, which was not apparent for the other pathogens. MTB‐specific cells were less differentiated especially compared with CMV‐specific cells. CD127 expression was relatively less frequent on MTB‐specific cells in HIV co‐infection. MTB‐specific CD4+ T‐cells PD‐1 expression was infrequent in contrast to EBV‐specific CD4+ T‐cells. The variation in the inherent quality of these CD4+ T‐cell responses and impact of HIV co‐infection may contribute to the timing of co‐infectious diseases in HIV infection.
WHAT IS THE CONTAINER/CONTAINED WHEN THERE ARE GHOSTS IN THE NURSERY?: JOINING BION AND FRAIBERG IN DYADIC INTERVENTIONS WITH MOTHER AND INFANT
Authors: Malone Johanna C. , Dayton Carolyn Joy
Published: April 2015

“Ghosts in the nursery.” “Visitors from the unremembered past.” Fraiberg, Adelson, and Shapiro's (1975) words convey the relational “intruders” that they perceived while working with mothers and infants. A mother's unresolved past is a driving force within the treatment of mother–infant dyads. Working with these families, the therapist strives to process and metabolize the distress of the dyad while enabling the mother to contain the infant more fully. This article proposes that Fraiberg et al.’s metaphor may be newly elaborated utilizing Bion's (1962) original theoretical conceptualization of the “container and contained.” He posited that an infant projects distressing affective states upon the mother, who contains the experience, transforms the feelings, and then enables the infant to reintroject a more tolerable experience. This lays the foundation for the relational experience of being known by another and facilitates the infant's development of self‐knowledge and emotional regulation. We utilize Fraiberg et al.’s original case material to identify ways in which ghosts in the nursery disrupt the processes of the container and contained. Bion's ideas may help enrich our understanding of how the therapeutic relationship enables cycles of containment, transitioning the material “ghosts” from being contained by the infant to being contained by the therapist, and to ultimately being transformed so that the mother can reattribute them to the past.
Cobalt and chromium exposure affects osteoblast function and impairs the mineralization of prosthesis surfaces in vitro
Authors: Shah Karan M. , Wilkinson Jeremy Mark , Gartland Alison
Published: April 2015

Cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) ions and nanoparticles equivalent to those released through tribo‐corrosion of prosthetic metal‐on‐metal (MOM) bearings and taper junctions are detrimental to osteoblast activity and function in vitro when examined as individual species. Here we examined the effects of Co2+:Cr3+ and Co2+:Cr6+ combinations on osteoblast‐like SaOS‐2 cellular activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization to better reflect clinical exposure conditions in vivo. We also assessed the effect of Co2+:Cr3+ combinations and Co:Cr nanoparticles on SaOS‐2 cell osteogenic responses on grit‐blasted, plasma‐sprayed titanium‐coated, and hydroxyapatite‐coated prosthesis surfaces. Cellular activity and ALP activity were reduced to a greater extent with combination treatments compared to individual ions. Co2+ and Cr3+ interacted additively and synergistically to reduce cellular activity and ALP activity, respectively, while the Co2+ with Cr6+ combination was dominated by the effect of Cr6+ alone. Mineralization by osteoblasts was greater on hydroxyapatite‐coated surfaces compared to grit‐blasted and plasma‐sprayed titanium‐coated surfaces. Treatments with Co2+:Cr3+ ions and Co:Cr nanoparticles reduced the percentage mineralization on all surfaces, with hydroxyapatite‐coated surfaces having the least reduction. In conclusion, our data suggests that previous studies investigating individual metal ions underestimate their potential clinical effects on osteoblast activity. Furthermore, the data suggests that hydroxyapatite‐coated surfaces may modulate osteoblast responses to metal debris. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1663–1670, 2015.
Trabecular bone strength is not an independent predictive factor for dynamic hip screw migration—A prospective multicenter cohort study
Authors: Müller Marc A. , Hengg Clemens , Krettek Christian , van der Velde Detlef , Eberdorfer Siegfried , Stange Richard , Hofmann Gunther O. , Platz Andreas , Suhm Norbert
Published: April 2015

This study assessed whether mechanically measured trabecular bone strength is an independent predictor of dynamic hip screw (DHS) stability, i.e., DHS migration (DHSM) after the fixation of proximal femoral fractures. One‐hundred and seven patients older than 50 years with proximal femoral fractures were included. During fracture fixation, a mechanical probe (DensiProbe™ Hip) was inserted at the site where the DHS tip would ultimately be positioned. Peak torque to breakaway the trabecular bone was measured. Fracture reduction, primary implant position and postoperative DHSM were assessed by radiographs taken postoperatively, at 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Univariate regression analysis revealed no association between peak torque and DHSM (R2 = 0.025, p = 0.135). DHSM correlated with the primary DHS position, i.e., the distance between the DHS and (i) the central femoral neck axis (CNFAD, R2 = 0.230; p < 0.0001) and (ii) the apex of the femoral head (R2 = 0.110; p = 0.001). DHSM did not correlate with areal BMD of the contralateral proximal femur. Multivariable regression modeling revealed the CFNAD as predictive factor for screw migration. The primary implant position measured by the CFNAD, rather than DensiProbe™ Hip measured bone strength, is an independent predictor of DHSM. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1680–1686, 2015.
Raman spectroscopy of pyrite in marble from Chillagoe, Queensland
Authors: López Andrés , Frost Ray L.
Published: April 2015

Samples of marble from Chillagoe, North Queensland have been analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. Different types of marble were studied including soft white marble, hard white marble and a black marble. In this work, we try to ascertain why the black marble has this colour. Chemical analyses provide evidence for the presence of minerals other calcite in the marble, including the pyrite mineral. Some of these chemical analyses correspond to pyrite minerals in the black marble. The Raman spectra of these crystals were obtained and the Raman spectrum corresponds to that of pyrite from the RRUFF data base. The combination of SEM with EDS and Raman spectroscopy enables the characterisation of the mineral pyrite in Chillagoe black marble. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of acankoreoside A and acankoreagenin in the leaves of Schefflera octophylla and Schefflera actinophylla using pressurized liquid extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection
Authors: Cao Kai‐Yue , Qiao Chun‐Feng , Zhao Jing , Xie Jing , Li Shao‐Ping
Published: April 2015

A rapid method based on pressurized liquid extraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection was firstly developed for the quantitative analysis of two bioactive triterpenoids (acankoreoside A and acankoreagenin) in the leaves of Schefflera octophylla and Schefflera actinophylla. The analysis was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB‐Aq column (4.6 × 50 mm, 3.5 μm) with gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. Calibration curves of two analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9990) within the tested ranges. This novel method is simple, rapid and accurate, and the results of quantification showed that contents of each investigated compound is significant high in natural S. octophylla (6.36–14.83%), which indicated that natural S. octophylla as potential medicinal resource. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering analysis based on the typical peaks of acankoreoside A and acankoreagenin from the 17 tested samples showed that natural and cultured Schefflera species were in different clusters, which could provide a means of discriminating between Schefflera species from different origins. Thus, acankoreoside A and acankoreagnin could be selected markers for quality control of S. octophylla and S. actinophylla.
Coastal upwelling in Norway recorded in Great Scallop shells
Authors: Jolivet Aurélie , Asplin Lars , Strand Øivind , Thébault Julien , Chauvaud Laurent
Published: April 2015

The shells of bivalve mollusks have been shown to contain a wealth of information about the environment in which the organisms lived as well as about their life histories. Shells of the Great Scallop Pecten maximus were collected in 1987 and 1988 at 15–25 m depth close to the Austevoll islands (Norway). A sharp slowdown in growth was detected in 1986 for all age classes, resulting in a growth‐rate decrease of nearly 45% over 10 d. Measurements of stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) in four specimens suggested that this slowdown was concurrent with a drop in water temperature. In situ measurements of environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, wind) and data from a numerical coastal model system (NorKyst‐800) confirmed that a temperature drop of 3°C occurred in July 1986 due to a sudden change in wind direction and speed along the western coast of Norway. These northerly winds parallel to the coast induced an upwelling of deep cold water along the coast. Thus, the present study demonstrated a clear relationship between regional climatic phenomena acting on an oceanographic process and the growth of a benthic invertebrate. Bivalve shells should be used to describe and characterize local upwelling events, for example, in terms of duration and intensity, in current environments and in paleoenvironments.
Hypersexuality in Parkinson's Disease: Systematic Review and Report of 7 New Cases
Authors: Codling David , Shaw Philip , David Anthony S.
Published: April 2015

Hypersexuality (HS) was one of the earliest examples of an impulse control disorder (ICD) or behavior to be associated with treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), with an estimated prevalence of approximately 3.5%. Here, we report on a systematic review of the published literature of HS in PD with a view to uncovering evidence as to whether it is distinct from other ICDs. In addition, we report on 7 new cases that had broad neuropsychological testing, including a gambling test, which taps into reward and inhibitory mechanisms. The review uncovered a number of case series and cohorts that comment on the prevalence of HS, but very few made systematic comparisons with other ICDs, although younger onset and male sex are usually noted. A few studies have begun to map out a neuropsychological profile for HS, and our own cases show particular deficits in learning from negative outcomes, but, overall, there are insufficient data to draw firm conclusions. Functional imaging has shown patterns of increased content‐specific activation in response to sexual material and this might relate to increased dopamine release. We conclude with a brief survey of the neurobiology of sexuality, which suggests possible avenues for further research and treatment of HS.
Chemie für die Schönheit — aber sicher!
Authors: Walther Cornelia , Huber Birgit , Neumann Ludger , Raddatz Heike
Published: April 2015

Da kosmetische Mittel direkt mit dem Menschen in Kontakt kommen, sind die Anforderungen an die gesundheitliche Unbedenklichkeit hoch. Dies gilt für alle Kosmetika, auch für Naturkosmetik.
Lebensmittelsicherheit nach Fukushima
Authors: Steinhauser Georg
Published: April 2015

Japanische Lebensmittelbehörden haben nach dem Reaktorunfall von Fukushima mehr als 900 000 Stichproben untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich: Die Bevölkerung war weitgehend vor kontaminierter Nahrung geschützt. Allerdings wurde das schwierig nachzuweisende Nuklid Strontium‐90 bislang kaum berücksichtigt.