bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early American sunspot drawings from the “year without a summer”
Authors: Denig W. F. , McVaugh M. R.
Published: June 2017

A set of sunspot drawings from the early nineteenth century were discovered in the journals of the Reverend Jonathan Fisher. These drawings were made during a time when abnormally cold weather caused crops in New England to fail due to intermittent frost throughout the summer months of 1816, normally referred to as the “year without a summer.” Global changes in weather patterns were the result of the Mount Tambora volcano eruption. Since this association was unknown at the time, there was speculation that the Sun was the cause inspiring the Reverend Fisher to monitor changes in sunspots during the summer of 1816 and continuing into 1817. These sunspot drawings for the summer of 1816 overlap the solar observations of Sir William Hershel.
Training for Study Abroad Programs
Authors: Jackson Jane
Published: June 2017

Drawing on recent research findings, this entry begins by providing the rationale for intercultural training or education in study abroad programs, such as language and cultural immersion, faculty‐led sojourns, and international exchange programs. Nowadays, there is more awareness of the need to define what is meant by intercultural competence, and more study abroad programmers are paying attention to the development and measurement of intercultural competence in student sojourners. Discussion centers on approaches and methods used to enhance the intercultural competence of student sojourners at various phases: pre‐sojourn, sojourn, and reentry. As well as culture‐general approaches, culture‐specific elements in intercultural training are discussed. The implications for future research and practice in study abroad training are also put forward.
Improving care for patients with pancreatitis
Authors: Siriwardena A K , O'Reilly D A
Published: June 2017

Centralization may prove essential
Photoelectrochemical H2 Generation from Suboxide TiO2 Nanotubes: Visible‐Light Absorption versus Conductivity
Authors: Mohajernia Shiva , Hejazi Seyedsina , Mazare Anca , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Schmuki Patrik
Published: June 2017

In the present work we report on the key factors dictating the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of suboxide titania (TiOx) nanotubes. TiOx nanotubes were produced by a systematic variation of reduction heat treatments of TiO2 in Ar/H2. The properties of the TiOx tubes were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), solid‐state conductivity, reflectivity measurements, photocurrent spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution. In line with earlier literature, these suboxide tubes show a drastically improved photoelectrochemical water‐splitting performance compared to non‐reduced anatase TiO2 tubes. In this work we show that the key improvement in water‐splitting performance is due to the strongly improved conductivity of TiOx semimetalic tubes, reaching 13.5 KΩ per tube compared to 70 MΩ (for non‐reduced anatase), and is not due to the enhanced visible‐light absorbance.
Strongly Reducing, Visible‐Light Organic Photoredox Catalysts as Sustainable Alternatives to Precious Metals
Authors: Du Ya , Pearson Ryan M. , Lim Chern‐Hooi , Sartor Steven M. , Ryan Matthew D. , Yang Haishen , Damrauer Niels H. , Miyake Garret M.
Published: June 2017

Photoredox catalysis is a versatile approach for the construction of challenging covalent bonds under mild reaction conditions, commonly using photoredox catalysts (PCs) derived from precious metals. As such, there is need to develop organic analogues as sustainable replacements. Although several organic PCs have been introduced, there remains a lack of strongly reducing, visible‐light organic PCs. Herein, we establish the critical photophysical and electrochemical characteristics of both a dihydrophenazine and a phenoxazine system that enables their success as strongly reducing, visible‐light PCs for trifluoromethylation reactions and dual photoredox/nickel‐catalyzed C−N and C−S cross‐coupling reactions, both of which have been historically exclusive to precious metal PCs.
Redispersion of Nanoparticle‐Loaded Orodispersible Films: Preservation of Particle Fineness
Authors: Steiner Denise , Finke Jan Henrik , Kwade Arno
Published: June 2017

The application of orodispersible films (ODFs) as carrier for drug nanoparticles was discovered a few years ago. Poorly water‐soluble drugs are milled to nanosuspensions to improve their bioavailability. During the manufacturing process they are embedded into a polymer matrix or loaded on the surface of drug‐free ODF templates. The particle size of the particles released from the ODF was measured when redispersed in water. A preservation of the drug particle sizes could be achieved for both investigated ODF types when an adequate amount of matrix material is added to prevent agglomeration during the drying process.
Persistent high blood urea nitrogen level is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Jujo Kentaro , Minami Yuichiro , Haruki Shintaro , Matsue Yuya , Shimazaki Kensuke , Kadowaki Hiromu , Ishida Issei , Kambayashi Keigo , Arashi Hiroyuki , Sekiguchi Haruki , Hagiwara Nobuhisa
Published: June 2017

Aims

The association between kinetics of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in hospital and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure (HF) is unclear. We aimed to estimate the impact of changes in BUN level during hospitalization on clinical prognosis in patients with acute HF.

Methods and results

A total of 353 consecutive patients that were urgently hospitalized due to acutely decompensated HF and discharged alive were divided into four subgroups depending on their BUN level at admission and discharge, using a cut‐off level of 21.0 mg/dL. Among 206 patients with high baseline BUN level, 46 (22%) and 160 (78%) had normal and persistent high BUN levels at discharge, respectively. In contrast, of the 147 patients with normal baseline BUN level, 55 (37%) and 92 (63%) had high and normal BUN levels at discharge, respectively. During the observational period after discharge, Kaplan–Meier analysis showed the highest rate of combined outcome of cardiovascular death and HF readmission in patients with persistent high BUN (log‐rank test: P < 0.001). After adjustment for comorbidities, the hazard ratio for a combined outcome was significantly lower in patients with normalized BUN level compared with those with persistent high BUN (hazard ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.23–0.99, P = 0.049).

Conclusions

Persistent high BUN levels in hospital are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and HF readmission. Normalization of BUN levels during hospitalization may be associated with long‐term clinical outcomes.
Portable data‐parallel surface reconstruction on a uniform rectilinear grid
Authors: Francois Marianne M. , Lo Li‐Ta , Sewell Christopher , Velechovsky Jan
Published: June 2017

With the increasing heterogeneity and on‐node parallelism of high‐performance computing hardware, a major challenge is to develop portable and efficient algorithms and software. In this work, we present our implementation of a portable code to perform surface reconstruction using NVIDIA's Thrust library. Surface reconstruction is a technique commonly used in volume tracking methods for simulations of multimaterial flow with interfaces. We have designed a 3D mesh data structure that is easily mapped to the 1D vectors used by Thrust and at the same time is simple to use and uses familiar data structure terminology (such as cells, faces, vertices, and edges). With this new data structure in place, we have implemented a piecewise linear interface reconstruction algorithm in 3 dimensions that effectively exploits the symmetry present in a uniform rectilinear computational cell. Finally, we report performance results, which show that a single implementation of these algorithms can be compiled to multiple backends (specifically, multi‐core CPUs, NVIDIA GPUs, and Intel Xeon Phi processors), making efficient use of the available parallelism on each. We also compare performance of our implementation to a legacy FORTRAN implementation in Message Passing Interface (MPI) and show performance parity on single and multi‐core CPU and achieved good parallel speed‐ups on GPU. Our research demonstrates the advantage of performance portability of the underlying data‐parallel programming model.
Development of gluten‐free bread formulations containing whole chia flour with acceptable sensory properties
Authors: Sandri Luciana T. B. , Santos Fernanda G. , Fratelli Camilly , Capriles Vanessa D.
Published: June 2017

Increasing the variety of better‐tasting and healthier gluten‐free products is important for consumers with gluten‐related disorders. This work aimed to develop a gluten‐free bread formulation containing whole chia flour with acceptable sensory properties. A mixture design for three ingredients and response surface methodology were used to identify the proportions of potato starch, rice flour and whole chia flour to achieve the best physical properties and result in sensory‐accepted products. The physical properties and visual appearance showed that whole chia flour alone is not suitable for bread production. Nevertheless, it is possible to add up to 14% whole chia flour to a rice flour‐based gluten‐free bread formulation while negligibly diminishing the loaf volume, crumb firmness and crumb moisture. The best formulations were prepared from rice flour blends with 5, 10, and 14% whole chia flour, which received overall acceptability scores of 8.7, 8.1 and 7.9 on a 10‐cm scale, respectively, similar to those of their white gluten‐free bread and wheat bread counterparts. Incorporating 5%–14% whole chia flour in the formulation increased the levels of ash, lipid, protein and dietary fiber compared to those of the white gluten‐free bread.
A randomized double‐blind controlled trial of different filling pressures in operative outpatient hysteroscopy
Authors: Haggag Hisham , Hassan AbdelGany , Wahba Amr , Joukhadar Ralf
Published: June 2017

Objective

To identify the optimal filling pressure during operative outpatient hysteroscopy that allows completion of the procedure while minimizing pain.

Methods

A double‐blind randomized controlled trial of women aged 20–60 years undergoing operative hysteroscopy (including biopsy sampling, polypectomy, septum excision, adhesiolysis, or intrauterine device removal) was undertaken at a university hospital in Egypt between May 2014 and July 2016. Using a computer‐generated randomization sequence, patients were randomly assigned into three equal groups: filling pressures of 40 mm Hg (group 1), 60 mm Hg (group 2), and 80 mm Hg (group 3; control). The primary outcome was the proportion of successfully completed procedures. Analyses were by intention to treat.

Results

Each group contained 80 women. The procedure was completed for 63 (79%) women in group 1, 73 (91%) in group 2, and 76 (95%) in group 3 (P=0.004). The proportion of completed procedures in group 3 was significantly different from that in group 1 (P=0.002), but did not differ significantly from that in group 2 (P=0.349).

Conclusion

A uterine filling pressure of 60 mm Hg does not reduce the frequency of completion when compared with 80 mm Hg in operative outpatient hysteroscopy.

ClinicalTrials.gov registration

NCT02142673.
A pediatric case of imported dengue hemorrhagic fever in Japan
Authors: Kusama Yoshiki , Ito Ken , Tajima Shigeru , Kutsuna Satoshi
Published: June 2017

We report a case of imported dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in a 10‐year‐old Philippine boy. The patient was admitted to the hospital with a 4‐day history of high fever, headache, and malaise, and a 2‐day history of epistaxis and hematemesis. Symptoms deteriorated after admission, and the patient was subsequently diagnosed with DHF. DHF occurs more frequently among cases of reinfection than among cases of primary infection. Therefore, physicians should recognize the difference in the risk of developing DHF between patients in endemic and nonendemic areas.
Achieving success in clinically based research: the importance of mentoring
Authors: Ward Elizabeth C. , Hargrave Catriona , Brown Elizabeth , Halkett Georgia , Hogg Peter
Published: June 2017

Within the professions of radiation therapy and medical imaging, clinician led research activity is becoming more prevalent. However, more is needed. A key component of continuing to develop professional groups who are both research active and producing high quality clinical research, is research mentoring. The authors of this paper share a common interest in enhancing research capacity through research mentoring within the health workforce, and came together to run a workshop on this issue at the 11th Annual Scientific Meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy (ASMMIRT 2016) conference in Brisbane. Theory, clinical insights and issues regarding research mentoring were raised in the workshop as were the benefits of having dedicated research positions embedded within the health workforce to help provide support and build capacity. Key elements from this workshop are shared within this article, with the objective to encourage clinicians and clinical researchers to invest the time and effort into seeking and providing good quality research mentoring. A single service example is used to demonstrate how this can lead to enhanced research engagement and productivity.
Performance implications of centrality in franchisee advice networks
Authors: Meiseberg Brinja , Mignonac Karim , Perrigot Rozenn , El Akremi Assâad
Published: June 2017

Although the literature has provided ample evidence for the decisiveness of the franchisor–franchisee relationship in explaining organizational success or failure, performance effects of franchisee–franchisee relationships remain largely unexplored. Yet a growing body of research indicates that by building interfranchisee relationships, franchisees can form advice networks in the chain. Such networks offer privileged access to resources such as knowledge, information, and best practices that help individual franchisees to become more productive. In this context, we study linkages between a franchisee's centrality in franchisee relationships and various individual performance outcomes, using comprehensive data from franchisees in 3 different chains in the largest European franchise market, France. We find that conditional on the specific governance structure of each chain, the results document a strong impact of centrality in advice networks on franchisee performance. Accordingly, we offer theoretical contributions concerning knowledge‐sharing processes in franchise chains, and managerial implications as regards more effective cooperation management in practice, from the perspective of both a franchisee and a franchisor.
High salt diet impairs memory‐related synaptic plasticity via increased oxidative stress and suppressed synaptic protein expression
Authors: Ge Qian , Wang Zhengjun , Wu Yuwei , Huo Qing , Qian Zhaoqiang , Tian Zhongmin , Ren Wei , Zhang Xia , Han Jing
Published: June 2017

Scope

A high salt (HS) diet is detrimental to cognitive function, in addition to having a role in cardiovascular disorders. However, the method by which an HS diet impairs cognitive functions such as learning and memory remains open.

Methods and results

In this study, we found that mice on a 7 week HS diet demonstrated disturbed short‐term memory in an object‐place recognition task, and both 4 week and 7 week HS treatments impaired long‐term memory, as evidenced in a fear conditioning test. Mechanistically, the HS diet inhibited memory‐related long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, while also increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hippocampal cells and downregulating the expression of synapsin I, synaptophysin, and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in specific encephalic region.

Conclusion

This suggests that oxidative stress or synaptic protein/neurotrophin deregulation was involved in the HS diet‐induced memory impairment. Thus, the present study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of memory impairment caused by excessive dietary salt, and underlined the importance of controlling to salt absorb quantity.
Establishing the overlap of IONP quantification with echo and echoless MR relaxation mapping
Authors: Ring Hattie L. , Zhang Jinjin , Klein Nathan D. , Eberly Lynn E. , Haynes Christy L. , Garwood Michael
Published: June 2017

Purpose

Iron‐oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have shown tremendous utility for enhancing image contrast and delivering targeted therapies. Quantification of IONPs has been demonstrated at low concentrations with gradient echo (GRE) and spin echo (SE), and at high concentrations with echoless sequences such as swept imaging with Fourier transform (SWIFT). This work examines the overlap of IONP quantification with GRE, SE, and SWIFT.

Methods

The limit of quantification of GRE, SE, inversion‐recovery GRE, and SWIFT sequences was assessed using IONPs at a concentration range of 0.02 to 89.29 mM suspended in 1% agarose. Empirically derived limits of quantification were compared with International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry definitions. Both commercial and experimental IONPs were used.

Results

All three IONPs assessed demonstrated an overlap of concentration quantification with GRE, SE, and SWIFT sequences. The largest dynamic range observed was 0.004 to 35.7 mM with Feraheme.

Conclusions

The metrics established allow upper and lower quantitative limitations to be estimated given the relaxivity characteristics of the IONP and the concentration range of the material to be assessed. The methods outlined in this paper are applicable to any pulse sequence, IONP formulation, and field strength. Magn Reson Med 79:1420–1428, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Production and characterization of a hybrid polymer matrix composite
Authors: Açıkbaş Gökhan , Özcan Selçuk , Çalış Açıkbaş Nurcan
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was to develop low cost hybrid composites with enhanced mechanical properties by the addition of industrial wall tile and glass fiber wastes into epoxy resin. This process not only reduces the production cost, but also helps to eliminate solid wastes. The detailed characterization of waste particulate fillers was performed by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, laser diffraction, and He gas picnometer techniques. The effects of the ceramic particulates to glass fiber ratio and the particle size of the waste materials on the physical and mechanical properties were determined with a fixed polymer to filler ratio of 40:60. The density, three point bending strength, impact resistance and hardness of the hybrid composites were measured. The results indicated that when the filler particle size increased, the bulk density almost remained unchanged, and the bending strength and impact resistance decreased, while the hardness and flexural modulus were almost constant. Because of the weak matrix‐reinforcement interphase, mechanical properties deteriorated with the increasing amount of waste glass fiber and better mechanical properties were achieved with the use of finer particles. As a result of incorporation of industrial wastes such as ground ceramic wall tile and glass fiber instead of expensive fillers, low cost reinforcement of the hybrid epoxy matrix composites was achieved. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:4080–4093, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Age‐based differences in the predictive accuracy of a one‐size‐fits‐all risk‐cutoff value in prenatal integrated screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Yan Jia , Ayer Turgay , Keskinocak Pinar , Caughey Aaron
Published: June 2017

Objective

The objective of this study is to assess variation in detection and false positive rates and adverse pregnancy outcomes across different age groups when a one‐size‐fits‐all risk‐cutoff value, such as 1/270, is used in integrated screening for Down syndrome.

Method

A Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to estimate the detection and false positive rates as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Results

Using a one‐size‐fits‐all risk‐cutoff value, such as 1/270, can result in considerably high variations in detection and false positive rates across maternal ages and lead to a higher than the minimum possible total number of adverse outcomes.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the one‐size‐fits‐all risk‐cutoff value of 1/270, commonly used in DS screening, should be revisited and alternative (possibly age‐based) cutoff values and strategies should be considered. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on the MID3 Good Practices Paper
Authors: Manolis Efthymios , Brogren Jacob , Cole Susan , Hay Justin L. , Nordmark Anna , Karlsson Kristin E. , Lentz Frederike , Benda Norbert , Wangorsch Gaby , Pons Gerard , Zhao Wei , Gigante Valeria , Serone Francesca , Standing Joseph F. , Dokoumetzidis Aris , Vakkilainen Juha , van den Heuvel Michiel , Mangas Sanjuan Victor , Taminiau Johannes , Kerwash Essam , Khan David , Musuamba Flora Tshinanu , Skottheim Rusten Ine ,   on behalf of the EMA Modelling and Simulation Working Group
Published: June 2017

During the last 10 years the European Medicines Agency (EMA) organized a number of workshops on modeling and simulation, working towards greater integration of modeling and simulation (M&S) in the development and regulatory assessment of medicines. In the 2011 EMA – European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) Workshop on Modelling and Simulation, European regulators agreed to the necessity to build expertise to be able to review M&S data provided by companies in their dossier. This led to the establishment of the EMA Modelling and Simulation Working Group (MSWG). Also, there was agreement reached on the need for harmonization on good M&S practices and for continuing dialog across all parties. The MSWG acknowledges the initiative of the EFPIA Model‐Informed Drug Discovery and Development (MID3) group in promoting greater consistency in practice, application, and documentation of M&S and considers the paper is an important contribution towards achieving this objective.
Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Potential Therapeutic Tool for Tissue Repair
Authors: Chen Bi , Li Qing , Zhao Bizeng , Wang Yang
Published: June 2017

Stem cells, with their therapeutic potential in tissue repair and regeneration, have been widely used in translational medicine. Recent evidence suggests that the beneficial effects are mediated largely by their paracrine actions rather than the engraftment and differentiation at the injured sites. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), actively released from cells, play important roles in cell-to-cell communication and display multiple functions in tissue regeneration. In the present report, we will briefly review the current knowledge related to the therapeutic potential of EVs, particularly stem cell or progenitor cell-derived ones for promoting tissue repair and regeneration, and focus on the restorative properties of exosomes/microvesicles in cutaneous wound healing, bone regeneration, hindlimb ischemia, and vascular injury repair.
Neuroprotektion geschädigter Photorezeptoren
Authors: Landfried Britta , Grimm Christian
Published: June 2017

Der Schutz der Sehzellen durch Neuroprotektion ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz, der bei vielen degenerativen Netzhauterkrankungen entweder als Mono- oder Kombinationstherapie zum Einsatz kommen könnte. Viele neuroprotektive Substanzen wurden im Tiermodell identifiziert und erfolgreich getestet. Einige dieser Substanzen wurden auch bereits in klinischen Versuchen am Patienten untersucht, allerdings mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg. Diverse Versuchsansätze werden derzeit überprüft.
Reasons for and Experiences with Surgical Interventions for Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): A Systematic Review
Authors: Berg Rigmor C. , Taraldsen Sølvi , Said Maryan A. , Sørbye Ingvil Krarup , Vangen Siri
Published: June 2017

Background

Because female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) leads to changes in normal genital anatomy and functionality, women are increasingly seeking surgical interventions for their FGM/C-related concerns.

Aim

To conduct a systematic review of empirical quantitative and qualitative research on interventions for women with FGM/C-related complications.

Methods

We conducted systematic searches up to May 2016 in 16 databases to obtain references from different disciplines. We accepted all study designs consisting of girls and women who had been subjected to FGM/C and that examined a reparative intervention for a FGM/C-related concern. We screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts of retrieved records for relevance. Then, we assessed the methodologic quality of the included studies and extracted and synthesized the study data.

Outcomes

All outcomes were included.

Results

Of 3,726 retrieved references, 71 studies including 7,291 women were eligible for inclusion. We identified three different types of surgical intervention: defibulation or surgical separation of fused labia, excision of a cyst with or without some form of reconstruction, and clitoral or clitoral-labial reconstruction. Reasons for seeking surgical interventions consisted of functional complaints, sexual aspirations, esthetic aspirations, and identity recovery. The most common reasons for defibulation were a desire for improved sexual pleasure, vaginal appearance, and functioning. For cyst excision, cystic swelling was the main reason for seeking excision; for reconstruction, the main reason was to recover identity. Data on women's experiences with a surgical intervention are sparse, but we found that women reported easier births after defibulation. Our findings also suggested that most women were satisfied with defibulation (overall satisfaction = 50–100%), typically because of improvements in their sexual lives. Conversely, the results suggested that defibulation had low social acceptance and that the procedure created distress in some women who disliked the new appearance of their genitalia. Most women were satisfied with clitoral reconstruction, but approximately one third were dissatisfied with or perceived a worsening in the esthetic look.

Clinical Translation

The information health care professionals give to women who seek surgical interventions for FGM/C should detail the intervention options available and what women can realistically expect from such interventions.

Strengths and Limitations

The systematic review was conducted in accordance with guidelines, but there is a slight possibility that studies were missed.

Conclusion

There are some data on women's motivations for surgery for FGM/C-related concerns, but little is known about whether women are satisfied with the surgery, and experiences appear mixed.
Body Esteem as a Common Factor of a Tendency Toward Binge Eating and Sexual Dissatisfaction Among Women: The Role of Dissociation and Stress Response During Sex
Authors: Castellini Giovanni , Lo Sauro Carolina , Ricca Valdo , Rellini Alessandra H.
Published: June 2017

Background

Several studies have suggested a relevant overlap between eating disorders and sexual dysfunction involving the emotional component of body image esteem and dissociative experiences.

Aim

To evaluate the common maintaining factors of sexual dysfunction and vulnerability to pathologic eating behaviors and their relation to a physiologic stress response.

Methods

In the present cross-sectional study, we evaluated a non-clinical sample of 60 heterosexual women (25–35 years old) for dissociation during sex with a partner, body image disturbance, and tendency toward pathologic eating behaviors. We also evaluated the stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in response to a sexual stimulus and its association with binge eating and dissociation.

Outcomes

Participants completed the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale, the Sexual Satisfaction Scale–Women, the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, and the Eating Attitudes Test Short Version. Furthermore, we assessed cortisol levels before, during, and after exposure to explicit sexual stimuli shown within a laboratory setting.

Results

Dysfunctional body image esteem and a tendency toward binge-eating behaviors were associated with greater sexual distress in women. In particular, body esteem was significantly associated with greater dissociation during sex with a partner. Moreover, women who reported greater dissociation during sex with a partner and a tendency toward binge-eating behaviors showed higher levels of cortisol in response to sexual stimuli.

Clinical Implications

These results support further research based on trans-diagnostic treatments targeted to dissociation and body image esteem, which could lessen sexual dysfunction and vulnerability to pathologic eating behaviors.

Strengths and Limitations

Despite the small sample and self-reported questionnaires, this is the first study to consider the association of the stress response during sexual stimuli with sexual distress and with pathologic eating behaviors adopting a dimensional approach.

Conclusion

Body uneasiness and dissociation represented factors underlying pathologic eating behaviors and sexual dysfunction. Women reporting a tendency toward binge-eating episodes and dissociation during sexual experiences represented a subpopulation with a higher stress response during sexual stimuli.
Community in Hegel’s Social Philosophy
Authors: Lumsden Simon
Published: June 2017

In thePhilosophy of RightHegel argues that modern life has produced an individualized freedom that conflicts with the communal forms of life constitutive of Greek ethical life. This individualized freedom is fundamentally unsatisfactory, but it is in modernity seemingly resolved into a more adequate form of social freedom in the family, aspects of civil society, and ultimately the state. This article examines whether Hegel’s state can function as a community and by so doing satisfy the need for a substantial ethical life that runs through Hegel’s social thought. The article also examines why Hegel does not provide a detailed analysis of community, as a distinct sphere between the private and the public political sphere in thePhilosophy of Right, and why it is not a key platform of his social freedom.
“A New Reality of Harlem”: Imagining the African American Urban Future during the 1960s
Authors: MATLIN DANIEL
Published: June 2017

Envisioning Harlem's future served as a particularly vivid means of addressing the dilemmas posed by the prospect of desegregation. Should black peoplehood – in part a legacy of oppression and racialization – persist in a post-segregation era? This article calls for greater attention to be paid to the visions of future existence that animated, and were animated by, the black freedom struggles of the 1960s. It explores contrasting architectural reimaginings of Harlem and argues that ideas about existing black places and the nature of their built environment were important factors in shaping commitments to, and idealizations of, both integrationist and black nationalist futures.
Guinea worm: from Robert Leiper to eradication
Authors: TAYEH AHMED , CAIRNCROSS SANDY , COX FRANCIS E. G.
Published: June 2017

Guinea worm disease, dracunculiasis or dracontiasis, is an ancient disease with records going back over 4500 years, but until the beginning of the 20th century, little was known about its life cycle, particularly how humans became infected. In 1905, Robert Thomas Leiper was sent by the British colonial authorities to West Africa to investigate the spread of Guinea worm disease and to recommend measures to prevent it. While carrying out his investigations, he made important contributions to the aetiology, epidemiology and public health aspects of Guinea worm disease and provided definitive answers to many outstanding questions. First, he tested the validity of previous theories; second, he confirmed the role of water fleas, which he identified as Cyclops, as the intermediate hosts in the life cycle; third, he investigated the development of the parasite in its intermediate host; and fourth, he recommended measures to prevent the disease.

[The crustacean Order Cyclopoida in the Family Cyclopidae contains 25 genera, including Cyclops which itself contains over 400 species and may not even be a valid taxon. It is not known how many of these species (or indeed species belonging to related genera) can act as intermediate hosts of Dracunculus medinensis nor do we know which species Fedchenko, Leiper and other workers used in their experiments. It is, therefore, best to use the terms copepod, or copopoid crustacean rather than Cyclops in scientific texts. In this paper, these crustaceans are referred to as copepods except when referring to an original text.]

Leiper described the remarkable changes that took place when an infected copepod was placed in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid; the copepod was immediately killed, but the Dracunculus larvae survived and were released into the surrounding water. From this, he concluded that if a person swallowed an infected copepod, their gastric juice would produce similar results. He next infected monkeys by feeding them copepods infected with Guinea worm larvae, and thus conclusively demonstrated that humans became infected by accidentally ingesting infected crustaceans. Based on these conclusions, he advocated a number of control policies, including avoidance of contaminated drinking water or filtering it, and these preventive measures paved the way for further research. The challenge to eradicate Guinea worm disease was not taken up until about seven decades later since when, with the support of a number of governmental and non-governmental organizations, the number of cases has been reduced from an estimated 3·5 million in 1986 to 25 in 2016 with the expectation that this will eventually lead to the eradication of the disease.
Lipid-core nanocapsules increase the oral efficacy of quercetin in cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: SOUSA-BATISTA A. J. , POLETTO F. S. , PHILIPON C. I. M. S. , GUTERRES S. S. , POHLMANN A. R. , ROSSI-BERGMANN B.
Published: June 2017

New oral treatments are needed for all forms of leishmaniasis. Here, the improved oral efficacy of quercetin (Qc) and its penta-acetylated derivative (PQc) was evaluated in cutaneous leishmaniasis after encapsulation in lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs) of poly(ε-caprolactone). Leishmania amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were given 51 daily oral doses of free drugs (16 mg kg−1) or LNC-loaded drugs (0·4 mg kg−1). While treatment with free Qc reduced the lesion sizes and parasite loads by 38 and 71%, respectively, LNC-Qc produced 64 and 91% reduction, respectively. The antileishmanial efficacy of PQc was similar but not as potently improved by encapsulation as Qc. None of the treatments increased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase or creatinine serum levels. These findings indicate that when encapsulated in LNC, Qc and, to a lesser extent, PQc can safely produce an enhanced antileishmanial effect even at a 40-fold lower dose, with implications for the development of a new oral drug for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Genetic and phenotypic overlap of specific obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactive subtypes with Tourette syndrome
Authors: Hirschtritt M. E. , Darrow S. M. , Illmann C. , Osiecki L. , Grados M. , Sandor P. , Dion Y. , King R. A. , Pauls D. , Budman C. L. , Cath D. C. , Greenberg E. , Lyon G. J. , Yu D. , McGrath L. M. , McMahon W. M. , Lee P. C. , Delucchi K. L. , Scharf J. M. , Mathews C. A.
Published: June 2017

Background

The unique phenotypic and genetic aspects of obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) are not well characterized. Here, we examine symptom patterns and heritability of OCD and ADHD in TS families.

Method

OCD and ADHD symptom patterns were examined in TS patients and their family members (N= 3494) using exploratory factor analyses (EFA) for OCD and ADHD symptoms separately, followed by latent class analyses (LCA) of the resulting OCD and ADHD factor sum scores jointly; heritability and clinical relevance of the resulting factors and classes were assessed.

Results

EFA yielded a 2-factor model for ADHD and an 8-factor model for OCD. Both ADHD factors (inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms) were genetically related to TS, ADHD, and OCD. The doubts, contamination, need for sameness, and superstitions factors were genetically related to OCD, but not ADHD or TS; symmetry/exactness and fear-of-harm were associated with TS and OCD while hoarding was associated with ADHD and OCD. In contrast, aggressive urges were genetically associated with TS, OCD, and ADHD. LCA revealed a three-class solution: few OCD/ADHD symptoms (LC1), OCD & ADHD symptoms (LC2), and symmetry/exactness, hoarding, and ADHD symptoms (LC3). LC2 had the highest psychiatric comorbidity rates (⩾50% for all disorders).

Conclusions

Symmetry/exactness, aggressive urges, fear-of-harm, and hoarding show complex genetic relationships with TS, OCD, and ADHD, and, rather than being specific subtypes of OCD, transcend traditional diagnostic boundaries, perhaps representing an underlying vulnerability (e.g. failure of top-down cognitive control) common to all three disorders.
Seabird breeding population size on the Antarctic Peninsula related to fisheries activities in non-breeding ranges off South America
Authors: Krüger Lucas , Paiva Vitor H. , Petry Maria V. , Ramos Jaime A.
Published: June 2017

Population growth of the southern giant petrelMacronectes giganteusfrom South America has been linked with an increase in fishing activities. It was demonstrated recently that a population from Elephant Island, Antarctic Peninsula, largely overlaps its non-breeding distribution with zones of high fishing intensity off South America. This study investigated the assumption that the increase in this population since the 1980s is related to an increase in fisheries off South America. Our results show that the population size is proportional to the increase in demersal and squid fisheries. These fisheries produce a considerable amount of discards, which can be used by non-breeding southern giant petrels as a food source during unfavourable conditions in winter. This may enhance the adult survival rates with potential carry-over effects on population size. Our study shows that we need to further understand the effects of fishery discards/offal on scavenging seabirds of the Southern Ocean, and highlights the importance of understanding the carry-over effects of seabird–fisheries interactions during the non-breeding phase in population dynamics.
Evaluating the use of external beam radiation alone in the management of cervix cancer
Authors: Al-Hajri Thuraya , Isfahanian Naghmeh , Alyamani Najlaa , Atallah Soha , Choan E. , Le Tien , Samant Rajiv
Published: June 2017

Aim

To determine the outcome of patients with locally advanced cervix cancer treated with curative intent using external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), without brachytherapy.

Materials and methods

A chart review was performed of all patients with cervix cancer who received EBRT alone at our centre from 2000 to 2010. Overall survival and local control were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival curves.

Results

In total, 22 patients were identified. The median age and follow-up were 56 years and 65 months, respectively. The stage included IB to IVB. Main histology was squamous cell carcinoma (82%). Median tumour size was 5·5 cm. Majority treated with 3D conformal techniques and nine patients (41%) were treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT); 14 patients received doses of ≥65 Gy. Most patients (73%) received weekly concurrent cis-platinum. The major reason for not receiving brachytherapy was locally extensive tumour (59%). The 5-year relapse-free survival and overall survival rates were 57 and 50%, respectively. Seven patients (32%) had a component of loco-regional failure, mainly within the cervix. There was a better outcome among the nine patients treated with IMRT to a median dose of 66 Gy with a loco-regional control of 78%.

Conclusions

Patients who cannot have brachytherapy may still achieve acceptable rates of loco-regional disease control if high radiation doses (>65 Gy) was delivered.
Cohort differences in exercise adherence among primary care patients referred for mental health versus physical health conditions
Authors: Tobi Patrick , Kemp Philip , Schmidt Elena
Published: June 2017

Aim

To compare the characteristics of mental health and physical health participants attending an exercise referral scheme (ERS) and investigate associations with their adherence to exercise.

Background

While people referred to an ERS with a mental health diagnosis have similar initial rates of uptake as physical health participants, they are more likely to drop out. Comparisons of the groups to understand their differences and how these might impact on their adherence have been limited by the typically low numbers of mental health referrals in many schemes.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of a participant cohort. Data were extracted on all participants enrolled over a 12- month period (n = 701) and included measurements at baseline, mid-point (13 weeks) and end of programme (20-26 weeks). Differences were explored between the mental health (n=141) and physical health (n=560) subcohorts, and between adherers and non-adherers in each group. Binomial logistic regression estimated the effect of group-level factors associated with adherence.

Findings

Mental health referrals were more likely to be younger, White and unemployed, and had a lower mean body mass index and lower proportion of participants with high blood pressure. They were also more likely to drop out. While occupation was associated with exercise adherence among the physical health group, no predictive factors were identified in the mental health group.

Conclusion

Participants referred for mental health disorders are more likely to drop out of exercise referral schemes than those with physical health problems. While no factors were found to be predictive of their exercise adherence, an understanding of their distinguishing characteristics and attendance behaviour can guide in making better referral decisions concerning them and planning more appropriately tailored support.
A Flawed Construct? Understanding and Unpicking the Concept of Resilience in the Context of Economic Hardship
Authors: Hickman Paul
Published: June 2017

Increasingly, the construct of resilience has been used by social scientists and (social) policy makers in relation to individual resilience to economic hardship. There are a number of issues within the literature on the subject that are unresolved including: whether it is an attribute or a process; the extent to which resilience is a positive phenomenon; the extent to which individuals living in economic hardship have agency; and whether it is finite. The article unpacks these issues, drawing on qualitative data from a longitudinal study in Northern Ireland. It found resilience to be a negative experience for study participants, although they did exhibit a number of attributes that may be described as being positive. They were often unable to exercise ‘positive’, transformative agency, because the choices available were limited and pernicious in nature. The article concludes that as an analytical tool for exploring the experiences of people living in economic hardship, the construct of resilience is not helpful.
Humor Makes Them Want to Stay
Authors: Pundt Alexander , Fröhlich René , Nerdinger Friedemann W.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. We investigate the relationship between humor in leadership and turnover intentions and focus on benign and aggressive humor. We propose indirect relationships between both benign and aggressive humor and turnover intentions via cynicism toward the leader. We expect communication satisfaction to moderate these relationships. In our survey study, we found a negative relationship between benign humor and cynicism, while aggressive humor in leadership was positively related to cynicism. We found indirect effects of benign and aggressive humor on turnover intentions mediated via cynicism. The indirect effect of benign humor was moderated by communication satisfaction in a way that benign humor was more strongly related to cynicism and indirectly to turnover intentions if communication satisfaction was low. The indirect effect of aggressive humor on turnover intentions was not moderated by communication satisfaction. Our study underlines the necessity to distinguish between benign and aggressive humor and to further explore its boundary conditions.
Bringing Together Observers and Modelers of Sea Ice
Authors: Bailey David , Holland Marika
Published: June 2017

Sea Ice Thickness: Innovative Strategies to Integrate Measurements and Modeling; Boulder, Colorado, 16–17 November 2016
miRNA-200c-3p is crucial in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Liu Qiang , Du Jianchao , Yu Xuezhong , Xu Jun , Huang Fengming , Li Xiaoyun , Zhang Cong , Li Xiao , Chang Jiahui , Shang Daozhen , Zhao Yan , Tian Mingyao , Lu Huijun , Xu Jiantao , Li Chang , Zhu Huadong , Jin Ningyi , Jiang Chengyu
Published: June 2017

Influenza infection and pneumonia are known to cause much of their mortality by inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the most severe form of acute lung injury (ALI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is a negative regulator of angiotensin II in the renin–angiotensin system, has been reported to have a crucial role in ALI. Downregulation of ACE2 is always associated with the ALI or ARDS induced by avian influenza virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus and sepsis. However, the molecular mechanism of the decreased expression of ACE2 in ALI is unclear. Here we show that avian influenza virus H5N1 induced the upregulation of miR-200c-3p, which was then demonstrated to target the 3′-untranslated region of ACE2. Then, we found that nonstructural protein 1 and viral RNA of H5N1 contributed to the induction of miR-200c-3p during viral infection. Additionally, the synthetic analog of viral double-stranded RNA (poly (I:C)), bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid can all markedly increase the expression of miR-200c-3p in a nuclear factor-κB-dependent manner. Furthermore, markedly elevated plasma levels of miR-200c-3p were observed in severe pneumonia patients. The inhibition of miR-200c-3p ameliorated the ALI induced by H5N1 virus infection in vivo, indicating a potential therapeutic target. Therefore, we identify a shared mechanism of viral and bacterial lung infection-induced ALI/ARDS via nuclear factor-κB-dependent upregulation of miR-200c-3p to reduce ACE2 levels, which leads increased angiotensin II levels and subsequently causes lung injury.
Erratum: Organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral styrenes
Authors: Zheng Sheng-Cai , Wu San , Zhou Qinghai , Chung Lung Wa , Ye Liu , Tan Bin
Published: June 2017

Nature Communications 8: Article number:15238 (2017); Published: 3 May 2017; Updated: 27 June 2017 An incorrect version of the Supplementary Information was inadvertently published with this Article. The HTML has now been updated to include the correct version of the Supplementary Information.