bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction in copies ml–1 linearly correlates with standard urine culture in colonies ml−1 for urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens
Authors: Festa Richard A , Opel Mike , Mathur Mohit , Luke Natalie , Parnell Laura K S , Wang Dakun , Zhao Xinhua , Magallon Jesus , Percaccio Michael , Baunoch David
Published: July 2023

Standard urine culture (SUC) is the current standard method for confirmation of a urinary tract infection (UTI). SUC identifies microorganisms in urine samples and semi-quantifies these as colony-forming units (CFUs) ml−1. In contrast, quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction (q-MPCR) is a culture-independent assay in which the microbes are quantified by targeting genomic sequences and reported as cells ml−1, calculated from copies ml−1. Using serial dilutions within the 104–105 cells ml−1 range, the usual reporting range of SUC, this study compared the quantification results based on SUC and q-MPCR for four uropathogens with the control hemocytometer counts. The results revealed a linear relationship and a 1:1 correlation between the q-MPCR and SUC results. Additional q-MPCR quantification of 36 uropathogenic non-fastidious and fastidious bacteria and yeast indicated a reproducible linear correlation in a 1:1 manner with the control counts over a range of cell densities (103–106 cells ml−1). The results confirm that the quantifications by q-MPCR in cells ml−1 and by SUC in CFUs ml−1 are comparable and answer to the lingering question of how the results of these two methods correlate. Moreover, q-MPCR provided accurate quantification of various microorganisms over wider cell density ranges without the time required for microbial growth.
Densities and mass assembly histories of the Milky Way satellites are not a challenge to ΛCDM
Authors: Kravtsov Andrey , Wu Zewei
Published: July 2023

We use the GRUMPY galaxy formation model based on a suite of zoom-in, high-resolution, dissipationless Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) simulations of the Milky Way (MW) sized haloes to examine total matter density within the half-mass radius of stellar distribution, ρtot(< r1/2), of satellite dwarf galaxies around the MW hosts and their mass assembly histories. We compare model results to ρtot(< r1/2) estimates for observed dwarf satellites of the Milky Way spanning their entire luminosity range. We show that observed MW dwarf satellites exhibit a trend of decreasing total matter density within a half-mass radius, ρtot(< r1/2), with increasing stellar mass. This trend is in general agreement with the trend predicted by the model. None of the observed satellites are overly dense compared to the results of our ΛCDM-based model. We also show that although the halo mass of many satellite galaxies is comparable to the halo mass of the MW progenitor at z ≳ 10, at these early epochs halos that survive as satellites to z = 0 are located many virial radii away from the MW progenitors and thus do not have a chance to merge with it. Our results show that neither the densities estimated in observed Milky Way satellites nor their mass assembly histories pose a challenge to the ΛCDM model. In fact, the broad agreement between density trends with the stellar mass of the observed and model galaxies can be considered as yet another success of the model.
The radio emission in radio-quiet quasars: the VLBA perspective
Authors: Chen Sina , Laor Ari , Behar Ehud , Baldi Ranieri D , Gelfand Joseph D
Published: July 2023

The origin of the radio emission in radio-quiet quasars (RQQ) is not established yet. We present new VLBA observations at 1.6 and 4.9 GHz of 10 RQQ (9 detected), which together with published earlier observations of 8 RQQ (5 detected), forms a representative sample of 18 RQQ drawn from the Palomar–Green sample of low z (< 0.5) AGN. The spectral slope of the integrated emission extends from very steep (α < −1.98) to strongly inverted (α = +2.18), and the slopes of 9 of the 14 objects are flat (α > −0.5). Most objects have an unresolved flat-spectrum core, which coincides with the optical Gaia position. The extended emission is generally steep-spectrum, has a low brightness temperature (< 107 K), and is displaced from the optical core (the Gaia position) by ∼ 5–100 pc. The VLBA core flux is tightly correlated with the X-ray flux, and follows a radio to X-ray luminosity relation of log LR/LX ≃ −6, for all objects with a black hole mass log MBH/M⊙ < 8.5. The flatness of the core emission implies a compact source size (≲ 0.1 pc), which likely originates from the accretion disc corona. The mas-scale extended emission is optically thin and of clumpy structure, and is likely produced by an outflow from the center. Radio observations at higher frequencies can further test the accretion disc coronal emission interpretation for the core emission in RQQ.
Cold diffuse interstellar medium of Magellanic Clouds: I. HD molecule and cosmic-ray ionization rate
Authors: Kosenko D N , Balashev S A
Published: July 2023

HD molecule is one of the most abundant molecule in the Universe and due to its sensibility to the conditions in the medium, it can be used to constrain physical parameters in the medium where HD resides. Lately, we have shown that HD abundance can be enhanced in the low-metallicity medium. Large and Small Magellanic Clouds give us an opportunity to study low-metallicity galaxies in detail towards different sightlines due to their proximity to our Galaxy. We revisited Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) space telescope archival spectra towards bright stars in Magellanic Clouds to search for HD molecules, associated with the medium of these galaxies. We reanalysed H2 absorption lines and constrained HD column density at the positions of H2 components. We detected HD towards 24 sightlines (including 19 new detections). We try to measure cosmic ray ionization rate for several systems using measured N(HD)/N(H2), and in most cases get loose constraints due to insufficient quality of the FUSE spectra.
Galactic properties that favour star cluster formation: a statistical view
Authors: Berek Samantha C , Reina-Campos Marta , Eadie Gwendolyn , Sills Alison
Published: July 2023

The presence or absence of star clusters in galaxies, and the properties of star cluster populations compared to their host galaxy properties, are important observables for validating models of cluster formation, galaxy formation, and galaxy assembly. In this work, we apply a Bayesian approach to fit two models to data from surveys of young clusters in star-forming galaxies. The first model is a logistic regression, which allows us to include galaxies which do not have any young clusters. The second model is a hurdle model, which includes galaxies with zero clusters and also incorporates information about the total mass in the cluster system. We investigate two predictors (star formation rate and total stellar mass in the galaxy) and look at clusters younger than 10 or 100 Myr. We find that in all cases, star formation rate is the better predictor for both the probability of hosting clusters and the total mass in the cluster system. We compare our results to similar models for old globular clusters, and conclude that star cluster formation was more abundant and more efficient at higher redshifts, likely because of the high gas content of galaxies at that time.
Magnetic winding and turbulence in ultra-hot Jupiters
Authors: Soriano-Guerrero Clàudia , Viganò Daniele , Perna Rosalba , Akgün Taner , Palenzuela Carlos
Published: July 2023

While magnetism in exoplanets remains largely unknown, hot Jupiters have been considered as natural candidates to harbour intense magnetic fields, both due to their large masses, which might empower a larger internal dynamo, and, possibly, due to their high energy budgets coming from irradiation. In this work, we focus on the latter aspect and perform MHD simulations of a narrow dayside atmospheric column of ultra-hot Jupiters, suitable for very high local temperatures (T ≳ 3000 K). Due to the high conductivity in this regime, the primary influence is the winding of the magnetic field caused by the intense zonal winds. In our study, we include a forcing that mimics the wind profiles observed in GCMs near the substellar point. As a result, the shear layer generates a toroidal magnetic field, locally reaching a few kG, which is supported by meridional currents. Such fields and the sustaining currents do not depend on the internal field but are all confined in the thin (less than a scale-height) shear layer around 1 bar. Additionally, we add random perturbations that induce turbulent motions, which lead to further (but much smaller) magnetic field generation to a broader range of depths. These results enable the assessment of the atmospheric currents that are induced. Although here we use ideal MHD and the only resistivity comes from the numerical scheme at a fixed resolution, we estimate a posteriori the amount of Ohmic heat deposited in the outer layers, which could be employed in evolutionary models for Hot Jupiters’ inflated radii.
SN 2020udy: an SN Iax with strict limits on interaction consistent with a helium-star companion
Authors: Maguire Kate , Magee Mark R , Leloudas Giorgos , Miller Adam A , Dimitriadis Georgios , Pursiainen Miika , Bulla Mattia , De Kishalay , Gal-Yam Avishay , Perley Daniel A , Fremling Christoffer , Karambelkar Viraj R , Nordin Jakob , Reusch Simeon , Schulze Steve , Sollerman Jesper , Terreran Giacomo , Yang(杨轶) Yi , Bellm Eric C , Groom Steven L , Kasliwal Mansi M , Kulkarni Shrinivas R , Lacroix Leander , Masci Frank J , Purdum Josiah N , Sharma Yashvi , Smith Roger
Published: July 2023

Early observations of transient explosions can provide vital clues to their progenitor origins. In this paper, we present the nearby Type Iax (02cx-like) supernova (SN), SN 2020udy, that was discovered within hours (∼7 h) of estimated first light. An extensive data set of ultra-violet, optical, and near-infrared observations was obtained, covering out to ∼150 d after explosion. SN 2020udy peaked at −17.86 ± 0.43 mag in the r band and evolved similarly to other ‘luminous’ SNe Iax, such as SNe 2005hk and 2012Z. Its well-sampled early light curve allows strict limits on companion interaction to be placed. Main-sequence companion stars with masses of 2 and 6 M⊙ are ruled out at all viewing angles, while a helium-star companion is allowed from a narrow range of angles (140–180° away from the companion). The spectra and light curves of SN 2020udy are in good agreement with those of the ‘N5def’ deflagration model of a near Chandrasekhar-mass carbon–oxygen white dwarf. However, as has been seen in previous studies of similar luminosity events, SN 2020udy evolves slower than the model. Broad-band linear polarization measurements taken at and after peak are consistent with no polarization, in agreement with the predictions of the companion-star configuration from the early light-curve measurements. The host galaxy environment is low metallicity and is consistent with a young stellar population. Overall, we find the most plausible explosion scenario to be the incomplete disruption of a CO white dwarf near the Chandrasekhar-mass limit, with a helium-star companion.
Close encounters of the interstellar kind: exploring the capture of interstellar objects in near-Earth orbit
Authors: Mukherjee Diptajyoti , Siraj Amir , Trac Hy , Loeb Abraham
Published: July 2023

Recent observations and detections of interstellar objects (ISOs) passing through the Solar system have sparked a wave of interest into these objects. Although rare, these ISOs can be captured into bound orbits around the Sun. In this study, we investigate the novel idea of capture of ISOs into near-Earth orbits and find that a steady population of ISOs exists among the current population of near-Earth objects (NEOs). Using numerical simulations, we find that the capture of ISOs into near-Earth orbits is dominated by Jupiter that is 104 times more efficient in capturing ISOs compared to Earth. Captured ISOs are more likely to be in orbits with high eccentricities and low inclinations. We also investigate the stability of captured ISOs and find that they are generally unstable and have an average survival lifetime of ∼1 Myr, consistent with lifetime of NEOs originating from outer asteroid belt, and are ejected from the Solar system due to interactions with other planets or the Sun. Our results have important implications for understanding the population of ISOs in the Solar system and possible future detection. We find that about one to a few 50–70 m sized captured ISOs among NEOs would be detectable by Vera Rubin Observatory over its lifetime. By detecting and studying captured ISOs, we can learn about the properties and origins of such objects, and the formation and evolution of exoplanetary systems and even our Solar system.
SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 induces mRNA cleavages on the ribosome
Authors: Tardivat Yann , Sosnowski Piotr , Tidu Antonin , Westhof Eric , Eriani Gilbert , Martin Franck
Published: July 2023

In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the non-structural protein NSP1 inhibits translation of host mRNAs by binding to the mRNA entry channel of the ribosome and, together with the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of the viral mRNAs, allows the evasion of that inhibition. Here, we show that NSP1 mediates endonucleolytic cleavages of both host and viral mRNAs in the 5′UTR, but with different cleavage patterns. The first pattern is observed in host mRNAs with cleavages interspersed regularly and close to the 5′ cap (6–11 nt downstream of the cap). Those cleavage positions depend more on the position relative to the 5′ cap than on the sequence itself. The second cleavage pattern occurs at high NSP1 concentrations and only in SARS-CoV-2 RNAs, with the cleavages clustered at positions 45, 46 and 49. Both patterns of cleavage occur with the mRNA and NSP1 bound to the ribosome, with the SL1 hairpin at the 5′ end sufficient to protect from NSP1-mediated degradation at low NSP1 concentrations. We show further that the N-terminal domain of NSP1 is necessary and sufficient for efficient cleavage. We suggest that in the ribosome-bound NSP1 protein the catalytic residues of the N-terminal domain are unmasked by the remodelling of the α1- and α2-helices of the C-terminal domain.
Asymmetric dimerization in a transcription factor superfamily is promoted by allosteric interactions with DNA
Authors: Patel Abdul Kareem Mohideen , Vilela Pierre , Shaik Tajith Baba , McEwen Alastair G , Hazemann Isabelle , Brillet Karl , Ennifar Eric , Hamiche Ali , Markov Gabriel V , Laudet Vincent , Moras Dino , Klaholz Bruno P , Billas Isabelle M L
Published: July 2023

Transcription factors, such as nuclear receptors achieve precise transcriptional regulation by means of a tight and reciprocal communication with DNA, where cooperativity gained by receptor dimerization is added to binding site sequence specificity to expand the range of DNA target gene sequences. To unravel the evolutionary steps in the emergence of DNA selection by steroid receptors (SRs) from monomeric to dimeric palindromic binding sites, we carried out crystallographic, biophysical and phylogenetic studies, focusing on the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs, NR3B) that represent closest relatives of SRs. Our results, showing the structure of the ERR DNA-binding domain bound to a palindromic response element (RE), unveil the molecular mechanisms of ERR dimerization which are imprinted in the protein itself with DNA acting as an allosteric driver by allowing the formation of a novel extended asymmetric dimerization region (KR-box). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that this dimerization asymmetry is an ancestral feature necessary for establishing a strong overall dimerization interface, which was progressively modified in other SRs in the course of evolution.
Steric hindrance and structural flexibility shape the functional properties of a guanine-rich oligonucleotide
Authors: Troisi Romualdo , Napolitano Valeria , Rossitto Emanuele , Osman Waleed , Nagano Masanobu , Wakui Koji , Popowicz Grzegorz M , Yoshimoto Keitaro , Sica Filomena
Published: July 2023

Ligand/protein molecular recognition involves a dynamic process, whereby both partners require a degree of structural plasticity to regulate the binding/unbinding event. Here, we present the characterization of the interaction between a highly dynamic G-rich oligonucleotide, M08s-1, and its target protein, human α-thrombin. M08s-1 is the most active anticoagulant aptamer selected thus far. Circular dichroism and gel electrophoresis analyses indicate that both intramolecular and intermolecular G-quadruplex structures are populated in solution. The presence of thrombin stabilises the antiparallel intramolecular chair-like G-quadruplex conformation, that provides by far the main contribution to the biological activity of the aptamer. The crystal structure of the thrombin-oligonucleotide complex reveals that M08s-1 adopts a kinked structural organization formed by a G-quadruplex domain and a long duplex module, linked by a stretch of five purine bases. The quadruplex motif hooks the exosite I region of thrombin and the duplex region is folded towards the surface of the protein. This structural feature, which has never been observed in other anti-exosite I aptamers with a shorter duplex motif, hinders the approach of a protein substrate to the active site region and may well explain the significant increase in the anticoagulant activity of M08s-1 compared to the other anti-exosite I aptamers.
High-grade glioma in infants and young children is histologically, molecularly, and clinically diverse: Results from the SJYC07 trial and institutional experience
Authors: Chiang Jason , Bagchi Aditi , Li Xiaoyu , Dhanda Sandeep K , Huang Jie , Pinto Soniya N , Sioson Edgar , Dalton James , Tatevossian Ruth G , Jia Sujuan , Partap Sonia , Fisher Paul G , Bowers Daniel C , Hassall Timothy E G , Lu Congyu , Zaldivar-Peraza Airen , Wright Karen D , Broniscer Alberto , Qaddoumi Ibrahim , Upadhyaya Santhosh A , Vinitsky Anna , Sabin Noah D , Orr Brent A , Klimo Paul , Boop Frederick A , Ashford Jason M , Conklin Heather M , Onar-Thomas Arzu , Zhou Xin , Ellison David W , Gajjar Amar , Robinson Giles W
Published: July 2023

Background

High-grade gliomas (HGG) in young children pose a challenge due to favorable but unpredictable outcomes. While retrospective studies broadened our understanding of tumor biology, prospective data is lacking.

Methods

A cohort of children with histologically diagnosed HGG from the SJYC07 trial was augmented with nonprotocol patients with HGG treated at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital from November 2007 to December 2020. DNA methylome profiling and whole genome, whole exome, and RNA sequencing were performed. These data were integrated with histopathology to yield an integrated diagnosis. Clinical characteristics and preoperative imaging were analyzed.

Results

Fifty-six children (0.0–4.4 years) were identified. Integrated analysis split the cohort into four categories: infant-type hemispheric glioma (IHG), HGG, low-grade glioma (LGG), and other-central nervous system (CNS) tumors. IHG was the most prevalent (n = 22), occurred in the youngest patients (median age = 0.4 years), and commonly harbored receptor tyrosine kinase gene fusions (7 ALK, 2 ROS1, 3 NTRK1/2/3, 4 MET). The 5-year event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS) for IHG was 53.13% (95%CI: 35.52–79.47) and 90.91% (95%CI: 79.66–100.00) vs. 0.0% and 16.67% (95%CI: 2.78–99.74%) for HGG (p = 0.0043, p = 0.00013). EFS and OS were not different between IHG and LGG (p = 0.95, p = 0.43). Imaging review showed IHGs are associated with circumscribed margins (p = 0.0047), hemispheric location (p = 0.0010), and intratumoral hemorrhage (p = 0.0149).

Conclusions

HGG in young children is heterogeneous and best defined by integrating histopathological and molecular features. Patients with IHG have relatively good outcomes, yet they endure significant deficits, making them good candidates for therapy de-escalation and trials of molecular targeted therapy.
The Promotion of Premium Cigars on Social Media
Authors: Kong Grace , Lee Juhan , Celentano Mia , Tang Charis , Geller Amy , Mead Aimee , Landrum Sterling Kymberle
Published: July 2023

Introduction

The health effect of premium cigar smoking is determined by patterns of use and perceptions, which are shaped by marketing messages. The tobacco industry uses brand-owned media promotion on social media to market its product. However, premium cigar brands’ promotion of their products on social media is unknown.

Aims and Methods

Forty-seven premium cigar brands were reviewed. For each brand, we identified the social media accounts and examined the content of the 10 most recent posts of each social media platform to identify the marketing themes in July 2022. We also assessed the presence of age-gating and the dates of the posts.

Results

Of the 47 brands, 65% (n = 31) had Facebook and Instagram, 56% (n = 27) had Twitter, 21% (n = 10) had YouTube, and 17% (n = 8) had “other” (e.g. LinkedIn and Pinterest) accounts. Age-gating across these platforms ranged from 0% to 49%. Marketing themes identified from 981 social media posts included product features, alcohol, holidays, events and festivals, discounts and sweepstakes, taste, family, quality, lounges and clubs, culture, innovation, masculinity, and “other” (e.g. fundraising for charity and celebrity endorsement).

Conclusions

Premium cigar brands are using brand-owned social media to promote their products using similar strategies (e.g. discounts and sweepstakes) used by other tobacco industries but also using novel themes (e.g. fundraising for charity, events and festivals) to enhance engagement. Ongoing comprehensive surveillance of premium cigars’ marketing is needed on social media to inform marketing restrictions to protect public health, including priority populations such as youth.

Implications

This study is the first to identify that premium cigar brands are promoting their brands and products on brand-owned social media, using diverse themes and strategies to engage and appeal to the public. Age gating of the promotional content on social media was low. Findings suggest that marketing restrictions to reduce the appeal of premium cigars among youth is needed to reduce tobacco-related harm.
Cross-sectional Use Patterns and Characteristics of Premium Versus Non-Premium Cigar Smokers in the United States, 2010–2019
Authors: Chen-Sankey Julia , Bover Manderski Michelle T , Ganz Ollie , Schroth Kevin R J , Villanti Andrea C , Delnevo Cristine D
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Few studies have addressed the use patterns and characteristics of the past 30 days of premium versus non-premium cigar smokers.

Aims and Methods

We pooled 10 years of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH; 2010–2019) to evaluate use patterns and demographic and tobacco use characteristics of premium and non-premium cigar smokers ages 12 years and older in the U.S. cigar-type was manually coded as premium or non-premium according to the brand used most often.

Results

Between 2010 and 2019, 4.7% (95% CI = 4.6–4.8) of individuals aged 12 and older currently smoked cigars (past-30-day use). Smoking premium cigars (0.9% [95% CI = 0.8–0.9]) was less prevalent than smoking non-premium cigars (3.0% [95% CI = 2.9–3.1]). Although current non-premium cigar smoking prevalence steadily declined over the years, current premium cigar smoking prevalence remained stable. Premium cigar smokers were more likely to be older (≥25 years), male, non-Hispanic white, heterosexual, college educated, living in a large metro area, and to have income above 200% of the poverty threshold compared to non-premium users (p < .05). Additionally, past-30-day premium cigar smokers were less likely than non-premium users to initiate cigar smoking before the age of 18 years, smoke cigars frequently or daily, smoke cigarettes, or use marijuana (p < .05).

Conclusions

Overall, premium cigar smoking is less prevalent than non-premium cigar smoking, especially among populations such as youth, racial/ethnic and sexual minorities, and low socioeconomic individuals. Premium cigar smokers tend to smoke infrequently and initiate cigars later in life compared with non-premium smokers. Study results can inform recommendations for regulating premium cigars.

Implications

This study found that between 2010 and 2019, there are meaningful differences in the use patterns and characteristics of past-30-day premium versus non-premium cigar smokers in the United States. Premium cigars comprise a small share of the market compared to other cigar types and are less likely to be used by youth and other tobacco control priority groups (eg, racial/ethnic minorities and individuals with low socioeconomic statuses) that bear a disproportionate burden of risk and harm from using tobacco products. Additionally, most premium cigar users smoke them only occasionally. However, it is important to continue to monitor premium cigar use, as these patterns could shift because of factors like changes in marketing practices, consumer awareness, and product prices. Tobacco policy changes may also alter the patterns and trends of premium cigar use over time. A greater, more comprehensive understanding of premium cigars’ physical characteristics, patterns of use, user perceptions, tobacco industry marketing strategies, and health effects will together help to inform cigar-related regulations.
Premium and Non-Premium Cigar Use Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Reproductive Age Women: Findings from the 2010–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Authors: Sharma Eva , Gautam Prem , Jao Nancy C , Stroud Laura R
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Little is known about cigar use among women of reproductive age, especially potential differences relating to the use of premium versus non-premium cigars.

Aims and Methods

Using 2010–2019 data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, rates and trends in premium and non-premium cigar use were determined among women of reproductive age (18–49; n = 5651). Weighted sociodemographic characteristics, substance co-use, patterns of use, and health indicators were compared between women using premium versus non-premium cigars.

Results

Among reproductive-aged women who smoked cigars in the past 30 days, 4.9% reported use of premium cigar brands. The most commonly used premium brands were Romeo y Julieta, Cohiba, and Macanudos. Women who used premium versus non-premium cigars were less likely to identify as non-Hispanic black (16.5% vs. 35.5%), more likely to have household income >$50 000 (54.2% vs. 26.6%), and less likely to report past 30-day marijuana (28.7% vs. 55.7%) or blunt use (26.0% vs. 53.9%; ps < .001). Women who used premium cigars also reported later age of onset of cigar use (24.1 vs. 20.3 years; p < .001) and smoked fewer cigars in the last 30 days (9.8 vs. 2.3 days; p < .001). Trend analysis revealed that although rates of past 30-day premium cigar use remained consistent from 2010 (4.7%) to 2019 (4.9%), prevalence decreased from 6.6% in 2017 to 2.8% in 2018 before increasing to 4.9% in 2019.

Conclusions

Understanding premium and non-premium cigar use among reproductive-age women, an understudied vulnerable population, will provide critical data to the Food and Drug Administration to inform policy and regulatory decisions.

Implications

The current study revealed prevalence of ~5% premium cigar use among women of reproductive age who smoke cigars, and evidence for consistency in women’s rates of premium cigar use across time. Women who used premium versus non-premium cigars were more likely to identify as non-Hispanic white, older, and of higher socioeconomic status were in better health and less likely to co-use cigarettes and marijuana, but more likely to co-use alcohol. Consideration of reproductive age and pregnant women as uniquely vulnerable populations is warranted in the development of regulations regarding premium and non-premium cigars. Comprehensive regulation of cigars (both premium and non-premium) may offer the potential to positively impact women’s health.
Cross-sectional Patterns and Longitudinal Transitions of Premium and Non-Premium Cigar Use in the United States
Authors: Jeon Jihyoun , Mok Yoonseo , Meza Rafael
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Cigar use is common in the United States; however, knowledge about trends and longitudinal patterns of premium and non-premium cigar use is limited. We analyzed cross-sectional and transition patterns of cigar use in the United States by cigar type, age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

Aims and Methods

Using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we compared characteristics of cigar users by Wave (1–5) and type; premium versus non-premium traditional cigars, cigarillos, and filtered cigars. We then calculated longitudinal transition rates of cigar and cigarette use between PATH Study Waves and longitudinal trajectories across all five Waves.

Results

Premium cigars were predominantly used by males, non-Hispanic White individuals, and those with high educational attainment. Premium cigar use was mostly non-daily and less likely to be dual with cigarettes or other cigar types. About three-quarters of exclusive premium cigar users remained so after one year. However, dual-use of premium cigars with either other cigar types or cigarettes was transient. Those who smoked premium cigars fairly regularly for at least one year were more likely to be exclusive premium cigar users or have dropped combustible tobacco product use by Wave 5.

Conclusions

Cigar use patterns vary significantly by cigar type. Premium cigar users have distinctive characteristics compared to other cigar-type users. When studying cigar use and related health outcomes, it is critical to distinguish cigar type.

Implications

Continuous monitoring of longitudinal use patterns of premium and non-premium cigar use and their co-use and transitions to other tobacco products, including inhalation and a more precise measure of the intensity of use, is essential for a better assessment of their health implications.
Biomarkers of Toxic Exposure and Oxidative Stress Among U.S. Adult Users of Premium Cigar Versus Other Cigar Subtypes: 2013–2019
Authors: Dai Hongying Daisy , Benowitz Neal L , Rogan Eleanor , Degarege Abraham , Buckley James , Khan Ali S
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Cigars are currently the second-highest-used combustible tobacco product among U.S. adults, but knowledge about health effects of premium cigars versus other cigar subtype use is limited.

Aims and Methods

This study analyzed the biospecimen data (n = 31 875) from Waves 1-5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, collected during 2013–2019. Multivariable generalized estimation equations, accounting for within-person clustering, were conducted to examine differences in urine biomarkers of exposure (BOE) from five classes of harmful and potentially harmful constituents along with a biomarker of oxidative stress (urine 8-isoprostane) among exclusive users of premium cigars versus other exclusive cigar subtypes (ie, non-premium large cigars, cigarillos, and filtered cigars), cigarettes, and non-tobacco users.

Results

In comparison to non-tobacco users, exclusive premium cigar users had higher geometric mean concentrations of the nicotine metabolite cotinine (5.8 vs. 0.5ng/mg, p < .0001), tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL): 7.8 vs. 1.3pg/mg, p < .0001), and volatile organic compound (VOC) (N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA, acrylonitrile): 4.7 vs. 1.6ng/mg, p < .0001). Exclusive premium cigar users were less likely to be daily users than other tobacco user groups and had comparable BOEs with exclusive non-premium large cigar users but generally lower BOEs than exclusive cigarillo, filtered cigar, and cigarette smokers. Daily exclusive premium cigar users had similar nicotine and TSNA exposure but lower exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds than exclusive cigarillo and filtered cigar users.

Conclusions

Premium cigar use exhibits different exposure to toxicants from other cigar subtype users. Regulations of premium cigars need to formalize product definition and take the population’s health effects into consideration.

Implications

This population study provides important information on BOE and potential harm with premium cigar use and its potential health effects. At present, premium cigars appear to pose a relatively low overall population health risk due to low frequency of use. However, future regulation of other tobacco products might change the landscape of premium cigar use and alter the overall health impact.
Evaluating Correlations Between Premium Cigar Smoking and Mental Health and Substance Use Dependence Conditions Among U.S. Adults, 2010–2019
Authors: Bover Manderski Michelle T , Ganz Ollie , Chen-Sankey Julia , Villanti Andrea C , Delnevo Cristine D
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Improved understanding of health conditions associated with premium cigar smoking can inform efforts to reduce cigar use. This paper extends findings commissioned for the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report on premium cigars.

Aims and Methods

We pooled 2010–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data to evaluate cross-sectional associations between premium cigar smoking and mental health and substance use conditions among U.S. adults. A series of logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption compared odds of each condition associated with past-month premium cigar smoking relative to past-month nonpremium cigar smoking, never tobacco use, and current established cigarette smoking.

Results

Premium cigar smoking was associated with lower adjusted odds of past month serious psychological distress, past year major depressive episode, and cannabis and illicit drug dependence relative to nonpremium cigar and cigarette smoking; however, higher odds of alcohol and cannabis dependence were observed relative to never tobacco use, and lower odds of alcohol dependence were observed relative to current cigarette smoking but not current nonpremium cigar smoking.

Conclusions

We observed considerable variation in both magnitude and direction of associations between premium cigar smoking and mental health and substance use indicators depending on the condition and reference group to which premium cigar smoking was compared.

Implications

Premium cigar smoking frequently cooccurs with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, thus potential health correlates must be considered in appropriate context. We observed considerable variation in direction and magnitude of association depending on the health condition and reference population, as well as potential for reverse causality and residual confounding in this cross-sectional analysis. As the tobacco landscape continues to evolve, rigorous scientific studies that incorporate clear differentiation of cigar type, measures of cumulative use, and temporal data collection are necessary to fully evaluate the health effects of premium cigar smoking and effectively inform Food and Drug Administration regulation.
Paternal feeding practices and styles: a systematic review
Authors: Lozano-Casanova Mar , Gutierrez-Hervas Ana , Richart-Martinez Miguel , Oliver-Roig Antonio , Sospedra Isabel
Published: July 2023

Context

Studies on parenting, including feeding styles and practices in general, have focused mainly on mothers. Consequently, there is a gap with respect to fathers in the scientific literature.

Objective

This study's main objective is to determine paternal feeding styles toward children aged 0 to 18 years and to identify those most commonly used by men.

Data Sources

The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PsycINFO databases were consulted.

Data Extraction

Articles that were not published in English, Spanish, or Italian were excluded, as well as those that referred to other subjects, those whose sample did not include men, or those studying children with pathologies that could influence their diet. All the articles ultimately included were assessed using the STROBE checklist.

Data Analysis

A total of 183 articles were found. Of these, 13 were included in the review. No trend was found for paternal parenting style, and disparities existed among the authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles. In terms of feeding practices, men were more likely to use coercion. The most reported feeding styles were authoritarian and permissive.

Conclusions

The findings of systematic review suggest cultural and gender differences exist with respect to parenting styles and feeding styles and practices. In terms of paternal parenting styles, there is some disparity. However, when it comes to feeding, men showed a tendency toward an authoritarian feeding style and coercive feeding practices.
Salt stress releases extracellular ATP to activate purinergic signaling and inhibit plant growth
Authors: Kim Daewon , Yanders Samantha , Stacey Gary
Published: July 2023

Salt stress increases extracellular ATP levels and the upregulation of P2K1 purinoreceptor transcripts, leading to the activation of purinergic signaling and consequent inhibition of plant growth.
Partnerships between police and GBV service providers in remote, rural, and island communities in northern Scotland before and during COVID-19
Authors: Pedersen Sarah , Mueller-Hirth Natascha , Miller Leia
Published: July 2023

COVID-19 exacerbated challenges that already existed in the policing of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in remote and rural northern Scotland. Victims’ direct access to the police and third-sector organisations was impeded by social distancing while the pandemic exacerbated extant issues relating to staffing, particularly in relation to female police officers. On the positive side, the flexibility that already characterised rural and remote policing continued, and police officers and third-sector organisations worked together to support victims. The move to videoconferencing was hailed as a positive move in an area where travel to meetings or court can be difficult and expensive. A lack of training for officers with no specific GBV role was identified as particularly problematic during the pandemic when officers on the ground in rural and remote Scotland had to take over work usually undertaken by specialist task forces.
L-functions with Riemann’s functional equation and the Riemann hypothesis
Authors: Nakamura Takashi
Published: July 2023

Let χ4 be the non-principal Dirichlet character mod 4 and $L(s,\chi_4)$ be the Dirichlet L-function associated with χ4 and put $R(s):= s 4^{s} L(s+1,\chi_4) + \pi L(s-1,\chi_4)$. In the present paper, we show that the function R(s) has the Riemann’s functional equation and its zeros only at the non-positive even integers and complex numbers with real part $1/2$. We also give other L-functions that have the same property.
3D-printed porous functional composite scaffolds with polydopamine decoration for bone regeneration
Authors: Qi Jin , Wang Yili , Chen Liping , Chen Linjie , Wen Feng , Huang Lijiang , Rueben Pfukwa , Zhang Chunwu , Li Huaqiong
Published: July 2023

Large size bone defects affect human health and remain a worldwide health problem that needs to be solved immediately. 3D printing technology has attracted substantial attention for preparing penetrable multifunctional scaffolds to promote bone reconditioning and regeneration. Inspired by the spongy structure of natural bone, novel porous degradable scaffolds have been printed using polymerization of lactide and caprolactone (PLCL) and bioactive glass 45S5 (BG), and polydopamine (PDA) was used to decorate the PLCL/BG scaffolds. The physicochemical properties of the PLCL/BG and PLCL/BG/PDA scaffolds were measured, and their osteogenic and angiogenic effects were characterized through a series of experiments both in vitro and in vivo. The results show that the PLCL/BG2/PDA scaffold possessed a good compression modulus and brilliant hydrophilicity. The proliferation, adhesion and osteogenesis of hBMSCs were improved in the PDA coating groups, which exhibited the best performance. The results of the SD rat cranium defect model indicate that PLCL/BG2/PDA obviously promoted osteointegration, which was further confirmed through immunohistochemical staining. Therefore, PDA decoration and the sustained release of bioactive ions (Ca, Si, P) from BG in the 3D-printed PLCL/BG2/PDA scaffold could improve surface bioactivity and promote better osteogenesis and angiogenesis, which may provide a valuable basis for customized implants in extensive bone defect repair applications.
Study of food toxicology of toxins artificially introduced into the food or fruits
Authors: Bhandare Saurabh Dilip , Malode Sarika Shivaji
Published: July 2023

A recent incidence reported in NEWS media of artificial fruits ripening agent’s toxic to health and killed several seasonal fruit eaters because of the toxicity of the fruit introduced with such toxic ripening agents that affect adversely on health of humans and animals both consumers equivalently have been highlighted in this study.
Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Classification of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. eucalypti and Computational Analysis of the Type III Secretion System
Authors: Choudhary Manoj , Minsavage Gerald V. , Goss Erica M. , Timilsina Sujan , Coutinho Teresa A. , Vallad Gary E. , Paret Mathews L. , Jones Jeffrey B.
Published: July 2023

Xanthomonas spp. infect a wide range of annual and perennial plants. Bacterial blight in young seedlings of Eucalyptus spp. in Indonesia was originally identified as X. perforans. However, these strains failed to elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) on either tomatoes or peppers. Two of the strains, EPK43 and BCC 972, when infiltrated into tomato and pepper leaves, failed to grow to significant levels in comparison with well-characterized X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans ( Xp) strains. Furthermore, spray inoculation of ‘Bonny Best’ tomato plants with a bacterial suspension of the Eucalyptus strains resulted in no obvious symptoms. We sequenced the whole genomes of eight strains isolated from two Eucalyptus species between 2007 and 2015. The strains had average nucleotide identities (ANIs) of at least 97.8 with Xp and X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria ( Xeu) strains, both of which are causal agents of bacterial spot of tomatoes and peppers. A comparison of the Eucalyptus strains revealed that the ANI values were >99.99% with each other. Core genome phylogeny clustered all Eucalyptus strains with X. euvesicatoria pv. rosa. They formed separate clades, which included X. euvesicatoria pv. alangii, X. euvesicatoria pv. citrumelonis, and X. euvesicatoria pv. alfalfae. Based on ANI, phylogenetic relationships, and pathogenicity, we designated these Eucalyptus strains as X. euvesicatoria pv. eucalypti ( Xee). Comparative analysis of sequenced strains provided unique profiles of type III secretion effectors. Core effector XopD, present in all pathogenic Xp and Xeu strains, was absent in the Xee strains. Comparison of the hrp clusters of Xee, Xp, and Xeu genomes revealed that HrpE in Xee strains was very different from that in Xp and Xeu. To determine if it was functional, we deleted the gene and complemented with the Xee hrpE, confirming it was essential for secretion of type III effectors. HrpE has a hypervariable N-terminus in Xanthomonas spp., in which the N-terminus of Xee strains differs significantly from those of Xeu and Xp strains.
Vitamin D Receptor and Retinoid X Receptor Alpha in Melanocytic Benign Lesions and Melanoma
Authors: Ocanha Xavier Juliana Polizel , Xavier José Cândido Caldeira , da Silva Márcia Guimarães , Marques Mariângela Esther Alencar
Published: July 2023

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) exerts its biological effects when it heterodimerizes to a nuclear receptor of the retinoid family called retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), stimulating or inhibiting DNA transcription. VDR stimulation by vitamin D analogs led to in vitro antiproliferative effects, and experimental RXRα knockout led to loss of proliferation control in melanoma cells. The aim of this study was to determine VDR and RXRα positivity in melanocytic lesions, compared with normal skin species. By immunohistochemistry assays, nuclear VDR, cytoplasmic VDR, and RXRα and RXRα in keratinocytes surrounding melanocytes were evaluated in 77 controls, 92 intradermal nevi, 54 dysplastic nevi, and 83 melanomas in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Nuclear VDR, cytoplasmic VDR, and RXRα were less expressed in exposed areas (P < 0.001, P = 0.0006, and P < 0.001, respectively) than covered areas. All melanocytic lesions had loss of VDR and RXRα comparing with the control group. In the melanoma group, nuclear VDR tended to inversely correlate with the Breslow index (r = −0.11, P = 0.29) but directly correlated with histological regression (P = 0.0293). RXRα inversely correlated with mitosis (r = −0.245; P = 0.0263). We can suggest that sun exposure affected VDR and RXRα immunopositivity. Nuclear VDR tendency of inverse correlation with the Breslow index showed that worse melanomas have a greater loss of VDR. RXRα inversely correlated with mitosis, indicating that RXRα can have a role in proliferation control. VDR and RXRα may participate in the development of melanocytic lesions and be a future target of new studies and directed therapies.
Effectiveness and Safety of P2Y12 Inhibitor Pretreatment for Primary PCI in STEMI: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Presume João , Gomes Daniel A. , Ferreira Jorge , Albuquerque Francisco , Almeida Manuel , Uva Miguel Sousa , Aguiar Carlos , Mendes Miguel
Published: July 2023

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been shown to be associated with better outcomes. Yet, there is uncertainty regarding the optimal timing for its initiation. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence on pretreatment with P2Y12 inhibitors in combination with aspirin in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We performed a systematic search of electronic databases PubMed, CENTRAL, and Scopus until April 2022. Studies were eligible if they compared P2Y12 inhibitor upstream administration with downstream use in patients with STEMI submitted to PCI. Studies with patients receiving fibrinolysis or medical therapy only were excluded. Outcomes were assessed at the shortest follow-up available. Of 2491 articles, 3 RCT and 16 non-RCT studies were included, with a total of 79,300 patients (66.1% pretreated, 66.0% treated with clopidogrel). Pretreatment was associated with reduction in definite stent thrombosis (odds ratio [OR] 0.61 [0.38–0.98]), all-cause death (OR 0.77 [0.60–0.97]), and cardiogenic shock (OR 0.60 [0.48–0.75]). It was also associated with a lower incidence of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow <3 pre-PCI (OR 0.78 [0.67–0.92]). However, incidence of recurrent MI was not significantly reduced (OR 0.93 [0.57–1.52]). Regarding safety, pretreatment was not associated with a higher risk of major bleeding events (OR 0.83 [0.75–0.92]). Pretreatment with dual antiplatelet therapy, including a P2Y12 inhibitor, was associated with better pre-PCI coronary perfusion, lower incidence of definite stent thrombosis, cardiogenic shock, and, possibly, all-cause mortality with no sign of potential harm encountered.