bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principal Factors Defining Success of Technical-Tactical Actions of Elite Football Team
Authors: Adambekov Yerlan
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Factor analysis method enables to reveal the complex of dominating indicators determining the competitive result, as well as to define extend of interrelation between indicators and establish the role of individual factors important in the achievement of sports result.  The aim of this study was to reveal manifestations of factors of technical-tactical actions determining success of football teams taking part in the country’s championship.Research methods. The study participants were 24 football players from elite level “Aktobe” team, playing in Kazakhstan Premier League and the champion of Kazakhstan. The technical-tactical actions was analysed separately and compared during the first and the second rounds of the championship (1 1 games in each round). Research results. The analysis of factor contribution into the structure of technical-tactical actions in the first and the second rounds of the country’s championship showed that during the second round of the championship the volume of technical-tactical actions, indicating the possession of play initiative, decreased from 49.6 to 44.1% of total variance, but the contribution of technical-tactical actions, indicating completing of team’s attacking actions, increased from 16.5 up to 24.8% of total variance. It enabled the team to score more goals in the second round of the championship. Discussion  and  conclusions.  Pursuant  to  the  factor  analysis,  such  indicators  as  “short  and  medium  passes forward”, “long passes”, “interceptions”, “hitting the goals” and “total number of technical-tactical actions” are dominating parts of the integral factor – “Possession of play initiative”. Quantifying all the activities of individuals, group of players and of the entire team, which contributed to achievement of elite football teams, is essential in programming and managing the training process.Keywords: football, game analysis, technical and tactical preparation.
Relationship between Women`s Body Dissatisfaction, Sense of Coherence and Physical Activity
Authors: Dumčienė Audronė , Gedvilienė Jolanta , Mickevičius Vaidas
Published: May 2019

Background. Socio-cultural pressure exerted by the environment and the media makes the majority of women take care of their bodies. That is especially true in Western culture which promotes slimmer women in recent decades.Methods. Two questionnaires were used in this research: Body Shape Questionnaire and Sense of Coherence scale. Research participants were 79 women aged 34.6 ± 3.76 years. Results. After six months of regular fitness classes women’s satisfaction of their body and their sense coherence level  improved  significantly.  Relations  between  body  shape  dissatisfaction  and  sense  of  coherence,  body  shape dissatisfaction and manageability, comprehensibility and manageability were found.Conclusions. Systematic fitness training positively affects women’s satisfaction with their body. Understanding of  the  capability  of  controlling  their  body  shape  was  improved.  There  was  a  significant  relationship  between dissatisfaction with their body shape and sense of coherence. The effect of physical activity improved the values of all three components of the sense of coherence construct. The values of comprehensibility, meaningfulness and manageability indicators show that respondents may already have a better control of their sense of coherence.Keywords: women, body shape dissatisfaction, sense of coherence, physical activity
Rate of Increase in Workload Determines the Mobilization Rate But Not the Degree of Increase in ECG Parameters
Authors: Poderienė Kristina , Buliuolis Alfonsas , Papievienė Vilma , Poderys Jonas
Published: May 2019

Background. The aim of this study was to compare the peculiarities of the dynamics of cardiovascular functional state indices during bicycle ergometry by applying the steep or slow increase in workload.Methods. Twenty five  males attending health promotion sport clubs took part in two cardiovascular testing procedures by performing graded exercise stress, i.e. increase in workload every 1 min, and increase in workload every 6 min, and they exercised till the inability to continue the task or unless distressing cardiovascular symptoms supervened; 12 lead ECG was recorded and analysed.Results. The steep increase of registered cardiovascular parameters was observed at onset of exercising and the rate of was in dependence on the rate of the increase in workload. Registered maximal changes of heart rate, JT interval, and the ratio JT/RR as functional state indices at the moment of refusing to continue the graded exercise test were at the same level while applying the steep or slow increase in workload.Conclusions. The rate of increase in workload determines the mobilization rate but not the degree of increase of ECG parameters. Maximal changes of heart rate, JT interval, and the ratio JT/RR as functional state indices at the moment of refusing to continue the graded exercise test were at the same level while applying the steep or slow increase in workload.Keywords:  cardiovascular system, graded exercise stress, functional state
Analysis of Stride Parameters and Running Velocity at Indoor 400 M Running
Authors: Šilinskas Viktoras , Grūnovas Albinas , Stanislovaitienė Juratė
Published: May 2019

Background. 400 m race is one of most difficult and complex events in athletics. In order to achieve good results in the distance an athlete must have not only good velocity characteristics, but also be able to tactically correctly allocate them, i.e. depending on their total and special endurance level be able to distribute efforts in the entire range, select the optimum running velocity for the start and keep it until the finish. Research aim was to analyse the choice of running tactics and change of stride parameters and running velocity of the best Lithuanian 400 m runners during a running indoor contest. Methods. The study was conducted during Lithuanian Indoor Championship. The best 15 runners of 400 meters were investigated. The runners were filmed by Digital cameras from the side at a distance of 90, 190, 290 and  390 meters. We analysed stride kinematic parameters (duration of support and flight, stride length, stride frequency) and the running velocity.Results. The maximum decrease of the stride length and running velocity were observed between 190 and 290 m where the stride length decreased from 2.22 ± 0.03 to 2.08 ± 0.03 m and running velocity from 8.18 ± 013 to 7.36 ± 0.07 m/s. In the first distance range, i.e. 90 m, the stride frequency was 3.83 ± 0.05 Hz. Later it gradually decreased to 3.46 ± 0.05 Hz in 390 meters. Duration of support at 90 m was 0.119 ± 0.001 s and till 290 m it become longer, later it was almost unchanging. Time of flight phase changed insignificantly over the entire distance.Conclusion. It was found that athletes’ choice of running tactics depended not only on their preparation type (sprint or endurance), but also on the conditions in which the athlete starts (indoor or outdoor), as well as on the number of the track in which the athlete starts. The maximum change of running velocity and stride length during the indoor running was observed in the second half of the range, while the stride frequency decreased gradually during the entire range. Change of support time had greater impact for stride frequency than change of flight time.Keywords: stride frequency, stride length, duration of support, duration of ﬂight, tactics.
Effect of a Precompetition and Postcompetition Training Regime on Body Composition of Soccer Players
Authors: Gailiūnienė Alina , Novikovas Viačislavas
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this investigation was to document the body composition elements’ changes, preparing an initialprecompetition and postcompetition training programme of soccer players. Body composition measurements weretaken 10 weeks prior to competition, at 2 hours before competition and 4 weeks after competition period (week 14).There were investigated: body height (BH), body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), fat freebody mass (FFBM), fat free body mass index (FFBMI), body water mass (BWM), water free body mass (WFBM), waterfree body mass index (WFBMI). Body mass, the percent age of BFM and BWM at all body mass was calculated usingthe whole body bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with “Tanita” monitor (Japan).Body mass and body composition values of soccer players varied at precompetition, competition and postcompetitionperiods. The decreased body mass at competition period by 8.16% is the result of lost body fat mass and body watermass. Fat free body mass index (FFBMI) and water free body mass index (WFBMI) indicate, that soccer players atprecompetition and competition period did not use lean tissue, that positively related to the restoration of bodycomposition and water balance at postcompetition period.Keywords: body composition, body mass, body fat mass, body water mass.
Dviejų šoklumo ištvermės treniruočių poveikis nervų ir raumenų sistemų nuovargio ir atsigavimo kaitai
Authors: Mickevičienė Dalia , Skurvydas Albertas , Kamandulis Sigitas , Pukėnas Kazimieras , Rudas Eduardas , Brazaitis Marius , Vitkienė Irena , Ramanauskienė Irina
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti, kaip dvi intensyvios šoklumo ištvermės treniruotės veikia raumenų, nervų ir raumenųsistemų nuovargį bei atsigavimą. Sveiki aktyviai nesportuojantys vyrai (amžius 18—20 metų; n = 11) kas 10 sekundžiųatliko maksimalaus intensyvumo fizinį krūvį (5 serijas po 20 šuolių). Krūvio ir atsigavimo metu buvo registruojamišie rodikliai: šuolio aukštis, maksimalioji valinga jėga (MVJ), elektrostimuliavimu sukelta jėga esant skirtingamraumens ilgiui, laktato koncentracija (La) ir kreatinkinazės (CK) aktyvumas kraujyje, raumenų skausmas. Praėjusdevynioms dienoms po pirmo krūvio, tiriamieji dar kartą atliko tokį patį krūvį. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad po devyniųdienų kartojant intensyvų šoklumo ištvermės krūvį šuolio aukščio, MVJ ir elektrostimuliavimu sukeltos jėgos kaita,kaip ir La koncentracija kraujyje atsigavimo metu, smarkiai nepasikeitė, tačiau sumažėjo CK aktyvumas kraujoplazmoje ir raumens skausmas. Pirmas krūvis labiau paveikė adaptaciją prie raumens pažeidos nei prie metabolinįnuovargį sukeliančių veiksnių.Raktažodžiai: griaučių raumenys, elektrostimuliavimas, metabolinis nuovargis, raumenų pažeida, pakartoto krūvio efektas.
Skirtingų fizinio rengimo programų poveikis lavinant 15—16 metų ledo ritulininkų staigiąją jėgą
Authors: Girdauskas Gracijus , Girdauskienė Birutė , Kazakevičius Rimas
Published: May 2019

Nagrinėjama tema aktuali. Nėra vieningos nuomonės dėl staigiosios jėgos sampratos, lavinimo metodikos įvairiose sporto šakose, todėl svarbu nustatyti, kokiais metodais, priemonėmis ir kokias rengimo programas taikant būtų galima optimizuoti staigiosios jėgos lavinimą (Karoblis, 2003; Платонов, 2004). Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti, kaip kinta 15—16 metų ledo ritulininkų staigiosios jėgos ﬁ zinė ypatybė taikant jėgos, greitumo jėgos ir greitumo lavinimo programas. Uždaviniai: nustatyti naudotų staigiosios jėgos programų efektyvumą atliekant horizontalų ir vertikalų šuolį.Atliekant tyrimą naudoti šie metodai: mokslo literatūros analizė, testavimas, matematinė statistika (apskaičiuotas aritmetinis vidurkis, procentinė absoliutaus ir santykinio pokyčio išraiška, vidutinių reikšmių skirtumo reikšmingumas pagal Stjudento t vertinimo kriterijų (n = 18), lyginamoji analizė.Lyginant horizontalaus ir vertikalaus šuolio pirmo ir ketvirto testavimo rezultatų pokyčius matyti, kad jie yra panašūs — atitinkamai 5,8 ir 5,6% (p < 0,05). Palyginus tyrimo rezultatus su Švedijos mokslininkų (Gustavson, 2002) analogiškais, jie skiriasi. Tirtų ledo ritulininkų IV tyrimo šuolio į tolį rezultų vidurkis yra 2,58 cm, šuolio į aukštį — 58,8 cm, Švedijos tokio amžiaus ledo ritulininkų — atitinkamai 2,26 ir 52,3 cm. Lyginant staigiosios jėgos rezultatus su šio amžiaus Europos futbolo federacijos (FIFA) pateiktomis futbolininkų analogiškomis modelinėmis charakteristikomis, mūsų tiriamųjų rezultatai atitinka aukščiausiąjį (penktą) lygį. Taigi galima teigti, kad staigiosios jėgos lavinimo programos bei jų taikymo kryptingumas ir tarpusavio santykis atitiko tirto amžiaus ledo ritulininkų sportinio rengimo reikalavimus.Tiriant skirtingų staigiosios jėgos programų poveikį nustatyta, kad didžiausias santykinis rezultatų pokytis pastebi-mas šuolio aukštyn iš vietos mojant rankomis (14,7%) po greitumo jėgos (II) programos taikymo, mažiausias — po hipertroﬁ nės jėgos (I) lavinimo programos (–14,1%). Šuolio į tolį iš vietos didžiausias santykinis rezultatų pokytis pastebimas taip pat po greitumo jėgos lavinimo programos (5,1%), mažiausias — po jėgos lavinimo (–3,3%). Tyrimo metu taikyta I programa staigiosios jėgos lavinimo rezultatų nepakeitė.Raktažodžiai: jėga, mikrociklai, staigioji jėga, greitumo jėga, lavinimo metodika.
Didelio meistriškumo sportininkų funkcinio parengtumo vertinimo problema
Authors: Poderys Jonas , Trinkūnas Eugenijus , Miseckaitė Birutė , Buliuolis Alfonsas , Grūnovas Albinas
Published: May 2019

Laikoma, kad organizmas veikia kaip vieninga kompleksinė sistema, o funkcinių sistemų reakcija į ﬁ zinio krūvio mėginius rodo bendrą organizmo būklę ir parengtumą. Visgi iškyla problema, kaip užregistruoti santykiškai nedi-delius treniruotumo pokyčius ar skirtumus. Šio tyrimo tikslas — palyginti funkcinių rodiklių, užregistruotų atliekant ﬁ zinio krūvio mėginius, vertinimo metodų tikslumą, kai reikia nustatyti santykiškai nedidelį sportininkų parengtumo skirtumą. Buvo tiriamos dvi futbolininkų grupės: 23 Lietuvos futbolo aukščiausios lygos klubinės komandos sportininkai (FKK), ir 23 Lietuvos futbolo olimpinės rinktinės nariai (LFOR). Tiriamieji atliko tris ﬁ zinio krūvio mėginius: Rufjė (lengvą, dozuoto aerobinio krūvio), 30 s trukmės vertikalių šuolių (maksimalaus anaerobinio krūvio) ir 40 s trukmės tepingo testus. Atliekant krūvius ir atsigavimo metu kompiuterine EKG analizės sistema „Kaunas—krūvis“ buvo registruoja-ma 12 standartinių EKG derivacijų. Vertinant tyrimų rezultatus buvo naudojami įprastinis euristinis ir kompleksinis rodiklių vertinimas. Tepingo testo rezultatai buvo vertinami pagal Ukrainos kūno kultūros universiteto mokslininkų parengtą CNS funkcinės būklės ir darbingumo rodiklių vertinimo metodiką, kuria nustatomi CNS funkcinio paslan-kumo, nuovargio, bendrojo darbingumo, anaerobinio darbingumo ir anaerobinės talpos rodikliai. Atlikta alometrinė tepingo testo rezultatų analizė. Norint įvertinti, kaip kinta elektrokardiogramos RR ir JT intervalų reikšmės, vertintas adaptacijos greičio rodiklis, nusakantis procentinį JT ir RR pokyčio skirtumą krūvio metu. Šio tyrimo rezultatai patvirtino hipotezę, kad vertinant didelio meistriškumo sportininkų funkcinio parengtumo rezul-tatus kompleksiškumo metodai, geriau nei euristinis atskirų rodiklių vertinimas, leidžia atskleisti santykiškai nedide-lius skirtumus tarp grupių, galimus individualius sportininko meistriškumo pokyčius, dėl to jie turėtų būti daugiau naudojami atliekant sportininkų parengtumo tyrimus. Šių metodų kūrimui turi būti skiriama daugiau dėmesio.Raktažodžiai: fizinio krūvio testai, širdies ir kraujagyslių sistema, centrinė nervų sistema.
Peculiarities of Physical Fitness and Body Composition of 5—7 Year-Old Children of Several Kaunas Preschools and Interaction between those Indexes
Authors: Čapkauskienė Sandrija , Visagurskienė Kristina , Bakienė Rima , Vitkienė Irena , Vizbaraitė Daiva
Published: May 2019

Childhood obesity is a key public health issue around the globe in developed and developing countries (Dugan, 2008). The recent worldwide increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity may be due in part to a decrease in children’s physical activity levels (Ball et al., 2001). It is necessary to develop early interventions to improve physical fitness in children and to prevent the increase of childhood obesity (Brunet et al., 2006). So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition and physical fitness of children aged 5—7 years and to estimate the interaction between body composition components and physical fitness tests. Participants: 216 children participated in this study: 104 girls, mean age 5.90 ± 0.63 years and 112 boys — mean age 5.98 ± 0.50 years from Kaunas city (Lithuania) preschools. Methods: all the subjects have been measured for their height, body mass, waist circumference (WC) and skinfolds at 2 different places — triceps and subscapular. Body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat mass (BFM) were evaluated. All the participants did four physical fitness tests including speed shuttle run, 20 meters distance run, standing long jump and throwing 1 kg ball. General physical fitness level was evaluated based on B. Sekita (1988) methods. Results. Results showed that BMI did not significantly differ between boys and girls, and was evaluated as “optimal” for both groups. BFM was significantly higher in girls (p < 0.001), and WC did not differ between genders. But WC had a tendency to increase with age in both boys and girls. Strong relationship was observed between BMI and BFM (r = 0.660, r = 0.660 respectively; p < 0.01), and between BMI and WC (r = 0.703, r = 0.826 respectively; p < 0.01) for both boys and girls. The results of physical tests showed that boys did all the tests better than girls (p < 0.01). When we evaluated the general physical fitness of each child, the results indicated that their physical fitness waslow, evaluated as “good enough” for most boys and girls. General physical fitness of children negatively but slightly correlated with BFM (r = –0.201; p < 0.001), it indicated that higher BFM determined lower evaluation of general physical fitness.Conclusions. Optimal body weight, according to body mass index, percentage body fat mass and waist circumference, was established for the bigger part of children, aged 5—7 years old. This study shows that physical fitness of children was low — evaluated as “good enough” and negatively correlated with body fat mass, showing that high body fat mass negatively impacted physical fitness.Key words: body mass index, percentage body fat mass, waist circumference, physical fitness.
Skirtingų fizinio aktyvumo kategorijų paauglių su sveikata susijusio fizinio pajėgumo pokyčiai per vienus metus
Authors: Emeljanovas Arūnas , Volbekienė Vida , Rutkauskaitė Renata , Maciulevičienė Edita , Sadzevičienė Rita , Batutis Olegas
Published: May 2019

Nors ﬁ zinis pajėgumas genetiškai determinuotas, jį lemia ir aplinkos veiksniai, iš kurių  vienas svarbiausių — ﬁ zinis aktyvumas. Priklausomai nuo ﬁ zinio aktyvumo intensyvumo poveikis gali būti skirtingas. Suaugusiųjų ﬁ zinio aktyvumo (FA) teigiamas poveikis ﬁ ziniam pajėgumui ir svarbiausiems sveikatos rodikliams plačiai tyrinėtas, tačiau duomenų apie vaikų ir paauglių ﬁ zinį aktyvumą, ﬁ zinį pajėgumą stokojama.  Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti skirtingų ﬁ zinio aktyvumo kategorijų 15 ir 16 metų berniukų su sveikata susijusio ﬁ zinio pajėgumo pokyčius per vienus metus. Tyrimas buvo vykdomas  2008 m. (I tyrimas) ir 2009 m. (II tyrimas) kovo—ba-landžio mėnesiais atsitiktiniu būdu atrinktose keturiose Kauno miesto bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose. Tiriamąją imtį sudarė 118 devintų klasių berniukų, kurie pagal jų sveikatos būklę yra priskirti pagrindinei ﬁ zinio ugdymo grupei. Mokinių ﬁ zinis aktyvumas  nustatytas interviu metodu pagal modiﬁ kuotą tarptautinio FA (IPAQ) klausimyno trumpąją formą (Ainsworth, Levy, 2004). Visi respondentai pagal FA apimtį buvo suskirstyti į 3 FA kategorijas (Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Quostionnaire (IPAQ) Short and Long Forms, 2005): didelio FA (DFA) (≥ 3001 MET’os-min / sav.), vidutinio FA (VFA) (> 1387 < 3001 MET’os-min / sav.) ir mažo FA (MFA) (≤ 1387 MET’os-min / sav.). Visi tiriamieji atliko su sveikata susijusio ﬁ zinio pajėgumo (SSFPj) testus, kuriais buvo nustatytas raumenų pajėgumas: kojų raumenų staigioji jėga — atliekant vertikalius šuolius į aukštį iš vietos su rankų mostu (naudotas matuoklis SBM–1, ﬁ ksuojamas geriausias rezultatas iš 3), rankų ir liemens raumenų ištvermė — atliekant modiﬁ kuotus atsispaudimus (Suni et al., 1994), lankstumas išmatuotas „Sėstis ir siekti“ testu (Euroﬁ t, 1993). Identiškas ﬁ zinio pajėgumo tyrimas pakartotas 2009 m. kovo—balandžio mėnesiais, tačiau dėl objek-tyvių priežasčių buvo tiriami tik 56 tiriamieji iš 118 (I tyrimas). Tyrimo duomenims palyginti taikyta vienfaktorinė dispersinė analizė, Stjudento t (Student t) kriterijus taikytas priklausomoms imtims ir atlikta kovariacinė analizė.Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad didėjant ﬁ zinio aktyvumo apimčiai tiesiškai gerėja paauglių raumenų pajėgumas — ran-kų ir liemens raumenų ištvermės bei kojų raumenų staigioji jėga (p < 0,05). Lankstumo rezultatų pokyčiai didėjant ﬁ ziniam aktyvumui statistiškai nereikšmingi (p > 0,05).Raktažodžiai: fizinis pajėgumas, fizinis aktyvumas, sveikata.
Some Aspects of Nutrition and Moderate Body Weight Reduction in Lithuanian Olympic Sport Centre Female Basketball Players
Authors: Baranauskas Marius , Tubelis Linas , Stukas Rimantas , Švedas Edmundas , Samsonienė Laimutė , Karanauskienė Diana
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Many athletes know the beneﬁ ts of low carbohydrate diets these days, but recently healthcare specialists have paid much attention to high carbohydrate diets and safer methods of losing weight. Research aim was to investigate Lithuanian Olympic Sport Centre female basketball players’ (n = 10) actual and special nutrition and their physical condition. Research methods. Athletes’ food records were analyzed and assessed. We determined plasma triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glucose. Physical Working Capacity (PWC 170 ) test was conducted to determine aerobic ﬁ tness before and after moderate weight reduction. Research results showed that the basketball players received too little carbohydrates, linoleic acid, amino acid methionine and too much fat. Vitamins D, PP, B 1  and folic acid intakes were insufﬁ cient. During moderate bodyweight reduction basketball players signiﬁ cantly decreased in their BW (–2.2 ± 0.3 kg, p < 0.05), BF (–1.6 ± 0.3 kg, p < 0.05) and minerals (–0.1 ± 0.4 kg, p < 0.05), but they non-signiﬁ cantly decreased in BP (p > 0.05). Furthermore, lipid panels markers (triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol) experienced non-signiﬁ cant improvements while glucose levels (p < 0.05) and PWC 170  (p < 0.05) resulted in signiﬁ cant decrease following a 12-day hipocaloric diet. Discussion and conclusions. The results indicate that hipoenergetic moderate weight loss at < 30 kcal· kg –1  · day –1 , < 5 g · kg –1  · day  –1  carbohydrate is not recommended for athletes as it can affect aerobic ﬁ tness.Keywords: nutrition, female basketball, bodyweight reduction.
Evaluation of Physical Therapy Effectiveness after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Radžiūnas Kęstutis , Trumpickas Vytenis , Poderys Jonas
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The aim of physical therapy after sports trauma is to help patients to restore physical activity as it was before injury. The participants who applied for intensive physical therapy after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery will achieve better leg muscle strength results.Research aim was to compare the effectiveness of intensive and traditional rehabilitation of the knee extensor and flexor muscle strength after the surgery for patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.Research methods. The method that we used was “Biodex Medical System 3 PRO” for the knee muscle strength. A total of 30 patients were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups. The muscle strength was measured while leg was flexed and extended at the knee joint.Research results. The research results showed that participants who received intensive physical therapy program developed better muscle strength than in standard physical therapy group. Participant’s leg muscles recovered faster in intensive physical therapy group than in standard physical therapy group.Discussion and conclusions. The participants who received physical therapy before surgery, electrostimulation and intensive physical therapy program after surgery, achieved higher levels of knee extensor and flexor muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery than those patients undergoing a traditional physical therapy program only after surgery.Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament, intensive physical therapy, muscle strength.
Relationship between 12–16-Year-Old Athletes’ Self-Esteem, Self-Confidence and Bullying
Authors: Tilindienė Ilona , Rastauskienė Giedrė Judita , Gaižauskienė Aida , Stupuris Tomas
Published: May 2019

Research  background  and  hypothesis.  Previous  research  has  proved  that  children  engaged  in  sports  easier integrate into the society and their psychological well-being is much higher,  sports activities can help them resist to the harmful influence of their peers and prevent them from engaging into delinquent behavior. However, there still is a lack of a studies providing evidence about factors that determine the expression of compulsion. Hypothesis: The level of self-esteem and self-confidence of adolescent athletes influences the occurrence of bullying and the initiation of it.  Research  aim  was  to  disclose  the  relationship  between  the  level  of  adolescent  athletes’  self-esteem,  self-confidence and the occurrence of bullying.Research methods. The study applied I. Shostrom’s modified self-esteem scale questionnaire and the adapted Bullying Scale for Schoolchildren. Research  results.  Results  showed  a  weak  correlation  between  bullying  and  self-esteem  levels  (γ =  0.24; p > 0.05). We found a weak adverse relationship between initiating bullying and self-assessment levels (γ = –0.16; p > 0.05), weak adverse correlation between experienced bullying and self-confidence levels (γ = –0.15; p > 0.05) and a weak linear relationship between initiating bullying and self-confidence (γ = 0.20; p > 0.05).Discussion and conclusions. Contrary to what we expected, we observed that athlete adolescents with the high levels of self-esteem suffered from bullying sometimes and often. Research findings suggest that adolescents who tend to initiate bullying demonstrated moderate and low levels of self-esteem. Most of athlete adolescents admitted that that did not initiate bullying or if they did, that was done only occasionally. It was found that adolescents with high and moderate self-confidence levels experienced bullying occasionally or not at all. Some athletes with low self-confidence levels professed that they suffered from bullying more often, and they also admitted that they often initiated bullying themselves. In our research we were unable failed to provide evidence which would prove that sports activities impacted or influenced adolescents’ bullying initiatives or experiences; therefore further research is needed to determine whether self-esteem and other internal personality qualities could affect the expression of bullying among non-athlete adolescents.Keywords: aggression, adolescents’ self- assessment, self-confidence.
Effects of Four Days of Competition Modelling Followed by Six Days of Tapering on Sport Performance in Junior Golfers: a Case Study
Authors: Zienius Marius , Skarbalius Antanas , Zuoza Aurelijus Kazys
Published: May 2019

Background. The use of competition modelling or tapering to improve sport performance in golf has not been extensively studied. Due to the specific conditions of the main competition, the simulation of competition modelling followed by tapering has been suggested as a means of improving junior golfers’ sport performance. The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable precompetition model and taper for junior golfers to optimize their performance.Methods. Two male golfers (subject A: age 17 years, height 1.75 m, body mass 62 kg, basal heart rate 60 beats⋅min –1 , handicap index 10.1; subject B: age 17 years, height 1.87 m, body mass 68 kg, basal heart rate 60 beats⋅min –1 , handicap index 11.2) participated in this study. Sport performance indicators in golf were recorded using a personal sport performance statistical protocol. Locomotion and physiological demands were recorded using the FRWD W 400  Series (Finland) device. Furthermore, tapering training programmes were recorded.Results. The simulation of four days of competition modelling followed by six days of tapering allowed the subjects to improve their performance; their scoring average at the Lithuanian Amateur Open Golf Championship 2011 was by 6.02% (subject A) and 3.77% (subject B) lower than that for the four-day competition modelling stage.Conclusions. Findings suggest the effectiveness of four days of competition modelling, which allowed the simulation of the specific conditions of the main competition, and also of the practice round held three days before  the competition for junior golfers.Keywords: golf, simulation, locomotion, physiological demands, training loads.
Physical Work Capacity of Young Greco-Roman Wrestlers on the Background of their Somatic Development
Authors: Jagiello Wladyslaw , Tkaczuk Wlodzimierz
Published: May 2019

On the basis of studies of 210 Greco-Roman wrestlers aged 11—18 the impact of training loads and sports selectionin the above sports event upon physical development and general work capacity of young athletes have beendetermined.Besides, age dynamics of changes of the major somatic indices (body length and mass) as well as physical workcapacity at the stage of initial and basic sports preparation has been determined.The studies have resulted in the determination of specific for Greco-Roman wrestlers changes in the examined indicesand development of evaluation scale of general physical work capacity.On the basis of findings we may conclude that Greco-Roman wrestling has a positive influence on developing body.In most cases mean values of examined somatic indices exceed those of children not engaged in sports as well aschildren practising other sports events. This sports event may be considered as a good means stimulating physicaldevelopment of children and youth.The age of 11—15 has turned to be the period of the greatest structural and functional changes in their ontogenesis.During this period the greatest rate of development is peculiar for body mass and height (11—12 years — mass 16%,length 6%; 14—15 years — mass 25%, length 6%), whereas development of work capacity occurs evenly. Along withrelative stabilization of the rate of body mass and height development beginning from the age of 16 high rate of workcapacity development is observed.Keywords: Greco-Roman wrestling, somatic development, performance abilities.
Spine’s Sagittal Plane Curves’ Coherence with Anthropometric Parameters in Schoolchildren
Authors: Mauricienė Vilma , Bačiulienė Kristina
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study — to identify how anthropometric measurements are connected with spine sagittal curves inschoolchildren.Anthropometric and sagittal body posture measurements were performed for 405 schoolchildren, age range 10—13years. Such anthropometric measurements as body height, weight, fat mass and fat free mass were assessed. Degreesof thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis as sagittal profile features were evaluated.According to the data analysis could be concluded, that coherence between anthropometric parameters and spine’ssagittal profile differs according to gender. The number of statistically significant connections between these twoparameters’ groups was greater in boys. Anthropometric measurements had greater coherence with thoracic kyphosisin comparison with lumbar lordosis. Body weight and fat mass were statistically significantly different according tokyphosis and lordosis values in boys, although fat-free body mass had no significant difference with sagittal curves’expression. Body weight, fat mass and fat-free body mass among girls were associated only with thoracic kyphosis.Keywords: thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, height, weight, fat mass.
Fractal Dimensions in Evaluation of Heart Function Parameters during Physical Investigations
Authors: Vainoras Alfonsas , Ašeriškytė Dovilė , Poderys Jonas , Navickas Zenonas
Published: May 2019

In last two decades the theory of complex systems made big steps in its development. The new methods for integralsituations’ evaluations were created. Beginning from F. Hausdorff in 1919, the set of fractal dimensions was proposedto evaluate systems’ complexity. Now F. Hausdorff’s dimension, A. Kolmogorov’s integral correlation dimension,information dimension, correlation dimension and many others are widely used. They are used in physics, medicine,biology, astronomy and all other sciences. The question still exists which, when to use and what additional informationit will provide. The aim of this work was to explore the behavior of a few well known fractal dimensions during physicalinvestigations of healthy persons, sportsmen and ischemic heart diseased patients with the aim to evaluate the heartfunction. The studied fractal dimensions can be used for the evaluation of a sportsman’s functional state. Theendurance-trained sportsman has the highest values of fractal dimensions. Information dimension detects newunstudied information in sport and clinical medicine. It separates out the investigated persons according to gender,disease and physical activity. But information dimension does not depend on age in the investigated groups ofasymptomatic persons (men and women).Keywords: cardiovascular system, functional state, complexity, fractal dimensions.
Moterų ir vyrų kelio tiesiamųjų ir lenkiamųjų raumenų susitraukimo funkcijos priklausomybė nuo temperatūros
Authors: Ramanauskienė Irina , Skurvydas Albertas , Brazaitis Marius , Linonis Vitas , Daniusevičiūtė Laura , Dubosas Mindaugas
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti vyrų ir moterų kelio tiesiamųjų ir lenkiamųjų raumenų susitraukimo funkcijos priklau-somybę nuo temperatūros. Tiriamųjų kontingentą sudarė 19—23 m. moterys (n = 10) (ūgis — 166,4 ± 5,6 cm; kūno masė — 56,2 ± 6,1 kg) ir vyrai (n = 10) (ūgis — 177,8 ± 5,8 cm; kūno masė — 78,2 ± 6,1 kg), atrinkti taikant atsitik-tinės atrankos metodą. Tiriamieji buvo testuoti izokinetiniu dinamometru. Registravome šiuos kinematinius rodiklius: maksimaliosios jėgos momentą (MJM) ir vidutinį galingumą (VG) (3 kartus tiesiant ir lenkiant koją per kelio sąnarį ﬁ ksuotu 450º / s greičiu), kai raumenys buvo įprastinės temperatūros, pašildyti (tiriamieji 45 min kojas laikė šiltoje vonioje, kurios vandens temperatūra — 45 ± 1ºC) ir pašaldyti (tiriamieji du kartus po 15 min (darydami 10 min pertrauką) panardino kojas į šaltą vonią, kurios vandens temperatūra — 15 ± 1ºC). Tarp tyrimų buvo daroma ne mažesnė kaip mėnesio pertrauka. Matuojama vidinė raumens temperatūra (pradinė) adatiniu termometru. Raumens temperatūros matavimo procedūra pakartotinai atlikta iš karto po raumens šildymo ir šaldymo.MJM ir VG tiesiant ir lenkiant koją per kelio sąnarį ﬁ ksuotu 450º / s greičiu priklauso nuo raumens atliekamo darbo (tiesimo—lenkimo) (p = 0,000) ir lyties (p = 0,000). Tiesiamųjų raumenų MJM ir VG reikšmė (tiek vyrų, tiek moterų) yra didesnė už lenkiamųjų. 45 min raumenį pašildžius (39,5 ± 0,2ºC) ir 30 min pašaldžius (32,5 ± 0,3ºC), vidinė rau-mens temperatūra reikšmingai padidėjo (p < 0,05), palyginti su pradine (prieš šildymą — 36,9 ± 0,1ºC, prieš šaldy-mą — 36,8 ± 0,2ºC). MJM (vyrų — p = 0,875, moterų — p = 0,146) ir VG (vyrų — p =  0,947, moterų — p = 0,296) tiesiant ir lenkiant koją per kelio sąnarį ﬁ ksuotu 450º / s greičiu nepriklauso nuo raumens temperatūros. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad temperatūros pokytis reikšmingai nepakeitė tiek vyrų, tiek moterų, kelio tiesiamųjų ir lenkiamųjų raumenų maksimaliosios jėgos momento ir vidutinio galingumo rodiklių, tačiau vyrų raumens izokinetinio susitraukimo jėgos ir galingumo reikšmės buvo didesnės negu moterų. Tiesiamųjų raumenų maksimaliosios jėgos momento ir vidutinio galingumo rodiklių reikšmė (tiek vyrų, tiek moterų) yra didesnė už lenkiamųjų.Raktažodžiai: kelio tiesiamieji ir lenkiamieji raumenys, raumenų pasyvus šildymas ir šaldymas, lytis.
Krepšininkų, futbolininkų ir nesportuojančiųjų atsigavimo proceso ypatybės po submaksimalaus fizinio krūvio mėginio
Authors: Žumbakytė Renata , Vainoras Alfonsas , Kajėnienė Alma , Berškienė Kristina , Augutienė Viktorija
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — ištirti krepšininkų, futbolininkų ir nesportuojančių asmenų (vyrų ir moterų) organizmo atsigavimo reakcijos po dozuoto ﬁ zinio krūvio kaitą bei ﬁ ziologinių rodiklių stabilumą. Buvo tiriami 267 asmenys: trys vyrų (krepšininkų (KV), futbolininkų (FV) ir nesportuojančiųjų (NV)) ir dvi moterų (krepšininkių (KM) ir nesportuojančiųjų (NM)) grupės.Norėdami išsamiau išanalizuoti sportininkų atsigavimo po dozuoto ﬁ zinio krūvio kaitą, taikėme integralios organiz-mo reakcijos į ﬁ zinį krūvį modelį, kuris apima reguliacinės (centrinės nervų sistemos, autonominio ir humoralinio valdymo), aprūpinančiosios (kvėpavimo, širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemų) ir vykdančiosios (ﬁ zinio krūvio metu veiklių raumenų grupės) sistemų tarpusavio sąsajos poreiškį krūvio metu. Naudota KMU Kardiologijos institute sukurta au-tomatizuota EKG analizės sistema ,,Kaunas—Krūvis”, kuri sinchroniškai registruoja ir analizuoja asmens išugdomą raumenų galingumą, arterinį kraujo spaudimą ir EKG. Atliktas kompiuterizuotas veloergometrinis kiekvieno tiriamojo ﬁ zinio krūvio mėginys, naudojant trumpalaikį (provokacinį) tyrimo protokolą. Sveikos nesportuojančios moterys krūvį pradėjo atlikti nuo 50 W galingumo ir kas minutę didino jį po 25 W iki submaksimalaus (50 + n × 25 W). Kiti tiria-mieji krūvį pradėjo atlikti nuo 50 W galingumo ir kas minutę jį didino po 50 W iki submaksimalaus (50 + n × 50 W). Vertinti šie ﬁ ziologinių rodiklių grįžimo į pradinį lygį pusperiodžiai: širdies susitraukimų dažnio (T (HR)), intervalo JT, t. y. (T (JT)), sistolinio arterinio kraujo spaudimo (T (S)), santykinės repoliarizacijos JT / RR, t. y. T (JT / RR), ir santykinės pulsinės amplitudės T ((S – D) / S). S ir HR dydžiai labiau sietini su reguliacija, o (S – D) / S ir JT — su atskirų organų funkcija, ir nusako periferijos atsaką. Naudodami Liapunovo eksponentę (L (X)), įvertinome minėtų ﬁ ziologinių rodiklių stabilumą.Alikę tyrimą padarėme tokias išvadas: 1) atsigavimo rodikliai patikimai skiriasi atsigavimo greičiu ir stabilumu; 2) futbolininkų, krepšininkų, nesportuojančių, vyrų ir moterų atskirų ﬁ ziologinių procesų atsigavimo greičiai, stabi-lumas bei juos lemiantys veiksniai skiriasi.Raktažodžiai: sportininko širdis, elektrokardiogramos pokyčiai, krūvis, atsigavimas.
The Drive for Muscularity among Adolescent Boys: Its Relationship with Global Self-Esteem
Authors: Jankauskienė Rasa , Kairaitis Ramutis
Published: May 2019

Among adolescent boys a higher drive for muscularity is related with poorer self-esteem and more symptoms of depression. There is an agreement that male athletes, in general, experience greater body satisfaction compared to nonathletes of the same age, however there is lack of studies to demonstrate how participation in various sports relates in terms of drive for muscularity and global self-esteem among adolescent boys. One hundred adolescent boys (mean age — 14.63 ± 1.97) took part in the study. 29 boys were at 6 th  grade, 34 — at 8 th , and 37 — at 10 th  grade. All the participants completed the self-constructed questionnaire consisting of 21 items. The following blocks of questions or statements were included into the questionnaire: demographic variables (age, grade, the living place (urban or rural)), global self-esteem (Rosenberg’s (1989) questionnaire of self-esteem), body esteem (the satisfaction with one’s own appearance and appearance of various body parts), and involvement to after-school activities (involvement in activity (for at least half a year) was considered as formal belonging to a club, school, or group, but not independent activities at the leisure time). The participants also completed the questionnaire Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) (McCre-ary, Sasse, 2000). Results showed no signiﬁ cant differences in the drive for muscularity among the boys involved in different after-school activities, while the greatest drive was demonstrated by adolescents involved in dancing. The adolescents involved and not involved in sport did not show signiﬁ cant differences in global self-esteem and overall appearance evaluation while the lowest dissatisfaction was common to the boys involved in dancing. The drive for muscularity was not signiﬁ cantly related to poorer overall appearance evaluation and self-esteem among adolescent boys involved in various after-school activities. Involvement in sport activities might mediate the negative effect of the drive for muscularity. The drive for muscularity might also be closely related to the demands of sport activities, but not to the improvement of personal appearance. However, it was found that dissatisfaction with body image and weight was more closely related to low self-esteem among girls, but not among boys, so our study partially supported the previous ﬁ ndings. The future studies should investigate the drive for muscularity, body-esteem and self-esteem interrelation in the samples of adolescent boys involved in recreational and professional sport.Keywords: adolescent boys, drive for muscularity, self-esteem, afterschool activities.
Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of the Traditional and Differential Strength Training
Authors: Torrents Carlota , Balagué Natàlia , Perl Jürgen , Schöllhorn Wolfgang
Published: May 2019

Training methods are commonly studied using lineal and quantitative research, limiting the possibilities to proof new ways of optimizing the training process. The aim of the study was to compare the classical strength training appro-ach, based on repetitions, with differential training for the improvement of difﬁ culty elements in aerobic gymnastics applying a linear and a nonlinear tool for analyzing the interaction between load and performance.Two female national standard aerobic gymnasts followed three periods of training (TTa: 5 weeks of traditional training; DT: 8 weeks of differential training; TTb: 5 weeks of traditional training). Load applied to the gymnasts was expressed quantitatively (quantitative load) with an equation including time of execution (t), number of series (N), number of exercises in each series (Rp) and relative intensity, and qualitatively (qualitative load) deﬁ ning the number of different exercises performed. Performance was deﬁ ned through 6 tests based on the execution of three different push-ups. Quantitative and qualitative load, the time of execution of the push ups and the time of ﬂ ight of the jumps were determined weekly during the 17 weeks. The interaction between the load applied to upper limbs and performance of push ups, and the interaction between the load applied to lower limbs and performance of jumps were analyzed using a non-linear metamodel (PerPot) and cross correlations. Push ups results show that the increase in load quantiﬁ ed qualitatively correlates more positively with the increase in performance than with the increase in load measured quantitatively. This suggests that subjects respond better to an increase in the variation of training stimulus than to an increase in the number of repetitions. Nevertheless, PerPot proposes a reduction in the number of varied exercises in the DT period. Regarding jumping tests, the performance of both subjects remained constant, suggesting that four months of training was not enough to improve the time of ﬂ ight in experienced gymnasts, or the training methods were not the most adequate.This study suggests that (1) differential training seems to lead to a greater increase in performance than traditional training, but (2) the same results could be achieved by reducing the number of varied exercises or combining both approaches.Keywords: non-linear metamodel, qualitative load, performance.
Dviejų mėnesių skirtingos trukmės aerobinių pratybų poveikis merginų anaerobinės apykaitos slenksčiams
Authors: Mockienė Asta , Stasiulis Arvydas , Mockus Pranas
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — palyginti 40-ies ir 60-ies minučių trukmės laktato slenksčio intensyvumu atliekamų pratybų poveikį merginų anaerobinės apykaitos slenksčiams.Tirtos 34 sveikos, anksčiau nesportavusios, nerūkančios merginos. Jos buvo suskirstytos į tris grupes: 2 eksperimen-tines E-1 (n = 9; amžius — 24 ± 1,4 m., ūgis — 171,0 ± 8,8 cm, kūno masė — 68,3 ± 7,4 kg), E-2 (n = 15; amžius — 23,5 ± 1,2 m., ūgis — 170,0 ± 5,2 cm, kūno masė — 66,3 ± 8,6 kg) ir kontrolinę K (n = 10; amžius — 22,7 ± 1,3 m., ūgis — 169,0 ± 4,4 cm, kūno masė — 65,8 ± 8,9 kg). Aštuonias savaites E-1 ir E-2 grupės tiriamosios tris kartus per savaitę suko veloergometro pedalus laktato slenksčio (LaS) intensyvumu. E-1 grupės tiriamųjų vienerių pratybų trukmė — 40, E-2 — 60 minučių. K grupės merginos ﬁ zinio aktyvumo pratybų neturėjo.LaS ir laktato kaupimosi slenksčius (LKS) nustatėme taikydami veloergometrinį kartotinio nuosekliai didinamo krū-vio testą (KDK). LaS ir LKS identiﬁ kavome pagal laktato (La) koncentracijos kraujyje priklausomumą nuo krūvio galingumo taikant tiesinės regresijos analizę. Visų grupių tiriamųjų minėti rodikliai buvo matuojami du kartus: prieš 8 savaičių eksperimentinį laikotarpį ir po jo.Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad dėl aerobinių pratybų 40 min dirbusioje E-1 grupėje statistiškai reikšmingų AAS (anae-robinės apykaitos slenksčių) pokyčių nenustatyta. E-2 grupėje reikšmingai padidėjo LaS (p = 0,021), LKS (p = 0,013) ir ŠSD ties LKS (p = 0,039). K grupėje tirti rodikliai reikšmingai nepakito.Atlikus tyrimą galima daryti išvadą: 60 min trukmės aerobinės pratybos, atliekamos du mėnesius triskart per savaitę laktato slenksčio intensyvumu, reikšmingai padidino merginų AAS, kai tuo tarpu 40 min trukmės pratybos reikšmingo poveikio neturėjo.Raktažodžiai: laktatas, anaerobinės apykaitos slenksčiai, aerobinių pratybų trukmė, veloergometrija.