bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Framing the 2008 Iowa Democratic Caucuses
Authors: Heim Kyle
Published: July 2013

This study identifies patterns of second-level intermedia agenda setting in the framing of the 2008 race for the Democratic U.S. presidential nomination through a content analysis of four major news sources, nine prominent political blogs across the partisan spectrum, and the press releases of the three leading candidates. A comparison of cross-lagged correlations in the four weeks prior to the Iowa caucuses reveals that the news media and the Hillary Clinton campaign had an intermedia agenda-setting effect. Rather than controlling the campaign narrative, political bloggers mostly followed the lead set by the journalists.
Justifying Commercialization
Authors: Vos Tim P. , Li You
Published: July 2013

This historical discourse analysis examines how various social actors legitimated print advertising from 1800 to 1870. The analysis shows how supporters of advertising overcame ambivalence and hostility toward advertising. Prior to the early 1840s, advertising was promoted by publishers, geared largely to general newspaper readers, and restrained via subtle discursive strategies. Later, promoters of advertising—including publishers and ad agents—tapped into socially and institutionally located legitimating discourse to sell advertising to a wide range of American businesspersons. The findings invite a reconsideration of conclusions made in previous advertising histories.
Assessment of ADHD Symptoms and the Issue of Cultural Variation: Are Conners 3 Rating Scales Applicable to Children and Parents With Migration Background?
Authors: Schmidt Martin , Reh Verena , Hirsch Oliver , Rief Winfried , Christiansen Hanna
Published: July 2013

Objective: The objective was to evaluate whether Conners 3 ( Conners 3rd edition) ratings of ADHD symptoms are robust to distortion by cultural variation when applied to children with migration background living in Germany. Method: From 2010 to 2011, Conners 3 data (self-rating, parent rating, and teacher rating) of 243 children with Turkish migration background, aged 6 to 16 years, were collected in various German schools. Allocation of items to latent factors was tested with confirmatory analyses. Reliability and validity of resulting factors was calculated and influence of acculturation, gender, and age on rating-modalities was examined. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed high model fits for all rating-modalities. Resulting scales had good reliability and validity. There was a small influence of acculturation on parent ratings of oppositional defiant disorder but not on ADHD core symptoms. Conclusion: Conners 3 ratings seem to be robust against influences of cultural variation. Their German translation can be utilized for children with Turkish migration background without limitation.
Attributions and Perception of Methylphenidate Effects in Adolescents With ADHD
Authors: Pelham William E. , Gnagy Elizabeth M. , Sibley Margaret H. , Kipp Heidi L. , Smith Bradley H. , Evans Steven W. , Bukstein Oscar
Published: July 2013

Objective: Although a number of studies demonstrate that children with ADHD do not attribute their behavior to taking medication, it remains unstudied whether adolescents, who have a longer history of taking medication for ADHD, show performance attributions to medication. Method: A sample of 46 adolescents completed daily attributions for success or failure as a part of their participation in a summer treatment program with a double-blind, placebo-controlled assessment of methylphenidate. Results: Results demonstrated that adolescents with ADHD did not reliably discern active medication from placebo, rarely attributed their performance to the pill, and showed no differences in attributional style as a function of medication status. Conclusion: These data indicate that adolescents with ADHD may possess inaccurate beliefs about the effect of stimulant medication on their behavior.
The Role of Emotional Distress and ADHD on Institutional Behavioral Disturbance and Recidivism Among Offenders
Authors: González Rafael A. , Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Wells June , Young Susan
Published: July 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the role of emotional distress as well as ADHD symptomatology in explaining (a) recidivism, (b) behavioral disturbances in prison, and (c) violent and nonviolent offending. Method: In all, 196 male prisoners from Aberdeen prison completed the Symptom Checklist–90, which examines various clinical symptoms and emotional distress. Current adult symptoms were assessed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD. Results: Emotional distress and ADHD explained the variance in prison records of behavioral disturbance above and beyond antisocial personality (ASP) traits; however, much of the effect of emotional distress was mediated by ADHD symptoms. Only ADHD symptoms were significantly associated to history of violent offending, whereas ASP and age mostly explained nonviolent offenses and overall recidivism. Conclusion: Our results provide support for the conceptual association between ADHD and its related emotional dimension with behavioral disturbance in prison, suggesting a link to reactive violence.
The Incidence of Social Spending and Taxes in Peru
Authors: Jaramillo Miguel
Published: July 2013

Standard tax and benefit incidence analysis is used to estimate the effects of fiscal policy on poverty and inequality in Peru. Results suggest that the extent of inequality and poverty reduction induced by Peru’s fiscal policy is small. This result is associated with low social spending rather than with inefficient spending. Most social spending components are progressive and overall social spending is also progressive. We find that direct cash transfers are well targeted and are especially effective in reducing extreme poverty in rural areas. We also find that in-kind transfers are effective in reducing inequality. Finally, direct taxes slightly reduce inequality, while, countering intuition, indirect taxes are neutral once informality is incorporated in the estimates.
Adaptive parallel tiled code generation and accelerated auto-tuning
Authors: Tavarageri Sanket , Ramanujam J , Sadayappan P
Published: July 2013

Tiling is an important program transformation that is often used to enhance cache locality and to obtain coarse-grained parallelism. In this paper, we address the problem of generating adaptive parametric tiled code for parallel execution contexts; in other words, generating parallel tiled code in which tile sizes can be changed on the fly during execution. Changing of tile sizes during pipelined parallel execution of tiles presents the following fundamental code-generation challenge: the unscanned iteration space may become non-convex. We develop novel solutions for the adaptive parallel tiled code generation problem. Using adaptive tiling, auto-tuning for tile size selection can be accelerated: in a single run of the tiled code, several tile sizes may be tested for their performance and thus expedite auto-tuning. Adaptive tiling is also useful in scenarios where tile sizes need to be dynamically altered to tailor to the changing execution environments, such as dynamically resized caches for power savings. Experimental evaluation on a number of benchmarks demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed approach.
News Platform Preference as a predictor of political and civic participation
Authors: Bachmann Ingrid , de Zúñiga Homero Gil
Published: July 2013

Scholars have observed the influence of online and offline media use on the promotion of political and civic engagement. Findings indicate a positive correlation between media use and participation. This study moves beyond such effect on participation. Using data from an original national US survey, this article explores the effects of News Platform Preference Scale – a construct that measures the contrast between online and traditional news use in a continuum – on participatory behaviours. Controlling for usual online and offline media use, results show that a preference for digital media has strong positive effects over political and civic participation, suggesting these media may indeed be different.
Hegemonic masculinity in sport education
Authors: Chen YuChun , Curtner-Smith Matthew
Published: July 2013

Research has revealed that while pre-service teachers (PTs) with coaching orientations reinforce sexism and masculine bias, those with teaching orientations combat and reject it. The purpose of this study was to examine four sport education (SE) seasons taught by two experienced in-service teachers for the presence or absence of sexism and masculine bias. The concept of hegemonic masculinity (HM) served as the theoretical framework. A case study approach was employed. Data were collected through non-participant observations; formal, informal, and stimulated recall interviews; document analysis; and electronic journals. Analysis techniques used were analytic induction and constant comparison. Findings revealed that the in-service teachers were able to combat and reject the effects of HM to a greater extent than teaching-oriented pre-service teachers were shown to do in previous work. The foundations of the teachers’ effectiveness were their liberal beliefs about sport and gender, and the teaching orientations. In addition, the teachers were able to provide a relatively equitable experience for girls and smaller, less physically-able boys. This was because these teachers possessed good levels of curricular, pedagogical, content and pedagogical content knowledge, as well as superior knowledge of their pupils.
Coercion and public justification
Authors: Bird Colin
Published: July 2013

According to recently influential conceptions of public reasoning, citizens have the right to demand of each other ‘public justifications’ for controversial political action. On this view, only arguments that all reasonable citizens can affirm from within their diverse ethical standpoints can count as legitimate justifications for political action. Both proponents and critics often assume that the case for this expectation derives from the special justificatory burden created by the systematically coercive character of political action. This paper challenges that assumption. While conceding that citizens who propose to deploy the coercive apparatus of the state to enforce controversial legislation owe their fellows a justification that overcomes the strong presumption against coercing agents, it denies that this consideration can explain why public justifications are also required. Having argued that the public justification requirement is not among the justification conditions for public coercion, the paper then proposes an alternative rationale for the expectation that political action be publicly justified. On this alternative, the case for the public justification requirement depends on democratic citizens’ standing as legislative co-authors, and not on considerations having to do with their liability as private individuals to coercion at the hands of the state.
‘You have to be mindful of whose story it is’: The challenges of undertaking life story work with people with dementia and their family carers
Authors: McKeown Jane , Ryan Tony , Ingleton Christine , Clarke Amanda
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Life story work is increasingly being used with people with dementia; this work offers a critical appraisal of some challenges that may be faced in practice.

Design and methods

An in-depth case study analysis was undertaken to understand the experiences of people with dementia, family carers and care staff in using life story work in an NHS Mental Health and Social Care Trust. Data collection included semi-structured interviews, observation, conversations and field notes.

Findings

Private memories were sometimes recalled by the person with dementia that were not for inclusion in any written product; enabling the person with dementia to tell their own life story could be a challenge; quality of the life story books was variable and; at times, life story work may be overused with the person with dementia.

Conclusion

Services should not be deterred from undertaking life story work with people with dementia, but there is a need to adopt a planned approach to its implementation that includes facilitation, education and supervision.
Laparoscopic Neuromapping in Pelvic Surgery
Authors: Kneist Werner , Kauff Daniel W. , Lang Hauke
Published: July 2013

Background. New developments in intraoperative electrophysiological neuromonitoring for conventional surgery are providing further insights into functional neuroanatomy and nerve-sparing in the minor pelvis. The aim of this study was to open up potential scopes of application in laparoscopy. Methods. Ten patients with different indications for surgery (presacral tumor excision, n = 2; resection rectopexy. n = 2; low anterior rectal resection, n = 2; proctocolectomy. n = 2; abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum, n = 2) were investigated prospectively. The pelvic autonomic nerves were bilaterally mapped by laparoscopic electric stimulation under simultaneous electromyography of the internal anal sphincter and manometry of the bladder. Stimulation results were compared to patients’ anorectal and urogenital functional outcome. Results. In all the operations laparoscopic neuromapping (LNM) was technically feasible. Laparoscopy enabled excellent visibility of pelvic neural structures for simple and differentiated electric stimulation. In all cases LNM resulted in significantly evoked electromyographic potentials and intravesical pressure rises. The technique facilitated electrophysiological determination of functional neuroanatomical topography in the minor pelvis. The stimulation results were suitable to confirm laparoscopic nerve-sparing and compatible with patients’ anorectal and urogenital functional outcome. Conclusions. LNM is technically feasible and opens up a new dimension for verification of functional nerve integrity. Further developments and investigations are mandatory to evaluate its role for laparoscopic nerve-sparing procedures.
Cue Utilization and Broad Indicators of Workplace Expertise
Authors: Loveday Thomas , Wiggins Mark W. , Searle Ben J.
Published: July 2013

Where occupational performance outcomes are difficult to measure, there is a tendency to associate expertise with years of experience and/or previous occupational position. Although useful, these indicators represent composite constructs that embody a number of different variables, only some of which may be strongly associated with the transition to expertise. In identifying an alternative measure of expertise, it is necessary to consider the cognitive processes associated with expert performance, in particular, the role of cue utilization. The present study, conducted in the context of software engineering, was designed to test the relationship between cue utilization and self, peer, and error management indicators of expertise. The results indicated that participants who exhibited relatively higher levels of cue utilization were significantly more likely to self-report engaging in behaviors associated with expert decision making, to be nominated as an expert by their peers, and to demonstrate superior error management when developing solutions to development problems.
A Common Presentation With an Uncommon Diagnosis
Authors: Bajaj Navkaranbir Singh , Bandhyopadhyay Debabrata , Sasidhar Madhu , Parashar Akhil , Kapoor Aanchal
Published: July 2013

High anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) is a frequently observed laboratory finding in critically ill patients. Usually HAGMA occurs as a result of common disease processes. However, rare diseases often manifest themselves by mimicking common disease processes with subtle differences, occasionally making the diagnosis challenging. In the following case, the metabolic workup of a patient revealed HAGMA acidosis. After ruling out the usual causes, diligent investigation by our team of subtle laboratory clues revealed a rare cause for HAGMA.
No-Show to Primary Care Appointments
Authors: Kaplan-Lewis Emma , Percac-Lima Sanja
Published: July 2013

Background: Missed primary care appointments lead to poor disease control and later presentation to care. No-show rates are higher in clinics caring for underserved populations and may contribute to poorer health outcomes in this group. The objective of this study was to determine who were the patients not showing to primary care appointments and their reasons to no-show. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a community health center serving a predominantly Latino, immigrant, low-income population. Adult patients >18 years old who did not show to primary care appointments during a 5-month period were called by a bilingual (English and Spanish) patient service coordinator. The patients’ reported reason for missing the appointment was documented. Two-sided t test of proportions was used to compare demographic characteristics of the patients that showed to their appointments to patients that did not. Results: Of 7508 scheduled appointments, 5604 were included in the analysis and 927 (16.5%) no-showed. There were 735 (79%) calls made to the patients who missed their appointments and 273 (37%) were reached. The 2 most common reasons for missing an appointment were forgetting (n = 97, 35.5%) and miscommunication (n = 86, 31.5%). When compared with patients who came to their appointments, patients who no-showed were younger ( P < .0001), more likely to be black ( P = .0423) or Hispanic ( P = .0001), and to have Medicaid ( P < .0001). Conclusions: No-show rates interfere with quality primary care. Interventions designed to target reasons for no-show are needed to help reduce the no-show rate, improve access and decrease health disparities in underserved patient populations.
Hif-2α is not essential for cell-autonomous hematopoietic stem cell maintenance
Authors: Guitart Amelie V. , Subramani Chithra , Armesilla-Diaz Alejandro , Smith Gillian , Sepulveda Catarina , Gezer Deniz , Vukovic Milica , Dunn Karen , Pollard Patrick , Holyoake Tessa L. , Enver Tariq , Ratcliffe Peter J. , Kranc Kamil R.
Published: July 2013

Key Points

Hif-2α–dependent signaling is dispensable for steady-state multilineage hematopoiesis. Hif-2α is not essential for HSC self-renewal.
Both a traditional and modified Daniel Fast improve the cardio-metabolic profile in men and women
Authors: Alleman Rick J. , Harvey Innocence C. , Farney Tyler M. , Bloomer Richard J.
Published: July 2013

Background

The Daniel Fast involves dietary modification similar to a purified vegan diet. Although improvements in several health-specific biomarkers have been noted with this plan, the removal of animal products results in a significant reduction in both dietary protein and saturated fatty acid intake, which results in a loss of lean body mass and a reduction in HDL-cholesterol.

Methods

We assigned 29 men and women to either a traditional or modified Daniel Fast for 21 days and measured anthropometric and biochemical markers of health pre and post intervention. The modified Daniel Fast was otherwise identical to the traditional plan but included one serving per day of lean meat and dairy (skim milk), providing approximately 30 grams per day of additional protein.

Results

Compared to baseline, both plans resulted in similar and significant improvements in blood lipids, as well as a reduction in inflammation.

Conclusions

Modification of dietary intake in accordance with either a traditional or modified Daniel Fast may improve risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
Autologous transplantation of adipose-derived stromal cells ameliorates ventilator-induced lung injury in rats
Authors: Liang Zuo Di , Yin Xiu Ru , Cai Da Sheng , Zhou Heng , Pei Ling
Published: July 2013

Background

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) are a good alternative to multipotent stem cells for regenerative medicine. Low tidal volume (LVT) has proved to be an effective ventilation strategy. However, it is not known if ADSCs and LVT can protect against ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). This study was aimed to determine the potential of ADSCs and LVT to repair following VILI and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this section.

Methods

A total of 72 rats were randomly assigned into group I (sham group, n = 18), group II (1 h of high tidal volume-ventilated (HVT) 40 mL/kg to peak airway pressures of approximately 35 cm H2O and 100% oxygen, n = 18), group III (1 h of HVT followed by 6 h LVT 6 mL/kg to peak airway pressures of approximately 6 cm H2O and 100% oxygen, n = 18) and group IV (1 h of HVT followed by intravenous injection of 5 × 106 ADSCs, n = 18). All animals were sacrificed 7 after the experiments lasted for 7 hours. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and lungs were harvested for analysis.

Results

High tidal volume-ventilated (HVT) rats exhibited typical VILI features compared with sham rats. Lung edema, histological lung injury index, concentrations of total protein, total cell counts, number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 in BALF were significantly increased in HVT rats. Additionally, gene and protein levels of Na+ channel subunits, Na-K-ATPase pump activity and alveolar fluid clearance were significantly decreased in HVT rats. All these indices of VILI were significantly improved in rats treated with ADSCs. However, compared with ADSCs treatment, LVT strategy had little therapeutic effect in the present study.

Conclusion

These results may provide valuable insights into the effects of ADSCs in acute lung injury.
New players in the same old game: a system level in silico study to predict type III secretion system and effector proteins in bacterial genomes reveals common themes in T3SS mediated pathogenesis
Authors: Sadarangani Vineet , Datta Sunando , Arunachalam Manonmani
Published: July 2013

Background

Type III secretion system (T3SS) plays an important role in virulence or symbiosis of many pathogenic or symbiotic bacteria [CHM 2:291–294, 2007; Physiology (Bethesda) 20:326–339, 2005]. T3SS acts like a tunnel between a bacterium and its host through which the bacterium injects ‘effector’ proteins into the latter [Nature 444:567–573, 2006; COSB 18:258–266, 2008]. The effectors spatially and temporally modify the host signalling pathways [FEMS Microbiol Rev 35:1100–1125, 2011; Cell Host Microbe5:571–579, 2009]. In spite its crucial role in host-pathogen interaction, the study of T3SS and the associated effectors has been limited to a few bacteria [Cell Microbiol 13:1858–1869, 2011; Nat Rev Microbiol 6:11–16, 2008; Mol Microbiol 80:1420–1438, 2011]. Before one set out to perform systematic experimental studies on an unknown set of bacteria it would be beneficial to identify the potential candidates by developing an in silico screening algorithm. A system level study would also be advantageous over traditional laboratory methods to extract an overriding theme for host-pathogen interaction, if any, from the vast resources of data generated by sequencing multiple bacterial genomes.

Results

We have developed an in silico protocol in which the most conserved set of T3SS proteins was used as the query against the entire bacterial database with increasingly stringent search parameters. It enabled us to identify several uncharacterized T3SS positive bacteria. We adopted a similar strategy to predict the presence of the already known effectors in the newly identified T3SS positive bacteria. The huge resources of biochemical data [FEMS Microbiol Rev 35:1100–1125, 2011; Cell Host Microbe 5:571–579, 2009; BMC Bioinformatics 7(11):S4, 2010] on the T3SS effectors enabled us to search for the common theme in T3SS mediated pathogenesis. We identified few cellular signalling networks in the host, which are manipulated by most of the T3SS containing pathogens. We went on to look for correlation, if any, between the biological quirks of a particular class of bacteria with the effectors they harbour. We could pin point few effectors, which were enriched in certain classes of bacteria.

Conclusion

The current study would open up new avenues to explore many uncharacterized T3SS positive bacteria. The experimental validation of the predictions from this study will unravel a generalized mechanism for T3SS positive bacterial infection into host cell.
Engineered Pichia pastoris for enhanced production of S-adenosylmethionine
Authors: Kamarthapu Venu , Ragampeta Srinivas , Rao Khareedu Venkateswara , Reddy Vudem Dashavantha
Published: July 2013

A genetically engineered strain of Pichia pastoris expressing S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of AOX 1 promoter was developed. Induction of recombinant strain with 1% methanol resulted in the expression of SAM2 protein of ~ 42 kDa, whereas control GS115 showed no such band. Further, the recombinant strain showed 17-fold higher enzyme activity over control. Shake flask cultivation of engineered P. pastoris in BMGY medium supplemented with 1% L-methionine yielded 28 g/L wet cell weight and 0.6 g/L S-adenosylmethionine, whereas control (transformants with vector alone) with similar wet cell weight under identical conditions accumulated 0.018 g/L. The clone cultured in the bioreactor containing enriched methionine medium showed increased WCW (117 g/L) as compared to shake flask cultures and yielded 2.4 g/L S-adenosylmethionine. In spite of expression of SAM 2 gene up to 90 h, S-adenosylmethionine accumulation tended to plateau after 72 h, presumably because of the limited ATP available in the cells at stationery phase. The recombinant P pastoris seems promising as potential source for industrial production of S-adenosylmethionine.
The Legacy of the Russian-American Company and the Implementation of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in the Kodiak Island Area of Alaska
Authors: Pullar Gordon L.
Published: July 2013

A Creole social group or estate, primarily the offspring of Russian men and Native women, was established in Alaska by the 1821 Russian-American Company charter. The Creoles enjoyed special rights and privileges in Russian America until the United States took over the jurisdiction of Alaska from Russia in the 1867 Treaty of Cession. Creoles then lost their privileged status and were positioned at the bottom of the American socioeconomic ladder. Many Creoles then began to deny their Native heritage and identify as Russians in attempts to avoid discrimination. Under the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, anyone with one-quarter Native blood quantum could participate. Most descendants of Creoles met this requirement and enrolled, angering many Natives who had not identified as Russians. This paper examines the history of the Creoles on Kodiak Island through the eyes of the author, a descendant of Creoles, Natives, and Russians of the Russian America era.
On the Land Cession Provisions in Treaty 11
Authors: Asch Michael
Published: July 2013

This paper provides evidence that, notwithstanding the written text, Treaty 11 was a peace and friendship treaty rather than one in which the Dene surrendered ownership and jurisdiction of their lands to Canada, thereby indicating clearly that oral understandings better reflect the terms of this Canadian treaty (and by implication others of the times) than written accounts do. It concludes by investigating the substantive implications of the finding that ownership and jurisdiction were not transferred on political relations between the Dene and Canada.
Effects of testosterone on contractile properties of sexually dimorphic forelimb muscles in male bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana, Shaw 1802)
Authors: Kampe Aaron R. , Peters Susan E.
Published: July 2013

This study examined the effects of testosterone (T) on the contractile properties of two sexually dimorphic forelimb muscles and one non-dimorphic muscle in male bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana, Shaw 1802). The dimorphic muscles in castrated males with testosterone replacement (T+) achieved higher forces and lower fatigability than did castrated males without replaced testosterone (T0 males), but the magnitude of the differences was low and many of the pair-wise comparisons of each muscle property were not statistically significant. However, when taken as a whole, the means of seven contractile properties varied in the directions expected of masculine values in T+ animals in the sexually dimorphic muscles. Moreover, these data, compared with previous data on male and female bullfrogs, show that values for T+ males are similar to normal males and are significantly different from females. The T0 males tended to be intermediate in character between T+ males and females, generally retaining masculine values. This suggests that the exposure of young males to T in their first breeding season produces a masculinizing effect on the sexually dimorphic muscles that is not reversed between breeding seasons when T levels are low. The relatively minor differences in contractile properties between T+ and T0 males may indicate that as circulating T levels rise during breeding season in normal males, contractile properties can be enhanced rapidly to maximal functional levels for breeding success.
Robust mitotic entry is ensured by a latching switch
Authors: Tuck Chloe , Zhang Tongli , Potapova Tamara , Malumbres Marcos , Novák Béla
Published: July 2013

Cell cycle events are driven by Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and by their counter-acting phosphatases. Activation of the Cdk1:Cyclin B complex during mitotic entry is controlled by the Wee1/Myt1 inhibitory kinases and by Cdc25 activatory phosphatase, which are themselves regulated by Cdk1:Cyclin B within two positive circuits. Impairing these two feedbacks with chemical inhibitors induces a transient entry into M phase referred to as mitotic collapse. The pathology of mitotic collapse reveals that the positive circuits play a significant role in maintaining the M phase state. To better understand the function of these feedback loops during G2/M transition, we propose a simple model for mitotic entry in mammalian cells including spatial control over Greatwall kinase phosphorylation. After parameter calibration, the model is able to recapture the complex and non-intuitive molecular dynamics reported by Potapova et al. (Potapova et al., 2011). Moreover, it predicts the temporal patterns of other mitotic regulators which have not yet been experimentally tested and suggests a general design principle of cell cycle control: latching switches buffer the cellular stresses which accompany cell cycle processes to ensure that the transitions are smooth and robust.
Nanometric Colloidal Sols of CeO2–ZrO2 Solid Solution as Catalyst Modifiers. I. Preparation and Structure
Authors: Tanimoto Kenji , Kato Hirokazu , Hidaka Miyuki , Hinokuma Satoshi , Ikeue Keita , Machida Masato
Published: July 2013

Stable nanometric colloidal sols consisting of fluorite-type metal oxides were prepared for use as chloride-free precursors for automotive catalysts. The aqueous solution containing metal carbonates and tetramethylammonium (TMA) ions was degassed and hydrothermally treated at 140–160 °C. Colloidal suspensions thus formed were purified by ultrafiltration to yield very stable and condensed sol solutions of CeO2 (CE), ZrO2 (ZR) and their solid solutions, CeO2–ZrO2 (CZ), which were stabilized by TMA. Each oxide sol contained 6–8 nm primary particles, but they formed aggregates larger than 40 nm. Local structural analysis by means of XAFS suggested that CZ sol exhibited two types of solid solution domains containing more or less Ce. The dried CZ sol exhibited higher thermal stability and oxygen storage capacity than CE and ZR sols.
Abnormally Large Thermal Vibration of Chloride Anions Incorporated in Layered Double Hydroxide Consisting of Mg and Al (Mg/Al = 2)
Authors: Sasai Ryo , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Sato Hiroaki , Moriyoshi Chikako , Kuroiwa Yoshihiro
Published: July 2013

Synchrotron-radiation X-ray diffraction enabled us to find the significantly large thermal vibration of chloride anions incorporated in a layered double hydroxide consisting of Mg and Al (Mg/Al = 2). The anomaly was ascribed to the hydrated water molecules in the interlayer.
Intrinsically Highly Hydrophobic Semi-alicyclic Fluorinated Polyimide Aerogel with Ultralow Dielectric Constants
Authors: Shen Dengxiong , Liu Jingang , Yang Haixia , Yang Shiyong
Published: July 2013

Polyimide aerogel with an intrinsically hydrophobic nature and a dielectric constant as low as 1.19 at a frequency of 2.75 GHz was synthesized by the polycondensation of an alicyclic dianhydride, an aromatic fluorinated diamine, and an amino-substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) end-capper, followed by a supercritical carbon dioxide drying procedure.
Favoring the Winner or Loser in Repeated Contests
Authors: Ridlon Robert , Shin Jiwoong
Published: July 2013

Should a firm favor a weaker or stronger employee in a contest? Despite a widespread emphasis on rewarding the best employees, managers continue to tolerate and even favor poor performers. Contest theory reveals that evenly matched contests are the most intense, which implies that a contest designer can maximize each player's effort by artificially boosting the underdog's chances. We apply this type of “handicapping” to a two-period repeated contest between employees, in which the only information available about their abilities is their performance in the first period. In this setting, employees are strategic and forward looking, such that they fully anticipate the potential impact of the first-period contest result on the second-period contest and thus adjust their behaviors accordingly. The manager also incorporates these strategic behaviors of employees when determining an optimal handicapping policy. If employees' abilities are sufficiently different, favoring the first-period loser in the second period increases the total effort over both periods. However, if abilities are sufficiently similar, we find the opposite result occurs: total effort increases the most in response to a handicapping strategy of favoring the first-period winner.
Developing a better understanding of community foundations in the UK’s localisms
Authors: Jung Tobias , Harrow Jenny , Phillips Susan D.
Published: July 2013

Recent policy emphases in the United Kingdom (UK) show growing attention to localism interconnected with philanthropy. This appears to offer significant opportunities for community foundations – geographically embedded multi-purpose charities envisaged as combining various grant-making roles with community leadership. Using a theoretical framework derived from political geography, we explore and conceptualise how community foundations conceive and operationalise their community leadership role across the UK’s localism discourses; we find their strategies and approaches to be differentiated rather than shared. This challenges the understanding of ‘community foundations’ as a single model in its UK expression and questions their envisaged potential as collective pan-UK lead-players within localism policy.
The right to the city: the struggle for democracy in the urban public realm
Authors: Purcell Mark
Published: July 2013

This paper aims to contribute to contemporary debates on governance change in the local public realm by undertaking a close analysis of Henri Lefebvre’s concept of the right to the city. I argue that when it is fully appreciated, Lefebvre’s idea imagines a thoroughgoing transformation of the city as a political community. It involves a radical democratization of cities, which Lefebvre understands to mean an ongoing and collective struggle by urban inhabitants to manage the city for themselves, without the state and without capitalism.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of a Ferromagnetically Modified Natural Zeolite Composite for Removal Of Cs+ And Sr2+
Authors: Faghihian Hossein , Moayed Mohammad , Firooz Alireza , Iravani Mozhgan
Published: July 2013

The high fission yield and long half life of cesium and strontium make them the two most high-risk products from nuclear fission, so their separation from radioactive wastes is an important step in mitigating their harmful effects. Clinoptilolite, because of its thermal stability, high radiation resistance, and selectivity, was considered as the adsorbent for this purpose. In order to then separate the adsorbent-adsorbate complex from aqueous solution, the clinoptilolite was prepared as a magnetized composite with nanomagnetite. This magnetically modified zeolite enabled the efficient and quick separation of the adsorbent from solution using magnetic separation. The ability of this composite to remove Cs+ and Sr2+ from aqueous solutions was assessed and characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential thermogravimetric analysis, and vibrating-sample magnetometry. Variables such as initial ion concentration, pH, contact time, and temperature in the sorption process were studied and optimized. The maximum adsorption capacities of the composite were 188.7 and 36.63 mg g-1 for Cs+ and Sr2+, respectively. Investigation of the kinetics revealed that the adsorption process onto the composite was quicker than in the case of the zeolite alone. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. The mean free energy of sorption (E) for both ions was in the range 8–16 kJ mol-1, confirming that an ion-exchange mechanism had occurred. Positive ΔH° and negative ΔG° values were indicative of the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the removal of Cs+ and Sr2+. The saturation magnetization of the composite was measured (17.46 Am2/kg), implying fast magnetic separation of the sample after adsorption. The results obtained revealed that the natural Iranian zeolite nanomagnetite composite was a good ion exchanger in the removal of Cs+ and Sr2+.
Temporal frames of reference
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: July 2013

Based on linguistic and behavioural evidence, representations for time appear to be structured in terms of space (e.g., Casasanto and Boroditsky 2008; Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999). This finding has led to a recent move to apply the theoretical construct of frames of reference (FoRs) from the domain of space to time, leading to sophisticated taxonomies for temporal frames of reference (e.g., Bender et al. 2010; Tenbrink 2011; Zinken 2010). The present paper argues that while space is important for modelling temporal reference, this is not the whole story. I argue that the experience types that in part underlie temporal representations are inherently temporal, rather than spatial in nature. They consist of a range of experience types, the hallmark of FoRs in the domain of time being transience (Galton 2011), a construct worked out in some detail. The present paper proposes three distinct types of temporal frames of reference (t-FoRs), anchored to three distinct types of transience. These proposals are argued to complement and enhance existing proposals for t-FoRs, rather than replacing them.
What is a domain? Dimensional structures versus meronomic relations
Authors: Gärdenfors Peter , Löhndorf Simone
Published: July 2013

Within cognitive linguistics, the notion of domain is central. In the literature, the notion of domain has been interpreted in an all-encompassing way, which has led to conceptual confusion. The article proposes to distinguish between a more psychologically oriented description of domains based on dimensional structures, on the one hand; and meronomic relations, on the other. It is shown how Langacker's notion of a configurational domain can be analyzed as higher-level dimensional structures. An added benefit of the distinction between dimensional domains and meronomic relations is that it generates a natural account of the difference between metaphors and metonymies.
Collostructional analysis and other ways of measuring lexicogrammatical attraction: Theoretical premises, practical problems and cognitive underpinnings
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg , Küchenhoff Helmut
Published: July 2013

Collostructional analysis is a corpus-based quantitative method of measuring the mutual attraction of lexemes and constructions (cf. Stefanowitsch and Gries 2003) which has gained considerable popularity among corpus linguists and especially cognitive linguists with a statistical bent. For many less statistically minded linguists, it has proven rather difficult to evaluate the theoretical background assumptions and cognitive underpinnings of collostructional analysis and to compare them to alternative ways of modelling lexicogrammatical attraction phenomena. This paper aims to spell out these premises and foundations in terms comprehensible to a wider audience. It begins with a concise survey of how collostructional analysis works and then reports on a number of practical, theoretical and statistical issues of which both practitioners of the method and those who try to appreciate results of its application should be aware. With these issues in mind we then discuss alternative ways of calculating and interpreting lexicogrammatical attraction. The advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are discussed, also against the background of the results of studies that have tried to evaluate the measures by means of external evidence from psycholinguistic experiments. Finally, cognitive underpinnings of lexicogrammatical associations and implications for the different approaches are discussed. It is argued that at present we lack adequate knowledge about the ways in which discourse frequencies affect entrenchment. We conclude that the complexities of the relation between corpus frequencies and degrees of entrenchment are still rather poorly understood, and make suggestions for future work.
Alternative Monotonicity Assumptions for Improving Bounds on Natural Direct Effects
Authors: Chiba Yasutaka , Taguri Masataka
Published: July 2013

Estimating the direct effect of a treatment on an outcome is often the focus of epidemiological and clinical research, when the treatment has more than one specified pathway to the defined outcome. Even if the total effect is unconfounded, the direct effect is not identified when unmeasured variables affect the intermediate and outcome variables. Therefore, bounds on direct effects have been presented via linear programming under two common definitions of direct effects: controlled and natural. Here, we propose bounds on natural direct effects without using linear programming, because such bounds on controlled direct effects have already been proposed. To derive narrow bounds, we introduce two monotonicity assumptions that are weaker than those in previous studies and another monotonicity assumption. Furthermore, we do not assume that an outcome variable is binary, whereas previous studies have made that assumption. An additional advantage of our bounds is that the bounding formulas are extremely simple. The proposed bounds are illustrated using a randomized trial for coronary heart disease.
Characterization of the myometrial transcriptome in women with an arrest of dilatation during labor
Authors: Chaemsaithong Piya , Madan Ichchha , Romero Roberto , Than Nandor Gabor , Tarca Adi L. , Draghici Sorin , Bhatti Gaurav , Yeo Lami , Mazor Moshe , Kim Chong Jai , Hassan Sonia S. , Chaiworapongsa Tinnakorn
Published: July 2013

Objective: The molecular basis of failure to progress in labor is poorly understood. This study was undertaken to characterize the myometrial transcriptome of patients with an arrest of dilatation (AODIL).

Study design: Human myometrium was prospectively collected from women in the following groups: (1) spontaneous term labor (TL; n=29) and (2) arrest of dilatation (AODIL; n=14). Gene expression was characterized using Illumina® HumanHT-12 microarrays. A moderated Student’s t-test and false discovery rate adjustment were used for analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of selected genes was performed in an independent sample set. Pathway analysis was performed on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database using Pathway Analysis with Down-weighting of Overlapping Genes (PADOG). The MetaCore knowledge base was also searched for pathway analysis.

Results: (1) Forty-two differentially expressed genes were identified in women with an AODIL; (2) gene ontology analysis indicated enrichment of biological processes, which included regulation of angiogenesis, response to hypoxia, inflammatory response, and chemokine-mediated signaling pathway. Enriched molecular functions included transcription repressor activity, heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 binding, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity; (3) MetaCore analysis identified immune response chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) signaling, muscle contraction regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity in endothelial cells, and triiodothyronine and thyroxine signaling as significantly overrepresented (false discovery rate <0.05); (4) qRT-PCR confirmed the overexpression of Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3); hypoxic ischemic factor 1A (HIF1A); Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2); angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4); ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1, motif 9 (ADAMTS9); G protein-coupled receptor 4 (GPR4); metallothionein 1A (MT1A); MT2A; and selectin E (SELE) in an AODIL.

Conclusion: The myometrium of women with AODIL has a stereotypic transcriptome profile. This disorder has been associated with a pattern of gene expression involved in muscle contraction, an inflammatory response, and hypoxia. This is the first comprehensive and unbiased examination of the molecular basis of an AODIL.
Estradiol and tamoxifen regulate NRF-1 and mitochondrial function in mouse mammary gland and uterus
Authors: Ivanova Margarita M , Radde Brandie N , Son Jieun , Mehta Fabiola F , Chung Sang-Hyuk , Klinge Carolyn M
Published: July 2013

Nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) stimulates the transcription of nuclear-encoded genes that regulate mitochondrial (mt) genome transcription and biogenesis. We reported that estradiol (E2) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) stimulate NRF-1 transcription in an estrogen receptor α (ERα)- and ERβ-dependent manner in human breast cancer cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether E2and 4-OHT increase NRF-1in vivo. Here, we report that E2and 4-OHT increase NRF-1 expression in mammary gland (MG) and uterus of ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice in a time-dependent manner. E2increased NRF-1 protein in the uterus and MG; however, in MG, 4-OHT increasedNrf1mRNA but not protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed increasedin vivorecruitment of ERα to theNrf1promoter and intron 3 in MG and uterus 6 h after E2and 4-OHT treatment, commensurate with increased NRF-1 expression. E2- and 4-OHT-induced increases in NRF-1 and its target genesTfam,Tfb1m, andTfb2mwere coordinated in MG but not in uterus due to uterine-selective inhibition of the expression of the NRF-1 coactivatorsPpargc1aandPpargc1bby E2and 4-OHT. E2transiently increased NRF-1 and PGC-1α nuclear staining while reducing PGC-1α in uterus. E2, not 4-OHT, activates mt biogenesis in MG and uterus in a time-dependent manner. E2increased mt outer membrane Tomm40 protein levels in MG and uterus whereas 4-OHT increased Tomm40 only in uterus. These data support the hypothesis of tissue-selective regulation of NRF-1 and its downstream targets by E2and 4-OHTin vivo.