bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Peak Demand Data in Design and Operation
Authors: Cornell Holly A.
Published: February 2018

This article considers the utilization of known or predicted peak demand data in the development of operating procedures and in the planning of new facilities by the following three analytic methods: computation by a trained engineer or technician applying the method of successive corrections developed by Hardy Cross (hand method); computation by digital computer applying the method of successive corrections developed by Cross (computer method); and, measurement of the current and voltage in an analogous electrical network, using a network analyzer (analog method).
Uses of Epoxy Resins
Authors: Erickson Claud R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the suitability of epoxy resins for use in the protection of steel and concrete used in water facilities. The article provides a brief overview of the properties and characteristics of resins, plastics, epoxy compounds, and liquid and solid resins. Classes of epoxy coatings, different applications, and an example of epoxy compounds used for repairs on an elevated water storage tank at the Lansing (Michigan) Board of Water and Light are discussed.
Water Supply Problem of Lock Haven, Pa.
Authors: Montgomery Hugh B.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the Lock Haven Suburban Water Company, located in Woodward Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania. The article discusses an effort by Lock Haven to supplement its water supply by drilling additional wells without affecting the production of existing wells. The general geology of the area is discussed, along with the location of aquifers, well‐drilling and production history, geologic explanation of well performance, performance of all 4 wells, recommended location and spacing of wells, acid water, and subsequent developments.
Progress of Pushbutton Operation
Authors: Dickson David B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how electronics has changed the water industry. Telemetering, and the expansion of automation are discussed. The North Texas Municipal Water District is presented as an example of early use of automation in its operation.
Ground Water Supply for a State Park in Pennsylvania
Authors: Montgomery Hugh B.
Published: February 2018

This article presents the Gifford Pinchot Park water supply development as a typical example of developing facilities in areas where land availability, dam site, reservoir site, geographic location, timing of use, and budgetary requirements are not suited to the best possible measures for supplying water. This park is located on strata that have proved to be poor aquifers, but budgetary considerations require the use of possible groundwater supplies. This study further demonstrates the difficulty of obtaining well production information in areas more or less remote from developed water facilities, and demonstrates the variable quality of available information, most of which is not written, recorded, or filed with a central agency. Solving this water supply problem also shows how a careful study of discoverable engineering information, such as well location, depth, strata penetrated, and production data, along with such information as geologic history, structure, and lithology, can improve a well‐drilling program geared to the economic and geographic restrictions placed on the project.
Water Pollution Resulting From Agricultural Activities
Authors: Webb Hubert J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water pollution resulting from agricultural practices, specifically fertilization, animal wastes, and pesticides.
Storage and Distribution for Peak Loads
Authors: Farmer Ed
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of water utilities supplying adequate service to their entire area even during peak‐demand periods that are affected by climatic changes (drought), shifts of population and industry, and high costs. In a discussion that follows the article, Victor A. Appleyard suggests that a study of distribution systems should include a discussion of the system during peak loads, and presents five points that need to be considered.
Water Utility Administration in Waukesha, Wis.
Authors: Kuranz Joseph H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water utility administration in Waukesha, Wisconsin. The Wisconsin state laws are based on the following concepts: private and municipal utilities should be operated strictly in accordance with sound business practices; that while a municipality may own and operate a public utility, it does so not as a function of government but rather in a proprietary capacity; and, that both municipally owned and privately owned utilities can operate successfully under the same set of laws and regulations as administered by the Public Service Commission. Within the laws and regulations of the Public Service Commission, certain variances exist between municipally owned utilities throughout Wisconsin. The Waukesha Water Utility operations follow the ideal quite closely. There are areas, however, where administrative efficiency could be improved by simply amending some sections of the city ordinances. An organizational chart of the Waukesha Water Utility Commission is included in the article and is discussed in terms of span of control, municipal relations, line of authority, major decisions, communications, personnel, and public relations.
Preparation of an Impoundment Area in Washington
Authors: Benedetti A. J. , Roller John A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the construction of the Howard A. Hanson rock fill flood control dam in Tacoma, Washington's Green River watershed in 1961. The primary purpose of this dam was to control downstream flooding of the Green River; its secondary purpose was to store water for increased downstream flow during the summer months. The article discusses the characteristics of the Green River watershed area; relocating 13.6 miles of main‐line Northern Pacific Railway track; clearing the watershed basin; encountering unusual problems during construction; and, establishing monitoring stations throughout the basin area to collect information on the influence of the impoundment area on Tacoma's water supply.
Flame Photometric Determination of Lithium in Water
Authors: Fishman Marvin J.
Published: February 2018

This report describes the flame photometric method used by Pro and Mather in the investigation of lithium in whiskey as adapted to the determination of lithium in natural water. The study examined the accuracy of the method when used to determine lithium in water samples of widely different chemical composition. A spectrophotometer with oxygen‐acetylene flame and photomultiplier attachment was used, along with a stock lithium solutions and a working lithium solution. The procedure, calculation, and precision and accuracy are discussed, and results indicated that the flame photometric method, using an oxygen‐acetylene atomizer‐burner and photomultiplier attachment, affords a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for the determination of lithium in natural water. Specific results are provided.
Pollution Caused by Food and Paper Wastes
Authors: Woodward Richard L.
Published: February 2018

This article provides examples of water systems that have been adversely affected by wastes from paper and food industries, and examines the types of issues that were experienced.
Treatment by Trickling Filtration and Sedimentation at Thousand Oaks, Calif.
Authors: Stone Ralph
Published: February 2018

The untreated groundwater supply of the Conejo Valley Water Company, located in Thousand Oaks, California, contains excessive sulfides, suspended solids, color, odor, dissolved solids, and certain other undesirable characteristics. Conventional coagulation, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration practices are not economical in treating the raw water, so it was necessary to develop unusual biologic filtration and long‐period sedimentation procedures. An eventual solution for the Conejo water supply problem was to construct a system to import water through the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. This system, planned to be in operation in 1963‐64, will serve the entire area and eliminate the need for costly demineralization treatment.
Joint Charge for Water and Sewer Service at Louisville, Ky.
Authors: Payne Byron E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the city of Louisville's (Kentucky) experiences with the joint collection of water and sewer accounts, the methods used to bill and collect the accounts, the methods used to compute the payment for this service, and the effects on the company's public relations.
Importance of Surveying Gate Valves
Authors: Stokes Hayman W. , Wilkerson Kenneth L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses two valve survey and inspection programs, that differ in methods, by the Inglewood (California) Water Department, a publicly owned utility, and the San Gabriel Valley (California) Water Company, a privately owned utility.
Metamorphosis of the Montebello Tunnel in Baltimore
Authors: Marquiss Ralph E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Montebello Tunnel‐Cromwell Pumping Station Project administered by the Baltimore County Department of Public Works. The system was completed in 1962 and operates as an integral part of the distribution system under the auspices of of the Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply.
Air Binding in Water Pipelines
Authors: Richards Richard T.
Published: February 2018

The presence of stabilized air pockets in pipelines can seriously reduce the water carrying capacity of the line. In fact, this condition, often termed air binding, may entirely prevent flow. This article reviews the mechanism of air binding and discusses a few practical methods of eliminating it. The discussion involves water pipelines of l5‐102 inches in diameter, including cross‐country water supply conduits and the condenser circulating water systems for steam electric power stations. Air binding in very small diameter pipe introduces somewhat different problems which are beyond the scope of this article.
Water Supply and Treatment in Three European Countries
Authors: Okun Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

In Europe, there is a greater tendency to use groundwater than in the United States. Treatment is thereby restricted to the removal of iron and manganese by aeration and to rapid sand filtration. Where surface water is used, the trend is towards a rapid prefiltration followed by slow sand filtration, in general avoiding the use of chemicals except for final chlorination. Such treatment of surface waters requires large areas, and it remains to be seen whether in the future there will be a tendency to restrict the area devoted to water treatment, and thus require introduction of chemical coagulation. Methods of waste treatment seem to be much the same as are employed in the United States; however, high degrees of treatment are required and conventional treatment is generally adopted, with so‐called high‐rate treatment not in general use. Integrated water management, with regard to both flow and quality, in the Netherlands and Germany are of special interest to engineers in the United States who will soon face problems of intense water development.
Field Test for Analysis of Anionic Detergents in Well Waters
Authors: McGuire Orla E. , Kent Fred , Miller LaRue L. , Papenmeier Gerald J.
Published: February 2018

The problem of detergents found in well water has created a demand for analysis of large numbers of samples, but the current analytical methods are complex and time consuming. This study was initiated to develop a simple, accurate test which could be used both in the field and in the laboratory. The Michigan Department of Health (MDH) method, as described in this article, was tested on 543 well water samples, and the results are compared to those obtained with a standard reference procedure.
Limnology of a North Carolina Reservoir and Its Use in Water Treatment
Authors: Weiss Charles M. , Oglesby Ray T.
Published: February 2018

By the use of limnologic sampling techniques and a program of systematic surveys, variations in water quality in University Lake, Chapel Hill, North Carolina were studied and defined. Sharp changes in water quality associated with specific seasonal phenomena were anticipated and intake levels or treatment procedures adjusted accordingly. The data in this article was collected in 1960. All analytic techniques followed those outlined in the tenth edition of Standard Methods except as otherwise noted. Temperature measurements were made with direct‐reading thermistor telethermometers.
Water Utility Performance Criteria
Authors: Hartung Herbert O.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses performance criteria related to water utility operation. These criteria cannot be generally applied to all utilities, because utilities and customer requirements differ. Each utility must establish its own performance criteria. Proper performance criteria must be flexible enough to allow for changes in customer service requirements and utility growth. The article lists the requirements that water utility performance criteria must relate to and encompass, and provides examples of performance criteria in the following areas of utility operations: water quality; water pressure; the percent of water pumpage sold; unit cost accounting, or cost per million gallons; the relation of total operating and maintenance expense to total revenue; a gross revenue criterion, or the average revenue per 1,000 gal of water sold; the amount of investment in a utility plant; pumpage per customer; purchased power criteria; pipeline breaks; and, manpower criteria.
Rules for the Design of Water Supply Systems, Ventura County, Calif.
Authors: Morgan Thomas M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the expansion of water service by many existing water purveyors in Ventura County, California. Before 1957, there was no regulation by the county of water supply systems except in the case of residential subdivisions, and this regulation consisted of only two parts. These requirements could be met without even having a system which could serve water, as nothing required the well to be connected to the water mains. It was discovered that county control of water supply systems being installed by land developers is necessary to insure an adequate supply of water for both domestic service and fire protection. An appendix to the article contains the Water Supply Requirements for Subdivisions, Planned Developments, and Trailer Parks; Technical Provisions of Resolution No. 3333, Ventura County Planning Commission, Aug. 14, 1961.
Ductile‐Iron Pipe for Utility Service
Authors: Hill James B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the increase in use of ductile iron pipe since 1948, the many varied applications it has, and the advantages of products made from ductile iron.
Optimums in Diatomite Filtration
Authors: LaFrenz Robert L. , Baumann E. Robert
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the different factors of diatomite filtration which may be optimized before the proper body feed, filtration rate, and terminal head loss can be selected. The overall optimum body feed, optimum filtration rate, and optimum terminal head loss combine to produce potable water at the minimum cost per gallon. These optimums are influenced by four cost factors: labor, power, diatomite, and equipment.
Economic Aspects of Saline‐Water Conversion
Authors: III James C. Lamb
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the basis for costs which have been presented for both conventionally treated and desalted water supplies, and discusses several of the factors which must be considered in any definitive comparison of these costs. The most reasonable approach for comparing these sources of water would be on the basis of costs for supplementing current supplies or providing new supplies, not by comparing conversion with costs of existing systems. The article provides a standardized procedure for estimating conversion costs that was established by the Office of Saline Water (OSW). Factors of prime importance to be considered in evaluating any of the published saline water conversion costs are discussed.
Balanced Utilization of Ground Water Resources
Authors: Joslyn Ray O.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of groundwater resources to increase the water supply, along with allowing groundwater levels to decline in order to provide storage space to receive recharge, thus preventing the pumping of aquifers to total depletion. The article discusses proper long‐range planning, or water resource management, in order to effectively use groundwater reservoirs. The article discusses the well fields of Columbia, Missouri and Wichita, Kansas, as examples of proper analysis and study of the system to determine what quantity of water can be developed annually without depleting the supply.
In Defense of Our Water Resources
Authors: Murdoch John H.
Published: February 2018

This article acknowledges that there is a water supply problem in the U.S., but that it is far from a crisis. The article discusses several conditions that present the water industry with competition for natural water supply, including: natural competition; pollution; agricultural competition; and, recreational competition. To solve this issue of competition for water resources, the article recommends researching the various economic facts of water resources, eliminating waste in the industry, reconsidering rate schedules with sliding scales, and providing customers with the information so they can understand the issues in the water industry.
Determination of the Mobility of Colloidal Particles by Microelectrophoresis
Authors: Black A. P. , Smith Annie L.
Published: February 2018

This article provides the information for operational procedures for microelectrophoresis studies which have proven to be most effective in the extensive coagulation investigations in this laboratory. The flat microelectrophoresis cell designed by Briggs is discussed, along with electrical apparatus, the theory of stationary levels, microscope linearity, cleaning of cell and electrodes, cell calibration, preparation of buffer, preparation of blood cells, preparation of electrodes, use of cell, and a typical calculation.
High‐Molecular‐Weight Materials in Tap Water
Authors: Barth Edwin F. , Acheson Nicholas H.
Published: February 2018

The increasing demand for reuse of wastewater and the use of high‐molecular‐ weight synthetic polymers as coagulant aids create a need for a method of recovering polymeric materials in low concentration. To recover these hydrophilic materials of high molecular weight, this study investigated a procedure using vacuum concentration of large volumes of water followed by dialysis of the concentrate and precipitation of the materials by organic solvents.
A Theory of Diatomite Filtration
Authors: Baumann E. Robert , Cleasby John L. , LaFrenz Robert L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an equation that expresses the filtration of an iron‐bearing water under normal conditions of body feed, iron concentration, and filtration rate. The equation has been verified in the laboratory in the removal of 2 to 8 ppm of iron from water at a filtration rate of 1 gpm/sq ft. Runs to evaluate applicability of the equation at higher flow rates are now being made.
Ultrasonic Cleaning of Water Meters
Authors: Stuart Charles L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an ultrasonic meter cleaning process instituted at the Southern California Water Company. The ultrasonic unit selected has a 1,200‐w, fully transistorized generator in combination with a lO‐gal, stainless‐steel, multipower transducerized tank with an automatic recirculator, and it cost approximately $2,000. Cleaning and test procedures are discussed in the article, along with equipment performance.
The Metropolitan Approach to Utility Services
Authors: Harral Henry D.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a list of approaches to the provision of utility services for a metropolitan community that serves as a basis for discussion. They include the following agencies or methods for supplying utility services to a metropolitan area: the central city; the urban county; a metropolitan district; a federated government; the interjurisdictional agreement; and, a private utility. The author also states several assumptions about the metropolitan approach to utility services.
Benefits of Small‐Watershed Projects to Municipal Water Supplies
Authors: Williams Donald A.
Published: February 2018

Small‐watershed projects under the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act provide a practical mechanism for concerted cooperative action, under local initiative and control, on an integrated water development and management program for each watershed. Through this program, municipalities can provide additional nearby water storage at reasonable cost by including needed facilities in multi‐purpose projects. The combination of watershed treatment and structural measures protects both new and existing water supplies from sedimentation, reduces the cost of filtration, and virtually eliminates flood damages from treated flood plains. Finally, side benefits in new economic activity and increased recreational resources result wherever new water sources are developed.
Effect of Detergents on the Decontamination of Radioactive Wastewater by Precipitation and Coagulation
Authors: Frost Colin R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses two processes that are being considered for use at the Australian Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment at Lucas Heights, New South Wales, to decontaminate low‐level radioactive aqueous effluent in a sludge blanket clarifier. They are the calcium‐ ferric phosphate process, and the aluminum hydroxide process. Concern about the effect that detergents and complexing agents may have on the decontamination achieved by these processes provide the basis for this article.
Thermal Pollution of Surface Supplies
Authors: Arnold Gerald E.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a report from five subcommittees formed by the Pennsylvania State Sanitary Water Board to study the control of discharge of heated wastes from industrial production processes into the state's streams and lakes. A special study was made on the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. Approximately 100 miles of river were surveyed during this summer project. A subcommittee on aquatic life and recreation was appointed to report to the general committee on temperature requirements for aquatic life. This subcommittee consisted of representatives of fish and wildlife organizations, the Pennsylvania Fish Commission, and the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS). The committee conducted considerable research into the published literature on the subject, and obtained additional information from specialists in the field. The findings are outlined in the article.
Dry Feed of Ground Quicklime Without a Slaker
Authors: Hirsch A. Adler
Published: February 2018

Pulverized quicklime used without a slaker has successfully supplanted hydrated lime at nearly 20 plants, large and small, mainly in the Southeast. Some use it for softening, others for pH correction. In each plant, economy in material cost was the prime factor in the decision to adopt direct feed of pulverized quicklime. Trials of pulverized quicklime and its adoption for use by direct dry feed were made at the McNeil St. plant in Shreveport, Louisiana, primarily for the purpose of correcting operational difficulties and better regulating the pH control, although the importance of reduced cost was appreciated. The behavior of pulverized quicklime was studied and is reported here.
Present and Proposed Uses of Colorado River Water in Arizona
Authors: Johnson Rich
Published: February 2018

This article briefly outlines the economic and other values that have been realized from putting all of Arizona's share of the flow of the Colorado River to beneficial use. The article discusses the law of diminishing returns as applied to Arizona's economy, along with additional uses of Colorado River water in Arizona which can be achieved through capital investment. The Central Arizona Project (CAP) is presented, along with a discussion that fully justifies the capital investment necessary to increase Arizona's dependable water supply.
Improvised Filter Wash System
Authors: McDaniel Edgar B. , III Thomas J. Blair
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an improvised surface wash system at St. Albans, West Virginia. The article discusses the filter design, cycle of operation, and cost savings of installing the system.
Looking to AWWA's Future
Authors: Hurst William D.
Published: February 2018

In this statement made in 1963 by then‐AWWA President William D. Hurst, he predicts that AWWA will greatly expand its services to members in the coming year. Hurst points out that this expansion is dependent on financial support, and the recruiting and training of new personnel, and therefore the coming year will only see the start of new programs. New services that Hurst will support include: strengthening defenses against pollution, viruses, radioactivity, detergents, exotic chemicals, and toxic materials; education and training programs for water works men at all levels; the establishment by the Education Committee of liaisons with other related organizations; recruiting university graduates into the water industry; and, supporting the Committee on Advancement and Public Information in its efforts to train water works personnel in management techniques by the establishment of management seminars and/or discussion groups. Hurst mentions his desire to reactivate the Joint Policy Committee 1030 J to tighten AWWA's links to other professional societies with overlapping areas of interest, and discusses expanding AWWA's membership to include everyone professionally interested in improved water service.
Biases of Coliform Estimates and the Influence of Sodium Thiosulfate on Coliform Survival in Lake Water
Authors: Noble Ralph E.
Published: February 2018

This study examined the influence of the presence of sodium thiosulfate on the survival of coliform organisms in samples of untreated lake water. Storage periods and temperatures were selected to represent some of the conditions encountered in a routine laboratory operating daily on one 8‐hr shift. The basic experimental unit was repeated 5 days of nearly every week from Jul. 1, 1951 to Jun. 30, 1962 – 215 sampling days – to insure that a full seasonal temperature cycle of the source water was represented by the samples obtained. Thus the experiment's objectives were met by one experimental design, and this assured the comparability of each of seven series of data gathered during the year.
Automated Billing for a Small Utility
Authors: McClure Warren A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the North Coast County Water District's (located in Pacifica, California) decision to convert from a manual‐type bookkeeping machine billing system to a fully automated machine accounting system.
Television Inspection of a Gravel Pack Well
Authors: Gorder Zenno A.
Published: February 2018

A joint research project was organized to determine the feasibility of inspecting a problem well for the city of La Crosse, Wisconsin, by means of a specially designed television camera. The camera was lowered 143 ft beneath the surface of the well; a number of seriously ruptured and deteriorated areas were revealed in the well screen, which had been in constant use since January, 1948. The resulting accurate diagnosis of the condition of the well made possible economic and adequate salvaging operations which have completely restored the well to normal production.
1960 USPHS Summary of Municipal Water Facilities in Communities of 25.000 or More
Authors: Jenlikns Kenneth H. , Owen Henry W.
Published: February 2018

This article summarizes an inventory of municipal water supply facilities in communities of 25,000 or more population conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS). The summary includes detailed tables by state, population size group, and drainage basin, and is confined to national totals only. The inventory is compiled in cooperation with the appropriate state agencies, biennially for communities of 25,000 or more, and every 5 years for communities of 100 persons and above.
Model Voluntary Certification Program for Water Works Operators
Authors: Report Committee
Published: February 2018

This article presents the report of Committee 4270 I, Certification of Water Utility Personnel. It discusses the development of a voluntary certification program for water works operators, and for those states desiring to change from an existing voluntary program to the model program. The committee intended this program to be a guide with changes to be made as necessary to meet local conditions, but urges in the interest of uniform examination and reciprocity among states that the model program be kept as near the recommended form as is feasible, keeping the goal of a mandatory program for all states in mind.
Optimum Economical Design for Municipal Diatomite Filter Plants
Authors: Baumann E. Robert , LaFrenz Robert L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study conducted at Iowa State University to develop a method of analyzing data from pilot tests with a raw water supply for use in the design of a diatomite filter plant. A method was developed for obtaining plant operating conditions at a minimum cost by the specification of the overall optimum body feed, the optimum filtration rate, and the optimum terminal‐head loss that will permit water to be filtered at the lowest total cost per 1,000 gal. A method of finding this optimum design combination is demonstrated for three cities of different sizes with waters of three different iron concentrations.
The Determination of Traces of Polyacrylamides in Water
Authors: Crummett Warren B. , Hummel Richard A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses two methods for the determination of polyacrylamides in potable water: the distillation‐nesslerization method; and, the turbidimetric method. Both methods are presented in terms of apparatus, reagents, preparation of standard curve, procedure, and results.
Reducing Radioisotope Concentrations in Reactor Effluent by High Coagulant Feed
Authors: Silker Wyatt B.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses a method to reduce the concentrations of radioisotopes and radioarsenic discharged to the Columbia River in Washington State by at least one order of magnitude (one‐tenth of the current levels), and at the same time, minimize the concentrations of the other radioisotopes. In‐pile evaluation of experimental water treatment processes designed to reduce the concentration of parent materials in the coolant was made by treating the water for one‐half of a reactor by the normal method and applying the proposed treatment to the other half. The use of a model treatment plant provided a transitional step between beaker test evaluation and plant application. More efficient parent isotope removal was obtained with the model than was observed in plant operation. For example, results from the model water treatment plant predicted removal efficiencies of greater than 93 per cent for arsenic and phosphorus compounds, compared with the 60‐75 per cent reductions actually observed. This discrepancy is due in part to mixing of the water between the two sides of the reactor.
Emergency Drinking Water
Authors: Girand James
Published: February 2018

This article analyzes a 10 year old can of water bought and kept for emergency drinking water purposes. Bacteriological and microscopical analyses are provided.
Mechanism of Manganese Solution in Lake Waters
Authors: Wilroy Robert S. Ingols and Robert D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses conclusions by the authors that microbiologic activity is involved in the solution and increase in concentration of manganese in the hypolimnion of an artificial lake studied; that dead or dying cells are not the major source of the manganese, although they may be the source of organic matter which is used in the metabolism of certain bacteria which release the manganese into solution by reduction of manganese dioxide. The presence of such complexing agents as carbonic acid, tannin, and lignin accelerates the rate of increase in manganese concentration. The roots of a heavy brush cover in a tight soil can create a large BOD, thus producing DO‐free groundwater and contributing to the solution of manganese.
Storage Tank Location
Authors: Haskew George M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the proper location of water storage tanks connected with a water distribution system for distribution storage, including elevated, standpipe, or ground storage tanks. In addition to engineering requirements, which will designate the desirable location, the article discusses other issues including: governmental zoning regulations; elevation and technical requirements of the connecting distribution system; esthetic aspects which may affect public relations; architectural quality, crowding, and the availability of sufficient land for landscaping; and, the effects of a tank on adjoining properties.
Water Utility Operation in the Amazon Valley
Authors: Branco Zadir C.
Published: February 2018

This article presents statistical evidence of the successful operation of the Servico Autonomo de Aqua e Esgoto (SAAE), or Autonomous Service for Water and Sewerage, in Brazil in 1961. The data was gathered from a group of fourteen water supply systems located in the state of Para, in northern Brazil. This selection was made purposely because, as is generally known, the area is one of the poorest in the country, with a very low per capita income. The author believes that the group represents the average type of town of the region, a part of the Amazon Valley where the jungle is in the customer's back yard. It is hoped that the Brazilian experience in water management may serve at least as a source of reference for other countries.
Steel Plate Liner for Earthen Reservoir
Authors: Marron Hal E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the construction of an earthen reservoir lined with steel plate, a material which is more appropriate to tank construction. Steel has not been widely used for the lining of earthen reservoirs; in fact, it is believed that this is the first use of steel on a freshwater reservoir of this type. The article discusses the reservoir site, in particular the permeability of the soil material, along with the advantages of using steel plate for the liner, the reservoir construction, expansion and contraction of the steel liner plates, and project costs.
Polarographic Determination of Nitrate Nitrogen in Water
Authors: Frazier Russell E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study to simplify procedures as much as possible for the polarographic determination of nitrate nitrogen in water, to develop optimum reagent concentrations, to study possible interferences, and to compare results obtained by the polarographic method and by the ultraviolet absorption method on a series of routine samples. The method is based on the reduction of nitrate nitrogen at the dropping mercury electrode in slightly acid solution in the presence of uranyl ion.
Determination of Ammonia by the Indophenol Method
Authors: Rossum John R. , Villarruz Primo A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a modification of the indophenol method that appears to meet the requirements for a routine laboratory procedure of sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience.
Challenges in the Water Industry
Authors: Faust Raymond J.
Published: February 2018

The water industry today has many challenges. Among these are: improved service; better finished‐water quality; realistic rates; adequacy of supply; better qualified management; adequate financing; adequate planning; adequate public support; elimination of plant deficiencies; and, better operation and maintenance. The article focuses on improved service, better finished water quality, realistic rates, and better qualified management as the most important challenges, not only to the public and the industry, but also important to each other. If the industry meets anyone of these challenges it will have taken a tremendous stride toward meeting all of them.
Characterization of Carboxylic Acids in Unpolluted Streams by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Lamar William L. , Goerlitz Donald F.
Published: February 2018

This article reports on research conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey to improve techniques for the separation, identification, and measurement of natural organic compounds in water. This research involves continuous liquid‐liquid extraction and vacuum evaporation of water samples from unpolluted streams. Gas chromatographic techniques are described that are convenient and sensitive enough to permit the characterization of carboxylic acids. This method can also be used for the determination of other organic substances in water.
Use of Reservoirs for Fishing
Authors: Gerber Robert A.
Published: February 2018

This article presents the rules and regulations for shoreline fishing at both the Oradell and DeForest Lake reservoirs of the Hackensack Water Co. (New Jersey) and its subsidiary, the Spring Valley Water Works and Supply Co., including requirements for obtaining a state fishing license.
Review of the Relation of Water Quality and Simple Goiter
Authors: Woodward Richard L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the presence of goitrogenic materials in some drinking waters. Stott and his colleagues considered hard water as a cause of goiter in their investigations, but their descriptions of the goitrous waters suggest that other pollutants might well have been abundant in these waters. Hettche's work on urochrome, although suggestive, is not definitive. Nitrates may be a factor, but no information is available on the effects of nitrates on human thyroid function, and their effect in experimental animals is weak. The common finding that boiling of the water eliminates the goitrogen suggests that a heat‐labile chemical may be involved. The possibility that an infectious agent is involved has been virtually eliminated by the epidemiologic and experimental observations. However, epidemiologic studies cannot be expected to determine which constituents in water are significant. One suspects that the emphasis in the literature on calcium and fluorine in water as goitrogens is related to the availability of relatively simple analytic methods for these elements. Unfortunately, analytic methods for organic pollutants in water are not so well developed.
Chemical Characteristics of Fulvic Acids
Authors: Black A. P. , Christman Russell F.
Published: February 2018

In the first article of this series on the nature of organic compounds that cause color in natural waters (BLACK, A. P. & CHRISTMAN, R. F. Characteristics of Colored Surface Waters. Jour. AWWA, 55 :753 [Jun. 1963]), data was presented concerning the physical and chemical properties of colored raw waters. This article discusses experimental evidence of the chemical properties and structural characteristics of the organic materials responsible for the coloration of water. Because these materials are present in minute quantities in natural streams, concentration of samples was necessary before fractionation and subsequent analysis. Although recovery of the coloring materials was possible by several techniques, only two were used in this study, vacuum distillation and freeze concentration.
US Water Supply Lessons Applicable to Developing Countries
Authors: Wolman Abel , Bosch Herbert M.
Published: February 2018

This article retraces the history of community water supply development in the United States, in order to determine the means by which this advance has been effected and to measure the impact that this development has had upon public health and on society in general. The situations in two regions of the world, Central and South America and India, are presented to illustrate both the public health need and the deficiencies in community water service.
Time Study of Various Distribution System Procedures in an Idaho Town, 1962
Authors: Radloff Lawrence J. , Huckabee R. Joseph
Published: February 2018

This article presents the statistical compilation of the activities of the water department of the city of Burley, Idaho, as recorded in 1962. This report divides the main duties of the department into thirteen categories of work. The man‐hours spent in 1962 in seven of these categories and the production achieved are provided. For the remaining six categories, only the man‐hours have been recorded. The nature of the work associated with those categories that need explanation are discussed in the article.
Status of Water Pollution Control in the United States
Authors: Atkins C. H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses efforts at water pollution control in the United States. A brief overview of the history of federal legislation to control water pollution is presented, along with the Congressional policy of leaving it up to the individual states, the national scope of the water pollution control program, other special and cooperative programs in water pollution control, and future needs for controlling new pollutants.
Recreational Use of Reservoirs in San Diego
Authors: Dodson Roy E.
Published: February 2018

This article provides an overview of the recreational use of reservoirs in San Diego, including the city policy of a self‐sustaining reservoir recreation program, community relations, and operational administration.
Control of Free Residual Chlorine By Ammoniation
Authors: Williams Donald B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the dechlorinations of free chlorine residuals in water by controlled ammoniation, which has been successfully accomplished on a continuous‐operation basis at the Brantford, Ontario, filtration plant since Nov. 26, 1962. The experimental procedure for dechlorinations with NH3 were conducted in a similar manner to a free‐residual chlorine series with this difference: in a free‐residual chlorine series, increments of HOCI are added in order to remove NH3; whereas, in the experimental dechlorinations HOCI was already present, and NH3 was added to remove it. A discussion by Arthur T. Palin of Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company, Newcastle‐Upon‐Tyne, United Kingdom is included in the article.
Stoichiometry of the Coagulation of Color‐Causing Organic Compounds With Ferric Sulfate
Authors: Black A. P. , Singley J. E. , Whittle G. P. , Maulding J. S.
Published: February 2018

The basic objectives of this study were to gain a better understanding of the stoichiometry of the coagulation of organic color with ferric sulfate and to develop quantitative relationships that would permit the prediction and control of optimum coagulation conditions for efficient color removal. The primary objectives of this work were: to utilize the newer techniques of microelectrophoresis in a critical study of coagulation phenomena and stoichiometry as specifically applied to color removal with ferric sulfate; and, to determine whether microelectrophoresis could be applied as a practical method for determining optimum coagulation conditions in water treatment plants.
Research Information Retrieval System for Water Supply and Pollution Control
Authors: Faber Harry A. , Taylor Keene
Published: February 2018

This article begins by presenting a brief overview of the U.S. Public Health Service's (USPHS's) Research Information System. The complete cycle of the research information program is discussed including seven important steps: the use of information; the research itself; generation; collection; classification; storage; and, retrieval.
Control of Taste and Odor in Missouri River Water
Authors: Erdei Joseph F.
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a brief discussion of the sources of pollution of Missouri River water. Several surveys done in 1950 are mentioned, along with the formation of the Missouri River Public Water Association in 1958. In the spring of 1960 a sample of raw and finished water was sent to the Illinois State Water Survey Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, for chromatographic separation and identification of organic acids present during the spring runoff. The article discusses whether any of the organic acids present could be responsible for the taste and odor problems, whether treatment practices at Omaha, Nebraska, changed the acids, and whether those changes could cause the taste and odor problems that occured during that period.
Relationship of Recreational Use to Bacterial Densities of Forrest Lake
Authors: Rosebery Dean A.
Published: February 2018

Forrest Lake, Missouri, with its surrounding Thousand Hills State Park, provided an excellent opportunity for studying the comparability of the recreational use of water and the watershed with the use of water for human consumption. The area is used extensively for recreational purposes and the lake supplies water to the city of Kirksville, Missouri, population 13,300. The membrane filter method was used to determine the coliform organisms and enterococcus bacterial densities at areas of high recreational use and areas of low recreational use. Sampling from seven individual stations were analyzed, and the mean counts of the coliform organisms during the summer of 1958 are provided. The surface waters exhibited low coliform‐organism counts, and the bacterial counts increased under most conditions with the increase in depth of water. Three major conclusions were drawn from the pollution studies at Forrest Lake: the high recreational use of the lake and watershed was not reflected by the bacterial counts at the intake tower; the pollution study of Forrest Lake has been of importance to the city of Kirksville through better management of raw waters for the water filtration plant; and, the pollution of Forrest Lake would need to increase considerably before there would be additional costs for filtration and treatment of the waters for the municipal water supply.
Method for Simultaneous Determination of Calcium and Magnesium
Authors: Katz Hyman , Navone Remo
Published: February 2018

The method presented in this article is a modification of the EDTA titrimetric method in Standard Methods. In the modified method a new indicator is used for the calcium endpoint. The use of this indicator according to the procedure described permits the measurement of calcium, magnesium, and total hardness with the same sample of water. The calcium endpoint indicator is Eriochrome Blue S.E., [disodium‐l‐hydroxy‐ 4‐chlorobenzene (2 azo‐2‐1, 8 dihydroxynaphthalene‐3, 6‐disulfonic acid]; it has been applied by Kovacs and Tarnoky for the determination of calcium and magnesium in the same sample of blood serum.
New Price Policies for Municipal Water Service
Authors: Milliman Jerome W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the need for new pricing policies for municipal water service. The author states that water rates have generally failed to reflect changing costs and have often been based upon legal and cost‐accounting principles which are defective from an economic point of view. The article briefly outlines some of the underlying economic principles and concepts that are important to economic efficiency including the equal‐price rule and the marginal‐cost rule. The Hopkinson threefold costs classification method is presented.
Studies of Modifications in Water Filtration
Authors: Robeck Gordon G. , Dostal Kenneth A. , Woodward Richard L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses treatment modifications including high‐rate filtration with coarse, lightweight media on top of sand; control of floc strength and its passage with polyelectrolytes in the filter influent; the use of filters for flocculation of low alum doses as well as for removal of turbidity; and, the use of granular activated carbon in filter beds. The effect of these innovations was studied in pilot plants of various sizes to determine the passage of coliform bacteria, powdered activated carbon, virus, and gross turbidity through the filters.