bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaging Sterols and Oxysterols in Mouse Brain Reveals Distinct Spatial Cholesterol Metabolism
Authors: Yutuc Eylan , Angelini Roberto , Baumert Mark , Mast Natalia , Pikuleva Irina , Newton Jillian , Clench Malcolm R. , Skibinski David O.F. , Howell Owain W. , Wang Yuqin , Griffiths William J.
Published: October 2018

Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism is implicated in a number of neurological disorders. Many sterols, including cholesterol and its precursors and metabolites, are biologically active and important for proper brain function. However, spatial cholesterol metabolism in brain and the resulting sterol distributions are poorly defined. To better understand cholesterol metabolismin situacross the complex functional regions of brain, we have developed on-tissue enzyme-assisted derivatisation in combination with micro-liquid-extraction for surface analysis and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry to image sterols in tissue slices (10 µm) of mouse brain. The method provides sterolomic analysis at 400 µm spot diameter with a limit of quantification of 0.01 ng/mm2. It overcomes the limitations of previous mass spectrometry imaging techniques in analysis of low abundance and difficult to ionise sterol molecules, allowing isomer differentiation and structure identification. Here we demonstrate the spatial distribution and quantification of multiple sterols involved in cholesterol metabolic pathways in wild type andcholesterol 24S-hydroxylaseknock-out mouse brain. The technology described provides a powerful tool for future studies of spatial cholesterol metabolism in healthy and diseased tissues.

Significance

The brain is a remarkably complex organ and cholesterol homeostasis underpins brain function. It is known that cholesterol is not evenly distributed across different brain regions, however, the precise map of cholesterol metabolism in the brain remains unclear. If cholesterol metabolism is to be correlated with brain function it is essential to generate such a map. Here we describe an advanced mass spectrometry imaging platform to reveal spatial cholesterol metabolismin situat 400 µm resolution on 10 µm tissue slices from mouse brain. We mapped, not only cholesterol, but also other biologically active sterols arising from cholesterol turnover in both wild type and mice lacking cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (Cyp46a1), the major cholesterol metabolising enzyme.
The hippocampus is necessary for the sleep-dependent consolidation of a task that does not require the hippocampus for initial learning
Authors: Schapiro Anna C. , Reid Allison G. , Morgan Alexandra , Manoach Dara S. , Verfaellie Mieke , Stickgold Robert
Published: October 2018

During sleep, the hippocampus plays an active role in consolidating memories that depend on it for initial encoding. There are hints in the literature that the hippocampus may have a broader influence, contributing to the consolidation of memories that may not initially require the area. We tested this possibility by evaluating learning and consolidation of the motor sequence task (MST) in hippocampal amnesics and demographically matched control participants. While the groups showed similar initial learning, only controls exhibited evidence of sleep-dependent consolidation. These results demonstrate that the hippocampus can be required for normal consolidation of a task without being required for its acquisition, suggesting that the area plays a broader role in coordinating sleep-dependent memory consolidation than has previously been assumed.
Convective forces increase CXCR4-dependent glioblastoma cell invasion in GL261 murine model
Authors: Cornelison R. Chase , Brennan Caroline E. , Kingsmore Kathryn M. , Munson Jennifer M.
Published: October 2018

Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant form of brain cancer. Its invasive nature limits treatment efficacy and promotes inevitable recurrence. Previous in vitro studies have shown that interstitial fluid flow, a factor characteristically increased in cancer, increases glioma cell invasion via CXCR4-CXCL12. It is currently unknown if these effects translate in vivo. Using the therapeutic technique of convection enhanced delivery (CED), we tested if convective flow alters glioma invasion in vivo using the syngeneic GL261 mouse model of glioblastoma. We first confirmed that GL261 invasion in vitro increased under flow in a CXCR4-CXCL12 dependent manner. Additionally, approximately 65.4% and 6.59% of GL261 express CXCR4 and CXCL12 in vivo, respectively, with 3.38% expressing both. Inducing convective flow within implanted tumors indeed increased glioma cell invasion over untreated controls, and administering CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 (5 mg/kg) effectively eliminated this response. Therefore, glioma invasion is in fact stimulated by convective flow in vivo through CXCR4. We also analyzed patient samples to show that expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 increase in patients following therapy. These results suggesting that targeting flow-stimulated invasion may prove beneficial as a second line of therapy, particularly in patients chosen to receive convection enhanced drug delivery.
Exploring perceptions of sustainable proteins and meat attachment
Authors: Circus Victoria Emma , Robison Rosie
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore consumer perceptions of more sustainable protein alternatives to conventional meat.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed method design of interviews and an online survey identified key drivers and barriers to the consumption of laboratory-grown meat, edible insects and plant-based meat substitutes, with meat attachment accounted for in analyses. Differences between personal preference and perceptions of alternative proteins’ role in addressing global environmental concerns were also explored.

Findings

Findings indicated that plant-based substitutes were favoured for personal consumption for moral and ethical reasons and edible insects were least favoured due to aversion. Meat attachment was significantly associated with personal willingness to consume alternative proteins in each of the three cases. Results challenged previous research that had proposed that when considering the effectiveness of certain alternatives in addressing global environmental issues, people may advocate them but not want to consume them personally. Results imply that the congruity of these perceptions is more complex.

Research limitations/implications

Avenues for future research, including applications for exploring tailored marketing are suggested based on the preliminary findings of this study.

Originality/value

This study asked consumers to consider three alternative proteins alongside one another for the first time, exploring how meat attachment is associated with perceptions and quantifying the congruity of consumers’ personal perceptions and global perceptions of these alternative proteins.
Willingness of beef finishers to participate in supply chain collaborations
Authors: Feng Siyi , Patton Myles , Burgess Diane E.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence beef farmers’ willingness to participate in supply chain collaboration initiatives and to identify attributes in formal and non-formal agreements that would encourage or discourage participation.

Design/methodology/approach

A face-to-face survey containing a choice experiment was carried out. Respondents were selected using stratified sampling among beef finishers in Northern Ireland. Logistic regressions were employed to examine the factors associated with willingness and agreement attributes.

Findings

Larger and more specialised farms, as well as farmers with higher education attainment are shown to be more likely to participate in collaboration arrangements with downstream buyers. The choice experiment results suggest that farmers are in general willing to fulfil some feeding requirements in order to earn a premium, while a minimum price guarantee is not attractive. The positive valuation of data sharing between farms and abattoirs is found specifically among farmers with higher qualifications. Although education is shown to have positive impacts on both participation in collaboration agreements and the valuation of contract attributes, the level of education associated with the positive impacts differ. In addition, farmers who have enroled in agri-environmental schemes view the requirement of a written contract more favourably than those who have not.

Originality/value

The study adds to the understanding of how beef farmers view participation within supply chain collaborations and also how the potential features of the collaboration relate to characteristics of farmers and their farms.
New product announcement: spokesperson a manifestation of increasing firm value
Authors: Mann Bikram Jit Singh , Babbar Sonia
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Before introducing new products, companies make announcements regarding the launch of the product which influences stock market yields of the announcing companies. Information content of the new product announcement has never been an exclusive focused stream of research. Therefore, an assessment of the impact of the content characteristics of the new product announcement on the shareholder value and the impact of source credibility (spokesperson) in making such announcements is a major gap in the existing literature. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the standard event study methodology has been employed on the sample to measure the abnormal gains/losses accruing to the announcing firms. Second, moderated regression analysis (MRA) is employed to identify the characteristics of the new product announcement and to check the role of the spokesperson in creating shareholder value.

Findings

The results of the event study indicate that the abnormal returns are generated during the new product announcement. The results of MRA disclose the variables having a positive and a significant influence on the effective returns of the announcing companies. Likewise, the role of the spokesperson has come out brightly as a credible communicator.

Originality/value

The research provides a direction to the announcing companies regarding the content of the announcement leading to a positive perception among the investing community. Likewise, it also provides direction to the investor community about the characteristics of the announcement content they give weight age in forming a perception of strength in evaluating the new product announcement, to which they are largely unaware.
Transition in-and-out of exporting and its impact on employment growth
Authors: Lafuente Esteban , Vaillant Yancy , Moreno-Gómez Jorge
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how different strategic choices related to the transitions in-and-out of exporting (export entry, export persistence, export exit) impact employment growth in Romanian small- and medium-sized businesses.

Design/methodology/approach

Using linear regression models on a sample of 566 Romanian SMEs, The authors model employment growth as a function of three different dimensions of foreign market participation: export entry, persistence and exit.

Findings

Results indicate that exporting is positively associated with employment growth. The findings reveal that the different strategic choices linked to exporting have a differentiating impact on employment growth: while employment growth is more pronounced among new exporters which points to the presence of an impulse effect of exporting, businesses that interrupt their exporting activities report employment losses.

Research limitations/implications

This study underlines the relevance of distinguishing the specific impact of the different export behaviours related to the transitions in-and-out of exporting.

Practical implications

The results of the study fuel the debate on the relevance of promoting policies that encourage exporting among small businesses operating in emerging economies.

Originality/value

This study presents an original analysis of the distinctive effect that different forms of export behaviour related to the transitions in-and-out of exporting have on employment growth. The relevance of this study not only flows from the particular empirical design that simultaneously evaluates different export choices and their specific impact on employment growth.
Futures market efficiency and effectiveness of hedge in Indian currency market
Authors: Kharbanda Varuna , Singh Archana
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Corporate treasurers manage the currency risk of their organization by hedging through futures contracts. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of hedging by US currency futures contracts by taking into account the efficiency of the currency market.

Design/methodology/approach

The static models for calculating hedge ratio are as popular as dynamic models. But the main disadvantage with the static models is that they do not consider important properties of time series like autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity of the residuals and also ignore the cointegration of the market variables which indicate short-run market disequilibrium. The present study, therefore, measures the hedging effectiveness in the US currency futures market using two dynamic models – constant conditional correlation multivariate generalized ARCH (CCC-MGARCH) and dynamic conditional correlation multivariate GARCH (DCC-MGARCH).

Findings

The study finds that both the dynamic models used in the study provide similar results. The relative comparison of CCC-MGARCH and DCC-MGARCH models shows that CCC-MGARCH provides better hedging effectiveness result, and thus, should be preferred over the other model.

Practical implications

The findings of the study are important for the company treasurers since the new updated Indian accounting standards (Ind-AS), applicable from the financial year 2016–2017, make it mandatory for the companies to evaluate the effectiveness of hedges. These standards do not specify a quantitative method of evaluation but provide the flexibility to the companies in choosing an appropriate method which justifies their risk management objective. These results are also useful for the policy makers as they can specify and list the appropriate methods for evaluating the hedge effectiveness in the currency market.

Originality/value

Majorly, the studies on Indian financial market limit themselves to either examining the efficiency of that market or to evaluate the effectiveness of the hedges undertaken. Moreover, most of such works focus on the stock market or the commodity market in India. This is one of the first studies which bring together the concepts of efficiency of the market and effectiveness of the hedges in the Indian currency futures market.
Macroeconomic determinants of stock market development in South Africa
Authors: Ho Sin-Yu
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the macroeconomic determinants of stock market development in South Africa during the period 1975–2015. Specifically, it examines the impact of banking sector development, economic growth, inflation rate, real interest rate and trade openness on the development of the South African stock market.

Design/methodology/approach

The author employs autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing procedure that allows the author to empirically investigate both the short- and long-run relationships between the stock market development and its determinants in the context of South Africa. In addition, the author also conducts a sensitivity analysis by accounting for the presence of structural breaks in the underlying series to check for the robustness of the estimation.

Findings

This paper confirms the findings by other studies that banking sector development and economic growth promote stock market development, while inflation rate and real interest rate inhibit stock market development. In addition, this paper finds an interesting result in the fact that trade openness has a negative impact on stock market development, which is different from the findings of many other studies.

Originality/value

Currently, while the theoretical and empirical literature presents diverse views on the relationship between each determinant and stock market development, no study has focussed on the South African stock market. Given the significant role that the South African stock market plays in Africa as measured by its market capitalisation and market capitalisation ratio, there is a need for a better understanding of the macroeconomic factors influencing its development.
Terrorism in OPEC countries and oil prices
Authors: Bassil Charbel , Hamadi Hassan , Bteich Marion
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of terrorism in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) on the return and volatility of world price of oil.

Design/methodology/approach

GARCH models and daily data from 1987 till 2015 will be used.

Findings

The empirical results reveal that terrorism in the OPEC affects positively oil returns and negatively its volatility. Results also show that the different characteristics of the attacks are likely to have different impact on the return and volatility of oil prices. In overall terms, terrorism has a much larger positive impact on the return of oil prices and negative impact on its volatility if it targets the oil industry in the OPEC. This marginal effect is even greater if those attacks were successful.

Originality/value

The distinguishing feature of this paper is that the authors use a framework that takes into account different attributes for terrorism the success of the attacks, the intensity of the attacks and the associated targets.
Yours ethically
Authors: Potdar Balkrushna , Guthrie John , Gnoth Juergen , Garry Tony
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is increasingly considered a central tenant of marketing strategy and a source of competitive advantage within the retail sector. As such, it may affect a supermarket’s customer, employee, and other stakeholder attitudes and behaviours. This research explores how a supermarket’s involvement in CSR activities may influence employee engagement and how this may manifest itself in positive employee behaviours. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the role of CSR and its impact on employee engagement and consequently, employee propensity to exhibit intervention behaviours to prevent in-store retail crime.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses a phenomenological approach through semi-structured in-depth interviews with shop-floor employees of a national supermarket chain.

Findings

Findings suggest that external and internal CSR practices of supermarkets are important in shaping organisational engagement behaviours among employees. Additionally, heightened employee engagement may have a significant impact on employee propensity to engage in shoplifting prevention behaviours. A conceptual model is developed based on these findings.

Practical implications

Retail managers should fully communicate CSR practices to employees to increase employee engagement and consequential shoplifting intervention prevention behaviours.

Originality/value

The contribution of this paper is twofold. First and from a theoretical perspective, it offers both a conceptual foundation and empirical-based evaluation of CSR and its impact on employee engagement and specifically, shoplifting prevention behaviours. Second and from a pragmatic perspective, the conceptual model derived from this research may aid retailers in developing and communicating CSR strategies that engage employees and consequently lead to shoplifting prevention behaviours.
Green leasing in commercial real estate
Authors: Collins Dave , Junghans Antje , Haugen Tore
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the drivers and barriers for green leases and tenancies in sustainable “Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method” (BREEAM) and “Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design” (LEED) certified office and office buildings in Norway, the UK and the USA. This study focuses on the differing perspectives between owners and tenants. It is then considered as to how these issues are dealt with during different phases of a buildings life cycle. This research is based on existing literature and semi-structured interviews that studied qualitative and quantitative elements in the context of ownership and tenancy of single and multi-tenanted sustainable office buildings.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a mixed-method approach involving semi-structured interviews with both qualitative and quantitative elements along with desk research, this paper evaluates how green leases and tenancies in offices and office buildings that are BREEAM and LEED certified require a reconsideration and re-evaluation of the acquisition, operation and disposal of office buildings by building owners and their tenants. These stakeholder relationships are supported theoretically using a theoretical model that outlines the interrelation between the sustainable building and the relationships of the building owner, the user and the FM service provider.

Findings

The data gathered from the interviews justify and partly contradict some of the statements within existing literature, diminishing the importance of cost and the barrier of split incentive but instead illuminate the importance of less tangible considerations such as company policy or a sustainability strategy. The results also note the realisation of a changing market for commercial real estate driven by the sustainable business needs of tenants for the occupation of workspaces.

Research limitations/implications

These findings have the potential to further develop theories and provide an insight into how the relationships between actors from a business, procurement and contractual perspective need to be developed to ensure more proactive development of green leasing of new and existing sustainable office buildings, along with where strategic attention is required during the building design, construction, operational and use phases.

Originality/value

This paper is based on original research through interviews and literature studies supported by an existing theoretical model. The results have been partly presented and initially discussed at the WBC World Congress 2016 in Tampere, Finland.
I’ll have the usual: how restaurant brand image, loyalty, and satisfaction keep customers coming back
Authors: Espinosa Jennifer A. , Ortinau David J. , Krey Nina , Monahan Lisa
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study how repeat customers utilize their established overall restaurant brand image (ORBI), overall restaurant loyalty, satisfaction and behavioral intentions (revisit, recommend) to reengage with a casual-dining restaurant brand.

Design/methodology/approach

The study design consists of a mixed-methods, two-phase research approach that includes both qualitative and quantitative data. First, focus groups and in-depth interviews with adult customers reveal preliminary insights on restaurant dining patterns and familiarity with franchised casual dining restaurants. Second, an online self-administered survey tests the influence of ORBI on repeat customers’ overall restaurant loyalty, satisfaction and behavioral intentions.

Findings

For repeat customers, ORBI positively predicts loyalty and satisfaction. Loyalty and satisfaction mediate the relationship between ORBI and intentions to recommend, while loyalty alone mediates the relationship between ORBI and intentions to revisit a casual dining restaurant.

Practical implications

Managers looking to stimulate recommendation intentions can increase ORBI, loyalty or satisfaction among repeat customers; or choose some combination of these three predictors. To improve revisit intentions, managers should first increase loyalty, followed by ORBI. Importantly, management needs to tailor information given to repeat customers differently than other customers.

Originality/value

This paper provides a first conceptualization of how both loyalty and satisfaction jointly mediate the relationships between ORBI and two behavioral intentions (revisit, recommend). The results show that loyalty plays a significant role in these predictive relationships and is more important than satisfaction for enhancing intentions to revisit a restaurant.
A processing diagram for high-density Ti-6Al-4V by selective laser melting
Authors: Wang Yinmin (Morris) , Kamath Chandrika , Voisin Thomas , Li Zan
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Density optimization is the first critical step in building additively manufactured parts with high-quality and good mechanical properties. The authors developed an approach that combines simulations and experiments to identify processing parameters for high-density Ti-6Al-4V using the laser powder-bed-fusion technique. A processing diagram based on the normalized energy density concept is constructed, illustrating an optimized processing window for high- or low-density samples. Excellent mechanical properties are obtained for Ti-6Al-4V samples built from the optimized window.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use simple, but approximate, simulations and selective experiments to design parameters for a limited set of single track experiments. The resulting melt-pool characteristics are then used to identify processing parameters for high-density pillars. A processing diagram is built and excellent mechanical properties are achieved in samples built from this window.

Findings

The authors find that the laser linear input energy has a much stronger effect on the melt-pool depth than the melt-pool width. A processing diagram based on normalized energy density and normalized hatch spacing was constructed, qualitatively indicating that high-density samples are produced in a region when 1 < E* < 2. The onset of void formation and low-density samples occur as E* moves beyond a value of 2. The as-built SLM Ti-6Al-4V shows excellent mechanical performance.

Originality/value

A combined approach of computer simulations and selected experiments is applied to optimize the density of Ti-6Al-4V, via laser powder-bed-fusion (L-PBF) technique. A series of high-density samples are achieved. Some special issues are identified for L-PBF processes of Ti-6Al-4V, including the powder particle sticking and part swelling issues. A processing diagram is constructed for Ti-6Al-4V, based on the normalized energy density and normalized hatch spacing concept. The diagram illustrates windows with high- and low-density samples. Good mechanical properties are achieved during tensile tests of near fully dense Ti-6Al-4V samples. These good properties are attributed to the success of density optimization processes.
Do the millennials in the USA care about the fast food industry’s involvement in corporate social responsibility?
Authors: Harun Ahasan , Prybutok Gayle , Prybutok Victor
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This purpose of this paper is to develop and examine a theoretical framework for evaluating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in influencing millennial fast food consumers’ purchasing behavior. It also aims to help business strategists to leverage marketing strategies to achieve a competitive gain.

Design/methodology/approach

To examine the proposed framework through the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), the authors collected data through survey. They also evaluated the proposed framework through the multi-group analysis and the importance-performance map analysis (IPMA).

Findings

Findings suggest that CSR alone is unable to influence millennial fast food consumers’ purchase intention. Therefore, fast food business strategists should communicate CSR activities by simultaneously focusing on affective identification and satisfaction to achieve the objective. IPMA analysis shows that, among all the CSR indicators, fast food restaurants’ responsible behavior and their concern with respect to the environment create the most impact on millennial fast food consumers’ mindset.

Practical implications

For fast food business strategists, the findings of this research provide a strategic blueprint in terms of using CSR as a way to foster relationships with the millennial fast food consumers, thus creating a competitive advantage in the market.

Originality/value

Anchoring in the theoretical framework, this research contributes to the extant literature by providing a critical evaluation of how to influence millennial fast food consumers’ purchase intention from a more systematic perspective. This research also offers fast food marketing managers a strategy by leveraging their initiatives for a particular customer segment through the IPMA at both the construct and indicator levels.
Multi‐frequency electromagnetic method for inductive measurement of ground induced polarization and resistivity
Authors: Dias Carlos Alberto , Sato Hédison Kiuity , Machado Marcos Vitor Barbosa , de Lima Olivar Antonio Lima
Published: October 2018

A geophysical electromagnetic method to inductively measure the ground electrical resistivity and induced polarization has recently been tested. Its basic characteristics involve three major differences from other methods: the two electrical ground parameters are obtained through measuring magnetic field. For this purpose, a transmitter–receiver (T, R) electromagnetic system is used that operates in the frequency domain and consists of a horizontal loop as the transmitter for the perpendicular loops configuration on the ground surface; the measured function is the (T, R) inductive coupling main variation produced due to the presence of the earth, that is the magnetic field radial component; the measurements are conducted at a large number of frequencies (139 in the more advanced prototype), and the measured function is explored in the frequency interval 0.2 Hz to 1 kHz, a much broader frequency range of the induced polarization effect spectrum, than the one conventionally used in field exploration. Three major aspects are emphasized: (1) the existence of a small ‘main zone’ interior to a half‐space, which is responsible for most of the magnetic energy that the receiver measures on the half‐space surface. This permits to substitute the entire half‐space by the ‘main zone’ and, in a second step, to substitute the ‘main zone’ by an equivalent homogeneous half‐space with the electrical characteristics of such ‘main zone’; (2) the existence of a closed solution for the fields that the (T, R) system generates on the surface of a homogeneous isotropic half‐space, which provides exact functions with the two electrical parameters of interest as the variables (the apparent resistivity and relative polarization parameter); (3) the values of the electrical parameters so determined can be attributed to the central point of the ‘main zone’. Three‐horizontal layers half‐space and a conductive sphere in the free‐space are discussed as models. Four field surveys are analysed as examples and show a satisfactory performance of the method for detection of on‐shore hydrocarbon reservoirs, description of induced reservoir variations and structural features mapping at depths up to 2.5 km.
Different criteria for implementing sanitary regulations lead to disparate outcomes for scavenger conservation
Authors: Mateo‐Tomás Patricia , Olea Pedro P. , López‐Bao José Vicente , González‐Quirós Pablo , Peón Paloma
Published: October 2018

Integrating environmental concerns into sectoral policies is a priority for sustainable development. Despite environmental policy integration being established in Europe in 1998, major weaknesses still limit its effectiveness, such as poor coordination at national and subnational levels.

We use the integration of scavenger conservation into sanitary European regulations to illustrate how the adoption of different criteria when implementing the same legislation affects the effectiveness of the environmental policy integration process. We focus on the implementation across Spanish autonomous regions of Regulation EU 142/2011 allowing dead livestock to be left in situ for feeding scavengers. Using Asturias (NW Spain) as a case study, we provide spatially explicit estimates of two key factors guiding the implementation of the legislation, the estimates of scavenger feeding requirements, and the area designated as scavenger feeding zones, based on different criteria used across Spanish regions.

We detected a remarkable variation in both scavenger feeding requirements (up to 452%; ranging from 108 to 596 t/year) and scavenger feeding zones (up to 72% in size) depending on the implementation criteria used.

The concentration of scavenger feeding requirements per km2 within scavenger feeding zones (i.e., carrion demand) varied up to 167%. Similarly, the concentration of carrion supply from livestock within scavenger feeding zones (i.e., carrion availability) changed up to 33%.

Policy implications. Our results support the need for systematic evaluations to choose the best criteria for implementing sanitary regulations concerning scavenger conservation. Interregional coordination in implementing the agreed criteria emerges as a relevant issue to improve the effectiveness of environmental policy integration for transboundary conservation of European scavengers.
Discovering film on Irish television: fragments from RTÉ archives 1960–5*
Authors: Barber Sian
Published: October 2018

This work explores film and television in Ireland in the early nineteen-sixties. Focusing on national broadcaster Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), it uses archival programme footage and broadcast listings to examine television's relationship with film and cinema. This material, which includes excerpts from arts and culture programmes and interviews with actors, suggests an intersection between film, cinema and television in nineteen-sixties Ireland.
Boundary clauses and the use of the vernacular in eastern Frankish charters, c.750–c.900*
Authors: Roberts Edward
Published: October 2018

Of the thousands of surviving charters from eastern Carolingian Francia, remarkably few contain boundary clauses, even though ceremonial perambulations were a prominent aspect of property transactions. This article examines these boundary clauses asking when and why perambulations were written down in charters, and why, in an overwhelmingly Latin charter tradition, this was often done with vernacular language. The analysis suggests that boundary clauses were intended as rhetorical statements of elite identification and authority, usually signalling the involvement of powerful patrons and significant properties. The article contributes to debates concerning ritual, rhetoric and the interaction between orality and literacy in medieval charters.
The Effects of Medicare Advantage Contract Concentration on Patients’ Nursing Home Outcomes
Authors: Rahman Momotazur , Meyers David J. , Mor Vincent
Published: October 2018

Objective

The Medicare Modernization Act of 2004 allowed Medicare Advantage (MA) contracts to form provider networks in order to concentrate their patients among preferred providers. We focus on the skilled nursing facility (SNF) industry to assess patients’ health when treating SNFs concentrate more patients from the same MA contract.

Data Sources/Study Setting

We use Medicare Beneficiary Summary File and Health, HEDIS, and the Minimum Data Set for patient attributes and OSCAR, LTCfocus.org, and Nursing Home Compare for SNF attributes. We include 1,069,436 MA enrollees newly admitted to SNF between 2012 and 2014.

Study Design

Using a MA contract fixed‐effect model, we examine the effect of prevalence of a patient's MA contract in the treating SNF on patient's health outcomes including 180‐day survival, 30‐day hospital readmission, 30‐day home discharge, and nursing home length of stay. We use an Instrumental Variable (IV), the expected share of admissions in a SNF from patient's MA contract calculated using a McFadden choice model.

Principal Findings

We find no relationship between SNF contract concentration and patients’ outcomes after applying the IV.

Conclusions

While MA plans appear to steer patients to specific SNFs, we do not observe significant returns to patient outcomes related to concentration.
Cue‐Taking in Congress: Interest Group Signals from Dear Colleague Letters
Authors: Box‐Steffensmeier Janet M. , Christenson Dino P. , Craig Alison W.
Published: October 2018

Why do some pieces of legislation move forward while others languish? We address this fundamental question by examining the role of interest groups in Congress, specifically the effect of their legislative endorsements in Dear Colleague letters. These letters provide insights into the information that members use to both influence and make policy decisions. We demonstrate that endorsements from particularly well‐connected interest groups are a strong cue for members with limited information early in the legislative process and help grow the list of bill cosponsors. As bills progress, such groups have less direct weight, while legislation supported by a larger number of organizations and a larger number of cosponsors is more likely to pass. Thus, we illuminate the usage of Dear Colleague letters in Congress, demonstrate how members use interest groups in the legislative process, and shed new light on the varying impact of groups on public policy.
Identifying signals of potentially harmful medications in pregnancy: use of the double false discovery rate method to adjust for multiple testing
Authors: Cavadino Alana , Prieto‐Merino David , Morris Joan K.
Published: October 2018

Aims

Surveillance of medication use in pregnancy is essential to identify associations between first trimester medications and congenital anomalies (CAs). Medications in the same Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classes may have similar effects. We aimed to use this information to improve the detection of potential teratogens in CA surveillance data.

Methods

Data on 15 058 malformed fetuses with first trimester medication exposures from 1995–2011 were available from EUROmediCAT, a network of European CA registries. For each medication‐CA combination, the proportion of the CA in fetuses with the medication was compared to the proportion of the CA in all other fetuses in the dataset. The Australian classification system was used to identify high‐risk medications in order to compare two methods of controlling the false discovery rate (FDR): a single FDR applied across all combinations, and a double FDR incorporating groupings of medications.

Results

There were 28 765 potential combinations (523 medications × 55 CAs) for analysis. An FDR cut‐off of 50% resulted in a reasonable effective workload, for which single FDR gave rise to eight medication signals (three high‐risk medications) and double FDR 50% identified 16 signals (six high‐risk). Over a range of FDR cut‐offs, double FDR identified more high‐risk medications as signals, for comparable effective workloads.

Conclusions

The double FDR method appears to improve the detection of potential teratogens in comparison to the single FDR, while maintaining a low risk of false positives. Use of double FDR is recommended in routine signal detection analyses of CA data.
The appearance standard: Criteria and remedies for when a mere appearance of unethical behavior is morally unacceptable
Authors: Kaptein Muel
Published: October 2018

While there are companies whose codes of ethics state that mere appearance of unethical behavior by employees is morally unacceptable, this so‐called appearance standard has hardly received any attention in the business ethics literature. Using corporate integrity theory, this article explores the criteria that may explain how mere appearances of unethical behavior can arise (i.e., the presence of conflicts of interests, the entanglement of these interests, a reputation for lack of integrity, and deviant outcomes) and those that may make such appearances morally unacceptable (i.e., foreseeability, avoidability, and seriousness). The article proposes remedies for preventing and resolving instances when mere appearance of unethical behavior is morally unacceptable.
The Experiences of and Responses to Linguicism of Quebec English‐Speaking and Franco‐Ontarian Postsecondary Students
Authors: Jean‐Pierre Johanne
Published: October 2018

This article explores the experiences of linguicism of Quebec English‐speaking and Franco‐Ontarian postsecondary students and how they respond to these experiences. Using Goffman's theory of stigma and a qualitative approach, this article presents findings that emerged from interviews conducted between January and June 2014 in Quebec and Ontario. Both Quebec English‐speaking and Franco‐Ontarian participants report experiences of linguicism, which are fueled by certain stigma theories. Participants in both groups use similar strategies to avoid conflict, but diverge in their attitudes. The findings point to the significance of provincial contexts and the need for further studies about linguicism among official language minorities.
Sureties as Civilian Jailers: Understanding the Role of the Court in the Lives of Accused Released on Surety Bail in Ontario
Authors: Schumann Rachel
Published: October 2018

Changes to Ontario's bail system (2017) are intended to keep accused out of custody and in the community as they await trial. For the Ministry of the Attorney General, living in the community while on bail is a vast improvement to remand because there is minimal state involvement in the lives of accused, resulting in fewer personal and administrative disruptions. Yet, most accused in the province require a surety to be released. Justices of the peace, Crowns, and even defense counsel expect sureties to act like civilian jailers, which questions the level of state intervention at this stage in the legal process. Previous scholarship on bail attributes the overuse of surety releases to a culture of risk aversion whereby the courts offload responsibility and blame for the accused's actions onto the surety. By exploring how court officials describe and determine who an appropriate surety is and the types of powers afforded to them, this paper argues that although sureties are legally obligated to supervise the accused, the court is still heavily involved in defining what this role looks like and how it should unfold outside the courtroom. The qualitative findings provide important insight into how criminally suspect individuals are governed in the province more generally.
Gender, Artifacts, and Ritual Encounters: The Case ofTomboy ToolsSales Parties
Authors: Collins‐Nelsen Rebecca , Puddephatt Antony J.
Published: October 2018

Tomboy Toolsis a company that markets tools and home‐repair techniques to women, using a home party sales model. This provides an interesting case to consider how traditional gendered domains can be transcended, and how they are reshaped to allow this to happen. Drawing on participant observation and interviews with consumers, salespeople, and executives ofTomboy Tools, this paper draws on Collins’ (2004) theory of interaction ritual chains to explore the microstructures and ritual dynamics of these home parties. Our analysis reveals how both new and more traditional feminine practices and scripts are idealized and reinforced within the collective effervescence that is generated through the shared ritual experience. We examine how women critically interpret the tensions and contradictions that arise in the symbolic representations that seem to support both female empowerment and traditional feminine stereotypes. This leads to varying meanings among the women with respect to the artifacts and sales rituals presented, for their implications on gender identity and politics.
From Interest to Obligation: The Gradual Development of Human Altruism
Authors: Dahl Audun , Paulus Markus
Published: October 2018

Altruism is a central feature of human morality. Recent research sheds light on the development of altruism in early childhood. In this article, we propose a theoretical framework that systematizes research on how altruism develops from infancy to childhood. The framework includes four phases in the development of human altruism: (a) interest in social interactions, (b) preference for others’ goal completion, (c) concern with others’ well‐being, and (d) a normative stance toward altruistic actions. We point to needs for additional research, especially on developmental processes by which children develop from one phase to another, eventually leading children to acquire forms of altruism that play important roles in human societies.
Impact of jaw location on clinical and radiological status of dental implants placed in cigarette‐smokers and never‐smokers: 5‐year follow‐up results
Authors: Al‐Aali Khulud Abdulrahman , Alrabiah Mohammed , Al‐Hamdan Rana S , Al‐Hamoudi Nawwaf , Aldahian Nada , Abduljabbar Tariq
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The aim of this 60 months follow‐up investigation was to investigate the impact of jaw location on clinical and radiological status of dental‐implant therapy in cigarette‐smokers and never‐smokers.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐nine self‐reported cigarette‐smokers and 27 nonsmokers were assessed. All implants were categorized into three regions with reference to their location in the maxilla or mandible: (a) Anterior zone: implants located in anterior teeth; (b) Middle zone: Implants located in the premolar region; and (c) posterior zone: implants located in the molar region. Peri‐implant crestal bone loss (CBL), bleeding‐on‐probing (BOP) and probing‐depth (PD) ≥ 4 mm and were assessed. Level of statistical significance was set at P < .05.

Results

Mean age of cigarette‐smokers (n = 29) and never‐smokers (n = 27) was 44.5 years (39‐51 years) and 43.6 years (35‐49 years), respectively. The average duration of cigarette‐smoking was 20.3 years (17‐26 years). The mean periimplant PD (P < .05) and CBL (P < .05) were significantly higher in cigarette‐smokers in contrast to never‐smokers in all zones. No statistically significant differences in CBL, PD, and BOP were observed in the three zones of implant location among cigarette‐smokers and never‐smokers.

Conclusion

Smoking enhanced PD and CBL around dental implants and this relationship was independent of site of implant placement and jaw location.
Pretreatment effects on pigment‐based textile inkjet printing – colour gamut and crockfastness properties
Authors: Ding Yi , Shamey Renzo , Chapman Lisa Parillo , Freeman Harold S.
Published: October 2018

The application of two commercial pretreatment agents, formulated to improve the performance of a six‐colour nano‐scale pigment ink set during the textile inkjet printing of cotton and polyester (PET) fabrics, was examined. An industrial scale printer, operating at 55 linear m/h and equipped with Kyocera printheads, was used to print on commercial fabrics (180 cm wide) prepared for digital printing. The work employed an industrial scale rather than a benchtop printer to enhance the utility of the results for a commercial environment. The colorimetric attributes of printed fabrics were recorded for the individual inks as well as for spot colour combinations generated using Dr. Wirth RIPMaster v11 software. Colour table profiles were also generated and the colorimetric values of inks were compared. Colour gamuts of inks on cotton and PET, including three‐dimensional volumes in the CIELab space, were examined to assess the role of pretreatment on the colorimetric properties of the printed substrates. It was found that the pretreatments enhanced the ink receptiveness, colour intensity and colour gamut of fabrics. Pretreatment of cotton resulted in a larger gamut and more vivid colours than on PET. However, wet and dry crockfastness results were found to be low. In this regard, Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry analysis of fabrics printed in the presence and absence of pretreatment indicated that the low crockfastness arises from higher pigment levels on the surface of the pretreated fabric.