bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ELECTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE PRODUCED BASED ON ZIRCONIA/MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AEROGEL
Authors: Lyapunova Elena A. , Morozov Ilya Al. , Izyumova Anastasiya Yu. , Vshivkov Alexey N. , Naimark Oleg B.
Published: July 2018

Electrophysical properties of composite produced on the basis of zirconia/multiwalled carbon nanotubes aerogel were investigated. It was shown that composite exhibits bulk percolation cluster – like conductivity. Strong sensitivity of composite to concentration of distilled water molecules in its porous structure was revealed.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SIZES AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOGRAPHITES IN ACTIVATED CARBON MATERIALS
Authors: Saenko Nikita S. , Ziatdinov Albert M.
Published: July 2018

The method for determination of sizes and structural characteristics of nanographites in activated carbon fibers (ACFs) by analyzing their experimental X-ray diffraction profiles has been developed in the paper. It uses the curves of X‑ray scattering calculated for the set of nanographites consisting of benzene- and phenalene-bazed nanographenes of various sizes, which interatomic and interlayer distances depend on the number of atoms in layer. The developed method can be also applied to analysis of the X-ray diffraction profiles of other nanocrystalline graphite structures. The data acquired by the method agree with results of Raman spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering on ACFs structure motives.
PROPERTIES OF NITROGEN-DOPED AMORPHOUS CARBON COATINGS OBTAINED BY IMPULSE VACUUM-ARC METHOD
Authors: Poplavskiy Aleksandr I. , Kolpakov Aleksandr Ya. , Galkina Marina E. , Goncharov Igor Yu. , Lyubushkin Roman A. , Gerus Zhanna V.
Published: July 2018

The paper presents results of the research of the structure and properties of nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon coatings obtained in the vacuum from the flow of pulsed carbon plasma. The doping by nitrogen of carbon coating was determined to lead to increases in electrical conductivity, reductions of internal stresses, reduce of density, hardness and modulus, and to the change in structure, surface morphology and tribological characteristics.
CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUPER LONG CARBON NANOTUBES AFTER DIFFERENT METHODS OF PURIFICATION
Authors: Ageeva Ekaterina A. , Zhukova Ekaterina A. , Karaeva Aida R. , Mordkovich Vladimir Z.
Published: July 2018

The results of carbon nanotubes purification with various methods are presented. Methods providing residual impurities content less than 1% were revealed. Carbon nanotubes were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, TEM, SEM and TGA. Their electrical conductivity was measured as well.
OPTIMIZATION OF STRUCTURE OF CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR IMPROVING OXIDATIVE RESISTANCE FOR USE IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE DESIGNS
Authors: Kolesnikov Sergey A.
Published: July 2018

Constructional graphite including carbon-carbon composite materials has developed bulk porous structure, which renders a significant impact on all physical-mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of parts of them. At the oxidation of carbon materials it defines the influence of activity of oxidizing agent (oxygen, carbon dioxide or water vapor), temperature process conditions and the development of a real surface of burning. So in the process of oxidation of СССM samples at keeping fairly constant of external geometry up to the oxidation rate (up to ~ 30% of weight loss) the increase in current rate of mass loss by a factor of 1.5 order of magnitude is usually pointed out. This is a result of the internal porous reacting and development of heterogeneous surface of oxidation. Such a significant change in the oxidation rate is commensurate with the influence of oxidation temperature change of process on 70… 150 °С. In this work for a number of industrial СССM the limiting the absolute rate of oxidation of carbon material was considered taking into account the structure of the pore space.
FABRICATION OF WELL-DEVELOPED SURFACE OF SYNTHETIC DIAMOND SINGLE CRYSTALS FOR INCREASING IN SPECIFIC POWER OF BETAVOLTAIC POWER SUPPLIES ON THEIR BASE
Authors: Golovanov Anton V. , Bormashov Vitaliy S. , Volkov Alexander P. , Tarelkin Sergey A. , Buga Sergeiy G. , Blank Vladimir D.
Published: July 2018

The process of the reactive ion etching of synthetic monocrystalline diamond with thick aluminum oxide and aluminum nitride protective masks for increasing the surface of diamond was studied. The etching selectivity of aluminum oxide and aluminum nitride were determined. The relief structures in a shape of ribs with more than 2 µm height, 5 µm period and 45° profile slope were fabricated on diamond surface. These structures increase the effective surface area 1.3 times.
PREPARATION AND GAS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF IRON-CONTAINING GRAPHITE FOIL
Authors: Ivanov Andreiy V. , Maksimova Nataliya V. , Malakho Artem P. , Avdeev Victor V.
Published: July 2018

The iron-containing graphite foil, micropore graphite material modified by α‑iron (III) oxide, was obtained. The composition of iron-containing phase was investigated by XRD analysis, the morphology of structure of the iron-containing graphite foil was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The values of hydrogen and nitrogen permeabilities of the modified graphite foil with different content of iron (III) oxide were measured.
REVERSIBLE CHANGES OF EDGE Π-ELECTRONIC STATES OF MULTILAYER GRAPHENE NANOCLUSTERS UNDER INFLUENCE OF ADSORBED CHLORINE MOLECULES
Authors: Ziatdinov Albert M. , Saenko Nikita S. , Skrylnik Peter G
Published: July 2018

The reversible decrease in the density of states of current carriers D(EF) at the Fermi level EF for nanographites - structural blocks of activated carbon fibers, at their interaction with adsorbed chlorine molecules, has been found. It has been shown that this effect can be explained by the spin-splitting of edge π-electronic states in nanographites induced by the enhancement of electron-electron interactions due to increase in the D(EF) at partial transfer of the electron density from adsorbent to adsorbate. The revealed irreversible decrease in the concentration of localized spins at nanographite chlorination indicates that the spins of electrons of unsaturated (dangling) σ-orbitals of edge carbon atoms and those of chlorine 3p-orbitals are coupled at this interaction, i.e. the edge covalent compound of nanographite with chlorine forms.
Effects of Propolis on Oxidative Stress in Rabbits Undergoing Implant Surgery
Authors: Aydın Ezgi , Hepokur Ceylan , Mısır Sema , Yeler Hasan
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Objectives: Implants are the natural or artificial
materials that replace a missing tissue or organ. When that missing part is one
or more teeth, there is a need for the reconstructive material that supports
prosthetic restoration, which is called dental implant. Many local and general
factors affect bone healing. Recent studies show that, free radicals are among
the factors that affect the bone healing. This study is planned presuming
propolis could have positive effects on oxidative stress and bone healing after
implantation due to its antioxidant nature, its effects on accelerating the
bone formation, wound healing and increasing the bone density.

Materials
and Methods: 24 New
Zealand white rabbits were used in the study. Animals were divided into 3
groups, each consisting of 8 rabbits. Implants were placed into the proximal
region of tibia unilaterally. Propolis was applied to slots before placing the
implants on local group and systemically applied after implantation on systemic
group.

Results: SOD activity was increased in both propolis groups
compared to control group, but it was not statistically significant. Catalase
level of the systemic group was found to be significantly higher. MDA level in
serum, which indicates lipid peroxidation, was significantly lower in both
propolis groups compared to control group. Reduced GSH concentration in
granulation tissue was increased in rabbit groups treated with propolis
compared to control group. There were no significant differences in calcium and
phosphorus values, however it can be said that there is a significant increase
in vitamin D amount of local and systemic groups.

Conclusion: Propolis has antioxidant, antimicrobial and many other
biological activities. Due to the features that it has, propolis has a positive
effect on osseointegration and bone healing. The comparison of systemic and
local group showed that, systemically given propolis provided better results
than local application.
Comparing the intubation effectiveness of two different laryngoscopes in patients with cerebral palsy
Authors: Çağlar Torun Aysun , Sarı Mustafa Erhan , Köksal Ersin , İbiş Sevgin
Published: July 2018

Objective: In patients with expected airway difficulties,
specific preparatory and auxiliary equipment is required before general
anesthesia. The aim of this study was to compare the intubation efficacy of
Macintosh laryngoscope with that of the McGrath MAC video laryngoscope in
patients with cerebral palsy.

Materials
and Methods: The study
was conducted in forty patients (aged 4-15) with cerebral palsy who were
scheduled to undergo dental treatment. Intubations were performed in patients
randomly assigned to the McGrath MAC video laryngoscope or the Macintosh
laryngoscope. The characteristics of the patients, mean arterial blood
pressure, heart rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and peripheral oxygen
saturation were measured. The intubation success, intubation time, Cormack and
Lehane grades, number of trials, need for neck extension, and complications
were recorded.

Results: When both groups were compared in terms of the
glottic view, intubation time, and need for neck extension, there was no
significant difference (p = 0.542, p = 0.779, and p = 1.000, respectively). All the intubations were performed
successfully at the first attempt in both groups, and no complications were
recorded.

Conclusion: Although our study included patients with cerebral
palsy, in which musculoskeletal anomalies are common, sufficient muscle
relaxation for intubation after general anesthesia was achieved in all the
patients. There was no evidence of intubation difficulty
in either group of patients, and cerebral palsy, with its existing deformities,
did not affect the intubation success or complication rate. No additional
advantages of using video laryngoscopy in patients with cerebral palsy were
found.
Dual roles for ATP in the regulation of phase separated protein aggregates in Xenopus oocyte nucleoli
Authors: Hayes Michael H , Peuchen Elizabeth H , Dovichi Norman J , Weeks Daniel L
Published: July 2018

For many proteins, aggregation is one part of a structural equilibrium that can occur. Balancing productive aggregation versus pathogenic aggregation that leads to toxicity is critical and known to involve adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dependent action of chaperones and disaggregases. Recently a second activity of ATP was identified, that of a hydrotrope which, independent of hydrolysis, was sufficient to solubilize aggregated proteins in vitro. This novel function of ATP was postulated to help regulate proteostasis in vivo. We tested this hypothesis on aggregates found in Xenopus oocyte nucleoli. Our results indicate that ATP has dual roles in the maintenance of protein solubility. We provide evidence of endogenous hydrotropic action of ATP but show that hydrotropic solubilization of nucleolar aggregates is preceded by a destabilizing event. Destabilization is accomplished through an energy dependent process, reliant upon ATP and one or more soluble nuclear factors, or by disruption of a co-aggregate like RNA.
Radially patterned cell behaviours during tube budding from an epithelium
Authors: Sanchez-Corrales Yara E , Blanchard Guy B , Röper Katja
Published: July 2018

The budding of tubular organs from flat epithelial sheets is a vital morphogenetic process. Cell behaviours that drive such processes are only starting to be unraveled. Using live-imaging and novel morphometric methods, we show that in addition to apical constriction, radially oriented directional intercalation of cells plays a major contribution to early stages of invagination of the salivary gland tube in the Drosophila embryo. Extending analyses in 3D, we find that near the pit of invagination, isotropic apical constriction leads to strong cell-wedging. Further from the pit cells interleave circumferentially, suggesting apically driven behaviours. Supporting this, junctional myosin is enriched in, and neighbour exchanges are biased towards the circumferential orientation. In a mutant failing pit specification, neither are biased due to an inactive pit. Thus, tube budding involves radially patterned pools of apical myosin, medial as well as junctional, and radially patterned 3D-cell behaviours, with a close mechanical interplay between invagination and intercalation.
Thioredoxin shapes the C. elegans sensory response to Pseudomonas produced nitric oxide
Authors: Hao Yingsong , Yang Wenxing , Ren Jing , Hall Qi , Zhang Yun , Kaplan Joshua M
Published: July 2018

Nitric oxide (NO) is released into the air by NO-producing organisms; however, it is unclear if animals utilize NO as a sensory cue. We show that C. elegans avoids Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14) in part by detecting PA14-produced NO. PA14 mutants deficient for NO production fail to elicit avoidance and NO donors repel worms. PA14 and NO avoidance are mediated by a chemosensory neuron (ASJ) and these responses require receptor guanylate cyclases and cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels. ASJ exhibits calcium increases at both the onset and removal of NO. These NO-evoked ON and OFF calcium transients are affected by a redox sensing protein, TRX-1/thioredoxin. TRX-1’s trans-nitrosylation activity inhibits the ON transient whereas TRX-1’s de-nitrosylation activity promotes the OFF transient. Thus, C. elegans exploits bacterially produced NO as a cue to mediate avoidance and TRX-1 endows ASJ with a bi-phasic response to NO exposure.
The Trickster and the Engineer
Authors: Fredriksen Lill Tove
Published: July 2018

In the beginning of the 2000’s a meeting takes place at one of the major hospitals in Northern Norway, between a Sámi patient Juvvá, and his roommate, a retired Norwegian engineer. The engineer shows a negative attitude towards his Sámi roommate. Based on a symptomatic reading of three stories, this article presents a character analysis of Juvvá’s birgengoansttat, coping skills, in his encounter with the engineer. The analysis focuses on Juvvá as a trickster figure representing the Sámi people, and the engineer as stállu, a set of structures that represent the majority’s values system. The engineer’s negative mindset towards his Sámi roommate represents the shadow of centuries of repression and lack of knowledge about Sámi language, culture and history. The Norwegian government’s assimilation politics, the Norwegianization policies, function as the contextual backdrop for the investigation and of the reactions of the engineer. In my role as a scholar and mediator of the stories, I also function as a character in this investigation, at a meta level. This requires some focus on the context that frames my reading. The analysis of the stories reveals how non-verbal communication and humor are used to show resistance towards derogatory attitudes in the majority system. Juvvá’s agency is to cope, and take control of his own situation in the narrative of the hospital’s white world. In his role as a trickster, Juvvá represents a boundary-crossing figure and demonstrates a flexibility in finding a creative space to exercise his abilities to coping in the meeting with his hostile roommate.
Meta-analysis of transcriptomic responses to biotic and abiotic stress in tomato
Authors: Ashrafi-Dehkordi Elham , Alemzadeh Abbas , Tanaka Nobukazu , Razi Hooman
Published: July 2018

A wide range of biotic stresses (BS) and abiotic stresses (AS) adversely affect plant growth and productivity worldwide. The study of individual genes cannot be considered as an effective approach for the understanding of tolerance mechanisms, since these stresses are frequent and often in combination with each other, and a large number of genes are involved in these mechanisms. The availability of high-throughput genomic data has enabled the discovery of the role of transcription factors (TFs) in regulatory networks. A meta-analysis of BS and AS responses was performed by analyzing a total of 391 microarray samples from 23 different experiments and 2,336 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in multiple stresses were identified. We identified 1,862 genes differentially regulated in response to BS was much greater than that regulated by AS, 835 genes, and found 15.4% or 361 DEGs with the conserved expression between AS and BS. The greatest percent of genes related to the cellular process (>76% genes), metabolic process (>76% genes) and response to stimulus (>50%). About 4.2% of genes involved in BS and AS responses belonged to the TF families. We identified several genes, which encode TFs that play an important role in AS and BS responses. These proteins included Jasmonate Ethylene Response Factor 1 (JERF1), SlGRAS6, MYB48, SlERF4, EIL2, protein LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), SlERF1, WRKY 26, basic leucine zipper TF, inducer of CBF expression 1-like, pti6, EIL3 and WRKY 11. Six of these proteins, JERF1, MYB48, protein LHY, EIL3, EIL2 and SlGRAS6, play central roles in these mechanisms. This research promoted a new approach to clarify the expression profiles of various genes under different conditions in plants, detected common genes from differentially regulated in response to these conditions and introduced them as candidate genes for improving plant tolerance through genetic engineering approach.
Waterbird counts on large water bodies: comparing ground and aerial methods during different ice conditions
Authors: Marchowski Dominik , Jankowiak Łukasz , Ławicki Łukasz , Wysocki Dariusz
Published: July 2018

The aerial and ground methods of counting birds in a coastal area during different ice conditions were compared. Ice coverage of water was an important factor affecting the results of the two methods. When the water was ice-free, more birds were counted from the ground, whereas during ice conditions, higher numbers were obtained from the air. The first group of waterbirds with the smallest difference between the two methods (average 6%) contained seven species: Mute SwanCygnus olor, Whooper SwanCygnus cygnus, Greater ScaupAythya marila, Tufted DuckAythya fuligula, Common GoldeneyeBucephala clangula, SmewMergellus albellusand GoosanderMergus merganser; these were treated as the core group. The second group with a moderate difference (average 20%) included another six species: MallardAnas platyrhynchos, Eurasian WigeonMareca penelope, Common PochardAythya ferina, Great Crested GrebePodiceps cristatusand Eurasian CootFulica atra. The third group with a large difference (average 85%) included five species, all of the Anatini tribe: GadwallMareca strepera, Northern PintailAnas acuta, Northern ShovelerSpatula clypeata, Eurasian TealAnas creccaand GarganeySpatula querquedula. During ice conditions, smaller numbers of most species were counted from the ground. The exception here was Mallard, more of which were counted from the ground, but the difference between two methods was relatively small in this species (7.5%). Under ice-free conditions, both methods can be used interchangeably for the most numerous birds occupying open water (core group) without any significant impact on the results. When water areas are frozen over, air counts are preferable as the results are more reliable. The cost analysis shows that a survey carried out by volunteer observers (reimbursement of travel expenses only) from the land is 58% cheaper, but if the observers are paid, then an aerial survey is 40% more economical.
Is autumn the key for dengue epidemics in non endemic regions? The case of Argentina
Authors: Carbajo Anibal E. , Cardo Maria V. , Guimarey Pilar C. , Lizuain Arturo A. , Buyayisqui Maria P. , Varela Teresa , Utgés Maria E. , Giovacchini Carlos M. , Santini Maria S.
Published: July 2018

Background

Dengue is a major and rapidly increasing public health problem. In Argentina, the southern extreme of its distribution in the Americas, epidemic transmission takes place during the warm season. Since its re-emergence in 1998 two major outbreaks have occurred, the biggest during 2016. To identify the environmental factors that trigger epidemic events, we analyzed the occurrence and magnitude of dengue outbreaks in time and space at different scales in association with climatic, geographic and demographic variables and number of cases in endemic neighboring countries.

Methods

Information on dengue cases was obtained from dengue notifications reported in the National Health Surveillance System. The resulting database was analyzed by Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) under three methodological approaches to: identify in which years the most important outbreaks occurred in association with environmental variables and propose a risk estimation for future epidemics (temporal approach); characterize which variables explain the occurrence of local outbreaks through time (spatio-temporal approach); and select the environmental drivers of the geographical distribution of dengue positive districts during 2016 (spatial approach).

Results

Within the temporal approach, the number of dengue cases country-wide between 2009 and 2016 was positively associated with the number of dengue cases in bordering endemic countries and negatively with the days necessary for transmission (DNT) during the previous autumn in the central region of the country. Annual epidemic intensity in the period between 1999–2016 was associated with DNT during previous autumn and winter. Regarding the spatio-temporal approach, dengue cases within a district were also associated with mild conditions in the previous autumn along with the number of dengue cases in neighboring countries. As for the spatial approach, the best model for the occurrence of two or more dengue cases per district included autumn minimum temperature and human population as fixed factors, and the province as a grouping variable. Explanatory power of all models was high, in the range 57–95%.

Discussion

Given the epidemic nature of dengue in Argentina, virus pressure from endemic neighboring countries along with climatic conditions are crucial to explain disease dynamics. In the three methodological approaches, temperature conditions during autumn were best associated with dengue patterns. We propose that mild autumns represent an advantage for mosquito vector populations and that, in temperate regions, this advantage manifests as a larger egg bank from which the adult population will re-emerge in spring. This may constitute a valuable anticipating tool for high transmission risk events.
O patrimônio territorial e a perspectiva das populações tradicionais
Authors: Huertas Calvente Maria del Carmen Matilde
Published: July 2018

Este artigo procura trazer elementos para reflexões sobre o conceito/a ideia de patrimônio em locais de populações tradicionais, com um estudo de caso no Município de Ilhabela, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no bairro/na praia do Curral, de população caiçara, mediante entrevistas qualitativas e pesquisa bibliográfica. Utilizando-se de observação, entrevistas, discussão teórica e análise, apreende-se que o conceito de patrimônio territorial é de extrema importância ao se pensar políticas públicas em suas diversas escalas e que, antes de tudo, buscar a compreensão que as pessoas que moram no lugar têm da ideia de seu patrimônio permite mudar o foco do estudo sobre o patrimônio do lugar para o estudo sobre o patrimônio a partir da vivência das pessoas do lugar, em uma necessária relação de diálogo.

Abstract

PATRIMONIAL TERRITORY AND THE TRADITIONAL POPULATIONS PERSPECTIVE

This article tries to bring out elements for reflections on the concept/ idea of patrimonial territory in traditional populations, with a case study conducted in the Ilhabela County, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the Curral neighborhood/beach, of caiçara population, through qualitative interviews and a bibliographic review. By using observation, interviews, theoretical discussion and analysis, the study concluded that the concept of territory is of extreme importance to public policies at several levels and that, above all, it is necessary to try to understand whether the idea the locals have about their territory allows a change of focus from a study about the local territory to a study of the territory based on the experiences of the local people in a necessary dialogue relationship.
Metamorfoses no espaço metropolitano de São Luís (MA)
Authors: Rodrigues Lopes Francisco Clébio
Published: July 2018

A metrópole é uma realidade no Brasil, contudo a produção dessa forma ocorre em ritmos e temporalidades diferentes e reproduz a relação centro periferia. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar os aspectos espaciais da metropolização na capital maranhense. A centralização da riqueza e da população, a fragmentação do tecido urbano com a constituição de núcleos com diferentes níveis de centralidade e a produção de novos territórios com a implantação de unidades habitacionais em municípios metropolitanos foram as principais características do fenômeno estudado.

Abstract

METAMORPHOSES IN THE METROPOLITAN SPACE OF SÃO LUÍS (MA)

The metropolis is a reality in Brazil, however production of this form occurs at different rhythms and temporalities and it reproduces the center-periphery relationship. Thus, the purpose of this article is to analyze the spatial aspects of metropolization in the capital of Maranhão state. The centralization of wealth and population, the fragmentation of the urban fabric with the constitution of nuclei with different levels of centrality and the production of new territories with the implementation of housing units in metropolitan municipalities were the main characteristics of the phenomenon studied.
Do plano à produção territorial da cidade: uma análise a partir da habitação em Palmas-TO
Authors: Bessa Kelly , Lucini Andreia Cristina Guimarães Cantuaria , Souza Janaína Augusta Neves
Published: July 2018

O presente artigo busca contribuir com o desvendamento dos processos de produção/reprodução do espaço urbano de Palmas, capital projetada do estado do Tocantins, sobretudo no que diz respeito à habitação. Tais processos perpassam pelo reconhecimento das práticas socioespaciais de um conjunto de agentes que, desde a implantação dessa capital em 1989, atuaram no sentido de garantir os processos de apropriação da terra, afiançando o seu papel na hegemonização do poder político e na realização da acumulação de capital. Essas práticas socioespaciais metamorfosearam o arranjo urbano projetado, conformando uma cidade espraiada, descontínua e fragmentada social e espacialmente.

Abstract

FROM THE PLAN OF THE CITY TERRITORIAL PRODUCTION: AN ANALYSIS OF HOUSING IN PALMAS, TOCANTINS STATE

This article attempts to shed light on the processes of production/reproduction of urban space in Palmas, the designed capital of Tocantins state, Brazil, particularly with regards to housing. Such processes involve acknowledging social and spatial practices carried out by a group of agents who, since the city’s implementation in 1989, have acted to ensure land appropriation, hence underlining their role in hegemonizing political power and in bringing capital accumulation into effect. These social and spatial practices have transformed Palmas’ urban design, producing a city that is dispersed and discontinuous, as well as socially and spatially fragmented.
Patrimonialismo e estamento burocrático no Brasil contemporâneo: debate baseado em Florestan Fernandes e Raymundo Faoro
Authors: Boldrine Abrita Mateus , Da Silva Walter Guedes
Published: July 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é o de apresentar as principais ideias de Florestan Fernandes e de Raymundo Faoro, no tocante ao patrimonialismo e ao estamento burocrático, e apontar possíveis convergências dessas ideias. Enquanto procedimento metodológico, este trabalho fundamentou-se na literatura e em dados empíricos para identificar as evidências da presença desse fenômeno na realidade brasileira atual. Quando se observa os dados e as análises sobre a estrutura tributária brasileira, o sistema penal e os gastos com a “elite” política nacional, verifica-se indícios de que o patrimonialismo e o estamento burocrático ainda fazem parte da realidade brasileira. Mesmo após a “modernização” ocorrida, as análises de Florestan Fernandes e Raymundo Faoro ainda são muito válidas para explicar o Brasil contemporâneo.

Abstract

PATRIMONIALISM AND BUREAUCRATIC STATE IN CONTEMPORARY BRAZIL: DEBATE BASED ON FLORESTAN FERNANDES AND RAUMUNDO FAORO

The aim of this article is to present the main ideas of Florestan Fernandes and Raymundo Faoro, with respect to patrimonialism and bureaucratic state and to point out possible convergences of these ideas. As a methodological procedure, this research was based on literature and empirical data to identify the evidence of the presence of this phenomenon in the current Brazilian reality. When the data and analyzes on the Brazilian tax structure, the penal system and the expenditures with the national political “elite” are observed, signs that the patrimonialism and the bureaucratic state are still part of the Brazilian reality can be verified, even after the “modernization” happened and, that the analyzes of Florestan Fernandes and Raymundo Faoro are very valid to explain contemporary Brazil.
Vulnerabilidades natural e ambiental no contato entre a Planície do Rio das Velhas e a Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, Minas Gerais
Authors: Couto Leandro Cosme Oliveira , Travassos Luiz Eduardo Panisset
Published: July 2018

Este trabalho realiza a aplicação da modelagem, proposta por Jansen (2013), na paisagem do contato entre a planície do Rio das Velhas e a Serra do Espinhaço Meridional. Esta área surge como amostra representativa de ampla diversidade geoecológica em razão de sua localização. O trabalho baseou-se nos conceitos de paisagem e de geossistemas de Bertrand (2004), norteando os trabalhos de campo de Couto e Travassos (2016), e permitiu a aplicação de modelagens de vulnerabilidades natural e ambiental. De oeste para leste, partindo do município de Corinto até Diamantina, tem-se a Planície do Rio das Velhas, o Carste de Monjolos, a Serra do Cabral e a Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, sendo este último compartimento composto por 03 geofácies (Face Oeste, Interflúvio e Face Leste). Estes geossistemas confirmam a diversidade geoecológica existente no contato entre a planície do Rio das Velhas, onde o Carste de Monjolos é o geossistema mais frágil e susceptível a impactos, e a Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, cujos atributos físicos são resistentes, porém a cobertura vegetal é determinante na fragilidade ambiental.

Abstract

NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITIES AT THE CONTACT BETWEEN THE RIO DAS VELHAS PLAIN AND THE SOUTHERN ESPINHAÇO RIDGE, MINAS GERAIS

This research realizes the application of the model, proposed by Jansen (2013), in the landscape in the contact between the Rio das Velhas Plain and the western edge of the Southern Espinhaço Ridge. This area is a representative sample of wide geo-ecological diversity due to its location. The research was based on the concepts of landscape and geosystems of Bertrand (2004), guiding field work of Couto and Travassos (2016), and allowed the model’s application of natural and environmental vulnerabilities. From west to east, from the municipality of Corinto to Diamantina, there is the Rio das Velhas Plain, the Karst of Monjolos, the Serra do Cabral and the Southern Espinhaço Ridge, the latter compartment is made of 03 facies (West Face, Interfluve, and East Face). These geosystems confirm the geo-ecological diversity that exists in the contact between the Rio das Velhas Plain and the western edge of the Southern Espinhaço Ridge. The Karst of Monjolos is the most fragile geosystem and susceptible to impacts, while the Southern Espinhaço Ridge has the most resistant physical attributes with vegetation cover fragile.
A inadequação das regionalizações culturais mediante os pressupostos do pós-colonialismo
Authors: Da Silva Leonardo Luiz Silveira , Costa Alfredo
Published: July 2018

As reflexões sobre a categoria de análise geográfica região são abundantes e diversificadas, o que encontra explicação no enquadramento do conceito como uma importante ferramenta do fazer geográfico. Ainda assim, temas da contemporaneidade lançam desafios de natureza epistemológica sobre o uso do termo, como aquele que propomos neste artigo, que versa sobre as possibilidades de regionalizações realizadas a partir de temáticas culturais. Para tanto, o trabalho em voga leva em conta os pressupostos do pós colonialismo, que analisam a cultura a partir de um viés antropológico moderno, estabelecendo nela predicados que remetem ao comportamento espacial e lançam, ao mesmo tempo, desafios para a representação cartográfica.

Abstract

THE INADEQUACY OF CULTURAL REGIONALIZATIONS THROUGH THE ASSUMPTIONS OF POSTCOLONIALIST THEORIES

Speculations on the concept of the term “region” as a geographic category of analysis are abundant and diversified in the specialized literature, which demonstrates its importance and actuality. Nevertheless, the use of the term recurrently presents epistemological challenges when faced with contemporary themes, such as the possibilities of cultural regionalizations. This article aims to discuss the validity of those regionalizations considering the paradigms of postcolonialism – which bases its analysis of culture from a modern anthropological bias –, and, at the same time, to present its cartographic alternatives and challenges.
Fully Functioning Society
Authors: Heath Robert L.
Published: July 2018

The concept of a fully functioning society (FFS) is grounded on principles of community agency that are enacted through discursive substance and infrastructural place, the arenas of organizational operations and emergent discourse that enlighten decision making to align interests. Agency is the capacity to act in ways that serve to achieve, to accomplish. An FFS assumes that humans are inherently propositional and narrative in their enactment of societies as shared interests. It is achieved through shared governance whereby all individuals and organizations achieve individual agency through collective agency based on emergent‐discourse‐based power sharing, rather than by limiting emphasis to the agency of organizations. This paradigm shifts the focus from one based on individuals serving organizations to one that challenges organizations to serve the community. Collective agency presumes comanaging risk, uncertainty, and conflict.
Impression Management
Authors: Harlow Rachel Martin
Published: July 2018

This entry explores the theoretical foundations of impression management theory, which describes how individuals and groups construct and represent their own identity, as well as how they react when that identity is threatened. The theory is important to strategic communication because every deliberate attempt to shape the perceptions and expectations of others affects the attitudes, social roles, and communication strategies of all interlocutors.
Independent validation of machine performance check for the Halcyon and TrueBeam linacs for daily quality assurance
Authors: Li Yuting , Netherton Tucker , Nitsch Paige L. , Gao Song , Klopp Ann H. , Balter Peter A. , Court Laurence E.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the ability of the machine performance check (MPC) on the Halcyon to detect errors, with comparison with the TrueBeam.

Methods

MPC is an automated set of quality assurance (QA) tests that use a phantom placed on the couch and the linac's imaging system(s) to verify the beam constancy and mechanical performance of the Halcyon and TrueBeam linacs. In order to evaluate the beam constancy tests, we inserted solid water slabs between the beam source and the megavoltage imager to simulate changes in beam output, flatness, and symmetry. The MPC results were compared with measurements, using two‐dimensional array under the same conditions. We then studied the accuracy of MPC geometric tests. The accuracies of the relative gantry offset and couch shift tests were evaluated by intentionally inserting phantom shifts, using a rotating or linear motion stage. The MLC offset and absolute gantry offset tests were assessed by miscalibrating these motions on a Halcyon linac.

Results

For the Halcyon system, the average difference in the measured beam output between the IC Profiler and MPC, after intentional changes, was 1.3 ± 0.5% (for changes ≤5%). For Halcyon, the MPC test failed (i.e., prevented treatment) when the beam symmetry change was over 1.9%. The accuracy of the MLC offset test was within 0.05 mm. The absolute gantry offset test was able to detect an offset as small as 0.02°. The accuracy of the absolute couch shift test was 0.03 mm. The accuracy of relative couch shift test of Halcyon was measured as 0.16 mm.

Conclusion

We intentionally inserted errors to evaluate the ability of the MPC to identify errors in dosimetric and geometric parameters. These results showed that the MPC is sufficiently accurate to be effectively used for daily QA of the Halcyon and TrueBeam treatment devices.
Paroxysmal motor disorders: expanding phenotypes lead to coalescing genotypes
Authors: Zima Laura , Ceulemans Sophia , Reiner Gail , Galosi Serena , Chen Dillon , Sahagian Michelle , Haas Richard H. , Hyland Keith , Friedman Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Paroxysmal movement disorders encompass varied motor phenomena. Less recognized features and wide phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity are impediments to straightforward molecular diagnosis. We describe a family with episodic ataxia type 1, initially mis‐characterized as paroxysmal dystonia to illustrate this diagnostic challenge. We summarize clinical features in affected individuals to highlight underappreciated aspects and provide comprehensive phenotypic description of the rare familial KCNA1 mutation. Delayed diagnosis in this family is emblematic of the broader challenge of diagnosing other paroxysmal motor disorders. We summarize genotypic and phenotypic overlap and provide a suggested diagnostic algorithm for approaching patients with these conditions.
Horizons for Li‐Ion Batteries Relevant to Electro‐Mobility: High‐Specific‐Energy Cathodes and Chemically Active Separators
Authors: Susai Francis Amalraj , Sclar Hadar , Shilina Yuliya , Penki Tirupathi Rao , Raman Ravikumar , Maddukuri Satyanarayana , Maiti Sandipan , Halalay Ion C. , Luski Shalom , Markovsky Boris , Aurbach Doron
Published: July 2018

Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) today face the challenge of application in electrified vehicles (xEVs) which require increased energy density, improved abuse tolerance, prolonged life, and low cost. LIB technology can significantly advance through more realistic approaches such as: i) stable high‐specific‐energy cathodes based on Li1+xNiyCozMnwO2 (NCM) compounds with either Ni‐rich (x = 0, y → 1), or Li‐ and Mn‐rich (0.1 < x < 0.2, w > 0.5) compositions, and ii) chemically active separators and binders that mitigate battery performance degradation. While the stability of such cathode materials during cell operation tends to decrease with increasing specific capacity, active material doping and coatings, together with carefully designed cell‐formation protocols, can enable both high specific capacities and good long‐term stability. It has also been shown that major LIB capacity fading mechanisms can be reduced by multifunctional separators and binders that trap transition metal ions and/or scavenge acid species. Here, recent progress on improving Ni‐rich and Mn‐rich NCM cathode materials is reviewed, as well as in the search for inexpensive, multifunctional, chemically active separators. A realistic overview regarding some of the most promising approaches to improving the performance of rechargeable batteries for xEV applications is also presented.
Microwave‐Assisted Rapid Synthesis of Graphene‐Supported Single Atomic Metals
Authors: Fei Huilong , Dong Juncai , Wan Chengzhang , Zhao Zipeng , Xu Xiang , Lin Zhaoyang , Wang Yiliu , Liu Haotian , Zang Ketao , Luo Jun , Zhao Shenglong , Hu Wei , Yan Wensheng , Shakir Imran , Huang Yu , Duan Xiangfeng
Published: July 2018

Graphene‐supported single atomic metals (G‐SAMs) have recently attracted considerable research interest for their intriguing catalytic, electronic, and magnetic properties. The development of effective synthetic methodologies toward G‐SAMs with monodispersed metal atoms is vital for exploring their fundamental properties and potential applications. A convenient, rapid, and general strategy to synthesize a series of monodispersed atomic transition metals (for example, Co, Ni, Cu) embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphene by two‐second microwave (MW) heating the mixture of amine‐functionalized graphene oxide and metal salts is reported here. The MW heating is able to simultaneously induce the reduction of graphene oxide, the doping of nitrogen, and the incorporation of metal atoms into the graphene lattices in one simple step. The rapid MW process minimizes metal diffusion and aggregation to ensure exclusive single metal atom dispersion in graphene lattices. Electrochemical studies demonstrate that graphene‐supported Co atoms can function as highly active electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction. This MW‐assisted method provides a rapid and efficient avenue to supported metal atoms for wide ranges of applications.
Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Oxidative α‐Functionalization of Tetrahydroquinoline in Water under Mild Conditions
Authors: Ramana Daggupati V. , Chandrasekharam Malapaka
Published: July 2018

An efficient one‐step α‐functionalization of tetrahydroquinoline under mild conditions is achieved. The direct oxidative copper‐catalyzed dehydrogenative cross C(sp3)−C(sp2) couplings of tetrahydroquinolines and indoles produced the products in aqueous and open air medium. The use of inexpensive copper catalyst, water solvent, easy to operate open air condition combined with the most step and atom economic features qualify the CDC reaction for a green process.

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High Detectivity from a Lateral Graphene–MoS2 Schottky Photodetector Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Deng Wenjie , Chen Yongfeng , You Congya , Liu Beiyun , Yang Yanhan , Shen Gaoliang , Li Songyu , Sun Ling , Zhang Yongzhe , Yan Hui
Published: July 2018

2D material–based photodetectors have demonstrated the great potential in future optoelectric applications and the compatibility with the traditional semiconductor technology. However, low detectivity and difficulty of large‐scale fabrication still limit their application. Here, an ultrasensitive in‐plane lateral graphene–MoS2 heterostructure is successfully constructed using one‐step growth by chemical vapor deposition, which is suitable for large‐scale fabrication. The Schottky junction is formed in the channel with the edge contact of graphene and MoS2. It displays good rectification characteristics with an on/off ratio up to 106. As a photodetector, it exhibits excellent detectivity with the specific detectivity D* up to 1.4 × 1014 Jones and the responsivity of 1.1 × 105 A W−1, which benefit from strong absorption, the efficient separation of the photoexcited carriers, and quick charge transport in the Schottky junction device. Moreover, heterostructure photodetector array is demonstrated here which shows the large‐scale fabrication capacity. All of these results prove the potential of 2D material–based junction devices for optoelectronic devices.
Notch3ECD immunotherapy improves cerebrovascular responses in CADASIL mice
Authors: Ghezali Lamia , Capone Carmen , Baron‐Menguy Céline , Ratelade Julien , Christensen Søren , Østergaard Pedersen Lars , Domenga‐Denier Valérie , Pedersen Jan Torleif , Joutel Anne
Published: July 2018

Objective

CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy), caused by dominant mutations in the NOTCH3 receptor, is the most aggressive small vessel disease of the brain. A key feature of its pathogenesis is accumulation of the extracellular domain of NOTCH3 receptor (Notch3ECD) in small vessels, with formation of characteristic extracellular deposits termed granular osmiophilic material (GOM). Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of a mouse monoclonal antibody (5E1) that specifically recognizes Notch3ECD.

Methods

The binding affinity of 5E1 toward purified NOTCH3 was assessed using Octet analysis. The ability of 5E1 to bind Notch3ECD deposits in brain vessels and its effects on disease‐related phenotypes were evaluated in the CADASIL mouse model, which overexpresses a mutant rat NOTCH3. Notch3ECD and GOM deposition, white matter lesions, and cerebral blood flow deficits were assessed at treatment initiation (10 weeks) and study completion (30 weeks) using quantitative immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and laser‐Doppler flowmetry.

Results

5E1 antibody bound recombinant rat NOTCH3 with an average affinity of 317nM. A single peripheral injection of 5E1 robustly decorated Notch3ECD deposits in the brain vasculature. Chronic administration of 5E1 did not attenuate Notch3ECD or GOM deposition and was not associated with perivascular microglial activation. It also failed to halt the development of white matter lesions. Despite this, 5E1 treatment markedly protected against impaired cerebral blood flow responses to neural activity and topical application of vasodilators and normalized myogenic responses of cerebral arteries.

Interpretation

This study establishes immunotherapy targeting Notch3ECD as a new avenue for disease‐modifying treatment in CADASIL that warrants further development. Ann Neurol 2018;84:246–259
Subcellular origin of mitochondrial DNA deletions in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Vincent Amy E. , Rosa Hannah S. , Pabis Kamil , Lawless Conor , Chen Chun , Grünewald Anne , Rygiel Karolina A. , Rocha Mariana C. , Reeve Amy K. , Falkous Gavin , Perissi Valentina , White Kathryn , Davey Tracey , Petrof Basil J. , Sayer Avan A. , Cooper Cyrus , Deehan David , Taylor Robert W. , Turnbull Doug M. , Picard Martin
Published: July 2018

Objective

In patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance disorders and with aging, mtDNA deletions sporadically form and clonally expand within individual muscle fibers, causing respiratory chain deficiency. This study aimed to identify the sub‐cellular origin and potential mechanisms underlying this process.

Methods

Serial skeletal muscle cryosections from patients with multiple mtDNA deletions were subjected to subcellular immunofluorescent, histochemical, and genetic analysis.

Results

We report respiratory chain–deficient perinuclear foci containing mtDNA deletions, which show local elevations of both mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number. These subcellular foci of respiratory chain deficiency are associated with a local increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and unfolded protein response signaling pathways. We also find that the commonly reported segmental pattern of mitochondrial deficiency is consistent with the three‐dimensional organization of the human skeletal muscle mitochondrial network.

Interpretation

We propose that mtDNA deletions first exceed the biochemical threshold causing biochemical deficiency in focal regions adjacent to the myonuclei, and induce mitochondrial biogenesis before spreading across the muscle fiber. These subcellular resolution data provide new insights into the possible origin of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in mitochondrial myopathy. Ann Neurol 2018;84:289–301