bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TEMPORAL VARIATION IN RANGELAND GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) COMMUNITIES IN THE STEPPE REGION OF MONTANA, USA
Authors: Kemp William P.
Published: November 2009

A study was conducted to evaluate changes in rangeland grasshopper communities over a 5-year period in the Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. and Smith and Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. provinces of the steppe region of Montana, USA. Results showed that it was possible to categorize years into outbreak, non-outbreak, and transitional based on rangeland grasshopper intensity. Nearly twice as many species were observed in outbreak versus non-outbreak years. Of the 57 total grasshopper species collected over the entire study period, 16 species were found only during outbreak years and only two were found exclusively during non-outbreak years. Of the remaining 39 species collected during outbreak and non-outbreak years, 27 species showed no significant differences in the percentage of the community that they represented and 11 species showed significant increases. The only species that made up proportionately less of the community as densities declined from outbreak to non-outbreak was Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). Although M. sanguinipes, Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder), and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) were the three top-ranked species in both outbreak and non-outbreak years, M. sanguinipes contributed most to overall shifts in grasshopper intensity. Results support the hypothesis that grasshopper communities overall are sensitive to temporal changes in resources, even though responses of individual species differed.
EFFECTS OF PARASITISM BY TOMICOBIA TIBIALIS ASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF FEMALE PINE ENGRAVERS, IPS PINI (SAY)
Authors: Senger Susan E. , Roitberg Bernard D.
Published: November 2009

The effects of Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead on the reproductive potential of adult Ips pini (Say) females were examined by comparing reproductive indices of parasitized and healthy females maintained in groups of three with healthy males. Parasitized females produced 50% fewer offspring than healthy females, and these offspring were distributed differently in the maternal gallery. Maternal gallery length and larval survival were not significantly different between the two groups, but a statistical power analysis (1 − β) shows this result to be equivocal. The potential to use T. tibialis as a biocontrol agent against I. pini is discussed.
DIFFERENCE IN WEIGHT GAIN DURING FINAL STADIUM OF PALE WESTERN AND ARMY CUTWORMS RELATED TO LIFE HISTORY AND CROP DAMAGE
Authors: Byers J.R.
Published: November 2009

Weight gain during the penultimate and ultimate stadia of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., comprises about 37% and 39%, respectively, of the maximum larval weight. For the army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grt.), the corresponding values are 20% and 69%. The proportion of final larval weight that is gained by the ultimate-instar larva of the army cutworm is similar to that reported for other noctuids, whereas the proportion gained by the ultimate-instar larva of the pale western cutworm is much lower and is likely related to the prepupal aestivation that occurs in this species. Because of the growth pattern of pale western cutworm, a substantial proportion of total food consumption, and consequently, crop damage, occurs during the penultimate stadium of this species.
PHENOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF ADULT REDBACKED CUTWORMS, EUXOA OCHROGASTER (GUENÉE) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: Gerber G.H. , Walkof J.
Published: November 2009

The phenology and reproductive status of adults of the redbacked cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), were determined from blacklight (BLT) and sex-attractant (SAT) trap catches at four locations in southern Manitoba in 1987 through 1989. The flight period was of 9–12 weeks duration, extending from late June to early October. The first male and female moths were captured at about the same time in the BLT and SAT. The peak catches of the BLT occurred during the first 3 weeks of August (weeks 5 and 6 of the flight period) and those of the SAT about 1 week later. The SAT continued to capture male moths for 2–3 weeks after the last moths appeared in the BLT. Most females captured during the first 2–3 weeks of the flight period were virgins who had not yet initiated egg development. Most mating, egg development, and oviposition took place during a 3- to 4-week period that included the 2 weeks before, the same week as, and the week after the peak BLT catches (weeks 3–7 of the flight period); these activities occurred in the 3–4 weeks before the peak SAT catches. The data suggested that there was competition between SAT and females in attracting males and, consequently, the SAT catch data may not be providing accurate measurements of the sizes of breeding populations of males in the field. The BLT catches underestimated the length of the flight period by about 1.5–3 weeks.
PORTABLE, SOLAR-POWERED CHARGING SYSTEM FOR BLACKLIGHT TRAPS
Authors: Gerber G.H. , Walkof J. , Juskiw D.
Published: November 2009

Blacklight traps (BLT) are commonly used in trapping and monitoring systems (Harding et al. 1966), employing either a 12-V battery or commercial alternating current as the power source. Both power systems have major disadvantages. Batteries need to be recharged frequently (every 2–3 days), and the commercial alternating current system often restricts the BLT to locations that are not well suited for trapping or monitoring. We describe here a portable, solar-powered charging system for 12-V batteries, which we developed to overcome the disadvantages of these power systems.
FOLDED COTYLEDON—A CONDITION IN HYBRID CABBAGE, BRASSICA OLERACEA L. CV. SURVIVOR, THAT AFFECTS THE DISTRIBUTION AND FEEDING RATE OF THE FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE GOEZE
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P.
Published: November 2009

Morphological and physical characteristics of plants, such as trichomes (pubescence), surface waxes, silication, toughness, sclerotization, colour, and shape may affect herbivory by providing inhospitable surfaces or by eliciting altered host behaviour (review by Noms and Kogan 1980). Even slight variations in the morphological structure of plants may enhance their fitness and form the basis of resistance. Seedlings of the hybrid cabbage, Brassica oleraceae L. cv. Survivor, provide an intriguing opportunity to study within the same plant the influence of radically different cotyledon morphology on the feeding behaviour of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, because a high proportion of seedlings of this cultivar (>92%) have one folded cotyledon. The condition arises from a failure of the inner cotyledon of the embryo to open fully and assume a normal horizontal plane after germination. The outer cotyledon is invariably normal and both cotyledons appear to grow at about the same rate (unpublished data). The degree of folding varies from cotyledons that are only a few degrees from horizontal to those that are fully folded and 90° from horizontal. This study reports the distribution and feeding of P. cruciferae on the morphologically different cotyledons of B. oleraceae cv. Survivor.
AXLE GREASE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ADHESIVE FOR USE ON STICKY TRAPS
Authors: Kalcounis Matina C. , Csada Ryan D. , Brigham R. Mark
Published: November 2009

One of the more frequently used methods of sampling flying insects is the sticky trap. These traps are often used to evaluate the type and size of prey available for aerial insectivores, such as bats and birds (e.g. Barclay 1991; Brigham 1992). Non-attractant sticky traps are favoured because they are considered relatively bias-free, yielding a more representative sample than attractant traps (Service 1976). Sticky traps are versatile in that they are simple to construct and operate, portable, and relatively inexpensive. When using these traps, it is possible to sample insects economically in similar or different habitats and at various heights within habitats (Kunz 1988).
INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): HISTORY OFBACILLUS THURINGIENSISBERLINER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Beegle Clayton C. , Yamamoto Takashi
Published: November 2009

This review article starts with the discovery ofBacillus thuringiensisBerliner in Japan at the turn of the century and notes that the observations of the early Japanese workers clearly show that they were aware of the toxin-mediated nature of the activity ofB.thuringiensistoward insect larvae. The early work in Europe withB.thuringiensisagainstOstrinia nubilalis(Hubner) showed that the bacterium had promise as a microbial control agent. The commercial development ofB.thuringiensisin France in the late 1930s, and in Eastern Europe and the United States in the 1950s, is traced.
HIMACERUS APTERUS(FABRICIUS), A EURASIAN NABIDAE (HEMIPTERA) NEW TO NORTH AMERICA: DIAGNOSIS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND BIONOMICS
Authors: Lartvière Marie-Claude
Published: November 2009

The Eurasian nabidHimacerus apterus(Fabricius) is reported for the first time for North America. Several individuals have been collected between 1943 and 1989 in eastern Nova Scotia. Generic and specific diagnoses are given, and the genus is inserted in Slater and Baranowski’s (1978) key to the genera of North American Nabidae. The geographical distribution and bionomics of the species are briefly discussed.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF CYZENIS ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: O’Hara James E. , Cooper Bruce E.
Published: November 2009

Cyzenis Robineau-Desvoidy is a member of the Goniini, a tribe characterized by the production of microtype eggs in adult females. A new concept of Cyzenis is proposed based on a synapotypic character state of adults, i.e. the presence of narrowly separated discal scutellar setae. Two monophyletic species groups are recognized, containing a total of five species in the Nearctic Region: the albicans-gcoup with C. albicans (Fallén) (a species introduced to North America from Europe), C. pullula (Townsend), and C. browni (Curran); and the incrassata-graup with C. incrassata (Smith) and C. ustulaia (Reinhard). A Palearctic species, C. jucunda (Meigen), is recognized as a member of the albicans-group. Phorocera anassa Reinhard is newly synonymized with C. incrassata. Phorocera festbums Aldrich and Webber, Phorocera mitis Curran. and Phorocera regilla Reinhard are transferred from Cyzenis to Eufrontina Brooks (new combinations). A lectotype is designated for C. albicans (Fallén). Nearctic species of Cyzenis are keyed and redescribed, their distributions are mapped, and external, terminate, and puparial features are illustrated. Distinction of individuals of C. albicans and C. pullula is discussed in relation to ecological studies on die host–parasite pair of C. albicans and the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae).
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON DIAPAUSE OF TWO APHEL1NUS SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) PARASITIZING THE RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID
Authors: Yu D.S.
Published: November 2009

The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the diapause of Aphelinus varipes (Focrster) from Kazakhstan and Apheiinus near varipes from Alberta, which both attack Russian wheat aphid, were studied in the laboratory. At 20 °C, 50% of A. varipes entered diapause when the photoperiod was between 12.5L:11.5D and 13L:11D whereas 50% of A. nr. varipes entered diapause when the photoperiod was around 14L:10D. Diapause induction was close to 100% at 11.5L:12.5D for both species. Maximum sensitivity to photoperiod occurred 2 days alter parasitization for A. varipes and 3 days after parasitization for A. nr. varipes. At 30 °C, the proportion of wasps entering diapause was reduced to 40 and 72% for A. varipes and A. nr. varipes, respectively. Exposing diapausing mummies to temperatures from 10 to −10 °C for 4–20 weeks shortened the postdiapause developmental time. Survival was lowered by exposing mummies to −10 °C for over 8 weeks. Postdiapause developmental rate was directly temperature dependent. The lower threshold and thermal constant for postdiapause development were estimated to be 10.3 °C and 189 degree-days (DD) for A. varipes and 7.41 °C and 204 DD for A. nr. varipes.
INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF MALE ACCESSORY GLAND DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY
Authors: Gillott Cedric , Gaines Sarah B.
Published: November 2009

For most species, the male accessory glands are mesodermal derivatives. Their form is as varied as are the functions of the secretion they produce. The post-embryonic development and differentiation of the glands, like those of other tissues, appear to be regulated by the interaction of juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroid, the former inhibiting and the latter promoting these processes. Post-eclosion accessory gland activity (i.e. production of secretion), for most species examined, is regulated by JH. However, the precise mechanism of control and the site of action are not at all clear. A limited amount of in vitro work indicates adirectaction of JH on the accessory glands though only forDrosophila melanogasterMeigen has a JH-receptor protein been identified. The JH promotes the synthesis ofspecificproteins in the accessory gland secretion, and two proposals have been made for the site and mode of action of the hormone. In the first it is suggested that the hormone affects membrane permeability, thereby influencing the supply of protein precursors; in the second a more direct action of JH at the gene level is proposed, namely, the promotion of translation.

The involvement of ecdysteroids in accessory gland activity is virtually unexplored though there have been a few demonstrations that these hormones can stimulate protein synthesis. An hypothesis worth further consideration suggests that ecdysteroids may have a role in those species that eclose in a sexually mature condition, i.e. where the accessory glands have both differentiated and produced their secretion in the pupal or pharate adult stage, presumably in the absence of JH.
SPATIAL PATTERNS OF AND SAMPLING METHODS FOR ORIUS SPP. (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE) ON GREENHOUSE SWEET PEPPER
Authors: Shipp J.L. , Zariffa N. , Ferguson G.
Published: November 2009

Intra- and inter-plant spatial patterns were determined for adults and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say) and O. tristicolor (White) on greenhouse sweet pepper for three greenhouses using four sampling methods. The population density of the Orius was monitored biweekly for 4 months from May to August using plant tappings, blossoms, plant leaves, and whole plants. The intra-plant spatial patterns of adult and nymphal populations of Orius were aggregated with the majority of the Orius collected from the top one-third of the plant. The inter-plant spatial pattern for the nymphs also was aggregated. However, the adults exhibited a random inter-plant spatial pattern. The accuracy of plant tapping, blossom, and leaf samples was determined for monitoring the adult and nymphal population densities of Orius throughout the growing season. The blossom sampling method for adult Orius was the best sampling method for monitoring the population density of Orius on greenhouse sweet pepper throughout the growing season.
SCREENING FOR ANTIXENOSIS RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN RAPESEED AND RELATED CRUCIFERS
Authors: Palaniswamy P. , Lamb R.J. , McVetty P.B.E.
Published: November 2009

A laboratory method to screen crucifer seedlings for antixenosis resistance to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), is described. The method utilizes a plexiglass arena with a foam base to hold 30- by 50-mm vials containing individual seedlings of 10 entries (10 seedlings per entry) in a 10 × 10 layout. In each arena, nine test entries and a standard entry are compared in a Latin square design. Flea beetles are allowed to feed on seedlings for about 30 h, and then the damage to individual seedlings is estimated using a visual rating scale. A rating of one arena can be completed in about 15 min. Seedlings at the arena edge often suffer more damage than those in the centre of the arena, but the effect of this variability in damage is minimized by the Latin square design. Use of border (guard) rows and columns does not eliminate the edge effects. The use of arenas without borders, and a single damage rating where the damage to the standard entry is about 50% of the cotyledon area, are considered ideal for initial screening to identify sources of flea beetle resistance. The method detects entries that differ by as little as 18% damage using a single arena with 10 replicate seedlings per entry. No significant antixenosis was found among 19 cultivars of Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L., but one accession of B. carinata L. and two accessions of Sinapis alba (L.) exhibited antixenosis.
FLIGHT BEHAVIOR OF THE GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY, TRIALEURODES VAPORARIORUM (WESTWOOD) (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE), IN RELATION TO YELLOW STICKY TRAPS
Authors: Gillespie David R. , Quiring Donald J.M.
Published: November 2009

The placement of yellow sticky traps in relation to greenhouse-grown tomato plants affected the number of greenhouse whiteflies captured on traps. Whiteflies were caught on traps close to the ground when the traps were 1.0 m or more from plants, and were caught on traps level with the point from which they started flight when the traps were 0.5 m from plants. Traps 1.0 m from plants primarily caught whiteflies less than 5 days old, and trap catches were not correlated with numbers on plants; traps 0.5 m from plants caught whiteflies of all ages, and trap catches were correlated with numbers on plants. These results suggest that under field conditions greenhouse whiteflies would behave much like other species of whitefly, and would tend to be caught on traps close to the ground. In greenhouses, monitoring traps should be placed close to and slightly below the tops of the plants. Trap counts could be treated as samples from individual plants and used to make an estimate of population size in the greenhouse. Traps placed further from the plants monitor flight activity only.
THERMAL CONSTANTS FOR PREIMAGINAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARASITOID CEPHALONOMIA STEPHANODERIS BETREM (HYMENOPTERA: BETHYLEDAE)
Authors: Infante Francisco , Luis Juan H. , Barrera Juan F. , Gomez Jaime , Castillo Alfredo
Published: November 2009

The relationship between temperature and rate of development is described for Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, an imported ectoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari).

For all stages, development rate increased linearly with temperature between 17 and 32°C. However, at 37°C both eggs and larvae died. When the parasitoid constructed a cocoon, the lower developmental threshold (t) varied from 11.8°C in the eggs to 14.2°C for pupae; when no cocoon was constructed, it varied from 11.8°C for the eggs to 14.3°C for pupae. The lower developmental threshold, from egg to adult, was 13.7°C (with cocoon) and 13.8°C (without cocoon). As these differences were small in relation to the standard errors of the estimates, they were not considered different. Because C. stephanoderis always constructs a cocoon under field conditions, the threshold temperature of 13.7°C seems to be the most suitable.

Physiological time expressed in degree-days (DD) for the egg to adult cycle of C. stephanoderis is 252.7 ± 45.3 DD (α = 0.05) when a cocoon is constructed, and 242.5 ± 35.1 DD (α = 0.05) when pupation occurs without construction of a cocoon.
RANGE EXTENSION FOR THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER, THYMELICUS LINEOLA (OCHSENHEIMER), 1808 (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE), IN MANITOBA
Authors: Mckillop W.B. , Preston W.B. , Westwood A.R.
Published: November 2009

Preston and Westwood (1981) reported on the distribution of Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer) in Manitoba. They suggested that the species arrived here about 1970 by way of northwestern Ontario. At that time the population in central Winnipeg was the most western known in the Prairie region and they suggested that the spread of the species might be impeded by the arid nature of the Great Plains to the west. Klassen et al. (1989) noted that specimens subsequently had been taken 70 km west of Winnipeg at Rathwell(49°39'N; 98°33'W) near the western edge of the Red River Valley soils on the eastern edge of the Prairie. In 1986 Preston and McKillop collected the European Skipper at Eriksdale (50°52'N; 98°06'W) 100 km to the northwest of Winnipeg in the marginal lands of the interlake region (Klassen et al. 1989).
EFFICACY OF MATING DISRUPTION FOR CONTROLLING THE GRAPE BERRY MOTH, ENDOPIZA VITEANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), A CASE STUDY OVER THREE CONSECUTIVE GROWING SEASONS
Authors: Trimble R.M.
Published: November 2009

Sex pheromone-mediated mating disruption was used to control the grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), at two farms in the Niagara peninsula, Ontario, during three consecutive growing seasons, 1989 through 1991, to determine if earlier observed between-generation increases in the percentage of infested grape clusters would continue between growing seasons. The relative performance of the pheromone treatment was assessed by comparing the percentage of infested clusters in the pheromone-treated plot with the percentage of infested clusters in an adjacent, insecticide-treated plot. Although the percentage of infested clusters increased from 1.7- to 56.5-fold between successive generations in the pheromone-treated plots, there was no indication that the level of infestation at harvest affected the level of infestation the following spring. At one farm, the percentage of infested clusters was greater in the pheromone-treated than in the insecticide-treated plot during 1989, but during 1990 and 1991, the level of infestation was similar in the two plots. At the other farm, the level of infestation was from 2- to 3-fold greater in the insecticide-treated than in the pheromone-treated plot.
PERFORMANCE AND PREFERENCE OF HYLOBIUS RADIUS BUCHANAN, AND H. PALES (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON VARIOUS PINUS SPECIES
Authors: Hunt D.W.A. , Lintereur G. , Salom S.M. , Raffa K.F.
Published: November 2009

The weevils Hylobius radicis Buchanan and Hylobius pales (Herbst) survived to adulthood more frequently, developed more rapidly, and weighed more as adults when reared on diet containing ground phloem from Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., or red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, than from jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., or eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. In feeding tests, both weevils preferred Scots pine, although jack pine was preferred over red and white pine. When reared on diets containing phloem from red pines which had received various amounts of nitrogenous fertilizer, H. radicis and H. pales performed significantly better at elevated concentrations of nitrogen. Hylobius radicis adults exhibited a feeding preference for twigs from red pines containing elevated nitrogen concentrations.
THE SPIDER GENUS HYPSELISTES, INCLUDING TWO NEW SPECIES, FROM SIBERIA AND THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST (ARANEIDA: ERIGONIDAE)
Authors: Marusik Yuri M. , Leech Robin
Published: November 2009

Hypselistes kolymensis sp.nov. and Hypselistes basarukini sp.nov. are described from the Yakutia and the Magadan areas of Siberia, and Sakhalin Island, respectively. Distribution extensions for two other species known previously from Siberia, Hypselistes jacksoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) and Hypselistes semiflavus (L. Koch, 1879), are included. The name Hypselistes reducens Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935, is synonymized with Hypselistes jacksoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902), NEW SYNONYMY.
DOSE–MORTALITY RESPONSE OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) THIRD-INSTAR LARVAE TO SELECTED INSECTICIDES
Authors: Hutchison William D.
Published: November 2009

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, continues to be a consistent economic pest of field and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in the upper midwestem United States. In Minnesota alone, O. nubilalis control costs and losses to sweet corn (ca. 50 630 ha) exceed $5,000,000 annually (Noetzel et al. 1985). Despite recent efforts to implement alternatives (Lewis and Bing 1991; Prokrym et al. 1992; Bartels and Hutchison 1993; Bolin et al. 1993), insecticide control continues to play a central role in O. nubilalis management programs.
EVOLUTION OF THE HIND WING IN COLEOPTERA
Authors: Kukalová-Peck Jarmila , Lawrence John F.
Published: November 2009

A survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE DYTISCIDAE OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, ECUADOR, WITH DESCRIPTION OF RHANTUS GALAPAGOENSIS SP.NOV. (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE)
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Balke Michael
Published: November 2009

A summary of distribution and biology of the five species of Galapagos Dytiscidae is given, along with a key for identification. Rhantus galapagoensis sp.nov. Balke and Peck is described from San Cristobal Island, Galapagos; important features are illustrated. The source of the dytiscid fauna is tropical America. The limited diversity of the dytiscid fauna is probably caused less by problems of dispersal and more by problems of colonization of islands that experience intense periodic drought.
NEW SYNONYMY OF RHADIURGUS VARIABILIS (ZETTERSTEDT) (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) WITH NOTES ON MORPHOLOGY, NATURAL HISTORY, AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION
Authors: Cannings Robert A.
Published: November 2009

Rhadiurgus variabilis (Zetterstedt 1838), a robber fly described from Europe, and Nigrasilus nitidifacies Hine 1908, described from North America, are newly synonymized. Lectotypes are designated for Asilus variabilis Zetterstedt and N. nitidifacies Hine. Some new descriptive material, including measurements and colour data, is given for five geographical regions: Europe, Eastern Siberia, Alaska/Yukon, Western Cordillera, and Boreal North America. Illustrations of male and female genitalia are presented. The species’ range is clarified and ecological data are summarized. Rhadiurgus variabilis inhabits northern and mountain forests from Scotland eastward to Labrador; it is one of the world’s most northerly ranging robber flies. Variation in the species includes an increasing proportion of dark body setae in individuals from Eurasia eastward through North America.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE POPLAR BEETLE CHRYSOMELA TREMULAE F. IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF FRANCE
Authors: Augustin S. , Lévieux J.
Published: November 2009

The need to exploit new sources of energy has recently led France to encourage several research programs toward the cultivation of crops for biomass production to extract alcohol, glucides, and chips for burning. To produce large quantities of biomass rapidly, several species of Populus have been selectively tested in short rotation coppices on about 400 ha in several parts of the country.

Among the practical consequences of this policy, one appears to be harmful, namely the spatial extension of several pests, mainly leaf eaters or polyphagous insects. These insects previously were located in poplar nurseries. Among the leaf eaters, larvae and adults of the poplar leaf beetles Chrysomela (= Melasoma) populi L. and Chrysomela tremulae F. feed on many poplar species in central France (e.g. Populus tremula L., Populus trichocarpa Torrey and Gray, Populus deltoides Bartram, Populus lasiocarpa Oliver).
LARVAL PARASITOID OF THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR, MELANCHRA PICTA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON BLUEBERRY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Li S.Y. , Henderson D.E. , Feng R.
Published: November 2009

The zebra caterpillar, Melanchra picta (Harris), has been reported as a minor pest of corn (Philip 1990) and some small fruits (Belton 1988; Fitzpatrick and Troubridge 1991) in British Columbia. This pest also infests various vegetables, blueberries, and currants, and has become more and more abundant lately in the Fraser Valley (unpublished data). The larval parasitoid Limneria annulipes Harris (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) has been reported to parasitize zebra caterpillar populations in eastern Canada (Maxson 1948). Fitzpatrick (pers. comm.) found Winthemia quadripustulata (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Tachinidae) from zebra caterpillars in British Columbia. Here we report the occurrence of another larval parasitoid reared from natural populations of M. picta collected from commercial high bush blueberry fields in Delta, British Columbia, during June of 1992.
EFFICACY OF FORAY 48B (BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER) APPLICATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), TIMED FOR PHENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BALSAM FIR AND BLACK SPRUCE
Authors: Cadogan Beresford L. , Scharbach Roger D.
Published: November 2009

The insecticide Foray 48B (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner) was applied undiluted at 30 BIU per ha to control spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in a mixed boreal forest stand of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., and black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. When the treatment was timed to coincide with the early flushing of balsam fir shoots, the corrected budworm population reductions were 74 and 52% on balsam fir and black spruce, respectively. This treatment resulted in 19 and 8% defoliation on the two respective species. When the insecticide application was timed later to coincide with the late flushing of black spruce shoots the corrected population reductions were 93% on balsam fir and 72% on black spruce. Defoliation of the two species was 29 and 10% respectively, following this treatment. Larval survival on both species after the spray timed for black spruce (0.8 and 2.2 larvae per 45-cm branch on balsam fir and black spruce, respectively) was significantly less (P = 0.05) than that observed after the spray timed for balsam fir (4.6 and 4.2 larvae per 45-cm branch on the respective host species).The data indicate that the spray timed to correspond with the flushing of black spruce was generally more efficacious than the spray timed to impact on newly flushed balsam fir; nevertheless, the results raise the question as to how B. thuringiensis insecticides impact on early-instar budworm larvae when there is no preferred current year foliage on which the insects can feed.
DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS FOR CONTROL OF GYPSY MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) IN ONTARIO. II. REDUCTION IN DOSAGE AND EMITTED VOLUME (1989 AND 1990)
Authors: Cunningham J.C. , Kaupp W.J. , Fleming R.A. , Brown K.W. , Burns T.
Published: November 2009

A double application of 1.25 × 1012 (total 2.5 × 1012) polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) of Disparvirus (nuclear polyhedrosis virus) in an emitted volume of 10.0 L per ha gave acceptable control of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae in 1988. More aerial spray trials were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to test a reduced dosage and volume of Disparvirus. Dosage on all plots, applied when larvae were mainly in their first instar, was a double treatment of 5 × 1011 PIB per ha, 3–5 days apart, giving a total of 1012 PIB per ha. The aqueous tank mix contained 25% (v/v) molasses, 10% (w/v) Orzan LS, and 2% (v/v) Rhoplex B60A sticker. Emitted volumes of 10.0 L per ha and 5.0 L per ha were each tested on three replicated plots in 1989, and 5.0 L per ha and 2.5 L per ha were each tested on three replicated plots in 1990. In both 1989 and 1990, three untreated check plots were paired with treated plots on the basis of pre-spray egg-mass densities.The treatments were assessed by counts of pupae in burlap traps, estimates of defoliation, and change in numbers of egg masses in the treated and check plots. Better control was obtained with the reduced dosage at 10.0 L per ha and 5.0 L per ha than at 2.5 L per ha. Using the aqueous formulation described above, a double application of 5 × 1011 PIB per ha at 5.0 L per ha applied at the peak of the first larval instar is the current recommendation for control of gypsy moth in Ontario using nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
FIRST RECORD OF APION HOOKERI KIRBY (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Peschken D.P. , Sawchyn K.C. , Bright D.E.
Published: November 2009

The introduced European weed scentless chamomile, Matricaria perforata Mérat (Asteraceae), is a target for biological control in Canada (Peschken and Sawchyn 1993). As part of this project, the fauna on scentless chamomile in Canada has been investigated (Woo et al. 1991). In 1990, a total of 25 adult Apion weevils were dissected out of 115 flower heads collected at two locations in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, on 23 August and 4 September. These were identified by D.E. Bright as Apion hookeri Kirby, 1808 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The weevil had not been recorded previously in North America.
A SELECTION OF OILSEED RAPE, BRASSICA RAPA L., WITH RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Palaniswamy P. , Pivnick K.A. , Smith M.A.H.
Published: November 2009

Five cycles of single-plant and progeny-row selection in lines derived from Brassica rapa L. "Tobin" were used to identify plants with incomplete resistance to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). This line, called C8711, had higher survival, grew larger, and yielded more seed than Tobin when the two lines were compared in field plots at Glenlea, Manitoba, unprotected by insecticide. C8711 without insecticide yielded more seed than Tobin treated with a lindane seed dressing, but less than Tobin treated with carbofuran granules. With carbofuran, which prevents most flea beetle damage, the yield of C8711 was 35% higher than for Tobin. At Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, the differences between C8711 and Tobin were not statistically significant, although the trends were similar to those at Glenlea. C8711 was late maturing, produced small seed, and was not of canola quality. The resistance in C8711 is attributed to a low level of antixenosis, rapid growth at the cotyledon stage, and tolerance to damage during the first 3–4 weeks of growth.
PHORETIC MITES FOUND ON BEETLES ASSOCIATED WITH STORED GRAIN IN MANITOBA
Authors: Barker Philip S.
Published: November 2009

Mites of 10 genera and one undescribed taxon of Pyemotidae were found on specimens of 10 genera of beetles of farm-stored grain or grain residues. Four species of the mites are known to be associated with stored products. Almost 10% of beetles carried mites. Most of the mites were found on the abdominal tergites, under the wings of the beetles, but Tarsonemus spp. were found on external surfaces of beetles. Hypopi of Acarus farris (Ouds.) are recorded for the first time as subelytral phoronts of grain beetles. Mites can occasionally be found in fungal mycelia attached to beetles.
EFFECT OF AGE OF THE PUPARIUM OF THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (WALSH) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), ON PARASITISM BY PHYGADEUON WIESMANNI SACHTL. (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Hagley Elmer A.C. , Biggs A.R. , Timbers G.E. , Coutu-Sundy J.
Published: November 2009

The thickness of the wall of the puparium of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), increased as the puparium aged. The force required to pierce the wall of the puparium also increased with age, and this relationship was best described by a cubic polynomial. Increasing thickness and hardness of the wall of the puparium will likely influence the efficacy of the parasite Phygadeuon wiesmanni Sachtl.
DIURNAL PATTERNS IN YELLOW TRAP CATCH OF PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE): DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEXES AND MORPHOTYPES
Authors: Horton David R.
Published: November 2009

Diumal patterns in yellow sticky trap catch of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, are described for the spring (reproductive) winterform generation, summerforms, and the fall (diapausing/dispersing) winterform generation. For each life stage, trap catch of the two sexes is also compared, and sex ratios on sticky traps are contrasted with independent estimates of population sex ratio obtained by beat tray samples. Beat tray estimates of sex ratio showed a slight male bias for both winterform generations (although P = 0.09 for spring winterforms), and a female bias for the summerform samples. Sticky trap catches were significantly male biased for the reproductive generations (i.e. spring winterforms and summerforms). Trap catches of fall winterforms were not different from a 1:1 ratio. The male bias for the reproductive generations may be due to mate-seeking activities of males or to a decrease in activity by egg-laden females. Peak catch for summerforms occurred in the morning, and that of both winter-form generations occurred at midday. There was no evidence that trapping depleted local densities of psylla during a 24-h period.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL, HYPERA NIGRIROSTRIS (FABR.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON RED CLOVER, TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L., IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Weiss R.M. , Gillott C.
Published: November 2009

Populations of the lesser clover leaf weevil, Hypera nigrirostris (Fabr.), on red clover, Trifolium pratense L., in northeastern Saskatchewan were sampled weekly from May to August 1986 and 1987. Adults overwintered in red clover fields, and began to feed, mate, and oviposit in late April and early May. Eggs were laid subepidermally in stipules, shoots, and leaves from early May to mid-July. Larvae were located on red clover stipules, buds, and fiowerheads and developed through four instars Larvae were collected from early June until mid-August. Spatial distributions of eggs and larvae were aggregated, though the degree of aggregation decreased with succeeding developmental stages. Pupae were collected on shoots and in debris from late June until August. New-season adults first occurred in mid-July; large increases in adult densities corresponded to the appearance of these adults.
ASSESSING THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHITE FIR TO THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS LEC. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), USING FUNGAL INOCULATION
Authors: Ferrell G.T. , Otrosina W.J. , DeMars C.J.
Published: November 2009

A method of assessing susceptibility of white fir, Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl., by fungal inoculation was tested during an outbreak of the fir engraver beetle, Scolytus ventralis LeC., at Lake Tahoe, California, in 1987 through 1989. A total of 592 firs growing in six forest stands containing trees infested by the beetle were inoculated with the mutualistic fungus, Trichosporium symbioticum Wright. Six weeks later, reaction wounds were characterized by vertical length and resin concentration. After 2 years, 196 (33.1%) of the test firs had been killed by the beetle. Reaction lengths tended to be greater and resin concentrations lower in test firs that died than in those that survived, but predictive accuracy of the wound variables was inadequate on either an individual tree or a stand basis. On an individual tree basis, discriminant functions using either or both of these reaction wound variables as predictors produced overall percentages of correct classification little higher than would be obtained by predicting that all test firs would survive. On a stand basis, regression models using stand means for the wound variables and white fir basal area as predictors statistically explained more than 95% of observed variation in basal area of white fir killed, but another model using only basal area of white fir as a predictor performed nearly as well.
ACROCERID (INSECTA: DIPTERA) LIFE HISTORIES, BEHAVIORS, HOST SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEIDA), AND DISTRIBUTION RECORDS
Authors: Cady Alan , Leech Robin , Sorkin Louis , Stratton Gail , Caldwell Michael
Published: November 2009

The family Acroceridae (Insecta: Diptera; "Small Headed Flies") are a seldom seen yet cosmopolitan group of endoparasitoids of spiders. Recent host and distribution records are presented here for six species of acrocerids:Ogcodes borealisCole, 1919;Ogcodes pallidipennis(Loew, 1866);Opcodessp.;Acrocera bimaculataLoew, 1866;Turbopsebius sulphuripes(Loew, 1869); andExetasis eickstedtaeSchlinger, 1972. New hosts for each fly species are;O.borealis—Schizocosa rovneriUetz and Dondale, 1979,Pardosaspp.;O.pallidipennis—Schizocosa rovneri,Schizocosaspp.;OgcodesSp.—Anyphaena californica(Banks, 1904);Acrocera bimaculata—Coras montanus(Emerton, 1890b);T.sulphuripes—C.montanus.Detailed field measurements and behavioral observations of host spiders and fly development are described and compared with known data. Examination of these comparisons suggests that host–parasitoid relationships follow spider guild associations (i.e. ground/surface dwelling hosts or those building webs in close contact with surfaces), especially with the spider family Agelenidae. These affiliations probably result from a combination of the spider’s web building, web maintenance, hunting behaviors, and fly oviposition activities, which dispose spiders exhibiting these behaviors to greater chances for parasitoidism. These factors act in concert to increase probabilities for host–parasitoid interactions. Compiled data indicate duration of pupation may be related to ambient temperature. Evidence is presented that acrocerid larvae may alter their hosts’ behavior to increase the parasitoids’ probability of survival.
PREY PREFERENCES OF ADULT AND IMMATURE ZETZELLIA MALI EWING (ACARI: STIGMAEIDAE) AND TYPHLODROMUS CAUDIGLANS SCHUSTER (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE)
Authors: Clements David R. , Harmsen Rudolf
Published: November 2009

Effective management of the interactions within the mite community is critical to biological control of economically damaging phytophagous mites such as Panonychus ulmi Koch (Tetranychidae) (Clements and Harmsen 1990). Although much is known about the potential role of phytoseiid mites in controlling P. ulmi (Dover et al. 1979), mites from at least seven other families may be present in apple orchards (Thistlewood 1991). Stigmaeid mites are predators which may play a beneficial role in biological control in conjunction with phytoseiids (Clements and Harmsen 1992). Eriophyid mites are phytophagous but seldom cause economic damage, and may compete with tetranychids and provide alternative food for predators of tetranychids (Croft and Hoying 1977).
OVERWINTERING OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) IN PENNSYLVANIA
Authors: Felland C.M. , Hull L.A. , Teulon D.A.J. , Cameron E. Alan
Published: November 2009

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), originally distributed throughout western North America (Bryan and Smith 1956), have since spread to greenhouses in the eastern United States and Canada, and to many other parts of the world (Brodsgaard 1989). Populations have established outdoors in the southeastern United States (Chamberlin et al. 1992) and in several other warm regions of the world (Brodsgaard 1993). but have failed to establish in Ontario (Broadbent and Hunt 1991) and the northern parts of Europe (Brodsgaard 1993). We have not found reports of western flower thrips overwintering outdoors in the northeastern United States.
INTERACTION BETWEEN SITKA SPRUCE WEEVIL AND ITS HOST, PICEA SITCHENSIS (BONG) CARR.: A NEW MECHANISM FOR RESISTANCE
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Manville J.F. , White E.
Published: November 2009

Available information on the interaction between Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and its host Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr., is examined. Based on a theoretical consideration of this information, a new mechanism is proposed to explain the resistance exhibited by some of the genetically distinct individuals of some provenances of this species. Experimental evidence is presented to show that resistant trees can sufficiently affect P. strobi reproduction and progeny development and survival to reduce this pest’s ability to kill the leaders of these trees when challenged with weevils containing already mature eggs. Our mechanism also provides an explanation as to how weevils are able to avoid attacking and reproducing on resistant trees in which their progeny would fail.
DROUGHT AND RANGELAND GRASSHOPPER SPECIES DIVERSITY
Authors: Kemp W.P. , Cigliano M.M.
Published: November 2009

Rangeland grasshopper species richness was monitored at 10 sites in Montana, U.S.A., during 1986 through 1992, which included an extreme drought year (1988). We observed significant post-1988 drought reductions in rangeland grasshopper species richness in the eastern and south-central region of Montana where drought intensity has been increasing during the past 20 years. In the north-central region, which also experienced the 1988 drought but showed no long-term drought trend, we did not observe a post-drought reduction in overall rangeland grasshopper species richness. Thus, in terms of rangeland grasshopper species richness, the potential impact of a severe drought in a given year may depend on the timing of such an event within longer-term climatic cycles. Our findings suggest that as regional drought intensity increases temporally, there may be an increased likelihood that a single extreme drought year will not only have a profound impact on abundance but may also result in significant long-term reduction of grasshopper species richness. Our results support the hypothesis that resource limitation is a very important factor in structuring rangeland grasshopper communities in space and time.
MEXICAN SPECIES OF KALOBITTACUS ESBEN-PETERSEN (MECOPTERA: BITTACIDAE)
Authors: Byers George W.
Published: November 2009

Kalobittacus masoni, new species, and K. similis, new species, are described from tropical Veracruz, Mexico. Kalobittacus similis is compared with K. bimaculatus Esben-Petersen, the only Mexican species of Kalobittacus heretofore known. Males of all three species and females of the two new species are illustrated, and the species are differentiated in a key.