bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production and evaluation of potassium fertilizers from silicate rock
Authors: Santos Wedisson Oliveira , Mattiello Edson Marcio , Vergutz Leonardus , Costa Rodolfo Fagundes
Published: June 2016

Rising price and limited geographical availability of traditional sources of potassium (K) fertilizers have stimulated a search for alternative K sources in different parts of the world. We evaluated mineral transformations and agronomic properties of an alternative source of K produced through thermal and chemical treatment of the verdete rock (VR). Chemical and mineralogical characteristics were evaluated before and after each treatment. Four K sources (verdete rock, KCl, acidified verdete, and calcinated verdete) were applied to a Typic Hapludox at different rates. Eucalyptus and sequentially cropped maize and grass were grown in the treated soils. Verdete rock, which contained glauconite and microcline as K crystalline minerals, had very low solubility in water and in citric acid. Thermal and chemical treatments increased the concentration of water soluble K and citric acid soluble K. These treatments also caused crystalline K minerals to collapse and form sylvite and arcanite. Untreated verdete rock was not suitable as a K source for maize (Zea mays L.) and eucalyptus (Eucaliptus urograndis I144). Thermal and chemical treatments increased agronomic performance of VR to be similar to KCl. When K was applied as K‐calcined verdete, 82% of the total K was recovered in maize and grass cultivations. Less K was recovered in plant following addition of K‐acidified verdete and KCl (72% and 77%, respectively). Potassium recoveries by eucalyptus were about 52, 53, and 60% of the amount applied of calcined verdete, acidified verdete, and KCl, respectively. Both calcination and thermal treatment increased the K uptake and dry matter production for all plant species tested to be similar to KCl suggesting that this silicate rock could be beneficiated to be an effective K fertilizer.
Towards quantitative multi‐color nanodiagnostics: spectral multiplexing with six silica‐encapsulated SERS labels
Authors: Schütz Max , Schlücker Sebastian
Published: June 2016

Quantitative multiplexing experiments using mixtures of up to six spectrally distinct surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticle labels are demonstrated. The SERS labels comprise gold nanoparticles, Raman reporter molecules chemisorbed onto the metal surface, and a silica shell providing chemical and mechanical stability as well as spectral reproducibility. Spectral unmixing is performed with a simple least‐square algorithm because the overall SERS signal of the mixtures can be represented as a linear combination of the known spectral signatures from the individual silica‐protected labels. In contrast, simple spectral unmixing using unprotected SERS particles, i.e. without a silica shell, was not successful because of band shifts and alternating peak heights in the mixtures, which is indicative of perturbing interactions between the SERS labels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health‐beneficial properties of potato and compounds of interest
Authors: Visvanathan Rizliya , Jayathilake Chathuni , Chaminda Jayawardana Barana , Liyanage Ruvini
Published: June 2016

Potatoes have shown promising health‐promoting properties in human cell culture, experimental animal and human clinical studies, including antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, anti‐inflammatory, antiobesity, anticancer and antidiabetic effects. Compounds present such as phenolics, fiber, starch and proteins as well as compounds considered antinutritional such as glycoalkaloids, lectins and proteinase inhibitors are believed to contribute to the health benefits of potatoes. However, epidemiological studies exploring the role of potatoes in human health have been inconclusive. Some studies support a protective effect of potato consumption in weight management and diabetes, while other studies demonstrate no effect and a few suggest a negative effect. As there are many biological activities attributed to the compounds present in potato, some of which could be beneficial or detrimental depending on specific circumstances, a long‐term study investigating the association between potato consumption and diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer while controlling for fat intake is needed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The accuracy of an electromagnetic navigation system in lateral skull base approaches
Authors: Komune Noritaka , Matsushima Ken , Matsuo Satoshi , Safavi‐Abbasi Sam , Matsumoto Nozomu , Rhoton Albert L.
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Image‐guided optical tracking systems are being used with increased frequency in lateral skull base surgery. Recently, electromagnetic tracking systems have become available for use in this region. However, the clinical accuracy of the electromagnetic tracking system has not been examined in lateral skull base surgery. This study evaluates the accuracy of electromagnetic navigation in lateral skull base surgery.

Study Design

Cadaveric and radiographic study.

Methods

Twenty cadaveric temporal bones were dissected in a surgical setting under a commercially available, electromagnetic surgical navigation system. The target registration error (TRE) was measured at 28 surgical landmarks during and after performing the standard translabyrinthine and middle cranial fossa surgical approaches to the internal acoustic canal. In addition, three demonstrative procedures that necessitate navigation with high accuracy were performed; that is, canalostomy of the superior semicircular canal from the middle cranial fossa,1 cochleostomy from the middle cranial fossa,2 and infralabyrinthine approach to the petrous apex.3

Results

Eleven of 17 (65%) of the targets in the translabyrinthine approach and five of 11 (45%) of the targets in the middle fossa approach could be identified in the navigation system with TRE of less than 0.5 mm. Three accuracy‐dependent procedures were completed without anatomical injury of important anatomical structures.

Conclusion

The electromagnetic navigation system had sufficient accuracy to be used in the surgical setting. It was possible to perform complex procedures in the lateral skull base under the guidance of the electromagnetically tracked navigation system.

Levels of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:450–459, 2017
Predicting renal recovery after liver transplant with severe pretransplant subacute kidney injury: The impact of warm ischemia time
Authors: Laskey Heather L. , Schomaker Nathan , Hung Kenneth W. , Asrani Sumeet K. , Jennings Linda , Nydam Trevor L. , Gralla Jane , Wiseman Alex , Rosen Hugo R. , Biggins Scott W.
Published: June 2016

Identifying which liver transplantation (LT) candidates with severe kidney injury will have a full recovery of renal function after liver transplantation alone (LTA) is difficult. Avoiding unnecessary simultaneous liver‐kidney transplantation (SLKT) can optimize the use of scarce kidney grafts. Incorrect predictions of spontaneous renal recovery after LTA can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. We retrospectively analyzed all LTA patients at our institution from February 2002 to February 2013 (n = 583) and identified a cohort with severe subacute renal injury (n = 40; creatinine <2 mg/dL in the 14‐89 days prior to LTA and not on renal replacement therapy [RRT] yet, ≥2 mg/dL within 14 days of LTA and/or on RRT). Of 40 LTA recipients, 26 (65%) had renal recovery and 14 (35%) did not. The median (interquartile range) warm ischemia time (WIT) in recipients with and without renal recovery after LTA was 31 minutes (24‐46 minutes) and 39 minutes (34‐49 minutes; P = 0.02), respectively. Adjusting for the severity of the subacute kidney injury with either Acute Kidney Injury Network or Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End‐Stage Kidney Disease criteria, increasing WIT was associated with lack of renal recovery (serum creatinine <2 mg/dL after LTA, not on RRT), with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.08 (1.01‐1.16; P = 0.03) and 1.09 (1.01‐1.17; P = 0.02), respectively. For each minute of increased WIT, there was an 8%‐9% increase in the risk of lack of renal recovery after LTA. In a separate cohort of 98 LTA recipients with subacute kidney injury, we confirmed the association of WIT and lack of renal recovery (OR, 1.04; P = 0.04). In LT candidates with severe subacute renal injury, operative measures to minimize WIT may improve renal recovery potentially avoiding RRT and the need for subsequent kidney transplant. Liver Transplantation 22 1085–1091 2016 AASLD
Reforming College Sports and a Constrained, Conditional Antitrust Exemption
Authors: Zimbalist Andrew
Published: June 2016

This paper argues that intercollegiate athletics is at a turning point. The status quo is not stable and change is coming. This change can move college sports further toward commercialization and quasi‐professionalism or it can endeavor to reinforce the historical vision of college sports as an amateur activity subordinated to the educational mission of U.S. colleges. The former path will lead to increasing academic scandals, widespread financial insolvency and diminishing support for Olympic sports and Title IX. The latter path, while not without its own challenges, may succeed in restoring a proper balance between athletics and academics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will American Needle Burst the NFL's Balloon?
Authors: Blair Roger D. , Wang Wenche
Published: June 2016

For decades, the National Football League pooled their intellectual property and issued nonexclusive blanket licenses. No one complained. When the National Football League decided to award an exclusive license to Reebok for headwear production, one of the former licensees, American Needle, filed suit. In this paper, we analyze the competitive significance of exclusive licensing as well as joint marketing of trademark licenses. We suggest that the decision to issue an exclusive license has no anticompetitive potential. Pooling the thirty‐two clubs' trademarks, however, cast potential anticompetitive problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monopsony Exploitation in Professional Sport: Evidence from Major League Baseball Position Players, 2000–2011
Authors: Humphreys Brad R. , Pyun Hyunwoong
Published: June 2016

Some professional athletes still face monopsony power in labor markets, underscoring the importance of estimating players' marginal revenue product to assess its effects. We introduce two new empirical approaches, spline revenue functions and fixed‐effects stochastic production functions, into the standard Scully (1974) approach to marginal revenue product estimation and calculate Monopsony Exploitation Ratios (MERs) for position players in Major League Baseball over the 2001–2011 seasons. Estimates indicate that MERs are about 0.89 for rookie players, 0.75 for arbitration eligible players, and 0.21 for free agents. Recent collective bargaining agreements have reduced MERs for free agents, but had no effect on MERs for other players. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Economic Effects of Anti‐Tampering Rules in Professional Sports Leagues
Authors: Blair Roger D. , Lopatka John E.
Published: June 2016

Every major North American professional sports league prohibits its members from ‘tampering' with another member's employees. The prohibitions vary across leagues in content, scope, and enforcement, but at their core forbid clubs from soliciting another club's employees. Critically, the restrictions extend to discussions of employment that would commence only after a current employment contract ends. They therefore inhibit the flow of information about the demand for an employee's services. Professional sports leagues typically have monopsony power in labor markets. A no‐solicitation agreement among league members has the capacity to lower employees' wages. For players, whose contractual rights are traded, such an agreement need not affect the distribution of employees across clubs; for other employees, it may cause a misallocation of employees and therefore a deadweight loss. A no‐solicitation agreement may increase efficiency by enhancing the value of athletic competition, a product produced jointly by a sports league. But the argument that league anti‐tampering rules have this effect is weak. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicinal Chemistry Strategies to Disrupt the p53–MDM2/MDMX Interaction
Authors: Lemos Agostinho , Leão Mariana , Soares Joana , Palmeira Andreia , Pinto Madalena , Saraiva Lucília , Sousa Maria Emília
Published: June 2016

The growth inhibitory activity of p53 tumor suppressor is tightly regulated by interaction with two negative regulatory proteins, murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and X (MDMX), which are overexpressed in about half of all human tumors. The elucidation of crystallographic structures of MDM2/MDMX complexes with p53 has been pivotal for the identification of several classes of inhibitors of the p53–MDM2/MDMX interaction. The present review provides in silico strategies and screening approaches used in drug discovery as well as an overview of the most relevant classes of small‐molecule inhibitors of the p53–MDM2/MDMX interaction, their progress in pipeline, and highlights particularities of each class of inhibitors. Most of the progress made with high‐throughput screening has led to the development of inhibitors belonging to the cis‐imidazoline, piperidinone, and spiro‐oxindole series. However, novel potent and selective classes of inhibitors of the p53–MDM2 interaction with promising antitumor activity are emerging. Even with the discovery of the 3D structure of complex p53–MDMX, only two small molecules were reported as selective p53–MDMX antagonists, WK298 and SJ‐172550. Dual inhibition of the p53–MDM2/MDMX interaction has shown to be an alternative approach since it results in full activation of the p53‐dependent pathway. The knowledge of structural requirements crucial to the development of small‐molecule inhibitors of the p53–MDMs interactions has enabled the identification of novel antitumor agents with improved in vivo efficacy.
In vivo free‐breathing DTI and IVIM of the whole human heart using a real‐time slice‐followed SE‐EPI navigator‐based sequence: A reproducibility study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Moulin Kevin , Croisille Pierre , Feiweier Thorsten , Delattre Benedicte M.A. , Wei Hongjiang , Robert Benjamin , Beuf Olivier , Viallon Magalie
Published: June 2016

Purpose

In this study, we proposed an efficient free‐breathing strategy for rapid and improved cardiac diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) acquisition using a single‐shot spin‐echo echo planar imaging (SE‐EPI) sequence. Methods: A real‐time slice‐following technique during free‐breathing was combined with a sliding acquisition‐window strategy prior Principal Component Analysis temporal Maximum Intensity Projection (PCAtMIP) postprocessing of in‐plane co‐registered diffusion‐weighted images. This methodology was applied to 10 volunteers to quantify the performance of the motion correction technique and the reproducibility of diffusion parameters. Results: The slice‐following technique offers a powerful head–foot respiratory motion management solution for SE‐EPI cDWI with the advantage of a 100% duty cycle scanning efficiency. The level of co‐registration was further improved using nonrigid motion corrections and was evaluated with a co‐registration index. Vascular fraction f and the diffusion coefficients D and D* were determined to be 0.122 ± 0.013, 1.41 ± 0.09 × 10−3 mm2/s and 43.6 ± 9.2 × 10−3 mm2/s, respectively. From the multidirectional dataset, the measured mean diffusivity was 1.72 ± 0.09 × 10−3 mm2/s and the fractional anisotropy was 0.36 ± 0.02. Conclusion: The slice‐following DWI SE‐EPI sequence is a promising solution for clinical implementation, offering a robust improved workflow for further evaluation of DWI in cardiology. Magn Reson Med 76:1–2, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advances in targeted proteomics and applications to biomedical research
Authors: Shi Tujin , Song Ehwang , Nie Song , Rodland Karin D. , Liu Tao , Qian Wei‐Jun , Smith Richard D.
Published: June 2016

Targeted proteomics technique has emerged as a powerful protein quantification tool in systems biology, biomedical research, and increasing for clinical applications. The most widely used targeted proteomics approach, selected reaction monitoring (SRM), also known as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), can be used for quantification of cellular signaling networks and preclinical verification of candidate protein biomarkers. As an extension to our previous review on advances in SRM sensitivity (Shi et al., Proteomics, 12, 1074–1092, 2012) herein we review recent advances in the method and technology for further enhancing SRM sensitivity (from 2012 to present), and highlighting its broad biomedical applications in human bodily fluids, tissue and cell lines. Furthermore, we also review two recently introduced targeted proteomics approaches, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and data‐independent acquisition (DIA) with targeted data extraction on fast scanning high‐resolution accurate‐mass (HR/AM) instruments. Such HR/AM targeted quantification with monitoring all target product ions addresses SRM limitations effectively in specificity and multiplexing; whereas when compared to SRM, PRM and DIA are still in the infancy with a limited number of applications. Thus, for HR/AM targeted quantification we focus our discussion on method development, data processing and analysis, and its advantages and limitations in targeted proteomics. Finally, general perspectives on the potential of achieving both high sensitivity and high sample throughput for large‐scale quantification of hundreds of target proteins are discussed.
Influence of free surfaces on microstructure evolution of radiation damage in Fe from molecular dynamics and object kinetic Monte Carlo calculations
Authors: Aliaga Maria J. , Dopico Ignacio , Martin‐Bragado Ignacio , Caturla Maria J.
Published: June 2016

The influence of surfaces on the evolution of damage of irradiated Fe is studied using object kinetic Monte Carlo with input from molecular dynamics simulations and ab initio calculations. Two effects are analysed: the influence of traps and the initial distribution of damage in the cascade. These simulations show that for a trap concentration of around 100 appm, there are no significant differences between defect concentrations in bulk and thin films. However, the initial distribution of defects plays an important role not only on total defect concentration but also on defect type, for the model used in this study.

Damage produced by a 100 keV Fe ion impinging a Fe thin film. Blue (dark) spheres are self‐interstitials, red (light) spheres are vacancies.
Finite‐time stabilization of Markovian jump delay systems – a switching control approach
Authors: Wen Jiwei , Nguang Sing Kiong , Shi Peng , Peng Li
Published: June 2016

In this paper, a finite‐time stabilization problem is considered for a class of continuous‐time Markovian jump delay systems (MJDSs). A switching controller, which only depends on the average dwell time (ADT) switching laws, is proposed to make a trade‐off between robustness and adaptiveness when the design complexity of mode‐independent, mode‐dependent, and mode‐dependent and variation‐dependent control strategies is considered. First, the stochastic finite‐time boundedness for an MJDS is analyzed by an ADT approach. Second, the disturbance attenuation capability of MJDS is studied via a finite‐time weighted L2 gain, which depends on the switching numbers. The impacts of finite‐time interval and L2 gain acting on the ADT are also thoroughly discussed. Then, a switching controller is designed such that the resulting closed‐loop MJDS is stochastically finite‐time bounded and has a guaranteed disturbance attenuation level. Finally, a numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the developed results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk Factors for Bone Loss in Patients Having Clinical Conditions That Restrict Physical Activity
Authors: Lee Myung Kyung
Published: June 2016

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of sleep duration, depression, and other factors on the risk for low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients having physical restrictions due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, stroke, or asthma.

Design:

A cross-sectional survey.

Methods:

The 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey assesses sociodemographic, physiological, and behavioral factors, including depression and sleep duration. The records of 512 individuals were examined in the present survey.

Findings:

Among men, absence of a depressive mood was associated with greater lumbar spine BMD, and among women, adequate sleep duration was associated with greater lumbar spine BMD.

Conclusions:

This study of individuals having restricted physical activity due to a respiratory or circulatory problem indicated that men without depression and women with adequate sleep had greater BMD.

Clinical Relevance:

Interventions that improve sleep duration and provide a stable psychological state may help to prevent declines of BMD in this population.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Europium Activated Terbium Tungstate Phosphors: Controllable Morphologies and the Tunable Luminescent Property
Authors: Zhou Lei , Yuan Li , Zhou Xianju , Hu Shanshan , Hu Yang , Luo Yi , Yang Jun
Published: June 2016

Phosphors of europium activated terbium tungstate (Tb2(WO4)3:Eu3+) were successfully prepared by hydrothermal method with the subsequent calcination treatment. The precursors presented flower‐like microstructures assembled from many nanoflakes, and various morphologies were obtained by controlling the reaction parameters. Tb2(WO4)3:Eu3+ phosphors show outstanding luminescent properties with tunable emission colors under ultraviolet (UV) excitation, owing to the efficient energy transfer from WO42− to Tb3+ to Eu3+. As the doped Eu3+ content increases, the emission colors of Tb2(WO4)3:Eu3+ phosphors can be altered from green,yellow to red. Particularly, the energy transfer mechanism (WO42−→Tb3+→Eu3+) has been investigated further based on a few theoretical simulations, finding that the process mainly takes place via the dipole‐dipole interaction. Due to the efficient energy transfer in Tb2(WO4)3:Eu3+ phosphors, multicolor emissions could be achieved in a single host material by adjusting the doped Eu3+ content. The facile preparation route and the outstanding tunable luminescent properties render the materials as promising candidate phosphors applied in future color displays and light‐emitting devices.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of the Partially Reduced Tricyclic Pyrrolo[3,2‐c]quinoline Core Structure of the Martinella Alkaloids
Authors: Lindbäck Emil , Sydnes Magne O.
Published: June 2016

A catalytic enantioselective synthesis of the hexahydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]quinoline core structure found in the Martinella alkaloids, martinelline and martinellic acid, is described. The synthesis is completed without the use of any chiral building blocks or chiral auxiliaries. The key steps in our synthesis constituted a Sp2‐Sp3 Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction between a triflate and an N‐protected β‐aminoethyl boron species to provide a 1,2‐dihydroquinoline carrying a N‐protected β‐aminoethyl group in the 3‐position, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation of the 1,2‐dihydroquinoline derived from the Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction, and an acid promoted intramolecular diastereoselective amido cyclisation with the aid of a neighbouring acetoxy group to provide the tricyclic architecture of martinelline and martinellic acid. Our catalytic enantioselective synthesis provided the hexahydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]quinoline core structure of the Martinella alkaloids in 75 % ee.
Cover Image, Volume 7, Issue 4
Authors: Dash Soma , Siddam Archana D. , Barnum Carrie E. , Janga Sarath Chandra , Lachke Salil A.
Published: June 2016

The cover image, by Salil A. Lachke et al., is based on the Advanced Review RNA‐binding proteins in eye development and disease: implication of conserved RNA granule components, DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1355.

image
Synthesis and Properties of [Cd(HTRTR)2(H2O)4](HTNR)2 as an Energetic Complex
Authors: Chen Sitong , Guo Weiming , Bi Yangang , Zhang Tonglai
Published: June 2016

The energetic complex, [Cd(HTRTR)2(H2O)4](HTNR)2 {HTRTR = 4‐[3‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triaozle; HTNR– = styphnic acid anion) was synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. It crystallizes triclinic in space group P$\bar{1}$ [a = 8.156(2) Å, b = 8.374(2) Å, c = 13.267(4) Å, α = 84.925(11)°, β = 87.016(11)°, γ = 63.683(5)°, V = 808.9(4) Å3, ρ = 1.940 g·cm–3]. The CdII ion is six‐coordinate with two HTRTRs and four water molecules. The thermal stabilities were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Non‐isothermal reaction kinetic parameters were calculated by Kissinger's and Ozawa‐Doyle's methods to obtain EK = 144.0 kJ·mol–1, lgAK = 14.22, and EO = 144.3 kJ·mol–1. The values of thermodynamic parameters, the peak temperature while β→0 (Tp0), free energy of activation (ΔG≠), entropy of activation (ΔS≠), and enthalpy of activation (ΔH≠) were obtained. Additionally, the enthalpy of formation was calculated by Hess's law on the basis of the experimental constant‐volume heat of combustion measured by bomb calorimetry, obtaining ΔfH°298 = 4985.5 kJ·mol–1. Finally, the sensitivities toward impact and friction were assessed according to relevant methods. The result indicates it as an insensitive energetic material.
Investigation of the Effect of Various Substituents on the Density of Tetrazolium Nitrate Salts as Green Energetic Materials
Authors: Zohari Narges , Abrishami Fatemeh , Ebrahimikia Maryam
Published: June 2016

The substitution effect of various functional groups such as –NO2, –CN, –N3, –NF2, and –NH2 on the density of tetrazolium nitrate salts is investigated through multiple linear regression method. The methodology of this work introduces a new model, which related density of tetrazolium nitrate salts to the number of fluorine and nitrogen atoms, the presence of NF2 groups, NO2 groups, as well as CH3 groups in the structural formula. The new reliable correlation shows that the NF2 and NO2 group can cause increasing the density of tetrazolium nitrate salts, especially NO2, whereas the CH3 group can decrease their density. The new proposed relationship has good reliability and predictability, so it can be used to design new rich nitrogen compounds based on tetrazolium nitrate salts as green energetic materials. These results are also tested for N,N′‐azo‐1,2,4‐triazolium nitrate salts, which is caused to derive another correlation. This correlation shows that the presence of NF2 functional groups increases the density of N,N′‐azo‐1,2,4‐triazolium nitrate salts as well as the value of nO/nC.
Influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el desempeno de las empresas ˜ exportadoras colombianas
Authors: Escandon-Barbosa Diana Marcela , Hurtado-Ayala Andrea
Published: June 2016

Este artículo parte de la teoría de rasgos de liderazgo para analizar la influencia del tipo de liderazgo de las empresas colombianas sobre su desempeño exportador. Para cumplir este objetivo se utiliza una base de datos de 306 empresas exportadoras colombianas y por medio de un análisis de conglomerados bietápico se analizan los diferentes tipos de liderazgo: democrático, autocrático y liberal. Los resultados obtenidos identifican un conglomerado de empresas con alto desempeño exportador que combinan el liderazgo liberal y el democrático, mientras que el segundo conglomerado está conformado por las empresas con bajo desempeño exportador que asumen un liderazgo liberal. Se concluye que para alcanzar niveles de desempeño superior los gerentes colombianos ejercen el liderazgo como un equilibrio entre libertad y control.
Genome-wide association study of pathological gambling
Authors: Lang M. , Leménager T. , Streit F. , Fauth-Bühler M. , Frank J. , Juraeva D. , Witt S.H. , Degenhardt F. , Hofmann A. , Heilmann-Heimbach S. , Kiefer F. , Brors B. , Grabe H.-J. , John U. , Bischof A. , Bischof G. , Völker U. , Homuth G. , Beutel M. , Lind P.A. , Medland S.E. , Slutske W.S. , Martin N.G. , Völzke H. , Nöthen M.M. , Meyer C. , Rumpf H.-J. , Wurst F.M. , Rietschel M. , Mann K.F.
Published: June 2016

Background

Pathological gambling is a behavioural addiction with negative economic, social, and psychological consequences. Identification of contributing genes and pathways may improve understanding of aetiology and facilitate therapy and prevention. Here, we report the first genome-wide association study of pathological gambling. Our aims were to identify pathways involved in pathological gambling, and examine whether there is a genetic overlap between pathological gambling and alcohol dependence.

Methods

Four hundred and forty-five individuals with a diagnosis of pathological gambling according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders were recruited in Germany, and 986 controls were drawn from a German general population sample. A genome-wide association study of pathological gambling comprising single marker, gene-based, and pathway analyses, was performed. Polygenic risk scores were generated using data from a German genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence.

Results

No genome-wide significant association with pathological gambling was found for single markers or genes. Pathways for Huntington's disease (P-value = 6.63 × 10−3); 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signalling (P-value = 9.57 × 10−3); and apoptosis (P-value = 1.75 × 10−2) were significant. Polygenic risk score analysis of the alcohol dependence dataset yielded a one-sided nominal significant P-value in subjects with pathological gambling, irrespective of comorbid alcohol dependence status.

Conclusions

The present results accord with previous quantitative formal genetic studies which showed genetic overlap between non-substance- and substance-related addictions. Furthermore, pathway analysis suggests shared pathology between Huntington's disease and pathological gambling. This finding is consistent with previous imaging studies.
A pancake droplet translating in a Hele-Shaw cell: lubrication film and flow field
Authors: Zhu Lailai , Gallaire François
Published: June 2016

We adopt a boundary integral method to study the dynamics of a translating droplet confined in a Hele-Shaw cell in the Stokes regime. The droplet is driven by the motion of the ambient fluid with the same viscosity. We characterize the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the droplet interface and of the flow field. The interface develops an arc-shaped ridge near the rear-half rim with a protrusion in the rear and a laterally symmetric pair of higher peaks; this pair of protrusions has been identified by recent experiments (Huerre et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 115 (6), 2015, 064501) and predicted asymptotically (Burgess & Foster, Phys. Fluids A, vol. 2 (7), 1990, pp. 1105–1117). The mean film thickness is well predicted by the extended Bretherton model (Klaseboer et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 26 (3), 2014, 032107) with fitting parameters. The flow in the streamwise wall-normal middle plane is featured with recirculating zones, which are partitioned by stagnation points closely resembling those of a two-dimensional droplet in a channel. Recirculation is absent in the wall-parallel, unconfined planes, in sharp contrast to the interior flow inside a moving droplet in free space. The preferred orientation of the recirculation results from the anisotropic confinement of the Hele-Shaw cell. On these planes, we identify a dipolar disturbance flow field induced by the travelling droplet and its $1/r^{2}$ spatial decay is confirmed numerically. We pinpoint counter-rotating streamwise vortex structures near the lateral interface of the droplet, further highlighting the complex 3D flow pattern.
Diffusion-flame flickering as a hydrodynamic global mode
Authors: Moreno-Boza D. , Coenen W. , Sevilla A. , Carpio J. , Sánchez A. L. , Liñán A.
Published: June 2016

The present study employs a linear global stability analysis to investigate buoyancy-induced flickering of axisymmetric laminar jet diffusion flames as a hydrodynamic global mode. The instability-driving interactions of the buoyancy force with the density differences induced by the chemical heat release are described in the infinitely fast reaction limit for unity Lewis numbers of the reactants. The analysis determines the critical conditions at the onset of the linear global instability as well as the Strouhal number of the associated oscillations in terms of the governing parameters of the problem. Marginal instability boundaries are delineated in the Froude number/Reynolds number plane for different fuel jet dilutions. The results of the global stability analysis are compared with direct numerical simulations of time-dependent axisymmetric jet flames and also with results of a local spatio-temporal stability analysis.
Transnationalization of Law and Legal Scholarship: Intellectual and Institutional Challenges
Authors: Duve Thomas
Published: June 2016

Law is changing, and with it, so too the systems of higher education and research. Over the past two decades, both have been undergoing a progressive process of transnationalisation. In the field of law, we are currently experiencing a proliferation of transnational law. In the systems of higher education and research, national structures of knowledge production are giving way to transnational institutional frameworks. Disciplinary boundaries are becoming more permeable. Today, legal scholars have to engage in an increasingly interdisciplinary and transnational dialogue on law. The aim of this piece is to provide an overview of that process and highlight several significant consequences this development might potentially hold for legal scholarship (and its media).
Human Rights in Germany – A View from Germany's National Human Rights Institution
Authors: Rudolf Beate
Published: June 2016

This paper discusses the protection of human rights in Germany through the interplay of constitutional law and international human rights law. It also explores the relationship between specialized human rights treaties on the rights of women, children, and persons with disabilities with “general” human rights treaties and their added value. It will highlight current human rights issues, such as the treatment of refugees, the protection against racist discrimination, and the right to privacy in the digital age.
Late Paleocene glyptosaur (Reptilia: Anguidae) osteoderms from South Carolina, USA
Authors: Cicimurri David J. , Knight James L. , Self-Trail Jean M. , Ebersole Sandy M.
Published: June 2016

Heavily tuberculated glyptosaur osteoderms were collected in an active limestone quarry in northern Berkeley County, South Carolina. The osteoderms are part of a highly diverse late Paleocene vertebrate assemblage that consists of marine, terrestrial, fluvial, and/or brackish water taxa, including chondrichthyan and osteichthyan fish, turtles (chelonioid, trionychid, pelomedusid, emydid), crocodilians, palaeopheid snakes, and a mammal. Calcareous nannofossils indicate that the fossiliferous deposit accumulated within subzone NP9a of the Thanetian Stage (late Paleocene, upper part of Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age [NALMA]) and is therefore temporally equivalent to the Chicora Member of the Williamsburg Formation. The composition of the paleofauna indicates that the fossiliferous deposit accumulated in a marginal marine setting that was influenced by fluvial processes (estuarine or deltaic).

The discovery of South Carolina osteoderms is significant because they expand the late Paleocene geographic range of glyptosaurines eastward from the US midcontinent to the Atlantic Coastal Plain and provide one of the few North American records of these lizards inhabiting coastal habitats. This discovery also brings to light a possibility that post-Paleocene expansion of this group into Europe occurred via northeastward migration along the Atlantic coast of North America.
A new specimen ofAgorophius pygmaeus(Agorophiidae, Odontoceti, Cetacea) from the early Oligocene Ashley Formation of South Carolina, USA
Authors: Godfrey Stephen J. , Uhen Mark D. , Osborne Jason E. , Edwards Lucy E.
Published: June 2016

The holotype partial skull ofAgorophius pygmaeus(the monotypic form for both the genusAgorophiusand the Family Agorophiidae) has been missing for approximately 140 years. Since the discovery ofAgorophius pygmaeus, many additional taxa and specimens have been placed in the Family Agorophiidae, only to be reclassified and removed later. This has created confusion as to what is and what is not an agorophiid and a lack of clarity as to what characteristics delimit the Agorophiidae. A newly discovered skull of an agorophiid recently collected from an underwater cliff face of the Ashley River, South Carolina, USA, is assigned toAgorophius pygmaeus. It derives from the base of the Ashley Formation (early Oligocene). The new specimen consists of most of the skull and periotics, which are well preserved and described for the first time in an agorophiid. The new specimen provides an opportunity to diagnose the Agorophiidae and place the genus and species within the phylogenetic context of the early odontocete radiation in the Oligocene, along with other taxa such as the Ashleycetidae, Mirocetidae, Patriocetidae, Simocetidae, Waipatiidae, and Xenorophidae. Based on this new understanding, Agorophiidae are known with certainty only from the early Oligocene of South Carolina, with other undescribed, potential agorophiid specimens from the Oligocene of the North Pacific region (Japan, Mexico, and Washington State).
The ‘duck-billed’ dinosaurs of Careless Creek (Upper Cretaceous of Montana, USA), with comments on hadrosaurid ontogeny
Authors: Prieto-Márquez Albert , Gutarra Susana
Published: June 2016

The Careless Creek Quarry (CCQ) is a multitaxic bonebed in the Campanian Judith River Formation of south-central Montana (USA) that produced a diverse assemblage of vertebrates, including several dinosaurian clades. We describe the morphology of the CCQ hadrosaurid material and reevaluate its taxonomic affinities. Our osteological comparative observations, coupled with maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses, indicate that the majority of the hadrosaurid material is referable to kritosaurin saurolophines. Only an ischium is unambiguously referable to Lambeosaurinae. Most of the kritosaurin specimens likely represent a taxon that forms a polytomy with species ofGryposaurusandRhinorex condrupusGates and Sheetz, 2015. This form may represent individuals of eitherG. latidensHorner, 1992 orG. notabilisLambe, 1914, or a new species cogeneric or not withGryposaurus. The juvenile material exemplifies several patterns of mandibular and appendicular osteological variation previously observed in other hadrosaurids. However, it also shows some departures from the common trends, supporting the fact that not all skeletal growth changes can be generalized to all hadrosaurids.
Dietary scores at midlife and healthy ageing in a French prospective cohort
Authors: Assmann Karen E. , Andreeva Valentina A. , Camilleri Géraldine M. , Verger Eric O. , Jeandel Claude , Hercberg Serge , Galan Pilar , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle
Published: June 2016

Although nutrition has been advocated as a major determinant of healthy ageing (HA), studies investigating the link between dietary quality and HA are scarce. We investigated the association between adherence to French food-based and nutrient-based guidelines at midlife, as assessed by three dietary scores, and HA. HA was assessed in 2007–2009, among 2329 participants of the SUpplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants study aged 45–60 years at baseline (1994–1995) and initially free of diabetes, CVD and cancer. HA was defined as not developing any major chronic disease, good physical and cognitive functioning, no limitations in instrumental activities of daily living, no depressive symptoms, no health-related limitations in social life, good overall self-perceived health and no function-limiting pain. Data from repeated 24-h dietary records provided at baseline permitted the computation of the modified French Programme National Nutrition Santé-Guideline Score (mPNNS-GS), the Probability of Adequate Nutrient Intake Dietary Score (PANDiet) and the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Associations of these scores with HA were assessed by logistic regression. In 2007–2009, 42 % of men and 36 % of women met our criteria of HA. After adjustment for potential confounders, higher scores of the mPNNS-GS (ORquartile 4 v. quartile 1 1·44; 95 % CI 1·10, 1·87; Ptrend=0·006) and the PANDiet (1·28; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·64; Ptrend=0·03) were associated with higher odds of HA. We observed no association between DQI-I and HA. In conclusion, this study suggests a beneficial long-term role of high adherence to both food-based and nutrient-based French dietary guidelines for a HA process.
Adjoint Orbits of Semi-Simple Lie Groups and Lagrangian Submanifolds
Authors: Gasparim Elizabeth , Grama Lino , San Martin Luiz A. B.
Published: June 2016

We give various realizations of the adjoint orbits of a semi-simple Lie group and describe their symplectic geometry. We then use these realizations to identify a family of Lagrangian submanifolds of the orbits.
Conodonts across the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary: a review and implication for the redefinition of the boundary and a proposal for an updated conodont zonation
Authors: CORRADINI CARLO , SPALLETTA CLAUDIA , MOSSONI ANGELO , MATYJA HANNA , OVER D. JEFFREY
Published: June 2016

This paper is a contribution to the redefinition of the base of Carboniferous system. At present the criterion for the definition of the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary is the first occurrence of a conodont species. In order to evaluate the stratigraphic potential for new criteria for the definition of the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary, the distribution of conodont species ofBispathodus, Branmehla, Palmatolepis, Polygnathus, Protognathodus, PseudopolygnathusandSiphonodellaacross the boundary is presented and discussed. An updated biozonation scheme across the boundary based on the First Appearance ofBispathodus ac. aculeatus, Bispathodus costatus, Bispathodus ultimus, Protognathodus kockeli, Siphonodella bransoniandSiphonodella duplicatais proposed, and it is suggested that the new criterion for the definition of the base of the Carboniferous system be the First Appearance Datum ofPr. kockeliorSi. bransoni.
Globalisation of agrifood systems and sustainable nutrition
Authors: Qaim Matin
Published: June 2016

The globalisation of agrifood systems is a mega-trend with potentially profound nutritional implications. This paper describes various facets of this globalisation process and reviews studies on nutritional effects with a particular focus on developing countries. Results show that global trade and technological change in agriculture have substantially improved food security in recent decades, although intensified production systems have also contributed to environmental problems in some regions. New agricultural technologies and policies need to place more emphasis on promoting dietary diversity and reducing environmental externalities. Globalising agrifood systems also involve changing supply-chain structures, with a rapid rise of modern retailing, new food safety and food quality standards, and higher levels of vertical integration. Studies show that emerging high-value supply chains can contribute to income growth in the small farm sector and improved access to food for rural and urban populations. However, there is also evidence that the retail revolution in developing countries, with its growing role of supermarkets and processed foods, can contribute to overweight and obesity among consumers. The multi-faceted linkages between changing agrifood systems and nutrition are a new field of interdisciplinary research, combining agricultural, nutritional, economics and social sciences perspectives. The number of studies on specific aspects is still limited, so the evidence is not yet conclusive. A review at this early stage can help to better understand important relationships and encourage follow-up work.
Steep discounting of delayed monetary and food rewards in obesity: a meta-analysis
Authors: Amlung M. , Petker T. , Jackson J. , Balodis I. , MacKillop J.
Published: June 2016

Background

An increasing number of studies have investigated delay discounting (DD) in relation to obesity, but with mixed findings. This meta-analysis synthesized the literature on the relationship between monetary and food DD and obesity, with three objectives: (1) to characterize the relationship between DD and obesity in both case–control comparisons and continuous designs; (2) to examine potential moderators, including case–control v. continuous design, money v. food rewards, sample sex distribution, and sample age (<18 v. >18 years); and (3) to evaluate publication bias.

Method

From 134 candidate articles, 39 independent investigations yielded 29 case–control and 30 continuous comparisons (total n = 10 278). Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Cohen's d as the effect size. Publication bias was evaluated using fail-safe N, Begg–Mazumdar and Egger tests, meta-regression of publication year and effect size, and imputation of missing studies.

Results

The primary analysis revealed a medium effect size across studies that was highly statistically significant (d = 0.43, p < 10−14). None of the moderators examined yielded statistically significant differences, although notably larger effect sizes were found for studies with case–control designs, food rewards and child/adolescent samples. Limited evidence of publication bias was present, although the Begg–Mazumdar test and meta-regression suggested a slightly diminishing effect size over time.

Conclusions

Steep DD of food and money appears to be a robust feature of obesity that is relatively consistent across the DD assessment methodologies and study designs examined. These findings are discussed in the context of research on DD in drug addiction, the neural bases of DD in obesity, and potential clinical applications.
GREEK AND ROMAN KNOSSOS: THE PIONEERING INVESTIGATIONS OF MINOS KALOKAIRINOS
Authors: Kotsonas Antonis
Published: June 2016

Minos Kalokairinos is renowned for his discovery of the Minoan palace of Knossos. However, his pioneering investigations of the topography and monuments of Greek and Roman Knossos, as laid out especially in hisCretan Archaeological Journal, have largely been overlooked. In theJournal, Kalokairinos offers invaluable information on the changing archaeological landscape of Knossos in the second half of the nineteenth century. This enables the identification of several unknown or lost monuments, including major structures, inscriptions and sculptures, and allows the location of the context of discovery to be assigned to specific parts of the ancient city. Additionally, theJournaloffers glimpses into the collection of Knossian antiquities and their export beyond the island. Antiquities from the site ended up in Athens, and as far afield as Egypt and western Europe, and have hitherto been considered as unprovenanced. They are here identified as Knossian and are traced to their specific context of discovery, with considerable implications for our understanding of the topography, the monuments and the epigraphic record of the ancient city.
Calibrations and laminations
Authors: BANGERT VICTOR , CUI XIAOJUN
Published: June 2016

A calibration of degree k ∈ ℕ on a Riemannian manifold M is a closed differential k-form θ such that the integral of θ over every k-dimensional, oriented submanifold N is smaller or equal to the Riemannian volume of N. A calibration θ is said to calibrate N if θ restricts to the oriented volume form of N. We investigate conditions on a calibration θ that ensure the existence of submanifolds calibrated by θ. The cases k = 1 and k > 1 turn out to be essentially different. Our main result says that, on a compact manifold M, a calibration θ calibrates a lamination if θ is simple, of class C1, and if θ has minimal comass norm in its cohomology class.