bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expertise in Translation
Authors: Sirén Seija , Hakkarainen Kai
Published: August 2004

The present paper focuses on the translation process, particularly on the features of the expert translation process, viewing expertise in translation as a specific case of expertise in general. It utilises conceptual and methodological tools developed in cognitive psychology. In this paper, translation is conceptualised as problem-solving and translation tasks as ill-defined problems. We argue that professionalism does not equal expertise. Four criteria of expertise are discussed with special reference to expertise in translation. The work of experts is viewed as progressive problem-solving. Translation problems are defined as entire translation tasks, rather than single textual elements or contextual issues. Translation tasks are defined as ill-defined problems, as they are not unambiguous with only one possible solution. In addition, there is no clear solution path from the initial to the final state. Think-aloud experiments were conducted with four expert and two non-expert translators to study how different competence profiles affect the translation process and its outcome. The findings support earlier research indicating that translation does not become easier with growing experience and expertise. We suggest that a productive line of research might be investigating the constraints which direct the translation process.
Computers, Documentation and Localisation
Authors: Salmi Leena
Published: August 2004

Computers have, in the last twenty years, changed from experts' machines to tools used by anyone for a variety of purposes. This shift has brought the need for translation, or localisation, of the software and documentation. The use of computer programs is studied in the field of human-computer interaction, and manufacturers make usability studies for their programs before shipping them, but research with a linguistic point of view has started only recently. The data in the usability studies is most often collected from think-aloud protocols. This paper gives some suggestions for alternative methods for collecting data in the aim of studying the use of the original and localised versions of word-processor software and its documentation. The methods include the usage of log files to provide quantitative data and pair work to provide qualitative data.
Metaphoric Expressions in Translation Processes
Authors: Tirkkonen-Condit Sonja
Published: August 2004

The hypothesis being tested in the research reported here is the cognitive translation hypothesis, according to which metaphoric expressions take more time to translate if they exploit a different cognitive domain than the 'equivalent' expressions that are available in the target language. According to the hypothesis, it is the search for another cognitive domain (a different conceptual mapping) that causes delay, uncertainty and difficulty in the translation of metaphors that exploit a different domain. If translation took place entirely through word association, a difference in conceptual mapping – also to be referred to as domain conflict – should not make any difference to the ease or difficulty of translation. Increased difficulty can thus be interpreted as evidence for concept mediation. In my article I report on two think-aloud experiments designed to test the cognitive translation hypothesis in authentic-like translation. The results show evidence of translators getting stagnated to the cognitive domain suggested by the source language. Thus translation difficulty can partly be explained, as expected, by domain conflict at a local level. Translators' choices, however, are further complicated by a concern for the compatibility of the potential equivalents with the global domain manifest in the text as a whole.
Electrical Capacitance as the Indicator of Root Size and Activity
Authors: Rajkai Kálmán , Végh K. R. , Nacsa T.
Published: August 2004

A new method is
introduced to agricultural practice for measuring the living active root of the
plants. The measured root capacitance is interpreted in electro-chemical
principles. In addition to the electrochemical interpretation of the
measurements we aimed to find a non-wounding electrode instead of the needle
plant electrode. Another reason for dealing with the tweezer plant electrode
was to decrease the relatively high standard deviation of the root capacitance
readings due to the relatively high uncertainty of hitting the xylem with the
needle plant electrode. To improve and standardize the contact between the
tweezer plant electrode and the stem a high electrical conductivity gel
(UNIGEL) was applied on the stem before clipping the tweezers.   Experiments for the root capacitance
measurements were made in temperature and light controlled climate chambers
(Conviron, Canada) in 2 litre plastic pots filled with 4:1 soil:sand mixture
and water culture. Comparison of the root
capacitances of five-week old sunflower plants measured with the needle and the
tweezer plant electrodes proved identical in water culture and capillary water
saturated soil. However, the applicability of the tweezer plant electrode needs
further study for other plants and environmental conditions. The effect of
measurement frequency on root capacitance and resistance with the HP4284A
impedance bridge was also studied to see the effectiveness of polarization
(Figure 1).  From Figure 1 it can be seen
that root capacitance decreased at frequencies above 1 kHz, while it increased
up to the dielectric constant of water at lower frequencies. An interpretation
of measurable root capacitance in the soil-plant system is given using separate
measured plant tissue and soil capacitances. We established that root
capacitance in the soil-plant system approximates the capacitance of the root
tissue.  Good correlation was found
between root capacitance and the calculated root surface area (RA) for
sunflower plants (Figure 2).   The GW
LCR-814 was found suitable for making root capacitance measurements.  Finally,
further experimental work is needed to collect information for the more general
and extended applicability of the method before it becomes a routine tool in
ecological and agricultural practice.
Abundance and Adaptation Level of Some Soil Microbes in Salt-affected Soils
Authors: Biró Borbála , Villányi Péter , Köves-Péchy K.
Published: August 2004

The abundance of some
culturable soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) was examined at two
Hungarian salt-affected soils of the Hortobagy region. In addition to the
so-called “helper bacteria” (
Pseudomonas
sp., nitrogen fixers), which
are mainly attached to the rhizoplane, the abundance of other microbial groups
(total number of bacteria, micromycetes,
Actinomycetes
) were also
assessed. A modified, selective plate dilution assay was used with increasing
salt (NaCl) concentrations (5-50 g l
-1
media), for assessing the
salt tolerant ratio of specific microbial groups.    The type of main salt-specific ions differed at
the two sites, resulting more or less stressed pH conditions in the rhizosphere
of the most typical halophytes. At Zám mainly the chloride, at Nyírőlapos, however mainly sulphate ions
dominated in the samples (at an 80% level), which resulted in a more severe
stress situation. Actinomycetes proved to be especially abundant in the salt
affected soils examined. In almost all microbial groups, only the high
in
vitro
concentration of salt (50 g l
-1
) reduced the abundance and
the colony types of microorganisms. Nitrogen fixers, however were affected at
lower salt concentrations and were found to be the most sensitive group at both
sites. Variability of the existing colony types of micromycetes was reduced
significantly by increasing levels of salinity. Soil- and rhizo-biological
characteristics proved to be sensitive indicators of soil quality and
environmental conditions.
Correlations Between Indigenous Mycoparasitic and Symbiotic Beneficial Fungi at Heavy Metal Stress
Authors: Naár Zoltán , Román F. , Füzy A.
Published: August 2004

The abundance and
diversity of indigenous
Trichoderma
fungi were tested for correlations
with the natural colonization of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
in Cd-, Zn- and Ni-polluted soils. Infection frequency (F%) and arbusculum
richness (a%) of the mycorrhiza fungi were estimated on red clover grown in a
pot experiment set up with calcareous loamy chernozem soil contaminated with
Cd, Ni and Zn salts (in 0, 30, 90 and 270 mg kg
-1
dry soil
concentration) in the field, eight years prior to the pot experiment.
Correlation analyses were used to assess the effect of different heavy metal
loads on the interrelations of these two types of beneficial fungi. When the
test was performed for single variables, significant correlations could be
found with very close (r > 0.96 at p < 0.05) results. The rate and
direction (positive or negative) of correlations, however, varied with the type
of heavy metals. With the combinations of some
Trichoderma
and
mycorrhiza parameters a significant model was obtained for the infection
frequency (R² = 0.9405 at p = 0.0062) and for arbusculum richness (R²
= 0.997 at p = 0.0007), which suggests a significant complex influence between
the symbiotic (AMF) and the free-living (
Trichoderma
) beneficial fungi.
This interaction was altered by heavy metals. In the Ni treatments, the
correlation data were always negative between the two groups of beneficial
fungi.
Nitrate-N in the Soil Profiles of Long-term Field Experiments
Authors: Bircsák É. , Németh Tamás
Published: August 2004

Long-term N
fertilization experiments were established with identical treatments at two
different growing areas in Hungary: one on a calcareous sandy soil (Őrbottyán)
and the other on a calcareous chernozem soil (Nagyhörcsök). The aim was to
create differences in mineral-N content in the soil profiles in order to
determine their N supplying capacity and to establish whether the accumulated
nitrate may be regarded as a supply index for crop production. The results
showed that under certain environmental conditions N may accumulate in the soil
profile in the form of nitrate, resulting from N fertilization in previous
years, to such an extent that it must be taken into consideration when
determining the fertilizer rates to be applied. This is important not only from
the point of view of economical management and environment protection, but also
for reaching better yield quality. The calculations can be reliably performed
if they are based on the measurement and calibration of the soil's mineral-N
content. The environmental importance of such calibration experiments is that
by estimating the utilization of N from the mineral-N pool, the additional
costs incurred due to over-fertilization can be eliminated, and at the same
time the potential danger of NO
3
leaching to the groundwater can be
reduced. Extrapolation of the experimental results to farm scale can lead to
both economical and environmental achievements.
Studies on the Phosphorus Retention of Different Soil Types in a Pot Experiment with Perennial Ryegrass
Authors: Sárdi Katalin , Csathó P.
Published: August 2004

Differences in soil
properties and among plant species may play an important role in the
effectiveness of residual and freshly applied phosphorus fertilizers. However,
a limited number of experimental results are available on this subject.  Pot experiments were carried out with soils
from 9 sites of the National Long-term Fertilization Trials, varying in their
main characteristics, such as pH, soil texture, organic matter content and P status.
Soil samples were taken after 20 years from the unfertilized control and from
plots annually fertilized with 200 kg P
2
O
5
.ha
-1
.
Effects of long-term fertilization as well as that of freshly applied
phosphorus were studied in the experiments. Perennial ryegrass
(Lolium
perenne L.)
was used as test plant. 
The objective of the present study was to develop quantitative
relationships between selected soil parameters and the phosphorus retention
characteristics of the experimental soils. 
Amounts of P removed by plants during 5 cuts were correlated with DM
production of plants as well as with the phosphorus amounts extracted at pH 3.7
by ammonium lactate-acetic acid, AL-P mg.kg
-1
soil. Phosphorus
nutrient balance was calculated from the results to evaluate either P supply or
retention characteristics of experimental soils.  Results of the experiments were computed by
stepwise regression analyses using the STATGRAPHICS program package.   Soil parameters involved
in the study were: humus content, pH values (ranging from 3.9 to 7.4), clay mineralogy,
total P contents of soils, P rates applied for 20 years, freshly applied P in
the pot experiment.    Based on the
results of regression analyses, the importance of soil parameters was evaluated.
It was established that several soil parameters significantly influenced the
phosphorus retention of soils. Regression coefficients (R²) ranged between
0.619 and 0.285 (n = 86).      Long-term
effects of P application, higher pH values and humus content had a favourable
influence on the P retention of experimental soils. On the other hand,
increasing phosphorus retention could be attributed to higher CEC, vermiculite
content as well as to increasing rates of freshly applied phosphorus. It was
found that long-term effects of P applications on the P supplying power of
soils were related also to the increasing N and K rates, providing a balanced
nutrient supply in soils.       Our
results may help the broader understanding of phosphorus retention and fixation
characteristics under various soil conditions.
The Impact of Copper Tetramine Hydroxide Treatments on Wheat Yield
Authors: Schmidt Rezső , Barkóczy M. , Szakál P. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Authors studied the effect of copper nutrition on the yield, kernel
weight and raw protein content of winter wheat. Copper was applied in the form
of copper tetramine hydroxide that was produced from a clean copper containing waste
originating from microelectronical industry. After suitable chemical
transformation this waste can be used as an excellent secondary raw material
for the preparation of copper fertilizer. The foliar application of copper
tetramine hydroxide complex at the phenological phase of tillering
significantly increased the yield, kernel weight and raw protein content of
winter wheat. The calculated copper doses that gave the maximum yield, raw
protein content and kernel weight were 1.04, 1.12 and 0.77 kg ha
-1
respectively.
Effects of Brown Coal Application on Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants
Authors: Vermes László , Kádár I.
Published: August 2004

In
the field experiments carried out in 2000 and 2001 at the Nagyhörcsök Experimental
Station on calcareous chernozem soil contaminated with heavy metals the results
show that the application of 40 t/ha Balinka brown coal did not decrease the uptake
of essential elements by the maize, barley and rape test plants, and did not
decrease the fertility of soil. There was no change or sometimes a slight
increase in the investigated tissues of the plants due to the effect of coal application.
This is advantageous in Zn deficient soils, but on similar soils strongly
polluted with Zn the Balinka brown coal cannot be used as an effective
remediator. The coal treatment drastically decreased the Se toxicity of the soil,
the maxi-mum yield could even be obtained on the strongly Se-polluted plots. The
development of plant stands in the coal treated plots improved considerably,
perhaps due to the better moisture regime conditions of the soil. The Sr and Cd
content in plant tissues decreased in several cases due to brown coal application.
The most dangerous contaminant, the Cd concentration in the plants dropped to
half or even 1/3, as a result of coal treatment.  The results of the two-year experiments showed
that the 40 t/ha rate of Balinka brown coal can be used successfully and
economically in the
in situ
remediation of Cd, Se and Sr contaminated
soils. This rate does not influence the original fertility parameters of the
soil, but can be applied with advantages both in extremely light- or heavy
textured soils in case of moderate contamination. However, further investigations
are needed to find out the effects of Balinka-type brown coal application on
other soil types, plants and other polluting elements.
Environmental Stresses Induced by Salinity/Alkalinity in the Carpathian Basin (Central Europe)
Authors: Várallyay György
Published: August 2004

In the
hydrogeologically closed Carpathian Basin
subsurface waters
have
particular importance in the salinization/alkalization processes. In the
poorly-drained low-lying areas the capillary flow transports high amounts of
water soluble salts from the shallow, „stagnant” groundwater with high salt
concentration and unfavourable sodium-carbonate(bicarbonate) type ion
composition to the overlying soil horizons. Due to the strongly alkaline soil
solution, the Ca and Mg salts (mostly carbonates and bicarbonates) are not
soluble and Na
+
became absolutely predominant in the migrating soil
solution which leads to high ESP even at relatively low salt concentration.
High Na
+
saturation of heavy-textured soils with high amount of
expanding clay minerals results in unfavourable physical-hydrophysical
properties and
extreme moisture regime
of these soils, which are their
main ecological constrains and the limiting factors of their fertility,
productivity and agricultural utility. The simultaneous hazard of waterlogging
or overmoistening, and drought sensitivity in extensive lowland areas,
sometimes in the same places within a short period, necessitates a precise,
“double function” soil moisture control against their harmful
ecological/economical/social consequences. Most of the environmental constrains
(including salinity/alkalinity/sodicity) can be efficiently controlled:
prevented, eliminated, or - at least - moderated. But this needs permanent care
and proper actions: adequate soil and water conservation practices based on a
comprehensive soil/land degradation assessment. It includes continuous
registration of facts and changes (monitoring); exact and quantitative knowledge
on the existing soil processes, their influencing factors and mechanisms.
Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Database of Hungary: HUNSODA
Authors: Nemes Attila
Published: August 2004

Databases with
information on soils often constitute a basic source of information for studies
in production agriculture, environmental engineering, and remote sensing. A
new, searchable, relational database of soil physical and hydrophysical
properties has been developed for Hungarian soils. The database is stored in
MS-Access format. The database is compatible with most of the popular software
and can be run on a personal computer as well as on computer networks. It
currently stores data of 840 soil horizons, 576 having soil hydraulic data,
measured using nationally and internationally accepted standard methodology. An
outline of the structure and the contents of HUNSODA, as well as a basic guide
to its operation has been given. Developing this database may enhance the
ability of Hungarian soil scientists to address many more environmental issues
of concern, however, further expansion of the database is recommended.
Additional data can easily be included in the database. Expansion of the
database may help in making it more widely applicable.
GIS Processing of Large-scale Soil Maps in Hungary
Authors: Pásztor László , Szabó J. , Bakacsi Zs.
Published: August 2004

GIS adaptation and digital reambulation of large-scale soil information
originating from various agrogeological surveys has become a key issue in
Hungary due the recent challenges. The
national programme initiated by L. Kreybig for the systematic, 1:25,000 scale
practical soil mapping of Hungary was carried out between 1935 and 1951, and
provided detailed soil information (1:25,000 scale maps and complementary
database in the form of explanatory booklets) for the whole country. Later farm
level (1:10,000 scale) soil surveys fulfilled the practical requirements of
Hungarian agriculture, producing a huge quantity of map based, soil related
data. These
archives still represent a valuable
treasure of soil information at present. Their digital reambulation and GIS adaptation
is a challenging task, which was initiated by RISSAC GIS Lab in co-operation
with various institutions. The aim of these activities is the development of
large-scale soil modules of a Hungarian production database for the
determination of the optimal functions of agriculture in a given region,
together with the harmonization of agricultural production and the protection
of land and environment.
Outline of an Automated System for the Quasi-Continuous Measurement of Particle-size Distribution
Authors: Nemes Attila , Czinkota I. , Czinkota Gy. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Soil texture is an
important input parameter for many soil hydraulic pedotransfer functions (PTFs)
of the day. Common soil particle-size classes are required to be able to
uniformly determine the texture of soils. However, it is not always possible -
due to different national classification systems - and much valuable
information is disregarded while either deriving or applying PTFs.
One way
to get common particle-size class information is to interpolate the
particle-size distribution (PSD) curve. Advanced interpolation solutions are
becoming available, but there is always uncertainty associated with these
techniques. Another possibility is to measure all PSD curves in such a way that
it is compatible to the commonly used classification systems.
A new automated measurement
technique is introduced that can easily provide PSD data compatible to any (and
all) of the existing national and international classification systems at the
same time, without the burden of extra labour. A computerized measurement
system has been developed to record density changes in a settling-tube system
in any discretional (small) time steps, which in turn allows the derivation of
a quasi-continuous PSD curve. The measurement is based on areometry
(Stokes-law), thus the system is compatible to the most commonly applied
settling-tube measurements. The new evaluation method of measured values takes
into consideration the density changes along the areometer-body so it avoids
the problem of reference point determination. The theory and setup of the
system are explained and measurement examples are given. The presented
comparative measurements show good correspondence with conventional
settling-tube results, and the reproducibility of the measurement shows to be
very high. This technique does not require more sample preparation than past
methods. The automated reading requires less manpower to perform the
measurement - which also reduces human error sources. However, it provides very
detailed PSD data that has advantages, like revealing multi-modality in the
particle-size distribution or providing data that complies with any of the
classification systems.
Évhatás elemzése a nyírlugosi műtrágyázási tartamkísérletben 1. A csapadék és a tápanyagellátás hatása a rozs (Secale cereale L.) termésére
Authors: Márton László
Published: August 2004

Savanyú homokos, kovárványos barna erdőtalajon, a nyírlugosi műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet öt évében (1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1972) vizsgáltam a csapadékmennyiség és a N-, P-, K-, Mg-műtrágyázás hatását a rozs termésére. A főbb eredményeket az alábbiakban ismertetem:

Az „általános” (HARNOS, 1993) és a rozsra specifikus csapadékhiány határértékek alapján átlagos (1965–1966), aszályos (1963–1964, 1967–1968, 1971–1972) és csapadékbő (1969–1970) évjáratokat különítettünk el.

A kísérletek évhatását elsősorban a nyári félévek, a vegetációs időszakok és a vetést megelőző hónapok csapadékviszonyai határozták meg döntően.

Trágyázás nélkül az időjárási anomáliák (aszály, csapadékbőség) ellenére sem adódtak szignifikáns terméskülönbségek (átlagos év: 1,66 t ha−1, aszályos év: 1,51 t ha−1, csapadékbő év: 1,47 t ha−1).

Gyenge (N: 30 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) tápanyagellátásnál a termések 2,01–3,04 ha−1 között változtak. A nagy (0,5-1,0 t ha-1) szórások miatt a műtrágyázási hatások instabililak voltak. Az átlagos évjárat hozama több mint 1,0 t ha−1-ral múlta felül a kontrollparcellákét. A csapadékbő és aszályos években 10 és 14 %-kal csökkent a termés.

Közepes (N: 60 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) trágyázáskor az átlagos évhatás esetén a maximális termés meghaladta a 3,5 t ha-1-t. Kimutatható volt a NP-, NPK- és a NPKMg-kezelések szignifikáns termésnövelő hatása az önálló N-trágyázással szemben. A termések instabilitása kifejezetten növekvő tendenciát (0,7–1,3 t ha−1) mutatott. A csapadékbő évjáratban az aszálykárt háromszoros mértékben meghaladóan, 20 %-kal csökkent a hozam.

Jó (N: 90 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) tápelem-ellátottságnál átlagos évben a termések meghaladták a 3,5 t ha-1-t. A N-kezelések és P-, K-, Mg-kombinációik hatását a kedvezőtlen években (aszály, csapadékbő) stagnálás és terméscsökkenés jellemezte. A termések instabilitása tovább fokozódott (1,0–1,8 t ha−1). Aszályos évben 17, a csapadékbőben 52 %-kal csökkent a termés. A N-, NP-, NK- és NPK-kezelésekkel szemben a NPKMg-táplálás mindkét időjárási anomália károsító hatásának jelentős mértékű csökkenését eredményezte. A NPK-kezelések -21 %-os és -39 %-os aszályos és csapadékbő évjáratú kárértékei a kiegészítő Mg-trágyázás hatására -4 és -11 %-ra mérséklődött.

A vegetációs periódusbani csapadékmennyiség és a termés között a nitrogén adagjaitól, ill. a NP-, NK-, NPK- és NPKMg-kombinációktól függő szoros másodfokú összefüggéseket kaptunk. A legkedvezőbb, 4,0 t ha-1 körüli termések a 400–500 mm csapadékmennyiségek között jelentkeztek. Az 500 mm felettiek erőteljesen terméscsökkentő hatásúak voltak.
Talajképződési folyamatok rekonstrukciója morfológiai, talajtani és ásványtani vizsgálatok alapján egy visontai paleotalaj szelvényében
Authors: Berényi Üveges Judit , Németh Tibor , Michéli Erika , Tóth Mária
Published: August 2004

A mátraaljai területen, a visontai szelvényben talajtani és ásványtani vizsgálatok alapján eltérő körülményeket jelző talajképződési folyamatokat mutattunk ki. Ezek közül a vörös paleotalajban az agyagásványok periodikus duzzadása és zsugorodása során jellegzetes, Vertisolokra jellemző szerkezet kialakulása, karbonát-felhalmozódás, reduktív és oxidatív viszonyok váltakozása jellemző. A szelvény mélyebb részében fagyhatásra utaló lemezes szerkezet, állati keverő tevékenység, és a legalsó vizsgált rétegcsoportban pedig láposodás valószínűsíthető. A jelenkori talajban a humuszosodás és kilúgzás bélyegei figyelhetők meg. Az egyes folyamatok valószínűleg több periódusban is lejátszódtak. Az egyes periódusok alatt és között jelentős szerep jutott az eróziónak és az áthalmozódási folyamatoknak is.
Az AL-P korrekciós modell értékelése a hazai szabadföldi őszi búza P-kísérletek adatbázisán, 1960–2000
Authors: Csathó Péter
Published: August 2004

Leírtuk a hazai szakirodalomban talált 1960–2000 közötti szabadföldi őszi búza P-hatás kísérletek adatbázisán a P kontroll-(NK-) parcellák AL-P2O5-tartalma és a relatív termésben (NK/NPK, %), ill. a terméstöbbletekben kifejezett (NPK-NK, t/ha) P-hatások közötti összefüggéseket. A Sarkadi–Thamm féle, Neubauer rozs csíranövény kísérlettel kalibrált AL-P korrekciós modell értékelését is elvégeztük a szabadföldi kísérletek adatbázisán.

A Sarkadi–Thamm féle AL-P korrekciós modell jelentősen javította a P kontrollparcellák AL-P-tartalma és a relatív termésben, ill. terméstöbbletben kifejezett P-hatások közötti összefüggések szorosságát hazai szabadföldi őszi búza P-hatás kísérletek adatbázisán. Az adatbázison elvégzett, az átlagos eltérés (ÁE) minimalizálására törekvő további optimalizálásokkal az összefüggés szorossága kis mértékben tovább javítható volt.

Az AL-P korrekciót az összes (savanyú + meszes) talajra együtt elvégezve sem a Sarkadi–Thamm féle AL-P korrekciós modell, sem a hazai szabadföldi őszi búza Phatás kísérletek adatbázisán optimalizált új modellek nem voltak képesek megfelelő új AL-P ellátottsági határértékek közvetlen becslésére. Amennyiben az optimalizálást külön a savanyú és külön a meszes csoportra végeztük el, és a modell egyes paramétereiben minimalizálást, illetve maximalizálást hajtottunk végre, lehetővé vált az új AL-P ellátottsági határértékek közvetlen megállapítása az új AL-P korrekciós modellek segítségével. A határértékek jóságát az adatbázison ellenőriztük. Az új P-ellátottsági határértékeket beépítettük új, számítógépes, költség- és környezetkímélő trágyázási szaktanácsadási rendszerünkbe.
Ecophysiology and breeding of mycoparasitic Trichoderma strains
Authors: Manczinger L. , Antal Zs. , Kredics L.
Published: August 2004

Losses due to plant diseases may be as high as 10-20% of the total worldwide food production every year, resulting in economic losses amounting to many billions of dollars and diminished food supplies. Chemical control involves the use of chemical pesticides to eradicate or reduce the populations of pathogens or to protect the plants from infection by pathogens. For some diseases chemical control is very effective, but it is often non-specific in its effects, killing beneficial organisms as well as pathogens, and it may have undesirable health, safety, and environmental risks. Biological control involves the use of one or more biological organisms to control the pathogens or diseases. Biological control is more specialized and uses specific microorganisms that attack or interfere with the pathogens. The members of the genusTrichodermaare very promising against soil-born plant parasitic fungi. These filamentous fungi are very widespread in nature, with high population densities in soils and plant litters [1]. They are saprophytic, quickly growing and easy to culture and they can produce large amounts of conidia with long lifetime.
Gibberellin and auxin-indole production by plant root-fungi and their biosynthesis under salinity-calcium interaction
Authors: Hasan H. A. H.
Published: August 2004

Rhizosphere and rhizoplane of fababean (Vicia faba), melochia (Corchorus olitorius), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and soyabean (Glycine max) plants are inhabited with fungi, mostlyAspergillus flavus,A. niger,Fusarium oxysporum,Penicillium corylophilum,P. cyclopium,P. funiculosumandRhizopus stolonifer. All fungal species have the ability to produce gibberellin (GA) butF. oxysporumwas found to produce both GA and indole-acetic acid (IAA). The optimum period for GA and IAA production byF. oxysporumwas 10 days in the mycelium and 15 days in the filtrate at 28 °C. The contents of GA, IAA and cytochrome P-450 were increased at 0.5 and 1% NaCl after 5 days, but GA and IAA were lowered at 4% (700 mM) NaCl. Calcium decreased NaCl stress onF. oxysporumby significant elevating GA biosynthesis at 40mM Ca2+/700 mM Na+. GA at 10 mM and Ca2+at 10 mM enhanced the germination of seeds under 175 mM Na+.
Hyperproliferation of normally Quiescent keratinocytes in non-lesional psoriatic skin due to high Calcium concentration
Authors: Kenderessy Szabó Anna , Bos J. D. , Das P. K.
Published: August 2004

Calcium plays an important role in the regulation of different functions of keratinocytes. In the present work we studied the effect of different extracellular calcium concentrations (0.01 mM-2.0 mM) on the proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes in normal human and non-lesional psoriatic skin. Using explant culture model, the proliferative and differentiated subsets of keratinocytes were detected by specific antibodies related to cell proliferation [beta-1 integrin (CD29), proliferating cell antigen (Ki67), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] and differentiation [differentiated cell cytokeratins (K1/K10) and differentiating cell antigen (lectin Ulex europaius agglutinin, UEA-1)]. After 4 days of culturing at high Ca2+(2.0 mM) we observed marked hyperproliferation among the normally quiescent keratinocytes of non-lesional psoriatic skin. In normal uncultured and cultured skin and in uncultured and two-day-cultured non-lesional psoriatic skin both at normal (1.2 mM) and at high (2.0 mM) Ca2+concentration only one layer of basal CD29+/Ki67+/K1/K10-/UEA-1-cell was observed. In sections from non-lesional psoriatic skin cultured for 4 days in the presence of high Ca2+(2.0 mM) this cell population has expanded from at least three layers above the basement membrane. This expanded cell population of the 4-day high Ca2+cultured non-lesional skin showed clear PCNA positive staining on frozen sections with the strongest positivity among the most basal localized cells. These data suggest that (i) extracellular Ca2+concentration can influence the proliferation of basal ("stem") keratinocytes, (ii) the proliferative response to high Ca2+concentration of psoriatic non-lesional basal keratinocytes differs from that of normal basal keratinocytes, (iv) changes in the extracellular Ca2+milieu might play a role in the induction of the hyperproliferative psoriatic lesion.
Luminometric and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies on heat - and radiation inactivation of Bacillus Subtilis luxAB spores
Authors: Farkas J. , Andrássy É. , Formanek Z. , Mészáros L.
Published: August 2004

A bioluminescent derivative ofBacillus subtiliscontaining a plasmid encoding aluxABfusion under control of a vegetative promoter and gives bioluminescence upon addition of an exogenous long-chain aldehyde has been used as test organism. Its spore populations have been produced and their heat- and radiation survival curves established. Heat-sensitization effect of pre-irradiation of spores was proven not only by colony counting but also with differential scanning calorimetry. Under a linearly programmed temperature increase, the heat destruction of spores surviving 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation resulted in at a few centigrade lower temperature than that of untreated spores. Heat denaturation endotherms in the DSC-thermogram of irradiated spores were shifted to lower temperatures as well. Comparative turbidimetric, luminometric and phase-contrast microscopic studies of untreated, heat-treated and irradiated spore populations showed that the kinetics of germination and the light emission during germination of radiation-inactivated spores were the same as those of untreated spores, revealing that the pre-formed luciferase enzyme packaged into the spores during sporulation remained intact after an irradiation dose causing 90% decrease in number of colony forming spores. Therefore, in contrast to heat-treated spores, the initial bioluminescence reading upon germination of irradiated spores does not reflect the viable count of their population.
Comparative studies on Aeromonas strains isolated from Lakes Balaton (Hungary) and Ferto/Neusiedlersee (Hungary)
Authors: Langó Zs. , Borsodi A. K. , Micsinai A.
Published: August 2004

Ecological and comparative taxonomic investigations were carried out on 49 Aeromonas strains isolated from water samples of two moderately alkaline lakes of Hungary, Lake Balaton and Lake Ferto/Neusiedlersee together with 3 authentic strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Five phena were created at greater than 92% similarity value using the UPGMA method with the Jaccard coefficient. Strains isolated from Lake Balaton were determined as A. hydrophila, while strains originated from Lake Ferto were identified as A. hydrophila and A. sobria. The Ferto isolates of A. hydrophila grew only at higher salt concentration (5% NaCl). This might be an adaptation to the higher salt contents in the water of Lake Ferto. However, no specific differences were detected in their behaviour against alkaline pH values. The wide range of their degradative enzymes indicate that aeromonads can play an important role in nutrient cycling.
Advances in the identification of emerging powdery mildew fungi using morphological and molecular data
Authors: Kiss L.
Published: August 2004

Recently, the classical morphological criteria and host range data used in the identification of powdery mildew fungi were supplemented with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and molecular phylogenetic analyses. This paper discusses the joint use of these methods in the identification of powdery mildew anamorphs causing new or emerging plant diseases in different parts of the world.
Identification and incidence of fungal strains in chronic rhinosinusitis patients
Authors: Dósa Erika , Dóczi Ilona , Mojzes L. , G. Molnár Etelka , Varga J. , Nagy Erzsébet
Published: August 2004

The fungal revolution taking place in otorhinology inspired us to study the frequency of occurrence of fungi in the nasal mucus of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients (with or without polyposis) in order to evaluate the incidence of eosinophilic fungal sinusitis in CRS patients. Ninety-six samples were examined from patients with CRS. In 74 cases mucus was collected non-invasively, and in 22 cases during operation. The Gram-stained direct smears of all samples were also evaluated. Bacteria and fungi colonizing in the mucus were detected by culturing method. The control group consisted of 50 healthy volunteers. Typical aerobic pathogenic bacteria could be isolated from 34 patients. Fifty-seven aerobic bacteria were isolated, i.e. 1.6 bacteria/positive patient with a maximum of 3 different bacteria/sample. The most frequently isolated bacteria wereStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, andHaemophilus influenzae. Yeasts and moulds could be detected from 79 patients (83%):Candida albicans, Candidaspp.,Aspergillusspp.,Cladosporiumspp, andPenicilliumspp. were isolated most frequently. Altogether 237 yeasts and moulds were isolated, i.e. 3.0 different fungi/positive patient, with a maximum of 5 different fungi/sample. In the control group aerobic pathogens were not isolated, only apathogenic species. Fungi were isolated from 22 healthy patients (44%). These data indicate that fungi are frequently involved in the aetiology of CRS. IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to fungal allergens could not be proven in our patients.
The aerobiology of the ascospores
Authors: Magyar D.
Published: August 2004

Atmospheric ascospores have been monitored using volumetric spore trap. Spore concentration data were analysed using Spearman's correlation. Our results show that the meteorological factor with the greatest effect on spore concentration was the duration of rain. Temperature increase strongly reduced the ascospore concentration; but the length of windless periods resulted in an increase in spore count. The only measurable effect wind perse actually had on spore count, was registered when a strong wind blew after a long windless period. We observed that the count of ascospores during wet weather could surpass the total concentration of dry conidia measured on a typical, highly polluted summer day. Using selected air samples to study the effect of storms, certain aspects of long-distance spore transport were elucidated. We describe here three main strategies for long-range ascospore transport, “splash-off”, “secondary emission” and “sporematrix projectiles”.
The integration of central European countries into the western European economy from 1988 to 1998
Authors: Festoc-Louis F.
Published: August 2004

In 1998, the European Union (EU) entered into negotiations with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia concerning the enlargement of the Union. At the end of 1999, the European Commission decided that six other countries could join the negotiations in 2000 (Bulgaria, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Malta and Romania), and it was suggested that a decision concerning the date of membership would be taken in 2002 for these applicants fulfilling all the criteria. Many questions still remain on both sides, in particular regarding institutional reform of the EU (Festoc, 1998), and the ability of the Central and Eastern European countries to adopt the “acquis”.

In this article, we shall evaluate the ways in which the Central European countries (Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic — the CECs) have already integrated to the Western European economy, using trade data over the last ten years. First, we show that since the beginning of the transition, a feature of the foreign trade of the CECs has been a strong reorientation from East to West, in particular to Germany, together with a rapid growth in trade between the EU and the CECs. Second, we describe the trade structure, focussed on foreign direct investment as a mean of developing new exports. The third and fourth sections study the development of the specialisations of the CECs and the nature of trade between the CECs and the EU respectively.
Local or regional? Cost—benefit analysis of a hypothetical new structure in public primary education in Hungary
Authors: Papp A.
Published: August 2004

Local governments are responsible for the provision of primary education in Hungary, this being the largest expenditure item in their budget. The segmented structure of Hungarian local government may be a source of inefficiencies, since one of the most important source of inefficiencies is diseconomies of scale. This paper, using data of two counties — Baranya and Békés — presents a cost—benefit calculation with respect to the operational costs of a hypothetical, newly structured primary education system, where only institutions of “optimal (efficient) size” are operated. Two scenarios are presented. According to the first one all schools of inefficient size would be closed down, while according to the second this could happen only if there is at least one additional social/cultural institution in the settlement in question. The results of the simulation, being rough calculations, may provide guidance on what kind of questions might occur and what the approximate magnitudes of expenditures of a new system might be under specific conditions of reorganisation.
Merger regulation in Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence from Hungary, Romania and Slovenia
Authors: Kravtseniouk T.
Published: August 2004

This paper shows the principal features of merger control in selected transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), namely Hungary, Romania and Slovenia, by applying case study methodology. The presented findings are based on the analysis of Hungarian, Romanian and Slovenian competition law and merger rulings reached by the Competition Offices of these countries. A substantial part of the conclusions is drawn from a sample of 42 merger applications processed by the Office of Economic Competition of Hungary between 1994 and 2000. The results of empirical analysis demonstrate the considerable flexibility of merger control in the studied countries, its orientation towards the future of domestic markets and a close link with industrial policy. The paper also highlights the areas of interdependence of competition policy and transition and argues that merger control in the studied CEE countries may be regarded as currently adequate to the requirements imposed by transition.
Subcontracting and outward processing trade as a form of networking in Hungary
Authors: Szanyi M.
Published: August 2004

In international business practice, subcontracting is an unbalanced form of co-operation. It can bring serious negative effects for partners from less developed countries because of the strong onesided dependence on the “developed” partner. International experience, e.g. in the maquiladora region suggests that degradation of corporate activities, low profitability, technological dependence, loss of own production and shrinking market presence of own products may characterise many firms, and even whole industries or regions. These firms, regions and industries often become isolated from the national economy. Therefore, potential positive modernisation effects may also be “locked” in the subcontracting firm not spreading in the economy.

Hungarian experience with subcontracting was somewhat different already in the 1970s and 1980s. Companies concluded subcontracts with more developed Western partners in order to gain access to up-to-date technology and know-how, new markets and new products. Many of them incorporated the acquired knowledge with success. During the 1990s subcontracting was the driving force of corporate modernisation, since former development sources (primarily state subsidies) dried up. Many firms chose the new option of adjustment strategy. The efforts of Hungarian companies to integrate into the international division of labour coincided with the substantial change of subcontracting deals on world markets. Subcontracting became a form of outsourcing and changed to a long-term, network-type of co-operation form with considerable knowledge transfer.

This study presents the results of an empirical survey. The Department of Business Economics of the Budapest University of Economics and Public Administration carried out two rounds of interviews in more than 300 companies both in 1996 and 1999. The survey revealed some new features of international subcontracting patterns and found some evidence of modernisation impacts subcontracting has on Hungarian corporate strategies.
Endogenous Ownership Structure
Authors: Bishop Kate , Filatotchev Igor , Mickiewicz Tomasz
Published: August 2004

Using a data set for the 162 largest Hungarian firms during the period of 1994-1999, this paper explores the determinants of equity shares held by both foreign investors and Hungarian corporations. Evidence is found for a post-privatisation evolution towards more homogeneous equity structures, where dominant categories of Hungarian and foreign owners aim at achieving controlling stakes. In addition, focusing on firm-level characteristics we find that exporting firms attract foreign owners who acquire controlling equity stakes. Similarly, firm-size measurements are positively associated with the presence of foreign investors. However, they are negatively associated with 100% foreign ownership, possibly because the marginal costs of acquiring additional equity are growing with the size of the assets. The results are interpreted within the framework of the existing theory. In particular, following Demsetz and Lehn (1985) and Demsetz and Villalonga (2001) we argue that equity should not be treated as an exogenous variable. As for specific determinants of equity levels, we focus on informational asymmetries and (unobserved) ownership-specific characteristics of foreign investors and Hungarian investors.
Zinc supplementation decreases total thyroid hormone concentration in small ruminants
Authors: Keçeci T. , Keskin E.
Published: August 2004

The effect of dietary zinc (Zn) supplementation on plasma Zn and serum thyroid hormones was evaluated in healthy male Merino lambs and Angora goats. A total of 12 lambs and 12 goats were divided into two equal groups as control and Zn groups in separate experiments. The lambs and goats of the control groups were fed basal rations alone. The Zn contents of these rations prepared for lambs and goats were 40 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg in dry matter (DM), respectively. Both species of animals in the Zn groups were fed a basal ration supplemented with zinc sulphate adjusted to 250 mg Zn/kg diet in DM. The feeding trial lasted for 12 weeks in lambs and 8 weeks in goats. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at 4-week intervals. Both animal species in the Zn groups had higher plasma Zn values than the controls throughout the experimental period, except in the 4th week in goats. However, the levels of serum total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were lower in the lambs and goats of the Zn groups, except in the 4th week, as compared to those in the controls. Moreover, serum total thyroid hormone levels of the goats were higher at the 4th week than at the 8th week. Although there was a decrease in the levels of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine of both small ruminant species in the Zn groups when compared to the controls, these alterations were not statistically significant. These results may show that zinc supplementation to the diet at this dose reduces total thyroid hormone levels in small ruminants but does not yet impair the euthyroid status of the organism.