bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVI-16 An evaluation using a visual health scoring system with vaginal temperatures of newly received feedlot heifers on immune status
Authors: Smithyman Mackenzie M , Branine Mark E , Sowers Consuelo A , Duff Glenn C , Loest Clint A
Published: September 2024

Newly received feedlot cattle often experience immune function impairment caused by stressors such as marketing and transportation, resulting in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Morbidity is often visually detected and medically treated by implementing a 4-point scoring system based on depression, appetite, respiration, and temperature (DART). Using DART scoring, cattle are treated with antimicrobial medications for BRD if they have a rectal temperature (RT) ≥ 40°C and a DART = 2 (scale = 1 to 4), or if they have a DART ≥ 3 regardless of the 40°C RT threshold. However, cattle often exhibit visible clinical symptoms of BRD but do not have a RT ≥ 40°C threshold to warrant medical treatment. Immune status can be measured using a nanotechnology-based immunity test (D2Dx). The objective of this study was to evaluate newly received feedlot heifers on subsequent health status using the DART scoring system and D2Dx values during a 28-d receiving period. Crossbred heifers [n = 198; initial body weight (BW) = 219 ± 63 kg] were initially processed, weighed, and allocated to one of 10 soil-surfaced pens (12 x 35 m; 20 heifers per pen). A blank controlled intravaginal drug release (CIDR) device attached with indwelling temperature probe (iButton DS1925L) was inserted vaginally into each heifer to record vaginal temperature (VT) every 10 min for 28 d. All heifers were evaluated daily (0700 h) for signs of morbidity by three individuals (blinded from each other) implementing DART scoring. Individual DART evaluations were then pooled prior to determination of heifers needing further evaluation for medical treatment. Serum was collected on d 1, 28, and when a heifer was brought to the chute and evaluated for medical treatment (PULL). Initial D2Dx values were not different (P ≥ 0.54) between healthy and morbid heifers upon feedlot arrival. Heifers with DART ≥ 2 that were treated for BRD had decreased (P ≤ 0.05) D2Dx values than healthy heifers with DART = 0. The D2Dx values were not different (P ≥ 0.15) between heifers with DART = 2 and DART = 3. Upon feedlot arrival, D2Dx values were low for all heifers and increased (P ≤ 0.05) by the 1st and 2nd PULL. By d 28, D2Dx values were greater (P ≤ 0.01) than both d 0 and all total PULL. Average VT decreased (P ≤ 0.01) from d 0 to 28, implying heifer health status improved by d 28 as D2Dx values increased. In this study, morbidity cannot be determined by D2Dx values upon arrival. Employing the DART scoring method accompanied with the D2Dx immunity test provided an overview of how effective clinical BRD can be diagnosed. Therefore, contributing to the improvement and development of more effective strategies for identifying respiratory diseases in feedlot cattle.
PSIV-13 Changes in Interferon-γ and Tumor necrosis factor-α in the vaginal environment of cattle during early gestation
Authors: Utai Makala L , Leach Mary A , McLean Kyle J
Published: September 2024

The embryo must create an immuno-tolerant uterine environment via cytokine signaling to prevent rejection and facilitate embryo attachment. Cytokines have a variety of roles in both reproductive and pregnancy-related processes. Cytokines and chemokines are important in inflammatory pathways for uterine remodeling and recruitment of immune cells during pregnancy. Interferon-γ (INFγ) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFα) influence T-helper cell immune responses, which can assist in early pregnancy establishment. Therefore, we hypothesized that INFγ and TNFα concentrations following breeding will be differentially expressed based on mating type, time, and pregnancy outcome. To test this, we completed two experiments in which INFγ and TNFα were quantified in vaginal fluid samples on d 0, d 7, d 14, d 21, d 28, and d 35 following mating. In experiment one, Angus heifers (n = 9) were used to determine cytokine concentrations in the vaginal environment between d 0 to d 35, and between artificial insemination (AI) and natural mating. In experiment 2, lactating dairy cows (n = 88) were used to determine if cytokines could be used as a potential biomarker for successful pregnancy. All vaginal flush samples were collected via Foley catheter in 20 mL of sterile saline. Statistical analysis was completed in SAS 9.4 to determine differences in cytokine concentrations based on day of gestation, mating type, and pregnancy outcome. In experiment 1, vaginal concentrations of TNFα were least (P = 0.05) in AI-bred heifers on d 35 (1.15 ± 2.97 pg/mL) and intermediate in non-pregnant heifers (4.39 ± 2.97 pg/mL) compared with natural service-bred heifers on d 7 (18.09 ± 2.97 pg/mL). INFγ was increased (P = 0.05) on d 7 following natural service (3.86 ± 0.76 pg/mL) compared with AI (0.86 ± 0.76 pg/mL). TNFα was increased (P = 0.02) on d 7 following natural service (18.09 ± 2.89 pg/mL) compared with AI (1.93 ± 2.89 pg/mL) and was increased (P = 0.02) by d 7 after a natural mating compared with a pregnancy resulting from AI mating. In experiment two, concentrations of IFNγ were greater (P = 0.04) on d 7 (1.36 ± 0.57 pg/mL) compared with d 8 (0.24 ± 0.57 pg/mL) of gestation. There was also a tendency for TNFα concentrations to decrease (P = 0.09) from d 7 (60.06 ± 26.94 pg/mL) to d 8 (19.67 ± 26.94 pg/mL) of gestation. In conclusion, concentrations of INFγ and TNFα may not be indicative of a viable embryo or pregnancy outcome but do differ based on day of gestation and mating type, which may aid in understanding the role these cytokines play during early gestation.
PSIV-8 Effects of feeder lamb receiving protocols on lamb performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics as part of a lamb-value discovery program
Authors: Mills Joe B , Laverell Dylan M , Kersh Aaron J , Hernandez Josie N , Dooley Elisabeth F , Lima Paulo M T , Scasta John D , Cunningham-Hollinger Hannah C , Gifford Cody L , Stewart Whit C
Published: September 2024

Minimizing interruptions in feed intake during the highly stressful receiving period is critical for lamb performance and animal welfare for lambs arriving from extensively managed operations. The objectives of the study were to evaluate feeder lamb receiving protocols, specifically the effectiveness of hay processing and respiratory vaccine on feed intake, growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass traits on a 107-d feeding trial. Feeder lambs [n = 63; body weight (BW) = 47.6 ± 7.9 kg; wethers n = 46; ewes n = 17; Western white-faced n = 34; black-faced; n = 4; crossbred; n = 25) sourced from 15 WY and CO producers participated in the “Lamb-A-Year” program at the University of Wyoming- Laramie Research and Extension Center. Lambs were randomly sorted into two groups and fed an 8% CP, 61% NDF hay that was either unprocessed or processed (8 cm). One-half of the lambs in each hay processing group were then vaccinated or not vaccinated with a Mannheimia haemolytica Types 1 & 2 and Pasteurella multocida vaccine. Lambs were adapted to electronic feeders (Vytelle, Calgary, AB, CA) for 7 d (7 to 8 lambs/feeder) to record individual daily feed intake for 50 d. During the initial receiving period (d 0 to 14) lambs had ad libitum access to their respective hay treatment. A textured finishing diet was administered from d 15 to 50 (75% corn, 15% soyhulls, 10% lamb grower pellet). From d 51 to 107, lambs were group fed ad libitum the textured finishing diet until slaughter at a commercial abattoir. Hot carcass weight (HCW), 12th rib back fat (RFT), body wall thickness (BWT), and loin muscle area (LMA) carcass data were collected at the abattoir. Data were analyzed as a mixed model with fixed effects of hay treatment, vaccination status, and their interaction with random effects of ranch source and individual animal. The hay treatment x vaccine status interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.03) for RFI. While the ranking changed for RFI when comparing vaccination status, no statistical difference between treatment groups were observed after a Tukey adjustment. Interestingly, the hay treatment x vaccine status interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.01) for BWT. Again, ranking did change; however, no statistical differences were observed after a Tukey adjustment. Under current study conditions, there were no clear effects on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), HCW, RFT, or LMA (Table 1). The effects of hay processing type and vaccine administration had minimal disruptions on DMI and ADG. Lamb performance may not be influenced by management interventions at the receiving phase. Further research should evaluate producer management prior to weaning and genetic factors that influence overall performance during the backgrounding and feeding phases.
PSVI-21 Long-term effects of weaning and feeding strategies during early life on performance of young bulls
Authors: David Gabriel Santos Souza , Domingos Bianca Rodrigues , Henrique Maciel Bisio Gustavo Henrique Maciel , Inácio de Abreu Mateus José Inácio José , da Ferreira Vital Mariana Natividade , de Porcionato Marco Felício , Siqueira Gustavo Rezende Rezende , de de Resende Flávio Dutra Dutra
Published: September 2024

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of different weaning and feeding strategies on the early life Nellore cattle, on performance of the rearing phase. Nellore male calves (n = 62), weighing 159 ± 16 kg, at the age of 120 d were distributed in 12 paddocks of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block [blocked by initial body weight (BW) of the calves], with paddock (i.e., group of the animals) as the experimental units. Four treatments were evaluated: 1) weaned at 120 d of age [T120; daily supplementation of 5.0 g/kg BW (as fed) from d 40 until d 240 of life], 2) weaned at 180 d of age [T180; daily supplementation of 5.0 g/kg BW (as fed) from d 40 until d 240 of life], 3) weaned at 240 d of age [T240C; daily creep-feeding supplementation of 5.0 g/kg BW (as fed) from d 40 until d 240 of life], and 4) weaned at 240 d of age (T240MM; free-choice access to mineral mix until 240 d of life). After 240 d of age, all animals were allocated to grazing area of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (12 paddocks) and they received energetic protein supplement at 10 g/kg BWּ animal-1ּ d-1, with 220 and 180 g CP/kg DM in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment, after fasting from liquids and solids for 16 h, to evaluate the performance on the rearing period, totalizing 212 d on feeding. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, version 9.4). At the beginning of the rearing, the animals from T120 had lightest BW (230 kg) and T240C had the greatest BW (283 kg; P < 0.001). Although, the animals from T240MM and T180 had similar BW (250 vs. 246 kg, respectively), but different from T120 Table 1). At the end of the rearing, BW from T120, T180 and T240MM were similar (411, 432 and 428 kg, respectively), but the BW from T240C was the greatest (454 kg; P < 0.03). The average daily gain in the rearing phase was not affected by treatments (P > 0.59). The weaning strategy of 240 d with creep-feeding supplementation promoted greatest BW at the end of rearing phase.
PSVI-24 Gene expression profiles of granulosa and peripheral white blood cells from fertile and sub-fertile beef heifers
Authors: Banerjee Priyanka , Da Diniz Wellison Jarles Silva , Dyce Paul W W
Published: September 2024

Beef heifer fertility issues contribute to a major economic loss in the cow-calf production industry. Therefore, identifying beef heifers with superior genetic potential for improved fertility would increase profitability. This study aimed to identify differences in the transcriptome profiles from granulosa and peripheral white blood cells (pWBCs) of beef heifers with varying reproductive potential. For this, Angus-Simmental crossbred heifers were subjected to an estrus synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination (AI) protocol (7-D CO-Synch + CIDR) followed by exposure for 60-d to a fertile bull. Depending on the presence or absence of conceptus 120 d post-AI, heifers were classified as fertile (pregnant by AI) or sub-fertile (non-pregnant by AI or bull-breeding). Pregnancies were terminated, and all animals in both groups (fertile, n = 8; and sub-fertile, n = 5) were cycling when the blood and ovaries were collected from each heifer. Total RNA was extracted from the pWBCs and granulosa cells and subjected to library preparation and sequencing on the Nova-Seq platform. The read counts were obtained after data quality control using FastQC v0.11.9 and MultiQC v1.12 and alignment to the Ensemble’s ARS UCD1.2 Bos taurus genome reference using STAR aligner v2.7.5. The filtered data were subjected to differential expression analysis using DESeq2. We identified 1,061 and 72 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with P-values ≤ 0.05 and absolute (log2 fold change) ≥ 0.5 from pWBC and granulosa, respectively. Notably, 12 targets including 9 protein coding genes (PLCL1, DNER, GNAS, CDH3, PER1, ITGA2B, CXCL12, ENSBTAG00000048613, ENSBTAG00000051519), bta-mir-2887-1, 5-8S-rRNA and U5 were found as DEGs in both the tissues. Based on a differential co-expression analysis using PCIT, we identified GNAS and DNER as hub genes in pWBC and the granulosa cells of the sub-fertile heifer group. The 12 shared genes were over-represented for pathways such as NF kappa B and chemokine signaling, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and platelet activation. Some of the identified genes have been previously associated with fertility, while others are novel. A detailed understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms of the top genes and a follow-up study with a larger sample size at different time points could validate the candidates identified in this study for their role as potential therapeutic targets.
PSIX-2 Skin microbial compositions differ among dog body sites and are affected by dietary probiotics
Authors: Lin Ching-Yen , Daristotle Leighann , Frantz Nolan
Published: September 2024

The study aimed to characterize the skin microbiota across four distinct body sites and investigate the impact of dietary probiotics on the skin microbiota of healthy adult dogs. Healthy adult dogs [n = 60; mean age = 6.2 ± 2.8 yr; mean body weight (BW) = 13.1 ± 4.0 kg] were randomly assigned into three treatment groups and fed for 60 d: a control kibble diet (CON; n = 20; 29.0% crude protein, 10.1% crude fat, 9.9% crude fiber, 7.1% ash, as-fed), CON supplemented with Bifidobacterium longum 548 (CON-B; n = 20), or CON supplemented with Bifidobacterium longum 548 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 451 (CON-B-L; n = 20). All dogs were individually housed in a temperature- and humidity-controlled research facility. Protocols were approved by the facility’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee before the study. On d 60, skin swab samples were collected from the dorsal lumbar area, right axilla, right groin, and right ear concave pinnae of each dog using sterile swabs. These samples were placed into bead tubes and stored at -20°C until analysis. DNA extraction from skin swab samples was followed by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA using Illumina sequencing on a MiSiq. Sequence data were processed through QIIME 2.0, and statistical analysis was performed using R 4.3.1. to test differences between body sites and diets, with a significance threshold set at P < 0.05. The predominant bacterial phyla observed across all body sites were Actinobacteria (40 ± 21.7%), Firmicutes (31.2 ± 17.9 %), Proteobacteria (17.9 ± 13.3%), and Bacteroidetes (6.6 ± 6.1%). Additionally, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia were exclusive to the groin region. Considering data from all body sites, diets affected relative abundances of phyla and genera in dogs. At phylum level, dogs fed the CON-B diet displayed greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Actinobacteria compared with those on the CON diet. The CON-B diet also resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes than dogs on either the CON or CON-B-L diets. At genus level, dogs on the CON-B diet showed significantly greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Clostridium, Clostridiaceae unclassified, and Lachnospiraceae unclassified compared with the other diet groups. Dogs on the CON diet displayed a greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Dietzia compared with those on probiotic-supplemented diets. These findings underscore the variation in skin microbial composition across distinct body sites, contributing valuable data to limited information available on the skin microbiota of dogs. Moreover, consumption of probiotic influenced the skin microbial compositions in dogs, which warrant further studies to elucidate the relationship between probiotics, skin microbiota, and skin health in dogs.
PSIX-11 Effects of black soldier fly larvae on the serum chemistry, hematology, fecal characteristics, and oral health measures of healthy adult cats
Authors: Oba Patrícia M , De La Guardia-Hidrogo Vanessa M , Mioto Julio , Adams Daniel , Swanson Kelly S
Published: September 2024

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) serve as an alternative protein source for pet food products. Even though BSFL are one of many insect species being added to dog foods and treats, knowledge of its effects in cats remains limited. Further investigations are imperative to delineate the effects of BSFL-based ingredients in cats. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of BSFL on serum chemistry, hematology, fecal characteristics, and oral health measures of adult cats. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois IACUC prior to experimentation. Adult cats [n = 25; 17 females, 8 males; 6.28 ± 0.27 yr of age; 4.50 ± 0.18 kg body weight (BW)] were used in a completely randomized design. The study was composed of a 21-d baseline phase and a 70-d experimental phase. During the baseline phase, all cats were fed a control diet based on chicken meal (35% of diet). After baseline, cats were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental diets: control diet (n = 12) or BSFL-containing diet (20% whole BSFL meal and 24% chicken meal; n = 13). At baseline, teeth were cleaned by a veterinary dentist. Breath samples were analyzed for volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), salivary pH was measured, and blood samples were collected for serum chemistry and hematology at baseline and after 35 d and 70 d on treatment. At baseline and after 70 d on treatment, fecal samples were scored and collected for pH, dry matter, and metabolite measurement. Gingivitis, plaque, and calculus scores were performed by a veterinary dentist after 70 d on treatment. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS. Diet, time, and diet*time interaction effects were tested, with P < 0.05 being considered significant. Over time, VSC increased (P < 0.0001) in all cats, but was unaffected by diet. Diet*time interactions were observed for fecal pH, fecal scores, and blood cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Blood cholesterol concentrations increased (P < 0.05) over time in cats fed the control diet, but remained stable in cats fed the BSFL diet. The opposite effect was observed with blood triglycerides. Triglyceride concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in cats fed the BSFL diet over time, but were stable in cats fed the control diet. Cats consuming BSFL had reduced (P < 0.05) fecal pH, dry matter content, and protein catabolite concentrations, but increased (P < 0.05) fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and fecal scores. Overall, 20% BSFL dietary inclusion had comparable effects as chicken meal, suggesting that it will serve as a suitable replacement in cat foods.
PSIX-13 Methionine requirements across the life cycle of working Labrador Retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique
Authors: Dickerson Sarah M , Timlin Claire L , McCracken Fiona B , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N
Published: September 2024

Methionine is a limiting amino acid in canine diets, but few requirement studies have been conducted across life stages in large-breed dogs. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum requirement (MR) for methionine (Met) in Labrador retrievers at 4 life stages using the indicator amino acid (AA) oxidation (IAAO) technique. In total, 24 dogs were used: 6 puppies aged 10 to 14 wk, 6 puppies aged 14 wk to 9 mo, 6 adults aged 2 to 5 yr, and 6 seniors aged over 8 yr in feeding studies to evaluate the changing requirements of methionine (Met) as canines age. After 2-d adaptation to Met-adequate basal diet (Met = 0.56% dry matter), dogs underwent individual IAAO studies. In brief, all dogs were randomly fed one of six test diets with varying levels of Met ranging from deficient to sufficient (final Met content in experimental diets was 0.1982, 0.2386, 0.279, 0.49, 0.525, 0.56% dry matter, with indispensable amino acids formulated at 1.6x NRC values. Test diet was divided into 13 equal meals; at the 5th meal, a tracer amino acid was supplied (a bolus L-[1-13C]phenylalanine based on body weight was first given, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every 30 min spanning a 4-h period), and breath samples were collected via respiration mask every 30 min. Total production of 13CO2 during isotopic steady state was determined by enrichment of 13CO2 in breath samples and total CO2 production measured via indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using segmented linear regression. The Four Rivers mean and population requirements for Met were estimated to be 0.84 ± 0.05 g/1000 kcal (mean ± 2SD) for puppies 10 to 14 wk, 0.78 ± 0.16 g/1,000kcal (mean ± 2SD) for puppies 14 wk to -9 mo, 0.68 ± 0.19 g/1,000kcal (mean ± 2SD) for adults 2 to 5 yr, and 0.62 ± 0.17 g/1,000kcal (mean ± 2SD) for seniors. This research provides important information to assist in accurate formulation of diets that contain appropriate methionine for large breed dogs at all life stages.
PSIX-8 A multistrain probiotic modifies fecal microbial populations of healthy adult cats
Authors: Guevara Zubillaga Marcial A , Jørgensen Jens Noesgaard , Jørgensen Lisbeth , Alaverdova Lidiia
Published: September 2024

Probiotics can modulate the intestinal microbiota and benefit the host’s health, whereas environmental stressors can negatively impact the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), most commonly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, are well-known organisms with probiotic potential. The objective of this study was to determine the impact on the fecal microbial population of healthy Cats, after ingestion of a probiotic blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus-286, Bifidobacterium animalis subs. Lactis-689, and Enterococcus faecium-202. Thirty adult cats (15 male, 15 female; mean BW=3.39 kg; mean age=3.3 y) were enrolled in this placebo-controlled and blinded study. After a 7-d washout period, cats were allocated into two groups similar in terms of body weight, age, and sex. Cats were fed a complete dry extruded diet and at time 0 h on d-0 received orally 4 g of a placebo paste or probiotic paste corresponding to the target dose of 4x107 total CFU. Administration of the placebo or probiotic was repeated 12 h and 24 h after the first dose. Afterward, fecal scores were evaluated daily for 7 days. Fresh fecal samples were collected on days 0, 3, and 7 for microbial enumerations and fecal metabolite measurements. Fecal microbial count data did not conform to the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances, consequently, non-parametric tests were performed for comparisons. Fecal scores, dry matter, and metabolites were not different between groups. Fecal counts of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Enterococcus spp. were greater on both d-3 and d-7 (P < 0.01) in cats that consumed probiotics. Fecal counts of both Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens were fewer (P < 0.05) in cats that consumed probiotics. In conclusion, the consumption by cats on d-0 of a probiotic blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus-286, Bifidobacterium animalis subs. Lactis-689, and Enterococcus faecium-202 modified the intestinal microbiota up to 7 days after consumption, as evidenced by the increase of lactic acid bacteria and the decrease of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in feces.
PSIX-4 Standardized amino acid digestibility of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in extruded canine diets
Authors: Mioto Julio , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , Madison Sean , Adolphe Jennifer , de Godoy Maria R C
Published: September 2024

The use of insects, such as black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM), as an alternative protein source for animal feed, including pet food, has gained attention due to their high nutritional value and sustainability attributes. The aims of the study were to determine the chemical composition and amino acid digestibility of canine diets using BSFL to partially or completely replace chicken meal (CM) at 15% or 30% inclusion using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Fifteen cecectomized roosters (n = 5 per treatment) were randomly assigned to the test diets: Control, 15% BSFLM, and 30% BSFLM. After 26 h of feed withdrawal, 20 g of substrates were crop-fed and excreta were collected for 48 h. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc Mixed 9.4 with P ≤ 0.05 significance. The chemical composition was similar among all 3 dietary treatments. On average, the diets had similar macronutrient compositions: dry matter 92 to 93.7%, organic matter 89%, crude protein (CP) 26.7 to 28.4%, acid hydrolyzed fat 14.6%, total dietary fiber (TDF) 11.5 to 13.3%, and gross energy was 4.9 kcal/g. The slight variations in CP and TDF concentrations were due to the BSFLM. Additionally, all diets had similar concentrations of indispensable and dispensable amino acids. The standardized digestibility for all indispensable amino acids was above 75% for all dietary treatments, except histidine, lysine, and methionine + cysteine for the 30% BSFLM diet. The inclusion of BSFLM at both 15% or 30%, as a partial or full replacement of chicken by-product meal, did not negatively impact the chemical composition or amino acid digestibility of the experimental diets. Overall, this study highlighted the viability of BSFLM as an alternative and sustainable protein source in canine nutrition, indicating that extruded diets formulated with BSFLM as a partial or primary protein source can sustain adult dogs’ nutritional needs similarly to diets formulated with CM.
PSIX-3 Dental stick extrusion utilizing spray dried plasma
Authors: Campbell Joy , Henry Will
Published: September 2024

Dental stick extrusion utilizes various ingredients to form the ideal texture and quality product. Alternative ingredients to enhance or impact texture, palatability and/or plaque removal can be useful to improve dental stick manufacturing. Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a consistent high protein ingredient commonly utilized in pet food for functional texture properties, enhancing palatability, and supporting overall health. Thus, the study objective was to evaluate how SDP inclusion with other ingredients impacts texture of extruded dental formulas. Three formulas were developed utilizing SDP to replace wheat starch (WS) or Arabic gum in the control formula. The formulas were: Control: WS and gum; SDP1: SDP and WS replacing gum; and SDP2: SDP replacing WS and gum. Dental sticks were made at the Extru-Tech technology testing center using a 525 single screw extruder with the product densification unit (PDU) removed and replaced with a mid-barrel valve and 3 cooling heads to cause densification. The sticks were manufactured as solid square sticks. Generally, a single screw with a PDU, or a traditional parallel-shaft twin screw is used to manufacture dental sticks. However, the equipment alterations used worked like a single screw with a PDU; thus, it would be expected that the results would translate to a traditional single screw configuration. Glycerin at 12% (% to dry feed rate) and chicken fat were added to the pre-conditioner at set rates to optimize expansion and product quality. Processing conditions were monitored and adjusted on the various formulations during production to optimize extrusion. Texture was measured on a TA.XT Plus utilizing an adjustable bridge with a rounded-end knife probe for a 3-point bend. Dental sticks of 8 cm in length were placed over the two bridge spans spaced 5 cm apart to measure maximum force (hardness) and work to peak force (work to break) to determine texture parameters. Ten dental sticks per treatment were analyzed. All formulas utilizing SDP were successful in producing dental sticks. No differences (P > 0.05) were noted in force with SDP formulas compared with control. Work to peak was greater (P < 0.05) in SDP formulas compared with control formula. Formulation matrix impacts results. In the current formulas, both Arabic gum and WS were altered in the formulas and depending on amount of SDP used similar texture was noted. In conclusion, SDP can be incorporated into dental stick formulas and utilized as a processing aide. Overall, depending on target hardness and ingredient matrix, SDP can be an alternative to various ingredients to maintain or improve product quality.
PSIX-6 Algal oil as an alternative source of docosahexaenoic acid in feline diets
Authors: Motsinger Laura A , Kalmbach Catherine , Fritsch Dale , Mwakatage Nasson , Hancock Leslie B
Published: September 2024

The global demand for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation by humans and their necessity in companion animal foods has raised questions related to environmental sustainability and nutrient content of fish oil. The combination of reported diminishing EPA and DHA content in fish oil and the forecasting of a significant decline in global fish stocks over the next decade make it critical to consider alternative sources of omega-3 fatty acids to reduce dependence on fish harvests. Cultured algal oil has been identified as a promising and viable alternative to fish-based oils. As such, the purpose of this study was to determine the inclusion level of algal oil in cat foods necessary to deliver the same serum concentrations of DHA provided from fish oil. Cats (n = 26) were first fed a control food formulated to avoid ingredients that contain long chain omega-3 fatty acids [ɑ-linolenic (ALA), EPA, and DHA] for 5 wk, to establish a baseline serum concentrations of these fatty acids. Cats were then randomized into two groups, and fed test foods containing either fish oil or algal oil in sequential increasing levels of DHA (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) for 5-wk periods each. Blood was analyzed for serum DHA and EPA concentrations after each of these feeding periods. A regression analysis was used to calculate a bioequivalence factor between fish oil and algal oil inclusion levels. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in intake or body weight between cats consuming diets containing algal oil or fish oil. Analysis of serum fatty acid concentrations showed that increasing fish and algal oil had no effect (P > 0.05) on serum linolenic acid, ALA, or arachidonic acid; however, increasing fish and algal oil did have an effect on DHA such that serum DHA was increased at similar rates as fish oil (P = 0.050) and algal oil (P = 0.026) levels were increased in the diet. Although increasing levels of fish and algal oil both increased serum EPA concentrations (P < 0.001), fish oil increased serum EPA to a greater extent than algal oil when fed at all levels. Overall, these data indicate that inclusion of algal oil is a good alternative dietary source of DHA, but less of EPA, and that algal oil will need to be added to the diet in higher concentrations to achieve similar serum EPA concentrations as fish oil.
PSIX-14 Circulating microRNAs associated with inflammation in aging canines
Authors: Tavener Selena K , Panickar Kiran S
Published: September 2024

Aging is associated with ‘inflammaging’ which is characterized by systemic chronic low-grade inflammation. The increase in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines contributes to adverse health conditions including chronic kidney disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction in aging canines. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which bind to the target mRNAs to reduce their function. Depending on the target mRNAs, the miRNAs act as post-transcriptional silencers of gene expression including pro-inflammatory genes. miRNAs can regulate inflammation at different times including the initiation and progression phases. We investigated the expression profiles of circulating miRNAs in blood, collected from healthy canines housed at Hill’s animal colony, in young (n = 6, 2 to 3 yr) and old (n = 6, 10 to 11 yr). Gene expression was assessed in blood collected in PAXgene RNA tubes using Qiagen’s miCURY LNA PCR array. Data were analyzed using the ΔΔCt method normalized to miR-191. There was a significant increase in the levels of miR182-5p in older dogs when compared with young (1.44-fold; P < 0.05). Increased level of miR-182 has been reported in models of osteoarthritis in rodents. In addition, miR-182 is hypothesized to regulate inflammation by affecting FOXO3 production. Down regulation of FOXO3, a transcription factor, is implicated in several aging-related vascular diseases. There was an increase in miR-204-5p in older dogs (3.64-fold; P < 0.05). miR-204 has been reported to downregulate TRPML1, a gene involved in mitochondrial autophagy which is important to preserve mitochondrial function in aging. Interestingly, miR-204-5p has also been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, the role of miR-204 in the aging process in canines is unclear. Genes that were significantly downregulated in older dogs include miR-181b (-1.60-fold) and miR-192-5p (-1.67 fold). Both miRNA-181b and miR-192 have tumor suppressor effects and downregulation of these miRNA may contribute to certain types of cancer including gastric tumors, gliomas, and pancreatic cancer. There was also a reduction in miR-146b in aging dogs compared with young (-1.36 fold, ns). As COX-2 and IL-1b can be negatively regulated by miR-146, an increase in inflammation is conceivable due to reduced levels of miR-146. Other miRNAs that were decreased more than 1.25-fold in aging dogs include miR-7, miR-15a, miR-17, miR-23a, miR-31, miR-103a, miR-133, miR-133b, miR-146b, miR-148a, miR-181a, miR-200b, miR-203a, miR-205, miR-210, miR-223, and miR-499a (all ns). Our results highlight, at the molecular level, the importance of profiling the circulating miRNAs that can affect inflammation in aging canines and are potential targets for nutritional intervention.
PSIX-12 Influence of obesity on satiety hormones, serum metabolome, and fecal microbiome in adult dogs
Authors: Ren Ping , Panasevich Matt , Daristotle Leighann , Frantz Nolan
Published: September 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate the difference between lean and obese dogs in terms of their satiety hormones, serum metabolome, and fecal microbiome. Mixed-breed lean (n = 30; 17 male and 13 female; 4.0 ± 2.5 yr of age; 24.6 ± 6.3% body fat) and obese (n = 30; 19 male and 11 female; 7.3 ± 2.1 yr of age; 46.9 ± 3.9% body fat) adult dogs were used in this study. Blood samples were collected to measure satiety hormones and serum metabolome, and fresh fecal samples were collected for microbiome analysis. It was hypothesized that obese dogs had altered metabolism and gut microbiome compared with lean dogs. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS, using body type as the fixed effect and dog as the random effect. Results showed that obese dogs had greater (P < 0.05) serum leptin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations, but reduced (P < 0.05) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) than lean dogs. Serum concentrations of all essential amino acids except for threonine in obese dogs were greater (P < 0.05) than in lean dogs. Obese dogs also had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of serum N-Lactoyl amino acids and dipeptides except for prolylglycine than their lean counterparts. Additionally, concentrations of serum long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were less (P < 0.05; only for myristate, pentadecanoate, and non-adecanoate) or similar in obese dogs compared with lean dogs. Serum oxidative stress makers, such as oxidized glutathione, cysteine-glutathione, and 4-hydroxynonenal, were greater (P < 0.05) in obese dogs than lean dogs. Furthermore, obese dogs had less (P < 0.05) fecal Firmicutes, but greater (P < 0.05) fecal Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, compared with lean dogs. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in fecal microbiome alpha diversity, such as Chao1 and Shannon index, between lean and obese dogs. In conclusion, obese dogs had differential body metabolism and gut microbiome compared with lean dogs.
PSXII-27 Effects of different doses of aflatoxin B1 on the ruminal fermentation parameters and microbial populations of goats
Authors: Li Fucan , Peng Jing , Wang Xi , Shi Haitao
Published: September 2024

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in feed is posing a serious threat to animal health and performance. This study investigated the ruminal fermentation parameters and microbial populations of goats in response to different doses of AFB1. Saanen goats = 18) were randomly divided into three groups: basal diet group (CON), basal diet with the addition of 50 µg/kg AFB1 (LD), and basal diet with the addition of 500 µg/kg AFB1 (HD). The feeding experiment lasted for 14 d and all goats were housed in individual pens. Ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFAs) of different groups were detected by gas chromatography techniques and metagenomic techniques were applied to analyze the rumen microbiome. Results showed that the ruminal pH, the concentration of acetate, propionate, and total VFAs was decreased quadratically (P < 0.01) with increasing AFB1 levels. The concentration of butyrate was decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with greater AFB1 levels (Table 1). At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Chytridiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mucoromycota were less (P < 0.05) in the HD group (Table 1). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Neocallimastix was less (P < 0.05) in the HD group, while the relative abundance of Bacteroides was greater (P < 0.05) in the HD group. KEGG analysis revealed that the carbohydrate metabolism pathway was enriched in LD group (P < 0.05); folding, sorting and degradation, cell growth and death, signal transduction, and transport and catabolism were enriched in CON group (P < 0.05); whereas global and overview maps, metabolism of other amino acids, amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism were represented more abundantly (P < 0.05) in HD group Table 2). Lastly, annotation using the CAZy database revealed that most enzymes were classified as glycoside hydrolases (GH, 40.1%), followed by glycosyltransferases (GT, 29.1%), carbohydrate esterases (CE, 13.8%), and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM, 12.5%). CBM family 56 and GH family 94 were more (P < 0.05) abundant in LD group. GH family 30 and GH family 74 were more (P < 0.05) abundant in HD group, while 7 CAZymes (GT92, GT20, CE7, GT32, GT35, GT57, and GT50) were more (P < 0.05) abundant in the CON group. This study demonstrates that AFB1 could induce modifications in the microbiota profile, impact the degradation of carbohydrates and result in diminished concentrations of VFAs. This ultimately hinders both digestibility and average daily gain of the goats. This study provides valuable insights into the microbial and metabolic changes occurring in the rumen in response to AFB1 exposure, contributing to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to the observed physiological effects in goats. Further exploration of these metabolic pathways could aid in the development of targeted strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of AFB1 on rumen health and animal performance.
PSVIII-9 Effects of growth implants and timing of vaccination on calf immunity and growth performance
Authors: Lasso-Ramirez Sergio David , Lardner H (Bart) A , Londono-Mendez Maria Camila , Ramirez-Sepulveda Vanesa , da Silva Gleise Medeiros
Published: September 2024

This study assessed calf growth performance and blood parameters of beef calves under different growth implants and timing of vaccination protocols. Crossbreed beef calves (n = 59) were stratified by birth body weight (BW) and age (41 ± 5.2 kg of BW and 70 ± 8 d of age) and randomly assigned in a split-plot design with implant strategy as the main plot and timing of vaccination as the subplot. The main plot (treatment) consisted of 3 implant strategies: 1) Synovex C (SC; n = 20; 100 mg progesterone/10 mg estradiol benzoate, or 2) Synovex One Grower (SG; n = 19; 150 mg trenbolone acetate and 21 mg estradiol benzoate; or 3) no implant (CON; n = 20). Subplot treatments were the timing of vaccination booster against bovine respiratory disease pathogens on 1) weaning (WV; n = 29) or 2) 7-d post-weaning (PWV; n = 30). Cow-calf pairs were treated alike in a single pasture during the pre-weaning phase, receiving the same vaccine (Bovi-Shield Gold One Shot and Ultrabac 7) on d 0 (implantation day) and booster time (WV or PWV). After weaning (approximately 187 d of age), calves were allocated in a single pen receiving ad libitum hay until d 60 post-weaning. Body weight and blood were collected on d 0, weaning, d 0 and 28 relative to vaccination booster, and d 60 post-weaning. Blood was collected to determine insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), cortisol, and leptin concentrations and to perform a complete blood cell count. WV calves had decreased cortisol concentrations on booster day and 28 d post-vaccine (P = 0.01). Regardless of implant treatment, calves tended to have decreased IGF-1 concentrations 28-d post-vaccine booster (P = 0.09). An effect of treatment (P < 0.01) was detected for lymphocyte counts, with CON having greater concentrations vs. SG and SC calves. A treatment × timing of vaccination (P < 0.01) interaction was detected for monocyte counts, where SG-PWV calves had the greatest concentrations. A treatment effect (P < 0.02) was observed for eosinophil percentage, where SG had reduced percentages than CON, while SC was intermediate. An effect of treatment was detected for leptin (P < 0.01), with SG calves having the least, CON being intermediate, and SC the greatest concentrations. From d 0 to 60 d post-weaning, SG tended to have greater ADG (P ≤ 0.07) compared with CON, while SC was intermediate. On d 28 and d 35 post-weaning, calves implanted with SG were heavier (P ≤ 0.04) than the CON but not than SC. In summary, this study demonstrates that growth implants and timing of vaccination significantly affect both physiological parameters and growth performance in beef calves. Implanting calves with Synovex One Grower resulted in improved growth performance.
PSVIII-10 Genetic parameter estimates of postmortem muscle activity in purebred male turkeys (Meleagris gallopovo)
Authors: Lomas Emily M , Jahnel Ricarda E , Makanjuola Bayode O , Vanderhout Ryley J , Willems Owen W , Barbut Shai , Wood Benjamin , Baes Christine F , Leishman Emily M
Published: September 2024

The poultry processing sector has a critical role in fulfilling the global demand for high-quality protein sources and turkey meat is a significant contributor to that market. During poultry slaughter, wing flapping and body movement may occur, primarily driven by the large breast muscles (Pectoralis major and minor). This postmortem muscular activity may have an impact on meat quality attributes such as drip loss, shear force, and breast meat color, and this can influence consumer satisfaction and the marketability of poultry products. The objective of this study was to use an animal model to estimate genetic parameters for postmortem muscle activity in turkeys during slaughter at a commercial poultry processing plant. A dataset including observations from male turkeys (n = 4,899) was collected between June 2018 and November 2019, with a pedigree comprising 25,081 individuals from six purebred genetic lines. An animal model including the fixed effects genetic line, age, hatch week-year, and body weight (BW) was implemented into ASReml 4.2. Postmortem muscle activity was scored by a single observer using a 1 to 4 categorical scale, where score 1 represents none to minimal muscle quivering, score 2 represents mild wing flapping, score 3 represents moderate spasmodic body movement and curled body posture, and score 4 represents severe wing flapping and full body movement. Heritability for postmortem wing flapping activity was low and estimated to be 0.06 ± 0.022. Further research is needed to evaluate the best model for this trait and estimate genetic correlations with other economically important traits. This study represents a first step toward improving meat quality through the investigation of postmortem muscle activity.
PSVIII-6 Effect of adding plant extracted saponin (PES) on accumulative gas production kinetics and methane emission of the prairie blend pelleted feed products in ruminant system
Authors: Hidayat Taufiq , Rodríguez Espinosa María E , Newkirk Rex N , Lardner H (Bart) A , Yu Peiqiang
Published: September 2024

The objectives of this study were to study the effect of adding plant extracted saponin (PES) as phytochemical feed additive on in vitro accumulative gas production kinetics and methane (CH4) emission of blend pelleted feed products in ruminant system. Four levels of PES (0, 1, 2, 3%) were added to canola meal and pea mixtures with two different ratios (CMP1: 50:50; CMP2: 70:30) which were used to make Prairie blend pellet feed products. The accumulative gas production kinetics and CH4 were determined using in vitro systems. Ruminal fluid for in vitro studies was obtained from rumen fistulated lactation dairy cows. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with the PES level as a fixed effect and in vitro run with fistulated animals as a random effect. The data were analyzed using Mixed Model Procedure of SAS. Polynomial contract was used to determine linear and quadratic relationship. The results showed that adding PES did not significantly affect the asymptotic production (a) with an average of 104.06 ± 12.38 (SD) mL/g DM, the gas production fractional rate (c) with an average of 1.00 ± 0.90 %/h, the average production at one-half of asymptotic production (AP) with an average 11.26 ± 0.87 mL and lag time with an average of 2.08 ± 0.81 h. As to CH4 emission at different incubation times, the result showed that at short incubation times (2 h, 4 h, 12 h), adding PES showed numerically reduced CH4 from 277 to 1.08 mL/g (at 2 h) and 4.39 to 1.59 mL/g (at 4 h). With increasing PES level, CH4 was significantly linearly reduced (P = 0.019) from 8.31 to 6.30 mL/g at 12h incubation time. At long incubation (24 h), adding PES did not have significant impact on CH4. In conclusion, adding PES at the studied levels to Prairie blend pellet feed products did not significantly affect accumulative gas production kinetics but it had a high potential to decrease CH4 emission at short incubation times.