bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of variation in serum globulin concentrations in dairy cattle
Authors: Chorfi Younès , Lanevschi‐Pietersma Anne , Girard Vincent , Tremblay Armand
Published: March 2008

Background:Several factors may influence the concentration of serum globulins in healthy cows and thereby affect clinical interpretation; however, few studies have addressed sources of variation in globulin values.

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to compare colorimetry‐based total serum globulin values with electrophoretically‐determined serum globulin fractions and with IgG concentration, and to evaluate diurnal and long‐term physiological variation and the effects of lactation and venipuncture site on serum globulin concentrations in Holstein dairy cattle.

Methods:Serum total globulin and albumin concentrations were analyzed by colorimetry and electrophoresis in 86 lactating cows; IgG concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion in 41 dry and 34 lactating cows. Serum globulins were analyzed hourly for 24 hours in 8 lactating cows and weekly for 15 weeks in 6 additional cows. Globulin concentrations were compared in samples obtained from jugular and coccygeal venipuncture sites in 4 cows. Results were analyzed using parametric statistical tests.

Results:Colorimetry‐based total serum globulin concentrations correlated well with y‐globulin fractions (r2= 0.87) and IgG concentrations (r2= 0.91). Diurnal variation of total serum globulins concentration was significant (P= .01); however, globulins did not vary significantly over a 15‐week period. Mean serum globulins concentration in samples obtained from the jugular vein was 2.35 g/L higher than that in samples obtained by coccygeal venipuncture (P< .0001).

Conclusions:The colorimetric method used widely in routine laboratory analyses remains a useful test for globulins determination in dairy cattle. However, time of sampling and venipuncture site should be considered in the interpretation of serum globulins on serial or interindividual specimens.
Inaccuracy of routine creatinine measurement in canine urine
Authors: Trumel Catherine , Diquélou Armelle , Lefebvre Hervé , Braun Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2008

Background:Urine creatinine concentration often is used in ratios such as urine protein:creatinine to compensate for dilution or concentration of spot urine samples. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of different techniques of urine creatinine measurement currently available for veterinary practitioners.

Methods:In 104 samples of canine urine diluted 1:20 with distilled water, creatinine concentration was measured using a kinetic Jaffé reaction assay, and an enzymatic technique on an automatic analyzer (Elimat) and 3 benchtop analyzers (Reflovet, Scil; Vitros DT2, Ortho‐Clinical Diagnostics; Vettest 8008, IDEXX) used in veterinary practice.

Results:The Jaffé and enzymatic techniques on the Elimat were not significantly different, and their inaccuracy tested with human control urines was <5%. The benchtop analyzers underestimated creatinine concentration, especially at concentrations >2000 mg/L. Inaccuracy was higher with multilayer slide technology systems (Vitros and Vettest) than with the Reflovet system. Results were approximately 25% and 2% lower, respectively, than with the Elimat at urine creatinine concentrations about 2000 mg/L. Conclusion: Inaccuracy in urine creatinine measurements using benchtop analyzers should be taken into account when defining decision thresholds, which should be corrected according to the method used to avoid misinterpretations.
Comparison of amylase and lipase activities in serum and plasma of dogs
Authors: Médaille C. , Briend‐Marchal A.
Published: March 2008

Background: Amylase and lipase activities are most often determined in serum, although heparinized plasma is more convenient to obtain and is used for many routine biochemical analyses. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare amylase and lipase activities in serum and plasma of dogs and to determine whether either specimen type is acceptable for analysis.

Methods: Serum and heparinized plasma were obtained from 101 randomly selected dogs and analyzed in parallel for α‐amylase and lipase. Results were compared using Passing‐Bablock regression, Bland‐Altman difference plots, and correlation analysis.

Results: There was a high correlation between the results obtained from serum and those from plasma. Regressions (with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) were as follows: lipaseplasma= 0.984 (0.976/0.995) × lipaseSerum ‐ 0.9 (2.9/0.7) (r= .999); α‐amylaseplasma= 1.003 (0.977/1.032) ×α‐amylaseserum ‐ 1.9 (‐20.7/23.3) (r = .991). Mean differences (serum ‐ plasma) were 8 U/L and 4 U/L for lipase and α‐amylase, respectively. Classification of results as normal or abnormal did not differ according to specimen type.

Conclusion: In dogs, lipase and α‐amylase activites can be determined with the same level of accuracy in serum and in heparinized plasma.
Molecular methods to distinguish reactive and neoplastic lymphocyte expansions and their importance in transitional neoplastic states
Authors: Avery Paul R. , Avery Anne C.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Although lymphoma and leukemia usually can be diagnosed by routine cytology and histology, some cases present a diagnostic challenge for pathologists and clinicians. Often the dilemma lies in determining whether a population of lymphocytes is reactive or neoplastic. We review currently available methods for analyzing lymphocyte populations by immunophenotyping and by identifying clonally rearranged immunoglobulin and T‐cell receptor genes and discuss how these tests can be used to clarify such diagnostic dilemmas. We also describe the detection of chromosomal abnormalities and methods on the horizon, such as gene expression profiling, to identify diagnostically useful oncogenes. Finally, we review the emerging concept of transitional neoplastic states, in which reactive lymphocytes transform to neoplastic lymphocytes in the presence of continued antigenic stimulation, such as that caused by infection withHelicobacter pylori. The existence of transitional neoplastic states underscores the need for an array of molecular diagnostic tools that would improve our ability to characterize lymphocyte populations in human and animal patients and enhance early detection of neoplastic lymphocytes such that eradication of the infectious or inflammatory stimulus could lead to cure. (Vet Clin Pathol2004;33:196–207)
Evaluation of a chromogenic assay to measure the factor Xa inhibitory activity of unfractionated heparin in canine plasma
Authors: Brooks Marjory B.
Published: March 2008

Background: Unfractionated heparin (UFH) has a complex pharmacologic profile that necessitates patient monitoring to prevent inadequate anticoagulation or overdosage and hemorrhage. Factor Xa inhibitory assays (to measure anti‐Xa activity) are used to adjust UFH dosage and define safe and effective regimens for specific thrombotic disorders in humans. Objective: In this study, the accuracy, linearity, and clinical utility of a chromogenic assay were assessed for monitoring UFH anti‐Xa activity in canine plasma samples.

Methods: A commercial assay (Rotachrom Heparin, Diagnostica Stago, Parsippany, NJ, USA) was used to measure anti‐Xa activity in canine plasma samples spiked with different concentrations of UFH. Background absorbance and assay linearity were compared for canine and human plasmas. Percentage recovery of UFH anti‐Xa activity and intra‐ and interassay imprecisions were investigated by multiple measurements of canine plasma to which known amounts of UFH were added. The spiked plasma samples also were used to determine the heparin sensitivity of an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) test.

Results: Canine plasma samples were assayed at a higher dilution than were human plasma samples (3:8 versus 4:8) to eliminate higher background anti‐Xa activity in canine plasma. Using this modification, the recovery of anti‐Xa activity in canine plasma was linear (R2 > .9) at concentrations of 0–0.75 U/mL UFH. Intra‐ and interassay imprecisions for plasma samples containing 0.5 U/mL UFH were <10%, whereas samples containing 0.25 U/mL UFH had imprecisions of 13% and 24%, respectively. The anti‐Xa activity range of 0.5–0.75 U/mL caused prolongation of aPTTs to 1.5–2.5 times the assay mean.

Conclusions: Plasma anti‐Xa activity of dogs treated with UFH can be accurately monitored using this commercially‐available chromogenic assay.
Molecular cloning and expression of canine hepcidin
Authors: Fry Michael M. , Liggett Jason L. , Baek Seung Joon
Published: March 2008

Background: Hepcidin is a recently identified acute phase protein with antimicrobial and iron regulatory functions. It has been suggested that hepcidin may be the key mediator of anemia of chronic disease. Our research group is interested in developing a diagnostic assay to measure hepcidin in dogs.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to clone and sequence the canine hepcidin gene and to gather preliminary data about tissue expression of hepcidin in dogs.

Methods: RNA was extracted from fresh canine liver tissue and cDNA was generated and amplified. Standard reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques were used with degenerate primers based on sequence homo logy between several other species. The amino acid (AA) sequence was compared with known sequences in other species. Tissue expression of canine hepcidin was determined by Western blot.

Results: The canine hepcidin cDNA sequence encoded a highly conserved protein of 85 AAs with 8 cysteine residues at the C‐terminal end. This protein was likely the precursor form (pro‐hepcidin) of a smaller secreted peptide. Phylogenetic analysis showed that human hepcidin was more homologous with canine than with rodent hepcidin. In dogs, as in people, hepcidin was expressed most strongly in the liver. Western blotting showed a clear band of approximately 9 kDa, consistent with pro‐hepcidin. Weak expression was also detected in canine kidney and lung tissues. Conclusion: The results of this study establish the basis for future investigation involving canine hepcidin and suggest that the dog may be a suitable model for studying the role of hepcidin in human health and disease.
Determination of free and total cyst(e)ine in plasma of dogs and cats
Authors: Tôrres Cristina L. , Miller Joshua W. , Rogers Quinton R.
Published: March 2008

Background: In human blood, the amino acid cysteine forms disulfide bonds with itself and with other sulfhydryl compounds in their free form and with sulfhydryls in protein. Protein‐bound cysteine is lost when plasma proteins are removed before amino acid analysis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the time course and extent of cyst(e)ine (cysteine + half‐cystine) loss in dog and cat plasma.

Methods: An equal volume of 6% sulfosalicylic acid was added to plasma aliquots at 0,2,4,10,16,24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after separation of blood cells. Tris‐2‐carboxyethyl‐phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP‐HC1), a reducing agent, was used to regenerate total plasma cyst(e)ine after 3 months of sample storage (−20°C).

Results: Initial free cyst(e)ine concentrations (mean ± SEM) were higher in canine plasma (77 ± 4 μmol/L) than in feline plasma (37 ± 3 μmol/L). Free plasma cyst(e)ine concentrations in dogs and cats decreased after first‐order kinetics, with a half‐life of 23 and 69 hours, respectively. Total plasma cysteine after TCEP‐HC1 treatment was similar for dogs (290 μmol/L) and cats (296 μmol/L), but the percentage of free cysteine was higher (P = .02) in dogs (27%) than in cats (13%). Over half of the cyst(e)ine, homocysteine, cysteinylglycine, and glutathione were bound in vivo to plasma proteins. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of removing plasma proteins within 1 hour after blood collection for reliable assay of free plasma cyst(e)ine.
Artifactual hypoglycemia associated with hemotrophic mycoplasma infection in a lamb
Authors: Burkhard Mary Jo , Garry Franklyn
Published: March 2008

Background:A 35‐day‐old male lamb withMycoplasma ovisinfection (previouslyEperyihrozoon avis) was evaluated because of severe hypoglycemia (serum glucose 4 mg/dL, Hitachi 704 automated chemistry analyzer) inconsistent with the animal's condition. Whole blood glucose concentration measured with a glucometer was 74 mg/dL. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate this discrepancy through in vitro evaluation of the patient's blood.

Methods:Blood was incubated alone, with increasing concentrations of plasma, or with equine serum of known glucose concentration for 0,15, 30, and 60 minutes at room temperature; end‐point glucose concentrations were compared with blood from a control sheep handled similarly.

Results:A rapid decline in glucose concentration was observed in heparinized or EDTA anticoagulated whole blood from the infected lamb incubated alone or with the equine serum. Glucose concentrations in incubated samples from a control sheep remained stable. Incubation of increasing concentrations of heparinized blood with autologous plasma resulted in decreased glucose concentrations in patient, but not control, blood. As parasitemia decreased after treatment, serum glucose concentration increased, serum lactate concentration decreased, and in vitro glucose concentration stabilized.

Conclusions:These findings are consistent with parasite‐associated in vitro glucose consumption. An increase in the lamb's plasma glucose concentration associated with reduction of parasite load suggested excess glucose consumption also may have occurred in vivo.
Firm rib mass aspirate from a dog
Authors: LeBlanc Casey J. , Roberts Christopher S. , Bauer Rudy W. , Ryan Kirk A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:A 9‐year‐old intact male Miniature Schnauzer presented laterally recumbent, cachexic, and dehydrated with multiple firm bone masses and a bilaterally enlarged prostate. Fine‐needle aspiration of a rib mass revealed numerous basophilic polygonal to fusiform cells predominantly found in small to large clusters. The cells exhibited cytologic criteria of malignancy and infrequently displayed large cytoplasmic vacuoles containing finely‐ to coarsely‐stippled azurophilic material. The cytologic diagnosis was metastatic adenocarci‐noma and was suspected to be prostatic or transitional cell in origin because of the azurophilic vacuoles within malignant cells. Gross and histologic findings confirmed the clinical and cytologic diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma with widespread metastasis. Cytochemical and immunohistochemical investigation confirmed glycogen was a component of the vacuolar material. The vacuoles observed in the tumor in this case are not a consistent finding in tumors of the prostate or urinary bladder; however, when associated with an epithelial tumor, they may aid in limiting the differentials of the primary tumor and in the selection of further diagnostics.
Correlation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity with the healing process of long bone fractures in dogs
Authors: Komnenou A. , Karayannopoulou M. , Polizopoulou Z. S. , Constantinidis T. C. , Dessiris A.
Published: March 2008

Background: Bone healing is monitored mainly by physical and serial radiologic examinations of the fracture site. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish a delayed union from a nonunion, and advanced imaging techniques may not be available. Serum biochemical markers of bone formation, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, may be clinically useful in evaluating the progress of healing. Objective: The purpose of this study was to correlate serial values of serum ALP activity with the process of fracture healing in dogs and to assess its potential as a postsurgical prognostic indicator. Methods: Changes in serum ALP activity were studied in 83 dogs with closed long bone diaphyseal fractures treated surgically. Physical and radiologic examinations of the fracture site and determination of serum ALP activity and calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations were performed on admission (day 0); postoperatively on days 10, 20, and 30; and subsequently on a monthly basis until bone union was completed or signs of nonunion were evident. The dogs were allocated into 3 groups with respect to the fracture healing progress as documented by physical and serial radiologic examination. Results: Group A dogs (n=35) developed a medium‐sized callus that led to bone union within 2 months. Group B dogs (n=36) had a hypertrophic callus and delayed union, within 3–5 months. Group C dogs (n=12) had slow progress in fracture healing, with minimal callus formation during a 2‐month period. Changes in mean serum ALP activity followed the same pattern in groups A and B, reaching a maximum level on day 10. Group A values returned to normal within 2 months, at which point bone union was complete, whereas group B values remained increased and returned to normal within 3–5 months, thus correlating with delayed union. In Group C, mean serum ALP activities showed no significant changes during the 2‐month follow‐up period, consistent with failure of bone union (nonunion). Serum P and Ca changes followed a proportional and inverse pattern to ALP changes, respectively. Conclusion: Serial determination of serum ALP activity during fracture healing could be an additional tool in predicting fractures at risk of developing a nonunion, helping the clinician to choose the appropriate intervention.
Prevalence ofEhrlichia canisinfection in thrombocytopenic dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Macieira Daniel de Barros , Messick Joanne Belle , Cerqueira Aloysio de Mello Figueiredo , Freire Isabel Maria Alexandre , Linhares Guido Fontgalland Coelho , Almeida Núbia Karla de Oliveira , Almosny Nádia Regina Pereira
Published: March 2008

Background: Infection withEhrlichia caniscauses a highly variable, multisystemic disease in dogs. Nevertheless, many clinicians in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, use the presence of only thrombocytopenia to make a presumptive diagnosis ofE canisinfection. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence ofE canisin thrombocytopenic dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: Following DNA extraction of whole blood samples from 226 dogs, PCR assays were done using primers for rickettsial DNA (includingEhrlichiaspp,Anaplasma platysandA phagocytophilum) and usingE canis–specific primers (16S rRNA gene). Dogs were grouped as thrombocytopenic and nonthrombocytopenic based on platelet counts. The null hypothesis that there was no difference in the prevalence ofE canisin these groups was rejected atP< .05. Results: Thirty‐six (32.1%) of the thrombocytopenic dogs and 4 (3.5%) of the nonthrombocytopenic dogs were positive for rickettsial gene sequences (P< .0001). Further, 30 (26.8%) of thrombocytopenic dogs and 4 (3.5%) nonthrombocytopenic dogs were positive forE canis–specific gene sequences (P< .0001). Conclusions: Although the prevalence ofE canisinfection was higher in thrombocytopenic dogs, less than one third of these dogs had demonstrableE canisinfection. Thus, thrombocytopenia is not specific for the detection ofE canisinfection and should not be used solely to establish a diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis, even in a geographic area with relatively high disease prevalence.
Tail‐base mass from a “horse of a different color”
Authors: LeRoy Bruce E. , Knight Miranda C. , Eggleston Randy , Torres‐Velez Fernando , Harmon Barry G.
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 14‐year‐old bay Thoroughbred gelding was presented for evaluation of a mass at the base of the tail. The mass had been present for 1 year, and recently had begun to increase in size. Additional masses were found around the eye and shoulder. A fine‐needle aspirate of the tail‐base mass revealed highly anaplastic round to polyhedral cells containing dark green to black cytoplasmic granules interpreted to be melanin. Histologically, the mass was composed of pleomorphic, poorly pigmented, round to polyhedral cells interpreted to be neoplastic melanocytes. With immunohistochemistry, the cells were positive for vimentin and S‐100, but negative for pancytokeratin and Melan‐A. The cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses were amelanotic melanoma. The horse was treated with cimetidine, but the tumor continued to progress. In this report, we describe the cytopathologic features of an aggressive amelanotic melanoma in a non‐grey horse and emphasize the unique correlation between cytologic and histologic findings.
True grit: the tale of a subcutaneous mass in a dog
Authors: Bettini Giuliano , Morini Maria , Campagna Francesca , Preziosi Rosario
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 14‐month‐old, intact, male German Shepherd dog was referred for a 6 × 3‐cm, firm mass in the left pelvic limb. Fine‐needle aspiration yielded chalky white material. May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa–stained smears showed a uniform background of amorphous, poorly stained, light‐blue material and scattered foamy macrophages, a few naked nuclei, and cellular debris. The cytologic diagnosis of calcinosis circumscripta was confirmed by histologic evaluation of the surgically removed mass. In this report, we document the unique cytologic and histologic patterns of this uncommon tumor‐like lesion.
Decreased sodium:potassium ratios in cats: 49 cases
Authors: Bell, Rory , Mellor, Dominic J. , Ramsey, Ian , Knottenbelt Clare
Published: March 2008

Background: Sodium:potassium (Na:K) ratios are often reported in feline biochemical panels, although the importance of this measurement has not been investigated. Objectives: The aims of this study were to document the range of feline disease states associated with a decreased Na:K ratio, to determine the prevalence of this biochemical abnormality in a referral hospital population, and to identify any particular disease that was more likely to have a decreased Na:K ratio. Methods: A group of 49 cats with decreased Na:K ratios was compared with a group of 50 cats with normal Na:K ratios that were randomly selected from the same hospital population. Results: Twelve of the 49 cats (24.5%) had gastrointestinal disease, 10 (20.4%) had urinary disease, 8 (16.3%) had endocrine disease, 8 (16.3%) had cardiorespiratory disease, and 5 (10.0%) had diseases affecting other body systems. Six (12.2%) had artifactually decreased Na:K ratios. No cat was identified with hypoadrenocorticism. Statistical analysis revealed that, although none of these disease states was significantly over‐ or under‐represented in the affected group, a significantly higher proportion of cats with decreased Na:K ratio had body cavity effusions (P= .025). Serum potassium concentrations were significantly higher in the affected group (P< .0001), but there was no significant difference in mean sodium concentration between the 2 groups. Conclusions: Decreased Na:K ratios frequently occur in cats with diseases other than hypoadrenocorticism, including cats with effusions. These findings should be considered when evaluating cats with this biochemical abnormality.
A “down under” lesion on the muzzle of a dog
Authors: Twomey, Leanne N. , Wuerz, Julia A. , Alleman A. Rick
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 10‐year‐old, castrated, male Labrador Retriever was presented to a local veterinary practice for investigation of a firm, deeply pigmented, alopecic, subcutaneous mass (8 mm in diameter) on the left side of the muzzle. A fine‐needle aspirate of the mass was submitted for cytologic evaluation to the University of Florida. Microscopically, the preparation contained a predominant population of histiocytes that contained variable numbers of intracytoplasmic, negative‐staining, filamentous structures consistent with Mycobacterium sp. A presumptive diagnosis of canine leproid granuloma syndrome was based on the cytologic findings and location of the lesion. Acid‐fast staining revealed bright pink, acid‐fast organisms within the histiocytic cells, supporting the diagnosis. The bacteria were not detected in histopathologic sections or by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test 1 week later, however, possibly because of spontaneous remission. Canine leproid granuloma syndrome is a common disease in Australia, but is uncommon in dogs in North America. It is caused by a novel, unnamed Mycobacterium species and usually affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the head and ears. A diagnosis usually can be made in Wright's‐Giemsa and acid‐fast–stained cytologic specimens, however, definitive diagnosis requires PCR testing at a specialized laboratory.
Organisms in an aspirate from an ulcerated mass: etiologic agent or mass‐querade?
Authors: Tarrant Jacqueline
Published: March 2008

Abstract Smears prepared from a fine‐needle aspirate of an ulcerated, dermal mass between the digits of a 9‐month‐old Bull Terrier puppy revealed a moderately cellular, mixed‐cell inflammation with numerous extracellular organisms. The organisms were 3–8 μm in length, curved to oval in shape, with prominent nuclei, and (retrospectively) a rare single, narrow‐based bud. The cytologic diagnosis was mycotic dermatitis due to infection with an unusual yeast. Histologic sections of the lesion showed pyogranulomatous inflammation without evidence of an infectious organism. Contamination of the cytologic smears was suspected to have taken place in the clinical pathology laboratory and was confirmed by the isolation of a yeast with identical microscopic features from a cactus located on a windowsill near the work bench. The yeast was cultured and identified as Rhodotorula minuta, an airborne contaminant and ubiquitous saprophyte. It can be difficult to differentiate external contamination from infection when interpreting a cytologic specimen, however, it is important to do so, especially for unusual or opportunistic pathogens.
Creatinine concentration in plasma from dog, rat, and mouse: a comparison of 3 different methods
Authors: Palm M. , Lundblad A.
Published: March 2008

Background: There are numerous methods for analyzing creatinine concentration in plasma, including the Jaffé alkaline picrate method in various modifications, enzymatic tests, and chromatographic methods. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an enzymatic method could replace a Jaffé method for routine creatinine measurements in plasma from dogs, rats, and mice. The enzymatic method and a compensated Jaffé method were tested against a high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, regarded as the gold standard for creatinine measurement. Methods: Heparinized plasma samples were obtained from 20 beagle dogs, 20 Wistar rats, and 20 CD1‐strain mice. The 2 test kits (Roche Diagnostics), Creatinine Jaffé Compensated and the enzymatic Creatinine Plus Version 2 reagent, were used on a Cobas Integra 400. The Jaffé compensated method used a calibration adjustment of −18 μmol/L to correct for the protein matrix in serum and plasma. The HPLC method was an isocratic method using a weak cation‐exchange column following protein precipitation. Results: Creatinine concentrations obtained using the enzymatic and the Jaffé methods differed significantly from the results obtained by the HPLC method. For dog plasma, mean values of 61.2, 61.8, and 67.8 μmol/L were obtained by the compensated Jaffé, enzymatic, and HPLC methods, respectively. In the rat, respective mean values were 26.7, 21.9, and 23.0 μmol/L, and in the mouse, respective mean values were 14.2, 5.4, and 9.2 μmol/L. Conclusion: The enzymatic method can replace the Jaffé method for plasma creatinine determination in dogs, rats, and mice because results from the enzymatic method were closer to HPLC values than were those of the Jaffé method.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a therapeutic dose of unfractionated heparin (200 U/kg) administered subcutaneously or intravenously to healthy dogs
Authors: Diquélou A. , Barbaste C. , Gabaig A. M. , Trumel C. , Abella‐Bourges N. , Guelfi J‐F. , Mélou A. Bousquet
Published: March 2008

Background: Heparin treatment has been recommended for dogs in hypercoagulable states such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, however, potential benefits have to be balanced against the bleeding risk if overdosage occurs. A better understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and tests to monitor heparin therapy in dogs may help prevent therapeutic hazards. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 200 U/kg of sodium unfractionated heparin (UFH) on coagulation times in dogs after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration and to compare these effects with plasma heparin concentrations assessed by its antifactor Xa (aXa) activity. Methods: 200 U/kg of UFH were administered IV and SC to 5 healthy adult Beagle dogs with a washout period of at least 3 days. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and plasma aXa activity were determined in serial blood samples. Results: After IV injection, PT remained unchanged except for a slight increase in 1 dog; APTT was not measurable (>60 seconds) for 45–90 minutes, and then decreased gradually to baseline values between 150 and 240 minutes. High plasma heparin concentrations were observed (maximal concentration = 4.64 ± 1.4 aXa U/mL) and decreased according to a slightly concave‐convex pattern on a semilogarithmic curve, but returned to baseline slightly more slowly (t240–t300 minutes) than did APTT. After SC administration, APTT was moderately prolonged (by a ratio of 1.55 ± 0.28 APTT t0, range 1.35–2.01) between 1 and 4 hours after administration. Plasma aXa activity reached a maximum of 0.56 ± 0.20 aXa U/mL (range 0.42–0.9 U/mL) after 132 ± 26.8 minutes; this lasted for 102 ± 26.8 minutes. Prolongation of APTTs of 120–160% corresponded to plasma heparin concentrations of 0.3–0.7 aXa U/mL. Conclusions: As in humans, the pharmacokinetics of UFH in dogs was nonlinear. Administration of 200 U/kg of UFH SC in healthy dogs resulted in sustained plasma heparin concentrations in accordance with human recommendations for thrombosis treatment or prevention, without excessively increased bleeding risks. In these conditions, APTT can be used as a surrogate to assess plasma heparin concentrations. These findings need to be confirmed in diseased animals.
Cytologic patterns of lymphadenopathy in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum
Authors: Mylonakis Mathios E. , Papaioannou Nikolaos , Saridomichelakis Manolis N. , Koutinas Alexander F. , Billinis Charalambos , Kontos Vassilios I.
Published: March 2008

Background: Lymphadenopathy in canine leishmaniosis has been reported as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia or granulomatous (histiocytic) lymphadenitis. However, we are unaware of information on the effect of latent Leishmania infection on lymph node cytology compared with clinically affected dogs. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate cytologic patterns of lymphadenopathy in dogs with clinical and subclinical forms of leishmaniosis and to correlate cytologic findings with the density of Leishmania amastigotes in fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears. Methods: FNA cytology of prescapular or popliteal lymph nodes was evaluated on 32 dogs with clinical evidence of leishmaniosis (group A), 24 subclinically infected dogs (group B), and 17 clinically healthy noninfected dogs (group C); groups were based on the results of serologic and PCR tests for Leishmania sp. Differential nucleated cell counts (based on 300 cells) and amastigote density were determined microscopically. Cytologic findings were categorized and compared among groups. Results: Cytologic abnormalities were found in 19 of 32 (59.4%) dogs in group A, 1 of 24 (4.2%) dogs in group B, and 2 of 17 (11.8%) dogs in group C and were significantly more frequent in group A than group B (P < .001) or C (P= .001). In group A, 68.7% of the dogs had lymphoid hyperplasia, 12.5% had lymphoid hyperplasia and histiocytic lymphadenitis, 6.3% had histiocytic lymphadenitis, and 3.1% had lymphoid hyperplasia and neutrophilic lymphadenitis. Lymphoid hyperplasia was also noted in 1 dog in group B, and lymphoid hyperplasia and eosinophilic lymphadenitis were each found in 1 dog in group C. Lymph node smears from 31 (96.9%) dogs in group A and 6 (25%) dogs in group B were positive for Leishmania amastigotes; however, no correlation was found between the density of amastigotes and cytopathologic patterns of lymphadenopathy. Conclusion: Abnormal lymph node cytology is much more common in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis than in dogs with subclinical infection, and primarily involves lymphoid hyperplasia. Despite finding no association between the density of amastigotes and type of lymphadenopathy, lymph node cytology still is a valuable diagnostic tool for diagnosing canine leishmaniosis.
Hemolytic‐uremic syndrome in a dog
Authors: Dell'Orco Marta , Bertazzolo Walter , Pagliaro Luigi , Roccabianca Paola , Comazzi Stefano
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 3‐year‐old, spayed, female Boxer was presented because of acute onset of anorexia, vomiting, and hemorrhagic diarrhea. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure were detected. The dog was treated with fluids, antiemetics, antibiotics, and diuretics. Despite supportive therapy, the dog's condition worsened, and the owners elected euthanasia. Necropsy revealed disseminated petechiae on the parietal peritoneum and serosal surfaces of the intestinal tract. The histologic lesions were consistent with severe arteritis and microvascular thrombosis involving only the renal and intestinal arterioles. The final diagnosis was hemolytic‐uremic syndrome (HUS), a rarely described disorder in dogs. The clinical presentation of primarily gastrointestinal clinical signs was similar to that of typical or diarrhea‐associated HUS (D+ HUS) in humans (mainly children), which is caused by gastrointestinal proliferation of verocytotoxin–producing Escherichia coli. Bacterial toxins can be adsorbed and cause endothelial injury, activation of hemostasis, and thrombosis, with lesions confined primarily to the kidneys. Although rare, HUS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.
Intra‐abdominal mass aspirate from a cat in heat
Authors: Choi Ul Soo , Seo Kyoung Won , Oh Sang‐Yeon , Kim Dae‐Yong , Youn Hwa‐Young , Lee Chang Woo
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 3‐year‐old intact female domestic shorthair cat was presented for the evaluation of a palpable intra‐abdominal mass in the left caudal abdomen. The cat had a history of anorexia, depression and prolonged estrus over a period of about 1 month. Smears prepared from a fine needle aspirate of the mass revealed large round to oval cells arranged individually or in loose clusters surrounded by pink, fibrillar matrix material. Cytoplasm was basophilic, with many variably‐sized vacuoles and variable numbers of small purple granules. The vacuoles within the cells were strongly positive with Oil‐Red‐O stain. The cytologic features were most suggestive of a neoplasm of epithelial cell origin or inadvertent aspiration of a fatty liver. At laparotomy, the mass was found to involve the left ovary. Histologically, the tumor consisted of dense sheets and nests of irregular polyhedral, pleomorphic cells with abundant, finely vesiculated cytoplasm. The tumor cells were separated into lobules by strands of connective tissue. Based on histologic evaluation, a diagnosis of ovarian luteoma was made. In this report, we document the cytologic and histologic features of an uncommon feline tumor, a luteoma, and address its possible misdiagnosis as hepatic lipidosis when using cytology alone to make a diagnosis.
Multiple myeloma in 16 cats: a retrospective study
Authors: Patel Reema T. , Caceres Ana , French Adrienne F. , McManus Patricia M.
Published: March 2008

Background: There is limited published information regarding feline multiple myeloma. Diagnostic criteria are derived from canine studies and to our knowledge, have not been critically reviewed for cats. Objective: To evaluate the clinical and laboratory findings in cats with multiple myeloma and appraise diagnostic criteria. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of medical records was performed. Inclusion required an antemortem diagnosis of multiple myeloma using 2 of 4 criteria: 1) ≥20% plasma cells in the bone marrow, or ≥10% if atypical plasma cells; 2) paraproteinemia; 3) radiographically‐evident osteolysis; 4) light chain proteinuria. Alternatively, a postmortem diagnosis was based on the findings of multiple plasma cell neoplasms, with marrow involvement. Results: Sixteen cats were diagnosed with multiple myeloma between 1996 and 2004, with a median age of 14.0 years; 9 of 16 (56%) were castrated males, and 7 of 16 (44%) were spayed females. Laboratory abnormalities included hyperglobulinemia (14/16, 87.5%), with 11/14 (78.5%) monoclonal and 3/14 (21.4%) biclonal gammopathies; hypoalbuminemia (4/16, 25%); light chain proteinuria, (4/9, 44.4%); hypocholesterolemia (11/16, 68.7%); hypercalcemia, (3/15, 20%); nonregenerative anemia, (11/16, 68.7%); regenerative anemia, (1/16, 6.2%); neutropenia (5/15, 33.3%); thrombocytopenia (8/16, 50%); and marrow plasmacytosis (14/15, 93.3%). Plasma cells were markedly immature, atypical, or both in 10 of 12 (83.3%) cats. Focal or multifocal osteolysis was noted in 6 of 12 (50%) cats for which radiographs were available for review; generalized osteopenia was found in 1 (8.3%) cat. Noncutaneous, extramedullary tumors were found in all cats assessed, 7/7 (100%), including spleen (6), liver (3), and lymph nodes (4). The disease in 1 of 2 cats with cutaneous tumors progressed to plasmacytic leukemia. Conclusions: Common findings in feline multiple myeloma include atypical plasma cell morphology, hypocholesterolemia, anemia, bone lesions, and multi‐organ involvement. Based on the results of this study, we advocate modifying diagnostic criteria in cats to include consideration of plasma cell morphology and visceral organ infiltration.
Oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of cattle intoxicated withSeneciosp
Authors: Bondan Carlos , Soares Julio Cesar Mendes , Cecim Marcelo , Lopes Sonia Terezinha dos Anjos , Graça Dominguita Lühers , Da Rocha Ricardo Xavier
Published: March 2008

Background: Intoxication caused bySeneciosp is characterized by irreversible damage to liver cells and may be associated with oxidative stress. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intoxication bySeneciosp on lipoperoxidation, antioxidant defenses, and the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes in cattle. Methods: Blood samples from 30 intoxicated animals (group 1) and 30 healthy animals (group 2) were analyzed. The diagnosis of poisoning bySeneciosp was based on histopathologic lesions verified through hepatic biopsy. The following biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in the erythrocytes were determined: thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity, and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) groups. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility also was evaluated. Results: TBARS concentration and CuZnSOD activity were significantly (P< .001) higher in group 1 when compared with group 2. The concentration of erythrocyte NPSH groups was significantly (P< .03) lower in group 1 when compared with group 2. Osmotic fragility was more pronounced in the erythrocytes of group 1 when compared with group 2 (P< .001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that poisoning bySeneciosp causes an increase in lipoperoxidation, oxidation of NPSH groups, and consequently, oxidative stress in bovine erythrocytes that may contribute to hemolysis. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell damage in animals intoxicated bySeneciosp.
Type of smear may influence thrombopoietic cell counts in the bone marrow of clinically healthy dogs
Authors: Mylonakis Mathios E. , Day Michael J. , Leontides Leonidas S. , Saridomichelakis Manolis N. , Koutinas Alex F. , Polizopoulou Zoe , Petanides Theodoros , Farmaki Rania , Athanasiou Labrini
Published: March 2008

Background: The expected number of thrombopoietic cells in normal canine bone marrow is poorly defined and there is no consensus on the most appropriate way to prepare cytologic smears to evaluate these cells nor on the optimum method for their quantification. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine total and differential counts of thrombopoietic cells in the bone marrow of clinically healthy Beagle dogs by comparing 4 different smear types and bone marrow core biopsies. Methods: Twenty‐two clinically healthy, male Beagle dogs, 10 to 12 months old, were used in the study. Following bone marrow aspiration and core biopsy from the iliac crest, Giemsa‐stained smears were prepared by 4 techniques: drop‐squash, particle‐squash, buffy coat, and fat‐layer smears. Thrombopoietic cells were counted in up to 100 low‐power fields (LPF, ×10 objective) in the aspiration smears and in all possible high‐power fields (HPF, ×40 objective) in H&E–stained biopsy sections. Results: Mean total thrombopoietic cell counts were 2.76 cells/LPF (drop‐squash), 1.55 cells/LPF (particle‐squash), 8.05 cells/LPF (buffy coat), and 3.08 cells/LPF (fat‐layer). Core biopsies yielded 5.31 cells/HPF but frequently failed to provide interpretable specimens. There was a significant difference in cell counts among the 4 smear types (P < .001). Based on evaluation of buffy coat smears, thrombopoietic cells included 1.23% megakaryoblasts, 8.77% promegakaryocytes, and 90% megakaryocytes, with a mean maturation index of 0.11. Conclusion: Thrombopoietic cell counts in canine bone marrow are influenced by the smear technique. Buffy coat and fat‐layer smears may be useful to obtain cellular smears in hemodiluted or small aspirate samples.
Long‐term fluctuations and effect of age on serum concentrations of certain fat‐soluble vitamins in dairy cows
Authors: Katsoulos P. D. , Roubies N. , Panousis N. , Karatzanos P. , Karatzias H.
Published: March 2008

Background: There is insufficient evidence in the literature concerning the fluctuations and correlations of serum fat‐soluble vitamin concentrations during lactation in dairy cows and the potential effect of age of the animals on these values. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine fluctuations in mean serum concentrations of the fat‐soluble vitamins A and E and β‐carotene and the correlations among them in clinically healthy dairy cows, from the last month of the dry period until the end of lactation, and to investigate whether age was a factor that affects these serum concentrations. Methods: Forty‐five clinically healthy Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups based on age. Group A consisted of 23 cows ≤4 years old (mean ± SD, 3.24 ± 0.44 years), and group B consisted of 22 cows >4 years old (6.68 ± 1.66 years). Blood samples for determination of serum β‐carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E concentrations were collected from each animal just before the start of study (1 month prior to expected parturition), at parturition, and thereafter, at monthly intervals until the end of lactation. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between β‐carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E values. Mean serum concentrations of β‐carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E were significantly higher in younger animals. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that age is a factor affecting serum concentrations of fat‐soluble vitamins in dairy cows.
Evaluation of latex agglutination kits for detection of fibrin(ogen) degradation products and D‐dimer in healthy horses and horses with severe colic
Authors: Stokol Tracy , Erb Hollis N. , De Wilde Lisa , Tornquist Susan J. , Brooks Marjory
Published: March 2008

Background: Fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDPs) and D‐dimer are sensitive indicators of excessive fibrinolysis due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in dogs. To the authors' knowledge, latex‐agglutination–based plasma FDP and D‐dimer assays have not been validated for use in horses. Objectives: To determine: 1) sensitivity and specificity of latex‐agglutination serum and plasma FDP and D‐dimer assays for diagnosis of DIC; and 2) their prognostic value in horses with severe colic. Methods: At hospital admission and 24 hours later, blood was collected from 30 healthy horses and 20 horses with severe colic. Horses fulfilling predefined laboratory criteria of DIC were enrolled, and their data were subcategorized by survival for analysis. Platelet counts were determined and coagulation panel testing was performed. Serum and plasma FDP concentrations were measured using separate latex agglutination kits. Plasma D‐dimer concentration was measured using 3 latex agglutination kits and a card immunofiltration test. Test sensitivity and specificity results were determined for healthy horses and those with colic. Median test values were compared between colic survivors and nonsurvivors to evaluate the prognostic usefulness of all tests. Results: Performance characteristics varied among assays and kit suppliers. The FDP assays had low sensitivity (<40%), whereas the most accurate D‐dimer kit had 50% sensitivity and 97% specificity. High D‐dimer concentration was the third most common hemostatic abnormality in horses with colic. Median antithrombin (AT) activity was significantly lower and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was significantly longer in nonsurvivors than survivors. Conclusions: Commercial latex‐agglutination D‐dimer assays might prove useful as adjunctive tests for the diagnosis of DIC in horses with severe colic; however FDP assays are invalid for this purpose. Low AT activity and prolonged aPTT at admission are associated with a poor prognosis in this patient population.
Validation of human recombinant tissue factor–activated thromboelastography on citrated whole blood from clinically healthy dogs
Authors: Wiinberg Bo , Jensen Asger Lundorff , Rojkjaer Rasmus , Johansson Pär , Kjelgaard‐Hansen Mads , Kristensen Annemarie T.
Published: March 2008

Background: Thromboelastography (TEG) is an analytical method that enables global assessment of hemostatic function in whole blood (WB) with evaluation of both plasma and cellular components of hemostasis. TEG has a largely unused potential in the diagnostic workup and monitoring of dogs with hemostatic disorders and it may be a valuable supplement to traditional coagulation parameters. Objectives: The objective of this study was to establish a clinically applicable reference interval for a TEG assay using recombinant human tissue factor (TF) as the activator on citrated WB from clinically healthy dogs and to evaluate the stability of citrated WB stored for 30 minutes (T30) and 120 minutes (T120) at room temperature (RT). Additionally, we evaluated the analytical variation in reaction time (R), clotting time (K), angle (α), and maximum amplitude (MA). Methods: Blood was collected from 18 clinically healthy dogs. Duplicate TEG analyses with TF as the activator at a concentration of 1:50,000 were performed on canine citrated WB at T30 and T120. R, K, α, and MA were analyzed. Results: Mean TEG values at T30/T120 were R = 5.61/4.91 minutes, K = 4.20/3.34 minutes, α= 45.33/50.90°, and MA = 47.96/50.19 mm. Significant differences in these values were observed after storage for T30 and T120 at RT, with a tendency towards hypercoagulability at T120. The mean coefficients of variation were low. Conclusions: Canine citrated WB can be used for TEG analysis with human recombinant TF as the activator when stored at RT for T30 or T120. At both time points, the analytical variation was low, suggesting that TEG analysis may be of value in evaluating dogs with hemostatic disorders. A fixed time point should be chosen for serial measurements.