Laboratory simulation of space weathering of nano-aggregates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dispersed in the water environment
Authors: Campione Marcello , Murri Mara 
Published: September 2022

&lt;p&gt;Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous organic molecules populating the interstellar medium of galaxies and they are the major responsible of interstellar infrared spectral features (e.g., Allamandola &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; 1989, Tielens 2008). PAH are also found as constituents in carbonaceous chondrites (e.g., Kalpana &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; 2021). &amp;#160;Similarly to silicate dust, carbon-rich micrometric and submicrometric aggregates occur in different astrophysical environments where they are subjected to several weathering processes such as impact shock events and grain-grain collisions. These processes change the chemistry and structure of the original materials giving rise to new chemical species which contribute to the chemical richness of the cosmic environment (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; Murri &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; 2022; Mimura &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; 1995). The study of the chemical and structural evolution of aggregates of PAH subjected to extreme conditions is relevant for examine in depth the origin of the densest phases of carbon (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;pre-solar&lt;/em&gt; grains) as that of prebiotic building blocks of life (Giese &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; 2022). For this purpose, a lot of effort has been made by the whole scientific community for reproducing in laboratory the planetary conditions which trigger the processing of cosmic dust. In this framework, high-energy pulsed lasers represent consolidated tools for reproducing the high energy-density conditions similar to those occurring in shock events in the interstellar medium as a consequence of supernova explosions. Liquid-phase pulsed laser ablation (LP-PLA) is a technique in which high-energy laser pulses are focused on the surface of a solid target immersed in a liquid to induce ablation of material as a result of the ignition of a plasma plume, and recondensation of the ablated material in the surrounding liquid in the form of suspended nanoparticles. The presence of the liquid augments to a great extent the pressure achieved at the solid/liquid interface and allows the onset of cooling rates of the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; K s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, likewise to what occurs in circumstellar environments. Using this technique, nanodiamonds are commonly produced from graphite targets in water or organic liquids (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; Amans &lt;em&gt;et al.,&lt;/em&gt; 2017).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this paper we report the results of the high-energy laser processing of a pure nano-phase of rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene), a PAH constituted by a backbone of four fused benzene rings (tetracene) bonded to four phenyl rings (Figure 1). The choice of rubrene is motivated by the possibility to obtain commercially available batches of purity higher than 99.9%, its ability to organize in a high-symmetry molecular crystalline phase, and the in-depth knowledge of the photophysical and photochemical properties of both the isolated molecule and molecular aggregates. All these characteristics make rubrene an ideal model system to study the evolution of PAH in response to high-energy processing. We performed LP-PLA of rubrene nano-phases dispersed in water (i) to simulate space weathering in a water environment (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; hydrous or volatile-rich bodies) and (ii) to study its chemical and structural evolution. The laser processing of the water suspension was monitored by optical spectroscopy (absorption and luminescence) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and diffraction analyses. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Figure 1&lt;/strong&gt;. Molecular structure of rubrene (C&lt;sub&gt;42&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;) and optical micrograph collected with cross polarizers on a thin orthorhombic single crystal or rubrene.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We observed that laser processing brings about a progressive suppression of the absorption band in the visible range of the pristine rubrene nanocrystals, with increment of the signal in the UV range, indicating their transformation into a different phases. The structural and chemical features of these new phases are inferred by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and analysis and compared with known carbon-rich phases populating the interstellar medium.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgments&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Funding of the University of Milano &amp;#8211; Bicocca through grant 2021-ATEQC-0054 is acknowledged. We are grateful for the support of Giancarlo Capitani for electron microscopy analyses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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