bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC QUANTIFICATION OF CANINE ADRENAL GLAND VOLUME AND ATTENUATION
Authors: BERTOLINI GIOVANNA , FURLANELLO TOMMASO , DE LORENZI DAVIDE , CALDIN MARCO
Published: August 2006

We conducted a retrospective study in presumed normal dogs to determine the adrenal gland attenuation and volume values. Multidetector computer tomography (MDCT 16) analysis of the gland was carried out in 48 adult dogs without evidence of adrenal gland disease that underwent CT examination for acute spinal injuries. The mean nonenhanced attenuation value±SD of the left adrenal gland was 36.0±5.3 HU (range: 22.0–42.0 HU). The mean nonenhanced attenuation value±SD of the right gland was 34.3±7.0 HU (range: 20.4–48.6 HU). The mean enhanced attenuation value±SD were: left gland 101.5±10.6 HU (range: 86.8–128.0 HU), and right gland 97.4±12.4 HU (range: 58.9–123.6 HU). The mean CT volume±SD were: left gland was 0.60 cm3(range: 0.20–0.95; SD 0.17), and right gland (0.55 cm3, range: 0.22–1.01; SD 0.19). Attenuation values and volume data were related to age, weight, and gender, using ANOVA. There was no statistically significant difference between the left and right side or in adrenal measurements, because of body weight class effects. The animal effect was the most important source of variation for all adrenal measurements. Based on our study, CT is an effective method for assessing adrenal characteristics in the dog. Normative CT data are provided to allow estimation of normal adrenal gland size and volume.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE LARYNX
Authors: CHALMERS H. J. , CHEETHAM J. , YEAGER A. E. , DUCHARME N. G.
Published: August 2006

Nasopharyngeal and laryngeal evaluation is important when examining horses with upper airway signs for poor performance. Currently endoscopy is the most common method to evaluate the equine upper airway. Ultrasonography of the equine larynx has not previously been described. Using six cadaveric specimens and four standing horses, the ultrasonographic appearance of the equine larynx was established. A scanning technique, including useful acoustic windows and the normal ultrasonographic appearance at each site, is described. Ultrasound allowed visualization of portions of the hyoid apparatus, laryngeal cartilages, associated soft tissues, and intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal musculature, that are not seen using endoscopy. Additionally, real‐time ultrasound allowed observation of the movement of the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages during respiration. In three horses with arytenoid chondritis, ultrasonography aided in the diagnosis and localization of arytenoid abcessation and perilaryngeal inflammation. The establishment of this technique will serve as the basis for future investigations in the evaluation of clinical patients with upper airway abnormalities.
INFLUENCE Of PATIENT POSITIONING ON THE L5–L6 MID‐LAMINAR DISTANCE
Authors: PUGGIONI ANTONELLA , ARNETT RICHARD , CLEGG TRACY , GLYDE MARK , TOBIN EMMA , McALLISTER HESTER
Published: August 2006

The aim of this project was to determine the effect of patient position on the L5–L6 mid‐laminar distance (MLD). The lumbar area of 22 recently euthanatized dogs of various breeds was radiographed in three positions: lateral recumbency with the spine in neutral position, lateral recumbency with the spine flexed in a kyphotic position, and sternal recumbency with the spine flexed in a kyphotic position. Digital images of the radiographs were analyzed using a computer program that allowed measurement of the MLD between L5–L6 in the three positions. The L5 and L6 MLD was significantly larger in sternal recumbency with the spine flexed (142.3 units) than both in lateral recumbency with the spine flexed (138.7 units; P=0.001) and lateral recumbency with the spine in the neutral position (135.8 units; P ≤ 0.001). The MLD in lateral recumbency with the spine flexed was significantly larger than in lateral recumbency with the spine in neutral position (P=0.005). Positioning a dog in sternal recumbency with the spine flexed produces a significantly larger MLD than in lateral recumbency with the spine flexed; this should simplify needle placement when performing a lumbar puncture.
Crunch Time on Carbon: Getting it Right in EU ETS Phase II
Authors: Clough Kirsty
Published: August 2006

Carbon trading has been claimed as the most effective and practical way to limit greenhouse gas emissions, and the first full year of trading in the European Union has recently been completed. But how much has it actually reduced emissions—and can it work any better in future? Kirsty Clough examines the statistics.
Medicine in Black and White: BiDil®: Race and the Limits of Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Ellison George
Published: August 2006

When the US Food and Drug Administration licensed the drug BiDil® in June 2005 it was hailed as a significant step towards “personalised prescribing”. This is because BiDil® had been patented, tested and approved for use by just one group of patients: those “of African descent”. George Ellison examines the statistical evidence that underpinned the development of BiDil® as a “racial drug” and finds it less than satisfactory.
Sharp Tongues and Bitter Pills
Authors: Senn Stephen
Published: August 2006

How bad is big pharma? An American medical journal has taken draconian measures to vet analyses of clinical trials sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry. Are their statistics so bad? Stephen Senn has a look at the controversy.
Dreadful Crime! Deer-Keeper Feloniously Resisted!
Authors: Fanshawe Tom
Published: August 2006

In 1837, a child under the age of 12 was prosecuted for what was officially described as “Misdemeanor—Administering Poison to Harass and Annoy.” The boy or girl, whose name is unknown, was acquitted. Tom Fanshawe delves into Dickensian crime statistics and finds atrocious murders and a threshing machine destroyed.
Scatterplots
Authors: Reese R. Allan
Published: August 2006

A pair of axes, a few data points liberally distributed around, click on the mouse and your software will sort you out a scatterplot. Or will it? R. Allan Reese can tell you better.
Aspects of Cognitive Functioning in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Perkins Elizabeth A. , Small Brent J.
Published: August 2006

Abstract  Recently, more attention is being given to identifying aging‐related and dementia‐related pathological changes in performance and cognition among persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). This literature review examines age‐related differences in specific aspects of cognitive functioning and cognitive performance of people with ID and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as what maybe be protective and risk factors. Training interventions designed to enhance cognitive performance are also reviewed. The authors note that greater efforts are urgently needed with respect to delineating the function and deficits in cognitive domains within aging adults. Methodological issues that merit further attention includes utilizing appropriate age ranges and assessment of intra‐individual variability in statistical analysis of cognitive performance. While, consideration should be given to the continued development of specific cognitive tasks and tests that have been developed, validated, and normed for this population, there is still a critical need for more longitudinal data with multiple time points, to assess and track trajectories of change over time, especially as cohort effects of residential living, and educational and vocational opportunities have varied so widely over the last 30 years, and are likely to be a substantial confounding factor. Furthermore, efforts need to ensure that instruments continue to be developed with specificity and sensitivity to detect pathological deficits in AD‐related performance. Lastly, greater research attention is warranted to describe and meet the needs of the burgeoning aging population of people with ID. This will ultimately guide policy makers to develop better practice protocols to maximize cognitive function in normative and pathological aging.
A “New Covenant” Kept: Core Values, Presidential Communications, and the Paradox of the Clinton Presidency
Authors: DURANT ROBERT F.
Published: August 2006

In contrast to popular perceptions of Ronald Reagan, the conventional wisdom among commentators, scholars, and large segments of the American public is that Bill Clinton exhibited little philosophical, rhetorical, or policy consistency as president. This study finds that Clinton's legislative, administrative, and rhetorical record was informed throughout his political career by a core set of beliefs about the appropriate relationship between citizens and the state, known as the New Covenant. Also revealed, however, is a rhetorical paradox of the White House's communications strategy, one that joins other explanations for perceptions that Clinton neither had nor acted upon such a philosophy.
The Polls: The Coalitional President from a Public Opinion Perspective
Authors: COHEN JEFFREY E.
Published: August 2006

Most public opinion research on the president utilizes a national leader perspective, in which the public holds the president accountable for the state of the nation. But the president may also be viewed as a coalition builder in which the executive makes specific appeals to groups or subsets of the population to induce them to join his coalition. Do specific groups hold the president accountable for presidential actions that target these groups? Do specific groups hold the president accountable for presidential policies and their consequences that affect these groups? In this article I test the coalitional hypothesis, which focuses on group‐specific responses to the president, using a new data set on state‐level presidential approval. Results indicate that, when it comes to the economy, the president is held accountable for both the nation's health and the state's economic performance. However, a presidential visit to a state, an action designed to target mass public support from a state, does not result in increases in presidential approval in the visited state.
Protein disulfides and protein disulfide oxidoreductases in hyperthermophiles
Authors: Ladenstein Rudolf , Ren Bin
Published: August 2006

Disulfide bonds are required for the stability and function of a large number of proteins. Recently, the results from genome analysis have suggested an important role for disulfide bonds concerning the structural stabilization of intracellular proteins from hyperthermophilic Archaea and Bacteria, contrary to the conventional view that structural disulfide bonds are rare in proteins from Archaea. A specific protein, known as protein disulfide oxidoreductase (PDO) is recognized as a potential key player in intracellular disulfide‐shuffling in hyperthermophiles. The structure of this protein shows a combination of two thioredoxin‐related units with low sequence identity which together, in tandem‐like manner, form a closed protein domain. Each of these units contains a distinct CXXC active site motif. Due to their estimated conformational energies, both sites are likely to have different redox properties. The observed structural and functional characteristics suggest a relation to eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerase. Functional studies have revealed that both the archaeal and bacterial forms of this protein show oxidative and reductive activity and are able to isomerize protein disulfides. The physiological substrates and reduction systems, however, are to date unknown. The variety of active site disulfides found in PDOs from hyperthermophiles is puzzling. Nevertheless, the catalytic function of any PDO is expected to be correlated with the redox properties of its active site disulfides CXXC and with the distinct nature of its redox environment. The residues around the two active sites form two grooves on the protein surface. In analogy to a similar groove in thioredoxin, both grooves are suggested to constitute the substrate binding sites of PDO. The direct neighbourhood of the grooves and the different redox properties of both sites may favour sequential reactions in protein disulfide shuffling, like reduction followed by oxidation. A model for peptide binding by PDO is proposed to be derived from the analysis of crystal packing contacts mimicking substrate binding interactions. It is assumed, that PDO enzymes in hyperthermophilic Archaea and Bacteria may be part of a complex system involved in the maintenance of protein disulfide bonds. The regulation of disulfide bond formation may be dependent on a distinct interplay of thermodynamic and kinetic effects, including functional asymmetry and substrate‐mediated protection of the active sites, in analogy to the situation in protein disulfide isomerase. Numerous questions related to the function of PDO enzymes in hyperthermophiles remain unanswered to date, but can probably successfully be studied by a number of approaches, such as first‐line genetic and in vivo studies.
A novel Takeout‐like protein expressed in the taste and olfactory organs of the blowfly, Phormia regina
Authors: Fujikawa Kazuyo , Seno Keiji , Ozaki Mamiko
Published: August 2006

In insects, the functional molecules responsible for the taste system are still obscure. The gene for a 28.5 kDa protein purified from taste sensilla of the blowfly Phormia regina belongs to a gene family that includes takeout of Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Phormia Takeout‐like protein is most similar to the protein encoded by a member of the Drosophila takeout gene family, CG14661, whose expression and function have not been identified yet. Western blot analyses revealed that Phormia Takeout‐like protein was exclusively expressed in antennae and labellum of the adult blowfly in both sexes. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated that Takeout‐like protein was localized around the lamella structure of the auxiliary cells and in the sensillar lymph of the labellar taste sensillum. In antennae, Takeout‐like protein was distributed at the base of the olfactory sensilla as well. No significant differences in Takeout‐like protein expression were found between the sexes. Our results suggest that Phormia Takeout‐like protein is involved in some early events concerned with chemoreception in both the taste and olfactory systems.
Enzymes for the NADPH‐dependent reduction of dihydroxyacetone and D‐glyceraldehyde and L‐glyceraldehyde in the mould Hypocrea jecorina
Authors: Liepins Janis , Kuorelahti Satu , Penttilä Merja , Richard Peter
Published: August 2006

The mould Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) has two genes coding for enzymes with high similarity to the NADP‐dependent glycerol dehydrogenase. These genes, called gld1 and gld2, were cloned and expressed in a heterologous host. The encoded proteins were purified and their kinetic properties characterized. GLD1 catalyses the conversion of d‐glyceraldehyde and l‐glyceraldehyde to glycerol, whereas GLD2 catalyses the conversion of dihydroxyacetone to glycerol. Both enzymes are specific for NADPH as a cofactor. The properties of GLD2 are similar to those of the previously described NADP‐dependent glycerol‐2‐dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.156) purified from different mould species. It is a reversible enzyme active with dihydroxyacetone or glycerol as substrates. GLD1 resembles EC 1.1.1.72. It is also specific for NADPH as a cofactor but has otherwise completely different properties. GLD1 reduces d‐glyceraldehyde and l‐glyceraldehyde with similar affinities for the two substrates and similar maximal rates. The activity in the oxidizing reaction with glycerol as substrate was under our detection limit. Although the role of GLD2 is to facilitate glycerol formation under osmotic stress conditions, we hypothesize that GLD1 is active in pathways for sugar acid catabolism such as d‐galacturonate catabolism.
High affinity copper binding by stefin B (cystatin B) and its role in the inhibition of amyloid fibrillation
Authors: Žerovnik Eva , Škerget Katja , Tušek‐Žnidarič Magda , Loeschner Corina , Brazier Marcus W. , Brown David R.
Published: August 2006

We show that human stefin B, a protease inhibitor from the family of cystatins, is a copper binding protein, unlike stefin A. We have used isothermal titration calorimetry to directly monitor the binding event at pH 7 and pH 5. At pH 7 stefin B shows a picomolar affinity for copper but at pH 5 the affinity is in the nanomolar range. There is no difference in the affinity of copper between the wildtype stefin B (E31 isoform) and a variant (Y31 isoform), whereas the mutant (P79S), which is tetrameric, does not bind copper. The conformation of stefin B remains unaltered by copper binding. It is known that below pH 5 stefin B undergoes a conformational change and amyloid fibril formation. We show that copper binding inhibits the amyloid fibril formation and, to a lesser degree, the initial aggregation. Similarities to and differences from other copper binding amyloidogenic proteins are discussed.
15N‐Labelled proteins by cell‐free protein synthesis
Authors: Ozawa Kiyoshi , Wu Peter S. C. , Dixon Nicholas E. , Otting Gottfried
Published: August 2006

[15N]‐heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra provide a readily accessible fingerprint of [15N]‐labelled proteins, where the backbone amide group of each nonproline amino acid residue contributes a single cross‐peak. Cell‐free protein synthesis offers a fast and economical route to enhance the information content of [15N]‐HSQC spectra by amino acid type selective [15N]‐labelling. The samples can be measured without chromatographic protein purification, dilution of isotopes by transaminase activities are suppressed, and a combinatorial isotope labelling scheme can be adopted that combines reduced spectral overlap with a minimum number of samples for the identification of all [15N]‐HSQC cross‐peaks by amino acid residue type. These techniques are particularly powerful for tracking [15N]‐HSQC cross‐peaks after titration with unlabelled ligand molecules or macromolecular binding partners. In particular, combinatorial isotope labelling can provide complete cross‐peak identification by amino acid type in 24 h, including protein production and NMR measurement.
Wheat germ cell‐free platform for eukaryotic protein production
Authors: Vinarov Dmitriy A. , Newman Carrie L. Loushin , Markley John L.
Published: August 2006

We describe a platform that utilizes wheat germ cell‐free technology to produce protein samples for NMR structure determinations. In the first stage, cloned DNA molecules coding for proteins of interest are transcribed and translated on a small scale (25 µL) to determine levels of protein expression and solubility. The amount of protein produced (typically 2–10 µg) is sufficient to be visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fraction of soluble protein is estimated by comparing gel scans of total protein and soluble protein. Targets that pass this first screen by exhibiting high protein production and solubility move to the second stage. In the second stage, the DNA is transcribed on a larger scale, and labeled proteins are produced by incorporation of [15N]‐labeled amino acids in a 4 mL translation reaction that typically produces 1–3 mg of protein. The [15N]‐labeled proteins are screened by1H‐15N correlated NMR spectroscopy to determine whether the protein is a good candidate for solution structure determination. Targets that pass this second screen are then translated in a medium containing amino acids doubly labeled with15N and13C. We describe the automation of these steps and their application to targets chosen from a variety of eukaryotic genomes:Arabidopsis thaliana, human, mouse, rat, and zebrafish. We present protein yields and costs and compare the wheat germ cell‐free approach with alternative methods. Finally, we discuss remaining bottlenecks and approaches to their solution.
A Case of Amlodipine Overdose
Authors: Poggenborg René Panduro , Videbæk Lars , Jacobsen Ib Abildgaard
Published: August 2006

Abstract: A case of severe amlodipine overdose with only mild symptoms is described. Plasma concentrations of amlodipine were measured in serial samples by gas chromatography. There was no concomitant overdose. The present case is compared with previous reported cases of amlodipine overdose where patients all developed severe symptoms. We conclude that amlodipine overdose does not always cause severe symptoms.
Involvement of the Multidrug Resistance P‐Glycoprotein in Acetaminophen‐Induced Toxicity in Hepatoma‐Derived HepG2 and Hep3B Cells
Authors: Manov Irena , Bashenko Yulia , Hirsh Mark , Iancu Theodore C.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:Acetaminophen overdose causes severe hepatic failure. Although the mechanisms of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity have been well investigated, little is known about the involvement of the P‐glycoprotein in acetaminophen transport and toxicity. P‐Glycoprotein is a membrane efflux pump, playing a significant role in regulating absorption, excretion, and tissue distribution of many drugs. To evaluate the contribution of P‐glycoprotein transporter in the course of acetaminophen‐induced toxicity, HepG2 and Hep3B cells with different P‐glycoprotein expression and activity, were treated by acetaminophen (1–10 mM) for different time periods, with or without the P‐glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil. P‐Glycoprotein activity was determined by rhodamine 123 efflux assay and western blot analysis. To assess the acetaminophen‐induced toxicity and effect of verapamil, we investigated cellular redox status, phosphatidylserine externalization, nuclear fragmentation and ultrastructural changes. Verapamil markedly enhanced acetaminophen‐induced oxidative damage and cell death. Moreover, verapamil revealed acetaminophen toxicity even at subtoxic levels. High acetaminophen concentrations increased P‐glycoprotein activity and content in both HepG2 and Hep3B cells. These observations suggest the involvement of P‐glycoprotein in acetaminophen transport. Notwithstanding the differences of the investigated hepatoma cell lines in P‐glycoprotein function, acetaminophen‐induced toxicity was similar, possibly due to different functions of drug‐metabolizing systems. We conclude that acetaminophen is a P‐glycoprotein substrate and P‐glycoprotein is involved in acetaminophen transport and toxicity in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. This study establishes the fact that acetaminophen can modulate P‐glycoprotein in tumour cells, suggesting that its routine use in cancer patients in combination with anticancer drugs, may influence the result of chemotherapy.
N‐Benzoyl‐D‐phenylalanine Attenuates Brain Acetylcholinesterase in Neonatal Streptozotocin‐Diabetic Rats
Authors: Ashokkumar Natarajan , Pari Leelavinothan , Ramkumar Kunga Mohan
Published: August 2006

Abstract: The effect of hyperglycaemia due to experimental diabetes in male Wistar rats causes a decrease in the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with significant increase in lipid peroxidative markers: thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides in brains of experimental animals. The decreased activity of both salt soluble and detergent soluble acetylcholinesterase observed in diabetes may be attributed to lack of insulin which causes specific alterations in the level of neurotransmitter, thus causing brain dysfunction. Administration of non‐sulfonylurea drug N‐benzoyl‐D‐phenylalanine (NBDP) could protect against direct action of lipid peroxidation on brain AChE and in this way it might be useful in the prevention of cholinergic neural dysfunction, which is one of the major complications in diabetes.
Effects of Lipoic Acid and Dihydrolipoic Acid on 4‐Aminophenol‐Mediated Erythrocytic Toxicity in vitro*
Authors: Coleman Michael D. , Williams Charlotte , Haenen Guido R. M. M.
Published: August 2006

Abstract: The effects of the antioxidant lipoic acid and its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), were studied on the process of the erythrocytic toxicity of 4‐aminophenol in human erythrocytes in vitro. 4‐Aminophenol alone caused a stepwise increase in methaemoglobin formation, along with a commensurate decrease in total thiols. At 10 min., in the presence of lipoic acid alone and the thiol depletor 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB) alone, 4‐aminophenol‐mediated methaemoglobin formation was significantly increased, whilst thiol levels were significantly reduced compared with the 4‐aminophenol alone. At 10 min., with DHLA and CDNB alone, 4‐aminophenol was associated with significantly increased methaemoglobin formation. However, thiol levels were not significantly different in the presence of DHLA compared with 4‐aminophenol alone, although thiol levels were different compared with control (4‐aminophenol alone) in the incubations with CDNB alone. At 15 min., only CDNB/4‐aminophenol methaemoglobin formation differed from control, whilst thiol levels were significantly lower in the presence of CDNB alone compared with 4‐aminophenol alone. Lipoic acid enhanced the toxicity of 4‐aminophenol in terms of increased methaemoglobin formation coupled with increased thiol depletion, whilst DHLA showed increased 4‐aminophenol‐mediated methaemoglobin formation without thiol depletion. Lipoic acid, and to a lesser extent its reduced derivative DHLA, acted as a prooxidant in the presence of 4‐aminophenol, enhancing the oxidative stress effects of the amine in human erythrocytes.
Tissue response and Msx1 expression after human fetal digit tip amputation in vitro
Authors: Allan Christopher H. , Fleckman Philip , Fernandes Russell J. , Hager Barbara , James Jennifer , Wisecarver Zudtky , Kyle Satterstrom F. , Gutierrez Alicia , Norman Anthony , Pirrone Anna , Underwood Robert A. , Rubin Brian P. , Zhang Miqin , Ramay Hassna R. , Clark John M.
Published: August 2006

Regeneration of mammalian digit tips is well described; however, associated cellular or molecular events have not been studied in humans. We describe an in vitro human fetal model of response to digit tip amputation, and report expression of the transcription repressor Msx1 in the developing and regrowing human digit tip. Human fetal digits from specimens ranging from 53 to 117 days' estimated gestational age (EGA) were cultured in a defined serum‐free medium with supplemented oxygen for time periods from 4 days to 4 weeks. Histology and immunohistochemistry were performed on paired control and tip‐amputated digits. Regrowing tissue covered the cut end of the distal phalanx in digits up to 80 days' EGA. Msx1 expression was detected beneath the nail field in control digits to at least 70 days' EGA and at the regrowing tip of 57‐day digits at 4 and 7 days post‐amputation. Our results show that human fetal digits regrow tissue in vitro in response to tip amputation. This process appears spatially associated with Msx1 expression. Msx1 expression appears increased at the regrowing tip of 57‐day digits by 4 days after amputation.
Etanercept decreases tumor necrosis factor‐α activity in chronic wound fluid
Authors: Cowin Allison J. , Hatzirodos Nicholas , Rigden Justin , Fitridge Robert , Belford David A.
Published: August 2006

High levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, are present in the wound fluid of chronic nonhealing wounds. This leads to increased inflammation, cytokine expression, and ultimately results in impaired wound healing and tissue destruction. Etanercept is a recombinant fusion protein that consists of the soluble TNF receptor (p75) linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1. It is an effective inhibitor of TNF‐α and has been shown to provide rapid and sustained improvement in rheumatoid arthritis by acting as a soluble receptor binding TNF‐α and preventing its proinflammatory activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether Etanercept could inhibit TNF‐α activity in chronic wound fluid. Wound fluid was collected from the venous leg ulcers of 16 different patients. The effect of Etanercept on TNF‐α activity was evaluated using both a TNF‐α bioassay and an enzyme‐linked immunoassay. Etanercept was found to reduce the cytotoxic effect of chronic wound fluid on L929 fibroblasts by approximately 30% and neutralized TNF‐α binding in the enzyme‐linked immunoassay by up to 80%. Direct application of Etanercept to chronic wounds may therefore reduce the inflammatory activity of TNF‐α, which could reduce the chronicity of venous leg ulcers and thus aid in the healing of these wounds.
The microcirculation in acute murine cutaneous incisional wounds shows a spatial and temporal variation in the functionality of vessels
Authors: Bluff Joanne E. , O'Ceallaigh Siobhan , O'Kane Sharon , Ferguson Mark W. J. , Ireland Grenham
Published: August 2006

A mouse perfusion model using fluorescently labeled dextran has been developed to investigate the functionality of blood vessels during cutaneous wound healing. By immunostaining cryostat sections of perfused wounds with antibodies that identify vessels, we were able to assess their functionality. There was an increase in the proportion of CD31+‐perfused vessels in all wound regions with time, although the vessels of the wound margins and superficial granulation tissue (GT) took the longest to become perfused. More than 50% of the latter vessels were not perfused at 10 days postwounding. This is consistent with the growth of functional vessels from the wound base proceeding to the more superficial GT. The CD34 marker was expressed by a subpopulation of CD31+ vessels. However, in contrast to CD31+ vessels, the functionality of CD34+ vessels did not change significantly with time and 50–75% of CD34+ vessels in the GT and wound margins were nonfunctional. This might be explained either by apoptosis of the CD34+ vessels or the loss of the marker with time. This study has important implications for assays of wound‐healing angiogenesis based on histology and immunohistochemical markers for vessels, because vessel functionality differs both spatially and temporally during wound healing.
Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates human keratinocyte motility by Rac activation
Authors: Sogabe Yoko , Abe Masatoshi , Yokoyama Yoko , Ishikawa Osamu
Published: August 2006

Topical application of human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes wound healing. bFGF, however, has been reported to have little in vitro effects on keratinocyte compared with other cell types such as endothelial cells or fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism(s) of bFGF‐stimulated keratinocyte migration. Normal human keratinocytes, seeded on coverslips that were noncoated or coated with type I collagen or fibronectin, were stimulated with bFGF to evaluate their ability to spread. Keratinocyte migration was measured using a Boyden chamber assay. The lysates of keratinocytes, which were plated on noncoated, type I collagen‐coated or fibronectin‐coated plastic dishes and stimulated with bFGF, were subjected to pulldown assays to detect guanine triphosphate‐loaded Rac. Morphologically, keratinocytes formed lamellipodia only when they were stimulated with bFGF on the collagen‐coated coverslips. Keratinocyte migration was significantly enhanced by bFGF. Guanine triphosphate‐loaded Rac was detected only in the lysate of bFGF‐stimulated keratinocytes on collagen‐coated dishes. This in vitro study shows that bFGF exerts a stimulatory effect on keratinocyte migration in the presence of type I collagen as a scaffold, and, at least, Rac activation is involved.
Model of radiation‐impaired healing of a deep excisional wound
Authors: Werier Joel , Ferguson Peter , Bell Robert , Hill Richard , Wunder Jay , O'Sullivan Brian , Kandel Rita
Published: August 2006

Despite many well‐recognized benefits, administration of ionizing radiation before surgical resection of malignancies is associated with a high risk of wound‐healing complications. Most animal models investigating techniques to improve wound healing use a superficial wound. The goal of this study was to develop a novel model of radiation‐impaired healing using a deep excisional wound, which is closer to the clinical situation. In the first part of this study, female Lewis rats were exposed to 0, 12, 15, or 18 Gy single‐fraction radiation to the buttocks. Three weeks later, deep wounds were created by excision of the gluteus maximus muscle. Irradiated wounds had a lower rate of healing of the surgically created defect than unirradiated wounds (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the different doses of radiation. Impaired healing was still evident at 12 weeks. The second part of this study investigated the ability of porcine small‐intestinal submucosa (SIS) to improve healing in this animal model. At 6 weeks, wounds implanted with SIS showed improved healing at all doses of radiation compared with unimplanted irradiated wounds. However, higher doses of radiation were still associated with a lower rate of healing. SIS induced a cellular response that was not evident in defects that did not receive SIS, suggesting that SIS has the potential to stimulate repair. This reproducible model of radiation‐impaired wound healing closely resembles the clinical setting. The results indicate that this model can be used to investigate new biomaterials as possible therapeutic agents to enhance wound healing.
Topical application of transforming growth factor‐β1 in acute traumatic tympanic membrane perforations: an experimental study in rats
Authors: Kaftan Holger , Herzog Michael , Miehe Bärbel , Hosemann Werner
Published: August 2006

High transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) expression in combination with fibrotic scar was observed in human tympanic membranes containing a chronic perforation. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether application of exogenous TGF‐β1 to experimentally created tympanic membrane perforations might induce a nonhealing tympanic membrane perforation. Bilateral myringotomies were performed in 20 rats. In 10 animals, a single dose of TGF‐β1 (0.1 μg) was topically applied to the left tympanic membrane after perforation. In the second part of the study with 10 animals, repeated applications of TGF‐β1 at a higher concentration were tested. In both groups, the opposite ears received vehicle alone. Tympanic membranes were observed for a total of 5 weeks. The effect of TGF‐β1 on the healing of the tympanic membranes was evaluated by closure rates and histology. In the single application group, the healing process was not delayed. Repeated applications of TGF‐β1 did cause a faster perforation closure and a thicker tympanic membrane. Topical TGF‐β1 applied to a traumatic tympanic membrane perforation does not create a chronic perforation at the concentrations and modes of application used in this study.
Rapid techniques for assessing fibre quality of flax breeding lines and cultivars using visible and near infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis
Authors: Jankauskienė Z. , Bačelis K. , Stuart T. , McCall R.D. , Sharma H.S.S.
Published: August 2006

Fifteen different flax cultivars and breeding lines (E‐68, Baltučiai, Belinka, Vega 2, Ilona, Elise, Kastyčiai, Evelin, 1963‐3, Ariane, Hermes, 01057‐12, 1698‐13a, 2017‐3, 1864‐24) were cultivated, harvested, water‐retted, scutched and resulting fibres passed through pin frames to produce representative samples for each variety. The aim of this investigation was to develop rapid techniques for assessing quality of fibre obtained from a comparative agronomical trial. The fibres produced were then assessed using visible and near infrared spectroscopy (Vis–NIRS), thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and airflow method for measuring fibre fineness. The relationships between agronomical characteristics, fibre fineness, thermal and spectral results were assessed using principal component analysis and partial least squares regression methods. The micrographs of the samples revealed the presence of residual pectic and cuticular tissues on all fibres, and significant differences between the 15 fibre samples were not observed. A significant relationship of the differences in fibre fineness of the test samples as measured by airflow method and Vis–NIR spectra was observed with an R2 of 0.97 and standard error of calibration (SEC) of 1.69 dtex, and the former parameter also correlated with the measured thermal combustion parameters showing an R2 of 0.91 and SEC of 2.86 dtex, indicating that the two rapid techniques could be used for the assessment of fibre quality of selected plants from the breeding programme. The advantages of using the two instrumental techniques compared with the existing airflow method are briefly discussed.
Symbiosis of Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) with a coralline alga from North Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Authors: Calcinai Barbara , Cerrano Carlo , Totti Cecilia , Romagnoli Tiziana , Bavestrello Giorgio
Published: August 2006

Abstract. The symbiotic association between the new sponge species Mycale vansoesti and the coralline alga Amphiroa sp. from the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) is described. The alga completely pervades the sponge. The color of the sponge ectosome is white, both on the external surface and on the atrial wall, but where the alga is present the sponge takes on the light pink color of the alga. The sponge spicular complement is characterized by mycalostyles, anisochelae of two types, sigmas (often “C” shaped), and extremely abundant toxas organized in bundles forming toxadragma. In the association, the sponge shows very low silicate value, and consequently the alga represents the main skeleton of the sponge. On the other hand, the sponge affects the morphology of the alga, leading to a cylindrical shape, with thalli running parallel to the sponge surface. This association seems to be obligate for the sponge, as we found no sponges of this species living in isolation.
Reproductive modes and life cycles of freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicula) from southern Brazil
Authors: Knakievicz Tanise , Vieira Sabrina Moura , Erdtmann Bernardo , Ferreira Henrique Bunselmeyer
Published: August 2006

Abstract. Life cycles, ploidy levels, reproductive modes, and regeneration capacities of laboratory populations of the southern Brazil freshwater planarians Girardia tigrina and Girardia schubarti were studied. The mating behavior and life cycle of different populations from both species were analyzed regarding their karyotype, body size, modes of reproduction, and regeneration potential. Reproduction was evaluated according to fecundity, fertility, and fissiparity indices. In both species we observed that diploid planarians are ∼25% larger than triploid or mixoploid ones and that sexually reproducing populations have more offspring than asexual ones. Cocoon incubation time was shorter for G. tigrina, and G. schubarti showed a higher frequency of spontaneous malformations. G. tigrina was both more fecund (produced more cocoons) and more fertile (produced more hatchlings) than G. schubarti. The effects of alternative food sources (liver or egg yolk), demographic density, and water–salt concentration were evaluated in different populations of both species. All evaluated environmental factors had effects on fecundity and fertility indices and were more prominent for G. schubarti than for G. tigrina. Our data suggest that the populations of G. schubarti were more sensitive to environmental factors, and thus may be useful as bioindicators.
Fine structure of the compound eye of the fungus beetle Neotriplax lewisi (Coleoptera, Cucujiformia, Erotylidae)
Authors: Mishra Monalisa , Meyer‐Rochow Victor Benno
Published: August 2006

Abstract. In many ways, the apposition eye of the erotylid fungus beetle Neotriplax lewisi resembles that of chrysomelids: its 400–500 mostly hexagonal ommatidia are of the acone type and possess “open rhabdoms,” a tapetum is not present, and axons penetrate the basement membrane in distinct bundles of eight. The eye also shows some unusual features that, at present, defy clear functional interpretation. Firstly, the cuticle of the interfacetal areas stains differently from that of the corneal lenses and, secondly, the two rhabdom systems in each ommatidium (central and peripheral) both possess microvilli that are oriented in such a way as to permit e‐vector discrimination. On the basis of comparisons with other open rhabdom eyes, it is postulated that vision in N. lewisi involves neither high resolving power nor superior absolute sensitivity. However, this beetle can distinguish illuminated from shaded areas, and seems specialized to make use of sky polarization (probably in the UV and green regions of the spectrum) and/or the position of the sun as a course‐stabilizing function during flights.
The effect of dishwater parameters on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus and vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus
Authors: Wernersson Eva Ståhl , Jeppsson Marie , Håkanson Håkan
Published: August 2006

In this study, the effect of dishwater parameters on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus and vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus was evaluated. Both types of bacteria have been found in dishwater and are presumed to be pathogenic; both have also been reported to cause outbreaks of foodborne illness. Experiments were conducted in a 2‐L beaker, and temperature, pH, type of detergent and broth concentrations were altered. The influence of nutrition, which normally exists in dishwater, has a substantial effect on the survival rate of S. aureus. The survival of S. aureus in dishwater solutions at 45°C and pH 7 is similar for two different types of detergents, hand dishwashing and machine dishwashing, after a longer time exposure (50 min). The effect of the temperatures on the survival of S. aureus and B. cerus was investigated for the range typical for professional dishwashers and hand dishwashing (45°−65°C). Only a slight reduction of S. aureus takes place at 45°C; however, at 55°C, no more than seven minutes is required to achieve a 3‐log10 reduction. Vegetative cells of B. cereus revealed a similar temperature dependence; however, for the spores of B. cereus, not even a temperature of 65°C is enough to reduce the bacterial counts. The influence of pH on the bacteria was also investigated. For S. aureus and vegetative cells of B. cereus, the pH influence is moderate and is only apparent after longer exposure times. For B. cereus spores, the results showed that they are not influenced by pH up to 10.6. This investigation points out that the most effective strategy for reducing bacterial counts in dishwashing solutions is to use high temperatures (>55°C) in the dishwater, which reduces the risk for cross‐contamination from dishwater to dishware.
Nutrient content in peas served to patients: vitamin C is degraded during four stages of foodservice processing at two hospitals
Authors: Feldman Charles , Chakraborty Goutam , Hazhin Taraneh , Kane Shannon , Ruskin Martin S. , Toney Jeffrey , Wunderlich Shahla
Published: August 2006

This investigation follows seminal work on nutrient degradation as the authors seek to quantify how much vitamin C, as a marker of nutrient quality, is retained at various stages of processing (frozen, steamed, trayline and delivery) of peas at two New Jersey hospitals. Healthcare providers use nutrient data standards provided by various national and international government and nongovernment agencies. Physicians, dietitians and menu planners rely on these values for nutritional therapy. We found that the current methodology for predicting nutritional outcomes of cooked foods in hospitals may not be reliable in assessing nutrients served to patients. Sampled peas were found to contain significantly (P < 0.05 for both Hospitals A and B) less vitamin C compared with the published standard value (‘cooked’) for vitamin C. In Hospitals A and B, the nutrient quality of vitamin C was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) as peas progressed to patients. As improved nutritional status has been shown to correlate with faster healing and recovery, thus reduced hospital stays, we recommend that hospitals use improved cooking methods to reduce the loss of nutrients in foods served to patients. Vegetables in particular should be cooked for the briefest period of time or at the lowest temperature that ensures safety.
Closing the circle: participant views of a 360 degree feedback programme
Authors: Mabey Christopher
Published: August 2006

The use of 360 degree feedback is becoming increasingly commonplace in organisations. It is claimed that this programme offers a more rounded diagnosis of development needs resulting in more effective development plans for individuals and more strategically focused investment in training for the organisation as a whole. These claims are tested in a qualitative and quantitative field study of participants in a 360 degree programme for middle and senior managers at a UK university. Some elements of the programme are found to work better than others, but participants rate their experience of almost all aspects of training and development as significantly better than a matched sample of non‐participants, and this leads to more positive global evaluations of the employer. The implications for the use of 360 degree programmes are discussed with regard to the critical HRM literature.
Unison and the people side of mergers
Authors: Dempsey Michael , McKevitt David
Published: August 2006

This article examines the merger of public service unions which resulted in the creation of Unison, the largest trade union in the UK. It examines the Unison merger from the perspective of the strategic capability of union management(s) to influence the success or otherwise of the merger process. Models and frameworks arising from research into for‐profit organisations are used, in particular those of Buono and Bowditch (1989). Use is also made of the more recent work of Cartwright and Cooper (1996). Both studies highlight the importance of the cultural aspects of the merger process. The article concludes that the chosen models illuminate the process and demonstrate the importance of further research to enable a better understanding of the management of trade unions.
Champions, adapters, consultants and synergists: the new change agents in HRM
Authors: Caldwell Raymond
Published: August 2006

At the centre of many HRM approaches to organisational transformation and culture change is the concept of the personnel or HR professional as change agent. Storey highlighted the emerging significance of the 'changemaker' role in the UK almost a decade ago, and Ulrich has offered a powerful reinterpretation of the personnel function that affirms the significance of the HR change agent in championing competitiveness in many large US corporations. However, while the scope and influence of this role has often been questioned, the variety of forms it takes has not been satisfactorily addressed. The new survey findings and interview evidence from major UK companies presented here indicates that the change agent role has grown in significance and complexity.To partly capture these changes, a new four‐fold typology of HR change agent roles is proposed: champions, adapters, consultants and synergists.
Merit pay preferences among public sector employees
Authors: Brown Michelle
Published: August 2006

Organisations have choices about methods of pay, and employee pay adjustment preferences are an important consideration in this decision‐making process. Of particular organisational interest currently are pay systems that seek to link increases with individual performance, usually referred to as merit pay. Researchers have shown that pay adjustment systems that are incompatible with employee preferences can be costly for organisations, and have identified a range of demographic factors that predict support for merit adjustments. This article extends this line of research by investigating the impact of a performance appraisal system and a range of situational factors on the level of support for merit pay in a large public sector research organisation in Australia. The study finds that higher levels of perceived job security are associated with support for merit pay, while good promotional opportunities are associated with lower levels of support. Those who saw the outcomes of the current performance appraisal system as fair were unlikely to support merit pay.