bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethanol and Volatile Fatty Acid Production from Lignocellulose by Clostridium cellulolyticum
Authors: Williams K. , Zheng Y. , McGarvey J. , Fan Z. , Zhang R.
Published: August 2012

Clostridium cellulolyticum is capable of producing glycosyl hydrolase enzymes as well as fermentation products including ethanol and acetate. In this study, the potential of using C. cellulolyticum for ethanol and volatile fatty acid production from straw and grape pomace was examined. For rice straw, the effects of alkaline pretreatment and substrate sterilization prior to fermentation on products yields were also investigated. Effects of alkaline pretreatment and necessity for subsequent washing were tested for two types of grape pomace. For rice straw, the highest ethanol yield was 0.16 g/gVS from the straw pretreated with 10% sodium hydroxide loading at 121∘C for 1 hour. Sterilization of the straw prior to fermentation was found to be not significant for ethanol production. Sterilization appeared to decrease native acetogen populations in the rice straw, resulting in lower acetic acid yields. The highest ethanol yield from grape pomace was of 0.09 g/gVS from the pretreated pomace. Pomace type (red or white) and washing were found to be not significant. Ethanol yields by C. cellulolyticum were lower than those from yeast in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation system, but overall conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose was high, between 68 and 79%.
Productivity of Timber Processing in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Eyitayo Oguntade Adegboyega , Enitan Fatunmbi Temitope , Adio Folayan Joshua
Published: August 2012

This study is aimed at evaluating the efficiency of timber processors in Ondo State, Nigeria, using Data Envelopment Analysis. Multi stage sampling technique was used to select two Local Government Areas with the highest number of sawmills, from each of which twenty saw millers were randomly selected, given a total of forty saw millers. Based on Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency, 35% of the saw millers were technically efficient while on the basis of Variable Return to Scale TE, 60% of the saw millers were technically efficient. About 35% of the saw millers were scale efficient. The Data Envelopment Analysis output revealed that 35% of the sampled saw millers were both technically and scale efficient and were hence operating at the most productive scale size. About 65% of the saw millers were operating at sub-optimal condition. Excesses in input utilization were observed in respect of total fixed cost, costs of electricity, servicing of mill, timber from forest reserve and operation of truck; and remuneration of labour. The inefficient firms should be encouraged to emulate the operating practices of the most productive firms so as to improve their performance.
On “Those Truths of Experience Upon Which Philosophy Is Founded”
Authors: Hanson Karen ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

At the turn of the nineteenth century, American pragmatists claimed that philosophy rests on experience. Variations of their empiricism persist at the beginning ofthe twenty-first century, but, I argue, the notion of experience remains under-analyzed. In this paper I examine Peirce’s and James’s contrasting views of the relation between experience and philosophy, comparing their views with Descartes’s, and I re-enter Dewey’s question, “What are the data of philosophy?” Do different individuals have different data? As it is a commonplace of the twenty-first century that our experiences vary widely with our individual life circumstances and that there are fault lines in human experience that can be organized by notions of gender, race, ethnicity and culture, and historical and economic circumstances, I also consider whether that commonplace has any import for philosophy.
Solve It! Student Thinking: Push-up Pete
Authors: Bair Sherry L. , Mooney Edward S.
Published: August 2012

Students' thinking is discussed, and the procedures used with problem solving are explored.
RtI in Math Class
Authors: Gresham Gina , Little Mary
Published: August 2012

Sit beside a fourth-grade teacher being trained to diagnose learning deficits and then develop and implement intervention strategies to help a struggling student become a successful learner.
CCSSM: Keeping Teaching and Learning Strong
Authors: Jo Russell Susan
Published: August 2012

To support mathematics educators as they consider implications of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) for instruction and assessment, Teaching Children Mathematics launched a series of articles beginning in the February 2012 issue. In this concluding installment, we concentrate on the implementation of the eight Standards of Mathematical Practice and the constellations of Practices and Standards. In the September issue, Matthew Larson follows up the series with a feature article that looks at CCSSM through the lens of mathematics education reform history and asks the provocative question, Will CCSSM Matter in Ten Years?
Endometriosis, Angiogenesis and Tissue Factor
Authors: Krikun Graciela
Published: August 2012

Tissue factor (TF), is a cellular receptor that binds the factor VII/VIIa to initiate the blood coagulation cascade. In addition to its role as the initiator of the hemostatic cascade, TF is known to be involved in angiogenesis via intracellular signaling that utilizes the protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). We now review the physiologic expression of TF in the endometrium and its altered expression in multiple cell types derived from eutopic and ectopic endometrium from women with endometriosis compared with normal endometrium. Our findings suggest that TF might be an ideal target for therapeutic intervention in endometriosis. We have employed a novel immunoconjugate molecule known as Icon and were able to eradicate endometrial lesions in a mouse model of endometriosis without affecting fertility. These findings have major implications for potential treatment in humans.
2‐D Gel‐Based Proteomic Approaches to Antibiotic Drug Discovery
Authors: Raatschen Nadja , Elisabeth Bandow Julia
Published: August 2012

The global analysis of changes in the protein composition of bacterial cells in response to treatment with antibiotic agents grants insights into the physiological response of cells to inhibition of vital cellular functions. This unit gives an overview of how global proteomic studies can impact antibacterial drug discovery by identifying or validating compound mechanism of action and by increasing the confidence in the value of genes with unknown function as potential new targets. It describes the design and function of a reference compendium of proteomic responses to inhibition of vital cellular functions through antibacterial agents or genetic down‐regulation of potential target genes. An overview of the workflow for two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis‐based experiments is also presented. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 26:1F.2.1‐1F.2.16. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Classification of Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms
Authors: Jurkevitch Edouard
Published: August 2012

Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) are obligate predators of Gram‐negative bacteria. BALOs are isolated as plaques growing at the expense of their prey and are cultivated as two‐member cultures. The growth cycle is composed of an extracellular attack phase and an intraperiplasmic elongation and replication phase. However, there are methods for obtaining host‐independent (HI) mutants that grow without prey on rich media. BALOs are commonly found in the environment but generally constitute small populations; therefore, their isolation may require enrichment steps. Contamination by other bacteria during isolation necessitates efficient separation between the smaller BALO cells from the majority of larger bacteria. BALOs can also be directly detected and quantified in environmental samples using specific PCR. Synchronous cultures of both wild‐type and HI derivatives can be obtained to study the different growth phases. These can be further separated by centrifugation. Classification is based on 16S rDNA analysis. Protocols relevant to these aspects of BALO detection, isolation, growth, classification, and quantitation are presented in this unit. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 26:7B.1.1‐7B.1.20. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparative phototransformation of environmental pollutants using metallophthalocyanines supported on electrospun polymer fibers
Authors: Zugle Ruphino , Nyokong Tebello
Published: August 2012

The fluorescence and photoactivity of a series of Zn and Lu phthalocyanine complexes incorporated in various polymer fibers were investigated for the phototransformation of 4‐chlorophenol, 4‐nitrophenol, and methyl orange. The phthalocyanine complexes functionalized on polystyrene and polysulfone polymer fibers could be applied in the degradation of 4‐chlorophenol, 4‐nitrophenol, and methyl orange with 4‐chlorophenol being much more susceptible to degradation while methyl orange was the least. Also polymer fibers of polystyrene were found to be reusable. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Dose–Response Effects of Diphenylhydantoin on Pregnant Dams and Embryo‐Fetal Development in Rats
Authors: Kim Sung‐Hwan , Lee In‐Chul , Baek Hyung‐Seon , Lim Jeong‐Hyeon , Moon Changjong , Shin Dong‐Ho , Kim Sung‐Ho , Park Seung‐Chun , Kim Jong‐Choon
Published: August 2012

Despite the widespread use of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), there is a lack of reliable information on the teratogenic effects, correlation with maternal and developmental toxicity, and dose–response relationship of DPH. This study investigated the dose–response effects of DPH on pregnant dams and embryo‐fetal development as well as the relationship between maternal and developmental toxicity. DPHwas orally administered to pregnant rats from gestational days 6 through 15 at 0, 50, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day. At 300 mg/kg, maternal toxicity including increased clinical signs, suppressed body weight, decreased food intake, and increased weights of adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and brain were observed in dams. Developmental toxicity, including a decrease in fetal and placental weights, increased incidence of morphological alterations, and a delay in fetal ossification delay also occurred. At 150 mg/kg, maternal toxicity manifested as an increased incidence of clinical signs, reduced body weight gain and food intake, and increased weights of adrenal glands and brain. Only minimal developmental toxicity, including decreased placental weight and an increased incidence of visceral and skeletal variations, was observed. No treatment‐related maternal or developmental effects were observed at 50 mg/kg. These results show that DPH is minimally embryotoxic at a minimal maternotoxic dose (150 mg/kg/day) but is embryotoxic and teratogenic at an overt maternotoxic dose (300 mg/kg/day). Under these experimental conditions, the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level of DPH for pregnant dams and embryo‐fetal development is considered to be 50 mg/kg/day. These data indicate that DPH is not a selective developmental toxicant in the rat.
Final Arrangements Following Death: Maori Indigenous Decision Making and Tangi
Authors: Nikora Linda Waimarie , Masters‐Awatere Bridgette , Awekotuku Ngahuia Te
Published: August 2012

Death is a universal event. It will happen to all of us, yet how we respond to death is particular and influenced by our cultural worlds. This study offers an investigation of the idiographic, of how one woman responded to, and made arrangements to, mourn and bury her mother. Specifically, we explore how she and her whanau (family) under pressure of time and grief and in the absence of clear final wishes met to consider issues and make decisions about the situation they were confronted with. This case forms part of a much larger programme of research into Maori death rituals, change and adaption. Informing a scholarly audience unfamiliar with the Maori world requires a significant amount of contextual information. The case study is a powerful strategy to achieve this and one that draws readers into deep understanding (Willig, 2008). This case provides insight into the struggles of an indigenous fourth‐world people living within the heterogeneity of Aotearoa/New Zealand society; it demonstrates how values change across generations as people live their lives increasingly away from their ancestral homelands and how traditionally defined roles and responsibilities within the whanau (family) are challenged by members living away from each other. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Case‐based Research in Community and Social Psychology: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Hodgetts Darrin James , Stolte Ottilie Emma Elisabeth
Published: August 2012

Cases are highly prevalent in teaching and practice in psychology. Case‐based research is crucial for engaged and relevant community and applied social psychologies, but is often subject to critique. This editorial responds to such critiques, clarifies various misconceptions regarding this research strategy, and argues for the utility of case‐based research. We explore the theoretical basis and implications of case‐based research for community action and participative interventions. This special issue offers a collection of articles that showcase the use of a range of methods in case‐based research. Contributions include: (i) a conceptual argument regarding the logic of case studies; (ii) a single‐person case study; (iii) a group‐level case study; (iv) a multi‐site case study, (v) a reflection on challenges of participative research, using the action‐researcher as the case. These contributions demonstrate how the use of exemplars is crucial for community and applied social psychologists developing knowledge about social issues in complex and diverse societies, with a view to improving the human condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Complex GdSc1‐xInxO3 Oxides: Synthesis and Structure Driven Tunable Electrical Properties.
Authors: Grover V. , Shukla R. , Jain D. , Deshpande S. K. , Arya A. , Pillai C. G. S. , Tyagi A. K.
Published: August 2012

The title compounds (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Gd2O3, Sc2O3, and In2O3 (1200, 1300, and 1400 °C for 24 h each), and by gel combustion synthesis using glycine as fuel followed by annealing at 850 °C for 6 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Hierarchical Hydroxyapatite Microspheres Composed of Nanorods and Their Competitive Sorption Behavior for Heavy Metal Ions.
Authors: Zhu Ronghai , Lai Xiaoyong , Halpert Jonathan E. , Yu Ranbo , Wang Dan
Published: August 2012

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 microspheres composed of nanorods are synthesized from a buffered aqueous solution of (NH4)2HPO4, Ca(NO3)2, and NH3 (80 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Photolysis of Aqueous [Os(NH3)5(N2)]2+. Photoreduction of Coordinated Dinitrogen to Hydrazine as a Model for a New Type of Artificial Photosynthesis?
Authors: Kunkely Horst , Vogler Arnd
Published: August 2012

The photolysis of aqueous [Os(NH3)5(N2)]2+ in the absence of oxygen leads to the reduction of the N2 ligand and to the formation of N2H4.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvothermal Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of BaCeF5, and BaCeF5:Tb3+ Nanocrystals.
Authors: Sheng Tianqi , Fu Zuoling , Wang Jing , Fu Xihong , Yu Yingning , Zhou Shihong , Zhang Siyuan , Dai Zhenwen
Published: August 2012

Nanocrystals of the title compounds are prepared by a citric acid assisted solvothermal method starting with isopropyl alcohol solutions containing Ce(NO3)3, NH4F, BaCO3, citric acid, and Tb(NO3)3 (autoclave, 180 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Layered Graphitic Carbon Host Formation During Liquid‐Free Solid State Growth of Metal Pyrophosphates.
Authors: Diaz Carlos , Valenzuela Maria Luisa , Lavayen Vladimir , O'Dwyer Colm
Published: August 2012

Single crystals of Mn2P2O7 are formed in the absence of any solvent by solid state pyrolysis of precursor (I) (250—800 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: 3d Metal Ions in Highly Unusual Eight‐Coordination: The Phosphate‐Capped Dodecapalladate(II) Nanocube.
Authors: Kortz Ulrich , et al. et al.
Published: August 2012

Compounds (III), (V), (VII), and (IX) are characterized by single crystal XRD, 31P NMR, and EPR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Decarboxylative Coupling of Arene Carboxylic Acids/Esters with Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Shen Zengming , Ni Zhenjie , Mo Song , Wang Jing , Zhu Yamin
Published: August 2012

The title method gives access to benzo[c]chromenes, dibenzofurans, phenanthridines, carbazoles, and tetracyclic fused pyrrole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Iron‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Wienhoefer Gerrit , Westerhaus Felix A. , Jagadeesh Rajenahally V. , Junge Kathrin , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias
Published: August 2012

A novel Fe‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of alkynes to corresponding alkenes using formic acid as hydrogen donor is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Palladium on Boron Nitride Catalyst and Its Application to the Semihydrogenation of Alkynes.
Authors: Yabe Yuki , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Nagata Saori , Sawama Yoshinari , Monguchi Yasumari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: August 2012

The chemoselective hydrogenation of terminal and internal alkynes towards alkenes proceeds smoothly in the presence of di(aminoethyl)amine (DETA) and Pd on boron nitride as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly anti‐Selective One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Mannich‐Type N‐Acylated β‐Amino Acid Derivatives by Copper or Sodium Salt Catalysis.
Authors: Bahulayan D. , Shinu V. S. , Pramitha P. , Arun S. , Sheeja B.
Published: August 2012

23 Title compounds of type (IV), (VIII) and (XII) are prepared by a one‐pot three‐component reaction of enolizable ketones with nitriles and aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Alkylation of Amides and Amines with Alcohols Employing the Aerobic Relay Race Methodology.
Authors: Li Qiang , Fan Songjian , Sun Qing , Tian Haiwen , Yu Xiaochun , Xu Qing
Published: August 2012

A greener and more advantageous method for the title reaction is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Sulfondiimines by N‐Chlorosuccinimide‐Mediated Oxidative Imination of Sulfiliminium Salts.
Authors: Candy Mathieu , Guyon Carole , Mersmann Stefanie , Chen Jia‐Rong , Bolm Carsten
Published: August 2012

The reaction of compound (Ia) is carried out on a multigram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Atropoisomeric (P,N) Ligands for the Highly Enantioselective Pd‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric α‐Arylation of α‐Branched Aldehydes.
Authors: Nareddy Pradeep , Mantilli Luca , Guenee Laure , Mazet Clement
Published: August 2012

The shown ligand is successfully applied to the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Multisubstituted Pyrroles via Trisubstituted Olefins and TosMIC Derivatives.
Authors: Qiu Fangli , Wu Jianwei , Zhang Yaohong , Hu Miao , Yu Feng , Zhang Guolin , Yu Yongping
Published: August 2012

A simple and effective protocol for the synthesis of multi‐substituted pyrroles under mild conditions in good to excellent yields is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Four‐Component Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Substituted Dihydro‐2‐oxypyrrole Catalyzed by Molecular Iodine.
Authors: Khan Abu T. , Ghosh Arindam , Khan Md. Musawwer
Published: August 2012

The pyrrole derivatives include a β‐amino acid part and are thus of importance for pharmaceutical investigations.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Isoindolinones via Three‐Component Mannich/Lactamization Cascade Reaction.
Authors: Zhang Haoyi , Leng Yixin , Liu Wenjing , Duan Wenhu
Published: August 2012

Isoindolinones of type (IV), (VI), (VIII) or (X)/(XI) are prepared by a three‐component Mannich/lactamization cascade reaction of o‐formylbenzoates with enolizable ketones and amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Polystyrene‐Bound Diethanolamine Based Ionic Liquids for Chemical Fixation of CO2.
Authors: Chen Xi , Sun Jian , Wang Jinquan , Cheng Weiguo
Published: August 2012

PEA exhibits the highest activity and selectivity in the conversion of epoxides and aziridines into the corresponding cyclic carbonates and oxazolidonines, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of New 4,6‐Diaryl‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐hydroxy‐2H‐indazoles.
Authors: Amutha Parasuraman , Nagarajan Samuthira
Published: August 2012

Cyclization of substituted ethyl cyclohexenonecarboxylates (I) with hydrazine hydrate provides access to target indazoles (II).
ChemInform Abstract: An Atom‐Economical Approach to the Synthesis of Potentially Bioactive 2H‐Chromenes via CuI‐Catalyzed Reactions of Alkyl/Aryl‐(E)‐(o‐Propargyloxy)styryl Ketones.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Ansary Inul , Shyam Pranab K. , Roy B.
Published: August 2012

Product (IId) is known to possess in vitro antileishmanial activity at noncyctotoxic concentrations.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 2‐, 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐Aminonicotinic Acid tert‐Butyl Esters.
Authors: Wright Stephen W.
Published: August 2012

An improved three‐step procedure is developed to prepare the title esters, e.g. (V), performing the esterification before hydrazine formation, and without the need for purification of the intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl Grignard Reagents in Chemodivergent N‐ and C‐Arylations: Concise Access to Two Families of Tetracyclic Fused Carbazoles from 6‐Nitroquinolines.
Authors: Sanchez Juan Domingo , Egris Riccardo , Perumal Subbu , Villacampa Mercedes , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: August 2012

Quinolines (I) and (XI) react in a chemodivergent mode with the Grignard compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem‐Type Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Heck Reaction/Intramolecular C—H Amidation Sequence: A Novel Route to 4‐Aryl‐2‐quinolinones.
Authors: Inamoto Kiyofumi , Kawasaki Junpei , Hiroya Kou , Kondo Yoshinori , Doi Takayuki
Published: August 2012

A novel catalytic method for the synthesis of 4‐aryl‐2‐quinolines (III) and (V)/(VI) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: P2O5 Promoted One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Aminoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Soleimani Ebrahim , Taran Mojtaba , Zainali Mohsen , Lotfi Shahram
Published: August 2012

Phosphorus pentoxide is found to be a highly efficient biodegradable catalyst for the three‐component reaction of 2‐aminopyridines (I) with aromatic aldehydes (III) and isocyanides (II) under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Condensed [4‐(2,4,6‐Trimethylphenyl)‐1(2H)‐oxo‐phthalazin‐2‐yl]acetic Acid Hydrazide.
Authors: El‐Hashash Maher A. , El‐Kady Ahmed Y. , Taha Mamdouh A. , El‐Shamy Ibrahim E.
Published: August 2012

Compounds (VI), (IX), (XIc) and (XId) exhibit good activity against S.
ChemInform Abstract: Optimized Liebeskind—Srogl Coupling Reaction Between Dihydropyrimidines and Tributyltin Compounds.
Authors: Sun Qi , Suzenet Franck , Guillaumet Gerald
Published: August 2012

Dihydropyrimidothione substrates are successfully coupled with tributyltins to produce potentially biologically active dihydropyrimidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐1‐[(arylamino)methyl]‐1,3,5‐triazinane‐2‐thiones.
Authors: Zhang Zhenfeng , Wang Siqian , Zhang Guisheng
Published: August 2012

Acid‐catalyzed cyclocondensation of thiourea (I) with aromatic amines (II) and formaldehyde (III) in a one‐step procedure allows for rapid synthesis of title compounds (IV) in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cascade Reaction of Pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehyde Substituted Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts in the Presence of Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide or Acetate to Construct Aza‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Huang Long , Shi Min
Published: August 2012

A phase‐transfer catalyst promoted intramolecular transformation of pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehyde substituted Morita—Baylis—Hillman adducts as an efficient way to construct pyrrolo[1,2‐a]azepin‐7(6H)‐one skeletons in moderate to good yields is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Near Infrared Electroluminescence of 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)‐Tetra‐(methoxy‐phenoxy)phthalocyanine.
Authors: Bai Qinglong , Zhang Chunhua , Cheng Chuanhui , Li Wancheng , Wang Jin , Du Guotong
Published: August 2012

Room‐temperature NIR‐EL is found to be near 891 nm that effectively covers the first optical communication window near 850 nm.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (2S,4S)‐4‐Hydroxyproline from D‐Glucose.
Authors: Mereyala Hari Babu , Pathuri Gopal , Nagarapu Lingaiah
Published: August 2012

Title compound (V) is prepared in 3.5% overall yield from diacetone‐D‐glucose (I) employing catalytic hydrogenation of compound (II) leading to bicyclic oxazo compound (III) as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Organotin‐Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Thiocarbonylation of Nonprotected Carbohydrates and Synthesis of Deoxy Carbohydrates in a Minimum Number of Steps.
Authors: Muramatsu Wataru , Tanigawa Satoko , Takemoto Yuki , Yoshimatsu Hirofumi , Onomura Osamu
Published: August 2012

The thiocarbonylation reactions are performed with a variety of unprotected pyranosides and O‐aryl chlorothioformates to give monothiocarbonates in a highly regioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Procyanidin B1 (IVb), B2 (IVa), and B4 (V) and Their Antiinflammatory Activity: The Effect of 4‐Alkoxy Group of Catechin and/or Epicatechin Electrophiles for Condensation.
Authors: Katoh Miyuki , Oizumi Yukiko , Mohri Yoshihiro , Hirota Mitsuru , Makabe Hidefumi
Published: August 2012

The antiinflammatory effects of the three title compounds on TPA‐induced inflammation of mouse ears are higher than those of indomethacin or glycyrrhetinic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: New Method of Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Combretastatin A‐4 Analogues.
Authors: Malysheva Yulia B. , Combes Sebastien , Fedorov Alexey Yu. , Knochel Paul , Gavryushin Andrei E.
Published: August 2012

Thirteen novel analogues are prepared by Negishi cross‐coupling of iodide (III) and aryl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Anisotropy of Spin Relaxation and Transverse Transport in Metals
Authors: Mokrousov Yuriy , Zhang Hongbin , Freimuth Frank , Zimmermann Bernd , Long Nguyen H. , Weischenberg Juergen , Souza Ivo , Mavropoulos Phivos , Bluegel Stefan
Published: August 2012

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling the Rate of Heterogeneous Reactions
Authors: Kunz Lothar , Maier Lubow , Tischer Steffen , Deutschmann Olaf
Published: August 2012

Review: 188 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Engineering with Dithiadiazolyl Radicals
Authors: Haynes Delia A.
Published: August 2012

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: TOCSY in ROESY and ROESY in TOCSY
Authors: Schleucher J. , Quant J. , Glaser S. J. , Griesinger Christian
Published: August 2012

Review: 33 refs.
Prognostic Significance of Applying the European Society of Cardiology Consensus Algorithm for Heart Failure With Preserved Systolic Function Diagnosis
Authors: Almeida Pedro , Rodrigues João , Lourenço Patricia , Julia Maciel Maria , Bettencourt Paulo
Published: August 2012

Background:

The diagnosis of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) is challenging. Although diagnostic criteria have been proposed, limited information exists concerning its implication on prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of applying the European Society of Cardiology algorithm for HFpEF diagnosis, namely the tissue Doppler imaging information, in patients with acute heart failure (HF).

Hypothesis:

The application of the European Society of Cardiology algorithm for HFpEF diagnosis, identifies a group of HF patients with high morbidity and mortality.

Methods:

Consecutive patients admitted due to acute HF were recruited. The European Society of Cardiology algorithm was used in the HFpEF diagnosis. Patients were followed for a 6‐month period and mortality and rehospitalization due to HF were recorded.

Results:

A total of 491 patients were included in this registry. Mean patient age was 78 years and 63% were women; 177 patients had HFpEF and 314 had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Of the HFpEF patients, 44.8% had an E/E′ ratio >15 and 1.8% had an E/E′ ratio <8. Patients with HFpEF and those with HFrEF had a similarly dismal prognosis when considering all‐cause mortality, and morbidity and mortality, but there was a trend for better survival when HF death was the outcome in analysis (hazard ratio 1.63 [95% confidence interval: 0.95–2.80, P = 0.08]).

Conclusions:

The use of objective criteria for diagnosis of HFpEF identifies patients with similar outcomes as patients with HFrEF; this observation increases the robustness of the diagnostic criteria for HFpEF. The use of objective criteria for the diagnosis of HFpEF identifies patients with a similarly ominous prognosis as patients with HFrEF; this observation increases the robustness of the diagnostic criteria for HFpEF. Identifying these patients based on objective criteria, as we did, is an important step for future investigation, namely drugs, warranted to the HFpEF approach.

This work was performed at the departments of internal medicine and cardiology at Centro Hospitalar São João in Porto, Portugal. This work was supported by a grant from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Foundation for Science and Technology), project PIC/IC/82773/2007.

The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
C‐Reactive Protein Level and the Incidence of Eligibility for Statin Therapy: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Mann Devin M. , Shimbo Daichi , Cushman Mary , Lakoski Susan , Greenland Philip , Blumenthal Roger S. , Michos Erin D. , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. , Muntner Paul
Published: August 2012

Background:

Given the results of the Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial, statin initiation may be considered for individuals with elevated high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP). However, if followed prospectively, many individuals with elevated CRP may become statin eligible, limiting the impact of elevated CRP as a treatment indication. This analysis estimates the proportion of people with elevated CRP that become statin eligible over time.

Hypothesis:

Most people with elevated CRP become statin eligible over a short period of time.

Methods:

We followed 2153 Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants free of cardiovascular disease and diabetes with low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <130 mg/dL at baseline to determine the proportion who become eligible for statins over 4.5 years. The proportion eligible for statin therapy, defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) 2004 updated guidelines, was calculated at baseline and during follow‐up stratified by baseline CRP level (≥2 mg/L).

Results:

At baseline, 47% of the 2153 participants had elevated CRP. Among participants with elevated CRP, 29% met NCEP criteria for statins, compared with 28% without elevated CRP at baseline. By 1.5 years later, 26% and 22% (P = 0.09) of those with and without elevated CRP at baseline reached NCEP low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol criteria and/or had started statins, respectively. These increased to 42% and 39% (P = 0.24) at 3 years and 59% and 52% (P = 0.01) at 4.5 years following baseline.

Conclusions:

A substantial proportion of those with elevated CRP did not achieve NCEP‐based statin eligibility over 4.5 years of follow‐up. These findings suggest that many patients with elevated CRP may not receive the benefits of statins if CRP is not incorporated into the NCEP screening strategy.

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.

The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) was supported by contracts NO1‐HC‐95159 through NO1‐HC‐95165 and NO1‐HC‐95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. This research was also supported by grant 1K23DK081665, a Patient‐Oriented Mentored Scientist Award through the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases (to DMM). The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Performance Evaluation of a Full‐Scale Extended Aeration System in Al‐Bireh City, Palestine
Authors: Al‐Sa'ed Rashed , Tomaleh Nayef
Published: August 2012

Major challenges attributed to dysfunctional wastewater treatment facilities in developing countries include lack of commitment and poor informed decision making by the higher municipal administration. This paper presents how process monitoring and control during full scale operation ensures sustainability of civic infrastructures like Al‐Bireh wastewater treatment plant (AWWTP). It is written from the perspective of practical process selection to evaluate the performance of AWWTP, a single‐sludge nitrification–denitrification process with aerobic sludge stabilization. Process monitoring data (July 2000–April 2007) from available monthly operating reports were analyzed and evaluated. Additional data on microbiological analysis and information about facility unit operations were gathered through review of published local literature and interviews with AWWTP personnel. Influent and effluent data evaluated were the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). Despite annual and seasonal variations in AWWTP influent for COD, BOD, TN, and TP, the Palestinian wastewater reuse requirements for restricted irrigation were met. Process design and proper facility operation have direct impacts on effluent quality. The study concludes that regardless of the design capacity and process type, adequate administrative and operational management dictate the sustainability of AWWTP and reuse schemes.
Effect of Sample Digestion, Air Filter Contamination, and Post‐adsorption on the Analysis of Trace Elements in Air Particulate Matter
Authors: Yang Xiao Jin , Wan Pingyu , Foley Roy
Published: August 2012

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma MS are the major analytical tools for trace elements in environmental matrices, however, the underestimate of certain trace elements in analysis of air particulate matter by these two techniques has long been observed. This has been attributed to incomplete sample digestion. Here, we demonstrate that the combined effects of sample digestion, air filter impurities, and post‐adsorption of the analytes contribute to the interference of the analysis. Particular attention should be paid to post‐adsorption of analytes onto air filters after acid digestion.
Detoxification of Arsenite through Adsorption and Oxidative Transformation on Pyrolusite
Authors: Liu Chengshuai , Wang Xiangqing , Li Xiujuan , Cao Weidong , Yang Jinyan
Published: August 2012

Adsorption and oxidative transformation processes critically affect the mobility and toxicity of arsenic (As) in the environment. In this study, the detoxification of arsenite through adsorption and oxidation by pyrolusite was systematically investigated. Disappearance of aqueous As(III) in the solution can be efficiently achieved using pyrolusite. The As(III) oxidative transformation product arsenate or As(V) was obtained both in the solution and on the pyrolusite surface. The arsenic species adsorbed on pyrolusite exist in two forms: As(III) and As(V). Furthermore, over 64.8% of the adsorbed As cannot be desorbed. They were fixed more stably in the structure of the mineral to achieve a safer removal. Lower As(III) initial concentration increased As(III) detoxification rates. Elevating the reaction pH from 4.5 to 7.9 elicited a slight effect on the disappearance rate of As(III). Efficient As(III) detoxification can be achieved by pryrolusite within the studied pH range. The addition of low‐molecular‐weight carboxylic acids decreased the detoxification rate of As(III) through competition for active sites on pyrolusite. Co‐existing divalent metal ions, such as Ca2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+, also decreased the detoxification rate of As(III). However, the trivalent ion Cr3+ largely increased the detoxification rate through co‐precipitation and adsorption processes.
UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 genotyping in Japanese athletes and evaluation of the current sports drug testing for detecting testosterone misuse
Authors: Okano Masato , Ueda Toshihiko , Nishitani Yasunori , Kano Hiroko , Ikekita Ayako , Kageyama Shinji
Published: August 2012

Ethnicity has been found to influence urinary testosterone glucuronide to epitestosterone glucuronide (T/E) ratios among athletes. Uridine diphospho‐glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) is the most active enzyme in testosterone glucuronidation. UGT2B17 polymorphism analysis is rarely performed in Japanese athletes, and the influence of testosterone administration on steroid profiles and carbon isotope ratios, according to gene polymorphisms, in Asians remains unknown. The prevalence of UGT2B17 genotypes and urinary androgenic steroid profiles, classified according to UGT2B17 genotypes, was investigated in Japanese athletes (255 male and 256 female). Testosterone enanthate (100 mg) was administered intramuscularly to Japanese female volunteers (del/del: n = 6, del/ins: n = 3, ins/ins: n = 1). The distribution rates of the UGT2B17 del/del genotype in Japanese male and female athletes were 74.5% and 60.2%, respectively. The ins/ins genotype was detected in only three male (1.2%) and seven female (2.7%) athletes. The prevalence of the UGT2B17 deletion genotype was extremely high in Japanese athletes. The T/E ratio in the del/del group was significantly lower than that in the other groups. After testosterone was administered to female volunteers, the T/E ratios for the del/del individuals failed to reach the positivity criterion of 4. By contrast, in all of the del/del subjects, the gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS) analysis successfully fulfilled the positivity criterion. The overall result has demonstrated the limited effectiveness of population‐based T/E ratios in screening tests for testosterone use. Subject‐based steroid profiling with UGT2B17 genotyping will be an effective strategy for detecting testosterone misuse. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterolytic Alkyl Hydroperoxide O–O Bond Cleavage by Copper(I) Complexes
Authors: Tano Tetsuro , Sugimoto Hideki , Fujieda Nobutaka , Itoh Shinobu
Published: August 2012

The reaction of copper(I) complexes and cumene hydroperoxides was examined to demonstrate that heterolytic O–O bond cleavage of the peroxides proceeds predominantly to give the corresponding alcohols (cumyl alcohols) as the major product, when the stoichiometry of CuI/peroxide is 2:1. The result is in sharp contrast to the 1:1 reaction between the copper(II) complexes and cumene hydroperoxide, which provides the ketone (acetophenone) as the major product through homolytic O–O bond cleavage.
Amination of Aryl Halides by Using an Environmentally Benign, Recyclable Copper Catalyst
Authors: Huang Manna , Wang Leilei , Zhu Xinhai , Mao Zuxing , Kuang Daizhi , Wan Yiqian
Published: August 2012

The combination of CuSO4 with naturally occurring sucrose in a biodegradable aqueous solution of PEG‐200 has been confirmed as a novel, recyclable, and environmentally benign homogeneous catalyst system for the direct amination of aryl halides with NH3·H2O. Electron‐rich, electron‐poor, and even ortho‐substituted aryl bromides and iodides could be aminated to provide the desired primary arylamines in high yields at 90 °C without the need of an inert atmosphere.
Nutritional iron supplementation studies based on enriched 57Fe, added to milk in rats, and isotope pattern deconvolution‐ICP‐MS analysis
Authors: González‐Iglesias Héctor , Fernández‐Sánchez María Luisa , López‐Sastre José , Sanz‐Medel Alfredo
Published: August 2012

Enriched stable iron isotopes in combination with isotope pattern deconvolution and ICP‐MS have been used to study the absorption and bioavailability of iron from supplemented formula milk administrated to lactating rats. The use of two enriched stable isotope tracers, one as the metabolic tracer (here 57Fe) and the other (54Fe) as quantitation tracer, is shown to provide quantitative data about endogenous and exogenous (supplemented) total Fe distribution in rat feces, urine, red blood cells (RBCs), serum, liver, and kidney. The proposed analytical methodology was validated using reference materials (serum, urine, and liver) spiked with both 54Fe and 57Fe. Quantitative information about iron absorption/bioavailability and/or metabolism can be obtained from the amounts of endogenous and exogenous iron found in the tissues and fluids analyzed, and about its kinetic after 2 weeks of iron supplementation. The obtained results are discussed in terms of iron exchanged and its half‐life in lactating rats and the observed iron levels in serum, RBCs, liver, and kidney comparing nonsupplemented rats and maternal feed rats.
Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Italian dairy products by MALDI‐TOF mass fingerprinting
Authors: Böhme Karola , Morandi Stefano , Cremonesi Paola , Fernández No Inmaculada C. , Barros‐Velázquez Jorge , Castiglioni Bianca , Brasca Milena , Cañas Benito , Calo‐Mata Pilar
Published: August 2012

Staphylococcus aureus is a known pathogen, causing serious food‐borne intoxications due to the production of enterotoxins, being otherwise a major cause of mastitis. In this sense, the detection of S. aureus is an important issue for the food industry to avoid health hazards and economic losses. The present work applied MALDI‐TOF MS for the classification of 40 S. aureus strains, 36 isolated from Italian dairy products and four from human samples. All isolated strains were clearly identified as S. aureus by their spectral fingerprints. The peak masses m/z 3444, 5031, and 6887 were determined to be specific biomarkers for S. aureus. Furthermore, clustering of the peak mass lists was successfully applied as a typing method, resulting in eight groups of strains. This is the first time that a detailed spectral comparison was carried out and characteristic peak masses were determined for every spectral group. Three strains exhibited a peak at m/z 6917 instead of m/z 6887, which was related to four polymorphisms in their 16S rRNA sequences. However, the grouping obtained by MALDI‐TOF MS fingerprinting could not be related to toxin production or to the origin of the strains.
Direct enantioseparation of lipoic acid in dietary supplements by capillary electrophoresis using trimethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as a chiral selector
Authors: Kodama Shuji , Taga Atsushi , Aizawa Sen‐ich , Kemmei Tomoko , Honda Yoshitaka , Suzuki Kentaro , Yamamoto Atsushi
Published: August 2012

Lipoic acid, an antioxidant, naturally occurs as the (R)‐enantiomer, while synthetic lipoic acid is racemic. It is thus of interest to know the (R)‐enantiomer content of lipoic acid supplements. Here, we used capillary electrophoresis to directly enantioseparate lipoic acid in dietary supplements by using a sulfonated capillary with an effective voltage of +18 kV and direct detection at 200 nm. Factors affecting migration time and resolution of lipoic acid were investigated. The optimum background electrolyte was found to be 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 8 mM trimethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as a chiral selector at 20°C. Under the proposed conditions, direct chiral resolution of lipoic acid in dietary supplements was conducted successfully.
A region‐based hierarchical model for extreme rainfall over the UK, incorporating spatial dependence and temporal trend
Authors: Atyeo Jonathan , Walshaw David
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we develop a Bayesian hierarchical model for extreme rainfall over the entire U.K. The model is based around a strong regional structure, so that for each of nine distinct physiographic regions, we impose a distinct model for the marginal behaviour that employs site‐specific covariate information, and a model for the dependence structure. Using data collected at 204 locations over a 40‐year period, the model is designed to meet the challenges posed by the problem, specifically: the distinct extremal behaviour in the different regions; the need to model extremal dependence for up to 25 sites within a region; and the possibility of temporal trends within the extreme rainfall climate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
E2F3b over‐expression in ovarian carcinomas and in BRCA1 Haploinsufficient fallopian tube epithelium
Authors: Smith Na Lu , Welcsh Piri , Press Joshua Z. , Agnew Kathy J. , Garcia Rochelle , Swisher Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2012

We have previously shown that the E2F3 oncogene is up‐regulated as part of a “preneoplastic expression profile” in fallopian tube epithelium (FTE) of women with BRCA1 mutations. We studied E2F3 expression in FTE and carcinomas of women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or wildtype for both genes. Significantly more foci of TP53 positive cells in histologically normal FTE from women with BRCA1 mutations but not in wildtype or BRCA2 mutated individuals had E2F3 protein overexpression relative to adjacent normal FTE, which occurred in the context of focally increased proliferation, potentially explaining the increased neoplastic potential of tubal TP53 foci in women with BRCA1 mutations. To assess mechanisms of E2F3 deregulation in ovarian or tubal carcinogenesis, we studied E2F3 and its two isoforms E2F3a and E2F3b in wild‐type ovarian carcinomas and ovarian carcinomas associated with germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. The expression of E2F3b, but not E2F3a, was correlated with the expression of BRCA1 in all three genetic groups. In primary cultures of FTE from women with BRCA1 mutation or wildtype for BRCA1 and BRCA2, siRNA‐induced BRCA1 deficiency led to increased E2F3b but not E2F3a expression. Our results suggest that E2F3b and BRCA1 are functionally connected, and BRCA1 haploinsufficiency in normal FTE may lead to up‐regulation of E2F3b and increased proliferation before the development of intraepithelial neoplasia. These data support that E2F3b up‐regulation is an important preneoplastic event in FTE from BRCA1 mutation carriers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Power of Family‐Based Association Strategies to Detect Disease‐Causing Variants Under Two‐Locus Models
Authors: Babron Marie‐Claude , Guilloud‐Bataille Michel , Sahbatou Mourad , Demenais Florence , Génin Emmanuelle , Dizier Marie‐Hélène
Published: August 2012

Not accounting for interaction in association analyses may reduce the power to detect the variants involved. We investigate the powers of different designs to detect under two‐locus models the effect of disease‐causing variants among several hundreds of markers using family‐based association tests by simulation. This setting reflects realistic situations of exploration of linkage regions or of biological pathways.

We define four strategies: (S1) single‐marker analysis of all Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), (S2) two‐marker analysis of all possible SNPs pairs, (S3) lax preliminary selection of SNPs followed by a two‐marker analysis of all selected SNP pairs, (S4) stringent preliminary selection of SNPs, each being later paired with all the SNPs for two‐marker analysis.

Strategy S2 is never the best design, except when there is an inversion of the gene effect (flip‐flop model). Testing individual SNPs (S1) is the most efficient when the two genes act multiplicatively. Designs S3 and S4 are the most powerful for nonmultiplicative models. Their respective powers depend on the level of symmetry of the model.

Because the true genetic model is unknown, we cannot conclude that one design outperforms another. The optimal approach would be the two‐step strategy (S3 or S4) as it is often the most powerful, or the second best. Genet.