bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Obesity and Its Association with Socioeconomic Factors in Elderly Iranians from Razavi-Khorasan Province
Authors: Nematy Mohsen , Sakhdari Ali , Ahmadi-Moghaddam Parnian , Aliabadi Maliheh , Kimiagar M. , Ilaty A. A. , Azimi-Nezhad M. , Shakeri M. T. , Ghayour-Mobarhan M. , Sahebkar A. , Ferns G.
Published: August 2011

There are few data regarding the prevalence of obesity and its socioeconomic determinants among elderly individuals, particularly in Iran. We wished to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in free-living elderly people and the relationship to nutritional and socioeconomic factors in the Razavi-Khorasan province of Iran. Free-living elderly persons (917 males/1045 females), aged ?60 years, were recruited using cluster sampling. Overweight and obesity were evaluated using body mass index (BMI) and subjects were categorized as thin (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (?30 kg/m2). The association between the prevalence of overweight or obesity with socioeconomic and demographic factors, including gender, place of residence, literacy, type of living, source of income, use of supplements during the past 3 months, and employment status, was examined using regression analysis. The distribution of BMI values indicated that 13, 46.5, 28.9, and 11.7% of the total population were thin, normal, overweight, and obese, respectively. The prevalence of central obesity was higher among Iranian women than men (63.1 vs. 18.6%, respectively). Regression analysis results indicated that gender (p< 0.001), place of residence (p< 0.001), literacy (p= 0.01), and source of income (p< 0.001) were significantly associated with the incidence of overweight or obesity. This study showed that 40.6% of elderly subjects were overweight or obese. Results reinforce the need to plan strategies for primary prevention of this fast-growing public health problem.
Heparin and Insulin for Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Pancreatitis: Case Report
Authors: Jain Deepika , Zimmerschied John
Published: August 2011

Hypertriglyceridemia is the etiology of acute nonbiliary pancreatitis in up to 3% of patients. Along with the supportive treatment of acute pancreatitis, treating the precipitating cause is important as well. There have been reports where heparin and insulin have been used for acute reduction of triglycerides, although there are no established guidelines for efficacy of these modalities. Heparin and insulin decrease triglycerides by stimulating lipoprotein lipase activity, which degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. We present a case where a 54-year-old male presented with hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis. The serum triglyceride level was 10,320 mg/dl (normal: 0–15 mg/dl) at the time of admission. We started the patient on intravenous insulin and heparin infusion, and within 24 h of induction of treatment, the levels decreased by 50% to 5407 mg/dl. Thus, heparin and insulin can be considered a safe treatment modality for rapidly reducing triglyceride levels.
Key Modulatory Role of Presynaptic Adenosine A2AReceptors in Cortical Neurotransmission to the Striatal Direct Pathway
Authors: Quiroz César , Luján Rafael , Uchigashima Motokazu , Simoes Ana Patrícia , Lerner Talia N. , Borycz Janusz , Kachroo Anil , Canas Paula M. , Orru Marco , Schwarzschild Michael A. , Rosin Diane L. , Kreitzer Anatol C. , Cunha Rodrigo A. , Watanabe Masahiko , Ferré Sergi
Published: August 2011

Basal ganglia processing results from a balanced activation of direct and indirect striatal efferent pathways, which are controlled by dopamine D1and D2receptors, respectively. Adenosine A2Areceptors are considered novel antiparkinsonian targets, based on their selective postsynaptic localization in the indirect pathway, where they modulate D2receptor function. The present study provides evidence for the existence of an additional, functionally significant, segregation of A2Areceptors at the presynaptic level. Using integrated anatomical, electrophysiological, and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that presynaptic A2Areceptors are preferentially localized in cortical glutamatergic terminals that contact striatal neurons of the direct pathway, where they exert a selective modulation of corticostriatal neurotransmission. Presynaptic striatal A2Areceptors could provide a new target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Dialysis Catheters and Their Common Complications: An Update
Authors: Banerjee Satyaki
Published: August 2011

Tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) are associated with the highest rate of complications, morbidity, and mortality when compared to arteriovenous fistulas or grafts, and this relates to higher costs in their management. Over time, catheters are prone to higher rates of infection, thrombosis, and central venous stenosis, and, thereby, catheter dysfunction. Lower blood flow rates are a consequence of the dysfuncion. Despite efforts to reduce incident and prevalent rates of catheter use for dialysis by the National Kidney Foundation and Fistula First Initiative, they remain a common modality of hemodialysis. The management of common TDC-related complications is discussed, in addition to ways to reduce and prevent morbidity associated with their use.
Botulinum Toxin-A Therapy in Pediatric Urology: Indications for the Neurogenic and Non-Neurogenic Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: Dyer Lori , Franco Israel
Published: August 2011

Although, the role of Botulinum Toxin-A in the treatment of the neurogenic and non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder is becoming more defined, this is the first review article to characterize the emerging role of Botulinum Toxin-A in the pediatric urologic population. Injection of Botulinum Toxin-A at the level of the bladder works by inhibiting uninhibited bladder contractions and, possibly, by blocking some of the sensory nerve fibers. In children with sphincter dyssynergy, injection at the level of the urethral sphincter works by inhibiting the involuntary guarding reflex and blocking dyssynergic voiding.
Chronic vs. Acute Interactions between Supraoptic Oxytocin Neurons and Astrocytes during Lactation: Role of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Plasticity
Authors: Wang Yu-Feng , Hamilton Kathryn A.
Published: August 2011

In this article, we review studies of astrocytic-neuronal interactions and their effects on the activity of oxytocin (OXT) neurons within the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Previous work over several decades has shown that withdrawal of astrocyte processes increases OXT neuron excitability in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) during lactation. However, chronically disabling astrocyte withdrawal does not significantly affect the functioning of OXT neurons during suckling. Nevertheless, acute changes in a cytoskeletal element of astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), occur in concert with changes in OXT neuronal activity during suckling. Here, we compare these changes in GFAP and related proteins with chronic changes that persist throughout lactation. During lactation, a decrease in GFAP levels accompanies retraction of astrocyte processes surrounding OXT neurons in the SON, resulting from high extracellular levels of OXT. During the initial stage of suckling, acute increases in OXT levels further strengthen this GFAP reduction and facilitate the retraction of astrocyte processes. This change, in turn, facilitates burst discharges of OXT neurons and leads to a transient increase in excitatory neurochemicals. This transient neurochemical surge acts to reverse GFAP expression and results in postburst inhibition of OXT neurons. The acute changes in astrocyte GFAP levels seen during suckling likely recur periodically, accompanied by rhythmic changes in glutamate metabolism, water transport, gliotransmitter release, and spatial relationships between astrocytes and OXT neurons. In the neurohypophysis, astrocyte retraction and reversal with accompanying GFAP plasticity also likely occur during lactation and suckling, which facilitates OXT release coordinated with its action in the SON. These studies of the dynamic interactions that occur between astrocytes and OXT neurons mediated by GFAP extend our understanding of astrocyte functions within the central nervous system.
Calciphylaxis Mimicking Penile Gangrene: A Case Report
Authors: Bhatty Tanweer Ahmed Naweed , Riaz Kamran
Published: August 2011

Calciphylaxis is a rare, but life-threatening, disease, mostly seen in patients with renal failure, especially those undergoing dialysis. It is characterized by violaceous tender areas of cutaneous plaques, necrosis, and eschar formation, mostly involving toes and fingers, but rarely the penis. Peripheral pulses are mostly preserved. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) level is elevated, along with raised calcium phosphorus product. There is radiological evidence of blood vessel and soft tissue calcification. Predisposing factors are obesity and diabetes. It is rarely encountered by a urologist and closely resembles penile gangrene.
Lewy Body Variant of Alzheimer's Disease: Selective Neocortical Loss of t-SNARE Proteins and Loss of MAP2 and α-Synuclein in Medial Temporal Lobe
Authors: Mukaetova-Ladinska Elizabeta B. , Xuereb John H. , Garcia-Sierra Francisco , Hurt Jenny , Gertz Herman-J. , Hills Richard , Brayne Carol , Huppert Felicia A. , Paykel Eugene S. , McGee Magnus A. , Jakes Ross , Honer William G. , Harrington Charles R. , Wischik Claude M. ,   CC75C Collaboration Group
Published: August 2011

Lewy bodies (LBs) appear in the brains of nondemented individuals and also occur in a range of neurodegenerative disorders, such as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease. A number of people with a definite diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) also exhibit these intraneuronal inclusions in allo- and/or neocortical areas. The latter, referred to as Lewy body variant of AD (LBV), bears a clinical resemblance to AD in terms of age at onset, duration of illness, cognitive impairment, and illness severity. Since the presence of LBs is accompanied by neuronal cytoskeleton changes, it is possible that the latter may influence neuronal connectivity via alterations to the synaptic network. To address this, we examined the expression of synaptic proteins (synaptophysin, syntaxin, SNAP-25, and α-synuclein) and two cytoskeletal proteins (tau and MAP2) in the brain tissue of subjects enrolled in a population-based autopsy study (n = 47). They were divided into groups with no memory problems (control group, n = 15), LBV (n = 5), AD devoid of LBs (n = 17), cerebrovascular dementia (n = 3), and mixed dementia (n = 7). The LBV and AD groups had a similar degree of cognitive impairment and neuropathological staging in terms of Braak staging and CERAD score. In comparison with the control group and the dementia groups without LBs, the LBV group had significantly lower levels of syntaxin and SNAP-25 (23%) in the neocortex, and depletion of MAP2 (64%), SNAP-25 (34%), and α-synuclein (44%) proteins in the medial temporal lobes. These findings suggest that the t-SNARE complex deficit present in LBV may be associated with the presence of LB-related pathology and may explain the more profound cholinergic loss seen in these patients.
Molecular Biology of Rotavirus Entry and Replication
Authors: Ruiz Marie Christine , Leon Theresa , Diaz Yuleima , Michelangeli Fabian
Published: August 2011

Rotavirus is a nonenveloped, double-stranded, RNA virus belonging to the Reoviridae family and is the major etiological agent of viral gastroenteritis in young children and young animals. Remarkable progress in the understanding of the rotavirus cycle has been made in the last 10 years. The knowledge of viral replication thus far acquired is based on structural studies, the expression and coexpression of individual viral proteins, silencing of individual genes by siRNAs, and the effects that these manipulations have on the physiology of the infected cell. The functions of the individual rotavirus proteins have been largely dissected; however, the interactions between them and with cell proteins, and the molecular mechanisms of virus replication, are just beginning to be understood. These advancements represent the basis for the development of effective vaccination and rational therapeutic strategies to combat rotavirus infection and diarrhea syndromes. In this paper, we review and try to integrate the new knowledge about rotavirus entry, replication, and assembly, and pose some of the questions that remain to be solved.
Altered Nuclear Functions in Progeroid Syndromes: a Paradigm for Aging Research
Authors: Li Baomin , Jog Sonali , Candelario Jose , Reddy Sita , Comai Lucio
Published: August 2011

Syndromes of accelerated aging could provide an entry point for identifying and dissecting the cellular pathways that are involved in the development of age-related pathologies in the general population. However, their usefulness for aging research has been controversial, as it has been argued that these diseases do not faithfully reflect the process of natural aging. Here we review recent findings on the molecular basis of two progeroid diseases, Werner syndrome (WS) and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), and highlight functional connections to cellular processes that may contribute to normal aging.
Melanocortin Peptide Therapy for the Treatment of Arthritic Pathologies
Authors: Getting S. J. , Kaneva M. , Bhadresa Y. , Renshaw D. , Leoni Giovanna , Patel H. B. , Kerrigan M. J. P. , Locke I. C.
Published: August 2011

Arthritic pathologies are a major cause of morbidity within the western world, with rheumatoid arthritis affecting approximately 1% of adults. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring hormones and their peptides, in both arthritic models of disease and patients. The arthritides represent a group of closely related pathologies in which cytokines, joint destruction, and leukocytes play a causal role. Here we discuss the role of naturally occurring pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived melanocortin peptides (e.g., alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone [a-MSH]) and synthetic derivatives in these diseases. Melanocortins exhibit their biological efficacy by modulating proinflammatory cytokines and subsequent leukocyte extravasation. Their biological effects are mediated via seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors, of which five have been cloned, identified, and termed MC1to MC5. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone represents the parent molecule of the melanocortins; the first 13 amino acids of which (termed a-MSH) have been shown to be the most pharmacologically active region of the parent hormone. The melanocortin peptides have been shown to display potent anti-inflammatory effects in both animal models of disease and patients. The potential anti-inflammatory role for endogenous peptides in arthritic pathologies is in its infancy. The ability to inhibit leukocyte migration, release of cytokines, and induction of anti-inflammatory proteins appears to play an important role in affording protection in arthritic injury, and thus may lead to potential therapeutic targets.
Management of Erosion of Graft Materials in Pelvic Floor Reconstruction
Authors: Kobashi Kathleen C.
Published: August 2011

We present an overview of the current literature and management techniques for vaginal extrusion or urinary tract erosion of graft materials used in pelvic floor reconstruction. A MEDLINE search was performed to identify literature pertaining to the incidence and management of vaginal or urinary tract exposure of graft materials commonly used in anti-incontinence and pelvic floor reconstructive procedures. Dependent on the type of mesh material used, a vaginal extrusion rate of up to 77% has been reported. The currently accepted, loosely woven, monofilament type I polypropylene meshes appear to have acceptable lower exposure rates in the range of 1–3% for slings, but with the larger area of mesh used in prolapse repairs, the rate increases to up to 10%. With the current widespread use of graft materials to reinforce pelvic floor reconstructive techniques, it is imperative for surgeons to be familiar with potential complications related to the materials and proper management of these complications. Although it is beginning to appear that the benefit of using some synthetic materials may outweigh the risks, proper management and understanding of the risks is important in order to counsel our patients appropriately and responsibly prior to their surgeries.
Characterizing ProstivaTMRF Treatments of the Prostate for BPH with Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI
Authors: Huidobro Christian , Larson Benjamin , Mynderse Samuel , Myers James J. , Busel David , Acevedo Cristian , Larson Thayne R. , Mynderse Lance A.
Published: August 2011

Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) is an accepted and effective therapy for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). ProstivaTM(Medtronic, Shoreview, MN) is the newest-generation device, which includes a new needle design and radio frequency (RF) generator. This device creates temperatures of 120°C and necrotic lesions in less than 2.5 min. Using previously described techniques, we analyzed dynamic, gadolinium-enhanced MRIs to characterize the ablative properties of the new ProstivaTMRF device.

Ten men with LUTS due to BPH were treated with the standard ProstivaTMmanufacturer–recommended protocol. The bladder neck and lateral lobes received treatment based on prostate volume and prostatic urethral length. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI sequences were obtained prior to and 1 week post-treatment. Analyze® software (Mayo Clinic Biomedical Imaging Resource, Rochester, MN) was used to evaluate MRIs. New gadolinium defects were seen in all patients following ProstivaTMtreatments. All lesions coalesced within the prostate. No defects were seen beyond the prostate, and the urethra was spared in all patients. The mean volume of necrosis was 7.56 cc, representing a mean of 11.28% of total prostate volume.

Dynamic, gadolinium-enhanced MRIs demonstrate new vascular defects representing necrosis caused by ProstivaTMRF therapy of the prostate. The standard ProstivaTMRF protocol produces lesions that coalesce to create larger lesions in the bladder neck and lateral lobes. Compared to the TUNA® Precision PlusTMdevice, the ablative lesions appear comparable while produced with a shorter burn time.
Chyluria after Partial Nephrectomy: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kim Ronald J. , Joudi Fadi N.
Published: August 2011

We report a case of 61-year-old male who presented with chyluria after partial nephrectomy. During workup for appendicitis, an incidental exophytic renal mass was revealed on CT scan. The patient ultimately underwent uncomplicated open partial nephrectomy. Postoperatively, his JP drain output turned milky white with urine remaining clear. JP fluid analysis was consistent with lymph. At 3 weeks postsurgery, his drain output decreased, but his urine turned milky white. Urinalysis confirmed fat in the urine. CT imaging revealed chyloma/urinoma with extravasation. The patient was initially treated conservatively, with a medium-chain fatty acid diet and then ureteral stenting. His stent was eventually removed and his chlyuria resolved 14 weeks later.

In nonendemic countries, nonparasitic chyluria is exceedingly rare and postsurgical chyluria even more so. We review the sequelae of untreated disease and surgical options for intractable chyluria not responsive to conservative management.In non-endemic countries, non-parasitic chyluria is exceedingly rare, and post surgical chyluria even more so. We review the sequelae of untreated disease and surgical options for intractable chyluria not responsive to conservative management.
Surgically Discovered Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Invading Inferior Vena Cava with Coexisting Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Rosevear Henry M. , Meier Melissa M. , Gallagher Brian L. , Joudi Fadi N.
Published: August 2011

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a chronic inflammatory process that results in replacement of renal and/or perirenal tissue with a diffuse infiltrate of inflammatory cells referred to as xanthoma cells. We present a case of a 49-year-old man with an incidentally discovered renal mass with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus, who was found intraoperatively to have a significant inflammatory process involving the posterior wall of his IVC and right renal vein consistent with XGP surrounding a focus of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in the midportion of his right kidney.
Physical Aspects of Viral Membrane Fusion
Authors: Wessels Laura , Weninger Keith
Published: August 2011

Enveloped viruses commonly employ membrane fusion during cell penetration in order to deliver their genetic material across the cell boundary. Large conformational changes in the proteins embedded in the viral membrane play a fundamental role in the membrane fusion process. Despite the tremendously wide variety of viruses that contain membranes, it appears that they all contain membrane fusion protein machinery with a remarkably conserved mechanism of action. Much of our current biochemical understanding of viral membrane fusion has been derived from high-resolution structural studies and solution-basedin vitroassays in which viruses fuse with liposomes or cells. Recently, single-particle experiments have been used to provide measurements of details not available in the bulk assays. Here we focus our discussion on the key dynamical aspects of fusion protein structure, along with some of the experimental and computational techniques presently being used to investigate viral-mediated membrane fusion.
Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia Contribute to Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Authors: Guglielmotto Michela , Tamagno Elena , Danni Oliviero
Published: August 2011

While it is well established that stroke and cerebral hypoperfusion are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the molecular link between ischemia/hypoxia and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing has only been recently established. Here we review the role of the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the mitochondrial electron chain in response to hypoxia, providing evidence that hypoxia fosters the amyloidogenic APP processing through a biphasic mechanism that up-regulates β-secretase activity, which involves an early release of ROS and an activation of HIF-1α.
Influences of Temperature on Development and Survival, Reproduction and Growth of a Calanoid Copepod (Pseudodiaptomus dubia)
Authors: Li Changling , Luo Xiaoxia , Huang Xianghu , Gu Binhe
Published: August 2011

Pseudodiaptomus dubiais a calanoid copepod that is distributed widely in the estuarine-coastal waters of Asia and is a dominant copepod in the shrimp grow-out ponds in southern China. A laboratory culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the influences of water temperature on larval development, survival, and reproduction. Results indicate that within a temperature range from 15 to 35°C, larval development increases as the temperature increases. The water temperature for optimal larval survival rate ranges from 20 to 35°C. Longevity and egg hatching time decrease as the temperature increases from 20 to 35°C. Total fecundity and reproduction frequency increase as the water temperature increases, with the maximum at 30°C. Fecundity and reproduction frequency decrease when the temperature exceeds 30°C. Intrinsic growth rate (rm) ranges from 0.168 to 0.195 at 25 to 30°C; net reproduction rate (R0) and finite growth rate (?) are 163 to 264 and 1.183 to 1.215, respectively, when the temperature is greater than 20 and 35°C; population doubling time (t) varies from 3.556 to 4.128 days at temperatures less than 20 and 35°C. Population generation time (T) is negatively correlated with temperature, with the optimal population growth rate at 25 to 30°C.
Hepatocyte Differentiation from Human ES Cells using the Simple Embryoid Body Formation Method and the Staged-Additional Cocktail
Authors: Sasaki Katsunori , Ichikawa Hinako , Takei Shunsuke , No Hee Sung , Tomotsune Daihachiro , Kano Yoshiya , Yokoyama Tadayuki , Sirasawa Sakiko , Mogi Akimi , Yoshie Susumu , Sasaki Shujiro , Yamada Satoshi , Matsumoto Ken , Mizuguchi Masahiro , Yue Fengming , Tanaka Yoshiki
Published: August 2011

To induce hepatocytes from human embryonic stem (hES) cells easily and effectively, a simple suspension culture method that separates ES colonies with a scraper and transfers them into newly developed, nonadherent MPC (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) plates, and the staged-additional cocktail method, including growth factors, cytokines, and Lanford serum-free medium, were developed and evaluated mainly by morphological analysis. The formed embryoid bodies (EBs) showed compact cellular agglomeration until day 4 and later formed coeloms in their interior. RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) analysis showed that they are gene markers of the three germ layers. Mesenchymal cells with rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and extracellular matrix (ECM), and without junctions, were recognized in the interior of the EBs by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in addition to epithelial cells. When they were stimulated by the staged-additional cocktail, they expressed albumin-positive immunoreactivity, indocyanine green (ICG) uptake, and typical ultrastructures of the hepatocytes, including bile canaliculi. These results indicate that these combined methods promote EB formation and hepatocyte differentiation from hES cells.
Secondary Data Analyses of Conclusions Drawn by the Program Implementers of a Positive Youth Development Program in Hong Kong
Authors: Siu Andrew M. H. , Shek Daniel T.L.
Published: August 2011

The Tier 2 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) is designed for adolescents with significant psychosocial needs, and its various programs are designed and implemented by social workers (program implementers) for specific student groups in different schools. Using subjective outcome evaluation data collected from the program participants (Form C) at 207 schools, the program implementers were asked to aggregate data and write down five conclusions (n = 1,035) in their evaluation reports. The conclusions stated in the evaluation reports were further analyzed via secondary data analyses in this study. Results showed that the participants regarded the Tier 2 Program as a success, and was effective in enhancing self-understanding, interpersonal skills, and self-management. They liked the experiential learning approach and activities that are novel, interesting, diversified, adventure-based, and outdoor in nature. They also liked instructors who were friendly, supportive, well-prepared, and able to bring challenges and give positive recognition. Most of the difficulties encountered in running the programs were related to time constraints, clashes with other activities, and motivation of participants. Consistent with the previous evaluation findings, the present study suggests that the Tier 2 Program was well received by the participants and that it was beneficial to the development of the program participants.
Association between Family Structure, Parental Smoking, Friends Who Smoke, and Smoking Behavior in Adolescents with Asthma
Authors: Vázquez-Nava Francisco , Peinado-Herreros José María , Saldívar-Gonzalez Atenógenes H. , Barrientos-Gómez Ma Del Carmen , Beltrán-Guzmán Francisco J. , Perez-Martin Jesus , Cordóva-Fernández José A. , Vázquez-Rodríguez Carlos F.
Published: August 2011

Recent investigations show that the smoking prevalence among asthmatic adolescents is higher than among healthy adolescents, and the causes that lead these asthmatic adolescents to smoke are unclear. We investigated the association between family structure, parental smoking, smoking friends, and smoking in asthmatic adolescents (n = 6,487). After adjusting for sex and age, logistic regression analyses showed that nonintact family structure, parental smoking, and smoking friends are associated with smoking in adolescents with and without asthma. Asthmatic adolescents who reside in the household of a nonintact family have a 1.90 times greater risk of smoking compared with those who live with both biological parents. It is important that parents who have children with asthma be made aware that the presence of smokers in the home and adolescent fraternization with smoking friends not only favor the worsening of asthma, but also induce the habit of smoking.
The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Tumor Neovascularization
Authors: Janic Branislava , Arbab Ali S.
Published: August 2011

Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor growth and metastasis are not completely understood, it is established that formation and growth of new blood vessels is a conditio sine qua non for tumor survival, growth, and expansion. Numerous studies over the past decades demonstrated that neovascularization associated with tumor growth occurs via angiogenic and vasculogenic mechanisms that involve sprouting angiogenesis, intussusceptive angiogenesis, vessel co-option, vasculogenic mimicry, lymphangiogenesis, and the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Due to their ability to self-renew, circulate, home to the ischemic sites, and differentiate into mature endothelial cells, EPCs hold enormous potential to be used as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in antitumor therapies. Hence, this review focuses on EPCs and their role in tumor angiogenesis with the emphasis on EPC recruitment/migration, and the potential use of EPCs as a therapeutic tool and imaging probe.
Synthesis and Antileishmanial Activity of Lipophilic Aromatic Aminoalcohols
Authors: Reis Corrales Roberta Novaes , Pinheiro Liliane Sena , Coimbra Elaine Soares , Da Silva Adilson David , Le Hyaric Mireille
Published: August 2011

In this work, we report on the preparation and evaluation of thein vitroantileishmanial activity of a series of lipophilic aromatic aminoalcohols. All compounds were assessed for theirin vitroactivity against promastigotes of threeLeishmania speciesThe most lipophilic aminoalcohols bearing an aliphatic moiety with eight to 12 carbon atoms displayed a good activity againstL. amazonensisandL. major, and two of them also showed antiproliferative activity againstL. chagasi. The best results were obtained for the N-dodecanoyl ethylenediamine derivative and for N-decyl aminoalcohol (IC50= 5.2 and 0.7μM, respectively).
A Case of Simultaneous, Biopsy-Proven, Classic, ANCA-Positive Wegener's Granulomatosis and Anti-GBM Disease, but without Detectible Circulating Anti-GBM Antibodies
Authors: Gmurczyk Aleksandra , Ahya Shubhada N. , Goldschmidt Robert , Kim George , Ho L. Tammy , Nash Kevin
Published: August 2011

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic, necrotizing, granulomatous vasculitis of unknown etiology. Approximately 75% of cases present as classic WG with both pulmonary and renal involvement, while the remaining 25% of patients present with a limited form with either predominantly upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms. Ninety percent of WG patients have circulating anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and approximately 10% have both circulating ANCA antibodies and concomitant anti–glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease on renal biopsy. Virtually all of these patients also have circulating anti-GBM antibodies. While it has been reported that some patients with ANCA vasculitis have circulating anti-GBM antibodies, and patients with anti-GBM disease may have positive ANCA, review of the literature does not demonstrate other cases of biopsy-proven, simultaneous, ANCA-associated vasculitis and anti-GBM disease. We report a case of simultaneous, biopsy-proven, classic, ANCA-positive WG and anti-GBM disease, but without detectible circulating anti-GBM antibodies. We present findings characteristic of both WG and linear IgG deposition along the GBM suggesting concurrent anti-GBM disease, in the absence of detectable circulating anti-GBM antibodies. Possible theories to explain the absence of these antibodies are discussed.
Lipoxin and Aspirin-Triggered Lipoxins
Authors: Romano Mario
Published: August 2011

Lipoxins and their 15 epimers, aspirin triggered lipoxins (ATL), are eicosanoids derived from sequential lipoxygenase (LO) metabolism of arachidonic acid. The main routes of lipoxin biosynthesis involve cooperation between 15- and 5-LO, and between 12- and 5-LO. ATL are generated by interactions between 5-LO and aspirin-acetylated cyclooxygenase-2. Cellular models recapitulating these interactions involve leukocytes, platelets, vascular endothelium, and epithelium. To circumvent rapid lipoxin and ATL metabolism and inactivation, stable analogs, bearing potent and long-lasting biological activity, have been synthesized. Some of these analogs displayed therapeutic potential by showing strong anti-inflammatory activity in a number of animal models of disease, including reperfusion injury; arthritis; gastrointestinal, renal, respiratory, and vascular inflammatory disorders; eye damage; periodontitis; and selected infectious diseases. Counter-regulatory signaling by lipoxin A4and 15-epi-lipoxin A4is triggered by the activation of a seven-transmembrane domain receptor, termed FPR2/ALX, which is highly expressed in myeloid cells and has been recognized as a main anti-inflammatory receptor.
The Interaction of Src Kinase with β3 Integrin Tails: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Thrombosis and Cancer
Authors: Huveneers Stephan , Danen Erik H. J.
Published: August 2011

Activation of Src family kinases is an important event downstream of integrin adhesion signaling in many cell types. A particularly intriguing connection between an integrin and a Src family kinase was first discovered in platelets, where the selective direct interaction of αIIbβ3 integrins with c-Src promotes full kinase activation of c-Src through its local clustering by the cytoplasmic tail of the β3 integrin subunit. The same integrin β3-c-Src interaction not only drives platelet aggregation, but it also promotes the oncogenic potential of c-Src and drives tumor growth by αvβ3-expressing tumor cells, which may explain why increased activity of c-Src and elevated levels of integrin αvβ3 are often found in the same tumor types. Moreover, recent evidence from patient material and in vivo studies strongly indicate that this oncogenic signaling complex, consisting of c-Src and αvβ3, underlies tumor progression of human tumors. Here, we give an overview of the β3-c-Src interaction and its implications for signaling in platelets and tumor cells, and we mention the possibilities for therapeutic intervention that is aimed at disrupting the β3-c-Src interaction for antithrombotic and anticancer purposes.
Metal Contents in Water, Sediment, and Oligochaeta-Chironomidae of Lake Uluabat, a Ramsar Site of Turkey*
Authors: Arslan Naime , Koç Burcu , Çiçek Arzu
Published: August 2011

Samples of lake water and sediment, and sediment and two dominant zoobenthic taxa (Oligochaeta:Potamothrix hammoniensisand Chironomidae:Chironomus[Camptochironomus] tentans larvae), were collected from 12 stations in Lake Uluabat and examined from the metal level point of view (cadmium, chromium, lead, copper, nickel, and zinc). Our results showed that the occurence of metals in water, sediment, and the two zoobenthic taxa are relatively high. The opinion that supports the results of Lake Uluabat shows that certain species of oligochaetes and chironomids accumulate examined metals several times over compared to their surroundings. Therefore, it is concluded that the oligochaetes and the chironomids are suitable candidates to be used in biomonitoring surveys of Lake Uluabat.
Anesthetic-Induced Oxidative Stress and Potential Protection
Authors: Wang Cheng , Zhang Xuan , Liu Fang , Paule Merle G. , Slikker, Jr. William
Published: August 2011

Prolonged exposure of developing mammals to general anesthetics affects the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)–type glutamate or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor systems and enhances neuronal toxicity. Stimulation of immature neurons by NMDA antagonists or GABA agonists is thought to increase overall nervous system excitability and may contribute to abnormal neuronal cell death during development. Although the precise mechanisms by which NMDA antagonists or GABA agonists cause neuronal cell death are still not completely understood, up-regulation of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 may be an initiative factor in neuronal cell death. It is increasingly apparent that mitochondria lie at the center of the cell death regulation process. Evidence for the role of oxidative stress in anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity has been generated in studies that apply oxidative stress blockers. Prevention of neuronal death by catalase and superoxide dismutasein vitro, or by M40403 (superoxide dismutase mimetic)in vivo, supports the contention that the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the nature of neuronal cell death in rodents is mainly apoptotic. However, more evidence is necessary to in order verify the role of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 and ROS in anesthetic-induced neurodegeneration.
Molecular Circuits of Resolution in Renal Disease
Authors: Börgeson Emma , Godson Catherine
Published: August 2011

Inflammation is a common feature of renal pathology. Lipid mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins, can actively promote the resolution of inflammation by inhibiting polymorphonuclear cell infiltration to the site of inflammation, shifting the cytokine milieu from proinflammatory to proresolving and increasing the nonphlogistic phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Here we review the evidence for molecular circuits of resolution in renal disease.
Synthesis and Antitubercular Activity of Heteroaromatic Isonicotinoyl and 7-Chloro-4-Quinolinyl Hydrazone Derivatives
Authors: Ferreira Marcelle de L. , Gonçalves Raoni S.B. , Cardoso Laura N. de F. , Kaiser Carlos R. , Candéa Andre L.P. , Henriques Maria das Graças M. de O. , Lourenço Maria C.S. , Bezerra Flávio A.F.M. , de Souza Marcus V. N.
Published: August 2011

Two series ofN’(E)-heteroaromatic-isonicotinohydrazide derivatives (3a-f and 4a-b) and 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-2-[(heteroaromatic)methylene]hydrazone derivatives (5a-f and 6a-b) have been synthesized and evaluated for theirin vitroantibacterial activity againstMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv. Several compounds were noncytotoxic and exhibited significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) activity (3.12, 2.50, 1.25, or 0.60 μg/mL), which can be compared to that of the first-line drugs ethambutol (3.12 μg/mL) and rifampicin (2.0 μg/ml). These results can be considered an important starting point for the rational design of new leads for anti-TB compounds.
An Investigation on Water Quality of Darlik Dam Drinking Water using Satellite Images
Authors: Alparslan Erhan , Coskun H. Gonca , Alganci Ugur
Published: August 2011

Darlik Dam supplies 15% of the water demand of Istanbul Metropolitan City of Turkey. Water quality (WQ) in the Darlik Dam was investigated from Landsat 5 TM satellite images of the years 2004, 2005, and 2006 in order to determine land use/land cover changes in the watershed of the dam that may deteriorate its WQ. The images were geometrically and atmospherically corrected for WQ analysis. Next, an investigation was made by multiple regression analysis between the unitless planetary reflectance values of the first four bands of the June 2005 Landsat TM image of the dam and WQ parameters, such as chlorophyll-a, total dissolved matter, turbidity, total phosphorous, and total nitrogen, measured at satellite image acquisition time at seven stations in the dam. Finally, WQ in the dam was studied from satellite images of the years 2004, 2005, and 2006 by pattern recognition techniques in order to determine possible water pollution in the dam. This study was compared to a previous study done by the authors in the Küçükçekmece water reservoir, also in Istanbul City.
Determination of Hazardous VOCs and Nicotine Released from Mainstream Smoke by the Combination of the SPME and GC-MS Methods
Authors: Pandey Sudhir Kumar , Kim Ki-Hyun
Published: August 2011

In this study, the contents of nicotine and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in mainstream smoke (MSS) were analyzed using samples of four cigarette types consisting of two common brands (R and E) with full (F) and light (L) flavor, coded with R-F, R-L, E-F, and E-L. These cigarettes were also analyzed after removing the filter portions with the assignment of a new sample code of (N) as the third letter (e.g., R-L-N). A total of 44 VOCs (including nicotine) were quantified by the combination of the SPME and GC-MS methods. Out of the 44 VOCs, 10 were identified as hazardous air pollutants listed by the U.S. EPA, while their concentrations exceeded the reference exposure limits set by various agencies. A clear distinction was apparent in the concentration levels of VOCs between different brands or between full and light flavors. Nicotine concentrations varied greatly between different cigarettes types of the R brand, whereas such changes were insignificant in the counterpart E brand. This thus suggests that light-flavor cigarettes do not necessarily guarantee low doses of carcinogens (and tar) than regular cigarettes, as their differences can be balanced by the inhaling behavior of the smoker.
Giant Renal Angiomyolipoma without Fat Density on CT Scan: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Nepple Kenneth G. , Bockholt Nathan A. , Dahmoush Laila , Williams Richard D.
Published: August 2011

Giant renal angiomyolipomas have been reported, but typically have the pathognomonic finding of fat density on CT scan. We present the case of a 53-year-old male with a symptomatic, 35-cm, predominantly cystic renal mass without fat density on CT that on nephrectomy was found to be a fat-poor angiomyolipoma with predominantly epithelioid morphology weighing 17.9 kg. Giant renal angiomyolipoma without macroscopic fat density on CT scan is an exceedingly rare occurrence.
SNAREs: Could They be the Answer to an Energy Landscape Riddle in Exocytosis?
Authors: Liu Wei , Parpura Vladimir
Published: August 2011

During exocytosis, chemical transmitters stored in secretory vesicles can be released upon fusion of these intracellular organelles to the plasma membrane. In this process, SNARE proteins that form a ternary core complex play a central role. This complex could provide the means for generation/storage of energy necessary for driving the fusion of vesicular and plasma membranes. Recently, the amount of energy for (dis)assembly of the ternary complex has been measured using various experimental approaches, including atomic force microscopy, the surface force apparatus, and isothermal titration calorimetry. The obtained measurements are in good agreement with the calculated energy required for membrane fusion achieved by theoretical modeling approaches. Whether the energy expenditure to form the ternary SNARE complex can be utilized towards membrane fusion and/or docking/tethering of vesicles to the plasma membrane still remains one of the key contemporary issues in biophysics and neuroscience.
Urothelial Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Dimov Irena , Visnjic Milan , Stefanovic Vladisav
Published: August 2011

There is mounting evidence supporting the idea that tumors, similar to normal adult tissues, arise from a specific stem-like cell population, the cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are considered as the real driving force behind tumor growth, the ability to metastasize, as well as resistance to conventional antitumor therapy. The concept that cancer growth recapitulates normal proliferative and/or regenerative processes, even though in very dysfunctional ways, has tremendous implications for cancer therapy. The rapid development of the CSC field, shoulder to shoulder with powerful genome-wide screening techniques, has provided cause for optimism for the development of more reliable therapies in the future. However, several important issues still lie ahead. Recent identification of a highly tumorigenic stem-like compartment and existence of urothelial differentiation programs in urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs) raised important questions about UCC initiation and development. This review examines the present knowledge on CSCs in UCCs regarding the similarities between CSCs and the adult urothelial stem cells, potential origin of urothelial CSCs, main regulatory pathways, surface markers expression, and the current state of CSC-targeting therapeutic strategies.
Multifunctional Proteins Bridge Mitosis with Motility and Cancer with Inflammation and Arthritis
Authors: Jiang Jihong , Casalegno-Garduno Rosaely , Chen Helen , Schmitt Anita , Schmitt Michael , Maxwell Christopher A.
Published: August 2011

While most secreted proteins contain defined signal peptides that direct their extracellular transport through the ER-Golgi pathway, nonclassical transport of leaderless peptides/proteins was first described 20 years ago and the mechanisms responsible for unconventional export of such proteins have been thoroughly reviewed. In addition to directed nonclassical secretion, a number of leaderless secreted proteins have been classified as damage-associated molecular-pattern (DAMP) molecules, which are nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins that, under necrotic or apoptotic conditions, are released outside the cell and function as proinflammatory signals. A strong association between persistent release of DAMPs, chronic inflammation, and the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has been proposed. Thus, protein localization and function can change fundamentally from intracellular to extracellular compartments, often under conditions of inflammation, cancer, and arthritis. If we are truly to understand, model, and treat such biological states, it will be important to investigate these multifunctional proteins and their contribution to degenerative diseases. Here, we will focus our discussion on intracellular proteins, both cytoplasmic and nuclear, that play critical extracellular roles. In particular, the multifunctional nature of HMMR/RHAMM and survivin will be highlighted and compared, as these molecules are the subject of extensive biological and therapeutic investigations within hematology and oncology fields. For these and other genes/proteins, we will highlight points of structural and functional intersection during cellular division and differentiation, as well as states associated with cancer, such as tumor-initiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Finally, we will discuss the potential targeting of these proteins for improved therapeutic outcomes within these degenerative disorders. Our goal is to highlight a number of commonalities among these multifunctional proteins for better understanding of their putative roles in tumor initiation, inflammation, arthritis, and cancer.
Molecular Circuits of Resolution in Airway Inflammation
Authors: Carlo Troy , Levy Bruce D.
Published: August 2011

Inflammatory diseases of the lung are common, cause significant morbidity, and can be refractory to therapy. Airway responses to injury, noxious stimuli, or microbes lead to leukocyte recruitment for host defense. As leukocytes respond, they interact with lung resident cells and can elaborate specific mediators that are enzymatically generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids via transcellular biosynthesis. These bioactive, lipid-derived, small molecules serve as agonists at specific receptors and are rapidly inactivated in the local environment. This review will focus on the biosynthesis, receptors, cellular responses, andin vivoactions of lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins as exemplary molecular signaling circuits in the airway that are anti-inflammatory and proresolving.