bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movement of Indigenous Communities Targeting an Agro-Industrial Investment in North-Eastern Cambodia
Authors: Young Sokphea
Published: February 2016

This study examines the dynamics and outcomes of movements by indigenous communities that targeted an agro-industrial investment demanding remedy to adverse impacts on their socio-economic conditions. Since the employment of initial institutional tactics, such as peaceful protests and petitions, yielded no significant outcomes, the indigenous communities escalated their tactics to non-institutional tactics: Violent protests. To respond, the government chose a combination of partial repression and moderate concession. To address the government responses, as well as the demands of indigenous communities, the company mitigated most of the adverse socio-economic impacts. As a result, the indigenous communities were able to achieve most of their demands. This paper, therefore, concludes by arguing that tactical escalation of indigenous community movements from institutional to non-institutional tactics influences the government and company to address the demands of indigenous communities, and also shapes the behaviour of the company operating in a host country with lax and uncertain regulatory enforcement.
Questioning the State-Rebel Divide in Mindanao
Authors: Verbrugge Boris , Adam Jeroen
Published: February 2016

This article challenges the pervasive notion of rebel groups in the southern Philippines as non-state actors opposing the penetration of the state. Instead, through a historically informed analysis of local politics in two Mindanao provinces with a presence of Muslim and communist armed insurgents, respectively (North Cotabato and Compostela Valley), it will be demonstrated that particularly since the end of the Marcos martial law regime and subsequent democratisation and decentralisation efforts, local state and rebel structures have become increasingly intertwined. On the one hand, this observation can be explained with reference to particular historical-institutional trajectories, which led to the establishment of the local state as a vital instrument for accumulation and for political legitimation. On the other hand, the current situation can only be fully understood when considering the wider set of social structures that cut across the state-rebel divide, prime amongst which those defined by kinship.
Hwæt!: adaptive benefits of public displays of generosity and bravery in Beowulf
Authors: Rapaport Lisa G. , Paul Catherine E. , Gerard Patrick
Published: February 2016

Costly signalling — along with other adaptive mechanisms, including reciprocity and kin selection — supports altruism in human societies. Because literary works can reflect the lives, motivations and ideals of real cultures, the same adaptive forces governing the actions of actual persons may drive the interactions depicted in these stories. Based on this reasoning, we analysed the interactions in the Old-English poemBeowulf, asking whether the beneficent behaviour exhibited by the characters functions as costly signalling or as exchange-based interactions. We found that both mechanisms play a role but costly signalling provides benefits beyond those from relationships based on exchange. Specifically, gift exchange promoted comrade allegiance but costly signalling additionally provided status increase to the signaller. Furthermore, boasting about oneself forged alliances whereas telling tales about the exploits of others increased speaker status. We show that hypotheses derived from evolutionary theory can be explored through quantitative text analyses of period-specific literature.
Model selection for determining the growth of juveniles and sub-adults of two species of shrimp (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in a tropical coastal lagoon
Authors: Monsreal-Vela Karina , Velázquez-Abunader Iván , Poot-López Gaspar R.
Published: February 2016

To select the model that allows the growth curves of juvenile and sub-adult shrimp to be described more accurately, a study was carried out in a coastal lagoon in the south of the Gulf of Mexico on the speciesFarfantepenaeus brasiliensis(Latreille, 1817) andFarfantepenaeus duorarum(Burkenroad, 1939). The data were obtained from 11 monthly samplings, taken between April 2011 and February 2012, applying the catch strategies used by the local fishermen, including the fishing gear used. The carapace length (CL)-total weight (TW) relationship was estimated for both species. Frequency analyses were performed in order to follow the best represented cohorts over time and fit three non-asymptotic growth models: Power, Generalised Schnute and the Indeterminate Tanaka model. The CL-TW relationship of juvenile and sub-adultF. brasiliensiswas TW = 3 × 10−5CL3.75and TW = 8 × 10−5CL3.50forF. duorarum, both of which presented positive allometric growth. In both species the Indeterminate Tanaka model proved to be the best fit to the modal groups of the juvenile and sub-adult shrimp due to its ability to describe the seasonal oscillations in shrimp growth.
A new species from Turkey, Silene bilgilii (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Doğan Güner Ebru , Duman Hayri
Published: February 2016

Silene bilgilii (Caryophyllaceae) from the West Anatolia (province of Balıkesir) is described as a new species. It is morphologically close to S. inclinata and S. leptoclada, from which clearly differs in indumentum, inflorescence and flowers (calyx, corolla and filaments). A distribution map, habitat and ecological remarks, conservation status, and seed micromorphology of the new species are provided.
Cryptic species in the nuisance midge Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse (Diptera: Chironomidae) and the status of Tripedilum Kieffer
Authors: CRANSTON PETER S. , MARTIN JON , SPIES Martin
Published: February 2016

Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse, 1889), originally described from Australia, is an apparently widespread species of Chironomidae (Diptera) that can attain nuisance densities in some eutrophic water bodies. Appropriate management depends upon the identity and ability to distinguish from potential cryptic taxa. A morphological study of larvae, pupae and adults of both sexes confirmed P. nubifer as widely distributed and frequently abundant, but also revealed two previously cryptic species of limited distribution in northern Australia. These species are described as new and illustrated in all stages here. Polypedilum quasinubifer Cranston sp. n. is described from north-west Queensland, Australia and also from Thailand and Singapore. Polypedilum paranubifer Cranston sp. n. is known only from retention ponds of a uranium mine in Northern Territory, Australia. Unusual morphological features of P. nubifer including alternate Lauterborn organs on the larval antenna, cephalic tubules on the pupa and frontal tubercles on the adult head are present in both new species as well. Newly slide-mounted types of Polypedilum pelostolum Kieffer, 1912 (lectotype designated here) confirm synonymy to Chironomus nubifer Skuse, 1889, examined also as newly-slide mounted types. Reviewed plus new evidence does not support recognition of Tripedilum Kieffer, 1921 as a separate taxon; therefore, Tripedilum is returned to junior synonymy with Polypedilum s. str.
A new species of sand crab Jonas Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846 (Crustacea:
Decapoda: Brachyura: Corystidae) from the southeastern coast of India
Authors: BARATHKUMAR S. , DAS N. P. I. , SATPATHY K. K.
Published: February 2016

A new species of sand crab of the genus Jonas Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846 (family Corystidae) is described from specimens collected from Kalpakkam, southeastern coast of India. Two other species, J. indicus (Chopra, 1935), and J. choprai Serène, 1971, have previously been recorded from this area. A detailed description of the new species is given and compared with the closely related J. formosae Balss, 1922, also from the Indo-West Pacific.
Description of two new species of Nelphe Herrich-Schäffer, with comments on the genus (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Ctenuchina)
Authors: PINHEIRO LÍVIA R.
Published: February 2016

Two new species of Ctenuchina are described from Haiti and Dominica, respectively: Nelphe trimaculata Pinheiro, sp. nov., and N. dominica Pinheiro, sp. nov. Nelphe trimaculata differs from all other species of Nelphe in the three linear (as opposed to round) dark brown markings on cell CuP-1A and on the inner margin of the forewings. Nelphe dominica differs from other species placed in Nelphe in the sixth and seventh abdominal tergites, with orange scales covering not only the lateral surfaces of the tergites as it occurs in other species, but also the dorsal surface. Both new taxa are illustrated in habitus and genitalia, and comments on the genus, now with 13 valid species, are provided.
Description of Heliocypha vantoli spec. nov. from Siberut in the Mentawai Islands (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae)
Authors: HÄMÄLÄINEN MATTI
Published: February 2016

Heliocypha vantoli Hämäläinen, spec. nov. [holotype ♂ from Indonesia, Mentawai Islands (off Sumatra), Siberut Island, 29-31 January 2013, deposited at RMNH, Leiden, The Netherlands] is described and illustrated for both sexes and compared with the Heliocypha species found in Sumatra and adjacent small islands. Notes on the Odonata fauna of the Mentawai Islands are also provided. Euphaea aspasia Selys, 1853 (Euphaeidae) is recorded as new to these islands; differences in the colour pattern of the Siberut and mainland Sumatran specimens are briefly discussed.
Exploring the utility of DNA barcoding in species delimitation of Polypedilum (Tripodura) non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: SONG CHAO , WANG QIAN , ZHANG RUILEI , SUN BINGJIAO , WANG XINHUA
Published: February 2016

In this study, we tested the utility of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) as the barcode region to deal with taxonomical problems of Polypedilum (Tripodura) non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). The 114 DNA barcodes representing 27 morphospecies are divided into 33 well separated clusters based on both Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods. DNA barcodes revealed an 82% success rate in matching with morphospecies. The selected DNA barcode data support 37–64 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on the methods of Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and Poisson Tree Process (PTP). Furthermore, a priori species based on consistent phenotypic variations were attested by molecular analysis, and a taxonomical misidentification of barcode sequences from GenBank was found. We could not observe a distinct barcode gap but an overlap ranged from 9–12%. Our results supported DNA barcoding as an ideal method to detect cryptic species, delimit sibling species, and associate different life stages in non-biting midges.
Two species of Nilothauma Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Japan, with description of a new species
Authors: NIITSUMA HIROMI
Published: February 2016

The male and female adults and pupa of Nilothauma niidaense n. sp. are described and illustrated on the basis of the material collected from a fontal stream in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. N. sasai Adam & Sæther is treated as a junior synonym of N. hibaratertium Sasa, of which the male is redescribed. The Adam & Sæther key to Nilothauma males is revised.
Antillonatus, a new replacement name for the generic homonym Antillopsyche Núñez & Davis, 2016 (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea: Psychidae)
Authors: AGUILA RAYNER NÚÑEZ , DAVIS DON R.
Published: February 2016

We have been informed that the name Antillopsyche Núñez & Davis 2016, type species Antillopsyche sessilis Núñez & Davis, 2016, which we recently proposed for a new genus of bagworm moths (Núñez & Davis 2016), is preoccupied by Antillopsyche Banks, 1941. This senior name was published for a genus of Trichoptera in the family Polycentropodidae (Banks 1941). We therefore propose the new name Antillonatus Núñez & Davis to replace the junior homonym Antillopsyche Núñez & Davis. The new generic name is derived from Antillae, the Latin word for Antilles, the archipelago where this taxon occurs, and the Latin natus (be born/begotten/arisen) in reference to the West Indian origin of the type species, which is the only known member of the genus.
Euconnus franzi Asenjo, new name on Neotropical Euconnus Thomson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae: Glandulariini)
Authors: ASENJO ANGÉLICO
Published: February 2016

During my doctoral studies, while assembling a taxonomic list of the Staphylindae of Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013: 229), I found a primary junior homonym in the genus Euconnus Thomson. The purpose of this note is to provide a correction to this problem.
Uncertainty in Tropical Rainfall Projections: Atmospheric Circulation Effect and the Ocean Coupling
Authors: Long Shang-Min , Xie Shang-Ping , Liu Wei
Published: February 2016

Uncertainty in tropical rainfall projections under increasing radiative forcing is studied by using 26 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Intermodel spread in projected rainfall change generally increases with interactive sea surface temperature (SST) warming in coupled models compared to atmospheric models with a common pattern of prescribed SST increase. Moisture budget analyses reveal that much of the model uncertainty in tropical rainfall projections originates from intermodel discrepancies in the dynamical contribution due to atmospheric circulation change. Intermodel singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses further show a tight coupling between the intermodel variations in SST warming pattern and circulation change in the tropics. In the zonal mean, the first SVD mode features an anomalous interhemispheric Hadley circulation, while the second mode displays an SST peak near the equator. The asymmetric mode is accompanied by a coupled pattern of wind–evaporation–SST feedback in the tropics and is further tied to interhemispheric asymmetric change in extratropical shortwave radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere. Intermodel variability in the tropical circulation change exerts a strong control on the spread in tropical cloud cover change and cloud radiative effects among models. The results indicate that understanding the coupling between the anthropogenic changes in SST pattern and atmospheric circulation holds the key to reducing uncertainties in projections of future changes in tropical rainfall and clouds.
Understanding the Role of Atmospheric Rivers in Heavy Precipitation in the Southeast United States
Authors: Mahoney Kelly , Jackson Darren L. , Neiman Paul , Abel Mimi R. , Darby Lisa , Wick Gary , White Allen , Sukovich Ellen , Cifelli Rob
Published: February 2016

An analysis of atmospheric rivers (ARs) as defined by an automated AR detection tool based on integrated water vapor transport (IVT) and the connection to heavy precipitation in the southeast United States (SEUS) is performed. Climatological water vapor and water vapor transport fields are compared between the U.S. West Coast (WCUS) and the SEUS, highlighting stronger seasonal variation in integrated water vapor in the SEUS and stronger seasonal variation in IVT in the WCUS. The climatological analysis suggests that IVT values above ~500 kg m−1 s−1 (as incorporated into an objective identification tool such as the AR detection tool used here) may serve as a sensible threshold for defining ARs in the SEUS.

Atmospheric river impacts on heavy precipitation in the SEUS are shown to vary on an annual cycle, and a connection between ARs and heavy precipitation during the nonsummer months is demonstrated. When identified ARs are matched to heavy precipitation days (>100 mm day−1), an average match rate of ~41% is found.

Results suggest that some aspects of an AR identification framework in the SEUS may offer benefit in forecasting heavy precipitation, particularly at medium- to longer-range forecast lead times. However, the relatively high frequency of SEUS heavy precipitation cases in which an AR is not identified necessitates additional careful consideration and incorporation of other critical aspects of heavy precipitation environments such that significant predictive skill might eventually result.
Electron beam curing of poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether-functionalized MWNTs/epoxy composites
Authors: Li Hua , Lu Yanyan , Liu Hezhou
Published: February 2016

It has been firmly realized that the dispersion of carbon nanotubes and their bonding with the matrix on the interfaces are two crucial problems need to be resolved to achieve the expected properties of nanocomposites. In view of the unsatisfactory interfacial bonding of the carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites, the complicated production procedure, and the high energy consuming of the conventional preparing method, the electron beam curing technology was used in preparing carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites in this study. The electron beam can realize the radiation curing of the nanocomposites; in the meantime, it also can enhance the concentration of unsaturated carbon atoms of the carbon nanotubes surface and strengthen the interphase interaction of carbon nanotubes and the matrix as well. It would improve the carbon nanotubes modification efficiency and composites properties and benefit the environment. In this article, to further improve the properties of the composites, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes were modified with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, and then polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites were prepared by electron beam curing process. The results showed that polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes do good to the improvement of the elongation at break of the corresponding composites. It also showed that the reinforcement effect of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes reached a maximum at the content of around 0.25 wt%, and at higher contents, the tensile modulus decreased with filler loading.
Mental Health Service Use Among Children and Youth in Ontario: Population-Based Trends Over Time
Authors: Gandhi Sima , Chiu Maria , Lam Kelvin , Cairney John C. , Guttmann Astrid , Kurdyak Paul
Published: February 2016

Objective:

Little is known about mental health service use among Canadian children and youth. Our objective was to examine temporal trends in mental health service use across different sectors of the health care system among children and youth living in Ontario.

Methods:

We conducted a population-based, repeated annual cross-sectional study of mental health service use, including mental health- and addictions-related emergency department (ED) visits, psychiatric hospitalizations, and mental health-related outpatient physician visits using linked health administrative databases. Subjects included Ontario residents between 10 and 24 years of age. We tested temporal trends between 2006 and 2011 using linear regression models.

Results:

Between 2006 and 2011, the relative increase in rates of mental health-related ED visits and hospitalizations were 32.5% and 53.7%, respectively. The absolute increase in anxiety disorders, the most common reason for ED visits, was 2.2 per 1000 population ( P < 0.001) while mood and affective disorders, the most common reason for hospitalizations, showed an increase of 0.6 per 1000 population ( P < 0.01). The overall relative increase in rates of outpatient visits was 15.8%, with the largest absolute increase found among family physician visits (28.7 per 1000 population, P = 0.01).

Conclusions:

Mental health care use for children and youth is increasing over time in all sectors, but appears to be increasing at a greater rate in the acute care sector. Further research is required to understand whether the observed differences reflect difficulty with access to outpatient care.
Using Evolutionary Theory to Guide Mental Health Research
Authors: Durisko Zachary , Mulsant Benoit H. , McKenzie Kwame , Andrews Paul W.
Published: February 2016

Evolutionary approaches to medicine can shed light on the origins and etiology of disease. Such an approach may be especially useful in psychiatry, which frequently addresses conditions with heterogeneous presentation and unknown causes. We review several previous applications of evolutionary theory that highlight the ways in which psychiatric conditions may persist despite and because of natural selection. One lesson from the evolutionary approach is that some conditions currently classified as disorders (because they cause distress and impairment) may actually be caused by functioning adaptations operating “normally” (as designed by natural selection). Such conditions suggest an alternative illness model that may generate alternative intervention strategies. Thus, the evolutionary approach suggests that psychiatry should sometimes think differently about distress and impairment. The complexity of the human brain, including normal functioning and potential for dysfunctions, has developed over evolutionary time and has been shaped by natural selection. Understanding the evolutionary origins of psychiatric conditions is therefore a crucial component to a complete understanding of etiology.
“Ultralow” sliding wear polytetrafluoro ethylene nanocomposites with functionalized graphene
Authors: Padenko E , van Rooyen LJ , Wetzel B , Karger-Kocsis J
Published: February 2016

The dry friction and sliding wear behavior of sintered polytetrafluoro ethylene containing various amounts of functionalized graphene were studied in this work. Graphene was incorporated in 0, 0.25, 0.75, 1, 2 and 4 vol.%, respectively. Sliding wear tests were performed in ring(metal)-on-plate(polytetrafluoro ethylene) test rig under ambient temperature setting 1 m/s sliding speed and 1 MPa contact pressure. The dynamic coefficient of friction and specific wear rate (ws) data were determined. Very low coefficient of frictions (0.12–0.14) were measured for polytetrafluoro ethylene containing 2 or 4 vol.% graphene, which was attributed to the formation of a tribofilm on the countersurface. Specific wear rate went through a maximum (peaked at doubling that of the unmodified polytetrafluoro ethylene at about 0.75 vol.% graphene) as a function of graphene content. Ultralow wear rate data in the range of 10−6 mm3/(N.m) were measured for the polytetrafluoro ethylene nanocomposites with 2 and 4 vol.% graphene. This was reasoned by the formation of a robust tribofilm, the development of which was followed by scanning electron microscopy by inspecting the worn surface of polytetrafluoro ethylene nanocomposites and that of the steel ring of the ring(metal)-on-plate(polytetrafluoro ethylene) test rig. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic results confirmed the formation of carboxyl groups in the tribofilm. They were supposed to react with the functional groups of graphene and to create complexes with the metal countersurface ensuring the tribofilm with high adhesion and cohesion strengths.
The Impact of Demographic Variables on Perception of Importance and Continued Usage of Facebook in the US
Authors: Jha Sanjeev , Ye Chen
Published: February 2016

Many firms have started investing in social media, hoping to reach and to engage their customers. However, results from social media initiatives have been inconsistent, underscoring the need to understand social media use at the individual level. We examined the impact of demographics on the attitudes of Facebook users towards the social media giant in the United States using survey data published by Pew Internet Project. Users’ perceptions of importance and continued usage were found to vary across demographic groups based on gender, age, education and income. Younger, less educated and lower-income users are expected to decrease their time on Facebook next year compared with older, more educated and higher-income users. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Impact of Introducing Spirituality in Business Education through Experiential Engagement
Authors: Varghese Rosemary , Sunny Febin Jose
Published: February 2016

The impact of businesses worldwide has forced thought leaders to redefine business goals and clearly articulate what the objectives and obligations of business managers should be. The change that we wish to see in the conduct of businesses in the future has necessarily to take root in the institutions that offer programmes in business management. The article discusses spirituality being represented by the personal, communal or interpersonal, environmental and transcendental domains. After reviewing the literature on teaching models for spirituality, the researcher analyzes one such model that seeks to integrate spirituality with business education through experiential programmes for students that will help them understand their professional roles in conjunction with their responsibilities to the community and to the environment.

The study is based on the data collected from 285 postgraduate management students who have undergone an intervention based on the experiential teaching model. The data of two studies, carried out at quantitative and qualitative levels, have been analyzed and the findings have been discussed. This will help business educators to create integrated programmes based on the experiential model that will provide the right spiritual orientation for tomorrow’s business managers.
From injury to interview – Megan’s story
Authors: Jones Megan Angharad
Published: February 2016

Hello, my name is Megan Jones. I was born a week before Christmas in 1994 and grew up in a loving Christian family in the mountains of North Wales. The third of four girls, Mum always said that being born was the easiest thing I did – everything else was hard work from then on! I was a mischievous, strong-willed little girl who knew her own mind, and if there was ever trouble at our house, I was sure to be found out the main culprit!
Superhydrophobic coating on modified 9Cr – 1Mo ferritic steel using perfluoro octyl triethoxy silane
Authors: Vizhi M. Ezhil , Vanithakumari S. C. , George R. P. , Vasantha S. , Mudali U. Kamachi
Published: February 2016

Lotus leaves are a typical example of superhydrophobic surface. Numerous studies have confirmed that surface morphology possessing micro- and nanoscale roughness along with a low surface energy material coating leads to apparent water contact angle (WCA) ⩾150°. In nuclear power plants, modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel is the favoured steam generator tubing material. During transit, storage and installation, SHP surface on modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel can impart good corrosion resistance to retain the integrity of the specimen during operation. In this study, SHP surface of modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel with a WCA of 150±1° was successfully achieved by polishing, etching, perfluoro octyl triethoxy silane coating and baking. The WCA and contact angle hysteresis were measured. The surface morphology and the composition were characterised by atomic force microscopy and attenuated total reflection–infrared spectroscopy respectively. Superhydrophobicity and its related theories are also discussed in this paper.
Pentraxin-3 as a marker of disease severity and risk of death in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections: a nationwide, prospective, observational study
Authors: Hansen Marco Bo , Rasmussen Lars Simon , Garred Peter , Bidstrup Daniel , Madsen Martin Bruun , Hyldegaard Ole
Published: February 2016

Background

New biomarkers are needed to assess the severity of necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) at an early stage and to individualize treatment strategies. We assessed pentraxin-3 (PTX3) as a marker of disease severity and risk of death in patients with NSTI.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, observational study in the intensive care unit at Copenhagen University Hospital, where treatment of NSTI is centralized at a national level. We compared PTX3, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in septic shock versus nonshock patients and in amputated versus nonamputated patients using the Mann-Whitney U test. The prognostic value of the markers for 180-day mortality was assessed using Cox regression analyses.

Results

Patients with NSTI (n = 135) were included over 25 months with up to 2.5-year follow-up; 71 % had septic shock, amputation was undertaken in 20 % and the 180-day mortality was 27 %. Baseline plasma PTX3 level was significantly higher in patients with septic shock (67.3 versus 24.6 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) and in patients who underwent amputation (118.6 versus 43.6 ng/mL, p = 0.019). No significant differences in baseline procalcitonin or C-reactive protein levels were found according to amputation (25.2 versus 7.0 μg/L, p = 0.060 and 202 versus 225 mg/L, p = 0.123), respectively. Baseline PTX3 level above the median was associated with death (p = 0.009, log-rank test) and the univariate Cox regression analysis revealed a significant association between PTX3 level upon admission and 180-day mortality (hazard ratio 2.60 (95 % confidence interval 1.28–5.29), p = 0.008). When adjusted for age, sex, chronic disease and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, no significant association was found.

Conclusions

High PTX3 level is associated with septic shock, amputation and risk of death in patients with NSTI, but it is not an independent predictor of 180-day mortality in this patient group.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02180906. Date of registration: June 29, 2014.
Assessment of the nevirapine safety signal using data from the national antiretroviral dispensing database: a retrospective study
Authors: Kalemeera Francis , Mengistu Assegid T. , Gaeseb Johannes
Published: February 2016

Background

Clinical trials showed a higher risk of skin- and liver- related adverse reactions when NVP-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated in female and male patients with baseline CD4 cell counts ≥250 and ≥400, respectively. Some studies reported no difference in risk between the high and low CD4 count groups. Consequently, the use of NVP-based ART in all patients with a CD4 cell count <350, was recommended. In 2011, the Pharmacovigilance Centre detected an increase in reports of grade III and IV reactions. The center was required to determine if there was an increase in NVP-related reactions.

Methods

Automated dispensing records from January 2008 to November 2011 were accessed from the National Antiretroviral Dispensing Database (NDB). Records of patients who were initiated on NVP-based ART were selected, and records showing a replacement of NVP with protease inhibitor (PI) were identified. The proportions of grade III and IV reactions were calculated per quarter, and Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated, with the confidence interval set at 95 % and a p-value of <0.05.

Results

From 2008 to 2011 a total of 84,741 patients were started on ART. Of these 67,794 were initiated on NVP-containing ART. Of these, 211 females and 79 males were substituted from NVP to a PI. The OR for females was 2.4 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.8 – 3.1). For males the OR was 2.4 (OR 2.4; 95 % CI 1.4 – 3.8) which occurred nine months after the change observed in the females. The odds of a NVP-to-PI substitution in females compared to males before the launch of Namibia’s 2010 ART guidelines was the same as the odds after the publication of the guidelines (before, OR 1.6; 95 % CI 1.1 – 2.5; after, OR 1.6; 95 % CI 1.2 – 2.2).

Conclusions

There was an increase in substitutions of NVP with a PI following the increase in the CD4 threshold for initiating NVP-based HAART, meaning that there was an increase in grade III and IV reactions associated with NVP. Therefore the NVP-safety signal was confirmed to be a true signal, which contributed to the Ministry’s decision to review the use of NVP.
Paediatric bipolar disorder: international comparisons of hospital discharge rates 2000–2010
Authors: Clacey Joe , Goldacre Michael , James Anthony
Published: February 2016

Background

Controversy surrounds the diagnosis and prevalence of paediatric bipolar disorder, with estimates varying considerably between countries.

Aims

To determine the international hospital discharge rates for paediatric bipolar disorder compared with all other psychiatric diagnoses.

Method

We used national data-sets from 2000 to 2010 from England, Australia, New Zealand, the USA and Germany.

Results

For those aged under 20 years, the discharge rates for paediatric bipolar disorder per 100 000 population were: USA 95.6, Australia 11.7, New Zealand 6.3, Germany 1.5 and England 0.9. The most marked divergence in discharge rates was in 5- to 9-year-olds: USA 27, New Zealand 0.22, Australia 0.14, Germany 0.03 and England 0.00.

Conclusions

The disparity between US and other discharge rates for paediatric bipolar disorder is markedly greater than the variation for child psychiatric discharge rates overall, and for adult rates of bipolar disorder. This suggests there may be differing diagnostic practices for paediatric bipolar disorder in the USA.
Vector and Scalar IMs in Structural Response Estimation, Part II: Building Demand Assessment
Authors: Kohrangi Mohsen , Bazzurro Paolo , Vamvatsikos Dimitrios
Published: February 2016

The advantages and disadvantages of using scalar and vector ground motion intensity measures (IMs) are discussed for the local, story-level seismic response assessment of three-dimensional (3-D) buildings. Candidate IMs are spectral accelerations, at a single period ( Sa) or averaged over a period range ( Sa avg). Consistent scalar and vector probabilistic seismic hazard analysis results were derived for each IM, as described in the companion paper in this issue ( Kohrangi et al. 2016 ). The response hazard curves were computed for three buildings with reinforced concrete infilled frames using the different IMs as predictors. Among the scalar IMs, Sa avg tends to be the best predictor of both floor accelerations and inter story drift ratios at practically any floor. However, there is an improvement in response estimation efficiency when employing vector IMs, specifically for 3-D buildings subjected to both horizontal components of ground motion. This improvement is shown to be most significant for a tall plan-asymmetric building.
Preshake: A Database for Centrifuge Modeling of the Effect of Seismic Preshaking History on the Liquefaction Resistance of Sands
Authors: El-Sekelly Waleed , Abdoun Tarek , Dobry Ricardo
Published: February 2016

Several researchers found that the behavior of natural preshaken soils can be very different from artificial recent fills. This paper presents an extensive database of two very long centrifuge experiments (CS-5-1-1 and CC-5-1-1) performed both on silty and clean sand at the geotechnical centrifuge testing facility at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). The two experiments test the effect of seismic preshaking history on the liquefaction resistance of sandy soils. The database described herein was generated using the NEEShub online DataStore tool under the name “PRESHAKE: Centrifuge modeling of the effect of seismic preshaking on the liquefaction resistance of sands” (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4231/D38K74X78 ). The paper discusses the tools and materials used in the experiments along with an explanation of each item in the database. Sample analyses are also presented in the paper to give an insight on the capabilities of the database for numerical and analytical applications. The paper is concluded with some possible applications along with tips and limitations of the database.
The 2014 Earthquake in Iquique, Chile: Comparison between Local Soil Conditions and Observed Damage in the Cities of Iquique and Alto Hospicio
Authors: Becerra Alix , Sáez Esteban , Podestá Luis , Leyton Felipe
Published: February 2016

In this study, we present comparisons between the local soil conditions and the observed damage for the 1 April 2014 Iquique earthquake. Four cases in which site effects may have played a predominant role are analyzed: (1) the ZOFRI area, with damage in numerous structures; (2) the port of Iquique, in which one pier suffered large displacements; (3) the Dunas I building complex, where soil-structure interaction may have caused important structural damage; and (4) the city of Alto Hospicio, disturbed by the effects of saline soils. Geophysical characterization of the soils was in agreement with the observed damage in the first three cases, while in Alto Hospicio the earthquake damage cannot be directly related to geophysical characterization.
Touching a Button
Authors: Reckson Lindsay
Published: February 2016

This essay tracks the gesture of touching a button across a series of early twentieth-century photographic and literary texts, mapping the uneven shock and pleasure of electrified contact as it emerges under the body politic of Jim Crow. Examining William Vander Weyde's images of the electric chair at Sing Sing prison alongside James Weldon Johnson's 1912 novel The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, the essay argues that these texts invite us to recast early twentieth-century black resistance in electrical terms, terms that expose racial violence as a function of technological progress while, at the same time, reclaiming electricity as a form of material and rhetorical contestation.
Toward a Description of African American Vernacular English Dialect Regions Using “Black Twitter”
Authors: Jones Taylor
Published: February 2016

Recent research has established that African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is not monolithic. However, variation in AAVE has not been systematically described and mapped. This article uses new computational methods and social media to describe AAVE variation and to show AAVE dialect regions distinct from—and perpendicular to—the regions of other dialects of North American English. This study maps the geographic patterns of 30+ common nonstandard spellings on Twitter (e.g., sholl ‘sure’). It shows that nonstandard AAVE orthography delineates distinct dialect regions with shared phonological and lexical features. These regions are not coterminous with traditional North American dialect regions; rather, they align with patterns of movement during the Great Migrations.
Hypercorrection in Wisconsin High German: The Realization of Schwa
Authors: Rittenhouse Rose
Published: February 2016

The lack of koineization among the German dialects spoken by Wisconsin's European settlers has led to an assumption in the literature that Wisconsin German speakers did not possess strong spoken command of the standard variety. Hypercorrection can indicate, however, that speakers were aware of standard pronunciation practices. Through a primarily phonetic analysis of schwa syllables recorded during interviews with several Wisconsin German speakers, this article challenges the notion that these speakers were aware of the pronunciation of only regional dialects. Instead, this article argues that knowledge of standard pronunciation is evidenced through the individual patterns of hypercorrection identified for each speaker.
Twelve-Tone Rows and Aggregate Melodies in the Music of Shostakovich
Authors: Brown Stephen C.
Published: February 2016

Starting in the late 1960s Shostakovich used twelve-tone rows in many of his most significant compositions. These rows usually occur melodically within individual vocal or instrumental parts and function as part of a larger musical fabric that does not otherwise involve twelve-tone technique. Though a number of previous scholars have addressed this phenomenon, some of its crucial aspects are thus far underexplored or even unacknowledged. After reviewing several basic characteristics of Shostakovich's twelve-tone usage, this article expands and refines our understanding of his twelve-tone melodies by situating them within the context of the broader concept of aggregate melodies. These melodies divide into four types, which are also relevant for music by other composers, and can be further described in terms of the relative tightness or looseness of their structural features. The article then reveals a fundamental trait prevalent in many of Shostakovich's aggregate melodies: they often convey distinct zones of chromatic activity, diatonic activity, or a mixture of both. Drawing on these terms and concepts, the final part of the article probes the second movement of the Twelfth String Quartet and the first movement of the Sonata for Violin and Piano, showing how we can relate Shostakovich's aggregate melodies to their musical surroundings in a deeper and more detailed way.
Local Buttons: Sustainable Fashion and Social Entrepreneurship in Haiti
Authors: Lewis Tasha L. , Pringle Anne
Published: February 2016

Apparel manufacturing is the largest contributor to Haiti’s export sector, employing about 30,000 people, mainly in the nation’s capital of Port-au-Prince. This number is only a fraction of those who were employed in the garment sector during its peak in the 1980s, before a trade embargo imposed by the Organization of American States devastated Haiti’s apparel industry. Factories that had supplied various brands and retailers in the United States relocated to other regions of the globe, never to reestablish operations in Haiti. Today, in a post-earthquake economy, apparel production is returning and preferential trade agreements with the United States have been implemented to encourage US businesses to select Haiti as a sourcing option. The export of newly manufactured clothing from Haiti for consumption in the marketplaces of developed economies (primarily the United States) stands in contrast to the secondhand clothing imports that are sold in Haiti’s various marketplaces for local consumption. Used clothing is often imported to Haiti from the same markets that receive its new clothing exports. Secondhand clothing is frequently redesigned to suit local taste and body types by skilled seamstresses and tailors, resulting in a secondary informal economy driven by the selling of used clothing. This article discusses a novel business model implemented by a Toronto-based fashion startup in 2010 in an effort to support Haiti’s apparel manufacturing sector and also make use of the abundant secondhand clothing found it its local markets. This model presents a potential sustainable solution to the volumes of used clothing filling the global marketplaces of developing economies, often at the expense of economic growth that would be strengthened by local consumption of domestically produced clothing.
Skin Fashion: Josephine Baker and Dressing Race
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: February 2016

Can we think of racialized skin as dress, as a form of fashion-consciousness? Instead of seeing this question as trivializing the history of denigrating corporeality attached to the raced subject, through a reading of Josephine Baker this paper argues for the importance of separating “skin” from a biological schema in order to consider its ability to reflect and activate different states of racialized consciousness and corporeality. Through a study of Baker’s intricate and performative relations to various fashionable surfaces—from modern buildings to modern dress to her own shimmering skin—this paper traces Baker’s spectacular invention of “skin-fashion” and its importance for how we think about style and racial visibility today.
Anthony Barboza in Conversation with Bill Gaskins
Authors: Gaskins Bill
Published: February 2016

Anthony Barboza’s professional career began in in 1968 after he completed a tour of duty in the United States Navy, where he worked as a photojournalist. When he became a member of the legendary Kamoinge Workshop, formed in 1963 to address the under-representation of black photographers in the art world, he worked with master artists, intellectuals, and photographers. Also in 1968, a group of black men—plus one woman— formed Essence Communications Inc. A momentous triangulation of the women’s liberation movement, the cultural nationalism of African American people in the United States, and a late-twentieth-century black-capitalist movement, Essence magazine was designed to direct print editorial and advertising content toward African American women. It also provided the most important platform for Anthony Barboza, enabling him to play an influential role in transforming how African American, Latin American, and African and Caribbean women and men were represented in fashion and advertising in the United States.

In this interview, we discuss such topics as how race plays a part in the fashion industry, hair styling, and working with models.
Adel: jovens no semiárido cearense criando tecnologias sociais
Authors: Souza Ana Clara Aparecida Alves , Pozzebon Marlei , Da Silva Filho José Carlos Lázaro
Published: February 2016

Neto Ribeiro decide deixar seu emprego em Fortaleza e volta para sua terra natal - Pentecoste - para tentar desenvolver seu próprio empreendimento rural, apesar de todas as dificuldades inerentes ao semiárido cearense. O caso destaca os trabalhos desenvolvidos pela Agência de Desenvolvimento Econômico Local (ADEL) através de programas destinados a agricultores familiares e jovens empreendedores rurais, residentes na região. O caso é indicado para disciplinas de inovação social, que promovam discussões a respeito do papel das tecnologias sociais para promover transformações sociais e do desafio de transferi-las ou reaplicá-las em novos territórios. DOI: 10.12660/gvcasosv5n2c11http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvcasosv5n2c11
Know-how or know why? Um caso de ensino do Hipermercado Know
Authors: Santos Ismael Luiz , Marinho Sidnei Viera , Alberton Anete , Costa Leonardo
Published: February 2016

A Hipermercados Know é uma empresa familiar do ramo supermercadista fundada em meados da década de 1980, no estado de Santa Catarina. Hoje ela conta com 13 lojas, distribuídas em 5 cidades do estado, vendendo um total de 25 mil itens. O setor está crescendo rápido, mas o crescimento da firma enfrenta desafios relacionados à gestão de pessoas: há uma escassez de pessoal qualificado no mercado, e o turnover e o absenteísmo são muito altos. Como lidar com isso e continuar crescendo? O caso pode ser usado em disciplinas de empreendedorismo ou estratégia, além de gestão de pessoas de cursos de graduação em Administração ou de formação de executivos e MBAs.  DOI: 10.12660/gvcasosv5n2c13http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvcasosv5n2c13
Desafios em infraestrutura de tecnologia da informação: obras de construção civil e movimentação de datacenter
Authors: De Moura Jr Pedro Jácome
Published: February 2016

O caso descreve uma sequência de eventos que determinou a necessidade de movimentação física de um centro de processamento e armazenamento de dados (datacenter) em uma instituição federal de ensino superior (IFES) e as decisões envolvidas ao longo da movimentação. O tema se relaciona com abordagens e modelos teórico-conceituais das disciplinas Administração de Sistemas de Informação e Engenharia de Software em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação lato sensu em Administração, Gestão de Tecnologia da Informação, Ciências da Computação, Engenharia da Computação e correlatos. DOI: 10.12660/gvcasosv5n2c16http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvcasosv5n2c16
Adel: jovens no semiárido cearense criando tecnologias sociais (Notas de Ensino)
Authors: Souza Ana Clara Aparecida Alves , Pozzebon Marlei , Da Silva Filho José Carlos Lázaro
Published: February 2016

DOI: 10.12660/gvcasosv5n2n11http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvcasosv5n2n11
A internacionalização das Vinícolas Carrau (Notas de Ensino)
Authors: Bidarte Marcos Vinicius Dalagostini , Londero Henrique Kneipp , Camacho Jandira Júlia Vieira , De Oliveira Marta Olivia Rovedder
Published: February 2016

DOI: 10.12660/gvcasosv5n2n8http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvcasosv5n2n8