bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure Elucidation and Total Synthesis of Altenuic Acid III and Studies towards the Total Synthesis of Altenuic Acid II
Authors: Nemecek Gregor , Thomas Robert , Goesmann Helmut , Feldmann Claus , Podlech Joachim
Published: August 2013

The structure of theAlternariamycotoxin altenuic acid III was elucidated by NMR spectroscopic analysis of an authentic sample, and was confirmed by total synthesis. This compound is not a resorcylic acid lactone but a resorcylic acid substituted with a butenolide, and thus is the first member of a new class of alternaria toxins. For the total synthesis, a short and efficient access to halogenated butenolides bearing acetal‐protected side‐chains was carried out. Suzuki coupling of these butenolides with a highly functionalized boronate gave rise to a precursor of the natural product in high yield. The side‐chain was completed by deprotection and subsequent oxidation. An unexpected cascade reaction leading to tricyclic butenolides was discovered during optimization of the deprotection protocol. Cleavage of the acetal protecting group gave altenuic acid III. Furthermore, a synthetic study towards altenuic acid II, a compound with a characteristic spirolactone structure, is described. It was planned to construct the spirocyclic lactone by using an intramolecular Michael‐type addition of an aromatic carboxylate group to a butenolide moiety, but this approach was not successful. While testing the feasibility of this concept, a new and mild protocol for the well‐known Pinner reaction in the presence of Lewis acids was discovered.
Using the Whittle estimator for VBR video traffic model selection in the spectral domain
Authors: Sousa‐Vieira M.E.
Published: August 2013

Improvements in network infrastructures along with advances in video coding technology are enabling an increasing popularity of multimedia applications. Consequently, video traffic represents an important part of the load in modern networks, and adequate models play an important role in the performance evaluation of network architectures and protocols. This paper presents a method that uses the Whittle estimator to choose, between several models for variable‐bit‐rate video traffic based on the M/G/ ∞ process, the one that gives rise to a better adjustment of the spectral density, and therefore of the correlation structure, of the traffic to model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of future Arctic shipping on high‐latitude black carbon deposition
Authors: Browse J. , Carslaw K. S. , Schmidt A. , Corbett J. J.
Published: August 2013

The retreat of Arctic sea ice has led to renewed calls to exploit Arctic shipping routes. The diversion of ship traffic through the Arctic will shorten shipping routes and possibly reduce global shipping emissions. However, deposition of black carbon (BC) aerosol emitted by additional Arctic ships could cause a reduction in the albedo of snow and ice, accelerating snowmelt and sea ice loss. Here we use recently compiled Arctic shipping emission inventories for 2004 and 2050 together with a global aerosol model to quantify the contribution of future Arctic shipping to high‐latitude BC deposition. Our results show that Arctic shipping in 2050 will contribute less than 1% to the total BC deposition north of 60°N due to the much greater relative contribution of BC transported from non‐shipping sources at lower latitudes. We suggest that regulation of the Arctic shipping industry will be an insufficient control on high‐latitude BC deposition.
The Role of a Model's Age for Young Children's Imitation: A Research Review
Authors: Zmyj Norbert , Seehagen Sabine
Published: August 2013

The influence of a model's age on young children's behaviour has been a subject of considerable debate among developmental theorists. Despite the recent surge of interest, controversy remains about the nature of peer influence in early life. This article reviews studies that investigated the influence of a model's age on young children's behaviour in the first 5 years of life, and presents an account of seemingly mixed results. We propose that children imitate familiar behaviour for social reasons, such as in order to identify with the model or to communicate likeness. Since age is an important indicator of the degree of being alike, we propose that children are more likely to imitate familiar behaviour from peers. In contrast, we propose that children primarily imitate novel behaviour for learning reasons. Since adults are perceived as being more competent than children, children are more likely to learn from adults. We further suggest that increased peer experience leads children to evaluate peers as valuable resources for learning novel behaviour in domains in which peers are knowledgeable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System response matrix calculation using symmetries for dual‐head PET scanners
Authors: Liu Yilong , Wang Mengdie , Bai Jing , Zhang Hui
Published: August 2013

Positron emission tomography (PET) scanner with dual‐head geometry offers better spatial resolution and higher sensitivity for dedicated application when compared with conventional full‐ring PET scanners. However, this configuration suffers from limited‐angle projection and depth‐of‐interaction (DOI) effects. Accurate modeling of the system response matrix (SRM) and its incorporation into iterative methods can help to obtain images with better quality. In this paper, we proposed a line‐of‐response (LOR) based symmetry approach to calculate the SRM of PET scanners with dual‐head geometry. Both Monte Carlo (MC) and analytically computed SRMs were obtained and named MC SRM and geometrical SRM respectively, with their performances been compared using simulated phantom studies. The point source study shows that the resolution in directions parallel to the detector is rather uniform, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.6∼0.7 mm and 0.6∼0.8 mm using MC and geometrical SRMs respectively. While the spatial resolution in the direction perpendicular to the detector is much worse, when moving towards the detector panel from the field‐of‐view (FOV) center, the FWHM changes from 1.5 mm to 1.8 mm and 2.4 mm to 3.1 mm using MC and geometrical SRMs, which is caused by the missing of projection views. Images generated using MC SRM also show better stochastic quality and quantitative performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 205–214, 2013
Variations in BOLD response latency estimated from event‐related fMRI at 3T: Comparisons between gradient‐echo and Spin‐echo
Authors: Yeh Mei‐Yu , Wu Changwei W. , Kuan Wan‐Chun , Wei Pei‐Shan , Wan Yung‐Liang , Wai Yau‐Yau , Weng Hsu‐Huei , Liu Ho‐Ling
Published: August 2013

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) commonly uses gradient‐recalled echo (GRE) signals to detect regional hemodynamic variations originating from neural activities. While the spatial localization of activation shows promising applications, indexing temporal response remains a poor mechanism for detecting the timing of neural activity. Particularly, the hemodynamic response may fail to resolve sub‐second temporal differences between brain regions because of its signal origin or noise in data, or both. This study aimed at evaluating the performance of latency estimation using different fMRI techniques, with two event‐related experiments at 3T. Experiment I evaluated latency variations within the visual cortex and their relationship with contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNRs) for GRE, spin echo (SE), and diffusion‐weighted SE (DWSE). Experiment II used delayed visual stimuli between two hemifields (delay time = 0, 250, and 500 ms, respectively) to assess the temporal resolving power of three protocols: GRETR1000, GRETR500, and SETR1000. The results of experiment I showed the earliest latency with DWSE, followed by SE, and then GRE. Latency variations decreased as CNR increased. However, similar variations were found between GRE and SE, when the latter had lower CNR. In experiment II, measured stimulus delays from all conditions were significantly correlated with preset stimulus delays. Inter‐subject variation in the measured delay was found to be greatest with GRETR1000, followed by GRETR500, and the least with SETR1000. Conclusively, blood oxygenation level‐dependent responses obtained from GRE exhibit greater CNR but no compromised latency variations in the visual cortex. SE is potentially capable of improving the performance of latency estimation, especially for group analysis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 215–221, 2013
Lossless color medical image compression using adaptive block‐based encoding for human computed tomographic images
Authors: Thangavelu Kesavamurthy , Krishnan Thiyagarajan
Published: August 2013

The advancement in medical imaging systems such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emitted tomography (PET), and computed radiography (CR) produces huge amount of volumetric images about various anatomical structure of human body. There exists a need for lossless compression of these images for storage and communication purposes. The major issue in medical image is the sequence of operations to be performed for compression and decompression should not degrade the original quality of the image, it should be compressed loss lessly. In this article, we proposed a lossless method of volumetric medical image compression and decompression using adaptive block‐based encoding technique. The algorithm is tested for different sets of CT color images using Matlab. The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images are compressed using the proposed algorithm and stored as DICOM formatted images. The inverse process of adaptive block‐based algorithm is used to reconstruct the original image information loss lessly from the compressed DICOM files. We present the simulation results for large set of human color CT images to produce a comparative analysis of the proposed methodology with block‐based compression, and JPEG2000 lossless image compression technique. This article finally proves the proposed methodology gives better compression ratio than block‐based coding and computationally better than JPEG 2000 coding. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 227–234, 2013
Ion heating by broadband electromagnetic waves in the magnetosheath and across the magnetopause
Authors: Chaston C. C. , Yao Y. , Lin N. , Salem C. , Ueno G.
Published: August 2013

We present statistical observations demonstrating the action of broadband electromagnetic waves or structures in heating magnetosheath ions in the Earth's magnetosheath and across the magnetopause in the low‐latitude boundary layer. Through the use of a generalized multicomponent fitting routine to the full 3‐D distribution function, we distinguish magnetosheath ions from magnetospheric and diffuse energetic ion populations through these regions. From this approach, we find that the energy density of magnetosheath ions is well correlated with the spectral energy density of electromagnetic field fluctuations on gyro‐radius scales. Through a dispersion analysis, we demonstrate that these field structures have the properties of kinetic Alfvén waves. We show that the heating provided by these waves is nearly entirely perpendicular to the magnetic field and, subject to a threshold condition being exceeded, occurs at a rate that is lognormally distributed as 10‐0.3±1.1 eVs‐1 or on average ~1 eVs‐1. This rapid perpendicular heating is shown in turn to be limited by the threshold condition for anisotropy instabilities which when exceeded leads to further wave emission and the transfer of perpendicular energy to parallel particle energy. We suggest that this cycle of wave emission and heating may be expected to slow magnetosheath flow while driving irreversible changes in magnetosheath ion distributions.
Nitrogen dioxide measurement by cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy (CAPS) and implications in ozone production efficiency and nitrate formation in Beijing, China
Authors: Ge Baozhu , Sun Yele , Liu Ying , Dong Huabin , Ji Dongsheng , Jiang Qi , Li Jie , Wang Zifa
Published: August 2013

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a key species in studying photochemical smog and formation mechanisms of nitrate in fine particles. However, the conventional commercially available chemiluminescence (CL)‐based method often has uncertainties in measuring NO2 because of interferences with other reactive nitrogen species. In this study, an Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift Spectroscopy (CAPS) NO2 monitor that essentially has no interferences with nitrogen containing species was deployed in Beijing for the first time during August 2012. The CAPS NO2 monitor is highly sensitive with a detection limit (3σ) of 46.6 ppt for 1 min integration. The NO2 measured by CAPS shows overall agreement with that from CL, yet large differences up to 20% were also observed in the afternoon. Further, the discrepancies of NO2 measurements between CAPS and CL appear to be NOz dependent with larger differences at higher NOz concentrations (e.g., > 14 ppb). As a result, the ozone production efficiency of NOx (OPEx) derived from the correlations of Ox‐NOz with the CL NO2 can be overestimated by 19–37% in Beijing. The daily OPEx calculated with the CAPS NO2 ranges from 1.0 to 6.8 ppb/ppb with an average (±1σ) of 2.6 (±1.3) for the entire study. The relatively low OPEx and the relationship between OPEx and NOx suggest that ozone production chemistry is VOC sensitive during summer in Beijing. Two case studies further show that high concentrations of NOx can significantly enhance the formation of nitrate in fine particles in the presence of high O3 and favorable meteorological conditions.
ARTEMIS observations of lunar pickup ions: Mass constraints on ion species
Authors: Zhou X.‐Z. , Angelopoulos V. , Poppe A. R. , Halekas J. S.
Published: August 2013

Observations of heavy ions of lunar origin give important information regarding lunar exospheric processes, especially with respect to exospheric particle abundance and composition. Electrostatic analyzers without a time‐of‐flight section provide highly sensitive, absolute density detection but without mass discrimination. Here we place constraints on lunar ion species through inference of the average ion mass using such instruments. The technique is based on the plasma quasi‐neutrality requirement, an independent electron density measurement, and the fact that electrostatic analyzers underestimate the ion density by the square root of the ion mass. Applied to a case of such observations by ARTEMIS in the terrestrial lobe reported by Poppe et al. (2012), our technique suggests an average mass of 28 amu for lunar pickup ions. This result, consistent with the lower limit of 24 amu derived in the Poppe et al. model, suggests that the observed ions were most likely Al+ and Si+. The technique is also refined and applied to a more complicated event with a series of heavy ion surges in the plasma sheet, to show the spatial and/or temporal dependence of the observed lunar ion species. The technique is particularly timely given the planned conjunctions and coordinated lunar studies by NASA's Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) and Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer missions.
The distribution and purity of anorthosite across the Orientale basin: New perspectives from Moon Mineralogy Mapper data
Authors: Cheek L. C. , Donaldson Hanna K. L. , Pieters C. M. , Head J. W. , Whitten J. L.
Published: August 2013

The Orientale basin is a multiring impact structure on the western limb of the Moon that provides a clear view of the primary lunar crust exposed during basin formation. Previously, near‐infrared reflectance spectra suggested that Orientale's Inner Rook Ring (IRR) is very poor in mafic minerals and may represent anorthosite excavated from the Moon's upper crust. However, detailed assessment of the mineralogy of these anorthosites was prohibited because the available spectroscopic data sets did not identify the diagnostic plagioclase absorption feature near 1250 nm. Recently, however, this absorption has been identified in several spectroscopic data sets, including the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), enabling the unique identification of a plagioclase‐dominated lithology at Orientale for the first time. Here we present the first in‐depth characterization of the Orientale anorthosites based on direct measurement of their plagioclase component. In addition, detailed geologic context of the exposures is discussed based on analysis of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Narrow Angle Camera images for selected anorthosite identifications. The results confirm that anorthosite is overwhelmingly concentrated in the IRR. Comparison with nonlinear spectral mixing models suggests that the anorthosite is exceedingly pure, containing >95 vol % plagioclase in most areas and commonly ~99–100 vol %. These new data place important constraints on magma ocean crystallization scenarios, which must produce a zone of highly pure anorthosite spanning the entire lateral extent of the 430 km diameter IRR.
Polydisperse suspensions: Erosion, deposition, and flow capacity
Authors: Dorrell R. M. , Hogg A. J. , Pritchard D.
Published: August 2013

Deposition from particle‐laden flows is often described in terms of the capacity and competence of the flow, but robust definitions of these terms have proved elusive. In this paper we provide a mathematical modeling framework within which erosion and deposition of polydisperse sediment, and thus flow capacity and competence, can be rigorously defined. This framework explicitly captures the coupling between the suspension and an active layer of sediment at the top of the bed, and is capable of describing both depositional and erosional flows over both erodible and nonerodible beds. Crucially, the capacity of a flow is shown to depend on the erosional and depositional history because these processes determine the composition of the active layer. This dependence is explored within models of bidisperse and polydisperse suspensions. It is further demonstrated that monodisperse representations of suspended sediment transport may severely underpredict actual flow capacity. The polydisperse model is validated against recent experimental studies of the evolution of suspended material in waning turbulent flows, and is used to demonstrate that loss of capacity is the principal driver of sediment deposition.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacterial diversity, abundance, and activity in marsh sediments of the Yangtze Estuary
Authors: Hou Lijun , Zheng Yanling , Liu Min , Gong Jun , Zhang Xiaoli , Yin Guoyu , You Li
Published: August 2013

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) as an important process of nitrogen cycle has been studied in estuarine environments. However, knowledge about the dynamics of anammox bacteria and their interactions with associated activity remains scarce in these environments. Here we report the anammox bacterial diversity, abundance, and activity in the Yangtze Estuary, using molecular and isotope‐tracing techniques. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA indicated that high anammox bacterial diversity occurred in this estuary, including Scalindua, Brocadia, Kuenenia, and two novel clusters. The patterns of community composition and diversity of anammox bacteria differed across the estuary. Salinity was a key environmental factor defining the geographical distribution and diversity of the anammox bacterial community at the estuarine ecosystem. Temperature and organic carbon also had significant influences on anammox bacterial biodiversity. The abundance of anammox bacteria ranged from 2.63 × 106 and 1.56 × 107 gene copies g−1, and its spatiotemporal variations were related significantly to salinity, temperature, and nitrite content. The anammox activity was related to temperature, nitrite, and anammox bacterial abundance, with values of 0.94–6.61 nmol N g−1 h−1. The tight link between the anammox and denitrification processes implied that denitrifying bacteria may be a primary source of nitrite for the anammox bacteria in the estuarine marshes. On the basis of the 15N tracing experiments, the anammox process was estimated to contribute 6.6%–12.9% to the total nitrogen loss whereas the remainder was attributed to denitrification.
PolyHIPEs from Divinyl Adipate: Preparation and Degradability
Authors: Turnšek Marko , Krajnc Peter
Published: August 2013

Using a high internal phase emulsion templating approach, highly porous open cellular polymers are prepared from divinyl adipate (DVA). The morphological structure of the monoliths includes cavities in the diameter range of around 5–25 μm and secondary interconnecting pores approximately 1 μm in diameter. A high interconnectivity of the cavities and a porosity of up to 85% are achieved. Using an elevated temperature of the aqueous phase during the emulsion preparation and controlled ageing of emulsions, the influence on pore size is investigated. Porous poly(DVA) can be degraded in a basic aqueous medium via the cleavage of ester bonds, the medium influencing the kinetic profile of degradation.

image
Visualization of Activity Landscapes and Chemogenomics Data
Authors: Hu Ye , Stumpfe Dagmar , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: August 2013

Chemogenomics data are often difficult to analyze, given their large amounts, heterogeneity, and multi‐dimensional nature. Network representations and other graphical methods are utilized to aid in data analysis. This review covers several recently introduced visualization methods for multi‐ or high‐dimensional compound activity data that are designed for specific applications.
Interrelation of 31P‐MRS metabolism measurements in resting and exercised quadriceps muscle of overweight‐to‐obese sedentary individuals
Authors: Valkovič Ladislav , Ukropcová Barbara , Chmelík Marek , Baláž Miroslav , Bogner Wolfgang , Schmid Albrecht Ingo , Frollo Ivan , Zemková Erika , Klimeš Iwar , Ukropec Jozef , Trattnig Siegfried , Krššák Martin
Published: August 2013

Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) enables the non‐invasive evaluation of muscle metabolism. Resting Pi‐to‐ATP flux can be assessed through magnetization transfer (MT) techniques, and maximal oxidative flux (Qmax) can be calculated by monitoring of phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery after exercise. In this study, the muscle metabolism parameters of 13 overweight‐to‐obese sedentary individuals were measured with both MT and dynamic PCr recovery measurements, and the interrelation between these measurements was investigated. In the dynamic experiments, knee extensions were performed at a workload of 30% of maximal voluntary capacity, and the consecutive PCr recovery was measured in a quadriceps muscle with a time resolution of 2 s with non‐localized 31P‐MRS at 3 T. Resting skeletal muscle metabolism was assessed through MT measurements of the same muscle group at 7 T. Significant linear correlations between the Qmax and the MT parameters kATP (r = 0.77, P = 0.002) and FATP (r = 0.62, P = 0.023) were found in the study population. This would imply that the MT technique can possibly be used as an alternative method to assess muscle metabolism when necessary (e.g. in individuals after stroke or in uncooperative patients). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interest groups and lobbying in Latin America: theoretical and practical considerations
Authors: Thomas Clive S. , Klimovich Kristina
Published: August 2013

The major purpose of this Special Issue is to provide the first comprehensive treatment of interest groups in Latin America. This first article provides background to this end by defining key terms and concepts; explaining the ubiquity of power groups, interests and interest groups in politics and government, and the fundamental elements of an interest group system, relating all this to past characteristics of Latin America's politics. Additionally, the article identifies the reasons for the dearth of studies of interest groups in the region and makes the case for the value of such studies. Drawing on this background, the article also sets out a heuristic for approaching the contributions to this volume and for developing a theoretical framework for the analysis of Latin American interest group systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Built‐in elastic strain and localization effects on GaAs luminescence of MOVPE‐grown GaAs–AlGaAs core–shell nanowires
Authors: Prete Paola , Miccoli Ilio , Marzo Fabio , Lovergine Nico
Published: August 2013

magnified image

The core photoluminescence emission of MOVPE‐grown GaAs–Al0.33Ga0.67As core–shell nanowires is studied as function of the relevant geometrical parameter of these nanostructures, namely the shell‐thickness to core‐radius ratio hs/Rc. The energy of the dominant emission peak was compared with values of the GaAs heavy‐ and light‐hole excitons redshifted by a uniaxial tensile strain, the latter calculated assuming perfect coherence at the core/shell interface and elastic energy equilibrium within the nanowires. Good agreement is obtained for hs/Rc < 1, the intrinsic strain‐free excitonic emission being identified at 1.510 eV, and further ascribed to bound heavy‐hole excitons. For hs/Rc > 1 increasingly larger redshifts (up to ∼9 meV in excess of values calculated based on our elastic strain model) are observed, and tentatively ascribed to shell‐dependent exciton localization effects.

magnified image

Experimental and calculated bound exciton peak energies for GaAs–Al0.33Ga0.67As core–shell nanowires as function of their shell‐thickness to core‐radius ratio hs/Rc. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Next generation interactive S‐band mobile systems: challenges and solutions
Authors: Gallinaro Gennaro , Tirrò Emanuele , Cecca Filippo Di , Migliorelli Marzia , Gatti Nicola , Cioni Stefano
Published: August 2013

This paper summarizes the outcome of an investigation activity aimed at analyzing the benefits of new possible system architectures and technologies for next generation S‐band mobile satellite interactive/broadcasting networks (Figure 1). The main purpose was to achieve a higher capacity, and the main efforts in this direction were devoted to the investigation on possible migration from the conventional single polarization per beam to an advanced dual polarization per beam architecture for effective spectrum exploitation. In addition, advanced antenna and payload architectures have been also investigated. The system capacity results highlight potential improvements in a 60% to 90% range in terms of system throughput. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A suite of abstract domains for static analysis of string values
Authors: Costantini Giulia , Ferrara Pietro , Cortesi Agostino
Published: August 2013

Strings are widely used in modern programming languages in various scenarios. For instance, strings are used to build up Structured Query Language (SQL) queries that are then executed. Malformed strings may lead to subtle bugs, as well as non‐sanitized strings may raise security issues in an application. For these reasons, the application of static analysis to compute safety properties over string values at compile time is particularly appealing. In this article, we propose a generic approach for the static analysis of string values based on abstract interpretation. In particular, we design a suite of abstract semantics for strings, where each abstract domain tracks a different kind of information. We discuss the trade‐off between efficiency and accuracy when using such domains to catch the properties of interest. In this way, the analysis can be tuned at different levels of precision and efficiency, and it can address specific properties.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new steel‐glass architecture of buildings in Japan
Authors: Kido Ewa Maria , Cywin´ski Zbigniew
Published: August 2013

Practical examples of modern architecture in the western hemisphere based on structural compositions of steel and glass have been presented several times in recent years. In doing so, their theoretical background has also been discussed. This paper focuses on the relevant architectural manifestations in Japan. Buildings for commercial and public use are the sole interest here – with special emphasis on the ultramodern character of their design. It is planned to consider infrastructure elements such as railway stations and airport structures in a future article.
Fatigue of girth butt weld for cast steel node connection in tower structure under wave loadings
Authors: Jin Hui , Li Jing , Mo Jianhua , Ma Haiying
Published: August 2013

The application of cast steel node shows a popular tendency in long‐span space structures. The girth butt welds in the joint are the critical parts under fatigue loading. This study presents a fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt welds for the cast steel node connections, which are in a steel tower structure on an offshore platform under heavy wave fatigue loadings. The refined node FEM model is built including the welds. The random waves are treated as ergodic stationary stochastic process; the node structure is considered as a linear dynamic amplification system to decide its output of the stress amplitude response while the random wave is inputted into the system. The welds are designed as different details of bilateral weld, single‐sided weld with a sleeve, single‐sided weld with a backing plate or without a backing plate. The fatigue life of every weld detail is studied by hot‐spot stress method, and the design of weld detail combination is analyzed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of winds in a mountain pass on turbine performance
Authors: Clifton A. , Daniels M. H. , Lehning M.
Published: August 2013

Mountain passes are potentially advantageous sites for the deployment of wind turbines because of road links and electrical transmission infrastructure. However, relatively little is known about wind characteristics and turbine response in these environments. Using hub height wind data from a mountain pass in Switzerland, this paper discusses the causes of the observed pass winds and how a generic wind turbine might perform in those conditions. During 3 months of winter measurements, the winds in the pass showed signatures of forcing by regional pressure gradients rather than local cooling or heating. Turbulence intensity was often less than 10%, and the magnitude of the wind shear power law exponent was less than 0.1. To understand the impact of pass winds on a wind turbine, we simulated a Wind Partnership for Advanced Component Technologies 1.5 MW wind turbine using the Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence (FAST) aeroelastic simulator , forced by artificial wind fields of varying turbulence intensity and shear generated by the turbulence simulator TurbSim. We used the turbine simulation data to train a regression model that is used to predict the turbine response to the pass wind time series. Results showed that depending on long‐term wind characteristics, wind turbines in the pass may perform differently than predicted using a power curve derived from test measurements at another location. This method of generating site‐specific energy capture predictions could be combined with long‐term wind resource data and specific turbine models to better predict the energy production and turbine loads at this, or any other site. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similar neuroprotective effects of ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning on hypoxia–ischemia in the neonatal rat: A proton MRS study
Authors: Seo Hyungseok , Lim Keun Ho , Choi Jae‐Hyung , Jeong Sung‐Moon
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning on hypoxia–ischemia (HI) in the neonatal rat. Seven‐day‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, sham, ischemic preconditioning, and hypoxic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning with a 10‐min occlusion of the right carotid artery and hypoxic preconditioning with 4‐h of hypoxia (8% oxygen) were performed 24‐h before HI. For HI, all rats underwent right carotid artery ligature, followed by 2.5‐h of hypoxia. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) and TUNEL staining were evaluated at 1 and 7 days after HI. At 2 weeks after HI, all rats were sacrificed for morphological analysis. The lipid (Lip), N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline‐ratios were calculated and compared with TUNEL staining and brain morphologies. Both the ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning groups showed lower Lip/NAA and Lip/Cr ratios and morphological scores, and fewer TUNEL‐positive cells than the control and sham groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two preconditioning groups. In addition, the ratios correlated with the TUNEL staining and the degrees of morphological changes in all of the groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning in neonatal rats with HI similarly attenuate brain injury. Moreover, Lip/NAA and Lip/Cr ratios may be used as markers for assessing the extent of brain damage.
Rehabilitation for Subacromial Impingement Starts at the Scapula
Authors: Houglum Peggy A.
Published: August 2013

Subacromial impingement, especially secondary subacromial impingement, is a common malady of athletes and non-athletes alike. Although several pathologies may lead to impingement, they all relate back to poor posture. Over time, postural changes increase stress to soft tissue structures to change both alignment and performance. Injury results as low-level stresses impact weakening tissues to the point of overload. Crucial to effective treatment of secondary subacromial impingement is the identification and correction of all causes. Basic to successful treatment is correction of posture, including scapular posture and muscles which control, stabilize, and move the scapula. An evidence-based approach to not only identifying the causes but also creating a treatment regimen to effectively resolve secondary subacromial impingement is presented.
Tumor‐targeting TRAIL expression mediated by miRNA response elements suppressed growth of uveal melanoma cells
Authors: Liu Jia , Ma Leina , Li Caixin , Zhang Ziyu , Yang Guanghua , Zhang Wenwei
Published: August 2013

Malignant uveal melanoma severely damages eye function and is prone to metastasize to other organs. Tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising agent to treat uveal melanoma because of its induction of apoptosis in cancer cells both at primary and metastatic sites. However, TRAIL therapy lacks tumor specificity in the current delivery systems for uveal melanoma treatment, thereby causing cytotoxiciy to normal tissues. To improve uveal melanoma specificity of adenovirus‐based TRAIL introduction, we used miRNA response elements (MREs) of miR‐34a, miR‐137 and miR‐182, which have been shown to have reduced expression in uveal melanoma cells, to regulate its expression. miR‐34a, miR‐137 and miR‐182 all had lower expression levels in uveal melanoma cell lines, compared with normal cells. MREs‐regulated luciferase activity was reduced in normal cell lines, but not significantly attenuated in uveal melanoma cells. The infection of MRE‐regulated TRAIL‐expressing adenoviral vector (Ad‐TRAIL‐3MREs) led to high level of TRAIL expression in uveal melanoma cell lines, but not in normal cells. Strong expression of TRAIL had a high anti‐tumor capacity by inducing apoptosis in uveal melanoma cells. In contrast, Ad‐TRAIL‐3MREs had no cytotoxicity to normal cell lines. Animal experiments further confirmed tumor‐suppressing effect of Ad‐TRAIL‐3MREs on uveal melanoma xenografts and its biosafety to hepatic tissues. Collectively, we constructed an MRE‐directed TRAIL‐expressing adenoviral vector and provided evidence that this vector possessed high anti‐tumor activity and uveal melanoma specificity.
Primary School Children's Imitation of Sexualised Music Videos and Artists
Authors: Ey Lesley-Anne , Cupit C. Glenn
Published: August 2013

Music media contains high levels of sexual content and children spend a considerable amount of time interacting with it. This poses the question as to whether children internalise and imitate the sexual behaviours displayed by music artists. This study observed the self-presentation of 366 children aged 5–14 years at two Australian primary school discos. Children of all age groups were directly imitating both sexual and non-sexual dress and behaviours seen in contemporary music videos. Approximately one third of children observed presented in a sexualised way, which suggests children more broadly may be adopting sexualised behaviours at an early age. The prevalence and nature of sexualised behaviours by children, and the impact of this on children's socio-sexual development, are matters requiring further investigation.
New terminology for the treatment of tobacco dependence: a proposal for debate
Authors: Wolff Fred , Hughes John R. , Woods Susan S.
Published: August 2013

Tobacco dependence is characterised as a chronic, relapsing disorder that typically requires multiple quit attempts before successful, long-term abstinence is achieved (Steinberg, Foulds, Richardson, Burke, & Shah, 2006). Best practice, evidence-based treatment includes multiple-session counselling and pharmacotherapy, or the combination of both (Fiore et al., 2008). The field has moved past the notion that tobacco dependence is simply a bad habit, a vice, or a moral deficiency that can be overcome by willpower or education alone (Mars & Ling, 2008). However, the language used in discussing treatment has not always been consistent with this evidence. Some words and phrases used lend themselves to varied meanings, and could lead to significant misunderstanding not only among professionals in the field, but also among the general public (O'Brien, 2010; Davis, 1992; Perkins, 1999; Hughes, 2013). In this paper, we discuss some commonly used, problematic terminology, and suggest more appropriate terms (Table 1).
A randomised controlled trial of a theory-based interactive internet-based smoking cessation intervention (‘StopAdvisor’): Study protocol
Authors: Michie Susan , Brown Jamie , Geraghty Adam W. A. , Miller Sascha , Yardley Lucy , Gardner Benjamin , Shahab Lion , Stapleton John A. , West Robert
Published: August 2013

Background: Internet-based interventions can help smokers to quit compared with brief written materials or no intervention. However, they are not widely used, particularly by more disadvantaged smokers, and there is significant variation in their effectiveness. A new smoking cessation website (‘StopAdvisor’) has been systematically developed on the basis of PRIME theory, empirical evidence, web-design expertise and user-testing with socio-economically disadvantaged smokers. This paper reports the protocol of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of StopAdvisor and determine whether it translates across the social spectrum.

Methods: The trial has two arms with participants randomised to the offer of the interactive ‘StopAdvisor’ website (intervention condition) or a non-interactive, static website (control condition). Participants are adults from the UK, who smoke every day and are willing to make a serious quit attempt within a month of enrolment. At least 4260 participants will be recruited with a minimum of 2130 in each of two socio-economic sub-groups. The intervention comprises a structured quit plan and a variety of theory- and evidence-based behaviour change techniques for smoking cessation. Tailored support is offered in the form of a series of tunnelled sessions and a variety of interactive menus for use up to a month before, and then for one month after quitting (http://www.lifeguideonline.org/player/play/stopadvisordemonstration). The control is a static website that presents brief and standard advice on smoking cessation. Assessments are at baseline and 2-, 4- and 7-months post-enrolment. The primary outcome measure will be Russell Standard 6-months sustained abstinence, defined as self-reported continuous abstinence verified by saliva cotinine or anabasine at 7-month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures will include 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 7-month follow-up, self-reported abstinence at 2- and 4-month follow-ups, satisfaction ratings of the website and quantitative indices of website interaction. All analyses will be by intention to treat and the main analysis will compare the two conditions on the primary outcome measure using a logistic regression model, adjusted for baseline characteristics. The efficacy of the intervention across the social spectrum will be assessed by a logistic regression focusing on the interaction between condition and socio-economic disadvantage.

Trial registration: ISRCTN99820519.
Flavonoid intake and risk of CVD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Wang Xia , Ouyang Ying Y. , Liu Jun , Zhao Gang
Published: August 2013

Observational studies have suggested that the intake of flavonoids is associated with a decreased risk of CVD. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between dietary flavonoid intake and CVD risk by conducting a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Electronic reference databases were searched to identify studies that met the pre-stated inclusion criteria. The studies were assessed for eligibility and data were extracted by two authors independently. For each study, relative risks (RR) and 95 % CI were extracted and pooled using either a fixed-effects or a random-effects model. Generalised least-squares trend estimation analysis was used to evaluate dose–response relationships. The inclusion criteria were met by fourteen prospective cohort studies. The intakes of anthocyanidins (RR 0·89, 95 % CI 0·83, 0·96), proanthocyanidins (RR 0·90, 95 % CI 0·82, 0·98), flavones (RR 0·88, 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96), flavanones (RR 0·88, 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96) and flavan-3-ols (RR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·80, 0·95) were inversely associated with the risk of CVD when comparing the highest and lowest categories of intake. A similar association was observed for flavonol intake and CVD risk. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses further supported this association. The summary RR for CVD for every 10 mg/d increment in flavonol intake was 0·95 (95 % CI 0·91, 0·99). The present systematic review suggests that the dietary intakes of six classes of flavonoids, namely flavonols, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins, flavones, flavanones and flavan-3-ols, significantly decrease the risk of CVD.
COMPARISON OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL GINSENG BED SOILS IN RELATION TO THE INCIDENCE OF GINSENG RED SKIN DISEASE
Authors: LIU XING , YANG ZHENMING , GAO LINGLING , XIANG WUYAN , ZHANG BO , XIE ZHONGLEI , YOU JIANGFENG
Published: August 2013

Red skin disease seriously limits the production and quality of Panax ginseng (ginseng) in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China, which is the main origin of ginseng. To cultivate ginseng, the albic and humus horizons of albic luvisols are artificially mixed to produce ginseng bed soils. To clarify the relationship between red skin disease and soil characteristics, red skin disease indices were calculated from six plots located on a ginseng farm. Ginseng roots were analysed for aluminium (Al) content. Soils from the ginseng beds were sampled at three depths for the evaluation of physico-chemical parameters. Al fractionation from the soil solid fraction was analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Ginseng plants exhibiting larger red skin areas accumulated higher concentrations of Al in the epidermis and in the fibrous roots. Ginseng bed soils in the six plots were acidic with pHH2O values ranging from 4.0 to 5.0. Plots exhibiting higher red skin disease indices also had higher bulk densities, moisture contents and nitrate concentrations. They also contained higher concentrations of exchangeable Al, NaOH-extracted Al and ammonium oxalate-oxalic-extracted Al in the bed soils. The Al saturation and molar ratio of base cations to Al were above 20% and below 10, respectively, in the two plots with the highest disease indices. Compact soils with higher moisture, nitrate concentrations and active Al species may increase the incidence of ginseng red skin disease.
Incidence of Fatal Airway Obstruction in Police Officers Feloniously Killed in the Line of Duty: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Fisher Laura A. , Callaway David W. , Sztajnkrycer Matthew D.
Published: August 2013

Background

According to US military data, airway obstruction is the third leading cause of possibly preventable death in combat. In the absence of law enforcement-specific medical training, military experience has been translated to the law enforcement sector. The purpose of this study was to determine whether airway obstruction represents a significant cause of possibly preventable death in police officers, and whether current military combat lifesaver training programs might have prevented these fatalities.

Methods

De-identified, open-source US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Report Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) data for the years 1998-2007 were reviewed. Cases were included if officers were on duty at the time of fatal injury and died within one hour from time of wounding from penetrating face or neck trauma. After case identification, letters requesting autopsy reports were sent to the departments of victim officers. Reports were abstracted into a Microsoft Excel database.

Results

During the study period, 42 of 533 victim officers met inclusion criteria. Departmental response rate was 85.7%. Autopsy reports were provided for 29 officers; 23 (54.8%) cases remained in the final analysis. All officers died from gunshot wounds. No coroner specifically identified airway obstruction as either a direct cause of death or contributing factor. Based upon autopsy findings, three of 341 officers possibly succumbed to airway trauma (0.9%; 95% CI, 0.0%-1.9%). Endotracheal intubation was the most common advanced airway management technique utilized during attempted resuscitation.

Conclusion

The limited LEOKA data suggests that acute airway obstruction secondary to penetrating trauma appears to be a rare cause of possibly preventable death in police officers. Based upon the nature of airway trauma, nasopharyngeal airways would not be expected to be an effective lifesaving intervention. This study highlights the requirement for a comprehensive mortality and “near miss” database for law enforcement officers.

FisherL,CallawayD,SztajnkrycerM.Incidence of fatal airway obstruction in police officers feloniously killed in the line of duty: a 10-year retrospective analysis.Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(5):1-5.
A Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Approach to Analyzing Large Volumes of Tissue to Detect Nanoparticles
Authors: Kempen Paul J. , Thakor Avnesh S. , Zavaleta Cristina , Gambhir Sanjiv S. , Sinclair Robert
Published: August 2013

The use of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer requires the complete characterization of their toxicity, including accurately locating them within biological tissues. Owing to their size, traditional light microscopy techniques are unable to resolve them. Transmission electron microscopy provides the necessary spatial resolution to image individual nanoparticles in tissue, but is severely limited by the very small analysis volume, usually on the order of tens of cubic microns. In this work, we developed a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) approach to analyze large volumes of tissue for the presence of polyethylene glycol-coated Raman-active-silica-gold-nanoparticles (PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs). This approach utilizes the simultaneous bright and dark field imaging capabilities of STEM along with careful control of the image contrast settings to readily identify PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs in mouse liver tissue without the need for additional time-consuming analytical characterization. We utilized this technique to analyze 243,000 μm3 of mouse liver tissue for the presence of PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs. Nanoparticles injected into the mice intravenously via the tail vein accumulated in the liver, whereas those injected intrarectally did not, indicating that they remain in the colon and do not pass through the colon wall into the systemic circulation.