bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrus Vocalizations in Two Primate Species (Cercocebus Torquatus Atys and Macaca Nemestrina)
Authors: Gouzoules Harold , Gust Deborah A. , Donaghey Beth , Andre Elizabeth St.
Published: November 2010

Vocalizations of sexually receptive females in two primate species, the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus atys) and the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina), were compared with respect to the acoustical features of calls as well as the reproductive and social factors that were associated with calling behavior. Sixty-two bouts of calling were recorded from 18 different pigtail macaque females (mean number of bouts per individual-3.48, SD = 2.17, range 1-7) over a six month period; 19.4% occurred during copulation with males, 25.8% were recorded within 30 seconds after copulation has ceased, while the majority, 54.8%, were not associated with mating. The mangabey group yielded 52 bouts from 18 different females (mean number of bouts per individual = 2.89, SD = 2.47, range 1-10) over a comparable period of time; all 52 mangabey bouts were recorded from females during copulation with males. Calls in both species were highly stereotyped and were not acoustically similar to other vocalizations in the species' repertoire; the acoustical structure of the calls of both species, with most energy distributed at relatively low frequencies, suggests adaptations for propagation over distance. Dominance rank of the caller was associated with significant variation in calling by estrus females of both species. There was a strong relationship between rank and bout length in the pigtail females, with higher-ranking females having shorter bouts; the rate of delivery for higher-ranking females was also significantly more variable than it was for lower-ranking females. For the mangabeys, lower-ranking females had significantly higher rates of delivery than did higher-ranking ones. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these features of calling relate to a caller's motivational state and that higher levels of sexual motivation are required by lower-ranking females before they show proceptive behavior or mating. The possibility that female-female competition may have a significant effect on important features of calling should be considered in studies that attempt to evaluate the functional significance of these vocalizations.
Vibrational Communication in Subterranean Rodents
Authors: Francescoli Gabriel , Altuna Carlos A.
Published: November 2010

Here we discuss different factors that could influence the development of vocal and/or seismic communicative channels in subterranean rodents. We suggest that: 1) Highly social subterranean rodents that do not leave their burrows use essentially vocal signals in the vibrational channel; 2) Solitary and almost permanently fossorial species use vocal signals in short range and seismic signals in long range communication; 3) Other solitary species that leave the burrow system more frequently and that retain good visual capabilities are constrained to use vocal communication only. Also we suggest that seismic communication probably derives from digging activities and, consequently, developed after the acquisition of the subterranean way of life. The first three statements are based on a previously proposed relationship between visual capabilities, hearing capabilities, time spent outside the burrows, social organization and type of vibrational signals used by the species. The fourth statement is based in the correlation found between digging and transporting tools and thumping tools, that are the same across the literature on pertinent genera. Some thumping techniques unique to subterranean animals lead us to propose an evolutionary sequence leading from digging to thumping.
The Tempo and Mode of Evolution of Acoustic Communication Signals of Felids
Authors: Peters Gustav , Tonkin-Leyhausen Barbara A.
Published: November 2010

Based on the molecular clock model of evolution, molecular phylogenies represent reconstructions of the evolutionary process with a time scale. From these, inferences can be drawn about the evolution of other characters, including behaviour patterns. Mapping particular vocalization types in the Felidae (cats) on a published molecular phylogeny of this mammal family reveals that the distribution of these behavioural characters is fully congruent with it. Thence a time frame for the evolution of these vocalizations can be inferred, indicating large differences in their evolutionary age. Phylogenetic stasis for several million years in particular vocalization types refutes the hypothesis that behavioural characters are generally more susceptible to evolutionary change than morphological ones.
ON THE TRAIL OF SHORT u
Authors: Harris John
Published: November 2010

This article attempts a detailed reconstruction of recent developments in the history of English short u, the category that in southern English and its descendants shows up as a high vowel in PUT and a lowered vowel in CUT. Combining the comparative method with the interpretation of the historical documentary record, the exercise sets out to answer questions such as the following. At what stage did lowering result in a full-blown split between CUT and PUT? At what point did unrounding set in? Did lowering follow a peripheral or a central trajectory in vowel space? What mechanisms of change were involved — classically regular neogrammarian sound change or irregular lexical diffusion?
The comparative aspect of the reconstruction draws heavily on vernacular Englishes which have emerged relatively recently in circumstances of large-scale language contact and shift, particularly those spoken in Ireland, West Africa and the Caribbean. The immediate significance of these varieties is that they emerged during a period when short u was in a state of considerable flux in the metropolitan language. The phonetic realisation and systemic organisation of the PUT and CUT vowels in these varieties offer certain direct insights into the history of short u that are no longer available in other dialects.
Terminology
Authors: Sager Juan C.
Published: November 2010

This article places terminology in relation to linguistics and cognitive science and traces its historic evolution and perception in order to assess its current instrumental role in knowledge acquisition, representation and transfer via language. The environment of information technology permits the full exploitation of terminology and demonstrates the basically applied nature of the discipline.
Quelques caractéristiques du vocabulaire de l'acupuncture
Authors: Boulanger Jean-Claude , Lavigne Gaétane
Published: November 2010

The authors study a few characteristics of French acupuncture vocabulary. Their observations are based on a corpus of texts gathered from approximately twenty works. The contacts between two languages with extremely divergent systems give rise to many borrowings, thereby increasing the number of synonyms in the receptor language, in particular given the necessity to Romanize the writing system of the borrower language. Transcribing Chinese ideograms into French causes virtually insurmountable phonological, spelling, grammatical, morphological, syntactic and other difficulties. Synonymy and borrowing are described critically by use of a Romanization protocol. They are examined from the standpoint of language planning and the internal functioning of an emerging terminology, partially based on foreign lexical units. A few directions are proposed to facilitate the standardization of this LSP vocabulary.
Data elements in terminological entries
Authors: Wright Sue Ellen , Budin Gerhard
Published: November 2010

Differing theoretical and methodological views and working-group needs have spawned a wide diversity in the content, layout and internal structure of terminological entries in database environments, which in turn complicates standardization and data interchange. Major criticisms lodged against the data element list provided in ISO 6156 (MATER) prompted the authors to conduct an empirical examination of over thirty existing databases to ascertain which data elements are truly used in practice (as opposed to those which are espoused or rejected in theory). Their results reveal that designation of data elements, like other terminological products, are subject to the vagaries of polysemy and synonymy. They conclude that, given the widespread differences in approach evidenced in existing databases, the most practical approach to data element concerns during interchange is to compile an open-ended dictionary of common data element types for use as a mapping device during the data preparation stage.
Positional and combinational characteristics of terms
Authors: Nkwenti-Azeh Blaise
Published: November 2010

Special-language term formation is characterised, inter alia, by the frequent reuse of certain lexical items in the formation of new syntagmatic units and by conceptually motivated restrictions on the position which certain elements can occupy within a compound term. This paper describes how the positional and combinational features of the terminology of a given domain can be identified from relevant existing term lists and used as part of a corpus-based, automatic term-identification strategy within a natural-language processing (e.g., machine-translation) system. The methodology described is exemplified and supported with data from the field of satellite communications.
Towards a common vocabulary for classification and definition
Authors: de Vries Robbé Pieter F. , Flier Frank J.
Published: November 2010

The cooperative development of classifications and definitions by parties interested in health care requires a coherent metaterminology. Besides the language of logic and set theory, the language of terminology seems useful in the pursuit of a methodological taxonomy. However, the standard vocabularies developed so far by terminologists have certain shortcomings. Some of them are discussed. Further developments are under way. The need to organize huge collections of knowledge in several disciplines will put pressure on the work of standardizing terminolo gists.
Differences in linguistic representations of concepts in Japanese and English complex noun terms
Authors: Kageura Kyo
Published: November 2010

This paper compares the characteristics of Japanese complex noun terms with those of English in the field of documentation, based on a multilingual corpus. It first presents the basic characteristics of Japanese and English terms at the formal and grammatical level, then it examines the different ways of linguistic representation of concepts in Japanese and English terms, showing that these two languages sometimes adopt different ways of representing concepts, which reflect their linguistic differences.
Management of terminology in a machine-translation environment
Authors: L'Homme Marie-Claude
Published: November 2010

The input and organization of terms play a central role in a dictionary-based translation system. The quality of the output text depends, for the most part, on the development of the dictionary. However, a lexical database cannot solve all problems of ambiguity. Moreover, it cannot take into account the effective usage of terms in specialized texts. This paper describes how terminology management is carried out in a machine-translation environment. We list a series of problems posteditors have to cope with and offer partial solutions to these problems. The material is based on work done in a translation firm where all translators are required to postedit machine translations.
Terminology for quantities and units in International Standards
Authors: Thor Anders J.
Published: November 2010

In 1992, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published a revised edition of the International Standard ISO 31, Quantities and Units. This standard consists of fourteen different parts (published as a single volume in 1993) and is issued in English (E) and French (F). The revision revealed many questions — new as well as old ones — about the terminology for quantities and units. Some of these questions concerning English terminology are discussed in this article. Comparison with German (D) and Swedish (S), since it is the author's mother tongue, is also made in some cases.
Automatic recognition of complex terms
Authors: Lauriston Andy
Published: November 2010

While the term-extraction decisions made by terminologists are based primarily on semantic and pragmatic criteria, automated processes have barely started operating at these levels of linguistic analysis. This paper discusses the graphic, lexical, syntactic and semantic difficulties encountered in automated text processing in general and emphasizes in particular certain specific problems that arise in the automatic recognition of complex terms. In order to illustrate the current limitations of existing systems, the article goes on to describe TERMINO, a morphosyntactic text-analysis system developed to help in French-language term extraction. A quantitative and qualitative assessment is made of the system's performance in recognizing complex terms.
Résumé d'une lecture terminologique de Translation and Meaning
Authors: Wijnands Paul
Published: November 2010

This paper addresses the analysis of texts on translation theory from a terminological point of view. It focuses on those translational items, which require a greater input of terminological theory, by examining the terminological principles applied to translation practice. This survey covers the papers delivered at the symposium Meaning and Translation, Part 2, held in Poland in 1990, the proceedings of which were published in 1992. On the basis of these texts, it is concluded that, generally speaking, specialists in translation studies do not sufficiently consider terminology as a discipline which can enrich their conceptual framework. However, a number of contributions to the symposium show that translational knowledge can benefit from the use of terminologically based perception modes.
Applied terminology:
Authors: Bowker Lynne
Published: November 2010

Two recently published collections of articles that provide an overview of the state of the art in applied terminology are discussed from the point of view of two themes recurring throughout them: comparative terminology and knowledge engineering. Comparative terminology is one of the most traditional forms of terminology and is still among the most prevalent practiced today. New necessary approaches to handling problems in this area are outlined. One of the newest areas of research is knowledge-based terminology. The growing interest in exploring the potential benefits of a relationship between terminology and knowledge-engineering methods is shown by the discussion of various articles on this subject.
Terminology of the transuranium elements
Authors: Seaborg Glenn T.
Published: November 2010

Beginning in 1940, the Periodic Table of the Elements has been expanded by nearly 20% through the synthesis and identification of the seventeen elements beyond uranium (atomic number 92). Since the discoverers have the duty and right to propose names, this has been done for each of these elements. These proposed names have been endorsed by IUPAC for the first eleven of these elements (atomic numbers 93-103, inclusive), and thus these can be considered to be the official names for these eleven elements. Official names for the next six elements (104—109) await sanction by IUPAC. Of these six elements, the name for element 104 remains under dispute, the name for element 105 seems to be generally acceptable, and the privilege of naming elements 106-109 has been assigned to designated teams of investigators on the basis of an investigation by an adjudicatory body, the Transfermium Working Group appointed by IUPAP and IUPAC.
On the empirical adequacy of terminological concept theories
Authors: Zawada Britta E. , Swanepoel Piet
Published: November 2010

The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that classical concept theories and hybrids thereof are empirically inadequate for the terminological analysis and description of concepts in a number of sciences. Examples of the classification and definition of minerals in the field of mineralogy are used to illustrate that the defining features of mineral species are typically the attributes of prototype categories; i.e., they are, amongst others, culturally, perceptually, and bodily based, idealized and essentially interactional and functional in nature. Furthermore, it is argued that classification in mineralogy is founded on an experientialist rather than an objectivist epistemology. These factors strengthen the argument for a prototype approach to concept analysis not only in the humanities and the social sciences but also in the so-called natural and pure sciences.
Language choice and terminology for national development in Negara Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Smith Brian D.
Published: November 2010

This paper considers the problems of development and use of new Malay terminology in Brunei Darussalam in the context of policies which have established Malay as the official language but given English a central role in the education system. While the National Bureau for Language and Literature is responsible for the creation and cultivation of new terminology and discourse, it has little influence on language use in the education system or in society generally. It seems likely that Brunei will follow Singapore in accepting English as the language of economic and commercial development, leaving Malay to fulfill a ritual and subsidiary role in which new Malay terms serve only as a passive record of equivalents.
Terms and words
Authors: Desmet Isabel , Boutayeb Samy
Published: November 2010

To distinguish clearly between words and terms, the first step is to situate general language and language for special purposes. The latter is defined with regard to its users (specialists), its functions (communicating knowledge), and the vocabulary it uses to do so (terms). This enables a clear line to be drawn between lexicology and terminology, positing the existence of lexical units, terminological units, lexical and terminological units, and conceptual units. The relations among these units are examined, and a series of criteria are proposed to distinguish adequately, in regard to their functions of reference and denomination, their relations with meaning and the significance of their form. To do this, terminological units should be considered within a system of concepts and lexical units in a system of language.
Guidelines for terminological definitions
Authors: Ndi-Kimbi Augustin
Published: November 2010

The written forms of definitions ought to meet certain requirements in order to be generally acceptable among lexicographers and terminographers. This article reviews the theoretical and specific guidelines for definitions laid down by some philosophers and terminology organizations. It assesses the extent to which guidelines have been adhered to in a corpus of terminological definitions, such as BS/ISO 2382: Data Processing and Information Technology Vocabulary. It points out the deviations from existing rules and exemplifies the discrepancies in the formulation of the definitional phrase patterns and proposes methods for expanding and reducing patterns for standardization purposes.
A model for the definition of concepts
Authors: Sager Juan C. , L'Homme Marie-Claude
Published: November 2010

The pattern of existing terminological definitions is analysed, and a model for the terminological definition of concepts is proposed that is considered more appropriate to data-processing applications than present patterns of definition. The model consists of a regularised form of the traditional analytical definition by categorising and restricting the modes of description and thereby reducing the free-text element in the defining phrase. The new model should permit automatic prompting and control of the defining activity, highly efficient data storage and greater information extraction in retrieval. The model is currently being tested in a real application.
What's wrong with "terminology work" and "terminology science"?
Authors: Sager Juan C.
Published: November 2010

The polysemy of "terminology " is a well-established fact which has obsessed many writers on the subject and confused many interpretations of otherwise clearly argued texts. But desperate situations should not lead to desperate measures, such as importing unsuitable designations into English when the language has all the linguistic means required for establishing genuine English technical terms.
Merons, taxons, and qualities
Authors: Gilreath Charles T.
Published: November 2010

In the literature there are no standard meanings for words like aspect, attribute, characteristic, feature, property, and quality. Because the denoted concepts have not been well understood or differentiated, the terminology is highly unsettled, resulting in significant mis communication, imprecision, and confusion in scientific discourse. Ascriptive ontology is the name given here to the science of basic types of aspects, those ubiquitous facts by which we know, describe, and represent things of interest. Aspects underlie virtually every scientific construct, from theories, models, meronomies, taxonomies, concepts, and laws to simple empirical facts. Specifically in terminology, aspects underlie all types of definitions, concepts and concept systems. A new comprehensive taxonomy of aspects is proposed, and concise, uniform names are suggested for the respective concepts. Based on this taxonomy, a new semantic network notation called ETA is briefly introduced.
The conceptual structure of terminological definitions and their linguistic realisations
Authors: Sager Juan C. , Ndi-Kimbi Augustin
Published: November 2010

The article explores the basic conceptual structure patterns of definitions and contrasts them with their linguistic realisation. A better understanding of the linguistic possibilities of expression can lead to more sensible rules and proper patterns for definitions that can be used in authoring packages for the writing of definitions.
The functional role of verbs in terminological definitions
Authors: Ndi-Kimbi Augustin
Published: November 2010

The role of verbs in definitions is very complex. In general discourse, the function of declarative sentences or propositions is to report events happening to participants, with verbs encoding the events and nouns the participants. In definitions of concepts, verbs and nouns are used to express, in the form of simple (stative) propositions, basic facts concerning processes, states, or actions that relate to the concepts mainly realised in noun form. While the nouns in the definienda can represent any class of concept, in this article it is argued that the verbs occurring in the second part of the definition, in finite form in the relative clause, can only represent activity or relation concepts because they serve to express states or conditions of existence, actions or executed processes.
The process of revitalisation of old words
Authors: Temmerman Rita
Published: November 2010

This article reports on part of a larger project on neologisms in the field of biotechnology. The research concentrates on English neologisms and how they influence the Dutch special language of molecular biology and genetic engineering. The origin of "splicing " is traced in its new usage in biotechnology, and the realisation of the associated concepts in Dutch is examined as a special case of limited borrowing in secondary term formation.
Standardization of Polish legal terminology
Authors: Kierzkowska Danuta
Published: November 2010

The rapidly changing political and economic circumstances in central Europe during the late 1980s served as a strong natural motivation for attempts to present this reality as accessible and inviting in order to encourage foreign investment. It was also a reason why the Polish Society of Economic, Legal and Court Translators published in the early 1990s a series of translations of Polish economic law into English as source material for creating a consistent system of legal terminology called POLTERM. The following is a description of the efforts that go into creating a uniform terminological system, the institutional frame-work of this project, the source material used for its creation, the rules and procedures of the secondary term formation, and certain problems encountered in the work of terminologists and translators.
Processing word combinations in existing term banks
Authors: L'Homme Marie-Claude
Published: November 2010

Word combinations (phraseological units, collocations, etc.) pose practical as well as theoretical problems in terminology and in linguistics in general. This paper examines how specific word combinations can be stored in computerized reference tools. The focus is on word lexical groups in special languages and their representation for translation purposes. Two scenarios concerning verb + noun combinations are analyzed. The first scenario consists of assigning a specific database to word groups. The second describes the implementation of an interface between a verbal database and existing mono referential databases (term banks) using hierarchical conceptual relationships.
Using online databases for terminology searching
Authors: Lutes Barbara
Published: November 2010

Online bibliographic databases would seem to be a promising source of multilingual terminology for translators, terminologists, and other language professionals, although not designed for this purpose. This paper will explore this hypothesis, discussing the types and degree of multilingualism in representative databases, the different information-seeking needs of language professionals, and describing search strategies which can be used for term look-up. Results of extensive trial searching and some in-depth examples will be used to assess the practical feasibility of this use of databases, with special attention paid to reliability. Results of trial searching were generally positive, although cost might prove prohibitive. Using bibliographic databases may be particularly useful in solving difficult terminological problems for which context information is essential. Annex 1 provides information on a selection of useful multilingual online databases; annex 2 lists addresses of selected online database providers.
Toward the theoretical study of terms
Authors: Kageura Kyo
Published: November 2010

Although the study of scientific terms is gaining in importance and although it is sometimes claimed that the study of terms constitutes an independent discipline called "terminology", there has been little research into the essential perspective from which terms are to be examined. Against this background the author attempts to clarify the nature and status of terms and how the study of scientific terms should be envisaged. As a preliminary to the theoretical study of terms, the treatment of terms is contrasted with the linguistic study of words.
Ninety years of terminology management in ASTM
Authors: Strehlow Richard A.
Published: November 2010

The American Society for Testing and Materials has been engaged in management of terminology for more than nine decades across many subject disciplines. Throughout this period methods have been developed and applied to management of terminology. One technique, generating and maintaining an audited list of terms and definitions, has proved useful in promoting greater uniformity of term usage. Other methods of promoting improved definition writing and layout have also been developed and applied. These methods are described in their historical context. Problems of a multidisciplinary set of independent standards-writing committees are also discussed with proposed solutions.
Ecoepidemiology
Authors: Chapman Cynthia B.
Published: November 2010

The origins, definitions, and usage of the term "ecoepidemiology" wind their way through the scientific literature of ecology and medicine. This study sought to determine if "ecoepidemiology" has been granted a common meaning in these disciplines or if the meanings have diverged or if new phrases have been proposed. "Ecoepidemiology" appears in the French literature of medicine — as the name for the geographic variable in epidemiologic studies — about ten years before it appears in English-language articles on ecology. In the English literature, a few scientists writing about ecological monitoring and assessment adopted the term because they needed a word or phrase to emphasize research methods common both to ecology and to epidemiology in human medicine. After the term "clinical ecology" was rejected in the medical literature, it was offered as an alternative to "ecoepidemiology". "Clinical ecology" can be defined as "the branch of ecology that studies the condition of ecosystems to document change in status and trends". A more logical term than "ecoepidemiology", "clinical ecology" keeps the literature about ecosystem health grouped by subject in libraries and bibliographic databases with ecology instead of improperly assigned to collections of information on human health and medicine. "Ecoepidemiology", however, seems to be more prevalent in the literature of the environmental and ecological sciences.
Lexique contrôlé
Authors: Emorine Martine
Published: November 2010

Nous explicitons dans cet article d'une part, un modèle conceptuel d'entrées verbales d'un lexique d'une langue contrôlée, et, d'autre part, l'implantation dans le formalisme de représentation des connaissances typed feature structures (désormais TFS) d'un modèle d'une base de données lexicales et la spécification d'entrées verbales d'une langue contrôlée, ici le Français Rationalisé (désormais FR).
Une langue contrôlée est un sous-ensemble simplifié d'une langue naturelle comportant des règles syntaxiques et lexicales restrictives. Après une présentation générale des langues contrôlées, du contexte de leur utilisation et des principes généraux qui les régissent, nous traitons, dans une première partie, la modélisation des entrées lexicales des verbes du FR, à partir de la formalisation d'un lexique existant, le glossaire FR, pour permettre de contrôler sa cohérence et son adéquation expressive. Nous présentons les choix et les motivations qui ont déterminé la modélisation que nous avons effectuée, l'élément essentiel de notre conception d'une modélisation lexicale est la décision, que nous motivons dans cet article, de n 'incorporer que des informations discriminantes et/ou pertinentes pour permettre une discrimination entre les emplois verbaux autorisés dans FR. Dans la seconde partie, nous présentons l'implantation de la base de données lexicales dans le formalisme TFS, développé à l'Université de Stuttgart. Nous montrons les grands principes qui régissent ce formalisme: informations regroupées sous forme de structures de traits typées, hiérarchisation, circulation de l'information par héritage multiple. Puis nous définissons l'architecture de notre base de données lexicales, et nous illustrons l'implantation des entrées verbales. En conclusion, nous présentons les perspectives linguistiques et informatiques de notre travail, et les extensions qu'il serait souhaitable d'apporter à notre modélisation. L'implémentation que nous avons réalisée est à considérer comme une sorte d'expérimentation du formalisme TFS, et nous présentons une rapide synthèse de ses possibilités et de ses limites. Nous pensons par ailleurs avoir démontré que ce n'est qu'en formalisant les observations linguistiques qu'il est possible de "contrôler une langue contrôlée", c'est-à-dire de pouvoir être certain qu'il s'agit d'un modèle intrinsèquement cohérent et complet.
The treatment of synonymy and cross-references in special-language dictionaries (SLDs)
Authors: Nkwenti-Azeh Blaise
Published: November 2010

The features which distinguish special-language dictionaries from general-language dictionaries are described and exemplified by three technical dictionaries. The differences are explained in terms of differences in user groups and their expectations. Particular attention is devoted to the way conceptual relationships are expressed in these dictionaries by means of cross-references. Weaknesses in existing notations are pointed out, and alternatives for marking interconceptual relations are indicated.
Problems in composing definitions of terms for polymer chemistry
Authors: Jenkins Aubrey D.
Published: November 2010

The particular problems associated with composing definitions of technical terms relating to polymers are outlined, and the way in which they have been tackled by the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is described. The topics surveyed begin with basic terms and continue with linear polymers, branched polymers, and copolymers. The presentation of formulae, the description of stereochemistry, and definitions of terms for individual macromolecules, their assemblies and dilute solutions are included, as well as work on crystalline and liquid-crystalline polymers, and the classification of polymerisation processes.
Refining the terminographer's concept-analysis methods
Authors: Meyer Ingrid , Mackintosh Kristen
Published: November 2010

Concept analysis is both the cornerstone and Achilles ' heel of terminography. This paper describes a linguistically oriented approach to concept analysis, in which terminological phrasemes are seen as potential indicators of conceptual meaning. We propose that phrasemes can assist the terminographer in acquiring conceptual information related to: (1) external influences on the domain, (2) concept identification, (3) concept systems, and (4) particular meaning problems. We conclude that phrasemes provide important conceptual "footholds " for terminologists working in phraseologically rich domains and ideally with machine-readable texts.
Towards a corpus-based approach to terminography
Authors: Bowker Lynne
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we will conduct a preliminary investigation into a relatively new approach to terminography: corpus-based terminography. This subject has thus far received very little attention in the terminology literature, so we will begin by briefly investigating the evolution of corpus-based research in the fields of linguistics and lexicography. We will then move on to examine in more detail the development of the emerging field of corpus-based terminography, including the advantages of adopting a corpus-based approach and the requirements for compiling machine-readable corpora that are useful for termino graphical purposes. Finally, we will briefly consider the tools and methodology required for retrieving terminologically interesting information from such corpora.
Recherche d'équivalences et structuration des réseaux notionnels
Authors: Van Campenhoudt Marc
Published: November 2010

Terminologists generally take a conceptual approach which leads them to consider the observed semantic relations between the described concepts. Hence, they are today directing their attention to the works of cognitivists and those who specialize in semantic networks are trying, like them, to build terminological knowledge bases. The object of this paper is to examine the various relations between the constituent parts and the whole, to describe how they interact with the hyponymy (class inclusion), and to view their role in the establishment of equivalences in multilingual terminology. In particular, the typology of meronomic (part-whole) relations proposed by certain cognitivists is compared against the relations which may be observed in nautical terminology.
The prefix post- in contemporary English terminology
Authors: Kocourek Rostislav
Published: November 2010

The article is based on a corpus of English words and technical terms obtained from contemporary texts and major up-to-date dictionaries and encyclopedias. It gives a description of "post- " prefixation, its morphology (including derivational patterns of one-word terms and syntactic patterns of multiword terms) and semantics (including motivational ambiguity and definitions). French terms are used for comparison and contrast. Morphological and semantic properties of term-constituting lexemes are examined within the framework of an analysis of lexical productivity, which is defined by three criteria: number of existing derivatives, rules of derivation, and neological potential. The analysis also shows other aspects of derivational productivity: favourite word-class membership, semantic options, and terminologization.
Btmex
Authors: Pozzi María
Published: November 2010

Term banks of recent creation are characterised by being user-friendly and by providing their users with new features that facilitate the information-retrieval operation, thus making them more efficient. This paper describes BTMEX, the Term Bank of Mexico, as one of these systems. Although it shares with most term banks the storage of the same basic units of information, it offers a wide range of possibilities to retrieve this information, making it one of the most flexible term banks available.
La politique terminologique indonésienne
Authors: Samuel Jerome
Published: November 2010

This paper recalls fifty years of terminological policy in Indonesia. In a country where the choice of the future national language was resolved de facto before its independence but where the elite was mostly speaking Dutch, an Indonesian terminology was to be created in the mid-1940s. After independence the history of Indonesian terminological policy is divided into two periods. The first one (1945-1975) is marked by a defeat; the second one (since 1975) by real advances and a sustained terminological cooperation with Malaysia. But today the lack of means still holds up the terminological activity of the Indonesian language agency which is missing a significant part of the terminological production in Indonesia.
Cuisine
Authors: Pennington Jean A.T.
Published: November 2010

Cuisine, the culinary/cultural identity of foods, is one of the descriptive facets (characteristics) included in the International Interface Standard for food databases. The interface was developed to help standardize food descriptive terms and facilitate computerized retrieval and exchange of information from food-related databases. The terms of the cuisine facet may help identify and characterize some foods in databases and allow for specific retrievals of information from those databases. A hierarchy of cuisine terms (i.e., broader and narrower terms) was developed on the basis of information collected from professional and lay literature. The usual (common) name of each cuisine, specific features of the cuisine, and examples of dishes (and their ingredients) that are associated with the cuisine were collected. In addition, the interface factor "Geographic Region or Area" was reviewed to ensure that the culinary practices of major inhabited land masses were included in the cuisine hierarchy. Eight broad groups of cuisine origin were identified; 153 cuisines (including broader and narrower terms) are currently included in the hierarchy.
A preliminary investigation of the nature of frequency distributions of constituent elements of terms in terminology
Authors: Kageura Kyo
Published: November 2010

A preliminary investigation of the nature of frequency distributions of the constituent elements of terms in terminology is carried out, and the result is reported. In order to approximate the regularity of frequency distributions, MizutanVs (1953) formula based on the projection function was applied to eight lists of terms in various domains. The result of using the established frequency-distribution models is promising in that (1) the approximation is fairly good and (2) the distribution patterns of the residuals are regular, which indicates the possibility of establishing a better model for frequency distributions. However, it is also observed that the parameters change systematically according to the sample size, which means that if we are to use the models of frequency distributions to characterise the terminology by means of a given sample, then the growth of the constituent elements in a terminology should be properly taken into consideration.
Automating the construction of bilingual terminology lexicons
Authors: Hull David A.
Published: November 2010

Translation is a labor intensive process. We propose a general methodology for automatic terminology extraction and alignment which could substantially reduce the translator's workload. The goal is to take advantage of existing technology in terminology extraction and statistical word alignment to automatically construct a bilingual terminology lexicon by exploiting bilingual parallel aligned corpora. This paper introduces the technology in each area and discusses some simple heuristic methods for using the output from each component to build a bilingual terminology lexicon. The process is illustrated by an in-depth analysis of a single sentence pair.
You say "flatbed colour scanner", I say "colour flatbed scanner"
Authors: Bowker Lynne
Published: November 2010

It has often been suggested that terms are not prone to variation. Moreover, many standardizing organizations and terminology textbooks take a prescriptive approach to term formation and use in which they disparage variation. However, we believe that variation is not due to arbitrariness or carelessness, but rather that it is well-motivated and useful in expert discourse. We hypothesize that multidimensional classification is one of the determining factors behind term choice and we present an empirical study of the influence of multidimensional classification on term use in which we examine variant terms in context in a one-million word corpus in the specialized subject field of optical scanning technology.
Towards a standardised presentation of compounds in Avot Yeshurun's later poetry (1974–1992)
Authors: Avraham Gidon
Published: November 2010

Hebrew authors, and in particular a number of prominent poets, have played an important role in the development of today's Hebrew. Compounding operations by the Polish-Israeli poet Avot Yeshurun continue this tradition by reuse of earlier language components for the application of a linguistic strategy. Most of the time it is done in accordance with normative requirements for word formation in Hebrew.
The poet's reuse of biblical Hebrew language components (as linguistic and conceptual common denominators) involves three levels of usage: the primary biblical usage, choice of a marker function, and a secondary (innovative) usage of language components in compounding. The secondary usage (reuse) is a product of the interaction among a literary device (metonymy, supported by linkage to the primary source), language components (N + N compound), and a conceptual common denominator marked by the transposed usage of a known biblical language component in a new environment (a poem). I suggest that Yeshurun accomplishes systematic correspondence in compounding.
Could such neologisms, or innovative compounding, be described as part of a terminologisation process ? Will the application of terminography and terminological methods of description to Yeshurun's compounds supply us with an accurate tool of research for the study of word- and term-formation strategies in Hebrew literature?
Corpus-based terminology
Authors: Gamper Johann , Stock Oliviero
Published: November 2010

The manual acquisition of terminological material from the domain-specific text material is a very time-consuming task. Recent advances in text-processing research provide a basis for automating this task. Computer-assisted term acquisition improves both the quantity and the quality of terminological work. This paper gives a brief overview of this new approach in terminology acquisition. Three subtasks are distinguished: compilation of an electronic text corpus, extraction of terminological data, and management of terminological data. Each of the subtasks will be discussed in some detail by identifying the core problems as well as proposed solutions. As a concrete initiative in this emerging field, we present an ongoing research project at the European Academy Bolzano, which illustrates the importance of computer-assisted terminology acquisition and of the resulting steps that have been taken in recent times. The paper concludes with a summary of five selected papers which have been presented at a workshop on corpus-based terminology in Bolzano. The full papers are published in this volume and in volume 4(2) of this journal.
A linguistic bootstrapping approach to the extraction of term candidates from German text
Authors: Heid Ulrich
Published: November 2010

This paper deals with computational linguistic tools and methods for the extraction of raw material for terminological glossaries from machine-readable text. We concentrate on monolingual German term candidates, and only briefly hint at tools and procedures for the creation of bilingual glossaries.
Most of the examples we use to illustrate methods and results of our work come from technical texts provided by the translation services of Daimler Chrysler AG1 and from legal texts made available by the European Academy in Bozen, Sudtirol. The Academy is working on translations of legal documents for bilingual South Tyrol, and, in this context, on the creation, upgrading, and maintenance of terminological resources.
A domain-specific terminology-extraction system
Authors: Pazienza Maria Teresa
Published: November 2010

Recently, new technologies have combined to produce a sharp increase in the availability of on-line texts and their access involves end-users with different skills. The demand for tools for information retrieval, extraction, organization and integration is becoming more and more pressing to filter relevance and sort the large number of retrieved documents. It is not the amount of information that gives the value but the access at the right time and in the most suitable form to an acceptable amount of relevant documents.
Moreover the increasing availability of new information-transmission technologies demands more personal information filtering. Users are no longer interested in standard summaries and choices; they need (and most of the current user interests are on) filters that they can (directly) specify to fit their preferences and requirements. One such approach could only work on information sources dynamically adaptable to changing application needs. As a consequence the interaction between application domains and information sources needs to be stressed.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools may be helpful in identifying relevant aspects of documents providing not only the identification of morphologic or structural properties of the texts but also stressing what are salient passages in them. The identification of subsentences capturing relevant terms may be a first step to be acquainted with specific topics of a document. The availability of a system able to capture such terms, in different languages and application domains, could optimize users ' requirements.
Use of a lexical knowledge base for information access systems
Authors: Magnini Bernardo
Published: November 2010

The role of generic lexical resources as well as specialized terminology is crucial in the design of complex dialogue systems, where a human interacts with the computer using Natural Language. Lexicon and terminology are supposed to store information for several purposes, including the discrimination of semantic-ally inconsistent interpretations, the use of lexical variations, the compositional construction of a semantic representation for a complex sentence and the ability to access equivalencies across different languages. For these purposes it is necessary to rely on representational tools that are both theoretically motivated and operationally well defined. In this paper we propose a solution to lexical and terminology representation which is based on the combination of a linguistically motivated upper model and a multilingual WordNet. The upper model accounts for the linguistic analysis at the sentence level, while the multilingual WordNet accounts for lexical and conceptual relations at the word level.