bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attrition, Financial Incentives, and Parent Education
Authors: Snow Jason N. , Frey Michele R. , Kern Roy M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test whether financial incentives could account for some of the missing variance in previous studies on attrition in parenting education programs. Participating in the study were 79 parents with students in a suburban public school in the southeastern United States. The experimental group consisted of 42 participants who would receive financial reimbursement if they met the criteria for successful completion of the 10-week course. The classes for the control group were conducted in the same manner but with no financial incentives for completing the course. The results indicated that 61% of the participants did not qualify as completing the program, whereas 39% did complete the program. This study found no significant effects for the use of financial incentives.
The Openness to Therapy Assessment
Authors: Grold Kevin
Published: March 2007

Never before has a tool been available to help with the fears associated with beginning therapy. The revolutionary Openness to Therapy Assessment (OTA) test helps anyone interested in entering therapy to feel more comfortable by identifying more than 25 common fears. The OTA includes such issues as confidentiality, feeling hopeless, feeling ashamed of going to a therapist, and being afraid of going for therapy. These issues are not left unanswered. This self-evaluation includes how to deal with these fears so that it is not only easier to go to the first therapy session but so that all therapy sessions will be more effective. The OTA will revolutionize the way therapy sessions begin because now, for the first time, a tool is available to help a person focus on their fears, concerns, and doubts about beginning the therapy process.
The Pet Relationship Impact Inventory
Authors: Eckstein Daniel
Published: March 2007

Pets are an essential aspect of many families. The present article introduces the Pet Relationship Impact Inventory questionnaire developed by the author. Theoretical input concerning the role of pets in the home concludes the article.
Depression and Parentification among Adults as Related to Parental Workaholism and Alcoholism
Authors: Carroll Jane J. , Robinson Bryan E.
Published: March 2007

Investigators examined relationships among levels of depression and parentification in undergraduate university students. Instrument scores were used to identify participants as (a) adult children with alcoholic parents, (b) adult children with workaholic parents, (c) adult children with at least one parent who was both alcoholic and workaholic, and (d) a comparison group composed of adult children who met none of the other group criteria. Children of workaholics scored significantly higher on measures of depression and parentification, and they reported parents worked more hours than did parents of children of alcoholics and the comparison group. Children of alcoholics scored significantly higher than the comparison group on the measure of parentification. Children with parents who met both descriptions scored significantly higher than children of alcoholics and the comparison group on the three dimensions described and on combined number of hours both parents worked.
Two Positions for Sexual Intercourse Useful in the Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Bass Barry A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a rationale for encouraging marital and family therapists to become more acquainted with the sex therapy literature and with the “elegant solution” to sexual problems. Two positions for sexual intercourse are discussed that have been used in successfully treating 81% of men (22 of 27) presenting with rapid ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, or unconsummated marriage. By ensuring that the man has control over the pace of the encounter and an unobstructed view of his partner’s genitals, both positions are designed to increase his sense of mastery and to thereby reduce the anxiety associated with sexual intercourse.
Parental Divorce and Family Functioning: Effects on Differentiation Levels of Young Adults
Authors: Johnson Patrick , Thorngren Jill M. , Smith Adina J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of parental divorce and various dimensions of functioning in the family of origin on young adult development. A total of 813 participants completed the Self-Report Family Inventory, the Differentiation of Self Inventory, and demographic questions. Results indicate that parental divorce and family functioning significantly affect differentiation levels of young adults. Implications of the results for counselors and future researchers are provided.
Acknowledging White Ethnic Groups in Multicultural Counseling
Authors: Alessandria Kathryn P.
Published: March 2007

This article emphasizes the importance of understanding and acknowledging all families’ cultures, not just non-Whites’. It is intended to raise awareness of how White ethnic groups are currently viewed within the counseling field. Rather than comparing other groups to European Americans and assuming that all Whites are alike, we need to understand all of our clients’ethnicities and the worldviews they hold. A holistic perspective toward incorporating culture when working with all families and individuals is emphasized.
Adlerian Marriage Therapy
Authors: Dinkmeyer Don , Carlson Jon
Published: March 2007

The Adlerian approach to integrating marriage therapy is presented. The basic principles of Adlerian psychology undergird the assessment process and marital therapy technique.
Five Types of Marriage: An Empirical Typology Based on ENRICH
Authors: Olson David H. , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: March 2007

This study identified five distinct types of married couples from a sample of 6,267 couples, using the marital inventory ENRICH. Profiles were derived using a three-stage cluster analytic procedure, including an exploratory cluster analysis, a replication of the exploratory results, and a cross-validation. The five-cluster solution was robust. "Vitalized " couples (12%) reported high relationship quality on all dimensions. "Harmonious" couples (11%) had relatively high relationship quality. "Traditional " couples (16%) had scores that were slightly above average with markedly higher scores on parenting and religion scales. "Conflicted " couples (25%) were characterized by moderately low scores on all but the roles scale. The "Devitalized" group (36%) had the lowest scores on every ENRICH dimension.
Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy: Self-Understanding from an Adlerian Perspective
Authors: McWhirter Benedict T. , McWhirter J. Jeffries , McWhirter Anna M. , McWhirter Ellen Hawley
Published: March 2007

Some of the underlying processes involved in teenage preg nancy are highlighted and purposiveness and goals of behavior as well as intervention strategies are discussed.
Therapeutic Use of Rituals with Stepfamilies
Authors: Coale Helen W.
Published: March 2007

Rituals allow for multiple meanings and the "trying on for size" of new ways of understanding and doing things. They are also important mechanisms for establishing group identity, clarifying boundaries and roles, creating stability in times of change, expressing and containing strong emotions, healing pains, and providing continuity between past, present, and future. Rituals are thus an important part of family living.
Reaction to Dr. Nicoll's Response
Authors: O'Callaghan J. Brien
Published: March 2007

This reaction by J. Brien O'Callaghan is a commentary on William G. Nicoll's response to his article "School-Based Collaboration With Families: An Effective Model for a Society in Crisis. " Both O'Callaghan's article and Nicoll's response are published in the October 1994 issue of The FamilyJournal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families.
Impact of Head Injury on Families: An Introduction for Family Counselors
Authors: Kosciulek John F.
Published: March 2007

Coping with the impact of a family member's head injury isone of the most difficult tasks that can confront afamily. Inthis article, an overview of head injury etiology and sequelae is presented, along with the impact on families.Guidelines for counseling families of persons with headinjuries and suggestions forfuture research are provided.
Teaching Family Concepts Through Case Study
Authors: Corcoran Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

Three cases are presented that are designed to generate discussion of system-based hypotheses from trainees in family counseling. The cases involve many key concepts that tend to emerge within initial interviews. Several key system ideas are presented for each case. Follow-up information is provided that helps to present a fuller picture of the individuals described, as well as to emphasize the importance of recognizing the adaptive capabilities of human beings.
Family-of-Origin Relationships and Self-Differentiation among University Students with Bulimic-Type Behaviors
Authors: Levy Patricia A. , Hadley Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

One-way ANO VAs for each gender were conducted with low and high bulimic-type behaviors for 318 female and 192 male undergraduate university students. Scores on two scales from the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire (PAFS-Q) and one scale from the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) were analyzed. Results indicated significanceforfemales (p <.0001) who reported bulimic-type behaviors with fusion in their family of origin and lack ofpersonal authority. In addition, significance with males who reported bulimic-type behaviors and fusion in their families-of-origin were found (p < .0164). Implications for therapy and future research are discussed.
Bedtime Rituals and Their Relationship to Childhood Sleep Disturbance
Authors: Jencius Martin J. , Rotter Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

This study reopens the construct of a bedtime ritual using an ethnographic approach. The only previous descriptive work on the bedtime ritual, that of Albert and colleagues, consists of 5 families. This study expands the sample size to 16. The expanded sample size provides an opportunityfor greater exploration of diversity of the ritual and also greater disparity of sleep disturbance across participants. This study takes the descriptive analysis of the earlier study a step further by looking at recognizable differences in sleep disturbance and searching for a possible association with components of the bedtime rituaL Sleep distress indicators used in this study include reported nightmares, requests for water as a way in which to delay sleep, searching the roomfor "monsters," using night lights, protesting bedtime, and reports that the child cannot sleep.
Technological Magic, Social Change, and Counseling Rituals: The Future of Career Assessment
Authors: Tinsley Howard E. A.
Published: March 2007

This article highlights unfolding technological and scientific developments that will transform career assessment in the next 30 years and considers the part that vocational psychologists will play in shaping the future of career assessment.
Meeting the Revolution: Future Trends in Vocational Assessment
Authors: Fouad Nadya A. , Zao Kathryn E.
Published: March 2007

In the 21st century, the way we assess career interests will change in response to a revolution in the world of work. The changes in the world of work include information technology, globalization, a change to the service sector, and the increasing diversity in the work force. Clients will need assessment of clusters of interests, skill-sets, values, relational skills, and adaptability because they will seek employment that fits these clusters, rather than seeking an occupational title, and will need to seek employment many times over their life spans. Assessments will need to incorporate up to the moment data on employment trends, hiring practices, skill-level requirements, and corporate cultures to better position the individual in vocational self-understanding. Assessments will begin earlier and extend later into life as people better manage their preparation for serial career associations with employers.
The History and Development of the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
Authors: Campbell David
Published: March 2007

This article is a brief overview of the history of the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey, tracing its roots back to the early days of vocational interests inventories, beginning in the 1920s. Many of the important themes of survey construction are discussed, such as the domains assessed, content of items, response format of items, scale construction, conceptual arrangements of the scoring scales, and interpretation methods. The 1992 addition of skill items to the interest items is described and evaluated.
Developing the Kuder Skills Assessment
Authors: Zytowski Donald G. , Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors review some of the distinctive characteristics of several self-reported ability/skill/efficacy measures and discuss the issues that need to be addressed in the construction: temporal dimensions, scaling, concurrent relationships to interest inventories, and other criteria. The authors report the development of the Kuder Skills Assessment, six self-efficacy scales congruent with the career cluster scales of the Kuder Career Search. It has been axiomatic from the beginning of vocational guidance (Parsons, 1909) that individuals are well advised to include some assessment of aptitudes or abilities in the mix of variables that should be considered in deciding on a career. Almost a century since, such thinking continues to be represented in a number of career theories (e.g., Dawis & Lofquist’s 1984 theory of work adjustment). The problem, still largely unresolved, is how abilities should be measured and, if measured accurately, whether they have useful validity.
Career Assessment With African-American Clients
Authors: Swanson Jane L. , Bowman Sharon L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of issues related to using career assessment with African-American clients. We first discuss the philosophy and practice of career assessment, and present an expanded view of assessment. In the second section, we outline general issues in career counseling with African-American clients, including topics to explore in career counseling and the role of the counselor's and client's racial identity attitudes. The third section consists of specific issues in using career assessment with African-American clients, such as how race and racial identity attitudes might influence the process of assessment, and psychometric and theoretical issues in using career assessment instruments. The final section offers some directions for future research and practice regarding career assessment.
Career Assessment With Gifted and Talented Students
Authors: Kerr Barbara , Fisher Teresa
Published: March 2007

Advances have been made recently in the conceptualization of the career development of the gifted and talented, particularly in clarifying the career development concerns of multipotential individuals and of individuals with specific extraordinary talents. A greater understanding has emerged of gifted students' choices and needs, which in turn has provided information about the kinds of career assessments and interventions which are most useful to this population. Gifted women and gifted minority students have special career development needs and require cautious use of testing and interview assessment strategies.
Why Has Musical Aptitude Assessment Fallen Flat? And What Can We Do About It?
Authors: Carson Andrew D.
Published: March 2007

Tests of musical aptitudes are reviewed. Despite decades of research and at least modest evidence for the validity of such tests (particularly regarding their ability to assess a mechanical-acoustic factor), the objective assessment of musical aptitudes is not part of the standard career assessment battery. Reasons for this situation are suggested. A renewed effort to develop musical aptitude tests is recommended, particularly along the lines already established through the research programs of Karma (1994), Dowling and Harwood (1986), and Vispoel (1992).
Women's Work and Life Satisfaction in Relation to Career Adjustment
Authors: Subich Linda Mezydlo
Published: March 2007

The literature on women's satisfaction and career adjustment encompasses a broad range of women's career experiences subsequent to entry into an occupation. The experiences most commonly investigated in relation to satisfaction include satisfaction in relation to work experiences and characteristics, satisfaction in relation to managing multiple roles, and satisfaction in relation to occupational transitions. Conclusions from this review include the need to use multidimensional assessments of satisfaction and to use more qualitative assessment strategies as they may be more sensitive to non-normative events than are standard quantitative approaches.
Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Social Cognitive Career Beliefs
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony , Day Michael Andrew
Published: March 2007

Undergraduates (64 women and 35 men) enrolled in a university orientation course completed measures of career decision-making self-efficacy and career beliefs. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: the Strong Interest Inventory (SII) with feedback group, the SII completion-only group, or the control group. Students who completed the SII and participated in a social cognitive-based group feedback and interpretation session exhibited higher levels of posttest career decision-making self-efficacy and differential career beliefs relative to students in the other experimental groups. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are presented, and ideas for additional research in this domain are discussed.
Resolution of the United States-Canadian Conflict Over Acid Rain Controls
Authors: Golich Vicki L. , Young Terry Forrest
Published: March 2007

The 1989 and 1990 economic summits in Paris and Houston, as well as the 1992 Rio Summit, suggest a growing global commitment to protect the environment. In this context, it is important to understand the causes of conflict among states over environmental issues as well as the factors that inhibit or facilitate dispute resolution. To that end, a number of theoretical frameworks attempt to explain the outcome of pollution-related conflicts. Four of these frameworks are assessed here for their relevance in understanding the conflict between Canada and the United States over acid rain controls and its eventual resolution. A meta-regimes analysis predicts the range of possible outcomes consistent with prevailing political and economic norms and principles. An interest-based explanation predicts the initial bargaining positions of the two countries and the decade-long intransigence to agreement within the United States. An epistemic community analysis identifies the importance of both the knowledge base and issue-area experts. Negotiations analysis, which addresses the dynamics among many of the foregoing factors, also ensures that the potential influence of all affected stakeholders is included, and incorporates nonobvious issue linkages. As the acid rain case demonstrates, each of the frameworks provides partial insights. To understand the whole it is useful to integrate the frameworks.
The Convention on Biological Diversity: Promise and Frustration
Authors: McNeely Jeffrey A. , Rojas Martha , Martinet Caroline
Published: March 2007

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which was signed at the "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, has now been ratified by over 110 countries. The CBD is comprehensive, addressing biological diversity in terms of genes, species, and ecosystems, whether in their natural state or modified by human intervention. It is also the first environmental treaty to address equity issues, including the recognition of the role of indigenous and local communities in conserving biodiversity. The comprehensiveness of the treaty constitutes one of its main strengths, but its complexity also helps explain the difficulties it has encountered and the strong forces that threaten to weaken its development and implementation. The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention (COP) was held in the Bahamas in late 1994. This paper introduces the Convention, highlights the results of the first COP, and discusses some of the major issues in conserving biodiversity, includingforests,funding, intellectual property rights, biosafety, the role of NGOs, and indigenous people. It concludes with several recommendations for further action.
Zoological Parks and the Conservation of Biological Diversity: Linking ex situ and in situ Conservation Efforts
Authors: Ryder Oliver A.
Published: March 2007

Linking in situ and ex situ conservation activities represents a major opportunity in the effort to conserve global biological diversity. Zoological parks, aquaria, botanical parks and similar institutions are evolving into conservation-oriented institutions that increasingly contribute to the global conservation strategy embodied in the Convention on Biological Diversity. Through public education, original research oriented toward conservation, living collections, gene banks, fundraising linkages, and direct financial inputs for in situ conservation, these institutions serve a vital function in the preservation of options for future conservation and utilization of biological resources. In this regard, these institutions are responding to the need for linkage of ex situ and in situ conservation activities. This paper shows the range of opportunities available to link conservation efforts of zoos with in situ conservation of biological diversity, and provides examples of past achievements in this area.
International Trade, the Environment and the States: An Evolving State-Federal Relationship
Authors: Orbuch Paul M. , Singer Thomas O.
Published: March 2007

New international trade agreements and institutions will have an important impact on state environmental practices. As states within afederal system become increasingly bound by trade agreements, their involvement in framing international trade rules and policies must increase accordingly. This article sets forth some of the new international obligations that could impinge on state soverignty, and makes recommendations that would bring more accountability and balance to state-federal procedures for addressing these matters.
Water Management Reform in Poland: A Step Toward Ecodevelopment
Authors: Mikosz Jerzy
Published: March 2007

A framework for water management reform is included in Poland's new Water Law, which is currently under discussion in the lower house of Parliament. The new system will decentralize water management in Poland, create more efficient control and enforcement structures, establish a new water resources assessment system, and allow for increased public involvement in water-related decision making. The core of the new structure will be river basin-based Water Management Boards with broad authorities, controlled by the Water Councils with public participation. The Boards' water management responsi bilities will be separate from control and enforcement. To meet expectations associated with the reform, the new system has to integrate surface and groundwater resources management and different competencies in administering waters. The reform's water protection mechanisms must include pollu tion prevention. The public must have a means of playing an active role in local and regional water-related decision making.
Does the Letter Number Sequencing Task Measure Anything More Than Digit Span?
Authors: Crowe Simon F.
Published: March 2007

A total of 102 undergraduate students performed the Letter Number Sequencing (LNS) task in addition to a series of other measures of reading, working memory, motor execution, visuo-spatial memory, and executive functions. Performance on the LNS was uniquely contributed to by reading level, digit span forward and backward, arithmetic, visual spatial learning, and by performance on the Symbol Search subtest of the WAISIII. The results indicate that while much of the variance on the LNS task is explained by performance on the traditional measures of digit span, additional unique contributions to prediction of LNS performance are provided by measures of processing speed and visual spatial working memory.
Brief Psychosocial Assessment of a Clinical Sample: An Evaluation of the Personal Problems Checklist for Adults
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L. , Sherman Martin F. , Barrickman Lisa
Published: March 2007

In light of the requirements for managed health care organizations to use assessment instruments that are psychometrically sound, cost and time efficient, and theoretically useful, the present study examined the psychometric properties of one such potential instrument, the Personal Problems Checklist for Adults (PPCA). Designed to measure problems in 13 areas of everyday functioning, the PPCA along with the Brief Symptom Inventory were completed by 132 individuals in an outpatient drug rehabilitation program. Counselor ratings on the Adjective Check List were also obtained. Results clearly showed that personal problems as measured by the PPCA were related to self-reported psychological symptoms and to perceptions by their counselors. The PPCA proved to have good psychometric properties and warrants greater attention by testing psychologists given its potential to meet criteria set forth by managed health care.
Psychometric Analysis of Racial Differences on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory
Authors: Thomas Joneis , Turkheimer Eric , Oltmanns Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

Black university students scored significantly higher than White students on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). They tended to endorse more Cleaning and Checking subscale items in the pathological direction. Subsequent analyses examined whether this finding is a reflection of valid group differences in the prevalence of OCD or a psychometric artifact. Structured interviews were conducted to determine the correspondence of MOCI scores with OCD diagnoses. The race difference in endorsement frequency on the MOCI did not extend to OCD diagnoses. The MOCI scores showed modest predictive validity in Whites, but they did not predict interview-based diagnoses in Blacks. Multivariate item response theory was then employed to examine race differences in the Cleaning and Checking subscales. Equivalent item discrimination parameters fit the data for Black and White participants for both subscales. A more restrictive model in which relative item difficulties were also constrained to be equal for Black and White participants did not fit. This interaction between race and item difficulty suggests that the items do not have equivalent psychometric properties in Blacks and Whites.
The Validity of the Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence As a Measure of Fluid Intelligence
Authors: Lassiter Kerry S. , Harrison Thomas K. , Matthews T. Darin , Bell Nancy L.
Published: March 2007

The current investigation examined the validity of the Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (CTONI), an intelligence test that is purported to measure fluid intelligence. The CTONI was evaluated in comparison with the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT), an established measure of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Ninety-seven adults were administered these instruments in counterbalanced order. Results indicated that the sample's mean CTONI Nonverbal IQ (NIQ) deviated significantly from the mean KAIT Crystallized, Fluid, and Composite IQs. The CTONI mean NIQ underestimated KAIT Fluid and Composite IQs when individual participants were subdivided into existing KAIT ability categories and mean score comparisons were made. Results also indicated that the CTONI NIQ correlated strongly and positively with the KAIT Composite and Fluid IQs. Furthermore, the CTONI Geometric NIQ scale clearly demonstrated discriminant and convergent validity, whereas, the CTONI Pictorial NIQ (PNIQ) did not.
An Evaluation of the Effects of Rorschach EB Style on the Diagnostic Utility of the Depression Index
Authors: Krishnamurthy Radhika , Archer Robert P.
Published: March 2007

Several empirical studies have found the Rorschach Depression Index (DEPI) to have questionable diagnostic utility. Studies using adolescent samples suggest that the DEPI has limited sensitivity and fails to differentiate effectively between adolescents with and without depression diagnoses. The present study was conducted to evaluate Viglione, Brager, and Haller's suggestion that the DEPI may have better discriminative ability for individuals with extratensive problem-solving styles, measured by the Rorschach EB (Erlebnistypus) variable, compared to those with introversive and ambitent styles. Comparisons were conducted between adolescents with depression-related diagnoses and adolescents with other diagnoses for each of the three EB groups. The results failed to support the hypothesized greater discriminative power of DEPI for depressed extratensives, and suggest caution in using the DEPI to evaluate adolescent depression.
The Utility of Neuropsychological Tests in Evaluation of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) versus Depression in Adults
Authors: Katz Lynda J. , Wood D. Scott , Goldstein Gerald , Auchenbach Ralph C. , Geckle Michelle
Published: March 2007

A comparison was made between adults with depression and with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on a battery of cognitive tests of attention span and memory. Both the ADHD and depression groups were subdivided with regard to comorbid depression in the ADHD group and developmental learning disorder in both groups. Utilizing Discriminant Function Analysis, it was found that variables derived from the California Verbal Learning Test, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, and the Stroop Test discriminated among the various subgroups at a level significantly exceeding chance. However, although the great majority of the ADHD participants were correctly classified, there were numerous misclassifications among the depressed groups. It was concluded that the tests used were highly sensitive to ADHD, but were also sensitive to a subgroup of depressed individuals.
Detection of Minimization of Psychopathology on the Rorschach in Cleric and Noncleric Alleged Sex Offenders
Authors: Wasyliw Orest E. , Benn Andrea F. , Grossman Linda S. , Haywood Thomas W.
Published: March 2007

The assessment of response-bias is critical in forensic psychological evaluations of alleged sex offenders because sex offenders frequently minimize psychopathology or personal limitations. This study tested predictions based on prior research that minimization on the Rorschach would be reflected by higher P, D, A, Lambda, and PER, and lower R, Blends, and Zf. We divided a sample of cleric and noncleric alleged sex offenders according to (a) whether they showed minimization on the MMPI, and (b) whether they admitted to their charges. We then compared these groups on the purported Rorschach validity indices. Our results do not support the use of any of these Rorschach scores in the assessment of minimization. We recommend that in forensic psychological evaluations, the Rorschach should not be used to assess defensiveness and is best used in combination with other psychometric instruments more sensitive to response-bias.
The PAI and Feigning: A Cautionary Note on Its use in Forensic-Correctional Settings
Authors: Rogers Richard , Sewell Kenneth W. , Cruise Keith R. , Wang Eugene W. , Ustad Karen L.
Published: March 2007

Indicators of feigned PAI profiles were derived from comparisons of simulators instructed to feign and genuine patient groups. Concerns are raised regarding whether these indicators are applicable to forensic and correctional populations and can be crossvalidated with a known-groups comparison. Compiling data on 57 malingerers and 58 genuine patients from two forensic and correctional sites, three primary indicators of feigning, Negative Impression (NIM) scale, Malingering Index, and the Rogers Discriminant Function (RDF) were investigated. Results suggested that the RDF was not applicable to forensic referrals. However, NIM 2 77T appeared to be a useful screen for forensic samples. In addition, convergent evidence of feigning was found across designs (simulation and known-groups) and samples (non-forensic and forensic) for extreme elevations on NIM (> 1101) and Malingering Index (? 5).
Assessing Frontal Lobe Behavioral Syndromes with the Frontal Lobe Personality Scale
Authors: Grace Janet , Stout Julie C. , Malloy Paul F.
Published: March 2007

Reliability and construct validity are reported for the Frontal Lobe Personality Scale (FLOPS), a brief neurobehavior rating scale. The FLOPS Family form was completed by family members of 24 frontal lobe brain-damaged patients, 15 non-frontal lobe braindamaged patients, and 48 healthy controls. Intrascale reliability was demonstrated (internal consistency .96; split half .93). Validity studies of frontal lobe patients post-lesion compared to their pre-lesion status, to healthy controls, and of frontal lobe patients preand post-lesion compared to non-frontal lobe patients preand post-lesion, indicated that frontal lobe patients post-lesion showed significantly more "frontal" behavior than (a) pre-lesion frontal lobe patients, (b) healthy controls, and (c) post-lesion non-frontal lobe patients. The FLOPS appears to be useful for quantifying frontal lobe behavior in clinical and research settings.
Call for a Moratorium on the Use of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in Clinical and Forensic Settings
Authors: Garb Howard N.
Published: March 2007

A call is issued for a moratorium on the use of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in clinical and forensic (but not research) settings. The moratorium should last until we have determined which Rorschach scores are valid and which ones are invalid. Unfortunately, for most Rorschach scores, results from meta-analyses have been uninformative. Also, incremental validity has not been studied for most Rorschach scores. Furthermore, positive findings for Rorschach scores have rarely been independently replicated. Finally, selective reporting of results has been a problem: Some investigators report significant results but not nonsignificant results. The magnitude of this problem has not been determined. Unless a moratorium is adopted, clinicians will continue to interpret invalid scores along with valid scores.
The Rorschach Inkblot Test: A Case of Overstatement?
Authors: Wood James M. , Lilienfeld Scott O.
Published: March 2007

In the 1940s, inflated claims were often made regarding the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Over half a century later, overstatements regarding the test are still common. The present article identifies problems with the Rorschach regarding norms, cultural sensitivity, interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, validity, factor structure, and accessibility of supporting studies. Contrary to overstated claims made on behalf of the Rorschach, the test continues to be a highly problematic instrument from a psychometric standpoint.
Measuring Perceived Barriers to Condom Use: Psychometric Evaluation of the Condom Barriers Scale
Authors: St. Lawrence Janet S. , Chapdelaine Anthony P. , Devieux Jessy G. , O'Bannon Robert E. , Brasfield Ted L. , Eldridge Gloria D.
Published: March 2007

A programmatic series of three studies developed and evaluated the Condom Barriers Scale (CBS), an instrument measuring women's perceived barriers to condom use for prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Following item generation and selection, Study 1 evaluated the CBS in a sample of minority women (N = 178), reduced the number of items, assessed the factor structure, evaluated the internal consistency, and explored the convergent validity of the CBS. In Study 2, the CBS was administered to a cross-validation sample (N = 278). Confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency were compared against the original sample and construct, criterion, and discriminant validity were assessed. In Study 3 (N = 30), temporal stability of the CBS was evaluated. The resulting instrument appears to have sound psychometric properties and can be used to measure a key construct in the leading theoretical models of health behavior for which a measure with known psychometric properties previously has not been available.
REVIEW ■ : LTP and LTD: Dynamic and Interactive Processes of Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Malenka Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Long-lasting, activity-dependent changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission are considered to be of fundamental importance for the storage of information and for the development of neural circuitry. The leading experimental model for such a change has been long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength. Intensive experimental analysis of LTP in the hippocampus has resulted in a detailed description of the initial steps responsible for its generation. Recently, a form of long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus has been described and examined. It shares several mechanistic features with LTP and appears to be able to reverse LTP. The intracellular second messenger systems that are required to generate and maintain LTP and LTD have been difficult to identify definitively. Leading candidates include diffusible intercellular messengers as well as protein kinases and protein phosphatases, the activities of which may converge at the level of specific phosphoproteins. In addition to delineating the cellular mechanisms under lying LTP and LTD, investigators also are beginning to clarify the roles they play in real learning and memory. The Neuroscientist 1:35-42, 1995
Review : Glycine Receptors: Molecular Heterogeneity and Implications for Disease
Authors: Becker Cord-Michael
Published: March 2007

The inhibitory glycine receptor is a ligand-gated chloride channel that exists in developmentally regulated isoforms. These oligomeric transmembrane proteins are composed of variants of the ligand binding α subunit and structural β polypeptides. The agonist and antagonist sites of the α subunits are formed by discontinuous sequence motifs. In the murine genome, the genes encoding the α1 ( Glra1), α3 ( Glra3), and β ( Glyrb) subunit are autosomally located, whereas the α2 ( Glra2) and α4 ( Glra4) genes reside on the X-chromosome. Mutations of glycine receptor genes have been found to underly hypertonic motor disorders in mice and humans. The mouse mutants spasmodic (spd) and oscillator ( spdot) carry recessive mutations of the Glra 1 gene. In the phenotypically similar mouse mutant spastic ( spa), the intronic insertion of a LINE-1 transposable element into the Gyrb gene results in the aberrant splicing and a consecutive loss of glycine receptors. The human neurological disorder hyperekplexia (startle disease, stiff baby syndrome) is caused by point mutations within the α1 subunit gene ( GLRA1) localized in the human chromosomal region 5q31.3. The Neuroscientist 1:130- 141,1995
REVIEW ■ : Keeping Neurons Alive: The Molecular Control of Apoptosis (Part I
Authors: Bredesen Dale E.
Published: March 2007

Apoptosis is a form of cellular suicide in which the cell activates an intrinsic program to bring about its own demise. Recognized for years as the mechanism by which developing cells are lost naturally, it has become apparent recently that this same process may play an important role in many acute and chronic diseases in which neural cell death occurs, such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease. This growing recognition suggests that a knowledge of the gene products controlling this process may lead to improved treatments for some disease states, as well as to improved understanding of neuronal development, physiology, and pathophysiology. Some controls with important roles in neural apoptosis have been identified, and these controls, as well as their putative mechanisms of action, are described in this article. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:181-190, 1996
REVIEW ■ : Reorganization of Sensory Systems of Primates after Injury
Authors: Kaas Jon H. , Florence Sherre L. , Jain Neeraj
Published: March 2007

The orderly representations of sensory surfaces in the brains of adult mammals have the capacity to reor ganize after injuries that deprive these representations of some of their normal sources of activation. Such reorganizations can be produced by injury that occurs peripherally, such as nerve damage or amputation, or after injury to the CNS, such as spinal cord damage or cortical lesion. These changes likely are mediated by a number of different mechanisms, and can be extensive and involve the growth of new connections. Finally, some types of reorganizations may help mediate the recovery of lost functions, whereas others may lead to sensory abnormalities and perceptual errors. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:123-130, 1997
The Spectrum and Pathogenesis of Antibody-mediated Neuropathies
Authors: Quarles Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Antibodies reacting with carbohydrate epitopes on neural glycoconjugates are present in several forms of neuropathy. These include monoclonal antibodies to the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and to gan gliosides in patients with neuropathy in association with IgM gammopathy, as well as polyclonal antibodies to gangliosides in inflammatory polyneuropathies, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and multifocal motor neuropathy. There are several correlations between antibody specificity and clinical symptoms, including anti-MAG antibodies with demyelinating sensory or sensorimotor neuropathy, anti-GM1 ganglioside anti bodies with motor nerve disorders, anti-GQ1b ganglioside antibodies with Miller-Fisher syndrome, and antibodies to gangliosides containing disialosyl moieties with sensory ataxic neuropathy. This review will emphasize recent developments concerning the origins of the anti-glycoconjugate antibodies in patients, pathogenic mechanisms by which the antibodies may cause the neuropathies, and the implications of these findings for therapy. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:195-204, 1997
REVIEW ■ : Axonal Hyperexcitability: Mechanisms and Role in Symptom Production in Demyelinating Diseases
Authors: Smith Kenneth J. , Felts Paul A. , Kapoor Raju
Published: March 2007

Some of the symptoms associated with demyelinating disorders are believed to originate from spurious impulses arising ectopically in axons at the site of demyelination. This review describes such "positive" symptoms and the patterns of impulses that may be associated with them, including continuous trains of impulses, as well as spontaneous and triggered impulse bursts. The mechanisms underlying the generation of such trains by individual axons are described, including the roles of sodium and potassium currents, the composition of the extracellular fluid, impulse "reflection" at demyelinated sites, and stretch-sensitive ion channels. The contribution of ephaptic transmission to symptom production and its potential role in the generation of ectopic impulses are discussed. The factors involved in the generation of massed discharges are also examined as a basis for certain paroxysmal clinical phenomena. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:237-246, 1997
■ REVIEW : Long-Term Modulation of Gene Expression in Epilepsy
Authors: Delorenzo Robert J. , Morris T. Allen
Published: March 2007

Molecular genetics has led to major advances in the study of neurological disease over the last 2 decades. Initial advances were made in understanding specific mutations that were associated with disease, such as epilepsy and other neurological conditions. In addition to specific mutations, recent research has focused on long-lasting or permanent changes in genetic expression as an underlying substrate of acquired diseases such as epilepsy. In symptomatic epilepsy, normal brain tissue is permanently altered and develops spon taneous recurrent seizures. Evidence indicates that long-lasting changes in gene expression at both tran scriptional and post-transcriptional levels are associated with epileptogenesis. The expression of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins represent a molecular mechanism for mediating these changes. Understanding the effects of severe environmental stresses on the multiple sites of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is likely to provide important insights into the devel opment of altered neuronal function in a number of important disease states, including epilepsy. NEURO SCIENTIST 5:86-99, 1999
Review : Gonadal Steroids and Affective Illness
Authors: Roca Catherine A. , Schmidt Peter J. , Rubinow David R.
Published: March 2007

Gonadal steroids seem to regulate affective state in some people (but not all), despite the absence of abnormal steroid hormone levels or dysfunction of the reproductive endocrine axis. In this article, we attempt to explain this paradox 1) by describing the molecular mechanisms by which gonadal steroids can regulate neuronal function; 2) by describing the specific regulatory impact of gonadal steroids on two systems im plicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders; and 3) by defining the role of gonadal steroids in several mood disorders linked to periods of reproductive change. We suggest that the context in which the neuro- regulatory actions of gonadal steroids occur determines the impact of steroid signaling on the regulation of affective state. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:227-237, 1999
Trust Between Family and Health Care Provider
Authors: Lynn-sMcHale Debra J. , Deatrick Janet A.
Published: March 2007

This concept analysis includes the definition, characteristics, boundaries, preconditions, and outcomes of the concept of trust between the family and health care provider. Based on the results of this concept analysis, trust between the family and health care provider is defined as a process, consisting of varying levels, that evolves over time and is based on mutual intention, reciprocity, and expectations. These six characteristics of trust between family and health care provider were identified regardless of patient age, patient condition, health care provider, health care situation, and health care setting. Trust between family and health care provider is important as its development and attainment has significant effects on the family and health care provider relationship, family and health care provider communication, family involvement and support of treatment recommendations, and patient and family benefits. Further research is needed to strengthen our understanding of trust between family and health care provider.
Impact of Ischemic Heart Disease: Family Nursing Research, 1984-1993
Authors: Tapp Dianne
Published: March 2007

Based on 35 nursing research articles, this article reports a methodological and substantive review of nursing research done between 1984 and 1993 regarding the impact of illness on families with a member experiencing ischemic heart disease. Limitations identified include lack of explicit conceptualization of family; implicit definitions of family restricted to the marital dyad; sampling procedures limited by convenience selection, gender, and elite bias; and data generated by individuals not interacting with other family members. Suggestions for future nursing research include integration of the growing body of family research methods, study of family strengths and coping over the process of disease progression, inclusion of the perspectives of children, and the impact on the family developmental life cycle.