bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Class and Politics in the Periphery and the Transition to Socialism
Authors: Petras James F. , Petras James F.
Published: March 2007

Focusing on class relationships and the state, this article outlines a perspective for the transition to socialism in the periphery. Inequalities on a world scale and the penetration and interlock of class structures leave little room for peaceful transition. The class-anchored state is identified as playing a pivotal role in the consolidation of the revolution. The need to proceed beyond nationalization to 'demodernize' and 'uproot' rather than merely socialize production is a result of imperial capital's distorted ecological, demographic and productive structures. Alternative 'state capitalist', 'peasant-based revolu tionary' theories of transition are criticized in the course of a revised conception of the role of workers in twentieth century revolution in the Third World.
Uneven Regional Development in Canada: The Case of Newfoundland
Authors: Overton James , Overton James
Published: March 2007

Since joining Canada in 1949 the province of Newfoundland and Labrador has been one of the most persistent pockets of poverty in the country. This paper traces the roots of Newfoundland's economic underdevelopment to the way in which the area was initially integrated by merchant capital into the British Colonial system to produce salt cod.
Social Class, Conflict and Unequal Development in Spanish Galicia
Authors: Buechler Hans C. , Buechler Judith-Maria , Buechler Hans C. , Buechler Judith-Maria
Published: March 2007

Social class relationships in Spanish Galicia are viewed in the light of the region's long history of exploitation first by the Church and later by inter ests in areas of Spain with long traditions in commerce and industry. Extensive networks of interpersonal relationships between rural parishes and among mi grants to Latin America and Central Europe as well as a common language and cultural heritage have led to strong ethnic identification. In contrast marginali zation, small-scale farming, the absence of agricultural wage labor, and strong rural-urban ties including interclass kin ties have prevented the formation of a strong class consciousness. Recent political developments reveal both the con straints these factors place upon concerted action and incipient opportunities for socio-political change.
Imperialism and Underdevelopment: A Theoretical Perspective and a Case Study of Puerto Rico
Authors: Dietz James L.
Published: March 2007

Neither orthodox development theory nor dependency theory, which emerged as a reaction to it, have been able to adequately account for the existence and persistence of underdevelopment in the Third World. As a result, there has been an attempt to construct a Marxist theory of underdevelopment that correctly understands the functioning of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production. Such attempts can be found in the work of Kay, Warren, Palloix and others. It is argued here, however, that even these theories, though an ad vance beyond dependency theory, are still wanting in their analysis of under development. They postulate an invariate capitalism with determined laws without recognizing the existence of stages of capitalist development, particularly imperialism. This paper attempts to develop a theory of underdevelopment of the Third World which utilizes the concept of social formation and incorporates the impact of the imperialist stage of capitalism which revolutionizes the means of production while, at the same time, it maintains and preserves precapitalist forms of production. The paper then turns to a case study of Puerto Rico in the present period to assess the impact of imperialist-dominated capitalist development.
Cloth, Butter and Boarders: Women's Household Production for the Market
Authors: Jensen Joan M. , Jensen Joan
Published: March 2007

This article presents an historical framework for analyzing Amer ican women's household production for the market from the late eighteenth cen tury to the early twentieth century. It argues that women's household production — particularly the making of cloth and butter and the taking in of boarders — was a crucial economic factor in both urban and rural families, maintaining with in them a simple commodity mode of production. With the disappearance of this type of household production women moved from a household income to a wage income and into the capitalist mode of production.
Exchange, Reproduction and Sex Subordination Among the Kikuyu of East Africa
Authors: Ciancanelli Penelope
Published: March 2007

Social arrangements and the sexual division of labor among the Kikuyu are described. The different social results of foreign trade in slaves and in ivory, local trade for consumption and the circulation of goods for social integra tion are discussed. Trade, it is argued. should not be discussed abstractly, but only in terms of the specific goods involved. The relationship between the growth of the ivory trade, population growth, and the subordination of women is dis cussed. The rate of new household formation is argued to be the key to under standing population growth.
The Significance of Present-Day Changes In the Institution of Marriage
Authors: Nazzari Muriel
Published: March 2007

I n this paper I compare the kind of marriage in which the husband provides the financial support and the wife provides services, to the feudal rela tion of production. I argue that the changes we see in the institution of marriage, both 1) the mounting divorce rate, and 2) the trend towards a more egalitarian partnership within marriage, are actually a process of proletarianization of women similar to that which resulted for men from the dissolution of feudal ties. The support/services kind of marriage is a noncapitalist relation of production which gives women access to the means of subsistence through their husbands' wages. Present-day changes in marriage therefore represent the process of dis solution of that noncapitalist relation of production. Divorce and single parent hood constitute the most drastic form of that dissolution process. The feminist struggle to emancipate women from the dependence and subordination of the support services marriage and to establish a coequal marriage relation has the same proletarianizing effect to a lesser degree. The two-fold process is providing monopoly capital with more workers and a larger reserve army of unemployed without increasing the population
Women and Small Farm Revival: The Division of Labor and Decision-Making on Maine's Organic Farms
Authors: Vail David Jeremiah
Published: March 2007

Reacting to the intensified contradictions of the capitalist food system, many agrarian activists seek to revitalize family labor farms, to make agriculture ecologically sustainable, to renew the social and economic life of rural communities, and to create an unalienated labor process. While the agrarian movement is fragmented along lines of ideology, issue priorities and tactics, it is fundamentally in the populist tradition. This problematic of neo-populism, with its contradictory progressive and petty bourgeois tendencies, provides the context for an analysis of production relations on Maine's organic farms. The division of labor and decision-making authority on these farms is shown to conform closely to the age-old pattern of male dominance. Evidence from a survey of small commercial organic farms suggests that most women face a "double," and some a "triple burden" of farm, household and off-farm labor; that their work is more proletarian than that of males; and that their contributions to the family's means of subsistence and capital accumulation are not systematically correlated with participation in farm decisions. These preliminary findings are not sufficient to argue that small organic farms are patriarchal or that women (and children and wage workers) are exploited. But that thesis is consistent with the data, suggesting that farms in the new agrarian movement are not likely to be a force for transformation of the relations of dominance and subordination that characterize both capitalism and petty commodity production.
Sex Segregation in the U.S. Labor Force
Authors: Burris Val , Wharton Amy
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the structure and development of sex segregation in the U.S. labor force between 1950 and 1979. The findings show that there has been a considerable degree of stability in the overall extent of sex segregation during the postwar period. There has been some tendency for employment in exclusively male occupations to decline as a percentage of the total male labor force, but this has been counterbalanced by a tendency for women workers to become more concentrated in exclusively female occupations. Beneath this overall stability in the extent of sex segregation there are important differences in the patterns of sex segregation in different occupational sectors. In general, there has been a significant decline in the degree of sex segregation in middle-class (i.e., professional, technical and managerial) occupations during the postwar period, while segregation in working-class (i.e., blue-collar and lower whitecollar) occupations has remained stable or increased in some cases. These results are interpreted within the framework of segmented labor market theory and in terms of the differential interests of employers and male employees in the preservation of occupational sex segregation. The paper concludes by considering the implications of these findings for the development of strategies to reduce sex segregation in occupations.
Racism Transformed: The Implications of the 1960s
Authors: Baron Harold M.
Published: March 2007

Race and class have been inextricable features of American society since the beginning of European settlement. Still our understanding of the ways these social relationships operate and effect each other remains rather hazy. This essay is an attempt to lift some of that haze, especially in regard to the watershed transformation in the patterns of race and class that occurred in the decade of the sixties under the pressures from the Civil Rights and Black Power movements.
Toward a Marxist Theory of Racism: Two Essays by Harry Chang
Authors: Liem Paul , Montague Eric
Published: March 2007

The author analyzes the Race Question in the United States, relying upon Marx's method of logical-historical analysis. He investigates the dialectics of the racial categories Black and White, their historical production, and their connection with class formation in the United States. The author concludes that bourgeois society is a necessary condition for the birth of racial categories and he asserts that the supposed racism of the United States working-class exists subjectively and only to the extent that it articulates its interests as a particular class within the bounds of civil society.
The Rate of Profit and the Organic Composition of Capital in West German Industry from 1960 to 1981
Authors: Reati Angelo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to ascertain empirically whether the "law" of the tendential fall of the rate of profit, considered as an element of long wave theory, can explain the present economic stagnation in German industry. The results are negative for the explanatory power of the "law": the rate of profit is declining in the long run, but the organic composition, instead of increasing, decreases or remains stationary - the opposite of the predicted change. This evolution of the organic composition of capital is essentially due to: 1) the net effects of technical change (i.e. the technical composition of capital and its results in terms of productivity); 2) the income distribution changes. In fact, generally productivity grew more than technical composition, so exerting a downward pressure on the organic composition (and a positive effect on the rate of profit). The noticeable increase in the wage share had a double effect; it amplified the downward pressure on organic composition and contributed to the decline in profitability.
The Unraveling of the Union-Capital Truce and the U.S. Industrial Productivity Crisis
Authors: Naples Michele I.
Published: March 2007

This paper historically and econometrically explores the hypothesis that the productivity slowdown is in part due to the secular increase in industrial conflict, and that this increase derives from the unraveling of the postwar structure of union-management relations (or truce) and historically low unemployment. The empirical investigation of conflict outside the truce and secular productivity growth provides statistical evidence for this hypothesis.
Sex-Segregated Employment, Wage Inequality and Labor-Intensive Production: A Study of 33 U.S. Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Dean Jayne
Published: March 2007

This study develops and tests a two-part reproduction model of sex segregation and relative wage determination where both are hypothesized to be related to the technology or input requirements of production in ways that can account, in large part, for persistent wage inequality by gender. An analysis of occupational sex composition and relative wages in 33 manufacturing industries from the early 1960s to the late 1970s shows that women were and remained disproportionately employed in labor-intensive occupations and industries and that these technical conditions were associated with low earnings, independently of skills. The findings suggest that, once wage disparities by sex are established, the market forces of capitalism will continually resegregate women into jobs where, because of the lack of intrinsic bargaining power and disproportionate vulnerability to job loss, workers are unable to achieve wages commensurate with skills.
Countertransference and Therapist Change: An Aspect of Supervision
Authors: Cohen Vivienne , McGrath Patrick , Sharpe John
Published: March 2007

The resolution of countertransference through the supervisory seminar, illustrating the dynamics of an observable change in the conductor and in the group.
Twenty-five Years of the Group-Analytic Society Network
Authors: Lear T. E.
Published: March 2007

Elizabeth Foulkes (this issue, pp. 269-76) has written about the history of the journal Group Analysis. Inextricably, that history is linked to that of the Group-Analytic Society (London), proprietors of the journal and responsible for its finance and editorial policy. Mrs Foulkes has also described the early days of the Society (Foulkes, 1977) and there are accounts too in Pines (1983) and Roberts and Pines (1991). This paper traces some of the Society's activities from the late 1960s. This period corresponds to that of my own involvement with the Society.
Encounter with Death and Destruction: The 1985 Mexico City Earthquake
Authors: Bernan Raquel , Roel Gloria
Published: March 2007

In 1986 we presented a paper at the Ninth International Congress of Group Psychotherapy in Zagreb in which we described the collective therapeutic effort of the Mexican Association of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy (AMPP) in the aftermath of the 1985 Mexico earth- quake disaster. This is a further elaboration of the reactions to death and destruction and an attempt to reach a deeper understanding of that group crisis intervention experience. We describe the reactions of the group members and of the therapists, the dynamics of the groups and the social impact of the earthquake.
Passions in the Self-Object Transference of an AIDS Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Rosiello Florence
Published: March 2007

This paper highlights the engagement phase of a self-psychological analysis of an AIDS group of gay men, where the therapeutic stance and self-object transference provide a function that mirrors the group members' need to remain (self-)cohesive through the expression of passionate rage as a maintained narcissistic posture. This differs from the traditional group psychoanalytic process of advancement of life through interpretation and regression since that can lead to fragmentation and loss of a sense of self.

Clinical treatment of AIDS group psychotherapies often results in premature terminations as patients are unable to face narcissistic injuries of loss of emotional and physical self or an inability for group members to express aggression from having been infected with the AIDS virus.
The End is in the Beginning
Authors: Ashurst Pamela
Published: March 2007

Brief psychotherapy is characterized from the beginning by its focus on the end of the therapy. The short time-frame is a potent factor in such therapy. Brief therapy is often denigrated and undervalued, since time is traditionally considered essential if deep and lasting change is to be achieved. This is to misunderstand the nature of change, which is of the instant, and the capacity of the unconscious mind to transcend time. The potential of brief therapies is explored, with clinical illustrations to support the author's experience.
The economic approach to human behaviour under scrutiny: an overview of arguments for the autonomy of social action
Authors: Zafirovski Milan Z.
Published: March 2007

The article reviews and re-examines some arguments against the treatment of social action within the economic approach as an extension of economic behaviour/rationality and thus against its denial of the specific, irreducible nature of the extra-economic. A major argument is that social action is a sui generis phenomenon that cannot be reduced with theoretical impunity to its economic modalities. Social action is characterized by substantial autonomy relative to economic behaviour/rationality. Arguments about the autonomous character of social action seek to remedy the indiscriminate extension of the economic approach beyond the field of economy to all human behaviour construed as consistent utility maximization. These arguments adduce certain classes of factors (socio-psychological, socio-cultural, socio-systemic and others) contributing toward the autonomy of social action. In addition, the economic-approach treatment of the human actor as Homo economicus is reversed by conceiving the economy as a domain of social action of which economic behaviour is a special case.
Rejection. From attitudes to intentions to exclude: social distance, phenotype, race and culture
Authors: Lemaine Gérard , Brika Jeanne Ben
Published: March 2007

Our intention in this article is to show that ethnic prejudice, as evaluated by questions on social distance, is at least partly grounded in the physical appearance of the target groups mentioned, as well as in the greater or lesser difference in phenotype of a child that the individual might have with a member of the target group. Appreciation of these target groups would then depend on the nature of these differences. For France, whenever possible, comparisons were made between the findings of a previous survey (in 1982) and those of a 1988 European survey inserted in the Euro-Barometer. There are also some comparisons between France and West Germany, for 1988. The initial hypothesis is supported by the findings, but responses measuring social distance are modulated by the perceived race and culture of the target groups. An analysis of extremist individuals in 1988 (for France, 178 people) nuanced the overall picture and enabled us to show that responses of extreme non-racists and racists are not strictly symmetrical with respect to expulsion or rejection by the host country.
The racism scene and the multicultural project: Quebec as an example
Authors: Bataille Philippe
Published: March 2007

In crisis-ridden social and cultural contexts, racism tends to be translated into action. This article, based on a study of Quebec in particular, looks at the political option of multiculturalism as a possible institutional and political response to racism. When the different levels of political organization of a society - in the present case, the Federal Government of Canada and the Provincial State of Quebec - are divided ideologically, a policy such as multiculturalism, conceived as a political means of handling immigration, is transformed into a political issue, generating a peculiar type of political crisis which in turn nourishes the cultural crisis. At this point, neither the control of immigration nor its management by the political structures can any longer subdue racist reflexes, which undermine the principle of cultural convergence inscribed in the preamble to the multicultural project.
Validation of polemical social representations: introducing the intergroup differentiation of heterogeneity
Authors: Vala Jorge , Garcia-Marques Leonel , Gouveia-Pereira Maria , Lopes Diniz
Published: March 2007

Three studies explore the intergroup differentiation of heterogeneity as a strategy for validation of polemical social representations. The first study examines this strategy of validation in a context of simple intergroup differentiation. In the second study the context is one of open political conflict. The last study, also in a political context, introduces the perceptions of the relations between the groups as an independent variable. The first two studies show that the subjects adopted a strategy of validating the polemical representations of the ingroup and invalidating the representations of the outgroup consisting of perceiving the ingroup as psychologically diverse and the outgroup as psychologically more homogeneous, with values being perceived as equally homogeneous in the two groups (study 1) or homogeneous in the ingroup and diverse in the outgroup (study 2). In the third study results show that a salient perception of positive interdependence between the groups is accompanied by homogenization of the members of the ingroup who share the prototypical representations of the ingroup. When there is a salient perception of negative interdependence, the members of the ingroup and the outgroup who share the prototypical position of the ingroup are perceived as heterogeneous. Results are discussed in the context of social representations theory and social psychology of social validation of knowledge.
The social construction of individual and public health: contributions of social representations theory to a social science of health
Authors: Flick Uwe
Published: March 2007

The relevance of the theory of social representations to public health and a social science of health is discussed. Central issues for a social science of health (theory development, quality assessment, supply of appropriate methods and critical reflections on developments) are outlined for different levels: individual, single institution, community, society and professionalization of public health. Results of comparative studies of health conceptions are reported (different professional groups in Germany, women in Germany and Portugal), as well as analyses of institutions and communities. It is suggested that weaknesses in epidemiological research can be overcome by the development of an epidemiology of representations, resources and risks. The possible contributions of social psychology to the study of the professionalization of public health and its effects are discussed. These examples illustrate how both individual and public health are subjects of social constructive processes.
Working Out Marx: Marxism and the End of the Work Society
Authors: Vandenberghe Frédéric
Published: March 2007

Reading the Communist Manifesto against the contemporary background of massive unemployment, the author argues that Marx's theory of work is no longer adequate to tackle the problem of `workers without work' and suggests that it has to be reformulated in such a way that its normative intuitions and its critical impulses can be maintained. In the first part, he presents a philosophical critique of Marxism that is inspired by Jürgen Habermas and Hannah Arendt. In the second part, he presents a sociological critique of Marxism and argues that the theory of the alienation of work implies a justification of work and the work society. Finally, in the last part, the author presents an ideological critique of Marxism that is inspired by Marcel Mauss' sociology of the gift. Criticising the contractualist assumptions of workfare solutions, he proposes a package solution for a radical decommodification of the labour market by means of a disjunction of income and work.
Politics and Economy
Authors: Roberts David
Published: March 2007

Fundamental changes in the world economic system have resulted in a new differentiation, that between centre and periphery, between a global financial market on the one hand and production, services and labour on the other. As modern society has now become financial society, the old distinction between capital and labour has lost its informational value for party politics. The fact that the distinction between centre and periphery cannot be copied into the national political system means that economic policy can no longer be decided through political choice. Politics has the task of coping with the political effects of the global financial market with the result that elections are dependent on the state of the economic cycle. Would a new political alignment involve a centre party of capital and labour against an ecological left and a `law and order' right?
East Asian Approaches: Region, History and Civilization
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: March 2007

The historical unity of the East Asian region - defined as made up of China, Korea and Japan - is based on three successive phases: the longue durée of the traditional Sinocentric order, the ear of imperialist conflicts from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, and the post-war developmentalist turn. The idea of a Confucian tradition or region is best understood as an attempt to superimpose a more emphatic conception of cultural identity on this historical constellation, and to rebuild bridges between past and present. For a critical and comparative analysis of the claims made in relation to Confucianism and its modernizing potential, it is essential to move from the issue of capitalist development to a broader civilizational framework.
The Existential Stoic
Authors: Murphy Peter
Published: March 2007

Presenting a contemporary interpretation of stoicism, the essay draws on Agnes Heller's philosophy of existential choice in order to outline a reconstructed stoic theory of happiness and a pneumatic ethics addressing the context and dynamics of cybernetically structured societies in which vocational (professional) ethics play a declining role.
Time to Coordinate
Authors: PERLOW LESLIE A.
Published: March 2007

Engineers in the United States are expected to work 70- and 80-hour weeks routinely. Research on groups of software engineers working in India, China, and Hungary indicates that such work hours are not inherent in the work. Rather, work-time standards and norms are found to vary across the three sites studied. Moreover, the way work is coordinated among engineers and between engineers and their managers appears to perpetuate these work-time standards and norms. Both the theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Work Centrality, Job Rewards and Satisfaction
Authors: Mannheim Bilha
Published: March 2007

This study develops and measures a concept of Work-Role Centrality, mainly from a cognitive perspective, and examines by means of questionnaire data its distribution in a representative sample of 778 males participating in the labor force in Israel. It also investigates the relationship between specific job rewards and work-role centrality for the five major occupational categories in this sample. Its results show that work-role centrality is a fairly reliable and valid measure: groups of different ethnic origin, educational level, employment status, and occupation differ in their work centrality, in the directions hypothesized a priori. It also demonstrates that for each occupational category, work centrality is related to intrinsic, material, social, and hygienic rewards, regardless of the importance assigned to these rewards. For all groups the strongest relationship is with intrinsic rewards. The findings concerning the relationship with intrinsic rewards corroborate previous studies, while the other relationships were not previously found.
Perceptions of Work and Nonwork
Authors: Champoux Jciseph E.
Published: March 2007

A sample of 178 individuals was asked to describe their work experiences, nonwork experiences, and their self-concept using the same set of 25 semantic differential scales. The same individuals also provided information regarding some limited aspects of their nonwork behavior. Comparisons of the semantic differential descriptions permitted each individual to be classified into one of the following four types: Spillover- Work-oriented, Spillover-Nonwork-oriented, Compensatory-Work-oriented, and Compensatory-Nonwork-oriented. Analysis of the content of the descriptions revealed that spillover individuals of both types described their work and nonwork experiences in positive terms. Compensatory individuals, however, showed sharp contrasts. Those who were work-oriented appeared to compensate for the level of variety, creativity, and challenge of their work by choosing nonwork activities with less of these characteristics. Compensatory-Nonwork-oriented individuals, however, compensated in the opposite direction and appeared to be actively making up for deprivations at work in their choice of nonwork activities.
Sex Structure of Occupations
Authors: Izraeli Dafna N.
Published: March 2007

A comparison of the patterns of change in female labor force participation reveals considerable similarities between Israel and the U. S. In both countries women tend to be concentrated in a small number of "female" occupations, characterized by their close association with tasks traditionally performed by women. The role played by the army and government as agents of change in Israel was considered and both were found to reinforce existing segregation patterns.
Why Can't a Woman be More Like a Man?
Authors: WEST CANDACE
Published: March 2007

Recent literature suggests that women's success in “a man's world” is partially contingent on learning the rules of men's “games.” Here, it appears that game-playing in work organizations (like game-playing in everyday life) has its primary site in the arena of face-to-face interaction. Thus, aspiring women are advised to “dress for success,” attend to the subtleties of “power desking,” and, of special interest here, “speak up” in order to be heard. Research reviewed here suggests that the significance of actions changes according to the gender of the actors and that women conversing with men may have special difficulties being heard even when they do “speak up.”
Employee Deviance
Authors: HOLLINGER RICHARD , CLARK JOHN
Published: March 2007

Inquiries into the nature of deviance in the employment setting have generally assumed (without much empirical support) that an important explanatory factor is the employee's perception regarding quality of the work experience. Testing the above hypothesis, this study examines self-report data from almost 5000 respondents in 35 midwestern corporations, concluding that both “general” and more “specific” measures of job satisfaction are significantly related (in the predicted negative direction) to reported involvement in deviant acts against the formal work organization.
Nursing Personnel in Nursing Homes
Authors: HALBUR BERNICE T.
Published: March 2007

Despite our vast knowledge about turnover among workers in organizations, there remains a need to broaden the current data base for different occupations in unexplored organizations, to simultaneously investigate several factors related to turnover, and to develop theoretical underpinnings that link those factors in a coherent way. This article addresses that need for further investigation by proposing a structural model that integrates three types of factors—the opportunity structure in which organizations compete for workers, the organizational structure in which individuals work, and the control structure by which workers are rewarded—and by testing that model with data from a 1978 study of turnover among nursing personnel in 122 nursing homes in a southern state. All three types of factors are found to have a significant effect, suggesting that a structural model contributes to our knowledge of turnover among workers in organizations.
Female and Minority Employment Patterns in Banks
Authors: SZAFRAN ROBERT F.
Published: March 2007

The representation of women and minorities in the internal labor markets of banks is examined using a comparative organizational design. Organizational and community characteristics are used to account for differences among 24 large U.S. banks in the proportion of managerial and of professional positions held by women and by minorities. Controlling for prior employment composition, community characteristics (labor force composition, unemployment rate, and percentage Democratic) are generally found to be more influential than organizational characteristics (bank size, bank rate of growth of managerial and professional positions, and involvement in litigation). The characteristics examined were substantially more effective in accounting for variations in minority employment patterns than in female employment patterns.
On Becoming a Prosecutor
Authors: WINFREE L. THOMAS , KIELICH LAWRENCE , CLARK ROBERT E.
Published: March 2007

All formal organizations are faced with the problem of securing and retaining qualified, competent employees. For the office of the criminal prosecutor, this problem is exacerbated by the values, attitudes, and motives that define the duties and responsibilities of the job. In a study of the organizational socialization of law school interns, we observed that some of the students were assimilated quickly and completely into the role of prosecutor, while others were less socialized. We believe that the organizational structure and level of control exercised over the interns accounted for these discrepancies. These factors, in turn, delimited the level of intern involvement in the prosecutorial role. The better-integrated interns were considered to be “apprentice recruits” in their respective offices; the more poorly socialized interns were looked upon as temporary help with limited skills, or “pseudo-recruits.”
Sex Differences in Earnings
Authors: WARD KATHRYN B. , MUELLER CHARLES W.
Published: March 2007

Industrial sectors and authority hierarchies are examined as an explanation for women's lower earnings compared with men's. Sectoral location and authority position are found to have independent additive effects on earnings; these effects, however, differ by sex. Women are more likely to achieve higher authority positions within the peripheral sector, and men occupy similar authority positions across sectors. Men receive slightly higher benefits from being in the core sector, and although industrial sector and authority position do not interact for either women or men, men receive greater benefits from high authority positions than do women. The additional control for human capital variables did not reduce substantially the female-male earnings gap, but we did find that the human capital variables operate differently for women and men over industrial sectors. Whereas core and periphery men seem to be similarly advantaged and disadvantaged by various human capital variables, these variables are substantially more predictive of earnings for women in the periphery sector than in the core sector. Finally, we found that having a college degree varies in importance across authority levels for men in the core sector.
Individual and Contextual Effects on Stress and Job Satisfaction
Authors: BLAU JUDITH R. , LIGHT STEPHEN C. , CHAMLIN MITCHELL
Published: March 2007

In a study of personnel who work in ten New York State prisons, we examine the extent to which stress and job satisfaction are influenced by both individual and organizational-level characteristics. Some findings of the research fail to support commonly held assumptions, such as the one that guard work is inherently more stressful than that of other prison staff. We also find, contrary to many studies, that marriage is positively related to stress, which suggests that marital ties fail to function as a support system for individuals who work in isolated institutions. Results for religion lend additional support to this conclusion. Nonwhite personnel, we find, fare significantly better than whites. Our results concerning the contextual effects of facilities indicate the overriding importance of social control in prison life: Job satisfaction of staff depends on the discipline and control they exercise over inmates, and the authority that prison officials exercise over them. The irony of these conclusions is what best serves prison staff has different implications for prison inmates.
The Development of Self-Esteem in the Early Work Career
Authors: MORTIMER JEYLAN T. , FINCH MICHAEL D.
Published: March 2007

To investigate the development of self-esteem in the early work career, a secondary analysis of data from 843 members of the “Youth in Transition” panel of young men was performed. Maximum likelihood structural equation techniques were used to estimate a causal model including socioeconomic background and ability, self-esteem one and five years following high school, and work autonomy, education, income, and occupational prestige five years after high school. Supporting Rosenberg's “principle of attribution” and Kohn and Schooler's “generalization model,” the experience of autonomy at work was found to have a significant positive effect on self-esteem. The findings suggest that conditions of work are more consequential for the self-image than socioeconomic standing. This study contributes to the growing evidence that persons respond similarly to experiences of autonomy in work, irrespective of age.
What Sex is Your Parachute?
Authors: MOORE HELEN A. , OLLENBURGER JANE C.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the “gender model” of job research instruments that are based on the Holland Occupational Classification scheme. The six Holland “environments” constitute a ubiquitous base for tests and measures in career counseling and research. Analysis of the 1973 Quality of Employment Survey provides evidence that the Holland Classification scheme replicates the segmentation of women into certain occupations that generate low pay, even after controlling for worker education, job tenure, and age. Comparable data for male wage earners show a significant segregation away from low-income, predominantly female occupations. Thus the Holland occupational scheme and the instruments based upon it are likely to contribute to the replication of sex-segregated labor markets. The findings suggest that current models of “work” and job counseling tests and techniques may reinforce, rather than eliminate, the economic disadvantages for women.
Local Labor Market Structure and Male Employment Stability in Large Metropolitan Areas
Authors: MAUME DAVID J.
Published: March 2007

The stability of employment (total hours worked) is a critical (but sometimes ignored) variable in the stratification process in American society. This article analyzes the determinants of(log)hours worked for a sample of male household heads (taken from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics), who participated in the labor force for at least 49 weeks in 1976. After controlling for sample selection bias, the structural features of the labor market of residence were among the more important determinants of hours worked for black men. For example, black men worked more hours when they lived in service-oriented metropolitan areas, although this was not true of low-skilled black men. In addition, government participation in local labor and product markets stabilized the employment experiences of black men. For white men, their labor supply was chiefly determined by the status of their occupations and whether or not they received unemployment benefits. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Geographic Constraints on Married Women's Careers
Authors: DEITCH CYNTHIA H. , SANDERSON SUSAN WALSH
Published: March 2007

Data from 275 questionnaires and 38 interviews with “faculty wives,” plus 50 questionnaires from “faculty husbands” are analyzed to study how moves for a husband's job or lack of geographic mobility for a wife's own employment may affect women's careers. Women with advanced degrees and greater career commitment are found to experience greater geographic constraint. It is suggested that, as women become more professionalized in training and aspirations, geographic mobility may become a more salient problem in dual-career marriages if one or both spouses are in fields where the market is tight or where geographic moves are necessary for advancement.
Labor Market Structure and Salary Determination among Professional Basketball Players
Authors: WALLACE MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the labor market structure and determinants of salaries for players in the National Basketball Association. Hodson and Kaufman's (1982) resource perspective is seen as a useful way of integrating the various components of the “new structuralist” perspective into a coherent framework. An expanded version of the resource perspective that includes human capital and performance criteria is utilized in this analysis. A three-tiered model of labor market segmentation is revealed in the labor market for professional basketball players, but other structural, human capital, and performance variables also serve as important resources in salary determination. Further, the analysis compliments several recent studies that have shown the utility of analyzing segmentation processes within occupations, industries, and firms.
A Race and Gender-Group Analysis of the Early Career Experience of MBAs
Authors: COX TAYLOR H. , NKOMO STELLA M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined race and gender differences in four career experience variables using a sample of Black and White MBAs (masters of business administration). Results supported hypothesized race effects for job involvement, access to mentors, career satisfaction, and gender differences in job involvement and hierarchical level. However, Black MBAs were not at lower hierarchical levels than White MBAs of comparable experience, and female MBAs did not report significantly less access to mentors or lower career satisfaction than did male MBAs. Implications of the findings for organizations are discussed.
The Effects of Gender Segregation, Labor Force Participation, and Family Roles on the Earnings of Young Adult Workers
Authors: WITKOWSKI KRISTINE M. , LEICHT KEVIN T.
Published: March 2007

This analysis takes a life-course approach to the study of gender inequality in earnings among young adults. The authors construct hypotheses that assess the effects of family role accumulation, earnings atrophy and occupational choice, occupational segregation, and statistical discrimination. The authors find considerable support for the hypothesis that the effects of current labor force attachment, work experience, and occupational segregation are conditioned by family roles. The negative effects of women's representation within occupations are confined to married parents, although the results for women are consistent with social closure explanations, whereas the results for men are more consistent with status composition explanations of the effects of gender segregation. This analysis also reveals interesting differences in the effects of current and prior labor force attachment that are conditioned by gender and life-course group. The results point to the need for more research that studies the relationship between labor force activity, occupational segregation, and family roles.
Occupational Sex Segregation in Sweden, 1968-1991
Authors: NERMO MAGNUS
Published: March 2007

This article addresses trends in the level of occupational sex segregation in Sweden between 1968 and 1991. During this period, the sex composition as well as the structure of the labor market has changed considerably. For instance, today, the labor market comprises a large female-dominated public sector. This study demonstrates a fall in the level of occupational sex segregation in the labor market, in spite of the expansion of traditional female jobs in the public sector (Data are from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys conducted in 1968, 1981 and, 1991).
Making Faces
Authors: WISELY NANCY , FINE GARY ALAN
Published: March 2007

In occupations that are premised on satisfying clients, competent workers need more than technical training. They must be able to both interpret (“read”) people and interact with them deftly. Through accurate character reading, workers altercast others, and thereby demonstrate their command of professional practice. This process is particularly significant for occupations that involve transformation of a client's public persona. To examine the dynamics by which workers read character, we examine the world of portrait painters. We focus on how portrait painters are socialized to the techniques and conventions provided in how-to manuals, intended to train novice portraitists on how to create successful portraits. We describe three processes that contribute to the presentation of a client in a portrait: the recognition of character, the presentation of character, and the negotiation of character.
Men's and Women's Definitions of “Good” Jobs
Authors: TOLBERT PAMELA S. , MOEN PHYLLIS
Published: March 2007

Whether and to what extent men and women hold differing preferences for particular job attributes remains the subject of debate, with a sizable number of empirical studies producing conflicting results. These conflicts may have temporal sources—historical changes in men's and women's preferences for particular job attributes, as well as changes in preferences that commonly occur over individuals' life cycle. Most previous research has neglected the effects of time on gender differences. Using data from national surveys of workers over a 22-year period, this study focuses explicitly on changes by age over time in men's and women's preferences for five key attributes of jobs—short hours, high income, meaningful work, chances for promotion, and job security. The results suggest that gender differences in preferences have been both stable and limited, although there is some evidence that the gender gap in preferences has actually widened among younger workers in recent years.
Whistle-Blower Disclosures and Management Retaliation
Authors: ROTHSCHILD JOYCE , MIETHE TERANCE D.
Published: March 2007

Based on nationwide data the authors collected on whistle-blowers and on silent observers, this article reports, that (a) whistle-blowing is more frequent in the public sector than in the private; (b) there are almost no sociodemographic characteristics that distinguish the whistle-blower from the silent observer; (c) whistle-blowers suffer severe retaliation from management, especially when their information proves significant; and (d) no special method of disclosure or personal characteristics can insulate the whistle-blower from such retaliation. Furthermore, the authors found that retaliation was most certain and severe when the reported misconduct was systematic and significant—when the practices exposed were part of the regular, profit accumulation process of the organization. The authors conclude from their interviews that the journey to exoneration that follows a whistle-blower's disclosures often alters the whistle-blower's identity, leading them to see themselves as people who resist hurtful or criminal conduct in the workplace.