bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charge densities in actinide compounds: strategies for data reduction and model building
Authors: Gianopoulos Christopher G. , Zhurov Vladimir V. , Pinkerton A. Alan
Published: August 2019

The data quality requirements for charge density studies on actinide compounds are extreme. Important steps in data collection and reduction required to obtain such data are summarized and evaluated. The steps involved in building an augmented Hansen–Coppens multipole model for an actinide pseudo-atom are provided. The number and choice of radial functions, in particular the definition of the core, valence and pseudo-valence terms are discussed. The conclusions in this paper are based on a re-examination and improvement of a previously reported study on [PPh4][UF6]. Topological analysis of the total electron density shows remarkable agreement between experiment and theory; however, there are significant differences in the Laplacian distribution close to the uranium atoms which may be due to the effective core potential employed for the theoretical calculations.
Effect of thermal aging on IGC of cold worked Cr-Mn austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Shukla Sourabh , Patil Awanikumar P. , Bansod Ankur
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of prior cold work after annealing and thermal ageing on intergranular corrosion or sensitization of Cr-Mn austenitic stainless steel (ASS) is necessary. Such a study is particularly important because ASS are mostly used and welded in mill-annealed condition, which is equivalent to fully annealed material with some cold worked (CW).

Design/methodology/approach

The effect of 15% CW of 202 ASS were investigated using microstructural (optical microscope), mechanical (grain size and hardness) and electrochemical methods (double loop electrochemical reactivation [DLEPR]) followed by thermal ageing (800°C, 900°C and 1000°C).

Findings

X-ray diffraction analysis shows the presence of martensite in CW samples. The increase in martensite formation (800°C and 900°C) can be observed with the variation of thermal ageing (TA) duration (1, 2 and 3 h). However, there was decreased in the formation of martensite at the temperature of 1000°C because of martensitic reversal. The DLEPR test result shows higher degree of sensitization (DOS) for 800°C and 900°C but for 1000°C, there was re-homogenization of samples which leads to lower DOS (thermal ageing for 1, 2 and 3 h).

Originality/value

For 300 series steel, there are various literature available for the effect of cold work on mechanical properties and DOS. However, no one has investigated the effect of cold work and thermal ageing on the sensitization of 202 Cr-Mn ASS.
Study on the corrosion mechanism of the oxide scale on hot rolled steel in an atmospheric environment
Authors: Cai Jiaxing , Cheng Xuequn , Zhao Baijie , Chen Linheng , Fan Yi , Dai Qinqin , Ma Hongchi , Li Xiaogang
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the process of failure of scale and the corrosion resistance of scale to the substrate in an atmospheric environment.

Design/methodology/approach

The corrosion behaviour of X65 pipeline steel with different types of oxide scale was analysed using the natural environment exposure corrosion test, scanning electron microscopy analysis, electrochemical corrosion polarization curve test and other methods in a warehouse environment.

Findings

The results of this research show that one type of oxide scale, which is rough, has an uneven microstructure, and exhibits weak adhesion to the matrix, does not protect the substrate from corrosion. Conversely, the uniform, dense oxide scale, which exhibits strong adhesion to the matrix, provides effective protection to the steel. However, as the corrosion develops, the corrosion rate of the substrate tends to accelerate, especially when the structure of the oxide scale is damaged to a certain extent.

Originality/value

The corrosion mechanism of the oxide scale on hot rolled steel in an atmospheric environment has been proposed.
Fashion and social networking: a motivations framework
Authors: Nelson Dorothy Wu , Moore Marguerite M. , Swanson Kristen K.
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to add to the literature concerning potential motivations that drive social networking sites (SNS) for fashion-related behaviors among millennial consumers using a Uses and Gratifications (U&G) perspective. Four SNS platforms – Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, and Twitter – were examined.

Design/methodology/approach

The study presents a mixed-methods approach to develop and test a motivations framework among millennial consumers that will lead to practical understanding of both the existence of and impact of different motivations for engaging in SNS.

Findings

Unique motivations appear to drive use of the four examined platforms. Results indicate that a broad set of common motivations for SNS use among millennial consumers who exhibit an interest in fashion can be determined. Further, the results indicate significant differences among motivations within the respective platform types. Lastly, the results reveal common factors among three or more SNS platforms: “Fashion,” “Connection,” “Following” and “Pictures.” The ‘Entertainment’ factor was common among two SNS platforms.

Research limitations/implications

Limitations of the study are the limited sample and SNS selection. A broader representation of the millennial consumer behaviors would provide a more comprehensive picture of the motivations for using SNS platforms.

Practical implications

The study provides useful information for fashion marketers and researchers who can benefit from an updated understanding of SNS behaviors.

Originality/value

The study provides a relevant contribution to SNS research as well as understanding of millennial consumers. Additionally, it adds contribution to the U&G theory concerning new media platforms. It also delivers a replicable research design for other SNS platforms.
Fit perceptions, work engagement, satisfaction and commitment
Authors: Rayton Bruce , Yalabik Zeynep Y. , Rapti Andriana
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between fit (organization and job) perceptions and work engagement (WE).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors deployed a two-wave survey among 377 clerical employees of the specialist lending division of a large UK bank, with the waves separated by 12 months.

Findings

The results show a positive relationship between person organization (PO) and person job (PJ) fit perceptions (at Time 1) and WE (at Time 2). Job satisfaction (JS) and affective commitment (AC) dual-mediate these relationships. The effect of PO fit on WE manifests primarily via AC, while the effect of PJ fit manifests primarily via JS.

Practical implications

The study indicates that organizations should consider the fit of employees to their jobs and the organization when designing interventions intended to increase WE. Also, potential synergies exist between organizational interventions designed to influence employee attitudes focused on similar units of analysis: e.g., PJ fit with JS or PO fit with AC.

Originality/value

This study provides the first investigation of the dual-mediation, via JS and AC, of the effects of both PJ and PO fit on WE. Furthermore, the use of a time-lagged design strengthens the evidence for the novel hypotheses of this study and enables verification of findings in the extant literature.
Resurgent Remain and a Rebooted Revolt on the Right: Exploring the 2019 European Parliament Elections in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cutts David , Goodwin Matthew , Heath Oliver , Milazzo Caitlin
Published: August 2019

The 2019 European Parliament (EP) election took place against the backdrop of the vote for Brexit and the failure of Parliament to agree on a withdrawal agreement. Nigel Farage’s new Brexit Party topped the poll and the pro‐Remain Liberal Democrats, which called for a second referendum on EU membership, returned from electoral obscurity to take second place, while other pro‐Remain parties similarly performed well. In sharp contrast, the two main parties, Labour and the Conservatives, recorded their lowest combined vote share since they became the main representatives of the two‐party system. In this article, we draw on aggregate‐level data to explore what happened at the 2019 EP election in Great Britain. Our evidence suggests Labour suffered from a ‘pincer movement’, losing support in its mainly white, working class ‘left behind’ heartlands but also in younger cosmopolitan areas where Labour had polled strongly at the 2017 general election. Support for the new Brexit Party increased more significantly in ‘left behind’ communities, which had given strong support to Leave at the 2016 referendum, suggesting that national populists capitalised on Labour’s woes. The Conservatives haemorrhaged support in affluent, older retirement areas but largely at the expense of the resurgent Liberal Democrats, with the latter surging in Remain areas and where the Conservatives are traditionally strong, though not in areas with younger electorates where the party made so much ground prior to the 2010–2015 coalition government. Lastly, turnout increased overall compared with 2014, but individuals living in Leave areas were less motivated to vote. Overall, our findings suggest that those living in Remain areas were more driven to express their discontent with the Brexit process and more inclined to support parties that offer a second referendum on Britain’s EU membership.
The impact of skeletal muscle abnormalities on tolerance to adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer
Authors: Ganju Rohit Gunan , TenNapel Mindi , Spoozak Lori , Chen Allen M , Hoover Andrew
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Skeletal muscle abnormalities, such as low skeletal muscle mass, measured by skeletal muscle index (SMI), and low skeletal muscle quality, measured by skeletal muscle density (SMD), are associated with poor prognosis in cancer. There has been little investigation of their impact on tolerance to radiation therapy and overall outcome in gynaecologic cancers. We examined the effect of low SMI and SMD on treatment tolerance and survival outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer receiving pelvic radiation.

Methods

Stage IB‐IVA patients with endometrial cancer treated at one institution between 2007 and 2017 were reviewed. All patients received hysterectomy and pelvic radiation. SMI was based on the cross‐sectional area of skeletal muscle at the L3 vertebral body. SMD was expressed as the mean radiation attenuation in Hounsfield units (HUs) at the same vertebral level.

Results

Sixty‐four patients met criteria for analysis. Forty‐four per cent had low SMI (<41 cm2/m2), 80% had low SMD (mean < 33 HU if BMI> 25 and mean < 41 HU if BMI < 25), and 33% had both. Patients with both features were less likely to complete planned chemotherapy (p = 0.01); this was consistent on multivariate analysis. Radiation treatments were well‐tolerated regardless of SMI or SMD. On survival analysis, having both low SMI and low SMD was associated with poorer outcomes compared with having either individual factor (p = 0.04).

Conclusion

Large percentages of patients with endometrial cancer have low skeletal muscle mass and density. Low skeletal muscle measures predict for poor tolerance to chemotherapy in this patient population. Compliance with adjuvant radiation is high, regardless of SMI and SMD.
The conserved histone chaperone LIN‐53 is required for normal lifespan and maintenance of muscle integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Müthel Stefanie , Uyar Bora , He Mei , Krause Anne , Vitrinel Burcu , Bulut Selman , Vasiljevic Djordje , Marchal Iris , Kempa Stefan , Akalin Altuna , Tursun Baris
Published: August 2019

Whether extension of lifespan provides an extended time without health deteriorations is an important issue for human aging. However, to which degree lifespan and aspects of healthspan regulation might be linked is not well understood. Chromatin factors could be involved in linking both aging aspects, as epigenetic mechanisms bridge regulation of different biological processes. The epigenetic factor LIN‐53 (RBBP4/7) associates with different chromatin‐regulating complexes to safeguard cell identities in Caenorhabditis elegans as well as mammals, and has a role in preventing memory loss and premature aging in humans. We show that LIN‐53 interacts with the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex in C. elegans muscles to ensure functional muscles during postembryonic development and in adults. While mutants for other NuRD members show a normal lifespan, animals lacking LIN‐53 die early because LIN‐53 depletion affects also the histone deacetylase complex Sin3, which is required for a normal lifespan. To determine why lin‐53 and sin‐3 mutants die early, we performed transcriptome and metabolomic analysis revealing that levels of the disaccharide trehalose are significantly decreased in both mutants. As trehalose is required for normal lifespan in C. elegans, lin‐53 and sin‐3 mutants could be rescued by either feeding with trehalose or increasing trehalose levels via the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway. Overall, our findings suggest that LIN‐53 is required for maintaining lifespan and muscle integrity through discrete chromatin regulatory mechanisms. Since both LIN‐53 and its mammalian homologs safeguard cell identities, it is conceivable that its implication in lifespan regulation is also evolutionarily conserved.
Utilisation of teratogenic medicines before and during pregnancy in Australian women
Authors: Raichand Smriti , Pearson Sallie‐Anne , Zoega Helga , Buckley Nicholas A. , Havard Alys
Published: August 2019

Background

Given the potential hazards of teratogenic medicines, to a fetus exposed in utero, monitoring their use around pregnancy is imperative.

Aim

To measure utilisation of teratogenic medicines (Therapeutic Goods Administration's category D or X) in women who gave birth in New South Wales, Australia, during pregnancy and the 24 months prior.

Materials and Methods

We used linked population‐based datasets including dispensing and perinatal data for all deliveries in NSW between 2005 and 2012. We included pregnancies among concessional beneficiaries only, with complete ascertainment of dispensing claims. Pre‐pregnancy and during‐pregnancy periods were based on birth dates and gestational age. We determined prevalence of exposure using percent of pregnancies in which women had at least one dispensed teratogenic medicine in three‐month time periods.

Results

The study included 191 588 pregnancies (145 419 women). Prevalence of exposure to D/X medicines anytime during pregnancy was 2.0% (<20 pregnancies category X), decreasing from pre‐pregnancy (3.8–6.0%) to first trimester (1.5%), further decreasing in second and third trimesters (0.8% and 0.6% respectively). We observed large reductions in antibiotic prevalence but only modest reductions for psychotropics and antilipidemic agents (all category D). Our results suggest higher use of potentially teratogenic medicines (category D) than those strictly contraindicated for use (category X), during pregnancy. Overall, use was higher in the first trimester than the rest of pregnancy. The high prevalence of potentially contraindicated psychotropics in all three trimesters may suggest a higher benefit‐to‐risk ratio and warrants future research focusing on the reasons for their prescribing to pregnant women.
The Moderating Effect of Debates on Political Attitudes
Authors: Brierley Sarah , Kramon Eric , Ofosu George Kwaku
Published: August 2019

In theory, candidate debates can influence voters by providing information about candidates' quality and policy positions. However, there is limited evidence about whether and why debates influence voters in new democracies. We use a field experiment on parliamentary debates during Ghana's 2016 elections to show that debates improve voters' evaluations of candidates. Debates have the strongest effect on partisan voters, who becomemorefavorable toward and more likely to vote for opponent‐party candidates and less likely to vote for co‐partisans. Experimental and unique observational data capturing participants' second‐by‐second reactions to the debates show that policy information was the most important causal mechanism driving partisan moderation, especially among strong partisans. A follow‐up survey shows that these effects persist in electorally competitive communities, whereas they dissipate in party strongholds. Policy‐centered debates have the potential to reduce partisan polarization in new democracies, but the local political context conditions the persistence of these effects.
Polyethylene glycol loxenatide (PEX168) in subjects with renal impairment: A pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Wang Jianwen , Huang Jie , Li Wei , Tang Shiqi , Sun Jian , Zhang Xianming , Liu Jun , Yi Bin , Liu Jishi , Zhang Xingfei , Yang Qian , Yang Xiaoyan , Yang Shuang , Yang Guoping , Zhang Hao
Published: August 2019

Aims

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly complicated by renal impairment. Polyethylene glycol loxenatide (PEX168) is a novel long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist for T2DM. PEX168 pharmacokinetics was studied to identify requirements for dose‐modification in T2DM complicated by renal impairment.

Methods

This was a single‐centre, open‐labelled, parallel‐group, single‐dose, phase I clinical trial of patients with mild and moderate renal impairment, and with or without T2DM. Age‐, sex‐ and body mass index‐matched subjects with normal renal function, and with or without T2DM were recruited as controls. Subjects received a single abdominal subcutaneous injection of PEX168 200 μg. Pharmacokinetic samples were taken at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 216, 312, 480, 648 and 720 hours.

Results

Twenty‐three patients were included in the pharmacokinetics analysis. Vz/F and CL/F were lower in the moderate impairment group than in the other groups. The mean t1/2 (163 hours) in the moderate impairment group was prolonged compared to the mild impairment (117 hours) and normal (121 hours) groups. AUC0–inf increased by 13 and 100.7% in patients with mild and moderate renal impairment, respectively. Most adverse events were mild gastrointestinal disorders, with only 1 serious adverse event observed.

Conclusion

A single dose of 200 μg of PEX168 was in general well tolerated in patients with renal impairment. The in vivo clearance rate of PEX168 in patients with moderate renal impairment is slower than in patients with mild renal impairment and normal renal function and dose adjustment might be required (ClinicalTrials.org #NCT02467790).
Chitinase 3‐like 1 drives allergic skin inflammation via Th2 immunity and M2 macrophage activation
Authors: Kwak Eun Ji , Hong Jung Yeon , Kim Mi Na , Kim Soo Yeon , Kim Seo Hyeong , Park Chang Ook , Kim Kyung Won , Lee Chun Geun , Elias Jack A. , Jee Hye Mi , Sohn Myung Hyun
Published: August 2019

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by defective skin barrier and Th2 immune responses. Chitinase 3‐like 1 (CHI3L1), also known as breast regression protein 39 (BRP‐39) in mice and human homologue YKL‐40, plays important roles in Th2 inflammation and allergen sensitization. CHI3L1 has been implicated in a variety of diseases including asthma characterized by inflammation, apoptosis and tissue remodelling, but its role in AD remains elusive.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CHI3L1 in the development and progression of AD.

Results

We investigated YKL‐40 levels in the serum and skin of AD patients by ELISA and immunofluorescence, respectively. Using a murine model of AD induced by ovalbumin (OVA), we investigated Th2 immune responses, M2 macrophage activation and skin barrier gene expression using wild‐type (WT) and BRP‐39 null mutant (BRP‐39−/−) mice.

YKL‐40 level was significantly increased in serum of AD patients. In addition, both mRNA and protein expression levels of BRP‐39 were higher in OVA‐sensitized WT mice than in control mice. OVA‐sensitized BRP‐39−/− mice showed decreased epidermal thickness, lower total serum IgE, Th2 cytokine levels and CD4+ effector T cell populations than OVA‐sensitized WT mice. Induction of BRP‐39 was dominant in dermal macrophages. BRP‐39 deficiency was found to be involved in M2 macrophage activation. Consistently, the YKL‐40 level in the skin of AD patients was higher than in normal subjects and it was expressed in dermal macrophages. BRP‐39 deficiency attenuated dysregulation of skin barrier and tight junction genes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

These findings demonstrate that CHI3L1 mediates the development of AD induced by OVA, affecting Th2 inflammation, M2 macrophage activation and skin barrier function.
The ethics of genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation
Authors: Sandler Ronald
Published: August 2019

The ethical issues associated with using genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation are typically described as consisting of risk assessment and management, public engagement and acceptance, opportunity costs, risk and benefit distributions, and oversight. These are important, but the ethical concerns extend beyond them because the use of genetic engineering has the potential to significantly alter the practices, concepts, and value commitments of conservation. I sought to elucidate the broader set of ethical issues connected with a potential genetic engineering turn in conservation and provide an approach to ethical analysis of novel conservation technologies. The primary rationales offered in support of using genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation are efficiency and necessity for achieving conservation goals. The instrumentalist ethical perspective associated with these rationales involves assessing novel technologies as a means to accomplish desired ends. For powerful emerging technologies the instrumentalist perspective needs to be complemented by a form‐of‐life perspective frequently applied in the philosophy of technology. The form‐of‐life perspective involves considering how novel technologies restructure the activities into which they are introduced. When the form‐of‐life perspective is applied to creative genetic engineering in conservation, it brings into focus a set of ethical issues, such as those associated with power, meaning, relationships, and values, that are not captured by the instrumentalist perspective. It also illuminates why the use of gene drives in conservation is so ethically and philosophically interesting.
Cave insects with sex‐reversed genitalia had their most recent common ancestor in West Gondwana (Psocodea: Prionoglarididae: Speleketorinae)
Authors: Yoshizawa Kazunori , Lienhard Charles , Yao Izumi , Ferreira Rodrigo L.
Published: August 2019

The divergence date and ancestral distributional area of the psocid subfamily Speleketorinae, which includes taxa with reversed genitalia (female penis and male vagina of Afrotrogla and Neotrogla, tribe Sensitibillini), were estimated. The most basal divergence of the subfamily (between the North American Speleketor and the tribe Sensitibillini) was estimated to have occurred according to the separation between the North American continent and Gondwana, ca. 175 Ma. The most basal divergence of Sensitibillini (between African Afrotrogla + Sensitibilla and Brazilian Neotrogla) was estimated to have occurred according to the split of West Gondwana (separation between the African and South American continents), ca. 127 Ma. The biome of the ancestral distributional area of Sensitibillini (inland of West Gondwana) is believed to be arid to semi‐arid, which might strengthen the reversed sexual selection and then facilitate the origin of preadaptive features related to the evolution of a female penis. All extant Sensitibillini species inhabit carbonatic caves, but geological evidence suggested independent shifts of these genera to the carbonatic cave habitat in the Tertiary/Quaternary.
Resilience Factors and Suicide Risk for a Sample of Transgender Clients
Authors: Edwards Lindsay L. , Torres Bernal Aníbal , Hanley Scotty M. , Martin Shannon
Published: August 2019

This study explored how individual‐ and community‐based resilience factors operated together in order to reduce risk of suicide for a sample of transgender therapy clients. We collected cross‐sectional survey data from 106 transgender therapy clients at a local community center, including demographic information, experiences of relational support, participants' emotional stability, and risk for suicide. Results from our mediation analysis indicated that high levels of perceived relational support are related to reduced risk for suicide and that this happens by way of a person's emotional stability. Clinical implications for family therapists are discussed based on the significant indirect effect found in this study.
Impact of edema on length of calf circumference in older adults
Authors: Ishida Yuria , Maeda Keisuke , Nonogaki Tomoyuki , Shimizu Akio , Yamanaka Yosuke , Matsuyama Remi , Kato Ryoko , Mori Naoharu
Published: August 2019

Aim

Calf circumference, which is a known simple indicator of muscle mass, increases during edema. However, the extent to which edema increases calf circumference in older adults is unclear.

Methods

This retrospective cross‐sectional study included patients aged ≥65 years whose nutritional status was assessed by nutrition support teams. Two different types of matching models in each sex were created according to the presence of edema on the right lower limb. All models were adjusted by age, body height, handgrip strength and performance status. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on both reduced calf circumference and decline of handgrip strength. The prevalence of sarcopenia was estimated before and after adjustment for increment of calf circumference.

Results

In total, 2101 patients were included. Multifactor matching models showed that the mean difference in calf circumference between pairs was 1.6 cm (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.1, P < 0.001) for women and 2.1 cm (95% CI 1.6–2.7, P < 0.001) for men. The propensity score matching model similarly showed a mean difference of 1.6 cm (95% CI 1.1–2.1, P < 0.001) for women and 2.0 cm (95% CI 1.5–2.6, P < 0.001) for men. The prevalence of sarcopenia before and after adjusting for an edema‐related increase in calf circumference was 42.6%/48.6% for women and 35.3%/38.5%–38.7% for men.

Conclusions

Edema in the lower limb increased the calf circumference by approximately 2 cm. When using calf circumference to assess muscle mass in patients with edema, the increase in circumference should be subtracted from the baseline circumference for an accurate assessment. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 993–998.
Determinants of remittances in Egypt: Do macroeconomic instability and oil price matter?
Authors: Akçay Selçuk , Karasoy Alper
Published: August 2019

Emigration and resulting voluminous remittance inflows have been noticeable features of the Egyptian economy since the 1960s. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of remittances – primarily the role of both macroeconomic instability and oil price – in Egypt. Using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure, we estimated a remittance determination equation over the period from 1980 to 2015 and found that: (1) macroeconomic instability in Egypt and increases in international oil prices promote remittances; (2) GDP growth rate in the host countries and depreciation of domestic currency spur remittances; (3) financial development is inversely related to remittances, implying that remittances and financial development are substitutes; (4) GDP growth in the home country is not significantly associated with remittances.
The effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on wound infections after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised clinical trial
Authors: Guler Yilmaz , Karabulut Zulfikar , Sengul Serkan , Calis Hasan
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of prophylactic antibiotics had any effects on the development of postoperative surgical wound infections between laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Patients who received a single dose of prophylactic antibiotics prior to surgery were included in the prophylaxis group, and those who did not receive preoperative and postoperative intravenous and/or oral antibiotics were included in the no prophylaxis group. A total of 206 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were examined; the infection rate in patients who received prophylaxis was 4.5%, while it was 4.2% in the non‐prophylactic group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of infection development rates (P > .05). We suggest that antibiotics should not be given for prophylaxis before low‐risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy as there is no statistically significant difference in the rate of postoperative wound infection among patients who were either given or not given prophylaxis.
Ethical dilemmas and legal aspects in contraceptive counselling for women with intellectual disability—Focus group interviews among midwives in Sweden
Authors: Höglund Berit , Larsson Margareta
Published: August 2019

Background

Few studies have explored ethical and legal issues in contraceptive counselling among women with intellectual disability (ID). This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of these issues during midwifery contraceptive counselling.

Method

The present authors interviewed 19 midwives in five focus groups in Sweden 2016 – 2017 and analysed data with content analysis.

Results

The participants expressed that women with intellectual disability have equal right to relationships and sexual expressions, but feared exposure to sexual exploitation/abuse. They experienced ethical dilemmas related to principles of fairness and autonomy, but strived to provide assistance in spite of the women's cognitive impairment, presence of supporting persons and uncertainty of optimal counselling. Organizational support was insufficient.

Conclusions

The midwives experienced ambivalence, uncertainty and ethical dilemmas in their counselling. They were, however, aware of legal aspects and strived for the women's best interest, right to self‐determination and autonomous choices. The participants wanted better professional teamwork and support.
A novel method to monitoring changes in cognitive load in video‐based learning
Authors: Huh Dami , Kim Ji‐Hyun , Jo Il‐Hyun
Published: August 2019

One of the golden rules in instructional design methods is to optimize the use of working memory capacity and avoid cognitive overload. The study of cognitive load has historically relied on one's introspection. However, it is difficult to capture changes in cognitive load levels during learning sensitively. This paper suggests an approach to investigating dynamic changes in cognitive load by using a pupillometry. With the method, this study explores the effects of learners' prior knowledge and task complexity on cognitive load. An experiment was conducted on two groups of students (N = 19) with distinct levels of prior knowledge. In the experimental session, participants watched a video lecture on a mathematics proposition, while being eye‐tracked. The lecture consists of sections, which can be either a high task complexity or a low task complexity based on elements they have. Pupil dilations acquired in each section were used to explore the time course of cognitive load. To formulate cognitive load patterns, a time‐series clustering was used. The research conducted a chi‐square analysis to test differences in cognitive load patterns by prior knowledge and task complexity. Results show that pupil dilation patterns can be applied to monitor changes in cognitive load during learning.
Effects of BTK signalling in pathogenic microorganism infections
Authors: Ye Bingjue , Zhou Cheng , Guo Huiting , Zheng Min
Published: August 2019

As a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is widely considered as a vital kinase in many aspects of different physiologic processes. It is engaged in many important signalling pathways related to the immune response, such as the B cell receptor pathway, pattern‐recognition receptor pathway, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell pathway. Recent studies have increasingly focused on the important role of Btk in various inflammatory diseases, which are related to Btk expression in myeloid innate immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. Although some investigations have explored the role of Btk in microbial infections, many aspects remain elusive, and some of the results are opposite and controversial. Considering the complicated and multiple roles of Btk in the immune system, we summarized the engagement of Btk signalling in various pathogenic microorganism infections, the possible mechanisms involved and its therapeutic potential in the control of infectious diseases.
Validation of the Serbian version of inflammatory Rasch‐built overall disability scale in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Authors: Peric Stojan , Bozovic Ivo , Pruppers Marielle H. J. , Bjelica Bogdan , Stevic Zorica , Faber Catharina G. , Merkies Ingemar S. J. , Basta Ivana
Published: August 2019

Inflammatory Rasch‐built overall disability scale (I‐RODS) seems to be a valid activity measure for use in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Our aim was to translate and validate the I‐RODS for use in CIDP patients from Serbia. Study comprised 83 patients diagnosed with CIDP. I‐RODS was translated and cross‐culturally validated using the standard guidelines. Following scales were also administered: Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score, Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) sensory and disability scores, Krupp's Fatigue Severity Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Visual Analogue Scale for pain, and health survey‐36 (SF‐36) as a quality of life measure. According to the I‐RODS, significant proportion of our patients reported that “running” (51%), “dancing” (41%), and “standing for hours” (40%) were impossible tasks to perform, while “teeth brushing” (94%), “eating” (88%), and “reading a newspaper/book” (82%) were noted as the easiest items. Patients with more muscle weakness (lower MRC sum score) and more severe INCAT sensory score had lower I‐RODS score (P < .01). Also, patients with fatigue, depression and pain had lower I‐RODS scores (P < .01). I‐RODS score correlated with the INCAT disability score (P < 0.01) was 78 ± 19 compared to 51 ± 30 in patients with INCAT >1 (P < .01). I‐RODS score correlated with the total SF‐36 score (rho = +0.73, P < .01), as well as with all SF‐36 domain scores. Serbian version of the I‐RODS seems to be a valid activity measure for use in CIDP patients. I‐RODS was able to assess different levels of disability, it was in association with impairment measures, INCAT disability scale and quality of life. Further studies are needed to assess its responsiveness.
Where Is the Risk in Value? Evidence from a Market‐to‐Book Decomposition
Authors: GOLUBOV ANDREY , KONSTANTINIDI THEODOSIA
Published: August 2019

We study the value premium using the multiples‐based market‐to‐book decomposition of Rhodes‐Kropf, Robinson, and Viswanathan (2005). The market‐to‐value component drives all of the value strategy return, while the value‐to‐book component exhibits no return predictability in either portfolio sorts or firm‐level regressions. Existing results linking market‐to‐book to operating leverage, duration, exposure to investment‐specific technology shocks, and analysts’ risk ratings derive from the unpriced value‐to‐book component. In contrast, results on expectation errors, limits to arbitrage, and certain types of cash flow risk and consumption risk exposure are due to the market‐to‐value component. Overall, our evidence casts doubt on several value premium theories.
Nonfinancial Firms as Cross‐Market Arbitrageurs
Authors: MA YUERAN
Published: August 2019

I demonstrate that nonfinancial corporations act as cross‐market arbitrageurs in their own securities. Firms use one type of security to replace another in response to shifts in relative valuations, inducing negatively correlated financing flows in different markets. Net equity repurchases and net debt issuance both increase when expected excess returns on debt are particularly low, or when expected excess returns on equity are relatively high. Credit valuations affect equity financing as much as equity valuations do, and vice versa. Cross‐market corporate arbitrage is most prevalent among large, unconstrained firms, and helps account for aggregate financing patterns.
Brokers and Order Flow Leakage: Evidence from Fire Sales
Authors: BARBON ANDREA , DI MAGGIO MARCO , FRANZONI FRANCESCO , LANDIER AUGUSTIN
Published: August 2019

Using trade‐level data, we study whether brokers play a role in spreading order flow information in the stock market. We focus on large portfolio liquidations that result in temporary price drops, and identify the brokers who intermediate these trades. These brokers’ clients are more likely to predate on the liquidating funds than to provide liquidity. Predation leads to profits of about 25 basis points over 10 days and increases the liquidation costs of the distressed fund by 40%. This evidence suggests a role of information leakage in exacerbating fire sales.
Do Investors Value Sustainability? A Natural Experiment Examining Ranking and Fund Flows
Authors: HARTZMARK SAMUEL M. , SUSSMAN ABIGAIL B.
Published: August 2019

Examining a shock to the salience of the sustainability of the U.S. mutual fund market, we present causal evidence that investors marketwide value sustainability: being categorized as low sustainability resulted in net outflows of more than $12 billion while being categorized as high sustainability led to net inflows of more than $24 billion. Experimental evidence suggests that sustainability is viewed as positively predicting future performance, but we do not find evidence that high‐sustainability funds outperform low‐sustainability funds. The evidence is consistent with positive affect influencing expectations of sustainable fund performance and nonpecuniary motives influencing investment decisions.
Fetal case of right atrial isomerism with infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and agenesis of the ductus venosus
Authors: Kitagawa Yosuke , Kim Ki‐Sung , Kawataki Motoyoshi , Ono Shin , Yanagi Sadamitsu , Ueda Hideaki
Published: August 2019

After birth, the ductus venosus becomes an important route connecting the pulmonary and systemic venous systems for survival in infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. We encountered a fetal case of right atrial isomerism with infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and agenesis of ductus venosus. Prenatal echocardiography suggested that the fetus had severe pulmonary venous obstruction; however, no obstructive lesions were detected at the level of the vertical vein that drained into the portal veins. Therefore, we concluded that emergency surgical pulmonary venous obstruction release was the only way for the fetus to survive. However, the saturation level was maintained above 70% due to the abundant communications via the hepatic sinusoid over 1 week after birth. In conclusion, hepatic sinusoids can be a sufficient route for pulmonary venous return and may not cause severe pulmonary venous obstruction in infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with agenesis of ductus venosus.
Religion in Domestic Violence Prevention PSAs: The Role of Religiosity in Motivating Christian Bystanders to Intervene
Authors: La Ferle Carrie , Muralidharan Sidharth
Published: August 2019

Domestic violence is an ongoing health issue around the world, propelling individuals and organizations to seek out new and innovative ways to mitigate its widespread reach. Focusing on the potential of religion to positively impact messaging, the current study examines how Christian symbolism might be used to encourage intervention behavior using public service announcements (PSAs). Using a between‐subjects design of Christian Americans as the respondent pool, a religious symbol versus a control ad was utilized. Levels of religiosity were also measured and factors impacting the construct assessed. Findings revealed religiosity, the importance of religion in one's life, was the underlying motivator for highly religious people to act rather than a religious cue. Within religiosity, the perceived strength of faith to one's identity held greater value than church attendance and frequency of prayer. Theoretical implications are discussed as well as insights for people working in public service messaging.
The impact of modification techniques on the rheological properties of dysphagia foods and liquids
Authors: de Villiers Marilize , Hanson Ben , Moodley Legini , Pillay Mershen
Published: August 2019

Modifying food and the textures of food has been done for decades within the food science and technology field. More recently, modifying the texture of foods has been used to manage swallowing disabilities (dysphagia). Swallowing disabilities are often associated with dehydration and malnutrition, thus nutritional intervention has formed part of serving texture‐modified diets. The question remains whether these modification techniques are viable for individuals with swallowing disabilities living in majority world countries. This study used two modification methods on a widely used specialized nutritious food (SNF) to determine whether it may be modified and used in dysphagia management. The techniques had to be ergonomic and economically appropriate for individuals with swallowing disabilities living in majority world countries. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative's (IDDSI) standards were used to determine whether the texturally modified SNF is safe for swallowing. Rheological measurements were performed to determine apparent viscosity and structure recovery of each sample. The effects of two modification techniques, aeration and particle separation, on the rheological properties of the SNF were also measured and analyzed. It was determined that both milk and water could be used with this SNF to create a dysphagia diet, but only under certain conditions. The overall results indicated that heating the samples increased the apparent viscosity and exacerbated lumping. Room temperature samples had less lumps and could be classified to the desired levels of the IDDSI (Level 2 and Level 4). Using a whisk to aerate the samples reduced lumps significantly and using a sieve to separate particles of liquid samples eliminated lumps. This study provides new data on how texture modification techniques and the IDDSI framework could be adapted to individuals living in majority world countries. By using modification techniques that are ergonomic and economically viable and an SNF with longevity, this study could be useful in guiding future training of nursing staff and caregivers of individuals living in poverty or resource‐constrained communities. This study also adds to the data on the rheological properties of dysphagia foods, although this study did not make use of commercial thickeners generally used in the modification of diets.
The medicalisation of the dying self: The search for life extension in advanced cancer
Authors: Mohammed Shan , Peter Elizabeth , Gastaldo Denise , Howell Doris
Published: August 2019

Although many studies have previously examined medicalisation, we add a new dimension to the concept as we explore how contemporary oncological medicine shapes the dying self as predominantly medical. Through an analysis of multiple case studies collected within a comprehensive cancer centre in Ontario, Canada, we examine how people with late‐stage cancer and their healthcare providers enacted the process of medicalisation through engaging in the search for oncological treatments, such as experimental drug trials, despite the incurability of their disease. The seven cases included 20 interviews with patients, family, physicians and nurses, the analysis of 30 documents and 5 hr of field observation. A poststructural perspective informed our study. We propose that searching for life extension enacts medicalisation by shaping the dying person afflicted with terminal cancer into new medical subjectivities that are knowledgeable, active, entrepreneurial and curative. Participants initially took up medical thinking from the formal oncology system, but then began to apply and internalise medical rationalities to alter their personhood, thereby generating new curative possibilities for themselves. For people seeking life extension, the embodied and day‐to‐day experiences of suffering and being close to death became expressed and moderated in fundamentally medicalised terms.
Extreme resistance to Potato virus Y in potato carrying the Rysto gene is mediated by a TIR‐NLR immune receptor
Authors: Grech‐Baran Marta , Witek Kamil , Szajko Katarzyna , Witek Agnieszka I. , Morgiewicz Karolina , Wasilewicz‐Flis Iwona , Jakuczun Henryka , Marczewski Waldemar , Jones Jonathan D. G. , Hennig Jacek
Published: August 2019

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) pathogen that causes severe annual crop losses worth billions of dollars worldwide. PVY is transmitted by aphids, and successful control of virus transmission requires the extensive use of environmentally damaging insecticides to reduce vector populations. Rysto, from the wild relative S. stoloniferum, confers extreme resistance (ER) to PVY and related viruses and is a valuable trait that is widely employed in potato resistance breeding programmes. Rysto was previously mapped to a region of potato chromosome XII, but the specific gene has not been identified to date. In this study, we isolated Rysto using resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) and PacBio SMRT (Pacific Biosciences single‐molecule real‐time sequencing). Rysto was found to encode a nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N‐terminal TIR domain and was sufficient for PVY perception and ER in transgenic potato plants. Rysto‐dependent extreme resistance was temperature‐independent and requires EDS1 and NRG1 proteins. Rysto may prove valuable for creating PVY‐resistant cultivars of potato and other Solanaceae crops.