bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative petiole anatomy of the tribe Sorbarieae (Rosaceae) provide new taxonomically informative characters
Authors: Song Jun‐Ho , Hong Suk‐Pyo
Published: January 2018

We conducted a comparative anatomical study of the petiole of 16 taxa belonging to the tribe Sorbarieae (Rosaceae) (Adenostoma, 2 spp.; Chamaebatiaria, 1 sp.; Sorbaria, 6 spp., 3 vars., and 1 forma; and Spiraeanthus, 1 sp.) and the related genus Lyonothamnus (1 sp. and 1 ssp.). The distal, medial and proximal regions of petioles were transversely sectioned using conventional embedding and staining methods. Cuticles, crystals, trichomes and pericyclic fiber patterns were observed and studied. Three types of vascular nodal patterns were recognized: Type 1 was seen in Chamaebatiaria, Lyonothamnus, and Spiraeanthus (simple‐trace nodal pattern with slightly curved or U‐shaped vascular bundle); type 2 was found in Adenostoma (multiple‐traces nodal pattern with free vascular bundles); and type 3 was unique to Sorbaria (bundles fused to form a siphonostele nodal pattern). Some petiolar anatomical characteristics (e.g. cuticles, crystals, trichomes, vascular nodal pattern, and pericyclic fiber patterns) were found to provide useful information for taxonomic studies within Sorbarieae. On the basis of these characteristics, a dichotomous key for identification at the generic/specific level is provided. We also report a structural change in the vascular bundles from the stem‐leaf transitional zone to the leaf medial zone.
A systematic review of community‐based interventions for the treatment of adolescents with overweight and obesity
Authors: Moores C. J. , Bell L. K. , Miller J. , Damarell R. A. , Matwiejczyk L. , Miller M. D.
Published: January 2018

Adolescent obesity is a risk factor for obesity and other chronic disease in adulthood. Evidence for the effectiveness of community‐based obesity treatment programs for adolescents is required to inform policy and clinical decisions. This systematic review aims to evaluate recent effective and scalable community‐based weight management programs for adolescents (13–17 years) who are overweight or obese. Eight databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Informit, and Scopus) were searched for studies published between January 2011–2 March 2017 which are scalable in a community setting and reported primary outcome measures relating to weight. Following deduplication, 10,074 records were screened by title/abstract with 31 publications describing 21 programs included in this review. Programs were heterogeneous in nature (including length, number and frequency of sessions, parent‐involvement and technology involvement). Reduction in adolescent BMIz ranged from 2 to 9% post‐program and from 2 to 11% after varied lengths of follow‐up. Study quality varied (n = 5 weak; n = 8 moderate; n = 8 high), and findings are limited by the risk of selection and retention bias in the included studies. Factors including the effectiveness and acceptability to the target population must be considered when selecting such community programs.
Spontaneous clearance of a dislodged root in the maxillary antrum
Authors: Tocaciu S. , Sillifant P.
Published: January 2018

Dislodgement of maxillary tooth roots into the adjacent maxillary antrum is an unpleasant experience for both the patient and the operator. In the majority of cases, these roots need to be removed from the sinus to avoid further complications such as infection and oroantral fistula formation. A case is described where a dislodged root successfully migrated from the apex of the tooth socket to the ostium of the maxillary antrum via the function of the respiratory epithelium's ‘mucociliary escalator’. The indications and contra‐indications for sinus exploration and root retrieval are discussed, and a treatment algorithm is proposed to include cases where monitoring for spontaneous exfoliation may be included.
Association of genetic variation in telomere‐related SNP and telomerase with ventricular arrhythmias in ischemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sawhney Vinit , Brouilette Scott , Campbell Niall , Coppen Steven , Baker Victoria , Hunter Ross , Dhinoja Mehul , Johnston Atholl , Earley Mark , Sporton Simon , Suzuki Ken , Schilling Richard
Published: January 2018

Background

Telomeres are known to provide genomic stability and telomere length has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, a higher telomerase activity has been shown to be associated with ventricular arrhythmias (VA) in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Increasing evidence suggests that genetic variation in key telomere genes has an impact on telomerase activity. Each copy of the minor allele of SNP rs12696304, at a locus including TERC (telomerase), has been associated with ∼75 base pairs reduction in mean telomere length likely mediated by an effect on TERC expression. We investigated the impact of genetic variation of this SNP on telomerase and its association with VA in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.

Methods and results

Ninety ischemic cardiomyopathy patients with primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) were recruited. Thirty‐five received appropriate ICD therapy for potentially fatal VA (cases), while the remaining 55 patients did not (controls). No significant differences in baseline demographics were seen between the groups. TS was measured by qPCR, telomerase activity by TRAP assay, and SNP genotyping with Taqman probes. Telomerase was highest in C homozygous allele and had a significant association with VA in this group only (C/C,C/G,G/G; P‐value 0.04, 0.33, 0.43).

Conclusion

The present study is the first to examine the association between telomerase, a SNP at a locus including TERC, and VA in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients. Homozygosity for C‐allele significantly effects telomerase expression and its association with VA in this cohort. Large‐scale prospective studies are required to determine if this genetic variation predisposes patients to greater arrhythmic tendency post‐MI.
Does the Use of Epiduroscopic Lysis of Adhesions Reduce the Need for Spinal Cord Stimulation in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome? A Short‐Term Pilot Study
Authors: Tuijp Steven J. , Van Zundert Jan , De Vooght Pieter , Puylaert Martine , Mestrum Roel , Heylen René , Vanelderen Pascal
Published: January 2018

Background and Aims

Persistent low back pain after initially successful surgery that is not attributed to structural deficits is called failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). When conservative and minimal invasive therapy fail, the recommended treatment is spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Because epidural fibrosis can be a contributing factor in the majority of FBSS patients, lumbosacral epiduroscopic lysis of adhesions may be considered as a less invasive alternative treatment option. We hypothesized that the use of epiduroscopic lysis of adhesions could reduce the need for SCS.

Methods

A pilot study was performed in 35 consecutive patients with FBSS who underwent epiduroscopic lysis of adhesions. SCS was considered if epiduroscopic lysis of adhesions gave less than 50% global perceived effect (GPE) improvement after 15 months of follow‐up. The GPE was measured 1 week and 6 months after the procedure.

Results

Over a period of 69 months, 35 patients were included. After 15 months of follow‐up, 43% of patients required SCS. Eight of the 15 patients who reported no short‐term improvement needed SCS; those patients had severe epidural fibrosis. One week after epiduroscopic lysis of adhesions, 34%, 23%, and 43% of patients reported GPE improvement of > 50%, 20% to 50%, and < 20%, respectively. After 6 months, 5 patients were lost to follow‐up, and 30%, 17%, and 16% of patients reported improvement of > 50%, 20% to 50%, and < 20%, respectively.

Conclusions

In this pilot study we observed a reduced need for SCS when lumbosacral epiduroscopic lysis of adhesions was used for patients with FBSS and magnetic resonance imaging–proven adhesions. These observations justify the evaluation of both treatment options in a prospective observational trial.
Self‐criticism self‐report measures: Systematic review
Authors: Rose Alexandra V. , Rimes Katharine A.
Published: January 2018

Purpose

Self‐criticism is a transdiagnostic process that has been attracting research and clinical interest. The accurate measurement of this construct is therefore crucial; however, there are currently numerous measures of self‐criticism and no guidelines about which to use in different contexts. This systematic review evaluated the measurement properties of self‐report questionnaires of self‐criticism.

Methods

OvidSP and Web of Science were used to search through multiple databases, and an initial grey literature search was completed. Studies were included when the main focus was to evaluate the measurement properties of English version of scales or subscales that aimed to measure self‐criticism in an adult population. Both the methodological quality of included studies and the specific measurement properties were evaluated; these ratings were then combined into a best evidence synthesis.

Results

Five scales and five subscales were identified, described in 16 papers. The scales were designed to measure different types of self‐criticism including trait or repetitive self‐criticism and self‐criticism in response to difficult situations or as a mood regulation strategy. The majority of included studies were either rated as having poor methodological quality, or were given indeterminate or negative ratings for the measurement properties they reported. Questionnaire content varied depending on how the authors conceptualized self‐criticism. Issues were also highlighted in relation to the checklist used to rate methodological quality.

Conclusions

Tentative recommendations were made about two measures of self‐criticism based on existing evidence; future research is required. Furthermore, questionnaire choice should be based on the type of self‐criticism being assessed.

Practitioner points

Self‐criticism has been associated with a range of clinical difficulties including depression and eating disorders and is increasingly the focus of research, including treatment studies directly targeting self‐criticism.

Since different researchers have conceptualized self‐criticism differently, a number of self‐criticism self‐report questionnaires have been developed that vary in terms of design, structure, and content.

This systematic review identified and evaluated the measurement properties of self‐report questionnaires of self‐criticism and makes tentative recommendations about their use in clinical and research settings and areas for future research.
Vernalization can regulate flowering time through microRNA mechanism in Brassica rapa
Authors: Huang Feiyi , Wu Xiaoting , Hou Xilin , Shao Shuaixu , Liu Tongkun
Published: January 2018

Vernalization is an important process that regulates the floral transition in plants. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non‐coding small RNA (sRNA) molecules that function in plant growth and development. Despite that miRNAs related to flowering have previously been characterized, their roles in response to vernalization in pak‐choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) has never been studied. Here, two sRNA libraries from B. rapa leaves (vernalized and non‐vernalized plants) were constructed and sequenced. Two hundred eight known and 535 novel miRNAs were obtained, of which 20 known and 66 new miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed and considered as vernalization‐related miRNAs. The corresponding targets were predicted on the basic of sequence homology search. In addition, 11 miRNAs and eight targets were selected for real‐time quantitative PCR to confirm their expression profiles. Functional annotation of targets using gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes results suggested that most targets were significantly enriched in the hormone signaling pathway. Moreover, a decreased indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and an increased GA3 hormone were detected after vernalization, indicating that the IAA and GA3 might response to vernalization. These results indicated that vernalization regulates flowering through microRNA mechanism by affecting endogenous hormone level in B. rapa. This study provides useful insights of promising miRNAs candidates involved in vernalization in B. rapa, and facilitates further investigation of the miRNA‐mediated molecular mechanisms of vernalization in B. rapa.
Chlorophyll fluorescence induction and relaxation system for the continuous monitoring of photosynthetic capacity in photobioreactors
Authors: Antal Taras , Konyukhov Ivan , Volgusheva Alena , Plyusnina Tatyana , Khruschev Sergei , Kukarskikh Galina , Goryachev Sergey , Rubin Andrey
Published: January 2018

The development of high‐performance photobioreactors equipped with automatic systems for non‐invasive real‐time monitoring of cultivation conditions and photosynthetic parameters is a challenge in algae biotechnology. Therefore, we developed a chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence measuring system for the online recording of the light‐induced fluorescence rise and the dark relaxation of the flash‐induced fluorescence yield (Qa− − re‐oxidation kinetics) in photobioreactors. This system provides automatic measurements in a broad range of Chl concentrations at high frequency of gas‐tight sampling, and advanced data analysis. The performance of this new technique was tested on the green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii subjected to a sulfur deficiency stress and to long‐term dark anaerobic conditions. More than thousand fluorescence kinetic curves were recorded and analyzed during aerobic and anaerobic stages of incubation. Lifetime and amplitude values of kinetic components were determined, and their dynamics plotted on heatmaps. Out of these data, stress‐sensitive kinetic parameters were specified. This implemented apparatus can therefore be useful for the continuous real‐time monitoring of algal photosynthesis in photobioreactors.
Microwave soil heating reduces seedling emergence of a wide range of species including invasives
Authors: Hess Manon C. M. , De Wilde Mélissa , Yavercovski Nicole , Willm Loic , Mesléard François , Buisson Elise
Published: January 2018

A microwave‐based process to control invasive species (seeds and adult stages) in the field prior to plant community restoration is currently under development. We investigated the effect of four microwave treatment pairings of Power × Duration (2kW4min, 4kW2min, 2kW8min, and 4kW4min) on seedling emergence of (1) an abandoned field seed bank used as a model for various plant species and (2) seeds of three species invasive in Europe: Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Reynoutria × bohemica (Bohemian knotweed), and Solidago gigantea (Giant goldenrod). In addition, we assessed whether nontreated seeds of these three invasive species could germinate on microwave‐treated soils. As microwave soil heating usually leads to nonhomogeneous temperatures within a sample, we also assessed whether the position of seeds in the soil during microwave treatment (center vs. edges) impacted seedling emergence. Results show that the most intensive microwave treatments (2kW8min and 4kW4min), enabling the soil to reach 85°C, are highly effective in inhibiting seedling emergence of invasive species and the seed bank. The 2kW8min treatment, combining lowest power and longest exposure, is the most effective, reducing seed bank seedling emergence by 98% compared to control. The results also reveal a species‐specific response to heat, and lower microwave effectiveness on seeds located at the soil surface, which may explain the incomplete effectiveness of intensive treatments. Our results also suggest that prior microwave soil treatment does not prevent a considerable proportion of newly arrived invasive species seeds from germinating, suggesting that this method should be followed by restoration of native plant cover.
Cardiopulmonary fitness is strongly associated with body cell mass and fat‐free mass
Authors: Köhler A. , King R. , Bahls M. , Groß S. , Steveling A. , Gärtner S. , Schipf S. , Gläser S. , Völzke H. , Felix S. B. , Markus M. R. P. , Dörr M.
Published: January 2018

Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is commonly indexed by total body weight (TBW) to determine cardiopulmonary fitness (CPF). This approach may lead to misinterpretation, particularly in obese subjects. We investigated the normalization of VO2peak by different body composition markers. We analyzed combined data of 3848 subjects (1914 women; 49.7%), aged 20‐90, from two independent cohorts of the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP‐2 and SHIP‐TREND). VO2peak was assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Body cell mass (BCM), fat‐free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The suitability of the different markers as a normalization variable was evaluated by taking into account correlation coefficients (r) and intercept (α‐coefficient) values from linear regression models. A combination of high r and low α values was considered as preferable for normalization purposes. BCM was the best normalization variable for VO2peak (r = .72; P ≤ .001; α‐coefficient = 63.3 mL/min; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.48‐123) followed by FFM (r = .63; P ≤ .001; α‐coefficient = 19.6 mL/min; 95% CI: −57.9‐97.0). On the other hand, a much weaker correlation and a markedly higher intercept were found for TBW (r = .42; P ≤ .001; α‐coefficient = 579 mL/min; 95% CI: 483 to 675). Likewise, FM was also identified as a poor normalization variable (r = .10; P ≤ .001; α‐coefficient = 2133; 95% CI: 2074‐2191). Sex‐stratified analyses confirmed the above order for the different normalization variables. Our results suggest that BCM, followed by FFM, might be the most appropriate marker for the normalization of VO2peak when comparing CPF between subjects with different body shape.
A vascular mechanism to explain thermally mediated variations in deep‐body cooling rates during the immersion of profoundly hyperthermic individuals
Authors: Caldwell Joanne N. , van den Heuvel Anne M. J. , Kerry Pete , Clark Mitchell J. , Peoples Gregory E. , Taylor Nigel A. S.
Published: January 2018

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Does the cold‐water immersion (14°C) of profoundly hyperthermic individuals induce reductions in cutaneous and limb blood flow of sufficient magnitude to impair heat loss relative to the size of the thermal gradient?

What is the main finding and its importance?

The temperate‐water cooling (26°C) of profoundly hyperthermic individuals was found to be rapid and reproducible. A vascular mechanism accounted for that outcome, with temperature‐dependent differences in cutaneous and limb blood flows observed during cooling. Decisions relating to cooling strategies must be based upon deep‐body temperature measurements that have response dynamics consistent with the urgency for cooling.

Physiologically trivial time differences for cooling the intrathoracic viscera of hyperthermic individuals have been reported between cold‐ and temperate‐water immersion treatments. One explanation for that observation is reduced convective heat delivery to the skin during cold immersion, and this study was designed to test both the validity of that observation, and its underlying hypothesis. Eight healthy men participated in four head‐out water immersions: two when normothermic, and two after exercise‐induced, moderate‐to‐profound hyperthermia. Two water temperatures were used within each thermal state: temperate (26°C) and cold (14°C). Tissue temperatures were measured at three deep‐body sites (oesophagus, auditory canal and rectum) and eight skin surfaces, with cutaneous vascular responses simultaneously evaluated from both forearms (laser‐Doppler flowmetry and venous‐occlusion plethysmography). During the cold immersion of normothermic individuals, oesophageal temperature decreased relative to baseline (−0.31°C over 20 min; P < 0.05), whilst rectal temperature increased (0.20°C; P < 0.05). When rendered hyperthermic, oesophageal (−0.75°C) and rectal temperatures decreased (−0.05°C) during the transition period (<8.5 min, mostly in air at 22°C), with the former dropping to 37.5°C only 54 s faster when immersed in cold rather than in temperate water (P < 0.05). Minimal cutaneous vasoconstriction occurred during either normothermic immersion, whereas pronounced constriction was evident during both immersions when subjects were hyperthermic, with the colder water eliciting a greater vascular response (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the rapid intrathoracic cooling of asymptomatic, hyperthermic individuals in temperate water was a reproducible phenomenon, with slower than expected cooling in cold water brought about by stronger cutaneous vasoconstriction that reduced convective heat delivery to the periphery.
Effects of running exercise with increasing loads on tibialis anterior muscle fibres in mice
Authors: Ishihara Akihiko , Hirofuji Chiyoko , Nakatani Toshiaki , Itoh Kazuo , Itoh Minoru , Katsuta Shigeru
Published: January 2018

Cross‐sectional areas and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities of type identified fibres in the deep, middle and superficial regions of the tibialis anterior muscle in mice were examined after 4 weeks of voluntary running exercise with increasing loads. Nineteen‐week‐old male mice were assigned randomly to either a control or exercise group. The mean cross‐sectional areas of all types (IIa, IIx and IIb) of fibres in the superficial region of the muscle were greater in the exercise group than in the control group. The mean SDH activities of type IIx and type IIb fibres in the middle region and of all types (IIa, IIx and IIb) of fibres in the superficial region of the muscle were greater in the exercise group than in the control group. These results suggest that voluntary running exercise with increasing loads causes hypertrophy and/or an increase in the SDH activity of fibres in the specific muscle region where fibres with a high threshold and a low‐oxidative enzyme activity are distributed, and these fibres are recruited to adapt to changes in exercise conditions.
A toy model for the yield of a tamped fission bomb
Authors: Reed B. Cameron
Published: January 2018

A simple expression is developed for estimating the yield of a tamped fission bomb, that is, a basic nuclear weapon comprising a fissile core jacketed by a surrounding neutron-reflecting tamper. This expression is based on modeling the nuclear chain reaction as a geometric progression in combination with a previously published expression for the threshold-criticality condition for such a core. The derivation is especially straightforward, as it requires no knowledge of diffusion theory and should be accessible to students of both physics and policy. The calculation can be set up as a single page spreadsheet. Application to the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs of World War II gives results in reasonable accord with published yield estimates for these weapons.
Oscillations in a half-empty bottle
Authors: Bourges Andréane , Chardac Amélie , Caussarieu Aude , Plihon Nicolas , Taberlet Nicolas
Published: January 2018

When a half-empty bottle of water is pushed to roll on a flat surface, the oscillations of the fluid inside the bottle induce an overall jerky motion. These velocity fluctuations of the bottle are studied through simple laboratory experiments accessible to undergraduate students and can help them to grasp fundamental concepts in mechanics and hydrodynamics. We first demonstrate through an astute experiment that the rotation of the fluid and the bottle is decoupled. The equations of motion are then derived using a mechanical approach, while the hydrodynamics of the fluid motion is explained. Finally, the theory is tested against two benchmark experiments.
Self-focusing quantum states
Authors: Villanueva Anthony Allan D.
Published: January 2018

We discuss a class of solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation such that the position uncertainty temporarily decreases. This self-focusing or contractive behavior is a consequence of the anti-correlation of the position and momentum observables. Since the associated position density satisfies a continuity equation, upon contraction the probability current at a given fixed point may flow in the opposite direction of the group velocity of the wave packet. For definiteness, we consider a free particle incident from the left of the origin, and establish a condition for the initial position-momentum correlation such that a negative probability current at the origin is possible. This implies a decrease in the particle's detection probability in the region x > 0, and we calculate how long this occurs. Analogous results are obtained for a particle subject to a uniform gravitational force if we consider the particle approaching the turning point. We show that position-momentum anti-correlation may cause a negative probability current at the turning point, leading to a temporary decrease in the particle's detection probability in the classically forbidden region.
A software-based lock-in measurement for student laboratories
Authors: Chuss David T.
Published: January 2018

A student laboratory experiment is presented that introduces the concept of a lock-in measurement through the exploration of the relationship between the power detected from a modulated light source and the distance between the source and the detector. The lock-in measurement is done in software using time-ordered data for both the reference and the detector signals. The achievable experimental sensitivity is shown to increase by several orders of magnitude over the simple case without using modulation. In addition, the student becomes familiar with selected computational techniques pertinent to large data sets.
Acoustic nonreciprocity in Coriolis mean flow systems
Authors: Naghdi Masoud , Farzbod Farhad
Published: January 2018

One way to break acoustic reciprocity is to have a moving wave propagation medium. If the acoustic wave vector and the moving fluid velocity are collinear, the wave vector shift caused by the fluid flow can be used to break. In this paper, an alternative approach is investigated in which the fluid velocity enters the differential equation of the system as a cross product term with the wave vector. A circular field where the fluid velocity increases radially has a Coriolis acceleration term. In such a system, the acoustic wave enters from the central wall and exits from the perimeter wall. In this paper, the differential equation is solved numerically and the effect of fluid velocity on the nonreciprocity factor is examined.
Matcha Green Tea Drinks Enhance Fat Oxidation During Brisk Walking in Females
Authors: Willems Mark Elisabeth Theodorus , Şahin Mehmet Akif , Cook Matthew David
Published: January 2018

Intake of the catechin epigallocatechin gallate and caffeine has been shown to enhance exercise-induced fat oxidation. Matcha green tea powder contains catechins and caffeine and is consumed as a drink. We examined the effect of Matcha green tea drinks on metabolic, physiological, and perceived intensity responses during brisk walking. A total of 13 females (age: 27 ± 8 years, body mass: 65 ± 7 kg, height: 166 ± 6 cm) volunteered to participate in the study. Resting metabolic equivalent (1-MET) was measured using Douglas bags (1-MET: 3.4 ± 0.3 ml·kg−1·min−1). Participants completed an incremental walking protocol to establish the relationship between walking speed and oxygen uptake and individualize the walking speed at 5- or 6-MET. A randomized, crossover design was used with participants tested between Days 9 and 11 of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase). Participants consumed three drinks (each drink made with 1 g of Matcha premium grade; OMGTea Ltd., Brighton, UK) the day before and one drink 2 hr before the 30-min walk at 5- (n = 10) or 6-MET (walking speed: 5.8 ± 0.4 km/hr) with responses measured at 8–10, 18–20, and 28–30 min. Matcha had no effect on physiological and perceived intensity responses. Matcha resulted in lower respiratory exchange ratio (control: 0.84 ± 0.04; Matcha: 0.82 ± 0.04; p < .01) and enhanced fat oxidation during a 30-min brisk walk (control: 0.31 ± 0.10; Matcha: 0.35 ± 0.11 g/min; p < .01). Matcha green tea drinking can enhance exercise-induced fat oxidation in females. However, when regular brisk walking with 30-min bouts is being undertaken as part of a weight loss program, the metabolic effects of Matcha should not be overstated.
Using Contemporary Behavior Change Science to Design and Implement an Effective Nutritional Intervention Within Professional Rugby League
Authors: Costello Nessan , McKenna Jim , Sutton Louise , Deighton Kevin , Jones Ben
Published: January 2018

Designing and implementing successful dietary intervention is integral to the role of sport nutrition professionals as they attempt to positively change the dietary behavior of athletes. High-performance sport is a time-pressured environment where immediate results can often supersede pursuit of the most effective evidence-based practice. However, efficacious dietary intervention necessitates comprehensive, systematic, and theoretical behavioral design and implementation, if the habitual dietary behaviors of athletes are to be positively changed. Therefore, this case study demonstrates how the Behaviour Change Wheel was used to design and implement an effective nutritional intervention within a professional rugby league. The eight-step intervention targeted athlete consumption of a high-quality dietary intake of 25.1 MJ each day to achieve an overall body mass increase of 5 kg across a 12-week intervention period. The capability, opportunity, motivation, and behavior model and affordability, practicability, effectiveness/cost-effectiveness, acceptability, safety, and equity criteria were used to identify population-specific intervention functions, policy categories, behavior change techniques, and modes of intervention delivery. The resulting intervention was successful, increasing the average daily energy intake of the athlete to 24.5 MJ, which corresponded in a 6.2 kg body mass gain. Despite consuming 0.6 MJ less per day than targeted, secondary outcome measures of diet quality, strength, body composition, and immune function all substantially improved, supporting sufficient energy intake and the overall efficacy of a behavioral approach. Ultimately, the Behaviour Change Wheel provides sport nutrition professionals with an effective and practical stepwise method to design and implement effective nutritional interventions for use within high-performance sport.
Effects of Coffee Components on Muscle Glycogen Recovery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Loureiro Laís Monteiro Rodrigues , Reis Caio Eduardo Gonçalves , da Costa Teresa Helena Macedo
Published: January 2018

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, and it can improve insulin sensitivity, stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle when adequate carbohydrate intake is observed. The aim of this review is to analyze the effects of coffee and coffee components on muscle glycogen metabolism. A literature search was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, and seven studies were included, that explored the effects of coffee components on various substances and signaling proteins. In one of the studies with humans, caffeine was shown to increase glucose levels, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation, glycogen resynthesis rates, and glycogen accumulation after exercise. After intravenous injection of caffeine in rats, caffeine increased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation, and glucose transport. In in vitro studies, caffeine raised AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, increasing glucose transport activity and reducing energy status in rat muscle cells. Cafestol and caffeic acid increased insulin secretion in rat beta cells and glucose uptake into human muscle cells. Caffeic acid also increased AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, reducing the energy status and increasing glucose uptake in rat muscle cells. Chlorogenic acid did not show any positive or negative effect. The findings from this review must be taken with caution due to the limited number of studies on the subject. In conclusion, various coffee components had a neutral or positive role in the metabolism of glucose and muscle glycogen, whereas no detrimental effect was described. Coffee beverages should be tested as an option for athletes’ glycogen recovery.
Running Mechanics and Metabolic Responses With Water Bottles and Bottle Belt Holders
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Zdziarski Laura A. , Fallgatter Kyle , Negron Giorgio , Chen Cong , Leavitt Trevor , Horodyski MaryBeth , Wasser Joseph G. , Vincent Kevin R.
Published: January 2018

Purpose: To determine whether differential kinematics, kinetics, rates of energy use, and cardiopulmonary responses occur during running with water bottles and bottle belt holders compared with running only. Methods: Trained runners (N = 42; age 27.2 [6.4] y) ran on an instrumented treadmill for 4 conditions in a randomized order: control run (CON), handheld full water bottle (FULL; 16.9 fluid oz; 454 g), handheld half-full water bottle (HALF; 8.4 fluid oz; 227 g), and waist-worn bottle belt holder (BELT; hydration belt; 676 g). Gas exchange was measured using a portable gas analyzer. Kinetic and kinematic responses were determined by standard 3-dimensional videographic techniques. Interactions of limb side (right and left) by study condition (CON, FULL, HALF, and BELT) were tested for rates of oxygen use and energy expenditure and kinematic and kinetic parameters. Results: No significant limb-side × condition interactions existed for rates of oxygen use or energy expenditure. A significant interaction occurred with sagittal elbow flexion (P < .001). Transverse pelvic-rotation excursions differed on average 3.8° across conditions. The minimum sagittal hip-flexion moment was higher in the right leg in the HALF and BELT conditions compared with CON (P < .001). Conclusions: Carrying water by hand or on the waist does not significantly change the kinematics of running motion, rates of oxygen use and energy expenditure, or cardiopulmonary measures over short durations. Runners likely make adjustments to joint moments and powers that preserve balance and protect the lower-extremity joints while maintaining rates of oxygen use and energy expenditure.
The Effect of Preceding Race Efforts on Pacing and Short-Track Speed Skating Performance
Authors: Konings Marco J. , Hettinga Florentina J.
Published: January 2018

Purpose: To examine whether preceding high-intensity race efforts in a competitive weekend affect pacing behavior and performance in elite short-track speed skaters. Methods: Finishing and intermediate lap times were gathered from 500-, 1000-, and 1500-m short-track speed skating world cups during the seasons 2011–2016. The effect of preceding races on pacing behavior and performance was explored using 2 studies. Study I: The effect of competing in extra races due to the repechage (Rep) system, leading to an increased number of high-intensity race efforts prior to the subsequent main tournament race, was explored (500-m, n = 32; 1000-m, n = 34; and 1500-m, n = 47). Study II: The performance of skaters over the tournament days was evaluated (500-m, n = 129; 1000-m, n = 54; and 1500-m, n = 114). For both analytic approaches, a 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess differences in pacing and performance within skaters over the races. Results: An additional number of preceding high-intensity race efforts due to the Rep system reduced the qualification percentage in the first main tournament race for the next stage of competition in all events (500-m, direct qualification = 57.3%, Rep = 25.0%; 1000-m, direct = 44.2%, Rep = 28.3%; and 1500-m, direct = 27.1%, Rep = 18.2%) and led to a decreased pace in the initial 2 laps of the 500-m event. By contrast, tournament day (Saturday vs Sunday) only affected the pacing behavior of female skaters during the 1500-m event. Conclusion: High-intensity race efforts earlier in the day affected pacing and performance of elite skaters, whereas the effect of high-intensity race efforts from the previous day seemed to be only marginal.
Differential Gait Patterns by History of Falls and Knee Pain Status in Healthy Older Adults: Results From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Ko Seung-uk , Jerome Gerald J. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Studenski Stephanie , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: January 2018

Consideration of knee pain can be crucial for identifying fall-related gait patterns. While walking, gait parameters at usual speed were examined in persons with different falls and knee pain status. A total of 439 adults aged 60–92 years participated in this study. Persons with a history of falls had a wider stride width (p = .036) and longer double support time (p = .034) than nonfallers. In the absence of knee pain, fallers had longer double support time than nonfallers (p = .012), but no differences in double support time by history of falls were observed in participants with knee pain. With slower gait speed, fallers with knee pain have narrower stride width and larger hip range of motion (p = .027 and p = .001, respectively). Results suggest the importance of considering knee pain in fall studies for better understanding the fall-related differential gait mechanisms and for designing fall prevention intervention strategies.
Physical Activity and Sitting Time Are Specifically Associated With Multiple Chronic Diseases and Medicine Intake in Brazilian Older Adults
Authors: Ribeiro Alex S. , Pereira Luiz C. , Silva Danilo R.P. , Santos Leandro dos , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Teixeira Denilson C. , Cyrino Edilson S. , Guedes Dartagnan P.
Published: January 2018

The purpose of the study was to clarify the independent association between sedentary behavior and physical activity with multiple chronic diseases and medicine intake in older individuals. Sedentary behavior and physical activity were measured by questionnaires. Diseases and medication use were self-reported. Poisson’s regression was adopted for main analysis, through crude and adjusted prevalence ratio and confidence interval of 95%. For men, sedentary time >4 hr/day presented a 76% higher prevalence of ≥2 chronic diseases, while physical inactivity increases the likelihood of using ≥2 medicines in 95%. For women, sedentary behavior >4 hr/day presented an 82% and 43% greater prevalence for ≥2 chronic diseases and the intake of ≥2 medicines, respectively. Sedentary behavior represents an independent associated factor of multiple chronic diseases in older men and women. In addition, inactivity for men and sedentarism for women are associated with the amount of medicine intake.
Saigas on the brink: Multidisciplinary analysis of the factors influencing mass mortality events
Authors: Kock Richard A. , Orynbayev Mukhit , Robinson Sarah , Zuther Steffen , Singh Navinder J. , Beauvais Wendy , Morgan Eric R. , Kerimbayev Aslan , Khomenko Sergei , Martineau Henny M. , Rystaeva Rashida , Omarova Zamira , Wolfs Sara , Hawotte Florent , Radoux Julien , Milner-Gulland Eleanor J.
Published: January 2018

An opportunistic bacterial infection preceded by weather of unusually high humidity and temperature caused mass death of saigas.
Limited contribution of ancient methane to surface waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea shelf
Authors: Sparrow Katy J. , Kessler John D. , Southon John R. , Garcia-Tigreros Fenix , Schreiner Kathryn M. , Ruppel Carolyn D. , Miller John B. , Lehman Scott J. , Xu Xiaomei
Published: January 2018

Ancient methane emitted to Arctic Ocean shelf waters is largely prevented from reaching the atmosphere.
‘Liquid biopsy’ for cancer promises earlydetection
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: January 2018

Combining DNA and protein markers brings researchers closer to a universal cancer screening test.
Rochester roiled by fallout from sexual harassment case
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: January 2018

Report supports university's handling of explosive charges involving linguist T. Florian Jaeger, but president bows out.
A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil
Authors: Delgado-Baquerizo Manuel , Oliverio Angela M. , Brewer Tess E. , Benavent-González Alberto , Eldridge David J. , Bardgett Richard D. , Maestre Fernando T. , Singh Brajesh K. , Fierer Noah
Published: January 2018

A global map of soil bacteria

Soil bacteria play key roles in regulating terrestrial carbon dynamics, nutrient cycles, and plant productivity. However, the natural histories and distributions of these organisms remain largely undocumented. Delgado-Baquerizo
et al.
provide a survey of the dominant bacterial taxa found around the world. In soil collections from six continents, they found that only 2% of bacterial taxa account for nearly half of the soil bacterial communities across the globe. These dominant taxa could be clustered into ecological groups of co-occurring bacteria that share habitat preferences. The findings will allow for a more predictive understanding of soil bacterial diversity and distribution.

Science
, this issue p.
320
Quantum liquids get thin
Authors: Ferrier-Barbut Igor , Pfau Tilman
Published: January 2018

A mix of two bosonic particles develops attractive forces to create a quantum liquid
A bacterial coat that is not pure cotton
Authors: Galperin Michael Y. , Shalaeva Daria N.
Published: January 2018

Biofilms formed by
E. coli
and
Salmonella
contain a new form of modified cellulose
The 1918 flu, 100 years later
Authors: Belser Jessica A. , Tumpey Terrence M.
Published: January 2018

Combating a disease of unknown cause is a daunting task. One hundred years ago, a pandemic of poorly understood etiology and transmissibility spread worldwide, causing an estimated 50 million deaths. Initially attributed to
Haemophilus influenzae
, it was not until the 1930s that an H1 subtype was identified as the causative strain. Subsequent influenza pandemics in 1957, 1968, and 2009 did not approach levels of morbidity and mortality comparable to those of the 1918 “Spanish flu,” leaving unanswered for almost a century questions regarding the extraordinary virulence and transmissibility of this unique strain. Technological advances made reconstruction of the 1918 virus possible; now, continued research, vaccine development, and preparedness are essential to ensure that such a devastating public health event is not repeated.
Quantitative Analysis of Gentamicin Exposure in Neonates and Infants Calls into Question Its Current Dosing Recommendations
Authors: van Donge Tamara , Pfister Marc , Bielicki Julia , Csajka Chantal , Rodieux Frederique , van den Anker John , Fuchs Aline
Published: January 2018

Optimal dosing of gentamicin in neonates is still a matter of debate despite its common use. We identified gentamicin dosing regimens from eight international guidelines and seven Swiss neonatal intensive care units. The dose per administration, the dosing interval, the total daily dose, and the demographic characteristics between guidelines were compared. There was considerable variability with respect to dose (4 to 6 mg/kg), dosing interval (24 h to 48 h), total daily dose (2.5 to 6 mg/kg/day), and patient demographic characteristics that were used to calculate individualized dosing regimens. A model-based simulation study in 1071 neonates was performed to determine the achievement of efficacious peak gentamicin concentrations according to predefined MICs (Cmax/MIC ≥ 10) and safe trough concentrations (Cmin≤ 2 mg/liter) with recommended dosing regimens. MIC targets of 0.5 and 1 mg/liter were used. Dosing optimization was performed giving priority to the first day of treatment and with the goal of simplifying dosing. Current gentamicin neonatal guidelines allow to achieve effective peak concentrations for MICs ≤ 0.5 mg/liter but not higher. Model-based simulations indicate that to attain peak gentamicin concentrations of ≥10 mg/liter, a dose of 7.5 mg/kg should be administered using an extended dosing interval regimen. Trough concentrations of ≤2 mg/liter can be maintained with a dosing interval of 36 to 48 h in neonates according to gestational and postnatal age. For treatment beyond 3 days, therapeutic drug monitoring is advised to maintain adequate serum concentrations.
Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Bivalve Shellfish in Italy
Authors: La Rosa G. , Purpari G. , Guercio A. , Di Bella S. , Gucciardi F. , Proroga Y. T. R. , Pisanu M. , Della Libera S. , Iaconelli M. , Suffredini E.
Published: January 2018

Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been shown to be a common cause of respiratory infections and gastroenteritis in children. Recently, HBoVs have been detected in sewage and river waters in Italy and worldwide. However, studies on their presence in other water environments and in bivalve mollusks are not yet available. In this study, 316 bivalve shellfish samples collected in three Italian regions over a 6-year period (2012 to 2017) were analyzed by nested PCR and sequencing using broad-range primer pairs targeting the capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 of HBoV. The virus was detected in 27 samples (8.5% of the total samples), and a statistically significant difference was found within the three regions. A further 13 samples, collected in geographic and temporal proximity to positive samples, were included in the study to assess the spread of HBoV in shellfish production areas at the time of contamination. Twelve of these additional samples were found to be positive for HBoV. All positive samples in this study were characterized as HBoV species 2 (17 samples; 8 different sequences) or species 3 (22 samples; 4 different sequences). This study reports the occurrence of HBoV in bivalve shellfish and shows evidence of considerable spatial spread of the virus throughout shellfish production areas. Further studies are needed to elucidate both the role of HBoV as an agent of gastroenteritis and the risk for foodborne transmission of this virus.

IMPORTANCE
Human bocavirus is recognized as an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections and has recently been considered an etiological agent of gastroenteritis in the pediatric population. Our findings document that HBoVs are detected in bivalve shellfish with a relevant prevalence and suggest that an assessment of the risk for foodborne transmission of these viruses should be undertaken.