bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel silicon detectors in ALICE at the LHC: The ITS3 and ALICE 3 upgrades
Authors: Sanna Isabella
Published: June 2024

The ALICE experiment is preparing for the ITS3 upgrade, which is set to take place during the LHC Long Shutdown 3. The aim of this upgrade is to replace the three innermost tracking layers with truly cylindrical wafer-scale Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS). By adopting this innovative technology, ALICE will further reduce the material budget and the distance from the interaction point, thus significantly improving its tracking and vertexing capabilities. The R&D program for ITS3 includes several advancements, such as operability of bent MAPS, validation of the 65 nm CMOS technology, and employment of the stitching process to produce wafer-scale sensors. In addition to the ITS3 upgrade, ALICE is designing a completely new apparatus, ALICE 3, planned for LHC Runs 5 and 6. The detector consists of a large MAPS-based tracking system covering eight units of pseudorapidity, complemented by multiple systems for particle identification, including silicon time-of-flight layers, a ring-imaging Cherenkov detector, a muon identification system, and an electromagnetic calorimeter. The vertex detector is based on an evolution of the ITS3 concept aiming at a track pointing resolution of better than 10 μm for tranverse momenta above 200 MeV/c through the integration of the tracking layers in a retractable structure inside the beam pipe. In this proceeding the detector concept of these upgrades is described, together with their physics motivations and R&D status and achievements.
Overview of the NA60+ experiment at the CERN SPS
Authors: Alocco Giacomo
Published: June 2024

NA60+ is a new experiment designed to study the phase diagram of the strongly interacting matter at CERN SPS energies, where the values of the baryochemical potential μB approximately range between 200 and 550 MeV. It is focused on precision studies of thermal dimuons, heavy quarks, and strangeness production in Pb–Pb collisions at center of mass energies ranging from 6 to 17 GeV per nucleon pair. In this paper the apparatus concept and the physics reach will be discussed.
Resolving medium properties using high-pT jets with jet and in-jet correlations in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV with the CMS detector
Authors: Viinikainen Jussi
Published: June 2024

Even though the quark-gluon plasma produced in high-energy heavy ion collisions has been studied in detail for years, there are still properties that are not known to a good precision. One example of such property is the medium resolution length, which is related to the smallest angle of emission where the medium can still resolve the daughter particles as individual particles. This can be probed for example through the energy-energy correlator. The medium resolution length has implications for parton energy loss, since two particles will emit energy more vigorously compared to one. Also other details of the parton energy loss, like the path-length dependency, could use precision measurements to provide better discriminating power between available theoretical models. Jets are a good observable to experimentally tackle these questions. In this talk, we present recent, high-precision CMS jet measurements in lead-lead collisions at √SNN = 5.02 TeV aimed to explore the properties of the quark-gluon plasma.
Large isospin symmetry violation in kaon production?
Authors: Brylinski Wojciech
Published: June 2024

The recent measurements of kaon production in Ar+Sc collisions at 75A GeV/c (√SNN = 11.94 GeV) performed by NA61/SHINE at the CERN SPS resulted in determining the ratio of charged to neutral kaons to be 1.26 ± 0.06. The result, well above unity, cannot be explained by models accounting for known isospin symmetry violating processes. This contribution will present the experimental details of this intriguing result. It will also compare it to the world data on charged to neutral kaon ratio in nucleus-nucleus collisions.
Study of a longitudinally expanding plasma with the 2PI effective action
Authors: Gelis François , Hauksson Sigtryggur
Published: June 2024

A central question in heavy-ion collisions is how the initial far-from-equilibrium medium evolves and thermalizes while it undergoes a rapid longitudinal expansion. In this work we use the two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action for the first time to consider this question, focusing on ϕ4 scalar theory truncated at three loops. We calculate the momentum distribution of quasiparticles in the medium and show that isotropization takes place. We furthermore consider the thermal mass of quasiparticles and the importance of number-changing processes.
Far-off-equilibrium early-stage dynamics in high-energy nuclear collisions
Authors: Chattopadhyay Chandrodoy , Heinz Ulrich , Schäfer Thomas
Published: June 2024

We explore the far-off-equilibrium aspects of the (1+1)-dimensional early-stage evolution of a weakly-coupled quark-gluon plasma using kinetic theory and hydrodynamics. For a large set of far-off-equilibrium initial conditions the system exhibits a peculiar phenomenon where its total equilibrium entropy decreases with time. Using a non-equilibrium definition of entropy based on Boltzmann’s H-function, we demonstrate how this apparently anomalous behavior is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. We also use the H-function to formulate ‘maximum-entropy’ hydrodynamics, a far-offequilibrium macroscopic theory that can describe both free-streaming and nearequilibrium regimes of quark-gluon plasma in a single framework.
Charge-dependent anisotropic flow in relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic expansion
Authors: Nakamura Kouki , Miyoshi Takahiro , Nonaka Chiho , Takahashi Hiroyuki
Published: June 2024

We construct a dynamical model for high-energy heavy-ion collisions based on the relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic framework. Using the code, we investigate the charge-dependent anisotropic flow in √SNN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions and Cu+Au collisions at RHIC. We conclude that the charge-dependent anisotropic flow is a good probe to extract the electrical conductivity of QGP medium.
Measurements of p − Λ and d − Λ correlations in 3 GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR
Authors: Hu Yu
Published: June 2024

Heavy-ion collisions provide a unique opportunity to explore nucleon-hyperon (N-Y) interactions through two-particle correlations. The p − Λ and d − Λ correlations shed light on both N-Y two-body and N-N-Y three-body interactions, which is crucial for understanding neutron star properties. We present the high precision measurement of p − Λ and the first measurement of d − Λ correlation with √SNN = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR. Using the Lednicky-Lyuboshitz formalism, we characterized emission source size, the scattering length (f0), and the effective range (d0) of p − Λ and d − Λ interactions. Using the f0 and d0 extracted from two spin states in d − Λ correlation, the parameters from the doublet state indicate the hypertriton binding energy is consistent with the current average of world measurements.
Measurement of charged and full jet production and nuclear modification factor in pp and p–Pb collisions with ALICE
Authors: Schmier Austin
Published: June 2024

The study of jet production in small collision systems is essential for testing our understanding of perturbative and non perturbative QCD and cold nuclear matter (CNM) effects. In addition, studies at high multiplicity in small collision systems exhibit signatures of collectivity, which is still not fully understood within a unified picture across system size. Jet quenching in small systems is not observed within current measurement precision, calling for more precise jet measurements. Results of charged particle and fully reconstructed jet production in pp and p-Pb collisions are presented at √SNN = 5.02 and 8 TeV, along with the corresponding nuclear modification factor RpPb at √SNN = 5.02 TeV. These results are the most precise measurements of the RpPb by ALICE to date. To investigate whether jet energy is redistributed in CNM, the crosssection ratios for different jet resolution parameters (R) are compared between pp and p–Pb collisions, as well as within each collision system. Finally, comparisons between data and model predictions are discussed. This result extends previous LHC measurements to lower jet transverse momentum, constraining hard parton production and fragmentation mechanisms applied in model calculations, and the impact of the nuclear-modified parton distribution function on jet production. This measurement also provides new constraints on jet quenching in small collision systems.
First global study of super dense gluonic matter with UPCs by ALICE
Authors: Ragoni Simone
Published: June 2024

ALICE was the first experimental collaboration observing a moderate nuclear suppression down to low Bjorken-x in lead nuclei using coherent J/ψ photoproduction. In this contribution, we present new results extending the studies of the photonuclear cross section by covering the Bjorken-x interval of 1.1 · 10−5 < x < 3.3 · 10−2, corresponding to the photon-nuclear energies 17 < WγPb,n < 920 GeV. This is achieved by using multiple methods to extract the energy dependence, including new results on the forward neutron emission accompanying the coherent photoproduction process. These new results, combined with ALICE measurements of J/ψ off a proton target, probe the gluonic structure of the lead nuclei at the lowest Bjorken-x possible with any current experiment, challenging both gluon saturation and shadowing models to describe the data.
Dermatomyositis, Antisynthetase-Syndrom und immunvermittelte
nekrotisierende Myopathie
Authors: Holzer Marie-Therese , Krusche Martin , Kötter Ina
Published: June 2024

Die inflammatorischen Myopathien werden heutzutage anhand von Klinik, Biopsie und
Antikörperstatus genauer gegliedert. Zumeist sind sowohl die Dermatomyositis,
das Antisynthetase-Syndrom (ASyS) und die Immunvermittelte nekrotisierende
Myopathie (IMNM) durch proximale Muskelschwäche gekennzeichnet, wobei jedoch
einige Entitäten auch amyopathisch verlaufen können. Je nach vorliegender
Antikörperart kann die Dermatomyositis jeweils unterschiedliche Manifestationen
aufweisen, wobei die interstitielle Lungenerkrankung (ILD) als häufigste
extramuskuläre Beteiligung zu erwähnen ist. Ein besonderes Augenmerk sollte auf
das Tumorscreening bei Vorliegen entsprechender Risikofaktoren, wie
beispielsweise bei anti-TIF1γ oder anti-NXP2-positivem Antikörperstatus bei
Erwachsenen, gelegt werden. Die IMNMs sind bekanntermaßen mit einer
Statinexposition assoziiert, allerdings sollte bedacht werden, dass eine
Statinexposition nicht zwingend nötig ist, um eine IMNM zu entwickeln. Das ASyS
präsentiert sich regulär mit einer Triade aus Myositis, Arthritis und ILD,
welche jedoch nicht immer vorliegen muss. Therapeutisch unterscheiden sich die
drei Gruppen initial nicht. Eine überbrückende Prednisolontherapie (je nach
Schweregrad oral oder intravenös) wird initiiert und je nach Grunderkrankung und
Organbeteiligung parallel eine steroidsparende Erhaltungstherapie etabliert.
Eine ergänzende Physiotherapie sowie bei Bedarf auch Ergo- oder Logopädie sind
wichtige Bausteine der Therapie und sollten frühzeitig begonnen werden.
Methodenvergleich zur Überwachung des Säuren-Basen-Status in
Milchviehherden
Authors: Gärtner Tanja , Reinhold Petra , Donat Karsten
Published: June 2024

Gegenstand und Ziel Störungen des Säuren-Basen-Status (SBS) in
Milchviehbeständen lassen sich durch die Bestimmung der
Netto-Säuren-Basen-Ausscheidung (NSBA) im Harn diagnostizieren. Modifikationen
dieser Methode sind die differenzierte NSBA (dNSBA) mit Bestimmung des
harnkonzentrationsunabhängigen Basen-Säuren-Quotienten (BSQ) und der
vereinfachte NSBA-Siebtest. Ziel dieser Studie war es, diese Methoden sowohl
untereinander als auch als Pooluntersuchung in ihrer Beurteilung des SBS von
Kuhgruppen zu vergleichen und daraus Empfehlungen für die Praxis abzuleiten.

Tiere, Material und Methoden Aus Harnproben von 855 Deutsch-Holstein-Kühen
in 127 Kuhgruppen verschiedener Laktationsstadien wurden die Konzentrationen der
NSBA, der dNSBA und der Siebtest-NSBA gemessen sowie der BSQ berechnet; dNSBA
und BSQ wurden einzeln und als Pool einer Gruppe bestimmt. In gemischten
linearen Modellen wurden für diese beiden Parameter die Beziehung zwischen dem
Mittelwert der Einzeltierwerte und dem Ergebnis der Poolprobenuntersuchung einer
Gruppe untersucht. Zudem wurden alle Gruppen anhand ihrer Einzeltierergebnisse
der jeweiligen Methoden, den daraus gebildeten Mittelwerten und des Messwertes
im Pool hinsichtlich azidotischer oder alkalotischer Belastung beurteilt und
unter Nutzung des Einzeltier-BSQ als Referenz die Sensitivität und Spezifität
der verschiedenen Methoden berechnet.

Ergebnisse Die Mittelwerte der Einzelmessungen von dNSBA und BSQ
unterschieden sich insbesondere in den Grenzbereichen vom Messwert in der
Poolprobe. In der Gruppenbeurteilung zeigte die NSBA die beste kombinierte
Sensitivität und Spezifität zur Erkennung von Störungen des SBS. Die
dNSBA-Pooluntersuchung zeigte eine gute Spezifität hinsichtlich Azidose und
Alkalose, während der NSBA-Siebtest auf Einzeltierbasis und die BSQ-Bestimmung
im Pool eine gute Sensitivität hinsichtlich Azidose aufwiesen.

Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz Es zeigte sich, dass die NSBA
auf Einzeltierbasis gut zur Beurteilung des SBS von Kuhgruppen geeignet ist und
daher für den Praxiseinsatz empfohlen werden kann. Die Bestimmung der dNSBA
sowie des BSQ als Pooluntersuchung ist nicht ausreichend zur Erkennung
alkalotisch belasteter Kuhgruppen, kann aber zur Bestätigung einer vorliegenden
azidotischen Last beitragen.
Sex and Equipment Impact on Lifting Velocity and the Maximum
Repetitions in Bench Press
Authors: Pérez-Castilla Alejandro , Martínez-Rubio Carlos , Baena-Raya Andrés , Díez-Fernández David M. , Hernández-Martínez Alba , Rodríguez-Pérez Manuel Antonio
Published: June 2024

This study investigated how equipment and sex affect the prediction accuracy of
the maximum number of repetitions performed to failure (RTF) using the fastest
mean velocity of the set (MVfastest). Sixteen men and twelve women
completed four sessions (two using free-weight equipment and two sessions using
the Smith machine). Each session involved three sets of repetitions to failure
against the 65%, 75%, and 85% of the one-repetition maximum, interspersed by
10-min of rest. The goodness-of-fit of the individualized
RTF-MVfastest relationships was comparable between both equipment
types and sexes (P≥0.510). Moreover, there were not significant
differences in the MVfastest associated with RTF between equipment
types (P≥0.258). However, the MVfastest associated with RTF
was higher for men than for women in repetitions 6 to 15 (P≤0.043;
ES≥0.69). In addition, the absolute errors when predicting RTF showed no
significant differences between equipment types and loads (P<0.444).
Specifically, these RTF estimates were within an acceptable range for men (<2
repetitions), but not for women (≥2 repetitions) (main effect of sex:
P≤0.018; ES≥0.58). These findings suggest that individualized
RTF-MVfastest equations estimate the RTF with an acceptable
precision in men during bench press exercises in both equipment types but
exhibit lower precision for women.
When Are Pregnant Patients Receiving Tranexamic Acid during Delivery Hospitalization in the United States?
Authors: Whitley Julia , Miran Seyedeh A. , Ma Phillip , Saade George , Roberts Ian , Ahmadzia Homa K.
Published: June 2024

Objective The World Health Organization recommends tranexamic acid (TXA) in the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). However, the role of TXA in PPH prevention and the optimal timing of TXA administration remain unknown. Our objective was to describe the timing of TXA administration, differences in timing of TXA administration by mode of delivery, and current trends in TXA administration in the United States.

Study Design We conducted a descriptive study of trends in TXA administration using the Cerner Real-World Database. We identified 1,544,712 deliveries occurring at greater than 24 weeks' gestation from January 1, 2016, to February 21, 2023. Demographic data were collected including gestational age, mode of delivery, and comorbidities. The timing of TXA administration and differences in TXA timing by mode of delivery were also collected.

Results In our cohort, 21,433 patients (1.39%) received TXA. The majority of patients who received TXA were between ages 25 and 34 years old (55.3%), White (60.7%), and delivered between 37 and 416/7 weeks (81.4%). The TXA group had a higher prevalence of medical comorbidities including obesity (32.9 vs. 19.0%, p < 0.00001), preeclampsia (19.6 vs. 6.81%, p < 0.00001), and pregestational diabetes (3.27 vs. 1.36%, p < 0.00001). Among women who received TXA, 15.4% received it within 3 hours before delivery. Among patients who received TXA after delivery, 23.6% received TXA within 3 hours after delivery, whereas 35.7% received TXA between 10 and 24 hours after delivery. A total of 80.4% of patients who received TXA before delivery had a cesarean delivery.

Conclusion While TXA is most commonly administered after delivery, many patients are receiving TXA prior to delivery in the United States without clear evidence to guide the timing of administration. A randomized trial is urgently needed to determine the safety and efficacy of TXA when administered prior to delivery.

Key Points
Mental Health Support and Screening for Mood Disorders for Caregivers in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Is the Call to Arms Being Answered?
Authors: Lagoski Megan , Soghier Lamia , Lagata Joanne , Shivers Miller , Sadler Erin , Fischer Elizabeth , Borschuk Adrienne , House Melissa ,   Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium Perinatal Mood Anxiety Disorder Focus Group
Published: June 2024

Objective Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) affect many neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) parents and are a significant risk factor for maternal suicide. Lack of screening and treatment interferes with infant development and bonding, compounding risks in fragile infants. We aim to describe PMAD screening in level IV NICUs across the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium (CHNC) and to determine the relationship between standardized screening and mental health professionals (MHPs) presence.

Study Design We surveyed experts at 44 CHNC NICUs about PMADs screening practices and presence of NICU-specific MHPs. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to examine relationships.

Results Of 44 centers, 34 (77%) responded. Fourteen centers (41%) perform screening with validated tools. Thirteen (38%) centers have NICU-dedicated psychologists. Formally screening centers tend to have higher cumulative MHPs (p = 0.089) than informally screening centers. Repeat screening practices were highly variable with no difference in the number of cumulative MHPs.

Conclusion Screening practices for PMADs vary across CHNC centers; less than half have additional MHPs beyond social workers. Creating a sustainable model to detect PMADs likely requires more MHPs in NICUs.

Key Points
Antibacterial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide and Zinc Oxide Combined with Several Solutions against Enterococcus faecalis Growth
Authors: Abdullah Syatirah-Najmi , Zaki Wan Nur Faizatulakmal Wan Ahmad , Mansor Syarifah Musyirah Qistina Sayed , Al-Kadhim Aws Hashim Ali , Ghafar Siti Aisyah Abd , Hanafiah Rohazila Mohamad
Published: June 2024

Objective This study aims to compare the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide (CaOH) and zinc oxide (ZnO) when incorporated with other solutions such as 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 1% povidone-iodine (PVP-I), and sterilized distilled water (ddH2O) against Enterococcus faecalis.

Materials and Methods The materials were prepared by mixing CaOH and ZnO with other solutions (CHX, PVP-I, NaOCl, and ddH2O) separately. The antibacterial activity of CaOH and ZnO mixtures against E. faecalis was done by using disk diffusion assay (DDA). Twofold serial dilutions of the mixtures were used against E. faecalis to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Biofilm inhibition of E. faecalis had been measured by using crystal violet assay.

Statistical Analysis The quantitative data of this study had been analyzed by using two-way analysis of variance with software SPSS version 27. The result is considered as significant if the value of analysis is p-value less than 0.05.

Results From the DDA results, the lowest zone of inhibition toward E. faecalis was CaOH-PVP-I (6.00 ± 0.00 mm), while the highest zone of inhibition toward E. faecalis was CaOH-CHX (22.73 ± 0.02 mm). Besides that, ZnO-PVP-I showed the lowest zone of inhibition (16.50 ± 0.06 mm), while ZnO-CHX showed the highest zone of inhibition (18.30 ± 0.08 mm) against E. faecalis. The MIC and MBC values of CaOH-CHX and ZnO-CHX were 0.78 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. In biofilm assay, CaOH-CHX and ZnO-CHX were reduced biofilm formation of E. Faecalis.

Conclusion Both CaOH-CHX and ZnO-CHX showed the highest antimicrobial activities toward E. faecalis. CaOH and ZnO alone showed no antimicrobial activities against E. faecalis.
SCN8A Encephalopathy with a Significant Long-Term Response to Lacosamide
Authors: Yokoyama Azusa , Nakamura Takuji , Ichinose Fumio , Miya Fuyuki , Kato Mitsuhiro , Matsuo Muneaki
Published: June 2024

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy associated with SCN8A variants (i.e., SCN8A encephalopathy) causes early-onset epilepsy, involuntary movements, hypotonia, and developmental delay. Sodium channel blockers are effective for treating SCN8A encephalopathy; however, the long-term effects are unknown. Herein, we report the long-term efficacy of lacosamide (LCM) treatment in a patient with SCN8A encephalopathy. Our patient, a 7-year-old girl, presented with a hyperekplexia-like excessive startle response, drug-resistant epilepsy with sinus arrest, and prolonged respiratory failure during the neonatal period. The patient was diagnosed with SCN8A encephalopathy caused by a de novo pathogenic variant of SCN8A: c.3979A > G; p.Ile1327Val. The patient experienced tonic clustered seizures daily, with dramatic responses to high doses of LCM, lasting approximately 3 years.
Machine translation of Chinese classical poetry: a comparison among ChatGPT, Google Translate, and DeepL Translator
Authors: Gao Ruiyao , Lin Yumeng , Zhao Nan , Cai Zhenguang G.
Published: June 2024

Recent studies have highlighted ChatGPT’s remarkable capabilities in machine translation. However, little attention has been paid to its application in literary translation, particularly within the realm of Chinese classical poetry. To explore the potential of ChatGPT’s abilities in poetry translation, we conducted a comparative analysis of poetry translation quality, contrasting ChatGPT (with two different prompts) with Google Translate and DeepL Translator regarding fidelity, fluency, language style, and machine translation style. The results revealed that ChatGPT outperformed Google Translate and DeepL Translator in all evaluation criteria, suggesting its exceptional ability in poetry translation. Furthermore, when employing a prompt that instructs ChatGPT to preserve the rhythm and rhyme of poems, ChatGPT demonstrated a remarkable ability to retain the beauty of the original poetic language, setting itself apart from conventional machine translation systems. Our analysis further elucidated ChatGPT’s proficiency in comprehending and translating some common symbols, imagery, and underlined semantic components which contributes to coherent and fluent translations. Our research opens up ChatGPT’s new possibilities in translating ancient literary texts into foreign languages.
Students’ structured conceptualizations of teamwork in multidisciplinary student teams using concept maps
Authors: van Woerden Roosmarijn , van Goch Merel M. , van der Tuin Iris , Schruijer Sandra G. L.
Published: June 2024

The design of effective teamwork teaching and learning for multidisciplinary student teams is subject to debate both in research as well as in practice. As researchers and educators, we need to understand the context in which students learn by understanding their experiences and their own conceptualizations of teamwork in multidisciplinary student teams, because that is the frame of reference in which they operate. Using a concept mapping method we aggregated student concept maps of their own teamwork, to understand student conceptualizations of teamwork. The results show that students identify four distinct clusters, the ‘interaction’ cluster, the ‘trust’ cluster, the ‘conflict/divergence’ cluster and the ‘innovation’ cluster. These clusters are strongly connected within themselves, but very weakly connected between clusters. What may be gathered from this is that students see four distinct aspects of teamwork, that have their own inner dynamics, but that is less clear to them how these different clusters influence or mediate each other.
Clinical named entity recognition for percutaneous coronary intervention surgical information with hybrid neural network
Authors: Wang Li , Zheng Yuhang , Chen Yi , Xu Hongzeng , Li Feng
Published: June 2024

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become a vital treatment approach for coronary artery disease, but the clinical data of PCI cannot be directly utilized due to its unstructured characteristics. The existing clinical named entity recognition (CNER) has been used to identify specific entities such as body parts, drugs, and diseases, but its specific potential in PCI clinical texts remains largely unexplored. How to effectively use CNER to deeply mine the information in the existing PCI clinical records is worth studying. In this paper, a total of 24 267 corpora are collected from the Cardiovascular Disease Treatment Center of the People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province in China. We select three types of clinical record texts of fine-grained PCI surgical information, from which 5.8% of representative surgical records of PCI patients are selected as datasets for labeling. To fully utilize global information and multi-level semantic features, we design a novel character-level vector embedding method and further propose a new hybrid model based on it. Based on the classic Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network (BiLSTM), the model further integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERTs) for feature extraction and representation, and finally uses Conditional Random Field (CRF) for decoding and predicting label sequences. This hybrid model is referred to as BCC-BiLSTM in this paper. In order to verify the performance of the proposed hybrid model for extracting PCI surgical information, we simultaneously compare both representative traditional and intelligent methods. Under the same circumstances, compared with other intelligent methods, the BCC-BiLSTM proposed in this paper reduces the word vector dimension by 15%, and the F1 score reaches 86.2% in named entity recognition of PCI clinical texts, which is 26.4% higher than that of HMM. The improvement is 1.2% higher than BiLSTM + CRF and 0.7% higher than the most popular BERT + BiLSTM + CRF. Compared with the representative models, the hybrid model has better performance and can achieve optimal results faster in the model training process, so it has good clinical application prospects.
Measuring the density, viscosity, and surface tension of molten titanates using electrostatic levitation in microgravity
Authors: Wilke Stephen K. , Al-Rubkhi Abdulrahman , Menon Vrishank , Rafferty Jared , Koyama Chihiro , Ishikawa Takehiko , Oda Hirohisa , Hyers Robert W. , Bradshaw Richard C. , Kastengren Alan L. , Kohara Shinji , SanSoucie Michael , Phillips Brandon , Weber Richard
Published: June 2024

Rare earth and barium titanates are useful as ferroelectric, dielectric, and optical materials. Measurements of their thermophysical properties in the liquid state can help guide melt processing technologies for their manufacture and advance understanding of fragile liquids' behavior and glass formation. Here, we report the density, thermal expansion, viscosity, and surface tension of molten BaTi2O5, BaTi4O9, and 83TiO2-17RE2O3 (RE = La or Nd). Measurements were made using electrostatic levitation and droplet oscillation techniques in microgravity, which provide access to quiescent liquid droplets and deep supercooling of 510–815 K below the equilibrium melting points. Densities were measured over 900–2400 K. Viscosities were similar for all four compositions, increasing from ∼10 mPa s near 2100 K to ∼30 mPa s near 1750 K. Surface tensions were 450–490 dyn cm−1 for the rare earth titanates and 383–395 dyn cm−1 for the barium titanates; surface tensions of all compositions had small or negligible temperature dependence over 1700–2200 K. For solids recovered after melt quenching, x-ray microtomography revealed the fracture mechanics in crystalline products and minimal internal porosity in glass products, likely arising from entrapped gas bubbles. Internal microstructures were generally similar for products processed either in microgravity or in a terrestrial aerodynamic levitator.
A facility for cryogenic ion irradiation and in situ characterization of rare-earth barium copper oxide superconducting tapes
Authors: Devitre A. R. , Fischer D. X. , Woller K. B. , Clark B. C. , Short M. P. , Whyte D. G. , Hartwig Z. S.
Published: June 2024

Superconducting magnets based on Rare Earth Barium Copper Oxides (REBCO) offer transformative capabilities in the fields of fusion energy, high energy physics, and space exploration. A challenge shared by these applications is the limited lifetime of REBCO due to radiation damage sustained during operation. Here we present a new ion-beam facility that enables simultaneous cryogenic irradiation and in situ characterization of commercial REBCO tapes. The ion source provides spatially uniform fluxes up to 1018 protons/m2s with kinetic energies up to 3.4 MeV, in addition to helium and higher-Z species. Using this facility, we can induce uniform damage profiles in the first 10–20 µm of REBCO tapes with less than 0.25 appm of hydrogen implanted in REBCO after a dose of 1020 protons/m2. The tape can be held between 20 and 300 K with an accuracy of ±0.1 K and is connected to a four-point probe measuring the critical current, Ic, and critical temperature, Tc, before, during, and after irradiation with transport current ranging from 100 nA to 100 A, and a typical voltage noise less than 0.1 μV. These capabilities are presently used to study the effect of irradiation temperature on REBCO performance change during and after proton bombardment, to assess the possibility of Ic and Tc recovery after irradiation through thermal annealing, and to explore the instantaneous and recoverable suppression of Ic and Tc observed during irradiation.
Observation of atmospheric millimeter-wave discharges at 94 GHz and comparison with other microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies
Authors: Tabata K. , Manabe A. , Komurasaki K. , Oda Y.
Published: June 2024

This report describes an investigation by experimentation to elucidate atmospheric discharge plasma induced using a 50 kW millimeter-wave beam at 94 GHz. Millimeter-wave discharge plasma is useful for an ultraviolet light source, radioactive material detection, chemical decomposition, and beamed energy propulsion (BEP). The gyrotron used in this study is the “UT-94” with a frequency of 94 GHz and an output power of 100 kW, which was developed at the University of Tokyo specifically for BEP research. The 94 GHz frequency is promising for atmospheric energy beaming because of its low atmospheric attenuation, small beam divergence, and existing utilization track records in the atmosphere. This study experimentally investigated the relationship between the incident beam power density and propagation velocity of an ionization-wave front, which is particularly critical to thrust performance. In addition, the plasma structures were also clarified at 94 GHz and compared with other microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, such as 28 GHz and those higher than 100 GHz. As a result, finer microscopic structure in the H–k plane was observed than those reported in earlier studies. Furthermore, we found a clear relation between structures and propagation velocities in terms of the electric field concentration of the incoming electromagnetic-waves.
Defect studies in transition metal dichalcogenide MoSe1.8S0.2 using resonant Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Tariq Muneeb , Rao Rekha , Kesari Swayam , Rao Mala N. , Deshpande M. P.
Published: June 2024

Using resonant Raman spectroscopy with 632.8 nm (1.96 eV) laser, we describe the Raman spectra of single crystals of transition metal dichalcogenides with nominal composition MoSe(2−x)Sx for x = 0.2. Changes in Raman spectra at some regions of the sample indicated non-stoichiometry and, in particular, chalcogenide vacancies. At low temperatures around 77 K, we observed unusual temperature dependent enhancement in the intensity of non-zone center modes as well as overtones and combination modes in Raman spectra. This enhancement in the intensity is correlated to the resonance achieved in the non-stoichiometric regions of the crystal at low temperatures. Observed resonance is attributed to modification in the electronic structure due to defects. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy measurements confirmed chalcogenide vacancies in the crystals. The change in the electronic structure due to defects is also corroborated by photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements.
Benchmarking water adsorption on metal surfaces with ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Xu Mianle , Liu Sihang , Vijay Sudarshan , Bligaard Thomas , Kastlunger Georg
Published: June 2024

Solid–water interfaces are ubiquitous in nature and technology. In particular, technologies evolving in the green transition, such as electrocatalysis, heavily rely on the junction of an electrolyte and an electrode as a central part of the device. For the understanding of atomic-scale processes taking place at the electrolyte–electrode interface, density functional theory (DFT) has become the de facto standard. The validation of DFT’s ability to simulate the interfacial solid/water interaction is crucial, and ideal simulation setups need to be identified in order to prevent avoidable systematic errors. Here, we develop a rigorous sampling protocol for benchmarking the adsorption/desorption energetics of water on metallic surfaces against experimental temperature programmed desorption, single crystal adsorption calorimetry, and thermal energy atom scattering. We screened DFT’s quality on a series of transition metal surfaces, applying three of the most common exchange–correlation approximations: PBE-D3, RPBE-D3, and BEEF-vdW. We find that all three xc-functionals reflect the pseudo-zeroth order desorption of water rooted in the combination of attractive adsorbate–adsorbate interactions and their saturation at low and intermediate coverages, respectively. However, both RPBE-D3 and BEEF-vdW lead to more accurate water adsorption strengths, while PBE-D3 clearly overbinds near-surface water. We relate the variations in binding strength to specific variations in water–metal and water–water interactions, highlighting the structural consequences inherent in an uninformed choice of simulation parameters. Our study gives atomistic insight into water’s complex adsorption equilibrium. Furthermore, it represents a guideline for future DFT-based simulations of solvated solid interfaces by providing an assessment of systematic errors in specific setups.
Strain-induced changes of electronic and optical properties of Zr-based MXenes
Authors: Kalmár Jiří , Karlický František
Published: June 2024

Zr-based MXenes recently attracted attention because of its experimental preparation showing temperature stability, mechanical strength, and promising energy, sensoric, and electrochemistry applications. However, necessary theoretical predictions at a precise/predictive level are complicated due to essential excitonic features and strong electron correlation (i.e., a necessity to go beyond standard density functional theory, DFT). Contrary to the prevailing focus on oxygen-terminated MXenes and standard predictions of other Zr-based MXenes as conductors, based on the hybrid DFT and GW many-body perturbational theory, we were able to find seven different semiconductors (five of them for their equilibrium geometry and two others under slight tensile biaxial strain) in the case of two- and three-layered Zr2CT2 and Zr3C2T2 configurations with various terminations (T = O, F, S, Cl). We observed semiconductor-to-conductor transition induced by strain in the majority of such Zr-based MXenes at an experimentally achievable strain range. Furthermore, using the Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE), we demonstrated that selected semiconducting Zr-based MXenes possess high optical absorption efficiency (20%–30%) in the visible light range, underscoring their potential in photonic applications. The high sensitivity of Zr-based MXenes to external conditions and functionalization combined with the thermal stability makes the materials promising for applications at operational temperatures in electronic and optical technologies.
Deep learning for Dirac dispersion engineering in sonic crystals
Authors: Wan Xiao-Huan , Zhang Jin , Huang Yongsheng , Zheng Li-Yang
Published: June 2024

Band structure and Dirac degeneracy are essential features of sonic crystals/acoustic metamaterials to achieve advanced control of exciting wave effects. In this work, we explore a deep learning approach for the design of phononic crystals with desired dispersion. A plane wave expansion method is utilized to establish the dataset relation between the structural parameters and the energy band features. Subsequently, a multilayer perceptron model trained using the dataset can yield accurate predictions of wave behavior. Based on the trained model, we further impose a re-learning process around a targeted frequency, by which Dirac degeneracy and double Dirac degeneracy can be embedded into the band structures. Our study enables the deep learning approach as a reliable design strategy for Dirac structures/metamaterials, opening up the possibilities for intriguing wave physics associated with Dirac cone.
A high throughput cell stretch device for investigating mechanobiology in vitro
Authors: Pratt Stephen J. P. , Plunkett Christopher M. , Kuzu Guray , Trinh Ton , Barbara Joshua , Choconta Paula , Quackenbush Doug , Huynh Truc , Smith Anders , Barnes S. Whitney , New Joel , Pierce James , Walker John R. , Mainquist James , King Frederick J. , Elliott Jimmy , Hammack Scott , Decker Rebekah S.
Published: June 2024

Mechanobiology is a rapidly advancing field, with growing evidence that mechanical signaling plays key roles in health and disease. To accelerate mechanobiology-based drug discovery, novel in vitro systems are needed that enable mechanical perturbation of cells in a format amenable to high throughput screening. Here, both a mechanical stretch device and 192-well silicone flexible linear stretch plate were designed and fabricated to meet high throughput technology needs for cell stretch-based applications. To demonstrate the utility of the stretch plate in automation and screening, cell dispensing, liquid handling, high content imaging, and high throughput sequencing platforms were employed. Using this system, an assay was developed as a biological validation and proof-of-concept readout for screening. A mechano-transcriptional stretch response was characterized using focused gene expression profiling measured by RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and Ligation with Next-Gen sequencing. Using articular chondrocytes, a gene expression signature containing stretch responsive genes relevant to cartilage homeostasis and disease was identified. The possibility for integration of other stretch sensitive cell types (e.g., cardiovascular, airway, bladder, gut, and musculoskeletal), in combination with alternative phenotypic readouts (e.g., protein expression, proliferation, or spatial alignment), broadens the scope of high throughput stretch and allows for wider adoption by the research community. This high throughput mechanical stress device fills an unmet need in phenotypic screening technology to support drug discovery in mechanobiology-based disease areas.
A posteriori study on wall modeling in large eddy simulation using a nonlocal data-driven approach
Authors: Tabe Jamaat Golsa , Hattori Yuji , Kawai Soshi
Published: June 2024

The feasibility of wall modeling in large eddy simulation (LES) using convolutional neural network (CNN) is investigated by embedding a data-driven wall model developed using CNN into the actual simulation. The training dataset for the data-driven wall model is provided by the direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow at Reτ=400. The data in the inner layer, excluding y+≤10, are used in the training process. The inputs of the CNN wall model are the velocity components, and the outputs of the wall model are the streamwise and spanwise components of the wall shear stress. An a priori test has already been carried out in our previous study to assess the potential of CNN in establishing a wall model, and the results have shown the reasonable accuracy of the CNN model in predicting the wall shear stress. In this study, the focus is on the a posteriori test, and the performance of the CNN wall model is investigated in the actual LES under various conditions. Initially, the model is used in a simulation with the same specifications as those used for obtaining the training dataset, and the effect of the wall-normal distance of the CNN model inputs is investigated. Then, the model is tested for coarser grid sizes and higher Reynolds number flows to check its generalizability. The performance of the model is also compared with one of the commonly used existing wall models, called ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based wall model. The results show that the CNN wall model has better accuracy in predicting the wall shear stress in the a posteriori test compared to the ODE-based wall model. Moreover, it is able to predict the flow statistics with reasonable accuracy for the wall-modeled LES under various conditions different from those of the training dataset.
NbTiN SQUID-on-tip fabricated by self-aligned deposition using reactive DC magnetron sputtering
Authors: Kokubo N. , Gerelkhuu B.
Published: June 2024

We fabricate superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) made of niobium-titanium nitride (NbTiN) thin films on the apex of sharp quartz capillaries. By incorporating reactive DC magnetron sputtering into the self-aligned deposition process for the SQUID-on-tip (SOT) fabrication, we produce NbTiN SOT devices with an effective diameter of ∼100 nm. The ø110 nm device has a superconducting transition temperature of 13.2 K, magnetic flux noise down to 0.7 μΦ0/Hz0.5 (4 K), and operating temperatures of 1.8–10 K. The developed technique enables the synthesis of nitride and other superconductors, thereby expanding the range of materials available for SOT devices.
Magneto-optical properties of superparamagnetic CoPt alloy nanoparticles in the UV–visible range
Authors: Zhang Chen , Ishida Takuya , Lee Seung Hyuk , Tatsuma Tetsu
Published: June 2024

Superparamagnetic CoPt alloy nanoparticles were synthesized via a wet chemical method and exhibited intense magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) in the UV–visible range. The dissymmetry factor of MCD, gMCD, for the CoPt nanoparticles was 0.034 at room temperature in a magnetic field of ±1.6 T. The MCD responses may be due to plasmonic circular currents generated in the metallic CoPt nanoparticles by circularly polarized light. The responses were higher than those of the Co nanoparticles, likely due to the chemical stability and spin–orbit coupling.
Numerical investigation on dynamic characteristics of the droplet impacting on a random rough surface
Authors: Wang Lingzi , Du Wei , Song Jianan , Feng Jianmei , Peng Xueyuan
Published: June 2024

Water management is a significant problem affecting the reliability and stability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), in which droplet wall collision is the critical factor affecting the liquid water transmission in the gas channel. The surface roughness directly affects the spreading deformation of the droplet after impacting. This study's influence of surface roughness on the dynamic process of a single droplet of micrometer level impacting random rough surfaces was numerically investigated. Based on the Weierstrass–Manderlbrot (W-M) fractal theory, three-dimensional random rough surfaces with five roughness levels were established, and the dynamic process of droplet impact on the random rough surface was captured. The contour features of the droplet were analyzed, and the results showed that rough peaks hinder the spreading and retracted process of droplets, resulting in a thicker liquid film deposited on the rough surface, which is not conducive to liquid water discharge. The higher roughness level makes it difficult for droplets to gather into liquid film after hitting the wall and further hinders the discharge of liquid water from the flow channel. Therefore, when micrometer-sized droplets collide with a wall velocity of about 10 m/s, the roughness Ra should be controlled below 0.4 μm, which is conducive to the formation of thin liquid film after droplet impact and the effective discharge of water, which is crucial to maintaining the performance and life of PEMFC.
Rethinking polarization in wurtzite semiconductors
Authors: Wang Ding , Wang Danhao , Yang Samuel , Mi Zetian
Published: June 2024

Polarization arising from non-centrosymmetric wurtzite lattice underpins the physics and functionality of gallium nitride (GaN)—the most produced semiconductor materials second only to silicon. However, recent direct experimental measurements unveiled remanent polarization of unexpectedly large magnitudes and opposite orientations to traditionally anticipated. This significant discrepancy not only poses a formidable challenge to our existing theoretical paradigms but also accentuates the need for a critical rethinking and methodological refinement to integrate these emerging observations with established knowledge, mitigating potential misunderstandings and misconceptions in this rapidly evolving field.
Softmax parameterization of the occupation numbers for natural orbital functionals based on electron pairing approaches
Authors: Franco Lizeth , Bonfil-Rivera Iván A. , Huan Lew-Yee Juan Felipe , Piris Mario , M. del Campo Jorge , Vargas-Hernández Rodrigo A.
Published: June 2024

Within the framework of natural orbital functional theory, having a convenient representation of the occupation numbers and orbitals becomes critical for the computational performance of the calculations. Recognizing this, we propose an innovative parametrization of the occupation numbers that takes advantage of the electron-pairing approach used in Piris natural orbital functionals through the adoption of the softmax function, a pivotal component in modern deep-learning models. Our approach not only ensures adherence to the N-representability of the first-order reduced density matrix (1RDM) but also significantly enhances the computational efficiency of 1RDM functional theory calculations. The effectiveness of this alternative parameterization approach was assessed using the W4-17-MR molecular set, which demonstrated faster and more robust convergence compared to previous implementations.