bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Cross-Cultural Validity Study of Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
Authors: Moerdyk Alwyn P. , Spinks Peter M.
Published: September 2011

Research on anxiety in non-Western societies has generally assumed an item or response equivalence across cultures. Hence, research has generally used translated forms of inventories such as Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale and Spiel berger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, checking only for semantic equivalence and ignoring the problems of item content and typical response modes. To clarify the viability of these assumptions, the 50-item Manifest Anxiety Scale was administered to groups of South African Europeans and South African Indians, both of whom varied in education. Results suggest that the Taylor scale is sensitive to certain cross-cultural differences and that care should be taken in interpreting the results of the scale when used on non-Western societies, irrespective of educational level.
Variability in Mat Results within the Field of Education
Authors: Murray Ruth E.
Published: September 2011

This study compared Miller Analogies Test scores for 100 applicants in each of 6 different disciplines within a typical education division ( N = 600). In descending order of mean scores, they included educational psychology, instructional technology, secondary education, educational administration, special education, and elementary education. One-way analysis of variance was computed. Significant differences involved two clusters of means, the first three areas and the last three. Since variability was noted among areas, more specialized and local norms might be useful.
Abbreviated Forms of the Stanford-Binet, L-M: Reliability and Effects on Classification of Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Haack Randall
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of two abbreviated forms of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, L-M, i.e., vocabulary score, starred-tests method, in predicting the Full Scale IQ, and classifying institutionalized mentally retarded adults in their appropriate range of intellectual functioning. Correlations between methods were high but resulted in significantly different IQs causing a number of individuals to be misclassified. Implications for the intellectual assessment of mentally retarded adults are discussed.
Relationship between Rational Thinking and Belief in a Just World
Authors: Shorkey Clayton T.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between rational thinking and belief in a just world was examined using scores on the Rational Behavior Inventory and the Just World Scale from 129 undergraduate students. It was hypothesized that rational thinking would be incompatible with absolutistic beliefs that the world is a just place. A Pearson coefficient of —.11 was computed between scores on the two scales; this supports the hypothesis that neither absolutistic acceptance nor rejection of a belief in a just world is related to rational thinking.
Age Norms for Templer's Death Anxiety Scale
Authors: Stevens Scott J. , Cooper Pamela E. , Thomas L. Eugene
Published: September 2011

Templer's Death Anxiety Scale was administered to 295 adults ranging in age from 16 to 83 yr. Results indicated that older adults (60—83 yr.) had significantly lower scores than younger adults. Users of the scale are cautioned that the age of the individual may be important in interpreting scores, and preliminary age norms are presented.
Violation of Telephone Directory Guidelines among Psychologists: Group Practice versus Individual Listings
Authors: Rappaport Edward
Published: September 2011

This study examined the frequency of violations of telephone directory guidelines under the heading of “Psychologists” in a metropolitan area Yellow Pages based upon the findings of an ethics committee of a local psychological association. In accordance with expectations derived from research involving the factors of anonymity, diffusion of responsibility and risky shift, the mean number of violations per listing was significantly greater for group practice listings relative to the listings of individual practitioners. Theoretical and applied implications of this finding were briefly noted.
Alternative Procedures for Assessing Intellectual Strengths of Young Children
Authors: Reisman Fredericka K. , Torrance E. Paul
Published: September 2011

Children's scores on the Metropolitan Readiness Test were correlated with their creativity indicators on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Figural Form B and performances on selected conservation tasks. Significant correlations were found among the three sets of measures. The creativity indicators appeared to be sensitive to identifying strengths not suggested by the other measures.
Two Measures of Loneliness: A Comparison
Authors: Solano Cecilia H.
Published: September 2011

Researchers have long neglected the topic of loneliness. One reason has been the lack of adequate measures. Recently, however, several scales have been developed which seem promising. The present research compares two such scales, the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Belcher Extended Loneliness Scale. 151 male and 107 female undergraduates filled out both scales in a random order. The analyses showed that both scales are highly internally consistent. Also, both scales produce scores which are significantly correlated with self-reported loneliness. The inclusion of the sociological concepts of alienation and anomie in the Belcher scale, however, do not greatly increase its validity over the UCLA scale. In comparison with the multidimensional Belcher, the unidimensional UCLA scale specifically identified loneliness due to a lack of social interaction. More research on loneliness is recommended using valid and reliable scales such as these.
Isolation and Psychosocial Functioning
Authors: Qualls Phyllis E. , Justice Blair , Allen Richard H.
Published: September 2011

The subject of this study is the relationship between social isolation from family and from friends and social functioning, personality characteristics, and symptomatology. Social isolation from family and from friends of 142 subjects being admitted to the adult out-patient and in-patient services at a large mental health facility was measured by two scales of the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire. Level of social functioning, personality characteristics, and symptomatology were measured by the Denver Questionnaire, the Mini-Mult, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. A strong association was found between isolation and impairment in social functioning.
A Jesus Community in South Africa: Self-Actualization or Need for Security?
Authors: Stones Christopher R.
Published: September 2011

22 members of the Jesus movement in Johannesburg, South Africa, were presented with Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory, to assess perceived changes in self-actualization as a function of their religious conversion. The control group, comprising 22 mainstream-church denominational members who had not undergone rapid and emotional conversions, was matched with the Jesus People for age, sex, home-language, and occupation of father. The self-perceptions of the Jesus People were significantly mote self-actualizing than were those of the members of the control group in the before-conversion condition. Perceived self-actualization decreased as a function of their religious experience. It is also suggested that the reported changes may be due to a “rising expectations” effect.
Psychological Adjustment of Adopted and Nonadopted Children
Authors: Lindholm Byron W. , Touliatos John
Published: September 2011

41 adopted and 2,991 nonadopted children were compared on a behavior problem checklist completed by teachers. Adopted youngsters exceeded their nonadopted peers in frequency of disorders, especially conduct problems but also personality problems and socialized delinquency. Incidence of personality problems increased for adopted children from kindergarten through eighth grade and increased and then declined for nonadopted children over the same period. Boys experienced more maladjustment than girls, and differences between the sexes were greater for adopted than nonadopted youngsters on conduct problems, personality problems, and socialized delinquency.
Time-Scale Factor as Related to Theories of Societal Change
Authors: Krus David J. , Blackman Harold S.
Published: September 2011

A computer simulation model of theory building was discussed within the framework of Quincy Wright's data on occurrences of wars within the 15–20th century time interval and time series of discoveries of the atomic elements of matter. Several types of theories of societal change as derived from generalizations of longitudinal data were postulated in terms of their underlying geometric forms. The main parameter of the model was the length of the historical period used for abstraction from the observed data. A relationship between the size of this parameter and the geometric form of theories of historical change was observed. Implications of this finding were discussed with respect to models of open systems and both active and fringe periods of closed systems.
Train Buffs: The Human Ecology of an Avocation
Authors: Richards James M.
Published: September 2011

Ecological characteristics of U.S. states and cities were correlated with measures of the geographic distribution of train buffs. As would be expected, state and city population size is the strongest correlate of the absolute number of train buffs. When number relative to population is considered, train buffs are concentrated in affluent cities and in affluent, urban states with primarily white populations and containing the outer fringes of metropolitan areas. These results differ somewhat from earlier results indicating professional groups are concentrated in university towns. Over-all, this study suggests that future research should make a more explicit effort both to identify the social processes involved in ecological relationships and to attain a better integration of the psychological and social structural perspectives within human ecology.
Female College Students' Responses to the Miner Sentence Completion Scale
Authors: Bowin Robert B.
Published: September 2011

In an earlier study, a program for change significantly increased female students' positive acceptance of a concept, motivation to manage. The present study was a replication with 14 female college students which supported previous findings. The present research assessed change occurring in the individual role prescriptions that lead to the motivation to manage.
Personality Characteristics and Regularity of Meditation
Authors: Delmonte M. M.
Published: September 2011

A prospective study was conducted in which personality scores taken prior to meditation initiation were used to predict responses to meditation. Eysenck's (1963) Personality Inventory, Byrne's (1963) Repression-Sensitization Scale, Rotter's (1966) Locus of Control, and Barber's (1965) Suggestibility Scale were completed by 55 prospective meditators. Subjects were recontacted after 18 mo. and grouped according to how frequently they meditated into ‘regulars,’ ‘irregulars,’ and ‘drop-outs.’ Eight subjects remained ‘uninitiated.’ Statistical analysis of preinitiation scores and frequency of meditation practice showed: (1) Frequency of meditation was negatively correlated with both neuroticism and sensitization. (2) Neuroticism and sensitization were positively correlated independently of meditation practice. (3) Prospective ‘dropouts' scored significantly higher on both neuroticism and sensitization than prospective regular meditators and than the uninitiated subjects and were significantly more neurotic than Eysenck's norms. (4) Scores of regular meditators and uninitiated subjects were not significantly different from Eysenck's norms for neuroticism. (5) Regular meditators and uninitiated subjects did not differ significantly with regard to neuroticism and sensitization. (6) Meditators-to-be were significantly more neurotic than uninitiated subjects and than Eysenck's norms. No significant differencs were found a propos extraversion, locus of control, and suggestibility. The maintenance of the practice of meditation was not related to one's gender, but drop-outs tended to be younger.
Sex Differences in Self-Esteem and Parental Behavior
Authors: Elrod Mimi Milner , Crase Sedahlia Jasper
Published: September 2011

The relationship of reported behaviors of both mothers and fathers to the self-esteem of 4- and 5-yr.-old children, with the sex of the child as a variable, was examined. With this intention, the following questions were asked: (1) Do parents behave differently toward boys and girls? (2) Does parental treatment of boys and girls relate to children's self-esteem? (3) Does one sex have higher self-esteem than the other? 49 boys and 45 girls were tested for self-esteem; a paper-and-pencil inventory was used to assess their parents' behavior. Parents indicated that they behaved differently toward boys and girls as follows: fathers interact more with sons than with daughters; mothers interact more with daughters than do fathers but also interact more with sons than do fathers and interact more similarly with boys and girls than do fathers. The data also indicate that some behaviors of mothers are significantly related to high self-esteem in girls while similar or even the same behaviors of fathers are significantly related to low self-esteem in boys and girls. Boys had higher self-esteem than girls.
Leadership Style and Leniency Bias in Evaluation of Employees' Performance
Authors: Drory A. , Ben-Porat A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between leadership style and leniency in merit rating of subordinates was examined in this study. The sample of 35 superiors were in an industrial plant in Israel. The subjects completed the leadership Opinion Questionnaire and assessed their subordinates on the company's standard performance appraisal form of 15 evaluation items. Initiating structure was strongly related to leniency in evaluation of subordinates and in particular to the appraisal of task-related items. Consideration was related only to the appraisal of task-related items. The results are discussed in terms of their implications to development of management and evaluation of performance.
Differences in Locus of Control Orientation between Normal and Learning Disabled Boys
Authors: Scott Norman A. , Moore Wendy A.
Published: September 2011

Locus of control orientation was examined in 55 second, third, and fourth grade learning disabled ( N = 27) and normal ( N = 28) boys, by administration of the Pictorial Gruen, Korte, Stephens Internal-External Control Scale. The learning disabled students were significantly more external than normals. Differences in age and perceptual performance, as measured by the Children's Embedded Figures Test, did not appear.
Internality/Externality and Animistic Thinking
Authors: Fu Victoria R. , Billingham Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between internality, externality, and children's concept of life. The subjects were 96 children, between 10 and 13 yr. of age, who answered an animism test and a locus of reinforcement control test. The data indicated that 49 internal-scoring children of both sexes had higher animate object scores and lower inanimate object scores than the 47 external-scoring children. This relationship suggested that the internal scorers may have a more accurate concept of life than the external scorers. The authors have proposed that internal and external children may employ different cognitive processes in acquiring the concept of life.
Additional Evidence for Comparability of Set Two (Lists E, F, and G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Caplan Marc E. , Collins James F.
Published: September 2011

Forms E, F, and G of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (DACL) were administered to 240 college undergraduates. Half completed this “Actual” condition before random assignment either to a “Fake Good,” “Fake Bad,” or “Fake Average” condition, 20 males and 20 females per experimental condition, and half were randomly assigned first to one of the experimental conditions and then to the “Actual” condition. All 36 intercorrelations were significant and ranged from .65 to .92. Mean rs for the experimental conditions when they occurred first were .90, .87, and .77 and .82, .66, and .86 when they occurred second (“Fake Bad,” “Fake Good,” and “Fake Average,” respectively). An intercorrelation matrix of all six half-lists of Forms E, F, and G showed all rs significant. These findings increase confidence in the consideration of Lists E, F, and G of the check list as equivalent and in the potential utility of the half-lists.
Locus of Control and Perceived Utility of Feedback
Authors: Quaglieri Philip L.
Published: September 2011

75 men and 72 women (25 to 45 yr.) in undergraduate management courses were classified as internal and external in orientations on Rotter's I-E scale. The former perceived more informal sources of feedback such as self and co-workers as more useful but the latter perceived more formal sources as more useful. Observations are consistent with prior research.
Psychology of the Scientist: XLIV. Sir Cyril Burt: Prominence versus Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

Prominent professors occasionally have defects of personality which cause them to behave towards their students in ways which are unethical and unacceptable scientifically. This short autobiographical piece recounts some such behaviours experienced by the author at the hands of Sir Cyril Burt, at the time probably the most prominent British psychologist.
Extrapolated Stanford-Binet IQS for Mentally Retarded and Mentally Gifted Individuals
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A procedure is offered for estimating the Stanford-Binet IQs of subjects whose performance places them outside the limits of the 1972 revised IQ tables. More specifically, a formula is given for converting ratio IQs into deviation IQs, along with a table of the constants required to apply the formula. The method by which these constants were determined is described, and some indication is given of the error involved in the use of the procedure.
Perceived Treatment Success with Involuntary Clients: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sosis Ruth Hyland , Karoly Paul , Ruehlman Linda
Published: September 2011

Involuntary clients who had been in dynamically oriented individual treatment in a forensic clinic were contacted to obtain their perceptions of treatment. The 28 clients were asked to assess their motivation for psychological treatment and the perceived outcome of treatment. The clients' former therapists ( n = 6) had previously rated their patients' motivation and treatment success as a routine part of the clinic termination process. Analysis indicated that therapists and clients generally agreed on clients' motivation but not on therapeutic improvement. The usual demographic variables (sex, race, age, socio-economic status) did not correlate with treatment success. The only variable which showed a significant correlation with therapeutic outcome was client's motivation. Results were discussed in terms of the need to consider the special nature of the involuntary client within the criminal justice system.
Socioeconomic Status and Suicide in the State of Washington: 1950–1971
Authors: Marks Alan
Published: September 2011

The relationship between occupational status, from 1950–1971, for white males residing in the state of Washington and the probability of suicide is examined. The Edwards scale of socioeconomic grouping is used as an indicator of socioeconomic status; and the Proportionate Mortality Ratio as an indicator of relative suicidal risk by occupation. 183 occupations were ranked into eight socioeconomic levels. We found no relationship between socioeconomic status and the suicide rate.
Comparison of Staff's and Patients' Perceptions of Ward Atmosphere
Authors: Archer Robert P. , Amuso Kathy F.
Published: September 2011

This study examined client and staff perceptions of ward atmosphere on a residential psychiatric unit. 24 clients were asked to respond to the Ward Atmosphere Scale with standard instructions. In addition, 20 staff members were requested to respond to the scale under two conditions of assessment: staff self-ratings reflecting their own perceptions of ward atmosphere characteristics and staff predictions of how the “typical patient” would respond to the items. Analyses of variance and subsequent tests demonstrated significant differences between the three assessment conditions on nine of the 10 subscales. In particular, findings show treatment staff tend to under- and overestimate patient's responses in consistent patterns. Results were interpreted as supporting the use of the scale as an instrument to assess individuals' predictions of others' responses and demonstrating important discrepancies between patients' and staff's perceptions of characteristics of the same residential treatment unit.
Students' Expectations from Courses in Financial Education
Authors: Sachdeva Darshan
Published: September 2011

Students' expectations from introductory courses in business finance were assessed. Responses indicate that most of the 290 students were highly in favor of lecture-cum-discussion method of teaching. Use of outside resource speakers and audio-visual material would enhance their interest in the subject-matter. They also felt that the grading policy should be clearly stated by the instructor at the beginning of the course.
Adequacy of Stage Models for Decisions on Adoption of Innovation
Authors: Ettlie John E.
Published: September 2011

Although a large number of stage models of the adoption process have been proposed in the literature on innovation, there is little or no evidence that any of these models mirror the actual process by which decisions on adoption of innovation are made in organizations. In a study of 34 transportation innovations from six firms, a six-stage model of the adoption process (awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, adoption, implementation) adequately describes the decision-making sequence in about 60% of the cases. Where respondents recommend modification of this six-stage model it usually reflects the absence of the trial stage or the merging of the evaluation and trial stages. Discussion of results and suggestions for needed methodological refinements are also included.
Death Education: Do We Need It?
Authors: Henney Maribeth , Barnhart Ruth Scheresky
Published: September 2011

To sample what is presently being done with the topic of death in the elementary schools, a survey of 100 elementary teachers in northeastern Iowa was conducted. Analysis indicates that the topic of death and dying is formally taught by less than one percent of teachers.
Relationship between Self-Ratings and Ratings Given to others on Moral Attributes
Authors: Jensen Larry , Jensen Laury
Published: September 2011

Social comparison theory states that when objective criteria are absent, people evaluate themselves by comparison with others. This tendency should then produce a negative correlation between ratings of self and others. 48 college students rated themselves and others on moral values. Positive rather than negative correlations were found between self-ratings and ratings given to others on moral attributes. The findings were interpreted by hypothesizing that people form world views about the goodness of human nature. This general world view would result in a positive correlation between ratings given to self and others when no clear-cut objective criterion for evaluation are present.
Perceptions of Parents' Attitudes and Behaviors as Evidence That Children Affect Parents
Authors: Parish Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

In this study 123 college students placed their parents along two continua ranging from restrictive to permissive and from warmth to hostility. For both sexes, significant correlations (.90) were found between perceived parental practices. These findings are interpreted to provide support for the notion that children affect the behaviors of their parents.
Aggression on Prosocial Television Programs
Authors: Liss Marsha B. , Reinhardt Lauri C.
Published: September 2011

Aggression on two types of children's cartoons (prosocial and standard) was examined. Overall aggression did not differ but antagonists were more aggressive than protagonists. Results relate to children's learning of moral messages from television characters and confusion which aggressive heroes create.
Clinical Study of Youths Petitioned for Certification as Adults
Authors: Solway Kenneth S. , Hays J. Ray , Schreiner Donna , Cansler David
Published: September 2011

This study examined the psychological and intellectual differences between youths who had been petitioned for certification as adults and youths with similar arrest records who had not been petitioned for certification. There were no age, race, or sex differences among groups; offenses charged were also, in general, equally distributed among groups. There were no intellectual differences among groups; the measured intelligence of these youths was significantly lower than that of the general population but was consistent with previous findings regarding the intellectual findings for delinquents. Bender-Gestalt performance and human figure drawings when scored objectively did not differentiate among groups. Differences on the MMPI were largely on the “neurotic” scales and were higher for the petitioned groups of youngsters. It was believed unlikely that differences were due to characteristic psychopathology.
Social Class and Mother-Child Interaction
Authors: Harmon Dana , Kogan Kate L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined social class as a variable in interaction between mothers and their preschool children. Studies on this subject during the last 15 yr. were reviewed and critiqued. The present study distinguished between racial-ethnic background and educational-occupational achievement as sampling criteria. It also questioned whether social class differences demonstrated in earlier studies would be stable during the extensive social changes of the last two decades. This study used videotaped play sessions and some new methodological techniques to analyze mother-child interaction microscopically. The findings indicated that social class was not a variable which could be used to predict differences in interaction.
Modification of Self-Esteem with Techniques of Attitude Change: A Replication
Authors: Friedenberg William P. , Gillis John S.
Published: September 2011

Although the enhancement of a client's level of self-esteem is a frequent goal in psychotherapy, this task is typically approached in an indirect and relatively inefficient manner. A recent investigation, however, suggests that methods of attitude change can be adapted as more direct means of raising levels of esteem. The present study was intended to replicate and extend that initial effort. 144 college students were exposed to a taped counter-attitudinal message under one of eight experimental conditions. These conditions represented various combinations of high or low levels of communicator's attractiveness and expertise and subject ego-involvement. Results supported the earlier findings that levels of esteem could be raised by exposing subjects to appropriate messages under conditions of high credibility.
Effects of Locus of Control, Sex, and Failure on Causal Attribution
Authors: McNeill Brian W. , Jacobs Merrilee
Published: September 2011

Subjects (23 men and 20 women) attributed causality for performance on a dot-estimation task to internal and external sources. A significant interaction of locus of control × gender indicated that causal attribution to internal sources is related to scoring as internal when a male or as external when a female.
Faith and Locus of Control
Authors: Tipton Robert M. , Harrison Bert M. , Mahoney John
Published: September 2011

A total of four dimensions emerged from a factor analytic study of faith. They were titled Faith in God, Faith in People, Faith in Self, and Faith in Technology. Comparisons of religious and secular groups and of liberal and conservative religious groups strongly supported the construct validity of the Faith in God subscale. A moderately low correlation obtained between the Faith in Self subscale and internal locus of control suggested conceptual similarity. Inspection of the item content on the two scales indicates that the internal subscale assesses one's perception that an individual can affect what happens to him, whereas items on the Faith in Self subscale concern more the perception that the individual will control his life in a positive direction.
Individual Differences in Professional Teachers' Attributions for Children's Performance Outcomes
Authors: Rejeski Walter J. , McCook William
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether professional teachers' attributions for the achievement outcomes of high- and low-expectancy children were mediated by an individual difference measure known as the Personal-Environmental Causal Attribution Scale. 40 elementary school teachers completed a questionnaire in which both students' ability and performance outcomes were manipulated variables. Teachers identified as Environmental on the attribution scale were predisposed to employ task difficulty as a causal explanation for children's failure. Results were discussed in relation to the “Pygmalion effect.”
Effect of Motivating Instructions on Verbal Learning According to Age and Race
Authors: Summerlin Robert G. , Lair Charles V. , Confer William N.
Published: September 2011

Young and old white ( n = 48) and black ( n = 48) women were compared on a paired-associate learning task. The groups were divided as to a motivational instructional condition of support, challenge, or neutral. Both the younger and the white groups had more correct responses and learned in fewer trials. A three-way interaction suggests that old blacks make more errors of omission and commission under supportive instructions, whereas young whites do best under challenge. Various trends and implications for these findings were discussed.
Locus of Control and its Relationship to Intelligence and Achievement
Authors: Brown Ronald T.
Published: September 2011

The present research examined further the relationship among measures of locus of control, intelligence, and academic achievement in adolescents. Intelligence test scores were significantly related to locus of control while no significant relationship existed between academic achievement and locus of control. The failure to find a significant relationship between academic achievement and locus of control in these adolescents raised questions about the previously claimed relationship of achievement and locus of control. That intelligence and locus of control were significantly related further supports the contention that locus of control is a function of intelligence rather than achievement.
Relationship of Locus of Control and Modernity to Certainty of Religious Beliefs
Authors: Sexton Patricia M. , Leak Gary , Toenies Frederick
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship of certainty of religious beliefs to measures of psychological modernity and I-E for 21 college students. It was found that two of four certainty of belief scales correlated as predicted with modernity, while unexpectedly I-E did not relate to certainty of belief.
Treatment of Test Anxiety by Applied Relaxation and Cue-Controlled Relaxation
Authors: Barrios Billy A. , Ginter Earl J. , Scalise Joseph J. , Miller Francis G.
Published: September 2011

Several procedures have been used to produce relaxation and thus reduce test anxiety. The purpose of this study was to compare three types of treatment of test anxiety: applied relaxation, cognitive cue-controlled relaxation, and conditioned cue-controlled relaxation. Also, cognitive and conditioning explanations for the two cue-controlled treatments were explored Subjects were female undergraduates ( N = 18) scoring in the upper 15% of the distribution of 1,055 students completing the Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale. Pre- and post-treatment scores on several self-report and performance measures of anxiety were used to evaluate the efficiency of each technique. Most statistically significant changes were obtained in the applied relaxation group. No significant differences were found between the two cue-controlled procedures used in the study. Recommendations concerning future investigations are discussed; specific procedural modifications for future studies are outlined.
Effect of a Conflict Manipulation on Children's Moral Judgments
Authors: Roberts Albert , Dunston Patricia J.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether a conflict manipulation introduced in the traditional Piagetian paradigm would have an effect on the type of moral judgments made, 20 boys and 20 girls at each of three grades were tested. Type of judgments made was significantly related to grade level and to sex of subject at each grade.
Heightened Subjective Distress as an Indicator of the Severity of Thought Disorder
Authors: Livesay Jerry R.
Published: September 2011

Utilizing Bannister and Fransella's Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder and a brief “level of distress” rating scale, the relationship between subjective stress and structural thought disorder was examined on a sample of 38 schizophrenic inpatients. Based on initial intensity and consistency scores, all patients were assigned to one of the following three groups: thought-disordered, intermediate, or non-thought-disordered. After 8 wk., the patients were again administered the grid test and distress-rating scale. Patients in the thought-disordered group who reported the most distress were functioning under the greatest conceptual disorganization. No relationship was evidenced between the intermediate and non-thought-disordered group's distress ratings and grid test scores, however. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Lectures and Textual Materials as Sources of Information for Learning
Authors: Jernstedt G. Christian , Chow Wilfred K.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduates were given material to be learned from a lecture, a transcript of the lecture, or a written text based on the lecture. Performance on a multiple-choice examination 1 wk. after original learning was the criterion. Predictor variables were sampled from the person, environment, and behavior domains of influence. A coordinated sequence of multivariate procedures was applied to the data. Differences in the person and behavior domains were associated with differences in criterion performance; differences in environment were not. Enhanced learning from text and lecture was associated with high motivation, high ability, extended studying, active studying, and with encountering a preferred performance measure. Study activities were interpreted as catalyst for both motivation and ability.
Screening of Police Applicants: A 5-Item MMPI Research Index
Authors: Merian Elizabeth M. , Stefan David , Schoenfeld Lawrence S. , Kobos Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

The usefulness and validity of various personality tests in the selection of police officers has been recently considered. This study examines use of the MMPI to differentiate successfully between acceptable and unacceptable police candidates. An item analysis of the MMPI is presented, and five items which significantly differentiated the groups are combined in an index. The statistical errors of inference in a simulated selection procedure are examined with the use of Bayes theorem. The index has sufficient validity to warrant further investigation.
What Senegalese Youth like and Hate Most in Life
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

To describe the areas of dissatisfaction and various wishes of secondary school students in Senegal we asked some 1090 of them to tell us what they liked or hated most in life. Answers to both inquiries were gathered round a few chosen themes. What Senegalese students liked most were leisures and pastimes (24.3%), then certain moral and social values (19.5%), such as communal life, love between men, peace and calm. They generally wish to have a job later (16.5%). Students hated most certain immoral attitudes such as lying, theft, social injustice, discord, delinquency, parasitism, etc. (57.5%) as well as unemployment in the future (9%). The influences of sex, housing, socio-economic status of fathers, and age were discussed.
Hostility Conflict and Reporting of Side Effects by Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Downing Robert W. , Rickels Karl
Published: September 2011

The Irritability, Indirect Hostility, Verbal Hostility, and Resentment scales from the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, along with a newly constructed scale intended as a self-report measure of Hostility Conflict, were administered to 84 non-psychotic, primarily anxious psychiatric outpatients receiving an active anxiolytic and participating in one of several 4-wk. double-blind drug trials. Patients who complained of one or more side effects after 2 wk. of treatment were classified as side reactors; the remaining patients, as non-side reactors. Compared to non-side reactors, the side reactors obtained higher hostility conflict scores and lower scores on the Irritability and Indirect Hostility scales. Also, the relationship between side effect status and hostility conflict was stronger in those patients who obtained higher scores on the Irritability, Indirect Hostility, and Verbal Hostility scales and among patients obtaining lower scores on the Resentment scale. Findings were regarded as providing partial replication of and further verification of earlier results.
Relation of Community Mental Health Ideology and the Community Adaptation of Formerly Hospitalized Individuals
Authors: D'Angelo Eugene J. , Krock Lisa A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between community mental health ideology and the evaluation of community adjustment for 54 formerly hospitalized individuals was assessed. The results suggested that, while chronic patients discharged into the community have the capacity to adhere to community mental health ideology, such beliefs were significantly related to their evaluation of post-hospital adjustment. Moreover, how a client felt about this adaptation accounted for 39.4% of the variance. A significant ( r = .29) but weak relation was found between the community mental health ideology scores of the clients and their therapists.
Attrition of Clients as a Function of Treatment Modality and Initial Anxiety Level
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: September 2011

Locus of control and treatment condition were varied by a 4 × 2 factorial design to determine their effects on test anxiety. 85 adult males, coal company personnel enrolled in three Emergency Medical Technician I (EMT-I) classes, were initially placed into internal or external locus of control blocks by scores, and then randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) traditional desensitization, (b) self-control desensitization, and (c) a placebo control group. Scores of the no-treatment controls, sampled from a separate group of subjects, were also dichotomized into internal and external locus of control blocks, thus completing the 4 × 2 design. While the relative efficacy of the different treatments in alleviating anxiety was equivocal, certain significant differences concerning the attrition from various treatment by locus of control cells did surface. The implications are discussed.
Correlations between Eysenck's, Jung's, and Sheldon's Typologies
Authors: Metzner Ralph
Published: September 2011

This correlational study, using a sample of 60 men and 96 women, found the following relationships between three typologies: (a) extraversion scales from the Eysenck Personality Inventory and a Jungian test (Gray-Wheelwrights) intercorrelate highly; (b) extraversion correlates positively with somatotonia, negatively with cerebrotonia; (c) neuroticism correlates with cerebrotonia; (d) extraversion correlates positively with intuition, negatively with sensation; (e) neuroticism correlates positively with feeling, but only in women; (f) intuition correlates positively with somatotonia and negatively with cerebrotonia, but only in men. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical assumptions underlying each of the three typologies.
Reciprocal Homosexual Mounting Behavior in Paired Anosmic Male Rats
Authors: Thor D. H.
Published: September 2011

4 isolate male rats were paired after anosmia treatment with ZnSO4. All males engaged in repeated copulatory mounts with their partners. Reciprocal mounting continued for intervals as long as 1 hr.
Coronary-Prone Behavior, Locus of Control, and Anxiety
Authors: Nowack K. M. , Sassenrath J. M.
Published: September 2011

216 college students were administered the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Bortner Type A/B Scale for coronary-prone behavior, and the Rotter internal-external Locus of Control Inventory. The results indicated that the mean anxiety score for the Type A-external group was significantly higher than those of the other three groups. This finding supports the bio-behavioral theory that high-risk coronary-prone individuals are more likely to possess a Type A, high external control, and high anxiety score profile. A mathematical analysis of responses to the items on the Bonner scale produced three interpretable factors, aggression, speed, and impatience, all of which have some clinical validity in other studies.
Tolerance for Ambiguity in Adult College Students
Authors: Tatzel Miriam
Published: September 2011

Budner's Tolerance for Ambiguity scale was administered to 118 entering adult college students. Students in the Arts were significantly more tolerant of ambiguity than Business students. Six months after students enrolled in the college, faculty could discriminate among them with respect to characteristics related to tolerance for ambiguity. Students in their late 20's were less tolerant of ambiguity than younger or older students; and students in their late 30's saw their lives as relatively more stable than those in their 20's did.
Adaptors and Innovators: A Replication Study on Managers in Singapore and Malaysia
Authors: Thomson Dolores
Published: September 2011

An attempt has been made to validate Kirton's theory and measure of adaptors and innovators on samples of Far Eastern managers (N = 145). Results demonstrate that the theory and measure are clearly applicable despite the cultural shift. A number of predictions derived from Kirton's work are also further validated.
Effect of Retaking the Medical College Admission Test on Applicants' Scores
Authors: Givner Nathaniel , Klintberg Irene , Hynes Kevin
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine whether or not retaking the Medical College Admission Test, a practice commonly engaged in by medical school applicants, results in significant improvement in test scores. A sample of 532 applicants, of which 93 applicants retook the test on two consecutive administrations, was studied. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the retake group initially was significantly lower than the non-retake group on all six scales. Although applicants who had retaken the test significantly improved their scores, the magnitude of this improvement was not impressive. Furthermore, scores of the retake group on their second test were still significantly lower than those of the non-retake group on two scales. Although retaking this test may lead to greater similarity between the two groups, retakers remain distinguishable from those who did not retake the test.
Inter-Rater Reliability of Informants' Ratings: Katz Adjustment Scales, R Form
Authors: Crook Thomas , Hogarty Gerard E. , Ulrich Richard F.
Published: September 2011

The Katz Adjustment Scales (R Form) is a widely used instrument for assessing the adjustment of psychiatric patients in the community from reports of friends or family members. Inter-rater reliability of the scales was examined by comparing maternal and paternal ratings of 15 young, adult, male schizophrenic patients prior to hospitalization. Ratings by the two parents were found in close agreement on scales measuring the principal domains of behavior and others on which ratings of directly observable behaviors are required. However, agreement between parents was substantially less on scales requiring inferences about the patients' adjustment. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Teachers' Social Attitudes and Their Attitudes to Education
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

The study examined relations between teachers' social attitudes and their attitudes to education. Included in the sample were 100 female and 130 male teachers from Australian secondary schools. Typically, the findings show that teachers with traditional attitudes to education also express conservative social attitudes. If changing teachers' attitudes to education is considered as an essential component of school innovation programs, then the results suggest that the success of those programs may be related to how meaningfully teachers' social attitudes are also influenced.
Failure to Find an Effect of Catheterization on Oral Morphine Consumption in Rats
Authors: Brunke Mark L. , Bowman Marilyn , Alexander Bruce K. , Coambs Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Oral morphine consumption of 10 catheterized rats and 10 non-operated controls was compared to test the hypothesis that stress associated with catheterization might increase opiate consumption by rats. No significant differences were found. An alternate interpretation of oral morphine consumption studies is suggested.
Acceptance of Non-Specific Astrological Personality Descriptions: An Empirical Demonstration
Authors: Stachnik Thomas , Stachnik Barry
Published: September 2011

Based only on the times and dates of their births, 18 high school students were told that an expert in astrology would develop personality profiles for each of them. However, identical profiles were given to them and each was then asked to rate the validity of the profile. The result was a very high level of acceptance, similar to the findings of earlier studies in which profiles were presumably derived from personality tests.
Comparison of Two Strategies for Collecting Q-Sort Data
Authors: Thompson Bruce
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis is frequently a useful research methodology, particularly when it is applied in validity studies or as a prelude to various analysis of variance procedures and their analogues. This study compared two strategies for implementing one factor analytic technique, Q-technique factor analysis. The results suggest that the data-collection strategy which is employed can dramatically affect results. It is argued that a mediated-ranking procedure should be preferred over a conventional-sorting procedure because the data should be more reliable.
Information Transmission in Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects by Grids and Tilt of Matrix Patterns
Authors: Shanker Prem
Published: September 2011

To measure the amount of information transmitted by matrices containing dots in various patterns, a 2 × 3 × 2 (subjects × matrices × tilt) randomized groups design with factorial experiment was used. 60 normal subjects and 60 hospitalized schizophrenic patients were tested with 27 matrices in two angular positions. The normal subjects received more information from the stimuli than the schizophrenics. The matrices with horizontal grids transmitted more information than those with no grids or oblique grids. The stimuli without any tilt transmitted more information than the ones with a 45° counterclockwise tilt.