bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empagliflozin for Heart Failure With Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction With and Without Diabetes
Authors: Filippatos Gerasimos , Butler Javed , Farmakis Dimitrios , Zannad Faiez , Ofstad Anne Pernille , Ferreira João Pedro , Green Jennifer B. , Rosenstock Julio , Schnaidt Sven , Brueckmann Martina , Pocock Stuart J. , Packer Milton , Anker Stefan D. ,   on behalf of the EMPEROR-Preserved Trial Committees and Investigators
Published: August 2022

Background:

Empagliflozin improves outcomes in patients with heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, but whether the effects are consistent in patients with and without diabetes remains to be elucidated.

Methods:

Patients with class II through IV heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction >40% were randomized to receive empagliflozin 10 mg or placebo in addition to usual therapy. We undertook a prespecified analysis comparing the effects of empagliflozin versus placebo in patients with and without diabetes.

Results:

Of the 5988 patients enrolled, 2938 (49%) had diabetes. The risk of the primary outcome (first hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular death), total hospitalizations for heart failure, and estimated glomerular filtration rate decline was higher in patients with diabetes. Empagliflozin reduced the rate of the primary outcome irrespective of diabetes status (hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.67, 0.94] for patients with diabetes versus hazard ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.64, 0.95] in patients without diabetes;
P
interaction
=0.92). The effect of empagliflozin to reduce total hospitalizations for heart failure was also consistent in patients with and without diabetes. The effect of empagliflozin to attenuate estimated glomerular filtration rate decline during double-blind treatment was also present in patients with and without diabetes, although more pronounced in patients with diabetes (1.77 in diabetes versus 0.98 mL/min/1.73m
2
in patients without diabetes;
P
interaction
=0.01). Across these 3 end points, the effect of empagliflozin did not differ in patients with prediabetes or normoglycemia (33% and 18% of the patient population, respectively). When investigated as a continuous variable, baseline hemoglobin A1c did not modify the effects on the primary outcome (
P
interaction
=0.26). There was no increased risk of hypoglycemic events in either subgroup as compared with placebo.

Conclusions:

In patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction enrolled in the EMPEROR-Preserved (Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction), empagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of heart failure outcomes irrespective of diabetes status at baseline.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03057951.
Shift Work and the Risk of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity Among Patients With Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study of UK Biobank
Authors: Yang Liu , Luo Yi , He Lingfang , Yin Jinghua , Li Tie , Liu Shuai , Li Dongjie , Cheng Xunjie , Bai Yongping
Published: August 2022

Background

Although the association between shift work and individual cardiometabolic diseases has been well studied, its role in the progression to cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the association between shift work and the incidence of CMM in patients with hypertension.

Methods and Results

This study is a population‐based and prospective cohort study on 36 939 UK Biobank participants. We used competing risk models to examine the association between shift work and the risk of CMM, which was defined as coexistence of hypertension and diabetes, coronary heart disease, or stroke in our study. We also investigated the association between the frequency and duration of shift work and CMM risks. In addition, we conducted a cross‐classification analysis with the combination of frequency and duration of shift work, chronotype and sleep duration as the exposure metrics. During a median follow‐up of 11.6 years, a total of 5935 participants developed CMM. We found that usually/always night shift workers were associated with a 16% higher risk of CMM compared with day workers (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16 [95% CI, 1.02–1.31]). We also found that a higher frequency of night shifts (>10/month) was associated with increased risk of CMM (HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.06–1.34]) that was more pronounced for >10/month in combination with a morning chronotype or <7 hours or >8 hours of sleep duration (HR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.02–1.56]; HR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.19–1.72], respectively).

Conclusions

We find that night shift work is associated with higher CMM risk in patients with hypertension.
Current Opinions on Optimal Management of Basilar Artery Occlusion: After the BEST of BASICS Survey
Authors: Drumm Brian , Banerjee Soma , Qureshi Muhammad M. , Schonewille Wouter J. , Klein Piers , Huo Xiaochuan , Chen Yimin , Strbian Daniel , Fischer Urs , Puetz Volker , Hu Wei , Ji Xunming , Li Chuanhui , Alemseged Fana , Yamagami Hiroshi , Sacco Simona , Saposnik Gustavo , Michel Patrik , Kristoffersen Espen Saxhaug , Sedova Petra , Mikulik Robert , Siegler James E. , Meinel Thomas R. , Aguiar de Sousa Diana , Lobotesis Kyriakos , Roi Dylan , Demeestere Jelle , Asif Kaiz S. , Martins Sheila O. , Abdalkader Mohamad , Goyal Mayank , Nguyen Thang Huy , Ton Mai Duy , Zhu Yuyou , Liu Xinfeng , Qiu Zhongming , Miao Zhongrong , Caroff Jildaz , Romoli Michele , Diana Francesco , Thomalla Götz , Nagel Simon , Sandset Else C. , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Jovin Tudor G. , Nogueira Raul G. , Raymond Jean , Nguyen Thanh N.
Published: August 2022

Background

The best management of basilar artery occlusion (BAO) remains uncertain. The BASICS (Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study) and the BEST (Basilar Artery Occlusion Endovascular Intervention Versus Standard Medical Treatment) trials reported neutral results. We sought to understand physicians’ approaches to BAOs and whether further BAO randomized controlled trials were warranted.

Methods

We conducted an online international survey from January to March 2022 to stroke neurologists and neurointerventionalists. Survey questions were designed to examine clinical and imaging parameters under which clinicians would offer (or rescind) a patient with BAO to endovascular therapy (EVT) or best medical management versus enrollment into a randomized clinical trial.

Results

Of >3002 invited participants, 1245 responded (41.4% response rate) from 73 countries, including 54.7% stroke neurologists and 43.6% neurointerventionalists. More than 95% of respondents would offer EVT to patients with BAO, albeit in various clinical circumstances. There were 70.0% of respondents who indicated that the BASICS and BEST trials did not change their practice. Only 22.1% of respondents would perform EVT according to anterior circulation occlusion criteria. The selection of patients for BAO EVT by clinical severity, timing, and imaging modality differed according to geography, specialty, and country income level. Over 80% of respondents agreed that further randomized clinical trials for BAO were warranted. Moreover, 45.6% of respondents indicated they would find it acceptable to enroll all trial‐eligible patients into the medical arm of a BAO trial, whereas 26.3% would not enroll.

Conclusion

Most stroke physicians continue to believe in the efficacy of EVT in selected patients with BAO in spite of BEST and BASICS. There is no consensus on which selection criteria to use, and few clinicians would use anterior circulation occlusion criteria for BAOs. Further randomized clinical trials for BAO are warranted.
Restricted Structure Preservation in Stratal OT
Authors: Mackenzie Sara
Published: August 2022

Through analyses of Russian voicing assimilation and German dorsal fricative assimilation, this article argues for a restricted version of structure preservation and a stratal model of Optimality Theory. Structure preservation (Kiparsky 1985) prohibits the creation of allophones early in the phonological computation. The parallel architecture of OT undermines the assumptions of structure preservation, which has been widely rejected within OT. This article demonstrates that processes that are both neutralizing and non-structure-preserving, and which involve overlapping sets of targets and triggers, such as Russian voicing assimilation, result in a ranking paradox in parallel OT. Purely allophonic processes, such as German fricative assimilation, do not pose the same difficulties. Analyses of both processes are proposed within the framework of Stratal OT. The use of multiple strata eliminates the ranking paradox illustrated in Russian voicing assimilation and accounts for the interaction of German fricative assimilation and umlaut. This account predicts that non-structure-preserving neutralization cannot take place at the earliest level of evaluation but must apply after the rich base is filtered to the language-specific inventory and stem-level processes are applied. In the case of Russian, this is substantiated by application of assimilation across clitic boundaries, requiring phrase-level application.
VP-Preposing and Constituency “Paradox”
Authors: Larson Richard K.
Published: August 2022

English VP-preposing allows VP modifiers to remain on the right (John said he would arrive on Tuesday, and arrive he did, on Tuesday). The classic analysis of this invokes VP constituency, claiming that the modifiers are right-adjoined to VP and stranded by movement of a smaller VP ([VP arrive] he did [VP [VP arrive] on Tuesday]). This article proposes a radically different view based on the copy theory of movement (Chomsky 1993), wherein moved items leave a copy in their site of origin. I propose that VP-preposing always involves movement of the maximal VP with possible/impossible argument/ modifier “strandings” representing possible/impossible pronunciations of the original copy. This proposal allows a straightforward analysis of “paradox” examples in which VP-preposing constituency appears to clash with c-command requirements. It also raises the possibility of eliminating adjunction entirely in the analysis of modifiers.
Towards an Aesthetic Epistemology of International Law
Authors: Machado Sebastian
Published: August 2022

While there is a growing jurisprudence in the field of art (aesthetics) and international law, there is still space to theorise about the philosophical approach that we choose when we decide to engage the discipline as an artistic endeavour. In this article I argue that an aesthetic conception of international law can help go past the limitations imposed by rationalist accounts of legal order by thinking of it as an experience rather than a social science. This subjective shift in emphasis does not have to commit to a preordained theory of how international law is meant to look like, but rather focuses on the manner in which international lawyers engage with their discipline. I conclude by arguing that international law is not a naturally occurring phenomenon which exists in the empirical world and which we pick out by our senses – it is a human artefact constructed through our involvement with reality. This allows for many argumentative possibilities, and it is by the action of choosing these possibilities that we define the boundaries of what international law is.
The Legality and Scope of Universal Jurisdiction in Criminal Matters
Authors: Ntahiraja Bernard
Published: August 2022

Universal jurisdiction in criminal matters has been a hot topic for many decades already. In discussions on its legality and scope, waters are usually muddied by the inclusion of unrelated issues or by the use of inappropriate methodologies. The purpose of this article is to discuss the legality and scope of universal jurisdiction, mainly by clarifying the concept and addressing the main misunderstandings characterising the discussions on its legality. The main claim is that objections to the legality and to the extended (unlimited) scope of universal jurisdiction in criminal matters are based on two confusions/conflations of notions. Firstly, this paper demonstrates that the so-called conflicts between the exercise of universal jurisdiction and general norms of international law are only imaginable in a framework that misrepresents/misunderstands the concept of jurisdiction itself by conflating the notions of jurisdiction to prescribe and jurisdiction to enforce. Secondly, it argues that the view which limits the scope of universal jurisdiction to a few crimes fails to clearly distinguish states’ international duties and rights in criminal law matters. In terms of methods, the paper takes the (traditional) view that states are allowed to do everything international law does not prohibit.
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 2 and Discrimination on the Basis of Childhood
Authors: Daly Aoife , Stern Rebecca Thorburn , Leviner Pernilla
Published: August 2022

The crc as an instrument calls attention to children as a group. Yet paradoxically it has not resulted in explicit consideration of discrimination against children on the basis of childhood (i.e. detrimental treatment for being young/under 18) in the same way that has happened for other groups like women and ethnic minorities in instruments drafted specifically for their rights. Children are more likely to suffer poverty and violence than adults, and under-18s are largely excluded from national legislation prohibiting unfair discrimination. In this article the jurisprudence of the Committee on the Rights of the Child is examined and it is established that even though child-specific discriminatory practices such as corporal punishment are criticised by the Committee, they are seldom labelled ‘discrimination’ as such. The Committee reserves consideration of Article 2, which enshrines the principle of non-discrimination, for traditionally disadvantaged groups of children such as girls and ethnic minorities. It is concluded that Article 2 has great potential for drawing attention to detrimental treatment for being young/under 18, but that the phenomenon must be more explicitly referenced with greater frequency in law, practice, and scholarship.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characteristics of ancient amber artifacts of the Han Dynasty from Hunan, China
Authors: LIU QI , YUAN YI-MENG , ZHANG YAN-HUA , QIN XUAN , YU YAN-JIAO , WANG HUI , XU NING-NING
Published: August 2022

Here we analyze four ancient amber artifacts of the Han Dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE) by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to reveal their origins. The FTIR results showed the presence of the Baltic shoulder band between 1210–1150 cm-1 and the weak absorption peak near 888 cm-1, so all amber artifacts analyzed here can be classified as succinite originating from the Baltic Sea area (or also Bitterfield or Ukrainian ambers which are Baltic amber coevals). Ancient amber could have been traded from the Baltic area to the Mediterranean via the amber road, and then to the East Asia along the Silk Road. Such exotic materials represent a key for the study of long-distance trade across cultures during ancient times. Very few ancient amber samples excavated in China have been analyzed scientifically so far, and more work is required.
Date and place of publication and author attribution of the combination Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae)
Authors: SMITH GIDEON F.
Published: August 2022

N/A
A new hybrid of Origanum (Lamiaceae) from the Aegean Island of Karpathos (Dodecanese, Greece): Origanum × karpathicum
Authors: CATTANEO CRISTINA , DIMARCHOU THEOCHAROULA , ÖZCAN TANER , DİRMENCİ TUNCAY
Published: August 2022

This study aims to describe a new hybrid of Origanum, which occurs on Karpathos (Greece), by examining its morphology and molecular structure. Nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) data of the alleged hybrid specimens, and its putative parents, O. onites and O. vetteri, were examined. Hybrid and parent individuals sharing the same location with the new hybrid from Karpathos and different specimens belonging to ancestral taxa from Turkey, were used for molecular analysis. According to molecular data, there are some polymorphic nucleotide regions showing the hybridization evidence between the new hybrid and its parents. Molecular results show that the new hybrid is more similar to O. vetteri. Also, the new hybrid has some intermediate morphological characteristics ranging between its parents. Consequently, it was deemed appropriate to present the studied putative hybrid to the scientific world as a new hybrid taxon.
Prangos munzurensis (Apiaceae), a new species from East Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: LYSKOV DMITRY , DURAN AHMET , YAVUZ PAKSOY MEHMET , SAMIGULLIN TAHIR
Published: August 2022

A new species, Prangos munzurensis (Apiaceae), is described and illustrated from Tunceli Province, Eastern Turkey. The new species is related to Prangos heyniae, P. abieticola, and P. denticulata and differs from them in the number of rays, length of bracts, indumentum of petals, ultimate segments of leaves, stylopodium features, fruit morphology and anatomy, and distributional range. It also differs from P. ferulacea in presence of furrows between blocks of inner mesocarp, number of umbel rays, and puberulous petals. A comprehensive description of the morphological and carpo-anatomical features, photographs, and data on the geographical distribution, habitat and ecology, and conservation status are also provided. In addition, P. munzurensis is recognized as a separate species by molecular analysis of nrITS/ETS.
Passiflora zapalinamensis, a new species of supersect. Bryonioides (Passifloraceae) from northeast Mexico
Authors: KUETHE J.R. , ENCINA-DOMÍNGUEZ JUAN A. , CRUZ-ANAYA ARTURO
Published: August 2022

Passiflora zapalinamensis, a new species of the northern Mexican flora with uncinate trichomes, is herein described and illustrated. This species is endemic to the canyons and hills of the Sierra de Zapalinamé within the state of Coahuila, and the extended Sierra Madre Oriental of northeastern Mexico. It belongs to the subgenus Decaloba, supersection Bryonioides. It can be readily distinguished from its most morphologically similar species Passiflora hispidula by its subopposite to alternate glabrous nectaries, consistently rounded foliar apices, red stems and secluded distribution. Its taxonomy, ecology and conservation are discussed.
Around the World They Go: Circumnavigating Balloon Satellites!
Authors: McKinney Todd , Perlaky Nick , Danielson Evan , Mohammed Areeb , Lee Jackson , O’Bryan Ben , Stoll Connor , Hochmuth Clara , Gallien Tyler , Kerr Skyler , Johnson Timothy , Shiffer Chris , Hassler Sean , Jankens Ethan , Feaster Mariama , Morris Connor , Leffler Zeb , Crawford Alice , Cohen Mark , Newchurch Michael , Brown Bill , Tucker Paula , Knupp Kevin
Published: August 2022

Students from the University of Alabama in Huntsville successfully deployed three micro superpressure balloon satellites in winter 2021. Students planned and implemented all phases of the project: obtaining funding, determining project timelines, preparing equipment, launching balloons, designing and implementing a website, writing daily blogs on the balloon progress, and analyzing the data. The objective of the flights was to use the balloons as a meteorological tool to study conditions in the lower stratosphere (12–14 km), as a tracer for evaluating modeled air parcel trajectories, and as an outreach and educational tool. The three balloons successfully traveled hundreds of thousands of kilometers, making an accumulated total of 16 global circumnavigations. Throughout the project, students made connections with hundreds of researchers, ham radio operators, STEM groups, and other students around the globe. The balloons provided velocity telemetry within many different weather regimes, including vigorous jets over the Himalayas, slow-moving equatorial air masses over the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and dense polar air masses over the Arctic Circle. This study has found that the accuracy of HYSPLIT-calculated trajectories using numerical weather predication (NWP) meteorological data can be quantified using parcel velocity, duration of trajectory forecast, and spatial resolution of the NWP model.
Stirring of interior potential vorticity gradients as a formation mechanism for large subsurface-intensified eddies in the Beaufort Gyre
Authors: Manucharyan Georgy E. , Stewart Andrew L.
Published: August 2022

The Beaufort Gyre (BG) is hypothesized to be partially equilibrated by those mesoscale eddies that form via baroclinic instabilities of its currents. However, our understanding of the eddy field’s dependence on the mean BG currents and the role of sea ice remains incomplete. This theoretical study explores the scales and vertical structures of eddies forming specifically due to baroclinic instabilities of interior BG flows. An idealized quasi-geostrophic model is used to show that flows driven only by the Ekman pumping contain no interior potential vorticity (PV) gradients and generate weak and large eddies, ℴ(200km) in size, with predominantly barotropic and first baroclinic mode energy. However, flows containing realistic interior PV gradients in the Pacific halocline layer generate significantly smaller eddies of about 50 km in size, with a distinct second baroclinic mode structure and a subsurface kinetic energy maximum. The dramatic change in eddy characteristics is shown to be caused by the stirring of interior PV gradients by large-scale barotropic eddies. The sea ice-ocean drag is identified as the dominant eddy dissipation mechanism, leading to realistic sub-surface maxima of eddy kinetic energy for drag coefficients higher than about 2×10−3. A scaling law is developed for the eddy potential enstrophy, demonstrating that it is directly proportional to the interior PV gradient and the square root of the barotropic eddy kinetic energy. This study proposes a possible formation mechanism of large BG eddies and points to the importance of accurate representation of the interior PV gradients and eddy dissipation by ice-ocean drag in BG simulations and theory.
Internal Hydraulic Transition and Turbulent Mixing Observed in the Kuroshio over the I-Lan Ridge off Northeastern Taiwan
Authors: Chang Ming-Huei , Cheng Yu-Hsin , Yeh Yu-Yu , Yang Yiing Jang , Jan Sen , Liu Chih-Lun , Matsuno Takeshi , Endoh Takahiro , Tsutsumi Eisuke , Chen Jia-Lin , Guo Xinyu
Published: August 2022

Complex small-scale processes and energetic turbulence are observed at a sill located on the I-Lan Ridge that spans across the strong Kuroshio off Taiwan. The current speed above the sill is strong (1.5 m s−1) and unsteady (±0.5 m s−1) due to the Kuroshio being modulated by the semidiurnal tide. Above the sill crest, isothermal domes, with vertical scales of ∼20 and ∼50 m during the low and high tides, respectively, are generated by turbulent mixing as a result of shear instability in the bottom boundary layer. Tidally modulated hydraulic character modifies the small-scale processes occurring on the leeward side of the sill. Criticality analysis, performed by solving the Taylor–Goldstein equation, suggests that the observed lee waves and intermediate layer sandwiched by two free shear layers are related to the mode-1 and mode-2 critical control between the sill crest and immediate lee, respectively. Around high tide, lee waves are advected further downstream, and only mode-1 critical control can occur, leading to a warm water depression. The shear instabilities ensuing from the hydraulic transition processes continuously mediate flow kinetic energy to turbulence such that the status of marginal instability where the Richardson number converges at approximately 0.25 is reached. The resultant eddy diffusivity Kρ is concentrated from O(10−4) to O(10−3) m2 s−1 and has a maximum value of 10 m2 s−1. The sill on the western flank of the Kuroshio is a hotspot for energetic mixing of Kuroshio waters and South China Sea waters.
Influence of Wind on Subtidal Salt Intrusion and Stratification in Well-Mixed and Partially Stratified Estuaries
Authors: Jongbloed Hendrik , Schuttelaars Henk M. , Dijkstra Yoeri M. , Donkers Paul B. , Hoitink Antonius J. F.
Published: August 2022

An idealized width-averaged model is employed to study the influence of wind stress on subtidal salt intrusion and stratification in well-mixed and partially stratified estuaries. We show that even in mild conditions, wind forcing can influence the estuarine salinity structure in a substantial way. By studying the role of wind forcing on dominant salt transport balances and associated salt transport regimes, we unify and clarify ambiguous observations from previous authors regarding the influence of wind stress: the response of the estuarine salinity structure to wind forcing is different depending on the underlying dominant salt transport balance, which in turn was found to determine whether wind-induced salinity shear, wind-induced modulation of the longitudinal salt distribution, or wind-induced mixing dominates.

Significance Statement

The purpose of this idealized study is to better understand how wind influences the salinity distribution in estuaries on large time scales. This is important because a change in winds can move saline water further inland, threatening freshwater availability and the natural balance of delicate ecosystems. We clarify the sometimes ambiguous observations regarding the influence of wind on the salt distribution and highlight the importance of including average wind forcing in analyses of estuarine dynamics on large time scales.
On the Consistency of the Bottle and CTD Profile Data
Authors: Gouretski Viktor , Cheng Lijing , Boyer Tim
Published: August 2022

Nansen bottle casts served as the main oceanographic instrumentation type for more than a century since the establishing of the technique in the late 1890s. Between the end of the 1960s and the end of the 1990s Nansen cast technique has been gradually replaced by electronic sensor profilers (CTD). Both instrumentation types are considered as the most accurate among other oceanographic instruments and are often used as the unbiased reference. We conducted a comprehensive investigation of the consistency of the temperature data from Nansen casts and CTD profilers analyzing the quasi-collocated bottle and CTD data between the 1960s and the 1990s when both instrumentation types overlap. We found that Nansen casts tend to overestimate the sample depth with reversing mercury-in-glass thermometer temperatures being on average slightly lower compared to CTD data. Respectively, depth and temperature corrections are provided. Further, we estimated the ocean heat content changes between 1955 and 1990 using (along with all other instrumentation types) corrected and uncorrected Nansen cast data. These calculations show that for the upper 2 km layer the global average warming trend for this time period increases from 0.20 ± 0.05 W m−2 for the uncorrected data to 0.28 ± 0.06 W m−2 for the corrected data at the 90% confidence level. Finally, we suggest that the Nansen bottle cast profiles be put into a separate instrumentation group within the World Ocean Database.
Using OSSEs to Evaluate the Impacts of Geostationary Infrared Sounders
Authors: McGrath-Spangler Erica L. , McCarty Will , Privé N. C. , Moradi Isaac , Karpowicz Bryan M. , McCorkel Joel
Published: August 2022

An observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) was performed to assess the impact of assimilating hyperspectral infrared (IR) radiances from geostationary orbit on numerical weather prediction, with a focus on the proposed sounder on board the Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) program’s central satellite. Infrared sounders on a geostationary platform would fill several gaps left by IR sounders on polar-orbiting satellites, and the increased temporal resolution would allow the observation of weather phenomena evolution. The framework for this OSSE was the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) OSSE system, which includes a full suite of meteorological observations. The experiment additionally assimilated four identical IR sounders from geostationary orbit to create a “ring” of vertical profiling observations. Based on the experimentation, assimilation of the IR sounders provided a beneficial impact on the analyzed mass and wind fields, particularly in the tropics, and produced an error reduction in the initial 24–48 h of the subsequent forecasts. Specific attention was paid to the impact of the GeoXO Sounder (GXS) over the contiguous United States (CONUS) as this is a region that is well-observed and as such difficult to improve. The forecast sensitivity to observation impact (FSOI) metric, computed across all four synoptic times over the CONUS, reveals that the GXS had the largest impact on the 24-h forecast error of the assimilated hyperspectral infrared satellite radiances as measured using a moist energy error norm. Based on this analysis, the proposed GXS has the potential to improve numerical weather prediction globally and over the CONUS.

Significance Statement

The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of the proposed geostationary hyperspectral infrared sounder as part of the Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) program on numerical weather prediction. The evaluation was done using a simulated environment, and showed a beneficial impact on the tropical mass and wind fields and an error reduction in the initial 24–48 h forecasts. Over the contiguous United States, the GeoXO Sounder (GXS) performed well and had the largest impact of the assimilated infrared satellite radiances on the 24 h forecast as measured by a moist energy error norm. Based on the results of this study, the proposed GXS has the potential to improve numerical weather prediction.
Higher Education Stakeholders’ Early Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Natow Rebecca S. , Johnson Ane Turner , Manly Catherine A.
Published: August 2022

In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a swift and dramatic shift in how higher education teaching, learning, and other operations occurred. In the months that followed, higher education stakeholders endured major transitions and unexpected challenges. Higher education leaders, policymakers, students, faculty, and staff were influenced by the pandemic in a variety of ways. There is much to be learned from the experiences of higher education stakeholders during the early months of the pandemic. This article introduces the two-part special issue on Higher Education Stakeholders’ Early Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis, situating the research presented in the special issue within the broader context of high-stakes decision-making during a period of global uncertainty, stress, and conflict. The first part of the special issue presents research on the responses of institutional leaders and policymakers to the COVID-19 crisis. The second part of the special issue examines student and “classroom” experiences during the early months of the pandemic. Studies such as these on the responses of higher education stakeholders to the COVID-19 crisis enhance important understanding about how institutional leaders, policymakers, and other stakeholders made sense of and took steps to address the challenges presented by the pandemic.
Effect of p16 Status on Survival Outcomes in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Agarwal Aarti , Philips Ramez , Chitguppi Chandala , Gargano Stacey , Sahin Ziver , Curry Joseph , Luginbuhl Adam , Cognetti David , Toskala Elina , Rabinowitz Mindy R. , Rosen Marc R. , Nyquist Gurston G.
Published: August 2022

Objective:

Evaluate the effect of p16 status on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) undergoing treatment with curative intent; and to assess how p16 status may affect patterns of recurrence.

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Tertiary medical center.

Methods:

Patients with sinonasal SCC treated with curative intent from 2012 to 2018 were identified. Independent variable of interest was p16 status, which was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a 70% staining cutoff for positivity. Kaplan Meier survival curve was plotted to assess correlation between p16 status and DFS and OS. Association between recurrence patterns and p16 status was conducted using chi square and fisher’s exact tests. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis was conducted to assess association between independent variables and DFS.

Results:

Fifty patients with sinonasal SCC met inclusion criteria. Patients were p16 positive in 28/50 (56%) of cases. Kaplan Meier survival curve revealed no statistically significant association between p16 status and DFS or OS survival ( P = .780, P = .474). There was no difference in recurrence patterns in patients with p16 positive versus negative tumors.

Conclusion:

p16 status did not have prognostic value on DFS and OS in our cohort of patients with sinonasal SCC undergoing treatment with curative intent. There was no difference in recurrence patterns between the 2 populations. Based on the results of this study, p16 status should not impact counseling of patients as it relates to their prognosis from SNM.
Development of three-dimensional woven weft interlock carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic composites and experimental investigation on their out-of-plane flexural performance
Authors: Liu Yajun , Xia Hong , Natsuki Toshiaki , Ni Qing-Qing
Published: August 2022

Developing three-dimensional (3D) woven composites using various woven structures is important in the advanced composite research field. In this study, carbon-fiber 3D woven textile-reinforced epoxy–resin composites using four different woven structures (such as 2.5D, 3D-a, 3D-b, and 3D-c) were designed and fabricated based on a dobby-weaving loom, and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding technology. In these 3D woven structures, part of weft insertions serves as binder yarns with a special weft interlock structural design, different weft-to-binder yarn ratios are obtained. Out-of-plane quasistatic three-point bending tests and dynamic low-velocity drop-weight impact tests were conducted on these woven composites to study the effect of woven structure on their flexural performance. Nondestructive ultrasonic C-scan and X-ray microcomputed tomography were applied to characterize the failure modes of the post impacted composites. We found that woven structures affect the flexural performance and failure mode of the developed composites, these structures with lower in-plane and binder yarn waviness exhibited higher quasistatic–flexural performance; 3D-c structure with serious in-plane yarn waviness combined with through-thickness binder yarn path exhibited superior impact resistance than other structures and survived more from composite through-thickness cracks and binder yarn breakage failures. Proper structural design is a key to improving flexural performance in specific engineering applications.
Incumbent-Aligned Terrorism and Voting Behavior: Evidence from Argentina’s 1973 Elections
Authors: Edwards Pearce , Pierson Patrick
Published: August 2022

What is the relationship between domestic terrorism and voting behavior? Past research notes the prevalence of domestic terrorist attacks in democratic regimes, but focuses primarily on such violence as a “weapon of the weak.” We extend this literature by focusing on terrorism by incumbent-aligned armed groups and argue these actors use selective violence against political elites to delegitimize the political opposition and provide credible signals of the instability and unrest that is likely to accompany a transfer of power. Using data from two Argentine presidential elections in 1973, we evaluate the relationship between incidents of violence and changes in two measures of voting behavior—vote share and turnout. Consistent with expectations, left-wing political violence between elections reduced right-wing vote share but did not reduce turnout. Additional tests support the mechanism that violence increased voters’ doubts about a potential right-wing government’s ability to govern, and show violence is correlated with future repression.
Mobile cultures and the Anthropocene
Authors: Roseau Nathalie
Published: August 2022

Research on mobility has shown considerable interest in promoting an interdisciplinary approach to history in order to renew knowledge of transport. Among the issues brought to light by these perspectives, the question of the environment is central. Because transport affects the territories we inhabit, because it reflects the way societies are driven by technology, the mobilisation of history and its long-term perspectives shed light on the footprints it has left on the Earth. By initiating a dialogue between the objects of transport history and the issues of the Anthropocene, the retrospective perspective we propose involves understanding the interdependencies of the scales and boundaries that affect our environments. Reciprocally, adopting this point of view commits us to renewing our understanding of mobile cultures, identifying their hidden faces, exploring their margins and reopening potentialities. This article introduces a new section for the Journal of Transport History, entitled “Mobile cultures and the Anthropocene”.
Teacher stress and COVID-19: Where do we go from here?
Authors: McCarthy Christopher J. , Blaydes Madison , Weppner Caroline H. , Lambert Richard G.
Published: August 2022

Teachers, a population already vulnerable to high stress, experienced increased demands and threats to their coping resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic likely will continue to exact a toll on the mental health of the teaching workforce. A silver lining from COVID-19 could come from teacher stress research conducted during the pandemic, which provides directions for how to improve the occupational lives of teachers. To this end, Christopher McCarthy, Madison Blaydes, Caroline H. Weppner, & Richard G. Lambert briefly review how teacher stress is defined, how it was exacerbated by the pandemic, and what can be done to alleviate it and promote wellness going forward.
Cultivating anti-racist professional cultures that support educators of color
Authors: Santoro Doris A. , Hazel Julia , Morales Alberto
Published: August 2022

Maine’s Portland Public Schools has for years been committed to racial equity, but that commitment has been both an asset and a barrier to making the district hospitable to educators of color. The district’s progressive and anti-racist stance led many white educators to assume that their colleagues did not experience interpersonal or institutional racism. However, when Doris Santoro, Julia Hazel, and Alberto Morales interviewed educators throughout the district they found that experiences of racism were pervasive. Knowing that white educators might tend to deny that reality and not wanting to further burden the district’s educators of color with sharing their trauma or observing their colleagues’ ignorance, they undertook a deliberate process to share their findings in ways that considered the needs of all educators in the system.
Bookshelf: Kappan authors on their favorite reads
Authors: Stovall Jessica
Published: August 2022

Dennis Shirley recommends To Have or To Be? by Erich Fromm. Jessica Lee Stovall recommends The Spirit of Our Work: Black Women Teachers (Re)Member by Cynthia B. Dillard.
Exploring the Relationship of Organizational Justice with Chinese Prison Staff Life Satisfaction
Authors: Lambert Eric G. , Boateng Francis , Liu Jianhong , Zhang Jinwu , Jiang Shanhe
Published: August 2022

The bulk of the limited research on prison staff life satisfaction has been conducted in Western nations, particularly in the U.S., and only two studies have explored the relationship between organizational justice and life satisfaction, both of which only examined two of the four dimensions of justice. The current study investigated how all four dimensions of organizational justice (informational, interpersonal, distributive, and procedural) were related to life satisfaction among Chinese prison staff. The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis indicated that informational, procedural, and distributive justice had significant positive effects on life satisfaction. Interpersonal justice had an insignificant effect.
Analysis of the employment status of Iranian public universities graduates and the governmental policy using system dynamics approach
Authors: Shahsavari-Pour Nasser , Darabi Leila , Zaer-Miri Setareh
Published: August 2022

The increasing young population of Iran and the subsequent increase in the unemployment rate in recent years make the government adopt temporary policies to solve the unemployment problem. Establishing private universities and increasing the capacity of university admissions in higher education are among these policies. Although these policies can reduce the youth unemployment problem temporarily, it leads to an influx of highly educated people in the labor market in the long term. Creating job opportunities for these young people will be more difficult, which requires the extensive cooperation of universities and higher education institutions to train student entrepreneurs. Hence, in this present study, the employment of university graduates is simulated through system dynamics approach. Then using the experimental design method, sensitivity analysis and optimization of variables are performed. In the following, identifying the variables influencing the employment of university graduates, scenarios are introduced regarding dynamic universities in youth employment.
Private urbanism and the spatial rationalities of urban governance
Authors: Ablo Austin Dziwornu
Published: August 2022

Many cities across Africa are characterised by poor planning, housing deficit, waste management challenges and land-use conflicts. Government efforts to address these challenges remain inadequate, with increased private sector participation in urban governance which in recent times has taken the form of privatised cities. Deploying governmentality – the distributed and subjectified statehood – as an analytical frame, and with data produced through interviews, observation and review of various documents, this article analyses spatial rationalities of private city development in Ghana. Rationalities are viewed as drawing boundaries and producing order to foster correct comportments in analysing the logic underlying actors’ approach to private city development. For the state, private city projects provide a quick fix to the urban planning and governance challenges by providing critical infrastructure and development control. Investors view private city developments as profitable ventures that offer the so-called ‘ideal cities’ that can respond to urban governance challenges. The discourses regarding privatised cities are focused on technocratic notions such as tenure security, development control and service delivery. It is, however, argued that the focus, target and strategies of privatised cities are piecemeal and limited in scope and cannot address the urban governance challenges confronting African cities.
Psychedelic Forum Member Preferences for Carer Experience and Consumption Behavior: Can “Trip Sitters” Help Inform Psychedelic Harm Reduction Services?
Authors: Engel Liam B. , Thal Sascha B. , Bright Stephen J.
Published: August 2022

Background:

There is limited research on the provision of harm reduction services to people who use psychedelics. Little is known about provision of care to people consuming psychedelics outside of clinical trials.

Methods:

We investigated how people who used psychedelics discussed their preferences for care (or “trip sitting”) on two online forums: The Shroomery and DMT Nexus. A thematic analysis of the discussion was conducted to better understand consumer preferences for harm reduction services and resources.

Results:

We identified two key themes: experience and remote sitting. Forum participants valued trip sitters who had experienced psychedelic and other non-ordinary states of consciousness, who had knowledge of the health and medical industry, psychedelic literature and/or had previously cared for other psychedelic consumers. Forum participants also identified the value of consuming a psychedelic without somebody who was in their physical proximity, through communicating their plans to a remote trip sitter. The use of online tools was identified as a way to maximize the benefit of privacy while retaining carer benefits.

Conclusion:

Demand for trip sitters with lived psychedelic experience is likely influenced by stigma and empathy. Trip sitters who could relate to the effects of psychedelics assisted consumers in avoiding stigma while vulnerable under the effects of psychedelics. As such, psychedelic harm reduction services should be delivered by peers to ensure care maximizes the benefits of empathy. Psychedelic harm reduction services should consider how remote workers could be employed. There is a clear demand for remote psychedelic care services and to our knowledge this has not yet been explored.
Analysis of age-related prevalence and risk factors of chronic rhinosinusitis with asthma
Authors: Tai Junhu , Jeong Yujin , Lee Kijeong , Park Jaehyung , Han Munsoo , Kim Tae Hoon
Published: August 2022

Objective

To determine age-related risk factors for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with asthma.

Methods

Data were obtained from a national survey of non-hospitalized civilians conducted by the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. CRS diagnosis was based on the guidelines of the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Asthma was judged based on whether the patient had been diagnosed with asthma in the past. Of the 45,811 survey participants, 26,335 were included in the cross-sectional study. Participants included in the study were divided into the control, CRS, and CRS with asthma groups. Age-related risk factors were analyzed in patients aged < 60 or > 60 years. Univariate logistic analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between groups. Risk factors included age, sex, household income, residence, education level, occupation, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

Education level (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.342, P = .0003), BMI (OR: 1.09, P = .0082), and total IgE (TIgE) levels (OR: 5.582, P = .003) were significantly different between the control and the CRS with asthma group. Education level (OR: 0.478, P = .0016) and TIgE levels (OR: 4, P = .0218) were significantly different between the CRS and CRS with asthma groups under 60 years of age. BMI (OR: 1.087, P = .0443; OR: 1.104, P = .0224) showed a significant difference between all three groups with age > 60 years.

Conclusion

Progression to CRS with asthma is influenced by education level, occupation, and TIgE levels in patients under 60 years of age. BMI was the only influencing factor associated with the progression to CRS with asthma in those aged > 60 years.
Query expansion using Haar wavelet transform
Authors: Shukla Abhishek Kumar , Das Sujoy
Published: August 2022

Novice users are unable to express their information needs properly, due to this it is difficult to retrieve all the desired relevant documents from the test collection. The problem of word mismatch is fundamental to information retrieval. Query expansion is a technique in which additional terms are added to retrieve relevant documents. In this article, we have expanded the query using pseudo-relevance feedback and Haar wavelet transform. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated on FIRE 2011 ad hoc English test Collection and Robust dataset. The mean average precision of the proposed model on the FIRE dataset and Robust Track dataset is 0.3334 and 0.2724, respectively.