bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trust Expectations, Information Sharing, Climate of Trust, and Negotiation Effectiveness and Efficiency
Authors: Butler John K.
Published: March 2007

Trust expectations, information quantity shared, the climate of trust, and negotiated outcomes were investigated. Initial trust expectation was manipulated, and participants provided data about the quantity of information shared, the climate of trust, and the outcomes of the negotiations. The 324 participants were practicing managers who conducted a negotiating role play with win-win potential. Information sharing followed from initial trust expectations, and information sharing did not fully mediate the relationship between expectations and climate of trust. Negotiating effectiveness was associated with the quantity of information shared but not with trust. Procedural inefficiency (time to discover the solution) decreased as information quantity increased, but procedural inefficiency was not related to trust. One measure of outcome inefficiency (complexity of the agreement) decreased as trust increased, but another measure of outcome inefficiency (monetary cost of the agreement) was not related to trust. Unexpectedly, buyers’ monetary cost increased as information increased, suggesting that sellers might profit from information exchange and, indirectly, from trust. Contributions and limitations of the study are discussed in addition to implications of trust in negotiations by practicing managers.
On the Dynamics of Small Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Beer Randall D.
Published: March 2007

Dynamical neural networks are being increasingly employed in a variety of contexts, including as simple model nervous systems for autonomous agents. For this reason, there is a growing need for a comprehensive understanding of their dynamical properties. Using a combination of elementary analysis and numerical studies, this article begins a systematic examination of the dynamics of continuous-time recurrent neural networks. Specifically, a fairly complete description of the possible dynamical behavior and bifurcations of one- and two-neuron circuits is given, along with a few specific results for larger networks. This analysis provides both qualitative insight and, in many cases, quantitative formulas for predicting the dynamical behavior of particular circuits and how that behavior changes as network parameters are varied. These results demonstrate that even small circuits are capable of a rich variety of dynamical behavior (including chaotic dynamics). An approach to understanding the dynamics of circuits with time-varying inputs is also presented. Finally, based on this analysis, several strategies for focusing evolutionary searches into fruitful regions of network parameter space are suggested.
Managing the Product Realization Process: a Model for Aggregate Cost and Time-to-market Evaluation
Authors: Duffey Michael R. , Dixon John R.
Published: March 2007

Product and process realization for innovative mechanical products often risks considerable cost- and schedule-related problems A tool to aid rapid evaluation of the aggregate development cost and time implications of alternate preliminary designs and design processes could therefore be valuable, particularly in a concurrent engineering environment. To this end, a model is proposed and demonstrated with a proof-of-concept computer implementation. There are several potential applications envi sioned: as a "prospectus" for new product designs to evaluate development cost and time within a specific organizational context; to assist managers in concurrent scheduling of design, tooling, and other preproduction activities; as a vehicle for budget negotiation between engineers and financial managers during the design process, and as an aid for value analysis This research is intended as a starting point to investigate new computer-based management tools made possible in part by emerging engineering design representations and related methodologies for cost and time evaluation
A Slope-Based Method for Least Cost Tolerance Allocation
Authors: Nagarwala Moiz Y. , Simin Pulat P. , Raman Shivakumar
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a new methodology is presented to solve the tolerance allocation-process selection problem simultaneously The prob lem is modeled using discrete and continuous variables and is transformed into a model with only continuous variables by defining an efficient tolerance-cost curve for each component Since the efficient tolerance-cost curve is neither convex nor concave, nonlinear programming method ologies cannot be directly applied The tolerance-cost curve is piecewise linearly approximated and an efficient methodology is developed to solve the problem The method starts with a solution which minimizes the objective function value but is not feasible The infeasibility is iteratively reduced in a way that the increase in the objective function value is minimal Computational analysis indicates that the method is very robust and requires negligible CPU time
Situations and Processes
Authors: Menzel Christopher , Mayer Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Typical methods for representing business engineering and manufacturing processes represent process information by means of rather restricted often graphical languages These languages are often fine as far as they go, but for many purposes—information sharing, in particular—much more precise, detailed representations of enterprise processes are required In this paper, we develop an approach to the rigor ous representation of process information based on situation theory We begin with an informal account of the semantic categories of the ap proach including situations, infons types activities, and processes, as well as the central relations that can hold between them A frame work—known as ST based roughly on the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is introduced for expressing information in these terms The use of ST is then illustrated in detail by means of a series of examples Finally the formal semantics for ST is sketched and the language and basic logic of ST is formally defined
A Robust Concept Exploration Method for Enhancing Productivity in Concurrent Systems Design
Authors: Wei Chen  , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh
Published: March 2007

Productivity is of major economic significance in the current competitive global market. Due to growing costs and globalization of the marketplace, improvements in productivity require the creation of a reliable design through concurrent systems analysis in the shortest possible time. This is particularly important for designing complex engineering systems such as aircraft, automobiles and ships. The Robust Concept Exploration Method (RCEM) embodies a systematic approach that can be used to enhance design productivity by both increasing design knowledge in the early stages of designs and maintaining design freedom throughout the design process. Given the overall design requirements and the systems analysis packages, the RCEM is used to evaluate quickly the design alternatives and to develop comprehen sive, robust, flexible, and modifiable top-level specifications. Central to the RCEM is the integration of robust design techniques, Suh's de sign axioms, and the Response Surface Methodology within the framework of a mathematical construct, called the compromise Decision Support Problem, for multi-objective design problems. The high speed civil transport (hsct) aircraft is used as an example to demonstrate our approach.
A Fuzzy Model of Legal Reasoning for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Woerner David , Armaly Samir , Butlert Alley , Fischer David
Published: March 2007

The role of Concurrent Engineering is expanding to recognize enterprise issues in the product realization process. This work continues that trend by advocating proactive consideration of legal liability for defective design in preliminary design. To accomplish this, a fuzzy logic model of legal reasoning is demonstrated. The model evaluates the potential liability of a manufacturer for not adopting a pro posed alternative design. As such, it functions as a heuristic-based progressive model within Prasad's [24] Concurrent Engineering para digm. This model is based on the use of interpretive charts by the designer to quantitatively assess six variables on a zero to ten scale as inputs to the model. This allows evaluation of legal concepts by the fuzzy model, and it permits determination of a quantitative measure of potential legal liability for defective design. The system demonstrated here is validated using 100 cases, with acceptable responses at the 99% level. Additionally, use of this system is illustrated with four example cases for product design. Conclusions are drawn regarding poten tial use within the product realization process.
African Americans in Dual-Career Commuter Marriages: An Investigation of their Experiences
Authors: Jackson Anita P. , Brown Ronald P. , Patterson-Stewart Karen E.
Published: March 2007

Commuter marriages are becoming more and more common for couples of various ethnic/racial backgrounds. However, little research examines the experiences of African Americans engaged in this lifestyle. This article reports the expressed experiences of four African American couples engaged in dual-career commuter marriages. As a qualitative study, focused in grounded theory, interviews were conducted with the participants as couples and as individuals. Specific cultural issues relative to ethnicity, gender, commuter relationship role, and duration of commuter lifestyle are discussed, and implications for theory, practice, and research are presented.
The Social Implications of Sexual Identity Formation and the Coming-Out Process: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature
Authors: Mosher Chad M.
Published: March 2007

Current research on publicly communicating one’s sexual orientation (heretofore referred to as “coming-out”) and sexual identity formation models are examined within the two prevalent theoretical orientations: essentialism and social constructionism. Aspects of both theories find support in the empirical literature reviewed. Carrion and Lock’s stage model of sexual identity formation is described and used as a template. The discovery process will be discussed and three coming-out audiences identified. Relationships between the individual coming out and the identified audiences exist in a dynamic and fluid environment. Data suggest that perceptions of the relationship climate can affect the coming-out process. Implications for family therapists and couples counselors are provided in the conclusion of the article. More research with diverse samples is needed to further understand the process of coming-out and identity formation.
Couple Therapy with Narcissistically Vulnerable Clients: Using the Relationship Enhancement Model
Authors: Snyder Maryhelen
Published: March 2007

The term "narcissistically vulnerable" is used in the literature to describe clients who are particularly reactive to experienced criticism or blame, minimally able to empathize, and prone to both idealization and abandonment rage. Models of couple therapy that effectively integrate the psychodynamic and the psycho-educational can provide a structured and facilitating environment in which both partners can gradually learn to express feelings with less risk of shaming the other and to empathize more deeply with the feelings of the other that have previously evoked defensive reactions. Relationship Enhancement therapy is described as one such model, and a case example is given to illustrate how the model can be used to address the particularfeatures of narcissistic vulnerability.
Defusing the Power Play by Playing Inadequate, Playing Good
Authors: Sherman Robert
Published: March 2007

This column provides aforum wtithin which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples andfamilies. If it works wellforyou, it may be that others can adapt it to work wellfor them too. Please submit manuscripts of 6-12 double-spaced typed pages (in the format of the technique that follows) to Robert Sherman, 154-23A RiversideDrive, Beechhurst, NY 1135 7-1339.
Therapist's Spouse as Absent Co-Therapist
Authors: Glickauf-Hughes Cheryl , Mehlman Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2007

This column provides a forum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have developed or adapted and find successful in your work with couples and families. If it works well for you, it may be that others could adapt it for themselves or be stimulated to invent another technique. Submit your manuscripts of 6 to 10 double-spaced typed pages to Robert Sherman, 154-23A Riverside Drive, Beechhurst, NY 11357 or to the Editor, indicating the manuscript is for this column.
Identity, Change, and Family Rituals
Authors: Giblin Paul
Published: March 2007

This review of research highlights the value andfunction of rituals in family life and of assessment and intervention considerations in the clinical context. Six empirical studies examine the relationship of family rituals to alcoholism transmission, adolescent identity and symptomatology, marital satisfaction, and the family life cycle. Although marital and family therapists have demonstrated the rich clinical utility of rituals and have engaged in extensive theory-building, this signifwant dimwnsion of family life awaits much more investigation.
Parent Training: A Review of Adlerian, Parent Effectiveness Training, and Behavioral Research
Authors: Mooney Scott
Published: March 2007

This article is a review and integration of research in the parent training literature. Included are studies investigating the efficacy of Adlerian and behavioral programs as well as parent effectiveness training. The review encompasses the published literature since 1974 and includes only those studies that are quantitative in nature. An integration of the research is provided in terms of effects on parental attitudes, perceptions, and behavior as well as effects on children. Implications and recommendations forfuture research are also considered.
Resiliency Mechanisms in Culturally Diverse Families
Authors: Johnson Alf C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the initial clinical findings from research assessing resiliency mechanisms in culturally diverse families. A qualitative research methodology is used in identifying and discussing 10 resiliency mechanisms. Implications of this research for clinical practice are briefly explored.
Gender and Marital Intimacy
Authors: Gold Joshua M.
Published: March 2007

This study is based on the hypothesis that spouses presenting for couples counseling will present similar intimacy complaints. The sample of 100 couples accessing two community mental health centers completed the Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR) questionnaire to describe their expectations and perceptions of current marital intimacy. Correlational analyses reveal no relationships between spouses' expectations of marital intimacy but significant positive relationships between spouses perceptions of marital intimacy on thefive intimacy subscales of the PAIR. Tests of difference did not support the original hypothesis; instead, they specified that husbands and wives came to counseling with different intimacy complaints. The implications of these results for case conceptualization and clinical intervention are discussed.
Differences in Family-of-Origin Perceptions among African American, Anglo-American, and Hispanic American College Students
Authors: Kane Connie M. , Erdman Phyllis
Published: March 2007

African American, Anglo-American, and Hispanic American graduate and undergraduate students reported their perceptions of their families of origin by completing the Family-of-Origin Scale. Responses were compared across gender and ethnicity using multiple analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls method of multiple comparisonsfor post hoc testing. Using p <.05 level ofsignificance, AfricanAmericans rated theirfamilies of origin significantly higher than did both Anglo-Americans and HispanicAmericans on the major scales of Autonomy and Intimacy and on the Intimacy subscales Range of Feelings, Conflict Resolution, and Empathy. African Americans also scored their families significantly higher than did Hispanic Americans on the Autonomy subscales Clarity of Expression, Openness, and Respect for Others. There were no significant differences between the responses of males andfemales or between Anglo-Americans and Hispanic Americans.
Understanding Culture and Woridview in Family Systems: Use of the Multicultural Genogram
Authors: Thomas Anita Jones
Published: March 2007

Thefield offamily counseling has recognized the importance of context on individuals' lives. However, few tools for assessing the influence of culture exist. This article describes the multicultural genogram, which assesses both the culture and worldview offamily members. The multicultural genogram can be used to assess cultural factors as well as to establish rapport with diverse families. Cultural variables explored in the genogram include race, ethnicity, gender, immigration, social class, and spirituality. Clinical examples are provided.
Myers-Briggs Attitude Typology: The Influence of Birth Order with Other Family Variables
Authors: Stansbury Virginia K. , Coll Kenneth M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the influence of birth order with the family variables of parenting style, age spacing, gender, and socioeconomic status on the Myers-Briggs attitude scales of Extraversion/Introversion and Judging/Perceiving. Results indicated that age spacing interacted with birth order to influence Extraversion and Introversion scores. Parenting style and gender interacted with birth order to influence Judging and Perceiving scores.
Using Literature to Teach the Art of Diagnosing
Authors: Demmitt Alan D.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the use of literature to teach counseling students. Specifically, the focus is on the art of diagnosing from the historicalperspective of "knowing someone through and through." The article describes an exercise that uses Potok's The Chosen to assist the clinician in understanding the individual and how to diagnosis him or her and maintain an understanding of the system in which behaviors occur.
Loving and Being Loved: Commitment Implications
Authors: Eckstein Daniel , Axford Darsi J.
Published: March 2007

Each person has a personal way of receiving and oppressing the experience of being in love. It is based on modeling and personal decisions stemming from family of origin, coupled with personal wants, needs, and values. This article adapts Sam Keen’s (1997) To Love and Be Loved to assist couples in examining their respective personal histories of love after describing objectrelations theory. Relationship commitment implications then are explored by means of an experiential activity.
Using the Internet in Career Planning and Assessment
Authors: Reile David M. , Harris-Bowlsbey JoAnn
Published: March 2007

This article is directed toward career development practitioners. Provided first is an historical perspective on the use of computers in support of career development as well as a brief history of the Internet and the World Wide Web (Web). This is offered to provide the reader with a context for the relevancy of using the Web in career planning and job search assisting. Next is presented an overview of the top uses of the Web and their particular utility for career development practitioners. The remainder of this paper provides a detailed look at specific career-related Web applications, including the practice of Web counseling, online training, and a special focus on assessment. Additionally, the references provided may prove useful to practitioners, their clients, and researchers.
The Future of Career Assessment: Integrating Vocational Interests with Self-Efficacy and Personal Styles
Authors: Betz Nancy E. , Borgen Fred H.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews what is believed to be one of the most important trends in vocational research and career assessment, that is, that body of work integrating vocational interest measurement with the concepts of self-efficacy and personal styles. Beginning with a review of Bandura's self-efficacy theory, recent work in which parallel measures of interests and self-efficacy (or confidence) are used to improve the prediction of vocational choice behavior and the comprehensiveness of career assessment and counseling is examined. Following this, the use of measures of personal styles, such as those on the Strong Interest Inventory, along with vocational interests in vocational research and counseling are reviewed. Implications of both of these trends for future research and for career counseling are discussed.
A Scale of Personality Styles Based on DSM-III-R for Investigating Occupational Choice and Leisure Activities
Authors: Silver Catherine B. , Malone Jean E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents measures of six personality styles designed to investigate occupational choice and leisure activity in survey research among normal populations. The instrument is composed of scales of seven items each that describe Narcissistic, Paranoid, Obsessive, Hysterical, Depressive and Impulsive personalities based on axis II of DSM-III-R (1987) and Shapiro's Neurotic styles (1965). The scales were validated on several independent samples (443 undergraduate students, 802 undergraduate and graduate students, 293 students and adult workers). We found that the measures of personality styles satisfied several tests of internal consistency, validity, and reliability. Although the results from our preliminary assessment of the difference in personality styles among selected occupational groups are not fully definitive, they do suggest that theoretically meaningful differences exist.
Environmental Congruence, Group Importance, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Meir Elchanan I. , Tziner Aharon , Glazner Yael
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to examine the immediate and later effects of environmental congruence and group importance on job satisfaction. Of the 180 participants in this investigation, 48% were new employees in their organizational milieus, (i.e., no more than 3 months in the job), and 52% were students in the first 3 months of departmental studies. Results showed that although environmental congruence was modestly related to job satisfaction (approx. r = .22, as in previous studies) concerning both immediate and later measurements, the magnitude of the effect of group importance was considerably higher after some adaptation time had elapsed (increasing from r = .23 to r = .57). Ramifications of these findings are elaborated.
Appraising Science Career Interests in Adolescent Girls and Boys
Authors: Collier Charlotte M. , Spokane Arnold R. , Bazler Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Science career choice is partly determined by precursors such as enrollment in science and mathematics courses, which are, in turn, determined by factors such as attitudes toward science, participation in science activities, and science career preference. Participants were 1,501 students, Grades 4 through 10, from a large, national intervention study. Independent variables were gender and grade. Dependent variables measured attitude, activities, and career preference. Multivariate, univariate, and discriminant analysis and chi-square tests of association were used. Girls were less likely than boys to see science as a male activity or to believe they had not received serious attention from their science teachers. In contrast, girls were less likely than boys to see science as a fun puzzle to be solved. On three out of four measures of interest in Realistic and Investigative careers (Holland, 1997), girls showed less interest than boys. There were no gender differences for science activities and no gender-by-grade interaction effects. Results confirm the complex nature of attraction to a career in science and shed some light on differences between boys and girls in the understructure of science career interest.
Global Climate Change and the Trade System: Bridging the Culture Gap
Authors: Clémençon Raymond
Published: March 2007

Effective climate change policies, such as the introduction of userfees on carbon dioxide emissions, would have great implications for international economic competitiveness. Such policies can only hope to succeed in tandem with international trade rules that implicitly support them. This contribution proposes the establishment of a joint negotiating group composed of trade and climate negotiators as a way to better address the global warming problem in conjunction with the development of appropriate international economic framework conditions. It is argued that treatment of this issue within the framework of existing institutions alone will not result in the broad-based dialogue and highest-level involvement likely required for successfully ad dressing the climate change/trade interlinkage.
Regional Report
Authors: Bray David Barton
Published: March 2007

Most attention to the concept of sustainable development has focused on national government policy. This review will concentrate on efforts to implement rural sustainable development at the grassroots level in Mexico. In the two crucial rural production areas of forestry and agriculture, some Mexican peasant organizations are leading the way in sustainable silvicul ture and organic agriculture, both of which are market oriented. These local-level efforts have important implications for reorienting government policies toward sustainable development.
Trade and Environmental Quality: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Thompson Peter , Strohm Laura A.
Published: March 2007

At the heart of the current debate between environmentalists and the trade community lie differences of opinion about the impact that trade liberalization has on environmental quality. This article reviews economists'evidence on the physical trade-environment link. Contrary to interpretations from the trade community, the evidence lends no support to claims that positive income effects from economic expansion dominate negative scale effects. On the other hand, the evidence does not support environmentalists' arguments that trade is a significant source of environmental degradation, nor that trade liberalization has induced significant international migration of dirty industries.
The Politics of Community Forestry in the Philippines
Authors: Vitug Marites Danguilan
Published: March 2007

Policy reforms aimed at preserving the Philippines' remaining forests, including the flagship community forestry program, have created a gap in the supply requirements of the local wood industry. Trade liberalization, however, is expected to fill this gap with the importation of lumber until forest plantations, both corporate and community based, are capable of yielding the needed volume. This article focuses on political intervention and how it can impede the process of communities taking over former logging concessions and other forestry reform policies. Community forestry represents a shift in policy from the system of timber license agreements given to the elite in the past and was most pronounced during the authoritarian years of government. Democracy, coupled with an effective nongovernmental organization movement and a vigilant civil society, enabled the change. However, pressures from politicians can derail this flagship program of government, as a case study of the largest community-based forest in the Philippines shows.
Is Consensus Necessary for Effective Environmental Treaties?
Authors: Scapple Karrin
Published: March 2007

All environmental issues have the possibility for both violence and peaceful resolution. Peaceful resolution is usually found through treaties. It is gener ally believed that treaties will be more effective when parties reach a high degree of consensus. However, it is not clear whether consensus is necessary for effec tive environmental treaties. This article presents variables on problem and so lution representation that affect consensus as understood in political science, psychology, and cross-cultural communication. This article suggests the con ditions under which consensus can lead to effective treaties. A typology is cre ated, and several case studies are presented. The analysis indicates that there is a relationship between consensus and effectiveness. Treaty-making bodies that achieve a higher level of consensus do tend to draft more effective treaties. However, evidence suggest that it may not be as important for the parties to agree as to understand each other's concerns on a given issue.
The Validity of the General Ability Measure for Adults ™: Comparison with WAIS-R IQ Scores in A Sample of College Students with Academic Difficulties
Authors: Lassiter Kerry S. , Leverett J. Patrick , Safa Tharwat A.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the validity of the General Ability Measure for Adults (GAMA1) by comparing it to the WAIS-R using a sample of 80 college students reporting learning difficulties. Results indicated that the mean GAMA IQ score did not deviate significantly from the mean WAIS-R IQ scores. The GAMA Full Scale IQ correlated significantly with the WAIS-R PIQ VIQ, and FSIQ scores. However, the obtained correlation coefficient for the GAMA and WAIS-R PIQ significantly differed from the observed correlation coefficient between the GAMA and WAIS-R VIQ, suggesting that the GAMA was more clearly associated with perceptual skills than verbal abilities. When the correlation coefficients between the GAMA and WAIS-R scores were corrected for the effects of range restriction, the correlation coefficients increased, yet demonstrated the same pattern (e.g., GAMA/PIQ, .69; GAMA/VIQ, .36; GAMA/FSIQ, .60). The GAMA's accuracy in predicting individual student performance on the WAIS-R FSIQ also was examined.
Comparisons among the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR)
Authors: Holden Ronald R. , Starzyk Katherine B. , McLeod Lindsay D. , Edwards Melanie J.
Published: March 2007

Issues of reliability, item latent structure, and faking on the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) were examined with a sample of 300 university undergraduates. Reliability analyses indicated that scales from all inventories had acceptable internal consistency. Confirmatory item principal component analyses supported the structures and scoring keys of the HPSI and the BIDR, but not the BSI. Although all inventories were susceptible to faking, validity indices of the HPSI and the BIDR could correctly classify over two-thirds of test respondents as either responding honestly or as faking.
Repeated Assessment of the Tower of Hanoi Test: Reliability and Age Effects
Authors: Ahonniska Jaana , Ahonen Timo , Aro Tuija , Tolvanen Asko , Lyytinen Heikki
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to analyze the effects of repeating an executive function test. Three versions of the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) test were repeated three times each, with test-retest intervals of 2 months. Two groups of children participated in the research (7.7 and 11.6 years, n = 22 and n = 28). Repeating the assessment improved the performance and decreased the total performance time in both of the groups. The older participants improved their performance faster than the younger ones. The reliability of all the scores, besides the error scores, seemed to be satisfactory after the first few assessments. The stability of the scores was maintained through all the assessments. The planning time did not explain the variations of the achieved score. The reasons for the initially low reliabilities are discussed, and modifications for the test administration and scoring are suggested.
Subtypes of Clinical Presentations in Malingerers of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An MMPI-2 Cluster Analysis
Authors: Elhai Jon D. , Frueh B. Christopher
Published: March 2007

This paper investigated subtypes of individuals trained and instructed to malinger Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) through a cluster analysis of their Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) clinical and validity scales. Participants were 84 men and women college students at a community college in the southeastern United States. Two well fitting MMPI-2 cluster solutions were evaluated with discriminant analyses and multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs); a 2-cluster solution was deemed optimal. Significant between-cluster differences emerged in follow-up analyses on most of the content scales of the MMPI-2. Most demographic variables did not account for differences in cluster membership. Clusters differed in their reported clarity of the materials used to educate them about PTSD. Discriminant analyses yielded better correct classification rates than those from previous studies, when the more severely symptomatic cluster was compared with a sample of clinical combat-related PTSD veterans. Implications are considered in conducting future malingered PTSD investigations.
Reliability Generalization: Exploring Reliability Variations on MMPI/MMPI-2 Validity Scale Scores
Authors: Vacha-Haase Tammi , Tani Crystal R. , Kogan Lori R. , Woodall Renee A. , Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2007

The study utilized the measurement meta-analytic method called "reliability generalization" to examine (a) the typical reliability, (b) the variability of score reliability, and (c) the factors predicting variability of score reliability on the three MMPI validity scales. Across studies the reliability co-efficients on the three validity scales ranged from .16 to .93, with the F scale having the most variability, as might be expected. Regression analyses suggested that the age of participant best predicted the variation of reliability co-efficients.
Apolipoprotein E: Emerging Story in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Strittmatter Warren J. , Roses Allen D.
Published: March 2007

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. One of the three com mon apoE alleles, apoE4, behaves as an autosomal codominant trait in the majority of late-onset and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, with homozygosity for this allele virtually sufficient to cause disease by the age of 80. In contrast, the apoE2 and apoE3 alleles decrease the probability of disease and increase the age of onset, with the protective effect of apoE2 greater than apoE3. Thus, the inherited alleles of apoE determine, in part, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and determine the rate of disease progres sion. Isoform-specific interactions of apoE with other molecules are therefore critical in this disease. ApoE is found in populations of neurons, some of which contain abnormal neurofibrillary tangles assembled from the protein tau. In healthy neurons, tau helps assemble and stabilize microtubules, but in Alzheimer's disease, it forms paired helical filaments of the neurofibrillary tangle. ApoE3 avidly binds tau in vitro, whereas apoE4 does not. Isoform-specific interactions of apoE with tau and other microtubule-associated proteins could contribute to the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Uncovering the roles of apoE in the brain, both in health and in disease, will be an exciting area for neuroscience. The Neuroscientist 1:298- 306, 1995
Signal Transduction at the Neuronal Growth Cone
Authors: Strittmatter Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Nervous system development depends on axonal growth cone recognition of extracellular guidance clues and transduction of this information into directed growth. Major advances have been made in characterizing the extracellular molecules that serve as signals for growing axons, in correlating fluctuations of Ca,++ with motility, and in demonstrating the actin-dependent basis of growth cone motility. The intracellular events that immediately follow ligand-receptor interaction at the growth cone are largely undetermined. Molecules of the integrin family, the cadherin family, and the cell adhesion molecule family organize cytoskeletal changes directly but also may initiate signaling cascades involving diffusible messengers. Heterotrimeric G proteins are highly concentrated in the growth cone membrane and can account for the initial steps in signal transduction for several neurotransmitters that regulate axonal growth. GAP-43 enhances the sensitivity of G protein-mediated transduction. Molecules inhibitory for neuronal growth, such as collapsin, initiate a signal transduction cascade likely to involve G proteins and an intracellular protein, CRMP-62. Further analysis of growth cone signal transduction will provide a molecular understanding of the development of synaptic connectivity during brain development. The Neuroscientist 2:83-86, 1996
■ REVIEW : Corticotropin-releasing Factor, Stress, and Depression
Authors: Heit Stacey , Owens Michael J. , Plotsky Paul , Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: March 2007

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a 41 amino acid-containing neuropeptide, acts both as a hypothalamic releasing factor, controlling ACTH and corticosteroid secretion, and at extrahypothalamic CNS sites to mod ulate mammalian organisms' responses to stress. In this article, the evidence that CRF-containing neurons within the CNS are hyperactive in patients with depression is reviewed. The evidence, taken together, suggests that during depressive episodes, CRF is hypersecreted, resulting in both pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and certain of the signs and symptoms of depression, including decreased appetite, decreased libido and disturbed sleep. There is also evidence that treatments for depression, including antidepressant medications and electroconvulsive therapy, reduce CRF hypersecretion within the CNS. Finally, evidence suggests that alterations in CRF-containing neurons and receptors are responsible for the widely held ob servation that early untoward life events increase an individual's vulnerability for affective disorders. These findings have a number of implications for treatment of the mood disorders, including the suggestion that the pharmacological manipulation of CRF receptors may provide a novel avenue for the treatment of de pression. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:186-194, 1997
Mitochondrial DNA and Diseases of the Nervous System: The Spectrum
Authors: Dimauro Salvatore , Schon Eric A.
Published: March 2007

The past 9 years have witnessed the development of a new chapter in human pathology related to mutations in the "other genome" or the "25th chromosome," namely mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An astounding array of multisystemic disorders, almost always involving muscle and brain (mitochondrial encephalomyopathies) have been attributed to over 50 point mutations and a multitude of rearrangements in mtDNA. Here, we review the still expanding spectrum of proven or putative mtDNA-related disorders, and we try to explain some peculiarities of these diseases according to the new rules of "mitochondrial genetics." NEURO SCIENTIST 4:53-63, 1998
Review : Gene Expression after Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Savitz Sean I. , Rosenbaum Daniel M.
Published: March 2007

Global and focal ischemias induce a variety of gene families, including immediate early genes, cytokines, neurotransmitter receptors, and heat-shock proteins. The Janus-like effects of several of these gene prod ucts promote neuronal survival and degeneration. Therefore, determining the molecular pathways respon sible for the differential regulation of these genes is of paramount importance. The discovery of apoptosis as a mediator of delayed neuronal death has led to the identification of a number of other genes involved in postischemic brain damage. Future neuroprotective therapies for cerebral ischemia may be directed at preventing alterations in gene expression. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:238-253, 1999
The Convergence of Health and Family in the Vietnamese Culture
Authors: Davis Ruth E.
Published: March 2007

Although thousands of Vietnamese refugees have found sanctuary in the United States during the past 30 years, few descriptions exist about the manner in which the Vietnamese family functions in this country. Using the phenomenological method, open-ended interviews on health, illness, and family in the Vietnamese culture were conducted with 15 Vietnamese women. The participants conveyed themes of connectedness, holism, persistence of values, and the importance of continuity of intergenerational wisdom. These topics provide information about the salience of the Vietnamese family and intersecting points of its health in particular. This article examines implications for nurse clinicians working with families and the importance of involving family members in health care delivery. Recommendations for further research pertaining to the Vietnamese family and communities are also explored.
Perceptions of Health Status and the Relationship With Abuse History and Mental Health in Low-Income Single Mothers
Authors: Lutenbacher Melanie
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationships among maternal abuse experiences, psychosocial factors, and perceptions of health status in a sample of 59 low-income mothers with young children. Data were collected in the first wave of a 3-wave panel study during structured in-home interviews. Sixty-four percent of the sample reported some form of childhood abuse, with approximately 41% of the women reporting an abusive relationship during the past 12 months. More than 59% of the mothers reported high depressive symptoms, but few women had received mental health treatment. High everyday stressors and high depressive symptoms were associated with poorer perceptions of maternal and child health status. Histories of abuse were not associated with levels of self-esteem. Nurses working with low-income single mothers must evaluate mothers’ risk status relative to mental health and family violence on an ongoing basis and provide appropriate treatment or referral.
Key Issues in Cross-Cultural Family Research
Authors: Moriarty Helene J. , Cotroneo Margaret , de Feudis Rossana , Natale Silvana
Published: March 2007

As communication and collaboration among international family clinicians and researchers increases, opportunities for cross-cultural family research will also increase. Cross-cultural family research poses many theoretical, methodological, and pragmatic challenges. This article describes issues to be considered in approaching cross-cultural research. To illustrate these issues, the authors draw on their own research with Italian and American families in which intrafamilial child maltreatment is the presenting problem.
Experiences of Pregnant African American Adolescents: Meanings, Perception, Appraisal, and Coping
Authors: Oxley Gozil M. , Weekes Delois P.
Published: March 2007

This article is an exploratory descriptive investigation of the meanings given by pregnant African American adolescents to the experience of being pregnant. Twenty-one participants between the ages of 13 and 19 were recruited from two community clinics and two private physicians'offices in California. Data were collected through in-depth interviews that elicited information regarding the experience of pregnancy, changes experienced during pregnancy, and strategies used to manage these changes. The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the grounded theory technique of constant comparative analysis. The two major themes that emerged from the data regarding the pregnancy experience were pregnancy disclosing and role transforming. These themes were related to the extent of difficulty experienced during pregnancy. Coping strategies aimed at ameliorating stress during pregnancy included conceptualizing support as need fulfillment. Identified needs were met by the adolescents' boyfriends and mothers.
Women, Families, Chronic Illness, and Nursing Interventions: From Burden to Balance
Authors: Robinson Carole A.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a grounded theory study designed to explore both the process and outcomes of nursing interventions offered within a particular nursing practice tofamilies experiencing difficulties with chronic illness. As is often the case when doing grounded theory, the research question changed in response to the relevancies drawnforth during the research process. Thus, the study became a much broader exploration of what happens to and for women when a chronic illness enters the family. Five families, consisting of 14family members, participated. Data included transcriptions of research conversations, videotapes of therapeutic sessions, outcome studies completed after therapeutic work was finished, and field notes. Analysis resulted in a four-stage theory of the women's evolving relationships with the family member called "chronic illness," that encompasses the process and outcomes of intervention."
Use of Information Channels in Urban Innovations
Authors: Pelz Donald C.
Published: March 2007

When a method of quantitative case histories was applied to 2000 episodes on the sequence of events in installing three types of urban innovations, practitioners were found to make heavy use of both personal and impersonal channels. Types of channels varied by stage in the innovation process. In a simplified scenario the innovating cycle begins with two-person conversations to diagnose a problem, searches for solutions through a variety of channels, appraises innovations and builds commitment through meetings, and implements a solution with detailed workbooks. In the final stage of diffusion, a new innovation cycle begins with the same channels that opened the first one.
Biomedical Technology
Authors: Jacoby Itzhak
Published: March 2007

The NIH consensus development process principles are reviewed. Two specific conferences on total hip joint replacement and CA T scanning of the head are examined with respect to the effectiveness of disseminating information concerning the conference both before and after the conference. It is concluded that in spite of efforts of reaching targeted physician groups, only about one-third of the targeted physicians are reached.
Peer Judgment
Authors: Silverman Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Typically, editors' decisions regarding the publishability of research and scholarly knowledge are based on reviews by persons who make professional judgments about the quality of work before them. While peer review has been examined through many frames of meaning, this article develops an approach to understanding the process through aesthetic theory. It is argued that the "ideal" review embodies levels of engagement, various foci, and different dimensions. The framework is applied to actual manuscript reviews and research, and professional suggestions are developed as they pertain to the shape of our professional judgment.
Policy as Communication and the Naturalistic Study of the Use of Policy Research
Authors: Maynard-Moody Steven
Published: March 2007

This article explores several ideas about naturalistic studies of the uses of policy research. The central thesis of this article is that naturalistic research is well suited to several important questions about the use of policy analysis. Policy analysis is a form of organizational communication. In particular, it is a form of argumentation and story-telling that occurs within the existing processes of influence and sense making in or ganizations. This view of policy research calls for methods that are sensitive to the way actors ascribe meaning to analysis and to the historical and social context of the communication.
Darwin, Freud, and the Myth of the Hero in Science
Authors: Shermer Michael
Published: March 2007

Arguments about whether heroes in sctence are "great men" or products of their culture rest on a false dichotomy created, in part, by the participants themselves. History may be modeled as a contingency matrix—a massively conditioned and crucially dependent multitude of linkages across space and time. The hero is molded into, and helps to mold the shape of, those connections. A hero in history is a great individual who altered history's contingencies irreversibly. Darwin and Freud provide historical case studies to understand the origin of the hero in science.