bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Necessity for Legislation rê Suicide
Authors: Strahan S. A. K.
Published: August 2008

Up to the end of the sixteenth century the body of the suicide was treated with barbarous cruelty. This was the outcome of the canon law rather than the civil law, and the Church still clings to a belief in the efficacy of old-time procedure. Only the other day (February, 1894) the Archbishop of Canterbury said that “the increase of suicide is largely due to the now almost universal verdict of temporary insanity given at coroners' inquests;” and he further referred to the burial of suicides in consecrated ground with former practices. The sole disability under which a suicide now lies is that which he suffers at the hands of the Church, and it is to enable him to escape that that coroners' juries deliberately perjure themselves by finding verdicts of temporary insanity where there is not a tittle of evidence to support such verdicts.
The Insane in Workhouses
Authors: Nolan M. J.
Published: August 2008

Some time since, when moved to speak on behalf of the insane population of Irish Workhouses, I did not fully contemplate the many difficulties of the task before me; and now, when we are on the eve of promised legislative measures, it may seem unnecessary to enlarge on this subject, as it is to be presumed that the philanthropy which has urged the Executive to take up the cause of pauper lunatics in our Workhouses, has formulated a Bill embracing all that the heads of the Lunacy and Poor-Law Departments can suggest. Nevertheless, it may not be without effect to elicit from those present to-day, representing as they do the special knowledge of insanity in this kingdom—I may indeed say in Europe—some expressions of opinion on a subject which in one shape or another must have been presented to their observation in the course of their experience. In asking your attention I feel that the subject commands your sympathetic interest, as, of all others, you can fully realize the extent and malignity of the disease, and the urgency for suitable remedies.
A Case of Porencephaly
Authors: Norman Conolly , Fraser Alec
Published: August 2008

A. Clinical, by Dr. Conolly Norman.

N. P. was admitted to the Dublin District Asylum in February, 1886. Nothing was known of his antecedents, nor was there any history whatever save that he had been guilty of an unnatural offence, had been committed to prison, and had been found to be insane. He would or could give no information about himself.
On Some of the Newer Aspects of the Pathology of Insanity: A Demonstration, with Specimens prepared
Authors: Andriezen W. Lloyd
Published: August 2008

After noting the importance not merely of the study of the origin, evolution, and structure of the central nervous system, but the importance of the attempt to correlate these with the actual life-activities of the organism in both health and disease, Dr. Andriezen showed how the neglect of alienists to follow and work up these investigations entailed their falling back and separation from the advancing army of neurological workers. He hoped that, with the awakening of the spirit of inquiry and scientific research in our asylums, that reproach might be wiped away, and that an attempt would be made to study and localize the lesions in the insanities, making use of all the methods available—neurological, psychological, pathological, sociological, and experimental.
Sulphates in the Urine of General Paralytics, with Special Reference to their Relation to the Seizures in this Disease
Authors: Turner John
Published: August 2008

The following analyses were undertaken with the idea that the results obtained from them might throw some light on the cause of the seizures or fits that generally occur in the later stages of general paralysis.
The Relationship between General Paralysis and Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Bristowe Hubert C.
Published: August 2008

Whilst studying the pathological changes met with among those dying insane, I was much struck by the large number of cases in which chronic renal disease of a more or less advanced state was present. This led me to work out, from the post-mortem records of the Somerset and Bath Asylum, the percentage of chronic renal disease noted in such cases. But whilst engaged in these inquiries my attention was especially called to the number of general paralytics presenting this condition, and I proceeded, therefore, to collect all the cases of general paralysis of which the records were sufficiently trustworthy. In this way I collected 75 cases, and of these only nine were free, or apparently free, from renal disease. Of the 66 cases remaining 51 had what must be considered well-marked granular kidneys, and the other 15 had diseased kidneys which were most probably granular, though in a less advanced degree. One of these latter cases had renal calculus. In other words, only in 12 per cent. of the cases were the kidneys apparently healthy, and we may, I think, take it that almost all the remainder (88 per cent.) had granular disease of the kidney. I do not suggest that this is the usual percentage, but among the cases of one asylum it is sufficiently remarkable.
A Case of Remarkable Morbid Sensory Phenomena of an Explosive or Epileptiform Character, the result of Old Injuries to the Head
Authors: Drapes
Published: August 2008

W. C., æt. 65, was admitted into the Enniscorthy Asylum on 7th March, 1890, said to he suffering from chronic mania, believed to he the result of injuries to the head. His career was interesting from other points of view besides the medical. Commencing life as a bare-footed lad in a little village on the Wexford coast, and showing, I presume, some talent and intelligence, he was taken up by a nobleman in the neighbourhood, given some education and sent to sea. Within 13 years he was commander of a ship in the merchant service, where he achieved rapid promotion, and being an able captain and skilful navigator, he was employed by the British Government to bring out troops both to the Crimea and to India during the Mutiny, where he was a witness of many stirring scenes. Having retired from active seafaring he was made a surveyor of ships in Liverpool. Some seven or eight years previous to his admission, when inspecting a ship, he met with a terrible accident, having fallen several feet down a hatchway on his head, and was taken up unconscious and to all appearance dead. He recovered, however, after some months, but from that time he began to develop some extraordinary notions and eccentricities of conduct, squandered some £2,000 or £3,000 he had saved, and took to drink. Finally, when he had reduced himself to an almost penniless condition, some of his extravagant freaks brought him under the notice of the police, by whom he was arrested, and subsequently sentenced to a short period of imprisonment in Wexford Gaol, from whence he was transferred to the asylum as insane.
Notes on Three Cases of Spontaneous Gangrene
Authors: Morton W. B.
Published: August 2008

Gangrene is undoubtedly a rare occurrence amongst the insane, although one would expect the lowered vitality and diminution of general sensibility, which are found in many mental diseases, to be predisposing agents, and it is a remarkable coincidence that we should have had three cases within nine months amongst less than 150 patients.
Hack Tuke Memorial
Authors: Rayner H.
Published: August 2008

The subscriptions announced to September 10th amounted to £220 16s. 7d. Further subscriptions have been received from:—
The Surgical Treatment of Idiocy
Authors: Shuttleworth G. E.
Published: August 2008

The fact that considerable attention has been drawn of late years, both in the medical and lay press, to the subject of operations undertaken for the relief of idiocy and other mental deficiencies of child-life, must be my excuse for taking up the time of this section with observations resting, not alone upon my own limited experience, but largely on that of others. The operation of craniectomy, or as some prefer to call it linear craniotomy (that is the cutting out of strips of bone from the skull), has, indeed, almost passed from the domain of science to the region of romance, and articles have appeared in several of our popular magazines under such sensational titles as “Creating a Mind,” which have led parents of mentally-deficient children to form extravagant conceptions of the powers of surgery in this direction. It may not, therefore, be inappropriate for medical men to weigh and measure the evidence which has accumulated during the last five years as to the possibilities and impossibilities of operative interference in these cases.
On Recent Proposals Regarding Habitual Drunkards and other Offenders
Authors: Renton A. Wood , Yellowlees D.
Published: August 2008

Mr. Wood Renton.

Viewed from the Legal Standpoint.

Within the last two years no less than three Parliamentary Reports, dealing with the problems presented by the familiar phenomena of inebriety and recidivism, have been published,∗ and a measure † designed, and, to a large extent, calculated to carry the main recommendations embodied in these documents into effect, has been read a second time in the House of Lords, under the pilotage of the then head of English legal administration. These facts show that public opinion has at length been thoroughly aroused as to the necessity for fresh legislation on the subject of habitual drunkenness and crime, and render any preliminary historical sketch of the growth of the movement, which is apparently at last on the eve of attaining its objects, superfluous. If there is any member of the medical or legal profession who is still in ignorance of the process by which the problems in question have been brought to the stage of perfect ripeness for legislative solution, he may be referred with confidence to an admirable summary of the Parliamentary history of legislation affecting inebriates by Mr. Legge, the Secretary to the Inebriates Committee, 1891, which forms the 6th appendix to the minutes of evidence taken by that body, and is reproduced, with some additions and alterations, as Appendix M in the evidence taken by the Scottish Committee of 1894, and to the three Parliamentary Reports which have suggested the present review (see note, sup.).
Insanity in English Local Prisons, 1894–95
Authors: Baker John
Published: August 2008

From time to time it is confidently asserted in the public Press that not only is insanity rapidly on the increase in English prisons, but that the present system of administration is largely responsible for this state of affairs. Such statements appear to be circulated without a real knowledge of the facts, and they tend to unsettle and mislead the public mind. With the object of showing that imprisonment, as at present conducted, has not the deteriorating effect on the nervous system that it is alleged to have, the following tables, founded on an examination of Table E, Commissioners of Local Prisons, Report, England, 1895, have been prepared. Before entering into statistical details it may not be out of place to state that increased interest has recently been displayed in things pertaining to criminality and to the physical, moral, and intellectual characteristics of the criminal. There can be no doubt that the somewhat extravagant views held by a section of continental criminologists have met with a ready acceptance in certain quarters in this country. Attempts have been made to prove that the stigmata, physical and psychical, said to have been observed amongst Italian criminals, are also present in English felons. These stigmata are to be found in varying and uncertain proportion amongst a part of the population of our prisons, but not, in my opinion, to such an extent as to warrant the assumption that there exists a special criminal type or a distinct criminal neurosis. Receding foreheads, square chins, large ears, and tattoo marks are but poor data on which to base a pathological criminology, but safer ground is reached in the presence of contorted and narrow palates, of heart disease, and tubercular affections, of the after-effects of syphilis and intemperance, all of which are to be frequently met with amongst criminals.
Therapeutic Retrospect
Authors: Sainsbury Harrington
Published: August 2008

In the “Revue de Thérapeutique,” November 15th, 1894, mention is made of this method of Flechsig in the review by Dr. A. Sallard of a treatise by C. Salzburg (Leipzig, 1894) on the subject. Attention is drawn to the variable results obtained by prevailing practice in the treatment of epilepsy, these results ranging between 10 per cent. and 70 per cent. of cures. Flechsig's method consists in the administration of opium in the first instance, commencing with doses of some ⅚ grain pro die of powdered opium or of its extract; this dose is distributed over the day. The quantity of opium is then increased by ⅙ grain each day till a maximum of four or five grains is taken each day. At the end of six weeks the opium treatment is completely suppressed, and the bromide administration is then begun. This is given in large doses, some 75–105 grains pro die, and it is continued for at least two months. The attacks generally yield to the first doses of the bromides.
Re the Lancashire Asylums Board's Pension Scheme
Authors: Lancastrian From
Published: August 2008

Few will be found to congratulate the Lancashire Asylums Board on their recently formulated pension scheme.
The Special Reports and Certificates required by Section 38 of the Lunacy Act of 1890, and Section 7 of the Act of 1891
Authors: Stewart R. S.
Published: August 2008

“We very much doubt whether this table will ever show much diminution on these numbers, for as time goes on the work of special certification will become more difficult and intricate.” So writes in the January number of the Journal of Mental Science the reviewer of the last Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy for England and Wales regarding the Table (Appendix B) which gives the number of readmissions on fresh reception orders rendered necessary by the previous order having expired under the Lunacy Act, 1890, sec. 38.
Presidential Address delivered at the Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, held in London, 23rd and 24th July, 1896
Authors: Mickle W. Julius
Published: August 2008

MENTAL BESETMENTS.

Mental besetments or obsessions will be considered in their general aspects, position, and relations. It is not intended to make elaborate clinical description of their various forms. To systemise, and to make the scope of what follows clear at a glance, the subject will be divided under several heads:—

1. A slight outline of besetments of mind or obsessions will be drawn.

2. Their psychological and clinical position will be briefly examined in the division of them by the writer.

3. Next their general characters will be noticed, and

4. Fourthly, the necessity of extricating them, by differential distinction, from conditions with which they have been confounded.

5. Together we take (a) their gradual development in some cases into special mental disturbance, and even into actual insanity; and (b) their desperately dangerous and injurious type in some examples, and the graded scale between these and the trivial.

6. Their relation to phenomena in primitive man, and in savages, and to conditions in ordinary forms of paranoia.

7. Their nosological position, alliances, and congeners.

8. Cases illustrating several of the foregoing departments of the study of besetment.

9. The clinical aspects of obsessions in their several degrees. and instead of giving a long clinical account of the many forms of obsession I will end by reproducing a description—written, apparently, in the mental life-blood of the sufferer, a master of English—the earliest full description, and the best one that has yet appeared of certain forms of obsession.
Heredity in Mental Disease
Authors: Briscoe J. F.
Published: August 2008

Mr. Briscoe gave an account of hereditary influences affecting reproductive processes, entering into details relative to syphilis and temperaments. He held that deviation from a normal standard of mind and body must indirectly affect the reproductive processes. He thereafter traced the life history of a typical neurotic in a series of clinical pictures. Mr. Briscoe illustrated his paper by photographs of a skull which he had brought from East Africa. The skull was also submitted for examination, and was described as having belonged to a child six years of age, to be generally five-eighths of an inch thick, with completely obliterated sutures. The whole was porous (osteoporosis), and the new cancellous tissue of a columnar appearance, and superimposed upon the original bone. Mr. Briscoe was of opinion that it might be useful to compare such a cranium with deformed palates in relation to brain growth. The heredity of direct mental weakness was then discussed, and Mr. Briscoe was of opinion that 90 per cent. of the insane have a heredity of insanity.
Winner of the Bronze Medal
Authors: Turner John
Published: August 2008

THE CERTIFICATE IN NURSING.

The next examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in Nursing will be held on Monday, the 2nd day of November, 1896, and candidates are earnestly requested to send in their schedules, duly filled up, to the Registrar of the Association, not later than Monday, the 5th day of October, 1896, as that will be the last day upon which, under the rules, applications for examination can be received. For further particulars respecting the various examinations of the Association apply to the Registrar, Dr. Spence, Burntwood Asylum, near Lichfield.
Mental Disease (not General Paralysis) associated with Tabes Dorsalis
Authors: Macdonald P. W. , Davidson A.
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is not so much to relate anything that is new as to show that mental symptoms are not always easy of classification when associated with organic changes in nerve tracts outside the cerebral cavity.
The Treatment by Suggestion, with and without Hypnosis
Authors: Woods John F.
Published: August 2008

I have much pleasure in acceding to the request of the editors of this Journal to give my personal experience of “suggestion” (with or without hypnosis) as a therapeutic agent.
Medical Reticence
Authors: Mercier Charles
Published: August 2008

It is more than half a year since I gave notice that I should draw the attention of this Association to the question of Medical Secrecy, and invite the Association to give an expression of opinion upon it. On the first occasion the subject was postponed at the request of the President, and on the second, at the Annual Meeting, I was unfortunately prevented by urgent business from being present.
Age in Relation to the Treatment of Melancholia. Therapeutical Notes
Authors: Gasquet J. R. , Cones John A.
Published: August 2008

On looking through some of the numerous observations on the treatment of melancholia by drugs, the most striking point is the diversity of opinion as to their use. This disagreement comes out perhaps most strongly in the case of opium, no doubt because it has been the medicine most widely tried. One leaves the study of the subject with the uncomfortable feeling that the whole drug treatment of melancholia is still quite empirical; for eminent observers press that opium should always be tried in every melancholic, while other no less eminent physicians are equally strong in condemning its use in every case. Our own excuse for adding to the over abundant literature on this subject is that we desire to point out some indication in the use of the two drugs, opium and sulphonal, to which we are convinced that more weight than is generally thought should be given. We have been repeatedly struck by the marvellous effects of opium in some cases of melancholia; and have as often been equally surprised at its utter failure in other cases closely resembling those in which we have been so successful. In hopes of finding some sufficient reason for such apparently contradictory results we have carefully examined the case books of this house for recent years, and have tabulated a sufficient number to warrant, we think, an examination of our conclusions by those who have wider opportunities. To these we have added a few non-asylum cases which we have been able to follow ourselves; which would go towards proving that these two drugs have an action independent of any advantage in any general asylum here. We do not propose to go fully into each case, as this would be unnecessary waste of space, and our remarks can be readily followed by a glance at the tables. No attempt has been made to classify, to arrange, or to select the cases beyond choosing only those in which opium or sulphonal has been given. One selection indeed we could not avoid. The material on which we have had to work being almost exclusively drawn from the upper and middle classes, it was inevitable that our patients should be drawn from the same classes; but this will probably not invalidate our conclusions.
Housing the Insane
Authors: Rayner H.
Published: August 2008

Under the term “Housing the Insane” I wish to bring before you for discussion the various plans that have been adopted of providing for the insane in asylums, colonies, homes, &c., the extent to which they are practicable, the medical supervision they necessitate, together with the size and form of institution which might result from their combination.
Italian
Authors: Robertson W. Ford
Published: August 2008

The Relation of Epilepsy to Auto-intoxication.—C. Agostini (Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria, 1896, pp. 267 and 435), following up the researches of Voisin and of Mirto, who have shown that the urine of epileptics possesses a special toxicity, and those of a number of other observers who have demonstrated that true epileptic fits can be produced as the result of auto-intoxication by abnormal products developed in the gastro-intestinal canal, has made an investigation into the composition and toxicity of the gastric fluid and urine in a number of cases of epileptic insanity at various periods in relation to their fits. The great care and strict attention to scientific requirements with which he appears to have carried out this difficult research, are such as to inspire confidence in the accuracy of the results he has obtained, as well as of the conclusions he has deduced from them. Without overturning any long-accepted theories he has made what certainly appears to be a most important contribution to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and he has formulated new principles of treatment which, while they seem in the light of his investigations to be eminently rational, have already, as carried out by himself at least, been followed with success of a very remarkable and promising kind.
The Normal Histology and Pathology of the Neuroglia (in relation specially to Mental Diseases)
Authors: Robertson W. F.
Published: August 2008

It has long been recognised that the neuroglia presents difficulties of a very special kind in the way of its histological study. These difficulties are due mainly to the remarkable lack of affinity shown by its extra-nuclear part for the usual staining reagents. No histological method that has yet been described serves in a satisfactory manner for the complete investigation of this tissue in its normal and pathological states. The most generally serviceable at present in use is, I think, beyond all question the fresh method of Bevan Lewis. It at least furnishes us with a reliable test for the presence or absence of hypertrophy and sclerosis; but it does not give a complete or clear view of the normal tissue, the fibres remaining for the most part invisible (except in tissues from some of the lower animals), and the nuclear structure being quite obscured. Golgi's method gives us only a silhouette of a small proportion of the neuroglia-cells and fibres. It does not aid us in the solution of questions regarding nuclear and protoplasmic structure. Weigert's new method gives us a very clear view of the fibres and nuclei, but it leaves the protoplasm invisible in the normal state. Its chief deficiency, however, consists in the fact that its use is restricted to the fresh human brain. It is of little value for ordinary postmortem-room tissues, or for those of the lower animals. Other methods that might be mentioned are likewise imperfect in their results, or extremely limited in their utility. In these circumstances it is scarcely surprising that there is still the widest difference of opinion among the recognised authorities regarding the normal structure of the neuroglia. Yet until this question is carried beyond the stage of controversy it is obvious that all our views of the pathological changes occurring in the supporting tissue of the central nervous system must remain vague and unscientific.
Electric Lighting in Asylums, with some General Suggestions, including Details of the Installation at the London County Council's Asylum, Claybury
Authors: Jones Robert
Published: August 2008

Early this year I contemplated publishing a short account of the electric lighting of Claybury Asylum, the first large County Asylum to be so lighted throughout; but at the request of one of the editors of the Journal I consented to enlarge the scope of my paper so far as to include a review of the progress of electric lighting in asylums generally.
Atypical and Unusual Brain-Forms, especially in relation to Mental Status: A Study on Brain-Surface Morphology
Authors: Mickle W. Julius
Published: August 2008

I have now dealt at some length with atypical and unusual conformations of brain-surface relevantly to mental standing, by description both of the general and of the local deviations from more usual arrangement; and have described aberrant brain-forms—abnormal defects or aberrations of cerebral gyres and furrows—which may serve as a stigma of degeneracy in the stock from which the individual springs; or may arise from disturbances in the very foundations of being, due to pathological and developmental anomaly during intra-uterine or during early extra-uterine life. In the course of the preceding chapters it has been necessary to discuss so many matters, and with so much detail, concerning the brain-surface morphology, that it will now be useful to resume, on lines both broad and brief, some of the principal features of interest and importance.
Notes on a Case of Fracture of the Fibula in a Melancholic Patient, with Remarks on Treatment in Fractures Generally
Authors: Briscoe J. F.
Published: August 2008

The object of this communication is to draw from the members of the Association the modern treatment of fractures as adopted in institutions for the insane. It is obvious that the various plans, as practised in hospitals, must be considerably modified in asylums. For instance, to strap and bandage a case of fractured ribs, secundum artem, taxes any medical officer, unless the patient is quietly disposed and clean in his habits. However, with skill and a fairly docile patient, there should be little difficulty in the management of ordinary fractures of the bones below the elbows and the knees. From time to time one reads of cases of fractures of the ribs occurring in asylums, remarkable autopsies being recorded. It is difficult sometimes to give a correct history of their causation, and, in consequence, much opprobrium has been unjustly cast on asylum officials. It is believed by not a few that there is a peculiar affection of the ribs in the insane causing them to fracture readily. It is said, too, that it is common in general paralysis. Dr. Christian has stated in the Journal of Mental Science, January, 1886, that he is decidedly opposed to the idea that general paralytics are more liable to fracture of the bones. He gives 250 cases, and says, “I can assure you, gentlemen, I have not come across a single case of fracture among them.” But no figures of the kind can be relied upon unless verified by post-mortem examination. It is not uncommon to find in the mortuaries of ordinary hospitals and asylums, and in the dissecting-room, specimens of fractured ribs, the causation of which is unaccounted for. With our present pathological knowledge of the osseous system we must withhold our verdict.
Occasional Notes of the Quarter
Authors: Bucknill John C.
Published: August 2008

The portrait of the late Sir John Bucknill, which forms the frontispiece of the present number, will forcibly recall to a large proportion of the members of this Association the personality of one who for many years held so prominent a place in their ranks.
Therapeutic Retrospect
Authors: Sainsbury Harrington
Published: August 2008

The Sedative Effect of Calomel in Large Doses.—In an interesting little book, entitled “Rough Notes on Remedies,” Dr. Wm. Murray, of Newcastle, draws attention to the danger of forgetting some of our old friends amid the host of new remedies. Speaking of calomel he instances the great sedative value of this drug in large doses and the good effects which follow the administration of ten grains at the outset of delirium tremens occurring in a robust subject. Such was the practice, he tells us, of the late Mr. Sep. Rayne. He farther gives his own experience of the beneficial action of large doses of calomel in states of maniacal excitement: thus, in one case, an epileptic, suffering from acute mania, having first by a little manóuvring got the patient sufficiently under chloroform, he administered 30 grains of calomel to him. On returning in two hours he found the patient “on the night commode, perfectly subdued, very limp and nauseated. After much profuse purging and vomiting he became as quiet as a child and fell into a sound sleep, to awake in a perfectly calm frame of mind.” In another case “the patient was a man of immense strength, and naturally of a ferocious disposition;” he was in a state of acute mania, and though secured hand and foot could scarcely be approached, having bitten his attendants severely. Dr. Wm. Murray contrived to throw a towel saturated with chloroform over the patient's head and to maintain it there until the man was unconscious. He then administered a teaspoonful of calomel, which proved to be about 80 grains. The patient became “nauseated, subdued, and occupied by his own internal sensations, and ere long his fury entirely left him.” The patient was then removed to an asylum and made a good recovery. Dr. Murray thinks that the “nausea peculiar to calomel” is most valuable in these cases, also that the action upon the disordered secretions generally present in these cases is most beneficial. These are the remarks of a practical man.
Alcoholism and Suicidal Impulses
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The important part played by alcoholism in the causation of suicide has been abundantly recognised by all observers of both these social phenomena; and so far as debate now touches the question, it is merely to deal with points of detail.
Points of Similarity between Epileptic and Alcoholic Insanity
Authors: Noott R. H.
Published: August 2008

Points of similarity between alcoholic and epileptic insanity are referred to by many writers on psychology. These short notes, which I bring before you to-day, refer to cases of criminal acts of violence committed by epileptic and alcoholic maniacs, and, I think, exemplify in a very striking manner the similarity above referred to—a similarity in the mental phenomena which preceded and which led up to the specific acts of violence in a series of cases.
Colitis
Authors: Campbell Alfred W.
Published: August 2008

By colitis one understands a disease characterised anatomically by an ulcerative or membranous affection of the large intestine, and signalised clinically by acute sanguinolent or muco-purulent diarrhóa, plus pyrexia and prostration.
The Industrial Training of Imbeciles
Authors: Shuttleworth G. E.
Published: August 2008

It occurred to me that, on the occasion of our division meeting at an asylum which has made special provision for the care and treatment of imbeciles, apart from the other patients, a brief dissertation as to forms of industrial training appropriate to such might not be out of place.
The Normal Histology and Pathology of the Cortical Nerve-cells (specially in relation to Insanity)
Authors: Robertson W. Ford , Orr David
Published: August 2008

It was originally our intention to cover the whole ground of the pathology of the cortical nerve-cells in relation to insanity. But in the course of our more recent investigations we have been strongly impressed with the fact that there are certain as yet little known, but very grave fallacies, into which investigators in this field are in danger of running; and it seemed to us in the first place imperative to clear these up before formulating conclusions regarding the relation of cortical nerve-cell changes to insanity.
Obituary
Authors: Case Henry
Published: August 2008

We record, with regret, the death of Mr. Henry Case, at Folkestone, on the 15th of June. He had but recently retired from the office of medical superintendent of the Leavesden Asylum, which he had held since 1876. Born in 1843, and medically educated at the Middlesex Hospital, at which he held with credit the post of house surgeon, he became subsequently house surgeon to the West Herts Infirmary and to the Hampstead Smallpox Hospital, and assistant medical officer to the Leavesden Asylum, of which, on Dr. Claye Shaw's removal to Banstead, he was entrusted with the chief charge.
On the Treatment of Insanity by Thyroid
Authors: Middlemass Jas.
Published: August 2008

It is now about four years since Drs. Bruce and Macphail first published the results of their treatment of cases of insanity by thyroid, and since then the new drug has been used very extensively in the Royal Edinburgh Asylum. Dr. Bruce has published the results of his further experience there, and though they are not quite so encouraging as those first carried out at Derby they have furnished several remarkable cures, and have shown conclusively that in thyroid we have a decided addition to our means of treatment.
The New Inebriates Act
Authors: Renton A. Wood
Published: August 2008

After many years of agitation and controversy, the first instalment of a much-needed reform of the law as to inebriates has been conceded by the Legislature. The aim of the present article is to subject the Inebriates Act, 1898, which came into operation on January 1st, 1899, to a somewhat minute and critical examination, in the hope at once of suggesting points for future amendment, and of throwing light on difficulties that may arise in its practical administration.
A Case of Imperfect Porencephaly
Authors: Clinch T. Aldous
Published: August 2008

A complete microscopical examination of the following case was made with the hope that new light might be thrown not only on the pathology of the disease itself but also on some of the disputed points of cerebral anatomy.
The Necessity for a Museum and Laboratory of Cerebral Pathology and Physiology
Authors: Newth A. H.
Published: August 2008

It is probably not an exaggeration to say that no physicians have so many favourable opportunities for pathological observations as those connected with asylums. Post-mortem examinations are generally expected to be made on all patients who die in asylums. There are in most, if not in all the asylums, well-appointed mortuaries for conducting these examinations, and every facility is available for preparing and preserving morbid specimens and making microscopical and other observations. In some asylums special pathologists have been appointed.
Abstract of a paper on the Necessity for Isolating the Phthisical Insane
Authors: France Eric
Published: August 2008

I have no intention of tracing the history of tuberculosis in asylums through the official obscurity of the past fifty years. This point has already received careful investigation at the hands of Dr. Crookshank in the admirable essay he has recently published; nor are we here concerned with any comparison between the mortality from tubercle among asylum inmates and the mortality from tubercle among the general population, inasmuch as deductions drawn therefrom are liable, among other errors, to those fallacies which occur when two communities whose environment and susceptibility differ are compared as regards the mortality of any particular disease.
Isolation and Open-air Treatment of the Phthisical Insane, with Notes on Seventy-four Cases treated
Authors: Blair David
Published: August 2008

While this subject is being discussed in the Journal of Mental Science, a short account of an attempt to carry it out may be of some interest.
On Bodily Disease as a Cause and Complication of Insanity
Authors: Conford G. J.
Published: August 2008

The observations upon which this essay is written have been made in the Coppice Hospital, and refer to cases admitted between 1st August, 1859, and 1st August, 1893, and still surviving at the latter date, and to cases thereafter admitted consecutively, all of which have come under the writer's care, being 175 in all.
The Asylum at Pau, a Self-supporting Public Asylum
Authors: Whiteway A. R.
Published: August 2008

The Asile St. Luc at Pau is indeed an Institution which deserves to have its story told. Through the kindness of the authorities this story is now for the first time made public. It is in effect that, starting with a capital of £12,000 and a small farm of some twenty acres, a nearly perfect asylum with 900 inmates and a staff of over 100 assistants has been built up by degrees, now not only self-supporting but last year showing a profit of £2000, spent mostly in structural improvements and additions and in the purchase of adjoining land. The Medical Superintendent has a free hand, being responsible only to the Conseil-Général of the Department, who, as they find him no funds, merely exercise a benevolent supervision. How such a satisfactory state of affairs has been brought about it is the purpose of the present article to briefly indicate, by way of an object lesson in asylum management.
Demonstration of Preparations and Lantern Slides from the Pathological Laboratory of the London Asylums, at Claybury
Authors: Bolton J. Shaw
Published: August 2008

The preparations I am about to exhibit are taken from cases that have occurred during the past three months at Claybury. The first three are, I am afraid, of no neurological interest, but they are somewhat rare. The first is a case of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. The patient died suddenly from hæmorrhage. Her age was forty, and she had had three attacks of hæmorrhage previously to the fatal one. She was a chronic drunkard and had had fits. The shape of the clot is rather curious. It is more or less cylindrical, and seems to have burrowed down into the chest, pushing the lower lobe of the left lung forward as its sac. The next specimen is one of rupture of the first part of the arch of the aorta. This patient was an old woman of eighty, who had been resident for about a year, and then developed an attack of bronchitis. In the course of two or three days she got rather worse, and one evening told the nurse she thought she was going to die the following morning. She did die, and the interesting point about it is, that the only other case of rupture of the aorta I remember seeing occurred in a man of about forty-five, and he, also, the day before he died, said he thought he was going to die. The blood had ruptured the aorta in a T-shaped manner about an inch above the coronary arteries, and passed down between the pericardium and over the wall of the aorta and ruptured into the former. The next specimen is an exceedingly rare one. The man was about seventy-seven years of age, and he had symptoms of sensory asphasia. He was quite unable to remember even his own name, or any other name, but if a name was mentioned to him he at once recognised it. In the same way, he could not write a single word, but he at once recognised a word which was mentioned to him, and he was able to write it. The aphasia was associated with symmetrical lesions of the angular gyri. The man died quite suddenly one evening while talking to another patient, and the cause of death was heart failure due to aneurysm of the left ventricle. I do not remember ever before seeing, except in a museum, an aneurysm of the left ventricle. The true wall of the ventricle is about two to three millimetres in thickness, the pericardium is generally universally adherent, and the anterior part of the left ventricle is about an inch in thickness, owing to the existence of this aneurysmal clot.
The Cerebral Localisation of Melancholia
Authors: Hollander Bernard
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper has been demonstrated the possibility of localising the fundamental emotions in circumscribed areas of the cortex of the brain.
Punishment
Authors: Mercier C. A.
Published: August 2008

This is the third or fourth time that I have been the occasion of bringing the subject of Punishment before your notice, and my justification for treating of it again is that I am given to understand you are not yet—all of you—of my opinion. On the first occasion I had but one adherent, but that one, Sir William Gairdner, was in himself a host. On the last occasion a good many voices were raised in my favour, and to-day I hope we shall be unanimous. You will remember that the first time I brought the subject forward, it was in connection with the thesis that every lunatic is not necessarily to be considered exempt from punishment; that most lunatics ought properly to be punished for some of their wrongdoings; and that the practice in every asylum is to punish lunatics upon occasion. To this it was objected that although the fact was admitted that we do pursue towards lunatics the same course of conduct that is called punishment when applied to sane people, yet, when applied to lunatics, it is not punishment, because we dare not call it punishment. This led me to a disquisition upon the nature of punishment, in which I arrived at the conclusion that punishment is the painful consequence of conduct; and to this conclusion I still adhere, but subsequent meditation has shown me that although it is the truth, it is not the whole truth, but that there is another aspect of punishment of equal importance. Moreover, I think that the chief reason of the disagreement between my critics and myself was that, while I looked at one side of the shield and maintained that it was black, which it was, they were looking at the other side and maintained that it was white, which it may have been—in parts. In other words, I was looking upon punishment from the point of view of the punishee, which some of you, at any rate Dr. Noott, will consider was the proper point of view for me to take; while others regarded it from the point of view of the punisher.
Notes on Two Cases of Insanity following Chorea
Authors: Stewart Rothsay C.
Published: August 2008

The apparent rarity of cases of insanity associated with chorea, has induced me to bring forward to you to-day two cases which have recently been in this asylum.
A Case of Glioma of the Cerebrum
Authors: Erskine W. J. A. , Shoyer A. F.
Published: August 2008

A. J. B—, æt. 25, no occupation, admitted January 19th, 1897. Epileptic, not suicidal, not dangerous. Duration of attack three years.
1. Anthropology. The Lateral Folds of the Vestibular Sulci of the Mouth [Le pieghe laterali dei solchi vestibolari della bocca]. (Arch. di psichiat., vol. xxii, fasc. i, ii.) Favaro, Lombroso, Treves, and Olivetti
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

In this paper, Favaro describes a special disposition of the buccal mucous membrane, exceptionally met with in man, and corresponding to a condition constant in the majority of the other mammalia. It consists in the presence, in the upper and in the lower jaw on each side, of a fold passing from the internal surface of the lip backwards and inwards to the interval between the alveoli of the canine and first premolar. It is brought into view (as is shown by an illustration) by grasping the lip near the commissures and everting it moderately. Robin and Magitot have described similar folds in the buccal mucous membrane of the child during the first months of life.
Two Cases of Psychoses following Influenza, with Autopsies [Due casi di psicosi consecutiva ad influenza, con autopsia]. (Riv. di Pat. Nerv. e Ment., March, 1900.) Camia, M
Authors: Gilmour J. R.
Published: August 2008

The two cases are very similar. The first, a woman æt. 21, was admitted to the asylum on February 4th. A few days previously she had an attack of influenza, and during convalescence showed mental symptoms—wandering, buying useless articles, religious delusions. The chief symptoms on admission were sleeplessness, sitiophobia, motor agitation, incoherence, involuntary loss of fæces and urine, and destructiveness. She was oblivious to her surroundings. The temperature was slightly increased, pulse 120 per minute, and collapse and death occurred on February 12th. The second case, that of a woman æt. 47, had influenza on January 28th, with pulmonary symptoms. During convalescence she developed delusions that she was lost, became very excited, and entered asylum on February 8th. Her symptoms were very marked—loss of sleep, agitation, incoherence, then slight rise of temperature and rapid pulse; developed broncho-pneumonia, and died on February 13th. At the post-mortem there was found in both cases fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys, and marked hyperæmia of the brain and meninges. In the second case there was a small patch of broncho-pneumonia. In neither case was there any trace of exudation or softening, or any inflammatory condition in the brain. Microscopically the pyramidal cells in both cases showed marked loss of the chromatic substance, which was disintegrated and diffused throughout the cells. The cells were affected very unequally, some being fairly normal. The vessels in the cortex were gorged with blood.
On the Acute Modifications of the Nerve-Cells by the Action of Convulsion-producing and Narcotic Substances [Sulle modificazioni acute delle cellule nervose per azione di soustanze convulsivanti e narcotizzanti]. (Riv. di Pat. Nerv. e Ment. Jan. 1901). Camia, M
Authors: Gilmour J. R.
Published: August 2008

The convulsion-producing substances used were caffein, cocaine, camphor, oil of absinth, picrotoxine, and strychnine. The narcotic agents were chloral, chloroform, and ether.
Report of the Lunatic Asylum at Aarhus for the year 1899. By the Physician-Superintendent, Prof. Knud Pontoppidan
Authors: Ireland W. W.
Published: August 2008

In this report the distinguished Professor confines himself mostly to statistical details. In the beginning of 1899 there were in the asylum at Aarhus 257 male patients and 269 female patients—526 in all. During the year there were admitted 55 males and 72 females—127 in all. There were treated during the year 312 males and 341 females—653 in all. The daily average under treatment was 247 males and 253 females. There were dismissed 77 males and 98 females.
Physical and Moral Insensibility in the Criminal
Authors: East W. Norwood
Published: August 2008

These observations, carried out at H.M. Convict Prison, Portland, were undertaken to ascertain whether the moral insensibility of the criminal, which is so prominent a psychical characteristic, had any physical parallel.
Germany
Authors: Bresler J.
Published: August 2008

The treatment of the insane without isolation in side rooms has received much attention in Germany (Kalmus, Zellenlose Behandlung; Halle, Marhold, Psychiat. Wochensch., No. 49, 1900; Bresler, ibid., No. 10, 1901; Hoppe, ibid., No. 30, 1901). The general conclusion is that such confinement is to be avoided as much as possible, but that it is quite the right treatment in some cases.
Shortness of the Hallux in Epileptics, Criminals, and Idiots [Sulla Cortezza dell' Alluce negli Epilettici, nei Criminali, e negli Idioti], (Arch, di Psichiat., voi. xxii, fasc. 4, 5, 1901.) Lombroso
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

Developing an observation of Frassetto, which suggested shortness of the hallux as an atavistic stigma in criminals, Lombroso has investigated the relative lengths of the hallux and the second digit in series of normal and abnormal individuals.