bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Lignophenolic Composts for the Management of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato
Authors: Gleena Mary C. F. , Mathew Sally K.
Published: May 2017

Bacterial wilt is one of the most dreaded diseases in tomato growing areas all over the world. Though chemical control measures and resistance breeding offers certain degree of protection against wilt pathogen, both have their own limitations such as high cost, environmental impact, non target effect and development of resistance. Hence, biologically safe methods such as use of composts as soil amendments for wilt management was investigated in the present study which revealed the possibility of the use of ligno-phenolic composts in disease management. Among the five composts tested, application of ayurvedic compost at 45 days after planting was found to be the most effective with lowest wilt incidence of 6.94 per cent against 36.10 per cent in control, with 80.77 per cent disease reduction. At 60 DAP, same trend was noticed with minimum disease incidence in ayurvedic compost (13.88 %) which was on par with full basal application of leaf litter compost (15.27 %), and coir pith compost (16.66 %) with 86.79 to 60.02 per cent reduction of wilt incidence. In case of yield, among the different composts, split and basal application of ayurvedic compost recorded highest yield of 8.9 kg/6.48 m2.
Gerrit Knaap, Henk den Heijer and Michiel de Jong, Oorlogen overzee. Militair optreden door compagnie en staat buiten Europa 1595-1814
Authors: Brandon Pepijn
Published: May 2017

Gerrit Knaap, Henk den Heijer and Michiel de Jong, Oorlogen overzee. Militair optreden door compagnie en staat buiten Europa 1595-1814 (Militaire Geschiedenis van Nederland 5; Amsterdam: Boom, 2015, 460 pp., isbn 978 90 8953 358 6).
The cultural space “El Tanque”, archaelogical milestone with vocation of regeneration in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Authors:   Universidad de La Laguna, González Chávez Carmen
Published: May 2017

El Espacio Cultural “El Tanque”, antiguo depósito de petróleo, constituye un hito arquitectónico escultórico en el paisaje urbano de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Forma parte del equipamiento cultural y de ocio de la recién redefinida zona de Cabo-Llanos, primer asentamiento de la población capitalina, más tarde barrio marginal y, actualmente, zona de expansión de la Ciudad. Es un claro ejemplo de recuperación arquitectónica de una instalación industrial que, aunque desusada, forma parte de la memoria histórica de los habitantes de Santa Cruz. Esta muestra de arqueología industrial, hoy convertido en icono de la Ciudad, generó polémicas durante años, con partidarios y detractores que aun defienden y cuestionan su valor histórico, testimonial y estético.
Prospective land use and vegetation cover on land management - Case canton Cuenca
Authors:   Universidad de Cuenca, Pinos-Arévalo Nancy
Published: May 2017

Los modelos de cambio de uso del suelo son una herramienta para conocer las dinámicas en el sistema territorial. Ayudan a establecer los patrones de cambio de uso determinadas por variables biofísicas, socioeconómicas y espaciales, explorar posibles escenarios y evaluar la influencia de políticas de uso de la tierra y modificarlas en beneficio de un ordenamiento territorial. El presente trabajo aborda el estudio y análisis de los cambios de uso del suelo entre el periodo 1991 al 2001, y lo proyecta al año 2010 y 2030 a través de imágenes satélites Landsat utilizando Tecnologías de Información Geográfica.
Sustainable urban evaluation of Quito´s Master Plans. Period 1942-2012
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Peralta Arias José , Higueras García Ester
Published: May 2017

Ante el gran problema de expansión y las malas condiciones de vida de los barrios de la periferia de las ciudades latinoamericanas, una primera y rápida conclusión podría ser que no han existido criterios de sostenibilidad en el Planeamiento Urbanístico o Territorial que controlara éste problema. Sin embargo, en el caso de la ciudad de Quito (Ecuador), encontramos seis Planes de Ordenación desde 1942 al 2012, que una vez evaluados, a partir de los criterios de sostenibilidad establecidos por José Manuel Naredo y José Fariña en el Libro Blanco de la Sostenibilidad en el Planeamiento Urbanístico Español (2010), se concluye que los criterios de sostenibilidad han estado presentes y eran avanzados con respecto a otros planes reguladores latinoamericanos en este periodo. Quito ha mantenido interés por ser una ciudad planificada durante sus distintas etapas históricas de crecimiento, lamentablemente la realidad no es sostenible, radicándose el problema en una falta de gestión de los planes que no ha permitido su eficacia. Ahora es necesario que una nueva visión de la ciudad incorpore a la gestión urbana, el conocimiento de la capacidad de carga del territorio, la armonización con su paisaje, y el establecimiento de medidas preventivas frente a los riesgos naturales como nuevos retos en los Planes Directores futuros.
What was happening to modern architecture? Reflections of a symposium of 1948
Authors:   Universidad Nebrija de Madrid, Rodríguez García Raúl
Published: May 2017

El 11 de octubre de 1947 Lewis Mumford dedicaba su columna “The Sky Line” de ‘The New Yorker’ a la arquitectura regionalista del reciente Estilo de la Bahía de California. Mumford aprovechaba la exposición de sus ideas para expresar su recelo respecto a la acogida de la arquitectura europea del Estilo Internacional en los Estados Unidos. Dicho artículo desencadenó un simposio en el MoMA de Nueva York al que acudió la plana mayor de la arquitectura: Gropius, Breuer, Saarinen, Chermayeff, Nowicki, Hitchcock, Johnson, Barr, Scully, Blake… y el propio Mumford. El título resultaba ambicioso: “¿Qué le está pasando a la arquitectura moderna?”. Si bien los ponentes no lograron ponerse de acuerdo, sus intervenciones aclararon cuestiones que muchos pensaban pero pocos se atrevían a decir: la arquitectura moderna no convencía a la sociedad y se convertía en un producto exclusivo para arquitectos. Años después, dichas posiciones serían determinantes para Robert Venturi.
Returning home: architectural poetics of resymbolization in the contemporary epoch
Authors:   Ruhr-Bochum Universität, Aguirre-Martínez Guillermo
Published: May 2017

Las siguientes páginas tienen por objeto ponernos en relación con aquellas expresiones simbólicas comprendidas, en el cuerpo del arte y de la arquitectura recientes, a modo de espacios de asentamiento, a modo de hogares o templos desde los que abrazar la existencia y desde los que asistir a una resimbolización de nuestro imaginario.
Mudéjar Façades in Toledo palaces
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ortega Agustín
Published: May 2017

Toledo es a partir de la reconquista de la ciudad por Alfonso VI en 1085 y especialmente durante los siglos XIV y XV la urbe donde se concentren el poder castellano y sus protagonistas. Y en ese escenario se librará una fuerte rivalidad entre ellos en todos los ámbitos, que se evidenciará especialmente, en la edificación de sus residencias, símbolo material de su estatus. Las sobrias pautas ornamentales y compositivas externas de todas las construcciones en ese periodo, hacen que la expresión de la riqueza del edificio y de su propietario, se manifiesten básicamente a través de su portada, resultado de la fascinación e influencia que ejercían, a pesar de la confrontación, las arquitecturas de los fronteros dominios almohades.
The imprint of El Escorial in Spanish post-war architecture: some cases of religious reconstructions in the province of Alicante (Spain)
Authors:   Universidad de Alicante, Martínez Prades José
Published: May 2017

Tras las destrucciones de la guerra civil española se abrió un debate teórico para tratar de establecer qué caminos debería tomar la arquitectura del nuevo régimen. Se analiza la defensa del modelo herreriano-escurialense, símbolo de la pasada gloria imperial, propuesta por las facciones más conservadoras y por la propia Falange; así también, cómo éste se refleja en algunas reconstrucciones religiosas que tuvieron lugar durante la posguerra, a partir de tres casos localizados en la provincia de Alicante. El estudio parte del análisis de los documentos custodiados en el Archivo General de la Administración del Estado correspondientes a la Junta Nacional de Reconstrucción de Templos Parroquiales, incorpora datos sobre sus elementos formales y ciertos rasgos técnicos y presupuestarios así como referencias a las figuras de sus arquitectos.
A developmental trajectory: state planning
Authors:   Universidad de Cuenca, Contreras Escandón Christian
Published: May 2017

El presente ensayo intenta dar respuesta a la pregunta: ¿cómo podrían los gobiernos cambiar una trayectoria de desarrollo para insertarse en la dinámica de la economía capitalista mundial? El planteamiento considera discutir sobre tres elementos básicos: el rol del Estado, una burocracia capacitada así como las acciones y políticas que generen innovación y desarrollo económico; tales elementos se plantean necesarios discutirlos para la planificación del Estado.
Para entender la macrogestión de liquidez: comentario sobre Inside and Outside Liquidity de Holmström y Tirole
Authors: Guedez Calderin Orlando
Published: May 2017

Jean Tirole y Bengt Holmström publicaron Inside and Outside Liquidity (mit Press, 2011). Con sus planteamientos se caracterizan los fundamentos conceptuales y de política económica en la gestión de liquidez, con aplicación en los mercados financieros. La acumulación preventiva de liquidez surge ante restricciones para pignorar los flujos de ingreso empresariales a favor de inversionistas. Ante tensiones de liquidez, las empresas emplean sus propios activos, inside liquidity, para conseguir efectivo; al ser estos insuficientes, el Gobierno actúa mediante bonos y medidas como ventana de redescuento del Banco Central, seguro de depósitos, ayudas de desempleo y otras formas de outside liquidity, que no provienen de la hoja de balance del sector privado. Los mercados financieros internacionales son otra fuente de liquidez, contra flujos pignoraticios del sector transable. Los autores dedican un epílogo a la crisis subprime, añadiendo la perspectiva de mala calidad de colateral en la evaporación de liquidez del mercado.
Un modelo de creación de mercado con trading de alta frecuencia
Authors: Hernández Hernández Daniel , Sánchez Casas Katherine
Published: May 2017

En este artículo se hace una presentación del trading de alta frecuencia, junto con sus características y estrategias. Posteriormente, bajo el contexto de transacciones de alta frecuencia (HFT), se desarrolla un modelo de creación de mercado, conducido por un agente cuyas posibilidades de negociación en el mercado bursátil se desarrollan a través de órdenes límite y órdenes de mercado; también puede presentar órdenes agresivas con el objetivo de enfrentar los riesgos de inventario, de selección adversa y de ejecución, los cuales son los riesgos a los que el agente se encuentra expuesto.
Photometric CIELAB Analysis of the Gingiva: A Novel Approach to Assess Response to Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Mayer Yaniv , Ginesin Ofir , Machtei Eli E.
Published: May 2017

Background: A new photometric method is introduced for assessment of gingival condition and changes after periodontal therapy.

Methods: Clinical data (probing depth [PD], plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], bleeding on probing [BOP], and clinical attachment level) and photographs from 53 participants (26 males and 27 females) undergoing initial periodontal treatment were used for this analysis. Each maxillary anterior area was photographed before and 3 months after treatment. Digital image analysis was performed around one incisional tooth, and color data were expressed in terms of L*, a*, and b* values in accordance with the CIELAB color space. Non‐parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used for within‐group comparisons of disease resolution, as well as means and standard deviations of clinical parameters and ΔL, Δa, and Δb values from baseline to re‐evaluation.

Results: Significant reduction in mean PI, GI, PD, and BOP were found after treatment in all groups (P <0.001). Significant differences (P <0.05) were recorded by diagnosis of chronic periodontitis in the a* coordinate when comparing treatment results with the baseline (P <0.004).

Conclusion: Results of this study suggest potential benefit in using photometric analysis to assess gingival changes after therapy.
Performances zootechniques et pratiques des éleveurs en élevage bovin naisseur à la Réunion
Authors: Choisis Jean-Philippe , Lassalle C. , Messad Samir , Grimaud Patrice
Published: May 2017

A la Réunion, l’insularité et la petite dimension des exploitations font que l’amélioration de la productivité dans les élevages bovins passe par un accroissement de la maîtrise technique. Afin d’analyser les relations entre les pratiques de conduite et les performances animales, dix élevages bovins nais­seurs situés dans les Hauts de la Réunion ont fait l’objet d’un suivi de 1999 à 2002. Les données collectées ont été organisées en trois tableaux compo­sés respectivement de 4, 8 et 3 variables : les performances animales (inter­valle vêlage-vêlage, taux de mise bas, poids à âge type, production bovine de viande vive), les pratiques (temps de présence à l’hectare et par parcelle, temps d’interpassage, taille des parcelles, chargement, complémentation des broutards et des vaches, taux de réforme) et le milieu (pluviométrie, volume d’herbe, état corporel des vaches). Les deux premiers tableaux ont été soumis à une analyse de co-inertie afin d’analyser les relations entre performances zootechniques et pratiques des éleveurs. Les deux tableaux étaient significa­tivement corrélés et les résultats de l’analyse de co-inertie ont été interprétés à l’échelle de chaque exploitation. Au-delà de contraintes spécifiques, ils ont révélé des proximités entre exploitations et entre modes de conduite fondés sur des stratégies variées en cohérence avec les performances observées. Une analyse Statico a été réalisée afin d’évaluer la liaison entre les paramètres de performances et ceux du milieu pour les quatre années étudiées. Elle a montré qu’il existait une costructure stable entre les tableaux milieu et performances, suggérant un effet très structurant des pratiques sur les performances et l’exis­tence de régulations du système qui modèrent les effets du climat.
Production laitière et performances de reproduction des vaches Montbéliardes en région semi-aride algérienne
Authors: Madani Taoufik , Mouffok C.
Published: May 2017

L’objectif de cette étude a été de comparer les performances de génisses de race Montbéliarde importées et de trois générations successives de femelles de même race nées en région semi-aride algérienne. Sous l’effet des pratiques d’élevage et de l’environnement, le poids moyen du nouveau-né et de l’adulte à partir de la quatrième génération a été inférieur à celui enregistré dans le pays d’origine. L’intervalle entre vêlages, et la production laitière (2 200 à 3 250 kg) et sa durée (282 à 309 jours) ont varié en fonction de l’effet des fluctuations des pluies sur les ressources. Les vaches importées ont produit entre 20 et 30 p. 100 de lait en plus que celles nées localement, mais leurs performances de reproduction ont été inférieures. Leurs intervalles entre vêlage et fécondation (153 jours), et entre vêlages (441 jours) ont été respectivement plus étendus de 36 à 44 jours et de 41 à 49 jours. Les générations nées localement ont présenté un intervalle entre vêlages comparable (392 à 400 jours) et plus régulier sur la carrière, exprimant une adaptation de la fonction de reproduction et une lactation standard comparable (2 755 à 2 811 kg). La variabilité de la durée de lactation (279 à 296 jours) expliquait la différence de niveau de production laitière réelle entre générations. D’une génération à l’autre, la durée de vie productive s’est écourtée et a affecté la production totale de lait et de veaux (p < 0,05). Les résultats précisent les transformations relatives au matériel animal et les limites du modèle d’élevage développé.
Amélioration de la production laitière caprine par le croisement d’absorption dans une oasis du Sud tunisien
Authors: Gaddour A. , Najari S. , Ouni M.
Published: May 2017

Depuis 1980, un projet de croisement d’absorption de la chèvre locale Capra hircus, issue de la race Nubienne, par des races amélioratrices importées, a été mis en place dans une oasis d’une région aride de la Tunisie en vue d’améliorer la production laitière en élevage oasien intensif. L’analyse des performances laitières de certaines races caprines pures et des groupes génétiques croisés a été effectuée pour contribuer au choix d’une bonne race amélioratrice à utiliser dans le croisement d’absorption de la chèvre locale. Au total 1 923 fiches de lactation de chèvres de races pures et croisées F1 et F2 ont servi à estimer les paramètres de production laitière : production totale traite (kg), durée de lactation (jours) et moyenne journalière (kg/jour). Les variables quantitatives individuelles ont été soumises à des analyses de la variance (Anova) et des tests de comparaison de moyennes (Student, Newman et Keuls) (α = 5 p. 100). Les résultats ont montré que la production laitière de la chèvre locale restait réduite même en conditions oasiennes intensives. Les performances des races importées ont été largement inférieures à celles réalisées dans leurs pays d’origine. Le croisement entre les races caprines a sensiblement amélioré la performance laitière de la chèvre locale. Alors que la production laitière moyenne a été de 133,5 kg par lactation chez la chèvre locale (n = 10), elle a été de 172,5 kg en première génération pour les trois types de croisements sans différence significative entre eux (n = 46), de 188,7 kg en deuxième génération pour les trois types de croisements (n = 46), et de 226,2 kg en deuxième génération pour le croisement avec la race Alpine (n = 14).
Culicoides.net : passé, présent et futur de l'information en ligne
Authors: Agapow P-M.
Published: May 2017

As is typical for a reference laboratory, the Institute for Animal Health (IAH) struggles with the problem of managing masses of epidemiological data. To solve this problem, it launched the Relais project (Relais Epi-informatic Laboratory Infrastructure) to combine and inter-relate its various information resources. This was done with success for foot-and-mouth disease and it is now being extended to bluetongue. Sample, analysis and sequence data are being combined in real time within a single database for visualization, reporting and analysis. This database contains all sample data collected by IAH, and all publicly avail­able molecular sequences (over 400). In time, another 2000 laboratory sequences and 100 full genomes will follow. The website Bluetonguevirus.org has been launched to make avail­able this information to the other laboratories and the world. We are currently engaged in extending our database and website to encompass taxonomic data, including online species charac­teristics, distribution and seasonality databases for Culicoides. Facilities for uploading and sharing data are available, and the software may be freely distributed.
Introduction de Culicoides infectés par le transport de marchandises
Authors: Napp Sebastian , Allepuz Alberto , Alba Anna , Casal Jordi
Published: May 2017

Potentially infected Culicoides may be accidentally carried in vehicles associated to the transport of people, animal, plants (cars, planes, boats...) coming from countries where bluetongue virus (BTV) is present. In order to estimate the risk of BTV trans­mission by the introduction of infected Culicoides by means of transport/commodities, a stochastic risk assessment model was constructed. The model was applied to estimate the risk to other countries by the introduction of one Culicoides infected with BTV serotype 1 from Spain. There is currently no data on the probability of Culicoides being transported by different means of transport/commodities. Therefore, the probability had to be estimated per vector. Four different steps were considered in the transmission pathway: probability of Culicoides infection, prob­ability of Culicoides surviving the extrinsic incubation period and the time to the next blood meal, probability of finding a new host, and probability of effective BTV transmission to host. The probability of BTV introduction by infected Culicoides was highly variable throughout the year, mainly as a consequence of differences in ambient temperatures. The maximum risk was reached in May with a mean probability of 1.7 x 10-8 (per vec­tor). The main limiting factors in this probability were the prob­ability of Culicoides infection, and the probability of Culicoides surviving the extrinsic incubation period and the time to the next blood meal. Given the low probability obtained for this pathway to be considered as important, the number of Culicoides trans­ported by these means should be very high.
Enquête sérologique par la technique Elisa du virus de la fièvre catarrhale dans les troupeaux sentinelles de bovins en Tunisie
Authors: Sghaier Soufien , Ben Hamida K. , Dkhil A. , Hammami Salah
Published: May 2017

Bluetongue (BT) is a non contagious infectious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Isolation of BT virus serotype 2 (BTV-2) was first confirmed in Tunisia in February 2000 and was since detected in several other countries in the Mediterranean region. BTV-1 was detected in November 2006 and in 2007, and several outbreaks were reported in some regions of Tunisia. A structured surveillance study was designed with the aim to determine the dynamics of infection by this virus from June 2006 through July 2008 in 14 sites located throughout Tunisia. In each farm, 10 seronegative calves to BT were identified and monitored monthly for seroconversion by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results showed a differ­ent epidemiologic situation between the two years with a BT seropositivity rate at 1.3% during the first year, reaching 54.3% the second year. The majority of seropositive cases appeared between August and November with only one seroconversion in spring 2008. Detailed results are presented and discussed.
Standardisation des méthodes de barcode moléculaire pour identifier les espèces de Culicoides en Europe
Authors: Paredes-Esquivel C. , Garros Claire , Cetre-Sossah Catherine , Miranda M.A. , Del Rio R.
Published: May 2017

The design of efficient control strategies for Culicoides midges lies in correct species identification. From the approximately 1340 described Culicoides species, only 30 have been incriminated as vectors of bluetongue disease virus. However, the actual number of vector species could be different considering that relatively few species have been studied. In Europe, the most important vec­tor was assumed to be Culicoides imicola, an Afro-Asian vector. However, during the last two years other species such as C. puli­caris (Pulicaris complex), C. dewulfi, C. chiopterus and species of the Obsoletus complex have increased in importance, as their populations have been found abundant in outbreak areas, outside the geographical range of C. imicola. Whereas C. imicola is the most easily identified, C. obsoletus sensu stricto and C. scoticus, from the Obsoletus complex, are extremely difficult to identify by using traditional methods such as morphological examina­tion. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-barcoding regions is located in the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (CO1). Recent stud­ies have shown that this region is valuable in the identification of Culicoides species; however, the CO1 fragment to be used must be selected with great care. We propose to standardize the methodology and the selection of the fragment to be amplified to homogenize results obtained by different groups.
Répartition de la fièvre catarrhale ovine et des Culicoides spp. de 2005 à 2008 au Portugal
Authors: Nunes T. , Fonseca I. , Baptista A. , Martins H. , Agrela Pinheiro C. , Lucientes Javier , Boinas Fernando
Published: May 2017

The first outbreak of bluetongue (BT) in Portugal occurred in 1956 and was caused by BT virus serotype 10 (BTV-10). The dis­ease was declared eradicated in 1960. Forty-four years later, in November 2004, BT re-occurred in Portugal, caused by BTV-4, and again, in September 2007, by BTV-1. It has persisted in some regions of the country since then. To help control the disease, a BT entomological programme was implemented in Portugal in 2005 and some of the results are now reported, focusing on Culicoides species as BTV potential vectors. In the framework of the national entomological programme, the country was divided into 45 geographical units (GUs) (50 km side squares). Mini-CDC light traps were used to collect insects in selected ruminant herds in different GUs. During the period of September 2005 to May 2008, 2990 valid catches were made and ten Culicoides species were identified. C. imicola was the main species identified and accounted for 81.73% of the specimens collected, with a peak occurrence in September. C. Obsoletus complex accounted for 4.45% of the specimens, with peaks occurring from May to July. C. pulicaris accounted for 0.04% only of the collections. C. imicola was caught 18.3 times more and mean specimens were collected 8.9 times more per trap than C. obsoletus. Although C. imicola was collected in more northern latitudes than previously reported in Portugal, these catches were sporadic and with a low number of specimens. C. imicola predominantly occurred in the East-Central and South regions of Portugal and prevailed in the areas where BT outbreaks occurred. Its marked seasonal occur­rence coincided with the period of BT outbreaks in Portugal. C. imicola is thus considered the main vector of BTV in Portugal, and official sanitary prophylactic and control measures should be implemented accordingly to decrease the risk of transmission.
Surveillance entomologique des Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), vecteurs de la fièvre catarrhale en Tunisie
Authors: Sghaier Soufien , Hammami Salah , Hammami H. , Dkhil A. , Delecolle Jean Claude
Published: May 2017

Bluetongue (BT) is an arboviral disease that affects ruminants. BT virus is transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Since 1999, BTV outbreaks have occurred in Tunisia and two serotypes (BTV-2 and BTV-1) have been involved in 2000 and 2006, respectively. Entomological surveillance has been implemented in Tunisia with the aim to study population dynamics of C. imicola and other potential vectors. Two-night catches of midges per site were performed monthly from June 2006 through July 2008 on 14 sites through­out the country. A total of 11,582 Culicoides specimens, col­lected from 336 light traps, comprised 25 species of which seven were identified for the first time in Tunisia. The seasonal occur­rence of these species is described.
Puces à ADN comme outil d'identification moléculaire pour Culicoides
Authors: De Witte J.C. , Deblauwe I. , De Deken Gill , De Deken R. , Madder M. , Meiswinkel Rudolf
Published: May 2017

A DNA microarray test based on internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) genotype expression was developed to identify Culicoides species of Northwestern Europe belonging to the Culicoides Obsoletus complex. The assay was designed so as to allow interpretation by the naked eye. False positive and false nega­tive results were eliminated. The need for expensive laboratory equipment and reagents was kept as low as possible, making the technique affordable and feasible for any diagnostic laboratory with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) facilities. The microarray test could be validated through the three ringtests organised by Medreonet. Use of this microarray can improve monitoring adult and immature Culicoides species.
Identification et caractérisation des isolats d'orbivirus des îles de la Réunion et de la Martinique
Authors: Vitour D. , Sailleau Corinne , Breard Emmanuel , Zientara Stéphan
Published: May 2017

At the beginning of 2009, bluetongue (BT)-like clinical symptoms were reported in cattle on the French island of La Réunion (Indian Ocean). One hundred and twenty-three cows were blood tested for the presence of BT and/or epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) by group specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). EHDV RNA was detected in 111 samples (90.2%), among which five were also positive for BTV RNA. Sequence analysis of EHDV segment 7 revealed that this circulating strain seemed to be similar to the one isolated in 2003 (99.8% nucleotide identity). The determination of the nucleotide sequence of segment 2 is under investigation. The vironeutralization test (VNT), serotype-specific RT-PCR, as well as sequence analysis identified the isolated BTV strain as serotype 2. These data showed that an EHDV outbreak occurred over the last winter in La Réunion, and it was concomitant to circulation of BTV. Epidemic or enzootic features of both these viruses are not yet known. Since this outbreak, molecular and serological tools specific to EHDV have been or are being developed. Three years ago, 30 healthy head of cattle moved from Metropolitan France to the French Martinique Island (Caribbean Basin) and were distributed in four different farms. Animals were sampled (blood and serum) every 10 days until day 30 and tested for BTV infection by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or RT-PCR assays. Unexpectedly, almost all animals became BTV positive within 20 days. Whenever possible, virus isolation on eggs and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell cultures were performed. Interestingly, seven BT strains belonging to seven distinct serotypes (BTV-2, 9, 10, 17, 18, 22, 24) were isolated. The coding sequence of segments 7, 8, 9 and 10 of these seven serotypes was obtained, as well as a portion of segment 2. The phylogenetic analysis revealed an unprecedented divergence of these strains with other known BTV sequences.
Séroprévalence de divers orbivirus chez les animaux domestiques en Algérie
Authors: Madani Hafsa , Casal Jordi
Published: May 2017

The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of bluetongue (BT), African horse sickness (AHS) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) in Algeria and the possible pres­ence of new virus serotypes. A cross-sectional survey was con­ducted between August and September 2008. The epidemiologi­cal unit was the herd. Analyses were carried out for detection of BT and EHD in cattle herds, BT in sheep, camels and goats, and AHS in donkeys. All the animals were between six and twelve months of age in order to avoid detection of antibodies due to previous outbreaks. Random sampling was performed supposing a herd prevalence of 2% and a within-herd prevalence of 30%. According to these hypotheses, eight animals per herd in 145 herds were sampled, for a total sample size of 1168 animals.  Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used for BT virus and AHS virus antibody detection, whereas EHD virus antibodies were detected with reagents prepared by the Institute for Animal Health. Out of 1423 sampled animals, 372 (26.1%) had antibodies against BT virus. Positive animals were present in all the regions, except in one. The prevalence in cattle, sheep, goats and camels was 30, 14, 47 and 22%, respectively. A more accurate analysis was being carried out at time of writing to determine possible factors that can be related to these different prevalences. Out of 849 cattle, 66 (7.8%) presented antibodies against EHD virus. Positive animals were detected in 12 of the 20 regions sampled. For AHS, all of the 195 analyzed donkeys were found positive.
Présentation de Culicoides (Culicoides) boyi sp.n. découvert au Jutland du Nord, Danemark
Authors: Nielsen S.A.
Published: May 2017

During 2008 and 2009 intensive sampling of Culicoides was carried out near cowsheds all over Denmark. All species of the subgenus Culicoides so far recorded from Denmark were rep­resented at the sites. However, at two sites in Northern Jutland a small number of individuals having a strong resemblance to Culicoides pulicaris, C. punctatus and C. halophilus were found. A careful morphological analysis revealed conclusive morphological differences between the specimens from Northern Jutland and other species of the subgenus Culicoides known from Northern Europe. The aberrant specimens are described as Culicoides (Culicoides) boyi sp. n.
Passé et futur : études de morphologie et de biologie moléculaire des Culicoides
Authors: Alexandre-Pires Graça , Diaz S. , Meireles J. , Boinas Fernando , Pereira da Fonseca Isabel
Published: May 2017

Culicoides are the biological vectors of bluetongue virus, an arbovirus transmitted by females after the ingestion of blood from viraemic animals. Conventional microscopy is usually used for taxonomic characterization and recently molecular charac­terization became a very useful tool to differentiate species with similar morphological characteristics, such as those belonging to Culicoides Obsoletus complex and C. dewulfi. On the other hand, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) allows the visuali­zation of very small details, which can also be used in Culicoides species identification as a complement of other methods. In this work we performed both techniques in order to detect simulta­neously subtle features.  Female and male specimens of Culicoides obsoletus sensu stricto, C. scoticus and C. dewulfi were washed in ethylic alcohol in gradients until 100%, followed by immersion in acetone. The insects were dried using the point drying method, mounted in stubs and coated with gold palladium. Specimens were observed under electronic microscope. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted individually from 360 specimens of the C. Obsoletus complex (C. obsoletus s.s., C. scoticus) and 18 specimens of C. dewulfi, then analysed by PCR Multiplex. Several images of heads including details of the eyes (contiguous and bare), sensilla, flagellomeres, absence of teeth in the cibarial arch and pharynx, maxillary palps and mouth parts, thorax, abdomen and legs (in both sexes), genitalia, hind tibial comb, and fifth tarsi with empodium and claws are presented. PCR Multiplex results are shown.  In this work, the SEM technique was used to show specific morphological details not obtained by optical microscopy of C. obsoletus. The SEM technique may be helpful to differentiate members of Culicoides species complexes and can be comple­mentary to other classification methods of Culicoides. Samples of Culicoides analysed by PCR Multiplex and examined in parallel with SEM might improve the taxonomic classification of these insects.
Expression des protéines VP2 et VP5 de la capside externe du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine
Authors: Mohd Jaafar F. , Attoui H. , Li X. W. , Alpar O. , Mertens P. P.C.
Published: May 2017

Since 1998, nine bluetongue virus (BTV) strains from serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 11, 16 and 25 have invaded Europe, killing more than two million animals (mainly sheep). Live attenuated vac­cines of BTV-2, 4, 9 and 16 have also been used in the region, in some cases causing further outbreaks of disease. Recent sequence analysis have shown that there have been cases of reassortment between field strains and live attenuated vaccine strains, hence the need for safer vaccines such as killed vaccines or recombi­nant protein-based subunit vaccines. The outer capsid protein VP2 of Culicoides-borne orbiviruses is the cell-attachment pro­tein, which carries sero-neutralization epitopes. We have cloned the open reading frame (ORF) (of segment 2) encoding VP2 and expressed the protein from BTV-4 in a bacterial expression sys­tem. The entire protein was found to be insoluble. Bioinformatic and evolutionary analysis showed that VP2 was composed of two ‘domains’, which were expressed separately using the same system. Optimization of expression conditions generated soluble proteins, indicating a correct fold of the expression products. These protein domains were used as antigens in mice experi­ments to raise antibodies against conformational epitopes. VP2 of BTV-4 was also expressed in a baculovirus system and was found to be soluble. The ORF encoding VP2 was cloned into a mammalian expression vector (pcDNA3.1) and is currently used (as a DNA vaccine) in animal experiments (using Chitosan as an adjuvant) to assess the antibody raising capacity of this formula­tion. One of the intended uses of this protein or its domains is to generate crystals for determination of the VP2 atomic structure using X-ray crystallography. VP5 of orbiviruses is a fusion pro­tein that is involved in membrane penetration during initiation of infection. The ORF (of genome segment 6) encoding VP5 of BTV-4 was cloned and expressed in the same bacterial system. Bioinformatic analysis also defined two domains of VP5. Only about 10% of the full length protein was soluble, while the two separated domains were over 90% soluble. Currently, VP5 and the two separate domains are being used in mice experiments to determine whether these can influence the immune response when concomitantly injected with the VP2 domains. VP5 was also cloned in pcDNA and used in mice experiments, formu­lated using Chitosan as an adjuvant. Antibodies collected from the mice reacted with the recombinant expressed VP5 showing high titres of antibodies. VP5 and its domains will also be used in X-ray crystallography. A plaque reduction assay was developed to determine whether the antibodies generated against VP2 domains or the VP2/VP5 mixture can neutralize virus infectivity in cell culture assays, opening the way for challenge assays in animals.
Evaluation du risque de la présence du vecteur de la fièvre catarrhale ovine basée sur des systèmes d'information géographiques et la modélisation statistique
Authors: Pacheco S. A. , Vaz Y. M. , Fuchs K.
Published: May 2017

Bluetongue (BT) is among the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) listed diseases due to its potential for rapid spread and serious economic impact on livestock. Because of its epidemiology, in Europe, only Southern countries were affected by the disease in the past. However in the latter half of 2006, an unprecedented outbreak of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 occurred in North-Western European countries. To define potential regions that are at risk for BT epidemics it is essential to study vector distribution and abundance. This study focused on BT vector spread, mostly in Austria. The objective was to produce risk maps with the more likely areas for vector occurrence and thus to support BT prevention and control. The introductory review gives an overview of the epidemiology of the disease with a focus on the vectors, the recent outbreaks in North-Western Europe, and the importance of statistical model­ling and geographical information systems (GIS) in predicting, preventing and controlling BT.  The statistical analysis was mainly based on data from the Austrian entomological surveillance system, weather stations and topo­graphical information. A multiple linear regression model was fitted to the data to predict the occurrence of BTV vectors and subsequently to create risk maps for the whole country. Despite the fact that the limited nature of the data does not allow precise estimation, in general the models indicated that vectors occurred in preferential areas where they could be very abundant. A more detailed analysis should be carried out with a multidisciplinary team including epidemiologists, biologists, meteorologists, ento­mologists, and statisticians, so that the complexity of BT epide­miology may be better understood, and a more efficient process of prevention and control of the disease may be set up.
Deux années de comparaison de pièges à Culicoides dans les îles Baléares
Authors: Del Rio R. , Monerris M. , Miranda M. A. , Calvete Carlos , Borràs D. , Miquel M. , Estrada R. , Lucientes J.
Published: May 2017

Several types of light traps are being used in different European countries to help determine the potential vector species of blue­tongue virus (BTV). The four traps compared in this study were: i) the Onderstepoort trap – black light trap, with 8 W ultraviolet light tube used in the United Kingdom and Italy; ii) mini-CDC – black light, model 912, with 4 W UV light tube, used in Spain and Portugal; iii) Rieb trap, white light model, with 4 W UV light tube, used from 2000 to 2006 in France; iv) UK trap, with 4 W standard white incandescent bulb, used in the past in the UK and other European countries for African horse sickness surveillance. All traps included a downdraught suction fan. Tests were conducted from 18 Oct. to 19 Nov. 2007, from 18 Feb. to 4 June 2008, and from 1 Oct. to 28 Nov. 2008. During at least nine non-consecutive nights the traps were placed following a randomized block design in four different positions on a cattle farm located on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). In 2008, only three traps (Onderstepoort, UK and mini-CDC) were tested. Results showed major differences in collecting Culicoides. The Onderstepoort trap showed the best performance in terms of total number of Culicoides captured in autumn both in 2007 and 2008. The UK trap, and especially the Rieb trap showed the lowest efficacy in terms of captures. In autumn 2008, the Onderstepoort trap cap­tured on average 90 Culicoides per night, whereas the mini-CDC captured on average 27. During spring 2008, however, the mini- CDC performed better as it captured on average 180 Culicoides per night, against 84 captured by the Onderstepoort. However, Fisher’s least significant difference test showed no statistically sig­nificant differences between the traps (P < 0.05). No remarkable difference was observed between the four traps as they all cap­tured a similar range of species. Captures of Culicoides newsteadi were greater during the autumn, and those of C. obsoletus in the spring. Finally, the Onderstepoort trap showed a higher sensitiv­ity in catching Culicoides midges in low population levels of the vector, especially during the winter season.
Effet du peroxyde d’hydrogène dans le bac d’échaudage sur la numération microbienne cutanée des porcs
Authors: De Mello A. S. , Roça R. O.
Published: May 2017

L’objectif de cette étude a été d’examiner l’effet du peroxyde d’hydrogène (H2O2) (50% v/v) sur les populations microbiennes en surface des carcasses de porc. Quarante-huit carcasses de porcs hybrides ont été analysées après épilation et trente pendant le refroidissement. Trois concentrations différentes de H2O2 ont été ajoutées à l’eau du bac d’échaudage (0,01, 0,05 et 0,1 p. 100 de la capacité totale du bac). Dans le traitement I, aucun ajout de H2O2 n’a été effectué ; dans le traitement II, H2O2 a été ajouté à 0 min ; dans le traitement III, H2O2 a été incorporé à 0, 30 et 60 min. Les traitements II et III ont réduit significativement la prolifération des bactéries thermophiles au niveau cutané après 30 min d’échaudage continu (P ≤ 0,05). Le traitement III a diminué le nombre d’entérobactériacées après 90 min d’échaudage (P ≤ 0,05). Pendant le refroidissement, ni entérobactériacée ni bactérie thermophile n’ont été détectées sur la peau des porcs, et H2O2 a abaissé la numération bactérienne mésophile et psychrophile (P ≤ 0,05). Cette étude a montré que l’addition du peroxyde d’hydrogène dans l’eau d’échaudage des carcasses diminuait la contamination microbienne cutanée des carcasses de porcs.
Production laitière dans la zone sylvopastorale du Sénégal : étude des facteurs de variation et modes de gestion par les populations locales
Authors: Diop Amadou Tamsir , Ickowicz Alexandre , Diène M. , Nzimulinda J. C.
Published: May 2017

Dans la région sahélienne du Sénégal, la production laitière des systèmes pastoraux connaît des variations interannuelles et intra-annuelles du fait que l’alimentation du cheptel est basée presque exclusivement sur les ressources naturelles. Les études menées à partir d’un dispositif de suivi dans les campements d’éleveurs et en station, et des données de la société Nestlé ont montré que la production laitière était fortement liée à la date de démarrage de la collecte, mais faiblement à la pluviométrie totale. La relation entre la production laitière totale et les indices de végétation normalisés (NDVI) était de type polynomial. Le pic de la production a été atteint au moment où la teneur en eau des fourrages a été de 70 p. 100. Des enquêtes auprès de pasteurs (hommes et femmes) appartenant à différentes ethnies et résidant dans les différents soussystèmes de production (Walo, Djoloff et Ferlo) ont indiqué que la durée de lactation, le nombre de vaches et les espèces animales ont constitué les principaux facteurs de variation de la production laitière. En fonction de l’ethnie à laquelle ils appartenaient, différents acteurs ont été responsables de la gestion du lait. Le caillage et l’extraction du beurre ont constitué les deux modes de conservation, et cinq types de calebasses ont été utilisés lors du processus. Les produits laitiers occupaient encore une place importante dans les revenus agricoles et le lait caillé écrémé était le produit le plus commercialisé.
Effet de la granulation sur les performances de croissance, l’efficacité alimentaire et la viabilité des lapereaux en condition d’élevage tropical
Authors: Kpodekon M. , Youssao A. K.Issaka , Koutinhouin G. B. , Baba I. L. , Dessou J. M. , Djago Y.
Published: May 2017

Cent quarante-quatre lapereaux de race locale ont été utilisés à partir du sevrage (entre 34 et 36 jours d’âge) pour analyser leur croissance, leur efficacité alimentaire et leur viabilité, en fonction de la présentation de l’aliment : farine ou granulé. L’expérimentation s’est déroulée sur trois fermes (Cecuri, Gava et Ahinadjè), à raison de 48 lapereaux par ferme, répartis en deux lots de 24 lapereaux : un lot expérimental nourri avec un aliment granulé et un lot témoin nourri avec le même aliment mais sous forme de farine. Le poids et la consommation ont été mesurés hebdomadairement durant les huit semaines d’engraissement et la mortalité a été contrôlée quotidiennement. Pendant la durée d’engraissement (56 jours), les lapereaux nourris avec l’aliment granulé ont eu une vitesse de croissance (24 g/j) plus élevée (P < 0,001) que celle des lapereaux nourris avec l’aliment farineux (22 g/j). Pendant les quatre premières semaines, l’aliment granulé a été davantage consommé (+ 18 p. 100), moins rejeté (- 77 p. 100), avec un indice de consommation plus faible (- 20 p. 100), que l’aliment farineux (P < 0,001). L’indice de consommation (5,2) et les quantités d’aliment consommées (92 g) ont été identiques pendant les quatre dernières semaines (P > 0,05). En revanche, l’aliment granulé a été moins refusé (P < 0,001) que l’aliment farineux (1 g vs 4 g). Enfin, dans les lots des lapereaux nourris au granulé, le taux de mortalité a été de 15 p. 100, contre 46 p. 100 chez les lapereaux nourris à l’aliment farineux.
Surveillance de l'incidence de la trypanosome chez les bovins pendant les lâchers de mouches tsé-tsé stérilisées sur l'île d'Unguja, à Zanzibar
Authors: Dyck Victor A. , Pan H. , Kassim S. S. , Suleiman F. W. , Mussa W. A. , Saleh Khalfan M. , Juma K. G. , Mkonyi P. A. , Holland W. G. , Van Der Eerden B. J.M. , Dwinger R. H.
Published: May 2017

L'incidence de la trypanosomose chez des bovins sentinelles sur l'île d'Unguja à Zanzibar a été contrôlée tous les deux à cinq mois entre 1994 et 1997 afin d'observer les changements dans la transmission de la maladie, logiquement attribuables à l'application d'insecticides, aux lâchers de mouches tsé-tsé stérilisées (Glossina austeni Newstead) et à la diminution consécutive, jusqu'à l'éradication, de la population naturelle de glossines. Deux techniques parasitologiques (centrifugation microhématocrite et examen du buffy coat) ont été utilisées pour surveiller l'incidence de la maladie due à Trypanosoma congolense Broden et à T. vivax Ziemann. T. congolense et T. vivax ont été détectés en 1994 et en 1995 mais, par la suite, seul T. vivax a été observé. En 1997, l'incidence de la trypanosomose bovine n'était plus que de 0,1 p. 100. Elle n'a manifestement pas augmenté après les lâchers de mouches tsé-tsé mâles stérilisées et traitées au chlorure d'isométamidium.