bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rekonstruksi dan Pengembangan Lembar Kerja Siswa pada Materi Plantae Submateri Spermatophyta dengan Pendekatan Keterampilan Proses
Authors: Ekselsa Ria Anita , Anggraeni Sri , Supriatno Bambang
Published: February 2022

Student Worksheet (LKS) is a guide and support for practicum in learning science / science. In biology lessons, especially the material of Spermatophyta Submaterial Plantae, currently it is not optimal. This can be seen from the content of the worksheets that do not cover all the competencies that have been formulated in the curriculum. Therefore, this study aims to reconstruct the worksheets on the Spermatophyta submaterial Plantae. The research method used the ANCOR (Analysis-Try-Reconstruction) approach. At the analysis stage, the LKS analysis process is based on conceptual, practical, and knowledge construction aspects. Then at the trial stage carried out without changes in tools, materials and procedures. Furthermore, the LKS reconstruction refers to the vee diagram and applies a process skills approach. The results showed that there were problems with the Spermatophyta LKS in the field, including the contents of the worksheets that did not cover all the competencies expected by the curriculum, the work steps were less relevant and the discussion questions did not support the student's knowledge construction process. The results of the reconstruction worksheets were added by phenetic analysis activities to align with the basic competencies that had been formulated. These reconstruction worksheets can become alternative worksheets in accordance with curriculum standards and representatives for all time.
Abstrak. Praktikum merupakan kegiatan yang penting dalam pembelajaran sains / IPA. Namun kenyataan di lapangan, masih ada praktikum yang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran atau kompetensi yang diharapkan. Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) sebagai petunjuk aktivitas sains juga dirasa kurang optimal. Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan rekonstruksi dan pengembangan LKS pada materi plantae submateri spermatophyta. Metode penelitian dengan pendekatan ANCOR (Analisis-Coba-Rekonstruksi). LKS yang dianalisis sebanyak 7 sampel, diantaranya 3 LKS pada KTSP, 3 LKS pada kurikulum 2013, dan 1 LKS yang dibuat sendiri oleh guru. Analisis LKS berdasarkan aspek  konseptual, praktikal, dan konstruksi pengetahuan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis konseptual,  5 LKS sesuai dengan KD 3.8, namun 1 LKS dirasa masih belum lengkap untuk konten/kegiatannya. Selain itu, pada semua LKS tidak ada kegiatan untuk mengembangkan kompetensi KD 4.8. Berdasarkan hasil analisis praktikal, 2 LKS prosedurnya tidak relevan, dan 3 LKS relevan namun terdapat tahapan yang tidak detail dan tidak terstruktur. Berdasarkan hasil analisis konstruksi pengetahuan, hanya 1 LKS yang mendukung sedangkan pada LKS lainnya pertanyaan diskusi tidak mendukung konstruksi pengetahuan siswa.  Hasil tersebut merupakan temuan untuk melakukan rekonstruksi dan pengembangan terhadap LKS Spermatophyta. LKS dikembangkan dengan menerapkan pendekatan keterampilan proses dan mengacu pada diagram vee.
Socio-Constructivist Learning and Teacher Education Students’ Conceptual Understanding and Attitude toward Fractions
Authors: Ibanez Edwin , Pentang Jupeth T.
Published: February 2022

The study assessed the conceptual understanding and attitude toward fractions of teacher education students in a socio-constructivist learning environment. Specifically, it determined the students’ level of conceptual understanding before and after instruction; verified the types of conceptual changes that occurred; and ascertained the attitude of students toward fractions before and after instruction and its relationship to their levels of understanding. Descriptive-correlational research method was used. Socio-constructivist context-based teaching method was employed to introduce the concept of fractions. Achievement tests and interviews were administered to determine the students’ level of conceptual understanding. Conceptual analysis based on Jensen and Finley’s (1995) method with Tiberghien’s (1994) classification of changes was utilized to describe students’ conceptual understanding and conceptual changes. In order to determine their attitude on fractions, students were asked to answer the socio-constructivist attitude questionnaire. The level of conceptual understanding of teacher education students in fraction was functional misconception and partial understanding before and after instruction, respectively. The type of conceptual change that occurred among teacher education students was change for the better. Socio-constructivist learning more likely to improve students’ attitudes toward fractions; promoted prosocial behavior among students; and tend to increase students’ activeness in the classroom activities as evidenced.
Employing Blended Literature Circles to Foster Activating Academic Emotions of Struggling Readers
Authors: Imamyartha David , Wahjuningsih Eka , Puspa Areta , Mitasari Mitasari , Fitriyah Siti Masrifatul , Hudori Rizki Febri Andika , Andayani Rika , Tasnim Zakiyah , Fardhani Aan Erlyana , Sundari Siti , Wijaputra Bambang Arya
Published: February 2022

Grounded within academic emotion and transactional reading theory, the present study investigates the understudied struggling readers’ academic emotions after taking part in three blended literature circles in an English class at tertiary education. Thirteen Physics Education students partook in the research. Data were garnered by open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, the results of which were analyzed by directed content analysis bound to Academic emotion theory. The research findings explicate that blended literature circles pave the path to propelling reading-to-learn endeavors. Despite sub-optimal reading proficiency, the students’ academic emotions depict the efforts towards achievement goals, primarily laden with a mastery approach, and social goals through dialogic reading in blended literature circles.
Observing the EFL Students’ 21st Century Skill Performance through Learning Activities of Research on the ELT Course
Authors: Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Published: February 2022

Students’ 21st-century skills; soft skills, and hard skills were developed through student-centered e-learning (SCEL) activities in Research on the ELT Course. The current study was conducted to improve teachers’ instructional strategies in e-learning to enhance students’ 21st-century skills through their learning activities. Data were gained by observing and assessing 24 students’ performance in practicing 21st-century skills through SCEL activities. Teachers have successfully improved instruction techniques and encourage students to learn in a group, independently, using online resources, discussion, and video presentations, as the result, the students’ 21st-century skills could be improved from cycle to cycle. Each SCEL activity developed certain soft skills and hard skills components differently. In conclusion, the teacher successfully applied SCEL activities to engage and enhance students’ 21st-century skills. The findings implicated that teachers should be more creative and innovative in using e-learning for teaching and learning to create an active online learning environment and enhance students’ 21ts century skills. Further research is expected to apply an experimental research design to search for the most effective method and measure the level of effectiveness of e-learning usage for the students’ 21st-century skills development.
Brief Mindfulness Intervention for Emotional Distress, Resilience, and Compassion in Family Physicians During COVID-19: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nutting Ruth , Ofei-Dodoo Samuel , Rose-Borcherding Katherine , Strella Grace
Published: February 2022

Background and Objective: There are high rates of professional burnout among family physicians and trainees. We undertook this study to investigate whether a brief mindfulness intervention could help manage burnout and improve well-being among family physicians in a residency program.
Methods: A total of 21 family physicians participated in a brief, 8-week mindfulness program. We used a single-sample, pre/post design at a Midwestern family medicine residency program. At two points in time (baseline and postintervention), participants completed an online survey measuring burnout, depression, anxiety, stress, perceived resilience, and compassion. We used linear mixed models to estimate the effect of the intervention on the outcome measures. 
Results: Participants had improvements after the 8-week intervention. At postintervention, they had significantly better scores on anxiety (P<.004), stress (P<.001), perceived resilience (P<.001), and compassion (P<.001). There were no significant changes on the personal accomplishment, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization subscales of either the abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory or the depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21.
Conclusion: This brief mindfulness program was associated with significant reduction in the scores of anxiety and stress as well as significant improvement in perceived resilience and compassion scores. Brief mindfulness interventions may be a convenient and effective approach to support and improve health and well-being among family physicians.
THE VITRO STUDY EFFECT OF GINGER EXTRACTS ON FUNGAL ISOLATED FROM A SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA AND EXTERNA
Authors:   Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Attraqchi Azhar , Sahib Hayder ,   Dept. College of Pharmacy, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Hasseni Jaafer ,   Dept. of Surgery, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Mohammed Maha
Published: February 2022

Background: Otitis media is a group of complex inflammatory disorders affecting the middle ear, which can be acute or chronic. Otitis externa is an inflammation on the skin of the external auditory canal usually associated with secondary bacterial and/or fungal infection of macerated skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue. Objective: To investigate the effect of ginger extracts on fungal isolates from patients suffering from otitis. Methods: Two hundred patients suffering from suppurative otitis media and externa who attended to ENT Department, Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City enrolled in this study from November 2016 to the end of April 2017, included patients all age groups with discharging ear. All specimens were transported to the laboratory for processing and investigations at the same day. The powder of ginger rhizomes soaked with the solvent and left in a shaking water bath at 40 °C for 24 hours, and then filtered using Whatmann's filter paper No.1 for clear extract. Each extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator with vacuum to get the final crude extract\; after the procedure of ginger extract was done, this extract was taken and tested for bacterial and fungal isolates from patients with otitis. Results: Results revealed that acute otitis media consisted of about 96 (48%), while chronic suppurative otitis media about 75 (37.5%). Otitis externa was less common infection among the other types of otitis 29(14.50%). The most fungal isolates were Candida parapsilosis. In addition, there is a significant effect of (chloroform, methanol, and aqueous) extract of ginger on pathogenic fungi. Conclusion: Ginger extracts have been showed evident zones of inhibition effect on pathogenic fungi by chloroform more than ethanol, with less effect by aqueous extract. Keywords: Otitis externa, otitis media, ginger extract Citation: Al-Attraqchi AAF, Sahib HB, Al-Hasseni JMK, Mohammed MM. The vitro study effect of ginger extracts on fungal isolated from a suppurative otitis media and externa. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(1): 4-11. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.1.2
PEDIATRIC HODGKIN LYMPHOMA IN IRAQ-KRG-SULAIMANI
Authors:   Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hiwa Hemato-Oncology Hospital, Iraq-KRG-Sulaimani, Abdallah Basil , Rashid Nawshirwan ,   Dept. of Clinical Hematology, Hiwa Hemato-Oncology Hospital, Iraq-KRG-Sulaimani, Tawfiq Shwan ,   Dept. of Clinical Hematology, Hiwa Hemato-Oncology Hospital, Iraq-KRG-Sulaimani
Published: February 2022

Background: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a highly curable malignancy. It is a unique neoplasm, in which the malignant cell is the Reed-Stenberg cell (RSC); it constitutes approximately 40% of all lymphomas that present during childhood. Objective: To obtain local data on the pattern of childhood and adolescent HL in our community at presentation and then compare it with the international figure. Methods: Eighty-five patients with newly diagnosed pediatric HL were admitted to Hiwa Hematology/Oncology Hospital in Sulaimaniya province of Iraqi Kurdistan were included in this study, they were studied prospectively from March 2006 to March 2014. The patients staged by Ann Arbor Staging system and categories into three risk group depending on the Stage and Number of Nodal Sites and the presence of Bulky Disease. Data analyzed using SPSS software; version 13 and P-value obtained by Chi-square test. Results:The median age at diagnosis was about 13.7 years with peak age of incidence was between 15-18 year and with male predominance. Most common site of the primary tumor was cervical lymph nodes; nodular sclerosis was the most common histopathological subtype and the majorities were presented in stage IIA. Conclusion: The stage in this study was age dependent but neither there was relation between the site of the primary tumor and the risk categories nor relation between risk categories and sex. Keywords: Hodgkin lymphoma, stage, sex distribution, risk category Citation: Abdallah BK, Rashid NG, Tawfiq SA. Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma in Iraq-KRG-Sulaimani. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(1): 12-17. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.1.3.
INCIDENCE OF NEUROTROPHIC KERATOPATHY IN ASSOCIATION WITH DIODE ENDOLASER RETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION
Authors:   Dept.Chairman of Iraqi Board in Ophthalmology, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Quraishi Najah , Mohammad Abeer ,   Dept. of Surgery, Medical College, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Mahdi Hind ,   Dept. of Surgery, Medical College, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background: Neurotrophic keratopathy as a consequence of laser retinal photocoagulation is not uncommon problem but unfortunately and unfortunately it is not well evaluated in Iraq as well as the world. Objective: To estimate the incidence of neurotrophic keratophathy in association with diode endolaser retinal photocoagulation. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in vitreoretinal clinic at Ibn-Alhaithum Teaching Eye Hospital in Baghdad. Patients were selected during a period from April 2013 to January 2014, all patients were examined by slit- lamp microscope, and condensing lens + 78 Diopter for dilated fundus examination and cotton wisp to assess corneal sensation. Positive cases documented by anterior segment photograph. Results: The study sample consisted of 108 vitrectomizd eyes of 108 patients, their ages ranged between 5-65 years old with mean of (35.5 years), 42 of them were females and 66 of them were males. By follow up of those patients; 13 of their eyes (12%) developed neurotrophic keratopathy. It had been found that 61.5% of those eyes manifested as stage II, while 30.8% presented as stage I and only 7.7% presented as stage III. Conclusion: Diode endolaser retinal photocoagulation may be an unrecognized reason for neurotrophic keratopathy Keywords: neurotrophic keratophathy, diode endolaser retinal photocoagulation, pars plana vitrectomy, diode laser 810 nm Citation: Al-Quraishi NKM, Mohammad AA, Mahdi HA. Incidence of neurotrophic keratopathy in association with diode endolaser retinal photocoagulation. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(1): 18-23. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.1.4
RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING IBN SINA TEACHING HOSPITAL IN MOSUL CITY
Authors:   University Primary Health Care Center, Mosul, Iraq, Khaleel Fanar , Hussain Shaima ,   Al-Qudis Primary Health Care Center, Mosul, Iraq, Hmood Azzam ,   Ibn-Sina Teaching Hospital, Mosul, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term health condition that in many cases is preventable. Many people do not know they have kidney disease, because up to 90% of kidney function can be lost before symptoms are evident. Fortunately, simple tests performed by a general practitioner can identify most cases of CKD when the disease is in its early stages, enabling treatment to prevent or slow progress. Objective: To evaluate the risk factors for the development of CKD. Methods: A case-control study conducted to 300 persons (150 cases and 150 controls) selected from Medical Wards, Dialysis Kidney Unit and in Outpatient Clinic at Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital in Mosul City. Results: Diabetes mellitus (DM) had 12.9 folds risk for developing of CKD and both type 1 and type 2 D.M. had significant role for developing CKD. Diabetic patients for (> 15 years) had 29.8 times risk for development of CKD. Hypertension (HT) had 3.5 folds risk for CKD and those having HT more than 15 years had 12.9 times risk for CKD. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) had 13.6 folds risk for CKD and having more than one type of CVD had 37 times risk for CKD than heart failure, ischemic heart disease. Family history of renal diseases had 7.1 times risk for CKD and there was statistically significant role of having family history of CKD that had more than 22 times risk for CKD. Statistically significant role of having proteinuria with 383 times risk for CKD. Conclusion: There are many risk factors significantly contributing to the development of CKD in Mosul especially DM, HT, CVD, family history of renal disease, family history of chronic diseases, and from this study it has been concluded that proteinuria plays a major role for the development and progress of CKD. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, risk factors Citation: Khaleel FF, Hussain SS, Hmood AH. Risk factors of chronic kidney disease among patients attending Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital in Mosul City. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(1): 24-31. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.1.5
GENOMIC BIOMARKERS IN ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Authors:   Dept. of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Kareem Noora
Published: February 2022

Endometrial carcinoma is the second most common gynecological cancer in developing countries after cervical carcinoma and its incidence is increasing due to the rise in the rate of obesity. Diagnosis depend on invasive test (biopsy) with no routine screening investigation available for either general population or high-risk group, there are several types of biomarkers that can be used for diagnosis, prognosis and management but none are available for routine clinical practice. Following the discovery of the new gene-based classifications of endometrial cancer, the use of these gene-based biomarkers will be the cornerstone in the early diagnosis and management for endometrial carcinoma patients in the coming years. Keywords:Endometrial carcinoma, screening, PTEN, miRNA, P53, circulating tumor DNA, genomic classification Citation:Kareem NM. Genomic biomarkers in endometrial carcinoma. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(2): 100-102. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.2.1
Validity of MRI Measurements in Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis
Authors:   Dept. of Radiology, Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Jaberi Hayder , Shakir Bishree ,   Dept. of Radiology, Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, Hjazeen Anees ,   Royal Medical Services, Infection Control Practitioner and Data Analysist, Prince Hussein ben Abdullah Center for Kidney Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Amman, Jordan
Published: February 2022

Background:Lumbar spinal canal stenosis results from compression of spinal cord and/or nerves at any level of lumbar vertebra. The relationship between clinical features of the patients and the degree of stenosis is not clear and there is no accepted “gold standard” for the diagnosis of lumbar stenosis. Objective:To evaluate the relationship between the degree of radiologically confirmed stenosis and the severity of Oswestry disability Index and to assess the most valid parameter for the diagnosis of the lumbar stenosis. Methods;A cross-sectional study conducted on randomly selected patients with lumbar stenosis at Magnetic Resonance Image Unit of Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City in Baghdad from May to September 2018. All patients filled Oswestry disability Index questionnaire and underwent examination using 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance unit (Avanto, SIEMENS). Results:A total of 41 patients were included (51.46±12.62) years of age. The measurements of spinal canal including the cross-sectional area of dural sac at intervertebral levels, stenosis ratio, and depth of lateral recesses are found to be correlated significantly with the level of disability assessed by Oswestry disability Index. At all levels, neither the cross-sectional area of the lateral recesses nor Ligamentous interfacet distance correlated significantly to the level of disability. Conclusion:Magnetic resonance image measurements of spinal canal correlated to the level of disability. Stenosis ratio and cross-sectional area of dural sac at intervertebral disc were more sensitive measurements for lumbar stenosis than other parameters. Keywords: Oswestry disability Index, Spinal stenosis, magnetic resonance image Citation: Al-Jaberi HKH, Shakir BK, Hjazeen AA. Validity of MRI measurements in lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(2): 126-134. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.2.6
EFFECT OF TOPICAL FLAVONOID FRACTION FROM ARTEMISIA ANNUA IN COMPARISON WITH TACROLIMUS ON INDUCED ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN MICE
Authors:   Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Hameed Mohammed , Abu-Raghif Ahmed ,   Dept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Kadhim Enas ,   Dept. of Pharmacognosy, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background:Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammation of skin disease that is characterized by recurrent acute pruritus and dry skin. Mostly, atopic dermatitis is predominant in young children. The problems of increasing prevalence and high impact of disease on quality of patients and family's life, necessities identifying many atopic dermatitis prevention planes. Objective:To determine the effect of Artemisia annua flavonoids fraction in comparison with tacrolimus in atopic dermatitis like mice model. Methods:This study is a prospective, randomized, placebo and controlled animal designed. Thirty-two male Albino mice that six weeks age included in this study. The mice were randomly divided into four groups. Group I without treatment (Healthy). Group II only inducer, phthalic anhydride used. Groups II, III, and IV subjected to phthalic anhydride solution, which was applied on the dorsum of the back skin at 9 A.M. three times a week for four weeks. After three hours of phthalic anhydride application, treatment is used for group III (Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment), and group IV (flavonoids fraction 1.2 mg /kg ointment) topically once daily at 12 P.M. for three times a week for four weeks). Serum IgE and immunohistochemistry of skin tissue IL-4 score, and IL-13 score were measured. Results:High significant decrease in immunohistochemistry of skin tissue IL-4, and IL-13 in flavonoid fraction group were found. Conclusion:The flavonoid fraction has an effect on the skin immunohistochemistry parameters and probably on atopic dermatitis like mice model. Keywords:Atopic dermatitis, Artemisia annua, flavonoids Citation:Hameed MF, Abu-Raghif AR, Kadhim EJ. Effect of topical flavonoid fraction from Artemisia annua in comparison with tacrolimus on induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 231-237. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.10
NANOPARTICLES TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE, AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL, AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS FOR MANY CHRONIC AND GENETIC DISEASES: A REVIEW
Authors:   Dept. of clinical and Laboratory Science, College of Pharmacy, Al-Nahrain University.Baghdad, Iraq, Abdul Kareem Israa , Hamzah Mohammed ,   Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Nanoparticle is an artificial cell-like particle (antigen-presenting artificial cell that can be tuned to target a specific disease or infections). The outer surface of each particle is covered with universal adaptor molecules having attachment points for antigens, specific molecules on specific cells, and fight off the targeted disease. Inside of each particle, there is either cytokines, cytotoxic drugs, antimicrobial drugs, genetic material, iron, gold, herbs, and others; each for different curative purpose, yet all of them act locally with high specificity to avoid devastating side effects of the contents if given systemically or to target certain tissue for curing diseases due to genetic deletions, or as a vaccine. Different nanoparticles differ in size, shape, contents, material of the outer shell, and purpose (i.e. for diagnosis of cancer, fighting that cancer, dealing locally with autoimmune diseases, treating a disease with genetic deletion mutations, fighting an infection, monitoring, and control of biological systems. Keywords:Nanoparticles, diagnostic tool, therapeutic applications Citation:Abdul Kareem IA, Hamzah MI. Nanoparticles technology in medicine, as a diagnostic tool, and therapeutic applications for many chronic and genetic diseases: A review. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 238-253. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.11
THE POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS AND TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors:   Dept. of Pathological Analysis, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Iraq, Mohammed Ahmed , Sabr Alzahraa Albatool
Published: February 2022

Background:Type-1-diabetes (T1D) also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile onset diabetes results from the progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in insulin deficiency. Genetic factors are thought to be a major component for the development of T1D. The studies on the risk of developing T1D suggesting that the environmental factors, particularly viruses may be implicated in the initiation of beta cell destruction leading to T1D. Objective:To investigate the possible relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and T1D. Methods:The sera were collected from 56 T1D patients and 30 controls of age range 3-22 years old and from both sexes. The sera divided into two parts, one part for serology for detection anti-EBV EBNA-1 IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and the other for viral genomic extraction and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the viral target gene. Results:The results by ELISA technique indicated that only 7 (12.5%) of T1D patients were positive for anti-EBV IgM antibody and 24 (42.9%) of T1D patients showed positive results for anti-EBV IgG antibody. In contrast, the control group showed negative results for both anti-EBV IgM and IgG antibodies. The results of PCR technique revealed that 15 (26.79%) of T1D patients have EBV DNA compared with none of the controls have EBV DNA (P<0.001). Conclusion:EBV infection may contribute to the pathogenesis or progression of T1D. Keywords:EBV, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, ELISA, PCR Citation:Mohammed AH, Sabr AI. THE possible association between Epstein-barr virus and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 175-182. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.3
DETECTION OF ETV6/RUNX1 FUSION GENE USING FISH TECHNIQUE DETECTION IN PEDIATRIC ALL PATIENTS
Authors: Mahdi Yasmeen , Hameed Bassam ,   Dept. of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Mahmood Fahim ,   Dept. of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Qassim Khalid ,   Dept. of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Mamoori Hind ,   Dept. of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background:One of the commonest genetic subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is t (12;21) (ETV6/RUNX1) being associated with favorable prognosis and distinctive clinical and pathological features. There are few studies about this abnormality in Iraq. Objective:To detect the expression ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene in B-ALL pediatric patients by using FISH technique. Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2018 to September 2018. Forty-eight newly diagnosed children with B-ALL were enrolled in this study. Fresh peripheral heparinized blood sample (3 ml) were taken from the patient at admission before chemotherapy, and ETV6-RUNX1 probe was applied and reading done by florescent microscope. Results:The mean age of study group was (4.01±0.19) years, their median age was 4.1 years, ranging between (2-7.2) years at diagnosis, ETV6/RUNX1 chimeric transcript product was found in 19 of 48 (39.6%) pediatric B- ALL patients. Conclusion:The frequency of investigated translocation [t(12;21)/ETV6/RUNX1 in a sample of Iraqi pediatric B-ALL patients, was among the higher reported frequencies worldwide, and that ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene is independent prognostic factor not related to other hematological and clinical parameters. Keywords:ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene, pediatric ALL, FISH Citation:Mahdi YM, Hameed BM, Mahmood FM, Qassim KW, Al-Mamoori HS. Detection of ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene using FISH technique detection in pediatric all patients. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 201-206. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.6
EFFICACY OF LAPAROSCOPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF UNILATERAL NONPALPABLE TESTIS
Authors:   Dept. of Surgery, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Zain Ahmad , Mohammed Nawzat ,   Dept. of Pediatric Surgery, Al-Khansaa Teaching Hospital, Mosul, Iraq, Fadil Sarah ,   Dept. of Pediatric Surgery, Central Child Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, AbdulHassan Bashar ,   Dept. of Surgery, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background:Undescended testis is one of the most common malformations seen in the field of pediatric surgery. The most problematic aspect of undescended testis is the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testis. Laparoscopy has been widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testis. Objective:To evaluate the role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of unilateral nonpalpable undescended testis. Methods:This is a prospective study carried out in the period from December 2012 to December 2017 in the Pediatric Surgery Department of a tertiary hospital in Baghdad. We used laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of 40 patients aged between one and 12 years (median age 4.9 years) with unilateral nonpalpable undescended testis. Boys with a palpable testis at any point were excluded from the study. Surgical procedure was individualized according to the laparoscopic findings either by one stage laparoscopic orchiopexy, two stage Fowler-Stephens procedure or laparoscopic orchiectomy. Results:Laparoscopy was able to diagnose the site of the nonpalpable testes in all the patients. Out of 40 nonpalpable undescended testes, 26 testes (65%) were intra-abdominal (12 testes were low intra-abdominal, 14 testes were high intra-abdominal). In 9 patients, (22.5 %), the vas deferens and spermatic vessels were found entering the internal inguinal ring. In 3 patients, (7.5 %), the testes were vanishing, and the testes were absent in 2 patients (5%). All patients with low intra-abdominal testes (n=12) were subjected to one stage laparoscopic orchiopexy through the normal inguinal ring. Out of 14 patients with high intra-abdominal testes, 7 patients underwent two staged Fowler-Stephens laparoscopic procedures, while three patients were treated by laparoscopic Prentiss maneuver and the remaining 4 patients underwent immediate laparoscopic orchiectomy due to presence of an atrophied testis. Patients with the vas deferens and spermatic vessels entering the internal inguinal ring (n=9) were treated by orchiopexy via conventional inguinal approach. Conclusion:Laparoscopy for unilateral nonpalpable testis has an excellent diagnostic yield combined with high success rate following repair. Keywords:Laparoscopy, nonpalpable undescended testis, Fowler-Stephens procedure Citation:Zain AZ, Mohammed NH, Fadil SZ, Abdul-Hassan BA. Efficacy of laparoscopy in the management of unilateral nonpalpable testis. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 223-230. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.9
A Review on Different Benefit for Annona muricata Fruits as Antioxidant
Authors:   Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Jassim Hiba
Published: February 2022

More than 200 chemical compounds have been identified and isolated from Annona muricata fruits and the most important such as alkaloids, phenols and acetogenins. Number of investigations have interested for this plant including antidiabetic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-arthritic, anti-parasitic, antimalarial, analgesic hypotensive, anti-inflammatory and enhancing of immune system in addition to its content of high form antioxidants, which are vital to human health. Because these it the World Health Organization recommends the minimum consumption of fruit 120 kg/person/year. Keywords: Annona muricata, oxidation, health, cytotoxic activity, phytochemicals and traditional medicine Citation: Jassim HS. A review on different benefit for Annona muricata fruits as antioxidant. Iraqi JMS. 2020; 18(1): 1-3. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.18.1.1
The Possible Role of Epstein Barr Virus and Its Latent Proteins in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: Abdullah Zahraa , Abdulamir Ahmed ,   Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Gorial Faiq ,   Dept. of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background:Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, systemic, idiopathic autoimmune disease. One of the suggested environmental factors that lead to development of systemic lupus erythematosus is infection with Epstein-Barr virus. Objective: First, detection and quantification of Epstein-Barr virus in peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared to control. Second, estimation of mRNA level of latent and lytic genes and compare them with control groups. Methods: This a case-control study conducted on systemic lupus erythematosus patients during the period from (December 2018 to March 2019). A total of 40 patients were involved in this study. Blood samples were taken from Baghdad Teaching Hospital of Medical City. On the other hand, 40 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy subjects, as control samples from blood donor center in Al-Imamein Al-kadhimein Medical City. Results: Eleven of forty (27.5%) of systemic lupus erythematosus patients were positive with Epstein-Barr virus at mean viral load 815.72 copy/ml with (P value 0.59). And the rate of Epstein-Barr virus detection in blood of patients group was highest in severe cases rather than in less severe ones. Only 2/40 (5%) of control subjects were positive with Epstein-Barr virus at much lower mean viral load, 64.75 copy/ml (P Value 0.34). The expression of the latent genes in patients versus control groups, was 100% versus 77.5% for EBNA-2, 50% versus 15% for EBNA-3C, 82.5% versus 97.5% for late membrane protein -1, and 85% versus 75% for EA/D, respectively. EBNA-2 expression showed significant direct proportional correlation with viral load. Conclusion: Increased rate of Epstein-Barr virus DNA detection in systemic lupus erythematosus group compared to control group and higher rate of viral DNA detection within severe cases might indicate a possible defect in controlling viral infection and increased number of latent infected cell in systemic lupus erythematosus. Also increased positive EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C expression in systemic lupus erythematosus group rather than in control group indicates that these Epstein-Barr virus proteins might have ability to disrupt the normal immune system, and might trigger and/or promote the autoimmune status. Keywords: EBV, SLE, EBNA-2, EBNA-3C, LMP-1, EA/D Citation: Abdullah ZF, Abdulamir AS, Gorial FI. The possible role of Epstein Barr virus and its latent proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Iraqi JMS. 2020; 18(1): 4-11. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.18.1.2
Radiological Imaging Diagnosis of Adult Renal Cystic Diseases and Management
Authors:   Urology Unit, Dept. of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Yemen, Akares Saleh , Bahomil Ahmed ,   Radiology Unit Dept. of Paraclinic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Yemen
Published: February 2022

Background: Renal cysts are a heterogonous group of cystic renal diseases that present in approximately 40% of the patients undergoing imaging. Objective: To describe the role of the radiological imaging methods for the diagnosis of adult renal cystic diseases and their management. Methods: A descriptive study carried out for 218 patients of renal cystic diseases in adults in two Private Hospitals in Aden Province during the period from February 2006 to December 2014, diagnosed by ultrasonography, contrasted urography and computerized tomography determined the age, gender, frequency, and complications and type of treatment. Results: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) presented in 96 patients (44%), simple renal cysts 90 (41%), medullary sponge kidney 25 (11%), localized cystic renal disease (LCRD) six (3%) and adult multilocular cystic nephroma one (1%). Ultrasound correctly interpreted 179 patients (82%), nonvisualized 25 (11%), and inconclusive 13 (7%) contrasted urography correctly interpreted 176 (76%), nonvisualized 13 (6%) and inconclusive 19 (9%) and computerized tomography (CT) scan 199 patients (91%), six (3%) and 13 (6%) respectively. Complications occurred in 65 patients (68%) of ADPKD, 23 (25%) of simple renal cysts, 15 (60%) of medullary sponge kidney (MSK) and three patients (50%) of LCRD. Conservative treatment performed in 171 (78%) and surgical intervention in 47 patients (22%). Conclusion: The commonest renal cystic disease is adult dominant polycystic kidney. Ultrasound is inconclusive for renal cystic masses. CT scan is the effective imaging study for localized and multifocal renal cystic diseases, complications and associated pathology. The frequent complications occur in adult dominant polycystic kidney disease and medullary sponge kidney. Keywords: Adults, renal cystic diseases, imaging, management Citation: Akares SA, Bahomil AA. Radiological imaging diagnosis of adult renal cystic diseases and management. Iraqi JMS. 2020; 18(1): 12-20. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.18.1.3
Surfactant Protein Type-A in Diagnosis of Drowning Cases
Authors:   Medico-legal directorate in Baghdad, Iraq, Hussein Haidar , Hashim Nabeel ,   Dept. of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq,, Abdulla Muthana ,   Medico-legal directorate in Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background: Drowning is a main universal community health problem. In medico-legal practice, the autopsy diagnosis of drowning presents one of the major problems especially when there is delay in recovering the victim from water. Objective: To gather the autopsy findings with the serology test "Surfactant-associated protein A" (SP-A) procedures to reach more accurate diagnosis of drowning and to clarify the significance of serology test (SP-A) procedures. Methods: This study was performed at Medico-legal Directorate (MLD) in Baghdad for (12) months within the period from 1/1/2018 to 31/12/2018. Full proper autopsy including external and internal examination of the body for all cases was performed, after obtaining complete medico-legal history, in addition to serology test (SP-A) procedures to determine the cause of the death as due to drowning. Results: The study included (60) cases, (52) males and (8) females with their ages ranged between (15-44 years old) for male, while ages ranged between (1-44 years old) for females. Drowning was the cause of death in all cases. The most important result of this study is that the serum SP-A concentration showed increment alongside with period that had been passed since the event of drowning. The highest value was (1042.167 ng /L) after 48 hours from the event. Conclusion: The concentration of SP-A increases with increasing duration of immersion in water and an important marker in the diagnosis of drowning together with the autopsy findings. Keywords: Medico-legal study, SP-A, drowning Citation: Hussein HN, Hashim NG, Abdulla MA. Surfactant Protein Type-A in diagnosis of drowning cases. Iraqi JMS. 2020; 18(1): 21-28. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.18.1.4
The Potential Role of Human Herpes Virus-6 in Idiopathic Facial Nerve Paralysis
Authors:   Poisoning Consultation Center, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, Rhaif Rafal , Al-Obaidi Asmaa ,   Dept. of Microbiology,College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Khazrajee Abdul Kareem ,   Dept. of Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background:Bell’s palsy (BP) is an acute, generally unilateral, paralysis or weakness of facial musculature consistent with peripheral facial nerve dysfunction; different factors suspected to contribute to the development of BP including herpesviruses. Objective:To detect human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) in the saliva samples of patients in the early presentation of BP. Methods: A case-control study included saliva samples taken from 50 patients with BP and 50 apparently healthy controls without any neurological deficit, viral DNA was extracted from the saliva and then subjected for quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of HHV-6 viral load (VL) in saliva. Results: HHV-6 DNA was positive in 22 (44%) out of the 50 patients, and in 12 (24%) of the controls (p=0.028), with a significantly higher mean viral load in patients than control (p=0.002), in addition, 70% of HHV-6 positive patients had severe grades with a significantly higher VL (p=0.007) and (0.015), respectively. Conclusion: HHV-6 could play an important role in the development of BP and HHV-6 might have a neuro-pathological effect in severe cases of BP. Keywords: HHV-6, Bell's palsy, Saliva, real time PCR Citation: Rhaif RH, Al-Obaidi AB, Al-Khazrajee AK. The potential role of Human Herpes Virus-6 in idiopathic facial nerve paralysis. Iraqi JMS. 2020; 18(1): 47-51. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.18.1.7
EVALUATION OF AUTOPHAGY FLUX LC3 GENE EXPRESSION AND SERUM IFN- IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS
Authors:   Dept. of Pharmacy, Al zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq, Wahwah Sarah , Abdulrahman Thanaa ,   Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, AlNahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Mankhi Ahmed ,   National Reference Laboratory (NRL) of Tuberculosis Respiratory, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the major causal pathogen of human tuberculosis (TB). Autophagy is a highly conserved cytosolic pathway influencing the immune responses and the elimination of intracellular pathogens including Mtb. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Mtb on autophagy flux with autophagy related genes of LC3I and LC3II, beside the evaluation of serum interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) level in patients with pulmonary TB. Methods: A total of 50 blood samples were collected from patients with pulmonary TB, besides 30 as healthy control. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was determined the measuring of mRNA expression of autophagy-related genes of LC3I and LC3II. Serum IFN-γ protein concentration was measured using sandwich Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant assay. Results: The present study showed an increasing in LC3-I level in newly-diagnosed pulmonary TB patients rather than in the control group despite statistically non-significant P˃0.05, while LC3-II showed decreasing in all pulmonary TB groups but statistically non-significant P˃0.05. Autophagy flux ratio of LC3-I and LC3-II genes showed a statistically significant decrease in pulmonary TB groups especially in newly- diagnosed (p value=0.02) rather than control groups. Moreover, the study of the serum level of IFN-γ showed an increase in the level of IFN-γ with p=0.0001 in pulmonary TB patients in comparison with the control group. In addition, the correlation between autophagy-related genes and IFN-γ have been shown a positive significant correlation (p value =0.013) in the multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB group. Conclusion: Autophagy flux ratio showed a statistically significant decrease in pulmonary TB groups particularly in newly-diagnosed TB patients rather than control groups, this indicates the different modulation factors that may affect the process of autophagy. The only positive correlation within biomarkers of the present study has been shown that LC3-II is a dependent factor on IFN-γ in MDR group. Keywords: Pulmonary tuberculosis, autophagy flux, LC3-I, LC3-II, diagnosis, IFN-γ Citation: Wahwah SA, Abdulrahman TR, Mankhi AA. Evaluation of autophagy flux LC3 gene expression and serum IFN-???? in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Iraqi JMS. 2020; 18(1): 52-60. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.18.1.8
Opportunistic Viral Infections After Kidney Transplantation: A Review
Authors:   Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Obaidi Asmaa , Jasim Mervit , Hussein Mustafa ,   Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, Kadhim Haider ,   Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Habib Manal ,   Dept. of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Opportunistic viral infections make an important threat to renal transplant recipients (RTRs), and with the use of more intense newly-developed immunosuppressive drugs; the risk of renal allograft loss due to reactivation of these viruses considerably increased. At the top priority of these viruses, human cytomegalovirus and other herpes viruses in addition to polyomavirus, reactivation of these viruses in these chronically immunosuppressed RTRs can lead to renal impairment and subsequently loss, unless early detected and properly treated. Keywords: kidney transplantation, viral infections Citation: Al-Obaidi AB, Jasim MB, Hussein MR, Kadhim HS, Habib MA. Opportunistic viral infections after kidney transplantation: A review. Iraqi JMS. 2020; 18(2): 79-93. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.18.2.1