bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidental Diagnosis of Cerebral Cortical Venous Thrombosis in Postdural Puncture Headache on Brain Computed Tomography
Authors: Humbertjean Lisa , Ducrocq Xavier , Lacour Jean‐Christophe , Mione Gioia , Richard Sébastien
Published: December 2014

Diagnosis of cerebral cortical venous thrombosis in patients with postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is usually secondary to changes in headache pattern or cerebral infarctions. Nevertheless, incidental discovery of asymptomatic forms on brain imaging has never been reported before and its management thus remains ill‐defined. We describe 2 cases of patients with asymptomatic cortical vein thrombosis in the context of PDPH. In both cases, brain computed tomography (CT) scans showed an isolated cortical vein thrombosis without cerebral damage. Neurological examination revealed the typical orthostatic feature of PDPH, independently of cortical vein thrombosis which was considered as a radiological incidental finding. Clinical and radiological signs resolved after bed rest, oral caffeine, and anticoagulation therapy. Asymptomatic cortical vein thrombosis may be found on radiological exploration, even basic like brain CT scan without contrast, of PDPH. Utility of anticoagulation therapy, which could increase the risk of cerebral hemorrhagic complications in this specific context, has to be assessed.
Suppression of Stress Responses in Siberian Sturgeon, Acipenser baeri, Juveniles by the Dietary Administration of Bovine Lactoferrin
Authors: Falahatkar Bahram , Eslamloo Khalil , Yokoyama Saichiro
Published: December 2014

A study was performed to investigate the influence of dietary lactoferrin (LF) on growth and stress responses of juvenile Siberian sturgeon. Fish were fed six experimental diets (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg LF/kg diet) for 10 wk. At the end of the experiment, fish were exposed to an acute stressor of 2‐min air exposure. The levels of cortisol, glucose, and lactate were measured before and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after stress. LF supplementation did not influence the fish growth. Cortisol and lactate, but not glucose level, were significantly affected by dietary LF. Cortisol levels in the control group rose twofold 1 h after stress and were significantly higher than that in LF groups. Moreover, the lowest level of cortisol at all sampling times (prestress and poststress) was observed in fish fed 400 mg LF/kg diet. Lactate concentrations in sturgeon fed 400 mg LF/kg markedly rose 1 h after stress, albeit changes in other LF groups were not significant. Results of this study show that dietary LF can suppress the stress responses in Siberian sturgeon, while 400 mg LF/kg diet appears to be an effective dietary level for this species to reduce stress.
Evaluation of Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles from Different Grain Sources as Dietary Protein for Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (♀) × Oreochromis aureus (♂)
Authors: Welker Thomas L. , Lim Chhorn , Klesius Phillip , Liu Keshun
Published: December 2014

The effects of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from different sources on growth performance, hematology, and immunity of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus, were evaluated. Sex‐reversed, all‐male hybrid tilapia (3.72 ± 0.08 g initial weight) were fed diets in which 30% of protein in the control diet, supplied by a combination of soybean meal (SBM) and corn meal (CM) (SBM : CM ratio = 1.8), was replaced by wheat DDGS (WtDDGS), sorghum DDGS (SDDGS), whiskey DDGS (WkDDGS), or one of three corn DDGS (CDDGS 1–3) sources (control and six experimental diets) for 10 wk. Tilapia were stocked at 30 fish per aquaria (three aquaria per diet). Growth of tilapia fed diets containing DDGS sources was similar to or better than the control diet, and no nutritional deficiencies were observed. Tilapia fed the CDDGS 2 and 3 sources showed superior weight gain. Improved growth appeared to be caused by an increase in feed intake and not due to improvements in dietary nutritional value. Hematology and immunity were not affected by DDGS source. It is concluded that DDGS from all the sources examined can be included in the diet of juvenile hybrid tilapia at about 30% as a replacement of one‐third protein from SBM‐CM mixture without adverse effects.
Optimizing Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio var. Koi (Linnaeus, 1758), Stocking Density and Nutrient Recycling With Spinach in an Aquaponic System
Authors: Hussain T. , Verma A. K. , Tiwari V. K. , Prakash C. , Rathore G. , Shete A. P. , Nuwansi K. K. T.
Published: December 2014

Fish waste water nutrient recycling in an aquaponic system was studied under different stocking densities of Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio var. koi, along with spinach, Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis. Fish growth performance, plant growth, nutrient dynamics, and nutrient removal and their dependence on different stocking densities, namely 1.4, 2.1, and 2.8, were observed, of the different combinations, fish stocked at 1.4 kg/m3 had the best growth. Percent nutrient removal (NO3–N, PO4–P, and K) was significantly higher at 1.4 kg/m3. Thus, 1.4 kg/m3 stocking density can be suggested as optimum for Koi Carp production in spinach aquaponic systems.
Case of dynamin 2 mutation‐related sporadic centronuclear myopathy with peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Kawasaki Yuko , Naba Ichiro , Azuma Shingo , Yaka Keiko , Moriya Masayuki , Nakano Misa , Nishino Ichizo , Tatsumi Chikao
Published: December 2014

A 53‐year‐old man presented with bilateral ptosis, diffuse muscle weakness and easy fatigability, and was admitted to Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Osaka, Japan. The patient was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis in his childhood. Since then, he had been developing muscle weakness with atrophy. A nerve conduction study showed motor and sensory neuropathy. Repetitive stimulation of his accessory nerve at 3 Hz showed 30.4% attenuation. We suspected that his symptoms were a result of myasthenia gravis and/or Guillain–Barré syndrome, and started gamma globulin therapy and prednisolone. Because muscle weakness did not respond to our therapy, we carried out muscle biopsy. He was then diagnosed with centronuclear myopathy. Genetic analysis showed the presence of dynamin 2 mutation.
Early‐Onset Heart Failure, Alopecia, and Cutaneous Abnormalities Associated with a Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutation in Desmoplakin
Authors: Antonov Nina K. , Kingsbery Mina Y. , Rohena Luis O. , Lee Teresa M. , Christiano Angela , Garzon Maria C. , Lauren Christine T.
Published: December 2014

Mutations in the desmosomal protein desmoplakin have been associated with various conditions affecting the skin and heart. The prototype is Carvajal syndrome, characterized by cardiomyopathy, woolly hair, palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK), and skin fragility. We report the case of a 3‐year‐old boy presenting with severe left‐sided heart failure with a preceding history of cutaneous abnormalities including congenital alopecia, PPK, nail dystrophy, and follicular hyperkeratosis on the extensor surfaces. Genetic testing revealed a novel combination of two heterozygous mutations in the DSP gene encoding desmoplakin: R1400X and R2284X. Both are predicted to be deleterious to protein function. This case adds to our understanding of the spectrum of clinical presentations of syndromes associated with desmoplakin mutations and highlights the need for cardiac examination in patients with characteristic cutaneous findings.
Anton–Babinski syndrome in an old patient: a case report and literature review
Authors: Chen Jiann‐Jy , Chang Hsin‐Feng , Hsu Yung‐Chu , Chen Dem‐Lion
Published: December 2014

Anton–Babinski syndrome is a rare disease featuring bilateral cortical blindness and anosognosia with visual confabulation, but without dementia or any memory impairment. It has a unique neuropsychiatric presentation and should be highly suspected in those with odd visual loss and imaging evidence of occipital lobe injury. In the case discussed herein, a 90‐year‐old man presented with bilateral blindness, obvious anosognosia, and vivid visual confabulation, which he had had for 3 days. Brain computed tomography demonstrated recent hypodense infarctions at the bilateral occipital lobes. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with Anton–Babinski syndrome. Because of his age and the thrombolytic therapy during the golden 3 hours after ischemic stroke, the patient received aspirin therapy rather than tissue plasminogen activator or warfarin. He gradually realized he was blind during the following week, but died of pneumonia 1 month later. In the literature, it is difficult to establish awareness of blindness in patients with Anton–Babinski syndrome, but optimistically, in one report, a patient was aware of blindness within 2 weeks, without vision improvement. Our case illustrates that elderly patients with Anton‐Babinski syndrome can partially recover and that 1 week is the shortest time for the establishment of awareness of blindness for sufferers without vision improvement.
Effect of a 12‐day balneotherapy programme on pain, mood, sleep, and depression in healthy elderly people
Authors: Latorre‐Román Pedro Ángel , Rentero‐Blanco Manuel , Laredo‐Aguilera Jose Alberto , García‐Pinillos Felipe
Published: December 2014

Background

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of a 12‐day balneotherapy programme on pain, mood state, sleep, and depression in older adults.

Methods

In this study, 52 elderly adults from different areas of Spain participated in a social hydrotherapy programme created by the government's Institute for Elderly and Social Services, known as IMSERSO; participants included 23 men (age, 69.74 ± 5.19 years) and 29 women (age, 70.31 ± 6.76 years). Pain was analyzed using the visual analogue scale. Mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood Status. Sleep was assessed using the Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire. Depression was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale. The balneotherapy programme was undertaken at Balneario San Andrés (Jaén, Spain). The water at Balneario San Andrés, according to the Handbook of Spanish Mineral Water, is a hypothermic (≥20°C) hard water of medium mineralization, with bicarbonate, sulfate, sodium, and magnesium as the dominant ions.

Results

Balneotherapy produced significant improvements (P < 0.05) for all variables (pain, mood state, sleep, and depression) in the total sample. A differential effect was found between the sexes regarding pain improvement, with men, but not women, having significantly improvement (P < 0.01) after treatment. With regard to improving mood, sex differences were also shown, with women, but not men, significantly improved (P < 0.05) in both depression and fatigue.

Conclusions

In conclusion, a 12‐day balneotherapy programme has a positive effect on pain, mood, sleep quality, and depression in healthy older people.
Effect and tolerability of blonanserin in severe delusion with various types of dementia
Authors: Takaki Manabu , Honda Hajime , Terada Seishi , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: December 2014

Low‐dose blonanserin was effective for treating severe delusions in six patients with various types of dementia, and it was also well tolerated. Delusion and hallucination scores, as measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, improved, and extrapyramidal symptom scores, as measured by the Drug‐Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale, were unchanged. Blonanserin has strong dopamine D2 receptor‐, 5‐hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor‐, and dopamine D3 receptor‐blocking activities and weak 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐2C, α1‐, histamine H1‐, and muscarinic M1‐blocking activities. Its unique characteristics may make it suitable for treating severe delusions and hallucination in patients with dementia.
The dementia diagnosis: a literature review of information, understanding, and attributions
Authors: Stokes Laura , Combes Helen , Stokes Graham
Published: December 2014

This review examines how people understand and make sense of a dementia diagnosis. The review explores how lay frameworks and information presented at diagnosis may inform a caregiver's understanding of dementia in a family member. Existing qualitative research exploring how caregivers understand and make sense of dementia is reviewed. A literature search was conducted, and the results indicated that family carers often receive little or unclear information about dementia, with diagnostic information often delivered in euphemistic terms. Lack of clarity regarding diagnosis and prognosis creates uncertainty for caregivers and impacts future care planning. Caregiver's understandings of the condition vary, with some symptoms often not attributed to the condition. The literature highlights significant gaps and misconceptions in public knowledge regarding dementia, which raises questions about how family caregivers understand the condition. Further research is required to explore how information is presented to family carers at the time of diagnosis and how this is used to understand the condition.
Tiotropium as part of inhaled polytherapy: Adherence and associated health‐care utilization
Authors: Simon‐Tuval Tzahit , Maimon Nimrod
Published: December 2014

Background and objective

Previous studies had demonstrated association between Tiotropium therapy (once‐daily inhaled anticholinergic) and reductions of exacerbations, improvements in dyspnoea and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Little is known about the influence of adherence to Tiotropium on health‐care utilization. Our objective was to examine whether adherence to Tiotropium is associated with decreased health‐care utilization.

Methods

A computerized medical database was used to identify patients with COPD registered in an academic pulmonology institute who began therapy of Tiotropium 18 mg between 2008 and 2011 (n = 193). Adherence was assessed by calculating the proportion of days covered and defined as coverage of at least 80% of the follow‐up period. Adherence to long‐acting beta‐agonists and/or inhaled corticosteroids (LABA and/or ICS) and health‐care utilization were analysed 1 year before and 2 years after initiation of Tiotropium. A multivariate regression model was applied to examine determinants of change in health‐care utilization.

Results

The median age of study population was 67 (80% male). Forty‐one per cent of study population (n = 79) adhered to Tiotropium. Hospitalization costs decreased 1 year following treatment initiation only among adherent patient when their adherence to LABA and/or ICS improved (β = −463.6, P = 0.033). This cost did not change significantly in the consecutive second year (β = 206.3, P = 0.583).

Conclusions

Adherence to Tiotropium was associated with decreased hospitalizations only among patients who improved their adherence to LABA and/or ICS as well. Exploring reasons for high non‐adherence and ways to improve adherence may optimize utilization of the scarce hospital resources.
Improving Weight of Evidence Approaches to Chemical Evaluations
Authors: Lutter Randall , Abbott Linda , Becker Rick , Borgert Chris , Bradley Ann , Charnley Gail , Dudley Susan , Felsot Alan , Golden Nancy , Gray George , Juberg Daland , Mitchell Mary , Rachman Nancy , Rhomberg Lorenz , Solomon Keith , Sundlof Stephen , Willett Kate
Published: December 2014

Federal and other regulatory agencies often use or claim to use a weight of evidence (WoE) approach in chemical evaluation. Their approaches to the use of WoE, however, differ significantly, rely heavily on subjective professional judgment, and merit improvement. We review uses of WoE approaches in key articles in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature, and find significant variations. We find that a hypothesis‐based WoE approach, developed by Lorenz Rhomberg et al., can provide a stronger scientific basis for chemical assessment while improving transparency and preserving the appropriate scope of professional judgment. Their approach, while still evolving, relies on the explicit specification of the hypothesized basis for using the information at hand to infer the ability of an agent to cause human health impacts or, more broadly, affect other endpoints of concern. We describe and endorse such a hypothesis‐based WoE approach to chemical evaluation.
Has Globalisation Affected Collective Bargaining? An Empirical Test, 1980–2009
Authors: Hessami Zohal , Baskaran Thushyanthan
Published: December 2014

We investigate whether globalisation has affected the nature of collective bargaining in OECD and emerging countries. The main innovations over the existing empirical literature are (i) the consideration of three distinct aspects of collective bargaining (union density, decentralised bargaining and the extent of government intervention), (ii) the reliance on a sample with a larger cross‐sectional and time dimension (44 countries from 1980 to 2009), and (iii) the application of a more appropriate empirical methodology (dynamic panel data models). We find that globalisation, on average, depresses unionisation but neither affects the degree of decentralisation nor government intervention in collective bargaining. We also uncover significant heterogeneity effects, both across countries and over time.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON LIPOLYTIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN DEGENERATING AND REGENERATING NERVE
Authors: Lumsden C. E.
Published: December 2014

1. In the phenomenon of Wallerian degeneration in a cut peripheral nerve the process of myelin degradation in the distal stump is, by the ordinary staining methods of histology, unusually retarded in comparison with the same process in necrosis of nervous tissue, e.g. in infarcts.

2. The Glick acidimetric method for lipase and esterase in tissue sections was used to determine lipolytic esterase activity quantitatively in rabbit sciatic nerves above and below the line of experimental transection at varying intervals of time after operation.

3. The enzyme activity per milligram of tissue (dry weight) fell steadily in the peripheral stump to 40 per cent of the normal average value; while in the proximal stump in the region of the regenerating neurites it rose steadily to 300–400 per cent of normal. As reunion of the stumps occurred, the zone of highest esterase activity passed into the upper extremity of the now reunited distal portion.

4. Reasons are given for attributing the increased ali‐esterase activity to the regenerating neurites themselves.
THE EFFECT OF THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF HEPARIN ON THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA IN THE RAT
Authors: French J. E. , Robinson D. S. , Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

1. When chyle is added in vitro to the plasma of rats which have received an intravenous injection of heparin, there is a progressive fall in turbidity.

2. The rate of clearing depends on the concentration in the plasma of a factor which is formed following the injection of heparin. The concentration of this factor depends in turn on the amount of heparin injected, but the relationship between the two is not linear.

3. The amount of chyle cleared is independent of the amount of heparin injected over the range 5 to 500 units heparin per kg. of body weight. It does depend on a second factor which is present in normal as well as in heparinised plasma.

4. When chyle is added in excess to plasma containing the heparin factor, the particulate lipid which is not cleared shows changed properties and can then be cleared by normal plasma.
THE INTESTINAL PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: Sircus W.
Published: December 2014

1. In dogs provided with Heidenhain gastric pouches and Thirty‐Vella loops of duodenum and jejunum, gastric secretion was stimulated both by distending the intestinal loop and by perfusion with (a) intestinal chyme or (b) dilute hydrochloric acid or (c) acetylcholine.

2. The gastric secretory response was abolished by the prior application to the mucosa of the intestinal loop of 5 per cent procaine solution for 15–30 min., but not by 3 per cent procaine solution.

3. The secretory responses to distension and perfusion of the loop with intestinal chyme or dilute acid persisted after denervation of the vascular pedicle of the gastric pouch.

4. The secretory responses did not appear for 15‐30 min. after the commencement of mechanical or chemical stimulation of the intestinal loop, and they often persisted for 30–45 min. after cessation of stimulation.

5. These findings indicate the existence in the small intestinal mucosa of a hormonal mechanism for the stimulation of gastric secretion by meals.
THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BARBITONE UPON RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS OF THE PLAIN MUSCLE OF BLOOD VESSELS
Authors: Tyrer J. H.
Published: December 2014

1. Studies were made on sheep whose pulmonary and systemic circulations were artificially perfused at constant rates, with complete functional exclusion of the heart. These sheep were anæsthetized with sodium barbitone.

2. In seven such sheep rhythmic variations of mean aortic pressure were encountered in spite of a constant rate of perfusion of the systemic circulation, and in five others there were rhythmic variations of mean inferior vena caval pressure. Administration of further sodium barbitone readily suppressed these rhythmic pressure changes, usually without significant alteration of the level of mean aortic or inferior vena caval pressure.

3. These findings are discussed in relation to previous literature.
CHANGES IN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, RADIO‐IODINE UPTAKE AND BODY TEMPERATURE FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO COLD IN ALBINO RATS WITH HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS
Authors: Beattie J. , Chambers R. D.
Published: December 2014

1. Male albino rats, adapted to live at 29.5°C. for a period of 7 weeks, and then exposed to a lower environmental temperature between 17° and 220° C. for 9 days, showed a rise in body temperature, oxygen consumption and radio‐iodine uptake. The thyroid glands of such rats showed changes compatible with an increase in thyrotrophic hormone output.

2. Rats adapted to live at 29.5° C. for the same period, and which had all the efferent pathways from the hypothalamus to the brain‐stem severed, showed on exposure to cold the same responses as normal rats. The rate of uptake of radio‐iodine was, however, significantly greater, indicating a higher level of thyrotrophic hormone output than normal rats exposed to cold. The histological appearances of the thyroid gland are compatible with a high thyrotrophic hormone output. The rise in body temperature was greater than that found in normal rats.
5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION AND DESTRUCTION IN PERFUSED LUNGS
Authors: Gaddum J. H. , Hebb C. O. , Silver Ann , Swan A. A. B.
Published: December 2014

1. 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (HT) caused vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction in cats' lungs perfused with blood. These actions were antagonized by dihydroergotamine or lysergic acid diethylamide.

2. The HT‐equivalent of the plasma was estimated by extraction with acetone and assay on rat's uterus in comparison with synthetic HT. This was low immediately after bleeding, but rose rapidly to about 1 mg. per litre.

3. The HT‐equivalent of the plasma fell exponentially during perfusion with a halving time of 4‐20 min.

4. When the rate of circulation was increased the rate of disappearance of HT rose.
A PURIFIED EXTRACT OF THE INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF THE PITUITARY
Authors: Landgrebe F. W. , Mitchell G. M.
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described for the preparation of an extract of melanophore dispersing hormone 500 times as potent as International Standard posterior lobe powder.

2. Evidence is recorded suggesting that the polypeptide derived from pig glands is different from that obtained from ox material.
A MODIFIED FOLIN‐MALMROS TECHNIQUE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BLOOD SUGAR, PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR LOW VALUES OR FOR MICRO WORK
Authors: Landgrebe F. W. , Munday K. A.
Published: December 2014

A modified Folin‐Malmros method for the determination of blood sugar is described. It is both simple and rapid—a dozen samples can be estimated in 45 minutes. It is accurate and very sensitive, giving results accurate to 2 per cent at normal mammalian blood levels, and 5 per cent for small quantities of glucose of the order of 2 to 3 , µg. The method can be used for quantities of mammalian blood as small as 0·01 ml. It has already been adopted by a number of colleagues in different laboratories with results almost identical to our own.

Our results and those of other workers indicate that for similar quantities of glucose the actual intensity of colour is constant. The method would probably be adequate for rapid routine determination of mammalian bloods without the use of an absorptiometer. Standard colours in a simple comparator would probably give results accurate to 5 per cent.
SPLENIC AND PORTAL VENOGRAPHY
Authors: Dreyer B.
Published: December 2014

1. The splenic and portal veins can be demonstrated by the injection of radio‐opaque dye into the spleen. This has been done in dogs with exteriorised or subcutaneous spleens, and in humans with enlarged spleens by direct injection.

2. The injected dye leaves the spleen quickly and in large amounts, and demonstrates the sizes of the splenic and portal veins.

3. In the absence of portal obstruction a filling defect is present where the superior mesenteric flow meets the splenic.

4. In the presence of portal obstruction the site of obstruction is indicated. In addition, collateral veins are filled with dye, the portal vein is dilated and a reflux of dye may occur into the superior mesenteric vein. Changes in the direction of blood flow in the portal tributaries may be shown.

5. The intrahepatic portal branches appear to be fewer, coarser and further apart in cirrhosis of the liver.
THE ARTERIAL SUPPLY AND VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE HUMAN HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI
Authors: Xuereb G. P. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. , Daniel P. M.
Published: December 2014

1. The arterial supply and the venous drainage of the human pituitary body have been studied in preparations injected with neoprene latex or Berlin blue.

2. The pituitary body receives its arterial blood from the internal carotid arteries through a superior and an inferior hypophysial artery on either side.

3. Each superior hypophysial artery distributes branches to the hypophysial stalk and gives off a substantial branch, the artery of the trabecula, which courses through the pars distalis and eventually supplies part of the lower infundibular stem. Each inferior hypophysial artery divides into a medial and a lateral branch. These branches anastomose with the corresponding vessels of the opposite side, forming an arterial ring around the neural lobe. Branches springing from this arterial ring supply the neural lobe and part of the lower infundibular stem.

4. Interarterial anastomoses are a characteristic feature of the vascular arrangements of the human pituitary body. Branches of both the superior and the inferior hypophysial arterial systems anastomose freely with other branches of the same system. In addition, anastomoses of large calibre are present which connect branches of one of these two arterial systems with branches of the other.

5. No branches of either the superior or the inferior hypophysial arteries supply the epithelial tissue of the pars distalis.
INSULIN HYPOGLYCÆMIA AND GASTRIC MOTILITY IN THE SHEEP
Authors: Hill K. J.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of insulin hypoglycæmia on the motility of the abomasum and rumen has been studied in three sheep prepared with permanent fistulæ of these organs and in a lamb with a denervated pyloric pouch.

2. These experiments have shown that in the sheep, as in the dog and man, the injection of insulin after an initial inhibitory period causes increased gastric motility as a direct consequence of the fall in blood sugar.

3. The effect is dependent upon increased activity of the vagus nerves, since it does not occur in the denervated (vagal) stomach pouch and is inhibited by atropine.

4. It is therefore probable that in the sheep, as in dog and man, hypoglycæmia acts centrally to excite vagal discharge.

5. The absence of a gastric secretory response to insulin in the ruminant suggests therefore that the secretory cells, unlike the musculature, are not under central vagal control.
THE SITES AT WHICH PLASMA CLEARING ACTIVITY IS PRODUCED AND DESTROYED IN THE RAT
Authors: Jeffries G. H.
Published: December 2014

1. Clearing activity has been produced by perfusing blood containing heparin in concentrations of from 2·5 to 0·025 i.u. per ml. through the isolated hind limbs of rats. It is produced also by the lung, the abdominal viscera with the exception of the liver, and the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The experiments indicate that the liver does not produce clearing activity.

2. The appearance of clearing activity in blood perfused through the isolated hind limbs of rats fed olive oil 4 to 5 hours previously, indicates that clearing activity in such animals is produced in part by the hind limb circulation.

3. Both in rats which have received an injection of heparin and in fat‐fed rats, clearing activity of the blood from the hepatic vein was less than that of the aortic blood. Blood from the portal vein, the inferior vena cava, and the aorta had similar clearing activity.

4. Perfusion of heparinized blood through the isolated liver resulted in a fall in its clearing activity. This loss indicates that this organ destroys clearing activity.
A SIMPLE METHOD OF PREPARATION OF HIGHLY POTENT EXTRACTS OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Landgrebe F. W. , Hobson B. M. , Mitchell G. M.
Published: December 2014

1. A simple and rapid method of preparation of highly potent extracts of C.G. is described.

2. The method consistently produces a product containing about 4000 I.U./mg. with a yield of about 30 per cent.

3. The potency of such a product is found to be about the same whether it is tested on amphibia or mammals.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE AND OF CHANGES IN POSTURE ON THE BLOOD PLATELET COUNT IN MAN
Authors: Sloan A. W. , Allardyce K. D.
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of exercise and of postural change on counts of the blood platelets, erythrocytes and leucocytes were investigated on groups of healthy young men.

2. The platelet count decreased significantly after 10 minutes of moderate exercise, and showed a partial return to its original level when the subject stood still for the next 20 minutes.

3. The platelet count decreased significantly on standing up, and was still significantly depressed 10 minutes later.

4. The platelet count did not change significantly within 10 minutes of lying down.

5. Apart from a tendency for the leucocyte count to increase with exercise and a significant fall thereafter, the changes in erythrocyte and leucocyte counts were of minor degree.

6. The theoretical and clinical importance of these observations is discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND pH ON THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM OF THE ISOLATED PERFUSED HEART
Authors: Trethewie E. R. , Hodgkinson M. M
Published: December 2014

Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 40, No. 1

E. R. TRETHEWIE AND M. M. HODGKINSON

P. 2, para. 2, line 2. Delete “of blood”.

Fig. 1, B. Second line should read:

“Between A and B and between F and G perfusing pressure reduced; between C and D and between I and J perfusion pressure returned to original level.”

P. 7, fig. 4. Last line of legend should read: “time in minutes”.

P. 9, Table III, first line. Fig. 7 should read fig. 1, B.
NOTE ON THE ACID‐BASE BALANCE OF THE BLOOD OF RABBITS FOLLOWING THE INTRACEREBRAL INJECTION OF FLUOROCITRATE
Authors: Bullwinkle R. , Fallon R. H. , Fleming T. C. , Hastings A. B.
Published: December 2014

Convulsions in rabbits resulting from the injection of fluorocitrate are accompanied by a marked increase in fixed acids in the blood. This metabolic acidosis is accompanied by a respiratory alkalosis, which may be mild or severe. However, it would appear from the experiments reported that no relation exists between the acid‐base changes and the convulsive seizures. It would be of interest to determine whether the correction of these two biochemical abnormalities would modify the number or severity of the convulsions, or length of survival of the animal.
THE ACTION OF RUSSELL'S VIPER VENOM AND LECITHIN ON THE COAGULATION OF PLASMA
Authors: Poole J. C. F. , Robinson D. S. , Macfarlane R. G.
Published: December 2014

The activity of crude lecithin preparations in accelerating the coagulation of plasma in the presence of Russell's viper venom is not due to lecithin. It may be partly due to free fatty acids.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA IN THE RAT
Authors: Robinson D. S. , Jeffries G. H. , Poole J. C. F.
Published: December 2014

1. In the rat, maximum rates of clearing of chyle by plasma in vitro at 37° C. were observed 1½ minutes after the injection of heparin.

2. A technique was developed whereby both the entry of chyle into the plasma and the circulation of blood through the liver could be interrupted in rats absorbing olive oil. High rates of clearing of added chyle by plasma obtained under such conditions were observed.

3. Evidence is presented for a close association between chyle and the clearing systems induced in plasma both by heparin injection and by fat feeding.

4. No heparin was detected in chyle which had been incubated with, and subsequently recovered from, plasma obtained both after the injection of small quantities of heparin and after fat feeding.
THE EFFECT OF MENTAL STRESS ON THE EOSINOPHIL LEUCOCYTE COUNT IN MAN
Authors: Kerr A. C.
Published: December 2014

1. Hourly eosinophil counts were made in the afternoon on five students engaged in their final examination in operative dental surgery. Four showed a fall of more than 80 per cent; these were obviously anxious. In the fifth the count remained steady; he was unperturbed by the examination.

2. Similar counts on nine subjects performing routine operative dentistry and on nine subjects engaged in routine dental mechanics showed no constant downward trend and no fall greater than 35 per cent of the initial count.

3. The difference between the group under examination stress and the other groups was very highly significant.

4. It is concluded that the mental stress associated with a serious examination can produce a significant fall in the eosinophil count during the examination. A similar influence may be at work in some patients being subjected to medical investigations.
DOES MUCIN INHIBIT THE ACTION OF PEPSIN?
Authors: Heatley N. G.
Published: December 2014

1. The digestion of hæmoglobin by crystalline porcine pepsin was not inhibited by the viscous whole juice from a pig pyloric fistula, or by fractions thereof, at pH 1·6.

2. At higher pH levels there was a very slight reduction of activity.

3. Similarly, digestion was not inhibited by whole juice from a rabbit duodenal fistula or hydrolysed Wilson's mucin.

4. Possible causes of the apparent inhibition of peptic action by mucin reported by other workers are discussed.
THE INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
Authors: Duncan L. J. P.
Published: December 2014

1. Two indices of glucose tolerance, the “total index” and the “increment index”, derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test have been defined, and determined in, 20 normal and 15 diabetic subjects.

2. The “total index” is based on the assumption that the rate of fall of blood glucose remains consistently proportional to the total blood glucose value. The “increment index” assumes that the rate remains proportional to the increment blood glucose value.

3. The mean “total index” for 42 tests in 20 normal individuals was 1·37 and the mean “increment index” was 3·68.

4. The mean “total index” for 21 tests in 15 mildly diabetic patients was 0·71 and the mean “increment index” was 1·83.

5. With a constant loading dose of glucose both indices are reproducible in any one individual.

6. Increasing the loading dose from 25 to 50 g. produced significant increases of the “total index” in 8 normal and 6 diabetic subjects. The “increment index” remained constant in both groups.

7. As the “increment index” is reproducible in any one individual within a twofold variation in the dose of glucose injected, it is the preferable measure of glucose tolerance.
A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE RUMEN EPITHELIUM OF SHEEP
Authors: Dobson Marjorie J. , Brown W. C. B. , Dobson A. , Phillipson A. T.
Published: December 2014

1. The papillæ of the surface of the rumen of sheep have been shown to have a rich blood and lymphatic supply in intimate contact with the basal layer of the stratified squamous epithelium.

2. The basal layer of the epithelium consists of columnar cells which in the papillary bodies are arranged round the capillaries, the long axis of the cells being perpendicular to the length of the capillaries. Cells similar to “prickle” cells of the skin are present in the transitional layer between the basal columnar cells and the outer keratinized layers.

3. Mitochondria, which have been shown to be very numerous in the columnar cells, are often elongated and orientated in the long axis of the cells.

4. An analogy between the cubical epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney and the columnar cells of the rumen epithelium is suggested.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID IN DIABETOGENIC DOSES TO ALBINO RATS
Authors: RayMahasaya D.
Published: December 2014

1. Observations were made on the ascorbic acid (ASA) and “total ascorbic acid” (TASA = ASA + (dehydroascorbic acid) DHA + (diketogulonic acid) DKA) concentrations in the liver, kidney, pancreas and adrenals before and after the intravenous injection of DHA in diabetogenic doses or of ASA to male and female albino rats.

2. Immediately following the dose of DHA, the concentration of TASA rose about 50‐fold in the kidneys. The concentration rose in the liver (10‐ to 16‐fold) and pancreas (7‐ to 10‐fold). The DHA which entered the tissues was rapidly reduced. The extent of reduction in the liver was more than 80 per cent, whereas in the kidneys and pancreas only about 50 per cent reduction took place. Twenty‐four hours later most of the excess TASA had disappeared. Following a second dose, the concentrations in the tissues presumably rose temporarily, but at the end of 24 hours further accumulation had not taken place. Following a third dose, rapid reduction to ASA was again observed. The concentrations in the tissues were almost normal 8 days later.

3. Compared with DHA, the administration of ASA under similar conditions led to a greater rise in the concentration in the pancreas; the kidneys concentrated to the same extent as before whereas the liver concentrated much less.

4. The intravenous injection of diabetogenic doses of DHA or of similar amounts of ASA after preliminary desensitization caused an immediate depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid. Some depletion was observed following the intravenous injection of only 0·2 g./kg. body weight of dehydroascorbic acid (the desensitizing dose). The fall was more marked after dehydroascorbic acid and in the male rat. Twenty‐four hours later a restoration in concentration of adrenal ascorbic acid occurred together with a significant rise in adrenal weight.
CHANGES IN THE SOLUBILITY OF CHOLESTEROL DURING THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA
Authors: Robinson D. S. , Harris P. M. , French J. E.
Published: December 2014

1. In the rat, the clearing of chyle by heparinized plasma allows the subsequent clearing of turbid suspensions of cholesterol.

2. This secondary clearing of cholesterol is probably due to solution of the cholesterol in the fatty acid‐protein complexes produced during the clearing of chyle.

3. This process is presumably related to the solution of cholesterol suspensions in colloidal soaps, and some observations on this system are presented.
THE ORIGIN OF CHYLOMICRONS IN THE CERVICAL AND HEPATIC LYMPH
Authors: Morris Bede , Courtice F. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The chylomicron content of the plasma, hepatic and cervical lymph of cats has been examined. Clear lymph coming from the head and neck and the liver contains numerous chylomicrons, the number present in the hepatic lymph being much greater than in the cervical lymph.

2. The number of chylomicrons in the liver and cervical lymph varies with the number present in the plasma, and can be increased by the intravenous injection of fatty chyle, and decreased in absorptive cats by diverting the thoracic duct lymph from the plasma. Following the intravenous infusion of fatty chyle, about 0·4 per cent of the amount of lipid injected is returned by the lymph during the 2‐hour period taken for the plasma lipids to return to normal.

3. Raising the intrahepatic sinusoidal pressure during the fatty chyle transfusions increases the rate of liver lymph flow and the liver lymph rapidly becomes milky. In these animals large amounts of lipid were carried in the liver lymph, and about 14 per cent of the total amount of fat injected was recovered in the lymph in the 2‐hour post‐injection period.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSA OF REPTILIA
Authors: Wright R. D. , Florey H. W. , Sanders A. G.
Published: December 2014

1. Histological and experimental observations were made on the gastric secretion of the Australian lizards Tiliqua nigro‐lutea and Tachysaurus rugosus, and on the tortoise Testudo grœca. In Tiliqua nigro‐lutea a permanent fistula with an indwelling cannula was inserted into the stomach for the collection of gastric juice from the unanæsthetized animal.

2. Histologically, the gastric gland cells of these animals contain granules that resemble mammalian pepsinogen granules, but there is no cell in the glands that can be identified with the mammalian parietal cell.

3. The effects of food, of drugs and of vagal stimulation on the secretion of gastric juice were observed. In spite of histological differences from the mammalian stomach, the stomach in these three species produces a gastric juice that in essentials resembles that of mammals.
GASTRO‐INTESTINAL TENSION RECEPTORS WITH UNMYELINATED AFFERENT FIBRES IN THE VAGUS OF THE CAT
Authors: Iggo A.
Published: December 2014

1. Electrical activity was recorded in single afferent C fibres dissected from the cervical vagus of the cat. The receptors were distension‐sensitive endings in the œsophagus, stomach or small intestines. The latency of the response to distension was largely due to the time taken for the impulses to travel from the receptor to the recording electrodes.

2. The rate of discharge of impulses was much higher when distension with the same volume of fluid was rapid than when distension was slow. This was seen most clearly when only short lengths of the intestine were distended. It is suggested that the effect is partly due to smooth muscle tone.

3. Contraction of smooth muscle at the site of the receptor set up a discharge of impulses in the afferent fibre, and this response was not dependent on changes in intraluminal pressure. It was concluded that the receptors were tension‐signalling devices “in series” with the contractile elements in the smooth muscle.

4. The receptors were unaffected by removal of the mucosa and submucosa, and probably lay in the muscularis externa of the stomach or intestines.

5. The receptors were excited by intravenous injection of phenyl‐diguanide and adrenaline and by acetylcholine poured over the opened viscus. They were unaffected by 0·1N HCl. The difficulty of interpreting the action of ACh was pointed out.
THE RENAL EXCRETION OF SODIUM AND WATER BY RATS DURING INFUSION OF HYPO‐, ISO‐ AND HYPERTONIC SALINE
Authors: Cole D. F.
Published: December 2014

1. The renal excretion of sodium and water by unanæsthetized rats has been studied, while a continuous intravenous infusion of hypo‐, iso‐ or hypertonic saline was given. The experiments were continued for eight hours.

2. In all cases the rates of excretion of water and sodium increased during the first two hours, and the renal tubular reabsorption of the two substances fell. Glomerular filtration rate increased initially but fell later, although sodium and water excretion remained high throughout.

3. These findings have been discussed and a tentative hypothesis offered involving volume and osmoreceptor/ADH function, decreased production of sodium‐retaining steroid, and the interaction of these changes on the kidney.
THE ABSORPTION OF WATER AND SALT FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE RAT
Authors: McHardy G. J. R. , Parsons D. S.
Published: December 2014

1. The net absorption rates of water and sodium, measured in vivo in the jejunum and ileum of the rat, were greater from alkaline than from acid solutions, over the pH range 4·4–7·2.

2. Chloride was absorbed more rapidly from the ileum than from the jejunum under all conditions studied.

3. Chloride was absorbed by the ileum from solutions containing between 20–50 mEq/l. less than plasma. Sodium was absorbed by the ileum from isotonic solutions containing between 45–75 mEq/l. less than plasma, but no absorption occurred from hypotonic solutions.

4. The decreasing absorption rates of water from similar solutions containing glucose, urea or mannitol are accounted for in terms of relative osmotic restraint on absorption.

5. The water content of the intestinal wall was found to be linearly related to the dry weight of the segment and to the amount of water absorbed by the segment. About 1·5 per cent of this amount remained in the intestinal wall after two hours circulation.

6. The net uptake of Na and Cl from isotonic fluids and the net entry into hypotonic fluids in jejunal segments were both reduced when mannitol was added to the solutions.

7. With solutions containing 160 mEq/l. sodium in the jejunum, the fluid absorbed was approximately isotonic with that in the lumen.
THE POSSIBLE EFFECT OF A LIPÆMIA ON THE POST‐PRANDIAL INCREASES OF THE PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND PHOSPHOLIPID
Authors: Kingsbury K. J. , Morgan D. M.
Published: December 2014

The effects on the plasma lipids of 50 g. meals of arachis oil are compared with those of a synthetic oil comprised of the glyceride esters of mainly C8 and C10 fatty acids. The synthetic oil did not contain sterols or phospholipids. Both the oils caused similar molar increases of plasma glyceride but, whereas the plasma became lipæmic after the arachis oil, the C8/C10 oil caused no changes in the turbidity. Approximately equal increases of the plasma lipid‐phosphorus and cholesterol occurred after both oils and hence it is concluded that neither lipæmia nor sterols and phospholipids present in the oils were responsible for the increases of plasma cholesterol and phospholipid.
A STUDY OF THE ACID‐BASE BALANCE OF FETAL SHEEP AND GOATS
Authors: Blechner Jack N. , Meschia Giacomo , Barron Donald H.
Published: December 2014

By means of indwelling plastic catheters the pCO2, pH and bicarbonate levels of the maternal and fetal plasmas have been compared in sheep and goats by repeated sampling during periods up to 24 hr. Comparisons have been made in “steady state” conditions, as well as during and following NH4Cl infusion of the mother. The results demonstrate: (1) that the pCO2 of the blood of the umbilical artery is about 20 mm. Hg higher than the maternal arterial pCO2 in “steady state” conditions; (2) that this difference remains relatively stable despite wide variations in the pCO2 of the maternal arterial blood; (3) that the bicarbonate level of the fetal plasma is virtually independent of the maternal over a 24‐hr. period; and (4) in some circumstances the pH's of the maternal and fetal bloods may change in opposite directions.
THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATICS IN THE INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN B12 IN THE RAT
Authors: Taylor K. B. , French J. E.
Published: December 2014

The intestinal lymphatics play only a small part in the absorption of vitamin B12 from the gut in the rat. The activity which appears in the intestinal lymph after a small dose of the labelled vitamin (5 µmg.) is probably due mainly to recirculation and transfer from the plasma. When ten times this dose is given, there is a higher concentration of activity in lymph than in plasma, which suggests that there is then direct uptake by the lymph from the intestinal wall.