bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of beef characteristics of Ayrshire bulls based on progeny groups
Authors: Ruohomäki Hilkka , Varo Mikko
Published: July 2018

Progeny groups with an average of 8 bull calves from nine Ayrshire bulls were raised on uniform feeding where concentrates were fed ad lib., to an age of 6 months. The carcasses were evaluated, and their right half was cut. In order to estimate the between-sire variance and the heritability values, analyses of variance were performed. The between-sire variances were statistically significant for live weights and carcass weights and thus also for the weights of carcass half. The between-sire variance for results in kilograms was generally statistically significant, but for proportions in per cent the values were significant only in a few instances. The differences between sires were statistically highly significant for the relative proportions of fore and hind parts, which presumably is due to the sires being of different body conformation. The between-sire variance with regard to the amount of meat in kilogram is statistically significant for almost all parts of the carcass, but – except for the round – the differences with regard to meatiness percentage are slight. The amounts of meat obtained from different parts of the carcass, expressed as proportions of the total amount of meat, varies statistically significantly in most cases, which also points to the differences in body conformation of the animals. The area of the musculus longissimus dorsi was neither correlated with the weight of the carcass nor with the meatiness percentage. There was no difference between the sires with regard to the carcass grading except the round and shoulder. The grades for meatiness gave no clue to the meat percentage of the carcass or to the carcass weight or to the actual amount of meat, although earlier studies have shown grades of meatiness to follow the two latter characteristics. It may be pointed out that the present study is a preliminary one and will be completed with further trials.
On the development of the thyroid weight in the dairy herd of the Viik experimental farm
Authors: Kossila Vappu
Published: July 2018

The mean thyroid weight of the growing (under 60 months old) and full-grown (over 60 months old) cows slaughtered from the Ayrshire herd of the Viik Experimental Farm during the years 1958—59 (I), 1960—65 (II) and 1966—69 (III) was as follows: 24.46 and 43.10 g (I), 21.02 and 30.16 (II) and 18.16 and 27.01 g (III) respectively. Decrease in the thyroid weight from (I) to (III) was believed to be due to the adding of iodine as a component of a mineral salt mixture into the ration of the herd in 1959. The thyroid weights of young cattle and bulls showed trends similar to those observed in cows.
Variations in serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium levels due to stage of lactation, season, and age in Ayrshire cows injected with vitamin D3 prior to calving
Authors: Kossila Vappu , Niemelä Paavo , Koskenkorva Erkki
Published: July 2018

Blood mineral studies were carried out in the dairy herd of the Viik Experimental Farm, in which parturient paresis has been successfully prevented by intramuscular injections of vitamin D3 (2 X 5 million I.U.). The material consisted of 41 cows from which 207 blood samples had been taken in 1963 and 12 cows (6 controls, 6 vitamin D injected cows) from which 72 blood samples had been taken in 1969. All cows were either dry and pregnant or lactating and nonpregnant. Compared to values obtained during the dry period, the serum calcium level was only slightly lower shortly after calving. The calcium level increased in the vitamin D treated cows during the ascending phase of lactation, whereas both the calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels remained relatively low in the control cows, respectively. The highest mean magnesium levels occurred during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of lactation. The serum calcium level was higher during the grazing period than during the indoor feeding period. Inorganic phosphorus remained at a relatively high level in younger cows during the grazing period, whereas a significant decrease was noted in the phosphorus level of older cows, respectively. The lowest magnesium values were noted in May, i.e. already before the beginning of the pasture season, the concentration increasing towards the end of the grazing period especially in younger cows. As a whole, younger cows had slightly higher mean serum calcium and magnesium levels and significantly higher inorganic phosphorus levels compared to older cows. The effect of age on the inorg. phosphorus level appeared to be more marked in dry cows and during the grazing period than in lactating cows and during the winter feeding period. Special attention has been paid to the blood mineral values of four individual cows suffering from various illnesses during the study period.
On the carbohydrate composition and nutritive value of some cereals
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Kotilainen Kaija
Published: July 2018

The contents and the distribution between the different grain parts of starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, crude lignin, crude protein and ash have been determined for oat, barley, rye and two wheat species. The relative proportions of the different structural units of the hemicellulose have also been determined. Furthermore, a method is proposed for the determination of the cell-wall complex in cereals. Oat and barley differ from wheat and rye to an appreciable extent only in respect of the hull. The hulls consist of strawlike material rich in lignin, cellulose and xylan; they are richer in xylan than the straw proper. The fruit and seed coat enveloping the seed (viz. the bran) contains relatively small amounts of lignin and cellulose. The bran is chiefly composed of hemicellulose with xylose and arabinose as the main components. The main compound of the endosperm is starch, although some hemicellulose and protein are present, whereas only minor amounts of cellulose and lignin can be found. In the samples investigated only small differences were noted between the compositions of wheat, rye, dehulled oat and dehulled barley; wheat had the highest starch content, rye the highest hemicellulose content, and oat the highest contents of crude protein and lignin. The cell-wall complex determined as the residue after enzymatic hydrolysis of the starch agreed well with that obtained by fractionation. On the other hand, the detergent-fibre values differed from the fractionation results considerably, and the conventional crude fibre analysis yielded results which were about 1.5 times that of cellulose. The feed-values of the different grain parts are discussed on the basis of the analysis results obtained.
Maan viljavuustekijäin keskinäiset vuorosuhteet maalajeittain
Authors: Lakanen Esko , Sillanpää Mikko , Kurki Martti , Hyvärinen Seppo
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu lähinnä maalajiryhmittäin 80 000 maanäytteen viljavuusanalyysin (pH, Ca, K, P) tulosten keskinäisiä vuorosuhteita. Maalajilla on voimakas vaikutus sekä viljavuusanalyysien tuloksiin että eri viljavuustekijöiden keskinäisiin vuorosuhteisiin. Näistä viljavuustekijöistä on kalkilla ja pH:lla voimakkain vaikutus toisiin tekijöihin. Kalkituksen maan pH:ta nostava vaikutus vähenee maan raekoon pienetessä ja orgaanisen aineksen määrän kasvaessa järjestyksessä: moreenit ja hiekat, hieta, hiesu, savet, multamaa, lieju ja järvimuta, turpeet. Kalkituksen vaikutus maan helppoliukoisen fosforin määrän lisääjänä alenee samassa maalajijärjestyksessä. Kivennäismaissa kasvaa fosforin liukoisuus selvästi jyrkemmin kuin eloperäisissä maissa. Maan pH on kuitenkin helppoliukoisen fosforin määrää ratkaisevasti säätelevä tekijä. Viljavuusanalyysissa uuttuvan fosforin määrä pysyy pienenä happamissa maissa noin pH 6:een saakka. Välillä pH 6-7 kasvaa liukoisuus moninkertaiseksi. Happamien eloperäisten maiden kalkitus alentaa aluksi hiukan fosforin liukoisuutta, mikä tosin on vastoin yleistä käsitystä. Liukoisuusminimi (P 3.5—4.0 mg/l) on lähellä pH 5.5:ä. Seurauksena saattaa olla sadon aleneminen, mikäli fosfori on jo ennestään minimitekijä.
Märkäkuumennus tärkkelyksen entsymaattisen hajoamisen tehostajana I. Tärkkelyspreparaateilla ja jauhetulla viljalla tehdyt kokeet
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Korhonen Irmeli , Lehtonen Ulla-Riitta
Published: July 2018

Tutkimus käsitteli tärkkelyksen entsymaattiseen hydrolyysiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Oleellisinta siinä olivat vehnä-, ohra- ja kaurajauholla suoritetut kypsytyskokeet. Tutkimuksessa todettiin seuraavaa: Jauhojen kypsyysasteen ja tärkkelysjyvästen mekaanisesti tapahtuneen särkymisasteen arvosteluperustana amyloglukosidaasimenetelmä on polarisaatio- ja kongopunamenetelmiä parempi. Entsyymimenetelmä sopii kvantitatiiviseen määrittämiseen, mikroskooppimenetelmät vain summittaiseen arvioimiseen. Amyloglukosidaasi hydrolysoi puhtaasta viljantärkkelyksestä ilman liisteröimiskeittoa vain 11—13 %, herneen- ja perunantärkkelyksestä vielä vähemmän. Liisteröiminen saa aikaan täydellisen hydrolyysin. Myös jyvästen mekaaninen särkeminen lisää pienessä määrin niiden etsyymiherkkyyttä. Mahalaukun olosuhteita jäljittelevä pepsiini-suolahappo käsittely ei muuta vehnäneikä perunantärkkelystä amyloglukosidaasille herkemmäksi. Jo noin 20 %:n vedenlisäys ja kuumentaminen autoklaavissa 120°:ssa saa aikaan vehnä-, ohra- ja kaurajauhossa tärkkelyksen lähes täydellisen herkistymisen entsyymille, vaikka näin pieni vesimäärä ei aiheuta havaittavaa paisumista tärkkelysjyväsissä. Ylipäänsä kypsytysmenetelmä on järjestettävä sellaiseksi, että käsiteltävä erä kokonaisuudessaan kuumenee liisteröimislämpötilaan ja samalla siinä säilyy tietty vesipitoisuus. Sekä kuivauskaapissa että autoklaavissa 1 ilmakehän ylipaineessa jauhona kypsytetty, kuivattu ja jauhettu vilja menettää varastoitaessa entsyymiherkkyyttään. 4 kk:n varastointi alensi sitä noin 25 %:Ila. Huhmarointi palauttaa entsyymiherkkyyden ennalleen. Raakaan jauhoon huhmaroinnilla on paljon pienempi vaikutus. Kirjoituksessa käsitellään lisäksi kysymystä, sopisiko kypsytetty viljarehu lypsylehmille sokerirehun korvikkeeksi.
Drying of herbage samples for analyses
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Kotilainen Kaija
Published: July 2018

The influence of erroneous drying methods on the analysis results was investigated. The test series included herbage and faeces samples, and pure mixtures. The samples were analysed for sugars, lignin, crude fibre and crude protein. The following results were noted: Samples dried in a vacuum at 40°C yielded the same results as those treated by freeze drying. No attention need be paid to the sample thickness. From the technical point of view, vacuum drying is preferable to freeze drying. Oven-drying gave good results when the following technique was used: The herbage sample is first heated as a thin layer at 100°C for 30—60 min., depending on the water content. Final drying is carried out at 50°C. The conventional drying temperature, 65 °C, is too high. The thin-layer drying technique causes errors in the sugar content, the thick-layer drying also in the figures for lignin and crude fibre. Between 50 and 100°C, the thickness of the sample layer induces in many wet samples a larger error than does the high temperature. Different materials react to heat-drying in different ways. The major factors are the water content and the composition of the dry matter. The drying method does not affect the data for the crude protein, as determined by the Kjeldahl method. The following facts were noted for the pure mixtures; A high temperature is sufficient to cause sugar losses; proteins are not necessary. A reaction between carbohydrates and amino acids brings about the drying error in the lignin and crude fibre results. High temperature and high water content magnifies the error. Application of a protein correction for the crude lignin eliminates only a part of the error introduced.
Leaching of nutrients from mixed fertilizer in some Finnish soils
Authors: Korkman Johan
Published: July 2018

The movement of fertilizer nutrients in soil was followed in ten soils under laboratory conditions. The 20 cm high soil columns in plastic tubes were top-dressed with a mixed fertilizer, 15—20—14, and irrigated twice with 30 mm of water each time. The distribution of the nutrients was determined from the leachate and the extracts of dilute sulphuric acid. Under these conditions, the average distance the nutrients moved downward was 17 cm for NH4—N, 10 cm for P and 14 cm for K. The weighted mean of the nitrate concentration distribution was located 11 cm beneath the surface. The distribution of the ammonium nitrogen and the potassium was correlated to the clay content of the soil (r=—0.74*, r=—0.80**). The percolation rate of the nitrate was correlated to the combined influence of organic carbon and clay, though the structure of the soil samples was destroyed before the experiment.
On the nature and incidence of goitre in Finnish dairy calf population
Authors: Kossila Vappu , Lehtonen Ulla-Riitta , Sulkinoja Maija-Leena , Myllymaa Ritva
Published: July 2018

In 1968, thyroid glands were obtained from young dairy animals born and raised in the areas of various Agricultural Societies of Finland. Breed, sex and carcass weight were recorded for each case. The thyroids were weighed and preparations made for the histological examination. The relative proportions of epithelium (E %), colloid (C %) and stroma (S %), and the height of the epithelial cells (Eμ), were estimated with histometric methods, and the absolute amount of epithelial tissue in grams per gland (Eg) was calculated. The relative size of the follicles (FN) was also determined. The glands were classified, on the basis of prevailing histological characteristics, into activity groups indicated by numbers from 1 (low) to 6 (high). The glands in groups 5 and 6 were considered histologically as abnormal. The data included both Ayrshires (375 ♂ and 239 ♀) and Finncattle (276 ♂ and 234 ♀), and was characterized by the following mean and range values: carcass weight 66.6 kg (7—214), thyroid weight 12.95 g (2.1—130.0), E % 26.1 (14.4—88.2), C % 70.2 (4.1—85.1), S % 3.7 (0.9—14.6), Eμ 5.0 (2.2—22.5), Eg 3.77 (0.44—98.15), FN 21.9 (9.0—84.7), histological activity 3.0 (1—6). Data obtained from the Ayrshire herd of the Viik Experimental Farm was used as a control material for this study. The correlation study revealed that breed and sex had very little effect on the various thyroid characteristics. Carcass weight, on the other hand, correlated significantly with all other thyroid characteristics except the E %. In order to evaluate the geographic distribution of goitre the data was divided into 15 groups according to the Agricultural Society in whose area the animals were born and raised. Effect of carcass weight on the weight, Eg, and histological activity of the thyroid was first eliminated (e.g. by calculating the deviations from the respective control values) before the 15 groups were comparable with each other. Investigations revealed that the thyroid weight, Eg, and E % were raised and the percentage of histologically abnormal glands was high in the Agricultural Societies of the District of Nyland & Nyland’s Swedish, the District of Tavastland, East-Tavastland, the District of Mikkeli, and North-Karelia. On the other hand, hardly any or no signs of goitre were found in the Agricultural Societies of Satakunta, Tavastland-Satakunta, and Kuopio. Attention was also paid to the consumption of iodized mineral salt mixtures by cattle in the various Agricultural Societies. The extent of variation found in the consumption rate was not, however, large enough to explain satisfactorily the differences in the goitre incidence. Since the mean consumption rate in whole Finland in 1967 was only 1/3 of that of the control herd, it is concluded that the amounts of supplemental iodine in the cattle rations should be considerably increased.
The conventional carcass evaluation and the carcass dissection analysis of pigs
Authors: Uusisalmi Unto
Published: July 2018

The information provided by conventional carcass evaluation concerning the carcass quality established by analyses of dissection was investigated on progeny testing pigs (n = 153). After conventional carcass evaluation, the left half of the carcass was cut up. In the most valuable part of the half carcass (ham + carré + back + fore back + shoulder + kidney fat) the skin + fat component was separated from the meat + bone component. The material was processed by stepwise multiple regression analysis. It was possible by means of the results of conventional carcass evaluation to explain 69 % of the variation in the weight of the skin + fat component and 64 % of the variation in its percentage, 61 % of the variation in the weight of the meat + bone component and 56 % of the variation in its percentage, 59 % of the variation in the weight of the most valuable part of the carcass and 17 % of the variation in its percentage. The estimations calculated for the skin + fat component and its percentage had the same characteristics in conventional carcass evaluation as explanatory variables. The estimations calculated for the meat + bone component and its percentages differed from each other. The estimations calculated for the most valuable part of the carcass and its components also explained the shoulder, back and ham, as follows: a) the shoulder, most weakly, b) the skin + fat of the back, best by the skin + fat estimations (56 % of the variation), c) the meat + bone of the ham, best by the meat + bone estimations (58 % of the variation). The length of the carcass and of the side did not occur in the estimations.
The performance testing of boars I. Performance testing on Finnish experimental stations and genetic and environmental influences on test results
Authors: Ettala Elsi
Published: July 2018

In 1965 performance testing was initiated in Finland for the selection of boars for A.I. use. In 1965—68 a total of 147 boars were tested on four local testing stations. The following average results were recorded: backfat thickness 21.6 mm (at a live weight of 88 kg), growth rate 699 g/day, feed efficiency 2.69 scand. fu/kg growth and testing score (growth + fat) 99.6. The average testing score for boards selected for A.I. use (43 % of tested) was 99.7. Weakness of the legs was noted in 21 % of the boars. The varying initial weights of the male piglets influenced the growth rate very markedly (P < 0.001), and the effect of the initial age was significant with respect to feed efficiency (P < 0.01). The influence of the weight and age at end of test was highly significant with regard to thickness of fat (P < 0.001). Moreover, the weight at end of test affected the testing score significantly (P < 0.001), but the effect of age was eliminated by use of correction factors. The years as well as the testing stations influenced most of the results in a significant manner. The thickness of fat for the Yorkshire boars was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than for the Landrace boars and the former also had a significantly lower testing score. The effect of the genetic variation, influence of sires within breeds, was highly significant (P < 0.001) for all test results. It has thus proved possible to estimate the genetic quality of the boars. The different influences on the test results were analyzed by least squares procedures.
The performance testing of boars II. Phenotypic and genetic correlations
Authors: Ettala Elsi
Published: July 2018

In this study the interrelationships between the various characteristics for the boar material described in the first part were analysed. For this purpose the phenotypic, genetic and intra-sire correlation matrix as well as stepwise multiple regression analyses were calculated by computer for the material of 138 boars. The results showed that there was a very strong correlation between fat thickness and testing score (rG = —0.95***, rP = —0.88***). Of the total variation in the testing score 85.2 % was accounted for by the variation in fat thickness. Although the testing score is made up of the points for fat thickness and growth, the latter accounted for only 9.2 % of the variation in the score. Daily growth was positively associated with the testing score and negatively with the amount of feed units required per growth kilogram, but significantly so only for the intra-sire correlations; the genetic correlations being even, contrary to expectation. The association between growth rate and fat thickness was positive (rG = 0.47***). Of the total variation in feed efficiency the testing score accounted for 35.6 %. A high testing score was associated with a favourable feed efficiency (rg = —0.63***). By correlation studies attempts were also made to find out whether it would be possible to shorten the testing period without decreasing the accuracy. The correlations show that the growth rate can be predicted with an appreciable degree of accuracy already from the weight at the 8th testing week. The correlations between the above weight and growth rates were; rG = 0.84***, rP = 0.82***. From the associations between different characteristics one can decide on the suitability of testing and the consequences of selection for particular traits.
Ham quality and its relationship to carcass quality II. Spesific weight and dissection analysis of the ham
Authors: Uusisalmi Unto
Published: July 2018

Ham quality and its relationship to carcass quality were investigated in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs at the Puistola (n = 97) and Pohjanmaa (n = 103) litter testing stations by means of specific weight of the ham and dissection analysis of the ham and the most valuable part of the carcass. The material was processed by means of factor analysis. The greatest loading in the first factor was acquired by the fat-% of the ham (0.93), the second greatest by the meat-% of the ham (—0.90), the third greatest by the skin + fat part of the ham (0.89), and the fourth by the percentage of the skin + fat component of the most valuable part of the carcass (0.82). The skin + fat part of the ham correlated very significantly with the skin + fat component of the most valuable part of the carcass (Puistola r = 0.76, Pohjanmaa r = 0.74), and meat + bone part of the ham with the meat + bone component of the most valuable part of the carcass (Puistola r = 0.83, Pohjanmaa r = 0.81). In the Pohjanmaa material (n = 99) the phenotypical and genotypical correlations of the ham, back and their components with the carcass and its equivalent components were found to be relatively uniform. The only exception was the correlation of the meat + bone of the ham with the meat + bone of the most valuable part of the carcass (rphen. = 0.83, rgen. = 0.48). No significant phenotypical or genotypical correlation was found between the skin + fat of the ham and meat + bone of the ham.
Carbohydrate and acid composition of some apple varieties
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Korhonen Irmeli
Published: July 2018

Sugars, starch, hemicellulose polysaccharides, cellulose, crude lignin, titratable and total acidity and organic salts, crude protein and ash in five Finnish-grown and four imported apple varieties were determined. The main group of apple flesh proved to be sugar, 65—80 per cent of dry matter. Starch occurred only in negligible amounts. Hemicellulose accounted for 7—11 per cent, and almost all of it belonged to the pectin group. Xylan, cellulose and lignin together accounted for 4.5—6 per cent. The total of plant acids in the Finnish varieties was nearly 7 per cent. In the foreign varieties it was much lower. 20—35 per cent of the acids were in the form of salts. The titratable acidity was 55—80 per cent of the total acidity.
Sclerotinia borealis -sienen merkitys nurmiheinien talvehtimisen heikentäjänä Helsingin yliopiston koetilalla Inarin Muddusniemessä vuosina 1950-65 I. Sääolosuhteiden vaikutus S. borealisen esiintymiseen sekä heinälajin ja -lajikkeen vaikutus nurmen talvehtimiseen
Authors: Nissinen Oiva , Salonen Arvi
Published: July 2018

S. borealis oli Helsingin yliopiston koetilalla Inarin Muddusniemessä v. 1950—65 pääasiallisin ja vahingollisin talvituhosieni nurmiheinillä. Runsaimmin sitä esiintyi myöhään kylvetyssä tai epäedullisten sääolosuhteiden takia pieneksi jääneessä oraassa. Kylmä syksy, pitkä lumikausi ja lumen hidas sulaminen keväällä edistivät S. borealis- sienen aiheuttamien vaurioiden syntymistä. Lämmin ja sateinen syksy samoin kuin lämmin kevät sekä lumipeitteen aikainen häviäminen vähensivät sienen esiintymistä. Parhaiten talvehtivat nurmipuntarpää, nurminata ja niittynurmikka. Myös rehukattara oli suhteellisen kestävä. Suurimmat vauriot ilmenivät eng. raiheinällä ja koiranheinällä. Kotimaiset nurmiheinäkannat talvehtivat ulkomaisia paremmin. Timotei toipui S. borealisen vaurioista parhaiten ja oli keskimääräisesti satoisin nurmiheinä. Nurmipuntarpää ja rehukattara olivat myös pitkäikäisiä ja satoisia. Hyvästä talvehtimisesta johtuen nurminata oli usein 1. vuoden nurmessa timoteitä satoisampi, mutta jo 2. ja 3. vuoden nurmessa sen sadot laskivat timotein satojen alapuolelle. Suurimmat talvehtimisvauriot esiintyivät ensimmäisen vuoden nurmissa. Nurmen vanhetessa erot eri heinälajien välillä pienenivät.
Basic exchangeable cations in Finnish mineral soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

The content of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na replaced by neutral ammonium acetate was determined in 470 samples of mineral soils from various parts of Finland, except from Lapland. The amount of all these cations tended to increase with an increase in the clay content, but variation within each textural class was large, and the ranges usually overlapped those of the other classes. The higher acidity of virgin surface soils was connected with a lower average degree of saturation by Ca as compared with the corresponding textural classes of cultivated soils. No significant difference in the respective contents of other cations was detected. The samples of various textural groups from deeper layers were usually poorer in exchangeable Ca and K than the corresponding groups of plough layer. The mean content of exchangeable Mg was equal or even higher in the samples from deeper layers than in the samples from plough layer, except in the group of sand soils. The percentage of Mg of the effective CEC increased, as an average, from 9 in the sand and fine sand soils of plough layer to 30 in the heavy clay soils; in the heavy clay soils from deeper layers its mean value was 38 ± 4 %. In the samples of plough layer, the mean ratio of Ca to Mg in sand and fine sand soils was about 9, in silt and loam soils about 6, in the coarser clay soils about 4, and in heavy clay about 2.
Taimettumisalustassa olevien ravinteiden vaikutuksesta kurkun ja tomaatin sirkkataimien kehittymiseen
Authors: Suhonen Irma
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin erilaisten ravinneliuosten, liuosten konsentraation, typen ja kaliumin vaikutusta kurkun ja tomaatin taimettumisnopeuteen ja sirkkataimen kehittymiseen hiekka-alustalla. Samalla selvitettiin taimettumisalustan käsittelyn jälkivaikutusta. Monet 0.1—0.3 % ravinneliuoksista nopeuttivat kurkun taimettumista, niistä eniten täysravinne- ja KNO3-liuos. Taimettumisen nopeutuminen todettiin selvimpänä ensimmäisen taimettumisvuorokauden kuluessa. Erot taimettumisnopeudessa pienenivät lämpötilan ollessa lähellä itämisen optimilämpötilaa. Myös tomaatin taimettuminen nopeutui KNO3- ja täysravinnekäsittelyjen johdosta. Kurkun sirkkataimen koko oli suurin, kun annettu ravinneliuos sisälsi kaliumia ja typpeä nitraattimuodossa. Tutkituista ravinneliuoksista 0.24—0.36 % Hoagland- ja 0.2 % KNO3-liuos lisäsivät eniten sirkkataimien kasvua kurkulla. Tomaatti ei reagoinut vastaavasti liuoskonsentraation muutokseen. Taimettumisalustaan annettujen ravinteiden positiivinen jälkivaikutus koekasvien myöhempään kasvuun todettiin vielä 4 viikon kuluttua taimien siirrosta samanlaisiin kasvuoloihin.
Nya rön om bladanalysens användning
Authors: Selenius Hjalmar
Published: July 2018

Denna undersökning ingår i ett större sammanhang, nämligen frågan om torkresistensen och möjligheter att påvisa denna. Undersökningen har genom särskilda omständigheter lett fram till en metod att genom bladanalys erhålla ett förhållande mellan kväve och kalium, som är karakteristiskt för varje växtart och -sort. Delta N/K förhållande är beroende av bladfärg, graderad efter skiftningen blågrön gulgrön och mörk ljus, vilken i sin tur beror på om klorofyll a, blågrönt, eller klorofyll b, gulgrönt, dominerar och ger sin färg ät bladen. N/K förhållandet varierar frän c:a 3.20 hos tallbarr och enens barr till c::a 1.00 hos vissa havresorter. Vid analysering av prov frän ett kombinerat bevattnings- och kvävegödslingsförsök 1964—67 erhölls som resultat, att bevattningen genomgående höjer N/K liksom kvävegödslingen gör det. Vid ett är 1971 anordnat försök med besprutning med stråförkortningsmedlet CCC (4 kg/ha) på ett antal höstvete-, vårvete-, havre- och kornsorter, visade det sig, att denna behandling, som vanligtvis åstadkommer en färgskiftning hos bladen i riktningen frän gulgrönt till blågrönt, även i vanliga fall frambringar en höjning av N/K förhållandet.
Varietal changes in two Finnish alsike clover varieties grown for seed in the USA
Authors: Valle Otto , Äyräväinen Kirsti , Garrison C. S.
Published: July 2018

Two Finnish alsike clover varieties, diploid Tammisto and tetraploid Iso, were grown for seed at different locations in the USA for several successive generations. The seed lots were tested in single-plant and forage production trials in Finland to reveal possible varietal changes caused by producing seed in foreign environments. Many of the Tammisto alsike lots produced in the USA had more early-type plants than the Finnish basic seed. In contrast the USA grown Iso lots which differed from the basic seed had lower average growth type indices and fewer flowering plants. Increase in earliness was supposed to result from efficient pollination during early, sparse flowering, decrease in earliness from the fact that alsike clover is a species especially prone to shedding its seeds as soon as they mature. In spaced-plant tests many of the USA lots produced progenies with less winterhardiness than those from the basic seed lot. The poorest overwintering was recorded for the lots from the southern locations. There were no appreciable differences between the four production localities in the United States in terms of other characteristics of the two varieties. – With successive generations of increase no progressive varietal changes were found to occur. Seed lots harvested from the same plot for two or more years did not differ from each other. Forage yield trials comparing the most advanced generation seed lots from the USA with basic seed did not reveal any consistently significant differences.
Potato yield and quality as a function of the plant density
Authors: Varis Eero
Published: July 2018

The effects of potato plant density on yield quantity and quality were investigated at the Hankkija Plant Breeding Institute from 1971-73, using seed rates of 1600, 3200 and 4800 kg/ha, and seed sizes of 40, 80 and 120 g. The varieties used were Ijsselster and Record. The number of stems per m2 rose with increasing seed rate and with increasing seed size. Stem number increased with seed rate faster for small seed than for large. The response in stem number was greater for Ijsselster than for Record. The number of stems per seed tuber fell as the plant density rose. The number of tubers per m2 altered in the same direction as the number of stems, but less responsively. The reason for this was that the number of tubers per stem decreased with increasing plant density. The tuber yield showed a continual increase with increasing plant density. At the lowest stem densities (less than 20—25 stems/m2) small seed gave better results than other sizes, but at the higher plant densities, the importance of seed size faded away and the yield was dependant on the plant density alone. Net yield (gross yield 2 x seed rate), however, was higher the smaller the seed used, whatever the stem density. Tuber size decreased when plant density increased, the proportion of large tubers diminishing most, especially when small seed was used. The proportion of small tubers altered more for Ijsselster than for Record. Seed size and seed rate did not on average significantly affect the proportion of Class I potatoes, though small seed gave results slightly better than other sizes. The starch content of the yield rose when the seed rate was increased (16.0-16.3 -16.5 %) and fell with increasing seed size (16.5 16.2 16.1 %). The maximum variation was 15.8-16.7 %. The specific gravity distribution improved with increasing plant density. Raw discolouration of the tubers did not alter significantly as the plant density rose. Blackening of the tubers decreased with increasing plant density when small and medium sized seed were used. Mealiness of the tubers was somewhat higher for small seed than for other seed sizes.
Content fo copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and mercury in muscle, liver and kidney of Finnish cattle
Authors: Stabel-Taucher Ruth , Nurmi Esko , Karppanen Eeva
Published: July 2018

A total of 120 normal slaughter cows were analyzed with respect to Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg in muscle, liver and kidney. The cows orginated from 6 different slaughter-houses throughout the country. Imported cow livers, represented by 10 samples from Australia, 10 from Poland and 15 from Ireland, were also analyzed for comparison with the Finnish material. The Cu content in the Finnish animals turned out to be relatively low. The imported samples had even lower contents. There seemed to be no correlation between the Cu contents in muscle, liver and kidney. Statistical tests established that the mean Cu content in livers from Oulu was significantly higher than most of the others at the 5 % level. The Zn determinations revealed the highest amounts in the muscle. No correlation between the contents in muscle, liver and kidney was shown. The animals from Seinäjoki had the highest Zn contents, significantly different from most of the others. The imported livers did not differ much from the domestic ones as regards Zn content. The same was true for the Pb content. The correlation coefficients of Pb in muscle, liver and kidney were low. The animals from Kouvola contained the highest amounts of Pb, and the mean Pb content of these animals’ kidneys was significantly different from all the others. The Cd content was highest in the animals from Turku. A good correlation was observed between the Cd contents in liver and kidney. The Cd content of the imported livers was of the same order as that of the Finnish ones. No correlation was found between the Zn, Pb and Cd contents. The amounts of Hg in Finnish cattle were very low, especially so in animals from the North of Finland. The Hg content of the imported samples was of the same order as the figures recorded from the South of Finland.
Koetuloksia säilörehunurmien typpilannoituksesta saraturvesuolla
Authors: Luostarinen Heikki
Published: July 2018

Artikkelissa tarkasteltiin säilörehuasteella korjatun timotei- ja nurminatanurmen typpilannoitusta saraturvesuolla. Koeaineisto saatiin kenttäkokeista, jotka järjestettiin v. 1970—73 Suoviljelysyhdistyksen Karjalan koeasemalla Pohjois-Karjalassa. Typpilannoituksina annettiin vuosittain 0, 150, 300 ja 450 kg/ha typpeä kolmessa yhtä suuressa erässä kasvukauden aikana. Sadot korjattiin kolme kertaa kesässä, mikä määrä oli ruohon kehityksen kannalta sopiva. Keskimääräistä kuiva-ainesatoa (Y = t/ha) kuvasi yhtälö Y = 4.97 + 2.07x 0.30 x2, missä x = 100 kg/ha N. Typen satoa lisäävä vaikutus oli paras ensimmäisen vuoden nurmissa. Tällöin saatiin kuiva-ainesadon lisäystä N-kiloa kohti lannoitusvälillä 150—300 kg/ha N keskimäärin 6.9 kg, toisen vuoden nurmissa 3.1 kg ja kolmannen vuoden nurmissa 0.5 kg. Käytettäessä 150 kg/ha N nurmen tuottokyky ei merkittävästi alentunut kolmen vuoden aikana. Suurimpana syynä satotason laskemiseen käytettäessä voimakasta typpilannoitusta oli nurmien harveneminen, jota pääasiassa tapahtui talven aikana. Ruohon kuiva-aineen raakavalkuaispitoisuus oli alhaisin ensimmäisen niittokerran sadossa. Typpilannoitus 50 kg/ha N niittokertaa kohti nosti toisen sadon raakavalkuaispitoisuuden keskimäärin 19.2 ja kolmannen sadon 18.3 %:iin kuiva-aineessa. Typpilannoitus lisäsi ensimmäisten satojen kaliumpitoisuutta. Nurmet ottivat kaliumia selvästi yli kasvun edellyttämän tarpeen. Ruohon magnesiumpitoisuus oli alhaisin ensimmäisen niittokerran sadossa. Typpilannoitus lisäsi yleensä magnesiumin osuutta kuiva-aineessa. Ruohon nitraattipitoisuus nousi erittäin selvästi typpilannoituksen vaikutuksesta. Vaikka vaihtuvan kalsiumin määrä turpeessa pieneni voimakkaan typpilannoituksen yhteydessä, pH:n muutos jäi vähäiseksi. Turpeen sisältämä kalium väheni selvästi voimakasta typpilannoitusta käytettäessä. Sopivimmaksi typpimääräksi säilörehunurmelle osoittautui 220—240 kg/ha N, mikä kolmeen osaan jaettuna oli edullisinta painottaa kevätkesälle.
The effect of some heavy metals on oats in a pot experiment with three different soil types
Authors: Sorteberg Asbjørn
Published: July 2018

An account is given of a pot experiment comprising all combinations of 5 heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt, lead, mercury and nickel), 3 rates of each metal (0, 50 and 250 mg/pot), 2 rates of lime, and 3 types of soil (clay soil, peat soil, and sandy soil). Crop yields of grain and straw are given in Table 2. Low addition of the metal (50 mg/pot) has had slight or no effect on the yield size. The high rate of metal (250 mg/ pot) of some of the metals has induced definite to heavy yield reductions. Nickel has led to a heavy yield decrease in all soil series both in grain and straw afterlight liming. The yield reduction is to a certain extent or completely eliminated after heavier liming. Mercury has induced a near complete crop failure in the sandy soil series at both lime rates. Some yield reduction is obvious also in the other soil series, in clay soil only after light liming. Cadmium has reduced the straw yields in peat soil after both lime rates. Clay soil shows grain yield reduction at heaviest liming, while no yield reduction is detectable in the sandy soil. Cobalt has induced some degree of yield reduction in all soil types, most of all in clay soil after light liming. Lead has had no effect on the yield size. The heavy metal content in the crop is presented in Table 3. Apart from lead, the relative content increases very heavily with increased metal application. The content at times proves essentially higher in the crop from peat soil and sandy soil than in crop from clay soil. The content of cadmium, nickel and cobalt is lower at heavy liming compared to light liming. This is particularly characteristic of the crop from clay soil and sandy soil. The effect of heavier liming on the mercury and lead uptake is equivocal. For nickel, the relative content is essentially higher in the grain than in straw. The content of other metals is higher in the straw. The lead content in particular is much higher in straw than in the grain. In addition to the crop experiment, all treatments have included one parallel pot without plants. At the harvesting time, samples were taken from these pots for chemical analysis. The heavy metal content was determined after extraction by an AL-solution (Table 4). Wide variations appear between metals and soil types with regard to the recovered amounts of applied metal. Mercury shows a characteristically low AL-soluble recovery, only 1 to 2 per cent at the highest application rate. Also of lead, only a small amount of the applied substance exists as AL-soluble. With regard to the remaining metals, nearly all have been recovered as AL-soluble by a heavy application of cadmium to sandy soil at light liming. In other cases the percentage recovery falls within the 20—70 range, the lower figures often pertaining to clay soil and the higher ones to peat soil. A description of plants influenced by retarded growth, and symptoms of toxicity, are given.
Effect of residual nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen on sugar beet production in Finland
Authors: Brummer Veikko , Aura Erkki
Published: July 2018

Preliminary determinations for NO3- and NH4-N in topsoil from nitrogen field experiments are discussed. The amounts of residual nitrogen as well as the dates and depth for sampling are considerd in order to investigate the need of fertilizer-N for continuous sugar beet. Tops ploughed down as manure increased the available soil nitrogen by about 50 kg/ha. In practice nitrogen from fertilizer and farmyard manure given to previous beet crops seems to accumulate in the beet soils of Finland. The concentrations of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in topsoil were low in the spring of 1972 and 1973. NO3-N increased in topsoil during the early summer, and the highest concentrations were found at the beginning of July. Starting from the middle of July the amount of NH4-N began to increase both in topsoil and in subsoil. With increasing amounts of nitrogen in the topsoil the sugar content decreases continuously. Also the α-amio N content of beets correlates with the soil nitrogen. There is experimental evidence that 150 180 kg/ha nitrate nitrogen in topsoil (residual + fertilizer N) in early July gives the best economic result. The effects of fertilizer and accumulated soil nitrogen on the sugar beet quality together with som other experimental data have been statistically analysed. Regression coefficients indicated that both forms of nitrogen affected the suger content, the α-amino N concentration and clear juice purity, in a similar way.
Laidunruohon kemiallinen koostumus eri typpilannoitustasoilla
Authors: Rinne Kalle
Published: July 2018

Vuosina 1965—68 Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen tekemissä laitumen typpilannoituskokeissa Hämeen, Etelä-Savon ja Pohjois-Savon koeasemilla saatiin seuraavia tuloksia: 1. Typpilannoituksen nostaminen 100 kg:sta 300 kg:an hehtaarille lisäsi erittäin merkitsevästi ruohon raakavalkuaispitoisuutta, vähensi erittäin merkitsevästi typettömien uuteaineiden ja Hämeen koeasemalla myös raakakuidun osuutta, vaikutti karjan ravitsemuksen kannalta edullisesti ruohon kalsium-, magnesium- ja natriumpitoisuuksiin eli kohotti niiden osuutta, vaikutti negatiivisesti ruohon fosfori-, kalium- ja nitraattipitoisuuksiin eli alensi fosforipitoisuutta ja kohotti kalium- ja nitraattipitoisuuksia. 2. Kausivaihteluista selvimmät olivat raakavalkuaispitoisuuden kohoaminen syksyä kohden, alhaisimmat fosforipitoisuudet ja korkeimmat kalsium- ja nitraattipitoisuudet keskikesällä. 3. Nurmen iän lisääntyessä ruohon raakakuitupitoisuus ja typettömien uuteaineiden osuus kas voivat, nitraatti- ja kivennäisainepitoisuudet sekä raakavalkuaispitoisuus alenivat.
Avomaakurkkujen pektolyyttisistä muutoksista korjuukauden aikana
Authors: Mustranta Antti , Kiesvaara Martti , Kuusi Taina
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa pyrittiin selvittämään avomaankurkun pektiinin ja pektolyyttisten entsyymiaktiivisuuksien muutoksia kurkun kasvun aikana sekä näiden suhdetta konsistenssiin. Mittauksia suoritettiin kahden satokauden eri kokoisista Superb OE kurkuista sekä suppeammin kuudesta muusta avomaankurkkulajikkeesta. Näytteistä määritettiin kokonaiskuiva-aine, pektiinipitoisuus sekä esteröitymisaste, pektiinimetylesteraasiaktiivisuus, polygalakturonaasia inhiboiva vaikutus sekä kiinteys. Selvimmät todetut muutokset olivat metylesteraasiaktiivisuuden ja kiinteyden aleneminen kurkun koon kasvaessa. Polygalakturonaasia inhiboiva vaikutus vaihteli melkoisesti eri lajikkeilla, mutta sen kasvukautiset muutokset olivat vähäisiä. Olosuhteiltaan toisistaan poikenneet satokaudet heijastuivat myös näytteiden tutkittuun koostumukseen. Tutkittujen entsyymiaktiivisuuksien sekä inhibition osuus kurkkusäilykkeiden pehmenemisessä arvioidaan tutkimuksen perusteella vähäiseksi.
The carbohydrate composition and nutritive value of forages
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

The carbohydrates of forages, their digestibility, the relationship between composition and the development stage in grasses and legumes, and the dependence of nutritive value on composition are examined.
On the formaldehyde content of the silages prepared with formaldehyde-containing preservative
Authors: Rauramaa Aino , Kreula Matti
Published: July 2018

The free formaldehyde contents of 180 samples of silages preserved with »Viherliuos» were measured during the indoor-feeding period 1975-76. The mean formaldehyde content of the silages was 120 (range 20-500) and 59 (range 10-1250) mg/kg fresh weight respectively in autumn 1975 and spring 1976.
On the amino acids in the urine of dairy cows fed urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen
Authors: Kreula Matti , Ettala Terttu
Published: July 2018

The urinary amino acids in free and bound form were determined quantitatively in dairy cows fed urea and ammonium nitrogen as the sole (0-cows) or partial (ULP-cows) source of nitrogen. For comparison, amino acid determinations were performed also on the urine of cows on ordinary silage-cereals feed and pasture feed (NorP-cows). The total amount (mg/1 urine) of the free amino acids was the smallest with 0-cows and the highest with NorP-cows on pasture feeding. The difference was mainly due to glycine ,which was found in significantly higher (P < 0.001) amounts with NorP-cows on pasture feeding. The proportion of glycine in the total identified free amino acids was 9.7 ± 9.0 % with 0-cows, 13.5 ± 5.1 % with ULP-cows, 7.7 ±3.4 % with NorP-cows on indoor feeding and 56.4 ±21.0 % with NorP-cows on pasture feeding. The corresponding figures for glutamic acid, which was quantitatively the most important amino acid with 0- and ULP-cows, were 36.5 ± 29.6 %, 19.8 ± 19.2 %, 5.7 ±4.0 % and 3.9 ± 2.1 % of the total free amino acids. Besides the identified amino acids, there were a number of unidentified amino acid derivatives in the free amino acid fraction in all the feeding groups. The total amount of amino acids freed by hydrolysis was the lowest with 0-cows. The proportion of glycine of the amino acids of the hydrolysate was48 % with 0-cows, 66 % with ULP-cows and 84 % with NorP-cows.
Antimicrobial factors in bovine colostrum
Authors: Korhonen Hannu
Published: July 2018

The study determined the content of certain antimicrobial proteins in the colostrum of five Ayrshire cows during the first 9 milkings and in milk 14 days from parturition. The following factors were analyzed: total whey protein (WP), total immunoglobulins (Ig), lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase (LP), lysozyme (LZM), and Salmonella typhimurium antibody titer towards somatic (04,12) and flagellar (H1.5, Hi) antigens. The content of all factors varied considerably in the first milking of the various cows, but the difference in content for all but LP and LZM decreased along with the number of milkings. The concentrations of WP, Ig and LF were at their highest in the first milking and dropped markedly in the following milkings. On the other hand, the LP concentration was on average greatest during the 3rd and 4th milkings, and the LZM concentration during the 7th and 8th milkings. The colostral whey from the first milking had the following concentrations on average: WP 69.2 mg/ml, Ig 52.0 mg/ml, LF 1.53 mg/ml, LP 22.8 µg/ml and LZM 0.40µ/ml. In the milk whey the concentrations were as follows: WP 12.2 mg/ml, Ig 0.95 mg/ml, LF 0.09 mg/ml, LP 20.1 µg/ml and LZM 0.37 µg/ml. Agglutinating antibodies to a human pathogenic strain of S. typhimurium were found against both O and H antigens in the colostrum of all cows. One cow, which had been vaccinated with S. typhimurium before parturition, had significantly higher titers than the unvaccinated animals. The latter were found to have antibodies only in the first two or three milkings post partum while the vaccinated cow still had antibodies in the milk 14 days post partum. The results obtained permit the assumption that in addition to antibodies, the nonspecific antibacterial factors (LF, LP and LZM) may contribute to the antimicrobial activity of colostrum and thus enhance the resistance of a newborn calf to microbial infections during the first week of life.