bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Animal-Source Food Supplement Prior to and during Pregnancy on Birthweight and Prematurity in Rural Vietnam: A Brief Study Description
Authors: Tu Ngu , King Janet C. , Dirren Henri , Thu Nga Hoang , Ngoc Quyen Phi , Diep Anh Nguyen Thi
Published: November 2015

Background.

Maternal nutritional status is an important predictor of infant birthweight. Most previous attempts to improve birthweight through multiple micronutrient supplementation have been initiated after women are pregnant. Interventions to improve maternal nutritional status prior to conception may be more effective in preventing low birthweight and improving other infant health outcomes.

Objective.

To compare the effects of maternal supplementation with animal-source food from preconception to term or from mid-gestation to term with routine prenatal care on birthweight, the prevalence of preterm births, intrauterine growth restriction, and infant growth during the first 12 months of life and on maternal nutrient status and the incidence of maternal and infant infections.

Methods.

Young women from 29 rural communes in northwestern Vietnam were recruited when they registered to marry and were randomized to one of three interventions: animal-source food supplement 5 days per week from marriage to term (approximately 13 months), animal-source food supplement 5 days per week from 16 weeks of gestation to term (approximately 5 months), or routine prenatal care without supplemental feeding. Data on infant birthweight and gestational age, maternal and infant anthropometry, micronutrient status, and infections in the infant and mother were collected at various time points.

Results.

In a preliminary study of women of reproductive age in this area of Vietnam, 40% of the women were underweight (body mass index < 18.5) and anemic. About 50% had infections. Rice was the dietary staple, and nutrient-rich, animal-source foods were rarely consumed by women. Iron, zinc, vitamin A, folate, and vitamin B12 intakes were inadequate in about 40% of the women. The study is still ongoing, and further data are not yet available.

Conclusions.

The results of this study will provide important data regarding whether improved intake of micronutrient-rich animal-source foods that are locally available and affordable before and during pregnancy improves maternal and infant health and development. This food-based approach may have global implications regarding how and when to initiate sustainable nutritional interventions to improve maternal and infant health.
Context for Food-Based Approaches for Improved Feeding of Infants and Children in Ethiopia
Authors: Stoecker Barbara J. , Abebe Yewelsew
Published: November 2015

Background.

Regardless of efforts by the health sector and partner organizations, maternal and child malnutrition is still a challenge in Ethiopia.

Objective.

To describe the context of current infant and child feeding patterns in Ethiopia.

Methods.

Feeding patterns, diet content and quality, and nutritional outcomes and feeding practices of mothers of young children are described from literature review of a number of field studies.

Results.

Protein and energy deficiencies and multiple micronutrient deficiencies are common. Breastfeeding is often prolonged until 2 years of age, with introduction of small amounts of poor-quality complementary foods. Vitamin A and iodine deficiencies have also been problems. Focus group discussions showed that mothers did not believe that animal-source foods are needed by young children or schoolchildren. However, the Health Extension Program led by the Federal Ministry of Health promotes optimal child feeding as one of the health extension packages.

Conclusions.

Continued use of germination and fermentation of cereals should be encouraged to increase bioavailability of trace elements. Use of fat in the diet would increase energy density. To improve the situation, extension education, including nutrition and agricultural expertise delivered in a format understandable to mothers about appropriate complementary feeding, including animal-source foods, is urgently needed, with expansion of governmental and nongovernmental resources.
Stability of Iodine in Iodized Salt Used for Correction of Iodine-Deficiency Disorders. II
Authors: Diosady L. L. , Alberti J. O. , Mannar M. G. Venkatesh , FitzGerald S.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of humidity and packaging materials on the stability of iodine in typical salt samples from countries with tropical and subtropical climates, under controlled climatic conditions. Initially we examined eight samples. In the second phase we expanded the study to salts from 18 sources and attempted to correlate the observed stability with salt impurities naturally present in these samples. High humidity resulted in rapid loss of iodine from salt iodized with potassium iodate, ranging from 30% to 98% of the original iodine content. Solid low-density polyethylene packaging protected the iodine to a great extent. High losses were observed from woven high-density polyethylene bags, which are often the packaging material of choice in tropical countries. Impurities that provided moisture at the salt surface had the most deleterious effect. Although clear correlations were not obtained, the presence of reducing agents, hygroscopic compounds of magnesium, and so forth seemed to have the most adverse effects on the stability of iodine. Surprisingly, carbonates had little effect on stability over the range present in the samples. Packaging salt in low-density polyethylene bags, which provided a good moisture barrier, significantly reduced iodine losses, and in most cases the iodine content remained relatively stable for six months to a year. The findings from this study indicate that iodine can be highly unstable, and in order to ensure the effectiveness of local salt-iodization programmes, countries should determine iodine losses from local iodized salt under local conditions of production, climate, packaging, and storage.
The Role of Care in Programmatic Actions for Nutrition: Designing Programmes Involving Care
Authors: Engle Patrice L. , Lhotska Lida
Published: November 2015

Incorporating care practices and resources for care into existing health, nutrition, and integrated programmes can have significant positive effects on children's growth and development. Correlational studies and a few efficacy trials suggest the promise of this approach for improving the survival, growth, and development of children, particularly those under three years of age. This paper defines the concept of care, clarifies characteristics of nutrition programmes that include care, and describes four intervention strategies for health and nutrition that incorporated care. It summarizes lessons learned from these and other experiences and current actions that UNICEF and others are taking regarding care, and suggests further steps.
Maternal Dietary Intake and Pregnancy Outcomes in Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Tawfeek H. I. , Abdulla Jwameer Nihad , Rasheed Amna Hameed
Published: November 2015

A survey was conducted among 103 pregnant women attending a maternal and child health centre in Rasaf, Baghdad, to study the relationships between maternal dietary intake and pregnancy outcome. Dietary intake values were not significantly correlated with birthweight and birth length except for caloric intake, which was significantly correlated with pregnancy weight gain, delivery weight, pre-pregnancy weight, birthweight, and birth length (r = +.33, r = +.30, r = +.26, r = +.38, and r = +.32, respectively). the results showed that the pregnant women who delivered small-for-gestational-age infants had diets that provided less energy than those who delivered full-term infants (p < .05).
Interventions to Improve Intake of Complementary Foods by Infants 6 to 12 Months of Age in Developing Countries: Impact on Growth and on the Prevalence of Malnutrition and Potential Contribution to Child Survival
Authors: Caulfield Laura E. , Huffman Sandra L. , Piwoz Ellen G.
Published: November 2015

To evaluate programmatic efforts to improve dietary intake and growth in 6- to 12-month-old infants in developing countries, we reviewed the results of 5 efficacy trials and 16 programmes conducted in 14 countries. Efficacy trials were able to improve infant dietary intakes by 65 to 302 kcal/day and infant growth by 0.04 to 0.46 SD. Programmes reported large improvements in maternal knowledge and practices concerning infant feeding. Four programmes that provided information reported improvements in dietary intakes of 71 to 164 kcal/day and changes in growth of −0.08 to 0.87 SD. Despite variability in the results, the majority of research and programmatic efforts improved growth rates by 0.10 to 0.50 SD. in absolute terms, this range of improvement in growth would reduce prevalences of malnutrition (< −2 SD) at 12 months of age by 1% to 19% and could reduce deaths due to malnutrition by 2% to 13%, depending on the underlying prevalence of malnutrition in the community.
Effect of Tempe and Sodium Metabisulphite on the Microbiological Quality, Development of Rancidity, and Sensory Quality of Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) sausages
Authors: Owino Victor Ochieng , Muroki N. M.
Published: November 2015

The conventional method of beef and pork sausage manufacture was adopted for processing fish sausage from Nile perch (Lates niloticus) fillets. Four types of sausage were made: sausages with 0.02% sodium metabisulphite (MCS); sausages with 10% tempe (TCS); sausages with 0.02% sodium metabisulphite and 5% tempe (MTCS); and sausages with neither tempe nor sodium metabisulphite (SWTM). the proportions are given based on the weight of the fish fillet. Each type of sausage was divided into two equal halves. One half was stored at 5°C while the other half was stored at 20°C. the keeping quality was monitored over seven days by determination of the total plate count to assess microbial spoilage and extent of rancidity development as measured by absorbance of their light petroleum (40°–60°C) extract at 269 nm. the organoleptic quality was assessed by 18 untrained panelists and 3 trained panelists. It was found that tempe had antimicrobial effects but little antioxidant activity, whereas sodium metabisulphite had little antimicrobial activity but greatly reduced the content of secondary lipid oxidation products and possibly inhibited lipid oxidation. the overall acceptability of the sausages was high (scores of about five points on a seven-point hedonic scale).
Why Public Nutrition?
Authors: Habicht Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2015

Good food security and nutrition of the population is an important objective for all those involved in public health, social welfare, and socio-economic development. Although the practice and study of public nutrition is well established, it has been defined by a myriad of names, such as “public health nutrition,” “community nutrition,” and “international nutrition.” the result has tended to constrain practitioners or confuse the range of their work. the need for a new name that embodies the complex ideas and multitudes of activities of “public nutrition” is explained. Such a construct, in order to escape the fuzziness of jargon, should lead to clearer thinking and better action, that is, it should help develop better practice to improve the well-being of all populations, and the training and research to support that practice.
A Mother's Right to Breastfeed: Removing the Obstacles
Authors: Latham Michael C.
Published: November 2015

If breastfeeding is acknowledged to be the optimal way of feeding and caring for young infants and is critically important for infant development, including mental development, while also providing benefits to the mother, then the right of mothers to breastfeed their infants deserves to be accepted as a human right. This point is reinforced by existing human rights conventions, new scientific evidence on the advantages of breastfeeding, current ethical acceptance of women's rights, and the evolving human rights thinking. Any obstacles to breastfeeding, then, are infringements on human rights. Major negative influences on breastfeeding include the medicalization of infant feeding, manufacturers’ promotion and marketing of breastmilk substitutes, societal failure to assist mothers to breastfeed, and lack of community support for breastfeeding. Although national legislation and actions provide a basis for protecting rights, ultimate success hinges on the actions of committed people and communities.
Feeding Practices and Malnutrition in Children in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Piechulek Helga , Aldana Jorge Mendoza , Hasan Nazmul
Published: November 2015

Dietary data were collected on 496 households, and anthropometric measurements were carried out on 248 children under five years of age in rural Bangladesh. the effect of socio-economic determinants on infant feeding and malnutrition was analyzed using univariate and logistic regression models. of the children under five, 52% were stunted and 57% were of low weight-for-age. Malnutrition was significantly influenced (p < .05) by income, size of cropland, the education of both parents, and some infant-feeding practices, but the mother's education emerged as the primary predictor of the nutritional status of children. Breastfeeding was the norm, and 95% of the mothers perceived breastmilk to be superior to milk substitutes, but rejection of colostrum, preference for prelacteal feeds, early supplementation, and inadequate timing and type of weaning diet were widespread. often, there was a discrepancy between the expressed infant-feeding preferences and actual practices.
Development of Iron-Deficiency Anaemia at Six Months of Age in Jordanian Infants Exclusively Breastfed for Four to Six Months
Authors: Faqih Ahmad M. , Qazaq Hussain S.
Published: November 2015

The iron status at six months of age for a total of 66 three-month-old, full-term, normal-birthweight Jordanian infants who were exclusively breastfed for four, five, or six months postpartum is reported here. Three groups of infants were identified who were exclusively breastfed for four months (n = 14), five months (n = 15), and six months (n = 37). Iron status was evaluated by haemoglobin, plasma ferritin, and mean corpuscular volume. the prevalences of nutritional anaemia (haemoglobin < 10.5 g/dl), iron-deficiency anaemia (haemoglobin < 10.5 g/dl, mean corpuscular volume < 70 fl, and plasma ferritin < 12 ng/ml), and depletion of iron stores (plasma ferritin < 12 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p < .05) in infants exclusively breastfed for four months than in the other two groups. Significant differences were not observed between the latter two groups in the prevalence of any of these indices. Under the conditions of this study, which was carried out in a community of low to medium socio-economic status where iron-fortified weaning foods were not used, the data strongly suggest that exclusive breastfeeding for five or six months is protective against the development of nutritional anaemia or iron-deficiency anaemia at six months of age. the weaning foods used in this community have low iron content and bioavailability.
Increase in Compliance with Weekly Iron Supplementation of Adolescent Girls by An Accompanying Communication Programme in Secondary Schools in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Muro Grace S. , Gross Ursula , Gross Rainer , Wahyuniar Lely
Published: November 2015

Insufficient compliance has been identified as a major contributing factor to the low effectiveness of iron-supplementation programmes. An experimental community trial was conducted to observe the effect of a communication programme on compliance with weekly iron supplementation in urban Tanzanian adolescent schoolgirls. A sample of 237 girls aged 14 to 17 years was randomly recruited from five schools in Dar-es-Salaam, and randomly assigned to three groups. Group A (schools 1 and 2) received one tablet weekly containing 65 mg of elemental iron with 0.25 mg of folic acid for eight consecutive weeks and participated in weekly communication sessions. Group B (school 3) received the same supplementation without communication sessions. Group C (schools 4 and 5) served as the control group, without supplementation or communication. Reported and observed compliance was checked by pill counting and stool analysis. Haemoglobin levels were determined by the cyanmethaemoglobin method before and after intervention. A knowledge test on iron-deficiency anaemia (causes, effects, and treatment) was carried out before and after intervention. Venn diagrams were drawn to identify the most influential persons. Three focus group discussions with the girls and the teachers were conducted at different stages during the study. in the group receiving supplementation and communication, the prevalence of anaemia decreased significantly (p < .001) from 49% to 5% in school 1 and from 54% to 23% in school 2. the prevalence of anaemia did not change significantly in schools 3 and 4 but increased significantly in school 5. the reported and observed compliance was 90% and 94%, respectively, in school 1, 89% and 75% in school 2, and 48% and 50% in school 3. the participants’ knowledge of iron-deficiency anaemia increased significantly in all schools after the intervention (p < .001) but was highest in schools 1 and 2, which received supplementation and communication. It is concluded that comprehensive communication strategies can influence the ingestion of iron supplements and therefore help to reduce anaemia in adolescents.
Nutrition, Food, and Water Security
Authors: Biswas Margaret R.
Published: November 2015

Although nutritionists have long been aware of the importance of clean drinking water and sanitation, water is becoming part of the international political agenda only after a slow realization of its scarcity. This is mainly because water has been taken for granted in industrialized countries except during periods of drought. in many areas of developing countries, water shortages already exist. Even with improved management, new sources of water will have to be developed at higher costs per project. Provision of clean water and sanitation has been rendered difficult by rapid urbanization since the middle of the twentieth century. Although cities have managed to provide a water supply, they have not been able to provide sewage and wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, irrigated agriculture uses nearly 70% of world water. in the future, food security will become even more dependent on irrigation. Poor management, due mostly to low salaries and political interference, is one of the main reasons for inefficient water systems. Underpricing of water in towns and on farms discourages conservation. Furthermore, people who do not have access to tap water in developing countries pay 10 times more than those who have taps.
Coach Brogan: South Central High School's Answer to Academic Achievement
Authors: Hébert Thomas P.
Published: November 2015

How can one man make a difference for bright, young men? In an ethnographic study of high ability young men in an urban high school, one coach's influence was found to be crucial in motivating gifted males. Coach Brogan developed effective strategies to maintain high academic achievement amongst his championship athletes. This article presents a description of the culture of achievement surrounding the men's swim team at South Central High School and the strategies offered by the successful coach/educator.
Indicators of Leadership in Gifted Grade Twelve Students
Authors: Edmunds Alan , Yewchuk Carolyn R.
Published: November 2015

This study investigated the nature of the relationships among four commonly used indicators of leadership (skills, past behavior, actual behavior, and rankings), as well as IQ and gender differences for the same indicators. The subjects were 90 academically gifted 12th grade students evenly distributed by gender. The results indicated significant positive relationships among actual leadership, past leadership, and leadership skills; between peer and teacher rankings; and between IQ and leadership skills. No evidence was found to substantiate Hollingworth's (1939) claim for an optimal IQ spread between leaders and followers. Males scored significantly higher than females on past leadership behavior and task orientation leadership style. The findings indicate a need for further investigation and consolidation of the components that constitute leadership in order to enhance identification of leadership potential and evaluation of leadership curricula.
Self-actualization and Locus of Control with Academically Talented Adolescents
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , McGinnis J. Christopher
Published: November 2015

Self-actualization and locus of control were investigated using the Reflections of Self by Youth (ROSY) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (NSLOC). This study's sample consisted of 33 male and 26 female academically talented students in grades 7 through 10. No significant gender or grade differences were found on either instrument. The locus of control scores for the present sample added support to the idea that higher-achieving students tend to have a more internal locus of control. The ROSY and NSLOC scores were found to be significantly correlated.
A New Look (Again) at Gifted Girls and Mathematics Achievement
Authors: Gallagher Shelagh A.
Published: November 2015

Despite improvement in mathematics achievement test scores for females in general, there persists a gender gap in the achievement test scores among the gifted. “Old” perspectives on the problem, including biological or psychological differences and a broad problem definition, are no longer helpful or supported by the research data. The Autonomous Learning Behavior (ALB) model is presented as an alternative model to explain the continued presence of the gap and as a basis for finding effective solutions. Ideas for change and some new avenues for research are proposed, consistent with the ALB framework.
Policy for the Identification of Students for Gifted Programs
Authors: Evans Karen
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this investigation into local level implementation of state policy for the identification of gifted students was to gain insight into how local school districts interpret the state department of education policy. Using the mutual adaptation model (Berman, 1980; McLaughlin, 1987, 1991), data from school districts were analyzed to determine the relative degree to which school districts were programmed in their implementation of state guidelines and to develop a beginning understanding of how state policy and guidelines for the identification of gifted students are understood at the local level.

School districts are in compliance with state department of education guidelines and use a programmed approach to implementation when identifying students for gifted programs. They understand them as a defined format which must be followed with mandated and prescribed guidelines. These are not viewed as a framework but as a prescription. Implemented as a prescription, policy translation across districts is very uniform in consideration of individual school district differences.

Implications for the field of gifted education include constructing identification processes at the local level that take into account the inherently subjective nature of determining who and what is “gifted”; implementing an identification process which acknowledges differences and diversity of school districts; and moving forward to a multi-dimensional process of assessment and identification to select students based on need.
Adolescent Voices—Who's Listening?
Authors: Langram Cecilia M.
Published: November 2015

Historically, the psychosocial development of minority gifted students has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to assess how gifted, low income, minority eighth grade students self reported on various psychosocial dimensions while attending a three-year high school preparatory program. Locus of control, peer relations, leadership, and community orientation emerged as dominant themes. Subjects consisted initially of 44 African American, Filipino, and Hispanic students (of which 24 were eventually interviewed). Both questionnaires and targeted one-on-one interviews were used. Responses differed between genders, with females showing more external locus of control, fragmented peer relations, decreased sense of community, and heightened career aspirations. The role of school climate is discussed in terms of adolescent adjustment.
Distance Learning
Authors: Wilson Virginia , Litle James , Coleman Mary Ruth , Gallagher James
Published: November 2015

As the role of distance learning within the educational setting expands, it is imperative that potential producers and receivers of these courses examine the prospects and problems of a distance learning initiative prior to embarking on this new educational journey. The authors provide guidance from their own distance learning experiences at the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. The article focuses on the importance of instructor and facilitator training, student selection, physical arrangements for the studio/classroom, and an evaluation plan.
Research Evidence regarding the Validity and Effects of Talent Search Educational Programs
Authors: Olszewski-Kubilius Paula
Published: November 2015

In this paper we review evidence regarding the validity of educational programs based on the talent search identification protocol and their effects on students. Research shows that talent search scores are valid indicators of students who can succeed in courses that are accelerated in terms of content and learning pace. SAT scores at the junior high level predict achievement in high school and college and are valid indicators of individual differences within the gifted and talented population. Talent search students who partake of special summer or accelerated school programs are more likely to take a more rigorous course of study in high school and attend more selective colleges. Effects may be especially potent for academically talented females who pursue mathematics in summer programs.
Enhancing Learning Outcomes for Diversely Gifted Adolescents
Authors: Matthews Dona J.
Published: November 2015

Two major problem areas are addressed. First, young women and students from minority groups, who continue to be underrepresented at the highest career achievement levels, tend to find social/emotional issues more salient than standard academic fare. Secondly, and more broadly, the world is a rapidly changing and increasingly dangerous place, requiring stronger networks of support than ever, particularly at transitional stages like adolescence. Unfortunately, however, many of the traditional support systems, like family and community, are dissolving and disintegrating. An empirically and theoretically defensible approach to addressing both of these areas of concern is the implementation of a human development course of study, starting early and building systematically over time. In such a course, students could be helped to construct principled understandings of social and emotional functioning, thereby becoming more aware of the benefits of social diversity and wiser decision-makers. Applications appropriate for working with gifted secondary school students are discussed.
Crystal structure, thermal behaviour and parageneses of koninckite, FePO4·2.75H2O
Authors: Plášil J. , Majzlan J. , Wierzbicka-Wieczorek M. , Kiefer B.
Published: November 2015

The crystal structure of the mineral koninckite was solved from synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and refined using density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Koninckite is tetragonal, with the space group P41212, a = 11.9800(5) Å, c = 14.618(1) Å, V = 2097.9(2) Å3, Z = 8. Its structure is a heteropolyhedral framework with zeolite-like tunnels along [001]. Owing to the severe peak overlap in the powder XRD data and the probable intergrowth of enantiomorphic domains in koninckite, the DFT calculations were applied to provide precise atomic positions (including hydrogen). Additionally, the DFT calculations suggest strongly that koninckite is an antiferromagnetic semiconductor, at least at low temperatures. The DFT computations were used to locate H2O molecules in the channels and to complete the structural description. Thermogravimetric analysis and powder XRD data at variable temperatures show that the structure of koninckite dehydrates and eventually collapses between 160–180°C. Negative thermal expansion was observed between 80 and 150°C. A list of the known occurrences of koninckite suggests that this mineral is not as rare as assumed previously; koninckite is often fine-grained, inconspicuous, and thereby easy to overlook. Koninckite is yet another natural example of an Fe-phosphate zeolitic material.
Indicative Design Technology Competence of the Organizers of Pedagogical Activity in the System of Qualification Improvement and Professional Retraining
Authors: �������  , Strikun N. , �������  , Kibakin M. , ������  , Meychik Galina
Published: November 2015

In the article the conditions of application indicative technologies for designing competencies required in the professional activities of the organizers of

pedagogical activity in educational as well as design and implement appropriate programs of additional education are considered. The article presents

the algorithm design, the characteristic of each phase. By decomposing the Federal state educational standards of postgraduate training conducted

substantiation of introduction in educational process designed on the basis of the indicative approach of meta-competences: "professional awareness",

"management skills", "teaching skills", "research skills". Organizational and technological approaches to the interpretation and operationalization of the

normative set of competencies are presented. On the basis of research, the analysis of programs of further education for educators and substantiated proposals

on the possibilities to improve them on the basis of indicative design technologies competence of the organizers of educational activities is made.
Dynamic Capacity Management with General Upgrading
Authors: Yu Yueshan , Chen Xin , Zhang Fuqiang
Published: November 2015

This paper studies a capacity management problem with upgrading. A firm needs to procure multiple classes of capacities and then allocate the capacities to satisfy multiple classes of customers that arrive over time. A general upgrading rule is considered, i.e., unmet demand can be satisfied using multistep upgrade. No replenishment is allowed and the firm has to make the allocation decisions without observing future demand. We first characterize the structure of the optimal allocation policy, which consists of parallel allocation and then sequential rationing. Specifically, the firm first uses capacity to satisfy the same-class demand as much as possible, then considers possible upgrading decisions in a sequential manner. We also propose a heuristic based on certainty equivalence control to solve the problem. Numerical analysis shows that the heuristic is fast and delivers close-to-optimal profit for the firm. Finally, we conduct extensive numerical studies to derive insights into the problem. It is found that under the proposed heuristic, the value of using sophisticated multistep upgrading can be quite significant; however, using simple approximations for the initial capacity leads to negligible profit loss, which suggests that the firm’s profit is not sensitive to the initial capacity decision if the optimal upgrading policy is used.
Why Pursue Unification? A Social-Epistemological Puzzle
Authors: Harp Randall , Khalifa Kareem
Published: November 2015

Many have argued that unified theories ought to be pursued wherever possible. We deny this on the basis of social-epistemological and game-theoretic considerations. Consequently, those seeking a more ubiquitous role for unification must either attend to the scientific community’s social structure in greater detail than has been the case, and/or radically revise their conception of unification.
Truth, Demonstration and Knowledge. A Classical Solution to the Paradox of Knowability
Authors: Zardini Elia
Published: November 2015

After introducing semantic anti-realism and the paradox of knowability, the paper offers a reconstruction of the anti-realist argument from the theory of understanding. The proposed reconstruction validates an unrestricted principle to the effect that truth requires the existence of a certain kind of “demonstration”. The paper shows that the principle fails to imply the problematic instances of the original unrestricted knowability principle but that the overall view still has unrestricted epistemic consequences. Appealing precisely to the paradox of knowability, the paper also argues, against BHK semantics, for the non-constructive character of the demonstrations envisaged by anti-realists, and contends that, in such a setting, one of the most natural arguments in favour of a revision of classical logic loses all its force.
O Espaço e o Tempo da Cidadania na Educação
Authors: Nogueira Fernanda
Published: November 2015

O presente artigo visa demonstrar que a Cidadania é um conceito multidimensional, dinâmico e polissémico que se impõe como um claro desafio para a educação formal. O continuum histórico, político, social e cultural que sustenta a complexidade da Cidadania marca igualmente a existência de estratégias curriculares distintas, ao longo do tempo, tanto na Europa como em Portugal (Eurydice, 2005, 2012; Menezes 2003a). Neste alinhamento, com base numa revisão da literatura: i) sintetizam‑se abordagens pedagógicas no domínio da Educação para a Cidadania (EpC), com base nas diferentes conceções de Cidadania apresentadas e; ii) evidencia‑se o percurso da Educação para a Cidadania no Sistema Educativo Português, assim como as várias medidas legislativas e estratégias curriculares que deram corpo à teia de “experiências pedagógicas” neste domínio. Concluímos este trabalho com evidências de um “esmorecimento” político e curricular no campo da EpC, vigente na atual política governamental portuguesa, após a publicação do Decreto‑Lei n.º 139/2012, procurando destacar‑se alguns dos principais ensinamentos que décadas de“prioridade retórica” (Menezes & Ferreira, 2012, p. 134) nos revelam.
Retinoic Acid Signaling Mediates Hair Cell Regeneration by Repressingp27kip andsox2in Supporting Cells
Authors: Rubbini Davide , Robert-Moreno Àlex , Hoijman Esteban , Alsina Berta
Published: November 2015

During development, otic sensory progenitors give rise to hair cells and supporting cells. In mammalian adults, differentiated and quiescent sensory cells are unable to generate new hair cells when these are lost due to various insults, leading to irreversible hearing loss. Retinoic acid (RA) has strong regenerative capacity in several organs, but its role in hair cell regeneration is unknown. Here, we use genetic and pharmacological inhibition to show that the RA pathway is required for hair cell regeneration in zebrafish. When regeneration is induced by laser ablation in the inner ear or by neomycin treatment in the lateral line, we observe rapid activation of several components of the RA pathway, with dynamics that position RA signaling upstream of other signaling pathways. We demonstrate that blockade of the RA pathway impairs cell proliferation of supporting cells in the inner ear and lateral line. Moreover, in neuromast, RA pathway regulates the transcription ofp27kipandsox2in supporting cells but notfgf3. Finally, genetic cell-lineage tracing using Kaede photoconversion demonstrates thatde novohair cells derive from FGF-active supporting cells. Our findings reveal that RA has a pivotal role in zebrafish hair cell regeneration by inducing supporting cell proliferation, and shed light on the underlying transcriptional mechanisms involved. This signaling pathway might be a promising approach for hearing recovery.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHair cells are the specialized mechanosensory cells of the inner ear that capture auditory and balance sensory input. Hair cells die after acoustic trauma, ototoxic drugs or aging diseases, leading to progressive hearing loss. Mammals, in contrast to zebrafish, lack the ability to regenerate hair cells. Here, we find that retinoic acid (RA) pathway is required for hair cell regenerationin vivoin the zebrafish inner ear and lateral line. RA pathway is activated very early upon hair cell loss, promotes cell proliferation of progenitor cells, and regulates two key genes,p27kipandsox2. Our results position RA as an essential signal for hair cell regeneration with relevance in future regenerative strategies in mammals.
Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Dendropsophus anceps: distribution extension in state of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Rolim Daniel Contieri , Maffei Fábio , Sene Renata Karina de , Medolago Cesar Augusto Bronzatto , Vernini Tiago Henrique , Ubaid Flávio Kulaif , Jim Jorge
Published: November 2015

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DITADURA E REPRESSÃO: LOCAIS DE RECORDAÇÃO E MEMÓRIA SOCIAL NA CIDADE DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Teles Janaína de Almeida
Published: November 2015

Resumo A transição brasileira para a democracia ocorreu sem rupturas evidentes. Sob a forte presença do legado ditatorial, a formação da memória sobre a repressão da ditadura teve dois eventos fundamentais, a publicação do projeto Brasil Nunca Mais e a abertura da Vala de Perus. A partir desses eventos fundacionais, o estudo tratado neste artigo oferece um panorama reflexivo sobre os primeiros locais de recordação do período preservados ou construídos na cidade de São Paulo. A despeito dos limites impostos pela transição pactuada, esses "lugares de memória" favoreceram a constituição de uma consciência coletiva acerca da repressão ditatorial e do status de suas vítimas e sobreviventes. A pesquisa realizada beneficiou-se de entrevistas inéditas, documentos pouco explorados e uma revisão da bibliografia existente sobre o assunto.
Inserção de um hospital de grande porte na Rede de Urgências e Emergências da região Centro-Oeste
Authors: Soares Emanuelly Paulino , Scherer Magda Duarte dos Anjos , O'Dwyer Gisele
Published: November 2015

Em face da exigência de se configurar as redes de cuidados, este estudo qualitativo analisa a inserção de um hospital de grande porte na Rede de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil utilizando dados secundários, análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas aos gestores e profissionais que atuam no Centro de Trauma. Os resultados sugerem desconhecimento dos profissionais quanto à inserção do Hospital na rede; definição de fluxos e pactos incipiente; boas práticas na regulação pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgências. Conclui-se que a inserção do Hospital acontece de forma lenta e depende da articulação dos vários níveis do Sistema Único de Saúde.
Cobertura do exame citopatológico do colo do útero no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, no período entre 2000-2010: um estudo a partir dos dados do Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero (SISCOLO)
Authors: Nascimento Gabriel Winston de Carvalho , Pereira Claudia Cristina de Aguiar , Nascimento David Israel de Carvalho , Lourenço Galileu Chagas , Machado Carla Jorge
Published: November 2015

Resumo O estudo analisou o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero em Minas Gerais, Brasil, quanto ao número de exames realizados anualmente e à cobertura do exame citopatológico. A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero (SISCOLO). Utilizou-se um estudo de série temporal referente à realização do exame, no período entre 2000-2010, em mulheres de 25 a 59 anos, residentes nesse Estado e usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Realizaram-se comparações em relação às metas pactuadas para o Programa Viva Mulher para as macrorregiões. Observou-se cobertura inferior à meta pactuada pelo Programa Viva Mulher (63,8%) e à estimada pelos critérios populacionais (66,4%). Em 2000, as macrorregiões que apresentaram maior cobertura em relação às duas metas foram: Triângulo do Norte, Triângulo do Sul e Centro. No ano de 2010, observaram-se mudanças em relação à posição ocupada pelas macrorregiões e melhorias na cobertura. Quanto à meta SUS, as macrorregiões Nordeste, Jequitinhonha e Sul apresentaram as maiores coberturas. As diferenças entre as duas metas avaliadas neste estudo sobre a cobertura da realização do exame de Papanicolau destacam a importância da escolha do critério para estabelecimento de metas.
ASSOMBRAÇÕES DA INFÂNCIA COM BOLTANSKI E BENJAMIN
Authors: Bines Rosana Kohl
Published: November 2015

Resumo O artigo considera a força estético-política de um imaginário associado à infância no trabalho do artista contemporâneo Christian Boltanski na pequena cidade francesa de Vitteaux, onde criou um teatrinho de sombras a céu aberto, projetando nas fachadas das casas, quando anoitece, imagens de bruxas, gatos pretos, morcegos, caveiras. Investiga-se essa coleção de monstros de feição infantil em reflexão cruzada com o pensamento de Walter Benjamin sobre a potência dos encontros repentinos com o mundo esquecido da infância. Ao promover um diálogo entre os dois autores, busca-se evidenciar articulações entre práticas estéticas e práticas políticas para pensar como o campo da infância pode ensejar novos modos de configurar, de sentir e de partilhar um ambiente em comum.
INFANCIA CLANDESTINA OU A VONTADE DA FÉ
Authors: Aguilar Gonzalo
Published: November 2015

Resumo Este artigo discute como o filme Infancia clandestina (2012), de Benjamín Ávila, marca uma virada na representação cinematográfica da ditadura de 1976-1983, na Argentina. Por um lado, este filme se distancia de trabalhos de ficção como La historia oficial, de Luis Puenzo, regulado pelo arquivo e pelas evidências testemunhais e documentais disponíveis para o espectador para além do filme; por outro lado, a produção de Ávila não apenas inclui uma figura ausente nos filmes sobre o período feitos imediatamente após a ditadura, denominada guerrilheiro, mas também a desloca da verificação referencial demandada pelo testemunho e pela experiência autobiográfica da primeira pessoa para uma verificação que expressa - com a articulação imanente das unidades narrativas próprias da ficção - uma fábula de identidade comunitária sobre o passado histórico. Enquanto o mesmo poderia ser dito sobre documentários subjetivos mais recentes, centrados em um ponto de vista (aquele dos filhos de desaparecidos, que cresceram com uma biografia inventada) caracterizado pelo apagamento dos limites entre fato e ficção, como Los rubios, de Albertina Carri, ou M, de Nicolás Prividera, Infancia clandestina permanece isolado como um trabalho de ficção que, ao contrário desses filmes, abandona completamente o gênero documental. Finalmente, o artigo sugere que a alegorização do passado histórico em Infancia clandestina é tão poderoso que consegue subsumir numa narração ficcional o trauma da experiência dos anos da ditadura. O que se discute, portanto, não é a memória dessa narração, mas os modos e o valor dessa construção simbólica.
INFÂNCIA E POESIA NA LÍRICA FINAL DE JORGE DE LIMA
Authors: Cavalcanti Luciano M. Dias
Published: November 2015

Resumo Neste texto, pretendemos analisar como Jorge de Lima se utiliza de alguns aspectos relacionados ao mundo lúdico infantil e da memória de sua infância para a criação de Invenção de Orfeu.
First record of Porocephalus cf. clavatus (Pentastomida: Porocephalida) as a parasite on Bothrops asper (Squamata: Viperidae) in Costa Rica
Authors: Alvarado G. , Sánchez-Monge A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract Pentastomids are parasites that infect respiratory cavities of vertebrates, they are pretty common but poorly known in wildlife veterinary. A Bothrops asper snake (Garman, 1884) was captured in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica and had its lung infested with pentastomids, identified as ca Porocephalus clavatus (Wyman, 1845). This represents the first record of Porocephalus (Humboldt, 1812) on B. asper as well as P. cf. clavatus in Costa Rica. Further studies are needed to clarify their taxonomic position, images and scanning electron microscopy photographs (SEM) of the specimens are given.
A Humanização no Ensino de Graduação em Medicina: o Olhar dos Estudantes
Authors: Rios Izabel Cristina , Sirino Caroline Braga
Published: November 2015

RESUMO O tema “humanização” tem sido cada vez mais recorrente nos serviços de saúde e nos currículos das escolas médicas. Com o propósito de compreender como alunos da graduação em Medicina percebem/interpretam a humanização nos cenários de ensino-aprendizagem da sua formação, foi realizado este trabalho de caráter qualitativo. Por meio da análise de base hermenêutica sobre entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com alunos do sexto ano de graduação da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP) em 2010, temas da humanização foram destacados e estudados: gestão dos serviços, humanidades no ensino médico, interatividade e o próprio conceito de humanização, presentes ou não nos diversos cenários de ensino-aprendizagem. O estudo aprofunda um pouco mais a compreensão da humanização no ensino médico, podendo contribuir para seu desenvolvimento na formação em Medicina ao apontar aspectos que precisam ser mais bem trabalhados junto aos alunos e a necessidade de integrar a humanização no contexto geral da formação.
Ensino e Aprendizagem em Estágio Supervisionado: Estágio Integrado em Saúde
Authors: Pimentel Emanuelle Cavalcante , Vasconcelos Maria Viviane Lisboa de , Rodarte Renato Santos , Pedrosa Célia Maria Silva , Pimentel Fernando Silvio Cavalcante
Published: November 2015

RESUMO As Instituições de saúde de ensino superior têm buscado efetuar mudanças em seus projetos político-pedagógicos, replanejando, assim, seus currículos. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem no estágio supervisionado, quando realizado com a integração de estudantes de diversos cursos na área da saúde, utilizando como abordagem um estudo de caso etnográfico, por meio de observação participante, questionário semiestruturado e grupo focal. Mediante a triangulação dos dados, pôde-se perceber a importância da interdisciplinaridade, do trabalho em equipe, da contribuição para a formação profissional e do papel do docente como facilitador do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, estimulando o senso crítico e a tomada de decisão. A proposta do Estágio Integrado permite um novo olhar no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, aliada à diversificação do cenário de prática, principalmente quando se fala em ensino na saúde. O Estágio Integrado pode ser entendido como uma estratégia pedagógica para tentar superar a fragmentação do conhecimento e ser utilizado como um referencial por outras Instituições de ensino na saúde que buscam formar profissionais de saúde com perfil humanista, capazes de atuar na integralidade da atenção à saúde e em equipe.
Bioética: Tornar Visíveis Poderes e Injustiças
Authors: Siqueira-Batista Rodrigo , Gomes Andréia Patrícia
Published: November 2015

RESUMO Este texto é uma resenha sobre o livro Bioéticas, poderes e injustiças: 10 anos depois.