bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women’s experiences in influencing and shaping small‐scale fisheries governance
Authors: Galappaththi Madu , Armitage Derek , Collins Andrea M.
Published: May 2022

This paper synthesizes current empirical evidence on how women experience, shape and influence small‐scale fisheries (SSF) governance. Our synthesis addresses an important gap in the literature, and helps highlight the opportunities to improve women's participation in governance and advance gender equality. We identified, characterized and synthesized 54 empirical cases at the intersection of gender and SSF governance, which comprise the relevant body of literature. Our review confirms the need to embed gender in the empirical examination of SSF governance towards expanding the current evidence base on this topic. We found that the institutional contexts within which women participate reflect a broad spectrum of arrangements, including the interactions with rules and regulations; participatory arrangements such as co‐management; and informal norms, customary practices and relational spaces. We also synthesized a typology of governance tasks performed by women in SSF. The typology includes leadership roles and active participation in decision‐making; relational networking and collective action; exercising agency and legitimacy; resource monitoring; knowledge sharing; meeting attendance (with no/less participation in decision‐making); and activism and mass mobilization. Furthermore, we drew broader insights based on the patterns that emerged across the literature and highlighted implications for improving women's meaningful participation in SSF governance. For example, exploring the breadth of governance arrangements to include all governance spaces where women are active, adjusting governance arrangements to respond to current and emerging barriers, and recognizing how women's efforts link with societal values may help legitimize their representation in SSF governance. Findings of this review should be of interest to the scholarly community, practitioners and policymakers alike and inform future research agendas, policy dialogues and practice intervention.
Spanish validation of the Parental Expectations and Perceptions of Children's Sibling Relationships Questionnaire
Authors: López‐Fernández Gemma , Gómez‐Benito Juana , Kramer Laurie , Barrios Maite
Published: May 2022

Objective

To translate and culturally adapt the Parental Expectations and Perceptions of Children's Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (PEPC‐SRQ; Kramer & Baron, 1995) into Spanish and test its psychometric properties.

Background

Sibling relationships contribute significantly to child development; however, to date, no study has validated an instrument to assess the quality of children's sibling relationships with Spanish samples.

Method

We conducted two studies. In Study 1, the instrument underwent translation and back‐translation along with the inspection of semantic, linguistic, and contextual equivalence. In Study 2, the validity of the instrument scores was assessed by administering the translated PEPC‐SRQ to 229 mothers in Spain.

Results

The Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a two‐factor structure that preserved the original 24 items. Both factors presented good internal consistency and were significantly correlated with other constructs.

Conclusion

These results support the use of the PEPC‐SRQ in Spain.

Implications

The Spanish PEPC‐SRQ may now be used as a tool for the early detection of conflictual relationships between siblings and as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of targeted strategies designed to bolster children's sibling relationships. Additionally, this adaptation provides the opportunity to carry out cross‐cultural studies.
UPLC‐MS analysis and network pharmacology‐based investigation into the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of anti‐fatigue of male flowers with Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.
Authors: Li Xiankuan , Deng Sha , Li Jiarong , Gong Sihan , Song Tianbao , Ge Jiaming , Zhao Ying , Zhang Jian , Ma Lin , Zheng Yanchao , Fu Kun
Published: May 2022

The male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (MFEU) was a natural product that could alleviate fatigue and accelerate fatigue alleviation. Nonetheless, the active ingredients and underlying pharmacological mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to decode the active ingredients and potential action mechanisms of MFEU in the therapy of anti‐fatigue using an integrated UPLC‐MS analysis, network pharmacology approach, and cell experiments. Characterizations of chemical constituents of MFEU extract were identified by UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS. The corresponding drug targets were retrieved from the drug target database and used to construct the “composite‐target‐pathway” network. The Cytoscape was used to identify potential protein targets of these MFEU components, indicating that 24 anti‐fatigue compounds in MFEU regulate 18 anti‐fatigue‐related targets in 10 signaling pathways. The 16 components of MFEU were verified at the cellular level. The results of cell experiments showed that MFEU extract (0.361 μg/ml), Caffeic acid, Deacetylasperulosidic acid, Naringenin, Acanthoside B, Geniposidic acid, Rutin, and Quercetin could promote testosterone secretion on Leydig cells at 50 μM. The MFEU extract and seven compounds in MFEU might play a role in anti‐fatigue by participating in the regulation of testosterone secretion. Finally, the results of PCR analysis showed that MFEU promotes the secretion of testosterone, which is related to CYPIIa1 and 17β‐HSD, STAR in the signal pathway of testosterone synthesis. This study provides a basis for further exploring the anti‐fatigue mechanism of MFEU, adopting the method of multi‐compound and multi‐target.
The global biogeography of soil priming effect intensity
Authors: Ren Chengjie , Mo Fei , Zhou Zhenghu , Bastida Felipe , Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Wang Jieying , Zhang Xinyi , Luo Yiqi , Griffis Timothy J. , Han Xinhui , Wei Gehong , Wang Jun , Zhong Zekun , Feng Yongzhong , Ren Guangxin , Wang Xiaojiao , Yu Kailiang , Zhao Fazhu , Yang Gaihe , Yuan Fenghui
Published: May 2022

Aim

Fresh carbon (C) inputs to the soil can have important consequences for the decomposition rates of soil organic matter (priming effect), thereby impacting the delicate global C balance at the soil–atmosphere interface. Yet, the environmental factors that control soil priming effect intensity remain poorly understood at a global scale.

Location

Global.

Time period

1980–2020.

Major taxa studied

Soil priming effect intensity.

Methods

We conducted a global dataset of CO2 effluxes in 711 pairwise soils with 13C or 14C simple C sources inputs and without C inputs from incubation experiments in which isotope‐labelled C was used to quantify fresh C‐induced rather than exudate‐induced priming.

Results

Soil priming effect intensity is predominantly positive. Soil texture and C content were identified as the most important factors associated with priming effects, with sandy soils from tropical and mid‐latitudes supporting the highest soil priming effect intensity, and soils with greater C content and fine textures from high latitudes maintaining the lowest soil priming effects. The negative association between C content and soil priming effect intensity was also indirectly driven by changing mean annual temperature, net primary productivity, and fungi : bacteria ratio. Using this information, we generated a global map of soil priming effect intensity, and found that the priming was lower at high latitudes and higher at lower latitudes.

Main conclusions

Global patterns of soil priming effect intensity can be predicted using environmental data, with soil texture and C content playing a predominant role in explaining in priming effects. These effects were also indirectly driven by climate, vegetation and soil microbial properties. We present the first global atlas of soil priming effect intensity and advance our knowledge on the potential mechanisms underlying soil priming effect intensity, which are integral to improving the climate change and soil C dynamics components of Earth System models.
Going after the family: Transnational repression and the proxy punishment of Middle Eastern diasporas
Authors: Moss Dana M. , Michaelsen Marcus , Kennedy Gillian
Published: May 2022

Diasporas play a critical role in home‐country politics by supporting social, political, and economic change therein. Yet, regimes countermobilize against activists abroad by repressing their diasporas. This paper investigates a widespread but overlooked method in the transnational repression toolkit: that of ‘proxy punishment’, that is, the abuse of family members at home as a means to manipulate and subjugate dissidents abroad. Using 246 original interviews with diaspora activists from Syria, Iran, Egypt, and Libya, the analysis demonstrates that regimes deployed five tactics against diaspora members’ non‐activist families at home: harm and confinement, threats and harassment, forced participation in regime propaganda and slander, resource deprivation, and travel bans. We then identify the mechanisms shaping how diaspora members responded to this repertoire. The paper concludes with implications for research on transnational diaspora activism, globalized authoritarianism, and collective dimensions of the repression‐dissent nexus.
How does financial agglomeration affect green development? Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta of China
Authors: Wen Yinyin , Zhao Min , Tang Genli , Zhou Xiaoxiao , Hu Xingchen , Sui Li
Published: May 2022

An extensive economic growth mode leads to resource depletion and environmental degradation. Green development is the best way to solve this problem. We analyzed the sample data of 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta of China from 2007 to 2019. We used the spatial Durbin model and interaction term model to study the effects of regional financial agglomeration (FA) on green development and the moderating role of green technology innovation. The results show that FA promotes local green development but inhibits the green development of neighboring areas. Because the polarization effect of the growth pole is greater than its dispersion effect, cities with high levels of FA have a strong “siphon effect” on the surrounding areas. Green technology innovation positively moderates the promoting effect of FA on green development; the higher the level of green technology innovation and the degree of emphasis on it, the stronger the promoting effect. The government should encourage green finance to promote green technology innovation and promote the green development of the regional economy. These findings provide new insights for developing countries to achieve sustainable development under environmental constraints.
Clinician perspectives on clinical decision support systems in lung cancer: Implications for shared decision‐making
Authors: Ankolekar Anshu , van der Heijden Britt , Dekker Andre , Roumen Cheryl , De Ruysscher Dirk , Reymen Bart , Berlanga Adriana , Oberije Cary , Fijten Rianne
Published: May 2022

Background

Lung cancer treatment decisions are typically made among clinical experts in a multidisciplinary tumour board (MTB) based on clinical data and guidelines. The rise of artificial intelligence and cultural shifts towards patient autonomy are changing the nature of clinical decision‐making towards personalized treatments. This can be supported by clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) that generate personalized treatment information as a basis for shared decision‐making (SDM). Little is known about lung cancer patients' treatment decisions and the potential for SDM supported by CDSSs. The aim of this study is to understand to what extent SDM is done in current practice and what clinicians need to improve it.

Objective

To explore (1) the extent to which patient preferences are taken into consideration in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment decisions; (2) clinician perspectives on using CDSSs to support SDM.

Design

Mixed methods study consisting of a retrospective cohort study on patient deviation from MTB advice and reasons for deviation, qualitative interviews with lung cancer specialists and observations of MTB discussions and patient consultations.

Setting and Participants

NSCLC patients (N = 257) treated at a single radiotherapy clinic and nine lung cancer specialists from six Dutch clinics.

Results

We found a 10.9% (n = 28) deviation rate from MTB advice; 50% (n = 14) were due to patient preference, of which 85.7% (n = 12) chose a less intensive treatment than MTB advice. Current MTB recommendations are based on clinician experience, guidelines and patients' performance status. Most specialists (n = 7) were receptive towards CDSSs but cited barriers, such as lack of trust, lack of validation studies and time. CDSSs were considered valuable during MTB discussions rather than in consultations.

Conclusion

Lung cancer decisions are heavily influenced by clinical guidelines and experience, yet many patients prefer less intensive treatments. CDSSs can support SDM by presenting the harms and benefits of different treatment options rather than giving single treatment advice. External validation of CDSSs should be prioritized.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study did not involve patients or the public explicitly; however, the study design was informed by prior interviews with volunteers of a cancer patient advocacy group. The study objectives and data collection were supported by Dutch health care insurer CZ for a project titled ‘My Best Treatment’ that improves patient‐centeredness and the lung cancer patient pathway in the Netherlands.
Utility of polymerase chain reaction for assessment of onychomycosis during topical therapy
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Cooper Elizabeth A. , Summerbell Richard C. , Nakrieko Kerry‐Ann
Published: May 2022

Background

Increased detection of fungi including non‐dermatophyte molds (NDMs) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods is well‐established. However, the use of PCR to evaluate ongoing onychomycosis treatment outcome has not been investigated.

Methods

Nail samples from 28 patients receiving topical efinaconazole were evaluated by both KOH/culture and PCR methods across the study period. Detection of microorganisms by PCR was compared to the culture at baseline and end of study at month 24 (M24). Fungal detection by both methods was evaluated with respect to clinical cure observed as 100% visual clearance of the target toenail.

Results

By culture, all 28 subjects were dermatophyte‐positive at pre‐treatment; only 4/28 also exhibited an NDM microorganism. According to PCR, 24/28 subjects were dermatophyte‐positive pre‐treatment, with 25/28 also exhibiting NDMs. At M24, 18/28 (64.3%) participants had negative KOH/culture results, in contrast to 4/28 (14.3%) negative PCR results. PCR showed higher rates of NDM detection than the culture at baseline as well as M24. Calculations to compare the diagnostic utility of KOH/culture versus PCR found that positive tests with both methods reliably indicate the presence of onychomycosis, but negative PCR correlated better with onychomycosis cure than did KOH/culture.

Discussion

PCR confirmed a high presence of NDMs pre‐treatment, and continued presence of NDMs to M24, with unknown significance requiring further investigation. Though both KOH/culture and PCR have diagnostic limitations, PCR showed better overall utility than culture in predicting onychomycosis topical treatment outcome and should be more strongly considered for evaluation of topical therapies.
Accuracy of a new electronic nose for prostate cancer diagnosis in urine samples
Authors: Taverna Gianluigi , Grizzi Fabio , Tidu Lorenzo , Bax Carmen , Zanoni Matteo , Vota Paolo , Lotesoriere Beatrice Julia , Prudenza Stefano , Magagnin Luca , Langfelder Giacomo , Buffi Nicolò , Casale Paolo , Capelli Laura
Published: May 2022

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of a new electronic nose to recognize prostate cancer in urine samples.

Methods

A blind, prospective study on consecutive patients was designed. Overall, 174 subjects were included in the study: 88 (50.6%) in prostate cancer group, and 86 (49.4%) in control group. Electronic nose performance for prostate cancer was assessed using sensitivity and specificity. The diagnostic accuracy of electronic nose was reported as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

The electronic nose in the study population reached a sensitivity 85.2% (95% confidence interval 76.1–91.9; 13 false negatives out of 88), a specificity 79.1% (95% confidence interval 69.0–87.1; 18 false positives out of 86). The accuracy of the electronic nose represented as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.821 (95% confidence interval 0.764–0.879).

Conclusions

The diagnostic accuracy of electronic nose for recognizing prostate cancer in urine samples is high, promising and susceptible to supplemental improvement. Additionally, further studies will be necessary to design a clinical trial to validate electronic nose application in diagnostic prostate cancer nomograms.
A systemic review and a meta‐analysis on the influences of closed incisions in orthopaedic trauma surgery by negative pressure wound treatment compared with conventional dressings
Authors: Zhang Dahua , He Liang
Published: May 2022

We performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the influences of closed incisions in orthopaedic trauma surgery (OTS) by negative pressure wound treatment (NPWT) compared with conventional dressings. A systematic literature search up to March 2022 was done and 14 studies included 3935 subjects with OTS at the start of the study; 2023 of them used NPWT and 1912 were conventional dressings. They were reporting relationships between the influences of closed incisions in OTS by NPWT compared with conventional dressings. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the influences of closed incisions in OTS by NPWT compared with conventional dressings using the dichotomous methods with a random or fixed‐effect model. NPWT had significantly lower deep surgical site infections (SSIs) (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48‐0.87, P = .004), superficial SSIs (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.19‐0.61, P < .001), and wound dehiscence (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.21‐0.80, P = .009) compared with conventional dressings in subjects with closed incisions in OTS. NPWT showed a beneficial effect on deep SSIs, superficial SSIs, and wound dehiscence compared with conventional dressings in subjects with closed incisions in OTS. Further studies are required to validate these findings.
Diversity and Moral Address
Authors: Brandenburg Daphne
Published: May 2022

This article evaluates communicative approaches to responsibility within the Strawsonian tradition. These approaches consider reactive attitudes to be forms of moral address and consider responsiveness to moral address a condition on responsible agency. The article consists of a critical and a positive part. In the first part, I identify a risk for these theories. They often provide an overly narrow account of how we can communicate with others about perceived moral disregard. I argue that, when read this way, a conversational approach has implausible implications and falls prey to a familiar objection to Strawsonian theory: it would incorporate social injustices inherent to our responsibility practices. In particular, it would affirm ableist attitudes towards autistic individuals, by exempting them as moral agents on the basis of irrelevant criteria. In the second part, I propose an inclusive reading of the communicative approach. This inclusive account steers clear of ableism towards autistic individuals and accommodates diversity. Although it is also derived from our practices and psychologies, it does not incorporate the biases and injustices that are part of those practices, and instead it provides us with a means to criticize them.
Spatial phylogenetic patterns in the North American moss flora are shaped by history and climate
Authors: Carter Benjamin E. , Misiewicz Tracy M. , Mishler Brent D.
Published: May 2022

Aim

We documented patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) and phylogenetic endemism (PE) in the moss flora of North America, determined how environmental variables explain these patterns, compared the patterns in mosses to known patterns in angiosperms and explored how patterns driven by sub‐clades might conflict with patterns driven by other sub‐clades.

Location

North America north of Mexico.

Taxon

Mosses (Bryophyta).

Methods

A maximum‐likelihood tree inferred from publicly available sequence data and locality data from ca. 7.5 × 105 herbarium specimens were combined to build a dataset of 935 species (representing ca. 67% of the known moss flora). Spatial randomization procedures were used to find significance levels of PD and relative phylogenetic diversity (RPD) for the full dataset and three major sub‐clades, as well as to carry out a categorical analysis of Neo‐ and Paleo‐endemism (CANAPE). Range weighted turnover in both species and PE was used to identify phytogeographic regions across the continent. Ordinations of environmental data were used to determine the distribution of PD, RPD, and phytogeographic regions within environmental space. Results of this study were compared to known patterns of phylodiversity in angiosperms.

Results

Phylodiversity is distributed non‐randomly. Some patterns, for example, long branches in the southeastern US, are consistent with angiosperms; however, there are strong contrasts as well. Overall patterns of PD and RPD are strongly influenced by different phylogenetic scales within mosses, indicating that signal from one clade can obscure patterns in others. Three primary phytogeographic zones are defined by both differing geological histories and differing current abiotic conditions. Phytogeographic regions, PD, and RPD are all aligned with environmental variables.

Main conclusions

There is evidence for both ecological and historical factors in shaping the moss flora of North America, and biogeographic differences between angiosperms and mosses appear to align with important life‐history differences between the two groups.
Effect of teacher autonomy support on the online self‐regulated learning of students during COVID‐19 in China: The chain mediating effect of parental autonomy support and students’ self‐efficacy
Authors: Bai Xuemei , Gu Xiaoqing
Published: May 2022

Background

Self‐regulated learning (SRL) ability is the key determinant of the success of full‐time online learning. Thus, exploring the influencing factors of SRL and their influencing mechanisms is necessary to improve this ability among K‐12 students.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence mechanism of teacher autonomy support on students' online SRL by examining the structural relationship among teacher autonomy support, parental autonomy support, students' self‐efficacy, and students' online SRL.

Methods

We use structural equation modelling and effect analysis to analyse the collected data from 961 Chinese K‐12 students who engaged in full‐time online learning in their homes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak.

Results and Conclusions

Parental autonomy support and students' self‐efficacy play crucial independent mediating roles in the influence of teacher autonomy support on students' online SRL. Parental autonomy support and students' self‐efficacy have a chain mediating effect on the influence of teacher autonomy support on students' online SRL.

Implications

On the basis of the results, we suggest that in order to develop students' online SRL ability, it is important for teacher to improve parental autonomy support and students' self‐efficacy. In addition, base on the chain mediating effect, to improve students' online SRL, teacher autonomy support needs focus on parental autonomy support, and then parental autonomy support needs focus on improving students' self‐efficacy.
Commentary to ‘Development of a patient‐reported experience measure for chronic inflammatory skin diseases’ by E. Van den Steen et al.
Authors: Fink‐Wagner A.‐H.
Published: May 2022

Linked article: E. Van den Steen et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36: 913–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17982.
Genetic understanding of vascular anomalies: better classification and risk‐stratification with targeted therapeutic options – a new horizon for vascular anomaly patients
Authors: van der Vleuten C.J.M.
Published: May 2022

Linked article: F.N. El Sissy et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36: 905–912. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18046.
Dermoscopy of cutaneous adnexal tumours: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Lai M. , Muscianese M. , Piana S. , Chester J. , Borsari S. , Paolino G. , Pellacani G. , Longo C. , Pampena R.
Published: May 2022

Cutaneous adnexal tumours (ATs) encompass a variegated group of hamartomas and benign or malignant tumours, originating from the hair follicle, sebaceous, eccrine or apocrine glands that may simulate other cutaneous neoplasms. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of clinical and dermoscopic features of ATs, to better define these lesions and assist in the differential diagnosis. We performed a two‐step systematic search of the literature in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from inception until 4 September 2020. In the first step, we aimed to define histological variants of ATs with descriptions of dermoscopic criteria. The second step included a search for the name of each previously identified AT variants in the same databases adding ‘AND (epilum* or dermosc* or dermatosc*)’. All study types in English language reporting dermoscopic images of ATs were included. Collisions between ATs and other inflammatory or neoplastic skin lesions were excluded, with the exception of collisions with a sebaceous nevus. The protocol of this study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021244677). In total, 206 articles met our inclusion criteria, encompassing 372 ATs in 365 patients. Most ATs were apocrine‐eccrine (n = 217, 58.3%, n = 173 benign) with a prevalence of poromas (n = 82), followed by follicular ATs (n = 88, 23.7%, n = 83 benign) and sebaceous ATs (n = 67, 18.0%, n = 49 benign). Most patients had a single AT lesion (320, 86.0%), while 42 (11.3%) had multiple ATs. A syndrome causing multiple ATs was identified in 15 patients. Histopathological analysis revealed 82% benign (n = 305) and 18.0% malignant (n = 67). ATs were classified according to their ability to mimic four groups of more common skin tumours: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanocytic lesions and benign cutaneous lesions. Moreover, we have highlighted the ability of malignant variants of ATs to simulate benign skin lesions. This systematic review offers a comprehensive overview of the common clinical and dermoscopic features of follicular, sebaceous and apocrine‐eccrine ATs and details possible differential dermoscopic features.
Beyond monoamines: I. Novel targets and radiotracers for Positron emission tomography imaging in psychiatric disorders
Authors: Lopresti Brian J. , Royse Sarah K. , Mathis Chester A. , Tollefson Savannah A. , Narendran Rajesh
Published: May 2022

With the emergence of positron emission tomography (PET) in the late 1970s, psychiatry had access to a tool capable of non‐invasive assessment of human brain function. Early applications in psychiatry focused on identifying characteristic brain blood flow and metabolic derangements using radiotracers such as [15O]H2O and [18F]FDG. Despite the success of these techniques, it became apparent that more specific probes were needed to understand the neurochemical bases of psychiatric disorders. The first neurochemical PET imaging probes targeted sites of action of neuroleptic (dopamine D2 receptors) and psychoactive (serotonin receptors) drugs. Based on the centrality of monoamine dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and the measured success of monoamine‐enhancing drugs in treating them, the next 30 years witnessed the development of an armamentarium of PET radiopharmaceuticals and imaging methodologies for studying monoamines. Continued development of monoamine‐enhancing drugs over this time however was less successful, realizing only modest gains in efficacy and tolerability. As patent protection for many widely prescribed and profitable psychiatric drugs lapsed, drug development pipelines shifted away from monoamines in search of novel targets with the promises of improved efficacy, or abandoned altogether. Over this period, PET radiopharmaceutical development activities closely paralleled drug development priorities resulting in the development of new PET imaging agents for non‐monoamine targets. Part one of this review will briefly survey novel PET imaging targets with relevance to the field of psychiatry, which include the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5), purinergic P2X7 receptor, type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1), phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), and describe radiotracers developed for these and other targets that have matured to human subject investigations. Current limitations of the targets and techniques will also be discussed.

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Selective activation and down‐regulation of Trk receptors by neurotrophins in human neurons co‐expressing TrkB and TrkC
Authors: Ateaque Sarah , Merkouris Spyros , Wyatt Sean , Allen Nicholas D. , Xie Jia , DiStefano Peter S. , Lindsay Ronald M. , Barde Yves‐Alain
Published: May 2022

In the central nervous system, most neurons co‐express TrkB and TrkC, the tyrosine kinase receptors for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‐3 (NT3). As NT3 can also activate TrkB, it has been difficult to understand how NT3 and TrkC can exert unique roles in the assembly of neuronal circuits. Using neurons differentiated from human embryonic stem cells expressing both TrkB and TrkC, we compared Trk activation by BDNF and NT3. To avoid the complications resulting from TrkB activation by NT3, we also generated neurons from stem cells engineered to lack TrkB. We found that NT3 activates TrkC at concentrations lower than those of BDNF needed to activate TrkB. Downstream of Trk activation, the changes in gene expression caused by TrkC activation were found to be similar to those resulting from TrkB activation by BDNF, including a number of genes involved in synaptic plasticity. At high NT3 concentrations, receptor selectivity was lost as a result of TrkB activation. In addition, TrkC was down‐regulated, as was also the case with TrkB at high BDNF concentrations. By contrast, receptor selectivity as well as reactivation were preserved when neurons were exposed to low neurotrophin concentrations. These results indicate that the selectivity of NT3/TrkC signalling can be explained by the ability of NT3 to activate TrkC at concentrations lower than those needed to activate TrkB. They also suggest that in a therapeutic perspective, the dosage of Trk receptor agonists will need to be taken into account if prolonged receptor activation is to be achieved.

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MicroRNAs in oligodendrocyte development and remyelination
Authors: Ngo Clarissa , Kothary Rashmi
Published: May 2022

Oligodendrocytes are the glial cells responsible for the formation of myelin around axons of the central nervous system (CNS). Myelin is an insulating layer that allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along neurons. If myelin is damaged, as in chronic demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), these impulses slow down. Remyelination by oligodendrocytes is often ineffective in MS, in part because of the failure of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to differentiate into mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. The process of oligodendrocyte differentiation is tightly controlled by several regulatory networks involving transcription factors, intracellular signaling pathways, and extrinsic cues. Understanding the factors that regulate oligodendrocyte development is essential for the discovery of new therapeutic strategies capable of enhancing remyelination. Over the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of oligodendrocyte development, exerting effects on cell specification, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination. This article will review the role of miRNAs on oligodendrocyte biology and discuss their potential as promising therapeutic tools for remyelination.

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Longitudinal study of changes observed in quality of life, psychological state cognition and pulmonary and functional capacity after COVID‐19 infection: A six‐ to seven‐month prospective cohort
Authors: del Corral Tamara , Menor‐Rodríguez Noemí , Fernández‐Vega Sara , Díaz‐Ramos Celia , Aguilar‐Zafra Sandra , López‐de‐Uralde‐Villanueva Ibai
Published: May 2022

Aims

To investigate the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), symptoms, psychological and cognitive state and pulmonary and physical function of nonhospitalised COVID‐19 patients at long‐term, and to identify factors to predict a poor HRQoL in this follow‐up.

Background

Studies have focused on persistent symptoms of hospitalised COVID‐19 patients in the medium term. Thus, long‐term studies of nonhospitalised patients are urgently required.

Design

A longitudinal cohort study.

Methods

In 102 nonhospitalised COVID‐19 patients, we collected symptoms at 3 months (baseline) and at 6–7 months (follow‐up) from diagnosis (dyspnoea, fatigue/muscle weakness and chest/joint pain), HRQoL, psychological state, cognitive function, pulmonary and physical function. This study adhered to the STROBE statement.

Results

HRQoL was impaired in almost 60% of the sample and remained impaired 6–7 months. At 3 months, more than 60% had impaired physical function (fatigue/muscle weakness and reduced leg and inspiratory muscle strength). About 40%–56% of the sample showed an altered psychological state (post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety/depression), cognitive function impairment and dyspnoea. At 6–7‐months, only a slight improvement in dyspnoea and physical and cognitive function was observed, with a very high proportion of the sample (29%–55%) remained impaired. Impaired HRQoL at 6–7 months was predicted with 82.4% accuracy (86.7% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity) by the presence at 3 months of muscle fatigue/muscle weakness (OR = 5.7 (1.8–18.1)), PTSD (OR = 6.0 (1.7–20.7)) and impaired HRQoL (OR = 11.7 (3.7–36.8)).

Conclusion

A high proportion of nonhospitalised patients with COVID‐19 experience an impaired HRQoL, cognitive and psychological function at long‐term. HRQoL, PTSD and dyspnoea at 3 months can identify the majority of patients with COVID‐19 who will have impaired quality of life at long‐term.

Relevance to clinical practice

Treatments aimed at improving psychological state and reducing the fatigue/muscle weakness of post‐COVID‐19 patients could be necessary to prevent the patients’ HRQoL from being impaired at 6–7 months after their reported recovery.
Effect of riboflavin on intestinal development and intestinal epithelial cell function of weaned piglets
Authors: Qin Yan , Zhou Jing , Xiong Xia , Huang Jing , Li Jianzhong , Wang Qiye , Yang Huansheng , Yin Yulong
Published: May 2022

Riboflavin is a water‐soluble vitamin involved in the metabolism of protein, fats and carbohydrates as a coenzyme. Pigs, mainly weaned piglets, are prone to riboflavin deficiency. Therefore, this study devoted to explore the effects of riboflavin on intestinal development and function of weaned piglets. A total of 21 piglets, weaned at day 21 of age, were randomly divided into three treatments. The experiment lasted 28 days. The three treatment groups were administered with 0 mg/kg (L_VB2), 3.5 mg/kg (M_VB2) and 17.5 (H_VB2) mg/kg riboflavin by addition into the dry matter basal diets of each group. During the 28‐day trial, the feed conversion ratio of the M_VB2 group was lowest (p < 0.05). Duodenum villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (VH:CD) in L_VB2 group was significantly lower compared with that in M_VB2 group and H_VB2 group (p < 0.05). In the L_VB2 group the number of Ki67 cells in the crypts of the duodenum was increased significantly (p < 0.05). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis using transcriptomic data showed that pathways related to apoptosis were significantly enriched in the L_VB2 group (p < 0.01). In addition, pathways related to inflammatory factors were significantly enriched in the H_VB2 group. The total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) activity (p < 0.05) of the L_VB2 group were lowest. In summary, riboflavin levels may regulate the intestinal morphology of piglet duodenum by affecting the renewal and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells.
Daily and average associations of physical activity, social media use, and sleep among adolescent girls during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hamilton Jessica L. , Hutchinson Emily , Evankovich Maria R. , Ladouceur Cecile D. , Silk Jennifer S.
Published: May 2022

Adolescents’ daily lives have been disrupted during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. It remains unclear how changes in adolescents’ daily physical and social behaviours affect their sleep. The present study examined the daily and average effects of physical activity and social media use (i.e., video chatting, texting, and social networking sites) on adolescent girls’ sleep during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Adolescent girls aged 12–17 years (N = 93; 69% White) from a larger longitudinal study completed a 10‐day daily diary protocol during state‐mandated stay‐at‐home orders. Girls reported on daily sleep (duration, timing, quality), physical activity, and social media use during COVID‐19. Multilevel modelling was used to examine the within‐ and between‐person effects of physical activity and social media on sleep duration, timing, and quality during the 10‐day period. Between‐person associations indicate that youth with greater social media use (texting, video chatting, and social networking) and less physical activity had later sleep timing across the 10‐day study period. Only video chatting was associated with shorter sleep duration. There were no within‐person effects of physical activity or social media activities on sleep outcomes. Findings indicate that physical activity and social media use may impact later adolescent sleep timing during the COVID‐19 pandemic. It will be critical for research to examine the potential long‐term costs of delayed sleep timing, and whether targeting specific youth behaviours associated with sleep and circadian disruption improve mental and physical health during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond.
A StAR‐like gene involved in carotenoid metabolism and inner shell color in the freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii
Authors: Zhang Jinpan , Guo Baiying , Zhang Mengying , Li Jiale , Bai Zhiyi
Published: May 2022

Carotenoids play key roles in organism coloration and have been found to have an effect on shell color. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein‐like (StAR‐like) is a key gene involved in the accumulation of carotenoids. In this study, the full‐length cDNA sequence of HcStAR‐like, containing 994 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 307 amino acid residues, was isolated from the freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii. HcStAR‐like expression levels were significantly higher in all tissues examined in golden (G‐) mussels compared with white (W‐) and purple (P‐) mussels (p < .05). Moreover, although HcStAR‐like expression levels were higher in P‐mussels than W‐mussels, this difference was only significant in the hepatopancreas (p < .05). Our in situ hybridization assay indicated that StAR‐like was localized to the outer fold of the mantle and the joint of the outer and middle folds of the mantle. The dsRNA interference of HcStAR‐like expression in G‐mussels was effective with an interference rate of 79.89% (p < .05). The total carotenoid content (TCC) in the mantle of the RNAi group decreased by 48.63% (p < .05). Our findings suggested that HcStAR‐like was involved in the accumulation of carotenoids and inner shell pigmentation in H. cumingii.
An Experimental Study to Strengthen Students’ Comprehension of Informational Texts: Is Teaching for Transfer Important?
Authors: Patton Samuel Allen , Fuchs Douglas , Hendricks Emma L. , Pennell Annie J. , Walsh Meagan E. , Fuchs Lynn S. , Tracy Wen Zhang , Haga Loulee Yen
Published: May 2022

Reading nonfiction texts with understanding is important to school success, yet many students struggle to do so. This randomized controlled trial extends previous research by contrasting an earlier iteration of a comprehension tutoring program (Comp) against a variant with strategies for transferring learning (Comp+Transfer). Participants were 189 fourth and fifth graders with weak reading comprehension. To evaluate their efficacy, we used commercially developed far‐transfer measures and experimenter‐made near‐ and mid‐transfer measures of reading comprehension. In contrast to controls, students in both programs significantly improved their understanding of near‐transfer passages. Additionally, students in Comp+Transfer improved performance on mid‐transfer passages. These findings suggest the value of teaching for transfer and the importance of measuring program efficacy with researcher‐made tests alongside commercial tests.
Contingent convertible bonds and macroeconomic stability in a stock‐flow consistent model
Authors: Kremer Elise , Tinel Bruno
Published: May 2022

This paper develops a kaleckian economy in a stock‐flow consistent (SFC) model to assess the effect of contingent convertible bonds (CoCos) in terms of stability through numerical simulations. The specific characteristics of the model are a dual sector of households (workers and investors) and a dual banking system (retail banks and investment banks). Two simulations are implemented. One focuses on an increase in defaults on workers' loans which triggers a write‐down of CoCos issued by retail banks and the other on a decrease in corporate share prices which triggers a write‐down of CoCos issued by investment banks. The overall effects are qualitatively similar. There is a shift of risks and adjustment costs from issuers to holders of CoCos which reduces companies' investment and investing‐households’ consumption. The simulations show that the triggering of CoCos has a positive effect on the balance sheet of CoCos issuers. It also reduces the cost of bailouts. In return, there is an increase in real and financial instability. Two regulatory recommendations follow from this research. (1) Banks could be required to issue a fraction of their debt in CoCos in order to reduce bailout costs. (2) When CoCos are activated, their issuer could be forced not to intervene on all or part of the financial markets, for a predefined period of time and/or value, in order to limit the destabilisation of price assets.
The new discourses of nation: The origins of nationalism in late eighteenth‐century Hungary (Part 2)
Authors: Almási Gábor , Šubarić Lav
Published: May 2022

The main thesis of this article is that nationalist political discourses emerged in Hungary more suddenly, radically, and earlier than previously thought. An underlying assumption is that nationalism may be best understood through an analysis of political discourses. The sudden appeal of these kinds of political discourses demands explanation. How did the discourses of nation overwrite earlier discourses? How did they gain social, political and cultural legitimacy? How were they related to the Enlightenment? In answering these questions, we first point to the ambiguity and fluidity of new concepts and terms, such as nation, language, fatherland, patriot, and foreigner. These key concepts of nationalist discourses provided innovative and independent sources of political legitimation. They enabled the frameworks of political life and thought to be re‐established. They made for an easy entry into politics because they were rooted in familiar, earlier political discourses. However, for the success of nationalism as a political paradigm, the new discourses of nation also had to make attractive ideological offers and project positive visions of the future. These offers, as we will show, were built on an appeal to “public happiness.” They bound together Magyarisation and nationalism and grew from an ideology into a political programme.
Impact of oral health literacy and psychoactive substances on tooth loss in adolescents
Authors: Lopes Roanny Torres , Neves Érick Tássio Barbosa , da Costa Dutra Laio , Ferreira Fernanda Morais , Paiva Saul Martins , Granville‐Garcia Ana Flávia
Published: May 2022

The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between tooth loss, and oral health literacy, the use of multiple psychoactive substances, and the reason for the last dental appointment in adolescents. A cross‐sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 746 adolescents aged 15–19 years in Campina Grande, Brazil. Parents/guardians answered a sociodemographic questionnaire. The adolescents answered the Brazilian version of the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD‐30), the alcohol, smoking, and substance involvement screening test, and an oral health questionnaire from the National Oral Health Survey. The adolescents were then examined by two examiners who had undergone training and calibration exercises for the diagnosis of tooth loss due to caries (K > 0.80). Associations between variables were investigated using robust logistic regression analysis for complex samples (α = 5%). The prevalence of tooth loss was 17.4%. Oral health literacy (OR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89–0.97) was inversely associated with tooth loss, while multiple psychoactive substance use (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.09–3.69) and last dental visit for treatment/symptoms (OR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.73–5.36) were directly associated with tooth loss. Oral health literacy, multiple psychoactive substance use, and reason for last dental appointment exerted an influence on tooth loss among adolescents.
Thinking outside the box, improvisation, and fast learning: Designing policy robustness to deal with what cannot be foreseen
Authors: Capano Giliberto , Toth Federico
Published: May 2022

Policies are continually subjected to turbulence and crises. Interest in policy robustness as a fundamental way to deal with what cannot be foreseen is increasing. Thus, there is a flourishing stream of literature suggesting that policies need to be designed to be agile and flexible. However, the associated characteristics remain undeveloped. This article fills this gap by drawing on lessons obtained from the unplanned behaviors that were adopted in the management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Individual and organizational behaviors characterized by outside the box thinking, improvisation, and fast learning yielded solutions to unexpected problems. In this article, some of these emblematic unplanned behaviors are assessed, and the research builds on the literature on policy robustness, crisis management, and organizational theory to identify three enabling conditions to design more robust policies: coordinated autonomy, training for unplanned responses, and political institutional capacity.