bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF LYGOCORIS FROM CANADA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Four new species of the genus Lygocoris Reuter, subgenus Neolygus Knight, are described: knighti and walleyi from Ontario; piceicola, from New Brunswick and Quebec; and atricallus from Ontario and Quebec. Male genitalia are illustrated, host plants are listed, and relationships to other species are discussed.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE) PARASITIC ON BALSAM GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: MacGown M. W. , Osgood E. A.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Platygaster accounting for high rates of parasitism in balsam gall midge are described. These appear to be widely distributed within the range of balsam fir in North America.
ANNUAL FLIGHT PATTERNS OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Elliott W. M.
Published: December 2009

Flights of green peach aphid alatae were recorded in suction traps and on trap plants from 16 May to 4 December. Four peaks of flight occurred in each of the years 1967–70, in early June, early July, late August and late September, the third being the largest. The aphid flew in very large numbers during August. There was a very significant correlation between the weekly catches from a suction trap and a group of Brussels sprouts trap plants at the same location and between two suction traps 3.2 km apart. By both methods the average weekly catch for 1967 > 1970 > 1969 > 1968.
MYZOCALLIS (AGRIOAPHIS) APTERA, A NEW BERBERIS-INFESTING APHID FROM INDIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. , Kumar R.
Published: December 2009

Myzocallis (Agrioaphis) aptera, a new aphid from India, is described and illustrated and its affinities noted. The host is Berberis vulgaris L.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DAHLBOMINUS FUSCIPENNIS (CHALCIDOIDEA: EULOPHIDAE) TO THE MICROSPORIDIAN THELOHANIA PRISTIPHORAE
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

It was observed that the parasite Dahlbominus fuscipennis Zett. was infected when developing in microsporidian-infected pupae of Neodiprion swainei Midd., Neodiprion lecontei Fitch, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh., and Pristiphora erichsonii Htg. The microsporidian was observed in the whole gut epithelium, fat body, and cerebral ganglial cells of the parasite. The parasitoid was infected only after the hosts had completed their winter diapause or at any time in non-diapausing species.
ON THE OCCURRENCE AND BIOLOGY OF NEPYTIA FREEMANI (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN UTAH
Authors: Klein William H. , Minnoch Maxine W.
Published: December 2009

Nepytia freemani Munroe reached outbreak proportions in one area in north central Utah in 1965 and subsided in early 1967. The looper has a 1-year life cycle and overwinters in the egg stage. Larvae issue from eggs in mid-May, feed during the summer months, and begin pupation in late July. Adults appear in August and females lay clusters of small oval eggs on both sides of the needle. White fir is the preferred host but Douglas-fir is also fed on. Even though defoliation was extremely heavy, topkill was the only permanent damage. Starved larvae fed on ground vegetation in the understory. Parasitism was heavy but its overall effectiveness in causing the sudden population decline is unknown.
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION FOR AEDES SIMICI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: December 2009

This paper discusses the status of three specimens of Aedes simici Baranov that are in the Canadian National Collection. One male labelled by Baranov as "typus" of this species, and one female labelled as a "cotypus", are shown to have no type-status. The remaining male is an authentic syntype and is designated the lectotype of A. simici. This species is left in synonymy with A. pulchritarsis Rondani.
EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF LARVAE OF CHORISTONEURA HOUSTONANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Heinrichs E. A.
Published: December 2009

Postembryonic changes in external morphological structures of Choristoneura houstonana (Grote) from first to last instars are described. A setal map for first and structures for first and last instars are described and illustrated. Possible generic characters are suggested.
SOME EFFECTS OF GAMMA RADIATION ON EARWIGS IN ONTARIO, CANADA (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Wilson W. A. , Wilde W. H. A.
Published: December 2009

Effects of varying levels (4–132 krad) of gamma radiation on moulting, feeding, co-ordination and locomotion, and wing development in Forficula auricularia L. are described and illustrated. A "radiation profile" shows the increased radiosensitivity of nymphs as compared to adult F. auricularia.
AN APPRAISAL OF TWO METHODS OF ANALYZING INSECT LIFE TABLES
Authors: Luck Robert F.
Published: December 2009

Two methods of analyses, Morris’ key-factor analysis and Varley and Gradwell’s method of analysis, purport to detect density-dependent and density-independent mortality. To test their claims, both methods were used to analyze a life table constructed from a model in which the mode of action of each mortality factor is known. The results show that Morris’ method can detect variation in mortality between generations but it cannot distinguish the density relationships of that mortality. On the other hand, Varley and Gradwell’s method of analysis was found to detect the density relationships of the mortality as it was modeled, when their modified method, the ’proof of density dependence test,’ is used in conjunction with the linear regression of k-value against the density on which it acts.
AN IMPROVED CHEMICALLY DEFINED DIET FOR LUCILIA SERICATA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: Barlow J. S. , Kollberg S.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the blowfly Lucilia sericata were shown to require more sodium in their diet than do larvae of Pseudosarcophaga affinis. A chemically denned diet, originally designed for P. affinis, and modified by the addition of agar to suit L. sericata, was further improved by substituting 0.04 g/l. of NaOH and an equivalent amount of KOH.
SINGLE FACTOR MORTALITY, THE ESSENCE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, AND ITS VALIDATION, IN THE FIELD
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: December 2009

A shift in the average number of an organism from an economic to a non-economic density, the goal of biological control, is usually brought about by the addition to the ecosystem of exotic "key" factors whose lethal action is more efficient and broader in scope than that of the mortality factors already operating.Such a shift in the homeostasis of a pest population can occur only when its protection from the lethal action of key factors is fortuitous. With fortuitous protection (in contrast to absolute protection) host-searching by parasite or predator populations is so unrestricted by physical barriers that no portion of the target population is continuously immune to attack.In many instances after the attainment of low-density homeostasis the controlling action of the added key factor does not appear to be either supplemental to or superimposed on the total pest mortality that had prevailed in the ecosystem but largely a substitution for that mortality through its displacement and greatly amplified replacement. Means for verifying the responsible key factor in a given locality following the importation and establishment of a possible key factor and observations on hierarchies of such factors are reviewed.
A METHOD FOR SAMPLING LARVAL AND EMERGING INSECTS USING AN AQUATIC BLACK LIGHT TRAP
Authors: Carlson Donald
Published: December 2009

A method is described for sampling aquatic insects using black light. Trap design, description of its placement, and conversion to a fumigator is explained. Total numbers of emerging insects captured by aquatic light trap are given and compared with catches in surface and bottom cone traps. Overall effectiveness of the black light trap is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON INTRASPECIFIC LARVAL COMPETITION IN THREE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF FLY PUPARIA
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Though they may hatch on any part of a housefly (Musca domesticaL.) pupa, most larvae ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) andMuscidifurax raptorG. & S. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) move to the host’s ventral abdominal area, and those ofSpalangia cameroniPerk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to the dorsal side of the abdomen, before feeding extensively. As many as 25 larvae ofN.vitripenniscan mature on a medium-sized housefly pupa; if more are present initially, those that hatch last usually die from starvation after the host has been consumed. In contrast, usually only one larva ofM.raptororS.cameronimatures on a host; this is often the larva that hatches first, because it attacks all parasite eggs that it encounters while moving over the fly pupa soon after hatching. Larval crowding inM.raptororS.cameroni, unlike that inN.vitripennis, does not affect the sex ratio of the survivors.
MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): I. SITE OF ASSEMBLY
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Bennett Edward W. , Bush Guy L.
Published: December 2009

The results of systematically conducted field observations revealed that the site of male:female assembly for mating in apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was exclusively on the fruit of the larval host plant. Laboratory observations were in strong agreement with this finding.
BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE), SEASONAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CROWNS OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA
Authors: Bryant D. G.
Published: December 2009

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), in Newfoundland is dimorphic and has three generations a year in the crowns of balsam fir trees. Two generations of the sistens, or diapausing form, predominate. Progredientes are more common than elsewhere in North America and occur on nearly all parts of a branch. They do not mature on current needles. The ratio of progredientes to sistentes is about 1:40 in balsam fir flowering years and 1:80 in non-flowering years. Aphid development in the spring is earliest at flowered internodes, 11 to 14 days later at 2-year-old nodes, a further 4 to 8 days later at older nodes, and latest at the shoot tips. Intra-crown and inter-tree differences in aphid development are small but measurable. Stratification of the tree crown is required for sampling during the first aphid generation.
BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF LEUCOPIS VERTICALIS (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: Sluss Thomas P. , Foote B. A.
Published: December 2009

The life cycle of Leucopis (Leucopis) verticalis Malloch, a chamaemyiid predator of mealybugs, is presented. There are at least two and probably four generations a year in northeastern Ohio, with overwintering occurring as diapausing pupae. Eggs are laid in or near colonies of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting such ornamental shrubs as Taxus cuspidata Sieb. and Zucc. var. hicksii Rehd (Japanese yew) and Euonymus Fortunei (Turez.) Hand-Mazz. (wintercreeper). The incubation period requires 48–72 hours at 21°–25 °C. Larvae complete development in 12–15 days. Larvae feed by breaking through the integument of the prey with their mouthhooks and sucking out the body contents. Each larva usually kills all of the immature mealybugs within a colony before attacking the stem mother. Puparia are formed within the remains of the destroyed colony. The pupal period of non-diapausing pupae requires about 12 days. Pupae formed after mid-September enter diapause and overwinter. The entire life cycle in nature can be completed in 33–42 days if no diapause intervenes.The egg, three larval instars, and puparium are described and illustrated.
STUDIES ON TECHNIQUES FOR THE XENIC AND ASEPTIC REARING OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Ross R. H. , Monroe R. E. , Butcher J. W.
Published: December 2009

A preliminary study to define a laboratory diet on which to rear the larvae of Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) was made. The rearing vials were very important and gaseous exchange was essential for proper rearing and moisture levels. It was found that wheat germ appeared to contain essential components or balance of nutrients necessary for rearing this insect. Ascorbic acid also appeared to be an important component either for its nutritional value or as an antioxidant protecting other labile dietary components. It also appeared, because of the feeding habits of this insect and the length of its life cycle, that the larvae may have to be periodically transferred to new diet formulations to insure the presence of changing necessary nutrient(s). Aseptic rearing of the larvae seemed to be feasible. It was found that eggs, surface sterilized in 0.1% hypochlorite solution for 10–15 minutes, could be aseptically introduced into containers without appreciable decrease in egg hatch; however, sustained asepsis was difficult to maintain in the rearing vials employed.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF A CONTINENTAL ELEMENT IN THE GROUND-BEETLE FAUNA OF EASTERN CANADA (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Lindroth Carl H.
Published: December 2009

Several species of ground-beetles, with main area in the interior of North America, have more or less isolated occurrences in eastern Canada. Some of them have clearly expanded their area in recent years and are no doubt late immigrants into the east; others may be old relicts. The geographical instability of the former group is explained as an eastward movement of a steppe element following the deforestation of the country, notably within the U.S.A., south of the Great Lakes.
THE EASTERN PINE-SHOOT BORER, EUCOSMA GLORIOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: DeBoo R. F. , Sippell W. L. , Wong H. R.
Published: December 2009

Eucosma gloriola Heinrich is distinguished from E. sonomana Kearfott, a closely related species, by using differences in morphology and distribution. E. gloriola is notably smaller in alar expanse and in size of male genitalia. The distribution of E. gloriola follows closely the natural range of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), while E. sonomana follows that of ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa Laws.).Eucosma gloriola overwinters in the pupal stage in the soil. Adults emerge from late April to mid-May in eastern and southern areas, and from late April to early June in northern areas. The insect passes through five larval instars within a pine shoot. Larvae emerge from shoots and drop to the ground in early July in eastern and southern areas, and somewhat later in northern areas.Symptoms of attack and injury by E. gloriola in two- and five-needle pines are distinct from those of other eastern shoot and tip moths. The destruction of leaders is the most important injury since stunted and deformed trees result from repeated attack.Large-scale chemical control methods as required in reforestation plantings of Christmas trees are difficult to achieve. Glypta sp. was the most abundant of five parasites reared from the eastern pine-shoot borer.
OCCURRENCE OF NEOSYMYDOBIUS MIMICUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

The location of a previously lost holotype slide of Neosymydobius mimicus Hottes is reported. N. mimicus occurs on Quercus macrocarpa Michx. in Manitoba.
IMMATURE STAGES AND BIOLOGY OF PODISUS PLACIDUS AND STIRETRUS FIMBRIATUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. , Yonke Thomas R.
Published: December 2009

The egg and five nymphal instars of Podisus placidus Uhler and Stiretrus fimbriatus (Say) are described and illustrated. The nymphal instars can be separated on the basis of head width or pronotal width. No overlap was encountered in the nymphal instars studied.P. placidus overwinters as an adult. Egg development in the laboratory took approximately 6.0 days. The average time spent in each of the five nymphal stages was 5.4, 4.6, 4.9, 4.7, and 7.6 days, respectively. Development of S. fimbriatus eggs took approximately 9.5 days. The average time spent in each of the five nymphal instars was 5.1, 4.3, 4.1, 4.3, and 8.2 days, respectively. Adults of S. fimbriatus were parasitized by Cylindromyia fumipennis (Bigot) (Tachinidae).
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Davis Wesley W.
Published: December 2009

Overwintering eggs of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), began to hatch 13 April 1970, and larval emergence was completed by 8 May. Individual egg masses hatched in an average of 4.3 days, but the total time for larval emergence in all egg masses spanned a 25-day period. No egg parasites were observed. Winter mortality of egg masses was only 2%.A pink bud spray of diazinon gave good control of the fruittree leafroller and did not affect biological control of spider mites. Chlorphenamidine showed promise, but trees sprayed with this material developed a high population of the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, during the summer. Phosalone and tetrachlorvinphos reduced the incidence of fruittree leafroller damage below that of the nonsprayed check but did not provide satisfactory control.
OVIPOSITION RESTRAINT OF MUSCIDIFURAX ZARAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON PARASITIZED HOUSEFLY PUPAE
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Females of Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L. oviposit on unparasitized housefly (Musca domestica L.) pupae in preference to those attacked by M. zaraptor, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.), or Spalangia cameroni Perk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The discrimination against parasitized houseflies is greatest in the case of those attacked by M. zaraptor and least for those parasitized by S. cameroni. Discrimination is based on differences between unparasitized and parasitized pupae that the female parasites detect after they pierce the pupae with the ovipositor. Death of parasitized hosts, or a change resulting directly therefrom, is not responsible for the differences. The fact that hosts pierced at or near the original drilling site are more likely to be rejected than those attacked elsewhere supports the hypothesis that a ’venom’ injected by the female parasites during oviposition diffuses throughout the host and is responsible for oviposition restraint.
THE WORLD RHYPAROCHROMINAE (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE): XII. TWO NEW SPECIES OF NAPHIUS, WITH A REVISED KEY TO SPECIES
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Naphius Stål are described, and a key to the known species is given.
AN IMPROVED BERLESE–TULLGREN FUNNEL AND A FLOTATION SEPARATOR FOR EXTRACTING GRASSLAND ARTHROPODS
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Nicholls C. F. , Redner J. H. , Semple R. B. , Turnbull A. L.
Published: December 2009

A Berlese–Tullgren funnel is described which features a 600-w heating element, a tray having a single bottom of new design, and ventilating screens below the tray to prevent condensation of moisture on the inner wall of the funnel. The funnel efficiently extracts grassland arthropods from coarse plant matter. Also described is a salt-water flotation separator, which extracts any arthropods from the fine litter and soil that may pass through the funnel screens.
DESCRIPTION OF EINFELDIA SYNCHRONA N. SP. (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Einfeldia synchrona, is described and compared with a closely related species, Einfeldia pagana (Meigen).
EFFICIENCY OF SUCROSE FLOTATION IN RECOVERING INSECT LARVAE FROM BENTHIC STREAM SAMPLES
Authors: Pask Wayne M. , Costa Robert R.
Published: December 2009

Duplicate benthic stream samples were collected from three sites on Sandy Creek (Lake Ontario Watershed) in Western New York, 8 and 22 September, 1970. Samples taken on 8 September were preserved in 10% formalin. Samples taken on 22 September were not preserved. Insect specimens were removed from both sets of samples by flotation with a sucrose solution of 1.12 sp. gr. Preserved and unpreserved samples were compared for efficiency of recovery of insect larvae. Mean recovery for preserved samples was 90.78% compared with 83.03% for unpreserved samples. The range of recovery values for unpreserved samples (66.7%) was more than twice as great as that of preserved samples (29.5%). A paired t-test for means of all taxa showed no significant difference (P < 0.001) between recovery values for preserved and unpreserved samples. In fact, preservation may enhance the recovery of certain groups—Zygoptera, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, and Chironomidae. Apparently samples may be preserved without sacrificing recovery of any specific groups of insect larvae.
LABORATORY TESTS TO COMPARE THE PREDATORY VALUE OF SIX MIRID SPECIES IN EACH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AGAINST THE WINTER EGGS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Lord F. T.
Published: December 2009

Six species of predacious Miridae, common to apple trees in Nova Scotia, were used to develop laboratory rearing and feeding techniques for comparing the abilities of predators to consume prey. The test prey species was the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in the winter egg stage. The numbers of eggs consumed per day and per instar in the tests compared favourably with the known predatory values of these mirids under orchard conditions. Both sources of information were used to give the predators a tentative rating. The mirids Hyaliodes harti Knight, Diaphnocoris pellucida (Uhler), Pilophorus perplexus D. and S., and Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.) are effective predators, approximately equal to each other in ability to consume the winter eggs of the red mite. The two species Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) and Atractotomus mali (Meyer), which are phytophagous as well as predacious, were less voracious.The results indicate it may be feasible to develop a series of weighting factors, one for each stage of each predacious species, based on ability to consume prey.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE LIFE-CYCLE OF ANAX JUNIUS (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Trottier Robert
Published: December 2009

The effect of temperature on the rate of development of Anax junius Drury was studied. Monthly larval samples were carried out for 2 years and laboratory experiments were conducted at constant temperatures. Field studies, at a eutrophic pond near Toronto, showed that in Canada populations of A. junius are not only maintained by migrants each year but also by residents. Two distinct populations were found, a summer (non-resident) population which developed from oviposition to emergence in approximately 3 months, from June to September, and an overwintering (resident) population which overwintered as half-grown larvae and developed in approximately 11 months from mid-July of one calendar year to the end of June of the next year. The former population was larger and comprised approximately 48% males and the latter was smaller and comprised approximately 41% males. A threshold temperature of development of 8.7° ± 0.1 °C was determined in the laboratory for the development of final-instar larvae of the summer population. The rate of development of final-instar larvae, reared at constant temperature, was similar to that of the entire summer aquatic stages which developed in fluctuating temperature. An average of 1332 degree-days ± 1% was required for development from the onset of oviposition to the onset of emergence of the summer population; whereas 20.5% more degree-days were required for the development of the overwintering population, employing the threshold temperature of 8.7 °C as determined for the summer population.It is recommended that correlation between degree-day totals and duration of larval development be used in further studies as a means for understanding the migration pattern and also the climatic limit of distribution for A. junius.
ASSOCIATION OF SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND PHORADENDRON BOLLEANUM SUBSPECIES PAUCIFLORUM ON ABIES CONCOLOR
Authors: Felix L. S. , Uhrenholdt B. , Parmeter J. R.
Published: December 2009

Attacks by Scolytus ventralis on white fir were correlated both with periods of low precipitation and with medium to heavy infestations of true mistletoe. Trees were seldom attacked when the "running mean precipitation" was above 54 in. Attacks were significantly more frequent and were often a year or more earlier on trees with substantial amounts of mistletoe. Broods were seldom produced, however.Data suggest that heavy mistletoe infestation rendered trees more susceptible to beetle infestation, possibly by creating moisture stress in infected trees.
TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD EFFECTS ON THE IMMATURE STAGES AND ADULTS OFNEODIPRION SWAINEI(HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Philogène Bernard J. R. , Benjamin Daniel M.
Published: December 2009

Larvae ofNeodiprion swaineiMidd. were reared to the adult stage under controlled conditions of temperature and photoperiod. The effects of temperature are particularly evident during the larval stage, cocoon spinning, and adult emergence and are also observed through variation in cocoon weight and fecundity. Feeding, fecundity, and diapause are directly related to photoperiod. Larvae eat more when the photophase is long, an effect that is detrimental to the organism because there is a parallel loss of energy expressed in the number of day-degrees required to complete development.
THE MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OF THE LARVAE OF HYPODERMA (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) LINEATUM AND H. BOVIS
Authors: Murray V. I. E.
Published: December 2009

The Malpighian tubules of Hypoderma are endodermal in origin. There are two pairs, each pair uniting to form a common duct. The origin and distribution of the tubules in the first instar larva is different from that of the second and third instars; however, in these two later instars the pattern is similar. The lengths of the tubules in each stage of development depend on the degree of coiling. The musculature connecting the tubules, dorsal vessel, and hindgut are described.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. XI
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following new taxa are described: Aurorobotys n. gen., type-species Ebulea aurorina Butler, Japan; A. crassispinalis n. sp., Chekiang Province, China; Tenerobotys n. gen., type-species Hapalia teneralis Caradja; T. t. tsinlingalis n. subsp., Shensi Province, China; T. subfumalis subfumalis n. sp. and subsp., Taiwan; T. s. continentalis n. subsp., Hunan Province, China; Carminibotys n. gen., type-species Pyrausta carminalis Caradja; C. c. iwawakisana n. subsp., Honshu, Japan.
TWO NEW STENUS FROM EASTERN CANADA (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Puthz Volker
Published: December 2009

Two new species of the genus Stenus Latr. (subgenus Hypostenus) are described: one from Quebec, the other one from Newfoundland.
RESPONSES OF MALES OF THE 10-LINED JUNE BEETLE, POLYPHYLLA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE), TO FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE
Authors: Lilly C. E. , Shorthouse J. D.
Published: December 2009

The presence of a sex pheromone was demonstrated in females of the 10-lined June beetle, Polyphylla decemlineata (Say). The pheromone, located in the female abdomen, was extracted with ethanol and with diethyl ether and was bioassayed in the field. Males responded to females at heights of 8–18 ft on trees, and to the extracted pheromone at heights of 6–12 ft on wooden stakes.
A NEW SPECIES OF DIGAMASELLUS (ACARINA: DIGAMASELLIDAE) FROM LOUISIANA
Authors: Robillard James
Published: December 2009

A new species of digamasellid mite, Digamasellus quadritorus, is described and illustrated. It occurs with Ips beetles under the bark of slash pine in Louisiana.
MITES ASSOCIATED WITH SOUTHERN PINE BARK BEETLES IN ALLEN PARISH, LOUISIANA
Authors: Moser John C. , Roton Lawrence M.
Published: December 2009

Ninety-six species of mites were associated with the southern pine beetle and allied scolytids in an outbreak area in Allen Parish, La. The complex was evaluated to ascertain which species may be of value as biological control agents.
A REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS NEOLEUCOPIS (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

A taxonomic treatment of the adults of the 12 known species of Neoleucopis Malloch, a subgenus of Leucopis Meigen, whose larvae prey on Adelgidae, is presented. The genotype, N. pinicola Malloch from North America, and two European species, N. atratula (Ratzeburg) and N. obscure Haliday, are redescribed; a neotype is designated for the former species and a lectotype is selected for the latter one. N. tapiae Blanchard, described from Argentina but known from many parts of the world, and N. manii Tanasijtshuk from India, are also redescribed. Seven new species are described: aciliosa (Japan), ancilla (Oregon), freyi (Switzerland, Finland), militia (Pakistan), nigraluna (India), orbiseta (Finland), and setigera (Chile). The paper includes a key to adults, and 40 figures.
OVERWINTERING OF SOME NORTH TEMPERATE AND ARCTIC CHIRONOMIDAE: II. CHIRONOMID BIOLOGY
Authors: Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

Several aspects of overwintering were studied in the larvae of selected species of chironomids living in shallow ponds.In two species (Einfeldia synchrona Oliver and Polypedilum simulons (Townes)) from a pond near Ottawa, Ont. (45° N.), development ceased in mid-November and the gut was subsequently evacuated. A species of Chironomus from another pond did not evacuate the gut although feeding ceased. In the laboratory, larval development of Einfeldia collected at any time of year continued except at low temperatures, but pupation occurred only at long day-lengths. Seasonal changes in horizontal distribution were apparently not primarily related to possible winter effects, but to water depth changes. Larvae of E. synchrona penetrated deeper mud layers during winter (as well as in midsummer); those of P. simulans were always confined to superficial mud layers.The later instars, at least in Chironomini, usually predominated during the winter, but season to season variation was marked. In the arctic all instars except the first were present. Closed winter cocoons were found in several temperate and arctic species. Some were made by sealing an existing tube, others by building a more or less transparent tightly applied cocoon. Inside these cocoons, the larvae were tightly folded in different ways more or less characteristic of the species. At Ottawa, cocoons were usually formed well after ice cover, and partly in response to low temperatures. Larvae showed a lower water content in winter than in summer. In the arctic, larvae were also somewhat dehydrated in winter, but there was in addition a different type of dehydration which resulted in shrivelling.There was no significant ability to resist freezing by inoculation with ice. Freezing tolerance was found in some temperate and all arctic larvae and was temperature- and time-dependent. In temperate areas, freezing-tolerant larvae were nevertheless freezing-susceptible in summer.These studies and previous findings are discussed in relation to winter habitat conditions and the remainder of the life-cycle. Generalizations are compromised by complex inter- and intra-species differences and by habitat variations. Freezing tolerance is widely distributed through the genera of most subfamilies except the Tanypodinae, and is probably most general in the Orthocladiinae. Since there are few specializations of larval physiology which explain such tolerance, the Chironomidae can probably be considered as largely pre-adapted to a rigorous winter environment.
THE PSOCOPTERA OF THE CANADIAN NEPAL EXPEDITION
Authors: New T. R.
Published: December 2009

Both sexes of a new species ofPsococerastis, a new species ofTrichadenotecnum, a new species ofStenopsocus, and single sexes of a second newTrichadenotecnum, a new species ofPseudocaecilius, a new species ofEctopsocus, a new species ofDasypsocus, and two new species ofCaeciliusare described from material collected in Nepal. Augmented descriptions ofPsococerastis nirvanus(Banks) and ofP.taprobanesvar.bengalensis(Kolbe) are given, and a description of the female ofScytopsocopsis hirtipennaLee and Thornton. A total of 14 species were identified.
TWO NEW SPECIES AND THREE NEW SUBSPECIES OF ACANTHOPSYLLA FROM AUSTRALIA, WITH SOME NOTES ON THE GENUS (SIPHONAPTERA: PYGIOPSYLLIDAE)
Authors: Holland G. P.
Published: December 2009

The number of valid forms of Acanthopsylla Jordan and Rothschild in Australia now stands at 12 including, as new species, dunneti and incerta, and as new subspecies, rothschildi multidentata, scintilla rectangulata, and scintilla tasmanica. Descriptions are provided for these and notes and illustrations on some of the others. A. rothschildi victoriana is reduced to synonymy with A. r. rothschildi.
EDGE-EFFECT BIAS IN THE SAMPLING OF SUB-CORTICAL INSECTS
Authors: Safranyik L. , Graham K.
Published: December 2009

Two general models are presented to describe the relations between the average number of insects bisected by sampling unit boundaries, the per cent edge-effect bias of mean-brood-density estimates, the shape and size of the average individual, and the shape and size of the sampling unit. The two general models, when expanded specifically for sampling late-stage mountain pine beetle broods, gave excellent fit to experimental data. The expanded equations are approximations since individual insects were considered as being rectangular in shape and the angles of the long axes of their orientation relative to the sampling unit boundary were considered to have a uniform frequency distribution. Edge-effect bias was a function of the size and shape of the organism and those of the sampling unit. Edge-effect bias resulting from faulty sampling-unit-area delineation is also considered, and suggestions are made for its reduction in sample surveys of sub-cortical insects.
RELATION OF SEXUPARA PRODUCTION IN THE WOOLLY PEAR APHID, ERIOSOMA PYRICOLA (HOMOPTERA: PEMPHIGIDAE), TO TREE GROWTH IN THE FIELD
Authors: Swenson K. G.
Published: December 2009

Sexupara production in the pear root aphid, Eriosoma pyricola Baker & Davidson, was closely associated with the cessation of shoot growth of its host in the field in irrigated and non-irrigated plots in two successive, but phenologically different years. Neither the environment nor the host plant were unfavorable at the time the sexuparae were formed, indicating that the aphid uses the host plant as a source of seasonal information.

The nature of synchronization between active development of univoltine insects and trees is discussed. It is concluded that the initiation of dormancy in trees and diapause in insects is not likely to be synchronized by a common set of environmental factors. Either regulation of insect diapause by host trees is more common than is currently recognized, or environmental and age differences in tree growth have favored selection for obligate diapause.
PLATYGYMNOPA, A NEW GENUS OF EPHYDRIDAE REARED FROM DECAYING SNAILS IN NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA)
Authors: Wirth Willis W.
Published: December 2009

Platygymnopa new genus, type species P. helicis new species, is described from the northern United States and southern Canada, with type locality McHenry Co., North Dakota. In Montana, P. helicis was reared from larvae feeding within dead snails (Physidae, Aplexa hypnorum (L.)).
A NEW SUBGENUS AND SPECIES OF MIDGE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) FROM SINGAPORE
Authors: Chan K. L. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Forcipomyia from Singapore is described in all stages. Although the female adult could be placed in Lepidohelea Kieffer (1917) by the possession of scales in addition to bristles and hairs, the male genitalia are distinctive. A new subgenus, Schizoforcipomyia, is erected to accommodate this species whose larva has a bilobed anal pseudopod and whose male genitalia are intermediate between Forcipomyia s. str. and Proforcipomyia.
THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) FOUND IN THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS ANEGADA, BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
Authors: Curry Laverne L. , Curry M. Catharine
Published: December 2009

Larval forms of Chironomidae were collected on the U.S. Virgin Islands and Anegada, British Virgin Islands. A total of 16 species were found and seven of these were reared to the adult. The species represented 3 subfamilies, 4 tribes, and 12 genera. Species of the genus Chironomus were the most widespread and abundant. In addition, 4 species of Ceratopogonidae and 1 of Chaoboridae were collected.
MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE FEMALE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Outram I.
Published: December 2009

The morphology and histology of the internal reproductive system of the female spruce budworm moth,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), is described and discussed, with notes on the spermatophore and egg development.
SPORADIC PARTHENOGENESIS IN THREE SPECIES OF CHIRONOMUS (DIPTERA)
Authors: Grodhaus Gail
Published: December 2009

Female midges were reared in isolation and allowed to produce unfertilized eggs. Some egg batches of Chironomus atrella, C. attenuatus, and C. stigmaterus showed evidence of parthenogenesis. In C. attenuatus 733 unhatched embryos and 191 hatched larvae were counted among approximately 9771 eggs produced by 12 females. In attempts to rear them, some of the parthenogenetic larvae attained the fourth instar.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF LEPTOCHIRONOMUS STILIFER (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) AND THE CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS LEPTOCHIRONOMUS
Authors: Kugler J.
Published: December 2009

It is proposed to consider the taxon Leptochironomus Pagast as a genus which includes: L. tener (Kieffer), L. aegyptius (Kieffer), L. stilifer (Freeman), and L. deribae (Freeman). L. paraderibae La ville and Tourenq is regarded as a synonym of L. deribae.The juvenile stages of L. stilifer are described. The opinion is expressed that the juvenile stages described as Chironominae genuinae No. 4 (Lipina 1927), Microchironomus conjugens Kieffer (Lenz 1926), and Microchironomus No. 1 (Zavrel 1931) belong to Leptochironomus.
NOMENCLATURE AND PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUSHARNISCHIA(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Saether Ole A.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is presented indicating thatHarnischiaKieffer in the sense of Lenz is correct.Harnischia sensuBeck & Beck then becomes a synonym ofCryptocladopelmaLenz (which, however, is formally anomen nudum). Synonyms of the genusHarnischiaare given. Corrections and additions to the descriptions ofHarnischia curtilamellata(Mall.) (syn.H.pseudosimplexGoetgh. syn. nov.) are given. The genusHarnischiais characterized. The phylogeny of theHarnischiacomplex is discussed.
PHENOLOGY OF MIDGES IN EXPERIMENTAL PONDS
Authors: Dendy J. S.
Published: December 2009

Adult midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) were recorded at experimental ponds during all months. Data from 13 years were combined by months. Submerged traps yielded 50 species. Other methods of collecting obtained 15 additional species. Traps in 12 similar 0.1-ha ponds beside a permanent slow-flowing supply-canal yielded 45 species. Traps in a 1.95-ha pond that lacked such a canal yielded 15 species.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) INHABITING THE LEAF AXILS OF TWO SPECIES OF BROMELIACEAE ON ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS
Authors: Miller Andrew C.
Published: December 2009

On St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, the leaf axils of two species of Bromeliaceae were sampled for dipterous larvae. One half of the collections were made from the axils of Tillandsia utriculata, restricted almost entirely to the dry, coastal portions of the island, and the other half from Aechmea lingulata, found in the moist mountainous regions. Three species of Chironomidae, representing three subfamilies, and five other families of nematocerous larvae were found. Though species of Diptera were found throughout the island, the Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae were restricted to the dry areas, and the Culicidae were found predominantly in Aechmea lingulata, on Bordeaux Mountain.
SWARMING AND MATING OF CHIRONOMUS RIPARIUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Caspary V. G. , Downe A. E. R.
Published: December 2009

By restricting the swarming behaviour of Chironomus riparius Meigen, in a series of five swarm suppression cages, it was found that reduced swarming resulted in fewer matings and less oviposition. With total suppression of swarming no matings occurred.

When swarming volume was incrementally reduced vertically or horizontally, it was found that the minimum vertical or horizontal dimension for swarming to occur was 2–3 cm. The mating rate was determined by the detection of labelled spermatozoa in autoradiographs. Thus swarming appears to have an epigamic function in C. riparius and is an essential precursor to mating and oviposition.
INTRASPECIFIC AND INTERSPECIFIC BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF CHIRONOMUS PALLIDIVITTATUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Hein J. , Schmulbach J. C.
Published: December 2009

A chironomid population found in a temporary pond in South Dakota and believed to be conspecific with the European Chironomus pallidivittatus was studied. Field and laboratory observations of intraspecific mating behavior are reported. The percentages of females producing viable eggs in crosses of C. pallidivittatus males with females of C. tentons and C. crassicaudatus were 6.2% and 6.3% respectively. In the reciprocal combinations, mating was difficult to induce and no viable eggs were produced. Neither the South Dakota population nor the European species called C. pallidivittatus conform to the morphology of the lectotype.
CHIRONOMID (DIPTERA) BIOCOENOSES IN SCANDINAVIAN GLACIER BROOKS
Authors: Steffan August Wilhelm
Published: December 2009

Glacier brooks in Northern Scandinavia have been investigated for the occurrence of chironomid larvae and pupae. In the uppermost zone of glacier brooks with a very narrow temperature amplitude, Diamesa lindrothi is the most abundant species. In a lower zone with a wide diurnal temperature amplitude during summer months, the simuliid Prosimulium macropyga is more abundant, along with other species of Diamesa. Lacking any primary organic production, the diptera larvae living here feed on particles drifted up on the glacier surface, conserved there and released into the glacier brook by the melting of the ice. The larvae of Diamesa lindrothi have developed adjustments to obviate the strong water current and the instability of the benthic substratum: The mature larvae spin nets over small stone cavities where they live, and thus prevent the pupal stage from being washed downstream. The Diamesa associations in glacier brooks have to be regarded as distinct freshwater biocoenoses. They have to be considered as belonging to the biocoenosis type kryon, and the brooks themselves according to the biotope type kryal. They differ from the krenal and rhithral biotope types by both abiotic and biotic peculiarities, and from the equivalent biocoenosis types by their characteristic life forms and animal associations.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. XII
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following new pyraustine taxa are described: Parbattia serrata n. sp., Sikkim and northern India; P. arisana n. sp., Taiwan; Epiparbattia gloriosalis whalleyi n. subsp., Assam.
ASSESSMENT OF TOBACCO LOSSES CAUSED BY THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), DELHI, ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

Intensive studies on the damage and losses of flue-cured tobacco caused by the dark-sided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), were carried out in the field at Delhi, Ont., during 1967 and 1968. A new method for estimating the accurate tobacco crop losses is illustrated. Assessment of damage of the tobacco plant and the population density in relation to the yield are described. The yield was significantly related, negatively, to the dark-sided cutworm density, and was reduced in the cutworm-damaged blocks in comparison with the yield in the undamaged check blocks. Assessment of average losses caused by the species was 17% of marketable tobacco, which, based on the average current prices, would amount to 200 dollars per acre or approximately 25 million dollars over the country as a whole every year.
THE ABATEMENT OF NUISANCE SPECIES OF TRICHOPTERA WITH DDT APPLIED TO THE RESTING SITES OF ADULTS
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

Abatement programs for nuisance species of Trichoptera at Fort Erie, Ont., and Montreal, Que., are compared and attempts are made to determine why the former was successful throughout 16 consecutive years but failed in the 17th, whereas the Montreal project was not successful in its initial test. In both, DDT was used as a residual insecticide in the resting places of the adults. It is suggested that DDD (TDE) be considered as a substitute for DDT if a relatively waterproof, residual insecticide is required for this specific purpose.
THE CONSUMPTION OF EUPHORBIA CYPARISSIAS (EUPHORBIACEAE) BY LARVAE OF CELERIO EUPHORBIAE (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE)
Authors: New T. R.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory feeding experiments on Celerio euphorbiae (L.) showed that each larva consumed about 2.7 g dry weight of Euphorbia cyparissias L. Laboratory-reared and field-collected larvae produced pupae of similar weights and the close similarity between the fresh and dry weights of control-fed larvae and larvae allowed to feed freely indicates that laboratory results are readily extrapolated to field conditions. On one infested site, at Braeside, Ont., the amount of spurge foliage was measured and the density of larvae needed to graze it fully was estimated at 14/m2 completing development. Preliminary data on an energy budget of the larva are discussed in relation to possible damage to the plant.
INSECT ATTRACTANTS, ANTI-ATTRACTANTS, AND REPELLENTS
Authors: Wright R. H. , Chambers D. L. , Keiser Irving
Published: December 2009

Anti-attractants, defined as substances with little or no intrinsic repellency but with the property of diminishing the attractiveness of a lure, are predicted on spectroscopic grounds and their existence demonstrated in experiments with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and Dacus cucurbitae (Coquillett).
LABORATORY STUDIES OF PREDATION OF SNAILS BY LARVAE OF THE MARSH FLY, SEPEDON TENUICORNIS (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE)
Authors: Geckler Robert P.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the marsh fly, Sepedon tenuicornis Cresson, were used to determine (1) number and approximate volume of snails killed before pupation, (2) time required to make the first kill as a function of distance and snail density, and (3) vulnerability of snails of different sizes to larvae of different sizes.Results1. Mean number of snails killed (by 34 larvae): 8.1 ± 2.5, (S.E.) Volume: 544 ± 256 mm3.2. Regression line relating time required to kill as a function of snail density: T (minutes) = 65.3–111.6 × (snail density).Regression line relating time to kill and snail densities of 0.6 and 1.2 snails/cm as a function of distance from snails: T = 0.79–0.33 × (distance).Data from a snail density of 0.3/cm could not be pooled because of high day-to-day variation in larvae.3. Vulnerability of snails can be expressed for each larva length by the equation: Fraction of snails killed = a + b × (snail size).

Values of a and b are as follows:
MOISTURE CONTENT AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF LABORATORY DIETS FOR THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: McKinlay K. S. , Randell R. L.
Published: December 2009

Feeding studies showed that survival to adult and adult body weight were much reduced when colonies of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius), were reared on a diet of fresh lettuce alone. This was largely due to the high moisture content of the fresh lettuce. Dried-lettuce meal, bran, or alfalfa meal as supplements to increase the intake of solids improved survival and body weight very markedly.