bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placing the Past: the Bronze Age in the Cultic Topography of Early Greece*
Authors: Antonaccio Carla M
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to make a contribution towards understanding the development of one type of social landscape, the sacred landscapes of the protohistorical Greek Iron Age. This phase presents opportunities in some ways similar to those for Iron Age Europe; for example, in reconstructing the complex interplay of factors in a period strongly conditioned by the past and fundamental for the future. The Greek Iron Age requires different treatment from either the Bronze Age or the historical Archaic and Classical phases, however, as will become apparent. From the beginning, the study of sanctuaries has always held a privileged position in classical archaeology. Focusing on the recovery and reconstruction of major monuments (a concern that persists to the present), votive offerings made at sanctuaries have been scrutinized to various ends, including identifying the cult, or the votaries. While new frameworks of enquiry and interpretation have been constructed, for example the class and gender of worshippers, most studies have remained within the confines of these traditional approaches, many of them grounded in some version of formal analysis.
The Evolution of a Sacral ’Landscape’: Isthmia, Perachora, and the Early Corinthian State
Authors: Morgan Catherine
Published: November 2023

In La Naissance de la cite grecque, Frarnçois de Polignac described the creation of networks of sanctuaries and shrines as a direct and conscious response to the immediate social and political needs of newly emerging poleis. He thus saw it as an essentially eighth- and seventh-century phenomenon. Whilst recognizing the importance of city-centre shrines as focal points for the expression of community identity, de Polignac laid particular stress on the emergence of sanctuaries situated in marginal or border locations, and especially on their role in cementing relations between town and country and in focusing and defining the inherently ambiguous relationship between the community and its human or divine ’neighbours’. Since these sanctuaries embodied all the relations essential to the polis (linking town and country, human and divine, citizen and non-citizen), for de Polignac their creation represented the ’acte constitutif’ of the polis itself.
Horace, Odes 4. 5: Pro Reditu Imperatoris Caesaris Divi Filii Augusti
Authors: Quesnay I M Le M Dc
Published: November 2023

In the late summer of 1 5 BC Augustus wrote to Horace from Gaul and requested a poem to commemorate the magnificent victory which his stepsons, Tiberius and Drusus, had won over the Vindelici. The care that was being taken over the representation of this victory and its significance is revealed by the choice of 1 August as the day of victory, the fifteenth anniversary of the fall of Alexandria in 30 BC.2 The Gallic campaign also provided a focal point for a further refinement and redefinition of the role of Augustus. The war had been conducted under the auspicia or Augustus by Tiberius and Drusus acting as the legati. Since Augustus had secured through his pictas and his special relationship with the gods the divine support without which there would have been no victory, it was Augustus, not Tiberius or Orusus, who was acclaimed as imperator for the victory. The importance attached to communicating effectively this carefully nuanced relationship between Augustus and his legati is reflected in the coinage of this period.
Horace and the Aesthetics of Politics
Authors: Fowler D P
Published: November 2023

THE attitude of Horace to the Augustan regime ‘Horaz und Augustus’ —is one of the perennial themes of Horatian criticism. As E. Doblhofer commented in his book Dil’ AugLJstuspancgyrik des Horta in formalhistorischer Sicht, critics have often divided on national lines: Der deutsche Untertan mit seinem Respekt vor der Obrigkeit und der Staatsmacht, der individualistische, angelsachsische Demokrat und der Italiener der neuen Republik, der es Augustus buBen lassen mochte, daB der Faschismus seinen Duce mit dem Princeps gleichsetzte—sie haben wohl alle ihre Spuren auch in der Horazinterpretation hinterlassen und das Bild gefarbt, das man sich von dem Verhaltnis Horazens zu Augustus machte.
Seduction and Repetition in Ovid’s Ars Amatoria 2
Authors: Sharrock Alison
Published: November 2023

The Ars Amatoria is a poem about sex and poetry, and poetry as sex. Witty and subversive, it is a poem of seduction about seduction: the seduction of the `implied' reader being initiated into the art of love, and ourselves, as we are seduced by the poet into the act of reading the poem. This book offers a new and sophisticated critical assessment of the poem, based on the close analysis of certain passages, whilst at the same time being concerned with the reading of Ovidian poetry generally. Dr Sharrock's study is overtly theoretical, influenced in particular by deconstruction and reader-response theory, with an emphasis on intertextuality. In it she discusses a range of original and important issues: the traditions of didactic poetry and of elegy; the nature of the addressee in literature; the relationship between author and reader, speaker and addressee; poetic self-display; digression and relevence; programmatic theory and poetic value under the sign of Callimachus. This is an important and innovative work, which should be of interest not only to classicists but also to literary critics and theorists in English and other literatures.
Callimachean Apollo and the Long and Short of Art
Authors: Sharrock Alison
Published: November 2023

When Apollo suddenly appears in the poem at v. 493, his presence commands attention, and proclaims the cardinal importance of the scene within the poetic scheme of the Ars (2. 493-508): While I was singing this, Apollo, suddenly present, struck with his thumb the strings of his golden lyre.
Thus We See? Re-reading ‘Reading the Ars Amatoria’
Authors: Sharrock Alison
Published: November 2023

So how do you keep a reader? Answer: you repeat the seduction-differently. Keeping a girl involves finding new ways of catching, seducing, ‘wooing’ her, over and over again, the same old story: aliter idem, the same differently. But when is repetition ‘the same’? The phrase ‘I love you’ is always and never a quotation, always and never the same. It is always a repetition and as such is general, but also always particular. In interaction (intercourse?) with the text of Ovid, the acts of reading and loving are collapsed into an identification, according to which the story Ovid tells of the maintenance of a relationship is as poetic as it is erotic. It is a story of metapoetry. We make sense of relationships against the background of other relationships, both our own and those we encounter at second hand: likewise, we make sense of reading, as of any act of communication, by means of reference to other readings. Ovid’s display of repetition as the root of erotic success could perhaps be taken as paragidmatic for communication itself, for it is the iterability of any piece of language that makes it intelligible.
Ovid and the Failure of Rhetoric
Authors: Tarrant Richard
Published: November 2023

The Elder Seneca does not on the whole cut an imposing figure in the annals of literary criticism, but his effect on the interpretation of Ovid’s poetry has been lasting and profound. The information Seneca transmits about Ovid’s youthful study of declamation is a staple in any account of the poet’s life; it has also provided a factual basis for the constantly repeated characterization of Ovid’s writing as ‘rhetorical’. Exactly what is meant by this description is often hard to make out, but at one level the aptness of the term can hardly be disputed: Ovid’s poetry displays the techniques of formal rhetoric, and in particular the use of formally structured arguments as an instrument of persuasion, more often and more openly than that of any other Latin poet. Only an austere critic indeed would deny the relevance of what Seneca tells us about Ovid’s declamatory studies to this conspicuous feature of his writing.
Ut ornatius et uberius dici posset: Morals into Epigram in the Elder Seneca
Authors: Anderson Graham
Published: November 2023

Donald Russell has epitomized the peculiarities of Greek declamation in a characteristically terse treatment. His title Greek Declamation might invite the assumption that Roman declamation was somehow ‘different’, if often parallel in its aims, methods, and manner. Roman declaimers might have been expected to claim superiority to the Greeks in sense of responsibility, moral conviction, gravitas, and operation within a single and highly regarded legal system; but such distinctions are difficult to press when the overall body of Roman declamatory material is examined. Declaimers’ silliness, ethical perversity, and legal fantasy were familiar criticisms in antiquity itself.3 Moreover, in some cases at least writers who used the medium were only too well aware of its moral dubiety. When Petronius presents declamatory performance in the school-scene of a novel it is quite clearly being undercut.
On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth
Authors: Purcell Nicholas
Published: November 2023

One of the most potent ways of labelling enemies in the ancient rhetoric of war was identifying them by their city. Cities were among the most highly developed symbols of state identity, and Roman leaders, like the kings whom they came increasingly to imitate, had to form their plans and policies around cities and their various claims to status or power. Founding, refounding, and major embellishment were normal ingredients in rulers’ city-policy. Destruction was just as effective, directly proportional in its impact to the fame or beauty of what was destroyed. The ruination of cities is a statement in the same symbolic language as founding or beautifying them: a Dresden or a Dubrovnik attracts both the tourist and the Baedeker raid. In antiquity, the city embodied much more than art or cultural heritage. Attacking famous ancient cities in the manner of Alexander or Demetrius Poliorcetes was important to a conqueror’s image. The style of the attack, the fate of the people, and the extent of the damage all had their resonances. Sacks were normal: wholesale destruction evoked Nineveh, Miletus, King Xerxes at Athens, and, above all, Troy.
Sense of Place in the Orations of Dio Chrysostom
Authors: Trapp Michael
Published: November 2023

Sense of place is a quality the ancient epideictic orator was frequently called upon to display. Both the call and his response could take a number of different forms. He was, characteristically, a traveller who spoke to many different gatherings and in many communities other than his own. It was often highly important for him to convey a lively sense of his own appreciation of where he was and to whom he was speaking: an assurance to his audience that they had before them someone whose rich sense of their identity and worth qualified him to address their concerns, and to receive their close attention. This is most obviously true of civic encornia, in which community and place are directly addressed and praised.
The Poetics of the Paraphthegma: Aelius Aristides and the Decorum of Self-Praise
Authors: Rutherford Ian
Published: November 2023

The subject of this chapter is one of the most boastful works of prose to survive from antiquity, Aelius Aristides’ Concerning a Remark in Passing, which he wrote to justify an incidental comment in praise of himself dropped while delivering a prose-hymn in honour of Athena. This may seem an inappropriate choice for a volume of essays honouring Donald Russell, whose modesty is famous. But the issues covered in the paper are ones that have engaged him throughout his professional life. And, though he has never written on this particular work, I suspect that he has been touched by its charms.
Criticism Ancient and Modern
Authors: Feeney Denis
Published: November 2023

Classicists have long taken it for granted that an acquaintance with the literary criticism of the ancients is a useful skill for the student of their literature to master. This rather general and often unarticulated assumption, part of a larger professional concern with unanachronistic historical fidelity, has recently been given a much sharper focus in the work of Francis Cairns and Malcolm Heath. The latter scholar in particular has claimed, not merely that ancient literary criticism is a useful supplement to the critical apparatus of the modern scholar, but that ancient literary criticism is in effect the only apparatus which the modern scholar may use for the purpose of ‘poetics’, an activity defined as ‘a historical enquiry into the workings of a particular system of conventions in a given historical and cultural context’. In the case of fifth-century Attic tragedy, for example, despite the fact that we have no contemporary critical testimony to speak of outside Aristophanes, we are assured by Heath that ‘even a fourth-century writer is a priori more likely to be a reliable guide to tragedy than the unreconstructed prejudices of the modern reader’.
Introduction
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

Except when subject to the despotic rule of a single man (‘tyrant’) or a small clique, the states of ancient Greece enjoyed constitutional government by their citizens—essentially, by the free adult males of native descent, subject to a property qualification or not according to the complexion of the régime. In most states the ultimate decision-making body was an assembly of citizens, and decisions other than appointments to office are referred to as decrees (psephismata, ‘things voted’ —etymologically, but not always in fact, voted by ballot). The object of this book is to study the decision-making procedures of the Greek states, and the extent to which the citizens were actively involved in those procedures, from our earliest evidence, in the seventh century ec, to our latest evidence for traditional Greek civic institutions, in the third or occasionally the fourth century AD; and it will focus on what is known of the individual decrees of the assemblies and of other bodies whose role in their states was political and not simply religious or social.
The Enactment of Decrees
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

Since the material on Athens is relatively plentiful, and has been well studied, a separate section of this book is devoted to Athens, to indicate the questions in which I am interested, the approaches which I use and the results which can be obtained.In Athens as in many states in the Greek world there was a principle of probouleusis, requiring that, before a citizen assembly had the last word on any matter, the matter should receive ‘prior consideration’ by a smaller body: Ath. Pol. 45. iv formulates the principle for Athens: ‘The people are not permitted to decide anything which is not the subject of prior consideration and placed on the agenda by the prytaneis.’3 According to Xenophon (Hell. 1. vii. 12), in the irregular debate on the fate of the generals who had commanded at Arginusae in 406, ‘the masses shouted out that it would be a terrible thing if any one prevented the people from deciding what they wanted’; even when the rules were being observed, the Athenian assembly did not allow its freedom to be restricted very much.
Argolid And Nor Th-East Peloponnese
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

He also notes that unadjourned assemblies are always dated in the last decade of the month, and suggests that an adjourned assembly in the first or second decade was an additional assembly replacing or completing the regular assembly of the previous month, while an adjourned assembly in the third decade was a regular assembly which additionally replaced or completed the regular assembly of the previous month.4 There is no sign of how, if at all, the Greek principle of probouleusis was applied in decrees earlier than the Roman conquest. IG xn. iii 1:259 indicates that (at any rate in the second half of the fourth century) the council had a term of office of six months.
Achaea
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

As stated this is a negative rule that a synkletos cannot be summoned except for specified business: A argued that he has misstated the positive rule that a synkletos must be summoned for specified business (cf. under 168a); L and W accept that there was a negative rule. The origin of this business is in a meeting not even of the council but of the archai (10. ii): from the eminent names A suggests that ex-strategoi were included.
Boeotia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

Because of the volume of material I present this list in summary form, and I give one reference only for each text (samples will be found in Michel 204–16).
Crete
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

Philosophers and other writers extrapolated from the practice of the many states of Crete to discuss ‘the Cretan constitution’, which they compared with the Spartan constitution. As in the case of Sparta, there are problems in reconciling these general accounts with the evidence for what actually happened.
Aeolis
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

in the earlier decrees of Cyme the enactment formula is ετ δ, even when the proposal comes from the council (5); a strategos presides in the assembly; proposals may be anonymous or attributed to an individual, who may be (5, where the proposal comes from the council) but need not be (8) the presiding strategos . However, in SEG xxix 1216. i the proposal comes from the strategoi as a body, and in the texts to be discussed below proposals come jointly from the strategoi and other officials.
Mysia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

5 ends with a note about the man who accepted responsibility for the publication: normally such a note would be preceded by a clause in the main decree about the appointment of a man to do this, but here there is no such clause; its omission may be blamed either on the author of the decree or on the man responsible for this copy of it.
Galatia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

Here and in 128 (below) the man who ‘introduces’ is probably the proposer, and is distinguished from the man who puts to the vote. The archai are to decide where the statues are to be set up.
Pisidia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

Among the texts from Pisidia, from Termessus I note one text of the second century which refers to autonomy, freedom, and democracy (2), and one which contains an entrenchment clause threatening offenders with a curse (1).
Babylonia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

No decrees of Babylonia survive, but I note that coins of the first half of the first century AD mention a boule : see McDowell, Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris , 71. 89 and 104. 137 with 224–6.
Syria
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

In this meagre collection of texts from Syria, iv 1261, from Laodicea in 174, is procedurally the most interesting. The city has a royal agent styled epistates (cf. Polyb. v. 48. xii, referring to Seleucea).
Probouleusis
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

On this point, as on many others, we must be careful in the use which we make of our evidence and particularly of silences in our evidence. In decrees from the states of Thessaly mention of a council is almost nonexistent except in Demetrias and (with only one decree preserved) Halus, but the texts from Lamia provide a salutary warning.
Democracy and Freedom
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we have considered how far different states’ decision-making procedures worked democratically, in the sense that assemblies were open to and actively involved the whole citizen body, and that states took the proper conduct of their business seriously. In this chapter we shall look for other signs of democracy and freedom, and also for signs that some states were not wholly democratic or free.
The Empire of the Tetrarchs
Authors: Corcoran Simon
Published: November 2023

The Tetrarchic age is a crucial period of change and transition in the history of the Roman empire, marking the conventional beginning of the late empire, when the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine established the pattern of government for three hundred years. But the years 284 to 324 also form a logical unit of political narrative, encompassing the genesis, existence, and demise of the tetrarchic experiment itself. The tetrarchy proper, of two Augusti and two Caesars, only functioned from 293 to 306 and ceased entirely once all the rulers held the full rank of Augustus by 3rn, but the period 305– 24 represents the aftermath of Diocletian’s abdication and the disintegration of his system. Only in 324 was the complex multiplicity of rulers, that he initiated, reduced to a single Christian dynasty.
The Prices Edict
Authors: Corcoran Simon
Published: November 2023

The Prices Edict is the longest and most ambitious of surviving tetrarchic legislative measures. As such, it merits a chapter to itself, though it should also be seen in the context of other pronouncements. This chapter sets out to answer various questions: why was it issued, how was it compiled, where was it enforced? These all reflect upon the attitudes and effectiveness of the government In the midst of his fierce attack on the misrule of Diocletian, Lactantius gives the following account of a price-fixing measure:
Knowledge
Authors: Trapp M B
Published: November 2023

The topic of this lecture, the definition of , is that of the Theaetetus, but there are no obvious reminiscences of Plato’s dialogue (except perhaps to the extent that both begin with a suggested definition that privileges the role of sense-perception). Commentators (Zeller 1923: 220; Puiggali 1983: 329, 334) have detected a lack of conceptual clarity and deficiencies in the sequence of thought in Maximus’ treatment, but his exposition can be defended to some extent. § 1 poses the question, and 2-3 reject an initial suggestion that is to be identified with organized perceptual experience. § § 4- 5a flirt briefly with the possibility that it is equivalent to the results achieved by abstract reason, before settling for a more inclusive definition: that it is the combined perfection of all three of the higher faculties, perception, practical reason and intellect. § § 5b-6, using the metaphor of the ‘laws’
Homer in Plato’s State
Authors: Trapp M B
Published: November 2023

poetry in the civic community: compare Orr. 3 and 15-16 (the place of the philosopher); 22 and 25 (the place of philosophical discourse); 38 (the place of the liberal arts); and 4 and 26. The thematic connection with Orr. 4 and 26 is particularly close, since they too deal with the poetry of Homer (the latter exclusively and the former to a large extent); but at the same time there is a difference in emphasis. Orr. 4 and 26 use allegorical reading to vindicate poetry’s role in any and every good community; the present lecture, while allowing Homer’s poetry its allegorical import (§ 4), seeks to argue that there are some communities where it is nevertheless surplus to requirements. The reason for this divergence is of course Maximus’ desire both to praise Homer and to vindicate Plato’s notorious decision not to allow his poetry into the ideal state (Resp. 377aff., with the celebrated dismissal at 398a; the second discussion of poetry, in Resp. 595a ff., does not enter into the discussion).
Proper Entertainment
Authors: Trapp M B
Published: November 2023

A lecture on the superior value of philosophical discourse over history, declamation, and other possible forms of ‘entertainment’. As a discussion of the place of philosophy (above all, philosophical lecturing), it can be compared with Orr. 1 and 25; as a discussion of the relative value of different forms of activity in society, it belongs also with Orr. 4, 15-16, 17, 18-21, 23-4, 26, and 37; and as a lecture that at least begins as an exegesis and a defence of Homer, it has common ground with Orr. 17 and 26.
Friendship
Authors: Trapp M B
Published: November 2023

A second lecture on the topic of friendship, for which see the introduction to the first, Or. 14. Whereas Or. 14 focused on the distinction between the true Friend and the mere Flatterer, Or. 35 develops the proposition that true Friendship is impossible without moral Virtue (a proposition which both underlines the value of friendship and explains its scarcity). The positioning of the lecture at this point in the corpus, among the pieces dealing with theoretical ethics, rather than, like Or. 14, among those dealing with practical ethics and politics, is at first sight surprising. Enough of the lecture, however, is expressed in terms of the choice of Ends (especially the reference to ‘likeness to Zeus’ in § 2, and the call to philosophical values in §§7-8) to make the juxtaposition with Orr. 29_3 3 comprehensible; and the scornful attack mounted on contemporary degeneracy sits well next to that in Or. 36. 1-2.
Virtue and the Liberal Arts
Authors: Trapp M B
Published: November 2023

A lecture which could as well have stood much earlier on in the collection, along with others posing the question ‘What kinds of pursuit ought we to cultivate ourselves and welcome into our communities?’ (e.g. Orr. 3, 4, 15-16, 17, 22, 23-4 and 26). Its actual location has presumably been influenced by the phrasing of the title, in terms of means to the end of Virtue, which suggests a connection with, for example, Orr. 27 and 38.
Virtue and Divine Dispensation
Authors: Trapp M B
Published: November 2023

A further lecture on the human Good and the means to its attainment, with particularly close connections with Orr. 27 and 34: to the insistence in Or. 27 on the need for human effort in disciplining the passions, it adds a complementary insistence on the role of benevolent divinity in creating the necessary external conditions; with Or. 34 it shares the reading of those apparent hardships as providentially ordained to aid the quest for Virtue.
Alexander and the East
Authors: Bosworth A B
Published: November 2023

In this study Brian Bosworth looks at the critical period between 329 and 325 BC, when Alexander the Great was active in Central Asia and what is now Pakistan. He documents Alexander's relations with the peoples he conquered, and addresses the question of what it meant to be on the receiving end of the conquest, drawing a bleak picture of massacre and repression. At the same time Alexander's views of empire are investigated, his attitude to his subjects, and the development of his concepts of personal divinity and universal monarchy. Analogies are thus drawn with the Spanish conquest of Mexico, which has a comparable historiographical tradition and parallels many of Alexander's dealings with his subjects. Although of concern to the specialist, this book is equally directed at the general reader interested in the history of Alexander and the morality of empire.
Introduction Ritual, Finance, Politics: An Account of Athenian Democracy
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: November 2023

Sometime during the first half of the third century BC the tribe Erechtheis erected a stele on the Acropolis recording a decree in honour of one of its members, Antisthenes of Lamptrai. He is praised for increasing the tribal income, ensuring that the sacrifices to Erechtheus happened at the stated times, and that meetings of the members of the tribe were regular and that all knew about them; the decree then goes on: He also moved a decree in order that the Erechtheids might all know their own property and the epimeletai in office each year might walk over the property twice every year and inspect both the land, to see whether it was being farmed in accordance with the agreements, and the boundaries, to see whether they had be-en established in the same places; and he did this neither putting obligations even to a single person above the interests of the tribe nor as a result of bribery even from a single individual, but because he always continued to say and do what was best for the tribe and acted towards all the members of the tribe in a way that was utterly above reproach.
Psephological Heroes
Authors: Spivey Nigel
Published: November 2023

The fragments of an early fifth-century BC Athenian red-figure kylix have lately been laid out for study and reassemblage by staff at the J. Paul Getty Museum (Figs. 2.1-3). At first sight, it looks to be a daunting task of reconstruction: one would estimate that what remains of the pot amounts to no more than a third of its original state. As far as the interior goes, this is frustrating. One fragment, showing a terrified-looking figure wearing some sort of feline headgear, has suggested to some scholars that the inside tondo of the cup depicts the apprehension of Dolon. If this is right, it makes the cup a piecemeal rarity: one of very few ‘illustrations’ to lliad 10. 314 ff .
Comic Ridicule and Democracy
Authors: Carey Christopher
Published: November 2023

The. aim of this paper is to examine the range of functions served by the comic ridicule and criticism of political figures, and to relate this strand of Old Comedy to the democratic process in fifth-century Athens. Comedy is not of course a formal part of that process, unlike the lawcourts, with which it is sometimes compared. For Aristotle (Ath. Pol. 9. 1) the jury courts are by definition political from the start, and there is a perceptible trend during the classical period towards enhancing the political dimension of the courts. In contrast, comedy exists alongside but distinct from the formal political processes. There is, however, an essential connection between comedy and democracy, at least in the fifth century. For the density of political allusion, a politicized mass audience was required; political comedy required the radical democracy. So too did the form taken by political satire; abuse, even of the powerful was presumably established early in comedy or proto camedy, but for the scale, vigour, and tone of comic attacks on powerful figures a patron more powerful than the individual target was needed, and this patron was the demos.
Freedom of Information and Accountability: The Inventory Lists of the Parthenon
Authors: Harris Diane
Published: November 2023

I first met Professor Lewis, not in his office in Christ Church, but in the garden of the British School at Athens, and what brought him to Athens, I assume, were the inscriptions, both new discoveries and old problems. For many ancient historians, the archaeology of the Athenian democracy is the discovery of inscriptions. Each excavation uncovers buildings, matertal goods, vases, tools, the debris of human living--but the inscriptions are what immediately captures our attention and interest. Why? They are in the twilight between material culture and literary ten. They are written documents, but carved on marble. They may be transcribed as ‘texts’ and studied as monuments. The writing may shed light on some historical problem, but they are part of the material culture from that history and are themselves part of the problem. If one approaches a stele as material culture, one can ask of it questions comparable to any archaeological artefact. Who made it? What was its original conten? How was it used? What was its function?
Public Auctions in Ancient Athens
Authors: Langdon Merle
Published: November 2023

In the glossary that accompanies a recent collection of essays on Athenian law the poletai are defined as ‘a board of public officials whose principal duty was to sell state property by auction’.1 This definition does no more than state a commonly held view, one that I accepted in a recent study of the poletai. As the volume of essays containing this glossary was being published a study by Klaus Hallof also appeared, challenging the belief that poletai sales were conducted by auction.3 Hallo£ claims that what evidence there is points to the exact opposite procedure, sales to preselected individuals. He further believes that the same system of preselection was applied by the poletai in their other major realm of activity, the leasing of mining and tax collecting concessions. Since Hallof’s study appeared after my own was in press, I would like to take this opportunity to examine its merits. It is,
Something to do with Athens: Tragedy and Ritual
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: November 2023

This paper is a small fragment of a larger investigation: it offers some very tentative suggestions pertaining to the ritual context in which tragedy was generated, the festival of the City Dionysia.2 I explore elsewhere3 other aspects of the tragedy’s ritual context and also the implications, if any, for our reading of the surviving tragedies. There are major methodological problems involved in this investigation-besides the usual ones implicated in any reading of another culture to which we have limited access:4 the evidence pertinent to our Problematik is extremely fragmentary, and the different fragments come from different periods and many from late sources, which entails the possibility that the ritual nexus may have changed in the course of time, and that either the surviving evidence relates only to the
The Politics of Dedication: Two Athenian Dedications at the Sanctuary of Apollo Ptoieus in Boeotia
Authors: Schachter Albert
Published: November 2023

This paper focuses on two inscriptions accompanying dedications made by well-known Athenians of the smh century BC at the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoieus north of Thebes. Arising from this are some observations on the use and non-use of their ethnika by individual dedicators during the archaic and early classical periods.
The Ritual of the Athena Nike Parapet
Authors: Jameson Michael h.
Published: November 2023

The performance of animal sacrifice, the ritual core of Greek religion, was deeply affected by the rise of democratic and imperial Athens, as were many other forms of traditional behaviour. The ambition and wealth that marked the city’s ritual calendar engaged an extraordinary proportion of its population in its many festivals, and hence in its sacrifices. In material terms a great deal of meat was distributed in accordance with egalitarian principles; in religious terms the citizenry participated broadly and frequently in the propitiation of its gods.
Representing Democracy: Women at the Great Dionysia
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2023

There are five books on my shelves which are often used as reference works, but which, when read cover to cover, changed my academic life. Three of them are Fraenkel’s edition of the Agamemnon. The other two are Pickard¬ Cambridge’s Dramatic  Festivals  of  Athens. I say two because the second edition, revised by John Gould and David Lewis, the honorand of this volume, is really a new book. Reading this second edition along with the first provides a marvellous example of careful, scholarly criticism that is never less than instructive. It is with this remarkable volume in mind that I offer the present study, which approaches one of the thorniest and most passionately debated issues in theatrical history, namely, the presence of women at the Great Dionysia.
Harming Friends: Problematic Reciprocity in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Belfiore Elizabetej
Published: November 2023

Greek tragedy represents many terrible deeds among kin: parricide, incest, matricide, child-murder, fratricide. In Aristotle’s vie\v, these events are central to the plots of the best tragedies: ‘When the pathe take place within philia relationships, for example when brother kills or is about to kill brother, or does something else of this kind, or when son does this to father, or mother to son, or son to mother, these things are to be sought’ (Po. 1453bH)-22). Like Aristotle, modern scholars have often noted that many tragedies have plots in which philos harms, or is about to harm, philos, or have called attention to the importance of philia in other aspects of Greek tragedy. Neither ancient nor modern scholars, however, have fully appreciated how prevalent is the plot pattern praised by Aristotle. I argue that harm to philoi is a central element in the plot structures of nearly all of the extant tragedies.
Reciprocity, Altruism, and the Prisoner's Dilemma: The Special Case of Classical Athens
Authors: Herman Gabriel
Published: November 2023

The first two themes of my title belong most naturally to the domain of ethical values and morality, and it is within this context that they have customarily been approached in modern studies. This approach has yielded important insights, but has also generated some difficulties which cannot, in my view, be resolved satisfactorily within the limits of the presently accepted paradigm. I am not alone in this view. Discussing the problem of penetrating the meaning of value terms found in literary works, Adkins (1987, 332) spoke of the ‘ever-present danger that one hears reflected from the text merely the echo of one’s own voice’.
The Commodification of Symbols: Reciprocity and its Perversions in Menander
Authors: Reden Sitta Von
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I aim to show that reciprocity is not only a socio economic practice but a local concept of order, peace, and social cohesion. More precisely, by looking at the images of commerce in New Comedy, I shall argue that the confrontation of reciprocity and commodity exchange, which occurs in more than one play, was a metaphorical confrontation of order and disorder, civic community and its corrosion.2 :Menander’s motif of the ‘commodification of symbo1s’-that is, his representation of civic symbols as objects which have a price and are transacted arbitrarily-suggests that commodity exchange was regarded as the moral opposite of civic exchange and thus in certain circumstances detrimental to the polis. Conversely, the moral improvement of characters and the dramatic climaxes of various plays seem to make sense against a background in which the good life was linked to reciprocity and gift exchange.
Altruism or Reciprocity in Greek Ethical Philosophy?
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I consider the implications of recent work on reciprocity in Greek culture, including that represented in this volume, for the study of interpersonal and social ideals in Greek ethical philosophy. l1y starting-point is the willingness of much recent scholarship in ancient philosophy to consider the possibility that Greek ethical theory can accommodate the positive valuation of altruism. This tendency represents a modification of a prevalent earlier view that Greek ethical philosophy was basically egoistic in outlook and, therefore, from a modern perspective, not properly moral philosophy at all. The earlier view was based partly on the fact that Greek ethical philosophy takes the pursuit of one’s own happiness as the overall goal, and partly on specific arguments (notably Aristotle’s ideas about self-love) which seem to presuppose the priority of self interest. l\lore recently, scholars have emphasized that, in some theories at least, happiness is realized in and through the practice of the virtues, including virtues that benefit others, such as justice, and that a positive valuation is sometimes placed on other-benefiting motivation. To this extent, it is suggested, the happiness-centred character of Greek ethical thought is not inherently egoistic, and is compatible with the valuation of altruism.
Count Marcellinus and his Chronicle
Authors: Croke Brian
Published: November 2023

Count Marcellinus and his Chronicle constitutes the first comprehensive study of Marcellinus, a courtier of the emperor Justinian, and his chronicle covering the eastern Roman world from AD 379 to 534. Marcellinus' chronicle provides a first-hand account of the Nika riots at Constantinople in 532, as well as other direct glimpses of political and religious life in the imperial capital in the early sixth century. It also testifies to the confrontations in the Balkans between the Romans and the Huns, Goths, and Bulgars. In this book Brian Croke develops a case for understanding Marcellinus' Latin chronicle as an essentially Byzantine document written by an educated imperial official and reflecting the cosmopolitan culture and society of sixth-century Constantinople. He approaches the chronicle as a historiographical text which is shaped by its genre, the expectations of its audience, and a coherent view of the past, deriving from the author's Christian culture and outlook. The book also explores the nature and function of chronicle writing as a distinct mode of Christian discourse which has been misunderstood and undervalued by modern scholarship. Separate attention is given to the anonymous continuation of the chronicle from 535 to 548, and to the subsequent use of Marcellinus' works in Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England. Croke also casts new light on the career of Marcellinus, his range of literary output which included books on topography and chronology, and the course and impact of the fifth- and sixth-century raids into Roman Illyricum. This book also enriches our understanding of society and politics in the imperial capital and raises broader questions about Christian life, liturgy, and culture in the sixth century, particularly the central role of imperial and religious ceremonial in Byzantine public life.
Aristotle’s Economic Thought
Authors: Meikle Scott
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s thought about economic matters has been a seminal influence. It was the backbone of medieval thinking about commerce, and the basis of analyses of money into this century. But its interpretation has become chaotic. Economists claim Aristotle as the father of economics, while classical scholars hold that Aristotle did no economics at all, only ethics. This book argues, contrary to the prevailing view, that Aristotle does develop a coherent theory of value, wealth, exchange, and money, which is strongly backed up by his metaphysics. But its metaphysical foundation makes it impossible to assimilate the theory to Neo-Classical economics or any other kind of economic thinking, and it remains an ethical theory. On Aristotelian metaphysical principles, ethics and economics are competitors over the same ground, as rival sources of reasons for decision-making in the public realm, and they cannot be reconciled.
The Geographers
Authors: Fraser P M
Published: November 2023

The evidence provided by the geographers of Hellenistic and Roman date is of two kinds, the one geographical in the wide sense of providing locations and measurements of regions, the other chorographical, recording the location of tribes, cities and other settlements within the regions described, and also their physical features. The evidence covers a long period of the Greco-Roman geographical tradition, from the bematists of Alexander’s expedition—the primary source in this context—to the time of Ammianus and even beyond. The lists of Alexandrias in the Romance tradition and in Stephanus, do not belong to this tradition, and have already been separately treated in Chapter I.
Identifications
Authors: Fraser P M
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to consider the possible identification and location of the cities described as Alexandrias, or associated names, as recorded by the Alexander-historians and the geographers. No attempt is made to discuss the identifications proposed for cities recorded only in the Alexandrian or Iranian lists, which, for the reasons explained in Chapters I and II, I disregard in this context. The historicity of the foundations under consideration in this chapter does not depend on their exact locations, and it has not been my aim to undertake a fresh study of the material from that point of view, though I have naturally indicated my own views on some of these very perplexing and, for the most part, insoluble topographical questions. I must also stress that, at the expense perhaps of the coherence of the narrative, I have entered only where necessary into the difficult problems of movement and logistics which form an essential part of the history of the campaigns themselves, since my focus is not on Alexander’s military operations but on his foundations.
General Assessment of Alexander’s Foundations
Authors: Fraser P M
Published: November 2023

Several features seem to recur constantly as factors in the foundations, which provide us with an indication of Alexander’s purpose in founding cities. In assessing this evidence we leave on one side the numerous forts and temporary garrisons, the construction of which was a recurrent feature of operations throughout the years of campaigning, and which are frequently referred to by the historians. There is no suggestion in our sources that these were planned as urban communities, and they may be omitted from our discussion. In general it seems clear that Alexander’s urban settlements-sometimes, but not always, named by himself after himself-fall into specific groups, or fulfil certain regular functions, in the whole region which he traversed in a vast arc between the first eastern settlement at Herat to the last, near the emergence of the Tigris and Euphrates. It is naturally uncertain how much we can discover of the intentions of an individual of such unique energy and purpose, when they go largely unrecorded, but it is legitimate to draw conclusions from the few motives attributed to him by his historians, and to infer some general principles from what appear to be constant features of his activities in this connection.
Epilogue
Authors: Fraser P M
Published: November 2023

A Brief assessment of the various data concerning Alexander’s foundations may be summarily presented here, before turning to consider the immediately subsequent history of the cities he founded. By way of recapitulation, then, it may be stated, as the central thesis of this study, that the lists of cities named Alexandria as recorded in the Romance and texts which derive from it, either through use of it in a different context (as the Excerpta Barbari and the Paschal Chronicle) or in directly derived versions of the Romance itself, are independent material belonging to an earlier period than the a-version of the Romance, like the Corpus of Letters of Alexander, the Testament, the Rhodian pamphlet, and one or two other elements, and to be regarded as essentially fabrications which were inserted into the a-version when that was compiled from the various fictitious and tendentious Alexander-pamphlets circulating in Alexandria, of which this list of Alexandrias was one. At a later date, the Iranian tradition emerges, both in the Romance and outside it, in which Alexander is credited with the foundation both of cities known from Sassanian sources and, later, of other cities notable in the early history of Muslim culture. If we reject these lists, and also some (but not all) of the Alexandrias recorded by Stephanus of Byzantium, we are left, for historical consideration, with those recorded by the Alexander-historians and the geographers whose sources are either derived from the bematists and writers of stathmoi, or (and here we think particularly of Eratosthenes) combine their information with other Hellenistic material.
Praising the Ancestors: Laudationes and other Orations
Authors: Flower Harriet I
Published: November 2023

THE climax of the funeral spectacle was the eulogy (laudatio) delivered from the speaker’s platform (rostra) in the Forum. We are poorly informed about funeral speeches because only a few meagre fragments survive and the genre is not discussed in ancient rhetorical writings. Nevertheless, its role and importance within Roman society needs to be explored because it formed a cornerstone of family self-advertisement and influence. The eulogy provided the occasion for the parade of imagines into the middle of the city and was the high point of the public part of the funeral ceremonies. It also offered a commentary on the procession of imagines and enabled the family to present the career of its newly deceased member in the context of the achievements of his ancestors. The actors wearing the imagines re-enacted past events and personalities and illustrated the subject-matter of the eulogy.