bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L-Cysteine Catalyzed Environmentally Benign One-pot Multicomponent Approach Towards the Synthesis of Dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Sikandar Sana , Zahoor Ameer Fawad , Ahmad Sajjad , Anjum Muhammad Naveed , Ahmad Mirza Nadeem , Shah Muhammad Sami Ullah
Published: May 2020

Background:

The pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives are important building blocks of many
biologically active compounds owing to their diverse biological potential for example, anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
anti-microbial and anti-oxidant properties.

Objective:

Keeping in mind the wide range of applications of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles, herein we intended to
develop a novel synthetic methodology for dihydropyranopyrazoles. We were also interested in determining
the influence of amino acids and dipeptides as a catalyst on the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives.

Methods:

To achieve our objectives, we used a one-pot multi-component reaction of ethyl 3-oxobutanoate,
propanedinitrile, hydrazine monohydrate and several substituted benzaldehydes by using different catalysts and
solvents to synthesize our desired products in the presence of various catalysts.

Results and Discussion:

We found that optimal conditions for the preparation of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles were
L-cysteine (0.5 mol) in the presence of water:ethanol (9:1) at 90 °C. Various 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-
c]pyrazoles were afforded by using several substituted benzaldehydes in 66-97% yields.

Conclusion:

We described a green and environmentally benign method to synthesize pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles in
a one-pot four component reaction of ethyl 3-oxobutanoate, propanedinitrile, hydrazine monohydrate and
different substituted benzaldehyde in the presence of L-cysteine in aqueous ethanol (9:1) at 90 oC. Excellent
yields of the products, simple work-up, easily available starting materials, use of green solvents, naturally
occurring catalyst, non-toxicity, non-chromatographic purification and environmentally benign reaction
conditions are some main advantages of this protocol.
A Review of Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques for Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sambyal Nitigya , Saini Poonam , Syal Rupali
Published: May 2020

Background and Introduction:

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has emerged
as a serious public health issue worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), without
interventions, the number of diabetic incidences is expected to be at least 629 million by 2045. Uncontrolled
diabetes gradually leads to progressive damage to eyes, heart, kidneys, blood vessels, and
nerves.

Methods:

The paper presents a critical review of existing statistical and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
based machine learning techniques with respect to DM complications, mainly retinopathy, neuropathy,
and nephropathy. The statistical and machine learning analytic techniques are used to structure the
subsequent content review.

Results:

It has been observed that statistical analysis can help only in inferential and descriptive analysis
whereas, AI-based machine learning models can even provide actionable prediction models for
faster and accurate diagnosis of complications associated with DM.

Conclusion:

The integration of AI-based analytics techniques, like machine learning and deep learning
in clinical medicine, will result in improved disease management through faster disease detection and
cost reduction for the treatment.
Herbal Remedies for Birth Control: An Alternative to Synthetic Hormonal Contraceptives
Authors: Dhingra Ashwani K. , Chopra Bhawna
Published: May 2020

Background:

Both women and men wish to have control over when to become parents.
Birth control or contraception methods basically entail different types of mechanisms to avoid
pregnancy. Making choices about birth control methods is not easy since there are many types of
fertility control techniques available to avoid pregnancy.

Objective:

Several health problems are associated with females or males on the prominent use of
oral contraceptives/pills. To reduce the side effects of these pills, nature provides us with several
medicinal plants that act as good birth control pills. So this review aims to focus on the database
provided in the literature to use these medicinal plants to avoid or control the severe health problems
which directly or indirectly affect the health of the individual.

Methods:

All significant databases were collected via electronic search using PubMed, Scopus,
Web of Science and Science direct and were compiled.

Results:

Several common options include family planning through abstinence, hormonal methods
like oral contraceptives, barrier methods, etc. Apart from this, some people who do not want to have
children may opt for permanent sterilization, but these methods or pills, when taken orally, change
the hormonal balance of the individual, which leads to the other disorders. Thus, this present review
concludes the knowledgeable erudition on the natural plants acting as antifertility agents.

Conclusion:

This review article is mainly focused on the natural birth control methods to combat
pregnancy and also emphasize on various medicinal active plants being used to avoid fertility.
The Performance Analysis and Monitoring of Grid-connected Photovoltaic Power Plant
Authors: Esmaeilion Farbod , Ahmadi Abolfazl , Esmaeilion Aryan , Ehyaei Mehdi Ali
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of a one-megawatt
photovoltaic power plant in Arak-Iran, according to IEC-61724 standard, using data recorded over
a year. The photovoltaic plant of Arak is located at coordinates 34.0954° N and 49.7013° E. This
power plant is the first-megawatt photovoltaic power plant in Iran which two types of modules are
used and it was constructed by the New Energy Agency and the Power Research Center under the
supervision of the Ministry of Energy in 2016. In this plant, a combination of monocrystal and
polycrystalline modules is used, and the annual output is 1756 MWh.

Methods:

The combination of modules is based on the 1920 modules of 250 W of polycrystalline
and 260 modules of 260 W of monocrystal in the construction of the power plant. There are also 4
inverters and a 1250 KVA dry power trans-former. The plant has suitable productivity, with a performance
ratio equal to 0.8 and a final yield of 4.57.

Results:

Ultimately the PV plant is simulated by PVsyst and the results are compared
with monitored records which indi-cated the appropriate accuracy of the collected data. The
calculated performance ratio for the power plant by PVsyst is 81.2% and has a 1.5% difference
with the monitored totals. The energy supplied during one year by the power plant is 1756 MWh,
whereas the prediction of annual energy yield that entered to the grid is equal to 1757 MWh.
Coral Reef Classification Using Improved WLD Feature Extraction with Convolution Neural Network Classification
Authors: Paul M. Asha , Rani P. Arockia Jansi , Sheela J. Evangelin Deva
Published: May 2020

Background:

Coral reefs are one of the most oldest and dynamic ecosystems of the world. Manual
annotation of coral reef is not possible due to lacking consistency and objectivity in human labeling.

Objective:

Manual annotation consumes an enormous number of hours to annotate every coral image
and video frames as well as human resource. An emblematic survey states that more than 400 person
hours are required to annotate 1000 images. Incidentally, some coral species have different shapes,
sizes and colors, most of the corals seem indistinguishable to the human eye. In order to avoid the
contradictory classifications, an expert system that can automatically annotate the corals is essential to
improve the accuracy of classification.

Method:

The proposed improved WLD extract texture features from six combinations of
color channels like (1) R Channel, (2) G Channel (3) B Channel (4) RG Channel (5) GB
Channel and (6) BR Channel of an image in a holistic way while preserving their relations.
The extracted features are analyzed, and classified using CNN Classifier.

Results:

Experiments are carried out with EILAT, RSMAS, EILAT 2 and MLC2008 datasets
and the proposed improved WLD based coral reef classification is found to be appropriate.
From the accuracy point of view, the improved WLD demonstrate higher accuracy compared
to other state-of-the-art techniques.

Conclusion:

This paper analyzes the role of Improved WLD for feature extraction to classify
coral reefs. For this purpose EILAT, RSMAS, EILAT 2 and MLC2008 datasets have been
used. It is observed that the proposed IWLD based classifier gives promising results for coral
reef classification.
Evaluatie van twee intensieve behandelingsschema’s tegen Psoroptes ovis-schurft bij Belgisch witblauwe runderen op negen Vlaamse rundveebedrijven
Authors: Sarre C. , Geurden T. , Vercruysse J. , De Wilde N. , Casaert S. , Claerebout E.
Published: May 2020

Schurft veroorzaakt door Psoroptes ovis komt voor op de meeste Vlaamse bedrijven met Belgisch witblauw vleesvee. In deze studie werden twee intensieve behandelingsschema’s geëvalueerd op negen Vlaamse vleesveebedrijven met een persisterend schurftprobleem. Op bedrijf 1 tot en met 7 werden alle dieren tweemaal behandeld (met een interval van zeven à tien dagen) met een injecteerbaar macrocyclisch lacton (ML). Op de twee laatste bedrijven werd een eenmalige injectie gegeven met de ‘long acting’-formulatie (LA) van moxidectine (10%). Na behandeling werden huidafkrabsels genomen en bij de aanwezigheid van levende mijten bij ten minste één dier werden alle dieren (bedrijven 1 tot en met 7) of enkel de positieve dieren (bedrijf 8 en 9) verder behandeld met een injecteerbaar ML. Op alle bedrijven waren de dieren klinisch genezen en schijnbaar vrij van mijten na twee tot negen behandelingsrondes (twee injecties met zeven à tien dagen interval of één LA-injectie). Hoewel er op de eerste zeven bedrijven na het daaropvolgende weideseizoen opnieuw tekenen van schurft te zien waren, was dit in mindere mate en de schurft was gemakkelijker onder controle te houden.
De Maréchal-Vétérinaire in de Grande Armée van Napoleon (1805-1815)
Authors: Bols P. E. J. , Dumas E. , Op de Beeck J. , De porte H. F. M.
Published: May 2020

Op 18 juli 2015 was het precies tweehonderd jaar geleden dat Napoleon met zijn Grande Armée werd verslagen door de geallieerde strijdkrachten in wat de geschiedenis zou ingaan als de Slag bij Waterloo. Tijdens de tien jaar die aan deze nederlaag voorafgingen, bouwde de Franse keizer een gigantische troepenmacht uit waarin de bereden component of cavalerie een zeer belangrijke rol speelde. Omdat de paarden die hierin figureerden eerder al het onderwerp waren van een publicatie in dit tijdschrift, richt dit artikel specifiek de aandacht op de militaire veeartsen die als paardenarts instonden voor de verzorging van de honderdduizenden legerpaarden die tijdens het verloop van het keizerrijk onder de wapens werden gebracht. Na een korte inleiding over het ontstaan van het veeartsenijkundig onderricht, wat hand in hand ging met de geboorte van de militaire veearts, wordt dieper ingegaan op zijn rekrutering, statuut en werkomgeving. Hierbij wordt de rol van de keizer zelf beschreven met een bespreking van het decreet van Moskou dat voor het veeartsenijkundig onderwijs van zeer groot belang is geweest. Tenslotte worden de werkomstandigheden van de militaire veeartsen belicht aan de hand van enkele ooggetuigenverslagen.
Medicamenteuze contraceptie bij de kat is nodig
Authors: Snoeck F.
Published: May 2020

Katten kunnen zich zeer efficiënt voortplanten. Twee volwassen, gezonde katten met drie nestjes per jaar van gemiddeld vier kittens kunnen theoretisch zorgen voor een populatie van 20.736 katten binnen vier jaar. Dit getal moet echter wel gerelativeerd worden.
Behandeling van verworven retractie van de diepe buigpees bij het paard: een retrospectieve studie van 51 gevallen
Authors: Carlier S. , Oosterlinck M. , Martens A. , Pille F.
Published: May 2020

Retractie van de diepe buigpees is een belangrijke aandoening die veulens gedurende hun eerste levensjaar kunnen verwerven ten gevolge van lateralisatie bij het grazen. In deze retrospectieve studie werden de medische dossiers geanalyseerd van 51 gevallen die behandeld werden aan de Faculteit Diergeneeskunde van de Universiteit Gent tussen 1999 en 2013. Deze analyse werd gevolgd door een telefonische enquête. Bij 65% van de conservatief behandelde dieren normaliseerde de hoefconformatie volledig, wat niet significant verschillend bleek van het percentage paarden dat een volledig herstel kende na een chirurgische behandeling (56%). Veulens die vóór de leeftijd van zes maanden een conservatieve therapie kregen en de dieren die chirurgisch werden behandeld vóór de leeftijd van twaalf maanden, hadden significant meer kans op een succesvolle correctie dan oudere veulens. Verder hadden gevallen met een onvolledige correctie van de hoefconformatie beduidend meer kans op (persisterende) kreupelheid en minder uitzicht op een sportieve carrière. Tot slot bleek uit deze studie een significante associatie tussen de hoefconformatie van het moederdier en die van haar veulens.
Evaluatie van de mini-FLOTAC-methode voor de detectie van gastro-intestinale parasieten bij grote huisdieren
Authors: Van den Putte N. , Claerebout E. , Levecke B.
Published: May 2020

Voor de microscopische diagnose van gastro-intestinale parasieten bij grote huisdieren werd recent een nieuwe techniek ontwikkeld, de mini-FLOTAC. In deze vergelijkende studie van diagnostische technieken werd de mini-FLOTAC vergeleken met de standaard McMastertechniek op basis van de detectie (gevoeligheid) en kwantificatie (aantal oöcysten/eieren per gram mest (OPG/EPG)) van parasitaire infecties bij grote huisdieren en de tijd die nodig is om een diagnose te stellen. In totaal werden honderd meststalen (78 paarden, 11 runderen, 6 schapen en 5 geiten) onderzocht met beide technieken. Mini-FLOTAC was gevoeliger dan McMaster, maar er was een zeer hoge correlatie in eieren per gram (EPG) feces (correlatiecoëfficiënt = 0,90, p < 0,001). De benodigde tijdsduur voor het onderzoeken van stalen met de mini-FLOTAC-techniek (13 minuten) lag significant hoger (p < 0,05) dan de tijd die nodig was met de McMaster-techniek (6 minuten). Dit verschil in tijdsduur was eveneens afhankelijk van de bekomen EPG-waarde, waarbij het tijdsverschil tussen beide technieken nog sterk vergrootte voor hogere waarden. Er kan geconcludeerd worden dat de mini-FLOTAC-techniek het beste gebruikt kan worden wanneer een accurate diagnose van een lage besmettingsgraad nodig is, bijvoorbeeld voor de detectie van anthelminthicumresistentie. In andere gevallen kan de voorkeur worden gegeven aan de snellere McMaster-methode.
Prevalentie van urolithiasis en andere urinaire afwijkingen bij honden met een congenitale extrahepatische portosystemische shunt
Authors: Van Riet T. , Devriendt N. , Serrano G. , Stock E. , Paepe D. , De Rooster H.
Published: May 2020

Honden met een portosystemische shunt (PSS) vertonen vaak urinaire afwijkingen. In deze retrospectieve studie werd de prevalentie van urolithiasis en andere urinewegklachten secundair aan extrahepatische (EH)PSS nagegaan vanaf het optreden van de eerste klachten tot en met de dag van de chirurgische correctie van de EHPSS. Enerzijds werd 67% van de onderzochte honden aangeboden met urinewegklachten die rechtstreeks (39%) of waarschijnlijk (28%) verband hielden met EHPSS. Zo werden sommige honden chirurgisch behandeld voor urolithiasis, waarna via kwantitatieve steenanalyse ammoniumbiuraat-urolieten vastgesteld werden, wat de aanwezigheid van een onderliggende PSS deed vermoeden. Anderzijds bleek 77% van de honden zonder urinewegklachten toch abnormaliteiten te vertonen op medische beeldvorming en/ of het urinewegonderzoek. In totaal werden er bij 70,4% van de honden urolieten vastgesteld. In dit onderzoek wordt het belang aangetoond van het uitvoeren van een volledig urineonderzoek aangevuld met medische beeldvorming van het urinaire stelsel bij alle honden met EHPSS. Daarnaast wordt de meerwaarde van een kwantitatieve steenanalyse beklemtoond, opdat bij aanwezigheid van ammoniumbiuraat aan een mogelijke PSS wordt gedacht.
Slecht nieuws communiceren in de diergeneeskunde: wat is de goede aanpak?
Authors: Decloedt A.
Published: May 2020

Slecht nieuws kan gedefinieerd worden als elke boodschap met een nadelige invloed op het toekomstbeeld van de klant. Slechtnieuwsgesprekken komen frequent voor in de diergeneeskunde en de dierenarts-klantrelatie wordt in belangrijke mate bepaald door de manier waarop het slechte nieuws gecommuniceerd wordt. In de humane geneeskunde en meer recent ook in de diergeneeskunde bestaan verschillende richtlijnen om een slechtnieuwsgesprek uit te voeren met minder stress en meer voldoening bij zowel dierenarts als klant. In de uiteenlopende modellen kunnen vijf essentiële elementen gevonden worden. Als eerste is er de voorbereiding van het gesprek, met het creëren van een juiste setting. Vervolgens wordt het perspectief van de klant bevraagd, gevolgd door het kort en direct meedelen van het slechte nieuws zelf en het empathisch reageren op eventuele emoties. Verdere informatie en een planning volgen in kleine hoeveelheden op het moment dat de klant hier terug voor open staat.
Korte historiek van het aandeel van de diergeneeskunde in het experimenteel onderzoek in de humane geneeskunde
Authors: Bouckaert J. , Devriese L.
Published: May 2020

Een korte beschrijving wordt gegeven van het leven en werk van dierenartsen die een rol hebben gespeeld in de ontwikkeling van de humane geneeskunde. Toeval of niet, alle hier aangehaalde figuren droegen in de eerste plaats bij tot de kennis van infectieuze ziekten. Als microbiologen kunnen hier vernoemd worden: Edmond Nocard, wiens naam werd gegeven aan het door hem beschreven bacteriegeslacht Nocardia en de gelijknamige ziekte, Victor Babès en Arnold Theiler die zich verdienstelijk hebben gemaakt in de parasitologie. Daarvan getuigen de geslachten Babesia en Theileria. De welbekende Salmonella en salmonellose ontlenen hun naam aan de Amerikaanse dierenarts Daniël Salmon. Karl F. Meyer gaf de eerste beschrijving van wat nu Mycoplasma is en leverde baanbrekend werk in de studie naar miltvuur en een reeks andere ziekte-agentia. Niet minder belangrijk was zijn aandeel in de introductie van de begrippen kiemreservoir en latente infectie. Naast de ontdekkingen in verband met infectieuze ziekten is er het aandeel van dierenartsen in de kennis van immuniteit. Auguste Chauveau vormde met zijn ‘retentietheorie’ de basis van de kennis van weerstand tegen bacteriën en virussen. De ontwikkeling door Gaston Ramon van anatoxines, geneutraliseerde toxines die immuniteit geven tegen onder meer tetanos en difterie, vormde een mijlpaal in de dagelijks toegepaste geneeskunde. Als chronologisch laatste in de rij moet Peter Doherty vermeld worden. Hij is de enige dierenarts die de Nobelprijs geneeskunde kreeg; dit voor zijn aandeel in de ontdekkingen omtrent cellulaire immuniteit.
Dolanan bocah caruban nagari sebagai upaya pembinaan nilai antikorupsi siswa sekolah dasar
Authors: Hayati Auliya Aenul , Kurniawan Dede Trie
Published: May 2020

Tingginya ketergantungan manusia akan tekhnologi turut menggeser popularitas permainan tradisonal. Sementara pemahaman terhadap kekayaan nilai budaya lokal pada setiap permainan berperan penting dalam upaya pembinaan nilai antikorupsi sejak usia dini. Peneliti meneliti bagaimana dolanan bocah Caruban Nagari mampu berperan sebagai upaya pembinaan antikorupsi pada siswa Sekolah Dasar. Yaitu bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik permainan, mengkaji jenis-jenis permainan sebagai pendidikan antikorupsi, dan mengembangkan kecerdasan nilai-nilai kebajikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan serangkaian metode deskriptif analisis. Pengumpulan data dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan kuesioner. Teknik pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1). Karakteristik pendidikan antikorupsi melalui permainan tradisional beracuan pada materi pelajaran, guru, proses pembelajaran, dan nilai-nilai, yang berkesinambungan menanamkan perilaku antikorupsi. (2). Nilai antikorupsi Dolanan Bocah Caruban Nagari yaitu nilai jujur, disiplin, tanggung jawab, kerja keras, mandiri, sederhana, adil, berani, dan peduli dengan tingkat perubahan sikap siswa tertinggi pada nilai kejujuran dan terendah pada nilai kemandirian.-----The high human dependence on technology has helped to shift the popularity of traditional games. While understanding the richness of local cultural values in each game plays a vital role in efforts to foster anti-corruption values from an early age. Researchers examine how the child caruban Nagari can play a role as an effort to foster anti-corruption in elementary school students. It aims to analyze the characteristics of the game, examine the types of games as anti-corruption education, and develop the intelligence of virtue values. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis methods Data collection by observation, interview, and questionnaire. Data processing and analysis techniques use descriptive statistics. The results showed: (1). The characteristics of anti-corruption education through traditional games refer to the subject matter, the teacher, the learning process, and values, which continuously instill anti-corruption behavior. (2). The anti-corruption value of kid caruban nagari is honest, discipline, responsibility, hard work, independent, simple, fair, brave, and caring with the highest level of change in student attitudes on honesty values and the lowest on self-sustained values.
Гидродинамические терагерцовые плазмоны и электронный звук в графене с пространственной дисперсией
Authors: Фатеев Д.В. , Попов В.В.
Published: May 2020

Transverse-magnetic eigenmodes in graphene with spatial dispersion are theoretically investigated in the hydrodynamic regime in terahertz frequency range. It is shown that the spatial dispersion emerges by the diffusion mechanism of the electron transport as a result of the spreading the electron density gradients under the action of the pressure in electron fluid. Screened and unscreened plasmons as well as electron sound are considered.
Знакопеременная фотопроводимость в пленках PbSnTe : In в режиме тока, ограниченного пространственным зарядом
Authors: Акимов А.Н. , Ахундов И.О. , Ищенко Д.В. , Климов А.Э. , Неизвестный И.Г. , Пащин Н.С. , Супрун С.П. , Тарасов А.С. , Терещенко О.Е. , Федосенко Е.В. , Шерстякова В.Н.
Published: May 2020

The dependence of the photoconductivity sign on the bias voltage, intensity and duration of illumination was studied in PbSnTe:In films in the space charge limited current regime. The role of traps with a complex energy spectrum, including the surface traps, in the observed effects is discussed
Формирование углеродных слоев методом термического разложения четыреххлористого углерода в реакторе МОС-гидридной эпитаксии
Authors: Звонков Б.Н. , Вихрова О.В. , Данилов Ю.А. , Дорохин М.В. , Демина П.Б. , Дроздов М.Н. , Здоровейщев А.В. , Крюков Р.Н. , Нежданов А.В. , Антонов И.Н. , Планкина С.М. , Темирязева М.П.
Published: May 2020

Abstract A new method for depositing carbon films by the thermal decomposition of carbon tetrachloride (CCl_4) in a hydrogen flux in a reactor for metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at atmospheric pressure is developed. From the results obtained by Raman spectroscopy, it can be conceived that the carbon layers produced by this method are the disordered nanocrystalline graphite. It is shown that such carbon layers can be used in the technological cycle of the production of gallium-arsenide optoelectronic device structures (among them spin light-emitting diodes with a CoPt injector).
О токовой зависимости эффективности инжекции и относительном вкладе скорости эмиссии и внутренних оптических потерь в насыщение ватт-амперной характеристики мощных импульсных лазеров (λ=1.06 мкм)
Authors: Рожков А.В.
Published: May 2020

The results of numerical simulation of the current dependence of the injection efficiency in the active area of the laser based on separate confinement heterostructures are presented. The feature of the transfer of charge carriers through isotype N-n heterotransitions on the interface boundary of waveguide and active areas is shown. Using the classic dependencies of the Drude-Lorentz theory, the cross-section of electrons and holes for the GaAs waveguide was evaluated. The resulting values of σe= 1.05∙10-18 cm2 and σp= 1.55∙10-19 cm2 and current dependencies of the injection efficiency allowed to determine the root-cause reason for the pulse power saturation of semiconductor lasers. It has been established that saturation of power-current characteristics is dominated by holes escape from the active region to the waveguide and internal optical losses are lower confinement factors.
Исследование радиационных эффектов в МОП-транзиcторе с p-каналом
Authors: Кузьминова А.В. , Куликов Н.А , Попов В.Д.
Published: May 2020

The effect of gamma radiation on the formation of surface defects at the Si−SiO2 interface in a MOS transistor with a p-channel in the passive mode is considered. Several surface defect formation processes were observed. The role of molecular hydrogen in the gate oxide of the MOS transistor and ”hot“ electrons formed in the near-surface region of silicon is shown.
Исследование влияния атомарного состава на скорость плазмохимического травления нитрида кремния в силовых транзисторах на основе AlGaN/GaN-гетероперехода
Authors: Гармаш В.И. , Земляков В.Е. , Егоркин В.И. , Ковальчук А.В. , Шаповал С.Ю.
Published: May 2020

The effect of atomic composition on the rate of plasma chemical etching of silicon nitride in
power transistors based on an AlGaN / GaN heterojunction is studied. It is shown how the
subsequent process of its plasma-chemical etching depends on the configuration of the
incorporation of hydrogen impurity atoms into the molecular structure of the silicon nitride
deposited in the plasma. The dependence of the etching rate on the parameters of the process
(the working pressure in the chamber, the power of the plasma generator, the flow of working
gases, the deposition temperature) is investigated. It was shown that the etching rate of the
HxSirNzHy film does not depend directly on the hydrogen content, but significantly depends
on the ratio of [Si-H] / [N-H] bonds. The etching rate of HxSirNzHy in a high-density plasma
at low powers is much less dependent on the configuration of hydrogen bonds than the
etching rate of this dielectric in a buffer etchant.
An Associational Study of Illinois Sand Prairie
Authors: Vestal Arthur
Published: May 2020

The present study is restricted to the grassland associations of sand in the Illinois River valley, and the emphasis is placed upon the animals of the region. The unit of study is here the association, or community of organisms: the social aggregateof plants and animals, which, living in a common environment, come into various relations one with another. In the sand prairie of the river valley several types of areas may be distinguished, eachcharacterized by a definite set of physical conditions, by a particular association of plants, and by a particular assemblage of animals. Inthis report the plant and animal assemblages are considered together, and inquiry is made into the relations which obtain between them, and between them and the physical environment.
Studies of the Enchytraeidae of North America
Authors: Welch Paul
Published: May 2020

In spite of the fact that the forms belonging to the family Enchytraeidae are common in many parts of North America, it is a group of which little is known. Less than a dozen references constitute the literature on the North American species. The writer has been carrying on investigations in this field in Illinois for the last three years, and the following paper represents some of the results of this study.
The Effects of Kerosene and Other Petroleum Oils on the Viability and Growth of Zea Mais
Authors: Whitten John
Published: May 2020

It has long been a custom among farmers to pour kerosene over seed corn just previous to planting in order to protect it from being injured or destroyed by squirrels, crows, or other pests. Until recently few or no careful observations had been made to determine whether the treatment accomplished the purpose for which it was used or if the effects on germination and subsequent growth were favorable or otherwise.
The Chironomidae, or Midges, of Illinois, With Particular Reference to the Species Occurring in the Illinois River
Authors: Malloch John
Published: May 2020

In this paper I have introduced in descriptions of genera and species a few characters which have not previously been used by writers in dealing with the family. I have in every case endeavored to findcoordinated characters in the sexes, and in dealing with the genera I have, wherever possible, associated the characters found in the adults with a certain set of characters found in larvae and pupae.
Two New Species of Lumbricidae from Illinois
Authors: Smith Frank , Gittins Elizabeth
Published: May 2020

But few species of endemic Lumbricida- have been described from the United States and none from Illinois. The species here described and others of which descriptions are in preparation are of the small group which has had its chief development in North America and which has been designated by Michaelsen as the subgenus Bimastus ofthe genus Helodrilus.
An Ecological Study of Prairie and Forest Invertebrates
Authors: Adams Charles
Published: May 2020

A study has been made with the idea of reporting upon representative patches of prairie and forest in a manner which would aid others in making similar local studies, and would at the same time preserve some records of the present condition of the prairie and forest. When this work was planned, we had no general or comprehensive discussion of the conditions of life upon the prairie and in the forest. For this reason a general summary of these conditions and a sketch of the general principles involved are given, so that the reader may gain some conception of the relation of the local problems to those of a broader and more general character.
A New North American Oligochaete of the Genus Haplotaxis
Authors: Smith Frank
Published: May 2020

The only papers describing North American Ilaplotaxidae are two by Forbes ('90 and '90a) in which he describes Haplotaxis emissarius from Illinois under the name Phreoryctcs emissarius. The present paper extends the original description by giving the positions of the gonads and spermathecae, hitherto unreported. It also includes the description of a new species, Haplotaxis forhesi, from the Illinois River.
Forest Insects in Illinois
Authors: Malloch J. R.
Published: May 2020

This paper deals with a small group of two-winged flies, or Diptera, belonging to the subfamily Ochthiphilinae, family Agromyzidae, and is intended to serve as an index both to the habits and the systematic relations of the species.
The Small Bottom and Shore Fauna of the Middle and Lower Illinois River and its Connecting Lakes, Chillicothe to Grafton: its Valuation; its Sources of Food Supply; and its Relation to the Fishery
Authors: Richardson Robert
Published: May 2020

The present paper, so far as it relates particularly to the valuation of the bottom and shore animals, brings together the results of three summer-autumn seasons of dredging operations in the Illinois River and its connecting backwaters, July, 1913, to October, 1915.
The Orchard Birds of an Illinois Summer
Authors: Forbes Stephen , Gross Alfred
Published: May 2020

The widely separated residences of the present authors, one of us living in Maine and the other in Illinois, and the many engrossing preoccupations of both, have made it impossible until now for us to have the personal conferences or to provide for the cooperation necessary to a complete treatment of our subject ; and it is with pleasure that we at last find ourselves in a position to work together through the mass of tables long ago made ready, and to avail ourselves, in their discussion, of the copious field notes and valuable reminiscenses of Professor Gross, often quite essential to an interpretation of our data. We now hope to prepare, without undue delay, a series of papers, the first of which is here presented.
The Numbers and Local Distribution in Summer of Illinois Land Birds of the Open Country
Authors: Forbes Stephen , Gross Alfred
Published: May 2020

It was hence particularly desirable that additional data should be collected during at least a part of a second year in order that it could be seen to what extent those of the first year might have a somewhat general application, and in order also that by a combination of the two sets of data a broader basis might be had for generalizations of more stable value; and this was done by a substantial repetition, during the three summer montsh of 1909, of the summer program of 1907.
The Determination of Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Connection With Fresh-Water Biological Studies
Authors: Shelford Victor
Published: May 2020

It is accordingly the purpose of this paper to show ( 1) that hydrogen ion concentration is one of the factors governing the movement and distribution of fishes, its importance on the whole probablyequaling that of well-known factors; (2) that breeding places of fish are characteri2ed by differences in hydrogen ion concentration; (3) that hydrogen ion concentration has marked influence on the survival of fishes under adverse conditions.
The Lake as a Microcosm
Authors: Forbes Stephen
Published: May 2020

It is under the influence of these general ideas that I propose to examine briefly to-night the lacustrine life of Illinois, drawing my data from, collections and observations made during recent years by myself and my assistants of the State Laboratory of Natural History.
Third Report on a Forest Survey of Illinois
Authors: Telford Clarence
Published: May 2020

The State Natural History Survey has undertaken an inventory of the forests, and the purpose of this report is to present the area and condition of the forests of Illinois, and to show the productiveness of the common soil types in terms of forest crops.
A Study of the Catalase Content of Codling Moth Larvae
Authors: Spooner C. S.
Published: May 2020

At the suggestion of Professor Shelford, a series of experiments was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the enzyme catalase might be a determining factor in the dormant period of codling-moth larvae.
A Manual of Woodlot Management
Authors: Telford C. J.
Published: May 2020

Our purpose is to define the true forest lands in Illinois, to outline the methods for the proper management of the woodlot, and to give the general returns to be derived from the managed production of wood.
The "Knothead" Carp of the Illinois River
Authors: Thompson David
Published: May 2020

The plant and animal life of the middle Illinois River changed fundamentally during and immediately following large increases in the load ofpollution in the years 1916-1918. One of the changes was a markedalteration in the growth form of the carp. While this alteration variedwidely in degree, it was generally obvious in most of the carp and wasreadily recognized by the fishermen. This change has been found to resolveitself into two general outstanding differences: retardation of therate of growth throughout the life of the carp; and marked anatomicalabnormalities, especially of the bones. A number of methods have beenemployed to find out what factors are responsible for these structuraland functional changes.
The Fishes of Champaign County
Authors: Thompson David , Hunt Francis
Published: May 2020

Inasmuch as there exist among the small stream systems of this county faunal differences comparable to those found among large stream systems, not only in Illinois but elsewhere as well, the intensive study of this restricted area has made it possible to formulate in a more precise manner some of the general conclusions previously reached by other workers on the distribution and abundance of fishes. The use of quantitative methods of collecting has made it possible also to arrive at new conclusions based on such data as may have passed unnoticed in a less detailed study or in streams too large to apply such methods.
On Some Interactions of Organisms
Authors: Forbes Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

While the structural relations of living organisms, as expressed in a classification, can best he figured by a tree—the various groups, pest and present, being related to each other either as twigs to twigs, as twigs to branches,or as branches to the main stem—yet this illustration does not at all express their functional relations. While the anatomical characters of the various groups may show that they are all branches of a common stock, from which they have arisen by repeated divisions and continued divergences, the history of their lives will show that they are now much more intimately and variously bound together by mutual interactions then are twigs of the same branch—that with respect to their vital activities they occupy rather the relation of organs of the same animal body.
Notes Upon the Food of Predaceous Beetles
Authors: Webster F. M.
Published: May 2020

Discusses examples of predaceous beetles damage to crops, forests, and other resources, with emphasis on Carabidae.
Description of New Illinois Fishes
Authors: Forbes Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

A sunfish of the Xenotis of average proportions, rather thin in front, the dorsal outline before the fin well arched, with a decided depression at the nape. Length 4 inches, depth 2.25 ill length. Color dark, with a purplish tint; sides striped with rows of bronze blotches, one to each scale, about seven rows below the lateral line. Sides of the head in alcoholic specimens with an appearance of irregular lines. Opercular flap large, about two-thirds the length of the eye. bordered above and below, but not posteriorly with pale. Head 2.75 to 2.9 in length: nose 3.9 to 4.25: interorbital space slightly greater than length of eye.—3.4 to 3.75 in head. Mouth normal, moderate; rudimentary maxillary bone minute; upper jaw below the middle of the pupil; maxillary 2.85 to 3.1 in head, scarcely reaching the front of the pupil; lower jaw 2 to 2.4; teeth on vomer, not on palatines.
Studies on the Contagious Diseases of Insects
Authors: Forbes Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

Since August, 1883, the writer has used such opportunities as came in his way for observation of the diseases of insects, and for more or less careful and systematic work upon them, directed especially to the point of artificially propagating them for the destruction of injurious insect species. While these researches are not by any means completed, lacking especially critical study of the bacterial forms dealt with, as botanical species, and imperfect also on the side of field experiments on a large scale. I have thought them worthy of present report as a contribution to progress on a difficult but interesting subject, especially as opportunity for further continuance of some of these studies may not soon return.
Studies of Nearctic Aquatic Insects
Authors: Ross Herbert , Frison Theodore
Published: May 2020

The genus Sialis is often described to have only three species. However, Critical study of the genitalia has revealed no less than 10 eastern and six western species grouped under the name infumata. Descriptions of Plecoptera species that are newly discovered in Illinois.
Studies of North American Plecoptera
Authors: Frison T. H.
Published: May 2020

This paper is a result of the continuance of studies of the stonefly fauna of Illinois started in 1926 and expanded within more recent years to include the fauna of North America.
Illinois Furbearer Distribution and Income
Authors: Mohr Carl O.
Published: May 2020

Probably about 958,000 individuals of our eight common furbearers are caught annually in Illinois, or 17 per square mile, amounting roughly to 9,400 per county. Individual fur-takers average about 37 animals each per year. Muskrats were by far the most common catch.  The average annual income from the Illinois fur catch for the period beginning with the 1929-30 season and ending with the 1939-40 season (seasons of 1931-32, 1932-33 and 1933-34 omitted) amounted to about $1,067,500, or about $19 per square mile.  Muskrats accounted for the greatest average annual income.
The Caddis Flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois
Authors: Ross Herbert H.
Published: May 2020

The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, are for the most part medium-sized to small insects resembling moths in general appearance. Their larvae are aquatic in habit and caterpillar-like in appearance. The order Trichoptera contains over 750 species, ranking about seventh among the insect orders. For Illinois, we have now recorded 184 species, the largest known list for any state. It must be remembered, however, that Illinois does not have the same wealth of diverse aquatic situations as some other states, the lists of which will be greatly increased with intensive collecting. In 1931, when this project was started, the only available listing of Illinois species was contained in Dr. Cornelius Betten's then unpublished manuscript of the Trichoptera of New York. In this. Dr. Betten listed not only published records but also the results of his own collecting in the vicinity of Lake Forest, Illinois. This list enumerated 37 species for Illinois. Since that time we have added 146 species to the list, showing how poorly the caddis fly fauna of the entire midwestern and central states was then known.
The Mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Ross Herbert H.
Published: May 2020

Mosquitoes are midgelike insects of various sizes, some of them minute, some of them nearly a half inch long. They belong to the family Culicidae, which belongs to the order Diptera, embracing the common housefly and other two-winged flies. Mosquitoes have aquatic larvae called wiggle-tails, wigglers, or wrigglers, which transform to aquatic pupae called tumblers. The adults, which emerge from the pupae, are aerial. About 150 species of mosquitoes are known to occur in the United States and Canada, and 52 of these have been taken in Illinois. The Illinois mosquito fauna represents a combination of the northern and the southern mosquito faunas, a combination not yet treated in the various reports giving keys to the faunas of limited regions. The object of this paper is to provide means for making mosquito control programs more effective, first by furnishing illustrated keys and descriptions for the identification of mosquito species that occur in Illinois and states similar in climate, and second by summarizing information regarding the distribution, biology, and habitat preferences of the species.
The Bass-Bluegill Combination in a Small Artificial Lake
Authors: Bennett George W.
Published: May 2020

Ten years ago, Fork Lake, a pond of 1.38 acres on the farm of Paul S. Smith near Mount Zion, Illinois, Has probably typical of many of the older man-made ponds in central Illinois. When this pond was assigned for study to aquatic biologists of the Illinois Natural History Survey in 1938, it was 18 years old and had been used extensively for fishing, waterfowl shooting, and general outdoor recreation. A brief history of the recreational benefits derived from the pond has been published elsewhere (Thompson & Bennett 1939a). The Fork Lake experiment was terminated by run-off water from a 4-inch rain that washed out the dam on July 8, 1942. As no Natural History Survey personnel were present at the time the actual break occurred, fish collected were those that remained in the pond after about two thirds of the water had flowed out through the break, carrying with it a part of the fish population. In spite of this unfortunate circumstance, which eliminated the possibility of a final complete census of the fish, the partial census and the collections of previous years gave interesting and significant information on the bass-bluegill combination.
Commercial and Sport Fishes of the Mississippi River Between Caruthersville, Missouri, and Dubuque, Iowa
Authors: Barnickol Paul G. , Starrett William G.
Published: May 2020

This paper is based on an analysis of the data relative to the species composition of the fishes appearing in test-net collections taken in 1944 and 1946 with various types of commercial gear at 31 sampling stations between Caruthersville, Missouri, and Dubuque, Iowa. The gear included types that could not be used legally by commercial fishermen in some or all of the co-operating states. The discussion is limited largely to the commercial and sport fishes of the river. The smaller-sized fishes, such as the minnows (Cyprinidae), seldom occurred in the test-net collections, as the minimum mesh used was 1 inch square.
The Mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois
Authors: Burks B. D.
Published: May 2020

There are over 550 different species of mayflies known for North America north of Mexico. This report includes 48 genera and 222 species, with Illinois records of 126species, 15 of which are described as new.
Hill Prairies of Illinois
Authors: Evers Robert A.
Published: May 2020

Hill prairies are grasslands on pronounced slopes. Of the many hill prairies in Illinois, 61, with a combined area of more than 200 acres, were visited by the writer inthe course of this study.  In Illinois, hill prairies occur on the exposed upper or brow slopes of the generally southwest- and west-facing bluffs east of the  Mississippi River for most of the length of the state and on similar slopes along the Illinois River from Putnam County southward into Jersey County, where the valley of the Illinois enters the Mississippi valley. Hill prairies are present also along the Sangamon and Rock rivers.  The observed flora of Illinois hill prairie was 394 species and varieties. Of these, 390 were vascular plants distributed in 209 genera and 70 families. The largest family was Compositae, with 26 genera and 71 species and varieties. Aster was the largest genus, with 12 species. Thirty species were of foreign origin.
Food Habits of Migratory Ducks in Illinois
Authors: Anderson Harry G.
Published: May 2020

As a basis for an effective, long-time program of management for the waterfowl of the Mississippi Flyway, detailed information about the diet of ducks that migrate through Illinois was considered essential. In the autumns of 1938, 1939, and 1940, duck gizzards totaling 4,977 were collected from hunting clubs and individual hunters at 21 sites along the Illinois River between Ottawa and Florence and 11 sites along the Mississippi River between Rock Island and Quincy. The following 17 duck species were represented: mallard, pintail, green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, baldpate, gadwall, shoveler, black duck, wood duck, lesser scaup, ring-necked duck, redhead, canvasback, ruddy duck, greater scaup, common goldeneye, and oldsquaw. The analyses indicated that, during the fall, most species of ducks in Illinois are predominantly vegetarians, that most of them feed principally on native wild plants, and that the lesser scaup is the only species with a diet predominantly animal. Of the 95 wild plants and 4 cultivated plants found in the gizzards and identified to species, the following 19 were most important: corn, rice cutgrass, marsh smartweed, coontail, wild millet, longleaf pondweed, red-rooted nut-grass, waterhemp, nodding smartweed, buttonbush, large-seeded smartweed, nut-grass, chufa, Walter's millet, sago pondweed, duckpotato, river-bulrush, teal grass, and giant bur-reed. Snails and mussels provided the largest animal food volume and occurred in the largest number of gizzards. Insects were second in volume and occurrence. More than 200 of the gizzards examined contained lead shot pellets that had been ingested.