bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Characterization of Thin Layers of Cellular Plastic Insulations
Authors: Low Norman M.P.
Published: March 2007

An investigation has been carried out to characterize thin layers of cellular plastic insulations. The thin layers were prepared from the cross-section of six cellular plastic insulations which included the gas-filled closed cell phenolic, iso cyanurate, urethane, and extruded polystyrene foams. For companson, an expanded polystyrene board was also included. In the study the apparent thermal conductivity and the foam bulk density of the test specimens were accurately measured. The ap parent thermal conductivity of all test specimens was measured employing a Heat Flow Meter apparatus. The apparent thermal conductivity of the full board speci mens both with and without the presence of the facer material was first measured. Each board specimen was then sliced into 5-mm thick thin layers with a horizontal band-saw cutting device. The apparent thermal conductivity of each thin layer was then individually measured. The thin layers for each foam insulation were also stacked together as a single test unit and remeasured. Measurements showed that a significant variation in the apparent thermal conductivity and in the foam density of each thin layer for each foam insulation was observed depending on the location of the layer in the cross-section of the board in which the specimen was prepared For all gas-filled foam insulations, thin layers near the surface displayed lower apparent thermal conductivity and higher density values; whereas thin layers in the centre re gion showed higher apparent thermal conductivity and lower density values. Based on the measured results, it was possible to demonstrate a graphical correlation be tween the thermal property and the physical property parameters.
A Round Robin Testing Program to Estimate the Precision of ASTM C518 for Measuring the k-Factor of Rigid Foam Product
Authors: Smith S.A. , Lynch J.J. , Moore M.L. , Galbraith C.J.
Published: March 2007

A Round Robin series of tests was run to estimate the precision of ASTM C518, when used to measure the k-factor of rigid urethane modified polyiso cyanurate foam boardstock. Data on different board thicknesses was gathered [well aged 1.0 inch (2.5 cm), 2.0 inch (5.0 cm), and 3.0 inch (7 5 cm) thick, foil/kraft faced laminate board] to represent the entire product range. Thus, information will be pre sented on the precision of ASTM C518 as a function of sample thickness, as well as the between-lab and within-lab variability
A Computer Analysis of the Annual Thermal Performance of a Roof System with Slightly Wet Fibrous Glass Insulation under Transient Conditions
Authors: Pedersen Carsten R. , Courville George E.
Published: March 2007

Field and laboratory results from short-term summer tests have sug gested that small amounts of moisture in fibrous glass roof insulations can have a sig nificant effect on the dynamic thermal performance of roof systems. These results have been reproduced using the transient heat and mass transfer mathematical model. Subsequently, the model has been used to simulate roof performance in different seasons and in different climate regions. In all cases the effects continue to be signifi cant. Small amounts of water readily move up or down in the insulation depending on the direction of the vapor pressure gradient. If a large amount of water is present, it concentrates on the bottom during the summer and on the top during the winter. In addition, during most days there is a portion that cycles up and down This adds excess heat to the building during the warm afternoon which may increase the air conditioning load and removes nearly the same amount of extra heat during the cool evening which may increase the building's heating system load The results from the model calculations are reported in terms of increased cooling and increased heating. Combining these into a changed building energy load and discussing the impact on building performance requires additional analysis to show how these hourly changes impact the whole building's energy balance Using the available property data for other roofing insulations indicates that this latent heat effect is not as important as it is for fibrous glass insulation

Additional computer simulations with the model suggest that the effect is notice able even for moisture concentrations at a level which can be picked up by insulations in outdoor storage Impermeable layers between insulation boards influence the magnitude of dynamic heat transfer but do not eliminate it. Calculations show that thermal performance for new roofs over old insulation where moisture is probably common may be particularly affected by these results.
Performance Based Procurement System for Roofing
Authors: Kashiwagi Dean T.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents research performed at the Del E. Webb School of Construction on a new performance based procurement system for roofing. This procurement system will assist suppliers, manufacturers, and roofing contractors in the continuous improvement of their products and services, and enhance the stability of the roofing industry. The author shows that by using selected methods of infor mation management, e.g., a relative distancing model based on "fuzzy logic," the fa cility managers can select both the roofing system and the roofing contractor with a proven track record and ensure a high probability that the roof will perform over a required service-period.

The performance based procurement system presented in this paper is used to eval uate alternative technical solutions. This procurement system can be applied not only to the roofing contractors but, also, to general contractors, Job Order contractors, mechanical contractors, material suppliers, and even to the manufacturers. This pro gram is being currently verified under a joint project with the Alliance of Construc tion Excellence and involves facility owners and managers from various companies such as Motorola, Honeywell, Morrison Knudson, IBM, and other major facilities in the Phoenix metropolitan area.
Simplified Procedure for the Determination of Thermal Resistance of Thick Specimens Enclosing Air Only
Authors: Campanale Manuela , Moro Lorenzo
Published: March 2007

Procedures are presented in this paper for finding the thermal resis tance of thick products when the thermal resistance can not be measured directly because the specimen thickness exceeds the apparatus capabilities, typically 10-15 cm for guarded hot plate and heat flow meter apparatus, and when it can not simply be calculated as the sum of the thermal resistances of slices cut from the product because of the so-called thickness effect. The proposed method is applicable to air filled in sulating materials, i.e., only air in the cells or among the fibres. It consists of using interpolating equations, one measurement, and a set of material parameters that are known for the family products. For some insulating materials, diagrams are also sup plied which correlate the specimen transfer factor (called thermal conductivity) with specimen thickness and material thermal transmissivity (the measured thermal con ductivity at thicknesses such that the thickness effect may be neglected).
Using Gunshot Detection Systems in Police Departments
Authors: Mazerolle Lorraine Green , Watkins Cory , Rogan Dennis , Frank James
Published: March 2007

Gunshot detection systems are defined as technologically advanced acoustic sensing systems capable of identifying, discriminating and reporting gun shots within one second of a shot being fired. Manufacturers of gunshot detection systems propose that the technology can significantly decrease officer response times to random gunfire calls for service as well as indi rectly control random gunfire problems. Our paper examines some of the organizational imphcations of using gunshot detection systems in local law enforcement agencies. Drawing from a two-month field trial of a gun shot detection system implemented in Dallas, Tex., our paper explores the impact of the technology on officer response times and officer workloads. Our results suggest that implementation of gunshot detection technology in Dallas reduced officer response times by about one minute (7% reduc tion) yet significantly increased officer workloads.
Understanding Cytokines Part I: Physiology and Mechanism of Action
Authors: Corwin Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2007

This is the first of a 2-part article on understanding cytokines. Cytokines are intercellular signaling proteins released from virtually all nucleated cells that influence growth and cellular proliferation in a wide range of tissues. Cytokines have immune modulating effects and are understood to control most of the physical and psychological symptoms associated with infection and inflammation. Cytokines also influence reproduction and bone remodeling. Dysregulation of the cytokine cellular system has significant implications in the development of a variety of illnesses, including most autoimmune disorders, many diseases of the cardiovascular system, osteoporosis, asthma, and depression. For nurses to be adequately informed when caring for clients with chronic illnesses and to be sufficiently knowledgeable when evaluating client outcomes, an understanding of the physiology of cytokines, the occurrences of dysregulation, and the role of cytokines in health and illness is essential. In Part I of this review, cytokine physiology is presented, with an emphasis on characteristics, categories, and mechanism of action. Specific instances of cytokine function in health and disease and implications for nursing research and practice are presented in Part II.
Rethinking Physiologic Stability: Touch and Intracranial Pressure
Authors: Mitchell Pamela H. , Habermann Barbara
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to examine the contingent nature of physiologic stability with respect to the impact of nursing and parental care touch on intracranial pressure (ICP) in children. Data were reanalyzed from those previously collected in eight children in a pediatric intensive care unit who had intracranial hypertension from a variety of causes and whose ICP was invasively monitored. One hundred forty-nine clusters of spontaneous touch/talking were available for analysis after those occurring close in time to procedures and drugs affecting ICP were dropped. Twenty-three episodes of investigator touch (without talking) were also analyzed. ICP stability was defined as any tracing over a defined time period in which the peak-to-trough amplitude did not exceed twice the calculated resting variability. Such an approach allowed classification and counting of stable versus unstable baselines, and stable versus unstable responses to touch. Therefore, ICP stability was examined by comparing the stability of the ICP tracing the last minute prior to a cluster of nonprocedural touch (baseline) with the first minute after the cluster. Clusters of spontaneous touch were nearly always associated with talking to the child and rarely were followed by change in level of ICP greater than that child’s ICP variability at rest. Investigator stroking without talking never was followed by a significant change in level of ICP. There was a contingent relationship between stability of the ICP tracing prior to a cluster of touching/talking such that the probability of ICP becoming more stable when the touch/talk occurred on an unstable baseline was twice that of touch/talk occurring on an stable baseline.
Quantity versus Quality in Project-Based Learning Practices
Authors: Keegan Anne , Turner J. Rodney
Published: March 2007

In the midst of the turbulence wrought by the global economy, it has become common to see projects as an essential medium for achieving change. However, project-based learning practices-as a subset of organizational learning practices-have not kept pace with this development. To explore this concern, we have carried out a study on practices adopted by organizations for learning through projects involving nineteen companies from across Europe and from a range of different industries. We use the concepts of variation, selection and retention in organizational learning to analyze our findings and report the challenges faced by project-based organizations in each of the areas highlighted. We conclude that time pressures, centralization and deferral are the key characteristics of learning in project-based firms and that these impede project-based members in learning from and through projects.
Ideology in Development
Authors: Boot Richard , Reynolds Michael
Published: March 2007

In this final paper we consider the implications of taking account of differing social perspectives on management and organisation - implications for how we come to see our work in Management Development and for evaluating the likelihood that it will result in change of some significance.
The Medium is the Massage
Authors: Newman Victor
Published: March 2007

Victor Newman set up the Task-Oriented Group, Problem-Solving Project (TOGPSP) as an Outdoor Management Development (OMD) research project at the University of Bath in 1984. The project involves a study and development of specific techniques to enhance systematic problem-solving and task-presenting skills. Central to this work are the use of developmental microtasks and the skills-profiling of full-scale microtasks.
Organisational Politics - Only the Darker Side?
Authors: Jones Sue
Published: March 2007

The author argues that the prevailing image of organizational politics as 'the darker side' of human behaviour is too narrow. Her intention is not to construct a new image of organisational politics which ignores their competitive, instrumen tal and manipulative manifestations. Rather, it is to argue for acknowledging, and taking seriously, the notion that organisational politics can involve a wide range of motivations and influence interactions, from the ruthless to the caring. Addressing this complexity is seen as the challenge of organisational politics for management education and development, needing to build managerial awareness of the range of power mechanisms in organisations alongside the skills to also promote and engage in the politics of 'tolerance and mutual respect'.
Career Anchors and Team Perceptions: Diagnosing Management Team Building Needs
Authors: Jacobs R.C.
Published: March 2007

Team building is often conducted in management groups with little diagnosis of a team's actual needs prior to the event. One of the reasons for this is the paucity of reliable diagnostic techniques available to consultants and managers in the area.
Management Educa Tion and Distance Learning: a New Model?
Authors: Asch David , Smith Rosemary
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the recent growth, popularity and use of distance learning in management education. Some of the issues involved in distance teaching are analysed by reviewing experience to date and by a consideration of some new developments in the utilisation of distance teaching material in three organisations. The differing uses of and experiences with distance learning material in these organisations are described. The paper concludes by developing a simple model which may be of use in determining potential outcomes from the customisation of distance learning material and notes that it is the quality of the overall experience which is crucial to success.
Sustaining Human Resource Development in Africa: the Influence of Expatriates
Authors: Maclachlan Malcolm
Published: March 2007

Not long after arriving in Africa I was fortunate to land a 30 day training contract with a large organisation. Despite having a sizeable training staff, the training manager warned me of their inability. After a few days I developed a much more positive impression of the training centre staff, who were all Africans. Despite my efforts to point out their various merits, the training manager retained his dismissive perspective, recounting various tales of African management disasters. He, like myself, was an expatriate. After meeting more expatriate managers, I realised that this first encounter with an expatriate manager was, unfortunately, notgoing to be an exception.
Learning by Heart
Authors: Höpfl Heather
Published: March 2007

In broad terms, this paper is concerned with the inherent tensions in the relationship between the self and work and, specifically, with how these tensions become apparent in the relationship between management development and self-development. In particular, attention is given to the inherent conflicts in the construction of the managerial role. The paper considers the persuasive powers of organizational rhetoric and the disruptive power of the poetic. It considers how organizational rhetoric is used to secure 'appropriate' behaviour and contrasts this with the ambivalence it conceals. The paper argues that rhetorical acts must support the performance and be performed with authority and propriety and that the action thus takes precedence over the actors. The poetic is concerned with the very ambivalence which is concealed by masking. The poetic is always ambivalent and resonates with the flux of experience. The paper considers how the poetic stands in relation to rhetoric and cautions against attempts to appropriate the poetic in the service of the management role.
Management and Organization Learning for Positive Global Change
Authors: Srivastva Suresh , Bilimoria Diana , Cooperrider David L. , Fry Ronald E.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we direct the field of management and organization learning toward the betterment of the global human condition. Through the metaphor of the global meeting, we develop the core agenda for scholarship in management and organization learning: learning for positive global change, cooperative advantage and anticipatory learning, learning in innovative organizational forms, and large group-learning dynamics. For this agenda to be effective in constructing positive global change, the discovery and education endeavors of scholars in this field must change to accommodate the new learning realities mirrored by the global meeting: relationality, participation, flexibility and transboundary thought, organizing and action.
Management Competence and the Management Education Needs of Science Graduates
Authors: Williams Christoph
Published: March 2007

This article reviews a number of models of management competence and discusses the pedagogical issues surrounding the teaching of management education and development at undergraduate level. It outlines the findings of a research project concerning the management education needs of science graduates as perceived by graduates, academics and employers. The results indicate that those competences perceived as being important are also perceived as requiring greater attention at undergraduate level. Employers view graduates as lacking in both transferable skills and other management competencies. Some potential sectorial differences are outlined. The research was funded by the Enterprise in Higher Education Initiative.
Matching Training to the Needs of Polish Managers
Authors: Kennington Carolyn , Sitko-Lutek Agnieszka , Rakowska Anna , Griffiths Jane
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the needs of Polish managers in order to make recommendations for the design of training programmes. The experience of Polish managers is first considered through a comparison of theoretical and actual organizational situations. We find that, as a result of political competition, Polish managers should have developed some managerial skills. Exploratory research in managerial skills, based on Katz's (1955) model, is then reviewed, and we find that Polish managers do possess and use a wide range of skills. National business culture and the effects of relatively high power distance, thought to exist in Poland, on training are then discussed. Research into preferred learning styles, based on Honey and Mumford (1986), is then compared to research conducted in the UK, US and Canada; the preferred learning style of Polish managers is found to be contemplative. Based on these findings, specific recommendations are made for the content and delivery of managerial training programmes. Above all, trainers must be prepared to be flexible and to listen to what their trainees tell them is needed for management in the transition economy. A consultative rather than prescriptive approach is recommended.
The Distinctive Questions Developmental Action Inquiry Asks
Authors: Torbert William R.
Published: March 2007

Developmental Action Inquiry askes three types of questions together in one’s actions with others, with the normative aim of improving the timelines and transformational effectiveness of action. The three questions concern the first-person dynamics of one’s own awareness, the second-person dynamics of the immediate group with whom one is interacting, and the third-person dynamics of the larger institutions within which one’s action is situated. The article outlines the type of theory and practice that supports and reflects such inquiry, and highlights how different such integrated ‘research/practice’ is from empirical positivism.
Phenomenology and the Reflective Practitioner
Authors: Schipper Frits
Published: March 2007

This article asks in what sense phenomenology could contribute to reflection as part of organizational practice. It discusses Berger and Luckmann's view of the role of language in reality construction and, in reaction, argues that Husserl's method of phenomenological clarification is helpful in order to find proper, valid concepts for dealing with practical organizational affairs. The value of clarification is illustrated by the case of the `patient as customer' and by discussing Schön's idea of the reflective practitioner.
The Osmosis of Ideas: An Analysis of the Integrated Approach to IT Management from a Translation Theory Perspective
Authors: Doorewaard Hans , Van Bijsterveld Mark
Published: March 2007

Compared to the critical success factors approach, Translation Theory, which is based on Callon/Latour's Actor-network Theory, presents an innovative and inspiring perspective of analyzing a particular management fashion: the so-called Integrated Approach to IT Management. We argue that the `translation' of this vision on IT management into the organizational discourse resembles more the process of `osmosis' than it does the process of `cloning'. Actors do not simply emulate new ideas. The vision must fight its way through a `semipermeable organizational membrane', consisting of existing power networks, organizational culture and subcultures. As a result, during ongoing processes of inter-mingling and (re)interpreting concepts and practices, the organization slowly changes towards the realization of only a few of the core ideas of the new approach. Translation often takes place unintentionally as part of a power-based process of implicit meaning and identity formation. We develop a simple conceptual framework of translation, while focusing on the translation processes of alignment, enrolment, congealment and hegemonic power. We illustrate our analysis by exploring PROMIS, a particular application of the Integrated Approach, which was implemented within a bank organization in the Netherlands.
Managerial Technology and Netted Networks. `Competitiveness' in Action: The Work of Translating Performance in a High-Tech Firm
Authors: Hansen Allan , Mouritsen Jan
Published: March 2007

Organizational practices weave in and out of different networks. In this paper, we argue and illustrate that the existence and importance of networks in organizations vary according to particular management concerns. Some networks are typically dormant and are called forth only in situations of `crisis'; they may be invisible to organizational participants in conditions of normality. Via organizational concerns, such as hierarchy and control, productivity and profitability, in some episodes some networks (which we call managerial technologies) are made important to condition other networks that operate in continuous time (we call them business technologies). The paper's empirical domain is a small high-tech producer in Denmark. The paper discusses the linkages between actor networks, attempts to discuss how each makes claims to `competitiveness' and assesses how they mobilize each other in situations where one network is impacting on other networks to condition and change them. This reflects the intricate effects of different networks all having a spokesperson and a materiality that claim privileged access to `competitiveness' and its translation into organizational decision-making.
Organizational Studies in Space: Stanislaw Lem and the Writing of Social Science Fiction
Authors: Case Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to introduce the oeuvre of the Polish science fiction author, Stanislaw Lem, whose work is argued to carry significance for students of organizational conduct. Singling out his most famous novel, Solaris, for particular attention, a critical interpretation is offered that selectively highlights Lem's epistemological and ontological pre-occupations concerning scientific inquiry and the human condition. These concerns are seen to resonate with contemporary issues in the field of organization studies. In particular, the rhetorical role of mimesis, viewed as a synthesis of rational and non-rational human motives, within Solaris is taken to inform a wide range of human conduct. The paper concludes by calling for a realist mode of organizational discourse that explores the dialectical relationship between what it characterizes as `solar' and `lunar' dimensions of human behaviour. A new challenge to organization studies will be not simply to learn from the substantive concerns of literary genres such as science fiction, but also to aspire after the narrative skills of their leading exponents.
International Socialization in the New Europe:
Authors: SCHIMMELFENNIG FRANK
Published: March 2007

The international relations of the `new Europe' are shaped by a process of international socialization in which the Western community transmits its constitutive liberal norms to Central and Eastern Europe. This process neither fits rationalist assumptions about international politics in a technical environment nor sociological theories of action. Rather, international socialization in the new Europe is best explained as a process of rational action in a normatively institutionalized international environment. Under these conditions, rational state behaviour is constrained by value-based norms of legitimate statehood and proper conduct. Selfish political actors conform to these norms in order to reap the benefits of international legitimacy, but as instrumental actors they also calculate whether these benefits are worth the costs of conformity and how they can be reaped efficiently. An empirical analysis of the behaviour of the Western socialization agencies and the CEE countries supports this perspective on international socialization.
Theorizing the Westphalian System of States: International Relations from Absolutism to Capitalism
Authors: TESCHKE BENNO
Published: March 2007

This article provides a new approach, revolving around contested property relations, for theorizing the constitution, operation and transformation of geopolitical systems, exemplified with reference to early modern international relations. Against the cross-paradigmatic IR consensus that equates the Westphalian Settlement with the codification of modern international relations, the article shows to which degree 17th and 18th century European geopolitics remained tied to rather unique pre-modern practices. These cannot be understood on the basis of realist or constructivist premises. In contrast, the theoretical argument is that the proprietary and personalized character of dynastic sovereignty was predicated on pre-capitalist property relations. Dynasticism, in turn, translated into historically specific patterns of conflict and cooperation that were fundamentally governed by the competitive logic of geopolitical accumulation. The decisive break to international modernity comes with the rise of the first modern state — England. After the establishment of a capitalist agrarian property regime and the transformation of the English state in the 17th century, post-1688 Britain starts to restructure international relations in a long-term process of geopolitically combined and socially uneven development.
`Hegemonic' Leadership:
Authors: WIENER JARROD
Published: March 2007

In agreement with Lake (1993) a new research programme is required to revitalize the Theory of Hegemonic Stability. However, this article disagrees that Lake's differentiation between `leadership theory' and `hegemony theory' is useful. In refining this distinction, Lake not only exaggerates the positivist foundations of the original theory, but endorses the trend towards the development of a holistic, rationalistic methodology, which discourages the development of behavioural contributions to international political leadership. This article argues that Lake's proposed research programme perpetuates at least three fundamental confusions. (1) By accepting that international leadership refers to the provision of public goods, it obfuscates the essential nature of political leadership, which is essentially an organizational skill, with a function of management, or the governance of a system. This leads to (2) the perpetuation of the belief that leadership is costly, and hence that only a single hegemonic state, or a wealthy collectivity, is able to lead. Finally (3) to emphasize structurally determined policy preferences, particularly as this relates to a state's willingness to lead, overlooks the skills, perceptions and motivations of statesmen, and their efforts in leading groups, both domestically and internationally.
Immanuel Kant, Cosmopolitan Law and Peace
Authors: ARCHIBUGI DANIELE
Published: March 2007

Two centuries ago Immanuel Kant published one of his most celebrated political writings, To Perpetual Peace. A Philosophical Project. He introduced cosmopolitan law, which has puzzled various generations of scholars. This concept is examined by way of a comparison of Kant's contemporary international theories. It is argued that it plays a crucial role in Kant's system of International Relations. While on the one hand cosmopolitan law safeguards a state's sovereignty vis-à-vis other states, on the other it is an innovation which allows the international community to monitor the internal affairs of its members. The concept can be seen as a forerunner of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, sharing with it the idea that some rights have a universal value even if they are not actually protected by any secular institution.
Seizing the Middle Ground:
Authors: ADLER EMANUEL
Published: March 2007

In recent years, a great deal has been written about a `constructivist' approach in International Relations, which argues that international reality is socially constructed by cognitive structures that give meaning to the material world. Nevertheless, most of the epistemological, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of constructivism remain unclear. Nor are its potential contributions to a better understanding of International Relations widely appreciated. The present article seeks to fill some of these gaps. Constructivism occupies the middle ground between rationalist approaches (whether realist or liberal) and interpretive approaches (mainly postmodernist, poststructuralist and critical), and creates new areas for theoretical and empirical investigation. The bulk of the article lays out the social-epistemological basis of the constructivist approach; juxtaposes constructivism to rationalism and poststructuralism and explains its advantages; presents the concept of cognitive evolution as a way of explaining the social construction of reality; and suggests ways of expanding constructivist research agendas.
Identity and the Politics of Security
Authors: WILLIAMS MICHAEL C.
Published: March 2007

The theme of identity has become one of the most important and yet contested elements in contemporary debates over the nature of security and the future of security studies. A key source of this contestation lies in the way that largely unacknowledged claims about knowledge and identity are historically related in one of the most powerful and pervasive conceptions of the relationship between politics and security, which I term the `liberal sensibility'. This foundation, however, has rarely been acknowledged by those who seek to integrate identity concerns into reformulated understandings of security. Contrary to commonly held views, a conception of identity has not been missing from prevailing theories of International Relations. On the contrary, it has been constitutive of them. Grasping the apparent absence of identity concerns as being in fact the outcome of a negative identity practice — a desire to exclude identity concerns from the realms of politics and security — provides a clearer understanding of the structure of the emerging debates between neorealist and critical theories in security studies. It also illustrates how these debates are frequently structured in quite misleading terms, terms that obscure rather than illuminate the fundamental questions raised by the relationship between identity and security.
Phylogenetic Time and Symbol Creation: Where Do Zopeds Come From?
Authors: Lock Andrew J.
Published: March 2007

The data provided by the archaeological record currently lead to the conclusion that modern human anatomy was in place well before the modern species showed its species-typical, symbolically mediated behaviours. This temporal disjunction—between modern human biology and the modern behaviours it supports— poses the question as to how the elaboration of our symbolic behaviours may have occurred. The only field in which there is data as to how symbolically mediated activities are elaborated is ontogeny, both of humans and of languageimmersed apes (and possibly some parrots and cetaceans). Here current accounts tend increasingly to draw on Vygotsky’s concept of the ‘zone of proximal development’ (zoped), portraying the socially constructive nature of the process of mastering symbols. However, ontogeny is notoriously difficult to reconcile with phylogeny at the best of times, and it becomes much more so in this traditional Vygotskian context, for a zoped account requires that one member of the interaction ‘has’ the resources that are being socially transacted to the ‘novice’. This possession begs the phylogenetic issue. This paper lays out an account of how a zoped may be created sui generisthrough the joint actions of equals, so as to provide an essential component in the bootstrapping of symbol systems. Symbols are described as having implicit properties, and it is the ‘discovery’ of these implications that is the engine of cultural change. These ‘discoveries’ require both a biology that can accomplish them and certain conditions of joint action to enable them.
Form and Function: Implications for Studies of Culture and Human Development
Authors: Bornstein Marc H.
Published: March 2007

Understanding of activity and its meaning is viewed through the prism of context. A given activity often has the same meaning in different contexts, but one activity can also have different meanings across contexts. Conversely, different activities can have different or similar meanings depending on context. A prime context for discussing relations between activity and meaning-that is, between form and function-is culture. Flexible relations between activity and meaning are examined in a unified conceptual scheme, and they are illustrated with phenomena from culture and human development. The heuristic value of this perspective and its implications for studies of culture and human development are also considered.
Requiem or Recognition: Not Omniscient and Not Plain Informants
Authors: Lawrence Jeanette A.
Published: March 2007

Wassmann's (1995) analysis is complemented by questioning the adequacy of supposed omniscient and expert knowledge of the ideal type who traditionally informed investigators about how 'order is made out of chaos' in his or her culture. Stratification of societies by any criterion-age sets, gender groups or differentiation of 'experts' from 'novices' reflects the fact that not all problems are consciously known by all members of a society. Relying on cultural persons' abilities to articulate the questions of their culture that may interest the researcher is limiting, especially if the researcher objectifies the information or the informant's abilities. However, if we recognize the informativeness of all cultural members in terms of their specialized knowledge, as no one cultural member is able to give an ideal or typical account of cultural knowledge, a realistic picture of the heterogeneity of both culture and human mind may be obtained. The same may be true of researchers-in the dialectics of interdisciplinary research projects, there are opportunities for a requiem for the omniscient researcher, beginnings of which can be found in Wassmann's analysis.
Are There Universals and Why? A Reply to Minoura and Weisz et al.
Authors: Oerter Rolf
Published: March 2007

In response to Minoura (1996) it is argued that a hypothesis-generating orientation has to be followed by a hypothesis-testing approach, a sequence which was also pursued with the structural levels of the concept of human nature. The role of culture in stimulating both universal levels of construction and culture-specific shaping of knowledge is discussed, and there is an attempt to answer Minoura's questions with regard to this issue. In response to the suggestions of Weisz, Eastman and McCarty (1996) it is proposed to extend the concept of control beyond the hitherto existing conceptualization in order to arrive at a universal construct of control.
Enactivism and Monadology: Where Are Baerveldt and Verheggen Taking the Individual and Cultural Psychology?
Authors: Kreppner Kurt
Published: March 2007

The number of concepts which attempt to describe the exchange process between individual and environment is legion. The proposal offered by Baerveldt and Verheggen (1999) to deal with some of the problems of conceptualizing the exchange between individual and environment is reviewed and the authors’ main idea—to construct the individual as an enactive and autonomous unit, on the one hand, and culture as the formative power of an individual’s proximal environment, on the other—is discussed in a historical perspective. The venture to cut down this number to only one rather idiosyncratic view is interpreted as an unjustified procrustination of a historically rich, complex and often controversial debate which aimed at the illumination of human thought and consciousness and at the exploration of the human capacity to interact with the environment and to both internalize and create culture. Individuals’ exchange with others in order to find pragmatic solutions for common problems even in the sciences was a wellestablished tradition during humanism but began to vanish after Descartes’s reduction of the human being to a thinking unit. The paradox stated by the authors is debated within this historical perspective and their proposed solution for the problem is likened to Leibniz’s idea of conceptualizing individuals as monads interacting in a pre-stabilized harmony.
Party Institutionalization in New Democracies
Authors: Randall Vicky , Svåsand Lars
Published: March 2007

The literature on democratisation emphasises the contribution of political parties, and in that context the importance of party institutionalization. But this concept remains relatively unexplored. Our article first considers the relationship between party institutionalization and party system institutionalization, pointing out that they are not necessarily convergent. We then review the existing literature on party institutionalization, indicating weaknesses and contradictions, before offering our own analytic model. In the final section we identify some of the key considerations arising when this model is applied to the particular circumstances of democratic transition in the Third World.
Some Conceptual Issues and Problems in the Comparison of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe
Authors: Fennema Meindert
Published: March 2007

In this article it is argued that the conceptualization of anti-immigrant parties has been inadequate. Starting from the non-theoretical concept of anti-immigrant parties, three main concepts are discussed and defined: protest parties, racist parties and extreme-right parties. Each of these concepts has its own emphasis and highlights a specific feature of a political family in statu nascendi. Protest parties are non-revolutionary anti-system parties; racist parties are single-issue parties, while extreme-right parties are revolutionary anti-system parties. The article develops a typology of anti-immigrant parties that runs from the general and diffuse (protest parties) to the specific (racist) and ideologically articulate (extreme right). The concepts are not nested but are overlapping, yet they allow us to differentiate between different types of anti-immigrant parties in Western Europe. Protest parties are primarily a product of political alienation, racist parties arise from misgivings about national immigration policy, while extreme-right parties implicitly or explicitly present a political tradition that reacts against the spirit of international capitalism. Researchers who concentrate on electorates tend to use the concept of protest party, those who study militants tend towards the concept of racist parties while those who analyse party programmes and ideology often use the label extreme right.
Crisis, Party Adaptation and Regime Stability in Argentina
Authors: Levitsky Steven
Published: March 2007

The economic crises and adjustment processes of the last decade have fundamentally challenged Latin American parties, altering established policy parameters and straining traditional social coalitions. The question of whether or not established parties successfully adapt to these changes is critical to democratic stability, for when parties fail and party systems decompose, democratic regimes often become vulnerable. This article examines a case of successful party adaptation: the (Peronist) Justicialista Party (PJ) in Argentina. Since 1989, a Peronist government has implemented a set of neoliberal reforms that run directly counter to Peronism's traditional populist program. Yet despite this shift, the PJ has retained its mass base. After briefly outlining the internal changes in the PJ since the mid-1980s, the article seeks to explain the party's adaptive capacity. It argues that the PJ's adaptation was facilitated by a distinctive configuration of organizational features: an under-institutionalized party hierarchy and an entrenched mass base. This combination of features permitted rapid change at the party leadership level, while at the same time helping to ensure a stable base of support.
The Factors Which Influence Primary Student Teachersí Confidence to Teach Dance
Authors: Rolfe Linda
Published: March 2007

This article reports selected findings from a study that examines the factors which influence student teachers’ confidence in teaching the arts in primary schools and focuses on their teaching of dance. A sample of 12 second-year teachers gave a semistructured interview before, during and after a 10-week school-based work experience in a primary school. The students were following a four-year BA (Education) course which prepared them to teach the full range of 10 school curriculum subjects. The procedure of recursive comparative analysis was used to reveal a complex interaction between prior experience, content of the initial teacher education programme and the quality of school experience. Within the narratives there were perceived to be consistent factors which contributed to the student teachers’ confidence or lack of it. The implications of the results for student teachers’ initial training are discussed and some suggestions are offered about the design of teacher education courses and the support of students in schools.
Philosophy and Physical Education: Analysis, Epistemology and Axiology
Authors: McNamee Mike
Published: March 2007

In this paper / offer both selective summary and critique of the recent philosophical contributions to this journal by Andrew Reid, David Carr and Jim Parry. In the first sections I offer some remarks about the nature of analytical philosophy and its impact on liberal educational writings that have had a significant impact on all British philosophers of physical education. I then offer a critique of the presuppositions of Carr's conceptualisation of education within a traditional liberal paradigm following Richard Peters' ground breaking work in the sixties and seventies. I also articulate difficulties with Reid's conception of physical education as merely that which physical educators professionally engage in. In sympathy with a conception of education that is not dominated by the cognitive imperialism implicit in Petersian education, I propose a broader account that entertains a range of cultural practices that can give significance and meaning to a persons life rather than merely those intellectual practices that inform the rational mind. In contrast to Reid's axiological account of physical education as essentially hedonistic, and to Parry's gestures toward an Olympic humanism, l point to the need for an explicitly normative social philosophical account of education which incorporates those sporting practices that comprise part of a rich, non-individualistic, communitarian inheritance.
Visits to the World of Practice
Authors: Love Arnold J.
Published: March 2007

On a regular basis members of the journal's editorial team will visit centres of evaluation practice as well as centres that are important in shaping contemporary evaluation. This section carries forward the journal's intention as stated in its aims 'to advance theoretical and methodological understandings of evaluation in the context of evaluation policy and practice'.
Assessing Evaluations of Hospital Quality Programmes
Authors: Øvretveit John
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the difficulties of evaluating quality programmes and of assessing evaluations of such programmes. It gives a framework which researchers and managers can use to assess reported evaluations of quality programmes.
Action and Noise Over a Hundred Years: The Making of a Nature Region
Authors: MATLESS DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article explores the cultures of nature and the body in the Norfolk Broads region of eastern England, where relations of body and nature are central to culture and economy. Themes of moral geography and history are shown to run through the production of Broadland as a nature region over the past 100 years. The article discusses the contrasting presentation of the region as a space of improving and non-improving pleasure, the assertion of the former entailing a rejection of the latter as something going against the cultural grain of a nature region. Both are considered in terms of the particular modes of corporeality promoted, and the balance of mind and body held to be cultivated or disturbed. The possibilities of bringing displaced popular pasts back into the regional story are explored. The article concludes by reflecting on how the balance between freedom and regulation in moral geographies of conduct has been tipped over by those demanding either disciplinary regulation or bodily freedom.