bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Log Trucking Efficiency by Using In-Woods Scales
Authors: Reddish Ryan P. , Baker Shawn A. , Greene W. Dale
Published: August 2019

We evaluated weight data from 47,953 truckloads of wood delivered to forest products mills in nine southern states to determine the effect of in-woods scale use on reducing the variability of net and gross weights. Four mill-owning companies provided the data and indicated whether in-woods scales were used for each load. We used these data to compare the mean tare, net, and gross weights of truckloads using scales to those not using scales. Trucks using scales had average tare weights only 108 lb greater, but their net payload averaged 1,799 lb higher than trucks not using scales. The coefficient of variation for the net payload was 38% lower for loads with scales than those without (P < 0.001). Individual southern states have different regulations regarding maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW), so we calculated a GVW index to remove state bias and allow comparisons of loads across states. Loads using scales were within 2% of the legal maximum GVW 54% of the time compared with 30% for loads not weighed in-woods. We estimated haul costs for trucks using scales at $7.44 per ton, compared with $7.74 per ton for trucks not using scales (P < 0.001). We found that 11% of loads with in-woods scales had haul costs exceeding $8.00 per ton, compared with 32% of loads not using scales. Across all data, scales represent a 4% savings on per-ton haul costs with even greater savings available as fuel prices increase.
Prism Cruising Coefficients for Appalachian Hardwoods Biomass
Authors: Stuart W. B. , Oderwald R. G. , Ford E. C.
Published: August 2019

Coefficients were developed to convert directly from prism-cruising tally sheets to tons of biomass per acre for Appalachian hardwood stands. It was found that 10 square feet of basal area per acre represent 12 tons per acre in the summer condition and 11 tons per acre in the winter condition. Coefficients for point cruising with diameter obviation are also presented. The D2H volume equation form was sufficient for weight estimation.
Oxyfluorfen: An Effective Herbicide For Southern Pine Nurseries
Authors: South David B. , Gjerstad Dean H.
Published: August 2019

Preemergence tests over a three-year period at 11 forest nurseries indicate that oxyfluorfen at 0.5 or 1.0 pound active ingredient per acre provides good weed control without causing injury to loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.), Virginia (Pinus virginiana Mill.) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Postemergence applications of oxyfluorfen at 0.5 or 1.0 pound per acre controlled small succulent weeds at nine forest nurseries without injuring 4- to 8-week-old seedlings of loblolly and slash or 29-week-old longleaf.1
Dominant Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Carolina Flatwoods
Authors: Pienaar Leon V. , Shiver Barry D.
Published: August 2019

Stem analysis was used to reconstruct the past height growth of sample trees taken from the upper canopy in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the Carolina flat-woods. From a soil profile description a Soil Conservation Service drainage class was determined for each sampled location. The effects of soil drainage class and method of site preparation on the height growth trends were examined, and resulted in the construction of two sets of site index curves: one for very poorly drained (almost exclusively North Carolina pocosin) soils, and another for soils ranging from poorly to well drained. Within drainage classes the different categories of mechanical site preparation methods considered did not require the construction of separate site index curves.
Identification of Lower Coastal Plain Sites of Low Soil Fertility
Authors: Ralston C. W. , Richter D. D.
Published: August 2019

Analysis of forest survey plot data for 16 coastal counties in North Carolina indicated substantial areas of very low productivity for pine growth were associated with two site types, savannas and pocosins, that are easily identified by aerial photo interpretation. Results indicate that the ready identifiability of such areas provides a rapid method for screening areas for soil test sampling and for making large-scale economic appraisals of sites where fertilizer investments might be worthwhile.
Texas and Louisiana Lobolly Pine Study Confirms Importance of Local Seed Sources
Authors: Long Ernest M.
Published: August 2019

On four Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planting sites in Texas and Louisiana local seed sources produced an average of 20 percent more volume than nonlocal sources after 20 years. Trees from nonlocal seed sources tended to have more variation in volume production between plantations than trees from local seed sources. Growth data from these plantations indicate that seed source determines to a great extent how biologically and economically successful a plantation will be.
Expanding Options for Reforestation of the Cumberland Plateau
Authors: McGee Charles E.
Published: August 2019

If reforestation options in the Cumberland Plateau region are to be expanded, existing low-quality stands must be utilized. Shearing and on-site chipping of trees over 4 inches d.b.h. reduce site-preparation costs, leave the site relatively clean, and provide valuable raw material. Early results from a 37-acre study area show that a shearing-chipping operation can be followed by planting or natural regeneration. Additional site preparation or release may be necessary. Two years after harvest, planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) are growing well. Planted white pine (Pinus strobus L.) has made a slower start but with later release should grow well. Natural regeneration is also developing rapidly and offers an inexpensive way to improve a low-quality stand.
Loblolly Pine Stocking Levels affect Potential for Southern Pine Beetle Infestation
Authors: Lorio Peter L.
Published: August 2019

By comparison with any o several stocking standards, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands infested with southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) on the Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana, were frequently overstocked. Stocking levels associated with reduced stand and tree growth and frequent intermittent water deficits also enhance successful southern pine beetle attack. Charts that help determine how well existing stocking meets management objectives are also useful for judging stand vulnerability to the southern pine beetle.
Relative Abundance of Breeding Birds in Forest Stands in the Southeast
Authors: Dickson James G. , Conner Richard N. , Williamson J. Howard
Published: August 2019

Relative population data are presented for forest breeding birds in stands of three different ages in major forest types of the southeastern USA. These data should enhance understanding of the relationships between breeding birds and forest stands, and enable forest managers to favor certain species by manipulating forest habitat. The dearth of data from some forest types and ages indicates where additional research is needed.
Oak Seeding—It Can Work
Authors: Johnson R. L.
Published: August 2019

Nearly 20,000 acorns of Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palmer) were direct-seeded in Sharkey clay soil in the Mississippi Delta. Acorns sown 1 inch deep in January gave significantly better germination, 55 percent of total sown, than did eight other combinations of three storage treatments with three sowing depths. Rodents destroyed most acorns sown in the understory and in forest openings <1/10-acre but hardly bothered acorns sown in 350-foot square forest openings cleared to ground level. After 10 years in the larger areas, 75 percent of the seedspots, spaced at 5- x 10-feet and sown with four acorns each, were stocked with one or more living trees. About one-third of the oaks were in a free-to-grow position. Average height and d.b.h. of the largest oaks, one from each of 162 treatment rows, were 17.8 feet and 1.8 inches. Five-foot wide strips were mowed between the 10-foot spacing. After 10 years, there were 14,142 total trees per unmowed acre.
Rating East Texas Stands for Southern Pine Beetle Susceptibility
Authors: Hicks Ray R. , Howard James E. , Watterston Kenneth G. , Coster Jack E.
Published: August 2019

A ranking system developed in east Texas classifies the susceptibility of host stands to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonous frontalis Zimm.) into four categories. Input variables include pine basal area per acre, average tree height, and a categorical evaluation of land form. Higher-hazard stands are generally overstocked, have taller trees, and grow on wet or low-lying sites. Management strategies are recommended for the various hazard categories.
Fifth-Year Performance of Progenies of Selected South African Slash and Loblolly Pine Clones
Authors: Kraus John F. , Sluder Earl R.
Published: August 2019

Control-pollinated polymix progenies of 9 slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) and 10 loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine from some of the best clones in a South African tree improvement program were tested in Georgia. Overall, the progenies of the South African selections in both species have done well after five years in the field. One of the slash pine and three of the loblolly pine families were better than open-pollinated progeny from established seed orchards.
Estimating Fuel Weights Before Prescription Burning Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Johansen R. W. , Lavdas L. G. , Loomis R. M.
Published: August 2019

Tables are provided for estimating forest floor litter weights as a function of stand density and duration of accumulation in shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.) stands. Tables are also provided for estimating the amount of fuel contained in merchantable shortleaf pine tree crowns when the material is to be either used or burned as debris on the ground after logging.
Air Quality Laws in Southern States: Effects on Prescribed Burning
Authors: Hauenstein Eric B. , Siegel William C.
Published: August 2019

Forest management burning in most southern states has to date been spared from severe air quality regulation. Recently, however, an increased interest has developed in the emissions from prescribed burning as an air pollutant. More recognition is now being given to the fact that its two major impacts—visibility impairment and particulate emission—can be widespread if not properly managed. State-promulgated regulatory programs are now in the process of being reshaped within the legal framework provided by the 1970 federal Clean Air Act and its 1977 amendments. Focusing on forestry burning activities, we review the recent history of the federal air quality law and how southern states are revising their legislation and administrative regulations according to federal mandate. The relationship of state air quality statutes and regulations to prescribed burning, and to other state regulatory constraints, is examined.
Observations on Growth of Paraquat-Treated Slash Pine
Authors: Brown Claud L. , Pienaar Leon V.
Published: August 2019

Research in use of paraquat to stimulate oleoresin formation in southern pines has resulted in substantial effort to develop commercial application techniques for increasing resin production. Currently there is some concern over the extent to which paraquat treatment affects the subsequent growth and yields of treated trees. In the present study low concentrations of paraquat cation (0.25 percent) injected into two tangential bore holes at the root collar caused no significant reduction in volume growth of 18-year-old slash pine during the two-year posttreatment period prior to harvest. Paraquat concentrations twice this high (0.5 percent), but injected into a single radial bore hole, resulted in approximately 13-percent growth reduction over the same period of time, indicating that higher concentration and lower volume treatments should be avoided. Both the mode of application and concentration used are important variables to consider in developing techniques to enhance oleoresin production without significant loss in volume growth.
Western and Southern Lumber and Plywood Capacity—Approaching Stability?
Authors: Porterfield Richard L.
Published: August 2019

A lumber and plywood capacity simulation model is derived from U.S. Forest Service data. Western and southern lumber and plywood capacity changes are responsive to gross profit margins specific to the individual product and region. Southern lumber production is forecast to increase in both absolute and relative terms through the 1980s while western production falls to some 20 percent of total U.S. demand (from 23 percent in 1976). Western plywood production capacity is forecast to continue its decline through the 1980s while southern capacity increases. Southern stumpage prices could double from 1978 levels in constant dollar terms, and the demand for saw-timber-sized stumpage in the South may be one-third to two-thirds higher by 1990.
How Many Tree Heights Should You Measure for Natural, Atlantic Coastal Plain Loblolly Site Index?
Authors: Lloyd F. Thomas
Published: August 2019

Sample size is tabulated for the number of tree heights needed to site-classify plots growing natural, Atlantic coastal plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The size of the sample depends on observed stand age and selected site-class size, index age, and classification success rate. The most important outcome is the relationship of sample size to stand age because putting it into practice results in uniformly reliable site-index estimates.
Optimum Nitrogen Rates for Fertilization of Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Ballard R.
Published: August 2019

Biologic and economic optimum rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization were estimated 4 or 5 years after fertilization for 11 loblolly pine plantations which were responsive to ammonium nitrate fertilization. Despite the diversity of sites and stands examined, variation in the optimum N rates was not very great. The biologic optimum averaged 200 lbs. N per acre, while the economic optimum varied according to the value of the harvested product: for wood values at $0.70 and $0.20 per cu. ft. the average economic optima were 152 and 57 lbs. N per acre, respectively. These two economic rates captured, on average, 94 percent and 52 percent, respectively, of the maximum biologic response. The response magnitude showed considerably more variation between sites than the optimum N rates, with the maximum biologic volume response ranging from 193 to 502 cu. ft. per acre over a 5-year period.
Prescribed Burning in Southern Forest and Rangeland Improves Forage and Its Use
Authors: Lewis Clifford E. , Grelen Harold E. , Probasco George E.
Published: August 2019

Prescribed burning is a common management practice on much of the South's rangeland and forest land. Fire helps maintain the productivity, improves the nutrient content, and increases digestibility of forage. Burning increases availability of forage and browse plants by removing dead plant material and by reducing the size and density of shrubs. Proper use of fire permits better use of the grazable natural resources of southern forest ranges for both livestock and wildlife.
Species Suitability on a Lowland Site Altered by Drainage
Authors: DeBell D. S. , Askew G. R. , Hook D. D. , Stubbs J. , Owens E. G.
Published: August 2019

Surface drainage created adequate conditions for survival and growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on most sites within a wet lowland area. Successful pine establishment occurred on soils having loamy or sandy surface horizons and where original forest cover had been pine-hardwood or hardwood. On a lesser but significant number of sites, however, loblolly pine had unsatisfactory survival. Such problems were common where clay content of surface soil was high and the water table remained near the surface after ditch installation. In most cases, these conditions occurred on sites formerly occupied by cypress-hardwood timber. Planted sweetgum (Liquid ambar styraciflua L.) and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) had better survival than loblolly pine on these sites. Guidelines for delineating such problem sites are given and management alternatives discussed.
Incidence of Heterobasidion annosum Basidiocarps on Two Low-Hazard Florida Soils After Clearcutting and Site Preparation
Authors: Webb Roger S. , Hollis Charles A. , Swindel Benee F.
Published: August 2019

A survey for the incidence of Heterobasidion annosum basidiocarps among residual slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) stumps revealed frequent occurrence of the fungus 18 months after clearcutting in sites considered low hazard for the fungus. Although the percentage of infected stumps was high, the fungus was not isolated from dead or dying seedlings 18 months after planting. Further risk of stump infection may be reduced by thinning or clearcutting slash pine on low-hazard sites in the summer.
Economic Evaluation of Old-Field Loblolly Pine Plantation Management Alternatives
Authors: Broderick Stephen H. , Thurmes John F. , Klemperer W. David
Published: August 2019

Using a computerized tree growth simulator for old-field plantations, this study reaches tentative and preliminary conclusions about loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation management systems which maximize rotation-start present value under various situations. Assumptions included different product mixes and prices; interest rates; planting spacings; harvest ages; and intensity, frequency, and timing of thinnings.
Pheromone Traps Detect Webbing Coneworms in Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: DeBarr G. L. , Barber L. R. , Berisford C. W. , Weatherby J. C.
Published: August 2019

In 1981 traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone caught webbing coneworm (Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich), moths in 47 of 63 southern pine seed orchards. Male moths were caught in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, but not in Florida, Oklahoma, and Texas. The potential for attacks in 1982 appears to be moderate to high in about half of the orchards and is particularly high in North Carolina. This is the first demonstration of the value of pheromone-baited traps as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach to coneworm control in southern pine seed orchards. These inexpensive traps provide a highly specific detection technique that can easily be used by trained seed orchard personnel, thus providing early warning to trigger preventative action.
Green Weights of Major Tree Species in North Florida Pine Flatwoods
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Conde Louis F. , Smith Joel E. , Hollis Charles A.
Published: August 2019

Prediction equations for green weights of the entire aboveground stem of seven species of trees commonly found in the flatwoods of north Florida are derived. Based on other studies of planted pines, approximate deductions for the unmerchantable portion at the top of the tree are suggested. An independent test of validity (admittedly not very stringent), namely, prediction of the harvest from two experimental watersheds from low-intensity cruises made prior to harvest, is given as some evidence that the results for pine are reliable.
Impact of Wildfire and Watershed Restoration on Water Quality in South Carolina's Blue Ridge Mountains
Authors: Neary Daniel G. , Currier John B.
Published: August 2019

Five streams in the Blue Ridge Mountains of South Carolina were monitored for 12 months after the April 1978 Jumping Branch Wildfire. These streams drain watersheds which were undisturbed (366 ha), partially burned (218 ha), partially burned and fertilized (272 ha), completely burned and fertilized (122 ha), and in all these conditions combined (1,038 ha). Differences in NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, Na, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations, were attributed to the fire or subsequent watershed improvement operations. Concentrations of NO3-N increased the most (peak of 0.394 mg/l), primarily as a result of fertilizer application during restoration operations. Ammonium nitrogen, NO3-N, and PO4-P levels were elevated on the burned and fertilized watersheds mainly during storm events. Sodium, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were 12 to 82 percent above background levels during most of the monitoring period. Suspended solid concentrations, determined during a three-month period which contained the largest single storm event within the first year after the fire, showed no relationship to watershed condition. Changes detected in water quality were not of biological significance to aquatic ecosystems, nor did they reduce the value of the streams as a potential source of drinking water.
Nursery Costs and Benefits of Container-Grown Southern Pine Seedlings
Authors: Guldin Richard W.
Published: August 2019

Loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) seedlings can be grown in Number 2 Styroblock containers in timber-truss greenhouses for essentially the same cost per thousand as bare-root seedlings, if construction of a new nursery is contemplated. Because of the time required to expand a bare-root nursery, every additional dollar spent to expand output using a container facility at the existing location is rewarded with $5.90 in present-worth benefits.
Forest Practices Cost Trends in the South
Authors: Moak James E.
Published: August 2019

During the period 1952-1979, trends of nine forest practices cost increases have ranged from 6.55 percent annually for planting by hand to 11.19 percent annually for mechanical site preparation in the South. These figures represent an increase over the wholesale price index of 3.21 percent annually for planting by hand and 7.70 percent for mechanical site preparation.
Wilderness Management in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Watson Alan E. , Stankey George H.
Published: August 2019

Wilderness managers need information about visitor preferences and behavior if they are to protect wilderness experiences and resources. Linville Gorge, Shining Rock, and Joyce Kilmer/Slickrock wilderness users have somewhat different perceptions of wilderness problems, but too many people in certain places, a lack of information about use, litter, and destruction of vegetation are commonly mentioned. Wilderness users expect few contacts with other groups, especially with large groups and at campsites. Use controls are generally supported, and visitors favor unobtrusive management strategies over direct regulation.
Inflation and the Capital Budgeting Process
Authors: Hotvedt James E.
Published: August 2019

Cash flow analysis under conditions of inflation is discussed by addressing the analysis and application of general and real price changes in forestry investment decisions. Terms required for understanding and undertaking such analyses are defined. Cash flow analyses can be conducted using the current or constant dollar approaches and on before- or after-tax bases. Inflation should be accounted for in analyses conducted on an after-tax basis which include depreciation expenses or depletion allowances. Tables of formulae are presented that modify the traditional, well-known valuation formulas by incorporating general and real price changes.
Size-Volume Classification of Appalachian Hardwood Sawlog Harvesting Residue
Authors: Timson Floyd G.
Published: August 2019

Length and diameter, not quality, limit the use of low-grade roundwood in a number of wood manufacturing processes; therefore the length, diameter, and volume relationship was examined for bolewood hardwood logging residue from sawlog-only harvesting operations. Estimations were made of available residue by length and minimum diameter as well as the volume of bolts or logs of a given diameter and length that can be cut from bolewood residue. At an 8-inch minimum diameter, 81 percent of the residue is available; this decreases to 40 percent if a 12-inch minimum diameter is desired. This is with no cutting except to minimum diameter. Sixty-one percent of the residue can be cut into 8-foot logs with an 8-inch minimum diameter. If the desired long length is increased to 12 feet, 51 percent of the residue can be cut into pieces of this length having a minimum small end diameter of 8 inches.
Multi-Resource Effects of Harvest, Site Preparation, and Planting in Pine Flatwoods
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Marion Wayne R. , Harris Larry D. , Morris Larry A. , Pritchett William L. , Conde Louis F. , Riekerk Hans , Sullivan Edward T.
Published: August 2019

A multidisciplinary study of the environmental and ecological effects of harvest, site preparation, and planting of pine flatwoods forests under two distinct management regimes is described, and important results are reported for several resources. Bedload sediment production was negligible regardless of treatment. Water yield increased during treatments, but returned to preharvest levels the following year. Stormflow increased--especially for intermediate-sized storms. Peakflow rates increased only when the stream channel was exposed to more intensive site preparation. Water quality alterations were small and transient; potassium, calcium, and suspended sediment concentrations increased. Except for calcium, nutrients in rainfall exceeded nutrients in runoff and pulpwood harvest removals. Soil and nutrient relocation with windrowing was substantial. Floral composition was dramatically altered: woody species diminished; herbaceous species increased. Plant species diversity was initially increased by less intensive practices, not diminished by more intensive practices. Small mammal populations--depauperate in the natural stands--remained so after planting. Winter bird densities increased--especially on the perimeter of undisturbed cypress domes and within clearcut pinelands.
Bottomland Hardwood Stand Development Following Clearcutting
Authors: Bowling Dale R. , Kellison R. C.
Published: August 2019

A mature bottomland hardwood forest near Laurel, Mississippi was commercially clearcut in 1958 and the development of the ensuing naturally regenerated stand was traced. With increasing age, water oak (Quercus nigra) and white oak (Quercus michauxii) assumed a dominant position at the expense of blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora) and ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana). At age 22, 13.4, 33.6, 51.5, and 4.6 ft² of the basal area was comprised of spruce (Pinus glabra) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water oak, and white oak; iron-wood and blackgum comprised 14.8 and 1.8 percent of the basal area in trees less than 4 inches in diameter.
An Economic Analysis of Forest Grazing on Four Timber Management Situations
Authors: Lundgren Gwynne K. , Conner J. Richard , Pearson Henry A.
Published: August 2019

Increasing pressures to find new sources of forage for beef production have stimulated continued exploration into the economic potential for raising beef cattle on forested lands in the South. Four timber management alternatives were evaluated, including a 30-year rotation without thinning, a 30-year rotation with thinning in year 15 to 70 ft.² basal area per acre, a 40-year rotation with thinnings in years 15 and 27, and a 60-year rotation with thinnings in years 15, 25, 35 and 48. Rotational prescribed burning, supplemental feeding, and controlled breeding provided 80-percent calf crops and 443-pound weaning weights. The analysis indicated variations in the rate of return on investment in the cattle operations from .5 percent for the 30-year, no-thinning alternative to 4.5 percent for the 40-year, with-thinning alternative.
Development of Seven Hardwood Species in Small Forest Openings
22-Year Results
Authors: Johnson R. L. , Krinard R. M.
Published: August 2019

Small forest openings planted with seven leading commercial tree species were completely dominated by yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) that averaged 90 feet tall after 22 years. Of the other planted species, swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii) was most shade tolerant while Shumard oaks (Q. shumardii), water oaks (Q. nigra), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) showed little tolerance.
Forest Regrowth on the Cumberland Plateau and Implications for Productive Management
Authors: Muller Robert N.
Published: August 2019

An old-growth forest and a 35-year-old, second-growth forest on the Cumberland Plateau were studied to compare species composition and structure. Species composition and total basal area of the two stands did not differ, although total stand density was 19 percent lower and basal area of commercial species was 25 percent higher in the old-growth than in the second-growth stand. Analysis of size-class distributions showed that both stands were best represented by an inverse J-shaped distribution, which best describes old-age stands. The rapid regeneration of the second-growth stand seems to be the result of minimal disturbance to accumulated nutrient pools in the soil. The importance of these accumulated nutrient pools and implications for forest management on the Cumberland Plateau are discussed.
Managing Urban Forests to Increase or Decrease Gray Squirrel Populations
Authors: McComb William C.
Published: August 2019

Managers of urban forests may want to improve habitat for gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) where more are desired, or to reduce habitat quality where squirrels are a nuisance. Habitat characteristics that are desirable for either purpose were determined by trapping and line-transect censusing squirrels on a 276-acre tract that resembles an urban park. These findings and related information support five habitat-management procedures for increasing and four procedures for decreasing populations of gray squirrels.
Bayleton® Seed Treatment Combined with Foliar Spray Improves Fusiform Rust Control in Nurseries
Authors: Rowan S. J.
Published: August 2019

Bayleton foliar sprays eradicated all fusiform rust infections when applied up to 7 days after artificial inoculation and eradicated a significant number of infections when applied 28 days after inoculation. A combination of seed treatment and foliar spray provided complete control when the spray was applied up to 14 days after inoculation and further reduced disease incidence when the foliar spray was applied 28 days after inoculation. Foliar sprays applied before inoculation prevented infections up to four weeks after application but sprays applied to nongerminated seed did not prevent infections in seedlings originating from these seed. Seed treatment would, therefore, significantly improve fusiform rust control in forest nurseries. Without seed treatment, applications of both ferbam and Bayleton during the period of seed germination may be necessary to adequately control the disease in high rust-hazard nurseries. When seed are treated with Bayleton, the first foliar spray must be applied 14 days after germination begins or no later than 7 days after the first infection period following the first 14 days of seed germination. Thereafter, sprays should be applied at intervals not to exceed 35 days.
Computer Programs for Forest Investment Analysis
Authors: Brooks Darrell G. , Vodak Mark C. , Hokans Richard H.
Published: August 2019

There are many computer programs that are useful to the forester for evaluating investment alternatives of private landowners. Although similar, these programs exhibit important differences, and it is imperative that potential users are aware of features and capabilities so they may make comparisons. Tables give an overview and summary of the key features and capabilities of 11 programs currently available. Five of these are examined. Those chosen for discussion are indicative of the basic similarities and differences among available investment programs and provide points for comparing and selecting programs for specific needs.
Coal-Ash Effects on Fuelwood Production and Runoff Water Quality
Authors: Riekerk Hans
Published: August 2019

The poorly-drained sandy soil of a small watershed in north-central Florida was amended with 56 dry tons/acre of coal-ash, bedded at 6-foot spacing, and planted to seedlings at 3-foot intervals. First-year growth of Casuarina cunninghamiana or Australian pine was better than on the nonamended control. The exceptional freeze of the winter of 1982 killed about 70 percent of the trees, but surviving individuals continued significantly improved growth rates as compared to the control. Replanting with Eucalyptus viminalis showed no better growth than the control. Dissolution of bases from the ash neutralized the normally acid soil and runoff water. As a consequence, concentrations of heavy metals in runoff were diminished.
A Service Foresters' Guide to Investment Terminologies—Which Ones Are Most Easily Understood By Landowners?
Authors: Foster Bennett B.
Published: August 2019

Discounting and its results: present net values, soil expectation values, net annual equivalents, and other similar measures, though standard in forestry evaluations, are unnecessary and confusing terms to a large segment of those interested in timber investments. There are just 2 measures that will tell most small forest landowners all they usually want to know about such investments. These measures are the rate of return and whether this rate has been adjusted for inflation (the real rate) or not adjusted for inflation (the nominal or market rate). The other terms, which are often understandable only to evaluation specialists, should be omitted from our vocabulary when dealing with the average small landowner/investor.
Options in Energy Wood Farming
Authors: McConnell W. V.
Published: August 2019

A U.S. Air Force-sponsored study identified 5 potential management options for woody biomass production at Eglin Air Force Base (AFB), Florida. The preferred option was short rotations of densely stocked Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata) on Lakeland soils. This low-energy subsidy approach may have application on much of the 8 million acres of sandhill soils in the South.
Germination Speed as a Predictor of Nursery Seedling Performance
Authors: Barnett James P. , McLemore B. F.
Published: August 2019

Although they are not fully satisfactory, laboratory germination percentages are still better predictors of nursery-tree yield for both loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine seeds than any other means now available. Germination values, which combine both speed and completeness of germination, improve the predictability of nursery performance only in slowly germinating lots. Analyses of the reasons for better nursery growth of seedlings from stratified seeds reveal that under less favorable conditions they germinate faster than unstratified seeds. When equal-aged germinants from similarly-sized stratified and unstratified seeds are planted at the same time, seedling development is essentially the same. Seedlings from large-sized seeds (half-sib lots) did grow larger over a 10-week period than those from small-sized seeds.
CEPA in Sulfuric Acid Paste Increases Oleoresin Yields¹
Authors: McReynolds Robert D. , Kossuth Susan V.
Published: August 2019

During 2 growing seasons, slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and longleaf (P. palustris Mill.)pines were worked for naval stores to test chemical additives to sulfuric acid pastes. A 53% acid paste is used commercially to stimulate oleoresin flow. Only 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) increased gum yields significantly. Maximum yields were obtained by lowering the sulfuric acid concentration to 25% and adding CEPA at 2.5 or 5.0%. Yields were increased up to 36% in 21- to 23-year-old slash pines (25% sulfuric acid plus 5.0% CEPA) and 65% in 60-year-old longleaf pines (25% sulfuric acid plus 2.5% CEPA). In treatments with CEPA and no sulfuric acid, yields increased with increasing CEPA concentration, but all were at least 22% less than that from the commercial paste. Near-maximum yields were obtained by spraying to runoff with 21.6% CEPA (as the full-strength commercial formulation of Ethrel®) over the smoothed bark surface.
Stem Volume and Taper Functions for Yellow-Poplar in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Knoebel Bruce R. , Burkhart Harold E. , Beck Donald E.
Published: August 2019

Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipfera L.) is an important commercial species that is marketed as a variety of products. Because merchantability standards change rapidly, it is desirable to have a set of volume estimating equations that are general and flexible for obtaining estimates for any specified portion of tree boles. Data from 336 yellow-poplar trees in the southern Appalachians were used to develop equations for predicting cu.ft. stem volume to any desired top diameter or height limit while insuring that predicted volumes were logically related through the fitting of diameter and height ratio equations. Rearrangement of these ratio equations provides implicit stem taper functions that can be used to estimate height at a given diameter and diameter at a given height.
Estimating Moisture Content in Litter
Authors: Johnson Von J.
Published: August 2019

Moisture in the litter layer of the forest floor varies in time and space in a highly complex manner. Current systems for predicting, or methods for estimating, litter moisture do not account for this inherent variation. A leaf or needle-bending test may have merit for estimating site-specific, real-time litter moisture in preparation for prescribed burning.
Wounds on Loblolly Pines are Sites of Infection for Fusiform Rust Fungus
Authors: Miller Thomas , Matthews Fred R.
Published: August 2019

Wounds on loblolly pines are shown to be infection sites for fusiform rust fungus (Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme). Recommendations are proposed for preventing infection of wounds.
Four-Year Growth and Development of Planted Loblolly Pine on Sites with Competition Control
Authors: Knowe Steven A. , Nelson Larry R. , Gjerstad Dean H. , Zutter Bruce R. , Glover Glenn R. , Minogue Patrick J. , Dukes James H.
Published: August 2019

The effects of competition on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) development during the initial 4 years of a plantation were investigated on an Upper Coastal Plain site in east-central Alabama. Height and diameter response to competition control in relation to time following treatment and amount of herbaceous competition were examined. Trees on plots receiving broadcast weed control for 2 years were twice the height and diameter of trees with no weed control after 4 years, while trees receiving banded weed control for 2 years were 1.6 times taller and 1.75 times larger in diameter. Broadcast and banded 1-year treatments were 1.4 times larger in both measures.
Growth of 20-Year-Old Virginia Pine Planted at Three Spacings in Tennessee
Authors: Smalley Glendon W.
Published: August 2019

Average height of dominant and codominant Virginia pines (Pinus virginiana Mill). on a Mid-Cumberland Plateau site was 46 feet at plantation age 20, equivalent to a site index (base age 50) of 75. Trees planted at a spacing of 8 x 8 feet had a merchantable yield (outside bark to a 4.0 inch top for all trees with a dbh of 4.6 inches and larger) of 1,987 ft³ per acre with a basal area of 114 ft² per acre. Comparative statistics on the other spacings tested were: 6 x 6 feet—2,067 ft³ and 123 ft² and 4 x 4 feet—2,155 ft³ and 141 ft². Survival on the plots was: 4 x 4 feet—38%; 6 x 6 feet—58%; and 8 x 8 feet—75%. Height to base of live crown averaged 25 feet, and dead branches remained nearly to the ground on most trees at all spacings.
Soil Properties and Pine Growth Affected by Site Preparation after Clearcutting
Authors: Stransky J. J. , Roese J. H. , Watterston K. G.
Published: August 2019

A pine-hardwood sawtimber stand in southeast Texas was clearcut in September 1972. Random plots were burned, chopped, KG-bladed, or left untreated. In the spring of 1974, 1-0 loblolly pine seedlings (Pinus taeda L.) were handplanted at 8 by 10 foot spacing. Data from soil samples, taken from the 0-5 inch depth before clearcutting and 1, 3, and 5 years after site preparation showed that burning appeared to have changed soil nutrient levels the least. Of the two mechanical treatments, KG-blading altered the chemical composition of the soil most, probably because topsoil organic matter was removed. Planted pines survived and grew best on mechanically prepared areas, producing 1.5 to 3.3 times more cubic-foot volume per acre than either of the other treatments by the end of the eighth year.
Economics of Timber Sale Decisions
Authors: Flick Warren A.
Published: August 2019

The value of a forestry investment can be cut nearly in half by making poor decisions about timber sales. Selling at high prices and qualifying for long-term capital gains treatment are the two most critical items. Selling at the right rotation age is less important. Decisions about selling lump sum or scale are related to a landowner's income tax situation.
Tree Profile and Volume Ratio Equations for Sweetgum and Cherrybark Oak Trees
Authors: Matney Thomas G. , Hodges John D. , Sullivan Alfred D. , Ledbetter Julia R.
Published: August 2019

Equations are presented for predicting the height and cubic foot volume (ib or ob) to any top diameter limit (ib or ob) of sweetgum and cherrybark oak trees. Example applications of the equations are given.
Insecticide Applications During the Pollination Period Do Not Adversely Affect Seed Yields of Loblolly Pine
Authors: DeBarr Gary L. , Matthews Fred R.
Published: August 2019

Three insecticides--Guthion® (azinphosmethyl), Pydrin® (fenvalerate), and Ambush® (permethrin)--were applied to catkins and to ovulate strobili of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda) at the time of maximum ovulate receptivity to determine their effects upon pollen viability, ovulate strobili survival, seed set, seed yields, and seed viability. Concentrations recommended for seed orchard use did not significantly reduce the number of pollen grains/ovule, in vitro or in vivo pollen germination, survival of ovulate strobili, number of developed seeds/cone, number of filled seeds/cone, germination of full seed, or cause an increase in abnormal seed germination. Operational applications of these insecticides to control the webbing coneworm (Dioryctria disclusa) should not cause adverse effects during this sensitive period of seed development in loblolly pine seed orchards.
A4 An amplicon-based approach for universal amplification, sequencing, and assembly of full-length HIV-1 samples from the DRC
Authors: Bletsa M , Vidal N , Vrancken B , Lequime S , Peeters M , Lemey P
Published: August 2019

Phylogenetic studies have contributed to our understanding of the early epidemic onset of HIV-1 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); however, the factors driving its early emergence and establishment in human populations still remain unresolved. In order to determine the key aspects of its successful epidemic spread, complete genome data are required from samples representative of the viral diversity in the DRC. In this study, we have established a universal PCR-assay that uses seven different panels of primers to produce overlapping amplicons covering the complete HIV genome. To circumvent the limitations of purifying these fragments and sequencing them with traditional approaches, we have developed a massive parallel sequencing method and a protocol for efficiently assembling HIV-1 genomes. A total of thirty-six samples, collected between 1997 and 2001 from different locations across the DRC, have been obtained, and, at this stage, we are focusing on complementing our dataset with more archival samples that can be used as HIV ‘molecular fossils’. By generating complete genome phylogeographic data from the DRC, we aim to create a genomic window into the past evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of HIV-1 in Central Africa and understand the natural history of this devastating pandemic.
A11 Evaluation of phylogenetic inference methods to determine direction of HIV transmission
Authors: Rose R , Redd A D , Lamers S , Porcella S F , Hudelson S E , Piwowar-Manning E , McCauley M , Gamble T , Wilson E A , Kumwenda J , Hosseinipour M C , Hakim J G , Kumarasamy N , Chariyalertsak S , Pilotto J H , Grinsztejn B , Mills L A , Makhema J , Santos B R , Chen Y Q , Quinn T C , Cohen M S , Eshleman S H , Laeyendecker O
Published: August 2019

It has been postulated that the direction of HIV transmission between two individuals can be determined by phylogenetic analysis of HIV sequences. This approach may be problematic, since HIV sequences from newly infected individuals are often more similar to index sequences from samples collected years before transmission, compared to those from samples collected at the time of transmission. We evaluated the accuracy of phylogenetic methods for determining the direction of HIV transmission by analyzing next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from index–partner pairs enrolled in the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial. HIV-infected index and HIV-uninfected partner participants were enrolled as serodiscordant couples; samples were analyzed from couples with index-to-partner HIV transmission that was confirmed by genetic linkage studies. NGS for HIV gp41 (HXB2 coordinates: 7691–8374) was performed using plasma samples from thirty-nine index–partner pairs (seventy-eight samples collected within 3 months of partner seroconversion). Maximum likelihood trees were generated using the entire dataset using FastTree v.2. Topological patterns of HIV from each index–partner pair were analyzed. The analysis included 9,368 consensus sequences and 521,145 total sequence reads for the seventy-eight samples analyzed. In 10 per cent (four out of thirty-nine) of couples, the phylogeny was inconsistent with the known direction of transmission. In 26 per cent (ten out of thirty-nine) of couples, the phylogeny results could not discern directionality. In 64 per cent (twenty-five out of thirty-nine) of couples, the results correctly indicated index-to-partner transmission; in two of these twenty-five cases, only one index sequence was closest to the most recent common ancestor. Phylogenetic analysis of NGS data obtained from samples collected within 3 months of transmission correctly determined the direction of transmission in 64 per cent of the cases analyzed. In 36 per cent of the cases, the phylogenetic topology did not support the known direction of infection, and in one-third of these cases the observed topology was opposite to the known direction of transmission. This demonstrates that phylogenetic topology alone may not be sufficient to accurately determine the direction of HIV transmission.
A13 Phylodynamic analysis of HIV in Florida
Authors: Richards V , Rich S , Cook R , Prosperi M
Published: August 2019

We are interested in using phylodynamics to better understand molecular clusters of HIV within the state of Florida, USA. To our knowledge, there is currently no study using such methodology to understand the epidemic in Florida. Viral sequences collected from 2007 to 2017 (about 50,000) will be linked with individual-level data (demographics—sex, race/ethnicity—and mode of transmission) accessed through the Patient Reporting Investigating Surveillance Manager (PRISM), and the Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS) via the Florida Department of Health (FDOH). Through the use of HIV-TRACE, which analyzes genetic distance matrices, we will create molecular transmission networks including data on mode of transmission, race/ethnicity, and sex. Furthermore, a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree will be created using software (e.g. IQ-Tree, PhyML, and FastTree2) run on a high-performance cluster. Phylogenetic comparative analysis will be performed to assess the association between phylogenetic clades and demographics (including extended demographics like syphilis and other comorbidities queried from PRISM and eHARS).