bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Poetics of Genre
Authors: Branham R. Bracht
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores why Bakhtin asserted the Satyrica was proof that “Menippean satire can expand into a … realistic reflection of the socially varied and heteroglot world of contemporary life”—an arguably false assertion containing much truth. For Bakhtin, ancient fiction emerged chiefly under three rubrics: novelistic discourse, space-time (chronotopes) in fiction, and minor novelistic history envisioning Menippea as catalyst. The first two isolate forms specific to ancient fiction, distinguishing dominant types; the final rubric investigates how prose fiction relates to the genres it arises from. Although Bakhtin’s conception of Menippea is not so ahistorical as it sometimes seems when removed from his three-dimensional approach, it is sweeping, idiosyncratic. This chapter begins with Bakhtin’s characterization of Menippea amid accounts specifying what makes it crucial for novelistic discourse; it then asks how Bakhtin sheds light on literary history as a dialogue of genres.
Universality, Necessity, and Law in General in Kant
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

The first part of this chapter distinguishes different basic senses of the terms “universality,” “necessity,” and “law” in Kant: strict vs. loose; strong particular vs. weak general; logical vs. metaphysical vs. transcendental; constitutive vs. regulative; for judgment, vs. system, vs. reason; re modality, math, morals, or mind. In addition, practical and theoretical contexts are distinguished. In the second part, these distinctions are used in slightly amending a general definition, offered by Eric Watkins of the notion of law with regard nature and also to morality. Use is also made of recent work by Michela Massimi on the modern idea that laws of nature can be understood as commanded. Throughout, Kant’s interest in a strict and absolutely necessary sense of law is emphasized.
Introduction
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

The Introduction discusses the impact of the Great Recession upon innovation spending, and with it, a rethinking of how companies can and should innovate. Open Innovation itself has been affected by the recession, and is sometimes used now as a synonym for outsourcing or cost cutting, which was not the intention of the original concept. A renewed understanding of Open Innovation is needed to unlock its potential to deliver growth, rather than simply cut costs. The role of innovation infrastructure, both for the overall society and for the focal organization, is emphasized as a key to renewing growth through innovation. The Introduction goes on to describe the plan of the book, and introduces the three facets of innovation: generation, dissemination, and absorption. Four possible paths for reading the book are outlined, for practicing managers of innovation, for innovation policy makers, for academic scholars, and for very time-pressed readers.
Open Innovation in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

This chapter reviews the core ideas behind Open Innovation, discusses what it is and is not, and shows how it can deliver more value to organizations and to society. Outside-in Open Innovation strengthens the current business and current business model, while inside-out Open Innovation searches for alternative businesses and business models. The chapter explores the connection between technology development and the business model, and examines the use of Open Innovation in intellectual property and in services. However, Open Innovation is not a panacea. Its boundary conditions and limitations must also be acknowledged. As with Chapter 1, the processes of generation in innovation must also be supported by equal attention to innovation dissemination and innovation absorption within the firm, in order for organizations to create and capture value from Open Innovation. Finally, Open Innovation is moving beyond collaborations between two actors, to a broader ecosystem focus that connects many actors together.
Lean Startup and Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

Lean Startup is a new and exciting process to discover new business opportunities and new business models. However, the concept must be adapted before it can work effectively inside established companies. Just as startups are not tiny versions of large companies, so too are large companies not simply large versions of startups. Lean Startup inside large companies requires careful internal negotiations with senior management, as well as getting out of the building to find customers. Open Innovation can complement and extend Lean Startup processes. Both use resources efficiently, while Open Innovation also leverages other people’s resources and shares risk. Telefonica provides a good example of Lean Startup inside a large company. It has reduced costs by 48 percent per project, increased its speed to market by 260 percent, and pursued 45 percent more chances to innovate within the same budget.
Open Innovation Best Practices
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

Open Innovation can be a powerful engine for growth, if properly managed. P&G was an early, powerful trendsetter in achieving growth from Open Innovation. Open Innovation also can be valuable as a tool to enable environmental sustainability, as seen by Enel and Carlsberg However, even organizations who embody effective Open Innovation practices can have trouble sustaining growth over time. Practices that initially led to strong growth have been followed by periods of declining revenue, or even bankruptcy. Both Qwirky and P&G have struggled to sustain growth via Open Innovation. Open Innovation requires a certain mindset to sustain growth over time. Following the best practices alone may not keep the company ahead of its competitors. Following Open Innovation principles may prove more enduring.
The Analogy
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

The argument from analogy is presented in a favourable light in order to properly assess it. It is comprised of two premises. According to the parity premise, the arguments for a moral error theory would entail an epistemic error theory. According to the epistemic existence premise an epistemic error theory is false. It is argued that the parity premise can be given two readings. The first reading—internalism-parity—targets the internalism-based moral error theory. The second reading—irreducibility-parity—targets the irreducibility-based moral error theory. Both readings are motivated. It is claimed that they are plausible and that the argument from analogy represents a strong case against the moral error theory.
Against Internalism-Parity
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

An alternative argument is provided for rejecting internalism-parity. It is claimed that, from the perspective of internalism-based moral error theorists, categorical reasons for action are more problematic than categorical reasons for belief. This is because there are considerably stronger arguments for thinking that one’s reasons for action are constitutively dependent on one’s desires than for thinking that one’s reasons for belief are constitutively dependent on one’s desires. Three such arguments are considered: from action-explanation, from reasoning, and from paradigmatic-ascriptions. It is claimed that the first of these three arguments clearly does not apply to reasons for belief as to reasons for action. The applicability of the second and third arguments is harder to ascertain.
Error Theory and Thought
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

It has been argued that the epistemic error theory is incompatible with the ‘essentially normative’ nature of belief itself. Two versions of this objection to the epistemic error theory are presented. Neither is found to be plausible. The most plausible is based on the view that the concept of belief is essentially normative. It is claimed that this view is under-motivated and would, in any case, be unlikely to cause the problems for epistemic error theorists that it is sometimes claimed to. Some alternative objections to the epistemic error theory based on the nature of thought and deliberation are briefly considered.
Conclusion
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

The views outlined in earlier chapters are systematically presented. These include: the truth of epistemic institutionalism and falsity of analogous institutionalist views in morality; the challenges facing categorical reasons for action that do not apply to categorial reasons for belief; the reducible nature of epistemic properties and relations—including the defensibility of this view in light of concerns with the normativity of probability and the falsity of both veritism and epistemic consequentialism—in contrast to the irreducible nature of moral properties and relations, and the possibility of ‘the puzzling combination’. It is concluded that the argument from analogy fails and that the moral error theory may yet be true, but that it would be illegitimate to conclude that it is true.
Introduction: A Weaving of Wisdom
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: December 2019

This introductory chapter lays out the core theological framework for the book understood in its broadest sense as a work of theological wisdom, that includes, rather than excludes, scientific discussion and debate. This is a broader philosophical framework compared with theological anthropology, but the secular philosophical discussion of the evolution of morality has similar broad implications beyond the human. It shows how Darwin’s theories are of historical relevance, but confining theological research just to this era of dawning evolutionary consciousness weakens the engagement between theology and science. Different debates in evolutionary biology that form the backdrop to the book as a whole are introduced, showing how newer hypotheses detailing a significant shift away from standard evolutionary theory that developed subsequently in the wake of Darwin’s ideas are more consistent with the kind of theological approach informed by wisdom that is being developed in this book.
Conclusions: Towards Wisdom Practices
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: December 2019

These concluding remarks draw together the different threads of the book and then offer reflections on wisdom’s bearing on particular practices as a starting point for deeper ethical reflection, particularly in relation to treatment of animals. The author shows that a multispecies and wisdom paradigm work together and reinforce each other. Four broad examples are given of where the kind of approach being developed theoretically in this volume could potentially work out in terms of practical ethics: conservation ethics, ethics of biodiversity management, agricultural practice, and vegetarianism. The author has not, so far, faced up to the difficulties in implementing such a paradigm that arise through individual and collective tendencies towards vice. Tracing the roots of such tendencies and their theological and philosophical interpretation await the volume to follow.
Important preliminaries
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: December 2019

This chapter does some initial—but important—ground-clearing and foundation-building. It starts by drawing a number of distinctions, more precisely delineating the target, and setting the terms for the debates that follow. It explains some of the different things that people mean by “consciousness,” in particular, as well as some of the claims that have been made about the nature of consciousness. The chapter also argues in support of a pair of substantive theses on the topic that will be relied upon later. Specifically, it argues that phenomenal consciousness is exclusively nonconceptual in nature, and that it doesn’t admit of degrees: it is either categorically present or categorically absent. Finally, the chapter situates the topic in relation to the traditional problem of other minds.
The need for a theory
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: December 2019

The present chapter argues that the problem of animal consciousness can’t be tackled directly, without commitment to any particular theory of consciousness. In the course of doing so, it discusses evidence of the existence of unconscious perceptual states, as well as one recent effort to put the emergence of consciousness into phylogenetic context. Finally, it outlines the constraints that a successful theory of consciousness should meet.
Explaining the “hard” problem
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: December 2019

This chapter shows that global-workspace theory can be developed into a satisfying, fully reductive explanation of phenomenal consciousness. It shows how globally broadcast nonconceptual content enables higher-order thoughts about that content, where those thoughts can lack conceptual connections with physical, functional, or representational facts. As a result, zombies are conceivable and an (epistemic) explanatory gap is opened up. But the thoughts in question can themselves be given a fully naturalistic explanation. Hence all of the facts involved in consciousness can be fully explained. The chapter defends the reality of the phenomenal concepts needed to make this account work, and replies to a dilemma for the account proposed by David Chalmers.
Macroeconomic Perspective on Development
Authors: Bhaduri Amit
Published: December 2019

Macroeconomic strategies and policies have differed significantly among Asian countries, and yet some common issues recur despite their immense diversity in inherited historical initial conditions, differences in political systems, geopolitical situations, location and size, and natural resource endowments. The chapter examines from a comparative perspective issues like unemployment, state versus market, domestic versus foreign market, degree of openness in trade, investment and finance, industrial and technology policy, decentralization, and economic and social inequality. While some countries have been more successful than others in dealing with these issues, our comparative perspective also shows development itself as a moving target, thus requiring flexible institutional and policy responses at each separate stage of development, which makes uniform guidelines misleadingly over-simplistic.
Institutions and Development
Authors: Khan Mushtaq H.
Published: December 2019

The role of institutions in Asian development has been intensely contested since Gunnar Myrdal’s Asian Drama, with later contributions from institutional economics and developmental state theory. Despite much progress, the dominant approaches do not agree about the institutions that matter, nor do they explain why similar institutions delivered such different results across countries. Cultural norms and informal institutions clearly matter but the appropriate norms did not already exist in successful countries; they evolved over time. The distribution of holding power across different types of organizations, the ‘political settlement’, can explain the diversity of experiences better and help to develop more effective policy. This chapter outlines Myrdal’s contribution to institutional analysis and how modern institutional analysis has built on his analysis, then, drawing on the experiences of Asian countries, sets out an alternative institutional analysis based on political settlements, and the implications for the analysis of the effectiveness of institutions.
India
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: December 2019

India today is a changed country from what it was half a century ago, when Gunnar Myrdal published his Asian Drama in 1968. This chapter is a brief history of India’s economy since then. The stranglehold of low growth is broken, its population below the poverty line has fallen markedly, and India has joined the pantheon of major players globally. The chapter analyses the economic policies and also the politics behind this transformation, and uses that as a backdrop to take stock of the challenges that lie ahead. From the vantage point of hindsight, it seems quite remarkable that India did what no other newly independent developing country did. It chose to invest in politics first—establishing democracy, free speech, independent media, and citizens’ rights. This chapter celebrates Myrdal’s Asian Drama by critically examining the economic consequences of India’s choice
Indonesia
Authors: Timmer C. Peter
Published: December 2019

This chapter addresses the unrelenting pessimism in Myrdal’s Asian Drama about Indonesia’s development prospects. This pessimism was based on two key realities: the poor level of governance demonstrated by the Sukarno regime (partly a heritage of Dutch colonial policies), and the extreme poverty witnessed in rural areas. Using historical and modern data on the Indonesian economy, the chapter explains the policy approach that resulted in three decades of rapid, pro-poor growth during the Suharto regime. The Asian financial crisis in 1998 caused the Suharto regime to fall and introduced democratically elected governments. After a decade of stagnation, economic growth returned to the rapid rate seen during the first three decades of the Suharto regime, but it is no longer pro-poor.
Roads to Reference
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario
Published: December 2019

How is it that words (such as “Aristotle”) come to stand for the things they stand for (such as Aristotle)? Is the thing that a word stands for, its reference, fully identified or described by conventions known to the users of the word? Or is there a more roundabout relation between the reference of a word and the conventions that determine or fix it? Do words like “water,” “three,” and “red” refer to appropriate things, just as the word “Aristotle” refers to Aristotle? If so, which things are these, and how do they come to be referred to by those words? In Roads to Reference, Mario Gómez-Torrente provides novel answers to these and other questions that have been of traditional interest in the theory of reference. The book introduces a number of cases of apparent indeterminacy of reference for proper names, demonstratives, and natural kind terms, which suggest that reference-fixing conventions for them adopt the form of lists of merely sufficient conditions for reference and reference failure. Arguments are then provided for a new anti-descriptivist picture of those kinds of words, according to which the reference-fixing conventions for them do not describe their reference. The book also defends realist and objectivist accounts of the reference of ordinary natural kind nouns, numerals, and adjectives for sensible qualities. According to these accounts, these words refer, respectively, to “ordinary kinds,” cardinality properties, and properties of membership in intervals of sensible dimensions, and these things are fixed in subtle ways by associated reference-fixing conventions.
Greek Praise Poetry and the Rhetoric of Divinity
Authors: Meister Felix J.
Published: December 2019

This monograph focuses on passages of archaic and classical Greek poetry where certain human individuals in certain moments are presented as approximating to the gods. The approximation pursued is different from any form of immortality, be it apotheosis, hero cult, or fame preserved in song. Instead, this monograph is concerned with the momentary attainment of central aspects characteristic of divine life, such as supreme happiness, unsurpassed beauty, or boundless power. The three main chapters of this monograph (Chapters 2, 3, and 4) illustrate the approximation of human figures to these aspects in wedding songs, victory odes, and drama respectively. This monograph also explores the relationship between such approximations and ritual. In some genres, the surrounding ritual context itself seems to engender a vision of someone as more than human, and this vision is reflected also in other media. In contrast, where such visions are not rooted in ritual, they tend to be more problematic and associated with hubris and transgression. What emerges from this study is the impression of a culture where the boundaries between man and god are more flexible than is commonly thought.
Divine Happiness and Beauty in Wedding Songs
Authors: Meister Felix J.
Published: December 2019

This chapter argues that songs performed at archaic and classical weddings conventionally present the happiness of the bridal couple as similar to divine bliss, and the beauty (mostly) of the bride as similar to divine splendour. A first section is dedicated to the history and traditions of wedding songs and the nature of the sources. Subsequent sections examine the various explicit and implicit means by which bridal couples are likened to the gods, particularly in Sappho and wedding songs in drama, but also in later testimonies. Special attention is given to hymnic register, which is pursued and compared in wedding songs for mortal and immortal couples. The results are contrasted with aspects of the wedding ceremony and wedding iconography, where bridal couples are exalted in similar ways. The approximation of the bridal couple to the gods emerges as a fundamental aspect of the Greek wedding itself.
Rural Youth and Employment in Ethiopia
Authors: Schmidt Emily , Woldeyes Firew Bekele
Published: December 2019

Ethiopia’s economy remains at a very early stage in its structural transformation. A puzzle presents itself as to how such growth can be maintained given its relatively low urbanization rate and its reliance on the agricultural sector as the primary form of employment. This chapter examines labour diversification in Ethiopia, focusing on youth, and explores current conditions that youth face in both the agricultural and nonfarm labour markets. Using data from the Ethiopia Socioeconomy Survey (ESS) and the National Labour Force Survey (NFLS), we explore current trends in labour diversification, along with youth nonfarm engagement in rural and small towns. We find that youth (ages 25 to 34 years) have a greater probability of working in nonfarm enterprises compared to mature individuals (age 35–64). However, wage labour opportunities remain scant in rural Ethiopia. The majority of individuals working in nonfarm employment are engaged in small-scale trade activities.
Purely Epistemic Conceptions of Democracy
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: December 2019

This chapter considers purely epistemic conceptions of deliberative democracy. For advocates of this approach the value of democratic procedures is a function of the quality of their outcomes. They also assume that the quality of outcomes is a function of the quality of the knowledge generated by the best decision makers. On this basis, epistocrats recommend that citizens blindly defer to the political decisions of experts (be it political elites or a representative sample of the population) to reach better political outcomes. This approach misses the democratic significance of public deliberation. By reducing the epistemic function of deliberation to the aim of figuring out the best policies, it disregards another crucial epistemic function of deliberation—ensuring that the policies in question can be justified to those who must comply with them and without whose cooperation the intended outcomes will not materialize. Thus, if we care about outcomes we must abandon the temptation of the “expertocratic shortcut” and focus on improving the processes of opinion- and will-formation in which citizens participate so that better outcomes can actually be achieved.
Lottocratic Conceptions of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: December 2019

This chapter analyzes “lottocratic” conceptions of deliberative democracy. Their defenders put their democratic hopes on the generalized use of deliberative minipublics such as citizens’ juries, citizens’ assemblies, and deliberative polls. Some propose conferring political decisional-power upon minipublics as a way of increasing citizens’ democratic control over the political process. Against this view, the chapter argues that such proposals cannot be defended on participatory grounds. By expecting citizens to blindly defer to the political decisions of a randomly selected group of citizens, the generalized use of minipublics for decision-making would decrease rather than increase the citizenry’s ability to take ownership over and identify with the policies to which they are subject, as the democratic ideal of self-government requires. Lottocrats are right to highlight the democratic potential of minipublics. But in order to unleash that potential we must resist the temptation of taking the “micro-deliberative shortcut” and keep our eyes on the macro-deliberative goal. Instead of empowering minipublics to make decisions for the rest of the citizenry, citizens should use minipublics to empower themselves.
Can Public Reason Be Inclusive?
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: December 2019

This chapter articulates a participatory conception of public reason. Taking the democratic ideal of self-government as a guide, it helps throw new light on the role of religious reasons in politics. First, the chapter shows that exclusion, inclusion, and secular translation models fail to explain how all citizens, whether religious or secular, can see themselves as equal participants in a collective project of self-government. After analyzing the difficulties of each of these models, the chapter then defends an alternative, participatory conception of public reason that shows how political deliberation can be an inclusive process that enables all citizens to engage in mutual justification and get traction upon each other’s views despite their deep disagreements. This account bears a strong resemblance to Rawlsian public reason but it also has significant differences. In particular, this participatory account of public reason sees as insufficient that citizens can rely on the existence of a moral duty of civility. Instead, effective rights to political and legal contestation are required that enable citizens to trigger a process of public justification for the reasonableness of any policies that they find unacceptable.
Taslim Olawale Elias
Authors: Landauer Carl
Published: December 2019

In 1962, eminent Nigerian lawyer Taslim Olawale Elias published British Colonial Law, which provided an ambitious comparative study of British dependencies—oddly coming out nearly two years after his country’s independence and even referring to India in terms of British colonial law. Continuing his early support of local customary law, his 1962 book backed the twinned English–customary law heritage of his state. His model of law was founded on the close working of law and society, using sociology, anthropology, and case reports of customary courts. This chapter discusses Elias’s view of international law. Deeply involved in setting up numerous international institutions, Elias was the insider’s insider, aware of the North-South split and championing new international law emerging from the ILC and the UN General Assembly. This chapter analyses Elias’s sense of law—a sociology of law—that provided the foundation for his international legal writing.
Rus in Urbe
Authors: Watson Jay
Published: December 2019

Scholars typically characterize Faulkner’s rural figures in passive terms, as objects, witnesses, or outright victims of the modernization process, set adrift on the land by the economic restructuring of southern agriculture before succumbing to the commercial and cultural allure of the small town. But in The Hamlet, As I Lay Dying, “Barn Burning,” “Mule in the Yard,” and “Shingles for the Lord,” Faulkner proves more alert than his critics to the agency of his rural characters as modernizing figures in their own right, descending on various nodes of Yoknapatawpha community to upend familiar social relations, economic arrangements, and habits of perception, in a process of creative disruption that reaches deep into the human interior while also rippling outward to inform/deform the texts’ own patterns of imagery and verbal style. These characters force us to rethink the core-periphery relations and diffusionist pathways so often cited by theorists of the modernization process.
The Philosophy of Furniture, or Light in August and the Material Unconscious of Mississippi Modernity
Authors: Watson Jay
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2 turns from agriculture to silviculture to trace the unexpectedly comprehensive way in which the modernization of the timber and lumber industries in the US South leaves its mark on Faulkner’s 1932 novel Light in August. The modern economy of wood in all its phases, from timber extraction to lumber manufacture to the production, distribution, circulation, and even the occasional destruction of furniture, underpins, and at key moments surfaces to undercut, Faulkner’s anatomy of Jim Crow’s psychological and social orders. The turbulent forces of this extractive economy shadow the novel’s principal figures at every step, setting them in motion, by turns shaping and upsetting their itineraries—and haunting novelistic form and technique.
Public Debt through the Ages
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui Pedro , Mitchener Kris James
Published: December 2019

We consider public debt from a long-term historical perspective, showing how the purposes for which governments borrow have evolved. Periods when debt-to-GDP ratios rose explosively as a result of wars, depressions, and financial crises also have a long history. Many of these episodes resulted in debt-management problems resolved through debasements and restructurings. Less widely appreciated are successful debt consolidation episodes, instances in which governments inheriting heavy debts ran primary surpluses for long periods in order to reduce those burdens to sustainable levels. We analyze the economic and political circumstances that made these successful debt consolidation episodes possible.
The Timaeus as Vehicle for Platonic Doctrine
Authors: Sedley David
Published: December 2019

The Timaeus, I argue, encodes in its cryptic opening lines Plato’s confirmation that the dialogue represents his own views. This corresponds to the fact that a series of metaphysical, psychological, and ethical theses defended by the main speakers of other dialogues are displayed in Timaeus’ speech as components of a global system. Which in turn provides neglected support for the too often dismissed ‘mouthpiece theory’. Although these doctrines can look a little unfamiliar when they reappear in the Timaeus, that need not represent a change of mind on Plato’s part, just the fact that they are being viewed from the point of view of physics—the physics of tripartition, the physics of Form-participation, etc. Once we see how Timaeus’ presentation draws on Platonic doctrine, I argue, we can use this lesson to see how yet another Platonic doctrine, that of Recollection, puts in a hitherto unnoticed appearance in the dialogue.
Tales of a Terpsichorean Traveler
Authors: Scolieri Paul A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on Shawn’s extensive travels abroad during the height of the Denishawn enterprise in pursuit of learning and adapting authentic “foreign” or “ethnic” dances for the American stage. It details Shawn’s trips to Spain and North Africa (1923), where he traveled in search of the Ouled Naïl, the nomadic tribe of bejeweled dancing girls that had captured the imagination of Romantic artists and writers. It also covers Denishawn’s groundbreaking eighteen-month tour of the Far East (1925–26), focusing on the company’s status as “America’s unofficial ambassadors” and revealing Shawn’s artistic exchanges with local artists, royalty, and colonial officials. The chapter explains how Shawn translated his experiences abroad into dances that filled his repertory for years to come—as well as into business practices that helped him build an arts empire with school franchises, a mail-order dance business, and its own Denishawn Magazine.
America’s Greatest Male Dancer
Authors: Scolieri Paul A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines how Ted Shawn’s attempts to fulfill his vision of a “Greater Denishawn”—a physical and artistic expansion of the company and dance school into a full-fledged arts colony and dance guild—was thwarted by a number of personal, artistic, and financial factors, most especially the stock market crash of 1929 and the ensuing economic crisis. It also elucidates Shawn’s first serious relationship with a man as well as the unraveling of his marriage to Ruth St. Denis and the parallel dissolution of Denishawn, the company and school that they had founded together. It then follows Shawn to Germany where he attempted to rebuild his career as a solo artist with the financial and artistic support of Katherine S. Dreier, modern visual artist, philanthropist, and the founder of the Société Anonyme, as well as his return to the United States where he laid the groundwork for what became his all-male dance company.
The University as a Site of Resistance
Authors: Pathania Gaurav J.
Published: December 2019

Since the 1960s, universities have ignited new discourse as free speech movements, LGBT, feminism movements in the West. Universities not only served as centers of learning but also promoted resistance through critical thinking. The recent wave of student resistance in India has brought the role of the university to the forefront. The University as a Site of Resistance analyses massive protests that emerged in the aftermath of Rohith Vemula’s death in Hyderabad Central University, as well as the Azadi Campaign started by Jawaharlal Nehru University students in Delhi in 2016. Taking Osmania University in Hyderabad as a case study, the book provides an ethnographic account of the emergence of one of India’s longest student movements— the movement for Telangana statehood. Since its inception in the 1960s to its culmination in the formation of Telangana state in 2014, students at Osmania University played a decisive role. The book discusses protest strategies, methods, and networks among students. It also examines the role played by various caste and sub-caste groups and civil society in making the movement a success. The author argues that contemporary identity-based student movements are primarily cultural movements. As the traditional caste and class analysis becomes redundant to explain such contemporary collective action, the book establishes these unique resistances as New Social Movements and claim that these movements contribute to the democratization of institutional spaces. In this context, the volume provides a conceptual debate on contemporary cultural politics among university students.
‘Election Time’ and the Model Code of Conduct
Authors: Singh Ujjwal Kumar , Roy Anupama
Published: December 2019

The expression ‘election time’ refers to the distinct temporal rhythms of elections, the modalities of democratic deliberation that are structured differently from those that obtain in normal times, and to the extraordinary legal regulation of elections. This chapter examines the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) as an innovation in electoral governance outside the framework of electoral laws as an expression of a ‘voluntary act of political morality and collective ethics’ by political parties. Through a study of specific cases, the chapter dwells upon the disputes over MCC, especially the manner in which it enhances the disciplinary powers of the ECI. While the Model Code does not have the force of law and is largely seen as having only a moral force compelling ‘voluntary adherence’, it has come to assume the complementary legality. In the absence of any statutory backing, the Model Code occupies, however, fuzzy grounds with regard to both its authoritative character and certainty of implementation.
Towards a New Sociolinguistics
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S. , Uberoi Patricia
Published: December 2019

This is a joint paper with Professor Patricia Uberoi that was originally written as a tribute to Prabodh B. Pandit following his untimely death. It discusses the idea of India as a sociolinguistic area, the alternative Western methods that have been applied to its study, that is, melting pot or apartheid. A major theme is the question of bilingualism, multilingualism and dialects within the Indian experiment of functional multilingualism or unity in variety. Included here are subjects such as standard and dialectical forms in language, the implications of this for language planning in India, and the structure of cultural pluralism. It ends with the outline of a new theoretical framework for Indian sociolinguistics.
India’s Engagement in Global Climate Negotiations from Rio to Paris
Authors: Sengupta Sandeep
Published: December 2019

India’s positions in global climate negotiations have evolved over three distinct periods. The first period of international regime creation in the 1980s and 1990s saw India play an important role in building coalitions with developing countries to draw clear commitments from developed countries on emission reduction, finance, and technology transfers. In the second period from 2005 to 2010, marked by transition and contestation, India showed flexibility and put forth voluntary commitments, while opposing moves to dilute the concept of differentiated responsibility. The third period, from 2011 to 2015, was marked by Indian compromise with changing negotiation contours that pushed for symmetrical treatment of developing and developed countries in matters of differentiation. This chapter also explores the reasons for continuity and change in India’s positions over the decades.
India and Paris
Authors: Mathur Ajay
Published: December 2019

The universal provision of adequate and affordable energy to all is a major political objective in India, and the climate change agenda has therefore focused on ways and means to facilitate low/zero carbon-based energy options. Between 2012 and 2015, domestic technological and institutional initiatives enabled a rapid decline in the prices of light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs and solar electricity, and an associated increase in their market penetration. This experience, along with the ongoing climate change discussions, created opportunities to address climate concerns while focusing on national energy development challenges. It opened the door for India, in the run-up to Paris, to recognize that the pledge-and-enhance approach could be integrated within the domestic energy agenda. This led to India’s proactive stance in the development of the Paris Agreement as well as the launch of the International Solar Alliance, and an expansion of its traditional G77 role into its new G20 role.
State Climate Change Planning
Authors: Gogoi Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

In 2009, India began one of the world’s largest exercises in sub-national planning for climate change, with the launch of the State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) preparation process. How have the SAPCCs fared over the last 10 years and what does this say about the potential and challenges of state climate change planning? This chapter explores the evolving concept of state climate change planning in India, and whether and how implementation of SAPCCs has occurred and the challenges surrounding it. It uses examples from six states (Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Odisha) to draw out trends in terms of not only the status of SAPCC implementation but also evidence of wider mainstreaming of adaptation within development planning. The experience of these states suggest that state climate change planning is motivated and influenced by different and varied local factors, particularly governance-related challenges.
Managing the Climate Technology Transition
Authors: Sagar Ambuj
Published: December 2019

For India and other developing countries, the use of technology to address mitigation and adaptation challenges involves managing rapid technological change with limited financial, technical, and institutional capabilities. A successful transformation would involve the improvement of domestic capacity to absorb new technology, the creation of conditions for their incremental improvement, and the creation of an institutional environment that allows for innovation and further deployment. India’s climate goals have focused on renewable deployment and energy efficiency, which are sectors that could yield significant technological transformation. These mitigation actions are supported by a wide array of policies that have led to successful uptake and diffusion. This has not, however, created a successful industrial base or environment for innovation. To extract maximum benefit from the pursuit of climate goals, policy must align technology adoption with broader development goals.
Landscapes and the Law
Authors: Cederlöf Gunnel
Published: December 2019

Landscapes and the Law is situated at the crossroads of environmental, colonial, and legal history. It examines the role of law in consolidating early colonial rule from the perspective of people’s access to nature in forests and hill tracts. This major interdisciplinary study is thus concerned with the social history of legal processes and the making of law, being as relevant today as it was when first published a decade ago. The book is focused equally on the multitude of colliding claims for access to land and resources, and the complex ways in which customary rights are redefined and codified for the purpose of securing and legitimizing colonial sovereign rule. Basing her archival and field work on the Nilgiri Hills in South India, Gunnel Cederlöf explores conflicting perceptions of nature and political visions that are projected onto landscapes and people. She traces debates on property and land rights, and how the empirical sciences merge with the legal claims justifying land acquisition. Popular resistance strategies to such exploitation are analysed, and a cross-cultural comparison made between early legal processes and social history in India, New Zealand, and North America.
Negotiating Law
Authors: Cederlöf Gunnel
Published: December 2019

Chapter three elaborates the general legal debates in Britain and the British Empire, and specific and different positions through which property and land rights were argued over in the Nilgiris. Such debates came to have significant consequences for land law as it was applied in British India and shows the central position of property in the global expansion of the British Empire. The chapter distinguishes two contradictions that were common in the various colonial investigations, reports, and parliamentary debates. One concerns rights in land and resources where there were different positions about whether to privilege the immemorial rights of dwelling on and owning land, or the absolute rights of a sovereign ruler. The other debate that caused conflict related to the utility of nature and targeted specifically the use of nature for pastoralism or for settled cultivation. The chapter shows how both debates had crucial consequences for the codification of legal rights in land. It enquires into how the right of the Toda to own land was questioned and, over time and with the increasing involvement of European capital and control of the Nilgiri Hills, such ‘rights’ turned into the much weaker ‘privilege’. In the process of codifying in written law people’s rights to access and use nature, different communities of people were identified in relation to particular landscapes and their rights were determined by their perceived historical relationship to the land.
Towards an Environmental History of Law
Authors: Cederlöf Gunnel
Published: December 2019

The concluding chapter brings together different aspects necessary for analysing the relationship between human action and nature in the process of perceiving, disputing and codifying rights in nature. It targets the many transformative visions for a particular landscape, the battle between interests pursuing different legal principles that underpinned the formation of codes, the influence of scholarly thought on legal debates and, finally, in a close empirical study, it focuses the trajectory of land conflicts during its most intense period until the first more encompassing code of rights in nature in the Nilgiris in 1843. Thematically, it discusses the importance of acknowledging the competing interests of individual absolute property and government sovereignty, and it points to the necessity to focus the process of making law in contrast to treating law as a given. A major emphasis is given to the specific characteristic of people’s resistance against colonial encroachments in a situation of multiple authority and internal divisions among the indigenous communities. Seen in terms of negotiation, it is a strategy of acknowledging, influencing and making use of the other party’s domain of authority—a strategy of keeping confrontation at a minimum level and making gains without open conflict. Land conflicts were characterised by multiple layers of authority. Thereby, it puts forward a complex and more nuanced situation of conflict and negotiation than the previously common binary of the colonial and the colonised. Both these domains were interspersed by conflicts and oppositions, and alliances cut across such imaginative divides. Lastly, the problem of defining regions of regional history is reassessed and revised against the north–south India divide as well as the analytical hill–valley polarisation. Thus four key arguments are derived from the study and brought into a discussion of an environmental history of law. As the study makes clear, the Nilgiris, in spite of being a small region in the hills, were a site where large even global issues were at stake.
Onset of regular cannabis use and young adult insomnia: an analysis of shared genetic liability
Authors: Winiger Evan A , Huggett Spencer B , Hatoum Alexander S , Friedman Naomi P , Drake Christopher L , Wright Kenneth P , Hewitt John K
Published: December 2019

Study Objectives

Estimate the genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between onset of regular cannabis use and young adult insomnia.

Methods

In a population-based twin cohort of 1882 twins (56% female, mean age = 22.99, SD = 2.97) we explored the genetic/environmental etiology of the relationship between onset of regular cannabis use and insomnia-related outcomes via multivariate twin models.

Results

Controlling for sex, current depression symptoms, and prior diagnosis of an anxiety or depression disorder, adult twins who reported early onset for regular cannabis use (age 17 or younger) were more likely to have insomnia (β = 0.07, p = 0.024) and insomnia with short sleep on weekdays (β = 0.08, p = 0.003) as young adults. We found significant genetic contributions for the onset of regular cannabis use (a2 = 76%, p < 0.001), insomnia (a2 = 44%, p < 0.001), and insomnia with short sleep on weekdays (a2 = 37%, p < 0.001). We found significant genetic correlations between onset of regular use and both insomnia (rA = 0.20, p = 0.047) and insomnia with short sleep on weekdays (rA = 0.25, p = 0.008) but no significant environmental associations between these traits.

Conclusions

We found common genetic liabilities for early onset of regular cannabis use and insomnia, implying pleiotropic influences of genes on both traits.
Economic Transformation in Africa from the Bottom Up: New Evidence from Tanzania
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Kweka Josaphat , McMillan Margaret , Qureshi Zara
Published: December 2019

Tanzania's rapid labor productivity growth has been accompanied by a proliferation of small, largely informal firms. Using Tanzania's first nationally representative survey of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)—this paper explores the nature of these businesses. It finds that these firms are located in both rural and urban areas and that they operate primarily in trade services and manufacturing. Roughly half of all business owners say they would not leave their job for a full-time salaried position. Fifteen percent of these small businesses contribute significantly to economy-wide labor productivity. The most important policy implication of the evidence presented in this paper is that if the goal is to grow MSMEs with the potential to contribute to productive employment, policies must be targeted at the most promising firms.