bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIPAV-SDN: Source Internet Protocol Address Validation for Software Defined Network
Authors:   Research Scholar, School of Engineering & Technology, Poornima University, Jaipur, India., Meena* Ramesh Chand , Nawal Meenakshi ,   Associate Professor, Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Poornima University, Jaipur, India., Bundele Mahesh ,   Director & Principal, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, India
Published: October 2019

SDN technology is becoming every day more popular and big data centers and organizational networks have started deploying for its advantages. Current development of SDN network relies on target host IP address of packet and OFSwitches ignores checking of source host IP. SDN has separated control planes and data planes and OpenFlow protocol enabled switches are used as packet forwarding devices. The SDN controller controls flow of data packet through forwarding devices and when these are turned on, do not have any control and defense. The devices are not able to handle packet arriving from connected host. In this case, data packets of hosts are sent to the controller forwarding device for inspection and control packet creation for data packet and setting up required matching entries in flow table of forwarding device for such type of data packets generated by the hosts. The attackers can generate packets with Spoofed source IP address and perform various types of attacks. In this research paper, we offer a scheme as Source IP Address Validation for Software Defined Network (SIPAV-SDN) to check packet’s source host IP address by binding source host IP Address and MAC address with switch port. It maintains a HostTable at Controller for verification of source host IP and MAC with switch port and only forwards the packets which have valid sources host IP address. We also simulated SIPAV-SDN with hybrid SDN network and experiment results have shown that it achieved 100% packet filtering accuracy for IP spoofed TCP, UDP and ICMP packet attacks. We used python programming language for RYU controller in Mininet network emulator.
Web Class Portal System for Student Information Database
Authors:   Department of Interactive Media, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka., Bin Sulaiman* Hamzah Asyrani , Mohd Ridzuan Muhamad Aizad Shahriel Bin ,   Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka.
Published: October 2019

Web portal classroom is a system which enable the student to update their information and the activities that running in the classroom. The system is divided into three parts which are admin, student class monitor and student. For admin, they can add new student which they provide email address and a default password based on the student themselves, this can limit the student on entering the system. Admin also can view how many students available in the system and how many activities in the system based on the update by the class monitor. Extra, admin can view each details of the student’s profile. Next, student class monitor has a special permission because they also can view each of the student’s profile plus they can add a new activity on that class, they also can add cover photo, images of the activities and document such as pdf file. The document can be deleted by the class monitor. The update activities may appear on the announcement in student’s home. For student’s part they can view other members in the same classroom, view some upcoming activities, view image and download the document that provided by the class monitor. Student and class monitor can update their profile and the image of their choices.
Sign Language Interpreter using Kinect Motion Sensor using Machine Learning.
Authors:   H.O.D, Computer Dept., SITRC, Nashik., Potgantwar* Prof. (Dr.) Amol , Bachchhav Pragati ,   Student, Computer Dept., SITRC, Nashik.
Published: October 2019

Sign language is the route through which deaf and dumb people usually communicate with one another. It is seen that, impaired people find a difficulty while interacting with the society. Normal individuals are not able to understand their sign language. To bridge this gap, the proposed system acts as the mediator between impaired and normal people. This system uses Kinect motion sensor to capture the signs. The Kinect motion sensor captures 3 dimentional dynamic gestures. Thus this study is proposed for extracting features of dynamic gestures of Indian Sign Language (ISL). As American Sign Language (ASL) is popular and is used in research and development field, on the other hand ISL has been recently standardized and hence ISL recognition is less explored. The propose method extracts feature from the sign and converts it to the intended textual form. The method then integrates local as well as global information of the signs. This integrated feature leads to improvizing the system performance , the system serves as an aid to disabled people. Its application includes hospitals, government sectors and some multinational companies.
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) System for Isolated Marathi Words: Using HTK
Authors:   School of Computer Sciences(SOCS), Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University(KBCNMU), Jalgaon, India, Patil Sunil B. , Patil Nita V. ,   School of Computer Sciences(SOCS), Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University(KBCNMU), Jalgaon, India, Patil* Ajay S. ,   School of Computer Sciences(SOCS), Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University(KBCNMU), Jalgaon, India
Published: October 2019

The present manuscript focuses on building automatic speech recognition (ASR) system for Marathi language (M-ASR) using Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK). The M-ASR system gives the detail about experimentation and implementation using the HTK Toolkit. In this work total 106 speaker independent Marathi isolated words were recognized. These unique Marathi words are used to train and evaluate M-ASR system. The speech corpus (database) is created by us using isolated Marathi words uttered with mixed gender people. The system uses Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) for the purpose of extracting features using Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Viterbi algorithm based on token passing is used for decoding to recognize unknown utterances. The proposed M-ASR system is speaker independent. The proposed system has reported 96.23% word level recognition accuracy.
Design and Construction of Model Battery Charging Control for Stand-alone self-Excited Induction generator
Authors:   Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Tak, Thailand., Yukhalang* S. , Thomthong T. ,   Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Tak, Thailand., Phainsuphap K. ,   Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Tak, Thailand.
Published: October 2019

In this paper, design and construction of model battery charging control for stand-alone wind driven self-excited induction generator SEIG) is present. Apart from an energy transfer function from wind turbine (WT) with stand-alone SEIG, the proposed model battery charging control can also be an active power in linear loads with stand-alone for a three-phase four wire system. Initially, mathematical modeling of the wind turbine with stand-alone SEIG is given. The simulation based on mathematical equations obtained from the model provides electrical characteristics of the wind turbine source that which will be use as the battery charging control input of the inverter. Secondly, the main system has been virtually create in order to actualize the conversion from DC to AC and the main power circuit employs insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) formed in a three-phase full bridge. Thirdly, the control circuit is discuss and has been design and the control method used is voltage control with microcontroller for stand-alone linear loads that is simple. Finally, the obtained results are discusses in order to verify the correct operation as the system is designed.
Robust and Accurate Human Tracking Algorithm for Handling Occlusion and Out of Plane Rotation
Authors:   ECE Deptt, Maharaja Surajmal Institute Of Technology, Delhi India., Pareek* Anshul , Arora Dr. Nidhi ,   CSE Department, G.D. Goenka University, Gurugram, India.
Published: October 2019

Robust and accurate human tracking using computer vision is acquiring more and more attention, seeking to meet the demands of the increasing number of applications. This paper presents a novel approach to handle occlusion and out of plane rotation. Both these issues are crucial and continue to be a challenge in all state of art algorithms of computer vision-based human tracking. In this paper a SURF oriented scheme based human tracker is proposed, which searches for the target human in expanded rectangular region surrounding the previous target location. There is an online update of object model by selecting fresh templates every time. Here, superimposition of keypoints obtained from previous templates is done on fresh template using Affine transformation. Whether it’s a pose change or not, is affirmed by affine transformation, by calculating aspect ratio of target enclosed region. An Autotuned classifier discriminates the case of occlusion and pose change and confirms tracking failure. The success rate and computational time proves the accomplishment of the proposed algorithm
Design and Analysis of Flip Type Scrapper for Belt Conveyor System
Authors:   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of aeronautical Engineering college, Hyderabad, India., Rao* Dr.G.V.R.Seshagiri , Arshad Ali Mohammad ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of aeronautical Engineering college, Hyderabad, India.
Published: October 2019

Conveyors are one of the most commonly used mechanical handling equipments which transports or moves bulk materials from one point to another point. Conveyors are useful in many applications which involve the transportation of bulky materials. Conveyors allow efficient and quick transportation of a several varieties of materials, making conveyors very popular in material handling industries as well as packaging industries. Though these conveyors have above advantages they will require huge amount of power to drive the belts. As a result of increase in fuel prices all over global markets and scarce of fossil fuels the electricity charges are increasing tremendously. By reducing belt drive power consumption huge amounts of money can be saved and we can reduce the emissions of green house gases. Fixed solid scrappers are used to remove coal or powdered raw material which sticks to belt due to surface moisture during rainy season. Though fixed solid scrappers are one of the resistances which contribute to additional power consumption of the belt conveyors, it is essential as If powder deposits are not removed will erode return idlers. As a part of my project dissertation I have opted to study a coal conveyor system design, selection of various components, calculation of tension / loads on conveyor system and reduction of conveyor power consumption by modifying conventional fixed solid scrapper to flip type scrapper. The arrangement will expose the belt to solid scrapper only when belt is wet and remaining time to brush.
Ontology of Transcendence of Economic Subjects
Authors:   Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Letunova* Olga Vladimirovna , Grigorenko Dmitry Evgenyevich ,   Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Fomina Natalya Valeryevna ,   Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Dureev Sergey Petrovich ,   Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Lonin Aleksandr Viktorovich ,   Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Published: October 2019

The purpose of the article is to study the transcendental economic subjects in the economic projects of a conservative type. The authors employ dialectical and metaphysical methods in line with the analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Main results: the transcendental economic subjects act as thinkable, unobservable subjects in the conservative economic projects. The transcendental subjects reveal themselves as an abstract essence of an economic activity. Conclusions: the paper contains the reasoned statement that transcendental subjects assume the necessity to subdue the actual economic reality to the content of a notional project, which is realized through the representation (substitution) of an abstract essence with material phenomena and processes. A transcendental subject can be a project, which serves as a basis for the development of economic plans and programs to implement a conservative-type economic theory. Such a project is aimed at realizing abstract subjects in the form of notional conceptions in the framework of the state economic policy.
Trust and Energy-Inspired Threshold Packet Relaying Capability Technique (TEITPRCT) for Reliable Routing in MANETs
Authors:   Research Scholar, PG & Research Department of Computer Science, Sudharsan College of Arts & Science, Pudukkottai – 622104, Tamilnadu, India., Vijayagopal* V. , Prabu Dr. K. ,   Associate Professor, PG & Research Department of Computer Science, Sudharsan College of Arts & Science, Pudukkottai – 622104, Tamilnadu, India.
Published: October 2019

The data dissemination in MANET completely depends on the packet relaying capability attributed by the mobile nodes of the network. This packet relaying potential of the mobile node completely depends on the energy possessed by the mobile nodes. In this paper, a Trust and Energy-Inspired Threshold Packet Relaying Capability Technique (TEITPRCT) is proposed for achieving reliable data forwarding in the network. This proposed TEITPRCT approach utilized the benefits of factors that includes Frequency Index of Interaction (FII), Intimacy Index (II) and Honesty Index (HI) for quantifying the trust attributed by each mobile node in the network. It also inherently estimates the energy possessed by the mobile nodes of the network through the utilization of probe packets. The simulation experiments are conducted using ns-2 based on evaluation metrics that include throughput, latency, and energy consumptions with respect to different mobile nodes of the network. The simulation results proved the potentiality of the proposed TEITPRCT approach over the other benchmarked schemes considered for investigation.
Analysis of Impact of Exposures and Hydrological Modelling of Flood Peak Zones in Adamawa Catchment, Nigeria
Authors: Nwilo P. C. , Olayinka D. N. , Adzandeh A. E.
Published: October 2019

During the wet season, the Benue River overflows its banks and sometimes, extreme floods also occur in Adamawa catchment. Intensification of agriculture in some areas and urban growth in other areas has exposed a large population to flood risk. Little is known about localities or areas liable to flood at various peak flows and how land use and soil permeability affects the severity of flood in Adamawa catchment. This study seeks to analyse the exposures of land use/land cover and soil permeability to flood and model flood peak zones for three flow rates (2 years, 5 years and 10 years) using geospatial techniques and HEC-RAS model. Results of 2 years flood show that at least eight localities in the study area are highly prone to flood. This means that the probability of a flood of this calibre to occur and affect those localities in a given year is 50%. The number of localities prone to flood increases for Annual Exceedance Probability of 20% and 10%. The probability of 10% flood to occur and affect those localities in a given year is relatively low compared to both the 2yr and 5yr flood. Modelling results generated a curve number grid map which shows the permeability levels within the study area. Areas with more infiltration capacity recorded 50% (very high) and 20% (high). Moderate permeability score 16%. Very low and low levels account for 7.6% and 5.2% respectively. The implication is that 70% of the total area experience reduced surface runoff whereas 12.9% are more prone to water logging.
“Asian Latinos” and the U.S. Census
Authors: Romero Robert , Escudero Kevin
Published: October 2019

Numbering more than 300,000, “Asian Latinos” are a large but overlooked segment of the Asian American and Latino populations of the United States. Drawing from data generated from the 5 percent Public Use Microdata Samples of the 2000 U.S. Census, this article provides a preliminary quantitative analysis of the Asian Latino community. In particular, it examines the demographic characteristics of population size, geographic distribution, national origin, gender, age, citizenship, and educational attainment. In addition, it examines several policy implications related to Asian Latino coalition building and undocumented immigrant advocacy.
Strategic Data and Research Opportunities on Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Health through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Authors: Tseng Winston , Huang Priscilla , Cook Won
Published: October 2019

This paper summarizes the federal requirements under Section 4302(a) of the Affordable Care Act (ACA); the opportunities for improving data collection to address health disparities affecting Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders; the provision’s limitations; and how to address these limitations. Our recommendations for ACA Section 4302(a) implementation include: (1) adhering to the 2009 Institute of Medicine’s data standards on race, ethnicity, and primary language; (2) requiring federally-supported national surveys, health care providers, and publicly-administered health programs at the point of care and enrollment to comply with Section 4302 requirements; (3) ensuring compliance with Title VI and ACA Section 1557 non-discrimination requirements by providing translated health surveys and increasing language assistance capacity; and (4) engaging communities in the design of race, ethnicity, and language data to ensure community relevance.
The State of Asian American Businesses
Authors: Tran Diem , Poon OiYan
Published: October 2019

Business success is a dominant theme in the Asian American narrative. However, Asian American entrepreneurship is more complex and multilayered than commonly believed and requires careful scrutiny. This brief examines the state of Asian American business ownership between 2005 and 2007. Findings suggest that although Asian Americans form businesses at higher rates than other racial/ethnic minorities, Asian American business ownership and outcomes continue to trail those of non-Hispanic whites. Potential factors contributing to racial/ethnic gaps and policy recommendations are discussed.
BEBAN PERAWATAN PADA KELUARGA DENGAN PENDERITA GANGGUAN JIWA DI DESA KEBONSARI
Authors: Annisa Faida
Published: October 2019

Keluarga penderita gangguan jiwa berat yang ada di Indonesia, terutama di Jawa Timur, telah memiliki sikap yang positif dan cukup baik dalam melakukan perawatan kepada anggota keluarganya yang menderita gangguan jiwa berat. Sikap tersebut terbangun dengan proses yang cukup lama sehingga mereka belajar untuk memahami dan mulai memberikan dukungan sosial kepada anggota keluarganya yang menderita gangguan jiwa berat. Selain itu, keluarga-keluarga dengan penderita gangguan jiwa berat ini masih memerlukan pertolongan dari petugas kesehatan guna memberikan informasi-informasi terkait dengan keadaan anggota keluarganya yang menderita gangguan jiwa berat tersebut.Â Key words: Beban perawatan, penderita gangguan jiwa, keluarga.
HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN REMAJA TENTANG MENSTRUASI DENGAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN DALAM MENGHADAPI MENARCHE PADA SISWI KELAS IV DAN V SDI DARUL HIKMAH KRIAN SIDOARJO
Authors: Anggraeni Widya , Sari Kurnia Indriyanti Purnama
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBackground: Menarche merupakan menstruasi pertama kali pada masa awal remaja. Dimasyarakat, masalah menstruasi masih dianggap tabu untuk dibicarakan, sehingga remaja awal kurang memiliki pengetahuan dan sikap yang cukup baik tentang perubahan fisik dan psikologis terkait menarche. Biasanya remaja putri mengalami kegelisahan, adanya rasa takut, kerisauan dan kecemasan ketika menghadapi menarche.Purpose: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan remaja putri tentang menstruasi dengan tingkat kecemasan dalam menghadapi menarche.Method: Desain penelitian ini adalah Analitik dengan metode Cross Sectional, populasi sebanyak 41 siswi kelas IV dan V yang belum dan sudah menstruasi di SDN Sadar Tengah Mojoanyar Sampel sebanyak 38 siswi dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data diambil dari 2 variabel yang ada, yaitu pengetahuan remaja tentang menstruasi, dan tingkat kecemasan dalam menghadapi menarche, dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Setelah ditabulasi, data yang ada dianalisis menggunakan uji statistic spearman Rho denganÂ  tingkat kemaknaan Î±<0,05.Results: Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh data paling banyak responden bepengetahuan baik mengalami cemas ringan yaitu 17 siswi (44,73%), berpengetahuan cukup mengalami cemas sedang sebanyak 8 siswi (18,42%), dan yang berpengetahuan kurang mengalami cemas ringan sebanyak 3 siswi (7.89%). Berdasarkan analisa data diketahui Ï=0,009 nilai signifikansi Î±=0,05 yang artinya H1 diterima ada hubungan antara pengetahuan remaja putri tentang menstruasi dengan tingkat kecemasan dalam menghadapi menarche SDI Darul Hikmah Krian Sidoarjo.Conclusion: Melihat hasil penelitian bahwa, semakin baik pengetahuannya maka semakin rendah tingkat kecemasannya, hal ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa factor di antaranya pengetahuan, umur, perkembangan kepribadian. Hal ini perlu adanya informasi dan konseling tentang menarche untuk meminimalkan kecemasan.Â Key words: Pengetahuan, Remaja, Menstruasi, Kecemasan, Menarche.
ANALYSIS OF STIMULATION AUDITORY SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN AGES 12-24 MONTHS IN 19 TH AND 20 TH NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION, TAWANGSARI BARAT VILLAGE, SIDOARJO, EAST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Authors: Firdaus Firdaus firda , Andini Erin
Published: October 2019

Background: Speech delay is a problem that occurs in society commonly found in children. One of the factors affecting language development is the early sensory perception stimulation.Objectives: This study was purposed to analyze the correlation between early sensory perception stimulation and language development in children aged 12-24 months.Methods: This observational study was conducted using a cross-sectional approach. It involved 34 parents and their children aged 12-24 months as the population, in which 32 parents and their children were taken as the samples using simple random sampling technique. The independent variable was the early sensory perception stimulation, whereas the dependent variable was language development. The instruments used in this study were questionnaire and observation sheets. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation test with the significance level of Î± = 0.05.Results: The results of this study showed that nearly all of the respondents (89.5%) provided their children with the early sensory perception stimulation sufficiently. Consequently, most of the children (62.5%) experienced language development sufficiently. Moreover, the correlation test using Spearman's rank test showed that Sig. = 0.000 (p < 0.05) illustrating that p <Î± so that Ho was rejected. This result showed that there was a correlation between early sensory perception stimulation and language development in children aged 12-24 months.Conclusion: The early sensory perception stimulation which is given well to children will result in optimal language development. Hence, the health workers, especially the nurses, are expected to provide the family with a counseling program about the importance of giving the early sensory perception stimulation to children to optimize their language development.Â Key words: Early sensory perception stimulation, language development.
Genome‐Wide Association Study of 13 Traits in Maize Seedlings under Low Phosphorus Stress
Authors: Wang Qing‐Jun , Yuan Yibing , Liao Zhengqiao , Jiang Yi , Wang Qi , Zhang Litian , Gao Shibin , Wu Fengkai , Li Menglu , Xie Wubing , Liu Tianhong , Xu Jie , Liu Yaxi , Feng Xuanjun , Lu Yanli
Published: October 2019

Core Ideas

Low P stress is a global issue for grain production.

Significant phenotypic differences were detected among 13 traits in 356 maize lines under P‐sufficient and P‐deficient conditions.

Significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and low‐P stress‐responsive genes were identified for 13 maize root traits based on a genome‐wide association study.

Hap5, harboring 12 favorable SNPs, could enhance strong root systems and P absorption under low‐P stress.

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient required for normal plant growth and development. Determining the genetic basis of root traits will enhance our understanding of maize's (Zea mays L.) tolerance to low‐P stress. Here, we identified significant phenotypic differences for 13 traits in maize seedlings subjected to P‐sufficient and P‐deficient conditions. Six extremely sensitive and seven low‐P stress tolerant inbreds were selected from 356 inbred lines of maize. No significant differences were observed between temperate and tropical–subtropical groups with respect to trait ratios associated with the adaptation to low‐P stress. The broad‐sense heritability of these traits ranged from relatively moderate (0.59) to high (0.90). Through genome‐wide association mapping with 541,575 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 551, 1140 and 1157 significant SNPs were detected for the 13 traits in 2012, 2016 and both years combined, respectively, along with 23 shared candidate genes, seven of which overlapped with reported quantitative trait loci and genes for low‐P stress. Five haplotypes located in candidate gene GRMZM2G009544 were identified; among these, Hap5, harboring 12 favorable SNP alleles, showed significantly greater values for the root traits studied than the other four haplotypes under both experimental conditions. The candidate genes and favorable haplotypes and alleles identified here provide promising resources for genetic studies and molecular breeding for improving tolerance to abiotic stress in maize.
Decorative Film Formation by Inkjet Printing with Gold Nanoparticles for Synthetic Resin Crafts
Authors: Yamaguchi Mitsugu , Kambayashi Shun , Sakamoto Satoshi , Kondo Yasuo , Yamaguchi Kenji
Published: October 2019

The crafts such as lacquerware have made unique strides through decorating techniques using gold such as “Makie”, the technique to draw picture by scattering powdered gold, and “Chinkin”, the technique to rub gold into the design engraved by carving knives. In conventional techniques, practical knowledge and ability are essential to produce craft products. Therefore, screen printing which consists of simple processes has been developed. However, screen printing requires a masking plate made of silk or nylon to create patterns for transcribing ink into objects. This paper presents the formation of a decorative film by inkjet printing with gold nanoparticles for crafts such as lacquerware. The proposed method consists of on-demand process, which makes design changeable without masking. The aims are threefold: 1) to establish a sintering process of gold nanoparticles for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and phenol resin substrates used for synthetic resin products; 2) to characterize the sintered gold film; 3) to examine applicability to industry. The major results obtained are as follows: the appearance and the reflectance spectra of the gold nanoparticle film vary with heat conditions; the proper heat conditions which prevent thermal damage to substrates are the temperature of 373 K or below for the ABS resin substrate, and 423 K or below for the phenol resin substrate, respectively; the gold nanoparticle film possessed a good surface integrity without any voids when the sintering temperature is higher than 323 K for 1 h. Moreover, the film had such a high adhesion to substrates that no separation occurred after cross-cut test; the proposed method applied a lacquerware product made of ABS resin, yielding the decorative film
Proof of Value in Automating the Drill Floor
Authors: Angelle Jeremy
Published: October 2019

It is commonly known that the drilling sector of the oil and gas industry has lagged other batch and process industries such as the automotive and aerospace industries in terms of adopting new technologies. Historically, the oil and gas industry has been risk-adverse to deploying new technologies typically using the mindset "If isn’t broken, do not fix it". Technologies that have made it through commercialization have typically centered around solving a problem or accomplishing something that has not been done before, such as the ability to install heavier tubular strings or the ability to complete a well in an environment not previously accomplishable. However, lower commodity pricing is forcing the industry to become more cost-effective at drilling all types wells such that the industry can remain profitable in the current environment. This has created a technology trend to drill wells at a lower cost, which has put a focus on process improvement and process optimization, something not heavily focused on previously. Borrowing off other industries, an accelerated rate of adopting new technologies is being realized, especially digital and robotic technologies that can remove personnel from the rig floor and automate processes that are repetitive in nature. The drill floor is naturally seen as an area where the repetitious nature of pipe handling, installation, and removal can be automated for safety and efficiency. Although technologies do currently exist to mechanize the process, further automation of the process without compromising the functions required at well center has been difficult to be viewed as value added and profitable. Based on experience and research on these operations, proof of value can be demonstrated to show what makes sense in terms of automating the drill floor.
Atlanta Field: Operational Safety and Integrity Management
Authors: Siqueira Jorge Ricardo , Pedroso Carlos Alberto , Bastos Fernando , Alves Helio , Henriques Amanda , Wardlaw Stuart
Published: October 2019

The publication of ANP Resolution 41/2015, which established the Operational Safety Regulation for Subsea System – SGSS and ANP Resolution 46/2016, that established the Technical Regulation of the Well Integrity Management System - SGIP, defined that Operator Companies operating in Brazil must have integrity management programs for their assets, specifically related to wells and subsea system equipment.

The Regulations are non-prescriptive, giving the Operators freedom to establish their own integrity management philosophy and methodology. On the other hand, a Company can choose how to set up its integrity management program. Furthermore, many technical decisions must be made to comply with the regulations.

In a scenario where operational safety and integrity management can both further develop, implementing a system that manage and monitor all datas related to these issues is a big challenge.

This paper shows how a Brazilian independent oil and gas Operator implemented these regulations and which technical solutions were considered in order to manage the integrity of its assets and maintain a high level of operational safety in its operations.
Magnetic Drive System with Levitated Flow-Through Permanent Magnet Motors and Magnetic Bearings to Increase the Reliability and Retrievability of Electrical Submersible Pumps for Offshore Production
Authors: Chen Kuo-Chiang , Artinian Herman , Harris Dennis , Xiao Jinjiang
Published: October 2019

A new technology, Magnetic Drive System (MDS), to increase reliability and retrievability of electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) is described. With the improved reliability and retrievability, the production uptime of oil wells with artificial lift and the total cost of ownership of ESPs are improved significantly.

An industry survey and literature review were conducted to identify the aspects of the ESP and the failure-prone ESP subsystems to improve upon. Based on the findings, the MDS technology is developed to improve ESP reliability by isolating the failure modes and to improve ESP retrievability by enabling fast deployments and retrievals from wells. Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) models based on field observed failure mechanisms are applied to identify the impacts of isolating various failure modes on ESP reliability. The total cost of ownership (TCO) is calculated to illustrate the advantages of the MDS system to increase production gains and reduce costs.

Analysis on ESP reliability shows that the electrical system is the primary ESP failure mode, covering more than 50% of the failures. Models based on field data from the literature review shows that MTBF can be more than tripled if these failures are eliminated. The MDS topology places all the electrical components, including motor stators, cables and penetrators, of an ESP in the isolated annulus space between the permanent completion and tubing, leaving only the mechanical components, including the permanent magnet motor rotors and pump stages, inside the production tubing. In this case, the electrical components are well protected from the hostile produced fluids, so that the failures modes of the electrical system are eliminated. Since the retrievable string has no electrical components, such as thousands of feet of power cable, the deployments and retrievals of the retrievable string can be easily done by slickline. The larger motor stator and higher power density enabled by enhanced heat dissipation of the MDS topology dramatically increase the motor horsepower and shorten the motor length, thus increasing the production gains of the ESP. Reliability and retrievability are further improved due to the elimination of motor protectors and replaced by the "built-in" magnetic coupling between the MDS motor stator and rotor. With the improved reliability, retrievability, and motor performance simultaneously, MDS reduces the total cost of ownership by more than 70% in some cases compared with the conventional tubing-hung ESP, enables live well deployment and retrieval, reduces production downtime and intervention complexity, and protects reservoir productivity.
Unsupervised Deep Learning for Facies Pattern Recognition on Borehole Images
Authors: Lima Laura , Bize-Forest Nadege , Evsukoff Alexandre , Leonhardt Renata
Published: October 2019

This paper proposes an unsupervised neural network model for facies pattern recognition and formation characterization using borehole images. The goal is to create an automated workflow for rock fabric identification using high resolution acoustic or electrical borehole images with the aim of supporting 3D geological modeling. The results are compared and validated with geological and petrophysical interpretation.

Image-based facies recognition is challenging when applying Deep Learning techniques: 1/ the volume of released labeled data constrains the abilities to build a robust neural network model 2/ data classification itself is subject to geologist interpretation. Additionally, indirect measurements can bias data, hindering the correlation between log response and any particular classification.

We propose, therefore, an application of a fully convolutional autoencoder for borehole image data clustering to extract the most representative information displayed by the images without relying on labeled data.

The data set corresponds to electrical borehole images with high-resolution at 0.2in and 80% borehole coverage. First, we apply an autoencoder reconstruction loss for network pre-training, then a joint training using cluster assignment hardening. After training and applying the model, patterns represented by each cluster of geological facies or geomechanical features constitute a library that can be assigned by the user to specific facies or can be automatically correlated to the core description. The method provides pattern recognition and facies prediction with higher resolution and accuracy than conventional Machine Learning methods based on the clustering of petrophysical properties.
Asphaltene Structural Changes Induced by Carbon Dioxide Injection
Authors: Golshahi Nikoo , Afra Salar , Samouei Hamidreza , Nasr-El-Din Hisham , Beraldo da Silveira Balestrin Lia
Published: October 2019

Asphaltenes precipitation during carbon dioxide injection to enhance recovery has been considered as one of the major challenges in the tertiary production phase. How CO2 would change the asphaltenes structure is still unknown. The present study investigates the effects of CO2 on the isolated asphaltenes by means of various analytical techniques. Chemical structure of precipitated asphaltenes in the presence and absence of CO2 were characterized and compared. These results were coupled with the results of the stability assessment to determine the effects of structural alteration on asphaltenes stability in the oil matrix.

Four different crude oils were used to implement this experiment. In the first step, asphaltenes were precipitated by n-heptane. The asphaltenes were then dissolved in toluene and CO2 was injected (at 870 psi) to these solutions and they were mixed at 752°F. This process was repeated for three days, and one week to identify the effect of time on the possible reaction between CO2 and asphaltenes at elevated temperature and pressure. Next, CO2 was injected to the crude oils to determine whether it would react with other components of the oils other than asphaltenes. Same procedures were repeated with nitrogen as controlling experiments. For characterization, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy) was conducted to specify the functional groups and their changes due to the addition of CO2. Finally, stability alteration of precipitated asphaltenes after reaction with CO2 was evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy.

FTIR results analyses demonstrated that in one tested sample the peak related to the amide functional group is created after injecting CO2. This peak was intensified by increasing the reaction time. To characterize the origin and mechanism of amide formation, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) was added to this asphaltenes sample during reaction with CO2. Neither escalation of carbonyl group nor generation of aldehyde functional group was detected in the presence of DABCO. Such an observation proves that the amide group was formed by the reaction of amine in the asphaltenes and CO2. The stability of this sample in model oil was decreased after reaction with CO2. On the contrary, FTIR spectrums of the other three samples were not altered after reaction with CO2. Interestingly, one of these three asphaltenes samples became unstable in the model oil after reaction with CO2.

This study shows that the asphaltenes instability in the presence of CO2 could be a consequence of either chemical structural alteration of asphaltenes or change of the oil matrix solubility. Hence a comprehensive characterization of an oil sample is essential before designing any CO2 injection treatment. Accordingly, these results can be utilized to select more efficient inhibitors and stabilizers to prevent asphaltenes precipitation.
Improved Digital Rocks-Based Model for NMR Permeability Estimation in Vuggy Deepwater Carbonates
Authors: Victor Rodolfo Araujo , Torres-Verdín Carlos , Prodanovic Masa
Published: October 2019

We introduce a new digital rocks-based method for interpreting NMR T2 distributions in well log data acquired in vuggy deep-water carbonate reservoirs. Our method accounts for adverse borehole conditions such as mud invasion and large washouts in vuggy zones, usually neglected in conventional interpretation procedures of NMR logs.

The new approach is based on describing the measured distribution of transverse relaxation times as the superposition of a finite set of log-normal components. Each component accounts for specific relaxation rates for drilling mud and original formation fluids. We carefully design our NMR interpretation model after processing whole core X-ray computed tomography (CT) images acquired in whole core samples. Estimation of density and atomic number from dual-energy CT data enabled to directly probe fluid content in the vuggy space, while image segmentation targeting the vuggy space allowed to estimate vuggy porosity and flow properties inside the vug network.

Our model was able to explain correlated anomalies shown by caliper, photoelectric, and NMR T2 logarithmic mean logs for the vuggy regions in the dataset studied. The decomposition of inverted NMR T2 distributions in a set of basis functions naturally handles the uncertainty related to inversion parameters, making the task of calculating fluid concentrations and permeability indices more robust with respect to small variations in cutoff values. Permeabilities in vuggy zones estimated from NMR logs using this new method are more accurate than those rendered by conventional techniques based on T2 cutoffs or logarithmic averages, without the need to artificially introduce new fitting parameters. Using this approach, we can also explicitly quantify vuggy porosity, which is in good agreement with values obtained from segmented whole core tomographic images for this particular dataset.

The combined use of the above interpretation methods confirms the value of digital rock techniques to improve the evaluation of well logs acquired in complex carbonate formations, specifically in the calculation of permeability across vuggy depth segments. Results can be used to improve well log interpretation in wells devoid of core data and/or high-resolution borehole images.
Recent Developments in Polymer Flooding for Carbonate Reservoirs under Harsh Conditions
Authors: Diab Waleed N. , Al-Shalabi Emad W.
Published: October 2019

Polymer flooding is one of the well-established and commercially-available techniques for enhanced oil recovery in the petroleum industry. It is the most widely adopted chemical enhanced oil recovery technique in sandstones, but its application in carbonates is limited due to the harsh reservoir conditions of high temperature, high salinity, and low permeability. However, research is advancing to expand the applicability of this technique to carbonate reservoirs in a cost effective manner. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on polymer flooding for carbonates under harsh conditions. This review includes descriptions of underlying mechanisms, polymer types, polymer screening studies, coreflood laboratory work, numerical and modeling works, and field applications. Screening of new polymers for potential field applications is also discussed. In addition, polymer rheology and challenges posed to polymer flow in the porous media are described. Moreover, summary tables of different monomers used to tailor polymers for harsh conditions as well as temperature and salinity limits of different polymers are provided, which makes this review as a guidance for implementing new projects using the polymer flooding technique.

The literature review conducted shows that with the recent technology, a field-scale application of polymer flooding in carbonate reservoirs is possible. Several polymer types have been recently developed to overcome harsh carbonate conditions of high temperature, high salinity, and low permeability. This is encouraging towards conducting pilots in carbonate reservoirs in a cost effective manner. At the end of this paper, recommendations to overcome the challenges of high temperature, high salinity/hardness, and poor injectivity are provided based on this vast literature review and our experiences in polymer flooding. This paper gives more insight into polymer flooding aspects and its different applications in the oil industry. In addition, the study is considered as a guide for starting or implementing potential projects on polymer flooding in carbonate reservoirs under harsh conditions.
Challenges with Production Sharing Contracts in Brazil: What the International Experience and Literature Review Can Tell Us?
Authors: Medeiros Breno Barreto , Britto Renata , Barsan Flaviu
Published: October 2019

Following the discovery of the giant Pre-salt play in Brazil in 2006, the Government implemented a new fiscal regime in 2010, namely the Production Sharing Contract (PSC), for the exploration and production of oil and gas in this area. The introduction of the PSC regime brought about challenges and uncertainties on the day-to-day activities for all stakeholders involved. In this context, the objective of this article is to highlight the main challenges faced by the industry participants in Brazil, based on international experiences and literature review. Concurrently, the paper adds more clarity on areas where, in practice, we expect the majority of these risks to materialize, such as the design, implementation and operation of PSCs, with a view to investigate the main challenges related to the implementation of PSCs. Most notably, the article addresses the resource and competency requirements that regulators and oil companies alike require to enable an accurate and compliant recovery of eligible costs. We focus our international experience analysis on Indonesia, a jurisdiction with a mature oil industry, which pioneered the cost recovery PSC model, and draw learnings from the premises and results of recent changes in the Indonesian fiscal regime, as documented in industry publications. Moreover, the article attempts to quantify the financial impact on oil companies for not recognizing all recoverable costs and the magnitude of government revenue losses arising from poor cost discipline or gold plating behaviors by offshore contractors. Conclusions are drawn on key improvements since the first pre-salt licensing round, when the terms of the PSC were considered relatively onerous and risky for investors. We also draw attention to the key factors which have enabled a more transparent and competitive bidding environment in the Pre-Salt in recent years, while allowing the Brazilian Government to maintain a significant share of revenues and control over the assets.
HISEP: A Game Changer to Boost the Oil Production of High GOR and High CO2 Content Reservoirs
Authors: Menezes Passarelli Fabio , Adelina Guimaraes Moura Denise , Marcos Fonseca Bidart Antônio , Pereira Silva Juliana , Mello Vieira Alexandre Jaime , Alves Frutuoso Luis Felipe
Published: October 2019

Some deepwater Offshore reservoir contain fluids with high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) and CO2 content, presenting also a high productivity index (PI) like the ones found in Brazilian Presalt area. All these leads to large production facilities with complex gas processing section, thus constraining the oil processing and storage capacities. In these scenarios, the application of the HISEPTM, a high pressure, dense phase separation technology patented by PETROBRAS enhances production by promptly enabling the separation and reinjection of a major fraction of this CO2-rich associated gas on the seabed as a dense fluid, hence reducing the need for large gas processing plant in the topside, which in turn extends the oil production plateau and accelerates the production.