bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laughter in medical interaction: From quantification to analysis, and back
Authors: Haakana Markku
Published: March 2003

This study discusses the use of quantification in analysing interactional practices, especially in conversation analytical work. The paper concentrates on laughter in medical interaction and starts from a quantitative point of view. West (1984) found certain statistical patterns of laughter in medical interaction: the patients laugh more than the doctors and most laughter is not reciprocated, i.e. the interactants mostly laugh alone. This statistical pattern is also found in Finnish data but it is approached again from the micro‐analytical point of view and some features of it are problematised through analysing in more detail: (1) the ways in which laughter is made relevant; (2) how laughter is responded to; and (3) the interactional functions laughter can have. The paper shows that Schegloff’s (1993) critique of quantitative interactional work is indeed called for, but nevertheless also presents advantages of quantification: the distribution of laughter between the participants in medical interaction turned out to be an interesting issue, one which is revealing of their different interactional roles and footings.
The Hayekian Puzzle: Spontaneous Order and the Business Cycle
Authors: Witt Ulrich
Published: March 2003

In his early years, F. A. Hayek focused his research on the theory of capital and the business cycle. Later he turned to social philosophy and the theory of a spontaneous economic order. The two phases, it is argued in this paper, correspond to two basically incompatible research programs—general equilibrium theory vs. a theory of adapting, collective learning, and expectation formation. Hayek never reconsidered business cycle theory in the light of his later thought. The paper asks why and discusses what role cyclical fluctuations in aggregate economic activity may have to be play in the theory of spontaneous economic order.
The Relative Earnings from Self and Paid Employment: A Time‐series Analysis for the UK
Authors: Robson Martin T.
Published: March 2003

We investigate the determinants of variations in the reported relative earnings of self‐employed and paid‐employed workers in the United Kingdom, focusing in particular on the significant decline which has taken place since 1980. We find that the main factors behind this decline have been the rise in the rate of self‐employment itself and a reduction in the level of capital per self‐employed worker; effects which we associate with a decline in the quality of the average self‐employed business. Changes in the tax rates on income and in the sectoral composition of GDP helped to reduce the scale of the decline in self‐employment relative earnings to some degree.
Luxury and Economic Development: David Hume and Adam Smith
Authors: Brewer Anthony
Published: March 2003

David Hume thought that a taste for luxury was desirable, because it promoted economic and political development (it brought down feudalism, among other things). Adam Smith's early works follow a very similar line though, unlike Hume, he saw a taste for luxury as rather contemptible despite its desirable effects. In the Wealth of Nations, however, saving is the key to growth, suggesting that spending on luxury harms growth, but Smith wanted to hang on to the arguments he had taken from Hume. This may explain a number of oddities and inconsistencies in the Wealth of Nations.
An Economistic Interpretation of the Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: Jennings Colin C.
Published: March 2003

Tullock (1971) demonstrated that the causes of political rebellion are perhaps more to do with private expected utility than collective discontent. There is much to suggest that pecuniary motivation plays a large part in the Northern Ireland (NI) conflict given the substantial amount of ‘black market’ activity which is present. This paper therefore puts forward an economic model of the NI paramilitaries blending their gangster and political activities which are commonly geared to earn revenue. From this model an explanation from an economic perspective emerges as to why a cease‐fire may occur and why it is unstable. The implications of the model are then investigated, with particular reference to conflict solutions arising from the economic model rather than political diplomacy.
Does Trade Liberalisation Promote Economic Development?
Authors: SGreenaway David
Published: March 2003

The last twenty years have seen an extraordinary number of trade liberalisation episodes in developing countries. Some have been voluntary, most have been policy conditioned under the aegis of the Bretton Woods agencies. This paper begins by setting out the background to these trade reform programmes and details their ingredients. It then goes on to review the evidence extant on liberalisation and growth and reports new evidence. The latter suggests that liberalisation does tend to enhance growth, albeit with a lag. The paper concludes with an analysis of the lessons learned from experience with liberalisation in terms of credibility, timing and sequencing.
The Economic Effects of North Sea Oil on the Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Bjørnland Hilde
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the economic effects of the oil and gas sector (energy booms) on manufacturing output in two energy producing countries: Norway and the UK. In particular, I investigate whether there is evidence of a ‘Dutch disease’, that is whether energy booms have had adverse effects on manufactures. In addition to energy booms, three other types of structural disturbances are identified; demand, supply and oil price shocks. The different disturbances are identified by imposing dynamic restrictions on a vector autoregressive model. Overall, there is only weak evidence of a Dutch disease in the UK, whereas manufacturing output in Norway has actually benefited from energy discoveries and higher oil prices
Industry‐Level Wage Bargaining: A Partial Rehabilitation—The German Experience
Authors: Fitzenberger Bernd , Franz Wolfgang
Published: March 2003

In order to reduce unemployment, it is often recommended that industry‐level wage bargaining in Germany should be replaced by a more decentralized system. This paper provides a critical assessment of the current wage bargaining institutions and re‐examines the case for a more decentralized system. Based on a theoretical model integrating Insider–Outsider aspects into the comparison, the uniformly superior employment performance of a decentralized wage bargaining system is questioned. We conclude that, rather than solely trying to decentralize wage bargaining, a promising policy option may be to improve the skills of the unemployed by efficient labour market policies and to foster institutional reforms such that wage bargaining takes account of the long‐run employment consequences of wage setting.
Earning Curves and Wage Curves
Authors: Black Angela J. , FitzRoy Felix R.
Published: March 2003

Using British county data for full‐time male manual workers we extend earlier work to investigate wage and earning curves. We distinguish between total earnings and hourly wages for standard hours, uncontaminated by overtime premium. Using data from 1980–1995 we find that earnings behaviour is dominated by volatile hours in the short run, while wage growth is highly sensitive to the level of unemployment as in the classical Phillips curve with macro data. Macro evidence for sticky wages is thus confirmed at the local level, and the wage curve of rapid adjustment is rejected for normal hourly wages.
Technological Activity and Employment in a Panel of UK Firms
Authors: Greenhalgh C. , Longland M. , Bosworth D.
Published: March 2003

We investigate the relationship between technological activity, proxied by R&D, patents, and trade marks, and employment for a panel of British production firms from 1987 to 1994. We modify standard derived demand for labour to include technology variables. We find employment is fostered by R&D expenditure and UK patent publications, ceteris paribus on factor costs and current sales. The employment impact of R&D is bigger in high technology sectors, but employment increase from UK patenting activity is bigger in mature technology sectors. In further analysis of persistent differences (the estimated firm fixed effects) UK trade marks and US patents are also positively associated with employment.
Tied Down Or Room To Move? Investigating The Relationships Between Housing Tenure, Employment Status And Residential Mobility In Britain
Authors: Böheim René , Taylor Mark P.
Published: March 2003

Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, we investigate the relationships between labour market dynamics, housing tenure and residential mobility. Panel data allow the study of the sequence of household moves and individual labour market status changes, enabling unique analysis of the relationship between job and residential mobility. Our findings suggest that the unemployed are more likely to move than employees. A desire to move motivated by employment reasons has the single largest positive impact on the probability of moving between regions.
Exploring The Determinants Of Unhappiness For Ethnic Minority Men In Britain
Authors: Shields Michael A. , Wailoo Allan
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the determinants of unhappiness for ethnic minority men living in Britain, and compares these findings with those for White males. Data is drawn from the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities conducted in 1994, which has the advantage of over–sampling members of Britain’s ethnic minority population. Using this unique data source we are able to provide some of the first evidence of the psychological impact of unemployment, low levels of household income, residing in an ethnic enclave and living in fear of racial harassment for Black Caribbean and South Asian men.
Emulating The Celtic Tiger? A Comparison of the Software Industries of Singapore and Ireland
Authors: Coe Neil M.
Published: March 2003

This article explores parallels between the economic development strategies of Ireland and Singapore through a study of the software sector. My central argument is that Singapore’s embryonic software industry can learn important lessons from Ireland, which now exports over US$6 billion worth of products annually. Ireland's success has been achieved by attracting two forms of export‐oriented foreign direct investment that are increasingly important due to globalisation trends in the software industry: software development centres, and software product manufacturing and localisation (translation and local adaptation) plants. Ireland has benefited from its position on the periphery of Western Europe, one of the largest software markets in the world, to emerge as a key production location for US transnational corporations. Singapore is perhaps now poised, with a similar range of financial, labour market and infrastructural attributes as Ireland, to benefit from rapid growth in the Asia‐Pacific software market. Three corporate case studies from Singapore are used to illustrate this argument.
Sediment Facies of a Low‐Energy, Meso‐Tidal, Fringing Reef, Singapore
Authors: Hilton Michael J. , Loke Ming Chou
Published: March 2003

Pulau (P.) Semakau comprises a narrow, low‐lying island, surrounded by a wide fringing coral reef of late‐Holocene age. The modern reef flat comprises a gently sloping surface related to modern mean low water neap tide level. Six sediment facies are recognised below the line of high water of which three, adjacent to the island, are composed of terrigenous minerals and rock fragments and three are autochthonous carbonates sediments developed since local sea‐level still stand (c. 6,500 years BP). The fringing reefs of P. Semakau and Singapore differ from many of the reef forms recorded from Peninsular Malaysia waters and the Gulf of Thailand. The Singapore reefs have wide, well‐developed intertidal reef flats, lack lagoons and reef crests, and have a very steep reef slope. In contrast to most other fringing reefs of the region, the Singapore reefs have developed in a low wave energy, meso‐tidal environment lacking strong environmental gradients.
The Mobile Street Food Service Practice in the Urban Economy of Kumba, Cameroon
Authors: Acho‐Chi Cletus
Published: March 2003

The mobile food service practice is one of multiple survival strategies adopted by poor urban households in Cameroon to maintain and expand the base of subsistence incomes, especially in the current surge of economic crisis. Though a fast‐growing informal sector enterprise, it is still at an artisanal stage in urban Cameroon, creating an urgent need for a supportive policy environment that could have measurable positive impacts on improving the productivity, welfare and income levels of the micro‐entrepreneurs. This study looks at the mobile food service practice in Kumba, Cameroon, in terms of its basic characteristics, the locational factors influencing its socio‐spatial distribution, the critical success factors (CSFs) determining customer choices, and its impacts on the local environmental resources and quality of urban life. The mobile food service practice creates employment, generates income, and acts as a food energy‐support instrument to the urban poor and local economic activities operating in Kumba. The vendors, who are mostly women, can make incomes that are 405 per cent of the national minimum wage and, thus, contribute financially towards the education, health and survival of their families. The paper provides some recommendations on ways to improve the efficiency of this sector so as to achieve sustainable economic and social development and to enhance empowerment thereof.
Toddlers’ Understanding of Ownership: Implications for Self‐Concept Development
Authors: Fasig Lauren G.
Published: March 2003

Knowledge of self‐continuity is proposed as essential to self understanding. However, little research has addressed the development of the extended self in very young children. This study explored ownership understanding as evidence for knowledge of the interpersonal extended self. Toddlers, age 18 months to 28 months, identified items as belonging to themselves or another, and participated in the classic mirror self‐ recognition task. Mothers completed the Self Development Questionnaire. Results show that the children have a basic understanding of ownership, and that this understanding differentiated children who provided self‐descriptions and evaluations from children who did not. Mirror self‐recognition was unrelated to ownership understanding or self‐descriptions and evaluations. These results suggest that the extended self emerges earlier in development than previously claimed. Implications for integrated self‐concept development are discussed.
Across Time and Beyond Skin: Self and Transgression in the Everyday Socialization of Shame among Taiwanese Preschool Children
Authors: FUNG Heidi , CHEN Eva Chian‐Hui
Published: March 2003

This study examines the construction of the culture‐specific self through a form of seemingly harmful socializing practices among young Taiwanese children. Spontaneous daily family interactions have been systematically and longitudinally videotaped in seven families and events of shame are found to occur regularly at all datapoints. One third of these events occur in chains, involving multiple episodes about the child’s transgressions committed at different times, mostly in the here‐and‐now, followed by reenactments of the past and expectations for a better self in the future. While in nearly half of the episodes, some authority is explicitly invoked to judge the child’s behaviors, family members are always co‐present with the child and ready to share his/her transgression and shame. Findings of analyses on spatiotemporal and relational markers in these situated events suggest a dynamic and fluid view of the self and a holistic treatment of multi‐leveled contexts.
Relational Aggression and Victimization in Young Adults' Romantic Relationships: Associations with Perceptions of Parent, Peer, and Romantic Relationship Quality
Authors: Linder Jennifer Ruh , Crick Nicki R. , Collins W. Andrew
Published: March 2003

This study had three goals: (a) To investigate gender differences in relational aggression and victimization within young adults' romantic relationships, (b) to investigate associations between romantic relational aggression and victimization and perceptions of romantic relationship quality, and (c) to explore parent and peer predictors of romantic relational aggression and victimization. College students (70 females and 34 males) completed self‐reports of romantic relational aggression and victimization, and parent, peer, and romantic relationship quality. Men and women reported equal levels of romantic relational aggression, and men reported higher levels of victimization than women. Aggression and victimization were positively correlated with negative romantic relationship qualities and negatively correlated with positive relationship qualities. Regression analyses indicated that both romantic relational victimization and romantic relational aggression explained variance in romantic relationship quality. There were several significant associations between parent and peer relationship quality and romantic relational aggression and victimization, which suggest that poor relationships with parents and peers may play a role in the development and maintenance of these behaviors.
Poverty and Social Policy in Latin America
Authors: Gilbert Alan
Published: March 2003

Most indicators of human development in Latin America improved considerably until the early 1980s. Unfortunately, the debt crisis which hit most countries in the region during the 1980s badly dented the social record. Not only did it increase the number of people living in poverty but it led to a profound change in the nature of the development model. Neo‐liberal economic thought and the lessons of the debt crisis convinced one Latin American state after another that it should follow a different development path.

Economic stabilization and structural adjustment had a profound effect on poverty in the region. Most families became poorer, particularly those living in the cities. Structural adjustment and the new economic model also modified the role of the state. Increasingly, Latin American governments stopped giving general subsidies and introduced a strategy of targeting subsidies at the poor. In places, the new strategy will no doubt provide an adequate safety net, but in others it will fail to provide sufficient help for the poor. All we can predict is that poverty will long remain regrettably common in most parts of Latin America. In places, economic growth will undoutedly reduce poverty but it is not at all easy to predict where it will be reduced. In this respect Latin America is very much like the rest of the world. Globalization has opened up local economies to international competition and offered them the prospect of selling local goods to foreign markets. How many Latin American economies will benefit from the new situation will determine how the poor will fare. Unfortunately, the state’s ability to deal with any subsequent poverty has been greatly reduced. That, too, is part and parcel of the process of globalization.
Dangerous Futures: Social Exclusion and Youth Work in Late Modernity
Authors: France Alan , Wiles Paul
Published: March 2003

The paper contrasts the role and structure of youth work in modern and late modern societies. Modern societies linked citizenship to inclusion in production and youth work helped the transition of young people from childhood to inclusion into the labour market and citizenship. When postwar full employment eased these transition processes then youth work concentrated on leisure provision and dealing with the small numbers of excluded young people. Late modern societies redefine citizenship in terms of market choices but also create increasing risks, which a declining state can no longer manage, and a growing use of social exclusion as a form of social control. These changes demand a new role and structure for youth work.
Users as Citizens: Collective Action and the Local Governance of Welfare
Authors: Barnes Marian
Published: March 2003

Self‐organization amongst users of community care services preceded the consumerist developments of the 1980s and early 1990s, but can be considered to have been “legitimized” by top‐down objectives relating to “user involvement”. Nevertheless, the objectives and value bases of disabled people’s organizations and organizations of users (or survivors) of mental health services have not always been consistent with those of consumerism, and user groups have experienced tensions in determining the extent to which they should respond to official agendas. Drawing on theories of new social movements and of citizenship, this paper considers the developing place of user organizations within systems of local governance. It looks at the way in which groups have sought to assert the legitimacy both of experiential knowledge and of their position as citizens in the face of official responses which have constructed them as self‐interested pressure groups. It draws on empirical research investigating local groups of disabled people and of mental health service users conducted in the first part of the 1990s. It discusses the significance of shared identity as a basis for collective action alongside more pragmatic motivations to influence the nature of health and social care services. In the context of appeals to “community” and “partnership” which are starting to replace the discourse of markets and contracts as the key metaphor for both policy‐making and service delivery, the article considers likely future roles for groups comprising people often excluded from community.
Towards the Disintegration of Child Welfare Services
Authors: Petrie Steph , Wilson Kate
Published: March 2003

This paper examines market issues in the provision of children's services in the light of the changing role and practice of local authorities contracting for welfare services. In adult services, where there has been a legal requirement to reorganize on market lines, the services have had to modify some of their earlier contracting practices to take account of the complex requirements of health and welfare services and it is argued that relational contracting offers a more appropriate paradigm for these. Following the implementation of the Children Act 1989, although not a requirement of the Act, many of the organizational systems in relation to markets, originally developed for adult services, have been adopted for children's services. Two areas of services for children, day care and fostering services, are discussed in order to demonstrate that these contracting systems are inappropriate and often dysfunctional for the children concerned. It is argued that there is a widening gap between contracting systems in adult and children's services which needs to be addressed. In general, it is concluded that the philosophies of the market place are flawed when applied to children's services.
Towards “the Field of Corrections”: Modernizing the Probation Service in the Late 1990s
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: March 2003

The Probation Service in England and Wales has been caught up in the New Labour government’s broader programme of “modernization”. In a document more radical than anything produced under the previous Conservative government, New Labour has proposed that the Service be brought under centralized control, that its name be changed to reflect its new primary purpose of public protection, and that it be brought into closer structural alignment with the Prison Service. This paper discerns in the case made for centralization and the need for closer ties with prisons an authoritarian impulse which is deeply at odds with the Service’s own local traditions, and questions whether the undoubtedly necessary process of modernization must take the form being proposed by the government.
Access to Services as a Civil and Social Rights Issue: The Role of Welfare Professionals in Regulating Access to and Commissioning Services for Disabled and Older People under New Labour
Authors: Rummery Kirstein , Glendinning Caroline
Published: March 2003

This paper draws up a theoretical framework of citizenship, based on Marshall’s thesis, that encompasses the idea of access to welfare services (using the example of community care services for disabled and older people) as a civil and social rights issue. The authors critically examine current policy developments in the NHS and local authorities under New Labour that emphasize partnership, particularly the proposals and provisions made in ‘The New NHS’ and ‘Partnership in Action’. Their theoretical framework is used to explore issues concerning access to and the commissioning of health and social care services under New Labour. They conclude that the role of welfare professionals, particularly GPs and social services workers, and their relationships with service users, patients, carers and their families under New Labour presents a continuing challenge to the citizenship status of disabled and older people.
The Greens and Social Policy: Movements, Politics and Practice?
Authors: Barry John , Doherty Brian
Published: March 2003

The central aim of this paper is to show how different types of green movement respond to questions of social policy. An important factor in this is a difference in attitudes to the state between more anarchistic greens and those greens that are prepared to accept a permanent and/or strategic role for the state. The paper is divided into two parts. In part one, after defning the green movement, it outlines how different green social movements from local groups, direct action protestors, established environmental groups and green political parties, have developed analyses, responses and alternatives to social policy issues. Part two of the paper looks at some of the ideological/theoretical debates within green politics with regard to social policy, with particular regard to the role of the state. It goes on to look at some of the ways in which European green parties have viewed social policy, and at proposals they have advanced for moving the aim of social policy from “welfare” to “well‐being”. It concludes with suggesting that the “post‐materialist” characterization of green politics is very wide of the mark in terms of the range of analyses and policy alternatives greens have put forward, from health, education and drugs to transport. The central and long‐standing green concern with lessening socioeconomic inequalities (but without relying on indiscriminate and unsustainable “economic growth”) means that in terms of social policy, green politics can be seen as an “environmentalism of the poor”, concerned with “materialist” issues.
Outsider and Insider Expertise: The Response of Residents of Deprived Neighbourhoods to an Academic Definition of Social Exclusion
Authors: Richardson Liz , Le Grand Julian
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to compare academic interpretations of the term social exclusion with the understanding of people with direct experience of the phenomenon. A preselected group of residents of deprived neighbourhoods were asked about various aspects of the concept and their responses compared with the definitions of social exclusion used by Burchardt, Le Grand and Piachaud in this Journal in 1999. In general, the residents’ understanding of the term corresponded well with the more academic definitions; however, in one or two key areas there were significant differences, suggesting that it might be useful for more academic concepts to be tested against the views of those with experience of the phenomenon which the concept is trying to capture.
Japan's Radical Reform of Long‐term Care
Authors: Campbell John Creighton , Ikegami Naoki
Published: March 2003

Japan's mandatory long‐term care social insurance system started in 2000. Many important choices about the basic shape and size of the system, as well as a host of details, were necessary when the program was being planned. It represents a reversal from earlier steps toward a tax‐based direct‐service system, and is based on consumer choice of services and providers. The benefits are in the form of institutional or community‐based services, not cash, and are aimed at covering all caregiving costs (less a 10 percent co‐payment) at six levels of need, as measured by objective test. Revenues are from insurance contributions and taxes. The program costs about $40 billion, and is expected to rise to about $70 billion annually by 2010 as applications for services go up. There are about 2.2 million beneficiaries, about 10 percent of the 65+ population. The program has operated within its budget and without major problems for two years and is broadly accepted as an appropriate and effective social program.
Past and Present: Reflections on Citizenship within New Zealand
Authors: Lunt Neil , Spoonley Paul , Mataira Peter
Published: March 2003

The paper discusses historical and emerging dimensions of citizenship within Aotearoa/New Zealand. Drawing on Turner’s work, it explores the utility of Marshallian distinctions of civil, political and social citizenship. These evolutionary notions are seen as problematic, given the historical treatment of the Chinese community, and the abrogation of the Treaty of Waitangi with respect to European–Maori relationships. Ideas of the “worker citizen”, “military citizen” and “parent citizen” are discussed in relation to historical foundations of entitlement and their contemporary challenges. Considerations include a shift to non‐standard employment, reconceptualization of New Zealand’s role as a Pacific nation, and demographic and value shifts. The non‐governmental sector as a “fourth” route to entitlement is examined, including notions of community capacity‐building with particular respect to Maori. The paper concludes with a commentary on current debates around the nature and shape of New Zealand nationality, identity and citizenship. Ecological debates include the use and guardianship of natural resources and the opposition of public opinion to genetic modification. Indigenous developments include the assertion of Treaty rights by Maori in relation to land, language and economic and social development. Cultural dimensions include the changing population structure as reflected in the growth of Pacific Island nations, Asian populations and the refugee community. The interplay of these ecological, indigenous and cultural dimensions will help define emergent citizenships for Aotearoa/New Zealand in the twenty‐first century.
Agro‐Food Studies in the ‘Age of Ecology’: Nature, Corporeality, Bio‐Politics
Authors: Goodman David
Published: March 2003

The theoretical purview and contemporary political relevance of agro‐food studies are restricted by their unexamined methodological foundations in modernist ontology. The nature‐society dualism at the core of this ontology places agro‐food studies, and their ‘parent’ disciplines in the orthodox social sciences, outside the broad intellectual project that is advancing the greening of social theory, and militates against effective engagement with the bio‐politics of environmental organizations and Green movements. The disabling consequences of the erasure of nature in agro‐food studies are explored by analyzing several recent theoretical perspectives: the consumption ‘turn’ in the work of Fine, Marsden and their respective colleagues, and Wageningen actor‐oriented rural sociology. The merits of actor‐network theory in resolving these ontological limitations are then considered using brief case‐studies of food scares, agri‐biotechnologies, and the recent proposals to regulate organic agriculture in the United States.
Contingent or Structural Crisis in British Agriculture?
Authors: Drummond Ian , Campbell Hugh , Lawrence Geoffrey , Symes David
Published: March 2003

The British agricultural sector is either already in or rapidly approaching some sort of crisis. Two features are particularly significant in the political response to the current situation. First, there is an increasingly neoliberal approach to agricultural policy. Second, agricultural policy per se is being subsumed with wider rural policies. In this paper we question the rationality of both these trends, both theoretically through ‘new wave regulation theory’ and by relating the British situation to the recent experiences of the agricultural sectors in Australia and New Zealand
Rural Development: From Practices and Policies towards Theory
Authors: Van Der Ploeg Jan Douwe , Renting Henk , Brunori Gianluca , Knickel Karlheinz , Mannion Joe , Marsden Terry , De Roest Kees , Sevilla‐Guzmán Eduardo , Ventura Flaminia
Published: March 2003

Both in practice and policy a new model of rural development is emerging. This paper reflects the discussions in the impact research programme and suggests that at the level of associated theory also a fundamental shift is taking place. The modernization paradigm that once dominated policy, practice and theory is being replaced by a new rural development paradigm. Rural development is analyzed as a multi‐level, multi‐actor and multi‐facetted process rooted in historical traditions that represents at all levels a fundamental rupture with the modernization project. The range of new quality products, services and forms of cost reduction that together comprise rural development are understood as a response by farm families to both the eroding economic base of their enterprises and to the new needs and expectations European society has of the rural areas. Rural development therefore is largely an autonomous, self‐driven process and in its further unfolding agriculture will continue to play a key role, although it is a role that may well change. This article provides an introduction to the nine papers of this ‘special issue’ and the many reconfiguration processes embodied in rural development that they address.in rural development
Recent Development and Political Acceptance of Organic Farming in Europe
Authors: Michelsen Johannes
Published: March 2003

Organic farming has experienced a major break through in Europe during the 1990s. The suggestion here, is to see it as an implantation of post‐modernist values into agriculture and as representing a break in the agriculture self‐rule,which developed during the 20th century. This rather unusual situation needs an open theoretical framework. Such a framework is suggested. It focuses on institutionalization and combines institutional theory with social movement theory and theory of coalition making. The need for a non‐deterministic view on organic farming development is further justified by referring to a comparative analysis of the development of organic farming in eighteen European countries. It emphasizes the need for a distinct organic farming identity and suggests that the growth in European organic farming is neither explained by political support nor by pure market forces. Rather organic farming growth is promoted through a continuous series of initiatives originating in different parts of society.
Homelessness and Rurality: Exploring Connections in Local Spaces of Rural England
Authors: Cloke Paul , Milbourne Paul , Widdowfield Rebekah
Published: March 2003

Homelessness remains a neglected component of rural studies in Britain and Europe. Research has tended to skirt around the subject, focusing either on groups in need located within rural housing markets or on those people experiencing rural poverty living within conventional properties. In this paper we want to connect homelessness with rurality by drawing on key findings from recently completed research on rural homelessness in England. We want to make connections between homelessness and rurality in two main ways. Firstly, given the limited knowledge base on rural homelessness, we set out the overall extent and profile of homelessness in rural England based on an analysis of unpublished official statistics. We also highlight how homelessness in rural England is bound up with a great deal of spatial unevenness and suggest that it is through localized investigation that important connections between homelessness and rurality can be best understood. In the second part of the paper, we draw on findings from local research conducted in two rural districts in Gloucestershire to provide a range of evidence that points to the significance of the local spaces of rural homelessness. In particular, this work demonstrates the ways in which local structures of housing provision and socio‐cultural and political processes in these districts impact on the nature and experiences of rural homelessness.
5. A Logical Toolkit for Theory (Re) Construction
Authors: Bruggeman Jeroen , Vermeulen Ivar
Published: March 2003

The social sciences have achieved highly sophisticated methods for data collection and analysis, leading to increased control and tractability of scientific results. Meanwhile, methods for systematizing these results, as well as new ideas and hypotheses, into sociological theories have seen little progress, leaving most sociological arguments ambiguous and difficult to handle, and impairing cumulative theory development. Sociological theory, containing many valuable ideas and insights, deserves better than this. As a way out of the doldrums, this paper presents a systematic approach to computer-supported logical formalization, that is widely applicable to sociological theory and other declarative discourse. By increasing rigor and precision of sociological arguments, they become better accessible to critical investigation, thereby raising scientific debate to a new level. The merits of this approach are demonstrated by applying it to an actual fragment from the sociological literature.
10. Latent Variable Modeling of Longitudinal and Multilevel Data
Authors: Muthén Bengt
Published: March 2003

An overview is given of modeling of longitudinal and multilevel data using a latent variable framework. Particular emphasis is placed on growth modeling. A latent variable model is presented for three-level data, where the modeling of the longitudinal part of the data imposes both a covariance and a mean structure. Examples are discussed where repeated observations are made on students sampled within classrooms and schools.
Class-Specific Habitus and the Social Reproduction of the Business Elite in Germany and France
Authors: Hartmann Michael
Published: March 2003

Based on two empirical studies of senior executives, this article examines key aspects of Bourdieu's theory of the reproduction of social class structures. In the European business elite, to what extent can one find empirical evidence for the central significance accorded to class specific habitus and exclusive educational institutions in this process? To this end, the article presents comprehensive information about the social origin and educational trajectories of the chairpersons of the 100 largest German and French enterprises from 1995, compared to corresponding statistics from the years 1970 to 1972. An analysis of this information shows that in both countries, almost 80% of senior executives are recruited from the social elite: the gehobenes Bürgertum or the classe dominant. In France, the main source for this elite recruiting is located in educational system, with sharp selection mechanisms involved in the granting of exclusive degrees. In contrast, these play only a subordinate role in Germany. The primary criteria here are the personality traits deemed desirable for certain positions. These strongly favour offspring of the gehobenes Burgertum. In the end, class-specific habitus turns out to be decisive in a direct sense (Germany) or indirectly (France) for the reproduction of social relations. Bourdieu's analysis is thus confirmed in its main points.
A Useful Extension of Bourdieu's Conceptual Framework?: Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mothers' Involvement in Their Children's Education?
Authors: Reay Diane
Published: March 2003

This article utilises the concept of emotional capital in order to explore some of the class and gender processes embedded in parental involvement in education. Drawing on fieldwork from a study of mothers' involvement in their children's primary schooling it examines mothers' emotional engagement with their children's education. Understandings of mothers' involvement in their children's schooling are enhanced by including an analysis of the emotions, both positive and negative, that infuse mothers' activities. The article tentatively concludes that the relationships between educational success, emotional capital and emotional wellbeing, and the extent of overlap and difference between them, could provide new ways of understanding how a range of disadvantages which cross class barriers are being manufactured in the contemporary educational marketplace.
The Markers and Rules of Scottish National Identity
Authors: Kiely Richard , Bechhofer Frank , Stewart Robert , McCrone David
Published: March 2003

This article examines how people set about the task of national identity construction and maintenance in the context of a study of landed and arts elites in Scotland. With reference to our empirical material throughout, we outline the key national identity processes: claim, attribution and the receipt of claims and attributions. Central to these are identity markers and rules. Identity markers are those social characteristics presented to others to support a national identity claim and looked to in others, either to attribute national identity, or receive and assess any claims or attributions made. Identity rules are probabilistic rules of thumb, guidelines to how these identity markers are interpreted, combined or given precedence over others within these three processes. Particular attention is given to identity rules, and consideration of the contexts in which they are adhered to or transgressed.
Alternative Routes to State Breakdown: Toward an Integrated Model of Territorial Disintegration
Authors: Li Rebecca S. K.
Published: March 2003

A theoretical strategy is proposed to integrate competing models of state breakdown by conceptualizing key concepts in these models at a more abstract level. The demographic model, which asserts that rapid population growth can bring about state breakdown when economic and political institutions are too rigid, is extracted from Goldstone's work. The geopolitical model, which argues that deteriorating geopolitical condition can bring about state breakdown if the state is too weak and the economy too unproductive, is extracted from Skocpol's and Collins's works. The competing models are conceptualized as alternative and interacting routes to state breakdown where changing population pressure and geopolitical condition may generate integrative or disintegrative tendency depending on state power and productivity. A model describing four dimensions of state power—economic, military, political, and administrative—is constructed to incorporate various conceptualizations of the state in the state breakdown literature. Also integrated in the model is a third alternative route suggesting that rapid market development can generate disintegrative tendency if state power is too low. The synthesized model allows us to see that disintegrative/integrative tendency produced by one route may intensify or alleviate that generated by another route.
State Fragmentation: Toward a Theoretical Understanding of the Territorial Power of the State
Authors: Li Jieli
Published: March 2003

In existing theories of revolution, the state is narrowly defined as an administrative entity, and state breakdown simply refers to the disintegration of a given political regime. But this narrow definition cannot deal with this question: Why, in a revolutionary situation, do some states become fragmented and others remain unified? I would therefore argue for the broadening of the concept of state breakdown to include the territorial power of the state and to treat the latter as a key analytical dimension in the study of state fragmentation. The dynamics of territorial state power involve the control of critical territories and valuable resources associated with the spatial position of a given state in the interstate system. A strong territorial state is able to maintain its organizational coerciveness and territorial integrity, whereas a weak territorial state is vulnerable to fragmentation. The overall state crisis derives from the accumulated effects of geopolitical strain by which territorial fragmentation unfolds.
Event Catalogs as Theories
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: March 2003

All empirical social research rests, at least implicitly, on not one but two theories: a theory explaining the phenomenon under study, another theory explaining the generation of evidence concerning the phenomenon. The two theories necessarily interact, setting important constraints on each other. The second theory answers questions about how the phenomenon leaves traces, how analysts can observe those traces, and how analysts can reconstruct attributes, elements, causes, and effects of the phenomenon from those traces. As employed in studies of contentious politics, event catalogs raise all these questions. Competing conceptions of the phenomenon under study as protest, as collective violence, as collective action, as conflict, and as contentious claim-making imply different measurement strategies. The strategy of aggregation follows plausibly from identification of the phenomenon as protest or violence, the strategy of incidence from most of the competing conceptions, the strategy of internal regularities only from treatments of the crucial phenomenon as collective action, conflict, or contentious claim-making.
Theoretical Comparisons of Forms of Exchange
Authors: Molm Linda D.
Published: March 2003

A recent program comparing negotiated and reciprocal forms of social exchange offers important implications for theory development. Results of these investigations show that the form of exchange studied—negotiated or reciprocal—affects many of the processes and assumptions underlying contemporary theories of exchange. Three such effects are discussed here. First, the form of exchange affects the causal mechanisms underlying power use and the relation between network structure and power. Second, whether exchange is negotiated or reciprocal affects the relative emphasis on learning or rational-choice models and the breadth of motivations assumed for “self-interested” actors, including reward maximization, loss avoidance, and reciprocity. Third, the form of exchange affects the salience of the cooperative and competitive “faces” of exchange, influencing actors' subjective experiences with exchange. These results show the limitations of theories based on any single form of exchange and the need for greater understanding of the full range of exchange forms that characterize social life.
Resisting a Diagnostic Technique: the Case of Reflex Anal Dilatation
Authors: Collins Alan , Kendall Gavin , Michael Mike
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at the deployment of a medical technique, reflex anal dilatation and contrasts the way in which its deployment was a subject of enormous controversy in the Cleveland child sexual abuse affair with its comparatively unproblematic previous use to identify homosexuality. We interpret this contrast using two general frameworks: recent work in the sociology of scientific knowledge, particularly actor‐network theory, and Foucauldian work on dangerousness and visibility. We argue that the specific historical conditions surrounding the two different deployments allow an understanding of why the deployment of the technique was resisted in one case but not in the other. While Foucault helps us to understand the potential for contestation between the proponents of RAD in Cleveland and actors such as families and politicians, actor‐network theory enables us to examine how such conflict actually arose through tracing the sorts of resources that could be mobilised in problematising RAD. In particular, we note that the antagonists of RAD had available a ‘practice of rights’ towards which they could orient themselves in their contestation of the ‘practice of care’ that informed the activities of the RAD proponents.