bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress of open systems at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
Authors: Bagryansky P.A.
Published: May 2024

This paper is based on a report at the 2nd International Fusion Plasma Conference & 13th International Conference on Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement (iFPC & OS 2023), August 21–25, 2023, Busan, Korea and provides a brief overview of the status of work at the Budker Institute on the study of hot plasma confinement in open-type magnetic traps with a linear axisymmetric configuration. The main attention is paid to key problems: magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) stability in regimes with extremely high relative pressure, longitudinal electronic thermal conductivity, stability with respect to the development of kinetic modes and transverse transport. This paper provides an overview of the methods we are developing to address these problems, the experimental and theoretical results achieved and plans for future development. The last section of the article provides brief information about the preliminary design of the gas-dynamic multiple-mirror trap device, the development of which has been completed.
Beyond the machinery metaphors: Towards a theory of international organizations as machines
Authors: Kotsakis Andreas
Published: May 2024

This article builds upon the common metaphor of international organizations as the ‘machinery’ of international law to present a theoretical exploration of these institutions. This metaphor has remained unexamined, a reflection of the paradoxical status of international organizations as objects lacking theoretical attention. By tapping into the metaphor’s full theoretical potential and expanding it into a theory of international organizations as machines, this article introduces a new conceptualization of their role and operation. This is accomplished by applying a particular machine concept from social theory, as developed in the work of Felix Guattari and his collaboration with Gilles Deleuze. The proposed machinic perspective enables the casting of the relation between international organizations and states in a new light, building on the classical concerns with these entities’ attributed powers and granted international legal personality. It presents an image of these institutions as agents focused on the production of connections and links with external ideas and forces, in order to produce unforeseen powers and capacities.
Climate Change Will Aggravate South Asian Cropland Exposure to Drought by the Middle of 21st Century
Authors: Mondal Sanjit Kumar , Su Buda , Huang Jinlong , Zhai Jianqing , Wang Guojie , Kundzewicz Zbigniew W. , Wang Yanjun , Jiang Shan , Jiang Han , Zhou Jian , Jiang Tong
Published: May 2024

Drought has a paramount impact on global agriculture and food security. However, the study on future cropland areas that can incur drought is inadequate. This paper uses input parameters from 7 CMIP6 models for 7 future scenarios (SSP1‐1.9, SSP1‐2.6, SSP4‐3.4, SSP2‐4.5, SSP4‐6.0, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5) to measure South Asian cropland exposure to drought and its underlying factors. Some defined epochs such as 2021–2040 (near‐term), 2041–2060 (mid‐term), 2081–2100 (long‐term), and 1995–2014 (reference period) are designed to explore diverse outlooks of the change. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index and the Run theory methods are applied to detect drought. Results indicate an intensified cropland (under SSP4‐3.4, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5) in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain region of South Asia, where mostly the variation occurs among scenarios and periods. Notably, the future cropland exposed to drought will increase in the 2021–2040, and 2041–2060 periods, but it intends to decline during the 2081–2100. Relatively, the exposed cropland will upturn highest by 49.2% (SSP3‐7.0) in the mid‐term period and decrease by −8.2% (SSP5‐8.5) in the end future. Spatially, distributed cropland in the central, south‐west, and portion of the northeast of South Asia are subjective to be exposed largely, but it can drop greatly across the eastern part by the end future. Importantly, the climate change effect plays a grounding role in future exposure change over the region during the near to mid‐term periods, while the cropland change effect is predominant in the long‐term perspectives. However, these findings signify the urgency of policymaking focusing on drought mitigation to ensure food security.
A Two‐Column Model Parameterization for Subgrid Surface Heterogeneity Driven Circulations
Authors: Waterman T. , Bragg A. D. , Hay‐Chapman F. , Dirmeyer P. A. , Fowler M. D. , Simon J. , Chaney N.
Published: May 2024

Earth system models currently struggle to account for the complex effects that land surface heterogeneity can have on land‐atmosphere interactions. There have been attempts to include the impact of this heterogeneity on the atmosphere, but they ignore the development of coherent circulations that can be driven by spatial differential surface heating. A wealth of literature, particularly large‐eddy simulation (LES) based studies, shows that these circulations have significant impacts on the development and organization of clouds. In this work, we describe a two‐column model with a parameterized circulation driven by atmospheric virtual potential temperature profiles, differences in near surface temperature between the two columns, patterns of surface heterogeneity, and the mean background wind. Key aspects of the proposed model structure are compared with LES output, and the model is then implemented between two otherwise independent single column models. While some avenues for improvement exist, when the circulations are parameterized, we see increased cloud development and realistic changes to the mean profiles of temperature and moisture. The proposed model qualitatively matches expectations from the literature and LES, and points to the potential success of its future implementation in coarse grid models.
Thank You to Our 2023 Reviewers
Authors: Caylor Kelly K. , AghaKouchak Amir , Dalin Carole , de Beurs Kirsten , Le Cozannet Gonéri , Diffenbaugh Noah S. , Guan Dabo , Kopp Robert E. , Kroll Jesse , Mishra Ashok , Mishra Vimal , Reed Patrick M. , Rulli Maria Cristina , Trugman Anna , Zhang Xin
Published: May 2024

On behalf of the journal, AGU, and the scientific community, we, the editors of Earth's Future, are delighted to publish the names of the 817 peer reviewers who provided 1,242 reviews for our journal in 2023 (italicized names have contributed three or more reviews). Your diligent efforts to provide timely comments on our submissions have significantly improved the manuscripts and elevated the scientific rigor of future research. As a unique transdisciplinary journal, Earth's Future delves into the state of the planet and its inhabitants, sustainable and resilient societies, the science of the Anthropocene, and predictions of our shared future through research articles, reviews, and commentaries. In the face of observed and anticipated global environmental and climatic changes, the need for high‐quality scientific theories, assessments, and projections about the future of our planet has never been more pressing. To safeguard research integrity in this crucial area, we rely on our reviewers' expertise and selfless cooperation. We extend our heartfelt thanks to each of the individuals listed below for their contributions to our journal and the broader scientific discourse. Your dedication is immensely appreciated.
How Mantle Movements Shape Earth’s Surface
Authors: Fritts Rachel
Published: May 2024

Two new data sets help researchers tease apart the influences of plate tectonics and mantle movement on surface topography.
Water Impact on Adsorbed Oil Detachment From Mineral Surfaces by Supercritical CO2: A Molecular Insight
Authors: Yang Yulong , Gao Rui , Sun Wenyuan , Yang Leilei , Hou Jirui
Published: May 2024

Geochemical reactions are crucial for in situ CO2 mineralization underground associated with CO2‐enhanced oil recovery (CO2‐EOR) in a hydrocarbon reservoir. However, the presence of formation water and adsorbed oil on rocks generates physical barriers to CO2's access to mineral surfaces, which may yield impedance to CO2 mineral trapping that has yet to be accounted for. In this study, we mimic the dynamic oil detachment process using molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and analyze the influence of an adsorbed oil film on supercritical CO2 (scCO2) diffusion toward the mineral surface in the presence and absence of a water phase. Our results demonstrated a negative impact of water on oil film detachment by scCO2, which may weaken mineral reactions and is unfavorable for mineralized CO2 storage underground.
Simultaneous detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) using recombinase polymerase amplification
Authors: Jiang Lingling , Zhang Gang , Wang Pu , Niu Xiaoxia , Liu Qiang , Zhang Sinong , Gao Weifeng , Li Yong
Published: May 2024

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is considered to be the most common agent of severe diarrhea in cattle worldwide, causing fever, diarrhea, ulcers, and abortion. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is also a major bovine respiratory disease agent that spreads worldwide and causes extensive damage to the livestock industry. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel nucleic acid amplification method with the advantages of high efficiency, rapidity and sensitivity, which has been widely used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. A dual RPA assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of BVDV and BoHV-1. The assay was completed at a constant temperature of 37 °C for 30 min. It was highly sensitive and had no cross-reactivity with other common bovine viruses. The detection rate of BVDV RPA in clinical samples (36.67%) was higher than that of PCR (33.33%), the detection rate of BoHV-1 RPA and PCR were equal. Therefore, the established dual RPA assay for BVDV and BoHV-1 could be a potential candidate for use as an immediate diagnostic.
The PocketPerio application significantly increases the accuracy of diagnosing periodontal conditions in didactic and chairside settings
Authors: Parsegian Karo , Okano David K. , Chandrasekaran Sangeetha , Kim Yoolim , Carter Tonia C. , Shimpi Neel , Fadakar Sadaf , Angelov Nikola
Published: May 2024

The study aimed to determine the accuracy of diagnosing periodontal conditions using the developed web-based PocketPerio application and evaluate the user’s perspective on the use of PocketPerio. First, 22 third-year dental students (DS3) diagnosed ten cases without PocketPerio (control) and with PocketPerio (test) during a mock examination. Then, 105 DS3, 13 fourth-year dental students (DS4), and 32 senior second-year International Standing Program students (ISP2) used PocketPerio chairside. Statistical analysis was performed using a non-parametric paired two-tailed test of significance with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. The null hypothesis that PocketPerio did not increase the accuracy of periodontal diagnoses was rejected at α < 0.01. Periodontal diagnoses made using PocketPerio correlated with those made by periodontics faculty (“gold standard") in all cases. During the mock examination, PocketPerio significantly increased the accuracy of periodontal diagnoses compared to the control (52.73 vs. 13.18%, respectively). Chairside, PocketPerio significantly increased the accuracy of primary (100 vs. 40.0%) and secondary (100 vs. 14.25%) periodontal diagnoses compared to the respective controls. Students regardless of their training year felt more confident in diagnosing periodontal conditions using PocketPerio than their current tools, provided positive feedback on its features, and suggested avenues for its further development.
Analysis of spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover and its drivers in the Aksu River Basin, China
Authors: Ding Yongkang , Feng Yuqing , Chen Kang , Zhang Xiaochen
Published: May 2024

Exploring vegetation dynamics in arid areas and their responses to different natural and anthropogenic factors is critical for understanding ecosystems. Based on the monthly MOD13Q1 (250 m) remote sensing data from 2000 to 2019, this study analyzed spatio-temporal changes in vegetation cover in the Aksu River Basin and predicted future change trends using one-dimensional linear regression, the Mann–Kendall test, and the Hurst index. Quantitative assessment of the magnitude of anthropogenic and natural drivers was performed using the Geodetector model. Eleven natural and anthropogenic factors were quantified and analyzed within five time periods. The influence of the driving factors on the changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in each period was calculated and analyzed. Four main results were found. (1) The overall vegetation cover in the region significantly grew from 2000 to 2019. The vegetation cover changes were dominated by expected future improvements, with a Hurst index average of 0.45. (2) Land use type, soil moisture, surface temperature, and potential vapor dispersion were the main drivers of NDVI changes, with annual average q-values above 0.2. (3) The driving effect of two-factor interactions was significantly greater than that of single factors, especially land use type interacts with other factors to a greater extent on vegetation cover. (4) The magnitude of the interaction between soil moisture and potential vapor dispersion and the magnitude of the interaction between anthropogenic factors and other factors showed an obvious increasing trend. Current soil moisture and human activities had a positive influence on the growth of vegetation in the area. The findings of this study are important for ecological monitoring and security as well as land desertification control.
Multiwaves, breathers, lump and other solutions for the Heimburg model in biomembranes and nerves
Authors: Ozsahin Dilber Uzun , Ceesay Baboucarr , baber Muhammad Zafarullah , Ahmed Nauman , Raza Ali , Rafiq Muhammad , Ahmad Hijaz , Awwad Fuad A. , Ismail Emad A. A.
Published: May 2024

In this manuscript, a mathematical model known as the Heimburg model is investigated analytically to get the soliton solutions. Both biomembranes and nerves can be studied using this model. The cell membrane’s lipid bilayer is regarded by the model as a substance that experiences phase transitions. It implies that the membrane responds to electrical disruptions in a nonlinear way. The importance of ionic conductance in nerve impulse propagation is shown by Heimburg’s model. The dynamics of the electromechanical pulse in a nerve are analytically investigated using the Hirota Bilinear method. The various types of solitons are investigates, such as homoclinic breather waves, interaction via double exponents, lump waves, multi-wave, mixed type solutions, and periodic cross kink solutions. The electromechanical pulse’s ensuing three-dimensional and contour shapes offer crucial insight into how nerves function and may one day be used in medicine and the biological sciences. Our grasp of soliton dynamics is improved by this research, which also opens up new directions for biomedical investigation and medical developments. A few 3D and contour profiles have also been created for new solutions, and interaction behaviors have also been shown.
Changes of PK/PD of Meropenem in patients with abdominal septic shock and exploration of clinical rational administration plan: a prospective exploratory study
Authors: Wang Youquan , Li Hongxiang , Wang Dongxia , Li Yuting , Shen Yangyang , Fu Yao , Li Yanhua , Gao Meng , Zhang Dong
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to explore the changes of pharmacokinetic parameters after meropenem in patients with abdominal septic shock after gastrointestinal perforation, and to simulate the probability of different dosing regimens achieving different pharmacodynamic goals. The study included 12 patients, and utilized high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to monitor the plasma concentration of meropenem. The probability of target attainment (PTA) for different minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and %fT > 4MIC was compared among simulated dosing regimens. The results showed that in 96 blood samples from 12 patients, the clearance (CL) of meropenem in the normal and abnormal creatinine clearance subgroups were 7.7 ± 1.8 and 4.4 ± 1.1 L/h, respectively, and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 22.6 ± 5.1 and 17.2 ± 5.8 L, respectively. 2. Regardless of the subgroup, 0.5 g/q6h infusion over 6 h regimen achieved a PTA > 90% when MIC ≤ 0.5 mg/L. 1.0 g/q6h infusion regimen compared with other regimen, in most cases, the probability of making PTA > 90% is higher. For patients at low MIC, 0.5 g/q6h infusion over 6 h may be preferable. For patients at high MIC, a dose regimen of 1.0 g/q6 h infusion over 6 h may be preferable. Further research is needed to confirm this exploratory result.
Psychological implications of unemployment among higher educated migrant youth in Kolkata City, India
Authors: Biswas Mohai Menul , Das Kailas Chandra , Sheikh Illias
Published: May 2024

Mental health issues are intricately linked to socioeconomic background, employment and migration status. However, there remains a gap in understanding the mental health challenges faced by graduate youth in India, particularly in Kolkata City. This study aims to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among higher-educated migrant youth. A survey was conducted on four hundred migrant graduate youths aged 21–35 residing in Kolkata. Measures included socio-demographics and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were employed to identify factors associated with mental health issues. The overall prevalence rates were 54.4% for depression, 61.8% for anxiety, and 47.9% for stress. Unemployed youths exhibited significantly more symptoms of depression and anxiety than their employed counter parts. The logistic regression model showed that unemployed youth, female sex, never married, and second- and third-time migrant youths were risk factors for high scores on the DASS-21. This study showed that mental health issues were alarming in the higher educated migrant youth. The study suggests the implementation of skill-based, job-oriented, and professional courses at the graduation level to prevent graduates from being rendered unproductive and jobless. Beside these, regular psychological support should be provided to the higher educated youth by the local governments.
Statistical analysis of three data sources for Covid-19 monitoring in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Authors: Pilz Maximilian , Küfer Karl-Heinz , Mohring Jan , Münch Johanna , Wlazło Jarosław , Leithäuser Neele
Published: May 2024

In Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a system of three data sources has been established to track the Covid-19 pandemic. These sources are the number of Covid-19-related hospitalizations, the Covid-19 genecopies in wastewater, and the prevalence derived from a cohort study. This paper presents an extensive comparison of these parameters. It is investigated whether wastewater data and a cohort study can be valid surrogate parameters for the number of hospitalizations and thus serve as predictors for coming Covid-19 waves. We observe that this is possible in general for the cohort study prevalence, while the wastewater data suffer from a too large variability to make quantitative predictions by a purely data-driven approach. However, the wastewater data and the cohort study prevalence are able to detect hospitalizations waves in a qualitative manner. Furthermore, a detailed comparison of different normalization techniques of wastewater data is provided.
Rapid Detection of Microorganisms Based on FET Devices
Authors: Sharma Sushant , Patel Mayur Jagdishbhai , Das Adhikari Ramkrishna , Alam Mizanur , Baishya Himangshu , Yadav Deepak , Kalita Manab , Khubchandani Dheeraj , Iyer Parameswar Krishnan
Published: May 2024

Field-effect transistors (FETs) have surpassed the existing standards of medical sensing technologies in terms of sensitivity, response time, ease of use, low production cost, and availability. The integration of customized bio-recognition elements such as enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, ion-selective membranes, and so on into the device makes it highly selective. The incorporation of nanotechnology improves the performance of FET-based biosensors dramatically, notably the use of nanomaterials such as graphene, single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, nanowires, MoS2, WSe2, and others. Furthermore, their commercial availability and large-scale high-quality manufacture make them one of the most prominent sensing and screening platforms. This chapter introduced the basic principles of FET-based biosensor devices and their characterization parameters. The chapter further provides a qualitative idea on the techniques and development of various pathogen biosensor-based FETs.
A collaborative manipulation strategy to enhance the sodium ion storage capability of Prussian white cathodes
Authors: Zhang Zhibin , Gao Yuan , Gao Jing , Si Wenyan , Sun Xiaolin , Zhao Fuhua , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Zhonghua , Song Depeng , Wu Jianfei
Published: May 2024

A collaborative manipulation strategy of proper heat treatment and self-customized hydrofluoroether-based electrolyte design has been proposed for boosting the sodium-ion storage kinetics of Prussian white cathodes.
Why does the orientation of azulene affect the two-photon activity of a porphyrinoid–azulene system?
Authors: Rajput Swati Singh , Raghuvanshi Nikita , Banana Tejendra , Yadav Pooja , Alam Md. Mehboob
Published: May 2024

Attaching a dipolar molecule in a symmetric system induces a major change in the electronic structure, which may be reflected as the enhancement of the optical and charge-transfer properties of the combined system as compared to the pristine ones.
Binucleating Jäger-type {(N2O2)2}4− ligands: magnetic and electronic interactions of Fe(ii), Ni(ii) and Cu(ii) across an in-plane TTF-bridge
Authors: Schreck Constantin , Schönfeld Sophie , Liebing Phil , Hörner Gerald , Weber Birgit
Published: May 2024

The simultaneous presence of different electrophores provides an interesting playground for responsive materials.
Mitigating substrate effects of van der Waals semiconductors using perfluoropolyether self-assembled monolayers
Authors: Park Dae Young , Suh Hyeong Chan , Bang Seungho , Lee Ju Chan , Yoo Jaekak , Ko Hayoung , Choi Soo Ho , Kim Ki Kang , Lee Seung Mi , Lim Seong Chu , Nahm Tschang-Uh , Jeong Mun Seok
Published: May 2024

The intrinsic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are sensitive to substrate. The substrate effect on TMDCs is significantly reduced by expanding the van der Waals distance using PFPE SAM.
Dual catalytic activity of a cucurbit[7]uril-functionalized metal alloy nanocomposite for sustained hydrogen generation: hydrolysis of ammonia borane and electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Majumder Dwaipayan , Koley Suprotim , Barik Atanu , Ruz Priyanka , Banerjee Seemita , Viswanadh Bathula , Barooah Nilotpal , Tripathi Vaidehi S. , Sudarsan Vasanthakumaran , Kumar Awadhesh , Tyagi Avesh Kumar , Bhasikuttan Achikanath C. , Mohanty Jyotirmayee
Published: May 2024

The dual role of cucurbituril-functionalized Co:Ni alloy nanocomposites is demonstrated: one for the sustained release of NH3-free green H2 through the hydrolysis of ammonia borane and other as an efficient electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
A beginner’s guide to immunohistochemistry
Authors: El Hassani Majda , Cocco Cristina
Published: May 2024

Using the affinity between antibodies and antigens, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a helpful method for analysing the cellular components within tissue sections placed on glass slides. The chemistry of antibodies was not discovered until 1941, and since then, their use has increased due to the discovery of enzymes and fluorochromes conjugated to antibodies, enabling observations through optical or fluorescence microscopy (FM). Hence, immunofluorescence (IF), or IHC with fluorescent antibodies, has been associated with the advancement of FM and fluorochromes. Specifically, the discovery of three fluorochromes that emit blue, red and green led to a rise in IF application in the context of visualizing numerous components in a single cell. The proximity ligation assay (PLA) method, so termed because the antibody is conjugated with short DNA strands called PLA probes, is the most recent development in the field of antibody conjugation. Protein–protein interactions and sub-localization of proteins can both be studied using this technique. The improvement of conjugation techniques has occurred in parallel with the development of sophisticated microscopies, including confocal and slide scanners. Confocal microscopy allows for the reconstruction of three-dimensional structures while a slide scanner can digitally convert up to 100 slides' worth of high-resolution pictures. The first step in the IHC process is the collection and fixation of tissues from animal models and humans. Paraformaldehyde is the most commonly used fixative. Fixation prevents antigen blocking and creates cross-links between proteins to preserve tissue structures. Fixation is followed by cutting tissues using microtome or cryostat, then slides are treated for antigen exposition (antigen retrieval) and then included in Triton X solution, which increases membrane permeability. Subsequently, incubations with enzyme- or fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies enable observations via optical microscopy or FM, respectively. In clinical practice and research, IHC and IF are still helpful methods for identifying the antigen-proteins linked to specific diseases.
Extreme-emission-line galaxies in the MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey
Authors: del Moral-Castro I. , Vílchez J. M. , Iglesias-Páramo J. , Arroyo-Polonio A.
Published: May 2024

Aims. We aim to apply a methodology to build a sample of extreme-emission-line galaxies (EELGs) using integral field spectroscopy data. In this work, we followed the spectroscopic criteria corresponding to EELG selection and used the MUSE Hubble Ultra-Deep Field Survey, which includes the deepest spectroscopic survey ever performed.

Methods. Objects in the primary (extended) sample were detected requiring a rest-frame equivalent width of EWo ⩾300 Å (200 Å ≤ EWo ≤ 300 Å) in any of the emission lines of [O II]λλ3726, 7329, [O III]λλ5007, 4959, or Hα. A detailed closer inspection of the spectra of the candidates selected has been performed on a one-by-one basis in order to confirm their classification. For this sample, the line fluxes, physical properties, and chemical abundances of the EELGs have been derived, as well as their spatially resolved structure and kinematics.

Results. Four (five) of the galaxies in the primary (extended) sample, ~57% (~83%), were spatially resolved. Three (none) of them present a clear pattern compatible with rotation. We show how our entire EELG sample shares the same loci defined by high-redshift galaxies (ɀ ≈ 6–8) for the mass-metallicity relation, illustrating their role as local analogs.
Solar prominence diagnostics and their associated estimated errors from 1D NLTE Mg II h&k modelling
Authors: Peat A. W. , Labrosse N. , Barczynski K. , Schmieder B.
Published: May 2024

Aims. We present further development of the rolling root mean square (rRMS) algorithm. These improvements consist of an increase in computational speed and an estimation of the uncertainty on the recovered diagnostics. This improved algorithm is named the cross root mean square (xRMS) algorithm.

Methods. We used the quantile method to recover the statistics of the line profiles in order to study the evolution of the prominence observed by IRIS on 1 October 2019. We then introduced the improvements to rRMS. These improvements greatly increased the computational speed, and this increase in speed allowed us to use a large model grid. Thus, we utilised a grid of 23 940 models to recover the thermodynamic diagnostics. We used the “good” (but not “best”) fitting models to recover an estimate of the uncertainty on the recovered diagnostics.

Results. The maximum line-of-sight (LOS) velocities were found to be 70 km s−1. The line widths were mostly 0.4 Å, with the asymmetries of most pixels around zero. The central temperature of the prominence was found to range from 10 kK to 20 kK, with uncertainties of approximately ±5 to ±15 kK. The central pressure was around 0.2 dyn cm−2, with uncertainties of ±0.2 to ±0.3 dyn cm−2. The ionisation degree ranged from 1 to 1000, with uncertainties mostly in the range ±10 to ±100. The electron density was mostly 1010 cm−3, with uncertainties of mostly ±109.

Conclusions. The new xRMS algorithm finds an estimation of the errors of the recovered thermodynamic properties. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at systematically determining the errors from forward modelling. The large range of errors found may hint at the degeneracies present when using a single ion and/or species from forward modelling. In the future, co-aligned observations of more than one ion and/or species should be used to attempt to constrain this problem.
Excitation mechanisms of C II optical permitted lines in ionized nebulae
Authors: Reyes-Rodríguez E. , Méndez-Delgado J. E. , García-Rojas J. , Binette L. , Nemer A. , Esteban C. , Kreckel K.
Published: May 2024

Context. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and its distribution is critical to understanding stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis. In optical studies of ionized nebulae, the only way to determine the C/H abundance is by using faint C II recombination lines (RLs). However, these lines give systematically higher abundances than their collisionally excited counterparts, observable at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. Therefore, a proper understanding of the excitation mechanisms of the faint permitted lines is crucial for addressing this long-standing abundance discrepancy (AD) problem.

Aims. In this study, we investigate the excitation mechanisms of C II lines λλ3918, 3920, 4267, 5342, 6151, 6462, 7231, 7236, 7237, and 9903.

Methods. We use the DEep Spectra of Ionized REgions Database (DESIRED) that contains spectra of H II regions, planetary nebulae and other objects to analyze the fluorescence contributions to these lines and the accuracy of the atomic recombination data used to model the C+ ion.

Results. We find that C II λλ4267, 5342, 6151, 6462, and 9903 arise exclusively from recombinations with no fluorescent contributions. In addition, the recombination theory for these lines is consistent with the observations. Our findings show that the AD problem for C2+ is not due to fluorescence in the widely used C II lines or errors in their atomic parameters, but to other phenomena such as temperature variations or chemical inhomogeneities. On the other hand, C II λλ3918, 3920, 6578, 7231, 7236, 7237 have important fluorescent contributions, which are inadvisable for tracing the C2+ abundances. We also discuss the effects of possible inconsistencies in the atomic effective recombination coefficients of C II λλ6578, 7231, 7236, and 7237.
Extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) observables of simulated plasmoid-mediated reconnection in the solar corona
Authors: Færder Ø. H. , Nóbrega-Siverio D. , Carlsson M. , Martínez-Sykora J.
Published: May 2024

Context. Understanding the role of magnetic reconnection in the heating and dynamics of the solar atmosphere requires detailed observational data of any observable aspect of the reconnection process, including small-scale features such as plasmoids.

Aims. Here, we examine the capability of active and upcoming instruments to detect plasmoids generated by reconnection in the corona including low-density regimes.

Methods. We used the Bifrost code to perform simulations of plasmoid-mediated reconnection in the corona with a 2D idealized setup: a fan-spine topology with uniform density including thermal conduction. Through a forward-modeling of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) observables, we checked whether our simulated plasmoids could be detected with the instruments of Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and Solar Orbiter (SO), as well as the upcoming Multi-Slit Solar Explorer (MUSE) and Solar-C missions.

Results. Short-lived (∼10 − 20 s) small-scale (∼0.2 − 0.5 Mm) coronal plasmoids are not resolvable with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board SDO. In contrast, they could be captured with the EUV High-Resolution Imager at the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI-HRIEUV) of SO. The spatial and temporal high-resolution planned for the MUSE spectrograph (SG) is adequate to obtain full spectral information of these plasmoids. To achieve a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for ∼0.8 MK plasmoids in the MUSE/SG 171 Å channel, full-raster images are attainable for regions with electron densities above 109 cm−3, while sit-and-stare observations are recommended for lower-density regions. The future Solar-C mission could also capture these coronal plasmoids using the EUV High-Throughput Spectroscopic Telescope (EUVST), considering rapid changes in Doppler shift and line widths in different EUV lines caused by plasmoid motions along the current sheet.

Conclusions. With the combined spectra of MUSE/SG and Solar-C/EUVST in multiple emission lines, along with high-resolution images from SO/EUI-HRIEUV and MUSE/CI, it should be possible to gain new insights about plasmoid formation in the corona.
Unveiling the periodic variability patterns of the X-ray emission from the blazar PG 1553+113
Authors: Aniello T. , Antonelli L. A. , Tombesi F. , Lamastra A. , Middei R. , Perri M. , Saturni F. G. , Stamerra A. , Verrecchia F.
Published: May 2024

The search for periodicity in the multiwavelength, highly variable emission of blazars is a key feature to understanding dynamical processes at work in this class of active galactic nuclei. The blazar PG 1553+113 is an attractive target due to the evidence of periodic oscillations observed at different wavelengths, with a solid proof of a 2.2-year modulation detected in theγ-ray, UV, and optical bands. We aim to investigate the variability pattern of the PG 1553+113 X-ray emission using a more than 10-year-long light curve in order to robustly assess the presence or lack of a periodic behavior, evidence of which is only marginal so far. We conducted detailed statistical analyses, studying in particular the variability properties of the X-ray emission of PG 1553+113 by computing the Lomb-Scargle periodograms, which are suited for the analyses of unevenly sampled time series, and adopting epoch-folding techniques. We find a modulation pattern in the X-ray light curve of PG 1553+113 with a period of ∼1.4 years, which is about 35% shorter than the one observed in theγ-ray domain. Our finding is in agreement with the recent spectro-polarimetric analyses and supports the presence of more dynamical phenomena simultaneously at work in the central engine of this quasar.
Characterization of carbon dioxide on Ganymede and Europa supported by experiments: Effects of temperature, porosity, and mixing with water
Authors: Schiltz L. , Escribano B. , Muñoz Caro G. M. , Cazaux S. , del Burgo Olivares C. , Carrascosa H. , Boszhuizen I. , González Díaz C. , Chen Y.-J. , Giuliano B. M. , Caselli P.
Published: May 2024

Context. The surfaces of icy moons are primarily composed of water ice that can be mixed with other compounds, such as carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide (CO2) stretching fundamental band observed on Europa and Ganymede appears to be a combination of several bands that are shifting location from one moon to another.

Aims. We investigate the cause of the observed shift in the CO2 stretching absorption band experimentally. We also explore the spectral behaviour of CO2 ice by varying the temperature and concentration.

Methods. We analyzed pure CO2 ice and ice mixtures deposited at 10 K under ultra-high vacuum conditions using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. Laboratory ice spectra were compared to JWST observation of Europa’s and Ganymede’s leading hemispheres. The simulated IR spectra were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) methods, exploring the effect of porosity in CO2 ice.

Results. Pure CO2 and CO2-water ice show distinct spectral changes and desorption behaviours at different temperatures, revealing intricate CO2 and H2O interactions. The number of discernible peaks increases from two in pure CO2 to three in CO2-water mixtures.

Conclusions. The different CO2 bands were assigned to ν̃3,1 (2351 cm−1, 4.25 μm) caused by CO2 dangling bonds (CO2 found in pores or cracks) and ν̃3,2 (2345 cm−1, 4.26 μm) due to CO2 segregated in water ice, whereas ν̃3,3 (2341 cm−1, 4.27 μm) is due to CO2 molecules embedded in water ice. The JWST NIRSpec CO2 spectra for Ganymede and for Europa can be fitted with two Gaussians attributed to ν̃3,1 and ν̃3,3. For Europa, ν̃3,1 is located at lower wavelengths due to a lower temperature. The Ganymede data reveal latitudinal variations in CO2 bands, with ν̃3,3 dominating in the pole and ν̃3,1 prevalent in other regions. This shows that CO2 is embedded in water ice at the poles and it is present in pores or cracks in other regions. Ganymede longitudinal spectra reveal an increase of the CO2
ν̃3,1 band throughout the day, possibly due to ice cracks or pores caused by large temperature fluctuations.
Crab Monitoring System (CMS) using Internet of Things (IoT’s)
Authors: Rahmat Ayi , Bengen Dietrich G. , Lestari Dea Fauzia , Agus Syamsul B. , Pasaribu Riza A. , Jusadi Dedi , Panggabean Donwill
Published: May 2024

Mangrove crabs are one of the leading fishery commodities with high economic value and have the potential to remap the direction of industrial development that combines ecological, social and economic interests. The majority of mud crab demand is met from natural fishing (±61.6%). One of the crises in mud crab production is related to the low cultivation capacity (±38.4%), even though new techniques have emerged in crab cultivations. This IoT-based water quality monitoring system was developed with a transmiting and receiving system. The Transmitting system is equipped with essential sensors needed for crabs to grow, such as sensors for air temperature, water temperature, humidity, pH, DO, and tides. The receiving system can displayed the data and transmit to the cloud and data processed by other users according to their scientific field.
Implementation of YOLOv8-Pose Model for Identification and Estimation of the Length of Skipjack and Tuna Like Species on the Website
Authors: Tanhir Muhammad Fadhilah , Iqbal Muhammad
Published: May 2024

Skipjack and tuna species are crucial to Indonesia’s capture fisheries sector as they are the largest export commodities. These groups are diverse, and the identification and measurement of their length can be timeconsuming due to the abundance of caught fish and their morphological similarities. The objective of this study is to utilize an artificial intelligence algorithm to detect the species and estimate the length of four types of fish: bullet tuna (Auxis rochei), black skipjack (Euthynnus lineatus), mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis), and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). This algorithm will be implemented through a website. The YOLOv8-Pose deep learning model is employed to identify each fish species and estimate their length by determining keypoints. The dataset used consists of 148 images with rulers and 185 images of the four types of fish. Computer Vision Annotation Tool (CVAT) is used to assist in the labelling of the dataset, enabling the detection of boxes and keypoints. The labelled dataset is trained using Google Collaborator, resulting in the production of two model weights. Both models achieve an accuracy rate of 100%, as well as precision, recall, and an F1-score of 1. The coefficient value between the actual fish length and the detected fish length is 0.8649 or 86.5%, indicating a relationship between the two variables. To facilitate the identification, measurement, and storage of data in CSV format, a website is created using the Streamlit framework. In summary, the models accurately identify the limited number of datasets for Auxis rochei, Euthynnus lineatus, Euthynnus affinis, and Katsuwonus pelamis, and can provide estimates of fish length through the website.
Trophic levels of reef fish community in Badul Island waters after Sunda Strait tsunami
Authors: Susanto Adi , Nurdin Herry Sutrawan , Hamzah Asep , Khalifa Muta Ali , Syafrie Hendrawan , Munandar Erik , Budiaji Weksi , Febrio Eren Putra , Dewi Inge Yulistia
Published: May 2024

The Sunda Strait tsunami in December 2018 damaged coral reef ecosystems in the Banten coastal area, including Badul Island waters. This condition potentially affects directly to the trophic level of the reef fish community. The purpose of this study was to determine the trophic level of the reef fish community in the waters of Badul Island after a tsunami. The research was conducted in April 2022 at four sampling stations (North, West, South and East) in the Badul Island waters. Reef fish survey using Underwater Visual Census with a 50 m line transect at a depth of 3 – 5 m. Reef fish identified during the study were grouped based on trophic level (carnivore, planktivore, omnivore, herbivore and corallivore). From this research identify 264 individu with 30 species from 17 Family of reef fish. Small waters area around Badul Island made possible reef fish from 4 sampling stations still in same population. The highest abundance of reef fish was found on the west side of Badul Island (128 ind/250 m2). Number species of reef fish founded the highest in East side with 14 species. The highest abundance of reef fish, based on trophic level, was approximately 74 ind/250 m2 of carnivore fish on the western side of the island.
Pollution level in Domas coastal waters based on some water quality parameters
Authors: Rahmania Ashifa , Iswantari Aliati , Sulistiono
Published: May 2024

The coastal area of Banten Bay has a high population and industrial growth, which can harm the aquatic environment. Domas coastal waters are one of the water areas located on the east coast of Banten Bay. This study aims to determine the water pollution level in Domas coastal waters, Banten Bay, based on water quality parameters. This study was conducted from August 2021 to January 2022 at six sites. The data were compared with the quality standards for marine biota based on Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, and the quality status based on the Nemerow Pollution Index according to the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 115 of 2003. The values of each parameter during the research were temperature (29.27-29.80°C), turbidity (4.62-22.13 NTU), total suspended solid (12.72-69.07 mg L-1), pH (7), dissolved oxygen (6.32-6.63 mg L-1), salinity (30.67-31.67 ppt), ammonia (0.15-0.44 mg L-1), nitrite (0.03-0.08 mg L-1), nitrate (1.23-1.66 mg L-1), and total phosphate (0.11-0.15 mg L-1). The results of this study showed that Domas coastal waters have been indicated to be moderately polluted (5.7-5.9).
The abundance of reef fish based on ecological role and trophic level on Kaliage Island, Seribu Archipelago, DKI Jakarta
Authors: Shalihah Mar’atus , Srimariana Endang Sunarwati , Subhan Beginer , Arafat Dondy , Palisu Victor Hendrico , Budiarto Hans , Santoso Prakas , Karissa Prawita Tasya
Published: May 2024

A popular tourist destination known for its colorful coral reefs is Kaliage Island, part of the Seribu Archipelago. The UVC (Underwater Visual Census) method was used in a recent study to examine reef fishes’ trophic levels, ecological roles, and community structure. Dominance, evenness, and diversity indices were used to investigate community structure. The results revealed 3,117 fish from 54 species, 16 families, and 32 genera on the reef. The two most notable species within the family Pomacentridae were Pomacentrus alexanderae and Amblyglyphidodon curacao. Fish with major, target, and indicator functions accounted for 85.98 percent, 11.29 percent, and 2.73 percent of the fish population with ecological roles, respectively. The trophic distribution of fishes revealed that 45.01 percent were omnivores, 23.10 percent were planktivores, 19.19 percent were carnivores, 9.46 percent were herbivores, and 3.24 percent were coral eaters. The analysis showed that the reef fish community was balanced and not dominated by any species, with diversity, evenness, and dominance indices of 2.53, 0.87, and 0.01, respectively. For conservation efforts throughout the Seribu Archipelago, this study provides important insights into the stability and health of the reef ecosystem on Kaliage Island.
Numerical modeling of ocean currents and suspended sediment distribution in Benoa Bay, Bali
Authors: Sulistiana Siti , Nurjaya I Wayan , Hartanto Mochamad Tri
Published: May 2024

Benoa Bay is a semi-enclosed water body that includes a shallow estuary area that supports important aquatic ecosystems, including mangrove ecosystems, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. The reclamation of Benoa Harbor and the construction of a toll road in Benoa Bay are suspected to have increased sedimentation. The objective of this study is to model ocean currents and suspended sediment distribution during the Northwest and Southeast monsoons in the waters of Benoa Bay. Numerical models are used to describe the hydrodynamic process as the main driver of the process of pollutant movement in the waters. The current pattern resulting from the model in the waters of Benoa Bay has the same pattern in the Northwest and Southeast Monsoons, with the current velocity of the Northwest Monsoon ranging from 0 – 1.6583 m/s and the Southeast Monsoon ranging from 0 – 1.4729 m/s. The distribution of suspended sediment in the Northwest Monsoon is quite high compared to the Southeast Monsoon. The distribution of suspended sediment in the Northwest Monsoon ranges from 0 – 846 mg/L and in the Southeast Monsoon, it ranges from 0 – 598 mg/L.
Water masses stratification and circulation in the southern part of Banggai Upwelling Region in Maluku Sea
Authors: Ryanto Fauzan Novan , Atmadipoera Agus Saleh , Basit Abdul , Zuraida Rina , Natih Nyoman Metta , Nabil
Published: May 2024

Banggai Waters is in the western Maluku Sea, where the secondary pathway of Indonesian Throughflow passes and seasonal coastal upwelling takes place in this region, providing a high marine productivity and potential fishing ground. This study aims to describe water mass stratification and circulation using CTD casts and SADCP section datasets from the BUDEE cruise in September 2022 onboard RV Baruna Jaya VIII. The results show that mixed layer depth varies between 43-112 m with a mean temperature of 25.82(± 0.88) ºC. North Pacific water origin (NPSW and NPIW) is present in this southern section. The depth of chlorophyll maximum is much shallower in the upwelling center. Furthermore, for the first time, we identified a strong northward flow from the Bote Strait, disrupting Banggai upwelling water with cooler and fresher Banda water. Estimates of northward transport volume through this strait is about 0.531 Sv.
Simulation of sudden water pollution accident in spillway section of Jiaodong water transfer project
Authors: Li Qicheng , Hu yuchao , Li Qingguo
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the water quality characteristics of Xiaoqing River spillway section under sudden water pollution accident in Jiaodong water transfer project are simulated and analyzed by using hydrodynamic water quality model. Through the simulation of two different scenarios, it is found that the pollution impact time of pollutants is different, and the concentration change of pollutants is mainly affected by the decay time, in which the diversion velocity and flow rate are the decisive factors. The sudden water pollution accident caused the level of pollutants at the site to rise by 5-20%, highlighting the urgency of water quality safety.