bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Adverse Events With Abiraterone or Enzalutamide Among Men With Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Lai Lillian Y , Oerline Mary K , Caram Megan E V , Tsao Phoebe A , Kaufman Samuel R , Hollenbeck Brent K , Shahinian Vahakn B
Published: April 2022

Background

Abiraterone and enzalutamide are the most common oral agents for the treatment of men with advanced prostate cancer. To understand their safety profiles in real-world settings, we examined the association between the use of abiraterone or enzalutamide and the risk of metabolic or cardiovascular adverse events while on treatment.

Methods

Men with advanced prostate cancer and their use of abiraterone or enzalutamide were identified in a 20% sample of the 2010-2017 national Medicare claims. The primary composite outcome was the occurrence of a major metabolic or cardiovascular adverse event, defined as an emergency room visit or hospitalization associated with a primary diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease. The secondary composite outcome was the occurrence of a minor metabolic or cardiovascular adverse event, defined as an outpatient visit associated with a primary diagnosis of the aforementioned conditions. Risks were assessed separately for abiraterone and enzalutamide using Cox regression. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results

Compared with men not receiving abiraterone, men receiving abiraterone were at increased risk of both a major composite adverse event (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.53 to 2.05; P < .001) and a minor composite adverse event (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.47; P = .01). Compared with men not receiving enzalutamide, men receiving enzalutamide were at an increased risk of a major composite adverse event (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.48; P = .04) but not a minor composite adverse event (HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.30; P = .75).

Conclusion

Careful monitoring and management of men on abiraterone or enzalutamide through team-based approaches are critical.
Resourcing Goal-directed Networks: Toward A Practice-based Perspective
Authors: Auschra Carolin , Sydow Jörg
Published: April 2022

This paper proposes a practice-based perspective on how managers resource goal-directed networks in the public sector, especially those governed by a network administrative organization. While previous literature shows that network managers need to acquire and allocate resources in order to achieve network goals, little is known about specific resourcing practices and related challenges to resourcing goal-directed networks. To shed light on these issues, we outline a processual, multilevel, network-centric perspective that focuses on network resourcing practices and takes their interplay with network rules and goals into account. This paper shows that, to attain network goals, network managers need to mitigate developing tensions arising from the different interests of network members, external stakeholders, and the network itself, while navigating a trajectory of network resourcing. The paper contributes to the literature on public networks by examining potential sources of network-level resources; outlining basic resourcing practices of controlling, producing, reproducing, and transforming such resources; discussing multilevel tensions around network resourcing; and exploring trajectories of network resourcing. In addition, we propose avenues for empirical research on network resourcing.
Effects of tree mycorrhizal type on soil respiration and carbon stock via fine root biomass and litter dynamic in tropical plantations
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Zhou Guiyao , Zhou Xuhui , Zhou Lingyan , Shao Junjiong , Liu Ruiqiang , Gao Jing , He Yanghui , Du Zhenggang , Tang Jianwei , Delgado-Baquerizo Manuel
Published: April 2022

Tropical forests are among the most productive and vulnerable ecosystems in the planet. Several global forestation programs are aiming to plant millions of trees in tropical regions in the future decade. Mycorrhizal associations are known to largely influence forest soil carbon (C) stocks. However, to date, little is known on whether and how different tree mycorrhizal types affect soil respiration (Rs) and C stocks in tropical forests. In this study, we used a three-decade tropical common garden experiment, with three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and three ectomycorrhizal (EM) monocultures, to investigate the impacts of tree mycorrhizal type on Rs and soil C stocks. Associating biotic (e.g. root biomass, litter dynamic, soil microbes) and abiotic factors (e.g. microclimate) were also measured. Our results showed that AM stands supported significantly higher Rs and soil C stock, litter turnover rate and fine root biomass than EM stands. Further statistical analysis displayed that tree mycorrhizal type was the most important factor in regulating Rs and soil C stock compared with other biotic or abiotic factors. Moreover, we found that mycorrhizal type directly and indirectly affected Rs and soil C stocks via fine root biomass and litter dynamic, i.e. litter production, litter standing crop and litter turnover rate. Our findings highlight important effects of tree mycorrhizal type on forest C cycle, suggesting that planting AM tree species could contribute to promotion of soil C stock in tropical ecosystems.
Energetic transients joint analysis system for multi-INstrument (ETJASMIN) for GECAM – I. Positional, temporal, and spectral analyses
Authors: Xiao Shuo , Xiong Shao-Lin , Cai Ce , Song Li-Ming , Zheng Shi-Jie , Peng Wen-Xi , Wang Ping , Qiao Rui , Guo Dong-Ya , Wang Jin , Li Xiao-Bo , Song Xin-Ying , Yuan Yong , Fan Xi-Long , Zhao Xiao-Yun , Huang Yue , Ma Xiang , Zhang Peng , Li Bing , Ge Ming-Yu , Tuo You-Li , Chen Wei , Zhang Hong-Mei , He Jian-Jian , Li Chao-Yang , Yi Qi-Bin , Zhao Yi , Zhang Yan-Qiu , Zheng Chao , Xue Wang-Chen , Liu Jia-Cong , Zhang Zhen , Li Cheng-Kui , Zhang Xiao-Lu , Zhao Hong-Yu , Zhao Guo-Ying , Guo Zhi-Wei , Xie Sheng-Lun , Wang Chen-Wei , Zhang Bo-Xin , Wang Yue , Li Qing-Xin , Li Chao , Zhang Kai , Shi Dong-Li , Zhao Shi-Yi , Yao Min , An Zheng-Hua , Chen Chan , Gong Ke , Liu Ya-Qing , Gao Min , Li Xin-Qiao , Li Yan-Guo , Liang Xiao-Hua , Liu Xiao-Jing , Sun Xi-Lei , Wang Jin-Zhou , Wen Xiang-Yang , Xu Yan-Bing , Xu Yu-Peng , Yang Sheng , Zhang Chao-Yue , Zhang Da-Li , Zhang Fei , Chen Gang , Lu Fang-Jun , Sun Gong-Xing , Zhang Fan , Zhang Shuang-Nan
Published: April 2022

Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM) is a dedicated mission, launched in December 2020, for gamma-ray transients, including gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and soft gamma repeater (SGR) bursts in the multimessenger and multiwavelength astronomy era. Since GECAM consists of two independent spacecrafts (or say instruments), and the framework of data analysis for multiple spacecrafts is distinctive from that for only one spacecraft, which is the case for most GRB missions, we developed a dedicated pipeline called Energetic Transients Joint Analysis System for Multi-INstrument (ETJASMIN) for GECAM mission. This pipeline has been naturally extended to incorporate data from other gamma-ray instruments, including the operating missions, such as Insight-HXMT/HE, Fermi/GBM, Swift/BAT, INTEGRAL/SPI-ACS, Konus-Wind, and GRID, as well as the forthcoming missions, such as SVOM/GRM and HEBS. In this paper, we present this pipeline with a focus on the data analysis procedures, methodology, and results in terms of the localization, verification (classification), spectral, and temporal analyses of gamma-ray transients. We show that this pipeline could provide more accurate, reliable, and comprehensive results than that of individual spacecraft, which is beneficial for gamma-ray transients observation.
Glioblastoma scRNA-seq shows treatment-induced, immune-dependent increase in mesenchymal cancer cells and structural variants in distal neural stem cells
Authors: Couturier Charles P , Nadaf Javad , Li Zhaorong , Baig Salma , Riva Gabriele , Le Phuong , Kloosterman Daan J , Monlong Jean , Nkili Meyong Andriniaina , Allache Redouane , Degenhard Theresa , Al-Rashid Mariam , Guiot Marie-Christine , Bourque Guillaume , Ragoussis Jiannis , Akkari Leila , Quintana Francisco J , Petrecca Kevin
Published: April 2022

Background

Glioblastoma is a treatment-resistant brain cancer. Its hierarchical cellular nature and its tumor microenvironment (TME) before, during, and after treatments remain unresolved.

Methods

Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze new and recurrent glioblastoma and the nearby subventricular zone (SVZ).

Results

We found 4 glioblastoma neural lineages are present in new and recurrent glioblastoma with an enrichment of the cancer mesenchymal lineage, immune cells, and reactive astrocytes in early recurrences. Cancer lineages were hierarchically organized around cycling oligodendrocytic and astrocytic progenitors that are transcriptomically similar but distinct to SVZ neural stem cells (NSCs). Furthermore, NSCs from the SVZ of patients with glioblastoma harbored glioblastoma chromosomal anomalies. Lastly, mesenchymal cancer cells and TME reactive astrocytes shared similar gene signatures which were induced by radiotherapy in a myeloid-dependent fashion in vivo.

Conclusion

These data reveal the dynamic, immune-dependent nature of glioblastoma’s response to treatments and identify distant NSCs as likely cells of origin.
China catches up in commercial space: an interview with Ji Wu
Authors: Xin Ling
Published: April 2022

abstract

China continued to gather momentum in space in 2021. With a record-breaking 55 orbital launches, the country made it again to the top of the list, ahead of the USA’s 51 and Russia's 25 launches. However, nearly 90% of the Chinese launches were carried out by the state-owned Long March rocket family. In contrast, only about one-third of the US launches were made by government-funded rockets. National Science Review invited Ji Wu (吴季), an expert in space science, former director of the National Space Science Center (NSSC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and author of The Moon Summit, Lunar Hotel and Space Tourism, to talk about the internal and external driving forces behind the emerging private space sector in China, and government policies supporting its development since 2014. Wu also shared his insights into space tourism as a gateway to space for all, as well as his concerns for the orderly competition in the global market.
Incidence of Monomicrobial Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota—2006 to 2020
Authors: Hindy Joya Rita , Quintero-Martinez Juan A , Lahr Brian D , Palraj Raj , Go John R , Fida Madiha , Abu Saleh Omar M , Arshad Verda , Talha Khawaja M , DeSimone Daniel C , Sohail M Rizwan , Baddour Larry M
Published: April 2022

Background

Population-based studies of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) in the United States are limited. We provide a contemporary evaluation of SAB incidence in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 2006 to 2020.

Methods

This was a retrospective population-based study of all adult patients with SAB residing in Olmsted County from 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2020. Initial episodes of SAB were identified using the microbiology laboratory databases at both Olmsted Medical Center and Mayo Clinic Rochester.

Results

Overall, 541 incident SAB cases were identified with a median age of 66.8 (interquartile range, 54.4–78.5) years, and 60.4% were male. Among these cases, 298 (56.2%) were due to methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) and 232 (43.8%) cases of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). The overall age- and sex-adjusted SAB incidence rate (IR) was 33.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.0–36.8) cases/100 000 person-years (PY). Males had a higher age-adjusted IR of 46.0 (95% CI, 41.0–51.0) cases/100 000 PY compared to females (IR, 24.4 [95% CI, 21.1–27.7] cases/100 000 PY). Age- and sex-adjusted SAB IRs due to MSSA and MRSA were 18.7 and 14.6 cases/100 000 PY, respectively, and the percentage of incident SAB cases due to MRSA fluctuated across the study period. There was no apparent temporal trend in SAB incidence over the study period (P = .093).

Conclusions

Our investigation represents the only contemporary population-based study in the United States. Despite the impression that SAB incidence may have increased based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance data, our finding of no change in SAB incidence was somewhat unanticipated.
Women and Gender Relations in Twenty-First Century Nigeria
Authors: Ogbonna-Oluikpe Adanna
Published: April 2022

In exploring gender relations in modern Nigeria, this article historicizes women’s activism and feminism within the Nigerian sociopolitical space. By focusing on the #EndSARS protests, the modern character of women’s activism and social media’s role will be examined. Additionally, Twitter’s role in proffering organizing mechanisms that match the evolving nature of an increasingly digitally networked society will also be discussed. Complemented by a critical exploration of gender relations on Twitter, this approach provides insight on the position of Nigerian Twitter users on issues pertaining to gender while also allowing for a critical reflection on the continued role of women in sociopolitical activism. Moreover, this study theorizes women’s activities/impact during/on the protest as reflexive of dominant African feminist ideologies. In its attempt to recognize Nigerian women protest activists’ voices, this study will identify key women actors and the implication of their activism during the #EndSARS protest.
The Colonial Administration of Nigeria
Authors: Vaughan Olufemi
Published: April 2022

The chapter examines the implementation of colonial policies in the Nigerian region from the turn of the twentieth century to the middle of the century when Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960. It underscores three major transformations in the history of Nigerian colonial administration: first, the early period of colonial rule when British authorities imposed the indirect rule system on Nigerian communities from the early twentieth century to the 1920s; second, the period of colonial administrative reform when the indirect rule system was transformed from the late 1920s to the early 1940s; and finally, the period immediately after the Second World War from the mid-1940s to the late 1950s—when constitutional and local government reforms were undertaken as colonial Nigeria embarked on decolonization.
Popular Culture, Literature, and the Arts in Nigeria
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: April 2022

Culture, either as a living experience or a signifier, is an essential tool for understanding human society through linguistic communication and mythical representations and performances. Leaning on the theory of archetypes and the notion of codes, among other semiotic concepts, this chapter sets out to interrogate the dynamics of pop culture in Nigeria from a historical perspective. It defines how this culture shapes the form and aesthetics of the country’s ever-evolving modern space through its TV shows, Nollywood movies, music, and literature. Building its analysis on well-founded concepts, ideas, and historical facts, the chapter concludes that while the Nigerian culture industry will continue the growth we have seen in the last decades in the face of digital innovations, the sociopolitical and economic implications that result might prove complicated and messy.
Colonial and Postcolonial Historiography of Nigeria
Authors: Fwatshak Sati U.
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses colonial and postcolonial Nigerian historiography based on sampling the country’s extensive historical literature. It highlights the Eurocentric orientation, diversity of authors, and themes of colonial historiography. It also highlights the Africanist/nationalist posture, intellectual strands, topicality, decline, and contestations in postcolonial Nigerian historiography. It shows that although colonial and postcolonial historiography shares thematic diversity in common, they differ in several areas, including that while colonial historiography is offensive, postcolonial historiography is reactive; while colonial historiography is partly assumptive and partly empirical, postcolonial historiography is largely evidence-based; and while colonial historiography has largely waned; postcolonial historiography is blossoming.
Cultural Changes in Neural Structure and Function
Authors: Varnum Michael E. W. , Hampton Ryan S.
Published: April 2022

Human cultures are not static. An emerging body of research has documented cultural changes in a wide variety of behaviors, psychological tendencies, and cultural products. Increasingly, this field has also begun to test hypotheses regarding the causes of these changes and to create forecasts for future patterns of change. Yet to date, the question of how our brains may change as a function of systematic changes in our environments has received relatively little attention and scant empirical testing. This chapter begins by reviewing the literature on cultural change, including Varnum and Grossmann’s program of research using a behavioral ecology framework to understand patterns of cultural change. Next the chapter offers some initial predictions for changes in neural structure and function that may occur in the coming decades and discusses implications for global mental health. Finally, the chapter offers some ideas about how empirical tests of these predictions might be conducted and discusses challenges and opportunities for extending the study of cultural change to neuroscience.
Culture and Technology
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Mano Yoko , Sadato Norihiro
Published: April 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the role of culture in technological innovation for global mental health. Culture influences basic mechanisms of psychological processes and neurobiological mechanisms of behavior. Technological innovation plays an important role in the discovery and delivery science of global mental health. Technological innovation that demonstrates cultural competence can strengthen the discovery of cures, preventions, and interventions of mental health disorders as well as the delivery of preventions and interventions for mental health promotion. Effective use of culture in technological innovation is a strategic development of mental health promotion for the achievement of health equity and health diplomacy. Implications for the role of culture in technology for closing the gap in population health disparities and addressing grand challenges in global mental health are discussed.
Music Performance Anxiety
Authors: Osborne Margaret S. , Kirsner Jennifer
Published: April 2022

Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a pervasive and frequently debilitating difficulty faced by many performers associated with negative impacts on performance quality, psychological distress, deteriorations in confidence, and, at its extreme, disengagement from performing. MPA typically begins early in a musical career and negatively affects performance achievement and career sustainability. Much of the research investigating the vulnerabilities and mechanisms associated with MPA has focused on biological characteristics such as age and gender; psychological characteristics such as trait anxiety, social phobia, and perfectionism; and associated factors such as gender, age, musical genre, and performance context. These factors have been identified as pertinent in predicting and coping with performance anxiety in musicians. This chapter reviews the characteristics and incidence of MPA, and provides a developmental model and treatment modalities, before ending with a summary of practical coping strategies to be used as starting points for musicians at any age or stage.
Hearing and Voice
Authors: Richter Bernhard
Published: April 2022

The sense of hearing is essential for human beings and their communication. One of the primary sources of human communication is the human voice. The ear conveys not only the content—what is said—but also the emotional content of what is spoken—how it is said. The communication of emotions through the human voice is based on musical parameters, the so-called prosodic elements. In order to acoustically express and perceive emotions and music correctly, everybody needs both the ear and the voice. Music-related physiological knowledge has increasingly found its way into instrumental and vocal pedagogy. Nowadays, with the help of dynamic MRI, stroboscopy, and high-speed glottography, it is possible to observe “at work” most of the organic systems inside the body that are involved in sound production. By means of modern audiometric measures, our current understanding of the hearing process is highly developed as well. Exposure to extreme sound pressure levels can lead to noise-induced hearing loss. Chronic noise trauma is defined as long-term exposure to ≥85 dB(A). Sound pressure levels in professional classical symphony orchestras are higher than this limit. The same is true for musicians who work in the rock/pop or light music sector. Preventive measures must be taken to obviate possible damage to hearing. Technical changes and organizational measures are mandatory; if this does not lead to a reduction of the weekly exposure levels to the range below 85 dB, the individual must wear hearing protection.
Woodwind and Brass Instruments
Authors: Wolfe Joe
Published: April 2022

This chapter briefly reviews the basic science of wind and brass instrument operation and the player-instrument interaction. It begins with how controlled, elevated pressure in the lungs produces air flow is modulated at the instrument input by a vibrating element—an air jet (flutes), a reed (other woodwinds), or the player’s lips (brass). This modulation inputs sound waves to the bore (and also back into the vocal tract), where resonances produce standing waves that interact with the vibrating element. Under suitable conditions of embouchure and bore configuration, the standing waves and vibrating element interact to produce sustained oscillations, some energy of which is radiated as output sound. The chapter next explains how the resonances are related to the shapes and configurations of the bore, why some of the resonances are harmonically related, and how these are controlled by the player. In all cases, note production, spectrum, and timbre are related to the musician’s control parameters: breath pressure, embouchure forces, tongue, vocal tract and finger gestures. The difficult issue of air speed is discussed, as are the effects of CO2 humidity, and temperature on playing pitch and techniques including vibrato, altissimo playing, and multiphonics.
Brain Mechanisms of Musical Learning and Performing
Authors: Altenmüller Eckart
Published: April 2022

Perceiving and producing music is one of the most complex human accomplishments, involving almost all brain regions. The first part of this chapter covers the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological foundations of music perception, performance, and learning. These three functions rely on individually variable, widely distributed neuronal networks in cortical and subcortical structures of the brain. Subsequently, the functional and structural adaptations of brain networks—brain plasticity—will be explained, with particular attention to their role in music skill acquisition. For example, learning to play an instrument initially results in temporary expansion of sensory-motor and auditory neuronal networks, which then shrink with increasing automation and lead to stable, highly functionally optimized neuronal cell assemblies and connections. Structural brain adaptations are observed following long-term practice in professional musicians, in particular enlargements of brain regions involved in auditory and sensory-motor skills. Maladaptive brain plasticity can be caused by overuse, trauma, and other triggering factors and lead to degradation of sensory-motor skills including specific conditions such as musician’s dystonia, a loss of motor control of long-term practiced movement patterns. Finally, practice strategies based on neuroscientific findings are briefly summarized.
Psychology of Rivalry: A Social-Cognitive Approach to Competitive Relationships
Authors: Converse Benjamin A. , Reinhard David A. , Austin Maura M. K.
Published: April 2022

Many of the most important competitions in business, politics, sports, and day-to-day social life occur not between strangers who happen to have negatively linked goals, but between parties who have a shared history of notable competitions—that is, between rivals. Despite psychology’s long and rich history of studying competition, the concerted study of rivalry has only been underway for about a decade. This chapter seeks to organize existing rivalry research and guide future investigations by proposing a causal theory that positions shared competitive history as the origin of rivalry; cognitive elaboration as the driving process in the formation of rivalry; a competitive relational schema as the social-cognitive construct that defines rivalry; an expansive view of competition as the proximal consequence of activating rivalry; and behavioral effects with respect to goal pursuit, identity maintenance, and moral decision-making as distal consequences. The first two sections review the seminal development of a relational approach to rivalry and acknowledge empirical challenges in drawing causal conclusions about rivalry. The next three sections describe the proposed causal model, linking a shared competitive history to behavioral consequences as a result of the competitive relational schema. The final sections discuss open questions and opportunities for the future of rivalry research.
‘The Thick Darkness of Pre-Historic Times’
Authors: McNiven Ian J.
Published: April 2022

During the second half of the nineteenth century, a vibrant antiquarian culture developed in colonial Victoria in southeast Australia to understand the antiquity of Aboriginal occupation. This culture centred on Melbourne, which became a major metropolitan centre of intellectualism in the wake of the 1850s gold rush. Set within the context of colonial invasion of Indigenous lands and peoples, Victoria’s antiquarians developed a form of archaeological inquiry heavily influenced by ethnography and the pernicious British anthropological paradigm of social evolutionism. The outcome was interest in a broad range of site types and stone artefacts with results that sometimes contradicted primitivist expectations of anthropological theory. An ethnographically informed archaeology provided scope to reveal artefacts (e.g., stone axes) that differed to the present, and certain site types (e.g., ‘oven mounds’) that excavation revealed to have formed recently through cultural ‘innovation’. In some cases, acceptance or rejection of the link between subsurface artefacts and deep antiquity was ideologically based. Victorian antiquarians developed a diversity of approaches to Aboriginal antiquity with variable legacies in shaping Australian archaeology in the twentieth century.
A Brief History of Down Syndrome
Authors: Brown Roy I. , Kyrkou Margaret R. , Watchman Karen , Hodapp Robert M.
Published: April 2022

The chapter traces some key historical developments in the study of individuals with Down syndrome. After describing general issues of classification in intellectual disabilities, we describe Langdon Down’s identification of the syndrome in the 1860s; the movement to name the syndrome after Down; the identification of trisomy 21 as the syndrome’s cause; and the beginnings of sustained research attention to the syndrome. We end with a glimpse into the future, discussing issues of longer life spans, more integrated lives, and the roles of families, organizations, and self-advocates. Working together, researchers, practitioners, and individuals and their families can all continue to advance the lives of persons with Down syndrome.
Origins and Outcomes of the US Medicine-Drug Divide
Authors: Herzberg David
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores early twentieth-century origins of America’s narcotic prohibition regime and its impact on later drug markets and use. Starting in the 1920s, anti-drug crusaders fueled by anxieties about race, class, and sexuality used the 1914 Harrison Act to build unprecedented federal police powers to harass and punish poor or racialized drug users and traffickers. These efforts failed to reduce non-medical drug use and actually increased drug-related harms. But the Harrison Act also enabled unprecedented federal power to protect licit consumers, including its regulation of the pharmaceutical industry. Authorities successfully ended an epidemic of pharmaceutical narcotic addiction among the propertied classes while offering a limited version of harm reduction to at least some relatively privileged “medical addicts.” However, the narrow scope of the consumer-protection regime, and the ineffectiveness of the punitive regime, meant that new drug crises were already brewing in both licit and illicit markets by the 1950s.
Twenty-First Century Global Drug Trades and Consumption
Authors: Bradford James T.
Published: April 2022

Twenty years after the UN General Assembly Special Session called on the international community to commit to a “drug-free world,” the world is anything but drug-free. Drug use has become an even more global problem. This chapter maps trends in the global consumption and production of illicit drugs since the 1990s. First, it explores the centrality of heroin, particularly in Afghanistan, which produces 90 percent of the world’s illicit opium, and traces heroin’s evolution in the United States, as diversified by pharmaceutical opioids and fentanyl. Second, it tracks the globalization of cocaine use, its new markets in Africa and Europe and a trail of intensified drug violence in Mexico, Brazil, and Central America. Cannabis use, too, has continuously expanded into the world’s leading illicit pleasure, due to new technologies and strains, and lenient or decriminalization policies by states and nations. Lastly is the growth of methamphetamine, whose production and use exploded in the United States and then Southeast Asia. In 2016 the UNGASS admitted its failure to see the endurance of illicit drugs, although still blocking attempts at major drug policy reform.
Run of the Mill
Authors: Devine Kyle
Published: April 2022

The A.P. Schmidt Company (ca. 1876–1958) was a successful music publisher. Rather than focusing on its composers and compositions, this chapter demonstrates the central role of paper and printing to the company—and in the businesses and cultures of sheet music more generally. In fact, the Schmidt Company gave as much attention to its media format (paper) as its media content (music). Paper and printing are understood not as incidental supports that are later attached to already established musical practices. Rather, they are music. The chapter therefore suggests that if an economically oriented ethnomusicology would beneficially ask about how shifting material conditions have aesthetic and social effects in music, it may also ask about how our aesthetic and social investments in music have their own material effects—effects that weigh most heavily on people and places that come before the production of music and after its consumption (in the ways those terms are conventionally understood). To study these seemingly far-flung but actually essential economies and supply chains is to understand something fundamental about the conditions of music. Carrying out such work is a political decision—and a promising prospect for economic ethnomusicology.
Genealogy and Etymology of Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Kuperberg Jeremy , Hagan John
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the development of the three primary categories of atrocity crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It also includes a brief discussion of the crime of aggression. Each category is explored through the actors responsible for its production, debates over definition and criminological scope, and historical moments in which laws were ratified. We trace the shifting operational boundaries among the three categories through analysis of key court cases from recent decades, each of which addressed questions about group identity or sexual violence in atrocity crime. This article closes by examining the development of new terms for atrocity crime by new key actors. Transcending mere semantics, both past and present conceptual innovations are intended to have significant consequences in law, politics, and scholarship alike.
Detention, Torture, Disappearance
Authors: Karstedt Susanne
Published: April 2022

This contribution focuses on the organized, corporate, and bureaucratic nature of atrocity crimes and the “atrocious organization,” where atrocities have become an established part of organizational goals, strategies, routines, and managerial performance. Typically, these crimes include mass detention, torture, disappearances, and killings. Police and security forces are main actors in a network of atrocious organizations that includes military and paramilitary units. Three processes are decisive in the transformation from ordinary to atrocious organizations: politicization, including ethno-politicization; de-professionalization; and militarization. Atrocious organizations pose extraordinary challenges for intervention, prevention, and justice. Evidence from the Holocaust to the former Yugoslavia, to countries in Latin America and Asia is used to identify common characteristics of atrocious organizations and their crimes. Lists, files, and records left by their bureaucracies and documents from judicial records allow for the reconstruction of the functioning of the organizational context and apparatus of atrocity, and the emergence of atrocious organizations in this process.
Jewish Roots and Principles of Dance Therapy
Authors: Berger Miriam Roskin , Perlmutter Kalina Marsha , Climenko Johanna , Gewertz Harris Joanna
Published: April 2022

A striking number of the early dance therapists in the United States were Jewish women. Beginning their work in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, these pioneers of dance therapy came from diverse Jewish communities, ranging from very religious to secular/socialist. Many of these communities were marked by recent upheaval and trauma. While not all of these women draw a direct link between their Jewish backgrounds and their dance therapy practice, their work often reflects certain themes in Jewish tradition, history, and culture. Many of these women also describe their dance therapy practice as an expression of Jewish spirituality and Jewish values, especially the principle of tikkun olam, or repairing the world. That vision continues to influence the development and global spread of dance therapy.
Joy Vey
Authors: Ahuvia Hadar
Published: April 2022

In this chapter choreographer and performer Hadar Ahuvia offers an analysis of her work Joy Vey, a deconstruction of Zionist Israeli folk songs and dances. Ahuvia is the granddaughter of Zionists who founded, composed, and ritualized the collectivist Zionist community, the kibbutz. A contemporary dancer in Brooklyn/Lenapehoking Ahuvia danced in Israeli folk dance groups with her family throughout her childhood. Ahuvia writes from her autobiographical experience as an ex-Zionist growing up in the United States in a Zionist Israeli family, and becoming a progressive activist within the Jewish, anti-Zionist, Palestinian solidarity movement. The essay contextualizes her work within the history of the Israeli Folk Dance movement, the Zionist movement, post-Zionist scholarship, and Radical Diasporism. It includes original performance descriptions, texts, poems, and lyrics that turn Israeli folk songs and dances to face the Nakba, as well as the iconic Israeli songs that were her source materials.
Believing Body, Dancing Body
Authors: Perlshtein Talia , Tabull Reuven , Sagee Rachel
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes a study that examines perceptions of observant dance teachers and choreographers on aspects of their professional and cultural-religious world. The participants are alumnae of the undergraduate dance major at the Orot Israel academic-religious college of education, which is the only framework in Israel for the religious sector granting a B.Ed. degree and a teaching certificate in dance. Quantitative analysis of questionnaires and analysis of narrative interviews show participants’ coping with the immanent tensions between the religious existence and the professional one, and between halachic rulings on chastity and the attitude toward the body in Jewish philosophy, and the need to feel comfortable exposing it and expressing oneself through it dance. The chapter’s contribution is in the identification of the new way in which this tension is turned into an important resource and inspiration for a new movement in dance that is forming within the boundaries of Halacha.
Ethnographies of Superdiversity
Authors: Wessendorf Susanne
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses the historical emergence of ethnographies of superdiversity and the kinds of methods such ethnographies use. It provides an overview of social scientific scholarship concerned with the effects of globalization on the local level and illustrates how current ethnographies of superdiversity draw on long-standing research traditions of urban neighborhood research. The chapter discusses the political background of these types of ethnographies—namely, the backlash against multiculturalism and the ensuing local turn, which highlighted the need to move beyond the study of ethnic groups in urban contexts characterized by immigration and focus on social relations between groups and individuals differentiated along multiple categories. The second part of the chapter discusses different sites where ethnographies of superdiversity take place, from the neighborhood level and the public spaces within neighborhoods to semipublic spaces of regular encounters to workplaces, institutions, and the home. Lastly, the chapter presents a selection of the methods used as part of such ethnographies, some of which go beyond more conventional ethnographic methods. The chapter concludes by addressing some of the challenges of ethnographic research on superdiversity.
God in Dionysius and the Later Neoplatonists
Authors: Edwards Mark , Dillon John
Published: April 2022

In the first section of this essay, four general points of difference between Neoplatonic and Christian theology are formulated: (1) the proper name of the first principle for Christians is God, while ‘one’ and ‘good’ are not substantives but his epithets; (2) despite statements which imply that he transcends being, God is always the One Who Is for Christians; (3) most Christians do not postulate a hierarchic triad of being, life, and mind as a model for the Trinity; (4) Christians do not distinguish the imparticipable from the participated One. The essay then pursues the implications of these differences for Dionysian teaching on the causal and providential agency of God, the proper direction of eros or love and the practice of theurgy. It concludes that, while identification with any of the known Neoplatonists of late antiquity is highly improbable, Dionysius may have been a pupil of the Athenian school who adhered in some respects to Damascius rather than to Proclus.
John Sarracenus and his Influence
Authors: Edwards Mark
Published: April 2022

This essay examines the Latin translation of the Dionysian corpus by the twelfth-century scholar John Sarracenus, who may have been a Hellenophone and a Muslim by birth. The first section explains why Sarracenus and his ecclesiastical patrons felt the necessity of a new translation of Dionysius to replace that of John Scotus Eriugena’s ninth-century work. The second section compares a number of cardinal passages from the corpus in the versions of Eriugena and Sarracenus, concluding that, while Sarracenus is generally more lucid than Eriugena, his departures from the literal sense of the text sometimes appear to be tendentious or erroneous. The final section juxtaposes his rendering of the Mystical Theology with the medieval English treatise Denys Hid Divinite, noting the reliance of the anonymous English author on the annotations of Thomas Gallus and the additions from his own pen which enabled him to transform it into a manual for contemplatives.
Thomas Gallus: Affective Dionysianism
Authors: Lawell Declan
Published: April 2022

This essay seeks to provide an account of the affective interpretation of Dionysius the Areopagite which was pioneered by Thomas Gallus. Operating within a metaphysics in which God is viewed as fullness, Gallus argues that intellectual knowledge can ascend only so far in its upward journey to God before love or affect takes over to provide a superior form of knowledge or experience to which intellect has no access. At its peak, the soul experiences an ecstasy of union with God. In a psychological interpretation of Dionysius’ hierarchical cosmos, Gallus viewed the enraptured soul as having a hierarchy which parallels the nine traditional orders of angels.
Three Theologians: Dean Inge, Vladimir Lossky, and Von Balthasar
Authors: Edwards Mark
Published: April 2022

This essay considers the reception of Dionysius in three notable theologians of the twentieth century, each of whom was using mysticism as a basis for apologetic and ecumenical reasoning, although Inge represents the Anglican tradition, Lossky the Orthodox, and Von Balthasar the Roman Catholic. For Inge, Dionysius is a dangerous figure who incorporates into Christian thought the impersonalism of the later Neoplatonists; Lossky sees him, on the contrary, as the exponent of a genuinely Christian apophaticism, prefigured in the Cappadocian Fathers and schematically contrasted by Lossky himself with that of Origen and his successors. Von Balthasar offers a more holistic reading of the Dionysian corpus, taking into account the Celestial and the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and thus discovering in its theology an antiphonal conjunction of transcendence and immanence, which gives the death-blow to Origenism and foreshadows the thought of Maximus of Confessor.
Dionysius as a Mystic
Authors: de Andia Ysabel
Published: April 2022

Dionysius does not speak directly of experience, but of ‘suffering the divine things’ (pathein ta theia), about his master Hierotheus, and of union with the Deity, in the Divine Names, or of being united with God in Divine Darkness, in Mystical Theology. He develops three ways to attain mystical union—purification, enlightenment, and union. These are revealed in the Heavenly Hierarchy (I), with sacramental mystagogy, which presupposes an initiation leading to deification, in the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy (II), the ascent of Sinai and entry into Divine Darkness in Mystical Theology (III). The models of ‘mysticism’ for Dionysius, as for the whole tradition, are Moses and Paul (IV): Moses who ‘rises through unknowing to union with Him who is beyond all essence and knowledge’ (MT 997 B) and Paul who is ‘possessed by divine love’ (DN IV, 712 A). The ‘divine eros’ is at the heart of their ecstatic experience, just as it is the passion by which God is ‘outside him’ (exestèkôs), while dwelling in him (monè), in that procession (proodos) of the beings he creates and who return to him in a movement of conversion (epistrophè) (EP 9, 1112 C).
Dionysius and Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Motia Michael
Published: April 2022

Dionysius the Areopagite’s account of Moses ascending Mount Sinai and achieving mystical union in darkness has consistently pointed readers back to Gregory of Nyssa, whose mystical theology parallels much of Dionysius’ language and imagery. Gregory’s mystical writings emerge from a doctrinal controversy with Eunomius of Cyzicus about the nature of the Trinity. This chapter discusses how Gregory’s response to Eunomius theorizes the function of language, Christian relation to mystery, and theological anthropology, and how, in turn, it shapes his account of meeting God in a ‘luminous darkness,’ where desire is endlessly ‘stretched’ to an infinite God.
Dionysius, Iamblichus, and Proclus
Authors: Stang Charles M.
Published: April 2022

The author who wrote under the name of Dionysius the Areopagite was deeply immersed in the Neoplatonic tradition, and owes an especial debt to the writings of Iamblichus of Chalcis and Proclus diadochus. This chapter explores Dionysius’ appropriation of some of Iamblichus’ and Proclus’ distinctive terminology. The first part focuses on his debt to Iamblichus—specifically, his appropriation of the language of ‘theurgy’. The second part focuses on Dionysius’ debt to Proclus. He excerpts Proclus’ account of evil and includes a lightly amended version of it in his Divine Names. He appropriates Proclus’ distinctive terminology for divine transcendence, ‘beyond-being’ (hyperousios) and ‘beyond-beingness’ (hyperousiotês). While these Neoplatonic concepts are buttressed by biblical and patristic language, it is striking how little the author has done to conceal this debt to Neoplatonism, a debt that would seem to jeopardize his authorial identity as a first-century Athenian convert.
Origen and Augustine
Authors: Cameron Michael
Published: April 2022

Neither of these early Christian titans gladly suffers reduction to simple analysis, not as individuals and much less in tandem. But juxtaposition sheds light on intriguing complexes of convergence and divergence. Ambrose drew Augustine to Nicene Christianity through Origen’s exegesis. Origen the grammarian and Augustine the rhetor explored the same christologically shaped biblical terrain from different if congruent angles. Both saw Christian life developmentally, though each valued the beginning stage of faith differently. Origen expected purity and holiness from the visible Church, while Augustine allowed saints and sinners to mix for the sake of love. Origen saw eschatological punishment as temporary and pedagogical, inclining toward ultimate salvation, while Augustine thought unending penal justice serves God’s glory. Other differences regarding divine foreknowledge, free will, grace, and Judaism derive from their contrasting readings of Paul. Yet Origen’s enduring influence on Augustine is detectable in the bishop’s pastoral work.
Allegory and Midrash in Origen
Authors: Boyarin Daniel
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses the fact that both Origen and the Rabbis grappled with the epistemological status of interpretations of a divinely ordained text. Behind the author’s comparativist approach is the conviction that when common questions originate in a shared intellectual milieu the differences in resolutions reveals the differences in their deeper structure. For Origen, the ‘ontotheological structure of Scripture’ is the Incarnation. The epistemological grounding, for Origen, is that the Logos taught in the flesh, so bridging the ontological gap between the noetic and corporal. The Rabbis’ theory of divine polysemy or indeterminacy, in contrast, leads to a rejection of the mediation between God and Word to guard multiplicity of meanings from any foreclosure.