bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Fine Threads and Platform-Switching on Crestal Bone Stress Around Implant—A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Khurana Pardeep , Sharma Arun , Sodhi Kiranmeet Kaur
Published: September 2011

The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of implant fine threads on crestal bone stress compared to a standard smooth implant collar and to analyze how different abutment diameters influenced the crestal bone stress level. Three-dimensional finite element imaging was used to create a cross-sectional model in SolidWorks 2007 software of an implant (5-mm platform and 10 mm in length) placed in the premolar region of the mandible. The implant model was created to resemble a commercially available fine thread implant. Abutments of different diameters (5.0 mm: standard, 4.5 mm, 4.0 mm, and 3.5 mm) were loaded with a force of 100 N at 90° vertical and 40° oblique angles. Finite element analysis was done in COSMOSWorks software, which was used to analyze the stress patterns in bone, especially in the crestal region. Upon loading, the fine thread implant model had greater stress at the crestal bone adjacent to the implant than the smooth neck implant in both vertical and oblique loading. When the abutment diameter decreased progressively from 5.0 mm to 4.5 mm to 4 mm and to 3.5 mm the thread model showed a reduction of stress at the crestal bone level from 23.2 MPa to 15.02 MPa for fine thread and from 22.7 to 13.5 MPa for smooth collar implant group after vertical loading and from 43.7 MPa to 33.1 MPa in fine thread model and from 36.9 to 20.5 MPa in smooth collar implant model after oblique loading. Fine threads increase crestal stress upon loading. Reduced abutment diameter that is platform switching resulted in less stress translated to the crestal bone in the fine thread and smooth neck.
An Overview of Immediate Root Analogue Zirconia Implants
Authors: Regish K. M. , Sharma Deeksha , Prithviraj D. R.
Published: September 2011

Owing to its excellent biomechanical characteristics, biocompatibility, and bright tooth-like color, zirconia has the potential to become a substitute for titanium as dental implant material and to be successfully used as root-analogue implants by reproducing the contours of the extracted tooth. This article presents an overview of the technique of using root analogue zirconia dental implants as an immediate implantation material. These implants are replicas of the extracted tooth and therefore truly anatomically correct and socket friendly.
PEEK Dental Implants: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Schwitalla Andreas , Müller Wolf-Dieter
Published: September 2011

The insertion of dental implants containing titanium can be associated with various complications (eg, hypersensitivity to titanium). The aim of this article is to evaluate whether there are existing studies reporting on PEEK (polyetheretherketone) as an alternative material for dental implants. A systematic literature search of PubMed until December 2010 yielded 3 articles reporting on dental implants made from PEEK. One article analyzed stress distribution in carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (CFR-PEEK) dental implants by the 3-dimensional finite element method, demonstrating higher stress peaks due to a reduced stiffness compared to titanium. Two articles reported on investigations in mongrel dogs. The first article compared CFR-PEEK to titanium-coated CFR-PEEK implants, which were inserted into the femurs and evaluated after 4 and 8 weeks. The titanium-coated implants showed significantly higher bone-implant contact (BIC) rates. In a second study, implants of pure PEEK were inserted into the mandibles beside implants made from titanium and zirconia and evaluated after 4 months, where PEEK presented the lowest BIC. The existing articles reporting on PEEK dental implants indicate that PEEK could represent a viable alternative material for dental implants. However, further experimental studies on the chemical modulation of PEEK seem to be necessary, mainly to increase the BIC ratio and to minimize the stress distribution to the peri-implant bone.
Types of Implant Surgical Guides in Dentistry: A Review
Authors: D'Souza Kathleen Manuela , Aras Meena Ajay
Published: September 2011

Various techniques have been proposed for the fabrication of surgical guide templates in implant dentistry. The objective of this paper is to review the associated literature and recent advancements in this field, based on design concept. An electronic and hand search of the literature revealed 3 categories, namely, nonlimiting, partially limiting, and completely limiting design. Most clinicians still adopt the partially limiting design due to its cost-effectiveness and credibility. Moreover, clinicians use cross-sectional imaging during the preimplant assessment of surgical sites.
A Technique to Salvage a Single Implant-Supported Fixed Dental Prosthesis Having a Nonretrievable Implant Screw Fragment
Authors: Yilmaz Burak , McGlumphy Edwin
Published: September 2011

An implant screw fracture is one of the common problems associated with the implant components. In some situations, it may not be possible to retrieve the fractured implant screws. As a result, clinicians either remove the implant or the implant may need to be covered over with soft tissue. The salvage of an implant with a nonretrievable screw fragment may be highly beneficial to the patients. This report describes a technique to salvage an implant-supported single restoration that has a nonretrievable implant screw fragment.
Influence of Surface Nano-Roughness on Osseointegration of Zirconia Implants in Rabbit Femur Heads Using Selective Infiltration Etching Technique
Authors: Aboushelib Moustafa N. , Salem Noha A. , Taleb Ahmed L. Abo , El Moniem Naglaa M. Abd
Published: September 2011

This study evaluates osseous healing of selective infiltration-etched (SIE) zirconia implants compared to as-sintered zirconia and titanium implants. Twenty implants of each group were inserted in 40 adult New Zealand white male rabbits. After 4 and 6 weeks, bone blocks containing the implants were retrieved, sectioned, and processed to evaluate bone-implant contact (BIC) and peri-implant bone density. SIE zirconia implants had significantly higher BIC and marginally higher bone density. The results suggest that selective infiltration-etched zirconia implant surface may improve implant osseointegration.
The Bactericidal Effects of an Acidified Sodium Chlorite-Containing Oral Moisturizing Gel: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kuroyama Iwao , Osato Shigeo , Ogawa Takahiro
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the bactericidal effects and bactericidal time of an acidified sodium chlorite compound gel (ASC-Gel) on bacteria isolated from the peri-implant sulci of 10 patients who received implants 3–27 years previously, and the depth of each peri-implant sulcus was 5 mm or less. Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC33277) was used as the control bacterium. Five ASC-Gel preparations were created by adding 3.3%, 5.0%, 7.0%, 9.0%, and 11.0% citric acid (CA) (condition a, b, c, d, and e, respectively) into an oral moisturizing gel containing sodium chlorite. The concentrations of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) generated in ASC-Gel under conditions (a) to (e) were 12.1, 14.1, 17.2, 21.2, and 39.3 ppm, respectively. We examined the bactericidal effects of the 5 ASC-Gel preparations at volumes of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL, and measured the bactericidal time when 2.0 mL of ASC-Gel was used under condition (e). The bactericidal effects of ASC-Gel became significantly greater with increased concentrations of CA and ClO2 and with increased usage (0.5−2.0 mL) of the gel. All bacteria were killed by using 2.0 mL of ASC-Gel under condition (e). ASC-Gel also needed between 45 and 90 minutes to kill all microbes under condition (e). Within the limits of the present investigation, these results suggest that ASC-Gel is useful as a chemical disinfectant against bacteria in the peri-implant sulcus. Further studies are also required to protect teeth, the surface of hydroxyapatite-coated implants, and the surrounding soft tissues from effects of chemical dissolution such as acid erosion due to the low pH of ASC-Gel.
The Effects of a Static Magnetic Field on Bone Formation Around a Sandblasted, Large-Grit, Acid-Etched–Treated Titanium Implant
Authors: Leesungbok Richard , Ahn Su-Jin , Lee Suk-Won , Park Geon-Ho , Kang Joo-Sung , Choi Jung-Joo
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the bone formation around commercial sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA)–treated titanium implants with or without a neodymium magnet in a rabbit tibia through histomorphometric analysis. Commercial SLA-treated implants with or without neodymium magnets were placed in 10 rabbits. After incising the flat part of the rabbit's tibia and installation of the specimens of titanium implants, the nonmagnet group was stitched without magnet insertion. On the other hand, the magnet group was inserted with neodymium magnet, fixed with pattern resin, and stitched. At 3 and 6 weeks after surgery, the animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were obtained. Undecalcified specimens were prepared for histomorphometric analysis of the bone-to-implant contact ratio (BIC) and bone volume (BV). The histomorphometric findings of the cortical bone showed that the mean BVs of the magnet group (3 weeks, 75.99%; 6 weeks, 82.94%) were higher than those of the nonmagnet group (3 weeks, 74.58%; 6 weeks, 78.75%), but there were no significant differences between the 2 groups (P > .05). In the marrow bone, the mean BICs of the magnet group (3 weeks, 10.36%; 6 weeks, 10.41%) were higher than those of the nonmagnet group (3 weeks, 6.41%; 6 weeks, 7.36%). After 3 weeks of installation, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups (P < .05). In rabbit tibia, the SLA-treated titanium implants with a neodymium magnet can trigger faster early peri-implant bone formation than those without a magnet.
Evaluation of Optimal Taper of Immediately Loaded Wide-Diameter Implants: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Atieh Momen A. , Shahmiri Reza A.
Published: September 2011

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different tapering angles of an immediately loaded wide-diameter implant on the stress/strain distribution in bone and implant after implant insertion in healed or fresh molar extraction sockets. A total of 10 finite element (FE) implant-bone models, including 8.1-mm diameter implant, superstructure, and mandibular molar segment, were created to investigate the biomechanical behavior of different implant taper angles in immediate and delayed placement conditions. The degrees of implant taper ranged from 2° to 14°, and the contact conditions between the immediately loaded implants and bone were set with frictional coefficients (μ) of 0.3 in the healed models and 0.1 in the extracted models. Vertical and lateral loading forces of 189.5 N were applied in all models. Regardless of the degree of implant tapering, immediate loading of wide-diameter implants placed in molar extraction sockets generated higher stress/strain levels than implants placed in healed sockets. In all models, the von Mises stresses and strains at the implant surfaces, cortical bone, and cancellous bone increased with the increasing taper angle of the implant body, except for the buccal cancellous bone in the healed models. The maximum von Mises strains were highly concentrated on the buccal cortical struts in the extracted models and around the implant neck in the healed models. The maximum von Mises stresses on the implant threads were more concentrated in the non-tapered coronal part of the 11° and 14° tapered implants, particularly in the healed models, while the stresses were more evenly dissipated along the implant threads in other models. Under immediate loading conditions, the present study indicates that minimally tapered implants generate the most favorable stress and strain distribution patterns in extracted and healed molar sites.
Craniofacial Implant-Retained Auricular Prosthesis: A Case Report
Authors: Dilber Erhan , Koc Ozlem , Ozturk Atiye Nilgun , Karamese Mehtap
Published: September 2011

Implants provide patients with a safe and reliable method for anchoring auricular prostheses that enable restoration of their normal appearance and offer improved quality of life. In this case report, an auricular prosthesis was fabricated for a patient who had lost his right external ear in a traffic accident. Extraoral implants and bar-and-clip retention for the proper connection of the auricular prosthesis to the implant were used.
A Restricted Test of Single-Word Intelligibility in 3-Year-Old Children with and without Cleft Palate
Authors: Willadsen Elisabeth , Poulsen Mads
Published: September 2011

Objective

In a previous study, children with cleft palate with hard palate closure at 12 months of age showed more typical phonological development than did children with an unrepaired hard palate at 36 months of age. This finding was based on narrow transcription of word initial target consonants obtained from a simple naming test. To evaluate the relevance of this finding, we investigated how well the children's target words were understood by 84 naive listeners.

Design

A cross-sectional study.

Participants

Data obtained from 28 children with unilateral cleft lip and palate, 3 years of age, who received hard palate closure at either 12 months (hard palate repaired; HPR) or 36 months (hard palate unrepaired; HPU) were compared with data obtained from 14 age-matched, typically developing control children.

Methods

Video recordings of the children naming target words were shown to 84 naive listeners between 15 and 24 years of age who typed the word they heard.

Results

The findings of this study indicated that naive listeners correctly identified a larger percentage of words in the control children followed by children in the HPR group. Children in the HPU group were more difficult for the naive listeners to understand. The error of retraction/backing of alveolar target consonants to velar place of articulation occurred frequently and most often in the HPU group and was found to have a negative effect on intelligibility.
Psychosocial, Feeding, and Drooling Outcomes in Children with Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome following Tongue Reduction Surgery
Authors: Shipster C. , Morgan A. , Dunaway D.
Published: September 2011

Objective

Macroglossia is a common feature of Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS). Tongue reduction surgery (TRS) is advocated to overcome, or reduce, the secondary effects of macroglossia. Macroglossia may affect a child's cosmetic appearance, feeding, and drooling function. However, no study has systematically reported on feeding, drooling, or psychosocial outcomes preoperatively and postoperatively in this group. This study aimed to describe the presurgical and postsurgical psychosocial, feeding, and drooling outcomes of children with macroglossia associated with BWS and to determine the effect of TRS on these areas.

Design

Clinical cohort study.

Participants

Ten consecutively admitted children with BWS (age at surgery from 9 months to 4 years, 9 months [4;9]; mean, 2;7) were assessed preoperatively, 3 months postoperatively, and at long-term follow-up.

Main Outcome Measures

A parental report questionnaire, the Brodsky drooling scale, and a feeding rating scale.

Results

Parents reported that macroglossia had a negative impact cosmetically that was ameliorated following surgery. Macroglossia caused a range of feeding difficulties presurgically by preventing lip seal and bolus manipulation during the oral preparatory phase. Excessive drooling was present in all cases presurgically. This resolved partially across the group postsurgically, with almost complete recovery at longer-term follow-up assessment.

Conclusions

Presurgically, children show a common profile of feeding and drooling impairment with negative effects on cosmetic appearance. Our preliminary results demonstrate that TRS has a positive impact on these features with good outcomes for children with BWS.
Neuropsychological, Behavioral, and Academic Sequelae of Cleft: Early Developmental, School Age, and Adolescent/Young Adult Outcomes
Authors: Richman Lynn C. , McCoy Thomasin E. , Conrad Amy L. , Nopoulos Peg C.
Published: September 2011

This article reviews behavioral, neuropsychological, and academic outcomes of individuals with cleft across three age levels: (1) infancy/early development, (2) school age, and (3) adolescence/young adulthood. The review points out that attachment, neurocognitive functioning, academic performance/learning, and adjustment outcomes are the result of a complex interaction between biological and environmental factors and vary with developmental level, sex, and craniofacial anomaly diagnosis. The degree to which associated genetic or neurodevelopmental conditions may explain inconsistent findings is unknown and suggests the need for caution in generalizing from group data on cleft.
Left-Sided Predominance of Hypodontia Irrespective of Cleft Sidedness in a French Population
Authors: Matern Olivier , Sauleau Erik-André , Tschill Pascal , Perrin-Schmitt Fabienne , Grollemund Bruno
Published: September 2011

Objective

Individuals with oral clefts exhibit considerably more dental anomalies than do individuals without clefts. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of tooth agenesis in a sample composed of 124 children (81 boys and 43 girls, mean age 12.5 years) with clefts registered with the Cleft Palate Center in Strasbourg (France).

Design

Cleft types and dental agenesis were assessed by clinical and radiographic examination. Cleft types were divided into four groups according to the clinical extent of the cleft (cleft lip only [CL, 12.9%], cleft lip and alveolus [CLA, 4%], cleft lip and palate [CLP, 49.2%], and cleft palate only [CP, 33.9%]).

Results

Of the subjects 63% had evidence of hypodontia: maxillary lateral incisors (54%) and upper and lower premolars (32%) were the most common missing teeth. The number of dental ageneses associated with CP (54%) and CLP (79%) was significantly higher than that with CL (33%). All these anomalies were found in proportionately higher frequencies as the severity of the cleft increased, and we found left side predominance for hypodontia (p < .01) irrespective of cleft sidedness.

Conclusions

Both right-sided and left-sided clefts were more frequently correlated with left-sided dental agenesis. This left-sided prevalence suggests that common signaling malfunctions might be involved, both in dental development anomalies and cleft genesis.
Isolated Congenital Hypoplasia of Nasal Lower Lateral Cartilages and Its Correction with Helical Rim and Conchal Cartilage Composite Grafts
Authors: Coban Yusuf Kenan , Dogan Aysel , Erbatur Serkan
Published: September 2011

Isolated congenital absence of the alar cartilages and nasal septum is rarely reported. We report here an example for the phenotype of carbamazepine embryopathy with lower lateral cartilage hypoplasia and our surgical approach to solve the nasal problems. This unusual presentation and the literature surrounding infant nasal surgery are discussed.
TBX22 and Tongue-Tie
Authors: Klockars Tuomas , Kyttänen Suvi , Ellonen Pekka
Published: September 2011

Objective

To resolve if TBX22 mutations cause isolated tongue-tie in the Finnish population.

Design

Mutation analysis of the coding region of the TBX22 gene in 50 Finnish isolated tongue-tie patients and 61 control samples.

Results

One putative sequence variation was identified from two male patients, but whether this represents a polymorphism or causative mutation remains unknown.

Conclusions

Mutations in the coding region of the TBX22 gene are not a major cause of aankyloglossia in the Finnish population and do not explain the sex difference or inheritance of tongue-tie.
Regional land subsidence model embodying complex deformation
Authors: Ye Shujun , Xue Yuqun , Wu Jichun , Zhang Yun , Wei Zixin , Li Qinfen
Published: September 2011

Large regions of land subsidence usually present very complicated historical deformation characteristics of sedimentary layers. A regional land subsidence model based on the modified Merchant model is developed and proposed to describe the visco-elastic-plastic deformation. Regional land subsidence models describing elastic, visco-elastic and elastic-plastic deformations can be derived from the one based on the modified Merchant model by setting proper values of the parameters involved. A new numerical method, the multi-scale finite-element method, is used to model regional land subsidence problems. Land subsidence in Shanghai from 1986 to 1998 is simulated as a case study for the model proposed in this paper. The results show that the model is capable of describing land subsidence with complex deformation characteristics, and can represent the mechanism of land subsidence caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal relatively well. The method is shown to be a good numerical method that significantly reduces computing effort and obtains accurate results.
Controllable graphs with least eigenvalue at least -2
Authors: Cvetkovic Dragos , Rowlinson Peter , Stanic Zoran , Yoon Myung-Gon
Published: September 2011

Connected graphs whose eigenvalues are distinct and main are called
controllable graphs in view of certain applications in control theory. We
give some general characterizations of the controllable graphs whose least
eigenvalue is bounded from below by - 2; in particular, we determine all the
controllable exceptional graphs. We also investigate the controllable graphs
whose second largest eigenvalue does not exceed 1.
Peut-on s’exempter de vieillir ? L’apport cartésien
Authors: Kolesnik-Antoine Delphine
Published: September 2011

La revendication de la capacité de la science mécaniste nouvelle à prolonger la vie, dans des proportions dont on s’est souvent complu à exhiber le caractère irrationnel, est plus complexe qu’il n’y paraît. L’étude du détail des textes de Descartes, en particulier de la correspondance, montre ainsi que ce n’est pas d’abord l’étude de la médecine, si parfaite et démonstrative soit-elle, qui peut fournir à l’homme les moyens de vivre mieux et plus longtemps. C’est, inversement, la mise au jour des pouvoirs de l’âme sur ses représentations, donc sur le corps auquel elle est jointe, qu’il faut privilégier. La problématique de la conservation de la santé se résout ainsi dans une éthique de la joie entée sur une psychophysiologie radicalement singulière.
Peut-on vieillir sans médecins ? La réponse des auteurs de régimes de santé ou « conseils pour vivre longtemps » aux xviie et xviiie siècles
Authors: Crignon-De Oliveira Claire
Published: September 2011

L’examen du corpus constitué par les régimes de santé en Europe, entre la fin du xvie siècle et le xviiie siècle, permet d’apporter des réponses intéressantes à la question de savoir si l’on peut vieillir sans médecins. Depuis le Trattato de vita sobria de l’Italien Luigi Cornaro (1558) jusqu’à The History of Health and the Art of Preserving it (1758) rédigée par l’Écossais James MacKenzie, on assiste à un effort pour distinguer le processus naturel du vieillissement de la vieillesse comme maladie. L’approche médicale préventive et diététique du vieillissement se trouve ainsi intégrée au sein d’une réflexion anthropologique et le projet de prolongation de la vie justifiée d’un point de vue théologique. L’enjeu est bien de s’efforcer de penser le sens moral, politique et plus généralement existentiel d’une vie humaine prolongée.
Ville, sujet et langue scolarisés
Authors: Castellanos Pfeiffer Claudia
Published: September 2011

Cet article entend mettre en évidence les ressemblances dans la façon dont les processus de scolarisation et d’urbanisation produisent des effets de sens chez le sujet, ce qui amène à penser le rapport ville/école à partir d’un sujet que j’appelle « sujet urbain scolarisé », c’est-à-dire un sujet traversé par l’écriture comme mode d’inscription dans le monde. La définition de « sujet urbain scolarisé » revient à penser la relation étroite entre « être dans une position autorisée à dire » (processus d’autorisation produit par l’école) et « être dans une position autorisée à avoir de l’urbanité » (civilisé). Ces ressemblances ont surgi dans l’administration des sens de l’espace occupé et dans celle des modes d’occupation de cet espace. Cette réflexion passe par les relations duelles langue/État, civilité/non-civilité, sujet/espace, unité/dispersion, scolarisation/urbanisation.
Sujets (in)formels. Désignation dans les médias et subjectivation dans la différence
Authors: Zoppi-Fontana Mónica G.
Published: September 2011

À partir d’une analyse de la matérialité linguistique, cet article explore les processus de subjectivation et d’identification qui constituent le(s) sujet(s) des différentes pratiques urbaines, par rapport à l’espace de la rue et dans le cadre de disputes visant à l’affirmation d’identités socialement légitimées. Le corpus constitué pour ma recherche est de nature hétérogène, aussi bien dans sa matérialité symbolique que du point de vue de son inscription institutionnelle et de sa circulation sociale.
La marque du nom
Authors: Guimarães Eduardo
Published: September 2011

Partant de l’hypothèse que le sens des noms se constitue dans l’événement de leur énonciation, ce texte analyse la question des noms propres d’établissements commerciaux, en considérant l’énonciation des noms tels qu’ils apparaissent sur les façades des magasins. Il montre que leur sens est lié à la manière d’identifier ces établissements qui, une fois identifiés, constituent le lieu social de leurs destinataires en tant que consommateurs.
Généalogie du concept d’assimilation. Une comparaison franco-britannique
Authors: Hajjat Abdellali
Published: September 2011

Malgré la popularité du concept d’assimilation en sciences sociales, on connaît finalement peu de chose sur son origine intellectuelle. Cet article vise à faire la généalogie de ce concept dans une perspective franco-britannique. Sa traduction du latin vers le français et l’anglais conserve la signification de « similitude » mais le concept se sécularise, d’une part, à travers le langage des sciences naturelles dont l’influence favorise une réappropriation pour décrire les relations humaines et, d’autre part, le discours historique anglais et le discours politique colonial français. Dans le contexte britannique, l’assimilation devient une qualité collective attribuée à tout un peuple, puis utilisée en naturalisant les différences entre les peuples pour les rendre irréductibles et enfin s’enrichit d’une acception administrative. En France, la politisation du concept d’assimilation dans les discours et réglementations coloniaux provoque un bouleversement sémantique qui l’associe au concept d’égalité.
Chefs d’orchestre de la sûreté des entreprises à l’ère de la sécurité globale
Authors: Ocqueteau Frédéric
Published: September 2011

Basé sur une enquête inédite portant sur les services internes de sûreté de grandes entreprises françaises, l’article analyse le statut, le poste et le rôle du directeur de sûreté. Personnage plutôt méconnu, il représente pourtant une pièce majeure d’interface dans les divers assemblages policiers, à l’heure de la montée d’une idéologie dite de la sécurité globale propagée par divers think tanks néoconservateurs proches des intérêts du complexe militaro-industriel et par certaines directions d’entreprises à rayonnement international. L’article explore trois dimensions. D’une part, il appréhende les investissements cognitifs, normatifs et éthiques vécus par le titulaire du poste à partir de son périmètre d’action en prévention des risques et menaces au sein de son entreprise. Il pointe, d’autre part, la mise en tension de deux logiques d’action : savoir démontrer la rentabilité relative des investissements sécuritaires à la direction de l’entreprise tout en sachant se conformer aux impératifs de protection non négociables dans les domaines décrétés d’importance vitale par les pouvoirs publics. Il suggère enfin une explication possible à la reconversion massive des militaires et des gendarmes dans ces postes : une solution de compromis organisationnel honorable censée atténuer l’âpreté des conflits d’intérêts entre logiques d’État et logiques du marché dans la production de la sûreté générale.
Le Protocole de Madrid à la Convention de Barcelone relatif à la gestion intégrée des zones côtières de la Méditerranée
Authors: Prieur Michel
Published: September 2011

Le protocole de Madrid du 21 janvier 2008 introduisant la GIZC en Méditerranée est le premier traité international consacré à la gestion intégrée de cette zone fragile et convoitée. Dans le cadre du système de Barcelone, avec sa convention et ses six protocoles, il vise à promouvoir, à travers les zones côtières, envisagées comme espace de développement durable, un patrimoine naturel et culturel commun, au service de la coopération régionale approfondie entre les États côtiers. Le concept d’intégration, conçu comme processus dynamique de gestion durable, mobilise à la fois l’interaction entre les espaces terre-mer, les institutions, les compétences, les normes juridiques applicables et les instruments de mise en œuvre. Signé le 21 janvier 2008 par 14 États et entré en vigueur en novembre 2010, après ratification par 6 États, dont l’Union européenne, le protocole a nécessité, depuis 2001, de longues négociations pour sa préparation. Ceci, compte tenu de la substance des principes, des objectifs et des conditions qui structurent les ambitions de la GIZC. Compte tenu également de son originalité, de la dimension de la coopération internationale nord-sud en Méditerranée, de la diversité des expériences nationales ainsi que du faible nombre d’États déjà impliqués dans l’acceptation des exigences de ce nouveau système de gestion.
La qualité des plages au cœur de la gestion integrée des zones cotières : l’exemple du plan d’action Oléron qualité littoral (Côte atlantique française)
Authors: Duvat Virginie
Published: September 2011

Cet article montre en quoi les politiques de qualité du littoral peuvent soutenir la mise en œuvre opérationnelle de la Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC). Il s’appuie sur l’expérimentation, actuellement menée par le Pays Marennes Oléron dans sa partie insulaire, l’île d’Oléron, à travers la réalisation du plan d’action « Oléron Qualité Littoral » (OQL). L’auteur développe plus particulièrement trois volets: la construction et la mise en œuvre du projet de territoire et du plan d’action destiné à le réaliser; le rôle de l’intégration science-gestion dans la mise en pratique de la GIZC; les conditions et difficultés de mise en œuvre de la gestion intégrée.
Quelle durabilité des formes de régulation des conflits littoraux ?
Authors: Cadoret Anne
Published: September 2011

La régulation des conflits littoraux constitue un enjeu majeur pour une gestion intégrée de la zone côtière. Or, certains antagonismes sont régulés dans l'urgence ou ne trouvent pas d'issues suffisamment pertinentes et réapparaissent par la suite, parfois de façon récurrente. Nos travaux sur les dynamiques sociospatiales des conflits littoraux nous ont conduites à nous questionner sur l’efficacité et la durabilité des modes de gestion des antagonismes qui sont mis en place. À partir de nombreux cas d’étude, nous présentons ici une grille de lecture des facteurs jouant un rôle majeur dans la régulation durable des oppositions, susceptible d’être utile à l’observateur comme aux acteurs responsables de la gestion d’un territoire en proie à de multiples antagonismes.
Le droit de l’eau : vecteur d’une approche intégrée
Authors: Drobenko Bernard
Published: September 2011

Auparavant, le droit de l’eau s’intéressait à l’eau douce exclusivement. L’exigence d’une démarche intégrée a conduit à prendre en considération les eaux côtières. Si le droit de la mer ne s’intéresse pas précisément à la colonne d’eau, tout en faisant référence aux pollutions d’origine tellurique, la Gestion intégrée des zones côtières impose une approche nécessitant la coordination des politiques publiques pour un territoire au carrefour terre/mer. Sous l’impulsion du droit européen, les eaux marines font l’objet d’une approche spécifique qui impose aussi la coordination avec les eaux douces, générant de ce fait une approche convergente. Ainsi le droit de l’eau lui-même et le droit de la mer conduisent à identifier un cadre commun d’intervention, mais aussi le renforcement progressif des exigences, lequel révèle la solidarité des territoires et que conforte la GIZC. Ces évolutions caractérisent désormais une approche plus globale, avec des perspectives inéluctablement renouvelées. Elles se traduisent tant en termes de gouvernance, au regard des décisions et des instruments, que des responsabilités, notamment des acteurs publics, mais aussi celles des acteurs privés, qui ne peuvent plus être ignorées. In fine, c’est bien l’effectivité des mesures instaurées qui est en cause.
La gestion intégrée côtière et marine : nouvelles perspectives
Authors: Lefebvre Christophe
Published: September 2011

Au niveau global et régional, la gestion intégrée côtière et marine en tant que processus itératif partant de l’évaluation scientifique vers l’aménagement intégré des côtes en passant par de nouveaux modes de gouvernance, doit être aussi reconnue comme un enjeu stratégique de développement durable de la partie marine des zones côtières. Il est impératif à cet égard qu’elle puisse se développer dans de nouveaux protocoles aux conventions régionales sur les mers où elle a toute sa place. Le comité opérationnel du Grenelle de la mer a d’ailleurs proposé au gouvernement de passer de la Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières à la Gestion Intégrée de la Mer et du Littoral, aux niveaux national et par façade maritime en s’appuyant notamment sur les mesures visant à élaborer la « stratégie nationale de la mer et du littoral », et à la déclinaison de cette stratégie par façade. En ce qui concerne les intentions, la France vient de faire un grand pas en avant vers la mer, ce territoire vingt fois plus grand que sa partie terrestre, au rang de la deuxième superficie maritime nationale au monde. Au regard des enjeux de développement durable, la France se doit de réussir la stratégie nationale de la mer et du littoral et d’établir les bases d’une planification spatiale marine indispensable aux acteurs de l’environnement et de l’économie, littoral et maritime.
Impact de la pollution sur les écosystèmes côtiers : exemple de la Manche orientale
Authors: Amara Rachid
Published: September 2011

Les estuaires et les zones côtières constituent des territoires à forts enjeux stratégiques pour les économies et pour l’environnement. Ils assurent de nombreuses fonctions biologiques et écologiques, dont celle de nourricerie de poisson. Le bon fonctionnement écologique de ces nourriceries est indispensable pour permettre le déroulement normal du cycle biologique de nombreuses espèces marines d’intérêts économiques majeurs. En Manche orientale, la majorité des espèces halieutiques transitent par ces écosystèmes au cours de leur cycle biologique. Pourtant, il existe un recouvrement entre les principales zones de nourriceries d’intérêt halieutique et les zones soumises à des pressions anthropiques. L’analyse comparée de la qualité des zones de nourriceries a été abordée à partir d’un ensemble d’indicateurs de performances biologiques (croissance et indice de condition des poissons) et chimiques (contaminants métalliques dans les tissus des poissons et dans les sédiments). Les zones côtières fortement anthropisées (estuaire de la Seine, littoral entre Calais et Dunkerque) offrent des habitats de moins bonne qualité pour le développement et la survie des poissons. Beaucoup des espèces fréquentant les écosystèmes côtiers sont indispensables au bien-être des humains, soit directement comme ressources renouvelables à valeur marchande, soit indirectement, pour maintenir le fonctionnement et la viabilité des écosystèmes marins. La nécessité de protéger ces habitats de la pollution et de la destruction est urgente.
L’extension récente de la taille des aires marines protégées : une progression des surfaces inversement proportionnelle à leur normativité
Authors: Féral François
Published: September 2011

La multiplication de la création des aires marines protégées et en particulier les plus grandes d’entre elles est un phénomène politique récent et de grande ampleur. Leur contenu juridique est le plus souvent mal défini et il apparait que leur normativité est en général assez faible, inversement proportionnelle à leur taille. Mais ces initiatives marquent une nouvelle étape du droit de la mer par laquelle les États maritimes affirment désormais leur souveraineté sur les ressources naturelles à travers la science et la protection de l’environnement, pour mieux se les accaparer. La France ne veut pas rester à l’écart de ce mouvement d’emprise renforcée. Malgré la création de l’Agence des Aires marine protégées et du statut de Parc marin, le cadre juridique traditionnel de ses aires marines protégées et les droits reconnus à ses collectivités d’outre-mer constituent un handicap dans la compétition ouverte pour contrôler de vastes espaces océaniques.
High Clonality of Virus-Specific T Lymphocytes Defined by TCR Usage in the Brains of Mice Infected with West Nile Virus
Authors: Kitaura Kazutaka , Fujii Yoshiki , Hayasaka Daisuke , Matsutani Takaji , Shirai Kenji , Nagata Noriyo , Lim Chang-Kweng , Suzuki Satsuki , Takasaki Tomohiko , Suzuki Ryuji , Kurane Ichiro
Published: September 2011

It has been reported that brain-infiltrating T lymphocytes play critical roles in the clearance of West Nile virus (WNV) from the brains of mice. We characterized brain-infiltrating T lymphocytes by analyzing the TCR α- and β-chain repertoires, T cell clonality, and CDR3 sequences. CD3+CD8+ T cells were localized in the WNV-infected brains. The expression of CD3, CD8, CD25, CD69, perforin, and granzymes positively correlated with viral RNA levels, and high levels of expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 were detected in the brains, suggesting that Th1-like cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are expanded in the brains in response to WNV infection. The brain-infiltrating T lymphocytes dominantly used TCR genes, VA1-1, VA2-1, VB5-2, and VB8-2, and exhibited a highly oligoclonal TCR repertoire. Interestingly, the brain-infiltrating T lymphocytes had different patterns of TCR repertoire usages among WNV-, Japanese encephalitis virus-, and tick-borne encephalitis virus-infected mice. Moreover, CD8+ T cells isolated from the brains of WNV-infected mice produced IFN-γ and TNF-α after in vitro stimulation with peritoneal cells infected with WNV, but not with Japanese encephalitis virus. The results suggest that the infiltrating CD8+ T cells were WNV-specific, but not cross-reactive among flaviviruses. T cells from the WNV-infected brains exhibited identical or similar CDR3 sequences in TCRα among tested mice, but somewhat diverse sequences in TCRβ. The results indicate that WNV-specific CD3+CD8+ T cells expanding in the infected brains are highly oligoclonal, and they suggest that TCR α-chains play a dominant and critical role in Ag specificity of WNV-specific T cells.
TOSO, the Fcμ Receptor, Is Highly Expressed on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells, Internalizes upon IgM Binding, Shuttles to the Lysosome, and Is Downregulated in Response to TLR Activation
Authors: Vire Bérengère , David Alexandre , Wiestner Adrian
Published: September 2011

TOSO/FAIM3 recently has been identified as the long-sought-after FcR for IgM (FcμR). FcμR is expressed on human CD19+ B cells, CD4+/CD8+ T cells, and CD56+/CD3- NK cells and has been shown to be overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. CLL is a malignancy of mature IgM+ B lymphocytes that display features of polyreactive, partially anergized B cells related to memory B cells. In this article, we report that FcμR is O-glycosylated in its extracellular domain and identify the major sites of O-glycosylation. By using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we found that FcμR localized to the cell membrane but also found that large pools of FcμR accumulate in the trans-Golgi network. Aggregation of FcμR on CLL cells by IgM prompted rapid internalization of both IgM and FcμR, reaching half-maximal internalization of cell-bound IgM within 1 min. Upon internalization, FcμR transported IgM through the endocytic pathway to the lysosome, where it was degraded. Using a series of FcμR deletion mutants, we identified a proline-rich domain essential for cell surface expression of FcμR and a second domain, containing a YXXΦ motif, that controls internalization. Although it has been reported that BCR activation increases FcμR expression, we found that activation of TLRs strongly downregulated FcμR at both the mRNA and protein levels. Through internalization of IgM bound immune complexes, FcμR may play a role in immune surveillance and contribute to B cell activation. In addition, FcμR deserves study as a potential pathway for the delivery of therapeutic Ab–drug conjugates into CLL cells.
Control of Pathogenic CD4 T Cells and Lethal Immunopathology by Signaling Immunoadaptor DAP12 during Influenza Infection
Authors: McCormick Sarah , Shaler Christopher R. , Small Cherrie-Lee , Horvath Carly , Damjanovic Daniela , Brown Earl G. , Aoki Naoko , Takai Toshiyuki , Xing Zhou
Published: September 2011

Immunopathology is a major cause of influenza-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the role and regulatory mechanisms of CD4 T cells in severe lung immunopathology following acute influenza infection are poorly understood. In this paper, we report that the emergence of immunopathogenic CD4 T cells is under the control of a transmembrane immunoadaptor DAP12 pathway during influenza infection. We find that the mice lacking DAP12 have unaltered viral clearance but easily succumb to influenza infection as a result of uncontrolled immunopathology. Such immunopathology is associated with markedly increased CD4 T cells displaying markedly increased cytotoxicity and Fas ligand expression. Furthermore, the immunopathogenic property of these CD4 T cells is transferrable. Thus, depletion of CD4 T cells or abrogation of Fas/Fas ligand signaling pathway improves survival and immunopathology. We further find that DAP12 expressed by dendritic cells plays an important role in controlling the immunopathogenic CD4 T cells during influenza infection. Our findings identify a novel pathway that controls the level of immune-pathogenic CD4 T cells during acute influenza infection.
Asphericity and small cancellation theory for rotation families of groups
Authors: Coulon Rémi
Published: September 2011

Using small cancellation for rotation families of groups, we construct new examples of aspherical polyhedra.
Commensurability classes of discrete arithmetic hyperbolic groups
Authors: Maclachlan Colin
Published: September 2011

In this paper we show that the commensurability classes of discrete arithmetic subgroups of Isom

(\mathbb{H}^n)

of the simplest type, i.e., those coming from quadratic forms of signature

(n,1)

over totally real number fields, can be parametrised by isomorphisms classes of quaternion algebras. This is applied to some low dimensional examples to show the commensurability of certain Coxeter groups.
TIME-DEPENDENT MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF CARBON BLACK FILLED ELASTOMERS
Authors: Bhattacharya Aparajita , Medvedev Grigori A. , Caruthers James M.
Published: September 2011

An extensive set of time-dependent mechanical data was obtained for several filled SBR elastomers, including Mullins experiments, cyclic loading experiments, and stress relaxation. These comprehensive data enable critical evaluation of three classes of constitutive models. Viscoelastic models can naturally describe the hysteresis upon loading/reloading, but are unable to capture the large change in tangent modulus between the initial loading and the modulus just as the specimen is being unloaded. Elastic-damage models can capture the large change in tangent modulus just prior versus subsequent to unloading of a virgin sample, but can only parameterize the hysteresis on cyclic loading and are unable to predict strain rate effects and stress relaxation. A viscoelastic-damage model can predict the large change in tangent modulus upon reversal of the strain, hysteresis, strain rate effects, and stress relaxation; however, viscoelastic-damage models are unable to simultaneously predict the modest amount of hysteresis observed in cyclic experiments and the large amount of stress relaxation observed after loading to large deformations. The analysis indicates that constitutive models that include different deformation mechanics than the traditional elastic, viscoelastic, and damage processes will be needed to describe the full range of mechanical behavior exhibited by carbon black filled elastomers.
COHESIVE ELEMENT BASED ANALYSIS OF RUBBER AND ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES
Authors: Gurvich Mark R.
Published: September 2011

High fidelity damage evaluation of elastomeric products should be based on analysis of both cracking initiation and growth. Application of so-called cohesive elements in finite element analysis (FEA)-based fracture analysis seems to be a very promising approach to capture these processes in computationally efficient and physically adequate way. Recent results, for example, demonstrated unique capabilities of this approach for analysis of complex laminated elastomeric composites. Significant challenges, however, are still associated with the hyperelastic nature and corresponding nonlinear issues of rubber deformation. Thus, the objective of this study is development of a generalized method of cohesive element based modeling specifically for hyperelastic, highly nonlinear problems. An additional objective is demonstration of the method on examples of representative damage mechanisms and load conditions. The paper covers details of computational implementations and presents effects of nonlinearity on obtained solutions. Finally, results of representative parametric studies are summarized in the form of helpful recommendations for practical engineering analysis.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MULLINS EFFECT OF CARBON-BLACK FILLED RUBBERS
Authors: Merckel Yannick , Diani Julie , Brieu Mathias , Gilormini Pierre , Caillard Julien
Published: September 2011

Several carbon-black filled styrene-butadiene rubbers showed different sensibilities to the Mullins softening when submitted to cyclic uniaxial tension. In order to quantify this softening, a damage parameter was introduced. It is defined by using a classic damage approach and can be estimated by using either the strain amplification factor method or the tangent modulus at zero stress. The proposed parameter is used to study the effects of crosslink density and filler amount on the Mullins softening. The latter is shown to remain unaffected by a change of crosslink density and to increase with an increase of filler amount. The damage parameter exhibits mere linear dependences on the maximum Hencky strain applied and on the filler volume fraction. A simple linear expression is given finally to predict the Mullins softening of filled rubbers. The parameter also provides an objective analysis for the Mullins softening that supports comments on a better understanding of this effect.