bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinaesthesis: Its Measurement, Training and Relationship to Motor Control
Authors: Laszlo J. I. , Bairstow P. J.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews studies which demonstrate the importance of kinaesthesis in the acquisition and performance of motor skills. A method of measuring kinaesthetic sensitivity in children and adults (recently developed) is briefly described. Developmental trends in kinaesthetic perception are discussed and large individual differences found within age groups. It was shown that kinaesthetically undeveloped children can be trained to perceive and memorize kinaesthetic information with greatly improved accuracy. Furthermore perceptual training facilitates the performance of a drawing skill. On the basis of these results an argument is made for the importance of kinaesthesis in skilled motor behaviour.
The Sources of Visual Recency: Movement and Language in Serial Recall
Authors: Campbell Ruth , Dodd Barbara , Brasher Jane
Published: September 2011

Four experiments examine the importance of movement—the sequential ordering of stimulus features—in producing recency in the ordered serial recall of visual lists. The written recall of handsigns produced more recency when they were seen moving than still (Experiment I). Number lists presented as moving bar figures showed more recency than numbers which were displayed in the normal way with all features displayed simultaneously (Experiment II). The order in which features of abstract shapes are displayed can, itself, determine recency (Experiment III). However, a final experiment showed that still lip pictures of speech sounds generate more recency than letters representing those speech sounds. Therefore movement of stimulus features need not account for the extensive recency advantage in remembering lipread lists. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Linguistic Determinants of Bias in Conditional Reasoning
Authors: Evans J. St. B. T.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is reported to test the hypothesis that a non-logical tendency known as “matching bias”, which occurs in conditional reasoning tasks, is linguistically determined. It is argued that the bias occurs because items which are not mentioned in the conditional rules appear to be “irrelevant” since they do not conform to the linguistic “topic” of the sentence. Logical cases can, however, be produced which always “match” the items named in the rules by introducing explicit negatives into the descriptions of the instances. As predicted, when this was done, the usual “matching bias” effect was significantly reduced as compared with the normal use of affirmative instances which implicitly negate components of the rules. The results show that linguistic factors have an important influence on subjects’ processing of problem information, and not simply on their initial representations of the logical rules.
Allocation of Attention According to Informativeness in Visual Recognition
Authors: Navon David , Margalit Baruch
Published: September 2011

In visual identification, is visual attention attracted to more informative elements, i.e. to elements which are more critical for identification? This question was investigated by having subjects detect some visual probes while performing a primary task that involved identification. The probes were located in the neighbourhood of highly or poorly informative parts of the identified stimuli. Three experiments that followed this rationale were conducted. In Experiment I, it was found that when subjects searched for a target letter in lines of identical background letters, they detected more dots near the feature that distinguished between the target and the background letters. In Experiment 11, it was found that native Hebrew-speaking subjects detected more lines above a letter that distinguished between two English words. Experiment III showed that the effect was reduced but did not vanish when spatial uncertainty was introduced. On the whole, the data are interpreted as suggesting that more attention may indeed be directed to informative regions, and that this effect cannot be solely attributed to retinal factors.
Exploring the Articulatory Loop
Authors: Baddeley Alan , Lewis Vivien , Vallar Giuseppe
Published: September 2011

A series of five experiments explore the influence of articulatory suppression on immediate memory for auditorily presented items with a view to testing the revised concept of an articulatory loop. Experiments 1, 2 and 3 demonstrate that the phonological similarity effect is not abolished by articulatory suppression, whether this occurs only at input or at both input and recall. Experiments 4 and 5 show that the tendency for long words to be less well remembered than short is abolished by articulatory suppression, even when presentation is auditory, provided suppression occurs during both input and recall. These results are consistent with the concept of a loop comprising a phonological store, which is responsible for the phonological similarity effect, coupled with an articulatory rehearsal process that gives rise to the word length effect.
A Mueller–Lyer Illusion Induced by Selective Attention
Authors: Tsal Yehoshua
Published: September 2011

Subjects estimated the length of a horizontal line which was flanked by oblique angles pointing both inside and outside (this figure would be created by superimposing the wings-in and wings-out figures of the Mueller–Lyer illusion). Ignoring the outside wings resulted in an underestimation of the line length of comparable magnitude to that obtained for the wings-in Mueller–Lyer figure. Ignoring the inside wings caused an overestimation of the line length only when the inner and outer wings were of non-corresponding orientations. These results emphasize the role of cognitive factors in the Mueller–Lyer illusion.
Routes to Object Constancy: Implications from Neurological Impairments of Object Constancy
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W. , Riddoch M. Jane
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have established the existence of neurological impairments of object constancy: the ability to recognize that an object has the same structure across changes in its retinal projection. Five case studies of brain-damaged patients with deficits in achieving object constancy are reported. To test object constancy, patients discriminated two photographs of a target object, taken from different views, from a photograph of a visually similar distractor object. Four patients showed impaired matching only when the principal axis of the target object in one photograph was foreshortened. The fifth patient showed impaired matching only when the saliency of the target object's primary distinctive feature was reduced. This double dissociation suggests that normally there may be two independent means of achieving object constancy: one by processing an object's local distinctive features, the other by describing the object's structure relative to the frame of its principal axis. Neurological damage can selectively impair either process. Further, this impairment can be independent of deficits in processing visual form, since two patients with a selective deficit in the foreshortened matching task showed relatively normal form discrimination. The patient dependent on local distinctive feature information showed a deficit in size discrimination. It is suggested that this patient fails to utilize global properties of form. This failure may underlie both his impairment in achieving object constancy and in processing certain dimensions of form.
The Effects of Frequency, Repetition and Stimulus Quality in Visual Word Recognition
Authors: Norris Dennis
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a lexical decision experiment, which examined the relation between word frequency, repetition and stimulus quality. In contrast to earlier studies (Stanners, Jastrzembski and Westbrook, 1975; Becker and Killion, 1977), frequency and stimulus quality were found to interact. The implications of this result for models of word recognition are discussed within the framework of Becker's verification model.
The Effects of Externalization on Syllogistic Reasoning
Authors: Lee Graham , Oakhill Jane
Published: September 2011

An experiment is reported that investigated the effects of externalization of mental models in syllogistic reasoning. Although there was no evidence that the requirement to “externalize” mental models of syllogisms improved reasoning, an unexpected recognition test demonstrated that subjects’ memory for the meaning of the premises was improved by externalization. In particular, where the correct conclusion had been deduced using the externalization procedure, responses in the recognition test reflected an appreciation of the relations between the end terms of the premises.
Müller-Lyer: Illusion of Size or Position?
Authors: Stuart G. W. , Day R. H. , Dickinson R. G.
Published: September 2011

Holding (1970) described a version of the Müller-Lyer illusion in which the arrowheads point in the same direction. This does not produce a change in the apparent length, but a shift in the apparent position of the shafts. Current models of the Müller-Lyer illusion based on hypothetical length-processing mechanisms cannot explain this position shift. An alternative explanation is that both versions of the illusion result from an additive displacement of the endpoints of the shafts. Measurement of both illusions using a group of 32 subjects indicated that a greater endpoint shift is needed to account for the strength of the standard length version of the illusion. Some possible reasons for this difference are suggested, and the implications for future theories of this class of illusions are discussed.
Theoretical Note: Coordinate Systems in Visual Word Recognition
Authors: Monk Andrew F.
Published: September 2011

Marr and Nishihara (1978) have made certain recommendations about how representations postulated in a theory of visual information processing should be specified. Using this scheme the paper discusses representations which might be postulated in a model of visual word recognition. A representation is specified in terms of a set of primitives (e.g., word identities or visual features) in combination with a coordinate system. The coordinate systems considered are retinal, spatial (e.g., position on page) word-centred (position in word) and sentence-centred (position in sentence).

Various combinations of primitives and coordinate systems are considered along with how to decide which combinations are actually generated in the process of fluent reading. A tentative model is put forward in which a single processing stage, which starts anew after each saccade, generates a representation with word identities as its primitives and sentence-centred coordinates. Evidence to support such a model which has no intermediate representation with spatial coordinates is briefly reviewed.
A List of English Homophones
Authors: Terrell C. D. , Meadows B.
Published: September 2011

A list of 382 sets of English heterographic homophones compiled from Collins Dictionary of the English Language (1979).
The Twelfth Bartlett Memorial Lecture: The Role of Single Neurons in the Psychology of Perception
Authors: Barlow H. B.
Published: September 2011

I feel deeply honoured by your invitation to give the Bartlett lecture, and am especially glad to do so in Holland, the home of so many distinguished psychologists of sensation and perception. And there is a third reason why it has given me much pleasure, for Sir Frederick Bartlett was one of those who had an important influence on the direction of my career some 40 years ago. I had to decide whether to spend my last year at Cambridge reading psychology or physiology, so I attended a short course of introductory lectures he gave in July. About half a dozen of us sat on upright wooden chairs circled around him as he sat in an armchair, smiling benignly. The first thing he did was to tell us to close our notebooks, for he was not going to say anything that would help us to pass any exams. And I believe the very last words of his last lecture were, “So you see it is all very difficult”. I was very glad he said that, for I had in fact found it all very heavy going: my brain seemed always to be lost in clouds of uncertainty when “remembering”, “thinking”, or “perceiving” were mentioned, because there was no conceptual framework for these processes except the words themselves and others spun around them. What I was looking for were the definable quantities of physics, chemistry and even physiology, these I could handle conceptually in their geometric and functional interactions, whereas I always find a purely verbal argument about abstractions difficult to follow and impossible to believe. So this lack of any nonverbal conceptual framework was very painful.
Age and Functions of the Transient Component of on and off Responses in Visual Processes
Authors: Royer Fred L. , Gilmore Grover C.
Published: September 2011

Detections of appearances and disappearances in briefly interrupted complex patterns were examined in young and old subjects. According to neurophysiological evidence developed by Singer and Phillips (1974), the detection rates for the two types of events, which differ substantially as pattern durations and interstimulus intervals vary, are attributable to inhibitory interactions of ON- and OFF-centre relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The interactions affect the latency and amplitude of the transient component of the cells’ responses. Phillips and Singer (1974) found that the neural model predicted the ability to detect the events. Using the same paradigm, we replicated their findings and found that differences in patterns of detection rates for appearances and disappearances in young and old subjects were consistent with the hypothesis that inhibitory interactions are stronger in older subjects, producing longer latency of OFF-centre relay cells. The neural model and the hypothesized age-related increase in inhibitory interactions are consistent with findings
Visual-Field Differences for a Number-Non-Number Classification of Alphabetic and Ideographic Stimuli
Authors: Peereman Ronald , Holender Daniel
Published: September 2011

Subjects made a number-non-number classification for single numbers or non-numbers presented either in the left or right visual field. A right visual field advantage was observed both for numbers written ideographically (Arabic numerals) and alphabetically. The laterality effect was stronger for the alphabetic than for the ideographic script, but the interaction with visual field failed to reach statistical significance. The results are discussed in the framework of other studies contrasting the processing of logographic and phonographic scripts as a function of the visual field.
Movement Cues and Body Orientation in Recall of Locations by Blind and Sighted Children
Authors: Millar Susanna
Published: September 2011

Experiment 1 tested blind children's recall of locations with repeated and changed recall movements under normal and out-of-line body-to-target orientation. Changed movements produced target undershooting and inaccurate path-keeping by the older blind, particularly for horizontal directions. Errors by the younger blind depended more on body orientation.

Experiment 2 tested blindfolded sighted children under the same conditions, with four forms of coding instructions. The sighted showed no effect of body orientation, but changed movements had similar effects on target localization as for the older blind, regardless of instructions. Different forms of instructions affected bias from movement directions in near and far sectors of the display differently, and instructions to code by reference to the shape of the display surround eliminated the differences.

It was argued that blind and sighted children use extent and direction cues from the positioning movement in locating targets, and that these are not automatic effects but result from children's assessment of the informational conditions.
Memory for Attended and Unattended Visual Stimuli
Authors: FitzGerald Peter , Broadbent Donald E.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were presented with lists of 'compound letters,’ letters whose overall shapes were described by repeated use of replicates of other, smaller letters. In Experiment 1 subjects were asked to attend to either the overall letter or the smaller, constituent letter. At the end of list presentation, recall of all letters was required, but a postlist cue determined whether the attended or unattended letters were to be reported first. The results for four-item lists accorded with those of Martin (1978, 1980): order of report had a larger effect upon retention of attended letters than upon retention of unattended letters. The findings for three-item lists did not agree with Martin, however: first, the interaction of attention and order was weak; second, sharp recency for unattended letters was not found.

Experiment 2 required that subjects recall either in temporal pairs or by letter size. The results strongly suggest that the present paradigm does not constitute an analogue to dichotic listening. In particular, there is little evidence for a role for sensory retention of compound letters at time of recall.
Sentence Production and Working Memory
Authors: Power M. J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that subjects can make up sentences faster from related noun pairs than from unrelated pairs. Two experiments tested the proposal that for the related pairs a subject simply has to access stored information but must make up an appropriate relation for unrelated pairs. In both studies the subjects were asked on some trials to remember a digit preload while they made up their sentences. Contrary to an initial prediction, the latencies were faster rather than slower with a preload. Furthermore, a surprise recall test at the end of Experiment 2 showed that there was no difference in the recall of related and unrelated pairs. The results were interpreted as evidence that semantic work was necessary for both types of noun pairs, and that the subjects did less semantic work with a digit preload. This interpretation was further supported by the finding that with the preload the subjects produced a narrower range of semantic relations between the noun pairs.
On the Choice between Choice Theory and Signal Detection Theory
Authors: Treisman Michel , Faulkner Andrew
Published: September 2011

Signal detection theory and choice theory are sufficiently similar in their predictions to make it difficult to decide which gives the better fit to experimental data. In some cases, such as the analysis of word recognition, this similarity has allowed choice theory formulations to be employed as approximations to those given by signal detection theory. It could be proposed that signal detection theory gives the more valid description of the underlying processes, and choice theory provides an approximation to it; or one might choose to argue the reverse. A procedure for testing between choice theory and signal detection theory is described and is applied to the data of Miller, Heise and Lichten (1951) and to the results of an experiment. Both sets of results favour signal detection theory rather than choice theory.
The Utilization of Visual Feedback Information during Rapid Pointing Movements
Authors: Elliott Digby , Allard Fran
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were conducted to determine how variables other than movement time influence the speed of visual feedback utilization in a target-pointing task. In Experiment 1, subjects moved a stylus to a target 20 cm away with movement times of approximately 225 msec. Visual feedback was manipulated by leaving the room lights on over the whole course of the movement or extinguishing the lights upon movement initiation, while prior knowledge about feedback availability was manipulated by blocking or randomizing feedback. Subjects exhibited less radial error in the lights-on/blocked condition than in the other three conditions. In Experiment 2, when subjects were forced to use vision by a laterally displacing prism, it was found that they benefited from the presence of visual feedback regardless of feedback uncertainty even when moving very rapidly (e.g. less than 190 msec). In Experiment 3, subjects pointed with and without a prism over a wide variety of movement times. Subjects benefited from vision much earlier in the prism condition. Subjects seem able to use vision rapidly to modify aiming movements but may do so only when the visual information is predictably available and/or yields an error large enough to detect early enough to correct.
Nanoscale super-resolution imaging via a metal–dielectric metamaterial lens system
Authors: Zhao Yanhui , Nawaz Ahmad Ahsan , Lin Sz-Chin Steven , Hao Qingzhen , Kiraly Brian , Huang Tony Jun
Published: September 2011

We have proposed a method for super-resolution imaging using an interlayer cascaded structure comprising two metamaterial lenses. The metamaterial lenses are designed using the effective medium theory. The lens structures consist of two different planar dielectric films alternated with similar thin metallic films, making a diverging and converging lens. With this two-lens system, an image is formed at the output surface of the lens with subwavelength resolution. We have shown, through numerical simulations and an analytical approach, that an image with resolution nine times smaller than the light wavelength (365 nm) is achievable with this metamaterial lens system. The loss during transmission through the lens system is smaller compared with the hyperlens configuration with a similar design.
Preparation and characterization of polypyrrole coating on fly ash cenospheres: role of the organosilane treatment
Authors: Wang Bing , Li Qin , Kang Jinfang , Pang Jianfeng , Wang Wei , Zhai Jianping
Published: September 2011

The preparation of hybrid polypyrrole–fly ash cenospheres (PPY–FACs) is well documented. In order to create a suitable surface environment in favour of the formation of PPY, organofunctional modification of FACs' surface by different silane coupling agents is introduced prior to the PPY coating. The organosilanes used to treat the substrates are aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS). These hybrid PPY–FACs are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurement. These characterization results indicate that organosilane pretreatment contributes to the formation of PPY at the surface of FACs. Compared with MPTS, APS yields stronger bonding force between PPY and substrate surface, and thus is better for the loading of PPY due to the superior hydrophobic property. In addition, the introduction of FACs avoids the removal process of the template core to form a hollow structure because of the special structure of the substrates, which makes the process convenient and environmentally benign.
On Lyapunov exponents of continuous Schrödinger cocycles over irrational rotations
Authors: Huang Wen , Yi Yingfei
Published: September 2011

In this paper we consider continuous,

SL
(
2
,

R

)

\text {SL}(2,\mathbb {R})

-valued, Schrödinger cocycles over irrational rotations. We prove two generic results on the Lyapunov exponents which improve the corresponding ones contained in a paper by Bjerklöv, Damanik and Johnson.
SELF‐EMPLOYMENT, EFFICIENCY WAGE, AND PUBLIC POLICIES
Authors: KUMAR ALOK
Published: September 2011

Empirical evidence suggests that unemployed workers are much more likely to become self‐employed than wage‐employed workers. Also, higher unemployment benefits significantly reduce the rate of self‐employment. This article develops a model of self‐employment which incorporates transitions between unemployment and self‐employment. It integrates two strands of theoretical literature—models of occupational choice and the efficiency wage models. In this model, a higher unemployment benefit reduces the self‐employment rate and the transition rate of unemployed workers to self‐employment, which is consistent with empirical evidence. (JEL J23, J58, J64)
Bayesian Methods for Updating Dynamic Models
Authors: Yuen Ka-Veng , Kuok Sin-Chi
Published: September 2011

Model updating of dynamical systems has been attracting much attention because it has a very wide range of applications in aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering, etc. Many methods were developed and there has been substantial development in Bayesian methods for this purpose in the recent decade. This article introduces some state-of-the-art work. It consists of two main streams of model updating, namely model updating using response time history and model updating using modal measurements. The former one utilizes directly response time histories for the identification of uncertain parameters. In particular, the Bayesian time-domain approach, Bayesian spectral density approach and Bayesian fast Fourier transform approach will be introduced. The latter stream utilizes modal measurements of a dynamical system. The method introduced here does not require a mode matching process that is common in other existing methods. Afterwards, discussion will be given about the relationship among model complexity, data fitting capability and robustness. An application of a 22-story building will be presented. Its acceleration response time histories were recorded during a severe typhoon and they are utilized to identify the fundamental frequency of the building. Furthermore, three methods are used for analysis on this same set of measurements and comparison will be made.
Numerical Modeling of Planar Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Authors: Mirahmadi A. , Akbari H.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents numerical modeling of molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). The physical model consists of electrical, electrochemical, mass transport, conservation of momentums and heat transfer analyses. Numerical solution is only implemented to solution of a planer two dimensional problem comprising averaged variables. Variations of variables in the cell normal direction are taken into account by related mathematical formulas. This solution technique is faster and more stable than a complete numerical solution. The solution results of the developed model to a typical problem are compared to available experimental data from the literature and acceptable agreement is perceived.
The Effect of Cell Temperature and Channel Geometry on the Performance of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Parvizi Omran Mojtaba , Farhadi Mousa , Sedighi Kurosh
Published: September 2011

A 3D, single phase steady-state model has been developed for liquid feed direct methanol fuel cell. The model is implemented into the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package FLUENT® v6.2, with its user-defined functions (UDFs). The continuity, momentum, and species conservation equations are coupled with electrochemical kinetics in the anode and cathode channel and MEA. For electro chemical kinetics, the Tafel equation is used at both the anode and cathode sides. Results are validated against DMFC experimental data with reasonable agreement and used to study the effects of cell temperature, channel depth, and channel width on polarization curve, power density and crossover rate. The results show that the increasing operational temperature, the limiting current density and peak of power density increase and subsequently crossover increases too. It is also shown that the increasing of channel width is a beneficial way for improving cell performance at a methanol concentration below 1 M.
Embedded Three-Dimensional Hybrid Integrated Circuit Integration System-in-Package With Through-Silicon Vias for Opto-Electronic Interconnects in Organic Substrates/Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Lau John H. , Zhang M. S. , Ricky Lee S. W.
Published: September 2011

A low-cost (with bare chips) and high (optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical) performance optoelectronic system embedded into a PCB (printed circuit board) or an organic laminated substrate is designed and described. This system consists of a rigid PCB (or a substrate) with an embedded optical polymer waveguide, an embedded vertical cavity surface emitted laser (VCSEL), an embedded driver chip, an embedded serializer, an embedded photo-diode detector, an embedded tans-impedance amplifier (TIA), an embedded deserializer, embedded heat slugs, and a heat spreader. The bare VCSEL, driver chip, and serializer chip are 3D stacked and then attached on one end of the embedded optical polymer waveguide in the PCB. Similarly, the bare photo-diode detector, TIA chip, and deserializer chip are 3D stacked and then attached on the other end of the embedded optical polymer waveguide in PCB. The back-side of the driver or serializer and the TIA or deserializer chips is attached to a heat slug with or without a spreader. This novel structural design offers potential solutions for low-cost and high-performance semiconductor circuits with optical devices to realize wide-bandwidth and low-profile optoelectronic packaging for chip-to-chip optical interconnect applications. Optical, thermal management, and mechanical performances are demonstrated by simulations based on the optic theory, heat-transfer theory, and continuum mechanics.
A New Kinematic Model of the Passive Motion of the Knee Inclusive of the Patella
Authors: Sancisi Nicola , Parenti-Castelli Vincenzo
Published: September 2011

Knee models that can reproduce the motion of the joint are considerably attractive in many applications like prosthesis and orthosis design, rehabilitation, and setting and design of surgical devices. In this paper, a complete 3D equivalent mechanism for the modeling of the knee passive motion, i.e., the motion of the joint in virtually unloaded conditions, is presented. The model takes into account the relative motion of the femur and tibia and, in particular, it can also reproduce the relative motion of the patella and femur. Isometric bundles of the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, medial collateral, and patellar ligaments are substituted with rigid links; articular contacts between the femur and tibia are modeled by means of two additional rigid links, while the contact between the patella and femur is modeled by a hinge joint. The result is a 3D mechanism with one degree of freedom which can replicate the passive motion of the whole knee joint inclusive of the patella. A comparison with experimental data show the accuracy of the proposed mechanism.
Numerical Investigation of Abradable Coating Removal in Aircraft Engines Through Plastic Constitutive Law
Authors: Legrand M. , Batailly A. , Pierre C.
Published: September 2011

In the field of turbomachines, better engine performances are achieved by reducing possible parasitic leakage flows through the closure of the clearance distance between blade tips and surrounding stationary casings and direct structural contact is now considered as part of the normal life of aircraft engines. In order to avoid catastrophic scenarios due to direct tip incursions into a bare metal housing, implementation of abradable coatings has been widely recognized as a robust solution offering several advantages: reducing potential nonrepairable damage to the incurring blade as well as adjusting operating clearances, in situ, to accept physical contact events. Nevertheless, the knowledge on the process of material removal affecting abradable coatings is very limited and it seems urgent to develop dedicated predicting numerical tools. The present work introduces a macroscopic model of the material removal through a piecewise linear plastic constitutive law which allows for real time access to the current abradable liner profile within a time-stepping approach of the explicit family. In order to reduce computational loads, the original finite element formulation of the blade of interest is projected onto a reduced-order basis embedding centrifugal stiffening. First results prove convergence in time and space and show that the frequency content of the blade response is clearly sensitive to the presence of abradable material. The continuous opening of the clearance between the blade tip and the casing due to the material removal yields larger amplitudes of motion and new scenarios of structural divergence far from the usual linear conditions provided by the well-known Campbell diagrams.
Measuring the speed of electromagnetic waves using the cross correlation function of broadband noise at the ends of a transmission line
Authors: Pérez Alberto T.
Published: September 2011

When one end of a transmission line is connected to a broadband noise generator, sharp peaks are visible in the cross-correlation function of the signals at both ends of the line. The speed of the electromagnetic waves can be deduced from the time when the peaks appear. The method is suitable for introducing the concepts of cross-correlation functions and noise analysis in an undergraduate physics laboratory.
A simplified approach to synchrotron radiation
Authors: Patterson B. D.
Published: September 2011

Synchrotron radiation is examined in a simple and pedagogical way. The approach is that of Feynman and provides an intuitive, but rigorous graphical interpretation of the distinction between true and apparent relativistic electron motion. Feynman’s demonstration that the apparent motion in the field of a bending magnet follows a curtate cycloid is augmented by a novel derivation of the emission spectrum. A similar graphical analysis is applied to insertion device radiation, to highlight the distinction between a wiggler and an undulator.
SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS WITH TIME-DEPENDENT UNBOUNDED SINGULAR POTENTIALS
Authors: YAJIMA KENJI
Published: September 2011

We consider time-dependent perturbations by unbounded potentials of Schrödinger operators with scalar and magnetic potentials which are almost critical for the selfadjointness. We show that the corresponding time-dependent Schrödinger equations generate a unique unitary propagator if perturbations of scalar and magnetic potentials are differentiable with respect to the time variable and they increase at the spatial infinity at most quadratically and at most linearly, respectively, where both have mild local singularities. We use time-dependent gauge transforms and apply Kato's abstract theorem on evolution equations.
OPTIMAL FOCUSING FOR MONOCHROMATIC SCALAR AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Authors: RAUCH JEFFREY
Published: September 2011

For monochromatic solutions of D'Alembert's wave equation and Maxwell's equations, we obtain sharp bounds on the sup norm as a function of the far field energy. The extremizer in the scalar case is radial. In the case of Maxwell's equation, the electric field maximizing the value at the origin follows longitude lines on the sphere at infinity. In dimension d = 3, the highest electric field for Maxwell's equation is smaller by a factor 2/3 than the highest corresponding scalar waves.

The highest electric field densities on the balls BR(0) occur as R → 0. The density dips to half max at R approximately equal to one third the wavelength. For these small R, the extremizing fields are identical to those that attain the maximum field intensity at the origin.
SUPERNOVAE AND GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: A DECADE OF OBSERVATIONS
Authors: VALLE MASSIMO DELLA
Published: September 2011

In this paper I shall shortly review the observational status of the Supernova and Gamma-ray Bursts connection including the most recent observations: the discovery of a new case of association at z = 0.53 (SN 2008 hw/GRB 081007) and the case of SN 2008D associated with the XRF 080109, a borderline object which may link GRBs with "standard" core-collapse events.
LARGE-SCALE GRAVITATIONAL WAVE TELESCOPE (LCGT)
Authors:   LCGT Collaboration: LCGT collaboration consists of 98 domestic researchers belonging to 17 universities or research institutes and 23 oversea members belonging to 14 organizations., KURODA KAZUAKI
Published: September 2011

LCGT is the large scale cryogenic gravitational wave telescope project in Japan in order to firstly detect gravitational waves. After the detection, the detector will be served as an astronomical tool to observe the Universe in collaborative observation with Advanced LIGO, GEO HF, Advanced Virgo and AIGO detectors. LCGT will contribute both the enterprise of detecting the gravitational wave events and the worldwide network for gravitational wave astronomy. This paper summarizes the status of LCGT.
DETECTING GRAVITATIONAL WAVES AND THEIR ELECTROMAGNETIC COUNTERPARTS
Authors: WEN LINQING
Published: September 2011

In the next decade, we expect a first detection of gravitational waves predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity. A detection of their electromagnetic counterparts will significantly contribute to our confidence in a first time detection and identification of the source. We discuss the challenges in using gravitational-wave events as triggers for prompt follow-up electromagnetic observations. We demonstrate that wide-field cameras are desirable for follow-up observations of gravitational wave sources and that a larger gravitational wave detector network, e.g. adding AIGO detector in Australia, can significantly help pinpoint the direction of gravitational wave sources. We also argue that low-latency real-time detection methods and hardware acceleration using graphics processing units will help generate prompt gravitational-wave triggers within the time frames allowed for electromagnetic follow-ups in the era of advanced detectors.
ON GRAVITATIONALLY AND ELECTRODYNAMICALLY BOUND NUCLEAR MATTER CORES OF STELLAR DIMENSIONS
Authors: ROTONDO MICHAEL , RUFFINI REMO , XUE SHE-SHENG , POPOV VLADIMIR
Published: September 2011

In a unified treatment we extrapolate results for neutral atoms with heavy nuclei to nuclear matter cores of stellar dimensions with mass numbers A ≈ (mPlanck/mn)3~ 1057. We give explicit analytic solutions for the relativistic Thomas–Fermi equation of Nnneutrons, Npprotons and Neelectrons in beta equilibrium, fulfilling global charge neutrality, with Np= Ne. We give explicit expressions for the physical parameters including the Coulomb and the surface energies and we study as well the stability of such configurations. Analogous to heavy nuclei these macroscopic cores exhibit an overcritical electric field near their surface.
STELLAR POPULATIONS IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES
Authors: ANGELETTI LUCIO , GIANNONE PIETRO
Published: September 2011

The R1/n law for the radial surface brightness of elliptical galaxies and the "Best Accretion Model" together with the "Concentration Model" have been combined in order to determine the mass and dynamical structure of largely-populated star systems. Families of models depending on four parameters have been used to fit the observed surface radial profiles of some spectro-photometric indices of a sample of eleven galaxies. We present the best agreements of the spectral index Mg2 with observations for three selected galaxies representative of the full sample. For them we have also computed the spatial distributions of the metal abundances, which are essential to achieve a population synthesis.
DISCERNING EMISSION COMPONENTS IN EARLY AFTERGLOW DATA AND CONSTRAINING THE INITIAL LORENTZ FACTOR OF LONG GRB FIREBALL
Authors: LIANG EN-WEI , LÜ HOUJUN , YI SHUANG-XI , ZHANG BING , ZHANG BIN-BIN , ZHANG JIN
Published: September 2011

We prove that both the canonical and single power-law decay X-ray afterglow lightcurves of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed with the Swift X-ray telescope may be an emission component radiated by external shocks prior to the GRB trigger. Our systematical analysis on both the early optical and X-ray afterglow data also indicates that they might be from different components. The detected optical emission possibly is dominated by the afterglow of the GRB fireball. The X-ray afterglows may be detected for some GRBs, but most of the detected X-rays for most GRBs are likely dominated by the prior X-ray component. With the deceleration feature in the early optical afterglow data, we estimate the initial Lorentz factors of the GRBs and discover a tight relation of the Lorentz factor to the isotropic gamma-ray energy.
VARIABILITY PROPERTIES OF SWIFT-BAT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Authors: MARGUTTI RAFFAELLA , GUIDORZI CRISTIANO , CHINCARINI GUIDO
Published: September 2011

We study the variability properties of the prompt emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the gamma-ray energy range. We use the power spectrum analysis in the time domain as developed by [Margutti, in preparation]; this technique is suitable to study the rms variations at different time scales. The timing analysis of 252 Swift light-curves in the 15–150 keV energy range reveals the existence of different variability classes. Moreover, after accounting for the cosmological time dilation, the distribution of the GRB characteristic variability time scales is found to cluster around 0.6–1 s we identify this time scale as a characteristic variability time scale of long GRBs in the source rest frame.
COHERENT VERSUS COINCIDENCE DETECTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SIGNALS FROM COMPACT INSPIRALING BINARIES
Authors: DHURANDHAR S. , MUKHOPADHYAY H. , TAGOSHI H. , KANDA N.
Published: September 2011

We compare two multi-detector detection strategies, namely, the coincidence and the coherent, for the detection of spinless inspiraling compact binary gravitational wave (GW) signals. The coincident strategy treats the detectors as if they are isolated, compares individual detector statistics with their respective thresholds, while the coherent strategy combines the detector network data phase coherently to obtain a single detection statistic which is then compared with a single threshold. In the case of geographically separated detectors, we also consider an enhanced coincidence strategy because the usual (naive) coincidence strategy yields poor results for misaligned detectors. For simplicity, we consider detector pairs having the same power spectral density of noise, as that of initial LIGO, and also assume the noise to be stationary and Gaussian. We compare the performances of the methods by plotting the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for the two strategies. A single astrophysical source as well as a distribution of sources is considered. We find that the coherent strategy performs better than the two coincident strategies under the assumptions of stationary Gaussian detector noise.
NOISE PERFORMANCE OF A 72 m SUSPENDED FABRY–PÉROT CAVITY
Authors: DUMAS JEAN-CHARLES , JU LI , BARRIGA PABLO , ZHAO CHUNNONG , WOOLLEY ANDREW A. , BLAIR DAVID G.
Published: September 2011

We report on a seismic isolator with a relatively compact 3 m stack, combining new passive isolation techniques. It consists of three cascaded passive 3D isolator stages suspended from an Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) horizontal Robert linkage stage which itself is suspended from a ULF 3D pre-isolator. The 3D isolators use self-damping pendulums and Euler springs for the horizontal and vertical stages respectively, while the 3D pre-isolator is the combination of an inverse pendulum which provides low frequency horizontal pre-isolation, and a LaCoste linkage for low frequency vertical pre-isolation. Two isolators suspending mirror test masses have been built to form a 72 m optical cavity in order to test their performance. We report results which demonstrate residual motion at nanometer level at frequencies above 1 Hz.
GRAVITATIONAL WAVEFORMS FOR BINARY BLACK HOLES
Authors: IYER BALA R
Published: September 2011

Over the last decade gravitational waveforms of binary black holes have been investigated using a variety of approaches like the Multipolar post-Minkowskian formalism, Numerical Relativity and the Effective-One-Body method. We review these complementary approaches and summarize the current status of these investigations of relevance to construct the best templates for the next generation Advanced gravitational wave detectors.
THE AIGO PROJECT
Authors: JU L. , BLAIR D. G. , DAVIDSON J. , MCCLELLAND D. E. , MUNCH J. , SCOTT S. M. , WEN L. , ZHAO C.
Published: September 2011

The AIGO project is the proposed southern hemisphere advanced large scale gravitational wave detector. With this southern hemisphere detector, the global array of ground based gravitational wave detectors will be substantially improved. Here we summarize the current plans for the AIGO detector.
MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM MECHANICS AND SINGLE-PHOTON MICHELSON INTERFEROMETRY
Authors: YANG RAN , GONG XUEFEI , PEI SHOUYONG , LUO ZIREN , LAU Y. K.
Published: September 2011

Single-photon Michelson interferometry as a probe to macroscopic quantum mechanics is considered. With dual output readout at both the bright and dark ports, it is shown that a nonlocal, linear superposition of two Schrödinger cats may be generated by the opto-mechanical coupling of a single photon with a movable macroscopic quantum mirror in one arm of the interferometer. With a balanced homodyne readout scheme, a CHSH inequality may be formulated and the violation of which serves to verify the nonlocality of the two spacelike separated Schrödinger cats. The relevance of this result in our understanding of possible wave function collapse dynamics is briefly touched upon. Macroscopic entangled state of two mirrors generated by opto-mechanical coupling and the associated CHSH inequality are also discussed.
New Construction Weighted (h, q)‐Genocchi Numbers and Polynomials Related to Zeta Type Functions
Authors: Araci Serkan , Seo Jong Jin , Erdal Dilek
Published: September 2011

The fundamental aim of this paper is to construct (h, q)‐Genocchi numbers and polynomials with weight α. We shall obtain some interesting relations
by using p‐adic q‐integral on ℤp in the sense of fermionic. Also, we shall derive the (h, q)‐extensions of zeta type functions with weight α from the Mellin transformation
of this generating function which interpolates the (h, q)‐Genocchi numbers and polynomials with weight α at negative integers.
Application of the Filariasis CELISA Antifilarial Antibody Assay in Surveillance in Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programmes in the South Pacific
Authors: Joseph Hayley , Maiava Fuatai , Naseri Take , Taleo Fasihah , ‘Ake Malakai , Capuano Corinne , Melrose Wayne
Published: September 2011

Elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICT) has been defined as <0.1% circulating filarial antigen (CFA) prevalence in children born after the implementation of successful mass drug administrations (MDAs). This research assessed the feasibility of CFA and antibody testing in three countries; Tonga, Vanuatu, and Samoa. Transmission is interrupted in Vanuatu and Tonga as evidenced by no CFA positive children and a low antibody prevalence and titre. Transmission is ongoing in Samoa with microfilaraemic (Mf) and CFA positive children and a high antibody prevalence and titre. Furthermore, areas of transmission were identified with Mf positive adults, but no CFA positive children. These areas had a high antibody prevalence in children. In conclusion, CFA testing in children alone was not useful for identifying areas of residual endemicity in Samoa. Thus, it would be beneficial to include antibody serology in the PICT surveillance strategy.
Scaphoid Stress Fracture in High-Level Gymnast: A Case Report
Authors: Nakamoto J. C. , Saito M. , Medina G. , Schor B.
Published: September 2011

We present the case of an 18-year-old high-level gymnast who sustained a stress fracture of the scaphoid associated with a distal radial epiphysiolysis. Clinical evaluation demonstrated decreased range of motion of the affected wrist and insidious pain on the snuffbox and tenderness on the distal radial physis. He was submitted to surgical treatment with scaphoid percutaneous fixation and radial styloid process in situ fixation. Clinical features improved, and he got back to competition 6 months after surgery without symptoms and with complete range of motion.