bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hotel Sheraton-Maui en Kaanapali, Maui Hawaii – (U.S.A.)
Authors: Wimberly, Whisenand, Allison & Tong Arquitectos
Published: May 2015

Las características que presentaba el terreno brindaron a los arquitectos la posibilidad de construir un hotel, que, además de crear un estrecho contacto con las bellezas naturales del emplazamiento, proporcionara a sus habitaciones una bella vista panorámica de la playa, la montaña y las islas adyacentes.
La entrada del tráfico rodado permite al visitante alcanzar la planta novena, que contiene: el bar, restaurante, vestíbulo, salas de relación, estar, etc.
Desde las plantas superiores se accede a los pisos donde están situadas las 72 habitaciones.
La «forma total» del edificio es una fiel expresión del logrado intento de integración del edificio con el terreno y el paisaje circundante.
Edificio de la O.M.S., en Ginebra (Suiza)
Authors: Tschumi J. , Bonnard P.
Published: May 2015

Consta en esencia: 1) De un bloque administrativo, con ocho plantas de altura y dos niveles inferiores, que alojan los servicios: generales; administrativos, y sociales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (O. M, S.); estos últimos organizados en la parte más alta, con el fin de permitir la observación del maravilloso panorama que se divisa sobre el lago Leman, el Jura y los Alpes. 2) De un edificio, destinado a sala de conferencias, con capacidad para unas 400 personas, dotado de equipos para traducción simultánea, y que en determinadas ocasiones puede transformarse en cine.
Nueva nave de Ensayos Mecánicos en el Instituto Eduardo Torroja
Authors: Echegaray Comba G. , García Meseguer A.
Published: May 2015

A los quince años de estrenar la primera nave de Ensayos Mecánicos con que contó el Instituto, se inaugura esta segunda nave. A ella nos vamos a referir en el presente artículo, esencialmente descriptivo.
No obstante, son tan singulares las razones que han motivado su necesidad que, aunque sea en forma sumamente breve, creemos de interés dar cuenta de ellas en este preámbulo.
Nueva escuela en Weggis, Suiza
Authors: Dahinden J.
Published: May 2015

El conjunto construido contiene: 5 clases normales, las especiales, sala de recreo, etc.; y el gimnasio, que puede ser utilizado también como sala para múltiples usos.
En esta nueva Escuela ha sido cuidadosamente estudiado el alumbrado, tanto diurno como nocturno, la orientación óptima de los diversos locales, y la elección de los materiales, con objeto de conseguir un ambiente alegre y «natural», que pueda influir favorablemente en la formación de los alumnos.
Puente de hormigón pretensado sobre el río Ter
Authors: Rebollo Arturo
Published: May 2015

Esta obra, construida en 1964, es el acceso utilizado para la construcción, montaje y actualmente para la explotación de la central subterránea del Salto de Susqueda (Gerona), de Hidroeléctrica de Cataluña, S. A.
La estructura, prevista para sobrecargas móviles de 125 t, está formada por un pórtico simple con apoyos inclinados y variación lineal en los cantos. El tablero, de 60 m de longitud, va pretensado de extremo a extremo, presentando articulaciones móviles en los mismos.
En vista del excelente resultado de esta disposición estructural, se concluye con la posibilidad de ampliarla hasta el triple de la escala, pudiéndose salvar así luces libres de 120-140 m, no solamente por permitirlo sus condiciones técnicas y económicas, sino también porque se lograrían puentes de notable belleza con este tipo de estructura.
XIX Olimpiada
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: May 2015

Los Juegos Olímpicos de 1968 tuvieron lugar en México, en el mes de octubre. Es la primera vez que el mayor y más importante acontecimiento deportivo mundial se celebra en un país de habla española y, precisamente, en uno de los pueblos más similares al nuestro.
Estadio Olímpico de la Ciudad Universitaria
Authors: Pérez Palacios A. , Bravo J. , Salinas Moro R.
Published: May 2015

El Estadio —ya existente— fue sometido a las obras y adaptaciones precisas para que cumpliese los requisitos olímpicos, y sirviese como sede de las ceremonias de apertura y clausura de los XIX Juegos Olímpicos. Se encuentra situado a 3,8 km de la Villa Olímpica y a 15,6 km de la Plaza Mayor.
Las principales adaptaciones fueron las siguientes: dotarle de áreas para los servicios de prensa; ampliación de las gradas altas; ejecución de nuevas estructuras para el tablero marcador e iluminación; reforma de los asientos; y reconstrucción del campo y de la pista de atletismo, que se recubrió con una capa de material plástico.
Su planta tiene la forma de ovoide, inscrita en una circunferencia de 125 m de radio, con el eje longitudinal desfasado 8 m hacia el oeste con respecto al del campo.
El aforo total es de 80.000 localidades.
Polígono Olímpico de tiro
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: May 2015

En este Polígono se distribuyen las siguientes instalaciones: campo de tiro para pruebas de gran alcance —a 300 m—; campo de tiro para pruebas de fusil y pistola —a 50 m—; campo de tiro de velocidad, con cuatro secciones formadas cada una por dos juegos de 5 siluetas; campo de tiro de velocidad, para pruebas de pentatlón moderno; cancha de skeet; cancha de fosa olímpica; cancha mixta de skeet y fosa olímpica.
Dispone de estacionamiento capaz para 600 automóviles.
Residencia Dunelm en la Universidad de Durham, Inglaterra
Authors: Co. Partnership Arquitectos , Ove Arup Partners
Published: May 2015

La configuración externa del edificio fue uno de los factores que de modo más acusado influyó en el diseño de la «Dunelm House», cuyo mayor atractivo quizás sea su expresión formal escultórica.
Esta edificación se adapta convenientemente a la topografía del terreno y está destinada, esencialmente, a contener un Club de Reuniones para el Consejo Representativo de Estudiantes (SCR), en el que se distribuyen: oficinas para los directivos; salas de estar; biblioteca; salas de juegos (ping-pong, billar, etc.); cafeterías; etc.
Se ha empleado preponderantemente el hormigón visto, con un tratamiento cuidado y un ritmo de huecos de gran calidad plástica.
2 obras de Azpiazu y Lafita, en Madrid, España
Authors: Azpiazu J. R. , Lafita F.
Published: May 2015

Edificio de viviendas
Está destinado a viviendas residenciales, disponiendo de tres plantas y media, más ático, utilizadas para este fin, y sótano para garaje, trastero e instalaciones. El cuidado jardín, con piscina, que rodea la edificación, ha sido tratado con depurada sencillez y al cual se abren las estancias más nobles de las viviendas y las pródigas terrazas.
Caracterizan a la construcción su funcionalismo orgánico, la elegancia formal del bloque y los selectos y valiosos materiales utilizados en su construcción.
Edificio de oficinas de los Laboratorios Liade, S.A.
Este edificio organizado en tres plantas elevadas y ático, además de sótano y semisótano, presenta características idóneas a la función a que se destina, con distribución muy diáfana y adaptable a las necesidades flexibles del momento o futuras, cuidadas y puras líneas formales y materiales ricos y perdurables de fácil entretenimiento.
Estación depuradora, en Madrid, España
Authors: Herrera Marín J.
Published: May 2015

Se hace en este artículo una descripción detallada de la estación depuradora de aguas residuales de la cuenca de «El Fresno», situada en las inmediaciones de Puerta de Hierro.
Resalta el interés de la obra la circunstancia de ser una de las cuatro plantas previstas en el Plan General de Obras Sanitarias de Madrid; y dado que se trata de la de mayor envergadura que hay actualmente en servicio, con tratamiento completo de aguas residuales, se ha considerado interesante y de actualidad incluir un resumen de los cálculos justificativos de ingeniería sanitaria.
Estadio olímpico para deportes de hielo, en Grenoble, Francia
Authors: Esquillan N.
Published: May 2015

En este artículo se describen, principalmente, las partes de la estructura del Estadio, atendiendo a los cimientos y, principalmente, al conjunto de la gran cubierta y a sus detalles de construcción y ejecución.
Casa – estudio en Utrecht – Holanda
Authors: Dingemans en de Vries Arquitectos
Published: May 2015

Consta de semisótano, planta baja, primera planta y un torreón.
La planta de semisótano contiene: una serie de dependencias anexas al Estudio: sala para proyectar diapositivas; archivo; e tc.
La planta baja, destinada íntegramente a estudio, comprende: sala de espera; despacho principal; oficinas; cuarto para laboratorio fotográfico; etc.
La planta primera, dedicada a «vivienda», en su zonificación se pueden distinguir claramente las siguientes zonas: de estancia; de recepción y estudio, y de dormitorios.
Esta edificación constituye una feliz solución para los profesionales que deseen alojar en el mismo edificio dos actividades diferentes: trabajo y vivienda.
Villa residencial en Jussy – Suiza
Authors: Lamunière J. M.
Published: May 2015

Los diferentes cuerpos del edificio, que adoptan en planta formas en «L», aparecen agrupados en torno al patio de entrada. El principal contiene en el nivel inferior: un cuarto para especialidades típicas suizas; sala de juegos; despensa; maquinaria para las instalaciones de la piscina; etc.; la planta baja con: una amplia sala de estar-comedor; tres dormitorios con sus baños correspondientes; zona de servicio: cocina y oficio; etc.; la planta superior está ocupada por un amplio estudio en conexión con un dormitorio y un baño; y con salida a unas espaciosas terrazas.
Desde el patio de entrada principal se accede, asimismo, al cuerpo de edificio que alberga un apartamento ocupado por el servicio doméstico, y al garaje.
Vivienda unifamiliar en El Escorial, España
Authors: Ruiz Duerto A. , De Heredia R.
Published: May 2015

Esta vivienda, aunque de dimensiones reducidas, cumple todas las exigencias estéticas, de vivencia, organización y confortabilidad apetecidas. El programa se ha elaborado en estrecha colaboración con el cliente —a la vez ingeniero colaborador—; los materiales son de gran durabilidad y fácil entretenimiento; los acabados, de excelente calidad y nobleza; y las instalaciones, de notable perfección y cierta complejidad. Todos los detalles han sido cuidadosamente estudiados, a fin de conseguir una obra de gran corrección y armonía.
Centro Vogelstang en Mannheim – Alemania
Authors: Striffler Helmut
Published: May 2015

Próximos al nuevo «Centro Vogelstang» han sido construidos estos rascacielos, que ofrecen a sus usuarios, entre otros alicientes: la posibilidad de disfrutar de un bello paisaje; grandes comodidades, dada su proximidad al núcleo comercial; acertado planteamiento de circulaciones; etc.
Cada uno de los edificios, cuya estructura ha sido construida a base de elementos prefabricados de hormigón, alberga: 66 viviendas de una habitación, 88 de dos habitaciones, 23 de tres y 22 de cuatro.
Los viaductos de Chillón Suiza
Authors: Hofer Roland
Published: May 2015

El artículo explica detalladamente los problemas que ha originado la construcción de esta importante autopista a la región del Alto Leman, caracterizada por su accidentada topografía y gran densidad demográfica. Igualmente se describe la solución adoptada de viaducto con trazado a media ladera, venciendo diversas e interesantes dificultades y cumplimentando todas las exigencias estéticas, técnicas y económicas impuestas.
Central Térmica de Puente Nuevo, España (parte II)
Authors: Sánchez Conde Enrique
Published: May 2015

En un artículo anterior hemos señalado las razones que llevaron a determinar la ubicación de la Central, por parte de la Empresa Nacional Eléctrica de Córdoba, S. A., cerca de dicha ciudad para aprovechar los carbones de la zona Peñarroya-Bélmez- Espiel, y hemos descrito el esquema general de la instalación. Con el presente finalizamos los datos sobre ella, indicando las características más destacadas de sus elementos.
Complejo arquitectónico en Madrid, España
Authors: Sánchez-Robles Cecilio
Published: May 2015

Se describen en este artículo la composición y materiales de todo el edificio, situado en la calle del Conde de Peñalver, si bien se detalla gráficamente la parte religiosa del mismo: iglesia, convento y cripta.
Todo el complejo acusa una estudiada asimetría rítmica, de gran plasticidad y efecto formal.
Son de destacar: la adecuada distribución de cada zona y el uso acertado de los materiales básicos —hormigón y hierro— en su aspecto natural.
Paso elevado, en Manchester – Inglaterra
Authors: Hayes J.
Published: May 2015

Se trata de un paso de enlace urbano, situado al sur del centro cívico de Manchester, que descongestiona el tránsito este-oeste actuando como un distribuidor entre las carreteras principales de entrada desde el sur. Incluye un viaducto de dos calzadas, de unos 975,36 m, que pasa por encima de un conjunto de carreteras al nivel del suelo y de pasos de peatones. El artículo describe la estructura elevada con unas notas sobre los aspectos notables del proyecto, como son: las mejoras introducidas en las dovelas de hormigón pretensado y los problemas que se presentaron durante la construcción.
Aeropuerto Heathrow - Londres (Inglaterra): Terminal I
Authors: Gibberd P. , Halcrow W.
Published: May 2015

El edificio adopta sensiblemente la forma de un largo paralelepípedo rectangular de dos plantas: la inferior para «llegada» de viajeros y la superior para «salida»; a su vez, en cada una de ellas, el ala sur se reserva para vuelos internacionales, y la norte, para los nacionales. Una galería continua rodea al edificio, sirviendo de ampliación a las salas de espera y para oficinas.
En el extremo de las dos plantas mencionadas se dispone de un aparcamiento con capacidad para 800 vehículos.
Estructura de «Torres Blancas», Madrid España
Authors: De Oiza Sáenz , Fernández Casado C. , Manterola Armisén J.
Published: May 2015

En el artículo se describen los problemas estructurales de un edificio de viviendas, en general, analizando las condiciones de trabajo y el proceso de cálculo de esta estructura singular, para lo que se estudia separadamente la organización vertical y la horizontal. La primera está constituida por 46 pantallas resistentes —de formas diversas y espesores entre 15 y 30 cm— con plegamientos en los bordes, gracias a los cuales se logra, entre otras ventajas, reducir las tracciones horizontales y aumentar el coeficiente de seguridad al pandeo. La organización horizontal adoptada ha sido la de losas de espesores constantes —de 20 cm, con refuerzos de capiteles en las glandes zonas de terrazas— que valoran por igual cualquier dirección de flexión.
Se detallan, por separado, las estructuras fundamental, del núcleo social superior, y de la zona inferior, donde existen cuatro partes importantes: muros, aparcamiento, pérgola y cimentación.
Laser-Assisted Intradermal Delivery of Adjuvant-Free Vaccines Targeting XCR1+ Dendritic Cells Induces Potent Antitumoral Responses
Authors: Terhorst Dorothea , Fossum Even , Baranska Anna , Tamoutounour Samira , Malosse Camille , Garbani Mattia , Braun Reinhard , Lechat Elmira , Crameri Reto , Bogen Bjarne , Henri Sandrine , Malissen Bernard
Published: May 2015

The development of vaccines inducing efficient CD8+ T cell responses is the focus of intense research. Dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the XCR1 chemokine receptor, also known as CD103+ or CD8α+ DCs, excel in the presentation of extracellular Ags to CD8+ T cells. Because of its high numbers of DCs, including XCR1+ DCs, the skin dermis is an attractive site for vaccine administration. By creating laser-generated micropores through the epidermis, we targeted a model protein Ag fused to XCL1, the ligand of XCR1, to dermal XCR1+ DCs and induced Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Efficient immunization required the emigration of XCR1+ dermal DCs to draining lymph nodes and occurred irrespective of TLR signaling. Moreover, a single intradermal immunization protected mice against melanoma tumor growth in prophylactic and therapeutic settings, in the absence of exogenous adjuvant. The mild inflammatory milieu created in the dermis by skin laser microporation itself most likely favored the development of potent T cell responses in the absence of exogenous adjuvants. The existence of functionally equivalent XCR1+ dermal DCs in humans should permit the translation of laser-assisted intradermal delivery of a tumor-specific vaccine targeting XCR1+ DCs to human cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, considering that the use of adjuvants in vaccines is often associated with safety issues, the possibility of inducing protective responses against melanoma tumor growth independently of the administration of exogenous adjuvants should facilitate the development of safer vaccines.
Quantitative evaluation of CART-containing cells in urinary bladder of rats with renovascular hypertension
Authors: Janiuk I. , Kasacka I.
Published: May 2015

Recent biological advances make it possible to discover new peptides associated with hypertension. The cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a known factor in appetite and feeding behaviour. Various lines of evidence suggest that this peptide participates not only in control of feeding behaviour but also in the regulation of the cardiovascular and sympathetic systems and blood pressure. The role of CART in blood pressure regulation led us to undertake a study aimed at analysing quantitative changes in CART-containing cells in urinary bladders (UB) of rats with renovascular hypertension. We used the Goldblatt model of arterial hypertension (two-kidney, one clip) to evaluate quantitative changes. This model provides researchers with a commonly used tool to analyse the renin-angiotensin system of blood pressure control and, eventually, to develop drugs for the treatment of chronic hypertension. The study was performed on sections of urinary bladders of rats after 3-, 14-, 28-, 42 and 91 days from hypertension induction. Immunohistochemical identification of CART cells was performed on paraffin for the UBs of all the study animals. CART was detected in the endocrine cells, especially numerous in the submucosa and muscularis layers, with a few found in the transitional epithelium and only occasionally in serosa. Hypertension significantly increased the number of CART-positive cells in the rat UBs. After 3 and 42 days following the procedure, statistically significantly higher numbers of CART-positive cells were identified in comparison with the control animals. The differences between the hypertensive rats and the control animals concerned not only the number density of CART-immunoreactive cells but also their localization. After a 6-week period, each of the rats subjected to the renal artery clipping procedure developed stable hypertension. CART appeared in numerous transitional epithelium cells. As this study provides novel findings, the question appears about the type of connection between hypertension and the functioning and activity of CART in the urinary tract (UT). The study gives rise to the assumption that high blood pressure can be a factor that intensifies CART secretion. In conclusion, the endocrine system of the urinary tract is modified by renovascular hypertension. This may affect the production of hormones and biologically active substances and contribute to the development of possible hypertension complications. In order to fully comprehend the role of the CART peptide in blood pressure regulation, further analyses are necessary.
Developmental expression of inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor in the post-natal rat cochlea
Authors: Liu W.J. , Yang J.
Published: May 2015

Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) has been established to be essential for hearing. However, the expression of IP3R in the cochlea in the period of auditory development remains unknown. We investigated the expression of IP3R in the developing rat cochlea using immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We observed its presence in the developing rat cochlea, and changes in IP3R protein expressions from the early post-natal period to adult. At birth (post-natal day 0, P0), IP3R expression was only found in Hensenâ€™s cell. IP3R immunoreactivity first appeared in the sensory hair cells in the organ of Corti at P2. This localization was confirmed by means of double-labeling experiments with Myosin VIIA, a marker for cochlear hair cells. Colocalization of IP3R and Myosin VIIA from P2 to the second post-natal week suggested early expression of IP3R in developing inner and outer hair cells. Claudiusâ€™ cells near the spiral ligament were labelled for IP3R from P8 onwards. Transient IP3R expression was observed in the stria vascularis in early post-natal rat from P4 to P8. Spiral ganglion neurons also exhibited weaker IP3R fluorescence signals during post-natal development. The results of RT-PCR demonstrated that all three IP3R isoforms (IP3R1, IP3R2, and IP3R3) were present in rat cochlea during four different developmental stages of cochlea, from P0 to P28. Present immunohistochemical evidence for both change and maintenance of expression of IP3R during post-natal development of the rat cochlea indicated the possible involvement of IP3R-mediated calcium signaling in cochlear development.
A critical analysis of information and communications technology adoption: The strategy-as-practice perspective
Authors: Govender Neelambal M. , Pretorius Marius
Published: May 2015

Purpose: The ubiquitous pace of innovation is spawning a multitude of information and communications technology (ICT) products that are both redefining the manner in which organisations operate and have the potential to engender organisations with strategic advantage through the adoption of these products. However, the challenges that this presents to organisations include developing agile strategies that cater for market instabilities, determining what technology to adopt and ensuring that the appropriate technology is adopted. Thus, the purpose of this article is to perform a critical analysis of ICT adoption in an attempt to determine the influence that the pace of technology has on organisations in their endeavour to stay abreast of their market environment and to develop a comprehensive ICT adoption framework.Design/methodology/approach: This is exploratory research that concentrates on ICT adoption studied through the strategy-as-practice lens. Through critical analysis, the scientific literature was analysed to determine ICT adoption factors and to gain a better understanding of ICT adoption in the modern context. The principles of grounded theory were applied where repetitive reading of selected articles made it possible to identify factors that are associated with ICT adoption.Findings: The study identified three key factors of ICT adoption, namely ‘external’, ‘innovation’ and ‘organisational’. A number of ICT adoption characteristics were identified which were categorised against the three factors. In addition, the study identified critical management challenges associated with ICT innovation and the adoption thereof in the modern business context.Research limitations/implications: The proposed ICT adoption framework is based on scientific literature only and no popular writings, blogs or forums were included.Practical implications: Strategists need to understand that developing agile strategies involves more than discipline; it embraces an in-depth understanding of ICT adoption factors, insight into the daily operations of managers and an awareness of innovations in ICT.Originality/value: The article aims to enable organisations to better understand the effects of ICT innovation and the influence this has on management roles. Additionally, it presents a comprehensive ICT adoption framework that can aid strategists in understanding the factors that influence ICT adoption.
Home-based carers’ perceptions of health promotion on sexual health communication in Vhembe District
Authors: Ramathuba Dorah U. , Mashau Ntsieni S. , Tugli Augustine
Published: May 2015

Background: The introduction of home-based care in rural communities in the 1980s contributed immensely toward the upliftment of the personal and environmental health of communities. Women’s groups provided health promotion skills and health education to communities and made a difference in health-related behaviour change.Objective: The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the home-based carers’ perception regarding health promotion concerning sexual health communication in Vhembe district, in the context of HIV, amongst communities still rooted in their culture.Method: A qualitative, explorative and descriptive design was used in order to understand home-based carers’ perceptions regarding health promotion on sexual health communication amongst rural communities which may adversely impact on health promotion practices. The population were home-based organisations in Vhembe. The sample was purposive and randomly selected and data were gathered through semi-structured face-to-face interviews and focus groups which determined data saturation. Open coding was used for analysis of data.Results: The results indicated that sexual communication was absent in most relationships and was not seen as necessary amongst married couples. Socioeconomic conditions, power inequity and emotional dependence had a negative impact on decision making and sexual communication.Conclusion: This study, therefore, recommends that educational and outreach efforts should focus on motivating change by improving the knowledge base of home-based carers. Since they are health promoters, they should be able to change the perceptions of the communities toward sexually-transmitted infections and HIV by promoting sexual health communication.
Evaluating Geographically Weighted Regression Models for Environmental Chemical Risk Analysis
Authors: Czarnota Jenna , Wheeler David C. , Gennings Chris
Published: May 2015

In the evaluation of cancer risk related to environmental chemical exposures, the effect of many correlated chemicals on disease is often of interest. The relationship between correlated environmental chemicals and health effects is not always constant across a study area, as exposure levels may change spatially due to various environmental factors. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) has been proposed to model spatially varying effects. However, concerns about collinearity effects, including regression coefficient sign reversal (ie, reversal paradox), may limit the applicability of GWR for environmental chemical risk analysis. A penalized version of GWR, the geographically weighted lasso, has been proposed to remediate the collinearity effects in GWR models. Our focus in this study was on assessing through a simulation study the ability of GWR and GWL to correctly identify spatially varying chemical effects for a mixture of correlated chemicals within a study area. Our results showed that GWR suffered from the reversal paradox, while GWL overpenalized the effects for the chemical most strongly related to the outcome.
Evaluation of Nucleic Acid Stabilization Products for Ambient Temperature Shipping and Storage of Viral RNA and Antibody in a Dried Whole Blood Format
Authors: Dauner Allison L. , Gilliland Theron C. , Mitra Indrani , Pal Subhamoy , Morrison Amy C. , Hontz Robert D. , Wu Shuenn-Jue L.
Published: May 2015

Loss of sample integrity during specimen transport can lead to false-negative diagnostic results. In an effort to improve upon the status quo, we used dengue as a model RNA virus to evaluate the stabilization of RNA and antibodies in three commercially available sample stabilization products: Whatman FTA Micro Cards (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA), DNAstāble Blood tubes (Biomātrica, San Diego, CA), and ViveST tubes (ViveBio, Alpharetta, GA). Both contrived and clinical dengue-positive specimens were stored on these products at ambient temperature or 37°C for up to 1 month. Antibody and viral RNA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays, respectively, and compared with frozen unloaded controls. We observed reduced RNA and antibody levels between stabilized contrived samples and frozen controls at our earliest time point, and this was particularly pronounced for the FTA cards. However, despite some time and temperature dependent loss, a 94.6–97.3% agreement was observed between stabilized clinical specimens and their frozen controls for all products. Additional considerations such as cost, sample volume, matrix, and ease of use should inform any decision to incorporate sample stabilization products into a diagnostic testing workflow. We conclude that DNAstāble Blood and ViveST tubes are useful alternatives to traditional filter paper for ambient temperature shipment of clinical specimens for downstream molecular and serological testing.
Influence of particle-phase state on the hygroscopic behavior of mixed organic–inorganic aerosols
Authors: Hodas N. , Zuend A. , Mui W. , Flagan R. C. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Recent work has demonstrated that organic and mixed organic–inorganic particles can exhibit multiple phase states depending on their chemical composition and on ambient conditions such as relative humidity (RH). To explore the extent to which water uptake varies with particle-phase behavior, hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) of nine laboratory-generated, organic and organic–inorganic aerosol systems with physical states ranging from well-mixed liquids to phase-separated particles to viscous liquids or semi-solids were measured with the Differential Aerosol Sizing and Hygroscopicity Spectrometer Probe at RH values ranging from 40 to 90%. Water-uptake measurements were accompanied by HGF and RH-dependent thermodynamic equilibrium calculations using the Aerosol Inorganic-Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients (AIOMFAC) model. In addition, AIOMFAC-predicted growth curves are compared to several simplified HGF modeling approaches: (1) representing particles as ideal, well-mixed liquids; (2) forcing a single phase but accounting for non-ideal interactions through activity coefficient calculations; and (3) a Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson-like calculation in which complete separation of the inorganic and organic components is assumed at all RH values, with water uptake treated separately in each of the individual phases. We observed variability in the characteristics of measured hygroscopic growth curves across aerosol systems with differing phase behaviors, with growth curves approaching smoother, more continuous water uptake with decreasing prevalence of liquid–liquid phase separation and increasing oxygen : carbon ratios of the organic aerosol components. We also observed indirect evidence for the dehydration-induced formation of highly viscous semi-solid phases and for kinetic limitations to the crystallization of ammonium sulfate at low RH for sucrose-containing particles. AIOMFAC-predicted growth curves are generally in good agreement with the HGF measurements. The performances of the simplified modeling approaches, however, differ for particles with differing phase states. This suggests that no single simplified modeling approach can be used to capture the water-uptake behavior for the diversity of particle-phase behavior expected in the atmosphere. Errors in HGFs calculated with the simplified models are of sufficient magnitude to produce substantial errors in estimates of particle optical and radiative properties, particularly for the assumption that water uptake is driven by absorptive equilibrium partitioning with ideal particle-phase mixing.
Airborne determination of the temporo-spatial distribution of benzene, toluene, nitrogen oxides and ozone in the boundary layer across Greater London, UK
Authors: Shaw M. D. , Lee J. D. , Davison B. , Vaughan A. , Purvis R. M. , Harvey A. , Lewis A. C. , Hewitt C. N.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Highly spatially resolved mixing ratios of benzene and toluene, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3) were measured in the atmospheric boundary layer above Greater London during the period 24 June to 9 July 2013 using a Dornier 228 aircraft. Toluene and benzene were determined in situ using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), NOx by dual-channel NOx chemiluminescence and O3 mixing ratios by UV absorption. Average mixing ratios observed over inner London at 360 ± 10 m a.g.l. were 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.28 ± 0.07, 13.2 ± 8.6, 21.0 ± 7.3 and 34.3 ± 15.2 ppbv for benzene, toluene, NO, NO2 and NOx respectively. Linear regression analysis between NO2, benzene and toluene mixing ratios yields a strong covariance, indicating that these compounds predominantly share the same or co-located sources within the city. Average mixing ratios measured at 360 ± 10 m a.g.l. over outer London were always lower than over inner London. Where traffic densities were highest, the toluene / benzene (T / B) concentration ratios were highest (average of 1.8 ± 0.5 ppbv ppbv-1), indicative of strong local sources. Daytime maxima in NOx, benzene and toluene mixing ratios were observed in the morning (~ 40 ppbv NOx, ~ 350 pptv toluene and ~ 200 pptv benzene) and in the mid-afternoon for ozone (~ 40 ppbv O3), all at 360 ± 10 m a.g.l.
Signatures of the 2-day wave and sudden stratospheric warmings in Arctic water vapour observed by ground-based microwave radiometry
Authors: Tschanz B. , Kämpfer N.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The ground-based microwave radiometer MIAWARA-C recorded the upper stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapour distribution continuously from June 2011 to March 2013 above the Arctic station of Sodankylä, Finland (67.4° N, 26.6° E) without major interruptions and offers water vapour profiles with temporal resolution of 1 h for average conditions. The water vapour time series of MIAWARA-C shows strong periodic variations in both summer and winter related to the quasi-2-day wave. Above 0.1 hPa the amplitudes are strongest in summer. The stratospheric wintertime 2-day wave is pronounced for both winters on altitudes below 0.1 hPa and reaches a maximum amplitude of 0.8 ppmv in November 2011. Over the measurement period, the instrument monitored the changes in water vapour linked to two sudden stratospheric warmings in early 2012 and 2013. Based on the water vapour measurements, the descent rate in the vortex after the warmings is 364 m d−1 for 2012 and 315 m d−1 for 2013.
Influence of synoptic patterns on surface ozone variability over the Eastern United States from 1980 to 2012
Authors: Shen L. , Mickley L. J. , Tai A. P. K.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We investigate the effect of synoptic-scale weather patterns on observed maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) surface ozone over the eastern United States during 1980–2012 in summer (June–August, JJA). Zonally averaged, the SD of daily MDA8 JJA ozone shows a bimodal structure, with peaks at 30–35° N and 39–43° N, identifying those regions most influenced by daily weather variability. We apply Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) to understand the causes of this structure. The first three leading EOF patterns explain 53% of the total variance in deseasonalized surface ozone, displaying (1) a widespread decrease of ozone in the eastern United States associated with southward movement of jet wind, (2) a north–south pattern linked to the Bermuda High system when its west boundary is located along the East coast, and (3) an east–west pattern characteristic of a westward extension of Bermuda High and an enhanced Great Plains low level jet (GPLLJ). The northern peak of ozone SD can be explained by polar jet activity, while the southern peak appears related to variability in the Bermuda High and GPLLJ. In the Midwest and Northeast, we find that the correlation coefficient r between detrended mean JJA MDA8 ozone and the polar jet frequency ranges between −0.76 and −0.93 over 1980–2012 depending on the time period selected, suggesting that polar jet frequency could provide a simple metric to predict ozone variability in future climate regimes. In the Southeast, the influence of the Bermuda High on mean JJA MDA8 ozone depends on the location of its west edge. For those summers when the average position of the west edge is located west of ∼ 85.4° W, a westward shift in the Bermuda High west edge increases ozone in the Southeast by ∼ 1 ppbv deg-1 in longitude. For all summers, a northward shift in the Bermuda High west edge increases ozone over the entire eastern United States by 1–2 ppbv deg-1 in latitude. None of the synoptic patterns identified in this study show a significant trend from 1980 to 2012, confirming that the observed ozone decrease over the eastern United States during this time period is mainly caused by emission controls.
Vertical variations of aerosols and the effects responded to the emission control: application of lidar ceilometer in Beijing during APEC, 2014
Authors: Tang G. , Zhu X. , Hu B. , Xin J. , Wang L. , Münkel C. , Mao G. , Wang Y.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. During the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit, a reduction of air pollution sources was coordinated to ensure good air quality in Beijing and the surrounding provinces and cities. By investigating variations in air pollution during this period, the effects of local emissions and regional transport can be better understood and the information can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of emission reduction strategies and provide a theoretical basis to guide future emission reduction strategies. From 15 October to 30 November 2014, the height of the atmospheric mixing layer and the aerosol attenuated backscattering coefficient profile were observed online using a lidar ceilometer. By investigating the correlation between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) data near the surface and attenuated backscattering coefficients measured by the lidar ceilometer as well as the correlation between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and attenuated backscattering coefficients of the 0 to 4500 m column, we found that the attenuated backscattering coefficient measured by the lidar ceilometer is highly correlated with the PM2.5 concentration and AOD (correlation coefficients of 0.89 and 0.86, respectively). This result demonstrates the reliability of the vertical profile of aerosols measured by the lidar ceilometer. By analyzing the atmospheric backscattering profile, we found that during the initial stage of pollution accumulation, which is affected by transport of southerly jet flows at low altitude, the attenuated backscattering coefficient of atmospheric aerosols from 0 to 1500 m was greatly enhanced by approximately 1.4 Mm-1 sr-1 (140%). At the peak pollution stage, the height of the mixing layer gradually decreased, the ratio of CO/SO2 gradually increased and emissions were dominated by local emissions. The attenuated backscattering coefficient of aerosols from 0 to 300 m suddenly increased, and the aerosols near surface had the highest value (approximately 14 Mm-1 sr-1); however, the attenuated backscattering coefficient of aerosols from 300 to 900 m gradually decreased, and the average value from 0 to 1500 m decreased by 0.5 Mm-1 sr-1 (20%). By comparing the PM2.5 concentrations before, during and after APEC (BAPEC, DAPEC and AAPEC, respectively), we found that the concentration of fine particles decreased by 60% and visibility improved by 60% during APEC. In addition, compared with the BAPEC and AAPEC periods, the contribution of regional transport in the DAPEC period decreased by approximately 36 and 25%, respectively, and the local contribution decreased by approximately 48 and 54%, respectively. Thus, the most effective method of controlling air pollution in the Beijing area is to reduce regional emissions during the initial stage of air pollution and reduce local emissions during the peak pollution stage.
On the microwave optical properties of randomly oriented ice hydrometeors
Authors: Eriksson P. , Jamali M. , Mendrok J. , Buehler S. A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Microwave remote sensing is important for observing the mass of ice hydrometeors. One of the main error sources of microwave ice mass retrievals is that approximations around the shape of the particles are unavoidable. One common approach to represent particles of irregular shape is the soft particle approximation (SPA). We show that it is possible to define a SPA that mimics mean optical particles of available reference data over narrow frequency ranges, considering a single observation technique at the time, but that SPA does not work in a broader context. Most critically, the required air fraction varies with frequency and application, as well as with particle size. In addition, the air fraction matching established density parameterisations results in far too soft particles, at least for frequencies above 90 GHz. That is, alternatives to SPA must be found. One alternative was recently presented by Geer and Baordo (2014). They used a subset of the same reference data and simply selected as "shape model" the particle type giving the best overall agreement with observations. We present a way to perform the same selection of a representative particle shape but without involving assumptions on particle size distribution and actual ice mass contents. Only an assumption on the occurrence frequency of different particle shapes is still required. Our analysis leads to the same selection of representative shape as found by Geer and Baordo (2014). In addition, we show that the selected particle shape has the desired properties at higher frequencies as well as for radar applications. Finally, we demonstrate that in this context the assumption on particle shape is likely less critical when using mass equivalent diameter to characterise particle size compared to using maximum dimension, but a better understanding of the variability of size distributions is required to fully characterise the advantage. Further advancements on these subjects are presently difficult to achieve due to a lack of reference data. One main problem is that most available databases of precalculated optical properties assume completely random particle orientation, while for certain conditions a horizontal alignment is expected. In addition, the only database covering frequencies above 340 GHz has a poor representation of absorption as it is based on outdated refractive index data as well as only covering particles having a maximum dimension below 2 mm and a single temperature.
Phytoplankton dynamics driven by vertical nutrient fluxes during the spring inter-monsoon period in the northeastern South China Sea
Authors: Li Q. P. , Dong Y. , Wang Y.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. A field survey from the coastal upwelling zones to the offshore pelagic zones of the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) was conducted during the inter-monsoon period of May 2014 when the region was characterized by prevailing low-nutrient conditions. Comprehensive field measurements were made for not only hydrographic and biogeochemical properties but also phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates. We also performed estimations of the vertical turbulent diffusivity and diffusive nutrient fluxes using a Thorpe-scale method and the upwelling nutrient fluxes by Ekman pumping using satellite-derived wind stress curl. Our results suggest that phytoplankton patchiness in the northeastern SCS during the study period could be largely controlled by vertical nutrient fluxes with combined contributions from both turbulent diffusion and curl-driven upwelling. Our results also reveal the generally increasing role of turbulent diffusion but decreasing role of curl-driven upwelling on vertical transport of nutrients from the coastal upwelling zones to the offshore pelagic zones in the northeastern SCS. Elevated nutrient fluxes observed near Dongsha Island were found to support high new production leading to net growth of a diatom-rich phytoplankton community, whereas the low nutrient fluxes near southwest Taiwan resulted in a negative net community growth leading to a decline of a picoplankton-dominant phytoplankton bloom.
A 2000-year annual record of snow accumulation rates for Law Dome, East Antarctica
Authors: Roberts J. , Plummer C. , Vance T. , van Ommen T. , Moy A. , Poynter S. , Treverrow A. , Curran M. , George S.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Accurate high-resolution records of snow accumulation rates in Antarctica are crucial for estimating ice sheet mass balance and subsequent sea level change. Snowfall rates at Law Dome, East Antarctica, have been linked with regional atmospheric circulation to the mid-latitudes as well as regional Antarctic snowfall. Here, we extend the length of the Law Dome accumulation record from 750 years to 2035 years, using recent annual layer dating that extends to 22 BCE. Accumulation rates were calculated as the ratio of measured to modelled layer thicknesses, multiplied by the long-term mean accumulation rate. The modelled layer thicknesses were based on a power-law vertical strain rate profile fitted to observed annual layer thickness. The periods 380–442, 727–783 and 1970–2009 CE have above-average snow accumulation rates, while 663–704, 933–975 and 1429–1468 CE were below average, and decadal-scale snow accumulation anomalies were found to be relatively common (74 events in the 2035-year record). The calculated snow accumulation rates show good correlation with atmospheric reanalysis estimates, and significant spatial correlation over a wide expanse of East Antarctica, demonstrating that the Law Dome record captures larger-scale variability across a large region of East Antarctica well beyond the immediate vicinity of the Law Dome summit. Spectral analysis reveals periodicities in the snow accumulation record which may be related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) frequencies.
Coupled local facilitation and global hydrologic inhibition drive landscape geometry in a patterned peatland
Authors: Acharya S. , Kaplan D. A. , Casey S. , Cohen M. J. , Jawitz J. W.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Self-organized landscape patterning can arise in response to multiple processes. Discriminating among alternative patterning mechanisms, particularly where experimental manipulations are untenable, requires process-based models. Previous modeling studies have attributed patterning in the Everglades (Florida, USA) to sediment redistribution and anisotropic soil hydraulic properties. In this work, we tested an alternate theory, the self-organizing-canal (SOC) hypothesis, by developing a cellular automata model that simulates pattern evolution via local positive feedbacks (i.e., facilitation) coupled with a global negative feedback based on hydrology. The model is forced by global hydroperiod that drives stochastic transitions between two patch types: ridge (higher elevation) and slough (lower elevation). We evaluated model performance using multiple criteria based on six statistical and geostatistical properties observed in reference portions of the Everglades landscape: patch density, patch anisotropy, semivariogram ranges, power-law scaling of ridge areas, perimeter area fractal dimension, and characteristic pattern wavelength. Model results showed strong statistical agreement with reference landscapes, but only when anisotropically acting local facilitation was coupled with hydrologic global feedback, for which several plausible mechanisms exist. Critically, the model correctly generated fractal landscapes that had no characteristic pattern wavelength, supporting the invocation of global rather than scale-specific negative feedbacks.