bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Middle way” in the description of ultrashort electromagnetic interactions: between Fermi’s golden rule and the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation
Authors: Astapenko V A , Khramov E S , Bergaliyev T K
Published: February 2024

A simple efficient approach describing the interaction of various quantum targets with short electromagnetic (EM) pulses firstly proposed in [1] is reviewed. This approach is based on the expression for the photoprocess probability in terms of the cross section and the Fourier transform of the EM pulse. Our method makes it possible to take into account the internal dynamics of the target and the influence of the pulse parameters in a simple way. The proposed approach is used both for the probability for the entire pulse duration, and for its dependence on the current time. In addition, the developed method is applied to generalize the simulation of the population kinetics of a quantum system to take into account the dependence of the photoprocess rate on time. It is also shown that our expression for the probability of excitation of a micro-target corresponds to the formula describing the energy loss of a non-monochromatic field in a dispersive medium and can be generalized on other EM processes.
A Model to Assess the Impact of Computer Simulations and Photonics Demonstrations in Quantum Information Learning
Authors: Delgado Francisco , Anaya Alan , Jaimes-Nájera Alfonso , Enríquez-Flores Marco
Published: February 2024

Quantum information Education is a growing area where professionals and students of diverse disciplines converge to develop proper solutions. The interest of those students is materialized seeking introductory approaches to this knowledge. Still, learning design for diverse backgrounds requires multiple approximations for theoretical contents, applications, calculation scaffolding, etc. Innovation oriented towards this effort becomes valuable due to students’ limited time for such an experience. This work presents a proposed assessment for three technical innovation initiatives in Quantum information Education based on a mathematical model proposed to measure their impact on the research products through eight dimensions. Outcomes show an explicit sustained improvement in the quality of those products, while the model lets to identify the fingerprint of each innovation through a set of eight dimensions.
A modeling study of position and orientation of hemodialysis needles and the impact on vascular access
Authors: Woraratsoontorn Pattaraweerin , Bunmun Kanyarat
Published: February 2024

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) need renal replacement therapy (RRT) and the favored method is hemodialysis (HD). An arteriovenous fistula is the preferred choice of vascular access, with two metal needles used to transfer the blood with waste to the dialysis machine and return the blood without waste from the dialysis machine to the patient’s body. However, wounds on the veins can cause blood clots which if left untreated could be life threatening. The hemodialysis needles can cause vascular wall abnormalities. The position and orientation of these needles might cause intimal hyperplasia (IH) and finally lead to blood clots. This study aims to analyze the hemodynamic effects on the vascular endothelium in AVF vascular access. A 15G needle was placed inside a vein at angles of 20°, 40°, and 90° with normal insertion and flipped needle in an idealized cephalic vein with the bore of the needle centrally located, conforming to standard cannulation practice. The 3D model created by SolidWorks consists of shaft, back eye, bevel, and vein only; the vein and 15G needle were assembled together. The mathematical model of blood rheology in this paper used Carreau’s law in the fluid domain. It was imported into Ansys CFX for calculation, a finite volume based software, which was implemented to solve the governing equations of the blood flow. The result showed that if the venous needle was not towards the venous return, a vortex appeared at the vein both upstream and downstream due to the venous needle, resulting in wall shear stress at the vein increasing significantly, and the flipped bevel seems to cause higher wall shear stress. For antegrade positioning of the vein vascular access return in the model when normally inserted, it was found that only 1% of the flow out of the back eye and vortex occurred downstream of the vein. Needles placed at a higher angle can increase wall shear stress and pressure on the vein. The flipped bevel is not significant in terms of either pressure or wall shear stress. However, when the needle is placed at a greater angle, wall shear stress and pressure on the vein were also increased. The flipped bevel caused higher wall shear stress and pressure when increasing the needle angle. Jetting from the venous needle causing intimal hyperplasia (IH) leads to blood clots, pain on the vein, and ultimately arm pain. Thus, the best cannulation procedure is for the venous needle to be toward the venous return, at a lower angle, and with the tip of the needle on the middle of the vein. Furthermore, the back eye should not be used for the venous needle but should be used for the arterial needle.
Semigroup theory and finite element method applied to a non-linear dissipative wave equation
Authors: Chávez Gino , Cortés-Vega Luis , Sotomayor Adrián
Published: February 2024

We study the wave equation with a non-linear dissipative term associated to a bidimensional membrane with fixed boundary. We use the semigroup theory to consider the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the problem and we implement the finite element method to analyse the vibrating evolutionary equation. In particular we use Comsol Multiphysics software with a rectangular mesh to analyze the corresponding evolutionary system. We mention that this system can appear, for example, in the diaphragm of a centrifugal pump in mining processes.
Scenario Analysis of Protest Potential Based on Simulation Modeling
Authors: Chernov Igor , Feyzov Vadim
Published: February 2024

In this study, we present a scenario-based approach to investigate the protest potential in society using mathematical tools from graph theory and simulation modeling. The research aims to construct a cognitive map that reflects key factors, such as population deprivation levels, overall well-being, social fears, trust in authority, social expectations, and stability of social structures. We report the results of a scenario analysis of the developed model, obtaining forecasted scenarios of the dynamics of society’s protest potential under various conditions and influences. At the core of this research is the examination of a complex system’s possible response to external destructive impacts, and we propose a set of measures to counteract these influences on societal dynamics. The scenario methodology combines graph theory for representing complex relationships between key factors and simulation modeling for predicting potential developmental scenarios. Conducting this study required modifying the traditional mathematical apparatus of cognitive modeling. We developed methods and algorithms for scenario-event identification of the model’s significant factors’ behavior and utilizing the results of such identification when forming complex functional relationships in the scenario model. In generating scenarios, the range of events is significantly expanded compared to traditional cognitive modeling approaches, which could have been overlooked but may be crucial for situational analysis.
Quantum Key Distribution Shared Protocol Using Teleportation and Delayed Measurement
Authors: Hernández Cinthya , Portillo Miriam , Sánchez-Gaitán Erick , Delgado Francisco , Anaya Alan
Published: February 2024

With the rise of quantum computers, cryptographic protocols are being required to set secure communications. In the current study, a 3-party Quantum Key Distribution protocol is proposed to ensure safe communication considering ideas from BB84 and GR10 protocols against eavesdropping by using a parameterized partially entangled resource. The protocol is built so that the sender is the only one knowing the code key and the message encryption is made ongoing. Delayed measurements are applied just at the end of the protocol to decode the message effectively. The parameter of the entangled resource is used as a double control for the exchange rate of classical communications involved in the procedure. Finally, a security analysis is made, where multiple coordinated attacks could be a threat to this protocol.
Solvent effects on the optical properties of photosynthetic pigments evaluated by evolutionary optimization
Authors: Chesalin Denis D , Kurkov Vasily A , Pishchalnikov Roman Y
Published: February 2024

With the development of computational technologies, it became possible to do numerical simulations of the optical properties of molecules and organic crystals taking into account the modern sophisticated theoretical approaches. Our work is devoted to the study of carotenoids in different solvents. Carotenoids, being photosynthetic pigments, are located inside pigment-protein complexes and are covalently bound to the proteins. They have a wide variety and despite their relative simple structure, their optical properties remain poorly understood. Thus, their role in photosynthetic machinery is still an open question. In this study, we investigate the properties of carotenoid electronic excitations by fitting their absorption spectra considering pigments in polar and nonpolar solvents. As it is known, carotenoids have four main nuclear vibration modes. Each mode is characterized by three parameters: frequency, Huang-Rhys factor and damping factor. In particular, the Huang-Rhys factor cannot be measured experimentally. To do the modeling, we developed special software to fit experimental data using differential evolution (DE) algorithm, which allows obtaining an unambiguous solution for applied quantum models. With the help of DE, it was possible to estimate the influence of the solvent on the excited states of a pigment. Examining astaxanthin and lycopene spectra in three solvents (chloroform, hexane, ethanol), we have shown that some quantum parameters are very sensitive to the type of solvent and can be considered as markers of polarity.
Neutral current neutrino-electron scattering and generalized uncertainty principle
Authors: Twagirayezu Fidele J.
Published: February 2024

In this article, we study the effect of quantum gravitational corrections on neutrino electron scattering in electroweak theory SU(2)
L
× U(1)
Y
. We consider a neutrino that scatters off an electron by an exchange of a massive neutral gauge boson. In the minimal length formalism, starting from the equation of motion for a massive gauge field we obtain the propagator. And currents are obtained from the action for a massless Dirac fermion. Scattering amplitudes and differential cross sections as function of inelasticity variable y are obtained using expressions of the propagator and leptonic current. All usual expressions are recovered when the deformation parameter α tends to zero. We find that quantum gravitational effects become important only for a highly energetic process with a momentum transfer being much greater than the neutral gauge boson mass.
Development and Validation of a 3-D Analytical Fluidic Model in Cartesian Coordinates for a Magnetic Refrigeration Application
Authors: Eustache Julien , Plait Antony , Dubas Frédéric , Glises Raynal
Published: February 2024

This paper focuses on the development and validation of a three-dimensional (3-D) analytical model based on the formal resolution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinates. This analytical fluidic model calculates the evolution of the fluid flow velocity for various pressure gradient shapes (i.e., square, trapezoidal, ramp, triangle, sinusoidal signals, etc.), with or without mean value, using Fourier series. The model can consider square and rectangular channels of any dimensions in terms of height, width, and depth. It allows for the study of different types of fluid flow and geometries. The introduction highlights the significance of analytical modeling, particularly in the context of Magnetic Refrigeration (MR) technologies. The model assumptions and governing equations are presented. The results obtained from the analytical model are validated and show good convergence with those obtained using the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The comparison demonstrates a high level of agreement between the two models. The analytical model performs well in terms of computation time and accuracy. It will be coupled with an analytical thermic model and used to optimize Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration (AMRR) cycles. The ultimate objective is to determine an optimal pressure gradient evolution in order to maximize heat exchange in a regenerator channel.
Procedure for Determining the Upper Bound on Absolute Error for LVDT Sensors
Authors: Szul Lucyna , Tomczyk Krzysztof
Published: February 2024

This paper presents the procedure for determining the upper bound on absolute error (UBAE) for linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) sensors without inter-winding capacitance. This procedure is based on the results of a parametric identification of the sensor, from which the coefficient values of the corresponding transfer function are obtained. The UBAE is then determined by a simulation experiment using dedicated computational software. The error value and the shape of the input signal, which is constrained in magnitude, are determined. The calculations and additional validation of the procedure presented in this article are carried out using the MathCad 5.0 program. As the basis for the proposed procedure, we review issues related to the modelling of LVDT sensors without inter-winding capacitance. The solutions presented here can be used to determine the UBAE, which can then be used to assess the accuracy of these types of sensor and their mutual comparability in terms of dynamic accuracy.
Comparative reliability analysis of electric aircraft versions for NASA’s X-57 based on Lz-transform method
Authors: Gejo S , Kammermann J , Bolvashenkov I , Frenkel I , Herzog Hans-Georg
Published: February 2024

As the goals of air transport shift towards more-electric or all-electric airplanes, different drive train configurations have been explored recently. A major goal on the way towards the inclusion in commercial air traffic is high reliability. One of the experimental electric airplanes is NASA’s X-57 “Maxwell”, which consists of fourteen electric motors powered from a battery pack. The aim of this paper is to assess the reliability of the proposed design of the X-57 by using the Lz-transform approach, as well as to propose several alternative designs to its electric drive train, in order to use less vehicle mass on the motors and more on the battery pack, without sacrificing the original availability and expected performance, with a final goal to increase the flight range. The reliability analyses show that the replacement of X-57’s three-phase motors with six-phase ones greatly improves availability of the electric drive train due to the use of fault-tolerant electric machines. Additionally, all of the further proposed alternative designs have higher availability than the X-57. The alternatives with CHB inverter topologies generally achieved higher availability values and higher expected performance than the B6 variants. Finally, the use of a distributed propulsion system with smaller take-off motors leads to a motor-mass advantage compared to more conventional drive train designs.
Numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation using Neural Networks in Python
Authors: Gkrepis A. , Kosmas O. , Vlachos D. , Kosmas T.
Published: February 2024

The motion of quantum mechanical systems in physical sciences is described by partial differential equations, usually of second order with respect to spatial coordinates. The required solutions of the time-dependent type of equations are, in general, functions of the temporal variable t and the state vectors determining the positions of the system’s particles at the time t. Only a small number, however of those differential equations can however be solved analytically, while the majority of them must be solved numerically by applying specific very advanced integration techniques. Among these equations, the fundamental Schrödinger equation offers great insight towards numerical solving. In this work we present an effective method that solves numerically the time-independent Schrodinger equation on the basis of neural networks techniques. Analytical and numerical results for the radial part of this equation with the corresponding energies are then compared so as to estimate the performance of our method.
3D Texture Segmentation using Supervised Methods
Authors: Ali Adan Zainab , Soufiane Jouini Mohamed , Hjouj Fawaz
Published: February 2024

Supervised learning methods have been widely used for image classification in various fields, including medical and industrial sectors. Some of these methods are traditional and possess certain limitations when addressing complex problems. The most common and effective approaches involve Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), such as U-Net. However, most studies employ CNNs in their 2D structures, which can impose limitations in classifying 3D objects. The purpose of this paper is to propose the utilization of 3D CNNs to potentially enhance the classification of 3D data, particularly X-ray micro-computed tomography images of reservoir rock samples. Our focus is on examining the performance of the 3D U-Net architecture, a supervised classification approach, in segmenting various 3D rock textures.
Assessment of thermal comfort in the modern lecture theater: Kielce University of Technology, Poland - case study
Authors: Krawczyk N , Dębska L , Alzaben H
Published: February 2024

This paper investigates student’s thermal comfort in the intelligent building called “Energis” of Kielce University of Technology located in Poland, which is equipped with advanced heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) mechanical systems. One lecture theater is selected for thermal analysis. Analysis was focused on student’s assessment of thermal sensations in the autumn season to determine whether modern intelligent buildings can provide adequate comfort conditions during the European transitional period, which is between summer and winter seasons, when heating system is usually off. This study is based on survey data and experimental measurements of indoor parameters using a microclimate Testo 400 meter. The experimental data indicate that a relatively large proportion of students are not satisfied with indoor environmental air quality prevailing in the intelligent building. The results of this study indicate that only 10% of students reported weak productivity related to indoor environmental conditions in the building. In addition, 52% of students describe their thermal sensations as comfortable and 17% of students are not satisfied with environmental conditions in the lecture room. Therefore, improvements on existing mechanical systems for indoor air quality is recommended. Furthermore, it is recommended to conduct more experimental trials and surveys to confirm the results presented in this paper in different University buildings.
Modeling of finned flat tube heat exchangers and search of Nusselt-Reynolds numbers correlations
Authors: Grekova A , Lysikov A , Solovyeva M , Tokarev M
Published: February 2024

Using a wind tunnel, a series of model finned flat tube copper radiators was studied. All geometrical parameters of the studied radiators were fixed except for the height of the fin, which was varied in the range from 5 to 20 mm. It was found that the global water-air heat transfer coefficient weakly depends on the water flow rate and significantly depends on the air flow rate. Correlations between the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers for fins with different heights are found. Based on the obtained correlations, a procedure for scaling the heat exchanger, verified experimentally, is proposed. The experiments performed demonstrate the efficiency and time-saving potential of the proposed method for choosing the optimal finned flat tube heat exchanger for adsorption heat conversion systems.
Inverse problem for retrieving greenhouse gas fluxes at the non-uniform underlying surface from measurements of their concentrations at several levels
Authors: Mukhartova I V , Olchev A V , Gibadullin R R , Lukyanenko D V , Makmudova L Sh , Kerimov I A
Published: February 2024

The study focuses on the formulation, analysis, and solution of the remote sensing inverse problem to retrieve surface carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from measurements of CO2 concentrations at different levels within the atmospheric boundary layer. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of turbulent greenhouse gas (GHG) transport was used as a forward model to link the surface GHG fluxes to the drone observations of GHG concentrations. The 3D model provides a GHG concentration distribution by solving the diffusion-advection equation using information on wind speed, its direction, and turbulent exchange coefficients. The surface GHG fluxes are considered as a boundary condition. The spatial distributions of wind speed and turbulence coefficient “for a moment in time” are computed from the relaxation problem for the averaged Navier-Stokes and continuity equations, using a 1.5 order closure scheme (E-ω model). The inverse problem is to retrieve a surface GHG flux by minimizing the difference between the measured and modelled concentrations at several levels. The algorithm was applied to estimate CO2 fluxes over a non-uniform forest canopy at the Roshny-Chu experimental site in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus (Chechen Republic). To test the forward numerical problem, data on surface topography, vegetation height and density, spatial distribution of photosynthetically active solar radiation, as well as data on plant photosynthesis and soil CO2 fluxes were used.
Digital Twin of the Photoelectric Converter of the Power Transmission System over Optical Fiber
Authors: Garkushin A. A. , Krishtop V. V. , Storozhev S. A. , Volkhin I. L. , Nifontova E. V. , Urbanovich E. V. , Kustov D.A. , Kadochikov I. V.
Published: February 2024

The photovoltaic converter (PVC) is a key device in a power-over-fiber system (PoFS). The aim of the work is to create a digital twin (DT) to predict the behaviour of PVC based on their specification data, which is the first step towards creating a universal DT of the entire PoFS. The paper considers the theoretical principles of operation of PVC using the zone theory of solids. A relationship has been established between the theoretical parameters and specification data of real converters. A five-element equivalent circuit of a PVC has been created and a DT in MATLAB Simulink has been developed on its basis. The dependences of the main parameters of the DT on the optical power at the converter input are calculated. Experiments were carried out on an installation with PVC of the YCH-H6424-15-FC-A brand. The optical powers at which all characteristics of the solar cell coincide with an accuracy of 2% are determined. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental characteristics with increasing optical power is explained by the fact that the current transfer coefficient decreases at high current strength. This phenomenon is substantiated by the zone theory, but is not taken into account in the DT.
Technological ways to improve the efficiency of petrothermal power plants and increase their contribution to electricity generation
Authors: Pashchenko A F
Published: February 2024

The contribution of renewable energy sources to the total electricity production in the world is steadily increasing. At the same time, the share of geothermal energy in the overall balance remains unjustifiably insufficient. The prospects for obtaining heat from the earth are limited by a number of technical and technological difficulties, which especially applies to that part of geothermal energy, which is called petrothermal. The article proposes an approach to improve the efficiency of a petrothermal power plant while maintaining the general concept of environmental friendliness.
Data Driven PMV-Comfort and Energy Consumption Control in Common Buildings
Authors: Rassadin Yury , Shushko Nikita
Published: February 2024

HVAC systems are essential in the energy management of commercial buildings. The main goal for HVAC system is to improve productivity of the inhabitants by providing comfortable indoor environment. The most common tool for evaluating comfort is PMV index, non-linear combination of indoor environment state variables. The Paper considers optimization of energy consumption of the building by combining state space expansion and microgrid approach.
On-beam system test of the new readout electronics for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter upgrade
Authors: Campana Mattia ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: February 2024

Starting in 2029, the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) at CERN is projected to achieve unparalleled instantaneous luminosity (7.5 × 1034 cm-2s-1) for an integrated luminosities of 4500 fb-1. To cope with the extreme conditions of 200 collisions per bunch crossing (pile-up), both on-detector and off-detector electronics of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) will be upgraded. The new system will incorporate a dual-gain trans-impedance amplifier alongside an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) that includes dual 160 MHz ADC channels and features for gain selection and data compression. The lead tungstate crystals and avalanche photodiodes (APDs) will remain in service due to their proven reliability. To counteract the noise amplification in the APDs, attributed to radiation-induced dark currents, the operational temperature of the ECAL will be reduced from 18°C to roughly 9°C. Preliminary tests of these new electronics have yielded promising results. During tests beams at the CERN H4 beamline using an electron beam, the new electronics met both required energy resolution and linearity and achieved a timing resolution of 30 ps for energies above 50 GeV.
Digital processing and BLMASIC control prototype for the Beam Loss Monitor system in the SPS at CERN
Authors: Saccani M. , Effinger E. , Martina F. , Meyer J.M. , Viganò W. , Zamantzas C.
Published: February 2024

The Beam Loss Monitoring system plays a crucial role in the CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron beam monitoring and machine protection. With the upcoming renovation of the system, the acquisition electronics can be based on an innovative ASIC designed by CERN. This paper presents the development of the control and digital processing electronics for this BLMASIC, reviews the architecture and design choices, discusses implementation details, including the controls and redundancy schemes, and highlights some preliminary results. The conclusion outlines the future development steps, and emphasises the interest of this simple and robust architecture using LpGBT and VTRx for critical systems.
Characterization of the Hamamatsu 8-inch R14688-100 PMT
Authors: Kaptanoglu Tanner , Rincon Ashley , Duce Mackenzie , Kaplan Sawyer , Koplowitz Joseph , Lynch Skipper , Ryoo Hong Joo , Orebi Gann Gabriel
Published: February 2024

Large-scale optical neutrino and dark-matter detectors rely
on large-area photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for cost-effective light
detection. The new R14688-100 8-inch PMT developed by Hamamatsu
provides state-of-the-art timing resolution of around 1 ns (FWHM),
which can help improve vertex reconstruction and enable Cherenkov
and scintillation light separation in scintillation-based
detectors. This PMT also provides excellent charge resolution,
allowing for precision photoelectron counting and improved energy
reconstruction. The Eos experiment is the first large-scale
optical detector to utilize these PMTs. In this manuscript we
present a characterization of the R14688-100 single photoelectron
response, such as the transit-time spreads, the dark-rates, and the
afterpulsing. The single photoelectron response measurements are
performed for the 206 PMTs that will be used in Eos.
Development of a neutron yield measurement system utilizing BF_3 detectors on the HL-3 tokamak
Authors: Wen Zuowei , Yuan Guoliang , Feng Lei , Zhang Jinwen , Zhao Wei
Published: February 2024

A neutron yield measurement system, comprising five BF3 
proportional counters with excellent n/γ discrimination
capabilities, has been meticulously developed and implemented on the
HL-3 tokamak to provide time-resolved assessments of neutron
emission rates. The size of moderator, optimized for the flat energy
responses, was skillfully simulated and designed using the MCNP
code. An in-depth analysis of measurement errors stemming from
pile-up phenomena determined that the upper limit of the count rate,
under the current electronics design, is 131 kcps with a relative
error of less than 20%. Drawing from the pulse amplitude spectrum
obtained from a 252Cf neutron source and experimentation on the
HL-3 tokamak, the amplitude threshold for the BF3 neutron
detector systems was judiciously established. Furthermore, it was
conclusively affirmed that the neutron yield measurement system
possesses the capability to effectively discriminate between neutron
and gamma signals. During HL-3 discharges, deuterium-deuterium (DD)
neutrons were reliably detected with a temporal resolution of
10 ms, and the variations in neutron count rates was found to be in
alignment with the neutral beam injection. Ultimately, the total
neutron yield was successfully estimated through the utilization of
count rates from four BF3 detectors, thereby validating the
robust performance of the neutron yield measurement system.
Depth-to-Basement Estimates Using Magnetic Data of the Iraqi Southern Desert: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Al-Bahadily Hayder A. , Al-Rahim Ali M.
Published: February 2024

Regions characterized by a considerable thickness of sedimentary cover situated on a basement complex are always interesting. These regions require accurate basement data that includes defining the locations of high thicknesses in sedimentary beds (the basins). The Southern Desert of Iraq is one of these regions that is still subject to more detailed studies concerning basement geology. Utilizing the magnetic data, we present five depth-to-basement maps using techniques that hold different theoretical assumptions and model characterizations. Further, we have obtained a sixth map using a statistical approach which is built on the selection of depth-position points that have depths confirmed from the five maps. These points are chosen along depth profiles whenever the depth curves, of the depth-to-basement maps, are met or clustered referring to close depth estimations. The derived map could be more reliable than the other five maps and may be used to suggest drilling boreholes in areas of shallow basement. The minimum estimated depth-to-basement is ~4.5 km. Moreover, the derived map shows the locations and depths of deep sedimentary basins that reach 10 km deep.
Accuracy Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Indices for Al-Rusafa in Baghdad Governorate by Remote Sensing Technology and GIS
Authors: Haitham Maram , Mustafa Mustafa Tariq , Ismail Alhassan H.
Published: February 2024

The management and planning of natural and artificial resources depend on accurately monitoring land cover changes. Land cover change mapping and monitoring used to require expensive field surveys. Remote sensing is cheaper and more practical for mapping land use and cover changes. The Tigris River divides the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, into two parts: Karkh and Rusafa. Al-Rusafa was selected as a study area for current research, which has had rapid population and urban growth in recent decades. The current research applies the support vector machine technique to supervised LU/LC maps’ classification into barren regions, water bodies, vegetation cover and built-up regions. Spectral indicators were calculated: Enhanced Vegetation Index, Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, Normalized Built-Up Area Index, Dry Bareness Index in addition to calculating the accuracy assessment and Kappa coefficient. Using the Landsat 9 satellite image, ArcGIS 10.8 and Envi5.3 software were used to analyze and evaluate the results and field points observed by GPS devices. The results showed that the SVM classification algorithm accurately revealed the categories of LU/LC, where the classification accuracy reached 95%, and that the arid lands covered most of the study area 848.864 km2 and water bodies 76.747 km2, the vegetation and the built-up regions 466.459 km2 and 439.077 km2, respectively. The spectral indices showed slightly different areas of barren lands (DBSI 752.589 km2, 93% accuracy), vegetation (EVI 423.651 km2, 96% accuracy), and water bodies (MNDWI 73.187 km2, 98% accuracy) and built-up areas (NBAI 501,731 km2, 90%accuracy). The Support Vector Machine method outperforms other classification methods, and the spectral indicators employed in this work are useful and dependable for extracting each LU/LC category. In conclusion, Landsat 9 satellite data can reliably and swiftly detect ground cover.
Engineering geological map of the riverfront in the old city of Mosul
Authors: Al-Ojar Eman K , Al-Jawadi Azealdeen S , Altarif Abdulsalam M
Published: February 2024

The local and central governments focused on the right side of Mosul for urban development, especially after the destruction that occurred during its liberation. The view of the study area on the river and the green spaces on the other side of the river drew the attention of the Municipality of Mosul to develop it into a tourist attraction that reflects the cultural aspect of this ancient city. 26 exploratory boreholes were drilled in the study area, with depths ranging from 10 to 20 meters, and their geotechnical specifications were determined. In this study, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to identify the parameters that have the greatest influence on the geotechnical specifications of the layers and to classify the engineering classes. Interpolation was used in Arc GIS to compare the distribution of geotechnical properties in the three layers at depths of (3, 6, and 9 m) and to calculate the average values of geotechnical properties from a depth of (1.5 - 9 m). The specifications were classified into five classes using a classification of the different characteristics. Geotechnical maps of the study area were created to show the distribution of engineering properties and their classification into isotropic zones, allowing each application zone to be provided with the appropriate building type. The results revealed that the northwestern part of the area is best suited for towering structures, while the rest of the neighborhoods were considered less suitable.
Petrography study of the recent sediments in Hareer’s region at Basrah Governorate - Southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Sudani K J , Albadran B N , Al-hadadi A S Y , Al-Jaberi M H , Pournelle J R
Published: February 2024

Two sites of Hareer’s region is located in the southern part of Iraq, specifically in the northern Basrah Governorate. The sites are at a depth of 5 meters. The results of heavy mineral analysis showed that there are fifteen types include; Opaque grain (Iron Oxide), Chlorite, Muscovite mica, Biotite, Orthopyroxene, Clinopyroxene, Amphibole (Hornblende and Actinolite), Epidote, Garnet, Kyanite, Staurolite, Zircon, and Tourmaline. On the other hand the light minerals and the results of the mineral analyses revealed that they were primarily composed of rock fragments, with a variety of quartz minerals, feldspar minerals, evaporate minerals, clay-coated grains, and trace amounts of unidentified minerals. The abundance and diversity of heavy minerals indicate the diversity of the sources of the parent rocks, such as igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The large amount of opaque and small amount of other minerals in the study area samples is due to the oxidation process where many of the ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxenes, and hornblende decompose to form iron oxides (e.g. hematite, limonite). Light minerals were visible as irregular, sharp, or occasionally semi-sharp crystalline forms, which suggests that the sources were close by and that the light minerals originated from the sedimentary basin or within it through the processes of deposit erosion and re-deposition. The study area, which is a part of the Undissected Arc, is primarily distinguished by a high content of quartz (mono- and polycrystalline quartz, including chert), and feldspar, which can occur in fluvial environments.
Suitability evaluation of selected sand geological formations for synthesis high purity crystalline silica, Iraq
Authors: Al-Saad H A , Al-Halfi F W , Khalaf Y I
Published: February 2024

This study aims determination if the sand collected from Injana and Dibdibba Formations are suitable for use as low-cost raw materials in the manufacture of high-purity crystalline silica. Sand is distributed in vast quantities within the two Formations, which occupy large portions of Iraq’s southern desert. Quartz is the predominant mineral phase, followed by calcite, feldspar, and dolomite respectively, based on mineral analysis data. SiO2 is the main oxide in sand with an average of (82.76%), (90.24%) and the rest of oxides are CaO (6.28%), (1.64%), Al2O3 (4.02%),(3.19%), Fe2O3(2.73%), (0.86%), K2O+ Na2O (2.05%), (2.51%), SO3(0.05%), (0.47%), MnO (0.01%), (0.03%) P2O2 (0.23%),(0.03%), and MgO (1.75%), (1.01%) in Injana and Dibdibba Formations respectively, which are considered as impurities impact the manufacturing properties of sand. The coprecipitation method, which produces high purity crystalline silica at a low cost, involves three steps: the first involves soaking raw sand powder in 2M HCl for 24 hours; The second involves mix purified sand with NaOH while stirring and heating it to 95C° to produce Na2SiO3; and the third involves adding 3M HCl to sodium silicate solution to produce Si(OH)4 and drying it to produce high purity of silica. The prepared silica got mineral analysis and chemical analysis. The synthesized silica was in the crystalline phase, according to the results of the mineral characterization. In synthetic silica of Injana and Dibdibba sand, The amount of SiO2 increased according to chemical analysis, reaching 96.62%, and 97.69% respectively, while all other oxides (impurities) were lowered to their lowest levels. FE-SEM revealed the existence of spherical, well-agglomerated synthetic silica particles within the size 28.6 nm and 24.76 nm in synthetic silica particles of Injana sand and Dibdibba sand respectively.
Investigation of the hydrocarbon contamination of the Dibdibba aquifer in Al-Zubair area, southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Qurnawi Wasan S. , Alhawi Nagham A. , Alabadi Mazin A. A. , Al-Muhamed Rafed A.
Published: February 2024

The importance of Al-Zubair area in Basra governorate is highlighted by the presence of agricultural activities. The Dibdibba aquifer is the main supplier of water which used for irrigation, livestock and some different industries are scattered around the region. This research aims to investigate the extent and impact of hydrocarbon contamination of the Dibdibba aquifer in Al-Zubair region, southern Iraq, due to its proximity to oil fields sites. 18 groundwater samples from different locations within the aquifer were collected in dry and wet season to determine their chemical and physical properties and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) including petroleum-based compounds and their derivatives. The analytical results revealed that the Dibdibba groundwater in this area is polluted with TPH and have high levels of electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved salts (TDS) due to the high content of salts along with the high concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions. The overall outcomes of the main elements of water showed that it is unfit for human use due to the high levels of the above parameters. All the water tests carried out indicate the presence of contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons, surpassing the allowable limits set by the World Health Organization (2008) and Iraqi Quality Standard (2009). This observed particularly in areas adjacent oil spills, where the TPH concentrations exceeding 35 μg/l in the northwest of Al-Zubair area near the Rumaila oil field. Significantly, this investigation indicated a clear evidence of hydrocarbon contamination in the study area.
Assessment of Some Trace Elements in Surface Water and Soil near Al-Ahdab Oil Field, Wasit Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Al-Mayyahi Sattar Obaid Maiws , Al-Ali Iman A.
Published: February 2024

The main objective of this munscript is to spot light on the negative consequences of oil emissions from Al-Ahdab oil field on the water and soil surrounding the oil field at Wasit Governorate. To obtain this objective, seven sediment samples were collected from the surfacre soil, in addition to five water samples from the Tigris River near Al-Ahdab oil field within Al-Kut Wasit governorate. The more effective eight trace elements were chosen to detect the limitations of their occurrence in the soil and water of the study area, these are Fe, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Zr. The Zr is used as a background for the specific equations applied. Samples of sediments and water were collected in October 2022. The standardization of the Enrichment Factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), and contamination factor (CF) in addition to the pollution load index (PLI) were applied to detect the extent of soil pollution. In contrast, the hydrochemistry of water samples was determined by comparing the results of the analysis with the standards of WHO, 2018, and IQS, 2009. The enrichment factor value (EF) Cadmium value (Cd) in soil samples is 6.6, which reflects a significant impact of air emissions, the cobalt (Co) value is 1.77m this value reflects minimum Enrichment factor while the EF has a rather moderate enrichment factor. By applying the I-geo equation, the oitput results indicate unpolluted soil for Co, and Ni metals, while it is moderately polluted for Cu, Cr, Zn, and Pb metals. According to the PLI index, the soil of the study area is ordered as moderately contaminated for these metals. As for the hydrochemistry of surface water of the Tigris River near the study area, the water samples are classified as not contaminated by (Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cu).
Comprehensive Facies Analysis and Depositional Environment Modeling of the Eocene Dammam Formation in Central to Southern Iraq
Authors: Maziqa Falah H. , Mahdi Maher M. , Mohammed Abbas H.
Published: February 2024

The Dammam Formation holds immense geological significance, as it spans across a substantial portion of southern Iraq, encompassing a vast area. This formation stands out as the primary aquifer source in the region. To gain a comprehensive understanding of its sedimentology, a comprehensive study was conducted using 310 samples extracted from various boreholes. These boreholes, including Kr-1, Kr-c.q., Nj-20, Ns-13, Ns-24, R-742, and Ru-509. The lithology of the Dammam Formation is limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite rocks, which are also used as raw materials in the manufacture of cement. The microfacies analysis was carried out on Lower-Upper Eocene carbonate rocks along a center-south transect in Iraq. This analysis establishing larger benthic foraminifera enables to reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental model and to show the evolution of a platform along the depth gradient. The analysis revealed the presence of five primary microfacies within the Dammam Formation, each offering unique insights into its composition. These microfacies include Lime-mudstone, Wackestone, Packstone, Floatstone, and Rudstone, all of which contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the formation’s sedimentary makeup. Moreover, this in-depth examination uncovered an additional eight submicrofacies. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages within the Dammam Formation provide valuable insights into the progressive shifts along an ecological gradient, indicating a gradual transition from shallower, more protected (inner) shelf environments to deeper, more open (outer) shelf settings. Within the inner shelf, one can observe the prevalence of orbitolitids, alveolinids, and, to some extent, small miliolids, indicative of this relatively shallow and sheltered environment. Moving towards the inner ramp or shoal region, the foraminiferal composition is characterized by robust nummulitids, signifying the distinctive conditions of this particular zone. From a paleoenvironmental perspective, the Dammam Formation reflects deposition in a diverse range of environments, including peritidal inner ramp areas, lagoons, shoals, restricted-marine platforms, and open marine interior platforms. This variability underscores the complexity of the formation’s geological history and the diverse conditions under which its sediments accumulated over time.
Palynofacies analysis and depositional environment of the upper Triassic Kurra Chine Formation: integrated by samples from sarta and Tawke oil fields and outcrop samples from sirwan valley in the kurdistan region, northern Iraq
Authors: Aswad M K , Naqshabandi S F. , Omer M F.
Published: February 2024

Palynofacies (PF) analysis was conducted on 34 crushed samples of the Upper Triassic Kurra Chine Formation. These samples were collected from one outcrop sample and two production wells in northern Iraq. A 10μm nylon mesh sieve was used for the concentration of palynomorphs. Four palynofacies types were found in this study. PF1 was characterized primarily by amorphous organic matter (AOM), suggesting a distal suboxic-anoxic depositional environment. PF2 comprised of AOM, along with some Phytoclasts and palynomorphs, indicating a distal dysoxic-oxic shelf depositional environment. PF3 displayed an increasing volume of palynomorphs, signifying a distal dysoxic-anoxic shelf depositional environment. PF4 predominantly consisted of palynomorphs and Phytoclasts, representing a mud-dominated oxic shelf (distal shelf) depositional environment. Kerogen types were identified as type II, which is oil-prone in three palynofacies, and type III which is gas-prone in one palynofacies.
Diagenesis processes of the Gulneri Shale, Kometan, Mushorah formations within the upper Turonian - lower Campanian Supersequence from Bai Hassan area, North of Iraq
Authors: Omar Omar M , Saleh Abdul-Salam M , Hasan Faris N
Published: February 2024

The upper Turonian - lower Campanian Supersequence is characterized with fine-grained, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate middle shelf to sub-basinal depositional system. The present study included the study of vertical and lateral changes of the diagenesis processes of the Gulneri shale, Kometan and Mushorah Formations within the sequences of the (upper Turonian-lower Campanian) cycle in two subsurface sections within the Dome of Daoud in the Bai Hassan field - northern Iraq. The first is represented by a section (BH-16) with a thickness of (213) m. In contrast, the second is represented by a section (BH-86) and a thickness of (233) m. The lithostratigraphy of the rock units of this study are consisting (206) slides were studied, (80) for well (BH-16) and (126) for well (BH-86).The study showed that the sequences of this cycle are unconformity with the lower Dokan Formation and upper contact with Hartha. The petrographic study showed that the rocks of the study were exposed to many diagenesis processes, like cementation, dolomitization, neomorphism, dissolution and compaction according to the degree of their prevalence with a large spread of locally authigenic minerals represented by the widespread pyrite mineral during the two sections of the study, in addition to a few presence of glauconite mineral. Depending on the petrographic description of the diagenesis processes, the vertical and lateral changes of the diagenesis processes were studied, and the diagenesis environments of the formations under study were deduced, where it was found that all the rocks of the two sections of the study were formed in the early stages of the diagenesis processes within the vadose environments as a result of exposure to tectonic processes that helped uplift their rocks to the surface and be affected by meteoric water.