bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unarmed Civilian Protection: Impact on Strengthening Civilian Capacities in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
Authors: Vyappareddiyar Jeyamurugan
Published: January 2024

The Bangsamoro areas have been battlegrounds since the 1970s. Continued protracted armed conflict over four decades has ravaged the assets of the peoples and made them permanent internally displaced peoples (IDPs) for three decades. Thousands of people have perished, and the memory remains.
The signing into law and, ultimately, the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) in 2019 created a favourable atmosphere to embed a local, comprehensive and inclusive civilian protection mechanism in the transition phase – the process of normalization. By using a mixed-method analysis, this chapter examines the strategic features of unarmed civilian protection (UCP) in the context of the transitional society, and explores the implementable measures to build peace in the post-conflict peace infrastructure in the Bangsamoro transition.
Serious Youth Violence
Authors: Gray Paul , Jump Deborah , Smithson Hannah
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 starts by describing the nature and prevalence of serious youth violence (SYV) within the case study cohort, before moving on to discuss the reasons for the high levels of SYV across Manchester. These include issues around territoriality and postcode rivalries, the role played by social media in the escalation of serious youth violence and the importance that justice-involved young people place on gaining (and, crucially, on maintaining) status and reputation among their peers and within the wider community. The chapter also looks at the reasons why justice-involved young people might decide to carry a knife, before finishing with a discussion of some detrimental impacts of carrying a knife such as an increased likelihood of being a perpetrator and/or victim of SYV.
The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Serious Youth Violence
Authors: Gray Paul , Jump Deborah , Smithson Hannah
Published: January 2024

Chapter 6 starts by looking at the psychological impact that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have on a young person, before looking at the role of ACEs in the development of multiple psychological diagnoses. The chapter then moves on to look at the physiological impact of ACEs. The detrimental impact of such experiences on the development and activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus is discussed, along with the lasting damage that prolonged and consistent exposure to the ‘fight-or-flight’ hormones can cause to the developing brain. The chapter also discusses the impact that ACEs can have on a young person’s identity formation, such as feelings of low self-worth and an over-reliance on praise and/or acceptance from peers, before finishing with a discussion of the relevance and applicability of attachment theory to an investigation of ACEs and serious youth violence.
Conclusions
Authors: Gray Paul , Jump Deborah , Smithson Hannah
Published: January 2024

Chapter 8 brings together the preceding chapters and makes six policy and practice recommendations: deliver training around implementing trauma-informed practice; deliver training across the wider youth justice system; provide psychotherapeutic support to those young people who need it; offer clinical supervision to youth justice workers; support young people to meaningfully participate; and avoid quantifying ACEs as a measure of risk. The chapter also outlines the authors’ vision of the future of trauma-informed practice with justice-involved young people. Finally, the limitations of the research and potential future directions are discussed.
Problematizing Aristotle: Renovating and Remodeling Traditional Legal Rhetoric
Authors: Berenguer Elizabeth , Jewel Lucy , McMurtry-Chubb Teri A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter will demonstrate how legal education, by focusing exclusively on traditional legal rhetoric as the only acceptable mode of reasoning, operates as a feedback loop that reinforces White privilege and patriarchal hierarchy. This chapter demonstrates that traditional rhetoric is insufficient to achieve long-term justice and equity because it is designed to replicate the toxic patriarchal and racialized inputs detailed in Chapter 1. For this reason, teachers and students alike must engage with alternatives to traditional legal rhetoric in order to fully dismantle the White monopoly on advantage.
Disrupting the Canon: Multicultural Rhetorical Strategies in Action
Authors: Berenguer Elizabeth , Jewel Lucy , McMurtry-Chubb Teri A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter serves as a practicum for how Indigenous, African Diasporic, Asian Diasporic, and Latine rhetoric can be used to create legal discourse in opposition to that created by Western reasoning and analytic paradigms. Using examples from pleadings, memos, trial and appellate legal briefs, and judicial opinions in a variety of subject matter areas, it makes visible the operation of Western reasoning and analytic paradigms to illustrate the operation of inequalities. It then invites the reader to identify and practice using multicultural reasoning and analytic paradigms in a variety of ways.
Decolonizing Education for Sustainable Futures: Some Conceptual Starting Points
Authors: Tikly Leon
Published: January 2024

The chapter explores the relationship between the idea of sustainable futures and demands to decolonize education. It argues that existing ideas about sustainable development and the future of education often see development as synonymous with Western ideas of modernization, progress and economic growth. Education has often reflected this through prioritizing the development of human capital and valorizing Western knowledge systems, values and languages. Yet, these dominant views have contributed to environmental catastrophe while often exacerbating inequalities and failing to meet basic human needs. To tackle the ‘wicked problems’ of sustainable development, Western ideas need to come into critical conversation with non-Western conceptions of sustainable futures. Efforts to decolonize education may have a crucial role to play by enabling learners to evaluate the potential benefits of different knowledge systems for creating sustainable futures. The chapter concludes with some suggestions as to how educational institutions can decolonize to support sustainable futures.
British Council Dialogues on Decolonization
Authors: Hutchinson Yvette
Published: January 2024

In August 2020, the British Council held webinars to discuss decolonization. These were held in the aftermath of the murder of George Floyd, BLM campaigns and the heightened global focus on race. A series of events looked to define decolonization(s) and consider how these might be applied to the British Council’s portfolio. At the same time, the British Council was embarking on its anti-racism action plan with five pillars addressing learning and understanding, organizational culture, policies and practice, global leaders and products and services. The fifth pillar examines decoloniality as it relates to the British Council becoming actively anti-racist. The aim is to ‘better understand how colonialism has centred and privileged ways of knowing and working from the global North; and how a process of decolonizing cultural relations would address that.’ This chapter considers how a cultural relations organization negotiates this space, focusing on the British Council’s anti-racism plan and the Decolonisation Series and reflecting on the issues and challenges such organizations encounter as corporate strategies and staff-led activism intertwine.
Little Voices: Embracing Difference in Bristol Schools through Engaging Learner Voices
Authors: Spence Ben
Published: January 2024

In 2020, Black Lives Matter shone a light on the potential role of education in creating learning opportunities that go beyond Eurocentricity. There is a unique challenge for the primary sector to create learning spaces that reflect the histories, narratives and lived experiences of the diverse families in their communities. While this is not new, the events of 2020 created a unique opportunity for the curriculum to harness a ‘cultural zeitgeist’ and establish lasting, effective change. This chapter brings together pupils’ viewpoints collected through workshops and pupil interviews. It aims to capture the opinions of the ‘little voices’ in our education system. Through discussion of curriculum changes of a large primary school in the south-west of England, the chapter reflects on the unique knowledges that can be garnered when young people are emboldened to explore ‘decolonizing’ as a process of conceiving ways to understand the world beyond the dominant Eurocentric world view.
Indigenous Education and Activism: Dignity and Repair for Inclusive Futures
Authors: Zea Tarcila Rivera
Published: January 2024

This chapter reprints the lecture from November 2020 on Indigenous organizing for education and dignity, given by Tarcila Rivera Zea, the President of the Centre of Peru’s Indigenous Cultures (CHIRAPAQ). It outlines the roles of Indigenous communities in Latin America and across the world, in resisting colonial violence through education and imagining healing and dignifying alternatives. Colonialism and enduring coloniality has positioned Indigenous peoples in a continuous struggle for recognition and inclusion. Drawing on the experience of Indigenous communities in Peru, Rivera Zea contests the role of Western education as a vehicle to ‘civilize’, and presents it as a means to segregate Indigenous people from equal and full participation in society. Rivera Zea proposes reframing Indigenous identity by overcoming resentment and victimization, and transforming mainstream curricula through engagement with Indigenous knowledges and activism. The chapter offers a vision for a dignifying, inclusive education as a platform for peaceful, sustainable and flourishing societies that value difference.
Afterword
Authors: Shields Robin
Published: January 2024

This short afterword recognizes that sustainable futures require responsible stewardship of resources. It estimates the carbon footprint entailed by the production of this volume. It shares the methodology used to calculate it, the assumptions underpinning the model, the inherent error margins and any calculation that seeks to explore the environmental costs of our actions. The chapter also explores the options for offsetting this footprint and the debates and ethical questions they raise, discussing why the editors and contributors felt it important to calculate the carbon footprint of their endeavour and what they did with that knowledge.
Accounting for Brexit
Authors: Clarke John
Published: January 2024

Brexit is a distinctive – if long drawn out – moment in this conjuncture. For some, it marks a turning point as a new configuration of forces, identities and possibilities is established. For others, it resembles an unfinished transition, an ‘interregnum’ that is marked (in a much-quoted phrase from Gramsci) by the ‘variety of morbid symptoms’ that arise ‘when the old is dying and the new cannot be born’. This chapter critically examines three ways in which Brexit has been accounted for: • as a variant of a wider contemporary shift towards populist politics; • as a revolt against neoliberal globalisation; • and as the revenge of the ‘left behind’. Each provides reasons for thinking conjuncturally, especially about social antagonisms, social forces and their political-cultural articulation and mobilisation. The chapter draws attention to the symbolic struggles and their mediations through both social media and the ‘tabloidisation’ of the Brexit conflict. Ideas of the ‘left behind’, however, link popular, mediatised and academic arguments in important ways and provided one route to the ‘rediscovery of class’ in the moment of Brexit.
An Accumulation of Crises
Authors: Clarke John
Published: January 2024

The continued accumulation of crises suggests that the Brexit moment has not given rise to a stabilised social and political-cultural equilibrium. Rather, the pace of accumulation has increased as long-running crises acquire increasing urgency (the climate catastrophe) and encounter deepening ones (the intensification of inequality), while the challenge of making the spatial, scalar and sovereignty imaginaries of Brexit materialise has proved difficult, both internationally and domestically. New crises kept arriving, from the pandemic to international conflicts, and from economic instabilities to the many forms taken by the deepening climate catastrophe. Meanwhile, finding ways of sustaining and subsidising capital, at least since 2008, has expended public resources on private wealth (through taxation, subsidy and contracting out, for example). This accumulation of crises has been shadowed by a rise of ‘counter movements’ challenging dominant political norms and narratives.
Holding It Together? The Coercive Turn and the Crises of Party and Bloc
Authors: Clarke John
Published: January 2024

The strategy of recasting challenges into ‘culture wars’ was only one element of a much larger repertoire. The Johnson government (like others) sought to ‘retool the state’, aiming to shrink democratic capacities and to enlarge policing powers. State centralisation, anti-democratic strategies, deepening authoritarianism and a narrowing conception of ‘the people’ dominated – and return us to the problematic of ‘policing the crisis’. This chapter explores the ways in which the condensed crises and proliferating disaffection and dissent created instabilities that profoundly unsettled both the Conservative government (and Party) and the dominant bloc.
Unstable Equilibria: The Life of the State
Authors: Clarke John
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that the current crisis of the UK state has three distinctive, although interconnected, aspects. First, there has been a crisis of capacity involving the state’s ability to manage social, political, environmental and economic disorders. Second, a crisis of legitimacy has condensed varieties of anti-state scepticism alongside a deepening popular mistrust of politics and politicians. Third, this is linked to a crisis of authority in which the dominant bloc has found it harder to command popular support for its projects, policies and promises. Reflecting on the changing UK state formation and the problems it has encountered, the chapter poses the question of what it means to ‘perform like a state’ in the light of its worsening performance problems.
Between Corporate Diversity and the Closure of Queer Spaces: The Neoliberal Politics of Inclusion in East London
Authors: Burchiellaro Olimpia
Published: January 2024

This chapter sets the stage for the ethnographic work by following the emergence of corporate investments in LGBTQ+ diversity in tandem with a story about the gentrification of east London. I read investments in diversity made by east London’s wealthiest dwellers against the backdrop of growing inequalities, austerity policies, the closure of queer spaces and the exclusionary tendencies of neoliberal processes of capital accumulation for some of the area’s most marginalized inhabitants. In the chapter I bring these threads together in order to reconcile corporate investments in LGBTQ+ diversity with a broader critique of capitalism and its crises.
Data Driven Times?
Authors: Ellis Justin R.
Published: January 2024

This chapter draws together the concepts laid out in the book and the empirical evidence in support of the claims made. The chapter situates these considerations within a broader context of the ongoing geopolitical and regulatory instability of digital social life, and the vulnerability of LGBTQ communities’ political and social status. In doing so, the chapter asks key questions about the future balance between the rights of the digiqueer citizen and the obligations of states and corporations: How will the perspectives of LGBTQ communities be measured and evaluated? How will LGBTQ relationship, conduct and expression rights be maintained and expanded, and where and how might they contract to further authoritarian agendas as a form of informational warfare in the grey zone – the space in between peace and war in which state and non-state actors engage in competition – as threats from digital technologies outside of physical war zones increase? How will the big-tech companies respond to growing calls for more regulation, and litigation that finds them responsible for representational harms such as defamation, as part of the broader ‘techlash’?
Flexing the Muscles of Power: Policing Urban Eco-Justice Activism During the Pandemic
Authors: Di Ronco Anna
Published: January 2024

Chapter One focuses on the policing of eco-justice protest during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on a 10-month ethnography in the city of Trento, Italy, this chapter discusses what changed in the policing of eco-justice activism during the pandemic and explains the changes through critical scholarship on protest policing, criminalization of dissent and governance of neoliberal inner-city spaces.
Conclusion
Authors: Di Ronco Anna
Published: January 2024

The concluding chapter brings together and synthesises the empirical and theoretical insights of the previous chapters. It concludes by identifying directions for future critical and green criminological research in the area, and by discussing how green critical criminologists can support and enhance activist struggles for eco-justice.
Green Shame: The Next Moral Revolution?
Authors: Claeys Martha
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, I examine the phenomenon of what I call ‘green shame’, the shame one feels when knowingly behaving in ways that have a severe negative impact on the environment, like flying or eating meat, while other options are available at a financially and socially non-debilitating cost. I argue that individual green shame can contribute to the greening of society. I do so by first setting out my understanding of shame and distinguishing it from other significant feelings like guilt or embarrassment. I understand shame as the emotion one feels when one believes to have sunk below the standards of what dignity requires. I then draw out my account of green shame and distinguish it from green guilt. I raise three possible objections: the objection that green shame does not change behaviour, the objection that green shame does change behaviour but does not change it for the better, and the objection that (individual) shame is not the most efficient strategy in pursuing the greening of society. I argue that these objections can be met and show how that can be done. I conclude that green shame can contribute to the greening of society because, apart from its effect on individual choice, the sting of green shame urges people to demand action at an institutional level and creates a support base for much-needed institutional change.
The Functionality of Affects: Conceptualising Far-Right Populist Politics beyond Negative Emotions
Authors: Leser Julia , Spissinger Florian
Published: January 2024

By focusing on negative affects, such as anger, fear and hate, a normative critique of affective politics tends to overlook the ambiguity and situated nature of affective politics. This chapter suggests embracing the ambivalences that characterise the emotional dynamics in political arenas; therefore, it emphasises the functionality of affects. The study adopts a post-dualistic understanding of political affects based on the conceptual devices of Sara Ahmed and Kathleen Stewart to analyse the affective practices and performances of the German political party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). An ethnographic lens and analytical focus on the affective politics of far-right agents beyond negativity can permit more subtle nuances and highlight potentially overlooked facets of enactment and performance that have contributed to the successes of far-right political organisations in Europe and the US. The chapter ultimately argues that the use of ‘ordinary’ affects produces legitimacy, renders far-right politics appealing and contributes to the normalisation of far-right discourse.
Participation through Dialogue: Co-Producing Peace and Research
Authors: Jaramillo-Marín Jefferson , López-Lizarazo Luz Mery , Ruiz-Galvan Adriel , Bishop Matthew Louis , Díaz-Arévalo Juan Mario , Kanai Juan Miguel , Lombard Melanie , Rushton Simon , Shesterinina Anastasia , Shesterinina Anastasia , Turton Helen Louise
Published: January 2024

This chapter outlines the Improbable Dialogues project from which this book emerges, situating it in the context of receding violence and increasing political optimism that at first followed the signing of the peace agreement. It explains the project’s roots in the Latin American tradition of PAR as developed in the pioneering work of Colombian sociologist Orlando Fals Borda, and explains how these principles were applied critically in the project’s approach to community engagement. The chapter then sets out the concept of DSTs, a key analytical concept for the empirical discussions in Chapters Three and Four. Finally, the two processes of dialogue examined in detail in the book, in the Catatumbo and Buenaventura/Mid-Pacific regions, are introduced.
India’s Reluctant Crisis Management in South Asia
Authors: Destradi Sandra
Published: January 2024

This chapter outlines India’s approach to crisis management in South Asia under the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi (2014–21). It focuses on two important crises (to which India was not itself a conflict party) during that period: the conflict in Afghanistan (2014–21) and a serious domestic political crisis related to the introduction of a new constitution in Nepal (2015–17). The application of the theory of reluctance reveals that, in the case of Afghanistan, India’s reluctance was mainly driven by a combination of diametrically opposed expectations by international and regional actors concerning India’s engagement, and domestic normative debates and corresponding difficulties in devising clear preferences. In the case of Nepal, reluctance resulted from competing expectations by different actors in Nepal, combined with coordination problems among different political actors close to specific sections of Nepalese society as well as normative disagreement within India over the course to follow.
Brazil’s Non-Reluctant Approach to Regional Crisis Management
Authors: Destradi Sandra
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses regional crisis management by Brazil under President ‘Lula’ da Silva’s first presidency (2003–11). It focuses on Brazil’s extended neighbourhood, and in particular on its engagement in Haiti (with a focus on the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti, MINUSTAH, from 2004) and on its approach to the civil war in Colombia. The analysis reveals that in both cases Brazil was not reluctant: in MINUSTAH, it shed its initial reluctance and pursued a determined and responsive policy, taking over leadership of the mission. In Colombia, Brazil was less proactive, but pursued a consistent (not hesitant and therefore non-reluctant) approach to crisis management, focusing on low-key offers of support and mediation. By applying the theory of reluctance, this chapter shows that the Brazilian government was able to adopt non-reluctant policies by allaying domestic concerns and by fostering an alignment of international expectations in the case of Haiti. In the case of Colombia, a consistent and responsive policy was the result of clear domestic preferences and a lack of competing international pressures.
Explaining Reluctance in Other Contexts
Authors: Destradi Sandra
Published: January 2024

This chapter assesses the explanatory power of the theory of reluctance to other cases, beyond the study of the foreign policy of powerful regional countries in crisis management. It therefore focuses on (1) different types of crisis; (2) different countries such as small states and great powers, with reluctance being particularly puzzling for the latter; and (3) different types of actors beyond the nation-state. It finds that, overall, the explanations for reluctance developed in this book are also helpful to make sense of reluctant policies in those very different contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Easterbrook-Smith Gwyn , Easterbrook-Smith Gwyn
Published: January 2024

Giving an overview of the core topic areas for the book, this chapter summarises the current functioning of New Zealand’s sex industry. Although prostitution has been decriminalised since 2003, migrant sex workers are still excluded from the protection offered by decriminalisation, and the vulnerabilities this produced became clear during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. The history of treating sex work as a public health issue, and viewing the sex worker as a disease vector, is contrasted with the way that New Zealand’s legislation uses a dominant frame of labour to position health concerns as workplace health and safety. Sex worker activist and advocacy organisations frequently develop peer education and health initiatives, and this history is explored for the way it contextualises peer-led efforts during COVID-19. Exploring the existing international research into the effects of the pandemic on sex workers allows for an exploration of how New Zealand’s combination of an unusual legislative approach and unusually successful COVID-19 response produced improved outcomes for many sex workers. The media is a key site where the stigmas of sex work are produced and challenged, and an explanation of this function justifies the selection of objects of analysis in this research.
Introduction
Authors: Shome Parthasarathi , Shome Parthasarathi
Published: January 2024

The chapter lays out the objective of the book in identifying the sources of poverty and inequality in India complemented by global examples. It hypothesizes a sequence from genesis to proposed solutions. It summarizes relevant issues brought up in the course of the book. It cites slavery, colonialism, caste and other characteristics as sources of poverty and inequality and India’s limits in succeeding to eradicate caste and untouchability. It mentions measures such as the Human Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty and Happiness Score to reveal India’s condition through cross-country comparisons. It mentions the prevailing conditions of rural-urban income disparity, the condition of children in terms of health, nutrition and education, and the incomplete task of enhancing the role of women, among other manifestations. It provides a glimpse of the solutions offered through youth service reflecting available global practices, international financial reparations to counter the ramifications of colonialism, and domestic policies including tax policy to contain income inequality over and above intensified asset transfers.
Macro-Economic Indicators: A Backdrop
Authors: Shome Parthasarathi , Shome Parthasarathi
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses economic indicators placing India in a comparison with China and Brazil to assess how selected indicators are linked to the state of poverty and inequality. There are deep contrasts revealing China overtaking India since the 1980s. China attracted much greater foreign direct investment. China’s industry share in GDP is much higher than that of India’s.
China’s authoritarianism contrasts with India’s choice of democracy. China selected an interventionist population policy while India abandoned it, magnifying per-capita contrasts. For example, though increasing, India remains behind China and Brazil in per-capita mobile and internet use.
China adopted an export-led strategy based on a handful of special economic zones in contrast with several times the number in India that, by and large, failed to deliver. Brazil, a middle-income country, has had a more volatile economic trajectory reflecting occasional political and fiscal instability. Its international debt service in terms of exports has been five times that of China and India putting pressure on public expenditure.
Certain Indian macro-economic policies were unanticipated and possibly inadequately prepared for, leading the poor to suffer disproportionately, for example, demonetization of the currency in 2016. Using 2000–18 data, it appears that macro-economic indicators worsened somewhat after 2014.
Population, Poverty and Happiness
Authors: Shome Parthasarathi , Shome Parthasarathi
Published: January 2024

The chapter is motivated to draw attention to the deleterious ramifications of uncontrolled population growth on poverty and the happiness of a society. Selected population and education statistics of Brazil, China and India are compared. China maintained fertility rates lower than Brazil and India. India’s child mortality remains significantly higher, and secondary education much lower. Population growth and per-capita GDP growth are closely associated. Despite progress, India needs to achieve lower population growth.
Urban population growth has been high in both China and India. In India it reflected an involuntary rural-to-urban emigration as income inequality widened after the 1991 economic liberalization evidenced in rates of wage growth by income per centile. Inequality increased even within urban areas. Extreme Poverty Headcount Ratio (those living below $1.90 a day) fell between 1981–2015 but India (13% of population) remained significantly higher than Brazil (3.4%) and China (0.7%).
The World Happiness Index (WHI) incorporates six variables reflecting the happiness of a population. India ranked 139 out of 149 countries using 2018–20 data. It is in the bottom layer for the ‘social support’ criterion though better in ‘freedom’. Perhaps if health, nutrition and education were available to the majority, social support would be less needed.
Untouchability: Ambedkar and Early Reformers
Authors: Shome Parthasarathi , Shome Parthasarathi
Published: January 2024

This chapter deals with untouchability in India, a condition progressively enunciated under Brahmanic law. It is dedicated to the work of B. R. Ambedkar who was an untouchable despite which became the father of India’s constitution. His incisive work on caste in the 1930s–40s had only a limited impact on the caste system.
There are assertions that sudhras, the lowest caste, had not been primitive, aboriginal or native to the region since they had been allowed upanayana or initiation rituals, but had lost those rights in war with the Aryans. This resulted in their post-war condition of untouchability. The ascendancy of the brahmins saw 17 categories at its highest point as their control over kshatriyas grew through war and cast-iron rules. As Brahminic dominance became total, even royal ceremonies including coronations remained unaccomplished without Brahmins performing the rites.
Early social reformers of the 19th and 20th centuries essentially failed to eradicate attitudes towards untouchability from the mind of the average Indian. The clamour to be included in a higher caste continued through the judiciary, for example, by kayasths, a sub-caste from the states of Bengal and Bihar, to be included among kshatriyas. Even contemporary writers invoke caste.
The Rohingya Human Rights Crisis
Authors: Ullah AKM Ahsan , Chattoraj Diotima
Published: January 2024

The plight of Rohingya Muslims in Bangladeshi camps has garnered little attention in the local press. Instead, the media has focused on reports of atrocities committed by the Rohingyas in Rahkine. The stories are written in such a way that the international community is unable to empathize with these people in life-threatening situations. Narratives impact how the world perceives the Rohingyas. While the media can highlight Rohingya refugees’ voices and depict various aspects of the crisis, the problem remains unresolved. Despite the fact that the crisis has captured the attention of people globally, the media’s representation of the Rohingya refugee crisis is rather disputed. Local media has described the Rohingyas as criminals, burdens, and security risks in the majority of cases. The Myanmar media, on the other hand, framed the Rohingya refugees’ narratives in such a way that world leaders and the international community feel little sympathy for them. As a result, the Rohingya refugee problem continues to grow by the day, and the ongoing Rohingya crisis in Bangladesh is producing a host of economic, social, and political issues.
The first chapter, therefore, describes the central premise of the book, the research methodology and analytical framework of the study, and the contribution of this work to the wider body of knowledge. This chapter discusses the causes and drivers of identity-based politics in the Rohingya population as well as the complex challenges of managing the large-scale Rohingya exodus in Bangladesh and how to best resolve these in the long run.
Dispossession and Displacement: The Crisis and Media Influence
Authors: Ullah AKM Ahsan , Chattoraj Diotima
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyzes the various framing techniques employed by Bangladeshi, Myanmarese (Burmese), and global media to characterize the Rohingya refugee crisis. This chapter delves deeper into the reasons for and effects of the media’s political economics and ideology on the framing of the Rohingya refugee crisis. Many factors, including those in society, government, the economy, culture, race, religion, and international relations, all have a role in how the Rohingya refugee crisis is covered in the news. This chapter examines the ways in which the political ideology of media outlets and their roots affect media content through the use of manipulation, distortion, and bias. It is clear from a variety of evidence that the Rohingyas were specifically targeted for genocide because of their ethnicity and religion.
Final Destinations and Policy Implications
Authors: Ullah AKM Ahsan , Chattoraj Diotima
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides a summary of the findings and overall conclusions presented in the preceding chapters, bringing together the most important ideas from the book. Based on the findings, this chapter makes some recommendations for how the world should deal with the Rohingyas upon their return and resettlement. The chapter emphasizes the importance of the media in such situations. The chapter also compiles a few major recommendations and evaluates the Myanmar government’s narratives in relation to those of regional and international credible media outlets to determine their veracity. In this final chapter, the contribution to the scholarship is precisely highlighted.
Transforming Agriculture and Foodways
Authors: Goodman David
Published: January 2024

This book explores the socio-economic impacts, trajectories, and agro-food ‘futures’ arising from the intense wave of innovation sweeping the industrial food systems of the United States, European Union, and the United Kingdom against the background of global climate change and COVID-19 and its variants. Chapter case studies include precision agriculture (PA) technologies, accompanying corporate farm support platforms and their repercussions on farmer identity and the politics of knowledge production, alternative plant- and cell-based proteins, gene editing agricultural biotechnologies, downstream home food delivery platforms, and the ‘gig’ economy. Key arguments include: the convergence of digital and molecular technologies is galvanising techno-scientific change; innovation is path dependent, reinforcing hegemonic food systems, and their corporate architecture; this trajectory accordingly is marked by structural continuities and evolutionary rather than radical, revolutionary change; modern industrial food systems are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, yet there is scant evidence of a sustainability transition, even in a pre-figurative form; in 2022, opportunities were missed at the United Nations Food Systems Summit and COP26 to set modern food systems on a more sustainable path. Analytical resources are drawn from evolutionary economics, actor-network theory, digital geography, and inter-capitalist competition in an era of platform capitalism.
Introduction: Technological Convergence and Change in Modern Agro-Food Systems
Authors: Goodman David
Published: January 2024

In this introduction, the recent wave of innovation in modern food systems driven by convergent digital and molecular technologies is set in the context of two existential crises facing humanity: global climate change and COVID-19. The analytical approach taken in the book is then discussed, with emphasis on concepts drawn from neo-Schumpeterian evolutionary economics, science and technology studies, particularly actor-network theory, and inter-capitalist competition in an era of platform capitalism. This section is followed by previews of the individual chapters in the book.
Precision Agriculture: Big Data Analytics, Farm Support Platforms, and Concentration in the AgTech Space
Authors: Goodman David
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the digitalisation of major field crop production in the US and Western Europe with the emergence of PA, aka ‘smart farming’, with the diffusion of GPS-assisted mapping, GPS auto-steer farm equipment, and site-specific variable rate technologies for input applications. These innovations are instrumental in the transition from field-level management to a high-resolution sub-field scale. The chapter discusses the role of Big Data analytics in this transition and corporate farm management platforms, whose emergence set the stage for a series of recent mega-mergers in the ‘seed-chemical complex’ of agricultural life science companies. This round of consolidation was triggered by Monsanto’s acquisition of Climate Corporation in 2013 and this complex is now dominated by the ‘Big Four’. A key argument is that PA technologies and corporate support platforms offering algorithmic ‘prescriptions’ for variable rate applications of farm inputs have reinforced farmer lock-in to the hegemonic paradigm of industrial agriculture.
Agri-Biotechnology and the Failed Promises of the Seed- Chemical Complex, CRISPR and Gene Editing, and Regulatory Capture
Authors: Goodman David
Published: January 2024

This chapter traces the consolidation of power over the global seed-chemical complex by an elite group of ‘legacy’ life science corporations and the parallel privatisation of agricultural R&D. These developments reinforce the industrial agro-food system, reproducing its path-dependent techno-scientific trajectories and exacerbating the structural crises of rural economy and society. The ‘Big Four’ life science corporations have erected formidable barriers to entry using intellectual property rights platforms, which dominate the innovation process in agricultural biotechnology. This political economy is explored over successive ‘generations’ of plant biotechnologies, beginning with their commercial introduction in the 1990s, the emergence of gene editing systems, notably CRISPR-Cas 9, after 2010, and concluding with the advent of gene driving. Gene drives radically extend the scope of molecular intervention from individual field crops and animal species to ‘engineering’ the agro-ecosystem, and potentially to global scales. The chapter analyses the contrasting trajectories of the regulation and governance of biotechnology in the US and the EU, and argues that the US is an exemplary case of regulatory capture by industry.
Between Physical Space and Digital Space: COVID-19, Platform Capitalism, and Changing Patterns of Food Provisioning
Authors: Goodman David
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how digitally mediated, platform-based technologies are reconfiguring food services, retailing, shopping practices, and foodways, and how certain earlier trends have been magnified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Big-box grocery firms have adapted well to the rise of online, contactless shopping, in contrast to the bleak experience of dine-in restaurants, which suffered initially from the extraordinary expansion of app-based home delivery platforms in 2020–2021. The chapter explores the ‘winner-take-all’ dynamic of platform capitalism in the context of the vertical integration and global consolidation in the app-based food delivery sectors. This analysis looks at the flawed business model of these sectors and their reliance on ‘gig’ employment practices of casualisation, piece rates, and limited access to labour benefits. Recent attempts to re-classify these workers as employees rather than independent ‘contractors’ are reviewed, notably California’s Proposition 22 and the European Commission’s decision to issue draft regulations to treat ‘gig’ workers as employees.
Conclusion: Continuities in Change and Lost Opportunities
Authors: Goodman David
Published: January 2024

This chapter recapitulates the main arguments and empirical findings, highlighting the striking continuity of the unsustainable industrial food system in an era of global warming and existential crises for humanity. The innovations analysed in this book, including PA, alternative proteins, gene editing, and home food delivery platforms, are easily accommodated in this hegemonic system. In short, the wave of innovation represents evolutionary rather than radical change. The counterpart of this central continuity is the lack of progress towards a broadly-based sustainability transition. This impasse is reflected in the deeply entrenched power structures that thwarted hopes of reaching a progressive compromise at the 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit. This summit was an uninspiring prelude to the United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP26), which generated a range of nonbinding commitments but few concrete measures to mitigate climate change. A postscript briefly discusses the repercussions of the renewed Russia–Ukraine war on food security and health as food and fuel price inflation accelerate on a global scale, threatening international economic recession.
Welcome to My Home: Cell Block D
Authors: Benedict Regina White
Published: January 2024

This chapter investigates theory and research on the prison experience for men and women. It reviews classic studies of prisonization and coping with the pains of imprisonment. It then attends to studies from feminist perspectives on the circumstances and concerns of women in prison and their strategies for coping. Women’s past domestic violence victimization, drug addiction, and current family responsibilities complicate ‘prison experience’. The latter cannot be understood in a gender-neutral fashion.
Older, Wiser, and Incarcerated
Authors: Benedict Regina White
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the challenges that imprisonment poses to health, mental well-being, and relationships with family and friends, according to prior research. It compares such challenges for men and women. The chapter begins by reporting on problems wrought by ageing, then describes how such problems vary by gender, before turning to research on ageing in prison specifically.
A Positively Negative Experience
Authors: Benedict Regina White
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the concept of generativity, first advanced by developmental psychologist Erik Erikson, more closely. Generativity relates to action as well as narrative; maturing individuals situate generativity within their life stories. The chapter considers generative outlets for people who are incarcerated and ways in which prisons impede, permit, or facilitate generativity. It also describes the methods with which the author’s prison-based, qualitative research was conducted.
‘Usefulness’ of a ‘Useless’ Population
Authors: Benedict Regina White
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses what the women shared concerning generativity – both action and desires. The chapter expounds on the concept of generativity, which encompasses teaching, mentoring, and encouraging the next generation. It offers a critique of the concept of generativity as based on a conception of individuals in the free world. In particular, the desire to care for and encourage younger people in prison does not continue a positive pattern but rather is an attempt to correct a negative one.
Why Not Give Them a Chance?
Authors: Benedict Regina White
Published: January 2024

This chapter draws the book to a close with insights on what remains to be done in public/prison policy and research domains. Policy should increase the availability of generative opportunities, such as in the form of programming. Analysts should also study programme impacts. Life course criminology might continue to explore generativity, a main task of later life stages, as promoting prosocial behaviour. The latter should not be understood as merely a negation of crime or a means to recidivism reduction. More generally, the generative actions and plans of people in prison strike against the harmfulness of the carceral regime.
The Global Waste Problem and How to Think about It
Authors: Gregson Nicky
Published: January 2024

This chapter highlights that the framing of the global waste problem as one of too much waste shapes the interventions that have been suggested. It illustrates that by looking at both policy and activist understandings of the global waste problem. When framed as a problem of ‘too much waste’, the focus of interventions turns to those that seek to reduce waste per se. The chapter shows how this has led to an emphasis by policymakers on interventions that seek to reduce what counts as waste, and to activists seeking to promote cultures of thrift and frugality. Both leave tacit and/or unexamined how waste generation relates to consumption and economies. The chapter then introduces the perspectives and premises that inform this book.
Conduits, Value Regimes and Valuation
Authors: Gregson Nicky
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on how consumers discard stuff. At the heart of this are three different value regimes (at their most basic, giving away, selling and/or trading, and throwing away) and how people assign things to them through processes of valuation. The regimes are hierarchically related by the apparent value of a good in secondhand markets. At the same time, value regimes overlap and compete, chiefly through convenience. It is here that the conduits that connect discard to the waste industry have a huge competitive advantage, precisely because they offer consumers easy routes for discarding stuff. The chapter ends by taking a critical look at moves to promote markets in used goods, arguing that these rest on a parasitical form of consumption while simultaneously ‘mainstreaming’ more of used goods consumption.
Moral Realism as an Alternative Approach to the Agent–Structure Problem
Authors: Yuanyuan Fang
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, Yan Xuetong’s moral realism is critically approached in the context of the agent–structure debate in international relations to decipher the ontological and epistemological background and reconnoitre hidden logic of this theory. As noted in this chapter, moral realism provides an alternative approach to the agent–structure problem in international relations as a dualist theory exploring the mutual interaction of agent and structure. The author notes the convergence between Yan’s and Joseph Nye’s researches on moral leadership, but emphasizes their divergences on level of analysis and conceptualization of morality. The chapter further elucidates the significant ontological and epistemological differences between moral realists and constructivists in their analysis of agent and structure. A few challenges are noted as laying ahead of the further development of moral realism in the last section.