bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of sources and levels of nutrients on growth and yield behaviour of pop corn (Zea mays) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) sequence
Authors: B.P. MEENA  , ASHOK KUMAR  , S.R. MEENA  , SHIVA DHAR  , D.S. RANA  , K.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200809 and 200910 at New Delhi, to study the effect of organic sources of nutrients on growth, yield and yield attributes of pop porn (Z ea mays averta Sturt)-potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cropping system. The experiment consisted of 24 treatment combinations with 8 treatments in pop corn [control, recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (N P K kg/ha), farmyard manure equivalent to120 kg N/ 120 25 35 ha (FYM ), leaf compost equivalent to 120 kg N/ha (LC ), vermicompost equivalent to 120 kg N/ha (VC ), 120 120 120 farmyard manure equivalent to 90 kg N/ha (FYM ), leaf compost equivalent to 90 kg N/ha (LC ) and 90 90 vermicompost equivalent to 90 kg N/ha (VC )] and 3 treatments in potato crop [control, farmyard manure equiva- 90 lent to 60 kg N/ha (FYM ) and farmyard manure equivalent to 90 kg N/ha (FYM )]. The application of RDF 60 90 (N P K kg/ha) recorded significantly highest plant height, leaf-area index and dry matter with higher values of 120 25 35 yield attributes, viz. cob length and girth, cobs/ha over the control. Application of vermicompost equivalent to 120 kg N/ha was the best source and remained at par with VC , FYM , FYM and N P K kg/ha for growth and 90 120 90 120 25 35 yield attributes of pop corn. Similar trend in respect of grain and stover yield was also found. Due to residual fertil- ity of FYM (equivalent to 120 kg N/ha) potato recorded the highest plant height, LAI, number of haulms and dy matter in haulms. Both FYM (equivalent to 90 kg/ha) and vermicompost (equivalent to 120 kg N/ha) exhibited the effects similar to FYM @ 120 kg N/ha. The yield and yield attributes of potato, viz. tubers/hill, fresh and dry weight of tubers, tuber yield and haulm yield also exhibited similar trend. Regarding direct effects of FYM, application of FYM equivalent to 90 kg N/ha in potato recorded the higher plant height, LAI, haulms/hill, dry matter in haulms; and yield and yield attributes compared to FYM equivalent 60 kg N/ha and control.
Bio-efficacy of herbicides applied in cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and their carry- over effects on succeeding pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Authors: ISHWAR SINGH  , M.S. RATHORE  , M.L. MEHRIYA  , R.S. CHAWRA  , M.S. CHANDAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 201011 and 201112 to study bio-efficacy of pendimethalin available in capsule suspension form (CS) and other recommended herbicides on the productivity of cumin ( Cuminum cyminum L.) and their carry-over effects on the succeeding pearlmillet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br . Emend. Stuntz.]. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin CS @ 484 g/ha + 1 hand-weeding con- trolled the weeds effectively in cumin and resulted in seed yield of 684 kg/ha, which was at par with weed-free check (701 kg/ha). Increase in the dose of pendimethalin CS from 484 to 580 and 580 to 677 g/ha did not influ- ence seed yield of cumin but significantly suppressed plant count and biomass of succeeding pearlmillet. Applica- tion of pendimethalin liquid formulation @ 750 g/ha exhibited similar trend. Oxadiargyl and oxyfluorfen applied @ 50 g/ha + 1 hand-weeding at 30 days decreases the weed stand and weed dry matter, where the extent of control was at par with weed-free plots without any residual effect on succeeding pearlmillet. Post-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 50 g/ha + 1 hand-weeding at 30 days recorded maximum seed yield (715 kg/ha), net return ( 58,400/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (4.08), with weed control efficiency of 99%, closely followed by oxyfluorfen 50 g/ha + 1 hand-weeding.
Rice productivity and soil fertility as influenced by nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: T. PAUL  , P.S. BISHT  , P.C. PANDEY  , D.K. SINGH  , S. ROY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy ( khar i f) seasons of 2010 and 2011 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to evaluate the effect of nutrient management on rice ( Oryza sativa L.) productivity, nutrient uptake and soil fertility under longterm ricewheat ( Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol] cropping system. Twelve treatments, viz. control, N , N P , N K , P K , N P K , N P K + Znf (@ 0.5%), N P K + FYM (@ 120 120 40 120 40 40 40 120 40 40 120 40 40 120 40 40 5 tonnes/ha), N P K + Znf + FYM, N P + Znf, N P K + Znf and N P K + Znf + FYM, were maintained 120 40 40 180 80 180 80 40 180 80 40 in a fixed layout right from the beginning of the experiment (1984-85) in a randomized block design with 4 replica- tions. Combined application of NPK, FYM and Zn (N P K + Znf + FYM) significantly increased the grain yield 120 40 40 (6.22 tonnes/ha) of rice over all the other treatments except N P K + FYM (6.20 tonnes/ha) and N P K + 120 40 40 180 80 40 Znf + FYM (6.19 tonnes/ha). The treatment N P K + Znf + FYM recorded the highest soil available nitrogen 180 80 40 and phosphorus (229.5 kg/ha and 25.1 kg/ha), which was significantly at par with N P K + FYM (225.3 kg/ha 120 40 40 and 24.6 kg/ha) and N P K + Znf + FYM (223.9 kg/ha and 24.8 kg/ha). The available soil potassium content 120 40 40 was low to medium in range (183.1220.0 kg/ha). The FYM application improved the rice yield and sustained soil fertility. Soil organic matter content reported in 1984 (2.1 %) was found maintained in FYM containing treatments (2.152.17%), while declining with inorganic treatments. The uptake of N, P and K was found to be associated with production of total dry matter resulted by the addition of NPK fertilizer and FYM application.
Productivity, profitability and land-use efficiency of soybean (Glycine max)-based cropping systems under different nutrient-management practices
Authors: K. PRAJAPAT  , A.K. VYAS  , SHIVA DHAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy ( khar if), winter ( rabi) and summer seasons of 201112 and 201213 at New Delhi, to evaluate the productivity, profitability and land-use efficiency of 4 soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-based cropping systems involving wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.], chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.), potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and fodder sorghum [ Sor- ghum bicolor (L.) Monech], under 5 nutrient-management practices. System productivity of soybean-based crop- ping system in terms of soybean-equivalent yield (SEY) was significantly higher under soybeanchickpeafodder sorghum (7.44 t/ha) during 201112 and under soybeanpotatomungbean system (8.99 t/ha) during 201213. Land-use efficiency (LUE) was higher in soybeanchickpeasorghum (F) and soybeanwheatmungbean sys- tems than soybeanwheatfallow and soybeanpotatomungbean systems during both the years. Soybean chickpeasorghum (F) and soybeanpotatomungbean systems recorded the highest production efficiency (PE) based on SEY (22.8 and 31.4 kg SEY/ha/day) and monetary terms ( 255 and 363/ha/day) during 201112 and 201213 respectively. Application of 25% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 50% RDN through FYM + biofertlizers in soybean gave significantly highest seed yield during both the years. Application of 100% RDF re- sulted in the highest wheat yield and potato tuber yield during both the years. Highest yield of chickpea, mungbean and sorghum fodder were obtained with 50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM during both the years. The highest SEY (6.73 t/ha and 6.84 t/ha) was achieved with of 50% RDF + 50% RDN, through FYM during both the years.
Effect of plant spacing on herb, essential oil and artemisinin yields in the antima- larial herb (Artemisia annua)
Authors: K. ABIRAMI  , VIRENDRA S. RANA  , V. BASKARAN  , SATYABRATA MAITI
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted to work out the optimum spacing for obtaining maximum biomass, essential oil and artemisinin yields in antimalarial herb ( Ar temisia annua L.) in the semi-arid region of Gujarat. It was laid out in a randomized block design with 5 spacing treatments, viz. 30 cm 45 cm, 30 cm 60 cm, 45 cm 45 cm, 45 cm 60 cm and 60 cm 60 cm. There were no significant differences in growth parameters like plant height and num- ber of branches among different spacings. However, significant differences were observed in yield characteristics and was found that the mean fresh (30.79 t/ha) and dry (18.35 t/ha) herb yield and fresh (7.7 t/ha) and dry (3.91 t/ ha) leaf yields, were maximum under spacing of 45cm 45 cm. The leaf harvest index and leaf: stem ratio were also significantly higher under optimum spacing of 45 cm 45 cm. No significant differences were observed in es- sential oil content, their composition and artemisinin contents among the different spacing but the yields of essen- tial oil (54.95 kg/ha) and artemisinin (8.88 kg/ha) were found maximum in the spacing of 45 cm 45 cm.
Long-term effect of integrated nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cropping system
Authors: V.B. UPADHYAY  , S.K. VISHWAKARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on permanent manurial trial, initiated during the rainy ( kharif) season 1985 at JNKVV, Jabalpur, to evaluate the long-term impact of fertilizer and manure and their integration on yield trends, production efficiency and soil-quality parameters and their inter-relationship with sustainable yield index (SYI) un- . der rice ( Or yza sativa L )wheat [ Tr iticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping sequence. The treatment 50% NPK + 50% N substituted through farmyard manure (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat provided the high- est wheat-equivalent yield (WEY 8.01 t/ha) with net monetary returns ( 42.7 103/ha) and recorded 430% higher system productivity over the control. The next best treatment was 50% NPK + 50% N substituted through green leaf manure (GLM) of sunhemp ( Sesbania aculeata L.) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat gave higher WEY of 7.97 t/ ha with net monetary returns (42.1 103/ha). The treatment 50% NPK + 50% N substituted through farm yard ma- nure (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat and 50% NPK + 50% N substituted through GLM to rice and 100% NPK to wheat also increased organic carbon (7.6 g and 7.9 g/kg), available N (282 and 292 kg/ha), P O (15.4 and 2 5 17.2 kg/ha), K O (466 and 488 kg/ha), S (8.4 and 8.5 kg/ha) and Zn (0.43 and 0.45 kg/ha), sustained soil pH (7.49 2 and 7.48) and electrical conductivity (EC) (0.58 and 0.63 dS/m) and lowered the bulk density (1.27 and 1.27 g/ cm3). In the treatment receiving 100100% NPK through fertilizer to both rice and wheat crops, the total productiv- ity was higher (7.72 t/ha). The higher sustainable yield index (0.83) was observed with 50% NPK + 50% N substi- tuted through GLM to rice and 100% NPK through fertilizer to wheat crop. Maximum beneficial micro-organisms, viz. fungi, bacteria, azotobacter, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and actinomycetes were recorded with the inte- grated nutrient practices. Negative trend of net monetary returns was noted with control plot.
Crop architecture effects on elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) productivity and economics under rainfed conditions
Authors: M. NEDUNCHEZHIYAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200809 and 200910 under rainfed conditions in Alfisols, to investi- gate the effect of broad bed and furrow, crop geometry and spacing on elephant foot yam [ Amor phophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson]. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 5 replications. The treatment consisted of 90 cm 90 cm, 75 cm 75 cm and 60 cm 60 cm spacing in square and triangle planting on broad bed and furrow (BBF) along with 90 cm 90 cm square planting on pits followed by mounds (normal). The broad bed and furrow method of planting performed better than pits followed by mound. Triangle planting under all spacings gave higher yield owing to better growth, leaf-area index (LAI) and dry-matter produc- tion. Decreasing the plant spacing significantly increased the corm yield. The highest corm yield (28.4 t/ha) was observed at the closest spacing of 60 cm 60 cm, though per plant yield was lesser. The corm yield at 60 cm 60 cm spacing was statistically on a par with 75 cm 75 cm spacing both under square and triangle planting. Higher net returns of 1,18,800/ha were noticed with 75 cm 75 cm spacing in broad bed and furrow (BBF) triangle planting. But higher benefit: cost ratio (1.96) was noticed in 90 cm 90 cm spacing BBF triangle planting.
Effect of weed management on crop productivity of winter maize (Zea mays) + potato (Solanum tuberosum) intercropping system in Shiwalik foothills of Jammu and Kashmir
Authors: P. KOUR  , A. KUMAR  , B.C. SHARMA  , R. KOUR  , J. KUMAR  , R. PUNIA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season ( rabi) 200910 and 201011 at Jammu. Four inter- cropping treatments, viz. sole maize, sole potato ( Solanum tubrosum L.), maize ( Zea mays L.) + potato (additive series) and maize + potato (replacement series), in main plots and 6 methods of weed-control practices, viz. weedy check, weed free, alachlor @1.5 kg/ha pre-emergence, atrazine @ 0.5 kg/ha pre-emergence, alachlor @ 2.0 kg/ha early post-emergence and atrazine @ 0.75 kg/ha post emergence in sub-plots were used to assess the productivity and profitability of winter maize + potato intercropping system. Sole winter maize and sole potato gave significantly higher yields than winter maize + potato grown in additive and replacement series in the respective or- der. Amongst the intercropping treatments, winter maize + potato (additive series) gave significantly higher yield of 16 t/ha compared to replacement series. Pre-emergence application of atrazine 0.5 kg/ha resulted in significantly lower dry-matter accumulation of all the weed species and highest weed-control efficiency leading to significantly higher crop productivity. Maximum net profit of 92.1 103/ha was recorded in winter maize + potato (additive se- ries) but higher benefit: cost ratio of 2.3 was recorded with winter maize + potato grown in replacement series with application of either 0.5 kg/ha atrazine or alachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha pre-emergence
Direct and residual effects of fertilizers and biofertilizers on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system
Authors: A.P. CHAVAN  , N.K. JAIN  , U.V. MAHADKAR
Published: December 2023

A two-year field experiment was conducted during the winter ( rabi) and rainy ( khar if) seasons of 201012 at Deodhe, Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), to study the direct and residual effects of different doses of fertilizers and . biofertilizers on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of groundnut ( ArachishypogaeaL.)rice ( Or yza sativa L ) cropping system. Increasing dose of fertilizers up to 125% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) significantly in- creased pod yield by 79.7% and haulm yield by 63.5% of groundnut over the control. Uptake of N, P and K by groundnut also improved significantly with successive increase in doses of fertilizers up to 125% RDF. Succeeding rice showed significant response to residual fertilizer levels up to 100% RDF in grain yield and up to 125% in straw yield and registered 16.9 and 25.4% increase over the control respectively. The N, P and K uptake by succeeding rice and total NPK uptake, rice-grain equivalent yield, production efficiency, net returns and benefit: cost ratio in groundnutrice cropping system also improved significantly with increase in doses of fertilizers up to 125% RDF applied to groundnut. The crop inoculated with biofertilizers ( Rhizobium+phosphate-solubilizing bacteria) recorded significantly higher pod (1.74 t/ha) and haulm yields (3.64 t/ha) of groundnut and grain (5.34 t/ha) and straw yields (5.52 t/ha) of succeeding rice over the control. Inoculation of groundnut with biofertilizers significantly increased N, P, K uptake by groundnut and succeeding rice (except N uptake by rice straw) as well as total N, P and K uptake (393.1 kg/ha), ricegrain equivalent yield (9.92 t/ha), net returns (66.8103 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.01) in groundnutrice cropping system over no inoculation. This treatment also recorded the maximum production effi- ciency of the system (38.8 kg/ha/day). Rice crop responded significantly to each higher level of fertilizer up to 125% RDF (direct) in terms of grain and straw yields as well as N, P and K uptake. Application of 125% RDF to rice recorded significantly higher total N, P and K uptake (447.1 kg/ha), ricegrain equivalent yield (10.89 t/ha), production efficiency (42.6 kg/ha/day), net returns ( 78.3103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.17) in groundnutrice cropping system.
Response of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties to different levels of nitrogen under rainfed aerobic ecosystem
Authors: ADIKANT PRADHAN  , A. THAKUR  , H.L. SONBOIR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2011 and 2012 at Jagdalpur on the response of rice ( Or yza sativa L) varieties to different levels of nitrogen. Plant height, leaf area-index, root volume and dry matter production were the highest with Tulsi at 90 kg N/ha. Panicles/m2, filled grains/panicle, grain (4.50 tonnes/ha) and straw yield and nitrogen uptake by grain and straw were also significantly higher with Tulsi, Increasing levels of nitrogen en- hanced panicles/m2, filled grains/panicle, grain and straw yield and nitrogen uptake by grain and straw only up to 90 kg N/ha. Varieties and nitrogen levels interacted significantly and the highest grain yield and economics were recorded with Tulsi at 90 kg N/ha and it was found to be optimum combination for aerobic rice.
Evaluation of CERES-Rice model (DSSAT 4.5) for simulating the response of rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars to age of seedlings in temperate Kashmir
Authors: SAMEERA QAYOOM  , B.A. KHANDAY  , B.A. LONE  , PURSHOTAM SINGH  , LAL SINGH  , GURDEEP SINGH  , NARINDER PANOTRA  , M.A. GANAI  , K.N. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar during the rainy season ( kharif) 2010 and 2011 to simulate the effect of age of
Root characteristics and performance of different wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes under restricted irrigations in alluvial soil
Authors: NARENDRA SINGH GURJAR  , S.K. VERMA  , S.P.S. TOMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 201011 and 201112 at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, to evaluate performance of different cultivars of wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] under restricted irrigations on alluvial soils. The treatments were 18 combinations of 3 irrigation levels (no irrigation, 1 irri- gation and 2 irrigations) and 6 wheat genotypes (HI 1572, HI 1500, Lok 1, MP 3288, A 9-30-1 and HI 8627). A significant increase was observed in chlorophyll content index, root-development parameters (length, volume and diameter), yield attributes and grain yield in all the varieties with first irrigation. The increase in these charac- ters owing to second irrigation was also significant, but the magnitude was relatively low. Among the different genotypes, HI 1572 responded more to irrigation than the others and it was closely followed by MP 3288. Signifi- cant decrease in the water-use efficiency was recorded with the increase in water application and highest water- use efficiency was recorded in variety HI 1572, which was closely followed by MP 3288.
Effect of variety and zinc application on yield, profitability, protein content and zinc and nitrogen uptake by chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY  , RAJENDRA PRASAD  , MADAN PAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 201112 and 201213 at New Delhi, to study the effect of varieties (desi types Pusa 372 and Pusa 5028 and Kabuli type Pusa 2024) and levels of zinc (Zn) (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg/ha) on the yields, protein content, Zn and nitrogen uptake by chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.). Pusa 372 chickpea recorded the highest grain yield (2.13 tonnes/ha), Zn concentration in grain and straw (42.9 mg/kg grain and 36.8 mg/kg straw respectively), total Zn uptake (229.0 g/ha), protein yield (480.6 kg/ha) and pro- tein content (22.7%) in chickpea grains. Kabuli type Pusa 2024 chickpea had the lowest protein content (19.9%). Application of Zn significantly increased grain and straw yields, Zn concentration in grain and straw and its total uptake and protein yield, protein content in grain, nitrogen uptake and gross and net returns. It also increased the efficiency of applied fertilizer (NPK), being significantly highest (26.6 kg grain/kg applied NPK) with 7.5 kg Zn/ha and lowest (22.3 kg grain/kg applied NPK) with the control (no Zn).
Effect of organic farming practices on growth, yield, quality and economics of onion (Allium cepa) in dry zone of Karnataka
Authors: PRADEEP GOPAKKALI  , SHARANAPPA
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was conducted during summer 2012 and winter season ( rabi) of 201213 to study the ef-
Response of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) varieties to various planting geometry
Authors: DIPIKA CHAKRAWAL  , NAVNIT KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Sugarcane Research Institute, Bihar, Pusa (Samastipur) during spring season of 201213 on sandy-loam soil, to examine the performance of sugarcane ( Saccharum spp. hybrid com- plex) varieties to different planting geometries. The treatments comprised 4 planting geometries, viz. 120, 150, 30:
Decision support system for fertilizer recommendationA case study
Authors: K.P. VISHWAJITH  , A.R.S. BHAT  , K.V. ASHALATHA  , P.K. SAHU
Published: December 2023

The present work carried during 201012 at the Dharwad, Karnataka, to provide support to the farmers of se- lected zones in decision-making process towards application of fertilizer in selected crops. A Decision Support System (DSS) on fertilizer recommendation was designed and developed using Visual Basic 6.0 as a plat-form taking help of the information from Soil Test and Crop Response (STCR) research. The developed DSS is a con- sole application and helps in taking decision to farmers on amount of fertilizer to be applied in different crops. The study revealed that, on an average framers of Dharwad, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) and chilli ( Capsicum sp.) are applying 20 kg N, 10 kg P O , 12 kg K O and 26 kg N, 36 kg P O , 15 kg K O/ha for each crop in excess of the re- 2 5 2 2 5 2 quired amount which caused not only unnecessary expenditure on fertilizer, amounting to 938 and 2,102/ha re- spectively, Thus, the developed DSS is useful in augmenting economic agricultural production maintaining soil and environmental health, avoiding unnecessary wastage of resources, even in absence of experts by the farmers themselves.
Influence of diversification of rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) system on productivity, energetics and profitability under on-farm conditions
Authors: DINESH KUMAR SINGH  , PURUSHOTTAM KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at farmers fields in the district of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, during 200910 and 201011, to find out the alternate efficient cropping systems for rice ( Or yza sativa L.)wheat [ Tr iticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] in western Himalayas. Five cropping systems including the existing ricewheat system were tested at 12 farmers fields as researcher designed farmer managed trials. The wheat equivalent yield under the ricepotato ( Solanum tuberosum L.)greengram [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], ricepotatoveg- etable cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and ricevegetable pea ( Pisum sativum L.)vegetable Frenchbean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was 135, 124 and 105% higher than the ricewheat system. The ricepotatogreengram cropping system recorded highest net returns ( 1,61,928/ha), followed by ricevegetable peavegetable Frenchbean ( 1,58,192/ha) and ricepotatovegetable cowpea cropping systems ( 1,52,415/ha). The highest benefit: cost ratio (1.93) was recorded with the ricevegetable peavegetable Frenchbean cropping system owing to its lower cost of cultivation and higher returns.
Tillage and weed management in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: R.R. UPASANI  , SHEELA BARLA  , M.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Ranchi, Jharkhand during 201011 and 201112, to find out the effect of tillage and weed-control methods on weed dynamics and productivity of rice ( Or yza sativa L.)wheat [ Tr iticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system. The experiment comprised of 4 tillage methods, viz. zero zero (ZT-ZT), zeroconventional (CT-ZT), conventionalzero (CT-ZT) and conventionalconventional tillage (CT- CT), performed during rainy and winter seasons, respectively laid out under main plots, while 3 weed control meth- ods viz., recommended herbicides in rice (butachlor 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergence + 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha post-emergence) and wheat (isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha + 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha post-emergence), weed free and weedy check under sub- plots. Continuous conventional tillage being similar to rotational tillage systems recorded the maximum rice grain (1.96 t/ha) and straw (2.86 t/ha) yield. Three hand-weedings resulted in 2.25% and 92.38% higher grain yield than recommended herbicidal use and weedy check respectively. The CT-CT tillage being similar to ZT-CT recorded 14.16% higher wheat grain yield (2.85 t/ha) than ZT-ZT tillage. Application of isoproturon @ 0.75 kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha as post-emergence gave 22.59% and 58.75% higher grain and straw yield than hand-weeding and weedy check respectively. Continuous conventional tillage in rice and wheat recorded 22.18% higher rice-equiva- lent yield (5.76 t/ha) and maximum net returns ( 28,446/ha). Application of recommended herbicide in rice and wheat gave 11.8% higher rice equivalent yield (6.34 t/ha) than hand-weeding and also provided the maximum net returns ( 37,296/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.42).
Carbon sequestration and yield of rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) soils amended with different organic manures and tillage practices
Authors: AMAR SINGH  , SUDHIR KUMAR  , Y.V. SINGH  , ARTI BHATIA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2 khar if and rabi seasons during 200608 with rice ( Or yza sativa L ) . wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system at New Delhi. The main plots comprised 2 till- age treatments, viz. puddled and non-puddled in rice and with tillage and no-tillage in wheat. The subplots in- cluded 7 fertilizer treatments including recommended doses of urea (120 kg N/ha), urea + farmyard manure (FYM), urea + green manure (GM), urea + municipal solid waste (MSW) compost. Yields of rice and wheat were higher under puddled/conventional tilled condition compared to non-puddled/no-tillage conditions. Application of organic matter with recommended dose of mineral fertilizer gave the highest grain and straw yields compared to other treatments. The carbon sequestration potential was 0.146, 1.31, 1.165, 1.238, 0.728, 1.019 and 0.874 tonne C/ha under 120 kg N, 120 kg N + 6 tonnes FYM, 60 kg N + 6 tonnes FYM, 120 kg N+ 3 tonnes GM, 60 kg N + 3 tonnes GM, 120 kg N + 60 kg N (MSW compost) and 120 kg N + 60 kg N (MSW compost) treatments respectively, under puddle/tilled ricewheat cropping system. However, under non-puddled/no-tilled crops carbon sequestration potential were 0.291, 1.601, 1.456, 1.529, 1.019, 1.31 and 1.048 tonnes C/ha under treatment having 120 kg N, 120 kg N + 6 tonnes FYM, 60 kg N + 6 tonnes FYM, 120 kg N+ 3 tonnes GM, 60 kg N + 3 tonnes GM, 120 kg N + 60 kg N (MSW compost) and 120 kg N + 60 kg N (MSW compost) respectively. The addition of organic manures resulted in sequestration of carbon in ricewheat cropping system. The carbon sequestration increased under re- duced tillage conditions of soil.
Productivity, profitability and land-use efficiency of soybean (Glycine max)-based cropping systems under different nutrient-management practices
Authors: K. PRAJAPAT  , A.K. VYAS  , SHIVA DHAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy ( kharif), winter ( rabi) and summer seasons of 201112 and 201213 at New Delhi, to evaluate the productivity, profitability and land-use efficiency of 4 soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-based cropping systems involving wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.], chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.), potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and fodder sorghum [ Sor- ghum bicolor (L.) Monech], under 5 nutrient-management practices. System productivity of soybean-based crop- ping system in terms of soybean-equivalent yield (SEY) was significantly higher under soybeanchickpeafodder sorghum (7.44 t/ha) during 201112 and under soybeanpotatomungbean system (8.99 t/ha) during 201213. Land-use efficiency (LUE) was higher in soybeanchickpeasorghum (F) and soybeanwheatmungbean sys- tems than soybeanwheatfallow and soybeanpotatomungbean systems during both the years. Soybean chickpeasorghum (F) and soybeanpotatomungbean systems recorded the highest production efficiency (PE) based on SEY (22.8 and 31.4 kg SEY/ha/day) and monetary terms ( 255 and 363/ha/day) during 201112 and 201213 respectively. Application of 25% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 50% RDN through FYM + biofertlizers in soybean gave significantly highest seed yield during both the years. Application of 100% RDF re- sulted in the highest wheat yield and potato tuber yield during both the years. Highest yield of chickpea, mungbean and sorghum fodder were obtained with 50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM during both the years. The highest SEY (6.73 t/ha and 6.84 t/ha) was achieved with of 50% RDF + 50% RDN, through FYM during both the years.
Nitrogen fertilization of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: B. GANGAIAH  , I.P.S. AHLAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy ( kharif) and winter ( rabi) seasons of 200607 and 200708 at New Delhi, to assess the performance of 3 cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)wheat [ Tr iticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] systems as affected by nitrogen (N) fertilization. In cotton, treatments formed by combination of 3 cotton hybrids [2 Bt (MRC 6304 and RCH 317) and 1 non-Bt hybrid (LHH 144)] in main plot and 4 levels of N fertilization (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha) in sub-plots were tested. In succeeding wheat, cotton treatments were further sub-divided to accommodate 3 levels of N fertilization (0, 60, and 120 kg N/ha). Pooled data revealed that 2 Bt cotton hybrids being at par gave 55.4% (2.99 tonnes/ha) higher seed-cotton yield (SCY) than non Bt cotton hybrid (1.93 tonnes/ha) and the cotton hybrids did not markedly alter the performance of succeeding wheat. How- ever, the system productivity (cotton-equivalent yield, CEY) of Bt cottonwheat was 24.2% (4.72 tonnes/ha) higher than the non-Bt cottonwheat system (3.80 tonnes/ha). The per cent contribution of Bt cotton to CEY of system (69.7) far exceeded that of non-Bt cotton (49.6). Both agronomic nitrogen-use efficiency (ANUE) and physiological nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) of Bt cotton and ANUE of succeeding wheat were higher than the non-Bt cotton and following wheat. Yield, N uptake of cotton, wheat and system increased with each successive increase of 60 kg N dose from 0 to 180 kg/ha. The N response of cotton was found to be quadratic with optimum dose of 173.0 kg/ha. ANUE and PNUE of cotton were the highest with 60 (5.73) and 120 kg N fertilization (17.05) and decreased thereafter with increasing N dose. Wheat crop responded to direct application of N up to 120 kg/ha. The currently recommended N input (300 kg/ha) of the non-Bt cotton (180 kg/ha)wheat (120 kg/ha) system can be reduced by 27.8 kg with adoption of MRC 6304 Bt cotton.
Agronomic practices for agroforestry systems in India
Authors: P.K. GHOSH  , SUNIL KUMAR  , GURBACHAN SINGH
Published: December 2023

Of late, the importance of agroforestry is increasingly being realized from all corners owing to its multifaceted role in sustainable production, soil health, biodiversity conservation, employment generation, drought proofing, natural resource conservation and ecosystem services. Agroforestry is a unified land-use system involving all dis- ciplines. Though the basic principles of agronomy remain the same, the agronomic practices, are slightly modified owing to presence of perennial component in agroforestry. This paper provides a brief review of all aspects of ag- ronomic practices under agroforestry, so as to give some insights to researchers, teachers, students, farmers and planners. The issues like agroforestry situation in India; selection of agroforestry components and their establish- ment; management of water, nutrients, weeds and insect-pests and diseases; environmental services and natural resource conservation are highlighted here.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on seed yield, quality and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: RACHNA RANA  , D. BADIYALA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2010 and 2011 at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh to study the effect of organic manures and fertility levels on seed yield, quality and nutrient uptake of soy- bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed. The experiment, consisted of 12 treatment combinations of 4 organic ma- nures, viz. control, farmyard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha, vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha and FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha, and 3 fertility levels, viz. control, 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and 100% RDF. The use of FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha resulted in significantly the highest seed (1.82 t/ha) and straw yield (3.25 t/ ha) as compared to application of vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha and FYM @ 5 t/ha alone. The 100% RDF resulted in significantly the highest seed (1.59 t/ha) and straw yield (3.14 t/ha) as compared to 50% RDF and the control. Significantly the highest number of pods/plant and grains/pod were recorded with the appli- cation of FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha compared to sole application of vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha, FYM @ 5 t/ha and the control. Application of FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha recorded significantly highest oil content (18.9%), oil yield (343.9 kg/ha), available nutrients and NPK uptake. Use of 100% RDF also re- corded significantly highest oil content (19.7%), oil yield (310.2 kg/ha) and NPK uptake followed by 50% RDF and control.
Effect of tillage and tank-mix herbicide application on weed management in chilli (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: ABDOLHAMID HAJEBI  , T.K. DAS  , A.K. VYAS  , D.S. RANA  , V. POONIYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at New Delhi during 2012 and 2013 to investigate the effect of tillage and tank-mix herbicide application on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Conventional and zero tillage resulted in comparable weed density, dry weight, chilli fruit yield, fruit length and plant height. Tank-mix pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha was next to weed- free check and superior to all the other weed-control treatments in reducting the weed density. Uptake of N, P and K by chilli plants was comparably higher in weed-free check and tank-mix pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha. Conversely, N, P and K uptake by weed was significantly higher in weedy check, and the lowest amount of these nutrients after weed-free check was observed in pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha. All the weed-control treatments resulted in significantly higher chilli fruit yield than to weedy check; however, the tank-mix pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha resulted in 180% higher chilli fruit yield over weedy check. Similarly, chilli fruit yield was increased by 5.2% in zero tillage over conventional tillage and by 18.2% in the second year over the first year.
Influence of site-specific nutrient management on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays) under conservation tillage
Authors: V. KUMAR  , A.K. SINGH  , S.L. JAT  , C.M. PARIHAR  , V. POONIYA  , S. SHARMA  , B. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi during rainy (kharif) season of 2013, to study the effect of nutri- ent management on growth and development behaviour of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), SPAD value, dry-matter accumulation, leaf-area index, crop growth rate (CGR) and rela- tive growth rate (RGR) were significantly higher with site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) over the recom- mended dose of fertilizer (RDF) under conservation agriculture. Of the maizegenotypes CMH 08-292 recorded significantly highest dry-matter accumulation at various stages and CGR, while PMH 1 recorded higher NDVI, SPAD, leaf-area index and RGR. Cobs/plot, cob length and girth, grain rows/cob, grains/row, cob yield, shelling, harvest index and grain yield were significantly higher with SSNM over RDF. PMH 3 recorded significantly higher cobs/plot, cob length and girth, grains/row, cob yield and grain yield, whereas S 6217 recorded significantly higher grain rows/cob and harvest index, while significantly higher shelling was recorded with CMH 08-292.
Production potential and economics of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) hybrids under different plant spacing and NPK levels
Authors: U.N. SHUKLA  , V.M. BHALE  , S.S. WANJARI  , V.A. KHADSE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 200809 to evaluate the production poten- tial and economics of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids under different plant spacing and NPK levels. A clo- sure spacing (60 cm 60 cm) exhibited its superiority by recording higher sympodial branches/plant (16.4), lint yield (345 kg/ha) and seed-cotton yield (910 kg/ha), whereas bolls picked/plant (12.9) and seed-cotton yield/plant (38.2 g) were higher under wider spacing (90 cm 60 cm). Among hybrids, MLCH 318 gave significantly higher number of sympodial branches/plant (15.8), bolls picked/plant (14.7), seed-cotton yield/plant (42.1 g), lint yield (407 kg/ha) and seed-cotton yield (1034 kg/ha) than PKV Hy2 and VBCH 2231. The maximum values of yield at- tributes, viz. sympodial branches (16.1), bolls picked/plant (13.3) and seed-cotton yield/plant (39.7 g), which re- sulted significantly higher lint yield (393 kg/ha) and seed-cotton yield (972 kg/ha) under the highest fertility levels of 62.50, 31.25 and 31.25 kg N, P O and K O/ha over rest of NPK levels. The higher gross returns and net returns 2 5 2 associated significantly with MLCH 318 ( 28,238 and 14,322/ha) when sown at 60 cm 60 cm plant spacing ( 24,679 and 10,618/ha) with the highest fertility levels of 62.50, 31.25 and 31.25 kg N, P O and K O/ha 2 5 2 ( 24,206 and 10,134/ha), respectively, and coincided with the highest benefit: cost ratio. Harvest index did not influence by the plant spacing, hybrids and NPK levels.
Influence of integrated use of fertilizers and manures on SRI grown rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum) in calcareous soil
Authors: S.K. CHAUDHARY  , SHIVESHWAR PRATAP SINGH  , Y. SINGH  , DHARMINDER
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200708 to 200910 at the experimental farm of Rajendra Agricul- tural University, Pusa (Bihar), to assess the direct effect of integrated use of different levels of N through chemical and organic fertilizer on system of rice intensification (SRI)-grown rice (Oryza sativa L.), and residual effect on suc- ceeding wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend.Fiori & Paol.]. The experiment was conducted in randomized-block design involving 3 organic sources (FYM, vermicompost and poultry manure) at 2 levels, viz. 25 and 50% of rec- ommended dose of nitrogen, (RDN) i.e. 120 kg N/ha and 5 levels of chemical fertilizer nitrogen (0, 50, 75, 100 and 125 % RDN). Maximum plant height (102 cm), leaf-area index (5.04), panicles/m2 (266), grains/panicle (121), grain yield (6.0 t/ha) and straw yield (5.4 t/ha) were recorded with application of poultry manure @ 50% RDN, which was significantly superior to its lower dose and no organic treatments. The maximum uptake of N, P and K by rice was recorded with poultry manure @ 50% RDN treatment. In case of chemical fertilizer N, maximum value of plant height, LAI, grains/panicle, grain and straw yields were recorded at 125% RDN, which was significantly superior over its lower levels including control except 100% RDN. Poultry manure @ 50% RDN also recorded maximum net returns and benefit: cost ratio.
Weed dynamics, productivity and soil health under different tillage and weed- control practices in wheat (Triticum aestivum)maize (Zea mays) cropping sequence
Authors: C. SHEKHAR  , D. SINGH  , A.K. SINGH  , V. NEPALIA  , J. CHOUDHARY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200910 and 201011 at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, to study effect of 5 tillage systems and 3 weed-control practices on weed dynamics, productivity, and to workout most viable tillage practices in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) Emend. Fiori & Paol.]maize (Zea may L.) cropping sequence. Weed density, grain yield of wheat, maize and wheat-equivalent yield were found statistically equal in continuous conventional tillage and adoption of rotated zero tillage in wheat and conventional tillage in maize un- der wheatmaize cropping sequence. Adoption of zero tillage in wheat and conventional tillage in maize also proved economically beneficial with the highest net returns ( 73,868/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.11) compared to net returns ( 72,476/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1: 94) recorded under continuous conventional tillage in both crops. Amongst the weed-control practices, use of isoproturon (0.75 kg/ha) in wheat and atrazine (0.5 kg/ha) fol- lowed by 1 hoeing in maize significantly reduced weed density, dry matter and recorded significantly higher wheatmaize and wheat-equivalent grain and straw yields than 2 hand weedings and weedy check. Application of isoproturon (0.75 kg/ha) in wheat and atrazine (0.5 kg/ha) in maize resulted in the highest net returns of 82,749/ ha and benefit: cost ratio 2.41 and proved significantly higher over 2 hand-weedings by 5,876/ha and benefit: cost ratio 0.43. At the end of 2 cycles adopting zero tillage in wheat and conventional tillage in maize significantly enhanced organic carbon content by 4.0% over continuous conventional tillage; however, did not influence status of available nitrogen and phosphorus significantly in soil. The weed-control practices did not influence available ni- trogen status of soil; however, organic carbon and available phosphorus status of weedy check plots increased significantly over rest of the weed-control treatments.
Productivity, nutrient-use efficiency and economics of rainy-season grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) as influenced by fertility levels and cultivars
Authors: J.S. MISHRA  , N.S. THAKUR  , PUSHPENDRA SINGH  , V.S. KUBSAD  , R. KALPANA  , U.N. ALSE  , P. SUJATHAMMA
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted under All India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project (AICSIP) at 6 lo- cations during rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 in a split plot design having 3 fertility levels, viz., control (0:0:0 kg/ ha of N: P O :K O), recommended dose of nutrients-RDF (80:40:40 kg/ha of N: P O : K O) and 150% of RDF 2 5 2 2 5 2 (120:60:60 kg/ha of N: P O : K O) in main-plots, while 8 sorghum cultivars including 3 hybrids (CSH 14, CSH 16, 2 5 2 CSH 23) and 5 varieties (SPV 462, CSV 15, CSV 17, CSV 23, SPV 1616) constituted the sub-plot to find out their effects on productivity and nutrient-use efficiency in rainy-season grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Results revealed that increasing levels of fertility up to 150% RDF significantly increased the grain yield (3.28 t/ha), nutrient uptake, net returns (25.97 103 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.79) as compared to control. Hy- brids produced 20.6% higher grain yield over varieties. Among hybrids CSH 16 (3.07 t/ha) and among varieties SPV 462 (2.56 t/ha) produced the maximum grain yields. The nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) was higher in hybrids (6.66 kg grain/kg NPK) than the varieties (5.54 kg grain/kg NPK). Increasing fertility levels from 100% RDF to 150% RDF increased the NUE of all the test hybrids, but decreased the efficiency of varieties except CSV 17.
Effect of zinc application methods on yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties under sodic soil
Authors: A.K. MAURIYA  , D.C. MAURYA  , V.K. MAURYA  , R.K. VERMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season 200810 at Chandeswar, Azamgarh, on a zinc (Zn)-deficient and salt affected soil, to elucidate the most effective and economical method of Zn application for wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] yield improvement in partially reclaimed sodic soils of east- ern Uttar Pradesh. Eighteen treatments comprised 6 methods of Zn application, viz. control (no Zn), seed soaking with 0.5% ZnSO .7H O aqueous, seed soaking with 1.0% ZnSO . 7H O (ZnSHH) aqueous, 20 and 30 kg/ha 4 2 4 2 ZnSHH (basal) and foliar spray of 5 kg/ha ZnSHH with 2% urea in 1,000 litres water at 25 and 50 days after sow- ing (2 sprays), and 3 wheat varieties, viz. NW 1012, PBW 343 and Malviya 468 were tested in factorial random- ized block design with 3 replication. All the Zn application methods, increased the plant height, tillers/plant, grains/ spike, spike length, test weight, grain yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake over the control (no Zn). Foliar spray of Zn sulphate (5 kg/ha hepta hydrate) resulted in 26% higher grain yield than the control. Overall performance of NW 1012 variety of wheat showed superiority to Malviya 468 and PBW 343. Variety NW 1012 gave 6.0 and 3.8% higher grain yield over Malviya 468 and PBW 343, respectively. Foliar spray of 5 kg/ha ZnSHH with 2% urea in 1,000 litres water at 25 and 50 days after sowing was most economical. These foliar zinc application on wheat crop recorded 21.54 103/ha net returns along with 1.33 benefit: cost ratio.
Effect of levels and time of sulphur application on growth, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: K. LAKSHMAN  , A.K. VYAS  , B.G. SHIVAKUMAR  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy season of 2009 and 2010 at IARI, New Delhi, to study the performance of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as influenced by different levels (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha) and time of sulphur application [Basal, flowering and split (50% basal and 50% flowering)]. The growth parameters were variably influenced by the sulphur management. Branches/plant, leaf-area index and number of nodules were higher with higher levels of sulphur application. Among the treatments, split application of 45 kg sulphur as 50% basal and 50% at flowering recorded highest values of branches/plant, leaf-area index and nodules/plant over the other shown treatments. The physiological indices like mean crop growth and mean relative growth rate higher number of recorded variable response to sulphur management. Seed yield was the highest, being 35.77% with split application of 45 kg sulphur as 50% basal and 50% at flowering (1.90 t/ha) over the control (1.40 t/ha). The stover yield was highest with basal application of 45 kg sulphur. The quality parameters like protein content and oil content in seed recorded the highest values with split application of 45 kg sulphur as 50% basal and 50% at flowering.