bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theatrical Metaphors in Theodoros Angelopoulos's The Traveling Players
Authors: Myrsiades Linda S
Published: February 2007

Theodoros Angelopoulos's The Traveling Players (1975) presents
itself to us in two guises: as a film that purports to represent the
life of a traveling theatrical troupe as it might actually have existed
during the political and economically difficult years from 1939 to 1952;
and as an exploration of theater as a metaphor for a way of seeing,
as a "gaze" or life text. Theater of the 1940s shares characteristics
with the film through the latter's representation of a touring troupe
mounting performances through the provinces of Greece under conditions
of dictatorship, occupation, and civil war in disoriented towns and
an unsecured countryside. Theater as a filmic metaphor, by contrast,
puts history itself onstage and reveals the extent to which agency is
reduced to "audiencing" and social life is prescripted. Reality becomes
interchangeable with theater onstage and offstage as actuality invades the
stage and dramatic mythic figures are released into social life.
Greek Adolescent Perceptions of Social Change: An Ahistorical Interpretation of Society
Authors: Askouni Nelly
Published: February 2007

This paper uses the Youth and History findings to examine the
conceptual framework by which Greek students understand the formation of
society over time. It assesses their view of historical development and
attempts to reconstitute the logic of the interpretive images they employ
to explain social change. It identifies and analyzes the ideological
constituents of their fundamentally ahistorical viewpoints, which only
appear to be ideologically neutral. Finally, this paper concludes by
raising some hypotheses concerning the political consequences of such
thinking.
National Identity among a Neighboring Quartet: The Case of Greeks, Turks, Israelis, and Palestinians
Authors: Dragonas Thalia G , Bar-On Dan
Published: February 2007

Impressive similarities and telling differences characterize the
representations of national identity among adolescents from four
neighboring countries that are geographically interwoven and also
have in common bilateral, long-dated histories of conflictual
relationships--Greece, Turkey, Israel, and the Palestinian Authority. (The
Israeli sample includes a separate subsample of Palestinians living in
Israel.) Ethnocentrism, European integration, and attitudes towards
immigration, as measured by student reponses to the Youth and
History survey, are the components of national identification
examined. All five groups are highly ethnocentric in relation to the
rest of the students completing the survey. Greek students incorporate
European cooperation in their ethnocentric conception; for Turkish,
Palestinian, and Israeli-Palestinian youths, European cooperation is
associated with democracy, while for Israelis it has strong humanitarian
connotations. Finally, Turkish youths seem to have the most stringent
criteria for conditional immigration. These results are placed within
a wider theoretical context of the socio-psychological dimensions of
national identity.
National Identification and Ethnocentric Bias among Greek Adolescents: In Search of Correlates
Authors: Hantzi Alexandra , Abakoumkin Georgios
Published: February 2007

This essay aims at a secondary analysis of some of the Greek
data collected for the Youth and History project. It is an
exploratory investigation that adopts an approach based on Social
Identity Theory (SIT) in order to identify correlates of the forms of
national identification and ethnocentric bias expressed by Greek
adolescents. Variables reflecting both ethnocentric and Eurocentric
views were found to be significant predictors of the level of
national identification. At the same time, high ethnocentric bias
was found to be negatively related to conventional views of nations
and an affirmative concept of Europe, while positively related to
discriminatory attitudes towards immigrants.
Totius Graecia : Nicolaos Sophianos's Map of Greece and the Transformations of Hellenism
Authors: Tolias Giorgos
Published: February 2007

The sole surviving map of Greece composed by Nicolaos Sophianos, Totius Graeciae Descriptio (1552), a large mural map in four
sheets, had an impact on the cartography of Greece for centuries to
follow. In its composition, the work implies a particular definition
of Greek lands, based on the notions of Hellenism and the geographical
and historical dispersion of the Greek population. Such conceptions
also underlie Rhigas's monumental Carta (1797) and continue to
be observed in the historical cartography of Greece up through the
nineteenth century, most notably in the large propaganda maps issued
by Paparrigopoulos and Kiepert that were published by the Association
for the Dissemination of Greek Learning (1875-1915). A comparative
study of these three maps, as well as a series of similar maps of Greece
done by Western cartographers, sheds light on the uses of Hellenism in
the formatting procedures of modern Greek territorial identity.
Conversing Hellenism: The Multiple Voices of a Byzantine Monument in Greece
Authors: Papalexandrou Amy
Published: February 2007

The church of the Virgin of Skripou, in Boeotia, offers a remarkable
instance of the potential layering of history as realized in a Byzantine
monument. This is initially discernible in the hybrid character of the
building, composed as it is of remnants from an earlier time, re-ordered
and invested with new meaning at the time of its construction. The
subsequent reception of the church in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries likewise serves to highlight the variety and complexity of
attitudes projected by contemporary beholders over time. Finally, the
church's role within the popular imagination, first as the inheritor
of famous antiquities and later as the site of miraculous intervention,
has been crucial to its survival and preservation at the hands of a
community that has actively cultivated notions of local identity and
collective memory.
The Other "Parthenon": Antiquity and National Memory at Makronisos
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: February 2007

Makronisos, the small, uninhabited island off the Attica coast, was the location of the most notorious concentration camp set up by the Greek government during the Civil War (1946-1949). It was a place of brutality, torture, and death, but its distinctive feature was its role as an indoctrination center for many thousands of political dissidents (mostly left-wing soldiers and citizens, but also ethnic and religious minorities) who, after they were "re-educated" in the national dogmas, were sent to fight against their ex-comrades. Classical antiquity was one of the main ideological foundations of this "experiment," the audience for which was the whole of Greece and the international community. In the island, still known as "The New Parthenon," the "redeemed" inmates were encouraged to build replicas of classical monuments, and the regime's discourse emphasized the perceived incompatibility of the inmates' "destiny" (as descendants of ancient Greeks) with left-wing ideologies. Paradoxically, many of the counter-discourses of the Makronisos inmates and their supporters also subscribed to the essentialist discourse of continuity and ancestral glory. This paper situates this phenomenon within the broader context of the role of antiquity in modern Greek society; it also examines the topological construction of Makronisos as a heterotopia where the panopticism of classical antiquity (the watchful eye of History and Destiny) merged surveillance with spectacle.
Unwintering January (Dante, Paradiso 27.142-143)
Authors: Kay Richard
Published: February 2007

According to Beatrice, January is being unwintered "because of the hundredth part that is neglected below." The seasonal slippage to which she refers is not, as is generally supposed, due to the Julian calendar, but rather to the precession of the equinoxes, which significantly is also the reason for postulating the existence of an eighth sphere, the Primum Mobile, where this speech occurs.
Apicius, Seneca, and Surfeit: Boccaccio's Sonnet 95
Authors: Usher Jonathan
Published: February 2007

Though hitherto unrecognised, the Senecan origin of an image in Boccaccio's sonnet 95 permits the identification of the source of two bravura passages about gluttony, one in the Esposizioni and the other in the De Casibus, whilst revealing that the 'Cianghellian doctrine' of the Corbaccio comes from the same Senecan context, despite the name coming from Dante.
Stress in the Book of Nature: The Supplemental Logic of Galileo's Realism
Authors: Biagioli Mario
Published: February 2007

This essay looks at the genealogy of Galileo's famous topos of the "book of nature" written in geometrical characters and open in front of anyone willing to read it. It shows that what has been traditionally read as an emblem of Galileo's method and mathematical realism was, in fact, the result of Galileo's difficult confrontation with another divine book: the Scripture. I argue that, behind the effect of transparency one
experiences when reading Galileo's description of his topos, the book of nature was actually ridden with aporias -- aporias that can be traced to the relation of supplementarity between the Scripture and the book of nature.
Faranca-Algeries ou Djazair-frances? Fractales et mesententes fructueuses
Authors: Rosello Mireille
Published: February 2007

� l'occasion de l'ann�e de l'Alg�rie
en France, ce texte s'interroge sur la fa�on dont on peut penser la rencontre
entre les deux nations. Et parmi la multitude de mod�les que les chercheurs
interdisciplinaires ont propos�s, il retient celui de Jacques Ranci�re (La
M�sentente, 1995), celui de Benjamin Stora (sur le � m�lange des
m�moires �), et enfin celui d'Etienne Balibar, qui r�fl�chit �
�l'interp�n�tration � Alg�rie-France. Il ne s'agit pas de choisir entre ces
mod�les mais d'examiner les moments o� la rencontre elle-m�me est nouvelle afin
de remettre en question l'id�e selon laquelle l'existence d'un � dialogue �
constitue, en soi, une am�lioration des rapports entre la France et l'Alg�rie.
Fashion Matters: La Sape and Vestimentary Codes in Transnational Contexts and Urban Diasporas
Authors: Thomas Dominic Richard David
Published: February 2007

The focus of this essay is provided by a discussion of the symbiotic
relationship between Paris as a narrative construct in the minds of its former
African colonial subjects, and the complex manner in which urban spaces and
narrative productions are simultaneously reconfigured according to the
cultural, political, and sociological agendas of cultural practitioners. Using
a theoretical context inspired by a transnational understanding of performance
and identity, the manner in which dress codes (the phenomenon of "la
sape") have marked the experiences of the Congolese diasporas in France
are explored as they relate to the 1998 novel by Alain Mabanckou, Bleu-Blanc-Rouge.
Comment j'ai ecrit mes livres (et autres considerations sommaires)
Authors: Waberi Abdourahman A.
Published: February 2007

A
brief essay by Abdourahman A. Waberi on how he came to write his latest novel, Transit (Paris: Gallimard, 2002), and on the interrogations
underlying his works of fiction, which also include Balbala (Paris: Le Serpent � Plumes, 1997), Le Pays sans
ombre (Paris: Le Serpent � Plumes,
1994), Cahiers Nomades (Paris: Le
Serpent � Plumes, 1996), and Routes-Rifts-Rails (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2001).
Memory out of Line: Hebrew Etymology in the Roman de Brut and Merlin
Authors: Warren Michelle R.
Published: February 2007

Currently,
hyphens are commonly used to define ethnic identities of multiple origins. In
the Middle Ages, multilingual etymologies served a similar function by
narrating linguistic histories derived from more than one cultural tradition.
Analyzing the Hebrew-French etymologies presented in Wace's Roman de Brut (c. 1155, Cernel) and the Merlin (c. 1230,
Escalibor), this essay places
French-language narratives of British history in dialogue with the gradual
re-interpretation of the roles of Jews in Christian culture that developed in
this period. Whereas Wace portrays the possibility of cultural accommodation,
the Merlin witnesses new forms of
ambivalence.
Jazz Language and Ethnic Novelty
Authors: Jerving Ryan
Published: February 2007

This essay derives from a book-length project surveying the surprising range of American writers who broached modernism's not-so-great divide during jazz's limited life as a popular national form, engaging it to sound out anxieties about nation, ethnicity, and the work of the artist in an age of mechanical reproduction. Modernists figured these changing cultural formations in terms of opportunity as well as constraint, and the essay is particularly concerned with the perceived potential of commercial jazz for reimagining the national community and its language. Samson Raphaelson, in "The Day of Atonement" (1921) and The Jazz Singer (1925), made jazz's ethnically accented "new notes" central to his account of an emerging transnational "Americanese." And it was the entertainment industry's make-it-obsolete aesthetic that enabled 1923's smash, "Yes! We Have No Bananas," to counter restrictionist rhetoric (and Waste Land-style pessimism) with an account of vaudeville Greek remaking America, and making this remaking "fun, you bet."
"Clear Heads, Solid Stomachs, and Hard Muscles": Max Nordau and the Aesthetics of Jewish Regeneration
Authors: Presner Todd Samuel
Published: February 2007

Using a range of visual and archival sources, this article examines the "body culture" of German Zionism around the fin de siecle. I give particular attention to Max Nordau's invention of the muscle Jew and the ideology of regeneration in The Jewish Gymnastics Journal. I argue that Nordau's muscle Jew can be understood as a conceptual extension and elaboration of the traits attributed to the "true modern" in Degeneration: Health and originality of race, clarity of vision and purpose, strength of body, discipline, and adaptability become qualities that describe the muscle Jew and characterize the Zionist project of Jewish regeneration.
Natural Rhythm: La Parisienne Dances with Darwin: 1875-1910
Authors: Gordon Rae Beth
Published: February 2007

The essay looks at the influence of minstrels, Africans, and black American dancers on white stars of the Parisian café- concert and music-hall between 1877 and 1908. The arrival of the first black performers coincided with the tremendous popular interest in Darwinism and in Charcot's hysterics. The effect of this simultaneity was to create an amalgam in the popular imagination. This amalgam of the hysteric and the savage enjoyed its most extravagant representations on music-hall stages in the person of the epileptic singer, a genre invented in 1875. Popular spectacle thus played a powerful role in forging images of the primitive and making those images a central part of the aesthetics of modernity taking shape in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
"Une femme qui reve n'est pas tout a fait une femme": Lelia en rupture d'identite
Authors: Ender Evelyne
Published: February 2007

In the first version of her novel L�lia (1833), George Sand raises the question of a woman's identity to a crisis point by articulating it around the heroine's frigidity. Drawing on the phenomenological work of the philosopher Denise Riley, this article shows that L�lia's condition is symptomatic of a wider historical and philosophical construction of gender differences, which is still visible in Jean-Paul Sartre's discussion of frigidity in Being and Nothingness. Since they are destined to sustain the whole edifice of gender, women must stay in their bodies at all times, and are thus denied the right to dream, or to think. Thus Sand's experimental text dramatizes, in its very pathos and inconclusiveness, a question that has occupied feminist thinkers to this day, namely "which identities are truly viable for women?" (In French) (EE)
Verite de l'art et rhetorique du vraisemblable: une (re)lecture de Cinq-Mars
Authors: Cambien Michel
Published: February 2007

La th�orie de la v�rit� dans l'art que Vigny expose dans la pr�face de Cinq-Mars s'inscrit dans la tradition d'une rh�torique du vraisemblable qui exclut les descriptions gratuites. Aussi celle du roman concern� sont-elles toutes textuel-lement motiv�es et rel�vent-elles d'un syst�me de signification solidement structur�. La conciliation des exigences li�es au respect du d�nouement d'un �v�nement historique et des finalit�s d'une pratique rh�torique entra�ne sans doute un infl�chissement de la th�se que devait initialement soutenir le roman: de politique, celle-ci devient philo-sophique. Mais Cinq-Mars acquiert ainsi la coh�rence qui lui est parfois contest�e. (in French) (MC)
Entre paraitre et disparaitre: Le "Testament" de Nina de Villard
Authors: Harismendy-Lony Sandrine
Published: February 2007

The eclipse of Nina de Villard and the paradoxical petrification of her image (she is better known as Manet's "La Dame aux �ventails") is explicable in terms of the social and artistic environment of the second half of the nineteenth century. Her "Test-ament," both by dint of its position at the head of a collection of poems (Feuillets parisiens) and by its choice of themes (art, artifice, representation, greenhouse), takes up the exposition motif so central to the whole fin-de-si�cle period. Moreover, a close reading of the poem reveals the anguish of a female voice smothered by an excess of representation. In an age of exhibitions, collections and various bric-�-brac, it would appear that Nina de Villard's overvisibility caused her to disappear from view. (In French) (SH-L)
"Le Regenerateur de la France": Literary Accounts of Napoleonic Regeneration 1799-1805
Authors: Sainson Katia
Published: February 2007

This article examines the earliest stages of the Napoleonic legend, as it took shape in the immediate post-Revolutionary era. In particular it focuses on what would later become a central theme in the Romantic-era cult of Napoleon - the theme of regeneration. The concept of regeneration with both its physiological and spiritual connotations was already a moral imperative of the Revolutionary period. However, the imagery linked to regeneration is still very much in evidence in a variety of little known texts glorifying Napoleon as a source of agriculture revitalization, demo-graphic renewal, national renaissance and spiritual rebirth. We also see evidence of a catastrophic form of literary regeneration in such works as Le Dernier homme by Grainville (1805) in which the figure of Napoelon is overshadowed by an annihilating form of regeneration that puts into question any dream of rebirth in the post-Revolutionary world. (KS)
The Seasons of the Soul in J.-K. Huysman's La Cathedrale
Authors: Ziegler Robert
Published: February 2007

Through an examination of the use of plant imagery, this essay argues that, of all of Huysmans's novels, La Cath�drale is the most concerned with processes of artistic rarefaction, converting things into symbols, and stone into air. In La Cath�drale, the virignal lily assumes as important a position as the ridiculous pumpkin, the fruit of human vice combining the baseness of carnality with the lofty immodesty of self-satisfaction. Huysmans fixes the axis of his book on the issue of positional inverstion, making high what is low, orienting his text up, like a vine climbing the supportive scaffolding of Catholic teaching. From the wallowing horizontality of lust, pride rises until grace purifies it and carries it to the level of the angels. (RZ)
Renee Vivien and The Ladies of the Lake
Authors: Engelking Tama Lea
Published: February 2007

This study examines the figures of Ophelia and the Arthurian Vivien in the poetry of the fin-de-si�cle lesbian poet, Pauline Tarn, who wrote in French under the name Ren�e Vivien (1877-1909). Often depicted in Victorian literature and art, the mad self-sacrificing Ophelia, and the seductive sorceress Vivien of the Lake, represent two sides of a feminine gender dynamic that was shifting during the late nineteenth century. Vivien's problematic identification with these "Ladies of the Lake" highlights the conflicts and contradictions inherent in Sapphic decadence, and reveals both the restrictions suffered by creative women, and the disruptive possibilities of feminist poetic revisions. (TLE)
A Genius for the Modern Era: Madame de Stael's Corinne
Authors: Levy Gayle A.
Published: February 2007

Corinne, Mme de Sta�l's semi-autobiographical heroine of Corinne, ou l'Italie embodies a new kind of genius, one that is both heterogamous, having both male and female traits, and heterogeneous, revealing a combination of op-positional but non-gendered characteristics. Corinne is portrayed as a com-bination of many geniuses: female/male, sibyl/prophet, southern/northern temperament, individual/universal genius. Through these unusual combinations Mme de Sta�l attempts to represent Corinne as a republican genius, a genius for and by the people, a genius for a new, just nation composed of emancipated individuals - men and women. (GAL)
"L'angoisse de l'influence naturaliste": Tous Quatre de Paul Margueritte et Le Termite de J.-H. Rosny
Authors: Dousteyssier-Khoze Catherine
Published: February 2007

This article focuses on two novels Ð Tous Quatre (1885) and Le Termite (1890) Ð by two Naturalist writers of the so-called second generation, Paul Margueritte and J.-H. Rosny, who were among the signatories of the famous "Manifeste des Cinq" (1887). It argues that these self-reflexive and self-parodical novels "narrativize" the crisis suffered by the Naturalist movement in the 1880s by showing two fictional (Naturalist) writers struggling against the "anxiety of influence." Through the strategy of mise en abyme these novels show both how Naturalism was undermined from within and how the young Naturalist writers were trying to renew Naturalism as a genre and expand the boundaries of fiction by experimenting with a kind of ultimate and narcissistic brand of Naturalism. (In French) (CD-K)
La Vierge et la bete : Marian Iconographies and Bestial Effigies in Nineteenth-Century French Narratives
Authors: McEachern Patricia A
Published: February 2007

Although nineteenth-century France is well known to be an age of science, materialism and reason, the same period experienced a powerful Marian revival. This article demonstrates how the following nineteenth-century narratives develop the representations of woman as virgin or beast: Honoré de Balzac's Le Lys dans la vallée (1836), Edmond and Jules de Goncourt's Sœur Philomène (1861) and Emile Zola's Lourdes (1898). These novels reflect a growing struggle to codify female roles in imitation of the Virgin Mary. The theme of the virgin progresses during the century from Balzac's use of metaphor and metonymy early in the century to Zola's eventual "morphing" of the literary virgin with the Virgin Mary. Bestial imagery in Balzac is directly associated with excessive sexual appetite and moral weakness, but by the end of the century, the beast is portrayed as characters who literally look like monsters and who appeal to the Virgin for the healing of their monstrous afflictions. (PAM)
Hugo, Shakespeare et l'enseignement des langues vivantes
Authors: Metzidakis Stamos , Young Regina M. (Regina Moeller)
Published: February 2007

After reviewing the thematic and stylistic affinities between Hugo and Shakespeare, especially in the area of drama, this essay demonstrates how the former's admiration of his English predecessor helped advance the cause of free public education in France during the nineteenth century. At the same time, it proves that within that general cause an even more specific goal was met, to wit, the advancement of the teaching of modern foreign languages, specifically English. As a result, Hugo's predilection for Shakespeare's language must be seen not just as a matter of personal taste, but as a conscious or, perhaps, unconscious strategy to change public policy and reform the French educational system. This early champion of a "United States of Europe" is therefore finally understood as having at least partially contributed to the increasingly hegemonic influence of Anglo-American culture throughout the West since his time. (In French) (SM and RMY)
L'Or du poete et l'or du financier: Une Lecture de Chatterton, de Vigny, avec Mallarme
Authors: Rogers Nathalie Buchet
Published: February 2007

A un demi si�cle d'�cart, Vigny, dans Chatterton, et Mallarm� dans Variations sur un sujet, confrontent la question des modes de symbolisation po�tique � l'int�rieur de l'�conomie de march�. Du romantisme au symbolisme, je propose une lecture de Vigny avec Mallarm�, en superposant et contrastant ces deux "crises de vers" qui encadrent l'�poque r�aliste. A travers une mise en relation directe des ph�nom�nes mon�taires et linguistiques, Vigny et Mallarm� abordent la probl�matique centrale de la valeur de l'or par rapport aux autres valeurs symboliques et plus g�n�ralement celle de la convertibilit� des signes et du statut du r�f�rent en po�sie. (In French) (NBR)
La Revue du Centaure : Textes et contextes d'une oeuvre esthetique et litteraire
Authors: Mairesse Anne
Published: February 2007

La revue du Centaure (1896-97) apporte un t�moignage
surprenant sur la p�riode fin de si�cle, remettant en cause
les perspectives habituelles d'analyse des diff�rentes �uvres
qu'elle a pu engendrer. Dans le Centaure, Val�ry - celui
qui ne signait encore que "P. V.," se trouve remarquablement pris entre
le tr�s mallarm�en Henri de R�gnier, et cet autre
Rimbaud que para�t avoir �t� Jean de Tinan. Quant
� la pr�sence d'Henri Albert comme directeur de la
revue, elle nous assure de l'impact des premi�res traductions
nietzsch�ennes sur l'esprit des collaborateurs. Lire Le
Centaure aujourd'hui, c'est saisir la chance d'�branler
certaines convictions, de revoir et de r�viser, ce qui se passe
autour des �uvres. (in French) (AM)
Reading, Ethics, and the Literary Imagination
Authors: Stock Brian
Published: February 2007

This essay analyzes the problem of reading, ethics, and the literary imagination in two periods, late antiquity and the early Renaissance, through the statements respectively of Augustine of Hippo (d. 430) and Francesco Petrarca (d. 1374). After definitions of reading are taken into consideration, the essay argues that the connection between reading and ethical thinking arose out of the teaching of philosophy and theology in late antiquity. A period that was not notable for the originality of its philosophical achievement thereby gave rise to innovative thinking regarding the ethical use of the literary imagination. Augustine’s attitude toward meditative reading is then analyzed, chiefly in his early dialogues and the Confessions, and a comparison is attempted between the historical Augustine’s views and those put into the mouth of Augustinus, who represents this figure in Petrarca’s dialogue, the Secretum. Attention is then given Petrarca’s use of reading, imagery, and writing as meditative techniques. The essay concludes with some observations on the fate of the last of these techniques in the early modern period.
Mixing Impossible Genres: David Achkar and African AutoBiographical Documentary
Authors: Gabara Rachel
Published: February 2007

Despite vigorous debate in the second half of the twentieth century about the nature of the autobiographical genre, little critical attention has been paid either to African autobiography or to autobiographical film. Both have instead been dismissed as theoretically impossible for their inability to continue the coherent, individual “I” of the Western autobiographical tradition. This essay responds to such restrictions of the range of autobiography, arguing for a genre with flexible and porous borders and taking as a test case an African autobiographical film, Guinean David Achkar’s 1991 Allah Tantou. Once included rather than excluded, works such as Achkar’s offer new possibilities for the interrelation of autobiography, biography, and history, expanding the boundaries of what has been considered first-person narration.
The Acoustical Prehistory of Poetry
Authors: Antomarini B. (Brunella) , Stewart Susan (Susan A.)
Published: February 2007

If we want to understand the emergence of poetry in our culture, we cannot look to an alleged "essence" of poetry for an explanation. Instead, we need a genealogical method, one that can trace the source or sources of poetic practice. Oral traditions, including the modalities of transmission that characterize pre-literate narratives, help us grasp the sensibilities and techniques that lead to the creation of poetic texts. In oral traditions across the globe, perception and memorization are universally corporeal: events and experiences are internalized and then re-enacted as real presences. The very musicality of such manifestations is an aid for memory and accounts for the temporal flow and provisional meanings that we find as well in modern written poetry. These persistent features of poetry link modern works to archaic ways of being and communicating.
Landscape, Identity, and War
Authors: Larsen Svend Erik
Published: February 2007

This paper investigates the role of the landscape in relation to war as articulated in literature from antiquity to the present day. It is the same story as the story of identity creation, but looked upon from the reverse side. Being both the object of war as battlefield, and the subject of war as confirmation of identity, the landscape of war is not just a ruined and bare piece of destructed nature, but a complex imaginative and symbolic entity that questions our way of defining and grounding identity through place—question of the highest significance in a cultural epoch where placeness is at the center of the cultural debate.
New Age Scholarship: The Work of Criticism in the Age of Digital Reproduction
Authors: Latham Sean
Published: February 2007

In defending the book and its protocols of reading against the rise of the digital archive, Sven Birkerts worries that "in the theoretically infinite database, all work is present and available—and, in a way, equal." Rather than lamenting this fact, this essay argues that we might recognize such availability as the condition of possibility for cultural studies itself. After first theorizing about the "frenetic" reading practices generated by the digital archive, this essay then engages in an experiment: tracing the use of the word "imperialism" through the digitized version of a British weekly entitled The New Age. The results not only re-embed this now monolithic term in a more complex and unstable historical context, but also point to a new type of synchronic and non-linear critical practice.
Revisiting "Woman-Woman Marriage": Notes on Gikuyu Women
Authors: Njambi Wairimu Ngaruiya , O'Brien William E
Published: February 2007

Studies of women who marry women in Africa are relatively few
in number and generally dated, with few recent contributors. Based on
interviews in central Kenya with Gikuyu
women involved in "woman-woman marriages," this study critiques the
extant literature, focusing on two key issues. Most authors have
perceived narrow conditions and functionalist purposes for explaining
woman-woman marriages. Our interviewees typically express complex
reasons for marrying women, suggesting that woman-woman marriage is a
flexible option within which women may pursue a range of social,
economic, political, and personal interests. We also critique the
concept of "female husband," suggesting that while the "husband" role
can be male or female, the term is not so easily separated from the
male connotations it implies in western contexts.
A Note on Monosyllabic Roots in Kavalan
Authors: Blust R. A
Published: February 2007

The phenomenon of submorphemic sound-meaning association with a terminal
-CVC is widely attested in the Austronesian languages of the Philippines and
Indonesia (including Malagasy), but is absent in Oceanic languages, and until
now has been attested only weakly in the Formosan languages. Evidence is presented that *-pit 'press, squeeze together; narrow', the most richly attested "root"
in Malayo-Polynesian languages, is also well attested in Kavalan, one of the
more endangered and underdescribed aboriginal languages of Taiwan.
Morphological Templates, Headedness, and Applicatives in Barupu
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: February 2007

The applicative construction in Barupu (Macro-Skou family from northern New
Guinea) performs all the functions expected of an applicative: it is a valencyincreasing construction that adds an object to a verb, similar to the relationship
between the intransitive 'be afraid' and the transitive 'fear' in English. The applicative object behaves the same as the base object of a transitive verb with similar
semantics, including the ability to appear indexed on the verb. Some of the applicatives are well behaved, and do not present a challenge to existing models, while
another set of applicatives are more complex morphologically, and more problematic. In these constructions the entire applicative complex displays two features that
are not expected: (1) the applicative morpheme, and the agreement for the applied
object, appears outside all in3ectional agreement for the arguments of the base
verb; and (2) the applicative morpheme shows agreement not just for the object but
also for the subject, in addition to the agreement for subject found on the main verb
root. These applicatives thus display several serial-verb-like properties, but fail to
meet the criteria used to test for serial verbs, both cross-linguistically and within
Barupu. I examine the phonological, morphological, and syntactic patterns associated with these "applicatives," and show that there is a phonotactic constraint in the
language that motivates this apparent mismatch of properties, and a plausible pathway for the development of at least some of these morphemes. Nonetheless we
must recognize that synchronically the language allows for multiply headed verbs,
without evidence of synchronic incorporation processes.
Of Men, Hills, and Winds: Space Directionals in Mwotlap
Authors: Francois Alexandre
Published: February 2007

In Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu, the principal device for referring to space is a paradigm of six directionals. Organized in pairs, these morphemes define three ways to draw a vector in space: by reference to a salient participant (hither-thither); by reference to an asymmetry perceptible within the immediate, local setting (up-down; in-out); or by reference to a fixed, absolute system of four horizontal quadrants (also lexified as up-down; in-out). These three "coordinate sets" can be shown to obey a strict hierarchy, determining which one the speaker should activate in a given situation. After providing an overview of this directional system, this paper investigates in more detail the mechanics of geocentric reference in Mwotlap, whereby a land/sea axis (inout) is crossed by a second axis, running from [south]east (up) to [north]west (down). In order to account for this use of the vertical directionals up-down on the horizontal plane, a semantic hypothesis is proposed that is related to the seafaring history of Mwotlap's population.
Neurology, Technology, and the Diagnostic Imperative
Authors: Nahm Frederick K. D
Published: February 2007

Advancements in diagnostic technologies have revolutionized the
field of neurology. The use of these tools in the course of neurological
evaluations is driven by a strong version of the diagnostic imperative,
with the goal of precisely identifying the locus and extent of disease
processes. Because of the discrepancy between the sophistication of
these technologies and the availability of therapeutic interventions,
there is active debate regarding the appropriate use of these
tools when the diagnosis is clear, or when no change is made to the
therapeutic management. A narrow view of management that is bounded by
the availability of pharmacological or surgical interventions results
in a more rigid dichotomy between the needs of doctors and patients. A
broader view that relaxes the constraint between diagnostic procedures
and interventions is more in keeping with the observation that many
acts are performed for the benefit of doctors and patients alike. An
historical and ethical analysis of the diagnostic imperative, with
attention to the rise of innovative medical technologies and current
concepts of therapeutic intervention, can help clarify the principles
of medical paternalism and beneficence that guide current models of
decision making in the neurological sciences.
Evolutionary Fallacies of Nazi Psychiatry: Implications for Current Research
Authors: Brune Martin
Published: February 2007

Evolutionary theory has had a major impact on
psychiatry since the middle of the 19th century. During the Nazi
regime psychiatry supported compulsory sterilization and euthanasia of
physically and mentally ill and subsequently the killing of "inferior"
races by borrowing scientifically invalid conclusions from evolutionary
biology. The present paper deals with some of the flaws and shortcomings
of the scientific paradigms of evolutionary theory adopted by psychiatry
during the Nazi regime and discusses possible implications for modern
research in evolutionary psychology and psychiatry.
Literary Inquiry and Professional Development in Medicine: Against Abstractions
Authors: Wear Delese , Nixon Lois LaCivita
Published: February 2007

The professional development discourse currently
circulating in academic medicine owes much to the work of the
American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and their Project
Professionalism.They identify the elements of altruism, duty,
excellence, honor and integrity, accountability, and respect for others
as forming the basis of professional development. While an admirable
effort, Project Professionalism remains primarily an abstract
set of attitudes and behaviors with a number of vignettes that are of
limited use to medical educators attempting to foster the development
of professionalism in medical students. This paper outlines an approach
to professional development grounded in medical narratives written by
physicians, including memoirs, essays, and poetry, that may help students
grapple with the challenges of medicine that involve those very elements
put forth by ABIM. An argument is made that literature may be a superior
medium for engagement with these elements because of its ability to
evoke discomfort and vulnerability in ways the case report does not.
The Enduring Scientific Contributions of Sigmund Freud
Authors: Gedo John E
Published: February 2007

Through the development of a novel observational method, Sigmund
Freud made possible the collection of reliable data about man's inner
life. The scientific hypotheses he formulated about these formed the
initial version of psychoanalysis. Many of these first thoughts have
had to be revised in the light of subsequent scientific findings about
the operations of the central nervous system, but even these refuted
propositions often had much heuristic value. Despite the passage of a
whole century, many Freudian hypotheses have retained their scientific
standing. Most important among these was Freud's realization that human
thought is usually unconscious. His understanding of the role of the
automatic repetition of basic patterns of behavior, of the fateful
consequences of early childhood emotional vicissitudes in structuring
enduring mental dispositions, and of the distinction between two distinct
modes of thinking are the most significant among his many contributions.
High-Tech Brains: A History of Technology-Based Analogies and Models of Nerve and Brain Function
Authors: Kirkland Kyle L
Published: February 2007

This article reviews some of the technological devices and ideas
which have been used over the years to answer the question, how does the
brain work? It describes some of the early technology-based analogies and
models of nerve fibers, and then discusses other analogies and models
of the brain based on mechanical and electrical technologies. There
are also short sections on cybernetics, telephone exchanges, and
computers. Although all of these ideas are flawed to some extent,
this article offers a brief argument on the usefulness of analogy and
abstraction in brain science.
Henry Ingersoll Bowditch and Oliver Wendell Holmes: Stethoscopists and Reformers
Authors: Felts John H
Published: February 2007

Two Bostonians, Henry Ingersoll Bowditch (1808-1892) and Oliver Wendell
Holmes (1809-1894), went to Paris for advanced medical training and
came home ardent disciples of Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis, leader
of the French school that derived its eminence from expert auscultation
and careful correlation of bedside and autopsy findings. Both Bowditch
and Holmes became leaders in 19th-century American medicine. Bowditch,
a successful practitioner and prolific medical writer, wrote the first
important American text on physical examination and became our first
specialist in pulmonary disease. He pioneered in the public health
movement, was a charter member and later president of the American Medical
Association, and was an abolitionist and an advocate for equal rights for
women in medicine. Holmes left practice to become a medical educator. As
Dean of Harvard Medical School, he tried unsuccessfully to admit white
women and free black men to the school. Although his greatest fame came
as a man of letters, Holmes considered himself first a physician and
medical educator, and was justifiably proud of his definitive study,
"The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" (1843). Today, Bowditch and
Holmes are little appreciated as pioneers and reformers, but we remain
in debt to them both.
The Oral Examination: Awesome or Awful?
Authors: Weisse Allen B
Published: February 2007

Medical and surgical specialty boards are constantly striving to insure
that those seeking certification in their specialty are adequately
trained and sufficiently evaluated to guarantee the highest quality of
patient care. One traditional component of the evaluation process, the
oral examination, has been discontinued by some specialty boards but is
still retained by most. A review of the history of the oral examination,
combined with personal experiences of the author, suggests that this
particular rite of passage may have outlived its usefulness in all but a
few areas of medical specialization. Addressing the most pressing problems
of patient mismanagement in the most visible area of practice, the
hospital environment, requires that major emphasis be on the improvement
of hospital practices rather than on doctors' qualifications. Only in
this way can we ensure patient safety and restore patients' confidence in
the care they receive and in the doctors responsible for administering it.
Autonomy Reconfigured: Incorporating the Role of the Unconscious
Authors: Homan Richard W
Published: February 2007

The principle of respect for autonomy has served as a pillar of American bioethics. Through its application in response to physician paternalism and as the basis for informed consent, it has attained preeminent status in the discipline. New challenges in health care warrant a re-examination of the origins of our autonomy. Developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neurology all emphasize the intimate relationship between our cognitive and emotional development, and through this, our conscious and unconscious minds. Our intellectual, and particularly our moral development, are instilled in us by our moral mentors, and consequently by our community as a whole. Autonomy and community are therefore inextricably interlinked, and our emphasis on liberty, rights, and privacy without the inclusion of family, community, and social responsibility is biologically unsound. Appreciation of this reality should lead to a more balanced set of bioethical norms.
Rethinking the Boundaries of Kawasaki Disease: Toward a Revised Case Definition
Authors: Kushner Howard I , Bastian John F , Turner Christena H , Burns Jane C
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
This paper describes the historical evolution of the Kawasaki disease (KD)
case definition and its limitations for identification and treatment of
children at risk for coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). The dominant view of
pathogenesis is that an unknown agent infects infants and children, who
then develop the signs of KD. Some of the infected infants and children
then develop CAA, and a few die from myocardial infarction. Because the
etiologic agent remains unknown, diagnosis of KD relies on observation and
recognition of the clinical signs that comprise the KD case definition
criteria. This approach has been successful in identifying and treating
many children at risk for CAA. Unfortunately, however, it has delayed the
effective treatment of children who fail to meet the KD case definition
criteria but who, nevertheless, develop CAA. The original case definition
was developed before the general acceptance of CAA as sequelae of KD,
the availability of the echocardiogram, and effective treatment with
intravenous immunoglobulin. Despite an evolution in awareness, detection,
and treatment of possible CAA sequela, the case definition has not been
altered so
as to incorporate this knowledge. Our investigation explores the
transformation of the case definition from an epidemiological instrument
to a diagnostic tool. We urge the construction of a more sensitive KD
case definition that includes signs and laboratory findings associated
with CAA.
Charles Dickens and the Movement for Sanitary Reform
Authors: Litsios Socrates
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
Charles Dickens's adult life parallels the period when the movement for
sanitary reform took root in England. Although he was not one of its
leaders, he became in time one of its most outspoken advocates. This
essay describes Dickens's growing involvement in the sanitary movement
and looks at one of the most important ways he supported it—articles
published in his weekly journal.
Household Words
We-Intentionality: An Essential Element in Understanding Human Culture?
Authors: Plotkin H. C. (Henry C.)
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
Culture is a powerful cause of human behavior, yet there have been few
attempts to synthesize the biological and social sciences in order to
provide an explanation of culture and hence to lay the foundations for
a comprehensive human science. This essay explores one possible way of
doing this by outlining the likely psychological mechanisms that give
rise to the unique human capacity for creating social reality. The core
assumption is that "we-intentionality," which is key to understanding
social constructions, can and must be linked to specific evolved
psychological traits, and hence placed within a neuroscience perspective.
The Evolution of Medical Imaging: From Geiger Counters to MRI--A Personal Saga
Authors: Mallard John R
Published: February 2007

This article traces the evolution of medical imaging, from the
crude images of the thyroid gland obtained using Geiger and scintillation
counters, to the automatic scanners built to image brain tumors and
organs, to gamma cameras, to digital imaging. A computed tomography
scanner built in Aberdeen in the late 1960s led to the present-day
gamma-camera tomographs, the main workhorse of nuclear medicine. The
gradual evolution of the steps needed for clinical magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) are described, along with the rapid development of
this novel form of body imaging. A brief account is also given of the
present-day use of MRI in clinical medicine worldwide, with some modern
cutting-edge applications, and its possible future.