bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An XAI Approach to Melanoma Diagnosis: Explaining the Output of Convolutional Neural Networks with Feature Injection
Authors: Grignaffini Flavia , De Santis Enrico , Frezza Fabrizio , Rizzi Antonello
Published: December 2024

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems, which combine medical image processing with artificial intelligence (AI) to support experts in diagnosing various diseases, emerged from the need to solve some of the problems associated with medical diagnosis, such as long timelines and operator-related variability. The most explored medical application is cancer detection, for which several CAD systems have been proposed. Among them, deep neural network (DNN)-based systems for skin cancer diagnosis have demonstrated comparable or superior performance to that of experienced dermatologists. However, the lack of transparency in the decision-making process of such approaches makes them “black boxes” and, therefore, not directly incorporable into clinical practice. Trying to explain and interpret the reasons for DNNs’ decisions can be performed by the emerging explainable AI (XAI) techniques. XAI has been successfully applied to DNNs for skin lesion image classification but never when additional information is incorporated during network training. This field is still unexplored; thus, in this paper, we aim to provide a method to explain, qualitatively and quantitatively, a convolutional neural network model with feature injection for melanoma diagnosis. The gradient-weighted class activation mapping and layer-wise relevance propagation methods were used to generate heat maps, highlighting the image regions and pixels that contributed most to the final prediction. In contrast, the Shapley additive explanations method was used to perform a feature importance analysis on the additional handcrafted information. To successfully integrate DNNs into the clinical and diagnostic workflow, ensuring their maximum reliability and transparency in whatever variant they are used is necessary.
Psychiatric Disorders and Their Impact on Herpes Zoster Incidence: Five Years of Data from Turkiye
Authors: Yeşiloğlu Caner , Yeşiloğlu Cihan , Tamam Lut , Demirkol Mehmet Emin
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between psychiatric disorders and herpes zoster (HZ). Emergency and outpatient admissions to Kırşehir Education and Research Hospital between 2019 and 2023 were examined. Psychiatric disorders are known in the literature as one of the factors that weaken the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of infection. Methods: In our study, the past diagnoses and sociodemographic data of all individuals over the age of 18 who applied to the Kırşehir Education and Research Hospital between 2019 and 2023 were obtained from hospital system records. Patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment or those with diseases that could affect immune system function were excluded from the study. The sample was divided into two groups: those with and without psychiatric disorders diagnosed with HZ. Sociodemographic features, change of HZ frequency over the years, and differences among psychiatric diagnosis subgroups were examined between the groups. Results: Individuals with psychiatric diseases had a significantly higher frequency of HZ compared to those without psychiatric diseases (0.0040% vs. 0.0016%, p < 0.001). No significant difference was found in the frequency of HZ among different types of psychiatric disorders (p = 0.60). Additionally, no statistically significant difference was found in the median age between the groups (p = 0.11). In terms of gender distribution, it was determined that women were more frequently diagnosed with HZ compared to men. Conclusions: The frequency of HZ was found to be higher in individuals with psychiatric disorders. However, further research is needed to explore the association between specific psychiatric diagnoses and HZ frequency.
The Association Between Air Pollution Exposure and White Blood Cell Counts: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey in South Korea
Authors: Lee Jihye , Yoon Hee-Young
Published: December 2024

Background: The effect of air pollution, a major global health issue, on the immune system, particularly on white blood cell (WBC) counts, remains underexplored. Methods: This study utilized data from 54,756 participants in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to investigate the effects of short- (day of examination and 7-day averages), mid- (30- and 90-day averages), and long-term (one-, three-, and five-year averages) air pollutant exposure on WBC counts. We assessed exposure to particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO). Results: Linear regression with log-transformed WBC counts, adjusted for confounders, showed that PM10 was positively associated with long-term exposure, PM2.5 was negatively associated with short- and mid-term exposures, SO2 was consistently negatively associated with short- and mid-term exposures, NO2 and CO were positive across most periods, and O3 was negatively associated with short- and mid-term exposures. Logistic regression analysis confirmed these findings, showing that short- and mid-term exposure to PM10, PM2.5, and SO2 was negatively associated with the risk of belonging to the high-WBC group, while long-term exposure to PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and CO showed positive associations with risk. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the time- and pollutant-specific associations between air pollution exposure and WBC counts, underscoring air pollution’s potential impact on systemic inflammation.
Beyond the Barriers of Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion Through an Emblematic Case: A New Way Forward to Expand the Donor Pool
Authors: Faccioli Eleonora , Verzeletti Vincenzo , Mammana Marco , Dell’Amore Andrea , Melan Luca , Shamshoum Fares , Rosellini Edoardo , Boscolo Annalisa , Pezzuto Federica , Navalesi Paolo , Calabrese Fiorella , Rea Federico , Schiavon Marco
Published: December 2024

Background: Lung transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage respiratory diseases, but its application is limited by the shortage of organs. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has emerged as a promising technique to evaluate and recondition donor lungs previously deemed unsuitable for transplantation. However, limitations such as lung contusions, air leaks, and perfusate extravasation, especially in portable EVLP systems, hinder the procedure. Despite prolonged perfusions that can result in blood pooling at the lung bases due to fixed lung positioning and diminished oncotic pressure, in some cases, extending perfusion time beyond the typical 5–6 h could benefit extended-criteria lungs, addressing factors such as edema or logistical complications. Methods: We present an innovative protocol involving prolonged EVLP, pronation of the graft, and the addition of anti-edematous drugs to the perfusate. Results: This novel approach, previously tested in animal models, enhances lung reconditioning and expands the donor pool. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that this strategy overcomes key limitations of standard EVLP, offering a valuable solution for improving the availability of transplantable lungs.
68Ga-DOTATOC Uptake by Stellate Ganglia, Mimicking a Right Cervical Metastasis of Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Case Report
Authors: Zhang-Yin Jules Tianyu , Panagiotidis Emmanouil
Published: December 2024

Background: 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT is a functional imaging modality that has revolutionized the evaluation of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) by targeting somatostatin receptors. This technique has largely replaced conventional gamma camera imaging with 111In-labeled octreotide due to its superior sensitivity and resolution. While the physiologic distribution, normal variations, and common pitfalls associated with 68Ga-DOTATOC imaging are well documented, rare but clinically significant pitfalls can still occur. Methods: We present a case highlighting one such pitfall: focal 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake at the cervicothoracic junction, specifically within the stellate ganglia, which mimicked metastatic involvement of a NET. Results: Initially, the uptake was interpreted as a potential right cervical metastasis. To clarify this finding, a follow-up 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT was performed, which demonstrated no evidence of cervical metastases, thereby confirming the initial uptake as a physiologic variation rather than pathological activity. This case underscores the dynamic variability of 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake within the stellate ganglia in the same patient over time. On occasion, the intensity of physiologic uptake in these structures can be pronounced enough to mimic metastatic disease, posing a diagnostic challenge. Conclusions: Awareness of this rare phenomenon is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary interventions.
Association of Ego Defense Mechanisms with Electrolyte and Inflammation Marker Levels, Interdialytic Weight Gain, Depression, Alexithymia, and Sleep Disorders in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Pojatić Đorđe , Miškić Blaženka , Jelinčić Ivana , Pezerović Davorin , Degmečić Dunja , Ćosić Vesna
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Ego defense mechanisms are subconscious processes that help individuals cope with stressors from both external and internal realities. They are divided into three levels based on their adaptive function. Patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis are those who have been treated with this method for longer than three months. Only a few studies have examined the defense mechanisms in hemodialysis patients. Our study aimed to examine the association between ego defense mechanisms and alexithymia, depression, and sleep disorders, as well as clinical and biochemical variables, in a group of 170 hemodialysis patients. Methods: We used the Defense Style Questionnaire-40, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-26, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Hamilton Depression Inventory as our analyses methods. Clinical and biochemical variables, along with interdialytic weight gain, were measured before the hemodialysis session. Results: There was a positive correlation between the affect displacement and dissociation with leukocyte levels (Spearman’s rho = 0.192, p = 0.02; rho = 0.165, p = 0.04), and between autistic fantasy and phosphorus levels (rho = −0.163, p = 0.04). Depressive HD patients had higher levels of somatization, affect displacement, and splitting compared to the HD patients without depression (Man–Whitney U test, p = 0.005, p = 0.022, p = 0.045). There were higher levels of immature defense mechanisms in the group of patients with alexithymia than in the group without alexithymia (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The immature defense mechanisms were our research model’s strongest predictive factor of alexithymia (OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.75).
First-in-Human Percutaneous Epicardial-Only Left Atrial Appendage Closure Using Sierra Left Atrial Appendage Ligation System
Authors: Batko Jakub , Litwinowicz Radosław , Kapelak Boguslaw , Bartuś Krzysztof
Published: December 2024

Background: In patients with atrial fibrillation and contraindications for oral anticoagulation, in which an increased risk of stroke remains, a left atrial appendage exclusion should be considered for elimination, because the left atrial appendage is the most common site of thrombus. The aim of this study is to present the first-in-human study results of the Sierra Aegis Left Atrial Appendage Ligation System, a new epicardial-only left atrial appendage closure system. Methods: This study was a prospective, first-in-human, single-center study evaluating the effectiveness and safety of the Sierra Aegis Left Atrial Appendage Ligation System device for epicardial left atrial appendage closure. Seven patients (mean age: 57.3 ± 10.6 years, 71.4% male) were qualified for a left atrial appendage closure because of an increased risk of bleeding with the need for lifelong anticoagulation pharmacology due to an increased risk of stroke. The patients’ preoperative and intraoperative characteristics were collected. Patients were observed during their 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year follow-up. Results: The mean procedure time was 21.2 ± 8.2 min. All patients spent 3 days in the hospital including monitoring, the performance of preoperative CT scans, and anatomical evaluation. No tamponade, bleeding, thrombus, or left atrial appendage leakage were observed during the procedure or in-hospital stay. During the 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year follow-up visits, none of the patients reported any complications. No tamponade, leakage, or left atrial appendage thrombus were observed. Conclusions: This first-in-human study regarding Sierra use for left atrial appendage closure shows promising results regarding the effectiveness and safety of the Sierra device for use in humans.
Management of Hypercholesterolemia in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Glimpse into the Future
Authors: Sciahbasi Alessandro , Russo Paola , Zuccanti Michela , Chiorazzo Laura , Castelli Francesco Maria , Granatelli Antonino
Published: December 2024

Cardio-cerebral vascular diseases due to atherosclerosis are still the leading cause of death worldwide. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B have been identified as the primary factors responsible for the atherosclerotic process, with a causal effect. Many drugs aimed at reducing LDL-C levels are already on the market, acting in different ways in terms of mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety. Moreover, new lipid-lowering agents and new technologies in the fields of gene editing and immunotherapy are currently under investigation. A more recent biomarker associated with an increased risk of plaque generation, progression, and subsequent ASCVD is the lipoprotein (a) and, in the next few years, it will be the new target of pharmacological therapy. The aim of this review is to present the landscape of therapies already approved to reduce LDL-C levels, evaluating their efficacy, tolerability, and indications. Moreover, we take a glimpse into the future to evaluate experimental novel therapies to lower LDL-C levels that will be approved in the next few years or are under clinical evaluation.
Safety and Effectiveness of G-Mesh® Gynecological Meshes Intended for Surgical Treatment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse—A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Wilczak Maciej , Chmaj-Wierzchowska Karolina , Wójtowicz Mariusz , Kądziołka Przemysław , Paul Paulina , Gajdzicka Aleksandra , Jezierska Kaja , Sujka Witold
Published: December 2024

Background: The prevalence of POP in women ranges from 30–40%, with 10–20% requiring surgical intervention. Annually, over 225,000 surgical procedures for POP are performed in the United States. The severity of prolapse is assessed using the four-stage POP-Q system, which facilitates clinical research by providing a standardized measure of defect severity. Surgical intervention is indicated for more severe cases, with various techniques available through vaginal or abdominal access. Synthetic meshes, primarily made of polypropylene (PP), are commonly used in POP surgeries due to their biocompatibility and mechanical support. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a non-resorbable, light polypropylene gynecological mesh (G-Mesh®, Tricomed S.A., Łódź, Poland) in the surgical treatment of pelvic floor prolapse in women. Methods: The meshes were implanted via laparoscopy (Dubuisson method) and laparotomy or transvaginally. A multicenter, retrospective study was conducted involving 81 patients aged 28–83. Results: The results collected at three follow-up visits indicated a high level of patient satisfaction, minimal discomfort, and no significant pain. Many patients emphasized significant improvement in quality of life and the lack of any adverse events associated with the presence of the implant. Conclusions: The G-Mesh® gynecological mesh has emerged as an effective and safe intervention for treating pelvic floor dysfunction in women, addressing conditions such as cystocele, rectocele, uterine prolapse, and ureterocele.
Risk of Microvascular Complications in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients Using Automated Machine Learning Prediction Models
Authors: Khamis Amar , Abdul Fatima , Dsouza Stafny , Sulaiman Fatima , Farooqi Muhammad , Al Awadi Fatheya , Hassanein Mohammed , Ahmed Fayha Salah , Alsharhan Mouza , AlOlama Ayesha , Ali Noorah , Abdulaziz Aaesha , Rafie Alia Mohammad , Goswami Nandu , Bayoumi Riad
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: In type 2 diabetes (T2D), collective damage to the eyes, kidneys, and peripheral nerves constitutes microvascular complications, which significantly affect patients’ quality of life. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the risk of microvascular complications in newly diagnosed T2D patients in Dubai, UAE. Methods: Supervised automated machine learning in the Auto-Classifier model of the IBM SPSS Modeler package was used to predict microvascular complications in a training data set of 348 long-term T2D patients with complications using 24 independent variables as predictors and complications as targets. Three automated model scenarios were tested: Full All-Variable Model; Univariate-Selected Model, and Backward Stepwise Logistic Regression Model. An independent cohort of 338 newly diagnosed T2D patients with no complications was used for the model validation. Results: Long-term T2D patients with complications (duration = ~14.5 years) were significantly older (mean age = 56.3 ± 10.9 years) than the newly diagnosed patients without complications (duration = ~2.5 years; mean age = 48.9 ± 9.6 years). The Bayesian Network was the most reliable algorithm for predicting microvascular complications in all three scenarios with an area under the curve (AUC) of 77–87%, accuracy of 68–75%, sensitivity of 86–95%, and specificity of 53–75%. Among newly diagnosed T2D patients, 22.5% were predicted positive and 49.1% negative across all models. Logistic regression applied to the 16 significant predictors between the two sub-groups showed that BMI, HDL, adjusted for age at diagnosis of T2D, age at visit, and urine albumin explained >90% of the variation in microvascular measures. Conclusions: the Bayesian Network model effectively predicts microvascular complications in newly diagnosed T2D patients, highlighting the significant roles of BMI, HDL, age at diagnosis, age at visit, and urine albumin.
Predictive Value of TyG and TyG-BMI Indices for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High-Altitude Regions of China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wang Xuejie , Wang Ziqiu , Du Wen , Ma Xiaobo , Ma Jun , Chen Zijin , Gao Chenni , Chen Xiaonong
Published: December 2024

Background: The associations between triglyceride glucose (TyG), triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in high-altitude regions remain unclear. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study comprising 1384 adults living in Jianchuan county, China, which has an average altitude of over 2200 m. Logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between TyG, TyG-BMI, and NAFLD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to compare the predictive ability of TyG, TyG-BMI, hepatic steatosis index (HSI), and triglyceride glucose-alanine aminotransferase (TyG-ALT). Results: In total, 307 (35.7%) male and 81 (15.4%) female participants were diagnosed with NAFLD. Individuals with NAFLD had higher BMI, blood pressure, and TyG indices. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest quartile of TyG and TyG-BMI were 16.04 (8.51–30.25) and 48.55 (25.12–93.81), respectively. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.811 (95% CI: 0.787–0.836) for TyG, 0.883 (95% CI: 0.864–0.902) for TyG-BMI, 0.839 (95% CI: 0.817–0.863) for HSI, and 0.831 (95% CI: 0.801–0.855) for TyG-ALT. Tyg-BMI had the highest sensitivity (0.832) and specificity (0.780) compared to the other indices. Conclusions: Both TyG and TyG-BMI were associated with higher NAFLD risk in people living in high-altitude regions, while TyG-BMI had greater predictive capabilities.
Radiographic Progression in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Clinical Remission or Low Disease Activity: Results from a Swiss National Registry (SCQM)
Authors: Brandt Lena L. N. , Schulze-Koops Hendrik , Hügle Thomas , Nissen Michael J. , Kempis Johannes von , Müeller Ruediger B.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The therapeutic aim for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is to control disease activity and prevent radiographic progression. Various clinical scores are used to assess disease activity in RA patients. The DAS 28 score can define states of low disease activity (LDA) and remission. Despite achieving LDA or remission, radiographic progression may, nevertheless, occur. However, the rates and frequency of this occurrence have not been analyzed in detail. (1) To characterize radiographic progression in patients with persistent DAS 28-defined LDA or remission. (2) Analyze the potential benefits of modifying therapeutic strategies in response to observed radiographic progression in patients with persistent LDA or remission. Methods: An analysis was conducted on RA patients enrolled in the SCQM (Swiss Clinical Quality Management) cohort. Persistent LDA or remission was defined as DAS 28 ≤ 3.2 or <2.6, respectively, recorded at two consecutive follow-up time points. Inclusion criteria involved patients with a minimum of two sets of radiographs taken during these LDA and/or remission periods. Radiographic progression was measured using the Ratingen score, a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 190, which quantifies joint erosions. Repair was defined as a decrease in the Ratingen score > 5 points/year, while progression was characterized by an increase of >1, >2, or >5 points change in the Ratingen score within a one-year timeframe. Results: Among 10′141 RA patients, there were 1′447 episodes of remission and 2′614 episodes of LDA, with two sets of X-rays available for assessment during these episodes. The rates of radiographic progression (>5 points change in the Ratingen score per year) were 11.2% for LDA and 8.8% for remission. Therapeutic adaptations were made in 7.0% of patients in remission and 12.9% of patients in LDA following radiographic progression. After radiographic progression despite LDA, loss of LDA was observed in 19% of patients with treatment intensification versus in 8.5% under continued treatment during follow-up within 36 months. Conclusions: We report a considerable rate of radiographic progression occurring in RA patients with LDA or clinical remission. Notwithstanding minor radiographic progression, maintaining therapeutic continuity seemed more favorable than altering the therapeutic regimen.
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Physical Therapists: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Peña-Curbelo Victoria , Meneses-Monroy Alfonso , Mayor-Silva L. Iván , Martín-Casas Patricia , Álvarez-Melcón Ángela Concepción
Published: December 2024

Physical therapists, because of their care work, are susceptible to work-related musculoskeletal disorders due to their caregiving duties. These disorders have a significant economic and social impact. Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among physical therapists and their associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional design study was conducted among physical therapists who were working in the Community of Madrid. An online questionnaire was used and distributed through the professional association. This questionnaire included sociodemographic and occupational variables as well as the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire, specifically designed for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms in an ergonomic or occupational health context. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: 212 questionnaires were analyzed. 98.1% reported a musculoskeletal problem in the past 12 months. The most affected regions were the neck (85.4%), upper back (59.4%), lower back (73.1%), shoulder (53.8%), and wrist and hand (63.2%). Neck disorders were associated with women (AOR = 2.41; 95%CI = 1.20–4.82); shoulder disorders with women (AOR = 7.79; 95%CI = 1.02–56.64) and older age (AOR = 1.06; 95%CI = 1.01–1.11); lower back disorders with women (AOR = 3.86; 95%CI = 1.11–13.49), a four-year bachelor’s degree (AOR = 3.56; 95%CI = 1.09–11.62), treating trauma patients (AOR = 0.13; 95%CI = 0.02–0.62), and using manual therapy (AOR = 0.34; 95%CI = 0.15–0.78). Conclusions: 98.1% of the physical therapists reported musculoskeletal symptoms in the past 12 months. Several variables were associated with musculoskeletal disorders: gender, level of education, age, and type of patient and treatment. Further research is needed to identify preventive measures that can reduce the high prevalence of musculoskeletal problems among physical therapists.
Molecular-Genetic Biomarkers of Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Andrés-Blasco Irene , Gallego-Martínez Alex , Casaroli-Marano Ricardo Pedro , Di Lauro Salvatore , Arévalo Jose Fernando , Pinazo-Durán Maria Dolores
Published: December 2024

Background: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness among diabetic patients, requiring effective diagnostic and monitoring strategies. This systematic review aims to synthesize current knowledge on molecular biomarkers associated with DME, focusing on their potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and disease management. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, covering literature from 2004 to 2023. Out of 1074 articles initially identified, 48 relevant articles were included in this systematic review. Results: We found that molecules involved in several cellular processes, such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, apoptosis, and cell-to-cell communication, exhibit differential expression profiles in various biological fluids when comparing diabetic individuals with or without macular edema. Conclusions: The study of these molecules could lead to the proper identification of specific biomarkers that may improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of DME patients.
Microhardness and Compressive Strength of Bulk Fill Glass Hybrid Material and Other Direct Restorative Materials
Authors: Abuzinadah Ahmed J. , Merdad Yasser M. A. , Aldharrab Reem S. , Almutairi Wejdan A. , Yeslam Hanin E. , Hasanain Fatin A.
Published: December 2024

Background: This study aims to compare the compressive strength and microhardness of four tooth-colored restorative materials: bulk fill glass hybrid (GH), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGIC), conventional glass ionomer (CGIC), and resin-based composite (RBC). Methods: Stainless steel molds were used to prepare 20 specimens for each material. Half of the specimens were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles; the materials were subjected to compressive strength and microhardness tests. Mean values were statistically compared using a one-way ANOVA Test and Bonferroni pairwise comparisons. Results: GH (147.03 ± 20.19 MPa) had lower compressive strength than RBC (264.82 ± 30.95 MPa) but showed no significant difference with CGIC (130.19 ± 30.38 MPa) and RMGIC (183.52 ± 18.45 MPa). RMGIC’s compressive strength also significantly fell short of RBC (p < 0.05), but it significantly increased after thermocycling (160.14 to 183.52 MPa). As for microhardness, no significant difference was found between the groups. Thermocycling significantly increased the microhardness of CGIC (from 24.27 to 31.8 ± 2.66). Conclusion: Resin-based materials outperformed the other materials. Glass hybrid restorative material performed as well as resin-modified glass ionomer regarding compressive strength; however, further studies are necessary before considering glass hybrids for use as a permanent restoration.
Impact of Sled-Integrated Resisted Sprint Training on Sprint and Vertical Jump Performance in Young U-14 Male Football Players
Authors: Amore Manuel , Minciacchi Diego , Panconi Giulia , Guarducci Sara , Bravi Riccardo , Sorgente Vincenzo
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a six-week integrated resisted sprint training (IRST) program on sprint performance and vertical jump height in a sample of U-14 male football players. This study also explored the potential benefits of incorporating variable resistive loads during pre-peak height velocity (pre-PHV) developmental stages, a period often overlooked in the training of young athletes. The IRST program alternated between heavy and light resistive sled loads to enhance sprint and jump capabilities, which are critical components of athletic performance in football. Methods: Nineteen healthy male football players (age: 13 ± 0.63 years) were divided into an experimental group (E, n = 10) and a control group (C, n = 9). The experimental group followed the IRST protocol, involving sled sprints with varying resistive loads (10–115% of the body mass) over specific distances, while the control group engaged in traditional unresisted sprint training. The sprint performance was assessed using 30 m sprint times, and the vertical jump height was measured using countermovement jump (CMJ) data collected via a force platform. Anthropometric measures and peak height velocity (aPHV) estimates were also recorded pre- and post-intervention. Results: The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in 30 m sprint times (mean difference: −0.29 s; p < 0.01). Additionally, CMJ data revealed a positive trend in the take-off velocity and maximum concentric power, with an increase in jump height (mean difference: +0.44 cm). These results suggest enhanced sprint and explosive power capabilities following the IRST intervention. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the IRST program is an effective training method for enhancing sprint performance and maintaining jump capabilities in young football players. This approach highlights the importance of integrating variable resistance training in pre-PHV athletes to promote athletic development while ensuring safety and effectiveness.
Diversity of Cytospora Species Associated with Trunk Diseases of Prunus persica (Peach) in Northern China
Authors: He Zhizheng , Abeywickrama Pranami D. , Wu Linna , Zhou Yueyan , Zhang Wei , Yan Jiye , Shang Qiaoxia , Zhou Ying , Li Shifang
Published: December 2024

Peach (Prunus persica) is widely cultivated in China, but fungal diseases, particularly Cytospora canker, significantly impact tree health, reducing fruit yield and economic value. This disease mainly weakens tree branches and trunks, sometimes leading to tree death. There are no updated studies on the diversity of Cytospora species associated with peach Cytospora canker in northern China. To determine the Cytospora species associated with this disease, we surveyed five provinces from 2022 to 2023, collecting 72 disease samples with symptoms including branches with black fruiting bodies, cankers, cracking, dieback, and gummosis. Through morphology and multi-loci phylogeny, 127 isolates were identified into four known (C. ailanthicola, C. erumpens, C. leucostoma, and C. leucosperma) and two previously undescribed species (C. gansuensis sp. nov. and C. qinanensis sp. nov.). Cytospora leucostoma (73.60%) was the most abundant. Pathogenicity tests indicated that except for C. ailanthicola, all other species were pathogenic to peach, with C. erumpens being the most aggressive. This study is the first to report the novel host association of C. erumpens on peaches globally and represents the first comprehensive investigation of Cytospora species associated with canker diseases in the main peach production area in northern China, offering a foundation for developing effective disease management strategies.
Artificial Intelligence in Slow Journalism: Journalists’ Uses, Perceptions, and Attitudes
Authors: Albizu-Rivas Iban , Parratt-Fernández Sonia , Mera-Fernández Montse
Published: December 2024

Through long-form, creative, high-quality stories, slow journalism seeks to counteract the effects of speed and immediacy in news production and consumption primarily driven by technological advancements. The advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) in journalism include generating and enhancing content, reducing workloads, and consequently giving journalists more time for non-routine and creative tasks. This raises the question of where AI fits into slow journalism. Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with practitioners of slow journalism in Spain to explore their use, attitudes, and perceptions of AI in their work. The findings indicate that the interviewees make rudimentary use of AI tools, and their attitudes range from a slight lack of interest to a willingness to learn more about them, alongside concerns regarding ethical boundaries and the potential for job losses. They assert that they have a moral and human responsibility when producing stories that AI cannot enhance in terms of quality, creativity, and emotional depth. It can be concluded that AI offers little to ‘slow’ journalists due to the significant limitations in enhancing long-form reporting. At most, it may enable them to streamline repetitive and non-creative work, thereby allowing the depth required in slow journalism, at least in its current state of development.
Overview of Computational Toxicology Methods Applied in Drug and Green Chemical Discovery
Authors: Bueso-Bordils Jose I. , Antón-Fos Gerardo M. , Martín-Algarra Rafael , Alemán-López Pedro A.
Published: December 2024

In the field of computational chemistry, computer models are quickly and cheaply constructed to predict toxicology hazards and results, with no need for test material or animals as these computational predictions are often based on physicochemical properties of chemical structures. Multiple methodologies are employed to support in silico assessments based on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). This review introduces the development of computational toxicology, focusing on ML and DL and emphasizing their importance in the field of toxicology. A fine balance between target potency, selectivity, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET) and clinical safety properties should be achieved to discover a potential new drug. It is advantageous to perform virtual predictions as early as possible in drug development processes, even before a molecule is synthesized. Currently, there are numerous commercially available and free web-based programs for toxicity prediction, which can be used to construct various predictive models. The key features of the QSAR method are also outlined, and the selection of appropriate physicochemical descriptors is a prerequisite for robust predictions. In addition, examples of open-source tools applied to toxicity prediction are included, as well as examples of the application of different computational methods for the prediction of toxicity in drug design and environmental toxicology.
Enhancement of Chondrogenic Differentiation in Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids by Cuminum cyminum Methanolic Extract: Insights into Concentration-Dependent mRNA Expression and Gene Clustering Analysis
Authors: Na Kyung-Hwan , Lee Hyun-Jin , Kim Ju-Hwan , Uddin Md. Salah , Park Yoon-Hee , Song Young-Min , Park Chul-Sung , Park Jun-Beom
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Cuminum cyminum L. has been utilized as a medicinal plant for centuries. This research sought to examine the effects of cumin methanolic extract (CMT) on the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Methods: Spheroids were generated using human stem cells and cultured with CMT at concentrations between 0 and 1 µg/mL. Morphological assessments and cell viability tests were conducted on days 1 and 3. Chondrogenic differentiation expression was evaluated through quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and RNA sequencing. SOX9, FAM20B, COL2A1, and COL1A1 mRNA expression levels were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was analyzed via Western blot. Results: Throughout this study, the spheroids maintained their integrity and shape. No significant variations in spheroid diameter were observed among the groups. CMT treatment enhanced the expression of SOX9 and FAM20B. Conclusions: The methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum facilitated chondrogenic differentiation in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by modulating SOX9 and FAM20B expression. This indicates its potential application in cartilage tissue engineering.
From Customer Intimacy to Digital Customer Intimacy
Authors: Liu Qianhua , Chan Ka-Ching , Chimhundu Ranga
Published: December 2024

Customer intimacy plays a crucial role in shaping customer relationships and guiding organizational strategies. As the digital business environment has grown, the concept of customer intimacy has evolved, leading to significant changes in its dimensions and implications. This systematic literature review and synthesis comprehensively analyzes the current research on customer intimacy, reexamines it within the context of e-commerce and digital marketing, and introduces the concept of “Digital Customer Intimacy”. The paper explores the unique characteristics of digital customer intimacy, how it differs from traditional customer intimacy, and identifies areas for future research. By synthesizing insights from various studies, this review deepens our understanding of customer intimacy in both traditional and digital contexts, offering practical insights for modern marketing and laying the groundwork for future research.
Examining the Role of Reputation as a Moderator of E-Service Quality, Trust, and E-Loyalty in Online Travel Services
Authors: O’Connor Peter , Assaker Guy
Published: December 2024

This study presents and examines a more rigorous theoretical model for the relationships among e-service quality (e-SQ), trust, reputation, and e-loyalty in the online travel context, with the latter variables considered simultaneously and with reputation assumed to moderate the effect of e-SQ on both trust and loyalty. The model was tested using the two-step approach of the product method in partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using data from 257 U.S. respondents who had used travel websites for information search and booking in the 12 months prior to the study. Results revealed that e-SQ positively influenced e-loyalty both directly and indirectly (through trust); however, the effect of e-SQ on e-loyalty is negatively moderated when website reputation is high/positive. These results provide a better understanding of the way e-SQ, trust, and reputation influence e-loyalty in online travel when modelled accurately.
Use of ChatGPT as a Virtual Mentor on K-12 Students Learning Science in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Castañeda Rafael , Martínez-Gómez-Aldaraví Andrea , Mercadé Laura , Gómez Víctor Jesús , Mengual Teresa , Díaz-Fernández Francisco Javier , Sinusia Lozano Miguel , Navarro Arenas Juan , Barreda Ángela , Gómez Maribel , Pinilla-Cienfuegos Elena , Ortiz de Zárate David
Published: December 2024

Education 4.0 arises to provide citizens with the technical/digital competencies and cognitive/interpersonal skills demanded by Industry 4.0. New technologies drive this change, though time-independent learning remains a challenge, because students might face a lack of support, advice and surveillance when teachers are unavailable. This study proposes complementing presential lessons with online learning driven by ChatGPT, applied as an educational tool able to mentor K-12 students learning science at home. First, ChatGPT’s performance in the field of K-12 science is evaluated, scoring A (9.3/10 in 2023, and 9.7/10 in 2024) and providing detailed, analytic, meaningful, and human-like answers. Then, an empirical interventional study is performed to assess the impact of using ChatGPT as a virtual mentor on real K-12 students. After the intervention, the grades of students in the experimental group improved by 30%, and 70% of students stated a positive perception of the AI, suggesting a positive impact of the proposed educational approach. After discussion, the study concludes ChatGPT might be a useful educational tool able to provide K-12 students learning science with the functional and social/emotional support they might require, democratizing a higher level of knowledge acquisition and promoting students’ autonomy, security and self-efficacy. The results probe ChatGPT’s remarkable capacity (and immense potential) to assist teachers in their mentoring tasks, laying the foundations of virtual mentoring and paving the way for future research aimed at extending the study to other areas and levels, obtaining a more realistic view of AI’s impact on education.
Spatial Spillover Effects of Urban Agglomeration on Road Network with Industrial Co-Agglomeration
Authors: Liu Xin , Luo Pingping , Rijal Madhab , Hu Maochuan , Chong Khai Lin
Published: December 2024

Urban agglomerations are pivotal to industrial co-agglomeration, underscoring the significance of efficient road networks and economic growth. This study examines the spatial spillover effects of infrastructure resilience on industrial co-agglomeration at varying mobility levels in the Guanzhong Plain, China, utilizing origin–destination (OD) and traffic flow networks in highways. Guanzhong contributes 88% of the GDP and covers 25% of land, and its prime location was the initial point of the ancient Silk Road in China. Our analysis yields several novel insights. Industrial co-agglomeration displays negative (from −0.175 to −0.207) spatial autocorrelation among neighboring regions, indicating pronounced regional competition. In the OD network, both connectivity and efficiency resilience positively influence (0.189 and 0.397) local industrial co-agglomeration but adversely affect connected regions (−0.383 and –0.915), with the impact of efficiency resilience increasing at higher mobility levels. The highway network intensifies spatial spillover effects and exacerbates competition and disparities in industrial co-agglomeration across counties. The network resilience of highways exhibits distinct spatial distribution patterns, with critical nodes concentrated along the central economic axis of the urban agglomeration. Furthermore, the influence of highway network resilience on industrial co-agglomeration varies between OD and traffic flow networks, which implies different impacts under some mobility scenarios. These findings advance our understanding of the intricate relationship between road networks and industrial co-agglomeration, offering valuable insights for crafting balanced regional development strategies and informing transportation planning to foster local and regional coordination.
How Do Urban Environments Impact Walkability? An Analysis Using Multi-Source Data of Beijing
Authors: Yu Changming , Wang Xinyu , Zheng Ziao , Lau Stephen
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Recognizing that walkability is a fundamental element of sustainable urban development, this study focuses on the variables affecting walkability in the living environment and aims to provide insights into land use planning strategies that can contribute to carbon emission reduction. The research specifically examines how to create a pedestrian-friendly street environment in existing urban areas, where employment and residential functions are mixed and co-exist. Methodology: By using multi-source data, this research evaluates streets based on two binary characteristics: the occurrence of walking activity and the walking experience. Findings: The results reveal a strong relationship between walking opportunities and street usage frequency, with the road network being identified as the most influential factor. Additionally, the impact of walking experience was found to be more significant than that of walking opportunity. Contributions: First, the study developed a matrix of dependent variables for street usage frequency and walking experience, and an independent variable matrix for street environment factors. Second, the research created an analytical framework to examine factors influencing street use and experience across different travel needs.
The Impact of Urban Transportation Development on Daily Travel Carbon Emissions in China: Moderating Effects Based on Urban Form
Authors: Yang Wanwan , Chen Yingzi , Gao Yuchan , Hu Yaqi
Published: December 2024

Carbon emissions from transportation account for an increasing proportion of total carbon emissions, and daily travel carbon emissions are an essential part of carbon emissions from transportation. Urban form influences the transportation network layout, so the degree of influence of urban transportation development on daily travel carbon emissions varies according to urban form. This paper uses panel data from 254 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019 to explore the impact of urban transportation development on daily travel carbon emissions based on the moderating effect of urban form. The results show that urban transportation development plays a pivotal role in significantly reducing daily travel carbon emissions. The urban form further amplifies the impact of carbon emission reductions. Specifically, polycentric urban structures enable residents to meet their daily travel needs through short-distance trips, thereby alleviating traffic congestion. The impact of urban transportation development on daily travel carbon emission intensity exhibits heterogeneity. In both low-carbon pilot cities and large cities, urban transportation development markedly decreases daily travel carbon emission intensity. Additionally, it is observed that cities with lower economic development levels exhibit more pronounced effects in carbon emission reduction compared to their more economically developed counterparts. This paper provides empirical support for rational planning of urban transportation systems and low-carbon development of daily travel.
Analysis of the Trends and Driving Factors of Cultivated Land Utilization Efficiency in Henan Province from 2000 to 2020
Authors: Zhang Henggang , Zhu Chenhui , Jiao Tianyu , Luo Kaiyue , Ma Xu , Wang Mingyu
Published: December 2024

Amid persistent global food security challenges, the efficient utilization of cultivated land resources has become increasingly critical, as optimizing Cultivated Land Utilization Efficiency (CLUE) is paramount to ensuring food supply. This study introduced a cultivated land utilization index (CLUI) based on Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) to assess the spatiotemporal variations in Henan Province’s CLUE. The Theil–Sen slope and the Mann–Kendall test were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of CLUE in Henan Province from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, we used a genetic algorithm optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and a particle swarm optimization-based Random Forest (RF) model to assess the comprehensive in-fluence between topography, climate, and human activities on CLUE, in which incorporating Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) values. The results reveal the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the CLUE in Henan province showed an overall upward trend, with strong spatial heterogeneity across various regions: the central and eastern areas generally showed decline, the northern region remained stable with slight increases, the western region saw significant growth, while the southern area exhibited complex fluctuations. (2) Natural and economic factors had notable impacts on CLUE in Henan province. Among these factors, population and economic factors played a dominant role, whereas average temperature exerted an inhibitory effect on CLUE in most parts of the province. (3) The influenced factors on CLUE varied spatially, with human activity impacts being more concentrated, while topographical and climatic influences were relatively dispersed. These findings provide a scientific basis for land management and agricultural policy formulation in major grain-producing areas, offering valuable insights into enhancing regional CLUE and promoting sustainable agricultural development.