bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dynamical model of a cold milling machine and its adaptive power control simulation
Authors: Peng-yu Ma , Yong-biao Hu , Zhong-hai Zhang
Published: June 2010

Based on the work process and the structure of a cold milling machine, the mathematical models of the engine, the pump system and the work equipment are derived; the models of the drive system and the fixed displacement motor are also constructed. A model of the whole system is established. The laws between the load and the work speed at a milling depth of 8 cm are investigated through simulation and experiment. Whether the utilization of the engine power is reasonable or not is verified through the simulation. The results show that it is reasonable and effective to use the work speed of the cold milling machine as the main control parameter, and the engine can be set to work at its rated power by self-adjustment of the adaptive power control system. In this case, the rated power utilization ratio of the engine is improved by more than 8% and the machine efficiency is raised at least 10%. Furthermore, the error between the machine work speed in simulation and the experimental value is a maximum of 8.1%. The machine performance can be expressed appropriately by the model. This model can provide a theoretical reference for the machine control system and a new way to study the milling machine system.
Towards a theory of attribution: Is La conquista de Jerusalén by Miguel de Cervantes?
Authors: Kahn Aaron M
Published: June 2010

In the early 1990s, the late Stefano Arata published a transcription of a recently discovered anonymous manuscript of a play entitled La conquista de Jerusalén por Godofre de Bullón. Accompanying the publication was an article in which he states that this could be the lost La Jerusalén to which Cervantes refers in ‘Adjunta al Parnaso’ (1614). This article continues Arata’s research by working towards a tailor-made theory of authorial attribution: it considers the plot, versification, construction of characters, dramatic devices and structure of the play within the context of pre-Lopean Spanish drama; it studies other possible authors, and takes into account the scholar who openly disagrees with Arata’s attribution. Based on established criteria, core attributes of this play bear a striking similarity to Cervantes’s other extant plays from this period.
Africa in Europe: narrating black British history in contemporary fiction
Authors: Muñoz-Valdivieso Sofía
Published: June 2010

This article analyses three examples of contemporary black British fiction that attempt to inscribe into the narrative of Britain the experience of the African diaspora: not only the life of immigrants from the former colonies after World War II, but also the less visible earlier settlement of Africans in the United Kingdom. This is a presence that official history has usually erased or underplayed in the construction of British identity, and these stories complicate the traditional concept of an ethnically homogeneous British past. Andrea Levy’s Small Island (2004) serves as a necessary reminder that before Caribbean workers came to rebuild the UK in the late 1940s, they had participated in the war effort; David Dabydeen’s A Harlot’s Progress (2000) recreates the life of enslaved and free Africans in Britain in the late eighteenth century; Bernardine Evaristo’s comic novel-in-verse The Emperor’s Babe (2001) imagines the presence of an African family in Roman Britannia.
Associations among child care, family, and behavior outcomes in a nation-wide sample of preschool-aged children
Authors: Romano Elisa , Kohen Dafna , Findlay Leanne C.
Published: June 2010

Canadian data based on maternal reports for a nationally representative sample of 4,521 4—5-year-olds were used to examine associations among child care, family factors, and behaviors in preschool-aged children. Linear regressions testing for direct and moderated associations indicated that regulated home-based care was associated with less physical aggression and less prosocial behavior while high process quality in home-based care was associated with greater prosocial behavior. Among children in home-based settings, being in at least one additional current child care arrangement was linked with greater physical aggression, and low child care stability was linked to greater hyperactivity-inattention, internalizing behavior, and prosocial behaviors. For family factors, parenting behaviors and maternal depression were associated with greater behavioral problems while low household income was linked with greater hyperactivity-inattention among children in home-based care. There was a significant interaction between process quality and household income for physical aggression and internalizing behavior and between structure quality and parenting consistency for prosocial behavior for children in home-based care. Results suggest that child care matters for preschool behavioral outcomes, even after controlling for socio-demographic factors. High quality care appears particularly important for children in home-based care from low-income families so issues around child care quality and regulation should be considered. Findings also underscore the importance of family factors on young children’s behaviors and show that child care and family influences work together to impact child outcomes.
The Uneven Reach of Decentralization: A Case Study among Indigenous Peoples in the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Reyes-García Victoria , Vadez Vincent , Aragón Jorge , Huanca Tomas , Jagger Pamela
Published: June 2010

Decentralization reforms aim at strengthening democracy by promoting political participation among citizens. Research shows (1) that information is a prerequisite for political participation and (2) that people face different private costs in acquiring information. Here we combine the two lines of research and ask: what private costs hamper the acquisition of information on decentralization? For the analysis, we use data from an indigenous population of lowland Bolivia. We surveyed 319 Tsimane’ adults in 12 villages. We found that nine years after the passage of the decentralization laws, knowledge about those reforms had only partially reached the Tsimane’. People who live closer to municipal towns, had more schooling, and participated in the market economy were more aware of decentralization. Political authorities trying to spread the potential benefits of decentralization should address the structural limitations of the dissemination of political knowledge.
Which Synthesis? Strategies of Theoretical Integration and the Neorealist-Neoliberal Debate
Authors: Andreatta Filippo , Koenig-Archibugi Mathias
Published: June 2010

Despite growing interest in the promises and problems of theoretical synthesis among political scientists, frameworks for assessing the potential advantages of different pathways to theoretical integration are scarce. We build on the conceptualization of alternative strategies for synthesis proposed by Jupille, Caporaso, and Checkel and assess the implications of two criteria — parsimony and empirical fit — for understanding the relationship between two influential strands of international relations theory, neorealism and neoliberalism. Neorealists present concerns about relative gains as evidence of the limited scope of the neoliberal theory of international cooperation. We argue that, on the contrary, neoliberalism provides theoretical tools that are indispensable to determine when and why relative-gains concerns thwart international cooperation, and that this provides a strong case for subsuming neorealism under neoliberalism in a parsimonious synthesis. We apply this framework to explain an empirical puzzle: why two arch-rival states — Austria and Prussia in the second half of the 18th century — succeeded in cooperating in some cases but failed in others.
Low Statism in Coordinated Market Economies: The Development of Job Security Regulations in Switzerland
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick
Published: June 2010

Despite the prominent role of job security regulations in the “varieties of capitalism” literature and although Swiss law gives only limited protection to workers against dismissal, Switzerland is normally classified as a coordinated market economy. This apparent contradiction is often explained by emphasizing the trade-off between extensive job security regulations and generous unemployment insurance benefits. This explanation, however, is not convincing for the Swiss case, as the coverage of the unemployment insurance system was very low until the late 1970s. This article argues that low levels of job security regulations are the result of the weakness of the federal state, which attempted several times to enact restrictive job security regulations. Each attempt to enact job security regulations, however, has been blocked by an alliance of liberal-conservative political groupings and employers’ associations. The present article traces the historical development of job security regulations in Switzerland and reveals the political coalitions that successfully kept the federal state weak.
Measuring Effective Democracy
Authors: Knutsen Carl Henrik
Published: June 2010

This article discusses methodological problems related to operationalizing substantive definitions of democracy. The article argues that index-constructors need to be particularly conscious of measurement level issues. If not, their indexes may face severe reliability and validity problems, which in turn may bias empirical analyses utilizing the indexes. The article focuses particularly on the “effective democracy” measure developed by Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel. The measure has been used by Inglehart and Welzel in several studies, particularly for empirically testing hypotheses deduced from their version of modernization theory. These tests have generated very strong results in favor of the theory. The article is sympathetic to Inglehart and Welzel’s goal of capturing “substantive” rather than “formal” democracy, but is critical of the specific measure proposed.The measure has several unfortunate theoretical and distributional properties; the empirical scores generated by the measure are often highly misleading. Empirical analysis suggests the index is biased, and that rich, Western countries are particularly favored. Utilization of the measure in statistical analysis may therefore lead to false inferences.
Adaptation to Democracy among Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Bilodeau Antoine , McAllister Ian , Kanji Mebs
Published: June 2010

This article examines adaptation to democracy among immigrants who leave authoritarian regimes to settle in Australia. Two questions are addressed. First, do immigrants from authoritarian regimes successfully adapt to democracy, in terms of both supporting democracy and participating in the electoral process? And second, does the pre-migration socialization in authoritarian regimes influence immigrants’ democratic transition? Using the 2004 Australian Election Study and the Australian section of the 2005 World Values Survey, the findings indicate that if immigrants from authoritarian regimes lag behind the rest of the population in terms of support for democracy, they tend to participate at least as much as the rest of the population in electoral activities. Overall, the study highlights both the persistence of and the change in immigrants’ pre-migration political orientations.
How Applicable Are Ages and Stages Questionnaires for Use With Turkish Children?
Authors: Kapci Emine Gul , Kucuker Sevgi , Uslu Runa I.
Published: June 2010

The majority of eligible children cannot access early intervention services in Turkey, often because they are not assessed. The authors adapted the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) for Turkish children ages 3 to 72 months. Study participants consisted of 375 children who were classified as at risk for developmental delays, 564 children considered not at risk for developmental delays (both groups according to standardized assessments), and 39 children with known disabilities. The ROC analyses indicated that a two-domain criterion for classification would be used to classify children as at risk, unlike the original ASQ, which had a one-domain classification. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ASQ were .94, .85, .97, and .75, respectively. Test—retest and interrater reliabilities calculated as overall percentage agreements were found to be 82% and 87%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the ASQ could be used to screen Turkish children who are at risk for developmental delays.
Representative Bureaucracy: Assessing the Evidence on Active Representation
Authors: Bradbury Mark , Kellough J. Edward
Published: June 2010

The theory of representative bureaucracy suggests that a public workforce representative of the people in terms of race, ethnicity, and sex will help ensure that the interests of all groups are considered in bureaucratic decision-making processes. The theory posits that the active representation of group interests occurs because individual bureaucrats reflect the views of those who share their demographic backgrounds. Research in the public administration literature, however, includes only a relatively small number of studies providing evidence consistent with active representation. In addition, that literature is, for the most part, composed of studies that are conducted at an organizational level, making it impossible for us to draw inferences about the behavior of individual bureaucrats without committing an ecological fallacy. Researchers in the field of criminal justice studies, on the other hand, have long tested the relationship between workforce demography and government outcomes and have done so at the individual level and in contexts that allow confidence that the outcomes observed are indeed the product of action by minority or female public servants. Those studies are reviewed, and their findings provide the first definitive evidence of a connection between the presence of diversity in the public workforce and the representation of minority interests.
Mechanics of Flexible Needles Robotically Steered through Soft Tissue
Authors: Misra S. , Reed K.B. , Schafer B.W. , Ramesh K.T. , Okamura A.M.
Published: June 2010

The tip asymmetry of a bevel-tip needle results in the needle naturally bending when it is inserted into soft tissue. This enables robotic needle steering, which can be used in medical procedures to reach subsurface targets inaccessible by straight-line trajectories. However, accurate path planning and control of needle steering require models of needle-tissue interaction. Previous kinematic models required empirical observations of each needle and tissue combination in order to fit model parameters. This study describes a mechanics-based model of robotic needle steering, which can be used to predict needle behavior and optimize system design based on fundamental mechanical and geometrical properties of the needle and tissue. We first present an analytical model for the loads developed at the tip, based on the geometry of the bevel edge and material properties of soft-tissue simulants (gels). We then present a mechanics-based model that calculates the deflection of a bevel-tipped needle inserted through a soft elastic medium. The model design is guided by microscopic observations of needle-gel interactions. The energy-based formulation incorporates tissue-specific parameters, and the geometry and material properties of the needle. Simulation results follow similar trends (deflection and radius of curvature) to those observed in experimental studies of robotic needle insertion.
A conceptual model for integrating physical geography research and coastal wetland management, with an Australian example
Authors: Dale Patricia E.R. , Dale Michael B. , Dowe David L. , Knight Jon M. , Lemckert Charles J. , Low Choy Darryl C. , Sheaves Marcus J. , Sporne Ilva
Published: June 2010

We have developed a conceptual model to assist integration between physical geographical sciences, institutional frameworks and management in the context of coastal wetlands. Wetlands are key interconnected systems that will respond early to climate change and especially to associated sea-level changes. A major constraint on management of wetlands is the lack of congruence between the ecosystems and the institutional frameworks that govern their management: connectivity in coastal systems is overlain by institutional fragmentation. We introduce a model that facilitates integration of physical geographical (biophysical) information into the legislative, planning, policy and management process. It consists of interconnected parallel subprojects in science and in planning with strong cross-links with stakeholders at all levels, founded on long-term and trusting relationships. We also show progress that has been made in applying the model, with an Australian example. It is concluded that the approach has potential to move towards the goal of sustainable management but that it urgently needs to evolve, so as to meet the challenges of climate and associated changes.
Modified Impingement Test Can Predict the Level of Pain Reduction After Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Oh Joo Han , Kim Sae Hoon , Kim Kyung Hwan , Oh Chung Hee , Gong Hyun Sik
Published: June 2010

Background: Most patients experience a significant reduction in pain after rotator cuff repair. However, there is currently no method to predict the level of pain reduction that each patient will experience. This report explores the usefulness of the modified impingement test for prognosis in cases of rotator cuff repair.

Hypothesis: The amount of pain reduction after injection of lidocaine into the subacromial space preoperatively correlates with the level of pain reduction after rotator cuff repair.

Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: Preoperatively, a visual analog scale for pain was measured in 153 patients (59 males and 94 females) with a rotator cuff tear before and after injection of lidocaine into the subacromial space. Subsequently, rotator cuff repair was performed. At least 1 year after surgery, the visual analog scale for pain and satisfaction, Constant score, Simple Shoulder Test, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and University of California, Los Angeles shoulder rating scale were evaluated. Correlation analyses were performed between the change in visual analog scale after the modified impingement test and after surgery.

Results: The amount of pain reduction after the modified impingement test was significantly related to improvement of pain postoperatively ( P < .001), as measured using the visual analog scale for pain. The change in ASES score was also related to the amount of pain reduction after the modified impingement test ( P = .001); however, the other tests showed no statistical significance ( P > .05). Univariate regression analysis revealed that a 0.621-unit reduction in postoperative pain on the visual analog scale could be expected for each 1 unit (on a scale of 10) reduction in pain after lidocaine injection preoperatively.

Conclusion: The amount of pain reduction after the modified impingement test preoperatively correlated with the improvement of pain after rotator cuff repair. This simple preoperative test could help patients understand the subjective level of pain reduction that they may experience after rotator cuff repair.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Improves Activity-Induced Pain in Comparison With Pain at Rest in Middle-Aged Patients With Significant Cartilage Degeneration
Authors: Kim Sung-Jae , Park Kwang-Hwan , Kim Sung-Hoon , Kim Sul-Gee , Chun Yong-Min
Published: June 2010

Background: Recent reports revealed that outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in middle- or old-age patients are comparable with those of young patients. However, in case of concomitant arthrosis in the affected knee, there has been a paucity of literature regarding the outcomes of ACL reconstruction. We studied the level of improvement in pain originating from significant cartilage degeneration in middle-aged ACL-deficient patients after ACL reconstruction. We divided the pain into pain at rest and activity-induced pain.

Hypothesis: The activity-induced pain would be more improved by ACL reconstruction than the pain at rest.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: We studied 36 patients who had undergone arthroscopic isolated ACL reconstruction for functional instability with significant cartilage degeneration grade III or IV without mensical injury. All patients had activity-induced pain; 20 of these patients also had pain at rest. To assess the pain level, the visual analog scale (VAS) was employed, in addition to radiologic and clinical evaluations such as the Lachman test, KT-2000 arthrometer, and pivot shift test. The mean age of the patients was 48.6 years (range, 41-61 years); mean follow-up was 46.7 months (range, 27-74 months).

Results: The preoperative mean VAS of the activity-induced pain (4.1 ± 1.0; range, 2-6) showed significant improvement at the most recent follow-up (2.0 ± 1.0; range, 0-4; P < .0001). However, the preoperative mean VAS of the pain at rest (2.9 ± 0.9; range, 2-5) did not improve significantly at the most recent follow-up (2.5 ± 0.8; range, 1-4; P = .149). The Lachman test, KT-2000 arthrometer, andpivot shift test showed significant improvement compared with preoperative outcomes ( P < .0001). There was no significant difference in radiologic assessment between preoperative and postoperative outcomes ( P = .082).

Conclusion: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in middle-aged patients with significant cartilage degeneration is effective in reducing activity-induced pain and instability. Even though all patients had less than severe arthritic changes on preoperative radiographs, the pain at rest did not improve after ACL reconstruction.
Characteristics of Upper Extremity Injuries Sustained by Falling During Snowboarding
Authors: Yamauchi Koun , Wakahara Kazuhiko , Fukuta Masashi , Matsumoto Kazu , Sumi Hiroshi , Shimizu Katsuji , Miyamoto Kei
Published: June 2010

Background: Little epidemiological research on characteristics of upper extremity injuries resulting from snowboarding has been conducted, particularly in relation to snowboarding stance, falling direction, and the side of the body where the injury occurs.

Hypothesis: Snowboarding stance and the direction of the fall may influence the frequency of the side or the location of the upper extremity injury.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods: This study analyzed the information obtained from 1918 patients with fractures or dislocations of the upper extremity (excluding the fingers and scapula) sustained during snowboarding/sliding between 2000 and 2008. Diagnosis, injured part and side, stance (regular or goofy), and falling directions were prospectively analyzed. Associations among these parameters were also analyzed.

Results: As characterized by skill level, patients were beginners (57.9%), intermediates (38.0%), and experts (4.0%). Eighty-eight percent had not received instruction from licensed instructors. Diagnoses included wrist fractures (53.7%), upper arm fractures (16.8%), shoulder dislocations (11.5%), and elbow dislocations (9.8%). In sum, 1742 (90.8%) patients were in regular stance when they fell, whereas 176 (9.2%) were in goofy stance. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of the injured side between the 2 stances. When the injured sides were classified according to the sliding direction, wrist fractures (61.7%) occurred on the side opposite the sliding direction, whereas shoulder dislocations (65.6%), upper arm fractures (82.9%), and elbow dislocations (79.8%) occurred on the same side as the sliding direction. When the injured sides were classified according to the falling direction, wrist fractures (68.1%) and elbow dislocations (63.5%) occurred because of backward falls, and shoulder dislocations (68.9%) and upper arm fractures (60.7%) occurred because of forward falls.

Conclusion: Two snowboarding stances as well as 2 falling directions had a significant influence on the frequency of the injured side in the upper extremity.
A Biomechanical Analysis of Shoulder Stabilization
Authors: Nho Shane J. , Frank Rachel M. , Van Thiel Geoffrey S. , Wang Fan Chia , Wang Vincent M. , Provencher Matthew T. , Verma Nikhil N.
Published: June 2010

Background: The use of posterior capsular plication to decrease capsular volume and address capsular laxity for treatment of posterior instability, multidirectional instability, or as an additional technique in the treatment of anterior instability is common. Multiple different suturing techniques have been described.

Hypothesis: The simple stitch will have inferior biomechanical properties compared with either the horizontal mattress or figure-of-8 stitches for suture plication of the posteroinferior quadrant of the glenoid.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Twenty-one fresh-frozen shoulders with a mean age of 57.7 ± 12.3 years were randomized into capsulolabral plication of the posteroinferior quadrant using either simple stitch configuration, horizontal mattress configuration, or figure-of-8 configuration. Each shoulder was mounted onto a materials testing machine, preloaded to 5 N for 2 minutes, cycled from 5 to 25 N for 100 cycles (1 Hz), and then loaded to failure at 15 mm/min. Capsular displacement from the glenoid was determined using digital video analysis. Data recorded included mode of failure, ultimate load to failure, load at 2 mm of displacement, as well as displacement during cyclical loading (during the entire 100 cycles and during the final cycle only).

Results: There was a statistically significant difference ( P < .0001) in mechanism of failure among the 3 groups with the simple stitch group failing more often in the capsular tissue than in the mattress and figure-of-8 sutures, which more commonly failed at the capsulolabral junction. There was no statistically significant difference ( P > .05) among the 3 groups in gapping (displacement) after cyclical loading, load at 2 mm of displacement, or in ultimate load to failure.

Conclusion/Clinical Relevance: Based on these results, all 3 stitches can be used effectively for capsular plication, although the simple stitch may be preferred for the capsular plication because of technical ease and decreased trauma to the capsulolabral tissue.
Retrograde Cancellous Bone Plug Transplantation for the Treatment of Advanced Osteochondral Lesions With Large Subchondral Lesions of the Ankle
Authors: Takao Masato , Innami Ken , Komatsu Fumito , Matsushita Takashi
Published: June 2010

Background: The surgical results have been reported as poor for advanced osteochondral lesions of the ankle with large subchondral lesions including subchondral cyst.

Hypothesis: Transplanting an autologous cancellous bone plug from the pelvis to the lesions retrogradely may bring good clinical results for the treatment of advanced osteochondral lesions with large subchondral lesions including subchondral cyst of the ankle.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: Twenty-five osteochondral lesion patients who had large subchondral lesions of the ankle (diameter ≥10 mm on magnetic resonance imaging) met the criteria of this study. Fourteen of those patients were treated with arthroscopic antegrade drilling (group AD), and the other 11 patients were treated with arthroscopic retrograde cancellous bone plug transplantation from the iliac crest (group RC). The clinical results in conjunction with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, diameters of the subchondral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging, and the regenerative cartilage in second-look arthroscopy using International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) visual repair assessment score were evaluated.

Results: The mean AOFAS score at 2 years after surgery was 82.2 ± 7.2 in group AD and 95.8 ± 4.6 in group RC ( P < .0001). Diameter of the subchondral lesion was almost unchanged in 11 cases (78.5%) in group AD, compared with disappearance in 7 cases (73.8%) and decreased lesion size in 4 cases (36.4%) in group RC. The mean ICRS score at second-look arthroscopy was 5.1 ± 1.9 in group AD and 10.5 ± 0.8 in group RC ( P = .0001).

Conclusion: The authors recommend arthroscopic retrograde autologous cancellous bone plug transplantation from the iliac crest as a surgical procedure for the treatment of advanced osteochondral lesions with large subchondral lesions of the ankle.
Longitudinal Effects of Maturation on Lower Extremity Joint Stiffness in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Ford Kevin R. , Myer Gregory D. , Hewett Timothy E.
Published: June 2010

Background: Yearly changes in active joint stiffness may help explain when neuromuscular sex differences emerge in adolescent athletes that may relate to increased anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in females.

Hypothesis: Pubertal males would demonstrate increases in knee stiffness while pubertal females would not. Second, postpubertal female athletes would have significantly lower knee joint stiffness than postpubertal male athletes.

Study Design: Cohort Study; Level of Evidence 2 and Cross-Sectional Study; Level of Evidence 3.

Methods: Two hundred sixty-five females and 50 males participated in 2 testing sessions approximately 1 year apart. The subjects were classified as either pubertal (n = 182, age 12.4 ± 0.9 years) or postpubertal (n = 133, age 14.5 ± 1.4 years) based on the modified Pubertal Maturational Observational Scale at each visit. Active joint stiffness of the ankle, knee, and hip was estimated during a drop vertical jump. Stiffness was calculated as the slope of the moment-angle curve from a least squares linear regression during the stance phase.

Results: All athletes showed increased active knee stiffness during the span of a year ( P < 0.05). However, this increase was not different when stiffness was normalized to body mass. Only males demonstrated greater magnitudes of ankle and hip active stiffness ( P < .05). Peak ankle and hip moments, but not knee moments, in postpubertal males were significantly greater than postpubertal females ( P < .05). Females had a higher knee to hip moment ratio than males ( P < .05).

Conclusion: Both males and females showed increased active knee stiffness during the span of a year; males demonstrated increased ankle and hip active stiffness as well. Differences in hip joint posture at initial contact (greater flexion in males) and external hip flexion moment (greater flexion magnitude in males) may indicate that males use a different hip recruitment strategy during drop vertical jumps than females.
Peel-Off Injury at the Tibial Attachment of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament in Children
Authors: Kim Sung-Jae , Jo Seung-Bae , Kim Sul-Gee , Park In-Seop , Kim Hyeong-Pyo , Kim Sung-Hwan
Published: June 2010

Background: Careful review of the literature seldom reveals peel-off–type injuries at the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament in children.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to describe the diagnosis and treatment of peel-off injuries at the tibial ligament–osseous junction of the posterior cruciate ligament in children.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Between February 2001 and May 2007, 6 patients with diagnosed peel-off injuries at the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament were surgically treated. All patients were boys from 12 to 13 years of age (mean, 12.3 years). Plain radiographs were normal, but magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic findings revealed complete avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament at the tibial attachment without an osseous fragment. The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical presentations, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, and the results of the treatment. The mean follow-up was 37.3 months (range, 25-53 months).

Results: Five of the 6 patients had returned to their preinjury levels of activities. The mean side-to-side difference in posterior translation as measured with the KT-2000 arthrometer and stress radiographs was 2.3 mm (range, 0.7-5.2 mm) and 2.9 mm (range, 0.3-6.4 mm), respectively. The mean Lysholm score was 95 points (range, 90-100 points). According to the assessment with the International Knee Documentation Committee form, 2 patients were classified as A, 3 as B, and 1 as C.

Conclusion: The authors could diagnose peel-off injuries at the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament in children by careful examinations and arthroscopic surgeries. Satisfactory outcomes without any complications were obtained through the arthroscopic reattachment and fixation using multiple sutures in the case of the avulsed stump that was not split.
Wrestling Injuries During the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games
Authors: Shadgan Babak , Feldman Bernard J. , Jafari Siavash
Published: June 2010

Background: Better understanding of the incidence, mechanisms, and characteristics of potential injuries in wrestling helps to implement preventive measures to better care for these athletes. Several studies have investigated the incidence and type of injuries in amateur and intercollegiate wrestling; however, there is a lack of studies that review the incidence and nature of injuries in elite wrestlers during Olympic Games or World Championships.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the injury profile of elite senior wrestlers in Greco-Roman, freestyle, and female wrestling during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study.

Methods: Study participants consisted of 343 wrestlers participating in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Standard checkoff forms were used to collect the injury data, including injury type, severity, location, timing, and mechanism.

Results: A total of 343 athletes sustained 32 injuries during 406 matches, which is equivalent to an overall incidence of 9.30 injuries per 100 athletes and 7.88 injuries per 100 matches. Among the 3 styles, freestyle had the highest injury rate (10.1%) and female wrestling the lowest (7.5%). In sum, 84.4% of all injuries were categorized as mild. Although the overall injury rate in male athletes was slightly higher than that among female athletes (9.7% versus 7.5%), this difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval = 0.46-3.68; P = .40).

Conclusion: The rate and severity of wrestling injuries during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games were lower than previous reports. No serious and catastrophic injury was recorded, and most injuries were minor.
Scaffold-Guided Subchondral Bone Repair
Authors: Hoemann Caroline D. , Chen Gaoping , Marchand Catherine , Tran-Khanh Nicolas , Thibault Marc , Chevrier Anik , Sun Jun , Shive Matthew S. , Fernandes Maria J. G. , Poubelle Patrice E. , Centola Michael , El-Gabalawy Hani
Published: June 2010

Background: Microfracture and drilling elicit a cartilage repair whose quality depends on subchondral bone repair. Alternatively activated (AA) macrophages express arginase-1, release angiogenic factors, and could be potential mediators of trabecular bone repair.

Hypothesis: Chitosan–glycerol phosphate (GP)/blood implants elicit arginase-1+ macrophages in vivo through neutrophil-dependent mechanisms and improve trabecular bone repair of drilled defects compared with drilling alone.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Bilateral trochlear cartilage defects were created in 15 rabbits, microdrilled, and treated or not with chitosan-GP/blood implant to analyze AA macrophages, CD-31+ blood vessels, bone, and cartilage repair after 1, 2, or 8 weeks. Neutrophil and macrophage chemotaxis to rabbit subcutaneous implants of autologous blood and chitosan-GP (±blood) was quantified at 1 or 7 days. In vitro, sera from human chitosan-GP/blood and whole blood clots cultured at 37°C were analyzed by proteomics and neutrophil chemotaxis assays.

Results: Chitosan-GP/blood clots and whole blood clots released a similar profile of chemotactic factors (PDGF-BB, IL-8/CXCL8, MCP-1/CCL2, and no IL-1β or IL-6), although chitosan clot sera attracted more neutrophils in vitro. Subcutaneous chitosan-GP (±blood) implants attracted more neutrophils ( P < .001) and AA macrophages than whole blood clots in vivo. In repairing subchondral drill holes, chitosan-GP/blood implant attracted more AA macrophages at 1 and 2 weeks and more blood vessels at 2 weeks compared with drilled controls. Treatment elicited a more complete woven bone repair at 8 weeks than controls ( P = .0011) with a more uniform, integrated collagen type II+ cartilage repair tissue.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: AA macrophages may play a role in the regeneration of subchondral bone, and chitosan-GP can attract and transiently accumulate these cells in the repair tissue. The resulting improved subchondral repair could be advantageous toward enhancing integration of a restored chondral surface to the subchondral bone.
Paternal Psychosocial Characteristics and Corporal Punishment of Their 3-Year-Old Children
Authors: Lee Shawna J. , Perron Brian E. , Taylor Catherine A. , Guterman Neil B.
Published: June 2010

This study uses data from 2,309 biological fathers who participated in the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study (FFCWS) to examine associations between psychosocial characteristics and levels of corporal punishment (CP) toward their 3-year-old children over the past month. Results indicate that 61% of the fathers reported no CP over the past month, 23% reported using CP once or twice, and 16% reported using CP a few times in the past month or more. In multivariate models controlling for important sociodemographic factors as well as characteristics of the child, fathers’ parenting stress, major depression, heavy alcohol use, and drug use were significantly associated with greater use of CP, whereas involvement with the child and generalized anxiety disorder were not. Girls were less likely to be the recipient of CP than were boys, and child externalizing behavior problems but not internalizing behavior problems were associated with more CP.
Rates of Femicide in Women of Different Races, Ethnicities, and Places of Birth: Massachusetts, 1993-2007
Authors: Azziz-Baumgartner Eduardo , McKeown Loreta , Melvin Patrice , Dang Quynh , Reed Joan
Published: June 2010

To describe the epidemiology of intimate partner violence (IPV) homicide in Massachusetts, an IPV mortality data set developed by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health was analyzed. The rates of death were estimated by dividing the number of decedents over the aged-matched population and Poisson regression was used to estimate the contribution of race, ethnicity, and foreign-born status to the risk of dying from IPV. Out of the total 270 women whose deaths were associated with IPV, 239 (89%) were killed by a male partner. Black women had a risk of dying from IPV of 16.2 per 1,000,000 person-years. Hispanic women also had a higher risk of dying from IPV than non-Hispanic women; incidence risk ratio of 9.7 (Poisson regression 95% confidence interval 6.8-13.8). IPV femicide disproportionately affected Black and Hispanic women. Agencies must consider the importance of providing culturally appropriate services to IPV survivors and their community.
Types, Frequency, and Effectiveness of Responses to Unwanted Pursuit and Stalking
Authors: Dutton Leila B. , Winstead Barbara A.
Published: June 2010

This study investigated the types, frequency, and effectiveness of responses to unwanted pursuit (UP) and stalking after relationship termination. Participants included female and male college students who were either pursued by a former partner or who pursued an ex-partner. Factor analyses of targets’ responses to pursuit yielded four factors, similar to Cupach and Spitzberg’s (2004) proposed response types. Targets reported engaging in Avoidance/ Minimization and Support-Seeking responses more often than Approach or Assertion/Aggression, and Approach more often than Assertion/Aggression; pursuers reported that targets engaged in Common Responses more often than Assertion/Aggression responses. Generally, targets rated more assertive but less frequently used responses such as “took legal action” or “made geographic change” as most effective, whereas pursuers rated threats and assertive or aggressive verbal confrontations as most effective. Analysis of qualitative data indicate that a combination of target avoidance and the passage of time provides an opportunity for the pursuer to move on from the relationship, which results in the cessation of UP. Implications for stalking prevention and intervention are discussed.
College Women’s Stay/Leave Decisions in Abusive Dating Relationships: A Prospective Analysis of an Expanded Investment Model
Authors: Edwards Katie M. , Gidycz Christine A. , Murphy Megan J.
Published: June 2010

The purpose of the current study was to explore college women’s stay/ leave decisions in abusive relationships using a prospective methodology. Participants ( N = 323) completed surveys at the beginning and end of a 10-week academic quarter for course credit. A path analysis suggested that the model—which included investment model variables (i.e., relationship commitment, investment, satisfaction, and quality of alternatives), childhood abuse, psychological distress, avoidance coping, and self-esteem—was a good fit to the data and predicted abused women’s leaving behaviors over the interim. The implications of these findings for future research, theory, and clinical work are discussed.
An Ecological Systems Approach to Bullying Behaviors Among Middle School Students in the United States
Authors: Lee Chang-Hun
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study is to identify an ecological prediction model of bullying behaviors. Based on an ecological systems theory, this study identifies significant factors influencing bullying behaviors at different levels of middle and high school. These levels include the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. More specifically, the ecological factors investigated in this multilevel analysis are individual traits, family experiences, parental involvement, school climate, and community characteristics. Using data collected in 2008 from 485 randomly selected students in a school district, this study identifies a best-fitting structural model of bullying behavior. Findings suggest that the ecological model accounted for a high portion of variance in bullying behaviors. All of the ecological systems as well as individual traits were found to be significant influences on bullying behaviors either directly or indirectly.
Alcohol May Not Cause Partner Violence But It Seems to Make It Worse: A Cross National Comparison of the Relationship Between Alcohol and Severity of Partner Violence
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Bernards Sharon , Wilsnack Sharon C. , Gmel Gerhard
Published: June 2010

This study assesses whether severity of physical partner aggression is associated with alcohol consumption at the time of the incident, and whether the relationship between drinking and aggression severity is the same for men and women and across different countries. National or large regional general population surveys were conducted in 13 countries as part of the GENACIS collaboration. Respondents described the most physically aggressive act done to them by a partner in the past 2 years, rated the severity of aggression on a scale of 1 to 10, and reported whether either partner had been drinking when the incident occurred. Severity ratings were significantly higher for incidents in which one or both partners had been drinking compared to incidents in which neither partner had been drinking. The relationship did not differ significantly for men and women or by country. We conclude that alcohol consumption may serve to potentiate violence when it occurs, and this pattern holds across a diverse set of cultures. Further research is needed that focuses explicitly on the nature of alcohol’s contribution to intimate partner aggression. Prevention needs to address the possibility of enhanced dangers of intimate partner violence when the partners have been drinking and eliminate any systemic factors that permit alcohol to be used as an excuse. Clinical services for perpetrators and victims of partner violence need to address the role of drinking practices, including the dynamics and process of aggressive incidents that occur when one or both partners have been drinking.
Post-Katrina Perinatal Mood and the Use of Alternative Therapies
Authors: Savage Jane , Giarratano Gloria , Bustamante-Forest Rosa , Pollock Christine , Robichaux Alfred , Pitre Simone
Published: June 2010

Purpose and Design: The purpose of this cross-sectional, exploratory study is to describe perinatal moods and complementary alternative therapy (CAT) use among childbearing women living in New Orleans, post—Hurricane Katrina. How women coped with the disaster with limited access to mental health services was not known. Method: A convenience sample of 199 postpartal/expectant mothers completed two questionnaires. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measured risk for perinatal depression (>10 for depression risk) and the Perinatal Alternative Therapy Index (PATI) obtained subjects’ self-perceived overall scores for anxiety and overall mood, frequency and type of use of alternative therapies, and health behaviors. Open-ended questions solicited qualitative data. Findings: The mean EPDS score was 8.47, yet 37% of the postpartum subjects had scores ≥10, indicating risk for depression, while 25% of the women in the prenatal group had scores ≥10. Ninety-five percent of women reported using CATs to improve their mood during pregnancy. Two themes emerged from the qualitative data: (a) Distress and Instability: The Katrina Effect and (b) Life Transitions. Conclusion: Post-Katrina, most women were proactive in seeking ways to improve their mood. Knowing that there are effective, alternative therapies to improve mood during the perinatal period, nurses and other care providers can offer more information about these nonmedical, accessible interventions.
Protective effects of fungal β-(1→3)-D-glucan against oxidative stress cytotoxicity induced by depleted uranium in isolated rat hepatocytes
Authors: Pourahmad Jalal , Shaki Fatemeh , Tanbakosazan Farahnaz , Ghalandari Ruhollah , Hossein Ali Ettehadi  , Dahaghin Ezzat
Published: June 2010

Previous reports suggested that certain carbohydrate polymers, such as β-(1→3)-D-glucan, may possess free radical scavenging activity. The present study examined the free radical scavenging activity of a carbohydrate polymer, β-(1→3)-D-glucan against oxidative stress induced by depleted uranium in isolated rat hepatocytes. Addition of U (VI) (uranyl acetate) to isolated rat hepatocytes results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, rapid glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and lysosomal membrane rupture before hepatocyte lysis occurred. Our results showed that quite similar to silymarin, which is a known antioxidant and radical scavenger, tiny concentration of β-glucan (138 nM) very successfully protected the hepatocytes against cell lysis and all oxidative stress cytotoxicity endpoints caused by depleted uranium including ROS formation, glutathione depletion, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, lysosomal membrane rupture and caspase 3 activity increase. In conclusion, our results confirmed the antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of β-(1→3)-D-glucan and suggested this compound and silymarin as possible drug candidates for prophylaxis and treatment against depleted uranium toxic effects.