bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the addition of aronia powder on the quality and antioxidant activity of muffins
Authors: Park Hyo-Jung , Chung Hai-Jung
Published: November 2014

This study investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of muffins prepared with different amounts (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of aronia powder. The moisture content was higher in the groups that contained aronia powder than in the control muffin. The specific volume of the muffins was lowest in the group with 15% aronia powder added. The lightness and yellowness values decreased, while the redness values increased with increasing amounts of the aronia powder. The hardness of the control group was lower than that of the 10% and 15% treatment groups. The consumer acceptance test revealed no significant differences in the taste and texture of the muffin samples, but the overall acceptability scores were lowest for the muffins with 15% aronia powder added. The substitution of wheat flour for the aronia powder yielded muffins with a higher polyphenol content and total flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity measured via the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, metal chelating effect, and reducing power increased as the concentration of the aronia powder increased. The results showed that up to 10% aronia powder can be incorporated into muffins to meet the sensory quality and functional needs of consumers.
Comparison of quality changes in brined cabbage with deep sea water salt and a commercial brined cabbage product
Authors: Lim Ji Hoon , Jung Jee Hee , Kim Dong Soo , Kim Young Myoung , Kim Byoung Mok
Published: November 2014

This study investigated the quality changes in cabbage brined with deep sea water salt and in a commercial brined cabbage product. The subject cabbages were separated into two groups: those manufactured in the Lab (ML) and the commercial brined cabbage product (CP). Each group had three brining treatments: with sun-dried salt (S, CS), refined salt (R, CR), and deep sea water salt (D, CD). The salinity level of the ML group was 2.1~2.3%, higher than that of the CP group (1.1~1.5%). The total plate count (TPC) was detected as 5.0 log CFU/g with the S, R, and D treatments at Day 7, but the growth rate of the TPC with the CS, CR, and CD treatments was faster than that with the S, R, and D treatments (6.9~7.7 log CFU/g). A lactic acid bacteria (LAB) level of 5.0~6.6 log CFU/g was also detected in the S, R, and D samples, but only 7.0~7.6 log CFU/g was detected in the CP groups at Day 14. The instrumental hardness levels of the cabbage brined with the deep sea water salts (D and CD) were 3,971 g and 3,932.4 g, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the samples that were salted with sun-dried salt and refined salt (p<0.05). As for the sensory attributes, S, D, and CD maintained their marketability scores until the end of the storage period for all the properties. CD presented the highest total free amino acid (478.9 mg%), glutamic acid (107.0 mg%), citric acid (428 mg%), and sodium (189 ppm) contents.
Studies on the major nutritional components of commercial dried lavers (Porphyra yezoensis) cultivated in Korea
Authors: Kim Ki-Woong , Hwang Jae-Ho , Oh Myung-Joo , Kim Min-Yong , Choi Myeong-Rak , Park Wook-Min
Published: November 2014

This study was conducted to provide basic date on the proximate composition and amino acid, fatty acid, sugar, and mineral contents of commercial dried lavers cultivated in Korea (in Seocheon, Wando, Goheung and Busan). The moisture, crude ash, crude fat, crude protein, and carbohydrate content ranges of the dried lavers were 5.67~7.43%, 8.01~8.95%, 1.54~2.25%, 37.77~39.98%, and 43.83~46.24%, respectively. The total amino acid, free amino acid, and essential amino acid concentrations were highest (25,982.15 mg/100 g, 4,545.44 mg/100 g, and 9,048.28 mg/100 g) in the dried lavers cultivated from Wando. The compositions of the fatty acids in four dried lavers were 16.30~22.15% saturated fatty acids, 6.04~7.73% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 70.33~76.03% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The sugar contents per 100 g of dried lavers were 3,678.84~4,052.52 mg of galactose, 2,112.30~2,473.86 mg of fructose, 1,103.74~1,648.39 mg of mannose, 361.67~590.21 mg of glucose, 8.63~10.38 mg of ribose, and 21.43~48.32 mg of xylose. The mineral concentrations in the dried lavers cultivated from Wando and Busan were low (Cu < Mn < Zn < Fe < Ca < Mg < Na < K), as were those in the dried lavers cultivated from Seocheon and Goheung (Cu < Mn < Zn < Fe < Mg < Ca < Na <K).
Physiological activities of Aronia melanocarpa extracts on extraction solvents
Authors: Park Hye-Mi , Hong Joo-Heon
Published: November 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological activities of Aronia melanocarpa extracts on extraction solvents (through hot water extraction, 50% ethanol extraction, and 50% methanol extraction). The yield of 50% ethanol extract, 84.50%, was higher than that of the hot water extract (84.05%) and of the 50% methanol extract (76.20%). The total sugar content of the extraction solvent, 35.56~37.68 g/100 g, did not significantly differ. The total anthocyanin content of the 50% methanol extract, 395.10 mg/100 g, was higher than of 50% ethanol extract (318.61 mg/100 g) and of the hot water extract (252.82 mg/100 g). The anthocyanin composition of the cyanidin-3-galactoside, 364.65 mg/100 g, was higher than that of the cyanidin-3-arabinoside (163.06 mg/100 g) and of the cyanidin-3-glucoside (35.69 mg/100 g) in the 50% methanol extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of the 50% ethanol and the 50% methanol extracts at 100-1,000 μg/mL were 7.96-70.01%, and 8.90-69.21%, respectively. The superoxide radical scavenging activities of all the extracts improved with an increase in the treatment concentration. The FRAP of the 50% ethanol extract and the 50% methanol extract at 100-1,000 μg/mL were 57.14-817.87 μM and 67.32-812.78 μM, respectively. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the 50% ethanol extract, 23.03-33.82% (100-1,000 μg/mL), was higher than that of the other extracts. The cancer cell growth inhibition activity of the 50% ethanol extract (76.86% at 1,000 μg/mL) on HeLa cell line was significantly higher than of the hot water and of the 50% methanol extracts. There results suggest that the 50% ethanol extract from Aronia melanocarpa may be a useful for functional food material in the food industry.
Anti-inflammatory effect of Polygonum multiflorum extraction in activated RAW 264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Lee Eunsu , Kim Hyeongjeong , Yu Jae-myo , Cho Yong-hun , Kim Dong-in , Shin Yuhyeon , Cho Yeongje , Kwon O-jun , An Bongjeon
Published: November 2014

The anti-inflammatory effects of Polygonum multiflorum water extracts (PMWs) and Polygonum multiflorum 70 % ethanol extracts(PMEs) were investigated using lipopolysaccharide-induce by inflammatory response. The inhibitory effects of PMWs and PMEs on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro - inflammatory cytokines in LPS - activated Raw 264.7 cells were investigated. The effects were examined after reducing production of Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels. RAW 264.7 cells were cultured with LPS (1 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of PMWs and PMEs for 24 h to determine their NO, iNOS, COX–2 levels. During the entire experimental period 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL of PMWs and PMEs showed no cytotoxicity. At these concentrations, PMWs and PMEs concentration dependently reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). PMWs and PMEs were inhibited the activittion of iNOS, COX-2 by 89%, 54%, 91% and 57% respectively, at 100 μg/mL. These results indicate that PMWs and PMEs significantly reduces the effect of oxidative and inflammatory cytokines.
On the scope and limitations of baker’s yeast as a model organism for studying human tissue-specific pathways
Authors: Mohammadi Shahin , Saberidokht Baharak , Subramaniam Shankar , Grama Ananth
Published: November 2014

Budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, has been used extensively as a model organism for studying cellular processes in evolutionarily distant species, including humans. However, different human tissues, while inheriting a similar genetic code, exhibit distinct anatomical and physiological properties. Specific biochemical processes and associated biomolecules that differentiate various tissues are not completely understood, neither is the extent to which a unicellular organism, such as yeast, can be used to model these processes within each tissue.

We propose a novel computational and statistical framework to systematically quantify the suitability of yeast as a model organism for different human tissues. We develop a computational method for dissecting the human interactome into tissue-specific cellular networks. Using these networks, we simultaneously partition the functional space of human genes, and their corresponding pathways, based on their conservation both across species and among different tissues. We study these subspaces in detail, and relate them to the overall similarity of each tissue with yeast.

Many complex disorders are driven by a coupling of housekeeping (universally expressed in all tissues) and tissue-selective (expressed only in specific tissues) dysregulated pathways. We show that human-specific subsets of tissue-selective genes are significantly associated with the onset and development of a number of pathologies. Consequently, they provide excellent candidates as drug targets for therapeutic interventions. We also present a novel tool that can be used to assess the suitability of the yeast model for studying tissue-specific physiology and pathophysiology in humans.
Reveel: large-scale population genotyping using low-coverage sequencing data
Authors: Huang Lin , Wang Bo , Chen Ruitang , Bercovici Sivan , Batzoglou Serafim
Published: November 2014

Population low-coverage whole-genome sequencing is rapidly emerging as a prominent approach for discovering genomic variation and genotyping a cohort. This approach combines substantially lower cost than full-coverage sequencing with whole-genome discovery of low-allele-frequency variants, to an extent that is not possible with array genotyping or exome sequencing. However, a challenging computational problem arises when attempting to discover variants and genotype the entire cohort. Variant discovery and genotyping are relatively straightforward on a single individual that has been sequenced at high coverage, because the inference decomposes into the independent genotyping of each genomic position for which a sufficient number of confidently mapped reads are available. However, in cases where low-coverage population data are given, the joint inference requires leveraging the complex linkage disequilibrium patterns in the cohort to compensate for sparse and missing data in each individual. The potentially massive computation time for such inference, as well as the missing data that confound low-frequency allele discovery, need to be overcome for this approach to become practical. Here, we present Reveel, a novel method for single nucleotide variant calling and genotyping of large cohorts that have been sequenced at low coverage. Reveel introduces a novel technique for leveraging linkage disequilibrium that deviates from previous Markov-based models. We evaluate Reveel’s performance through extensive simulations as well as real data from the 1000 Genomes Project, and show that it achieves higher accuracy in low-frequency allele discovery and substantially lower computation cost than previous state-of-the-art methods.
Alignment by numbers: sequence assembly using compressed numerical representations
Authors: Tapinos Avraam , Constantinides Bede , Kell Douglas B , Robertson David L
Published: November 2014

Motivation: DNA sequencing instruments are enabling genomic analyses of unprecedented scope and scale, widening the gap between our abilities to generate and interpret sequence data. Established methods for computational sequence analysis generally use nucleotide-level resolution of sequences, and while such approaches can be very accurate, increasingly ambitious and data-intensive analyses are rendering them impractical for applications such as genome and metagenome assembly. Comparable analytical challenges are encountered in other data-intensive fields involving sequential data, such as signal processing, in which dimensionality reduction methods are routinely used to reduce the computational burden of analyses. We therefore seek to address the question of whether it is possible to improve the efficiency of sequence alignment by applying dimensionality reduction methods to numerically represented nucleotide sequences. Results: To explore the applicability of signal transformation and dimensionality reduction methods to sequence assembly, we implemented a short read aligner and evaluated its performance against simulated high diversity viral sequences alongside four existing aligners. Using our sequence transformation and feature selection approach, alignment time was reduced by up to 14-fold compared to uncompressed sequences and without reducing alignment accuracy. Despite using highly compressed sequence transformations, our implementation yielded alignments of similar overall accuracy to existing aligners, outperforming all other tools tested at high levels of sequence variation. Our approach was also applied to the de novo assembly of a simulated diverse viral population. Our results demonstrate that full sequence resolution is not a prerequisite of accurate sequence alignment and that analytical performance can be retained and even enhanced through appropriate dimensionality reduction of sequences.
The structure of vanin 1: a key enzyme linking metabolic disease and inflammation
Authors: Boersma Ykelien L. , Newman Janet , Adams Timothy E. , Cowieson Nathan , Krippner Guy , Bozaoglu Kiymet , Peat Thomas S.
Published: November 2014

Although part of the coenzyme A pathway, vanin 1 (also known as pantetheinase) sits on the cell surface of many cell types as an ectoenzyme, catalyzing the breakdown of pantetheine to pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and cysteamine, a strong reducing agent. Vanin 1 was initially discovered as a protein involved in the homing of leukocytes to the thymus. Numerous studies have shown that vanin 1 is involved in inflammation, and more recent studies have shown a key role in metabolic disease. Here, the X-ray crystal structure of human vanin 1 at 2.25 Å resolution is presented, which is the first reported structure from the vanin family, as well as a crystal structure of vanin 1 bound to a specific inhibitor. These structures illuminate how vanin 1 can mediate its biological roles by way of both enzymatic activity and protein–protein interactions. Furthermore, it sheds light on how the enzymatic activity is regulated by a novel allosteric mechanism at a domain interface.
Crystal structure of bis(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole) perchloric acid monosolvate
Authors: Qin Yong-Qi , Xue Jin-hui , Qiao Yuan-Biao , Zhang Zi-Feng
Published: November 2014

The title compound, 2C9H9N3·HClO4, was prepared by reaction of 1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole and HClO4in ethanol at room temperature. The asymmetric unit consists of two molecules of 1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole and one of HClO4molecule. The benzene and triazole rings make dihedral angles of 85.45 (8) and 84.76 (8)° in the two molecules. The H-atom position of the perchloric acid molecule is split over two O atoms (real peaks on difference map), with site-occupation factors of 0.5. These H atoms form two classical hydrogen bonds [2.546 (5) and 2.620 (4) Å] with the same N atoms in both molecules. Five intermolecular non-classical C—H...O interactions, with C...O distances in the range 3.147 (5)–3.483 (5) Å, are found in the crystal structure.
Crystal structure of [Y6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(H2O)24]I8·8H2O
Authors: Le Natur François , Calvez Guillaume , Guillou Olivier , Daiguebonne Carole , Bernot Kevin
Published: November 2014

The crystal structure of the title compound {systematic name: octa-μ3-hydroxido-μ6-oxido-hexakis[tetraaquayttrium(III)] octaiodide octahydrate}, is characterized by the presence of the centrosymmetric molecular entity [Y6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(H2O)24]8+, in which the six Y3+cations are arranged octahedrally around a μ6-O atom at the centre of the cationic complex. Each of the eight faces of the Y6octahedron is capped by an μ3-OH group in the form of a distorted cube. In the hexanuclear entity, the Y3+cations are coordinated by the central μ6-O atom, the O atoms of four μ3-OH and of four water molecules. The resulting coordination sphere of the metal ions is a capped square-antiprism. The crystal packing is quite similar to that of the orthorhombic [Ln6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(H2O)24]I8·8H2O structures withLn= La—Nd, Eu—Tb, Dy, except that the title compound exhibits a slight monoclinic distortion. The proximity of the cationic complexes and the lattice water molecules leads to the formation of a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network of medium strength.
Extracting grain-orientation-dependent data fromin situtime-of-flight neutron diffraction. I. Inverse pole figures
Authors: Stoica G. M. , Stoica A. D. , An K. , Ma D. , Vogel S. C. , Carpenter J. S. , Wang X.-L.
Published: November 2014

The problem of calculating the inverse pole figure (IPF) is analyzed from the perspective of the application of time-of flight neutron diffraction toin situmonitoring of the thermomechanical behavior of engineering materials. On the basis of a quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) method, a consistent set of grain orientations is generated and used to compute the weighting factors for IPF normalization. The weighting factors are instrument dependent and were calculated for the engineering materials diffractometer VULCAN (Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory). The QMC method is applied to face-centered cubic structures and can be easily extended to other crystallographic symmetries. Examples include 316LN stainless steelin situloaded in tension at room temperature and an Al–2%Mg alloy, substantially deformed by cold rolling andin situannealed up to 653 K.
Powder diffraction in studies of nanocrystal surfaces: chemisorption on Pt
Authors: Kaszkur Zbigniew , Rzeszotarski Piotr , Juszczyk Wojciech
Published: November 2014

Atoms at the surface of nanocrystals contribute appreciably to the X-ray diffraction pattern. Phenomena like chemisorption, affecting the displacement of surface atoms with respect to their positions in the perfect crystallographic structure, cause diffraction peak shifts and intensity changes. These effects are easily measurable for small nanocrystals up to 10 nm size. This article reports diffraction effects of chemisorption of adsorbing gases H2, O2, CO and NO for a series ofin situpowder diffraction experiments on nanocrystalline Pt supported on silica. On the basis of previous diffraction observation of Pt surface reconstruction during hydrogen desorption, it was possible to quantify this effectversuscrystallite size and rationalize the observed diffraction peak shift for the other adsorbing species. This enabled the surface reconstruction to be distinguished from the surface relaxation effect, the latter depending monotonically on the adsorption energy. Even if no phase transition occurs, monitoring of a peak's position, intensity, width and gas composition (viamass spectrometry) during a carefully designed physicochemical process (including surface chemical reaction) enables insight into and understanding of the surface structure evolution (e.g.amorphization, relaxation, reconstruction or changes in the overall morphology). The proposed technique can be used as a surface science tool, allowing studies of nanocrystals under high pressure.
An enantiomerically pure P-stereogenic bisphosphine: (S,S)-ethylenebis[(2-methylphenyl)phenylphosphine] (o-tolyl-DiPAMP)
Authors: Bendzińska-Berus Wioletta , Kaik-King Magdalena , King Gary , Rychlewska Urszula
Published: November 2014

In connection with a research program involving the synthesis, structure determination, reactivity and ability to coordinate to metal centres of chiral bisphosphine ligands, we have synthesized and structurally characterized, by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the title compound {systematic name: (S,S)-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis[(2-methylphenyl)phenylphosphane], abbreviated aso-tolyl-DiPAMP}, C28H28P2. So far, neither the free bisphosphine (DiPAMP) nor analogues that incorporate the ethylenebisphosphine frame have had their crystal structures reported. The investigated compound forms crystals which are isostructural with the bisphosphine dioxide analogue [Kinget al.(2007).Acta Cryst.E63, o3278], despite the involvement of the dioxide in C—H...O(=P) hydrogen bonds and the lack of similar hydrogen bonds in the investigated crystal structure. In both molecules, the P—C—C—P chain is in atransconformation, extended further at both ends by one of the two P—Cipsobonds. The planes of the phenyl ando-tolyl rings attached to the same P atom are nearly perpendicular to one another. Both crystal structures are mainly stabilized by dispersive interactions.
Preliminary crystallographic analysis of Xyn52B2, a GH52 β-D-xylosidase fromGeobacillus stearothermophilusT6
Authors: Dann Roie , Lansky Shifra , Lavid Noa , Zehavi Arie , Belakhov Valery , Baasov Timor , Dvir Hay , Manjasetty Babu , Belrhali Hassan , Shoham Yuval , Shoham Gil
Published: November 2014

Geobacillus stearothermophilusT6 is a thermophilic bacterium that possesses an extensive hemicellulolytic system, including over 40 specific genes that are dedicated to this purpose. For the utilization of xylan, the bacterium uses an extracellular xylanase which degrades xylan to decorated xylo-oligomers that are imported into the cell. These oligomers are hydrolyzed by side-chain-cleaving enzymes such as arabinofuranosidases, acetylesterases and a glucuronidase, and finally by an intracellular xylanase and a number of β-xylosidases. One of these β-xylosidases is Xyn52B2, a GH52 enzyme that has already proved to be useful for various glycosynthesis applications. In addition to its demonstrated glycosynthase properties, interest in the structural aspects of Xyn52B2 stems from its special glycoside hydrolase family, GH52, the structures and mechanisms of which are only starting to be resolved. Here, the cloning, overexpression, purification and crystallization of Xyn52B2 are reported. The most suitable crystal form that has been obtained belonged to the orthorhombicP212121space group, with average unit-cell parametersa = 97.7,b= 119.1,c = 242.3 Å. Several X-ray diffraction data sets have been collected from flash-cooled crystals of this form, including the wild-type enzyme (3.70 Å resolution), the E335G catalytic mutant (2.95 Å resolution), a potential mercury derivative (2.15 Å resolution) and a selenomethionine derivative (3.90 Å resolution). These data are currently being used for detailed three-dimensional structure determination of the Xyn52B2 protein.
Expression, purification and crystallization of two endonuclease III enzymes fromDeinococcus radiodurans
Authors: Sarre Aili , Ökvist Mats , Klar Tobias , Moe Elin , Timmins Joanna
Published: November 2014

Endonuclease III is a bifunctional DNA glycosylase that removes a wide range of oxidized bases in DNA.Deinococcus radioduransis an extreme radiation-resistant and desiccation-resistant bacterium and possesses three genes encoding endonuclease III enzymes in its genome: DR2438 (EndoIII-1), DR0289 (EndoIII-2) and DR0982 (EndoIII-3). Here, EndoIII-1 and an N-terminally truncated form of EndoIII-3 (EndoIII-3Δ76) have been expressed, purified and crystallized, and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analyses have been performed to 2.15 and 1.31 Å resolution, respectively. The EndoIII-1 crystals belonged to the monoclinic space groupC2, with unit-cell parametersa= 181.38,b= 38.56,c= 37.09 Å, β = 89.34° and one molecule per asymmetric unit. The EndoIII-3Δ76 crystals also belonged to the monoclinic space groupC2, but with unit-cell parametersa= 91.47,b= 40.53,c= 72.47 Å, β = 102.53° and one molecule per asymmetric unit. The EndoIII-1 structure was determined by molecular replacement, while the truncated EndoIII-3Δ76 structure was determined by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing. Refinement of the structures is in progress.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the hypothetical protein BPSL1038 fromBurkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Shaibullah Sofiyah , Mohd-Sharif Nurhikmah , Ho Kok Lian , Firdaus-Raih Mohd , Nathan Sheila , Mohamed Rahmah , Ng Chyan Leong
Published: November 2014

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the pathogenic bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomallei. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that theB. pseudomalleigenome includes 5855 coding DNA sequences (CDSs), of which ∼25% encode hypothetical proteins. A pathogen-associated hypothetical protein, BPSL1038, was overexpressed inEscherichia coli, purified and crystallized using vapour-diffusion methods. A BPSL1038 protein crystal that grew using sodium formate as precipitant diffracted to 1.55 Å resolution. It belonged to space groupC2221, with unit-cell parametersa= 85.36,b= 115.63,c= 46.73 Å. The calculated Matthews coefficient (VM) suggests that there are two molecules per asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 48.8%.
Stacking the odds: light pollution may shift the balance in an ancient predator–prey arms race
Authors: Minnaar Corneile , Boyles Justin G. , Minnaar Ingrid A. , Sole Catherine L. , McKechnie Andrew E.
Published: November 2014

Artificial night lighting threatens to disrupt strongly conserved light‐dependent processes in animals and may have cascading effects on ecosystems as species interactions become altered. Insectivorous bats and their prey have been involved in a nocturnal, co‐evolutionary arms race for millions of years. Lights may interfere with anti‐bat defensive behaviours in moths, and disrupt a complex and globally ubiquitous interaction between bats and insects, ultimately leading to detrimental consequences for ecosystems on a global scale.

We combined experimental and mathematical approaches to determine effects of light pollution on a free‐living bat–insect community. We compared prey selection by Cape serotine bats Neoromicia capensis in naturally unlit and artificially lit conditions using a manipulative field experiment, and developed a probabilistic model based on a suite of prey‐selection factors to explain differences in observed diet.

Moth consumption by N. capensis was low under unlit conditions (mean percentage volume ± SD: 5·91 ± 6·25%), while moth consumption increased sixfold (mean percentage volume ± SD: 35·42 ± 17·90%) under lit conditions despite a decrease in relative moth abundance. Predictive prey‐selection models that included high‐efficacy estimates for eared‐moth defensive behaviour found most support given diet data for bats in unlit conditions. Conversely, models that estimated eared‐moth defensive behaviour as absent or low found more support given diet data for bats in lit conditions. Our models therefore suggest the increase in moth consumption was a result of light‐induced, decreased eared‐moth defensive behaviour.

Policy implications. In the current context of unyielding growth in global light pollution, we predict that specialist moth‐eating bats and eared moths will face ever‐increasing challenges to survival through increased resource competition and predation risk, respectively. Lights should be developed to be less attractive to moths, with the goal of reducing effects on moth behaviour. Unfortunately, market preference for broad‐spectrum lighting and possible effects on other taxa make development of moth‐friendly lighting improbable. Mitigation should therefore focus on the reduction of temporal, spatial and luminance redundancy in outdoor lighting. Restriction of light inside nature reserves and urban greenbelts can help maintain dark refugia for moth‐eating bats and moths, and may become important for their persistence.
Effects of baking conditions on colour, texture and crumb grain characteristics of Chhana Podo
Authors: Kumari Anu , Eljeeva Emerald Franklin Magdaline , Simha Vikram , Pushpadass Heartwin A
Published: November 2014

Baking, the key step in the preparation of Chhana Podo, involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer that induces physicochemical and structural changes in the product. The effects of baking conditions on colour, texture and crumb grain development in the product were evaluated. The browning index of baked Podo increased from the initial value of 15.7 to 95, 101 and 112, at baking temperatures of 120, 135 and 150 °C, respectively. Browning kinetics followed the logistic model (R2 > 0.98) with an activation energy of 17.81 kJ/mol. In general, crumb grain characteristics such as mean cell area, cell density and cell‐to‐total area ratio increased with increase in baking time and temperature. Textural attributes such as hardness, chewiness and gumminess increased with baking time and temperature while springiness, cohesiveness and resilience increased up to 40 min due to the filling‐up of pores water and liquid by fat and expanding water, but decreased thereafter.
Optimization of a Statistical Algorithm for Objective Comparison of Toolmarks
Authors: Spotts Ryan , Chumbley L. Scott , Ekstrand Laura , Zhang Song , Kreiser James
Published: November 2014

Due to historical legal challenges, there is a driving force for the development of objective methods of forensic toolmark identification. This study utilizes an algorithm to separate matching and nonmatching shear cut toolmarks created using fifty sequentially manufactured pliers. Unlike previously analyzed striated screwdriver marks, shear cut marks contain discontinuous groups of striations, posing a more difficult test of algorithm applicability. The algorithm compares correlation between optical 3D toolmark topography data, producing a Wilcoxon rank sum test statistic. Relative magnitude of this metric separates the matching and nonmatching toolmarks. Results show a high degree of statistical separation between matching and nonmatching distributions. Further separation is achieved with optimized input parameters and implementation of a “leash” preventing a previous source of outliers—however complete statistical separation was not achieved. This paper represents further development of objective methods of toolmark identification and further validation of the assumption that toolmarks are identifiably unique.
Oviposition preference and larval performance of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Botrytis cinerea (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) infected berries of Vitis vinifera (Vitales: Vitaceae)
Authors: Rizvi Syed Z. M. , Raman Anantanarayanan , Wheatley Warwick M. , Cook Geoffrey
Published: November 2014

In this paper we tested the behavior of gravid Epiphyas postvittana in selecting the most‐appropriate site for oviposition thus benefitting offspring performance. Our hypothesis was built on Jaenike's preference–performance hypothesis (also referred to as the “mother‐knows‐the‐best” hypothesis). To test this, we used the interacting Epiphyas postvittana, its host Vitis vinifera, and the pathogenic microbe Botrytis cinerea system. Populations of E. postvittana and B. cinerea often exist concurrently on V. vinifera in Australasia and their interaction and mutual influence are currently being explored, although the suggestion presently is that the relationship between E. postvittana and B. cinerea is mutualistic. We tested the effect of volatiles from B. cinerea‐infected berries and uninfected (control) berries of V. vinifera on the oviposition behavior of E. postvittana. We also characterized the effects of B. cinerea infection on the berries of V. vinifera on the growth and development of E. postvittana. Contrary to the preference–performance hypothesis, oviposition choices made by gravid E. postvittana did not result in the best offspring survival, development, and performance. The preference for oviposition by E. postvittana was strongly influenced by the olfactory and tactile cues. She laid fewer eggs on B. cinerea‐infected berries compared to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae of E. postvittana showed no preference to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae fed on B. cinerea‐infected berries of V. vinifera showing greater survival rate, shorter time to pupation, greater pupal mass, and on becoming adults they laid more numbers of eggs than the larvae that were enabled to feed on uninfected berries. The larvae of E. postvittana transport the conidia of B. cinerea and transmit grey‐mould disease to uninfected berries of V. vinifera.
The Effect of Measurement Subjectivity Classifications on Analysts' Use of Persistence Classifications When Forecasting Earnings Items
Authors: Hewitt Max , Tarca Ann , Yohn Teri Lombardi
Published: November 2014

Earnings items are typically classified in financial reports based on their persistence and measurement subjectivity. Archival research examines investors' use of persistence and measurement subjectivity classifications for forecasting and valuation. However, this research typically examines only one of these classifications at a time and ignores the potential interactive implications of an earnings item's persistence and measurement subjectivity classifications. We recruited experienced financial analysts to participate in two experiments that examined the effect of measurement subjectivity classifications on analysts' use of persistence classifications when forecasting earnings items. We find that analysts rely less on an earnings item's persistence classification when measurement subjectivity is high relative to when measurement subjectivity is low. We also find that presentation format affects analysts' use of these two classifications. Specifically, we find that the matrix format (i.e., rows display persistence classifications and columns display measurement subjectivity classifications) facilitates analysts' combined use of persistence and measurement subjectivity classifications relative to the sequential format (i.e., the classifications are displayed separately). These findings suggest that archival research could improve its examination of market participants' use of earnings classifications for forecasting and valuation by recognizing that the implications of an earnings item's persistence classification can vary according to the item's measurement subjectivity classification. By also demonstrating how presentation format affects analysts' use of earnings classifications, our study provides further insights into this fundamental issue in accounting research and standard setting.
Fine‐scale impacts on avian biodiversity due to a despotic species, the bell miner (Manorina melanophrys)
Authors: Leseberg Nicholas P. , Lambert Kathryn T. A. , McDonald Paul G.
Published: November 2014

Bell miners (Manorina melanophrys; Meliphagidae) are a highly social and very aggressive honeyeater. They are despotic and cooperate in the defence of their territories against other bird species, leading to the almost complete exclusion of other avifauna from miner‐occupied regions. This study aimed to resolve some of the fine‐scale effects of bell miner aggression on avian diversity both within and adjacent to colonies to determine the true impact of a colony on local avifaunal abundance. Three areas, distributed throughout the range of the bell miner, were surveyed across both non‐breeding and breeding seasons to assess the temporal and spatial impacts of bell miner aggression on other bird species. Bell miner colonies were found to occupy very clearly defined areas and had the expected negative impact on avian diversity within their colony. The effects of bell miner colony presence on abundance and richness of avian species were found to cease at the colony boundary, with both recovering to normal levels immediately outside the bell miner colony. Whether bell miners were breeding or not, and irrespective of the amount of vegetation coverage, bell miner colonies were found to have relatively marginal impacts on avian richness and abundance. No impact of colony presence/absence was found on the richness or abundance of the avian species that dwell in the undergrowth, with some evidence that these species were actually more common at the colony edge. Our results demonstrate that the influence of bell miner colony presence upon avian biodiversity is restricted to the confines of the colony and does not radiate outwards into the surrounding habitat. Colony presence influences, therefore, have implications when considering the impact of bell miner behaviour on the diversity of insectivorous birds and processes, most notably the propagation of Bell Miner Associated Dieback.
Imputation of missing genotypes from low‐ to high‐density SNP panel in different population designs
Authors: He S. , Wang S. , Fu W. , Ding X. , Zhang Q.
Published: November 2014

Imputation of missing genotypes, in particular from low density to high density, is an important issue in genomic selection and genome‐wide association studies. Given the marker densities, the most important factors affecting imputation accuracy are the size of the reference population and the relationship between individuals in the reference (genotyped with high‐density panel) and study (genotyped with low‐density panel) populations. In this study, we investigated the imputation accuracies when the reference population (genotyped with Illumina BovineSNP50 SNP panel) contained sires, halfsibs, or both sires and halfsibs of the individuals in the study population (genotyped with Illumina BovineLD SNP panel) using three imputation programs (fimpute v2.2, findhap v2, and beagle v3.3.2). Two criteria, correlation between true and imputed genotypes and missing rate after imputation, were used to evaluate the performance of the three programs in different scenarios. Our results showed that fimpute performed the best in all cases, with correlations from 0.921 to 0.978 when imputing from sires to their daughters or between halfsibs. In general, the accuracies of imputing between halfsibs or from sires to their daughters were higher than were those imputing between non‐halfsibs or from sires to non‐daughters. Including both sires and halfsibs in the reference population did not improve the imputation performance in comparison with when only including halfsibs in the reference population for all the three programs.
Incisional hernia repair after caesarean section: a population‐based study
Authors: Shand Antonia W. , Chen Jian Sheng , Schnitzler Margaret , Roberts Christine L.
Published: November 2014

Background

Incisional hernias occur at surgical abdominal incision sites, but the association with caesarean section (CS) has not been examined.

Aim

To determine whether CS is a risk factor for incisional hernia repair.

Materials and Methods

Population‐based cohort study in Australia using linked birth and hospital data for women who gave birth from 2000 to 2011. Survival analysis was used to explore the association between CS and subsequent incisional hernia repair. Analyses were adjusted for confounding factors, including other abdominal surgery. The main outcome measure was surgical repair of an incisional hernia.

Results

Of 642,578 women, 217,555 (33.9%) had at least one CS and 1,554 (0.2%) women had a subsequent incisional hernia repair. The rate of incisional hernia repair in women who had ever had a caesarean section was 0.47%, compared to 0.12% in women who never had a caesarean section. After controlling for the duration of follow‐up and known explanatory variables (eg other abdominal surgery, parity and multiple pregnancy), the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 2.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.45–3.06, P < 0.001). Incisional hernia repair risk increased with number of caesarean sections: women with two CS had a threefold increased risk of incisional hernia repair, which increased to sixfold after five CS (aHR = 6.29, 95% CI 3.99–9.93, P < 0.001) compared to women with no CS.

Conclusions

There was a strong association between maternal CS and subsequent incisional hernia repair, which increased as the number of CSs increased, but the absolute risk of incisional hernia repair was low.
Temperate forests in continental East Asia
Authors: Liu Hongyan , Bruelheide Helge , Ewald Jörg , Chytrý Milan
Published: November 2014

In this editorial, we introduce a Special Feature focusing on various aspects of temperate forest vegetation on the East Asian mainland (China and Korea). The papers included in this Special Feature encompass a range of topics, including plot‐based vegetation survey, analysis of vegetation change along broad‐scale environmental gradients and dynamics of both successional and climax forests.
Counterfactual Consent and the Use of Deception in Research
Authors: Wilson Alan T.
Published: November 2014

The use of deception for the purposes of research is a widespread practice within many areas of study. If we want to avoid either absolute acceptance or absolute rejection of this practice then we require some method of distinguishing between those uses of deception which are morally acceptable and those which are not. In this article I discuss the concept of counterfactual consent, and propose a related distinction between counterfactual‐defeating deception and counterfactual‐compatible deception. The aim is to show that this proposed distinction will be useful in furthering the debate regarding the use of deception for the purposes of research.
Abnormal bone marrow histopathology in paediatric mastocytosis
Authors: Carter Melody C. , Metcalfe Dean D. , Clark Alicia S. , Wayne Alan S. , Maric Irina
Published: November 2014

The diagnostic criteria for paediatric mastocytosis are largely based on adult studies and bone marrow findings are not well described in children. We evaluated use of the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the diagnosis of systemic disease in paediatric mastocytosis. In addition, we identified unique clinico‐histopathological features within the biopsies. One hundred and thirteen children with paediatric mastocytosis were evaluated at the National Institutes of Health between 1986 and 2013. Complete bone marrow evaluations were performed in 50 cases. Seven children had repeat procedures. Bone marrows were analysed by histopathology, flow cytometry and for KIT D816V. Bone marrow biopsies displayed mild atypical haematopoietic maturation, increased haematogones and hypocellularity in a sub‐set of patients with urticaria pigmentosa, diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis and indolent systemic mastocytosis. Hypocellularity was most pronounced in those with urticaria pigmentosa. Haematogones were highest, on average, in patients with diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis or mastocytomas. There was no evidence of peripheral blood cytopenias, myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative neoplasm or leukaemia within this cohort. The WHO criteria are applicable for the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis in paediatrics. Although unsuspected bone marrow findings typically seen in myeloproliferative disorders are frequent in paediatric mastocytosis, patients within this study remained clinically stable without progression to a more aggressive variant.
Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: back to Histiocytosis X?
Authors: Berres Marie‐Luise , Merad Miriam , Allen Carl E.
Published: November 2014

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), the most common histiocytic disorder, is characterized by the accumulation of CD1A+/CD207+ mononuclear phagocytes within granulomatous lesions that can affect nearly all organ systems. Historically, LCH has been presumed to arise from transformed or pathologically activated epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhans cells. However, new evidence supports a model in which LCH occurs as a consequence of a misguided differentiation programme of myeloid dendritic cell precursors. Genetic, molecular and functional data implicate activation of the ERK signalling pathway at critical stages in myeloid differentiation as an essential and universal driver of LCH pathology. Based on these findings, we propose that LCH should be re‐defined as an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia. Increased understanding of LCH pathogenesis will provide opportunities to optimize and personalize therapy through improved risk‐stratification, targeted therapy and assessment of therapy response based on specific molecular features and origin of the pathological myeloid cells.
A prospective study of erectile function after transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate biopsy
Authors: Murray Katie S. , Bailey Jason , Zuk Keegan , Lopez‐Corona Ernesto , Thrasher J. Brantley
Published: November 2014

Objective

To prospectively evaluate the effect of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided prostate biopsy on erectile and voiding function at multiple time‐points after biopsy.

Patients and Methods

All men who underwent TRUS‐guided prostate biopsy completed a five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) before and at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after TRUS‐guided biopsy. Statistical analyses used were a general descriptive analysis, continuous variables using a t‐test and categorical data using chi‐square analysis. A paired t‐test was used to compare each patient's baseline score to their own follow‐up survey scores.

Results

In all, 220 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 64.1 years and PSA level of 6.7 ng/dL. At initial presentation, 38.6% reported no erectile dysfunction (ED), 22.3% mild ED, 15.5% mild‐to‐moderate ED, 10% moderate ED, and 13.6% severe ED. On paired t‐test there was a statistically significant reduction in IIEF‐5 score at 1 week after biopsy compared with before biopsy (18.2 vs 15.5; P < 0.001). This remained significantly reduced at 4 (18.4 vs 17.3; P = 0.008) and 12 weeks (18.4 vs 16.9, P = 0.004) after biopsy.

Conclusions

The effects of TRUS‐guided prostate biopsy on erectile function have probably been underestimated. It is important to be aware of these transient effects so patients can be appropriately counselled. The exact cause of this effect is yet to be determined.