bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dual Lagrange method for contact problems with regularized contact conditions
Authors: Sitzmann Saskia , Willner Kai , Wohlmuth Barbara I.
Published: May 2014

This paper presents an algorithm for solving quasi‐static, non‐linear elasticity contact problems without friction in the context of rough surfaces. Here, we want to model the transition from soft to hard contact in case of rough surfaces on the micro‐scale. The popular dual mortar method is used to enforce the contact constraints in a variationally consistent way without increasing the algebraic system size. The algorithm is deduced from a perturbed Lagrange formulation and combined with mass‐lumping techniques to exploit the full advantages of the duality pairing. This leads to a regularized saddle point problem, for which a non‐linear complementary function and thus a semi‐smooth Newton method can be derived. Numerical examples demonstrate the applicability to industrial problems and show a good agreement to experimentally obtained results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussion of “Reliability‐based design optimization with dependent interval variables” by Xiaoping Du, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2012; 91:218–228
Authors: Yang Xufeng , Liu Yongshou , Zhang Yishang
Published: May 2014

In the subject paper, a reliability‐based design optimization (RBDO) model with both random and dependent interval uncertainties was proposed based on the First Order Reliability Method. The lower bound of reliability defined in Equation (9) of the subject paper was utilized as the constraint in this RBDO model. The author claimed that it is the minimum reliability with both random and interval variables. However, we prove that it is not the minimum value. It is therefore suggested that the minimum reliability should be used in the RBDO model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, characterization, and thermal properties of poly (methyl methacrylate)/boron nitride composites by bulk polymerization
Authors: Qin Lili , Li Guohua , Hou Jun , Yu Xiaoyan , Ding Huili , Zhang Qingxin , Wang Nongyue , Qu Xiongwei
Published: May 2014

Poly (methyl methacrylate)/boron nitride (PMMA/BN) composites were prepared by dispersing BN particles into methyl methacrylate monomer phase by bulk polymerization method. BN particles modified with silane coupling agent, γ‐methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane, were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Effects of modified BN particle content on thermal conductivity were investigated, and the experimental values were compared with those of theoretical and empirical models. With 16 wt% of BN particles, the thermal conductivity of the composite was 0.53 W/(m·K), 1.8 times higher than that of pure PMMA. The microstructures of the PMMA/BN composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis traces also corroborated the confinement of the polymer in an inorganic layer by exhibiting an increase in glass‐transition temperatures and weight loss temperatures in the thermogram. Mechanical properties and electrical insulation property of the PMMA/BN composites were also determined. These results showed that PMMA/BN composites may offer new technology and business opportunities. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1675–1684, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Balancing benefit and risk of medicines: a systematic review and classification of available methodologies
Authors: Mt‐Isa Shahrul , Hallgreen Christine E. , Wang Nan , Callréus Torbjörn , Genov Georgy , Hirsch Ian , Hobbiger Stephen F. , Hockley Kimberley S. , Luciani Davide , Phillips Lawrence D. , Quartey George , Sarac Sinan B. , Stoeckert Isabelle , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Micaleff Alain , Ashby Deborah ,   On behalf of the IMI‐PROTECT benefit–risk participants
Published: May 2014

Background

The need for formal and structured approaches for benefit–risk assessment of medicines is increasing, as is the complexity of the scientific questions addressed before making decisions on the benefit–risk balance of medicines. We systematically collected, appraised and classified available benefit–risk methodologies to facilitate and inform their future use.

Methods

A systematic review of publications identified benefit–risk assessment methodologies. Methodologies were appraised on their fundamental principles, features, graphical representations, assessability and accessibility. We created a taxonomy of methodologies to facilitate understanding and choice.

Results

We identified 49 methodologies, critically appraised and classified them into four categories: frameworks, metrics, estimation techniques and utility survey techniques. Eight frameworks describe qualitative steps in benefit–risk assessment and eight quantify benefit–risk balance. Nine metric indices include threshold indices to measure either benefit or risk; health indices measure quality‐of‐life over time; and trade‐off indices integrate benefits and risks. Six estimation techniques support benefit–risk modelling and evidence synthesis. Four utility survey techniques elicit robust value preferences from relevant stakeholders to the benefit–risk decisions.

Conclusions

Methodologies to help benefit–risk assessments of medicines are diverse and each is associated with different limitations and strengths. There is not a ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ method, and a combination of methods may be needed for each benefit–risk assessment. The taxonomy introduced herein may guide choice of adequate methodologies. Finally, we recommend 13 of 49 methodologies for further appraisal for use in the real‐life benefit–risk assessment of medicines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and properties of porous nanocomposite films: effects of composition and process parameters
Authors: Zohrevand Ahmad , Ajji Abdellah , Mighri Frej
Published: May 2014

Porous nanocomposite films based on polypropylene (PP) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by melt extrusion followed by uniaxial stretching. The effects of drawing temperature, extension rate, stretching ratio and composition of the base films on the final properties and microstructure of the stretched films were studied. Water vapor permeability (WVP) results showed a significant decrease in permeability of the films stretched at temperatures higher than 60 °C. Porosity, pore size and water vapor transmission rate in the porous nanocomposite films had a direct relation with nanoparticle content, extension rate and stretching ratio. Study of the morphology of the stretched films, using SEM, revealed that the pores form due to PP/TiO2 interfacial debonding at low stretching ratios. Higher stretching ratios cause an enlargement of the pores and the formation of a PP fibril structure parallel to the stretching direction. Quantification of dye adsorption revealed that the quantity of adsorbed dye increased with porosity and surface area of the pores. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Physical study of room‐temperature‐cured epoxy/thermally reduced graphene oxides with various contents of oxygen‐containing groups
Authors: Hsu Chien‐Hua , Hsu Min‐Hsiang , Chang Kung‐Chin , Lai Mei‐Chun , Liu Pei‐Ju , Chuang Tsao‐Li , Yeh Jui‐Ming , Liu Wei‐Ren
Published: May 2014

In this study, the effects of different oxygen‐containing group contents in thermally reduced graphene oxides (TRGs) for enhancing the physical properties of epoxy nancomposites was examined. The epoxy/TRG nanocomposites (ETNs) were prepared by a room temperature curing method in the presence of TRGs containing different oxygen‐containing groups and were then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. TRG contents with higher oxygen‐containing group contents (ca 33%) were found to show better dispersion capability in the epoxy matrix than TRGs with lower oxygen‐containing group contents (ca 11%) based on morphological observations by transmission electron microscopy. The better dispersion capability of TRGs with higher oxygen‐containing group contents in ETN membranes was found to lead to significantly enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability and thermal conductivity based on measurements of dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis and by the transient plane source technique. © 2014 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry
Dissecting a role of a charge and conformation of Tat2 peptide in allosteric regulation of 20S proteasome
Authors: Witkowska Julia , Karpowicz Przemysław , Gaczynska Maria , Osmulski Pawel A. , Jankowska Elżbieta
Published: May 2014

Proteasome is a ‘proteolytic factory’ that constitutes an essential part of the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway. The involvement of proteasome in regulation of all major aspects of cellular physiology makes it an attractive drug target. So far, only inhibitors of the proteasome entered the clinic as anti‐cancer drugs. However, proteasome regulators may also be useful for treatment of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We established in our previous studies that the peptide Tat2, comprising the basic domain of HIV‐1 Tat protein: R49KKRRQRR56, supplemented with Q66DPI69 fragment, inhibits the 20S proteasome in a noncompetitive manner. Mechanism of Tat2 likely involves allosteric regulation because it competes with the proteasome natural 11S activator for binding to the enzyme noncatalytic subunits. In this study, we performed alanine walking coupled with biological activity measurements and FTIR and CD spectroscopy to dissect contribution of a charge and conformation of Tat2 to its capability to influence peptidase activity of the proteasome. In solution, Tat2 and most of its analogs with a single Ala substitution preferentially adopted a conformation containing PPII/turn structural motifs. Replacing either Asp10 or two or more adjacent Arg/Lys residues induced a random coil conformation, probably by disrupting ionic interactions responsible for stabilization of the peptides ordered structure. The random coil Tat2 analogs lost their capability to activate the latent 20S proteasome. In contrast, inhibitory properties of the peptides more significantly depended on their positive charge. The data provide valuable clues for the future optimization of the Tat2‐based proteasome regulators. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Benthic Indicator Species and Community Gradients to Optimize Restoration in the Arid, Endorheic Walker River Watershed, Western USA
Authors: Hogle C. , Sada D. , Rosamond C.
Published: May 2014

The challenge of restoring watersheds in arid regions often requires the development of novel scientific tools to guide management. The Walker Basin Program was created to reverse ecological decline in an arid, endorheic watershed through scientifically guided restoration. As part of this programme, 3 years of benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected seasonally at 10 sites that represent the diversity of river environments from the high‐mountain headwaters to a desert terminal lake. Samples were analysed to quantify baseline conditions in reference and degraded reaches of river and identify opportunities and constraints for aquatic community restoration. Naturally harsh environments in the lower river characterized by high temperatures and low base flow combined with a weak understanding of reference conditions to limit the utility of commonly used indices for quantifying biotic integrity. A flexible approach was employed using a combination of indicator species analysis, cluster analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, and community tolerance indices to evaluate the variation of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition across a set of environmental gradients. Results demonstrate that benthic communities in the watershed are primarily influenced by a longitudinal gradient related to elevation. A strong secondary community gradient caused by anthropogenic nutrient loading may constrain restoration effectiveness in some parts of the watershed. Restoration activities should improve water quality conditions and initially target areas of the watershed less affected by nutrient loading. Results also demonstrate that benthic communities shift longitudinally. These shifts should be monitored to inform adaptive management of restoration actions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The combined automatic repeat request and rate control mechanism in S‐band mobile interactive multimedia asynchronous return link—design background, parameter dimensioning and first experimental results
Authors: Niebla Cristina Párraga , Bianco Alessandro Del
Published: May 2014

In the S‐band mobile interactive multimedia specification, an asynchronous access using Enhanced Spread Spectrum Aloha random access has been defined for occasional messaging applications. This access scheme is complemented by a combined automatic repeat request and terminal rate control mechanism that is described in this paper. Furthermore, a queuing theory‐based model is developed to describe the behaviour of the automatic repeat request mechanism, and performance results from the first proof‐of‐concept implementation are presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sample size determination for longitudinal designs with binary response
Authors: Kapur Kush , Bhaumik Runa , Charlene Tang X. , Hur Kwan , Reda Domenic J. , Bhaumik Dulal K.
Published: May 2014

In this article, we develop appropriate statistical methods for determining the required sample size while comparing the efficacy of an intervention to a control with repeated binary response outcomes. Our proposed methodology incorporates the complexity of the hierarchical nature of underlying designs and provides solutions when varying attrition rates are present over time. We explore how the between‐subject variability and attrition rates jointly influence the computation of sample size formula. Our procedure also shows how efficient estimation methods play a crucial role in power analysis. A practical guideline is provided when information regarding individual variance component is unavailable. The validity of our methods is established by extensive simulation studies. Results are illustrated with the help of two randomized clinical trials in the areas of contraception and insomnia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanodomain Swelling Block Copolymer Lithography for Morphology Tunable Metal Nanopatterning
Authors: Mun Jeong Ho , Cha Seung Keun , Kim Hyowook , Moon Hyoung‐Seok , Kim Ju Young , Jin Hyeong Min , Choi Young Joo , Baek Jeong Eun , Shin Jonghwa , Kim Sang Ouk
Published: May 2014

Ordered metal nanopatterns are crucial requirements for electronics, magnetics, catalysts, photonics, and so on. Despite considerable progress in the synthetic route to metal nanostructures, highly ordered metal nanopatterning over a large‐area is still challenging. Nanodomain swelling block copolymer lithography is presented as a general route to the systematic morphology tuning of metal nanopatterns from amphiphilic diblock copolymer self‐assembly. Selective swelling of hydrophilic nanocylinder domains in amphiphilic block copolymer films during metal precursor loading and subsequent oxygen based etching generates diverse shapes of metal nanopatterns, including hexagonal nanoring array and hexagonal nanomesh and double line array in addition to common nanodot and nanowire arrays. Solvent annealing condition of block copolymer templates, selective swelling of hydrophilic cylinder nanodomains, block copolymer template thickness, and oxygen based etching methods are the decisive parameters for systematic morphology evolution. The plasmonic properties of ordered Au nanopatterns are characterized and analyzed with finite differential time domain calculation. This approach offers unprecedented opportunity for diverse metal nanopatterns from commonly used diblock copolymer self‐assembly.
The development of sexual dimorphism: studies of the Caenorhabditis elegans male
Authors: Emmons Scott W.
Published: May 2014

Studies of the development of the Caenorhabditis elegans male have been carried out with the aim of understanding the basis of sexual dimorphism. Postembryonic development of the two C. elegans sexes differs extensively. Development along either the hermaphrodite or male pathway is specified initially by the X to autosome ratio. The regulatory events initiated by this ratio include a male‐determining paracrine intercellular signal. Expression of this signal leads to different consequences in three regions of the body: the nongonadal soma, the somatic parts of the gonad, and the germ line. In the nongonadal soma, activity of the key Zn‐finger transcription factor TRA‐1 determines hermaphrodite development; in its absence, the male pathway is followed. Only a few genes directly regulated by TRA‐1 are currently known, including members of the evolutionarily conserved, male‐determining DM domain Zn‐finger transcription factors. In the somatic parts of the gonad and germ line, absence of TRA‐1 activity is not sufficient for full expression of the male pathway. Several additional transcription factors involved have been identified. In the germ line, regulatory genes for sperm development that act at the level of RNA in the cytoplasm play a prominent role. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:239–262. doi: 10.1002/wdev.136

This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Sex Determination

Invertebrate Organogenesis > Worms
Effects of GonaCon immunocontraceptive vaccine in free‐ranging female Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni)
Authors: Powers Jenny G. , Monello Ryan J. , Wild Margaret A. , Spraker Terry R. , Gionfriddo James P. , Nett Terry M. , Baker Dan L.
Published: May 2014

Duration of efficacy and prevalence of side‐effects associated with GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine (GonaCon) in free‐ranging female elk (Cervus elaphus) are unknown. In January 2008, we captured 120 mature female elk in Rocky Mountain National Park (CO, USA), determined pregnancy status, and randomly assigned them to treated (n = 60; 1.5 mL of GonaCon) or control (n = 60; 1.5 mL of saline) groups. During the following 3 winters we recaptured, collected blood for antibody concentrations, and euthanized 10–20 elk in each group. At necropsy, we determined pregnancy and collected tissues from organs associated with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. We relocated injection sites, collected muscle tissue, and performed bacterial culture when inflammation was present. Proportion of pregnant elk among control females ranged from 0.75 to 0.90. Proportion pregnant after treatment with GonaCon was 0.00 (95% CI = 0.0–0.22) in year 1, 0.31 (CI = 0.09–0.61) in year 2, and 0.65 (CI = 0.41–0.85) in year 3. Antibody concentrations were higher in non‐pregnant than pregnant treated females. We found no antemortem evidence of lameness or swelling at the injection site; however, at necropsy all treated females had pyogranulomatous inflammation at the injection site. We observed no consistent changes within the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. We conclude that GonaCon is effective at reducing pregnancy for 1–2 years post‐vaccination and is strongly associated with sterile inflammation at the site of injection. Similar to other species, the vaccine is less effective in elk under free‐ranging conditions than those in a captive environment. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Analysis of Experimental Grain Boundary Distributions Based on Boundary-Space Metrics
Authors: Glowinski Krzysztof , Morawiec Adam
Published: May 2014

Grain boundary distributions in the space of macroscopic boundary parameters are basic statistical characteristics of boundary networks. To avoid artifacts caused by the currently used computation method, it is proposed to utilize the kernel density estimation technique and to determine boundary distributions based on metric functions defined in the boundary space. A distribution is calculated at points of interest by summing areas of boundaries that fall within specified distances from these points. The new method is illustrated on experimental data of a nickel-based superalloy.
Genesis of a New Slab Tear Fault in the Indo-Australian Plate, Offshore Northern Sumatra, Indian Ocean
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Basab , Dasgupta Sujit
Published: May 2014

Following the December 2004 and March 2005 major shallow foci inter-plate earthquakes in the north Sumatra region, a slab-tear fault located within the subducting Indian plate ruptured across the West Sunda Trench (WST) within the marginal intra-plate region. Trend, length and movement pattern of this New Tear Fault (NTF) segment is almost identical to another such slab-tear fault mapped previously by Hamilton (1979), located around 160 km south of NTF. Seismic activity along the NTF remained quasi-stable till the end of the year 2011, when an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred on 10.01.2012 just at the tip of NTF, only around ∼ 100 km within the intra-plate domain west of WST. The NTF rupture propagated further towards SSW with the generation of two more large earthquakes on 11.04.2012. The foreshock (10.01.12; M7.2) – mainshock (11.04.12; M 8.6) – aftershock (11.04.12; M 8.2) sequence along with numerous smaller magnitude aftershocks unmistakably define the extension of NTF, a slab-tear fault that results tectonic segmentation of the convergent plate margin. Within the intra-plate domain most earthquakes display consistent left-lateral strike slip mechanism along NNE trending fault plane.
Source Parameters of the 2001 Mw 7.7 Bhuj Earthquake, Gujarat, India, Aftershock Sequence
Authors: Rapolu Narsaiah , Mandal Prantik
Published: May 2014

We present the estimated source parameters from SH-wave spectral modeling of selected 463 aftershocks (2002-06) of the 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake, the well-recorded largest continental intraplate earthquake. The estimated seismic moment (Mo), corner frequency (fc), source radius (r) and stress drop (Δσ) for aftershocks of moment magnitude 1.7 to 5.6 range from 3.55×1011 to 2.84×1017 N-m, 1.3 to 11.83 Hz, 107 to 1515 m and 0.13 to 26.7 MPa, respectively, while the errors in fc and Δσ are found to be 1.1 Hz and 1.1 MPa, respectively. We also notice that the near surface attenuation factor (k) values vary from 0.02 to 0.03. Our estimates reveal that the stress drop values show more scatter (Mo0.5 to 1 is proportional to Δσ) toward the larger Mo values (≥1014.5 N-m), while they show a more systematic nature (Mo3 is proportional to Δσ) for smaller Mo values (<1014.5 N-m), which can be explained as a consequence of a nearly constant rupture radius for smaller aftershocks in the region. The large stress drops (= 10 MPa) associated with events on the north Wagad fault (at 15-30 km depth) and Gedi fault (at 3-15 km depth) can be attributed to the large stress developed at hypocentral depths as a result of high fluid pressure and the presence of mafic intrusive bodies beneath these two fault zones.
Geomorphic Control on the Formation of Mixed Layer Clays by Progressive Degradation of Biotite: A Case Study from Jutulsessen Gjelsvikfjella, East Antarctica
Authors: Verma Kamlesh , Bhattacharya Sanjeeb , Ansari A.M. Asim , Srivastava Prakash K. , Dharwadkar Amit
Published: May 2014

Eleven glacial sediment samples collected from different elevation of Jutulsessen Nunatak, Gjelsvikfjella of East Antarctica were studied for the clay mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction technique. The result shows prominent peak at 10, and 3.34 Å suggesting the presence of biotite possibly derived from the catchment where biotite rich granite gneisses are exposed. The detailed investigation on the shape of biotite peak of certain samples shows the signs of alteration of biotite in to a mixed layer containing tri-octahedral smectite (low charge vermiculite). The presence of mixed layer along with the biotite is found to be associated with the samples of lower geomorphic level. The progressive alteration of clay sized biotite to form a mixed layer in the lower horizons of Jutulsessen Nunatak is probably due to the periodic accumulation of melt-water during the austral summer.
Assessing Grade Domain of Iron Ore Deposit using Geostatistical Modelling: A Case Study
Authors: Rao V. Kameshwara , Rao C. R. , Narayana A.C.
Published: May 2014

Conventional methods of ore deposit estimates are time consuming, whereas geostatistical methods provide quick and reliable estimates with minimum variance. Geostatistical tools, semi-variograms and kriging, have been used for estimation of grades of an iron ore deposit in the present study. In order to model the deposit and estimate grade, 4537 samples collected from 93 boreholes were used in the study. 3-D data have been converted to 2-D for analyzing the variation of Fe within the boreholes. For each borehole, the weighted mean of Fe grade and its coefficient of variation (CV) are calculated and further analysis is carried out for these two variables. Semi-variogram model suggests that the deposit extends over a zone of influence up to 700 m. Grade maps of kriged estimates reveal that the iron ore deposit is distributed in three distinct zones.
Limnic Condition in Ombrotrophic Peat Type as the Origin of Muara Wahau Coal, Kutei Basin, Indonesia
Authors: Anggayana Komang , Rahmad Basuki , Naftali H. H. Arie , Widayat Agus Haris
Published: May 2014

Samples of early Miocene Muara Wahau coal from three drill cores were investigated with respect to maceral composition. Huminite macerals are dominant in the coal, ranging from 73.3 to 88.0% (vol.) with an average value of 77.4% (vol.). Liptinite macerals account for lower amount, from 0.7 to 6.7 with an average value of 1.8% (vol.). Inertinite macerals vary from 4.3 to 34.0% (vol.), averaging at 15.3% (vol.). Some paleoenvironmental indices based on the maceral composition were determined. Groundwater index (GWI) and vegetation index (VI) were considered as indicators for hydrological regime and type of peat vegetation. Tissue preservation index (TPI) and gelification index (GI) were determined to indicate the degree of preservation and relative wetness of the peat forming conditions. The VI-GWI diagram suggest that the coal was developed from herbaceous plants in ombrotrophic type of peat. TPI-GI diagram shows that the preservation was low and the peat was relatively wet or limnic. However, ombrotrophic peat type have commonly been related to relatively drier or telmatic environments. It is therefore, interpreted that the limnic condition could occur in ombrotrophic peat type, as the water level was rising up during the development of a high moor peat.
Effect of Soil Hydraulic Properties Model on Slope Stability Analysis Based on Strength Reduction Method
Authors: Mukhlisin Muhammad , Baidillah Marlin Ramadhan , Ibrahim Aniza , Taha Mohd. Raihan
Published: May 2014

Soil hydraulic properties models which have been proposed were derived based on the empirical fitting curve such as Brooks-Corey model (BC) and Van Genuchten model (VG), or based on soil pore radius distribution such as Lognormal model (LN). Each model has different accuracy for predicting soil moisture distribution. In the analysis of rainfall-induced slope failure, the soil hydraulic properties model was needed to describe the physical phenomena of behavior characteristic of water in unsaturated soil. As moisture content has an effect on soil strength, it is vital to select the suitable soil hydraulic properties model for predicting Factor of Safety (FOS) especially in forecasting landslide hazard. In this study, a numerical model of seepage finite element analysis using BC, VG, and LN model were used and compared in order to analyze the soil moisture distribution, water movement phenomenon, and slope stability characteristic in unsaturated soil slope based on the strength reduction method (SRM). The results showed that the variations of the parameters predicting the moisture content of soil leads to differences of FOS in some cases. The parametric study showed that for the unsaturated soil condition, BC model has the greatest FOS value than the other model, while VG model has the lowest. On the other hand, the FOS of all models have the same result for the saturated condition. Other than that, it was found that the increasing of ESP value in the surface layer has significant effect in the sub-surface layer.
Korean and English ‘dictionary’ questions
Authors: Bae Susanna , Nesi Hilary
Published: May 2014

This paper proposes an alternative to questionnaire surveys and other methods of investigating dictionary user expectations, wants and needs: the content analysis of dictionary-related queries on online general-purpose Q&A sites. Web postings are anonymous and are not associated with any particular institution or dictionary developer, so they tend to reflect the ordinary concerns of users looking for unbiased practical answers in authentic contexts of dictionary use. Analysis of a random sample of approximately 500 English-medium Yahoo! Answers queries and 500 Korean-medium Naver Knowledge-iN queries found a greater tendency to discuss dictionary choice on the Korean site, and more postings about word meanings and origins, and dictionary use for word games, on the UK/Irish site. Many Korean queries concerned dictionaries for English language learning and comparisons between different types of dictionary, whilst Yahoo! queries were more likely to reject dictionary information as incomplete or incorrect.
Brief report: Identity processes in Filipino late adolescents and young adults: Parental influences and mental health outcomes
Authors: Pesigan Ivan Jacob Agaloos , Luyckx Koen , Alampay Liane Peña
Published: May 2014

This study focused on a process‐oriented approach to identity formation using a sample of Filipino late adolescents and young adults (17–30 years; N = 779). Indirect relations between parenting and mental health via identity formation processes were examined. Two parenting dimensions (psychological control and support), two types of mental health outcomes (depression and psychological well‐being), and five identity dimensions (commitment making (CM), identification with commitment (IC), exploration in breadth (EB), exploration in depth (ED), and ruminative exploration (RE)) were assessed. Recursive path analysis showed indirect relations between parenting and mental health via EB, ED, RE, and IC. Model differences between late adolescents (17–21 year olds) and young adults (22–30 year olds) were examined using multigroup path analysis. Results showed that the direct effect of psychological control on RE, and its indirect effect on depression through RE differed between the age groups. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Dominance as part of self‐concept mediates the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety among adolescents under residential care
Authors: Roitman Yaakov , Gilboa‐Schechtman Eva
Published: May 2014

According to Rapee (1997), maternal social anxiety (SA) is directly associated with adolescent SA because maternal SA causes overprotective and controlling parental behavior. A total of 127 adolescents who were in the process of transitioning to a boarding school for at‐risk youth as well as their mothers participated in the current study, 30% of the adolescents had experienced at least one depressive episode; 17.5% had been diagnosed with SA.

We analyzed an expanding model of mediation, of maternal SA and depression in which specifically, adolescent self‐perception was constructed as a latent factor that was formed by self‐reported dominance and self‐criticism.

The results supported our hypotheses that maternal SA is not directly associated with adolescent SA. Rather, these relationships are mediated by adolescents' self‐perception (i.e., dominance and self‐criticism). The results call into question Rapee's theoretical arguments and support Gilbert's evolutionary theory.
COMPUTINGK-TRIVIAL SETS BY INCOMPLETE RANDOM SETS
Authors: BIENVENU LAURENT , DAY ADAM R. , GREENBERG NOAM , KUČERA ANTONÍN , MILLER JOSEPH S. , NIES ANDRÉ , TURETSKY DAN
Published: May 2014

EveryK-trivial set is computable from an incomplete Martin-Löf random set, i.e., a Martin-Löf random set that does not compute the halting problem.
What Students Feel in School Influences the Strategies They Use for Learning: Academic Emotions and Cognitive/Meta-Cognitive Strategies
Authors: King Ronnel B. , Areepattamannil Shaljan
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate how academic emotions were related to cognitive and metacognitive strategy use. Secondary school students ( N = 1,147) participated in this study and answered relevant questionnaires on academic emotions (enjoyment, hope, pride, anger, anxiety, shame, hopelessness, and boredom) and the use of various cognitive (elaboration, organisation, and rehearsal) and metacognitive strategies (planning, monitoring, regulating). Results of the analyses indicated that students who experienced positive emotions were more likely to use different types of cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Negative academic emotions were found to be non-significant predictors of strategy use. Implications are discussed.
Acute-phase responses in cattle infected with hydatid cysts and microbial agents
Authors: Sevimli A. , Sevimli F.K. , Şeker E. , Ulucan A. , Demirel H.H.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydatid cysts and microbial agents on the acute-phase response in cattle. Twenty-seven cattle with hydatid cysts and eight apparently healthy cattle comprised the study and control groups, respectively. Parasitological, microbiological, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of the liver and lungs were undertaken, and 49 of these organs were infected with cysts. In 14 of 31 (45.1%) livers and 10 of 18 (55.5%) lungs microbial growth was observed. The most frequent species occurring in the liver wereStaphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Corynebacteriumspp. andCampylobacterspp., whereas in the lungs the most common species wasCandidaspp., followed byStreptococcusspp.,Mannheimia haemolytica,Corynebacteriumspp.,Micrococcusspp. andS. aureus. The concentration of serum interleukin (IL-6) in infected cattle, 455.35 ± 39.68 pg/ml, was significantly higher than that of 83.02 ± 17.87 pg/ml in the control group (P< 0.001). The serum amyloid A (SAA) level of infected cattle was 7.51 ± 0.41 μg/ml, and 4.84 ± 0.51 μg/ml in the control group (P< 0.001). The serum haptoglobin level of infected cattle was found to be 2.08 ± 0.65 ng/ml, while that of the control group was determined as 3.87 ± 0.91 ng/ml (P>0.05). The highest concentrations of IL-6 were detected in serum of the cattle where microbial growth had been detected, followed by cattle infected with bacteria +Trichostrongylussp. (P< 0.001). Consequently, SAA showed an important increase in the group infected with hydatid cysts, whereas haptoglobin level decreased. It was noticed that IL-6, like SAA, had a significant role in hydatid cyst infection. Therefore IL-6 and SAA appear to be major markers in the detection of infection of cattle with hydatid cysts.
Dynamic characteristics of a 3-RPR planar parallel manipulator with flexible intermediate links
Authors: Firoozabadi Amirhossein Eshaghiyeh , Ebrahimi Saeed , Amirian Ghasem
Published: May 2014

This paper presents the dynamic modeling of a 3-RPR planar parallel manipulator with three flexible intermediate links in order to investigate the effects of the intermediate links flexibility on the undesired vibrations of the end-effector. For this purpose, the intermediate links are modeled as Euler--Bernoulli beams with two types of fixed-pinned and fixed-free boundary conditions based on the assumed mode method (AMM). The equations of motion of the 3-RPR manipulator are formulated using the augmented Lagrange multipliers method in the form of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) by incorporating the elastic and rigid coordinates in the set of generalized coordinates. After defining the initial conditions and imposing external forces to the manipulator, the equations are then solved numerically using the Modified Extended Backward-Differentiation Formula Implicit (MEBDFI) approach. Comparison of the simulation results for two different boundary conditions shows clearly the effects of flexibility of the intermediate links on the vibration of the end-effector trajectory. Results of this work can be used for the dynamic modeling of other manipulators or to design a controller for reducing the undesired vibrations.
A new tuning procedure for nonlinear PID global regulators with bounded torques for rigid robots
Authors: Orrante-Sakanassi Jorge , Santibánez Víctor , Hernández-Guzmán Víctor M.
Published: May 2014

In this paper we propose new tuning conditions for three saturated nonlinear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) global regulators with bounded torques for robot manipulators, which have been presented previously in the literature. The motivation of this work relies on the fact that the tuning conditions presented previously in the literature for assuring global asymptotic stability are so restrictive that it had been impossible, until now, to carry out experimental tests. New tuning criteria of unsaturated PID controllers for robot manipulators with stability conditions more relaxed than those presented previously in the literature have been proposed recently in some works by the authors. This was achieved by setting the stability conditions as expressions that have to be satisfied at each joint instead of general conditions for the whole robot. Based on this idea, we now obtain stability conditions for saturated global PID controllers which are so relaxed that they have allowed to perform, by the first time, experimental tests using controller gains which completely satisfy the proposed stability conditions. The results of such experiments are presented in this paper, where we have used a two-degrees-of-freedom robot manipulator.
Comprehensive Analysis of Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data in Regard to Vessel Movement Prediction
Authors: Last Philipp , Bahlke Christian , Hering-Bertram Martin , Linsen Lars
Published: May 2014

AIS was primarily developed to exchange vessel-related data among vessels or AIS stations by using very-high frequency (VHF) technology to increase safety at sea. This study evaluates the formal integrity, availability, and the reporting intervals of AIS data with a focus on vessel movement prediction. In contrast to former studies, this study is based on a large data collection of over 85 million AIS messages, which were continuously received within a time period of two months. Thus, the evaluated data represent a comprehensive and up-to-date view of the current usage of AIS systems installed on vessels. Results of previous studies concerning the availability of AIS data are confirmed and extended. New aspects such as reporting intervals are additionally evaluated. Received messages are stored in a database, which allows for performing database queries to evaluate the obtained data in an automatic way. This study shows that almost ten years after becoming mandatory for professional operating vessels, AIS still lacks availability for both static and dynamic data and that the reporting intervals are not as reliable as specified within the technical AIS standard.
MODE OF DELIVERY IN TERM AND PRETERM TWINS: A REVIEW
Authors: HUI D. , BARRETT J. F. R.
Published: May 2014

The incidence of twin pregnancy has risen substantially over the past decade, likely largely as a consequence of artificial reproductive technologies. The perennial dilemmas that apply to any singleton delivery, such as intrapartum monitoring and operative interventions are compounded by the presence of the second fetus. There is no doubt that the conduct of a twin delivery remains one of the most challenging events in the daily practice of obstetrics.
The Concept of Law and Models in Chemistry
Authors: Quack Martin
Published: May 2014

After a brief introduction to the basic concepts including some questions of language, the first part of this paper provides a brief survey of the historical development of laws and models in Chemistry, in particular atomic and molecular models. In the second part this paper deals with the fundamental role of the observation of symmetry violations in physics and chemistry in understanding the most ‘fundamental laws’ and current efforts towards such studies by means of high resolution spectroscopy of molecules. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications for current unsolved problems in astrophysics and biology.
On Nietzsche’s Concept of ‘European Nihilism’
Authors: Burch Ruth
Published: May 2014

In Nietzsche, ‘European nihilism’ has at its core valuelessness, meaninglessness and senselessness. This article argues that Nietzsche is not replacing God with the nothing, but rather that he regards ‘European nihilism’ as an ‘in-between state’ that is necessary for getting beyond Christian morality. An important characteristic of a Nietzschean philosopher is his ‘will to responsibility’. One of his responsibilities consists of the creation of the values and the concepts that are needed in order to overcome the intermediate state of nihilism. For prevailing over nihilism in science, Nietzsche suggests drawing on philosophy for the creation of values and drawing on art in order to create beautiful surfaces that are based on these values. He regards science as a cultural system that rests on contingent grounds. Therefore, his work is concerned with the responsible construction of the narratives of science in such a way that they enhance agency and promote a life-affirming future.
Nihilism and Responsibility in the Writings of Karl Jaspers
Authors: Andrén Mats
Published: May 2014

The aim of this article is to describe the connection of the concepts of nihilism and responsibility in the writings of Karl Jaspers. The article starts with his early writings in the late 1910s and traces his use of nihilism until the late 1950s. Jaspers first defines nihilism in a general, anthropological sense. It is essential to the human condition, which involves questioning everything. However, as his critique of contemporary society evolves, nihilism is treated as the impetus behind concrete threats such as National Socialism and the Second World War, as well as the post-war nuclear arms race.
Hitler the Anti-Nihilist? Statehood, Leadership, and Political Space in Heidegger’s Seminar of 1933-34
Authors: Polt Richard
Published: May 2014

This essay considers Heidegger’s 1933–34 seminar ‘On the Essence and Concept of Nature, History, and State’ as an attempt to develop an anti-nihilist political philosophy based on human finitude and qualitative difference. I examine Heidegger’s views on the relation between people and state, the role of a leader, and the nature of political space. Heidegger distinguishes human existence from the natural world and argues that a people can attain its full, distinctively human Being only through its state, which is to be ruled absolutely by the soaring will of a born leader. He also offers an account of political space that distinguishes between the local homeland and the ‘interaction’ that connects it to a broader territory. I relate these ideas to some other texts by Heidegger and sketch an Arendtian critique of them.
The World and the Postcolonial
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: May 2014

This article examines the increasing competition in the academic market between conventional terms such aspostcolonialandanglophone literatureand their cognates, and the newly current termworld literature. Even in postcolonial studies circles, world literature is increasingly taken to refer not only to ‘the best ever written’, as before, but to literature produced within and in response to a globalizing world. The paper explores the different valences of this shift, and the tensions and contradictions it has generated within the wider anglophone literary field.
Is a Consolidation of Liberal Democracy in the Russia Federation a Reality?
Authors: Shinar Chaim
Published: May 2014

The downfall of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union was at first considered by sociologists as a matter of transition from a dictatorial to a democratic regime. As a result, they inferred an affinity between the ongoing processes in the states constituting part of the Soviet Empire and the process of democratization occurring in Latin American or Southern European states. Shortly afterwards, however, the disparity between the various processes became obvious, when in some of the post-Soviet states the dictatorial regime lingered on, while others returned to a dictatorial regime after having been democratic in the past. Thus, sociologists have, in fact, no guidelines to account for the regime changes in these states, and it is also not clear what type of regime developed during Yeltsin’s presidency and what type of regime is developing in Russia under Putin.

Rus, whither are you speeding to? Answer me. No answer. The middle bell trills out in a dream its liquid soliloquy; the roaring air is torn to pieces and becomes wind; all things on earth fly by and other nations and states gaze askance as they step aside and give her the right of way. (Nikolai Gogol)

Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time. (Winston Churchill)
Participatory breeding in the Peruvian highlands: Opportunities and challenges for promoting conservation and sustainable use of underutilized crops
Authors: Galluzzi Gea , Estrada Rigoberto , Apaza Vidal , Gamarra Mirihan , Pérez Ángel , Gamarra Gilberto , Altamirano Ana , Cáceres Gladys , Gonza Víctor , Sevilla Ricardo , Noriega Isabel López , Jäger Matthias
Published: May 2014

Underutilized crops tend to harbor high levels of genetic diversity, be maintained on-farm in small-scale farming systems and be relatively neglected by formal research and development strategies, including breeding programs. While high genetic variability allows these crops to adapt to marginal environments, inappropriate management practices and reductions in population sizes in individual farmers’ plots may lead to productivity loss and poor harvests. This situation further limits their cultivation and use, notwithstanding the potential these crops may hold for diversification of agricultural systems, food security and market development. Peru hosts a wealth of native agrobiodiversity, which includes many underutilized crops. To improve their performance and promote their continued conservation and use, a participatory breeding program was developed on five underutilized crops of the Peruvian highlands; the breeding approach, based on a combination of evolutionary and participatory methods, is designed to achieve a balance between yield improvement and maintenance of genetic diversity. Preliminary results in quinoa and amaranth are encouraging, fostering further engagement of farmers by increasing availability of quality seed for downstream uses. However, methodological, financial and institutional issues need to be addressed for the effort to be expanded and upscaled. This paper provides an overall description of the initiative as well as a discussion on early results obtained in quinoa and amaranth, highlighting those aspects that make this approach particularly relevant for minor crops and identifying the opportunities and challenges for the initiative to move forward.