bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endodoncia en Equidos. Estudio Experimental
Authors: Garcia F. , Sanromán F. , Llorens M. P.
Published: May 2010

Endodontics in Horses. An Experimental Study

A total of 44 experimental endodontic treatments were performed in incisors of eight horses of different ages. Four different endodontic pastes were used: Cloropercha, AH26 De Trey®, Eugenol‐Endometasone, and Universal N2. Gutapercha points were also included in the last two treatments. Access to the pulpar cavity of incisors was gained through their vestibular and occlusal faces. Holes drilled in vestibular faces were sealed with composite and those drilled in occlusal faces were sealed with Amalgama. Animals were observed during eighteen months at least after endodontics. Radiographic controls were done just after surgery and before slaughtering. Treated incisors and alveoli were studied histopathologically.

During the experiment all animals were in good condition. They ate apparently without trouble, and neither clinical nor radiological signs were present.

Nuestro trabajo experimental fue realizado en dientes incisivos de ocho caballos de diferentes edades. Se realizaron un total de cuarenta y cuatro endodoncias. Se probaron cuatro pastas diferentes de relleno: Cloropercha AH26, Eugenol‐Endomethasone y N2, estas dos últimas con puntas de Gutapercha. Para llegar a la cavidad pulpar accedimos por la cara vestibular y por la cara oclusal en cada incisivo. Sellamos con Composite la cara vestibular y con Amalgama la cara oclusal. Los animales se observaron un mínimo de dieciocho meses tras las endodoncias.

Se realizaron controles radiológicos posteriores a las intervenciones y en el momento del sacrificio. Luego se hizo un estudio histopatológico del diente y del alveolo.

Todos los animales presentaron un estado general bueno en el tiempo que duró la experiencia, comieron con toda normalidad sin presentar sintomas clinicos, radiológicos ni histopatológicos.
Der Ruhe‐Nüchtern‐Sauerstoffverbrauch der Albinoratte und seine Abhängigkeit von der Körpermasse nach Elimination der Thyreoidea
Authors: Rufeger H.
Published: May 2010

The resting and fasting oxygen consumption of the albino rat and its dependence on body mass after elimination of the thyroid gland

The resting and fasting oxygen consumption (RNSV) was determined in male albino rats, whose thyroid glands had either been surgically removed or reliably eliminated by injection of high radioactive iodine doses several weeks earlier. The animals were kept at an environmental temperature of 28°C and fed with Altromin Standard Diet.

The two athyreotic groups were only insignificantly different with regard to the RNSV. Their RNSV was also only insignificantly different from the RNSV‐minimum observed in rats fed a nonprotein diet in an earlier study. In keeping with findings in those animals the intraspecific body mass exponents in the athyreotic groups were only insignificantly different from the values of b = 0. 75.

The results presented confirm the hypothesis that the value b = 0. 75 calculated for the intraspecific body mass exponent reflects a causal relationship between the RNSV and the body mass, that is not influenced by further variables. Apparently this value can be determined from the thyroid independent part of the RNSV. The results also support the suggestion that feeding a non‐protein diet eliminates the influence of the thyroid on the RNSV at least temporarily.
Plasma Disposition and Tolerance of Aditoprim in Horses after Single Intravenous Injection
Authors: Fellenberg R. ‐L. von , Jordan J. ‐C. , Ludwig B. , Rehm W. F.
Published: May 2010

Aditoprim, a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent acting as a reversible dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, was intravenously injected into four 12 to 24‐year old horses at a dosage of 5mg/kg b. w. Blood samples were collected over a 48‐hour period after drug injection, and the separated plasma samples were assayed for aditoprim by high performance liquid chromatography. The body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and behaviour were recorded during the experiment. The bilirubin and urea concentrations were also determined in several plasma samples, and liver function tests were carried out.

The concentrations of aditoprim in the plasma of horses were higher than the MIC of this drug against recently isolated pathogens for 6–13 h (Pasteurella haemolytica A 1) to 48 h (E. coli). The main pharmacokinetic characteristics of aditoprim in horses were: a large volume of distribution, reaching a mean value of 7. 81/kg; a mean plasma clearance of 5. 0l/min; a plasma elimination half‐life of 12 h.

The clinical observations, blood chemistry, and liver function tests all demonstrated that the drug was well tolerated by the horses, although it was injected intravenously as a 25% solution.

It was concluded that the 25% aditoprim injection solution could be used in horses without adverse effects at 5 mg/kg. Furthermore, aditoprim should demonstrate good antibacterial effects in horses when intravenously injected once a day.
Biochemical Profiles in Cows with Abomasal Displacement Estimated by Blood and Liver Parameters*
Authors: Muylle E. , van den Hende C. , Sustronck B. , Deprez P.
Published: May 2010

The metabolic status of normal lactating cows and of cows suffering from abomasal dilatation was evaluated by examination of blood parameters and by determination of the fat and glycogen content in liver biopsies. The method for examination of the liver biopsies is described.

In clinically normal lactating cows the liver contains less than 20 mg triglycerides (TG) and more than 20 mg glycogen per gram of wet tissue. Cows suffering from abomasal displacement all showed hyperglycemia and in most of them a fatty to very fatty liver was found.

The degree of hyperglycemia depends on the amount of liver glycogen and is independent of the liver TG content. The degree of ketonemia also depends on the liver glycogen content.
Hypocalcemia Reduces Rate of Disappearance of Glucose from Plasma
Authors: Schlumbohm Christina , Harmeyer J.
Published: May 2010

The influence of hypocalcemia on glucose disposal from plasma was studied in 4. 5 to 24 kg weaned, fasted, calcitriol deficient piglets, which suffered from type I inherited pseudo vitamin D deficiency rickets. The plasma glucose concentration of the piglets was clamped to 40% above its preinfusional level by a continuous intravenous infusion of glucose. This suppressed hepatic glucose production. Since the clamped plasma glucose concentration was below its renal threshold, the rate of steady state glucose infusion served as an estimate for glucose disposal from plasma. It was found that hypocalcemia, generated either by calcitriol deficiency or by continuous EDTA infusions, reduced glucose disposal from plasma by 56–76% compared to normocalcemic control piglets. It was suggested that the effect was not compounded by plasma phosphate, calcitriol or insulin. It was further suggested that hypocalcemia depressed the rate of glucose utilization.
Growth of the Early Bovine Fetus
Authors: Hart‐Elcock Laura , Baker R. D. , Leipold H. W.
Published: May 2010

Testing for bovine hereditary syndactyly used artificial insemination, superovulation, and embryo transfer. Thirty‐two suspect bulls and 9 suspect cows were mated with 10 syndactyly cows and two syndactylous bulls, respectively. 209 embryos were recovered and one, two, or three embryos was/were transfered into each recipient cow and 56 to 77 days after transfer, 174 fetuses were recovered. There was a significant relationship between amniotic fluid weights from the left uterine horn, fetal weights from right and left uterine horns, and fetal sex, side of corpus luteum, and number of embryo implants. Fetal membrane weights, amniotic fluid weights, fetal weights, and crown‐rump lengths increased significantly with fetal age, but recipient cow weight had no significant effect. Survival data from single, double, and triple embryo implants indicated that it was most profitable under these test conditions to implant two embryos per recipient cow, one in each uterine horn.
Variations in Oestradiol and Progesterone Receptor Levels in the Porcine Myometrium and Cervix During Pregnancy and Parturition
Authors: Thilander G. , Eriksson H. , Edqvist L. ‐E. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H.
Published: May 2010

In vitro binding and exchange methods were used to determine the levels of oestradiol (E) and progesterone (P) receptors in cytosolic' and nuclear fractions of cells obtained from the porcine myometrium and cervix during pregnancy and parturition. The concentration of oestradiol cytosolic receptors (ERc) in non‐placental and placental myometrium and the cervix was low in early and mid‐pregnancy, increasing at late pregnancy and was highest at parturition. The oestradiol nuclear receptors (ERn) followed the same pattern in the 3 sampling areas. The levels of PRc, in non‐placental regions were low in early pregnancy, increased to late pregnancy but declined during parturition. In placental regions the PRc, value was high in early and mid‐pregnancy, but decreased at late pregnancy and parturition. The concentration of PRc in the cervix increased significantly at mid‐pregnancy and declined afterwards. In early and mid‐pregnancy the PRn content was high, and decreased at late pregnancy and parturition in the 3 sampling areas. The data obtained agree with the present theories on the endocrine mechanisms regulating receptor levels in the uterus. Moreover, these data support the concept that the uterine motility during pregnancy and parturition might be influenced by changes in myometrial steroid receptor concentrations.
The Effect of Feed Intake and Portal Volatile Fatty Acid Infusion on Insulin and Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Plasma of Lambs
Authors: Husvéth F. , Gálfi P.
Published: May 2010

Experiments were conducted with chronically catheterized growing lambs to study the effect of variations in rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) supply on blood plasma free amino acids (FAA) and insulin. Five male lambs were fed, then fasted for 72 h and refed. In the second experiment 48mmol of a VFA mixture per kg body weight was infused into the rumen vein of another 5 lambs. Rumen VFA, plasma FAA and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations were determined over the 72 h postfeeding period and during 24 h after refeeding as well as over 24 h after the VFA infusion.

Both postprandial increase of rumen VFA and VFA infusion caused a significant increase of plasma FAA concentrations and an increase in IRI. Feed intake decreased the prefeeding total FAA (TFAA) concentration (2. 7mmol/1) to 1. 8 mmol/1 at 4 h after feeding. It rose again to 2. 5 mmol/1 at 24 to 72 h postfeeding. IRI seemed to have the highest concentrations when the TFAA were the lowest. VFA infusion also decreased the plasma TFAA, to about half of the preinfusional value. IRI, however, showed a five‐fold increase after infusion.

The results of these experiments show that variations in VFA absorption from the rumen due to different nutritional stages result in changes of the plasma FAA concentrations. Insulin seems to have an important role in the control of these changes.
Pregnancy Rate of Dairy Cows Following Synchronization of Estrus with Cloprostenol, hCG and Estradiol Benzoate
Authors: López‐Gatius F. , Vega‐Prieto B.
Published: May 2010

After assessment of luteal function by the milk progesteron test, oestrus was synchronized in 78 lactating Friesian cows with a luteolytic dose of cloprostenol which was followed by injection of hCG and estradiol benzoate 12 hours later. The cows were inseminated 48 hours after the injection of cloprostenol. Thirty‐eight of the 78 cows became pregnant (48. 7 per cent), compared with 59 of the 115 cows (51. 3 percent) which were inseminated at natural oestrus. These results suggest that in dairy cows synchronized with cloprostenol, hCG and estradiol benzoate fertility is not altered.
Distribution of Labelled Cysteine and Methionine in the Matrix of the Stratum Medium of the Wall and in the Laminar Layer of the Equine Hoof
Authors: Ekfalck A. , Appelgren L. E. , Funkquist B. , Jones B. , Obel N.
Published: May 2010

The distribution of35‐S‐labelled cysteine and methionine in the epidermis of the equine hoof following 2 hours of intra‐arterial injection was studied by microautoradiography. Material for autoradiography was obtained by biopsy about 1 hour after termination of the intra‐arterial injection and also 10 and 40 days later. In the specimens obtained one hour after the injection of labelled cysteine and methionine, the amount of radioactivity in the matrix and in the most proximal part of the laminar layer was very high. There was a clear difference between the distribution of the two labelled amino acids in the keratinizing epidermis of the hoof. Cystine was located mainly in keratinocytes of the keratogenous zone in the matrix and in the nucleated keratmocytes that formed the incompletely keratinized basal part of the primary epidermal laminae and covered the lateral surface of the outer, fully keratinized part of those laminae. Methionine was located mainly in the stratum basale and in the stratum spinosum of the matrix and in the secondary epidermal laminae of the laminar layer. In the specimens obtained 10 days after injection of labelled cysteine a considerable number of keratinocytes, both in the matrix and in the laminar layer, had attained terminal differentiation with residual labelling. Neither in the cysteine specimens obtained after 40 days or in the methionine specimen obtained after 10 days was radioactivity significantly above the basal level observed in the hoof epidermis.

The possible importance of the results for research on the pathogenesis of laminitis and on the growth of the hoof is discussed.
The Phagocytic Activity of Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes Isolated from Normal Uterus and that with Experimentally Induced Inflammation in Cows*
Authors: Kluciński W. , Targowski S. P. , Miernik‐Degórska E. , Winnicka A.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of the study was the determination of the activity of the neutrophils isolated from a physiologically sound (non‐inflammed) uterus 2 days after ovulation, and comparison of this activity with that of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) obtained from an uterus which had undergone experimentally induced specific or non‐specific inflammatory reaction. The study was carried out on 20 cows between the 2nd and the 8th day after ovulation. Activity of PMNs was determined on the basis of the per cent of these cells with Fc receptors for IgG on their surface, and on the basis of assessment of the phagocytic activity. The Fc receptors were determined by the rosette test. The phagocytic activity of PMNs was determined in relation to two standard strains ofS. aureusSmith which were phagocytized by mediation of Fc receptors andS. aureus305 phagocytized by mediation of the “non‐immunological” receptors. The study showed that the inflammatory process in the uterus caused intensive migration of large numbers of PMNs into the lumen. These PMNs have their properties altered: there is a significantly lower per cent of cells with Fc receptors in this cell population and lower Fc‐dependent phagocytic activity. A significant rise in the phagocytic activity mediated by non‐immunological receptors occurs at the same time in this cell population.
Teat Lesions with Reference to Housing and Milking Management
Authors: øSterås O. , Vågsholm I. , Lund A.
Published: May 2010

Potential associations between teat lesions and housing, hoof care, milking machine and milking management, were investigated. Overmilking, pulsation ratios of 71%, height of manger edge in the short type of stalls, and insufficient hoof care were associated with an increased incidence of teat lesions. The associations of pulsation ratio and overmilking suggest that factors disposing for teat end oedema and/or irritation during milking might cause teat lesions. Accordingly, milking machine control and milking technique evaluation might help in decreasing the incidence of teat lesions, together with correct constructed stalls and good hoof care. These factors should receive attention in dairy herd health programmes.
The Effect of Stress on Host Defense System and on Lung Damage in Calves Experimentally Infected withPasteurella HaemolyticaType A 1
Authors: Binkhorst G. J. , Henricks P. A. J. , Ingh T. S. G. A. M. v. d. , Hajer R. , Nijkamp F. P.
Published: May 2010

This paper describes the influence of stress, immediately before a massive inoculation of a logphaseP. haemolyticaA 1 culture in brain‐heart‐infusion broth by fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 5 months old conventional calves.

Differences in phagocytic cell function and numbers, lung function and lung tissue damage between stressed and non‐stressed, infected calves were studied.

Compared with the non‐stressed calves before infection, the superoxide generation by blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes of the stressed animals was markedly reduced immediately after a 2 hours stress period, but it recovered within 3 days.

The total numbers of phagocytic cells, harvested from lung lavage fluid 3 days after inoculation were twice as high in the non‐stressed calves than in the stressed calves. In contrast, no differences in pulmonary lesions and functions were found between stressed or non‐stressed calves. The role of several stress factors on infiltration and metabolic response of polymorphonuclear leucocytes inP. haemolyticainfections and the effects of bacterial endotoxin and leukotoxin on alveolar and vascular injury are discussed.
Über die Glucocorticoid‐Wirkung auf den Glucose‐Stoffwechsel von Zwergziegen1,2
Authors: Sandner N. , Stangassinger M.
Published: May 2010

Effects of a Glucocorticoid on Glucose Metabolism in Pygmy Goats 2. Glucose Turnover and Recycling

In the present study glucose kinetic parameters like pool size, distribution volume and rates of total entry and irreversible loss were determined in four castrated male African pygmy goats during hyperglycemia induced by an intravenous glucocorticoid injection (0. 25 mg dexamethasone = DXM per kg body weight). Experiments were done at two different metabolic states, “fed” once daily and “fasted” after three days of starvation. The use of [U‐14C]‐ together with [2‐3H]‐ or [6‐3H]‐glucose made it possible to show changes in rates of gluconeogenesis, phosphorylation and specific recycling of glucose‐C (e. g. lactate/alanine).

During glucocorticoid induced hyperglycemia (+ 45%) in fed animals de novo synthesis of glucose (+5%) and lactate/alanine recycling increased (+4%).

Rates of irreversible loss for all applied tracers in fasted animals formed only two thirds of the values of fed animals. During hyperglycemia (+40%) after DXM‐injection de novo synthesis of glucose (+8%) and lactate/alanine recycling also increased (+27%). Furthermore the rate of phosphorylation of glucose decreased in fasted pygmy goats.

The increase in availability of glucose both in fed and fasted animals is due to an increase in gluconeogenesis. In fasted animals additionally a decrease in the rate of phosphorylation and therefore of the peripheral glucose turnover has to be considered.

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden Pool, Verteilungsraum, Gesamteintrittsrate (GER) und irreversibler Verlust (IRL) als Parameter des Glucosestoffwechsels an vier kastrierten männlichen Afrikanischen Zwergziegen bei einer durch Glucocorticoid (0,25 mg Dexamethason / kg KGW, intravenös) induzierten Hyperglykämie bestimmt. Die Versuche wurden bei einmal täglich gefütterten Tieren und nach 3tägigem Futterentzug (hungernd) durchgeführt. Der Einsatz von [U‐14C]‐ und [2‐3H]‐ oder [6‐3H]‐Glucose ermöglichte die zusätzliche Darstellung von Veränderungen bei der Gluconeogenese, der Phosphorylierungsrate und spezifischer Recyclingraten von Glucose (z. B. über Lactat/Alanin).

Bei den gefütterten Tieren war wahrend der Glucocorticoid‐induzierten Hyperglykämie (+45%) die Neusyntheserate von Glucose um 5% und das Lactat/Alanin‐Recycling um 4% erhöht.

Die irreversiblen Verluste der hungernden Tiere lagen fur alle venvendeten Glucosemar‐kierungen um ein Drittel niedriger als die Vergleichswerte gefiitterter Tiere. Nach DXM‐Behandlung stieg wahrend der Hyperglykamie (+40%) auch die Neusynthese von Glucose um 8% und das Lactat/Alanin‐Recycling um 27% an. Zusätzlich nahm in diesem Stoffwechselzustand die Phosphorylierungsrate von Glucose um 20% ab.

Die bei beiden Stoffwechselzustanden festgestellte Zunahme der Glucoseverfugbarkeit ist auf eine Steigerung der Gluconeogenese zurückzuführen, wobei im Hungerzustand zusätzlich eine Abnahme der Phosphorylierungsrate und damit des peripheren Glucoseumsatzes zu berücksichtigen ist.
bSTH and IGF‐I Levels in Blood and Milk of Black and White Dairy Cows before and after Application of Recombinantly Derived Bovine Somatotropin
Authors: Mielke H. , Lochmann G. , Simon I. , Bier H. , Jahreis G. , Hesse V. , Gallowitsch F.
Published: May 2010

In an 8 week trial period six black and white dairy cows were injected with Optiflex®, a slow release formulation of recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin (BST). Three cows each were injected at two‐weeks (BST‐14) or four weeks (BST‐28) intervals. The dosage was 640 mg BST per injection. Average milk yield increased by 18. 3% and 13. 8% in groups BST‐14 and BST‐28 respectively. Blood plasma levels of bSTH and IGF‐I increased till day 10 post‐injection; thereafter they declined, except IGF‐I levels in group BST‐14 which persisted continuously elevated with minor variations. No bSTH above detection level could be assayed in the milk of treated animals. The IGF‐I level in milk was slightly elevated after BST‐application but stayed within the normal range.
Rumination may be Stimulated by a Recording Balloon in the Reticulum of the Sheep
Authors: Nicholson T. , Belkhiri M.
Published: May 2010

Rumination activity was recorded by three different methods in five sheep which had been fasted for 12 hours. When a balloon on plastic tubing was passed into the reticulum via a rumen cannula there was significantly more rumination recorded during the subsequent three hours than when rumination was recorded by registering jaw movements alone. The greater part of this stimulation occurred in the first half hour of recording. There was a significantly greater effect when the tubing to the reticulum balloon was stiffened with wire. Care is needed in comparing rumination times determined by different procedures.
Malignant Lymphomas of Thymus Origin in Two Sows
Authors: Kadota K. , Ishino S. , Hashimoto N. , Nakajima H.
Published: May 2010

Two cases of swine thymic lymphoma were investigated by electron microscopy and the immunoperoxidase method for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and furthermore sheep erythrocyte rosette assay was applied to one case. In case 1, immunoblastoid cells predominated and smaller cells were admixed with them. Many neoplastic cells were TdT‐positive and formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes at 4 °C, but about half of them formed rosettes at 37 °C. Ultrastructurally the neoplastic cells were characterized by highly irregular nuclei, poorly developed organelles and clustered dense bodies. The neoplasm in case 2 was composed of medium‐sized to large cells and the latter predominated. A few of the neoplastic cells stained positively with anti‐TdT serum. Ultrastructurally the neoplastic cells were characterized by nuclear convolution, narrow cytoplasmic bands and clustered dense bodies. The morphological features of thymic lymphomas were discussed in comparison with those of other swine lymphomas and lymphomas of other animals. Histological and immunological progression into T‐immunoblastoid cells in case 1 was also discussed.
Comparison of the Adrenocortical Responseto both Pharmacological and Physiological Stressesin Sport Horses
Authors: Linden A. , Art T. , Amory H. , Desmecht D. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

Seven sport horses were investigated to compare physiological and pharmacological stresses on the plasma glucocorticosteroid levels.

Venous blood was sampled and analysed for Cortisol concentrations before and after each type of stress. The physiological stress was induced by the completion of a cross‐country and the pharmacological one, by an intravenous ACTH administration (200 μg) in the same horses, one week after the course.

Both exercise and ACTH injection induced a highly significant Cortisol increase of 79±0. 10% and 160±0. 18%, respectively. The relative plasma Cortisol increases due to exercise on the one hand, and due to ACTH administration on the other hand, were correlated with a coefficient of 0. 82. It was concluded that the plasma Cortisol increase induced by a standardised pharmacological stress could be used in order to predict the exercise‐induced stress response.
Intermediate Filaments in DMBA‐Induced Mammary Adenocarcinomas in Rats
Authors: Pena L. , Flores J. M. , Castano M. , Gonzalez M.
Published: May 2010

Experimental DMBA (7,12‐dimethylbenzanthracene)‐induced mammary tumours in rats were studied. Microscopic examination revealed a high rate of adenocarcinomas (95. 3% in 148 mammary tumours studied).

An immunohistochemical study of cytoskeleton intermediate filaments (I. F.) showed cytokera‐tins in neoplastic epithelial cells; myoepithelial cells expressed cytokeratins, vimentin and desmin. Finally we propose the immunocytochemical localization of desmin as a useful method to recognize myoepithelial proliferation areas in mammary tumours.
Mast Cells in Normal and Pathological Specimens of the Equine Lung
Authors: Winder . N. Christine , von Fellenberg R.
Published: May 2010

In lungs from 22 horses, the number and type of mast cells in histologically normal specimens were compared with those in specimens with various histological lesions. Tissues fixed in Carnoy's solution were superior to those fixed in formalin for the identification of mast cells. Fixation of lung specimens from eight horses in Carnoy's solution and formalin allowed the identification of two subpopulations of mast cells: formalin‐sensitive, which predominated and formalin‐resistant. Specimens with mild chronic tracheitis and mild and moderate chronic bronchitis generally had slight increases in mast cell numbers in comparison to histologically normal specimens. An increase in mast cell numbers was also observed around small and large bronchioles with mild, moderate and severe bronchiolitis and in fibrosed pulmonary pleurae in comparison to specimens with no histological lesions. The most striking increase in mast cell numbers was seen in fibrosed alveolar septa; there were approximately four times as many mast cells in these specimens as in specimens with normal histology.
Dyschondroplasie Tibiale du Dindon de Chair: Étude Morphometrique en Relation avec les Boîteries
Authors: Cherel Y. , Wyers M. , Evain L.
Published: May 2010

Tibial dyschondroplasia in turkeys: some relationships between morphometrical measurements and lameness

The tibiotarsal bones from 1,084 15‐week‐old growing commercial male turkeys, half of which clinically lame, were examined for dyschondroplasia.

Lesions were a cone of retained cartilage, confined to the postero‐medial area of the proximal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus. Densified woven bone was present around the largest lesions associated with thickening of the diaphyseal cortex below the lesion. Length of abnormal cartilage varied from 0. 1cm to 5. 3 cm. Width never exceeded 2. 9cm. Half of the affected turkeys showed unilateral localization of dyschondroplasie lesions. The percentage of damaged tibias was 54 per cent and the percentage of affected turkeys was more than 70 per cent. The incidence of dyschondroplasia was the same in lame and clinically healthy turkeys but, on average, lame turkeys exhibited longer lesions than clinically normal birds. The tibias of lame turkeys were more curved than the tibias of healthy ones as well in the anterio‐posterior projection as in the latero‐medial one. The latero‐medial projection of incurvation was correlated with the length of dyschondroplasie lesions.

La fréquence et la morphologic macroscopique de la dyschondroplasie tihiale est étudièe sur 1084 tibias de dindons de chair (boiteux et non boiteux) de 15 semaines. La lésion se presente comme un cone cartilagineux situe en zone postero‐mediale de la metaphyse proximale du tibia et dont le sommet est tourne vers la diaphyse. Lorsqu'elle est importante, on observe une densification de l'os spongieux autour de la lésion et un épaississement de la corticale diaphysaire situeé sous la lésion.

La hauteur du cône lésionnel varie de 0,1 à 5,3 cm. Les lésions sont unilateralés dans la moitié de cas.

Le pourcentage de tibias lésés est de 54%, le pourcentage d'animaux atteints est supérieur à 70%.

La fréquence lésionnelle est identique chez les animaux boiteux et non boiteux mais les tibias des animaux boiteux présentent en moyenne une lésion de taille supérieure á celle des dindons non boiteux.

Les animaux boiteux présentent des tibias plus incurves dans le plan antéro‐posterieur et dans le plan latéro‐médial que les dindons normaux.

L'incurvation dans le plan latéro‐médial est correlée á la hauteur de la lésion de dyschondro‐plasie.
A Functioning Udder in a Male Goat
Authors: Dafalla E. A. , Ramadan R. O. , Gamee A. A. , Gaul A. K. A. , Alhendi A. B. , Moudawi M. M.
Published: May 2010

A functioning udder is described in a 7‐year‐old Nubian male goat. The defect was not observed in any of his several off‐springs. His semen had few dead sperms and his serum testosterone level was low. The udder was removed surgically. Histologically, the udder showed dense connective tissue lobules composed of acinar or tubulo‐acinar structures and the teat orifice had no muscle sphincter.
IgM‐Nephropathie (‐Nephritis) bei Krallenaffen (Primates, Anthropoidea, Platyrrhini, Callitrichidae)
Authors: Brack M.
Published: May 2010

IgM‐Nephropathy (‐Nephritis) in Callitrichids (Primates, Anthropoidea, Platyrrhini, Callitrichidae)

A spontaneously occurring IgM‐mediated mesangioproliferative nephropathy was detected in 91 % of tamarins and marmosets over 6 months old. Intraglomerular IgM deposits could be demonstrated in all animals, usually in a mesangial pattern and in some cases along the glomerular endothelia.

The clinical signs were hematuria and proteinuria. The progressive disease remains silent for long periods, but is directly or indirectly related to the death of 10–20% of the affected animals. Morphological characteristics are those of mesangial hyperplasia accompanied by subacute to chronic tubulointerstitia! inflammation. The calHtrichid IgM‐nephropathy is compared to similar human immunocomplex nephropathies.

Es wird iiüber das Auftreten einer bisher bei Krallenaffen nicht beschriebenen IgM‐Nephropathie berichtet. 91 % aller untersuchten 231 Tiere iiber 6 Monate Alter hatten derartige Veranderungen, bei 100 % waren intraglomerular IgM meist als mesangiale Ablagerungen, in Einzelfiällen als Ansammlungen entlang des Schlingenendothels nachweisbar. Die Kränkheit aufßierte sich klinisch in Hämaturien und Proteinurien, verlief schleichend bis zum Nierenversagen durch Glomerulumsklerose bei etwa 10–20% der Tiere und war vor allem durch Mesangiumproliferationen und tubulointerstitielle Nephritiden gekennzeichnet. Vergleiche zu menschlichen Immunkomplex‐Nephropathien werden angestellt.
A Comparison Between the Main Clinical Signs of Milk Fever in Cows with Those of Hypocalcaemia Induced by Na2EDTA Solution
Authors: Fenwick D. C. , Daniel R. C. W.
Published: May 2010

In one study, 6 cows with high erythrocyte potassium concentrations (HK cows) and 7 with low erythrocyte potassium concentrations (LK cows) were infused with 4. 7% Na2EDTA solution intravenously for 4 h. The immediately observable clinical signs and the sequelae over a period of weeks were recorded and compared. There were no differences in the clinical responses of HK or LK cows to the infusion of Na2EDTA.

In a second study, these clinical signs plus those produced experimentally by three other research groups were compared with both the clinical signs of milk fever recorded in three text books and those observed by one of the authors over a period of 25 years in dairy cattle practice. All of the clinical signs of milk fever occurred in the experimental model, but there were extra signs (excessive salivation, excessive lip and tongue actions, and tail lifting) which were not present or recorded in naturally occurring cases of hypocalcaemia.

Hypocalcaemia induced in cows by the intravenous infusion of 4. 7% Na2EDTA solution is a reasonably good model for the reproduction of the clinical signs of milk fever, but because of the extraneous signs, and the unusual nature of the subsequent deaths of 3 of 13 cows infused for 4 h, and the death of 1 of 2 cows infused for 4 h daily for 3 days, the model may not be a valid one for periods longer than 4 h in cows.
Ultrastructural Changes in Brown Swiss Cattle Affected with Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (Weaver Syndrome)
Authors: Hamidi M. El , Leipold H. W. , Cook J. E.
Published: May 2010

Thirty Brown Swiss cattle, 7 to 30 months old, clinically affected with the weaver syndrome and five clinically normal Brown Swiss were studied. Ultrastructural examination mainly of the thoracic spinal cord revealed axonal changes accompanied by degeneration of myelin sheaths that were fragmented and lamellae vesiculated. The degeneration was accompanied by moderate gliosis and phagocytosis of degenerated myelin. There were no inflammatory changes. The ultrastructural changes may represent a disturbance of axoplasmic transport and subsequent axonal degeneration.
Abschätzung der Dosis zur Radiojodresektion der Schilddrüse bei männlichen Wistar‐Ratten
Authors: Hanauer G. , Schroth H. J.
Published: May 2010

Estimation of the Radioiodine Dose necessary for Complete Ablation of the Thyroid Gland in Male Wistar Rats

The aim of this investigation was to determine the radioiodine dose necessary for the ablation of the thyroid gland in male Wistar rats. By a mathematical extrapolation of the kinetics of iodine‐131, the radioisotope dose in the thyroid was calculated to be 467971 or 401540 rad after an intraperitoneal administration of 1 times 0. 8mCi (29. 6MBq) or 1 × l. 0mCi (37. 0MBq) iodine‐131, respectively. Because lower radioiodine activities did not result in a complete destruction of the thyroid (controlled by scintigraphic methods), it can be concluded that about 400000 rad are necessary for the complete ablation of the thyroid gland by radioiodine.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung befaßt sich mit der Radiojoddosis, die zur Ausschaltung der Thyreoidea bei männlichen Wistar‐Ratten erforderlich ist. Anhand der 131Jodkinetik des Ganztieres konnte die Dosis (t = 0) in der Schilddrüse mathematisch extrapoliert werden. Nach Applikation von l × 0,8mCi (29,6MBq) bzw. l × l. 0mCi (37,0MBq) l3lJ i. p. ergab die Radiojoddosis 467 971 bzw. 401 540 rad. Da geringere Aktivitäten nur zu einer szintigraphisch nachgewiesenen Teilresektion führten, kann davon ausgegangen werden, daß etwa 400 000 rad zur vollständigen Radiojodresektion der Schilddrüsen bei männlichen Wistar‐Ratten erforderlich sind.
Vergleichende Untersuchung der Inulin‐und Creatinin‐Clearance beim Schwein
Authors: Wendt M. , Waldmann K. ‐H. , Bickhardt K.
Published: May 2010

Comparison between the Clearance of Inulin and Endogenous Creatinine in Pigs

Endogenous creatinine clearance was determined in 5 healthy female pigs of different body weight simultaneously to the clearance of inulin. The average creatinine clearance (3.74 ± 0.57mg/min/kg) has been found to be 7% higher than inulin clearance indicating some tubular secretion of creatinine. However, since this difference was not significant, the endogenous creatinine clearance is a practicable method for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate in swine. Data of creatinine concentration in plasma and of creatinine excretion showed close relationships to the body weight. It is discussed, whether the glomerular filtration rate can be predicted from the creatinine concentration in plasma and creatinine excretion, which might be estimated from the body weight without quantitative urine collection.

Es wurde die endogene Creatinin‐Clearance an 5 gesunden weiblichen Schweinen verschiedener Gewichtsklassen im Vergleich zur Inulin‐Clearance untersucht. Die durchschnittlich um 7% höhere Creatinin‐Clearance (3,74 ± 0,57 ml/min/kg) deutet auf eine tubuläre Creatinin‐Sekretion hin. Die Unterschiede waren jedoch nicht signifikant, so daß die Creatinin–Clearance beim Sehwein eine brauchbare Möglichkeit darstellt, um die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate zu bestimmen. Deutliche Abhän‐gigkeiten zum Körpergewicht ergaben sich für die Creatinin‐Plasmakonzentration und die Creatinine Ausscheidung. Es wird diskutiert, die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate ohne die Bestimmung des Harnzeit‐volumens allein aus der Creatinin‐Plasmakonzentration und der nach dem Gewicht geschätzten Creatinin‐Exkretion zu berechnen.
Metyrapone and Adrenal Response in Stressed Calves*
Authors: Agnes F. , Sartorelli P. , Picotti G. B. , Arrigoni C. , Locatelli A.
Published: May 2010

The effects on some hematochemical stress indices of previously administered metyrapone (750 mg given orally six times every 4 hours) were evaluated in calves submitted to simulated transport for 30 min. The plasma Cortisol increases were significantly lower than those observed in untreated calves of the same age, sex and breed. Plasma adrenaline and NEFA increased similarly in both groups of calves during simulated transport and were unaffected by metyrapone administration.

The results indicate that in cattle, as in other animals, metyrapone inhibits Cortisol biosynthesis. Under our experimental conditions, the rise of NEFA, a well known stress index, seems mainly to be related to adrenaline release.
Untersuchungen zur Freßfiaktivität, Spontanaktivität und Körperkerntemperatur von Braunrücken‐Tamarinen (Saguinus fuscicollis)1,2
Authors: Petry H.
Published: May 2010

Studies on Eating Behaviour, Spontaneous Activity, and Body Temperature in Saddle Back Tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis)

Eating behaviour and spontaneous activity (videometry) as well as deep body temperature (radiotelemetry) of 3 adult Saddle Back Tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) were investigated (singly housed, environmental temperature 28°C, relative air humidity 60%, light 6:00—18:00 h, drinkingwater and pelleted colony diet ad lib.). The experimental animals (1 female, 2 males; 3–8 years old), born in captivity, showed only some slight individual differences within their inborn species pattern, with regard to the 3 measured parameters. The monkeys were, like wild‐living individuals, strictly light‐active. They moved in the day‐time nearly uninterrupted without special rhythm and slept remarkably deep through the whole night. Food intake occurred during the whole day with varying intensity. The body temperature of the 3 monkeys showed individual daytime‐means between 38.8–39.9 °C, whereby the temperature fluctuated dependent on their moving activity with a range of about ± 0.5 °C. At night the body temperature of the animals averaged between 35.9–36.6 °C.

Es wurden Freßfiaktivität und spontane Bewegungsaktivität (Videometrie) sowie Körperkerntemperatur (Radiotelemetrie) von 3 erwachsenen Braunrücken‐Tamarinen (Saguinus fuscicollis; 3—8 Jahre alt) untersucht (Käfigeinzelhaltung, 28 °C Umgebungstemperatur, 60% rel. Luftfeuchte, Licht 6—18 Uhr, Tränke und pelletierte Koloniediät ad lib.). Die in Gefangenschaft geborenen Versuchstiere (1 Weibchen, 2 Männchen) zeigten bezüglich der 3 Me***fiparameter innerhalb der Variabilität ihres angeborenen Artenmusters ihr mehr oder weniger ausgeprägtes Individualmuster. Die 3 Affen waren ‐ wie ihre freilebenden Artgenossen ‐ streng lichtaktiv und bewegten sich tagsüber ohne besonderen Rhythmus nahezu ununterbrochen; nachts schliefen sie durchgehend und tief. Die Futteraufnahme erfolgte mit wechselnder Intensität während des ganzen Tages. Die Körpertemperatur der 3 Affen schwankte tagsüber in Abhängigkeit zu ihrer Bewegungsaktivität mit etwa ± 0,5 °C um einen individuell etwas unterschiedlichen, zwischen 38,8—39,4 °C liegenden Tagesmittelwert. In der Nacht fiel die Körpertemperatur der Tiere auf Durchschnittswerte von 35,9—36,6 °C ab.
Changes in Feeding Behavior and Plasma Vasopressin Concentration during Water Deprivation in Goats*
Authors: Langhans W. , Scharrer E. , Meyer A. H.
Published: May 2010

To further characterize the suppression of feeding that normally accompanies water deprivation and to test whether vasopressin contributes to this hypophagia, food intake, meal patterns and plasma vasopressin concentrations were measured during 24 h or 72 h of water deprivation in pygmy goats. The effects of exogenous vasopressin and of a V1‐receptor antagonist on feeding during water deprivation were also assessed. The hypophagia during water deprivation was primarily due to decreases in meal size. The plasma vasopressin concentration increased about 2.5‐fold and 10‐fold after 24 and 72 h of water deprivation, respectively. Plasma osmolality also increased (measured only after 72 h of water deprivation). Intraperitoneally (ip) injected vasopressin (1.5 μ/kg b. wt.) that previously reduced food intake in goats with ad lib. access to water (Meyer et al., 1989), failed to affect cumulative food intake in water deprived goats, but led to a transient increase in meal size. The V1‐receptor antagonist (2.5 μ/kg b. wt., ip) did not affect cumulative food intake or meal patterns either. These findings indicate that endogenous vasopressin is not crucially involved in the hypophagia during water deprivation. The results are in line with the hypothesis that an abnormal prandial increase in the osmolality of the ruminal fluid is a major contributor to the hypophagia during water deprivation.
Influence of Various Adjuvants on the Synthesis of Specific Antibodies of Chicken, Sheep and Rabbit Following Immunization with an Hapten*
Authors: Erhard M. , Kellner J. , Kühlmann R. , Lösch U.
Published: May 2010

In order to obtain high amounts of specific antibodies against the hapten methylphosphoric acid, para‐aminophenyl‐1,2,2‐trimethyl‐propyldiester (MATP) different animals were immunized with MATP coupled to the carrier protein human serum albumin (MATP12‐HSA) using several adjuvants.

The best specific immune response in sheep, rabbit and chicken was reached with Freund's complete adjuvant with animal specific differences being tested by an ELISA. The adjuvants aluminium hydroxide (5% and 10%) and diphosphoryl lipid A showed no significant difference compared to the control group (NaCl with MATP12‐HSA). In rabbits and chickens MATP12‐HSA can be used to reach an immune response without the help of an adjuvant.
The Combined Use of Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors inKlebsiella pneumoniae‐induced Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Rose D. M. , Giri S. N. , Cullor J. S. , Bushnell R. B.
Published: May 2010

The effect of combined administration of flunixin meglumine (FM) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on milk prostaglandin F2a(PGF2a) and leukotriene B4(LTB4) concentrations, and inflammatory indicators of bovine mastitis was examined. Mastitis was induced in six Holstein cows by the inoculation ofKlebsiella pneumoniaevia the teat canal. Four cows were intravenously treated with FM (1.1 mg/kg) and NDGA (10 mg/kg) 1 hour prior to bacterial inoculation and again at post inoculation hour (PIH) 11. Two control cows were intravenously treated with equivalent volume doses of sterile isotonic saline solution at the same post inoculation time points.

Combined use of FM and NDGA was effective in reducing elevations in milk PGF2alevels and slightly effective in reducing elevations in milk LTB4levels in the mastitic cows. Elevations in milk bovine serum albumin (BSA) levels were partially reduced during the early post inoculation time period in the FM and NDGA treated cows as compared to the saline treated control cows. Milk somatic cell counts from inoculated quarters were not significantly altered by FM and NDGA treatment. Elevations in rectal temperature were not reduced by FM and NDGA treatment, but clinical signs of quarter inflammation (warmth and swelling) were reduced by FM and NDGA treatment.
A Technique for the Collection of Reticular Effluent of Sheep
Authors: Harmeyer J. , Michalowski T.
Published: May 2010

Two sheep were equipped with rumen and omasal fistulae. A teflon tube with 1 mm outer diameter (OD) was permanently fixed between the abomasal fistula and the reticulo‐omasal orifice. The effluent sampling tube was introduced through the abomasal canula, through the omasal canal into the reticulo‐omasal orifice by aid of the teflon tube. The technique allowed direct collection of reticular effluent from sheep. Intermittent flow of reticular effluent was observed. The moments of flow coincided with the end of the second phase of reticular contractions. From the flow pattern it was concluded that the motility of the reticulo‐omasal orifice was not affected by the sampling procedure. From the similarities in the pH values, DM contents, and total protozoal counts in the effluent and in the reticular samples, it was concluded that representative samples of effluent could be obtained by the method. One animal was used for sampling for a period of eight months and then again 21/2 years later. A fraction of 97 to 98% of the DM present in the reticular effluent and in the reticular samples passed a sieve with 1 mm pore size. From the analyses of reticular content and reticular effluent it was concluded that the reticulo‐omasal orifice does not have a significant discriminating function for the selective passage of particles and protozoa into the omasum.
Cytogenetic Characterization of Mammary Tumors in Two Domestic Dogs
Authors: Mayr B. , Gilli H. , Schleger W. , Reifinger M. , Burtscher H.
Published: May 2010

Tumor cells of two cases of mammary neoplasms in dog were investigated cytogenetically. An 11‐year‐old cocker spaniel showed a marker X‐chromosome in most metaphases (80%). In a 12‐year‐old poodle, tumor cells with the following abnormalities were found: trisomy 1, monosomy X and two marker chromosomes.
Radiology of the Avian Skull
Authors: Kostka V. , Krautwald‐Junghanns M.‐E. , Tellhelm B.
Published: May 2010

A standard radiographic anatomy of the skulls of three genera of birds (Psittacines, Accipitrines, Passerines) is worked out and illustrated by drawings.

The African grey parrot is described as a standard. All detectable anatomical structures are identified and set into relationship to discernable structures in cockatoos (Cacatua galerita galerita), common buzzards (Buteo buteo) and mynah birds (Gracula religiosa).
Serotonin Levels in the Hen Ovarian Follicles after Methallibure (I. C. I 33, 828) Treatment*
Authors: Paczoska‐Eliasiewicz H. , Rzαsa J.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of methallibure (MLB), a non‐steroid inhibitor of pituitary gonadotrophic activity on serotonin (5‐HT) levels in the wall of preovulatory follicles (F1 ‐ F4) in the domestic hen. 5‐HT was determined spectrofluorometrically.

Hens were treated with MLB (10 mg/hen per os) twice a day for 3 successive days. 5‐HT was determined in F1‐F4 (Fl > F2 > F3 > F4) follicles of the control group, on the next day (MLB‐1 group) and 6 days following cessation of MLB administration (MLB‐6 group). During MLB treatment egg production was inhibited in all hens. In the MLB‐6 group, five hens out of seven took up egg laying on the sixth day after MLB administration. Within each examined group there were no significant differences in 5‐HT concentration between Fl ‐ F4 follicles. In comparison to the control, MLB caused a significant (P < 0.01 ‐ 0.05) increase of 5‐HT concentration in F1 (MLB‐1 group) and F4 (both MLB‐groups).

The results obtained indicate that there is a relationship between pituitary activity and 5‐HT levels in the preovulatory follicles of the domestic hen.