bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by Breast Cancer Patients at Time of Surgery Which Increases the Potential for Excessive Bleeding
Authors: Andersen M. Robyn , Sweet Erin , Zhou May , Standish Leanna J.
Published: October 2014

Objective. The use of complementary or alternative medicine has increased greatly over the last decade. This study describes a cross-sectional survey of women with breast cancer to describe their use of herbs and supplements that might have placed them at elevated risk for bleeding at the time of their primary treatment surgery for breast cancer. Methods. We present cross-sectional survey results from a cohort of 316 women with breast cancer. The participants included a convenience sample of 98 women who received integrative oncology treatment from local providers and a larger group of women recruited from the local cancer registry who were matched on their similarity to the integrative oncology patients’ demographic characteristics and stage of cancer at time of diagnosis. Results. Almost 16% of women with breast cancer report using one or more herbs or supplements thought to potentially increase their risk for adverse bleeding-related outcomes at the time of their primary surgical treatment. This does not include the 22% who used fish and flaxseed oils, which were at one time thought to increase risk for bleeding but for which there is now evidence to suggest that they are safe. Conclusion. Further research is needed to better understand the risks associated with use of a variety of herbs and supplements among women approaching surgery.
Effects of Caffeine on Exercise Responses and Performance in Children and Youth
Authors: Turley Kenneth R.
Published: October 2014

Extensive research has been performed investigating the effects of caffeine during exercise in adults with many reviews published in just the past 10 years. Limited research has been conducted in children despite the fact that they are one of the fastest growing consumers of caffeine. In light of the limited research, in writing this review no inclusion or exclusion criteria were used, as the aim of the review is to provide as wide a research base as possible. This review will present the data that has systematically investigated the acute effects of caffeine in children and youth during exercise.
Applying Psychological Theories to Promote Long-Term Maintenance of Health Behaviors
Authors: Joseph Rodney P. , Daniel Casey L. , Thind Herpreet , Benitez Tanya J. , Pekmezi Dori
Published: October 2014

Behavioral health theory provides a framework for researchers to design, implement, and evaluate the effects of health promotion programs. However, limited research has examined theories used in interventions to promote long-term maintenance of health behaviors. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the available literature and identify prominent behavioral health theories used in intervention research to promote maintenance of health behaviors. We reviewed theories used in intervention research assessing long-term maintenance (≥6 months postintervention) of physical activity, weight loss, and smoking cessation. Five prominent behavioral theories were referenced by the 34 studies included in the review: self-determination theory, theory of planned behavior, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model, and social ecological model. Descriptions and examples of applications of these theories are provided. Implications for future research are discussed.
What do we want our words and our concepts to do?
Authors: Roberts Susan M
Published: October 2014

In this commentary on John Agnew’s article, the overarching issue is identified as the relationship between us (humans), our words, and our world. The commentary considers the specific question ‘what do we want our concepts to do?’ Drawing from recent work in political economy and geography—much of it undertaken by feminist scholars—the effects of words and ideas on our world are stressed and the emphasis is placed on considering words’ work in creating future worlds. The argument is made that we assess our keywords based on how they assist us in imagining what might become, rather than what really is.
Therapeutic activity of multiple common γ-chain cytokine inhibition in acute and chronic GVHD
Authors: Hechinger Anne-Kathrin , Smith Benjamin A. H. , Flynn Ryan , Hanke Kathrin , McDonald-Hyman Cameron , Taylor Patricia A. , Pfeifer Dietmar , Hackanson Björn , Leonhardt Franziska , Prinz Gabriele , Dierbach Heide , Schmitt-Graeff Annette , Kovarik Jiri , Blazar Bruce R. , Zeiser Robert
Published: October 2014

Key Points

Monoclonal antibody blockade of the common γ chain attenuates acute and chronic GVHD. Common γ-chain cytokines increase granzyme B levels in CD8 T cells, which are reduced upon CD132 blockade in vivo.
Positive serum specific IgE has a short half‐life in patients with penicillin allergy and reversal does not always indicate tolerance
Authors: Hjortlund Janni , Mortz Charlotte Gotthard , Stage Tore Bjerregaard , Skov Per Stahl , Dahl Ronald , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten
Published: October 2014

Background

The positive and negative predictive values of specific IgE to penicillins are not well established for penicillin hypersensitivity. One reason may be that serum IgE levels to penicillin diminish over time. The objective in this study was to investigate variations in serum half‐life (T½) for specific IgE to penicillins (s‐IgE) and to evaluate the outcome of penicillin challenges in patients with previous but not present specific IgE to penicillins.

Methods

Two subgroups were investigated. All included patients had a history of penicillin allergy with reported symptoms such as urticaria/angioedema or unclassified cutaneous rash. T½ of specific IgE to penicillins was calculated based on sera from 29 patients with repeated measurements of s‐IgE. Twenty‐two patients with a previous positive s‐IgE was followed and challenged with penicillin when IgE had become negative.

Results

The T½ for s‐IgE varied between the 26 patients with decreasing s‐IgE from 1.6 months to 76.4 months and 52% had a T½ of less than a year. The three patients with stable and increasing IgE‐values showed T½ approaching infinity A total of 29 challenges with β‐lactams were performed. Four different patterns were seen when evaluating the clinical reaction to challenge (positive/negative) and post‐challenge boost of s‐IgE (yes/no). Eight (36.4%) had negative challenge and negative post‐challenge s‐IgE, eight (36.4%) negative challenge, but positive post‐challenge s‐IgE levels. 3 (13.6%) had positive challenge and positive post‐challenge s‐IgE whereas 3 (13.6%) were challenge positive, but had negative post‐challenge s‐IgE.

Conclusion

Specific IgE to penicillins declines over time stressing the importance of a close time relation between diagnostic work‐up and clinical reaction. Reversal of previously positive s‐IgE may still be associated with positive penicillin challenges and/or re‐boostering of s‐IgE to positivity.
Mutant Activin-Like Kinase 2 in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva are Activated via T203 by BMP Type II Receptors
Authors: Fujimoto Mai , Ohte Satoshi , Osawa Kenji , Miyamoto Arei , Tsukamoto Sho , Mizuta Takato , Kokabu Shoichiro , Suda Naoto , Katagiri Takenobu
Published: October 2014

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification in soft tissues, such as the skeletal muscles. FOP has been shown to be caused by gain-of-function mutations in activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-2, which is a type I receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In the present study, we examined the molecular mechanisms that underlie the activation of intracellular signaling by mutant ALK2. Mutant ALK2 from FOP patients enhanced the activation of intracellular signaling by type II BMP receptors, such as BMPR-II and activin receptor, type II B, whereas that from heart disease patients did not. This enhancement was dependent on the kinase activity of the type II receptors. Substitution mutations at all nine serine and threonine residues in the ALK2 glycine- and serine-rich domain simultaneously inhibited this enhancement by the type II receptors. Of the nine serine and threonine residues in ALK2, T203 was found to be critical for the enhancement by type II receptors. The T203 residue was conserved in all of the BMP type I receptors, and these residues were essential for intracellular signal transduction in response to ligand stimulation. The phosphorylation levels of the mutant ALK2 related to FOP were higher than those of wild-type ALK2 and were further increased by the presence of type II receptors. The phosphorylation levels of ALK2 were greatly reduced in mutants carrying a mutation at T203, even in the presence of type II receptors. These findings suggest that the mutant ALK2 related to FOP is enhanced by BMP type II receptors via the T203-regulated phosphorylation of ALK2.
Generalizability and Decision Studies to Inform Observational and Experimental Research in Classroom Settings
Authors: Bottema-Beutel Kristen , Lloyd Blair , Carter Erik W. , Asmus Jennifer M.
Published: October 2014

Attaining reliable estimates of observational measures can be challenging in school and classroom settings, as behavior can be influenced by multiple contextual factors. Generalizability (G) studies can enable researchers to estimate the reliability of observational data, and decision (D) studies can inform how many observation sessions are necessary to achieve a criterion level of reliability. We conducted G and D studies using observational data from a randomized control trial focusing on social and academic participation of students with severe disabilities in inclusive secondary classrooms. Results highlight the importance of anchoring observational decisions to reliability estimates from existing or pilot data sets. We outline steps for conducting G and D studies and address options when reliability estimates are lower than desired.
Anti-Trafficking Interventions in Nigeria and the Principal-Agent Aid Model
Authors: Nwogu Victoria Ijeoma
Published: October 2014

Following the rising profile of trafficking in persons globally and Nigeria’s position as a critical country in the African region, significant—though insufficient and poorly spent—funding has been deployed towards tackling the problem. This funding, however, is provided in a ‘principal-agent’ relationship by donors to the government of Nigeria and anti-trafficking organisations. Donors (the principals) fund organisations (the agents) to do work they deem important, though organisations tend to have significantly different needs and preferences for the funding. The consequence is that interventions paid for by these funds are ‘not fit for purpose’, making their outcomes often invisible, undesirable or unsustainable. An ancillary and critical issue related to anti-trafficking funding in Nigeria is accountability, or rather a lack of accountability. Where key actors in addressing trafficking are not accountable to beneficiaries, they miss out on critical feedback to help them improve services or design appropriate interventions.Intervenciones contra la trata en Nigeria y el Modelo de Ayuda Agente-PrincipalResumenSiguiendo el creciente perfil internacional de la trata de personas a nivel global, así como la posición de Nigeria como un país fundamental en la región de África, son significativos -aunque insuficientes y débilmente utilizados- los esfuerzos de financiación que se han desplegado para afrontar el problema. Esta financiación sigue una relación de principal-agente entre los donantes que financian al gobierno de Nigeria y las organizaciones contra la trata. Los donantes (los principales) financian organizaciones (los agentes) para hacer el trabajo que ellos consideran que es importante, a través de organizaciones que contemplan necesidades y preferencias de financiación significativamente diferentes. Como consecuencia, las intervenciones financiadas por estos financiadores están diseñadas "sin encajar en las necesidades", haciendo que sus resultados con frecuencia sean invisibles, indeseables o no sostenibles en el tiempo. Una cuestión secundaria, pero sin embargo fundamental, relacionada con la financiación contra la trata en Nigeria es la rendición de cuentas o, mejor dicho, la falta de rendición de cuentas. Cuando los actores principales en la lucha contra la trata no tienen que rendir cuentas frente a los beneficiarios, se pierde la capacidad de aprender de los éxitos y fracasos de las actividades ya implementadas, lo que ayudaría a mejorar los servicios o diseñar intervenciones adecuadas.
Formação de educadores com foco na reflexão do cotidiano escolar
Authors: Penteado Maria Emiliana Lima
Published: October 2014

O cotidiano escolar é ideologicamente constituído e reproduz comportamentos e discursos culpabilizantes do fracasso escolar. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar o processo de constituição de uma proposta específica de formação em serviço com ênfase na reflexão do cotidiano escolar a partir de práticas pedagógicas. A base teórico-metodológica é a Psicologia Sócio-Histórica. Utilizaram-se documentos e entrevistas reflexivas (SZYMANSKI, 2011) para produção dos dados e, na análise, os “núcleos de significação” (AGUIAR & OZELLA, 2006, 2013). Os resultados revelaram que dar visibilidade a trabalhos bem sucedidos e criar espaço para discutir a realidade escolar possibilitaram valorizar os educadores, pensar coletivamente nos impedimentos de outros seguirem em direção parecida e, ainda, implicaram na tentativa de superar a dicotomia entre teoria e prática, a fim de se alcançar a práxis.
Three Decades of Marketing Academic Input at the Federal Trade Commission: Contributions to Research, Policy Making, and Litigation
Authors: Hastak Manoj , Mazis Michael B.
Published: October 2014

The authors' long-term involvement with Federal Trade Commission (FTC) attorneys and economists has enabled them to play an ongoing role in FTC matters. They have conducted scores of surveys, testified frequently as expert witnesses, and written numerous reports that have informed FTC decision making. The authors classify their input into four areas: (1) prelitigation, (2) litigation, (3) policy making, and (4) evaluation, and they describe their contributions in each area. As a result of such involvement and the work of others, marketing academic input has played and continues to play an important role in the agency's proceedings.
BDNF-Dependent Plasticity Induced by Peripheral Inflammation in the Primary Sensory and the Cingulate Cortex Triggers Cold Allodynia and Reveals a Major Role for Endogenous BDNF As a Tuner of the Affective Aspect of Pain
Authors: Thibault Karine , Lin Wee Khang , Rancillac Armelle , Fan Marie , Snollaerts Thibaut , Sordoillet Vallier , Hamon Michel , Smith George M. , Lenkei Zsolt , Pezet Sophie
Published: October 2014

Painful experiences are multilayered, composed of sensory, affective, cognitive and behavioral facets. Whereas it is well accepted that the development of chronic pain is due to maladaptive neuronal changes, the underlying molecular mechanisms, their relationship to the different pain modalities, and indeed the localization of these changes are still unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an activity-dependent neuromodulator in the adult brain, which enhances neuronal excitability. In the spinal cord, BDNF underlies the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we hypothesized that BDNF could be a trigger of some of these plastic changes. Our results demonstrate that BDNF is upregulated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the primary sensory cortex (S1) in rats with inflammatory pain. Injections of recombinant BDNF (into the ACC) or a viral vector synthesizing BDNF (into the ACC or S1) triggered both neuronal hyperexcitability, as shown by elevated long-term potentiation, and sustained pain hypersensitivity. Finally, pharmacological blockade of BDNF-tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling in the ACC, through local injection of cyclotraxin-B (a novel, highly potent, and selective TrkB antagonist) prevented neuronal hyperexcitability, the emergence of cold hypersensitivity, and passive avoidance behavior. These findings show that BDNF-dependent neuronal plasticity in the ACC, a structure known to be involved in the affective-emotional aspect of pain, is a key mechanism in the development and maintenance of the emotional aspect of chronic pain.
Functional Role of ATP Binding to Synapsin I In Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking and Release Dynamics
Authors: Orlando Marta , Lignani Gabriele , Maragliano Luca , Fassio Anna , Onofri Franco , Baldelli Pietro , Giovedí Silvia , Benfenati Fabio
Published: October 2014

Synapsins (Syns) are synaptic vesicle (SV)-associated proteins involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity, which display a highly conserved ATP binding site in the central C-domain, whose functional role is unknown.

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrated that ATP binding to SynI is mediated by a conformational transition of a flexible loop that opens to make the binding site accessible; such transition, prevented in the K269Q mutant, is not significantly affected in the absence of Ca2+or by the E373K mutation that abolishes Ca2+-binding. Indeed, the ATP binding to SynI also occurred under Ca2+-free conditions and increased its association with purified rat SVs regardless of the presence of Ca2+and promoted SynI oligomerization. However, although under Ca2+-free conditions, SynI dimerization and SV clustering were enhanced, Ca2+favored the formation of tetramers at the expense of dimers and did not affect SV clustering, indicating a role of Ca2+-dependent dimer/tetramer transitions in the regulation of ATP-dependent SV clustering.

To elucidate the role of ATP/SynI binding in synaptic physiology, mouse SynI knock-out hippocampal neurons were transduced with either wild-type or K269Q mutant SynI and inhibitory transmission was studied by patch-clamp and electron microscopy. K269Q-SynI expressing inhibitory synapses showed increased synaptic strength due to an increase in the release probability, an increased vulnerability to synaptic depression and a dysregulation of SV trafficking, when compared with wild-type SynI-expressing terminals. The results suggest that the ATP-SynI binding plays predocking and postdocking roles in the modulation of SV clustering and plasticity of inhibitory synapses.
Relative Valuation of Pain in Human Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: Winston Joel S. , Vlaev Ivo , Seymour Ben , Chater Nick , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: October 2014

The valuation of health-related states, including pain, is a critical issue in clinical practice, health economics, and pain neuroscience. Surprisingly the monetary value people associate with pain is highly context-dependent, with participants willing to pay more to avoid medium-level pain when presented in a context of low-intensity, rather than high-intensity, pain. Here, we ask whether context impacts upon the neural representation of pain itself, or alternatively the transformation of pain into valuation-driven behavior. While undergoing fMRI, human participants declared how much money they would be willing to pay to avoid repeated instances of painful cutaneous electrical stimuli delivered to the foot. We also implemented a contextual manipulation that involved presenting medium-level painful stimuli in blocks with either low- or high-level stimuli. We found no evidence of context-dependent activity within a conventional “pain matrix,” where pain-evoked activity reflected absolute stimulus intensity. By contrast, in right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, a strong contextual dependency was evident, and here activity tracked the contextual rank of the pain. The findings are in keeping with an architecture where an absolute pain valuation system and a rank-dependent system interact to influence willing to pay to avoid pain, with context impacting value-based behavior high in a processing hierarchy. This segregated processing hints that distinct neural representations reflect sensory aspects of pain and components that are less directly nociceptive whose integration also guides pain-related actions. A dominance of the latter might account for puzzling phenomena seen in somatization disorders where perceived pain is a dominant driver of behavior.
Annexin A2 Regulates TRPA1-Dependent Nociception
Authors: Avenali Luca , Narayanan Pratibha , Rouwette Tom , Cervellini Ilaria , Sereda Michael , Gomez-Varela David , Schmidt Manuela
Published: October 2014

The transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) channel is essential for vertebrate pain. Even though TRPA1 activation by ligands has been studied extensively, the molecular machinery regulating TRPA1 is only poorly understood. Using an unbiased proteomics-based approach we uncovered the physical association of Annexin A2 (AnxA2) with native TRPA1 in mouse sensory neurons. AnxA2 is enriched in a subpopulation of sensory neurons and coexpressed with TRPA1. Furthermore, we observe an increase of TRPA1 membrane levels in cultured sensory neurons from AnxA2-deficient mice. This is reflected by our calcium imaging experiments revealing higher responsiveness upon TRPA1 activation in AnxA2-deficient neurons.In vivothese findings are associated with enhanced nocifensive behaviors specifically in TRPA1-dependent paradigms of acute and inflammatory pain, while heat and mechanical sensitivity as well as TRPV1-mediated pain are preserved in AnxA2-deficient mice. Our results support a model whereby AnxA2 limits the availability of TRPA1 channels to regulate nociceptive signaling in vertebrates.
Taking Action in the Face of Threat: Neural Synchronization Predicts Adaptive Coping
Authors: Collins Katherine A. , Mendelsohn Avi , Cain Christopher K. , Schiller Daniela
Published: October 2014

The ability to take action in the face of threat is highly diverse across individuals. What are the neural processes that determine individual differences in the ability to cope with danger? We hypothesized that the extent of synchronization between amygdala, striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) would predict successful active coping performance. To test this, we developed a novel computer task based on the principals of Sidman avoidance. Healthy human participants learned through trial and error to move a marker between virtual game board compartments once every 3 s to avoid mild shocks. Behaviorally, participants exhibited large individual differences. Strikingly, both amygdala-mPFC and caudate-mPFC coupling during active coping trials covaried with final active coping performance across participants. These findings indicate that synchronization between mPFC subregions, and both amygdala and caudate predicts whether individuals will achieve successful active coping performance by the end of training. Thus, successful performance of adaptive actions in the face of threat requires functional synchronization of a neural circuit consisting of mPFC, striatum, and amygdala. Malfunction in the crosstalk between these components might underlie anxiety symptoms and impair individuals' ability to actively cope under stress. This opens an array of possibilities for therapeutic targets for fear and anxiety disorders.
Unique Function of Kinesin Kif5A in Localization of Mitochondria in Axons
Authors: Campbell Philip D. , Shen Kimberle , Sapio Matthew R. , Glenn Thomas D. , Talbot William S. , Marlow Florence L.
Published: October 2014

Mutations in Kinesin proteins (Kifs) are linked to various neurological diseases, but the specific and redundant functions of the vertebrate Kifs are incompletely understood. For example, Kif5A, but not other Kinesin-1 heavy-chain family members, is implicated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), but the mechanism of its involvement in the progressive axonal degeneration characteristic of these diseases is not well understood. We report that zebrafishkif5Aamutants exhibit hyperexcitability, peripheral polyneuropathy, and axonal degeneration reminiscent of CMT and HSP. Strikingly, althoughkif5genes are thought to act largely redundantly in other contexts, and zebrafish peripheral neurons express fivekif5genes,kif5Aamutant peripheral sensory axons lack mitochondria and degenerate. We show that this Kif5Aa-specific function is cell autonomous and is mediated by its C-terminal tail, as only Kif5Aa and chimeric motors containing the Kif5Aa C-tail can rescue deficits. Finally, concurrent loss of thekinesin-3,kif1b, or its adaptorkbp, exacerbates axonal degeneration via a nonmitochondrial cargo common to Kif5Aa. Our results shed light on Kinesin complexity and reveal determinants of specific Kif5A functions in mitochondrial transport, adaptor binding, and axonal maintenance.
Alcohol Binge Drinking during Adolescence or Dependence during Adulthood Reduces Prefrontal Myelin in Male Rats
Authors: Vargas Wanette M. , Bengston Lynn , Gilpin Nicholas W. , Whitcomb Brian W. , Richardson Heather N.
Published: October 2014

Teen binge drinking is associated with low frontal white matter integrity and increased risk of alcoholism in adulthood. This neuropathology may result from alcohol exposure or reflect a pre-existing condition in people prone to addiction. Here we used rodent models with documented clinical relevance to adolescent binge drinking and alcoholism in humans to test whether alcohol damages myelinated axons of the prefrontal cortex. In Experiment 1, outbred male Wistar rats self-administered sweetened alcohol or sweetened water intermittently for 2 weeks during early adolescence. In adulthood, drinking behavior was tested under nondependent conditions or after dependence induced by 1 month of alcohol vapor intoxication/withdrawal cycles, and prefrontal myelin was examined 1 month into abstinence. Adolescent binge drinking or adult dependence induction reduced the size of the anterior branches of the corpus callosum, i.e., forceps minor (CCFM), and this neuropathology correlated with higher relapse-like drinking in adulthood. Degraded myelin basic protein in the gray matter medial to the CCFMof binge rats indicated myelin was damaged on axons in the mPFC. In follow-up studies we found that binge drinking reduced myelin density in the mPFC in adolescent rats (Experiment 2) and heavier drinking predicted worse performance on the T-maze working memory task in adulthood (Experiment 3). These findings establish a causal role of voluntary alcohol on myelin and give insight into specific prefrontal axons that are both sensitive to alcohol and could contribute to the behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with early onset drinking and alcoholism.
Androgens and androgen receptor signaling in prostate tumorigenesis
Authors: Zhou Ye , Bolton Eric C , Jones Jeremy O
Published: October 2014

Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) signaling are necessary for prostate development and homeostasis. AR signaling also drives the growth of nearly all prostate cancer cells. The role of androgens and AR signaling has been well characterized in metastatic prostate cancer, where it has been shown that prostate cancer cells are exquisitely adept at maintaining functional AR signaling to drive cancer growth. As androgens and AR signaling are so intimately involved in prostate development and the proliferation of advanced prostate cancer, it stands to reason that androgens and AR are also involved in prostate cancer initiation and the early stages of cancer growth, yet little is known of this process. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the role of androgens and AR signaling in prostate tissue, from development to metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer, and use that information to suggest potential roles for androgens and AR in prostate cancer initiation.
Efeito da idade relativa em atletas olímpicos de triatlo
Authors: Werneck Francisco Zacaron , Lima Jorge Roberto Perrout de , Coelho Emerson Filipino , Matta Marcelo de Oliveira , Figueiredo Antônio José Barata
Published: October 2014

INTRODUÇÃO: Nas competições esportivas disputadas por categorias de idade, acredita-se que jovens nascidos nos primeiros meses do ano tenham vantagens, por serem alguns meses mais maduros do que seus pares. Esta diferença na idade relativa pode influenciar a seleção dos atletas pelos treinadores. Este fenômeno, comumente estudado em esportes coletivos, tem sido pouco investigado em esportes individuais.OBJETIVO: O presente estudo analisou o trimestre de nascimento dos atletas olímpicos de triatlo de ambos os sexos que participaram das Olimpíadas de Londres 2012.MÉTODOS: Foi identificado o quartil (trimestre) de nascimento de 111 atletas (55 homens e 56 mulheres). Para a análise dos dados, empregou-se o teste qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%.RESULTADOS: Nos homens, foi observada uma maior predominância de atletas nascidos no primeiro e segundo quartis (X2 = 11,545; gl= 3; p=0,01), enquanto que nas mulheres esta tendência não foi observada (X2=1,286; gl=3; p=0,73). Verificou-se ainda relação significativa entre o semestre de nascimento e a conquista de medalhas.CONCLUSÃO: O efeito da idade relativa foi observado nos triatletas das Olimpíadas de Londres 2012 do sexo masculino, sendo relacionado ao desempenho dos atletas. Isto sugere que a data de nascimento pode ter influenciado a seleção desses atletas nas etapas de formação. Novos estudos ainda são necessários para confirmar o fenômeno da idade relativa no triatlo.
Hospitalization of older adults due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions
Authors: Marques Aline Pinto , Montilla Dalia Elena Romero , Almeida Wanessa da Silva de , Andrade Carla Lourenço Tavares de
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE To analyze the temporal evolution of the hospitalization of older adults due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions according to their structure, magnitude and causes. METHODS Cross-sectional study based on data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System and from the Primary Care Information System, referring to people aged 60 to 74 years living in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Souhteastern Brazil. The proportion and rate of hospitalizations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions were calculated, both the global rate and, according to diagnoses, the most prevalent ones. The coverage of the Family Health Strategy and the number of medical consultations attended by older adults in primary care were estimated. To analyze the indicators’ impact on hospitalizations, a linear correlation test was used. RESULTS We found an intense reduction in hospitalizations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions for all causes and age groups. Heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases concentrated 50.0% of the hospitalizations. Adults older than 69 years had a higher risk of hospitalization due to one of these causes. We observed a higher risk of hospitalization among men. A negative correlation was found between the hospitalizations and the indicators of access to primary care. CONCLUSIONS Primary healthcare in the state of Rio de Janeiro has been significantly impacting the hospital morbidity of the older population. Studies of hospitalizations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions can aid the identification of the main causes that are sensitive to the intervention of the health services, in order to indicate which actions are more effective to reduce hospitalizations and to increase the population’s quality of life.
O entendimento da contabilidade gerencial sob a ótica da teoria institucional
Authors: Guerreiro Reinaldo , Frezatti Fábio , Lopes Alexsandro Broedel , Pereira Carlos Alberto
Published: October 2014

Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre o paradoxo da estabilidade dos sistemas de contabilidade gerencial, ou seja, sobre as razões pelas quais as organizações, na prática, utilizam muito pouco a base conceitual disponível na teoria. A base conceitual da teoria da contabilidade gerencial é fundamentada na teoria neoclássica da firma, cujos pressupostos básicos são: (i) a maximização racional dos agentes econômicos e (ii) o equilíbrio geral proporcionado pelas forças de mercado. O estudo de caráter teórico apresenta críticas à teoria neoclássica e demonstra que, segundo a abordagem da denominada velha economia institucional (OIE - old institutional economics), a contabilidade gerencial praticada pelas empresas é uma instituição formada a partir de hábitos e rotinas que dão sentido aos relacionamentos dos grupos da organização. O estudo indica que as organizações não utilizam em larga escala as novas abordagens de contabilidade gerencial porque os processos de institucionalização dos novos conceitos efetivamente não ocorreram.
Postdoctoral Periodontal Program Directors’ Perspectives of Resident Selection
Authors: Khan Saba , Carmosino Andrew J. , Yuan Judy Chia‐Chun , Lucchiari Newton , Kawar Nadia , Sukotjo Cortino
Published: October 2014

Background: Applications for postdoctoral periodontal programs have recently increased. The National Board Dental Examinations (NBDE) has adopted a pass/fail format. The purpose of this study is to examine the criteria used by accredited postdoctoral periodontal programs in the United States to evaluate potential applicants. A secondary purpose was to determine whether the absence of NBDE scores would change program directors’ selection process. Basic demographic information of the program directors was also collected.

Methods: A questionnaire was sent to all 54 program directors of accredited postdoctoral periodontal programs in the United States. The raw data were compiled, descriptive analyses were performed, and results were tabulated and ranked when applicable.

Results: Thirty‐five of 54 program directors (64.8%) responded to the survey. The five most important factors in selecting residents were: 1) interview ratings; 2) dental school clinical grades; 3) dental school periodontics grades; 4) personal statement; and 5) letters of recommendation. The majority of the programs (94%; n = 33) require an interview, and many (86%; n = 30) have a committee that makes the final decision on candidate acceptance. More than half of the respondents (56%; n = 17) stated that the pass/fail format of the NBDE would affect the decision‐making process.

Conclusions: This study describes the criteria used by postdoctoral periodontal programs to help select applicants. Interview ratings, dental school grades, personal statements, and letters of recommendation were found to be the most important factors. Results from this study may be helpful for prospective postdoctoral periodontal program applicants in the United States.
Taxonomies of Educational Technology Uses: Dewey, Chip and Me
Authors: Levin James A.
Published: October 2014

In the early 1990s, Chip Bruce created a taxonomy of education technology uses, which the author of the article helped to expand and evaluate. This taxonomy is based on John Dewey's ‘four impulses of the child’: inquiry, construction, communication, and expression. This taxonomy has helped people interested in the uses of technologies for education to better understand the range of uses and it has also helped spur the development of new uses.
Inquiry, Multidisciplinary Languages, and Connections: In the Context of Qualitative Research Methodology
Authors: Bresler Liora
Published: October 2014

This article examines the ways in which art and aesthetics provide powerful and rich models for inquiry and connection, facilitating fresh perception, conceptualization, and engagement in qualitative research. The very engagement with research parallels the engagement with the arts. In this engagement, problem setting and problem solving, the conceptual and the embodied, the analytic and the holistic, are interconnected and interdependent. This article discusses a specific pedagogy used in the author's research courses to develop and nurture this inquiring mindset: a museum activity around consonant and dissonant artworks (‘bounded systems’) that targets the skills of observation and conceptualization, the identification of relevant contexts for inquiry, and the generation of directions for further inquiry.
Evidence for a Direct Effect of the NAD+ Precursor Acipimox on Muscle Mitochondrial Function in Humans
Authors: van de Weijer Tineke , Phielix Esther , Bilet Lena , Williams Evan G. , Ropelle Eduardo R. , Bierwagen Alessandra , Livingstone Roshan , Nowotny Peter , Sparks Lauren M. , Paglialunga Sabina , Szendroedi Julia , Havekes Bas , Moullan Norman , Pirinen Eija , Hwang Jong-Hee , Schrauwen-Hinderling Vera B. , Hesselink Matthijs K.C. , Auwerx Johan , Roden Michael , Schrauwen Patrick
Published: October 2014

Recent preclinical studies showed the potential of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors to increase oxidative phosphorylation and improve metabolic health, but human data are lacking. We hypothesize that the nicotinic acid derivative acipimox, an NAD+ precursor, would directly affect mitochondrial function independent of reductions in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. In a multicenter randomized crossover trial, 21 patients with type 2 diabetes (age 57.7 ± 1.1 years, BMI 33.4 ± 0.8 kg/m2) received either placebo or acipimox 250 mg three times daily dosage for 2 weeks. Acipimox treatment increased plasma NEFA levels (759 ± 44 vs. 1,135 ± 97 μmol/L for placebo vs. acipimox, P < 0.01) owing to a previously described rebound effect. As a result, skeletal muscle lipid content increased and insulin sensitivity decreased. Despite the elevated plasma NEFA levels, ex vivo mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle increased. Subsequently, we showed that acipimox treatment resulted in a robust elevation in expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene sets and a mitonuclear protein imbalance, which may indicate activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Further studies in C2C12 myotubes confirmed a direct effect of acipimox on NAD+ levels, mitonuclear protein imbalance, and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that NAD+ boosters can also directly affect skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in humans.
Dual Add-on Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Poorly Controlled With Metformin Monotherapy: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial of Saxagliptin Plus Dapagliflozin Addition Versus Single Addition of Saxagliptin or Dapagliflozin to Metformin
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Hansen Lars , Zee Pamela , Li Yan , Cook William , Hirshberg Boaz , Iqbal Nayyar
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE

This study compared the efficacy and safety of dual add-on of saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin versus saxagliptin and dapagliflozin added on alone in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled with metformin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a double-blind trial in adults with HbA1c ≥8.0% and ≤12.0% (64–108 mmol/mol), randomized to saxagliptin (SAXA) (5 mg/day) plus dapagliflozin (DAPA) (10 mg/day; n = 179), or SAXA (5 mg/day) and placebo (n = 176), or DAPA (10 mg/day) and placebo (n = 179) on background metformin extended release (MET) ≥1,500 mg/day. Primary objective compared changes from baseline in HbA1c with SAXA+DAPA+MET versus SAXA+MET and DAPA+MET.

RESULTS

Patients had a mean baseline HbA1c of 8.9% (74 mmol/mol), diabetes duration of 7.6 years, and a BMI of 32 kg/m2. At week 24, the adjusted mean change from the baseline HbA1c was –1.5% (–16.1 mmol/mol) with SAXA+DAPA+MET versus –0.9% (–9.6 mmol/mol) with SAXA+MET (difference −0.59% [–6.4 mmol/mol], P < 0.0001) and –1.2% (–13.1 mmol/mol) with DAPA+MET (difference −0.27% [3.0 mmol/mol], P < 0.02). The proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <7% (53 mmol/mol) was 41% with SAXA+DAPA+MET versus 18% with SAXA+MET and 22% with DAPA+MET. Urinary and genital infections occurred in ≤1% of patients receiving SAXA+DAPA+MET. Hypoglycemia was infrequent, with no episodes of major hypoglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS

In this first report of adding a well-tolerated combination of saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin to background metformin therapy in patients poorly controlled with metformin, greater improvements in glycemic control were obtained with triple therapy by the dual addition of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin than dual therapy with the addition of saxagliptin or dapagliflozin alone.
Biosynthesis of ethyl butyrate with immobilized Candida rugosa lipase onto modified Eupergit®C
Authors: Spinelli Daniele , Coppi Simone , Basosi Riccardo , Pogni Rebecca
Published: October 2014

Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized onto the modified Eupergit®C. The support was treated with ethylenediamine and subsequently activated with glutaraldehyde. Enzyme immobilization efficiency was 85%. The optimum pH was close to 6.5 for both the free and immobilized lipase. Immobilized lipase retained its maximum activity in a temperature range of 55 – 60°C. Subsequently, ethyl butyrate synthesis was investigated using immobilized enzyme by esterification of butyric acid with ethanol in solvent-free conditions (23% product yield) and using hexane as a solvent (65% product yield). The acid-alcohol molar ratio and different enzyme amounts were tested as efficient reaction parameters. The biocatalyst maintained 60% of its activity when reused in 8 successive batch reactions in organic solvent. Therefore, the immobilized lipase has demonstrated its potential in practical applications such as short-chain ester synthesis for the food industry.
Physical Therapists' Level of McKenzie Education, Functional Outcomes, and Utilization in Patients With Low Back Pain
Authors: Deutscher Daniel , Werneke Mark W. , Gottlieb Ditza , Fritz Julie M. , Resnik Linda
Published: October 2014

Study Design

Longitudinal, prospective, observational cohort.

Objective

To examine associations between McKenzie training, functional status (FS) at discharge, and number of physical therapy visits (utilization) in patients receiving physical therapy for low back pain.

Background

The McKenzie method is commonly used in treating patients with low back pain.

Methods

A McKenzie postgraduate educational program was initiated in a large outpatient physical therapy service. Functional status data were collected at intake and at discharge. Separate hierarchical linear mixed models were used to examine associations between physical therapists' McKenzie training level (none; Parts A, B, C, and D; and credentialed), FS score at discharge, and utilization, controlling for patient risk factors.

Results

The final data set included 20 882 patients (mean ± SD age, 51 ± 16 years; 57% women) who completed FS surveys at both admission and discharge. Patients treated by physical therapists with any McKenzie training had better outcomes (additional 0.7 to 1.3 FS points; P<.05 to <.001) and fewer visits (0.6 to 0.9, P<.001) compared to patients treated by physical therapists with no training. For patients treated by therapists with no versus some McKenzie education, 65% versus 70% achieved at least the minimal clinically important improvement, respectively. There were no significant differences in outcomes or utilization by level of McKenzie training.

Conclusion

There was a slightly greater improvement of 0.7 to 1.3 points in FS at discharge in patients receiving physical therapy for low back pain by physical therapists who underwent McKenzie training. This difference was clinically important for an additional 5% of patients who achieved the minimal clinically important improvement when treated by therapists with some McKenzie training. Reduction in physical therapy utilization was 0.6 to 0.9 visits, with the fewest visits utilized by patients of physical therapists at the McKenzie Part D and credentialed levels. Together, these findings suggest improved cost-effectiveness at advanced McKenzie training levels. Ways to improve ongoing education and patient outcomes were proposed.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(12):925–936. Epub 29 October 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5272
Development and in-house Validation of a Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for the Semi-quantification of Eleven Mycotoxins in Maize Samples
Authors: Boutsiadou-Theurillat Xanthippe , Meier Pierre , Richard Christian
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study is a current trend in chemical food safety control to increase monitoring of the co-occurrence of mycotoxins. Unsanitary conditions during harvesting, drying, packing and storage in production and processing of cereals can effect mycotoxin contamination. A method
was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, fumonisins B1 and B2, zearalenone, and toxins T-2 and HT-2, allowing confirmation of their presence in maize samples as well as their identification and semi-quantification.
The mycotoxins are extracted with a mixture of methanol/water, diluted with water and 0.1% formic acid and then analyzed by LC-HESI-MS/MS in a single 12 min run in positive mode. Multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) is applied by using two abundant fragments for each mycotoxin. Matrix effects
are compensated using external matrix-matched calibration curves. Recoveries, calculated by spiking blank maize samples, ranging from 95.2% to 113.4%, were in accordance with the performance criteria required by the European Commission and intraday reproducibility ranged from 4.2% to 13.2%.
Proficiency test materials and reference materials were analyzed to assess the accuracy of the method with satisfying results for the 11 mycotoxins. The method was used for monitoring of maize samples on sale in Switzerland.
Continued seasonal circulation of enterovirus D68 in the Netherlands, 2011–2014
Authors: Meijer A , Benschop K S , Donker G A , van der Avoort H G
Published: October 2014

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Acquiring the Power of Natives: The Socio-Economic Transition of Malabar into the Colonial Economy, 1792-1812
Authors: Sandeep T
Published: October 2014

The end of the eighteenth century, the English East India Company dominated most of the part of the Indian peninsula. In a way, it was also considered as the revolutionary transition of the Indian society through the westernization. At the same time, some historians point out that, it was the period of anarchy as well as the dark age of the Indian history. The English East India Company controlled the trade between India and Europe, and finally they acquired the administrative power over India. In the context of Malabar, the English East India Company took the administration in 1792, and emerged as a kind of superlord through the domination over the indigenous rulers. The advent of the Company rule in Malabar replaced the traditional customs and introduced structural changes in the society and economy. This study emphasis on the people’s attitude towards the Company administration in Malabar  and how they incorporated to the ‘new administration’. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i4.11180 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-1, issue-4: 160-163