bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PTP-PEST controls EphA3 activation and ephrin-induced cytoskeletal remodelling
Authors: Mansour Mariam , Nievergall Eva , Gegenbauer Kristina , Llerena Carmen , Atapattu Lakmali , Hallé Maxime , Tremblay Michel L. , Janes Peter W. , Lackmann Martin
Published: December 2015

Eph receptors and their corresponding membrane-bound ephrin ligands regulate cell positioning and establish tissue patterns during embryonic and oncogenic development. Emerging evidence suggests that assembly of polymeric Eph signalling clusters relies on cytoskeletal reorganisation and underlies regulation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTP-PEST is a central regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Here we demonstrate that an N‑terminal fragment of PTP-PEST, generated through ephrinA5-triggered, spatially confined cleavage by caspase‑3, attenuates EphA3 receptor activation and its internalisation. Isolation of EphA3 receptor signalling clusters within intact plasma membrane fragments by detergent-free cell fractionation reveals that stimulation of cells with ephrin triggers effective recruitment of this catalytically active truncated form of PTP-PEST together with key cytoskeletal and focal adhesion proteins. Importantly, modulation of actin polymerisation using pharmacological and dominant-negative approaches affects EphA3 phosphorylation similar to overexpression of PTP-PEST. We conclude that PTP-PEST regulates EphA3 activation both by affecting cytoskeletal remodelling and via its direct action as PTP controlling EphA3 phosphorylation, indicating its multifaceted regulation of Eph signalling.
CDK-dependent phosphorylation of PHD1 on serine 130 alters its substrate preference in cells
Authors: Ortmann Brian , Bensaddek Dalila , Carvalhal Sara , Moser Sandra C. , Mudie Sharon , Griffis Eric R. , Swedlow Jason R. , Lamond Angus I. , Rocha Sonia
Published: December 2015

PHD1 (also known as EGLN2) belongs to a family of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) that are involved in the control of the cellular response to hypoxia. PHD1 is also able to regulate mitotic progression through the regulation of the crucial centrosomal protein Cep192, establishing a link between the oxygen-sensing and the cell cycle machinery. Here, we demonstrate that PHD1 is phosphorylated by CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 at S130. This phosphorylation fluctuates with the cell cycle and can be induced through oncogenic activation. Functionally, PHD1 phosphorylation leads to increased induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) protein levels and activity during hypoxia. PHD1 phosphorylation does not alter its intrinsic enzymatic activity, but instead decreases the interaction between PHD1 and HIF1α. Interestingly, although phosphorylation of PHD1 at S130 lowers its activity towards HIF1α, this modification increases the activity of PHD1 towards Cep192. These results establish a mechanism by which cell cycle mediators, such as CDKs, temporally control the activity of PHD1, directly altering the regulation of HIF1α and Cep192.
Cold-hardening during long-term acclimation in a freeze-tolerant woolly bear caterpillar, Pyrrharctia isabella
Authors: Yi Shu-Xia , Lee Richard E.
Published: December 2015

The banded woolly bear caterpillar, Pyrrharctia isabella (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) overwinters in leaf litter and survives freezing under natural conditions. Following 18 weeks of cold acclimation at 5°C, all caterpillars could survive one week of continuous freezing at −20°C or 7 cycles of freezing-thawing at −20°C, but none survived freezing at −80°C. Field-collected caterpillars had a Tc (temperature of crystallization) of −7.7±0.5°C that decreased significantly to −9.5±0.6°C after 12 weeks of acclimation at 5°C. Hemolymph levels of free proline, total amino acids and proteins reached a peak during the first four weeks of acclimation; concomitantly, hemolymph osmolality increased markedly during this interval (from 364 to 1282 mosmol/kg). In contrast, hemolymph pH decreased during the first four weeks of acclimation before this trend reversed and pH values gradually returned to initial values. However, pH reached its peak value following one week at −20°C but decreased after longer periods of freezing. During cold acclimation, cholesterol levels decreased in the hemolymph and the membrane fraction of fat body but not in other tissues. Lethal freezing at −80°C, reduced cell survival in foregut tissue and caused leakage of free proline, total amino acids and proteins from tissues into the hemolymph. The addition of glycerol to the bathing medium reduced freezing injury in fat body cells as evidenced by reduced leakage of amino acids and proteins.
Minimizing the cost of locomotion with inclined trunk predicts crouched leg kinematics of small birds at realistic levels of elastic recoil
Authors: Rode Christian , Sutedja Yefta , Kilbourne Brandon M. , Blickhan Reinhard , Andrada Emanuel
Published: December 2015

Small birds move with pronograde trunk orientation and crouched legs. While the pronograde trunk has been suggested to be beneficial for grounded running, the cause(s) of the specific leg kinematics are unknown. Here we show that three charadriiform bird species (northern lapwing, oystercatcher, and avocet; great examples of closely related species that differ remarkably in their hind limb design) move their leg segments during stance in a way that minimizes the cost of locomotion. We prescribed the trunk motion and the ground reaction forces to a kinematic model of the birds. The model was used to search for leg configurations that minimize leg work that accounts for two factors: elastic recoil in the intertarsal joint and cheaper negative muscle work relative to positive muscle work. A physiological level of elasticity (about 0.6) yielded segment motions that match the experimental data best, with a root mean square of angular deviations of about 2.1°. This finding suggests that the exploitation of elastic recoil shapes the crouched leg kinematics of small birds under the constraint of pronograde trunk motion. Considering that an upright trunk and more extended legs likely decrease the cost of locomotion, our results imply that the cost of locomotion is a secondary movement criterion for small birds. Scaling arguments suggest that our approach may be utilized to provide new insights into the motion of extinct species like dinosaurs.
Volumetric flow imaging reveals the importance of vortex ring formation in squid swimming tail-first and arms-first
Authors: Bartol I. K. , Krueger P. S. , Jastrebsky R. A. , Williams S. , Thompson J. T.
Published: December 2015

Squids use a pulsed jet and fin movements to swim both arms-first (forward) and tail-first (backward). Given the complexity of the squid multi-propulsor system, 3D velocimetry techniques are required for the comprehensive study of wake dynamics. Defocusing digital particle tracking velocimetry, a volumetric velocimetry technique, and high-speed videography were used to study arms-first and tail-first swimming of brief squid Lolliguncula brevis over a broad range of speeds (0-10 dorsal mantle lengths (DML) s−1) in a swim tunnel. Although there was considerable complexity in the wakes of these multi-propulsor swimmers, 3D vortex rings and their derivatives were prominent reoccurring features during both tail-first and arms-first swimming, with the greatest jet and fin flow complexity occuring at intermediate speeds (1.5 – 3.0 DML s−1). The jet generally produced the majority of thrust during rectilinear swimming, increasing in relative importance with speed, and the fins provided no thrust at speeds >4.5 DML s−1. For both swimming orientations, the fins sometimes acted as stabilizers, producing negative thrust (drag), and consistently provided lift at low/intermediate speeds (<2.0 DML s−1) to counteract negative buoyancy. Propulsive efficiency (η) increased with speed irrespective of swimming orientation, and η for swimming sequences with clear isolated jet vortex rings was significantly greater (η = 78.6 ± 7.6% (s.d.)) than swimming sequences with clear elongated regions of concentrated jet vorticity (η = 67.9 ± 19.2% (s.d.)). This study reveals the complexity of 3D vortex wake flows produced by nekton with hydrodynamically distinct propulsors.
The thick left ventricular wall of the giraffe heart normalises wall tension, but limits stroke volume and cardiac output
Authors: Smerup Morten , Damkjær Mads , Brøndum Emil , Baandrup Ulrik T. , Kristiansen Steen Buus , Nygaard Hans , Aalkjær Christian , Sauer Cathrine , Buchanan Rasmus , Bertelsen Mads Frost , Østergaard Kristine , Grøndahl Carsten , Candy Geoffrey , Hasenkam J. Michael , Secher Niels H. , Bie Peter , Wang Tobias
Published: December 2015

Giraffes – the tallest extant animals on Earth – are renowned for their high central arterial blood pressure, which is necessary to secure brain perfusion. The pressure which may exceed 300 mmHg has historically been attributed to an exceptionally large heart. Recently, this has been refuted by several studies demonstrating that the mass of giraffe heart is similar to that of other mammals when expressed relative to body mass. It remains enigmatic, however, how the normal-sized giraffe heart generates such massive arterial pressures.

We hypothesized that giraffe hearts have a small intraventricular cavity and a relatively thick ventricular wall, allowing for generation of high arterial pressures at normal left ventricular wall tension. In nine anaesthetized giraffes (495±38 kg), we determined in vivo ventricular dimensions using echocardiography along with intraventricular and aortic pressures to calculate left ventricular wall stress. Cardiac output was also determined by inert gas rebreathing to provide an additional and independent estimate of stroke volume. Echocardiography and inert gas-rebreathing yielded similar cardiac outputs of 16.1±2.5 and 16.4±1.4 l min−1, respectively. End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were 521±61 ml and 228±42 ml, yielding an ejection fraction of 56±4%, and a stroke volume of 0.59 ml kg−1. Left ventricular circumferential wall stress was 7.83±1.76 kPa. We conclude that, relative to body mass, a small left ventricular cavity and a low stroke volume characterizes the giraffe heart. The adaptations result in typical mammalian left ventricular wall tensions, but results in lowered cardiac output.
Characteristics of Pore Volume Distribution and Methane Adsorption on Shales
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhang Ningsheng , Liu Xiaojuan , Wu Xinmin , Chen Jie , Ma Lijing
Published: December 2015

Shale pore structure has an important effect upon shale-gas adsorption. In order to quantify their contribution to the total amount of adsorbed gas, we investigate the pore volume distribution on shale, coal, isolated kerogen, and clay samples using low pressure nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption method. And a series of methane adsorption isotherms on the samples was measured by a volumetric approach at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C under pressures up to 10 MPa. Results indicate that a strong correlation exists between TOC and micropore volume of shale, but to verify the correlations between BET surface area and TOC, or micropore volume and Ro are still difficult. Certain isotherms on shales differ from Type I IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) isotherm. The unusual shape may be attributed to shale pore structure or composition. Finally, the modified D-A-Langmuir model including pore distribution parameters can provide a precise representation of the methane adsorption data on shales. The findings of this study are applicable to the accurate resource assessments and recovery technologies for shale-gas.
Amphibians: biology and captive care
Authors: Naguib Mark , Reid Liam
Published: December 2015

In order to successfully diagnose and treat the amphibian patient, the veterinary surgeon must have a good knowledge of their natural history, biology, and environmental and nutritional requirements. In the first of two articles on amphibian husbandry and medicine, the authors cover the basics of amphibian biology and provide an overview of their captive husbandry.
Formalized prescribing error feedback from hospital pharmacists: doctors' attitudes and opinions
Authors: Lloyd M , Watmough SD , O'Brien SV , Furlong N , Hardy K
Published: December 2015

Doctors have reported a lack of awareness of their prescribing errors with lack of feedback considered a system failure. This article summarizes the views of hospital doctors about receiving formal prescribing error feedback from ward-based pharmacists.
The effect of end-of-range grade A+ knee mobilisation following acute primary total knee arthroplasty: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Pereira Luis C , Jolles Brigitte M
Published: December 2015

Background/Aims:

Although the number of total knee arthroplasty procedures being performed is increasing worldwide, the rehabilitation protocols following surgery are poorly studied in the literature. Research suggests that exercise therapy and joint mobilisation are recommended in the later stages of osteoarthritis. However, best practice for rehabilitation in the immediate postoperative period is yet to be determined. This prospective randomised controlled trial examined whether adding grade A+ joint mobilisation to the standard in-hospital rehabilitative approach would increase pain (based on recordings of pain intensity on the visual analogue scale) and improve range of motion in the knee.

Methods:

Participants (n=32; mean±SD age: 71.1± 8.9 years) undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty at a university hospital were randomly assigned to two equal groups. Measurements were recorded before surgery and on the first, third and seventh days following total knee arthroplasty. All participants received standard care postoperatively, with participants in the experimental group receiving additional grade A+ joint mobilisation for knee flexion and extension twice a day for 20 minutes using the JAS Knee system (Joint Active Systems®, Effingham, Illinois).

Results:

There were no statistically significant differences in visual analogue scale scores or range of motion in all measurements (p > 0.05). Increased range of motion at a faster pace was observed in the obese subgroup of patients (p = 0.016). Other factors such as age, body mass index, type of anaesthesia and implant model did not influence the final outcome.

Conclusions:

Early grade A+ joint mobilisation combined with the standard in-hospital rehabilitative approach is safe to be used during the post-acute phase of rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. Despite increasing trends in the obese subgroup of patients, adding grade A+ joint mobilisation to the standard protocol did not significantly improve overall range of motion. The results of this study and heterogeneities in the literature identify the need for further research and development in this area.
An introduction to black humour as a coping mechanism for student paramedics
Authors: Christopher Sarah
Published: December 2015

Black or gallows humour has long been recognised as having therapeutic value, particularly when used by individuals dealing with traumatic incidents. With this in mind, it is no surprise that this type of humour is commonly used by emergency services personnel. It is a bona fide coping mechanism which can contribute to the resilience, health and wellbeing of emergency services personnel but one which, to the uninitiated, may appear callous and uncaring. With student paramedics now taking the higher educational route into paramedicine, they will have had less exposure to ambulance service culture before qualifying than would have been the case with the old ‘in service’ pathway. This often results in the type of humour employed by their new colleagues coming as something of a culture shock. This article hopes to go some way to explain why this type of humour is employed, what purposes it serves, and prepare students so that it may appear less shocking when they first encounter it.
The Maine, the Romney and the Threads of Conspiracy in Cuba
Authors: Paul Ryer
Published: December 2015

What constitutes a conspiracy, and what are the stakes of popular theories of conspiracy? This article addresses these questions through an ethno-historical examination of narratives about conspiracies endured and posited by Cuban people. Long before the Revolution in 1959, continuing through the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, numerous assassination attempts against Fidel Castro, and onward to recent claims of biological warfare orchestrated by the government of the US, conspiracy theories have circulated widely in Cuba and its diasporic enclaves. Drawing on ethnographic and historical data, the article embeds present-day narratives of conspiracy in the longer-run history of Cuban conspiracy theories such as those initially presented in the case of the USS Maine and its nineteenth-century precursors, notably including the stationing of the HMS Romney in Havana harbour, and the so-called conspiracy of La Escalera in 1844. It argues, ultimately, that these tales are always morality tales, counterposing nefarious agents of an illegitimate external power to the imagined community of those (including the narrator's self and audience) thus disenfranchised. In that sense, then, the truth value of any particular account of conspiracy is irrelevant to the larger truth of Empire.
Talking about Race in Cuba: Four Trans-Atlantic African Diaspora Women Share Their Experience
Authors: Nataka Moore  , Tiffany McDowell  , Mildred Watson  , Caridad Morales Nussa
Published: December 2015

Descendants of the African Diaspora have encountered different challenges to well-being within their respective countries. In Cuba, it appears that while the Cuban Revolution attempted to level the outcomes for all citizens, Black Cubans remain marginalised and targets of discrimination. We, three African American and one Black Cuban women researchers, used a roundtable approach to analyse our experiences in Cuba. Using our individual reflections as data, the four of us sought to make meaning of cultural identity and expression within Cuba, and impact on well-being. Implications of this work can inform interventions for well-being of multiple African Diasporic populations in North and South America.
Effect of Dried Blood Spot Quality on Newborn Screening Analyte Concentrations and Recommendations for Minimum Acceptance Criteria for Sample Analysis
Authors: George Roanna S , Moat Stuart J
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

The analysis of dried blood spots has been used routinely for newborn screening since the early 1970s, and the number of disorders screened has expanded substantially in recent years. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding minimum blood spot quality acceptance criteria for sample analysis.

METHODS

Blood pools were spiked with phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, methionine, octanoylcarnitine, decanoylcarnitine, isovalerylcarnitine, glutarylcarnitine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and immunoreactive trypsinogen to concentrations at the analytical cutoffs used in UK screening protocols. We evaluated the effect of sample volume applied to the card (10, 20, 50, 75, and 100 μL), punch location (central vs peripheral), and sample quality (double layering, applying blood to both sides of the filter paper, multispotting, applying insufficient sample, and compressing the sample after application).

RESULTS

Compression of blood spots produced significantly lower results (14%–44%) for all analytes measured (P < 0.001). Smaller blood spots produced significantly lower results (15%–24% for 10-μL vs 50-μL sample size) for all analytes at all concentrations measured (P < 0.001). Results obtained from peripheral punches were higher than those from a central punch, although this did not reach statistical significance for all analytes. Insufficient and multispotted samples demonstrated heterogeneous results.

CONCLUSIONS

All blood spots containing ≤20 μL (blood spot diameter <8 mm), those in which blood has not fully penetrated the filter paper, and all samples with evidence of compression should be rejected, since there is a risk of producing false-negative results.
Modelling sawn timber volume and strength development at the individual tree level – essential model features by the example of Douglas fir
Authors: Poschenrieder Werner , Rais Andreas , van de Kuilen Jan-Willem G. , Pretzsch Hans
Published: December 2015

We designed a streamlined timber growth and quality model that aims at the effect of stand management on the efficiency of wood resource use. Applying the R based module toolbox to experimental plots of Douglas fir ( [Mirb.] Franco) we analysed essential model features for reflecting the influence of planting density on board strength. The current version realistically predicted a significant increase of centre board bending strength at tree age 40 with initial stand density. Model performance gained clear advantage from a) parameterisation of height to diameter allometry as dependent on planting density b) consideration of cambial age and crossâsectional knot area in board strength computation. Crown shape was less decisive. The model produced a significant effect of planting density even after a whole rotation period of 70Â years as well as a realistic spectrum of board bending strength.Pseudotsuga menziesii
RBniCS - reduced order modelling in FEniCS
Authors: Ballarin Francesco , Sartori Alberto , Rozza Gianluigi
Published: December 2015

RBniCS (freely available under the GNU LGPL, version 3, at http://mathlab.sissa.it/rbnics) is a python-based library, developed on top of FEniCS (http://fenicsproject.org), aimed at the developement of reduced order models in the FEniCS environment. In particular, reduced order techniques such as the certified reduced basis method and proper orthogonal decomposition-Galerkin methods are implemented. The FEniCS project allows RBniCS to take advantage of the high-level (e.g., human readable) code used for the automated solution of partial differential equations. Thanks to the features of FEniCS the final user needs to prepare a short code (around 100 lines) to carry out a reduced order simulation.

It is ideally suited for novice users willing to learn reduced basis methods and reduced order modelling, thanks to an object-oriented approach and an intuitive and versatile python interface. Indeed, it is a companion of the introductory reduced basis handbook [Hesthaven, Rozza, Stamm. Certified Reduced Basis Methods for Parametrized Partial Differential Equations. SpringerBriefs in Mathematics, Springer International Publishing, 2015], and has been already used in doctoral classes within the "Mathematical Analysis, Modelling, and Applications" PhD course at SISSA, as well as for courses within the "Master in High Performance Computing" held by SISSA and International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).

RBniCS can also be used as a basis for more advanced projects that would like to assess the capability of reduced order models in their existing FEniCS-based software, thanks to the availability of several reduced order methods and algorithms in the library.
Marxism and Ecology: Common Fonts of a Great Transition
Authors: Foster John Bellamy
Published: December 2015

To link Marxism and ecological transition may seem at first like trying to bridge two entirely different movements and discourses, each with its own history and logic: one having mainly to do with class relations, the other with the relation between humans and the environment. However, historically socialism has influenced the development of ecological thought and practice, while ecology has informed socialist thought and practice. Since the nineteenth century, the relationship between the two has been complex, interdependent, and dialectical.… This essay unearths the deep ecological roots of Marx's thought, showing how he brought an environmental perspective to bear on the overarching question of social transformation. From there it traces the evolution of Marxian ecology, illuminating its profound, formative link to modern ecological economics and systems ecology. It concludes with the wider project of building the broad and deep social movement required to halt and reverse ecological and social destruction.

Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Reconstructing Marx's Critique of Political Economy from His London Notebooks
Authors: Saito Kohei
Published: December 2015

Lucia Pradella, Globalization and the Critique of Political Economy: New Insights from Marx's Writings (London: Routledge, 2015), 218 pages, $160, hardback.
 In 2012, the second section of the new historical-critical edition of Marx and Engels's complete writings, the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), was finally completed, and all the editions and manuscripts of Capital became available in order to trace Marx's own theoretical development and Engels's editorial works. The remaining three sections are, however, only halfway completed, and it will likely take at least another twenty years before all the work is finished.… What is more, a great number of them are Marx's journal fragments and excerpts, which have not yet been published in any language. In this sense, the distinct importance of continuing the MEGA project is the further publication of these unknown notebooks, which promise to reveal Marx's unfinished undertaking, the critique of political economy.… It is therefore no coincidence that a new trend has emerged in the last few years of scholars studying Marx's notebooks. Works like Kevin Anderson's Marx at the Margins, Heather Brown's Marx on Gender, and my own article on Liebig in Monthly Review have shown the underestimated theoretical dimensions of anti-colonialism, gender, and ecology in Marx's thought.

Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
PERSISTÊNCIA EDUCACIONAL E EXCLUSÃO SOCIAL ENTRE JOVENS QUE VIVEM EM MORADIA DE ACOLHIMENTO NA AFRICA DO SUL
Authors: Van Breda Adrian D. , Dickens Lisa
Published: December 2015

Educação é reconhecida como a chave para o sucesso na vida adulta. As pesquisas confirmam que altos índices educacionais, notadamente ao completar a educação secundária e particularmente ao completar uma qualificação superior, aumenta, significativamente as possibilidades de emprego. Na África do Sul, mais do que na maioria dos países, a persistência educacional e o emprego são os maiores desafios dos jovens. Considerando o contexto de universal vulnerabilidade dos jovens, este texto mostra que jovens residindo em moradias de acolhimento são particularmente vulneráveis no que se refere a persistência educacional e emprego. Toma-se a teoria da exclusão social como referência para discutir essa vulnerabilidade e, desta forma, contribuir para um melhor encaminhamento educacional de jovens que vivem essa situação. http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v26i1.3816
AS ESCOLAS NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA SOCIEDADE MAIS HUMANA
Authors: Born Michel
Published: December 2015

Todas as sociedades e todos os países, mesmo aqueles economicamente mais favorecidos identificam um grande numero de jovens em situação de exclusão social, sem uma oportunidade real de encontrar um lugar reconhecido na sociedade. Esses jovens vivenciam formas de marginalização e carências no plano identitário, social e escolar e não compreendem a importância da sua formação e não derem aos métodos voltados a esse objetivo que lhe são propostos. Além disso a escola acaba contribuindo para que os jovens vejam a sociedade como um lugar hostil e difícil para se viver em decorrência da violência nela presente. O estudo foi realizado em 38 escolas de uma comunidade francesa da Bélgica com 4985 alunos em idade de 12 a 18 anos e possibilitou tais conclusões acerca da situação do jovens pesquisados. http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v26i1.3817
ADOLESCENTES EM CONFLITO COM A LEI: REFLEXÕES SOBRE A PRÁTICA DA EQUIPE INTERPROFISSIONAL NA VARA DA INFÂNCIA E JUVENTUDE
Authors: Serrano Solange Aparecida , Fugita Tânia , Carneiro Ivandra Carla
Published: December 2015

Este artigo discute a atuação das profissionais autoras no atendimento de adolescentes em conflito com a Lei. Apresenta alguns aspectos sobre o trabalho da equipe interprofissional (Psicólogo e Assistente Social) no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo e enfoca a atuação junto aos adolescentes e a suas famílias. Discute a questão considerando o cenário do atendimento e reflete sobre o fenômeno “menoridade”, considerando as situações de exclusão social em que vivem muitas famílias: o trabalhador precoce, o menino evadido da escola, a prostituição infanto-juvenil, a mendicância, o menino de rua, abandonado, carente, o que comete delitos, a família inserida em um contexto de negação de direitos e sem acesso a políticas públicas e sua vulnerabilidade e risco social. O adolescente é reconhecido como um sujeito que se desenvolve a partir de determinadas circunstâncias singulares e históricas, considerando o contexto econômico, social e cultural, visto que a abordagem para compreendê-lo deve considerar as intensas mudanças físicas, biológicas e psicológicas, relativas a seus grupos de pertencimento, seu meio social e seu trânsito no mundo da cultura, sobretudo em tempos de ausência de fronteiras geográficas e novas tecnologias de comunicação que constroem novos padrões de sociabilidade. http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v26i1.3822
Investigation of the perception about earthquake based on elementary school students’ opinions
Depreme ilişkin algının deprem yaşayan ilköğretim öğrencilerinin görüşlerine dayalı olarak incelenmesi
Authors: Tanhan Fuat , Mukba Gamze
Published: December 2015

Earthquakes, which disturb the routine of life, influence psychology of adults and children negatively as the other disasters. In addition to that earthquakes can cause the psychological distress in children such as cognitive, emotional and behavioral problems as well as lack of confidence and despair against future. In order to scope of interventions after earthquake, it can be significant to reveal how the elementary school students experienced and perceived the earthquake after that disaster. For this purpose, the students’ perceptions of the earthquake and psycho-social impacts of that among students have been studied according to the opinions of those. The research is done based on descriptive survey model within the qualitative research model including semi-structured interview method. The subject group of the research is 23 volunteers consisting of 12 girls and 11 boys all of whom experienced the Van earthquake attending secondary school at Van city center. Moving onto the results, students stated that they were outside; they were running their homes to find out the status of their families during the earthquake and just after that.

 

Özet

Yaşamın doğal akışını bozan diğer afetler gibi depremler de, hem yetişkinlerin ve hem de çocukların psikolojisi üzerinde birçok olumuz etkiler bırakır. Depremler, çocuklarda birçok bilişsel, duyuşsal ve davranışsal problemin yanı sıra, güven duygusunun yitimi ve geleceğe karşı umutsuzluk gibi psikolojik sorunlara neden olabilir.  Deprem yaşayan ilköğretim öğrencilerinin depremi nasıl deneyimlediklerinin ve anlamlandırdıklarının bilinmesi deprem sonrası uygulanabilecek müdahaleler kapsamında önemlidir. Bu amaçla bu araştırmada öğrencilerin depreme ilişkin algıları ve depremin öğrenciler üzerindeki psiko-sosyal etkileri, Van depremini yaşayan ilköğretim öğrencilerinin görüşlerine dayalı olarak belirlenmesine çalışılmıştır. Araştırma, nitel araştırma kapsamında tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilmiş olup yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, Van İl Merkezinde bulunan ilköğretim okullarının ikinci kademesinde okuyan, Van Depremi’ni yaşayan ve araştırmaya gönüllü katılan 12 kadın; 11 erkek olmak üzere toplam 23 öğrenciden ibarettir. Araştırmada öğrenciler, deprem olduğu sırada ve sonrasında dışarıda olduklarını, kaçtıklarını, eve ailelerinin durumunu öğrenmek için hemen eve geldiklerini belirtmişlerdir.
Perceptions of the global financial crisis in the US, UK, Canada and Australia: a comparative editorial analysis of the legitimacy of finance
Authors: Mikler John , Rajendra Sundran , Elbra Ainsley Dianne
Published: December 2015

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) is seen as arising from a new social structure of accumulation that institutionalised a neoliberal form of capitalism post the 1980s. This gave rise to “financialization,” which has increased both the power of financial markets over other economic sectors, and of financial market actors over national governments. However, while the neoliberal ideology underpinning financialization had a global impact, it sprang from the leading free market economies of the US and UK and was most readily embraced by states sharing their institutional support for it, such as Australia and Canada. But to what extent has it been questioned in these states since the crisis? In this article we examine perceptions of the legitimacy of finance via a 6 year comparative study of editorials in the mainstream press over 2007–2012. We do so because shifts in perceptions of the legitimacy suggest the extent to which the GFC produced the potential for more fundamental institutional change. We find that rather than this legitimacy having been undermined, or transformed, existing viewpoints instead hardened over the period considered. This indicates that, despite regulatory reform, the power of finance remains relatively unchanged.
On repetitions of long tuples in a Markov chain
Authors: Mikhaylov Vladimir G. , Shoytov Aleksandr M.
Published: December 2015

Let X

{X

when s, n → ∞. Limit theorems for distributions of some random variables connected with ξ̄(s, n) are derived as corollaries.
The investigation of the structural change and the wetting behavior of electron beam irradiated PTFE film
Authors: Jinglong Gao , Zaochun Ni , Yanhui Liu
Published: December 2015

The effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film was studied in air at room temperature. The structural changes of the PTFE film irradiated by EB were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphological changes on the film surface were described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface hydrophilicity of the modified film was characterized through water contact angle measurement. The results show that scission of the chain on the surface of PTFE film was induced by EB irradiation. The atomic ratio of F/C decreased and the atomic ratio of O/C increased. The surface roughness of the irradiated sample increased. In the case of irradiation in the presence of residual air, carboxylic acid fluoride groups appear and can hydrolyze to carboxylic groups in the surface-near regions. These polar groups significantly reduced the hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the PTFE film and consequently cause the decline of the water contact angle of the film surface. XRD analysis reveals an increase of the crystallite size of PTFE along with the increasing time of the irradiate.
Fünftausend Jahre Stiftungen. Eine Typologie von Mesopotamien bis zu den USA
Authors: Borgolte Michael
Published: December 2015

Nach der schriftlichen Überlieferung lassen sich Stiftungen bis etwa 3000 v. Chr. zurückverfolgen und in Babylon und Ägypten auffinden. Sie dienten demnach ursprünglich dem Kult, genauer der Ernährung, der Götter sowie der Versorgung der Ahnen für ihr postmortales Dasein. Erst seit der sogenannten Achsenzeit, nach Karl Jaspers um die Mitte des ersten Jahrtausends v. Chr., ging es bei Stiftungen um den Menschen, und zwar um den Stifter selbst oder bestimmte von ihm im Sinne der Wohltätigkeit Begünstigte. Die monotheistischen Religionen Vorderasiens, die in dieser Hinsicht vielleicht durch den persischen Zoroastrismus beeinflusst wurden, haben den sehr erfolgreichen Typ der Stiftungen für das Seelenheil entfaltet. Dieser trat neben oder an die Stelle der älteren Stiftungen für die Seele, die lediglich die nachtodliche Weiterexistenz fördern sollten, und zielte auf eine gesteigerte, glückselige Existenzform durch die Gnade oder in der Nähe Gottes. Die zweite universalhistorische Zäsur brachte dem Stiftungswesen erst die Moderne, indem sie das religiös begründete Motiv der dauernden Zwecksetzung des Stiftungskapitals aufhob. Die „operativen“ und „Gebrauchsstiftungen“ der Gegenwart, im Wesentlichen eine amerikanische Erfindung, brechen mit einer jahrtausendealten Sinngebung, um der Erfahrung des unaufhaltsamen gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Wandels gerecht zu werden.
Prehistoric language contact in the Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier area: Khoisan influence on southwestern Bantu languages
Authors: Gunnink Hilde , Sands Bonny , Pakendorf Brigitte , Bostoen Koen
Published: December 2015

In this article, we show that the influence of Khoisan languages on five southwestern Bantu click languages spoken in the Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier area is diverse and complex. These Bantu languages acquired clicks through contact with both Khwe and Ju languages. However, they did not simply copy these Khoisan clicks words. They adapted them phonologically, resulting in a reduction of the click inventory and also integrated them into Bantu morphosyntax through the unusual process of paralexification. What is more, clicks do not only occur in words of Khoisan origin, but also spread to native vocabulary as a language-internal change, among other things through sound symbolism. Finally, calques and head-final nominal compounds in a number of these Bantu languages point to structural influence, most likely from Khwe. We argue that the contact-induced changes observed in the southwestern Bantu languages can be partly accounted for by the language shift of native Khoisan speakers who imposed certain features from their native language on the Bantu language they acquired. In addition, Bantu speakers may have used clicks and other Khoisan-derived elements as an emblem for marking a separate identity, as they were not only maintained, but extended to native structures as well.
Wh- question formation in Krachi
Authors: Torrence Harold , Kandybowicz Jason
Published: December 2015

This article describes
Convergence analysis of an adaptive interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method for the biharmonic problem
Authors: Fraunholz Thomas , Hoppe Ronald H.W. , Peter Malte
Published: December 2015

For the biharmonic problem, we study the convergence of adaptive C
Convergence and error estimation of homotopy analysis method for some type of nonlinear and linear integral equations
Authors: Hetmaniok Edyta , Nowak Iwona , Słota Damian , Wituła Roman
Published: December 2015

In this paper an application of the homotopy analysis method for some type of nonlinear and linear integral equations of the second kind is presented. A special case of considered equation is the Volterra- Fredholm integral equation. In homotopy analysis method a series is created. It has shown that if the series is convergent, its sum is the solution of the considered equation. It has been also shown that under proper assumptions the considered equation possesses a unique solution and the series obtained in homotopy analysis method is convergent. The error of the approximate solution was estimated. This approximate solution is obtained when we limit to the partial sum of the series.Application of the method is illustrated with examples.
A relaxed splitting preconditioner for saddle point problems
Authors: Li Cui-Xia , Wu Shi-Liang , Huang Ai-Qun
Published: December 2015

In this paper, we introduce a relaxed splitting preconditioner for saddle point problems. Spectral properties of the preconditioned matrix are analyzed and compared with the closely related preconditioner in recent paper [New preconditioners for saddle point problems, Appl. Math. Comput. 172 (2006), 762-771] by Pan et al. Numerical experiments are given to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed precoditioner.
On the logarithms of matrices with central symmetry
Authors: Lu Chengbo
Published: December 2015

For computing logarithms of a nonsingular matrix A, one well known algorithm named the inverse scaling and squaring method, was proposed by Kenney and Laub [14] for use with a Schur decomposition. In this paper we further consider (the computation of) the logarithms of matrices with central symmetry.We first investigate the structure of the logarithms of these matrices and then give the classifications of their logarithms. Then, we develop several algorithms for computing the logarithms. We show that our algorithms are four times cheaper than the standard inverse scaling and squaring method for matrices with central symmetry under certain conditions.
Changes in incidence of iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm births over time: a population-based study
Authors: Lucovnik Miha , Bregar Andreja Trojner , Steblovnik Lili , Verdenik Ivan , Gersak Ksenija , Blickstein Isaac , Tul Natasa
Published: December 2015

To examine the proportion of iatrogenic births among all preterm births over a 26-year period.

A registry-based survey of preterm deliveries between 1987 and 2012 analyzed by the onset of labor: spontaneous with intact membranes, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) or iatrogenic. Stratification into categories by gestation (22 weeks to 27 weeks and 6 days, 28 weeks to 31 weeks and 6 days, 32 weeks to 33 weeks and 6 days, 34 weeks to 36 weeks and 6 days) was performed. Preterm birth rates were analyzed using the Mantel-Haenszel linear-by-linear association

Overall preterm birth rate was 5.9% (31328 deliveries) including 2358 (0.4%) before 28 completed weeks, 3388 (0.6%) between 28 weeks and 31 weeks 6 days, 3970 (0.8%) between 32 weeks and 33 weeks and 6 days, and 21611 (4.1%) between 34 weeks and 36 weeks and 6 days There was an increase in overall preterm birth rate (P<0.001). The rate of iatrogenic preterm births and PPROM increased over time (P<0.001 and P<0.014, respectively). Rates of spontaneous preterm birth decreased (P<0.001). After accounting for potential confounders, year of birth remained an independent risk factor for iatrogenic preterm delivery in all four gestational age categories (P<0.001).

The incidence of iatrogenic preterm birth is increasing with a concomitant decrease in the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth. Attempts to analyze, interpret and decrease preterm birth rates should consider spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm births separately.
The Impact of US Military Spending on Public Debt in Europe (1992–2013): A Note
Authors: Caruso Raul , Di Domizio Marco
Published: December 2015

This paper investigates the relationship between the US military spending and public debt in a panel of European countries in the period 1992–2013. Under the established evidence of the interdependence between US and European military spending, we exploited a dynamic panel estimation. Findings show that the debt of European countries is: (1) positively associated with US military spending; (2) negatively associated with average military burden of other European countries.
Explicit algorithms to solve a class of state constrained parabolic optimal control problems
Authors: Lapin Alexander , Laitinen Erkki , Lapin Sergey
Published: December 2015

We consider an optimal control problem of a system governed by a linear parabolic equation with the following features: control is distributed, observation is either distributed or final, there are constraints on the state function and on its time derivative. Iterative solution methods are proposed and investigated for the finite difference approximations of these optimal control problems. Due to explicit in time approximation of the state equation and the appropriate choice of the preconditioners in the iterative methods, the implementation of all constructed methods is carried out by explicit formulae. Computational experiments confirm the theoretical results.
Hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance in breast cancer cells: role of the estrogen receptor
Authors: Zeng L , Zielinska H A , Arshad A , Shield J P , Bahl A , Holly J M P , Perks C M
Published: December 2015

Breast cancer patients with diabetes respond less well to chemotherapy; in keeping with this we determined previously that hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance in estrogen receptor (ERα) positive breast cancer cells and showed that this was mediated by fatty acid synthase (FASN). More recent evidence suggests that the effect of metabolic syndrome and diabetes is not the same for all subtypes of breast cancer with inferior disease-free survival and worse overall survival only found in women with ERα positive breast cancer and not for other subtypes. Here we examined the impact of hyperglycaemia on ERα negative breast cancer cells and further investigated the mechanism underlying chemoresistance in ERα with a view to identifying strategies to alleviate hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance. We found that hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance was only observed in ERα breast cancer cells and was dependent upon the expression of ERα as chemoresistance was negated when the ERα was silenced. Hyperglycaemia-induced an increase in activation and nuclear localisation of the ERα that was downstream of FASN and dependent on the activation of MAPK. We found that fulvestrant successfully negated the hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance, whereas tamoxifen had no effect. In summary our data suggests that the ERα may be a predictive marker of poor response to chemotherapy in breast cancer patients with diabetes. It further indicates that anti-estrogens could be an effective adjuvant to chemotherapy in such patients and indicates the importance for the personalised management of breast cancer patients with diabetes highlighting the need for clinical trials of tailored chemotherapy for diabetic patients diagnosed with ERα positive breast cancers.
Calcium-dependent Nr4a1 expression in mouse Leydig cells requires distinct AP1/CRE and MEF2 elements
Authors: Abdou Houssein S , Robert Nicholas M , Tremblay Jacques J
Published: December 2015

The nuclear receptor NR4A1 is expressed in steroidogenic Leydig cells where it plays pivotal roles by regulating the expression of several genes involved in steroidogenesis and male sex differentiation including Star, HSD3B2, and Insl3. Activation of the cAMP and Ca2+ signaling pathways in response to LH stimulation leads to a rapid and robust activation of Nr4a1 gene expression that requires the Ca2+/CAMKI pathway. However, the downstream transcription factor(s) have yet to be characterized. To identify potential Ca2+/CaM effectors responsible for hormone-induced Nr4a1 expression, MA-10 Leydig cells were treated with forskolin to increase endogenous cAMP levels, dantrolene to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, and W7 to inhibit CaM activity. We identified Ca2+-responsive elements located in the discrete regions of the Nr4a1 promoter, which contain binding sites for several transcription factors such as AP1, CREB, and MEF2. We found that one of the three AP1/CRE sites located at –255 bp is the most responsive to the Ca2+ signaling pathway as are the two MEF2 binding sites at –315 and –285 bp. Furthermore, we found that the hormone-induced recruitment of phospho-CREB and of the co-activator p300 to the Nr4a1 promoter requires the Ca2+ pathway. Lastly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CREB impaired NR4A1 expression and steroidogenesis. Together, our data indicate that the Ca2+ signaling pathway increases Nr4a1 expression in MA-10 Leydig cells, at least in part, by enhancing the recruitment of coactivator most likely through the MEF2, AP1, and CREB transcription factors thus demonstrating an important interplay between the Ca2+ and cAMP pathways in regulating Nr4a1 expression.