bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On excess entropy and latent heat in crystallizing white dwarfs
Authors: Baiko D A
Published: March 2023

Based on the linear-mixing approach, we calculate the latent heat for crystallizing fully ionized 12C/16O and 16O/20Ne mixtures in white dwarf (WD) cores for two different parametrizations of the corrections to the linear-mixing energies and with account of ion quantum effects. We report noticeable composition-dependent deviations of the excess entropy in both directions from the standard value of 0.77 per ion. Within the same framework, we evaluate the excess entropy and released or absorbed heat accompanying the exsolution process in solidified WD layers. The inclusion of this effect is shown to be important for reliable interpretation of WD cooling data. We also analyse the latent heat of crystallization for the eutectic 12C/22Ne mixture, where we find a qualitative dependence of both the phase diagram and the latent heat behaviour on ion quantum effects. This may be important for the model with 22Ne distillation in cooling C/O/22Ne WD proposed as a solution for the ultramassive WD multi-Gyr cooling anomaly. Astrophysical implications of our findings for crystallizing WD are discussed.
Ancient and Nonuniform Loss of Olfactory Receptor Expression Renders the Shark Nose a De Facto Vomeronasal Organ
Authors: Syed Adnan S , Sharma Kanika , Policarpo Maxime , Ferrando Sara , Casane Didier , Korsching Sigrun I
Published: March 2023

Cartilaginous fishes are renowned for a keen sense of smell, a reputation based on behavioral observations and supported by the presence of large and morphologically complex olfactory organs. At the molecular level, genes belonging to the four families coding for most olfactory chemosensory receptors in other vertebrates have been identified in a chimera and a shark, but it was unknown whether they actually code for olfactory receptors in these species. Here, we describe the evolutionary dynamics of these gene families in cartilaginous fishes using genomes of a chimera, a skate, a sawfish, and eight sharks. The number of putative OR, TAAR, and V1R/ORA receptors is very low and stable, whereas the number of putative V2R/OlfC receptors is higher and much more dynamic. In the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, we show that many V2R/OlfC receptors are expressed in the olfactory epithelium in the sparsely distributed pattern characteristic for olfactory receptors. In contrast, the other three vertebrate olfactory receptor families are either not expressed (OR) or only represented with a single receptor (V1R/ORA and TAAR). The complete overlap of markers of microvillous olfactory sensory neurons with pan-neuronal marker HuC in the olfactory organ suggests the same cell-type specificity of V2R/OlfC expression as for bony fishes, that is, in microvillous neurons. The relatively low number of olfactory receptors in cartilaginous fishes compared with bony fishes could be the result of an ancient and constant selection in favor of a high olfactory sensitivity at the expense of a high discrimination capability.
Structural basis of tRNAPro acceptor stem recognition by a bacterial trans-editing domain
Authors: Ma Xiao , Bakhtina Marina , Shulgina Irina , Cantara William A , Kuzmishin Nagy Alexandra B , Goto Yuki , Suga Hiroaki , Foster Mark P , Musier-Forsyth Karin
Published: March 2023

High fidelity tRNA aminoacylation by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is essential for cell viability. ProXp-ala is a trans-editing protein that is present in all three domains of life and is responsible for hydrolyzing mischarged Ala-tRNAPro and preventing mistranslation of proline codons. Previous studies have shown that, like bacterial prolyl-tRNA synthetase, Caulobacter crescentus ProXp-ala recognizes the unique C1:G72 terminal base pair of the tRNAPro acceptor stem, helping to ensure deacylation of Ala-tRNAPro but not Ala-tRNAAla. The structural basis for C1:G72 recognition by ProXp-ala is still unknown and was investigated here. NMR spectroscopy, binding, and activity assays revealed two conserved residues, K50 and R80, that likely interact with the first base pair, stabilizing the initial protein-RNA encounter complex. Modeling studies are consistent with direct interaction between R80 and the major groove of G72. A third key contact between A76 of tRNAPro and K45 of ProXp-ala was essential for binding and accommodating the CCA-3′ end in the active site. We also demonstrated the essential role that the 2′OH of A76 plays in catalysis. Eukaryotic ProXp-ala proteins recognize the same acceptor stem positions as their bacterial counterparts, albeit with different nucleotide base identities. ProXp-ala is encoded in some human pathogens; thus, these results have the potential to inform new antibiotic drug design.
Super-enhancer-associated transcription factors collaboratively regulate trophoblast-active gene expression programs in human trophoblast stem cells
Authors: Kim Mijeong , Adu-Gyamfi Enoch Appiah , Kim Jonghwan , Lee Bum-Kyu
Published: March 2023

The placenta is an essential organ that supports the growth and development of the fetus during pregnancy. However, cell type-specific enhancers and transcription factors (TFs), and the mechanisms underlying the maintenance and differentiation of trophoblast stem cell (TSC) populations in the human placenta remain elusive. Here, using human TSCs as a model system, we identify 31,362 enhancers that are enriched with the motifs of previously reported TSC-pivotal TFs, including TEAD4, GATA2/3 and TFAP2C. Subsequently, we identify 580 super-enhancers (SEs) and 549 SE-associated genes. These genes are robustly expressed in the human placenta and include numerous TFs, implying that SE-associated TFs (SE-TFs) may play crucial roles in placental development. Additionally, we identify the global binding sites of five TSC-pivotal SE-TFs (FOS, GATA2, MAFK, TEAD4 and TFAP2C), revealing that they preferentially co-occupy enhancers, regulate each other and form a trophoblast-active gene regulatory network. Loss-of-function studies unveil that the five TFs promote self-renewal of TSCs by activating proliferation-associated genes while repressing developmental genes. We further reveal that the five TFs exert conserved and unique functions on placental development between humans and mice. Our study provides important insights into the roles of human TSC-pivotal TFs in regulating placenta-specific gene expression programs.
Changes in the Point-of-Sale Among Vape Shops in Six U.S. Metropolitan Areas Over Time, 2018–2021
Authors: Berg Carla J , Romm Katelyn F , Barker Dianne C , Schleicher Nina , Johnson Trent O , Wang Yan , Sussman Steve , Henriksen Lisa
Published: March 2023

Introduction

E-cigarette retail surveillance is needed during regulatory changes, like the U.S. increasing minimum legal sales age to 21 (T21) and flavor restrictions (2019 and 2020) and certain state/localities increasing related restrictions.

Aims and Methods

We examined regulatory compliance (eg, minimum-age signage), promotional strategies (eg, health claims), and products at 2 timepoints among vape shops across six U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs; Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, Seattle). In summer 2018, pairs of trained auditors assessed randomly selected shops (n = ~30/MSA). In fall 2021, audits were conducted among 2018 shops (if open and allowed) and additional randomly selected shops (n = ~20/MSA). Data from 179 shops in 2018 and 119 in 2021 (43 from the 2018 sample) were compared.

Results

There were decreases (p < .01) in the proportion of shops with (1) minimum-age signs (90.5% vs. 73.9%), (2) their own e-liquid brand (68.2% vs. 44.5%), onsite vaping (73.2% vs. 46.2%), counter seating (65.2% vs. 34.5%), and e-liquid sampling (90.0% vs. 33.6%), and (3) signs with product/price promotions (89.9% vs. 65.5%), health/cessation claims (29.1% vs. 12.6%), and cartoon imagery (27.4% vs. 11.8%). The proportions selling wet/dry vaporizers (26.4% vs. 39.5%), CBD products (23.3% vs. 71.4%), and pipes/glassware/papers (18.4% vs. 52.9%) increased. In 2021, many sold THC (12.6% e-liquids, 62.2% other products) and kratom (40.3%).

Conclusions

With increasing restrictions (eg, on flavors, sampling, and T21), fewer shops sold their own e-liquid brands or accommodated onsite use/sampling, but fewer also posted minimum-age signage. Notably, more offered cannabis-related products. These changes underscore the need for comprehensive surveillance to assess regulatory impact.

Implications

The past 6 years marked increasing e-cigarette sales restrictions in the United States, yet limited research has examined the implications for tobacco specialty shops selling e-cigarettes. This study found that, from 2018 to 2021, there were significant decreases in the proportion of vape shops with their own e-liquid, onsite vaping, e-liquid sampling, lounge/counter seating, and price promotions, as well as minimum-age signs. There were increases in the proportion selling cannabis-derived products and related paraphernalia. Tobacco control research and regulatory agencies must consider how tobacco specialty stores have evolved alongside legislative changes that impact them and consumers.
Wanderlust
Authors: Antón Susan C.
Published: March 2023

Human success is often based on evidence that we have moved beyond expectations for a primate of our size. Yet great ecological tolerance and range expansion occurred earlier in our evolutionary history. Using estimates of dispersability in Homo erectus and other fossil primates, along with anatomical evidence of differences in fossil variation, this chapter explores why H. erectus was able to disperse so far and persist so long. It argues that present-day success should be assessed by how far we have come from this basis and whether we can manage to persist for another two million years, as did H. erectus.
Adaptability and the Continuation of Human Origins
Authors: Potts Richard
Published: March 2023

The emergence of new behavioral adaptations near the time of our species’ origin points to the ephemeral, context-bound nature of prehistoric human evolutionary success. An example from the Kenya rift valley illustrates how Pleistocene social organization, energy acquisition, and symbolic communication were transformed during a time of environmental disruption. This chapter explores the implication that environmental uncertainty can fuel the evolution of behaviors that enhance adaptability to change. Adaptability in our species is characterized by our propensity to alter our surroundings, which today has become intensive and global in scale. Amplified uncertainty created by recent human activity, however, raises questions about future sources of adaptability as people face unprecedented disruption in climatic, ecological, and cultural systems. An impressive capacity to alter ourselves, as manifested in the diversity of cultures, suggests that, as current human success is destabilized, large and costly transitions in how we generate energy, acquire reliable information, and create networks of local to global societal responses will be possible. Moral frameworks that shape how people and societies view one another and interact will also prove indispensable in an adaptable human future.
The Assyrian Empire
Authors: Baker Heather D.
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the political history of the Assyrian Empire from its initial expansion under Shalmaneser III (858–824 bc) to its final collapse in 612 bc at the hands of the Babylonians and Medes. It traces the development of the empire through several phases: a supposedly “feudal” phase (ca. 830–745 bc), in which expansion slowed and then reversed; a formative era (744–705 bc), which saw renewed expansion and administrative reform under Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II; and finally an era of unchallenged hegemony (704–652 bc) encompassing the reigns of Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, and the early reign of Ashurbanipal. The war between Ashurbanipal and his brother Šamaš-šumu-ukin of Babylon (652–648 bc) is considered a pivotal event of the seventh century bc which contributed to the empire’s eventual collapse.
Elam in the Iron Age
Authors: Bartelmus Alexa
Published: March 2023

The history of southwestern Iran, that is “Elam,” in the first half of the first millennium bc is still very elusive. However, it is clear that major developments took place in this period that changed the balance of power and eventually led to the rise of the Persian Empire in the sixth century bc. This chapter discusses the available sources for Neo-Elamite history (royal and other official inscriptions, letters, and administrative documents; archaeological and iconographical remains; as well as Mesopotamian texts shedding light on Elam) from both a diachronic and a synchronic perspective, in order to illustrate the network of regional and international relations within which these changes occurred. In doing so, previously existing models of dividing the history of the Neo-Elamite period into two or three phases are abandoned in favor of a more flexible approach that allows for the treatment of certain aspects of Elamite history more coherently, including Elamite relations with Assyria, Babylonia, and the Persians. In addition, the traditional numbering of the names of Elamite rulers (“I,” “II,” etc.) is called into question by highlighting the considerable gaps that plague the existing knowledge of the early Elamite period, and new possibilities for reconciling the list of rulers attested in the Babylonian chronicles and Assyrian sources with those known from contemporary royal inscriptions are suggested.
The Kingdom of Urartu
Authors: Grekyan Yervand
Published: March 2023

The kingdom of Urartu (biblical Ararat) is known as Biainili in the local cuneiform sources. This influential state was formed in the ninth century bc and flourished until the seventh century bc in the mountainous territories stretching eastward from the Euphrates river, with the heartland located between Lakes Van, Sevan, and Urmia in eastern Turkey, Armenia, and northwestern Iran. The Urartian state succeeded in unifying vast territories across a rugged landscape of high plains separated by formidable mountain ranges and played an important role in the wider region. For a time, the spread of its political influence toward central Anatolia, northern Syria, and western Iran provided a counterweight to the Assyrian Empire. This chapter covers the history of Urartu from its formation to its violent end and examines the state’s structure; its administrative, economic, and military organization; and the state pantheon, as well as issues of chronology and ethnicity.
The Kingdom of Phrygia
Authors: Payne Annick
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides an overview of Phrygian history and its sources. It discusses the origins and language of the Phrygians and introduces the available text corpus. A section on Phrygia’s interaction with other peoples is followed by a more detailed look at two Phrygian cities, the capital Gordion and Kerkenes Dağ. The chapter considers different types of funerary monuments, namely burial mounds (tumuli) and rock-cut tombs, as diagnostic markers of Phrygian culture, and introduces Phrygian arts and crafts: pottery, metalwork, woodwork, textiles and music. A survey of Phrygian religion, with a focus on places of worship, religious monuments, and the goddess Matar, concludes the chapter.
The Iron Age States on the Phoenician Coast
Authors: Chatonnet Françoise Briquel
Published: March 2023

The “Phoenicians,” a term of Greek origin, were the inhabitants of the coastal strip bordering the eastern Mediterranean that is today situated mainly in Lebanon. The Phoenicians are known from a few Iron Age inscriptions in their own language, but principally from biblical, Classical, and Mesopotamian sources. They are most prominently associated with widespread commercial expansion and the foundation of trading posts that often became colonies throughout the western Mediterranean. This chapter questions the notion of a Phoenician identity and emphasizes the difficulty of delineating geographical and chronological limits to the Phoenician phenomenon, and of defining specific political, cultural, religious, or linguistic features that might have formed the basis of Phoenician identity. As it is questionable whether the inhabitants of the region themselves ever thought of themselves as a single people, the chapter is organized into separate histories of individual cities and city-states. The area covered extends from Usnu and Siyanu on the Syrian coast, south to Dor in Israel, with special emphasis on Arwad, Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre.
The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Authors: Sergi Omer
Published: March 2023

The kingdoms of Israel and Judah are known, first and foremost, from the Bible, where their history is narrated in the Books of Samuel and Kings. Historically, Israel and Judah were part of a wider sociopolitical phenomenon that in many ways defined the Iron Age Levant: the rise and fall of territorial polities. Israel and Judah were two such polities and their story reflects, in many ways, the story of the Iron Age Levant. This chapter offers a survey and critique of the social and political histories of Israel and Judah, reconstructed in light of both archaeological research and textual sources, whether biblical or extra-biblical. It discusses Israel and Judah in their Levantine context, while referring also to the question of their possible unity; their transformation and growth in the ninth–eighth centuries bc (including their administrative apparatus and urban nature); and finally, their fate in the shadow of the Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires, and the imperial impact on local societies, as reflected in material remains and written sources.
Saite Egypt
Authors: Schütze Alexander
Published: March 2023

The chapter provides an overview of the political and administrative history of the Twenty-sixth or Saite Dynasty of Egypt (656–526 bc). After a long period of political disintegration in Egypt, Psamtek I, a local dynast from the city of Sais in the western Nile delta, succeeded in reuniting Upper and Lower Egypt in the middle of the seventh century bc. In the course of his long reign, he consolidated his rule in Egypt against local rivals and Libyan incursions and was even able to briefly extend his territory into the southern Levant. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, Egypt came into direct conflict with the succeeding Neo-Babylonian Empire regarding the control over the Levant, but its ambitions were soon confined to its traditional borders. Under the impression of this new eastern threat, the Saite kings focused on building up a fleet in the Mediterranean, as well as on recruiting Ionian and Carian mercenaries, whose presence in Egypt came to greatly influence also internal politics. The Saite period is regarded as a phase of prosperity, characterized by a conscious return to Egypt’s own cultural traditions, as testified prominently by the monuments commissioned by various high officials of the central administration and an extensive temple-building program. The chapter puts the domestic and foreign policies of the Saite rulers into context, outlining also the main initiatives regarding temples and cults, and discusses the significance of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty for the cultural history of ancient Egypt.
The Caliph and the Imam
Authors: Matthiesen Toby
Published: March 2023

The Caliph and the Imam discusses the divide between the Sunnis and the Shia that shaped the Islamic world and contemporary conflict. After the death of Prophet Muhammad, his followers fought over who would succeed him and guide the new faith. Most people believed the Muslim elite should rule as Caliph, while some believed that Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali should be the successor and his subsequent offspring should lead as Imams. Most Muslims have led lives characterised by co-existence even though Sunnism and Shiism have had a long and often antagonistic history. The Caliph and the Imam also unveil how the first Muslim Empires and then colonial rule institutionalised the division. Moreover, the 1979 Iran revolution and the 2003 Iraq War sectarianized regional politics.
Episodic Memories Without a Self
Authors: Chadha Monima
Published: March 2023

Memory experiences, in particular episodic memories, require unifying representations across time. The rich phenomenology of episodic memories requires an account of two distinctive features: the rememberer’s capacity to mentally relive the episodes she remembers and the use of the term “I” in the description to intimate that the rememberer identifies with the subject of the original experience. But is there really an experience of an identity with a past self—namely, an experience of being a subject that underlies our episodic sense of self? This chapter argues that there is nothing that it is like to be identical with oneself in the past: there is no experiential phenomenology associated with the episodic sense of self. There is, thus, no onus on the Abhidharma philosopher to explain the episodic sense of self.
Synchronic Unity Without a Self
Authors: Chadha Monima
Published: March 2023

The manifest fact of synchronic unity, that is, that a single experience often seems to be composed of multiple features and multiple objects, was lodged as a key objection to the Buddhist no-self view by Nyāya philosophers in the classical Indian tradition. This chapter argues that classical responses in the Buddhist tradition to this objection are not satisfactory. On behalf of the Abhidharma philosophers, a new solution is offered by appealing to the fact that there are different kinds of synchronic unity and that once we distinguish between these, the Nyāya argument for the self can be rebutted. The question remains though whether the manifest fact of synchronic unity implicates the sense of self as the subject of experiences. It is argued that is not the case; synchronic unity is best understood as unity of representations that can be accounted for by perceptual representations.
No-Self and the Phenomenology of Agency
Authors: Chadha Monima
Published: March 2023

Abhidharma philosophers argue that there is no need to postulate an agent of action because causal connections among series of mental and physical states are adequate to explain mental and physical actions. This denial of agency is at odds with the Buddhist doctrine of karma which implies some degree of free will, moral responsibility, and the possibility of salvation. In this chapter the author follows Vasubandhu in suggesting a way out of this quandary. The Abhidharma philosopher is left with the burden of explaining the phenomenological sense of agency. It is argued here, on behalf of the Abhidharma philosophers, that there is nothing it is like to be an agent in the sense that there is no experiential phenomenology associated with agency.
Numerical Methods for Field-Theoretic Simulations
Authors: Delaney Fredrickson , Delaney Kris T.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 5 provides an introduction to the numerical methods used to obtain mean-field solutions and conduct field-theoretic simulations of the field theory models developed in Chapters 2 and 3. The chapter discusses algorithms that exploit efficient FFT-based field operations and balance stability and accuracy. Mean-field solutions are obtained by deterministic relaxation, while the sign problem inherent to classical and quantum field theories mandates the use of complex Langevin sampling methods in stochastic field-theoretic simulations. Practical guidelines for conducting simulations, assessing errors, and troubleshooting are provided.
Ursula Le Guin's Earthsea
Authors: Plotz John
Published: March 2023

What makes readers fall in love? You might want to start your answer by explaining Ursula Le Guin. She sets readers adrift among worlds: peripatetic but somehow at home. Somehow, she sublimely mixes comfort with revelatory, emancipatory unsettlement. Small wonder that she has inspired later speculative writers, among them Neil Gaiman, Kim Stanley Robinson, N. K. Jemisin. Ursula Le Guin’s Earthsea aims to do justice to both Le Guin’s passionate simplicity and her revenant complexity. It also makes the case for the boldness and coldness of the often-overlooked later three books of Earthsea. In Tehanu, Tales from Earthsea, The Other Wind (written decades after A Wizard of Earthsea, The Tombs of Atuan, and The Farthest Shore were published between 1968 and 1972) she turned a cold eye, a dragon’s searching eye, back on the comfortable green world she herself had made decades earlier. They unfold a distinctive vision of the writer’s task: world-building as responsibility, plus openness. Call it invitational realism. She builds a world that leaves the real task of building, of creating, of imagining, and of reimagining, with her readers. Drawing on my own crooked path—from a DC childhood to teaching in Prague to San Francisco journalism to graduate school and then parenthood—Ursula Le Guin’s Earthsea maps the ways that readers young and old find in Earthsea a kind of scholar’s stone, a delightfully mutable surface that rewards recurrent contemplation.
The Referendum
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter focuses on the Brexit referendum and its campaign, result, and immediate political aftermath. It explores the role of referendums in the British parliament in terms of their interaction with the constitution and parliament. The referendum result triggered a period of significant upheaval and infighting within the main political parties. Both Conservatives and Labour were plunged immediately into leadership contests following the referendum result. After David Cameron’s resignation as Prime Minister, the Conservatives chose Theresa May as their new leader. On the opposition side, Labour MPs attempted and failed to remove Jeremy Corbyn as their party leader. The chapter elaborates on the referendums in UK politics, referencing Cameron’s hope of a promised negotiation with the EU.
Theresa May and the Triggering of Article 50
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter looks into the early responses of parliament to the referendum result during the early months of Theresa May’s premiership. As the new Prime Minister, May needed to assemble a Cabinet to work on a Brexit strategy, which would be difficult due to the absence of a blueprint and lack of certainty over the government’s decision. However, May struggled to resolve the rifts within the Conservative Party, while parliament’s place in Brexit was highly contested. The chapter discusses the role of MPs’ local representatives in the Brexit debates following dilemmas over prioritization of local constituency opinion, the national referendum result, and personal views. It also looks into parliament’s role in triggering the two-year negotiating period provided by Article 50, its subsequent role in overseeing negotiations with the EU, and its role in approving the final Brexit deal.
Health Policies and Health Care in the Context of Neoliberal Globalisation
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines what has happened since the late 1970s in the struggle for accessible and affordable health care for all, within the context of neoliberal globalisation. The health care reform that was promoted by the evolving global health governance structure, as a subset of conservative neoliberal economic policies, gave rise to the privatisation and commercialisation of health care—from Health for All to health care that people could afford. While there has been some progress in some health outcomes in some countries, others have been left behind, particularly the least developed regions of the world, where extreme inequalities have been worsened by neoliberal globalisation. In October 2018, world leaders met in Astana, Kazakhstan, to renew a commitment to Primary Health Care as a ‘cornerstone’ to achieving universal health care. An alternative statement to the Astana Declaration was put forward by health activists, reaffirming civil society’s commitment to Comprehensive Primary Health Care in pursuit of health and well-being for all and to achieve equity in health outcomes globally and nationally.
Stoics on Stuff
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: March 2023

The ancient Stoics force us to rethink our attachment to cultural objects and our valuation of them as a central part of flourishing. Pushing the Socratic view to an extreme, they hold that virtue alone is sufficient for happiness. External goods, including cultural artifacts and edifices, the historic and ritual monuments of a culture or religion, are classified as “indifferents,” to be preferred rather than dispreferred, but themselves not the kinds of things that can make or break our happiness. The views strikes many of us as inhumane and an expression of the overly austere side of Stoicism. Still, the Stoic view gives us space to wonder if we don’t at times fetishize material stuff, including even ritual sites invested with history and the long-standing practices of a culture.
The Earl of Leicester, the Protestant Cause, and the Failure of English State Building in the Netherlands
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm
Published: March 2023

In 1585 Elizabeth reluctantly agreed to send an English army under the earl of Leicester to the Netherlands. Many Dutch believed they needed not only military assistance but also a strong leader capable of creating a more efficient system of state authority, and they cast Leicester in this role by naming him governor general of the United Provinces. Elizabeth, who had refused an offer of sovereignty over the Netherlands, reacted furiously to this appointment, undermining Leicester’s credibility among the Dutch and rendering him acutely sensitive to criticism, especially from other Englishmen, that might further damage his standing with the queen. Leicester also soon became embroiled in rancorous disputes with Dutch politicians and generals, notably Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Maurice of Nassau. His expansion of his army well beyond the level that Elizabeth and the Dutch had agreed to support, in an effort to take the offensive against Spanish forces, compounded his political difficulties, contributing to severe problems in paying his troops and the near collapse of the Anglo-Dutch alliance by the autumn of 1587. Leicester’s expedition represented the high-water mark and ultimate failure of efforts by an English Protestant state to extend its authority beyond the realm’s borders in the service of a wider Protestant cause. Fortunately Philip II’s decision to send the Armada and his fleet’s defeat largely undid the resulting damage.
King James’s Peace, the Laws of the Realms, and the Forging of a United Kingdom?
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm
Published: March 2023

The chapter re-examines James’s self-presentation after 1603 as a Rex Pacificus intent on promoting internal and external peace, in part through the integration of his two British kingdoms by a union of their laws and institutions. He saw this project as a providentially ordained goal that flowed naturally from the union of the two British crowns in his person and bloodline. But his attempt to achieve it through legislation famously provoked fierce opposition from English who feared that any tampering with their laws would lead to absolutism. It is argued that this controversy stemmed not only from fear that James, as a foreign king, might try to introduce arbitrary government, but also from pre-existing tensions aroused by the expansion of royal authority during the late sixteenth century that had parallels elsewhere in Europe, especially in France. English sensitivity to arbitrary violations of the common law further complicated the already difficult task of increasing royal revenues, weakening the crown’s position in international affairs. But James recognized that in most other respects common law procedures served his purposes effectively and refrained from tampering with them. After the failure of the union project he attempted to promote a more gradual convergence between his three kingdoms by employing different methods rooted in both English and Scottish traditions that affected not only formal legal and institutional arrangements but also the different ways in which power worked on the ground. A concluding section of the chapter examines these differences and how they required distinct methods for sustaining and expanding royal authority.
Aestheticizing Sexual Modernity
Authors: Psomiades Kathy Alexis
Published: March 2023

This chapter turns to a rival and double of primitive marriage: Darwinian sexual selection. It shows how sexual selection supplements liberal modernity stories about the economic and the political by inflecting them with the aesthetics of desire on the one hand and the eugenics of reproductive outcome on the other. Darwin’s contribution to the sexualizing of liberal political theory is his sexualizing and racializing of the concept of the aesthetic. Historically, the aesthetic operated in political philosophy to supplement a theory of rational voluntary association with an embodied affective community of taste. But in traditional aesthetics, sexual desire had to be distinguished from aesthetic appreciation. Darwin’s sexualizing of the aesthetic did away with this distinction, and put sexual desire itself into the aesthetic’s timeless purposeful purposelessness, separating it conceptually from reproduction. Both aesthetic and eugenic marriage plots are interested in this separation. Henry James’s Portrait of a Lady and Sarah Grand’s The Heavenly Twins use the story of feminine sexual agency to different ends, but both invoke the aesthetic and the eugenic to rethink sexual modernity.
Criminal Testimonial Injustice
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: March 2023

Through a detailed analysis that draws on work across philosophy, the law, and social psychology, this book shows that, from the very beginning of the American criminal legal process in interrogation rooms to its final stages in front of parole boards, testimony is extracted from individuals through processes that are coercive, manipulative, or deceptive. This testimony is then unreasonably regarded as representing the testifiers’ truest or most reliable selves. With chapters ranging from false confessions and eyewitness misidentifications to recantations from victims of sexual violence and expressions of remorse from innocent defendants at sentencing hearings, it is argued that there is a distinctive epistemic wrong being perpetrated against suspects, defendants, witnesses, and victims. This wrong involves brute State power targeting the epistemic agency of its citizens, extracting false testimony that is often life-shattering, and rendering the victims in question complicit in their own undoing. It is concluded that it is only through understanding what it means to respect the epistemic agency of each participant in the criminal legal system that we can truly grasp what justice demands and, in so doing, to reimagine what is possible.
Admissions of Guilt and Expressions of Remorse: Sentencing and Parole Hearings
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: March 2023

This chapter shows that in the final stages of the criminal legal process, admissions of guilt and expressions of remorse are extracted from those who are innocent at sentencing hearings and in front of parole boards. The right of allocution, which permits a criminal defendant to speak at his own sentencing hearing, may be thought to provide defendants with a robust role to play in their destinies. But the reality is that defendants are told not only what not to say at such hearings, but also what to say and how to say it, and failure to comply often results in more time behind bars. Moreover, once admissions of guilt and expressions of remorse are extracted, they play a normatively oversized role in sentencing. Similar issues arise at parole hearings, where assertions of innocence and the failure to admit guilt and express remorse are significant barriers to being granted parole.
Sovereign Powers in Crisis Resolution
Authors: Iversen Astrid
Published: March 2023

Chapters 3–5 of this book map and establish the core content intercreditor equity rules. However, a number of other rules belonging to the broader legal framework governing sovereign debt also affect the question of intercreditor equity. Chapter 2 discusses rules concerning: (i) the governing law of a sovereign debt instrument, (ii) the jurisdiction of courts, and (iii) sovereign immunity as three such essential sets of rules that influence intercreditor equity issues. More specifically, they influence whether foreign courts will accept jurisdiction over a sovereign debt restructuring dispute. They affect the ability of creditors to enforce their intercreditor equity rights in the context of a restructuring, as well as the outer boundaries within which the state must design a restructuring offer. Knowledge of these rules is necessary to understand intercreditor equity disputes.
International Law Protection of Creditors Holding Debt Instruments Governed by Domestic Law
Authors: Iversen Astrid
Published: March 2023

Chapter 5 concerns international law protection of creditors holding debt instruments governed by domestic law. International law can restrict the way in which a sovereign debtor treats its creditors holding debt governed by domestic law during a sovereign debt restructuring in several ways. First, sovereign debtors may be obliged to treat their creditors according to minimum standards under customary international law, which contains rules on due treatment of foreigners and their property. This is normally referred to as the ‘international minimum standard’ and is discussed in Section 5.2. Second, a sovereign debtor may have promised a certain standard of treatment to its creditors in an international treaty. Rights in international investment agreements (IIAs) are discussed in Section 5.3, while Section 5.4 examines requirements under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Creditors have no specific rights to be treated equally by sovereign debtors under customary international law, IIAs, or the ECHR. However, all these rules potentially provide creditors with a certain level of protection against discriminatory treatment. The chapter considers whether the rights of creditors are protected under the different regimes that govern sovereign debt restructurings, as well as to what extent creditors are protected (substantive protection) and how this protection relates to the question of intercreditor equity. International law subjects may also hold debt instruments governed by domestic law. Creditors of domestic law governed debt instruments who are themselves subjects of international law are not normally protected by the international law provisions discussed in this chapter.
Hamlet’s Book
Authors: Tregear Ted
Published: March 2023

This chapter turns to a play written in the wake of Shakespeare’s anthologizing, and published in 1603 by the same stationer as many of the anthologies: Hamlet. The play’s prehistory is marked by its associations with commonplacing, from Seneca’s sententiae to the ‘manie good sentences’ Thomas Nashe associated with an earlier version of the play. This chapter shows that sententia also had a longer history within tragic theory, tracing back to Aristotle’s Poetics, where (in Latin translations) it denotes the thinking contained within drama. Shakespeare’s play is preoccupied with how to stage thinking. Yet it maintains a pronounced ambivalence towards the sententiae that were its standard form, an ambivalence that registers not just Shakespeare’s reflections on his own anthologizing, but the filiations his play negotiates with the tragic tradition. The chapter reads Hamlet’s avoidance of sententiousness in his soliloquies, and finds Shakespeare experimenting with a new representation of thinking onstage.
Conclusion
Authors: Tregear Ted
Published: March 2023

The conclusion recapitulates some key arguments of the book through a reading of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. It offers some brief speculations on what happened after Shakespeare’s anthology period, and how the experience of being anthologized drove him to new ways of writing. It touches on other works that might be read in relation to anthologizing, including Troilus and Cressida, Othello, Macbeth, and Cymbeline. And it reads the 1609 Sonnets through their peculiarly extractable couplets, which seem at times to wander free from their preceding poems, and which, in Sonnet 126, hint at a poetic afterlife—for Shakespeare and his beloved—at the hands of anthologizing readers.
Visual Complex Analysis
Authors: Needham Tristan , Penrose Roger
Published: March 2023

The fundamental advance in the new 25th Anniversary Edition is that the original 501 diagrams now include brand-new captions that fully explain the geometrical reasoning, making it possible to read the work in an entirely new way―as a highbrow comic book! The new edition openly challenges the current dominance of purely symbolic logical reasoning by using new, visually accessible arguments to explain the truths of elementary complex analysis. The first seven chapters discuss geometry and complex arithmetic; complex functions as transformations; Möbius transformations and inversion; differentiation and the amplitwist concept; non-Euclidean geometry; and winding numbers and topology. The book then turns to an examination of complex integration and Cauchy’s Theorem; Cauchy’s Formula and its applications; vector fields; and flows and harmonic functions. To provoke curiosity, exercises can be found at the end of each chapter, allowing readers to develop considerable computational skills. These exercises also illustrate how geometric thinking can often replace lengthy calculation.
Sequential Sovereignty
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2023

Chapter 5, ‘Sequential Sovereignty: On Representing “the People” and the Electorate’, elucidates the distinctive meaning of ‘representation’ in the two cases of representing the people and the electorate. After a critical reconstruction of Hanna Pitkin’s theory of representation as ‘acting for’ (Section 1), and a critical appraisal of the main recent contributions to representation theory by Jane Mansbridge, Michael Saward, and Andrew Rehfeld (Section 2), the chapter argues that, in accordance with the nemo judex principle, the representatives of the electorate (who may legitimately lean towards the delegate pole of the delegate–trustee spectrum of substantive representation) cannot be entrusted with assessing the consistency of the will of the voters and the ‘will of the people’ recorded in the living constitution. Bracketing the question whether the will of the transgenerational people can be represented by non-judicial institutions (but engaging Samuel Freeman’s proposal for a ‘non-judicial’ constitutional court as ‘conservator of the constitution’), Section 3 argues that in judicial review a constitutional court represents the transgenerational people as a trustee and assesses the alignment of the people’s will with that of the electorate. Failure to secure such alignment or acting as a delegate of the electorate arguably reinforces a serial, as opposed to sequential, pattern of popular democratic sovereignty (theorized by Rousseau and Jefferson, hijacked today by populists) and, consequently, contributes to three negative outcomes, described as the ‘wanton republic’, the ‘indistinct republic’, and the ‘underdetermined polity’.
Red Star over the Black Sea
Authors: Meyer James H.
Published: March 2023

Red Star Over the Black Sea tells the story of Nâzım Hikmet and his generation. Nâzım Hikmet (1902–63) is best-known as a poet and communist whose daring flight by motorboat from Turkey to the Eastern Bloc captured international headlines in 1951. Born at the turn of the twentieth century and coming of age in the early 1920s, the women and men of Nâzım Hikmet’s generation were the last of the Ottomans. Children of empire, they had grown up amid an era of porous frontiers. By the time this generation had reached its third decade, however, the doors had already begun to close behind them. Drawing upon previously untapped archival materials and personal papers from Moscow, Istanbul, Amsterdam, and Washington, DC, this book tells the story of Nâzım Hikmet and his generation.
Moscow-Istanbul-Moscow-Istanbul
Authors: Meyer James H.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 6 discusses the period from mid-1924 until late 1928. It begins with Nâzım’s return to Istanbul, where he was supposed to work on behalf of the Turkish Communist Party, which was still a legal organization in Turkey. However, Nâzım’s time in Turkey was beset with difficulties, both personal and political. Nüzhet, whom Nâzım had married when she had visited him in Moscow, broke up with him shortly after his return to Istanbul. More ominously for Nâzım, the Turkish government cracked down on politics in the wake of the Sheikh Sait rebellion of March, 1925, closing all opposition parties. Wanted by Turkish authorities due to his work for the TKP, Nâzım escaped back to Moscow, where he would again reside until the second half of 1928. Nâzım continued to write during these years, with sections of this chapter examining his changing poetic styles in the 1920s. The chapter ends with Nâzım returning once again to Turkey at the end of 1928 in order to undertake ‘clandestine’ work for the now-illegal TKP.
At Large in Istanbul
Authors: Meyer James H.
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines Nâzım’s personal, professional, and literary lives in Istanbul between October 1928 and mid-1934. Upon returning “home” to Istanbul in late 1928, Nâzım was involved in a series of conflicts. In 1929, he broke with the TKP, an organization which had been an important part of his life for eight years. Shortly thereafter, he began working for a journal, Resimli Ay (“Illustrated Monthly”), run by Sabiha and Zekeriya Sertel, with whom Nâzım would develop important life-long friendships. Writing for Resimli Ay, Nâzım mercilessly attacked a number of influential figures in the Turkish literary elite, earning some powerful enemies in the process. The chapter then discusses Nâzım’s courtship and marriage to Piraye, as well as his incarceration in 1933–34. It concludes with a discussion of Nâzım’s poetry and other writings from the early 1930s.
Desperate Measures
Authors: Meyer James H.
Published: March 2023

This chapter begins in 1948, with Nâzım’s ten-year anniversary of incarceration, and ends with his escape from Turkey in June 1951. After providing a “macro” account of Turkey’s changed relations with the US and USSR after World War II, this chapter looks at Nâzım’s rekindled connection with his first cousin Münevver Andaç, who in 1948 paid an unexpected visit to him in prison. This development set off a chain of events leading Nâzım to break off his relationship with his wife Piraye. Energized by his new romance with Münevver, Nâzım revived his efforts to gain an early release. On the heels of an international campaign to win his freedom, Nâzım received an amnesty in July 1950. Continued official harassment in Turkey, however, led him to flee the following year. The chapter concludes with Nâzım escaping into an uncertain future in the Eastern Bloc.
Final Frontiers
Authors: Meyer James H.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 13 examines the years between 1960 and Nâzım’s death in 1963. It discusses various personal matters, such as the breakdown of Nâzım’s relationships with Dr. Galina and Münevver Andaç, and his 1960 marriage to Vera Tulyakova. Other sections of this chapter look at Nâzım’s involvement in short-wave radio and TKP-related projects in Leipzig, East Germany. In the early 1960s, Münevver Andaç escaped from Turkey with her children, Süleyman Nuri sought revenge, and Nâzım sank into depression and an obsession with death. With respect to both his writing and his everyday life, Nâzım tied up loose ends and prepared for the end.