bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CPV System Optical Performance Evaluation by Means of Direct Experimental Measurement Procedure
Authors: Renno Carlo , Petito Fabio
Published: March 2024

The optics is the component that most affects the concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) system performance, depending above all on the concentration factor and optical efficiency. Hence, a basic aspect is the concentrated solar flux measure on the receiving area, the evaluation of which is principally realized by indirect measurement methods. First, a literature review on indirect and direct methods used for the evaluation of concentrated solar flux and optical parameters is presented in this paper. The experimental measurement procedure, which is able to evaluate the optical parameters and concentrated solar flux in CPV systems, is also presented. The main steps of this procedure are represented by experimental system setup, sensor selection for concentrated solar flux estimation, identification of all the factors affecting optical performances, and development of an experimental campaign and output analysis. In particular, the optical characterization results of a CPV system are obtained by means of in-depth experimental analysis using Triple-Junction (TJ) solar cells with areas of 5.5 × 5.5 mm2 and 10 × 10 mm2. Three different setups have been analyzed related to primary and secondary optics composition. The main aim of this paper is the determination of a direct measuring technique, rarely adopted in literature in comparison to the established techniques, that is able to evaluate experimentally the optical parameter values and that can be standardized for other CPV systems. In particular, equations that link the optical concentration factor (C) and efficiency (ηopt) with focal distance (h) represent the fundamental results. They can be used for similar point-focus configurations presenting the same TJ cell size and ranges of C, ηopt and h. Finally, the experimental results of the direct method are compared with those of an indirect method adopting the same CPV system and operational conditions.
An Analytical Determination of the Magnetic Field in a System of Finite-Length Ribbon Busbars
Authors: Kusiak Dariusz
Published: March 2024

Using the analytic method based on the Biot–Savart law for the electromagnetic field, the distribution of the magnetic field of a ribbon busbar of finite length was determined. The analytical formulas describing the magnetic field in all areas of the considered ribbon busbars were obtained. The Mathematica program was used to visualize the solutions obtained. The Mathematica programme is a good and convenient tool for analytical measurements using the integration function and conversion of the analytical solutions, for the determination of field quantities, and for the graphical visualisation of the obtained final solutions. This allowed for quick field analysis to be conducted after changes were made in the geometrical or electrical parameters of the systems under examination.
Use of Carbon-Based Additives in Bio-Electrochemically Assisted Anaerobic Digestion for Cheese Whey Valorisation
Authors: Carrillo-Peña D. , Mateos R. , Morán A. , Escapa A.
Published: March 2024

This study explores the possibility of utilising electrochemically assisted anaerobic digestion supplemented with carbon-based materials to stimulate methanogenesis. Two different carbonaceous materials—commercial activated carbon (AC), and pyrolysed argan (PA, derived from argan shells)—were employed as supplements, with cheese whey (CW) being used as the substrate. Methane production slightly increased in the electrochemically assisted digesters, potentially translating into a 2–4% increase in the output of industrial digesters. In addition, reactors supplemented with PA also exhibited better production rates (496–508 L·kgVS−1), although there was no observed improvement in the quantity of biogas at the end of the biodegradability experiment. In contrast, when commercial AC was used as the supplement, the start-up phase was accelerated (5 days), although methane productivity decreased (273–352 L·kgVS−1). These observations were supported by microbiological analyses, demonstrating that the reactors with the poorest performance (those supplemented with AC) experienced the most significant decrease in both archaeal and bacterial populations.
The Determinant of Time in the Logistical Process of Wind Farm Planning
Authors: Chamier-Gliszczynski Norbert , Dyczkowska Joanna Alicja , Woźniak Waldemar , Olkiewicz Marcin , Stryjski Roman
Published: March 2024

Planning logistical processes supports the managerial processes of an enterprise, including investments such as wind farm construction. The aim of the article is to analyze and assess the time determinant in the logistical process of wind farm planning. The research method involves the analysis of a case study on the investment planning of a wind farm (WF) in Poland from 2008 to 2020. The Critical Path Method (CPM) was applied to the planning and scheduling of projects and logistical planning processes at WF Barwice. As a result of the research efforts, which included the identification of stages, time frames, critical paths, and construction conditions, the outcome is a concept for optimizing the logistical process of wind farm planning. The main problem associated with the planning of this investment was the analysis and evaluation of the environmental factors that would impact upon a positive assessment of the construction of WF Barwice. The outcome is the optimization of the time determinant in the logistical process of wind farm planning from 14 years to 10; however, legal, administrative, and environmental constraints have influenced the achieved result.
Investigation of Guar Gum and Xanthan Gum Influence on Essential Thyme Oil Emulsion Properties and Encapsulation Release Using Modeling Tools
Authors: Ribeiro Samara , Almeida Renata , Batista Leonardo , Lima Janaina , Sarinho Ana , Nascimento Amanda , Lisboa Hugo
Published: March 2024

This study explores the influence of hydrocolloid interactions between Guar Gum (GG) and Xanthan Gum (XG) on the stability and release dynamics of essential thyme oil emulsions. We systematically characterized six emulsions with varying GG and XG ratios, employing spray-drying techniques for the encapsulation process. The stability of the emulsions was quantitatively analyzed, revealing a marked decrease in stability rates correlated with higher initial emulsion activity (zero-order kinetic constant r = −0.972). Furthermore, this study demonstrated that emulsions with carefully optimized hydrocolloid ratios could achieve high encapsulation efficiency (74%) and controlled release profiles. Kinetic modeling and diffusion analyses elucidated that increased XG concentrations tend to reduce diffusivity, thereby enhancing emulsion stability. The effective diffusivity of the thyme oil within the emulsion matrix was determined to be within a range of 0.7 to 2.4 × 10−10 m2/s, significantly influencing release kinetics. The Pearson correlation matrix underlined a substantial negative association between emulsion activity and effective diffusivity (r = −0.740), indicating that denser hydrocolloid networks impede oil mobility. The findings conclusively establish that the interplay of GG and XG concentrations is pivotal in dictating the emulsion’s physicochemical properties, with denser networks formed by higher XG content leading to slower oil release rates and enhanced stability. This research provides critical insights for the design of encapsulated food and pharmaceutical products, highlighting the imperative of strategic hydrocolloid selection to realize specific functional attributes and performance criteria.
The Influence of Different Levels of Sodium Chloride, Sodium Nitrite, and Glucose on Biogenic Amines and Microbial Communities in Fermented Goat Meat Sausage
Authors: Wu Shuanghui , Niu Yin , Wang Jie , Dao Xiaofang , Lin Yaqiu , Chen Juan
Published: March 2024

The influence of different levels of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and glucose on the quality characteristics of spontaneously fermented goat meat sausage was investigated. The amounts of total biogenic amines in all the sausages ranged from 324.70 to 388.77 mg/kg; among them, spermine was the most abundant, with amounts ranging from 230.96 to 275.78 mg/kg. Increasing sodium chloride from 15 to 35 g/kg, the content of cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and total amines decreased, and Enterobacteriaceae counts decreased at the same time. Increasing sodium nitrite from 150 to 250 mg/kg, the content of cadaverine, histamine, and total amines decreased, while Enterobacteriaceae counts decreased simultaneously. Increasing glucose from 10 to 40 g/kg, the content of cadaverine, spermidine, and total amines decreased. Enterococcus was the most abundant genus across all the samples, and the relative abundance of Enterococcus was reduced obviously by increasing sodium nitrite and glucose levels. The top 10 differential bacterial taxa for each additive group were respectively obtained, and microbial biomarkers for each level of additive within its group were acquired, respectively. Through Pearson correlation, Lactobacillus was positively correlated with phenylethylamine, tryptamine, tyramine, and cadaverine, Bacteroides and Sediminibacterium were positively correlated with phenylethylamine and putrescine, respectively, suggesting they have the potential to produce biogenic amines. The results provided references for controlling the accumulation of biogenic amines in fermented goat meat sausage via the addition of auxiliary additives during the processing.
Food from the Wild—Roles and Values of Wild Edible Plants and Fungi
Authors: Catarino Luis , Romeiras Maria Manuel , Fernandes Ângela
Published: March 2024

Humans have used a multitude of wild species of plants, fungi, and animals for food and medicinal purposes [...]
Structural Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide from Summer–Autumn Tea
Authors: Cao Miao , Cao Zheng , Tian Juanjuan , Lv Wenping , Wang Hongxin
Published: March 2024

To enhance the utilization of summer–autumn tea, a water-soluble polysaccharide (D1N1) was isolated through a series of techniques including hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and column chromatography. The structure of D1N1 was determined through the utilization of ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results revealed that glucose was the predominant component of D1N1, accounting for 95% of its composition. Additionally, D1N1 also contained galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose. The molecular weight (Mw) of D1N1 was determined to be 224.71 kDa. The backbone of D1N1 consisted of →4)-α-D -Glcp (1→, →3,4)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D -Glcp (1→ at a molar ratio of 35:1:1, and branching at the O-3 position of →3,4)-α-D-Galp-(1→ and O-6 position of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp (1→ with α-D -Glcp (1→. In addition, the antioxidant activity of D1N1 was also evaluated. D1N1 exhibited excellent antioxidant bioactivity against the DPPH, superoxide anion radical, and ABTS+ radical. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of summer–autumn tea polysaccharide as a potential functional food.
Grape Skin Composting Process to Recycle Food Waste: Kinetics and Optimization
Authors: Sokač Cvetnić Tea , Krog Korina , Lisak Jakopović Katarina , Valinger Davor , Gajdoš Kljusurić Jasenka , Benković Maja , Jurina Tamara , Jakovljević Tamara , Radojčić Redovniković Ivana , Jurinjak Tušek Ana
Published: March 2024

Within the various approaches to organic waste handling, composting has been recognized as an acceptable method to valorize organic waste. Composting is an aerobic technique of microbial disruption of organic matter which results with compost as a final product. To guarantee the quality of the compost, key process factors (like the moisture content, temperature, pH, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) must be maintained. In order to optimize the process, nine composting trials using grape skins were conducted in the present study under various initial moisture content and air flow rate conditions over the course of 30 days. The processes were monitored through physicochemical variables and microbiological activity. Also, the kinetics of the organic matter degradation and microbial growth were investigated. Although the thermophile phase was only achieved in experiments 3 and 8, the important variables proved the efficiency of all nine composting processes. The organic carbon content and C/N ratio decreased after the 30 days of composting processes and a great color change was noticed too. The values for the germination index for all experiments were above 80%, which means that the final products are non-toxic for plants. Also, the greatest change in organic carbon content in was evident in experiment 3; it decreased from 71.57 to 57.31%. And consequently, the rate of degradation for that experiment was the highest, at 0.0093 1/day. Furthermore, the response surface methodology was used to identify optimal operating conditions for grape skin composting and the obtained conditions were 58.15% for the initial moisture content and 1.0625 L/min for the air flow rate.
Gellan Gum as a Unique Microbial Polysaccharide: Its Characteristics, Synthesis, and Current Application Trends
Authors: Abdl Aali Raghad , Al-Sahlany Shayma
Published: March 2024

Gellan gum (GG) is a linear, negatively charged exopolysaccharide that is biodegradable and non-toxic. When metallic ions are present, a hard and transparent gel is produced, which remains stable at a low pH. It exhibits high water solubility, can be easily bio-fabricated, demonstrates excellent film/hydrogel formation, is biodegradable, and shows biocompatibility. These characteristics render GG a suitable option for use in food, biomedical, and cosmetic fields. Thus, this review paper offers a concise summary of microbial polysaccharides. Moreover, an in-depth investigation of trends in different facets of GG, such as biosynthesis, chemical composition, and physical and chemical properties, is emphasized. In addition, this paper highlights the process of extracting and purifying GG. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of GG concerning other polysaccharides is presented. Moreover, the utilization of GG across different industries, such as food, medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc., is thoroughly examined and will greatly benefit individuals involved in this field who are seeking fresh opportunities for innovative projects in the future.
Pulmonary Diseases in Older Patients: Understanding and Addressing the Challenges
Authors: Joshi Pushpa Raj
Published: March 2024

As the global population ages, pulmonary diseases among older people have emerged as a significant and growing public health concern. The increasing incidence of these conditions has led to higher rates of morbidity and mortality among older adults. This perspective study offers a thorough overview of the prevalent pulmonary diseases affecting the elderly demographic. It delves into the challenges encountered during the diagnosis and management of these conditions in older individuals, considering factors such as comorbidities, functional limitations, and medication complexities. Furthermore, innovative strategies and personalized interventions such as precision medicine, advanced therapies, telemedicine solutions, and patient-centered support systems aimed at enhancing the care provided to older individuals grappling with pulmonary disorders are thoroughly explored. By addressing the unique needs and complexities of this vulnerable population, healthcare systems can strive towards improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for elderly individuals affected by pulmonary diseases.
Attachment Style and Emotional Regulation as Protective and Risk Factors in Mutual Dating Violence among Youngsters: A Moderated Mediation Model
Authors: Morales-Sanhueza Jessica , Martín-Mora-Parra Guadalupe , Cuadrado-Gordillo Isabel
Published: March 2024

Violence in intimate partner relationships among young adults has become a global health problem given its prevalence and its negative effects on physical and psychological well-being. The severity of the problem has given rise to a large body of research that has attempted to find the variables associated with victimization in young couples (for example, attachment style, emotional regulation skills or empathy, among others). Moreover, traditionally, many of these investigations have only considered the point of view of female victims within a gender violence approach. However, in recent times, more and more evidence of the existence of mutual violence in young relationships has been found. These findings, combined with simplistic explanations of the phenomenon, have proven to be insufficient to prevent it. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate how some variables linked to dating violence interact with each other, modifying the mutual violence young people suffer and exercise. Considering this, different instruments were administered (the Experience in Close Relationships Scale (ECR-R); Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS-E); Basic Empathy Scale (BES); and Multidimensional Couple Violence Scale (EMVN)) to a sample of 557 young Chileans. The analysis of the results, based on the construction of a moderated mediation model, reveals that difficulties in emotional regulation are a predictor of violence in intimate partner relationships, whose direct and indirect effects on the violence exercised can be moderated by that partner’s attachment style. The findings also reveal that there is no association between empathy and violence, and they highlight that both men and women are victims and aggressors at the same time. This demonstrate the need to consider prevention and intervention strategies aimed at both sexes, since intimate partner violence is mutual and reciprocal.
The Growth and Tuber Yield of Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) under Varying LED Light Spectrums in Controlled Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Rahman Md Hafizur , Islam Md. Jahirul , Mumu Umma Habiba , Ryu Byeong-Ryeol , Lim Jung-Dae , Azad Md Obyedul Kalam , Cheong Eun Ju , Lim Young-Seok
Published: March 2024

Plant growing using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in a controlled environment is a revolutionary and innovative idea, regardless of the external environmental disturbances. Studying the growth and tuber yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in an LED-based plant factory system is a relatively innovative concept. The current study was conducted in a plant factory to evaluate the effects of different LED spectral compositions on potato tuberization. Potato tuberization was analyzed under six different LED light spectral combinations with irradiances of 300 mol m−2 s−1, with natural light considered the control treatment. The findings stated that the L2 treatment (red70 + blue20 + white10) increased the plant height, branch number, and biomass accumulation, while photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic activity increased significantly in L5 (red60 + blue20 + green10 + white10). Higher gibberellic acid (GA3) content was recorded in L1 (red70 + blue30), whereas the tuber number and tuber fresh weight were recorded in L3 (red70 + blue20 + green10) and L7 (natural light), respectively. On the other hand, a higher number of smaller-sized tubers were observed in L5, while L2 and L4 (red70 + blue20 + far-red10) resulted in a higher number of medium-sized tubers. In conclusion, a high proportion of red and blue light, along with white and far-red light, increased the plant height, branch number, plant biomass, and production of small- and medium-sized tubers. On the other hand, the inclusion of green light with red and blue enhanced the chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and leaf expansion, and promoted the production of smaller-sized tubers. Finally, with regard to tuberization, the treatment using L4 followed by L2 outperformed the other treatments.
Transformative Insights: Break Up with Salt (BUWS) Program’s Short-Term Influence on Hypertension Risk Factors
Authors: Enriquez Jean Pierre , Salgado Helena , Kuetsinya Christopher , Lin Li-Hsiang , Gollub Elizabeth
Published: March 2024

Break Up with Salt (BUWS) is a four-session community-based nutrition education program aimed at reducing key controllable hypertension risk factors. This pilot study utilized a pre-post survey design to assess short-term outcomes on food behaviors (including DASH diet eating patterns), physical activity, and overall well-being, in two groups of participants. The first “pilot” group (n = 25) completed a comprehensive, 16-item survey; the second “abbreviated” group (n = 27) completed a 5-item survey. The pilot group experienced improvements in whole grain (p = 0.04), sweetened beverage consumption, watching/reducing sodium (p = 0.04) and fat (p = 0.05) consumption, and time spent sitting (p = 0.04). The abbreviated group improved confidence in using food labels (p = 0.02), following the DASH diet (p < 0.01), preparing food without salt (p = 0.03), selecting lower sodium items when eating out (p = 0.04), and making a positive lifestyle change (p = 0.01). The BUWS program provides information and teaches strategies to manage or prevent hypertension. By effectively improving diet and food behaviors, BUWS has the potential to reduce hypertension risk factors and improve the general health of participants.
Molecular World Today and Tomorrow: Recent Trends in Biological Sciences 2.0
Authors: Zaman Wajid
Published: March 2024

Molecular techniques have become influential instruments in biological study, transforming our comprehension of life at the cellular and genetic levels [...]
Profiling Cell Heterogeneity and Fructose Transporter Expression in the Rat Nephron by Integrating Single-Cell and Microdissected Tubule Segment Transcriptomes
Authors: Zhang Ronghao , Jadhav Darshan Aatmaram , Kim Najeong , Kramer Benjamin , Gonzalez-Vicente Agustin
Published: March 2024

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) is a crucial tool in kidney research. These technologies cluster cells based on transcriptome similarity, irrespective of the anatomical location and order within the nephron. Thus, a transcriptome cluster may obscure the heterogeneity of the cell population within a nephron segment. Elevated dietary fructose leads to salt-sensitive hypertension, in part, through fructose reabsorption in the proximal tubule (PT). However, the organization of the four known fructose transporters in apical PTs (SGLT4, SGLT5, GLUT5, and NaGLT1) remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that cells within each subsegment of the proximal tubule exhibit complex, heterogeneous fructose transporter expression patterns. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed rat kidney transcriptomes and proteomes from publicly available scRNAseq and tubule microdissection databases. We found that microdissected PT-S1 segments consist of 81% ± 12% cells with scRNAseq-derived transcriptional characteristics of S1, whereas PT-S2 express a mixture of 18% ± 9% S1, 58% ± 8% S2, and 19% ± 5% S3 transcripts, and PT-S3 consists of 75% ± 9% S3 transcripts. The expression of all four fructose transporters was detectable in all three PT segments, but key fructose transporters SGLT5 and GLUT5 progressively increased from S1 to S3, and both were significantly upregulated in S3 vs. S1/S2 (Slc5a10: 1.9 log2FC, p < 1 × 10−299; Scl2a5: 1.4 log2FC, p < 4 × 10−105). A similar distribution was found in human kidneys. These data suggest that S3 is the primary site of fructose reabsorption in both humans and rats. Finally, because of the multiple scRNAseq transcriptional phenotypes found in each segment, our findings also imply that anatomical labels applied to scRNAseq clusters may be misleading.
Timeframe Analysis of Novel Synthetic Cannabinoids Effects: A Study on Behavioral Response and Endogenous Cannabinoids Disruption
Authors: Pineda Garcia Jorge Carlos , Li Ren-Shi , Kikura-Hanajiri Ruri , Tanaka Yoshitaka , Ishii Yuji
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the impact of SCs consumption by assessing the effects of three novel synthetic cannabinoids (SCs); MDMB-CHMINACA, 5F-ADB-PINACA, and APICA post-drug treatment. SCs are known for their rapid onset (<1 min) and prolonged duration (≥5 h). Therefore, this research aimed to assess behavioral responses and their correlation with endocannabinoids (ECs) accumulation in the hippocampus, and EC’s metabolic enzymes alteration at different timeframes (1-3-5-h) following drug administration. Different extents of locomotive disruption and sustained anxiety-like symptoms were observed throughout all-encompassing timeframes of drug administration. Notably, MDMB-CHMINACA induced significant memory impairment at 1 and 3 h. Elevated levels of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) were detected 1 h post-MDMB-CHMINACA and 5F-ADB-PINACA administration. Reduced mRNA expression levels of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) (AEA and 2-AG degrading enzymes, respectively), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) occurred at 1 h, with FAAH levels remaining reduced at 3 h. These findings suggest a connection between increased EC content and decreased BDNF expression following SC exposure. Cognitive disruption, particularly motor coordination decline and progressive loss manifested in a time-dependent manner across all the analyzed SCs. Our study highlights the importance of adopting a temporal framework when assessing the effects of SCs.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dimerization—What Next?
Authors: Dziedzicka-Wasylewska Marta , Polit Agnieszka , Błasiak Ewa , Faron-Górecka Agata
Published: March 2024

Numerous studies highlight the therapeutic potential of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimers, emphasizing their significance in various pathological contexts. Despite extensive basic research and promising outcomes in animal models, the translation of GPCR heterodimer-targeting drugs into clinical use remains limited. The complexities of in vivo conditions, particularly within thecomplex central nervous system, pose challenges in fully replicating physiological environments, hindering clinical success. This review discusses examples of the most studied heterodimers, their involvement in nervous system pathology, and the available data on their potential ligands. In addition, this review highlights the intricate interplay between lipids and GPCRs as a potential key factor in understanding the complexity of cell signaling. The multifaceted role of lipids in modulating the dynamics of GPCR dimerization is explored, shedding light on the elaborate molecular mechanisms governing these interactions.
Regeneration of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Cells Using Chimeric FGF21/HGFR: A Novel Therapeutic Approach
Authors: Kim Sung-Jun , Kim So-Jung , Hyun Jeongeun , Kim Hae-Won , Jang Jun-Hyeog
Published: March 2024

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a significant liver ailment attributed to factors like obesity and diabetes. While ongoing research explores treatments for NAFLD, further investigation is imperative to address this escalating health concern. NAFLD manifests as hepatic steatosis, precipitating insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. This study aims to validate the regenerative potential of chimeric fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor (HGFR) in NAFLD-afflicted liver cells. AML12, a murine hepatocyte cell line, was utilized to gauge the regenerative effects of chimeric FGF21/HGFR expression. Polysaccharide accumulation was affirmed through Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining, while LDL uptake was microscopically observed with labeled LDL. The expression of FGF21/HGFR and NAFLD markers was analyzed by mRNA analysis with RT-PCR, which showed a decreased expression in acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) with increased expression of hepatocellular growth factor (HGF), hepatocellular nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A), and albumin (ALB). These findings affirm the hepato-regenerative properties of chimeric FGF21/HGFR within AML12 cells, opening novel avenues for therapeutic exploration in NAFLD.
An Overview of Current Detection Methods for RNA Methylation
Authors: Sağlam Buket , Akgül Bünyamin
Published: March 2024

Epitranscriptomic mechanisms, which constitute an important layer in post-transcriptional gene regulation, are involved in numerous cellular processes under health and disease such as stem cell development or cancer. Among various such mechanisms, RNA methylation is considered to have vital roles in eukaryotes primarily due to its dynamic and reversible nature. There are numerous RNA methylations that include, but are not limited to, 2’-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and N1-methyladenosine (m1A). These biochemical modifications modulate the fate of RNA by affecting the processes such as translation, target site determination, RNA processing, polyadenylation, splicing, structure, editing and stability. Thus, it is highly important to quantitatively measure the changes in RNA methylation marks to gain insight into cellular processes under health and disease. Although there are complicating challenges in identifying certain methylation marks genome wide, various methods have been developed recently to facilitate the quantitative measurement of methylated RNAs. To this end, the detection methods for RNA methylation can be classified in five categories such as antibody-based, digestion-based, ligation-based, hybridization-based or direct RNA-based methods. In this review, we have aimed to summarize our current understanding of the detection methods for RNA methylation, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, along with the current challenges in the field.
Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia Accelerates Tumor Delivery and Improves Anticancer Activity of Doxorubicin Encapsulated in Lyso-Thermosensitive Liposomes in 4T1-Tumor-Bearing Mice
Authors: Aloss Kenan , Bokhari Syeda Mahak Zahra , Leroy Viana Pedro Henrique , Giunashvili Nino , Schvarcz Csaba András , Szénási Gábor , Bócsi Dániel , Koós Zoltán , Storm Gert , Miklós Zsuzsanna , Benyó Zoltán , Hamar Péter
Published: March 2024

Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) is an adjuvant cancer therapy that enables tumor-selective heating (+2.5 °C). In this study, we investigated whether mEHT accelerates the tumor-specific delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) from lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin (LTLD) and improves its anticancer efficacy in mice bearing a triple-negative breast cancer cell line (4T1). The 4T1 cells were orthotopically injected into Balb/C mice, and mEHT was performed on days 9, 12, and 15 after the implantation. DOX, LTLD, or PEGylated liposomal DOX (PLD) were administered for comparison. The tumor size and DOX accumulation in the tumor were measured. The cleaved caspase-3 (cC3) and cell proliferation were evaluated by cC3 or Ki67 immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The LTLD+mEHT combination was more effective at inhibiting tumor growth than the free DOX and PLD, demonstrated by reductions in both the tumor volume and tumor weight. LTLD+mEHT resulted in the highest DOX accumulation in the tumor one hour after treatment. Tumor cell damage was associated with cC3 in the damaged area, and with a reduction in Ki67 in the living area. These changes were significantly the strongest in the LTLD+mEHT-treated tumors. The body weight loss was similar in all mice treated with any DOX formulation, suggesting no difference in toxicity. In conclusion, LTLD combined with mEHT represents a novel approach for DOX delivery into cancer tissue.
Super-Enhancers and Their Parts: From Prediction Efforts to Pathognomonic Status
Authors: Vasileva Anastasia V. , Gladkova Marina G. , Ashniev German A. , Osintseva Ekaterina D. , Orlov Alexey V. , Kravchuk Ekaterina V. , Boldyreva Anna V. , Burenin Alexander G. , Nikitin Petr I. , Orlova Natalia N.
Published: March 2024

Super-enhancers (SEs) are regions of the genome that play a crucial regulatory role in gene expression by promoting large-scale transcriptional responses in various cell types and tissues. Recent research suggests that alterations in super-enhancer activity can contribute to the development and progression of various disorders. The aim of this research is to explore the multifaceted roles of super-enhancers in gene regulation and their significant implications for understanding and treating complex diseases. Here, we study and summarise the classification of super-enhancer constituents, their possible modes of interaction, and cross-regulation, including super-enhancer RNAs (seRNAs). We try to investigate the opportunity of SE dynamics prediction based on the hierarchy of enhancer single elements (enhancers) and their aggregated action. To further our understanding, we conducted an in silico experiment to compare and differentiate between super-enhancers and locus-control regions (LCRs), shedding light on the enigmatic relationship between LCRs and SEs within the human genome. Particular attention is paid to the classification of specific mechanisms and their diversity, exemplified by various oncological, cardiovascular, and immunological diseases, as well as an overview of several anti-SE therapies. Overall, the work presents a comprehensive analysis of super-enhancers across different diseases, aiming to provide insights into their regulatory roles and may act as a rationale for future clinical interventions targeting these regulatory elements.
Constitutional BRCA1 and MGMT Methylation Are Significant Risk Factors for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer in Saudi Women
Authors: Al-Moghrabi Nisreen , Al-Showimi Maram , Alqahtani Amal , Almalik Osama , Alhusaini Hamed , Almalki Ghdah , Saad Ajawhara , Alsunayi Elaf
Published: March 2024

Breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) are rapidly increasing in Saudi Arabia. BRCA1 and MGMT epimutations have been linked to a higher risk of these malignancies. The present research investigated the impact of these epimutations on the prevalence of BC and OC among Saudi women. DNA methylation was evaluated using methylation-specific PCR, whereas mRNA expression levels were assessed using qRT-PCR. We evaluated white blood cell (WBC)–BRCA1 methylation in 1958 Saudi women (908 BC patients, 223 OC patients, and 827 controls). MGMT methylation was determined in 1534 of the 1958 women (700 BC patients, 223 OC patients, and 611 controls). BRCA1 methylation was detected in 8.6% of the controls and 11% of the BC patients. This epimutation was linked to 13.8% of the early-onset BC patients (p = 0.003) and 20% of the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (p = 0.0001). BRCA1 methylation was also detected in 14% of the OC patients (p = 0.011), 19.4% of patients aged <55 years (p = 0.0007), and 23.4% of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients. In contrast, the BRCA1 mutation was detected in 24% of the OC patients, 27.4% of patients aged ≥55 years, and 26.7% of the HGSOC patients. However, MGMT methylation was detected in 10% of the controls and 17.4% of the BC patients (p = 0.0003). This epimutation was linked to 26.4% of the late-onset BC patients (p = 0.0001) and 11% of the TNBC patients. MGMT methylation was also found in 15.2% of the OC patients (p = 0.034) and 19.1% of HGSOC patients (p = 0.054). Furthermore, 36% of the BRCA1-methylated patients and 34.5% of the MGMT-methylated patients had a family history of cancer, including breast and ovarian cancer. Notably, BRCA1 and MGMT mRNA levels were greater in the WBC RNA of the BC patients and cancer-free methylation carriers than in that of the OC patients. Our data indicate that BRCA1 and MGMT epimutations significantly contribute to the development of breast cancer and ovarian cancer in Saudi cancer patients. These blood-based biomarkers could help identify female patients at high risk of developing TNBC and HGSOC at an early age.
Vitamin C as Scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species during Healing after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zheng Huabo , Xu Yichen , Liehn Elisa A. , Rusu Mihaela
Published: March 2024

Currently, coronary artery bypass and reperfusion therapies are considered the gold standard in long-term treatments to restore heart function after acute myocardial infarction. As a drawback of these restoring strategies, reperfusion after an ischemic insult and sudden oxygen exposure lead to the exacerbated synthesis of additional reactive oxidative species and the persistence of increased oxidation levels. Attempts based on antioxidant treatment have failed to achieve an effective therapy for cardiovascular disease patients. The controversial use of vitamin C as an antioxidant in clinical practice is comprehensively systematized and discussed in this review. The dose-dependent adsorption and release kinetics mechanism of vitamin C is complex; however, this review may provide a holistic perspective on its potential as a preventive supplement and/or for combined precise and targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular management therapy.
Cilastatin as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Treatment in the Management of Glaucoma
Authors: Martínez-López Miguel A. , Rubio-Casado Sara , San Felipe Diego , Martín-Sánchez Beatriz , Fernández-Albarral José A. , Salobrar-García Elena , Matamoros José A. , Ramírez José M. , de Hoz Rosa , Salazar Juan J. , Marco Eva M. , Ramírez Ana I. , Lázaro Alberto , López-Gallardo Meritxell
Published: March 2024

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that causes blindness. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective role of cilastatin (CIL), generally used in the treatment of nephropathologies associated with inflammation, in an experimental mouse model based on unilateral (left) laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). Male Swiss mice were administered CIL daily (300 mg/kg, i.p.) two days before OHT surgery until sacrifice 3 or 7 days later. Intraocular Pressure (IOP), as well as retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival, was registered, and the inflammatory responses of macroglial and microglial cells were studied via immunohistochemical techniques. Results from OHT eyes were compared to normotensive contralateral (CONTRA) and naïve control eyes considering nine retinal areas and all retinal layers. OHT successfully increased IOP values in OHT eyes but not in CONTRA eyes; CIL did not affect IOP values. Surgery induced a higher loss of RGCs in OHT eyes than in CONTRA eyes, while CIL attenuated this loss. Similarly, surgery increased macroglial and microglial activation in OHT eyes and to a lesser extent in CONTRA eyes; CIL prevented both macroglial and microglial activation in OHT and CONTRA eyes. Therefore, CIL arises as a potential effective strategy to reduce OHT-associated damage in the retina of experimental mice.
Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: From the Researcher Bench to the Patient’s Bedside
Authors: Holló Péter , Lengyel Zsuzsanna , Bánvölgyi András , Kiss Norbert
Published: March 2024

The overall incidence and prevalence of skin cancer have shown a significant increase worldwide in the last several decades [...]
Pharmacological Interventions in Paraphilic Disorders: Systematic Review and Insights
Authors: Culos Chiara , Di Grazia Massimo , Meneguzzo Paolo
Published: March 2024

(1) Background: Paraphilic disorders, marked by intense sexual fantasies and behaviors, present formidable challenges. This review addresses concerns fueled by scandals and child abuse. Emphasizing paraphilias’ complexity, it systematically reviews the pharmacotherapy literature, aiming to enhance understanding and guide future research. (2) Methods: A comprehensive search from 1990 to 2023 across major databases identified 28 relevant English-language studies. Inclusion criteria focused on adult pharmacotherapy for paraphilias, and results were evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. (3) Results: Synthesizing data from selected studies, diverse treatments such as SSRIs and antiandrogens were analyzed, revealing variable effectiveness and side effect profiles. Poor quality of the current literature has been reported. (4) Conclusions: Highlighting the pivotal role of the serotonergic system, this review underscores the efficacy of SSRIs and androgen deprivation therapy. GnRH analog-associated side effects and the importance of a combined assessment approach are discussed. Critical insights contribute to understanding and ethical considerations in paraphilic disorders.
Long-Term Outcome of Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty with Modular Neck Stem
Authors: Wakabayashi Hiroki , Hasegawa Masahiro , Naito Yohei , Tone Shine , Sudo Akihiro
Published: March 2024

Background: This study aimed to report the long-term outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (THA) using a Conserve Plus (Wright Medical, Japan) metal-on-metal (MoM) acetabular prosthesis with a modular neck stem. Methods: This study enrolled 50 patients (10 men and 40 women; mean age, 65.8 (39–87) years) who underwent primary THA using a Conserve Plus MoM acetabular prosthesis with a modular neck stem. The preoperative diagnosis in most patients was osteoarthritis. Clinical function of hip joint outcomes was investigated using the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) hip score preoperatively and at the final follow-up. The perfect JOA hip score was 100, while the worst score was 0. Radiological analyses were evaluated during the final follow-up visit. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images were evaluated to screen for pseudotumors in 43 hips postoperatively. Results: Six patients did not visit before their 10-year follow-up for unknown reasons. Therefore, 44 patients were evaluated at a mean of 11-years of follow-up (10–12 years). The mean (±SD) preoperative JOA hip score of 44.2 (±15.5) improved significantly to 85.1 (±12.9) postoperatively at the final follow-up (n = 36 hips, excluding eight revision cases). One patient underwent femoral fixation for a periprosthetic fracture due to trauma that occurred 4 years postoperatively. Spot welds were identified in 93.2% (41/44 hips) of cases. Severe (third- and fourth-degree) stress shielding was identified in 40.9% (18/44 hips) of cases. Twenty-two patients (51.2%) had pseudotumors attributable to MoM articulation based on MRI results, 2 to 10 years after arthroplasty. Three hips showed cup osteolysis (7%) and three showed trochanteric region osteolysis (7%). There were seven cup and/or three stem revisions for aseptic loosening and/or osteolysis at 4 months (with trauma) and 3.3 to 11 years (with pseudotumor) postoperatively. The Kaplan–Meier survivorship for the THA construct in this group was constant at 93.0% and 75.9% at 10 and 12 years after arthroplasty, respectively. The rates of survivorship of revision and loss of follow-up at 10 and 12 years were 83.9% and 66.8%, respectively. Conclusions: In summary, we reported on the long-term treatment results of MoM THA, precautions based on our cohort’s findings, and the measures taken to address these issues, such as revision replacement and its outcomes. Clinical scores revealed good outcomes during the mean 11-year follow-up period. However, the prevalence of pseudotumors (PTs) was 51.2%. Some cases required revisions even after the 10 years following surgery. This is because in MoM THA, PT occurrence increases over time, and as a result, there were cases in which revised THA was required even after 10 years.
The Functional Implications of Transanal Irrigation: Insights from Pathophysiology and Clinical Studies of Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction
Authors: Rodriguez Gianna , Kirshblum Steven , Thao Mai , McArthur Mackenzie , Camilleri Michael
Published: March 2024

Defecation function is negatively impacted in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD), who require effective bowel care for stool evacuation. NBD comprises fecal incontinence and/or constipation, which can reduce the quality of life and dignity. Transanal irrigation (TAI) is recommended by several clinical guidelines as the second-line treatment after conservative treatment and before surgical options are considered. As the only class in the second-line treatment with an established safety and efficacy profile, the mechanism of action of TAI has not fully been elucidated when administered through a rectal catheter with a balloon. This review examines the current understanding regarding the mechanism of action of TAI, with a focus on the pathophysiology of neurogenic bowel and irregular defecation. By understanding the functional implications of TAI, clinicians may be better able to integrate this modality into bowel care programs, especially for patients with NBD who have significant constipation due to delayed colonic motility and impaired stool emptying with loss of voluntary control of defecation, and those who are unresponsive to conservative treatment, including enemas.
Vitamin A Positively Correlates with Secretory Immunoglobulin A: A Cross-Sectional Study in Omicron COVID-19 Outpatients
Authors: Turrubiates-Hernández Francisco Javier , García-Arellano Samuel , Herrera-Jiménez Laura Elena , González-Estevez Guillermo , Márquez-Sandoval Fabiola , Padilla-Bórquez Diana Lourdes , Ceja-Gálvez Hazael Ramiro , Vega-Magaña Natali , Nicoletti Ferdinando , Muñoz-Ríos Guillermina , Muñoz-Valle José Francisco
Published: March 2024

Background: Respiratory tract infections remain among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of mucosal immunity in defending against infectious agents. Vitamin A is known to influence the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) predominantly in the gut, where it is a critical component of the first line of defense on mucosal surfaces. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted 14 days post-positive COVID-19 diagnosis, aimed to determine the relationship between the nutritional status of vitamin A and SIgA levels in COVID-19 outpatients. Serum and saliva samples were collected. Vitamin A nutritional status was determined based on the assessment of dietary intake and the analysis of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4). SIgA levels were analyzed from salivary samples. In addition, serum antibodies were analyzed. Results: Dietary vitamin A intake and RBP4 levels positively correlated with SIgA. Patients with higher vitamin A intake showed higher SIgA/IgG1 and SIgA/IgG3 ratios, while those with higher RBP4 levels showed higher SIgA/IgM, SIgA/IgG1, and SIgA/IgG2 ratios. Conclusions: These findings underscore a significant correlation between vitamin A nutritional status and SIgA levels in COVID-19 outpatients, which may suggest the potential importance of maintaining optimal vitamin A levels for the prevention of viral infections.