bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staff interactive style during multisensory storytelling with persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities
Authors: Penne A. , ten Brug A. , Munde V. , van der Putten A. , Vlaskamp C. , Maes B.
Published: July 2011

Background  Multisensory storytelling (MSST) is an individualised activity for people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) in which a story is being told with an emphasis on sensory experiences and social interaction. MSST is a promising approach, but needs more empirical research evidence. In general, there is a lack of research about staff interaction during specific activities with people with PIMD. In the present study, we explored the possibility to describe staff interactive style during MSST making use of a global coding instrument.

Methods  Twenty dyads of a person with PIMD and a professional caregiver participated in an observation study. The caregivers received training in MSST and told a multisensory story to their client once a week, for a period of 10 weeks. The first, fifth and last session were recorded on video. Staff interactive style was coded using an adapted version of the Maternal Behavior Rating Scale, with a consensus rating procedure.

Results  Professional caregivers scored moderately on the Maternal Behavior Rating Scale. Repeated measures analyses showed no change in time. We did not find a relationship between staff interactive style and client or staff characteristics.

Conclusions  The Maternal Behavior Rating Scale contributes to our understanding of staff interactive style during activities with people with PIMD. Specifically for MSST, the moderate scores on the interactive style dimensions were unexpected, because the individualised MSST activity created an optimal situation for high‐quality interaction with people with PIMD. Because the interactive style did not improve through the repetition of the activity either, these results might point to a need for staff training in achieving high‐quality interaction during activities like MSST.
Manual or semi‐automated edge detection of the maximal far wall common carotid intima–media thickness: a direct comparison
Authors: Peters S. A. E. , den Ruijter H. M. , Palmer M. K. , Grobbee D. E. , Crouse J. R. , O’Leary D. H. , Evans G. W. , Raichlen J. S. , Lind L. , Bots M. L. ,   on behalf of the METEOR Study Group
Published: July 2011

Abstract.  Peters SAE, den Ruijter HM, Palmer MK, Grobbee DE, Crouse JR, O’Leary DH, Evans GW, Raichlen JS, Lind L, Bots ML, on behalf of the METEOR Study Group (University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Keele University, Keele, UK; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston‐Salem, NC, USA; Caritas Carney Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston‐Salem, NC, USA; AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA; and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Manual or semi‐automated edge detection of the maximal far wall common carotid intima–media thickness: a direct comparison. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 247–256.

Background.  Automated edge detection is thought to be superior to manual edge detection in quantification of the far wall common carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT), yet published evidence making a direct comparison is not available.

Methods.  Data were used from the METEOR study, a randomized placebo‐controlled trial among 984 individuals showing that rosuvastatin attenuated the rate of change of 2 year change in CIMT among low‐risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis. For this post hoc analysis, CIMT images of the far wall of the common carotid artery were evaluated using manual and semi‐automated edge detection and reproducibility, relation to cardiovascular risk factors, rates of change over time and effects of lipid‐lowering therapy were assessed.

Results.  Reproducibility was high for both reading methods. Direction, magnitude and statistical significance of risk factor relations were similar across methods. Rate of change in CIMT in participants assigned to placebo was 0.0066 mm per year (SE: 0.0027) for manually and 0.0072 mm per year (SE: 0.0029) for semi‐automatically read images. The effect of lipid‐lowering therapy on CIMT changes was −0.0103 mm per year (SE: 0.0032) for manual reading and −0.0111 mm per year (SE: 0.0034) for semi‐automated reading.

Conclusion.  Manual and semi‐automated readings of the maximal far wall of the common CIMT images both result in high reproducibility, show similar risk factor relations, rates of change and treatment effects. Hence, choices between semi‐automated and manual reading software for CIMT studies likely should be based on logistical and cost considerations rather than differences in expected data quality when the choice is made to use far wall common CIMT measurements.
A novel CB receptor GPR55 and its ligands are involved in regulation of gut movement in rodents
Authors: Lin X.‐H. , Yuece B. , Li Y.‐Y. , Feng Y.‐J. , Feng J.‐Y. , Yu L.‐Y. , Li K. , Li Y.‐N. , Storr M.
Published: July 2011

Background  This study was to investigate the effects of the novel cannabinoid receptor – G protein‐coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) – and its ligands O‐1602 and cannabidiol (CBD) on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in rodents.

Methods  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used in vivo to produce the model of septic ileus. The intestinal motility was measured by recording myoelectrical activity of jejunum in rats, and by measuring GI transit with a charcoal marker in mice, in presence of O‐1602 or CBD. Inflammatory response was assessed serologically and histologically. The expression and distribution of GPR55 in the different parts of rat intestine were investigated by real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, the effects of the drugs on the GI movement were investigated by measuring the contraction of the intestinal muscle strips in organ bath, and the intracellular responses of the muscle cells with microelectrode technique.

Key Results  G protein‐coupled receptor 55 was expressed in different parts of rat intestine. Lipopolysaccharide significantly inhibited the intestinal motility, increased inflammatory cytokines and GPR55 expression. Pretreatment with CBD normalized LPS‐induced hypomotility and improved the inflammatory responses serologically and histologically. Both O‐1602 and CBD counteracted LPS‐induced disturbances of the gut contraction, but had no effect on the membrane potential of the muscle cells, while cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonist AM251 and cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonist AM630 increased the potential.

Conclusions & Inferences  G protein‐coupled receptor 55 existed throughout the whole intestine of rats. O‐1602 or CBD selectively normalized the motility disturbances. Possible mechanisms involved systemic anti‐inflammation and the regulation of myoelectrical activity of the intestine.
A paralog of the MtN3/saliva family recessively confers race‐specific resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae in rice
Authors: LIU QINSONG , YUAN MENG , ZHOU YAN , LI XIANGHUA , XIAO JINGHUA , WANG SHIPING
Published: July 2011

Approximately one third of the identified 34 rice major disease resistance (R) genes conferring race‐specific resistance to different strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes rice bacterial blight disease, are recessive genes. However, only two of the recessive resistance genes have been characterized thus far. Here we report the characterization of another recessive resistance gene, xa25, for Xoo resistance. The xa25, localized in the centromeric region of chromosome 12, mediates race‐specific resistance to Xoo strain PXO339 at both seedling and adult stages by inhibiting Xoo growth. It encodes a protein of the MtN3/saliva family, which is prevalent in eukaryotes, including mammals. Transformation of the dominant Xa25 into a resistant rice line carrying the recessive xa25 abolished its resistance to PXO339. The encoding proteins of recessive xa25 and its dominant allele Xa25 have eight amino acid differences. The expression of dominant Xa25 but not recessive xa25 was rapidly induced by PXO339 but not other Xoo strain infections. The nature of xa25‐encoding protein and its expression pattern in comparison with its susceptible allele in rice–Xoo interaction indicate that the mechanism of xa25‐mediated resistance appears to be different from that conferred by most of the characterized R proteins.
Prevalence and risk factors of Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnant women of Luanda, Angola
Authors: Valente Bianor , Campos Paulo A. , do Rosário Virgílio E. , Varandas Luis , Silveira Henrique
Published: July 2011

Pregnant women are at increased risk of malaria, but in Angola, epidemiologic data from this group is almost inexistent. We conducted a cross‐sectional study to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Plasmodium falciparum infections in 567 pregnant Angolan women living in Luanda province. One in five women had P. falciparum at delivery, diagnosed by PCR assay. Age, residence and history of malaria during pregnancy were significantly associated with P. falciparum infection, but gravidity and use of anti‐malarial drugs were not. Placental infections were significantly more common in women ≤18 years old and in primigravidae, but we could not correlate placental infections with poor pregnancy outcomes. These findings are relevant to malaria control policies in Luanda, Angola.
Characterizing the behavior of children emerging with delirium from general anesthesia
Authors: Malarbi Stephanie , Stargatt Robyn , Howard Kelly , Davidson Andrew
Published: July 2011

Background:  Emergence delirium (ED) frequently occurs in young children awakening from general anesthesia (GA). To date, research is limited by scales that are unable to discriminate the condition from other forms of agitation.

Aim:  The primary aim of this study was to determine the core behaviors of ED that discriminate the condition from pain and tantrum in young children and to cluster these behaviors according to the DSM‐IV/V core diagnostic criteria and associated behaviors of delirium.

Method:  Children aged 18 months to 6 years (n = 198) were observed upon awakening from GA following surgical or nonsurgical procedures to determine which behaviors categorize ED. Behaviors were recorded via a structured behavioral observation. Clinical opinion was sought to determine whether the child presented ED, pain, or tantrum.

Results:  A chi‐square analysis revealed children with ED were significantly more likely to display activity, nonpurposefulness, eyes averted, stared or closed, no language, and nonresponsivity. These behaviors were not significantly associated with pain or tantrum. A logistic regression showed eyes averted or stared and nonpurposefulness were significant predictors of ED, while no language and activity were not significant predictors of ED.

Conclusions:  Children with ED are significantly more likely to display nonpurposefulness, eyes averted, stared or closed, and nonresponsivity. These behaviors were not significantly associated with pain or tantrum and are believed to reflect the DSM‐IV/V diagnostic criteria for delirium. Associated behaviors of ED identified by this research are irrelevant language, activity, and vocalization.
A systems‐based modelling approach using transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) specimens yielded incremental prognostic significance to Gleason when predicting long‐term outcome in men with localized prostate cancer
Authors: Donovan Michael J. , Khan Faisal M. , Bayer‐Zubek Valentina , Powell Douglas , Costa Jose , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos
Published: July 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (individual cohort)

Level of Evidence 2a

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Systems models have been successfully utilised to accurately define risk in men with prostate cancer.

This study addresses the challenges when using TURP specimens to yield predictive models.

OBJECTIVE

• To develop a systems‐based model for predicting prostate cancer‐specific survival (PCSS) using a conservatively managed cohort with clinically localized prostate cancer and long‐term follow‐up.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Transurethral prostate (TURP) specimens in tissue microarray format and medical records from a 758 patient cohort were obtained.

• Slides were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), imaged and digitally outlined for invasive tumour.

• Additional sections were analysed with two multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence (IF) assays for cytokeratin‐18 (epithelial cells), 4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole(nuclei), p63/high‐molecular‐weight keratin (basal cells), androgen receptor (AR) and α‐methyl CoA‐racemase, Ki67, phosphorylated AKT (pAKT)and CD34.

• Images were acquired with spectral imaging software. H&E and IF images were evaluated with image analysis algorithms; feature data were integrated with clinical variables to construct prognostic models for outcome.

RESULTS

• Using a training set of 256 patients with 24% events, one clinical variable (Gleason score) and two tissue‐specific characteristics (H&E morphometry and tumour‐specific pAKT levels) were identified (concordance index [CoI] 0.79, sensitivity 76%, specificity 86%, hazard ratio [HR] 6.6) for predicting PCSS.

• Validation on an independent cohort of 269 patients with 29% events yielded a CoI of 0.76, sensitivity 59%, specificity 80% and HR of 3.6.

• Both H&E and IF features were selected in a multivariate setting and added incremental prognostic value to the Gleason score alone (CoI 0.77 to CoI 0.79).

• Furthermore, global Ki67 expression and AR levels in Gleason grade 3 tumours were both univariately associated with outcome; however, neither was selected in the final model.

CONCLUSION

• A previously validated prostate needle‐biopsy systems modelling approach that integrates clinical data with reproducible methods to assess H&E morphometry and biomarker expression, provided incremental benefit to the TURP Gleason score for predicting PCSS.

• Ki67 and AR, known to be associated with outcome in the prostate needle biopsy, were not associated with PCSS in multivariate models using TURP specimens.
Methadone prescribing under supervised consumption on premises: A Scottish clinician's perspective on prescribing practice
Authors: ANTHONY GERALDINE B. , MATHESON CATRIONA I. , HOLLAND RICHARD , BOND CHRISTINE , ROBERTS KENNEDY , RAE ANNE MAC , WHITELAW EDDIE , PRIYADARSHI SAKET
Published: July 2011

Introduction and Aims. Specialist services have increased their capacity considerably in recent years to initiate and/or provide ongoing treatment for drug misuse. Consequently, methadone prescribing has substantially increased and over 17 000 patients are currently receiving methadone. Clinical guidance promotes consumption on the premises (COP) initially to ensure patients take medication as prescribed and also to prevent diversion. Diversion poses two risks: the patient may remain under‐treated and continue illicit heroin use; diverted drugs put others at risk. However, COP can be restrictive. Current UK guidance is vague and not evidence‐based recommending ‘around three months subject to assessment of compliance and individual circumstances’. The overall aim of this study was to describe clinical practice regarding prescribing methadone under COP in Scotland, and reasons for this.

Design and Methods. A structured, postal questionnaire was sent to all lead clinicians in specialist drug treatment centres in Scotland in 2009 (n = 42). The questionnaire explored current practice, influence of supervision on retention, views of best practice and contingency management.

Results. The response rate was 76% (n = 32). Clinicians usually supervise for a minimum of three months with patient‐centred criteria used to determine when to reduce or stop COP. Employment, clinical stability, family support and concerns for the safety of children in the home influenced decision making. Contingency management approaches to supervision were widely used (62%).

Discussion and Conclusion. In Scotland, clinicians' practice is variable and individualised to patients, but generally cautious regarding relaxing supervision conditions. This may reflect the lack of evidence‐based guidance.[Anthony GB, Matheson CI, Holland R, Bond C, Roberts K, Mac Rae A, Whitelaw E, Priyadarshi S. Methadone prescribing under supervised consumption on premises: A Scottish clinician's perspective on prescribing practice. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:342–347]
UNDERSTANDING DOCTORS' ETHICAL CHALLENGES AS ROLE VIRTUE CONFLICTS
Authors: MCDOUGALL ROSALIND
Published: July 2011

This paper argues that doctors' ethical challenges can be usefully conceptualised as role virtue conflicts. The hospital environment requires doctors to be simultaneously good doctors, good team members, good learners and good employees. I articulate a possible set of role virtues for each of these four roles, as a basis for a virtue ethics approach to analysing doctors' ethical challenges. Using one junior doctor's story, I argue that understanding doctors' ethical challenges as role virtue conflicts enables recognition of important moral considerations that are overlooked by other approaches to ethical analysis.
THE ETHICS OF UTERUS TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: CATSANOS RUBY , ROGERS WENDY , LOTZ MIANNA
Published: July 2011

Human uterus transplantation (UTx) is currently under investigation as a treatment for uterine infertility. Without a uterus transplant, the options available to women with uterine infertility are adoption or surrogacy; only the latter has the potential for a genetically related child. UTx will offer recipients the chance of having their own pregnancy. This procedure occurs at the intersection of two ethically contentious areas: assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and organ transplantation. In relation to organ transplantation, UTx lies with composite tissue transplants such as face and limb grafts, and shares some of the ethical concerns raised by these non‐life saving procedures. In relation to ART, UTx represents one more avenue by which a woman may seek to meet her reproductive goals, and as with other ART procedures, raises questions about the limits of reproductive autonomy. This paper explores the ethical issues raised by UTx with a focus on the potential gap between women's desires and aspirations about pregnancy and the likely functional outcomes of successful UTx.
Multi‐objective Optimization of Sensor and Excitation Layouts for Frequency Response Function‐Based Structural Damage Identification
Authors: Raich Anne M. , Liszkai Tamas R.
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  The accuracy of many damage identification methods depends significantly on the quality of measurements collected by sensors, such as accelerometers, concerning the response characteristics of a structure. Often the number of sensors used to collect measurements is limited due to available funds, equipment, and access. In addition, the excitation location can significantly affect a sensor's ability to collect quality measurement information. Therefore, both the location and number of sensors and the location of the excitation must be optimized to maximize the quality of information collected. A multi‐objective optimization approach is presented that minimizes the number of sensors specified while maximizing the sensitivity of the frequency response functions (FRFs) collected at each specified sensor location with respect to all possible damaged structural elements. The multiple Pareto‐optimal sensor/excitation layouts obtained aid in determining the number of sensors required to obtain an effective level of measurement information. The benefit of using Pareto‐optimal sensor/excitation layouts is investigated by using the optimized layouts to collect measurement information for a FRF‐based structural damage identification method. Trial results confirm that an increase in damage identification accuracy and efficiency is achieved when Pareto‐optimal sensor/excitation layouts are used instead of nonoptimal layouts. In addition, the Pareto‐optimal layouts improved damage identification accuracy in noisy measurement environments due to increasing the quality of measurements collected.
Teaching Biblical Studies Online
Authors: Delamarter Stephen , Gravett Sandra L. , Ulrich Daniel W. , Nysse Richard W. , Polaski Sandra Hack
Published: July 2011

In this edited transcript of a panel at the Society of Biblical Literature (November 23, 2009, Boston, Massachusetts), five Bible scholars give brief presentations on various challenges and opportunities encountered when teaching academic biblical studies courses online in both undergraduate and theological education contexts. Each presentation is followed by questions from the audience and discussion. Topics include: a typology of different approaches to online teaching, advantages and disadvantages of online compared to face‐to‐face classrooms (for both students and faculty), opportunities for imaginative exercises online, the advantages of online threaded discussions, and the joys and pitfalls of bringing your course into an online environment for the first time.
Alternative Versions of the RESET Test for Binary Response Index Models: A Comparative Study*
Authors: Ramalho Esmeralda A. , Ramalho Joaquim J. S.
Published: July 2011

Binary response index models may be affected by several forms of misspecification, which range from pure functional form problems (e.g. incorrect specification of the link function, neglected heterogeneity, heteroskedasticity) to various types of sampling issues (e.g. covariate measurement error, response misclassification, endogenous stratification, missing data). In this article we examine the ability of several versions of the RESET test to detect such misspecifications in an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study. We find that: (i) the best variants of the RESET test are clearly those based on one or two fitted powers of the response index; and (ii) the loss of power resulting from using the RESET instead of a test directed against a specific type of misspecification is very small in many cases.
Targeted Assistance and Social Capital: Housing Policy in Chile's Neoliberal Democracy
Authors: POSNER PAUL W.
Published: July 2011

This article argues that housing reforms imposed by the military regime, and largely preserved by the center‐leftConcertaciónsince the 1990 transition to democracy, represent substantial impediments to collective action and the development of social capital among Chile's urban poor. In particular, housing policy exacerbates social stratification, reinforces workers' vulnerability to market forces and undermines social trust. These dynamics and the institutional structures which perpetuate them constrain social cohesion and collective action among the urban poor. The broader implication which this research suggests is that social reforms structured in a manner similar to Chile's housing program vitiate the cohesion of disadvantaged communities, thus making it difficult for them to work together to improve their welfare and to hold public officials accountable. The World Bank, Inter‐American Development Bank and other development institutions would do well to consider these negative repercussions of targeted assistance programs (as typified by Chile's housing program) if they are indeed serious about addressing the social dislocations wrought by structural adjustment and strengthening democracy through the promotion of social capital.

Au Chili, les réformes du logement imposées par le régime militaire, et en grande partie reconduites par laConcertaciónde centre‐gauche depuis la transition démocratique débutée en 1990, gênent considérablement l'action collective et l'amélioration du capital social dans la population urbaine pauvre. En particulier, la politique du logement accentue la stratification sociale, rend la main‐d'æuvre plus vulnérable aux forces du marché et ébranle la confiance publique. Ces dynamiques, et les structures institutionnelles qui les perpétuent, limitent la cohésion sociale et l'action collective dans la population urbaine pauvre. On peut suggérer plus largement que les réformes sociales qui ont une architecture similaire à celle du programme chilien pour le logement compromettent la cohésion des communautés défavorisées, compliquant leur coopération lorsqu'elles veulent améliorer leur bien‐être et impliquer la responsabilité des fonctionnaires. Banque mondiale, Banque interaméricaine de développement et autres organisations en faveur du développement feraient bien de s'intéresser à ce genre de retombées négatives des programmes d'assistance ciblés (dont le programme chilien pour le logement est une illustration) si elles veulent vraiment s'attaquer aux dislocations sociales dues au redressement structurel et renforcer la démocratie en développant le capital social.
Effect of cholesterol and CYP46 polymorphism on cognitive event‐related potentials
Authors: Lai Chiou‐lian , Hsu Chung‐yao , Liou Li‐min , Hsieh Hsin‐yi , Hsieh Yi‐hsing , Liu Ching‐kuan
Published: July 2011

The integrated effect of the cholesterol and CYP46 genotypes on the risk of cognitive decline needs to be determined. Using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), 145 mentally healthy middle‐aged and older adults were recruited to investigate the influence of cholesterol and CYP46 genotypes on cognitive event‐related potentials (ERPs). The subjects with a high low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) level displayed significantly lower amplitude ERPs, although the CASI scores showed no difference. There was no association between the CYP46 genotypes, CASI scores, cholesterol levels, and measures of ERPs. No interaction between LDL‐C level and CYP46 genotypes was noted. The LDL‐C level is an independent predictor of low P300 amplitude. Prevention and treatment of high cholesterol may be of potential benefit in reducing cognitive impairment.
Racetalk and Sport: The Color Consciousness of Contemporary Discourse on Basketball*
Authors: Buffington Daniel , Fraley Todd
Published: July 2011

This article explores how a sample of college students discursively negotiated perceptions of race and ability in the context of mediated sport. A majority of respondents expressed acceptance of a link between racial identity and sport‐specific skills. However, rather than articulate this notion overtly and directly, rhetorical strategies, such as disclaimers and coded language, were used. We analyze these responses as a form of “racetalk” (Bonilla‐Silva and Forman 2000) to more specifically unpack the significance of discourse within the post‐Civil Rights Movement era. Although the language used to discuss race in this sample, like the contemporary era more generally, appears colorblind and progressive on the surface, it is undergirded by a distinct form of color consciousness.
Watching Over Baby: Expectant Parenthood and the Duty to Be Well*
Authors: Ogle Jennifer Paff , Tyner Keila E. , Schofield‐Tomschin Sherry
Published: July 2011

In contemporary Western society, individuals are encouraged to adopt a “duty to be well ideology” by assuming personal responsibility for health through engagement in self‐care practices. We explored the duty to be well within the contexts of pregnancy, first‐time parenthood, and marriage. Analyses were informed by Foucault’s work on surveillance. In‐depth interviews were conducted during the 7th or 8th month of pregnancy with 14 married couples expecting their first child. The sample was recruited from two U.S. university towns. Participants conceptualized the duty to be well as the expectant mother’s unyielding bodily obligation to her unborn child and the notion that she should engage in bodily routines to shape fetal development. Both wives and husbands participated in the duty to be well, which included three dimensions: the need to feed, the need to take physical care/stay out of harm’s way, and the need to thwart maternal anxiety. However, findings indicated that efforts to safeguard unborn children were sometimes a slippery slope, representing an uneven path and/or inciting ambivalence. Further, participants experienced surveillance associated with the duty to be well as both caring and controlling, depending upon the context of the surveillance and the perceived meaning of the monitoring.
Confronting the Material Convoy in Later Life*
Authors: Smith Gabriella V. , Ekerdt David J.
Published: July 2011

We adapt a metaphor from life course studies to designate the whole of one’s possessions, across time, as a convoy of material support. This dynamic collection of things supports daily life and the self, but it can also present difficulty in later life. To alleviate the purported burdens of the material convoy, a discourse has arisen that urges elders and their family members to reduce the volume of possessions. An analysis of 11 such possession management texts shows authors addressing two distinct audiences about elders’ need to downsize: family members and elders themselves. Authors who speak to family members do so with an urgent, unsentimental tone that echoes mainstream clutter‐control advice about disorderly, overfull households. In texts for elders, the standard critique about consumption and unruly lives is gentler, more sensitive to the meaning of things, and underplays the emotions of divestment. There is stress on the responsibility to spare the next generation and control one’s legacy. These latter texts seem to respect that downsizing in later life symbolizes a narrowing of the life world.
Economic Opportunities and the Division of Labor among Japanese Immigrant Couples in Southern California*
Authors: Yasuike Akiko
Published: July 2011

Based on 36 in‐depth interviews conducted with 18 Japanese couples who live in Southern California, this study examines the impact of differential economic opportunities on the division of labor among Japanese immigrant couples. Three main factors facilitate Japanese professional and businessmen’s mobility to and settlement in Southern California: (1) the gender‐based stratification of the workplace in Japan; (2) U.S. immigration policies that favor foreign nationals with strong corporate ties and business experience; and (3) the strong presence of Japanese corporations in Southern California. Whereas these conditions enable men to maintain their earning power, they do not benefit women in employment opportunities. The difference in economic opportunities encourages Japanese couples to preserve a breadwinner and homemaker division of labor, and women continue to do a bulk of housework and childcare even when women reenter the labor force later in their lives.
Revision of the genus Rhotala Walker, 1857 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Achilidae) in China, with description of a new species
Authors: XU Pian , LIANG Ai‐Ping
Published: July 2011

The achilid genus Rhotala is taxonomically revised based on specimens from China. Four species are recognized in this paper as valid: R. vittata Matsumura, 1914; R. dimidiata Jacobi, 1944; R. fanjingshana Chen et Yang, 2008; and one new species: R. jiangxiensis sp. nov. (southern China: Jiangxi). Male genitalia of these species are described and illustrated. In addition, hind tibia, forewings and hindwings are illustrated for the male of R. jiangxiensis sp. nov. A diagnosis of the genus is redefined. A key to the species of Rhotala in China is presented.
Evaluation of brain connectivity: The role of magnetoencephalography
Authors: Burgess Richard C.
Published: July 2011

Communication between regions of the brain, both normal interactions and pathologic traffic, is manifest by electromagnetic activity. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)—with high resolution in both the temporal and spatial domains, as well as a comprehensive, whole‐head view—offers ready noninvasive access to this ongoing communication. The waveforms are amenable to a variety of signal processing techniques that can elucidate connectivity between brain areas. In conjunction with the other modalities acquired during the evaluation of a patient with epilepsy, MEG can provide information that is important for determining therapeutic strategy.
Escalation, De‐escalation, or Reformulation: Effective Interventions in Delayed NPD Projects
Authors: van Oorschot Kim E. , Langerak Fred , Sengupta Kishore
Published: July 2011

At the start of any project, new product development (NPD) teams must make accurate decisions about development time, development costs, and product performance. Such profit‐maximizing decision making becomes particularly difficult when the project runs behind schedule and requires intervention decisions too. To simplify their decision making, NPD teams often use heuristics instead of comprehensive assessments of trade‐offs among the aforementioned metrics. This study employs a simulation based on a system dynamics approach to examine the effectiveness of different decision heuristics (i.e., time, cost, and product performance). The results show that teams are better off if they decide to intervene rather than do nothing (escalation of commitment), but in making these interventions there is no single best decision heuristic. The most effective interventions combine decision heuristics, and the most effective combination is a function of the development time elapsed. For teams that discover schedule problems relatively early on in the development process, the best possible intervention is to increase both team size and product performance (combining the time and product performance heuristic). When teams discover schedule problems relatively late, the best intervention option is to decrease product performance and increase team size (combining the time and cost heuristic). In both situations, however, the best intervention combines two heuristics, with a trade‐off across time, cost, and performance. In other words, trading off three project objectives outperforms trading off only two of them. These findings contribute to the extant literature by suggesting that, when the project is behind schedule, the choice extends beyond just escalating or de‐escalating commitment to initial project objectives. Other than sticking to a losing course of action or cutting losses, there is an alternative: Commit to renewing the project. In this case, project lateness represents an opportunity to reformulate project objectives in response to new market information, which may lead to new product ideas and increased product performance.
Electoral Selection with Parties and Primaries
Authors: Snyder, Jr James M. , Ting Michael M.
Published: July 2011

We develop a model of intraparty candidate selection under partisan electoral competition and voter uncertainty. Candidates for office belong to parties, which are factions of ideologically similar candidates. Each party’s candidate for a general election can be selected either by a “centralized” mechanism that effectively randomizes over possible candidates or by voters in a primary election. The electorate cares about ideology and valence, and both primary and general elections may reveal candidate valences. Our main theoretical result is that while primaries raise the expected quality of a party’s candidates, they may hurt the ex ante preferred party in a competitive electorate by increasing the chances of revealing the opposing party’s candidates as superior. Thus, primaries are adopted in relatively extreme districts where a clear favorite party exists. An empirical analysis of the adoption of direct primaries and the competitiveness of primary elections across U.S. states supports these predictions.
Framing Trade‐offs: The Politics of Nuclear Power and Wind Energy in the Age of Global Climate Change
Authors: Pralle Sarah , Boscarino Jessica
Published: July 2011

This article outlines recent debates over nuclear energy and wind farms in an age of growing concern about climate change. Proponents of these technologies have used “trade‐off” frames to promote these technologies in the face of current and potential opposition to them. This article examines the nature and limits of the trade‐off frames being used and their probability of success. We argue that using the language of trade‐offs is generally a suboptimal framing strategy: trade‐off frames remind the public of the costs associated with particular policies, and therefore play into the hands of policy opponents. However, policy advocates may turn to them when the costs of a technology are well known and are perceived as high. In such cases, trade‐off frames may help to justify controversial policy solutions. Like any frames, the trade‐off frames used in the debate over climate change solutions both illuminate and obscure the deeper issues involved in energy policy reform.
Policy Agendas for South Korea's Broadband Convergence Network Infrastructure Project
Authors: Menon Siddhartha
Published: July 2011

Broadband holds a critical position in the progress of economic and social indicators by connecting consumers, businesses, and governments. South Korea has consistently been the global leader in broadband deployment since 1999. In the last 10 years, the Korean government has pursued several strategies for its broadband policy. The purpose of this article was to explore South Korea's implementation of its Broadband Convergence Network (BcN) project with special emphasis on its objectives of achieving media convergence, ubiquitous connectivity, and coordination among network stakeholders. The study uses the theoretical framework of institutionalism to identify factors that help explain how the policy agenda for the BcN was implemented. The BcN is Korea's most recent high‐speed Internet infrastructure project and is envisioned as a conduit through which broadband services, applications, and content will flow to reflect a robust high‐speed Internet infrastructure. This broadband infrastructure project began in 2004 as a consortium that includes the government and private sector firms. This infrastructure was launched as a three‐phase project. The first phase of the BcN extended from 2004 through 2005, the second phase extended from 2006 through 2007, and the third phase extended from 2008 through 2010.
Agonistic intimacy and moral aspiration in popular Hinduism: A study in the political theology of the neighbor
Authors: SINGH BHRIGUPATI
Published: July 2011

In what ways do potentially hostile neighboring groups find a place in each other's moral aspirations? I analyze the arrival of a “new” god, the oral‐epic deity Tejaji, in the villages of Shahbad (Rajasthan, India) and the modes of relatedness this divine migration expresses between neighboring castes and tribes. How do we conceptualize relations between neighbors? I set out the idea of “agonistic intimacy” as a way of engaging the copresence of conflict and cohabitation. Placing Tejaji in relation to longer‐term currents of Hinduism, I examine the conflicts, neighborly relations, and shared moral aspirations that animate this form of religious life. I locate spiritual–moral aspirations not necessarily in “otherworldliness” but as a political theology of the neighbor, conceiving of the neighbor as human and nonhuman (as deity, spirit, and animal), in ways that widen the definition of “the political” and of “theos.”
Iterations of lament: Anachronism and affect in a Shi‘i Islamic revival in Turkey
Authors: TAMBAR KABIR
Published: July 2011

Many Alevis in Turkey today view their community's traditions of ritual weeping as anachronistic in the modern world. In this article, I situate such sensibilities within a political context in which Turkish state agencies have vigorously regulated norms of public affect. I describe the efforts of one Alevi group to counter such sensibilities by cultivating a susceptibility to affective excitation in line with Shi‘i traditions of lamentation. The group's practices are exemplary of many Islamic revival movements, which aim simultaneously to spread a religious message and to transform the affective conditions in which that message might be received.
Beyond risk: Emplacement and the production of environmental evidence
Authors: RENO JOSHUA
Published: July 2011

I offer a counterpoint to the prevailing risk literature that focuses not on (mis)perceptions of danger but on the production and circulation of different forms of evidence and the environmental claims they promote. Rather than reproduce the epistemic dichotomies associated with risk discourse, I discuss attempts by waste‐industry technicians, government inspectors, lawyers, area residents, and activists to generate persuasive accounts of a large, U.S. landfill and its porous boundaries. I argue that the differential influence of their various claims is best understood by examining what it means to know and care for a place.
Migration and paraethnography in Honduras
Authors: REICHMAN DANIEL
Published: July 2011

I analyze emigration from Honduras to the United States through the lens of the anthropology of knowledge. Whereas Honduran nonmigrants describe migration as a personal choice, migrants claim to be motivated by generalized social forces. Relatively abstract and systematic explanations of migration exemplify what Douglas Holmes and George Marcus call “paraethnographies,” forms of ethnography found within the discourse of the subjects of ethnographic research. Paraethnography has been employed in other settings to show how people use context‐dependent information to challenge abstract models of behavior, but, here, it contextualizes the particular within the general, performing an opposite function than that described by Holmes and Marcus.
The interrupted sacrifice: Hegemony and moral crisis among Israeli conscientious objectors
Authors: WEISS ERICA
Published: July 2011

In this article, I explain why some of the most elite and dedicated soldiers in the Israeli Defense Forces ultimately became conscientious objectors. I argue that because the sacrificial moral economy, and not the state as supersubject, was hegemonically inculcated in these young people, resistance was possible. This case prompts a reconsideration of anthropological understandings of the relationship between hegemonic inculcation and resistance. Specifically, we cannot only ask to what degree subjects subscribe to hegemony but we must also ask what specifically is inculcated and how this alters agency and its object.
Diagnosis of Spinal Cord Compression in Nontrauma Patients in the Emergency Department
Authors: Dugas Andrea F. , Lucas Jason M. , Edlow Jonathan A.
Published: July 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:719–725 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  The objectives were to evaluate the presenting signs and symptoms of spinal cord and cauda equina compression (SCC) and to determine the incidence of emergency department (ED) misdiagnosis.

Methods:  This was a retrospective chart review at an urban, tertiary care hospital of patients discharged from an inpatient stay (April 2008 through July 2009) with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) code indicating spinal disease, who had visited the ED for a related complaint within the previous 30 days, and who had a final diagnosis of new SCC. Trauma and transferred patients were excluded. The authors defined a misdiagnosis as no ED‐documented diagnosis of SCC and failure to perform an appropriate diagnostic study either prior to arrival, in the ED, or immediately upon admission.

Results:  Of 1,231 charts reviewed, 63 met inclusion criteria. The most common presenting symptoms in patients with SCC were pain (44, 70%), difficulty ambulating (38, 60%), and weakness (35, 56%). On physical examination, motor deficits (45, 71%) were more common than sensory deficits (27, 43%); however, 15 (24%) patients had no motor or sensory deficit, and 13 (23%) patients only had unilateral findings. Impaired gait was present in 14 patients of only 20 tested, three of whom had no associated motor or sensory deficit. SCC was misdiagnosed in 18 (29%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 19% to 41%) cases, which resulted in a significant delay to diagnosis (median = 54 hours, interquartile range [IQR] = 38 to 77 vs. 5.3 hours, IQR = 3.0 to 15) in these patients.

Conclusions:  SCC can have a subtle presentation with absent or unilateral motor and sensory deficits, but gait ataxia may be an additional finding. ED misdiagnosis of SCC in nontrauma patients is common.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1–7 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Involvement of red blood cells in the regulation of leukotriene synthesis in polymorphonuclear leucocytes upon interaction with Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: GOLENKINA EKATERINA A. , GALKINA SVETLANA I. , ROMANOVA JULIA M. , LAZARENKO MIHAIL I. , SUD’INA GALINA F.
Published: July 2011

Golenkina EA, Galkina SI, Romanova JM, Lazarenko MI, Sud’ina GF. Involvement of red blood cells in the regulation of leukotriene synthesis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes upon interaction with Salmonella Typhimurium. APMIS 2011.

Leukotriene (LT) B4 is the primary eicosanoid product of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs). We studied LT synthesis in PMNLs upon interaction with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Human PMNLs exposed to Salmonella produced LTs; mostly LTB4 and ω‐hydroxy‐LTB4. Opsonization with normal serum increased the capacity of S. Typhimurium to induce LT synthesis in PMNLs. Addition of red blood cells (RBCs) alone did not activate LT synthesis in PMNLs but did further increase the Salmonella‐induced release of LTs. Priming of PMNLs with lipopolysaccharide before the addition of bacteria potentiated LT synthesis in these cells. The effect was more pronounced in the presence of RBCs. We found that RBCs diminished the effect of exogenously added NO donors on LT synthesis in PMNLs. We conclude that RBCs mediate the activation of LT synthesis in PMNLs exposed to Salmonella bacteria at least in part by regulating the intercellular exchange and metabolism of NO.
Epidemiological studies of Beijing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Taipei and other Asian cities based on MIRU profiles
Authors: SUN JUN‐REN , DOU HORNG‐YUN , LEE SHIH‐YI , CHIUEH TZONG‐SHI , LU JANG‐JIH
Published: July 2011

Sun J‐R, Dou H‐Y, Lee S‐Y, Chiueh T‐S, Lu J‐J. Epidemiological studies of Beijing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Taipei and other Asian cities based on MIRU profiles. APMIS 2011.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of the Beijing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in Taipei and other Asian cities. A total of 323 MTB isolates were analyzed by spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) typing. The largest cluster of the TB isolates from Taipei was type MT11 (MIRU type 2233‐2517‐3533). A comparison of the MIRU type data for the Beijing strains from Taipei and previously published MIRU type data for the Beijing strains from Asian cities with major population of Chinese was analyzed. The six major Beijing MIRU types (MT01, MT02, MT08, MT11, MT21, and MT44) were found to be common in four Asian cities including Taipei, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Wuhan. Results of this study indicate that there is geographical difference in the distribution of different Beijing strains of MTB.