bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unravelling the paradox in physically dormant species: elucidating the onset of dormancy after dispersal and dormancy-cycling
Authors: Jaganathan Ganesh K
Published: June 2022

Background

For species that produce seeds with a water-impermeable coat, i.e. physical dormancy (PY), it has been widely recognized that (1) seeds shed at a permeable state cannot become impermeable after dispersal; and (2) dormancy-cycling, i.e. a permeable ↔ impermeable transition, does not occur. Given a tight relationship between moisture content and onset of seed-coat impermeability, seeds maturing at low relative humidity (RH) and occurring in a high-temperature environment are inferred to produce impermeable coats, and ex situ drying of permeable seeds can lead to the onset of impermeability.

Scope and conclusion

It is proposed here that permeable seeds dispersed at low RH and in high-temperature soils might become impermeable due to continuous drying. Similarly, seeds with shallow PY dormancy (with higher moisture content immediately after becoming impermeable) can cycle back to a permeable state or absolute PY (complete dry state) when RH increases or decreases, respectively. A conceptual model is developed to propose that seeds from several genera of 19 angiosperm families at the time of natural dispersal can be (1) impermeable (dormant), i.e. primary dormancy; (2) impermeable (dormant) and become permeable (non-dormant) and then enter a dormant state in the soil, often referred to as secondary dormancy; (3) permeable (non-dormant) and become impermeable (dormant) in the soil, i.e. enforced dormancy; or (4) dormant or non-dormant, but cycle between permeable and non-permeable states depending on the soil conditions, i.e. dormancy-cycling, which is different from sensitivity-cycling occurring during dormancy break. It is suggested that this phenomenon could influence the dormancy-breaking pattern, but detailed studies of this are lacking.
Effects of operational sex ratio and male density on size-dependent mating in Minshan’s toads, Bufo minshanicus, on the Tibetan Plateau of China
Authors: Yu Tonglei , Green David M , Deng Yaohui , Han Yanting
Published: June 2022

In many animal species, an increase in the operational sex ratio (OSR), density or a combination of both should lead to more intensive competition among individuals of the more abundant sex. To test this, we examined pairing patterns of Minshan’s toad (Bufo minshanicus) from six populations between 2008 and 2015 along the eastern Tibetan Plateau in south-west China. OSRs in breeding aggregations of Minshan’s toad are normally male biased and males actively compete with each other for acquisition and retention of mates. We found evidence that deviations from random mating by size varied between populations and between years according to the magnitude of the OSR and male density. Larger males were generally more successful in pairing than smaller males when the OSR was slightly male biased and male density was high. However, the resulting size-disproportionate mating was more evident when OSR was closer to 1.99, indicating a positive correlation with the intensity of aggressive scramble competition. Thus, the intensity of male-male competition may partly explain variation in size-disproportionate mating among populations.
Local fitness and epistatic effects lead to distinct patterns of linkage disequilibrium in protein-coding genes
Authors: Ragsdale Aaron P
Published: June 2022

Selected mutations interfere and interact with evolutionary processes at nearby loci, distorting allele frequency trajectories and creating correlations between pairs of mutations. Recent studies have used patterns of linkage disequilibrium between selected variants to test for selective interference and epistatic interactions, with some disagreement over interpreting observations from data. Interpretation is hindered by a lack of analytic or even numerical expectations for patterns of variation between pairs of loci under the combined effects of selection, dominance, epistasis, and demography. Here, I develop a numerical approach to compute the expected two-locus sampling distribution under diploid selection with arbitrary epistasis and dominance, recombination, and variable population size. I use this to explore how epistasis and dominance affect expected signed linkage disequilibrium, including for nonsteady-state demography relevant to human populations. Using whole-genome sequencing data from humans, I explore genome-wide patterns of linkage disequilibrium within protein-coding genes. I show that positive linkage disequilibrium between missense mutations within genes is driven by strong positive allele-frequency correlations between mutations that fall within the same annotated conserved domain, pointing to compensatory mutations or antagonistic epistasis as the prevailing mode of interaction within conserved genic elements. Linkage disequilibrium between missense mutations is reduced outside of conserved domains, as expected under Hill–Robertson interference. This variation in both mutational fitness effects and selective interactions within protein-coding genes calls for more refined inferences of the joint distribution of fitness and interactive effects, and the methods presented here should prove useful in that pursuit.
Brainstem and cranial nerve territories
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark
Published: June 2022

The brainstem is a cylindrical structure longitudinally situated in the posterior cranial fossa, and is formed of the midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, and medulla oblongata from rostral to caudal. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Among these, the first, second and eighth cranial nerves serve special sensory functions as olfaction, vision and audio-vestibular function, respectively. All of the remaining cranial nerves contain motor nerve fibers innervating the skeletal muscles, and the fifth, seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves also contain somatosensory nerve fibers. Furthermore, the third, seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves also contain autonomic nerve fibers.
Trigeminal nerve
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark
Published: June 2022

This section discusses the anatomic structures of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve), and symptoms and signs caused by its impairment, and representative diseases or syndromes. The trigeminal nerve innervates facial sensation and jaw movement. Anatomically the nerve consists of three branches: the first branch (ophthalmic nerve), the second branch (maxillary nerve), and the third branch (mandibular nerve). Sensory nerves of the trigeminal nerve innervate skin of the face and forehead, a part of the oral mucosa, and a large part of meninges. The primary neurons are in the semilunar ganglion (gasserian ganglion) which is located in the middle cranial fossa.
Facial nerve
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses the anatomical structures of the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve), and the functions of its motor, sensory and autonomic components, and symptoms and syndromes caused by its impairment. The facial nerve contains four different groups of nerve fibers: motor, somatosensory, gustatory, and autonomic. The motor fibers innervate the frontal, orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles and platysma. If the facial nerve is affected by infectious or autoimmune inflammation, these muscles are paralyzed to various degrees (Bell palsy). Somatosensory fibers of the facial nerve transmit impulses arising from the skin of the inner aspect of earlobe and the external auditory meatus. Special nerve fibers for taste sense conduct impulses from the anterior two-thirds of tongue.
Headache and migraine
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark
Published: June 2022

Headache is one of the most common symptoms presenting in the neurology clinic, and it is caused by a variety of mechanisms. Among the cranial structures, pain receptors are present only in the scalp, its subcutaneous tissue, skull bones, meninges, walls of blood vessels, and cranial nerves possessing the somatosensory fibers. There is no pain receptor in the brain parenchyma. That is why stereotactic surgery can be done without general anesthesia. Headache is classified by the International Headache Society into three groups: (1) the primary headaches, (2) the secondary headaches, and (3) painful cranial neuropathies, other facial pains, and other headaches.
Adjustment to the external environment and control of the internal milieu (hypothalamus and neuroendocrinology)
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark
Published: June 2022

The hypothalamus is a center for controlling important functions necessary for living, in close relation to the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, sleep and circadian rhythm, emotion and its related behavior, control of the internal milieu necessary for adjusting to the external environment, and—above all—integration of all those functions. This chapter explains anatomical structures of hypothalamus and their functions, and symptoms and syndromes caused by their impairment.
A woman who couldn’t hold a cigarette in her mouth
Authors: Meltzer Ethan
Published: June 2022

This is the last of the basic introductory cases. The cases will get progressively more challenging throughout the remainder of the book, and there will be less guidance. This patient has a more complex history of difficulty speaking, swallowing, and abnormal motor function. As her symptoms progress, she develops more widespread dysfunction throughout her body. When many symptoms evolve over a prolonged time period, it is critical to maintain the time course of the patients symptoms when analyzing the pace. The evolution of signs and symptoms, along with the localization of her various symptoms is key to arriving at the pathologic diagnosis.
A woman who developed weakness after windsurfing
Authors: Meltzer Ethan
Published: June 2022

In this case, a woman presents with rapid onset of weakness and difficulty walking, a true neurologic emergency. The neurologic exam that follows is hypothesis-driven to help localize the lesion. This case reinforces the benefit of the pace and localization in its ability to effectively target the neurologic exam to identify the lesion. Proper localization is critical in obtaining the correct ancillary testing. Although the concept of performing a hypothesis-driven neurologic exam might seem daunting or time-consuming for the non-neurologist in an emergency setting, the exam can save a patient from permanent disability by facilitating a faster diagnosis and treatment.
A woman with recurrent episodes of confusion and stiffness
Authors: Meltzer Ethan
Published: June 2022

Challenging clinical scenarios occasionally have multiple overlapping clinical syndromes. Some patients might have symptoms evolving at different paces and localizations. In this case, a young woman presents with both episodic and static symptoms. Bringing these together under one diagnosis (which is not always feasible or correct) requires careful delineation of the clinical syndrome. That might mean the patient has two distinct processes with distinct paces and localizations, or it could mean there is a single unifying process that manifests in varied symptoms. Deciding when to lump symptoms together or split them apart can be challenging to do at the bedside.
A woman with a tingling scalp
Authors: Meltzer Ethan
Published: June 2022

The final case of the book presents the fascinating, and terrifying, rapid decline of a young woman. Her neurologic dysfunction is striking and involves essentially every output of the nervous system. It will come as no surprise to readers who have completed the book that imaging and laboratory evaluations do not offer much assistance in making the final diagnosis. However, in my experience, all levels of learners, from students to senior residents, are capable of making the diagnosis in this case using pace and localization. The case is a fitting end to a book that focuses on the utility of information gleaned at the bedside in making the diagnosis rather than an image or laboratory result.
Corticosteroids
Authors: Bhayani Sadiq , Fitzmaurice Bethany , Tameem Alifia
Published: June 2022

This chapter describes the role of corticosteroids in pain management. The overview section discusses both the classes of steroids and the British Pain Society’s recommendations of their use in neuraxial pain interventions. This chapter further discusses comparative potencies, along with the mode of action, effects, and side effects of triamcinolone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone. Finally, this chapter also includes a ‘steroid passport’, specially useful in chronic pain patients who can keep a log of all steroid injections that they can receive.
Accounting for Errors in Data Improves Divergence Time Estimates in Single-cell Cancer Evolution
Authors: Chen Kylie , Moravec Jiří C , Gavryushkin Alex , Welch David , Drummond Alexei J
Published: June 2022

Single-cell sequencing provides a new way to explore the evolutionary history of cells. Compared to traditional bulk sequencing, where a population of heterogeneous cells is pooled to form a single observation, single-cell sequencing isolates and amplifies genetic material from individual cells, thereby preserving the information about the origin of the sequences. However, single-cell data are more error-prone than bulk sequencing data due to the limited genomic material available per cell. Here, we present error and mutation models for evolutionary inference of single-cell data within a mature and extensible Bayesian framework, BEAST2. Our framework enables integration with biologically informative models such as relaxed molecular clocks and population dynamic models. Our simulations show that modeling errors increase the accuracy of relative divergence times and substitution parameters. We reconstruct the phylogenetic history of a colorectal cancer patient and a healthy patient from single-cell DNA sequencing data. We find that the estimated times of terminal splitting events are shifted forward in time compared to models which ignore errors. We observed that not accounting for errors can overestimate the phylogenetic diversity in single-cell DNA sequencing data. We estimate that 30–50% of the apparent diversity can be attributed to error. Our work enables a full Bayesian approach capable of accounting for errors in the data within the integrative Bayesian software framework BEAST2.
Recent progress on the treatment of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related disease
Authors: Okazaki Kazuichi , Ikeura Tsukasa , Uchida Kazushige
Published: June 2022

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory disorder recognized as a novel clinical entity with either synchronous or metachronous multiorgan involvement. Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is classified into two types: type 1 AIP as a pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-RD and type 2 AIP with granulocytic epithelial lesion and occasional association with ulcerative colitis. Although the pathogenic mechanism still remains unclear, possible multipathogenic factors such as genetic factors, disease-specific or related antigens, and abnormal innate or adaptive immunity may be involved in the development of IgG4-RD. Many immunocytes including M2 macrophages, plasmablasts, B cells, and T-cells (Th2-CD4+T, follicular helper T-cells, and CD4+SLAMF7+cytotoxic T-cells) play important roles in the pathogenesis. Conventional induction and maintenance therapies with glucocorticoid or rituximab are recommended in all symptomatic patients with active IgG4-RD. In those at risk for irreversible damage in any organs, this should be done urgently, regardless of symptoms. As no randomized clinical trials other than glucocorticoid maintenance therapy for type 1 AIP have been performed, the comprehensive management for IgG4-RD has not been established yet. Targeted treatment approaches against the plasmablast to B cell lineage and the CD4+ SLAMF7+ cytotoxic T-cell seem to be promising for the future-directed treatment.
TEB/POLQ plays dual roles in protecting Arabidopsis from NO-induced DNA damage
Authors: Lv Qiang , Han Shuang , Wang Lei , Xia Jinchan , Li Peng , Hu Ruoyang , Wang Jinzheng , Gao Lei , Chen Yuli , Wang Yu , Du Jing , Bao Fang , Hu Yong , Xu Xingzhi , Xiao Wei , He Yikun
Published: June 2022

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in numerous physiological processes. Excessive NO induces DNA damage, but how plants respond to this damage remains unclear. We screened and identified an Arabidopsis NO hypersensitive mutant and found it to be allelic to TEBICHI/POLQ, encoding DNA polymerase θ. The teb mutant plants were preferentially sensitive to NO- and its derivative peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and subsequent double-strand breaks (DSBs). Inactivation of TEB caused the accumulation of spontaneous DSBs largely attributed to endogenous NO and was synergistic to DSB repair pathway mutations with respect to growth. These effects were manifested in the presence of NO-inducing agents and relieved by NO scavengers. NO induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in the teb mutant, indicative of stalled replication forks. Genetic analyses indicate that Polθ is required for translesion DNA synthesis across NO-induced lesions, but not oxidation-induced lesions. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that Polθ bypasses NO-induced base adducts in an error-free manner and generates mutations characteristic of Polθ-mediated end joining. Our experimental data collectively suggests that Polθ plays dual roles in protecting plants from NO-induced DNA damage. Since Polθ is conserved in higher eukaryotes, mammalian Polθ may also be required for balancing NO physiological signaling and genotoxicity.
The cotranscriptional folding landscape for two cyclic di-nucleotide-sensing riboswitches with highly homologous aptamer domains acting either as ON- or OFF-switches
Authors: Landgraf Tom , Völklein Albrecht Eduard , Fürtig Boris , Schwalbe Harald
Published: June 2022

Riboswitches are gene regulatory elements located in untranslated mRNA regions. They bind inducer molecules with high affinity and specificity. Cyclic-di-nucleotide-sensing riboswitches are major regulators of genes for the environment, membranes and motility (GEMM) of bacteria. Up to now, structural probing assays or crystal structures have provided insight into the interaction between cyclic-di-nucleotides and their corresponding riboswitches. ITC analysis, NMR analysis and computational modeling allowed us to gain a detailed understanding of the gene regulation mechanisms for the Cd1 (Clostridium difficile) and for the pilM (Geobacter metallireducens) riboswitches and their respective di-nucleotides c-di-GMP and c-GAMP. Binding capability showed a 25 nucleotide (nt) long window for pilM and a 61 nt window for Cd1. Within this window, binding affinities ranged from 35 μM to 0.25 μM spanning two orders of magnitude for Cd1 and pilM showing a strong dependence on competing riboswitch folds. Experimental results were incorporated into a Markov simulation to further our understanding of the transcriptional folding pathways of riboswitches. Our model showed the ability to predict riboswitch gene regulation and its dependence on transcription speed, pausing and ligand concentration.
A novel, essentialtrans-splicing protein connects the nematode SL1 snRNP to the CBC-ARS2 complex
Authors: Fasimoye Rotimi Yemi , Spencer Rosie Elizabeth Barker , Soto-Martin Eva , Eijlers Peter , Elmassoudi Haitem , Brivio Sarah , Mangana Carolina , Sabele Viktorija , Rechtorikova Radoslava , Wenzel Marius , Connolly Bernadette , Pettitt Jonathan , Müller Berndt
Published: June 2022

Spliced leader trans-splicing is essential for gene expression in many eukaryotes. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of this process, we characterise the molecules associated with the Caenorhabditis elegans major spliced leader snRNP (SL1 snRNP), which donates the spliced leader that replaces the 5′ untranslated region of most pre-mRNAs. Using a GFP-tagged version of the SL1 snRNP protein SNA-1 created by CRISPR-mediated genome engineering, we immunoprecipitate and identify RNAs and protein components by RIP-Seq and mass spectrometry. This reveals the composition of the SL1 snRNP and identifies associations with spliceosome components PRP-8 and PRP-19. Significantly, we identify a novel, nematode-specific protein required for SL1 trans-splicing, which we designate SNA-3. SNA-3 is an essential, nuclear protein with three NADAR domains whose function is unknown. Mutation of key residues in NADAR domains inactivates the protein, indicating that domain function is required for activity. SNA-3 interacts with the CBC-ARS2 complex and other factors involved in RNA metabolism, including SUT-1 protein, through RNA or protein-mediated contacts revealed by yeast two-hybrid assays, localisation studies and immunoprecipitations. Our data are compatible with a role for SNA-3 in coordinating trans-splicing with target pre-mRNA transcription or in the processing of the Y-branch product of the trans-splicing reaction.
From bench to bedside: Improving the clinical safety of GalNAc–siRNA conjugates using seed-pairing destabilization
Authors: Schlegel Mark K , Janas Maja M , Jiang Yongfeng , Barry Joseph D , Davis Wendell , Agarwal Saket , Berman Daniel , Brown Christopher R , Castoreno Adam , LeBlanc Sarah , Liebow Abigail , Mayo Tara , Milstein Stuart , Nguyen Tuyen , Shulga-Morskaya Svetlana , Hyde Sarah , Schofield Sally , Szeto John , Woods Lauren Blair , Yilmaz Vedat O , Manoharan Muthiah , Egli Martin , Charissé Klaus , Sepp-Lorenzino Laura , Haslett Patrick , Fitzgerald Kevin , Jadhav Vasant , Maier Martin A
Published: June 2022

Preclinical mechanistic studies have pointed towards RNA interference-mediated off-target effects as a major driver of hepatotoxicity for GalNAc–siRNA conjugates. Here, we demonstrate that a single glycol nucleic acid or 2′–5′-RNA modification can substantially reduce small interfering RNA (siRNA) seed-mediated binding to off-target transcripts while maintaining on-target activity. In siRNAs with established hepatotoxicity driven by off-target effects, these novel designs with seed-pairing destabilization, termed enhanced stabilization chemistry plus (ESC+), demonstrated a substantially improved therapeutic window in rats. In contrast, siRNAs thermally destabilized to a similar extent by the incorporation of multiple DNA nucleotides in the seed region showed little to no improvement in rat safety suggesting that factors in addition to global thermodynamics play a role in off-target mitigation. We utilized the ESC+ strategy to improve the safety of ALN-HBV, which exhibited dose-dependent, transient and asymptomatic alanine aminotransferase elevations in healthy volunteers. The redesigned ALN-HBV02 (VIR-2218) showed improved specificity with comparable on-target activity and the program was reintroduced into clinical development.
Novel cancer gene discovery using a forward genetic screen in RCAS-PDGFB-driven gliomas
Authors: Weishaupt Holger , Čančer Matko , Rosén Gabriela , Holmberg Karl O , Häggqvist Susana , Bunikis Ignas , Jiang Yiwen , Sreedharan Smitha , Gyllensten Ulf , Becher Oren J , Uhrbom Lene , Ameur Adam , Swartling Fredrik J
Published: June 2022

Background

Malignant gliomas, the most common malignant brain tumors in adults, represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with poor prognosis. Retroviruses can cause permanent genetic alterations that modify genes close to the viral integration site.

Methods

Here we describe the use of a high-throughput pipeline coupled to the commonly used tissue-specific retroviral RCAS-TVA mouse tumor model system. Utilizing next-generation sequencing, we show that retroviral integration sites can be reproducibly detected in malignant stem cell lines generated from RCAS-PDGFB-driven glioma biopsies.

Results

A large fraction of common integration sites contained genes that have been dysregulated or misexpressed in glioma. Others overlapped with loci identified in previous glioma-related forward genetic screens, but several novel putative cancer-causing genes were also found. Integrating retroviral tagging and clinical data, Ppfibp1 was highlighted as a frequently tagged novel glioma-causing gene. Retroviral integrations into the locus resulted in Ppfibp1 upregulation, and Ppfibp1-tagged cells generated tumors with shorter latency on orthotopic transplantation. In human gliomas, increased PPFIBP1 expression was significantly linked to poor prognosis and PDGF treatment resistance.

Conclusions

Altogether, the current study has demonstrated a novel approach to tagging glioma genes via forward genetics, validating previous results, and identifying PPFIBP1 as a putative oncogene in gliomagenesis.
The current state of glioma data registries
Authors: Yearley Alexander G , Iorgulescu Julian Bryan , Chiocca Ennio Antonio , Peruzzi Pier Paolo , Smith Timothy R , Reardon David A , Mooney Michael A
Published: June 2022

Background

The landscape of glioma research has evolved in the past 20 years to include numerous large, multi-institutional, database efforts compiling either clinical data on glioma patients, molecular data on glioma specimens, or a combination of both. While these strategies can provide a wealth of information for glioma research, obtaining information regarding data availability and access specifications can be challenging.

Methods

We reviewed the literature for ongoing clinical, molecular, and combined database efforts related to glioma research to provide researchers with a curated overview of the current state of glioma database resources.

Results

We identified and reviewed a total of 20 databases with data collection spanning from 1975 to 2022. Surveyed databases included both low- and high-grade gliomas, and data elements included over 100 clinical variables and 12 molecular data types. Select database strengths included large sample sizes and a wide variety of variables available, while limitations of some databases included complex data access requirements and a lack of glioma-specific variables.

Conclusions

This review highlights current databases and registries and their potential utility in clinical and genomic glioma research. While many high-quality resources exist, the fluid nature of glioma taxonomy makes it difficult to isolate a large cohort of patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis. Large, well-defined, and publicly available glioma datasets have the potential to expand the reach of glioma research and drive the field forward.
Restricting Tobacco Retail Outlets Around Middle and High Schools as a Way to Reduce Tobacco Marketing Disparities: A Simulation Study
Authors: Obinwa Udoka , Pasch Keryn E , Jetelina Katelyn K , Ranjit Nalini , Perez Adriana , Perry Cheryl L , Harrell Melissa
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Communities with more people of color and economically disadvantaged residents are disproportionately exposed to tobacco marketing from tobacco companies. This study examined if banning tobacco retail outlets (TROs) within 1000 ft of schools would reduce these marketing disparities through a greater reduction in the amount of tobacco advertising around schools in these communities.

Methods

Data from objectively audited advertisement data from 106 convenience stores and gas stations around 42 middle and high schools located in the four major metropolitan areas of Texas were linked with schools’ enrollment data. ArcGIS (Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System) was used to simulate a 1000-ft ban of tobacco sales around the schools. Independent sample T-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to test mean differences where appropriate.

Results

Schools with a higher enrollment of Hispanic/Latino (mean = 171.6, SD = 96.9) and economically disadvantaged students (mean = 168.9, SD = 102.3) were surrounded with significantly greater advertising at TROs than schools with lower enrollment of these groups (mean = 82.8, SD = 49.1 and mean = 89.2, SD = 50.6, respectively). A simulated 1000 ft ban of TROs around schools led to greater advertising reduction around schools with a higher enrollment of Hispanic/Latino students (13.3%–29.4% reductions) in comparison to schools with lower Hispanic/Latino student enrollment. However, the more economically disadvantaged schools had a smaller reduction in the number of advertisements (5.9%–21.9% reductions) in comparison to schools with less economically disadvantaged students.

Conclusion

The implementation of a ban of tobacco sales at TROs within 1000 ft of schools is one policy approach to reduce youth exposure to tobacco marketing, particularly among students of color.

Study Implication

Tobacco retail outlets (TROs) around schools with a higher enrollment of Hispanic/Latino and economically disadvantaged students had significantly more tobacco advertisements in comparison to schools with lower enrollment of these student groups. A simulated ban of TROs within 1000 ft of schools led to greater advertising reduction around schools with a higher enrollment of Hispanic/Latino students. For schools with more economically disadvantaged students, the ban led to a smaller reduction in advertisements in comparison to schools with less economically disadvantaged students. This proposed place-based strategy could be a successful means to reduce tobacco advertising and marketing disparity among communities of color.
Prisoners of War
Authors: Moore Bob
Published: June 2022

This is the first book that brings together the experiences of prisoners of war of all the major belligerent powers in the Second World War. It contrasts the relatively benign German treatment of captured British, French, and American servicemen with that inflicted on Soviet soldiers which led to more than 3 million deaths. It also examines other specific categories of prisoners, including Jews, colonial soldiers, and women, before incorporating the many German prisoners in Allied hands and taking the story beyond the end of the war to look at the different experiences of repatriation before the last releases of Germans from the USSR in 1956.
Role of serine/threonine protein kinase STN7 in the formation of two distinct photosystem I supercomplexes in Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Gerotto Caterina , Trotta Andrea , Bajwa Azfar Ali , Morosinotto Tomas , Aro Eva-Mari
Published: June 2022

Reversible thylakoid protein phosphorylation provides most flowering plants with dynamic acclimation to short-term changes in environmental light conditions. Here, through generating Serine/Threonine protein kinase 7 (STN7)-depleted mutants in the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), we identified phosphorylation targets of STN7 kinase and their roles in short- and long-term acclimation of the moss to changing light conditions. Biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses revealed STN7-dependent phosphorylation of N-terminal Thr in specific Light-Harvesting Complex II (LHCII) trimer subunits (LHCBM2 and LHCBM4/8) and provided evidence that phospho-LHCBM accumulation is responsible for the assembly of two distinct Photosystem I (PSI) supercomplexes (SCs), both of which are largely absent in STN7-depleted mutants. Besides the canonical state transition complex (PSI-LHCI-LHCII), we isolated the larger moss-specific PSI-Large (PSI-LHCI-LHCB9-LHCII) from stroma-exposed thylakoids. Unlike PSI-LHCI-LHCII, PSI-Large did not demonstrate short-term dynamics for balancing the distribution of excitation energy between PSII and PSI. Instead, PSI-Large contributed to a more stable increase in PSI antenna size in Physcomitrella, except under prolonged high irradiance. Additionally, the STN7-depleted mutants revealed altered light-dependent phosphorylation of a monomeric antenna protein, LHCB6, whose phosphorylation displayed a complex regulation by multiple kinases. Collectively, the unique phosphorylation plasticity and dynamics of Physcomitrella monomeric LHCB6 and trimeric LHCBM isoforms, together with the presence of PSI SCs with different antenna sizes and responsiveness to light changes, reflect the evolutionary position of mosses between green algae and vascular plants, yet with clear moss-specific features emphasizing their adaptation to terrestrial low-light environments.
A missing link in affect regulation: the cerebellum
Authors: Frazier Madeleine R , Hoffman Linda J , Popal Haroon , Sullivan-Toole Holly , Olino Thomas M , Olson Ingrid R
Published: June 2022

The cerebellum is one-third the size of the cerebrum yet holds twice the number of neurons. Historically, its sole function was thought to be in the calibration of smooth movements through the creation and ongoing modification of motor programs. This traditional viewpoint has been challenged by findings showing that cerebellar damage can lead to striking changes in non-motor behavior, including emotional changes. In this manuscript, we review the literature on clinical and subclinical affective disturbances observed in individuals with lesions to the cerebellum. Disorders include pathological laughing and crying, bipolar disorder, depression and mixed mood changes. We propose a theoretical model based on cerebellar connectivity to explain how the cerebellum calibrates affect. We conclude with actionable steps for future researchers to test this model and improve upon the limitations of past literature.
Voice-Hearing Across The Continuum: A Phenomenology of Spiritual Voices
Authors: Moseley Peter , Powell Adam , Woods Angela , Fernyhough Charles , Alderson-Day Ben
Published: June 2022

Background and Hypothesis

Voice-hearing in clinical and nonclinical groups has previously been compared using standardized assessments of psychotic experiences. Findings from several studies suggest that nonclinical voice-hearing is distinguished by reduced distress and increased control. However, symptom-rating scales developed for clinical populations may be limited in their ability to elucidate subtle aspects of nonclinical voices. Moreover, such experiences often occur within specific contexts and belief systems, such as spiritualism. We investigated similarities and differences in the phenomenology of clinical voice-hearing and nonclinical voice-hearer (NCVH).

Study Design

We conducted a comparative interdisciplinary study which administered a semi-structured interview to NCVH individuals (N = 26) and psychosis patients (N = 40). The nonclinical group was recruited from spiritualist communities. We used content analysis and inductive thematic analysis to create a coding frame which was used across both spiritual and patient groups to compare phenomenological features of voice-hearing.

Study Results

The findings were consistent with previous results regarding distress and control. Additionally, in the NCVH group, multiple modalities were often integrated into 1 entity, and there were high levels of associated visual imagery, and subtle differences in the location of voices relating to perceptual boundaries. Most NCVHs reported voices before encountering spiritualism, suggesting that their onset was not solely due to deliberate practice.

Conclusions

Nonclinical spiritual voice-hearing has important similarities and differences to voices in psychosis. Future research should aim to understand how spiritual voice-hearers cultivate and control voice-hearing after its onset, which may inform interventions for people with psychosis with distressing voices.
Surveillance, Social Control, and Managing Semi-Legality in U.S. Commercial Cannabis
Authors: Kinney Alexander B
Published: June 2022

This article presents a case study of commercial cannabis in the United States. Drawing on 56 interviews with cannabis stakeholders collected between 2018–2020, I examine how different governmentalities of surveillance became distorted by the contradiction between state and federal cannabis laws. As in other regulated markets, these governmentalities informed state-sponsored surveillance initiatives to stop, contain, or support certain forms of deviance by commercial cannabis businesses. Due to fragmented governance, the efficacy of these initiatives depended in part upon the actions of the regulated cannabis industry. Commercial cannabis businesses looked to how surveillance was configured to develop strategies that could help them overcome challenges stemming from their semi-legality. These strategies included incorporating practices that were not required by law, partnering with the state in surveillance efforts, and engaging in activities to combat the black market. I argue that the embedded relationship between governmentalities, surveillance initiatives, and commercial cannabis activities transformed these strategies into mechanisms through which structure emerged in this nascent market. This paper introduces a set of surveillance categories, proposes new directions for research on social control and markets, and offers a novel study of commercial cannabis that can help to explain the trajectory of this market.
Structure of the Harmonin PDZ2 and coiled‐coil domains in a complex with CDHR2 tail and its implications
Authors: Yan Wenxia , Chen Guanhao , Li Jianchao
Published: June 2022

Harmonin is a protein containing multiple PDZ domains and is required for the development and maintenance of hair cell stereocilia and brush border microvilli. Mutations in the USH1C gene can cause Usher syndrome type 1C, a severe inheritable disease characterized by the loss of hearing and vision. Here, by solving the high‐resolution crystal structure of Harmonin PDZ2 and coiled‐coil domains in a complex with the tail of cadherin‐related family member 2, we demonstrated that mutations located in the Harmonin PDZ2 domain and found in patients could affect its stability, and thus, the target binding capability. The structure also implies that the coiled‐coil domain could form antiparallel dimers under high concentrations, possibly when Harmonin underwent liquid–liquid phase separation in the upper tip‐link density in hair cell stereocilia or microvilli of enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium. The crystal structure, together with the biochemical analysis, provided mechanistic implications for Harmonin mutations causing Usher syndrome, non‐syndromic deafness, or enteropathy.
Promoting Safe Mobility
Authors: Olson Linda M. , Zonsius Mary C. , Rodriguez-Morales Grisel , Emery-Tiburcio Erin E.
Published: June 2022

This article is the fifth in a series, Supporting Family Caregivers in the 4Ms of an Age-Friendly Health System, published in collaboration with the AARP Public Policy Institute as part of the ongoing Supporting Family Caregivers: No Longer Home Alone series. The 4Ms of an Age-Friendly Health System (What Matters, Medication, Mentation, and Mobility) is an evidence-based framework for assessing and acting on critical issues in the care of older adults across settings and transitions of care. Engaging the health care team, including older adults and their family caregivers, with the 4Ms framework can help to ensure that every older adult gets the best care possible, is not harmed by health care, and is satisfied with the care they receive.

The articles in this series present considerations for implementing the 4Ms framework in the inpatient hospital setting and incorporating family caregivers in doing so. Resources for both nurses and family caregivers, including a series of accompanying videos developed by AARP and the Rush Center for Excellence in Aging and funded by The John A. Hartford Foundation, are also provided. Nurses should read the articles first, so they understand how best to help family caregivers. Then they can refer caregivers to the informational tear sheet—Information for Family Caregivers—and instructional videos, encouraging them to ask questions. For additional information, see Resources for Nurses.
A Case of an Asymptomatic Woman After a Fracture Repair
Authors: Kupchik Nicole , Green Joel
Published: June 2022

Editor's note: This is the next installment in a series on electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation. Nurses in all settings should know the basics, as medications and physiological changes can cause cardiac arrhythmias. Each article will start with a brief case scenario and an ECG strip and then take you step by step through analyzing the heart rhythm.
An Introduction to Yoga
Authors: Todd Betsy
Published: June 2022

Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.

This article, from AJN's February 1976 issue, was written by Robin L. Wilson, a nurse and yoga instructor, who today is a member of the YogaNurse Academy. In this early AJN article on the subject, Wilson described the many benefits of the practice, and shared easy-to-follow instructions for a simple yoga routine. She noted, “These exercises can be adapted for patient care, taught to patients, or practiced by nurses to maintain their own health.”

In this issue, Angela Dossett and colleagues describe the results of a program of structured yoga sessions for patients hospitalized on a locked medical–psychiatric unit. The popular sessions, led by a nurse–yoga instructor, have expanded to all behavioral inpatient units at their facility.—Betsy Todd, MPH, RN
Destigmatizing alcohol use disorder among nurses
Authors: Rathburn Jill
Published: June 2022

The use of alcohol to cope with work-related stress is an increasing problem among nurses. However, barriers to diagnosis and treatment keep nurses with alcohol use disorder (AUD) from getting the help they need. This article discusses the issues and treatment obstacles affecting AUD among nurses, and outlines compassionate, stigma-free paths forward.
Current Status and Challenges of Valvular Heart Disease Interventional Therapy
Authors: Zhang Yi , Xiong Tianyuan , Feng Yuan
Published: June 2022

Valvular heart disease (VHD) is common in the global population, occupying an heavy disease burden among aging population. Currently, it is the booming era of transcatheter VHD treatment, even with superiority than traditional open heart surgery in some clinical outcomes. We collected data sources mainly derived from published articles and conference presentations, including randomized controlled trials, first-in-man studies, clinical registries, and other single- or multi-center and prospective or retrospective clinical studies. This review summarized the relevant devices and researches of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, transcatheter mitral valve repair and replacement, transcatheter tricuspid valve repair and replacement, and transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement. Moreover, possible challenges of interventional therapy for various VHD in the future were discussed as well.
Immunotherapy-induced granulomatous reaction in patients with melanoma
Authors: Taskaynatan Halil , Gunenc Damla , Ön Sercan , Mizrak Ali , Samancilar Ozgur , Karaca Burcak
Published: June 2022

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a new era in stage IV melanoma treatment. These agents are generally well tolerated but have specific side effects. The granulomatous reaction is one of such ICI–related adverse events. In this report, we present the cases of three patients with stage IV melanoma who all developed mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy during ICI treatment. While a complete response was observed in one patient, near complete responses were observed in the other two patients. Amid these favorable outcomes, all patients developed mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy approximately 6 months after the initiation of immunotherapy. Biopsies were performed to explore the underlying pathology of the lymph nodes, which revealed granulomatous reactions rather than metastases. Hence, immunotherapy was continued in all patients. The development of granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with ICIs may mimic disease recurrence/progression clinically and radiographically. Awareness of such type of adverse event is crucial to decide whether to continue therapy or not.
Seasonal Rise in Plastic Surgery during Ramadan: A Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Gelidan Adnan G.
Published: June 2022

Background:

While demand for plastic surgery continues to rise worldwide, there are no known seasonal differences in plastic surgery volume. This study aimed to evaluate whether Ramadan was associated with a measurable rise in demand for plastic surgery.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional nationwide survey of plastic surgeons. Surgeon demographics, practice setting, case load, surgical preference during the month of Ramadan, factors associated with surgical volume, and procedures that were in demand during Ramadan were collected from all registered plastic surgeons in the Saudi Commission Health Specialties.

Results:

A total of 120 (73%) of 165 plastic surgeon completed the survey. The male:female ratio was 8:1. A total of 34 (28%) surgeons operated in public- and private-sector practices, and 53% (n = 64) maintained private practice only. When they operate, 60 (50%), 34 (28%), and 10 (8%) operate in the morning, in morning and evening, and in evening only, respectively. Although surgeons reported lower case volumes due to reduced working hours, 57% (n = 68) reported an increase in the proportion of cosmetic surgery. There was more than 80% consensus between surgeons on school vacation and ensuing wedding season as reasons for increased demand for plastic surgery.

Conclusions:

Seasonal demand for cosmetic plastic surgery was virtually unheard of. Although reduced working hours in Ramadan meant lower plastic surgery case volumes, surgeons reported an increase in the demand for cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures during the month of Ramadan. School vacation and post-Ramadan social events were attributed as reasons for this rise.
Ageing with Interstitial lung disease: preserving health and well being
Authors: Saketkoo Lesley Ann , Obi Ogugua Ndili , Patterson Karen C. , Russell Anne-Marie
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

Ageing, the accrual of molecular and cellular damage over a lifetime confers progressive physiologic dysfunction of bodily systems, leaving the body in a heightened state of vulnerability to biophysical and psychosocial stressors. The inflection point is frailty which easily leads to disability and death. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) creates biophysical and psychosocial stresses difficult for even optimally fit patients to cope with. With evolving ILD treatment pathways, people with ILD are living longer.

Recent findings

ILD and ageing are bi-directionally influential: ILD, its treatments, complications, and collateral systemic extra-pulmonary damage (hypoxic and oxidative stress) wear on the ageing person and ageing impacts a person's tolerance of ILD. ILD extent may proportionally accelerate age-related vulnerabilities. ILD related to inflammatory systemic diseases, e.g. connective tissue diseases or sarcoidosis, exert an even more complex biophysical impact on the body.

The present review stresses goals of preventing frailty in ILD and preserving general health and well being of people living with ILD of any age, from time of diagnosis and as they age. The development of a prediction score is proposed to classify those at risk of frailty and guide interventions that preserve successful ageing for all levels of ILD severity.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COPM/A32