bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of switching to voltage state in an intrinsic Josephson junction
Authors: Wachi Takamasa , Kato Masaru
Published: August 2022

When a current applied to an intrinsic Josephson junction (IJJ) in a copper oxide high-temperature superconductor is increased, the IJJ enters a voltage state and then the voltage increases stepwise. After these voltage states, when the current is lowered, THz oscillation occurs. The voltage state is described as a running state of a particle in a washboard potential, using the RCSJ model of the Josephson junction (JJ). In this study, we investigate these running states in the IJJ, using a coupled layered JJ model with the finite element method. Especially, we focus on time evolution of phase differences in all JJs in the IJJ under weak external current.
Peak Effects in 2H-NbSe2 Single Crystals Introduced with Artificial Defects by Particle Irradiation
Authors: Li W J , Pyon S , Okayasu S , Tamegai T
Published: August 2022

Effects of splayed columnar defects in NbSe2 single crystals introduced by 800 MeV Xe and 320 MeV Au irradiations were studied. Peak effects have been observed for both samples. For 320 MeV Au irradiated samples, the peak field is found to increase with increasing the splay angle, while in samples irradiated by 800 MeV Xe the peak field shows an opposite dependence. The temperature dependence of the peak field for these two samples are also different. Based on the analysis of pinning force density, this different temperature dependence of the peak field may originate from the different pinning mechanisms.
High-energy ultrasonic irradiation effects on the growth and critical current density of top-seeded melt grown single grain YBa2Cu3O7-δ bulk superconductors
Authors: Hagiwara Rikako , Ishibashi Shinnosuke , Naik Sugali Pavan Kumar , Ogino Hiraku , Pęczkowski Paweł , Ishida Shigeyuki , Eisaki Hiroshi , Sakai Naomichi , Oka Tetsuo , Nishio Taichiro
Published: August 2022

The enhancement of a critical current density (J
c) of REBa2Cu3O7-δ
(REBCO/YBCO, where RE=rare earth elements and Y) bulk superconductors can be achieved via dispersing normal-conductive RE2BaCuO5 (Y211) particles and other defects which are of nano-metric size in the superconducting matrix. Recently, we demonstrated the integration of high-energy ultrasonic irradiation for fabricating high quality YBCO superconductors which effectively improved J
c and trapped fields. In the present work, we investigated the effect of 30 mol.% of Y211 particle produced via high-energy ultrasonication irradiation on the growth and superconducting properties of top-seeded melt grown bulk YBCO single grains. Ultrasonic power of 450 W was employed for 30 minutes to create the sharp-edged, individual and nano-meter sized Y211 phase particles. Systematic isothermal experiments were conducted at various temperatures from 1005 °C − 980 °C. The growth of YBCO grain from a single crystalline NdBCO seed was initiated at 1000 °C and as the isothermal temperature decreased the growth area increased due to the improved peritectic reaction. The field dependence of J
c was improved when the under-cooling isothermal temperature decreased. The present method is reliable, cost-effective, and free from any chemical contamination.
Implementing High Q-Factor HTS Resonators to Enhance Probe Sensitivity in 13C NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Thomas J N , Johnston T L , Litvak I M , Ramaswamy V , Merritt M E , Rocca J R , Edison A S , Brey W W
Published: August 2022

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) probes using thin-film high temperature superconducting (HTS) resonators provide exceptional mass sensitivity in small-sample NMR experiments for natural products chemistry and metabolomics. We report improvements in sensitivity to our 1.5 mm 13C-optimized NMR probe based on HTS resonators. The probe has a sample volume of 35 microliters and operates in a 14.1 T magnet. The probe also features HTS resonators for 1H transmission and detection and the 2H lock. The probe utilizes a 13C resonator design that provides greater efficiency than our previous design. The quality factor of the new resonator in the 14.1 T background field was measured to be 4,300, which is over 3x the value of the previous design. To effectively implement the improved quality factor, we demonstrate the effect of adding a shorted transmission line stub to increase the bandwidth and reduce the rise/fall time of 13C irradiation pulses. Initial NMR measurements verify 13C NMR sensitivity is significantly improved while preserving detection bandwidth. The probe will be used for applications in metabolomics.
Compact Stochastic Computing Circuits Using the Latching Function of RSFQ Circuits for Computing Polynomials
Authors: Wada Koki , Kito Nobutaka
Published: August 2022

Stochastic computing (SC) is a method of expressing a numerical value by the appearance ratio of 1 in a bitstream to perform an operation. Rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) circuits can handle SC naturally and operate at ultra-high speed. RSFQ SC circuits are suitable for applications tolerating error. This paper presents a design method of RSFQ SC circuits to calculate polynomials. Using the proposed design method, an internal circuit is designed to feed bitstreams of coefficients from bitstreams of constant to reduce large stochastic number generators. The method inserts storage elements to reduce correlations of signals, and thereby reduce the calculation error of the circuit. Additionally, it minimizes the number of inserted D flip-flops utilizing the latching function of gate inputs of RSFQ logic gates.
High-fidelity circuit simulation of AQFP circuits through compact models extracted from layout
Authors: Fourie Coenrad J , Jackman Kyle
Published: August 2022

Adiabatic Quantum Flux Parametron (AQFP) superconductor logic circuits rely on magnetic coupling between the gate and clock and control lines to function. Circuit designers start by designing a circuit netlist, selecting parameters to fit design objectives, optimizing the netlist in simulation and then progressing to integrated circuit layout. Hand-designed netlists mostly do not contain all the mutual inductances between inductors. The lack of a complete set of mutual inductances can limit the accuracy of the designed netlist. For a circuit netlist to be an exact representation of the layout, the number of inductors should be equal to the number of fundamental cycles in the netlist graph and all inductors should be coupled. In this paper, we show that full-circuit inductance extraction of AQFP layout where self and mutual inductances are specified by the designer produces small but possibly significant errors due to mismatch between the design schematic and the layout. With compact simulation model extraction, which we added to the InductEx tool chain, a much more accurate simulation model that includes all mutual inductances can be obtained to verify circuit performance after layout. We propose compact model extraction as the final step in cell library characterisation.
Numerical simulation of a high-power density 10 MW REBCO superconducting synchronous generator cooled by sub-cooled LN2 for low AC loss
Authors: Noda Kaito , Sasa Hiromasa , Miyazaki Hiroshi , Miura Shun , Yoshida Takashi , Sasayama Teruyoshi , Iwakuma Masataka , Kawagoe Akifumi , Izumi Teruo , Konno Masayuki , Sasamori Yuichiro , Honda Hirokazu , Hase Yoshiji , Shutoh Masao
Published: August 2022

Generators used in electric aircraft require a high-power density, and AC loss is also a significant problem. We designed 10 MW REBCO superconducting synchronous generators at 64 K to achieve a power density of 20 kW/kg and low AC loss. In this study, electromagnetic analyses were performed using finite element method software. Consequently, the thickness of the back yoke is 50 mm or less so that the generator can meet the target power density. The method of decreasing the magnetic field of the armature winding and increasing that of the field winding was used to effectively reduce the AC loss. As a result, the generator achieved a high-power density of 21.0 kW/kg, reducing the AC loss from over 600 kW to 415 kW.
Evaluation of the effect of gravity on the rotational loss of superconducting magnetic bearings for space applications
Authors: Okumura Satsuki , Onoue Takemi , Ahmad Doa , Terao Yutaka , Ohsaki Hiroyuki , Sakurai Yuki , Matsumura Tomotake , Katayama Nobuhiko
Published: August 2022

We study the relationship between the levitation gap change and losses in a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) system. We develop a polarization modulator bearing for a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment. The heat generated by the polarization modulator needs to be kept very low. Therefore, it is essential to model the effect of the levitation gap change of a rotor due to gravity on the rotational loss. We have constructed a prototype small experimental platform of an axial-flux SMB with an array of high-temperature superconductors, YBCO, and a permanent magnet ring. In this system, the weight of the rotor can be set. We measured the effect of the change in the levitation gap of the rotor due to gravity on the loss. When the levitation force was 5.5 N and 16.0 N, the losses generated in the rotor were 9.1 × 10−3 W and 1.6 × 10−2 W, respectively. It was confirmed that the loss increases with the increase in the levitation force of the SMB.
Measurements of time and spatial resolution of AC-LGADs with different designs
Authors: D’Amen G. , Chen W. , Giacomini G. , Rossi E. , Tricoli A.
Published: August 2022

AC-LGAD sensors are prime candidates for fast and precise measurement of charged particles in a variety of applications. In a fine-pitched pixel or strip AC-LGAD sensor, the signal generated by the passage of a particle is not localized in a limited volume in the sensor, but is shared among multiple electrodes. This signal sharing characteristic allows us to improve the spatial resolution of AC-LGAD sensors beyond the capabilities of common silicon trackers. Since the magnitude of the shared signal depends on the distance between the pixels or strips and the point of passage of the particle, signal sharing is strongly influenced by the geometry of the sensor. The electrode pitch and gap size as well as the shape can be fine tuned to maximize the space resolution, while keeping the detector granularity and the number of channels to be read out under control. Prototypes of AC-LGAD sensors produced at the Brookhaven National Laboratory covering a variety of possible geometries have been studied via Transient Current Technique using an infrared laser, and the signal sharing, spatial resolution, and time resolution of the different topologies have been measured. These results have been compared with measurements performed in test-beams with 120 GeV protons at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. A time resolution of ∼30 ps can be achieved using AC-LGAD sensors with a thickness of 50 μm, compatible to that of standard DC-coupled LGADs, while presenting a far superior spatial resolution. This combination of high precision, fast timing capabilities, and low material budget makes AC-LGADs an ideal choice for a truly 4D detector.
Modelling the behaviour of microchannel plates using CST particle tracking software
Authors: Baldwin E.J. , Lapington J.S. , Leach S.A.
Published: August 2022

Photon counting detectors are essential for many applications, including astronomy, medical imaging, nuclear and particle physics. An extremely important characteristic of photon counting detectors is the method of electron multiplication. In vacuum tubes such as photomultiplier tubes and microchannel plates (MCPs), secondary electron emission (SEE) provides electron multiplication through an accelerating field across the dynode(s). A significant electron cascade can be observed in these structures which are routinely used in industry and research. Both devices have been thoroughly tested experimentally. Developing new MCP designs can be expensive and time consuming so the ability to simulate new structures will provide many advantages to instrument designers and manufacturers. There are, however, significant challenges in accurately simulating MCPs, with many geometrical variables to consider as well as material SEE properties. The SEE process is probabilistic, and with MCPs having a very high gain, significant computational resource is required to simulate the resulting electron output for a model. In our research we illustrate how this can be achieved by developing an MCP model using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Studio Suite software. The model consists of a charged particle source, a small seven-pore MCP structure (including electrodes, resistive and emissive surfaces), as well as the readout anode, with appropriate potentials applied to the components of the model. We present simulation results from the modelled MCPs, demonstrate electron multiplication performance, and compare these results with those predicted by theory. Our goal is to expand this model and identify optimum MCP parameters, for various science applications, using novel materials to optimise detector performance.
Reduction of contribution of scattered photons by optimization of energy window settings in 201Tl SPECT imaging: a simulation study
Authors: Noori-Asl Mahsa , Hosseinifar Hoora
Published: August 2022

Introduction and Objectives: detection of Compton scattered photons is one of the effective factors in reducing the quality of SPECT images. The aim of this study is to reduce the contribution of scattered counts included in the main energy window for 201Tl SPECT imaging in two steps: first step, by determining the location and width of the optimal main energy window, and second step, by using the optimal correction methods.

Materials and Methods: in this study, the Monte Carlo program is used to simulate the required phantoms (a cylindrical phantom consist of two small cylinders with different diameters and a simple cardiac phantom), and to produce the projections related to different energy windows.

Results: according to the simulation results, among the 13 investigated energy windows, the 30%-wide window with the central energy of 75 keV is determined as the optimal main window for 201Tl SPECT imaging. Also, from the results of this study, two energy window settings are proposed as the most suitable settings for scatter correction of 201Tl SPECT images. In the first case, a second energy window (a 34%-wide window centered at 51 keV) with counts approximately equal to the scattered counts of the optimal main window, and in the second case, two narrow windows (a 8%-wide window centered at 56 keV and a 6%-wide window centered at 92 keV) on both sides of the optimal main window and at a certain distance from two sides of this window are determined as the most suitable energy window settings for these methods.

Conclusion: using the optimal main window together with the optimal scatter correction settings proposed in this study leads to a significant improvement of the contrast of 201Tl SPECT images with an acceptable noise level.
Spatial multivariate selection of climate indices for precipitation over India
Authors: Nagaraj Meghana , Srivastav Roshan
Published: August 2022

Large-scale interdependent teleconnections influence precipitation at various spatio-temporal scales. Selecting the relevant climate indices based on geographical location is important. Therefore, this study focuses on the spatial multivariate selection of climate indices influencing precipitation variability over India, using the partial least square regression and variable importance of projection technique. 17 climate indices and gridded precipitation dataset (0.25 × 0.25°) from the Indian Meteorological Department for 1951–2020 at a monthly scale are considered. Results show that among all the indices, Nino 4, Nino 1 + 2, Trans Nino Index, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), Arctic oscillation (AO), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) have a significant influence on precipitation over India. Further, within homogenous regions, it is found that the Southern Oscillation Index and Nino 3.4 are selected majorly in the South Peninsular compared to other regions. The NAO/AO show a similar pattern and was found to be relevant in the Northeast region (>89%). AMO is selected mainly in Northwest, and West Central (>80%), AMO and QBO at about 70% of grid locations over Central Northeast India. It is to be noted that the number of climate indices identified varies spatially across the study region. Overall, the study highlights identifying the relevant climate indices would aid in developing improved predictive and parsimonious models for agriculture planning and water resources management
Thalamic gray matter volume mediates the association betweenKIBRApolymorphism and olfactory function among older adults: a population-based study
Authors: Song Lin , Han Xiaodong , Li Yuanjing , Han Xiaolei , Zhao Mingqing , Li Chunyan , Wang Pin , Wang Jiafeng , Dong Yi , Cong Lin , Han Xiaojuan , Hou Tingting , Liu Keke , Wang Yongxiang , Qiu Chengxuan , Du Yifeng
Published: August 2022

The kidney and brain expressed protein (KIBRA) rs17070145 polymorphism is associated with both structure and activation of the olfactory cortex. However, no studies have thus far examined whether KIBRA can be linked with olfactory function and whether brain structure plays any role in the association. We addressed these questions in a population-based cross-sectional study among rural-dwelling older adults. This study included 1087 participants derived from the Multidomain Interventions to Delay Dementia and Disability in Rural China, who underwent the brain MRI scans in August 2018 to October 2020; of these, 1016 took the 16-item Sniffin’ Sticks identification test and 634 (62.40%) were defined with olfactory impairment (OI). Data were analyzed using the voxel-based morphometry analysis and general linear, logistic, and structural equation models. The KIBRA rs17070145 C-allele (CC or CT vs. TT genotype) was significantly associated with greater gray matter volume (GMV) mainly in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and left thalamus (P < 0.05) and with the multi-adjusted odds ratio of 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.56–0.95) for OI. The left thalamic GMV could mediate 8.08% of the KIBRA-olfaction association (P < 0.05). These data suggest that the KIBRA rs17070145 C-allele is associated with a reduced likelihood of OI among older adults, partly mediated through left thalamic GMV.
The role of viscosity in flavor preference: plasticity and interactions with taste
Authors: Colbert Sarah E , Triplett Cody S , Maier Joost X
Published: August 2022

The brain combines gustatory, olfactory, and somatosensory information to create our perception of flavor. Within the somatosensory modality, texture attributes such as viscosity appear to play an important role in flavor preference. However, research into the role of texture in flavor perception is relatively sparse, and the contribution of texture cues to hedonic evaluation of flavor remains largely unknown. Here, we used a rat model to investigate whether viscosity preferences can be manipulated through association with nutrient value, and how viscosity interacts with taste to inform preferences for taste + viscosity mixtures. To address these questions, we measured preferences for moderately viscous solutions prepared with xanthan gum using 2-bottle consumption tests. By experimentally exposing animals to viscous solutions with and without nutrient value, we demonstrate that viscosity preferences are susceptible to appetitive conditioning. By independently varying viscosity and taste content of solutions, we further show that taste and viscosity cues both contribute to preferences for taste + viscosity mixtures. How these 2 modalities are combined depended on relative palatability, with mixture preferences falling in between component preferences, suggesting that hedonic aspects of taste and texture inputs are centrally integrated. Together, these findings provide new insight into how texture aspects of flavor inform hedonic perception and impact food choice behavior.
Successful treatment of a patient with type-A acute aortic dissection with emergent percutaneous coronary intervention and thoracic endovascular aortic repair under percutaneous cardiopulmonary support: a case report
Authors: Shigihara Shota , Shirakabe Akihiro , Okazaki Hirotake , Asai Kuniya
Published: August 2022

Background

Type-A acute aortic dissection (AAD) with acute coronary involvement can be instantly fatal. The patient’s haemodynamics can easily collapse, so rapid decisions regarding treatment strategy are essential.

Case summary

A 76-year-old man requested an ambulance because of sudden back pain and paraplegia. He was admitted to the emergency room with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. Computed tomography angiography revealed a thrombosed AAD from the ascending to the distal aorta after the renal artery bifurcation, suggesting a retrograde DeBakey type IIIb (DeBakey IIIb + r, Stanford type-A) dissection. He suddenly developed ventricular fibrillation with cardiac arrest and haemodynamic collapse. We thus performed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and thoracic endovascular aortic repair under percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS). Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support and respiratory support were withdrawn 5 and 12 days after admission, respectively. The patient was transferred to the general ward on Day 28; he was eventually discharged to a rehabilitation hospital on Day 60, having recovered completely.

Conclusion

Immediate decisions regarding treatment strategy are essential. Non-invasive emergent treatment strategies (such as PCI and TEVAR under PCPS) may be options for critically ill patients with type-A AAD.
Anomalous coronary artery from the pulmonary artery diagnosed in adulthood: a case series on variations of coronary anatomy and the diagnostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Talebian Yazdi Mehrdad , Robbers-Visser D , van der Bilt I A C , Boekholdt S M , Koolbergen D R , Planken R N , Groenink M
Published: August 2022

Background

Anomalous coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a rare congenital disorder with high mortality rates in infancy. Adult cases can present with life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Case summary

We report three cases of adults with anomalous pulmonary origin of each of the main coronary branches. The first patient with an anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery presented with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The second patient with an anomalous circumflex artery from the pulmonary artery was evaluated for a bicuspid aortic valve and a suspected coronary fistula but was otherwise asymptomatic. The third patient with an anomalous right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery presented with anginal symptoms. In all cases, the diagnosis was made by cardiac computed tomography or coronary angiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all patients to guide clinical decision making on surgical or non-invasive management. All patients underwent surgical repair. In two patients, a dual coronary artery system was restored by aortic reimplantation of the anomalous coronary artery. In one patient, aortic reimplantation was unsuccessful due to poor vessel quality and the anomalous coronary artery was ligated. Clinical follow-up during 1.8–9.7 years did not show any cardiovascular complications and all patients are currently alive and asymptomatic.

Discussion

Anomalous coronary artery from the pulmonary artery can have various clinical presentations in adulthood. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a useful modality to guide selection of patients who might have symptomatic or prognostic benefit from surgical repair.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on incident cases of chronic diseases in Finland
Authors: Wikström Katja , Linna Miika , Laatikainen Tiina
Published: August 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has caused changes in the availability and use of health services, and disruptions have been reported in chronic disease management. We aimed to study the impact of the pandemic on the incidence of chronic diseases in Finland using register-based data. Incident cases of chronic diseases decreased, except for cases of anxiety disorders. The annual reductions ranged from 5% in cases of cancers to over 16% in cases of type 2 diabetes. These findings may be due to diagnostic delays and highlight the importance of ensuring access to health care and the continuity of care in all circumstances.
High-throughput CRISPRi and CRISPRa technologies in 3D genome regulation for neuropsychiatric diseases
Authors: Jones Ian R , Ren Xingjie , Shen Yin
Published: August 2022

Advances in genomics have led to the identification of many risk loci with hundreds of genes and thousands of DNA variants associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. A significant barrier to understanding the genetic underpinnings of complex diseases is the lack of functional characterization of risk genes and variants in biological systems relevant to human health and connecting disease-associated variants to pathological phenotypes. Characterizing gene and DNA variant functions requires genetic perturbations followed by molecular and cellular assays of neurobiological phenotypes. However, generating null or mutant alleles is low throughput, making it impossible to characterize disease-associated variants in large quantities efficiently. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) screens can be leveraged to dissect the biological consequences of the tested genes and variants in their native context. Nevertheless, testing non-coding variants associated with complex diseases remains non-trivial. In this review, we first discuss the current challenges of interpreting the function of the non-coding genome and approaches to prioritizing disease-associated variants in the context of the 3D epigenome. Second, we provide a brief overview of high-throughput CRISPRi and CRISPRa screening strategies applicable for characterizing non-coding sequences in appropriate biological systems. Lastly, we discuss the promising prospects of using CRISPR-based technologies to dissect DNA sequences associated with neuropsychiatric diseases.
IBD Flare in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Therapy Discontinuation Is to Blame
Authors: Bezzio Cristina , Fiorino Gionata , Ribaldone Davide G , Armuzzi Alessandro , Saibeni Simone ,   IG-IBD COVID-19 Study Group, Vernero Marta , Furfaro Federica , Pugliese Daniela , Manes Gianpiero , Pastorelli Luca , Gerardi Viviana , Viganò Chiara , Variola Angela , Caprioli Fabio , Zingone Fabiana , Scucchi Ludovica , Ardizzone Sandro , Baroni Stefania , Ricci Chiara , Onali Sara , Balestrieri Paola , Roselli Jenny , Bodini Giorgia , Daperno Marco , Lenti Marco , Baldoni Monia , Carparelli Sonia , Casini Valentina , Felice Carla , Cortelezzi Claudio , Amato Arnaldo , Mazzuoli Silvia , Coppini Francesca , Sartini Alessandro , Soriano Alessandra , Viscido Angelo , Buda Andrea , Grossi Laurino , Allocca Mariangela , Privitera Giuseppe , Armandi Angelo
Published: August 2022

Lay Summary

This prospective case-control study investigated the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on inflammatory bowel disease course and looked for risk factors associated with flares. In the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic era, inflammatory bowel disease course is not influenced by infection, while therapy discontinuation is a risk factor for disease flare.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Correlate With Microbial Community Composition Independent of Mucosal Inflammation in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Hellmann Jennifer , Ta Allison , Ollberding Nicholas J , Bezold Ramona , Lake Kathleen , Jackson Kimberly , Dirksing Kelsie , Bonkowski Erin , Haslam David B , Denson Lee A
Published: August 2022

Background

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) involve an aberrant host response to intestinal microbiota causing mucosal inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are increasingly important in clinical care and research. Our aim was to examine associations between PROs and fecal microbiota in patients 0 to 22 years of age with IBD.

Methods

A longitudinal, prospective, single-center study tested for associations between microbial community composition via shotgun metagenomics and PROs including stool frequency and rectal bleeding in ulcerative colitis (UC) and abdominal pain and stool frequency in Crohn’s disease (CD). Mucosal inflammation was assessed with fecal calprotectin. A negative binomial mixed-effects model including clinical characteristics and fecal calprotectin tested for differentially abundant species and metabolic pathways by PROs.

Results

In 70 CD patients with 244 stool samples, abdominal pain correlated with increased relative abundance of Haemophilus and reduced Clostridium spp. There were no differences relative to calprotectin level. In 23 UC patients with 76 samples, both rectal bleeding and increased stool frequency correlated with increased Klebsiella and reduced Bacteroides spp. Conversely, UC patients with lower calprotectin had reduced Klebsiella. Both UC and CD patients with active symptoms exhibited less longitudinal microbial community stability. No differences in metabolic pathways were observed in CD. Increased sulfoglycolysis and ornithine biosynthesis correlated with symptomatic UC.

Conclusions

Microbial community composition correlated with PROs in both CD and UC. Metabolic pathways differed relative to PROs in UC, but not CD. Data suggest that microbiota may contribute to patient symptoms in IBD, in addition to effects of mucosal inflammation.
Hidden dissemination of carbapenem-susceptible OXA-48-producing Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Pedraza Rosa , Kieffer Nicolas , Guzmán-Puche Julia , Artacho María José , Pitart Cristina , Hernández-García Marta , Vila Jordi , Cantón Rafael , Martinez-Martinez Luis
Published: August 2022

Objectives

To detect a potential hidden dissemination of the blaOXA-48 gene among Proteus mirabilis isolates obtained from a single centre.

Methods

P. mirabilis from diverse clinical samples presenting an ESBL phenotype or obtained from blood cultured from 2017 to 2019 were evaluated. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS. MICs were determined using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard microdilution and interpreted following EUCAST guidelines. WGS was performed using both short- and long-read technologies and assemblies were done using Unicycler. Resistomes were assessed using the ResFinder database. SNPs were detected using the PATRIC bioinformatics platform. Cloning experiments were performed using the pCRII-TOPO cloning kit.

Results

Thirty-one out of 108 (28.7%) isolates were positive for blaOXA-48 and blaCTX-M-15. Twenty-nine out of 31 of the isolates were susceptible to temocillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem and meropenem, whereas only 2/31 showed a resistance phenotype against these antibiotics. Both blaOXA-48 and blaCTX-M-15 genes were detected within the same chromosomally integrated new transposon in all isolates. The resistant isolates displayed a single mutation located in the putative promoter upstream of blaOXA-48. Cloning experiments confirmed that the mutation was responsible for the resistance phenotype.

Conclusions

The presence of a chromosomal copy of blaOXA-48 did not confer resistance to carbapenems, but a single mutation in the promoter could lead to an increase in resistance. This study shows a hidden circulation of OXA-48-positive, but carbapenem- and piperacillin/tazobactam-susceptible, P. mirabilis isolates that can become resistant to β-lactams after a single mutation.
Activity of ertapenem/zidebactam (WCK 6777) against problem Enterobacterales
Authors: Mushtaq Shazad , Garello Paolo , Vickers Anna , Woodford Neil , Livermore David M
Published: August 2022

Background

Secondary healthcare will remain pressured for some years, both because SARS-CoV-2 will circulate as a nosocomial pathogen, and owing to backlogs of patients awaiting delayed elective procedures. These stresses will drive the use of Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy (OPAT), which will need to cover increasingly resistant Gram-negative opportunists. We evaluated the activity of ertapenem/zidebactam, proposed for 2 + 2 g q24h administration.

Materials and methods

MICs were determined, by BSAC agar dilution, for 1632 Enterobacterales submitted to the UK national reference laboratory for investigation of antimicrobial resistance.

Results

Over 90% of Escherichia coli with AmpC, ESBLs, KPC, metallo- or OXA-48 carbapenemases were inhibited by ertapenem/zidebactam 1:1 at ertapenem’s current 0.5 mg/L breakpoint. For other major Enterobacterales, the proportions inhibited by ertapenem/zidebactam 1:1 at 0.5 mg/L were mostly 65% to 90% but were lower for Klebsiella pneumoniae/oxytoca with metallo- or OXA-48 β-lactamases. However, animal studies support an 8 mg/L breakpoint for ertapenem/zidebactam, based on a shortened T>MIC being needed compared with ertapenem alone. On this basis ertapenem/zidebactam would count as active against 90%–100% of isolates in all groups except K. pneumoniae/oxytoca with MBLs (±OXA-48), where MICs and percent susceptibility vary substantially even with inocula within the BSAC acceptable range.

Conclusions

Ertapenem/zidebactam has a proposed once-daily regimen well suited to OPAT. Even on highly conservative breakpoint projections, it has potential against MDR E. coli, including metallo-carbapenemase producers. If trial data sustain the 8 mg/L breakpoint indicated by animal experiments, its potential will extend widely across infections due to ESBL-, AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales.
N4-acetylcytidine regulates the replication and pathogenicity of enterovirus 71
Authors: Hao Haojie , Liu Weichi , Miao Yuanjiu , Ma Li , Yu Baocheng , Liu Lishi , Yang Chunjie , Zhang Kui , Chen Zhen , Yang Jingwen , Zheng Zhenhua , Zhang Bo , Deng Fei , Gong Peng , Yuan Jianhui , Hu Zhangli , Guan Wuxiang
Published: August 2022

Chemical modifications are important for RNA function and metabolism. N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) is critical for the translation and stability of mRNA. Although ac4C is found in RNA viruses, the detailed mechanisms through which ac4C affects viral replication are unclear. Here, we reported that the 5′ untranslated region of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) genome was ac4C modified by the host acetyltransferase NAT10. Inhibition of NAT10 and mutation of the ac4C sites within the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) suppressed EV71 replication. ac4C enhanced viral RNA translation via selective recruitment of PCBP2 to the IRES and boosted RNA stability. Additionally, ac4C increased the binding of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D) to viral RNA. Notably, ac4C-deficient mutant EV71 showed reduced pathogenicity in vivo. Our findings highlighted the essential role of ac4C in EV71 infection and provided insights into potential antiviral treatments.
Magnetically encoded 3D mesostructure with high-order shape morphing and high-frequency actuation
Authors: Li Rui , Zhang Cong , Li Jiawen , Zhang Yachao , Liu Shunli , Hu Yanlei , Jiang Shaojun , Chen Chao , Xin Chen , Tao Yuan , Dong Bin , Wu Dong , Chu Jiaru
Published: August 2022

Inspired by origami/kirigami, three-dimensional (3D) mesostructures assembled via a mechanics-guided approach, with reversible and maneuverable shape-morphing capabilities, have attracted great interest with regard to a broad range of applications. Despite intensive studies, the development of morphable 3D mesostructures with high-order (multi-degree-of-freedom) deformation and untethered high-frequency actuation remains challenging. This work introduces a scheme for a magnetically encoded transferable 3D mesostructure, with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as the skeleton and discrete magnetic domains as actuation units, to address this challenge. The high-order deformation, including hierarchical, multidirectional and blending shape morphing, is realized by encoding 3D discrete magnetization profiles on the architecture through ultraviolet curing. Reconfigurable 3D mesostructures with a modest structural modulus (∼3 GPa) enable both high-frequency (∼55 Hz) and large-deformation (∼66.8%) actuation under an alternating magnetic field. Additionally, combined with the shape-retention and adhesion property of PET, these 3D mesostructures can be readily transferred and attached to many solid substrates. On this basis, diverse functional devices, including a switchable colour letter display, liquid mixer, sequential flashlight and biomimetic sliding robot, are demonstrated to offer new perspectives for robotics and microelectronics.
From Start to Finish: Examining Factors Associated With Higher Likelihood of Publication Among Abstracts Presented at an International Infectious Diseases Scientific Meeting
Authors: Johnson Asia J , Bland Christopher M , Teng Chengwen , Zheng Lily , Hungerpiller J Colin , Easterling Morgan , Arnold Sarah , Dean Madeline , Royals Carrington , Bookstaver P Brandon
Published: August 2022

Background

The landscape of infectious diseases research by interprofessional teams continues to change in both scope and engagement. Limited information exists regarding publication metrics and factors associated with publication of abstracts presented at professional infectious diseases meetings.

Methods

This was a retrospective, observational study evaluating abstracts presented at IDWeek in 2017 and 2018. The primary endpoint was the proportion of abstracts that were subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals. Factors associated with publication were evaluated, and a description of publication metrics was reported.

Results

Of the 887 abstracts analyzed from the IDWeek meetings, 236 (26.6%) were published. Significantly more abstracts were published if they were presented as a platform presentation versus poster presentation (35% vs 21%, P < .001). Inclusion of a PhD author significantly increased the likelihood of publication (P = .0014). Prospective studies, greater number of authors, and greater number of study subjects were more common among published abstracts. Median time to publication was 10.9 months, and the majority were published in infectious diseases journals, with an overall average impact factor of 7.7 across all journals.

Conclusions

Abstracts from IDWeek presented as oral platforms and those including a PhD author were more likely to be published. Large, diverse authorship teams were common among published abstracts. The high quality of resulting manuscripts is evident by the destination journals and their respective impact factors. These data may be used to inform and motivate clinicians and trainees engaging in infectious diseases–related research.
In Reply to “Fertility Preservation in Young Adult Patients With Rectal Cancer: A Few Things to Consider”
Authors: Stal Julia , Barzi Afsaneh , Miller Kimberly A
Published: August 2022

This letter to the editor continues the discussion on fertility counseling for young adult patients with rectal cancer.
GhTCE1–GhTCEE1 dimers regulate transcriptional reprogramming during wound-induced callus formation in cotton
Authors: Deng Jinwu , Sun Weinan , Zhang Boyang , Sun Simin , Xia Linjie , Miao Yuhuan , He Liangrong , Lindsey Keith , Yang Xiyan , Zhang Xianlong
Published: August 2022

Wounded plant cells can form callus to seal the wound site. Alternatively, wounding can cause adventitious organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis. These distinct developmental pathways require specific cell fate decisions. Here, we identify GhTCE1, a basic helix–loop–helix family transcription factor, and its interacting partners as a central regulatory module of early cell fate transition during in vitro dedifferentiation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). RNAi- or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of GhTCE1 function resulted in excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), arrested callus cell elongation, and increased adventitious organogenesis. In contrast, GhTCE1-overexpressing tissues underwent callus cell growth, but organogenesis was repressed. Transcriptome analysis revealed that several pathways depend on proper regulation of GhTCE1 expression, including lipid transfer pathway components, ROS homeostasis, and cell expansion. GhTCE1 bound to the promoters of the target genes GhLTP2 and GhLTP3, activating their expression synergistically, and the heterodimer TCE1-TCEE1 enhances this activity. GhLTP2- and GhLTP3-deficient tissues accumulated ROS and had arrested callus cell elongation, which was restored by ROS scavengers. These results reveal a unique regulatory network involving ROS and lipid transfer proteins, which act as potential ROS scavengers. This network acts as a switch between unorganized callus growth and organized development during in vitro dedifferentiation of cotton cells.
AIG2A and AIG2B limit the activation of salicylic acid-regulated defenses by tryptophan-derived secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Zhixue , Yang Leiyun , Jander Georg , Bhawal Ruchika , Zhang Sheng , Liu Zhenhua , Oakley Aaron , Hua Jian
Published: August 2022

Chemical defense systems involving tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites (TDSMs) and salicylic acid (SA) are induced by general nonself signals and pathogen signals, respectively, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whether and how these chemical defense systems are connected and balanced is largely unknown. In this study, we identified the AVRRPT2-INDUCED GENE2A (AIG2A) and AIG2B genes as gatekeepers that prevent activation of SA defense systems by TDSMs. These genes also were identified as important contributors to natural variation in disease resistance among A. thaliana natural accessions. The loss of AIG2A and AIG2B function leads to upregulation of both SA and TDSM defense systems. Suppressor screens and genetic analysis revealed that a functional TDSM system is required for the upregulation of the SA pathway in the absence of AIG2A and AIG2B, but not vice versa. Furthermore, the AIG2A and AIG2B genes are co-induced with TDSM biosynthesis genes by general pathogen elicitors and nonself signals, thereby functioning as a feedback control of the TDSM defense system, as well as limiting activation of the SA defense system by TDSMs. Thus, this study uncovers an AIG2A- and AIG2B-mediated mechanism that fine-tunes and balances SA and TDSM chemical defense systems in response to nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes.
Cell- and noncell-autonomous AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 controls meristem proliferation and phyllotactic patterns
Authors: Zhang Ke , Zhang Hao , Pan Yanyun , Niu Yanxiao , Guo Lin , Ma Yuru , Tian Shijun , Wei Jiarong , Wang Cong , Yang Xiubo , Fu Yunze , Qu Ping , Liu Liantao , Zhang Yongjiang , Sun Hongchun , Bai Zhiying , Dong Jingao , Li Cundong , Liu Xigang
Published: August 2022

In cell–cell communication, noncell-autonomous transcription factors play vital roles in controlling plant stem cell fate. We previously reported that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3), a member of the ARF family with critical roles in floral meristem maintenance and determinacy, has a distinct accumulation pattern that differs from the expression domain of its encoding gene in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). However, the biological meaning of this difference is obscure. Here, we demonstrate that ARF3 expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is mainly activated at the periphery of the SAM by auxin where ARF3 cell autonomously regulates the expression of meristem–organ boundary-specific genes, such as CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1-3 (CUC1-3), BLADE ON PETIOLE1-2 (BOP1-2), and TARGETS UNDER ETTIN CONTROL3 (TEC3) to regulate the arrangement of organs in regular pattern, a phenomenon referred to as phyllotaxis. We also show that ARF3 is translocated into the organizing center where it represses cytokinin activity and WUSCHEL expression to regulate meristem activity noncell-autonomously. Therefore, ARF3 acts as a molecular link that mediates the interaction of auxin and cytokinin signaling in the SAM while coordinating the balance between meristem maintenance and organogenesis. Our findings reveal an ARF3-mediated coordination mechanism through cell–cell communication in dynamic SAM maintenance.
Asset Prices and Unemployment Fluctuations: A Resolution of the Unemployment Volatility Puzzle
Authors: Kehoe Patrick J , Lopez Pierlauro , Midrigan Virgiliu , Pastorino Elena
Published: August 2022

Recent work has demonstrated that existing solutions of the unemployment volatility puzzle are at odds with the procylicality of the opportunity cost of employment, the cyclicality of wages, and the volatility of risk-free rates. We propose a model of business cycles that is immune to these critiques by incorporating two key features. First, we allow for preferences that generate time-varying risk over the business cycle to account for observed fluctuations in asset prices. Second, we introduce human capital acquisition, as is consistent with the evidence on how wages grow with experience in the labor market. Our model reproduces the observed fluctuations in unemployment because hiring a worker is a risky investment with long-duration returns. As in the data, the price of risk in our model sharply increases in recessions. The benefit from hiring new workers therefore greatly declines, leading to a large decrease in job vacancies and an increase in unemployment of the same magnitude as in the data. We show that our results extend to versions of the model that include physical capital, a life cycle for workers, and alternative preference structures common in the asset-pricing literature.
AOSD endotypes based on immune cell profiles: patient stratification with hierarchical clustering analysis
Authors: Guo Ruru , Liu Xuesong , Li Yixuan , Meng Xinyu , Li Rui , Chen Xiaoxiang , Lu Liangjing
Published: August 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to analyse the immune cell profiles of adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) and to stratify disease-associated endotypes.

Methods

We included 95 cases of treatment-naïve patients with AOSD and 66 cases of healthy controls. Patients with AOSD were classified via an unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis based on circulating immune cells. Their clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment management, systemic scores and outcomes were then analysed.

Results

The proportions of neutrophils and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher while monocytes and natural killer and CD4+ T cells were decreased in patients with AOSD (all P < 0.005). Unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis classified 95 AOSD into three endotype-based groups: group 1 had the highest percentage of neutrophils (neu-dominant group), group 2 had the highest percentage of monocytes (mono-dominant group) and group 3 had the highest percentage of CD8+ T cells (CD8-dominant group). Patients in group 3 had the highest systemic score at diagnosis and were more likely to have pulmonary infiltrates, pericarditis, splenomegaly and poorer treatment responses. A correlation study revealed that the CD4 to CD8 ratio was negatively correlated with the systemic score and positively correlated with treatment response in patients with AOSD (P = 0.001 and P = 0.0091). During the 24.6 (15.2) months of follow-up, the highest total number of disease flares occurred in group 3 (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Hierarchical cluster analysis of peripheral immune cells classified AOSD into three disease-related endotypes. Group 3 showed higher systemic score and poorer treatment responses.