bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consistent measures of oxidative balance predict survival but not reproduction in a long‐distance migrant
Authors: Bodey Thomas W. , Cleasby Ian R. , Blount Jonathan D. , McElwaine Graham , Vigfusdottir Freydis , Bearhop Stuart
Published: April 2020

Physiological processes, including those that disrupt oxidative balance, have been proposed as key to understanding fundamental life‐history trade‐offs. Yet, examination of changes in oxidative balance within wild animals across time, space and major life‐history challenges remains uncommon. For example, migration presents substantial physiological challenges for individuals, and data on migratory individuals would provide crucial context for exposing the importance of relationships between oxidative balance and fitness outcomes.

Here we examined the consistency of commonly used measures of oxidative balance in longitudinally sampled free‐living individuals of a long‐lived, long‐distance migrant, the Brent goose Branta bernicla hrota over periods of months to years.

Although inter‐individual and temporal variation in measures of oxidative balance were substantial, we found high consistency in measures of lipid peroxidation and circulating non‐enzymatic antioxidants in longitudinally sampled individuals. This suggests the potential for the existence of individual oxidative phenotypes.

Given intra‐individual consistency, we then examined how these physiological measures relate to survival and reproductive success across all sampled individuals. Surprisingly, lower survival was predicted for individuals with lower levels of damage, with no measured physiological metric associated with reproductive success.

Our results demonstrate that snapshot measurements of a consistent measure of oxidative balance can inform our understanding of differences in a key demographic trait. However, the positive relationship between oxidative damage and survival emphasises the need to investigate the relationships between the oxidative system and fitness outcomes in other species undergoing similar physiologically challenging life cycles. This would highlight the extent to which variation in such traits and resource allocation trade‐offs is a result of adaptation to different life‐history strategies.
Depression and attitudes to change in referendums: The case of Brexit
Authors: BERNARDI LUCA , JOHNS ROBERT
Published: April 2020

Depression is the most common mental illness and its profound impact on cognition and decision‐making has implications for political judgement. However, those implications are unclear in the case of referendums offering a choice between status quo and change. On one hand, one component of depression is the kind of life dissatisfaction associated with voting for change. Yet cognitive models also portray depression sufferers as biased towards the status quo: they are less inclined to research change, more pessimistic about its benefits and more likely to exaggerate its potential costs. In this paper, we use data from Understanding Society to examine the impact of those cross‐pressures on support for Brexit. Prior to the referendum, while life dissatisfaction and generally poor health predicted support for Leaving the European Union (EU), those diagnosed with depression were disproportionately likely to support Remain. Supporting our claim that the latter was a sign of status quo bias, this difference disappeared once the result was in and leaving the EU had become the widespread expectation. The study highlights the unexplored importance of mental health for political judgements, emphasises the multidimensionality of conditions like depression and illustrates the psychological role of status quo bias in referendum voting.
A powerful procedure that controls the false discovery rate with directional information
Authors: Tian Zhaoyang , Liang Kun , Li Pengfei
Published: April 2020

In many multiple testing applications in genetics, the signs of the test statistics provide useful directional information, such as whether genes are potentially up‐ or down‐regulated between two experimental conditions. However, most existing procedures that control the false discovery rate (FDR) are P‐value based and ignore such directional information. We introduce a novel procedure, the signed‐knockoff procedure, to utilize the directional information and control the FDR in finite samples. We demonstrate the power advantage of our procedure through simulation studies and two real applications.
Effect of temporal pulse shape on urinary stone phantom retropulsion rate and ablation efficiency using holmium:YAG and super‐pulse thulium fibre lasers
Authors: Ventimiglia Eugenio , Doizi Steeve , Kovalenko Anastasiya , Andreeva Viktoria , Traxer Olivier
Published: April 2020

Objective

To investigate the effects of laser temporal pulse shaping of the super‐pulse thulium fibre laser (SPTFL) and to compare these in controlled in vitro conditions with various holmium: yttrium aluminium garnet (Ho:YAG) pulse delivery modes.

Materials and Methods

The SPTFL (Urolase SP, IRE‐Polus, Fryazino, Russia), with an emission wavelength of 1.94 μm, and a Ho:YAG laser (P120H; Lumenis, Yokneam, Israel) with Moses technology were compared. Pulse shape, stone retropulsion and ablation efficiency were evaluated using BegoStones and compared for each laser mode: short (SP), long (LP), and Moses pulse (MP) for Ho:YAG, regular pulse (RP) and dual pulse (DP) for SPTFL.

Results

The Ho:YAG SP mode exhibited an asymmetrical pulse shape, with a steep leading slope and a much more gradual trailing slope, without any flat section. Pulses generated by the SPTFL were significantly longer and therefore had lower peak power than those generated by the Ho:YAG laser at equivalent energy settings. Retropulsion for the holmium:YAG LP and MP modes was similar and lower than that for the SP mode, but higher than for the SPTFL (all P ≤ 0.02), with an average stone displacement approximately four times and two times lower for SPTFL as compared to the Ho:YAG laser. Comparison of ablation volumes indicated that the SPTFL induced significantly higher (twofold) ablation than the Ho:YAG laser.

Conclusions

The magnitude and initial velocity of stone retropulsion decreased with longer pulse duration and lower pulse peak power, without sacrificing ablation efficiency. These observations are manifest when comparing the Ho:YAG laser with the SPTFL. The novel SPTFL provides greater versatility and control of pulse variables than the Ho:YAG laser. Further clinical investigation of practical benefits achievable with pulse‐shaping SPTFL modes is warranted.
Basin‐scale fluvial correlation and response to the Tethyan marine transgression: An example from the Triassic of central Spain
Authors: Franzel Maximilian , Jones Stuart J. , Meadows Neil , Allen Mark B. , McCaffrey Ken , Morgan Tim
Published: April 2020

The relationships between large‐scale depositional processes and the stratigraphic record of alluvial systems, e.g. the origin and distribution of channel stacking patterns, changing architecture and correlation of strata, are still relatively poorly understood, in contrast to marine systems. We present a study of the Castillian Branch of the Permo‐Triassic Central Iberian Basin, north‐eastern Spain, using chemostratigraphy and a detailed sedimentological analysis to correlate the synrift Triassic fluvial sandstones for ~80 km along the south‐eastern basin margin. This study investigates the effects of Middle Triassic (Ladinian) Tethyan marine transgression on fluvial facies and architecture. Chemostratigraphy identifies a major, single axially flowing fluvial system lasting from the Early to Middle Triassic (~10 Ma). The fluvial architecture comprises basal conglomerates, followed by amalgamated sandstones and topped by floodplain‐isolated single‐ or multi‐storey amalgamated sandstone complexes with a total thickness up to ~1 km. The Tethyan marine transgression advanced into the basin with a rate of 0.04–0.02 m/year, and is recorded by a transition from the fluvial succession to a series of maximum flooding surfaces characterised by marginal marine clastic sediments and sabkha evaporites. The continued, transgression led to widespread thick carbonate deposition infilling the basin and recording the final stage of synrift to early‐post‐rift deposition. We identify the nonmarine to marine transition characterised by significant changes in the Buntsandstein succession with a transition from a predominantly tectonic‐ to a climatically driven fluvial system. The results have important implications for the temporal and spatial prediction of fluvial architecture and their transition during a marine transgression.
Cretaceous continental margin evolution revealed using quantitative seismic geomorphology, offshore northwest Africa
Authors: Casson Max , Calvès Gérôme , Huuse Mads , Sayers Ben , Redfern Jonathan
Published: April 2020

The application of high‐resolution seismic geomorphology, integrated with lithological data from the continental margin offshore The Gambia, northwest Africa, documents a complex tectono‐stratigraphic history through the Cretaceous. This reveals the spatial‐temporal evolution of submarine canyons by quantifying the related basin depositional elements and providing an estimate of intra‐ versus extra‐basinal sediment budget. The margin developed from the Jurassic to Aptian as a carbonate escarpment. Followed by, an Albian‐aged wave‐dominated delta system that prograded to the palaeo‐shelf edge. This is the first major delivery of siliciclastic sediment into the basin during the evolution of the continental margin, with increased sediment input linked to exhumation events of the hinterland. Subaqueous channel systems (up to 320 m wide) meandered through the pro‐delta region reaching the palaeo‐shelf edge, where it is postulated they initiated early submarine canyonisation of the margin. The canyonisation was long‐lived (ca. 28 Myr) dissecting the inherited seascape topography. Thirteen submarine canyons can be mapped, associated with a Late Cretaceous‐aged regional composite unconformity (RCU), classified as shelf incised or slope confined. Major knickpoints within the canyons and the sharp inflection point along the margin are controlled by the lithological contrast between carbonate and siliciclastic subcrop lithologies. Analysis of the base‐of‐slope deposits at the terminus of the canyons identifies two end‐member lobe styles, debris‐rich and debris‐poor, reflecting the amount of carbonate detritus eroded and redeposited from the escarpment margin (blocks up to ca. 1 km3). The vast majority of canyon‐derived sediment (97%) in the base‐of‐slope is interpreted as locally derived intra‐basinal material. The average volume of sediment bypassed through shelf‐incised canyons is an order of magnitude higher than the slope‐confined systems. These results document a complex mixed‐margin evolution, with seascape evolution, sedimentation style and volume controlled by shelf‐margin collapse, far‐field tectonic activity and the effects of hinterland rejuvenation of the siliciclastic source.
Role of antithymocyte globulin in patients with hematologic diseases undergoing umbilical cord blood transplantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qin Bao‐zhen , Zhang Chao , Zhang Rui , Wang Li
Published: April 2020

The role of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in patients with hematologic diseases undergoing umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) remains controversial. This systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to comprehensively evaluate this issue. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Clinical studies reporting the impact of ATG‐ vs non‐ATG‐containing conditioning regimens on transplantation outcomes were identified. Twenty‐five studies were included. ATG significantly prevented grade II‐IV and grade III‐IV acute graft‐vs‐host disease (GVHD) (11 studies, 5020 patients, HR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.42‐0.56, P < .001; 5 studies, 5490 patients, HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.46‐0.80, P < .001) but not chronic GVHD (8 studies, 5952 patients, HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.51‐1.20, P = .266). However, use of ATG was associated with increased transplantation‐related mortality and inferior overall survival (9 studies, 4244 patients, HR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.38‐2.33, P < .001; 8 studies, 5438 patients, HR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.56‐2.46, P < .001). Our study did not recommend routine use of ATG in UCBT. Individualizing the ATG timing and dose based on patient characteristics to retain the prophylactic effects of ATG on GVHD without compromising the survival of UCBT recipients may be reasonable.
A self‐resolving, post‐traumatic aortopulmonary shunt
Authors: Murray Christopher S. G. , Goldberg Ythan , Taub Cynthia C.
Published: April 2020

A 34‐year‐old Hispanic man sustained a stab wound to his chest complicated with hemopericardium and pericardial tamponade. He underwent emergent clamshell thoracotomy as well as repair to the pulmonary artery. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed no evidence of intracardiac shunt. Two months later, a new murmur was noted, with a transthoracic echocardiogram revealing high‐velocity flow between the left coronary sinus and the main pulmonary artery, with which a coronary computed tomography angiogram concurred. A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed which revealed an aortopulmonic fistula from the left coronary sinus of Valsalva, approximately 1cm anterior to the ostium of the left main coronary artery, to the main pulmonary artery just distal to the pulmonic valve. Pulmonary insufficiency was minimal. The main pulmonary artery was dilated, measuring 3.2 cm by coronary computed tomography angiogram. Right ventricular systolic function was normal. Right and left heart catheterizations were performed to further assess hemodynamics and coronary anatomy; pulmonary artery pressures were 16/8 mm Hg. Aortopulmonary fistula was seen on aortogram. Surgery was deferred in view of lack of symptoms and uncertainty in its natural history in the setting of traumatic etiology. A repeat transthoracic echocardiogram at six‐month follow‐up showed spontaneous closure of the fistula.
Larval dispersal of the invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, the exotic stemborer Chilo partellus, and indigenous maize stemborers in Africa
Authors: Sokame Bonoukpoè M. , Subramanian Sevgan , Kilalo Dora C. , Juma Gerald , Calatayud Paul‐André
Published: April 2020

Larval dispersal either through ballooning or crawling results in a redistribution of the insect population and infestations within and between plants. In addition, invasive species, such as the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the exotic stemborer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), may displace indigenous stemborers on maize in Africa. To test whether larval dispersal activity may play a role in the displacement of indigenous stemborers, larval dispersal was compared between FAW, C. partellus, and the indigenous species Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Sesamia calamistis (Hampson) (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Twenty potted maize plants were infested with one batch of eggs either from stemborers (B. fusca, S. calamistis, or C. partellus) or from FAW and monitored in the greenhouse for ballooning activities. After egg hatching, both ballooning and non‐ballooning larvae were identified according to species and counted. FAW neonate larvae had greater potential for ballooning off than stemborers, irrespective of species. For each species, more females dispersed than males, and their survival rate was higher than that of non‐ballooning larvae. In addition, plant‐to‐plant larval movements were studied using 6.25‐m2 plots of caged maize in a completely randomized design with five replicates. FAW was found to have wider dispersal and plant damage potential than any of the stemborer species. In conclusion, in contrast to C. partellus, the invasive characteristic of FAW can be explained, in part, by its higher larval dispersal activity compared to stemborers. This difference in larval dispersal might also be considered in sampling plans for monitoring pest density in the field.
Factor VIII and IX assays for post‐infusion monitoring in hemophilia patients: Guidelines from the French BIMHO group (GFHT)
Authors: Jeanpierre Emmanuelle , Pouplard Claire , Lasne Dominique , Le Cam Duchez Véronique , Eschwege Valérie , Flaujac Claire , Galinat Hubert , Harzallah Ines , Proulle Valérie , Smahi Motalib , Sobas Frédéric , Stepina Nataliia , Toulon Pierre , Voisin Sophie , Ternisien Catherine , Nougier Christophe ,   the French Study Group on the Biology of Hemorrhagic Diseases (the BIMHO group)
Published: April 2020

Replacement therapy with plasma‐derived or recombinant FVIII and FIX (pdFVIII/pdFIX or rFVIII/rFIX) concentrates is the standard of treatment in patients with haemophilia A and B, respectively. Measurement of factor VIII (FVIII:C) or factor IX (FIX:C) levels can be done by one‐stage clotting assay (OSA) or chromogenic substrate assay (CSA). The French study group on the Biology of Hemorrhagic Diseases (a collaborative group of the GFHT and MHEMO network) presents a literature review and proposals for the monitoring of FVIII:C and FIX:C levels in treated haemophilia A and B patients, respectively. The use of CSA is recommended for the monitoring of patients treated with pdFVIII or rFVIII including extended half‐life (EHL) rFVIII. Except for rFVIII‐Fc, great caution is required when measuring FVIII:C levels by OSA in patients substituted by EHL‐rFVIII. The OSA is recommended for the monitoring of patients treated with pdFIX or rFIX. Large discordances in the FIX:C levels measured for extended half‐life rFIX (EHL‐rFIX), depending on the method and reagents used, must lead to great attention when OSA is used for measuring FIX:C levels in patients substituted by EHL‐rFIX. Data of most of recent studies, obtained with spiked plasmas, deserve to be confirmed in plasma samples of treated patients.
TDP2 suppresses genomic instability induced by androgens in the epithelial cells of prostate glands
Authors: Al Mahmud Md. Rasel , Ishii Kenichiro , Bernal‐Lozano Cristina , Delgado‐Sainz Irene , Toi Masakazu , Akamatsu Shusuke , Fukumoto Manabu , Watanabe Masatoshi , Takeda Shunichi , Cortés‐Ledesma Felipe , Sasanuma Hiroyuki
Published: April 2020

Androgens stimulate the proliferation of epithelial cells in the prostate by activating topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) and regulating the transcription of target genes. TOP2 resolves the entanglement of genomic DNA by transiently generating double‐strand breaks (DSBs), where TOP2 homodimers covalently bind to 5′ DSB ends, called TOP2‐DNA cleavage complexes (TOP2ccs). When TOP2 fails to rejoin TOP2ccs generating stalled TOP2ccs, tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase‐2 (TDP2) removes 5′ TOP2 adducts from stalled TOP2ccs prior to the ligation of the DSBs by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), the dominant DSB repair pathway in G0/G1 phases. We previously showed that estrogens frequently generate stalled TOP2ccs in G0/G1 phases. Here, we show that physiological concentrations of androgens induce several DSBs in individual human prostate cancer cells during G1 phase, and loss of TDP2 causes a five times higher number of androgen‐induced chromosome breaks in mitotic chromosome spreads. Intraperitoneally injected androgens induce several DSBs in individual epithelial cells of the prostate in TDP2‐deficient mice, even at 20 hr postinjection. In conclusion, physiological concentrations of androgens have very strong genotoxicity, most likely by generating stalled TOP2ccs.
Characterization of human‐induced pluripotent stem cells carrying homozygous RB1 gene deletion
Authors: Deng Xiaoyue , Iwagawa Toshiro , Fukushima Masaya , Watanabe Sumiko
Published: April 2020

Retinoblastoma is an infant cancer that results from loss of RB1 expression in both alleles. The RB1 gene was the first reported cancer suppressor gene; however, the mechanism by which RB1 loss causes cancer in the retina has not yet been clarified. Human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an ideal tool for mechanistic research regarding retinoblastoma. However, because RB1 is a tumor suppressor, loss of both alleles of RB1 in human iPS cells may affect the phenotype of the cells. To examine this possibility, we established human iPSCs with deletions in both alleles of RB1 by CRISPR/Cas9 technique to characterize the associated phenotype. We first examined the expression of RB1 transcripts by RT‐qPCR, and RB1 transcripts were expressed in immature hiPSCs and then the expression levels of RB1 transcripts consistently increased during retinal organoid differentiation in human iPSCs. Expression levels of immature markers including SSEA4, OCT3/4 and NANOG were indistinguishable between control iPSCs and RB1 knockout iPSCs. Proliferative activity was also unaffected by homozygous RB1 deletion. Taken together, we showed that homozygous deletion of RB1 did not affect the maturation and proliferation statuses of human iPSCs.
MRI‐targeted prostate biopsy: key considerations for pathologists
Authors: Gordetsky Jennifer B , Hirsch Michelle S , Rais‐Bahrami Soroush
Published: April 2020

We discuss the role of the pathologist for MRI‐targeted prostate biopsy with a focus on specimen processing, reporting of pathological findings and quality assurance in establishing a successful MRI‐targeted biopsy programme. The authors discuss the current issues relevant to pathologists regarding MRI‐targeted prostate biopsy. In addition, a brief review of the recently published literature was performed using an English literature search on PubMed with a focus on original investigations related to MRI‐targeted prostate biopsy. Our search terms included the following: ‘prostate cancer’, ‘pathology’, ‘histology’, ‘reporting’, ‘cores’, ‘imaging’, ‘MRI’ and ‘mpMRI’. Prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp‐MRI) and MRI‐targeted biopsy has been shown to improve the diagnosis of clinically significant prostatic adenocarcinoma and can affect the management of patients with prostate cancer. The current active surveillance guidelines were based on data from TRUS biopsies and not MRI‐targeted biopsies. MRI‐targeted biopsy acquires multiple cores of tissue from one or more suspicious lesions found on mp‐MRI. The way in which multiple targeted core biopsies obtained from a single image‐directed region of interest are analysed and reported can potentially alter the Gleason score and tumour burden as reported on biopsy, which could undoubtedly alter patient management. Pathologists play an important role in the reporting of MRI‐targeted prostate biopsies. How we report prostate cancer grade and extent on these biopsies can influence patient management. In addition, the pathologist should be involved in the quality assurance for patients undergoing MRI‐targeted prostate biopsy.
Development of AMZ composites via mutual attraction of particles in wet processing
Authors: Khorsand Ali , Majidian Hudsa , Farvizi Mohammad
Published: April 2020

In this paper, three approaches were investigated for preparing alumina‐mullite‐zirconia (AMZ) composites. The weight ratio of alumina to zircon was selected to be 85/15. In the first approach, common well‐known reaction sintering or solid‐state mixing of alumina and zircon were used. In the second approach, suspensions of the raw materials were prepared to examine the effect of wet processing method. The third approach was based on the use of aluminum alkoxide coated zircon and alumina. The sintering of samples was carried out at the temperature of 1630°C for 3 hours. Phase composition and Rietveld refinement method, microstructural observation, EDS analysis, as well as physical and mechanical properties were used and determined to characterize the sintered samples. The results showed that aluminum alkoxide coating can develop the mentioned reaction sintering and mullite formation. However, the desired mechanical properties were not obtained. Wet processing approach resulted in more interesting data about the formation of mullite and could improve the microstructure homogeneity of final composites. Higher amount of tetragonal zirconia, good densification, high hardness, and fine microstructure were obtained by the wet approach. These interesting results were attributed to the fine discrete particles provided by mutual attraction in the wet preparation method.
Longitudinal assessment on the impact of caries status of nearby surfaces on caries progression on the mesial surface of first molars
Authors: Lim Li Zhen , Preisser John , Benecha Habtamu Kassa , Zandona Andrea Ferreira
Published: April 2020

Background

The mesial surface of the first permanent molar is the most caries‐susceptible proximal surface of the permanent dentition in children under the age of 12.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the association between caries progression on the mesial surface of the first permanent molar (T6M) and caries on the distal surface of the primary second molar (t5D) and the occlusal surface of the first permanent molar (T6O).

Design

Children (between 5 and 13 years old; N = 565) that had participated in a 4‐year longitudinal caries study that at baseline had at least one T6 fully erupted with a t5 in proximal contact, with no restoration or sealant on T6O and t5D, and adequate bitewing radiographs were included. Clinical data using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and radiographs were used to determine the caries status of T6M, T6O, and t5D.

Results

Baseline caries presence on t5D and T6O were highly significantly associated with follow‐up caries presence on T6M (P < .001). The adjusted odds ratios corresponding to t5D and T6O were 3.94 (95% CI: [1.78, 8.71]) and 3.26 (95% CI: [1.46, 7.31]), respectively.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the need for prevention and management of caries on T6O and t5D.
Extrapolating from Laboratory Behavioral Research on Nonhuman Primates Is Unjustified
Authors: Crutchfield Parker
Published: April 2020

Conducting research on animals is supposed to be valuable because it provides information on how human mechanisms work. But for the use of animal models to be ethically justified, it must be epistemically justified. The inference from an observation about an animal model to a conclusion about humans must be warranted for the use of animals to be moral. When researchers infer from animals to humans, it’s an extrapolation. Often nonhuman primates are used as animal models in laboratory behavioural research. The target populations are humans and other nonhuman primates. I argue that the epistemology of extrapolation renders the use of nonhuman primates in laboratory behavioural research unreliable. If the model is relevantly similar to the target, then the experimental conditions introduce confounding variables. If the model is not relevantly similar to the target, then the observations of the model cannot be extrapolated to the target. Since using nonhuman primates as animal models in laboratory behavioural research is not epistemically justified, using them as animal models in laboratory behavioural research is not ethically justified.
Accuracy of self‐reported hypertension: Effect of age, gender, and history of alcohol dependence
Authors: Wellman Jeannette L. , Holmes Brian , Hill Shirley Y.
Published: April 2020

Patient awareness of medical conditions may influence treatment seeking and monitoring of these conditions. Accurate awareness of hypertension reported to clinicians evaluating patients for whom clinical history is limited, such as in emergency care, can aid in diagnosis by revealing whether measured hypertension is typical or atypical. Measurement of blood pressure in a laboratory study was assessed at rest, immediately before phlebotomy, and within 10 minutes after. The resting measure was used to determine the accuracy of self‐reported hypertension in 283 adults. Parametric analyses were conducted to identify potential variables influencing accuracy of self‐reported hypertension. Sensitivity, specificity, and the kappa coefficient of agreement were calculated to determine the influence of alcohol dependence (AD), sex, age, and cigarette smoking on hypertension awareness. Self‐report was mildly sensitive, correctly identifying individuals with hypertension in approximately 37% of the cases, but was highly specific (95%) in identifying individuals without hypertension. Similar sensitivities were found in analyses separated by sex. Sensitivity was greater in those over age 55 (53%) in comparison with those <54, as well as in those who were not smoking. Comparison of those with and without a history of AD revealed that both groups show similar accuracy in reporting hypertension. Absence of hypertension can be accurately determined with self‐report data in those without hypertension. A significant proportion of those with measured hypertension report an absence of hypertension.
Statin‐induced autoimmune hepatitis in patients with type 1 diabetes: A report of two cases and literature review
Authors: Kawasaki Eiji , Fukuyama Takahiro , Kuriyama Erisa , Uchida Aira , Sagara Yoko , Tamai Hidekazu , Nakano Yuko , Tojikubo Masayuki , Koga Nobuhiko
Published: April 2020

Statins are widely used medications for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, as well as prevention of cardiovascular disease. We report two patients with type 1 diabetes who developed autoimmune hepatitis after the administration of statin. The first patient developed the marked elevation of liver enzymes 6 months into atorvastatin therapy. The second patient developed liver dysfunction 8 months after the initiation of rosuvastatin therapy. Liver biopsies in both patients showed either portal, interface and lobular hepatitis or a piece‐meal necrosis with lymphocytes and plasma cell infiltration that were compatible with autoimmune hepatitis. Then, both patients were started on prednisolone, to which they responded well. Liver biopsy is to be considered for type 1 diabetes patients if there is no improvement of liver dysfunction after discontinuation of statins.
Female‐driven intersexual coevolution in beetle genitalia
Authors: Genevcius Bruno C. , Baker Joanna , Bianchi Filipe M. , Marvaldi Adriana E.
Published: April 2020

Genital coevolution is a pervasive phenomenon as changes in one sex tend to impose fitness consequences on the other, generating sexual conflict. Sexual conflict is often thought to cause stronger selection on males due to the Darwin–Bateman's anisogamy paradigm. However, recent studies have demonstrated that female genitalia may be equally elaborated and perform diverse extra‐copulatory functions. These characteristics suggest that female genitals can also be primary targets of selection, especially where natural selection acts on female‐exclusive functions such as oviposition. Here, we test this hypothesis in a statistical phylogenetic framework across the whole beetle (Coleoptera) phylogeny, investigating whether coevolution of specific genital traits may be triggered by changes in females. We focus on traits of the proctiger, which composes part of the male terminalia and the female ovipositor. Our results present a comprehensive case of male–female genital coevolution and provide solid statistical evidence for a female‐initiated coevolutionary process where the vast majority of evolutionary transitions in males have occurred only after changes in females. We corroborate the hypothesis that female traits may change independently and elicit counter‐adaptations in males. Furthermore, by showing a consistent pattern across the phylogeny of the most diverse group of animals, our results suggest that this female‐driven dynamics may persist through long time scales.
A Business Model View of Strategy
Authors: Lanzolla Gianvito , Markides Constantinos
Published: April 2020

We argue that while the business model construct may not be entirely new, it can still provide a novel lens, complementary to Resource Based View and Market Positioning, to develop new theoretical insights in strategy. We propose that the consideration of interdependencies among the activities of a business model provides such a lens. We show that by starting strategy development with interdependencies among activities, we can: (1) develop new insights on how to build superior strategies; and (2) explain company performance variance especially when heterogeneity in resources and capabilities is not strong and barriers to imitation are weak. Overall, we propose that a promising research avenue for the business model literature is to integrate complexity theory with demand‐side and supply side theories of strategy to generate more nuanced insights on what activities to connect and how to develop superior interdependencies among activities that can form the basis of superior strategies.
Mineralogy and petrology of dark clasts in the Allan Hills 76005 polymict eucrite pairing group
Authors: Righter Kevin , Holmwood Alexander P.
Published: April 2020

The Allan Hills 76005 polymict eucrite pairing group consists of 15 paired masses recovered during six different field seasons in the Transantarctic Mountains. Although this group has been well studied in general, most of the meteorites contain a significant portion of dark clasts that have not been well characterized. The Dawn mission to Vesta discovered dark materials that provide insight into its evolution. The ALH dark clasts are thus of great interest to understanding the evolution of Vesta. Here, 45 different dark clasts from 15 different thin sections from the pairing group are characterized in detail to better understand their nature and origin. Five different textural types of dark clasts are recognized among this group—skeletal, vitrophyric, pilotaxitic, fan spherulitic, and troilite‐silica‐plagioclase‐rich clasts with aphyric or blobby textures. Mineralogy of the clasts is dominated by plagioclase and pyroxene, with minor troilite, silica, ilmenite, chromite, and rare Fe‐Ni metal. All of the textures can be produced by rapid cooling rates on the order of 60–2500°C h−1. Bulk compositions of the clasts are demonstrably eucritic, and not chondritic, howarditic, or diogenitic. The combination of mineralogy, composition, and textures strongly suggests that the dark clasts are eucritic impact melts. Several craters on Vesta have associated orange deposits that have been proposed as impact melt breccias. The ALH pairing group may thus represent material that originated near Oppia or Octavia craters.
OsRAD51D promotes homologous pairing and recombination by preventing nonhomologous interactions in rice meiosis
Authors: Zhang Fanfan , Shen Yi , Miao Chunbo , Cao Yiwei , Shi Wenqing , Du Guijie , Tang Ding , Li Yafei , Luo Qiong , Cheng Zhukuan
Published: April 2020

Homologous recombination is carefully orchestrated to maintain genome integrity. RAD51D has been previously shown to be essential for double‐strand break repair in mammalian somatic cells. However, the function of RAD51D during meiosis is largely unknown.

Here, through detailed analyses of Osrad51d single and double mutants, we pinpoint the specific function of OsRAD51D in coordinating homologous pairing and recombination by preventing nonhomologous interactions during meiosis.

OsRAD51D is associated with telomeres in both meiocytes and somatic cells. Loss of OsRAD51D leads to significant induction of nonhomologous pairing and chromosome entanglements, suggesting its role in suppressing nonhomologous interactions. The failed localization of OsRAD51 and OsDMC1 in Osrad51d, together with the genetic analysis of Osrad51d Osdmc1a Osdmc1b, indicates that OsRAD51D acts at a very early stage of homologous recombination. Observations from the Osrad51d pair1 and Osrad51d ku70 double mutants further demonstrate that nonhomologous interactions require double‐strand break formation but do not depend on the KU70‐mediated repair pathway. Moreover, the interplay between OsRAD51D and OsRAD51C indicates both conservation and divergence of their functions in meiosis.

Altogether, this work reveals that OsRAD51D plays an essential role in the inhibition of nonhomologous connections, thus guaranteeing faithful pairing and recombination during meiosis.
Longer upper airway lengths in Robin Sequence: A case‐control study using computed tomography
Authors: Perez Francisco A. , Hottinger Daniel G. , Evans Kelly N. , Giles Marian , Otto Randolph K. , Hunyady Agnes , Gentry Katherine R.
Published: April 2020

Background

Direct laryngoscopy and intubation are often difficult in children with Robin Sequence. Previous research characterizing anatomic airway differences has focused on parameters influencing airway patency; there is a paucity of data pertaining to intubation trajectories and depth. Such information could impact airway management approaches and decrease the incidence of endotracheal tube malpositioning.

Aim

The study goal was to examine whether longitudinal airway parameters pertaining to intubation are different in children with Robin Sequence compared with age‐matched controls.

Method

This case‐control study compared patients with RS <4 years of age who had computed tomography scans of the head and neck to age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Measurements were made of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, tongue, hyoid, and the front teeth to vocal cord, nares to vocal cord, and nasion‐basion distances. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple ANCOVA models with the categorical predictor of Robin Sequence vs control and potential covariates including subject height/length, weight, and age.

Results

Thirty‐three patients with Robin Sequence and 33 control subjects were included. After controlling for subject height/length, mean front teeth to vocal cord distance was 1.2 cm longer (95% CI: 0.9 to 1.6 cm, P < .001) and mean nares to vocal cord distance was 0.8 cm longer (95% CI: 0.4 to 1.2 cm, P < .001) in patients with Robin Sequence than in controls. The tongue was positioned on average 0.5 cm higher (95% CI: 0.3 to 0.8, P < .001) and 0.9 cm more posterior (95% CI: 0.6 to 1.0 cm, P < .001) in cases than in controls. Moreover, in patients with Robin Sequence, the hyoid was positioned on average 0.5 cm more inferiorly (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.8 cm, P < .001) and 0.2 cm more posteriorly (95% CI: 0.1 to 0.4 cm, P < .01) than controls.

Conclusion

In patients with Robin Sequence under 4 years of age, the mean front teeth to vocal cord distance was found to be 1.2 cm longer while the mean nares to vocal cord distance was found to be 0.8 cm longer controlling for subject length. Clinicians should account for these differences when selecting and placing endotracheal tubes, particularly those with a preformed bend.
Body composition of school‐aged children with disabilities
Authors: Sung Won Jin , Kim Woo Jin , Hwang Youngdeok , Kim Joon Sung , Lim Seong Hoon , Hong Bo Young
Published: April 2020

Background

Children with disabilities are more likely to have problems related to growth and development than typically developing children. This study aimed to compare the growth and body composition indices of children with disabilities with those of typically developing children.

Methods

Students from two elementary schools and one special school were recruited. Height, bodyweight, fat mass, fat‐free mass, skeletal muscle mass, and percentage body fat (PBF) were measured. Raw data and proportions of classifications (under, within, and over range) according to the reference value were analyzed.

Results

In total, 355 typically developing children, and 73 children with disabilities participated. Fat‐free mass was significantly lower in students with disabilities than in typically developing students (32.14 ± 5.82 versus 28.71 ± 5.92, P < 0.05). Compared with typically developing students, students with disabilities showed tendencies of lower ranges of body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI). The proportion of under, within, or over ranges of FFMI (fat‐free mass index) was significantly different between the two groups. Among the factors, age, gender, and disability, disability significantly influenced FFMI in school‐aged children. The proportion of three ranges of BMI, PBF, FMI were significantly different among the age groups in students with disabilities (P = 0.006, P = 0.0001, and P = 0.001, respectively). Younger children had significantly greater proportions of under range in BMI, PBF, and FMI.

Conclusions

Disability significantly affects FFMI, which represents muscle mass. Therefore, it is crucial to make efforts to increase physical activity and to improve nutrition in rehabilitative intervention strategies.
How ESKD complicates the management of diabetic foot ulcers: The vital role of the dialysis team in prevention, early detection, and support of multidisciplinary treatment to reduce lower extremity amputations
Authors: Allison Genève M. , Flanagin Erin
Published: April 2020

Diabetic foot ulcers do not heal as well in ESKD as in the absence of kidney failure, and rates of recurrent foot ulcers, as well as lower extremity amputation, are higher. This review of the literature highlights the vital role of the dialysis team in prevention, early detection, and support of treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Our review has five goals—(a) increase nephrologists’ understanding of the high morbidity and mortality associated with chronic foot ulcers and (lower extrimity) LE amputations in ESKD; (b) promote nephrologists’ understanding of grading systems for diabetic foot ulcer severity, in order to expedite communication with local diabetic foot experts; (c) promote collaboration between nephrologists and infectious disease specialists regarding the dose, route, and delivery logistics of intravenous antibiotics for infected chronic foot ulcers, in particular in the presence of osteomyelitis and other deep‐seated infections; (d) increase the awareness of dialysis nurses, technicians, dietitians, social workers and administrators regarding evidence‐based and multidisciplinary approaches to patients’ diabetic foot ulcers; (e) encourage the application of published works integrating patient‐centered diabetic foot education into the dialysis setting to reduce lower extremity amputations.
Extended durotomy to treat severe spinal cord injury after acute thoracolumbar disc herniation in dogs
Authors: Jeffery Nick D. , Mankin Joe M. , Ito Daisuke , Boudreau C. Elizabeth , Kerwin Sharon C. , Levine Jon M. , Krasnow Maya S. , Andruzzi Melissa N. , Alcott Cody J. , Granger Nicolas
Published: April 2020

Objective

To report recovery of ambulation of dogs treated with extended thoracolumbar durotomy for severe spinal cord injury caused by intervertebral disc herniation.

Study design

Descriptive cohort.

Animals

Twenty‐six consecutive paraplegic dogs presented with loss of deep pain sensation after acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation.

Methods

Each dog underwent routine diagnostic assessment and surgery for removal of extradural herniated intervertebral disc, followed by a four‐vertebral body length durotomy centered on the herniated disc. Each dog was followed up until it was able to walk 10 steps without assistance or until 6 months after surgery.

Results

Sixteen of 26 dogs recovered to walk unaided (all but one also recovered fecal and urinary continence), and six dogs did not; four dogs were lost to follow‐up. One dog was euthanized because of signs consistent with progressive myelomalacia. There was no evidence of detrimental effects of durotomy within the period of study. Using Bayesian analysis, we found a point estimate of successful outcome of 71% with 95% credible interval from 52% to 87%.

Conclusion

Extended durotomy seemed to improve the outcome of dogs in our case series without increase in morbidity.

Clinical significance

Extended durotomy appears safe and may improve the outcome of dogs with severe thoracolumbar mixed contusion and compressive injuries associated with acute intervertebral disc extrusion.
A new species of Eutrombidium (Acari: Prostigmata) from Brazil ectoparasitic on Grylloidea, with a key to world larval species

Authors: Noei Javad , Šundić Miloje
Published: April 2020

Eutrombidium carajas sp. nov. (Acari: Microtrombidiidae: Eutrombidiinae) is described and illustrated from larvae ectoparasitic on Phalangopsis sp. (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from Brazil. Eutrombidium carajas sp. nov. belongs to the species group with large and deeply incised lateral coxala I, and coxalae II and III. A key to world larval species of Eutrombidium Verdun is provided.
Transovarial Transmission of Bacteriome-Associated Symbionts in the Cicada
Pycna repanda
(Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Authors: Huang Zhi , Wang Dandan , Li Jinpeng , Wei Cong , He Hong
Published: April 2020

Cicadas establish an intimate symbiosis with microorganisms to obtain essential nutrients that are extremely deficient in host plant sap. Previous studies on bacterial communities of cicadas mainly focused on a few widely distributed species, but knowledge about mountain-habitat species is quite poor. We initially revealed the physical distribution of the primary symbionts “
Ca
. Sulcia” and “
Ca
. Hodgkinia” and the dominant secondary symbionts
Rickettsia
and
Arsenophonus
in the mountain-habitat specialist
Pycna repanda
and then clarified the transovarial transmission process of bacteriome-associated symbionts in this species. Our observations suggest that “
Ca
. Hodgkinia” may have split into cytologically distinct lineages within this cicada species, and related cicadas might have developed complex mechanisms for the vertical transmission of the bacteriome-associated symbionts. We also revealed that
Arsenophonus
can be transovarially transmitted in auchenorrhynchan insects when it is not harbored in the cytoplasm of other endosymbionts. Our results highlight transovarial transmission mechanisms of bacteriome-associated symbionts in sap-feeding insects.
Why Do African Countries Adopt IFRS? An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Boolaky Pran Krishansing , Tawiah Vincent , Soobaroyen Teerooven
Published: April 2020

We examine the institutional drivers of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption in Africa. The study covers all 54 African countries and relies on data from 2010 to 2015. Our results support the neo-institutional theoretical predictions that coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphism influence IFRS adoption in Africa, although the circuits of isomorphic pressures differ from previous studies investigating adoption at the worldwide level and in emerging economies. Specifically, we find evidence of the influence by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on African countries made subject to the Report on Observance of Standards and Codes — Accounting and Auditing program of assessment. We also found that the presence of global audit firms and the years of membership in the International Federation of Accountants are strongly associated with a country’s decision to adopt IFRS. Also, countries with a more structured and active professional accounting organization (PAO) are more likely to adopt IFRS. Our findings provide insights into the significant role played by local PAOs in the promotion of IFRS. Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence that the nature of the isomorphic pressures in Africa is different from those suggested in prior studies, reinforcing the view that IFRS adoption is primarily driven by social and political dimensions, rather than the economic dimension usually professed by IFRS proponents.