bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of blackcurrant and strawberry powder on the physicochemical and in vitro glycaemic response of starches derived from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Mu Jianlou , Wu Gang , Chen Zhizhou , Klosek Axelle , Brennan Magaret A. , Hui Xiaodan , Brennan Charles S.
Published: July 2021

Phenolic compounds have been shown to deliver numerous health benefits. Research has also shown that starch and phenolic compounds interact. This study aimed to investigate the effects of blackcurrant and strawberry powder on the physicochemical and in vitro predicted glycaemic response of sweet potato and potato starches. Sweet potato, or potato, starches were mixed with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) of blackcurrant, or strawberry, powder, to form blackcurrant and strawberry‐enriched starch pastes. The results showed that enrichment with 5%, 10% and 15% blackcurrant or strawberry powder for sweet potato and potato starch significantly altered the pasting viscosity and colour profiles (P < 0.05), increased the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of starch pastes (P < 0.05). Blackcurrant or strawberry powders mixed with sweet potato or potato starches reduced amount of reducing sugar released during in vitro digestion. Addition of 15% blackcurrant powder for the starch exerted stronger in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycaemic properties than that of 15% strawberry powder. Collectively, these findings suggested that addition of blackcurrant or strawberry powder into sweet potato and potato starches manipulated the hypoglycaemic property of pastes.
Evolutions of rheology, microstructure and starch hydrolysis of pumpkin‐enriched bread during simulated gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Ge Fangzi , Wu Peng , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: July 2021

In this study, the influences of pumpkin flour additions to breadmaking on evolutions of microstructure, rheology and starch hydrolysis during simulated gastrointestinal digestion were investigated. Compared to white bread (PB0), the bread supplemented with 20% pumpkin flour (PB20) showed more continuous and fibrous gel network structure with most starch granules encapsulated in the network throughout the in vitro digestion. Due to the dilution of digestive fluids and enzymatic hydrolysis, the digesta moduli and viscosity remarkably decreased as time progressed, but PB20 presented significantly higher rheology compared to PB0 in each digestion phase. At the end of intestinal phase, the in vitro starch digestibility was 69.9% for PB0, significantly higher than that for PB20 (55.4%). This is presumably attributed to the abundant dietary fibre in pumpkin flour, contributing to the increased digesta viscosity and the formation of more compact and stable gel networks that would hinder the contact of starch granules with α‐amylase. In addition, the pumpkin‐added breads gave satisfactory results in terms of sensory acceptability. This study has suggested promising potential of incorporating pumpkin flour in the production of functional bakery products with reduced starch digestibility while maintaining good sensory characteristics.
The effect of co‐encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 with inulin on alginate/chitosan matrix: the viability in fermented soy blend and simulated digestive system
Authors: Ferreira Leite Ladislau Hayane , Silva de Farias Thaísa Gabriela , Mendonça Soares Bruna Lúcia , Medeiros José Alberto da Costa , Ferrão Castelo Branco Melo Natália , Stamford–Arnaud Thatiana Montenegro , Stamford Thayza Christina Montenegro , Stamford Tânia Lucia Montenegro
Published: July 2021

This research verified the ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus encapsulated with inulin to tolerate the simulated digestive system and their viability in a soy blend. Probiotic encapsulated in alginate‐chitosan matrix without inulin presented a better encapsulation efficiency (80.92%) than encapsulation with inulin (57.39%). On the 28th day, the count of probiotics decreased by 3.42 and 1.99 logarithmic cycles of free and encapsulated cells without inulin, respectively. In contrast, the microorganisms encapsulated with inulin showed an increase of 1.26 logs CFU g−1. During gastrointestinal simulation, cell counts decreased by 0.78, 1.55 and 1.95 CFU g−1 logs for encapsulated cells without inulin, free and encapsulated with inulin, respectively. Sensory panellists liked the fermented soy blend with encapsulated lactobacilli, and this result shows the possibility to create new probiotic foods of plant origin. Therefore, the alginate/chitosan matrix can be considered adequate for the encapsulation of L. rhamnosus. The inulin reduces the encapsulation efficiency and increases the cell loss in gastrointestinal simulation. Considering cellular losses, the best option for preparing a fermented soy blend is to use L. rhamnosus encapsulated without inulin.
Clinical and pathologic challenges of clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance
Authors: Weinberg Olga K.
Published: July 2021

Unexplained blood cytopenias, in particular anemia, are often found in older individuals. The relationship between these cytopenias and myeloid neoplasms like myelodysplastic syndromes is currently poorly defined. Terminology used to describe patients with unexplained cytopenias and with clonally restricted hematopoiesis can be confusing and is evolving. This review uses a complex clinical case with borderline morphology and somatic mutations with high variant allele frequencies to illustrate a diagnostic approach to clonal cytopenias, and differentiation from myeloid neoplasms with a focus on appropriate ancillary testing. Testing for somatic mutations and variant allele frequency is helpful in assessing risk for progression to myeloid malignancy. The interpretation of mutation profiles in patients with cytopenia has been challenging, as some of these genes are commonly detected in elderly adults showing a normal blood count as well as in individuals with nonmalignant bone marrow failure syndromes. For patients with unexplained cytopenias, longitudinal follow‐up including monitoring of blood counts may also be appropriate.
Necroptosis is required for atrial fibrillation and involved in aerobic exercise‐conferred cardioprotection
Authors: Fu Yuping , Jiang Tiannan , Sun Hongke , Li Tong , Gao Feng , Fan Boyuan , Li Xiaoli , Qin Xinghua , Zheng Qiangsun
Published: July 2021

Necroptosis, a novel programmed cell death, plays a critical role in the development of fibrosis, yet its role in atrial fibrillation (AF) remains elusive. Mounting evidence demonstrates that aerobic exercise improves AF‐related symptoms and quality of life. Therefore, we explored the role of necroptosis in AF pathogenesis and exercise‐conferred cardioprotection. A mouse AF model was established either by calcium chloride and acetylcholine (CaCl2‐Ach) administration for 3 weeks or high‐fat diet (HFD) feeding for 12 weeks, whereas swim training was conducted 60 min/day, for 3‐week duration. AF susceptibility, heart morphology and function and atrial fibrosis were assessed by electrophysiological examinations, echocardiography and Masson's trichrome staining, respectively. Both CaCl2‐Ach administration and HFD feeding significantly enhanced AF susceptibility (including frequency and duration of episodes), left atrial enlargement and fibrosis. Moreover, protein levels of necroptotic signaling (receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1, receptor‐interacting protein kinase 3, mixed lineage kinase domain‐like protein and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II or their phosphorylated forms) were markedly elevated in the atria of AF mice. However, inhibiting necroptosis with necrostatin‐1 partly attenuated CaCl2‐Ach (or HFD)‐induced fibrosis and AF susceptibility, implicating necroptosis as contributing to AF pathogenesis. Finally, we found 3‐week swim training inhibited necroptotic signaling, consequently decreasing CaCl2‐Ach‐induced AF susceptibility and atrial structural remodeling. Our findings identify necroptosis as a novel mechanism in AF pathogenesis and highlight that aerobic exercise may confer benefits on AF via inhibiting cardiac necroptosis.
Circulating tumor necrosis factor‐α levels in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and a meta‐analysis
Authors: Potoupni Victoria , Georgiadou Maria , Chatzigriva Eftychia , Polychronidou Georgia , Markou Erietta , Zapantis Gakis Christos , Filimidou Ioanna , Karagianni Myriam , Anastasilakis Dimitrios , Evripidou Kleo , Ftergioti Argyro , Togkaridou Marianthi , Tsaftaridis Nikolaos , Apostolopoulos Apostolos , Polyzos Stergios A
Published: July 2021

Background and Aim

To synthesize data on circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α levels between patients with histologically confirmed non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (simple steatosis or non‐alcoholic fatty liver [NAFL] and/or non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]) and controls.

Methods

We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Fifty‐six studies, published between 2003 and 2019, were finally included, reporting data from 5848 individuals (1634 controls and 4214 NAFLD patients).

Results

Higher circulating TNF‐α levels were observed in NAFLD patients than controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.59–1.09), NAFL patients than controls (SMD 0.56; 95% CI 0.27–0.85), NASH patients than controls (SMD 0.93; 95% CI 0.64–1.22), and NASH than NAFL patients (SMD 0.31; 95% CI 0.16–0.46). There were only minimal changes in the comparisons between groups after excluding studies with morbidly obese populations (n = 11), or pediatric/adolescent populations (n = 6), or other than enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method of TNF‐α measurement (n = 8). There was high heterogeneity among studies in all comparisons, which was not essentially affected after sensitivity analyses. The meta‐regression analysis revealed that the male ratio was positively associated with TNF‐α SMD in the comparison between patients with NASH and NAFL (beta = 0.809; 95% CI 0.052–1.566) and accounted for 36% (P = 0.037) of the heterogeneity in this pair of comparison. TNF‐α SMD was not associated with age, body mass index, and alanine aminotransferase in any pair of comparisons.

Conclusions

Circulating TNF‐α levels were higher in patients with NAFLD compared with controls. Higher levels of circulating TNF‐α were also associated with the severity of NAFLD.
International Lending: The Role of Lender's Home Country
Authors: Beyhaghi Mehdi , Dai Rui , Saunders Anthony , Wald John
Published: July 2021

The multinational syndicated loan market has crossed the $7 trillion threshold. Prior literature argues that weak borrower country's creditor rights is the main limiting factor to cross‐border lending. We find that lender country's creditor rights can partly substitute for weak borrower creditor rights if a lender is from a better creditor rights country. Our results are robust to controlling for a borrower's country laws, its foreign assets, the loan guarantees provided by its foreign parent, and its choice set of lenders.
Effects of resistance bands exercise for frail older adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled studies
Authors: Daryanti Saragih Ita , Yang Ya‐Ping , Saragih Ice Septriani , Batubara Sakti Oktaria , Lin Chia‐Ju
Published: July 2021

Aims and Objectives

Research examining the effectiveness of resistance band exercises for improving physical and psychological dimensions among frail older adults has been inconsistent. We aimed to examine the effects of resistance band exercises for improving outcomes in frail older adults.

Background

To provide robust evidence regarding the effectiveness of resistance band exercises and explore other potential outcomes in frail older adults, a systematic review of RCTs remains necessary.

Design

Systematic literature review and meta‐analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines.

Methods

Four databases were searched. English language papers were retrieved from 2006 to 2020. Three reviewers reviewed the methodology of the selected studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for randomised controlled trials. The pooled standardised mean difference was calculated using a random‐effects model. Heterogeneity among pooled studies was assessed using the τ2, Q and I2 statistics, and publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and the visual inspection of funnel plots.

Results

A total of 15 studies met the eligibility criteria for this study. Overall, resistance band exercise reduced frailty after 24 weeks (SMD: −0.29; 95% CI: −0.55 to −0.03) and reduced depression after both 12 weeks (SMD: −0.19; 95% CI: −0.38 to −0.01) and 24 weeks (SMD: −0.30; 95% CI: −0.52 to −0.09). However, no significant effects were observed for frailty after 12 weeks, and no significant effects were observed for grip strength, leg strength, activities of daily living or quality of life at any time.

Conclusion

Resistance band exercise might be considered a viable strategy for frail older adults in the community or in long‐term care facilities. More research implementing a standardised protocol remains necessary to identify the effects of different training volumes and the dose–response relationship for the very old and frail population.

Relevance to clinical practice

As a safe complementary intervention for frail older adults, health providers should consider resistance band exercises when caring for frail older adults because this intervention has clinical benefits.
Both Diversity and Meritocracy: Managing the Diversity‐Meritocracy Paradox with Organizational Ambidexterity
Authors: Konrad Alison M. , Richard Orlando C. , Yang Yang
Published: July 2021

This conceptual paper addresses the diversity challenge organizations face as they seek to enhance opportunities for marginalized groups without damaging fairness perceptions for advantaged groups. This challenge stems from societal‐level conflicts between advantaged and marginalized groups which generate a paradoxical tension between the values of diversity and meritocracy. The diversity‐meritocracy paradox manifests in interaction as an identity validation‐threat system so that events benefitting marginalized groups threaten advantaged groups and vice versa. However, diversity and meritocracy are also interrelated, and fulfilling each of these values supports the other through their beneficial effects on organizational justice. Managing the paradox entails supporting perceptions of process integrity with diversity practices while supporting perceptions of individual competence with meritocracy practices. Balanced combinations of practices create organizational ambidexterity to fulfil diversity and meritocracy pressures simultaneously. Research is needed examining how organizations leverage the interrelatedness of diversity and meritocracy to achieve diversity, inclusion, and justice among employees.
Comparative effectiveness of low‐level laser therapy with different wavelengths and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain caused by temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Ren Hui , Liu Jingying , Liu Yang , Yu Caiyun , Bao Guangjie , Kang Hong
Published: July 2021

Objective

To assess the efficacy of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) with different wavelengths and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and explore the optimal wavelength range of laser application in the treatment of pain caused by temporomandibular disorders (TMD).

Methods

An electronic search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science was undertaken to identify the randomised clinical trials (RCTs) published from database inception to 16 April 2021, aiming to compare the effects of LLLT with different wavelengths (632.8–672 nm, 780–904 nm, and 910–1100 nm) or TENS or placebo group on TMD patients pain reduction. In addition, manual search of the studies was performed. The reviewers assessed the risk of bias of individual studies with the Cochrane risk of bias tool and excluded the RCTs with a high risk of bias in any field. Meanwhile, the reviewers, after performing the network meta‐analysis, assessed the quality of evidence, which contributed to network estimate via the GRADE framework.

Results

Twenty‐seven RCTs with 969 patients with TMD were included. In the meta‐analysis, all treatment groups showed an overall improvement in pain scores, when compared with the placebo group. LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm produced more pain relief in the visual analogue scale (VAS) immediately after treatment [mean difference (MD) = 4.68, 95% confidence interval (CI):(3.08,6.28)]. After one‐month follow‐up, LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm also showed superior pain‐relieving effects [MD = 3.61, 95% CI: (−1.77, 8.99)]. However, no significant difference was observed. Based on the SUCRA ranking, L3 ranked first immediately after treatment and 1 month later.

Conclusion

The results of the meta‐analysis showed the LLLT had better short‐term efficacy than TENS in the treatment of pain caused by TMD. Better results can be achieved with higher wavelengths. Therefore, we recommended to treat TMD using LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm.
Coleofasciculaceae, a Monophyletic Home for the Microcoleus steenstrupii Complex and Other Desiccation‐tolerant Filamentous Cyanobacteria
Authors: Moreira C. Fernandes Vanessa , Giraldo‐Silva Ana , Roush Daniel , Garcia‐Pichel Ferran
Published: July 2021

Cyanobacteria classified as Microcoleus steenstrupii play a significant role as pioneers of biological soil crusts (biocrusts), but this taxon is recognized to constitute a diverse complex of strains and field populations. With the aim of clarifying its systematics, we conducted a polyphasic characterization of this and allied taxa. A 16S ribosomal gene meta‐analysis of published environmental sequences showed that the complex encompasses a variety of well supported genus‐level clades with clade‐specific environmental preferences, indicating significant niche differentiation. Fifteen strains in the M. steenstrupii complex were selected as representative of naturally occurring clades and studied using 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, morphology, and niche delineation with respect to temperature and rainfall. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions within a comprehensive, curated database of long 16S rRNA cyanobacterial sequences (1,000 base pairs or more) showed that they all belonged in a monophyletic, family‐level clade (91.4% similarity) that included some other known genera of desiccation‐resistant, largely terrestrial, filamentous, nonheterocystous cyanobacteria, including Coleofasciculus, the type genus for the family Coleofasciculaceae. To accommodate this biodiversity, we redescribe the Coleofasciculaceae, now composed of 11 genera, among which six are newly described herein (Funiculus, Parifilum, Arizonema, Crassifilum, Crustifilum, and Allocoleopsis), and five were previously recognized (Porphyrosiphon, Coleofasciculus, Pycnacronema, Potamolinea, and Wilmottia). We provide an evaluation of their respective niches and global distributions within biocrusts based on published molecular data. This new systematics treatment should help simplify and improve our understanding of the biology of terrestrial cyanobacteria.
Delimitation of the genus Schizachyrium (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) based on molecular and morphological data
Authors: Peichoto Myriam C. , Moreno Ercilia M. S. , Welker Cassiano A. D. , Solís Neffa Viviana G. , Scataglini M. Amalia
Published: July 2021

Schizachyrium (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) includes about 60 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In all recent molecular phylogenies of Andropogoneae, representatives of Schizachyrium appear closely related to Andropogon species. The objective of this study was to contribute to the delimitation of Schizachyrium. We performed a phylogenetic study including 38 taxa (>63%) of Schizachyrium, along with representatives of related genera, mainly of Andropogon, yielding a total of 49 taxa. This is the first phylogenetic analysis to include the type species of Schizachyrium, S. condensatum. DNA sequences of two plastid markers (ndhF and trnL‐F) were analyzed under Bayesian methods. The results indicate that Schizachyrium is not monophyletic: 26 of the 38 Schizachyrium taxa analyzed are placed in a Schizachyrium s.s. clade that includes the type species of the genus, while 10 taxa are related to Andropogon species and two other species, S. delavayi (from China and India) and S. jeffreysii (from Africa), appear clearly separated. Additionally, 58 morphological characters (41 qualitative and 17 quantitative) were scored for the same 49 taxa and analyzed under the parsimony criterion. Character optimizations showed that (i) the reduced pedicellate spikelets, (ii) with lower glume less than or equal to 0.5 mm wide, (iii) awned, and (iv) without lemma and palea support the Schizachyrium s.s. clade. We propose these four characters as diagnostic features for the delimitation of Schizachyrium s.s.
Changes in the fecal microbiota in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea during an outbreak in Norway
Authors: Herstad Kristin M. V. , Trosvik Pål , Haaland Anita Haug , Haverkamp Thomas H.A. , de Muinck Eric J. , Skancke Ellen
Published: July 2021

Background

A severe form of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) occurred in dogs in the Oslo region of Norway during autumn 2019.

Objectives

To characterize the fecal microbiota of dogs with AHDS during the outbreak and compare it to that of healthy dogs from the same period and before the outbreak.

Animals

Dogs with AHDS (n = 50), dogs with nonhemorrhagic diarrhea (n = 3), and healthy dogs (n = 11) were sampled during the outbreak. In addition, 78 healthy dogs from the same region were sampled before the outbreak between 2017 and 2018.

Methods

Retrospective case‐control study. The fecal microbiotas were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.

Results

Dogs with AHDS had significantly different microbiota composition (R2 = .07, P < .001) and decreased intestinal diversity relative to healthy dogs from the outbreak period (median, 2.7; range, 0.9‐3.5 vs median, 3.2; range, 2.6‐4.0; P < .001). The microbiota in dogs with AHDS was characterized by a decrease of Firmicutes and an outgrowth of Proteobacteria, with increased numbers of Clostridium perfringens and Providencia spp. Among the Providencia spp., 1 showed 100% sequence identity with a Providencia alcalifaciens strain that was cultivated and isolated from the same outbreak. No Providencia spp. was found in healthy dogs sampled before the outbreak.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Dogs with AHDS had marked changes in fecal microbiota including increased numbers of Providencia spp. and C. perfringens, which may have contributed to the severity of this illness.
Relationships between stress urinary incontinence and trunk muscle mass or spinal alignment in older women
Authors: Iguchi Saki , Inoue‐Hirakawa Tomoe , Nojima Ippei , Noguchi Taiji , Sugiura Hideshi
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Relationships between stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and physical function and spinal alignment have not been fully elucidated; therefore, we examined these relationships in older women.

Methods

The participants of this cross‐sectional study comprised 21 women with SUI (SUI group) and 41 continent women (continent group) aged >65 years who participated in a community‐based health‐check survey from 2018 to 2019. We examined age, body mass index, number of deliveries, age at first childbirth, and medical histories as participants' characteristics. SUI was evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Short Form (ICIQ‐SF). We also assessed spinal alignment and physical activity, grip strength, trunk and lower limb muscle mass, gait speed, and one‐leg standing time as measures of participants' physical function.

Results

Body mass index was significantly higher in the SUI group compared with continents (P = 0.04), and trunk muscle mass in the SUI group was significantly lower (P < 0.01). Additionally, the thoracic kyphosis angle in the SUI group was significantly larger (P = 0.02). In the logistic regression analysis, trunk muscle mass (odds ratio = 0.546, P = 0.03) and increased thoracic kyphosis angle (odds ratio = 1.066, P = 0.045) were independent factors affecting SUI. Furthermore, there was a negative weak correlation between total ICIQ‐SF score and trunk muscle mass (r = −0.36, P < 0.01), and a positive weak correlation between total ICIQ‐SF score and thoracic kyphosis angle (r = 0.27, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Trunk muscle mass and thoracic kyphosis angle relate to SUI status and severity among Japanese community‐dwelling older women.
Splicing factor proline and glutamine rich intron retention, reduced expression and aggregate formation are pathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Hogan Alison L. , Grima Natalie , Fifita Jennifer A. , McCann Emily P. , Heng Benjamin , Fat Sandrine Chan Moi , Wu Sharlynn , Maharjan Ram , Cain Amy K. , Henden Lyndal , Rayner Stephanie , Tarr Ingrid , Zhang Katharine Y. , Zhao Qiongyi , Zhang Zong‐Hong , Wright Amanda , Lee Albert , Morsch Marco , Yang Shu , Williams Kelly L. , Blair Ian P.
Published: July 2021

Aim

Splicing factor proline and glutamine rich (SFPQ) is an RNA–DNA binding protein that is dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Dysregulation of SFPQ, specifically increased intron retention and nuclear depletion, has been linked to several genetic subtypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting that SFPQ pathology may be a common feature of this heterogeneous disease. Our study aimed to investigate this hypothesis by providing the first comprehensive assessment of SFPQ pathology in large ALS case–control cohorts.

Methods

We examined SFPQ at the RNA, protein and DNA levels. SFPQ RNA expression and intron retention were examined using RNA‐sequencing and quantitative PCR. SFPQ protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining. At the DNA level, SFPQ was examined for genetic variation novel to ALS patients.

Results

At the RNA level, retention of SFPQ intron nine was significantly increased in ALS patients' motor cortex. In addition, SFPQ RNA expression was significantly reduced in the central nervous system, but not blood, of patients. At the protein level, neither nuclear depletion nor reduced expression of SFPQ was found to be a consistent feature of spinal motor neurons. However, SFPQ‐positive ubiquitinated protein aggregates were observed in patients' spinal motor neurons. At the DNA level, our genetic screen identified two novel and two rare SFPQ sequence variants not previously reported in the literature.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm dysregulation of SFPQ as a pathological feature of the central nervous system of ALS patients and indicate that investigation of the functional consequences of this pathology will provide insight into ALS biology.
Prioritizing host phenotype to understand microbiome heritability in plants
Authors: Wagner Maggie R.
Published: July 2021

Breeders and evolutionary geneticists have grappled with the complexity of the ‘genotype‐to‐phenotype map’ for decades. Now, recent studies highlight the relevance of this concept for understanding heritability of plant microbiomes. Because host phenotype is a more proximate cause of microbiome variation than host genotype, microbiome heritability varies across plant anatomy and development. Fine‐scale variation of plant traits within organs suggests that the well‐established concept of ‘microbiome compartment’ should be refined. Additionally, recent work shows that the balance of deterministic processes (including host genetic effects) vs stochastic processes also varies over time and space. Together, these findings suggest that re‐centering plant phenotype – both as a predictor and a readout of microbiome function – will accelerate new insights into microbiome heritability.
Budgeting for existential crisis: The federal government as society's guarantor
Authors: Redburn F. Stevens
Published: July 2021

Onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic produced a fiscal shock of almost unprecedented scale and suddenness. Procedurally, the exigencies of responding to such crises make a mockery of the apparatus of normal budgeting. Standard near‐term constraints and targets for fiscal choice lose utility as guides for budgeters; extraordinary procedures are invoked. Assessing the initial fiscal response reveals the extraordinary role the federal government plays during such a period as ultimate guarantor of the economy and social order. The federal government has constitutional responsibility and, under duress, is the only set of institutions with the capacity to play this role. Federal responses to ordinary emergencies generally assess their contribution to relief and recovery. In an extraordinary emergency such as the pandemic, responses may be assessed for their contributions to two additional policy objectives: readiness and resilience. An event of this magnitude also offers an opportunity to reconsider the aims of fiscal policies and whether the terms for measuring and judging policy outcomes are appropriate for such a period. The standard budget baseline lacks a component for the average multiyear cost of the federal government's exercise of its role as societal guarantor. The standard metric for judging fiscal policy—public debt as a percent of gross domestic product—is problematic as a fiscal policy target. An alternative would capture changes in public sector net worth, highlighting the net fiscal and economic benefit or cost of any policy to borrow in order to invest in long‐term policy objectives.
Oviposition site selection and attachment ability of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata and Harmonia axyridis from the egg to the adult stage
Authors: Salerno Gianandrea , Rebora Manuela , Piersanti Silvana , Büscher Thies H. , Gorb Elena V. , Gorb Stanislav N.
Published: July 2021

Surface features of plants can influence the searching efficiency and survival of predatory insects. Surfaces act as barriers preventing attachment of both phytophages and also their insect predators. In this regard, we focused on the oviposition site selection and the attachment ability of all life stages (eggs, larvae, imagines) of two common ladybird species, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata and Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on artificial and natural substrates with different surface features and properties (roughness, wettability). Both species preferred a hydrophilic surface as the oviposition site and this can be correlated with the better performance of both larvae and adults on these substrates compared with hydrophobic ones. The egg glue of both ladybird species can wet hydrophobic surfaces such as those of many plant leaves and also with prominent 3D wax coverage. The surface roughness has an important role in the oviposition site selection in P. quatuordecimpunctata, but not in H. axyridis. The oviposition preference for smooth surfaces in P. quatuordecimpunctata could be due to better performance of larvae on smooth substrates compared with rough ones. The egg glue of both species can adapt to artificial and natural surfaces characterized by different asperity sizes faithfully replicating their shape, except for very high asperity sizes or big trichomes. The results of the present research can shed light on the mechanical ecology of the evolutionary successful Coccinellidae and may aid in the development of suitable substrates for coccinellid egg‐laying, in order to improve the mass rearing technique of species used in biological control.
Favored outgroup can eliminate the ingroup reference effect
Authors: Li Qiong , Liang Ting , Cao Chunyan , Zhang Xiaobin
Published: July 2021

Studies have found that, consistent with the ingroup favoritism effect, the recollection of ingroup related information is better than that of outgroup related information. This study explores whether preferred outgroup can eliminate the ingroup reference effect. Using the university as the reference group, Experiment 1 was designed to verify the group reference effect when there was no outgroup favoritism, and Experiment 2 examined the impact of outgroup favoritism on the group‐reference effect. Experiment 1 found that recognition rates in the ingroup‐reference condition were significantly higher than in the outgroup reference condition. Experiment 2 found no significant difference between recognition rates in the ingroup‐ reference and outgroup‐reference conditions. Using household registration to classify the reference group, Experiment 3 recruited participants from rural areas to verify the group‐reference effect while Experiment 4 recruited students from rural areas with a preference toward urban areas to explore the impact of outgroup favoritism on the group‐reference effect. The results are the same as those in the Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. These findings suggest that the ingroup reference effect disappears when outgroups are preferred groups.
Nutrient dynamics from surface‐applied organic matter amendments on no‐till orchard soil
Authors: Khalsa Sat Darshan S. , Hart Stephen C. , Brown Patrick H.
Published: July 2021

Advancing conservation agriculture depends on understanding nutrient dynamics of organic matter amendments (OMA) on no‐till soil. This field incubation study compared surface‐applied composted dairy manure (CM), green waste compost (GWC) and an unamended control from March to September in 2015 and 2016 using a RCBD in a California almond (Prunus dulcis) orchard. Measurements included OMA nutrient release rates, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), total N (TN) and inorganic N, P and K availability using in‐season soil sampling and collection of ion exchange resin (IER) membranes from 0 to 10 cm depth, and cumulative N and P availability using soil IER cores from 0 to 50 cm depth. We hypothesized OMA sources with a lower initial C:N increase soil N availability, greater soluble phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations increase P and K availability, and all OMA sources increase SOC with the greatest N recovery in the TN pool. No differences were observed in C, N and P release rates, while the K release rate was the greatest. In‐season N availability showed no effect but P and K availability differed as evidenced by greater IER adsorption and soil extractable P and K. Both OMA sources significantly increased in SOC and TN. Net N mineralization from OMA sources ranged from 0.7% to 8.0% of applied N and total N recovery in TN and inorganic N pools increased based on the initial C:N. These results advance our understanding of nutrient dynamics while conserving the soil due to the no‐till practice of surface‐applied OMA.
Towards a holistic framework for delivering quality GIS education within and across disciplines
Authors: Hodza Paddington , Berendsen Margo E. , Hamerlinck Jeffrey D.
Published: July 2021

The current GIS education framework has gaps, undervalued elements, and decentralized components that make it difficult to effectively relate, teach, learn, and assess learning key constructs within and across disciplines. Building upon critical synthesis, analysis, and extension of multidisciplinary literature, we develop a student‐centered framework that places the 2D learning GIS space within the broader 3D educational space defined by cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of learning. The modalities of GIS learning are discussed in the contexts of the “circle of GIS thinking,” “triangle of GIS practice,” and “triangle of affective GIS.” The framework suggests that well‐rounded GIS individuals possess hard and soft (non‐)geospatial knowledge, skills, and abilities gained through learning by thinking, doing, and feeling. It is coherent, intuitive, extensible, and in sync with modern GIS perspectives and knowledge, and multimodal ways of mastering this subject. We demonstrate how the framework informs design and content considerations for hybrid minds‐on, hands‐on, and “body‐on” classroom assessments that mirror the nature of GIS. We conclude that the framework shows considerable potential to facilitate consistent and persistent delivery of quality GIS education.
Toward Elucidating the Physiological Impacts of Residual Stresses in the Colorectum
Authors: Zhao Y. , Siri S. , Feng B. , Pierce D. M.
Published: July 2021

Irritable bowel syndrome afflicts 10–20% of the global population, causing visceral pain with increased sensitivity to colorectal distension and normal bowel movements. Understanding and predicting these biomechanics will further advance our understanding of visceral pain and complement the existing literature on visceral neurophysiology. We recently performed a series of experiments at three longitudinal segments (colonic, intermediate, and rectal) of the distal 30 mm of colorectums of mice. We also established and fitted constitutive models addressing mechanical heterogeneity in both the through-thickness and longitudinal directions of the colorectum. Afferent nerve endings, strategically located within the submucosa, are likely nociceptors that detect concentrations of mechanical stresses to evoke the perception of pain from the viscera. In this study, we aim to: (1) establish and validate a method for incorporating residual stresses into models of colorectums, (2) predict the effects of residual stresses on the intratissue mechanics within the colorectum, and (3) establish intratissue distributions of stretches and stresses within the colorectum in vivo. To these ends we developed two-layered, composite finite element models of the colorectum based on our experimental evidence and validated our approaches against independent experimental data. We included layer- and segment-specific residual stretches/stresses in our simulations via the prestrain algorithm built into the finite element software febio. Our models and modeling approaches allow researchers to predict both organ and intratissue biomechanics of the colorectum and may facilitate better understanding of the underlying mechanical mechanisms of visceral pain.
Design and Hardware in-the-Loop Validation of an Effective Super-Twisting Controller for Stick-Slip Suppression in Drill-String Systems
Authors: Krama Abdelbasset , Gharib Mohamed , Refaat Shady S. , Palazzolo Alan
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a novel controller for drill string systems based on a super-twisting sliding mode theory. The aim is to eliminate the stick-slip vibration and maintain a constant drill string velocity at the desired reference value. The proposed controller inherently attenuates the torsional vibration while ensuring the stability and high efficiency of the drill string. A discontinuous lumped-parameter torsional model of vertical drill strings based on four components (rotary table, drill pipes, drill collars, and drill bit) is considered. The Karnopp friction model is adopted to simulate the nonlinear bit-rock interaction phenomena. In order to provide a more accurate evaluation, the proposed drill string controller is implemented with the induction motor, a variable frequency drive, and a gearbox to closely mirror the real environment of oil well drill strings. The increasing demand for prototyping and testing high-power plants in realistic and safe environments has led to the advancement of new types of experimental investigations without hurting the real system or building a small-scale prototype for testing. The dynamic performance of the proposed controller has been investigated with matlab software and in a novel hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing platform. A power plant is modeled and implemented in the real-time simulator OPAL-RT 5600, whereas the controllers are implemented in the dSPACE 1103 control board. The results obtained through simulatiosn and HIL testing demonstrate the feasibility and high performance of the proposed controller.
Impact of Uncertainty on Prediction of Supercritical CO2 Properties and Nusselt Numbers
Authors: Sullivan Neil P. , Chao Yang , Boetcher Sandra K. S. , Ricklick Mark A.
Published: July 2021

The impact of measurement uncertainty on Nusselt number correlations for supercritical CO2 is investigated. Selection of appropriate reference quantities for these correlations, such as thermal conductivity, appears to have a large effect on accurately predicting heat transfer rates. Supercritical CO2 work heavily depends on real fluid property data, which show that fluid properties have very large gradients with respect to temperature and pressure near the critical point. The sharp gradients imply heat transfer predictions are highly sensitive to the accuracy of temperature and pressure experimental measurements in this region. Root sum of squares uncertainties at various property values indicate predictably large (on the order of 1000%) uncertainties in calculated Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers near the critical point. Interestingly, uncertainties remain several times the calculated value for operating pressures between 7.5 and 8.5 MPa, which are common in the experimental literature—highlighting a need for careful application of correlations near the pseudocritical line and the benefits of presenting dimensional data in the literature.
Titanium monoxide and titanium dioxide thin film formation by magnetron sputtering and its thermodynamic model
Authors: Bulyarskiy Sergey V. , Koiva Daria A. , Belov Vladislav S. , Zenova Elena V. , Rudakov Grigory А. , Gusarov Georgy G.
Published: July 2021

This work is devoted to the problem of the formation of titanium monoxide and dioxide by magnetron sputtering. Sputtering titanium in constant flows of oxygen and argon and constant magnetron power leads to the creation of equilibrium partial pressures of oxygen and titanium vapors. The conditions for the synthesis of nanocrystalline titanium monoxide at low temperatures were determined experimentally and substantiated by the thermodynamic method. An analysis is made by the method of minimizing the Gibbs free energy. We have obtained an expression for the ratio of the oxygen flow and the gas discharge power, the analysis of which makes it possible to determine the conditions for the formation of titanium oxide with a certain stoichiometric composition. The developed method for the analysis of equilibrium in the deposition chamber can be used to identify the conditions for the synthesis of other compounds that are important for practice, including oxides and chalcogenides, and the horizons of their use in nanoelectronics are constantly growing at the present time.
Anomalous dispersion observed in signal arrivals at a deep-sea floor receiver
Authors: Cao Jingpu , Qi Yubo , Zhou Shihong , Du Shuyuan , Peng Zhaohui , Zhang Yongfeng , Qiao Changcheng
Published: July 2021

An anomalous dispersion, e.g., when low frequencies arrive earlier whereas the high frequencies arrive later, was observed in the signal arrivals recorded by a single deep-sea bottom-mounted vector sensor. Numerical simulations and modal analyses, based on a three-layer range-independent model, are applied to interpret the anomalous dispersion. Results indicate that the arrival with anomalous dispersion corresponds to trapped modes in the low sound speed sediment and can be observed when both the source and receiver are deployed near the seafloor. Furthermore, the cutoff frequencies, dispersion characteristics, and energy distributions of trapped modes are also performed in this paper.
Sport and Recreational Physical Activities Attenuate the Predictive Association of Multimorbidity With Increased Geriatric Depressive Symptoms: A 14-Year Follow-Up Study of Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Liang Yonglin , Lai Francisco T.T. , Kwan Joyce L.Y. , Chan Wai , Yeoh Eng-Kiong
Published: July 2021

Multimorbidity is associated with increased depression risks. Little research examines how physical exercise moderates this association. From an existing cohort of community-dwelling older adults in Hong Kong recruited in 2001–2003, the authors included participants who were successfully interviewed after 14 years (2015–2017). Geriatric depressive symptoms were used as the primary outcome and measured by the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, while multimorbidity was operationalized using a list of 19 conditions. Subscores of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly measuring light, moderate, and strenuous sport/recreational activities were included as moderators. In total, 1,056 participants were included, of whom 50.7% were multimorbid. Multimorbidity was associated with 12% more geriatric depressive symptoms, but strenuous physical activities were associated with a smaller risk elevation only among multimorbid patients (adjusted relative risk = 0.99, 95% confidence interval [0.98, 0.99]; p = .001). In conclusion, strenuous sport and recreational activities may attenuate the association between multimorbidity and geriatric depressive symptoms.
Multiregional profiling of the brain transmembrane proteome uncovers novel regulators of depression
Authors: Li Shanshan , Luo Huoqing , Lou Ronghui , Tian Cuiping , Miao Chen , Xia Lisha , Pan Chen , Duan Xiaoxiao , Dang Ting , Li Hui , Fan Chengyu , Tang Pan , Zhang Zhuangzhuang , Liu Yan , Li Yunxia , Xu Fei , Zhang Yaoyang , Zhong Guisheng , Hu Ji , Shui Wenqing
Published: July 2021

In-depth profiling of transmembrane proteins in the brain leads to the identification of GPCR regulators in a disease model.
Comment on “Nonadjacent dependency processing in monkeys, apes, and humans”
Authors: Rawski Jonathan , Idsardi William , Heinz Jeffrey
Published: July 2021

Evidence shows that animals match humans when learning sound patterns but not sentence patterns.
Strong isotope effect in the VUV photodissociation of HOD: A possible origin of D/H isotope heterogeneity in the solar nebula
Authors: Luo Zijie , Zhao Yarui , Chen Zhichao , Chang Yao , Zhang Su-e , Wu Yucheng , Yang Jiayue , Cheng Yi , Che Li , Wu Guorong , Xie Daiqian , Yang Xueming , Yuan Kaijun
Published: July 2021

Photodissociation of HOD reveals strong isotope effects in quantum state population distributions and branching ratios.
Ignitions explain more than temperature or precipitation in driving Santa Ana wind fires
Authors: Keeley Jon E. , Guzman-Morales Janin , Gershunov Alexander , Syphard Alexandra D. , Cayan Daniel , Pierce David W. , Flannigan Michael , Brown Tim J.
Published: July 2021

Temperature and precipitation play less of a role in predicting area burned compared to wind speed and number of ignitions.
Time-optimal planning for quadrotor waypoint flight
Authors: Foehn Philipp , Romero Angel , Scaramuzza Davide
Published: July 2021

A solution for time-optimal quadrotor trajectory planning through optimization outperforms professional human pilots in racing.
A small-molecule activator of the unfolded protein response eradicates human breast tumors in mice
Authors: Boudreau Matthew W. , Duraki Darjan , Wang Lawrence , Mao Chengjian , Kim Ji Eun , Henn Madeline A. , Tang Bingtao , Fanning Sean W. , Kiefer Jeffrey , Tarasow Theodore M. , Bruckheimer Elizabeth M. , Moreno Ramon , Mousses Spyro , Greene Geoffrey L. , Roy Edward J. , Park Ben Ho , Fan Timothy M. , Nelson Erik R. , Hergenrother Paul J. , Shapiro David J.
Published: July 2021

Activation of the unfolded protein response induces regression of estrogen receptor α–positive breast cancer xenografts in mice.
Toward predicting CYP2D6-mediated variable drug response from
CYP2D6
gene sequencing data
Authors: van der Lee Maaike , Allard William G. , Vossen Rolf H. A. M. , Baak-Pablo Renée F. , Menafra Roberta , Deiman Birgit A. L. M. , Deenen Maarten J. , Neven Patrick , Johansson Inger , Gastaldello Stefano , Ingelman-Sundberg Magnus , Guchelaar Henk-Jan , Swen Jesse J. , Anvar Seyed Yahya
Published: July 2021

A neural network model trained on full
CYP2D6
gene sequences increases the ability to predict CYP2D6-mediated tamoxifen metabolism.