bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Idea of a Psychological Autopsy
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

At my first meeting with Arthur’s mother, she presented to me a typed list of names and telephone numbers of other relatives, which also included Arthur’s long-term psychotherapist and the physician who attended him toward the end. She asked me if I would be interested in talking with these other people. Without knowing it, she was suggesting a psychological autopsy of Arthur’s enigmatic death.
Consultation by Robert E. Litman, M.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

In the 1960s, with our colleagues at the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center (SPC), we conceptualized suicide as a crisis, and our treatment model was crisis intervention. We thought of the presuicidal state as one of transient perturbation following trauma or serious loss, especially the loss or threat of loss of something that the patient valued highly. We emphasized the necessity for helping people get through these time-limited stress periods so that natural healing could occur.
Consultation By Jerome Motto, M.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

We are examining the suicide of Arthur, a 33-year-old Caucasian male physician and attorney. His death on a Sunday night resulted from an overdose of medication. On the day of his suicide, he spent time with his best friend and had a customary Sunday breakfast with his father. Neither of them detected anything unusual in his demeanor that might have presaged his impending action. He left a long and compassionate suicide note, apparently started on the preceding Friday night, that eloquently illustrates why he was characterized by some who knew him well as a loving and articulate man.
Consultation by Norman L. Farberow, Ph.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

Arthur’s suicide was the result of a confluence of psychological factors with neurobiological and physiological factors. The most prominent of the psychological factors was a self-image in which he saw himself as inadequate, incapable, weak, and inferior. Those feelings about himself developed and were consistently reinforced during his childhood and adolescence.
Interview with the Sister
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

SIS: I’m a sister of Arthur’s.1 Arthur committed suicide, that you know, and when you say why, what went on—he suffered his whole life. He was always in pain, and as much as we all felt we understood it, none of us really could understand it, because none of us was suicidal; and he was constantly in pain and constantly looking for some- thing that would make him feel happier, would make him feel better. He tried all different kind of things. He went first to medical school, and then changed his mind, that didn’t make him happy, so then he went to law school because medical school didn’t make him happy, thinking that maybe law school might make him happy. He was single and dating and then got married and wasn’t happy, so he got divorced. His whole life he was striving to find what would make him feel better and not feel the pain, and I think after trying all the things that he always thought—if I married, if I had a good career, if I have friends, if I have all these things—and once he obtained all these things, he realized that these things still weren’t making him feel out of pain, then I think his hopelessness just completely consumed him, and he couldn’t take the pain any more.
Interview with the Ex-Wife
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

EX-WIFE: I’m a physician, a nephrologist, and I see patients. I’m also a researcher. I do research, and I have some familiarity with an autopsy. You create empirical research, but I do understand the idea of starting out with an open mind and seeing what comes. That you can’t start an endeavor such as this with a goal, looking for certain answers, because they don’t always come. I do understand that, but intellectually I am interested in whatever it is that you are able to learn. I don’t feel that there is really anything in particular that I need to get out of this or to learn in relation to Arthur. I am currently in my fourth year of psychoanalysis since my relationship with Arthur ended. So I feel like I’m getting what I need there. I’m learning about myself, and I’m answering any questions for myself that need to be answered. But I am interested intellectually in your thoughts. I know that you are going to speak to several people, and I’m just interested in what those thoughts would be.
Interview with the Girlfriend
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

GRL: I am 30 years old. I’m an office administrator for an engineering firm, and I have a wonderful family who live locally. I went on to college in this state, and after graduation with a psychology major I worked with disturbed adults for a couple of years. It was a lot of responsibility, and I was only 21 years old, so—I don’t know how that happened. What broke my heart was that I became immune to it. I was thinking of case evaluations: When new clients would come to the clinic, I would do their intakes, and I remember the first few times I did it, it was hard; but after six months it became so routine, and that’s one thing that I always look back on my life that it became routine, and these people were pouring out their hearts and souls to me, telling me when they first began to hear voices or when they first started becoming depressed, and I would just write it down and not really hear what they had to say.
Letter to the Mother
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

Here we are, practically at the end of this journey, in which I have tried to generate substantial information about the death of your son with the hope that you will find some new helpful insights and some anchors of solace. If one produces enough rich ore, there ought to be some valuable nuggets within it. You must know that I have had high regard and affection for you right from the beginning, and I hope you won’t find it inappropriate if I say that this is my special letter to you.
Energy and Momentum Principles
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The momentum and energy principles for a fluid element were introduced in sections 4.4 and 4.5, respectively. Here, we integrate those principles across a channel reach to apply to macroscopic one-dimensional steady flows. We conclude the chapter by comparing the theoretical and practical differences between the energy and momentum principles. We show in subsequent chapters how these energy and momentum relations can be applied to solve practical problems.
Cooper’s Europe and His Quarrel with America
Authors: Kennedy J Gerald
Published: November 2023

Gleanings in Europe, the massive five-volume project completed in 1838 by James Fenimore Cooper, marks the most ambitious effort by an antebellum American author to scrutinize the new nation from a critical, transnational perspective. Cooper’s ostensible subject, the curiosities of western Europe, facilitates a comparative analysis of his own country and its emerging national character. Having contemplated early American experience in such narratives as The Spy, The Pioneers, Lionel Lincoln, and The Last of the Mohicans, Cooper went abroad in 1826 to ensure that his daughters learned foreign languages, to arrange European publishing agreements, to seek relief from physical ailments, and to acquire a cosmopolitan understanding of cultural differences. Through DeWitt Clinton and Henry Clay he secured a nominal appointment as U.S. consul to Lyon, France, to “avoid the appearance of going over to the enemy” as an expatriate.1 His only prior glimpse of Europe had come two decades earlier during a youthful tour of duty with the U.S. Navy. When he returned as a celebrated novelist, Cooper made the grand tour, studied the human scene, and socialized as a literary lion, meeting the great and near great, all the while drawing inferences about manners, beliefs, politics, and national traits in the countries he visited.
Cooper’s Leatherstocking Conversations
Authors: Nelson Dana D
Published: November 2023

What is an American, this new man?” Farmer James famously queries in one of the most anthologized passages of early American literature. In Letters from an American Farmer (1782), Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur offers, through a series of flctionalized letters, a look into the social, political, and emotional life of American colonists. He charts for the inquisitive European the extraordinary changes in attitude, lifestyle, family structure, and personal belief that the wider availability of land— and property’s guarantee of citizenship—made possible for more white commoners in the northern colonies.
Introduction
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J
Published: November 2023

The Bill That Brought House members to a fateful vote early on November 23, 2003, was not your average piece of legislation. It was the major social policy initiative of President George W. Bush and the top priority of his congressional leaders. Shortly before six o’clock in the morning on that Sunday, following a debate that began Saturday and a vote that began at 3 a.m., a House of Representatives described by the New York Times as “fiercely polarized”1 passed a bill to provide prescription drug benefits under Medicare. The 220 to 215 vote, begun under the normal procedure that routinely limits votes to fifteen minutes, took two hours and fifty-one minutes to complete; the Times piece said it took “an extraordinary bout of Republican arm-twisting to muster a majority.” Extraordinary it was. At exactly 3 a.m., Rep. Richard “Doc” Hastings (R-WA), presiding over the House, announced that the time for debate on the Medicare bill had expired. He said from the chair, “Members will have fifteen minutes to record their votes.” As Congress Daily described it,2 the roll call opened at 3:01 a.m., with seventeen Republicans immediately voting no.
The Seeds of the Contemporary Problem, 1969–1994
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J
Published: November 2023

We Arrived In Washington from the University of Michigan in the fall of 1969, set to work on Capitol Hill for a year as congressional fellows of the American Political Science Association. We shared a townhouse near DuPont Circle with two other colleagues, one of whom had a dog. On a balmy October evening just after our arrival, one of us took the dog out for a short walk. It did not last long. Before we had gone a block, the dog started to yelp and howl, for no apparent reason. Within thirty seconds, the reason was apparent: a tear gas canister spewing its contents was rolling down the street toward us. Soon, it was followed by more tear gas, and a crowd of people running toward us—followed in turn by police in full riot gear. A demonstration at the South Vietnamese Embassy on the other side of the circle had evidently gone awry. We stumbled back to the house through the tumult and choking gas fumes, closed the windows, put wet towels under the door frames, and waited out the storm. “Welcome to Washington,” said one of our roommates.
A Decade of Republican Control
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J
Published: November 2023

The Electoral Tsunami that swept across the country in November 1994 left the once seemingly permanent Democratic majority in Congress stunned and dispirited. Forty years of uninterrupted Democratic control of the House— more than double the previous record—had created a wide-spread sense of entitlement and more than a trace of arrogance. Many Democrats had long believed that being in the majority was their birthright, not their temporary good fortune. Going into the election, they believed they would take a hit, even a substantial one, but with no real chance of losing enough seats to cost them that birthright. Equally stunned was the Democratic occupant of the White House. The magnitude and consistency of the swing to the Republicans left no doubt whatsoever that the electorate had repudiated President Clinton and his party of government. Clinton would soon feel it necessary to insist that, under the Constitution, the president is not irrelevant.
Why Study Children of Immigrants?
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

The United States is commonly referred to as a country of immigrants. There is, of course, no question that other populations were here before. Various Native American nations and previous colonizers had populated this continent for centuries. But the country that we refer to as the United States of America was founded by immigrants to these lands. And thus the process of immigration has always been closely tied to the history of this country. We argue that this process is an integral part of the developmental niche of children of immigrants and, following contextual developmental theoretical frameworks, an important consideration in understanding these children’s development.

Foreigners from every conceivable corner of the world have come to these shores and have crossed its historically fluctuating boundaries. Depending both on the policies of the day toward immigration and the factors pushing citizens from their countries of origin, various groups have dominated the distinct waves of immigration that have made this country what it is today (Rumbaut & Portes, 2001). Initially, the preponderance of immigrants came from northern European countries; shortly thereafter, most came from southern Europe and other parts of the world. More recently, the majority are from Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia (Shields & Behrman, 2004).
Modeling Children of Immigrants’ Academic Achievement
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

For each of the children in our studies, school is a central part of life. After all, it is in the school context that the daily negotiations of peer and teacher relationships, as well as the development of ethnic identities, take place alongside children’s academic growth. For many families, regardless of ethnicity, a child’s education represents hope for the family’s future—a direct path to the better life sought by so many immigrant parents. In our studies (as detailed in the past three chapters), we saw many instances of academic achievement and high academic aspirations among children whose family economic circumstances (e.g., low parental education or family income) might predict otherwise. Nearly half (47%) of the children in our studies received A’s and B’s in school across the 3 years. But not all children were succeeding in school.
Communication Disorders and Language Disorders: Rough Definitions
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

For more than fifty years, communication disorders and language disorders in children have been the focus of intense debate in the field of developmental pathology. There are two major schools of thought: on the one hand those observers who believe that the difficulties experienced by such children are caused by a disturbance of the higher neurological functions (a view deriving from a strictly mechanistic and cognitive approach) and on the other those who see language and especially communication as a process involving the whole person. In short, some take a strictly medical view, cognitive or neurocognitive, while some prefer not to exclude the psychic dimension and the light that can be shed on it by psychology and psychoanalysis.
Engagement with Language
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

The style and quality of any individual’s speech depend on what the individual wants to do with it. One’s relation to the spoken word, how much of oneself one puts into the sounds of language, is not the same in insulting someone as it is in making a mathematical demonstration. We each have a range of ways of speaking, our parlances, so to speak. Each of them corresponds to a usage, a need, a situation, and a particular linguistic energy, if not to a separate neurological path. When trying to establish a therapeutic exchange with a child, one must obviously work with the parlances that he or she possesses. But it is essential to recognize that, if these parlances remain a mere set of isolated abilities, unconnected to one another, if the child cannot blend them or change from one situation to another without changing from one mode of expression to another, then language cannot grow together as a whole. In this chapter, I propose to discuss this diversity of parlances, first as it develops in normal children, which will enable an assessment of what happens with the child whose communication is disordered. It will be seen that, in the range of these parlances, two major distinctions can be made: one between automatic speech and intentional speech, and another between self-directed speech and talking to other people.
Ahlem, or Painful Transparency
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

There are children who can reach the age of three without ever speaking. Sometimes this can be the effect of a massive personality disorder, which so badly affects nonverbal communication that all speech is made impossible. With other children, this may not be the case, even with those who seem to be taking refuge in prostration, uncontrolled agitation, or weird rituals. When I met Ahlem for the first time, she appeared to be particularly listless, though her psychological difficulties were no more severe than neurosis. Her withdrawal was so profound because it was the result of a confluence of cognitive and aphasiological problems. In fact, she was not completely averse to all contact; once she had gained a little confidence in her own actions, her development toward speech took a normal course. However, as things improved, her difficulties became more pointed, and certain events, which were initially inexplicable, took on a new and remarkable significance.
Language and Symbolization
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

When the weather is bad and you stand out of the rain, in a doorway, with a neighbor who says, “A nasty day, eh?” his words tell you nothing about the state of the world that is not apparent to both of you. Nor are they intended as description: you can see for yourself that it is raining. They do not constitute a request, either—he does not expect you to lend him an umbrella. All he is doing is conveying to you a vague feeling of depression epitomized by the color of the sky. It would be offensive to interpret his comment differently and exclaim, “Sounds to me as though you’re depressed this morning, Monsieur Martin.” To do any such thing would be intrusive, unless you are close friends.
Principled Engagement Expanding Security through Opportunity
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

How should the United States apply its powers—in keeping with its principles—to achieve its large purposes abroad? In the case of America’s relations with its international neighbors, application of its political powers, to include diplomacy, alliances, agreements, and coalitions, is a place to start. We are now more than a decade beyond the Cold War, and we have failed to arrive at a comprehensive sense of America’s role in the post–Cold War, early twenty-first-century world. For almost half a century our central organizing principle, upon which both foreign policy and defense policy were built, was containment of communism. The world in which we now live defies the simplicity and predictability such a doctrine offered. And even containment of communism left unanswered the question of how to contain communism, a question that often divided our country deeply, not least between those, such as Henry Kissinger, advocating the use of power to promote our interests and those, such as Jimmy Carter, advocating adherence to human rights as defining of our values.
Familiar Size and the Perception of Depth
Authors: Hochberg Carol Barnes , Hochberg Julian E
Published: November 2023

Among the ‘‘cues’’ of depth perception and the techniques for the representation of space on two-dimensional surfaces, familiar size (2, 9, 28) is unique, being the only one which by its very definition requires past experience. Thus, while perspective might be a ‘‘learned cue,’’ it may instead be that symmetrical tridimensional objects are perceived, autochthonously, in place of less regular two-dimensional shapes (stimulus conditions permitting; cf. 20, pp. 159–160); interposition may be due to learning or, instead, to ‘‘completion’’ behind the overlapping object which prevented ‘‘good continuation’’ in two dimensions (cf. 25, pp. 115–118). Such depth ‘‘cues’’ may, as well as not, be direct stimuli for perceived depth, with no need for past experience. This view is opposed by Berkeley’s famous ‘‘demonstration’’ that distance has no direct stimuli (‘‘ .. . being a line directed endwise to the eye, it projects only one point in the fund of the eye, which point remains invariably the same, whether the distance be longer or shorter’’ [6, p. 13]), an argument which apparently makes the exceedingly dubious assumptions (20, p. 85; 26, p. 33n) that we are aware of our retinal images, that a sensation must somehow share the quale of its stimulus, and, since there is nothing ‘‘depth-like’’ in the proximal stimulus, that ‘‘depth’’ must come from some nonsensorial source, i.e., inference based on adventitious association (6, p. 201).
A Quantitative Approach to Figural ‘‘Goodness’’
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Mcalister Edward
Published: November 2023

Empirical study of the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization is, despite their great heuristic value, frequently made difficult by their subjective and qualitative formulation. We wish to suggest here that it may be possible to achieve parallels to these ‘‘laws’’ of organization through analysis of the objective stimulus pattern. This approach differs from similar ones (1, 6) in the orienting hypothesis that, other things being equal, the probabilities of occurrence of alternative perceptual responses to a given stimulus (i.e., their ‘‘goodness’’) are inversely proportional to the amount of information required to define such alternatives differentially; i.e., the less the amount of information needed to define a given organization as compared to the other alternatives, the more likely that the figure will be so perceived.
Perception:Toward The Recovery Of A Definition
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

Perception, a word which once had a fairly limited meaning, has recently acquired a host of new (and frequently mutually contradictory [e.g., 26, 27]) ones. The shattering of the taxonomy of sensation, image, and percept (15,made it difficult to maintain the older definitions (e.g., perception equals sensations plus images). Since then, usage has ranged from a narrowing of ‘‘perception’’ almost to the previous connotations of ‘‘sensation’’ (27), to a widening which includes almost all cognition—e.g., ‘‘Symbolization makes possible perception at a distance where the immediate percept is only a symbol of a distant event’’ (26). So loose has the term become that today Murray might call his battery the Thematic Perception Test, and not arouse any great comment. This diffuseness renders the term almost meaningless, and, even if there were no more serious consequences, it tends to promote a feeling of false unity and community of subject matter among diverse disciplines which really use the word in quite different fashions (cf. 29).
Components Of Literacy Speculations And Exploratory Research
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

We must learn about the wide world that confronts us in installments, by very narrow glances in different directions, for our eyes register fine detail only within a very small region of the visual field. The integration of these serial glimpses into a single, apparently stable perceived world, with fine detail apparently equally distributed throughout, is usually very good, and the perceived world normally contains little hint of the continual changes of retinal image that occur as the eye sweeps the optic array confronting it. In consequence, the psychologist can often ignore the sequential nature of the sensory input by choosing the outer environment as his starting point when he analyzes the perceptual process (the optic array, the ‘‘picture plane,’’ the distal world itself). Where one is concerned with looking behaviors per se, however, this simplification is impossible. Especially in the case of the reading process, the limits of the single glance, the nature and determinants of the succession of glances, and the rules by which the contents of successive glances are integrated into a single perceptual structure are questions that cannot be disregarded.
Hochberg A Perceptual Psychologist
Authors: Gillam Barbara
Published: November 2023

Hochberg is often regarded as belonging to the cognitive end of perceptual theory. Several authors in the current volume highlight his opposition to Gibson, who denies a role for cognitive processes in perception, regarding it as a direct response to the optic array. Elsewhere, Hochberg is considered to be similar to Gregory and Rock in his emphasis on cognitive entities, which in Hochberg’s case are ‘‘schema’’ and ‘‘expectancy.’’ Hochberg (1974a) did indeed point to the limitations of Gibson’s approach and emphasized those aspects of perception that Gibson left unexplored, such as the selection and sequencing of what to look at. This selection, according to Hochberg, is based on expectancies that are guided by schema and interrogated by eye movements to selected aspects of the scene. The issue of the selection and sequencing of views becomes especially important in considering film, where the sequence is imposed rather than selected and for which the filmmaker must control both schema and visual input. Hochberg has brilliantly explored the principles underlying the successful sequencing of views in film, which clearly often depend for success on cognitive structures set up by previous views. But is his general position a cognitive one, in the sense that he considers that what is perceived is a construction or representation rather than a response to the stimulus? I shall argue that Hochberg is strongly in the perceptual tradition in his interest in the stimulus control of perception and that the cognitive aspects of his theory complement this stimulus-bound process rather than substitute for it. I’ll analyze this issue in connection with the following Hochbergian ideas: (1) the concept of schema and its role in perception; (2) the concept of local depth cues; (3) the emphasis on acquiring information for action via planned eye movements rather than from a representation; (4) the preference for strategies rather than entities in explaining perceptual selection; and (5) a strong empirical approach leading to the rejection of overriding principles for perception.
Integration Of Visual Information Across Saccades
Authors: Hayhoe Mary M
Published: November 2023

One of the most important and also one of the most elusive issues in visual perception is the nature of the visual representations that span fixations. Many visual computations, such as perceiving the color or motion of a stimulus, can be accomplished within the time span of a single fixation. However, visual operations are normally embedded in the context of extended behavioral sequences. This means that many visual behaviors span several fixations. In the spatial domain, observers must maintain constancy of visual direction across different eye and head positions as a basis for coordinated actions. In the temporal domain, visual information acquired in one gaze position must be related in some way to the previous ones. Thus, some kind of internal model or representation of the environment, which persists across gaze positions, seems necessary to ensure coordinated movement. Our current understanding of the nature of this representation, however, is limited.
Scene Perception The World Through A Window
Authors: Intraub Helene
Published: November 2023

If photoreceptors coated our bodies instead of our retinas, we’d be able to see in all directions simultaneously—thus eliminating one of the fundamental mysteries of perception. Instead, the visual field is spatially limited, preventing us from ever seeing our surroundings all at once. Retinal inhomogeneity limits the view further—with the best visual acuity restricted to the tiny foveal region (only 2o of visual angle). In a sense, it as if the world is always viewed through a ‘‘window’’: an imperfect window, with graded clarity. Thus, movement is critical for scene perception; ballistic saccades shift the position of the foveae up to four times per second, and head movements rapidly bring new areas into view. How we come to experience a coherent representation of our surroundings based on these discrete, inhomogeneous samples is one of the mysteries of perception.
Hochberg And Inattentional Blindness
Authors: Mack Arien
Published: November 2023

Since at least the 1980s, there has been ample, compelling evidence of the importance of attention for perceptual awareness, and over a much, much longer period, philosophers and armchair psychologists as distant from each other as Aristotle and William James have recognized the inextricable link between attention and consciousness. We now even have civil laws acknowledging the link. It is the reason that in many places in this country it has become illegal to drive while talking on a cell phone and why, if we do, we may find ourselves running into something in the road that we failed to see because we were distracted. It therefore is somewhat surprising that, despite the widely acknowledged link between attention and consciousness or attention and perception, it was not until quite recently that it has become overwhelmingly clear that we actually neither perceive nor are conscious of the many things around if us we do not attend to them. It is as if we were blind or deaf to these things even though they may be highly visible and highly audible.
Piecemeal Perception and Hochberg’s Window Grouping Of Stimulus Elements Over Distances
Authors: Pomerantz James R
Published: November 2023

Julian Hochberg has always been one to take on the big questions in visual perception, and as a result, his reach of influence—including the range of people he has affected—has been long. For me, his most lasting influence is captured by one question that engaged him for years: Is there a spatial window in which perceptual organization occurs, particularly the organization governing the perception of form and of spatial layout? Hochberg argued that this window is small and that perception is principally a piecemeal affair rather than one based on global organization. Although there are cases where organization does seem to span large regions of visual space, recent evidence supports Hochberg’s contention.
Segmentation, Grouping, And Shape Some Hochbergian Questions
Authors: Kellman Philip J , Garrigan Patrick
Published: November 2023

It is a privilege to contribute a chapter to this volume honoring Julian Hochberg. Such a volume is deserved, and overdue, simply on the basis of Hochberg’s contributions as one of the great perception scientists of the 20th century. What many contributors to this volume have in common, however, goes beyond that. We have benefited from Hochberg’s gifts as a teacher and mentor. In the process that allows the questions, tools, and insights in a discipline to be handed off from one generation to another, he has had a special and profound influence on his students, not only from his one-on-one interactions with them but also as they have been able to observe his approach to scholarship and science.
Failure Criteria for Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

5.1 Introduction

Products should be designed and manufactured to function as intended, safely and reliably, for the prescribed design lifetime and, at the same time, to compete successfully in the marketplace. Any change in the size, shape, or material properties of a machine or machine part that renders it incapable of performing its intended functional requirements must be regarded as a mechanical failure. Failure of a machine or machine part to function properly might be brought about by any one, or a combination, of many different responses to loads and environments while in service. For example, too much deformation (robot arms) or too little elastic deformation (archery bow) might produce failure. Progression of a crack due to fluctuating loads might lead to failure after a period of time if resulting excessive deflection or fracture of the part interferes with proper function.
Machining and Joining of Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

9.1 Introduction

The use of fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials is being extended to machine components, such as robot structures and machine tools, to exploit the benefits of high specific stiffness and high damping, as well as low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of these materials. For this end, several machining processes such as cutting, drilling, and grinding operations, become necessary after molding the components, using different processes to produce accurate surfaces and holes to allow precision fitting into an assembly. Although a large database of machinability for various high-speed steel and carbide cutting tool materials exists for machining metals, much of the data cannot be applied directly to fiber-reinforced composite materials due to the toughness and abrasive nature of the fibers.
Dynamic and Fatigue Performances of Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

10.1 Introduction

Fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials are used in a wide variety of structural applications because they have high specific stiffness (stiffness/density), specific strength (strength/density), and damping characteristics. Due to these beneficial properties, they have been used for structural materials of aircraft and space vehicles. As low-cost manufacturing technologies and mass production methods for composite structures have been developed, the applications of composite materials to leisure sport goods and auto bodies are increasing.
Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

In 1597, Francis Bacon wrote, “Knowledge is power” (Bacon, 2002). Whereas philosophers traditionally pursued knowledge “for its own sake” or to develop their personalities, Bacon urged his readers to consider that knowledge has the power to transform the world. While Bacon focused on knowledge of technology and the transformation of nature, we should consider that knowledge is power in many other ways. On a societal level, advances in medical knowledge have led to higher standards of health and healing; advances in knowledge of engineering have led to better tools for work, communication, travel, and entertainment; and knowledge of various languages has brought access to the literature and discoveries of diverse cultures. Knowledge is also power for individuals. For example, knowledge of a profession may increase work opportunities and income with all of the benefits that brings; knowledge of a musical instrument can bring a sense of accomplishment and pleasure; knowledge of another person may enable love or friendship to develop. Without knowledge—of language, safe foods, and basic skills—human beings could not survive, much less thrive.
Women Candidates for Congress
Authors: Ondercin Heather L , Welch Susan
Published: November 2023

So few women have been elected to the U.S. House of Representatives over our history that authors Heather L. Ondercin and Susan Welch depict their victories as “electoral innovations.” Their investigation of the conditions under which women are likely to be candidates for and win seats in Congress reveals that, all else being equal, districts with women candidates tend to be those with open-seat opportunities, outside the South, and with a history of female candidates and representatives. Further, some of these results vary by party. For example, the South is less likely to elect Democratic women, but no less likely than other regions to elect Republican women. This suggests that the paths to elected office may differ for Democratic and Republican women. One of the ways that women’s representational status can be improved is for both parties to recruit and support women candidates.
Treatment and Recovery: A Close-Up of the Process
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

Some parents say they experienced shock and denial when their teen was first diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. “It was really out of the blue for us,” says the mother of a 16-yearold with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). “We knew something was wrong, but this was not what we had been expecting. None of us accepted it immediately—not me or my daughter or my husband. Speaking for myself, I had all these stereotypes in my head about the illness. I didn’t know enough about it, so I overreacted.”
Phylogeny and Taxonomy
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

Tiger beetle biology, distribution, and natural history are connected by studies of evolutionary relationships (phylogeny). Phylogenies are also important for a practical reason. Instead of randomly arranging tiger beetles in groups, the large number of species conveniently can be organized and categorized on the basis of their relatedness, and these groups can be given names (taxonomy). With an evolutionary basis that can be constantly tested and updated, everyone can communicate efficiently about the organisms by using a reliable and relatively uniform system of names (nomenclature) to discuss a genus, species, or population.
Introduction
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Over the past fifty years American society has been blessed (or burdened, depending on your point of view) with a steady stream of high-profile legal cases that offer both intrigue and entertainment. Looking back over the last several years, for example, the O. J. Simpson, Scott Peterson, and D.C. sniper murder trials and the Michael Jackson child molestation case have dominated the media from television and radio talk shows to newspapers from the New York Times to the National Enquirer. Much of the coverage and commentary is pure entertainment, with the public viewing the investigations and trials as ongoing soap operas. Still, some of these high-profile trials have been not only informative but also educational. Whether viewers follow the proceedings gavel-to-gavel or simply tune in to learn the latest developments, they often come away with a deeper appreciation of how our legal system works and how justice or injustice is done.
The Uss Iowa: Equivocating on Death
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Autopsies are conducted in cases where a person has died under suspicious circumstances and legal considerations dictate that a detailed medical examination be performed on the body to determine the exact cause of death. It has also been suggested that surviving family members have autopsies performed on their loved ones who have died—even if health insurance does not pay—because results from the procedure may be of considerable benefit to biological relatives.1 More specifically, autopsies can provide evidence of illnesses and other medical conditions that went undetected while the person was alive. Autopsy results may point to the need for screening or other preventive measures that surviving family members might need to take against serious medical conditions that have a strong genetic component.
Colin Ferguson a Fool For a Client?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

According to the old adage, “He who has himself for an attorney has a fool for a client.” While the folly of representing oneself legally, especially in court, has long been recognized, so too has the legal right to do so. The right to self-representation has a long history in Anglo-American jurisprudence. Prior to the establishment of colonial America, only one British tribunal had ever forced a defendant to be represented by anyone other than himself. That tribunal was the notorious sixteenthand seventeenth-century Star Chamber, which has since come to symbolize disregard for legal rights.
Daryl Atkins Mental Retardation, Decency, and the Death Penalty
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

By the time Daryl Atkins turned eighteen, his juvenile criminal record included over a dozen prior felonies, most of which involved larceny, burglary, and robbery without a firearm. His criminal career was all the more remarkable because it had not begun until he was fourteen years old and because by the age of nineteen, he was out of custody, living at home in Virginia with his parents, and still committing burglaries, robberies, and other serious crimes.
Michael Kantaras What Makes a Man a Man?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

As a very young child, Margot Kantaras felt more like a boy than a girl and came to consider herself a male despite her female body. Her parents even referred to her as their “son.”1 Growing up she engaged in typically male pursuits such as football, baseball, basketball, wrestling, and fishing. It was not until she was twenty-six years old, however, that Margot became aware of the possibility of physically becoming a male.
Blinded by the Death Penalty
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

Historian Douglas Hay has written that the death penalty was once “the climactic emotional point of the criminal law—the moment of terror around which the system revolved.”1 Although times have changed dramatically since 18th-century England, when some 200 crimes were punishable by death, this climactic emotional point still plays a central role in the administration of justice in our society. Moreover, our ambivalence about honestly and fully contemplating the “moment of terror” and everything that leads up to it often skews the way many of us talk and think about capital punishment, the way we study it, and the way our courts reason about it.
Frameworks of Misunderstanding
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops a theme that serves as an important backdrop for the chapters that follow: namely, that the mass media in our society play a central role in the creation of erroneous beliefs and preconceptions about crime and punishment that have real consequences for death penalty policies and practices. Given the ubiquity and power of the mass media in American society, it has become difficult to intelligently analyze any important public policy issue without some reflection on the potential influence of the media.1 As members of the public formulate their views of the death penalty—in their roles as citizens, voters, and jurors—they are especially likely to be affected by media messages about violent crime and capital punishment. This chapter explores some of the dimensions of that influence and sets the stage for the more data-based chapters that follow. It is admittedly more impressionistic than my subsequent discussion of the system of death sentencing, but it is no less important.
Structural Aggravation
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I examine some of the ways that the capital trial process itself helps to facilitate the death-sentencing process. Prospective jurors come to the courthouse already having been elaborately prepared to perform the lethal task that the state may ask them to undertake. Exposure to media misinformation, often frighteningly graphic images of stylized violence, and the narrow interpretive frames I discussed in chapters 2 and 3 have shaped many jurors’ expectations long before any evidence has been presented. And, as the last two chapters have made clear, death qualification ensures that capital jurors have been carefully selected on the basis of a stated willingness to impose the death penalty in whatever case they believe it is appropriate.
Condemning the Other
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

At the start of this book I noted that the various social psychological influences and effects that facilitated the death-sentencing process were cumulative—that is, that together they represented a procedural whole that was larger and more powerful than the sum of its individual parts. In this chapter I want to examine some of the ways in which those forces come together to affect whether a capital defendant is condemned to death. Although the social psychological processes that I have discussed to this point apply to death penalty trials in general, here I want to discuss an important subset of capital cases—ones in which defendants are African American. These cases have special historical significance, as I note later, and they illustrate the way in which the capital trial process can be further compromised by the pernicious influence of race-based animus.
Preparing for Greenland
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Greenland first attracted Europeans in 982 A.D. when Eric the Red found it thirty years after settling Iceland. Only 185 miles from Iceland, in clear weather Greenland is visible on the horizon by sailing only a short distance west from Iceland.Vikings found a coastline similar to Norway’s with large inlets and fjords but without forests. Soon settlers began to establish permanent residences. A milder climate existed at that time, and they were able to grow some food to supplement a diet of fish.
Alliances and America’s Grand Strategy
Authors: Menon Rajan
Published: November 2023

We are so habituated to the ideas and institutions linked to containment that they persist even though the problem that produced them, the challenge of Soviet expansion, has ceased to exist. Given that the majority of Americans now living were born during the cold war, it is worth keeping in mind that an alliance-driven policy began to guide America’s foreign relations only at a late stage in the country’s history. For 169 years, from the Declaration of Independence until the end of World War II, the United States avoided long-term alliances. The founders of the Republic and the generations that followed them would have been surprised to see that the United States had changed course. For them, foreswearing permanent alliances and entanglement in faraway conflicts had been article of faith and part of the American identity.
Explicit Judgments and Implicit Bias A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Killen Melanie , McGlothlin Heidi , Henning Alexandra
Published: November 2023

Recent work that integrates social and developmental psychology in the area of intergroup relationships has enabled researchers to discover and reveal new aspects of children’s, adolescents’, and adults’ intergroup attitudes, judgments, and behaviors that had previously not been documented or well understood. Drawing on different disciplines to further knowledge in a particular field requires us to learn how various constructs are measured and evaluated and to clarify terminology (Killen & McKown, 2005; Rutland, 2004). In this chapter we discuss the way in which different aspects of intergroup attitudes have been defined from various research traditions within developmental and social psychology, as well as the intersections and discrepancies between these approaches that continue to exist. We then describe our work on children’s and adolescents’ explicit judgments and intergroup biases using indirect measures, and we point out a number of issues that require further investigation. In this chapter we focus our discussion primarily on attitudes and biases about race and ethnicity (and to a lesser extent, gender). Although we have worked on a range of group membership categories (gender, nationality, religion), we concentrate more on race and ethnicity to provide a focal point for our discussion of the relationship between explicit judgments and implicit attitudes, a connection that has received the most extensive scrutiny in the literature.