bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient-reported outcome measures for life participation in peritoneal dialysis: a systematic review
Authors: Manera Karine E , Ju Angela , Baumgart Amanda , Hannan Elyssa , Qiao Wenjing , Howell Martin , Nataatmadja Melissa , Wilkie Martin , Loud Fiona , Schwartz Daniel , Hurst Helen , Jassal Sarbjit Vanita , Figueiredo Ana , Mehrotra Rajnish , Shen Jenny , Morton Rachael L , Moraes Thyago , Walker Rachael , Cheung Catherine , Farragher Janine F , Craig Jonathan , Johnson David W , Tong Allison
Published: September 2020

Background

Patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) endure an ongoing regimen of daily fluid exchanges and are at risk of potentially life-threatening complications and debilitating symptoms that can limit their ability to participate in life activities. The aim of the study was to identify the characteristics, content and psychometric properties of measures for life participation used in research in PD.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsychInfo, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to May 2020 for all studies that reported life participation in patients on PD. The characteristics, dimensions of life participation and psychometric properties of these measures were extracted and analyzed.

Results

Of the 301 studies included, 17 (6%) were randomized studies and 284 (94%) were nonrandomized studies. Forty-two different measures were used to assess life participation. Of these, 23 (55%) were used in only one study. Fifteen (36%) measures were specifically designed to assess life participation, while 27 (64%) measures assessed broader constructs, such as quality of life, but included questions on life participation. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form were the most frequently used measures [122 (41%) and 86 (29%) studies, respectively]. Eight (19%) measures had validation data to support their use in patients on PD.

Conclusions

The many measures currently used to assess life participation in patients receiving PD vary in their characteristics, content and validation. Further work to pilot and validate potential measures is required to establish a core patient-reported outcome measure to assess life participation in patients receiving PD.
Three-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Patients With Deep Brain Stimulators: Results From a Phantom Study and a Pilot Study in Patients
Authors: Davidson Benjamin , Tam Fred , Yang Benson , Meng Ying , Hamani Clement , Graham Simon J , Lipsman Nir
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a standard of care treatment for multiple neurologic disorders. Although 3-tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the gold-standard modality for structural and functional imaging, most centers refrain from 3T imaging in patients with DBS devices in place because of safety concerns. 3T MRI could be used not only for structural imaging, but also for functional MRI to study the effects of DBS on neurocircuitry and optimize programming.

OBJECTIVE

To use an anthropomorphic phantom design to perform temperature and voltage safety testing on an activated DBS device during 3T imaging.

METHODS

An anthropomorphic 3D-printed human phantom was constructed and used to perform temperature and voltage testing on a DBS device during 3T MRI. Based on the phantom assessment, a cohort study was conducted in which 6 human patients underwent MRI with their DBS device in an activated (ON) state.

RESULTS

During the phantom study, temperature rises were under 2°C during all sequences, with the DBS in both the deactivated and activated states. Radiofrequency pulses from the MRI appeared to modulate the electrical discharge from the DBS, resulting in slight fluctuations of voltage amplitude. Six human subjects underwent MRI with their DBS in an activated state without any serious adverse events. One patient experienced stimulation-related side effects during T1-MPRAGE scanning with the DBS in an ON state because of radiofrequency-induced modulation of voltage amplitude.

CONCLUSION

Following careful phantom-based safety testing, 3T structural and functional MRI can be safely performed in subjects with activated deep brain stimulators.
Supply Network Drivers of Risk and Performance
Authors: Bellamy Marcus A. , Osadchiy Nikolay
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews historical and contemporary research in economics, operations management, and finance that adopts a network perspective for modeling interactions between agents. It argues that incorporating extended network characteristics in the analysis can yield unique insights compared to the analysis done at the level of dyads or local neighborhoods. The chapter explains how new network-based models contribute to the academic debate and advance our understanding of supply network drivers of performance and risk. This includes a discussion on the structural configuration of a firm’s interconnected portfolio of upstream supplier and downstream customer relationships and its role in influencing financial and operational performance as well as its innovation.
NR4A Transcription Factor Family: Key Regulators of Memory Formation
Authors: Matheos Dina P. , Wood Marcelo A.
Published: September 2020

Memory formation is one of the most important functions of the brain regarding individual identity and survival, as well as propagation of a species. Decades of research at numerous levels has begun to elucidate the complex molecular, cellular, circuit, and brain-wide mechanisms underlying learning and memory. One of the key mechanisms involves gene expression required for changes in cellular structure and function, which ultimately give rise to long-lasting changes in behavior. Here, we review a unique transcription factor family, called the nuclear orphan receptor 4a (NR4A). The Nr4a gene family is involved in the development of the dopaminergic signaling system, and dynamically regulated in the adult brain with regard to memory formation. Intriguing results from studying how epigenetic mechanisms modulate synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation also highlight the pivotal role the Nr4a genes may have in pushing the boundaries of memory formation. We review the discovery of the Nr4a gene family, the complex nature of their activity in transcriptional regulation, and the evidence suggesting they may be one of the most important set of immediate early genes and transcription factors involved in memory, age-related memory impairments, and neurological disease related cognitive dysfunction.
Emotional Memory in the Human Brain
Authors: Faul Leonard , LaBar Kevin S.
Published: September 2020

Across a lifetime, people tend to remember some experiences better than others, and often these biases in memory are fueled by the emotions felt when initially encoding an event. The neuroscientific study of emotional memory has advanced considerably since researchers first detailed a critical role for the amygdala in enhancing memory consolidation for arousing experiences. It is now known that the influence of emotion on memory is both a more selective and multifaceted process than initially thought. Consequently, the neural mechanisms that govern emotional memory involve an expansive set of distributed connections between the amygdala and other medial temporal lobe structures, along with prefrontal and sensory regions, that interact with noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and glucocorticoid neuromodulatory systems to both enhance and impair items in memory. Recent neurocognitive models have detailed specific mechanisms to explain how and why the influence of emotion on memory is so varied, including arousal-based accounts for the selective consolidation of information based on stimulus priority, as well as top-down cognitive factors that moderate these effects. Still other lines of research consider the time-dependent influence of stress on memory, valence-based differences in neural recapitulation at retrieval, and the mechanisms of emotional memory modification over time. While appreciating these many known ways in which emotions influence different stages of memory processing, here we also identify gaps in the literature and present future directions to improve a neurobiological understanding of emotional memory processes.
Insights into Cognitive Disorders in Aging and Mental Illness: Molecular Influences on Circuits of the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Arnsten Amy
Published: September 2020

The newly evolved prefrontal cortex underlies our highest order cognitivewe functions yet is remarkably vulnerable to dysfunction in most mental disorders. The prefrontal cortex subserves working memory and top-down control, operations that are weakened in both cognitive and affective disorders. Prefrontal microcircuits contain extensive recurrent excitatory connections that allow representation of information in the absence of sensory stimulation, the foundation of abstract thought and goal-directed behavior. Basic research has discovered that the strength of these prefrontal cortical synaptic connections is governed by unique molecular mechanisms, where both neurotransmission and neuromodulation differ from those in classical circuits. These include exceptionally powerful regulation by the arousal systems, which magnify calcium-cAMP signaling to open or close ion channels near the synapse to rapidly alter synaptic strength, a process called Dynamic Network Connectivity. The magnification of intracellular calcium actions renders these synapses particularly vulnerable to degeneration in schizophrenia, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Operatic Canons and Repertories in Italy c. 1900
Authors: Toelle Jutta
Published: September 2020

This chapter outlines how a fundamental crisis arose in Italian opera houses by 1900, shaped by the focus on canonic repertory as it was defined by the leading theaters and music publishers. Planning of repertory became focused on specific kinds of operas—in effect a canonic typology—from which a work was chosen as appropriate to a specific season or social context. Eventually, this repertory came to be perceived as finite, establishing certain canonic types as standard choices for the organization of a theater’s repertory or a publisher’s list. The leading such framework took shape most significantly in Milan’s Teatro alla Scala, devised by publishers and glorified by key artists, most significantly the conductor Arturo Toscanini. This chapter is paired with Carlotta Sorba’s “Theaters, markets, and canonic implications in the Italian opera system, 1820–1880.”
Canons of Real and Imagined Opera
Authors: Walton Benjamin
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to South American cities to show how the notion of Italian opera as a canonic repertory began during the wars of independence in the early decades of the nineteenth century. Indeed, by the 1820s, touring operatic companies had established the Rossinian style as the seeming sound of republican modernity, though often offering only excerpts from the most popular works. The canonizing impulse proved strong even in periods where there were few performances. Variety became much greater during the 1830s, stimulating critics to lead in establishing particular tastes on a local level. Major operatic troupes arose in the 1850s to stage major works in both Buenos Aires and Montevideo, bringing an extraordinary flood of opera performances that established a canonic repertory that remained strong for the rest of the century. This chapter is paired with Karen Ahlquist’s “International opera in nineteenth-century New York: Core repertories and canonic values.”
Setting the Standard
Authors: White Kimberly
Published: September 2020

The individual and collective contributions and professional activities of singers had a significant effect on the programming, circulation, and status of operatic works in nineteenth-century France. In the past three decades, scholars engaged in research on performers have made significant strides in revealing, on the one hand, the collaboration of singers and their contributions to the works they performed and, on the other, the structure and dynamics of the operatic marketplace. This chapter explores the various ways in which singers influenced the shape of repertory through their individual choices, the institutional structures under which they worked, and the shifting patterns and places of performance. Indeed, nostalgia for the singers who “created” a role had an important function in the canonization process: the French expression créer un rôle (“create a role”) consciously elevated this activity and imbued it with authorial force. This chapter is paired with Hilary Poriss’s “Redefining the standard: Pauline Viardot and Gluck’s Orphée.”
Redefining the Standard
Authors: Poriss Hilary
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how a singer could “rescue” a work in canonic terms. Whereas Gluck’s Orphée et Eurydice (1774) had not been performed in Paris since 1833, Pauline Viardot took a key role in re-solidifying not only the opera but also Gluck’s reputation generally; by the same token, Gluck’s music, in turn, helped Viardot leave a legacy in the history of great singers. The new version of Orphée, premiered at the Théâtre-Lyrique on 18 November 1859, featured Viardot in the title role, a performance that stunned Parisian audiences and critics alike. While the scope of singers’ authority had diminished somewhat, important opportunities arose to shape a canon as it evolved and expanded, and Viardot certainly did so in the case of Gluck. This chapter is paired with Kimberly White’s “Setting the standard: Singers, theater practices, and the opera canon in nineteenth-century France.”
Regulating Medicines in the European Union
Authors: Mahalatchimy Aurélie
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes the framework for regulation of medicines in the European Union. The overall goal of this framework is to ensure that medicines are of good quality, safe, and effective with a positive benefit-risk ratio before accessing the European market to guarantee a high level of public health protection and European competitiveness. EU law regulates medicines all along the therapeutic chain with emphasis on bringing medicines to market and managing risks. The EU framework is complicated by the fact that both EU-level and Member State-level authorities have responsibility for regulation of medicines. Overall, EU law is dominant from clinical research to marketing authorization while national law is dominant for healthcare services and reimbursement issues. Each Member State has its own medicines regulatory authority, known as a “national competent authority.” As the chapter illustrates, responsibility for some aspects of the broader medicines regulatory framework falls to these national authorities. After defining medicines under EU law, this chapter presents the relevant legal frames and discussed the challenges raised regarding the regulatory pathways to bring medicines to market, their risk management along the medicines life cycle, the innovation and competition policies and rules that support the development of medicines, and the specific framework that exists for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products.
The Centrality of Ethics in Qualitative Practice
Authors: Traianou Anna
Published: September 2020

This chapter outlines and illustrates some of the main ethical issues that have received attention in the literature—such as minimization of harm, respect for individual autonomy, and the preservation of privacy. It then examines why research ethics has come to be treated by qualitative researchers as increasingly central to their work. Key factors include the rise of ethical regulation and the diversification of approaches to qualitative inquiry, with a tendency for some recent approaches to treat ethics as fundamental to its very nature. In the final part of the chapter, it is noted that there is an important sense in which ethical commitments are indeed central to research: Inquiry must be underpinned by epistemic values and phrónēsis that facilitate the production of knowledge. However, it is argued that the increasingly common tendency to make central those principles concerned with how the people being studied should be treated constitutes a form of moralism, this being characterized as the vice of overdoing morality. The chapter closes with an attempt to outline the proper role that research ethics ought to play in qualitative research.
Philosophical Approaches to Qualitative Research
Authors: Spencer Renée , Pryce Julia M. , Walsh Jill
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews some of the major overarching philosophical approaches to qualitative inquiry and includes some historical background for each approach. Taking a “big picture” view, the chapter discusses postpositivism, constructivism, critical theory, feminism, and queer theory and offers a brief history of these approaches; considers the ontological, epistemological, and axiological assumptions on which they rest; and details some of their distinguishing features. In the last section, attention is turned to the future, identifying three overarching, interrelated, and contested issues with which the field is being confronted and will be compelled to address as it moves forward: retaining the rich diversity that has defined the field, the articulation of recognizable standards for qualitative research, and the commensurability of differing approaches.
Applied Interpretive Approaches
Authors: Thorne Sally E.
Published: September 2020

In the applied world of the practice disciplines, the recognized limitations of conventional science have stimulated a lively and enthusiastic uptake of many of the qualitative research approaches generated over decades of social science scholarship. However, because of significant differences in the nature and motivation between the more theoretical and more applied fields, many applied scholars have been departing from established method to articulate approaches better suited to the questions of the applied world. This chapter considers the evolving relationship between the methods and their disciplinary origins and current trends in the direction of the applied interpretive qualitative research project. Interpretive description is used as a methodological case in point to illustrate the kinds of departures that applied approaches are taking from their ancestral roots as they begin to advance knowledge development within the practical and contextualized realities of their applied contexts.
The Grounded Theory Method
Authors: Bryant Antony
Published: September 2020

The term grounded theory was introduced to the research lexicon by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in the 1960s, particularly with the publication of The Discovery of Grounded Theory in 1967. The term itself is somewhat misleading since it does not refer to a theory per se but rather to a method that facilitates the development of new theoretical insights—grounded theories. In this chapter the method is outlined, together with some background to its appearance and subsequent developments. Some key aspects are demonstrated using brief examples and exercises. Later sections describe the main features, procedures, outputs, and evaluation criteria.
Critical Approaches to Qualitative Research
Authors: Bhavnani Kum-Kum , Chua Peter , Collins Dana
Published: September 2020

This chapter reflects on critical strategies in qualitative research. It examines the meanings and debates associated with the term critical, in particular, contrasting liberal and dialectical notions and practices in relation to social analysis and qualitative research. The chapter also explores how critical social research may be synonymous with critical ethnography in relation to issues of power, positionality, representation, and the production of situated knowledges. It uses Bhavnani’s framework to draw on Dana Collins’s research as a specific case to suggest how the notion of the critical relates to ethnographic research practices: ensuring feminist and queer accountability, resisting reinscription, and integrating lived experience.
Decolonizing Research Practice: Indigenous Methodologies, Aboriginal Methods, and Knowledge/Knowing
Authors: Evans Michael , Miller Adrian , Hutchinson Peter J. , Dingwall Carlene
Published: September 2020

Indigenous approaches to research are fundamentally rooted in the traditions and knowledge systems of indigenous peoples themselves, although indigenous methodologies and methods have become both systems for generating knowledge and ways of responding to the processes of colonization. Very specific indigenous methods emerge from language, culture, and worldview. This chapter describes two such indigenous research approaches drawn from the work of two indigenous scholars with their communities in Australia and Canada. Although creative and new, these approaches draw deeply from their communities and thus express and enact traditional knowledge systems in contemporary terms. This approach may result in more pertinent research, better take-up and dissemination of research results, and a general improvement in the situations of indigenous communities and peoples.
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Qualitative Research
Authors: Silver Christina , Lewins Ann F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the current state of technological support for qualitative research. Technological developments have enabled new forms of data and other analyses to be incorporated into qualitative work. The chapter focuses on technology and how it assists three main aspects of qualitative research: data collection, preparation, and/or transcription; bibliographic management and systematic literature reviews; and data management and analysis. The main body of the chapter discusses the functionality, role, and implications of computer-assisted qualitative data analysis tools. Three recent trends in computer assistance are emphasized: support for visual analysis, support for mixed methods approaches, and online solutions.
Evaluating Qualitative Research 2.0
Authors: Cho Jeasik , Trent Allen
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses a wide range of theories and practices related to the evaluation of qualitative research (EQR 2.0). First, five categories of EQR 2.0 are presented: (a) a general EQR category, (b) a “subtle-realist” category, (c) postcriteriology category, (d) an art-based research category, and (e) a postvalidity category. Second, evaluation strategies for EQR are offered by providing a variety of actual examples, including ones from mixed methods research. Third, the chapter discusses a path forward for EQR that includes both internal and external elements. The chapter concludes with a holistic view of EQR needed to collectively construct/confront inner and outer challenges to qualitative paradigms in the 21st century.
Creative Approaches to Writing Qualitative Research
Authors: Faulkner Sandra L. , Squillante Sheila
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses the use of creative writing forms and techniques in qualitative research writing. Paying attention to the aesthetics of writing qualitative work may help researchers achieve their goals. The chapter discusses research method, writing forms, voice, and style as they relate to the craft of creative writing in qualitative research. Researchers use creative writing to highlight the aesthetic in their work, as a form of data analysis, and/or as a qualitative research method. Qualitative researchers are asked to consider their research goals, their audience, and how form and structure will suit their research purpose(s) when considering the kind of creative writing to use in their qualitative writing.
Humanism and Enlightenment
Authors: Crosson J. Brent
Published: September 2020

Humanism and Enlightenment are words associated with the birth of rights-bearing Man. Yet this birth was accompanied by the rise of another Enlightenment concept: race. This chapter theorizes the effects of the twinned, contradictory birth of pseudo-biological human difference and “universal” Man. Starting in the Renaissance and concluding in the “posthuman” present, the chapter shows how conceptions of the human emerged from interactions between Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe. From the Enlightenment onward, theories of religion, politics, and culture have centered on contestations over the limits of this human. Rather than telling a linear narrative of Man–human–posthuman, such contests present an unfinished project that continues to this day.
Central America since the 1990s: Crime, Violence, and the Pursuit of Democracy
Authors: Wade Christine J.
Published: September 2020

Central America’s transitions to democracy and the end of civil wars in the 1990s brought the promise of peace, yet the region’s new democracies have struggled with epidemic levels of violence since the early 2000s. El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras are among the deadliest countries in the world. Even peaceful Costa Rica was plagued by drug trafficking and organized crime. While the political violence of the 1980s has largely been replaced by criminal violence, political violence remains a problem in some countries. Nicaragua, which escaped the homicide epidemics of its neighbors, experienced a wave of political violence in 2018 and 2019. I explore the causes of violence and insecurity in the region, attempts by regional governments to combat crime, and the impact of crime on citizens’ attitudes toward democracy.
Literature, Society, and Politics
Authors: Mackenbach Werner
Published: September 2020

The historiography of Central American literature from the early nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century, focusing on the relationships between literature, (literary) history, and the political field, especially within the context of projects centered on national construction, is essential. The approach here analyzes the different periods—or moments of change or transition—regarding the relations between politics, society, and culture from the perspective of historical change, concentrating on “microperiods” characterized by a paradigm shift with respect to the relationships between literature, history, politics and society: the nineteenth century (the post-independence moment); the late nineteenth/early twentieth century; the 1930s–1960s; the 1960s–1990s; and the end of the twentieth century/beginning of the twenty-first. A set of proposals aims at filling the gaps, developing the desiderata, and coping with the challenges in literary historiography in and about Central America at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Honduras
Authors: Euraque Dario A.
Published: September 2020

A fact of Honduran history after the 1840s is the structural weakness of the state as an organized political agent capable of administering a nationally defined territory, managing its constitutionally prescribed monopoly over security, and effectively addressing the most minimal aspects of the population’s economic and social welfare. Various factors explain this. A key problem has been Honduran elites’ lack of cohesion and enlightened commitment to their long-term interests among themselves and beyond their borders. Resorting to lethal violence to secure advantaged and corrupt access to state resources has been the result and norm, even to the detriment of elite unity and hegemony. This has often placed the state and country at the mercy of economic and military forces, local and international, that elites cannot control, and with which they have negotiated for short-term benefit and even personal survival, most often to the detriment of national interests, and Hondurans’ rudimentary well-being.
Marginalization, Assimilation, and Resurgence
Authors: Gabbert Wolfgang
Published: September 2020

While the end of colonial rule brought formal equality it did not end discrimination and marginalization of the indigenous population in independent Central America. Many suffered land loss and proletarianization in the emerging agricultural export economy. However, indigenous people were not mere victims of exploitation, displacement, and ladinization but played an often active role in Central American politics. Participation in the market economy and access to education fostered stratification within the indigenous population. The emergence of well-off and educated Indians and changes in international politics promoting multiculturalism contributed to the emergence of indigenous movements in recent decades. While some progress has been made concerning the recognition of cultural difference and autonomy, land rights are still a much disputed issue.
How Extraordinary Was the Arab Spring? Examining “Protest Potential” in the Muslim World
Authors: Livny Avital
Published: September 2020

Before the Arab Spring, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region was cited for its low levels of political mobilization, but recent events call for a more systematic study of “protest potential” in MENA and the broader Muslim world. Combining surveys from 141 countries, this chapter identifies a significant participation gap in Muslim-plurality countries: individuals living there are less likely to have participated in politics and are also less likely to self-report being willing to do so, a difference that holds across all demographic categories. After confirming the validity of retrospective and prospective self-reports using a survey of participants in Istanbul’s Gezi Park protests, the chapter explores the role of religion in the Muslim world’s participation gap: while Islam, as a doctrine, does not inhibit activism, certain forms of religiosity do undermine participation. In particular, private beliefs and practices limit protest potential in the Muslim world, while collective religious engagement bolsters it. The latter, the chapter argues, supports activism by helping address the collective action problem underlying mass politics.
Illicit Economies and Political Violence in Central Asia
Authors: Markowitz Lawrence P. , Omelicheva Mariya Y.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines low levels of terrorist violence in Muslim-majority societies. Studies of terrorism have tended to view the relationship between religion and violence through the narrow lens of security, thereby overpredicting the extent of terrorist violence across societies. After reviewing the various explanations for terrorist violence, and applying them to Central Asia, this chapter explores the conditions under which a state’s involvement in illicit economies—specifically its collusion in the drug trade—can dampen levels of terrorist violence. Combining quantitative analysis (including GIS-enabled tools) with a series of in-depth expert interviews conducted in Central Asia, it emphasizes the complex political economy of security that defines infrastructurally weak states, where political and security apparatuses are often immersed in informal and illicit economies. This approach helps uncover the complex links between religion and organized violence, where state apparatuses are often drawn into collaborative relationships with nonstate actors.
Ideologies, Brands, and Demographics in Muslim Southeast Asia“Voting for Islam”
Authors: Pepinsky Thomas
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews recent research on popular support for Islamic parties, focusing on Muslim Southeast Asia. It distinguishes among several different linkages between voters and political parties that generate votes for Islamic parties: religious ideology, party brand, and demographic association. Voters face choices among religious and nonreligious parties that bundle together various appeals, only some of which are directly tied to religion, and voters may vote for parties either out of policy concerns or as an expression of their identity. The central implication of this argument is that voting for an Islamic party is not always a vote for Islam, and voting for a non-Islamic party sometimes is. This warrants caution in interpreting popular support for religious parties as evidence of popular support for religious agendas. It also warrants caution in interpreting the success of non-Islamic parties as a defense against religious agendas. Using the cases of Indonesia and Malaysia to illustrate the challenges in inferring voter intentions from vote choices in multiparty electoral systems, the chapter outlines a research agenda that better embeds voter behavior in its sociological, historical, and institutional contexts.
Concepts and Definitions of Lifelong Learning
Authors: Hager Paul J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces key concepts, including lifelong education, lifelong learning, recurrent education, and the learning society, and outlines key issues that have shaped this field. Firstly, the origins and main understandings of lifelong learning and cognate concepts from the 1970s are discussed. Commonalities across these key concepts are highlighted, as are crucial differences that created conflicting understandings. A schema is presented to compare and classify different understandings of the concepts. Secondly, the resurgence of interest in lifelong learning from the 1990s onward is traced, and the reasons for it are discussed. These include economic competitiveness and globalization, as well as the more recent emphases on knowledge creation and the learning society. The rise to pre-eminence of the concept of lifelong learning has put an unprecedented focus on learning itself. However, diverse understandings about the nature of learning have fueled ongoing disagreements about the role and significance of lifelong learning. Some interpretations limit the scope of learning to the kinds characteristic of formal education systems. Others regard lifelong learning as covering all kinds of informal learning. These differing valuations underpin much of the ongoing disputes about lifelong learning. Thirdly, the emerging notion of the learning society is outlined and discussed. Debates around the learning society have produced new variants of four common criticisms leveled earlier at lifelong education and lifelong learning. The conceptual conflicts stimulated by the notion of the learning society continue the now familiar pattern of major disagreements that earlier marked the concepts of lifelong education and lifelong learning.
The Learning Way
Authors: Passarelli Angela M. , Kolb David A.
Published: September 2020

Lifelong learning requires the ability to learn from life experiences. This chapter describes the theory of experiential learning, whereby knowledge is generated from experience through a cycle of learning driven by the resolution of dual dialectics of action/reflection and experience/abstraction. The chapter provides an overview of stylistic preferences that arise from patterns of choosing among these modes of learning, as well as the spaces in which learning occurs. Movement through these modes and spaces links one experience to the next, creating a learning spiral that guides growth and development through a lifetime. Lifelong learning is also shaped by an individual’s learning identity, the extent to which one believes he or she can learn, and learning relationships, connections that promote movement through the learning spiral. Strategies for enhancing the learning process are provided for each of these topics.
Tolstoy
Authors: Emerson Caryl
Published: September 2020

This chapter surveys the paradoxes of Tolstoy’s religious worldview in five sections. The first section surveys the fiction: moments of grace in Tolstoy’s creative, aesthetically created worlds. The second is biographical, his so-called crisis years (1877–1885) and conversion to radical Christian anarchism, with its pivotal text What Then Must We Do? (1883–1886). The third is doctrinal: Tolstoy’s image of Jesus, whose assault on the Temple and ethically oriented parables are central to Tolstoy’s own rewriting and ‘harmonization’ of the Gospels. This discussion ends with the 1901 edict formally separating Tolstoy from the Russian Orthodox Church. The fourth section takes up Tolstoy’s 1886 treatise On Life (and its problematic vision of the afterlife). The conclusion briefly places Tolstoy among his fellow moral philosophers, especially Vladimir Soloviev, Vasily Zenkovsky, and Nicolas Berdyaev.
The Orthodox Church and Religious Life in Imperial Russia
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda
Published: September 2020

Russia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a multinational, multiconfessional empire, and the Orthodox Christian autocrats who ruled it could shape religious policy more forcefully than many of their European counterparts. Peter I’s Spiritual Regulation of 1721 and his replacement of the Patriarch with the Holy Synod, and Catherine II’s secularization of monasteries, are only the best-known examples. However, ecclesiastical structures (the liturgy, the legally required sacraments of confession and communion, legislation, monasteries, theological academies, Consistories, the Holy Synod) and individual actors apart from the sovereign (bishops, spiritual elders and eldresses, publishers and writers, priests, educated laypeople) provided a framework allowing both continuity and evolution in Russian Orthodox religious life. Church art, architecture, and music reflected religious trends, as did representations of religion in contemporary literature. For the non-Orthodox absorbed into the empire as a result of military conquests or diplomatic negotiations, these centuries marked a time of renegotiation with new state structures and policies and a new self-articulation, sometimes as a direct result of their contacts with Russian imperial authorities, and sometimes independently. Their collective interaction shaped Russian religious life.
Tradition in the Russian Theological World
Authors: Williams Rowan
Published: September 2020

Between the middle of the nineteenth century and the middle of the twentieth, Russian Christian thought developed a distinctive approach to the theology of tradition. Partly shaped by Romantic understandings of ‘participatory’ knowledge, but also utilizing some aspects of classical Orthodox ascetical theology, this view of tradition supported an Orthodox critique of both Western Catholic and Protestant theology and ecclesiology. Initially it was closely involved with the Slavophile ideal of organic community life and communal consciousness. In the hands of its foremost twentieth-century exponents (such as Florovsky and Lossky), it receives a more robust anchorage in patristic theology but is still bound up with a particular doctrine of the human person as relationally defined. The evolving model of tradition as ‘catholic consciousness’ is a good illustration of how Russian theology, both overtly and implicitly, creatively blends both an eclectic assortment of philosophical sources and a variety of traditional Eastern Christian categories of theological and spiritual analysis.
Psychotherapy in a Multicultural Society
Authors: Kizilhan Jan Ilhan
Published: September 2020

In the psychotherapeutic treatment of migrants from family-oriented societies, cultural identity and the role of the family are very significant. The different biographies mean that the family-oriented ideas of the first generation differ from those of the second and third generations in the strength of the cultural identity which they feel and the bonds which they have with traditional values. In addition to the effects of generation and cultural conflicts, any psychotherapeutic treatment of these groups is made more difficult by two further aspects: namely, language barriers and the different way of understanding illness and coping with it. The systemic perspective with a systematic involvement of the family in the treatment and use of family-oriented and cultural resources, including a full consideration of ethical aspects, are vital for an adequate therapy.
Ethical Issues in Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Corre Violette , Bhola Poornima , Trachsel Manuel
Published: September 2020

Psychotherapists treat vulnerable persons in the context of a particular patient–therapist relationship in which the most serious and sensitive topics of human existence are talked about. In conducting psychotherapy research, it can be a challenge to align the ethical prerequisites of practicing psychotherapy with the particular methodological requirements for meaningful studies. In the present contribution, the authors discuss the following topics in the context of psychotherapy research ethics based on current guidelines and a narrative review of the literature: study designs, the process of informed consent to research, confidentiality, different cultural paradigms, Internet-based research, and the role of research ethics committees.
Psychotherapy Ethics in Twentieth-Century Literature
Authors: Elsner Anna Magdalena
Published: September 2020

Ethical issues arising in the practice of psychotherapy, such as confidentiality, boundaries in the therapeutic relationship, and informed consent, figure prominently in a range of twentieth-century literary texts that portray psychotherapy. This chapter analyzes the portrayal of these conflicts, but also stresses that they are often marginal to the overall plot structures of these narratives and that literary depictions of psychotherapy are often vague or even inaccurate concerning key characteristics of psychotherapeutic practice. Focusing on examples that either illustrate professionalism and the absence of ethical challenges in psychotherapy, or take up the ethical reservations that fueled anti-Freudianism or the anti-psychiatry movement, the chapter proposes that selected literary depictions of psychotherapy can play a key role in sensitizing therapists to the complex make-up of ethical dilemmas as well as illustrating the cultural and historical contexts of these dilemmas.
How Do People Make Moral Medical Decisions?
Authors: Gilmore-Szott Eleanor , Cunningham Thomas V.
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes moral decision making in clinical relationships that occur in psychotherapy. This chapter is broken into four sections. Following an introduction, the second section covers the contributions made by bioethics to healthcare decision making, specifically, the historical, legal, policy making, and scholarly background underlying moral choice, which culminate in the concept of informed consent. The next section then canvases the contemporary landscape of ethical decision making by focusing on the important concept of decisional capacity and empirical approaches for evaluating and supporting the capacity to make ethical decisions through improvements in health literacy, values clarification, and shared decision making. The fourth section provides a detailed case analysis to demonstrate the numerous challenges that come with applying frameworks of moral medical decision making to actual psychotherapeutic practice and means for resolving those challenges using concepts defined throughout the chapter.
The Influence of Expertise on Aesthetics
Authors: Kozbelt Aaron
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews how expertise impacts aesthetic experience and cognition. It first lays out some well-established methods and findings from the extensive research literature on expertise and expert performance and discusses how these relate to empirical aesthetics. Next, it describes general psychological mechanisms and models of aesthetic processing, emphasizing the potential role of expertise in modulating aesthetic cognition within such models. Since expertise is highly domain-specific, the chapter then proceeds sequentially through a range of aesthetic domains: visual art, design, architecture, photography, music, dance, writing, acting, and film. In each case, behavioral measures (self-report and performance indices) and neuroscientific findings are considered where available. When possible, the chapter discusses not only aesthetic response but also performance and creativity as aspects vital for understanding expertise and its effects in aesthetic domains. After reviewing the aforementioned domains individually, the concluding section attempts to integrate these points by highlighting consistent patterns of results and by briefly considering a few unresolved conceptual issues.
Religion and Political Parties
Authors: Walker Graham
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the ways that religion has been a significant factor in Scottish politics in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It examines the decades-long identification with the Labour Party on the part of the Catholic community, and the dramatic shift in Catholic allegiance to the SNP in more recent times. The chapter also considers the ways in which Protestant identity has related to party politics in Scotland. It discusses the political significance of Scottish society’s increasingly multifaith and ‘no faith’ character and argues that religion is tied up, if ambiguously, with contemporary cleavages over the question of Scotland’s constitutional future.
The Civil Service and Government Structures
Authors: Parry Richard
Published: September 2020

Theories of intergovernmental relations and public bureaucracy might predict that the civil service of the Scottish Government would be an independent political resource for the devolved system, exercised within a distinctive institutional pattern. Neither is quite the case, because both the officials and their structures derive from UK norms and models. Scottish civil servants are managerially part of the British Home Civil Service and the framework of appointment, pay, and relations with politicians is set from London. Government structures follow UK classification protocols based on funding and policy control, and do not offer novel hybrid models for conducting public business. Themes of integration, regionalization, and centralization have been evident, reflecting the weak policy and financial capacity of local government and the attraction of all-Scotland bodies in some functions. Lack of controversy, visibility, and distinctiveness on these issues is in itself a notable aspect of devolution. It proved an area of resilience in the 2014 independence referendum, when Scottish officials used UK protocols about exclusive loyalty to their own devolved ministers to resist accusations of partiality to either side.
The Leadership and Management of Public Services Reform in Scotland
Authors: Connolly John , Pyper Robert
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of key developments in public services reform since the SNP came to power in Scotland in 2007. Drawing on the public value leadership and network governance literature, the chapter argues that the combination of an outcomes-focused approach (pursued via the SNP Government’s National Performance Framework), a commitment to an ‘empowerment agenda’, together with the challenges of national ‘policy distraction’ towards constitutional matters have served to undermine attempts to engender national public value leadership within a network governance context. The chapter draws on interviews with public sector actors and a range of policy documents and academic commentaries. It concludes by identifying opportunities for establishing co-ordinated leadership structures and highlights the political, constitutional, and public finance challenges that need to be addressed in this context. The article identifies key governance lessons for devolved polities based on the Scottish case.