bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epithelia, an Evolutionary Novelty of Metazoans
Authors: Leys Sally P. , Riesgo Ana
Published: November 2011

At the point in animal evolution when cells began to adhere to each other they presumably initially functioned as colonies. The formation of an epithelium that enclosed and controlled an internal milieu would have been the first event to distinguish an individual animal from a colony. To better understand when the first epithelium arose and what its characteristics were, we evaluate the morphological, functional, and molecular characters of epithelia in sponges, considered here the extant representatives of the first metazoans. In particular, we show new claudin‐like sequences from sponges align most closely with sequences from Drosophila that have a barrier function in septate junctions. We also show that type IV collagen, the main component of the basement membrane (BM), is present in calcareous sponges, and we confirm the presence of type IV‐like collagen (spongin short chain collagen) in other sponges. Though in sponges as in other metazoans the epithelium has grades of specialization with varying complexity of junctions and the BM, the main character of a functional epithelium, the ability to seal and control the ionic composition of the internal milieu, is a property of even the simplest sponge epithelium, and therefore the first metazoans likely also had epithelia with these characteristics, which we consider a “true” epithelium. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 318B:438–447, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: Usefulness of peritumoral hypointensity seen on gadoxetate disodium‐enhanced hepatobiliary phase images
Authors: Kim Kyung Ah , Kim Myeong‐Jin , Jeon Hyae Min , Kim Kyung Sik , Choi Jin‐Sub , Ahn Sang Hoon , Cha Soon Joo , Chung Young Eun
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To determine whether peritumoral hypointensity seen on hepatobiliary phase images of preoperative gadoxetate disodium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (EOB‐MRI) is useful for predicting microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and Methods:

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. In all, 104 HCC masses in 104 patients who had undergone EOB‐MRI and liver surgery within 1 month after EOB‐MRI were evaluated. Two radiologists independently recorded the presence of a peritumoral hypointensity on hepatobiliary phase. Interobserver agreement was assessed and consensus records were used. Tumor size was measured. A chi‐square test and independent t‐test were used for univariate analysis. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine factors for predicting microvascular invasion. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of peritumoral hypointensity were calculated.

Results:

Sixty HCCs had microvascular invasion and 44 did not. Interobserver agreement in determining peritumoral hypointensity was excellent (κ = 0.83). By univariate analysis, peritumoral hypointensity and tumor size were significant for predicting microvascular invasion of HCC. On multiple logistic regression analysis, only peritumoral hypointensity was significant in predicting microvascular invasion of HCC (P = 0.013). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of peritumoral hypointensity were 38.3%, 93.2%, 88.5%, and 52.6%, respectively.

Conclusion:

Peritumoral hypointensity on the hepatobiliary phase of EOB‐MRI is not sensitive but has high specificity for predicting microvascular invasion of HCC. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:629‐634. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transplant‐mediated repair properties of rat olfactory mucosal OM‐I and OM‐II sphere‐forming cells
Authors: Toft Andrew , Tomé Mercedes , Lindsay Susan L. , Barnett Susan C. , Riddell John S.
Published: November 2011

Olfactory mucosa is a source of cells for transplant‐mediated repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) and is currently being assessed in clinical trials. We previously reported that olfactory mucosa can generate two types of sphere‐forming cells with stem cell‐like properties. Here we have assessed the repair potential of these cells in a rodent SCI model. Sphere‐forming cells transplanted into a dorsal column injury integrated with the host spinal cord, filling the injury cavity, but showed no evidence of differentiation in vivo. Moreover, transplants supported robust axonal regeneration, particularly when suspensions of smaller spheres, rather than large aggregates, were transplanted. However, tract‐tracing of dorsal column fibers showed that regenerating axons did not extend beyond the transplant. These observations show that undifferentiated olfactory spheres, though capable of supporting axonal regeneration, do not show any advantage over olfactory ensheathing cells isolated from adult olfactory tissue. In addition, olfactory spheres induced a greater astrocytic hypertrophy at the injury site than previously observed for purified olfactory ensheathing cells. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term oral administration of glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate reduces destruction of cartilage and up‐regulation of MMP‐3 mRNA in a model of spontaneous osteoarthritis in Hartley guinea pigs
Authors: Taniguchi Shin , Ryu Junnosuke , Seki Masayuki , Sumino Takanobu , Tokuhashi Yasuaki , Esumi Mariko
Published: November 2011

Histological and molecular changes were examined to investigate the effects of long‐term administration of glucosamine (GlcN) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in a model of spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) in Hartley guinea pigs. Three groups of female 3‐week‐old Hartley guinea pigs received GlcN, CS, and neither agent, respectively. Five animals in each group were sacrificed at 8, 12, and 18 months of age. At 8 months of age, Hartley guinea pigs had severe degeneration of knee joint cartilage, chondrocyte apoptosis, marked reduction of tissue total RNA, decreases of aggrecan and collagen type 2 mRNAs, and increases in MMP‐3 and MMP‐8 mRNAs. Long‐term administration of GlcN and CS reduced cartilage degeneration at 8 months of age. The marked loss of total RNA and the increase in MMP‐3 mRNA were also inhibited by GlcN and CS. Thus, long‐term oral administration of GlcN or CS inhibits OA progression, maintains total RNA and down‐regulates MMP‐3 mRNA in a spontaneous OA model in Hartley guinea pigs. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:673–678, 2012
Adjuvant imatinib therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Pisters Peter W.T. , Colombo Chiara
Published: November 2011

Surgery is the standard of care for primary resectable gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), but half of surgically treated patients relapse. Imatinib (IM) has been shown to prolong recurrence‐free survival after complete surgery and is now approved as adjuvant therapy (400 mg/day) for high‐risk GIST patients. IM is well tolerated, with mild to moderate side effects observed. Whether adjuvant IM prolongs overall survival is under evaluation in two ongoing clinical trials. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:896–900. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New and old NMR experiments for the resonance assignment of complex oligosaccharides—application to a cyclodextrin derivative
Authors: Plainchont B. , Martinez A. , Tisse S. , Bouillon J.‐P. , Pilard F. , Wieruszeski J.‐M. , Lippens G. , Jeannerat D. , Nuzillard J.‐M.
Published: November 2011

The complete assignment of the 1H and 13C sugar resonances in mono‐3,6‐anhydro‐heptakis(2,3‐O‐methyl)‐hexakis(6‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin, an asymmetrically functionalized β‐cyclodextrin, was carried out by means of 2D NMR experiments. The TOCSY and the homonuclear multiple relay COSY spectra provided most of the 1H assignments. The multiplicity edited HSQC and a set of F1 selective HSQC‐TOCSY and multiple relay HSQC‐COSY spectra gave access to most of the 13C chemical shifts. The latter were fully and accurately determined by means of a pair of complementary, highly folded HSQC‐TOCSY spectra. The TOCSY‐ROESY and ROESY‐TOCSY spectra yielded the sequential assignment of the sugar units. A high resolution F1 selective F1 decoupled version of the TOCSY‐ROESY experiment was recorded. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low MAD2 expression levels associate with reduced progression‐free survival in patients with high‐grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Furlong Fiona , Fitzpatrick Patricia , O'Toole Sharon , Phelan Sine , McGrogan Barbara , Maguire Aoife , O'Grady Anthony , Gallagher Michael , Prencipe Maria , McGoldrick Aloysius , McGettigan Paul , Brennan Donal , Sheils Orla , Martin Cara , W Kay Elaine , O'Leary John , McCann Amanda
Published: November 2011

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has an innate susceptibility to become chemoresistant. Up to 30% of patients do not respond to conventional chemotherapy [paclitaxel (Taxol®) in combination with carboplatin] and, of those who have an initial response, many patients relapse. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular chemotherapeutic responses in EOC cells has the potential to impact significantly on patient outcome. The mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2), is a centrally important mediator of the cellular response to paclitaxel. MAD2 immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 82 high‐grade serous EOC samples. A multivariate Cox regression analysis of nuclear MAD2 IHC intensity adjusting for stage, tumour grade and optimum surgical debulking revealed that low MAD2 IHC staining intensity was significantly associated with reduced progression‐free survival (PFS) (p = 0.0003), with a hazard ratio of 4.689. The in vitro analyses of five ovarian cancer cell lines demonstrated that cells with low MAD2 expression were less sensitive to paclitaxel. Furthermore, paclitaxel‐induced activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and apoptotic cell death was abrogated in cells transfected with MAD2 siRNA. In silico analysis identified a miR‐433 binding domain in the MAD2 3′ UTR, which was verified in a series of experiments. Firstly, MAD2 protein expression levels were down‐regulated in pre‐miR‐433 transfected A2780 cells. Secondly, pre‐miR‐433 suppressed the activity of a reporter construct containing the 3′‐UTR of MAD2. Thirdly, blocking miR‐433 binding to the MAD2 3′ UTR protected MAD2 from miR‐433 induced protein down‐regulation. Importantly, reduced MAD2 protein expression in pre‐miR‐433‐transfected A2780 cells rendered these cells less sensitive to paclitaxel. In conclusion, loss of MAD2 protein expression results in increased resistance to paclitaxel in EOC cells. Measuring MAD2 IHC staining intensity may predict paclitaxel responses in women presenting with high‐grade serous EOC. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical conductivity studies on water‐soluble polypyrrole–graphene oxide composites
Authors: Basavaraja C. , Kim Won Jung , Thinh P.X. , Huh Do Sung
Published: November 2011

Polypyrrole (PPy)–graphene oxide (GO) composites are synthesized via a soft‐chemical in situ method at different GO concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) and with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the oxidant. The synthesized composites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet‐visible light (UV–vis) spectroscopic studies, and their surface properties were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Characterization and surface morphology results indicate that PPy is adsorbed onto the graphene surfaces and/or fills the GO sheets. The temperature‐dependent DC conductivity of the polymer composite films in the 300–500 K range indicates a semiconducting behavior with increasing GO concentration in the PPy polymer. Based on morphological and conductivity studies, the large surface area and high aspect ratio of the in situ‐generated GO may have played an important role in the noticeable improvement in the electrical conductivity of the prepared composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
A study on the crosslink network evolution of nitrile butadiene rubber reinforced by in situ zinc dimethacrylate
Authors: Xu Chuanhui , Chen Yukun , Wang Yanpeng , Zeng Xingrong
Published: November 2011

In this article, we study the evolution of networks based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) which is reinforced by in situ zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) during curing. The crosslink density of the composites cured for different time was evaluated by equilibrium swelling experiments. The curing process was analyzed by using a UR‐2030 Rotorless Rheometer. Mechanical properties of the composites cured for different time were also used to evaluate the evolution of the networks. The results reveal that the covalent crosslinked network of NBR is formed rapidly in the early curing stage while the ionic crosslinks grow gradually during the whole curing process. The ionic crosslinks affect much more on the mechanical properties and make the composite easier to achieve inextensibility limit of the network. A sketch for formation of the NBR/ZDMA network was proposed in the last part of this article. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Environment‐dependent long‐range structural distortion in a temperature‐sensitive point mutant
Authors: Carey Jannette , Benoff Brian , Harish Balasubramanian , Yuan Lara , Lawson Catherine L.
Published: November 2011

Extensive environment‐dependent rearrangement of the helix‐turn‐helix DNA recognition region and adjacent L‐tryptophan binding pocket is reported in the crystal structure of dimeric E. coli trp aporepressor with point mutation Leu75Phe. In one of two subunits, the eight residues immediately C‐terminal to the mutation are shifted forward in helical register by three positions, and the five following residues form an extrahelical loop accommodating the register shift. In contrast, the second subunit has wildtype‐like conformation, as do both subunits in an isomorphous wildtype control structure. Treated together as an ensemble pair, the distorted and wildtype‐like conformations of the mutant apoprotein agree more fully than either conformation alone with previously reported NOE measurements, and account more completely for its diverse biochemical and biophysical properties. The register‐shifted segment Ile79‐Ala80‐Thr81‐Ile82‐Thr83 is helical in both conformations despite low helical propensity, suggesting an important structural role for the steric constraints imposed by β‐branched residues in helical conformation.
Roles of the N‐ and C‐terminal sequences in Hsp27 self‐association and chaperone activity
Authors: Lelj‐Garolla Barbara , Mauk A. Grant
Published: November 2011

The small heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27 or HSPB1) is an oligomeric molecular chaperone in vitro that is associated with several neuromuscular, neurological, and neoplastic diseases. Although aspects of Hsp27 biology are increasingly well known, understanding of the structural basis for these involvements or of the functional properties of the protein remains limited. As all 11 human small heat shock proteins (sHsps) possess an α‐crystallin domain, their varied functional and physiological characteristics must arise from contributions of their nonconserved sequences. To evaluate the role of two such sequences in Hsp27, we have studied three Hsp27 truncation variants to assess the functional contributions of the nonconserved N‐ and C‐terminal sequences. The N‐terminal variants Δ1–14 and Δ1–24 exhibit little chaperone activity, somewhat slower but temperature‐dependent subunit exchange kinetics, and temperature‐independent self‐association with formation of smaller oligomers than wild‐type Hsp27. The C‐terminal truncation variants exhibit chaperone activity at 40 °C but none at 20 °C, limited subunit exchange, and temperature‐independent self‐association with an oligomer distribution at 40 °C that is very similar to that of wild‐type Hsp27. We conclude that more of the N‐terminal sequence than simply the WPDF domain is essential in the formation of larger, native‐like oligomers after binding of substrate and/or in binding of Hsp27 to unfolding peptides. On the other hand, the intrinsically flexible C‐terminal region drives subunit exchange and thermally‐induced unfolding, both of which are essential to chaperone activity at low temperature and are linked to the temperature dependence of Hsp27 self‐association.
A conserved interaction with the chromophore of fluorescent proteins
Authors: Choudhary Amit , Kamer Kimberli J. , Raines Ronald T.
Published: November 2011

The chromophore of fluorescent proteins, including the green fluorescent protein (GFP), contains a highly conjugated imidazolidinone ring. In many fluorescent proteins, the carbonyl group of the imidazolidinone ring engages in a hydrogen bond with the side chain of an arginine residue. Prior studies have indicated that such an electrophilic carbonyl group in a protein often accepts electron density from a main‐chain oxygen. A survey of high‐resolution structures of fluorescent proteins indicates that electron lone pairs of a main‐chain oxygen—Thr62 in GFP—donate electron density into an antibonding orbital of the imidazolidinone carbonyl group. This n→π* electron delocalization prevents structural distortion during chromophore excitation that could otherwise lead to fluorescence quenching. In addition, this interaction is present in on‐pathway intermediates leading to the chromophore, and thus could direct its biogenesis. Accordingly, this n→π* interaction merits inclusion in computational and photophysical analyses of the chromophore, and in speculations about the molecular evolution of fluorescent proteins.
CONTSOR—A new knowledge‐based fold recognition potential, based on side chain orientation and contacts between residue terminal groups
Authors: Vishnepolsky Boris , Pirtskhalava Malak
Published: November 2011

Recognizing the structural similarity without significant sequence identity (fold recognition) is an effective method for protein structure prediction. Previously, we developed a fold recognition potential called SORDIS, which incorporated side chain orientation in relation to hydrophobic core centers, distance of the residues from the protein globule center and secondary structure terms. But this potential does not include terms, based on close contacts between residues. In this paper a new fold recognition potential CONTSOR was presented, which based on SORDIS terms and the term, based on contacts between amino acid terminal groups. The performance of this potential was evaluated on SABmark benchmark for alignment accuracy and on SABmark and Lindahl benchmarks for fold recognition. The results show that CONTSOR has the best performance among other potentials on SABmark benchmark both for alignment accuracy and fold recognition and one of the best performances on Lindahl benchmark. CONTSOR software package is available for download at http://www.lifescience.org.ge/downloads/contsor.zip.
An iterative self‐refining and self‐evaluating approach for protein model quality estimation
Authors: Wang Zheng , Cheng Jianlin
Published: November 2011

Evaluating or predicting the quality of protein models (i.e., predicted protein tertiary structures) without knowing their native structures is important for selecting and appropriately using protein models. We describe an iterative approach that improves the performances of protein Model Quality Assurance Programs (MQAPs). Given the initial quality scores of a list of models assigned by a MQAP, the method iteratively refines the scores until the ranking of the models does not change. We applied the method to the model quality assessment data generated by 30 MQAPs during the Eighth Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction. To various degrees, our method increased the average correlation between predicted and real quality scores of 25 out of 30 MQAPs and reduced the average loss (i.e., the difference between the top ranked model and the best model) for 28 MQAPs. Particularly, for MQAPs with low average correlations (<0.4), the correlation can be increased by several times. Similar experiments conducted on the CASP9 MQAPs also demonstrated the effectiveness of the method. Our method is a hybrid method that combines the original method of a MQAP and the pair‐wise comparison clustering method. It can achieve a high accuracy similar to a full pair‐wise clustering method, but with much less computation time when evaluating hundreds of models. Furthermore, without knowing native structures, the iterative refining method can evaluate the performance of a MQAP by analyzing its model quality predictions.
TREATING FLOODPLAIN LAKES OF LARGE RIVERS AS STUDY UNITS FOR VARIABLES THAT VARY WITHIN LAKES; AN EVALUATION USING CHLOROPHYLL A AND INORGANIC SUSPENDED SOLIDS DATA FROM FLOODPLAIN LAKES OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER
Authors: Gray B. R. , Rogala J. R. , Houser J. N.
Published: November 2011

Contiguous floodplain lakes (‘lakes’) have historically been used as study units for comparative studies of limnological variables that vary within lakes. The hierarchical nature of these studies implies that study variables may be correlated within lakes and that covariate associations may differ not only among lakes but also by spatial scale. We evaluated the utility of treating lakes as study units for limnological variables that vary within lakes based on the criteria of important levels of among‐lake variation in study variables and the observation of covariate associations that vary among lakes. These concerns were selected, respectively, to ensure that lake signatures were distinguishable from within‐lake variation and that lake‐scale effects on covariate associations might provide inferences not available by ignoring those effects. Study data represented chlorophyll a (CHL) and inorganic suspended solids (ISS) data from lakes within three reaches of the Upper Mississippi River. Sampling occurred in summer from 1993 through 2005 (except 2003); numbers of lakes per reach varied from 7 to 19, and median lake area varied from 53 to 101 ha. CHL and ISS levels were modelled linearly, with lake, year and lake × year effects treated as random. For all reaches, the proportions of variation in CHL and ISS attributable to differences among lakes (including lake and lake × year effects) were substantial (range: 18%–73%). Finally, among‐lake variation in CHL and ISS was strongly associated with covariates and covariate effects that varied by lakes or lake‐years (including with vegetation levels and, for CHL, log(ISS)). These findings demonstrate the utility of treating floodplain lakes as study units for the study of limnological variables and the importance of addressing hierarchy within study designs when making inferences from data collected within floodplain lakes. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Incidence of Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules Determined to be Follicular Lesions of Undetermined Significance on Fine‐Needle Aspiration
Authors: Teixeira Gilberto V. , Chikota Horacio , Teixeira Thiago , Manfro Gabriel , Pai Sara I. , Tufano Ralph P.
Published: November 2011

Background

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) for thyroid nodules is the most important method for determining a diagnosis. The system for reporting results is based on a cytopathologic classification that stratifies the risk of malignancy.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 197 patients who underwent FNA for diagnostic evaluation of a thyroid nodule and had their results reported as a follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) using the Bethesda classification system. The objective of the study was to analyze the incidence and histopathologic types of malignancy in these cases.

Results

The final histopathologic breakdown is as follows: 65 cases (32.9%) of follicular adenoma, 81 cases (41.1%) of microfollicular adenomatoid nodule, 19 cases (9.6%) of microfollicular adenomatoid nodule on the background of thyroiditis, 17 cases (8.6%) of follicular carcinoma, 9 cases (4.6%) of follicular variant papillary carcinoma, and 6 cases (3.1%) of classic papillary carcinoma, for a 16.2% incidence of malignancy. Beyond these diagnoses in the FNA‐biopsied nodules, we observed 29 cases (14.7%) of incidental ipsilateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTM) and 13 cases (6.6%) of incidental contralateral thyroid lobe PTM.

Conclusions

This study observed a 16.2% incidence of thyroid cancer in the nodule designated FLUS compared to the 5 to 15% rate reported by the Bethesda FNA classification. The overall incidence of incidental PTM in the thyroid gland was 21.3%. These data support considering surgical intervention for at least diagnostic purposes in a patient with the FNAB diagnosis of FLUS.
The closer the sportier? Children’s sports activity and their distance to sports facilities
Authors: Steinmayr Andreas , Felfe Christina , Lechner Michael
Published: November 2011

We investigate whether the distance between the next sports facilities and children’s homes matter for their sports activities inside and outside of sports clubs. Our analysis is based on a large and informative cross-section of individual data on children and their families, the so-called German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents data. We use a semiparametric econometric method to investigate this relationship empirically. Our results suggest that while the distance does not matter in larger towns and cities, it does matter in smaller towns and in particular on the countryside.
Changing Radiation Dose from Diagnostic Computed Tomography Examinations in Saskatchewan
Authors: Dumaine Chance S. , Leswick David A. , Fladeland Derek A. , Lim Hyun J. , Toews Lori J.
Published: November 2011

Purpose

Follow-up study to observe if provincial mean effective radiation dose for head, chest, and abdomen-pelvis (AP) computed tomographies (CTs) remained stable or changed since the initial 2006 survey.

Methods

Data were collected in July 2008 from Saskatchewan's 13 diagnostic CT scanners of 3358 CT examinations. These data included the number of scan phases and projected dose length product (DLP). Technologists compared projected DLP with 2006 reference data before scanning. Projected DLP was converted to effective dose (ED) for each head, chest, and AP CT. The total dose that the patients received with scans of multiple body parts at the same visit also was determined.

Results

The mean (± SD) provincial ED was 3.4 ± 1.6 mSv for 1023 head scans (2.7 ± 1.6 mSv in 2006), 9.6 ± 4.8 mSv for 588 chest scans (11.3 ± 8.9 mSv in 2006), and 16.1 ± 9.9 mSv for 983 AP scans (15.5 ± 10.0 mSv in 2006). Single-phase multidetector row CT ED decreased by 31% for chest scans (9.5 ± 3.9 mSv vs 13.7 ± 9.7 mSv in 2006) and 17% for AP scans (13.9 ± 6.0 mSv vs 16.8 ± 10.6 mSv in 2006) and increased by 19% for head scans (3.2 ± 1.2 mSv vs 2.7 ± 1.5 mSv in 2006). The total patient dose was highest (33.8 ± 10.1 mSv) for the 20 patients who received head, neck, chest, and AP scans during a single visit. Because of increased utilisation and the increased CT head dose, Saskatchewan per capital radiation dose from CT increased by 21% between 2006 and 2008 (1.14 vs 1.38 mSv/person per year).

Conclusion

Significant dose and variation reduction was seen for single-phase CT chest and AP examinations between 2006 and 2008, whereas CT head dose increased over the same interval. These changes, combined with increased utilisation, resulted in per capita increase in radiation dose from CT between the 2 studies.
Collective Action with Uncertain Payoffs: Coordination, Public Signals, and Punishment Dilemmas
Authors: SHADMEHR MEHDI , BERNHARDT DAN
Published: November 2011

How can one analyze collective action in protests or revolutions when individuals are uncertain about the relative payoffs of the status quo and revolution? We model a “calculus of protest” of individuals who must either submit to the status quo or support revolt based only on personal information about their payoffs. In deciding whether to revolt, the citizen must infer both the benefit of successful revolution and the likely actions of other citizens. We characterize conditions under which payoff uncertainty overturns conventional wisdom: (a) when a citizen is too willing to revolt, hereducesthe incentives of others to revolt; (b) less accurate information about the value of revolution can make revoltmorelikely; (c) public signals from other citizens canreducethe likelihood of revolt; (d) harsher punishment canincreasethe incidence of punishment; and (e) the incidence of protest can bepositivelycorrelated with that of repression.
The Founding of the Church
Authors: Vernon Ambrose W.
Published: November 2011

The church has come to have an enduring place not only in history but in thought. At least since the writing of The City of God it has decided some of the most vital questions confronting us because of a peculiar sanctity attached to it. It is not therefore out of place to demand from time to time that it show us its credentials. The present essay is an attempt to discover if there is anything peculiarly sacred about the manner of its founding that would justify us in ascribing unique spiritual authority to it.
The Minister and His People
Authors: Brooks Phillips
Published: November 2011

The Faculty of the Harvard Divinity School provided for their students in 1883 six lectures by oflBcers of the University representing other departments of government and instruction, as follows:

The Minister and the People: Phillips Brooks, D.D., of the Board of Overseers.

The Evolution of a Christian Minister: J. F. Clarke, D.D., of the Board of Overseers.

One Word more about Free-Will: William James, M.D., Assistant Professor of Philosophy.

Plato's Idea of Immortality: W. W. Goodwin, LL.D., Professor of Greek.

The Natural History of Altruism: N. S. Shaler, S.D., Professor of Palaeontology.

Vivisection: H. P. Bowditch, M.D., Professor of Physiology, and Dean of the Medical Faculty.
The Moral Justification of Religion
Authors: Perry Ralph Barton
Published: November 2011

It is generally agreed that religion is either the paramount issue or the most serious obstacle to progress. To its devotees religion is of overwhelming importance; to unbelievers it is, in the phrasing of Burke, “superstitious folly, enthusiastical nonsense, and holy tyranny.” The difference between the friends and the enemies of religion may, I think, be resolved as follows. Religion recognizes some final arbitration of human destiny; it is a lively awareness of the fact that, while man proposes, it is only within certain narrow limits that he can dispose his own plans. His nicest adjustments and most ardent longings are overruled; he knows that until he can discount or conciliate that which commands his fortunes his condition is precarious and miserable. And through his eagerness to save himself he leaps to conclusions that are uncritical and premature. Irreligion, on the other hand, flourishes among those who are more snugly intrenched within the cities of man. It is a product of civilization. Comfortably housed as he is, and enjoying an artificial illumination behind drawn blinds, the irreligious man has the heart to criticize the hasty speculations and abject fear of those who stand without in the presence of the surrounding darkness. In other words, religion is perpetually on the exposed side of civilization, sensitive to the blasts that blow from the surrounding universe; while irreligion is in the lee of civilization, with enough remove from danger to foster a refined concern for logic and personal liberty. There is a sense, then, in which both religion and irreligion are to be justified. If religion is guilty of unreason, irreligion is guilty of apathy. For without doubt the situation of the individual man is broadly such as religion conceives it to be. There is nothing that he can build, nor any precaution that he can take, that weighs appreciably in the balance against the powers which decree good and ill fortune, catastrophe and triumph, life and death. Hence to be without fear is the part of folly. Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom.
Individualism and Religion in the Early Roman Empire
Authors: Moore Clifford Herschel
Published: November 2011

Whoever reads the meditations of Marcus Aurelius must be impressed with the constant self-examination which the writer practised. Far on the northern boundaries of his empire, among the Quadi, on the banks of the Gran, he composed his first book, analyzing his own nature, gratefully recounting his obligations to his kin, his teachers, and his friends. All the succeeding books grow out of a similar self-examination, accompanied by self-directed exhortations to fidelity, constancy, and patience. The title which the work bears is indeed the only possible one—To Himself—for self is alike the subject and the object of the author's meditations. The emperor's simple humility, his high desire to fulfil in every way his duty, his patient humanity, shut out effectively all priggishness and offensive egotism from his pages. Marcus Aurelius was not alone in his concern for self. If we look into other ranks of life in the second century, we find the same interest. With all its peace, calm, and nobility, the age of the Antonines was an age of egoism, of valetudinarianism both of body and of soul. Aristides the rhetorician has left us an account of his long and impassioned search for health, which for him was a religious quest. Apuleius, in his anxiety for his soul, had himself initiated into all possible sacred mysteries, until he at last found rest in the holy brotherhood of the servants of Isis. The emperor, the rhetorician, and the superstitious mystic furnish three striking illustrations of the tendency of the time.
The Effect upon the Churches of the Social Movement
Authors: Kenngott George F.
Published: November 2011

For a generation or so the world has been tending to regard life from a social, an organic point of view, and this has developed into Socialism, strictly so called. The Churches have endeavored to meet this sometimes by opposing the principle and addressing themselves still to the individual, and sometimes by adopting it and becoming benevolent institutions for the ameliorating of the conditions of living. What is in general the result, not so much upon the world as upon themselves? Is the social motive likely to be profound and permanent? Is it, as some claim, the Gospel; or, as others claim, distinctly not the Gospel?
Religion and Socialism
Authors: Scudder Vida D.
Published: November 2011

That a coöperative commonwealth is on the way, it would be rash to assert; but that forces tending in such a direction are gathering strength is even more evident in England and on the continent of Europe than with us. While discussions of socialist theory on economic and political lines increase and multiply another line of thought suggests itself to people preëminently interested in the spiritual rather than in the economic conditions of the race. Supposing a socialist organization of society realized, what would be the reaction on the ethical and religious consciousness,—on creed, on worship, on conduct?

It is the purpose of this paper to suggest a few points on the second of these themes,—the probable future of religion under socialism. The subject is less remote from present interests than appears: hypothetical though it be, the attitude of many people toward socialism itself will depend on their conclusions on this point.
Some Recent Books on Theology
Authors: Fenn W. W.
Published: November 2011

Illingworth, J. R., The Doctrine of the Trinity.

Hall, F. J., Introduction to Dogmatic Theology.

Ritchie, W. B., Revelation and Religious Certitude.

Bowne, B. P., Personalism.

Rogers, A. K., The Religious Conception of the World.

Lloyd, A. H., The Will to Doubt.

Drummond, James, Studies in Christian Doctrine.

Peile, J. H. F., The Reproach of the Gospel.

Nash, H. S., The Atoning Life.

The Christ that is to Be.

Worcester, McComb, Coriat, Religion and Medicine.

Powell, L. P., Christian Science, its Faith and its Founder.

Campbell, J. M., Paul the Mystic.

Scott, W. M., Aspects of Christian Mysticism.

Inge, W. R., Personal Idealism and Mysticism.
God in All and over All
Authors: Archibald Warren Seymour
Published: November 2011

Each generation and each century seems to have its own peculiar danger and its own peculiar genius. The Christian church, for example, was confronted in the early centuries with the dangerous and subtle opposition of Greek thought; and the genius of the church victoriously faced this opposition with that spiritual interpretation of the life and teachings of Jesus which we find in the Fourth Gospel. Later, in the sixteenth century, the danger appeared in a materialistic church, and the genius of the Reformation was unmistakably present in the religion of the spirit and the liberty of the individual. In the eighteenth century the peril was seen in dogma, or irreligion, or a tepid morality; and the opposition developed Pietism in Germany, Methodism in England, and the Great Awakening in New England. Every century appears to be led into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil in some new guise, and is compelled to find the apt, victorious text in Scripture.

And yet, whatever be the temptation and whatever be the triumphant reply, the issues are always the same,—sin and salvation. In the Greek myth of Proteus, when that old man of the sea was grappled with, he assumed most horrible and terrifying forms. Now he was a fire, now a wild stag, now a screaming seabird, now a three-headed dog, now a serpent. Sin is always protean, and presents to the wrestling centuries new and terrible aspects. What, then, we ask, seem to be the principalities and protean powers against which we are compelled to wrestle? I venture to think they may be suggested in one word, Materialism.
A Papyrus Codex of the Shepherd of Hermas
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: November 2011

In the University of Michigan collection of papyri is a fragmentary codex (No. 917) of the Shepherd of Hermas, much damaged, yet with many pages almost intact. The portion preserved is confined to the Similitudes. Its range is from Sim. II. 9 (χορηγοῦντες τοῖς πένησιν) to Sim. IX. 5, 1, ending with ἐδόκει, so that it covers a little more than one fourth of the whole work. The book is undoubtedly older than most of the fragments of the Shepherd previously published. So far as I can judge from the available facsimiles, it is the oldest of all texts except the Berlin fragment (P. Berlin 5513) and, possibly, P. Oxyrh. 404, which would probably now be given an earlier date than that assigned to it in 1903 (late third or early fourth century). As far as the new MS. goes, it has preserved most of the sentences missing from the Athos manuscript and heretofore supplied from the Latin versions, and it has a large number of variant readings, of which many are of interest and value. Thus for extent, age, and textual importance, the Michigan codex seems likely to assume a position of great significance in the study of the Shepherd, and especially in the preparation of the much-desired new critical edition.
Literature on Church History, 1914–1920. IV. The Church in Modern Times (Part Two: The Nineteenth Century and the Beginnings of the Twentieth)
Authors: Krüger Gustav
Published: November 2011

The so-called Roman question — that is, the question whether the situation caused by the Italian occupation of Rome in 1870, whereby the Pope was deprived of his territorial possessions, is compatible with the freedom required for the exercise of his high office by the head of the Catholic Church — was a matter of deep concern, in particular to German Catholics, during the World War. It was hoped in all seriousness that the victory of the Central Powers would bring about a positive solution to this question and restore the political independence of the Pope. Such works, among others, as those of Hoeber and Sägmüller, and especially Bastgen's three thick volumes, bear witness to this feeling. But the last-named work is a disappointment. The author has, to be sure, assembled a vast amount of material in contemporary documents, covering the whole period from the rise of the Papal temporal power until to-day. He is also to be commended for devoting but few pages to the period before the French Revolution and laying his main stress on the restoration of the Papal State in the nineteenth century and its development down to the present, so that the second half of the second volume is entirely devoted to the years of the World War. But he has been criticized on all hands for giving his documents and extracts from periodicals and newspapers with no such fullness as the size of his work and his own announcements gave reason to expect. He has also taken his task too easily — for instance, merely copying out the articles of the “Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung” (important as that organ is for ecclesiastical questions), instead of going to original sources or citing other journals, as he ought to have done. And his reproduction of the material does not conform to the standards of scholarship. Taking the work, however, for what it is, it is not to be denied that, especially in the last parts, it brings together a great deal that cannot be so conveniently found elsewhere; and in spite of the defects named the book is well worth buying and deserves a place in every considerable library. — That the problem of the status of the Pope in international law has also been under consideration by the Catholics of Holland, is shown by Schneider's discussion. He views the temporal sovereignty of the Pope as inseparable from his spiritual authority; and consequently sees in the Italian law of guaranty a mere act of violence, and in the exclusion of the Pope from the Peace Conference and the League of Nations not only a gross injustice but a bad blunder.
Hebrew and Egyptian Apocalyptic Literature
Authors: McCown C. C.
Published: November 2011

The long-accepted theory that Hebrew literature is largely the product of Babylonian influences is now discredited, both because of the unquestionable originality of Hebrew thought, in general, and in particular because the use of cuneiform models and materials is recognized to have been greatly overrated. Eventually Amurru or Khatti or Caphtor may be found to have made important contributions in the intellectual realm, as they have in the material, but at present the most powerful antidote for Pan-babylonianism is to be found in Egypt. Not that the view is returning which once prevailed among the Greeks, that all culture and wisdom came from the valley of the Nile, but the extent and importance of its influence, especially in Palestine, is becoming more and more evident.
The New Criticism of the Gospels
Authors: Scott E. F.
Published: November 2011

Twenty years ago it was possible to regard the Synoptic Problem as virtually solved. There might still be difference of opinion on a number of details, but the main conclusions seemed to be unassailable. The sources of the three gospels, like those of the Nile, had been hidden in mystery, and the discovery of them was justly hailed as the chief triumph of nineteenth-century scholarship.

For some time it has been apparent that the rejoicings were premature. Those matters of detail which had yet to be settled have turned out to be serious, and we are now realizing, with something of a shock, that the Synoptic Problem is still with us. Instead of reaching a solution we have only come in sight of the real difficulties. If the confidence of twenty years ago is ever regained it will only be after another long spell of patient labor.

We certainly owe much to the great scholars of the last century, though their claim to discovery has been found wanting. They gave us the clues which we have still to follow. The materials they collected and the observations they made will always be valuable. Their theory itself, although it calls for drastic revision, will continue, in some essential points, to stand. It will remain certain that Mark is the earliest of our gospels and has been used by the other evangelists. It seems equally impossible to doubt that along with Mark there was another source, now lost, on which Matthew and Luke must have drawn for their record of Jesus' teaching. These results, however they may be qualified, must always form the starting-point for critical investigation. But we now recognize that the older scholars conceived of their task too narrowly. The problem before them was far more intricate than they supposed, and has to be solved not merely by comparing the editorial methods of the several evangelists but by a deeper analysis, affecting the substance as well as the formal structure of the gospels.
The Modern Missionary
Authors: Barton James L.
Published: November 2011

No one can speak with authority on the subject of the modern missionary policy of American societies, to say nothing of the societies that have their home in England and on the continent of Europe. Any general statements made with reference to modern missionary work can be successfully contradicted. No one appreciates these facts better than the writer of this article. Missions are so complicated and diversified, by tradition and practice, by the opinions of administrators, and by the ability and characteristics of the missionaries, that a vast and widely separating difference in a variety of respects runs through the whole body of missionary operations. Hence the almost insuperable difficulty of making general statements as to present missionary policy and methods without exposing oneself to a rejoinder that would be difficult satisfactorily to meet. It should be thoroughly understood that no statement hereinafter made can be of universal application.
The Validity of Non-Episcopal Ordination
Authors: Hodges George
Published: November 2011

“The fourth and last lecture,” said Judge Dudley, “I would have for the maintaining, explaining, and proving the validity of the ordination of ministers or pastors of the churches, and so their administration of the sacraments or ordinances of religion as the same hath been practised in New England, from the first beginning of it, and so continued at this day. Not that I would in any wise invalidate Episcopal Ordination, as it is commonly called and practised in the Church of England; but I do esteem the method of ordination as practised in Scotland, at Geneva, and among dissenters in England, and in the churches in this country, to be very safe, Scriptural, and valid; and that the great Head of the Church, by his blessed spirit, hath owned, sanctified, and blessed them accordingly, and will continue to do so to the end of the World. Amen.”
Martin Luther in the Light of Recent Criticism
Authors: Emerton Ephraim
Published: November 2011

The decade just passed has witnessed an unusual activity in the production of books about Martin Luther. This activity has been greatly stimulated by the re-introduction of a method of controversy which reasonable men had been hoping was forever silenced. Until about a generation ago there had been two obvious and hopelessly opposed ways of approach to the subject of Luther's character and work. From the one side he was presented as an angel of light; from the other as the type of a depraved and malicious spirit, moved to activity not through any desire to improve the condition of his people but because, being the malignant thing he was, he could not act otherwise. It need hardly be said to the readers of this Review that both of these views of Luther are essentially false. They are perfectly intelligible, one equally with the other. They are the natural precipitation of the bitter controversies that gathered about him in his life, and continued long after his death to complicate the political and economic struggles out of which the new Europe of our day was born. In the light of our modern historical method, both views appear crude and unscientific. They represent a way of looking at historical characters and historical events to which we are apt to apply the crushing word “old-fashioned.” And in fact it did seem, up to a very few years ago, that these primitive judgments, which classified men into good and bad, angels and fiends, had become a thing of the past.