bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Senescent cells: A new Achilles’ heel to exploit for cancer medicine?
Authors: Zhang Boyi , Lam Eric W.‐F. , Sun Yu
Published: November 2018

Cellular senescence is a typical tumor‐suppressive mechanism that restricts the proliferation of premalignant cells. However, mounting evidence suggests that senescent cells, which also persist in vivo, can promote the incidence of aging‐related disorders principally via the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP), among which cancer is particularly devastating. Despite the beneficial effects of the SASP on certain physiological events such as wound healing and tissue repair, more studies have demonstrated that senescent cells can substantially contribute to pathological conditions and accelerate disease exacerbation, particularly cancer resistance, relapse and metastasis. To limit the detrimental properties while retaining the beneficial aspects of senescent cells, research advancements that support screening, design and optimization of anti‐aging therapeutic agents are in rapid progress in the setting of prospective development of clinical strategies, which together represent a new wave of efforts to control human malignancies or mitigate degenerative complications.
The life cycle of a southern hemisphere cricket Bobilla poene (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and variation in its size, sex ratio and egg production
Authors: Driessen Michael M
Published: November 2018

Life cycles of southern hemisphere crickets are poorly studied compared with their northern hemisphere counterparts. The life cycle and associated traits of Bobilla poene Otte & Alexander (1983) (Nemobiinae) were investigated based on pitfall trap samples collected monthly for 12 months at lowland (320 m) and montane (800 m) locations in Tasmania, the southernmost state of Australia (42–43°S). Unlike most other Gryllidae, B. poene has a semivoltine life cycle overwintering as an egg during its first winter followed by nymphs and then adults in subsequent winters. There was some evidence to suggest that a small proportion of the populations completed development from egg to adult within 1 year (i.e. univoltine). The proportion of adult females with eggs present was high (>70%) for all months except December when there was a greater proportion of adult females with no eggs present. Mean number of eggs per female was largest from mid‐summer to early autumn. Spermatheca diameter increased in size from December to May. Aspects of B. poene life cycle differed between locations. At the lowland location, most crickets (92%) overwintered as A3 instars and adults, whereas at the montane location, most crickets (87%) overwintered as A3 and A4 instars. Head width, femur length, body length and spermatheca diameter were larger at the lowland location than at the montane location, but forewing and ovipositor lengths did not differ in size between locations. A small proportion (1.2%) of montane adult crickets was long winged, and none were recorded at the lowland location. Sex ratios were generally similar at both locations and varied throughout the year. For most of the year, the sex ratios for the A2, A1 and adult stages were female biased. During spring and early summer, sex ratios were male biased or close to parity. This variation in sex ratios is consistent with the concepts of protandry and adaptive growth, with males maturing earlier than females and at a smaller size. The range of climates and altitudes available in Tasmania, where B. poene occurs widely, offers opportunities for further investigation of life cycle variation within this species.
Indigenous Women's Sporting Experiences: Agency, Resistance and Nostalgia
Authors: Osmond Gary , Phillips Murray G.
Published: November 2018

Australian sports historiography, in privileging Western, reconstructionist approaches to narrating histories of Aboriginal sport, has overlooked Indigenous research methodologies that privilege Aboriginal voices. This paper adopts the Indigenous research methodology of yarning in a collaborative project with former sportswomen from the Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement in Queensland. Yarning, as a culturally respectful way of eliciting memories and valuing expression of Indigenous voices, was used to explore their experiences, memories and meanings of competitive marching, a popular sport for young women in mid‐twentieth century Australia. The yarning sessions revealed insights into sport that are missing from the empirical, archival record, and allowed the exploration of agency and autonomy, acts of resistance, and complex intersections of nostalgia and trauma. This paper offers specific and broader insights on sport in Australian Indigenous communities and on the entanglement of the sporting past with the histories and politics of race and gender in Queensland. In repositioning researcher and researched in Aboriginal sport history, this paper demonstrates the potential of transformative narratives about the experiences of Indigenous Australians.
Predispositions and the Political Behavior of American Economic Elites: Evidence from Technology Entrepreneurs
Authors: Broockman David E. , Ferenstein Gregory , Malhotra Neil
Published: November 2018

Economic elites regularly seek to exert political influence. But what policies do they support? Many accounts implicitly assume economic elites are homogeneous and that increases in their political power will increase inequality. We shed new light on heterogeneity in economic elites' political preferences, arguing that economic elites from an industry can share distinctive preferences due in part to sharing distinctive predispositions. Consequently, how increases in economic elites' influence affect inequality depends on which industry's elites are gaining influence and which policy issues are at stake. We demonstrate our argument with four original surveys, including the two largest political surveys of American economic elites to date: one of technology entrepreneurs—whose influence is burgeoning—and another of campaign donors. We show that technology entrepreneurs support liberal redistributive, social, and globalistic policies but conservative regulatory policies—a bundle of preferences rare among other economic elites. These differences appear to arise partly from their distinctive predispositions.
Onward Precarity, Mobility, and Migration among Latin Americans in London
Authors: McIlwaine Cathy , Bunge Diego
Published: November 2018

Contributing to debates around the relationships between precarity, mobilities and migration, this paper examines the nature of precarity among onward Latin American (OLA) migrants as they have moved transnationally to multiple destinations from their homelands to southern Europe and onwards to London across different time periods. Drawing on primary research with over 400 OLAs, the discussion highlights how precarity maps onto onward migration trajectories in fractal rather than linear ways. In moving beyond a continuum approach to labour exploitation, the paper develops the concept of “onward precarity” to capture how migrants negotiate intersecting vulnerabilities in holistic spatio‐temporal ways as they move through different structural contexts across the world from origin, through transition to their final destination country over time. These negotiations are underpinned by multiple agentic tactics that revolve around resilience and reworking strategies as onward migrants traverse wider structures of disadvantage in situ and through mobility in different places.
Efficacy and safety of treatment of hyposecretory dry eye with platelet‐rich plasma
Authors: García‐Conca Víctor , Abad‐Collado Marta , Hueso‐Abancens Jose R , Mengual‐Verdú Encarna , Piñero David P , Aguirre‐Balsalobre Fernando , Molina Julio C
Published: November 2018

Objective

To evaluate and compare the symptomatology and clinical findings in hyposecretory dry eye of the treatment with platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and artificial tears of sodium hyaluronate (SH).

Methods

Blind single‐centre prospective comparative randomized study including 83 patients with hyposecretory dry eye and mean age of 64.0 years. Two groups were differentiated depending on the treatment applied: 44 patients treated with PRP (PRP group), and 39 patients treated with artificial tears of SH (SH group). Changes in Schimer test, tear osmolarity, corneal and conjunctival staining, tear film break‐up time (TF‐BUT), conjunctival hyperaemia, dry eye‐related symptoms with the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, and caliciform cell density were evaluated during 30 days of treatment.

Results

Significantly larger reduction in symptomatology (p < 0.001), visual improvement (p < 0.001), reduction in hyperaemia (p < 0.001), and corneal and conjunctival staining (p < 0.001), increment of Schirmer test outcome (p ≤ 0.005), and reduction of osmolarity were found in the PRP group in both eyes compared to SH group at 15 and 30 days of treatment. Likewise, a significantly higher increment of caliciform cell density (p < 0.001) was found in the PRP group. Strong and statistically significant correlations were found in the PRP group of the change achieved in visual acuity, hyperaemia, osmolarity, and conjunctival and corneal staining with the baseline values of these variables (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

PRP treatment in hyposecretory dry eye induces a more significant positive effect over symptomatology and different dry eye signs than SH, especially in moderate and severe cases.
Variability and sampling strategy of cave wall concretion: Case study of the moonmilk found in Leye Cave (Dordogne)
Authors: Mauran G. , Bassel L. , Ferrier C. , Lacanette D. , Bousquet B. , Chapoulie R.
Published: November 2018

Cave Art is a fragile testimony of past human societies and the development of modern behaviours. In limestone caves, moonmilk commonly endanger the artworks. It is a calcite deposit with a large variability of chemical composition and morphological structures and it hosts numerous microbial communities. The possibility to characterize this deposit in the field would aid in a better understanding of cave behaviour and allow the setting up of proper conservation measures. The present study analyses the variability of a moonmilk strip of metric size in Leye Cave in the Vézère Valley (Dordogne, France). The cave was not ornate and was selected as a laboratory cave in which in‐situ observations and micro‐sampling could be carried out, before they were performed in cavities hosting parietal artworks. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of 24 samples allowed, for the first time, an investigation of the variability of moonmilk deposits over the same wall of a few metres dimension. The observations highlighted the low variability of the moonmilk at the microscopic scale when regarding the chemical composition and morphological structures, despite significant macroscopic diversity, thus providing insights into how to optimize the sampling strategy of moonmilk in ornate caves.
Roman traces in Germania magna: New thermoluminescence and pIRIR290 data from a lime kiln at Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Authors: Zander A. , Strebler D. , Classen E. , Rethemeyer J. , Brückner H.
Published: November 2018

The applicability of a post‐infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR290) protocol and two different thermoluminescence (TL) protocols—a single aliquot regeneration (SAR) and a multiple aliquot additive dose (MAAD)—was tested on six polymineral fine‐grain (4–11 μm) samples extracted from the wall remains of a Roman lime kiln and a Roman roof tile. These remains had been excavated close to Bergisch Gladbach, which was at that time part of Germania magna. For the pIRIR290 measurements, no dependence of De on first‐stimulation temperature was detectable, and the standard first stimulation temperature at 50°C was adopted. Fading tests and dose‐recovery tests were made for all samples. Background subtracted glow curves were recorded up to 480°C for TL after a preheat of 220°C for 120 s. A‐values were determined for all TL and pIRIR measurements. The results for all three protocols were fairly consistent, and TL and pIRIR290 protocols are shown to be suitable to estimate reliable equivalent doses for the fired kiln walls. The resulting ages are in agreement with the expected time range—Roman Iron Age—and with independent age control provided by radiocarbon ages of animal bones and charcoal from the firing chamber.
Displacement and solidarity: An ethic of place‐making
Authors: Eckenwiler Lisa
Published: November 2018

Drawing on a conception of people as ‘ecological subjects’, creatures situated in specific social relations, locations, and material environments, I want to emphasize the importance of place and place‐making for basing, demonstrating, and forging future solidarity. Solidarity, as I will define it here, involves reaching out through moral imagination and responsive action across social and/or geographic distance and asymmetry to assist other people who are vulnerable, and to advance justice. Contained in the practice of solidarity are two core ‘enacted commitments’, first, to engaging our moral imaginations and recognizing others in need and, second, to responsive action. Recognizing the suffering of displacement and responding through place‐making should follow from even the most simplistic understanding of people as ‘implaced’. Recognition, furthermore, that places are created and sustained, transformed, or neglected in ways that foster or perpetuate inequities, including health inequities, generates responsibilities concerning place‐making. Place‐based interventions, on either count, should be principal and, indeed, prioritized ways of showing solidarity for the vulnerable and promoting justice. Where solidaristic relations do not prevail, place‐making can catalyze and nurture them, and over time advance justice. On the moral landscapes of bioethics, the terrain where care and health are or should be at the center of attention, an ethic of place and place‐making for those who have been displaced – patients, the elderly, urban populations, and asylum‐seekers, for instance – expresses and has rich potential for nurturing bonds of solidarity.
A caveat on the Savage–Dickey density ratio: The case of computing Bayes factors for regression parameters
Authors: Heck Daniel W.
Published: November 2018

The Savage–Dickey density ratio is a simple method for computing the Bayes factor for an equality constraint on one or more parameters of a statistical model. In regression analysis, this includes the important scenario of testing whether one or more of the covariates have an effect on the dependent variable. However, the Savage–Dickey ratio only provides the correct Bayes factor if the prior distribution of the nuisance parameters under the nested model is identical to the conditional prior under the full model given the equality constraint. This condition is violated for multiple regression models with a Jeffreys–Zellner–Siow prior, which is often used as a default prior in psychology. Besides linear regression models, the limitation of the Savage–Dickey ratio is especially relevant when analytical solutions for the Bayes factor are not available. This is the case for generalized linear models, non‐linear models, or cognitive process models with regression extensions. As a remedy, the correct Bayes factor can be computed using a generalized version of the Savage–Dickey density ratio.
Liquid‐based endometrial cytology using SurePath™ is not inferior to suction endometrial tissue biopsy for detecting endometrial malignancies: Midterm report of a multicentre study advocated by Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Authors: Hirai Yasuo , Sakamoto Kimihiko , Fujiwara Hiroyuki , Kamata Masaharu , Tamura Takao , Yanoh Kenji , Norimatsu Yoshiaki , Kasai Tokuzo , Teramoto Katsuhiro , Kurokawa Tetsuji , Takahashi Yoshifumi , Iwanari Osamu , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: November 2018

Objective

We conducted a prospective, multicentre study to compare the clinical performance of liquid‐based endometrial cytology (LBEC) using SurePath™ with that of suction endometrial tissue biopsy (SETB). This study is officially advocated and reported by the Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. By publishing our midterm data, we intend to disseminate the benefits of LBEC system, using the descriptive reporting format and algorithmic interpretational approach.

Methods

From April 2014 to December 2015, we consecutively assessed 1116 LBEC specimens and 1044 SETB specimens in our five outpatient clinics.

Results

The sensitivity of suction tissue biopsies was 85.2%, whereas the sensitivity of LBEC was 92.2%. The specificity of suction tissue biopsies was 98.9% and that of LBEC was 98.5%. The negative predictive value of LBEC (99.1%) was higher than that of SETB (98.1%), although the difference between these values was not significant.

Conclusions

The clinical performance of LBEC for detecting endometrial malignancies was almost identical to the performance of SETB. This indicates that LBEC was not inferior to SETB for the detection of endometrial cancer. The LBEC is appropriate for various clinical situations as the first‐step detecting tool. In addition, it could be used for cancer surveillance for women with signs highly suggestive of endometrial malignancies and in Lynch syndrome patients, on a larger scale.
Regional Differences in the Gender Earnings Gap in Brazil: Development, Discrimination, and Inequality
Authors: Tai Silvio Hong Tiing , Bagolin Izete Pengo
Published: November 2018

This paper studies the decomposition of the gender earnings gap in the Brazilian labor market using microdata from the 2010 Brazilian census. Counter‐intuitively we find that the gender earnings gap in favor of males widens with increased GDP per capita. Firstly, we find that females present higher schooling than males, which is consistent with the higher return to schooling among females. Secondly, the effect of the female schooling advantage on income is magnified by the local level of income inequality. Thirdly, through decomposition, we obtain the component due to discrimination (or any factor independent of schooling that undervalues female characteristics) against women. Finally, the explanation for the counter‐intuitive result is that while gender discrimination reduces with GDP per capita, somehow the level of income inequality reduces more quickly, resulting in a gender earnings gap that widens with increased GDP per capita.
Transcranial direct current stimulation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Osório Ana Alexandra Caldas , Brunoni Andre Russowsky
Published: November 2018

Aim

Our aim was to review available studies which test transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to reduce symptom severity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Method

We performed a systematic scoping review in PubMed and PsychINFO databases for studies employing tDCS in children and adolescents with ASD.

Results

We found five studies (two small randomized controlled studies, one experimental study, one quasi‐experimental study, and one case study) reporting positive effects of tDCS in ASD symptom reduction. Study design varied greatly and sample size ranged from 1 to 20 patients.

Interpretation

Preliminary evidence is encouraging of the potential usefulness of tDCS for treatment of ASD in children and adolescents. It suggests tentative support for reductions in symptom severity and, according to parental reports and clinical observations, improvements in some aspects of language. However, the evidence is sparse and of low quality, so the true effect of tDCS is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect in this review. Therefore, future randomized controlled trials are needed to draw conclusions regarding tDCS efficacy in paediatric samples with ASD.

What this paper adds

There is low confidence in the estimate of effect, but tentatively encouraging results warrant further investigation.
WHAT DO BICYCLE HELMET LAWS DO? EVIDENCE FROM CANADA
Authors: Carpenter Christopher S. , Warman Casey
Published: November 2018

Twenty‐one states and the District of Columbia require youths to wear helmets when riding a bicycle, and there has been a push to extend such laws to adults. We provide new evidence on helmet laws by studying Canada using difference‐in‐differences models and restricted area‐identified public health survey data with information on cycling and helmet use for nearly 800,000 individuals from 1994 to 2014. We first confirm prior patterns from the United States that laws requiring youths to wear helmets significantly increased youth helmet use. We then provide the literature's first comprehensive evidence that “all‐age” bicycle helmet laws significantly increased both adult and youth helmet use by 50%–190% relative to pre‐reform levels, with larger effects for younger adults and less‐educated adults. All‐age helmet laws had modest effects at reducing cycling and increasing in‐home exercise during winter months among adults but did not meaningfully affect weight. Overall, our findings confirm that all‐age helmet laws can be effective at increasing population helmet use without significant unintended adverse health consequences. (JEL I18, I12, K32)
Do economic sanctions affect protectionism? Evidence from agricultural support
Authors: Lv Zhike , Xu Ting
Published: November 2018

The objective of this paper is to examine whether economic sanctions contribute to influencing the target countries’ protectionist policies in the agricultural sector. Using pooled mean group estimations in a dynamic heterogeneous panel setting, we find robust empirical evidence that, in the long‐run, economic sanctions decrease agricultural protection in the target counties, and this effect is mitigated by the wealth of the target's economy. However, the relationship is insignificant in the short run. Furthermore, our results also suggest that the impact of sanctions on agricultural protection (a) increases with the severity of economic sanctions, (b) is greater for multilateral sanctions than unilateral sanctions, and (c) is more severe on agricultural protection when sanctions span a longer duration.
Drosophila melanogaster infected with Wolbachia strain wMelCS prefer cooler temperatures
Authors: Arnold Pieter A. , Levin Samantha C. , Stevanovic Aleksej L. , Johnson Karyn N.
Published: November 2018

1. Temperature plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of host–pathogen interactions. Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacteria that infects about 40% of arthropod species, which can affect host behaviour and reproduction. Yet, the effect of Wolbachia on host thermoregulatory behaviour is largely unknown, despite its use in disease vector control programs in thermally variable environments.

2. Here, a thermal gradient was used to test whether Drosophila melanogaster infected with Wolbachia strain wMelCS exhibited different temperature preferences (Tp) to uninfected flies.

3. It was found that Wolbachia‐infected flies preferred a cooler mean temperature (Tp = 25.06 ± 0.25 °C) than uninfected flies (Tp = 25.78 ± 0.24 °C).

4. This finding suggests that Wolbachia‐infected hosts might seek out cooler microclimates to reduce exposure to, and lessen the consequences of, high temperatures. This finding has generated hypotheses that will be fruitful in areas of research for exploring the mechanisms by which the change in Tp occurs in this complex and significant host–pathogen–environment interaction.
Effect of amino acids on Maillard reaction product formation and total antioxidant capacity in white pan bread
Authors: Shen Yanting , Tebben Lauren , Chen Gengjun , Li Yonghui
Published: November 2018

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) can be an important dietary antioxidant source. Bread is the most popular bakery product; however, limited information is available on the antioxidant activities of MRPs generated during bread‐baking. This paper reports the effect of different amino acids on bread properties, melanoidin formation and antioxidant activities. Totally six amino acids at four different levels were evaluated. Increasing the amount of amino acid led to darker bread crust, higher melanoidin content and stronger antioxidant activity. Among the six amino acids, bread with glycine had the highest melanoidin content and ABTS radical scavenging activity up to 1079.77 ± 8.43 μmol TE mg−1. Bread with lysine had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity up to 281.97 ± 10.52 μmol TE mg−1. Bread with alanine had the highest crust metal chelating activity compared with others. Adding certain dietary amino acids is a potential approach to enhance the antioxidant capacity of bread products.
Do We Need Integrity in a Theory of Justice? A Critique of the ‘Argument from Integrity’ in Favour of Accommodations
Authors: Fornaroli Giulio
Published: November 2018

A number of authors in recent liberal political theory have advanced an ‘argument from integrity’ in favour of legal accommodations. This holds that people are entitled to forms of legal accommodations every time they can plausibly claim that complying with a certain norm compromises their ability to act in accordance with some fundamental personal values. I advance two points against this argument. Valuing integrity unconditionally is implausible because a life devoid of integrity is one that does not prevent anyone from developing crucial liberal virtues. If integrity is valued conditionally, on the other hand, its normative role becomes redundant. In fact, I argue, the key liberal values of fairness and toleration can give a more plausible guidance with regard to the problem of how to treat (and sometimes accommodate) moral commitments that are incompatible with public norms. I conclude that the notion of personal integrity is, by itself, unnecessary and possibly detrimental in a theory of justice.
Gender differences, UV exposure and risk of lentigo maligna in a nationwide healthcare population cohort study
Authors: Higgins H.W. , Cho E. , Weinstock M.A. , Li T.Y. , Qureshi A. , Li W.Q.
Published: November 2018

Background

Our understanding of the relationship between ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure and lentigo maligna (LM) has been largely derived from epidemiologic/clinical studies based on invasive melanoma. Recent studies have shown gender differences in melanocytic tumours incidence.

Objective

To examine the association of UV light with LM by gender remains unclear.

Methods

Two prospective cohort study [Nurses’ Health Study (1980–2012)] and [Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (1986–2010)] were analysed. All participants with LM or MIS, non‐LM type were included in analysis. UV index at birth, age 15, and age 30 were calculated by gender. Lifetime UV flux was calculated. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated.

Results

A total of 110 485 women from NHS and 41 015 men from HPFS were examined. A total of 281 LM and 776 melanoma in situ (MIS), non‐LM cases were reported. Risk of LM increased with increasing UV flux exposure in multivariate‐adjusted models for men (P for trend = 0.04), but not for women (P for trend = 0.91).

Conclusions

UV flux may be associated with LM in men but not in women.
Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic extraction of Sohiong (Prunus nepalensis) juice
Authors: Vivek Kambhampati , Mishra Sabyasachi , Pradhan Rama Chandra
Published: November 2018

Sohiong (Prunus nepalensis) fruit is an underutilized fruit of Northeastern part of India and is known as a rich source of micronutrients, polyphenols, and anthocyanin. The synergistic effect of ultrasound and enzymatic treatment on extraction of Sohiong fruit juice was investigated for maximum juice yield. The process variables in juice extraction were modeled and optimized by Box–Behnken design. The combined impact of ultrasound and pectinase enzyme on various quality characteristics was studied. The juice recovery and the quality of juice were found to be optimum at 90% ultrasound amplitude with ultrasound treatment time of 9.95 min, enzyme concentration of 0.03% w/w, and incubation time of 57.44 min. This process was then compared with only enzymatic extraction. As a whole ultrasound pretreatment significantly increases the juice yield by 20%, total soluble solids by 24%, anthocyanin by 25%, total phenols by 8%, and DPPH radical scavenging activity by 4.4%. Moreover, combined ultrasound and pectinase enzyme treatment significantly reduces the juice extraction time by 22 min compared with enzyme treatment alone. Hence, this could be an efficient alternative emerging technique to extract juice from the fruit.

Practical applications

Good quality juice production from fruits is difficult with enzyme treatment alone. Therefore, there has been an increasing research trend toward extracting the fruit juice with maximum recovery of phytochemicals. This study provides an insight on synergistic effect of ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic extraction of Sohiong fruit juice with improved quality with maximum juice yield. This study also provides an optimization of the process and possible solution for scaling up the process in the industrial level for increased juice yields.
A short extraction time of vegetable oil from Carica papaya L. seeds using continuous ultrasound acoustic cavitation: Analysis of fatty acid profile and thermal behavior
Authors: Senrayan Jeeva , Venkatachalam Sivakumar
Published: November 2018

The objective of the present study is to extract the vegetable oil from papaya seeds (Carica papaya L) using Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (CUAE) method. A face centered–central composite response surface design was applied to explore and optimize the process variables on the oil recovery (%) from papaya seeds. The maximum oil recovery (27.87%) was obtained when CUAE was carried out at 1:13(g/ml) solid–liquid ratio, 80% amplitude level, 48°C temperature and short extraction time of 7 min. Analysis of fatty acid composition revealed that the predominant fatty acid in papaya seed oil was oleic acid (18:1) (74.8%). The cavitation effect on the sample surface for oil extraction was identified using SEM analysis. Thermal stability of oil was analyzed using TGA and results showed that 71% (weight basis) of oil have been stable up to 319°C. FTIR analysis was confirmed that fatty acid functional groups were present in the oil.

Practical applications

The continuous ultrasound acoustic cavitation technique improves the oil recovery (%) with a shorter extraction time and low solvent consumption. Moreover, the high intensity sonicator did not affect the fatty acid composition of the papaya seed oil. The oil sample contains 75% oleic acid (18:1) out of the total fatty acid composition, similar to the oleic acid composition of commercial vegetable oils such as Canola (75%), safflower (77%), olive (>75%), and sunflower (>80%). It can be used for frying purposes in food industry as it has high thermal stability, 71% by weight of oil stable till 319°C. Thus, the results show that this technique is a promising extraction technique for vegetable oil extraction from waste papaya seeds with high quality of fatty acid composition.
Use of Physical Supply and Use Tables for Calculation of Economy‐Wide Material Flow Indicators
Authors: Kovanda Jan
Published: November 2018

The study described in this article presents the first‐ever physical supply and use tables (PSUTs) based on the recently published methodological standard for the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA). The tables were compiled for the Czech Republic for 2014. The compilation procedure followed was described in detail so that it can serve as a source of inspiration and a benchmark for other researchers and/or statisticians. The major shortcoming of the PSUTs is that not all needed data were readily available in physical units and required estimations based on proxies. Some parts of the tables are therefore burdened with a degree of uncertainty. In order to address the price inhomogeneity of sectoral prices for commodity outputs, imports, and exports, which tends to be typical for monetary supply and use tables (MSUTs), the PSUTs and MSUTs were further used for the calculation of raw material equivalents of import, exports, and raw material input (RMI) and raw material consumption (RMC) indicators. A comparison of results showed that the total indicators do not differ that much: the largest difference of 5% was recorded for raw material equivalents of exports, while RMC, for instance, remained nearly the same. However, we still argue for the use of PSUTs for the calculation of raw material equivalents, as changes in total volume of the indicators were accompanied with changes in their material structure. This can have significant consequences for the assessment of environmental impacts related to material consumption, as environmental impacts are very material specific.
Involvement of sweet pepperCaLOX2in jasmonate‐dependent induced defence against Western flower thrips
Authors: Sarde Sandeep J , Bouwmeester Klaas , Venegas‐Molina Jhon , David Anja , Boland Wilhelm , Dicke Marcel
Published: November 2018

Insect herbivory can seriously hinder plant performance and reduce crop yield. Thrips are minute cell‐content‐feeding insects that are important vectors of viral plant pathogens, and are serious crop pests. We investigated the role of a sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) lipoxygenase gene,CaLOX2,in the defense of pepper plants against Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). This was done through a combination ofin‐silico,transcriptional, behavioral and chemical analyses. Our data show thatCaLOX2is involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and mediates plant resistance. Expression of the JA‐related marker genes,CaLOX2andCaPIN II, was induced by thrips feeding. Silencing ofCaLOX2in pepper plants through virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) resulted in low levels ofCaLOX2transcripts, as well as significant reduction in the accumulation of JA, and its derivatives, upon thrips feeding compared to control plants.CaLOX2‐silenced pepper plants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to thrips. This indicates thatCaLOX2mediates JA‐dependent signaling, resulting in defense against thrips. Furthermore, exogenous application of JA to pepper plants increased plant resistance to thrips, constrained thrips population development and made plants less attractive to thrips. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach shows that an intact lipoxygenase pathway mediates various components of sweet pepper defense againstF. occidentalis.
The role of innate immunity in mucopolysaccharide diseases
Authors: Parker Helen , Bigger Brian W.
Published: November 2018

Mucopolysaccharidoses are lysosomal storage disorders characterised by accumulation of abnormal pathological glycosaminoglycans, cellular dysfunction and widespread inflammation, resulting in progressive cognitive and motor decline. Lysosomes are important mediators of immune cell function, and therefore accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other abnormal substrates could affect immune function and directly impact on disease pathogenesis. This review summarises current knowledge with regard to inflammation in mucopolysaccharidosis, with an emphasis on the brain and outlines a potential role for GAGs in induction of inflammation. We propose a model by which the accumulation of GAGs and other factors may impact on innate immune signalling with particular focus on the Toll‐like receptor 4 pathway. Innate immunity appears to have a dominating role in mucopolysaccharidosis; however, furthering understanding of innate immune signalling would have significant impact on highlighting novel anti‐inflammatory therapeutics for use in mucopolysaccharide diseases.

image

This article is part of the Special Issue “Lysosomal Storage Disorders”.
The influence of cooperative foraging with fishermen on the dynamics of a bottlenose dolphin population
Authors: Bezamat Carolina , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C. , Castilho Pedro V. , Daura‐Jorge Fábio G.
Published: November 2018

Recent years have seen an increasing interest in individual behavioral variation. However, the implications of such variation for population dynamics are often unknown. We studied the dynamics of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus gephyreus) population from southern Brazil, where some individuals forage cooperatively with artisanal fishermen. We fitted mark‐recapture models to 10 yr of photo‐identification data to investigate the influence of this foraging specialization on dolphins’ population parameters, controlling for sex and ranging behavior. We estimated adult survival to be high (0.949 ± 0.015 SE), weakly influenced by home range size, sex or the frequency of interaction with fishermen. The slightly higher survival probability for individuals with smaller home ranges could stem from the benefits of reduced spatial requirements implied by the specialized foraging. Foraging also influenced the probability of resighting individuals, and there was no temporary or permanent emigration. Abundance fluctuated slightly over the years from 54 (95% CI = 49–59) to 60 (95% CI = 52–69) individuals, with no evident population trend. Despite such apparent population stability, we confirm this population remains small and geographically isolated which may threaten its viability and the viability of its unusual, localized foraging specialization. Our study also illustrates how accounting for individual variation can portray animal population dynamics more realistically.
Is Short Root Anomaly (SRA) a risk factor for increased external apical root resorption in orthodontic patients? A retrospective case control study using cone beam computerized tomography
Authors: Cutrera Alice , Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Azami Niloufar , Nanda Ravindra , Uribe Flavio
Published: November 2018

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate the amount of external apical root resorption (EARR) secondary to orthodontic treatment in patients with Short Root Anomaly (SRA) compared to patients with average root lengths using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).

Settings and Sample Population

Cone beam computed tomography scans of 23 SRA and 26 control patients were selected from 232 pretreatment scans from a single private practice.

Materials and Methods

Cone beam computed tomography scans before (T1) and after orthodontic treatment (T2) were evaluated for differences in the change in tooth and root length of the maxillary incisors between both groups. Gender, treatment duration and age were examined as covariates.

Results

The mean values for root and tooth length of the maxillary incisors decreased by a range of 0.6 to 1.3 mm after orthodontic treatment. There was no significant difference between the groups for the majority of the measurements although there was a trend for less EARR in the SRA group. The maxillary left central incisor had significantly less proportional and non‐proportional loss in tooth length in the SRA group. Age, gender and treatment duration were not associated with change in the proportional and non‐proportional lengths for both groups.

Conclusion

Patients with SRA did not exhibit a significant difference in the proportional and non‐proportional change of length after orthodontic treatment when compared to the controls for most measurements. Only tooth length for the maxillary left central incisor had significantly less reduction after orthodontic treatment for both the proportional and non‐proportional measurements in the SRA group compared to the control group.
How empowering leadership reduces employee silence in public organizations
Authors: Hassan Shahidul , DeHart‐Davis Leisha , Jiang Zhongnan
Published: November 2018

The intentional withholding of critical work‐related information can have serious negative consequences in public organizations. Yet, few studies have examined why public employees intentionally remain silent about problems and how to prevent such behaviour. This article provides insights into how managers may lower employee silence in government organizations. We develop a model that suggests that empowering leadership by frontline supervisors reduces public employee silence, by improving employee trust in their supervisors, granting employees control over their jobs, and strengthening identification with the organization. We test the model in two cross‐sectional studies with data collected from all employees working in two local governments in the United States. We find empirical support for the model in both studies. We discuss the implications of the research results for public management scholarship and practice.
TaCIPK10 interacts with and phosphorylates TaNH2 to activate wheat defense responses to stripe rust
Authors: Liu Peng , Guo Jia , Zhang Ruiming , Zhao Jiaxin , Liu Cong , Qi Tuo , Duan Yinghui , Kang Zhensheng , Guo Jun
Published: November 2018

Calcineurin B‐like interacting protein kinase (CIPKs) has been shown to be required for biotic stress tolerance of plants in plant‐pathogen interactions. However, the roles of CIPKs in immune signalling of cereal crops and an in‐depth knowledge of substrates of CIPKs in response to biotic stress are under debate. In this study, we identified and cloned a CIPK homologue gene TaCIPK10 from wheat. TaCIPK10 was rapidly induced by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) inoculation and salicylic acid (SA) treatment. In vitro phosphorylation assay demonstrated that the kinase activity of TaCIPK10 is regulated by Ca2+ and TaCBL4. Knockdown TaCIPK10 significantly reduced wheat resistance to Pst, whereas TaCIPK10 overexpression resulted in enhanced wheat resistance to Pst by the induction of defense response in different aspects, including hypersensitive cell death, ROS accumulation and pathogenesis‐relative genes expression. Moreover, TaCIPK10 physically interacted with and phosphorylated TaNH2, which was homologous to AtNPR3/4. Silencing of TaNH2 in wheat resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the avirulent Pst race, CYR23, indicating its positive role in wheat resistance. Our results demonstrate that TaCIPK10 positively regulate wheat resistance to Pst as molecular links between of Ca2+ and downstream components of defense response and TaCIPK10 interacts with and phosphorylates TaNH2 to regulate wheat resistance to Pst.
Pigeonpea improvement: An amalgam of breeding and genomic research
Authors: Chanda Venkata Sameer Kumar , Nadigatla Veera Prabha Rama Ganga Rao , Saxena Rachit K. , Saxena Kulbhushan , Upadhyaya Hari D. , Siambi Moses , Silim Said N. , Reddy Kothapally Narasimha , Hingane Anupama J. , Sharma Mamta , Sharma Shivali , Lyimo Stephen Dominic , Ubwe Rose , Makenge Meshack , Gad Kananji , Kimurto Paul Kiprotich , Amane Manuel , Kanenga Kennedy , Obong Yuventino , Monyo Emanuel , Ojiewo Chris , Mallela Venkata Nagesh Kumar , Polineni Rao Jaganmohan , Lakkireddy Prashanthi , Chourat Sudhakar , Singh Indraprakash , Sajja Sobhan , Hirikara Beliappa Shruthi , Varshney Rajeev K.
Published: November 2018

In the past five decades, constant research has been directed towards yield improvement in pigeonpea resulting in the deployment of several commercially acceptable cultivars in India. Though, the genesis of hybrid technology, the biggest breakthrough, enigma of stagnant productivity still remains unsolved. To sort this productivity disparity, genomic research along with conventional breeding was successfully initiated at ICRISAT. It endowed ample genomic resource providing insight in the pigeonpea genome combating production constraints in a precise and speedy manner. The availability of the draft genome sequence with a large‐scale marker resource, oriented the research towards trait mapping for flowering time, determinacy, fertility restoration, yield attributing traits and photo‐insensitivity. Defined core and mini‐core collection, still eased the pigeonpea breeding being accessible for existing genetic diversity and developing stress resistance. Modern genomic tools like next‐generation sequencing, genome‐wide selection helping in the appraisal of selection efficiency is leading towards next‐generation breeding, an awaited milestone in pigeonpea genetic enhancement. This paper emphasizes the ongoing genetic improvement in pigeonpea with an amalgam of conventional breeding as well as genomic research.
How Perceptions of Inequality Between Countries Diminish Trust in the European Union: Experimental and Observational Evidence
Authors: Guinjoan Marc , Rico Guillem
Published: November 2018

In the context of increasingly salient economic disparities between member states, this article tests the novel theoretical claim that perceptions of inequality between European Union (EU) member states diminish citizens’ trust in European institutions. Drawing on system justification theory, we argue that the negative effect of perceived intercountry inequality will be reduced as individuals become more willing to accept social inequality and to reject redistribution. We test these propositions using a survey experiment conducted in Spain (Study 1) and a representative survey in eight EU countries (Study 2). Results from Study 1 show that when citizens are led to believe that overall levels of inequality within the EU are high, they tend to express lower levels of trust in European institutions than when displayed low levels of inequality. This finding is replicated in Study 2 using observational data on individual perceptions of inequality between countries. Results confirm the role of system‐justifying beliefs as a psychological antecedent of responses to inequality between countries.
Why Does Polycentric Governance Work for Some Project Sites and Not Others? Explaining the Sustainability of Tramline Projects in the Philippines
Authors: Omori Sawa , Tesorero Bartolome S.
Published: November 2018

Why are some tramlines, as human‐made common pool resources, sustained while others are not, even under a similar polycentric governance structure? Do the institutional design principles of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework explain these different outcomes? The National Tramline Program is a national rural infrastructure development project started in 2009 by the research institute of the Department of Agriculture in the Philippines. Using originally collected survey data and employing mixed methods, we examine the determinants of the operational status of tramlines by comparing successful and failed cases. Building upon the IAD framework and polycentric governance for common pool resource management, we demonstrate that in addition to the farmers’ commitment to collective actions, the institutional characteristics of micro‐institutions, namely, the democratic selection of a leader for the farmers’ associations, are key to sustaining tramlines. Furthermore, case studies of both success and failure illustrate that the active involvement of municipal local governments and the presence of coordination among related agencies at various levels are essential for maintaining tramlines as human‐made common pool resources.
Open data for open innovation: managing absorptive capacity in SMEs
Authors: Huber Franz , Wainwright Thomas , Rentocchini Francesco
Published: November 2018

Open Data (OD) utilisation has been encouraged by governments because of its potential to fuel digital innovation. Despite this, there is a paucity of study into the role of OD for SMEs, in contrast to the growing literature that has focused on the collection and sharing of OD by the public sector. As such, our study contributes to open innovation research by analysing the main capabilities needed to overcome existing barriers to successfully manage OD in SMEs. Building upon the recent SME‐oriented OI literature and adopting an interpretative absorptive capacity framework, we analyse the data collected from 30 semi‐structured interviews with experts working in UK organisations adopting OD‐based OI strategies. We find a number of core factors that shape OD acquisition, assimilation, transformation and exploitation by SMEs. Results show that without the specific OD capabilities identified in our study, it will be difficult for SMEs to successfully use OD, which may explain why the uptake of OD by SMEs more broadly has so far been limited. These unique OD capabilities need to be better developed by OD using SMEs, if this ‘raw material’ for the digital economy is to be fully exploited.