bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dematerialization: Not Just a Matter of Weight
Authors: van der Voet Ester , van Oers Lauran , Nikolic Igor
Published: April 2005

This article contains the results of a study performed to support the Dutch environmental policy of dematerialization. The aim of the study was to develop and apply a methodology to identify the materials that contribute most to the environmental problems in the Netherlands. The developed methodology combines aspects of material flow accounting (MFA) and life‐cycle assessment (LCA) and aims at adding a set of environmental weights to the flows of the materials. The methodology was applied to a number of materials. For these materials, impacts per kilogram were extracted from a standard LCA database in combination with standard LCA software. These impacts per kilogram are then multiplied with the yearly throughput of each material in the Netherlands to obtain an indication of the environmental impacts associated with each material.

This article contains a discussion of dematerialization as background for the research, a description of the methodology followed by the results of its application, and a discussion of the comparison of impact‐based versus mass‐based indicators. Materials vary many orders of magnitude in their impacts per unit mass. In general, the impact per unit of mass of bulk materials is lower than that of materials used in small quantities. This implies that the variation in orders of magnitude of impact multiplied by mass is much less than either mass or impact per kilogram separately. High‐priority materials based on impact multiplied by mass are either small‐quantity materials with very high impacts per kilogram (such as heavy metals) or large‐quantity materials with not‐so‐low impacts per kilogram (such as materials from agriculture and plastics).
Survey Insights into Weighting Environmental Damages: Influence of Context and Group
Authors: Mettier Thomas M. , Hofstetter Patrick
Published: April 2005

When one models impact pathways due to stressors that are caused by the provision of product systems, it results in indicators for environmental damages. These indicators are incommensurable and cannot be compared per se. For example, the statistical life years lost for a human population cannot necessarily be compared with the potentially affected fraction of species within an ecosystem. However, some decision makers who use life‐cycle assessment (LCA) prefer a single index, because it facilitates interpretation better than a multi‐indicator system. This requires a method for aggregating environmental damages of differing types, thereby confronting LCA with a valuation problem.

The article describes a nonmonetary approach to valuation in LCA that incorporates the findings of a survey among LCA practitioners and users. The survey focuses on the weighting of three safeguard subjects for Eco‐indicator 99, a damage‐oriented impact‐assessment method: human health, ecosystem quality, and resources. Of particular interest here is what influence the context provided in the survey (framing) and an individual's characteristics have on his or her weighting of environmental damages. The results indicate that damages on the European level are easier to compare than damages on a micro level. Additionally, although only half of the survey participants could be classified unequivocally into one of three cultural perspectives, each perspective rated the damage categories presented to them significantly differently from the others. Our conclusions were that framing effects need to be more carefully considered in weighting procedures and that weighting preferences vary significantly according to a group's archetypical attitudes.
Decision Support through Mass and Energy Flow Management in the Vehicle‐Refinishing Sector
Authors: Geldermann Jutta , Rentz Otto
Published: April 2005

In the past few decades, major advances in environmental protection within the coating application industry have been made. In spite of this technological progress, approximately 50% of industrial‐solvent emissions still come from the paint‐application sector. The advances made in reducing emissions for plants requiring licensing have unfortunately had no influence on the environmental efforts of smaller companies. Solvent‐reduced painting systems, such as high‐solid paints, water‐based coating, and powder coating have not been able to achieve acceptance, nor have innovative application technologies. The principal arguments against a conversion to these ecologically more favorable alternatives were related to cost and quality.

Recently, the EU Solvent Directive (1999/13/EC) went into effect, aiming to significantly reduce industrial‐solvent emissions. Up until this point, however, instruments enabling smaller companies to determine their solvent emissions and to simultaneously develop process‐improvement potentials while keeping costs in mind have been missing.

Using the mass and energy flow‐management approach, cost structures and environmental benefits can be made transparent to the entrepreneur. The primary result of the research projects presented here is the computer‐based mass and energy flow model called the individual computer‐aided mass and energy flow model for the vehicle‐refinishing sector (IMPROVE). It can be used as a detailed business‐consultancy tool. Based upon this, practical guidelines were developed for easy orientation and activity planning. They can be used by companies to help them fulfill the requirements of environmental legislation and to display the benefits that can be achieved by various emission‐reduction measures.
Modeling Basic Industries in the Australian Stocks and Flows Framework
Authors: Lennox James A. , Turner Graham , Hoffman Rob , McInnis Bert
Published: April 2005

The Australian stocks and flows framework (ASFF) is a tool for establishing a coherent historical picture of the Australian physical economy and for testing long‐term future scenarios (up to 2050 or even 2100). These scenarios can be used to investigate the long‐term physical consequences of current and future choices affecting the physical dimensions of sustainability. In this article we describe the methodology for and construction of a key component of ASFF: a dynamic physical input‐output model of material flows in the basic industries.

The materials model in ASFF describes physical flows and their transformation by industrial processes. The model's structure permits scenario analysis of long‐term technological change by permitting time‐varying input‐output coefficients and vintage models of capital stocks. As a consequence, the model contains a large number of parameters, which can be left at default settings or adjusted as the modeler sees fit, in order to simulate the widest possible range of physically realizable scenarios. The materials model is built using a methodology that integrates bottom‐up process analysis with top‐down statistics on material and energy flows. We present some examples showing how the materials model has been implemented to model Australian heavy industries. Several possibilities for further developing the materials model are also described.
Future Redistribution of Cadmium to Arable Swedish Soils: A Substance Stock Analysis
Authors: Karlsson Sten , Fredrikson Fredrik , Holmberg John
Published: April 2005

This article describes a stock‐based methodology designed to analyze the redistribution of substance stocks to environmental compartments. The methodology is then applied to investigate the requirements and possibilities for avoiding undesired future accumulation of cadmium in Swedish arable soils. A prospective decomposition analysis of human cadmium mobilization is thus performed to estimate the potential amounts that can end up in arable soils through different flows from the cadmium stocks identified. The requirements for cadmium abatement to achieve prescribed goals for accumulation limits are determined and compared with past and current achievements and with the varying qualities of possible abatement methods.

A stock‐based methodology adds some important information to traditional scenario techniques based on substance flow analysis. The most obvious is that the fact that stocks are limited actually matters for long‐term accumulation of cadmium in arable land. The methodology may also contribute certain indicators, for instance, on abatement requirements, which could serve as a complement to regulation and local quality measures on specific flows at an aggregated policy level. The stock perspective also sheds new light on actions such as increased recycling.

Concerning the specific example used in the study, it is possible to achieve a future addition of cadmium in Swedish agricultural soils that is significantly lower than in the past, although the amount depends to a large degree on activities and policies outside Sweden. Considerable uncertainty exists regarding future depositions from air, especially that from distributed small‐scale emissions from fuel burning and reemission of already deposited cadmium from natural media. Measures must also be taken to guarantee a continued low addition in the form of mineral phosphorus fertilizers.
The Guns That Didn't Smoke: Ideas and the Soviet Non-Use of Force in 1989
Authors: Bennett Andrew
Published: April 2005

Why did Soviet leaders not resort to force to preserve the Warsaw Pact in 1989? This article provides a cognitive model of how decision-makers learn from experience. It seeks to specify and establish the causal effect of this mechanism (elite cause-and-effect learning) as opposed to alternatives (more materialist or normative arguments) and to lay out the scope conditions for its operation. Soviet leaders learned from past Soviet military interventions in Czechoslovakia, in Afghanistan, and elsewhere the high costs and negative consequences of the use of force. Even Soviet hardliners, for both material and ideational reasons (i.e., beliefs about the efficacy of force), would have hesitated about the use of force in Eastern Europe had they been in power. The hardliners did, however, have much different views about the terms the Soviet Union should seek regarding German unification. Gorbachev's ideas prevailed largely because of the lingering authority of his position as top leader. In short, although ideas and material constraints pushed in the same direction to produce the startling events of 1989, ideas and governmental structure were critical in determining which of competing policy prescriptions would prevail regarding German unification.
Human Rights Ideas, the Demise of Communism, and the End of the Cold War
Authors: Thomas Daniel C.
Published: April 2005

This article analyzes the role of human-rights ideas in the collapse of Communism. The demise of Communist rule in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union was significantly influenced by the transnational diffusion of humanrights ideas. The analysis focuses on how human-rights norms were transmitted to Soviet dissidents and policymakers. The article also considers precisely how, and how much, these norms affected policy. The two primary causal mechanisms were the transmission of these ideas by a transnational Eastern European social movement for human rights, which expanded the roster of available political concepts and the terms of political legitimacy, and the mechanism of “rhetorical entrapment” whereby Soviet leaders became “trapped” or constrained to uphold their rhetorical commitment to the Helsinki Accords by the expanding discourse of human rights. Subsequently, Soviet leaders accepted human rights ideas for both substantive and instrumental reasons. Western power played some role, but the ideas themselves were salient, legitimate, and resonant for Soviet leaders seeking a new identity and destiny for the Soviet Union.
Ideas and Explanation: Advancing the Theoretical Agenda
Authors: Tannenwald Nina
Published: April 2005

This article responds to key methodological and theoretical challenges posed by the literature on the role of ideas in international relations, especially the literature on ideas and the end of the Cold War. The article develops a theoretical framework that guides the analysis of the empirical articles that follow. It identifies explanatory strategies for the role of ideas and seeks to clarify key methodological issues in the study of ideas. The article defines terms, identifies several different relationships between ideational and material factors, and lays out a series of “tests” for evaluating the causal effect of various kinds of ideas and ideational mechanisms. It then seeks to clarify two primary issues: whether it is possible to draw a clearer line between the material and the ideational; and what is meant by “constitutive effects” and “constitutive explanation.” The article defends the notion of constitutive explanation and shows how both causal analysis and constitutive analysis are valid explanatory strategies for the role of ideas.
Preparation, Characterization and Conducting Properties of Nanocomposites of Successively Intercalated Polyaniline (PANI) in Montmorillonite (MMT)
Authors: Bandara W. M.A.T. , Krishantha D. M.M. , Perera J. S.H.Q. , Rajapakse R. M.G. , Tennakoon D. T.B.
Published: April 2005

This paper describes the preparation and characterization of conducting polyaniline-montmorillonite (PANI-MMT) nanocomposites by the polymerization of anilinium ions within the interlayer space of MMT particles. A procedure for the successive introduction of PANI chains within the interlayer galleries of MMT is developed. The d-spacing, measured after heat treatment at various temperatures serves as a measure of the amount of polymer inserted in the clay intergalleries. The FTIR spectroscopy reveals the presence of host-guest interactions of a hydrogen-bonded nature. The DC conductivities were found to increase with the amount of PANI intercalated. Anilinium ions supported on kaolinite tended to dislodge from the surface upon repeated washings, as shown by the absence of polymer formation on such samples upon treatment with the oxidant. In MMT, however, polymerization is observed even with exhaustively washed samples, thus confirming that the successive polymerization processes occur within the interlayer galleries. Exclusion of the washing stage gives a composite material in which polyaniline is present on both the internal and external surfaces. This material is found to have significantly higher electronic conductivities than the composites where the polymer is restricted to interlayer galleries. The washed samples of the polymer once loaded into the clay (EMS1-MMT), twice loaded into the clay (EMS2-MMT) and thrice loaded into the clay (EMS3-MMT) have electrical conductivities of 4.5 × 10−5, 3.0 × 10−4, and 1.0 × 10−3 Scm−1, respectively in their dry states. The corresponding samples prepared by excluding the washing procedure had the values of 4.0 × 10−4, 1.0 × 10−2, and 1.0 10−1 Scm−1, respectively.
Language and Cultural Immersion: An Ethnographic Case Study
Authors: Jackson Jane
Published: April 2005

This paper focuses on an evaluative, ethnographic case study of an English language and cultural immersion programme for Hong Kong university students. Prior to a five-week sojourn in England, the 15 English majors completed a survey and interview to determine their expectations and concerns. While in Oxford, they took courses in an English Language Centre, investigated a cultural scene of their choice, visited cultural/literary sites, took part in informal activities with international students, and lived with a British family. They reflected on their experiences across cultures, including stressful or confusing encounters, in a diary. During the sojourn, the researcher (their ethnography teacher) observed, photographed, and recorded their behavior in field notes and gathered additional information by way of informal discussions. Post-sojourn, the students filled in a questionnaire and offered their perceptions about their experiences in interviews and a series of debriefing sessions. The analysis of the triangulated data helped to understand the sojourn better from the students’ perspectives and suggested speci-fic issues that should be addressed in future pre-departure intercultural communications seminars. The paper aims to illustrate the valuable role that ethnographic research can play in programme evaluation and enhancement.
Strategies and Predilections in Reading Expository Text: The Importance of Text Patterns
Authors: Sharp Alastair
Published: April 2005

Reading and understanding a text presents a variety of processing problems for L2 learners. The organizational pattern of a text has been considered by some researchers to have an important influence in this process. This article describes an experimental study of a group of Hong Kong schoolchildren and presents evidence that learners reading in English as a second language experience unexpected comprehension problems that may be related to L1-L2 rhetorical differences. Results indicate predilections which favour particular rhetorical patterns: it is suggested that specific teaching strategies should be employed to raise reader awareness of this aspect of comprehension.
The Representation of People in Educational Materials
Authors: McGrath Ian
Published: April 2005

This paper re-visits, in the light of a recent survey in Hong Kong, issues in relation to how people are represented in educational materials for language-learners. Consideration is given to stereotyping in the way men and women are depicted and broader questions concerning the ‘visibility’ of women, the divorced and other groups, and the possible effects of such representation on school-age learners.
Intercultural Experience and Teacher Professional Development
Authors: Gu Qing
Published: April 2005

This paper examines the effects of intercultural experience on teacher professionalism. The main methods for data collection consist of semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires. Analysis of participants’ experiences of Department for International Development’s (DFID) English language teaching projects shows that intercultural experience has a significant impact on both Chinese teachers’ and British trainers’ professional development. The impact on Chinese teachers is to induce a more rational view on teaching and learning practice and a more balanced attitude towards tradition versus innovation. Exposure to different teaching cultures and the intercultural experience itself is found to have led to a stronger awareness of the meaning of culturally sensitive pedagogy in both Chinese and British ELT professionals. The significant implication for teacher education is to take a holistic and cognitive view of educating teaching professionals and assist teachers to build up the capacity to act on their knowledge base in their teaching arenas.
Teachers’ Beliefs about Internationally-Published Materials: A Survey of Tertiary English Teachers in Indonesia
Authors: Zacharias Nugrahenny T.
Published: April 2005

This study investigated the beliefs of tertiary teachers in Indonesia about internationally-published materials. In addition, it explored whether there were mismatches between the teachers’ beliefs and what they claimed to be their classroom practices. This study learned that most respondents believed that internationally-published materials were preferable to those published locally. Most respondents indicated that the material from English-speaking countries1 was preferred because they used ‘perfect’ English despite the international role that English has today. The fact that locally-published materials are not readily available is another reason why internationally-published materials were favoured. This finding indicates the immediate need for local teachers to be empowered on how to develop their own materials to facilitate their particular learning and teaching situations.
The Effects of Cultural Instruction on Foreign Language Learning
Authors: Tsou Wenli
Published: April 2005

Many elementary EFL teachers in Taiwan have concerns in integrating target culture teaching into their language classrooms for reasons such as teachers’ limited knowledge of the target culture, lack of time, lack of methods and materials. In order to persuade more language teachers to teach target language culture, guidelines about designing an applicable cultural instruction and evidence about its effects on language learning are needed. In the study, the combination of an anthropology process and task-oriented approach were applied to conduct the culture lessons. Culture instruction was implemented within two elementary EFL classrooms for one semester to see the effects of culture instruction on foreign language learning. When culture lessons were integrated into EFL instruction, students’ language proficiency was significantly improved. In addition, they had better interests in language learning.
The Motivational Power of Internet Chat
Authors: Jarrell Douglas , Freiermuth Mark R.
Published: April 2005

Internet chat was investigated as a potential motivating learning tool in the language classroom. The purpose of this research was to examine the interaction of small groups involved in face-to-face discussions and to compare these texts to interaction that occurred in online groups. Observation and data revealed that students were generally motivated to communicate in English using Internet chat. When the groups were compared, it was found that student participation in online chat groups was more equitable and students showed a preference for chat over face-to-face conversation. Based upon these findings, we conclude here that Internet chat can be used to deliver meaningful and appropriate language tasks in the ESL/EFL classroom.
Second Thoughts on Teaching Listening
Authors: Richards Jack C.
Published: April 2005

Two views of listening are examined. The first, listening as comprehension, emphasizes accessing meaning through listening, and focusses on the message rather than on form. The second, listening as acquisition, emphasizes the role of listening in promoting language acquisition, and emphasizes the role of noticing in facilitating language development. These two views of listening lead in different directions for classroom pedagogy and pose some dilemmas for classroom instruction and materials development.
Computer Simulation of 3-D Liquid Transport in Fibrous Materials
Authors: Lukas D. , Soukupova V. , Pan N. , Parikh D. V.
Published: April 2005

Liquid movement in 3-D fibrous materials is studied in this article by means of Monte Carlo simulation based on the Ising model with so-called Kawasaki kinetics. Computer simulation algorithms are then developed in accordance with the standard liquid wicking rate tests from both EDANA and INDA, and the simulation results provide information of liquid wicked into computer-generated fiber assemblies as a function of time. The work focuses mainly on the relationship between fiber orientation and the liquid wicking rate, while other geometrical parameters of the fiber mass remain fixed. Furthermore, this simulation also presents dynamic data of both liquid mass uptake and energy changes of the system. The results are in agreement with known experimental evidence.
A Hybrid Symbolic-Numerical Simulation Method for Some Typical Boundary Control Problems
Authors: Liang Jinsong , Chen YangQuan , Guo Bao-Zhu
Published: April 2005

Although boundary control of linear partial differential equations has become an important research area, there is still no readily available simulation tool to help researchers analyze and design. In this article, a simulation method for some typical boundary control problems, combining symbolic math and a numerical method, is presented with application examples. In the intermediate steps of the simulation, an important by-product, transfer function of the controlled system, can be obtained, which makes the design of more advanced boundary controllers possible and much easier.
UTSAF: A Multi-Agent-Based Software Bridge for Interoperability between Distributed Military and Commercial Gaming Simulation
Authors: Prasithsangaree Phongsak , Manojlovich Joseph , Hughes Stephen , Lewis Mike
Published: April 2005

Rapid advances in consumer electronics have led to the anomaly that consumer off-the-shelf gaming hardware and software provide better interactive graphics than military and other specialized systems costing orders of magnitude more. UTSAF (Unreal Tournament Semi-Automated Force) is bridging software written to take advantage of the power of gaming systems by allowing them to participate in distributed simulations with military simulators. UTSAF illustrates the use of multiagent technology to flexibly interconnect otherwise incompatible systems. This article describes an architectural approach for rapidly constructing middleware by taking advantage of built-in capabilities for processing, communication, and interoperation that a multiagent infrastructure provides. Several software agents based on Reusable Environment for Task-Structured Intelligent Networked Agents (RETSINAs) are used to support interoperability between military simulation nodes based on distributed interactive simulation and Unreal game simulators. Using a multiagent system, UTSAF can be expanded to support several network environments and interact with other agent-based software.
Dynamic Analysis of Flexible Supercavitating Vehicles Using Modal-Based Elements
Authors: Choi Jou-Young , Ruzzene Massimo , Bauchau Olivier A.
Published: April 2005

This article presents a numerical model for the simulation of the flight mechanics behavior of flexible supercavitating vehicles. Supercavitating vehicles exploit supercavitation as a means to reduce drag and increase underwater speed. In the proposed formulation, the vehicle’s rigid body motion is described by six degrees of freedom, which define pitch, yaw, and roll motion and the displacement of the center of gravity with respect to an inertial reference system. The developed numerical model predicts the dynamic response of the vehicles resulting from perturbation of the control surfaces and assigned maneuvers. The results highlight the potential instability of the vehicles’ behavior and its sensitivity to the considered control maneuvers. The analysis is motivated by the need of accurately modeling the structural characteristics of supercavitating vehicles to estimate vibrations in the structure and to envision and design systems that improve their guidance and control efficiency.
Grid-Based Simulation of Industrial Thin-Film Production
Authors: Krzhizhanovskaya V. V. , Sloot P. M.A. , Gorbachev Yu. E.
Published: April 2005

In this article, the authors introduce a Grid-based virtual reactor, a High Level Architecture (HLA)- supported problem-solving environment that allows for detailed numerical study of industrial thin-film production in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) reactors. They briefly describe the physics and chemistry underpinning the deposition process, the numerical approach to simulate these processes on advanced computer architectures, and the associated software environment supporting computational experiments. The authors built an efficient problem-solving environment for scientists studying PECVD processes and end users working in the chemical industry and validated the resulting virtual reactor against real experiments.
A Comparison of CMB- and HLA-Based Approaches to Type I Interoperability Reference Model Problems for COTS-Based Distributed Simulation
Authors: Taylor Simon J. E. , Turner Stephen J. , Mustafee Navonil , Ahlander Henrik , Ayani Rassul
Published: April 2005

Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) simulation packages (CSPs) are software used by many simulation modelers to build and experiment with models of various systems in domains such as manufacturing, health, logistics, and commerce. As part of an ongoing standardization effort, this article introduces the COTS Simulation Package Emulator (CSPE), a proposed benchmark that can be used to investigate asynchronous entity-passing problems as described by the Type I interoperability reference model for COTS-based distributed simulation. To demonstrate its use, two approaches to this form of interoperability are discussed: an implementation based on the Chandy-Misra-Bryant (CMB) conservative algorithm and an implementation based on the High Level Architecture (HLA) Time Advance Request (TAR). It is shown the HLA approach outperforms the CMB approach in almost all cases. The article concludes that the CSPE benchmark is a valid basis from which the most efficient approach to Type I interoperability problems for COTS-based distributed simulation can be discovered.
An OWL-based extensible transcoding system for mobile multi-devices
Authors: Hsu I. -Ching , Kao Shang-Juh
Published: April 2005

Due to the rapid Internet development, an answer to the challenging question of how to automatically convert heterogeneous information into the desired XML format that can be accepted by a designated device is urgently requested. In this paper, we propose an OWL-based extensible trans-coding system (OETS) which is based on an extensible transcoding policy infrastructure, with a hierarchical structure of ontologies, and can automatically render an HTML document in mobile devices. In order to create common knowledge of OETS, we develop two top level ontologies: procedural sensor/effector ontology (PSEO) and markup file taxonomy ontology (MFTO). PSEO combines with situated logic to support sensor/effector procedures attached to an ontology class, while MFTO supports the markup file and structural components classification. Developers can exploit the extensible transcoding capability of OETS to satisfy various layout-specific structures of HTML pages by providing dedicated domain ontologies.
Development of a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) for long-term preservation of digital objects
Authors: van der Hoeven J. R. , van Diessen R. J. , van der Meer K.
Published: April 2005

Emulation has been proposed as a preservation strategy for longevity of digital objects. An advantage of emulation is the relative platform independency. Emulation with a high degree of platform independency requires a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC), as described by Lorie. This paper describes the realization of the enhanced UVC developed for the National Library of the Netherlands. The preservation method of the UVC at preservation time and at retrieval time (in the future) is concisely described, the conceptual model of the UVC is given, and the object design and the logical data viewer of the UVC are presented. The UVC has been realized and proven to work for image types using the JPEG and GIF87a formats, although performance of the present UVC can still can be improved. The UVC demonstration tool is freely available at the Alphaworks web site to let the general public experience this approach on long-term access.
Refereeing and the single author
Authors: Hartley James
Published: April 2005

The reported refereeing times taken from submission to acceptance for psychology journal articles were assessed in three separate studies, and the results then pooled. The pooled data suggested (i) that the papers of single authors were refereed faster than were those of pairs or larger groups, and (ii) that the papers of single authors that contained portions that had previously been delivered at conferences were refereed fastest of all. Some limitations of these studies that might have a bearing on these conclusions are considered.
Prohibitions, Weapons and Controversy:
Authors: Rappert Brian
Published: April 2005

With the destructiveness of modern conflict, varied national and international calls have been made to constrain the employment of weaponry. Efforts to establish prohibition regimes attempt to cut through disorderly and diverse sociotechnical assemblages to locate the principal source of a problem in order to justify a certain course of action. Science and Technology Studies cautions against separating elements of socio-technical assemblages. Likewise, the fragility and contestability of particular determinations of the acceptability of weaponry are apparent in contemporary prohibition debates. Even while many acknowledge the problems of definitely locating some source of acceptability, many arms-control discussions invariably entail efforts to do just that. This paper considers the dynamics of the claims and counterclaims offered to support contentions about the acceptability of the employment of weaponry and thereby justify certain control regimes. As argued, when faced with fundamental difficulties and dilemmas associated with offering determinations of where unacceptability rests, actors engage in various strategies to deny, defer, deter and deflect having to resolve the complicated issues at stake. Alternative characterizations and definitions involve alternative ways of shifting the burden of proof for resolving intractable problems. The paper proposes the notion of ‘disposal strategies’ as a useful way of characterizing the processes of ordering, whereby actors attempt to manage persistent problems and dilemmas.
An Experiment in Performative History:
Authors: Jensen Casper Bruun
Published: April 2005

The aim of this paper is to describe parts of the history and development in Denmark of the interdisciplinary field of study known as medical informatics, which has been crucially involved in the current high-profile development of a national Danish electronic care record. This turn of events has enabled an increasing naturalization of the history of the discipline, but in this paper I suggest that this understanding is highly selective and limiting for coming to terms with the heterogeneity and contingency of events, which lead to the current situation. Both science and technology studies (STS) and deconstruction have tried to take such a contingency into account in their historiographic efforts. My experiment is to ‘diffract’ STS (as instanced here by cyborg history) and deconstruction through each other, in order to try to answer the following question: how does one tell the history of medical informatics in a subtle way, which does not lean upon a teleological belief in the development of better technologies and the concurrent need of medical informatics to put such developments to their proper use? The challenge is to tell it instead as formed by a multiplicity of actors, none of whom have been fully in control of themselves or other participants. In other words, it is to write an experimental history of medical informatics, which is not burdened with the idea that the electronic care record necessarily will be the crown jewel of the discipline and that this future was inherent in the discipline’s development from the outset.
Contesting a Hybrid Firm at a Traditional University
Authors: Tuunainen Juha
Published: April 2005

This paper presents a challenge to the idea of what some scholars have called the entrepreneurial university. By applying and elaborating on Thomas Gieryn’s concept of boundary work, it offers evidence to the effect that developing an entrepreneurial university is not as straightforward as it may seem from a more generalized perspective. Developing such an entity, at least in the confines of traditional, public-funded universities, is complicated by the emergence of a boundary between public and private activities. This study focuses on a potential hybrid research group: an academic group that sought to fuse its research with potential business activity within an ordinary university department. Controversies over four distinct issues arose: 1) the bureaucratic authority of a department chairman, 2) the allocation of teaching loads, 3) the ownership of research tools and materials and 4) the intellectual property rights of the researchers. Ultimately, the controversy was resolved through a formal written contract that established two boundaries: a border between the social roles of university researchers and those of private entrepreneurs, and a physical separation of the work done by academic projects from that of corporate development. As a result, the hybrid research group/firm was ‘purified’ into a private entity with no direct ties to the university.
Sentient nature and human economy: the ‘human’ science of early Nationalökonomie
Authors: Bowler Richard
Published: April 2005

Over the course of the 18th century, scholarly examinations of animal nature and behavior rejected ‘mechanical’, overly deterministic hypotheses, suggesting instead that animal action proceeded from a psycho-physiological sentient capacity. Though the ultimate causes of this capacity appeared to elude explanation, they expressed themselves in behaviors that scholars described and analyzed. Interpretations of sentient, animal nature also bore on the contemporary understanding of human nature: like animals, human beings were also considered to possess a psycho-physiological nature that motivated them to act in order to satisfy their vital needs. Adopting this vision of human nature, early German political economists sought to construct a ‘human’ science, one that emphasized and explored the human interrelationship with the operations of the physical world, yet did not abandon the long-cherished belief in human distinctiveness within nature.
Herder: culture, anthropology and the Enlightenment
Authors: Denby David
Published: April 2005

The anthropological sensibility has often been seen as growing out of opposition to Enlightenment universalism. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) is often cited as an ancestor of modern cultural relativism, in which cultures exist in the plural. This article argues that Herder’s anthropology, and anthropology generally, are more closely related to Enlightenment thought than is generally considered. Herder certainly attacks Enlightenment abstraction, the arrogance of its Eurocentric historical teleology, and argues the case for a proto-hermeneutical approach which emphasizes embeddedness, horizon, the usefulness of prejudice. His suspicion of the ideology of progress and of associated theories of stadial development leads to a critique of cosmopolitanism and, particularly, of colonialism. But a comparison with a central Enlightenment figure like the natural historian Buffon (1708-88) reveals shared anthropological assumptions: human beings are characterized by the flexibility of their relationship to their environment, and by their ability to transmit and receive social knowledge. Herder’s critique of progress is thus an unstable one: culture [ Kultur] as the process through which humanity develops can also be called Enlightenment [ Aufklärung]. Herder’s definition of culture is much closer to a unitary Enlightenment model of civilization than is frequently suggested. Herder’s relativism is thus open to question: he holds on to certain universal criteria for transcultural judgements. This reassessment of Herder’s place in Enlightenment anthropology raises questions of contemporary relevance regarding cultural relativism on the one hand, and modernization and globalization on the other.
Sociological theory and the natural environment
Authors: Walker Gavin
Published: April 2005

In this article, I criticize environmental sociology’s conventional diagnosis of its methodological situation and overly narrow definition of its field. I argue for a greater engagement with the natural science base and consideration of anthropological approaches. I start with conceptual analysis, identifying the human-environment relationship as a pro-active two-way interaction. I then present an outline of global environmental dynamics, highlighting the unequal size of human activities on geosphere and biosphere scale, and the role of the biosphere as manager of the geosphere, this as context for the human population problem. Three types of environmental problems are next identified: urban-industrial, rural-agrarian, and high hazard exposure. These are seen as forming a continuum, with anthropogenic and natural factors synergizing at the centre. I comment on their geographic distribution, noting Europe’s limited and specific environmental experience. Lastly I attempt an overview without biological metaphors of the humanenvironment relationship through time, commenting on its inherent imbalances and how these might be diagnosed. I conclude that sociology’s bias to modernity and the West renders it inadequate to the global environmental question. A wider and deeper spacio-temporal consideration is needed, with the whole continuum of environmental problems considered. For this, environmental sociology should seek a synthesis with cultural anthropology centring on the anthropological concept of culture, an approach, I argue, that is accessible through the sociology of Max Weber.
Free Vibration of Sandwich Laminates with Two Higher-order Shear Deformable Facet Shell Element Models
Authors: Khare Rakesh Kumar , Garg Ajay Kumar , Kant Tarun
Published: April 2005

Two higher-order shear deformable finite element models using a higher-order facet shell element are presented for the free vibration analysis of layered anisotropic sandwich laminates. One of the higher-order shear deformation models accounts for the effects of both transverse shear strains/stresses and the transverse normal strain/stress, while the other includes only the effects of the transverse shear deformation. The accuracy of the present models is demonstrated by comparing the results of laminated sandwich plates with the available closed- form solutions. Benchmark solutions with the parametric study for the laminated sandwich cylindrical and spherical shell panels are also presented.
One-pot Borohydride Synthesis of Magnetically Modified Lepidocrocite
Authors: Bourlinos Athanasios B , Bakandritsos Aristides , Petridis Dimitrios
Published: April 2005

The one-pot borohydride treatment of a Fe(NO3)3/CoCl2 aqueous solution results in an inorganic magnetic nanocomposite γ-FeOOH/Co where the properties of the layered support are combined with those of the cobalt nanoparticles.
1H, 13C, and 15N NMR Pulse Width Determination for Labeled Proteins in H2O Solution: Nutation Pulse Sequences Including WATERGATE and Analysis by MUSASHI
Authors: Asakura Katsuo , Kurimoto Tomomitsu , Nemoto Nobuaki
Published: April 2005

We developed MUSASHI, a method to determine NMR 90 degree pulse width by nonlinear least square curve fitting. A nutation experiment is carried out and then the data set is sent to MUSASHI program. We report new nutation pulse sequences for labeled proteins in water including WATERGATE scheme aimed at obtaining data for MUSASHI. The new sequences and MUSASHI make it possible to obtain 1H, 13C, and 15N pulse width required to double- and triple-resonance experiments in a short time.
Natural Rubber/In Situ Silica Nanocomposite of a High Silica Content
Authors: Poompradub Sirilux , Kohjiya Shinzo , Ikeda Yuko
Published: April 2005

By using n-hexylamine as a catalyst of sol–gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane in uncured natural rubber matrix, spherical silica particles of ca. 46 nm were homogeneously generated in situ at a high content, i.e., 71 parts per one hundred rubbers by weight. The mechanical properties of this soft nanocomposite were very unique comparing with those of conventional silica-filled one. Especially, hysteresis loss and permanent set of the former were much lower than those of the latter. The result will be a breakthrough for practical applications of in situ silica filling.
Preparation of Novel Mesoporous Carbon Materials with Tunable Pore Diameters Using Directly Synthesized AlSBA-15 Materials
Authors: Vinu Ajayan , Ariga Katsuhiko
Published: April 2005

Large pore mesoporous carbon materials (MCA) have been prepared from AlSBA-15 templates synthesized at different temperatures. The obtained materials have been unambiguously characterized by XRD, HRTEM, and N2 adsorption. It has been found that the specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of the MCA materials are higher as compared to CMK-3 mesoporous carbon.
A Highly Selective Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Chemosensor for Fluoride Ion
Authors: Liu Bin , Tian He
Published: April 2005

The thiourea binding site anchored to fluorescent 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide signaling subunit is a highly selective and sensitive chromogenic and fluorogenic reagent for fluoride anion sensing.
Effect of Excitation Wavelength on Ultrafast Electron–Hole Recombination in Titanium(IV) Oxide Powders Irradiated by Femtosecond Laser Pulses
Authors: Noguchi Hidenori , Ohtani Bunsho , Uosaki Kohei
Published: April 2005

Femtosecond time-resolved diffuse reflectance measurement was carried out for anatase and rutile TiO2 powder systems in air. Anomalous rapid decay in the first few picoseconds after a rise in absorption was observed in both anatase and rutile TiO2 powders when TiO2 powder was excited by light pulses of near-band-gap energy, while it was not observed in the case of over-band-gap irradiation. These results suggest that the recombination dynamics does not depend on the crystal structure, if the wavelength dependence is normalized using energy relative to their absorption edges.
Enantioselective Synthesis of C11–C17 Segment of Mycinolide IV Using Samarium(II) Iodide-mediated Aldol Reaction
Authors: Ogawa Yasuyuki , Kuroda Kiichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2005

δ,β′-Dihydroxy–β,γ-unsaturated esters were stereoselectively synthesized by aldol reaction of aldehydes with samarium enolates that were generated by epoxide-fragmentation of γ,δ-oxiranyl–α,β-unsaturated esters using two moles of samarium(II) iodide. This samarium(II) iodide-mediated aldol reaction was applied successfully to the enantioselective synthesis of C11–C17 segment of Mycinolide IV.
Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on Layered Structure of Zn Nanocomposites Prepared by Laser Ablation of Zn in Aqueous Solution of Sodium Alkyl Sulfate
Authors: Usui Hiroyuki , Sasaki Takeshi , Koshizaki Naoto
Published: April 2005

Laser ablation of Zn was performed in aqueous solution of sodium alkyl sulfate (CnH2n+1SO4Na) with different alkyl chain lengths n. Zn nanocomposites (Zn-NC) with layered structures were obtained at specific alkyl chain lengths (n = 12, 13, 14, and 16). The interlayer spacing of Zn-NC and the tilt angle of surfactant molecules in the interlayer increased with alkyl chain length n. The increase in the tilt angle suggests the increase in packing density of surfactant molecules due to strong attraction forces between longer alkyl chains.
Adsorption of volatile organic compounds onto porous clay heterostructures based on spent organobentonites
Authors: Zhu Lizhong , Tian Senlin , Shi Yao
Published: April 2005

Model spent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB)-bentonite, and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC)-bentonite used for sorbing p-nitrophenol (PNP) from wastewater, as well as virgin CTMAB-bentonite and CPC-bentonite, were employed as the starting materials to prepare porous clay heterostructures (PCHs). The BET surface areas and total pore volumes of the PCHs based on these spent and virgin organobentonites (PNP-CTMAB-PCH, CTMAB-PCH, PNP-CPC-PCH and CPC-PCH) are 661.5 m2/g and 0.25 cm3/g, 690.4 m2/g and 0.27 cm3/g, 506.3 m2/g and 0.30 cm3/g, and 525.4 m2/g and 0.30 cm3/g, respectively. These values approximate those of activated carbon (AC), at 731.4 m2/g and 0.23 cm3/g, and are much larger than those of bentonite and CTMAB-bentonite, at 60.9 m2/g and 0.12 cm3/g, and 3.7 m2/g and 0.0055 m2/g, respectively. The PCHs have slightly higher adsorption capacities for benzene and CC14 than AC at higher relative pressures despite their comparatively lower benzene and CC14 adsorption capacity at lower relative pressures. The existence of PNP in organobentonites also enhances the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption capacity of PCHs at lower adsorbate concentrations, although some adsorption capacity is lost at higher concentrations. The hydrophobicity order of the adsorbents is: CTMAB-bentonite > AC > PCHs > bentonite. The micro- to mesoporous pore sizes, superior VOC adsorption properties, thermal stability to 750°C and hydrophobicity and negligible influences of PNP on PCHs make spent PNP-containing organobentonites ideal starting materials for synthesis of PCHs and especially attractive adsorbents for VOC sorption control.