bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A nutrient mixture suppresses hepatic metastasis in athymic nude mice injected with murine B16FO melanoma cells
Authors: Roomi M. W. , Kalinovsky T. , Roomi N. W. , Monterrery J. , Rath M. , Niedzwiecki A.
Published: August 2009

Highly metastatic melanoma is resistant to existing therapies. A unique micronutrient mixture (NM) containing ascorbic acid, amino acids, green tea extract has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity in vivo and in vitro in a number of cancer cell lines including human and murine melanoma cells lines. In this study we examined the effect of dietary NM supplementation on hepatic metastasis of intrasplenic injection of B16FO melanoma cells in athymic nude mice. Athymic nude mice (n = 10), 10–12 weeks of age, received 106 B16FO melanoma cells by injection into the spleen and divided into two groups. The Control group of mice received Purina mouse chow and the NM group received the regular diet supplemented with NM 0.5%. After two weeks, animals were sacrificed and spleens, livers, kidneys and lungs were excised from all animals, examined, weighed and processed for histology. The Control mice developed large black spleens and livers indicating growth in the spleen and metastasis to the liver. However, the mice supplemented with NM not only showed less tumor growth in the spleen as the Control mice, but also drastically reduced metastasis to the liver. In all groups, no metastasis to the kidneys and lungs was evident. In conclusion, these results suggest that NM has potential in suppression of tumor metastasis.
Cacao procyanidins reduce plasma cholesterol and increase fecal steroid excretion in rats fed a high‐cholesterol diet
Authors: Yasuda Akiko , Natsume Midori , Sasaki Kazue , Baba Seigo , Nakamura Yuko , Kanegae Minoru , Nagaoka Satoshi
Published: August 2009

Cocoa powder is rich in polyphenols, such as catechins and oligomeric procyanidins, and has a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans. This study evaluated the principal active components and potential mechanism(s) for the hypocholesterolemic effect of polyphenolic substances from cocoa powder in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed a 1% high‐cholesterol diet (HC) or a high‐cholesterol diet containing 1% polyphenol extract from cocoa powder (PE) or a mixture of 0.024% catechin and 0.058% epicatechin (CE) for 4 weeks. We also examined the effects of these polyphenolic substances on micellar cholesterol solubility in vitro. The PE group had significantly lower plasma cholesterol concentrations, and had significantly greater fecal cholesterol and total bile acids excretion than the HC group. The CE group diet did not influence plasma cholesterol concentrations, or fecal cholesterol or total bile acids excretion. Micellar solubility of cholesterol in vitro was significantly lower for procyanidin B2 (dimer), B5 (dimer), C1 (trimer) and A2 (tetramer), which are the main components of polyphenol extract from cocoa powder, compared to catechin and epicatechin. These results suggest that oligomeric procyanidins from cocoa powder are the principal active components responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect, and inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and bile acids through the decrease in micellar cholesterol solubility.
Oxidative stress related changes in the brain of hypercholesterolemic rabbits
Authors: Aytan Nurgül , Tamtürk Faruk , Kartal‐özera Nesrin , Jung Tobias , Grune Tilman
Published: August 2009

In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that cholesterol plays a role in the pathology of Alzheimer disease. Since hypercholesterolemia was reported to increase the levels of reactive oxygen species and Alzheimer disease has clearly involved an oxidative component, it is possible that hypercholesterolemia is via increased oxidant production facilitating the disease development of the neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, we tested in an established model of enhanced cholesterol feed in rabbits the effects of serum cholesterol increase on oxidative stress parameters as well in serum as in the brain. In addition to that we tested the effects of vitamin E on the cholesterol‐induced oxidative stress. Since Alzheimer disease is largely connected with increased protein oxidation whereas cholesterol is rather connected with lipid peroxidation processes, we tested both protein carbonyl levels and the formation of malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation. We could clearly demonstrate an increase in serum malondialdehyde due to high cholesterol feeding, which is accompanied by an increase in protein oxidation parameters in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. Therefore, we suggest that specific neuropathological changes occur during the feeding of hypercholesterolemic diet.
Modulation of palmitic acid‐induced cell death by ergothioneine: Evidence of an anti‐inflammatory action
Authors: Laurenza Incoronata , Prato Stefano Del , Benzi Luca , Colognato Renato , Migliore Lucia
Published: August 2009

Inflammation and reactive oxygen species have been implicated in pathogenesis of vascular diabetic complications. However, treatment with classic free‐radical scavengers and antioxidants has not been yet proved to reduce the risk of developing such complications. In search of more effective treatment we have tested the protective role of Ergothioneine (EGT), in vitro, on C2C12 cells model on FFA‐induced lipotoxicity. Cells were incubated for 24 h in the presence of palmitic acid (PA) (250, 500, 750, 1000 μM), added as pro‐oxidant compound, with or without 24‐h pre‐treatment with EGT. Cells were assessed for cell viability and MAPKs expression by Western Blot. Pre‐treatment with EGT resulted in greater cell viability at each PA concentration (EGT 500 μM: 5, 16, 17, 23% and EGT 1000 μM: 9, 18, 21 and 25%). In response to PA exposure, p38 and JNK activity increased significantly while EGT prevented such activation. Moreover the analysis of the IL‐6 production reveal that EGT is also able to exert anti‐inflammatory action inhibiting the PA IL‐6 modulation (P < 0.001). In conclusion, these results indicate that 1. EGT has a protective role on PA‐induced cell death, possibly via 2. reduced activity of MAPKs cascade having also 3. an anti‐inflammatory action exerted on the IL‐6 modulation.
Oak leaf extract as topical antioxidant: Free radical scavenging and iron chelating activities and in vivo skin irritation potential
Authors: Almeida Isabel F. , Amaral M. Helena , Costa Paulo C. , Bahia M. Fernanda , Valentão Patriacia , Andrade Paula B. , Seabra Rosa M. , Pereira Teresa M.
Published: August 2009

The topical application of antioxidants may be beneficial for the protection of the skin against UV damage. An extract of Quercus robur leaves was prepared and evaluated considering its putative application as topical antioxidant. The solvent and extractive method selection was monitored by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and polyphenols extraction (measured by the Folin Ciocalteu assay). Iron chelating activity and the phenolic composition (HPLC/DAD) were assessed on the extract obtained under optimized conditions. Skin irritation potential was investigated by performing an in vivo patch test in 19 volunteers. The extraction solvent which resulted in the highest activity was ethanol:water (4:6) and thus it was selected for further preparation of this extract. The IC50a for the iron chelation and DPPH scavenging assays were 153.8 ± 26.3 μg.mL−1 and 7.53 ± 0.71 μg.mL−1 (mean ± SD), respectively. The total phenolic content was found to be 346.3 ± 6.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract (mean ± SD). Three phenolic compounds were identified in the extract namely: ellagic acid, rutin and hyperoside. The major identified component was ellagic acid. The patch test carried out showed that the extract can be regarded as safe for topical application.
Oxidoreductase macrophage migration inhibitory factor is simultaneously increased in leukocyte subsets of patients with severe sepsis
Authors: Lehmann Lutz E. , Weber Stefan U. , Fuchs Dagmar , Klaschik Sven , Stüberb Frank , Schewe Jens‐Christian , Hoeft Andreas , Book Malte
Published: August 2009

The oxidoreductase Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is discussed as a promising target for immunomodulatory therapy in patients with severe sepsis. Moreover, MIF expresses tautomerase as well as thiol‐protein oxidore‐ductase activities and has a potential role in cellular redox homeostasis, apoptosis inhibition, endotoxin responsiveness as well as regulation of nuclear transcription factors.

To further elucidate a potential role of intracellular MIF in severe sepsis, we assessed alterations of intracellular MIF content in peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with severe sepsis in comparison to healthy controls and non‐septic patients after major surgery. Intracellular MIF was significantly elevated simultaneously in lymphocytes, B‐cells, macrophages and granulocytes of patients with severe sepsis when compared to healthy control individuals (p < 0.05) and increased when compared to non‐septic patients after major surgery. In parallel, plasma MIF levels were elevated in severe sepsis (p < 0.05). There was no difference of intracellular MIF in lymphocytes, B‐cells, macrophages or granulocytes between surviving and non‐surviving patients with severe sepsis (p > 0.05). However, in survivors LPS ex vivo stimulation increased MIF secretion but not in non‐survivors of sepsis (p < 0.05). This finding underlines the role of intracellular MIF in inflammatory diseases. It suggests monitoring of intracellular MIF in further clinical and non‐clinical research valuable.
Expression of ß‐carotene 15,15′‐monooxygenase gene and retinol status in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside‐induced nephrosis
Authors: Takitani Kimitaka , Matsumura Hideki , Nakakura Hyogo , Ashida Akira , Tamai Hiroshi
Published: August 2009

Retinol and its metabolite retinoic acid play a critical role in immunity, reproduction, and development. Retinoids are known to influence renal development, and show beneficial effects in experimental models of renal disease. ß‐Carotene (provitamin A) is cleaved to retinal by ß‐carotene 15,15′‐ monooxygenase (BCM), which is an essential enzyme for retinoid biosynthesis. However, the metabolism of retinol and ß‐carotene in renal diseases such as nephrosis remains unclear. We studied BCM gene expression and retinol status in rats with nephrotic syndrome induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN).

BCM gene expression in the liver and intestines of PAN‐treated rats was decreased compared with that in controls, while the expression in the kidney of PAN‐treated animals was increased. Plasma retinol and retinol‐binding protein levels were decreased in PAN‐treated rats, but hepatic retinol level did not differ between PAN‐treated and control rats. Up‐regulation of BCM gene expression in the kidneys of rats with nephrotic syndrome may result in increased conversion of ß‐carotene to retinal, so this change might supply more retinoic acid to the damaged glomeruli. Changes in the metabolism of retinol and ß‐carotene might have an important role in protection against the development of nephrosis.
Oxidative stress markers in oral lichen planus
Authors: Battino M. , Greabu M. , Totan A. , Mohora M. , Bullon P. , Bucur A. , Totan C. , Tovaru S. , Parlatescu I. , Didilescu A. , Spinu T.
Published: August 2009

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common disorder whose cause is still unknown. Oral cancer is preceded in most cases by pre malignant lesions‐leukoplasia, submucous fibrosis and lichen planus. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species play important roles in both pathogenesis of lichen planus and carcinogenesis. Thus monitoring systemic and saliva compounds important for the antioxidant defence (oxidative balance) could be important for the clinician's treatment strategy. Thorough medical management and early active treatment are necessary to improve symptoms and might also be a relevant prevention strategy from squamous cell carcinoma risk, although data to fully support this statement still need investigation. The principal aim of this study was to determine the systemic uric acid, GGT, and albumin levels as well as the levels of uric acid and albumin in 20 patients diagnosed with lichen planus and 20 controls. Extensive medline search failed to reveal any study of this type. Our results showed a significant decrease of saliva (p < 0.005) uric acid and an increase in serum gamma glutamyl transpherase (GGT) (p < 0.01) as well as in the total antioxidant capacity of saliva in patient group with respect to the control one. The preliminary conclusion of our study is that uric acid, the most important salivary antioxidant and GGT could be considered in the future as useful markers of oxidative stress for elaboration of treatment strategy and monitoring.
Chemical and biological studies of Ribes nigrum L. buds essential oil
Authors: Oprea Eliza , Farcasanu Ileana Cornelia , Rǎdulescu Valeria , Balotescu Carmen , Bucur Marcela , Lazar Veronica , Mladin Paulina
Published: August 2009

Ribes nigrum buds are used in medicine for the diuretic and antiseptic properties of their volatile compounds. We present in this paper comparative data concerning the chemical composition of Ribes nigrum buds essential oils obtained from three blackcurrant varieties. Essential oils were isolated by steam distillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The Ribes nigrum essential oils (extracted from all three varieties) exhibited similar and large antibacterial spectrum, acting against Acinetobacter (A.) baumanii, Escherichia (E.) coli, Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginoasa and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, as proved by the very low MIC values observed for the respective strains. The subinhibitory concentrations of the essential oils induced a decrease in the bacterial ability to colonize the inert substratum for A. baumanii, E. coli and S. aureus, demonstrating that besides the bactericidal activity, the Ribes nigrum essential oils also exhibit anti‐pathogenic potential.
Advances in functional research of antioxidants and organoleptic traits in berry crops
Authors: Carbone Fabrizio , Mourgues Fabienne , Perrotta Gaetano , Rosati Carlo
Published: August 2009

Berry species are economically‐important crops worldwide and represent an invaluable source of vitamins and other health‐related compounds. Species belonging to the families Rosaceae, Ericaceae and Grossulariaceae provide the most popular fruits, showing a strong diversity in natural and breeding populations as to berry traits (fruit type, size, color, flavor, antioxidant capacity), resistance to a/biotic stress, adaptation to different environment/culture conditions. The small genome size of most diploid berry genera is a remarkable feature for last‐generation genomics technologies, molecular genetics and functional studies. This review will cover the literature dealing with molecular research in berry crops, focusing on antioxidant‐ and flavor‐related compounds.
Screening and identification of putative allergens in berry fruits of the Rosaceae family: Technical challenges
Authors: Marzban Gorji , Maghuly Fatemeh , Herndl Anita , Katinger Hermann , Laimer Margit
Published: August 2009

Cross‐reactive proteins in small fruits of the Rosaceae family like strawberry, raspberry and blackberry revealed an unexpected complex IgE‐reactivity pattern. Several copies of PR‐10 and PR‐14 proteins were detected by Southern blots in strawberry, raspberry and blackberry. In raspberry, the highest similarity at the DNA level for PR‐10 and PR‐14 (Rub i 1 and Rub i 3) was detected to strawberry sequences of Fra a 1 and Fra a 3. At the protein level, Rub i 1 and Rub i 3 showed more than 70% identity with homologous proteins of rosaceous fruits. Furthermore, raspberries contained additional putative allergens, e.g. class III acidic chitinases and cyclophilins. Blackberries were shown to share at least two well‐known major fruit allergens with other rosaceous fruits, namely PR‐10s and PR‐14s homologous proteins. However the IgE‐reactive proteins of small fruits are still not extensively investigated. The main challenges in studying small fruit allergens are the complexity of the fruit matrix, the diversity of physico‐chemical properties of fruit proteins, the lack of appropriate protein extraction procedures and the missing information about the influence of processing treatments on food components.
Folate content in different strawberry genotypes and folate status in healthy subjects after strawberry consumption
Authors: Tulipani Sara , Romandini Stefania , Suarez José M. Alvarez , Capocasa Franco , Mezzetti Bruno , Battino Maurizio , Busco Franco , Bamonti Fabrizia , Novembrino Cristina
Published: August 2009

Folate is a micronutrient essential in a variety of biological processes, and an adequate dietary folate intake seems to play a crucial role in health promotion and disease prevention. The importance of strawberry as a natural food source of folate has been recognised only recently, and few pilot studies have investigated the impact of strawberry intake on human folate status. In this study, firstly, we evaluated the folate content of different commercial varieties (Alba, Irma, Patty, Adria, Sveva) and advanced selections (AN99.78.51; AN94.414.52; AN00.239.55) of strawberry. Significant differences were observed among genotypes, confirming the breeding approach as a reliable tool to increase folate content in strawberry. Secondly, the variety Sveva was selected for a medium‐term strawberry consumption study, in order to check if a 2‐weeks strawberry intake could have any effects on folate status and plasma homocysteine levels, in healthy subjects. An average 3.4% increase in serum folate was observed, however without any statistical significance, as shown by reference change value of each analyte in each subject. This study should be considered as a first pilot investigation, and further investigations are strongly hoped to evaluate the potential impact of strawberry consumption on human folate status, particularly in the case of a previously diagnosed deficiency.
Recent Progress in Strategies for the Creation of Protein‐Based Fluorescent Biosensors
Authors: Wang Hangxiang , Nakata Eiji , Hamachi Itaru
Published: August 2009

The creation of novel bioanalytical tools for the detection and monitoring of a range of important target substances and biological events in vivo and in vitro is a great challenge in chemical biology and biotechnology. Protein‐based fluorescent biosensors—integrated devices that convert a molecular‐recognition event to a fluorescent signal—have recently emerged as a powerful tool. As the recognition units various proteins that can specifically recognize and bind a variety of molecules of biological significance with high affinity are employed. For the transducer, fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or synthetic fluorophores, are mostly adopted. Recent progress in protein engineering and organic synthesis allows us to manipulate proteins genetically and/or chemically, and a library of such protein scaffolds has been significantly expanded by genome projects. In this review, we briefly describe the recent progress of protein‐based fluorescent biosensors on the basis of their platform and construction strategy, which are primarily divided into the genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors and chemically constructed biosensors.
Silver–Ethene Complexes [Ag(η2‐C2H4)n][Al(ORF)4] with n=1, 2, 3 (RF=Fluorine‐Substituted Group)
Authors: Reisinger Andreas , Trapp Nils , Knapp Carsten , Himmel Daniel , Breher Frank , Rüegger Heinz , Krossing Ingo
Published: August 2009

Compounds including the free or coordinated gas‐phase cations [Ag(η2‐C2H4)n]+ (n=1–3) were stabilized with very weakly coordinating anions [A]− (A=Al{OC(CH3)(CF3)2}4, n=1 (1); Al{OC(H)(CF3)2}4, n=2 (3); Al{OC(CF3)3}4, n=3 (5); {(F3C)3CO}3Al‐F‐Al{OC(CF3)3}3, n=3 (6)). They were prepared by reaction of the respective silver(I) salts with stoichiometric amounts of ethene in CH2Cl2 solution. As a reference we also prepared the isobutene complex [(Me2CCH2)Ag(Al{OC(CH3)(CF3)2}4)] (2). The compounds were characterized by multinuclear solution‐NMR, solid‐state MAS‐NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopy as well as by their single crystal X‐ray structures. MAS‐NMR spectroscopy shows that the [Ag(η2‐C2H4)3]+ cation in its [Al{OC(CF3)3}4]− salt exhibits time‐averaged D3h‐symmetry and freely rotates around its principal z‐axis in the solid state. All routine X‐ray structures (2θmax.<55°) converged within the 3σ limit at CC double bond lengths that were shorter or similar to that of free ethene. In contrast, the respective Raman active CC stretching modes indicated red‐shifts of 38 to 45 cm−1, suggesting a slight CC bond elongation. This mismatch is owed to residual librational motion at 100 K, the temperature of the data collection, as well as the lack of high angular data owing to the anisotropic electron distribution in the ethene molecule. Therefore, a method for the extraction of the CC distance in [M(C2H4)] complexes from experimental Raman data was developed and meaningful CC distances were obtained. These spectroscopic CC distances compare well to newly collected X‐ray data obtained at high resolution (2θmax.=100°) and low temperature (100 K). To complement the experimental data as well as to obtain further insight into bond formation, the complexes with up to three ligands were studied theoretically. The calculations were performed with DFT (BP86/TZVPP, PBE0/TZVPP), MP2/TZVPP and partly CCSD(T)/AUG‐cc‐pVTZ methods. In most cases several isomers were considered. Additionally, [M(C2H4)3] (M=Cu+, Ag+, Au+, Ni0, Pd0, Pt0, Na+) were investigated with AIM theory to substantiate the preference for a planar conformation and to estimate the importance of σ donation and π back donation. Comparing the group 10 and 11 analogues, we find that the lack of π back bonding in the group 11 cations is almost compensated by increased σ donation.
Hybrid capture 2 human papillomavirus DNA testing for women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance papanicolaou results in SurePath and ThinPrep specimens
Authors: Siddiqi Anwer , Spataro Michael , McIntire Holly , Akhtar Israh , Baliga Mithra , Flowers Rhyne , Lin E , Guo Ming
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND:

Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing using Hybrid Capture 2 assay with ThinPrep Papanicolaou (Pap) collection is the only US Food and Drug Administration‐approved method for the triage of women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). Although SurePath Pap collection has been used for Hybrid Capture 2 HPV DNA testing, clinical validation of this method has been scarce.

METHODS:

From a cervical cancer‐screening program in Mississippi, we analyzed data from screenings of 8380 women with ASCUS Pap results who underwent reflex Hybrid Capture 2 HPV DNA tests during a course of 4 years. Of these, 4145 were screened with the ThinPrep collection system, and 4235 were screened with SurePath. Results of follow‐up biopsies within 3 months of Pap tests were available for the ThinPrep group (229 cases) and the SurePath group (455 cases). Hybrid Capture 2 positive rates and the follow‐up biopsy results from both groups were compared.

RESULTS:

Hybrid Capture 2 detected high‐risk HPV DNA in 68.8% of ThinPrep and 66.7% of SurePath‐collected specimens (P = .37). Detection rates for CIN2+ and CIN3+ were also comparable between ThinPrep (21.4%, 3.1%) and SurePath (15.4%, 4.2%) using Hybrid Capture 2 (P = .06, P = .45). In ThinPrep‐collected specimens, 4.4% were quantitatively insufficient for Hybrid Capture 2 testing. Significantly more equivocal Hybrid Capture 2 results were observed in SurePath (11.4%) than in ThinPrep specimens (3.2%). However, 67.4% of women with equivocal Hybrid Capture 2 results had negative 1‐year Pap cytology follow‐up in the SurePath group.

CONCLUSIONS:

Hybrid Capture 2 positive rates and CIN2‐3 detection rates were comparable for the SurePath and ThinPrep Pap collection systems, thus supporting the use of SurePath for Hybrid Capture 2 testing. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
A survey on performance management for internet applications
Authors: Guitart Jordi , Torres Jordi , Ayguadé Eduard
Published: August 2009

Internet applications have become indispensable for many business and personal processes, turning the performance of these applications into a key issue. For this reason, recent research has comprehensively explored mechanisms for managing the performance of these applications, with special focus on dealing with overload situations and providing QoS guarantees to clients. This paper makes a survey on the different proposals in the literature for managing Internet applications' performance. We present a complete taxonomy that characterizes and classifies these proposals into several categories including request scheduling, admission control, service differentiation, dynamic resource management, service degradation, control theoretic approaches, works using queuing models, observation‐based approaches that use runtime measurements, and overall approaches combining several mechanisms. For each work, we provide a brief description in order to provide the reader with a global understanding of the research progress in this area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layered crystals of apo‐ and holoferritin grown by alternating crystallization
Authors: Nanev Chr. N. , Dimitrov I. L.
Published: August 2009

We report on the use of alternating crystallization for deposition of layers of different (though closely related) proteins in a single crystal. Investigations were carried out with the unique protein couple consisting of two forms of ferritin, apoferritin and holoferritin from horse spleen, which, despite being of quite different molecular masses, still possess identical organic shells. Crystals of both proteins were used as substrates for subsequent contiguous growth of the partner protein in perfect alignment. We observed continuous growth of combined (onion‐like) single crystals; artificial structures of biological macromolecules can be designed in this way. The homoepitaxial layered growth shows in an unambiguous way that protein crystallization depends only on the surface protein conformation and amino‐acid composition, but not on the internal molecule structure. The limitations of protein crystal growth for designing layered structures of biological macromolecules were revealed by growing of heterogeneous protein crystals onto pre‐existing protein crystalline substrates. Tetragonal crystals of hen egg‐white lysozyme were grown onto cubic apoferritin crystals used as substrates. It was observed that the lysozyme crystals were not lattice‐matched to the ‘host’ apoferritin crystals; this led to mere aggregates of different crystals. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of ferroelectric‐ferroelastic Tb2(MoO4)3 crystals
Authors: Cai Guipeng , Wang Jiyang , Zhang Huaijin
Published: August 2009

Transparent and nearly colorless ferroelectric‐ferroelastic β′‐Tb2(MoO4)3 (TMO) single crystals have been grown by the Czochralski (CZ) method. The single crystal structure was investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction and was shown to be a single phase with the structure similar as the β′‐Gd2(MoO4)3 crystal. The optical transparency of the TMO crystal has been measured and the crystal is almost transparent in the visible and near infrared regions. The defects of TMO crystal were evaluated by etching technique and the ferroelectric domain structures were observed by an optical microscope. A high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction analysis demonstrates that the as‐grown TMO crystal possesses relatively high optical quality. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Corporate social responsibility and developing countries
Authors: Dobers Peter , Halme Minna
Published: August 2009

This paper draws attention to several corporate social responsibility (CSR) questions in developing countries. (1) Illustrations from, for example, South America and Africa, including African voices critical to foreign aid, show that societies are different in many respects. This implies different capacities of organizations and their managers to understand and address pressing CSR issues in different cultural contexts. (2) Weak institutional environments, such as in developing countries, often harbor illicit financial outflow from poor countries to rich ones. This strips developing nations of critical resources and contributes to failed states, a point hardly ever discussed in the CSR literature. We argue for corporate actions in areas such as enhancing capacity in detecting tax fraud, antitrust and the unveiling of corruption cases. Obviously, legislation is a task of politicians, governments and international governmental bodies. However, if business enterprises can ‘legally misuse’ the system, then the matter should be seen as a CSR issue also. There is thus an urgency for concerted efforts by the private sector, public sector and non‐governmental organizations to develop structures and institutions that contribute to social justice, environmental protection and poverty eradication. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Towards the Sustainable Production of Acrolein by Glycerol Dehydration
Authors: Katryniok Benjamin , Paul Sébastien , Capron Mickaël , Dumeignil Franck
Published: August 2009

The massive increase in biodiesel production by transesterification of vegatable oils goes hand‐in‐hand with the availability of a large volume of glycerol, which must be valorized. Glycerol dehydration to acrolein over acid catalysts is one of the most promising ways of valorization, because this compound is an important chemical intermediate used in, for example, the DL‐methionine synthesis. In this Minireview, we give a detailed critical view of the state‐of‐the‐art of this dehydration reaction. The processes developed in both the liquid and the gas phases are detailed and the best catalytic results obtained so far are reported as a benchmark for future developments. The advances on the understanding of the reaction mechanism are also discussed and we further focus particularly on the main obstacles for an immediate industrial application of this technology, namely catalyst coking and crude glycerol direct‐use issues.
Fine needle aspiration of metastatic prostate carcinoma simulating a primary adrenal cortical neoplasm: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Subhawong Andrea P. , Subhawong Ty K. , Li Qing Kay
Published: August 2009

Adrenal metastases usually occur in prostate cancer patients with widespread bone and visceral disease. Autopsy studies have shown that adrenal metastases may be found in up to 23% of these patients. However, the finding of an isolated adrenal metastasis without the involvement of other organs in a patient with prostate cancer is exceedingly rare. Thus, it may cause a diagnostic dilemma on FNA cytology. We report a patient with a history of prostate cancer, status post radiation, and hormonal therapy 4 years before, who presented with a new, single adrenal mass on abdominal imaging studies. The ultrasound‐guided FNA cytology of the adrenal mass revealed cytomorphological features that were suggestive of a primary adrenal cortical neoplasm, but overlapped with those of a prostate metastasis. To our knowledge, FNA findings of metastatic prostate cancer simulating an adrenal cortical neoplasm have not been previously reported in the English literature. The purpose of our study is to discuss the differential diagnosis of these entities. The accurate diagnosis is important because of different prognosis and treatment implications for the various diseases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micronucleus to distinguish adenocarcinoma from reactive mesothelial cell in effusion fluid
Authors: Kaur Jasleen , Dey Pranab
Published: August 2009

To evaluate the role of the scoring of micronucleated cell (MNC) to distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from adenocarcinoma cells in effusion fluid.

A total of 20 cases of unequivocal metastatic adenocarcinoma and 15 controls with reactive mesothelial cell proliferation in ascetic fluid were selected for scoring of the MNC. The numbers of cells having micronuclei were counted per 1000 of the well‐preserved cells in May Grunwald Giemsa stained slides in each case.

The mean number of MNC in metastatic adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial cells were 21 + 6.53 and 2.93 + 2.63, respectively, per 1000 cells. Micronuclei frequency was significantly increased in adenocarcinoma patients compared with controls (Student's t‐test, P < 0.001).

The scoring of MNC can be used as an additional biomarker and to discriminate between benign reactive mesothelial cells versus metastatic adenocarcinoma in effusion fluids in difficult situation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Phenylglycine‐Derived Primary Amine Organocatalysts for the Preparation of Optically Active Warfarin
Authors: Kristensen Tor E. , Vestli Kristian , Hansen Finn K. , Hansen Tore
Published: August 2009

In this work we present new, fully synthetic phenylglycine‐derived primary amine organocatalysts useful for the one‐step preparation of optically active warfarin, an important anticoagulant. Both enantiomeric forms of the catalysts are equally available and can be prepared by robust procedures without recourse to chromatographic purification. Together with a co‐catalyst, particularly acetic acid or 2,4‐dinitrophenol, they can furnish warfarin in approximately 80 % ee and represent inexpensive alternatives to other primary amine organocatalysts such as the chiral diamines and Cinchona‐derived primary amines.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Body posture effects on self‐evaluation: A self‐validation approach
Authors: Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E. , Wagner Benjamin
Published: August 2009

Building on the notion of embodied attitudes, we examined how body postures can influence self‐evaluations by affecting thought confidence, a meta‐cognitive process. Specifically, participants were asked to think about and write down their best or worse qualities while they were sitting down with their back erect and pushing their chest out (confident posture) or slouched forward with their back curved (doubtful posture). Then, participants completed a number of measures and reported their self‐evaluations. In line with the self‐validation hypothesis, we predicted and found that the effect of the direction of thoughts (positive/negative) on self‐related attitudes was significantly greater when participants wrote their thoughts in the confident than in the doubtful posture. These postures did not influence the number or quality of thoughts listed, but did have an impact on the confidence with which people held their thoughts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suffering from the possibility of status loss: Physiological responses to social identity threat in high status groups
Authors: Scheepers Daan , Ellemers Naomi , Sintemaartensdijk Nieska
Published: August 2009

In this research, we examine the emergence of social identity threat among members of high status groups, by assessing physiological responses to threat in addition to more traditional (self‐report) measures. We argue that physiological measures are better suited than explicit responses to indicate the emergence of social identity threat when high status groups face the possibility of future group status loss. In Experiment 1, members of an experimentally created high status group displayed higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP) when inter‐group status differences were unstable than when they were stable, even though participants in both conditions reported identical levels of collective self‐esteem. In Experiment 2, only male participants (i.e., high status group members) displayed increased SBP and PP when discussing changing gender–status relations in society, particularly when this happened in an inter‐group context (i.e., when discussing with females). The increased threat that emerged under these conditions could not be inferred from self‐reported inter‐group perceptions (endorsement of sexism). We conclude that whereas self‐report measures can help assess how high status group members perceive the current inter‐group situation, physiological measures are needed to reveal the social identity threat they experience when they anticipate the possibility for future change in inter‐group relations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The symbolic identity implications of inter and intra‐group transgressions
Authors: Okimoto Tyler G. , Wenzel Michael
Published: August 2009

The current investigation proposes that symbolic identity concerns underlie retributive desires following a transgression, but that the type of identity concern that primarily drives that retribution varies between intra and intergroup contexts. More specifically, a respondent's social identity may be threatened by calling into question his or her ingroup's status and power in the larger superordinate society, a concern that is particularly relevant in intergroup contexts. Identity may also be threatened by questioning a group's identity‐defining values, a concern that is particularly relevant in intragroup contexts. In support of these assertions, the current study shows that desires for retribution following an intergroup terrorist attack were stronger when the attack was framed as attempting to undermine the victimized nation's status/power, but were stronger following an intragroup terrorist attack when framed as attempting to undermine national values. Moreover, these differences only occurred for respondents high in national identification, underscoring that the effects are based on identity processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gibbs point process models with mixed effects
Authors: Illian Janine B. , Hendrichsen Ditte K.
Published: August 2009

We consider spatial point patterns that have been observed repeatedly in the same area at several points in time. We take a maximum pseudolikelihood approach (besag :1976) to parameter estimation in the context of Gibbs processes (Stoyan et al., 1995, Illian et al., 2008). More specifically, we discuss pair‐wise interaction processes where the conditional intensity has a log‐linear form and extend existing models by expressing the intensity and the interaction terms in the pseudolikelihood as a sum of fixed and random effects, where the latter accounts for variation over time. We initially derive a Strauss process model with mixed effects. As this model is too simplistic in the given context, we further consider a more general model that allows for inter‐group differences in intensity and interaction strength and has a more flexible interaction function. We apply the approximate Berman–Turner device (Baddeley and Turner, 2000) to a generalised linear mixed model with log link and Poisson outcome rather than a simple generalised linear model. Estimates are obtained using existing software for generalised linear mixed models based on penalised quasi‐likelihood methods (Bresow and Clayton, 1993).

The approach is applied to a data set detailing the spatial locations of different types of muskoxen herds in a fixed area in Greenland at different points in time within several years (Meltofte and Berg, 2004). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining numerical model output and particulate data using Bayesian space–time modeling
Authors: McMillan Nancy J. , Holland David M. , Morara Michele , Feng Jingyu
Published: August 2009

Over the past few years, Bayesian models for combining output from numerical models and air monitoring data have been applied to environmental data sets to improve spatial prediction. This paper develops a new hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that combines U. S. EPA Federal Reference Method (FRM) PM2.5 monitoring data and Community Multi‐scale Air Quality (CMAQ) numerical model output. The model is specified in a Bayesian framework and fitted using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. We find that the statistical model combining monitoring data and CMAQ output provides reliable information about the true underlying PM2.5 process over time and space. We base these conclusions on results of a validation exercise in which independent monitoring data were compared with predicted values from the HBM and predictions from a standard kriging model based solely on the monitoring data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of different commercial lipases on the volatile profile of lipolysed milk fat
Authors: Wang Bei , Xu Shiying
Published: August 2009

The effect of four different commercial lipases on the flavour profiles (sensory and analytical data) of lipolysed milk fat was examined in this study. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) were used to determine the most potent volatiles resulting from lipolysis. Forty‐six volatile compounds were determined and semi‐quantified by GC–MS. Nineteen volatile compounds were considered to be major contributors to the characteristic flavour of the lipolysed samples. Based on sensory and analytical data, Palatase 20 000 L was selected as the preferred lipase to produce a lipolysed milk fat to be used in the production of dairy flavourings. The key aroma compounds (hydrolytic products) resulting from the use of this lipase are butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, δ‐dodecalactone, 2‐nonanone, 2‐undecanone and hexanal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of neck dissection on long‐term feeding tube dependence in patients with head and neck cancer treated with primary radiation or chemoradiation
Authors: Lango Miriam N. , Egleston Brian , Ende Kevin , Feigenberg Steven , D'Ambrosio David J. , Cohen Roger B. , Ahmad Sidrah , Nicolaou Nicos , Ridge John A.
Published: August 2009

Background.

The impact of posttreatment neck dissection on prolonged feeding tube dependence in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) treated with primary radiation or chemoradiation remains unknown.

Methods.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using propensity score adjustment to investigate the effect of neck dissection on prolonged feeding tube dependence.

Results.

A review of 67 patients with node‐positive HNSCC (T1‐4N1‐3), treated with primary radiation or chemoradiation, with no evidence of tumor recurrence and follow‐up of at least 24 months, was performed. Following adjustment for covariates, the relative risk (RR) of feeding tube dependence at 18 months was significantly increased in patients treated with posttreatment neck dissection (RR 4.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07‐10.89). At 24 months, the relative risk of feeding tube dependence in the patients having undergone neck dissection increased further (RR 7.66, 95% CI 2.07‐10.89). Of patients with feeding tubes 2 years after completing treatment, 75% remained feeding tube dependent.

Conclusion

Neck dissection may contribute to chronic oropharyngeal dysphagia in HNSCC patients treated with primary radiation or chemoradiation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Visualization of anterior skull base defects with intraoperative cone‐beam CT
Authors: Bachar Gideon , Barker Emma , Chan Harley , Daly Michael J. , Nithiananthan Sajendra , Vescan Al , Irish Jonathan C. , Siewerdsen Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2009

Background

The role of cone‐beam CT (CBCT) in demonstrating anterior skull base defects (ASBDs), differing in size and location, was investigated. The study was designed to describe the potential advantage of CBCT in the setting of an intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak.

Methods

In all, 120 ASBD were evaluated in 5 cadaver heads. Orthogonal and oblique slices were reconstructed. Observer studies assessed the visibility of ASBD in each location as a function of defect size.

Results

For 1‐, 2‐, and 4‐mm defects, the percentage that were undetectable ranged from 20% to 33%, 0% to 14%, and 0% to 5%, respectively. Confident breach detection increased with defect size and was most challenging in the lateral lamella and cribriform. CBCT permitted confident detection of ASBD as small as about 2 mm in the fovea ethmoidalis and planum. Oblique views were found to be superior to orthogonal planes.

Conclusions

The ability to identify ASBD depended on the size and location of defect. Oblique viewing planes were optimal for ASBD visualization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Real‐time and computerized sonographic scoring system for predicting malignant cervical lymphadenopathy
Authors: Liao Li‐Jen , Wang Chi‐Te , Young Yi‐Ho , Cheng Po‐Wen
Published: August 2009

Background.

To identify malignant cervical lymphadenopathy, we established a real‐time, computerized scoring system based on sonographic findings and demographic data.

Methods.

One hundred eight patients with neck lymphadenopathy, receiving ultrasonography and ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (US‐FNA), were used to construct a predictive model. This model was validated by another independent patient cohort.

Results.

A predictive scoring scale was proposed by multivariate logistic regression analysis: 0.06 × (age) + 4.76 × (S/L ratio) + 2.15 × (internal echo) + 1.80 × (vascular pattern). Cervical lymphadenopathy was regarded as malignant with a score ≥7. The formula was programmed into a synchronized, computerized sonographic reporting system. Prospective validation of this predictive tool showed excellent sensitivity (100%), specificity (88.0%), and overall accuracy (90.1%).

Conclusion.

A real‐time and practical sonographic scoring system was built and validated to provide the physician prompt and reliable probability guidance for performing US‐FNA cytology in managing cervical lymphadenopathy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
99mTc‐sestamibi scanning in thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic cytology
Authors: Giovanella Luca , Suriano Sergio , Maffioli Marco , Ceriani Luca , Spriano Giuseppe
Published: August 2009

Background

Our aim in this study was to assess the relevance of 99mTc‐sestaMIBI (MIBI) scan in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic cytology.

Methods

In all, 74 patients with a single nodule and repeatedly nondiagnostic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology (US‐FNAC) were enrolled. In all cases thyroid nodules were cold in 99mTc‐pertechnetate (Tc) scans. Thyroid scans were also acquired 30 and 120 minutes after intravenous administration of MIBI. Nodules that concentrate MIBI were considered as positive (ie, suspicious for malignancy). Histologic findings were obtained after surgery in all patients.

Results

No differences occurred in early and late MIBI images. None of 63 patients with a negative MIBI scan had a final histologic diagnosis of malignancy (ie, no false‐negative results). Two patients with a final histologic diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and 1 with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) had a positive MIBI scan. Eight patients with a final histologic diagnosis of benign lesions (3 with follicular adenomas) also had MIBI‐positive scans. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were, respectively, 100%, 88%, 89%, 27%, and 100%.

Conclusions

A negative MIBI scan in a cold nodule accurately excludes malignancy when US‐FNAC is reported as nondiagnostic. This avoids the need for more invasive diagnostic procedures (ie, surgery) and positively influences the cost‐effectiveness profile. A MIBI scan may be performed by acquiring images 30 minutes after tracer administration alone. Histology is still necessary to distinguish benign from malignant disease in a MIBI‐positive nodule but unnecessary surgery could have been reduced from 71 to 8 cases in our series. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010