bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust retrospective motion correction of head motion using navigator‐based and markerless motion tracking techniques
Authors: Marchetto Elisa , Murphy Kevin , Glimberg Stefan L. , Gallichan Daniel
Published: May 2023

Purpose

This study investigated the artifacts arising from different types of head motion in brain MR images and how well these artifacts can be compensated using retrospective correction based on two different motion‐tracking techniques.

Methods

MPRAGE images were acquired using a 3 T MR scanner on a cohort of nine healthy participants. Subjects moved their head to generate circular motion (4 or 6 cycles/min), stepwise motion (small and large) and “simulated realistic” motion (nodding and slow diagonal motion), based on visual instructions. One MPRAGE scan without deliberate motion was always acquired as a “no motion” reference. Three dimensional fat‐navigator (FatNavs) and a Tracoline markerless device (TracInnovations) were used to obtain motion estimates and images were separately reconstructed retrospectively from the raw data based on these different motion estimates.

Results

Image quality was recovered from both motion tracking techniques in our stepwise and slow diagonal motion scenarios in almost all cases, with the apparent visual image quality comparable to the no‐motion case. FatNav‐based motion correction was further improved in the case of stepwise motion using a skull masking procedure to exclude non‐rigid motion of the neck from the co‐registration step. In the case of circular motion, both methods struggled to correct for all motion artifacts.

Conclusion

High image quality could be recovered in cases of stepwise and slow diagonal motion using both motion estimation techniques. The circular motion scenario led to more severe image artifacts that could not be fully compensated by the retrospective motion correction techniques used.
Effect of substitution groups on the homopolymerization activity of methyl aryl diallyl ammonium chloride
Authors: Jia Xu , Wang Meiying , Yang Kui , Zhang Yuejun , Wang Guixiang , Tao Xianping
Published: May 2023

Dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC), recognized for its high positive charge density among the several diallyl quaternary ammonium cationic monomers, has been constrained in lipophilic applications by its structure. In this article, benzyl, p‐methylbenzyl, and p‐nitrobenzyl were introduced as structural modifications of DMDAAC to compensate for this. The effects of the introduced aryl structures on the molecular structure of the modified diallyl methyl aryl ammonium chloride and the polymerization activity of the monomers were explored by quantum chemical calculations and homopolymerization kinetic studies with ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator. The results intuitively revealed the negative effect posed by the electron‐absorbing effect of the substituents on the polymerization activity of the monomers, and also highlighted the important role of the steric effect. The above work has provided a good theoretical foundation and experimental reserve for further research on the preparation and application of methyl aryl diallyl ammonium chloride.
Functional self‐healable EVA elastomers based on reversible covalent networks: A potential new class of epoxy‐based specialty adhesives
Authors: Raut Sagar Kumar , Mondal Prantik , Sarkar Shrabana , Parameswaran Bhavya , Bhadra Sambhu , Nair Sujith , Narain Ravin , Singha Nikhil K.
Published: May 2023

Multifunctional elastomers have gained tremendous attention in the material research community. In this study, an epoxy functionalized elastomer poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) (EVA‐GMA) that is commercially available was modified with dynamic covalent chemistry to make it self‐healable and recyclable, as well as to investigate its adhesive properties. EVA‐GMA was modified to a furfuryl‐appended diene elastomer (FA‐EVA‐GMA) and subsequently cross‐linked with bifunctional 1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione (bis‐TAD) and bismaleimide (BMI) derivatives via electrophilic substitution (ES) and Diels‐Alder (DA) chemistry, respectively. The ES modification of the elastomer was ambiently completed using bis‐TAD, whereas its maleimide modification required elevated conditions (65 °C) with a longer time of 24 h. The tensile study showed a remarkable improvement in the mechanical strength upon cross‐linking the elastomers. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis elucidated the thermoreversible characteristics of both the ES and DA‐derived networks, showing the cleavage of ES and DA conjugates at 135 °C (retro‐ES) and 140 °C (retro‐DA), respectively. The cross‐linked elastomers exhibited significant self‐healing characteristics (with a healing efficiency of ≈ 88%) and monitored using an optical microscope and tensile analysis. Interestingly, the bis‐TAD‐derived and bismaleimide functionalized EVA‐elastomer showed excellent adhesive properties toward the metal surfaces, as analyzed via lap shear test.
Regeneration from seeds in a temperate native flora: A climate‐smart and natural–capital‐driven germination risk modelling approach
Authors: Mattana Efisio , Chapman Ted , Miles Stephanie , Ulian Tiziana , Carta Angelino
Published: May 2023

Societal Impact Statement

Exceptionally rainy winters and hot–dry summers are becoming the new normal around the United Kingdom. The effects of these climatic changes can already be seen in forests and grasslands, agricultural fields and even in our own gardens, as native plants try to keep pace with them. In this study, the seed germination of the native flora of Wakehurst, in the Southeast England, was analysed to identify potential threats to the long‐term persistence of selected species, which are part of the natural landscape of this area. Recommendations are provided for ecological restoration interventions which aim to maintain the different potential benefits those plants can provide to people.

Seeds play an important role in plant adaptation to human‐driven climate change. In this study, we applied a multilevel modelling of thermal germination responses of native temperate plants, to understand how global warming could affect their reproduction and the potential benefits they provide, as part of their natural capital.

We identified Wakehurst (Southeast England, UK), as our study system. We modelled thermal seed germination parameters of the native flora as a whole and according to different uses categories (e.g., medicinal or food plants), through a phylogenetic meta‐analysis of publicly available data from Kew's Millennium Seed Bank (MSB). We also carried out a comparative germination study for MSB seed lots of 20 selected species. Finally, we quantified the germination risk, by comparing current and predicted environmental temperatures with thermal germination parameters at flora, uses categories and species level.

Under future climatic scenarios, germination of the native flora will be at higher risk in spring than in autumn. Fitted quadratic models, although affected by phylogeny, did not show major differences among uses categories. Species with a narrow window of cold germination temperatures could be more at risk than those with warm optimal temperatures. Restoration activities should target species from phylogenetically clustered uses categories, to avoid losing their benefit provisions, and implement climate‐smart seed sourcing for high‐risk species.

This multilevel germination modelling approach, based on collections and available data from conservation seed banks, can be applied to selected floras and regions to inform climate‐smart ecological restoration activities, while accounting for their natural capital.
A population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic analysis of vupanorsen from phase I and phase II studies
Authors: Ahn Jae Eun , Terra Steven G. , Liu Jing
Published: May 2023

Vupanorsen (PF‐07285557) is a second‐generation ligand‐conjugated 2′O‐methoxyethyl modified antisense oligonucleotide designed to target angiopoietin‐like 3 (ANGPTL3) mRNA expressed by the liver, shown to reduce lipids and apolipoproteins in subjects with dyslipidemia. Using pooled data from two phase I studies of participants with elevated triglycerides (Western: n = 48 and Japanese: n = 12), and two phase II studies of patients with hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 105), and statin‐treated patients with dyslipidemia (n = 286), we developed population pharmacokinetic (PK) and PK/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models. Efficacy target values were set a priori to −75%, −60%, and −35% for ANGPTL3, triglyceride (TG), and non‐high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (non‐HDL‐C), respectively. Covariates evaluated via a full model approach included baseline body weight, age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), anti‐drug antibody (ADA) status, sex, and race. Vupanorsen population PK was well‐characterized by a two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and elimination. Apparent clearance (CL/F) for ADA‐positive, female, and Asian participants was estimated to be about 62% (relative standard error 12%), 18% (9%), and 30% (20%) lower than ADA‐negative, male, and non‐Asian participants, respectively. The associations between CL/F and Black race, age, and eGFR were negligible. The developed population PK/PD model was robust to predict the dose–response relationships. The model predicted that ANGPTL3 target reduction of 75% can be sufficiently achieved with a 320‐mg monthly dose of vupanorsen, but target values for TG and non‐HDL‐C were not expected to be achieved at doses up to 320 mg monthly in patients with dyslipidemia.
Development and validation of an ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to investigate the plasma pharmacokinetics of a KCa2.2/KCa2.3 positive allosteric modulator in mice
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Asikur , Chandrashekar Devaraj Venkatapura , Nam Young‐Woo , Syed Basir , Salehi David , Aliabadi Hamidreza Montazeri , Zhang Miao , Mehvar Reza
Published: May 2023

Rationale

There is currently no treatment for spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), which are a group of genetic disorders that often cause a lack of coordination, difficulty walking, slurred speech, tremors, and eventually death. Activation of KCa2.2/KCa2.3 channels reportedly exerts beneficial effects in SCAs. Here, we report the development and validation of an analytical method for quantitating a recently developed positive allosteric modulator of KCa2.2/KCa2.3 channels (compound 2q) in mouse plasma.

Methods

Mouse plasma samples (10 μL) containing various concentrations of 2q were subjected to protein precipitation in the presence of a structurally similar internal standard (IS). Subsequently, the analytes were separated on a C18 ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography column and detected by a tandem mass spectrometer. The method was validated using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. Finally, the validated assay was applied to the measurement of the plasma concentrations of 2q in plasma samples taken from mice after single intravenous doses of 2 mg/kg of 2q, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of 2q were determined.

Results

The calibration standards were linear (r2 ≥ 0.99) in the range of 1.56–200 nM of 2q with intra‐ and inter‐run accuracy and precision values within the FDA guidelines. The lower limit of quantitation of the assay was 1.56 nM (0.258 pg on the column). The recoveries of 2q and IS from plasma were >94%, with no appreciable matrix effect. The assay showed no significant carryover, and the plasma samples stored at −80°C or the processed samples stored in the autosampler at 10°C were stable for at least 3 weeks and 36 h, respectively. After intravenous injection, 2q showed a bi‐exponential decline pattern in the mouse plasma, with a clearance of 30 mL/min/kg, a terminal volume of distribution of 1.93 mL/kg, and a terminal half‐life of 45 min.

Conclusions

The developed assay is suitable for preclinical pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic studies of 2q as a potential drug candidate for ataxias.
Perceived facilitators and barriers towards acceptability of human milk sharing among mothers in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Faruqui Wafi A. , Hossain Fahima , Rayna Shahrin E. , Thouhidur Rahman Khan Mohammad , Piyal Md. Salman M. , Khalequzzaman Md.
Published: May 2023

Objective

To explore the facilitators and barriers towards participating in or rejecting human milk sharing among the mothers of infants below six months of age.

Methods

This study employed a mixed‐methods, cross‐sectional study design. Participants were 279 mothers, enrolled from five health institutions having specialised child health‐care services, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from December 2021 to January 2022. Quantitative data were collected by a pretested semistructured questionnaire, while qualitative data were collected using focus group discussions.

Results

Of all the participants, only 22.9% reported practising milk sharing. Those mothers who practised milk sharing were more likely to have >1 living child, delivered via caesarean birth, gave birth to preterm babies, and had newborns with birth weights <2500 g. The perceived facilitators identified for human milk sharing included helping babies in need, acknowledging the benefits of breastmilk, avoiding wastage, and supporting peers who were unable to breastfeed. Conversely, the most important barriers to sharing mentioned were, the need for permission from husband/family members, discomfort while sharing milk, wide availability of breast milk substitutes, and the establishment of milk kinship.

Conclusions

The findings underpin the key socio‐cultural and religious aspects in the acceptability of human milk sharing, and the importance of involving health professionals, mass media resources, and community, religious and social leaders when designing practical and culturally sensitive interventions to motivate mothers to overcome milk sharing hesitancy in Bangladesh.
Understandings and Misunderstandings About Dyslexia: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Clemens Nathan H. , Vaughn Sharon
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this special issue was to provide a forum for contemporary research and thoughtful discourse about dyslexia. Scholars from several disciplines contributed articles that advance our understanding of dyslexia with regard to early identification, genetic and neural bases, assessment, instruction and intervention and educators' perspectives. In this article, we introduce the special issue, discuss current evidence and highlight persistent misunderstandings associated with dyslexia.
Spatiotemporal variations of riverine flood fatalities: 70 years global to regional perspective
Authors: Hamidifar Hossein , Nones Michael
Published: May 2023

Floods are among the most devastating natural hazards worldwide. While rainfall is the primary trigger of floods, human activities and climate change can exacerbate the impacts of floods and lead to more significant economic and social consequences. In this research, fluvial flood fatalities in the 1951–2020 period have been studied, analyzing the information reported in the Emergency Database (EM‐DAT). The EM‐DAT data were classified into five categories in terms of the number of events and fatalities connected with riverine floods, considering only events that caused more than 10 fatalities. The results show that the severity of flood‐related fatalities is not equally distributed worldwide, but presents specific geographical patterns. The flood fatality coefficient, which represents the ratio between the total number of fatalities and the number of flood events, calculated for different countries, identified that the Southern, Eastern, and South‐Eastern regions of Asia have the deadliest floods in the world. The number of flood events has been increasing since 1951 and peaked in 2007, following a relative decline since then. Though, the resulting fatalities do not follow a statistically significant trend. An analysis of the number of flood events in different decades shows that the 2001–2010 decade saw the highest number of events, which corresponds to the largest precipitation anomaly in the world. The lethality of riverine floods decreased over time, from 412 per flood in 1951–1960 to 67 in the 2011–2020 decade. This declining trend is probably a consequence of a more resilient environment and better risk reduction strategies. Based on the presented data and using regression analysis, relationships between flood fatalities and the number of flood events with population density and gross domestic product are developed and discussed.
Preparation of Novel Chitosan Oligosaccharide Quaternary Ammonium Derivatives Bearing Quinoline with Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Wang Linqing , Zhang Jingjing , Liu Xiguang , Tan Wenqiang , Li Qing , Guo Zhanyong
Published: May 2023

In this study, five new chitosan oligosaccharide quaternary ammonium derivatives bearing quinoline are synthesized by reaction between 6‐O‐chloroacetyl‐2‐N, N, N‐trimethyl quaternary ammonium salt chitosan oligosaccharide (CTCOS, compound 1) and quinoline derivatives. The derivatives are characterized by analytical techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The obtained results confirm that quinoline groups are successfully introduced into the CTCOS molecule. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activities of the prepared chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives are evaluated in vitro. The experimental results show that the derivatives have excellent free radical scavenging ability. The free radical scavenging abilities are all over 75% at the concentration of 1.6 mg mL−1. Moreover, antibacterial tests show that derivative 2e has the best antibacterial activities. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are 0.0625 and 0.03125 mg mL−1, respectively. In addition, the cytotoxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide and its derivatives is examined by MTT colorimetric assay in RAW 264.7 macrophages, observing that all derivatives are non‐cytotoxic. Consequently, the findings indicate that the enhanced antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility of these chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives can enlarge the scope of the application of chitosan oligosaccharides, particularly as antioxidant and antibacterial agents in food packaging, pharmaceutical, cosmetics industries, and other fields.
Triceps tendon avulsion in a cat
Authors: Philips Ryan , Chase Damian , Thompson Devon
Published: May 2023

A 1‐year‐8‐month‐old, male, neutered Maine Coon presented to a referral veterinary hospital for a weight‐bearing lameness of the left thoracic limb that occurred 4 weeks prior to presentation. A transverse groove, proximal to the olecranon, was palpated in the area of the normal insertion of the triceps tendon. Computed tomography of the left thoracic limb revealed a complete avulsion of the long and lateral heads of the triceps brachii from the olecranon. Multiple, small, mineralised fragments were present within the distal portion of the retracted tendons of insertion, and there were corresponding osseous defects within the olecranon. A modified three‐loop pulley suture technique was utilised to fix the triceps tendon to the olecranon. The joint was then immobilised with a trans‐articular external skeletal fixator. Three months after surgery, the owners reported no abnormalities or concerns regarding the cat's elbow or ambulation.
Modular Control and Services to Operate Lineless Mobile Assembly Systems
Authors: Kluge-Wilkes Aline , Baier Ralph , Kunze Ike , Müller Aleksandra , Shahidi Amir , Wolfschläger Dominik , Brecher Christian , Corves Burkhard , Hüsing Mathias , Nitsch Verena , Schmitt Robert H. , Wehrle Klaus
Published: May 2023

The increasing product variability and lack of skilled workers demand for autonomous, flexible production. Since assembly is considered a main cost driver and accounts for a major part of production time, research focuses on new technologies in assembly. The paradigm of Line-less Mobile Assembly Systems (LMAS) provides a solution for the future of assembly by mobilizing all resources. Thus, dynamic product routes through spatiotemporally configured assembly stations on a shop floor free of fixed obstacles are enabled. In this chapter, we present research focal points on different levels of LMAS, starting with the macroscopic level of formation planning, followed by the mesoscopic level of mobile robot control and multipurpose input devices and the microscopic level of services, such as interpreting autonomous decisions and in-network computing. We provide cross-level data and knowledge transfer through a novel ontology-based knowledge management. Overall, our work contributes to future safe and predictable human-robot collaboration in dynamic LMAS stations based on accurate online formation and motion planning of mobile robots, novel human-machine interfaces and networking technologies, as well as trustworthy AI-based decisions.
The Environmental and Economic Potential of Kelp as Blue Carbon: Case of Hakodate, Japan
Authors: Tanaka Hajime , Huang Michael C. , Watanabe Atsushi
Published: May 2023

Kelp forests are a non-negligible blue carbon resource that has gained global attention as an ocean carbon source. In addition to the role of carbon storage, kelp forests have certain economic impact in Japan for a long time. However, the environmental and economic effects of kelp forests are not yet clear. Therefore, this chapter introduces the environmental and economic impacts of kelp forests in Hakodate City, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, as a case study. The study suggests promoting cultivation of kelp from both ecological and economic aspects by financial schemes for conservation and restoration of natural kelp.
Responses and Solutions to Irregular Migration: Detention and Deportation Versus Regularisation
Authors: Ambrosini Maurizio , Hajer Minke H. J.
Published: May 2023

Irregular migrants lack the formal authorisation to reside in the country in which they live; therefore, they are at risk of being detained and deported. This chapter will examine the ways in which states respond to irregular migration. It will first consider the various forms of detention and removal of irregular migrants. Return policies for irregular migrants include forced deportation and (semi) voluntary return. The chapter will also discuss push-backs as forms of ‘pre-arrival deportation’, the time that irregular migrants spend in immigrant detention, and what happens after they have been deported. It will then explore the alternative solution, namely regularisation policies, discussing regularisation programmes, like mass amnesties, and regularisation mechanisms through which irregular migrants can regularise themselves on an individual basis.
Attainability and Lower Semi-continuity of the Relative Entropy of Entanglement and Variations on the Theme
Authors: Lami Ludovico , Shirokov Maksim E.
Published: May 2023

The relative entropy of entanglement $$E_R$$

E
R

is defined as the distance of a multipartite quantum state from the set of separable states as measured by the quantum relative entropy. We show that this optimisation is always achieved, i.e. any state admits a closest separable state, even in infinite dimensions; also, $$E_R$$

E
R

is everywhere lower semi-continuous. We use this to derive a dual variational expression for $$E_R$$

E
R

in terms of an external supremum instead of infimum. These results, which seem to have gone unnoticed so far, hold not only for the relative entropy of entanglement and its multipartite generalisations, but also for many other similar resource quantifiers, such as the relative entropy of non-Gaussianity, of non-classicality, of Wigner negativity—more generally, all relative entropy distances from the sets of states with non-negative $$\lambda $$
λ
-quasi-probability distribution. The crucial hypothesis underpinning all these applications is the weak*-closedness of the cone generated by free states, and for this reason, the techniques we develop involve a bouquet of classical results from functional analysis. We complement our analysis by giving explicit and asymptotically tight continuity estimates for $$E_R$$

E
R

and closely related quantities in the presence of an energy constraint.
Analytical and numerical relaxation results for models in soil mechanics
Authors: Behr Florian , Dolzmann Georg , Hackl Klaus , Jezdan Ghina
Published: May 2023

A variational model of pressure-dependent plasticity employing a time-incremental setting is introduced. A novel formulation of the dissipation potential allows one to construct the condensed energy in a variationally consistent manner. For a one-dimensional model problem, an explicit expression for the quasiconvex envelope can be found which turns out to be essentially independent of the original pressure-dependent yield surface. The model problem can be extended to higher dimensions in an empirical manner. Numerical simulation exhibits well-posed behavior showing mesh-independent results.
A Family of Multipartite Entanglement Measures
Authors: Vrana Péter
Published: May 2023

We construct a family of additive entanglement measures for pure multipartite states. The family is parametrised by a simplex and interpolates between the Rényi entropies of the one-particle reduced states and the recently found universal spectral points (Christandl, Vrana, and Zuiddam, J of the AMS 2023) that serve as monotones for tensor degeneration.
Anatomy of the fetal membranes: insights from spinning disk confocal microscopy
Authors: Eichholz Hannah Marie , Cornelis Alissa , Wolf Benjamin , Grubitzsch Hanna , Friedrich Philip , Makky Ahmad , Aktas Bahriye , Käs Josef Alfons , Stepan Holger
Published: May 2023

Purpose

The fetal membranes are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy, and their integrity until parturition is critical for both fetal and maternal health. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM) is known to be an indicator of preterm birth, but the underlying architectural and mechanical changes that lead to fetal membrane failure are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to gain new insights into the anatomy of the fetal membrane and to establish a tissue processing and staining protocol suitable for future prospective cohort studies.

Methods

In this proof of principle study, we collected fetal membranes from women undergoing vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Small membrane sections were then fixed, stained for nucleic acids, actin, and collagen using fluorescent probes, and subsequently imaged in three dimensions using a spinning disk confocal microscope.

Results

Four fetal membranes of different types were successfully processed and imaged after establishing a suitable protocol. Cellular and nuclear outlines are clearly visible in all cases, especially in the uppermost membrane layer. Focal membrane (micro) fractures could be identified in several samples.

Conclusion

The presented method proves to be well suited to determine whether and how the occurrence of membrane (micro) fractures and cellular jamming correlate with the timing of membrane rupture and the mode of delivery. In future measurements, this method could be combined with mechanical probing techniques to compare optical and mechanical sample information.
SPOCK2 gene expression is downregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and correlates with prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer
Authors: Aghamaliyev Ughur , Su Kaifeng , Weniger Maximilian , Koch Dominik , D‘Haese Jan G. , Werner Jens , Bazhin Alexandr V.
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents a widespread form of malignant pancreatic neoplasms and a leading oncologic cause of death in Europe and the USA. Despite advances in understanding its molecular biology, the 5-year survival rate remains low at 10%. The extracellular matrix in PDAC contains proteins, including SPOCK2, which are essential for tumorigenicity and drug resistance. The present study aims to explore the possible role of SPOCK2 in the pathogenesis of PDAC.

Materials and methods

Expression of SPOCK2 was evaluated in 7 PDAC cell lines and 1 normal pancreatic cell line using quantitative RT-PCR. Demethylation of the gene was carried out using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) treatment with subsequent validation Western Blot analysis. In vitro downregulation of SPOCK2 gene was performed using siRNA transfection. MTT and transwell assays were employed to evaluate the impact of the SPOK2 demethylation on the proliferation and migration of PDAC cells. KM Plotter was applied to analyze a correlation between SPOCK2 mRNA expression and the survival of PDAC patients.

Results

In contrast to the normal pancreatic cell line, SPOCK2 expression was significantly downregulated in PDAC cell lines. Treatment with 5-aza-dC, led to increase in SPOCK2 expression in the cell lines tested. Importantly, compared with control cells, transfected with SPOCK2 siRNA cells exhibited increased growth rates and more migration ability. Finally, we demonstrated that a high SPOCK2 expression level correlated with longer overall survival of patients with PDAC.

Conclusion

The expression of SPOCK2 is downregulated in PDAC as a result of hypermethylation of its corresponding gene. SPOCK2 expression as well as the demethylation of its gene could be a potential marker for PDAC.
A novel method for assessment of human midpalatal sutures using CBCT-based geometric morphometrics and complexity scores
Authors: Vassis Stratos , Bauss Oskar , Noeldeke Beatrice , Sefidroodi Mohammedreza , Stoustrup Peter
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Management of dentofacial deficiencies requires knowledge about sutural morphology and complexity. The present study assesses midpalatal sutural morphology based on human cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using geometric morphometrics (GMM) and complexity scores. The study is the first to apply a sutural complexity score to human CBCT datasets and demonstrates the potential such a score has to improve objectiveness and comparability when analysing the midpalatal suture.

Materials and methods

CBCTs of various age and sex groups were analysed retrospectively (n = 48). For the geometric morphometric analysis, landmark acquisition and generalised Procrustes superimposition were combined with principal component analysis to detect variability in sutural shape patterns. For complexity analysis, a windowed short-time Fourier transform with a power spectrum density (PSD) calculation was applied to resampled superimposed semi-landmarks.

Results

According to the GMM, younger patients exhibited comparable sutural patterns. With increasing age, the shape variation increased among the samples. The principal components did not sufficiently capture complexity patterns, so an additional methodology was applied to assess characteristics such as sutural interdigitation. According to the complexity analysis, the average PSD complexity score was 1.465 (standard deviation = 0.010). Suture complexity increased with patient age (p < 0.0001), but was not influenced by sex (p = 0.588). The intra-class correlation coefficient exceeded 0.9, indicating intra-rater reliability.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that GMM applied to human CBCTs can reveal shape variations and allow the comparison of sutural morphologies across samples. We demonstrate that complexity scores can be applied to study human sutures captured in CBCTs and complement GMM for a comprehensive sutural analysis.
The case for score voting
Authors: Smith Warren D.
Published: May 2023

Score voting (also called range voting) uses a ratings ballot. Each voter assigns (to as many candidates as she wishes) a number in a specified range. Greatest average score wins. Two main lines of evidence show score voting is a good decision-making method: biology and computer simulation. Honeybees achieved evolutionary success by annually deciding their new hive location via score voting. Some ants also use score voting. Computer simulations have been used to compare score versus other election methods by the criterion of Bayesian regret (BR), i.e. the expected value of the avoidable human unhappiness caused by an action—in this case the use of an election method. Score voting consistently outperforms other election methods measured by BR. Score voting also is among the simplest voting methods.
Effectiveness of pesticide stakeholders’ information on pesticide handling knowledge and behaviour of smallholder farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Madaki Mustapha Yakubu , Lehberger Mira , Bavorova Miroslava , Igbasan Boluwatife Teniola , Kächele Harald
Published: May 2023

Although pesticides ensure the quality and quantity of agricultural produce, they have adverse effects on farmers, their families, and consumers. Therefore, in order to reduce the unpleasant effects of pesticide use, stakeholders would be well advised to extend guidance and precautions to end users. The objective of this study was to determine the pesticide handling behaviour and the effectiveness of pesticide information on pesticide handling knowledge and personal protective equipment (PPE) use among farmers in southwest Nigeria. One hundred and fifty-six farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire in December 2019 and January 2020. The results revealed that a one-third of the farmers dispose their pesticide residues on the field, only 3% of the farmers dispose the hazardous pesticide waste at a collection point, and 65% of them dispose the empty containers indiscriminately. The majority of farmers never use respirators (79%), hats (60%), and boots (57%) when applying pesticides. Knowledge of pesticide application and waste management is low (58% of respondents scored less than 10 on a knowledge scale of 0–14). The result of the regression model shows that information from pesticide labels and farmer-to-farmer exchanges significantly increase farmers’ knowledge of pesticide handling and PPE use. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of current information provision to smallholder farmers on the correct use of pesticides is not sufficient. Therefore, we highlight the need for pesticide companies, distributors, and government agencies to intensify and further develop their efforts to empower smallholder farmers to improve their knowledge and use of pesticides.
Employment Insecurity and Material Deprivation in Families with Children in the Post-Great Recession Period: An Analysis for Spain and Portugal
Authors: Pérez-Corral Antonio L. , Bastos Amélia , Casaca Sara Falcão
Published: May 2023

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between household employment insecurity and the risk of children's exposure to household material deprivation in Spain and Portugal. Specifically, using EU-SILC microdata for 2012, 2016 and 2020, it examines how this relationship evolved during the Post-Great Recession period. Although in both countries there was an improvement in the employment situation of individuals and families after the Great Recession, the main findings reflect an increase in the risk of children's exposure to material deprivation in households where no adults have a secure job. However, there are some differences between the two countries. In the case of Spain, the results seem to indicate that the incidence of household employment insecurity on material deprivation was higher in 2016 and 2020 than in 2012. In Portugal, the increase in the effect of employment insecurity on deprivation seems to have occurred only in 2020, the year the Covid-19 pandemic began.
Refractory high-entropy nanoalloys with exceptional high-temperature stability and enhanced sinterability
Authors: Qin Mingde , Shivakumar Sashank , Luo Jian
Published: May 2023

Nanocrystalline alloys (nanoalloys) are prone to grain growth. It is known that grain boundary segregation and precipitation can stabilize nanoalloys, but the stabilization becomes less effective at high temperatures and adding grain growth inhibitors often reduces sinterability. Herein, we have simultaneously achieved exceptional high-temperature stability and improved sinterability for a class of TiNbMoTaW-based refractory high-entropy nanoalloys (RHENs). Bulk pellets of RHENs were fabricated through ball milling and spark plasma sintering, achieving 93–96% relative densities with 50–100 nm grain sizes for three compositions. For example, Ti17.8Nb17.8Mo17.8Ta17.8W17.8Ni6Zr5 sintered at 1300 °C attained ~ 96% relative density with ~ 55 nm mean grain size. Moreover, these RHENs exhibited exceptional stability at 1300 °C. Both Ti17.8Nb17.8Mo17.8Ta17.8W17.8Ni6Zr5 and Ti18.8Nb18.8Mo18.8Ta18.8W18.8Ni6 retained < 150 nm grain sizes after five hours annealing at 1300 °C. Notably, the addition of Ni, a well-known sintering aid for activated sintering of refractory metals such as W and Mo, in high-entropy TiNbMoTaW can promote sintering while maintaining high-temperature stability against rapid grain growth. This may be explained by hypothesized high-entropy grain boundary (HEGB) effects, while we recognize the possible (additional) effects of compositional inhomogeneity and secondary phase (Zener) pinning. These RHENs possess some of the highest temperature stability achieved for nanoalloys and ultrafine-grained metals.
Almost Robinson geometries
Authors: Fino Anna , Leistner Thomas , Taghavi-Chabert Arman
Published: May 2023

We investigate the geometry of almost Robinson manifolds, Lorentzian analogues of almost Hermitian manifolds, defined by Nurowski and Trautman as Lorentzian manifolds of even dimension equipped with a totally null complex distribution of maximal rank. Associated to such a structure, there is a congruence of null curves, which, in dimension four, is geodesic and non-shearing if and only if the complex distribution is involutive. Under suitable conditions, the distribution gives rise to an almost Cauchy–Riemann structure on the leaf space of the congruence. We give a comprehensive classification of such manifolds on the basis of their intrinsic torsion. This includes an investigation of the relation between an almost Robinson structure and the geometric properties of the leaf space of its congruence. We also obtain conformally invariant properties of such a structure, and we finally study an analogue of so-called generalised optical geometries as introduced by Robinson and Trautman.
Saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2: a bibliometric analysis of global research
Authors: Zhou Chun , Cai Zhaopin , Jin Boxing , Lin Huisong , Xu Lingling , Jin Zhigang
Published: May 2023

Saliva has emerged as a promising noninvasive biofluid for the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases, including viral infections. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a growing number of studies focused on saliva-based detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Taking advantage of the WoS core collection (WoSCC) and CiteSpace, we retrieved 1021 articles related to saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 and conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. We analyzed countries, institutions, authors, cited authors, and cited journals to summarize their contribution and influence and analyzed keywords to explore research hotspots and trends. From 2020 to 2021, research focused on viral transmission via saliva and verification of saliva as a reliable specimen, whereas from 2021 to the present, the focus of research has switched to saliva-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. By far, saliva has been verified as a reliable specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection, although a standardized procedure for saliva sampling and processing is needed. Studies on saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 will promote the development of saliva-based diagnostics and biosensors for viral detection. Collectively, our findings could provide valuable information to help scientists perceive the basic knowledge landscapes on saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2, the past and current research hotspots, and future opportunities.
Role of the interaction between troponin T and AMP deaminase by zinc bridge in modulating muscle contraction and ammonia production
Authors: Ronca Francesca , Raggi Antonio
Published: May 2023

The N-terminal region of troponin T (TnT) does not bind any protein of the contractile machinery and the role of its hypervariability remains uncertain. In this review we report the evidence of the interaction between TnT and AMP deaminase (AMPD), a regulated zinc enzyme localized on the myofibril. In periods of intense muscular activity, a decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio, together with a decrease in the tissue pH, is the stimulus for the activation of the enzyme that deaminating AMP to IMP and NH3 displaces the myokinase reaction towards the formation of ATP. In skeletal muscle subjected to strong tetanic contractions, a calpain-like proteolytic activity produces the removal in vivo of a 97-residue N-terminal fragment from the enzyme that becomes desensitized towards the inhibition by ATP, leading to an unrestrained production of NH3. When a 95-residue N-terminal fragment is removed from AMPD by trypsin, simulating in vitro the calpain action, rabbit fast TnT or its phosphorylated 50-residue N-terminal peptide binds AMPD restoring the inhibition by ATP. Taking in consideration that the N-terminus of TnT expressed in human as well as rabbit white muscle contains a zinc-binding motif, we suggest that TnT might mimic the regulatory action of the inhibitory N-terminal domain of AMPD due to the presence of a zinc ion connecting the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of the enzyme, indicating that the two proteins might physiologically associate to modulate muscle contraction and ammonia production in fast-twitching muscle under strenuous conditions.
Extending self-determination theory’s dual-process model to a new tripartite model to explain diminished functioning
Authors: Reeve Johnmarshall , Jang Hye-Ryen , Cheon Sung Hyeon , Moss Jennifer D. , Ko HeeRa , Jang Hyungshim
Published: May 2023

In a three-study investigation, we pursued three purposes: (1) extend self-determination theory’s dual-process model to a new tripartite model—to recognize that environmental conditions sometimes render a psychological need dormant; (2) better explain adolescents’ diminished functioning; and (3) develop the Three States Questionnaire (TSQ). In Study 1, 402 high schoolers reported the satisfied, frustrated, and dormant state of their psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) during classroom instruction to develop the TSQ. In Study 2, 320 high schoolers reported their satisfied, frustrated, and dormant states as well as 17 indicators of their effective, defiant, and diminished classroom functioning. The TSQ showed excellent psychometric properties, and the predictive power of the tripartite model was superior to that of the dual-process model in the prediction of all five indicators of diminished functioning (e.g., disengagement). In Study 3, 457 high schoolers’ perceived teachers’ motivating styles (supporting, controlling, and neglecting) predicted their three need states (satisfied, frustrated, and dormant), which predicted the quality of their classroom functioning (effective, defiant, and diminished). Overall, the dormant state was distinct from the other two states, it uniquely explained diminished functioning, and the tripartite model out-predicted the dual-process model.
Group recommender systems for tourism: how does personality predict preferences for attractions, travel motivations, preferences and concerns?
Authors: Alves Patrícia , Martins Helena , Saraiva Pedro , Carneiro João , Novais Paulo , Marreiros Goreti
Published: May 2023

To travel in leisure is an emotional experience, and therefore, the more the information about the tourist is known, the more the personalized recommendations of places and attractions can be made. But if to provide recommendations to a tourist is complex, to provide them to a group is even more. The emergence of personality computing and personality-aware recommender systems (RS) brought a new solution for the cold-start problem inherent to the conventional RS and can be the leverage needed to solve conflicting preferences in heterogenous groups and to make more precise and personalized recommendations to tourists, as it has been evidenced that personality is strongly related to preferences in many domains, including tourism. Although many studies on psychology of tourism can be found, not many predict the tourists’ preferences based on the Big Five personality dimensions. This work aims to find how personality relates to the choice of a wide range of tourist attractions, traveling motivations, and travel-related preferences and concerns, hoping to provide a solid base for researchers in the tourism RS area to automatically model tourists in the system without the need for tedious configurations, and solve the cold-start problem and conflicting preferences. By performing Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the data gathered from an online questionnaire, sent to Portuguese individuals from different areas of formation and age groups (n = 1035), we show all five personality dimensions can help predict the choice of tourist attractions and travel-related preferences and concerns, and that only neuroticism and openness predict traveling motivations.
Centre assessment grades in 2020: a natural experiment for investigating bias in teacher judgements
Authors: Magowan Louis
Published: May 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic meant that, in 2020, students in England were unable to sit their examinations and instead received predicted grades, or “centre assessment grades” (CAGs), from their teachers to allow them to progress. Using the Grading and Admissions Data for England (GRADE) dataset for students from 2018 to 2020, this study treats the use of CAGs as a natural experiment for causally understanding how teacher judgements of academic ability may be biased according to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of their students. A variety of machine learning models were trained on the 2018–19 data and then used to generate predictions for what the 2020 students were likely to have received had their examinations taken place as usual. The differences between these predictions and the CAGs that students received were calculated and then averaged across students’ different characteristics, revealing what the treatment effects of the use of CAGs were likely to have been for different types of students. No evidence of absolute negative bias against students of any demographic or socio-economic characteristic was found, with all groups of students having received higher CAGs than the grades they were likely to have received had they sat their examinations. Some evidence for relative bias was found, with consistent, but insubstantial differences being observed in the treatment effects of certain groups. However, when higher-order interactions of student characteristics were considered, these differences became more substantial. Intersectional perspectives which emphasise interactions and sub-group differences should be used more widely within quantitative educational equalities research.