bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbonyl stress and schizophrenia
Authors: Arai Makoto , Miyashita Mitsuhiro , Kobori Akiko , Toriumi Kazuya , Horiuchi Yasue , Itokawa Masanari
Published: July 2014

Appropriate biological treatment and psychosocial support are essential to achieve and maintain recovery for patients with schizophrenia. Despite extensive efforts to clarify the underlying disease mechanisms, the main cause and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain unclear. This is due in large part to disease heterogeneity, which results in biochemical differences within a single disease entity. Other factors include variability across clinical symptoms and disease course, along with varied risk factors and treatment responses. Although schizophrenia's positive symptoms are largely managed through treatment with atypical antipsychotics, new classes of drugs are needed to address the unmet medical need for improving cognitive dysfunction and promoting recovery of negative symptoms in these patients. Accumulation of toxic reactive dicarbonyls, such as methylglyoxal, are typical indicators of carbonyl stress, and result in the modification of proteins and the formation of advanced glycation end products, such as pentosidine. In June 2010, we reported on idiopathic carbonyl stress in a subpopulation of schizophrenia patients, leading to a failure of metabolic systems with plasma pentosidine accumulation and serum pyridoxal depletion. Our findings suggest two markers, pentosidine and pyridoxal, as beneficial for distinguishing a specific subgroup of schizophrenics. We believe that this information, derived from in vitro and in vivo studies, is beneficial in the search for personalized and hopefully more effective treatment regimens in schizophrenia. Here, we define a subtype of schizophrenia based on carbonyl stress and the potential for using carbonyl stress as a biomarker in the challenge of overcoming heterogeneity in schizophrenia treatment.
The Metaphysics of Desire and Dispositions
Authors: Ashwell Lauren
Published: July 2014

There seems to be some kind of close relationship between desires and behavioral dispositions. While a popular view about the nature of desire is that it essentially involves dispositions towards action, there do seem to be pressing objections to this view. However, recent work on dispositional properties potentially undermines some of the metaphysical assumptions that lie beneath these objections.
Disinfection of Escherichia Coli Gram Negative Bacteria Using Surface Modified TiO2: Optimization of Ag Metallization and Depiction of Charge Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Gomathi Devi LakshmipathiNaik , Nagaraj Basavalingaiah
Published: July 2014

The antibacterial activity of silver deposited TiO2 (Ag‐TiO2) against Gram negative Escherichia coli bacteria was investigated by varying the Ag metal content from 0.10 to 0.50% on the surface of TiO2. Ag depositions by the photoreduction method were found to be stable. Surface silver metallization was confirmed by EDAX and XPS studies. Photoluminescence studies show that the charge carrier recombination is less for 0.1% Ag‐TiO2 and this catalyst shows superior bactericidal activity under solar light irradiation compared to Sol gel TiO2 (SG‐TiO2) due to the surface plasmon effect. The energy levels of deposited Ag are dependent on the Ag content and it varies from −4.64 eV to −1.30 eV with respect to the vacuum energy level based on atomic silver to bulk silver deposits. The ability of electron transfer from Ag deposit to O2 depends on the position of the energy levels. The 0.25% and 0.50% Ag depositions showed detrimental effect on bactericidal activity due to the mismatch of energy levels. The effect of the EROS (External generation of the Reactive Oxygen Species by 0.1% Ag‐TiO2) and IROS (Interior generation of Reactive Oxygen Species within the bacteria) on the bactericidal inactivation is discussed in detail.
Bayesian Inference for Palaeoclimate with time Uncertainty and Stochastic Volatility
Authors: Parnell Andrew C. , Sweeney James , Doan Thinh K. , Salter-Townshend Michael , Allen Judy R. M. , Huntley Brian , Haslett John
Published: July 2014

We propose and fit a Bayesian model to infer palaeoclimate over several thousand years. The data that we use arise as ancient pollen counts taken from sediment cores together with radiocarbon dates which provide (uncertain) ages. When combined with a modern pollen–climate data set, we can calibrate ancient pollen into ancient climate. We use a normal–inverse Gaussian process prior to model the stochastic volatility of palaeoclimate over time, and we present a novel modularized Markov chain Monte Chain algorithm to enable fast computation. We illustrate our approach with a case-study from Sluggan Moss, Northern Ireland, and provide an R package, Bclim, for use at other sites.
Nucleoli and Stress Granules: Connecting Distant Relatives
Authors: Mahboubi Hicham , Stochaj Ursula
Published: July 2014

Nucleoli and cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are subcellular compartments that modulate the response to endogenous and environmental signals to control cell survival. In our opinion, nucleoli and SGs are functionally linked; they are distant relatives that combine forces when cellular homeostasis is threatened. Several lines of evidence support this idea; nucleoli and SGs share molecular building blocks, are regulated by common signaling pathways and communicate when vital cellular functions become compromised. Together, nucleoli and SGs orchestrate physiological responses that are directly relevant to stress and human health. As both compartments have established roles in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and virus infections, we propose that these conditions will benefit from therapeutic interventions that target simultaneously nucleoli and SGs.
Impact of recipient ABH secretor status on outcome in minor ABO‐incompatible hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Holbro Andreas , Stern Martin , Infanti Laura , O'Meara Alix , Drexler Beatrice , Frey Beat M. , Tiercy Jean‐Marie , Passweg Jakob R. , Gassner Christoph , Buser Andreas , Sigle Joerg‐Peter
Published: July 2014

Background

The impact of ABO incompatibility on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) outcome is controversial. As ABH substances are expressed on tissues and secreted in body fluids, they could drive an immune response in minor ABO‐incompatible HSCT. The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic role of the recipients' ABH secretor status.

Study Design and Methods

Patients who underwent minor ABO‐incompatible HSCT were included. Secretor status was determined either serologically or by molecular genetics.

Results

Between March 1996 and June 2012, a total of 176 patients received minor ABO‐incompatible HSCT and 150 (85%) were secretors. Incidence and severity of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD did not differ between secretors and nonsecretors (cumulative incidences ± standard errors: acute GVHD on Day 100, 41 ± 11 and 46 ± 5%, p = 0.59; chronic GVHD at 2 years, 52 ± 13 and 56 ± 5%, p = 0.62, for secretors and nonsecretors, respectively). Additionally, nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival (OS) were similar in the two groups (2‐year NRM, 27 ± 9 and 23 ± 3%, p = 0.45; 4‐year OS, 64 ± 10 and 55 ± 4%, p = 0.28, for secretors and nonsecretors, respectively).

Conclusion

The recipients' ABH secretor status in minor ABO‐incompatible HSCT has no prognostic impact on major transplant outcomes.
Erythema multiforme, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a comparative review
Authors: Yager Julie A.
Published: July 2014

Background

Human erythema multiforme (EM) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are separate conditions. There is no consensus on classification criteria for the eponymous diseases in animals.

Results

AnimalEMis very different from 90% of humanEM, which is herpes virus associated (HAEM). Animals lack acrally distributed, typical raised targets. Unlike canine parvovirus ‘EM’,HAEMis not an active infection. AnimalEMis often attributed to drugs, but this is rarely proved. Conversely, human and animalSJS/TENare almost identical, life‐threatening disorders of epidermal necrosis and detachment, typically triggered by drugs (occasionally by infectious agents). BothEMandSJS/TENare mediated by cytotoxic lymphocyte responses against altered keratinocytes (infectious agents or drugs). Apoptosis results from direct cytotoxicity or through soluble mediators, namely Fas ligand, granzymes, perforin and granulysin. Diagnosis in humans is clinicopathological, with emphasis on clinical lesions; histopathology confirms the pathological process as interface (cytotoxic) dermatitis. HumanEMis self‐limiting; only recurrent and rare persistent cases require antiviral/immunosuppressive therapies. Drug‐inducedEMresponds to drug withdrawal. Idiopathic canineEM(>40%) is usually chronic, refractory to treatment and may represent heterogeneous conditions. Early identification and removal of the causative drug and high‐quality supportive care are critical inSJS/TEN. Mortality rate is nevertheless high.

Conclusions and clinical importance

(1) Histopathological lesions do not reliably differentiateEM,SJSandTEN. (2) A multicentre study to develop a consensus set of clinical criteria forEMandSJS/TENin animals is overdue. (3) No adjunctive therapies, including intravenous immunoglobulin and ciclosporin, have met evidence‐based standards.
Disturbance Estimation, Compensation, and Dynamic Shaping: New Approach and an Application to Output Stabilization of Multiple Cooperative Control
Authors: Lee Sang-Chul , Jeong Kyungmin , Ahn Hyo-Sung
Published: July 2014

This paper introduces a new disturbance estimation scheme, and a possible application to relative output stabilization of multiple systems. Using the proposed disturbance estimation scheme, total unknown external disturbance applied to a plant is estimated and compensated. Moreover, the model difference between an actual system and a desired system is also estimated and compensated. For the purpose of general use of the disturbance estimation scheme as an unknown input observer (UIO), a parameterized design method is given, even for the unstable and nonminimum phase systems. For the relative output stabilization of multiple systems, second-order consensus algorithm is additionally used. A case study, simulations, and experimental tests sequentially validate the proposed estimation and control methods.
Asymptotic Approximation of Laminar Lubrication Thermal Field at Low Reduced Peclet and Brinkman Number
Authors: Johansen Per , Roemer Daniel B. , Andersen Torben O. , Pedersen Henrik C.
Published: July 2014

A conventional simplification of the thermal problem in fluid film lubrication analysis is performed by assuming that the main direction of heat flow is conduction through the film thickness, and thereby neglecting convection. However, in a significant amount of applications, convection is not negligible, whereby the majority of design engineers exclusively use numerical solvers. This paper presents a perturbation series expansion of the temperature field for small values of the Brinkman number. The derived perturbation solution and the more conventional analytical solution, where convection is neglected, are compared to a numerical test case. The comparison shows a significant improvement in the region where the convection term and conduction term are of the same order.
Near-Critical CO2 Flow Measurement and Visualization
Authors: Kazemifar Farzan , Kyritsis Dimitrios C.
Published: July 2014

Near-critical CO2 flow has been studied because of its potential application in carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, which is one of the proposed solutions for reducing greenhouse gas emission. Near the critical point the thermophysical properties of the fluid undergo abrupt changes that affect the flow structure and characteristics. Pressure drop across a stainless steel tube, 2 ft long with 0.084 in. ID, at different inlet conditions and mass flow rates have been measured. The effects of variations of inlet conditions have been studied. The results show extreme sensitivity of pressure drop to inlet conditions especially inlet temperature in the vicinity of the critical point. Also, shadowgraphs have been acquired to study the flow structure qualitatively.
Design and Modeling of One Refrigeration Ton Solar Assisted Adsorption Air Conditioning System
Authors: Alkhair M. , Sulaiman M. Y. , Sopian K. , Lim C. H. , Salleh E. , Mat S. , Saha B. B.
Published: July 2014

The modeling of the performance of a one refrigeration ton (RT) solar assisted adsorption air-conditioning refrigeration system using activated carbon fiber/ethanol as the adsorbent/adsorbate pair has been undertaken in this study. The effects of hot water, cooling water, chilled water inlet temperatures, and hot water and chilled water flow rates were taken into consideration in the optimization of the system and in the design of the condenser, evaporator, and hot water storage tank. The study includes analysis of the weather data and its effect on both the adsorption system and the cooling load. This is then followed by estimation of the cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) of the adsorption system as a function of the input parameters. The results of the model will be compared to experimental data in a next step.
Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamic Response of Wind Turbine Blade Under Fluid–Structure Interaction and Turbulence Effect
Authors: Zhang Jianping , Zhang Kaige , Zhou Aixi , Zhou Tingjun , Hu Danmei , Ren Jianxing
Published: July 2014

In this paper, the entity model of a 1.5 MW offshore wind turbine blade was built by Pro/Engineer software. Fluid flow control equations described by arbitrary Lagrange–Euler (ALE) were established, and the theoretical model of geometrically nonlinear vibration characteristics under fluid–structure interaction (FSI) was given. The simulation of offshore turbulent wind speed was achieved by programming in Matlab. The brandish displacement, the Mises stress distribution and nonlinear dynamic response curves were obtained. Furthermore, the influence of turbulence and FSI on blade dynamic characteristics was studied. The results show that the response curves of maximum brandish displacement and maximum Mises stress present the attenuation trends. The region of the maximum displacement and maximum stress and their variations at different blade positions are revealed. It was shown that the contribution of turbulence effect (TE) on displacement and stress is smaller than that of the FSI effect, and its extent of contribution is related to the relative span length. In addition, it was concluded that the simulation considering bidirectional FSI (BFSI) can reflect the vibration characteristics of wind turbine blades more accurately.
A New Model for the Prediction of Width Spread in Roughing Mills
Authors: Hoon Lee Dong , Bo Lee Kyong , Sang Lee Jae , Jin Yun Sung , Jin Shin Tae , Moo Hwang Sang
Published: July 2014

Precision control of the slab width is crucial for product quality and production economy in roughing mill. In this paper, we present a new model for the prediction of the width spread of a slab during rolling in the roughing train of a hot strip mill. The approach is based on the extremum principle for rigid plastic materials, and applicable to horizontal rolling of a slab with either a dog-bone shaped cross section or a rectangular cross section. Also, the upper bound theorem is used for calculating the width spread of a slab. The prediction accuracy of the proposed model is examined through comparison with the predictions from the 3D finite element (FE) process simulations.
Personalization of head-related transfer functions in the median plane based on the anthropometry of the listener's pinnae
Authors: Iida Kazuhiro , Ishii Yohji , Nishioka Shinsuke
Published: July 2014

A listener's own head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) are required for accurate three-dimensional sound image control. The HRTFs of other listeners often cause front-back confusion and errors in the perception of vertical angles. However, measuring the HRTFs of all listeners for all directions of a sound source is impractical because the measurement requires a special apparatus and a lot of time. The present study proposes a method for estimating the appropriate HRTFs for an individual listener. The proposed method estimates the frequencies of the two lowest spectral notches (N1 and N2), which play an important role in vertical localization, in the HRTF of an individual listener by anthropometry of the listener's pinnae. The best-matching HRTFs, of which N1 and N2 are the closest to the estimates, are then selected from an HRTF database. In order to examine the validity of the proposed method, localization tests in the upper median plane were performed using four subjects. The results revealed that the best-matching HRTFs provided approximately the same performance as the listener's own HRTFs for the target directions of the front and rear for all four subjects. For the upper target directions, however, the performance of the localization for some of the subjects decreased.
Effects of sources on time-domain finite difference models
Authors: Botts Jonathan , Savioja Lauri
Published: July 2014

Recent work on excitation mechanisms in acoustic finite difference models focuses primarily on physical interpretations of observed phenomena. This paper offers an alternative view by examining the properties of models from the perspectives of linear algebra and signal processing. Interpretation of a simulation as matrix exponentiation clarifies the separate roles of sources as boundaries and signals. Boundary conditions modify the matrix and thus its modal structure, and initial conditions or source signals shape the solution, but not the modal structure. Low-frequency artifacts are shown to follow from eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix, and previously reported artifacts are predicted from eigenvalue estimates. The role of source signals is also briefly discussed.
Acoustic streaming of a sharp edge
Authors: Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Zhou Jianbo , Yalamanchili Satish
Published: July 2014

Anomalous acoustic streaming is observed emanating from sharp edges of solid bodies that are vibrating in fluids. The streaming velocities can be orders of magnitude higher than expected from the Rayleigh streaming at similar amplitudes of vibration. Acoustic velocity of fluid relative to a solid body diverges at a sharp edge, giving rise to a localized time-independent body force acting on the fluid. This force results in a formation of a localized jet. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to predict acoustic streaming for low amplitude vibration using two methods: (1) Steady-state solution utilizing perturbation theory and (2) direct transient solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. Both analyses agree with each other and correctly predict the streaming of a sharp-edged vibrating blade measured experimentally. The origin of the streaming can be attributed to the centrifugal force of the acoustic fluid flow around a sharp edge. The dependence of this acoustic streaming on frequency and velocity is examined using dimensional analysis. The dependence law is devised and confirmed by numerical simulations.
Evaluation of interlayer interfacial stiffness and layer wave velocity of multilayered structures by ultrasonic spectroscopy
Authors: Ishii Yosuke , Biwa Shiro
Published: July 2014

An ultrasonic evaluation procedure for the interlayer interfacial normal stiffness and the intralayer longitudinal wave velocity of multilayered plate-like structures is proposed. Based on the characteristics of the amplitude reflection spectrum of ultrasonic wave at normal incidence to a layered structure with spring-type interlayer interfaces, it is shown that the interfacial normal stiffness and the longitudinal wave velocity in the layers can be simultaneously evaluated from the frequencies of local maxima and minima of the spectrum provided that all interfaces and layers have the same properties. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is investigated from the perspective of the sensitivity of local extremal frequencies of the reflection spectrum. The feasibility of the proposed procedure is also investigated when the stiffness of each interface is subjected to small random fluctuations about a certain average value. The proposed procedure is applied to a 16-layered cross-ply carbon-fiber-reinforced composite laminate. The normal stiffness of resin-rich interfaces and the longitudinal wave velocity of plies in the thickness direction evaluated from the experimental reflection spectrum are shown to be consistent with simple theoretical estimations.
High frequency normal mode statistics in a shallow water waveguide: The effect of random linear internal waves
Authors: Raghukumar Kaustubha , Colosi John A.
Published: July 2014

Using transport theory and Monte Carlo numerical simulation, the statistical properties of mode propagation at a frequency of 1 kHz are studied in a shallow water environment with random sound-speed perturbations from linear internal waves. The environment is typical of summer conditions in the mid-Atlantic bight during the Shallow Water 2006 experiment. Observables of interest include the second and fourth moments of the mode amplitudes, which are relevant to full-field mean intensity and scintillation index. It is found that mode phase randomization has a strong adiabatic component while at the same time mode coupling rates are significant. As a consequence, a computationally efficient transport theory is presented, which models cross-mode correlation adiabatically, but accounts for mode coupling using the mode energy equations of Creamer [(1996). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 2825–2838]. The theory also has closed-form expressions for the internal wave scattering matrix and a correction for an edge effect. The hybrid transport theory is shown to accurately reproduce many statistical quantities from the Monte Carlo simulations.
Optimization of an augmented Prosperetti-Lezzi bubble model
Authors: Geers Thomas L.
Published: July 2014

Three enhancements are introduced for predicting the violent collapse and rebound of a spherical bubble with the matched-asymptotic-expansion model of Prosperetti and Lezzi [(1986). J. Fluid Mech. 168, 457–478]. The first introduces spatial variation of the pressure field inside the bubble. It derives from the perturbation analysis of the interior Euler equations begun by Geers et al. [(2012). J. Appl. Phys. 112, 054910]. The second enhancement augments the Prosperetti and Lezzi equation with a term that accounts for the kinetic energy of the bubble gas, while the third provides an optimum value for the free variable appearing in that equation. The optimum value emerges from a comparison of peak pressures predicted by the augmented equation with corresponding results generated by finite-difference simulations based on transformed Euler equations for both the bubble gas and the surrounding liquid [Geers et al. (2012). J. Appl. Phys. 112, 054910]. The three enhancements considerably extend the range of applicability of a single-degree-of-freedom bubble model.
Wideband detection of middle ear muscle activation using swept-tone distortion product otoacoustic emissions
Authors: Henin Simon , Long Glenis R. , Thompson Suzanne
Published: July 2014

The measurement of efferent-induced suppression of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) using contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS) is complicated by potential contamination by the middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR), particularly at moderate to high CAS levels. When logarithmically sweeping primaries are used to measure distortion product otoacoustic emissions, the level and phase of the primaries at the entrance of the ear canal may be monitored simultaneously along with the OAEs elicited by the swept-tones. A method of detecting MEMR activation using swept-tones is presented in which the differences in the primaries in the ear canal with and without CAS are examined, permitting evaluation of MEMR effects over a broad frequency range. A range of CAS levels above and below expected contralateral acoustic reflex thresholds permitted evaluation of conditions with and without MEMR activation.
Room and head coloration can induce obligatory stream segregation
Authors: David Marion , Lavandier Mathieu , Grimault Nicolas
Published: July 2014

Multiple sound reflections from room materials and a listener's head induce slight spectral modifications of sounds. This coloration depends on the listener and source positions, and on the room itself. This study investigated whether coloration could help segregate competing sources. Obligatory streaming was evaluated for diotic speech-shaped noises using a rhythmic discrimination task. Thresholds for detecting anisochrony were always significantly higher when stimuli differed in spectrum. The tested differences corresponded to three spatial configurations involving different levels of head and room coloration. These results suggest that, despite the generally deleterious effects of reverberation on speech intelligibility, coloration could favor source segregation.
Effects of local lexical competition and regional dialect on vowel production
Authors: Clopper Cynthia G. , Tamati Terrin N.
Published: July 2014

Global measures of lexical competition, such as lexical neighborhood density, assume that all phonological contrasts contribute equally to competition. However, effects of local phonetic similarity have also been observed in speech production processes, suggesting that some contrasts may lead to greater competition than others. In the current study, the effect of local lexical competition on vowel production was examined across two dialects of American English that differ in the phonetic similarity of the low-front and low-back vowel pairs. Results revealed a significant interaction between regional dialect and local lexical competition on the acoustic distance within each vowel pair. Local lexical contrast led to greater acoustic distance between vowels, as expected, but this effect was significantly enhanced for acoustically similar dialect-specific variants. These results were independent of global neighborhood density, suggesting that local lexical competition may contribute to the realization of sociolinguistic variation and phonological change.
Durational and spectral differences in American English vowels: Dialect variation within and across regions
Authors: Fridland Valerie , Kendall Tyler , Farrington Charlie
Published: July 2014

Spectral differences among varieties of American English have been widely studied, typically recognizing three major regionally diagnostic vowel shift patterns [Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006). The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change (De Gruyter, Berlin)]. Durational variability across dialects, on the other hand, has received relatively little attention. This paper investigates to what extent regional differences in vowel duration are linked with spectral changes taking place in the Northern, Western, and Southern regions of the U.S. Using F1/F2 and duration measures, the durational correlates of the low back vowel merger, characteristic of Western dialects, and the acoustic reversals of the front tense/lax vowels, characteristic of Southern dialects, are investigated. Results point to a positive correlation between spectral overlap and vowel duration for Northern and Western speakers, suggesting that both F1/F2 measures and durational measures are used for disambiguation of vowel quality. The findings also indicate that, regardless of region, a durational distinction maintains the contrast between the low back vowel classes, particularly in cases of spectral merger. Surprisingly, Southerners show a negative correlation for the vowel shifts most defining of contemporary Southern speech, suggesting that neither spectral position nor durational measures are the most relevant cues for vowel quality in the South.
Chemical potential and quantum Hall ferromagnetism in bilayer graphene
Authors: Lee Kayoung , Fallahazad Babak , Xue Jiamin , Dillen David C. , Kim Kyounghwan , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Tutuc Emanuel
Published: July 2014

Breaking down graphene degeneracy

Bilayer graphene has two layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms stacked on top of each other in a staggered configuration. This spatial arrangement results in degenerate electronic states: distinct states that have the same energy. Interaction between electrons can cause the states to separate in energy, and so can external fields (see the Perspective by LeRoy and Yankowitz). Kou
et al.
, Lee
et al.
, and Maher
et al.
used three distinct experimental setups that clarify different parameter regimes of bilayer graphene.

Science
, this issue p.
55
, p.
58
, p.
61
; see also p.
31
Interfacial microfluidic processing of metal-organic framework hollow fiber membranes
Authors: Brown Andrew J. , Brunelli Nicholas A. , Eum Kiwon , Rashidi Fereshteh , Johnson J. R. , Koros William J. , Jones Christopher W. , Nair Sankar
Published: July 2014

High-surface-area gas separation membranes

Membranes for gas separation require a combination of high surface area and selective transport pathways. Brown
et al.
present a potentially scalable route for making high-quality gas separation membranes in a high-surface-area configuration. Using two different solvents flowing in opposite directions, a metal-organic framework material was selectively deposited within hollow polymer fibers. The membranes showed high-performance separation capabilities when tested with mixtures of hydrocarbon gases.

Science
, this issue p.
72
Tunable fractional quantum Hall phases in bilayer graphene
Authors: Maher Patrick , Wang Lei , Gao Yuanda , Forsythe Carlos , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Abanin Dmitry , Papić Zlatko , Cadden-Zimansky Paul , Hone James , Kim Philip , Dean Cory R.
Published: July 2014

Breaking down graphene degeneracy

Bilayer graphene has two layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms stacked on top of each other in a staggered configuration. This spatial arrangement results in degenerate electronic states: distinct states that have the same energy. Interaction between electrons can cause the states to separate in energy, and so can external fields (see the Perspective by LeRoy and Yankowitz). Kou
et al.
, Lee
et al.
, and Maher
et al.
used three distinct experimental setups that clarify different parameter regimes of bilayer graphene.

Science
, this issue p.
55
, p.
58
, p.
61
; see also p.
31
Niche engineering demonstrates a latent capacity for fungal-algal mutualism
Authors: Hom Erik F. Y. , Murray Andrew W.
Published: July 2014

It takes two to tango in restricted environments

Despite being unrelated, freeliving algae and fungi can learn to help one another out. Hom and Murray raised the green alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
in CO
2
-restricted environments in the presence of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(see the Perspective by Aanen and Bisseling). The experimental setup forced the two species to depend on one another for the metabolic production of CO
2
, which is provided by the yeast as it consumes glucose and is needed by the alga, and ammonia, which conversely can be made from nitrite by the alga and then used by the yeast. This dependence was seen under a broad range of environmental conditions. Similar tests between other
Chlamydomonas
and fungal species revealed the ability to create a phylogenetically broad range of mutualisms.

Science
, this issue p.
94
; see also p.
29
Mapping pressurized volcanic fluids from induced crustal seismic velocity drops
Authors: Brenguier F. , Campillo M. , Takeda T. , Aoki Y. , Shapiro N. M. , Briand X. , Emoto K. , Miyake H.
Published: July 2014

Seismic noise reveals volcanic plumbing

Monitoring the way in which seismic noise passes through Earth's crust after a large earthquake can clarify how volcanoes erupt. Japan has the highest-density seismic network in the world. Brenguier
et al.
observed reductions in seismic velocity below volcanic regions of Japan from before, to the weeks and months after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (see the Perspective by Prejean and Haney). This indicates that pressurized fluids below volcanoes can weaken in response to dynamic stress perturbations.

Science
, this issue p.
80
; see also p.
39
Opposing unfolded-protein-response signals converge on death receptor 5 to control apoptosis
Authors: Lu Min , Lawrence David A. , Marsters Scot , Acosta-Alvear Diego , Kimmig Philipp , Mendez Aaron S. , Paton Adrienne W. , Paton James C. , Walter Peter , Ashkenazi Avi
Published: July 2014

Life and death and quality control

When cells are subjected to too much stress, they curl up their toes and die. Lu
et al.
describe a clever strategy cells use to stay alive as long as they are not stressed for too long. The cells' quality-control machinery will activate a so-called death receptor when defective proteins accumulate within the cell, a sign of stress—but they will wait until the proteins have built up for a good long time. If stress is relieved soon enough, levels of the death receptor decay back to normal, and the cells stay alive; otherwise, R.I.P.

Science
, this issue p.
98
Regioselective ketone α-alkylation with simple olefins via dual activation
Authors: Mo Fanyang , Dong Guangbin
Published: July 2014

Carbon-carbon bonds without byproducts

Environmental and cost concerns are spurring development of chemical methods that minimize byproduct formation. In this vein, Mo and Dong present a catalyst that inserts olefins such as ethylene directly into the C-H bonds of ketones. Traditional methods to form such products rely on the preliminary reaction of the ketone with a base, followed by subsequent reaction with an alkyl halide. The authors used a ligand that simultaneously activates the ketone and guides the catalytic rhodium to the right location. This approach removes the need for the other reagents and eliminates the associated halide salt byproducts.

Science
, this issue p.
68
The birth of cooperation
Authors: Aanen Duur K. , Bisseling Ton
Published: July 2014

Mutualistic symbiosis can arise without prior coevolution.

[Also see Report by
Hom and Murray
]
Following the same nerve track toward different cell fates
Authors: Kalcheim Chaya , Rohrer Hermann
Published: July 2014

Schwann cell precursors can become either neurons or glia.

[Also see Reports by

Espinosa-Medina
et al.

and

Dyachuk
et al.

]
Injection wells blamed in Oklahoma earthquakes
Authors: Hand Eric
Published: July 2014

Regulators in several states start to limit wastewater disposal to reduce risks of induced tremors.
Biotech feels a chill from changing U.S. patent rules
Authors: Servick Kelly
Published: July 2014

Supreme Court decisions hobble efforts to protect inventions involving natural products.
Plan to grade institutes rattles Russian academy
Authors: Pokrovsky Vladimir
Published: July 2014

Researchers fear reforms mark path to institute closures.
Can ecstasy treat the agony of PTSD?
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: July 2014

MDMA, a popular party drug, may be useful in psychotherapy, some scientists say.
Bloodstream Infections Are an Improbable Cause of Positive Serum (1,3)-β-d-Glucan in Hematology Patients
Authors: Furfaro E. , Mikulska M. , Del Bono V. , Guolo F. , Minetto P. , Gobbi M. , Ghiso A. , Bacigalupo A. , Viscoli C.
Published: July 2014

Ninety-one serum samples from 51 hematology patients with bacteremia infections were tested for (1,3)-β-d-glucan (BG). Eleven samples (15%) from 7 patients (14%) were positive for BG. Of these 7 patients with positive BG results, 4 (8%) had invasive aspergillosis and 3 (6%) had no invasive fungal disease. Bacteremia was an unlikely cause of the false-positive BG results.
Detection of Antibodies to Varicella-Zoster Virus in Recipients of the Varicella Vaccine by Using a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System Assay
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey I. , Ali Mir A. , Bayat Ahmad , Steinberg Sharon P. , Park Hosun , Gershon Anne A. , Burbelo Peter D.
Published: July 2014

A high-throughput test to detect varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibodies in varicella vaccine recipients is not currently available. One of the most sensitive tests for detecting VZV antibodies after vaccination is the fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) test. Unfortunately, this test is labor-intensive, somewhat subjective to read, and not commercially available. Therefore, we developed a highly quantitative and high-throughput luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay to detect antibody to VZV glycoprotein E (gE). Tests of children who received the varicella vaccine showed that the gE LIPS assay had 90% sensitivity and 70% specificity, a viral capsid antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) had 67% and 87% specificity, and a glycoprotein ELISA (not commercially available in the United States) had 94% sensitivity and 74% specificity compared with the FAMA test. The rates of antibody detection by the gE LIPS and glycoprotein ELISA were not statistically different. Therefore, the gE LIPS assay may be useful for detecting VZV antibodies in varicella vaccine recipients. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00921999.)
First Report of Endocarditis Caused by a Pseudoclavibacter Species
Authors: Pailhoriès Hélène , Lemarié Carole , Quinqueneau Catherine , Eveillard Matthieu , Baufreton Christophe , Rouleau Frédéric , Mahaza Chetaou , Joly-Guillou Marie-Laure , Kempf Marie
Published: July 2014

We describe the first case of
Pseudoclavibacter
species endocarditis in a 44-year-old patient. This genus, rarely isolated from humans, confirms here its role as a human pathogen.
Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Haemophilus influenzae Serotype f
Authors: Arnold Christopher J. , Garrigues Grant , St. Geme Joseph W. , Sexton Daniel J.
Published: July 2014

Haemophilus influenzae
is a rare cause of soft tissue infection. In this report, we present a case of multifocal necrotizing fasciitis in a healthy adult patient, secondary to
Haemophilus influenzae
serotype f infection, and we review literature on this rare cause of necrotizing fasciitis.
Advances in Laboratory Methods for Detection and Typing of Norovirus
Authors: Vinjé Jan
Published: July 2014

Human noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis across all age groups. Although the disease is usually self-limiting, in the United States norovirus gastroenteritis causes an estimated 56,000 to 71,000 hospitalizations and 570 to 800 deaths each year. This minireview describes the latest data on laboratory methods (molecular, immunological) for norovirus detection, including real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and commercially available immunological assays as well as the latest FDA-cleared multi-gastrointestinal-pathogen platforms. In addition, an overview is provided on the latest nomenclature and molecular epidemiology of human noroviruses.
High-Resolution Structure of a Virally Encoded DNA-Translocating Conduit and the Mechanism of DNA Penetration
Authors: Sun Lei , Rossmann Michael G. , Fane Bentley A.
Published: July 2014

Although ϕX174 DNA pilot protein H is monomeric during procapsid assembly, it forms an oligomeric tube on the host cell surface. Reminiscent of a double-stranded DNA phage tail in form and function, the H tube transports the single-stranded ϕX174 genome across the
Escherichia coli
cell wall. The 2.4-Å resolution H-tube crystal structure suggests functional and energetic mechanisms that may be common features of DNA transport through virally encoded conduits.
SnRK1 Phosphorylation of AL2 Delays Cabbage Leaf Curl Virus Infection in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shen Wei , Dallas Mary Beth , Goshe Michael B. , Hanley-Bowdoin Linda
Published: July 2014

Geminivirus AL2/C2 proteins play key roles in establishing infection and causing disease in their plant hosts. They are involved in viral gene expression, counter host defenses by suppressing transcriptional gene silencing, and interfere with the host signaling involved in pathogen resistance. We report here that begomovirus and curtovirus AL2/C2 proteins interact strongly with host geminivirus Rep-interacting kinases (GRIKs), which are upstream activating kinases of the protein kinase SnRK1, a global regulator of energy and nutrient levels in plants. We used an
in vitro
kinase system to show that GRIK-activated SnRK1 phosphorylates recombinant AL2/C2 proteins from several begomoviruses and to map the SnRK1 phosphorylation site to serine-109 in the AL2 proteins of two New World begomoviruses:
Cabbage Leaf Curl Virus
(CaLCuV)
and
Tomato mottle virus
. A CaLCuV AL2 S109D phosphomimic mutation did not alter viral DNA levels in protoplast replication assays. In contrast, the phosphomimic mutant was delayed for symptom development and viral DNA accumulation during infection of
Arabidopsis thaliana
, demonstrating that SnRK1 contributes to host defenses against CaLCuV. Our observation that serine-109 is not conserved in all AL2/C2 proteins that are SnRK1 substrates
in vitro
suggested that phosphorylation of viral proteins by plant kinases contributes to the evolution of geminivirus-host interactions.

IMPORTANCE
Geminiviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses that cause serious diseases in many crops. Dicot-infecting geminiviruses carry genes that encode multifunctional AL2/C2 proteins that are essential for infection. However, it is not clear how AL2/C2 proteins are regulated. Here, we show that the host protein kinase SnRK1, a central regulator of energy balance and nutrient metabolism in plants, phosphorylates serine-109 in AL2 proteins of three subgroups of New World begomoviruses, resulting in a delay in viral DNA accumulation and symptom appearance. Our results support SnRK1's antiviral role and reveal a novel mechanism underlying this function. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that AL2 S109 evolved as begomoviruses migrated from the Old World to the New World and may have provided a selective advantage as begomoviruses adapted to a different environment and different plant hosts. This study provides new insights into the interaction of viral pathogens with their plant hosts at the level of viral protein modification by the host.
Unexpected Structural Features of the Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Protein 2 Ectodomain
Authors: Sabahi Ali , Uprichard Susan L. , Wimley William C. , Dash Srikanta , Garry Robert F.
Published: July 2014

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the family
Flaviviridae
, is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and cancer. Recent advances in HCV therapeutics have resulted in improved cure rates, but an HCV vaccine is not available and is urgently needed to control the global pandemic. Vaccine development has been hampered by the lack of high-resolution structural information for the two HCV envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2. Recently, Kong and coworkers (Science 342:1090–1094, 2013, doi:10.1126/science.1243876) and Khan and coworkers (Nature 509[7500]:381–384, 2014, doi:10.1038/nature13117) independently determined the structure of the HCV E2 ectodomain core with some unexpected and informative results. The HCV E2 ectodomain core features a globular architecture with antiparallel β-sheets forming a central β sandwich. The residues comprising the epitopes of several neutralizing and nonneutralizing human monoclonal antibodies were also determined, which is an essential step toward obtaining a fine map of the human humoral response to HCV. Also clarified were the regions of E2 that directly bind CD81, an important HCV cellular receptor. While it has been widely assumed that HCV E2 is a class II viral fusion protein (VFP), the newly determined structure suggests that the HCV E2 ectodomain shares structural and functional similarities only with domain III of class II VFPs. The new structural determinations suggest that the HCV glycoproteins use a different mechanism than that used by class II fusion proteins for cell fusion.
Tobacco etch virus Protein P1 Traffics to the Nucleolus and Associates with the Host 60S Ribosomal Subunits during Infection
Authors: Martínez Fernando , Daròs José-Antonio
Published: July 2014

The genus
Potyvirus
comprises a large group of positive-strand RNA plant viruses whose genome encodes a large polyprotein processed by three viral proteinases. P1 protein, the most amino-terminal product of the polyprotein, is an accessory factor stimulating viral genome amplification whose role during infection is not well understood. We infected plants with
Tobacco etch virus
(TEV; genus
Potyvirus
) clones in which P1 was tagged with a fluorescent protein to track its expression and subcellular localization or with an affinity tag to identify host proteins involved in complexes in which P1 also takes part during infection. Our results showed that TEV P1 exclusively accumulates in infected cells at an early stage of infection and that the protein displays a dynamic subcellular localization, trafficking in and out of the nucleus and nucleolus during infection. Inside the nucleolus, P1 particularly targets the dense granular component. Consistently, we found functional nucleolar localization and nuclear export signals in TEV P1 sequence. Our results also indicated that TEV P1 physically interacts with the host 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes and specifically binds to the 60S ribosomal subunits during infection.
In vitro
translation assays of reporter proteins suggested that TEV P1 stimulates protein translation, particularly when driven from the TEV internal ribosome entry site. These
in vitro
assays also suggested that TEV helper-component proteinase (HC-Pro) inhibits protein translation. Based on these findings, we propose that TEV P1 stimulates translation of viral proteins in infected cells.

IMPORTANCE
In this work, we researched the role during infection of tobacco etch virus P1 protease. P1 is the most mysterious protein of potyviruses, a relevant group of RNA viruses infecting plants. Our experiments showed that the viral P1 protein exclusively accumulates in infected cells at an early stage of infection and moves in and out of the nucleus of infected cells, particularly targeting the nucleolus. Our experiments also showed that P1 protein binds host ribosomes during infection. Based on these findings and other
in vitro
experiments we propose that P1 protein stimulates translation of viral proteins during infection.
Late Endosomal Trafficking of Alternative Serotype Adenovirus Vaccine Vectors Augments Antiviral Innate Immunity
Authors: Teigler Jeffrey E. , Kagan Jonathan C. , Barouch Dan H.
Published: July 2014

Adenovirus (Ad) vaccine vectors have found widespread use as vaccine platforms against multiple infections and cancers, and multiple serotypes have been shown to differ significantly in their biological properties and immune phenotypes. Our laboratory and others have previously described differential innate immune stimulation elicited by various Ad serotypes. Here, we show that Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) traffics rapidly to the nucleus following infection, whereas Ad35 and Ad26 accumulate in late endosomes 2 to 8 h postinfection. Innate immune cytokine elicitation by all Ad serotypes was abrogated by blockade of endosomal acidification, cathepsin B, and caspase 1, suggesting that virus interactions with acid-dependent sensors, such as Toll-like receptor- and cathepsin-dependent inflammasome activation in late endosomes, may trigger innate immunity. These data suggest a mechanism by which Ad vectors from various serotypes differentially trigger innate antiviral pathways via distinct intracellular trafficking to late endosomes.

IMPORTANCE
Adenoviruses (Ad) are widely used for vaccination and gene therapy applications. Importantly, Ad vectors have been shown to differ significantly in their innate immune profiles both
in vivo
and
in vitro
. The molecular mechanism that underlies these observed differences has important implications for the development of improved vaccines. In this study, we propose a mechanism in which the degree of late endosomal trafficking of Ad vectors results in differential stimulation of late endosomal pattern recognition receptors.