bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Radioactive Decontamination employing Dual Stimuli Responsive N-Aza crown ether containing polymer hydrogels
Authors: Deli Dario , Crouch David J , Law Kathleen , Yeates Stephen G , Livens Francis
Published: August 2010

We report the synthesis and properties of two different hydrogels based on N-isopropylacrylamide/acrylic acid and copolymers of oligo-ethylene glycol methacrylates incorporating N-Aza crown ethers. Both hydrogels show rapid response to environmental stimuli and their size can be tuned by pH and temperature. Swollen states lead to high adsorption of water and high contact surface area with ions whereas in the collapsed state the material releases water and the ions not selectively retained by the polymer.

Preliminary autoradiography tests show that these materials strongly bind 90Sr and both pH and temperature can be used to fine tune binding selectivity. This results in such materials being promising candidates for use as smart scavenging agents for radioactive decontamination.
Thermoelectric Properties of CoSb3-based Skutterudite Compounds
Authors: Harnwunggmoung Adul , Kurosaki Ken , Muta Hiroaki , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: August 2010

CoSb3 is known as a skutterudite compound that could exhibit high thermoelectric figure of merit. However, the thermal conductivity of CoSb3 is relatively high. In order to enhance the thermoelectric performance of this compound, we tried to reduce the thermal conductivity of CoSb3 by substitution of Rh for Co and by Tl-filling into the voids. The polycrystalline samples of (Co,Rh)Sb3 and Tl-filled CoSb3 were prepared and the thermoelectric properties such as the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity were measured in the temperature range from room temperature to 750 K. The Rh substitution for Co reduced the lattice thermal conductivity, due to the alloy scattering effect. The minimum value of the lattice thermal conductivity was 4 Wm-1K-1 at 750 K obtained for (Co0.7Rh0.3)Sb3. Also the lattice thermal conductivity rapidly decreased with increasing the Tl-filling ratio. T10.25Co4Sb12 exhibited the best ZT values; the maximum ZT was 0.9 obtained at 600 K.
Effect of (Pb,Ge)Te Addition on the Phase Stability and the Thermoelectric Properties of AgSbTe2
Authors: Aikebaier Yusufu , Kurosaki Ken , Muta Hiroaki , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: August 2010

Although AgSbTe2 exhibits excellent thermoelectric properties, the single phase is unstable and second phases such as Ag2Te and Sb2Te3 are easy to precipitate. In the present study, we tried to stabilize the AgSbTe2 phase by adding a small amount of another phase. Here we chose Pb0.16Ge0.84Te as the adding phase because the crystal structure and the lattice parameter were completely the same as those of AgSbTe2. The samples of (Ag0.5Sb0.5Te1-x(Pb0.16Ge0.84Te)x (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1) were prepared and the phase stability and the thermoelectric properties were examined. The AgSbTe2 phase was stabilized in the samples of x = 0.01 and 0.02. All the samples exhibited large thermoelectric figure of merit.
Thermoelectric Properties of SiO2/SiO2+CoSb3Multi Nanolayered Films Modified by Me v Si ions Bombardment
Authors: Budak S. , Smith Cydale , Chacha John , Pugh Marcus , Ogbara Kudus , Heidary Kaveh , Johnson R. B. , Muntele Claudiu , ILA D.
Published: August 2010

The performance of the thermoelectric devices and materials is shown by a dimensionless figure of merit, ZT = S2σT/K, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, T is the absolute temperature and K is the thermal conductivity. ZT can be increased by increasing S, increasing σ or decreasing K. We have prepared 100 alternating nanolayered films of SiO2/SiO2+CoSb3 using the ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). The 5 MeV Si ions bombardments have been performed using the AAMU Pelletron ion beam accelerator to make quantum clusters in the nanolayered superlattice films at the three different fluences to decrease the cross plane thermal conductivity, increase the cross plane Seebeck coefficient and cross plane electrical conductivity. We have characterized 100 alternating nanolayered films of SiO2/SiO2+CoSb3 before and after Si ion bombardments as we measured the cross-plane Seebeck coefficient, the cross-plane electrical conductivity, and the cross-plane thermal conductivity for three different fluences.
Improvement in Contact Resistivity to thin film Bi2Te3
Authors: Gupta Rahul P , Xiong Ka , White John B , Cho Kyeongjae , Gnade Bruce
Published: August 2010

A study of the impact of surface preparation and post-deposition annealing on contact resistivity for sputtered Ni and Co contacts to thin film Bi2Te3 is presented. The contact resistance values obtained using the transfer length method (TLM) for Ni is compared to Co as a potential contact metal to Bi2Te3. Post-deposition annealing at 100°C on samples that were sputter cleaned reduces the contact resistivity to < 10-7 Ω-cm2 for both Ni and Co contacts to Bi2Te3. Co provided similar contact resistance values as Ni, but had better adhesion and less diffusion into the thermoelectric (TE) material, making it a suitable candidate for contact metallization to Bi2Te3 based devices.
Thermoelectric Properties of Electrodeposited BiSbTe Nanowires
Authors: Mannam Raja Sekharam , Davis Despina
Published: August 2010

Bismuth antimony telluride (BiSbTe) nanowires were electrodeposited at constant potentials into polycarbonate templates from a tartaric-nitric acid baths having different electrolyte compositions. Composition analysis of the nanowires showed that Sb deposits at higher potentials compared to BiTe. Maximum seebeck coefficients of -337.7 μV/K and 227.2 μV/K were obtained for n-type and p-type nanowires samples Bi4.6Te5.4 and Bi4.3Sb5 respectively. Nonmonotonic resistance behavior was observed for all the nanowires.
Colloidal nanostructures as building blocks for macroscopic thermoelectric materials with electron-crystal phonon-glass properties
Authors: Scheele Marcus , Oeschler Niels , Meier Katrin , Kornowski Andreas , Klinke Christian , Weller Horst
Published: August 2010

We demonstrate the shape- and size-controlled synthesis of colloidal ∼10 nm bismuth telluride nanoparticles stabilized by organic ligands in solution. Post-synthetic ligand exchange with oleic acid allows for a quick and simple ligand removal by consecutive washing with basic ammonia solution. Mild spark plasma sintering yields a macroscopic nanostructured bulk solid with nanograins unaltered in size and shape. We present the full thermoelectric characterization with an emphasis on the thermal properties of this material. It will be shown that thus prepared nanostructured bulk solids possess significantly altered physical properties typical for materials with high surface-to-volume-ratios. These alterations have the potential to lead to improved thermoelectric performances benefiting from their phonon-glass electron-crystal behavior.
Single-crystal Wires Based on Doped Bi for Anisotropic Thermoelectric Microgenerators
Authors: Nikolaeva Albina Alexandr , Konopko Leonid A , Huber Tito E , Tsurkan Ana K
Published: August 2010

In this work, we have studied the possibility to use a microwire of BiSn to design an anisotropic thermoelectric generator. The glass-coated microwire of pure and Sn-doped bismuth was obtained by the Ulitovsky method; it was a cylindrical single-crystal with orientation (1011) along the wire axis; the C3 axis was deflected at an angle of 70° to the microwire axis. It is found that doping of bismuth wires with tin increases the thermopower anisotropy in comparison with Bi by a factor of 2 – 3 in the temperature range of 200 – 300 K. According to the preliminary results, for a Bi microwire with a diameter of 10 μm with a glass coating of 35 μm, the transverse thermopower is ∼ 150 μV/(K*cm); for BiSn, 300 μV/(K*cm).The design of an anisotropic thermogenerator based on BiSn microwire is proposed. The miniature thermogenerator will be efficient for power supply of devices with low useful current.

In addition to the considerable thermopower anisotropy of BiSn wires in a glass coating, they exhibit stable thermoelectric properties, high mechanical strength and flexibility, which allows designing thermoelectric devices of various configurations on their basis.
Microthermocouples of a Glass-Insulated Bifilar Microwire Based on Bi2Te3
Authors: Meglei Dragosh F , Huber Tito E , Dyntu Maria P , Nikolaeva Albina Alexandr
Published: August 2010

The paper presents the results of studies related to the technology for obtaining glass-insulated bifilar microwires (BMWs) of a thermoelectric material based on Bi2Te3 with one wire exhibiting the n-type and the other p-type conduction as well as the study of their mechanical properties by the strain method and the microscopic analysis of the morphology of structural defects with a view to preparing microthermocouples on their basis.

Preliminary studies showed that BMWs are more flexible than single microwires of the same material. The rupture strength of BMWs per unit cross section of a sample (together with the glass) ranges within 18-6 kg/mm2 with respect to diameters of 90-120 μm.

Microthermocouples with a signal value on the order of 2-12 mV in a temperature range of 23-50°C have been developed. The preparation of thermoelectric microthermocouples of BMWs significantly reduces the number of process operations in the course of their production and considerably increases their resistance to impacts and vibrations. Microthermocouples based on glass-insulated BMWs have smaller sizes and weight; they can be used for measuring temperatures in chemically aggressive media.
Preparation of High Seebeck Coefficient Calcium Cobaltate Thermoelectric Powders
Authors: Lin Sidney , Selig Jiri
Published: August 2010

Thermoelectric calcium cobalt oxide (Ca1.24Co1.62O3.86) with high Seebeck coefficient was prepared by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) followed by a short post treatment process. Synthesized samples were analyzed by XRD for their phase purity for samples prepared from different reactants mixtures. A final element model of SHS of calcium cobalt oxide was developed to study the temperature history and reaction rate change during the synthesis. This model can be used to predict reaction temperatures for various initial conditions.
Light Beam Induced Current Mapping of mc-Si Solar Cells: Influence of Grain Boundaries and Intragrain Defects
Authors: Jimenez Juan , Moralejo Benito , Hortelano Vanesa , González Miguel Ángel , Martínez Oscar , Parra Vicente , Avella Manuel
Published: August 2010

The photovoltaic market is currently dominated by multicrystalline silicon. However, this material is characterized by intrinsic structural heterogeneity due to point defects, dislocations and grain boundaries. In order to improve the cell performance the control of the electrical properties of the grain boundaries and dislocations is required. The laser beam induced current technique allows the estimation of the variations of the charge capture rates due to the different trapping centers, and is a powerful tool for the characterization of multicrystalline silicon solar cells. Nevertheless, one has to control the reflected light in order to obtain a reliable estimation of the electrical parameters.
First-principles Study of Back Contact Effects on CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells
Authors: Du Mao-Hua
Published: August 2010

Forming a chemically stable low-resistance back contact for CdTe thin film solar cells is critically important to the cell performance. This paper reports theoretical study of the effects of the back contact material, Sb2Te3, on the performance of the CdTe solar cells. First-principles calculations show that Sb impurities in p-type CdTe are donors and can diffuse with low diffusion barrier. There properties are clearly detrimental to the solar cell performance. The Sb segregation into the grain boundaries may be required to explain the good efficiencies for the CdTe solar cells with Sb2Te3 back contacts.
Surface Passivation of p-GaTe Layered Crystals for Improved p-GaTe/n-InSe Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Mandal Krishna C. , Das Sandip , Krishna Ramesh , Muzykov Peter G. , Ma Shuguo , Zhao Feng
Published: August 2010

GaTe and GaTe:In single crystals were grown from high purity Ga (7N) and zone refined Te (>7N) precursor materials. InSe thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation onto the sulfur passivated GaTe:In substrates at various substrate temperatures from 450K-550K to fabricate p-GaTe:In/n-InSe heterojunction solar cells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize GaTe:In crystals and InSe thin film surfaces. The current-voltage characteristics of p-GaTe:In/n-InSe solar cells were measured under dark and under illumination of 75mW/cm2. Dark J-V measurements showed that the reverse saturation current density (J0) decreased from 3.8 x 10-6 A/cm2 to 1.5 x 10-9 A/cm2 and the ideality factor was reduced from 2.04 to 1.15 as a result of surface passivation. Under illumination of 75 mW/cm2, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) increased from 0.54V to 0.68V and short-circuit current density (Jsc) increased from 7.19 mA/cm2 to 8.65 mA/cm2 for solar cells with surface passivated GaTe:In substrates, leading to an increased solar cell efficiency of 5.03%. EPMA measurements revealed that the InSe thin films deposited at 550 K on GaTe:In substrates were near stoichiometric with enhanced grain size contributing also to better solar cell performance.
Pulsed Laser Processing of Electrodeposited CuInSe2 Photovoltaic Absorber Thin Films
Authors: Bhatia Ashish , Dale Phillip , Nowell Matt , Scarpulla Michael
Published: August 2010

CuInSe2 (CIS) is commercially processed using energy intensive vacuum processes such as sputtering and thermal evaporation followed by thermal annealing. In order to reduce the cost of fabricating CIS photovoltaic absorber layers we need fast and cheap processing methods. We have investigated the use of non-vacuum electrochemical deposition (ED) followed by ultra violet pulsed laser annealing (UV-PLA). We report here on the results of ns pulsed KrF irradiation of ED CIS films and ED CIS films which were first annealed in a Se atmosphere.
In situ Study of Strain Relaxation Mechanisms During Lattice-mismatched InGaAs/GaAs Growth by X-ray Reciprocal Space Mapping
Authors: Sasaki Takuo , Suzuki Hidetoshi , Sai Akihisa , Takahasi Masamitu , Fujikawa Seiji , Ohshita Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masafumi
Published: August 2010

The in situ X-ray reciprocal space mapping (in situ RSM) of symmetric diffraction measurements during lattice-mismatched InGaAs/GaAs(001) growth were performed to investigate the strain relaxation mechanisms. The evolution of the residual strain and crystal quality were obtained as a function of InGaAs film thickness. Based on the results, the correlation between the strain relaxation and the dislocations during the film growth were evaluated. As a result, film thickness ranges with different relaxation mechanisms were classified, and dominant dislocation behavior in each phase were deduced. From the data obtained in in situ measurements, the quantitative strain relaxation models were proposed based on a dislocation kinetic model developed by Dodson and Tsao. Good agreement between the in situ data and the model ensured the validity of the dominant dislocation behavior deduced from the present study.
Growth of Metamorphic InGaP for Wide-Bandgap Photovoltaic Junction by MBE
Authors: Simon John , Tomasulo Stephanie , Simmonds Paul , Romero Manuel J , Lee Minjoo Larry
Published: August 2010

Metamorphic triple-junction solar cells can currently attain efficiencies as high as 41.1%. Using additional junctions could lead to efficiencies above 50%, but require the development of a wide bandgap (2.0-2.2eV) material to act as the top layer. In this work we demonstrate wide bandgap InyGa1-yP grown on GaAsxP1-x via solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Unoptimized tensile GaAsxP1-x buffers grown on GaAs exhibit asymmetric strain relaxation, along with formation of faceted trenches 100-300 nm deep in the [01-1] direction. Smaller grading step size and higher substrate temperatures minimizes the facet trench density and results in symmetric strain relaxation. In comparison, compressively-strained graded GaAsxP1-x buffers on GaP show nearly-complete strain relaxation of the top layers and no evidence of trenches. We subsequently grew InyGa1-yP layers on the GaAsxP1-x buffers. Photoluminescence and transmission electron microscopy measurements show no indication of phase separation or CuPt ordering. Taken in combination with the low threading dislocation densities obtained, MBE-grown InyGa1-yP layers are promising candidates for future use as the top junction of a multi-junction solar cell.
Investigation of Charge Trapping at Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline and Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Heath Jennifer T. , Jiang Chun-Sheng , Moutinho Helio , Al-Jassim Mowafak
Published: August 2010

Scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) often shows a change in contrast at grain boundaries [1-3]. The origins of this contrast and the efficacy of SCM as a tool to identify band bending at grain boundaries in pc-Si and mc-Si are discussed. Contrast at these grain boundaries could be influenced by different oxide growth rates or by defect states at the oxide interface. In order to determine the influence of such mechanisms on the SCM signal, such effects must be modeled; we show that a simple one-dimensional model agrees well with more detailed models of SCM signal strength and indicates, for example, that very small changes in oxide thickness measurably affect the SCM signal. In our experimental data, the uniformity and quality of the oxide layer are confirmed, and increased contrast consistent with depletion regions is still observed at higher order grain boundaries as identified by electron backscattering diffraction, including 9 and 27a. Scans of the SCM signal as a function of dc probe voltage allow such regions to be more quantitatively investigated.
Ferroelectric Polymer-ceramic Nanoparticle Composite Films for Use in the Capacitive Storage of Electrical Energy
Authors: Porter Timothy L. , Dillingham T. Randy , Cornelison David , Parsons Dana , Pierce Andy
Published: August 2010

In this study, we use novel thermal deposition techniques to synthesize films of poly(vinlyidene fluoride), or PVDF, containing nanoparticles of the ceramic titanium dioxide (TiO2). This ferroelectric polymer has shown promise as a capacitor dielectric material, and possible enhanced electrical properties when combined with ceramic nanoparticles. Characterization of these composite films has been performed including chemical structure and microstructure using SFM, XPS, and EDS techniques. Measurements of film parameters such as dielectric constant and breakdown voltage have also been performed, and the dispersion of the ceramic particles within the films has been characterized
Titanyl Phthalocyanine (TiOPc) Organic Thin Film Transistors With Highly π-π Interaction
Authors: Chen Huang-Ming Philip , Chen Yung-Hsing , Lin Bo-Ruei
Published: August 2010

The objective of this research is to obtain uniform vacuum-deposition triclinic phase II crystal of titanyl phthalocyanine (α-TiOPc) films from various TiOPc crystal forms. The crystal structure and morphology of vacuum-deposited TiOPc films can be manipulated by deposition rate and substrate temperature. Crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thin film morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Highly ordered α-TiOPc film with an edge-on molecular orientation was deposited on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) treated Si/SiO2 surface. All TiOPc crystal forms, such as amorphous, α and γ phases, provided the triclinic phase II crystal of TiOPc. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak at 7.5 degree in XRD spectra was 0.23, 0.27 and 0.29 for γ, α and amorphous powder when substrate temperature maintained at 180°C, respectively. The FWHM of the 7.5 degree peak can be achieved 0.22 deposited from all crystal forms at elevated temperature higher than 220°C. The α-TiOPc deposition film exhibited an excellent p-type semiconducting behavior in air with dense packing structure due to the close π–π molecular packing. The devices, field-effect mobility range from 0.02 to 0.26 cm2/V s depending on various process parameters. The on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) is over 105. The TiOPc OTFTs will be applied as multi-parameter gas sensor in the near future.
Built-in Potential of a Pentacene Pin Homojunction Studied by Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy
Authors: Olthof Selina , Kleemann Hans , Lüssem Björn , Leo Karl
Published: August 2010

In this paper we investigate the energetic alignment in an organic p-i-n homojunction using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The device is made of pentacene and we emploay the small molecules NDN1 for n-doping and NDP2 for p-doping the layers. The full p-i-n structure is deposited stepwise on a silver substrate to learn about the interface dipoles and band bending effects present in the device. From the change in work function between the p- and n-doped layers we gain knowledge of the built-in potential of this junction.
Rolled-up helical nanobelts: from fabrication to swimming microrobots
Authors: Zhang Li , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: August 2010

We present recent developments in rolled-up helical nanobelts in which helical structures are fabricated by the self-scrolling technique. Nanorobotic manipulation results show that these structures are highly flexible and mechanically stable. Inspired by the helical-shaped flagella of motile bacteria, such as E. coli, artificial bacterial flagella (ABFs) are a new type of swimming microrobot. Experimental investigation shows that the motion, force, and torque generated by an ABF can be precisely controlled using a low-strength, rotating magnetic field. These miniaturized helical swimming microrobots can be used as magnetically driven wireless manipulators for manipulation of microobjects in fluid and for target drug delivery.
Biopreparation of Highly Dispersed Pd Nanoparticles on Bacterial Cell and Their Catalytic Activity for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell
Authors: Ogi Takashi , Honda Ryuichi , Tamaoki Koshiro , Saito Norizo , Konishi Yasuhiro
Published: August 2010

Rapid development in the area of low-temperature fuel cells has led to increased attention on catalyst synthesis with cost effective and environmentally-benign technology (green chemistry). In this study, a highly dispersed palladium nanoparticle catalyst was successfully prepared on a bacterial cell support by a single-step, room-temperature microbial method without dispersing agents. The metal ion reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis were able to reduce palladium ions into insoluble palladium at room temperature when formate was provided as the electron donor. The prepared biomass-supported palladium nanoparticles were characterized for their catalytic activity as anodes in polymer electric membrane fuel cell for power production. The maximum power generation of the biomass-supported palladium catalyst was up to 90% of that of a commercial palladium catalyst.
Modeling and Simulation of Soft Contact and Adhesion of Stem Cells
Authors: Li Shaofan , Zeng Xiaowei
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we briefly report our recent work on multiscale modeling and simulations of soft elasticity and focal adhesion of stem cells. In particular, our work is focused on modeling and simulation of contact and adhesion of stem cells on substrates with different rigidities. In order to understand the precise mechanical influences on cell contact/adhesion and to explain the possible mechanotransduction mechanism, we have developed a three-dimensional soft-matter cell model that uses liquid-crystal gel or liquid-crystal elastomer gel to model the overall constitutive relations of the cell, and we have simulated the responses of the cell to extra-cellular stimulus. The discussion here is specifically focused on the following issues: (1) how to model the overall myosin responses at the early stage of differentiation process of the stem cell, (2) the effects of both the adhesive force due to ligand-receptor interaction or focal adhesion and the surface tension, and (3) possible cell conformation and configuration changes triggered by substrate's rigidity.
Surgical Adhesive/Soft Tissue Adhesion Measured by Pressurized Blister Test
Authors: Braccini Muriel L , Perrin Bertrand R.M. , Bidan Cécile , Dupeux Michel
Published: August 2010

The practical adhesion of equine pericardium membranes bonded with surgical glue has been measured by the bulge-and-blister technique under injection of pressurized distilled water. The value of the interfacial crack propagation energy can be estimated from the critical debonding pressure. The measured practical adhesion energies are weak with regards to those of engineering structural adhesives, but they are reliable enough to allow a comparison between different surgical glues and a study of the influence of the bonding experimental conditions.
Rigid plastic solutions for the maximum shear capacity of confined RC members
Authors: Hoang L.C. , Jensen U.G.
Published: August 2010

Plasticity models for shear problems in structural concrete are often based on the assumption of plane stress conditions. This assumption is not valid for confined members such as columns and piles with circular cross-section and shear reinforced with hoops. The confining pressure provided by the hoops may allow a triaxial state of stress to develop. In this paper, the confinement effect is utilised to develop plastic solutions for the maximum shear capacity of circular members. Coinciding upper- and lower-bound solutions are presented. It is shown that confined circular members are able to carry shear stresses which exceed the upper limit imposed on rectangular members in plane stress conditions. The derived solutions are compared with results of a recently conducted test series. Good agreement has been found.
The role of trunk mains in discolouration
Authors: Husband P. S. , Whitehead J. , Boxall J. B.
Published: August 2010

Understanding and managing the causes of drinking water discolouration are key challenges for the worldwide water industry. Discolouration is a major cause of customer contacts, undermining consumer confidence. Despite significant investment in the UK in the last 15 years in replacing/lining cast iron pipes and improving water treatment processes, discolouration continues to be an issue. Evidence is presented suggesting that trunk mains, which have largely been ignored in terms of rehabilitation and maintenance strategies for controlling discolouration, play an important role in discolouration. Three main datasets are presented to evidence this: discolouration-related customer contact data, analysed utilising a novel cluster procedure; results from distribution network flushing studies pre- and post-cleaning of the supplying trunk main; and associated long-term trunk main turbidity and flow data. It is shown that a significant proportion of discolouration events affect multiple areas simultaneously, that trunk mains can act as a store of material, which can migrate downstream seeding the distribution systems and that the presence of material layers on the trunk main pipe surfaces demonstrates an inherent discolouration risk. Overall the results suggest that if discolouration is to be addressed, then any effective strategy must include the risk presented by trunk mains.
66.4: Surface Polarity Controlled Horizontal Chevron Defect Free Surface Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Devices
Authors: Lin Chi‐Wen , Hsu Chih‐I , Chen Huang‐Ming Philip
Published: August 2010

The asymmetrical surface polarity controlled hybrid alignment technique was proposed to suppress the alignment defects of half V‐shaped switching FLC materials. When the material was cooled from N* to SmC*, two kinds of layer arrangements were formed with opposite spontaneous polarization directions (Ps). Alignment layers with opposite surface polarity direction were utilized in asymmetrical hybrid cells and produced uni‐surface‐polarity direction. FLC Ps was only controlled by this surface polarity; therefore, double domains were suppressed into mono‐domain. A 2.4” prototype TFT‐LCD was presented with defect‐free alignment texture. This alignment technique provided promising FLC material with well alignment and fast switching for TFT‐LCD application.
10.3: Invited Paper: Rollable Displays: From Concept to Manufacturing
Authors: Huitema Edzer , Touwslager Fred , Van Veenendaal Erik , Van Aerle Nick , Van Lieshout Pieter
Published: August 2010

Rollable displays enable large displays in small mobile devices. A rollable QVGA display is presented that is integrated into a pocketable e‐reader product. On top of that a 254ppi monochrome and a 130ppi color display are presented that are rollable to a radius of 6mm.
P‐3: Scaling of a‐Si TFT Gate Drivers
Authors: Jang Yong Ho , Kim Hae Yeol , Kim Binn , Choi Seung Chan , Cho Hyung Nyuck , Ryoo Chang Il , Choi Wooseok , Yoon Soo Young , Park Kwon‐shik , Moon Taewoong , Cho Nam Wook , Kim Chang‐Dong
Published: August 2010

The characteristic feature of an optimum design of a‐Si gate driver circuits and its scaling properties are presented. The delay time of the output pulse of gate driver circuits with different layout characteristics was analyzed by a distributed‐load modeling. The effect of TFT properties, clock phase and the output load on the optimum condition is given. Finally, scaling has been found to give apparent power law dependence on the circuit area, signifying higher performance of the circuits with smaller area.
P‐7: Ga‐Doped ZnO Transparent Conductive Film as Substitution for ITO Common Electrode in TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Makino Hisao , Yamamoto Naoki , Miyake Aki , Yamada Takahiro , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Iwaoka Hiroaki , Itoh Takahiro , Hirashima Yoshinori , Hokari Hitoshi , Yoshida Motohiko , Morita Hidehiro
Published: August 2010

Electrical properties and thermal stability of Ga‐doped ZnO (GZO) films were examined in light of the application to transparent common electrodes in thin film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT‐LCDs). Durable thermal stability of GZO films prepared by magnetron sputtering or ion plating was confirmed for 30 minutes at post annealing temperatures of 230 °C. Feasibility of the GZO transparent common electrodes has been examined thorough practical fabrication and field test of TFT‐LCD utilizing the GZO films prepared by magnetron sputtering.
P‐15: Retarded Photoreaction Reversibility of a‐IZO TFT for Light Sensor Applications
Authors: Liu Po‐Tsun , Chou Yi‐Teh , Teng Li‐Feng , Chu Chun Hung , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: August 2010

The retarded photoreaction reversibility of a‐IZO TFT has been discussed in this work. with a small DC voltage bias, the reaction was speeded up and the electrical characteristics were recovered back to the fresh state. The Vth shifting behavior possesses the potential for the light sensor applications in display technologies.
11.2: Distinguished Paper: VCMaster3D: A New Fourier Optics Viewing Angle Instrument for Characterization of Autostereoscopic 3D Displays.
Authors: Leroux Thierry , Boher Pierre , Bignon Thibault , Glinel David , Uehara Shin Ichi
Published: August 2010

We introduce a new way to characterize auto‐stereoscopic 3D displays using multi‐location viewing angle measurements and calculation of 3D properties in the observer space. We show that a measurement with a very high angular resolution and low parasitic light is needed. A new Fourier optics instrument dedicated to this application is introduced that exhibits a practical angular resolution better than 0.03° for an aperture angle of 50° and a very low level of parasitic light. The specific problem of geometric compensation of 3D displays is examined using multi‐locations measurements from different displays.
P‐180L: Late‐News Poster: TFT Characteristics of LTPS Backplane for Large Scale AMOLED Device Fabricated Using Special JIC Method
Authors: II Ji Su Ahn , Lee Jeong , Yu Cheol Ho , Min Hoon Kee , Kim Sung Chul , Kim Sang Soo , Hong Won Eui , Ro Jae Sang
Published: August 2010

LTPS TFT backplane for Large Scale AMOLED Device was fabricated using a new special Joule‐Heating Induced Crystallizing (JIC) method. A mass production compatible process for large scale AMOLED Product was newly developed using JIC method. By adopting the new process architecture, additional conducting layer was removed and additional processes were dramatically reduced for mass production. In addition, laser tool or long‐time furnace annealing process was removed in LTPS process. Poly‐Si showed a wide range of crystallinity by changing processing parameters and the p channel TFTs of this work exhibited a mobility of up to 25.4 cm2/V⋅sec, threshold voltage of −1.5V, sub‐threshold slope of 0.67 V/dec, and on/off ratio of 4 × 104. We believe that this technology can be successfully applied to the mass production of large scale AMOLED TV.
P‐201L: Late‐News Poster: Electrically Induced Color with Polymer‐Stabilized Blue Phase
Authors: Lu Shin‐Ying , Chien Liang‐Chy
Published: August 2010

We have demonstrated a new electro‐optical device for field‐induced color (FIC) based on polymer‐stabilized blue phase (PSBP) liquid crystals. Applying an electric field across the cell results in a red shift in Bragg reflected wavelength. The switchable colors of this device are polarization independent, color filter and polarizer free.
P‐33: Analysis of Field Test Results of E‐Proceedings: a Promising Application of Electronic Paper
Authors: Omodani Makoto , Inoue Sonomi , Fujii Norihisa
Published: August 2010

We have performed a field trial of e‐paper proceedings at an international conference. Evaluation results indicate that the current specifications of electronic paper already satisfy the minimum demands of conference attendees; the majority of 60 trial users gave positive assessments of the electrophoretic A5 monochrome display.
P‐41: An Area‐Efficient 12‐Bit Segmented DAC for LCD Driver ICs
Authors: Huang Shu‐Chuan , Chou Chun‐Hsien , Mo Chi‐Neng , Chang Shih‐Meng
Published: August 2010

A linear 12‐bit segmented digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) has been designed for LCD driver ICs. The proposed architecture consists of three 4‐bit sub‐DACs and a switched‐capacitor adder. It requires only 48 references out from conventional 4096 resistor‐string taps, and the overall area of the DAC is reduced significantly without power consumption penalty.
P‐48: Adaptive Sum of the Bilateral Absolute Difference for Motion Estimation Using Temporal Symmetry
Authors: Yoo DongGon , Kang SukJu , Lee SungKyu , Kim Young Hwan
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we propose an adaptive sum of bilateral absolute difference, which is a matching criterion for motion estimation using temporal symmetry. Experimental results show that the average PSNR of the proposed methods was 1.03 dB higher than that of benchmark methods. Also, the interpolated images reconstructed by the proposed methods are better in visual than the interpolated images reconstructed by the benchmark methods in the images including the moving caption.
P‐49: Integrated DisplayPort TCON Device with Vibrant Picture Quality Features
Authors: de Greef Pierre
Published: August 2010

DisplayPort is the next generation digital video interface. It simplifies connectors and allows for sleeker displays and notebooks by removing the need for LVDS electronics. Integrating the DisplayPort interface into a Timing Controller (TCON) device, reduces the system cost. Vibrant Picture Quality and power reduction features can be integrated in the same device, bringing optimal picture quality to monitors and televisions.
P‐54: Flicker Reducing Backlight Control Based on Adaptive Moving Average Filtering
Authors: Lee Jung Hwan , Kim Seong‐Eun , Lee Tae‐Hee , Song Woo‐Jin , Kim Min Kyu , Lee Tae Wook , Kim Chang Gone
Published: August 2010

Local dimming of backlights achieves high contrast ratio and low power consumption for LCDs. However, it induces flicker artifacts. The moving average filtering method effectively reduces the flicker artifacts, but causes another problem known as backlight‐response‐time delaying. This paper presents an adaptive moving average filtering method to deal with above problems. Experimental results show that the proposed method successfully reduces flickers without backlight‐response‐time‐delaying.
P‐56: Automatic Delay Compensation for a CCFL Backlight System
Authors: Nam Hyoungsik , Oh Kwan Young , Shin Byung‐Hyuk , Kim Seon Ki , Kim Nam Deog , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Sang Soo
Published: August 2010

Recently, a single phase driving method has been adopted for driving CCFL lamps to provide a low cost implementation. However, high voltage driving signals are coupled to pixel electrodes through parasitic capacitance between the lamps and panel electrodes, generating artifacts in the display. This paper describes the analysis results of this phenomenon and the proposed automatic delay compensation scheme eliminates the artifacts caused by the coupling effect.
12.1: Invited Paper: Enhanced Electron Emission of Carbon‐Nanotube Emitters with Post‐Growth Treatment
Authors: Lim Joon Won , Ryu Je Hwang , Lim Han Eol , Son Byoung Taek , Jang Soon Ju , Lee Yi Sang , Jang Jin , Park Kyu Chang
Published: August 2010

We used a resist‐assisted patterning (RAP) process for the growth of CNTs as electron emitters. The electron emission sites were easily controlled by simple resist patterning process. To obtain stabilized and enhanced electron emission, post growth treatment process was adopted. The electron emission current strongly depended on the post growth treatment conditions. The electron emission current was increased with increasing acid treatment time up to 20 second. The enhanced electron emission current was more enhanced with consecutive post growth temperature and acid treatment. After 20 sec post growth treatment on robust CNTs, we can obtain 1.62 mA/cm2 current density at 4 V/μm field. The controlled electron emission current of CNT emitter array with RAP process and structural improvement of CNT‐FEAs after HF treatment for enhanced electron emission was discussed.
P‐67: FPD Repair System Using Electrostatic Droplet Technology
Authors: Lee Hyungjin , Kim Beomsoo , Park Chanwoo , Lee Jae Young , Oh Seungmok , Yang Namyeol , Kim Jihyun , Kim Jongwon , Jeong Soohoa , Hong SoonKook
Published: August 2010

This dissertation introduces the new application of electrostatic droplet technology which is applied to industrial field. The aim of this study is to apply electrostatic droplet technology, of which advantages are capable of making small droplet size and using high viscosity ink, to FPD repair system and research method for repair process. This study also defines repair specification by verifying the process of repair system, and analyzes the test result. In this research, the ink is restricted only to Black matrix ink. Experimental results will show the usefulness of repair system.
P‐68: High‐Visibility 2D/3D LCD with HDDP Arrangement and Its Evaluation Results Using Fourier Optics Instrument
Authors: Uehara Shin‐ichi , Hiroya Tsutomu , Shigemura Kouji , Asada Hideki , Boher Pierre , Bignon Thibault , Leroux Thierry
Published: August 2010

We have developed a high‐visibility 2D/3D LCD with widened space for 3D viewing. The evaluation results using a Fourier optics instrument confirm high visibility, which corresponds to the subjective evaluation. We discuss two kinds of definition of optimum viewing distance, and the appropriateness is described.
P‐71: Spectrum Relaxation Applied to Film‐Thickness Measurement
Authors: Yang Fu‐Shiang , Chen Hsin‐Yi , Chiang Chih‐Jung
Published: August 2010

When we used spectrometer with array sensor to calculate thickness or control refractive index, spectrum resolution was the important factor if we measured the reflectance or transmittance as our first step. This situation would be emphasized while the testing sample was the super thick film (>20 μm) which caused the large dense reflectance or transmittance spectrum. In this paper, we developed a method to improve the measurable range of film thickness by use of the different incident angle spectrum. It means the spectrum obtained from thick film would become sparser even we used the same hardware. Some concrete examples would be described here and their results would be shown in this paper.
P‐74: Seeing Depth from a Single LCD
Authors: Walton Emma , Evans Allan , Gay Gregory , Jacobs Adrian , Wynne‐Powell Thomas , Bourhill Grant , Gass Paul , Walton Harry
Published: August 2010

A Dual‐Depth display has been developed which allows a single LCD to show two images in two distinct depth planes. Dual‐Depth displays add realism and increased interactivity and can provide a competitive edge to many market areas for example, gaming, automotive and advertising.
P‐78: Digital Micro Hinge [DMH] Display System
Authors: Mphepö Wallen , Huang Yi‐Pai , Shieh Han‐Ping D. , Rudquist Per
Published: August 2010

Using well established concepts from thin film optics we hereby present a forward looking new design for a high performance display system. The system design is centered around the selective reflections and transmissions of well defined and constructed thin films. By computing the relevant parameters for specific thin films that can reflect and transmit only Red, Green and Blue light and marrying the result to an RGB LED backlight system a rather unique display system emerges. This display system does away with almost all the other familiar components in Flat Panel Displays as we know them today. This is due to the fact that the resulting systems uses no Color Filters, no Polarizers, no Color Wheel, no Phosphors and last but not least no Liquid Crystal Material either. The impact of by passing these display staples is a drastically increased Optical Efficiency and Color Saturation orders of magnitude higher.
P‐79: Luminous Mechanism in a Fine Tube of Fluorescent Lamp
Authors: Lim Hyun‐Kyo , Hwang Ha‐Chung , Jeong Jae‐Yoon , Jin Dong‐Jun , Jeong Jong‐Mun , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Koo Je‐Huan , Choi Eun‐Ha , Cho Guangsup
Published: August 2010

The origin of optical emission in a fine‐tube fluorescent lamp is verified. The diffusion of plasma generated at a high voltage electrode, causes a radiation before Townsend discharge. At the normal glow, the propagation of electron plasma wave causes the light emission.
12.4: 7 Inch Field Emission Backlight Unit Assembly Using TiO2 Coated Spacer for LCD Panel
Authors: Mo Chi‐Neng , Chian Mei‐Tsao , Jeng Jian‐Min , Shih Wen‐Ching , Lo Chi‐Tsung , Lu Li‐Yung , Cheng Wen‐Hsien , Tai Ping‐Ta , Lee Yi‐Li
Published: August 2010

The field emission backlight unit (FEBLU) for liquid crystal display (LCD) panel was fabricated in this work. In order to avoid the space charge on the side of the spacer, the spacer is coated with the TiO2 which acts as the charge leakage layer. By introducing of the TiO2 coated spacers, the assembly of the FEBLU becomes very easy. We have developed the stable 7 inch FEBLU LCD panel which has no discharged breakdown. The FEBLU can be turn‐on at (E0)= 1.26 V/μm, working at 2.64 kV applied field.
P‐192L: Late‐News Poster: Novel High Voltage Address Driver (Hi‐AD) IC for High Performance PDPs with Single Sustain Drive
Authors: Nagase Takuo , Mori Mutsuhiro , Onozawa Makoto , Haruna Fumio , Fukuda Tomoyuki , Itokawa Naoki , Koyama Akio
Published: August 2010

We fabricated a novel high voltage address driver (Hi‐AD) IC, which is necessary for low loss and low cost single sustain PDPs. By adopting an IGBT for the Hi‐AD IC, the cost of driver circuits can be reduced by 19% compared with a conventional dual sustain system.
P‐102: An Electrochromic Type E‐Paper Based on ZnO Nanowire Array Electrode
Authors: Sun Xiao Wei , Wang Jian Xiong , Chen Jing , Jiang Chang Yun
Published: August 2010

An electrochromic electronic‐paper (e‐paper) display using a viologen‐modified ZnO nanowire array electrode is reported. The ZnO nanowire array was grown directly on an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass by a low temperature aqueous thermal decomposition method. The constructed e‐paper showed a fast switching time (164 ms and 140 msfor coloration and bleaching respectively for a 1 cm2 cell), high coloration efficiency (196 C−1cm2) and reasonably good stability. with low temperature growth of ZnO nanowire, it is promising to construct further a flexible e‐paper based on this technology.
P‐114: Achromatic Dark State of MVA‐LCDs with a Negative C‐Plate and a Biaxial Film
Authors: Jiao Meizi , Ge Zhibing , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: August 2010

We propose a new approach to achieve achromatic dark state of MVA‐LCDs using a negative C‐plate and a biaxial film. In comparison to conventional approach which uses a negative C‐plate and a positive A‐plate, our design shows that the maximum light leakage over entire viewing cone is reduced by ∼6X at 450 nm and ∼4X at 650 nm. The achromatic dark state is essential for improving the contrast ratio, viewing angle and color saturation of MVA LCDs.
P‐122: Enhanced Dynamic Response Time of Alq3‐Doped Vertical Alignment Liquid Crystal Cell
Authors: Shin Hun Ki , Seo Joo‐Hong , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Kim Jae Chang
Published: August 2010

We mixed Alq3 in negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal to improve the electro‐optical characteristics of vertical alignment cell. The fabricated vertical alignment cell shows lower operating voltage and faster dynamic response time than pure vertical alignment cell without decrease of the transmittance. We analyzed the physical characteristics of Alq3‐doped liquid crystal in terms of elastic constant and rotational viscosity. Consequently, the fast dynamic response time is caused due to the increase of the elastic constant in the Alq3‐doped liquid crystal cell.
P‐126: Influence of Oil Thickness on Response Time in Ink‐Jet‐Printed Electrowetting Light Valve
Authors: Hsieh In‐Cha , Cheng Jiao‐Long , Cyue Jhuang‐Yu , Chen Chi‐Feng , Li Ying‐Jang , Chen Jau‐Shin
Published: August 2010

In this study, investigation of the response time focused on different driving voltages and thicknesses of the oil film of electrowetting displays. The tested panel demonstrated that response time depends on oil thickness with parabolic‐curve relation with a minimum valve at 10 ms.
P‐131: New Model of Image Sticking Mechanism on Long Period AC Field of IPS Mode
Authors: Momoi Yuichi , Tamai Kazuhiko , Oh Chang‐ho , Lee Tae‐rim , Kim Kyeong‐jin , Koda Tomonori
Published: August 2010

It is known that AC electric field to drive IPS mode of liquid crystal display (LCD) causes reduction of the contrast after long period of display operation. Our results are presented in this paper on a base of a model of interaction between surface of PI alignment film and LC molecules. We conclude that the surface rheology of PI alignment film is one of the most important factors for the contrast reduction phenomenon.
P‐139: Investigation of the Behaviors of Liquid Crystal at the Surface under Applied Electrical Field by Reflective Measurements
Authors: Murauski Anatoli , Chigrinov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: August 2010

Variation of tilt angle on surface of alignment layer under electric field was investigated by reflection measurement in thin (2–5 μm) twisted LC cell. Dependence of tilt angle from voltage was used for determination of polar anchoring properties of two alignment materials with different polar anchoring energy. It introduces the new method for investigation of polar anchoring properties of nematic liquid crystal cell, which has twisted structure and small cell gap.