bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Tumor Neoantigens to Target Cancer Evolution: Current Challenges and Promising Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Gupta Ravi G. , Li Fenge , Roszik Jason , Lizée Gregory
Published: March 2021

Immunotherapeutic manipulation of the antitumor immune response offers an attractive strategy to target genomic instability in cancer. A subset of tumor-specific somatic mutations can be translated into immunogenic and HLA-bound epitopes called neoantigens, which can induce the activation of helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, cancer immunoediting and immunosuppressive mechanisms often allow tumors to evade immune recognition. Recent evidence also suggests that the tumor neoantigen landscape extends beyond epitopes originating from nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants in the coding exome. Here we review emerging approaches for identifying, prioritizing, and immunologically targeting personalized neoantigens using polyvalent cancer vaccines and T-cell receptor gene therapy.

Significance:

Several major challenges currently impede the clinical efficacy of neoantigen-directed immunotherapy, such as the relative infrequency of immunogenic neoantigens, suboptimal potency and priming of de novo tumor-specific T cells, and tumor cell–intrinsic and –extrinsic mechanisms of immune evasion. A deeper understanding of these biological barriers could help facilitate the development of effective and durable immunotherapy for any type of cancer, including immunologically “cold” tumors that are otherwise therapeutically resistant.
Bench to Bedside Discovery, Innovation, Global Health Equity, and Security
Authors: Dzau Victor J.
Published: March 2021

Dr Dzau was born in Shanghai. He received his Bachelor of Science in Biology and his MD degree from McGill University. He was a medical resident, Chief Resident, and the founding Chief of the Division of Vascular Medicine at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now the Brigham and Women’s Hospital). He moved to Stanford in 1990 as the Chief of the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and later became Chairman of the Department of Medicine. Six years later, he returned to Harvard Medical School as the Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine and as Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. He then became the Chancellor for Health Affairs, President, and CEO of the Duke University Medical Center. In 2014, he was elected to become the President of the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine). He is a member of the National Academy of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Objective Sleep Efficiency Predicts Cardiovascular Disease in a Community Population: The Sleep Heart Health Study
Authors: Yan Bin , Yang Jian , Zhao Binbin , Fan Yajuan , Wang Wei , Ma Xiancang
Published: March 2021

Background

There was little evidence about the role of objective sleep efficiency (SE) in the incidence of major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between objective SE and CVD based on polysomnography.

Methods and Results

A total of 3810 participants from the SHHS (Sleep Heart Health Study) were selected in the current study. CVD was assessed during an almost 11‐year follow‐up period. The primary composite cardiovascular outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as CVD mortality, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The secondary composite cardiovascular outcome was major adverse cardiovascular event plus revascularization. Objective measured SE, including SE and wake after sleep onset, was based on in‐home polysomnography records. Cox regression analysis was used to explore the association between SE and CVD. After multivariate Cox regression analysis, poor SE (<80%) was significantly associated with primary (hazard ratio [HR], 1.338; 95% CI, 1.025–1.745;
P
=0.032) and secondary composite cardiovascular outcomes (HR, 1.250; 95% CI, 1.027–1.521;
P
=0.026); it was also found to be a predictor of CVD mortality (HR, 1.887; 95% CI, 1.224–2.909;
P
=0.004). Moreover, wake after sleep onset of fourth quartile (>78.0 minutes) was closely correlated with primary (HR, 1.436; 95% CI, 1.066–1.934;
P
=0.017), secondary composite cardiovascular outcomes (HR, 1.374; 95% CI, 1.103–1.712;
P
=0.005), and CVD mortality (HR, 2.240; 95% CI, 1.377–3.642;
P
=0.001).

Conclusions

Poor SE and long wake after sleep onset, objectively measured by polysomnography, were associated with the increased risk of incident CVD.
Estrogen Plays a Crucial Role in Rab9‐Dependent Mitochondrial Autophagy, Delaying Arterial Senescence
Authors: Sasaki Yuichi , Ikeda Yoshiyuki , Uchikado Yoshihiro , Akasaki Yuichi , Sadoshima Junichi , Ohishi Mitsuru
Published: March 2021

Background

The risk of cardiovascular disease is known to increase after menopause. Mitochondria, which undergo quality control via mitochondrial autophagy, play a crucial role in the regulation of cellular senescence. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the effect of estrogen‐mediated protection from senescence on arteries is attributed to the induction of mitochondrial autophagy.

Methods and Results

We used human umbilical vein cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and 12‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice. The administration of 17β‐estradiol (E2) to cells inhibited cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, E2 increased mitochondrial autophagy, maintaining mitochondrial function, and retarding cellular senescence. Of note, E2 did not modulate LC3 (light chain 3), and ATG7 (autophagy related 7) deficiency did not suppress mitochondrial autophagy in E2‐treated cells. Conversely, E2 increased the colocalization of Rab9 with LAMP2 (lysosomal‐associated membrane protein 2) signals. The E2‐mediated effects on mitochondrial autophagy were abolished by the knockdown of either Ulk1 or Rab9. These results suggest that E2‐mediated mitochondrial autophagy is associated with Rab9‐dependent alternative autophagy. E2 upregulated SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) and activated LKB1 (liver kinase B1), AMPK (adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase), and Ulk1, indicating that the effect of E2 on the induction of Rab9‐dependent alternative autophagy is mediated by the SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK/Ulk1 pathway. Compared with the sham‐operated mice, ovariectomized mice showed reduced mitochondrial autophagy and accelerated mitochondrial dysfunction and arterial senescence; these detrimental alterations were successfully rescued by the administration of E2.

Conclusions

We showed that E2‐induced mitochondrial autophagy plays a crucial role in the delay of vascular senescence. The Rab9‐dependent alternative autophagy is behind E2‐induced mitochondrial autophagy.
A Primary Care Agenda for Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Lazar Ronald M. , Howard Virginia J. , Kernan Walter N. , Aparicio Hugo J. , Levine Deborah A. , Viera Anthony J. , Jordan Lori C. , Nyenhuis David L. , Possin Katherine L. , Sorond Farzaneh A. , White Carole L. ,   on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council
Published: March 2021

A healthy brain is critical for living a longer and fuller life. The projected aging of the population, however, raises new challenges in maintaining quality of life. As we age, there is increasing compromise of neuronal activity that affects functions such as cognition, also making the brain vulnerable to disease. Once pathology-induced decline begins, few therapeutic options are available. Prevention is therefore paramount, and primary care can play a critical role. The purpose of this American Heart Association scientific statement is to provide an up-to-date summary for primary care providers in the assessment and modification of risk factors at the individual level that maintain brain health and prevent cognitive impairment. Building on the 2017 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association presidential advisory on defining brain health that included “Life’s Simple 7,” we describe here modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline, including depression, hypertension, physical inactivity, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, poor diet, smoking, social isolation, excessive alcohol use, sleep disorders, and hearing loss. These risk factors include behaviors, conditions, and lifestyles that can emerge before adulthood and can be routinely identified and managed by primary care clinicians.
Impact of Delirium and Its Motor Subtypes on Stroke Outcomes
Authors: Fialho Silva Ivã Taiuan , Assis Lopes Pedro , Timotio Almeida Tiago , Ramos Saint Clair , Caliman Fontes Ana Teresa , Guimarães Silva Daniel , Martins Soares Camila , Oliveira Carneiro Lays , Souza Ian Felipe Barbosa , Ferreira Abreu Fernanda , Nascimento Silva Gabriel , Mascarenhas de Souza Letícia , Brito Pinheiro Thiago , de Souza e Silva Filipe Nolasco , de Santana João Pedro , Kelly Silva Beatriz , Almeida Souza Danilo , Silva Macedo Silvana , Almeida Ismael Leila Silva , Pereira de Jesus Pedro Antonio
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose:

Delirium is an acute and fluctuating impairment of attention, cognition, and behavior. Although common in stroke, studies that associate the clinical subtypes of delirium with functional outcome and death are lacking. We aimed to evaluate the influence of delirium occurrence and its different motor subtypes over stroke patients’ prognosis.

Methods:

Prospective cohort of stroke patients with symptom onset within 72 hours before research admission. Delirium was diagnosed by Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit, and its motor subtypes were defined according to the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale. The main outcome was functional dependence or death (modified Rankin Scale>2) at 90 days comparing: delirium versus no delirium patients; and between motor subtypes. Secondary outcomes included modified Rankin Scale score >2 at 30 days and 90-day-mortality.

Results:

Two hundred twenty-seven patients were enrolled. Delirium occurred in 71 patients (31.3%), with the hypoactive subtype as the most frequent, in 41 subjects (57.8%). Delirium was associated with increased risk of death and functional dependence at 30 and 90 days and higher 90-day mortality. Multivariate analysis showed delirium (odds ratio, 3.28 [95% CI, 1.17–9.22]) as independent predictor of modified Rankin Scale >2 at 90 days.

Conclusions:

Delirium is frequent in stroke patients in the acute phase. Its occurrence—specifically in mixed and hypoactive subtypes—seems to predict worse outcomes in this population. To our knowledge, this is the first study to prospectively investigate differences between delirium motor subtypes over functional outcome three months poststroke. Larger studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between motor subtypes of delirium and functional outcomes in the context of acute stroke.
Decompressive Hemicraniectomy for Large Hemispheric Strokes
Authors: Lin Jessica , Frontera Jennifer A.
Published: March 2021

Large hemispheric infarcts occur in up to 10% of all ischemic strokes and can cause devastating disability. Significant research and clinical efforts have been made in hopes of mitigating the morbidity and mortality of this disease. Areas of interest include identifying predictors of malignant edema, optimizing medical and surgical techniques, selecting the patient population that would benefit most from decompressive hemicraniectomy, and studying the impact on quality of life of those who survive. Decompressive surgery can be a life-saving measure, and here we discuss the most up-to-date literature and provide a review on the surgical management of large hemispheric ischemic strokes.
Comparison of Biocompatibility of Three Soft Milled Cobalt–Chromium Alloys
Authors: Min Bong Ki , Kwon Tae-Yub , Hong Min-Ho
Published: March 2021

In the context of biology and medicine, nanotechnology encompasses the materials, devices, and systems whose structure and function are relevant for small length scales, from nanometers through microns. The purpose of this study was to compare the microstructures and resultant biocompatibility
of three commercially available soft milled cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys (Ceramill Sintron, CS; Sintermetall, SML; and Soft Metal, SM). Disc-shaped specimens were prepared by milling the soft blanks and subsequent post-sintering. The crystal and microstructures of the three different
alloys were studied using optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction. The amounts of Co, Cr, and molybdenum (Mo) ions released from the alloys were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy.
The effect of ion release on the viability of L929 mouse fibroblasts was evaluated by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The SML alloy showed a finer grain size (approx. 5 μm) and a larger pore size (approx. 5 μm) than the CS and SM alloys,
and its XRD pattern exhibited a slightly higher ε phase peak intensity than that of the γ phase. In the CS and SML alloys, the average crystallite sizes of the nano-sized Cr23C6 carbide were 21.6 and 19.3 nm, respectively. The SML alloy showed higher
concentrations of Cr and Mo in the grain boundaries than the other two alloys. The SML alloy showed significantly higher Co and Mo ion releases (p < 0.001) and significantly lower cell viability (p < 0.05) than the CS and SM alloys. The combined results of this in vitro study
suggest that the three soft milled Co–Cr alloys had different crystal and microstructures and, as a result, different levels of in vitro biocompatibility.
Effect of Hollow Silica Microspheres on Compressive and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene-Based Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Kwak Bo Min , Kwon Younghwan
Published: March 2021

Porous polyurethane composites containing hollow silica microspheres were prepared by one-step bulk polymerization to study cyclic compressive and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites. Cyclic compression testing was conducted to record the stress versus strain curves during
the loading and unloading cycles and in order to study the compressive behavior and time-dependent recovery of the composites. Effect of frequency on the dynamic mechanical properties of the composites was also evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis. Master curves were constructed based
on time-temperature superposition principle in order to show long-term dynamic mechanical behavior of the composites.
The Use of Low Cost Nanoporous Catalysts on the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate
Authors: Park Young-Kwon , Lim Se Jeong , Siddiqui Muhammad Zain , Jeon Jong-Ki , Yoo Kyung-Seun , Kim Young-Min
Published: March 2021

This study evaluated the feasibility of low-cost nanoporous catalysts, such as dolomite and red mud, on the production of aromatic hydrocarbons via the catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis of PET, catalytic pyrolysis over both
dolomite and red mud produced larger amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons owing to their catalytic cracking efficiency and decarboxylation efficiency. Between the two catalysts, red mud, having a larger BET surface area and higher basicity than dolomite, showed higher efficiency for the production
of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Direct Growth of CuO Particles on Carbon Papers for High-Performance Rechargeable Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Kang Inhan , Kang Jungwon
Published: March 2021

Lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries are considered as a promising high-energy storage system. However, they suffer from overpotential and low energy efficiency. This study showed that CuO growth on carbon using facile synthesis (simple dipping and heating process)
reduces overpotential, thus increasing the energy efficiency. We confirmed the structure of CuO on carbon using X-ray diffraction pattern, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and field-emission transmission electron microscopy. The cathode of CuO
on carbon shows an average overpotential reduction of ˜6% charge/discharge during 10 cycles in nonaqueous Li–O2 batteries. The possible reason for the reduced charge overpotential of the cathode of CuO on carbon is attributed to the formed Li2O2
of smaller particle size during discharging compared to pristine carbon.
Fabrication of Durable Ni–YSZ Hydrogen Electrode for High-Temperature Solid Electrolyzer Cells
Authors: Lee Min-Jin , Lee Kyoung-Jin , Shin Jae-Hwa , Hwang Haejin
Published: March 2021

Solid oxide electrolyzer cells with an Ni–Fe–yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni-Fe-YSZ) hydrogen electrode as the cathode, lanthanum strontium ferrite (LSCF)-gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) air electrode as the anode, and YSZ as the electrolyte were fabricated, and the oxidation
protection effect of sacrificial Fe particles was investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that Ni was protected from oxidation under a water vapor atmosphere by sacrificial Fe. Scanning electron microscopy observations suggested that the Ni particles accumulated in the Ni-YSZ hydrogen
electrode, which might have been associated with the partial oxidation of Ni during cell operation at 700 °C in 50% H2O/15% H2/35% Ar atmosphere. No appreciable microstructural changes were observed for the Ni–Fe–YSZ hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, the
presence of the sacrificial Fe particles could be responsible for the superior durability of the cell, compared with that of the cell featuring the conventional Ni–YSZ hydrogen electrode.
Synthesis and Electroluminescence Property of Anthracene Green Fluorescent Derivatives Based on Optimized Side Groups
Authors: Park Sangshin , Kwon Hyukmin , Kang Seokwoo , Park Sunwoo , Jung Hyocheol , Lee Seungeun , Park Jongwook
Published: March 2021

Molecular size of OLED emitting materials is nano-metric size and when it is applied to the electric field it emits the light based on the energy conversion result. As new green fluorescent emitters, N,N,N',N'-Tetra-m-tolyl-anthracene-9,10-diamine (m-Me-TAD) and N,N,N',N'-Tetra-p-tolyl-anthracene-9,10-diamine
(p-Me-TAD) were synthesized and the properties were evaluated. In solution state, photoluminescence (PL) maximum wavelength is 517 nm for m-Me-TAD and 529 nm for p-Me-TAD. In electroluminescence (EL) spectra, EL maximum wavelength of m-Me-TAD is 518 nm and p-Me-TAD
is 533 nm. The doped device using m-Me-TAD as green fluorescent dopant exhibited current efficiency (CE) of 17.41 cd/A and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.41%. The doped device with p-Me-TAD was optimized in order to achieve a green OLED with high efficiency.
CYGNSS Observations and Analysis of Low-Latitude Extratropical Cyclones
Authors: Crespo Juan A. , Naud Catherine M. , Posselt Derek J.
Published: March 2021

Latent and sensible heat fluxes over the oceans are believed to play an important role in the genesis and evolution of marine-based extratropical cyclones (ETCs) and affect rapid cyclogenesis. Observations of ocean surface heat fluxes are limited from existing in situ and remote sensing platforms, which may not offer sufficient spatial and temporal resolution. In addition, substantial precipitation frequently veils the ocean surface around ETCs, limiting the capacity of spaceborne instruments to observe the surface processes within maturing ETCs. Although designed as a tropics-focused mission, the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) can observe ocean surface wind speed and heat fluxes within a notable quantity of low-latitude extratropical fronts and cyclones. These observations can assist in understanding how surface processes may play a role in cyclogenesis and evolution. This paper illustrates CYGNSS’s capability to observe extratropical cyclones manifesting in various ocean basins throughout the globe and shows that the observations provide a robust sample of ETCs winds and surface fluxes, as compared with a reanalysis dataset.
Comments on “Flash Flood Verification: Pondering Precipitation Proxies”
Authors: Gourley Jonathan J. , Vergara Humberto
Published: March 2021

New operational tools for monitoring flash flooding based on radar quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) have become available to U.S. National Weather Service forecasters. Herman and Schumacher examined QPE exceedance thresholds for several tools and compared them to each other, to flash flood reports (FFRs), and to flash flood warnings. The Next Generation Radar network has been updated with dual-polarization capabilities since the publication of Herman and Schumacher, which has changed the characteristics of the derived QPEs. Updated thresholds on Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor version 12 products that are associated to FFRs are provided and thus can be used as guidance by the operational forecasting community and other end-users of the products.
A Statistical Evaluation of WRF-LES Trace Gas Dispersion Using Project Prairie Grass Measurements
Authors: Rybchuk Alex , Alden Caroline B. , Lundquist Julie K. , Rieker Gregory B.
Published: March 2021

In recent years, new measurement systems have been deployed to monitor and quantify methane emissions from the natural gas sector. Large-eddy simulation (LES) has complemented measurement campaigns by serving as a controlled environment in which to study plume dynamics and sampling strategies. However, with few comparisons to controlled-release experiments, the accuracy of LES for modeling natural gas emissions is poorly characterized. In this paper, we evaluate LES from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model against Project Prairie Grass campaign measurements and surface layer similarity theory. Using WRF-LES, we simulate continuous emissions from 30 near-surface trace gas sources in two stability regimes: strong and weak convection. We examine the impact of grid resolutions ranging from 6.25 m to 52 m in the horizontal dimension on model results. We evaluate performance in a statistical framework, calculating fractional bias and conducting Welch’s t-tests. WRF-LES accurately simulates observed surface concentrations at 100 m and beyond under strong convection; simulated concentrations pass t-tests in this region irrespective of grid resolution. However, in weakly convective conditions with strong winds, WRF-LES substantially overpredicts concentrations – the magnitude of fractional bias often exceeds 30%, and all but one C-test fails. The good performance of WRF-LES under strong convection correlates with agreement with local free convection theory and a minimal amount of parameterized turbulent kinetic energy. The poor performance under weak convection corresponds to misalignment with Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and a significant amount of parameterized turbulent kinetic energy.
Large-Sample Application of Radar Reflectivity Object-Based Verification to Evaluate HRRR Warm-Season Forecasts
Authors: Duda Jeffrey D. , Turner David D.
Published: March 2021

The Method of Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) is used to perform an object-based verification of approximately 1400 forecasts of composite reflectivity from the operational HRRR during April–September 2019. In this study, MODE is configured to prioritize deep, moist convective storm cells typical of those that produce severe weather across the central and eastern United States during the warm season. In particular, attributes related to distance and size are given the greatest attribute weights for computing interest in MODE. HRRR tends to overforecast all objects, but substantially overforecasts both small objects at low-reflectivity thresholds and large objects at high-reflectivity thresholds. HRRR tends to either underforecast objects in the southern and central plains or has a correct frequency bias there, whereas it overforecasts objects across the southern and eastern United States. Attribute comparisons reveal the inability of the HRRR to fully resolve convective-scale features and the impact of data assimilation and loss of skill during the initial hours of the forecasts. Scalar metrics are defined and computed based on MODE output, chiefly relying on the interest value. The object-based threat score (OTS), in particular, reveals similar performance of HRRR forecasts as does the Heidke skill score, but with differing magnitudes, suggesting value in adopting an object-based approach to forecast verification. The typical distance between centroids of objects is also analyzed and shows gradual degradation with increasing forecast length.
Estimating ‘outbreak’-level tornado counts and casualties from environmental variables
Authors: Schroder Zoe , Elsner James B.
Published: March 2021

Environmental variables are routinely used in estimating when and where tornadoes are likely to occur, but more work is needed to understand how tornado and casualty counts of severe weather outbreak vary with the larger scale environmental factors. Here the authors demonstrate a method to quantify ‘outbreak’-level tornado and casualty counts with respect to variations in large-scale environmental factors. They do this by fitting negative binomial regression models to cluster-level environmental data to estimate the number of tornadoes and the number of casualties on days with at least ten tornadoes. Results show that a 1000 J kg−1 increase in CAPE corresponds to a 5% increase in the number of tornadoes and a 28% increase in the number of casualties, conditional on at least ten tornadoes, and holding the other variables constant. Further, results show that a 10 m s−1 increase in deep-layer bulk shear corresponds to a 13% increase in tornadoes and a 98% increase in casualties, conditional on at least ten tornadoes, and holding the other variables constant. The casualty-count model quantifies the decline in the number of casualties per year and indicates that outbreaks have a larger impact in the Southeast than elsewhere after controlling for population and geographic area.
(En)gendering post-conflict agency: Women’s experiences of the ‘local’ in Sierra Leone
Authors: Martin Laura S
Published: March 2021

This article explores how female agency and experience manifest in a local Sierra Leonean peacebuilding program known as Fambul Tok. While post-conflict literature, namely transitional justice and peacebuilding, has become more critical in recent years, there is still a tendency to generalize both the ‘local’ and ‘women’. There is, however, much greater scope to delineate how local programs shape and are shaped by women in these settings. While Fambul Tok was, at least theoretically, meant to better align with the needs and priorities of Sierra Leoneans, including women, the empirics suggest that female engagement ultimately results in a wide range of outcomes, which are not necessarily more ‘empowering’, ‘transformative’ or ‘good’ than international programs. Drawing on original empirical data from Fambul Tok, this article highlights the complexity of gendered power relations within these programs and how individual women have multiple, diverse and contested forms of agency and experiences within local settings.
Engaging peer consultants in mental health services: Narrative research
Authors: Balková Miluše
Published: March 2021

Aims:

The text deals with the specifics of the new job position of peer consultant in mental health services. The aim is to describe, through a literature search, the involvement of people with mental illness in the position of peer consultant in social services and to identify possible ethical aspects associated with this position.

Theoretical background:

The problem is viewed from the perspective of the service provider. The involvement of people with experience of mental illness (so-called peer consultants) in mental health services is still a little-known issue. These individuals use their experience of the disease to work with service users and can also act as intermediaries between users and professionals. The way a peer consultant works and his involvement in a team of experts can cause various ethical contradictions.

Methods:

To clarify the issue, a literature search was used, which was conducted for the period 2012 to 2020. Selected studies were analysed on the basis of focus and presented a connection with the practice, the results were compared. Findings were synthesized according to ethical attributes into categories and conclusions were drawn by subsequent logical deduction.

Results:

The results indicate a positive benefit of introducing the position to social services focused on mental health care. The positive impact is manifested in working with service user, in the functioning of the organization and also in the impact on the community. Successful implementation of the peer consultant position requires managers to prepare well and become familiar with the possible ethical aspects associated with the position.
Predicting rejection attitudes toward utilizing formal mental health services in Muslim women in the US: Results from the Muslims’ perceptions and attitudes to mental health study
Authors: Ali Sara , Elsayed Danah , Elahi Saadia , Zia Belal , Awaad Rania
Published: March 2021

Background:

The underutilization of mental health services is a recognized problem for the growing number of Muslims living in the West. Despite their unique mental health risk factors and the pivotal role they play in determining mental health discourse in their families and in society, Muslim women in particular have not received sufficient study.

Aim:

To help remedy this research gap, we examined factors that may impact the rejection attitudes of Muslim women toward professional mental health care using the first psychometrically validated scale of its kind; the M-PAMH (Muslims’ Perceptions and Attitudes to Mental Health).

Methods:

A total of 1,222 Muslim women responded to questions about their cultural and religious beliefs about mental health, stigma associated with mental health, and familiarity with formal mental health services in an anonymous online survey.

Results:

Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that higher religious and cultural beliefs, higher societal stigma, and lower familiarity with professional mental health services were associated with greater rejection attitudes toward professional mental healthcare. The final model was statistically significant, F (5, 1,216) = 73.778; p < .001, and explained 23% of the variance in rejection attitudes with stigma accounting for the most (12.3%) variance, followed by cultural and religious mental health beliefs (6%), and familiarity with mental health services (2.7%).

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that although the examined factors contributed significantly to the model, they may not be sufficient in the explanation of Muslim women's rejection attitudes toward mental health services. Future research may explore additional variables, as well as predictive profiles for Muslim women’s perceptions and attitudes of mental health based on a combination of these factors.
Race, Femininity, and School Suspension
Authors: Green Cherrell
Published: March 2021

Research has suggested that the disproportionate number of Black girls subject to school discipline is not due entirely to their higher levels of misbehavior, but racial and gendered stereotypes surrounding Black girls’ femininity. This study uses student-level data from two national longitudinal multi-site program evaluations, Teens, Crime and the Community/Community Works and the second evaluation of the Gang Resistance Educational and Training program to assess whether the relationship between self-report delinquent behavior and subsequent suspension differs for Black girls relative to other racial/gender groups. In doing so, I find some support for racial and gendered disciplinary experiences of Black girls.
Preoperative Diagnosis and Treatment of Middle Ear Adenoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Zwierz Aleksander , Masna Krystyna , Burduk Paweł
Published: March 2021

Most reported cases of middle ear adenoma (MEA) have focused on histopathology because MEA is usually diagnosed postoperatively, which is considered as a major setback. We focused on the surgical aspect of the disease to facilitate a preoperative diagnosis, resulting in prompt and proper treatment, without requiring a second stage of surgical treatment. In this report, we present the differential diagnoses in a 40-year-old man with MEA requiring surgical treatment. Preoperatively, the patient was suspected to have an MEA. An analysis of the surgical procedures in similar misdiagnosed tumors has enabled us to assess surgical procedures in cases wherein the preoperative diagnosis does not coincide with the postoperative histopathological results.
Challenging Heteronormativity: An Analysis of the Effect of Sexual Orientation on Earnings in Spain
Authors: González M. José , Sönmez İbrahim
Published: March 2021

Using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey between 2006 and 2018, we explore whether sexual orientation causes wage differences for partnered women and men in Spain. The study confirms that men in same-sex couples significantly earn less than men in opposite-sex couples, confirming our hypothesis for the “hegemonic masculinity premium.” Women in same-sex couples also outearn women in opposite-sex couples, but this effect disappears after controlling for differences in human capital characteristics. Despite the high degree of social acceptance of homosexuality in Spain, partnered gay men are not able to avoid the negative earnings effects of discrimination in the labor market.
Central venoarterial extracorporeal life support in pediatric refractory septic shock: a single center experience
Authors: Ruth Amanda , Vogel Adam M , Adachi Iki , Shekerdemian Lara S , Bastero Patricia , Thomas James A
Published: March 2021

Objective:

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) is recognized as a potential support therapy for pediatric patients with refractory septic shock (RSS). This review aims to report our experience with central VA cannulation in pediatric patients with RSS, and to compare this with peripheral VA ECMO cannulations for this condition at our institution.

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Setting:

Pediatric and cardiac intensive care units in an academic pediatric hospital.

Patients:

All patients 0–18 years old meeting criteria of RSS placed on VA ECMO between January 2011 and December 2018.

Interventions:

None.

Measurements:

Demographics, relevant clinical variables, ECMO run details, and outcomes were collected.

Results:

Between 2011 and 2018, 14 children were placed on VA ECMO for RSS. Nine were cannulated centrally, with the rest placed on peripheral VA ECMO. Overall survival to hospital discharge was 57.1% (8/14), with 66.7% of the central cannulation cohort surviving versus 40% in the peripheral cannulation (p = 0.34). Median ECMO duration was 147.1 hours (IQR: 91.9–178.6 hours), with survivors having a median length of 147.1 (IQR: 138.5–185.7) versus non survivors 114.7 hours (IQR: 63.7–163.5), p = 0.48. Overall median ICU length of stay (LOS) was 19 days (IQR: 10.5–42.2). The median % maximum flow achieved on VA ECMO was higher in the central cannulation group at 179.6% (IQR: 154.4–188.1) versus the peripheral with 133.5% (98.1–149.1), p = 0.01. Functional status scale (FSS) was used to capture morbidity. All survivors had a mean increase in their FSS from baseline. In the centrally cannulated group, 50% (4/8) received mediastinal exploration, but none developed mediastinitis. In terms of blood product utilization, the central cannulation received more platelets compared to the peripherally cannulated group (median 15.6 vs 3.3 mL/kg/day, p = 0.03).

Conclusion:

A central approach to VA ECMO cannulation is feasible and has potential for good patient outcomes in selected patients.
Inverse optimal control from incomplete trajectory observations
Authors: Jin Wanxin , Kulić Dana , Mou Shaoshuai , Hirche Sandra
Published: March 2021

This article develops a methodology that enables learning an objective function of an optimal control system from incomplete trajectory observations. The objective function is assumed to be a weighted sum of features (or basis functions) with unknown weights, and the observed data is a segment of a trajectory of system states and inputs. The proposed technique introduces the concept of the recovery matrix to establish the relationship between any available segment of the trajectory and the weights of given candidate features. The rank of the recovery matrix indicates whether a subset of relevant features can be found among the candidate features and the corresponding weights can be learned from the segment data. The recovery matrix can be obtained iteratively and its rank non-decreasing property shows that additional observations may contribute to the objective learning. Based on the recovery matrix, a method for using incomplete trajectory observations to learn the weights of selected features is established, and an incremental inverse optimal control algorithm is developed by automatically finding the minimal required observation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on a linear quadratic regulator system and a simulated robot manipulator.
Hazardous characteristics of dust waste from metal manufacturing industries in South Korea
Authors: Yoon Cheol-Woo , Yoon Young-Sam , Hong Su-Yeon , Jeon Tea-wan , Shin Sun-Kyoung
Published: March 2021

The Ministry of Environment, South Korea, is involved in efforts to reduce safety-related accidents that could occur during hazardous waste disposal and minimise the environmental impacts of waste disposal. To reach such goals, new factors have been added that contribute to the hazardous characteristics of hazardous waste. The Ministry is also expanding regulations on inorganic and organic components present in hazardous waste for these factors and continues to correct the classification system to establish standards for waste components. Metallic dust, for example, is mostly generated during the operation of melting furnaces or precipitators and dangerous materials contained in this dust may cause accidents, such as explosions or fires. South Korean accident cases have confirmed that waste containing hazardous materials, such as Mg, Al and Mg–Al alloys, can cause such events. Therefore, this study analysed 28 dust samples collected from the dust accumulated in precipitators in 28 metal manufacturing facilities in South Korea. Nine samples were flammable and four samples were reactive to water. Two samples also exhibited leaching toxicities. The results applied to relevant laws in South Korea showed that the proportion of waste containing hazardous characteristics increased from 7.14% in the previous management category to 39.29% in the extended category, an overall increase of 32.15 percentage points.
Associations of Relationship Experiences, Dating Violence, Sexual Harassment, and Assault With Alcohol Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents
Authors: Kiekens W. J. , Baams L. , Fish J. N. , Watson R. J.
Published: March 2021

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents report higher rates of dating violence victimization compared with their heterosexual and cisgender peers. Research on dating violence often neglects diversity in sexual and gender identities and is limited to experiences in relationships. Further, given that dating violence and alcohol use are comorbid, research on experiences of dating violence could provide insights into alcohol use disparities among SGM adolescents. We aimed to map patterns of relationship experiences, sexual and physical dating violence, and sexual and physical assault and explored differences in these experiences among SGM adolescents. Further, we examined how these patterns explained alcohol use. We used a U.S. non-probability national web-based survey administered to 13–17-year-old SGM adolescents ( N = 12,534). Using latent class analyses, four patterns were identified: low relationship experience, dating violence and harassment and assault (72.0%), intermediate dating experiences, sexual harassment, and assault and low levels of dating violence (13.1%), high dating experiences, dating violence, and sexual assault (8.6%), and high dating experiences, dating violence, and sexual harassment and assault (6.3%). Compared to lesbian and gay adolescents, bisexual adolescents reported more experiences with dating, dating violence, and sexual assault, whereas heterosexual adolescents reported fewer experiences with dating, dating violence, and sexual harassment and assault. Compared to cisgender boys, cisgender girls, transgender boys, and non-binary/assigned male at birth adolescents were more likely to experience dating violence inside and outside of relationship contexts. Experiences of dating, dating violence, and sexual harassment and assault were associated with both drinking frequency and heavy episodic drinking. Together, the findings emphasize the relevance of relationship experiences when studying dating violence and how dating violence and sexual harassment and assault might explain disparities in alcohol use.
Idealism, Disillusionment, and Cynicism in Response to Values (In)Congruences in U.K. Nonprofit Organizations: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sanderson Zoe
Published: March 2021

I present the findings of an exploratory qualitative enquiry into how employees in U.K.-based nonprofit organizations with clearly espoused organizational values experience values (in)congruences. Participants tended to adopt one of three positions—idealism, disillusionment, or cynicism—which they may transition between at different times. I use the theoretical lenses of the ideological psychological contract, organizational identification, and organizational cynicism to interpret these employees’ experiences. These data show how ideological psychological contract and organizational identification processes are entwined as employees fluidly navigate values (in)congruence in nonprofits. This analysis supports a critical reading of organizational cynicism, demonstrating how nonprofit values can be experienced as a form of managerial control, against which employees may wish to defend their selfhood. Several directions for future research are indicated.
Job polarisation: Capturing the effects of work organisation
Authors: Lopes Helena , Calapez Teresa
Published: March 2021

This article critically challenges the findings and assumptions of mainstream job polarisation literature. Based on the European Working Conditions Survey data and on the Job Demand-Control model, which allows for capturing the organisational dimension of jobs, we examine the patterns and evolution of occupations in 22 European countries from 2005 to 2015. Instead of pervasive job polarisation, we observe a near-pervasive trend of upgrading job quality, suggesting that job polarisation may be caused by the undervaluation/devaluation of jobs low in the occupational hierarchy – not by computerisation-driven changes in work tasks. Indeed, only the former can explain the decrease in the number of low-quality jobs while the number of low-paid jobs increases. After documenting the relevance of firm-level organisational choices, we suggest that counteracting job polarisation requires, beyond meso-level collective bargaining, a public intervention that promotes participatory decision-making in firms.

JEL Codes: J2, J81, M540
Nurses’ Experiences of Transitional Care in Multiple Chronic Conditions
Authors: Nikbakht Nasrabadi Alireza , Mardanian Dehkordi Leila , Taleghani Fariba
Published: March 2021

Transitional care is a designed plan to ensure the continuity of care received by patients as they transfer between different locations or levels of care. The aim of this paper is to explore nurses’ experiences of transitional care in multiple chronic conditions. A qualitative method with a conventional content analysis approach was utilized. The study was conducted at university hospitals in 2 big cities (Isfahan and Tehran) of Iran. This study is performed from November 2018 to December 2019 using deep, semi-structured, and face-to-face interviews which are focused on nurses’ experiences of transitional care. Data collection continued until saturation was reached. Finally, 15 nurses take part in this study. Data collection and data analysis were conducted concurrently. Data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s techniques. Two main themes providing a descriptive summary of the major elements of transitional care identified: “threat to patient safety” and “Care breakdown”. Findings showed an exclusive image of unsafe transitional care which was done unplanned without appropriate delegating care to family and threat patient safety. There is still a gap in the transition from hospital to home. Nursing managers can address this issue by creating a culture of teamwork, training competent nurses by continuum education, and more supervision of nursing care. Policymakers can ensure continuity of care by developing policies and programs about transitional care.
Ibrutinib-related uveitis: A report of two severe cases
Authors: Bohn Marcela , Bravo-Ljubetic Luciano , Lee Richard W J , Petrushkin Harry
Published: March 2021

Introduction:

Ibrutinib is a small-molecule drug approved for the treatment of haematological disorders and is known to be associated with visual disturbances, but uveitis has not yet been reported as an adverse effect of this medication. We present two cases of ibrutinib-associated severe uveitis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

Case description:

Our first case is a 65-year-old woman who presented with acute onset of bilateral fibrinous anterior uveitis 1 day after starting ibrutinib. Her vision was hand movements in the right eye and 20/120 in the left with hyperaemic discs and subretinal fluid. Ibrutinib was stopped and she experienced a significant improvement under local and oral steroid treatment. The second case is a 64-year-old male with subacute onset of bilateral hypertensive anterior uveitis with pupillary seclusion and right eye hyphaema. He was on ibrutinib for the past 9 months. His vision at presentation was 20/80 and 20/60 for the right and left eye, respectively. He responded poorly to local steroid treatment until ibrutinib was stopped due to cardiac side-effects, after which his uveitis resolved and treatment was stopped.

Conclusion:

The temporal association between changes in ibrutinib treatment and our patients’ ocular inflammation suggests a causative link. Ibrutinib increases Th1-based immune responses which is proposed as a mechanism for drug-induced uveitis. Its antiplatelet effect may explain the fibrinous nature of the inflammation and hyphaema.