bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coagulation factor XII regulates inflammatory responses in human lungs
Authors: Hesse Christina , Sewald Katherina , Jonigk Danny , Warnecke Gregor , Fieguth Hans-Gerd , Maat Steven de , Maas Coen , Bonella Francesco , Preissner Klaus , Weiss Benjamin , Schaefer Liliana , Kuebler Wolfgang , Markart Philipp , Hess Rosanna , Wujak Lukasz , Wygrecka Malgorzata
Published: August 2017

Increased procoagulant activity in the alveolar compartment and uncontrolled inflammation are hallmarks of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we investigated whether the contact phase system of coagulation is activated and may regulate inflammatory responses in human lungs. Components of the contact phase system were characterized in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from 54 ARDS patients and 43 controls, and their impact on cytokine/chemokine expression in human precision cut lung slices (PCLS) was assessed by a PCR array. Activation of the contact system, associated with high levels of coagulation factor XIIa (Hageman factor, FXIIa), plasma kallikrein and bradykinin, occurred rapidly in ARDS lungs after the onset of the disease and virtually normalized within one week from time of diagnosis. FXII levels in BALF were higher in ARDS nonsurvivors than survivors and were positively correlated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration. FXII induced the production and release of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), CXCL5 and TNF-α in human PCLS in a kallikrein-kinin-independent manner. In conclusion, accumulation of FXII in ARDS lungs may contribute to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and is associated with clinical outcome. FXII inhibition may thus offer a novel and promising therapeutic approach to antagonize overwhelming inflammatory responses in ARDS lungs without interfering with vital haemostasis.

Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
The Evolution of Culture as a New Pattern for Comparative Religion
Authors: Willard Aiyana K.
Published: August 2017

In his new book, Paden argues that evolutionary theory creates new and fertile ground for the comparative study of religion. I suggest that extending Paden’s argument to embrace new theories of cultural evolution will continue to broaden our ability understand the origins of both the similarities and differences in religions across societies. Religions are cultural systems and as such an understanding of our shared biology can only explain a limited amount of what religion is and does. I discuss how new cultural evolutionary theories that examine cultural variation and cultural change based on how humans learn and transmit cultural content and can improve the theoretical foundations of comparative studies of religion. Exploring different mechanisms of cultural learning can help explain why certain features of religion are found across a wide variety of religions while others are only found in specific groups.
Anisogomphus yingsaki (Odonata: Gomphidae) sp. nov., a new gomphid species from Thailand
Authors: MAKBUN NOPPADON
Published: August 2017

Anisogomphus yingsaki sp. nov. (holotype male: Ban Na Kha, Ban Muang, Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand, altitude 170–175 m, 22-vi-2016) is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to A. bivittatus from India and Nepal, and also A. flavifacies, and A. resortus from China in the shape of anal appendages. However, it can be separated from all of these by a combination of the following characters: shape of antehumeral stripes, abdominal pattern, shape of vesica spermalis and female valvula vulvae. The behavior of the new species, including crepuscular activity, is briefly discussed.
The Potential Use of the Linear Depolarization Ratio to Distinguish between Convective and Stratiform Rainfall to Improve Radar Rain-Rate Estimates
Authors: Sandford Caroline , Illingworth Anthony , Thompson Robert
Published: August 2017

A major source of errors in radar-derived quantitative precipitation estimates is the inhomogeneous nature of the vertical reflectivity profile (VPR). Operational radars generally scan in azimuth at constant elevation (PPI mode) and provide limited VPR information, so predetermined VPR shapes with limited degrees of freedom are needed to correct for the VPR in real time. Typical stratiform VPRs have a sharp peak below the 0° isotherm, known as the “bright band,” caused by the presence of large melting snowflakes, but this feature is not present in convective cores where the melting ice is in the form of graupel or compact ice. Inappropriate correction assuming a brightband VPR can lead to underestimation of rain rates, with particular impacts in intense convective storms. This paper proposes the use of high values of linear depolarization ratio (LDR) measurements to confirm the presence of large melting snowflakes and lower values for melting graupel or high-density ice as a prerequisite to selecting a suitable profile shape for VPR correction. Using a climatologically representative dataset of short-range, high-resolution C-band vertical profiles, the peak value of the LDR in the melting layer is shown to have robust skill in identifying VPRs without bright band, with the “best” performance at a threshold of −20 dB. Further work is proposed to apply this result to improving corrections for VPR at longer range, where the limited effect of beam broadening on LDR peaks could provide advantages over other available methods.
The Effect of Soil Moisture Perturbations on Indian Monsoon Depressions in a Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Authors: Hunt Kieran M. R. , Turner Andrew G.
Published: August 2017

Indian monsoon depressions (MDs) are synoptic-scale cyclonic systems that propagate across peninsular India three or four times per monsoon season. They are responsible for the majority of rainfall in agrarian north India, so constraining precipitation estimates is of high importance. Here, a case study from August 2014 is used to explore the relationship between varying soil moisture and the resulting track and structure of an incident MD using the Met Office Unified Model. This case study is chosen with the view to increasing understanding of the general impact of soil moisture perturbations on monsoon depressions. It is found that increasing soil moisture in the monsoon trough region results in deeper inland penetration and a more developed structure—for example, a warmer core in the midtroposphere and a stronger bimodal potential vorticity core in the mid-to-lower troposphere—with more precipitation, and a structure that in general more closely resembles that found in depressions over the ocean, indicating that soil moisture may enhance the convective mechanism that drives depressions over land. This experiment also shows that these changes are most significant when the depression is deep and negligible when it is weakening. Increasing soil moisture in the sub-Himalayan arable zone, a region with large irrigation coverage, also caused deeper inland penetration and some feature enhancement in the upper troposphere, but no significant changes were found in the track heading or lower-tropospheric structure.
Competing Atmospheric and Surface-Driven Impacts of Absorbing Aerosols on the East Asian Summertime Climate
Authors: Persad Geeta G. , Paynter David J. , Ming Yi , Ramaswamy V.
Published: August 2017

East Asia has some of the largest concentrations of absorbing aerosols globally, and these, along with the region’s scattering aerosols, have both reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface regionally (solar dimming) and increased shortwave absorption within the atmosphere, particularly during the peak months of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). This study analyzes how atmospheric absorption and surface solar dimming compete in driving the response of regional summertime climate to anthropogenic aerosols, which dominates, and why—issues of particular importance for predicting how East Asian climate will respond to projected changes in absorbing and scattering aerosol emissions in the future. These questions are probed in a state-of-the-art general circulation model using a combination of realistic and novel idealized aerosol perturbations that allow analysis of the relative influence of absorbing aerosols’ atmospheric and surface-driven impacts on regional circulation and climate. Results show that even purely absorption-driven dimming decreases EASM precipitation by cooling the land surface, counteracting climatological land–sea contrast and reducing ascending atmospheric motion and onshore winds, despite the associated positive top-of-the-atmosphere regional radiative forcing. Absorption-driven atmospheric heating does partially offset the precipitation and surface evaporation reduction from surface dimming, but the overall response to aerosol absorption more closely resembles the response to its surface dimming than to its atmospheric heating. These findings provide a novel decomposition of absorbing aerosol’s impacts on regional climate and demonstrate that the response cannot be expected to follow the sign of absorption’s top-of-the-atmosphere or even atmospheric radiative perturbation.
Antitrust Enforcement Against Standard Essential Patents in China
Authors: Dai Jianmin , Deng Zhisong , Jung Song K.
Published: August 2017

Entering into the ninth year of the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China (AML) in force, China has tackled high-profile cases, promulgated and implemented relevant rules and interpretations in regard to the interface between anti-monopoly and intellectual property rights, while relevant guidelines are in process at the same time. On one hand, the competition authorities in the tripartite system of antitrust enforcement have respectively shown their attitudes towards relevant issues concerning intellectual property rights (IPR)–related anticompetitive conducts by initiating investigations and drafting guidelines. On the other hand, judicial remedies tend to be applied for in parallel, when enterprises who suffered anticompetitive treatment filed complaints to courts.
Polypyrrole@α-Al2O3 and polypyrrole@CeO2 core-shell hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Silva AS , de Souza SM , Sanches EA
Published: August 2017

PPy@ α-Al2O3 and PPy@CeO2 nanocomposites were synthesized free of acids by in situ polymerization and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and DC electrical conductivity measurements. X-ray diffraction pattern of Polypyrrole revealed a semi crystalline structure. The Le Bail method was performed using the X-ray diffraction pattern of polypyrrole and allowed the proposition of the unit cell parameters (P21/c, a = 9.0173 Å, b = 7.1641 Å, c = 6.4184 Å, α = 90°, β = 117.7°, γ = 90°), which is composed by a dimeric molecule disposed along the [001] direction. A cauliflower-like morphology was observed in polypyrrole, which consists of incomplete spheres forming nanoparticle clusters. Core-shell morphology was verified in the nanocomposites consisting of a thin layer of polymer reinforcement disposed over the metal oxides matrices. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements allowed verifying the hydrophobic behavior of the inorganic phase, promoting the repulsion of the internal water molecules out from the polymer phase. Then the initial decomposition temperature of the nanocomposites has become smaller. The polypyrrole electrical conductivity is lower than the nanocomposites and may be related with the absence of hydration water in nanocomposites and also to the surface conductivity due to the thin polymer layer. PPy@ α-Al2O3 and PPy@CeO2 nanocomposites presented DC electrical conductivity 80% higher when compared to the as-synthesized polypyrrole. Thus, the aim of this paper was to characterize structural and morphologically the pure polypyrrole as well as the PPy@α-Al2O3 and PPy@CeO2 nanocomposites and correlate these results with the DC electrical conductivity measurements.
Thermal stability and adhesive strength of boron nitride nano platelets and carbon nano tube modified adhesives
Authors: Ekrem Mürsel , Şahin Ömer Sinan , Karabulut Salim Eğemen , Avcı Ahmet
Published: August 2017

The effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube and/or boron nitride nano platelets usage on shear strength and thermal stability of epoxy based adhesives have been investigated. Commercially available diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A based epoxy was used as matrix and reinforced by using nanofillers. The resulting adhesive was tested for its shear-lap adhesion to aluminum alloy sheets (2024-T3). The nano particles modified epoxy adhesives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravity analyses analysis. These characterizations revealed that incorporation of nano particles can result in enhancement in chemical stability. Single lap strength joint testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM-D-1002-10 standard. Fracture morphologies and the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and boron nitride nano platelets on epoxy adhesive were investigated after shear tests by means of scanning electron microscopy. Compared to neat epoxy, increases of 30% in shear strength and 57% in energy required to break joints have been obtained by multi-walled carbon nanotube/boron nitride nano platelet modification.
Structural and mechanical characterization of re-pressed and annealed iron-alumina metal matrix nanocomposites
Authors: Sharma Shyam , Jain Rupal , Rawat Vineet , Hundekar Prateek Rajeev , Singh Neera , Kumar Devendra , Gupta Pallav
Published: August 2017

In this study, structural and mechanical properties of re-pressed and annealed iron (Fe)-alumina (Al2O3) metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) was investigated. Composite composition with 5 wt.% of alumina to iron was fabricated using ball milling technique. Cylindrical sintered specimens were pressed at a load of 10, 12.5, and 15 kN in a die of similar diameter so as to have maximum deformation internally at grain as well as at grain boundary. These specimens were heat treated at 900, 1000, and 1100℃ for 1 h to anneal the stresses as well as to enhance the bonding between grains. Synthesized specimens were characterized for their microstructure, density and hardness respectively. Scanning electron microscopic images of the synthesized specimens revealed the formation of dense phase microstructure along with the presence of nano-dispersion of iron aluminate (FeAl2O4) phase. Secondary processing of metal matrix nanocomposites resulted in an increase in density of prepared specimens from 4.6960 to 5.5035 g/cm3 and the hardness values increased from 63 to 94 HRH.
ARHGAP29 Mutation Is Associated with Abnormal Oral Epithelial Adhesions
Authors: Paul B.J. , Palmer K. , Sharp J.C. , Pratt C.H. , Murray S.A. , Dunnwald M.
Published: August 2017

Nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P) is a prevalent birth defect of complex etiology. Previous studies identified mutations in ARHGAP29 associated with an increased risk for NSCL/P. To investigate the effects of ARHGAP29 in vivo, we generated a novel murine allele by inserting a point mutation identified in a patient with NSCL/P. This single-nucleotide variation of ARHGAP29 translates to an early nonsense mutation (K326X), presumably resulting in loss-of-function (LoF). Embryos from Arhgap29K326X/+ intercrosses were harvested at various time points. No homozygous Arhgap29K326X animals were found in the 45 analyzed litters, assessed as early as embryonic day 8.5 (e8.5). Coronal sectioning of e13.5 and e14.5 heads revealed that 59% of Arhgap29K326X/+ mice ( n = 37) exhibited improper epithelial contact between developing oral structures, while none were observed in wild types ( n = 10). In addition, Arhgap29K326X/+ embryos exhibited a significantly higher percentage of maxillary epithelium in contact with mandibular epithelium. Immunofluorescent analyses of the periderm and oral adhesions revealed the presence of Arhgap29 in periderm cells. These cells were p63 negative, keratin 17 positive, and keratin 6 positive and present at sites of adhesion, although occasionally disorganized. Oral adhesions did not appear to impair palatogenesis, as all analyzed Arhgap29K326X/+ embryos showed confluent palatal mesenchyme and epithelium at e18.5 ( n = 16), and no mice were found with a cleft at birth. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ARHGAP29 is required for embryonic survival and that heterozygosity for LoF variants of Arhgap29 increases the incidence and length of oral adhesions at a critical time point during orofacial development. In conclusion, we validate the LoF nature of the human K326X mutation in vivo and reveal a previously unknown effect of Arhgap29 in murine craniofacial development.
Closing the Gap: Mouse Models to Study Adhesion in Secondary Palatogenesis
Authors: Lough K.J. , Byrd K.M. , Spitzer D.C. , Williams S.E
Published: August 2017

Secondary palatogenesis occurs when the bilateral palatal shelves (PS), arising from maxillary prominences, fuse at the midline, forming the hard and soft palate. This embryonic phenomenon involves a complex array of morphogenetic events that require coordinated proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and adhesion in the PS epithelia and underlying mesenchyme. When the delicate process of craniofacial morphogenesis is disrupted, the result is orofacial clefting, including cleft lip and cleft palate (CL/P). Through human genetic and animal studies, there are now hundreds of known genetic alternations associated with orofacial clefts; so, it is not surprising that CL/P is among the most common of all birth defects. In recent years, in vitro cell-based assays, ex vivo palate cultures, and genetically engineered animal models have advanced our understanding of the developmental and cell biological pathways that contribute to palate closure. This is particularly true for the areas of PS patterning and growth as well as medial epithelial seam dissolution during palatal fusion. Here, we focus on epithelial cell-cell adhesion, a critical but understudied process in secondary palatogenesis, and provide a review of the available tools and mouse models to better understand this phenomenon.
Actorness and trade negotiating outcomes: West Africa and the SADC Group in negotiations for Economic Partnership Agreements
Authors: Hulse Merran
Published: August 2017

In 2014, the EU concluded Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with several African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) regions. These EPAs represent some of the most advanced examples of interregional cooperation. Yet, the outcomes of EPA negotiations are not the same across all regions. This article investigates differences in negotiated outcomes and argues that regional actorness – the ability of regions to become identifiable, to aggregate the interests of member states, to formulate collective goals and to make and implement decisions – influences regions’ ability to navigate interregional trade negotiations. In a comparison of the actorness and negotiated outcomes of West Africa and the SADC EPA Group, the article shows that actorness matters for international negotiations: regions with higher levels of actorness can negotiate better outcomes even under conditions of stark power asymmetry.
‘Dead people don’t claim’: A psychopolitical autopsy of UK austerity suicides
Authors: Mills China
Published: August 2017

One of the symptoms of post financial crisis austerity in the UK has been an increase in the numbers of suicides, especially by people who have experienced welfare reform. This article develops and utilises an analytic framework of psychopolitical autopsy to explore media coverage of ‘austerity suicide’ and to take seriously the psychic life of austerity (internalisation, shame, anxiety), embedding it in a context of social dis-ease.

Drawing on three distinct yet interrelated areas of literature (the politics of affect and psychosocial dynamics of welfare, post and anti-colonial psychopolitics, and critical suicidology), the article aims to better understand how austerity ‘kills’. Key findings include understanding austerity suicides as embedded within an affective economy of the anxiety caused by punitive welfare retrenchment, the stigmatisation of being a recipient of benefits, and the internalisation of market logic that assigns value through ‘productivity’ and conceptualises welfare entitlement as economic ‘burden’. The significance of this approach lies in its ability to widen analytic framing of suicide from an individual and psychocentric focus, to illuminate culpability of government reforms while still retaining the complexity of suicide, and thus to provide relevant policy insights about welfare reform.
Educational inequalities
Authors: Billon Margarita , Crespo Jorge , Lera-López Fernando
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the impact of Internet use on economic growth and the extent to which educational inequality modulates this impact for a panel data set of 94 countries between 1995 and 2010. We obtain a positive and significant impact of Internet use on economic growth and a negative influence of educational inequality on the Internet’s impact on growth. When we disaggregate by income levels, the results indicate that Internet use is positively associated with economic growth for middle- and high-income countries. Educational inequality influences the impact of Internet use on economic growth only for middle- and low-income countries, although with the opposite sign. For middle-income countries, the impact is negative, while the impact is positive for low-income economies. The research provides evidence for the first time about how inequalities in education may limit the positive economic outcomes and benefits derived from the use of information and communication technologies.
Measurement of total hemoglobin reduces red cell transfusion in hospitalized patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a retrospective database analysis
Authors: Craver Christopher , Belk Kathy W. , Myers Gerard J.
Published: August 2017

Introduction:

Historically, perioperative hemoglobin monitoring has relied on calculated saturation, using blood gas devices that measure plasma hematocrit (Hct). Co-oximetry, which measures total hemoglobin (tHb), yields a more comprehensive assessment of hemodilution. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of tHb measurement by co-oximetry and Hct, using conductivity with red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, length of stay (LOS) and inpatient costs in patients having major cardiac surgery.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and/or valve replacement (VR) procedures from January 2014 to June 2016, using MedAssets discharge data. The patient population was sub-divided by the measurement modality (tHb and Hct), using detailed billing records and Current Procedural Terminology coding. Cost was calculated using hospital-specific cost-to-charge ratios. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify significant drivers of RBC transfusion and resource utilization.

Results:

The study population included 18,169 cardiovascular surgery patients. Hct-monitored patients accounted for 66% of the population and were more likely to have dual CABG and VR procedures (10.4% vs 8.9%, p=0.0069). After controlling for patient and hospital characteristics, as well as patient comorbidities, Hct-monitored patients had significantly higher RBC transfusion risk (OR=1.26, CI 1.15-1.38, p<0.0001), longer LOS (IRR=1.08, p<0.0001) and higher costs (IRR=1.15, p<0.0001) than tHb-monitored patients. RBC transfusions were a significant driver of LOS (IRR=1.25, p<0.0001) and cost (IRR=1.22, p<0.0001).

Conclusions:

tHb monitoring during cardiovascular surgery could offer a significant reduction in RBC transfusion, length of stay and hospital cost compared to Hct monitoring.
Consensus statement on current and emerging methods for the diagnosis and evaluation of cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Donahue Manus J , Achten Eric , Cogswell Petrice M , De Leeuw Frank-Erik , Derdeyn Colin P , Dijkhuizen Rick M , Fan Audrey P , Ghaznawi Rashid , Heit Jeremy J , Ikram M Arfan , Jezzard Peter , Jordan Lori C , Jouvent Eric , Knutsson Linda , Leigh Richard , Liebeskind David S , Lin Weili , Okell Thomas W , Qureshi Adnan I , Stagg Charlotte J , van Osch Matthias JP , van Zijl Peter CM , Watchmaker Jennifer M , Wintermark Max , Wu Ona , Zaharchuk Greg , Zhou Jinyuan , Hendrikse Jeroen
Published: August 2017

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability in most developed countries. This work summarizes state-of-the-art, and possible future, diagnostic and evaluation approaches in multiple stages of CVD, including (i) visualization of sub-clinical disease processes, (ii) acute stroke theranostics, and (iii) characterization of post-stroke recovery mechanisms. Underlying pathophysiology as it relates to large vessel steno-occlusive disease and the impact of this macrovascular disease on tissue-level viability, hemodynamics (cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and mean transit time), and metabolism (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption and pH) are also discussed in the context of emerging neuroimaging protocols with sensitivity to these factors. The overall purpose is to highlight advancements in stroke care and diagnostics and to provide a general overview of emerging research topics that have potential for reducing morbidity in multiple areas of CVD.
An Online Project-Based Competency Education Approach to Marketing Education
Authors: Ye Christine , Van Os Jerry , Chapman Dick , Jacobson Dax
Published: August 2017

As the marketplace becomes more competitive, there is a growing demand for business educators to prepare graduates to adapt to the challenges of the marketplace. However, concerns regarding the pedagogical challenges of balancing conceptual knowledge and practical skills are accumulating in the academic literature. In this article, we make the case for an online project-based competency education model by describing the pedagogical framework and strategies that our institution has adopted and successfully implemented. We highlight some key takeaways addressing specific features of our program that create added value for students and ultimately help them become more competitive in the workplace. We conclude with implications, challenges, and directions for future research.
Exploring the Effects of Visual Frame and Matching Direction on the Vertical-Horizontal Illusion
Authors: Gavilán José M. , Rivera Daniel , Guasch Marc , Demestre Josep , García-Albea José E.
Published: August 2017

The work presented here uses an adjustment method to test the vertical-horizontal illusion across four different configurations: a cross-shape, an L-shape, an inverted-T and a rotated-T. We examine the modulatory role of the variables visual frame and direction of the adjustment on the illusory effect. Two experiments were performed, one with rectangular and one with curvilinear visual frames. Our data show that in both experiments, the size of the expected illusion increases from the cross-shape to the L-shape and from the L-shape to the inverted-T, where it reaches its maximum. In the rotated-T, the illusion reverses reaching a significant effect in the opposite direction. This pattern of results appears consistently across different experimental conditions, although the variability in the amount of illusory effect seems to be modulated by the intervention of the two variables examined. A dissection of the vertical-horizontal illusion has been carried out in terms of a two-factor explanation – anisotropy and bisection – interacting in different ways across configurations.
In-itself for-itself: Towards second-generation neo-Marxist class theory
Authors: Neilson David
Published: August 2017

First-generation neo-Marxist class theorists advanced some way beyond the orthodox Marxist account that is grounded in a particular reading of the Communist Manifesto. However, capitalism’s changing reality since then has revealed the limited extent of their break with orthodoxy. With the support of Bhaskar’s critical realism and Gramsci’s philosophy of praxis, this article addresses these limitations to facilitate movement towards second-generation neo-Marxist class theory. Rather than following first-generation neo-Marxist Poulantzas who dismissed the ‘class-in-itself’/‘class-for-itself’ distinction as a non-Marxist Hegelian residue, this article treats it as the central problematic of Marx’s class theory. Bourdieu’s subjectivist reformulations of the distinction that resonates with Marxist interpretations that run counter to the neo-Marxist social scientific aspiration are also critically engaged. The innovative conceptual framework arising from the article’s critical engagement with these diverging intellectual trajectories is applied to sketch ‘class effects’ in-themselves especially around the theme of the ‘relative surplus population’. Expected class effects implied by the core dynamic of the capitalist mode of production, and then contemporary empirical effects generated by neoliberal-led global capitalism, are outlined. This re-conceptualisation is then supplemented by critically examining Beck’s argument that individualisation leads to capitalism without classes-for-themselves. The article concludes by reconsidering class-for-itself in the light of the preceding discussion.
The separate and joint effects of the market for corporate control and board effectiveness on R&D valuation
Authors: Chen Shimin , Srinidhi Bin , Su Lixin (Nancy) , Tong Jamie Y
Published: August 2017

This study finds that stronger market control (measured as fewer anti-takeover provisions) and more effective boards (measured as boards that are more independent and for which independent directors have more outside directorships) are both associated with higher R&D valuation. Furthermore, stronger market control (more effective board governance) is associated with higher R&D valuation only in the presence of weaker board governance (market control). Taken together, the results are consistent with the interpretation that both the market for corporate control and effective boards mitigate agency conflicts arising from R&D investments and improve the market valuation of R&D. Furthermore, the two mechanisms act as substitutes in doing so.

JEL Classification: G34, G32, M41
Arthroscopic Harvest of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells From the Infrapatellar Fat Pad
Authors: Dragoo Jason L. , Chang Wenteh
Published: August 2017

Background:

The successful isolation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) from the arthroscopically harvested infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) would provide orthopaedic surgeons with an autologous solution for regenerative procedures.

Purpose:

To demonstrate the quantity and viability of the mesenchymal stem cell population arthroscopically harvested from the IFP as well as the surrounding synovium.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

The posterior border of the IFP, including the surrounding synovial tissue, was harvested arthroscopically from patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tissue was then collected in an AquaVage adipose canister, followed by fat fractionization using syringe emulsification and concentration with an AdiPrep device. In the laboratory, the layers of tissue were separated and then digested with 0.3% type I collagenase. The pelleted stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells were then immediately analyzed for viability, mesenchymal cell surface markers by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and clonogenic capacity. After culture expansion, the metabolic activity of the ADSCs was assessed by an AlamarBlue assay, and the multilineage differentiation capability was tested. The transition of surface antigens from the SVF toward expanded ADSCs at passage 2 was further evaluated.

Results:

SVF cells were successfully harvested with a mean yield of 4.86 ± 2.64 × 105 cells/g of tissue and a mean viability of 69.03% ± 10.75%, with ages ranging from 17 to 52 years (mean, 35.14 ± 13.70 years; n = 7). The cultured ADSCs composed a mean 5.85% ± 5.89% of SVF cells with a mean yield of 0.33 ± 0.42 × 105 cells/g of tissue. The nonhematopoietic cells (CD45−) displayed the following surface antigens as a percentage of the viable population: CD44+ (52.21% ± 4.50%), CD73+CD90+CD105+ (19.20% ± 17.04%), and CD44+CD73+CD90+CD105+ (15.32% ± 15.23%). There was also a significant increase in the expression of ADSC markers CD73 (96.97% ± 1.72%; P < .01), CD10 (84.47% ± 15.46%; P < .05), and CD166 (11.63% ± 7.84%; P < .005) starting at passage 2 compared with freshly harvested SVF cells. The clonogenic efficiency of SVF cells was determined at a mean 3.21% ± 1.52% for layer 1 and 1.51% ± 0.55% for layer 2. Differentiation into cartilage, fat, and bone tissue was demonstrated by tissue-specific staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Conclusion:

SVF cells from the IFP and adjacent synovial tissue were successfully harvested using an arthroscopic technique and produced ADSCs with surface markers that meet criteria for defined mesenchymal stem cells.

Clinical Relevance:

An autologous source of stem cells can now be harvested using a simple arthroscopic technique that will allow orthopaedic surgeons easier access to progenitor cells for regenerative procedures.
Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Older Chinese People in Tianjin City
Authors: Xu Guangming , Chen Gong , Zhou Qin , Li Ning , Zheng Xiaoying
Published: August 2017

Objective:

Population aging is accelerating across the world, and older people have a higher risk of mental disorders. Most studies focus on one mental disorder, and only report the current prevalence. Besides, these studies use screening scales for symptoms of mental disorders, which may induce biased results. In this study, we used data for diagnoses based on SCID that had been administered by trained psychiatrists to explore the 1-month and lifetime prevalence of mental disorders among a Chinese aged cohort.

Methods:

Data for this study was derived from the Tianjin Mental Health Survey. Participants were first screened using a General Health Questionnaire and 9 additional items on other risk factors for mental disorders, and then diagnosed with the Chinese version of Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) Axis I disorders. A total of 3,325 people aged 60 and above had valid information, and 1,486 completed the SCID interview.

Results:

The weighted 1-month prevalence of mental disorders was 14.27%, whereas the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was 24.20%. Most of these participants were female, older, currently not married, of lower education level, and with poor family economic status. Organic mental disorders had the highest 1-month prevalence (4.45%), whereas mood disorder was highest for the lifetime prevalence (9.75%).

Conclusion:

Older Chinese people had a high prevalence of mental disorders. Further research and health services innovations are needed to address the high prevalence in these subgroups among older people.
Numerical prediction of temperature-dependent anisotropic viscoelastic properties of fiber reinforced composite
Authors: Martynenko Volodymyr G , Lvov Gennadiy I
Published: August 2017

The paper presents a numerical technique for an evaluation of effective viscoelastic properties of fiber reinforced composite materials based on known mechanical properties of fibers and matrix. The set of numerical relaxation tests allowed calculating the tabular dependencies of components of a relaxation tensor for composite orthogonal weaving scheme, as well as technical parameters of viscoelastic material on time and temperature. These dependencies were approximated by exponential Prony series for the time variable and Williams–Landel–Ferry shift function for the temperature variable. The analysis of the obtained mechanical properties shows that despite the orthotropic nature of viscoelasticity of the considered composite material, the temperature dependencies of Young and shear moduli as well as Poisson’s ratios reflected by the shift function has the same character as the ones of the composite matrix.
Teacher Use of Loss-Focused, Utility Value Messages, Prior to High-Stakes Examinations, and Their Appraisal by Students
Authors: Putwain David W. , Symes Wendy , McCaldin Tamsin
Published: August 2017

This study set out to assess a new instrument designed to measure the perceived frequency that teachers use fear appeals (communicated value messages that focus on avoiding failure) prior to a high-stakes examination and their appraisal as a challenge or a threat. Data were collected from two samples of students preparing for their high-stakes school exit examinations. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor structure of message frequency, challenge, and threat appraisal. Challenge appraisal positively correlated with value, academic self-efficacy, and engagement. Threat appraisal negatively correlated with academic self-efficacy and engagement. Message frequency was unrelated to value, academic self-efficacy, and engagement. The critical factor in determining relations with antecedents and outcomes is not the message frequency but how it is appraised.
Electrographic Seizures in Preterm Neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Buraniqi Ersida , Sansevere Arnold J. , Kapur Kush , Bergin Ann M. , Pearl Phillip L. , Loddenkemper Tobias
Published: August 2017

Objective:

Characterize clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of preterm neonates undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Methods:

Retrospective study of preterm neonates born less than 37 weeks’ gestational age undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit at Boston Children’s Hospital over a 2-year period.

Results:

Fifty-two preterms (46% male) had a mean gestational age of 32.8 weeks (standard deviation = 4.17). Seizures were detected in 12/52 (23%), with EEG seizures detected in 4/12 (33%). The median time from EEG to the first seizure was 0.5 hours (interquartile range 0.24-4). Factors associated with seizures were male gender (odds ratio = 4.65 [95% confidence interval = 1.02-21.24], P = .047) and lack of EEG state change (odds ratio = 0.043 [95% confidence interval = 0.005-0.377], P = .04).

Conclusion:

Twenty-three percent of preterms undergoing continuous EEG had EEG seizures or electrographic seizures with no clear clinical correlate. This confirms recent American Clinical Neurophysiology Society guidelines suggesting that preterm neonates are at high risk for seizures.
“This State Is Racist . . ”: Policy Problematization and Undocumented Youth Experiences in the New Latino South
Authors: Rodriguez Sophia , Monreal Timothy
Published: August 2017

This article examines how state-level policy discourse articulates a category of knowledge about immigrants in South Carolina that governs the everyday experiences of undocumented immigrants. In the analysis of proposed and enacted immigration legislation from 2005 to the present, we use a Foucauldian-inspired critical discourse analysis to better understand how policy forms out of a problematization of marginalized groups such as undocumented immigrants. We find that policy constitutes immigrants as an economic and security threat and as Othered, outsiders to the state. This allows for policy makers to propose seemingly rational solutions such as “proving one’s status” and “increased law enforcement.” We suggest that this categorization of knowledge about immigrants has clear implications for educational attainment, social mobility, and public life while highlighting the viability of a Foucauldian-inspired theorization of discourse and critical discourse analysis as a method for inquiry.
Eligiendo Escuelas: English Learners and Access to School Choice
Authors: Mavrogordato Madeline , Harris Julie
Published: August 2017

School choice has emerged as the linchpin of President Trump’s urban education reform plan, but it remains unclear how school choice policies will shape the educational experiences of the most underserved student groups, particularly English learners (ELs). Using quantitative data from one large urban school district, we examine EL participation in a system of school choice. Specifically, we investigate the extent to which never, current, and former ELs enroll in a nonzoned school. We find significant differences in the likelihood that students across these groups engage in school choice, raising important questions about whether school choice reforms are accessible to current ELs.
Diagnoses and Treatment of Dental Disorders in a Research Colony of Macaca fascicularis: A Case Series
Authors: Roux Philippe , Brecheisen Muriel , de Carvalho Rafael , Bergadano Alessandra
Published: August 2017

During daily routine oral examinations in a research colony of nonhuman primates (NHPs, Macaca fascicularis), a variety of oral–dental lesions were identified. A dental care program was established based on these findings. Based on the presence of dental clinical signs and their severity, 31 animals were triaged to be examined and treated by a veterinarian. Clinical examination consisted of visual inspection using a periodontal probe/explorer and full or partial mouth dental radiographs. Treatment was performed during the same procedure. Some animals had a follow-up examination including radiographs months later. Four common dental diseases were diagnosed: periodontal disease, caries, tooth fracture, and tooth attrition. Less frequent were dental abscess, enamel hypomineralization, gingival hyperplasia, hypercementosis, tooth luxation, tooth dysplasia, root resorption, abrasion. Less severe periodontal disease was treated conservatively. If severely affected, teeth were extracted. Well-circumscribed caries without endodontic involvement were treated by composite restoration. Teeth with extensive caries and pulp involvement were extracted. Teeth with exposed pulp were treated via extraction or orthograde root canal treatment. In this case series, 27 (87%) of 31 NHPs exhibited at least 1 moderate to severe dental lesion that required treatment. The presumable improvement in welfare and weight of oral/dental lesions for the overall health status in research NHPs encourages us to continue this program prospectively.
From the abstract to the concrete – Implementation of an innovative tool in home care
Authors: Kajamaa Anu , Schulz Klaus-Peter
Published: August 2017

Background

The implementation of innovations in practice is a critical factor for change and development processes in health and home care. We therefore analyze how an innovative tool – a mobility agreement to maintain physical mobility of home care clients – was implemented in Finnish home care.

Methods

Our study involves ethnographic research of 13 home care visits, two years after the mobility agreement was implemented. We analyze the emergence of contradictions, the motives of the actors and the use of artifacts supporting or inhibiting the implementation. Two in-depth cases illustrate the implementation of the mobility agreement in home care visits.

Findings

Our findings show that, first, to achieve practice change and development, the innovation implementation requires the overcoming of contradictions in the implementation process. Second, it calls for the emergence of a shared motive between the actors to transform the abstract concept of an innovation into a concrete practice. Third, artifacts, customary to the clients are important in supporting the implementation process. Fourth, the implementation brings about a modification of the innovation and the adopting social system.

Conclusions

Innovation implementation should be seen as a transformation process of an abstract concept into a concrete practice, enabled by the actors involved. Concept design and implementation should be closely linked. In health/home care innovation management, the implementation of innovations needs to be understood as a complex collective learning process. Results can be far reaching – in our case leading to change of home care workers’ professional understanding and elderly clients’ mobility habits.
A low-cost three-dimensional laser surface scanning approach for defining body segment parameters
Authors: Pandis Petros , Bull Anthony MJ
Published: August 2017

Body segment parameters are used in many different applications in ergonomics as well as in dynamic modelling of the musculoskeletal system. Body segment parameters can be defined using different methods, including techniques that involve time-consuming manual measurements of the human body, used in conjunction with models or equations. In this study, a scanning technique for measuring subject-specific body segment parameters in an easy, fast, accurate and low-cost way was developed and validated. The scanner can obtain the body segment parameters in a single scanning operation, which takes between 8 and 10 s. The results obtained with the system show a standard deviation of 2.5% in volumetric measurements of the upper limb of a mannequin and 3.1% difference between scanning volume and actual volume. Finally, the maximum mean error for the moment of inertia by scanning a standard-sized homogeneous object was 2.2%. This study shows that a low-cost system can provide quick and accurate subject-specific body segment parameter estimates.
Behavioral and Psychosocial Characteristics Among Head Start Childcare Providers
Authors: Ling Jiying
Published: August 2017

The aim of the study was twofold: (a) describe behavioral and psychosocial characteristics of Head Start childcare providers including technology use, physical activity, nutrition, depression, and quality of life and (b) examine associations among these characteristics. Using a cross-sectional design, a nonrandom sample of 80 Head Start childcare providers completed an online survey via SurveyMonkey. About 80.1% were overweight or obese. Nearly all had a computer or smartphone. About 55% met the national physical activity recommendation of 150 min/week. Approximately 56.2% did not know the recommended daily servings of fruits and vegetables, and 26.3% had ≥3 servings of vegetables per day. About 38.8% had major depression or dysthymia, and 31.3% had depressive symptoms. The top two perceived health needs were weight loss and stress management. Providing a health promotion and stress management program to childcare providers may benefit both providers and children, considering the strong influence of teachers on children.