bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma Uric Acid and Hypertension in a Chinese Community: Prospective Study and Metaanalysis
Authors: Zhang Weili , Sun Kai , Yang Ying , Zhang Hongye , Hu Frank B , Hui Rutai
Published: September 2009

Background: Hyperuricemia has been positively associated with hypertension, but whether this association is independent of adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors remains a matter of debate.

Methods: We conducted a community-based prospective cohort study comprising 7220 participants (mean age 37 years; 73.8% men) in the Qingdao Port Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in China, who were free from hypertension at study entry in 1999–2000. During 4-year follow-up, 1370 men (19.0%) and 208 women (11.0%) had developed hypertension.

Results: After adjustment for age, body mass index, and other covariates, the relative risks (RRs) of developing hypertension comparing the highest and lowest uric acid quartiles were 1.55 (95% CI 1.10–2.19; P for trend <0.001) for men and 1.91 (1.12–3.25; P for trend <0.001) for women. After additional adjustment for abdominal obesity, the RRs comparing the participants in the highest and lowest quartiles of uric acid were 1.39 (1.16–1.68; P for trend 0.003) for men and 1.85 (1.06–3.24; P for trend 0.006) for women. In joint analysis, compared with those in the lowest uric acid quartile and without abdominal obesity, participants who were in the highest quartile and also had abdominal obesity had a 3.0- and 3.4-fold greater risk of incident hypertension (1.56–3.97 for men and 2.10–3.81 for women, respectively).

Conclusions: These data suggest a positive association between plasma uric acid and incidence of hypertension during short-term follow-up in a Chinese population. The association between hyperuricemia and hypertension was partly mediated by abdominal obesity.
Determination of ΔKth by Compression Pre-Cracking in a Structural Steel
Authors: Carboni M. , Patriarca L. , Regazzi D.
Published: September 2009

The traditional experimental procedures used to generate thresholds (known as “ΔK-decreasing” and “constant Kmax”) have been challenged because it seems they affect the experimental results, sometimes in a non conservative way. In order to fix this problem, different experimental procedures (“compression pre-cracking constant amplitude” and “compression pre-cracking load reduction” (CPLR)) based on a compression-compression pre-cracking of fracture mechanics specimens have been proposed. Up till now, such procedures are not yet wide-spread between fracture mechanics experimentalists. In particular, due to the recent introduction, CPLR has been applied only to few cases: Al alloys, Ti alloys, and high strength steels (ultimate tensile strength>1300 MPa), all in the shape of M(T) or C(T) specimens subjected to positive stress ratios. The present paper deals with the application of these novel “compression pre-cracking” procedures, with particular attention to CPLR, to the unexplored and technically very important case of the structurally mild A1N steel grade (very commonly used to produce European railway axles) in the shape of SE(B) specimens subjected to stress ratios varying between −2 and 0.85.
Dynamic Fracture Toughness Testing and Analysis of HY-100 Welds
Authors: Graham SM
Published: September 2009

This study examined fracture behavior of two HY-100 under-matched welds under dynamic loading. A new test fixture that provided greater control of specimen deflection during impact testing of SE(B) specimens was developed, as was a procedure for applying the Normalization Method to the analysis of dynamic fracture toughness tests. Successful application of Normalization involved using multiple specimens with varying ductile crack growth to establish the correct form for the plasticity function. The accuracy of the measured JId was verified by comparing with multi-specimen JId values.
Advantages of the Concise K and Compliance Formats in Fracture Mechanics Calculations
Authors: Donoso JR , Landes JD
Published: September 2009

This paper shows how the concise K and compliance formats can be used in analysis that are common in fracture mechanics evaluations. The concise forms of the stress intensity factor, K, solutions, and the corresponding compliance equations were introduced by Donoso and Landes at the 30th National Symposium. This form was based on the separability of the elastic form of the load and displacement relationships and was done as an analogy to the same separability for the plasticity relationships. The concise format could replace the present calibrations that require polynomial solutions in some cases where the application could benefit from a simpler K calibration format. A big advantage comes when the K or compliance functions are used in application models where a closed form evaluation would be desirable. The first example is the use of compliance to evaluate crack length or crack length change. Calculations using compliance are used to evaluate crack length in an elastic unloading compliance evaluation of physical crack length that would be used in a J-R curve fracture toughness evaluation. Using the concise format the compliance can be easily inverted to solve for crack length from the compliance expression. All evaluations of crack length can be done easily with a hand calculator. Other examples show how the relationship between the compliance change and the crack length change can be evaluated by a simple expression. This is used in the KIc test of E 399 or E 1820. Other examples presented in this paper, show how the plastic instability model of Paris and Vasquez can be evaluated in closed form using this formulation and how the K-R curve instability point can be calculated in closed form. Other uses of a separation approach to determining calibration functions could be applied. The separation format is already used for plasticity. The ranges of applicability could be better defined by using the elastic analogy.
Use of KIc and Constraint to Predict Load and Location for Initiation of Crack Growth in Specimens Containing Part-Through Cracks
Authors: Reuter WG , Newman JC , Skinner JD , Mear ME , Lloyd WR
Published: September 2009

The configuration of part-through cracks (PTC) in specimens is similar to that of natural cracks in structural components. Consequently, test data from PTC specimens may be used to predict crack initiation or failure stresses and are used to evaluate the adequacy of predictive models. This paper compares experimental results obtained from PTC specimens, tested under either tensile or bending loads, with predictions of crack initiation stresses made using results from plane-strain fracture toughness specimens tested per ASTM E 399. Test data generated from single-edge-crack bend (SE(B)) specimens are used to predict values of the applied stress intensity factor (K) and the angle ø where crack growth initiation occurs in PTC specimens.
An Energetic Approach for Large Ductile Crack Growth in Components
Authors: Chapuliot S , Marie S , Moulin D
Published: September 2009

The practical prediction of ductile crack growth for the evaluation of component integrity is based on the characteristic value of J at crack initiation, J0.2 or JIC, and on the J-Δa curve that characterizes the crack propagation.

However, the J-Δa curve was shown to be scale dependent when crack propagation becomes important (more than few mm): for instance, it is not transposable from small specimens to structures.

In this context, a proposition applicable to large ductile crack propagation in components is made. It is founded on energetic parameters such as the J integral proposed by Rice or the modified JM proposed by Ernst. A fracture energy dissipation rate, related to the dissipated plastic strain energy and noted Gfr is proposed and is shown to be a material characteristic.

The paper shows with two examples how the material Gfr value is deduced from fracture tests and how it can be used for the prediction of the behavior of the structure, for more than 90 mm of crack propagation.
Residual Stress Effects on Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Incorporation of Results into Design
Authors: Bunch Jeffrey O. , Mitchell Michael R.
Published: September 2009

Description

Eleven peer-reviewed papers, written by experts in their field, provide an understanding of residual stresses, fatigue crack growth, fatigue lifetime predictions, and their effect on structural integrity. Residual stresses can be present due to processing and manufacturing of materials and structures, so it is imperative to understand how and why they can influence the test data that we used in structural design methodologies. Residual stresses may also be intentionally engineered into structures in attempts to improve fatigue life, and it is equally important that designers understand how to account for these potential effects on fatigue life.
A Review of Flame Photometry
Authors: Meloche VW
Published: September 2009

In presenting the first paper at a symposium on flame photometry, one might be expected to create a background for the papers which follow. To do this, it is desirable not only to review some of the more important accomplishments in the field, but also to describe limitations and advantages which are inherent in the method. Since the intelligent choice of a method presumes an understanding of other methods, it is appropriate to describe the problems which led to the development of flame photometry and briefly examine some of the other methods which are available.
Use of the Beckman and Perkin-Elmer Flame Photometers for the Determination of Alkalies in Portland Cement
Authors: Diamond JJ , Bean L
Published: September 2009

Flame photometry as a means for determining sodium and potassium in Portland cement has proved its usefulness in recent years. This has been due mainly to its great saving of time as compared with gravimetric procedures, coupled with the fact that relatively inexperi enced operators can obtain excellent results, which is in sharp contrast to experience with other methods.
Applications of Flame Photometry for the Analysis of Alkalies in Silicates, Waters, and Metals
Authors: Gilliland JL
Published: September 2009

It is difficult to think of flame photometry without thinking first of the alkali metal determinations. Even now, when we know that a number of other elements can be determined with this instrument, we consider principally the advantages to be gained in alkali analysis. Therefore, the evaluation of sodium and potassium determinations furnishes an excellent illustration of the value of flame photometry.
The Determination of Lithium Oxide in Portland Cement by Flame Photometer
Authors: Mccoy WJ , Christiansen GG
Published: September 2009

This paper describes a rapid and reasonably accurate method for the determination of lithium oxide in portland cement by the flame photometer. Several factors indicate a need for such a method: 1. Lithium is one of the most universally distributed of the elements, usually being found in materials of mineral origin (1, 2,3).2 2. When the present ASTM Tentative Method of Test for Sodium Oxide and Potassium Oxide in Portland Cement by Flame Photometry (C 228 - 49 T)3 was under consideration, the selection of the direct intensity procedure instead of the internal standard procedure using lithium salts, was influenced by the possible presence of lithium in portland cement. 3. The present ASTM Methods of Chemical Analysis of Pfortland Cement (C 114 - 47)4 for the determination of potassium oxide and sodium oxide in portland cement includes any lithium oxide that might be present with the sodium oxide while the ASTM Tentative Method referred to above does not. 4. The classical methods for the determination of lithium are tedious, timeconsuming, and require the meticulous care and attention of a skilled analyst (2, 4). 5. In some instances lithium has been found to have an effect opposite to that of sodium on the expansion associated with the alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete (5).
The Effect of Organic Solvents on the Flame Photometric Emission of Certain Elements
Authors: Curtis GW , Knauer HE , Hunter LE
Published: September 2009

Experience with a limited number of hydrocarbons used as solvents in flame photometric procedures with metallo-organic compounds suggested the possibility that other non-aqueous materials may exert an influence upon the emission characteristics of metals. In order to explore this possibility, a variety of compounds including hydrocarbons and oxygen-, nitrogen-, and halogen-containing materials were tested, using both alkali and alkalineearth metals in the form of metallo-organic compounds. The data obtained from the various combinations are presented and discussed. In general, the data indicate that the solvent influences the extent of emission and that, in certain cases, an enhanced emission may be used to an advantage in increasing the sensitivity of flame photometric analyses.
Determination of Calcium in Lubricating Oils by Flame Spectrophotometer
Authors: Moberg ML , Waithman VB , Ellis WH , DuBois HD
Published: September 2009

A simple flame photometer method is described by which a semi-skilled operator can in 20 min determine the calcium content of lubricating oils and additive concentrates. It is useful for concentrations as low as 0.01 per cent calcium, and the accuracy is comparable with that of ASTM Methods D 811 -48.
A Modified Recording Flame Photometer
Authors: King WH , Priestley W
Published: September 2009

A Beckman flame photometer has been modified for use as a recording instrument and has been in service for over a year in this laboratory. The use of a recording technique has proved to be advantageous in flame photometer work since zero drift, sensitivity drift, and aspirator change difficulties are compensated by a recording technique. The flame spectrum of a sample may be scanned in a few minutes, thereby presenting a rapid qualitative analysis. Unexpected elements have shown up in recorded flame spectra which otherwise might have been overlooked.

The instrument described here uses a photomultiplier detector which permits operation at extremely low light intensity levels. Through this sensitive detector system, the minimum detectable amounts of many elements has been lowered.
History and Bibliography of Wood Diaphragm Tests
Authors: Horner AC
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a bibliography of tests on wood diaphragms and related subjects, as well as a brief outline of some of the tests and their purpose or genesis. No attempt is made to analyze or report on the results of any of the tests except in a very general way.
Pozzolans Used in Mass Concrete
Authors: Meissner HS
Published: September 2009

Portland-pozzolan cement, or pozzolanic materials added to the concrete at the mixer, have been used on several mass concrete jobs in recent years. These cases are reviewed and discussed in connection with the characteristics of concrete made with such cementing materials and the advantages which they offer for mass construction. Material savings have been achieved by replacing a portion of the cement usually used with pozzolan, with resultant lower temperature rise and reduced cracking tendency without sacrificing ultimate strength in the concrete. It has also been shown that some pozzolans will aid in securing sound concrete with reactive aggregates. Comparison is made with two old dams, built with so-called “sand-cement,” wherein the present-day objectives in coping with cracking were achieved with concretes of low cement content supplemented with fine siliceous material.
Summary of Methods for Determining Pozzolanic Activity
Authors: Moran WT , Gilliland JL
Published: September 2009

The testing of pozzolanic materials has been studied by investigators for over a hundred years. For the most part, strength values have been the basis used in comparing the results obtainable by quicker methods. However, inasmuch as some other quality may be more important than strength in specific applications of pozzolans, strength is not a universal basis. This paper summarizes the various types of tests which have been proposed, with particular emphasis on techniques now in use.
Two Apparatus for the Determination of Gases in Metals
Authors: Guernsey D. L. , Franklin R. H.
Published: September 2009

The vacuum fusion method for the determination of gases in metals has found wide acceptance since its introduction, in this country, by Jordan and Eckman (4) in 1925. Also in specialized cases, gases are extracted at temperatures below the melting point. Every new area for use of these methods brings new problems of its own. The procedure is very simple in principle. The metal specimens are outgassed by melting—or, at a temperature below melting, by heating or electron bombardment—and the gases are then analyzed. Hydrogen may be passed through a hot palladium filter into a calibrated volume, or after oxidation to water vapor, may be absorbed by a solid absorbent or frozen out in a cold trap; following this, carbon dioxide may be removed by Ascarite or by freezing-out with liquid nitrogen. This is all done within the vacuum system. Alternatively, the collected gases may be transferred to a mass spectrometer and analyzed by that procedure; or they may be removed to a micro gas analyzer.
Bromination-Carbon Reduction Method for the Determination of Oxygen in Metals
Authors: Codell Maurice , Norwitz George , Kallmann Silve
Published: September 2009

The principles of the bromination-carbon reduction method for determining oxygen in metals are discussed. A simplified apparatus and an improved procedure are described and the effect of certain variables is considered. The optimum temperature for the bromination reaction is approximately 900 C. At temperatures considerably less or greater, the reaction is slower. The use of bromine free from organic compounds is desirable. Graphite, platinum, or gold boats may be used. The method has been applied to the determination of oxygen in titanium, zirconium, chromium, vanadium, steels, and other metals. It is not applicable to steels containing oxide inclusions.
An Eddy Current Method for the Inspection of Shell Cases
Authors: Dinger J. E. , Gunn Ross
Published: September 2009

Faraday's Law of magnetic induction states that the e.m.f. acting around a closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of flux through that circuit. If the closed circuit is a conducting medium, there will flow an electric current which is proportional to the conductivity of the material and the time rate of change of the flux. Electrical currents so induced in a conducting material are often referred to as eddy currents. Eddy currents are thus induced into a conducting material by (1) a time rate of change of the magnetic field through the material, by (2) a relative motion of the conducting material and a magnetic field, or by (3) a combination of (1) and (2). Because the magnitude of the induced eddy currents is dependent upon the resistance of the equivalent conducting path, these currents offer a method of detecting electrical discontinuities in a conducting material. A flaw, such as a season crack in brass, is a definite electrical discontinuity which raises the resistance of the equivalent path of the region.
Tests for Determining Susceptibility to Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Sager G. F. , Brown R. H. , Mears R. B.
Published: September 2009

There are well recognized procedures for determining the various tensile, fatigue, and other mechanical properties of the common structural materials. This makes it possible for engineers to design structures of various materials which have adequate initial strength to stand the stresses to which they are subjected in service. There is also considerable general information about protective measures suitable for protecting the usual structural materials from the effects of ordinary environments. However, often insufficient quantitative information is available on the combined effects of stress and corrosion to permit the designer satisfactorily to appraise the structure from the stress-corrosion standpoint.
A Case of Season Cracking in Low Karat Gold
Authors: Christie J. L.
Published: September 2009

A recent case of failure of a low karat gold alloy by stress-corrosion cracking is of interest because it illustrates a principle frequently overlooked: the relation between high residual stress and high yield point.
Summary
Authors: Benson F J
Published: September 2009

Asphaltic materials have been successfully used as waterproofers and adhesives for many years. ASTM specifications for asphaltic materials date back to the earliest years of the society. Most authorities, however, admit that asphalt technology is still more art than science. Although asphalt technology is hampered by several testing procedures and theories that are more traditional than factual and scientific, these procedures and theories have persisted because nothing better has been offered in replacement.
Report of the Symposium Committee on Load Tests to Measure the Bearing Capacity of Soil
Authors: Housel W. S.
Published: September 2009

At the time of the Annual Meeting of the Society in Buffalo in 1946, Committee D-18 on Soils for Engineering Purposes instructed its Symposium Committee to arrange for a symposium on the subject of “load tests” to be presented at the 1947 Annual Meeting. Pursuant to these instructions, the Symposium Committee communicated with approximately twenty engineering organizations believed to have had sufficient experience with such “load tests” to be able to supply factual data on load test procedures. This list included both public agencies and private engineering firms throughout the country, but it did not include national professional societies, as it was presumed that if any of these societies had accumulated such data these societies would naturally prefer to develop a report through an appropriate committee within their own organization.
Simplified Metallographic Techniques for Nuclear Reactor Materials
Authors: Cain F M
Published: September 2009

Simple and versatile methods of preparing some of the more common nuclear reactor materials for metallographic examination are described.

Chemical polishing develops the microscopic structural characteristics of a metal in a few minutes without the use of mechanical or electrolytic polishing. Attack polishing, a method which incorporates the simultaneous application of polishing abrasive and dilute acid solution to the polishing lap, is very useful in preparing materials that have a tendency to smear and flow during mechanical polishing. Cathodic vacuum etching reveals microscopic structures due to the selective removal of atoms by positive ion bombardment from a cathodic specimen in a glow discharge. Electrolytic polishing and the use of diamond abrasive are also playing important roles in metallographic preparation of reactor materials.
Experience with Vibratory Polishers and Design for Hot-Cell Application
Authors: Long E L , Meador J T , Gray R J
Published: September 2009

Vibratory polishers have been in use in the Metallography Department of the Metallurgy Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for approximately four years. During this period, vibratory polishing changed from a complementary tool for standard metallographic techniques to the prime method of specimen preparation. An estimated 90 per cent of all specimens are now prepared through vibratory polishing in this department.

With the advent of the new hot-cell facility to be constructed at ORNL, this department was requested to plan to equip the metallography cells. Plans were made for adaptation to remote operation, based on past experience with the vibratory polishers in the “cold” laboratory and several features unique to the polishers. Several necessary design changes were made which in turn had to be compensated for in the vibratory system to maintain proper polishing action. To complement the remoted polishers a new specimen holder was designed which allows easy insertion and removal of the specimens using Master Slave type manipulators.
Summation
Authors: Wyman L L
Published: September 2009

The basic mechanism of mechanical specimen preparation has remained unchanged for decades, but certain refinements have enhanced the art—the most noticeable being in the greater effort to minimize surface distortion and artifacts. This is manifest in the general tendency toward the use of “hard” cloths, accurately graded and sharply cutting abrasives, and slower wheel speeds. The widespread use of diamond powders particularly emphasizes this tendency. Appreciable attention is also given to the pH of polishing media to prevent undesirable etching effects.

Recent approaches are represented by improved equipment for automatic polishing and for electrolytic polishing. There is an increase in the use of polishetch techniques, and now chemical polishing has been added to the nonmechanical methods of preparation.
Low-Cycle Fatigue Characteristics of Ultrahigh-Strength Steels
Authors: Carman C. M. , Armiento D. F. , Markus H.
Published: September 2009

The low-cycle fatigue properties (10 to 20 cycles) of Ladish D6A steel at a yield strength of 240,000 psi were investigated at a constant value of crack-tip driving force. Two specimen thicknesses (0.160 and 0.075 in.) were studied. The data were analyzed using Irwin's steady-state model, and a correlation was found. The behavior exhibited may be divided into two classes: (1) “thick-plate” and (2) “thin-plate.” In the thick-plate behavior the plate thickness is greater than the local plastic-zone size at the advancing tip of the crack. The elastic constraint, therefore, dominates the rate of crack propagation. Because of the lower clastic constraint present in a 45-deg oblique shear fracture, the rate of crack propagation at a constant driving force is less than for the cup-cone condition. In the thin-plate behavior, the shear displacement on the Y axis dominates rather than the elastic constraint. The 45-deg oblique shear type of fracture, therefore, results in a greater rate of crack extension because the vertical shear displacements are larger than for the cup-cone type of fracture.
Introduction to Resinography
Authors: Rochow T. G.
Published: September 2009

Resinography is the graphic description of resins used to explain variations in properties or behavior with changes in composition or treatment. A characteristic graph plots changes in composition with properties and illustrates critical points with macrographs, micrographs, drawings, diffraction patterns, interference phenomena, or absorption spectra.

While resinography is 17 years old, this is the first symposium of its kind on the subject. It presents a brief review of techniques borrowed from metallography, mineralography, petrography, and biology, but the symposium features methods peculiar to the investigation of resins, polymers, and related plastic materials.
Analysis of Submicroscopic Structures in Resins by Polarized Light
Authors: Nahmmacher Manfred
Published: September 2009

The polarizing microscope serves to study the polarization optical properties of crystalline materials such as synthetic resins and fibers. These optical properties are related to the submicroscopical structures within such materials. One way to study structures in the submicroscopical region, therefore, is to examine the polarization optical properties of synthetic resins or fibers and then to relate this information to the structures which are actually of interest.
Some Applications of Ultraviolet Microscopy in Resinography
Authors: Felton C. D.
Published: September 2009

Nearly all systems encountered in resinography are composed of several components, many of which have differentiating absorption spectra in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. Ultraviolet microscopy provides the only direct means of studying the physical distribution of ultraviolet absorptive components in nonabsorptive or relatively low absorptive materials. Some chemical reactions can also be investigated with this instrumentation to obtain knowledge of the rates of formation or decomposition, diffusion characteristics, by-products formed, and so forth. This paper contains brief reviews of some problems that illustrate the unique and significant information concerning resinographic systems that can be obtained through the use of ultraviolet microscopical techniques.
Hiding Power and Opacity
Authors: Sawyer Roscoe H.
Published: September 2009

Thin opaque films such as paint, paper, paper coatings, vitreous enamels, and printing inks, are widely used. Such films usually are composed of finely divided materials dispersed in a relatively transparent medium of considerably different refractive index. The optical properties of these thin films, particularly for white or light colors, have been carefully studied. These important properties are color, opacity to transmitted light, and hiding power or ability to obscure an underlying contrast.
Effect of Shot Peening on Fatigue Crack Growth in 7075-T7351
Authors: Honda T. , Ramulu M. , Kobayashi A. S.
Published: September 2009

The effects of shot peening on fatigue crack growth in 7075-T735 single-edged notch bend (SENB) and three point bend (TPB) specimens are discussed. Fifty-one total fatigue tests were conducted with SENB and TPB specimens, which were machined from an 8.1 mm thick 7075-T7351 aluminum stock plate. All specimens were tested in the as-received or shot peened conditions, with crack perpendicular to the rolling direction, i.e., in the L-T direction. Fatigue tests of SENB specimens were conducted at a constant maximum load, stress ratios of R = 0.1 or 0.8, and to a pre-determined fatigue cycle or to failure. Crack growth rate was determined from the tunneling crack profile or by fractography. Peened surface roughness, subsurface microstructure, and micro-hardness profiles were also examined to evaluate their effect on crack growth rate. The TPB specimens were fatigued to failure at stress ratios of R = 0.1 or 0.8 and a S-N diagram constructed. Both the SENB and the TPB test results showed that severe shot peening (0.016A) slightly increased the fatigue life at low stress ratio of R = 0.1 but was found to be negligible at a high load ratio of R = 0.8. The stress concentration factor due to dimples generated by severe shot peening was estimated to be 1.14 and had negligible effect on the fatigue life. Grain distortion was observed to a depth range of 130–410 μm indicating the depth of the residual compressive stress layer developed for peening intensities of 0.004–0.016A, respectively.
A Design Methodology to Take Credit for Residual Stresses in Fatigue Limited Designs
Authors: Prevéy P. , Jayaraman N.
Published: September 2009

High cycle fatigue (HCF) performance of turbine engine components has been known for decades to benefit from compressive surface residual stresses produced by shot peening. Recently laser shocking and low plasticity burnishing (LPB) have been shown to provide spectacular fatigue and damage tolerance improvement by introducing deep or through-thickness compression in fatigue critical areas. However, the lack of a comprehensive design method that defines the depth and magnitude of compression required to achieve a design fatigue life has prevented surface enhancement from being used for more than a safeguard against HCF damage initiation. The present paper describes a design methodology and testing protocol to allow credit to be taken for the beneficial compression introduced by surface enhancement in component design to achieve a required or optimal fatigue performance.

A detailed design method has been developed that relates the required fatigue life, the mean and alternating applied stresses, and the damage in terms of Kf to the residual stress at the fatigue initiation site required for the targeted HCF performance. The method is applied to feature specimens designed to simulate the fatigue conditions in the trailing edge of a first stage low pressure Ti-6-4 compressor vane to provide the optimal trailing edge damage tolerance. A novel adaptation of the traditional Haigh diagram to estimate the compressive residual stress magnitude for optimal fatigue performance is introduced. Fatigue results on blade-edge feature samples are compared with analytical predictions provided by the design methodology.
An Integrated Approach to the Determination and Consequences of Residual Stress on the Fatigue Performance of Welded Aircraft Structures
Authors: Edwards L. , Fitzpatrick M. E. , Irving P. E. , Sinclair I. , Zhang X. , Yapp D.
Published: September 2009

Although residual stress in welded structures and components has long been known to have an effect on their fatigue performance, access to reliable, spatially accurate residual stress .eld data has been limited. Recent advances in neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction allow a far more detailed picture of weld residual stress .elds to be obtained that permits the development and use of predictive models that can be used for accurate design against fatigue in aircraft structures. This paper describes a fully integrated study of the three-dimensional residual stress distribution accompanying state-of-the-art fusion welds in 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, and how it is affected by subsequent machining and service loading. A particular feature of this work has been the development of techniques allowing the nondestructive evaluation of the residual stress field in the full range of specimens used to provide the design data required for welded aircraft structures and the integration of this information into all aspects of damage tolerant design.
Material Strength Considerations in Dimension Stone Anchorage Design
Authors: Lammert Brian T. , Hoigard Kurt R.
Published: September 2009

One of the most important aspects of designing dimension stone cladding involves determining the configuration, size, and spacing of the anchorages that will affix the stone panels to the underlying building substrate. Information from many sources, including material strength testing, anchorage strength testing, and knowledge of the stress states created within stone cladding panels by loaded anchorages, is crucial to this process. In this paper, relationships are examined between material strength, anchorage strength, and induced stress states for four common anchorage configurations: edge dowels, Type 31 back anchors, and edge kerfs with strap and split-tail anchors. For each of these four anchor types, the relevant material and anchorage strength test data obtained for a medium-grained granite, in conjunction with finite element computer analyses of the stress states induced in the stone panels by the anchors and within the material strength test specimens, are presented. Material strength test configurations evaluated include ASTM C 880 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone, ASTM C 99 Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone, and a proposed test for punching shear currently under consideration by ASTM Subcommittee C18.01. All anchorage strength tests were performed in accordance with ASTM C 1354 Standard Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone.
Status on Development of Code Requirements for Exterior Stone Cladding
Authors: Lewis Michael D.
Published: September 2009

Existing building codes legislated to set minimum standards for construction state dangerously little about stone used to clad buildings. Without standards, failures have proliferated from the use of new materials in unproven applications and familiar materials in new systems. In response, the American National Standards Institute called upon the industry to develop standards that could be adopted into code. Past reliance on judgment without adequate experience must be replaced by uniform standards that include fundamental principles for the design and installation of contemporary systems to protect the public. To improve responsible use of stone as cladding, building codes must address differences from other veneers. Masonry veneers are more homogenous in production, erection, and behavior than stone, yet stone is presently governed by the same provisions of the building code. The in-progress Code Requirements will include parts of the present ASTM C1242 Standard Guide for Design and ASTM C1528 Standard Guide for Selection. The contents will address minimum material properties by stone type, engineering evaluation, attachment types, safety factors, joint design, and weather barrier integration. This is the status of the document's development, which upon completion, is intended to be incorporated into the building code. ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone has compiled the industry practice on behalf of producers, engineers, architects, contractors, and owners for over 80 years. While its standard test methods, material specifications, and guides are invoked by many projects' construction documents, the documented knowledge is not currently incorporated into any of the model building codes, including the International Building Code. To develop the new standard Code Requirements for ANSI, professionals representing all interests of the stone building process are compiling the fundamental aspects of recommended stone cladding practice that should be mandatory.
Attenuation of Neutron Radiation Damage Through a Simulated RPV Wall
Authors: Server William , Spanner Jack , Rosinski Stan , Brumovsky Milan , Kytka Milos
Published: September 2009

An experiment has been conducted in which a 180-mm thick reactor pressure vessel (RPV) wall has been simulated using eighteen 10-mm slices and irradiated under test reactor conditions to investigate the through wall attenuation of neutron embrittlement. Attenuation of neutron radiation damage through the wall of an RPV is a process that involves a changing neutron flux spectrum. The effect of the changing spectrum has not been fully studied to define the change in fracture toughness properties through the RPV wall. One low copper content base metal and one high copper content Linde 80 weld metal have been irradiated in various positions through the simulated wall to allow quantification of an improved experimentally-based embrittlement attenuation model. Comparisons are made of predicted attenuation changes in toughness properties with measured fracture toughness and Charpy V-notch results for the high copper content weld metal and the low copper content plate. The predictions of through-wall attenuation follow the practice defined in ASTM E 900-02, in which the attenuation of high energy neutron fluence (E>1 MeV) is projected based upon displacements per atom (dpa) change through the wall thickness. The resultant degree of material damage (Charpy V-notch 41 J transition temperature, T41J) using this dpabased fluence change is estimated also using the ASTM E 900-02 embrittlement model. The irradiation-induced shift in T41J (ΔT41J) is typically assumed to infer the shift in fracture toughness transition temperature to be used for structural integrity assessments for the reactor pressure vessel. This assumption will be checked by measuring Master Curve fracture toughness properties for the high copper content weld metal and the low copper content plate.
Microstructural Features in Aged Erbium Tritide Films
Authors: Gelles D. S. , Brewer L. N. , Kotula P. G. , Cowgill D. F. , Busick C. C. , Snow C. S.
Published: September 2009

Erbium is used as a storage medium for tritium. Microstructural study of helium bubble generation from tritium decay in erbium tritide can provide an unusual example of bubble development with negligible radiation damage. Aged erbium tritide film specimens were found to contain five distinctly different microstructural features. The general structure was of large columnar grains of ErT2. But on a fine scale, precipitates believed to be erbium oxy-tritides and helium bubbles could be identified. The precipitate size was in the range of ∼10 nm and the bubbles were of an unusual planar shape on {111} planes with an invariant thickness of ∼1 nm and a diameter on the order of 10 nm. Also, an outer layer containing no fine precipitate structure and only a few helium bubbles were present on the films. This layer is best described as a denuded zone which probably grew during aging in air. Finally, large embedded Er2O3 particles were found at low density and nonuniformly distributed, but sometimes extending through the thickness of the film. A failure mechanism allowing the helium to escape is suggested by observed cracking between bubbles closer to end of life.
Ancient Gods—New Ages: Lessons from Hungarian Paganism
Authors: Szilárdi Réka
Published: September 2009

This paper discusses contemporary Paganism in Central and Eastern Europe., taking off from the general (Western) definition of contemporary Paganism, and then moving to Pagan narratives present in the region, followed by the delineation of the features of Hungarian movements as a summary of a case study. Reasons and consequences of dissimilarities are presented briefly, reflecting to the outcomes of the foregoing research.
Immediate Implant Placement After Removal of a Failed Implant: A Clinical and Histological Case Report
Authors: Covani Ugo , Marconcini Simone , Crespi Roberto , Barone Antonio
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical success of an implant placed immediately after the explantation of a fractured blade implant. A healthy 58-year-old male nonsmoker presented with a fractured blade implant that had been subjected to biomechanical overload. A new blade implant was placed immediately after the removal of the fractured one. The new implant was placed with a composite graft of collagen gel and corticocancellous porcine bone and covered with a bioabsorbable membrane. Radiographic evaluation at 6 months postoperation showed complete bone healing. No residual bone defect was observed or probed during the uncovering phase; moreover, no mobility, pain, suppuration, or presence of peri-implant radiolucency were observed at the second-stage surgery.
Calcium Hydroxide Paste as a Surface Detoxifying Agent for Infected Dental Implants: Two Case Reports
Authors: Flanagan Dennis
Published: September 2009

Dental implant treatment is successful; however, an implant can become infected during or after osseointegration. The two case reports presented here demonstrate, anecdotally, the effectiveness of endodontic calcium hydroxide paste for the surface treatment of infected, healing, or osseointegrated dental implants. Calcium hydroxide may be an appropriate surface detoxifying agent for local dental implant infections. A sequence of calcium hydroxide and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate surface treatment may provide a broad range of antimicrobial action for detoxifying recalcitrant infections. Calcium hydroxide should not be left in the surgical site.
Identificação diferencial de Rhodococcus equi e Dietzia maris em bubalinos
Authors: Viana L.R. , Krewer C.C. , Drescher G. , Lazzari A. , Botton S.A. , Costa M.M. , Loreto E.L.S. , Vargas A.C.
Published: September 2009

Foram analisados 24 isolados bacterianos oriundos de leite e pele de búfalas (Bubalus bubalis), os quais foram previamente identificados como Rhodococcus equi com o auxílio de fenotipia concisa. Testes fenotípicos complementares e ferramentas moleculares foram utilizados com o objetivo de caracterizar esses isolados, bem como diferenciá-los de outros microrganismos intimamente relacionados. Observaram-se três fenótipos distintos, porém a identificação dos isolados foi inconclusiva. Apenas um dos isolados foi comprovado como sendo R. equi com a realização da PCR espécie-específica, sequenciamento e análise dos fragmentos de DNA. Os demais isolados só foram identificados pelo sequenciamento de fragmento do gene que codifica a região 16S do rRNA universal de bactérias, indicando tratar-se de Dietzia maris. O perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos revelou maior resistência dos isolados de D. maris para oxacilina (96%) e rifampicina (87%). O isolado de R. equi apresentou resistência à amicacina, oxacilina, penicilina, rifampicina e tetraciclina. Alerta-se para o risco da incorreta identificação dos isolados baseados em testes fenotípicos concisos e para a necessidade de utilização de testes complementares para diferenciação entre R. equi e D. maris.
Digestibilidade e metabólitos sanguíneos de vacas da raça Holandesa superovuladas que receberam Lac100® ou linhaça em grão como fontes de gordura
Authors: Cavalieri F.L.B. , Santos G.T. , Silva D.C. , Rigolon L.P. , Damasceno J.C. , Capovilla L.C. , Betini C.M. , Ramos F.S. , Petit H.V.
Published: September 2009

Foram avaliados os efeitos de duas fontes de gordura, Lac100® (Yakult), fonte de ácido graxo ômega-6, e linhaça em grão (Linum usitatissimum) (LIN), fonte de ácido graxo ômega-3, sobre a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (DMS), proteína bruta (DPB), fibra em detergente neutro (DFDN), fibra em detergente ácido (DFDA) e extrato etéreo (DEE), e concentrações sanguíneas de HDL, LDL, VLDL, colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose, cálcio, fósforo, N-ureico e progesterona. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação, distribuídas nos dois tratamentos, em um delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado. Os animais alimentados com Lac100® apresentaram maiores valores de DFDN (57,44% vs. 50,80%) e DEE (77,70% vs. 72,18%) quando comparados aos alimentados com LIN. Os animais alimentados com Lac100® apresentaram maiores concentrações de LDL (111,00 vs. 45,46mg/dL), HDL (82,27 vs. 64,93mg/dL) e colesterol total (203,60 vs. 116,13mg/dL) e menor concentração de N-ureico (13,22 vs. 15,19mg/dL) em relação aos animais alimentados com linhaça em grão. As concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, cálcio, fósforo e progesterona não foram alteradas. Os resultados sugerem que a fonte de gordura na dieta modifica a DFDN e a DEE e, as concentrações sanguíneas de LDL, HDL e colesterol total em vacas em lactação.
Plant Growth and Soybean Cyst Nematode Response to Purple Deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), Annual Ryegrass, and Soybean Combinations
Authors: Mock Valerie A. , Creech J. Earl , Davis Vince M. , Johnson William G.
Published: September 2009

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the influence of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) –susceptible and –resistant plant combinations on SCN population densities and plant growth. Purple deadnettle, annual ryegrass, SCN-resistant and -susceptible soybean were planted in pots alone or in combination at one plant pot−1. Annual ryegrass and purple deadnettle reduced soybean growth. Pots with SCN-resistant plants had lower numbers of SCN cysts and eggs than pots with SCN-susceptible plants. However, an SCN-susceptible species grown with any of the SCN-resistant plants resulted in higher cyst counts than pots with only SCN-resistant plants. From an SCN management standpoint, this research suggests that there may be no incentive to using annual ryegrass as a cover crop over planting other SCN-resistant crops to reduce SCN population density.
An Updated Inventory of Mistletoe (Plicosepalus acaciaeandViscum cruciatum) Distribution in Jordan, Hosts, and Severity of Infestation
Authors: Qasem Jamal R.
Published: September 2009

A botanical survey conducted from 2003 to 2007 showed the occurrence of the acacia strap flower and the Oriental mistletoe plant in different regions in Jordan. Acacia strap flower was found parasitizing 26 plant species belonging to 12 families. Oriental mistletoe attacked 14 plant species from eight families. Parasitized species ranged from wild shrubs to fruit and forest trees. Eleven Fabaceae species were parasitized by acacia strap flower, whereas Oriental mistletoe parasitized six Rosaceae species. Caper, pomegranate, white weeping broom, and white willow were attacked by both parasites. Infection by both parasites resulted in mortality of host plants in many cases. Hosts severely attacked by acacia strap flower were African jujube, Australian pine, chinaberry, Christ thorn jujube, common jujube, oleander, poinciana, sumac, tamarisk, terebinth, and white weeping broom. Oriental mistletoe heavily parasitized almond, mosphilla, olive, Palestine buckthorn, pomegranate, and white weeping broom. Results indicated the high potential of both parasites to spread and attack new hosts in the absence of control measures.