bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HEREDITARY OSTEOPETROSIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

The results of x-ray, hematologic, and chemical studies on cases of hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit are described and the resemblance of the findings to those of the severe juvenile form of human osteopetrosis is pointed out.

The outstanding feature of the x-ray examinations was the homogeneous dense appearance of the entire skeleton. This condition was present at birth. In older cases there was evidence of some differentiation of bone structure.

The hematologic studies showed that the disease was characterized by the development of a macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a moderate myeloid leucocytosis. Other abnormal findings included high reticulocyte and normoblast counts, anisocytosis and poikllocytosis, and degenerative changes of the neutrophiles and lymphocytes.

The chemical studies showed very low serum calcium values; serum phosphorus values were low during the first 4 weeks of life but were somewhat higher than normal levels in older cases. The serum phosphatase values were elevated. The blood sugar content was generally low. The blood cholesterol values were generally high. The liver glycogen values were small especially in older cases and those for muscle glycogen were somewhat smaller than normal values.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Baer Harold , Knaub Vesta
Published: June 2004

Analyses of specific precipitates of hog and human blood group A substances for the amount of fucose precipitable by antibody have shown, that with certain preparations, essentially all of the fucose of the blood group substance is precipitated.
PURIFICATION OF AN INFLUENZA VIRUS SUBSTRATE, AND DEMONSTRATION OF ITS COMPETITIVE ANTAGONISM TO APPLE PECTIN
Authors: Woolley D. W.
Published: June 2004

A substance was demonstrated in erythrocytes which antagonized the inhibiting effect of apple pectin on influenza virus hemagglutination. This substance was purified and found to be a water-soluble material, rather labile, and with some properties which suggested that it contained a polysaccharide. It was destroyed in vitro by highly purified preparations of the virus. It occurred in greatest amount in human erythrocytes and to a lesser extent in the red cells of species not susceptible to the virus. It was also found in normal rabbit serum.

Calcium ions were found to be essential to the action of apple pectin in causing inhibition of virus hemagglutination. A second substance was purified from an alkaline extract of erythrocytes, and shown likewise to have an effect antagonistic to that of pectin. However, this latter material was not destroyed by the virus, and seemed to owe its effect to the binding of calcium ions.
EFFECT OF THE LESION DUE TO INFLUENZA VIRUS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO INHALED PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Leidler Virginia , Hara Mary ,   With the Technical Assistance of Alice Hamlin
Published: June 2004

1. The normal lung of the mouse possesses the power of reducing markedly its content of Type I pneumococci within 3 hours after inhalation of the organisms in the form of fine droplets.

2. Lungs with fully developed influenza viral pneumonia not only fail to reduce the pulmonary content of pneumococci administered in this manner but, on the contrary, support their growth.

3. After intrabronchial inoculation into mice, influenza virus multiplies rapidly in the lung within 24 hours.

4. Criteria have been established for distinction between true viral lesions of the lung and changes due to the inoculation of diluents as vehicles for the virus.

5. 24 hours after inoculation of virus, there are no macroscopic lesions in the lung and the microscopic changes are due to the diluent.

6. Presence and multiplication of the virus in the lung 24 hours after inoculation have no apparent effect on the power of the lung to reduce rapidly its content of inhaled pneumococci.

7. The effect of the virus in lowering resistance to secondary bacterial infection appears to be due to the presence of the lesion produced by the virus.
RENIN PROTEINURIA IN THE RAT
Authors: Addis T. , Barrett Evalyn , Boyd Robert I. , Ureen Helen J.
Published: June 2004

In the rat renin induces an intense but transient proteinuria, associated with the excretion of fibrinogen but not accompanied by any evidence of damage to the glomerulus.

The inactivation of renin with respect to its pressor effect leads to a loss of its capacity to induce proteinuria.

Angiotonin, when given in large amounts, induces proteinuria in the rat.

It is concluded that this form of proteinuria is dependent on the pressor action of renin.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MOUSE TO PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Mirick George S. , Leftwich William B. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Miss Elizabeth I. Corddry
Published: June 2004

Young mice fed diets deficient in pyridoxine for 8 days or longer before the inoculation of PVM, as well as after inoculation, were more susceptible to infection than control mice fed complete diets.

Young mice fed a pyridoxine-deficient diet gained weight as well as controls fed a complete diet for 5 weeks, but they lost weight in the 6th week.

The ratio of thymus or spleen weight to body weight was less in mice fed a pyridoxine-deficient diet for 6 weeks than in controls fed a complete diet. Histologically the thymuses and spleens showed hypoplasia.

No measurable difference in antibodies against PVM was found in the sera of uninoculated mice fed complete or pyridoxine-deficient diets for 6 weeks.
THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN TISSUES REMOVED FROM THE BODY AND ITS RELATION TO MOVEMENT OF WATER DURING LIFE
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: June 2004

During the initial period following immersion of parenchymatous cells of liver, kidney, or pancreas in various fluids immediately after their removal from the body water exchange is like that which occurs when water passes by osmosis through a semipermeable membrane; intake of water is proportional to the square root of the elapsed time and when liver tissue is immersed in solutions of sodium chloride movement of water is approximately proportional to the concentration of the solution.

Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for parenchymatous cells of liver have twice the molar concentration of sodium chloride in the blood serum; for those of the kidney slightly less than twice and for those of the pancreas three times this concentration.

When interstitial tissue of thymus, omentum, or pancreas is immersed in water, it undergoes edema-like swelling caused by hydration of the colloids of the fibrous tissue; quantitative water exchange in an initial period accords with water movement by osmosis and is proportional to the square root of the elapsed time.

Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for fibrous tissue of the omentum have slightly greater molar concentration than the sodium chloride in the blood serum and for that of the thymus approximately the same as that of blood serum.

Sodium chloride produces changes in fibrous tissue which increase with increasing concentration its power to hold water; the dense fibrous tissue of the corium of the skin and of the wall of the aorta takes up water in both weak an strong solutions of sodium chloride.

The initial movement of water induced in tissues in the period immediately following removal from the body is dependent upon forces which are active during life but soon impaired by injury to the tissues.

The molar concentration of the contents of secreting cells is greater than that of the blood serum and of the fluid surrounding them. These conditions are favorable to the passage of water from the tissue spaces to the cells.
THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS
Authors: Hirst George K.
Published: June 2004

A substance (VHI) exists in human plasma which inhibits the agglutination of red cells by influenza virus and is distinct from influenza antibody. When plasma is fractionated by alcohol in the cold the VHI comes out mainly with a mixture of lipid-free alpha and beta globulins (fraction IV-4). On further fractionation the activity comes out with a fraction consisting mainly of beta1 globulin (fraction IV-7). Boiling fraction IV-4 or IV-7 after considerable dilution brings about a large increase in the amount of VHI, much more than can be detected in the original plasma. A similar VHI has been extracted from the ghosts of fowl red cells.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE TOTAL PLASMIN AND THE TRYPSIN INHIBITOR OF HUMAN BLOOD SERUM
Authors: Todd Edgar W.
Published: June 2004

Methods are described for the separate titration of total plasmin and of trypsin inhibitor in human blood serum. Azocoll was used as the substrate in all experiments.

When titrating the total plasmin, interference by trypsin inhibitor was minimized by mixing together serum, streptokinase, and substrate in the cold before incubation was commenced.

When titrating the trypsin inhibitor, interference by plasmin was avoided by using small quantities of serum and of crystalline trypsin.

Experimental results show that with the methods employed neither the trypsin inhibitor in the serum nor the inhibitor in the streptokinase nor the antistreptokinase in the serum significantly interfered with the results of titrations of total plasmin.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Thomas Lewis , Stetson Chandler A.
Published: June 2004

Rabbit skin which is prepared for the Shwartzman phenomenon by an intradermal injection of meningococcal toxin exhibits, in vitro, a high degree of aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic abnormality is reflected, in vivo, by a measurable increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the prepared skin. Some increase in anaerobic glycolysis also occurs in prepared skin; this is of less degree than the increase in aerobic glycolysis. The respiratory quotient of prepared skin tends to be somewhat higher than that of normal skin, although the oxygen uptake is not significantly altered.

Gross hemorrhagic lesions which resemble the Shwartzman phenomenon are produced by the intradermal injection of papain into rabbits which have received an intravenous injection of meningococcal toxin 1 hour previously. Such hemorrhagic reactions are not observed when papain is injected into normal rabbit skin.

Similarly, hemorrhagic lesions are produced by the intradermal injection of cysteine and BAL, following an intravenous injection of meningococcal toxin.

An hypothesis to explain the Shwartzman phenomenon, which implicates tissue protease in the damage to the blood vessels of the skin, is proposed.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTIVE CEREBRAL IMMUNITY TO EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Schlesinger R. Walter
Published: June 2004

The fate of W.E.E. virus has been followed in the brains of mice vaccinated to such an extent that they failed to resist a large intracerebral challenge dose of a viral variant with a rapid rate of multiplication but were fully protected against a similar amount of a "slow" strain.

The growth rate of the "fast" variant in vaccinated animals paralleled that in non-vaccinated ones at a slightly lower level. The "slow" strain also multiplied, but its rate of growth was depressed. Nevertheless, it persisted for 4 days at a level 100-fold higher than its initial titer.

After the 4th day the virus was no longer demonstrable and was replaced by neutralizing antibody which rose so high that the serum antibody/brain antibody ratio was reduced from a "physiological" value of about 200/1 to less than 10/1. Antibody persisted in brain tissue in high titer until at least 127 days after challenge inoculation.

The shift in the serum/brain ratio of neutralizing antibody was paralleled by a similar shift in the ratio of complement-fixing antibody.

The neutralizing antibody in brain tissue, like that in serum, followed the "percentage law" on dilution of underneutralized mixtures.

In mice immunized with small doses of vaccine, the intracerebral challenge inoculum induced a significantly greater local immune response than in those immunized to a higher degree.

Mice with very low grade immunity were found more resistant to large amounts of virus than to small amounts. This "paradoxical" response to challenge was explained as due to the antigenic booster effect exerted by amounts of virus in excess of that utilized to initiate infection which were present in large inocula but absent in small doses.

The broader relation of these findings to the problem of antiviral immunity has been discussed.
NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Schneider Howard A.
Published: June 2004

The double strain inoculation (DSI) method of testing for natural resistance to infection has been examined in the instance of mouse salmonellosis. The DSI method has been found capable of detecting differences in natural resistance due to genetic as well as nutritional causes.

A difference in response to Salmonella infection was found for the first time between the two "susceptible" inbred mouse strains, BSVR and BSVS. Whereas BSVS mice for the most part survived an intraperitoneal injection of 103 "avirulent" S. typhimurium, BSVR mice all succumbed.

The relationship of the DSI test to the usual single infection test has been discussed and it is suggested that such single infection tests are special cases of the DSI test, since they involve a heterogeneous bacterial population which can be considered as a mixture of cultures of differing virulence and in which, by a single injection, the usual time interval between the two injections of the DSI method has been reduced to 0.
DIFFUSE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS PRODUCED IN RABBITS BY MASSIVE INJECTIONS OF BOVINE SERUM GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: More Robert H. , Waugh Douglas
Published: June 2004

A high incidence of acute diffuse glomerulitis was produced in unilaterally nephrectomized rabbits by injection with two successive doses of purified bovine serum gamma globulin (fraction II). This experimental nephritis is morphologically analogous to human acute and subacute diffuse glomerulonephritis. The technique described is advanced as a valuable experimental method in the study of the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis.

Qualitative immunological investigations produced no evidence that the pathogenesis of experimental globulin nephritis is mediated by kidney autoantibodies. The rôle of hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of nephritis is discussed.

During the 1st week of the development of experimental globulin nephritis there is a significant increase in blood coagulability, as shown by a lowering of the mean coagulation time in globulin-treated animals during this period. This observation has not been reported previously. The possible relation of this increased blood coagulability to the formation of coagula in the glomerular capillaries is discussed.

The injection of a single purified antigen (bovine serum gamma globulin) produced three distinct types of lesion, diffuse glomerulitis, focal granulomata of the heart valves and valve rings, and coronary arteritis.
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR REACTIONS IN ANAPHYLAXIS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Kruse Heinz
Published: June 2004

Pronounced vascular changes occurring in the ears and claws of mice during anaphylactic shock are described. Practically at once after a foreign serum (pig, horse, or rabbit) enters the blood stream of sensitized animals both the arterial and venous vessels undergo marked, local or generalized constriction in the organs mentioned. Usually spasm of the vessel walls occurs simultaneously in the arteries and veins, but it may appear first in the arteries, or occasionally in the veins. When venous spasm precedes arterial spasm, the true capillaries become distended with cells; if the reverse order holds, the ears appear bloodless. There is no active constriction or dilatation of capillaries; the capillary behavior follows passively the changes in the large vessels.

Peripheral vascular spasm occurs while the carotid blood pressure is high, but a few minutes later, while this still holds true, the ear vessels begin to relax and the circulation is resumed. Shortly afterwards the blood pressure falls to levels far below normal, but the vessels remain open.

If the circulation of one ear is obstructed while anaphylactic shock is produced, no vascular spasm occurs in it. Release of the obstruction during the animal's recovery results in belated constriction of the blood vessels of this ear although by now the vessels in the other ear are dilated and the general systolic blood pressure is very low.

The vascular reactions in the ears appear to be uninfluenced by the blood pressure in the large vessels, and they are not a response to nervous stimuli. They are local in origin.

The vascular changes are often not clearly perceptible in the gross but are plainly to be seen under a low power of the microscope. They occur in some sensitized mice exhibiting no manifest signs of shock, differing only in degree from the changes taking place when shock is severe or fatal.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RÔLE OF THE RAT KIDNEY IN HYPERTENSION CAUSED BY DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Friedman Constance L.
Published: June 2004

Desoxycorticosterone acetate in pellet form was administered for 51 days to albino rats of the Sherman strain which also received 1 per cent saline as drinking water. Treatment was stopped in representative groups at 25, 37, and 51 days so that the regression of blood pressure and renal changes could be observed. It was noted that both the elevation in blood pressure during treatment and its reversal when treatment was stopped were closely correlated with corresponding changes in renal mass. In the time for which the process was studied it did not become irreversible.

Removal of both kidneys from DCA-treated animals aggravated the hypertension, suggesting that the kidneys are actively concerned with the excretion and possible inactivation of the steroid.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Henle Werner
Published: June 2004

Upon injection of active influenza A or B virus into the allantoic cavity of the developing chick embryo, an average of only 70 per cent of the agent was adsorbed onto the tissue, as measured by the difference between the quantity of virus injected and that found free in the allantoic fluid of the injected eggs during the constant period. The degree of adsorption was similar, regardless of whether 109 or 102 ID50 of active virus was injected.

Attempts to demonstrate the adsorbed virus in suspensions of the infected tissue met with partial success only in that not more than 1 to 5 per cent of the amount calculated to be adsorbed was actually found. All efforts to increase the yield of virus have failed. These results led to the suggestion that the seed virus, which participates in the propagation, becomes altered in such a way that it no longer may be demonstrated by infectivity titrations, whereas the active virus found represents superficially adsorbed virus, which does not multiply.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Henle Werner
Published: June 2004

Experiments have been reported on the propagation of influenza viruses in the allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo during the first infectious cycle.

After adsorption of the seed virus onto the host cells, only a small percentage of it remains demonstrable by infectivity titrations. This amount remains constant for 4 hours in the case of infection with PR8 virus, and for 6 hours in that of infection with Lee virus. Thereafter, a sharp rise in infectivity occurs 2 to 3 hours before liberation of the new generations of active virus into the allantoic fluid can be detected.

Injection of homologous virus, inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation, following infection prevents or delays the production of virus in the tissues, depending to some extent upon the number of ID50 of active virus used as inoculum. The smaller the dose, the more pronounced the inhibitory effect.

With increasing delay in the injection of the inhibitor, progressively more virus is produced and liberated 6 and 9 hours after infection with PR8 and Lee virus, respectively. Thus, production of virus may be interrupted by the homologous inhibitor when given up to 3 hours after infection with PR8, and up to4½ hours after infection with Lee virus. Since no increase in infectivity can bedetected during these 3 and 4½ hour periods in the tissues, it is suggested that influenza virus propagates in at least two major stages: first, non-infectious, immature virus material is produced which, subsequently, is converted into the fully active agent. Presumably the first step can be interrupted by the homologous inhibitor, while the second cannot.

Heterologous irradiated virus, injected after infection of the tissue, exerts only a slight inhibitory effect on the production of virus.
EXPERIMENTAL DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN WHITE MICE
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Yager Robert H.
Published: June 2004

Disseminated encephalomyelitis was readily induced in mice of the Swiss strain by means of repeated intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of apparently normal mouse brain mixed with an adjuvant. The latter consisted of autoclaved virulent tubercle bacilli and heavy liquid petrolatum, a modification of the Freund adjuvant.

The syndrome and the histopathological picture of the induced malady were essentially similar to those in monkeys, rabbits, and guinea pigs, previously reported by others. Certain exceptional characteristics of the affection, as occurring in mice, suggest that they may be the animals of choice for its study as well as for that of other encephalitides. Not only were the signs indicative of marked involvement of the central nervous system but also of the respiratory mechanism, and only a few injections of mouse brain-adjuvant mixture were required to evoke the neurological symptom complex in almost every animal.
NEPHROTOXIC NEPHRITIS IN RATS
Authors: Solomon David H. , Gardella Joseph W. , Fanger Herbert , Dethier Frances M. , Ferrebee Joseph W.
Published: June 2004

Nephrotoxic anti-rat kidney sera were produced in rabbits by intraperitoneal injection of suspensions of blood-free rat kidney. The nephrotoxin of these sera could be removed by adsorption with saline suspensions of finely ground rat glomeruli, but not by adsorption with other portions of rat kidney or by adsorption with several other rat tissues. It was concluded that nephrotoxic sera of this type react primarily with glomerular tissue and, by inference, that the antigen essential for the production of these anti-kidney sera was of glomerular origin.

The observations are consistent with Pressman's (15, 16) demonstration that anti-mouse kidney sera labeled with radioiodine localize primarily in glomeruli.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF NERVES INFECTED WITH HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: De Robertis E. , Schmitt F. O
Published: June 2004

Sciatic nerves of rhesus monkeys infected with CAM and Wis. '45 strains of human poliomyelitis virus were fixed in formalin, sectioned, fragmented, and examined in the electron microscope.

Most of the neurotubules of nerves infected with the CAM strain have normal appearance but a very small number show the presence of dense particles irregularly aligned within the edges of the neurotubules. The diameters of the particles range between 160 and 500 Å, the mean being 330 Å. The particles were found in regions along the nerve which varied with the time after infection, indicating a central movement of the morphological alteration of the order of 2 mm. per hour.

Relatively abundant dense particulate material was found in nerves infected with Wis. '45 strain virus and the particles were chiefly attached to the edges of the neurotubules and in the adjacent areas of the field.

The dense particles appear to be associated with the virus infection but no further characterization is possible at this time.
THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE LYSINE IN STUDIES OF PROTEIN METABOLISM
Authors: Miller L. L. , Bale W. F. , Yuile C. L. , Masters R. E. , Tishkoff G. H. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Racemic lysine labeled with C14 in the epsilon carbon position was fed to dogs. The distribution of C14 in blood and tissue fractions is recorded. In normal dogs sacrificed at 24 hours, approximately one-third of the C14 was found in the urine, one-third in expired air, and one-third in the body, mostly in protein, predomantly as lysine residues. The rate of C14 excretion as CO2, hour by hour, paralleled closely the amount of non-protein C14 in the blood plasma.

The liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen all have high values for C14 in 24 hour and 17 day experiments. The gastrointestinal tract is significantly high in the 24 hour experiments.

Plasma protein from animals previously fed C14 containing lysine and thus in turn labeled, was transfused into other dogs and the rate of disappearance of albumin and globulin fractions from the circulation of the recipient dog followed. The results lead to the conclusion that as a whole, plasma proteins are utilized and replaced at a rate of at least 10 per cent per 24 hours.

This minimum rate is substantially faster than turnover rates commonly accepted and emphasizes the rôle played by the plasma proteins in the protein economy of the body. The exact rate determination is made uncertain by the lack of knowledge of the magnitude of the amount of protein in solution in extracellular and lymph spaces and its rate of equilibrium with circulating plasma proteins.

Evidence from these transfusion studies indicates that plasma globulin is metabolized at a significantly faster rate than plasma albumin. This is confirmed by the observation that following the feeding of labeled lysine to dogs, C14 is first incorporated in globulin in high concentration but that later it also disappears more rapidly from the globulin fraction.

These data suggest that the period of bone marrow maturation of the red cell during which time its related hemoglobin is synthesized does not exceed 3 to 5 days.
THE PRODUCTION OF FEVER BY INFLUENZAL VIRUSES
Authors: Bennett Ivan L. , Wagner Robert R. , LeQuire Virgil S.
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of the fever caused by the intravenous injection of viruses of the influenza group in rabbits has been studied by observing the effect of repeated injections of the same or heterologous viruses.

An initial injection of the PR8 strain of influenza A, the Lee strain of influenza B, or the "B" strain of NDV conferred tolerance to the pyrogenic effect of homologous virus administered on the following day. The period of tolerance lasted approximately 11 days.

Prior injection of virus appeared also to protect against the lymphopenic action of homologous strains.

These viruses were found to confer tolerance to the fever-producing effect of heterologous strains in an order corresponding to their positions in the receptor gradient of Burnet.

Heated virus preparations appeared to confer tolerance in proportion to survival of hemagglutinin.

Tolerance is probably unrelated to specific antibody formation since it is lost during a period of rapid immune response and heterologous strains exert a protective effect.

No cross-tolerance was demonstrable between viruses and bacterial pyrogens and reticulo-endothelial blockade with thorotrast failed to modify the unresponsiveness of animals to 2nd day injections of homologous virus.

Prevention of fever with antipyrine did not interfere with the protective effect of initial injections of virus.

Arguments for and against a hypothesis that union of the virus particle with a receptor substance may play a part in the production of fever by these viruses are discussed.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF PATIENTS WITH POLIOMYELITIS TO VIRUS RECOVERED FROM THEIR OWN ALIMENTARY TRACT
Authors: Steigman Alex J. , Sabin Albert B.
Published: June 2004

Of 20 strains of virus recovered from 40 patients with poliomyelitis only 9 possessed a titer of 10–3 or more, permitting significant quantitative neutralization tests in monkeys. Seven of the 9 high titer strains were derived from patients whose illness was ultimately paralytic, and tests with their undiluted sera indicated that the acute phase as well as the 3 month convalescent specimens neutralized maximum amounts of the patient's own virus. However when varying dilutions of the sera were tested against a single dose of virus, it was found that the antibody was present in lowest concentration early after onset and progressively increased in titer over a period of weeks during convalescence. The 2 remaining high titer strains were recovered from patients with a non-paralytic illness, and in both of these the acute phase sera were without significant amounts of antibody for their own virus. Antibody was demonstrable at 14, 28, and 92 days after onset in one of these patients, while the other had none at 1 month and only a minimal amount at 3 and 8 months.

Tests with the Lansing virus on the same sera, clearly established the specificity of the antibody response to the strain of virus recovered from each patient under investigation. Five of the 9 patients, whose sera were studied with both viruses, had no antibody for the Lansing virus during the acute phase and none 3 months later. Two had antibody during the acute phase but serum dilution tests showed no increase in titer in the 3 month convalescent specimen. In 2 others, who were without antibody for the Lansing virus during the acute phase but had it at 3 months after onset, it was possible to show that this antibody appeared later than 1 month after the illness and that the virus recovered from these patients during their illness was not antigenically of the Lansing type.
THE STABILIZATION OF SERUM LIPID EMULSIONS BY SERUM PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Authors: Ahrens Edward H. , Kunkel Henry G.
Published: June 2004

Clarity of high lipid sera is closely correlated with elevated proportions of serum phospholipids, and lipemia (milkiness) with low proportions of phospholipids. Clear high lipid sera occur uniquely in obstructive jaundice, both intra- and extrahepatic in origin.

Destruction of the polar nature of serum "lecithin" by enzymatic hydrolysis, using Cl. welchii lecithinase, results in a degree of lipemia which is linearly proportional to total lipid content in clear or lipemic high lipid or normal lipid sera.

Even in grossly lipemic sera, a significant proportion of the serum lipids is masked in particles of invisible size. Enzymatic removal of the stabilizing properties of serum "lecithin" unmasks this hitherto invisible fraction.

The concentration of serum phospholipids available for complex formation with serum proteins appears to be an important factor in determining particle size of serum lipids and hence of their occurrence in serum as masked or as visible particles.

The implications of these findings for studies of the genesis of atheromatosis are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HORSE SERUM FRACTIONS IN PRODUCING CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL LESIONS IN RABBITS
Authors: Wissler Robert W. , Smull Katharine , Lesh James B.
Published: June 2004

Five groups of 10 rabbits each were injected intravenously 2 times at 15 day intervals with either whole horse serum or one of its cold alcohol-precipitated fractions. Suitable serological and general observations were made at appropriate intervals before and after each injection. All animals were sacrificed on the 22nd day of the experiment. A study of the antemortem and pathological findings led to the following conclusions.

1. Allergie arteritis, valvulitis, and to a lesser degree, focal pericarditis, Aschoff-like nodules, and glomerulitis can be produced by several of the cold alcohol-precipitated fractions of horse serum as well as by whole serum.

2. Most of the acute arteritis was seen in rabbits receiving fraction V (albumin). These rabbits showed the largest amounts of circulating antigen, low antibody titers, low tissue sensitivity, and slight elevation in sedimentation rate and temperature.

3. There was a high incidence of chronic arteritis in the rabbits receiving fraction III which is almost devoid of albumin, suggesting that the alpha and beta globulins in addition to albumin may produce arteritis.

4. A state most nearly resembling that of acute rheumatic fever was produced by either fractions III or IV-3,4 (alpha and beta globulins). Pancarditis (pericarditis, Aschoff-like lesions, and valvulitis) was found relatively frequently. Many of the rabbits developed a high sedimentation rate, elevated temperature, and high tissue sensitivity, but little acute arteritis was found in this group.

5. Gamma globulin (fraction II) produced little reaction either in the antemortem determinations or histopathologically.

6. Glomerulitis of an acute necrotizing type was seen in a few rabbits without particular correlation to the fraction injected.

7. The frequency of involvement of heart valves in rabbit serum disease follows a pattern very similar to that of rheumatic heart disesae.

8. Attempts to correlate antemortem observations and pathological findings either on a group basis or for individual animals failed.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Coons Albert H. , Deane Helen Wendler
Published: June 2004

The cytological distribution of the pneumococcal polysaccharides, types II and III, was followed in the tissues of the mouse.

The most constant and striking concentrations of these polysaccharides were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the ordinary capillary endothelium, and fibroblasts throughout the body. In addition, polysaccharide was detected in monocytes and lymphocytes, hepatic cells, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, uterine epithelium, and in steroid-forming cells in the adrenal cortex, testis, and ovary.

Studies of the persistence of polysaccharide, type III, in the tissues were carried out after an injection of 4.0 mg. The polysaccharide remained for at least 75 days in the macrophages of lymphoid organs, the Kupffer cells of the liver, the interstitial macrophages in the myocardium, the lung septal cells, the capillary endothelium, and the renal glomerulus. After a single injection of 8 mg., it persisted for at least 6 months in the macrophages of the spleen, liver, and heart and in the endothelium of peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The smallest dose of polysaccharide which produced detectable amounts in any cells 24 hours after injection was 0.03 mg.

The distribution of polysaccharide is compared with that of acid vital dyes and suspensoids, and the significance of its fixation in relation to its antigenicity and possible toxicity in mice is discussed.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Coons Albert H. , Snyder John C. , Cheever F. Sargent , Murray Edward S.
Published: June 2004

Rickettsiae of epidemic typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever have been microscopically localized and identified in smears of exudates and tissue sections from infected cotton rats by means of homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein. Epidemic typhus has also been identified in smears from single infected human body lice.

Mumps virus antigen has been microscopically localized in the parotid of the experimentally infected monkey by the same method. The antigenic material, probably active virus, was found in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. Such infected acini were scattered irregularly throughout the gland. Some antigen could be seen in the lumens of the parotid ducts and small amounts were present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells lining the ducts.
MULTIPLICATION OF CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES IN THE RABBIT EYE FOLLOWING INTRAOCULAR INOCULATION
Authors: Overman John R. , Friedewald William F.
Published: June 2004

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Semliki Forest virus readily multiply in the rabbit eye following inoculation into the vitreous. Less than 10 mouse LD50 of LCM virus was sufficient to induce multiplication in the eye, whereas, approximately 1000 LD50 of SFV was required to initiate infection.

Both viruses multiplied in the rabbit eye as an inapparent infection. Little or no virus could be recovered from the optic nerves or brains of the rabbits, although virus was present in high titer in the eyes. The animals showed no signs of illness other than a transitory fever.

Large amounts of SFV induced a severe iritis followed by corneal opacity. This reaction appeared to be due to "toxic" properties of the virus. No ocular reactions have been observed with LCM virus other than a mild transitory hyperemia. The yield of virus from the eye following inoculation of large amounts of SFV was less than when more dilute inocula were used.

Maximum multiplication of both viruses occurred about 48 hours after inoculation into the vitreous. SFV remained in high titer for about 4 days and thereafter could be recovered in variable amounts up to about 5 weeks after inoculation. LCM virus could be recovered in gradually decreasing amounts up to about 3 weeks after inoculation.

Serum-neutralizing antibodies appeared in high titer (neutralization index up to 3000) following inoculation of SFV into the rabbit eye. However, only traces of antibody could be detected in extracts of the eyes.

SFV was obtained irregularly and in low titer from the aqueous humor following inoculation into either the vitreous or anterior chamber. No significant difference in the virus content of the vitreous, an extract of the retinal cells, and an extract of the whole eye could be detected 48 hours after inoculation of SFV into the vitreous.

The Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus failed to cause any detectable reaction in the rabbit eye and no evidence of multiplication of the virus was obtained in these experiments.
STUDIES ON A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Ratnoff Oscar D. , Hartmann Robert C. , Conley C. Lockard
Published: June 2004

A fraction of globulin was prepared from human plasma which was deficient in prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, plasma thromboplastin, and accelerator globulin. The preparation of globulin contained considerable potential proteolytic activity which could be activated by streptococcal fibrinolysin. This fraction of globulin accelerated the clotting of normal platelet-deficient plasma. However, the clot-accelerating effect of the globulin fraction was the same whether or not its proteolytic property had been activated.

The addition of streptococcal fibrinolysin to normal platelet-deficient plasma did not accelerate coagulation. Nor did the addition of streptococcal fibrinolysin to hemophilic platelet-deficient plasma promote its coagulation.

The data presented suggest that proteolysis by activated plasma proteolytic enzyme is not an essential stage in the coagulation of the blood.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE RECEPTORS OF A NEW STRAIN OF VIRUS TO THOSE OF THE MUMPS-NDV-INFLUENZA GROUP
Authors: Hirst George K.
Published: June 2004

The interrelationships of the cellular receptors and the hemagglutinin inhibitors of a new strain of virus (1233) to members of the mumps-Newcastle disease-influenza group have been investigated. It was found that strain. 1233 does not destroy the receptors or inhibitors of the other group, nor does the latter destroy 1233 receptors or inhibitor. The sole exception to this statement was a moderate destruction of 1233 inhibitor in egg white by Newcastle disease virus. The classification of strain 1233 was discussed in the light of this evidence, evidence which tends to place strain 1233 in a different category from that of any other strain of the MNI group.
THE VIRULENCE AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF STRAINS DERIVED FROM SALMONELLA TYPHOSA 58 (PANAMA CARRIER)
Authors: Batson H. C. , Landy Maurice , Brown Martha
Published: June 2004

An investigation of the immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from closely related virulent and avirulent strains of S. typhosa is reported.

No evidence was obtained of any essential relationship between the virulence of the strains employed and their immunogenicity, as determined by active-immunity mouse-protection tests and by the agglutinin and mouse-protective antibody response in human beings.
PULMONARY EDEMA IN INFLUENZAL PNEUMONIA OF THE MOUSE AND THE RELATION OF FLUID IN THE LUNG TO THE INCEPTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Hara Mary ,   With the Technical Assistance of Alice Hamlin
Published: June 2004

Pulmonary edema is a component of the fully developed influenza viral lesion in the mouse.

Mice with experimental pulmonary fluid have an increased susceptibility to inhaled pneumococci and under these circumstances the organisms grow in the lung and produce the lesion of bacterial pneumonia.

The presence of pulmonary edema in the lesion due to the influenza virus in the lung of the mouse appears to account adequately for the previous observation that inhaled pneumococci grow in the influenza viral lesion.

Mice dying of pneumococcal septicemia after inhaling fine droplets containing this organism do not have pneumonia.

The delay in migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes into the lung after injection of pneumococci suspended in serum is an important factor in susceptibility to infection since it allows ample time for pneumococci to grow in the pulmonary fluid.

The slow phagocytic action of pulmonary macrophages likewise permits growth of pneumococci.

Conditions in human beings that are known to be complicated by pulmonary edema are also known to be associated with increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia.
PRODUCTION OF BCG VACCINE IN A LIQUID MEDIUM CONTAINING TWEEN 80 AND A SOLUBLE FRACTION OF HEATED HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Dubos René J. , Fenner Frank
Published: June 2004

Diffuse, submerged growth of BCG bacilli has been obtained in liquid media containing 0.02 per cent Tween 80 and the soluble fraction of human serum heated under acid conditions (pH 2.5) at 65°C.

In the absence of glucose or glycerine,—which had a detrimental effect on viability—these cultures consisted predominantly of cells that were living and that remained viable during prolonged storage at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C.
SPECIFIC COAGULASES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Rammelkamp Charles H. , Hezebicks Margaret M. , Dingle John H.
Published: June 2004

Three staphylococcal coagulases termed I, II, and III were differentiated by measuring the antibody titer of human sera. Coagulases I and II are antigenically distinct; coagulase III appears to be related to both coagulases I and II. These results were confirmed by specific neutralization experiments. These observations emphasize the importance of employing the correct type of coagulase in studying the role of this substance in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections. Preliminary observations in animals indicate that specific anticoagulase develops following induced infections. The role of this antibody in the recovery mechanism remains to be determined.
INFLUENZA
Authors: Blumenthal Herman T. , Greiff Donald , Pinkerton Henry , DeWitt Robert
Published: June 2004

Groups of embryonated eggs infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus A were incubated at 34°, 37.5°, and 40°C. At frequent intervals, for periods ranging up to 96 hours, pooled allantoic fluids were tested simultaneously for infectivity and hemagglutination.

After about 12 hours of virus growth, fluids often showed infectivity titres greater than 10–5, but were incapable of causing hemagglutination. At later time intervals, marked disagreement between the two tests for viral activity was noted at all temperatures, but most strikingly at 40°C.

Hemagglutination titres were highest and best sustained in eggs incubated at 34°C., while incubation at 37.5°C. resulted in the highest and best sustained infectivity titres.

Hemagglutination titre determinations do not reflect accurately the rate of influenza virus multiplication.

Possible reasons for the lack of correspondence between hemagglutination and infectivity are discussed.
THE ABNORMAL COURSE OF BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE PRESENCE OF PENICILLIN
Authors: Hotchkiss Rollin D.
Published: June 2004

Washed staphylococcal cells separated from peptone-broth cultures containing penicillin G did not differ markedly from cells not exposed to penicillin in their rate of oxygen, phosphate, glutamic acid, or amino nitrogen utilization.

Washed normal staphyloccal cells, respiring in solutions containing glucose and various mixtures of amino acids, utilized the amino acids with an increase in the cellular protein nitrogen.

Similar cells under the same conditions, but exposed to penicillin G, utilized oxygen, phosphate, and amino acids at essentially the same rates, but there was no increase in the protein nitrogen of the cells.

Penicillin-treated washed cells, when utilizing amino acids, produced increased amounts of extracellular substances containing non-amino nitrogen in quantities approximately equivalent to the amino acid nitrogen utilized. The non-amino fraction could be tentatively identified as polypeptide, which was produced, instead of cellular protein, when penicillin was present.
STUDIES ON THE ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIC INFECTION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Dong Luther
Published: June 2004

In rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys without signs or symptoms of poliomyelitis, a comparison of the incidence, numbers, size, and character of lesions in certain peripheral ganglia (gasserian, nodose, superior cervical sympathetic, and celiac) was made between 9 "new" animals sacrificed 1 to 3 days after arrival in a laboratory devoted exclusively to poliomyelitis research, and 17 "old" animals housed there without special isolation precautions for periods ranging from 17 days to 10½ months. The comparison showed that the "old" animals had more infiltrative lesions of various sizes than the "new" and that neuronophagia occurred in 65 per cent of the "old" animals as compared with none in the "new."

The heaviest and most frequent involvement occurred in the gasserian and superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, while that of the nodose (vagal afferent) ganglia was somewhat less, and that of the celiac ganglia was still less and without neurophagia. The ganglia of the VII and IX cranial nerves were also examined and showed no lesions of note.

Reasons are presented for believing that the lesions were of centripetal and not of centrifugal origin.

The lesions, while not positively identified as poliomyelitic, were of similar morphology, were presumably due to an infective neurotropic agent, and were acquired under conditions of potential exposure to poliomyelitis virus.

The possibility is suggested that the asymptomatic acquisition of neurotropic lesions in this group of casually exposed monkeys can be comparable to the acquisition of "subclinical" poliomyelitis in man.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Baer Harold , Day Richard L. , Knaub Vesta
Published: June 2004

The reactions of hog, human, and horse blood group A substances with antibodies produced on injection of these substances into individuals of blood groups B and O have been studied by hemagglutination inhibition and by quantitative precipitin technics.

Species differences in reactivity with antisera exist among these blood group A substances. Hog and human A substances are very closely related chemically as evidenced by their extensive cross-reaction while horse A substance crossreacts much less with antisera to both hog and human A substances.

Analysis for hexosamine of specific precipitates of hog and human A substances and antibody to human A substance formed as a consequence of heterospecific pregnancy has shown that essentially all of the glucosamine of the blood group substance is precipitated.