bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncovering the Role of Role in Writing and Learning to Write
Authors: SPERLING MELANIE
Published: March 2007

Social theories of language (e.g., Vygotsky and Bakhtin) implicate instruction that promotes spoken interaction during the writing process. Such interaction is said to make explicit for students the dialogic relationship between writers and readers that underlies written text. This case study of a “prewriting” class discussion and student writing in a secondary English class suggests that, more than establishing a relationship with readers, students talk and writing invoke a complex of roles that reflect their relationships with one another, the outside world, and their texts. Speaking and writing contexts shape the different roles that students take. The setting of the study is an inner-city classroom in which students' lives bear critical connections to the outside world; such classrooms may be particularly valuable sites for studying students as complex role players in the process of learning to write. In offering a theory of roles and relationships, the study complicates current thinking about how classroom discourse in these and other settings is linked to writing.
The Human Rhetorical Potential
Authors: OAKLEY TODD V.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the possible grounds for a research program in cognitive rhetoric that aims to forge a tight link between the structures of meaning and structures of brain, body, and world. In section one, I outline a theory of human meaning-making in terms of pragmatic, epistemic, and symbolic actions as they relate to the principles of intentionality, projection, publicity, and materiality. In section two, I consider recent global theories of mind and brain to assess the theory's neurological plausibility. The common link between these two sections is the phrase, “tombstone technology,” taken from the voice-over narration from a television show about plane crashes. I first analyze this construction in terms of its effects on attention, value, categorization, and memory; I then use it to speculate on the neurophysiological processes subtending our ability to use symbolic resources to make inferences and decisions. I conclude with some suggestions for future research in discourse production and comprehension.
The Relation of Re-Creative Experience To Ego-Stage Development
Authors: Colley Louise A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the re lationship of ego-stage development of adults to experiences identified as re-creative for them. Data were obtained from seventy-three women selected from a population of graduate stu dents. It was found that, for the most part, ego-stage development was not reflected in re-creative experiences. However, a statisti cally significant association between ego-stage development and re-creative experiences was found among psychologically mature subjects when they were in a positive, enthusiastic, creative mood before the experience. Under these same conditions, intensity of re-creation was most frequently high. It was concluded that the tendency is to regress to a lower stage of ego development in obtaining re-creation. Maturity and positive dynamic precon dition are contributing factors in gaining re-creation in experi ences of progressive adaptation.
Negotiated Accountability: a Method for Making Mutual Expectations Explicit
Authors: Shapiro Stewart B.
Published: March 2007

Negotiated accountability is defined as a bilateral agreement between two parties who explicitly define their responsibilities in interdependent role behaviors and who agree to regularly report to each other on the fulfillment of these responsibilities.

The concepts of "negotiation" and "accountability" are well known in the world of organizations and interpersonal behavior. Each concept alone, however, is less powerful than their com bination into "negotiated accountability." Negotiation is a pro cessual instrument for reaching agreements, whereas accounta bility implies commitment and action within the framework of role responsibility. Negotiation serves to soften and "democratize" accountability. Accountability, on the other hand, strengthens negotiation by commitment to action within specified role expec tations.

This paper presents summaries of a protocol from a "nego tiated accountability conference," a technique for demonstrating mutual accountability within the staff of a University Extension Division.
Implications of the Rank Concession Syndrome for Adult Education Programs: an Exploration in Social Roles and Program Effectiveness
Authors: Grosvenor Pollard W.
Published: March 2007

This paper applies the theory of the rank concession syndrome (i.e., acceptance of the claims of one or more groups in a society to higher rank than one's own group) to Miller's analysis of factors influencing decisions to participate in or reject adult education programs. The theory of "ethnic boundaries" and their meaning in social change is included to elucidate the discussion and put it in the context of community development. The theories are then applied to the case of an American Indian group in rural Wis consin. It is argued that adult education programs aimed at lower income groups may be most successful if the whole group is recruited and the ultimate goals are community development and rank mobility of the group.
An Instrument To Measure Anomia
Authors: Moore Allen B.
Published: March 2007

Three instruments designed to measure anomia were factor analyzed, yielding a 12 item unidimensional scale. Four hundred and eighty-six disadvantaged adults from 12 North Carolina communities were the subjects. The refined combination scale is presented as of potential usefulness for research on the effects of educational intervention on anomia.
Surveying Adult Education Practitioners About Ethical Issues
Authors: Mcdonald Kimberly S. , Wood George S.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated adult educators' ethical dilemmas and attitudes regarding the need for a code of ethics to guide their practice. Through the use of survey methodology, three major groups of adult education practitioners in Indiana responded to various questions about ethical dilemmas they encountered, their personal experiences with codes of ethics, and their perceptions about the need for a code, as well as their ideas regarding the creation and implementation of a code of ethics for adult education. Results indicate that organizations associated with adult education should seriously consider codes of ethics. More emphasis on providing practitioners with training and education regarding ethics and more research conducted on ethics in adult education are suggested.
University Adult Education in the Postmodern Moment: Trends and Challenges
Authors: Edwards Richard , Usher Robin
Published: March 2007

This paper examines, from a perspective of postmodernity, the prospects for university adult education in the context of the development of adult educators. It is argued that it is only through engaging with the issues raised by postmodernity that adult educators can find the conceptual resources to engage with the complexities and uncertainties of the contemporary conjuncture. The paper outlines what is argued to be a condition of postmodernity by examining the economic, social, and cultural dimensions of this condition, and considers its implications for changing understandings of knowledge and education, the place of the university, and the tasks facing adult educators.
Deconstructing Privilege: An Examination of Privilege in Adult Education
Authors: Rocco Tonette S. , West G. Wayne
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a conceptualization of deconstructing privilege. It includes a discussion of the manifestations, determinants, and triarchy of privilege. The absence of the voice of dominant members in the discussion surrounding privilege results in further objectification of others. Strategies are offered for use in adult education to examine privilege and implications for practice.
Youths' Outlooks on Love: Is It Just a Stage or Two?
Authors: Sandor Danny , Rosenthal Doreen A.
Published: March 2007

An attitudinal measure of Lee's typology of love was administered to a sample of 242 youths between 15 and 21 years. Variation in subjects' agreement with the six love types was analyzed as a function of sex, age, and resolution of Eriksorfs identity and intimacy crises. Male, and to a lesser degree, female preferences for love types corresponded with sex-role norms but there were no age effects. This suggested that the differences between the sexes occur before middle adolescence. Differences as a function of identity and intimacy were seen to reflect the construct validity of the measures rather than meaningful changes. The explanatory power of the identity and intimacy constructs, while superior to age as a developmental index, was not substantial.
A Conceptualization of Transition to Nonvirginity in Adolescent Females
Authors: Strouse Jeremiah S. , Fabes Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Although adolescent sexual behavior has been of considerable interest to social scientists, most of the work in this area has been theoretically barren. This paper presents an outline of a conceptual model that incorporates a majority of the existing research on adolescent sexuality. Drawing upon principles from a macro-exchange framework, this model focuses upon the system of factors that affect adolescent females' transition to nonvirginity. Based upon the existing research, five major factors are presented: (a) Attractions Within the Family System, (b) Social Control Barrier, (c) Alternative Attractions, (d) Personal Readiness Characteristics, and (e) Social Milieu. It is proposed that the net effect of the interplay of these major spheres of influence results in a social-psychological condition of "transitional proneness" towards nonvirginity. General propositions and suggestions for future research are presented.
Similarity between Adolescent Best Friends
Authors: Tolson Jerry M. , Urberg Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined similarity between adolescents and their best friends on a variety of attributes. All 8th and 11th graders from several public and private schools completed a questionnaire that asked about their smoking behaviors, smoking attitudes, dispositional compliance, the importance offour activities, and parental socioeconomic status. They were asked also to identify their best school friend. Eighty-five percent of the adolescents could be matched and compared to their bestfriend on the 10 variables of interest. Adolescents were more similar to their friends than to other non-selected adolescents on all of the attributes. They were more similar on behaviors than on attitudes and the importance of activities, and the least similar on dispositional compliance and socioeconomic status. In addition, there were effects of the grade and ethnicity of the friendship dyad on the amount of similarity. Younger and African-American adolescents were less similar to their friends than were older and European-American adolescents.
Parent-Adolescent Communication in Sandwich Generation Families
Authors: Hamill Sharon Boland
Published: March 2007

This study examined parent-adolescent communication infamilies of middle-adolescent children in which at least one parent was providing assistance to an aging grandparent. Parents and adolescents from 62 three-generation families completed questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis indicated that developmental characteristics of family members and mothers' strain in their relationships with grandparents were related to variations in parent-adolescent communication. Specifically, the majorfindings were that (a) adolescents who exhibited greater psychosocial maturity indicated that they shared better communication with parents than did less mature adolescents, (b) fathers' heightened concerns over midlife issues were related both to fathers' and adolescents' reports of poorer communication, and (c) mothers' experiences of strain in their relationships with grandparents were associated with their perceptions of poorer communication with their children. These results illustrate the usefulness of combining life-span development and family systems theories to serve as aframework for understanding parent-adolescent communication in a multigenerational context.
Relationships with Parents and Peers
Authors: Rice Kenneth G. , Mulkeen Patricia
Published: March 2007

This study presents a longitudinal account of adolescent-parent and adolescent-friend intimacy from early adolescence to young adulthood. Boys and girls both reported increases in intimacy with fathers, over time. For boys, the increase in intimacy with mother was greaterfrom 8th through 12th grade thanfrom 12th grade through the young adultfollow-up (YAF) 4 years later For girls, intimacy with mother was lowerfrom 8th through 12th grade than the increase reported from 12th grade through the YAF The change in intimacy with a bestfriend also differedfor boys and girls, with boys reporting a greater increase in intimacy from 8th through 12th grade than girls. Correlations indicated stability in parent-daughter and mother-son intimacy, over time. Intimacy in adolescent relationships also predicted concurrent and future social self-image, although the pattern of these predictions differedfor boys and girls.
Predicting Problem Behavior and Self-Esteem among African American Adolescents
Authors: McCreary Micah L. , Slavin Lesley A. , Berry Eloise J.
Published: March 2007

The current study investigated the utility of using stress, social support, and racial identity to predict problem behavior and self-esteem among African American adolescents. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the predictive ability of the Lazarus and Folkman model. Stressful life events and lack of perceived support from friends were predictive of problem behavior (e.g., drug and alcohol use, delinquent acts) in a sample of 221 African American 9th through 12th-grade adolescents. Strong support from friends attenuated the effects of stress. One racial-identity variable (attitudes toward African Americans) contributed to the prediction ofproblem behavior after other variables were entered into the regression equation. More positive attitudes predicted lower levels ofproblem behavior. Similar results were obtained in a regression analysis using self-esteem as the dependent variable. The current study concluded that stress models are useful with African Americans, particularly if a racial-identity variable is included.
Social Integration
Authors: Youniss James , Yates Miranda , Su Yang
Published: March 2007

Reports of activities from 3,119 high school seniors werefactoranalyzed into dimensions that signified integration into school-based, adult-endorsed norms or engagement in peerfun activities that excluded adults. Individuals were given scores on each dimension and then grouped into orientations toward school-adult norms, butnotpeerfun (School), toward fun but not school-adult norms (Party), toward both (All-around), or toward neither (Disengaged). School and All-around seniors were distinguishably high in community service, religion, andpolitics. Party seniors used marijuana more than did School seniors, but not All-around, seniors. Results indicated important variations in seniors' integration (connection) into the part ofpeer culture that coincides with adult normative society. It appears that connection may be typically associated with regulation but also may be superseded by agency-autonomy, as was manifested in the All-around group.
Ego Identity Status, Identity Style, and Personal Expressiveness
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Mullis Ronald L. , Waterman Alan S. , Dunham Richard M.
Published: March 2007

This study represents an investigation of relationships among three sets of identity constructs, including the ego identity statuses, the identity styles, and personal expressiveness. The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire was used to assess identity status as conceptualized by J. E. Marcia. The Identity Style Inventory was used to assess identity style as conceptualized by M. D. Berzonsky. The Personally Expressive Activities Questionnaire was used to measure feelings of personal expressiveness as described by A. S. Waterman. Data were collected from two samples of students at two universities. The measures were considered in pairs to examine the convergence among the constructs. Results revealed that these three measures, and perhaps the underlying constructs, are convergent. Associations between measures are discussed in relation to previous research and theory.
Ethnic Identity, Ethnic Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Esteem toward Others among Estonian and Russian Adolescents
Authors: Valk Aune
Published: March 2007

Ethnic identity in relation to self-esteem and esteem toward others, along with attitudes toward one’s own and other ethnic groups, was examined among Estonian and Russian adolescents. Significant differences appeared across components of ethnic identity and between minority and majority groups. Positive feelings about the in-group (ethnic pride—EP) were associated with positive attitudes toward other ethnic groups among minority but not majority youths. Strong ethnic differentiation (ED), in turn, was associated with negative out-group attitudes among both groups and positive in-group attitudes among the majority group. This contrast between aspects of ethnic identity appeared also in relation to self-esteem and esteem toward others. Whereas EP was associated with positive esteem toward others, ED correlated with negative evaluation of other people. Self-esteem correlated negatively with ED and was not related to EP. The salience of EP and ED may vary across different ethnic groups, depending on the group status and historical background of identity development.
Assessing Changes in the Longitudinal Salience of Items within Constructs
Authors: GlÜck Judith , Indurkhya Alka
Published: March 2007

In longitudinal studies, marked changes in item salience may occur even if the internal consistency of a scale remains stable over time.Such changes in the pattern of response probabilities are relevant for the substantive interpretation of the scale scores.Also, there may be interindividual differences in item salience within time points.The article demonstrates how Rasch models can be used to study item salience within and across time points.Also, the authors want to demonstrate that even if a test or questionnaire does not fulfill the assumptions of the Rasch model, it can be used to obtain information on item functioning across participants and over time.The method is illustrated using data from the Baltimore Prevention Program.
Patient Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes for African American, Hispanic, and White Adolescents in DATOS-A
Authors: Rounds-Bryant Jennifer L. , Staab Jennifer
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to extend what is known about adolescent substance abusers in adolescent-oriented substance abuse treatment by describing and comparing background and pretreatment characteristics and posttreatment outcomes of African American (n = 213), Hispanic (n = 108), and White adolescent (n = 773) substance abusers who participated in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies for Adolescents (DATOS-A). The pretreatment data indicated that patients in each group were similar only with respect to basic demographics. Posttreatment comparisons revealed racial/ ethnic differences in serious illegal activity only. Logistic regression results indicated that African American adolescents had a lower likelihood of engaging in serious illegal activity as compared to White adolescents during the posttreatment period. The results of this study provide a mechanism for more comprehensive understanding of adolescent substance abusers, their treatment needs, and their treatment outcomes.
Body Image Change and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Siegel Judith M.
Published: March 2007

Gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms are substantially reduced when body image is statistically controlled. The current investigation examines the temporal association (13-month time lag) between body image and depressive symptoms in an ethnically diverse sample of male and female adolescents. It was anticipated that body image would have a stronger impact on the depressive symptoms of girls than of boys and that African Americans would be less likely than the other groups to exhibit increased depressive symptomatology as a function of a change toward a more negative body image. Findings showed that girls were more influenced by change in body image than boys, but our assumption that African American girls would be least affected by body image changes was strongly disconfirmed. Relative to girls from other race/ethnicity groups, African American girls experienced a steeper increase in psychological distress as body image declined.
The Effect of Pinealectomy on Circadian Plasma Melatonin Levels in House Sparrows and European Starlings
Authors: Janik Daniel , Dittami John , Gwinner Eberhard
Published: March 2007

We determined 24-hr plasma melatonin profiles in intact, sham-pinealectomized, and pi nealectomized European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in a light-dark (LD) cycle and in constant darkness (DD). In the intact and sham-pinealectomized birds of both species, a melatonin rhythm was found, with low levels during the day and high levels during the night. Pinealectomy abolished the nighttime peak of melatonin in both species; hence, levels were low at all times sampled. This uniform response of plasma melatonin to pinealectomy contrasts with the differential response of circadian activity rhythms to pinealectomy for these two species. In DD, locomotor activity in pinealectomized house sparrows is usually arrhythmic, whereas in starlings a rhythm usually persists. This suggests that in the latter species free-running circadian rhythms are not necessarily dependent on a rhythm in plasma melatonin. The same is true for the synchronized activity rhythm observed in pinealectomized birds of both species in LD, as well as for the damped rhythm that persists in pinealectomized house sparrows following an LD-to-DD transfer. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the pineal and its periodic output of melatonin constitute only one component in a system of at least two coupled pacemakers. They also suggest that there are species differences in the relative role played by the pineal and other pacemakers in controlling circadian rhythms in behavior.
Olfactory Bulbectomy Impedes Social but Not Photic Reentrainment of Circadian Rhythms in Female Octodon degus
Authors: Goel Namni , Lee Theresa M.
Published: March 2007

Recent studies demonstrated that nonphotic (social) cues markedly accelerate reentrainment to large phase shifts of the light-dark (LD) cycle in female Octodon degus and that such changes are likely effected by chemosensory stimuli. This experiment investigated the effects of olfactory bulbectomies on (1) socially facilitated reentrainment rates of circadian rhythms following a 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle, (2) photic reentrainment rates of circadian rhythms following a 6-h advance of the LD cycle, (3) photic entrainment, and (4) the circadian period (τ) of activity rhythms in constant darkness (DD). Olfactory bulbectomies (BX) blocked socially facilitated reentrainment rates but did not alter reentrainment rates of circadian rhythms to photic cues alone. In addition, BX lowered mean daily locomotor activity levels and decreased the amplitude of the activity rhythm in degus housed in entrained (LD 12:12) conditions but did not alter the phase of activity onset or offset, duration (α) of activity, or mean daily core body temperature. Bulbectomies also failed to modify τ of free-running activity rhythms. This experiment confirms that the olfactory bulbs and che mosensory cues are necessary for socially facilitated reentrainment. In contrast to their effects in nocturnal rodents, BX do not produce significant circadian photic changes in diurnal degus. This is the first experiment to determine that chemosensory stimuli modulate the circadian system in a diurnal rodent.
Complement Activation During Hemodialysis
Authors: Agostoni A. , Gardinali M. , Cantaluppi A.
Published: March 2007

Hemodialysis, as other extracorporeal circulation treatments, determines activation of the complement system. In this paper molecular mechanism of complement activation by different hemodialysis membranes are reviewed as well as the biological consequences and clinical relevance of the ac tivation.
Incorporating Market and Nonmarket Values into Regional Planning for Rural Development
Authors: Jepson Edward J. , Marcouiller David W. , Deller Steven C.
Published: March 2007

Planning in rural resource-dependent regions increasingly involvesfinding the appropriate balance between market and nonmarket land uses. In the case offorest-dependent regions, the controversyfocuses on the use of private and publicforest lands for a combination of extractive and tourism-related activities. Timber management and harvesting constitute the extractive dimension, whereas the alternative dimension includes such activities as huntingfishing, camping, and simple aesthetic enjoyment. The intrinsic difficulty associated with this searchfor balance can be traced to the measurement criteria for costs and benefits, which easily accommodate market uses, but not nonmarket uses such as tourism-related activities. Thus, a principal planning challenge is to incorporate into the analysis a more comprehensive accounting of costs and benefits so that the social welfare impacts of a particular rural development strategy can be more completely understood.
The Suburban Dependency Hypothesis, Reconsidered
Authors: Mumphrey Anthony J. , Akundi Krishna M.
Published: March 2007

There has been substantial debate on the relevance of the central city to the metropolitan area. This article examines one aspect of the debate, the thread of research that surrounds the suburban dependence hypothesis. Since its proposal, the suburban dependence hypothesis has been criticized for its lack of a theoretical framework and for model misspecification. Variant hypotheses have been developed that acknowledge the limitations of the suburban dependence hypothesis but also recognize its conceptual appeal. These include the tight labor market, elasticity, downtown dependence, and interdependence hypotheses. A review of the literature indicates that the suburban dependence, downtown dependence, and elasticity hypotheses are wedded to a narrow interpretation of the traditional monocentric model. This narrow interpretation, in turn, does not specify the relationship between cities and suburbs given a multinucleated or polycentric urban structure.
The Oppression of Caring: Women Caregivers of Relatives With Mental Illness
Authors: Scheyett Anna
Published: March 2007

Caring is central to the experience of women. It is also a form of oppression for women, since this culture demands that women care for, as well as care about, others, yet does not acknowledge the value of caregiving tasks. Women who are caregivers to relatives with a severe and persistent mental illness carry an intolerable burden of care, with little support from the state. This article delineates these issues and proposes specific changes in social policy and actions by social workers that would alleviate the burden of care and the gender oppression on which it is based.
Toward the Psychosocial Empowerment of Women
Authors: Rubenstein Hiasaura , Lawler Sharene K.
Published: March 2007

This article examines "self-in-relation" theory, which posits that women develop and are empowered through mutually empathic relationships. It suggests how the concept of self-determination, which addresses the power and empowerment of clients, can be redefined from the perspective of self-in-relation theory to take better account of women's development and experience of themselves in the world.
The Relationship Between Attitudes: Homophobia and Sexism Among Social Work Students
Authors: Black Beverly , Oles Thomas P. , Moore Linda
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study of the relationship between students' attitudes toward women and toward gay men and lesbians and changes in those attitudes during social work courses at two universities. The study found a significant relationship between students' levels of homophobia and sexism. The relationship was stronger for female students than for male students and varied by race and aca demic major. The article also discusses the implications of the findings for changing social work curricula.
Comparisons of Rural and Urban Homeless Women
Authors: Cummins Linda K. , First Richard J. , Toomey Beverly G.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the characteristics, coping patterns, and personal problems of 473 homeless women in 21 randomly selected rural counties in Ohio. Most of the women were homeless without partners and often attributed their homelessness to family conflict and economic hardships. Unlike homeless women in urban studies, the rural women had low incidence of mental illness and substance abuse and high levels of resourcefulness. Concerns about the impact of welfare reform on rural women are discussed.
Does “No” Really Mean “No” After You Say “Yes”?
Authors: MONSON CANDICE M. , LANGHINRICHSEN-ROHLING JENNIFER , BINDERUP TISHA
Published: March 2007

The current study examined how participant (i.e., gender) and situational (i.e., couple-specific sexual intercourse history) factors influence attributions about stranger, early dating, late dating, and marital rape. Two hundred undergraduates were randomly assigned to read one of four levels of victim-perpetrator relationship vignettes. In addition, within the two dating relationship conditions, the couple's sexual intercourse history was manipulated. As the degree of acquaintance between the perpetrator and victim increased, the participants incorporated more rape-supportive and sex role stereotypical attributions. Participants also made more negative attributions about the date rapes when the couple was thought to have previously engaged in consensual sexual intercourse. There were no differences in attributions across the date and marital rape conditions when the participants were informed that the dating couples had previously engaged in sexual intercourse, and several gender differences were obtained in these comparisons. The social and legal implications of these findings are discussed.
Retrospective Reports of Interparental Abuse by Adult Children From Intact Families
Authors: MOON MICHELLE
Published: March 2007

Previous investigations of the effects of interparental abuse on adult children's self-esteem and closeness to their parents have included participants from both intact and divorced homes. The present study examined retrospective reports of adult children from intact families regarding the effects of both the verbal and physical abuse tactics they remembered occurring between each of their parents. These participants reported relatively lower levels of interparental physical and verbal abuse tactics than participants in previous studies had reported. Whereas abuse tactics were found to negatively influence reports of current closeness with parents, fathers' verbal abuse tactics were positively related to closeness with mothers.
The Intergenerational Cycle of Child Maltreatment
Authors: ZURAVIN SUSAN , McMILLEN CURTIS , DePANFILIS DIANE , RISLEY-CURTISS CHRISTINA
Published: March 2007

Few studies have focused on identifying characteristics that discriminate between parents who break versus those who perpetuate intergenerational cycles of child maltreatment. Both the dose and the attachment hypotheses were examined in this study of 213 mothers maltreated as children in one of three ways (beatings, neglect, or sexual abuse). Maltreatment continuity versus discontinuity was assessed through substantiated reports to a Child Protective Services (CPS) agency over a 7-year period. Findings were consistent with the attachment hypothesis. Poorer quality attachment relationships in childhood increased the probability of transmission. Findings were consistent with the dose hypothesis for only one conceptualization of dose. Those mothers who had experienced severe forms of sexual abuse (experienced coitus vs. did not) were more likely to have a maltreated child. These findings are discussed in terms of current theory and research on intergenerational maltreatment.
Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Children of Battered Women
Authors: GRAHAM-BERMANN SANDRA A. , LEVENDOSKY ALYTIA A.
Published: March 2007

The posttraumatic stress symptoms of 64 children ages 7 to 12 were assessed by their mothers, who had experienced emotional and physical abuse during the past year. A measure of child symptoms based on DSM-IV criteria was used. Of the children exposed to violence, 13% qualified for a complete posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. However, 52% suffered from intrusive and unwanted remembering of the traumatic event(s), 19% displayed traumatic avoidance, and 42% experienced traumatic arousal symptoms. Children with PTSD symptoms had significantly more internalizing behavioral problems, as expected; they also had more externalizing problems than did children without trauma symptoms.
Examining Sex-Related Thoughts and Feelings of Sexually Abused and Nonabused Children
Authors: COHEN JOY B. , DEBLINGER ESTHER , MAEDEL ALLYSON B. , STAUFFER LORI B.
Published: March 2007

Thoughts, feelings, and fears about sexuality were compared in sexually abused children and nonabused children. Children ranged in age from 9 to 13 years and were matched on sex, age, race, and maternal marital status and education. Sexually abused children reported significantly more sexual anxiety compared to children with no known history of such abuse. Younger children in both the abused and nonabused groups reported higher levels of sexual anxiety and sex-associated fears. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Offense Pathways in Sexual Offenders
Authors: HUDSON STEPHEN M. , WARD TONY , McCORMACK JULIE C.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the development of models of the offense process, relapse prevention in particular, have provided frameworks for the implementation of treatment. However, relapse prevention suffers from some conceptual problems, and therefore we have developed a descriptive model that attempts to provide a more satisfactory account of the offense process. This model contains a number of distinct points of individual differences, which create the possibility of different pathways. The current study examines these pathways, evident in offense transcripts from 86 sexual offenders. The majority of offense profiles were classifiable as belonging to three major pathways. Approximately one third reflected an appetitive, positive affect pathway. One quarter of the sample reflected the traditional covert planning, negative affect, restraint pathway. The third major pathway reflected a negative restraining process but with explicit planning. The clinical significance of these pathways is described and some suggestions for future research are made.
Benefits That Save Retirement
Authors: Storms Rick
Published: March 2007

Defined contribution plans and other employee benefits may seem like separate issues, but in many ways employee benefits protect retirement savings. It is important for benefit managers to recognize this connection because it offers an excellent gauge for evaluating employee benefits and helps educate employees about the value of the benefits their employer provides. Disability insurance, life insurance, medical and dental insurance and critical illness insurance all play pivotal roles in protecting retirement savings. If a benefit is protecting assets, such as a 401(k), or protecting the employee’s ability to save or recover their ability to save, there is a tangible value in that benefit above and beyond the benefit’s stated purpose. By educating employees about the role benefits play in protecting their retirement, employers will help employees see the value of what they have and take steps to protect their future.
Contingent Workers and Employee Benefits: Do You Know Who Your Employees Are?
Authors: Ghio R. S.
Published: March 2007

Microsoft and Bell Atlantic learned the hard way that just because you call someone a contingent worker—or a temp, freelancer, independent contractor or leased employee—does not mean that the worker cannot later come back and claim to be a bona fide employee, entitled to benefits or overtime pay. Many factors have led to the growth of the contingent workforce, so employers need to know how to structure and maintain a relationship that is not just a standard employeremployee relationship in disguise. Courts across the country are weighing in on the issue, too. This article examines the growth of the contingent workforce, summarizes the current state of the law with respect to such workers’ entitlement to benefits and suggests factors employers should consider when classifying contingent workers.
Why We Haven't Seen "the End of Jobs" or the End of Pay Surveys
Authors: Mays Joe
Published: March 2007

"I haven't seen the end of 'jobs' yet," the author says. "Most employees who are doing engineering work on Monday still do engineering work—not accounting or purchasing work-on Tuesday. I think what will happen is that there won't be the five or six levels of job for which many salary surveys now try to collect data. Perhaps we will see only jobs such as entry level, professional, and senior professional. We will probably always be able to categorize the work people do and differentiate the differences in the level of work (e.g., knowledge, accountability, and decision-making required). Since the need for determining salaries probably won't disappear either, we will continue to find ways to 'market-value' jobs."
Formidable New Compensation Tool
Authors: Wiatrowski William J.
Published: March 2007

What are the hourly wages for part-time janitors in San Diego? Are vision coverage benefits prevalent among large employers in the Northeast? How does a 5% pension plan cost compare with other small establishments? Questions like these illustrate the information you might seek and find in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) new National Compensation Survey (NCS). For the first time ever, the BLS will provide in one single vehicle statistically valid, comprehensive, and interrelated data on levels, trends and characteristics of wages and employee benefits for all American workers.

While compensation surveys are not new-the BLS has conducted them since its inception in the late 19th century-several events in the early 1990s exposed the inefficiencies of the existing survey design and led to the development of this new survey. First begun by the BLS in 1994, the NCS will have a complete sample and will begin to produce a complete set of outputs by the year 2001. The NCS survey data are available online at http:/ /stats.bls.gov.
Practical Lessons for Designing an Economic Value Incentive Plan
Authors: Delves Don
Published: March 2007

Better, more accurate performance measures and well-designed incentives are important tools for compensation professionals to contribute to the success of their companies. Seeking ways to make their incentive plans ever more effective, savvy compensation professionals today are considering financial performance measures like Economic Value (EV). An EV incentive can be a powerful tool or just fancy pay-it all depends on how the plan is designed. What works and what doesn't in EV incentive design? The author says that every plan must begin with three basic steps: define the plan's purpose and objectives; determine whether EV is right for your company; and develop the scope and mechanics of the plan. Economic Value measures more and can tell management more than other performance measures, says the author. If used in the right situations, it is a valuable financial measurement tool that has tremendous potential power to drive performance throughout the organization while improving workers' understanding of the business they work for.
Retaining Hig-Tech Talent: NIIT Case Study
Authors: Gionfriddo Jim , Dhingra Lalit
Published: March 2007

Obtaining high-caliber talent worldwide on short notice is a challenge critical to success at NIIT, an information technology company. The company's greatest asset is its people, and management knows that attracting and retaining employees is the key to growth. To increase retention, NIIT rewards employees for achieving a personal balance between family, career and community. The company's total compensation program is designed to nurture world-class "NIl Tians," who provide world-class IT service. NIIT motivates employees to become a better professional, a better family member and a better citizen. To support each of these roles, NIIT has developed a compensation package that serves as a Life Budgeting Support System. The theory behind NIIT's unique reward plan is based upon establishing a purpose behind employee incentives. By seriously addressing their needs, NUT knows employees will feel a loyalty to the company, and loyalty leads to retention.
Race And Juvenile Court Decision Making Revisited
Authors: Johnson James B. , Secret Philip E.
Published: March 2007

Unfortunately, racism, perpetrated by virtually all of America's governmental institutions, has long been a fact and problem of American life. Prior research suggests that America's juvenile justice systems have not been void of the negative effects of racism; thus, racial equity in dispositional decisions is a major issue in dispensing juvenile justice. The study presented in this research examined Nebraska Crime Commission data over a consecutive six year period and found, all else being equal, that black youths are usually more likely to receive harsher treatment than are whites in terms of: (1) experiencing pre-hearing detention, (2) being formally prosecuted by petition, and (3) receiving a harsher final penalty. With regard to judging an accused youth to be delinquent, the analysis reveals a reversal of the foregoing relationship between race and harshness of the decision.The research concludes with some policy recommendations to remove racial biases from juvenile justice processing.
The Mentoring Of Graduate Students: A Conceptual Framework For Same-Gender And Cross-Gender Mentor-Protégé Relationships
Authors: Mutchnick Robert J. , Mutchnick Evelyn S.
Published: March 2007

The process of mentoring graduate students to prepare them to assume roles as faculty members is important to their future performance and satisfaction. This article examines the existing state of mentor-protégé relationships, posits a model for a conceptual framework for the mentoring process, and identifies some of the mechanisms for incorporating it into graduate criminological education. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms that facilitate and encourage cross-gender mentor-protégé relationships for "professors in training."
Monkeywrenching as Punishment?
Authors: Gottschalk Martin
Published: March 2007

This work examines acts of monkeywrenching, like the Oct. 19, 1998 arson at Vail, as punitive acts. The purpose of this effort is to see if the application of a broad, sociological definition of punishment to acts of this type can reveal hidden or infrequently discussed aspects of punish ment as a social mechanism, as well as monkeywrenching as a social act. Following a brief introduction, definitions for punishment (emphasizing its understanding as a social mechanism), and extra-legal alternatives to environmental protection (an ad hoc category created to house acts of monkeywrenching) are provided. The paper then looks at acts of mon keywrenching with reference to three concepts that are central to punish ment: 1) the pain of punishment; 2) the rule-bound nature of punishment; 3) the authority to punish. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the problems associated with monkeywrenching's use as a punitive alter native to environmental protection.
Effect of Peer Counselors on Breastfeeding Initiation, Exclusivity, and Duration Among Low-income Urban Women
Authors: Kistin Naomi , Abramson Rachel , Dublin Peg
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of support from trained peer counselors on breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity among low-income urban women. Training of counselors, under the supervision of a registered nurse certified in lactation, adapted education techniques from Paulo Freire to provide information about lactation management and other health care issues. The study compared infant feeding practices of women who planned to breastfeed and received support from counselors (counselor group, N=59) to women who requested counselors but, owing to inadequate numbers of trained counselors, did not have a counselor (No-counselor group, N=43). Women in the counselor group had significantly greater (p<.05) breastfeeding initiation (93 percent vs. 70 percent), exclusivity (77 percent vs. 40 percent), and duration (mean of 15 weeks vs. mean of 8 weeks) than women in the no-counselor group. The findings suggest that peer counselors, well-trained, and with on-going supervision, can have a positive effect on breastfeeding practices among low-income urban women who intend to breastfeed.
Relationship Between Type of Infant Feeding and Hospitalization for Gastroenteritis in Shanghai Infants
Authors: Chen Yue
Published: March 2007

This analysis examines the relationship between feeding type and hospitalization for gastroenteritis based on the combined data of 3285 infants from the Jing-An and Chang-Ning epidemiological studies of children's health in Shanghai. Infants were classified into "ever" and "never" breastfeeding groups. The risk of hospitalization for gastroenteritis in the ever breastfed infants was significantly lower than that in the never breastfed infants, 3.4 percent versus 5.3 percent (p<.01). After controlling for covariates, the odds ratio was 0.66 (95% confidence interval=0.46-0.94). The data suggest that breastfeeding offers moderate protection against hospitalization for gastroenteritis in Shanghai infants.
Breastfeeding Initiation Among a Low Income Multiethnic Population in Northern California: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Williams Elizabeth L. , Pan Erica
Published: March 2007

Influences on the decision to initiate breastfeeding among low income mothers served by a suburban medical center in northern California were explored. Sixtyfour mothers of children 0-24 months of age were interviewed in English or Spanish regarding their infant feeding education, breastfeeding attitudes and behavior, and social support. Fifty-nine percent reported having discussed infant feeding with a physician; these mothers were more likely to attempt breastfeeding than those who did not. Fiftynine percent of the entire study population initiated breastfeeding. Initiation rates were highest for the Asian American group (86 percent), and lowest for Latinas (48 percent). Further research is needed regarding modifiable influences on breastfeeding initiation, including physician encouragement to breastfeed, for various ethnic groups.