bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Mechanism for Virilization of Female Spotted Hyenas in Utero
Authors: Yalcinkaya Tamer M. , Siiteri Pentti K. , Vigne Jean-Louis , Licht Paul , Pavgi Sushama , Frank Laurence G. , Glickman Stephen E.
Published: October 2006

Female spotted hyenas exhibit male-like genitalia and dominance over males. Hyena ovarian tissues incubated in vitro produced large quantities of the steroid hormone precursor androstenedione. The activity of aromatase, which converts androstenedione to estrogen, was one-twentieth as great in hyena versus human placental homogenates. In comparison, the activity of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which converts androstenedione to testosterone, was equal in the two homogenates. The limited aromatase activity may allow the hyena placenta to convert high circulating concentrations of androstenedione to testosterone, which results in virilization of the fetal external genitalia and possibly destruction of fetal ovarian follicles. Androstenedione production by residual ovarian stromal cells during reproductive life accounts for the epigenetic transmission of virilization in female spotted hyenas.
Endothermy During Terrestrial Activity in Large Beetles
Authors: Bartholomew George A. , Casey Timothy M.
Published: October 2006

The large tropical American beetles
Strategus aloeus
(Scarabaeidae) and
Stenodontes molarium
(Cerambycidae) can endogenously maintain metathoracic temperatures 5° to 7°C or more above ambient temperature for many hours. During such periods, their activity is exclusively terrestrial and their oxygen consumption equals that of active mammals of the same size. Before and during flight they elevate metathoracic temperatures by an additional 8° to 10°C.
Mathematics Achievement of Chinese, Japanese, and American Children: Ten Years Later
Authors: Stevenson Harold W. , Chen Chuansheng , Lee Shin-Ying
Published: October 2006

A decade of heightened emphasis in the United States on mathematics and science education has had little influence on academic achievement or parental attitudes. American elementary school children in 1990 lagged behind their Chinese and Japanese peers to as great a degree as they did in 1980. Comparison of the performance of elementary and secondary school students between 1980 and 1990 reveals a decline from first to eleventh grade in the relative position of American students in mathematics. Parental satisfaction with American students' achievement and education remains high and standards remain low. Innate ability continues to be emphasized by Americans as a basis for achievement. American eleventh graders report more indications of stress than do their Chinese and Japanese counterparts.
Circadian Rhythm in Membrane Conductance Expressed in Isolated Neurons
Authors: Michel Stephan , Geusz Michael E. , Zaritsky Joshua J. , Block Gene D.
Published: October 2006

Although isolated neurons can generate rhythmic activity, they have not yet been shown to generate rhythms with a period in the circadian range (near 24 hours). The eye of the mollusk
Bulla gouldiana
expresses a circadian rhythm in optic nerve impulses that is generated by electrically coupled cells known as basal retinal neurons (BRNs). Daily fluctuations in the membrane potential of the BRNs appear to be driven by a rhythm in membrane conductance. Isolated BRNs exhibited spontaneous conductance changes similar to those observed in the intact retina. Membrane conductance was high in the late subjective night and decreased approximately twofold near projected dawn during at least two circadian cycles in culture. The persistence of daily conductance changes in isolated BRNs indicates that individual neurons can function as circadian pacemakers.
Inhibition of Neural Crest Cell Attachment by Integrin Antisense Oligonucleotides
Authors: Lallier Thomas , Bronner-Fraser Marianne
Published: October 2006

Neural crest cell interactions with extracellular matrix molecules were analyzed with the use of antisense oligonucleotides to block synthesis of integrin subunits. When added to the culture medium of quail neural crest cells, selected antisense phosphorothiol oligonucleotides reduced the amounts of cell surface α
1
or β
1
integrin subunits by up to 95 percent and inhibited neural crest cell attachment to laminin or fibronectin substrata. Differential effects on specific α integrins were noted after treatment with α-specific oligonucleotides. Cells recovered the ability to bind to substrata 8 to 16 hours after treatment with inhibitory oligonucleotides. The operation of at least three distinct α integrin subunits is indicated by substratum-selective inhibition of cell attachment.
Formation of an Fe(III)-Tyrosinate Complex During Biomineralization of H-Subunit Ferritin
Authors: Waldo Geoffrey S. , Ling Jinshu , Sanders-Loehr Joann , Theil Elizabeth C.
Published: October 2006

An iron(III)-tyrosinate complex was identified in ferritin by ultraviolet-visible and resonance Raman spectroscopies. Previously, a specific amino acid side chain coordinated to iron in ferritin was not known. Ferritin protein was overexpressed in
Escherichia coli
from complementary DNA sequences of bullfrog red cell ferritin. The purple iron(III)-tyrosinate intermediate that formed during the first stages of iron uptake was replaced by the amber multinuclear iron(III)-oxo complexes of fully mineralized ferritin. Only the H subunit formed detectable amounts of the iron(III)-tyrosinate complex, which may explain the faster rates of iron biomineralization in H- compared to L-type ferritin.
Cloning the Differences Between Two Complex Genomes
Authors: Lisitsyn Nikolai , Lisitsyn Natalya , Wigler Michael
Published: October 2006

The analysis of the differences between two complex genomes holds promise for the discovery of infectious agents and probes useful for genetic studies. A system was developed in which subtractive and kinetic enrichment was used to purify restriction endonuclease fragments present in one population of DNA fragments but not in another. Application of this method to DNA populations of reduced complexity ("representations") resulted in the isolation of probes to viral genomes present as single copies in human DNA, and probes that detect polymorphisms between two individuals. In principle, this system, called representational difference analysis (RDA), may also be used for isolating probes linked to sites of genomic rearrangements, whether occurring spontaneously and resulting in genetic disorders or cancer, or programmed during differentiation and development.
T
H
1 and T
H
2 Cell Antigen Receptors in Experimental Leishmaniasis
Authors: Reiner Steven L. , Wang Zhi-En , Hatam Farah , Scott Phillip , Locksley Richard M.
Published: October 2006

The complexity and chronicity of parasitic infections have obscured the identification of biologically relevant antigens. Analysis of the T cell receptor repertoire used by mice infected with
Leishmania major
revealed the expansion of a restricted population of CD4
+
cells. These cells expressed the V
α
8- J
α
TA72, V
β
4 heterodimer in both progressive infection and protective immunity and across several major histocompatibility haplotypes. Thus, the same immunodominant parasite epitope drives the disparate outcomes of this infectious process, suggesting that candidate vaccine antigens selected by screening of immune individuals may be capable of exacerbating disease in genetically susceptible individuals.
Cognitive Neurophysiology of the Motor Cortex
Authors: Georgopoulos Apostolos P. , Taira Masato , Lukashin Alexander
Published: October 2006

A major challenge of current neuroscience is to elucidate the brain mechanisms that underlie cognitive function. There is no doubt that cognitive processing in the brain engages large populations of cells. This article explores the logic of investigating these problems by combining psychological studies in human subjects and neurophysiological studies of neuronal populations in the motor cortex of behaving monkeys. The results obtained show that time-varying psychological processes can be visualized in the time-varying activity of neuronal populations. Moreover, the functional interactions between cells in the motor cortex are very similar to those observed in a massively interconnected artificial network performing the same computation.
Altered Growth of Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines Disrupted at Activated Ki-
ras
Authors: Shirasawa Senji , Furuse Masanori , Yokoyama Nobuhiko , Sasazuki Takehiko
Published: October 2006

Point mutations that activate the Ki-
ras
proto-oncogene are present in about 50 percent of human colorectal tumors. To study the functional significance of these mutations, the activated Ki-
ras
genes in two human colon carcinoma cell lines, DLD-1 and HCT 116, were disrupted by homologous recombination. Compared with parental cells, cells disrupted at the activated Ki-
ras
gene were morphologically altered, lost the capacity for anchorage-independent growth, grew more slowly both in vitro and in nude mice, and showed reduced expression of c-
myc
. Thus, the activated Ki-
ras
gene plays a key role in colorectal tumorigenesis through altered cell differentiation and cell growth.
Molecular Basis for Specific Recognition of Both RNA and DNA by a Zinc Finger Protein
Authors: Clemens Karen R. , Wolf Veronica , McBryant Steven J. , Zhang Penghua , Liao Xiubei , Wright Peter E. , Gottesfeld Joel M.
Published: October 2006

Transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) from
Xenopus
oocytes binds both the internal control region of the 5
S
ribosomal RNA genes and the 5
S
RNA transcript itself. The nucleic acid binding domain of TFIIIA contains nine tandemly repeated zinc finger motifs. A series of precisely truncated forms of this protein have been constructed and assayed for 5
S
RNA and DNA binding. Different sets of zinc fingers were found to be responsible for high affinity interactions with RNA and with DNA. These results explain how a single protein can exhibit equal affinities for these two very different nucleic acids.
Induction of Olfactory Receptor Sensitivity in Mice
Authors: Wang Hai-Wei , Wysocki Charles J. , Gold Geoffrey H.
Published: October 2006

Repeated exposure to olfactory ligands (odorants) increased peripheral olfactory sensitivity in mice. For two unrelated ligands, androstenone and isovaleric acid, induction of olfactory sensitivity was odorant-specific and occurred only in inbred strains that initially had low sensitivity to the exposure odorant. These data demonstrate stimulus-induced plasticity in a sensory receptor cell, suggesting a form of stimulus-controlled gene expression. Induction with two unrelated odorants implies that olfactory induction is a general phenomenon that may occur in a large fraction of the human population.
Levodopa, Fertility, and Longevity
Authors: Cotzias George C. , Miller Samuel T. , Tang Lily C. , Papavasiliou Paul S. , Wang Ying Yao
Published: October 2006

High concentrations of the dopaminergic drug levodopa (L-dopa, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) administered to mice in their diet affected fertility to a moderate degree and prolonged the mean life-span by a maximum of 50 percent.
Interspecific and Intraspecific Horizontal Transfer of
Wolbachia
in
Drosophila
Authors: Boyle Lee , O'Neill Scott L. , Robertson Hugh M. , Karr Timothy L.
Published: October 2006

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in
Drosophila simulans
is related to infection of the germ line by a rickettsial endosymbiont (genus
Wolbachia
).
Wolbachia
were transferred by microinjection of egg cytoplasm into uninfected eggs of both
D. simulans
and
D. melanogaster
to generate infected populations. Transinfected strains of
D. melanogaster
with lower densities of
Wolbachia
than the naturally infected
D. simulans
strain did not express high levels of CI. However, transinfected
D. melanogaster
egg cytoplasm, transferred back into
D. simulans
, generated infected populations that expressed CI at levels near those of the naturally infected strain. A transinfected
D. melanogaster
line selected for increased levels of CI expression also displayed increased symbiont densities. These data suggest that a threshold level of infection is required for normal expression of CI and that host factors help determine the density of the symbiont in the host.
Naloxone in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Volavka J. , Mallya A. , Baig S. , Perez-Cruet J.
Published: October 2006

The specific narcotic antagonist naloxone (0.4 milligram) was given intravenously to seven chronic schizophrenics who reported that they had very frequent auditory hallucinations. Saline solution was used as a placebo. The coded study did not reveal any effect of naloxone on hallucinations or on global psychopathology.
Increasing Photosynthesis by Inhibiting Photorespiration with Glyoxylate
Authors: Oliver David J. , Zelitch Israel
Published: October 2006

Glyoxylate treatment doubles net photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation by tobacco leaf disks because inhibition of glycolate synthesis by glyoxylate results in decreased photorespiration. These observations show that photorespiration can be metabolically regulated and suggest that genetic or chemical alteration of pool sizes of certain metabolites can produce plants with increased photosynthesis.
Surgical Removal of Adipose Tissue Alters Feeding Behavior and the Development of Obesity in Rats
Authors: Faust Irving M. , Johnson Patricia R. , Hirsch Jules
Published: October 2006

Lipectomized and sham-operated rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce hyperphagia and rapid fat accumulation. Lipectomized rats with 25 percent fewer adipocytes were less hyperphagic and accumulated less fat, but their adipocytes remained equal in size to adipocytes of controls. A role for adipocyte size in fat storage regulation and food intake control is postulated.
Suprachiasmatic Nuclear Lesions Do Not Abolish Food-Shifted Circadian Adrenal and Temperature Rhythmicity
Authors: Krieger Dorothy T. , Hauser Herbert , Krey Lewis C.
Published: October 2006

Daytime restriction of food and water availability in nocturnal animals phase shifts the circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature. These shifted rhythms persist in animals with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei who are arrhythmic under normal conditions. These findings suggest the existence of an additional "clock" that may be involved in the generation of the rhythm.
Striatal Efferent Fibers Play a Role in Maintaining Rotational Behavior in the Rat
Authors: Marshall John F. , Ungerstedt Urban
Published: October 2006

Rats in which ascending dopamine-containing neurons have been unilaterally destroyed by injections of 6-hydroxydopamine are known to rotate after being injected with apomorphine or L-dopa. The rotation is markedly reduced by either (i) ipsilateral electrocoagulations of the caudate-putamen or internal capsule or (ii) ipsilateral coronal knife cuts immediately rostral to the substantia nigra. Neostriatal efferent fibers, in particular the strionigral projection, appear to be required for the expression of this dopamine-dependent behavior.
Hair Element Content in Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Pihl R. O. , Parkes M.
Published: October 2006

Hair samples from 31 learning disabled and 22 normal children were analyzed for content of 14 elements. Significant group differences were determined and a discriminant function was completed which separated the groups with 98 percent accuracy. Elevated lead and cadmium content in the learning disabled group is viewed as being of particular importance.
Suckling in Newborn Rats: Eliminated by Nipple Lavage, Reinstated by Pup Saliva
Authors: Teicher Martin H. , Blass Elliott M.
Published: October 2006

Chemical lavage of the nipples of anesthetized maternal rats virtually eliminated suckling by their 4- to 5-day-old pups. Normal suckling was immediately reinstated, however, by painting a vacuum distillate of the wash or of pup saliva onto the nipples. Thus, a substance necessary to direct and release suckling, possibly rat pup saliva, appears to coat the nipple surface.
Image Modulation in Corona Discharge Photography
Authors: Pehek John O. , Kyler Harry J. , Faust David L.
Published: October 2006

Photographic images obtained by the Kirlian technique are principally a record of corona activity during an exposure interval. Most of the variations in the images of the corona of a living subject who is in contact with the photographic film can be accounted for by the presence of moisture on or within the subject's surface. During exposure, moisture is transferred from the subject to the emulsion surface of the photographic film and causes an alteration of the electric charge pattern on the film, hence the electric field at the surface of the subject. As a result, large variations in the density of corona images, corona streamer trajectories, and image coloration can be brought about.

The radial extent of corona images—that is, the range of corona streamers—is an inverse function of the resistance in the circuit formed by the high-voltage supply, the subject, and the film-electrode configuration. This is because the voltage at which corona is initiated is dependent on the rate of rise of the voltage impressed between the subject and the electrode, and the rate of rise is governed by the applied voltage waveform and the voltage drop across the resistance. The range of streamers is proportional to the corona onset voltage. However, we have not seen any influence of large changes in skin resistance on streamer range. Presumably, this is due to the shunting effect of skin capacitance.

In general, the photographic response to moisture suggests that corona discharge photography may be useful in the detection and quantification of moisture in animate and inanimate specimens through the orderly modulation of the image due to various levels of moisture.
Variations in Writing Posture and Cerebral Organization
Authors: Levy Jerre , Reid Marylou
Published: October 2006

Two tachistoscopic tests of cerebral lateralization were administered to 73 subjects classified by handedness, sex, and hand orientation in writing. The results indicated that the direction of cerebral lateralization could be indexed from a subject's handedness and hand posture during writing. In subjects with a normal writing posture, the linguistically specialized hemisphere was contralateral to the dominant hand, and the visuospatially specialized hemisphere was ipsilateral; the reverse was true in subjects with an "inverted" hand position during writing. Females and subjects having an inverted hand posture manifested smaller degrees of lateral differentiation than males and subjects with a typical hand posture.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls May Alter Marine Trophic Pathways by Reducing Phytoplankton Size and Production
Authors: O'Connors Harold B. , Wurster Charles F. , Powers C. Donald , Biggs Douglas C. , Rowland Ralph G.
Published: October 2006

Polychlorinated biphenyls at concentrations of 1 to 10 micrograms per liter reduced phytoplankton biomass and size in natural estuarine phytoplankton communities grown within dialysis bags in situ in an estuarine marsh. In polychlorinated biphenyls-contaminated waters, these changes could increase the number of trophic levels and divert the flow of biomass from harvestable fish to jellyfish and other gelatinous predators.
Risk of Communicable Disease Infection Associated with Wastewater Irrigation in Agricultural Settlements
Authors: Katzenelson Eliyahu , Buium Itzhack , Shuval Hillel I.
Published: October 2006

The incidence of enteric communicable diseases in 77 kibbutzim (agricultural communal settlements) practicing wastewater spray irrigation with partially treated nondisinfected oxidation pond effluent is compared with that in 130 kibbutzim practicing no form of wastewater irrigation. The incidence of shigellosis, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, and infectious hepatitis is two to four times higher in communities practicing wastewater irrigation. No significant differences are found for the incidence of streptococcal infections, tuberculosis, and laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza. Nor are differences found for enteric disease rates during the winter nonirrigation season. Strong wastewater treatment measures, including effective bacterial and viral inactivation through disinfection, are recommended for all cases of sewage irrigation or land disposal near residential areas in light of the potential public health risks involved.
A Blind Fish Can School
Authors: Pitcher T. J. , Partridge B. L. , Wardle C. S.
Published: October 2006

Vision is not required in order for fish to school. Five individual saithe,
Pollachius virens
, were able to join schools of 25 normal saithe swimming in an annular tank, while blinded with opaque eye covers. Test fish maintained position within the school indefinitely and responded to short-term movements of individuals within the school, although quantitative differences in reaction time and schooling behavior were noted. Five fish with lateral lines cut at the opercula were unable to school when wearing opaque eye covers. Although it is unlikely that blind saithe could school in the wild, the constraints of the apparatus permitted a demonstration of a role of the lateral line organ in schooling.
Synchronization of Periodical Cicada Emergences
Authors: Hoppensteadt Frank C. , Keller Joseph B.
Published: October 2006

Synchronized insect emergences are shown to be a possible consequence of predation in the presence of a limited environmental carrying capacity through a mathematical model for cicada populations that includes these two features. Synchronized emergences, like those observed in 13- and 17-year cicadas, are predicted for insects with sufficiently long life-spans. Balanced solutions, in which comparable emergences occur each year, are found for insects having sufficiently short life-spans, such as 3-, 4-, and 7-year cicadas. For the values used here, synchronized emergences occur for insects with life-spans of 10 years or more, and balanced emergences occur for life-spans of fewer than 10 years.
Neural Control and Coordination of Jumping in Froghopper Insects
Authors: Burrows Malcolm
Published: October 2006

The thrust for jumping in froghopper insects is produced by a rapid, synchronous depression of both hind legs generated by huge, multipartite trochanteral depressor muscles in the thorax and smaller levator muscles in the coxae. A three-phase motor pattern activates these muscles in jumping. First, a levation phase lasts a few hundred milliseconds, in which a burst of spikes in the trochanteral levator motor neurons moves the hind legs into their fully cocked position and thus engages a mechanical lock between a coxa and a femur. Second, a cocked phase lasts a few seconds, in which a trochanteral depressor motor neuron spikes continuously at a frequency gradually rising to 50 Hz, although the hind legs remain stationary. Levator motor spikes are sporadic. Third, the jump movement lasts <1 ms, in which the spikes in the depressors stop abruptly and the legs rapidly depress. This pattern may vary in the speed of the initial levation and in the duration of the cocked phase. Recordings from the depressor muscles on both sides showed remarkable synchrony of their motor spikes. In one 4.9-long cocked phase all 174 spikes were synchronous and in another 27 s period of continuous spiking all but one of 1,176 spikes were synchronous. When a single hind leg moves rapidly, these depressor spikes are nevertheless independent of those of the other leg. These features of the motor pattern and the coupling between motor neurons to the two hind legs ensure powerful movements to propel rapid jumping.
The landing–take-off asymmetry in human running
Authors: Cavagna G. A.
Published: October 2006

In the elastic-like bounce of the body at each running step the muscle–tendon units are stretched after landing and recoil before take-off. For convenience, both the velocity of the centre of mass of the body at landing and take-off, and the characteristics of the muscle–tendon units during stretching and recoil, are usually assumed to be the same. The deviation from this symmetrical model has been determined here by measuring the mechanical energy changes of the centre of mass of the body within the running step using a force platform. During the aerial phase the fall is greater than the lift, and also in the absence of an aerial phase the transduction between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy is greater during the downward displacement than during the lift. The peak of kinetic energy in the sagittal plane is attained thanks to gravity just prior to when the body starts to decelerate downwards during the negative work phase. In contrast, a lower peak of kinetic energy is attained, during the positive work phase, due to the muscular push continuing to accelerate the body forwards after the end of the acceleration upwards. Up to a speed of 14 km h–1 the positive external work duration is greater than the negative external work duration, suggesting a contribution of muscle fibres to the length change of the muscle–tendon units. Above this speed, the two durations (<0.1 s) are similar, suggesting that the length change is almost totally due to stretch–recoil of the tendons with nearly isometrically contracting fibres.
Downregulation of aquaporins 1 and 5 in nasal gland by osmotic stress in ducklings,Anas platyrhynchos: implications for the production of hypertonic fluid
Authors: Müller Christian , Sendler Matthias , Hildebrandt Jan-Peter
Published: October 2006

Using primers against highly conserved regions of mammalian and bird aquaporins in RT–PCR experiments, we amplified products derived from duck (Anas platyrhynchos) nasal gland RNA that were identified as homologues of mammalian and chicken aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 cDNAs by sequencing. Using digoxigenin-labelled probes derived from these PCR products in northern blot analyses of mRNA isolated from nasal glands of untreated(naïve) or osmotically stressed ducklings (replacement of drinking water with a 1% NaCl solution), we observed a decrease in aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) mRNA abundance (by approximately 40%) during saline adaptation in the animals. Western blot analysis of AQP1 and AQP5 expression in the glands revealed that protein abundance decreased in a similar fashion. Immunohistochemical analysis of AQP1 distribution in cryosections of nasal gland indicated that AQP1 is mainly expressed in endothelial cells of the capillaries, but definitely not in the secretory or ductal cells of the gland. AQP5 distribution in the gland, however, seems to be different, since staining was exclusively observed in apical and basolateral plasma membranes of individual epithelial cells of the primary and central ducts, which collect fluid from the secretory tubules. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that strongly hyperosmotic fluid is produced by the secretory cells at very low (unstimulated gland) or high (activated gland) rates. In the unstimulated gland, secretions may be diluted by aquaporin-mediated transcellular water flux while passing through the ductal system flushing the glandular ducts, thereby potentially preventing ascending infections. In the activated gland, however, downregulation of aquaporins in capillaries and duct cells may prevent dilution of the initially secreted fluid, enabling the animals to excrete large volumes of a highly concentrated salt solution.
Antibiotics and nasal surgery
Authors: Weimert Thomas A. , Yoder Milton G.
Published: October 2006

Despite the widespread use of prophylactic antibiotics in nasal surgery, the subject has been paid little attention in the literature.

In a retrospective analysis of 210 patients who underwent septal surgery or a rhinoplasty, only 5 developed minor infections. Patients undergoing septal surgery or rhinoplasty (174) were evaluated in a randomized sequence, prospectively, to study the efficacy of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis. Only 4 patients developed minor infections; and 173 patients demonstrated no clinical nor radiographic evidence of subsequent sinusitis. The incidence of infectious complications resulting from intranasal surgery is not sufficient to warrant the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Furthermore, proof of their effectiveness in preventing such infections is lacking.
Unusual head and neck manifestations of non‐hodgkin's lymphomas in children and adults
Authors: Sawyer Robert , Rosenthal David I. , Maniglia Anthony J. , Goodwin W. Jarrard
Published: October 2006

Certain patterns of “lymphoma masquerade” are examined, where the diagnosis is very difficult to establish. The presence of prolonged symptoms prior to the acute event or indolent slow healing wounds should alert clinicians to the possibility that lymphoma may be involved. Localizing tumors in order to make a tissue diagnosis is one potential problem encountered even with computerized tomography, but magnetic resonance imaging has been helpful in demonstrating the presence of tumor mass. Included in this report is an unusual series of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma cases in which there was not an obvious tumor. Three patients presented with symptoms and findings of deep neck abscess, two of which were associated with an esophageal perforation or tracheoesophageal fistula. The other cases involved chronic sinusitis and an apparent viral polyneuropathy affecting multiple cranial nerves. Treatment of these non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas and techniques for establishing the pathological diagnosis are discussed.
Regeneration of the eighth cranial nerve II. Physiologic verification in the bullfrog
Authors: Newman Anita , Honrubia Vicente , Bell Theodore
Published: October 2006

Two experiments were performed to document the functional capacity of the regenerated eighth cranial nerve. In experiment 1, the eighth cranial nerve was sectioned preganglionically and allowed to regenerate in a group of bullfrogs with normal contralateral eighth nerve and labyrinth. Posture and reflex to lateral tilt were measured preoperatively and postoperatively for a minimum of 3 months. Similar measures were performed in a second group of bullfrogs in which the eighth nerve had been destroyed by ganglionectomy and in a third with peripheral labyrinthectomies.

In experiment 2, the eighth nerve was sectioned and allowed to regenerate in bullfrogs in which the contralateral nerve had previously been destroyed. Posture and reflex to lateral tilt were measured as in experiment 1. Similar measures were performed in a group of bullfrogs that had undergone bilateral nerve destruction.

Regeneration of the eighth cranial nerve in bullfrogs in both experiments was documented histologically by labeling the regenerated fibers with horseradish peroxidase (HRP).

In both experiments, posture recovered completely only in the bullfrogs in which the eighth cranial nerve was allowed to regenerate. Reflex to lateral tilt recovered more rapidly in the bullfrogs with regenerated nerves than in any of the other bullfrogs.
Preparing graduates in art and design to meet the challenges of working in the creative industries: a new model for work
Authors: Ball Linda
Published: October 2006

It is clear from recent research studies that art and design higher education has the potential to develop capable, flexible, adaptable, lateral thinking and creative individuals, but students do not necessarily recognize these positive outcomes. They also lack essential professional
skills and an understanding of the industry they are entering. Yet, this is a growth sector of the economy and people working in the creative industries have shown that they can evolve thriving businesses. This paper explores how these industries work and what the requirements are, what the
main concerns are for graduates entering the workplace, and why students find it difficult to make the connection between what they are learning and work. Finally, a student evaluation of the learning outcomes of an assignment, focusing on small creative businesses, provides some insights
into how students can develop confidence and professional skills, as well as an understanding of how small creative businesses operate.
Revisiting the comedia sexy ibrica: No desears al vecino del quinto (Ramn Fernndez, 1971)
Authors: Jordan Barry
Published: October 2006

What is usually regarded as the reactionary, pro-regime popular cinema of the 1960s and early 1970s has done well recently on Spanish public television. Ratings and nostalgia levels have been high for a series of old Francoist commercial films which sought to wrestle with Spain's problematic
adaptation to consumer capitalism and modern attitudes towards sex and sexual identities. In general, however, academic criticism has tended to avoid or ignore this kind of material, preferring to focus instead on the more serious, socially-engaged cinema of the nuevo cine espaol. In this
paper, I wish to reconsider the field of Spain's commercial cinema of the period and within it the sleazy comedia ertica or comedia sexy ibrica, before offering a short case study of No desears al vecino del quinto. The latter will deal briefly with narrative structure and closure as
well as the comic interplay between gay and straight identities.
Astrocytic localization of kynurenine aminotransferase II in the rat brain visualized by immunocytochemistry
Authors: Guidetti Paolo , Hoffman Gloria E. , Melendez‐Ferro Miguel , Albuquerque Edson X. , Schwarcz Robert
Published: October 2006

Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, is a neuroinhibitory agent present in the mammalian brain. Endogenous KYNA preferentially affects the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nACh) receptor and, possibly, the glycine co‐agonist (glycineB) site of the NMDA receptor. Functionally relevant fluctuations in brain KYNA occur under both physiological and pathological conditions, affecting cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II), the major biosynthetic enzyme of KYNA in the rat brain, catalyzes the irreversible formation of KYNA from its immediate bioprecursor, kynurenine. We now purified rat kidney KAT II to homogeneity, generated a polyclonal rabbit anti‐rat KAT II antibody, and purified the antibody using routine biochemical methods. The antibody selectively recognized KAT II by Western blot analysis and in immunotitration experiments. Used for immunocytochemistry, the antibody revealed discrete, specific staining of KAT II‐positive astrocyte‐like cells throughout the adult rat brain. The presence of KAT II in astrocytes was confirmed by double fluorescence immunostaining with an antibody against the astrocyte‐specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). No specific labeling was detected in neurons or microglia. However, KAT II‐positive astrocytes were intimately associated with select neuron populations, supporting a neuromodulatory role of KYNA. Intense staining was frequently seen around brain capillaries, with astrocytic end feet contacting the capillary wall. This may explain the rapid access of blood‐derived kynurenine to KAT II‐containing astrocytes. The new anti‐KAT II antibody should be useful in the further elucidation of the presumed role of KYNA in brain physiology and pathology. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Answering Kentucky's five questions: The public agenda and accountability system guiding postsecondary education reform in the commonwealth
Authors: Moore Sue Hodges
Published: October 2006

Kentucky links state‐level and institutional accountability indicators to the public agenda for its postsecondary education system.
Connecting a university system to the public agenda: The roundtable on higher education
Authors: Dunn Edward V.
Published: October 2006

North Dakota connects the collective power and potential of college and university systems to the economic development, education, and training needs of the state.
Accountability for public priorities in South Dakota higher education
Authors: Martinez Mario C.
Published: October 2006

South Dakota used roundtables with various stakeholders to formalize a set of public priorities and build a system of public accountability.
Lessons from the California experience
Authors: Garcia Marlene Linares , Sherriff Rona Levine
Published: October 2006

The state with the largest public higher education system in the nation takes important steps toward establishing a statewide accountability model.
Accountability where it belongs and how it got there in North Dakota
Authors: Kupchella Charles E.
Published: October 2006

An exchange of flexibility for accountability placed the responsibility for being accountable at the campus level.
L2 discretization of Sturmian wave functions for Coulomb‐like potentials
Authors: Frapiccini A. L. , Gonzalez V. Y. , Randazzo J. M. , Colavecchia F. D. , Gasaneo G.
Published: October 2006

In this work we introduce a method to construct Sturmian functions for general interaction potentials in two‐body problems. We expand these Sturmians on a finite L2 space, using N Laguerre basis functions to obtain a discrete set of eigenvalues for positive and negative energies. Orthogonality and closure relations are thus rewritten for these expansions; completeness is achieved through increasing the basis size. We apply the method to the Coulomb and Herman and Skillman potential. We study the behavior of the functions obtained and their convergence for an overall range of energies. The Sturmian functions are applied to solve the Schrödinger equation for an active electron in a He‐like system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Changes in exercise capacity, ventilation, and body weight following heart transplantation
Authors: Habedank Dirk , Ewert Ralf , Hummel Manfred , Wensel Roland , Hetzer Roland , Anker Stefan D.
Published: October 2006

Aims:

Peak oxygen uptake adjusted to body weight (peak VO2) and ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2‐slope) are important prognostic parameters in chronic heart failure. Our study prospectively examined changes in these parameters over 24months following heart transplantation (HTx) and evaluated the potentially confounding effects of weight gain.

Methods and results:

One hundred patients with chronic heart failure (16 female, mean age at HTx 53.9±9.6years) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing before and 3, 6, 12 and/or 24months after HTx. Twenty‐five healthy individuals served as matched normals. VE/VCO2‐slope during exercise improved significantly at 6 (−23.7%), 12 (−21.3%), and 24months (−32.3%; all p<0.002 vs. baseline). At 6months, VE/VCO2‐slopes were similar to the matched normals (31.8±4.3), 46 of 78 patients achieved values within the 95% confidence interval of normal. Peak VO2 increased significantly after HTx at 6 (+31.8%), 12 (+36.2%), and 24months (+42.2%; all p<0.005). None of the patients reached values within the 95% CI of normal. Although VE/VCO2‐slope and peak VO2 were correlated inversely at every time point (p<0.03), reduction in VE/VCO2‐slope did not correlate with increase in peak VO2. Symptoms that limited exercise changed from dyspnoea before HTx to leg fatigue after HTx.

Conclusion:

Following HTX, VE/VCO2‐slope returns to normal values in the majority of patients; however, despite improvement, peak VO2 remains abnormal in all patients. Symptoms causing patients to stop exercising change from dyspnoea to leg fatigue.
Three-dimensional observation of nanoscopic precipitates in an aluminum alloy by microtomography with Fresnel zone plate optics
Authors: Toda H. , Uesugi K. , Takeuchi A. , Minami K. , Kobayashi M. , Kobayashi T.
Published: October 2006

Microtomography combined with hard x-ray imaging microscopy has been employed to observe nanoscopic features in a material, which has, to date, only been done by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Here, the authors show a characteristic microstructure in an aluminum alloy, such as a slant gap between growing precipitates that impinge on each other due to the presence of a solute-depleted zone. Such observation is not possible by conventional projection microtomography even using the highest resolution available. It would appear that the present technique has a unique potential to observe nanoscopic features inside materials that are several orders of magnitude thicker than TEM specimens.
NINHYDRIN POSITIVE SUBSTANCES PRESENT IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF NORMAL RAT BRAIN*
Authors: Shaw R. K. , Heine J. D.
Published: October 2006

Early investigations (Roberts, Lowe, Guth and Jelinek, 1958) of the ninhydrin positive substances of the whole brain of rats indicated that these substances were unchanged by various drug treatments or physiological stresses. It was mentioned at that time that studies of the whole brain could be misleading. Later work with whole brains of rats and mice (Häkkinen and Kulonen, 1961; Soep and Janssen, 1961; DeRopp and Snedeker, 1961; Kamrin and Kamrin, 1961) revealed that the administration of different drugs does alter the concentration of several of the free amino acids. Although no meaningful pattern of changes was evident, these reports raised the possibility that a meaningful pattern of changes could be found through a more detailed study with more refined techniques.

In recent years the development of dual column (Spackman, Stein and Moore, 1958) and single column (Piez and Morris, 1960) amino acid analysers has facilitated the relatively rapid separation and determination of ninhydrin positive substances in biological extracts. The studies of Tallan, Moore and Stein (1954) had already established the large number of ninhydrin positive substances present in the brain of a cat as revealed by column chromatography, including unknown peaks.

This paper describes in detail the procedures used in establishing the concentrations of ninhydrin positive substances in four areas of the rat brain. Other body organs and tissues were analysed for comparison to establish the presence of unknown substances peculiar to the brain.
FLUID COMPARTMENTATION AND ELECTROLYTES OF CAT CEREBRAL CORTEX IN VITRO–II SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE OF MATURE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: BOURKE ROBERT S. , TOWER DONALD B.
Published: October 2006

The contents of K+, Na+ and Cl− in various incubation media and in slices of adult cat cerebral cortex incubated in vitro under a variety of conditions have been determined in conjunction with studies on slice swelling and fluid compartmentation reported in the preceding paper (Bourke and Tower, 1966).

Cortical slices incubated in media containing 16 Or 27 mm‐K+ exhibit contents of K+ and Na+ most nearly comparable to those found in viuo. Substitution of isethionate− For Cl− or omission of Ca2+ in such media have little effect on slice cation composition. Rb+ can effectively substitute for K+, but substitution of Li+ or choline+ for most of the naf in incubation media is associated with accumulation of these cations in slices at the expense of both K+ and Na+.

Compared to values in vivo for net contents and/or concentrations of electrolytes in the non‐sucrose spaces of cortical slices, conditions yielding most favourable data in vitro appeared to be incubation of cortical slices in 16 mm‐K+ medium or in 27 mm‐K+ medium with either omission of Ca2+ or replacement of Cl− by isethionate.

Essentially complete inhibition of maintenance of K+ and extrusion of Na+ in slices of cat cerebral cortex occurs upon incubation with 10−5 or 10−4m‐ouabain, with 50 per cent inhibition of cortical slice electrolyte metabolism occurring at about 8 × 10−7m‐ouabain.

Cortical slices incubated in 27 mm‐K+ medium in the presence of 42K exhibited rates of exchange and turnover of slice K+ (in non‐sucrose spaces) of 0·7 μequiv./min and 6.45 per cent respectively. In the presence of 10−5m‐ouabain, a maximal ratio of slice specific activity/medium specific activity is attained within about 5 min after 42K addition, compared to >20 min for control slices. In neither case does the maximal specific activity ratio exceed about 0.85; this suggests that some 10‐15 per cent of total cortical K+ comprises a “slowly exchangeable” fraction.

In the presence of Ca2+ (1.3 mm) slice oxygen consumption is markedly stimulated (39 per cent) and aerobic glycolysis is markedly depressed (54 per cent) in the presence of 10−5m‐ouabain; whereas on omission of Ca2+ from incubation media, both respiration and glycolysis are normally stimulated but, with 10−5m‐ouabain present, both are significantly depressed (20 per cent and 37 per cent respectively). Possible relevance of these effects to mobilization of tissue Ca2+ by ouabain and to effects of intracellular Ca2+ on mitochondrial respiratory metabolism is discussed.
BRAIN GANGLTOSIDE PATTERN IN THREE FORMS OF AMAUROTIC IDIOCY AND IN GARGOYLISM
Authors: Borri P. F. , Hooghwinkel G. J. M. , Edgar G. W. F.
Published: October 2006

Brain ganglioside pattern was studied in one case of Tay‐Sachs’disease, two cases of Late Infantile Amaurotic Idiocy (L.I.A.I.) two cases of Juvenile Amaurotic Idiocy (J.A.I.), three cases of Gargoylism together with three normal adults and one 7‐year‐old normal child. Our findings in Tay‐Sachs’disease conformed with those reported by previous authors. In J.A.I. and L.I.A.I. the percentage distribution of N‐acetylneuraminic acid in individual gangliosides has been found to be similar to the normal. No evidence of storage of any single ganglioside has been found in L.I.A.I. All cases of gargoylism showed a clear‐cut increase of the two fastest monosialogangliosides.

Literature concerning Amaurotic Idiocy and Gargoylism is reviewed and briefly discussed in connection with the present findings.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE MYELIN PROTEINS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM12
Authors: Wolfgram F. , Koiorii K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The amino acid composition of human, monkey and bovine centrum ovale myelin, of bovine optic nerve myelin, and of bovine spinal cord white matter myelin has been determined. In general, the amino acid patterns of the centrum ovale myelin of these species and the optic nerve myelin are identical. Differences are noted when these are compared to the spinal cord white matter myelin. It is shown that the amino acid composition of myelin cannot be duplicated by any combination of the Folch–Lees proteolipid protein and the basic protein fraction of myelin. It is necessary to postulate the existence of a third protein fraction that is rich in dicarboxylic amino acids.
UPTAKE OF [3H]CATECHOLAMINES BY CHICK EMBRYO SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN TISSUE CULTURE1
Authors: Burdman J. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Chick embryo sympathetic chains were grown in tissue culture and pulse labelled with tritiated catecholamines. The uptake was restricted to sympathetic nerve cells. The capability of these cells to take up radioactive dopamine and norepinephrine from the culture media was retained after one month in tissue culture. The uptakes of both [3H]norepinephrine and [3H]dopamine were inhibited when nonradioactive DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine or epinephrine were present in the pulse media.