bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeding Cumulus in Florida: New 1970 Results
Authors: Simpson Joanne , Woodley William L.
Published: October 2006

In the Florida single cloud experiments, the main result of the statistical analyses is that the dynamic seeding effect on rainfall is large, positive, and significant. From all the 1968 and 1970 data together, the seeding effect is estimated to be larger than a factor of 3; that is, the seeded clouds rained more than three times as much as the controls after the seeding run. On fair days, defined objectively by percentage of area covered by showers, the seeding effect is shown to be larger than the overall average, but it may be negative on rainy days. Rainy days in the tropics are about 10 percent of the days with rain, but they produce about half the total rainfall. The applicability of our single cloud results to other areas is not established but seems hopeful for many tropical and subtropical regions. It can be assessed by cloud population studies together with our numerical model.

Guidance for the next steps toward practical rainfall enhancement and toward the understanding and modification of cloud systems in storms may be provided by our study of merger clouds. Mergers are shown often to produce more than an order of magnitude more rain than isolated clouds on the same day, probably owing to dynamic invigoration of the merged cloud circulations. Results of our first small attempt toward inducing and documenting mergers in a multiple cloud seeding experiment appear promising. Although far from statistically conclusive, they have opened a new frontier in the science and technology of dynamic cloud modification. It is also hoped that the multiple cumulus seeding experiments will help to clarify the formation of "cloud clusters" and their role in large-scale circulations, thus contributing to the focal subject of the Global Atmospheric Research Program in the tropics.
Molecular Conformation of Dihydrouridine: Puckered Base Nucleoside of Transfer RNA
Authors: Sundaralingam M. , Rao S. T. , Abola J.
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of dihydrouridine hemihydrate has been determined by x-ray diffraction. Crystals of dihydrouridine contain two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit and a molecule of water. The x-ray structure determination has shown that the conformations of both molecules differ in important respects in the saturated base and the ribose. The molecular conformation of dihydrouridine has, for the first time, provided structural evidence that the rare nucleoside can promote "loop" formation in the sugar-phosphate chain.
Electroencephalographic and Behavioral Alterations Produced by Δ
1
-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Hockman Charles H. , Perrin Richard G. , Kalant Harold
Published: October 2006

The administration of small doses of Δ
1
-tetrahydrocannabinol to cats with indwelling electrodes produced a disruption of both the electroencephalogram and behavior. Some of these alterations, including the appearance of a high-voltage slow wave electroencephalogram in the awake and moving animal, have been observed in cats that had been administered other drugs known to cause hallucinogenic states in man.
Coral-Eating Sea Stars
Acanthaster planci
in Hawaii
Authors: Branham J. M. , Reed S. A. , Bailey Julie H. , Caperon J.
Published: October 2006

An aggregation of 2 × 10
4
Acanthaster planci
was observed from September 1969 to November 1970. The sea stars within the aggregation were very uniform in size, and their reproduction was seasonal. Their average diameter and weight also varied seasonally in a manner that suggests a correlation between average size and breeding condition. The aggregation remained compactly situated in a band a few to tens of meters wide and about 2 kilometers long, parallel to the shore. The band did not move appreciably during the observation period. The sea stars were feeding selectively on a coral which was a minor component of the total coral cover. The coral in the area was predominantly alive, and the proportion of dead coral did not increase appreciably during our period of observation.
Correction of Abnormal Cerebroside Sulfate Metabolism in Cultured Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Fibroblasts
Authors: Porter Myna T. , Fluharty Arvan L. , Kihara Hayato
Published: October 2006

Cultured fibroblasts derived from patients with late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy incorporated arylsulfatase A from the growth medium. Upon exposure to cerebroside sulfate, they exhibited patterns of uptake and hydrolysis indistinguishable from cells derived from control subjects. Furthermore, inclusion granules formed in the metachromatic leukodystrophy fibroblasts upon exposure to sulfatides were cleared by subsequent supplementation of the growth medium with arylsulfatase A.
Motion-Induced Inhibition of Elongation and Induction of Dormancy in
Liquidambar
Authors: Neel* P. L. , Harris R. W.
Published: October 2006

Moderate shaking of Liquidambar trunks for 30 seconds daily reduced height growth to only 20 to 30 percent of that of trees not shaken. Six of eight trees shaken set terminal buds within 3 weeks. The trees which were not shaken formed no terminal buds. An endogenous mechanism for regulating tree growth in windy situations is implicated.
Superior Colliculus: Some Receptive Field Properties of Bimodally Responsive Cells
Authors: Wickelgren Barbara G.
Published: October 2006

Many cells in the intermediate and deep gray layers of the superior colliculus of the cat respond to both auditory and visual stimuli. These cells have similar receptive fields for both modalities and are directionally selective for both modalities, requiring stimuli moving laterally away from the animal. Perhaps cells that integrate auditory and visual information participate in the control of orienting and following responses to stimuli of both modalities.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Production by the Choroid Plexus and Brain
Authors: Milhorat Thomas H. , Hammock Mary K. , Fenstermacher Joseph D. , Rall David P. , Levin Victor A.
Published: October 2006

The production of cerebrospinal fluid and the transport of
24
Na from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid were studied simultaneously in normal and choroid plexectomized rhesus monkeys. Choroid plexectomy reduced the production of cerebrospinal fluid by an average of 33 to 40 percent and the rate of appearance of
24
Na in the cerebrospinal fluid and its final concentration were proportionately reduced. In both normal and plexectomized animals,
24
Na levels were found to be markedly greater in the gray matter surrounding the ventricles and in the gray matter bordering the subarachnoid space. That sodium exchanges in these two general areas of the brain may be linked to the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid is discussed here.
Sea Snakes: An Unusual Salt Gland under the Tongue
Authors: Dunson William A. , Packer Randall K. , Dunson Margaret K.
Published: October 2006

The posterior sublingual gland of sea snakes is a salt gland. It secretes a fluid surpassing seawater in sodium chloride concentration. The gland lies on the ventrolateral surfaces of the tongue sheath and empties through multiple ducts into the sheath. Fluid is expelled from the sheath when the tongue is extended. For freshly captured
Pelamis
, the plasma concentrations of sodium, chloride, and potassium were 210, 167, and 8 millimoles per liter, respectively. Injections of sodium chloride led to a rise in its concentration in the plasma and to an increase in the rate and concentration of fluid secreted by the sublingual gland. The ultrastructure of this gland is similar to that of other reptilian salt glands. However, the gland is not homologous with any other salt gland. The sublingual gland in Pelamis is larger than that in
Laticauda
, and the rate of electrolyte excretion from the larger gland is greater.
The Beginnings of Experimental Petrology
Authors: Eugster Hans P.
Published: October 2006

Van't Hoff's work constitutes the first systematic contribution to experimental petrology. At all times, the problem was perceived as geologic in nature and the laboratory results were checked against natural assemblages whenever possible. The phase rule was not used, nor, for that matter, was chemical thermodynamics, except for the Van't Hoff equation. However, the work of Van't Hoff and Van Deventer was indirectly involved in the evolution of phase theory by Roozeboom, Van Rijn van Alkemade, and Schreinemakers. Meyerhoffer himself wrote the first text explicitly devoted to the phase rule.

The impact of Van't Hoff's study was enormous, but it was restricted to those geologists willing and able to cope with chemistry. Foremost among them were igneous petrologists who had long since accepted chemical arguments for classification purposes. I consider the Geophysical Laboratory program to be the most direct heir of the Van't Hoff approach. Although the shape of that program was formulated independently by Van Hise, Becker, Day, and others, the inspiration they derived from Van't Hoff's successes is clearly acknowledged. The study of the fusion of plagioclases by Day and Allen (41), which directly led to the authorization for the Geophysical Laboratory, was the igneous counterpart of Van't Hoff's low-temperature experimental petrology. On metamorphic petrology, too, Van't Hoff left his mark, with V. M. Goldschmidt acting as his disciple. The interpretation of the Kristiania contact rocks was explicitly based on Van't Hoff's double salt law in preference to the phase rule.

Sedimentologists remained unaffected and continued their preoccupation with description and classification. Chemical arguments remained subordinate in their work and of an elementary nature, underscoring the chasm between "hard" rocks and "soft" rocks. This gulf is only now beginning to close as a result of the blossoming of experimental petrology and geochemistry since World War II. At last the generality of the point of view of Gibbs is being accepted. If Van't Hoff's contribution had been appreciated fully at the time, this could have happened 70 years earlier.
OxidativeN-Dealkylation: A Mannich Intermediate in the Formation of a New Metabolite of Lidocaine in Man
Authors: Breck George D. , Trager William F.
Published: October 2006

Evidence is presented for a new metabolite of lidocaine. Its structure,N1-ethyl-2-methyl-N3-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-imidazolidinone, suggests reactive electrophilic intermediates for the oxidative removal ofN-alkyl groups in general.
Origin of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid in the Spinal Fluid
Authors: Bulat M. , Živković B.
Published: October 2006

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid applied intracisternally in cats does not appear in spinal fluid. Changes of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration in the spinal cord are clearly reflected in the perfusate of the spinal subarachnoid space. Thus, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the spinal fluid originates from the spinal cord and reflects metabolic changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the spinal tissue, but not those in the brain.
Cyclic 3′,5′-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase: Cytochemical Localization in Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Florendo Noel T. , Barrnett Russell J. , Greengard Paul
Published: October 2006

The distribution of cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in rat cerebral cortex was determined by cytochemical methods. The detectable phosphodiesterase activity was localized in postsynaptic (dendritic) nerve endings, most of it immediately adjacent to the synaptic membrane. Most of the postsynaptic nerve endings showed phosphodiesterase activity.
Time, Energy, and Territoriality of the Anna Hummingbird (
Calypte anna
)
Authors: Stiles F. Gary
Published: October 2006

The male Anna Hummingbird accommodates seasonal changes in energy demands by varying its allocation of time and energy among different activities; total energy expenditures change relatively little. Augmented territorial defense during the breeding season is made possible by increased feeding efficiency due to the availability at this time of very nectar-rich flowers.
Identification of the Germination Self-Inhibitor from Wheat Stem Rust Uredospores
Authors: Macko V. , Staples R. C. , Allen P. J. , Renwick J. A. A.
Published: October 2006

Two germination inhibitors from wheat rust uredospores were identified as the
cis
and
trans
isomers of methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate (methyl ferulate). They are the self-inhibitors from these spores described previously.
Eggshell Thinning in Japanese Quail Fed Mercuric Chloride
Authors: Stoewsand Gilbert S. , Anderson Judy L. , Gutenmann Walter H. , Bache Carl A. , Lisk Donald J.
Published: October 2006

The eggs produced by developing Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed 1 to 8 parts of mercury per million as mercuric chloride for 10 weeks have thinned shells. Total amounts of mercury in tissues were quite proportional to the dosage and were higher in males than in females. Methylation of mercury was not observed.
Archeological Traces of Early Hominid Activities, East of Lake Rudolf, Kenya
Authors: Isaac Glynn Ll. , Leakey Richard E. F. , Behrensmeyer Anna K.
Published: October 2006

Excavations have demonstrated that stone artifacts occur stratified within beds of Lower Pleistocene (or end Pliocene) age. At one site a low-density scatter of worked stone objects occurs together with small but significant quantities of broken-up bones. Potassium-argon dates indicate an age greater than 2 million years; thus, this may be the oldest known hominid occupation site. More than 20 hominid fossils have been recovered from various sedimentary formations in the area.
Processing of the Amyloid Protein Precursor to Potentially Amyloidogenic Derivatives
Authors: Golde Todd E. , Estus Steven , Younkin Linda H. , Selkoe Dennis J. , Younkin Steven G
Published: October 2006

The ∼120-kilodalton amyloid β protein precursor (βAPP) is processed into a complex set of 8- to 12-kilodalton carboxyl-terminal derivatives that includes potentially amyloidogenic forms with the ∼4-kilodalton amyloid β protein (βAP) at or near their amino terminus. In order to determine if these derivatives are processed in a secretory pathway or by the endosomal-lysosomal system, (i) deletion mutants that produce the normal set of carboxyl-terminal derivatives and shortened secreted derivatives were analyzed and (ii) the effect of inhibitors of endosomal-lysosomal processing was examined. In the secretory pathway, cleavage of the βAPP occurs at a single site within the βAP to generate one secreted derivative and one nonamyloidogenic carboxyl-terminal fragment, whereas, in the endosomal-lysosomal system, a complex set of carboxyl-terminal derivatives is produced that includes the potentially amyloidogenic forms.
Primordial Oil Slick
Authors: Lasaga Antonio C. , Holland H. D. , Dwyer Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Calculations and some preliminary experiments suggest that an early methane atmosphere would have been polymerized by solar ultraviolet radiation in geologically short periods of time. An oil slick 1 to 10 meters thick could have been produced in this way and might well have been of considerable importance in the development of life.
Sex Attractant Pheromone of the House Fly: Isolation, Identification and Synthesis
Authors: Carlson D. A. , Mayer M. S. , Silhacek D. L. , James J. D. , Beroza Morton , Bierl B. A.
Published: October 2006

A sex pheromone isolated from the cuticle and feces of the female house fly attracts the male fly; it has been identified as (
Z
)-9-tricosene. Chemical and biological comparisons of the natural and synthesized compounds show that they are identical.
Dopamine: Release from the Brain in vivo by Amantadine
Authors: Von Voigtlander Philip F. , Moore Kenneth E.
Published: October 2006

After dopamine stores in the caudate nucleus of cats were labeled with [3H]dopamine, the ventricular system was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The addition of amantadine to the perfusing fluid caused a dose-related increase in the concentrations of [3H]dopamine appearing in the perfusion effluent. Subthreshold concentrations of amantadine also enhanced the efflux of [3H]dopamine induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus.
Interchangeability of Phosphorylation Coupling Factors in Photosynthetic and Respiratory Energy Conversion
Authors: Melandri Bruno A. , Baccarini-Melandri Assunta , San Pietro Anthony , Gest Howard
Published: October 2006

The nonsulfur purple photosynthetic bacterium
Rhodopseudomonas capsulata
can obtain energy for growth either by anaerobic photophosphorylation or dark oxidative (aerobic) phosphorylation. Successful resolution of phosphorylation coupling factors from energy-converting membranes of this bacterium permitted tests for reciprocal function of such protein factors in oxidative- and photophosphorylation processes. Evidence was obtained for the interchangeability of coupling factor preparations from dark-grown and photosynthetically grown cells in both kinds of energy conversion.
DDT Residues: Distribution of Concentrations in
Emerita analoga
(Stimpson) along Coastal California
Authors: Burnett Robin
Published: October 2006

The total concentrations (tDDT) of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane], DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane], and DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethylene] in
Emerita analoga
from 19 California beaches reflect tDDT contamination nearby. Animals near the Los Angeles County sewer outfall contain over 45 times as much tDDT as animals near major agricultural drainage areas. Sediments near the outfall probably contain over 100 metric tons of tDDT—a reservoir for input into marine organisms. The effluent from a B11625plant that manufactures DDT is a probable source.
Persistent Cultural Systems
Authors: Spicer Edward H.
Published: October 2006

I have indicated here some features of a kind of entity which I have called a cultural identity system, and I have focused on a variety of this general type—the persistent system. In general terms it is best described as a system of beliefs and sentiments concerning historical events. I suggest using the term "a people" for the human beings who, at any given time, hold beliefs of this kind. These are phenomena with which we have been long familiar, but they have not been systematically studied by any but a few investigators.

I have emphasized that a persistent system is a cumulative cultural phenomenon, an open-ended system that defines a course of action for the people believing in it. Such peoples are able to maintain continuity in their experience and their conception of themselves in a wide variety of sociocultural environments. I hold that certain kinds of identifiable conditions give rise to this type of cultural system. These may best be summarized as an oppositional process involving the interactions of individuals in the environment of a state or a similar large-scale organization. The oppositional process frequently produces intense collective consciousness and a high degree of internal solidarity. This is accompanied by a motivation for individuals to continue the kind of experience that is "stored" in the identity system in symbolic form.

The persistent identity system is more stable as a cultural structure than are large-scale political organizations. When large-scale states disintegrate, they often appear to decompose into cultural systems of the persistent type. Large-scale organizations also give rise to the kind of environment that can result in the formation of new persistent systems. It is possible that, while being formed, states depend for their impetus on the accumulated energy of persistent peoples. A proposition for consideration is that states tend to dissipate the energy of peoples after transforming that energy into state-level integrations, and then regularly break down in the absence of mechanisms for maintaining human motivations in the large-scale organizations that they generate.
Brain Serotonin Content: Increase Following Ingestion of Carbohydrate Diet
Authors: Fernstrom John D. , Wurtman Richard J.
Published: October 2006

In the rat, the injection of insulin or the consumption of carbohydrate causes sequential increases in the concentrations of tryptophan in the plasma and the brain and of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin-containing neurons may thus participate in systems whereby the rat brain integrates information about the metabolic state in its relation to control of homeostatis and behavior.
Desiccation-Tolerant Flowering Plants in Southern Africa
Authors: Gaff D. F.
Published: October 2006

The South African flora contains a unique abundance of higher plants which withstand virtually complete desiccation. Water potentials of field-dry leaves corresponded to 30 to 40 percent relative humidity. Mature leaves survived from 15 to approximately 0 percent relative humidity. Known examples were increased from 4 to 15 species, which for the first time included grasses.
Dopaminergic and Ligand-Independent Activation of Steroid Hormone Receptors
Authors: Power Ronan F. , Mani Shaila K. , Codina Juan , Conneely Orla M. , O'Malley Bert W.
Published: October 2006

The current view of how steroid hormone receptors affect gene transcription is that these receptors, on binding ligand, change to a state in which they can interact with chromatin and regulate transcription of target genes. Receptor activation is believed to be dependent only on this ligand-binding event. Selected steroid hormone receptors can be activated in a ligand-independent manner by a membrane receptor agonist, the neurotransmitter dopamine. In vitro, dopamine faithfully mimicked the effect of progesterone by causing a translocation of chicken progesterone receptor (cPR) from cytoplasm to nucleus. Dual activation by progesterone and dopamine was dissociable, and a serine residue in the cPR was identified that is not necessary for progesterone-dependent activation of cPR, but is essential for dopamine activation of this receptor.
Lunar Gravity via Apollo 14 Doppler Radio Tracking
Authors: Sjogren W. L. , Gottlieb P. , Muller P. M. , Wollenhaupt W.
Published: October 2006

Gravity measurements at high resolution were obtained over a 100-kilometer band from +70° to -70° of longitude during the orbits of low periapsis altitude (approximately 16 kilometers). The line-of-sight accelerations are plotted on Aeronautical Chart and Information Center mercator charts (scale 1 : 1,000,000) as contours at 10-milligal intervals. Direct correlations between gravity variations and surface features are easily determined. Theophilus, Hipparchus, and Ptolemaeus are negative features, whereas Mare Nectaris is a large positive region. The acceleration profiles over Mare Nectaris are suggestive of a broad disk near the surface rather than a deeply buried spherical body. These data are in good agreement with the short arc of Apollo 12 lunar module descent data.
Mariner 9 Television Reconnaissance of Mars and Its Satellites: Preliminary Results
Authors: Masursky Harold , Batson R. M. , McCauley J. F. , Soderblom L. A. , Wildey R. L. , Carr M. H. , Milton D. J. , Wilhelms D. E. , Smith B. A. , Kirby T. B. , Robinson J. C. , Leovy C. B. , Briggs G. A. , Duxbury T. C. , Acton C. H. , Murray B. C. , Cutts J. A. , Sharp R. P. , Smith Susan , Leighton R. B. , Sagan C. , Veverka J. , Noland M. , Lederberg J. , Levinthal E. , Pollack J. B. , Moore J. T. , Hartmann W. K. , Shipley E. N. , Vaucouleurs G. de , Davies M. E.
Published: October 2006

At orbit insertion on 14 November 1971 the Martian surface was largely obscured by a dust haze with an extinction optical depth that ranged from near unity in the south polar region to probably greater than 2 over most of the planet. The only features clearly visible were the south polar cap, one dark, spot in Nix Olympica, and three dark spots in the Tharsis region. During the third week the atmosphere began to clear and surface visibility improved, but contrasts remained a fraction of their normal value. Each of the dark spots that apparently protrude through most of the dust-filled atmosphere has a crater or crater complex in its center. The craters are rimless and have featureless floors that, in the crater complexes, are at different levels. The largest crater within the southernmost spot is approximately 100 kilometers wide. The craters apparently were formed by subsidence and resemble terrestrial calderas. The south polar cap has a regular margin, suggesting very flat topography. Two craters outside the cap have frost on their floors; an apparent crater rim within the cap is frost free, indicating preferential loss of frost from elevated ground. If this is so then the curvilinear streaks, which were frost covered in 1969 and are now clear of frost, may be low-relief ridges. Closeup pictures of Phobos and Deimos show that Phobos is about 25 ± 5 by 21 ± 1 kilometers and Deimos is about 13.5 ± 2 by 12.0 ± 0.5 kilometers. Both have irregular shapes and are highly cratered, with some craters showing raised rims. The satellites are dark objects with geometric albedos of 0.05.
Ecosystem Alteration by Mosquitofish (
Gambusia affinis
) Predation
Authors: Hurlbert Stuart H. , Zedler Joy , Fairbanks Deborah
Published: October 2006

In artificial pools
Gambusia affinis
greatly reduced rotifer, crustacean, and insect populations and thus permitted extraordinary development of phytoplankton populations (2 × 10
8
cells per milliliter). Other effects included decreased optical transmissivity and increased temperature of the water, decreased amounts of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and increased amounts of dissolved organic phosphorus, inhibition of
Spirogyra
, and replacement of one annelid,
Chaetogaster
, by another,
Aeolosoma
.
Growth Retardation in Offspring of Female Rats Treated with Morphine Prior to Conception
Authors: Friedler Gladys , Cochin Joseph
Published: October 2006

Treatment of female rats with morphine sulfate for 5 ½ or 10 days, prior to drug withdrawal for 5 days and subsequent mating, results in retarded growth of offspring. The effect is not present at birth but appears at 3 to 4 weeks of age. It occurs even though offspring are not exposed to morphine in utero or postnatally. It is not eliminated by cross-fostering and is apparently of prenatal origin.
Jupiter: Observation of Deuterated Methane in the Atmosphere
Authors: Beer Reinhard , Farmer Crofton B. , Norton Robert H. , Martonchik John V. , Barnes Thomas G.
Published: October 2006

A positive identification of singly deuterated methane has been made in the 4- to 5-micron spectrum of Jupiter.
A Visual Pigment with Two Physiologically Active Stable States
Authors: Hillman Peter , Hochstein Shaul , Minke Baruch
Published: October 2006

Red illumination of a
Balanus amphitrite
photoreceptor that has been adapted to blue light leads to prolonged depolarization in the late receptor potential. This depolarization can be switched off by further exposure to a blue stimulus. The early receptor potential in this cell is purely depolarizing or largely hyperpolarizing; the former is true if the cell has been adapted to red light, and the latter, if blue light has been used. The color-adaptation "memories" for both early and late receptor potentials appear to be permanent. The existence of two stable states for the early receptor potential directly implies a pigment with two stable states, and these apparently contribute antagonistically to the late receptor potential.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme: Vascular Endothelial Localization
Authors: Caldwell Peter R. B. , Seegal Beatrice C. , Hsu Konrad C. , Das Manjusri , Soffer Richard L.
Published: October 2006

Fluorescein-labeled antibody to rabbit pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme localized in the vascular endothelium of rabbit lung, liver, adrenal cortex, pancreas, kidney, and spleen. Epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubules were the only parenchymal cells among the organs studied that demonstrated immunoreactivity.
Inversion Polymorphism and Adult Emergence in
Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Coluzzi Mario
Published: October 2006

The adult carriers of two alternative gene arrangements in
Anopheles stephensi
were found to have distinct daily distributions of emergence, the heterokaryotype being intermediate between the homokaryotypes. Such differences in temporal organization may arise from inversion coadaptation that results in the production of diversified genetic regulatory systems.
Molecular Defect in a Gamma-2 (γ2) Heavy Chain
Authors: Cooper Sheldon M. , Franklin Edward C. , Frangione Blas
Published: October 2006

The first gamma-2 (γ2) heavy chain disease protein Gif has pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid as its amino terminal residue, much of the Fd variable region, and an internal deletion of the heavy chain of about 100 residues corresponding to most of the Fd constant region. Normal sequence resumes with a glutamic acid residue at position 216 in the hinge region. This is the third gamma heavy chain disease protein where normal sequence resumes at the same position after the deletion.
Sea Star Platasterias: Ossicle Morphology and Taxonomic Position
Authors: Blake D. Bryan
Published: October 2006

The modern sea star
Platasterias latiradiata
, on the basis of ossicle morphology, is removed from the fossil subclass Somasteroidea and assigned to the genus
Luidia
of the living subclass Asteroidea. A somasteroid assignment of this species should not be used in inferences concerning evolution and morphology of primitive echinoderms.
Toxic Substances in Plants and the Food Habits of Early Man
Authors: Leopold A. Carl , Ardrey Robert
Published: October 2006

The widespread occurrence of toxic substances in plants must have greatly restricted their usefulness as food for primitive man. The development of cooking of plant products is suggested to have been a major evolutionary advance, making a major increase in the vegetable materials palatable to man; this technical advantage apparently occurred only in the most recent 2 percent of the anthropological record.
Reactivated Triton-Extracted Models of
Paramecium
: Modification of Ciliary Movement by Calcium Ions
Authors: Naitoh Yutaka , Kaneko Hiroki
Published: October 2006

Triton-extracted models of
Paramecium
were reactivated to swim in solutions of adenosine triphosphate and magnesium ions. The cilia beat in the normal direction (toward the rear) when the calcium ion concentration was less than 10
-6
M
, and they beat in the "reversed" direction (toward the front) when calcium ion concentration was raised above 10
-6
M
. These results support the proposal that ciliary reversal, hence backward swimming, of live paramecia is mediated by an increased cytoplasmic calcium concentration around the ciliary system by calcium-dependent membrane responses to external stimuli.
Lunar Glass: Interferometric Evidence for Low-Temperature Shock
Authors: Tolansky S.
Published: October 2006

Glass objects in the fines from the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions are shown, by two-beam reflection interferometry, to have been subject to shock at temperatures below the melting or softening point of the glass. Possible causes for the glass fragmentation are discussed.
Deuterium Content of Snow as an Index to Winter Climate in the Sierra Nevada Area
Authors: Friedman Irving , Smith George I.
Published: October 2006

The winter of 1968-69 produced two to three times the amount of precipitation in the Sierra Nevada area, California and Nevada, as the winter of 1969-70. The deuterium content in snow cores collected at the end of each winter at the same sites, which represents the total snowfall of each interval, shows a depletion in 1968-69 of approximately 20 per mil. The higher snowfall in 1968-69 and the depletion of deuterium can be explained by an uncommonly strong westward flow of cold air over and down the western slopes of the Sierras, which interacted with an eastward flow of moist Pacific air that overrode and mixed with the cold air; this resulted in precipitation that occurred in greater than normal amounts and at a lower than normal temperature. Pluvial periods of the Pleistocene may have had the same shift in air-mass trajectory as the wet 1968-69 year. Snow cores collected in the normal 1970-71 winter have deuterium concentrations that resemble those of the normal 1969-70 winter. Small and nonsystematic differences in samples from these two normal winters are due to variations in climatic character as well as to factors inherent in the sampling sites.
Pollinators in High-Elevation Ecosystems: Relative Effectiveness of Birds and Bees
Authors: Cruden Robert W.
Published: October 2006

During the rainy season bird-flowered plants at high elevations are more effectively pollinated than closely related bee-flowered plants. With good flight conditions the effectiveness of birds and bees is essentially equal. Thus, the higher incidence of bird flowers at higher elevations is attributable in part to the competitive advantage gained through greater reproductive success.
Identification and Characterization of Zinc Binding Sites in Protein Kinase C
Authors: Hubbard Stevan R. , Bishop W. Robert , Kirschmeier Paul , George Simon J. , Cramer Stephen P. , Hendrickson Wayne A.
Published: October 2006

Metal ion coordination in the regulatory domain of protein kinase C (PKC) is suggested by the conservation of six cysteines and two histidines in two homologous regions found therein. By monitoring x-ray fluorescence from a purified sample of rat PKC βI overexpressed in insect cells, direct evidence has been obtained that PKC βI tightly binds four zinc ions (Zn
2+
) per molecule. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data are best fit by an average Zn
2+
coordination of one nitrogen and three sulfur atoms. Of the plausible Zn
2+
coordination models, only those featuring nonbridged Zn
2+
sites accommodate the EXAFS data and all of the conserved potential ligands.
Benzodiazepines: Anxiety-Reducing Activity by Reduction of Serotonin Turnover in the Brain
Authors: Wise C. David , Berger Barry D. , Stein Larry
Published: October 2006

The anxiety-reducing effects of minor tranquilizers in the rat conflict test were mimicked by serotonin antagonists and by
p
-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis; the depressant effects of the minor tranquilizers were mimicked by norepinephrine antagonists. Intraventricular injections of serotonin led to a suppression of behavior, and also antagonized the anxiety-reducing action of benzodiazeprines. Intraventricular injections of norepinephrine led to a release of punished behavior from suppression, and also antagonized the depressant action of benzodiazepines. The anxiety-reducing activity, and the decrease in serotonin turnover induced by benzodiazepines, were maintained over repeated doses, whereas depressant activity, and the decrease induced in norepinephrine turnover, both rapidly underwent tolerance. Tranquilizers may exert their anxiety-reducing effects by a reduction of serotonin activity in a behaviorally suppressive punishment system, and they may exert their depressant effects by a reduction of norepinephrine activity in a behaviorally facilitatory reward system.
18.6-Year Earth Tide Regulates Geyser Activity
Authors: Rinehart John S.
Published: October 2006

Over 40 years of records from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, show that the 18.6-year tidal component strongly regulates the frequencies of eruption of Grand and Steamboat geysers. The frequency of Grand Geyser increases with increasing tidal force and that of Steamboat Geyser decreases, which suggests that tidal dilatation is one factor affecting heat flow to a geyser.
Intravenous Injection in Man of Δ
9
-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-OH-Δ
9
-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Perez-Reyes Mario , Timmons Martha C. , Lipton Morris A. , Davis Kenneth H. , Wall Monroe E.
Published: October 2006

A microsuspension of Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol and of its metabolic derivative 11-OH-Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol has been prepared with 25 percent human serum albumin as the vehicle. Intravenous infusion of this preparation to humans indicates that both tetrahydrocannabinols are equally potent in producing the typical marihuana-like psychological and physiological effects.
Curative Potencies against α-Amanitin Poisoning by Cytochrome c
Authors: Floersheim George L.
Published: October 2006

The fatalities occurring after ingestion of the poisonous mushroom
Amanita phalloides
are thought to be due to α-amanitin. Cytochrome c provided antidotal effects against a lethal dose of this toxin in mice. Significant survival was obtained even when the treatment was withheld for 8 hours. The enzyme was superior to a previously explored therapeutic regimen consisting of penicillin and its combination with chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole.
Separation of Skin Reactive Intestinal Cancer Antigen from the Carcinoembryonic Antigen of Gold
Authors: Hollinshead Ariel C. , McWright C. Glen , Alford T. Crandall , Glew Donald H. , Gold Phil , Herberman Ronald B.
Published: October 2006

Soluble fractions of human intestinal cancer and fetal intestinal cell membranes produced delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients with intestinal cancer. These soluble fractions and perchloric acid extracts of intestinal cancer cells were fractionated by polacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The Gold carcinoembryonic antigen was found in a region of the gels different from that of the skin reactive antigen.
Stability of the Martian Atmosphere
Authors: McElroy Michael B. , Donahue Thomas M.
Published: October 2006

A detailed chemical dynamic model is presented for a moist martian atmosphere. Recombination of carbon dioxide is catalyzed by trace amounts of water. The abundances of carbon monoxide and molecular oxygen should vary in response to changes in atmospheric water and atmospheric mixing.
Mercury Content of Common Foods Determined by Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Tanner James T. , Friedman Melvin H. , Lincoln David N. , Ford Leonard A. , Jaffee Max
Published: October 2006

The mercury contents in samples of flour, sugar, nonfat dry milk, potatoes, hamburger, chicken breast, shrimp, liver, eggs, and whole milk were determined by neutron activation analysis. The mercury was separated by anion exchange chromatography and precipitated as the sulfide. The mercury concentrations for all these foods were below 50 parts per billion.
Aphid Alarm Pheromone: Isolation, Identification, Synthesis
Authors: Bowers William S. , Nault Lowell R. , Webb Ralph E. , Dutky Samson R.
Published: October 2006

A broadly interspecific aphid alarm pheromone was isolated from several economically important species of aphids and identified as trans-β-farnesene.
Carbon: A Suggested New Hexagonal Crystal Form
Authors: Whittaker A. Greenville , Wolten Gerard M.
Published: October 2006

Evidence for a new polymorphic form of carbon, similar to but distinct from chaoite, has been discovered. It is trigonal, with
a
0
= 5.33 angstroms and
c
0
= 12.24 angstroms. It is produced along with chaoite on the surfaces of graphitic carbons under free-vaporization conditions at low pressures, with temperatures above approximately 2550°K.
6-Hydroxydopa Depletion of Brain Norepinephrine and the Facilitation of Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Thoa N. B. , Eichelman B. , Richardson J. S. , Jacobowitz D.
Published: October 2006

A significant increase in shock-induced aggression occurs in the rat 4 days after an intraventricular injection of 90 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopa. Both fluorescent histology and biochemical assay demonstrate that brain norepinephrine is reduced by 90 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopa, while brain dopamine remains unaltered. This suggests that one form of aggressive behavior (shock-induced aggression) is modulated through a central noradrenergic system.
Thyroxine-Binding Globulin: Specificity for the Hormonally Active Conformation of Triiodothyronine
Authors: Schussler George C.
Published: October 2006

The conformational requirements for binding of triiodothyronine to thyroxine-binding globulin were investigated with triiodothyronine analogs having restricted rotation at the ether bond. Although it has been reported that the predominant conformation of triiodothyronine carries the 3′ iodine in a position proximal to the phenylalanine ring, the analog for the distal, hormonally active orientation of the 3′ iodine is more effective in displacing triiodothyronine and thyroxine from thyroxine-binding globulin. The lower binding affinity of thyroxine-binding globulin for triiodothyronine as compared to thyroxine may be explained by specificity of the binding site for the less abundant conformation of triiodothyronine.
Eastern Atlantic Continental Margin: Some Results of the 1972 Cruise of the R.V.
Atlantis II
Authors: Emery K. O.
Published: October 2006

A geophysical survey of the southeastern Atlantic Ocean has been made as one of the programs of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration. A large ancient delta of the Orange River and a diapiric field off Angola were mapped. Both features were initiated during early stages of the separation of Africa and South America, and both may be potential sources of oil.
Raphides with Barbs and Grooves in
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
(Araceae)
Authors: Sakai William S. , Hanson Michael , Jones Rollin C.
Published: October 2006

Raphides in petioles of
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
are needlelike crystals about 50 micrometers long. The rectangular cross sections have maximum dimensions of approximately 850 by 250 nanometers. The raphides have two distinct end structures. One end is narrow, acute, and tapered to a point; the other is broad, acute, and abruptly pointed. Barbs, about 750 angstroms long with tips oriented away from the narrow end, occur along the length of the raphide on ridges on either side of two longitudinal grooves. These grooves, located opposite each other, give the raphide cross section an H-shape.
Echinoid Spawning Induced by a Radial Nerve Factor
Authors: Cochran Roger C. , Engelmann Franz
Published: October 2006

An extract of radial nerves of the sea urchin,
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
.induces spawning within 1 minute in this species as well as in other echinoids, but a delayed spawning in several asteroid species. The concentration of the spawn-inducing factor in the radial nerves fluctuates annually correlated with the reproductive season of this species along the coast of southern California.
Metabolic Interactions Among Environmental Chemicals and Drugs
Authors: Conney A. H. , Burns J. J.
Published: October 2006

It is evident that metabolic interactions can occur among drugs, insecticides, food additives, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, and a variety of environmental chemicals. A common denominator governing these effects is the versatile nature of the liver microsomal enzymes that metabolize chemicals with diverse structures and biological activities, and the fact that these enzymes can be stimulated or inhibited by other chemicals administered simultaneously. The discovery of these particular enzymes in the 1950's laid the groundwork for the current research on metabolic interactions. Such research provides information that is helpful in the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of drugs and environmental chemicals, and suggests new directions for further research. Some examples are as follows.
Polystyrene Spherules in Coastal Waters
Authors: Carpenter Edward J. , Anderson Susan J. , Harvey George R. , Miklas Helen P. , Peck Bradford B.
Published: October 2006

Polystyrene spherules averaging 0.5 millimeter in diameter (range 0.1 to 2 millimeters) are abundant in the coastal waters of southern New England. Two types are present, a crystalline (clear) form and a white, opaque form with pigmentation resulting from a diene rubber. The spherules have bacteria on their surfaces and contain polychlorinated biphenyls, apparently absorbed from ambient seawater, in a concentration of 5 parts per million. White, opaque spherules are selectively consumed by 8 species of fish out of 14 species examined, and a chaetognath. Ingestion of the plastic may lead to intestinal blockage in smaller fish.
Prebiotic Synthesis of Methionine
Authors: Van Trump James E. , Miller Stanley L.
Published: October 2006

Methionine has been shown to be a product of the action of a spark discharge on a simulated primitive earth atmosphere containing CH
4
, N
2
, NH
3
, H
2
O, and H
2
S or CH
3
SH. Acrolein has also been shown to be a product of the discharge and is proposed as an intermediate in the prebiotic synthesis of methionine and of glutamic acid, homocysteine, homoserine, and α,γ-diaminobutyric acid.
Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Candidates: Sodium-Dependent High-Affinity Uptake by Unique Synaptosomal Fractions
Authors: Bennett James P. , Logan William J. , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: October 2006

Glutamic and aspartic acids and glycine are accumulated by high-affinity uptake systems into synaptosomal preparations in central nervous tissue. Sodium is required by these high-affinity transports, but not by the low-affinity transports for these and other amino acids. The sodium-requiring amino acid uptake systems label unique synaptosomal fractions. Observations suggest that these amino acids serve specific synaptic functions, presumably as neurotransmitters.
Operations Research: Some Contributions to Mathematics
Authors: Saaty Thomas L.
Published: October 2006

The discussion of fuzzy sets indicates that set theory should be extended to make it more suitable for the development of algebraic structures with wider applications. Stochastic optimization, a synthesis of the three areas of continuum mathematics, is a rapidly growing field particularly in the context of control theory. Applications of discrete mathematics have found a rich outlet in graph theory, particularly in the social sciences. However, there remains a wide gap between the sophisticated activities that are required for the development of optimum policies and the more difficult and intractable problems of organizational structures and performance.
National Parks in Savannah Africa
Authors: Myers Norman
Published: October 2006

A national park is as integral to its regional environment as it is to the nation. Whether one wants to manage it that way or not, a park is dependent on the resources—human and physiobiological—of the environs, just as the environs are modified by the park's existence. This view may not jibe with the spirit of those who strive to protect a patch of old-time Africa as a refuge of serenity and stability in a world of tumult and change. But the park has its own ecology, just as does any creature within it, although the park's, being more abstract, is more difficult to discern. Planned or not, a park's future is even more enmeshed with the region's future than with the nation's. The ramifications of this relationship, especially the socioeconomic ones, are not always recognized, with the result that the enmeshing process sometimes sounds like a crunching of the gears. The worlds on both sides of the park boundary would get along better if there were a clear indication of what each can do for the other. By contrast, if they spend their energy resisting one another, there is little doubt as to which must be the ultimate "winner."
A New Approach in Integrated Control: Insect Juvenile Hormone plus a Hymenopteran Parasite against the Stable Fly
Authors: Wright James E. , Spates George E.
Published: October 2006

Two insect juvenile hormone analogs, 4[(6,7-epoxy-3-ethyl-7-methyl-2-nonenyl)oxy] benzene and 6,7-epoxy-1-(
p
-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene, when applied topically to pupae of the stable fly,
Stomoxys calcitrans
(L.), were morphogenetically effective against the metamorphosing pupae but did not affect oviposition and development of the hymenopteran parasite,
Muscidifurax raptor
Girault and Sanders, in the treated pupae. Also, reproductivity of the parent generation of parasites was not affected.
Insulin Release by Emiocytosis: Demonstration with Freeze-Etching Technique
Authors: Orci L. , Amherdt M. , Malaisse-Lagae F. , Rouiller C. , Renold A. E.
Published: October 2006

The technique of freeze-etching for electron microscopy applied to isolated islets of Langerhans has permitted a successful evaluation of emiocytotic events on the cell surface. The frequency of these events in stimulated cells suggests that emiocytosis represents a significant mechanism for insulin release.