bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ethanol Extract of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) URB on Anaerobic Bacterial Prophyromonas gingivalis In Vitro
Authors: Azizah Siti Nur , Yani Sinar , Ismail Sjarif , Masyudhi Masyudhi , Sawitri Endang
Published: August 2018

Periodontitis is an inflamation of supporting tissues on teeth that became the main cause of Prophyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) bacteria. Treatment of periodontitis is by giving antibacterial agent therapy. Plants that have antibacterial effects one are Eleutherine bulbosa (UEB) bulbs from the Iridaceae family. This plant has been used for ethnobotany boils drugs and has been known to have antibacterial activity toward against intestinal pathogen bacteria that is anaerobic Gram Negative, but still unknown its activity against on oral pathogenic bacteria such as P. gingivalis. The purpose of this study was to know the effect of UEB extract on the growth of P. gingivalis bacteria as in vitro. UEB is taken from agriculture center in Samarinda city. UEB Simplisia was tested for antibacterial activity using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on BHI-A media supplemented with vitamin K and hemin. The bacteria which used were P. gingivalis ATCCÂ® 33277. Blank disc 6 mm with nine concentrations attached to BHI-A medium, incubated for 24 hours at 37 Â°C in an anaerobic atmosphere, then sprayed MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenylttetrazoliumbromide) reagent and read a few moments later. For comparison, then used Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) 2 mg/ml. The statistical analysis with t-test and there was significant different if  p<0.05. The result showed that the higher concentration of UEB ethanol extract will increase the growth inhibition zone of P. gingivalis bacteria and reach maximum at 10 mg/ml concentration. The result of t-test showed no difference significant of P. gingivalis bacterial inhibition zone in the treatment group of 7.5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml concentration on CHX group. This study proves UEB ethanol extract can inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis bacteria.
Microstructure Determines Water and Salt Permeation in Commercial Ion Exchange 1 Membranes
Authors: Kingsbury Ryan , Zhu Shan , Flotron Sophie , Coronell Orlando
Published: August 2018

Ion exchange membrane (IEM) performance in electrochemical processes such as fuel cells, redox flow batteries, or reverse electrodialysis (RED) is typically quantified through membrane selectivity and conductivity, which together determine the energy efficiency. However, water and co-ion transport (i.e., osmosis and salt diffusion / fuel crossover) also impact energy efficiency by allowing uncontrolled mixing of the electrolyte solutions to occur. For example, in RED with hypersaline water sources, uncontrolled mixing consumes 20-50% of the available mixing energy. Thus, in addition to high selectivity and high conductivity, it is desirable for IEMs to have low permeability to water and salt in order to minimize energy losses. Unfortunately, there is very little quantitative water and salt permeability information data available for commercial IEMs, making it difficult to select the best membrane for a particular application. Accordingly, we measured the water and salt transport properties of 20 commercial IEMs and analyzed the relationships between permeability, diffusion and partitioning according to the solution-diffusion model. We found that water and salt permeance vary over several orders of magnitude among commercial IEMs, making some membranes better-suited than others to electrochemical processes that involve high salt concentrations and/or concentration gradients. Water and salt diffusion coefficients were found to be the principal factors contributing to the

differences in permeance among commercial IEMs. We also observed that water and salt permeability were highly correlated to one another for all IEMs studied, regardless of polymer type or reinforcement. This finding suggests that transport of mobile salt in IEMs is governed by the microstructure of the membrane, and provides clear evidence that mobile salt does not interact strongly with polymer chains in highly-swollen IEMs.
Microstructure determines water and salt permeation in commercial ion exchange membranes
Authors: Kingsbury Ryan , Zhu Shan , Flotron Sophie , Coronell Orlando
Published: August 2018

Ion exchange membrane (IEM) performance in electrochemical processes such as fuel cells, redox flow batteries, or reverse electrodialysis (RED) is typically quantified through membrane selectivity and conductivity, which together determine the energy efficiency. However, water and co-ion transport (i.e., osmosis and salt diffusion / fuel crossover) also impact energy efficiency by allowing uncontrolled mixing of the electrolyte solutions to occur. For example, in RED with hypersaline water sources, uncontrolled mixing consumes 20-50% of the available mixing energy. Thus, in addition to high selectivity and high conductivity, it is desirable for IEMs to have low permeability to water and salt in order to minimize energy losses. Unfortunately, there is very little quantitative water and salt permeability information available for commercial IEMs, making it difficult to select the best membrane for a particular application. Accordingly, we measured the water and salt transport properties of 20 commercial IEMs and analyzed the relationships between permeability, diffusion and partitioning according to the solution-diffusion model. We found that water and salt permeance vary over several orders of magnitude among commercial IEMs, making some membranes better-suited than others to electrochemical processes that involve high salt concentrations and/or concentration gradients. Water and salt diffusion coefficients were found to be the principal factors contributing to the differences in permeance among commercial IEMs. We also observed that water and salt permeability were highly correlated to one another for all IEMs studied, regardless of polymer type or reinforcement. This finding suggests that transport of mobile salt in IEMs is governed by the microstructure of the membrane, and provides clear evidence that mobile salt does not interact strongly with polymer chains in highly-swollen IEMs.
Should External Heavy-Atom Effects be Expected in Transition Metal Complexes?
Authors: Lomont Justin , Nguyen Son , Harris Charles
Published: August 2018

Spin state changes frequently play a key role in the reactivity of transition metal complexes. The rates of spin-forbidden reactions are mediated both by the free energy barrier connecting reactants and products, as well as the strength of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between the relevant electronic states. Since the 1950’s, there have been numerous demonstrations of external heavy-atom effects on organic molecules, in which a heavy atom, not chemically bonded to the molecule undergoing a change in spin state, perturbs the strength of SOC via an intermolecular effect. However, the potential role of external heavy atom effects on the rates of reactions involving transition metal complexes remains almost entirely unexplored. We report a computational investigation into the changes in SOC that occur along a bimolecular reaction coordinate when an incoming atom coordinates to the prototypical triplet reaction intermediate Fe(CO)4. The calculated changes in SOC are compared for molecules containing atoms ranging in atomic number from Z = 8 to Z = 53 approaching the Fe center (ZFe =26). No evidence for an external heavy atom effect was found, and the changes in SOC with the approach of each incoming group were similar in magnitude. In fact, when taking into account the different minimum energy crossing point geometries for the different incoming groups, the opposite of an external heavy atom effect trend is predicted for this reaction. The results of this computational study suggest that external heavy atom effects are unlikely to have a significant effect on the rates of spin-forbidden reactions for transition metal complexes.
Integrated Training For The Singing Actor: Theory And Practice
Authors: Portman Gordon , Playfair David
Published: August 2018

In the current world of voice training, the physical, emotional and dramatic aspects of the singer’s art are undergoing a thorough re-examination. Musicals, opera, performance art, “popera” – all are placing increasing, and increasingly varied, demands on the voice, body, mind, and spirit of the singing actor. In this context, how do teachers in both the classroom and the studio prepare young performers? Playfair and Portman address this question with commentary on both the theory and practice associated with their development of an innovative training program at the Brandon School of Music that systematically integrating movement, text study, and acting technique with vocal instruction.
Dimensión y estructura de la Política Pública de residuos sólidos en Bogotá D.C.
Authors: Sánchez Sánchez Fernando
Published: August 2018

El presente escrito, hace una reflexión, sobre el papel que tiene la ingeniería ambiental y sanitaria en la gestión pública y privada, frente al manejo integral de los residuos sólidos de la ciudad de Bogotá y la articulación que debe tener la normatividad con la creación de nuevas tendencias de desarrollo sobre este tema.
Simulación de cobertura del modelo de radio propagación 3GPP para un entorno urbano en una red 4G – LTE
Authors: Arévalo Peña Javier Enrique
Published: August 2018

En la planeación de las próximas generaciones de redes inalámbricas es importante contar con estudios de radio propagación que permitan establecer diseños adecuados para ofrecer los servicios proyectados por las nuevas tecnologías a los usuarios móviles. En este artículo se presentan aspectos relacionados con el comportamiento de cobertura de radio propagación del modelo propuesto por el 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) para un entorno urbano en una red LTE (Long Term Evolution) empleando sistemas de antenas convencionales y sistemas de antena

adaptativas (AAS). Para ello se utiliza la herramienta de software ICS Designer y se establece como escenario los alrededores la Fundación Universidad Autónoma de Colombia ubicada en el centro urbano de la ciudad de Bogotá D. C.
El hombre como construcción fallida El principio de libertad como elemento de impacto ambiental negativo
Authors: Yate Arévalo Abdénago
Published: August 2018

El hombre como faulty construction ha puesto en evidencia la existencia de estrategias de poder, en especial por parte de los mercados liberales, que lo convierten de individuum a dividuum. Desarticulan al sujeto en sus identidades, lo deconstruyen y lo cosifican. Así, desde los principios de libertad y responsabilidad, en tanto soporte de la obsolescencia programada articulada por el mercado en la producción de bienes de consumo, se analiza cómo ésta ha generado tal nivel de crisis de identidad que ha impactado el medio ambiente negativo, por cuanto se pone en riesgo tanto al sujeto, la sociedad, como a todos los vivientes del planeta. En este sentido se identifica que el Human Engineering no solo construye un mundo no-humano, sino así mismo dentro de redes que

llevan en detrimento el medio ambiente.
Mecanismos de transmisión de las condiciones macroeconómicas al mercado crediticio
Authors: García Ruiz Reyna Susana , López-Herrera Francisco , Cruz Aké Salvador
Published: August 2018

En este trabajo se aporta evidencia empírica sobre la existencia de los ciclos de Kitchin y Juglar en México durante los años que van del 2000 al 2015 mediante una combinación de técnicas econométricas (causalidad de Toda-Yamamoto y cointegración) y fenomenológicas (sincronización por frecuencias). El trabajo aporta evidencia empírica sobre ciclos de corto plazo de 3.5 años que son conducidos por el tipo de cambio y ciclos de largo plazo de 11 años conducidos por la formación bruta de capital y la morosidad. Adicionalmente se muestra la secuencia de los ciclos económicos de corto y largo plazo para una combinación de variables reales (actividad industrial, consumo privado, formación bruta de capital, actividad económica y producto interno bruto), monetarias (tipo de cambio, tasa de interés interbancaria e inflación) y bancarias (morosidad, créditos vigentes y vencidos).
Pengaruh Pemangkasan Pucuk dan Jarak Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Bibit Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.)
Authors: Novianti Devi , Setiawan Asep
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemangkasan pucuk dan jarak tanam terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi bibit ubi jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan faktorial RKLT dengan dua faktor dan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah pemangkasan, terdiri atas pemangkasan dan tanpa pemangkasan. Faktor kedua adalah jarak tanam, terdiri atas jarak tanam 100 cm x 30 cm, 100 cm x 25 cm dan 100 cm x 15 cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pemangkasan berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan panjang batang, jumlah dan panjang cabang primer, jumlah dan panjang cabang sekunder, serta jumlah stek pucuk ukuran 25 cm. Perlakuan jarak tanam berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan jumlah dan panjang cabang primer serta jumlah stek pucuk ukuran 25 cm. Produksi bibit ubi jalar lebih banyak dihasilkan pada perlakuan pemangkasan dan jarak tanam 100 cm x 30 cm.
Penentuan Metode Pematahan Dormansi Benih Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) Aksesi Cilacap
Authors: Melasari Nur , Suharsi Tatiek Kartika , Qadir Abdul
Published: August 2018

Kecipir merupakan tanaman yang mempunyai banyak manfaat dan berpotensi untuk dilestarikan. Karakteristik benih kecipir yang impermeabel terhadap air dan gas merupakan faktor yang diduga menyebabkan kecipir sulit untuk berkecambah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efektivitas metode pematahan dormansi dan pengaruhnya terhadap struktur benih kecipir. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih IPB dan Laboratorium Silvikultur SEAMEO BIOTROP selama 6 bulan. Metode pematahan dormansi dengan perlakuan larutan asam kuat HNO3 5% selama 10 menit dengan nilai daya berkecambah 93.33% dan keserempakan tumbuh 86.67% merupakan nilai yang nyata lebih baik dibanding kontrol sehingga metode ini dapat meningkatkan persentase daya berkecambah dan keserempakan tumbuh benih kecipir. Perlakuan larutan asam kuat HNO3 10% selama 15 menit dengan nilai indeks vigor 56.67% merupakan perlakuan yang dapat meningkatkan persentase indeks vigor benih kecipir. Perlakuan suhu 50 0C selama 10 menit dengan nilai kecepatan tumbuh 14.79% etmal-1 merupakan perlakuan yang dapat meningkatkan kecepatan tumbuh dan menghasilkan kecambah dengan akar yang lebih panjang dibandingkan kontrol maupun perlakuan lain. Perlakuan amplas tidak dapat meningkatkan viabilitas maupun vigor benih, bahkan menimbulkan pertumbuhan cendawan yang menyebabkan kemunduran benih.
IMAGINAIRES DE LA MOBILITÉ CULTURELLE DANS LES ÉCRITURES (TRANS)MIGRANTES AU QUÉBEC
Authors: Balint Adina
Published: August 2018

À l’heure de la mondialisation, comment repenser les imaginaires de la mobilité culturelle dans le contexte d’appartenances multiples et d’héritages pluriels ? À partir des années 1980, le phénomène littéraire des écritures dites de la migration apparaît comme un courant littéraire fascinant, notamment parce qu’il lie, de manière historique, l’évolution de la littérature québécoise aux grands courants de pensée de la fin du vingtième siècle, définis par le postmodernisme, le déplacement des individus et des populations et le transculturalisme. Des auteures nées à l’étranger et établies au Québec explorent des conditions identitaires qui tendent aujourd’hui à la multiplicité des appartenances et à la reconnaissance de l’altérité. En convoquant les textes de Régine Robin et les explorations de Pierre Ouellet, cet article examine le renouvellement de la littérature québécoise contemporaine, qui intègre les écritures (trans)migrantes et la circulation des idées et des savoirs dans une perspective d’ouverture au monde.
Preparation of Harmless Play Dough with Some Vegetable Dyes
Authors: Onal Adem , Bakrac Meryem , Eser Ferda
Published: August 2018

Preparation of harmless play dough process with vegetable dyes were investigated using various plant extracts (pomegranate flower, onionskin, purple basil, spinach, walnut leaves, red beet, red cabbage, turmeric, Turkish coffee, woad and red pepper) and powders of some plants (woad and Turkish coffee) as direct dye. Play doughs were obtained with plant extract. For this purpose, processed wheat flour with powders of plants by using kneading method with combination of various adjuvants were used. Decay times at room and cold ambient temperatures were determined. Texture and glutomatic system analysis were done for the investigation of the elasticity and elongation features. Prepared play doughs were used as a practical in order to understand whether they show any allergen status during and after play in kindergarten and nursery. The play dough obtained from unheated method was conquered to the other methods based on their properties of both color and longevity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Bioglass for the Application of Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Dehiya Brijnandan S. , Sindhu Anil , Kumar Vinod
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we are addressing the development of new composition (60%SiO2-30%CaO-10%P2O5) of biodegradable and biocompatible bioglass (nBG) nanoparticles. The bioglass nanoparticles have been fabricated by sol-gel method. To get functionalized bioglass nanoparticles, they were treated with lysozyme (1 mg/mL) for 48 h. Morphology of nanoparticles, such as structure, particle size, and surface topography were studied by TEM. Bioglass nanoparticles generate hydroxyapatite layer when nanoparticles treated with simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days. The presence of bioglass and hydroxyapatite phases confirmed by XRD. TEM images revealed irregular shaped with slightly agglomeration of nanoparticles in nanometer range (200 to 500 nm). The in-vitro biodegradation of nanoparticles was confirmed by weight loss in the presence of SBF. The cytotoxicity effects and cell proliferation of respective sample were investigated through MTT assay. BET results revealed average surface area (10.4 m2/g) of nanoparticles. The nano range of particles will provide better surface to volume ratio over micro or macro particles which makes them more effective so they are often able to react rapidly.
PEREMPUAN DI LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN AL JAM’IYATUL WASHLIYAH
Authors: Hanum Latifah
Published: August 2018

Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji kedudukan perempuan di lembaga pendidikan Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah di Sumatera Utara. Organisasi Al Washliyah merupakan organisasi Islam tradisional yang menganut mazhab Ahlussunnahwaljamaah dalam bidang akidah dan Syâfi‘iyah dalam bidang fikih. Afiliasi organisasi ini dalam kedua mazhab tersebut disinyalir akan tidak memberikan kedudukan yang setara antara perempuan dengan laki-laki. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian kualitatif dimana data penelitian diperoleh dari kegiatan telaah dokumen dan observasi. Kajian ini mengajukan temuan bahwa lembaga pendidikan Al Washliyah yang dikelola oleh Majelis Pendidikan Al Washliyah ternyata belum memberikan porsi signifikan bagi kaum perempuan dalam struktur organisasinya. Tidak pernah ditemukan perempuan menjadi ketua atau sekretaris majelis, kecuali sebagai bendahara. Tetapi, kaum perempuan telah dilibatkan sebagai manajer di lembaga pendidikan Al Washliyah. Sebab, beberapa jabatan pimpinan madrasah, sekolah, dan perguruan tinggi Al Washliyah dipegang oleh kaum perempuan. Tenaga pendidik di lembaga pendidikan Al Washliyah telah banyak diisi oleh kaum perempuan. Sebagian guru dan dosen perempuan Al Washliyah telah memiliki ijazah master. Memang, beberapa dari mereka dipercayakan sebagai manajer dengan tanggung jawab yang besar. 
 
Abstract:  Women in Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah Educational Institution. This article examines women’s position in Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah educational institutions in North Sumatra. Al Washliyah organization is a traditional Islamic organization that practices the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamâ‘ah theology and Shâfi‘i school of law. It has been alledged that these school of theology and law would not allow equal opportunity for man and woman. Nevertheless, this study—which mainly based on document review and observation—found that that was not exactly the case. While it is true that in Al Washliyah Education Council women are under respresented, the condition is much better in educational institutions. In Al Washliyah educational institutions, it is common to find female teachers and lecturers with master degrees. Indeed, some of them are entrusted as managers with substantial responsibilities. 
 
Kata Kunci: gender, perempuan, Al Washliyah, madrasah, Sumatera Utara
Threats posed by Asian subterranean termites in the Fiji Islands and their potential controls: a review
Authors: Chand Ravneel R. , Jokhan Anjeela D. , Charan Harshna , Raj Kushaal , Singh Priyatma
Published: August 2018

Termites belong to the infraorder Isoptera, which contains almost 3,000 described species worldwide. These social insects cause substantial damage globally leading to billions of dollars of losses annually. Damage can occur to timber, wooden goods, paper, cotton, certain plastics, trees and many crops. Consequently, termite control and management is a major sector in the global pest-control industry. However, economic losses due to termite damage have not been quantified in the Fiji Islands to date. A review of published literature was conducted to assess the geographic range of Asian subterranean termites that occur in the Fiji Islands and to identify existing and potential control measures. The most common termite species that is known to cause millions of dollars of damage each year in the Fiji Islands is Coptotermes gestroi. This species is currently controlled primarily using the chemical fipronil but integrated termite management is the preferred long-term solution. Other possible control methods include physical, cultural, chemical and biological options.
Long-term deep-freeze storage of Neonectria ditissima conidium suspensions does not reduce their ability to infect apple trees
Authors: Orchard Suzanne , Campbell Rebecca E. , Turner Lauren , Butler Ruth C. , Curnow Tahlia , Patrick Emma , Walter Monika
Published: August 2018

Fresh, wild-type conidium suspensions of Neonectria ditissima prepared from sporulating European canker lesions for use in field inoculation trials are not always readily available. The effect of freezing inoculum on the viability of spores and their ability to cause infection in situ was assessed using 15—19 frozen N. ditissima conidium suspensions during 2015—2017. Freshly prepared inoculum and water only were used to inoculate rasp wounds on ‘Braeburn’ (2015), ‘Scilate’/Envyâ„¢ (2016) and ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Braeburn’ (2017) along with frozen inoculum ranging in age from 1—462 days at concentrations >104 conidia/mL. Lesion development was assessed at approximately monthly intervals. In all experiments, there was no substantial effect of storage time on lesion development although germination in droplets may have decreased during storage. As expected, there was a cultivar effect (2017 data only), with fewer lesions on ‘Braeburn’ compared with ‘Royal Gala’. Long-term deep-freeze storage up to 462 days of N. ditissima conidium suspensions (>104 conidia/mL) did not affect the ability of spores to infect apple trees. Therefore, spore suspensions can be batch-prepared and stored frozen for future experimental use.
Neonectria ditissima conidium production and release in planta
Authors: Walter Monika , Chevalier Charles E. , Turner Lauren , Campbell Rebecca E.
Published: August 2018

Neonectria ditissima, the causal agent of European canker in apples, conidia are available year-round in the Tasman region of New Zealand. Spore production and release in apple trees were quantified during natural and artificial rain events. Rain traps captured spores over 18 rain events (July—August 2017) from European canker lesions (excised and in planta) derived from ‘Royal Gala’ picking wound and rasp wound infections. Rain traps were monitored regularly to determine spore release over time. Differences in the number of conidia produced from lesions on the tree and excised lesions re-mounted in the tree were not significant. Lesions arising from picking wounds produced 7.2 times more spores on average than lesions arising from rasp wounds. Most spores were released within the first hour of rain and total spore release followed a logarithmic curve. Rain duration Ã— volume of water determined the rate of conidia release. Excised lesions are suitable to study the effect of biotic and abiotic drivers on spore production.
Detached shoot treatments cannot replace whole-tree assays when phenotyping for apple resistance to Neonectria ditissima
Authors: Scheper Reiny W.A. , Fisher Brent M. , Taylor Tara , Hedderley Duncan I.
Published: August 2018

To develop a fast phenotyping method for European canker resistance of apple, detached-shoot assays were compared with whole-tree phenotyping methods. Disease incidence and lesion length in detached shoots and potted trees of six apple accessions were compared after inoculation with Neonectria ditissima conidia in a glasshouse. Detached shoots were placed in aerated water or in a Chrysal solution, with and without water changes. ‘Royal Gala’ trees had the highest disease incidence (90%) and ‘Robusta 5’ trees remained lesion-free. The treatment-accession interaction effect was significant, with higher disease incidence in detached shoots of ‘Robusta 5’ (4—32%) than ‘Braeburn’ (0—2%), while ‘Braeburn’ trees had a high disease incidence (64%). ‘Robusta 5’ had smaller lesions than the other accessions, but significant differences between accessions were observed on only one of three assessment dates. None of the detached-shoot assays resulted in a similar ranking of the accessions compared with the potted-tree assay, using disease incidence or lesion length. Detached-shoot treatments cannot replace whole-tree assays when phenotyping for European canker resistance of apple.
Assessment of sampling and DNA extraction methods for identification of grapevine trunk microorganisms using metabarcoding
Authors: Mundy Dion C. , Vanga Bhanupratap R. , Thompson Sarah , Bulman Simon
Published: August 2018

For a deeper understanding of grapevine trunk disease (GTD) in New Zealand, a cheap, rapid, sensitive method for identifying within-vine microbial communities is required. Wood tissue from grapevine trunks was collected and three different DNA extraction methods were compared: a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method, the Geneaid Plant Genomic DNA Mini Kit and the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. DNA samples from the CTAB and Geneaid methods were used for MiSeq DNA metabarcoding targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region. DNA produced by the CTAB method was of a greater quantity and quality than for the other two methods, although the majority of the DNA samples provided polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of fungal DNA sequences. Fungal metabarcoding profiles from the CTAB and Geneaid samples indicated the presence of fungi normally associated with GTD in New Zealand. The CTAB method was chosen for subsequent work due to its low-cost, simplicity and effective detection of typical GTD fungi. The complete process of sampling through to metabarcoding is now used annually as part of a wider ecological study, screening more than 600 vines at 12 Marlborough vineyards.
White blister disease control in radish seed crops
Authors: Braithwaite Mark , Chynoweth Richard , Gunnarsson Matilda , Braithwaite Lewis , Harvey Ian , Rolston Phil
Published: August 2018

Albugo candida is a significant pathogen of many brassica species causing leaf spotting but, more importantly, hypertrophy of flowering stems (“stagheads”) resulting in yield loss. No chemicals are currently registered for white blister control in New Zealand. Little research has been carried out on white-blister management. The implications of seed transmission and subsequent disease expression in radish are not fully understood and control has relied on products containing metalaxyl-m+mancozeb. A range of fungicides were evaluated in two field trials and a pot trial for both efficacy against the disease and effect on radish yield. While metalaxyl-m+mancozeb improved yields in field trials and provided good disease suppression in pot trials, the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid+pyraclostrobin and cyazofamid were also equally effective or better than metalaxyl-m+mancozeb. Treatments were able to suppress leaf spotting by up to 90% and inflorescence infection by 50%. Seed yield increases of up to 67% were recorded. Potential new control options for white blister were identified providing alternatives to metalaxyl-m+mancozeb and thus contributing to an anti-resistance strategy.
Red clover casebearer moth (Coleophora deauratella) is widespread throughout New Zealand
Authors: Chynoweth Richard , Rolston Phil , McNeill Mark , Hardwick Scott , Bell Olivia
Published: August 2018

Coleophora deauratella (red-clover casebearer moth, RCCB) was first confirmed as present in New Zealand during late 2016. It devastated red-clover seed crops throughout the mid-Canterbury region during the 2016/17 growing season but its distribution and control options were unknown. Therefore, traps containing a male pheromone specific to RCCB were located inside either red-clover seed crops or hay crops at 27 sites throughout the South Island and lower North Island during summer 2017/18. Moth numbers were monitored at 7—14-day intervals between November and February. RCCB was confirmed as present at all 27 sites (from Invercargill to Masterton). Peak flights occurred during December with mean moth catch well correlated in thermal time, with half of adult emergence occurring 285˚C days from 1 July (baseline temperature=12oC). Laboratory-based trials were conducted against live moths to evaluate the effectiveness of various organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Tau-fluvalinate, lambda cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos each provided >90% control of moths so chemical control is possible, if required. However, an integrated pest-management control strategy needs to be tested and evaluated.
Drift measurements for conditions of hydrogen cyanamide spraying in kiwifruit
Authors: Connell Robert , Post Scott , Ledebuhr Mark , Moorhead Brian , Hewitt Andrew
Published: August 2018

Kiwifruit are sprayed in late winter with hydrogen cyanamide to enhance with bud burst. The trellis layout of kiwifruit vines in combination with the canopy dormancy at that time of year means that a higher portion of the spray is able to drift away from the canopy. A spray application field study was conducted in a kiwifruit orchard to investigate spray drift potential, with particular focus for conditions relevant to hydrogen cyanamide applications. Spray application with conventional airblast-sprayer hollow-cone nozzles/adjuvant was compared with air-induction (AI) nozzles/drift-reducing adjuvant. Spray was applied every second row in the orchard with spray drift sampling conducted by measuring vertical distribution of spray deposition on both sides of the downwind shelterbelt. The trial showed that airborne drift carried to a height of at least 15 m to the downwind edge of the orchard, which was the height of the vertical sampling towers. The air-induction nozzle/drift-reducing adjuvant system reduced the drift intercepted at 15 m height on the downwind side of the shelterbelt by approximately 78% compared to the standard nozzle/adjuvant system.
Laws of Ratification of an International Treaty in Indonesian Laws Hierarchy
Authors: Sidharta Noor
Published: August 2018

This journal article discusses the laws of ratification of an international treaty in Indonesian laws hierarchy. This journal uses a normative research approach where a draft agreement and laws are used as primary data apart from the laws and international treaties. There are some issues that still unsettled related to the legal status of the laws of ratification of an international treaty that have impacts in the implementation of the treaty. The laws of ratification of an international treaty now is still classified as general laws whose the content of the norm has been discussed by the People’s Representatives Council, therefore the laws of ratification of an international treaty automatically become the object of Judicial Review at the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia. The cancellation of the laws of ratification of an international treaty impacts the cancellation of the deal on the treaty and it has failed the pacta sunt servanda principle, which becomes the basis of a treaty. To solve problems related to the cancellation of laws of ratification of an international treaty at the Constitutional Court, there are several efforts on state administration by classifying the laws which differ the general laws from the laws whose contents are related to the international treaty. Furthermore, a progressive new method on the state administration is needed by giving a Judicial Preview right to the Constitutional Court to conduct a review on the bill of the ratification of an international treaty based on its suitability to the constitution.
Modeling of the Mechanical Behavior of 3D Bioplotted Scaffolds Considering the Penetration in Interlocked Strands
Authors: Naghieh Saman , Sarker Md , Karamooz-Ravari Mohammad Reza , McInnes Adam D. , Chen Xiongbiao
Published: August 2018

Three-dimensional (3D) bioplotting has been widely used to print hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. One issue involved in 3D bioplotting is to achieve the scaffold structure with the desired mechanical properties. To overcome this issue, various numerical methods have been developed to predict the mechanical properties of scaffolds, but limited by the imperfect representation of one key feature of scaffolds fabricated by 3D bioplotting, i.e., the penetration or fusion of strands in one layer into the previous layer. This paper presents our study on the development of a novel numerical model to predict the elastic modulus (one important index of mechanical properties) of 3D bioplotted scaffolds considering the aforementioned strand penetration. For this, the finite element method was used for the model development, while medium-viscosity alginate was selected for scaffold fabrication by the 3D bioplotting technique. The elastic modulus of the bioplotted scaffolds was characterized using mechanical testing and results were compared with those predicted from the developed model, demonstrating a strong congruity between them. Once validated, the developed model was also used to investigate the effect of other geometrical features on the mechanical behavior of bioplotted scaffolds. Our results show that the penetration, pore size, and number of printed layers have significant effects on the elastic modulus of bioplotted scaffolds; and also suggest that the developed model can be used as a powerful tool to modulate the mechanical behavior of bioplotted scaffolds.
Facing One’s Implicit Biases: From Awareness to Acknowledgment
Authors: Hahn Adam , Gawronski Bertram
Published: August 2018

Expanding on conflicting theoretical conceptualizations of implicit bias, six studies tested the effectiveness of different procedures to increase acknowledgment of harboring biases against minorities. Participants who predicted their responses towards pictures of various minority groups on future IATs showed increased alignment between implicit and explicit preferences (Studies 1-3), greater levels of explicit bias (Studies 1-3), and increased self-reported acknowledgment of being racially biased (Studies 4-6). In all studies, effects of IAT score prediction on acknowledgment were significant even when participants did not actually complete IATs. Effects of predicting IAT scores were moderated by non-prejudicial goals, in that IAT score prediction increased acknowledgment of bias for participants with strong non-prejudicial goals, but not for participants with weak non-prejudicial goals (Study 4). Mere completion of IATs and feedback on IAT performance had inconsistent effects across studies and criterion measures. Instructions to attend to one’s spontaneous affective reactions toward minority group members increased acknowledgment of bias to the same extent as IAT score prediction (Study 6). The findings are consistent with conceptualizations suggesting that (1) implicit evaluations are consciously experienced as spontaneous affective reactions and (2) directing people’s attention to their spontaneous affective reactions can increase acknowledgment of bias. Implications for theoretical conceptualizations of implicit bias and interventions that aim to reduce discrimination via increased acknowledgment of bias are discussed.
The world is not enough to explain lengthening of phonological competitors
Authors: Buxó-Lugo Andrés , Jacobs Cassandra Leigh , Watson Duane
Published: August 2018

Speakers tend to lengthen words when a phonologically overlapping word has recently been produced. Although there are multiple accounts of why lengthening occurs, all of these accounts generally assume that competition at some point in the production-comprehension process leads to lengthening. We investigated the contexts that lead to competition and consequent lengthening of target word duration. In two experiments, we manipulated the contexts in which a target word is produced. Speakers produced simple descriptions of animations involving referents that shared initial phonology with another potential referent (e.g., beetle and beaker). We manipulated whether the related referent (i.e. beetle) was named by the speaker themselves, by another person, or was unmentioned. We compared target word durations (i.e. beaker) in these conditions to the condition in which the related word was absent. In both experiments, we found that lengthening does not occur whenever two referents are in the display that could be confused, even when it is clear that they are confusable. Instead, speakers only lengthened target words when the speaker or another person had named the phonologically related word out loud. We propose that an auditory memory account best explains these results.
Auditory Graphs Are Not the “Killer App” of Sonification, But They Work
Authors: Nees Michael A.
Published: August 2018

The search for the elusive “killer app” of sonification has been a recurring theme in sonification research. In this comment, I argue that the killer-app criterion of success stems from interdisciplinary tensions about how to evaluate sonifications. Using auditory graphs as an example, I argue that the auditory display community has produced successful examples of sonic information design that accomplish the human factors goal of improving human interactions with systems. Still, barriers to using sonifications in interfaces remain, and reducing those barriers could result in more widespread use of audio in systems.
Does Articulatory Rehearsal Help Immediate Serial Recall?
Authors: Souza Alessandra S. , Oberauer Klaus
Published: August 2018

Articulatory rehearsal is assumed to benefit verbal working memory. Yet, there is no experimental evidence supporting a causal link between rehearsal and serial-order memory, which is one of the hallmarks of working memory functioning. Across four experiments, we tested the hypothesis that rehearsal improves working memory by asking participants to rehearse overtly and by instructing different rehearsal schedules. In Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2, we compared an instructed cumulative-rehearsal condition against a free-rehearsal condition. The instruction increased the prevalence of cumulative rehearsal, but recall performance remained unchanged or decreased compared to the free-rehearsal baseline. Experiment 2 also tested the impact of a fixed rehearsal instruction; this condition yielded substantial performance costs compared to the baseline. Experiment 3 tested whether rehearsals (according to an experimenter-controlled protocol) are beneficial compared to a matched articulatory suppression condition that blocked rehearsals of the memoranda. Again, rehearsing the memoranda yielded no benefit compared to articulatory suppression. In sum, our results are incompatible with the notion that rehearsal is beneficial to working memory.
Role of Guest Lecturer in Research Proposal Writing: Students’ Perception
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Nikolayeva Larysa
Published: August 2018

The present research focuses on the experience of undergraduate students in a Middle Eastern college on attending guest lectures at the initial stage of preparing their dissertation. Here an attempt to apply the constructivist approach (Kirshner et al., 2006; Westwood, 2008) to teaching the subject of English Research Methods (ERM) is made by using a technique of multiple guest lecturer sessions by the department working in different areas of linguistics to familiarize the students with research interests of their tutors. This paper is an attempt to find out students' attitude to the sessions, their (sessions) benefits and drawbacks. Students’ feedback was collected at the end of each session to identify advantages/disadvantages and extent of helpfulness of the practice through a questionnaire. The data was analysed with the help of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The results of the survey demonstrated the importance of guest speaker presentations for project writing as well as their (guest speakers’) positive impact on students’ motivation. Moreover, they helped to identify both the preferred and dispreferred approaches to conducting the sessions that are related to students’ personal attributes. See the comments
Eliciting individual risk attitudes – different procedures, different findings
Authors: Gruener Sven , Hirschauer Norbert , Krüger Felix
Published: August 2018

We compare three procedures for eliciting individual risk attitudes: Holt-and-Laury (2002), Eckel-and-Grossman (2002), and the general willingness-to-take-risks question of the German socio-economic panel (Dohmen et al. 2011). Using a within-subject design, we carry out a classroom experiment with students who are enrolled in the degree programs Physics, Computer Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Law, and History. We find that the risk attitudes as measured by the three procedures diverge substantially. This poses a serious challenge to the validity of these measurement instruments. Reconnoitering the room for improvement in the elicitation of risk atti-tudes, we discuss potential reasons for this divergence such as flawed design, overhasty interpretations, and confusion on the conceptual level.
Enhancing English Language Teaching through Films in General Foundation Programs
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alluri Praveen
Published: August 2018

Enhancing English Language Teaching (ELT) through films in General Foundation Programs (GFPs), Oman is a practical research paper which aims at exploiting of technologies in ELT in order to develop linguistic competence and learner autonomy of students in the GFP. Research in communicative approach to language has shown that competence in oral and written language grows as the learners actively use the language in and out of the classroom. The aim of this paper is to engage learners in activities that demand their autonomous participation and develop linguistic competence and learner autonomy. The vital question every teacher has to ponder upon is “Can we expect what was taught in the previous class is retained in the next class?” The present study focuses on how films can aid in enhancing ELT in the GFP in Oman. The research data collected will be empirical and qualitative in nature. GFP students will be the main subjects of this research. The research will be carried out on different levels and groups in the GFP. The activities based on films expose the learners to authentic language input, help them learn how language operates and challenge them to use the language independently. The rich visual imagery, the action and motions of the films deliver the learners with multi-sensory involvement (Arcario, 1993). Infusing technology into Education serves a variety of purposes in language teaching. The observation of cultural aspects such as traditions helps to understand the function of the language. By this pragmatic approach an innovative teacher can aid students’ critical thinking skills as well as their linguistic competence. Hence it is suggested that a judicious selection of digital materials along with several learner-friendly tasks can be incorporated in syllabus of ELT.
Challenges of Integrating Academic Sources in Assessed Assignments: A Case of Arab EFL Learners
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Naqvi Samia
Published: August 2018

Integration of academic sources is an essential component of academic writing. It adds authenticity to the work, indicates that the student has read extensively, and upholds academic integrity of the written piece. However, according to the author’s experience of teaching undergraduate level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students, using academic sources and citing references effectively is one of the most daunting features of academic writing. Therefore, this study investigates the challenges faced by students in citing academic sources while composing research based reports and, by the same token, the reasons behind them. It also considers teachers’ observations about these challenges and the strategies that can be adopted to support students. A mixed method approach was used where data were collected through student questionnaires, student focus groups, interviews with faculty members, and students’ assignment reports. The participants included 97 undergraduate-level Engineering students enrolled in three sessions of an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course called Communication Skills. The paper reports on the details of the research-based assignment and the measures used by the author to support students in integrating sources in the report. It was observed that the students found integration of academic sources as the most problematic requirements and features of the assignment. The data revealed that these challenges are direct consequences of students’ linguistic backgrounds; lack of appropriate writing skills; difficulty in comprehending articles due to the technical jargon used; and high word count of the academic papers. In response to that, the author strongly recommends the incorporation of academic literacies in the curricula of specialist courses as well as prompt, closer collaboration between language instructors and subject specialists. Though this study was limited to the students of a specific course, it is hoped that the findings will help other EFL and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instructors apprehend the crux of the issue and devise effective strategies to overcome the above-mentioned challenge.