bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Effect of Sampling Density on Spatial Prediction with Spatial Interpolation of Multiple Soil Nutrients at a Regional Scale
Authors: Dash Prava Kiran , Miller Bradley A. , Panigrahi Niranjan , Mishra Antaryami
Published: October 2024

Essential soil nutrients are dynamic in nature and require timely management in farmers’ fields. Accurate prediction of the spatial distribution of soil nutrients using a suitable sampling density is a prerequisite for improving the practical utility of spatial soil fertility maps. However, practical research is required to address the challenge of selecting an optimal sampling density that is both cost-effective and accurate for preparing digital soil nutrient maps across regional extents. This study examines the impact of sampling density on spatial prediction accuracy for a range of soil fertility parameters over a regional extent of 8303 km2 located in eastern India. Surface soil samples were collected from 1024 sample points. The performance of six levels of sampling densities for spatial prediction of 14 soil properties was compared using ordinary kriging. From the sample points, randomization was used to select 224 points for validation and the remaining 800 for calibration. Goodness-of-fit for the semi-variograms was evaluated by R2 of model fit. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and root mean square error (RMSE) were evaluated through independent validation as spatial prediction accuracy parameters. Results show that the impact of sampling density on prediction accuracy was unique for each soil property. As a common trend, R2 of model fit and CCC scores improved, and RMSE values declined with the increasing sampling density for all soil properties. On the other hand, the rate of gain in the accuracy metrics with each increment in the sampling density gradually decreased and ultimately plateaued. This indicates that there exists a sampling density threshold beyond which the extra effort on additional sampling adds less to the spatial prediction accuracy. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference for optimizing soil nutrient mapping across regional extents.
Therapeutic Potential of Pomegranate Extract for Women’s Reproductive Health and Breast Cancer
Authors: Jang Jung Yoon , Kim Donghwan , Im Eunok , Kim Nam Deuk
Published: October 2024

Pomegranate extract has potential benefits for women’s reproductive health, including fertility enhancement, menstrual cycle regulation, pregnancy support, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treatment. It possesses antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and improving fertility. Pomegranate extract may help regulate hormonal imbalances and promote regular menstrual cycles. The extract’s rich nutrient profile supports placental development and fetal growth and may reduce the risk of preterm birth. Additionally, pomegranate extract shows promise in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation and oxidative damage in PCOS. Some studies suggest its potential anticancer properties, particularly against breast cancer. However, further research, including human clinical trials, is necessary to establish its effectiveness and safety. The current evidence is limited and primarily based on in vitro studies, animal studies, and clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the benefits of pomegranate extract for women’s reproductive health and breast cancer, serving as a reference for future research.
Pulmonary Hypertension: Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Therapies
Authors: Tsai Jason , Malik Shaista , Tjen-A-Looi Stephanie C.
Published: October 2024

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe and chronic disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and remodeling, often precipitating right-sided heart dysfunction and death. Although the condition is progressive and incurable, current therapies for the disease focus on multiple different drugs and general supportive therapies to manage symptoms and prolong survival, ranging from medications more specific to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) to exercise training. Moreover, there are multiple studies exploring novel experimental drugs and therapies including unique neurostimulation, to help better manage the disease. Here, we provide a narrative review focusing on current PH treatments that target multiple underlying biochemical mechanisms, including imbalances in vasoconstrictor–vasodilator and autonomic nervous system function, inflammation, and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling. We also focus on the potential of novel therapies for managing PH, focusing on multiple types of neurostimulation including acupuncture. Lastly, we also touch upon the disease’s different subgroups, clinical presentations and prognosis, diagnostics, demographics, and cost.
Stable Single-Mode 795 nm Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser for Quantum Sensing
Authors: Wang Yongli , Zhang Yang , Li Chuanchuan , Li Jian , Wei Xin , Chen Lianghui
Published: October 2024

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are essential for exhibiting single-transverse-mode output characteristics, which are critical for applications in quantum sensing, optical interconnection, and laser printing. In this study, we achieved stable single-transverse-mode lasing using extended-2λ-cavity with an oxide aperture diameter of 7.08 μm. The device demonstrated a high output power of 6.8 mW and a narrow linewidth of 49.8 MHz at room temperature. Additionally, it maintained stable single-mode emission at 794.8 nm and achieved a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) exceeding 40 dB within the temperature range of 25 °C~85 °C, thereby meeting the requirements of 87Rb atom quantum sensors. The fabricated device obtained high-power and narrow linewidth single-transverse-mode operation by a monolithic extended cavity without introducing additional processing procedures, which is expected to promote the commercial viability of VCSELs in quantum sensing.
Grain Microstructure in Friction-Stir-Welded Dissimilar Al/Mg Joints of Thin Sheets with/without Ultrasonic Vibration
Authors: Yin Jialin , Liu Jie , Wu Chuansong
Published: October 2024

Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) characterization was conducted on the typical regions in friction-stir-welded dissimilar Al/Mg joints of 2 mm thick sheets with/without ultrasonic assistance. The effects of ultrasonic vibration (UV) on the grain size, recrystallization mechanisms, and degree of recrystallization on both sides of the Al-Mg bonding interface and the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were investigated. It was found that on the Mg side of the weld nugget zone (WNZ), the primary dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanisms were discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), with geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX) playing a secondary role. On the Al side of the WNZ, CDRX was identified as the primary mechanism, with GDRX as a secondary contributor. While UV did not significantly alter the DRX mechanisms in either alloy within the WNZ, it promoted the aggregation and rearrangement of dislocations. This led to an increase in high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) and an enhanced degree of recrystallization in the welds. The average grain size in both the Al and Mg alloys of the WNZ followed a pattern of initially increasing and then decreasing along the thickness direction, reaching a maximum in the upper-middle part and a minimum at the bottom. The influence of UV on the average grain size in the WNZ was minimal, with only slight grain refinement observed, and the minimum refinement degree was only 0.9%. The Schmid factor (SF) on the WNZ and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) boundary regions of the advancing side (AS) indicates that the application of UV increased the likelihood of basal slip and extension twinning in the crystal structure. In addition, UV reduced the thickness of IMCs and improved the strength of the Al-Mg bonding interface. These results suggest a higher probability of fracture along the TMAZ and WNZ boundary on the AS when UV was applied.
Investigation of Precipitation Behavior of a Novel Ni-Fe-Based Superalloy during High-Temperature Aging Treatment
Authors: Cheng Jun , Li Kejian , Yang Zhengang , Huo Xin , Fan Manjie , Li Songlin , Li Shengzhi , Liu Qu , Ma Qingxian , Cai Zhipeng
Published: October 2024

The precipitation behavior of a novel Ni-Fe-based superalloy developed for advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) coal-fired power plant applications during high-temperature aging treatment was investigated. The results showed that the major precipitates in the novel alloy were randomly distributed MC carbides, M23C6 carbides at grain boundaries, and the γ′-Ni3 (Al, Ti) phase in grain interiors after aging. MC remained relatively stable during both short-term and long-term aging. M23C6 quickly precipitated and exhibited a discrete distribution at grain boundaries during short-term aging, and partly developed into continuous films during long-term aging. After uniform precipitation, the shape of γ′ remained spherical, and the size kept increasing with aging time according to the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) model. The hardness of the novel alloy was mainly associated with the precipitation behavior of γ′; as γ′ gradually precipitated, the hardness steadily increased; after complete precipitation, as the size of γ′ increased, the hardness first increased and then decreased, reaching the peak hardness when the average radius of γ′ achieved the critical size. In addition, the novel alloy exhibited abnormal coarsening behavior at grain boundaries during both short-term and long-term aging. The coarsened grain boundaries were actually precipitate-free zones (PFZs) and the coarsened and elongated rod-like particles inside were identified as γ′ precipitates. The mechanism of strain-induced grain boundary migration and the discontinuous coarsening reaction is proposed for the formation of PFZs. Furthermore, PFZs were considered to be potential crack sources during the creep rupture test, leading to earlier failure of the material.
Ternary ZnS/ZnO/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Bolatov Asset , Manjovelo Alida , Chouchene Bilel , Balan Lavinia , Gries Thomas , Medjahdi Ghouti , Uralbekov Bolat , Schneider Raphaël
Published: October 2024

Ternary ZnS/ZnO/graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) photocatalysts were prepared by coupling gCN sheets with ZnO nanorods under solvothermal conditions followed by sulfurization using Na2S. SEM and TEM analyses show that small-sized ZnS particles (ca. 7.2 nm) deposit homogeneously on the surface of ZnO/gCN nanohybrids. Photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show that ZnS allows for an enhanced charge separation efficiency as well as prolonged lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers, leading to improved hydrogen photoproduction under UV light irradiation compared to ZnO/gCN. Moreover, the deposition of ZnS nanoparticles improves the photostability of the ZnS/ZnO/gCN catalyst for hydrogen production. A double Z-scheme mechanism is proposed for hydrogen photoproduction using the ZnS/ZnO/gCN heterojunction.
Nd3+-Doped Scheelite-Type Multifunctional Materials—Their Thermal Stability and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Tomaszewicz Elżbieta , Dąbrowska Grażyna , Fuks Hubert , Kochmański Paweł
Published: October 2024

New Nd3+-doped cadmium molybdato-tungstates with the chemical formula of Cd1−3x▯xNd2x(MoO4)1−3x(WO4)3x (where x = 0.0283, 0.0455, 0.0839, 0.1430, 0.1875, 0.2000, 0.2500, and ▯ denotes a vacant site in the crystal lattice) were successfully synthesized by the high-temperature solid state reaction method, using CdMoO4 and Nd2(WO4)3 as the initial reactants. The structure and change in their lattice parameters as a function of Nd3+ ion concentration were investigated by the XRD (X-ray diffraction) method. The surface morphology and grain size of the doped materials were characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Their thermal properties and initial reactants were analyzed by DTA-TG (differential thermal analysis coupled with thermogravimetry) techniques. The optical properties of the Nd3+-doped cadmium molybdato-tungstates, such as optical band gap, were determined by UV–vis–NIR (ultraviolet–visible–near infrared) spectroscopy. The EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) technique provided information on the type of magnetic interactions between Nd3+ ions.
Form Deviation Uncertainty and Conformity Assessment on a Coordinate Measuring Machine
Authors: Habibi Nabil , Jalid Abdelilah , Salih Abdelouahab
Published: October 2024

Coordinate measuring machines are widely used in the industrial field due to their ease of automation. However, estimating the measurement uncertainty is a delicate task, especially when controlling for deviation, given the large number of factors that influence the measurement. A precise estimate of the uncertainty is crucial to avoid incorrect conformity assessments. The purpose of this study is to control geometrical-form tolerance specifications, taking into consideration their associated uncertainty. A surface fitting model based on the least squares criterion is proposed, allowing one to obtain the variance–covariance matrix by iterative calculation according to the Levenberg–Marquard optimization method. The form deviation is then evaluated following the Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Standard, and its associated uncertainty is estimated using the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) propagation of the uncertainty law. Finally, the conformity assessment is performed based on the measured deviation and its associated uncertainty. Different results for the measurement of straightness, flatness, circularity, roundness, and cylindricity are presented and detailed. This model is thereafter validated by a Monte Carlo simulation, and interlaboratory comparisons of the obtained results were performed, which showed satisfactory outcome. This contribution is of great use to manufacturing companies and metrology laboratories, allowing them to meet the normative guidelines, which stipulates that each measurement result must be accompanied by its associated uncertainty.
Three-Stage Recursive Learning Technique for Face Mask Detection on Imbalanced Datasets
Authors: Tsai Chi-Yi , Shih Wei-Hsuan , Nisar Humaira
Published: October 2024

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide have implemented mandatory face mask regulations in crowded public spaces, making the development of automatic face mask detection systems critical. To achieve robust face mask detection performance, a high-quality and comprehensive face mask dataset is required. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining face samples with masks in the real-world, public face mask datasets are often imbalanced, leading to the data imbalance problem in model training and negatively impacting detection performance. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel recursive model-training technique designed to improve detection accuracy on imbalanced datasets. The proposed method recursively splits and merges the dataset based on the attribute characteristics of different classes, enabling more balanced and effective model training. Our approach demonstrates that the carefully designed splitting and merging of datasets can significantly enhance model-training performance. This method was evaluated using two imbalanced datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed recursive learning technique achieves a percentage increase (PI) of 84.5% in mean average precision (mAP@0.5) on the Kaggle dataset and of 186.3% on the Eden dataset compared to traditional supervised learning. Additionally, when combined with existing oversampling techniques, the PI on the Kaggle dataset further increases to 88.9%, highlighting the potential of the proposed method for improving detection accuracy in highly imbalanced datasets.
General Trapezoidal-Type Inequalities in Fuzzy Settings
Authors: Latif Muhammad Amer
Published: October 2024

In this study, trapezoidal-type inequalities in fuzzy settings have been investigated. The theory of fuzzy analysis has been discussed in detail. The integration by parts formula of analysis of fuzzy mathematics has been employed to establish an equality. Trapezoidal-type inequality for functions with values in the fuzzy number-valued space is proven by applying the proven equality together with the properties of a metric defined on the set of fuzzy number-valued space and Höler’s inequality. The results proved in this research provide generalizations of the results from earlier existing results in the field of mathematical inequalities. An example is designed by defining a function that has values in fuzzy number-valued space and validated the results numerically using the software Mathematica (latest v. 14.1). The p-levels of the defined fuzzy number-valued mapping have been shown graphically for different values of p∈0,1.
Potential of Marine Sponge Metabolites against Prions: Bromotyrosine Derivatives, a Family of Interest
Authors: Sinane Maha , Grunberger Colin , Gentile Lucile , Moriou Céline , Chaker Victorien , Coutrot Pierre , Guenneguez Alain , Poullaouec Marie-Aude , Connan Solène , Stiger-Pouvreau Valérie , Zubia Mayalen , Fleury Yannick , Cérantola Stéphane , Kervarec Nelly , Al-Mourabit Ali , Petek Sylvain , Voisset Cécile
Published: October 2024

The screening of 166 extracts from tropical marine organisms (invertebrates, macroalgae) and 3 cyclolipopeptides from microorganisms against yeast prions highlighted the potential of Verongiida sponges to prevent the propagation of prions. We isolated the known compounds purealidin Q (1), aplysamine-2 (2), pseudoceratinine A (3), aerophobin-2 (4), aplysamine-1 (5), and pseudoceratinine B (6) for the first time from the Wallisian sponge Suberea laboutei. We then tested compounds 1–6 and sixteen other bromotyrosine and bromophenol derivatives previously isolated from Verongiida sponges against yeast prions, demonstrating the potential of 1–3, 5, 6, aplyzanzine C (7), purealidin A (10), psammaplysenes D (11) and F (12), anomoian F (14), and N,N-dimethyldibromotyramine (15). Following biological tests on mammalian cells, we report here the identification of the hitherto unknown ability of the six bromotyrosine derivatives 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, and 14 of marine origin to reduce the spread of the PrPSc prion and the ability of compounds 1 and 2 to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress. These two biological activities of these bromotyrosine derivatives are, to our knowledge, described here for the first time, offering a new therapeutic perspective for patients suffering from prion diseases that are presently untreatable and consequently fatal.
Evaluation and Comparison of the Effect of Three Dental Luting Cements on Mineralized Bone Derived from Dental Pulp Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Bajoria Sneha , Shetty Shwetha Rajesh , Bandela Vinod , Sonune Shital , Mohamed Roshan Noor , Nandalur Kulashekar Reddy , Nagarajappa Anil Kumar , Aljohani Amjad Obaid , Alsattam Aljowharah Ali , Alruwaili Eatedal Mukhlef , Alnuman Alreem Abdulaziz , Alahmed Miad Abdulnasser , Kanaparthi Saraswathi , Helal Doaa Abdelaziz A.
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc phosphate (ZnP) cement, glass ionomer cement (GIC), and nano-integrated bio-ceramic (NIB) cement on mineralization when placed in contact with bone tissue-forming cells. Materials and Methods: ZnP cement, GIC, and NIB cement were divided into direct and indirect groups. A total of 72 cement pellets (24 pellets of each test sample) of 3 × 1 mm (width × height) were prepared using polytetrafluoroethylene molds. A total of 3 sample groups were demarcated using 96- cell well culture plates. In the control group, 24 wells were filled with mineralized osteoblasts and 1 µL of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). In test group 1, to show a direct effect, 36 samples were plated with mineralized osteoblasts and 1 µL GCF for 24 h; the cells were directly exposed to cement pellets. A total of 36 samples were immersed in GCF for 24 h; later the supernatant was transferred to the mineralized osteoblasts to demonstrate an indirect effect in test group 2. To assess the mineralization, osteoblasts were stained with alizarin red and later observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences. An independent t-test compared the direct and indirect effects of the ZnP cement, GIC, NIB cement, and control groups on the mineralization of osteoblasts derived from hDPCs. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the ZnP cement, GIC, and NIB cement groups (p < 0.05). ZnP cement exhibited a moderate, NIB cement the least harmful effect, and GIC showed the most harmful effect on the mineralization of osteoblast cells. Conclusions: The biocompatibility of dental luting cements is an important aspect that clinicians should consider during their selection. Nano-integrated bio-ceramic cement showed the least negative effect on the mineralization of osteoblast cells which is beneficial for the cementation of cement-retained implant prostheses. However, further studies are needed to evaluate osteoblast and osteoclast activity in vivo.
Clinical Significance of Isolated Sphenoid Sinusitis Identified in Pediatric Patients Presenting with Headache
Authors: Han Seung Beom , Kim Jee Min , Park Eu Gene , Han Ji Yoon , Lee Jin
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: Brain imaging studies in pediatric patients with headaches often reveal inflammation of the sphenoid sinus. When we encounter patients presenting with headaches without respiratory symptoms, determining the causal relationship between isolated sphenoid sinusitis observed in brain imaging studies and headache is challenging. This study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with headaches and isolated sphenoid sinusitis identified by brain imaging studies and to determine the effects of antibiotics on headache relief. Materials and Methods: Among patients aged <18 years with headaches, those in whom isolated sphenoid sinusitis was observed on brain imaging were included. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate their clinical characteristics and outcomes. Based on antibiotic and analgesic effects, the included patients were categorized into acute bacterial sinusitis (BS) and non-BS groups, and clinical data were compared between the two groups. Results: Brain imaging studies were performed for 1751 patients, and 205 (11.7%) and 41 (2.3%) patients demonstrated sinusitis and isolated sphenoid sinusitis, respectively. For the 41 patients with isolated sphenoid sinusitis, migraine with or without aura (58.5%) was the most frequent type of headache. Throbbing pain (34.1%) occurred most frequently, and the temporal area (51.2%) was the most common location of headache. Nausea/vomiting (56.1%) was the most common accompanying symptom, followed by ocular symptoms (34.1%). Only one (2.4%) patient complained of neurologic symptoms. Headache improved in 26 (63.4%) patients, with improvement without antibiotic therapy in 19 (46.3%) patients. The acute BS and non-BS groups demonstrated comparable characteristics, except for a higher frequency of ocular symptoms in the acute BS group than in the non-BS group (p = 0.044). Conclusions: Isolated sphenoid sinusitis was rarely identified in pediatric patients with headache examined using brain imaging studies. Considering the clinical characteristics and antibiotic effects, early intensive antibiotic therapy cannot be prioritized.
An Ultra-Fast Green UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Assessing the In Vitro Metabolic Stability of Dovitinib: In Silico Study for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Metabolic Lability, and DEREK Alerts
Authors: Attwa Mohamed W. , Abdelhameed Ali S. , Kadi Adnan A.
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: Dovitinib (DVB) is a pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that can be administered orally. In September 2023, the FDA granted Oncoheroes approval to proceed with an Investigational New Drug (IND) application for dovitinib. This application is intended for the treatment of relapsed or advanced juvenile solid tumors, namely, osteosarcoma. Materials and Methods: The target of the present study was to develop a rapid, green, accurate, and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for measuring DVB levels in human liver microsomes (HLMs). The validations of the HLMs were performed via the established UHPLC-MS/MS approach, as stated in the US FDA reported guidelines for the standards of bioanalytical method validation protocol. The StarDrop in silico software package (version 6.6), which involves the DEREK and WhichP450 in silico modules, was used to check the DVB structure for hazardous alerts and metabolic instability. The DVB and encorafenib (EFB), internal standard, and chromatographic peaks were successfully separated using a reversed phase column (an Eclipse Plus Agilent C8 column) and an isocratic mobile phase. The production of DVB parent ions was accomplished by utilizing the positive ionization mode of an ESI source. The identification and measurement of DVB daughter ions were conducted using the MRM mode. Results: The inter-day accuracy and precision exhibited a spectrum of values in the range of −0.56% to 9.33%, while the intra-day accuracy and precision showcased a range of scores between 0.28% and 7.28%. The DVB calibration curve showed a linear relationship that ranged from 1 to 3000 ng/mL. The usefulness of the currently validated UHPLC-MS/MS method was approved by the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 1 ng/mL. The AGREE findings demonstrate that the UHPLC-MS/MS method had a noteworthy degree of ecological greenness. The in vitro half-life (t1/2) and intrinsic clearance (Clint) of DVB were calculated to be 15.48 min and 52.39 mL/min/kg, respectively, which aligned with the findings from the WhichP450 software (version 6.6). Conclusions: Via the usage of in silico software, it has been observed that making small changes to the structure of the aryl piperazine ring and quinolinone moieties, or replacing these groups in the drug design process, shows potential for enhancing the metabolic safety and stability of newly developed derivatives compared to DVB.
Modeling and Parametric Study of Spent Refractory Material Dissolution in an Aluminum Reduction Cell
Authors: Hu Xia , Hou Wenyuan , Liu Wei , Li Mao , Li Hesong
Published: October 2024

Utilizing spent refractory material (SRM), generated after the overhaul of aluminum electrolytic cells, as a raw material for producing Al-Si alloys presents an efficient approach towards achieving full resource utilization of SRM. However, a bottleneck restricting this technology has become the dissolution of SRM. Based on the heat and mass transfer mechanism, the shrinkage core model of SRM particle dissolution was established. The effects of alumina concentration, silica concentration, electrolyte superheat, particle temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate on the mass dissolution rate and dissolution time of SRM particles were investigated. Calculation results and experimental data were compared to confirm the accuracy of the established model. The results show that by maintaining low alumina and silica concentrations, increasing the electrolyte superheat and particle preheating temperature, and increasing the electrolyte turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, SRM particles can dissolve faster. The dissolution of agglomerated particles is greatly influenced by the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and superheat. The present research provides promising guidance for practical application in predicting particle dissolution time, controlling process parameters, and accelerating the dissolution of SRM particles.
Experimental Investigation on Quasi-Freckle Phenomenon in Single-Crystal-Blade Castings of Superalloys
Authors: Ma Dexin , Li Lv , Zhao Yunxing , Deng Yangpi , Cheng Bowen , Xu Fuze
Published: October 2024

During the production of single-crystal superalloy blades, a kind of channel-type defect, named “quasi-freckle”, was found on the casting surface, which is similar to typical freckles in macroscopic appearance but different in microstructure. In the as-cast microstructure of the quasi-freckle channels, the γ/γ’ eutectic is significantly accumulated and can be dissolved during the solution heat treatment. Since no disoriented grains were detected, the quasi-freckles have a basically identical crystal orientation with the matrix. The quasi-freckle channels actually appear as thermosolutal convection traces in the directional solidification process of single-crystal casting. Because the convection was not strong enough to break dendrite arms, the single-crystal consistency of the castings was not destroyed. However, with the deterioration of the solidification condition and the increase in solutal convection, quasi-freckles often develop into typical freckle defects.
Characterization of Corrosion Products on TiSi, TiAl, and WTi Coatings
Authors: Gordillo Oscar , Hincapie Williams Steve , Piamba Oscar , Olaya Jhon , Alfonso José Edgar , Capote Gil , Trava-Airoldi Vladimir
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the corrosion products present on TiSi, AlTi, and WTi coatings deposited onto Ti6Al4V titanium alloy substrates using the RF sputtering PVD technique. Following deposition, the coatings underwent exposure to a temperature of 600 °C for 100 h. The corroded surfaces were meticulously characterized to identify the resultant corrosion products. Utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, optical profilometry, and XPS spectroscopy, the coatings were comprehensively examined. Furthermore, Raman mapping with multivariate analysis was employed to determine the spatial distribution of oxides in the coating post-high-temperature corrosion. Additionally, XPS spectroscopy unveiled the presence of species undetected by Raman spectroscopy, such as silicon oxide SiO2, aluminum oxide Al2O3, and tungsten oxide WO2, in oxidation studies on TiSi, AlTi, and WTi coatings, corroborated by XRD analysis. The results allowed us to propose the corrosion mechanisms of these coatings and to determine that the TiSi coating exhibits a superior high-temperature corrosion response compared to the AlTi and WTi coatings. The AlTi coating experiences aluminum depletion, whereas the WTi coating shows accumulations of tungsten oxides that resemble pitting.
Evaluating the Effect of Blended and Pure Hydrogen in X60 Pipeline Steel for Low-Pressure Transmission Using Hollow-Specimen Slow-Strain-Rate Tensile Testing
Authors: Walallawita Rashiga , Hinchliff Matthew C. , Sediako Dimitry , Quinn John , Chou Vincent , Walker Kim , Hill Matthew
Published: October 2024

This study employs a custom hollow specimen setup to investigate the HE in API 5L X60 pipeline base and welded materials exposed to pure hydrogen and a 20% hydrogen–natural gas blend at 2.07 MPa. Results indicate embrittlement with increasing hydrogen concentration. The base material showed a hydrogen embrittlement index (HEI) of 11.6% at 20% hydrogen and 12.4% at 100% hydrogen. For the welded material, the HEI was 14.6% at 20% hydrogen and 18.0% at 100% hydrogen. Fractography analysis revealed that the base and welded materials exhibited typical ductile fracture features in the absence of hydrogen, transitioning to a mixture of quasi-cleavage and micro-void coalescence (MVC) features in hydrogen environments. Additionally, with hydrogen, increased formation of secondary cracks was observed. Notably, the study identified the Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP) mechanism as a probable contributor to hydrogen-assisted fracture.
Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of Toxoplasma gondii in Wildlife from the Panama Canal Zone
Authors: Henríquez-Carrizo Evelyn , Cruz Hector , Jurado Alessandra , Smith Diorene , Villalobos-Cerrud Delba , Fábrega Lorena , de la Guardia Carolina , Cano Ryan , Correa Ricardo , Frías Edy , García Anabel , Ríos Nivia , Sandoval Nidia , Martínez Torres Alex , Castillo-Pimentel Armando , Caballero E. Zuleima
Published: October 2024

Panama has a large number of wild animal species, which could host a highly diverse amount of genetic variants of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). In this context, we highlight the importance of understanding the population structure of T. gondii in Panamanian wildlife and the genetic variants that can be rapidly transferred to domestic environments. This study analyzed the infection frequency and allelic composition of T. gondii in different tissue samples from wild animals. The infection frequency was measured by the PCR technique using the B1 gene as a molecular marker. The results showed a high frequency (65.6%) of infection in tissue samples collected from 221 wild animals. Stratified analyses for bird and mammal samples showed positivity rates of 67.2% and 70.12%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences. Infection frequency was also measured in five types of organs (brain, liver, heart, lung, and skeletal muscle), which showed homogeneous frequencies. The genetic diversity of the T. gondii population contained in the tissues of wild animals was analyzed by the Multilocus Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, using five genes called SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, and Apico. This analysis revealed the presence of alleles of these genes corresponding to T. gondii lineages I, II, and III. Allele III was only identified with the Apico gene in a single reptile individual analyzed. Our findings indicated diverse allelic distribution at the analyzed loci, suggesting that the tissues were probably infected by non-archetypal individuals of T. gondii.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Hawthorn Vinegar
Authors: Jia Kaixiang , Xue Song , Du Yangyang , Peng Lianci , Chen Weifeng , Yu Xiaoying , Cao Xuefeng , Fang Rendong , Li Zhiwei
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of hawthorn vinegar. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis using the filter paper disc method. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. The results show that hawthorn vinegar exhibited inhibitory effects against all tested microorganisms, with the most potent activity against Salmonella. The vinegar extract demonstrated considerable antioxidant potential, with maximum scavenging rates of 71%, 82.2%, and 81.3% for DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals, respectively. These findings suggest that hawthorn vinegar possesses notable antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, warranting further investigation for potential applications in food preservation and health promotion.
Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of Two Freshwater Ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora), with Description of Pseudosincirra binaria sp. nov. and Redefinition of Pseudosincirra and Perisincirra
Authors: Liao Lijian , Hu Yue , Hu Xiaozhong
Published: October 2024

Ciliated microeukaryotes are insufficiently investigated despite their ubiquity and ecological significance. The morphology and morphogenesis of a new Stichotrichida species, Pseudosincirra binaria sp. nov., and the known Perisincirra paucicirrata Foissner et al., 2002, are here studied using live observations and protargol staining methods. The new species is characterized by having one buccal, one parabuccal and three frontal cirri, one frontoventral row extending to the posterior half of the cell, three left and two right marginal rows and three dorsal kineties with the left kinety conspicuously bipartite, along with one caudal cirrus at the rear end of each kinety. During morphogenesis, there exist five frontal-ventral cirral anlagen with anlagen IV and V forming a frontoventral row in the proter, and four cirral anlagen with only anlage IV generating a frontoventral row in the opisthe. The anlagen for marginal rows and dorsal kineties develop intrakinetally. The new population of Perisincirra paucicirrata corresponds well with other isolates regarding morphology and cell development. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal gene sequence data revealed that both Perisincirra and Pseudosincirra are deeply clustered in the clade consisting of species from the genera Deviata and Heterodeviata, supporting the placement of both genera into the family Deviatidae Foissner, 2016.
Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Guari Yannick
Published: October 2024

Porous nanomaterials have emerged as one of the most versatile and valuable classes of materials, captivating the attention of both scientists and engineers due to their exceptional functional and structural properties [...]
Analysis and Optimization of Light Absorption and Scattering Properties of Metal Nanocages
Authors: Shao Enhao , Tuersun Paerhatijiang , Wumaier Dilishati , Li Shuyuan , Abudula Aibibula
Published: October 2024

Metal nanocages exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance that strongly absorbs and scatters light at specific wavelengths, making them potentially valuable for photothermal therapy and biological imaging applications. However, investigations on metal nanocages are still confined to high-cost and small-scale synthesis. The comprehensive analysis of optical properties and optimal size parameters of metal nanocages is rarely reported. This paper simulates the effects of materials (Ag, Au, and Cu), size parameters, refractive index of the surrounding medium, and orientation on the light absorption and scattering characteristics of the nanocages using the finite-element method and the size-dependent refractive-index model for metal nanoparticles. The results show that the Ag nanocages have excellent light absorption and scattering characteristics and respond significantly to the size parameters, while the refractive index and orientation of the surrounding medium have less effect on them. The Au nanocages also possess superior light absorption properties at specific incident wavelengths. This study also identified the optimized sizes of three metal nanocages at incident light wavelengths commonly used in biomedicine; it was also found that, under deep therapy conditions, Ag nanocages in particular exhibit the highest volume absorption and scattering coefficients of 0.708 nm−1 and 0.583 nm−1, respectively. These findings offer theoretical insights into preparing target nanocage particles for applications in photothermal therapy and biological imaging.
Sodium-Ion Battery at Low Temperature: Challenges and Strategies
Authors: Zhao Yan , Zhang Zhen , Zheng Yalong , Luo Yichao , Jiang Xinyu , Wang Yaru , Wang Zhoulu , Wu Yutong , Zhang Yi , Liu Xiang , Fang Baizeng
Published: October 2024

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have garnered significant interest due to their potential as viable alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly in environments where low-temperature (LT) performance is crucial. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current research on LT SIBs, focusing on electrode materials, electrolytes, and operational challenges specific to sub-zero conditions. Recent advancements in electrode materials, such as carbon-based materials and titanium-based materials, are discussed for their ability to enhance ion diffusion kinetics and overall battery performance at colder temperatures. The critical role of electrolyte formulation in maintaining battery efficiency and stability under extreme cold is highlighted, alongside strategies to mitigate capacity loss and cycle degradation. Future research directions underscore the need for further improvements in energy density and durability and scalable manufacturing processes to facilitate commercial adoption. Overall, LT SIBs represent a promising frontier in energy storage technology, with ongoing efforts aimed at overcoming technical barriers to enable widespread deployment in cold-climate applications and beyond.
Automated Defect Detection through Flaw Grading in Non-Destructive Testing Digital X-ray Radiography
Authors: Hena Bata , Ramos Gabriel , Ibarra-Castanedo Clemente , Maldague Xavier
Published: October 2024

Process automation utilizes specialized technology and equipment to automate and enhance production processes, leading to higher manufacturing efficiency, higher productivity, and cost savings. The aluminum die casting industry has significantly gained from the implementation of process automation solutions in manufacturing, serving safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace industries. However, this method of component fabrication is very susceptible to generating manufacturing flaws, hence necessitating adequate non-destructive testing (NDT) to ascertain the fitness for use of such components. Machine learning has taken the center stage in recent years as a tool for developing automated solutions for detecting and classifying flaws in digital X-ray radiography. These machine learning-based solutions have increasingly been developed and deployed for component inspection, to keep pace with the high production throughput in manufacturing industries. This work focuses on the development of a defect grading algorithm that assesses detected flaws to ascertain if they constitute a defect that could render a component unfit for use. Guided by ASTM 2973-15; Standard Digital Reference Images for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings, a grading pipeline utilizing K-D (k-dimensional) trees was developed to effectively structure detected flaws, enabling the system to make decisions based on acceptable grading terms. This solution is dynamic in terms of its conformity to different grading criteria and offers the possibility to achieve automated decision making (Accept/Reject) in digital X-ray radiography applications.
Co-Creation and Implementation of a Healthy Snacks Policy in Primary Schools: Data from Sintra Grows Healthy
Authors: Nogueira Telma , Ferreira Raquel J. , Pinto Mariana Liñan , Dias da Silva Vitória , Nogueira Paulo Jorge , Sousa Joana
Published: October 2024

Policy interventions in the school food environment can improve dietary behaviors. However, the literature describing its development and implementation is scarce. This manuscript aims to describe the process of co-creation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of a Healthy Snacks Policy, in the scope of Sintra Grows Healthy intervention. Through a community-based participatory research methodology, the co-creation of the Healthy Snacks Policy comprises six stages: snacks evaluation, feedback sessions, class assemblies, school community assemblies, school cluster policy approval, and process evaluation. Within one school year, a Healthy Snacks Policy was co-created, approved, incorporated in the school regulations, implemented, continuously monitored, and evaluated. Regarding snacks evaluation, 1900 snacks were evaluated at the beginning of the school year and 1079 at the end of the school year. There were three feedback sessions, twenty-two class assemblies, and three school community assemblies. Most teachers perceived that children began to consume healthier snacks (72%); 66% of the children were considered to have started eating healthier; and most families said “yes or sometimes” when asked whether their children started requesting healthier snacks (70%), trying new foods (63%), and noticing improvements in their eating habits (74%). The co-creation of a Healthy Snacks Policy establishes an approach to effectively implement existing guidelines for school food supplies, complying with national priority implementation recommendations.
Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Parental Perceptions of and Student Participation in School Meals
Authors: Zuercher Monica D. , Cohen Juliana F. W. , Hecht Christina A. , Hecht Kenneth , Orta-Aleman Dania , Olarte Deborah A. , Chapman Leah E. , Read Margaret , Ritchie Lorrene D. , Gosliner Wendi
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: School meals are an important source of nutrition for children and have been found to help mitigate food insecurity. This study evaluated the association between food insecurity and school meal participation and whether parental perceptions about school meals differ by food security status. Methods: In May 2022, 1110 Californian parents of K-12 students shared their perceptions about school meals, including meal quality, healthiness, stigma, and benefits, as well as their child’s participation in school meals, in an online survey. Household food security was determined using the USDA 6-item module. Logistic and Poisson regression models were used for analysis. Results: The prevalence of household food insecurity was 56.2% (69.6% in households of students eligible for free meals, 55.9% in reduced-price, and 38.3% in non-eligible). Many of the reported benefits of school meals (saving families money and time) were equally highly endorsed by parents with and without food insecurity (p > 0.05). Parents reporting food insecurity had less favorable perceptions of school meals and perceived more stigma (p < 0.05). Food insecurity was positively associated with breakfast participation, especially among elementary school students and students not eligible for free or reduced-price meals (FRPMs) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Food insecurity is prevalent among California families with school-age children, even in families not eligible for federal FRPMs. Food-insecure households have more negative perceptions of school meals and experience more stigma, though they also report higher breakfast participation. Improving school meal quality and appeal, ensuring parents are familiar with meal quality and healthfulness, and reducing stigma may ease food insecurity while improving children’s health.
Equol Nonproducing Status as an Independent Risk Factor for Acute Cardioembolic Stroke and Poor Functional Outcome
Authors: Noda Kotaro , Hattori Yorito , Murata Hiroaki , Kokubo Yoshihiro , Higashiyama Aya , Ihara Masafumi
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Equol has protective effects against coronary artery disease and dementia by strongly binding to estrogen receptor beta, whereas the intake of soy isoflavone alone does not always confer such protective effects. Equol production is completely dependent on the existence of equol-producing gut microbiota. The effects of equol-producing status on the cerebrovascular diseases remain unclear. The current study was aimed to investigate the association of equol-producing status with the development of stroke and its neurological prognosis. Methods: Frequencies of equol producers were compared between healthy subjects (HS) registered in the Suita Study and patients with acute stroke admitted to our stroke center from September 2019 to October 2021 in a retrospective cohort study. Results: The proportion of HSs and patients with ischemic stroke who were equol producers did not significantly differ (50/103 [48.5%] vs. 60/140 [42.9%], p = 0.38). However, cardioembolic stroke was significantly associated with low a prevalence of equol producers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21–0.99, p = 0.05). A higher left atrial volume index was observed in equol nonproducers (46.3 ± 23.8 vs. 36.0 ± 11.6 mL/m2, p = 0.06). The equol nonproducers had a significantly higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation than the equol producers (27.5% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.04). Furthermore, the equol producers exhibited a significantly favorable functional outcome upon discharge (aOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.20–6.75, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Equol is a promising candidate for interventions aiming to reduce the risk of CES and atrial dysfunction, such as atrial fibrillation and improve neurological prognosis after ischemic stroke.