Effect of Oxygen Functionalities inside Carbon Micropore on Lithium-Sulfur Battery Performance
Authors: Yoshida Luna , Orikasa Yuki , Ishikawa Masashi 
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSB) using a sulfur cathode with a high specific capacity (1672 mAh g-1) have been regarded as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems, while the sulfur cathode's drawback hinders the commercial application of LSB. Soluble Li2Sx (x = 4 – 8) generated during a charge-discharge process dissolves into electrolytes, which induces LSB's self-discharge and capacity decay. The main efforts to overcome this issue have been on physical confinement of sulfur in the pores of porous carbons [1,2]; however, carbon materials, being non-polar in nature, interact weakly with the polar Li2Sx, which still leads to low cycle stability of LSB. Hence, the surface modification to porous carbon, which provides polar-polar interaction between the carbon surface and Li2Sx, has been performed, suppressing the Li2Sx dissolution and improving LSB's performance [1,3].

On the other hand, we reported that polar-oxygen functionalities on microporous carbon (MC), which are generated with oxidants, significantly improve the discharge capacity of LSB [4]. The formation of Li2Sx (x = 4 – 8) is inhibited in micropores (pore diameter < 2 nm) [5]; therefore, the oxygen functional groups probably improve the discharge capacity of LSB assembled with a MC-sulfur composite cathode due to factors other than the suppression effect of Li2Sx dissolution. Our previous study revealed that oxygen functionalities on the MC surface contribute to the enhanced electrochemical performance of the LSB by preventing electrolyte decomposition and thus decreasing the resistance of the cathode electrolyte interface (Rcei) [6]. However, the ratio of Rcei to the total resistance of the LSB is small; the oxygen functional groups would improve the performance of LSB by affecting other resistance. Herein, we investigate the effect of surface oxygen functionalities on charge transfer resistance (Rct) and Li+ diffusion of LSB. Our report would provide deep insight into the surface modification of carbon materials as LSB’s cathode.

Method

2.1. Preparation of Oxidized MC-Sulfur composite

MC was added into 69 wt.% HNO3 and refluxed at 120ºC for 2 h (Ox MC). Washed and dried Ox MC was mixed with sulfur at a weight ratio of 48: 52. The mixture was heated at 155ºC for 5 h (Ox MC-S).

2.2. Assembling of Cells

To obtain the Ox MC-S cathode, the slurry prepared by mixing the Ox MC-S, acetylene black, carboxymethyl cellulose, and styrene butadiene rubber at a weight ratio of 89: 5: 3: 3 was coated on an Al foil. The cells with the Ox MC-S cathode and Li metal anode were assembled in a glove box. Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI): tetraglyme (G4): 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropylether (HFE) = 10: 8: 40 (by mol) was used as the electrolyte.

2.3. Activation Energy Measurement with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

To elucidate the effect of oxidation treatment on the Rct and Warburg impedance (Rw) of Li-S batteries, activation energy measurement was carried out at 2.5 V in the 50th charging process. The temperature range was 0 – 25°C, and the alternating current voltage amplitude was 10 mV. Rw was investigated with the calculation of the Warburg coefficient (σ).

Major results and conclusion

The activation energy of Rct (Ect) and σ were determined to investigate the effects of oxygen functional groups formed at MC surfaces on charge transfer processes and Li+ diffusion. While Ect increased from 0.65 to 0.72 eV by oxidation treatment, the frequency factor increased from 17.7 to 20.9; this indicates that the oxygen functional groups improve the number of reaction sites where three substances (carbon, active material, and electrolyte) come into contact with each other. The σ of MC-S and Ox MC-S were 281.2 and 178.9 Ω s-1/2, respectively. Therefore, a decrease in Rw due to oxygen functional groups was suggested.

The charge transfer process and Li+ diffusion occur inside the microporous carbon particles where the confined sulfur is present. We processed the Ox MC-S particle from the cathode after the 50th charging using focused ion beam (FIB) milling to obtain a cross-section and observed it with STEM-EELS. This result will also be reported in our presentation.

This work was supported by “Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Specially Promoted Research for Innovative Next Generation Batteries (ALCA-SPRING [JPMJAL1301])” from JST.

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[2] T. Takahashi et al., Prog. Nat. Sci., 25 (2015) 612.

[3] L. Yoshida et al., Electrochim. Acta, 429 (2022) 141000.

[4] S. Okabe et al., Electrochemistry, 85 (2017) 671.

[5] Y. Xiao et al., RSC Adv., 10 (2020) 39875.

[6] L. Yoshida et al., 242nd ECS Meeting Abstracts, Z01-2299 (2022).