bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supramolecular Assembly of Carbohydrate‐Functionalized Salphen–Metal Complexes
Authors: Hui Joseph K.‐H. , Yu Zhen , Mirfakhrai Tissaphern , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: November 2009

Metallosalphen complexes with peripheral glucose and galactose substituents were synthesized and characterized. Their self‐assembled supramolecular structures were then studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that all of the complexes displayed aggregation in the solid‐state. Zinc–salphen complexes showed a remarkably homogeneous helical nanofibrillar morphology, whereas the other metal complexes only displayed micron‐sized clusters.
Molecular and supramolecular chirality in gemini‐tartrate amphiphiles studied by electronic and vibrational circular dichroisms
Authors: Brizard Aurélie , Berthier Damien , Aimé Carole , Buffeteau Thierry , Cavagnat Dominique , Ducasse Laurent , Huc Ivan , Oda Reiko
Published: November 2009

This contribution presents an application of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) to study the molecular and supramolecular chirality in assemblies of gemini‐tartrate amphiphiles. Nonchiral dicationic n‐2‐n amphiphiles (n = 14–20) can self‐organize into right‐ or left‐handed structures upon interacting with chiral tartrate counterions. Micellar solutions can also be obtained for shorter alkyl chains (n = 12). First, the conformation of tartrate counterions has been investigated in various environments (micellar solutions and chiral ribbons). ECD and VCD spectra recorded in micellar solutions are independent from the solvent and from the nature of the cations (sodium, cetyl‐trimethylammonium, or dimeric surfactant 12‐2‐12) used and are representative of the anticonformation of the tartrate dianions. On the other hand, drastic changes in the ECD and VCD spectra have been observed in multilayered chiral assemblies of 16‐2‐16 tartrate. These strong spectral modifications are associated with the chiral arrangement of the tartrate molecules at the surface of the bilayers. Moreover, chirality transfer from counterions to achiral amphiphiles has been clearly evidenced by VCD since circular dichroism has been observed on vibrations related to alkyl chains and gemini headgroups. Finally, ECD and VCD experiments were performed varying the enantiomeric excess of the tartrate. The ECD and VCD intensities do not vary linearly with the enantiomeric excess of the anion and different behaviors have been observed from the two spectroscopic methods: ECD intensities are correlated to the pitch of the ribbons, whereas the VCD intensities are correlated to the dimension of the chiral ribbons. Chirality 21:E153–E162, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct enantioselective HPLC monitoring of lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution of flurbiprofen
Authors: Ghanem Ashraf
Published: November 2009

The solvent versatility of Chiralpak IB, a 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate derivative of cellulose‐based chiral stationary phase, is demonstrated in the direct enantioselective HPLC monitoring of lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution of flurbiprofen in nonstandard HPLC organic solvents. Nonstandard HPLC organic solvents were used as the reaction media for the lipase‐catalysis and in mean time as diluent to dissolve the “difficult to dissolve” enzyme substrate (the acid) and as eluent for the simultaneous enantioselective HPLC baseline separation of both substrate and product in one run without any further derivatization. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dasatinib 100 mg once daily minimizes the occurrence of pleural effusion in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase and efficacy is unaffected in patients who develop pleural effusion
Authors: Porkka Kimmo , Khoury H. Jean , Paquette Ronald L. , Matloub Yousif , Sinha Ritwik , Cortes Jorge E.
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

Dasatinib, a highly potent BCR‐ABL inhibitor, is an effective treatment for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML CP) after resistance, suboptimal response, or intolerance to prior imatinib. In a phase 3 dose optimization trial in patients with CML CP (CA180‐034), the occurrence of pleural effusion was significantly minimized with dasatinib 100 mg once daily (QD) compared with other treatment arms (70 mg twice daily [twice daily], 140 mg QD, or 50 mg twice daily).

METHODS:

To investigate the occurrence and management of pleural effusion during dasatinib treatment, and efficacy in patients with or without pleural effusion, data from CA180‐034 were analyzed.

RESULTS:

With 24‐month minimum follow‐up, 14% of patients treated with dasatinib 100 mg QD incurred pleural effusion (grade 3: 2%; grade 4: 0%) compared with 23% to 26% in other study arms. The pleural effusion rate showed only a minimal increment from 12 to 24 months. In the 100 mg QD study arm, median time to pleural effusion (any grade) was 315 days, and after pleural effusion, 52% of patients had a transient dose interruption, 35% had a dose reduction, 57% received a diuretic, and 26% received a corticosteroid. Three patients in the 100 mg QD study arm discontinued treatment after pleural effusion. Across all study arms, patients with or without pleural effusion demonstrated similar progression‐free and overall survival, and cytogenetic response rates were higher in patients with a pleural effusion.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pleural effusion is minimized with dasatinib 100 mg QD dosing and its occurrence does not affect short‐ or long‐term efficacy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Methadone initiation and rotation in the outpatient setting for patients with cancer pain
Authors: Parsons Henrique A. , de la Cruz Maxine , El Osta Badi , Li Zhijun , Calderon Bianca , Palmer J. Lynn , Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

Methadone is an effective and inexpensive opioid for cancer pain treatment. It has been reported as difficult to use in the outpatient setting because of its variable relative potency and long half‐life. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of methadone initiation or rotation for cancer pain treatment in outpatient settings.

METHODS:

Chart review was done of 189 consecutive patients who underwent methadone initiation or rotation at the authors' palliative care outpatient center. Data were collected regarding demographic and clinical characteristics, symptoms, and opioid side effects at baseline and for 2 follow‐up visits (F1, F2). Failure was defined as methadone discontinuation by the palliative care physician or patient's hospitalization for uncontrolled pain or methadone‐related side effects at F1.

RESULTS:

One hundred (53%) initiations and 89 (47%) rotations were conducted. Success rates for methadone initiation and rotation were 82 of 89 (92%) and 85 of 100 (84%), respectively. Mean (standard deviation) age was 60 (11) years. One hundred (53%) patients were women, 138 (73%) were white, and 182 (96%) had solid cancers. The main reason for rotation was pain (65 of 89 patients, 47%). Median (interquartile range, IQR) pain scores (Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale/0‐10) were 6 (5‐8), 4 (3‐6), and 3 (2‐5) at baseline, F1, and F2, respectively (P < .0001). Median (IQR) daily methadone dose for initiation and rotation was 10 (5‐15) mg and 15 (10‐30) mg at F1 (P < .0001) and 10 (8‐15) mg and 18 (10‐30) mg at F2 (P < .0001), respectively. Constipation and nausea improved (P < .005) after initiation/rotation to methadone. Frequency of sedation, hallucinations, myoclonus, and delirium did not increase after initiation/rotation to methadone.

CONCLUSIONS:

Outpatient methadone initiation and rotation for cancer pain treatment were safe, with high success rates and low side effect profiles. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Complexity‐reduced and contrast‐enhanced halftoning with hybrid model
Authors: Guo Jing‐Ming , Lin Chih‐Yu
Published: November 2009

A high‐efficiency and contrast‐enhanced halftoning approach is presented in this article. The contrast of digital image depends highly on the nature of the ambient lighting and the quality of the lens. The required processing time skyrockets when a high printed work of high resolution and quality is needed. In this article, we use the benefits of high‐speed ordered dithering and high‐quality error diffusion to simultaneously solve the problems described earlier. Experimental results demonstrate that this technique is able to enlarge the dynamic range of the histogram and achieve improvement in execution efficiency of 15–47% with the tested images. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 356–361, 2009
Interesting practitioners in training in empirically supported treatments: research reviews versus case studies
Authors: Stewart Rebecca E. , Chambless Dianne L.
Published: November 2009

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that clinicians rely more on clinical judgment than on research findings. We hypothesized that psychologists in practice might be more open to adopting empirically supported treatments (ESTs) if outcome results were presented with a case study. Psychologists in private practice (N=742) were randomly assigned to receive a research review of data from randomized controlled trials of cognitive‐behavioral treatment (CBT) and medication for bulimia, a case study of CBT for a fictional patient with bulimia, or both. Results indicated that the inclusion of case examples renders ESTs more compelling and interests clinicians in gaining training. Despite these participants' training in statistics, the inclusion of the statistical information had no influence on attitudes or training willingness beyond that of the anecdotal case information. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–23, 2010.
Enhanced Terahertz detection in self‐switching diodes
Authors: Iñiguez‐de‐la‐Torre I. , Mateos J. , Pardo D. , Song A. M. , González T.
Published: November 2009

In this work, by means of Monte Carlo simulations, we analyze the presence of a resonance in the DC current response of an asymmetric nonlinear nanodiode (called self‐switching diode) to AC voltage excitations in the Terahertz range. The phenomenon, which takes place at room temperature, can be enhanced and tuned by the geometry of the device, being potentially useful for selective Terahertz detection. The resonance is linked to a noise mechanism: collective charge fluctuations in the space‐charge region around the active channel of the device, which are visible both in noise and rectification. The enhancement of the DC current is attributed to the phase shift between the applied signal and the response of the charge around the channel near the vertical trenches, which controls the electron flow through the diode. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of progression from high to medium secure services for personality‐disordered patients
Authors: Tetley Amanda C. , Hogue Todd E. , Evershed Sue
Published: November 2009

A significant number of inpatients in English high secure hospitals are detained under the Mental Health Act of 2007 with a diagnosis of personality disorder. The main route of discharge for these patients is via medium‐security units. This study sought to determine if male personality‐disordered patients' ability to progress from high to medium secure services is associated with a level of violent risk (Historical, Clinical, Risk Management 20), clinical psychopathy (Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised (PCL‐R)) and evidence of specific personality disorder diagnoses (assessed using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire‐4th edition plus (PDQ‐4+) and Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)). Sixty‐five male inpatients within an English high secure personality disorder service who had been assessed using the relevant instruments in 2001 were followed up six years post‐assessment to determine if they had progressed to a medium secure service. The results revealed that the antisocial scales of the PAI and PDQ‐4+, the PCL‐R (particularly factor 1) and the PAI‐Paranoid scale were reliable inverse predictors of institutional progression. The findings from this study suggested that the needs of more severely antisocial and psychopathic, individuals might require greater consideration within forensic psychiatric services. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of novel polybenzimidazoles with pendant amino groups and the formation of their crosslinked membranes for medium temperature fuel cell applications
Authors: Xu Nan , Guo Xiaoxia , Fang Jianhua , Xu Hongjie , Yin Jie
Published: November 2009

A series of new polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) with pendant amino groups have been synthesized via condensation polymerization of 5‐aminoisophthalic acid (APTA), isophthalic acid (iPTA), and 3,3′diaminobenzidine (DAB) in polyphosphoric acid at 190 °C for 20 h. The molar ratios between APTA and iPTA were controlled at 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2, respectively, and the copolymerization reactions were carried out via both random and sequenced manners. The resulting polymers showed good solubility in some organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The pendant amino groups of the PBIs were utilized to react with two kinds of crosslinkers, 1,3‐dibromopropane and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, to yield various crosslinked membranes. The crosslinked membranes generally showed good mechanical properties even at high‐phosphoric acid (PA) doping levels, whereas the uncrosslinked membranes highly swelled or even dissolved in PA. Fenton's test revealed that the crosslinked PBI membranes had excellent radical oxidative stability. The proton conductivities of the PA‐doped crosslinked membranes increased with an increase in temperature and high‐proton conductivity up to 0.14 S/cm at 0% relative humidity at 170 °C was achieved. The membranes with high PA‐doping levels, good mechanical properties, and high‐proton conductivities have been successfully developed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
Time‐decayed correlated aggregates over data streams
Authors: Cormode Graham , Tirthapura Srikanta , Xu Bojian
Published: November 2009

Data stream analysis frequently relies on identifying correlations and posing conditional queries on the data after it has been seen. Correlated aggregates form an important example of such queries, which ask for an aggregation over one dimension of stream elements which satisfy a predicate on another dimension. Since recent events are typically more important than older ones, time decay should also be applied to downweight less significant values. We present space‐efficient algorithms as well as space lower bounds for the time‐decayed correlated sum, a problem at the heart of many related aggregations. By considering different fundamental classes of decay functions, we separate cases where efficient approximations with relative error or additive error guarantees are possible, from other cases where linear space is necessary to approximate. In particular, we show that no efficient algorithms with relative error guarantees are possible for the popular sliding window and exponential decay models, resolving an open problem. This negative result for the exponential decay holds even if the stream is allowed to be processed in multiple passes. The results are surprising, since efficient approximations are known for other data stream problems under these decay models. This is a step toward better understanding which sophisticated queries can be answered on massive streams using limited memory and computation. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 294‐310, 2009
Substrate deprivation therapy in juvenile Sandhoff disease
Authors: Wortmann S. B. , Lefeber D. J. , Dekomien G. , Willemsen M. A. A. P. , Wevers R. A. , Morava E.
Published: November 2009

Substrate deprivation therapy has been successfully applied in a number of lysosomal storage diseases, such as Gaucher disease. So far only limited experience is available in Sandhoff disease. We initiated substrate deprivation therapy in one male patient, who initially presented at the age of 3.5 years with epilepsy and regression in motor skills and speech development. Juvenile Sandhoff disease was diagnosed on the basis of a decreased hexosaminidase activity in leukocytes and a homozygous HEXB gene mutation. After the epilepsy was controlled, the clinical course remained stable for years, defined by a mild proximal myopathy and stable mental retardation. At 14 years of age the patient experienced a second episode with progressively worsening general condition with diminishing muscle power and progressive ataxia. Treatment was started with the N‐alkylated imino sugar miglustat, inhibiting the glucosylceramide synthase, an essential enzyme for the synthesis of glycosphingolipids. Diarrhoea was treated with lactose restriction. We performed detailed biochemical investigations, motor and mental development analysis, brain imaging, organ function studies and quality of life score prior to and at different time points after start of the treatment. Two years after the initiation of therapy the patient has a stable neurological picture without further regression in his motor development, ataxia or intelligence. There is a subjective improvement in the fine motor skills and walking up the stairs but no change in the quality of life score. Under treatment with miglustat the clinical course in our patient with Sandhoff disease did not further deteriorate.
Deadly liaisons: fatal attraction between CCN matricellular proteins and the tumor necrosis factor family of cytokines
Authors: Chen Chih‐Chiun , Lau Lester F.
Published: November 2009

Recent studies have revealed an unexpected synergism between two seemingly unrelated protein families: CCN matricellular proteins and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines. CCN proteins are dynamically expressed at sites of injury repair and inflammation, where TNF cytokines are also expressed. Although TNFα is an apoptotic inducer in some cancer cells, it activates NFκB to promote survival and proliferation in normal cells, and its cytotoxicity requires inhibition of de novo protein synthesis or NFκB signaling. The presence of CCN1, CCN2, or CCN3 overrides this requirement and unmasks the apoptotic potential of TNFα, thus converting TNFα from a proliferation‐promoting protein into an apoptotic inducer. These CCN proteins also enhance the cytotoxicity of other TNF cytokines, including LTα, FasL, and TRAIL. Mechanistically, CCNs function through integrin α6β1 and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecan‐4 to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which is essential for apoptotic synergism. Mutant CCN1 proteins defective for binding α6β1‐HSPGs are unable to induce ROS or apoptotic synergism with TNF cytokines. Further, knockin mice that express an α6β1‐HSPG‐binding defective CCN1 are blunted in TNFα‐ and Fas‐mediated apoptosis, indicating that CCN1 is a physiologic regulator of these processes. These findings implicate CCN proteins as contextual regulators of the inflammatory response by dictating or enhancing the cytotoxicity of TNFα and related cytokines.
Observations on the Life History of Triodontophorus tenuicollis, a Nematode Parasite of the Horse
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: November 2009

1. During the free-living development the larvæ of Triodontophorus tenuicollis undergo two moults separating three larval stages, the last stage remaining ensheathed in the cuticule of the previous stage.

2. The development takes about four days when the eggs are cultured in horse fæces and charcoal at 26° C.

3. The infective or third stage larvæ are climbers, and also show a marked resistance to desiccation ; they can also withstand variations in temperature from – 8° C. to 60° C.

4. They do not penetrate skin.

5. Infection of the host is probably via the mouth during grazing.

6. The fourth-stage larva is described. It is free in the lumen of the colon, possesses a well-marked larval buccal capsule and three stout and pointed œsophageal teeth. Sex differences are now present.

7. The adult buccal capsule develops in the form of a vesicle round the base of the larval buccal capsule.

8. The probable mode of its parasitic development is given.

9. A fourth-stage larva, probably that of either T. brevicauda or T. serratus, is described.
On the Morphology and Systematic Position of Echinopharynx, a New Genus of Bursate Nematode from Testudo tabulata
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: November 2009

Our present knowledge of the Strongylid parasites of reptiles is based primarily on Dujardin (1845), who refers all the forms along with those of other vertebrates under a common genus Strongylus, and described four species from the reptilian hosts. Since then our knowledge of parasitic fauna has considerably increased, and von Linstow (1878–89) gave an enlarged list under the same genus from reptiles and also a few under the genus Kalicephalus, Later, with improved methods of Nematode study the forms described were revised, and it was found necessary to split the genus Strongylus, and several groups of a diverse character were recognised. The genus Strongylus was thus split up into several genera, and some of them were removed from the family Strongylidæ. The form Strongylus dispar of Dujardin from the Anguis fragilis was removed into a separate genus, Oswaldocruzia and Strongylus auricularis, with its characters in the absence of buccal capsule and the bifid and trifid distal ends of the spicule seemed more closely allied to Trichostrongylidæ Leiper, and was also removed to the genus Oswaldocruzia.
Observations on the Life-Cycle of Heterodera schachtii.
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: November 2009

The early accounts of the morphology and life-cycle of Heterodera schachtii, were, like much of the subsequent work on this subject, the result of observations carried out on the strain of H. schachtii parasitic on sugar-beet in Germany.
On the Differential Diagnosis of the Larvæ of some Helminth Parasites of Sheep and Goats
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: November 2009

In the majority of cases it is almost impossible to identify the species of helminths in our domestic stock by an examination of the eggs found in their droppings. In the case of sheep and goats, this is particularly so since these hosts harbour several worms with eggs which are, apparently, identical in shape, size and stage of development.
On the Pathogenicity of Heterodera schachtii to Potatoes and Mangolds
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: November 2009

In 1925, Morgan, in recording field observations on Heterodera schachtii in the Kirton district, pointed out that cysts were frequently as abundant in certain areas of infected fields where the yield was satisfactory, as in “bad patches” where the plants showed every manifestation of eelworm disease, and where the crop was a failure. In a further publication (1926) he again emphasized the lack of correlation between cyst content of the soil and the incidence of “potato-sickness.” One field on which detailed observations were carried out, although the worst case of eelworm infestation examined in the district, was found to give a satisfactory crop—average yield eight tons ware per acre—after only a four year rotation. In summing up these observations, Morgan says: “While it is not suggested that the eelworm had no influence on the yield in this instance, the success of the crop in spite of the pest lends support to the view that the problem is primarily one of obtaining more suitable conditions for plant growth by more judicious manuring and a system of rotation.”
Hyper-infection of Dogs with the Microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Andrews Mary N.
Published: November 2009

In the routine examination of stray dogs in a country area near Shanghai, a large percentage were found to be infected with Dirofilaria immitis. The microfilariae were easily found in blood films stained with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain. In some cases only a moderately heavy infection was found, but in some hyper-infection was present. (See fig.)
Variation in Dilution-Counts of Helminth Eggs
Authors: Peters B. G. , Leiper J. W. G.
Published: November 2009

A set of 275 egg-counts, made by a modification of Stoll's dilution-technique and involving 11 series of 25 counts each (each series having a different mean), was found to be distributed in approximate agreement with the Poisson distribution. Although from its nature not normal in form, it showed no significant departure from the corresponding normal curve.
A note on the feeding of the nematode, Anguillulina macrura
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Certain species of the nematode genus Anguillulina which commonly occur in close association with the roots of grasses are known to invade the root cortex and to reproduce therein. Thus Anguillulina pratensis, A. obtusa and A. erythrinae all occur in the roots of Agrostis stolonifera L. in pastures at this Institute. The writer has on a few occasions, also found one or two specimens of the small tapering-tailed species, A. agricola and A. costata, within the root cortex of the same kind of grass but further observations are needed before we can say definitely whether these two species actually parasitize roots and reproduce within the tissues. An occasional specimen of A. intermedia has also been found by the writer once or twice inside root tissues but never in what could be regarded as fresh, sound roots, and in view of Linford's (1937) observations on the ability of this species to feed upon fungal hyphae, it is probably safest to regard it as not a true parasite. The examples found may have entered partly decayed roots in search of fungal hyphae.
On the occurrence of Davainea madagascariensis on the African mainland
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

Davainea madagascariensis is a rather rare human parasite, there being less than a dozen cases on record. It was originally described from children in the Comoro Islands by Davaine in 1869 under the name Taenia madagascariensis and has since been recorded from a wider area stretching from Madagascar and the neighbouring islands through Siam to the Philippine Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Recently some cestode segments were sent to Dr. R. T. Leiper, C.M.G., F.R.S. They had been passed in the stool of a human patient in S.E. Africa. They have now been identified as gravid segments of Davainea madagascariensis and this would seem to be the first record of the species from the mainland of Africa.
Potato Root Eelworm, D-D, and Soil Sterilization. I. Methods and Criteria
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: November 2009

Methods are described whereby a factorial experiment was set up to test the effects on 40 potato plants, growing in 15 Kg. pots of soil, of the three factors: (S) steam sterilization of soil, (H) infection of soil with about three million eggs ard larvae of Heterodera rostochiensis per pot, and (D) injection of soil with 10 ml. of D-D per pot.

Data from the infected half of the pots were also used to test the effects of factors (S) and (D) on the eelworm population.

The data from 10 plant criteria yielded three statistics: the variance ratio (F), the coefficient of variability (V), and the Normal difference (t) corresponding to each factor and interaction. From an examination of these, the following two criteria are selected as, between them, displaying all the significant treatment effects of the experiment:
Potato Root Eelworm, D-D, and Soil Sterilization. II. Results for 1946
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: November 2009

A factorial experiment involving the presence and absence of three factors: steam sterilization (S), infection with some three million eggs and larvae of Heterodera rostochiensis per pot (H), and injection of 10 ml. of D-D per pot (D), the factors applied in that order, was carried out to ascertain the effects on the growth of 40 potato plants in pots containing 15 Kg. of soil.

In the event, the D-D was lethal to the great, majority of eelworms, so that treatments labelled (hd) and (hsd) were effectively reduced to (d) and (sd). This fact greatly complicated the analysis, but nevertheless enabled certain conclusions to be drawn. The use of this factorial design may be criticised in the face of this antagonistic action between, two of the factors. Nevertheless, the effects of H and D acting together on the plants was a subject of interest; the real fault in design lay in using too high a concentration of D-D, or in not using a series of concentrations. The fact that the concentration used was too high emerged from the experiment and was not known beforehand.
Studies on the Family Filaroididae Schulz, 1951
Authors: Seneviratna P.
Published: November 2009

The family Filaroididae Schulz, 1951 is defined and reclassified into five subfamilies, viz.: Filaroidinae Skrjabin, 1933; Angiostrongylinae Bohm and Gebauer, 1934; Vogeloidinae Dougherty, 1951; Oslerinae Khera, 1954; and Marsupostrongylinae subfam. nov. Definitions of the last two sub-families are given and the familial relationships of the Filaroididae are discussed. All species in the Filaroididae are listed and a key is given to its sub-families and genera.
On a New Species of the GenusGaneoKlein, 1905 and Some Notes on the Genus
Authors: Fotedar D. N.
Published: November 2009

1. A new species,Ganeo bufonis, from a toad,Bufo viridis, in Kashmir, is described. This is the first species of the genus recorded from a toad; it differs from the known species in having both the vitelline glands confined to one side. The uterine coils do not extend into the post-caecal area; the excretory bladder is without any median stem and the metraterm is present.

2.Ganeo tigrinumMehra and Negi, 1928 is also recorded for the first time fromBufo viridis.Ganeo kumaonensisPande, 1937 andGaneo lingnanensisLi, 1938 are both regarded as synonyms ofGaneo tigrinum.

3. A revised generic diagnosis and a key to the species of the genusGaneoKlein, 1905 are given.
OnChabertiella pesterigen. et sp. nov. (Cyathostomidae) from a Giraffe and on the Validity ofChabertia rishatiAkhtar, 1937
Authors: Tadros G.
Published: November 2009

1.Chabertiella pesterigen. and sp. nov. from the giraffe (Giraffe camelopardalis) is described.

2.Chabertia rishatiAkhtar, 1937 is synonymized withChabertia ovina(Gmelin, 1790) Railliet and Henry, 1909.
Topographical Distribution of Ostertagia spp. in the Abomasum of Sheep
Authors: Dunsmore J. D.
Published: November 2009

A topographical distribution of Ostertagia spp. lesions in the abomasum of sheep has been observed under certain field conditions which is the reverse of that described by Sommerville (1953, 1954) and also seen by this author to be characteristic of a primary Ostertagia spp. infection.

This “reverse distribution” has been demonstrated experimentally under conditions in which a heavy primary Ostertagia infection has been acquired (in the field or artificially) and naturally eliminated; the “reverse distribution” is then characteristically acquired by a challenge infection.
Histochemical and electrophoretic studies on phosphatases of some Indian trematodes
Authors: Haque Masoodul , Siddiqi Ather H.
Published: November 2009

The isoenzymes of acid and alkaline phosphatases and their histochemical localization were studied by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in four species of trematodes:Gigantocotyle explanatumfrom the liver andGastrothylax crumeniferfrom the rumen of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) andEchinostoma malayanumandFasciolopsis buskifrom the small intestine of the pig (Sus scrofa). Both acid and alkaline phosphatases were present in the tegument, gastrodermis, suckers, testes, ovary, eggs, vitellaria and uterus but alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated only in the parenchyma and excretory ducts. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two to four isoenzymes for both acid and alkaline phosphatase.
On two new Coenuri from Africa, and a note on the development of the hooks
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

Two new species of Multiceps are described. M. macracantha n. sp. a parasite of the white rat in Rhodesia, is distinguished by the possession of very large hooks. M. otomys n. sp. from a mouse, Otomys erroratus in Pretoria; has fairly large hooks of a characteristic appearance and shape.

The fact that the large taeniid hook appears to develop from at least two centres of chitinization is noted.
On the lethal effect of Sulphur Dioxide on eelworm Cysts adherent to Seed Potatoes
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: November 2009

1. “In vitro” experiments show that sulphur dioxide is very lethal to cysts of the potato eelworm. Its effect is very much more potent under moist conditions than under dry. The other factors, concentration and time are secondary in their action as compared with humidity.

2. Fumigation of seed potatoes for 24 hours under conditions appropriate to bacterial fumigation results in the complete destruction of the cysts adherent to them.

3. The sulphur dioxide fumigation is without any significant effect on the tubers provided it is carried out previous to chitting. It has little if any effect on the chitting power of the potato but is lethal to any chits already formed.
Evaluating Social Participation of Pupils with Special Needs in Regular Primary Schools
Authors: Koster Marloes , Timmerman Marieke E. , Nakken Han , Pijl Sip Jan , van Houten Els J.
Published: November 2009

The study addresses the psychometric qualities of a new teacher questionnaire, the Social Participation Questionnaire (SPQ), to assess the social participation of pupils with special needs in regular primary education. The SPQ initially consisted of 34 statements related to four key themes of social participation: “friendships/relationships,” “contacts/interactions,” “pupil’s social self-perception,” and “acceptance by classmates,” yielding four respective subscales. A nonparametric item response analysis (Mokken scale analysis) was used to examine the quality of the SPQ. Based on the Mokken scale analysis results, ten statements were removed. The resulting four subscales appeared intermediate to strong. Because the double monotonicity model, based on the Mokken scale analysis, turned out to be well-fitted for each subscale, the subscale scores are on an ordinal scale, and the separate statements are invariantly ordered. The subscale scores are comparable across pupils with and without special needs, differential item functioning appearing to be absent. Subsequent analyses supported the division of statements into the four subscales. The SPQ as a whole and its subscales were found to be reliable. Finally, as regards social participation, differences between pupils with and without special needs were clearly found.
Atmosphere‐ocean ozone exchange: A global modeling study of biogeochemical, atmospheric, and waterside turbulence dependencies
Authors: Ganzeveld L. , Helmig D. , Fairall C. W. , Hare J. , Pozzer A.
Published: November 2009

The significance of the removal of tropospheric ozone by the oceans, covering ∼2/3 of the Earth's surface, has only been addressed in a few studies involving water tank, aircraft, and tower flux measurements. On the basis of results from these few observations of the ozone dry deposition velocity (VdO3), atmospheric chemistry models generally apply an empirical, constant ocean uptake rate of 0.05 cm s−1. This value is substantially smaller than the atmospheric turbulent transport velocity for ozone. On the other hand, the uptake is higher than expected from the solubility of ozone in clean water alone, suggesting that there is an enhancement in oceanic ozone uptake, e.g., through a chemical destruction mechanism. We present an evaluation of a global‐scale analysis with a new mechanistic representation of atmosphere‐ocean ozone exchange. The applied atmosphere chemistry‐climate model includes not only atmospheric but also waterside turbulence and the role of waterside chemical loss processes as a function of oceanic biogeochemistry. The simulations suggest a larger role of biogeochemistry in tropical and subtropical ozone oceanic uptake with a relative small temporal variability, whereas in midlatitude and high‐latitude regions, highly variable ozone uptake rates are expected because of the stronger influence of waterside turbulence. Despite a relatively large range in the explicitly calculated ocean uptake rate, there is a surprisingly small sensitivity of simulated Marine Boundary Layer ozone concentrations compared to the sensitivity for the commonly applied constant ocean uptake approach. This small sensitivity points at compensating effects through inclusion of the process‐based ocean uptake mechanisms to consider variability in oceanic O3 deposition consistent with that in atmospheric and oceanic physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Nitrogen and carbon cycling in a New Zealand pumice soil under a manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) shrubland
Authors: Ross D. J. , Scott N. A. , Lambie S. M. , Trotter C. M. , Rodda N. J. , Townsend J. A.
Published: November 2009

Shrubland communities dominated by manuka (Leptospermum scoparium J. Forst. and G. Forst.) and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides ((A. Rich) J. Thompson) are widespread throughout New Zealand. They frequently colonise disturbed land surfaces and are important for erosion mitigation, and also for their capacity to act as a carbon (C) sink. We here investigate C and nitrogen (N) cycling in 3 stands (~26–56 years old) that had established on a repeatedly burned forest site on a Podzolic Orthic Pumice soil in the Turangi area, central North Island. For comparison, limited measurements of N cycling were also made at other manuka–kanuka sites on non-volcanic soils. Leaf N concentrations at the Turangi site were 11.8–13.9 g/kg, and lower than those at many of the other manuka–kanuka stands. Total annual litterfall and N content increased with stand age, as did total N concentrations in FH material and mineral soil (0–100 mm depth). Total C concentrations in mineral soil did not, however, differ significantly in the 3 stands. Levels of soil microbial C and N, rates of carbon dioxide production, and metabolic coefficients (qCO2 values) suggest C cycling could be fairly rapid at this site. In contrast, rates of net mineral-N and nitrate-N production were low to very low compared with those in similar pumice soils under angiosperm–conifer forests, and in the non-volcanic soils under other manuka–kanuka stands. Low N availability and tight N cycling at the Turangi site are thereby strongly suggested. No definitive explanation for the atypically low N availability at this site is apparent, although the possible effects of previous forest burnings may have been a contributing factor. The continued growth of these shrubs, nevertheless, shows they can compete successfully for the N that does become available through gross N mineralisation in the Turangi ecosystem.
Rescue and characterization of episomally replicating DNA from the moss
Physcomitrella
Authors: Murén Eva , Nilsson Anders , Ulfstedt Mikael , Johansson Monika , Ronne Hans
Published: November 2009

The moss
Physcomitrella
is unique among plants in that it permits efficient gene targeting by homologous recombination. Furthermore, transformed DNA can replicate episomally in
Physcomitrella
. Here we show that episomally replicating DNA can be rescued back into
Escherichia coli
, and we use such rescue to study the fate of the transformed DNA. Significantly, plasmids rescued from moss transformed with circular DNA are identical to the original plasmid, whereas plasmids rescued from moss transformed with linearized DNA frequently have deletions created by direct repeat recombination. These events are highly predictable in that they target the longest direct repeat on the plasmid if this repeat is at least 12 bp. Episomal transformants obtained with linearized DNA show a more than 1,000-fold amplification of the DNA whereas transformants obtained with circular DNA have much lower copy numbers. Most episomal transformants quickly lose the plasmid in the absence of selection, but a semistable type of transformant that loses the plasmid at a much lower frequency was also observed. The consistent rescue of the original plasmid, or of predictable derivatives thereof, suggests that molecular genetics methods which rely on shuttle plasmids are feasible in
Physcomitrella
.
Dynamic categorization and slot‐filler representation in 4‐ and 6‐year‐old children
Authors: Berger Carole , Aguerra Emmanuelle
Published: November 2009

This experiment was aimed at studying both the role of narrow/contextualized categories in the acquisition/organization of conceptual knowledge and the dynamics of categorization decisions. A forced‐choice categorization task contrasting thematic and taxonomic responding was used in 4‐ and 6‐year‐old children. Before response alternatives were presented, a conceptual organization was pre‐activated by means of a matching between the target stimulus and a thematically related, taxonomically related or slot‐filler related object. Although taxonomic sorting was prominent overall, it varied as a function of age and of the nature of the pre‐activated relation. Responses in accordance with the thematic or taxonomic activations occurred similarly in 4‐ and 6‐year‐old children. Age‐related effects were however at work in the case of a slot‐filler activation: 4‐year‐old children considered the contextual/contiguity relations between the stimuli but did not weight the equivalence relations (i.e., same occurrence of responses based on the kind of object in the slot‐filler and in the thematic activation conditions). More diversified processes appeared to be at work in 6‐year‐old children. Slot‐filler categories were this time considered throughout both their contextual/contiguity structure and their equivalence relations. Results were discussed in terms of availability of conceptual organizations, flexibility abilities, dynamic categorization and preferences. The focus was on implication of slot‐filler representations in the construction of conceptual knowledge and in the development of categorization. An important point was to determine whether the age‐related changes observed in the slot‐filler activation condition could be consistent with Nelson's (1983) idea that slot‐fillers would help passing from a schema‐based to a conventional superordinate organization.
Cryptic dietary components reduce dietary overlap among sympatric butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae)
Authors: Nagelkerken I. , Van Der Velde G. , Wartenbergh S. L. J. , Nugues M. M. , Pratchett M. S.
Published: November 2009

This study used three different methods to ascertain dietary composition for 21 Chaetodontidae species co‐occurring on a single fringing reef in Derawan Island, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The combination of in situ feeding observations, examination of gut contents and stable‐isotope analyses was expected to identify previously unresolved prey items that contribute to dietary separation. In situ feeding observations identified five species that feed predominantly on anthozoans (Chaetodon baronessa, Chaetodon bennetti, Chaetodon lunulatus, Chaetodon punctatofasciatus and Chaetodon speculum). Stable‐isotope ratios for these species, as well as for Chaetodon ornatissimus (for which no feeding observations were completed), were very similar and consistent with diets comprising mostly anthozoans. Feeding observations, however, showed that they mostly fed on different coral species, while the identifiable portion of their gut contents showed clear separation based on cryptic dietary components. For example, C. baronessa and C. bennetti appeared to ingest annelid worms during the course of coral feeding, whereas gut contents of C. punctatofasciatus and C. speculum were dominated by crustaceans. In situ feeding observations further identified the following groups: coral–bottom feeders, bottom feeders, sponge feeders and pelagic feeders, feeding on a wide variety of prey items such as Annelida, Crustacea, Cnidaria, Mollusca and macroalgae. Overall, many chaetodontid species had similar reliance on major prey items (e.g. anthozoans or polychaetes) but differed greatly in the minor prey items that they utilized. Partitioning of minor prey items may be important in reducing interspecific competition and facilitating coexistence of chaetodontids on coral reefs.
Food niche segregation between two herbivorous cyprinid species in a turbid lake
Authors: Horppila J. , Nurminen L.
Published: November 2009

The diet and growth of two cyprinids, roach Rutilus rutilus and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus, in the clay‐turbid Kirkkojärvi basin in Lake Hiidenvesi (Finland) were studied. Young R. rutilus fed mainly on detritus, molluscs, chironomids and zooplankton, while older individuals consumed mostly detritus, molluscs and filamentous algae. In the food of S. erythrophthalmus, detritus was less prevalent and animal food and plants contributed to most of the diets. The animal food of S. erythrophthalmus consisted mostly of surface insects. Of the plant food, the macrophytes Potamogeton obtusifolius and Ranunculus circinatus had the highest representation, while the proportion of filamentous algae was low. The growth rate of S. erythrophthalmus was significantly higher than that of R. rutilus. The results suggested that the species composition of vascular macrophytes was not favourable for R. rutilus. Small submerged species suitable for R. rutilus were absent and they fed on filamentous algae and detritus, which resulted in a slow growth rate. The results suggested that in a clay‐turbid lake the food spectrum is more suitable for S. erythrophthalmus than for R. rutilus. In such conditions, R. rutilus may have no benefit from its generalistic feeding abilities.
Effects of crude rapeseed oil on lipid composition in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Authors: Pettersson A. , Pickova J. , Brännäs E.
Published: November 2009

This study investigated the effects of crude rapeseed oil (RO) on lipid content and composition in muscle and liver of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Triplicate groups were fed diets containing fish oil (FO):RO ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 until two‐fold mass increase. Total lipid content increased significantly in the liver with higher proportion of RO in the diet. Profound effects were seen in the fatty acid composition in the analysed tissues with a reduction in 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 and an increase in 18:2n‐6 with higher RO content in the diets. A drop in cholesterol content was seen at 25% inclusion of RO in both tissues. Wild‐caught fish contained a considerably higher amount of 20:4n‐6 in both storage and membrane lipids of white muscle compared with the experimental fish.