bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deutero‐Isaiah and Isaiah 13–27
Authors: Williamson H. G. M.
Published: October 2003

Continues the examination begun in the previous chapter, this time focusing on Chs. 13–27, which contain the ‘oracles against the nations’ (13–23) and the so‐called ‘Isaiah Apocalypse’ (24–27). Presents the case for Deutero‐Isaianic influence in the former group of chapters and assesses recent studies (such as that by B. Gosse) that challenge this hypothesis. Parallels both within the Book of Isaiah and in other Old Testament books (such as Hosea, Joel, Jeremiah, Genesis, and Amos) are then assessed in a search for evidence of the hand of Deutero‐Isaiah in the second group of chapters.
Conclusions
Authors: Williamson H. G. M.
Published: October 2003

Summarizes the arguments made in the book for the influence of the literary inheritance of Isaiah of Jerusalem on the work of Deutero‐Isaiah in continuing the role of prophesying a time of judgement and salvation and for his editorial work in combining the earlier prophecies with his own in order to present a unified vision of the dealings of God with Israel. Acknowledges the influence of other texts such as the Psalms, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel on Deutero‐Isaiah's expression of his message and concludes by noting the continuing challenges posed to scholars by the probability of multiple authorship and the various proposals for the exilic and post‐exilic redaction of the book.
Modernity's Responses to the Problem
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: October 2003

The last chapter looked briefly at the challenge posed to the historicity of the incarnational narrative by Enlightenment epistemology and metaphysics; this one takes a brief look at the responses to this problem that have been characteristic of modernity. In one sense, the variety of responses has been immense; the corpus of ‘historical Jesus’ material and theological and philosophical literature bearing on the issues related to the incarnational narrative is so massive as to make it virtually impossible for one individual to master all of it. However, the author believes that most of this material can be usefully classified into four types of response, each with their own correlative attitudes towards traditional Christian faith. These are: (1) Defence of the narrative as historical – defence of traditional Christian faith (orthodoxy); (2) Rejection of the narrative – rejection of Christianity; (3) Revision of the narrative – revision of Christianity; and (4) Divorce of the meaning of the narrative from its historicity – divorce of Christian faith from its historical foundations. These four responses are analysed in turn.
Why the Events Matter: 2. God's Atoning Work
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: October 2003

It was argued in the previous chapter that viewing the incarnational narrative as non-historical myth is a great loss, since without historicity, the narrative cannot be seen as a record of the divine actions whereby a historical relationship between humans and God is established. Nor proposals to view the narrative as myth take seriously the problem traditionally described by theologians under the concept of human sinfulness. It is only when it is seen how difficult it is to establish a proper relation with God that the significance of the narrative that tells how such a relation is made possible gains its full power. It is in the doctrine of atonement that the Christian faith has traditionally expressed its view of how Jesus made it possible for this relation to be healed, and classical theories of atonement are attempts to articulate how God’s actions in history make salvation possible (although the idea that Jesus atoned for humans by his life, death and resurrection is regarded by many as raising more difficulties than it solves). This chapter attempts to show that the need for atonement is still evident in human experience, and that versions of this doctrine are possible that are not vulnerable to standard, popular objections.
Awareness of the Narrative: Do We Need to Know?
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: October 2003

This chapter addresses the question of whether historical awareness of the incarnational narrative is necessary for salvation or not; in other words, the belief that although the salvation of the human race depends on the career of Jesus, this does not necessarily mean that it is crucial for anyone to be aware of the incarnational narrative. The various arguments and views on this subject, and the problems raised by it are explored, in particular the fact that if, historical awareness of the narrative is necessary, then many people are excluded from the possibility of salvation for reasons that appear morally unacceptable. The different sections of the chapter are: the dilemma of historical particularity; how egalitarian is God?; and election and particularity. The author concludes that it is possible to take seriously the idea that the historical knowledge of Jesus is of tremendous value without holding that those who are blocked from conscious faith are permanently excluded from God’s kingdom.
Miracles: Their Possibility and Knowability
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: October 2003

As explained in the previous chapter, there are substantial arguments that knowledge of the events of the incarnational narrative is not even possible. Several of these centre around the notion of special acts of God in history, and the incarnational narrative as traditionally understood includes such acts. This chapter examines a cluster of objections to such acts of God, the first of which is that such special acts of God are problematic – either such acts are impossible, or they are epistemologically unrecognizable. Another objection examined is the claim that belief in such special acts is religiously or theologically objectionable. The different sections of the chapter are: special acts of God; could God perform miracles?; can a miracle be conceived?; is it possible to have good evidence for miracles?; must we be methodological naturalists (objections to miracles from methodological naturalism)?; and, are miracles theologically objectionable?
Introduction. The Role of Scribes in the Transmission of Biblical Literature
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

Scribal practice provides the most concrete evidence for the transmission of a body of tradition, and of its elucidation and clarification. The nature and institution of scribal practice in ancient Israel is considered. Various features of the scribal guilds of ancient Israel are presented, and numerous examples provided from diverse genres. Evidence for textual transmission in the form of colophons and title‐lines; of references to gathering and selecting materials; and the clarification and correction of texts is provided. Comparisons with related materials from the ancient Near East and various versions of Scripture (e.g. the Septuagint and Samaritan Pentateuch) are made.
Pious Revisions and Theological Addenda
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

An explication of pious revisions and theological additions is offered. Scribes corrected or transformed elements, which they found problematic or contradictory. This includes hints of myth or polytheism; pagan practices; or ambiguous theological formulations. Changes range from changing letters to revising words and formulations. Comparisons of parallel formulations within the Hebrew Bible, as well as of the Hebrew Bible (Masoretic text) and the Septuagint or Qumran scrolls are made.
Conclusions
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

Concluding reflections on scribal features are offered from a historical and sociological, as well as typological and tradition‐history perspective. In particular, the dialectics of traditum and traditio are explored in the light of the preceding examples and discussions.
Introduction. The Scope and Content of Biblical Law as a Factor in the Emergence of Exegesis
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

Introduction to the unit on legal exegesis begins with a presentation of the scope and content of Biblical law as a factor in the emergence of exegesis. Such factors as verbal, semantic, and syntactic ambiguity of legal formulations; the feature of legal ellipses and gaps in the legal codes; the occurrence of repetitions and contradictions in the various legal corpora; and the phenomenon of ad hoc cases that do not clearly relate to existing rules and practices, are all noted as elements that sponsor interpretation among ongoing inheritors of the legal tradition in ancient Israel. Introductory comments on the various legal genres and types are offered.
Legal Exegesis With Covert Citations in Historical Sources
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

Treats legal exegesis with covert citations in the historical sources. A detailed methodology is developed to show how ambiguous or unclear rules were taken up and revised in the later legal tradition of ancient Israel. In many cases, this involves comparison of the later legal formulations with those in the Pentateuch, with close attention being given to stylistics, nuances, and interpolations. Numerous rules that were reinterpreted with the Hebrew Bible (like the onset of counting of weeks to Pentacost; the scope of the second Passover), were still subject to interpretation in the diverse exegetical traditions of early Judaism.
Legal Exegesis and Explication in the Pentateuchal Legal Corpora
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

Provides a detailed consideration of legal exegesis and explication in the pentateuchal legal corpora. It begins with an exposition of these corpora and the conditions that are condition interpretation. The types of exegesis found in these sources are explications and glosses; legal expansions with introductory formulas indicating analogy or similarity (e.g. ‘like’ or ‘also’); without introductory formulas (but involving interpolations and explications in parallel sources); legal restrictions with introductory formulas (e.g. ‘however’). A broad range of types from the civil and religious law are adduced. Also considered are types of legal comparisons, introduced with formulas (e.g. ‘like the rule’ or ‘just as...so’); as well as comparison of cases without formulas (involving the careful comparison of similar rules). Finally, the exegetical recombination of legal rules is considered. Altogether, a vast exegetical enterprise of revision and analysis is documented.
Conclusions
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

A broad and comprehensive summary of this part emphasizes the forms of the ancient Israelite legal traditum and the types and content of its exegetical traditio. This phenomenon is placed within the context of ancient Near Eastern legal codes. Also considered are the types of legal reasoning and rationality that may be discerned in the biblical sources, and a careful evaluation of the evidence. These are related to the issue of lawmaking, lawfinding, and the role of exegesis. Modalities of analogical, synthetic, and qualifying exegesis are considered, as well as the different roles that revelation and tradition play in the different types of legal exegesis. Form‐critical analyses are also undertaken, and the whole is correlated to the emergence of ancient Jewish legal exegesis.
Aggadic Transformations of Non‐Legal Pentateuchal Traditions
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

Takes up the topic of the aggadic transformation of non‐legal pentateuchal traditions. In this category are such matters as the theological treatment of topics in the Genesis narratives (e.g. the notion of the divine image of mankind; or later reflections on perceived mythic features); the manna tradition; the priestly blessing; and the varieties of reuse of the formulary of divine attributes in the diverse genres of Scripture. Also taken up is the topic of typologies, and various sub‐types are dealt with (e.g. typologies of a cosmological–historical nature; of a spatial nature; and of a biographical nature). By this means, the broad range of analogies and correlations drawn by early and later tradition are considered—both explicit and implicit.
Introduction. The Shape and Nature of Mantological Material as Factors for Exegesis
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

Introduces the topic of mantological exegesis, this being the interpretation and reinterpretation of prophecies, oracles, and other prognostications over time. The discussion begins with a consideration of those factors in the mantological materials that make for exegesis, like the ambiguity or absence of a time for the actualization of the forecast, as well as cases of failure of the prophecy to materialize and the need to determine its proper meaning. The mantological materials are also part of the traditum or ancient Israel, and their reinterpretation is part of its ongoing traditio and reception.
The Mantological Exegesis of Dreams, Visions, and Omens
Authors: Fishbane Michael
Published: October 2003

Treats the mantological exegesis of dreams, visions, and omens. It begins with a form‐critical presentation of their related types and terms; it also discusses some of the technical means and modes of this exegesis. Continuities and comparisons with related types of interpretation in ancient Near Eastern and Qumran sources are presented. This establishes the phenomenon within a broad professional and cultural context.
The Popes and European Revolution
Authors: Chadwick Owen
Published: October 2003

The effects of the European Revolution of 1789 to 1815 are described on the papacy and the Catholic Church of the ancient regime compared with that of the early nineteenth century. The book shows how strongly the Counter‐Reformation still worked in Italy during the eighteenth century, how it was the constitutional development of states, rather than the incoming of new ideas that forced change, and how traditional the Catholic world was even in the age of the Enlightenment. It shows reform at work, and the fierce pressure on the papacy that was marked first in the forced suppression of the Jesuits, and afterwards in the kidnapping of two successive popes by French governments. It also shows how revolution in Italy affected Church structures and brought on peasant war, yet encouraged, in a radical form, some improvements of Church life towards which the earlier reformers had striven. Finally, it shows the political swing of the Restoration after the fall of Napoleon, the way in which the Church was already associated with the political right, the great difficulties of restoring church life after the evolutionary years, and the persistence, half unnoticed, of earlier reforming ideas among Catholics. The book is arranged in two main parts (The Church of the old regime, four chapters; and Reform and revolution, four chapters), and there is a brief conclusion.
The Clergy
Authors: Chadwick Owen
Published: October 2003

An account is given of the position of the clergy in the Catholic Church in Europe in the eighteenth century, before the Enlightenment. The following aspects are covered: numbers of clergy, private masses, the exemption of priests from taxation, dress, celibacy, training, examination before appointment to a parish, the ordination of coloured priests, confession, the residence of priests in their parishes, church repairs, the receptiva church in Italy (a form of parish administered by a college of priests and sometimes by laymen also), patronage and election, a priest's books, the clergy and secular work, missions, the sermon, the cathedral chapter, retirement and pension, the bishop, the residence of bishops (the requirement for a bishop to remain in his see), visitations, diocesan synods, and the bishop's powers.
Conclusion
Authors: Chadwick Owen
Published: October 2003

The conclusion briefly sums up the reformist changes in the Catholic Church in Europe from the period before the revolution to after it, and discusses the role of the revolution and the Enlightenment in these changes.
The Papal Monarchy
Authors: Morris Colin
Published: October 2003

Papal monarchy is a paradox, not a fact. Christianity has always drawn a firm line between church and state; yet the language of papal monarchy is inescapable in the high Middle Ages. It was also a time of fierce rivalry between the authority of kings and of popes and bishops. This book studies the way in which papal initiatives shaped the growth of church and society between 1050 and 1250, and the other elements which were shaping medieval ideas. The period was one that saw an increasingly international culture: religious orders such as Cluny, the Cistercians, Franciscans, and Dominicans spread far beyond local limits, and the crusades helped to define the culture of Christendom. The period also saw the clearer definition of the canon law of the church, the formulation of catholic theology in its later form, and thought about new social problems. The church also had to confront the threat of dissent and heresy. The year 1250 marks the stage when the French Capetian monarchy was replacing the previous influence of the German Hohenstaufen in Italy and when the great papal initiatives were coming to an end.
Monastic Growth and Change
Authors: Morris Colin
Published: October 2003

The century after 1050 has been called ‘the monastic crisis’, but a crisis, which lasts for a century appears to be a misnomer. It was a time of monastic growth and change: the number of monks increased rapidly, and the great abbey of Cluny acquired new houses throughout France and in neighbouring countries. There were numerous experiments at living the life of hermits, and regular canons were founded to live a new form of the communal life.
The Discord of Empire and Papacy 1073–1099
Authors: Morris Colin
Published: October 2003

Their relations were led from tension to violent conflict by Gregory VII, whose name has (wrongly) been given to the whole transformation of the government of the church, called the Gregorian reform. The issue began over the appointment of bishops and led to sentences of mutual deposition by pope and emperor. The whole period was one of fierce dispute over ideology between radicals and supporters of the old order.
The Government of the Church in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Morris Colin
Published: October 2003

An enriched vocabulary of papal power was becoming evident. The right of the curia to hear appeals from all church courts was extended. At the same time the effective control of the local churches was put increasingly into the hand of the bishops. The power of the bishops and the intervention of the popes led to conflicts over the crown's attempts to control the national churches, illustrated in an extreme form in the Becket affair.
Dissent
Authors: Morris Colin
Published: October 2003

Signs of heretical protest are evident in the period from 1050–1140, although it is hard to be sure whether they are the result of outside influences or are protests against the new clericalization of society. From 1140, the Balkan influence is clear in the Cathar movement, while the Waldensians were a clear example of a reform movement of an ‘evangelical’ kind. Magic was thought of as relying on the power of the devil, and Jews, heresy and magic were often linked in a pattern of dissent.
Property, Privilege, and Law
Authors: Morris Colin
Published: October 2003

In principle, bishops were responsible for ecclesiastical revenues, but in practice other powers had secured vested rights over them. Tithes formed a basic part of the income of the church, while efficient bishops were committed to the restoration of alienated estates. The exemption of clergy from royal or civil courts was an issue of vigorous dispute. The formulation of canon law proceeded rapidly: a development against which some critics strongly protested.
Reason and Hope in a Changing World.
Authors: Morris Colin
Published: October 2003

Disciplined intellectual endeavour developed in the universities such as Paris and Oxford, whence masters (magistri) came to take part in church administration. The Paris theology of about 1200 had been dominant by concerns of pastoral care, but now it became increasingly speculative in character, influenced by the ideas of Aristotle conveyed through Arabic philosophers. The thought of Joachim of Fiore embodied a sharpened conviction of stages within history and the hope of its culmination in a Third Age.
The Sermons of Charles Wesley
Authors: Wesley Charles
Published: October 2003

Charles Wesley was a man with real hymnographic genius, and not surprisingly it is chiefly for his poetic legacy that he is remembered. However, he was much more than just a hymn‐writer, and along with his brother John, played a huge part in the birth and early growth of Methodism. To enable him to be assessed at his proper worth, major scholarship is required to bring all his prose works before a wider audience. Only twenty‐three sermons survive of the thousands he preached in his long life as a travelling evangelist, and as a more settled preacher. This volume collects together all these sermons, and presents a detailed text‐critical reading of them, with notes and indexes—including an index of the scripture quotations and allusions with which Wesley's work was totally saturated.

There are four substantial introductory chapters, together making up a quarter of the book (90 pages out of 390). The first three examine in some depth the issues of Wesley and early Methodism; his preaching; and the theological characteristics and use of sources in his sermons. The fourth scrutinizes the sermon corpus in detail, considering the provenance and history of each of the twenty‐three sermons.
An Annotated Anthology of Hymns
Authors: Dudley-Smith Timothy
Published: October 2003

This is an anthology of 250 hymns plus one, with a foreword by Timothy Dudley‐Smith, one of the greatest living hymn writers (the two hundred and fifty‐first hymn, which is a postscript to the anthology, is by him). It is intended in part as a sequel to the editor's The English Hymn (1997): some of the ideas in that book are here exemplified in hymns taken from the earliest Christian times to the present day. Each of the 250 hymns has a textual, critical, and historical annotation, indicating the circumstances of publication, the church history of the time, and the development of the text, and then drawing attention to special features of the work. The hymns are divided into sections, beginning with ‘Ancient and Medieval Hymns’ (in translation) and continuing through the centuries to the final section, ‘The Mid‐Twentieth Century, and the Hymn Explosion’. Some attention is also paid to the tunes to which each hymn has been set, and their composers, although the tunes are not printed. The foreword and the preface introduce the subject of hymns and hymn singing as a part of worship, and discuss hymns as sacred poetry. The conclusion of the introduction is that hymns are a valuable and underrated art form. The 250 hymns that follow attempt to demonstrate the truth of that argument.
The Development of an Ecclesiastical Rule of Law
Authors: Hess Hamilton
Published: October 2003

Abundant evidence exists for the adaptation of civil practices, inclusive of the taking of minutes, for use in church councils. The minutes of the Council of Carthage held under Cyprian in September 256, the canons of the Council of Serdica, and of the Councils of Carthage in 345/8 and 390 bear clear witness to the employment of standard Roman parliamentary procedure in the presentation of topics, the mode of discussion, and the manner of reaching conclusions. It is also clear from the same evidence and from the models employed that the agreements were accepted for observance by the bishops who enacted them and were not normally, and certainly not widely, regarded at the time as universally binding regulations; they reflected instead the morally suasive conventions in Roman culture: consensus and the personal auctoritas of the decision makers. The concept and employment of church law, or canon law, as a code of universally or regionally binding statutes grew slowly, and in so doing it was largely inspired by the Roman civil code. This influence and the parallels in character between the ecclesiastical and civil codes can be observed in the shaping of the late‐fourth‐ to sixth‐century canonical collections that are discussed in Ch. 2.
Historical and Textual Problems
Authors: Hess Hamilton
Published: October 2003

The canons of the Council of Serdica have presented three major problems to those who have studied them in modern times: their genuineness, their numbering, and the priority of original composition between the Greek and the Latin texts. Their genuineness, first questioned in 1846, was established by several scholars after considerable debate early in the twentieth century. The numbering of the canons is complicated by the absence of two from the Latin text that are present in the Greek, and two from the Greek text that are found in the Latin, but the various numbering systems that have been employed are, in fact, arbitrary, for the canons were not originally numbered, and in their present form they represent extracts from several flowing discussions. The problem of the priority between the Greek and the Latin is the most difficult to address, for strong arguments have been advanced for the priority of each, with the other being seen as a translation. The solution provided by the present author is that both the Latin and Greek texts originated at the council itself as minutes taken by bilingual scribes, or by scribes assisted by translators.
Early Textual Transmission and Development
Authors: Hess Hamilton
Published: October 2003

Addresses three textual problems: the transmission of the Latin text of the Serdican canons, the early history of the Greek text and its differences from the Latin, and the derivation of a third textual version of the canons known as the version of Theodosius Diaconus. All evidence points towards the probability that the Latin text of the canons arrived in Rome shortly after the Serdican council and that they were soon mistakenly identified as acts of the Council of Nicaea. It seems likely that the Greek text was first taken to Thessalonica and remained unknown elsewhere for over half a century. It is demonstrated in this chapter that by the use of the textual analyses in the chapters to follow the several instances of different meanings between the Greek and Latin texts in parallel passages were probably caused by later scribal or editorial changes, some accidental and others purposeful, in both the Greek and the Latin. The version of Theodosius Diaconus is an early Latin translation from the Greek text, which provides valuable evidence for the relationship between the Greek and the Latin.
The Translation of Bishops and Other Clergy
Authors: Hess Hamilton
Published: October 2003

Canons 1 (Greek I) and 2 (Greek II) prohibit the translation of bishops from one church to another, and canons 18 and 19 (Greek XV) forbid bishops to recruit or to ordain clergy belonging to another church without their own bishop's permission. Canon 3a (Greek IIIa) prohibits any bishop from entering another province unless he is invited to do so by a brother bishop, and canon 3b (Greek IIIb) forbids bishops from other provinces to be called in to arbitrate disputes between bishops. In order to prevent ambitious meddling in other churches that might lead to usurpation by visiting bishops, canon 14 (Greek XI) limits to three weeks, episcopal visits to cities where other bishops are established, and the same limit is imposed by canon 15 (Greek) XII) upon bishops who need to go to other cities where they have properties or other business matters to manage. Because of the problem of presbyters and deacons visiting the city of Thessalonica with the desire of remaining there, canon 20 (Greek XVI) imposes the same three‐week limitation upon them as for bishops visiting foreign churches. Canon 16 (Greek XIII) forbids bishops to receive into communion clergy who have been cast out by their own bishops. Canon 21 (Greek XVII) allows bishops and other clergy persecuted for their faith to remain in cities where they have taken refuge until their cases have been resolved.
The Appeal Canons
Authors: Hess Hamilton
Published: October 2003

The Serdican canons that accord a right of appeal to the bishop of Rome by a bishop who believes himself to have been unfairly judged by his peers have played an important part in the development of papal jurisdictional claims. It is clear, however, that, in according this right of appeal, canon 3c (Greek IIIc) bases the papal prerogative of judgement on ‘the memory of blessed Peter the Apostle’—i.e. the moral authority (auctoritas) of social and civic leadership in Roman society and not on the later concept of jurisdiction. The prerogative attributed to the Roman bishop by this canon, and by canon 7 (Greek V), which repeats and amplifies it, is not for him to decide the case himself but to appoint new judges from among the bishops of the neighbouring province to undertake a new trial. Canon 7 (Greek V) also provides that the appellant may request the Roman bishop to send his own presbyters to participate in the judgement, and canon 4 (Greek IV) grants the protective measure that no other bishop shall be appointed to the see of the appellant until the case has been acted upon by the Roman bishop. Canon 17 (Greek XIV) assures the right of appeal to the neighbouring bishops (the metropolitan of the neighbouring province, according to the Greek) to any presbyter or deacon who has been condemned by his own bishop, and stipulates that his bishop must abide by the decision and that no one shall admit the appellant to communion until his case has been decided.
The Resurrection: The State of the Questions
Authors: O'Collins Gerald
Published: October 2003

In his chapter Gerald O’Collins first summarizes current debates concerning the essential resurrection claim, the nature of the Easter appearances, the historicity of the empty tomb, and the credibility of resurrection faith. He then proposes questions that invite fuller examination in the historical, systematic, ethical, spiritual, and liturgical areas.

In his response to Gerald O’Collins’ paper, Peter Carnley focuses on his discussion of John Hick's suggestion that the Easter appearances may be explained as psychogenic projections, similar both to the experiences of those who have had near death ‘visions’ of light and of a person who is identified as ‘Jesus’ and the experiences of fleeting visions of a loved one by the recently bereaved. He concludes that at this distance and with the evidence at hand it is not possible with any confidence either to prove or disprove this hypothesis. Indeed, it is difficult even to establish criteria clearly to differentiate so‐called ‘objective’ visions from ‘subjective’ ones. The theology of the resurrection must concentrate less on a somewhat futile quest for the historical resurrected Jesus and more on an epistemology of faith capable of explaining how it is possible to identify the presence of the Spirit of Christ today as the presence of Jesus, the Crucified One.
Life After Death: The Social Sources Alinean F. Segal
Authors: Segal Alan F.
Published: October 2003

The paper sketches the history of expressions of resurrection in biblical thought. Particularly important for the development of the notion of resurrection are Jewish millennialist movements like that which produced Daniel 12, subjected to martyrdom, which in turn serves as a focal point for the discussion of God's mercy and justice. As opposed to the young men in millenarian movements who lose their lives as martyrs in the expectation of bodily restoration at the end of time, Hellenized Jewish intellectuals embraced the Platonic notion of the immortality of the soul in order to express continuity of consciousness after death—a very intellectual hope. The martyrdom context is crucial for understanding the expectation of Jesus’ resurrection among his followers. Although both rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity affirm resurrection strongly, they eventually both subsume cocnepts of immortality of the soul, each in its own way and in stark contradiction to each other.
‘Seeing’ the Risen Jesus
Authors: Davis Stephen T.
Published: October 2003

If you grant that Jesus was genuinely raised from the dead and that the witnesses to the Resurrection saw him, the question still remains what sort of ‘seeing’ this is. Some say that it was ‘grace‐assisted seeing’, i.e. that the witnesses saw the raised Jesus only because God, by a special grace, allowed them to do so. I argue against this position in the present paper and in favour of the theory that the witnesses saw Jesus in a normal or fairly normal sense of the word ‘see’. What they saw (Jesus’ raised body) was a physical object, and their perceptual senses were working in a normal way.
John Dominic Crossan on the Resurrection of Jesus
Authors: Craig William Lane
Published: October 2003

John Dominic Crossan's reconstruction of the events of Easter is based upon idiosyncratic presuppositions concerning sources and methodology, which would not be accepted by any other major NT critic. Concerning Jesus’ burial, Crossan is unable to make a plausible case for regarding Mark's account as historicized prophecy, nor does he render doubtful the historicity of Joseph of Arimathea's role in the burial. With respect to the empty tomb, Crossan fails to sustain his hypothesis that the Markan account is rooted in the Gospel of Peter and that the female dramatis personae are residue from the prior Secret Gospel of Mark. Crossan is largely silent concerning the appearances traditions, adopting the long‐refuted interpretation of the appearance stories as legitimations of authority. Finally, Crossan is unable to provide any convincing explanation of the origin of the disciples’ belief in Jesus’ resurrection.

On the whole, Eddy finds Craig's critique of Crossan to be convincing. His critical comments, then, are to be construed as suggestions for refining and polishing an already strong argument. He begins by noting two points at which revision of the argument might be considered. Next, he briefly discusses several points at which further support and/or development of the argument could be profitable. Finally, he raises several issues related to the very important question of ‘presuppositions’.
Advice for Religious Historians: On the Myth of a Purely Historical Jesus
Authors: Padgett Alan G.
Published: October 2003

In his presentation Alan Padgett analyses and rejects a powerful and attractive ideology (‘myth’) in academia, viz. that the best approach to biblical and religious studies is one that brackets‐off our own faith, an assumption that religious faith corrupts scientific research. He suggests as a replacement a post‐modern method that is holistic, humble, and accepting of different faiths, using the Resurrection of Jesus as a focused example.
The Preaching of the Resurrection of Christ in Augustine, Luther, Barth, and Thielicke
Authors: Shuster Marguerite
Published: October 2003

The absolute centrality of the resurrection of Christ to Christian faith can be seen clearly articulated by major preachers–theologians from the Apostle Paul through Augustine, Luther, Barth, and Thielicke, to take a historical sampling. These men agreed on interpreting the resurrection as bodily (a changed body, but a body nonetheless) and in uniting Christ's resurrection with that of Christians. Though tone and emphases differed considerably, they all took seriously and combated the forms of doubt that these affirmations took in their own day, and played out the consequences of resurrection faith for life in this world. The intellectual seriousness with which they engaged the questions of their own time, as well as the intensity with which they related theological affirmation of the resurrection to the perennial threats of sin, death, and final futility, provide a challenge to do likewise to today's theologians and preachers.
Transformation Ethics: The Moral Implications of the Resurrection
Authors: Johnstone Brian V.
Published: October 2003

With the death of Jesus, his resurrection is at the centre of the Christian kerygma. The resurrection ought, therefore, be at the centre of Moral Theology and Christian Ethics. However, this has not been the case. This article seeks to describe what a moral theology, as reflection on the experience of the resurrection, would look like. It would be a practical theology of the resurrection, an ethics of transformation focused on the transformation of Jesus and the transformation of humankind, which that makes possible.
History and Ideology in the Old Testament
Authors: Barr James
Published: October 2003

Is the Bible historically true? Or are its narratives the expression of the ideologies of partisan groups far removed in time from the events depicted? The questions are not new, but are now being posed in a different terminology and outlook, often characterized as postmodernism. The book goes back to redefine the term ‘biblical criticism’ and concentrates on some examples from the history of Israel. An attempt is made to clarify the possible meanings of ‘ideology’ and some relations between postmodernism and theology are examined. Tradition and continuity are to be prized in contrast to the feverish grasp at novelty.
The New Profile of Discussion About the Bible
Authors: Barr James
Published: October 2003

The ‘historical‐critical method’ perceived as basic to modern scholarship has come to be seen as outmoded and should be replaced by a more ‘literary’, more ‘sociological’, or more ‘ideological’, a more ‘canonical’ or a more ‘theological’ approach. But critical history in its application to the Bible has not disappeared, and indeed has revived in more radical forms than before.
The History of Israel
Authors: Barr James
Published: October 2003

Older scholarship, though ‘critical’, commonly took it that the core narrative of the Old Testament, from David to the return from exile, was basically reliable as an historical source. Newer ‘revisionist’ scholarship disputes this: for it, this narrative has little or no contact with events that happened. Rather, it expresses the ideology of parties of a far later time and their quest for power. Archaeology, increasingly important, is appealed to from both sides. Traditional critical history stuck too closely to the Bible's point of view: true history should be not of Israel but of all the populations. There never was any ‘Ancient Israel’ , shaped as it is delineated in the Bible.
Postmodernism
Authors: Barr James
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses the theoretical side of postmodernism, and the uncertain variety of ways in which it may touch on biblical study.
Postmodernism and Theology
Authors: Barr James
Published: October 2003

Problems in the relations between biblical studies and theology are familiar and have long been discussed. This chapter tries to see whether postmodernism provides any better perspective on the subject.
Conclusion
Authors: Barr James
Published: October 2003

A brief summary of the author's position.
Catalogue of Manuscripts
Authors: Burton Philip
Published: October 2003

A catalogue of the manuscripts containing Old Latin Gospel texts, with a summary of the main classes of ’African’ (Afra), ’European’ (’Itala’), and ’mixed texts’. Special reference is given also to Codex Vercellensis and related texts, to the bilingual Codex Bezae, and to the ’Gallo‐Irish’ group.
Lexis
Authors: Burton Philip
Published: October 2003

An analysis of the vocabulary of the Old Latin Gospels, and the extent to which we can detect evidence of lexical change characteristic of late and sub‐literary Latin, and of the Romance languages.
Tradition and Imagination
Authors: Brown David
Published: October 2003

Seeks to offer a new way of understanding revelation. Instead of the usual contrast between later church tradition and biblical revelation, Brown suggests that revelation be seen as something that itself proceeds through a continuously developing tradition, operable no less within the canon itself than during subsequent church history. Change occurs through narratives being told in new ways, in part in response to changing cultural challenges. After setting the argument in the context of current debates about objectivity and postmodernism, the next two chapters then illustrate the argument from changing versions of the nativity stories and from developing self‐understanding within Judaism and Islam. The middle two chapters offer a sympathetic presentation of classical myth before giving detailed consideration to transformation of the patriarchal narratives both within the canon and beyond. The last two chapters then apply the argument to christology, noting in particular the way in which the artistic imagination can be seen to reflect and reinforce various changes in understanding that have occurred over time.
The Parish and the Office of the Clergy
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Returns to themes in Part I to emphasize how difficult it still was in this time of large‐scale political changes to reform the historic parish. ‘Enlightenment’ as achievement is perhaps, therefore, a questionable concept for the period (c.1770–1840). The ‘improvement’ of the Lutheran office, meaning what was beneficial to parishioners and the wider community of citizens, is examined.
Liturgical Reform: The End of the Established Church
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Continues the previous argument. Many attempts to introduce modern vernacular liturgies, and widespread urban public debate thereon, were hampered by a ruler's authorized liturgy. Particular attention is given to a suitable liturgical music to accompany a modern sermon, church renovation and the demise of the established church in Scandinavia and in Prussia in its public Code (1794).
A Constitutional Reformation Church Order?
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Introduces a new Protestant constitutional church order against the background of war and revolution, and collapse of the old Catholic Empire in 1806. In Germany, it meant very limited religious toleration for Catholics, Lutherans, and the Reformed. It appeared piecemeal in new state legislation, as law codes, religious edicts and written constitutions in Germany and in Scandinavia with the constitutional separation of Sweden–Finland (1809) and Denmark–Norway (1814).
Awakening
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Describes a broad religious awakening in German lands amongst Lutherans and the Reformed and in Lutheran Scandinavia (c.1780–1850). Disruption of the old communal parish order of dependent relationships in village and hometown by state legislation spurred voluntary churchmanship and the gathered congregation. A ‘democratic’ church appeared here and thereafter 1840.
Charity
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Deals with the related theme of charity caused by the gradual end of home‐parish benevolence. A mix of enlightened and Moravian forms of charity, the idea and practice of saving children, the Protestant German use of New Testament and early Church ‘diacony’, particularly women ‘deaconesses’, to care for the poor and the sick, and Wichern's home mission based on the Christian family principle of ‘works of saving love’ are examined.
Rediscovery
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Covers the partial rediscovery of the Lutheran sung liturgy, Reformation hymns and Bach's choral works, and experiments in ecclesiology and parish church architecture shaped by early Christian or high Gothic models. A new interest, antiquarian and historical, in Lutheran doctrine and worship, and ‘neo‐Lutheran’ churchscapes, begins a theme in the next chapter.
Numbers of Clergy and the Pastoral Care
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Considers the first Protestant religious statistics, and a modern ‘practical theology’ that informed clergy and parishioners about the physiognomy of their local churches. A division between traditional village and hometown, and market town and industrial city, began to emerge. This put clergy recruitment and pastoral care in crisis. Class and secularism became worrisome.
Reformation Churches and a Modern Protestant Moral Order
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Addresses the major issue laid bare by the new Protestant religious statistics: whether historic Reformation churches, even the widespread lay revivals, had any place at all, even a moral role, in a new market economy and urban and industrial culture. Marxist Social Democratic programmes, which proclaimed religion to be a private matter, provided a fundamental challenge to Reform.
Epilogue
Authors: Hope Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Concludes in nationalism and with the First World War. The new and fragile modern Protestant constitutional church order, in particular the heyday of modern university theology (1890 ‐1914), is discussed before war, and hard times set in once again. Positive was a new Swedish ecumenical initiative (‘evangelical catholicity’), the modern historical approach to Luther and the Reformation, a return to the essential in worship and a renaissance of church music.
De bono coniugali and De sancta virginitate
Authors: Augustine St
Published: October 2003

The Good of Marriage and On Holy Virginity are separate treatises but closely interconnected as comparing these modes of Christian commitment. They were composed in the same year, a.d. 401. Augustine had personal experience of both states, having had two concubines (he fathered a son by the first) and having lived a celibate life following his conversion in a.d. 386. His treatment of marriage and consecrated virginity is rooted in the New Testament, above all in Paul's I Cor. 7, and is indebted to earlier Christian discussions, especially those of Ambrose. The two works are directed against the Manichees on the one hand, who argued that marriage and procreation were evil, and on the other, to repair the damage done by the controversy between Jovinian (arguing that the married state was as meritorious as virginity) and Jerome (who in exalting virginity denigrated marriage).
Scottish Puritanism, 1590-1638
Authors: Mullan David George
Published: October 2003

The book makes an implicit judgement that the religious culture that emerged in Scotland at the end of the sixteenth century was widely analogous to the Puritanism that dominated the Church of England at the same time, though with the significant distinction that in Scotland, Presbyterianism was more successful than south of the Tweed. Scottish Puritan writers, mainly clergy, of course, and including as in England, both Presbyterians and most Episcopalians, began to produce significant amounts of practical piety around 1590, both evoking and supplying a kind of lay piety that emphasized an emotional religious content. Central to this piety was the Word, the Bible, and also the sermons and literature that divines prepared for pulpit and press—enhanced by a strong attachment to the sacraments, and particularly to the Lord's Supper. Laymen and laywomen were urged to engage in Bible reading, meditation, prayer, Sabbath observance, family devotional activities and attendance of celebrations of the Lord's Supper, even in parishes other than their own. The inner life typically included a shattering experience of conversion and a striving for a sense of assurance that God had indeed included one amongst the limited numbers of the elect. Women not less than men were the objects of pastoral concern and the feminine formed an essential part of the discourse of divinity. The notion of the covenant was linked indissolubly to this theology, though differing conceptions of covenant—national and personal—did not mesh well and thus inscribed a deep tension upon Scottish Puritanism. The author raises a question as to whether this emotional and conversion‐based piety was reconcilable with the sense of a nation in a covenantal relationship with God, and whether the National Covenant of 1638 represented a fulfilment or a betrayal of the divinity of the previous two generations during which Protestant divines had offered very little by way of resistance theory. But this outlook was quickly awakened after the prayer book riots of July 1637.