bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcome at 6 Months After Admission for Pediatric Intensive Care: A Report of a National Study of Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jones Samantha , Rantell Khadija , Stevens Katherine , Colwell Brigitte , Ratcliffe Jane R. , Holland Philip , Rowan Kathy , Parry Gareth J. ,   on behalf of the United Kingdom Pediatric Intensive Care Outcome Study Group
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to measure, by using the Health Utilities Index, the health status of children 6 months after admission to PICUs in the United Kingdom.

METHODS. All PICUs in the United Kingdom were invited to participate. Children who were ≥6 months of age at admission and were discharged alive from participating units during a 1-year period were eligible for this study. Children with completed consent forms who had survived to 6 months after admission received the Health Utilities Index questionnaire.

RESULTS. Admission data on 7214 admissions to 22 units were collected between March 2001 and February 2002. Of those patients, 6786 survived to unit discharge, and consent for follow-up contact was obtained for 2642. At 6 months after admission, the mortality rate was estimated at 11.1% and 2034 children were still alive and contactable. Of those children, Health Utilities Index questionnaires were returned by 1455. No impairment was indicated for 767, 951, 940, 919, 962, and 939 children with respect to the Health Utilities Index sensation, cognition, emotion, pain, mobility, and self-care attributes, respectively. The mean ± SE Health Utilities Index utility score was 0.73 ± 0.01, with 397 children (27.3%) in full health.

CONCLUSIONS. Death after pediatric intensive care in the United Kingdom is uncommon, making assessment of health status important. At 6 months after admission, there is significant morbidity. To assess the impact of strategies to improve or to optimize care on longer-term outcomes, standardized collection of data on preexisting comorbidities and illness severity is required.
The Potential Impact of Poison Control Centers on Rural Hospitalization Rates for Poisoning
Authors: Zaloshnja Eduard , Miller Ted , Jones Paul , Litovitz Toby , Coben Jeffrey , Steiner Claudia , Sheppard Monique
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. This study tested the hypothesis that underutilization of poison control centers is associated with increased rates of hospitalizations attributable to poisonings in rural areas.

METHODS. To measure the potential impact of poison control centers on hospitalization rates in rural areas among people who visit emergency departments because of poisoning, we estimated the reduction in hospitalization rates associated with increased rates of calls to centers. We used the 2003 State Inpatient Database and State Emergency Department Database from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to calculate the numbers of emergency department visits and hospitalizations for each county in the 12 states analyzed. We used Toxic Exposure Surveillance System data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers to calculate the number of human exposure calls per capita according to county.

RESULTS. In rural counties, a 1% higher poison control center human poison exposure call rate was associated with a 0.19% lower hospitalization rate among people who visited emergency departments because of poisoning. If the observed association is causative, then 43.3 calls would prevent 1 hospital admission, yielding $7321 in net cost savings and a return on investment of 5.9:1 (from the health care system perspective).

CONCLUSIONS. Our results establish the existence of the hypothesized association between rural poison control center utilization rates and hospitalization rates among emergency department-treated poisoning patients.
Patient- and Family-Centered Care and the Role of the Emergency Physician Providing Care to a Child in the Emergency Department
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics,   Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine,   American College of Emergency Physicians,   Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee
Published: November 2006

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed June 2009, October 2019.

Patient- and family-centered care is an approach to health care that recognizes the role of the family in providing medical care; encourages collaboration between the patient, family, and health care professionals; and honors individual and family strengths, cultures, traditions, and expertise. Although there are many opportunities for providing patient- and family-centered care in the emergency department, there are also challenges to doing so. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Emergency Physicians support promoting patient dignity, comfort, and autonomy; recognizing the patient and family as key decision-makers in the patient's medical care; recognizing the patient's experience and perspective in a culturally sensitive manner; acknowledging the interdependence of child and parent as well as the pediatric patient's evolving independence; encouraging family-member presence; providing information to the family during interventions; encouraging collaboration with other health care professionals; acknowledging the importance of the patient's medical home; and encouraging institutional policies for patient- and family-centered care.
Angler Opinion of Potential Bluegill Regulations on Illinois Lakes: Effects of Angler Demographics and Bluegill Population Size Structure
Authors: Edison Timothy W. , Wahl David H. , Diana Matthew J. , Philipp David P. , Austen Douglas J.
Published: November 2006

Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus are an important sport as well as food fish, but harvest regulations do not currently exist on most lakes throughout the United States. A self-administered survey was used to provide insight into angler attitude toward potential new bluegill harvest regulations (including catch-and-release-only fishing, no-fishing zones, daily bag limits, and minimum size limits) designed to increase the number of bluegills 150 mm or larger. Angler surveys were conducted at six lakes in Illinois, three of which contained bluegill populations that were categorized as stunted (few fish greater than 150 mm) and three as quality (fish greater than 180 mm were abundant). Anglers showed greatest support for catch-and-release fishing (during the spawning season), a 6-in minimum size limit, and use of a daily bag limit of 10. Anglers showed a less positive response to 7- and 8-in minimum size limits, a 25-fish daily bag limit, catch-and-release fishing for the entire year, and no-fishing zones (one-fourth of the lake) during the spawning season. Proposed regulations receiving negative responses were no-fishing zones (one-half of the lake) for either the entire year or just during spawning season. Angler willingness to support regulations was affected by bluegill size structure as there was greater acceptance on stunted than on quality lakes. Importance of catching fish, distance driven to a lake, and size of hometown all influenced support for regulations. Less-experienced anglers showed greater support for regulations than more highly experienced anglers. Anglers fishing for food and sport showed less support for regulations than anglers fishing for sport alone. No differences existed in the opinion of anglers based on the species of fish they were targeting. Information on support for various regulations and identification of different angler groups will aid management decisions for bluegill populations and help guide education efforts.
Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Kilbourne Amy M. , Switzer Galen , Hyman Kelly , Crowley-Matoka Megan , Fine Michael J.
Published: November 2006

We provide a framework for health services–related researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to guide future health disparities research in areas ranging from detecting differences in health and health care to understanding the determinants that underlie disparities to ultimately designing interventions that reduce and eliminate these disparities. To do this, we identified potential selection biases and definitions of vulnerable groups when detecting disparities.

The key factors to understanding disparities were multilevel determinants of health disparities, including individual beliefs and preferences, effective patient–provider communication; and the organizational culture of the health care system. We encourage interventions that yield generalizable data on their effectiveness and that promote further engagement of communities, providers, and policymakers to ultimately enhance the application and the impact of health disparities research.
Teachers' Memories and Their Relevance Today
Authors: McCaw Liz
Published: November 2006

The author suggests that the connection between teachers' early memories and the way they conceptualize their work is likely to be enormously important in the long run.
Validation of a structured questionnaire as an instrument to measure chronic pain in dogs on the basis of effects on health-related quality of life
Authors: Wiseman-Orr M. Lesley , Scott E. Marian , Reid Jacqueline , Nolan Andrea M.
Published: November 2006

Objective—To validate the use of a novel questionnaire as an instrument for measurement of chronic pain in dogs through its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL).

Animals—108 dogs with chronic degenerative joint disease and 26 healthy dogs.

Procedures—Questionnaire responses were subjected to factor analysis (FA) and questionnaire scores to discriminant analysis to evaluate construct validity. Questionnaire scores were used to explore the potential of this instrument for minimizing respondent bias and for evaluative purposes.

Results—FA results revealed a sensible factor structure accounting for 65% of the variance in data, with factors identifiable as domains of HRQL in dogs affected by chronic pain. Further evidence for construct validity was provided when questionnaire scores were used to discriminate, on the basis of 218 questionnaires, between dogs with clinician-awarded pain scores of 0 and dogs with pain scores ≥ 1 (88% discrimination, with 95% of no-pain group dogs and 87% of some-pain group dogs correctly categorized). Use of the questionnaire provided minimized respondent bias.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Validation of the questionnaire as an instrument for discriminative and evaluative measurements of orthopedic chronic pain through its impact on HRQL in dogs was provided. Use of the questionnaire, with further testing and refinement, may support improved clinical decision making, facilitate development of evidence-based therapeutic options for chronic diseases, and help veterinarians and owners define humane end points in dogs.

Impact for Human Medicine—Information gained here may provide improved measurements of clinical change in animal studies that use dogs with naturally occurring chronic pain to evaluate novel human treatment protocols.
Epidemiologic cutoff values for antimicrobial agents against Aeromonas salmonicida isolates determined by frequency distributions of minimal inhibitory concentration and diameter of zone of inhibition data
Authors: Miller Ron A. , Reimschuessel Renate
Published: November 2006

Objective—To develop epidemiologic cutoff values by use of frequency distributions for susceptibility to 4 antimicrobial agents when tested against a representative population of a major aquaculture pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida.

Sample Population—217 typical and atypical A salmonicida isolates obtained from 20 states and 12 countries.

Procedures—Species identification of A salmonicida isolates was confirmed by detection of specific nucleotide sequences by use of a PCR assay. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and diameter of the zone of inhibition for oxytetracycline, ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine, oxolinic acid, and florfenicol were determined for each isolate in accordance with standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods that have been approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for bacterial isolates from aquatic animals. Susceptibility data were tabulated in a scattergram and analyzed by use of error rate bounding.

Results—Susceptibility tests for oxytetracycline, ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine, and oxolinic acid revealed 2 distinct populations of bacteria. Isolates tested against florfenicol clustered into a single population. Oxolinic acid susceptibility data revealed higher MICs in the non–United States A salmonicida isolates. Slow-growing (atypical) A salmonicida isolates were generally more susceptible than typical isolates for all antimicrobials, except oxolinic acid.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of frequency distributions of susceptibility results to develop epidemiologic cutoff values appears to be applicable to aquatic isolates. Frequency distributions of susceptibility results for A salmonicida revealed clear divisions between isolate susceptibilities. This type of data, considered in conjunction with pharmacokinetic and efficacy data, may be useful for developing clinical breakpoints for use in aquaculture.
Expression of neural markers on bone marrow–derived canine mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Kamishina Hiroaki , Deng Jie , Oji Takashi , Cheeseman Jennifer A. , Clemmons Roger M.
Published: November 2006

Objective—To evaluate cell surface markers of bone marrow–derived canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by use of flow cytometric analysis and determine whether canine MSCs express proteins specific to neuronal and glial cells.

Sample Population—Bone marrow aspirates collected from iliac crests of 5 cadavers of young adult dogs.

Procedures—Flow cytometric analysis was performed to evaluate cell surface markers and homogeneity of third-passage MSCs. Neural differentiation of canine MSCs was induced by use of dibutyryl cAMP and methyl-isobutylxanthine. Expressions of neuronal (β III-tubulin) and glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] and myelin basic protein) proteins were evaluated by use of immunocytochemical and western blot analyses before and after neural differentiation.

Results—Third-passage canine MSCs appeared morphologically homogeneous and shared phenotypic characteristics with human and rodent MSCs. Immunocytochemical and western blot analyses revealed that canine MSCs constitutively expressed β III-tubulin and GFAP. After induction of neural differentiation, increased expression of GFAP was found in all samples, whereas such change was inconsistent in β III-tubulin expression. Myelin basic protein remained undetectable on canine MSCs for these culture conditions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canine bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells yielded an apparently homogeneous population of MSCs after expansion in culture. Expanded canine MSCs constitutively expressed neuron or astrocyte specific proteins. Furthermore, increases of intracellular cAMP concentrations induced increased expression of GFAP on canine MSCs, which suggests that these cells may have the capacity to respond to external signals. Canine MSCs may hold therapeutic potential for treatment of dogs with neurologic disorders.
Reducing side product by enhancing mass‐transfer rate
Authors: Wang K. , Lu Y. C. , Xu J. H. , Gong X. C. , Luo G. S.
Published: November 2006

Fast mass transfer rate and short reaction time are required to reduce side product of the premixing reaction, in the SNIA Viscosa process, as a liquid‐liquid competitive consecutive system. In order to obtain high selectivity, a microstructure device, named a membrane dispersion mini‐reactor, was designed and tested at several operation conditions. The mass transfer rate of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CCA) was significantly increased by membrane dispersion in this mini‐reactor compared with a traditional batch reactor and a membrane free one, just with a residence time less than 80 ms. The results showed that the nominal yield of side product was lower than 10% in the reaction products and about 5% lower than the traditional stirring method. Additionally, a theoretical model was developed to eliminate the mass transfer flux in this mini‐reactor, and the calculation results fit well with the experimental data. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Shape‐Persistent Aromatic Amide Oligomers: New Tools for Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Li Zhan‐Ting , Hou Jun‐Li , Li Chuang , Yi Hui‐Ping
Published: November 2006

With an increasing number of folding and helical structures available, chemists have begun to pay greater attention to the functions of this family of structurally unique oligomers. Hydrogen‐bonding‐mediated aromatic oligoamide foldamers have the features of good structural predictability, synthetic facility, and structural modification, which make them very promising as scaffolds or platforms for supramolecular chemistry. Recent advances in the applications of this class of shape‐persistent oligomers in the promoted synthesis of macrocycles, design of new nonring receptors, supramolecular self‐assembly, molecular encapsulation, and reaction acceleration, are highlighted in this Focus Review.
Comparison between micellar liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of hydrophobic basic drugs in pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Torres‐Cartas S. , Martín‐Biosca Y. , Sagrado S. , Villanueva‐Camañas R. M. , Medina‐Hernández M. J.
Published: November 2006

The determination of highly hydrophobic basic compounds by means of conventional reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic methods has several drawbacks. Owing to the characteristics of micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), these techniques could be advantageous alternatives to reversed‐phase chromatographic methods for the determination of these kinds of compounds. The objective of this study was to develop and compare MLC and CE methods for the determination of antipsychotic basic drugs (amitryptiline, haloperidol, perphenazine and thioridazine) in pharmaceutical preparations. The chromatographic determination of the analytes was performed on a Kromasil C18 analytical column; the mobile phase was 0.04 m cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), at pH 3, containing 5% 1‐butanol, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The CE separation was performed in a fused‐silica capillary with a 50 mm tris‐(hydroxymethyl)‐aminomethane buffer, pH 7, at an applied voltage of 20 kV, using barbital as internal stardard. The proposed methods are suitable for a reliable quantitation of these compounds in the commercial tablets and drops in terms of accuracy and precision and require a very simple pre‐treatment of the samples. By comparing the performance characteristics and experimental details of the MLC and CE methods we conclude that CE seems to be slightly better than MLC in the determination of highly hydrophobic compounds in pharmaceuticals in terms of resolution and economy, taking into account that the limits of detection are not a handicap in pharmaceutical samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of dopamine and its relativity of baicalin in rat nuclei after intravenous administration of flavonoids from Scutellariae radix
Authors: Chen Long , Zhang Lujun , Wang Xueli , Lin Han , Du Lijun
Published: November 2006

Baicalin is an active component of Scutellariae radix extracts. It can cross the blood–brain barrier and distribute in cerebral nuclei. However, its mechanism and the effects on the nuclei where it accumulates remain unclear. We used an HPLC–electrochemical detection method to determine the dopamine in cerebral nuclei after intravenous administration of flavonoids from Scutellariae radix and analyzed the relativity between baicalin and DA in cerebral nuclei. We found that the dopamine system is another target system of brain function which baicalin acts on. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC determination and pharmacokinetic study of tenatoprazole in dog plasma after oral administration of enteric‐coated capsule
Authors: Liu Pei , Sun Bo , Lu Xiumei , Qin Feng , Li Famei
Published: November 2006

A simple, sensitive and selective high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection (306 nm) was developed and validated for determination of tenatoprazole, a novel proton‐pump inhibitor, in dog plasma. Tenatoprazole and internal standard (pantoprazole) were extracted into diethyl ether and separated using an isocratic mobile phase of 10 mm phosphate buffer (pH4.7)–acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) on a Diamonsil C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The retention times for tenatoprazole and internal standard were 7.1 and 12.3 min, respectively. No endogenous interferences were observed. This HPLC method was fully validated. The lower limit of quantitation was 20 ng/mL, with a relative standard deviation of less than 20%. A linear range of 0.02–5.0 µg/mL was established. The interday and intraday precisions were within RSD 13.4–10.1 and 4.6–1.4%, respectively. This method developed can be easily applied to the pharmacokinetic study of tenatoprazole in dog plasma after oral administration of an enteric‐coated capsule. The plasma concentration of tenatoprazole from six dogs showed a mean Cmax of 2.63 µg/mL at Tmax of 1.89 h. The bioavailability of tenatoprazole was improved by administration of enteric‐coated capsule. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic factors in patients with unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with chemoradiation
Authors: Krishnan Sunil , Rana Vishal , Janjan Nora A. , Abbruzzese James L. , Gould Morris S. , Das Prajnan , Delclos Marc E. , Palla Shana , Guha Sushovan , Varadhachary Gauri , Evans Douglas B. , Wolff Robert A. , Crane Christopher H.
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND.

Although patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) have an extremely poor prognosis, they are a heterogeneous group. Prognostic factors are inadequately defined for disease‐free survival and overall survival in patients with LAPC who are receiving chemoradiation, so more definitive prognostic factors would be very useful for designing clinical trials.

METHODS.

Between December 1993 and July 2005, 247 patients with nonmetastatic LAPC were treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Tex) with concurrent chemoradiation (CRT). Median radiation dose was 30 Gy (range, 15–52.2 Gy). Radiosensitizers included 5‐fluorouracil (54%), gemcitabine (33%), and capecitabine (13%). Actuarial univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to determine significant prognostic factors for disease‐free survival and overall survival.

RESULTS.

Median follow‐up was 4.3 months (range, 1–63 months). Median disease‐free survival and overall survival were 4.2 months and 8.5 months, respectively. On univariate analysis, prognostic factors for improved disease‐free survival were a Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) status of >80 (P< .01) and a hemoglobin (Hgb)level at presentation of ≥12 (P= .03). On multivariate analysis, KPS was the only independent prognostic factor for disease‐free survival. Median disease‐free survival was 4.9 months among patients with a KPS score of >80 and was 3.9 months among those with a KPS score of ≤80. On univariate analysis, prognostic factors for improved overall survival were an Hgb level of ≥12 (P= .02), KPS>80 (P< .001), and <5% weight loss (P= .03). On multivariate analysis, Hgb and KPS were independent prognostic factors for overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS.

In the current study, KPS score was an independent prognostic factor for disease‐free and overall survival among patients treated with chemoradiation for LAPC. The pretreatment Hgb level was an additional independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Broad‐Complex, E74, and E75 early genes control DNA puff BhC4‐1 expression in prepupal salivary glands
Authors: Basso L.R. , Neves M. de C. , Monesi N. , Paçó‐Larson M.L.
Published: November 2006

The DNA puff BhC4‐1 gene of the sciarid Bradysia hygida is induced in salivary glands prior to the pupal molt as a secondary response to the increase in ecdysone titers. Previous studies demonstrated that the BhC4‐1 promoter is activated in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands as a late response to the ecdysone peak that triggers metamorphosis, revealing that this aspect of BhC4‐1 transcriptional regulation is conserved in the Drosophila background. To identify regulators of BhC4‐1 expression, we utilized a candidate gene approach and tested the roles of the ecdysone‐induced genes BR‐C, E74, and E75. Our results reveal that the BR‐C Z3 isoform is essential for BhC4‐1‐lacZ induction in prepupal salivary glands and constitute the first demonstration of the participation of early genes products on DNA puff genes regulation. genesis 44:505–514, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of pKa values of diastereomers of phosphinic pseudopeptides by CZE
Authors: Koval Dušan , Kašička Václav , Jiráček Jiří , Collinsová Michaela
Published: November 2006

A CE method was used for the determination of acidity constants (pKa) of a series of ten phosphinic pseudopeptides, which varied in number and type of ionogenic groups. Effective electrophoretic mobilities were measured in the 1.8–12.0 pH range in the BGEs of constant ionic strength of 25 mM. Effective electrophoretic mobilities, corrected to standard temperature of 25°C, were subjected to non‐linear regression analysis and the obtained apparent pKa values were recalculated to thermodynamic pKa's by extrapolation to zero ionic strength according to the extended Debye‐Hückel model. The pKa values of the phosphinic acid group fell typically in the 1.5–2.25 interval, C‐terminal carboxylic groups in the 2.94–3.50 interval, carboxylic groups of the lateral chain of glutamate and aspartate in the 4.68–4.97 interval, imidazolyl moiety of histidine in the 6.55–8.32 interval, N‐terminal amino groups in the 7.65–8.28 interval and ε‐amino group of the lateral chain of lysine in the 10.46–10.61 interval. Further, separation of diastereomers of the phosphinic pseudopeptides was investigated in achiral BGEs. Evaluation of the resolution of the diastereomers as a function of pH of the BGE revealed that most suitable pH region for separation of the diastereomers is around the pKa values of the central phosphinic acid group of the pseudopeptides. Successful separation of some diastereomers was, however, achieved in the neutral and alkaline BGEs as well.
Miniaturized liquid core waveguide‐based fluorimetric detection cell for capillary separation methods: Application in CE of amino acids
Authors: Kostal Vratislav , Zeisbergerova Marta , Hrotekova Zuzana , Slais Karel , Kahle Vladislav
Published: November 2006

A miniaturized post‐column fluorimetric detection cell for capillary separation methods based on optical fibers and liquid core waveguides (LCWs) is described. The main part of the detection cell is a fused‐silica capillary coated with Teflon AF serving as an LCW. The optical fibers are used both for coupling the excitation source with the detection domain in the LCW and for the axial fluorescence collection from the LCW end. The latter fiber is connected with a compact CCD spectrometer that serves for the rejection of the scattered excitation light and for the fluorescence signal detection. The proposed design offers a compact fluorescence detector for various microcolumn separation techniques without optical elements such as filters or objectives. Moreover, its construction and optical adjustment are very simple and the whole system is highly miniaturized. The function of the detection cell is demonstrated by CE of amino acids labelled by fluorescein‐based tags. Separations of different standard amino acid mixtures and plasma samples are presented. The comparison of plasma amino acid levels of individuals being in good health with those of patients with inherited metabolic disorders is also shown.
In vivo volatiles emission and essential oils from different organs and pollen of Cistus albidus from Caprione (Eastern Liguria, Italy)
Authors: Maccioni Simonetta , Baldini Rosa , Cioni Pier Luigi , Tebano Marianna , Flamini Guido
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oils obtained from the whole flowering tops and from isolated flowers and leaves of Cistus albidus L. (Cistaceae) has been investigated. The three essential oils were constituted mainly by sesquiterpene derivatives, but they showed quite different compositions. In the flowering tops and flowers the main constituents were α‐zingiberene, α‐cadinol and ar‐curcumene, while in the leaves the principal compounds were α‐cadinol, juniper camphor, germacrene D and spathulenol. Furthermore, the volatiles emitted in vivo by whole flowers, petals, sepals, pollen and leaves were investigated by means of SPME. Also in these analyses, sesquiterpenes were the main constituents but with a clear dominance of hydrocarbon derivatives. The whole flowers, petals, sepals and leaves of C. albidus showed a similar emission pattern of volatiles, whereas the pollen showed a very different profile. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolierung und Charakterisierung eines Pektinase‐Inhibitors aus grünen Bohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Göbel H. , Bock W.
Published: November 2006

Aus grünen Bohnen wird durch Anwendung konventioneller Methoden der Proteinreinigung, eingeschlossen Acetonbehandlung, Extraktion mit Kochsalz, Fraktionierung mit Ammoniumsulfat, Chromatographie an SEPHADEX G‐50, CM‐SEPHADEX, SEPHADEX G‐200 und Rechromatographie, ein Pektinase‐Inhibitor isoliert, dessen spezifische Aktivität 160mal höher ist als im Inhibitorrohextrakt. Der in 20%iger Ausbeute gewonnene Inhibitor 1st ein arabinosehaltiges basisches Glykoprotein mit einem Molekulargewicht um 40000 und mit einem isoelektrischen Punkt von pH 9,3. Er ist weitgehend stabil im sauren pH‐Bereich und bis zu einer Temperatur von etwa 50 °C. Eine hämagglutinierende Aktivität konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Der Pektinase‐Inhibitor gehört zu einer Gruppe von pflanzeneigenen Wirkstoffen mit ausgeprägten spezifischen Hemmeigenschaften gegenüber mikrobiellen pektinolytischen Enzymen vom Endo‐Typ.
Untersuchungen zur Verbesserung der Qualität von Rapssamen durch gemeinsame Silierung mit Futterzuckerrüben 1. Mitt. Qualitätsbeurteilung der Silagen
Authors: Kozlowski M. , Koterska B. , Zaworowski K. , Kozłowska H. , Borowska J.
Published: November 2006

Die im technischen Maßstab durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigten, daß der Zusatz von zu Flocken verarbeiteten Rapssamen zu Futterzuckerrüben den Futterwert und die Qualität der Silagen erhöht. Außerdem wurde festgestellt, daß mit steigendem Anteil an Rapssamen die Entwicklung von Hefen gehemmt und die Vermehrung von Säurebildnern verzögert war. Die mikrobiologische Analyse weist darauf hin, daß der Zusatz von Rapssamen zu Rüben 10% nicht überschreiten sollte.
Untersuchungen zur Maillard‐Reaktion zwischen β‐Lactoglobulin und Lactose. 2. Mitt. Der Einfluß der Thiol‐ und Disulfidgruppen auf die Beschaffenheit der makromolekularen Reaktionsprodukte
Authors: Ludwig E.
Published: November 2006

Ist an der Maillard‐Reaktion ein Protein als Aminokomponente beteiligt, wird bei geeigneten Reaktionsbedingungen zusätzlich mit Umsetzungen anderer im Proteinmolekül vorhandener funktioneller Gruppen zu rechnen sein. An dem erstmals von Freimuth und Trübsbach angewandten System β‐Lactoglobulin‐Lactose kann gezeigt werden, daß Thiol‐ und Disulfidgruppen bei hoher Temperatur in wasserarmem Milieu die Beschaffenheit der Maillard‐Reaktionsprodukte beeinflussen. In Abhängigkeit von der An‐ oder Abwesenheit dieser reaktiven Gruppen verändern sich Menge, Löslichkeit bzw. Quellbarkeit und die Zusammensetzung.
Zinnwirkung auf Ratten. 1. Mitt. Die inversvoltammetrische Bestimmung von Zinn neben Blei in biologischem Material nach Extraktion
Authors: Woggon H. , Raab M. , Jehle D.
Published: November 2006

Nach doppelter Extraktion mit Diäthylammoniumdiäthyldithiocarbamat (DADDTC) in perchlorsaurer Lösung wird das Zinn selektiv inverspolarographisch bestimmt. Der Mittelwert der Wiederauffindung beträgt bei Kartoffeln 91,7 ± 5,8%, Rinderniere 85,0 ± 22,7%, Rinderleber 79,9 ± 13,8% und Milch 69,8 ± 11,4%. Eine eventuelle Störung der Zinn‐Bestimmung durch andere Elemente wird diskutiert.
The role of sulphur compounds in evaluation of flavouring value of some plant raw materials
Authors: Tokarska B. , Karwowska K.
Published: November 2006

The aim of the study was to determine the composition of flavour isolates from garlic and horse‐radish, prepared by dichlorodifluoromethane extraction. Gas chromatography, with olfactory determination of the flavour of the resolved components, and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry were used. In the garlic extract 19 components comprising mono‐, di‐, and trisulphides and thiophene derivatives were detected. In the horse‐radish extract 14 components including isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and cyanides were identified.
Synthesis and analysis of l‐octen‐3‐ol, the main flavour component of mushrooms
Authors: Wnuk S. , Kinastowski S. , Kaminski E.
Published: November 2006

The most abundant volatile occurring in mushrooms and responsible for the mushroom odour is 1‐octen‐3‐ol. To meet the demand for a flavour compound yielding a mushroom odour a study was carried out on the possibility of obtaining l‐octen‐3‐ol synthetically. On the basis of literature data and experiments performed the synthesis of this compound was carried out by two methods, i.e. by GRIGNARD reaction between acrolein and amyl iodide and by selective reduction of l‐octen‐3‐on. The purity of the l‐octen‐3‐ol obtained was determined by GLC chromatography and by spectroscopic methods. The compound obtained by GRIGNARD reaction had its IR, 13C NMR spectra and GLC chromatogram identical with those of the standard. The yield of 1 ‐octen‐3‐ol by GRIGNARD reaction was 65 %, while the reduction of the ketone to the alcohol gave a yield of 90%.
The toxicity of the daily intake of nitrite and dimethylamine
Authors: Roché M. García , Castillo A. , Ballenilla T. , Silva V. , Cabrera Y.
Published: November 2006

It is known that sodium nitrite and dimethylamine are toxic compounds, which may react to form dimethyl‐nitrosamine in the gastro‐intestinal tract, a much more toxic compound and a powerful cancerogen. The aim of the present work is the investigation of toxicity in young rats, caused by daily intake of sodium nitrite, administered together with dimethylamine during 30 days. The indicators examined were: histopathological analysis of the liver and kidney, transaminase in blood serum, variations in body weight and relation of weight liver/body weight. The method of analysis used to determine transaminase was that reported by REINTMAN and FRANKEL in 1957. The statistical method employed was the test of multiple comparisons based on the total ranges of CRUSKAL‐WALLIS. The results show that either significant differences were found (α = 0,05) among the groups (including the control), nor was necrosis observed or forming of tumors in the organs under investigation. Therefore, the dosis administered does not seem to be toxic under the conditions of the experiment. Some signs of toxicity found in the group which was more severely treated (10 mg of sodium nitrite and 20 mg of dimethylamine) appeared only in a few animals and it is necessary to verify the same in experiments with more animals and over a longer period of treatment.
Untersuchungen zur Maillard‐Reaktion 11. Mitt. Derivatographische Untersuchungen am System Glucose/p‐Toluidin
Authors: Westphal G. , Örsi F. , Kroh L. , Bochow Ch.
Published: November 2006

Aus den derivatographischen Untersuchungen am System Glucose/p‐Toluidin läßt sich die solvensfreie Maillard‐Reaktion einem Temperaturbereich von 80–200£C zuordnen. Zwischen dem N‐(p‐Toluidino)‐glucopyranosid und der 1‐Desoxy‐1‐(p‐toluidino)‐fructopyranose, ersten Produkten dieser Reaktion, bestehen hinsichtlich ihres derivatographischen Verhaltens als auch ihrer Temperaturstabilität signifikante Unterschiede. Eine erstmals gefundene, thermisch induzierte Amadori‐Umlagerung ließ sich mit Hilfe von HPLC‐Untersuchungen der derivatographischen Proben nachweisen. Ausgehend von N‐(p‐Toluidino)‐glucopyranosid, konnte das Temperaturoptimum der Umlagerungsreaktion zu 130£C bestimmt werden.
Die quantitative Zusammensetzung der Lactoflora des Verdauungstrakts vor und nach kosmischen Flügen unterschiedlicher Dauer
Authors: Lencner A. A. , Lencner Ch. P. , Mikelsaar M. E. , Tjuri M. E. , Toom M. A. , Väljaots M. E. , Šilov V. M. , Liz'Ko N. N. , Legenkov V. I. , Reznikov I. M.
Published: November 2006

In einer Untersuchung der Lactoflora von 24 Kosmonauten wird gezeigt, daß in der Periode vor dem Start zum Raumflug ausgeprägte Veränderungen im Verdauungstrakt vorkommen, die den quantitativen Gehalt verschiedener Lactobacillus‐Arten betreffen können. Die Ursache hierfür ist im emotionellen Streß zu suchen. Nach Kurzzeitflügen werden sogar tiefer eingreifende Verschiebungen beobachtet als nach Langzeitflügen, da die vor dem Start eingetretenen Störungen infolge der kurzen Zeitdauer vom Organismus nicht ausgeglichen werden können. Zusätzlich beginnen die Faktoren des Raumflugs zu wirken, wobei die Adaptation eine bestimmte Zeit erfordert. Für die Veränderungen der Menge der Lactoflora im Speichel und Stuhl bei den Kosmonauten sind individuelle Besonderheiten charakteristisch.
Die quantitative Bestimmung des Proteingehaltes der Milch mittels Ultraviolettspektralphotometrie 2. Mitt. Zur Eignung der Differenz der Absorbanzwerte bei 235 und 280 nm für die quantitative Milchproteinanalytik
Authors: Reichardt W. , Schüler E.
Published: November 2006

Der Proteingehalt von entfetteter Milch ist nach Verdünnung mit Alkylpolyglycoläthersulfatlösung mit Hilfe von Absorbanzmessungen bei 235 und 280 nm bestimmt worden. Die Differenz der Absorbanzwerte A235 ‐ A280 weist eine hohe Korrelation zu den Ergebnissen der Kjeldahl‐Stickstoffanalyse auf (r = 0,99). Der Proteingehalt von Caseinat‐ und Milchserumlösungen konnte analog ermittelt werden. Die Methode besitzt den Vorzug, von der Aminosäurenzusammensetzung des Proteins, dem Nucleinsäure‐, Salz‐, Lactose‐ und Nichtproteinstickstoffgehalt der Milch weitgehend unabhängig zu sein. Beide Absorbanzwerte sind aus Lösungen der gleichen Konzentration bestimmt worden. Es wurde die Abhängigkeit der Meßergebnisse vom Alter der Lösung. vom Alter der Milch und von der Temperatur untersucht sowie die Eignung von Konservierungsmitteln geprüft.
Regression analysis applied to evaluation of aroma and flavour of Bulgarian sour milk
Authors: Gyosheva B.
Published: November 2006

This investigation was carried out with the purpose of creating an objective criterion for evaluation of the aroma and flavour of Bulgarian sour milk (BSM) by mathematical and statistical elaboration of data obtained by chemical, gas chromatographical and bacteriological analysis of the product and thus complementing the sensory evaluation. Regression analysis was applied for the elaboration of data obtained by the analysis of 135 BSM samples, whereupon models were postulated for establishing a relationship between analysis data and sensory evaluation.

The results of the performed tests on the adequacy of the models indicated that BSM aroma and flavour can be regarded to a great extent as a function of the total effect of the volatile aroma compounds, titratable acidity, and the ratio of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus.
Zum enzymatischen Abbau des DDT 4. Mitt. Abbau des DDD (Dichlordiphenyldichlorethan)
Authors: Kujawa M. , Macholz R. M. , Lewerenz H. J.
Published: November 2006

Durch reduktive Dechlorierung entsteht DDD aus dem DDT. Nach Applikation von DDD an Ratten konnte das Dehydrochlorierungsprodukt DDMU nur nach kurzen Expositionszeiten in den Organen, in hohen Konzentrationen jedoch ständig im Kot nachgewiesen werden. Die Verteilung des DDD im Rattenorganismus wird ermittelt.
Basic protein isolate from lobster shell
Authors: Oviedo D. , García I. , Henriques R. D.
Published: November 2006

Some structural characteristics of the basic protein concentrate isolated from the lobster shell were determined. The influence of the NaOH concentration, temperature and treatment time on the concentrate characteristics were also analyzed. An adequate combination of treatment time and alkaline concentration allowed to obtain similar protein yields with closer analogies in their structural characteristics, but the lower alteration and higher molecular weight are produced with the longest treatment time and the lowest alkaline concentration.
Untersuchungen zum Metabolismus von Fenazox in Tomatenpflanzen
Authors: Stock M. , Bernasch A. , Schütte H. R.
Published: November 2006

Die in Versuchen zum Metabolismus von 14C‐Fenazox erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Wirkstoff in 6–8 Wochen alten Tomatenpflanzen der Sorte „Harzfeuer”︁ einer Biotransformation unterliegt. Nach chromatographischer Trennung wurden die Biotransformationsprodukte durch Vergleich mit authentischen Testsubstanzen, durch Derivatisierung sowie mittels physikalisch‐chemischer Methoden in ihrer Struktur aufgeklärt. Dabei wurden folgende Metabolite identifiziert: Nicht umgesetztes Fenazox, o‐Hydroxyazobenzen, o‐Hydroxyanilin und p‐Hydroxyanilin. Wahrscheinlich wird der Wirkstoff zunächst enzymatisch oder nichtenzymatisch in o‐Hydroxyazobenzen umgewandelt, dann erfolgt eine reduktive Spaltung in o‐Hydroxyanilin und Anilin. Letzteres wird seinerseits in o‐Hydroxy‐ und p‐Hydroxyanilin umgewandelt. Experimente zur Umwandlungskinetik zeigen, daß das applizierte Fenazox in seiner Konzentration schnell abnimmt, daß das erste Umwandlungsprodukt o‐Hydroxyazobenzen anfangs ansteigt, um dann in seiner Konzentration wieder abzusinken. Mit zunehmender Applikationsdauer kommt es zu einem Anstieg der nichtextrahierbaren Rückstände.
Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities in plant foods from Vietnam and Hungary
Authors: Vinh Le Tien , Dworschák E.
Published: November 2006

A method for the determination of chymotrypsin inhibitor activity and a screening test for evaluating higher activities of trypsin inhibitor were elaborated.

The protease inhibitor activities of the most important plant foods from Vietnam and Hungary were determined. In cereals and legume seeds the activity of chymotrypsin inhibitors is generally lower than that of the trypsin inhibitors. In various soy products (isolates, texturates) the extent of lowering of chymotrypsin inhibitor activity was less than that of trypsin inhibitor related to raw soy bean. The cooking process according to the usual kitchen technique of Vietnam has more effect on the higher trypsin inhibitor level of soy bean than on other legumes of average activity.
Enzymatic modification of egg‐white protein and some of its functional properties
Authors: Behnke U. , Kiss E. , Nádudvari V. , Rutiloff H.
Published: November 2006

Because of the presence of proteinase inhibitors the enzymatic modification of egg‐white protein demands a heating process to inactivate the inhibitors before enzyme action. The herewith occuring strong coagulation of the protein complicates the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. A laboratory process is given to produce partial hydrolyzates of egg‐white protein using thermitase (a proteinase of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris) and pancreatin. To characterize the egg‐white protein hydrolyzate the degree of hydrolysis, sensoric properties (especially bitterness) and some functional properties such as solubility, water binding capacity, emulsifiability and foaming properties are determined. In the case of low or medium degrees of hydrolysis the enzymatic modification results in better functional properties as compared with those of the starting material.
Protein‐containing multicomponent gels
Authors: Braudo E. E. , Gotlieb A. M. , Plashina I. G. , Tolstoguzov V. B.
Published: November 2006

The significance of the studies of protein‐containing multicomponent gels for the development of the technology of fabricated foods is emphasized. The properties of mixed and filled gels, both single‐ and two phase, are briefly discussed. The excluded volume effect is of primary importance in the formation of such gels. The possibility to modify the functional properties of gelatine as a gel‐forming agent, an emulgator and a stabilizer of emulsions, through the addition of small amounts of other proteins or polysaccharides is shown.
Zur Problematik des Erfassens von Qualitätsveränderungen während der Lagerung von Gemüse
Authors: Böttcher H.
Published: November 2006

Basing on long standing experience the author explains problems of attachment of individual components to different partial terms of quality, specific selection of the most suitable basis of reference for determining quality alterations resulting from storage as well as ascertainment of storage duration and problems of adapted packing and storing. As to alteration of components it is necessary to differentiate between changes in their content in the eatable fresh mass (decrease or increase) and such changes in consideration of the losses of fresh mass by transpiration and respiration (loss or growth).
Supplementation of wheat flour with some local legumes
Authors: Shehata Nazira A. , Darwish Nazek , El‐Nahry Fekry , Abdel Razek Fatma A.
Published: November 2006

Egyptian bread made with broad bean flour, lentil flour, and wheat flour was scored for aroma, crust colour, crumb colour, texture, flavour and over‐all acceptability by Egyptian judges. Protein quality of the bread was measured by a rat growth study. Analysis of variance for the data from the organoleptic evaluation was insignificant. The results indicate that broad bean flour could be added to wheat flour in making Egyptian Ballady bread up to 20% without affecting any of the tested characteristics. However, supplementation of wheat flour with more than 15% lentil flour might have some effect on flavour and hence on overall acceptability. The addition of 5, 10, 15 and 20% broad bean flour and lentil flour was accompained by an increase in the PER. It was clear that wheat flour supplemented with broad bean flour had a more pronounced effect on the PER at a 5 and 10% level of supplementation than that supplemented with lentil. The PER data were subjected to analysis of variance. At 1% level of significance the increase in PER for the 10, 15 and 20% broad bean breads was significant. Also the differences in the PERs between 5, 10 and 15% broad bean flour was significant. At 1% level of significance there was a significant difference in the PER values of bread made with 15 and 20% lentil flour. Incorporating broad bean flour into bread at a 20% level had a significant effect on the NPR at 1% and 5% level of significance. At 1% level of significance the only significant increase in NPR was noticed using the 20% level of lentil flour.
Chemical and nutritional assessment of sweetpotato proteins
Authors: Khalil M. , Hamza M. A. , Makki M. M.
Published: November 2006

The solubility of sweetpotato nitrogen increased outside the pH range 3–6 for the pulp, and 2–5 for the peel of the two varieties namely, “Abees” and “Giza 69”. The minimum nitrogen extractability occurred between the pH range 3–4, and 4–5 for the peel and pulp, respectively. The sweetpotato protein isolates were prepared separatly from both peel and pulp of the two varieties. The former had the highest values of carbohydrates and ash while the latter had the highest vaules of protein and fat.

The in‐vitro digestibility of sweetpotato proteins and casein by pepsin‐pancreatin was studied. Casein was more easly digested than the proteins of sweetpotatoes, whose digestibilities were higher in the pulp than in the peel of the two varieties. No trypsin inhibitor activity was detected in peel and pulp of both varieties under test. The effect of the variety of sweetpotatoes on the protein patterns was studied using the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and varietal specific patterns were obtained.