bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From “Gay Lisp” to “Fierce Queen”: The Sociophonetics of Sexuality’s Most Iconic Variable
Authors: Calder Jeremy
Published: December 2020

The sound of the queer voice has captured the intrigue of the popular and sociolinguistic imagination, spurring a wave of research investigating what makes someone “sound gay.” This chapter follows the trajectory of the sociophonetics of LGBTQ+ speakers, focusing on what is perhaps the most robustly studied phonetic variable in queer linguistics: the /s/ sound. The chapter explores how a group of non-normative drag queens in San Francisco use acoustic dimensions of /s/ to project radical queerness, illustrating how this community’s practices bear on greater conversations in sociolinguistics involving the connection between phonetic variation and the articulation of identity.
Advances in Exponential Random Graph Models
Authors: Lusher Dean , Wang Peng , Brennecke Julia , Brailly Julien , Faye Malick , Gallagher Colin
Published: December 2020

This chapter presents recent developments in exponential random graph models (ERGMs), statistical models for social network structure. ERGMs assume that social networks are composed of various network substructures (or network configurations) like reciprocity, brokerage, or transitive closure, which, combined together, explain how the network came into being. The chapter also discusses recent developments for related models—auto-logistic actor attributes models (ALAAMs)—that examine social influence effects. The chapter focuses on three new types of models that have developed in the past few years: directed network models for social influence, multilevel extensions of ERGMs, and multilevel extensions of ALAAMs. The chapter concludes with three empirical applications to demonstrate what new possibilities exist in the application of these new statistical models for social networks to social science questions.
Field Experiments of Preferential Attachment
Authors: van de Rijt Arnout , Akin Afife Idil
Published: December 2020

The preferential attachment hypothesis posits that a node’s propensity to be linked to by other nodes increases with the number of incoming links it has already accumulated. Compellingly demonstrating the presence of such positive feedback in connectivity in longitudinal records is made difficult by confounding temporal processes and unobserved nodal attributes. This challenge can be addressed with a field experimental strategy in which the experimenter bestows links upon random nodes and compares subsequent attachment to these experimental nodes to a control group. In recent studies the authors reported on four such field experiments representing distinct empirical environments and theoretical contexts. In each environment the hypothesis was confirmed, suggesting that preferential attachment is a common feature of network growth in many contexts. This chapter presents results from a novel test in a fifth environment, eBay, where preferential attachment was again found to operate.
Networks in Archaeology
Authors: Knappett Carl
Published: December 2020

This chapter reviews the prolific recent uptake of network concepts and methods in archaeology. Quite different kinds of models have proven popular—some use theoretical propositions to create their network outputs, while others build their networks from the bottom up based on material evidence. These can be called theory models and data models, respectively. This chapter argues that the former typically focus on dyadic links, often across some spatial divide, and the latter are better equipped for identifying triadic social relations. Therefore, these key scalar differences need to be recognized when trying to understand different archaeological approaches to network analysis. The chapter further suggests that the considerable archaeological interest in exploring the complex relations between humans and artifacts in topological rather than geographical terms is only just gaining traction in network analysis, with considerable future potential.
Networks of Culture,Networks of Meaning
Authors: Light Ryan , Cunningham Jeanine
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on the relationship between culture and networks. Sense-making is a collective activity and, therefore, subject to network processes. This chapter builds on work that approaches this relationship using formal methods with an interest in how meaning is structured. It describes two approaches to analyzing meaning from a structural position: text networks that model the relationships between texts based on overlapping content and subject-action-object networks that model the content of a text corpus by digging deeper into the grammatical relationships between words. These approaches are illustrated with analyses of the classic US Works Progress Administration interviews with formerly enslaved Americans from the 1930s.
War in Deuteronomy
Authors: Pitkänen Pekka
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the war motif in Deuteronomy. After listing passages that refer or allude to war in Deuteronomy, it outlines developments of the war motif in the history of interpretation, including the linking of Deuteronomy with the reform of Josiah by W. M. L. de Wette and seminal work on war in the Old Testament by Gerhard von Rad. This is followed by a digest of representative works in current discussion. Finally, the chapter uses recent sociological studies of war, violence, settler colonialism, migration, and genocide to reanalyze the literary significance of the war motif in Deuteronomy and how it functions as part of the wider literary work of Genesis-Joshua.
Introduction
Authors: Clanton Dan W. , Clark Terry R.
Published: December 2020

This introduction explains why exploring the reciprocal relationship between the Bible and popular culture in the U.S. is an important endeavor by making two claims: no one comes to the Bible in an absolute or unmediated fashion; and popular culture isn’t simply one aspect of our society, it constitutes society as we know it. After addressing (or not) some definitional matters, we outline what readers can find in this Handbook by describing the macro and micro organization of the chapters, as well as the contents of those chapters. Throughout the introduction, we stress that our Handbook is meant to be a representative—not exhaustive—sampling of useful, quality, and accessible scholarship focused on specific topics within larger thematic or topical areas.
Judas in Films
Authors: Hebron Carol A.
Published: December 2020

This chapter tracks the evolving and changing interpretations of filmic portrayals of Judas Iscariot from 1902 to 2017. Variations depicting Judas’s motives, his sinister behavior, his status in the apostolic band, his relationship with Jesus—and Satan—and his suicide are identified and discussed. The focus is on Judas’s characterization through appearance, dialogue, external action, internal action, reactions of other characters, dramatic foils, caricature and leitmotif, name typing, and music. Through a century of films the Judas character progressively transforms from the demonized Jew to being the mouthpiece for the oppressed and becomes the instrument of humanity’s salvation. The films analyzed are more than adaptations of the gospel account. They also reflect the social, political, and cultural concerns of their time and stand as artifacts of pluralistic and diverse societies.
On the Use of Synthetic Populations to Assess Health Risks of Complex Disasters
Authors: Swarup Samarth , Gohlke Julia M. , Bohland James R.
Published: December 2020

The pathways from climate change and related disasters to health outcomes can be conceptualized as direct (primary) or indirect (secondary or tertiary). How these pathways impact the health of a given population are the result of complex interactions between climate-induced forcing functions, non-climatic environmental risk factors, community socio-economic structures and processes, and the health attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups. These interactions vary by place and over time to create a complex mosaic of health risks. To address the complexity of the consequences of climate change across space and time, planning and policy approaches have typically used post-hoc analyses and have extrapolated relationships temporally without the ability in most instances to account for new contextual conditions at a place.

The focus of this handbook chapter is to describe and illustrate how agent-based modeling of synthetic populations could be used to create reasonable scenarios of current and future health risks associated with climate change and related disasters. As an example of the utility of the platform, the chapter provides an estimate of extreme heat exposures of individuals in one region of the United States. Additionally, it gives examples of further applications of synthetic population modeling for assessing health risks following an acute natural disaster, such as a hurricane or earthquake.
Ezekiel and Israel’s Legal Traditions
Authors: Lyons Michael A.
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the similarities and differences in form, content, and vocabulary between the book of Ezekiel and the commands, motivations, and sanctions in the Pentateuch. It considers how legal traditions in the broad sense—that is, not just “laws,” but also statements about obligation, benefits, and punishments—are used in the book of Ezekiel. The logic of the book is deeply indebted to priestly ideology and its notions of purity and holiness. This chapter also examines the possibility, nature, and direction of dependence, both conceptual and literary, between the book of Ezekiel and Israel’s legal traditions (Deuteronomic, Priestly, and Holiness) that were textualized and incorporated into what became the Pentateuch.
Mexico’s Democratic Transition and Consolidation since 1977
Authors: Lewis Stephen E.
Published: December 2020

In 1977, Mexico’s hegemonic ruling party, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), initiated an incremental transition to democracy that was propelled forward at significant moments by civil society, a more independent media, and political and economic crises. The PRI finally lost its absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies in 1997 and conceded the presidency three years later to Vicente Fox of the center-right PAN (Partido de Acción Nacional). Mexican democratization focused on running clean elections and strengthening political parties, leaving authoritarian legal and police institutions intact. Moreover, the administrations of PANistas Fox and Felipe Calderón (2000–2012) failed to dismantle Mexico’s corrupt corporatist political system. Democratic consolidation marched hand in hand with spiraling violence and lackluster economic performance. The PRI’s disastrous return to power in 2012 brought the party’s culture of corruption and impunity into clear focus, while the violence raged unabated. In the 2018 elections, Mexicans exercised their hard-fought democratic rights to reject the establishment and deliver stunning victories to populist Andrés Manuel López Obrador and his fledgling party, Morena. At this time, it is unclear whether AMLO’s self-proclaimed “fourth transformation” of Mexican political life will include a further consolidation of Mexico’s democratic institutions and practices.
Of Markets and Principles
Authors: Hennette Vauchez Stéphanie
Published: December 2020

This chapter assesses how blood, tissue, and cells are retrieved and circulated in Europe. It investigates the ongoing tug of war between two main regulatory paradigms in the field of human body parts and cells: a human/fundamental rights–inspired paradigm on one hand, and a market–inspired one on the other hand. It also recasts the familiar opposition that is often found in comparative work in the field of health and biomedical law between a European “human rights” model of regulation and a North American “market” one as overly simplistic. As it highlights the status of the actual actors that evolve in the field of biomedicine concerned in blood, tissue, and cells circulation as well as the corresponding normative rationales, it complements Natalie Ram’s “incomplete commodification” paradigm in the United States to that of the market creep that is taking place in Europe.
Introduction to Fraud and Abuse Law
Authors: Elliott Tracey A. , Krause Joan H.
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on healthcare fraud and the range of legal solutions provided to address fraud in the United States and Europe on a federal level. It provides key examples of the range of approaches to healthcare fraud that are adopted within Europe. It also analyzes the manner in which healthcare systems in the United States and Europe are funded and organized, considering that fraud is dynamic and dependent on the mechanisms for funding in the relevant system. This chapter reviews the issue of what qualifies as healthcare fraud, and it considers both the definitional problem and the interplay between the moral and ethical content of fraud and legal definitions of fraudulent conduct. It discusses operational issues in the identification, prevention, and punishment of healthcare fraud in the United States and Europe.
Humanism and the Modern Age
Authors: Walker Corey D. B.
Published: December 2020

The story of humanism in the modern age is not a simple, linear narrative that begins in classical antiquity and continues to the contemporary moment. Rather, humanism represents a complex contestation of ideas and ideologies born out of the intercourse of the contact of cultures that mark the modern European encounter with the world. Humanism in the modern world is thus critically understood in the reflexive contact between peoples, cultures, and ideas and the processes of making sense of being human in the world. The contests and conquests for power, legitimacy, and authority shape and inform the discourse of humanism in ways that often elide this dense and diverse experience. Aimé Césaire, Frantz Fanon, and Edward Said provide critical resources to interrogate the discourse of humanism and the emergence of the human that comes to dominate the narrative and render humanism as an unique idea and event of European modernity.
Violences in the South African Student Movement
Authors: Khanyile Buhle
Published: December 2020

This essay draws attention to the complexities of understanding violence as a phenomenon and experience that almost always involves multiple parties, and contestations about violence itself and its use. It does so as both a theoretical and qualitative exploration of the concept and its lived experiences. The essay begins by puzzling over the intelligibility of violence and its definitional issues. Drawing on disciplinary approaches to violence (e.g., biological, sociological and political) as well as violence as spectacle, symbolic, embodied, systemic or implicit, it shows how violence has been and is mobilized to bring attention to sociopolitical and economic challenges currently and historically. Next it examines student experiences of violence during the recent student movement events in South Africa, and locates this event within the historical context of South Africa’s past and current experience of violence. Ultimately, the essay attempts to offer a way of thinking about violence less as an aberration to our peaceful existence but rather argues that violence might shape our very existence. It concludes by offering “existential violence” as a concept to help think through the relationship between existence and violence in a more nuanced way.
Home, Belonging, and Africanity in the Film Black Panther
Authors: Bashonga Ragi
Published: December 2020

This essay uses the film Black Panther to explore notions of home, identity, and belonging as these relate to race and being African. Black Panther added a more positive representation of Black identity and culture which is generally lacking in popular culture. Building on this achievement, the essay engages with the tensions between racial and national identities for the African diaspora, as Africanity and notions of belonging are disrupted by migration. While race is the identity of primary importance for Black Americans due to its role in marking difference, subordination, and oppression, for Wakandans in Black Panther national identity is more significant and a source of pride. When considered in relation to the diaspora, history, and cultural connectedness, ideas about Africanity need to hold real forms of oppression alongside change and difference, acknowledging that certain bodies have been repeatedly oppressed, without assuming that local histories are universal.
First Generation Students Navigating Educational Aspirations in Zanzibar and Ghana
Authors: Markovich Morris Emily , Adjei Millicent
Published: December 2020

In Ghana and Zanzibar, Tanzania, first-generation students navigate uncertain and precarious conditions in the pursuit of becoming graduates and achieving their educational aspirations. This essay argues that youth in the Global South perform two entwined navigational capacities in this pursuit. First, the capacity for action, or collective agency, harnessed through relations with people in youths’ families, schools, and communities. Second, the capacity to hustle, which is a strategy of mobilizing social connections, life experiences, and tenacity to persevere through struggles and uncertainties. Narratives from fifty-eight first-generation secondary school and university students in Ghana and Zanzibar inductively reveal hustling as a strategy for engaging collective agency in the process of navigating structural barriers. The authors draw on youth-centered methodologies—popular theater and life history approaches—to show the complexity of youths’ experiences in negotiating the challenges and uncertainties in their lives while pursuing an education.
New Media and Islamist Mobilization in Egypt
Authors: Siegel Alexandra A.
Published: December 2020

Drawing on almost a decade of public Egyptian Facebook posts, this chapter demonstrates that Islamist actors were particularly successful at gaining visibility and spreading narratives that advance their goals on social media, relative to other political actors. It also explores the political consequences of this online success, suggesting that the same social media technologies that facilitated the Muslim Brotherhood’s mobilization efforts in the post-revolution period may have also undermined the organization by accelerating its fragmentation, amplifying extremist voices, and giving the military regime a new authoritarian toolkit with which to fight the Brotherhood on- and offline. Motivated by resource mobilization theory, the chapter argues that movements with stronger organizational structures, greater access to resources, and more coherent ideologies are able to use new media technologies more successfully than more fragmented and less-well-funded groups.
State Institutions and Economic Performance in Nineteenth-Century Egypt
Authors: Blaydes Lisa , El Tarouty Safinaz
Published: December 2020

This article examines the relationship between state institutions and economic development in nineteenth-century Egypt. Leading theories in political economy suggest that centralized, yet constrained, state institutions are essential prerequisites for generating high levels of economic growth and prosperity. The article considers the ways in which centralizing reforms in nineteenth-century Egypt concentrated power in the hands of the khedives, damaging the capacity for other societal actors to constrain the executive. The relative lack of constraints on the Egyptian khedives permitted excessive borrowing that paved the way for European colonial intervention, with implications for economic development.
Equipoise
Authors: London Alex John
Published: December 2020

The term “equipoise” refers to a state of uncertainty about the relative merits of a set of interventions, such as medical treatments for a particular disease or alternative policies for promoting economic, educational, or public health outcomes. This chapter discusses the role of equipoise in ensuring that research generates scientifically sound and socially valuable information while respecting the rights and welfare of the individuals whose interests are impacted by the conduct of the research. Alternative formulations of equipoise are distinguished, as are alternative ethical frameworks that provide a rationale for, and give content to, this appeal to uncertainty. It is argued that equipoise can be grounded in a general framework that applies to all research with humans that reconciles the imperative to produce socially valuable information with respect for the status of both participants and community members as free and equal persons.
Semi-Presidentialism
Authors: Boyron Sophie
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses semi-presidentialism, a relative newcomer to the disciplines of both comparative constitutional law and comparative politics. It first retraces the early transformation of the regime of the French Fifth Republic from parliamentary to semi-presidential regime. Secondly, the chapter analyses the early identification of this regime type and the difficulties encountered in defining it. The attempts to assess this regime are then examined. Afterwards, the chapter sketches the migration of semi-presidentialism around the world so as to understand its present spread. Finally, it suggests broadening the basis for the classification of semi-presidential regimes by highlighting the key role played by institutions other than the executive and legislature.
Social Protection and Vulnerability
Authors: Murphy John
Published: December 2020

This chapter surveys the interlocking ensemble of public policy choices made in Australia around the beginning of the twentieth century, tracing the impact they have had over time. Policies of tariff protectionism, wage arbitration, racial exclusion, and social welfare were embedded in institutions. Using the framework of historical institutionalism, the chapter charts the gradual demolition of these policies, and of the distinctive pattern of social protection they attempted to develop. Shifting from a highly protected economy to one more exposed to global forces undermined the old system of ‘domestic defence’, placing significant pressure on a male breadwinner wages system and on the social welfare institutions built on the presumption of fair wages. In this scenario, it is remarkable that the welfare system has remained largely intact.
Settlement and Migration
Authors: Elder Catriona
Published: December 2020

Beginning with the colonization event in 1788 and then moving through the arrival of free settlers in the nineteenth century, this chapter considers how the British and then colonial governments sutured themselves into the space that became Australia. It explores key cultural and political events that created a sense of belonging for non-Indigenous peoples at this time. The chapter then explains how policies and practices that marked out the limits of migrant belonging have worked, focusing on the migration of groups who were understood as marginal to the nation. Again, emphasis is placed on the range of ideas, events, demands, and desires about migration that complicated policies and practices that clearly sought to produce a white Australia. Lastly, the analysis in this chapter locates migration in relation to the spatial, focusing on how migration and settlement practices were shaped in terms of political and everyday understandings of Australia in relation to: first, other countries in the region, especially Asia; second, the ‘mother country’, the United Kingdom; and finally, the Indigenous peoples within the country.
Australia’s Pursuit of Place in the World
Authors: Byrne Caitlin
Published: December 2020

Australia’s place on the world stage has evolved dramatically over the past century. Although no longer preoccupied with isolation from the British Empire, Australia grapples with the challenges of its proximity at the apex of a diverse and dynamic Indo-Pacific. While holding out the aspirations of regional power with global interests, the island continent continues to be plagued by anxiety in its pursuit of place in a contested world. This chapter explores the contours of Australia’s contemporary place-making project. Recognizing the complexity of the subject matter, in which dimensions of history, memory, geography, economics, and culture collide, the chapter draws on the nation’s diplomatic practice as a lens through which to view the competing forces of change and continuity at play. It begins by noting that the theoretical underpinnings of Australian diplomacy raise interrelated concerns about material power and powerlessness, national security, and broad cultural values, all of which contribute to Australia’s evolving sense of place over key points in time. Despite claims that Australia’s approach to the outside world is gripped by repetitive impulses to ‘engage or retreat’, this chapter finds that ultimately, the nation’s place-making project tends towards openness over insularity, engagement over isolation, and activism over passivity. The central claim is that Australia’s constructive, yet pragmatic style of diplomacy—in its many forms—plays a critical though undervalued role in positioning the nation on the global and regional stage.
The Politics of the Environment in Australia
Authors: Crowley Kate
Published: December 2020

Australia has a distinctive environment, with rich remnant biodiversity, mega-diversity (Kirkpatrick 1994), and World Heritage listings, but it persists with Eurocentric settler practices, exploiting its natural resources, and rolling back its ecological frontiers. Valuing nature and transitioning to sustainability are advocated by experts, academics, green political parties, environmental NGOs, and, increasingly, by civil society. However, attention to environmental policy waxes and wanes according to national circumstances, with the major parties typically more accommodating of pressures to develop than protect the environment. Ecology and climate change are therefore persistent challenges that are routinely subject to political contestation and polarization. While recurrent developmentalism, environmental impacts and policy failures are central to Australian politics today, they are not prominent in political or policy-based analysis. This chapter presents an overview of the key issues.
Beyond ‘Structured Inattention’
Authors: Brigg Morgan , Murphy Lyndon
Published: December 2020

Australian scholarly knowledge of Indigenous politics is predominantly conducted on settler–colonial terms that elide Indigenous sociopolitical order and shape Indigenous agency. This manifests in an evolving form of ‘structured inattention’ that implicitly or explicitly accepts the bounds of settler rule and operates across apparently divergent policy phases regardless of party-political differences. Exceptions to this pattern have tended to have relatively less influence on public policy, but have persisted from the 1980s. Critical approaches are currently burgeoning, apparently in response to unresolved questions about how colonial domination shapes politics and governing, and how these phenomena are known and studied.
Australian Politics in Local Government
Authors: Deem Jacob
Published: December 2020

The majority of Australians live in capital cities, and the urban–rural divide represents one of the most deeply ingrained and enduring cleavages in Australian society. Regional governance is therefore a crucial part of place-making in Australian politics. This chapter highlights the strengths and challenges for local government in Australia, paying particular attention to regional and rural governance. It does so from two perspectives. The first is a top-down focus on the institutional arrangements that can either privilege or marginalize regional interests, and includes an examination of the constitutional, electoral, and executive forces that affect decision-making for these areas. The second perspective is bottom-up, and considers Australian citizens’ identification with, and sense of belonging to, regional areas. It draws on insights from recent survey data to analyse individual-level identities and their influence on political views, and also considers the broader contribution of the outback and the ‘bushman’ as important (if challenged) features of Australian national identity and popular rhetoric, which is accessible to both regional and metropolitan residents.
Mental Illness through the Lens of Mindfulness
Authors: Dobkin Patricia Lynn , Monshat Kaveh
Published: December 2020

The intention of this chapter is to re-envision mental illness within a paradigm that unites the biopsychosocial paradigm with a modern Buddhist spirituality, particularly associated with mindfulness. Emotion regulation, a balanced relationship with one’s self-concept, and social connection are usually regarded as essential components of well-being within both systems of thought. Western psychology and mindfulness practice have, at times, been seen to have fundamentally opposing aims: one to strengthen the self and the other to arrive at “no-self” or “emptiness.” This chapter purports that the two approaches may overlap and can be complementary both in their contribution to understanding the self and the regulation of emotions. Clinical narratives of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and psychosis are included to exemplify the application of a whole-person outlook to understand mental illness. While an orientation to well-being through a mindfulness perspective may be generally helpful, mindfulness meditation is not a panacea: for some patients, it may be contraindicated, applied in a modified format, or used alongside medication and/or psychotherapy. This chapter presents a “middle way” between the views of suffering that informs mindfulness practice and that which is drawn from psychology and psychiatry.
The Unfinished Book: Introduction
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra , Lynch Deidre
Published: December 2020

The introduction outlines the case made by the contributors to The Unfinished Book for the continuing vitality of the material book as object of humanistic inquiry. It argues, first, that book studies and literary studies remain mutually relevant in the in the twenty-first century; and second, that the book’s unfinishedness is constitutive—of its manifold meanings as well as its doings in the world. The introduction goes on to explains the volume’s division into three sections. Chapters in the first section respond to the question “what is a book?” as they assemble a long history of bibliodiversity. In the second section, dedicated to the question “where are books?,” chapters explore books’ locations and boundary-crossing migrations. Finally, the introduction describes section of the volume that asks “when are books?” In this section, chapters highlight books’ existence in time, their amenability to recycling and reordering, and their resistance to linear accounts of development and change.
Book Faces
Authors: Goldsby Jacqueline
Published: December 2020

Across the first half of the twentieth century, author portraits migrated from the frontispiece inside of books to the exterior covers of dust jackets; at the same time, while Jim Crow segregation reached its repressive heights in the United States, African-American literature enjoyed unprecedented circulation in the mainstream literary marketplace. This chapter traces this convergence to explore the cultural work performed by the “face” of a book—frontispieces, dust jackets, and author portraits. Examining these lays bare the signal development that distinguishes mid-twentieth-century African-American authorship from its eighteenth- and nineteenth-century precedents: namely, the turn away from writing as corroboration of black humanity to writing as expressive of black pluralities or personae. By setting alterity, not authenticity, as the threshold where readers meet and interpret black literature as works of art, the migration of author portraits also functions as a trope for the ethics of reading.
Pilgrims’ Texts
Authors: Bale Anthony
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores reading and writing on the move, through the transnational medium of pilgrims’ books. It considers literary writing about pilgrimage by the likes of William Langland and Geoffrey Chaucer; a printed indulgence sold to pilgrims the shrine of St Cornelius in St Margaret’s Church at Westminster; and the routes taken, books read, and texts produced by particular medieval pilgrims, including Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV of England. The chapter examines the ways in which pilgrimage was a stimulus to writing as well as to reading, and was a process that put the material facets of textual production into a variety of dynamic and often surprising relations with communities of readers and writers.
Books in Ether
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Priyasha
Published: December 2020

This chapter reconsiders some of the premises of the still-nascent field of global book history. What is the work of a “global” book? To open up cultural worlds? How far does a book have to circulate to be considered “global”? I take as my test case Helena Blavatsky’s bestselling esoteric world history, Isis Unveiled (1877). Despite its commercial success, the work—on the surface of it, syncretic, scholarly, and erudite—was surrounded by accusations that it was almost completely plagiarized. Blavatsky spent the next twenty years of her life defending her magnum opus: first, claiming that it was the product of divine dictation; later, that its errors were the work of sloppy proofreaders. Tracking the colorful history of this eccentric text, I show how Isis Unveiled, a triumph of circulation, but also a failed exercise in cultural understanding, both supports and challenges methods in global book history.
Notebooks
Authors: Reader Simon
Published: December 2020

The eighteenth-century German polymath Georg Christoph Lichtenberg developed a utopian style of note-taking that anticipated the fantasy of democratically organized information promulgated by social media in the twenty-first century. In his “waste-books” (a term drawn from accounting) Lichtenberg made a virtue of the unfinished, promoting the use of the notebook as a tool directed to purposes other than publication: first, as an accumulation of informational wealth (“pennyworths); second, as an incubator for future possibilities over which he exercised no control (“seeds”); and, third, as a space where the micro trades places with the macro (“keyholes”). Lichtenberg elected to live in manuscript, relinquishing his witty retorts, aphoristic reflections, or ideas for whole books entirely to posterity. He kept marginal notations as a way of honing an individual style that was simultaneously divorced from social exchange with the living.
The Things Books Make
Authors: Festa Lynn
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines objects shaped like books, from memorial stone tablets and love tokens to more utilitarian objects like spruce-gum containers and sewing kits, to twentieth-century mass-produced gag gifts. Focusing on those forms of non-literary value inhering in the book, this chapter analyzes the sentimental and ludic values assigned to the dazzling array of book-look objects (or “blooks”) fashioned across the centuries in Britain and America. What do these objects borrow from the book, on the one hand, and what do they tell us about the unique nature of the book, on the other? Focusing on the object-orientation of reading, I examine how book-look objects transform our understanding of the materiality of the book, and of the modes of perdurability and history the book, as opposed to the text, is asked to carry.
The Mutilated Text
Authors: Whittington Leah
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the history and affordances of personifying unfinished or materially altered books as violated and dismembered human beings. While medieval book catalogs sometimes alerted readers to books with partial contents, early Italian humanists such as Francesco Petrarca, Poggio Bracciolini, Leonardo Bruni, and Angelo Poliziano forged a new language for textual loss, using metaphors of mutilation to register their grief and to announce their project of cultural repair. Appropriating classical myths of dispersal and reassembly to lament damage done by the ravages of time, humanists cast the scholar-critic in the redemptive role of physician and healer, inventing in turn some the tropes for thinking about lost texts that textual critics still use today. If humanists shifted the language of mutilation from the book’s integrity to the text’s correctness, what poetic language do we use to register and experience textual loss in the digital age?
Encountering Indigenous Law in Canada
Authors: Thom Brian
Published: December 2020

This chapter reflects on the work happening at the intersection of anthropology and law in Canada with respect to Indigenous peoples’ rights, title, governance, and legal orders. Indigenous legal scholars have ignited an important new engagement with Indigenous legal orders that are reshaping mainstream Canadian legal discourses. The chapter reviews how this work has profound implications for the direction of the recognition of Indigenous land title, territorial rights, and Indigenous jurisdictions. It argues that anthropologists have the opportunity to shift their engagement with Indigenous law from essentialized production of traditional cultures to ethnographically engaging with the logics and practices of Indigenous legal orders. The chapter develops a brief ethnographic case-study involving several closely related Island Hul’q’umi’num’ (Coast Salish) communities on the east coast of Vancouver Island (British Columbia) as they work to mobilize longstanding Indigenous principles and understandings of land tenure and harvest rights among themselves in a complex, state-regulated environment of shellfish harvesting. The purpose of the case-study is to highlight a path of anthropological engagement with contemporary Indigenous law, working both to appreciate the ways Indigenous and state legal orders are brought to life concurrently over time, and to reflect on the on-the-ground ways legal pluralism is experienced. The case also offers conceptual opportunities to transcend problematic state discourses of ‘overlapping claims’ and makes space for workable principles of co-existence through Indigenous legal sensibility.
The Ethnographic Gaze on State Law in India
Authors: Baxi Pratiksha
Published: December 2020

Rather than offering an exhaustive catalogue of anthropological and sociological writings on law in India in the last two to three decades, this review essay shows how the ethnographic gaze constitutes state law in this body of work. Locating ethnography in police stations, forensic laboratories, customary courts, or trial courts implies a rejection of the idea that appellate law exhausts state law. Emphasizing everyday processes of the law and providing accounts of subjection and resistance allows us to re-think the categories that are normalized in the doctrinal picture of law. Ethnographic descriptions of state and non-state law in different sites and temporalities do not merely rehearse Dean Roscoe Pound’s well-known distinction between law in books and law in practice. Rather, these works offer a compelling account of how law is localized, often ceasing to bear resemblance to itself.
Political Strategies of subsidiaries of multinational Enterprises
Authors: De Villa Maria A.
Published: December 2020

This chapter analyzes the political strategies of subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNEs). In doing so, I review the literature at the crossroads of corporate political strategy and international business (IB) strategy and identify four relevant themes. First, the types of political strategies deployed by subsidiaries dichotomize into engaged and non-engaged; and into legal and illegal. Second, the responses of subsidiaries to host political contexts, involve exercising voice, exit, or loyalty through different types of political strategies. Third, the determinants that explain the choice, approach (transactional or relational), level of participation (individual or collective), intensity, or dissimilarity of the political strategies of subsidiaries, can be clustered into five levels of analysis: home country, host country, multinational, subsidiary, and managerial. Fourth, the main outcomes of subsidiary political strategies are legitimacy in the host country and performance. The chapter concludes with promising opportunities for future research on political strategies from a subsidiary perspective, a growing area of study in IB strategy.
Foreign Market Re-Entry Strategies
Authors: Surdu Irina
Published: December 2020

Exit is not an irreversible, “win or lose” event in the lifecycle of a multinational enterprise (MNE). Some firms decide to re-enter exited markets. Yet, our knowledge of MNEs’ re-entry strategies remains limited, and where re-entry is discussed, perspectives based predominantly on the rational exploitation of resources and experiential learning prove insufficient. This chapter proposes a behavioral lens for understanding complex decisions such as re-entry. Decisions such as re-entry depend on the manner in which the past experience (in this case, the exit) is framed and perceived by decision makers. Given the time-out period between exit and re-entry, re-entry choices may be influenced by the subjective and often outdated experiences of managers. International business (IB) strategy theory has largely ignored the influence of managerial own biases and memory in shaping managers’ perceptions of events. The chapter emphasizes the importance of different types of cognitive biases as theoretical concepts that complement rationality-based assumptions about the dynamic IB strategies of MNEs.
International Business History and the strategy of multinational enterprises
Authors: Jones Geoffrey , Lopes Teresa da Silva
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of international business (IB) over time as well as the predominant strategies used by multinational enterprises (MNEs). It highlights how international strategizing becomes more complex over time with MNEs moving from being coordinators of resources and managers of geographical distance to orchestrators of global value creating centers, a role that is changing again as value chains are restricted in response to the growth of political nationalism. The chapter highlights the recent dialog between IB history and IB strategy, and the opportunities for further interdisciplinary collaboration between the two disciplines in the production of research that is of both academic and practical relevance. The chapter challenges the idea that many unexpected IB challenges require strategies by MNEs that are labeled as “new.” Overall, it demonstrates how history can refine theory and provide learning opportunities for IB strategy researchers, practitioners, and policy makers.
Capability-Based Theories of Multinational Enterprise Growth
Authors: Teece David J. , Petricevic Olga
Published: December 2020

In this chapter we argue that traditional approaches to modeling the growth of the multinational enterprise (MNE) that focus on costs and efficiencies are too narrow to adequately and comprehensively address the foundations of MNE growth trajectories. Today’s global realities and the changing view of the MNE require a more focused and explicit capability-based perspective. In particular, we posit that contemporary theories of the MNE require frameworks and explanations that should simultaneously account for the uncertainties that firms face in their external environment and the complexities of often competing internal, organizational alternatives. To develop our reasoning in support of capability-based thinking, we discuss the changing nature on the international business (IB) landscape, the evolving views on the nature of the MNE, and present the core building blocks of capability-based thinking in managing MNE growth. We conclude the chapter by offering some thoughts on how capability-based thinking could be applied in future scholarly efforts.
Internationalization Process Perspective
Authors: Santangelo Grazia D.
Published: December 2020

To manage the increasing competition in their home markets, firms need to go international and seek new markets, improve their efficiency, acquire natural resources, and (or) gain access to strategic assets. Irrespective of the motivations driving the decision to cross national boundaries, firms face the challenge to plan their internationalization process (IP) effectively. This chapter offers an overview of the IP perspective starting from the original formulation of the IP—or Uppsala— model (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977) to its latest revision (Vahlne & Johanson, 2017) and the open-ended debate that this revision continues to stimulate. It then discusses how firms acquire market knowledge for the first-time versus subsequent internationalization, and why they may change their market commitment after the initial foreign market entry.
Epistemologies
Authors: Cross Ian , Tolbert Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

Understanding how we might understand music confronts us with a number of challenges, not least the question of what we mean by the term “music.” Do we mean “music” as it manifests itself in our discourse, or the musical communication that we experience in making it and listening to it? While the normative frameworks provided by classical epistemology seem most consonant with the theories that we derive from and apply to music as historical practice, those theories are usually heuristic, local in scope, and difficult to reconcile with any systematic epistemology. The diversity of music’s manifestations across cultures further complicates matters; is there something that can legitimately be universally described as “music” across cultures or is music primarily—or even entirely—culture-specific? What music is and does in different cultures seems so widely variable that we are forced to situate our epistemologies in something like an emic, implicit understanding of cultural contexts, severely compromising their generalizability. This realization may force us towards a naturalistic, scientific epistemology, but here, we need to be aware of the fact that such an epistemology is most likely to reveal itself as a bundle of epistemologies rather than a unitary form of explanation. In the end, it seems that the means that we can use to understand music are necessarily plural. The task of the musical epistemologist is not so much to proclaim musical truths but rather to make clear just how their epistemology of choice relates to other possible ways of knowing music.
Hermeneutics
Authors: Kramer Lawrence
Published: December 2020

Musical hermeneutics, the interpretation of the meaning of musical works, genres, or performances, has traditionally been limited by the assumption that any meaning music might have must derive from the intrinsically musical dimension of form, technique, or structure. This assumption is a mistake. Understanding why it goes wrong may lead to a more robust and revealing understanding of music. A more genuinely musical hermeneutics is possible in light of two modern philosophical concepts—care (from Heidegger) and aspect-change (from Husserl and Wittgenstein)—combined with two new ones: hermeneutic delay as an essential feature in the generation of meaning and paraphrase as a fundamental condition of language in particular and communications media, including music, in general. The interpretive practice thus made possible, illustrated with examples from Haydn and Debussy, extends humanistic knowledge and is consistent (but not compliant) with advances in neuroscience and digital technology that have broadened the concept of cognition beyond conscious thinking.