bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Canon: The Politics of Family during the Last Civic-Military Dictatorship in Argentina, 1976–83
Authors: Juárez-Dappe Patricia
Published: November 2021

On 24 March 1976 a military junta deposed President María Estela Martínez de Perón and assumed power in Argentina. From the first days of the takeover, the authorities worked vigorously to restore what they defined as legitimate Argentine values. This article shows how the family became a focal point of the government's efforts because of its double function as an agent of and a target for renovation. A microcosm of the Argentine nation, the family was considered the basic building block of society, a guarantor of the civic well-being of the nation and, as such, an important ally of the authoritarian state in the fight to restore Argentina's ‘traditional’ values. The analysis focuses on the civic-military regime's efforts to fashion a family canon, which would become the only legitimate version of the Argentine family, and the broad repertoire of strategies used to impose it on the Argentine population.
Plasma scale length and quantum electrodynamics effects on particle acceleration at extreme laser plasmas
Authors: Culfa Ozgur , Sagir Sinan
Published: November 2021

In this work, simulations of multipetawatt lasers at irradiances

${\sim }10^{23} \ \mathrm {W}\ \mathrm {cm}^{-2}$

, striking solid targets and implementing two-dimensional particle-in-cell code was used to study particle acceleration. Preformed plasma at the front surface of a solid target increases both the efficiency of particle acceleration and the reached maximum energy by the accelerated charged particles via nonlinear plasma processes. Here, we have investigated the preformed plasma scale length effects on particle acceleration in the presence and absence of nonlinear quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects, including quantum radiation reaction and multiphoton Breit–Wheeler pair production, which become important at irradiances

${\sim } 10^{23}\ \mathrm {W}\ \mathrm {cm}^{-2}$

. Our results show that QED effects help particles gain higher energies with the presence of preformed plasma. In the results for all cases, preplasma leads to more efficient laser absorption and produces more energetic charged particles, as expected. In the case where QED is included, however, physical mechanisms changed and generated secondary particles (

$\gamma$

-rays and positrons) reversing this trend. That is, the hot electrons cool down due to QED effects, while ions gain more energy due to different acceleration methods. It is found that more energetic

$\gamma$

-rays and positrons are created with increasing scale length due to high laser conversion efficiency (

${\sim }$

24 % for

$\gamma$

-rays and

$\sim$

4 % for positrons at

$L = 7\ \mathrm {\mu }\textrm {m}$

scale length), which affects the ion and electron acceleration mechanisms. It is also observed that the QED effect reduces the collimation of angular distribution of accelerated ions because the dominant ion acceleration mechanism is changing when QED is involved in the process.
Communities of skill in the age of capitalism: Handloom weavers in twentieth-century United Provinces, India
Authors: Rai Santosh Kumar
Published: November 2021

The role of skills has been eclipsed in the transition from an agrarian-craft economy rooted in hand-labour in small households to a modern political economy where productive work takes place outside the household, in offices and factories. Yet the ideological erasure of skilled work should not be confused with its actual disappearance. Precisely because such work was typically construed as private and unimportant, the embedded hierarchies and skills that shaped the handloom weaving industry in the North Indian province of United Provinces under colonial rule could escape systematic conversion to capitalist structures. Skill as human capital constituted the capitalist labour processes in the modern handloom industry, not as an abstract act, but as a historical experience. Handloom workers were reproduced, generationally, socially, and hierarchically, through the passing on of skilled labour within the unorganized informal sector of handloom weaving. Thus the stuff of community skills should move beyond its projection as either ‘endangered’ or ‘regressive’ to explore its access to capitalist structures and the exploitative networks that contain, transmit, and enable the production of skills.
Reform in fragments: Sovereignty, colonialism, and the Sikh tradition
Authors: Judge Rajbir Singh
Published: November 2021

This article rethinks how we understand religious reform under colonial rule by examining Maharaja Duleep Singh, the deposed ruler of the Sikh empire, and how the Singh Sabha, a Sikh reform movement, debated, deployed, and organized around him in the late nineteenth century. I demonstrate how religious reform was a site of intense conflict that reveals the processes of argumentation within the contours of a tradition, even as the colonial state sought to continually mediate the terms. Embedded within a frame of inquiry provided by the Sikh tradition, the contestations that constituted reform within the tradition remained intimately tied in with the question of sovereignty. Ranjit Singh's empire in Panjab had only been annexed 30 years earlier in 1849 and remained a central reference point for thinking about the political at the turn of the century. These debates surrounding Duleep Singh, therefore, disclose the contentious engagements within a tradition that cannot be reduced to binary designations such as colonial construct/indigenous inheritance or religious/political.
A southern Māori perspective on stories of Polynesian polar voyaging
Authors: Anderson Atholl , O’Regan Tipene , Parata-Goodall Puamiria , Stevens Michael , Tau Te Maire
Published: November 2021

As Ngāi Tahu (southern Maori), we take issue with widespread reference in scholarly publication to Polynesian voyagers reaching the Antarctic, an idea that originated in the translation of Rarotongan traditions in the nineteenth century. Analysis of those indicates that they contain no plausible reference to Antarctic seafaring. Southern Māori interests have extended into the Subantarctic Islands for 800 years but there is no reference to Antarctica in our historical traditions. Our archaeology and history document a southern boundary to Māori occupation at Port Ross (Auckland Islands), despite habitable islands existing further south. We think it is very unlikely that Māori or other Polynesian voyaging reached the Antarctic.
Why older rural women in Ireland want to work: it's not all about the money
Authors: Herbert Alison
Published: November 2021

This paper extends our understanding of employment and gendered rural ageing by examining the latent benefits of paid work for mid-life women in rural Ireland. Existing social gerontology literature deals extensively with manifest financial reasons to work, consequences of gendered pay and pension inequalities, work-related health concerns and the negative impacts to an extended working life for women. However, there is much less focus on the latent non-financial positive contributions that work provides for the older woman, especially within a rural context. Findings from this study show how mid-life women, even if in lower-paid, precarious work or in poorer health may choose to continue working into older age. Paid work provides not only financial autonomy, but also temporal structure, life purpose, personal agency, social connectivity and a self-identity that most women are reluctant to relinquish to retirement. Meaningful work plays a critical role in the ageing experience of older rural women. A qualitative study of 25 women aged 45–65 in Connemara, Ireland was undertaken from a lifecourse perspective and analysed using constructivist grounded theory to allow rich, novel narrative to emerge. Narrative from seven, who best represent all participants, are utilised in this paper. Conclusions suggest that the latent benefits of paid work are at least as, if not more important than financial gain for rural mid-life women.
Toward safe and high-performance human–robot collaboration via implementation of redundancy and understanding the effects of admittance term parameters
Authors: Kanık Mert , Ayit Orhan , Dede Mehmet Ismet Can , Tatlicioglu Enver
Published: November 2021

Today, demandsin industrial manufacturing mandate humans to work with large-scale industrial robots, and this collaboration may result in dangerous conditions for humans. To deal with this situation, this work proposes a novel approach for redundant large-scale industrial robots. In the proposed approach, an admittance controller is designed to regulate the interaction between the end effector of the robot and the human. Additionally, an obstacle avoidance algorithm is implemented in the null space of the robot to prevent any possible unexpected collision between the human and the links of the robot. After safety performance of this approach is verified via simulations and experimental studies, the effect of the parameters of the admittance controller on the performance of collaboration in terms of both accuracy and total human effort is investigated. This investigation is carried out via 8 experiments by the participation of 10 test subjects in which the effect of different admittance controller parameters such as mass and damper are compared. As a result of this investigation, tuning insights for such parameters are revealed.
Variable detectability and El-Niño associations with riparian snakes in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Asad Sami , Ng Shi Teng , Sikui Julsun , Rödel Mark-Oliver
Published: November 2021

Although snake populations are suffering numerous local declines, determining the scale of these declines is problematic due to the elusive nature of snakes. Determining the factors associated with species detection is therefore essential for quantifying disturbance effects on populations. From 2017 to 2019, we assessed the detectability associations of five river-associated snake species and all snake detections in general within two logging concessions in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Data collected from both stream transects and visual encounter surveys at 47 stream sites were incorporated into an occupancy-modelling framework to determine the climatological, temporal and survey distance associations with species detection probability. Detection probability of riparian snake species was significantly associated with humidity, month (2 spp. each), survey distance and total rainfall over 60 days (1 spp. each). Pooled snake species detectability was significantly positively associated with transect distance and the 2019 El-Niño year, whilst yearly pooled snake species detections in stream transects spiked during El-Niño (2017 = 2.05, 2018 = 2.47, 2019 = 4.5 snakes per km). This study provides new insights into the detectability of riparian rainforest snakes and suggests that future studies should account for short-term (climatological and temporal) and long-term (El-Niño) factors associated with detection probability when surveying and assessing snake populations.
School connectedness as a protective factor against childhood exposure to violence and social deprivation: A longitudinal study of adaptive and maladaptive outcomes
Authors: Goetschius Leigh G. , McLoyd Vonnie C. , Hein Tyler C. , Mitchell Colter , Hyde Luke W. , Monk Christopher S.
Published: November 2021

School connectedness, a construct indexing supportive school relationships, has been posited to promote resilience to environmental adversity. Consistent with prominent calls in the field, we examined the protective nature of school connectedness against two dimensions of early adversity that index multiple levels of environmental exposure (violence exposure, social deprivation) when predicting both positive and negative outcomes in longitudinal data from 3,246 youth in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (48% female, 49% African American). Child and adolescent school connectedness were promotive, even when accounting for the detrimental effects of early adversity. Additionally, childhood school connectedness had aprotective but reactiveassociation with social deprivation, but not violence exposure, when predicting externalizing symptoms and positive function. Specifically, school connectedness was protective against the negative effects of social deprivation, but the effect diminished as social deprivation became more extreme. These results suggest that social relationships at school may compensate for low levels of social support in the home and neighborhood. Our results highlight the important role that the school environment can play for youth who have been exposed to adversity in other areas of their lives and suggest specific groups that may especially benefit from interventions that boost school connectedness.
Europeanism: A Historical View
Authors: Ostrowski Marius S.
Published: November 2021

The ideology of Europeanism – defined as a commitment to the political, economic, and cultural consolidation of the European continent – has undergone major transformations during the twentieth century. Yet the study of Europeanism has not as yet systematically examined the range of conceptual meanings that the various strands of the Europeanist ideological family exhibit. Instead, Europeanism has typically been treated either ahistorically as a set of desirable social ideals and values, or reductively as a quality exclusively associated with European institutions in their current form. Both obscure the fundamental, wide-ranging debates over the nature of ‘Europe’ and ‘Europeanness’ that have shaped the substantive development of Europeanist ideologies over the last century. This article maps out the key areas of conceptual contestation that are consistently shared by all Europeanisms regarding the boundaries of Europe, the degree of European consolidation, and how ‘Europeanisation’ is to be realised.
Mid-term results of vascular ring surgery
Authors: Amir Gabriel , Soffair Niv , Bruckheimer Elchanan , Nachum Elchanan , Shoenfeld Tommy , Rotstein Amichai , Frenkel Georgy , Birk Einat
Published: November 2021

Background:

Vascular rings cause respiratory symptoms in children. Treatment consists of surgical division; however, data regarding mid-term results are scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical results of vascular ring surgery.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review of consecutive patients who underwent vascular ring surgery. Mid-term follow-up consisted of clinic visits and telephone questionnaire over a 1-year period sampling at five points in time.

Results:

Follow-up of 85 patients who underwent vascular rings surgery revealed significant symptomatic improvement within 6 months. In total, 50% were symptomatic to some degree at their last documented clinic visit complaining of stridor (36.8%), cough (34.2%), wheezing (10.5%), dyspnoea on exertion (10.5%), or recurrent respiratory infections (23.7%). By telephone questionnaires, 83% described a significant improvement in respiratory symptoms, 63.4% had some residual symptoms, 36.6% stridor, 38.8% chronic cough, 32.4% bronchodilator use,18.3% had at least one episode of pneumonia per year, 31% of children had dyspnoea or respiratory limitation, and 12.7% while doing physical activities. We found no association between the age at surgery or anatomic variant to the presence of symptoms at mid-term follow-up.

Conclusions:

Surgical division of vascular rings results in significant clinical improvement within 1 year; nevertheless, some patients remain symptomatic to some degree. We found no association between the age at surgery or anatomic variant to the presence of symptoms at mid-term follow-up. Further evaluation is warranted to assess the nature of residual symptoms and explore whether anatomical causes can be identified leading to surgical modifications.
Incomplete Exchange Rate Pass-through and International Monetary Policy Cooperation
Authors: Huang Zhigang , Li Jie
Published: November 2021

There is no consensus on the existence of welfare gains from international monetary policy cooperation. This study adds to the debate by providing a new open macroeconomics model with incomplete exchange rate pass-through. We find that, from a global perspective, the welfare gains from international monetary policy cooperation arise with incomplete exchange rate pass-through. Furthermore, the country’s incentive for cooperation increases with its degree of exchange rate pass-through. Cooperation benefits small countries with high pass-through; however, it is disadvantageous to large countries with low pass-through. In addition, when there is in the absence of cooperation, fixed exchange rate regime is preferred for a country suffering from monetary uncertainty, particularly for small economies with high exchange rate pass-through.
Lending standards, productivity, and credit crunches
Authors: Swarbrick Jonathan
Published: November 2021

We propose a macroeconomic model in which adverse selection in investment amplifies macroeconomic fluctuations, in line with the prominent role played by the credit crunch during the financial crisis. Endogenous lending standards emerge due to an informational asymmetry between borrowers and lenders about the riskiness of borrowers. By using loan approval probability as a screening device, banks ration credit following increases in lending risk, generating large endogenous movements in TFP, explaining why productivity often falls during crises. Furthermore, the mechanism implies that financial instability is heightened when interest rates are low.
ORIENTATION OF PIECEWISE POWERS OF A MINIMAL HOMEOMORPHISM
Authors: REID COLIN D.
Published: November 2021

We show that, given a compact minimal system
$(X,g)$
and an element h of the topological full group
$\tau [g]$
of g, the infinite orbits of h admit a locally constant orientation with respect to the orbits of g. We use this to obtain a clopen partition of
$(X,G)$
into minimal and periodic parts, where G is any virtually polycyclic subgroup of
$\tau [g]$
. We also use the orientation of orbits to give a refinement of the index map and to describe the role in
$\tau [g]$
of the submonoid generated by the induced transformations of g. Finally, we consider the problem, given a homeomorphism h of the Cantor space X, of determining whether or not there exists a minimal homeomorphism g of X such that
$h \in \tau [g]$
.
Analysis and Transformation of Constrained Horn Clauses for Program Verification
Authors: DE ANGELIS EMANUELE , FIORAVANTI FABIO , GALLAGHER JOHN P. , HERMENEGILDO MANUEL V. , PETTOROSSI ALBERTO , PROIETTI MAURIZIO
Published: November 2021

This paper surveys recent work on applying analysis and transformation techniques that originate in the field of constraint logic programming (CLP) to the problem of verifying software systems. We present specialization-based techniques for translating verification problems for different programming languages, and in general software systems, into satisfiability problems for constrained Horn clauses (CHCs), a term that has become popular in the verification field to refer to CLP programs. Then, we describe static analysis techniques for CHCs that may be used for inferring relevant program properties, such as loop invariants. We also give an overview of some transformation techniques based on specialization and fold/unfold rules, which are useful for improving the effectiveness of CHC satisfiability tools. Finally, we discuss future developments in applying these techniques.
Transborder Capitalism and National Reconciliation: The American Press Reimagines U.S.-Mexico Relations after the Civil War
Authors: Beverton Alys
Published: November 2021

The end of the Civil War did not eradicate Americans’ concerns regarding the fragility of their republic. For many years after Appomattox, newspapers from across the political spectrum warned that the persistence of sectionalism in the postwar United States threatened to condemn the country to the kind of interminable internal disorder supposedly endemic among the republics of Latin America. This article examines how, from the early 1870s onward, growing numbers of U.S. editors, journalists, and political leaders called on Americans to concentrate on extending their nation’s commercial reach into Mexico. In doing so, they hoped to topple divisive domestic issues—notably Reconstruction—from the top of the national political agenda. These leaders in U.S. public discourse also anticipated that collaboration in a project to extend the United States’ continental power would revive affective bonds of nationality between the people of the North and South. In making this analysis, this article argues that much of the early impetus behind U.S. commercial penetration south of the Rio Grande after the Civil War was fueled by Americans’ deep anxieties regarding the integrity of their so-called exceptional republic.
National Security and Retention of Telecommunications Data in Light of Recent Case Law of the European Courts
Authors: Rojszczak Marcin
Published: November 2021

The Court of Justice is once again clarifying the limits of the application of data retention laws – General obligation to retain data exceeds the limits of what is strictly necessary within a democratic society – The national security exception does not preclude a judicial assessment of the legitimacy of its application – The existence of a genuine and specific threat as a premise for the use of untargeted data retention measures – The possibility of searching for the gold standard of data retention based on algorithmic processing – Different perceptions of the Court of Justice position by the referring courts – The Conseil d'État’s position distorts the idea of the protection of fundamental rights that is enshrined in the EU legal order
Structural equation model of young farmers' intention to adopt sustainable agriculture: a case study in Bangladesh
Authors: Sarkar Apurbo , Wang Hongyu , Rahman Airin , Abdul Azim Jony , Hussain Memon Waqar , Qian Lu
Published: November 2021

This paper aims to assess young farmers' willingness to adopt sustainable agriculture (SA) by implementing the expanded theory of planned behavior (TPB) within the northern region of Bangladesh. The outcomes attained specified that attitudes toward SA, perceived behavior control and perceived self-identity have progressive and fundamental impacts on adoption behavior and affect farmers' intentions to adopt SA's particular production mechanism. On the other hand, the social interface view toward SA is not significantly associated with the Bangladeshi farmer's adoption intention. The results also show that interconnections between social and familial pressure are not significant for sustainable farming practice adoption intentions. However, the interconnections among the psychosocial factors have a crucial role in formulating the TPB to forecast the intentional behavior for adopting SA practices. Thus, the government should highlight the advantages of several sustainable agricultural practices and circulate more detailed information regarding SA tactics to improve the knowledge gap of smallholder farmers. Furthermore, training facilities should be extended to improve the attitude and perceived self-identity of young farmers. Moreover, the formulation of structural information sharing platforms and agricultural value chain facilities should also help shape young farmers' interpersonal behavior in adopting SA practices.
Syn‐Eruptive Hydration of Volcanic Ash Records Pyroclast‐Water Interaction in Explosive Eruptions
Authors: Hudak Michael R. , Bindeman Ilya N. , Loewen Matthew W. , Giachetti Thomas
Published: November 2021

Magma‐water interaction can dramatically influence the explosivity of volcanic eruptions. However, syn‐ and post‐eruptive diffusion of external (non‐magmatic) water into volcanic glass remains poorly constrained and may bias interpretation of water in juvenile products. Hydrogen isotopes in ash from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, record syn‐eruptive hydration by vaporized glacial meltwater. Both ash aggregation and hydration occurred in the wettest regions of the plume, which resulted in the removal and deposition of the most hydrated ash in proximal areas <50 km from the vent. Diffusion models show that the high temperatures of pyroclast‐water interactions (>400°C) are more important than the cooling rate in facilitating hydration. These observations suggest that syn‐eruptive glass hydration occurred where meltwater was entrained at high temperature, in the plume margins near the vent. Ash in the drier plume interior remained insulated from entrained meltwater until it cooled sufficiently to avoid significant hydration.
Large‐Scale Parallel Electric Field Colocated in an Extended Electron Diffusion Region During the Magnetosheath Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Wang Shimou , Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Russell C. T. , Ergun R. E. , Wang Shui
Published: November 2021

In this study, we report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission of large‐scale parallel electric fields in a magnetosheath reconnecting current sheet. The four MMS satellites successively crossed an electron jet embedded in a broad current sheet and detected a unipolar being colocated with the jet. The strong electron pressure anisotropy inside the broad current sheet suggests that the jet could be generated by the firehose instability. The observations show that the large‐amplitude can fill the entire electron diffusion region (EDR) in the magnetosheath reconnection and thus dominates electron acceleration therein, dramatically different from EDRs in the magnetotail and magnetopause where large‐amplitude unipolar was rarely detected. The appearance of this could be due to the strong guide field which is common in the magnetosheath.
Airborne Infrasound Makes a Splash
Authors: Bowman Daniel C.
Published: November 2021

Natural and anthropogenic events may create low frequency sound waves, or infrasound, that can travel for vast distances in planetary atmospheres. They permit the remote monitoring of geophysical activity over local to global scales. Most studies have utilized ground‐based recorders, but it is possible to deploy acoustic sensors to altitudes of over 50 km. Such elevated platforms can capture sounds that their surface analogs cannot access. High altitude balloons and low altitude aerostats are filling this observation gap, but key environments remain out of reach of both of these. Recent work by den Ouden, Smets et al. (2021) addressed this with a new instrumentation platform—a large seabird flying just above the ocean's surface. Their work demonstrates that, infrasound sensing using heavier‐than‐air platforms in windy environments is possible, which has implications both terrestrially (e.g., extending sensor networks over the oceans) and extraterrestrially (proposed or planned missions to Venus and Titan).
Thermospheric Composition and Solar EUV Flux From the Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) Mission
Authors: Correira J. , Evans J. S. , Lumpe J. D. , Krywonos A. , Daniell R. , Veibell V. , McClintock W. E. , Eastes R. W.
Published: November 2021

Observations of far‐ultraviolet (FUV) dayglow by the Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission provide a new opportunity to monitor relative composition changes in the upper atmosphere as well as solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) variability. Relative composition changes are quantified by ΣO/N2, the column density ratio of atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen, while QEUV provides a measure of the solar EUV energy flux from 1 to 45 nm into the upper atmosphere. This spectral range provides the ionizing radiation which ultimately results in FUV airglow emission produced by photodissociation and photoelectron impact. The quantities ΣO/N2 and QEUV are derived from GOLD FUV observations through lookup tables that are constructed using a first‐principles photoelectron transport model. The two FUV emissions used are O I 135.6 nm and the N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (LBH) bands. We present an overview of the theoretical basis for the algorithms and practical considerations for application to GOLD data. The effects of uncertainties in electron impact cross sections, off‐nadir viewing, and instrument artifacts are reviewed. We also discuss GOLD Level 1C DAY, Level 2 data products ON2 and QEUV, and present representative samples of each.
Seasonal and Solar Cycle Dependence of Energy Transfer Rates in the Auroral E‐Region
Authors: Zhan Weijia , Kaeppler Stephen R. , Reimer Ashton , Varney Roger
Published: November 2021

We report one of the first comprehensive ground‐based investigations of energy transfer rates in the E‐region ionosphere compared relative to geomagnetic activity, seasonal effects, and solar activity level using nearly continuously sampled data collected with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) between 2010 and 2019. We quantified the integrated electromagnetic (EM) energy transfer rate and the integrated Joule heating rate in the E‐region between 90 and 130 km, which includes the contribution from the neutral winds. We find that (a) the median Joule heating rate and EM energy transfer rate in the evening sector are larger in the winter versus the summer and have similar magnitudes in the spring and fall for the same solar activity and geomagnetic conditions. (b) The seasonal dependence of the energy transfer rates is closely associated with the seasonal variations of the electric fields. Our analysis shows that the larger EM energy transfer and Joule heating rates in disturbed conditions in the winter versus the summer are associated with the combined effects of both the electric field and Pedersen conductance with the electric field playing a dominant role. Given that the Pedersen conductance in the evening sector is closely related to the particle precipitation and field aligned currents in the auroral region, this study provides complementary ionospheric evidence of the winter‐summer asymmetry of the intensity and density of field‐aligned currents (e.g., Ohtani et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009ja014115). (c) The geomagnetic activity level has the most significant impact on the magnitude of the energy transfer rates, followed by seasonal variations, and last the solar activity level.
Comparison of ICON/MIGHTI and TIMED/TIDI Neutral Wind Measurements in the Lower Thermosphere
Authors: Dhadly Manbharat S. , Englert Christoph R. , Drob Douglas P. , Emmert John T. , Niciejewski Rick , Zawdie Kate A.
Published: November 2021

This study cross‐compares ICON/MIGHTI and Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics & Dynamics (TIMED)/TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) MLT region neutral winds from middle Northern Hemisphere to low Southern Hemisphere latitudes. We utilized MIGHTI level‐2.2 (v4) and TIDI level‐3 (v11) neutral winds from January 2020 to November 2020 and found their conjunctions using a space‐time window of LST ± 15 min, latitude ± 4°, and longitude ± 4° around each TIDI wind measurement. Due to the nature of their orbital geometry, frequent conjunctions occurred between MIGHTI and TIDI. These conjunctions are spread in longitudes and they occur at approximately fixed LSTs and latitudes, which allows us to compare their observed diurnal variability. MIGHTI and TIDI wind observations agree well (except on the TIDI coldside during forward flight) and show similar large amplitude longitudinal variations that can reach more than 100 m/s. MIGHTI and TIDI zonal and meridional winds show moderate correlations of 0.60 and 0.55, respectively. The slopes of regression fits for zonal and meridional winds are 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. The root mean square differences in zonal and meridional winds are 56 and 66 m/s, respectively. We found that TIDI coldside measurements in forward flight show a systematic bias and this behavior is repetitive as the instrument pointing direction is changed by the periodic TIMED yaw maneuver. The nature of this systematic bias suggests that the TIDI zero‐wind references (at least for the coldside telescopes) need revision. This investigation can provide guidance toward improving the TIDI data analysis. In addition, the results of this study act as a validation of MIGHTI MLT winds.
Apparent Age Dependence of the Fault Weakening Distance in Rock Friction
Authors: Beeler N. M. , Rubin Allan , Bhattacharya Pathikrit , Kilgore Brian , Tullis Terry
Published: November 2021

During rock friction experiments at large displacement, room temperature and humidity, and following a hold test, the fracture energy increases approximately as the square of the logarithm of hold duration. While it's been long known that failure strength increases with log hold time, here the slip weakening distance, dh, also increases. The weakening distance increase is large, hundreds of percent change over a few thousand seconds. The initial bare surface and simulated fault gouge experiments were conducted in rotary shear at 25 MPa normal stress, 21 MPa confining stress and at displacements greater than 100 mm. In contrast, initially bare surface experiments at 5 MPa normal stress, unconfined at displacements less than 10 mm show effectively no change in dh. We attribute the difference to the presence of an appreciable shear zone that develops due to wear over significant displacements, confined at elevated normal stress. Prior published studies of sheared simulated fault gouge at short displacement show both acknowledged and unacknowledged increases in dh that may relate to our observations. Since natural faults have well‐developed shear zones, the observations have more direct relevance to earthquake nucleation than prior laboratory studies that use short displacement data and focus on frictional strength recovery alone. However, the physics underlying this increase in weakening distance are not known; candidates are compaction (Nakatani, 1998) and delocalization (Sleep et al., 2000). Additional caveats are that these are room temperature and humidity experiments, at a single normal stress that have not yet been reproduced in other laboratories.
Emergence of β1 integrin-deficient breast tumours from dormancy involves both inactivation of p53 and generation of a permissive tumour microenvironment
Authors: Bui Tung , Gu Yu , Ancot Frédéric , Sanguin-Gendreau Virginie , Zuo Dongmei , Muller William J.
Published: November 2021

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mammary tumour dormancy and cancer recurrence are unclear and remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that mammary epithelial-specific disruption of β1 integrin in a murine model of Luminal B human breast cancer drastically impairs tumour growth with proliferation block, apoptosis induction and cellular senescence. β1 integrin-deficient dormant lesions show activation of the tumour suppressor p53, and tumours that circumvent dormancy possess p53 mutation analogous to those in human disease. We further demonstrate that mammary epithelial deletion of p53 in β1 integrin-deficient mice fully rescues tumour dormancy and bypasses cellular senescence. Additionally, recurrent β1 integrin-deficient tumours exhibit fibrosis with increased cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration and extracellular matrix deposition, absent in fast-growing β1 integrin/p53-deficient lesions. Taken together, these observations argue that β1 integrin modulates p53-dependent cellular senescence resulting in tumour dormancy and that pro-tumourigenic stromal cues and intrinsic genetic mutation are required for dormancy exit.
Predictors of clinical response after rTMS treatment of patients suffering from drug-resistant depression
Authors: Lacroix Aurélie , Calvet Benjamin , Laplace Benjamin , Lannaud Marilyne , Plansont Brigitte , Guignandon Sandrine , Balestrat Patrice , Girard Murielle
Published: November 2021

Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a therapeutic brain-stimulation technique that is particularly used for drug-resistant depressive disorders. European recommendations mention the effectiveness of 30 to 64%. The failure rate of treatment is high and clinical improvement is visible only after a certain period of time. It would thus be useful to have indicators that could anticipate the success of treatment and more effectively guide therapeutic choices. We aimed to find predictive indicators of clinical improvement at 1 month after the start of rTMS treatment among the data collected during the care of patients with drug-resistant depression included in the Neuromodulation Unit of the Esquirol Hospital in Limoges since 2007. In total, 290 patients with a pharmaco-resistant depressive episode, according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (score ≥8), before treatment who underwent a complete course of rTMS treatment and did not object to the use of their collected data were included. The clinical response in routine practice, corresponding to a decrease in the HDRS score of at least 50% from inclusion, was determined and complemented by interquartile analysis. A combination of factors predictive of clinical response during care, such as a short duration of the current depressive episode associated with a higher HDRS agitation item value (or a lower perceived sleepiness value) and a higher number of previous rTMS treatments, were identified as being useful in predicting the efficacy of rTMS treatment in routine clinical practice, thus facilitating the therapeutic choice for patients with drug-resistant depression.
Deletion of AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit gene (Gria1) causes circadian rhythm disruption and aberrant responses to environmental cues
Authors: Ang Gauri , Brown Laurence A. , Tam Shu K. E. , Davies Kay E. , Foster Russell G. , Harrison Paul J. , Sprengel Rolf , Vyazovskiy Vladyslav V. , Oliver Peter L. , Bannerman David M. , Peirson Stuart N.
Published: November 2021

Dysfunction of the glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluA1 subunit and deficits in synaptic plasticity are implicated in schizophrenia and sleep and circadian rhythm disruption. To investigate the role of GluA1 in circadian and sleep behaviour, we used wheel-running, passive-infrared, and video-based home-cage activity monitoring to assess daily rest–activity profiles of GluA1-knockout mice (Gria1−/−). We showed that these mice displayed various circadian abnormalities, including misaligned, fragmented, and more variable rest–activity patterns. In addition, they showed heightened, but transient, behavioural arousal to light→dark and dark→light transitions, as well as attenuated nocturnal-light-induced activity suppression (negative masking). In the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), nocturnal-light-induced cFos signals (a molecular marker of neuronal activity in the preceding ~1–2 h) were attenuated, indicating reduced light sensitivity in the SCN. However, there was no change in the neuroanatomical distribution of expression levels of two neuropeptides―vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)―differentially expressed in the core (ventromedial) vs. shell (dorsolateral) SCN subregions and both are known to be important for neuronal synchronisation within the SCN and circadian rhythmicity. In the motor cortex (area M1/M2), there was increased inter-individual variability in cFos levels during the evening period, mirroring the increased inter-individual variability in locomotor activity under nocturnal light. Finally, in the spontaneous odour recognition task GluA1 knockouts’ short-term memory was impaired due to enhanced attention to the recently encountered familiar odour. These abnormalities due to altered AMPA-receptor-mediated signalling resemble and may contribute to sleep and circadian rhythm disruption and attentional deficits in different modalities in schizophrenia.
Nucleolar and spindle associated protein 1 enhances chemoresistance through DNA damage repair pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by binding with RAD51
Authors: Han Yang , Hu Xinting , Yun Xiaoya , Liu Jiarui , Yang Juan , Tian Zheng , Zhang Xin , Zhang Ya , Wang Xin
Published: November 2021

Nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1 (NUSAP1) is an essential regulator of mitotic progression, spindle assembly, and chromosome attachment. Although NUSAP1 acts as an oncogene involved in the progression of several cancers, the exact role of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains elusive. Herein, we first discovered obvious overexpression of NUSAP1 in CLL associated with poor prognosis. Next, the NUSAP1 level was modulated by transfecting CLL cells with lentivirus. Silencing NUSAP1 inhibited the cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest. Mechanistically, high expression of NUSAP1 strengthened DNA damage repairing with RAD51 engagement. Our results also indicated that NUSAP1 knockdown suppressed the growth CLL cells in vivo. We further confirmed that NUSAP1 reduction enhanced the sensitivity of CLL cells to fludarabine or ibrutinib. Overall, our research investigates the mechanism by which NUSAP1 enhances chemoresistance via DNA damage repair (DDR) signaling by stabilizing RAD51 in CLL cells. Hence, NUSAP1 may be expected to be a perspective target for the treatment of CLL with chemotherapy resistance.
DMPK hypermethylation in sperm cells of myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients
Authors: Yanovsky-Dagan Shira , Cohen Eliora , Megalli Pauline , Altarescu Gheona , Schonberger Oshrat , Eldar-Geva Talia , Epsztejn-Litman Silvina , Eiges Rachel
Published: November 2021

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant muscular dystrophy that results from a CTG expansion (50–4000 copies) in the 3′ UTR of the DMPK gene. The disease is classified into four or five somewhat overlapping forms, which incompletely correlate with expansion size in somatic cells of patients. With rare exception, it is affected mothers who transmit the congenital (CDM1) and most severe form of the disease. Why CDM1 is hardly ever transmitted by fathers remains unknown. One model to explain the almost exclusive transmission of CDM1 by affected mothers suggests a selection against hypermethylated large expansions in the germline of male patients. By assessing DNA methylation upstream to the CTG expansion in motile sperm cells of four DM1 patients, together with availability of human embryonic stem cell (hESCs) lines with paternally inherited hypermethylated expansions, we exclude the possibility that DMPK hypermethylation leads to selection against viable sperm cells (as indicated by motility) in DM1 patients.
Amplification of early drought responses caused by volatile cues emitted from neighboring tea plants
Authors: Jin Jieyang , Zhao Mingyue , Gao Ting , Jing Tingting , Zhang Na , Wang Jingming , Zhang Xianchen , Huang Jin , Schwab Wilfried , Song Chuankui
Published: November 2021

Plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to survive in dynamic environments. Plants can communicate via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to warn neighboring plants of threats. In most cases, VOCs act as positive regulators of plant defense. However, the communication and role of volatiles in response to drought stress are poorly understood. Here, we showed that tea plants release numerous VOCs. Among them, methyl salicylate (MeSA), benzyl alcohol, and phenethyl alcohol markedly increased under drought stress. Interestingly, further experiments revealed that drought-induced MeSA lowered the abscisic acid (ABA) content in neighboring plants by reducing 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) gene expression, resulting in inhibition of stomatal closure and ultimately decreasing early drought tolerance in neighboring plants. Exogenous application of ABA reduced the wilting of tea plants caused by MeSA exposure. Exposure of Nicotiana benthamiana to MeSA also led to severe wilting, indicating that the ability of drought-induced MeSA to reduce early drought tolerance in neighboring plants may be conserved in other plant species. Taken together, these results provide evidence that drought-induced volatiles can reduce early drought tolerance in neighboring plants and lay a novel theoretical foundation for optimizing plant density and spacing.
Detrimental proarrhythmogenic interaction of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and NaV1.8 in heart failure
Authors: Bengel Philipp , Dybkova Nataliya , Tirilomis Petros , Ahmad Shakil , Hartmann Nico , A. Mohamed Belal , Krekeler Miriam Celine , Maurer Wiebke , Pabel Steffen , Trum Maximilian , Mustroph Julian , Gummert Jan , Milting Hendrik , Wagner Stefan , Ljubojevic-Holzer Senka , Toischer Karl , Maier Lars S. , Hasenfuss Gerd , Streckfuss-Bömeke Katrin , Sossalla Samuel
Published: November 2021

An interplay between Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδc (CaMKIIδc) and late Na+ current (INaL) is known to induce arrhythmias in the failing heart. Here, we elucidate the role of the sodium channel isoform NaV1.8 for CaMKIIδc-dependent proarrhythmia. In a CRISPR-Cas9-generated human iPSC-cardiomyocyte homozygous knock-out of NaV1.8, we demonstrate that NaV1.8 contributes to INaL formation. In addition, we reveal a direct interaction between NaV1.8 and CaMKIIδc in cardiomyocytes isolated from patients with heart failure (HF). Using specific blockers of NaV1.8 and CaMKIIδc, we show that NaV1.8-driven INaL is CaMKIIδc-dependent and that NaV1.8-inhibtion reduces diastolic SR-Ca2+ leak in human failing cardiomyocytes. Moreover, increased mortality of CaMKIIδc-overexpressing HF mice is reduced when a NaV1.8 knock-out is introduced. Cellular and in vivo experiments reveal reduced ventricular arrhythmias without changes in HF progression. Our work therefore identifies a proarrhythmic CaMKIIδc downstream target which may constitute a prognostic and antiarrhythmic strategy.
Non-Hermitian physics for optical manipulation uncovers inherent instability of large clusters
Authors: Li Xiao , Liu Yineng , Lin Zhifang , Ng Jack , Chan C. T.
Published: November 2021

Intense light traps and binds small particles, offering unique control to the microscopic world. With incoming illumination and radiative losses, optical forces are inherently nonconservative, thus non-Hermitian. Contrary to conventional systems, the operator governing time evolution is real and asymmetric (i.e., non-Hermitian), which inevitably yield complex eigenvalues when driven beyond the exceptional points, where light pumps in energy that eventually “melts” the light-bound structures. Surprisingly, unstable complex eigenvalues are prevalent for clusters with ~10 or more particles, and in the many-particle limit, their presence is inevitable. As such, optical forces alone fail to bind a large cluster. Our conclusion does not contradict with the observation of large optically-bound cluster in a fluid, where the ambient damping can take away the excess energy and restore the stability. The non-Hermitian theory overturns the understanding of optical trapping and binding, and unveils the critical role played by non-Hermiticity and exceptional points, paving the way for large-scale manipulation.