bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Afterword
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

In this afterword, Hoff reinforces Mrs. Dalloway’s capacity for interpretation and analysis. The author foregrounds the book’s status as a textual labyrinth that draws parallels between the immortals of Greek myth and the inhabitants of London high-society, and notes the book’s linguistic and narrative style.
Eight Hens per Man per Day: Shipwreck Survivors and Pastoral Abundance in Southern Africa
Authors: Hanzimanolis Margaret
Published: September 2018

This essay examines South African shipwrecks and shipwreck survivor accounts in relation to land settlements and indigenous food production systems in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. By analysing a collection of Portuguese shipwreck accounts it discovers that African land, often portrayed by colonising forces as Terra Nullius - empty land - in their efforts to rationalise usurping it, was actually populated by settled pastoral communities. Further analysis of the shipwreck accounts reveal the presence of racial typography and the attitudes toward indigenous southern Africans, which would become another rationalisation for usurping land in later colonisation efforts. It concludes that these accounts offer evidence disproving Terra Nullius assertions, whilst also providing an example of how the colonial mindset interpreted the ownership of land.
Rough Sailing: Risks and Opportunities for Immigrant African Maritime Workers in Gabon, ca. 1860-1914
Authors: Rich Jeremy
Published: September 2018

This essay explores the risks and opportunities to West African sailors migrating to Gabon, Central Africa in search of high pay and to answer the demand for skilled labour. It explores the harsh conditions faced by these sailors due to brutality from European officers, hostile indigenous communities, and dangerous working conditions. However, it argues that despite the hazards, maritime work in the Atlantic offered opportunities for African sailors and freed slaves that meant travel, connection, and the growth of communities in Africa could function independently, free of ties to American and European influence.
Desertion, Dereliction and Destitution: The Travails of Stranded West African Seamen in the United Kingdom, ca. 1921-1934
Authors: Olukoju Ayodeji
Published: September 2018

This essay explores the lives of West African seamen stranded in Britain during the interwar years, the decline of the British shipping industry in the postwar colony, and the reluctance of colonial and imperial governments to provide humanitarian aid to stranded man. It explores the factors that led to the prominence of African destitution in Britain, including employer preference for white British labour in maritime roles. It also explores the efforts of humanitarian pressure groups, the West African elite who responded to the crisis, plus instances of individual acts of aid. It analyses Nigerian colonial correspondence and West African and British newspapers to determine that the way in which colonial governments responded to a crisis had less to do with lack of resources and more to do with the personal proclivities of colonial administrators.
“The White Wife Problem:” Sex, Race and the Contested Politics of Repatriation to Interwar British West Africa
Authors: Ray Carina E.
Published: September 2018

This essay explores the difficulties faced by interracial couples - primarily West African men and British or German women - in gaining acceptance in society in the interwar years in Britain and West Africa. It considers the impact of the 1919 race riots in Britain during the postwar economic downturn that left maritime, immigrant, and working class communities particularly impoverished and led to a surge in racism and backlash against non-British labourers. West African men were accused of ‘stealing’ both jobs and women, and white women accused of betraying their nation through interracial marriage. This hostility led to efforts at repatriation to West Africa, which colonial governments would often prevent through legislation. The second half of this essay is a case study of West African husbands and German wives, who caused tremendous legal difficulties to governments looking to cease repatriation. The case studies demonstrate that notions of sex, gender, class, nationality, and religion informed colonial policies that heavily impacted the migration efforts of interracial couples.
British Shipping and World Competition
Authors: Sturmey S G
Published: September 2018

This work is a reprint of a 1962 book, British Shipping and World Competition, by maritime economist Dr S. G. Sturmey. It seeks to explain why the tonnage of ships registered in the United Kingdom declined from forty-five percent of the world total in 1900, to sixteen percent by 1960. It presents four possible answers and proceeds to examine them in detail: changes in approaches to competition resulting in changes to the economic structure of the industry; international interference in competitive structures; unrelated factors, such as government policies that didn’t directly concern shipping but still caused an impact; and the internal actions within British shipping relating to changes in industrial circumstances. It is comprised of fifteen chapters, an appendix tabling the contribution of British shipping to the balance of payments, a bibliography, comprehensive index, epilogue, and a foreword from the series editor which states that the Sturmey’s arguments remain resonant in the field of maritime history in the present day. Sturmey makes a particular effort to place the activity in the British shipping industry into an international context for the sake of comparative analysis. It concludes that the decline of the industry was primarily due to internal decision-making rather than external factors - a conclusion that was considered divisive and provocative upon initial release, but has stood the test of time. The epilogue attempts to predict the future of British shipping post-1960, suggesting shipowners could improve the industry’s prospects: however, few of these predictions came to be.
War and Reconstruction
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents the effects of the First World War on the future of the British shipping industry. It examines shipping tonnage statistics to demonstrates Britain’s loss of three million tons and in contrast, the worldwide tonnage increase of seven million tons. It is presented in two halves: the first provides overviews of the tonnage profit between 1914 and 1920 in America, Japan, France, and Italy, and the tonnage of neutral countries and British enemies; detailed shipping losses and the financial effects on British shipping; plus tramp and liner statistics, tax rates, freight rates, the lack of equalisation schemes, and the loss of entrepôt trade. The second half examines the British postwar reconstruction effort, and calculates the value of the four major sources of tonnage available: British ships built during the war; ceded German ships; purchases from foreign owners; and new builds. It concludes that Britain sought to return to a prewar perceived sense of normalcy in shipping, despite irrevocable changes in worldwide shipping such as the rise of the American fleet.
The Troubled Years: The Interwar Period
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines British shipping in the interwar period, with the intent of understanding why tonnage levels had dropped to 5.1 million tons below the pre-war growth rate by 1939. It examines trend projections; trade, freights, and tonnage data; fuel trades; and the advent of motor ship technology to make an economic analysis, before comparing and contrasting Britain with contemporary Norwegian and German shipping to provide an international context. The conclusion states that the interwar period was difficult for British shipowners due to factors outside of their control, such as the decline of the British coal trade, the protection of British labour, and an over-tonnaged world market.
The Prosperous Age: The Postwar Period
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the worldwide shipping industry in the postwar period after the Second World War up to 1960. It summarises the period of growth and the prosperity in shipping due to both the Suez Canal and the Korean War, and the decline of the post-Suez period ending in excess tonnage and worldwide uncertainty about the future of shipping. It explores the financial success of the oil trade; the decline of dry-cargo vessel demand; the neglect of British tankers; the difference between Norwegian and British government support for their respective industries; freight rate statistics, and British shipping profits. It concludes with a discussion on chartered vessels, stating that British tankers were undersized and the fleet was too small to meet the demands of the oil trade, another detriment to the now-struggling industry.
Shipowning and Resource Allocation
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter continues to explore the economics of British shipping enterprises in relation to the necessary factors for economic expansion, by evaluating international competition and the cost of providing a competitive service. It looks at the classification of costs; liners and national costs; crew and labour costs; external economies; and overseas trade. It concludes that national trade is useful, but not a necessity for success as a shipowner, and that when faced with inadequate national trade, shipowners simply sought extra-national trade in order to expand.
The Conference System
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the shipping conference system in relation to the development of the British shipping industry. It outlines the purpose of conferences - namely, to control and reduce competition amongst rival companies; summarises their history; explores the limitations of monopoly power; examines the impact of conferences on freight rates; evaluates loyalty contracts; evaluates whether or not conferences provided rate stability; and, in detail, examines the effect of conferences on British shipping in relation to the rest of the world. It concludes by claiming that conferences are often an uneconomic use of resources, and the author casts doubt on their continued relevance in years to come.
The Question Answered
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This final chapter returns to the original question laid out at the start of the volume: why the tonnage of British ships declined by an enormous amount between 1900 and 1960. It brings together the findings of the volume to provide a definitive conclusion. It reiterates the changes in economic factors; interferences with the competitive process; trade factors; war; taxation; policy-making; growth rates; and growth constraints, concluding that overall, the decline of the industry was primarily due to internal decision-making rather than external factors. Upon publication, this conclusion drew ire and scrutiny, but Sturmey’s arguments have generally stood the test of time.
Maritime Expansion and (De)globalization? An Examination of the Land and Sea Trade in Seventeenth-Century Mughal India
Authors: Lally Jagjeet
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the maritime dynamics of the Indian Ocean in the seventeenth century and the resulting impact on the process of globalisation. It analyses the global economic relations of Mughal South Asia and explores the concepts of pro-globalisation, de-globalisation, and the impact of maritime expansionism on regional and global trade. It determines that the oft-presumed link between expansionism and pro-globalisation is erroneous and that maritime expansionism was neither a de-globalising nor pro-globalising. The author calls on maritime historians to devote further research into this ambiguity.
Lost in Calculation? Norwegian Merchant Shipping in Asia, 1870-1914
Authors: Brautaset Camilla , Tenold Stig
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the trade relationship between the Norwegian merchant shipping fleet and Asian maritime freight markets between 1870 and 1914. In tracking the rise of the Norwegian fleet from regional to global in scope, and how Norwegian agents established and increased trade networks overseas, it provides a case study of the growth of economic globalisation. It draws on shipping statistics, consular reports, and observations from contemporary shipping press to quantify the rate of expansion and attitudes towards it, and concludes that Norway managed to secure strong trade links in Asian markets and held back competition from large western nations, though it calls for further academic research to establish how this was achieved with more precision.
Introduction: New Directions in Norwegian Maritime History
Authors: Lange Even , Fischer Lewis R.
Published: September 2018

A comprehension of the maritime sector is central to an understanding of Norwegian economic development and cultural identity during the last two centuries. Indeed, it is difficult to find any other nation where maritime activity has consistently played a more important role since the early nineteenth century. But the establishment of maritime history as a scholarly discipline in this country has been very long in the making. Until recently, few professional historians ventured into the sub-discipline, and those who did for the most part only stayed in the field for a short period of time. As a result, the writing of Norwegian maritime history was for a long time left to amateurs and journalists. When Helge W. Nordvik, an outstanding exception to this generalization, surveyed the state of the field at the beginning of the 1990s, his conclusion expressed a profound ambivalence: while important progress had been made in the preceding couple of decades, Norwegian maritime history still focused on fishing and the associated spheres of whaling and sealing. Despite public fascination with the sea and most things maritime, Norwegian scholarly literature, in Nordvik's view tended “to neglect the actual operations of maritime firms and the economics and policies of maritime transport” which constitute the dominant part of the modern maritime sector....
Success and Failure
Authors: Hammerborg Morten
Published: September 2018

The final section explores the successes and failures of twentieth-century Norwegian shipping, in attempt to determine why maritime businesses failed; to pinpoint turbulence in the industry; and to examine success alongside failure to better understand how new opportunities arose out of each. It is split into four sections; the first explores the differing approaches to shipping during the World War One boom in Haugesund, southwest Norway, through the case studies of two brothers who owned shipping companies - one that thrived and one that failed - and determines that their choices were limited and the fates of each firm difficult to overturn. The second is a case study of four shipping businesses that failed during the 1970s and the reasons for their failure, which, despite the market depression, was mostly due to internal decision-making and poor governance. The third is a quantitative analysis of company sizes between the 1960s and 1970s which, through a careful consideration of statistics, determines that larger companies were far more likely than small to survive the economic crisis. The final segment explores the growth of the deep-sea car-carrying business between 1960 and 2008, and finds that specialised tonnage and the successful transformation of shipping services in the twentieth century could keep maritime businesses afloat.
Architextual Authenticity
Authors: Herbeck Jason
Published: September 2018

Construction of identity has constituted a vigorous source of debate in the Caribbean from the early days of colonization to the present, and under the varying guises of independence, departmentalization, dictatorship, overseas collectivity and occupation. Given the strictures and structures of colonialism long imposed upon the colonized subject, the (re)makings of identity have proven anything but evident when it comes to determining authentic expressions and perceptions of the postcolonial self. By way of close readings of both constructions in literature and the construction of literature, Architextual Authenticity: Constructing Literature and Literary Identity in the French Caribbean proposes an original, informative frame of reference for understanding the long and ever-evolving struggle for social, cultural, historical and political autonomy in the region. Taking as its point of focus diverse canonical and lesser-known texts from Guadeloupe, Martinique and Haiti published between 1958 and 2013, this book examines the trope of the house (architecture) and the meta-textual construction of texts (architexture) as a means of conceptualizing and articulating how authentic means of expression are and have been created in French-Caribbean literature over the greater part of the past half-century—whether it be in the context of the years leading up to or following the departmentalization of France’s overseas colonies in the 1940’s, the wrath of Hurricane Hugo in 1989, or the devastating Haiti earthquake of 2010.
Questioning the Construction of Dogma
Authors: Herbeck Jason
Published: September 2018

As a means of situating the correlative concepts of authenticity and identity within the historical context of the region, the Introduction discusses the frustrated notion of origins in the French Caribbean and the inherent obstacles faced in negotiating a murky, ambivalent, (pre)colonial past. After an initial assessment and discussion of what the authors of Éloge de la Créolité describe as the “domination of an elsewhere”—the external forces to which the colonized is subject as a direct result of the colonial project—critical attention is devoted to the different means of identity-building that have been proposed by French-Caribbean authors and critics. In subsequently asserting that “reading structure” in the region’s vibrant literature corpus illustrates well how endeavors of authenticity in the French Caribbean might be both conceived and realized in literary terms, the chapter concludes by clarifying the dual methodological approach (architectural and architextual) that constitutes the framework of analysis for this book.
Gouverneurs de la … Mangrove
Authors: Herbeck Jason
Published: September 2018

As a means of illustrating the central albeit conflicted place that issues of authenticity occupy in the French Caribbean, Chapter 3 examines Guadeloupean Maryse Condé’s canonical novel, Traversée de la Mangrove (1989). Consideration of the somewhat heated discussion of Caribbean authenticity prompted by Patrick Chamoiseau’s public reading of Condé’s novel, in evidencing the authors’ stark differences of opinion on the matter, also serves to further inform the fundamentally identitarian dilemmas surrounding the construction of French-Caribbean expression. Subsequent close textual analysis of Traversée de la Mangrove on two distinct architextual and architectural levels illustrates how issues of authenticity are divulged and addressed in the text. Additional consideration of the novel’s architextual properties—in particular with respect to Haitian Jacques Roumain’s Gouverneurs de la Rosée (1944)—leads, in conclusion, to an examination of the architectural significance of the house that Condé’s main character inhabits and in which he undertakes the (metatextual) project of writing a novel entitled Traversée de la Mangrove.
Reflections on Interior Design
Authors: Herbeck Jason
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 considers issues of identity in the context of hurricane Hugo’s gale force winds and rain battering a house and its solitary inhabitant in Guadeloupe, as recounted in the third and final novel of Daniel Maximin’s Caribbean trilogy, L’Île et une nuits (1995). The chapter focuses initially on both implicit and explicit architextual elements of the novel, including Les Mille et une nuits and Traversée de la Mangrove, as well as the contractual assumptions involved in so far as the novel’s role as the trilogy’s final installment. Subsequently, it is argued that the necessarily conditional resistance to external forces exhibited over the course of the storm by the protagonist’s house, Les Flamboyants, can be interpreted as a Caribbean architectural archetype akin to identity-building in the region. This dual architextual-architectural reading leads, in conclusion, to reflections on the outcomes of insularity and the assertion that Les Flamboyants’s survival, destruction and potential reconstruction reveal, on a larger scale, the complex and ongoing negotiations of identity at stake in the French Caribbean.
Literature of Reconstruction
Authors: Herbeck Jason
Published: September 2018

Whereas, on the heels of a devastating hurricane’s passing, the final pages of Maximin’s L’Île et une nuit (Chapter 4) hint at both architectural and architextual (re)building in the wake of catastrophe, Chapter 5 examines two works by Haitian Yanick Lahens that directly address the task of (re)construction in the aftermath of large-scale destruction. The chapter begins with a discussion of so-called writings of disaster (Jenson) that have, from the early days of colonization to the present, cast Haiti in a negative, counter-productive light. To the contrary, as a creative counter-discourse to discourses of disaster, literary works from Haiti can be understood as literature of reconstruction. As a phenomenon that is by no means new to Haiti, literature of reconstruction is conceptualized not only as a blueprint or framework for reassessment and rebuilding in/of Haiti, but is demonstrated to constitute, in and of itself, an example of the very reconstruction of which it speaks. In this light, close readings of Lahens’s post-earthquake texts Failles (2010) and Guillaume et Nathalie (2013) illustrate the architextuality of Haitian literature and how, precisely, this vibrant body of works embodies both the path and potential for identity-building in the French Caribbean.
Pacifist Invasions
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

Pacifist Invasions: Arabic, Translation, and the Postfrancophone Lyric is about what happens to the contemporary French lyric in the translingual Arabic context. Drawing on lyric theory, comparative poetics, and linguistics, it demonstrates how Arabic literature and Islamic scripture pacifically invade French in poetry by Habib Tengour (Algeria), Edmond Jabès (Egypt), Salah Stétié (Lebanon), Abdelwahab Meddeb (Tunisia), and Ryoko Sekiguchi (Japan). Pacifist Invasions deploys comparative side-by-side close readings of classical Arabic literature, Islamic scripture, and the Arabic commentary traditions in the original language, against the landscape of contemporary Francophone literature, poetry, and poetics. Detailed close readings reveal three generic modes of translating Arabic poetics into French lyric. The book analyzes how poets writing in French pacifically invade the language by engaging in a translational and intertextual relationship with the history and world of Arabic literature. Pacifist Invasions reveals the central importance of translational and intertextual poetics after colonialism, as they pacifically invade and denature the monolingual fabric of French. It recasts the field of Francophone Studies to account for transversal and transhistorical transmissions of literary forms and languages in Arabic, and offers fresh insight into the question of writing in the colonizer’s language. The study shifts the focus to the context of Arabic and Islamic literary cultures, demonstrating how they pacifically invade French from within, rather than writing back from the margins of empire. Through close readings of poetry, translations, commentaries, chapbooks, art books, and essays, Pacifist Invasions proposes a rereading of Francophone literature in relation to the translations and transmissions of classical Arabic poetics, offering a translingual, comparative repositioning of the field of Francophone postcolonial studies along a fluid, translational Franco-Arabic axis.
Translating Translating Tengour
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 begins with a study of the most evidently literal, translational rewriting of a classical Arabic literary corpus. It analyses in depth Habib Tengour’s chapbook Césure (2006). I read Tengour’s literal translations of images and metaphors culled from the archive of the classical Arabic odes, alongside his American translator Pierre Joris’s rendering of his translations of translations. The juxtaposition of the old Arabic texts, the history of their English translations, and Tengour’s original French language poems, which are then cut through with Joris’s American translational idiom, produces a four- sided linguistic refraction that unravels how Tengour unwrites the Arabic, so as to rewrite it forward into a falsely, seemingly monolingual French. I situate the poetics of translation and intertextuality in relation to Tengour and Joris’s respective, trans-Atlantic editorial and publishing worlds. I pay particular attention to how they capture and maintain the ‘pseudo-opacity’ of an original translingual, translational poetics, which they premise on the multicultural plurilingualism of the Maghreb. In so doing, we revisit translation theory from Joris’s perspective as an active contemporary American translator, theoretician, essayist, poetician and poet, with a particular focus accorded to a consideration of the formative, vagrant structure and thematics of the classical Arabic odes. Together, Tengour and Joris point to a twentieth- and twenty-first-century tradition of trans-Atlantic Franco-American translations, which undercuts the place afforded to the French language. I conclude with the assertion that Tengour and Joris render the French language an effaceable, hopelessly transparent mode of translation between two series of opacities: classical, high literary Arabic on the one hand, American English on the other.
Introduction
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an introductory overview of the arguments made throughout the following chapters of the book. It brings together insights from the fields of memory studies and transitional justice to establish a theoretical framework for examining the construction, circulation and contestation of collective memories during periods of political violence and how these change during periods of political transition. Drawing on observations made in transitioning societies elsewhere, the chapter will highlight how the past becomes a highly contestable resource not only between but also within collectives during political transition. Cognisant of this, the chapter will proceed to outline the main research aims of the book and the research questions that it aims to provide answers to in ascertaining both how and why memory is/was moulded by various actors within modern Irish republicanism to either support or reject the endorsement of policing and criminal justice in Northern Ireland.
Irish Republican Memory as Counter-Memory
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

This chapter critically examines the inter-communal contestation over policing memory. It contextualises this dimension to memory contestation in contemporary Northern Ireland by drawing on theoretical literature on the use of memory in deeply divided societies and on memory politics in transitioning societies. In doing so it establishes how the collective memory of violence, suffering and victimhood can become ‘war by other means’ in post-conflict societies trying to ‘deal with the past’. This chapter uses the Irish republican policing narrative to critique Unionist, state and RUC narratives of policing that have little resonance with the lived on the ground reality in republican communities, thus developing a fuller understanding of the counter-memory function that Irish republican policing memory performs in current debates on the policing legacy in the North of Ireland.
The Patriot Dead
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

This chapter assesses the centrality of martyrology to Irish republicanism as an ideology. It examines how the dead become a useful political resource for competing memory entrepreneurs who are keen to sanctify their current strategies and in the process keep their grassroots support base on board during periods of political transition. It interrogates contending narratives on whether ‘critical engagement’ is in furtherance of or contradiction to the ideological goals that the Irish republican war dead sacrificed themselves for. The chapter grapples with the policing narrative proffered by each side; the narrative of ‘critical engagement’ being the extension of the courage shown by the dead during armed struggle and the counter-narrative that endorsement of policing represents a defeat of the goals for which the Irish republican war dead sacrificed themselves. It examines how commemoration and memorialisation were used by competing political groups prior to, during and following the Sinn Fein Extraordinary Ard Fheis on policing in order to bolster their respective positions through building a link of continuity with the martyred dead.
Political and Social Tensions in Post-1955 Argentina
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a brief account of post 1955 political events in Argentina, starting with the coup d’état that ousted Juan Domingo Perón and established the revolución libertadora. I argue that after 1955, a new vision for Argentina was developed and implemented. The Armed Forces’ intervention in the country’s affairs coincided with developments in other parts of Latin America that encouraged the notion of socio-political change and developmentalism which was evident in the arts and sciences. I also contend that these changes contributed to reaffirm Argentine nationalism which aligned Argentina with Western values and Catholicism. I also survey the military and civil governments in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Argentine Cinema in the Late 1950s and Early 1960s
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

Relying on Valentina Vitali and Paul Willemen’s statement that ‘both as an industry and a discursive practice, cinema is an adjunct of capitalism’ (2006, 7), I explain that to offset competition from American films, the Argentine state persistently sought to protect national film production through several laws, the most crucial of which was Law 62/57. Nevertheless, in the transition from the studio system to independent filmmaking, the Argentine film industry had an uneven success in its attempt to gain a considerable share of the domestic market. Through trial and error, the Argentine state, directors, and producers came up with different solutions to strengthen the production and circulation of national films, which in many cases were resisted by exhibitors and distributors.
Looking for a National Hero
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, I explore the development El santo de la espada, a film that represented ten years in the life of José de San Martín, founding father of Argentina. I also touch on the film’s casting and reception and analyze the film as a historical and war film.
Güemes, la tierra en armas
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

I trace the development of Güemes’ bio-pic from its pre-production to its release. Particular attention is paid to its popular and critical reception. I analyse the film as a historical biopic and epic that engaged with the concerns among Argentines of the early 1970s. I emphasise Güemes’ representation as a martyred hero along with the role of women in the independence process.
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

This chapter chronicles Juan Manuel de Rosas’ pre-production and its weak reception among critics. I analyse the film as a biopic that differs from the previous ones which had aimed to be inspirational ones.
Conclusion
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

I summarize the challenges of post-Peronists governments—
mostly military authorities—to shape national cultural while also attempting to modernize the country. I showed that cinema was understood as a fundamental medium to disseminate national identity and thus, was highly protected through different laws. Although encouraged to produce quality box-office success, filmmakers explored different themes and techniques. Only in the late 1960s two genres—the historical and gauchesque— crystalized those efforts by thoroughly engaging with the national past. By so doing, they contributed to making quality films that touched on national identity.
Irish Medical Education and Student Culture, c.1850-1950
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

This book is the first comprehensive history of medical student culture and medical education in Ireland from the middle of the nineteenth century until the 1950s. Utilising a variety of rich sources, including novels, newspapers, student magazines, doctors’ memoirs, and oral history accounts, it examines Irish medical student life and culture, incorporating students’ educational and extra-curricular activities at all of the Irish medical schools. The book investigates students' experiences in the lecture theatre, hospital, dissecting room and outside their studies, such as in ‘digs’, sporting teams and in student societies, illustrating how representations of medical students changed in Ireland over the period and examines the importance of class, religious affiliation and the appropriate traits that students were expected to possess. It highlights religious divisions as well as the dominance of the middle classes in Irish medical schools while also exploring institutional differences, the students’ decisions to pursue medical education, emigration and the experiences of women medical students within a predominantly masculine sphere. Through an examination of the history of medical education in Ireland, this book builds on our understanding of the Irish medical profession while also contributing to the wider scholarship of student life and culture. It will appeal to those interested in the history of medicine, the history of education and social history in modern Ireland.
The Medical School Marketplace, c.1850–1900
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

The early nineteenth century has been frequently hailed as the ‘golden age of Irish medicine’ as result of the work of physicians Robert Graves and William Stokes, whose emphasis on bedside teaching earned fame for the Meath Hospital where they were based. However, by the 1850s and for much of the nineteenth century, Irish medical education had fallen into ill-repute. Irish schools were plagued by economic difficulties, poor conditions, sham certificate system, night lectures and grinding, all of these affected student experience in different ways. Furthermore, intense competition between medical schools meant that students wielded a great deal of power as consumers. Irish students had a remarkable amount of freedom with regard to their education and qualifications. As the medical profession became increasingly professionalised, student behaviour improved but disturbances and protests in relation to professional matters or standards of education replaced earlier rowdiness. The nineteenth century also witnessed complaints by medical students about the quality of the education they were receiving, resulting, for example, in a series of visitations to Queen’s College Cork and Queen’s College Galway. This chapter highlights these distinctive aspects of Irish medical education while illustrating the power of Irish students in the period as consumers.
Beginnings: Medicine and Social Mobility, c.1850–1950
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the social backgrounds of a sample of medical students matriculating at Irish universities in the period arguing that in the Irish context, a medical career was an important avenue to social mobility for many students. Statistics relating to social background have been garnered through the use of matriculation records at Irish institutions and they suggest that the majority of students came from the middle or ‘middling’ classes but that there were important variations between Irish universities. Matriculation records also provide an insight into the geographic backgrounds of students, their previous education and where they lived during university. Drawing on the personal accounts of medical students in doctors’ memoirs, oral history interviews and student magazines, the chapter also assesses the reasons which underpinned men and women’s decision to pursue medicine in this period, arguing that social mobility was often at the heart of these decisions. Choice of medical school was also dependent on a range of factors, while students also had a choice of whether to aim at a degree or licence. Moreover, many nineteenth-century graduates obtained their qualifications in Scotland and England, so the issue of student mobility is particularly important in the Irish context.
‘This Feminine Invasion of Medicine’: Women in Irish Medical Schools, c.1880–1945
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the experiences of women who studied at Irish medical schools and hospitals from the 1880s to 1940s. Previous research has suggested that the first generation of female medical students at Irish institutions had largely positive educational experiences and were treated in a paternalistic and supportive manner by their professors and fellow students, in contrast with their counterparts in Britain. However, in spite of this, it is clear that Victorian arguments against women studying medicine prevailed. In the student press, female medical students were presented as the ‘other’ and characterised as studious, bookish, cold, defeminised or alternately as obsessed or unconcerned with their appearances. It is clear, that although women and men were largely educated together for all subjects, with the exception of anatomy dissections, that women occupied a separate social sphere from the male students. Drawing on student magazines, Irish doctors’ memoirs, newspapers and the minute books of medical student societies, this chapter evaluates attitudes to women studying medicine and the educational and extra-curricular experiences of these women and how they fitted in within a very masculine sphere. In addition, this chapter will also explore women’s day-to-day student lives and the challenges they faced in pursuit of their education.
Medical Education and Student Culture North and South of the Border, c.1920–1950
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

The final chapter draws primarily on oral history interviews conducted with 24 men and women who studied at Irish medical schools in the 1940s and 1950s. These interviews provide first-hand accounts of the experiences of Irish medical students during a time of an increasingly conservative Irish society. Although female respondents reported no difference in treatment by the male students, interviews, memoirs and student magazines suggest that women were often the subject of pranks and sexualised comments which further isolated them from the male student body. The post-war period was also distinctive in terms of increasing numbers of international students in the Irish medical student body. Furthermore, the chapter explores how emigration played out in the lives of Irish graduates. Finally, it is clear that links between British medical education and Irish medical education persisted even after Irish independence in 1922.
Conclusion
Authors: Kushner Tony
Published: September 2018

The conclusion to this study explores whether it is appropriate to compare Holocaust refugee journeys with other forced migrations before and after. It explores questions of choice/absence of choice in the migratory experience. Finally it raises questions of ethics in responses to migrants from those receiving them or refusing to do so.
The Law of Captain Rock
Authors: Dunne Terence M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the threatening letter as a form of potential brutal social control and a manifestation of alternative law, or ‘legal parallelism', during the Rockite disturbances of the 1820s. The author focuses on 135 instances of these threatening letters and notices gathered in Dublin Castle during investigations to paint a picture of charivari Irelandaise, rough music, or community justice of sorts. The chapter reads these protest and threats through the prisms of Mikhail Bakhtin and Antoni Gramsci, with authority challenged, but not threatened; with the dissolving of legal protection of customary rights being questioned, but not the law itself.
The Head Pacificator and Captain Rock: Sedition, Suicide, and Honest Tom Steele
Authors: Maume Patrick
Published: September 2018

The Rockites had a varied armoury of intimidation and terror. This essay, scrutinises the role of ‘Honest’ Tom Steele, one of O’Connell’s trusted lieutenants and the man to whom he gave the moniker the ‘Head pacificator of Ireland’, as he sought to quell Rockite and other secret society violence. This essay recasts Steele from a figure of fun derided for his fawning loyalty to O’Connell to a selfless ‘aristocratic radical’. O’Connellism shifted the boundaries of popular political organisation in the early decades of the century; but even so there was still a place for old-style radical politics, and Steele epitomised it. Not afraid to immerse himself in a street brawl at election time and with a personal vocabulary liberally incorporating the swear words more often associated with the uncouth or the soldiery, Steele was a ‘man of the people’, admired (or at least tolerated) by the peasantry. There is no doubt Steele was a contradictory figure, but this essay's novel and highly engaging approach to the subject considerably revises the general opinion of the man.
‘Skin the Goat’s Curse’ on James Carey: Narrating the Story of the Phoenix Park Murders through Contemporary Broadside Ballads
Authors: O’Donnell Teresa
Published: September 2018

The death of the arch-informer James Carey is the focus of this exposition of the popular balladry that followed the Phoenix Park Murders of 1883. The broadside ballad is recognised as a key source for social commentary, and this essay shows that the murders and the subsequent assassination of Carey prompted an unprecedented flurry of street ballads. They covered all spectrums of opinion, from those critical of the brutal murders to others that celebrated the perpetrators as heroes and martyrs. Given Irish nationalism’s disdain for informers, it is little surprise that special attention was afforded to James Carey, the Fenian-turned-approver who gave evidence against his co-conspirators. This essay shows that the level of hatred and revulsion for Carey expressed in the ballads and the contrasting admiration afforded to his assassin, Patrick O’Donnell, captured the public mood during the period.
Introduction (1–55)
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the Latin text and a literal English translation of the introduction to Juvenal’s tenth satire and a detailed critical appreciation of those lines (1-55), paying particular attention to poetic aspects such as style, sound, rhythm, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing the humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of the satirical thrusts. Questions of text are considered as well, where they are of substantial importance. This chapter considers how effectively these lines perform their introductory function, on top of announcing the poem’s main theme (prayer) and main thesis (humans pray for the superfluous, the meaningless and the pernicious), and how well organized they are.
Eloquence (114–32)
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the Latin text and a literal translation into English of the section on prayers for eloquence in Juvenal’s tenth satire and a detailed critical appreciation of those lines (114-132), paying particular attention to poetic aspects such as sound, style, rhythm, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of the satirical thrusts. Questions of text are considered as well, where they are of substantial importance. In this section of the poem the attack shifts to a corner-stone of the Roman education system (oratory), and the tone becomes more sad. The critical position adopted here is a lot more questionable and weak than hitherto, as Juvenal employs two examples (Cicero and Demosthenes) to support the idea that eloquence leads to death, without allowing that they achieved anything significant through their speeches.
Military Glory (133–87)
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the Latin text and a literal translation into English of the section on prayers for military glory in Juvenal’s tenth satire and a detailed critical appreciation of those lines (133-187), paying particular attention to poetic aspects such as sound, style, rhythm, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of the satirical thrusts. Questions of text are considered as well, where they are of substantial importance. In this section of the poem Juvenal presents a much more comprehensive assault on the object of prayer, using three examples (Hannibal, Alexander and Xerxes). This is a vigorous and entertaining treatment, with much ridicule of the three commanders. The poet portrays the desire for glory as destructive (to others), excessive (in the case of Hannibal and Alexander) and pointless.
Longevity (188–288)
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the Latin text and a literal translation into English of the section on prayers for longevity in Juvenal’s tenth satire and a detailed critical appreciation of those lines (188-288), paying particular attention to poetic aspects such as sound, style, rhythm, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of the satirical thrusts. Questions of text are considered as well, where they are of substantial importance. This much longer section contains many more exempla (mythological as well as Roman) and much more pathos (especially in connection with Nestor and Priam). But the biggest difference is that in this section Juvenal’s basic point is indisputably sound: if you live for a long time, you are elderly for a long time, and advanced old age does involve the drawbacks mentioned by Juvenal.
Beauty (289–345)
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul , Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the Latin text and a literal translation into English of the section on prayers for beauty and a detailed critical appreciation of those lines, paying particular attention to poetic aspects such as sound, style, rhythm, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of the satirical thrusts. Questions of text are considered as well, where they are of substantial importance. In this section Juvenal asks some very relevant questions (e.g. is beauty so desirable; is it worth going to great lengths to secure it; does it necessarily make you happy?). His main thrust is that this prayer is harmful, because beauty entails various serious dangers (such as rape, castration, moral corruption and death), but this basic premise is patently flawed. Messalina is cited as an example in a vivid narrative.