bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arthropoda
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Chitin and Chitosans

Carotenoid Pigments

Lipid Derivatives

Hormones Controlling Crustacean Molting and Other Steroids

Peptides and Proteins

Some Examples of Sulfur‐, Nitrogen‐, and Arsenic‐Containing Metabolites of Crustaceans

Some Data on Marine Cheliceriforms
Vertebrates: Fish, Reptiles, and Mammals
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Fish

Squalene, Fatty Acids and Other Lipid Derivatives of Chondrichthyes and Agnatha

Bile Steroids of Sharks and Hagfish: Scymnol, Myxinol, and Derivatives

Squalamine and Other Aminosterols of Sharks

Migratory Pheromones and Sex Hormones of Lampreys

Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Shark Cartilage: Neovastat®

General Account of Lipid Derivatives ofOsteichthyes

Venoms and Toxins: Defense Substances of Fish

Antifreeze Proteins of Polar Fish

Antimicrobial Peptides and Other Proteins

Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans of the Extracellular Matrix

Reptiles

Mammals

Lipid Composition and Residues of Chlorinated Pesticides

Ambergris, Ambrein, and Ambrox
Ascidians (Tunicates)–2
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolites of Polyclinidae

Long‐Chain Sulfated Alkanes and Terpenes ofSidnyum turbinatum

Terpenes and Meroterpenes

Para‐ and Metacyclophanes: Longithorones and Related Derivatives

Simple Aromatic Derivatives

Nitrogenous and Non‐Nitrogenous Macrolides

Long‐Chain Amines and Amino Alcohols, Sphingosines

Piperidine Alkaloids: Pseudodistomins

Indole and β‐Carboline Alkaloids

Quinoline and Pyridoacridine Alkaloids

Bis‐Steroidal Alkaloids ofRitterella tokioka: Ritterazines

Purines and Nucleosides

Miscellaneous Nitrogenous Derivatives

Metabolites of Ascidiidae

Vanadium, Intracellular Acidity of Blood Cells, and Peptide Ligands

Metabolites of Cionidae

Metabolites of Diazonidae

Metabolites of Perophoridae

Metabolites Isolated from Species of the GenusPerophora

Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids: Ecteinascidins

Metabolites of Molgulidae and Pyuridae

Lipids and Non‐Nitrogenous Derivatives

Nitrogenous Derivatives, Antimicrobial Peptides, and Proteins

Metabolites of Styelidae

Non‐Nitrogenous Derivatives

Phenylethylamine Derivatives, Various Alkaloids

Antibacterial Purines and Peptides
Creation of Superhydrophobic Electrospun Nonwovens Fabricated from Naturally Occurring Poly(Amino Acid) Derivatives
Authors: Yoshida Hiroaki , Klee Doris , Möller Martin , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: August 2014

Creation of superhydrophobic materials bio‐inspired by nature fascinates many scientists. One of the most intriguing challenges in this field is the fabrication of these materials using biopolymers from the viewpoint of green chemistry and environmental chemistry. Here, superhydrophobic and biodegradable nonwovens are constructed by electrospinning from a naturally occurring poly(amino acid), poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA), modified with a hydrophobic α‐amino acid, l‐phenylalanine. The contact angle of a water droplet on the materials is 154°, and the droplet remains stuck to the material surface even if it is inverted, clearly indicating a petal‐type superhydrophobic property. Biodegradability and post‐functionalization of the nonwovens as well as cell adhesion on the superhydrophobic materials are also evaluated. As far as we know, this is the first report on biodegradable materials exhibiting a petal‐type superhydrophobicity. The material design and processing shown here can be applied to various bioresources and such functional materials will become a new class of functional materials satisfying some of the requirements in green science.
Association of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Uranium Exposure in a Community Living Near a Uranium‐Processing Plant: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Lu‐Fritts Pai‐Yue , Kottyan Leah C. , James Judith A. , Xie Changchung , Buckholz Jeanette M. , Pinney Susan M. , Harley John B.
Published: August 2014

Objective

To explore the hypothesis that cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) would be found more frequently in community members with high prior uranium exposure in the Fernald Community Cohort (FCC).

Methods

A nested case–control study was performed using data from the FCC, a volunteer population of individuals who had resided near a uranium ore–processing plant in Fernald, Ohio during the years of plant operation; uranium plant workers were excluded. Members of the FCC were monitored for 18 years. SLE cases were identified using the American College of Rheumatology 1997 revised classification criteria, laboratory testing, and medical record review. Each case was matched to 4 controls by age, race, and sex. Sera from potential cases and controls were screened for autoantibodies. Cumulative exposure to uranium particulates was calculated using a dosimetry model. Logistic regression with covariates was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the probability of an association between uranium exposure and SLE.

Results

The FCC comprised 4,187 individuals with minimal levels of uranium exposure, 1,273 with moderate exposure, and 2,756 with high exposure. The diagnosis of SLE was confirmed in 23 of 31 individuals who had been assigned International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for lupus, and was also confirmed in 2 of 43 individuals who had been prescribed hydroxychloroquine. The female to male ratio was 5.25:1. Of the 25 confirmed SLE cases, 12 were in the high exposure group. The presence of SLE was associated with higher levels of uranium exposure (OR 3.92, 95% CI 1.13–13.59; P = 0.031).

Conclusion

High uranium exposure is associated with SLE, as compared to matched controls, in this sample of uranium‐exposed individuals. Potential explanations for this relationship include possible autoimmune or estrogen effects of uranium, somatic mutation, epigenetic effects, or effects of some other unidentified accompanying exposure.
Treatment of Lupus Nephritis With Abatacept: The Abatacept and Cyclophosphamide Combination Efficacy and Safety Study
Authors:   The ACCESS Trial Group
Published: August 2014

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of a 24‐week course of abatacept in the treatment of active lupus nephritis and to assess the potential of abatacept to induce “clinical tolerance,” defined as sustained clinical quiescence of lupus nephritis after discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy.

Methods

Patients with active lupus nephritis (n = 134) were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind phase II add‐on trial in which they received either abatacept or placebo in conjunction with the Euro‐Lupus Nephritis Trial regimen of low‐dose cyclophosphamide (CYC) followed by azathioprine (AZA). The primary efficacy outcome was the frequency of complete response at week 24. Thereafter, patients who met either complete or partial response criteria continued blinded treatment through week 52. During this phase of the study, subjects in the abatacept treatment group in whom a complete response was achieved at week 24 discontinued immunosuppressive therapy other than prednisone (10 mg/day).

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between groups with respect to the primary outcome or any of the secondary outcomes, including measures of safety. A complete response was achieved in 33% of the subjects in the treatment group and in 31% of the subjects in the control group at week 24. Fifty percent of the subjects in the treatment group who met complete response criteria and therefore discontinued immunosuppressive therapy at week 24 maintained their complete response status through week 52.

Conclusion

The addition of abatacept to a regimen of CYC followed by AZA did not improve the outcome of lupus nephritis at either 24 or 52 weeks. No worrisome safety signals were encountered.
Teaching with Massed Versus Interspersed Trials: Effects on Acquisition, Maintenance, and Problem Behavior
Authors: Henrickson Marissa L. , Rapp John T. , Ashbeck Hazel A.
Published: August 2014

The current study evaluated the effects of teaching three programs using massed‐trial teaching (MTT) versus interspersed‐trial teaching (ITT) for three participants diagnosed with autism. Specifically, we compared the (i) rate of response acquisition, (ii) percentage of trials per session with problem behavior, and (iii) number of acquisition targets maintained following mastery. For all three participants, the rate of acquisition was higher under MTT than ITT, and levels of problem behavior were similar in both conditions for each participant. Perhaps the only advantage of ITT over MTT was maintenance of targets at the follow‐up probes for two participants; however, neither approach yielded consistently high levels of correct responding across 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐week follow‐up probes. Collectively, results for these three participants provide some evidence for the additive benefit of MTT over ITT. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feeding strategies enhance high cell density cultivation and protein expression in milliliter scale bioreactors
Authors: Faust Georg , Janzen Nils H. , Bendig Christoph , Römer Lin , Kaufmann Klaus , Weuster‐Botz Dirk
Published: August 2014

Miniature bioreactors under parallel fed‐batch operations are not only useful screening tools for bioprocess development but also provide a suitable basis for eventual scale‐up. In this study, three feeding strategies were investigated: besides the established intermittent feeding by a liquid handler, an optimized microfluidic device and a new enzymatic release system were applied for parallel fed‐batch cultivation of Escherichia coli HMS174(DE3) and BL21(DE3) strains in stirred‐tank bioreactors on a 10 mL scale. Lower fluctuation in dissolved oxygen (DO) and higher optical densities were measured in fed‐batch processes applying the microfluidic device or the enzymatic glucose/fructose release system (conversion of intermittently added sucrose by an invertase), but no difference in dry cell weights (DCW) were observed. With all three feeding strategies high cell densities were realized on a milliliter scale with final optical density measured at 600 nm (OD600) of 114–133 and final DCW concentrations of 69–70 g L–1. The effect of feeding strategies on the expression of two heterologous proteins was investigated. Whereas no impact was observed on the expression of the spider silk protein eADF4(C16), the fluorescence of enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) was reproducibly lower, if an intermittent glucose feed was applied. Thus, the impact of feeding strategy on expression is strongly dependent on the E. coli strain and/or expressed protein. As a completely continuous feed supply is difficult to realize in miniature bioreactors, the enzymatic release approach from this study can be easily applied in all microfluidic system to reduce fluctuations of glucose supply and DO concentrations.
Development of small scale cell culture models for screening poloxamer 188 lot‐to‐lot variation
Authors: Peng Haofan , Hall Kaitlyn M. , Clayton Blake , Wiltberger Kelly , Hu Weiwei , Hughes Erik , Kane John , Ney Rachel , Ryll Thomas
Published: August 2014

Shear protectants such as poloxamer 188 play a critical role in protecting cells during cell culture bioprocessing. Lot‐to‐lot variation of poloxamer 188 was experienced during a routine technology transfer across sites of similar scale and equipment. Cell culture medium containing a specific poloxamer 188 lot resulted in an unusual drop in cell growth, viability, and titer during manufacturing runs. After switching poloxamer lots, culture performance returned to the expected level. In order to control the quality of poloxamer 188 and thus maintain better consistency in manufacturing, multiple small scale screening models were developed. Initially, a 5L bioreactor model was established to evaluate cell damage by high sparge rates with different poloxamer 188 lots. Subsequently, a more robust, simple, and efficient baffled shake flask model was developed. The baffled shake flask model can be performed in a high throughput manner to investigate the cell damage in a bubbling environment. The main cause of the poor performance was the loss of protection, rather than toxicity. It was also suggested that suspicious lots can be identified using different cell line and media. The screening methods provide easy, yet remarkable models for understanding and controlling cell damage due to raw material lot variation as well as studying the interaction between poloxamer 188 and cells. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1411–1418, 2014
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoelectric Properties, Crystal and Electronic Structure of Semiconducting RECuSe2 (RE: Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy and Er).
Authors: Esmaeili Mehdi , Tseng Yu‐Chih , Mozharivskyj Yurij
Published: August 2014

The title compounds are prepared from the elements (silica tubes, 600—800 °C, 300 h) and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements, and TB‐LMTO‐ASA electronic band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Ln3Mn0.5GeS7 (Ln: Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er).
Authors: Daszkiewicz M. , Marchuk O. V. , Gulay L. D. , Kaczorowski D.
Published: August 2014

The title compounds are prepared from the elements (1150 °C, 3 h, annealing at 500 °C for 720 h) and characterized by single crystal XRD and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: (C5H6N)4 [Be6(HPO3)8]·H2O: A Low‐Density Open‐Framework Beryllium Phosphite with Multidirectional 12‐Ring Channels.
Authors: Wang Guo‐Ming , Li Jin‐Hua , Zhang Xiao , Jiang Wen‐Wen , Bao Zhen‐Zhen , Zhao Xiao‐Meng , Wang Ying‐Xia , Lin Jian‐Hua
Published: August 2014

Colorless rod‐like crystals of the new three‐dimensional open‐framework beryllium phosphite (pyH)4 [Be6(HPO3)8]·H2O are solvothermally synthesized from a mixture of BeSO4, H3PO3, pyridine, and H2O (autoclave, 160 °C, 6 d, 77% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: In[IO3](OH)2 — New Member of Hydrous and Anhydrous Iodate Family with Indium.
Authors: Belokoneva E. L. , Dimitrova O. V. , Volkov A. S.
Published: August 2014

In[IO3](OH)2 single crystals are hydrothermally prepared from In(NO3)3, KIO3, K2CO3, and H3BO3 (autoclave, 270 °C, ≈70 bar, 18—20 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A Palladium‐Catalyzed Methylenation of Olefins Using Halomethylboronate Reagents.
Authors: den Hartog Tim , Toro Juan Manuel Sarria , Chen Peter
Published: August 2014

The yield of the cyclopropanation products depends in a complicated way on various experimental parameters.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc‐Catalyzed Direct Cyanation of Indoles and Pyrroles: Nitromethane as a Source of a Cyano Group.
Authors: Nagase Yuta , Sugiyama Tetsuya , Nomiyama Shota , Yonekura Kyohei , Tsuchimoto Teruhisa
Published: August 2014

The use of nitromethane as CN‐source for the direct cyanation of indoles and pyrroles is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—H/C—H Coupling Between Olefins and Simple Ethers.
Authors: Liu Dong , Liu Chao , Li Heng , Lei Aiwen
Published: August 2014

The first copper‐catalyzed oxidative alkenylation of simple ethers to construct allylic ethers is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2‐anti‐Diols by Asymmetric Ring‐Opening/Cross‐Metathesis.
Authors: Hartung John , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: August 2014

The utility of this reaction is demonstrated by a short synthesis of L‐ribose derivative (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide‐Nanofiber‐Supported Palladium Nanoparticles as an Efficient Catalyst for the Removal of N‐Terminus Protecting Groups.
Authors: Maity Indrajit , Manna Manoj K. , Rasale Dnyaneshwar B. , Das Apurba K.
Published: August 2014

Peptide‐based bolaamphiphile nanofibers are synthesized and used to stabilize Pd‐nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—H α‐Trifluoromethylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Fang Zhongxue , Ning Yongquan , Mi Pengbing , Liao Peiqiu , Bi Xihe
Published: August 2014

Application of this method is demonstrated by the trifluoromethylation of several bioactive drugs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Heck Reaction of Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Zou Yinjun , Zhou Jianrong
Published: August 2014

The reaction can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective 1,4‐Conjugate Addition of Grignard Reagents to Nitrodienes in the Presence of Catalytic Amounts of Zn(II) Salts.
Authors: Dhakal Ramesh C. , Dieter R. Karl
Published: August 2014

The 1,4‐ vs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Direct Copper‐Promoted Three‐Component Entry to Trifluoromethylketoximes.
Authors: Wang Shuai , Nie Jing , Zheng Yan , Ma Jun‐An
Published: August 2014

Use of other electron‐rich arenes such as N,N‐dimethylaniline and 3‐dimethylaminoanisole does not deliver the desired products.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron(II) Complexes Containing Unsymmetrical P—N—P′ Pincer Ligands for the Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones and Imines.
Authors: Lagaditis Paraskevi O. , Sues Peter E. , Sonnenberg Jessica F. , Wan Kai Yang , Lough Alan J. , Morris Robert H.
Published: August 2014

The designed title complexes are successfully applied in the reduction of several aliphatic and aromatic substituted ketones and imines with moderate to high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Cinnamyl Ethers from Aromatic Halides, Phenols, and Allylic Chloride.
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhou Rong , Jiang Zhi‐Jie , Wang Kun , Fu Hai‐Yan , Zheng Xue‐Li , Chen Hua , Li Rui‐Xiang
Published: August 2014

The use of iodonaphtalene (IX) as arylating agent affords the corresponding enol ether (X) instead of allyl aryl ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Neighboring Heteroatom Effect Unique to Aqueous Aldol Reactions of Water‐Insoluble Substrates.
Authors: Li Bo , Li Chunbao
Published: August 2014

This describes a series of high‐yielding aqueous aldol reactions, some of them unachievable in organic solvents.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium/Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Arylation of Terminal Alkenes with Aroyl Hydrazides.
Authors: Zhang Yong‐Gang , Liu Xiang‐Lei , He Zeng‐Yang , Li Xi‐Ming , Kang Hong‐Jian , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: August 2014

For the first time, the oxidative Mizoroki‐Heck reaction of terminal alkenes using aroyl hydrazides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Proton‐Exchanged Montmorillonite‐Mediated Reactions of Methoxybenzyl Esters and Ethers.
Authors: Chen Dongyin , Xu Chang , Deng Jie , Jiang Chunhuan , Wen Xiaoan , Kong Lingyi , Zhang Ji , Sun Hongbin
Published: August 2014

The operationally simple protocol allows the Friedel‐Crafts‐like alkylation of arenes and heteroarenes, as well as the etherification of a variety of alcohols with benzyl acetates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Diaryl‐Substituted Thiophenes as Helical Mimetics: Towards the Modulation of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) Amyloid Fibril Formation and Cytotoxicity.
Authors: Hassanpour Avid , De Carufel Carole Anne , Bourgault Steve , Forgione Pat
Published: August 2014

All products are investigated for their capacity of modulating IAPP amyloid fibril formation with the thioflavin T fluorescence‐based assay.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chlorophyll Derivatives Possessing a Mono/Bi/Terpyridinyl Group at the C3‐Ethynyl Terminal and Optical Properties of the π‐Conjugates.
Authors: Yamamoto Youhei , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of eight of the title compounds is presented (three examples are shown in the scheme).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Fluorescent Building Blocks via the Microwave‐Assisted Annulation Reaction of 1,1,2‐Trimethyl‐1H‐benzo[e]indole with Acrylic Acid and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Steponaviciute Rasa , Martynaitis Vytas , Bieliauskas Aurimas , Sackus Algirdas
Published: August 2014

The title reaction gives access to benzo[e]pyrido[1.2‐α]indole derivatives, which bear reactive enaminone or enamide functionalities that can be used in several further transformations.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Vinylogous Diels—Alder Reactions Catalyzed by a Chiral Phosphoric Acid.
Authors: Tian Xu , Hofmann Nora , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: August 2014

All reaction products are isolated with <90% d.e..
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 3,5‐Disubstituted Pyrazoles and Isoxazoles from Terminal Alkynes, Aldehydes, Hydrazines, and Hydroxylamine.
Authors: Harigae Ryo , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: August 2014

A simple and practical one‐pot method for the highly regioselective synthesis of 3,5‐disubstituted pyrazoles [e.g. (III), (V), and (VII)], isoxazoles [e.g. (XII), (XIV), and (XV)] from easily available compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand Promoted Pd‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Alkenylation of Hetereoarenes.
Authors: Lee Wei‐Chih , Wang Ting‐Hsuan , Ong Tiow‐Gan
Published: August 2014

Practical feasibility of the approach can be demonstrated in the total synthesis of the natural products Annuloline and Siphonazole.
ChemInform Abstract: Substitution Controlled Functionalization of ortho‐Bromobenzylic Alcohols via Palladium Catalysis: Synthesis of Chromenes and Indenols.
Authors: Mahendar Lodi , Satyanarayana Gedu
Published: August 2014

An efficient domino method for the conversion of simple ortho‐bromobenzylic tertiary alcohols to chromenes (II) and (IV) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Access to 1,8‐Dioxooctahydroxanthenes Using Yttrium(III) Nitrate Hexahydrate and Tin(II) Chloride Dihydrate as Effective and Reusable Catalysts.
Authors: Karami B. , Eskandari K. , Zare Z. , Gholipour S.
Published: August 2014

Y(NO3)3 as well as SnCl2 appear to be efficient catalysts for the synthesis of xanthene derivatives such as (III) and (V) via condensation of a wide range of aryl aldehydes and cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Redox Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines Using Pyridine N‐Oxide and Alkynes.
Authors: Talbot Eric P. A. , Richardson Melodie , McKenna Jeffrey M. , Toste F. Dean
Published: August 2014

The reaction is sensitive to the steric effects and does not tolerate tBu‐ or mesityl‐substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [3 + 4] Cycloaddition and Kinetic Resolution of Azomethine Imines.
Authors: Wang Ming , Huang Zhijian , Xu Jianfeng , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: August 2014

A highly diastereoselective and enantioselective NHC‐catalyzed oxidative cycloaddition of several 2,3‐unsaturated aldehydes to a variety of the title compounds to obtain fused seven‐membered heterocyclic products is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed [6 + 3] Cycloaddition of Tropone with Azomethine Ylides: A Practical Access to Piperidine‐Fused Bicyclic Heterocycles.
Authors: Guo Hongchao , et al. et al.
Published: August 2014

The first metal‐catalyzed [6+3] cycloaddition of tropone with azomethine ylides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Sterically Directed Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Alkenes in the Presence of Alkynes.
Authors: Muchnij Jill A. , Kwaramba Farai B. , Rahaim Ronald J.
Published: August 2014

In analogy to the hydrosilylation of (Ia), conversion of (Ib) with phenylacetylene or 4‐trifluoromethylphenylacetylene yields only the product of anti‐Markovnikov addition.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverted Total Synthesis of Falcitidin Acyl Tetrapeptides as New Antimalarial Leads.
Authors: Kotturi Santosh R. , Somanadhan Brinda , Ch'ng Jun‐Hong , Tan Kevin S.‐W. , Butler Mark S. , Lear Martin J.
Published: August 2014

The total syntheses of antimalarial agent Falcitidin (I) as well as related N‐acyl analogues (II) are outlined and the efficiency of the latter compounds against chloroquine‐sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 is tested.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Syntheses of (‐)‐Pyrimidoblamic Acid and P‐3A.
Authors: Duerfeldt Adam S. , Boger Dale L.
Published: August 2014

Key step of the synthesis of the title compounds is an inverse electron demand Diels↔Alder reaction between substituted electron‐deficient 1,2,3‐triazines and a highly functionalized and chiral primary amidine, which forms the pyrimidine cores and introduces all necessary stereochemistry in a single step.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Importance of Surface Modifications and Its Role in Drug Delivery
Authors: Natarajan Siva Kumar , Selvaraj Stalin
Published: August 2014

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Dimensional Carbon Leading to New Photoconversion Processes
Authors: Tang Hongjie , Hessel Colin M. , Wang Jiangyan , Yang Nailiang , Yu Ranbo , Zhao Huijun , Wang Dan
Published: August 2014

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Garnet‐Type Solid‐State Fast Li Ion Conductors for Li Batteries: Critical Review
Authors: Thangadurai Venkataraman , Narayanan Sumaletha , Pinzaru Dana
Published: August 2014

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review on Current Industrial Trends for Synthesis of Medicinal Compounds
Authors: Jain Smita , Rathish I. G. , Sankaran R.
Published: August 2014

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Zeolites and Related Sorbents with Narrow Pores for CO2 Separation from Flue Gas
Authors: Cheung Ocean , Hedin Niklas
Published: August 2014

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancement the Dissolution Rate and Solubility of Poorly Soluble Drugs: Review
Authors: Abdullah Saleh Mubarak , Mohammed Salam A. , Abdullah Ezzat C. , Hashim Laith A.
Published: August 2014

Review: 9 refs.
Application of a capacitance sensor for monitoring water lubricated pipeline flows
Authors: Rushd Sayeed , Sanders R. Sean
Published: August 2014

Lubricated pipe flow (LPF) is a pipeline transportation technology for highly viscous oils. In this technology, a viscous oil‐core is lubricated by an enveloping water annulus. A major technical challenge for LPF is the flow instability caused by a fouling layer of viscous oil on pipe wall. To monitor the thickness of this layer, application of a capacitance sensor has been investigated. The experiments were conducted with two laboratory‐scale sensors: a bench‐top concentric pipe spool set‐up and a rectangular flow cell. The experimental study was complemented with simulations obtained using COMSOL Multiphysics. The results from these experimental and numerical studies are in good agreement. The current research suggests that capacitance sensors similar to the ones described here can be used to monitor the thickness of a wall‐fouling layer. This monitoring will facilitate the reliable operation of LPF pipelines.
Health‐related quality of life as a prognostic factor in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Steel Jennifer L. , Geller David A. , Robinson Tiana L. , Savkova Alexandra Y. , Brower Deborah S. , Marsh J. Wallis , Tsung Allan
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Evidence continues to accumulate regarding the association between health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and survival across chronic diseases. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the prognostic value of HRQoL in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma after adjusting for sociodemographics, disease‐related factors, and treatment‐related factors.

METHODS

A total of 321 patients diagnosed with hepatocellular or cholangiocarcinoma were administered the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Hepatobiliary instrument. Cox regression and Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses were performed to test the association between the 5 domains of HRQoL and survival.

RESULTS

Using Cox regression, overall HRQoL was found to be significantly associated with survival (P = .003) after adjusting for demographics, disease‐specific factors, and treatment. Subscales of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Hepatobiliary, including the Physical Well‐Being (P = .02) and the Symptoms and Side Effects subscales (P = .05), were also found to be significantly associated with survival after adjusting for demographics, disease‐specific factors, and treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

HRQoL was found to be prognostic of survival in patients with hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma while covarying for demographics, disease‐specific factors, and treatment. Stratifying patients based on HRQoL when testing novel treatments may be recommended.

Health‐related quality of life was found to be prognostic of survival in patients with hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma while controlling for demographics, disease‐specific factors, and treatment‐related factors. Cancer 2014;120:3717–3721. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Agent Orange exposure and cancer incidence in Korean Vietnam veterans: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Yi Sang‐Wook , Ohrr Heechoul
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

During the Vietnam War, US and allied military sprayed approximately 77 million liters of tactical herbicides including Agent Orange, contaminated with 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin. To the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have examined the association between Agent Orange exposure and cancer incidence among Korean veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War.

METHODS

An Agent Orange exposure index, based on the proximity of the veteran's military unit to the area that was sprayed with Agent Orange, was developed using a geographic information system‐based model. Cancer incidence was followed for 180,251 Vietnam veterans from 1992 through 2003.

RESULTS

After adjustment for age and military rank, high exposure to Agent Orange was found to significantly increase the risk of all cancers combined (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR], 1.08). Risks for cancers of the mouth (aHR, 2.54), salivary glands (aHR, 6.96), stomach (aHR, 1.14), and small intestine (aHR, 2.30) were found to be significantly higher in the high‐exposure group compared with the low‐exposure group. Risks for cancers of all sites combined (aHR, 1.02) and for cancers of the salivary glands (aHR, 1.47), stomach (aHR, 1.03), small intestine (aHR, 1.24), and liver (aHR, 1.02) were elevated with a 1‐unit increase in the exposure index.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to Agent Orange several decades earlier may increase the risk of cancers in all sites combined, as well as several specific cancers, among Korean veterans of the Vietnam War, including some cancers that were not found to be clearly associated with exposure to Agent Orange in previous cohort studies primarily based on Western populations. Cancer 2014;120:3699–3706. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Monitoring of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor‐sensitizing and resistance mutations in the plasma DNA of patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer during treatment with erlotinib
Authors: Sorensen Boe S. , Wu Lin , Wei Wen , Tsai Julie , Weber Britta , Nexo Ebba , Meldgaard Peter
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

The feasibility of monitoring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in plasma DNA from patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) during treatment with erlotinib and its relation to disease progression was investigated.

METHODS

The amount of EGFR‐mutant DNA was tested in plasma DNA from patients with advanced NSCLC with allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction assays. Blood samples from 23 patients with adenocarcinoma of NSCLC that carried tyrosine kinase inhibitor‐sensitizing EGFR mutations were taken immediately before treatment with erlotinib. Additional blood samples were taken at timed intervals until erlotinib treatment was withdrawn.

RESULTS

The amount of plasma DNA with sensitizing EGFR mutations was found to be reduced after the first cycle of erlotinib treatment in 22 of 23 patients (96%). No patients presented with the resistant T790M mutation in the pretreatment sample, but at the time of disease progression the mutation was detected in plasma from 9 patients (39%). The quantitative data from the current study demonstrated that when a T790M mutation emerged in the blood it was accompanied by an increase in the original sensitizing EGFR mutation. When T790M was detected, it was found to be present in all subsequent blood samples from that patient. Most interestingly, the results of the current study demonstrated that monitoring the EGFR mutations in the blood allows for the detection of the T790M mutation up to 344 days before disease progression is clinically evident (range, 15‐344 days).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study demonstrated that serial monitoring of EGFR mutations in plasma DNA is feasible and may allow for the early detection of resistance mutations. These results warrant further studies to explore the clinical usefulness of such analysis. Cancer 2014;120:3896–3901. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Efferent Pathways of the Mouse Lateral Habenula
Authors: Quina Lely A. , Tempest Lynne , Ng Lydia , Harris Julie A. , Ferguson Susan , Jhou Thomas C. , Turner Eric E.
Published: August 2014

The lateral habenula (LHb) is part of the habenula complex of the dorsal thalamus. Recent studies of the LHb have focused on its projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), which contain γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons that mediate reward prediction error via inhibition of dopaminergic activity. However, older studies in the rat have also identified LHb outputs to the lateral and posterior hypothalamus, median raphe, dorsal raphe, and dorsal tegmentum. Although these studies have shown that the medial and lateral divisions of the LHb have somewhat distinct projections, the topographic specificity of LHb efferents is not completely understood, and the relative extent of these projections to brainstem targets is unknown. Here we have used anterograde tracing with adeno‐associated virus–mediated expression of green fluorescent protein, combined with serial two‐photon tomography, to map the efferents of the LHb on a standard coordinate system for the entire mouse brain, and reconstruct the efferent pathways of the LHb in three dimensions. Using automated quantitation of fiber density, we show that in addition to the RMTg, the median raphe, caudal dorsal raphe, and pontine central gray are major recipients of LHb efferents. By using retrograde tract tracing with cholera toxin subunit B, we show that LHb neurons projecting to the hypothalamus, VTA, median raphe, caudal dorsal raphe, and pontine central gray reside in characteristic, but sometimes overlapping regions of the LHb. Together these results provide the anatomical basis for systematic studies of LHb function in neural circuits and behavior in mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:32–60, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A capacitance‐ratio quantification design for linearity test in differential top‐plate sampling sar ADCS
Authors: Chao An‐Sheng , Lin Cheng‐Wu , Ting Hsin‐Wen , Chang Soon‐Jyh
Published: August 2014

Successive approximation register (SAR) analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) are widely used due to their low power consumption and area cost. However, testing SAR ADCs on an embedded chip is costly. This paper proposes a capacitance‐ratio quantification design for the linearity test of differential top‐plate sampling SAR ADCs. First, the pattern generator controls the switches connected to the bottom plate of capacitors to create a voltage difference proportional to a certain capacitance ratio on the top plates to be quantified. Then, the proposed mechanism quantifies the capacitance ratio via the auxiliary transistors connected to the input pair of the comparator in the SAR ADC. The capacitance ratios are recorded to construct the differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) using the derived construction principles, which simplifies the implementation of the output response analyzer. Thus, the test time and area cost can be reduced with these two proposed mechanisms. For characterizing the DNL, the error between the results obtained using the proposed method and those obtained using conventional linear ramp histogram method is from −0.10 to 0.11 least significant bits (LSBs). For the INL, the estimation error is from −0.19 to 0.11 LSBs. Moreover, a test time reduction of about 76% is achieved at the expense of an 18.54% area overhead for the capacitance‐ratio quantification mechanism. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of hop‐limited epidemic routing in DTN with limited forwarding times
Authors: Wu Yahui , Deng Su , Huang Hongbin
Published: August 2014

Because of the uncertainty of transmission opportunity in delay tolerant networks (DTN), routing algorithms in DTN often need nodes to serve as relays for others to carry and forward messages. One classic policy is the Epidemic routing (ER) algorithm. To reduce the overhead, the hop‐limited ER protocol is proposed. This method can get better performance through controlling the message hop count. However, because of the energy constraint or other factors, each node may forward only limited times, that is, both the message hop count and the forwarding times may be limited. This paper proposes a unifying framework to evaluate the performance of ER with the aforementioned constraints. Simulations based on both synthetic and real motion traces show the accuracy of the framework. In addition, we explore the impact of many parameters (e.g., message hop count) through extensive numerical results. For example, numerical results show that both the message hop count and the forwarding times can have certain impact on the routing performance, but their impact is related with many other factors (e.g., the number of nodes). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cost of forgiveness: Observers prefer victims who leave unfaithful romantic partners
Authors: J. Smith Heather , Goode Chris , Balzarini Rhonda , Ryan Desiree , Georges Marissa
Published: August 2014

Ninety‐six male fraternity members (Study 1), 112 female voters (Study 2), and 219 undergraduates (Study 3) read scenarios in which a group representative forgave, retaliated, or left a romantic partner after the partner's sexual infidelity was publically revealed. Observers rated a victim who forgave his or her partner to be as mature as a victim who ended the relationship, but also as weaker and less competent. They rated a victim who forgave to be more mature but almost as weak and incompetent as a victim who retaliated. Symbolic concerns that the victim's behavior violated shared values (all three studies) or damaged the group's power/status (Study 3) mediated the relationship between victim behavior and victim ratings. These data demonstrate how the symbolic concerns that shape observers' judgments of an offender can extend to observers' judgments of the victim. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Examination of Serial Homicide in South Africa: The Practice to Research Link
Authors: Labuschagne Gérard N. , Gabrielle Salfati C.
Published: August 2014

In this paper, South African serial homicide cases will be used to illustrate how practice can inform research and how research can aid practice by highlighting key questions that need to be answered and practice‐based assumptions that need to be empirically tested. The cases will also be used to highlight some of the unique features of series in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
South African Serial Homicide: A Victim‐Focused Behavioural Typology
Authors: Horning Amber M. , Salfati C. Gabrielle , Labuschagne Gerard N.
Published: August 2014

This current study assessed the value of the Interpersonal Model in differentiating serial homicide offences in South Africa, notably in terms of how the offender may display behavioural patterns that are indicative of them dealing with the victim as a Person, an Object, or a Vehicle. The sample consisted of 302 offences committed by 33 offenders that occurred from 1953 to 2007 in South Africa. Multidimensional scaling analysis was used to test the Interpersonal Model and results indicated that crime themes did not directly correspond to the threefold model. Instead, two crime scene types were present: Victim as Object (where the focus was on tangible gains, interaction with the victim throughout the phases of the crime was limited, and victims included men and live women) and Victim as Vehicle (where the victim might be construed as a conduit through whom the offender could realise their specific psychological needs, the interaction was extensive, and victims tended to be vulnerable). South African serial homicides did not appear to have a specific sub‐theme of Victim as Person, suggesting that the themes engaged in centred more on instrumentally focused actions but in qualitatively different ways. However, victim types were integral to the overall behavioural model. Using the Victim as Object/Vehicle dichotomy, 85.7% of the offences could be seen to engage dominantly in one of the two patterns at the crime scene. This not only supported the results of a twofold model, but having these many offenders showing a dominant crime scene type also shows that the model is an excellent representation of serial homicide offending in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mass elevation effect of the Tibetan Plateau and its implications for Alpine treelines
Authors: Yao Yonghui , Zhang Baiping
Published: August 2014

The immense and towering Tibetan Plateau (TP) acts as a heating source and shapes the climate of not only the Eurasian continent but also the entire world. The mass elevation effect of the TP was first observed in the 1950s; however, due to the scarcity of meteorological observation stations and limited climatic data, little information on the mass elevation effect of the plateau and its implications for the position of Alpine treelines in the southeastern part of the TP is quantitatively known. This paper compares monthly mean air temperature differences at elevations of 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 and 6000 m between the main plateau, the Qilian Mts. in the northeastern corner of the plateau and the Sichuan Basin to the east of the plateau to quantify the mass elevation effect of the plateau. The TP air temperature data are retrieved from Terra moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST), and the free‐air temperatures over the westernmost Sichuan Basin are estimated using the measured lapse rate from Mt. Emei, which is located in the western portion of the Sichuan Basin. The results demonstrate the following important characteristics. (1) Owing to the mass elevation effect, air temperatures gradually increase from the eastern edge to the interior main TP. The monthly mean air temperature in the interior main plateau is approximately 2–7 °C higher than in the surrounding mountains and adjacent lowland areas. At an elevation of 4500 m (corresponding to the mean altitude of the TP), the monthly mean temperature differences between the plateau and the Sichuan Basin range from 3.58 °C (April) to 6.63 °C (June); the monthly temperature differences between the plateau and the Qilian Mts. range from 1.6 °C (July) to 7.7 °C (March). (2) The mass elevation effect of the plateau pushes the 10 °C isotherm upward in the warmest month and is indicative of a warmth index of 15 °C month up to elevations of 4600–4700 m, which enables the treeline altitude in the interior TP 500–1000 m higher than along the eastern edge. Therefore, mass elevation effect contributes to the occurrence of the highest treeline in the Northern Hemisphere, which is present on the southeastern TP.
Three‐Dimensional Block Copolymer Nanostructures by the Solvent‐Annealing‐Induced Wetting in Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates
Authors: Chu Chiang‐Jui , Chung Pei‐Yun , Chi Mu‐Huan , Kao Yi‐Huei , Chen Jiun‐Tai
Published: August 2014

Block copolymers have been extensively studied over the last few decades because they can self‐assemble into well‐ordered nanoscale structures. The morphologies of block copolymers in confined geometries, however, are still not fully understood. In this work, the fabrication and morphologies of three‐dimensional polystyrene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane (PS‐b‐PDMS) nanostructures confined in the nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates are studied. It is discovered that the block copolymers can wet the nanopores using a novel solvent‐annealing‐induced nanowetting in templates (SAINT) method. The unique advantage of this method is that the problem of thermal degradation can be avoided. In addition, the morphologies of PS‐b‐PDMS nanostructures can be controlled by changing the wetting conditions. Different solvents are used as the annealing solvent, including toluene, hexane, and a co‐solvent of toluene and hexane. When the block copolymer wets the nanopores in toluene vapors, a perpendicular morphology is observed. When the block copolymer wets the nanopores in co‐solvent vapors (toluene/hexane = 3:2), unusual circular and helical morphologies are obtained. These three‐dimensional nanostructures can serve as naontemplates for refilling with other functional materials, such as Au, Ag, ZnO, and TiO2.

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Purification of Active Myrosinase from Plants by Aqueous Two‐Phase Counter‐Current Chromatography
Authors: Wade Kristina L. , Ito Yoichiro , Ramarathnam Aarthi , Holtzclaw W. David , Fahey Jed W.
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase; E.C. 3.2.1.147), is a plant enzyme of increasing interest and importance to the biomedical community. Myrosinase catalyses the formation of isothiocyanates such as sulforaphane (from broccoli) and 4‐(α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate (from moringa), which are potent inducers of the cytoprotective phase‐2 response in humans, by hydrolysis of their abundant glucosinolate (β‐thioglucoside N‐hydroxysulphate) precursors.

Objective

To develop an aqueous two‐phase counter‐current chromatography (CCC) system for the rapid, three‐step purification of catalytically active myrosinase.

Methods

A high‐concentration potassium phosphate and polyethylene glycol biphasic aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) is used with a newly developed CCC configuration that utilises spiral‐wound, flat‐twisted tubing (with an ovoid cross‐section).

Results

Making the initial crude plant extract directly in the ATPS and injecting only the lower phase permitted highly selective partitioning of the myrosinase complex before a short chromatography on a spiral disk CCC. Optimum phase retention and separation of myrosinase from other plant proteins afforded a 60‐fold purification.

Conclusion

Catalytically active myrosinase is purified from 3‐day broccoli sprouts, 7‐day daikon sprouts, mustard seeds and the leaves of field‐grown moringa trees, in a CCC system that is predictably scalable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient nonisocyanate route to polyurethanes via thiol‐ene self‐addition
Authors: Calle Mariola , Lligadas Gerard , Ronda Juan C. , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia
Published: August 2014

A novel and efficient strategy for the synthesis of nonisocyanate polyurethanes has been developed via thiol–ene self‐photopolymerization. An aliphatic thiol–ene carbamate monomer (allyl(2‐mercaptoethyl)carbamate, AMC) was synthesized by a one‐step synthesis procedure, from cysteamine and allyl chloroformate. The urethane group was therefore incorporated directly into the monomer precursor, avoiding the problems associated to toxic isocyanates. AMC was successfully stabilized with the radical inhibitor pyrogallol (1% wt). In addition, the use of phenyl phosphonic acid as coadditive allowed its stabilization for lower concentrations of pyrogallol (0.1% wt). AMC was directly transformed into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) through thiol–ene photopolymerization by UV‐irradiation at 365 nm. The obtained TPU presented semi‐crystalline nature and very high thermal stability (T5% ∼325 °C). It was found that high concentrations of pyrogallol decreased the reaction rate and final conversion of photopolymerization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3017–3025