bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources of Stress for Family Caregivers of Institutionalized Dementia Patients
Authors: Stephens Mary Ann Parris , Ogrocki Paula K. , Kinney Jennifer M.
Published: March 2007

Although many caregivers place their relative in a nursing home in an attempt to reduce their own burden, caregiving stress often continues after institutionalization. This research examined sources of stress for 66 caregivers who cared for their impaired relative at home and later placed that individual in a nursing home. We hypothesized that although these caregivers no longer had primary responsibility for direct care, they would continue to experience distress because of the stressors associated with the nursing home. Results ran counter to our expectations. Although many caregivers reported stressors related to nursing home care, stressors stemming from the patient's Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms accounted for more variance in caregivers' levels of anxiety and depression, and in the quality of their interpersonal relations. Even though caregivers were assisted in their caregiving responsibilities by the nursing home staff, their relative's AD symptoms continued to prompt distress.
Youth's Attitudes Toward the Elderly: the Impact of Intergenerational Partners
Authors: Aday Ronald H. , Sims Cyndee Rice , Evans Emilie
Published: March 2007

The authors examined changes in children's preceptions of the elderly following participation in a 9-month intergenerational project on aging. The project matched 24 fourth-grade student with 24 elderly subjects from a large senior citizens center. The project involved a number of shared activities throughout the school year. For comparative purposes, these students were matched by grade with a control group (N = 25). Using the Children's Perceptions of Aging and Elderly Inventory, the experimental group was judged to have significantly more positive attitudes toward the elderly than the control group (t = 2.79; p < .01). Results from a 1-year follow-up produced similar differences between the experimental and control groups (t = 2.12; p < .02). Qualitative statements by the experimental group also reveal a very positive attitude toward their own aging as well as toward the utility of the project.
Caregivers' Perceptions of Case Management and Community-Based Services: Barriers to Service Use
Authors: MaloneBeach Eileen E. , Zarit Steven H. , Spore Diana L.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the use of case-managed services for dementia patients and their families. Forty-six primary caregivers, recruited from five case-managed programs and from independent sources, participated in a structured interview. The findings suggest ways in which case-managed services might be structured more effectively for caregivers to dementia patients. Specifically, families seek greater flexibility and increased family input into the service package. Further, caregivers emphasize the need for more information about service eligibility and availability, and the importance of finding a sympathetic person within the system.
Accuracy of Counselor Age Estimates and Satisfaction With Counseling Among Younger and Older Women
Authors: Hayslip Bert , Schneider Lawrence J. , Shore R. Jerald
Published: March 2007

Ninety-one younger (M = 26 years) and 91 older (M = 69 years) women serving as pseudoclients in a larger study were asked to estimate the counselor's age in age-similar and age-dissimilar counselor-client dyads. Analyses revealed that although both age groups estimated the ages of younger counselors with similar accuracy, older counselors were inaccurately judged to be substantially older than they really were by the younger pseudoclients. This was not true for older pseudoclients. These findings suggest that the perception of the chronological age of the counselor does vary systematically by client age. In light of the relationship between accuracy of estimated age and both perceived counselor characteristics and satisfaction with counseling, these findings also suggest that a client's estimate of a counselor's age may influence her satisfaction with help, particularly when the client is younger and the counselor is older.
Coverage of Adult Day Services in Long Term Care Insurance Policies
Authors: Henry Rona Smyth , Reifler Burton V.
Published: March 2007

Private long term care insurance is growing in availability with 3.4 million policies sold by the end of 1993. This article examines nine policies with particular emphasis on how coverage of adult day services relates to actual beneficianes' needs and current practices among day center providers. Review of eligibility requirements for beneficiaries and for adult day centers showed variability among policies. Some requirements were counterproductive to beneficiaries' needs whereas others did not encourage the most cost effective care. Based on lessons learned from two Robert Wood Johnson Foundation national programs, recommendations are offered that are intended to make such policies more useful to beneficiaries.
Interpretation of Puerto Rican Elder Research Findings: A Community Forum of Research Respondents
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: March 2007

Research projects focused on Latino communities face tremendous challenges in reaching groups that may be isolated and highly suspicious of "outsiders. " Consequently, it is essential for researchers to develop methods that systematically involve these communities in all aspects of the process. Community involvement increases in importance when quantitatively derived data raise puzzling questions. This article reports on the use of a community forum of Puerto Rican elders to help interpret results from a survey study in a large New England city. Puerto Rican elders have a high rate of disability and are encountering significant barriers to receiving assistance. A series of recommendations are made to assist researchers and organizations in using this qualitative method with Latino elders.
Post-Acute Services to Older Patients With Heart Disease
Authors: Morrow-Howell Nancy , Proctor Enola , Dore Peter , Kaplan Sally
Published: March 2007

This article describes the assistance provided to 209 elderly patients with heart disease who received discharge planning before returning home from the hospital. Telephone interviews at two weeks postdischarge focused on their needs and the assistance received. The findings reveal that patients are very needy in the posthospital period and that families provide the bulk of care. Formal service use is most frequent in nursing care, bathing, and grooming but limited in areas of highest need-transportation, housekeeping, and shopping. Of the patients interviewed, 30% report insufficient help with personal care Patients rate the quality of care provided by formal sources higher than care provided by informal sources Questions are raised about the ability of families to meet the demands of post-acute care.
How Linked Are Physicians to Community Support Services for Their Patients With Dementia?
Authors: Fortinsky Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Physicians increasingly are expected to link patients affected by dementia and theirfamilies with community support services; yet, little is known about physicians' referral patterns or their fa miliarity with such services. This study of 206 physicians found that respondents were more likely to refer dementia patients and families to home health agencies and nursing homes than to respite or adult day care, the local Alzheimer's Association, or the local Area Agency on Aging. Physicians with more than 20 dementia patients in their practices were most likely to refer. Un certainty about available community services was ranked higher than time or reimbursement constraints as a barrier to care for dementia patients. Physicians in practice 1 to 5 years were more uncertain about available services than physicians in practice more than 20 years. Crea tive interventions to link physicians with community support services specializing in dementia care would benefit physicians, patients, and family caregivers.
Criminal Justice Education: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Stephens Gene
Published: March 2007

The mushrooming of Criminal Justice higher education programs is a phenomenon of the past decade, while even the roots of this academic field of study in the United States are found in the 20th century. This article traces this history from the National Conference on Criminal Law and Criminology meeting in Chicago in 1909 through the activities of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences in 1975. Special emphasis is placed on: the character of the current Criminal Justice programs, the "phases" and "models" of Criminal Justice education, degree titles in this area of study, the quest for academic respectability, and consortiums and associations of Criminal Justice educators. The author explores the special relationship between Criminal Justice education and sociology (e.g., criminology) and political science (e.g., public administration). Finally, the author prognosticates the future of Criminal Justice education holding that Criminal Justice will emerge as a recognized discipline and that academic standards will be formulated and followed, forcing all but the "quality" programs out of the arena.
Evaluating Organizational Environments in Law Enforcement Agencies: A Social Climate Perspective
Authors: Waters J. Eugene
Published: March 2007

Law enforcement agencies are affected by a variety of factors. Evidence is increasingly denoting the importance of environmentalfactors as a variable in accounting for behavior within organizations. Much of this research indicates that police organizations, which are affected by a multiplicity of external varia bles, have an impact on the police workers. In light of such evidence, it is important to systematically evaluate the organizational setting of the law en forcement officer. The applicability of the Work Environment Scale (WES) as a means to assess the social climate of police agencies is discussed in a case example. Uses of the WES to monitor and evaluate change in the organizational social climate of law enforcement agencies are presented.
Translating Criminological Theory into Action Programs: Theoretical and Political Considerations
Authors: Bennett Richard R. , Bennett Sandra Baxter
Published: March 2007

Criminologists have been unable to successfully translate theory which is intended to orchestrate social change into applied policy programs. This inability is hypothesized to be afunction of two interrelated conditions. First, since effective application of criminological theories requires the identification, specification, and interrelation of causative factors, a valid theory must contain unambiguous causal statements, scope conditions, and calculi. Second, criminological theories are applied in apolitical environment which may or may not allowfor the unfettered change of factors identfied by the theory. Currently, the undeveloped state of criminological theorv and interference by;political interests make successful application almost impossible. This article addresses the problem of theory application in a political environment and presents a strategy for the evaluation and application of criminological theory.
The Female Homicide Offender in Dade County, Florida
Authors: Wilbanks William
Published: March 2007

A total of 47female offenders were identifiedfrom afollow-up of all homicides (N= 569) occurring in Dade County (Miami), Florida in 1980. The homicide offender rate forfemales had increased by 48.7% over a six-year period but was far below the 189.6% increase for male offenders. Both thefemale and male rates in 1980 were significantly higher than those for Florida and the United States as a whole. Female offenders were more likely than males to be involved in homicides that were domestic, within the family, with opposite sex victims (inter-sexual), and victim precipitated. Of the 27 females arrested, 17 were eventually found guilty with sentences ranging from probation to life in prison. Differences in outcomeforfemale and male offenders werefound atfour decisionpointsfrom arrest to sentencing but no evidence of disparity (unjustified difference) was found.
Probation Mission Reform: Implications for the Forgotten Actor — The Probation Officer
Authors: Whitehead John T.
Published: March 2007

Various criminologists and critics have proposed reformulations of the mission of probation. The reformers have claimed that their proposals would result in more effective crime control, greater consideration for the victim, increased equity for the offender, and attention to the alleged demands of the public for punishment. Several key proposals are reviewed. Recent survey findings on probation officer job attitudes and on-job stress are used to outline the implications of the mission reform proposals for the probation officer.
Consistent Crime Control Philosophy and Policy: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Price Albert C. , Stitt B. Grant
Published: March 2007

The primary objectives of this analysis are to: articulate clearly the central premises of each of the theories of punishment (retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation) and, to explore the policy implications that flow from each of the justifications. The differences among the theoretical justifications of punishment range from obvious to extremely subtle. This analysis clearly delineates the differing premises of the theories that underlie criminal justice. Attention then turns to the policies that would be pursued if any one of the justifications of punishment were used as the primary basis of the criminal justice system. The major conclusion is that the poli cies derived from the competing theories lead in divergent and often contradictory directions. Finally, bureaucratic accommodations such as plea bargaining are explored in terms of their relationship to the theories of punishment. It is contended that plea bargaining and failure to prosecute multiple charges tend to run counter to all of the justifications of the criminal sanction. The failure to address the policies of criminal justice with reference to the theories of punishment means that the system will have great difficulty achieving any particular goals.
Recent Legal Developments
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

For the seventh consecutive year, the Review presents a selective survey of reported federal court decisions in the area of correctional law. The following summaries are drawn from federal district court and court of appeals cases decided in 1987. The reader is reminded that these decisions do not serve as binding precedent beyond the jurisdiction of the courts which issued them. Some of the decisions are being appealed and are subject to possible modification or reversal.
The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment in the Five Most Active Execution States: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Decker Scott H. , Kohfeld Carol W.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effect of the death penalty on the murder rate. A 50-year time series is employed for the period 1930-1980 for the five states with the largest number of executions during this period: Georgia, New York, Texas, California, and North Carolina. Taken together, these five states accounted for 40 percent of all the executions performed during this period. Incorporating a lag structure for the effect of executions, as well as several theoretically relevant explanatory variables for homicides, the study identifies no deterrent effect for executions. Several different policy-relevant analyses are performed, all with the same result. Neither the existence of the death penalty, its imposition, nor the level of imposition explains significant amounts of the variation in homicide rates in the 50-year period, 1930 to 1980.
The Role of Offender Rehabilitation in Family Violence Policy: The Batterers Anonymous Experiment
Authors: Hamm Mark S. , Kite John C.
Published: March 2007

Perhaps the most tenacious belief about family violence is that arrest and swift incarceration are the most effective means of deterring future assaults in the home. This paper presents and examines three types of data in an attempt to examine this hypothesis critically. First, the finding of a content analysis of 19 studies on the effectiveness of spouse abuse treatment programs are used to create a stochastic background against which the effects of simple arrest and incarceration may be evaluated. Next, program evaluation and recidivism data are provided for 166 arrested spouse abuse who were court-ordered to attend a domestic violence counseling group called Batterers Anonymous. Finally, the recidivism rates of the arrested and treated spouse abusers are compared with those of 245 spouse abusers who were arrested only. By this means, an attempt is made to estimate the relative social value of rehabilitation for contemporary research And policy making.
Homosexuality in Male Prisons: Demonstrating the Need for a Social Constructionist Approach
Authors: Eigenberg Helen M.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses homosexuality in male prisons and argues that the essentialist approach has dominated research in this area. Essentialists define homosexuality as a static trait and dichotomize sexuality into two categories, homosexuals and heterosexuals. A review of the literature on male homosexuality suggests that an essentialist approach resulted in a paradoxical situation in which researchers were forced to account for "normal" heterosexuals who engaged in situational homosexual behavior while in prison; because the very existence of "situational homosexuality" was inconsistent with essentialist definitions of homosexuality, researchers instead shifted the focus to sexual deprivation and then proceeded to include rape in typologies that purported to address homosexuality. Thus, distinctions between consensual homosexual behavior and rape were blurred. As a result of this conceptual ambiguity and because of paradigmatic changes in the study of homosexuality, there is a tremendous void in the literature on homosexuality in prison. This paper argues that a social constructionist approach would add to our understanding of homosexuality in male prisons.
Inmate Self-Report Data: A Study of Reliability
Authors: Mathur Minu , Dodder Richard A. , Sandhu Harjit S.
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the reliability of self-report data inadvertently collected from 11 adult inmates in a study of a house arrest program. Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire that was given twice within a four-month period. Correlations of 92 items, divided into categories of "Information," "Expectations," and "Affections," showed wide variation in reliability. Complete agreement on the two occasions was found for only 24 items, which were primarily in the "Information" category. Correlations across the 92 items were also computed for each subject, and these correlations also showed wide variation in reliability. Although no subject gave exactly the same responses on all 92 items, greater reliability was again found in the "Information" category. In addition, 3 of the subjects gave particularly unreliable responses. These results, together with the lack of existing literature on the topic, suggest a need to conduct more research on reliability of inmates in order to develop more reliable measures as well as to detect unreliable subjects.
Toward the Uniform Reporting of Police Use of Force: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Pate Anthony M. , Fridell Lorie A.
Published: March 2007

The legitimate use of force is a distinguislhing characteristic of policing. Nevertheless, relatively little research lhas been conducted conceming thle extent to which such force is used by law enforcement officers. Even less has been done to create uniform methods of reporting the use of force across jurisdictions. Thle status of the collection of data about the use of force is quite similar to that of the collection of crime data in the United States before 1930.

In the first effort to detennine the extent to which police departments are systematically collecting data about the use of force by their officers, the authors of the present article collected information from law enforcement agencies regarding their policies pertaining to thie reporting of force by officers. More than 1,100 sheriffs departments, county police departments, municipal police departments, and state law enforcement agencies indicated whetlher officers were required to report incidents involving each of 18 types of force. This article reports these results and, in addition, provides comparisons across agency type and agency size for both sheriff's agencies and municipal police departments. These results are discussed in the context of the need for and feasibility of establishing a national use-of-force reporting system.
Gauging the Intensity of Criminal Sanctions: Developing the Criminal Punishment Severity Scale (CPSS)
Authors: Schiff Mara F.
Published: March 2007

Retributive theorists have claimed that restorative and other justice models are inadequate because they do not sufficiently consider proportionality either between crimes and punishments or between different types of penalties themselves. The retributive model, however, has been unable to adequately relate the severity of criminal harms to the gravity of criminal punishments, i.e., to establish cardinal proportionality. As a result, judges and other key criminal justice decision makers have had no means by which to assess the relative punitiveness of incarcerative and nonincarcerative sanctions, either to one another or to the seriousness of the harm that was inflicted on the victim.

This article suggests that comparing the severity of disparate penalties on a single, multidimensional scale is both possible and desirable. It assumes that virtually any sentencing system, irrespective of its underlying philosophy and the degree to which severity is important, requires some means by which to characterize penalty severity to ensure the imposition of just sanctions. The article first lays a conceptual foundation for gauging penalty severity and then translates these concepts into a practical scale that can be applied at sentencing. The model is then applied to a variety of punishment options in New York City, and finally the policy implications and limitations of the model are discussed.
Characterization of an old municipal landfill (Grindsted, Denmark) as a groundwater pollution source: landfill hydrology and leachate migration
Authors: Kjeldsen Peter , Bjerg Poul L. , Rügge Kirsten , Christensen Thomas H. , Pedersen Jørn K.
Published: March 2007

The migration of leachate from an old municipal landfill (Grindsted, Denmark) was investigated by intensive mapping of groundwater potentials and groundwater quality at the downstream borders of the landfill and beneath the landfill. A groundwater mound controlling the migration of the leachate into the aquifer was observed beneath the landfill, especially after the wet season The lateral spreading in the leachate plume was significantly increased due to the water table mound present and the seasonal variations of the mound. Also, a significant vertical transport of leachate in the aquifer was observed below the landfill. Detailed informa tion about the spatial and seasonal changes in groundwater flow directions and location of intensive leaching is needed in order to design a cost-effective delineation of the plume in the downstream aquifer and to establish appropriate remedia tion.
Assessing the economic and environmental performance of municipal solid waste collection and sorting programmes
Authors: Courcelle C. , Kestemont M.-P. , Tyteca D. , Installé M.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this paper is to assess the economic and envi ronmental performance of municipal multi-material waste collection and sorting programmes, and their contribution to sustainable development. These programmes collect and sort household waste in order to recover materials that are consid ered to be desirable "outputs" of the process. However, recov ery procedures also generate "undesirable outputs" such as pollution, noise and residues. To account for different aspects in a performance measure, the concept of "productive effi ciency" is used. The feasibility of a non-parametric approach to productive efficiency is illustrated and substantiated, including economic and environmental variables in assessing the performances of nine waste collection and sorting pro grammes from European municipalities.
Getting from subsistence landfill to sophisticated landfill
Authors: Rushbrook P.
Published: March 2007

In an era of increasing mass communication and global access to information, with more chances for more people to have the opportunity to share experiences and ideas with others, why is 'open dumping' still the pre-eminent method of solid waste disposal? This disposal technique has barely changed from the beginning of human settlement into organized communities. There seems to be a large measure of reluctance to move towards better landfilling at local level in many towns around the world and varying degrees of concerned inactivity at national level. The reluctance of waste managers in middle- and lower-income countries to take a 'risk' and try something different and better at their landfill, is a major barrier to progress and has to be overcome. This paper will introduce a practical set of suggestions to show how this could be achieved, as well as noting some relevant field experiences. In addition to the technical improvements a waste manager could make, the underlying economic and organizational problems encountered by managers will also be discussed. Such problems are often outside their personal control. These conspire to limit a waste manager's access to enough resources to do better and add to his or her risk-averse attitude.
Removal of volatile acids from synthetic landfill leachate by anaerobic biofilms on drainage aggregates: a laboratory study
Authors: Peeling Louise , Paksy Andras , Robinson John P. , Powrie William
Published: March 2007

Populations of anaerobic bacteria derived from gassing landfills were established on various solid media in laboratory-scale models of landfill drains. Solutions of salts and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), simulating landfill leachates, were circulated through the models for periods of 400 to 800 days and the removal of VFAs and the formation of gas were measured. The ability of the colonized aggregate to remove VFAs from the leachates increased to a maximum over periods of time ranging from 50 to 150 days after the initial colonization phase. The highest rates of VFA removal [3500 mg 1-1 (bed vol.) day -1 at a leachate flow rate of 2.59 1 d-1 with 16 500 mg 1-1 total VFAs] were found at the tops of the columns, but the lower sections were also colonized by bacteria capable of removing VFAs. The initial adaptation of the bacterial population to propionic acid degradation was slower than the adaptation to acetate and butyrate degradation. Increasing the propionate concentration in the leachate from 2500 to 7500 mg 1 -1 caused a 50% reduction in the rate of removal of VFAs by a bacterial population adapted to a mixture of acetate, propionate and butyrate. The bacterial population eventually adapted to the higher concentrations of propionate. Changing from saturated to unsaturated flow conditions in the drainage models reduced the specific rate of removal of VFAs by 50%.
Dynamics of nutrients in tropical acid soils amended with paper pulp sludge
Authors: Nkana J. C. Voundi , Tack F.M.G. , Verloo M.G.
Published: March 2007

Paper mill sludge is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter and lime and very low concentrations of heavy metals and organic chemicals. Interest in the recycling of paper mill residuals in developing countries is vital because the use of lime and fertilisers by small farmers is financially prohibitive. The effects of paper pulp sludge and lime on the dynamics of soil nutrients was studied in the laboratory using columns of mixed samples of top soil from three tropical acid soils (Kandiudult). The soil columns were leached over a period of 90 days with de-ionized water in amounts equivalent to the annual rainfall of the sampling site. To assess the amount of nutrient that may become available to plants, NH4OAc-EDTA pH 4.65 soil extractant was used. For all soils, application of paper pulp sludge or lime to tropical acid soils generally resulted in an initial flush and increased concentrations of Ca, Mg, SO 4, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic carbon in soil leachates. Compared with liming, application of paper pulp sludge reduced NO3 leaching. The amount of leached Ca, DOC and inorganic carbon (mainly HCO 3-) increased substantially with the addition of paper pulp sludge or lime. In relation to nutrients, the most meaningful amendment effect that persisted after leaching was a substantially increased available Ca in the treated soil. In addition to increasing Ca levels, the addition of paper pulp sludge increased the concentrations of leached and available Ca. To sustain yield increase with paper pulp sludge, calculation of the optimum quantity to be returned to the soil should be based on losses of Ca by leaching and by plant uptake.
Collective Bargaining, Interest Arbitration, and the Delivery of Police Services
Authors: Delaney John Thomas , Feuille Peter
Published: March 2007

Most municipal police officers in the U.S. are unionized, and a large number of police unions have access to compulsory interest arbitration to resolve negotiating disputes. This article contains a summary of the key findings of a two-year study of police collective bargaining and interest ar bitration in cities over 25,000 population. Police bargaining is positively and significantly associated with wage rates and fringe benefits; arbitration's availability is positively and significantly associated with wage rates and police contract provisions, and the use of arbitration (i.e., receiving an ar bitration award) has no consistently significant association with any of these outcome variables (controlling for arbitration's availability). Also, both bargaining and arbitration are associated with higher police department costs. However, these associational results may or may not indicate causality.
Merit Pay in the Public Sector: the Case for a Failure of Theory
Authors: Perry James L.
Published: March 2007

Contingent pay has become very popular in response to criticisms of traditional pay policies in government. The new systems, however, have generally failed to increase productivity. Although many scholars have attributed failures of merit pay to poor implementation or weak top manage ment commitment, an alternative explanation is that the theory on which merit pay is based is flawed. It is argued here that merit pay is not appropriate for managerial work, imposes excessive informa tion demands on an organization, and diminishes an organization's ability to coordinate interdependencies.
Aids in the Workplace
Authors: Jones Walter J. , Johnson James A.
Published: March 2007

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has created a need for new policy development initiatives in many public and non-profit organizations Personnel manag ers, increasingly, are asked to design and implement AIDS policies Many are over whelmed by the multitude of management and legal issues This article examines the primary legal considerations and provides personnel managers with a framework to develop AIDS policies Summaries of previously developed policies and guidelines from federal, state and local government agencies are provided
Comparing Personal and Professional Characteristics of Men and Women State Executives
Authors: Olshfski Dorothy , Caprio Raphael
Published: March 2007

Using information drawn from biographical statements and resumes, first gathered in 1990 then again in 1993, this paper reports on the types of professional experience that appointed executives brought to the job of state department head. While most demographic, political and decision criteria characteristics fail to differentiate men and women, there are a few noteworthy differences. Women executives differ in political experience, age, substantive work experience, and number of dependent children from their male counterparts. The comparison of 1990 findings and those for 1993 showed a closing of the gap between men and women state department heads.
Rationality Revisited: Planning Paradigms in a Post-Postmodernist Perspective
Authors: Alexander Ernest R.
Published: March 2007

The historical association between planning and rationality is unquestioned, but postmodernist critiques have raised doubts about the future of rational planning. This review defines and arrays different types of rationality to reveal that rationality is broader and more diverse than the instrumental rationality which has been associated with planning. An integrative framework associates complementary (contingent) planning paradigms with various forms of rationality, to suggest that the association between planning and rationality continues unabated. Discussion should shift from questioning the link between rationality and planning to asking what kinds of planning and rationality particular cases, situations, or contexts demand.
Collaborative Planning
Authors: Margerum Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Collaborative planning is an interactive process of consensus building and implementation using stakeholder and public involvement. Based on research of twenty case studies in the United States and Australia, the author explores some of the most common obstacles that have confronted stakeholder groups in their effort to build consensus, including contextual, compositional, operational, organizational, ideological, and power and capacity. The case studies reveal a range of responses for overcoming these obstacles and highlight some important distinctions between models of collaborative planning and conflict resolution. The researcher also identifies key questions for stake-holders to use in designing and assessing consensus-building processes.
Use of Evaluation Research Methods in Planning and Policy Contexts
Authors: Madsen RoJean
Published: March 2007

Evaluation research methodology has been dominated by the hypothesis testing tech niques and structured data collection methods of the social sciences. Increasingly, these methods are found to be inadequate The data collection methods are difficult to adapt to real world contexts. The reports of analyses often have had little to contribute to the policy development context in which evaluation results are used. New standards for assessing the appropriate use of re search methodology are emerging in what may be called the "pragmatists' paradigm" Within this paradigm a new set of research skills gain importance; probabilistic, explor atory, and qualitative research are gaining new respectability Criteria for judging the quality of research employing these ap proaches and skills are needed — and emerging in professional literature. The shrinking and decentralization of public sector programs are hastening the accept ance of new research paradigm.
Residential Exposure to High-Voltage Transmission Lines
Authors: Goldsteen Joel B. , High George R.
Published: March 2007

This research addresses potential negative health effects uncovered in recent electromagnetic field (EMF) studies, applies their proportionate mortality rates, and determines po tential risks to Tarrant County, Texas. The following risk assessment and analysis addresses many of the rami fications by examining conflicting data from science, and by develop ing findings that 70,692 people or 10.71 percent of those who reside in the Fort Worth area may be subject to effective doses from EMF. Interim land use controls and setbacks are recommended along with new plan ning and land use criteria. Future re search and zoning relative to safety are proposed.
Telling Stories
Authors: Mandelbaum Seymour J.
Published: March 2007

Planning arguments are characteristi cally expressed as stories. As they both tell and manage these stories, planners maintain and redesign com munities. The essay describes five management (and hence design) modes for dealing with narrative conflicts. It focuses particularly on the fifth (postmodernist) strategy that sustains the differences inherent in a field of open moral communi ties.
Leftist Critique of the Quiet Revolution in Land Use Control: Two Cases of Agency Formation
Authors: Beckley Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

The quiet revolution in land-use control has been debated among planners and legal scholars since its inception in the 1960s. The debate has consisted of attacks on centralized land-use regulation from the right, and defenses by liberal reformers. A third, but oft ignored, position in the debate is presented by leftist political economists. Authors working in this tradition emphasize the relative power of class interests in land use politics. They suggest that quiet revolution reforms frequently promote the interests of large-scale industrial capital. Two cases of quiet revolution reform from the northeastern United States, New York's Adirondack Park Authority and Maine's Land Use Regulation Commission, provide an opportunity to assess the leftist critique of the effects of centralized land use reform.
Out of the Postmodern Abyss: Preserving the Rationale for Liberal Planning
Authors: Harper Thomas L. , Stein Stanley M.
Published: March 2007

The implications of the postmodernist challenge to planning are examined. Much of the postmodernist critique of modernism is valid, particularly its rejection of the scientistic tenet of modernism—the claim that science is the only source of valid knowledge-and the foundationalism and absolutism which flow from this. However, postmodernists show a dangerous inclination to reject the humanistic tenet of modernism—the valuing of the equal and autonomous individual in both political and moral realms-along with the core idea that progress comes via rational argument. Full-blown postmodernism1 is also fatally flawed by an inconsistent retention of the very foundationalism and absolute dualism which it purports to reject. The uncritical adoption of postmodernist assumptions could impair our ability to legitimate public planning. An alternative nonmodernist approachneopragmatism—offers a coherent and reasonable basis for justifying planning.
Transatlantic Lessons: Developing Planning Degree Programs in Provincial Russia
Authors: Forsyth Ann , Gross Meir
Published: March 2007

Reflecting five years of experience in an ongoing partnership between the University of Massachusetts and the Pskov Region in Russia, we analyze the process of establishing two degree programs in planning. After describing the project's history, we analyze three key areas of conflict and controversy that the partnership faced: arguments over the role of planning in economies with private markets and democratic governments; differing educational philosophies; and conflicts within the Russian group over interpersonal and bureaucratic politics. While the character of these conflicts had much to do with the design of the specific project, they also raise issues about pedagogy, change, and uncertainty that are likely to be widespread in regions of the former Soviet Union.
Comprehension of Relational Concepts: Use of Bilingual Children to Separate Cognitive and Linguistic Factors
Authors: Lindholm Kathryn J. , Padilla Amado M. , Romero Arturo
Published: March 2007

Spanish/English bilingual children's comprehension of 26 relational concepts in their two languages was studied to separate some cognitive and linguistic factors in relational concept acquisition and to establish some pertinent operat ing principles for language acquisition. The following oper ating principles were proposed and supported by the results: (a) concepts with positive polarity are acquired prior to concepts with negative polarity; (b) the rate of acquisition for the terms in the two languages is a function of linguistic complexity; (c) terms are acquired in identical order in the two languages when cognitive complexity is equivalent; (d) terms are acquired from the most general to the most specific; (e) where two concepts have equivalent cognitive complexity, the terms with the higher frequency of usage are acquired before terms with the lower frequency of usage; and (f) terms which are morphologically related are acquired before terms which are lexically distinct. A methodology which takes advantage of the two linguistic systems of bi lingual children provides more information on the separa tion of cognitive and linguistic factors underlying language acquisition.
Alcohol Use among Hispanic Adolescents: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Estrada Antonio , Rabow Jerome , Watts Ronald K.
Published: March 2007

This study reports on the use of alcohol by a group of Hispanic seventhand eighth-grade junior high school students in the city of Los Angeles. The randomly selected sample included 54 males and 53 females, ranging in age from 13 to 16. Subjects responded to a self-administered questionnaire concerning demographic issues, social characteristics, and family composition as well as alcohol consumption, school performance, and a number of other behaviors. Findings of the study suggest definite patterns to alcohol consumption, sex-based differentials, and strong links between the use of alcohol and marijuana among Hispanic adolescents.
Schooling and Symbolic Violence: The Effect of Power Differences and Curriculum Factors on Hispanic Students' Attitudes Toward Their Own Ethnicity
Authors: Iadicola Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between two mechanisms of symbolic violence-power difference and curriculum factors and Hispanic students' attitudes toward their own ethnicity. Symbolic violence is studied in its effect on Hisp-anic students' attitudes toward their own ethnicity. These relationships are explored with a sample of sixth-grade Hispanic male and female students (n = 118) from an analytical sample of 10 elementary schools in California. The specific power-difference factors investigated are: student-power differences (percent Anglo and socioeconomic status of the school), parent-power differences, and staff-power differences. Curriculum factors are operationalized in terms of the level of multicultural curriculum in the school. Pearson product moment correlations are calculated between these school-level factors and individual Hispanic students' levels of ethnic salience in self identification and attitudes toward their own ethnic group. In general the findings indicate that these power-difference and curriculum factors are indeed mechanisms of symbolic violence as they are related to ethnic salience and attitudes toward students' own ethnic group. Differences are found in the pattern of relationships for the two dependent variables and in the strength of the relationships for males and females.
The Status of Hispanic American Students in Science: Attitudes
Authors: Walker Constance L. , Rakow Steven J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined attitudes towards science among Hispanic American students in schools that participated in the National Assessment of Educational Progress over the past three testing periods. Examining four areas of attitudes with three age levels-elementary, junior high, and senior high schoolthe results for Hispanic students were compared with attitudes toward science of white and black students of the same age levels. Results indicated variations in attitude among ethnic minority students, both males and females, toward science classes, science teachers, careers in science, and the value of science. Interesting changes were observed over the testing periods, with minority students showing continual increase in positive attitudes. Attitudes toward science can be expected to influence course and career choice, yet other explanations for barriers facing minority students must be considered when attitudes cannot be identified as a primary factor preventing participation in science.
English Acquisition by Fluent-and Limited-Spanish-Proficient Mexican Americans in a 3-Year Maintenance Bilingual Program
Authors: Medina Marcello , Escamilla Kathy
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal impact of a maintenance bilingual education (MBE) program on the development of English (L2) for four groups of native Spanish-speaking students with varying degrees of Spanish oral proficiency who were all limited English proficient (LEP). Program participants were Mexican-American children in grades K-2. These subjects were divided into two major study groups, those considered fluent Spanish proficient (FSP; n = 111) and those who were limited Spanish proficient (LSP; n = 187). Two subgroups selected from the major groups (FSP program participants who were most fluent in Spanish, n = 45, and LSP participants who were most limited, n = 120) were also analyzed. Changes in L2 proficiency for the two major groups and the two subgroups were examined over the same 3-year span (1984-1987). Overall results from this MBE study demonstrated acquisition of statistically significant levels of English for all subjects. The most significant development was found for those subjects who were most limited in Spanish proficiency at the kindergarten level.
Risk and Protective Factors for Drug Use among Latino and White Adolescents
Authors: Felix-Ortiz Maria , Newcomb Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Several different theories have been suggested to account for drug use among Latinos, however, no one theory adequately explains this behavior. The authors developed a model of drug use that incorporated many potential risk and protective factors and tested both direct and buffering influences on drug involvement. From data on Latino, Latina, and White teenagers, 14 factors related to drug use were selected and assigned empirically to either a multipk protective (PFI) or risk factor (RFI) index. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships of the RFI, PFI, and their interaction on frequency and/or quantity of cigarette, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and hard drug use. Both indexes and their interaction contributed significantly tofrequency and quantity of drug use among all groups.
Willingness to Relocate for Employment: A Survey of Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Whites, and Blacks
Authors: Edwards Jack E. , Rosenfeld Paul , Thomas Patricia J. , Thomas Marie D.
Published: March 2007

Hispanics are underrepresented in many public-and private-sector organizations. This underrepresentation has led to calls for intensified targeted recruiting of Hispanics. The success of such recruiting efforts partially depends on the degree to which Hispanics are willing to relocatefor employment. The present study compared the geographic mobility of Hispanics (N = 704), non-Hispanic Whites (N = 525), and Blacks (N = 149). Persons who were applying for civil service jobs or taking civil service examinations in Corpus Christi Texas, completed a survey that assessed their likelihood of moving for employment. The results showed that Hispanics were as willing as Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites to relocate if incentives were high or the new employment areas had high Hispanic concentrations. If the new employment area did not have a high percentage of Hispanics, then Hispanics frequently indicated significantly less intention to move than did non-Hispanic Whites.