bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Age Strengthening of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr Alloy via Pre-Stretching
Authors: Guo Erjun , Zhao Sicong , Wang Liping , Wu Tong
Published: August 2016

Pre-stretching was carried out to modify the microstructure of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy to enhance its age strengthening. The results indicated that more heterogeneous nucleation sites can be provided by the high density of dislocations caused by the plastic pre-stretching deformation, as well as speeding up the growth rate of precipitates. Comparison of microstructure in non-pre-stretched specimens after artificial aging showed that pre-stretched specimens exhibited a higher number density of precipitates. The fine and coarse plate-shaped precipitates were found in the matrix. Due to an increase in the number density of precipitates, the dislocation slipping during the deformation process is effectively hindered, and the matrix is strengthened. The yield strength stabilizes at 4% pre-stretching condition, and then the evolution is stable within the error bars. The 8% pre-stretched specimens can achieve an ultimate tensile strength of 297 MPa. However, further pre-stretching strains after 8% cannot supply any increase in strength. Tensile fracture surfaces of specimens subjected to pre-stretching strain mainly exhibit a trans-granular cleavage fracture. This work indicated that a small amount of pre-stretching strain can further increase strength of alloy and also effectively enhance the formation of precipitates, which can expand the application fields of this alloy.
Factors Influencing Successful Prescribing by Intern Doctors: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Authors: R. Hansen Christina , Bradley Colin , Sahm Laura
Published: August 2016

As the majority of prescribing in hospital is undertaken by intern doctors, the aims of this systematic review were to compile the evidence of the qualitative literature on the views and experiences of intern doctors and to examine the role of the pharmacist in assisting in prescribing by interns. A systematic review of the qualitative literature was done according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. The findings were synthesized using thematic analysis. Seven publications were included. Factors influencing prescribing behaviour were related to the environment; collaboration in medical teams; hierarchical structures; and patient and individual factors. This review confirmed that interns’ prescribing behaviour is influenced by multiple factors, and further highlighted the need for an educational intervention that supports the intern completing the prescribing task in a complex environment, and not just addresses the presumed knowledge gap(s).
Investigation of a Fiberoptic Device Based on a Long Period Grating in a Ring Resonator
Authors: Corcione Cinzia , Troia Benedetto , De Leonardis Francesco , Passaro Vittorio
Published: August 2016

A fiberoptic architecture based on a ring resonator (RR) including a typical long period grating (LPG) was investigated. The interactions between the fundamental core mode (LP01 or HE11) coupled to the RR and the cladding mode (LP08), excited into the cavity by means of the LPG, allow a peculiar spectral response characterized by two splitting resonances to be achieved. The new LPGRR architecture is investigated theoretically and a mathematical modelling based on the transfer matrix method (TMM) is proposed. The theoretical results are compared with the experiments measured by an open-loop LPG, while the performance of the relative LPGRR was estimated by a theoretical parametric analysis. Finally, an overview of the possible LPGRR sensing applications is provided by investigating the features of a strain sensor operating in different environmental conditions.
Production of Biodiesel Using Immobilized Lipase and the Characterization of Different Co-Immobilizing Agents and Immobilization Methods
Authors: Zhao Kang , Di Qinjian , Cao Xi , Wang Meng , Deng Li , Wang Fang
Published: August 2016

Lipase from Candida sp. 99–125 is widely employed to catalyzed transesterification and can be used for biodiesel production. In this study, the lipase was immobilized by combined adsorption and entrapment to catalyze biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) via transesterification, and investigating co-immobilizing agents as additives according to the enzyme activity. The addition of the mixed co-immobilizing agents has positive effects on the activities of the immobilized lipase. Three different immobilizing methods were compared by the conversion ratio of biodiesel and structured by Atom Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. It was found that entrapment followed by adsorption was the best method. The effect of the co-immobilizing agent amount, lipase dosage, water content, and reuse ability of the immobilized lipase was investigated. By comparison with previous research, this immobilized lipase showed good reuse ability: the conversion ratio excesses 70% after 10 subsequent reactions, in particular, was better than Novozym435 and TLIM on waste cooking oil for one unit of lipase.
Revisiting the Optical PT-Symmetric Dimer
Authors: Huerta Morales José , Guerrero Julio , López-Aguayo Servando , Rodríguez-Lara Blas
Published: August 2016

Optics has proved a fertile ground for the experimental simulation of quantum mechanics. Most recently, optical realizations of PT -symmetric quantum mechanics have been shown, both theoretically and experimentally, opening the door to international efforts aiming at the design of practical optical devices exploiting this symmetry. Here, we focus on the optical PT -symmetric dimer, a two-waveguide coupler where the materials show symmetric effective gain and loss, and provide a review of the linear and nonlinear optical realizations from a symmetry-based point of view. We go beyond a simple review of the literature and show that the dimer is just the smallest of a class of planar N-waveguide couplers that are the optical realization of the Lorentz group in 2 + 1 dimensions. Furthermore, we provide a formulation to describe light propagation through waveguide couplers described by non-Hermitian mode coupling matrices based on a non-Hermitian generalization of the Ehrenfest theorem.
Interfering Heralded Single Photons from Two Separate Silicon Nanowires Pumped at Different Wavelengths
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Jiang Runyu , Bell Bryn , Choi Duk-Yong , Chae Change , Xiong Chunle
Published: August 2016

Practical quantum photonic applications require on-demand single photon sources. As one possible solution, active temporal and wavelength multiplexing has been proposed to build an on-demand single photon source. In this scheme, heralded single photons are generated from different pump wavelengths in many temporal modes. However, the indistinguishability of these heralded single photons has not yet been experimentally confirmed. In this work, we achieve 88% ± 8% Hong–Ou–Mandel quantum interference visibility from heralded single photons generated from two separate silicon nanowires pumped at different wavelengths. This demonstrates that active temporal and wavelength multiplexing could generate indistinguishable heralded single photons.
Evaluating Water Supply Risk in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Hanjiang River Basin Based on an Integrated Optimal Water Resources Allocation Model
Authors: Hong Xingjun , Guo Shenglian , Wang Le , Yang Guang , Liu Dedi , Guo Haijin , Wang Jun
Published: August 2016

The rapid socio-economic development and expanding human-induced hydrological alteration have strengthened the interactions between the social and hydrologic systems. To assess regional water supply security under changing water supply and demand condition in strongly human-impacted area, an integrated water resources management model that fully incorporates water demand prediction, optimal water resources allocation and water supply risk analysis is proposed and applied in the mid-lower reach of Hanjiang River basin. The model is run under three scenarios considering increasing water demand and expanding water diversion projects, and then spatial and temporal distributions of water supply reliability and vulnerability are evaluated. Results show that water supply risk in the mid-lower reach of Hanjiang River basin, especially units that take water directly from the mainstream, will be gradually enlarged in the future due to the expansions of both water demand and inter-basin water diversion capacity. The proposed method provides a practical approach towards more robust decision-making of long-term water resources planning and management under changing environment.
Domestic Wastewater Reuse in Concrete Using Bench-Scale Testing and Full-Scale Implementation
Authors: Ghrair Ayoup , Al-Mashaqbeh Othman
Published: August 2016

Demand for fresh water by the construction sector is expected to increase due to the high increase in the growth of construction activities in Jordan. This study aims to evaluate the potential of scale-up of the application of treated domestic wastewater in concrete from bench-scale to a full-scale. On the lab scale, concrete and mortar mixes using Primary and Secondary Treated Wastewater (PTW, STW) and Distilled Water (DW) were cast and tested after various curing ages (7, 28, 120, and 200 days). Based on wastewater quality, according to IS 456-2000, the STW is suitable for mortar and concrete production. Mortar made with STW at curing time up to 200 days has no significant negative effect on the mortar’s compressive strength. Conversely, the PTW exceeded the maximum permissible limits of total organic content and E coli. for concrete mixing-water. Using PTW results, a significant increase in the initial setting time of up to 16.7% and a decrease in the concrete workability are observed. In addition, using PTW as mixing water led to a significant reduction in the compressive strength up to 19.6%. The results that came out from scaling up to real production operation of ready-mix concrete were in harmony with the lab-scale results.
High degree of clonal reproduction and lack of large‐scale geographic patterning mark the introduced range of the invasive vine, kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), in North America
Authors: Bentley Kerin E. , Mauricio Rodney
Published: August 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Pueraria montana var. lobata, or kudzu, is an invasive species whose invasion in North America is not genetically well characterized. The clonality of kudzu introduces challenges to population genetic analyses that can bias the assessment of spatial patterns of genotypes. Assessing patterns of genetic diversity while considering clonality is necessary to understand the invasion and spread of kudzu in its invasive range.

METHODS:

We screened 1747 individuals from 87 populations across the invasive range with 15 microsatellite markers and a 789 bp chloroplast region. We performed detailed clonal analyses and tested levels of genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeographic relationships.

KEY RESULTS:

Kudzu exhibited a clonal rate of 80%, and was more heterozygous than other long‐lived perennials. We detected only 353 distinct clonal lineages, with over 60% sharing a maternal haplotype. Populations were established with few genotypes, many consisting of only a single clone. We found no isolation by distance. Despite high genetic diversity, we found little geographic patterning.

CONCLUSIONS:

Kudzu is highly clonal with few genetically distinct lineages and haplotypes existing in the introduced range. Our data are consistent with a large single introduction, or a few at most. Introduced lineages are geographically randomly distributed but isolated, suggesting that genotypes rarely expand into already established populations. No route of expansion was detectable from an original introduction. The invasion of kudzu does not seem to have been dominated by a single genotype, thus standing genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity are more likely mechanisms explaining kudzu's invasion success.
Frequent colonization and little in situ speciation in Senecio in the tropical alpine‐like islands of eastern Africa
Authors: Kandziora Martha , Kadereit Joachim W. , Gehrke Berit
Published: August 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Floras of continental habitat islands, like those of islands, originate mostly through colonization, which can be followed by in situ speciation. We here address the question of the relative importance of colonization and in situ diversification in the high‐altitude areas of the eastern African high mountains, the tropical Afroalpine Region, using the most species‐rich genus in the region, Senecio, as an example.

METHODS:

We expanded earlier Senecioneae phylogenies by adding more tropical African species and analyzed our phylogenetic tree biogeographically.

KEY RESULTS:

Senecio contains at least five clades with tropical African species, all of them containing tropical afroalpine species. Between four to 14 independent colonization events into the tropical Afroalpine most likely from montane regions in southern Africa were found. Additionally, relationships of tropical afroalpine species to Palearctic and South American taxa were identified. Although some in situ diversification occurred in Senecio in the tropical Afroalpine, the resulting number of species per clade is never higher than seven.

CONCLUSION:

Like other genera, Senecio colonized the tropical Afroalpine several times independently. Comparison with Mt. Kinabalu, a small tropical alpine‐like region in Southeast Asia, and alpine‐like regions in the Andes implies that rates of in situ speciation might be linked to area size.
Discourse Marker Sequencing and Grammaticalization
Authors: Koops Christian , Lohmann Arne
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper deals with the grammatical properties of discourse markers (DMs), specifically their ordering preferences relative to one another. While the data presented here are synchronic, we approach the topic of DM sequencing from the perspective of grammaticalization. From this perspective, DMs can be understood as the result of a process in which elements serving other functions, for example grammatical functions at the level of sentential syntax, come to be conventionally used as markers of discourse-level relations, or what Schiffrin (1987: 31) operationally defined as “sequentially dependent elements which bracket units of talk.” Here we are concerned with the final outcome of this process. We ask: to what degree do fully formed DMs retain or lose the grammatical properties associated with their previous role, specifically their syntactic co-occurrence constraints? In other words, what degree of syntactic decategorialization (in the sense of Hopper 1991) do DMs display?
Automatic Extraction of Linguistic Data from Digitized Documents
Authors: Szymanski Terrence
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper presents a system for automatically extracting linguistic data from digitized linguistic documents using a combination of existing software packages and custom scripts. The system is designed to leverage existing resources in online digital libraries in order to bootstrap the creation of large, multi-lingual linguistic corpora, which can then be used to conduct data-driven experimental research into cross-linguistic or universal linguistic phenomena. The system identifies instances of foreign-language text accompanied by reference-language translations within the text of printed books that have been scanned into digital format, and extracts these to produce a parallel corpus of example sentences. While the system achieves a high precision on predicting foreign text, its accuracy overall is low, and directions for improvement and future work are identified.
Exhaustifying Focus Intervention Effects: A Crosslinguistic Study
Authors: Xie Zhiguo
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper describes, from a crosslinguistic perspective, the empirical pattern of focus phrases interacting with wh-in-situ arguments in their scope, and provides a preliminary theoretical analysis of the pattern. I cite examples from genetically unrelated languages to show that, contrary to Kim’s (2002, 2005) claim, not all focus phrases (FPs) trigger intervention effects (IEs). To control for any potential asymmetry between wh-arguments and wh-adjuncts, in my discussion of focus-included IE, I exclude wh-adjunct questions from consideration. I will show that whether an FP is an intervener for wh-in-situ argument questions depends on whether the FP receives an exhaustive interpretation or not.
Morpheme Order Constraints Upside Down: Verticality and Other Directions
Authors: Imbert Caroline
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is an excerpt:This paper addresses a selection of languages which exhibits morphosyntactic structures that formally have little in common: Burmese and Arakanese (Tibeto-Burmese), Popti’ (Mayan), Homeric Greek (Indo-European) and Mandarin Chinese (Sinitic). However, they all seem to organize the surface order of their Path-encoding elements according to two conceptual distinctions: (a) the Axiality or non-Axiality of Path, and (b) Deixis.
The Forefinger/Thumb Alternation in Arapaho Pointing: Participation Space as a Frame of Reference
Authors: Sandoval Richard A.
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:Pointing is a basic referential resource for human interaction, and Arapaho speakers make full use of its potential. I report on the Arapaho forefinger/thumb pointing alternation for person reference. I argue that the distinction encodes an Arapaho sensitivity to the common space created by interactional co-participants, or the “participation space” (Goodwin 2000). As co-participants often constitute themselves as such by their mutual display of a participation space, this interactional frame of reference is reflected in the Arapaho pointing alternation: Thumb pointing is used for co-participant reference when the participation space is the relevant frame of reference; forefinger pointing is used for person reference when the participation space is not the relevant frame of reference. This functional difference between the two types of pointing is highly motivated by an Arapaho language ideology and the general hand-shape iconicity distinguishing the two points. Together, these two motivators result in forefinger pointing as the highly marked alternate for co-participant reference.
SECONDARY FAST MAGNETOACOUSTIC WAVES TRAPPED IN RANDOMLY STRUCTURED PLASMAS
Authors: Yuan Ding , Li Bo , Walsh Robert W.
Published: August 2016

Fast magnetoacoustic waves are an important tool for inferring parameters of the solar atmosphere. We numerically simulate the propagation of fast wave pulses in randomly structured plasmas that mimic the highly inhomogeneous solar corona. A network of secondary waves is formed by a series of partial reflections and transmissions. These secondary waves exhibit quasi-periodicities in both time and space. Since the temporal and spatial periods are related simply through the speed of the fast wave, we quantify the properties of secondary waves by examining the dependence of the average temporal period (

) on the initial pulse width (w
0) and studying the density contrast (

) and correlation length (L

c
) that characterize the randomness of the equilibrium density profiles. For small-amplitude pulses,

does not alter

significantly. Large-amplitude pulses, on the other hand, enhance the density contrast when

is small but have a smoothing effect when

is sufficiently large. We found that

scales linearly with L

c
and that the scaling factor is larger for a narrower pulse. However, in terms of the absolute values of

, broader pulses generate secondary waves with longer periods, and this effect is stronger in random plasmas with shorter correlation lengths. Secondary waves carry the signatures of both the leading wave pulse and the background plasma. Our study may find applications in magnetohydrodynamic seismology by exploiting the secondary waves detected in the dimming regions after coronal mass ejections or extreme ultraviolet waves.
GRAVITATIONAL MICROLENSING EVENTS AS A TARGET FOR THE SETI PROJECT
Authors: Rahvar Sohrab
Published: August 2016

The detection of signals from a possible extrasolar technological civilization is one of the most challenging efforts of science. In this work, we propose using natural telescopes made of single or binary gravitational lensing systems to magnify leakage of electromagnetic signals from a remote planet that harbors Extraterrestrial Intelligent (ETI) technology. Currently, gravitational microlensing surveys are monitoring a large area of the Galactic bulge to search for microlensing events, finding more than 2000 events per year. These lenses are capable of playing the role of natural telescopes, and, in some instances, they can magnify radio band signals from planets orbiting around the source stars in gravitational microlensing systems. Assuming that the frequency of electromagnetic waves used for telecommunication in ETIs is similar to ours, we propose follow-up observation of microlensing events with radio telescopes such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the Low Frequency Demonstrators, and the Mileura Wide-Field Array. Amplifying signals from the leakage of broadcasting by an Earth-like civilization will allow us to detect them as far as the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Our analysis shows that in binary microlensing systems, the probability of amplification of signals from ETIs is more than that in single microlensing events. Finally, we propose the use of the target of opportunity mode for follow-up observations of binary microlensing events with SKA as a new observational program for searching ETIs. Using optimistic values for the factors of the Drake equation provides detection of about one event per year.
ASYMMETRIES IN SN 2014J NEAR MAXIMUM LIGHT REVEALED THROUGH SPECTROPOLARIMETRY
Authors: Porter Amber L. , Leising Mark D. , Williams G. Grant , Milne Peter , Smith Paul , Smith Nathan , Bilinski Christopher , Hoffman Jennifer L. , Huk Leah , Leonard Douglas C.
Published: August 2016

We present spectropolarimetric observations of the nearby Type Ia supernova SN 2014J in M82 over six epochs: +0, +7, +23, +51, +77, +109, and +111 days with respect to B-band maximum. The strong continuum polarization, which is constant with time, shows a wavelength dependence unlike that produced by linear dichroism in Milky Way dust. The observed polarization may be due entirely to interstellar dust or include a circumstellar scattering component. We find that the polarization angle aligns with the magnetic field of the host galaxy, arguing for an interstellar origin. Additionally, we confirm a peak in polarization at short wavelengths that would imply

along the light of sight, in agreement with earlier polarization measurements. For illustrative purposes, we include a two-component fit to the continuum polarization of our +51-day epoch that combines a circumstellar scattering component with interstellar dust where scattering can account for over half of the polarization at 4000 Å. Upon removal of the interstellar polarization signal, SN 2014J exhibits very low levels of continuum polarization. Asymmetries in the distribution of elements within the ejecta are visible through moderate levels of time-variable polarization in accordance with the Si ii
λ6355 absorption line. At maximum light, the line polarization reaches ∼0.6% and decreases to

1 week later. This feature also forms a loop on the

plane, illustrating that the ion does not have an axisymmetric distribution. The observed polarization properties suggest that the explosion geometry of SN 2014J is generally spheroidal with a clumpy distribution of silicon.
1. Les modèles économiques sont-ils vraiment idéologiquement neutres ?
Authors: Guerrien Bernard
Published: August 2016

Les modèles économiques, y compris ceux qui font appel aux mathématiques, ne peuvent échapper à l’idéologie – aux croyances a priori de leurs auteurs. Cela n’a en soi rien de déshonorant, sauf quand certains de ces modèles sont présentés de façon erronée, consciemment ou pas, pour justifier à tort ces croyances. L’idéologie l’emporte alors sur la raison. Beaucoup de temps et d’énergie sont gaspillés dans l’élaboration de ces modèles qui sont plus une source de confusion que de progrès dans la connaissance.
4. Management public et logique de gestion dans l’administration : quel bilan ?
Authors: Bacache-Beauvallet Maya
Published: August 2016

Cet article retrace les évolutions des réformes du management public depuis les années 1980 et insiste sur les modifications de la gestion des ressources humaines. Dans un premier temps, on revient sur la notion de management public. L’essentiel de cette notion recouvre la gestion des ressources humaines l’économie du personnel et en particulier les critères de sélection et de rémunération du personnel. Après avoir rappelé les hypothèses du modèle incitatif (le modèle principal-agent), l’article insiste sur les effets pervers des rémunérations variables, principalement l’inégalité de traitement des usagers et la démotivation des fonctionnaires et des usagers.
10. Systèmes électoraux, qualité de la représentation : qu’apporte la science économique à la science politique ?
Authors: Laslier Jean-François , Blais André
Published: August 2016

Deux traits caractéristiques de la science économique moderne sont, d’une part, l’utilisation du modèle rationnel (les acteurs sont pas déterminés mais agissent suivant leurs raisons) et, d’autre part, l’attention portée aux questions normatives (quels sont les critères du « bien » collectif ?) et prescriptives (le chercheur se permet des recommandations). L’article démontre, à partir de quelques exemples, l’apport de ces attitudes intellectuelles à la science politique.
11. L’opinion des citoyens influence-t-elle les politiques ?
Authors: Magni-Berton Raùl
Published: August 2016

Les gouvernants sont incités à suivre l’opinion des citoyens lorsqu’ils ont besoin de leurs voix pour se faire réélire. Cependant, leur motivation ne suffit pas, car suivre correctement les souhaits de l’opinion publique est quasiment impossible. La littérature montre plusieurs dispositifs que les gouvernants utilisent pour satisfaire les citoyens, particulièrement quand ils en ont besoin – lorsqu’ils sont impopulaires et que l’élection est proche. Ils peuvent suivre des sondages sur des enjeux saillants, ils peuvent essayer de compter sur l’ignorance et l’appât du gain des électeurs, mais ils peuvent également viser l’opinion de sous-groupes de la population qui se rendent régulièrement aux urnes et qui sont politiquement informés ou bien organisés. Au final, l’opinion des citoyens influence bien les politiques, mais d’une façon qui échappe largement à leur contrôle.
12. Les préférences politiques et sociales se mesurent-elles ?
Authors: Gonthier Frédéric
Published: August 2016

La question de la mesure des préférences politiques et sociales a donné lieu à des débats importants. Politistes et sociologues ont notamment examiné à quel point les préférences individuelles sont consistantes et la signification que les mouvements de l’opinion peuvent avoir au niveau macrosociologique. On revient ici sur ces débats, sur les enjeux qu’ils soulèvent en termes de gouvernance de l’opinion publique et sur leurs implications du point de vue de la théorie démocratique.
13. Pourquoi certains lobbies sont-ils plus puissants que d’autres ? L’analyse économique des groupes d’influence hétérogènes
Authors: Cheikbossian Guillaume
Published: August 2016

Dans cet article, nous présentons plusieurs analyses économiques récentes des groupes d’intérêts hétérogènes. Nous nous concentrons sur deux types d’hétérogénéité des groupes de pression : en termes de taille, mesurée par le nombre de membres, et en termes de préférences – intra- et inter-groupes – de leurs membres. En ce qui concerne la taille, nous insistons sur le problème de l’action collective et le paradoxe selon lequel les grands groupes seraient potentiellement moins influents que les petits groupes en raison d’un problème de passager clandestin plus important. Quant à l’hétérogénéité des préférences, nous insistons essentiellement sur l’intensité du conflit d’influence qui en résulte.
Research on US Education Abroad
Authors: Ogden Anthony C. , Streitwieser Bernhard
Published: August 2016

This chapter provides a concise overview of research in the area of United States (US) education abroad, beginning with a brief discussion of the changing role of US Higher Education (HE) and the ever-increasing momentum toward assessing and documenting outcomes. This is followed by a brief overview of the major trends in contemporary education abroad research in the US, with particular emphasis on research in short-term programming, and an assessment of the major methodological and design challenges. Because of their importance to education abroad and HE research, brief attention is given to the major theoretical models that have traditionally informed education abroad research in the US and the conceptual frameworks from related disciplines that may further extend education abroad research. Commonly used instruments are discussed in context of measuring outcomes. Some notable gaps in the existing research and needed directions are also discussed.
Counting Outward Mobility
Authors: Nerlich Steve
Published: August 2016

This chapter outlines various sources of data available on outbound student mobility, noting the prevalence of two major mobility modes, either full degree mobility or credit mobility. The latter is commonly referred to as study abroad and involves students studying in another country to accrue credit towards a degree that will be awarded back in their home country. Using Australia as an example of a country embracing the opportunities of outbound mobility, while also being a popular study destination for students from other countries, this chapter investigates different types of outward mobility data collections and the methods used to populate them. Further, this chapter summarises research methods employed to measure the quality of outward mobility experiences and the return on investment that may be achieved by students and funding bodies, with respect to learning outcomes and graduate employability.
Engineering and Information Technology
Authors: Chang Shanton , von Imhoff Martina , Ustrup Rikke Ilona
Published: August 2016

Students in the Engineering and Information Technology (IT) field are statistically less mobile than in many other disciplines. This has been documented across Australia, Europe and North America. While studies have shown the benefits of going abroad for a period of time, these messages seem to be lost on many Engineering and IT students. Using comparative case studies between/among various Universities, this chapter outlines and explores the challenges of trying to encourage more of such students to go abroad. Challenges include: (1) student concerns; (2) degree structure and program limitations; and (3) faculty buy-in. This chapter outlines three cases where strategic and operational actions have been taken to mitigate identified challenges. Best practices include the identification and introduction of ‘mobility windows' in curricula in cooperation with faculty, having a clear management framework and performance indicators and achieving faculty buy-in.
International Service-Learning
Authors: Coryell Joellen E. , Stewart Trae , Wubbena Zane C. , Valverde-Poenie Tereza Cristina , Spencer B. J.
Published: August 2016

International Service-Learning (ISL) is a structured service-learning experience in another country where students learn from interaction, cross-cultural dialogue, and reflection. This humanistic pedagogy was utilized at the University of Canterbury after earthquakes rocked Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ) in 2010 and 2011. The present comparative-case study examined United States (US), European Union (EU), and Kiwi students' transformative learning through working together in a university-based ISL course designed around re-building Christchurch. Data were analyzed through the Kiely's (2005) Transformative Service-Learning Model. The findings of this study contribute new elements to the dimension of the model and argue that the concept of global citizenship may better explain a mixed cohort of international students' service-learning experiences in a post-disaster setting. Implications to the study's findings and recommendations for future research are briefly discussed.
Perspectives on Mediated L2 Learning during Study Abroad
Authors: Kong Kaishan
Published: August 2016

Informed by multiple sociocultural and sociolinguistic conceptual frameworks that highlight the compelling implication of identity, motivation, and mediation in second language (L2) learning, this chapter examines how the sense of self and aspirations of multiple Chinese students have affected their strategies in L2 experiences during study abroad in the United States (US). Data sources included in-depth interviews, ethnographic observations, focus group discussion, social media posts and other documents. Within the specific study abroad context under discussion, substantial data from three focal participants divulged that multiple identities, self-positioning in imagined communities and motivation interacted with each other in mediating L2 learners' experience and investment selections. In other words, their feelings, sense of self and envisioned learning goals influenced and mediated their attitude and strategies in interacting with others.
The End of Media
Authors: Belliger Andréa , Krieger David John
Published: August 2016

In the network society and the age of media convergence, media production can no longer be isolated into channels, formats, technologies, and organizations. Media Studies is facing the challenge to reconceptualize its foundations. It could therefore be claimed that new media are the last media. In the case of digital versus analog, there is no continuity between new media and old media. A new and promising proposal has come from German scholars who attempt the precarious balance between media theory and a general theory of mediation based on Actor-Network Theory. Under the title of Actor-Media Theory (Akteur-Medien-Theorie) these thinkers attempt to reformulate the program of Media Studies beyond assumptions of social or technical determinism. Replacing Actor-Network Theory with Actor-Media Theory raises the question of whether exchanging the concept of “network” for the concept of “media” is methodologically and theoretically advantageous.
A Cyborg Perspective
Authors: Spöhrer Markus
Published: August 2016

The paper focuses on the man-machine relationships between the cochlear implant and its wearers as a contemporary form of cyborgization. The research object will be Michael Chorost's biographical account of his implantation and adaption to the implant. In a theoretical section an effort is made to argue that Actor-Network Theory can function as a “cyborg perspective,” which allows for describing the symbiosis between the implant and Chorost as a practice of reciprocal “tuning” and the processual production of perception as a complex relationship between technical object, human body and environment. Based on Actor-Network theory's concept of “symmetry,” technical object, the biochemical activities of the human body and their relation to a presumed “outside” environment are equally involved and constituted. Finally, the chapter suggests that this specific relationship can be paralleled with the concept of mediality as it has been discussed in the German-speaking academic context.
Actor-Network Theory and Media Studies
Authors: Hemmingway Emma Louise
Published: August 2016

This chapter will narrate a complex story of a current process of innovation within a particular newsroom. A series of empirical observations will reveal how Actor-Network Theory can be effectively engaged in reading media processes and media innovation. The chapter will also provide a separate hypothesis as to the nature of how and why some networks are able to stabilize whilst others remain in constant transition. The innovation at the centre of this ANT study is a recently established local television station launched in England within a university setting. It will be argued that by using ANT as a methodology for exploring innovations, one can recognize more easily the precarious positions of actors in any network, both during its construction and also after it has been more or less successfully stabilized. It can also reveal why a network may not achieve stabilization or become successfully operative over time.
ANTi-Human
Authors: Schreiber Michel
Published: August 2016

In his writings on the gunman, Bruno Latour (1994) paraphrases the anti-human ideology of the National Rifle Association of the USA. Amongst a long list of stances one can find nonsense such as: “One is born a good citizen or a criminal. Period.” I will not suggest that Latour is an advocate in favor of the NRA's strange cause or in favor of their ideology. Nevertheless, will I use this example to point out the biggest flaw in the so called Actor-Network Theory – or at least Latour's version of ANT: The absolute ignorance to ethical doubts towards that specific approach of describing our world and what ONE calls society. I will bring forth this argument using not much more than this one example, this absolute negation of ethical philosophy and humane thought. I will therefore use a very fundamentalist approach to ethics, as it was developed by Emanuel Levinas (1988). Within this framework it will become obvious why ANT may be a good tool to describe technical processes within a society, but will always fail to explain the human side of things.
Graphical Techniques and Methods
Authors: Crespo Márquez Adolfo , Barberá Luis , Kobbacy Khairy A. H. , Shariff Samir M.
Published: August 2016

GAMM (Graphical Analysis for Maintenance Management) is a method that supports decision-making in maintenance management through the visualization and graphical analysis of data. GAMM also allows the identification of anomalous behavior in equipment, derived from its own operations, maintenance activities, improper use of equipment or even as a result of design errors. As a basis for analysis, the GAMM method uses a nonparametric estimator of the reliability function using historical data, sometimes in very limited amounts. However, for successful results, experience and advanced knowledge in maintenance management are strictly necessary. In order to ease the interpretations of the GAMM method results, with the intention that the method becomes really amicable for managers, a set of basic rules have been developed. This set of rules leads to a proper and objective interpretation of GAMM results, improving the decision making.
Towards Informed Maintenance Decision Making
Authors: Tiddens W. W. (Wieger) , Braaksma A. J. J.(Jan) , Tinga T. (Tiedo)
Published: August 2016

Advanced maintenance techniques (AMTs) are practices that can help practitioners to make better-informed maintenance decisions, such as ensuring just-in-time maintenance, corporate business planning or lifetime extension of physical assets. These techniques take the current, but preferably also the future, state of assets into account. Although there is much literature on the development of specific techniques, reports on their adoption and use show that only few companies have successfully applied these methods. Guidance is needed on their selection and application. In this chapter, a typology of companies–based on an ongoing multiple-case study–that apply these maintenance techniques is proposed. This typology identifies typical difficulties practitioners experience in applying AMTs. Finally, a four-step procedure is offered with the aim of helping practitioners to overcome the discussed difficulties in the application of AMTs.
Risks and Uncertainties in the Planning Phase of Offshore Wind Projects
Authors: van der Wal Jannes , Eecen Peter , Veldman Jasper
Published: August 2016

Megaprojects are large and complex projects that entail multi-actor management, non-standard technology and processes. This chapter aims to explore offshore wind projects (OWPs) as megaprojects, particular in the planning phase. Based on interviews with 26 experts from a variety of backgrounds in the offshore wind industry in The Netherlands, the risks and uncertainties in the planning phase of OWPs and key factors in the decision making process are explored. A framework is presented that depicts the planning phase of an OWP, as well as ten risks and seven uncertainties that are most common in an OWP. The role of the government and the project structure are further highlighted. The findings of this research allow practitioners to gain a better overview of the planning process of an OWP and can help to improve asset management decision making.
Drug Delivery Strategies for Tolerogenic Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases in an Antigen-Specific Manner
Authors: Peine Kevin J. , Chen Naihan , Bachelder Eric M. , Ainslie Kristy M.
Published: August 2016

Autoimmune diseases are the result of an improper immune response towards a self-antigen. Predominantly, autoimmune diseases have been treated using therapies that suppress systemic immune responses, which can result in significant side-effects like increased risk of infection and cancer. Alternatively, induction of immune tolerance through antigen-specific therapies can inhibit disease-associated responses without systemic suppression. Previously, immune tolerance has been accomplished by soluble antigen delivery through oral, nasal or sublingual routes. However, these therapies have shown minimal success in clinical settings. In an attempt to increase the efficacy of these therapies, recent work has utilized microparticulate delivery vehicles for the induction of immune tolerance. Microparticles are capable of increasing the solubility and circulation of cargo. In addition, their ability to passively target macrophages and dendritic cells increases their capacity for modulating the immune response. Recent work has shown microparticles fabricated with disease-associated antigens have limited disease progression and severity in animal models of Multiple Sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inhibition of disease progression has corresponded with an antigen-specific decrease in inflammatory responses. The emerging field of inducing tolerance through microparticle-based therapies can limit therapeutic side-effects and increase patient quality of life by providing for long-term suppression of autoimmune disorders without compromising systemic immune function.
Cancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Patel Jai N. , Villadolid Jeryl
Published: August 2016

Advancements in cancer drug delivery have led to the development of personalized oncology care through molecularly-driven targeted therapies. Understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms which drive tumor progression and resistance is critical in managing new treatment strategies which have shifted from empiric to biomarker-directed therapy selection. Biomarker-directed therapies have improved clinical outcomes in multiple malignancies as monotherapy and in combination with other treatment modalities, however the changing scope of treatment options presents new opportunities and challenges for research. Furthermore, pharmacogenetics may provide a rationale method of personalizing anticancer drug dosing and supportive care management for oncology patients. This chapter reviews biomarker classifications and pharmacogenetics in anticancer therapy and supportive care. Examples of biomarker-directed therapies and clinical assays, in addition to future directions of molecular profiling in oncology therapy management are discussed.
Phytopharmaceutical Applications of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods
Authors: Prakash Dhan , Gupta Charu
Published: August 2016

Nutraceuticals are actually “Bioactive herbal formulations” that contains selective combinations of specific bioactive constituents of plants and/or their parts that possess health-promotive, disease preventing and medicinal properties. The important phytochemical constituents commonly found in plants are polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, anthocyanidins, carotenoids, fibers, limonoids, glucosinolates, phytoestrogens, phytosterols and terpenoids. They play positive pharmacological activities in human health such as antioxidant activity, anti-microbial activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-spasmodic, chemo-preventive, hepato-protective, neuro-protective, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, anti-aging, diabetes, osteoporosis, repair DNA damage, heart diseases, diuretic, Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulant, immuno-modulator, carminative, Thus the present chapter summarizes the phyto-pharmaceutical applications of nutraceuticals and functional foods and would lay emphasis on its importance for future generations for their well-being.
Cosmeceuticals
Authors: Yagil Reuven
Published: August 2016

This chapter will deal with delivering of a substance in a natural product, milk, via the skin – cosmeceuticals, from a variety of sources, camels, equine, ruminant and breast milk. The large quantities of bacteria on the normal skin, both friendly and “bad” bacteria provide skin and body health. The activity of cosmeceuticals of camel milk is due to the specific milk components, whose efficacy is retained in skin preparations which have not been destroyed in their preparation. By using camel milk which is pathogen-free the preparations are probiotic by definition and rapidly penetrate the outer skin layers to be active in the deeper layers. Massage therapy has been shown to improve flexibility and range of motion and strengthen the immune system. A list of the organic substances used for making the cosmeceuticals is provided.
New Herbal Approaches for the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Diseases and Its Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Yadav Durgavati , Pandey Vivek , Srivastava Shivani , Tripathi Yamini Bhusan
Published: August 2016

Diabetic Kidney Diseases (DKD) is a very serious complication of diabetes. There is recent steep rise in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and DKD worldwide. Factors responsible for intraglomerular hypertension include activation of various vasoactive systems, polyol pathway, oxidative stress, inflammation and protein kinase C. Sodium-Dependent Glucose Co-Transporter (SGLT-2) inhibitors, DPP-IV (Dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitors are being develop to manage the hyperglycemia and oxidative stress induced inflammatory cascade. Herbal drugs have gained increasing popularity; are complex mixtures of polyphenols and phytochemicals from any raw or processed part of a plant, including leaves. Herbal drugs in this modern era are preferred due to its lesser side effects. Various preparations are presently used for ameliorating the effect of DKD. Since, medicinal plants have been reported to affect various metabolic receptors, enzymes and signaling cascade. Above book chapter explains the involvement of different phytochemicals in biological pathway associated with the kidney damage.
Exploring Technology Through Issues of Social Justice
Authors: Clausen Courtney K.
Published: August 2016

This action research project focuses on student-centered learning through the application of cultural relevant pedagogy and culturally responsive teaching in a high school summer enrichment computer science course. The research question guiding this project was: How does the integration of cultural competencies and culturally responsive teaching impact student learning in the secondary classroom? The content of the course focused on students learning about computer applications, research using digital resources retrieved from the Internet, and digital literacy as outlined by the International Society for Technology in Education Standards Students. This chapter examines pedagogy and practice highlighting the integration of culturally relevant pedagogy and cultural relevant teaching into a computer science course focused on current events and issues of social justice.