bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N-{(2RS)-2-Hydroxy-3-[2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenoxy]propyl}propanaminium chloride
Authors: Bambagiotti-Alberti Massimo , Bruni Bruno , Costantino Ferdinando , Di Vaira Massimo , Giannellini Valerio
Published: May 2006

The title compound, propafenone hydrochloride, C21H28NO3
+·Cl−, is a potent antiarrhythmic drug, which acts by blocking channels for sodium transport across cell borders. The crystal packing is essentially controlled by a system of hydrogen bonds involving the quaternary N atom, the (disordered) hydroxy group and the chloride ion.
Diphenyl naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylate
Authors: Jing Lin-Hai , Qin Da-Bin , Gu Shao-Jin , Zhang Huan-Xia , Mao Zhi-Hua
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C24H16O4, the two carboxylate groups are twisted away from the attached of the naphthalene unit ring by 20.4 (2) and 45.2 (1)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions.
Diphenylcarbonohydrazide–phenylsemicarbazide (1/1)
Authors: Wei Chun-Xia , Chen Jian-Xin , Li Zhong-Shui , Lan Ting-Yan , Huang Yuan-Biao
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C13H14N4O·C7H9N3O, a phenylcarbonohydrazide molecule cocrystallizes with a phenylsemicarbazide molecule. In the crystal structure, extensive hydrogen-bonding and π–π stacking interactions stabilize the structure.
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxyisochroman
Authors: Saeed Aamer , Flörke Ulrich
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C17H17ClO3, is another representative of the rare examples of crystallographically characterized 6,7-dimethoxyisochromans. The packing exhibits intermolecular C(methyl)—H...Cl hydrogen bonds with an infinite zigzag pattern along [010]. Additional intermolecular bonds occur between methoxy groups and the pyran O atoms.
Bis(N-benzoylglycinato)diimidazolecobalt(II)
Authors: Dobrzyńska Danuta , Lis Tadeusz , Woźniak Joanna
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, [Co(C9H8NO3)2(C3H4N2)2], the CoII atom, located on a twofold rotation axis, is coordinated by two N atoms and two O atoms in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The imine groups from the hippurate anion as well as the imidazole ligand act as donors in N—H...O hydrogen bonds; the two intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds create a three-dimensional network.
Bis(2-aminopyridine)dibenzoatocobalt(II)
Authors: Ju Wen-Zheng , Jiao Rui-Hua , Cao Ping , Fang Rui-Qin
Published: May 2006

The title compound, [Co(C7H5O2)2(C5H6N2)2], contains CoII cations bonded to two bidentate benzoate ligands and two 2-aminopyridine ligands, resulting in highly distorted cis-CoN2O4 octahedra. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H...O hydrogen bonds.
4-Benzoylhydrazono-1,4-dihydroquinazoline monohydrate
Authors: Li Xiu-Wen , Qin Zhang-Lan , Wan Ting
Published: May 2006

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C15H12N4O·H2O, molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π and C—H...π interactions.
Triaquatetrakis(dimethylacetamide-κO)gadolinium(III) hexacyanoferrate(III) dihydrate
Authors: Svendsen Helle , Overgaard Jacob , Chevalier Marie A. , Iversen Bo B.
Published: May 2006

The title compound, [Gd(C4H9NO)4(H2O)3][Fe(CN)6]·2H2O, is a bimetallic complex containing two isolated metal complexes. The Fe atom is bonded to six cyano ligands forming an almost ideal octahedron. One of the cyano groups is also connected through a hydrogen bond to a water molecule bonded to the Ga atom. Aside from three water molecules, gadolinium is also coordinated by four dimethylacetamide molecules, two of which show various degrees of structural disorder. The asymmetric unit also includes two solvent water molecules, which take part in hydrogen bonding, forming an extended network.
N-(4-Nitrobenzyl)quinolinium bis(2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolato)palladium(III) acetone solvate
Authors: Zang Shuang-Quan , Su Yang , Tao Ruo-Jie
Published: May 2006

In the title ion-pair compound, (C16H13N2O2)[Pd(C3S5)2]·C3H6O, the PdIII atom exhibits square-planar coordination geometry involving four S atoms of two 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolate (dmit) ligands. Some weak S...S interactions and hydrogen bonds are found, resulting in a three-dimensional supramolecular network structure.
2,7-Diacetylxanthene
Authors: Wu Li , Liu Ai-Lin , Lu Yang , Du Guan-Hua
Published: May 2006

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C17H14O3, the asymmetric unit comprises one half-molecule; a mirror plane passes through the pyran O atom and the para-carbon atom.
3-[(E)-2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethyl-N-(3-pyridyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide acetone hemisolvate
Authors: Liu Dong-Qing , Feng Ya-Qing , Liu Da-Wei , Zhang Sha-Sha
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C14H14ClF3N2O·0.5C3H6O, the pyridine ring makes a dihedral angle of 73.0 (3)° with the cyclopropane ring. The amide NH group and the pyridine N atom are linked by an intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bond.
(3R,4R)-(–)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-phenyl-2-o-toluoyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
Authors: Gzella Andrzej , Chrzanowska Maria , Dreas Agnieszka , Kaczmarek Michał S. , Woźniak Zenon
Published: May 2006

The absolute configuration of the title compound, C24H23NO2, has been confirmed as 3R,4R. The hydroxymethyl group and phenyl ring at the asymmetric C atoms exhibit α and β orientations, respectively, and the non-planar heterocyclic ring of the tetrahydroisoquinoline system adopts an envelope conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized through hydrogen bonds.
Poly[μ4-isonicotinato-μ3-nitrato-barium(II)]
Authors: Schuy Andrea , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: May 2006

The title compound, [Ba(C6H4NO2)(NO3)]
n
, was formed by the hydrothermal reaction of Ba(NO3)2, isonicotinamide and KOH with release of ammonia. The Ba ion is ten-coordinated by nine O atoms and one N atom. Five of these O atoms derive from one monodentate and two bidentate nitrate anions. The other O atoms derive from one bidentate and two monodentate carboxylate groups of the isonicotinate anions. The coordination is completed by an N atom of the isonicotinate anion. These units are connected to form a three-dimensional framework structure.
Ag(MoO2)(AsO4)
Authors: Hajji Mounir , Zid Mohamed Faouzi
Published: May 2006

Silver molybdyl arsenate has been synthesized by a solid-state reaction. The structure consists of AsO4 tetrahedra and MoO6 octahedra sharing corners to form a three-dimensional framwork containing channels running along [010], in which the Ag+ ions are located. Structural relationships between the different monoarsenates of the AMoO2AsO4 series (A = Ag, Li, Na, K and Rb) are discussed.
cyclo{[(6-Amino-6-deoxy-2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactonic acid)-(D-Phe)]2}
Authors: Bream Richard , Watkin David , Soengas Raquel , Fleet George W. J. , Edwards Alison A. , Hunter Stuart J. , Tranter George E.
Published: May 2006

Determination of the crystal structure of the title compound [systematic name: 9,25-dibenzyl-4,4,15,15,20,20,31,31-octamethyl-3,5,14,16,19,21,30,32-octaoxa-8,11,24,27-tetraazapentacyclo[27.3.0.02,6.013,17.018,22]dotriacontane-7,10,23,26-tetrone], C42H56N4O12, a cyclic tetramer, established the relative stereochemistry of its ten stereogenic C atoms; an interesting saddle-like conformation is adopted. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit. With the exception of the phenyl and isopropylidene groups, the molecules are related by a non-crystallographic twofold rotation axis. There are varying degrees of disorder in the isopropylidene groups.
Ethylenediammonium tetraaquabis(pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylato-κN)cuprate(II) dihydrate
Authors: Dorazco-Gonzalez Alejandro , Toscano Ruben A. , Gómez-Vidales Virginia , Valdés-Martínez Jesús
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, (C2H10N2)[Cu(C7H3NO4)2(H2O)4]·2H2O, the CuII ion occupies a special position on an inversion center and has an elongated octahedral geometry with the pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate ligands in trans positions. The ethylenediammonium cation is also in a special position on an inversion center located at the mid-point of the C—C bond. Multiple crystallographically independent hydrogen bonds form a three-dimensional network in the crystal structure. π–π Interactions between aromatic rings of the pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate ligand are observed. The electron-spin resonance (ESR) spectrum is in agreement with an elongated octahedral geometry.
1,5-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-pyridyl)pentane-1,5-dione
Authors: Qiu Xiao-Yang , Liu Wei-Sheng , Zhu Hai-Liang
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C22H17Cl2NO2, has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In the crystal structure, the two benzene rings and the pyridyl group lie in a propeller arrangement around the central C atom, thereby minimizing the steric effects between these rings.
3-(2-Methoxyanilino)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one
Authors: Odabaşoğlu Mustafa , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C15H13NO3, contains an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond and the packing is stabilized by N—H...O and C—H...O intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The N—H...O hydrogen bonds generate S(5)[R
2
2(12)]S(5) motifs and these motifs are bonded to each other by C—H...O intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The phthalide group is planar, showing a dihedral angle of 63.26 (8)° with the benzene ring.
3-Benzyl-6-isopropyl-5-methoxy-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one
Authors: Zeng Xiao-Hua , Wang Hong-Mei , Ding Ming-Wu , He Hong-Wu
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C15H17N5O2, all ring atoms in the triazolopyrimidinone system are almost coplanar. The packing of the molecules in the crystal structure is mainly due to intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions.
3-(4-Hexyloxyphenyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one
Authors: Vijayan M. , Chinnakali K. , Amaladass P. , Mohanakrishnan A. K. , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C20H22O3, the hexyloxyphenyl group is orthogonal to the isobenzofuran-1-one ring system. The molecules, translated by one unit cell along the a-axis direction, are linked into a chain by intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions, and the inversion-related molecules of adjacent chains are linked via C—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a ribbon structure.
trans-Bis(O-ethylxanthato)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(III) hexafluorophosphate monohydrate
Authors: Ohuchi Yuko , Noda Kyoko , Suzuki Takayoshi , Kashiwabara Kazuo , Takagi Hideo D.
Published: May 2006

In the monoclinic crystal structure of the title compound, trans-[Ru(C3H5OS2)2(C18H15P)2]PF6·H2O, the structure of the RuIII complex cation is very similar to that in the orthorhombic crystal of the nonhydrated complex [Noda, Ohuchi, Hashimoto, Fujiki, Itoh, Iwatsuki, Noda, Suzuki, Kashiwabara & Takagi (2006), Inorg. Chem.
45, 1349–1355]. In the present crystal structure, the P—Ru—P bond axes of the complex cations are aligned parallel to the [101] direction.
5-(p-Tolylsulfonyl)-3-oxa-5-azatricyclo[5.2.1.04,8]decane
Authors: Arıcı Cengiz , Ülkü Dinçer , Kanıskan H. Ümit , Doğan Özdemir
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C15H19NO3S, the tricyclodecane part of the molecule can be described in terms of three rings. The C4N ring is in an envelope conformation, as is the C5 ring. The C5O ring adopts a boat conformation. There are no inter- or intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions.
7-Amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazoline-2,4-dithione
Authors: Yang Kai-Bin , Lin Li-Rong , Huang Rong-Bin , Zheng Lan-Sun
Published: May 2006

The title molecule, C8H7N3S2, is essentially planar and exists in the thione form. The molecules associate via N—H...S interactions to form double chains, which pack in a zigzag fashion via N—H...N interactions and π–π stacking.
6-(4-Chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
Authors: Anilkumar G. N. , Kokila M. K. , Puttaraja  , Karki S. S. , Kulkarni M. V.
Published: May 2006

The essentially planar title compound, C10H7ClN4O2S2, features an intramolecular C—H...N hydrogen bond. The crystal strucutre is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds formed between sulfonyl O atoms and amino groups.
Isoguanine dihydrochloride dihydrate
Authors: Bats Jan W. , Nasiri Hamid Reza , Schwalbe Harald
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound, 6-amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-9H-purine-3,7-diium dichloride dihydrate, C5H7N5O2+·2Cl−·2H2O, consists of hydrogen-bonded layers parallel to (10\overline{1}). In addition, pairs of layers are connected by an O—H...Cl hydrogen bond and there are also short Cl...C and Cl...N contacts between the layers.
4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione
Authors: Pløger Jane M. , Petersen Bo M. , Bond Andrew D. , Jeppesen Jan O.
Published: May 2006

At 180 K, the title compound, C5H6O2S3, forms a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network in which the H atoms of the hydroxyl groups are disordered.
Nonaaquayttrium(III) tris(bromate)
Authors: Abbasi Alireza , Eriksson Lars
Published: May 2006

In the structure of the title compound, [Y(H2O)9](BrO3)3, the yttrium(III) ion is surrounded by six equidistant water molecules forming a trigonal prism, which is capped by three more distant water molecules. The YIII ion lies on a special position (2c) with crystallographically imposed \overline{6}m2 symmetry. The title compound is isotypic with other [Ln(H2O)9](BrO3)3 (Ln = Pr, Sm, Tb and Yb) compounds, and the bromate anions are disordered in these structures. Relatively strong hydrogen bonds between the bromate anions and the water molecules stabilize the trigonal prism.
Bis[bis(1-oxo-2-pyridyl)aminato]nickel(II) methanol solvate
Authors: Kuang Han-Mao , Zeng Xi-Rui , Liu Yin-Qiu , Luo Qiu-Yan , Fang Xiao-Niu
Published: May 2006

The title complex, [Ni(C10H8N3O2)2]·CH3OH, is a mononuclear nickel(II) compound containing two di-2-pyridylamine N,N′-dioxide (dpa dioxide) ligands that are nearly perpendicular to each other. The NiII ion of the complex has a distorted octahedral environment with the equatorial plane formed by an N atom from each amine group and two O atoms of one ligand, while the axial positions are occupied by two O atoms of the second ligand. In the solid state, hydrogen-bonding interactions are dominant, with solvent molecules also participating in hydrogen bonding.
4-Bromo-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)benzamide
Authors: Xue Na , Lu Xiu-Yang , Hu Yong-Zhou
Published: May 2006

In the molecule of the title compound, C16H16BrNO4, the dihedral angle between the planes of the two rings is 16.6 (2)°.
Poly[hexabromobis[μ3-1,3,5-tris(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene]trimercury(II)]
Authors: Wang Xiao-Feng , Lv Yang , Okamura Taka-aki , Sun Wei-Yin , Ueyama Norikazu
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, [Hg3Br6(C21H24N6)2]
n
, the two Hg atoms (one of which lies on a twofold axis) are tetrahedrally coordinated by two Br atoms and two imidazole N atoms from two different 1,3,5-tris(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene ligands. The complex has an infinite one-dimensional chain structure. The chains are further connected by C—H...Br interactions to form a three-dimensional framework.
(Z)-4-Benzylidene-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-propylamino-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one
Authors: Sun Shao-Fa , Ma Rong-Ming , Ng Seik Weng
Published: May 2006

Adjacent molecules of the title compound, C19H18ClN3O, are linked by an N...O hydrogen bond [2.926 (2) Å] into a zigzag chain.
Dichloro{2-[2-(ethylamino)ethyliminomethyl]phenolato}zinc(II)
Authors: Peng San-Jun , Zhou Cong-Shan , Yang Tao
Published: May 2006

In the title mononuclear zinc(II) complex, [ZnCl2(C11H16N2O)], the ZnII atom is coordinated by the imine N and phenolate O atoms of the Schiff base ligand and two chloride anions to give a four-coordinate tetrahedral geometry. In the crystal structure, the molecules are linked through intermolecular N—H...O, N—H...Cl and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to the ab plane.
Microstructural Characterization of Porous Silicon Carbide Membrane Support With and Without Alumina Additive
Authors: Fukushima Manabu , Zhou You , Miyazaki Hiroyuki , Yoshizawa Yu‐ichi , Hirao Kiyoshi , Iwamoto Yuji , Yamazaki Satoshi , Nagano Takayuki
Published: May 2006

Porous silicon carbide (SiC) membrane supports sintered at 1500°–1800°C were prepared by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) under different pressures and using different amounts of alumina additive (0%–4%). The relationship between processing factors and pore size and microstructure was examined. Varying the sintering temperature, the CIP pressure and the amount of additive used were found to be effective for controlling pore size and microstructure. The pore size and particle size of the membrane support prepared without alumina were found to increase with increasing sintering temperature. This was attributed to surface diffusion. Densification of the undoped support did not occur, however, because of concurrent pore development. In the SiC membrane support containing 4% alumina, small particles and a pore size of around 100 nm were retained. This was because of the formation of a limited amount of SiO2–Al2O3 liquid phase during sintering.
Modeling and Simulation of Elementary Processes in Ideal Sintering
Authors: Wakai Fumihiro
Published: May 2006

Three‐dimensional numerical simulation of sintering was performed to illustrate the interplay between shapes and forces in particle scale. Elementary rules for topological transition of triple lines were derived from the analysis of micromechanical models of sintering: bond formation, pore channel closure, and pore disappearance. The particle motion was driven by the force acting on a particle, i.e., a vector sum of sintering forces. The non‐equilibrium sintering stress was defined to analyze the pore shrinkage. A particle changed its own shape through interaction with neighbor particles; then, the coordination number affected particle motion, pore shrinkage, coarsening, and grain growth.
Angiopoietin-1-induced angiogenesis is modulated by endothelial NADPH oxidase
Authors: Chen Jian-Xiong , Zeng Heng , Lawrence Mayme L , Blackwell Timothy S. , Meyrick Barbara
Published: May 2006

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Endothelial NADPH oxidase is the major source of intracellular ROS. The present study investigated the role of endothelial NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)-induced angiogenesis. Exposure of porcine coronary artery endothelial cells (PCAECs) to Ang-1 (250 ng/ml) for periods up to 30 min led to a transient and dose-dependent increase in intracellular ROS. Thirty minutes of pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodinium (DPI, 10 μM) and apocynin (200 μM) suppressed Ang-1-stimulated ROS. Pretreatment with either DPI or apocynin also significantly attenuated Ang-1-induced Akt and p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation. In addition, inhibition of NADPH oxidase significantly suppressed Ang-1-induced endothelial cell migration and sprouting from endothelial spheroids. Using mouse heart microvascular endothelial cells from wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in the p47phox component of NADPH oxidase (p47phox−/−), we found that although Ang-1 stimulated intracellular ROS, Akt and p42/44 MAPK phosphorylation, and cell migration in WT cells, the responses were strikingly suppressed in cells from the p47phox−/− mice. Furthermore, exposure of aortic rings from p47phox−/− mice to Ang-1 demonstrated fewer vessel sprouts than WT mice. Inhibition of the Tie-2 receptor inhibited Ang-1-induced endothelial migration and vessel sprouting. Together, our data strongly suggest that endothelial NADPH oxidase-derived ROS play a critical role in Ang-1-induced angiogenesis.
Essential role of PKC-ζ in normal and angiotensin II-accelerated neointimal growth after vascular injury
Authors: Parmentier Jean-Hugues , Zhang Chunxiang , Estes Anne , Schaefer Susan , Malik Kafait U.
Published: May 2006

The contribution of atypical protein kinase C (PKC)-ζ to ANG II-accelerated restenosis after endoluminal vascular injury was investigated by using the rat carotid balloon injury model. Exposure of injured arteries to ANG II resulted in an extensive neointimal thickening (1.9 times) compared with vehicle at day 14. Treatment with PKC-ζ antisense, but not scrambled, oligonucleotides reduced neointimal formation observed in the presence or absence of ANG II. Examination of early events (2 days) after injury showed an increase in cellularity in the perivascular area of the artery wall that was transferred to the adventitia and media after exposure to ANG II, events blocked by PKC-ζ antisense, but not scrambled, oligonucleotides. A positive correlation between medial cellularity at day 2 and extent of neointimal growth at day 14 was established. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that upregulation of inflammatory markers after injury, as well as infiltration of ED1+monocytes/macrophages from the perivascular area to the adventitia, was accelerated by ANG II. However, ANG II-stimulated medial increase in cellularity was proliferation independent, and these cells were monocyte chemoattractant protein-1+/vimentin+but ED1−/VCAM−. PKC-ζ is degraded after injury, and inhibition of its neosynthesis in medial vascular smooth muscle cells or in infiltrating cells with PKC-ζ antisense attenuated medial cellularity and expression of inflammation mediators without reversing smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation. Together, these data indicate that PKC-ζ plays a critical role in normal and ANG II-accelerated neointimal growth through a mechanism involving upregulation of inflammatory mediators, leading to cell infiltration in the media of the vascular wall.
Mechanisms of activation of eNOS by 20-HETE and VEGF in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells
Authors: Chen Yuenmu , Medhora Meetha , Falck John R. , Pritchard Kirkwood A. , Jacobs Elizabeth R.
Published: May 2006

We have demonstrated that VEGF-induced dilation of bovine pulmonary arteries is associated with activation of cytochrome P-450 family 4 (CYP4) enzymes and eNOS. We hypothesized that VEGF and the CYP4 product 20-HETE would trigger common downstream pathways of intracellular signaling to activate eNOS. We treated bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs) with 20-HETE (1 μM) or VEGF (8.3 nM) and examined three molecular events known to activate eNOS: 1) phosphorylation at serine 1179, 2) phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), which subsequently phosphorylates eNOS, and 3) association of eNOS with 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90). Both 20-HETE and VEGF increase the phosphorylation of eNOS at serine 1179 and Akt at serine 473. The CYP4 inhibitor dibromododecynyl methyl sulfonamide (DDMS) blocks VEGF-induced phosphorylation of eNOS. VEGF had no effect on the binding of Hsp90 with eNOS, whereas 20-HETE decreased the association of the protein partners. Inhibition of Akt-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with wortmannin blocks both 20-HETE and VEGF-induced relaxation of pulmonary arteries, supporting the functional contribution of Akt phosphorylation to the vasoactive actions of both agents. Treatment with radicicol had no effect on 20-HETE-induced relaxation of pulmonary arteries, consistent with an absence of effect on association of Hsp90 to eNOS, whereas radicicol partially blocked VEGF-evoked relaxations, possibly secondary to effects on endpoints other than Hsp90 association with eNOS. In conclusion, VEGF and 20-HETE share eNOS activation pathways, including phosphorylation of serine 1179 and phosphorylation of Akt. Unlike aortic endothelial cells, eNOS activation in BPAECs by either VEGF or 20-HETE does not appear to require increased association of Hsp90.
Mind the Gap: Policy Approaches to Embryonic Stem Cell and Cloning Research in 50 Countries
Authors: Isasi Rosario , Knoppers Bartha
Published: May 2006

This article provides an overview of (I) the moral and legal status of the human embryo and of the (II) regulatory approaches to embryonic stem cells and cloning research by comparing the regulatory frameworks of 50 countries. The major goal of this study is to provide and analytical understanding of the policy landscape around the globe, with an aim to contribute to worldwide policy debates. The comparison of these policies underscores the hurdles that scientific consortia involving international jurisdictions and policy frameworks have to confront, as well as the challenges facing the international harmonization of such policies.
Federal Control over Industry
Authors: Isaacs Nathan
Published: May 2006

Legal history teaches two doctrines, which seem at first glance diametrically opposed to each other, with reference to the current agitation concerning the dangers of federal encroachment. First, that the agitation, in so far as it is called out by a temporary accidental state of affairs due to the war, is ephemeral. On the other hand, the essential facts involved are of a type that are always with us. In other words, federal encroachment, when stripped of the mask and guise that temporarily makes it seem dreadful, is a perfectly natural phenomenon quite familiar to students of Anglo-American law, and, for that matter, of other legal systems.
Soviet Government in Russia
Authors: Ross E. A. , Perlman Selig
Published: May 2006

The Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic was proclaimed by the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets in November, 1917, shortly after the Bolshevist party had overthrown the Kerensky government by the force of arms. Eight months later, the Fifth All-Russian Congress adopted a constitution. Since it was the party of Lenin and Trotzky that had invented the slogan “all power to the Soviets” and changed Russia from a prospective democracy to a soviet republic, American public opinion came to identify the soviet form of political organization with bolshevism and all the policies it stands for, including the dictatorship of the proletariat, and nationalization all along the line of economic life.
Political Science as Psychology
Authors: Kallen Horace M.
Published: May 2006

“Suppose,” wrote William James in A Pluralistic Universe, “that a philosopher believes in what is called free-will. That a common man alongside of him should also share that belief, possessing it by a sort of inborn intuition, does not endear the man to the philosopher at all—he may even be ashamed to be associated with such a man. What interests the philosopher is the particular premises on which the free-will he believes in is established, the sense in which it is taken, the objections it eludes, the difficulties it takes account of, in short the whole form and temper and manner and technical apparatus that goes with the belief in question. A philosopher across the way who should use the same technical apparatus, making the same distinctions but drawing opposite conclusions and denying free-will entirely, would fascinate the first philosopher far more than the naif co-believer. Their common technical interests would unite them more than their opposite conclusions separate them. Each would feel an essential consanguinity in the other, would think of him, write at him, care for his good opinion. The simple-minded believer in free-will would be disregarded by either. Neither as ally nor as opponent would his vote be counted.”
The Nature of Political Thought
Authors: Gettell Raymond G.
Published: May 2006

In the introduction to his readings in political philosophy, Professor Coker says, “since the time of Plato there has been, in every philosophic age, some inquiry as to the justification of political organization in general, as to the relative merits of different political forms, and as to the appropriate position and privileges of the individual as master, member, or subject of the political order of society. Why do we have political organization? What in our present condition do we owe to it? What future benefits may we properly expect to derive from it? Are its purposes characteristically manifold and changing, or are they ultimately reducible to a few limited objects or to some single end? What is its best form? Who should control it? What is its proper relation to the ideas and sentiments of the community at its basis? What spheres of individual and social life is it incompetent to enter? Philosophers and publicists of various types have sought to answer these questions in abstract terms.”

If an analysis be made of the questions with which political thought has been concerned, it is found that emphasis was placed at various periods upon widely different types of problems. In the medieval period political controversy centered in the contest for supremacy between spiritual and temporal authorities; in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the dominant interest was in the contest between monarchic and democratic theories of political organization; at present, the extent of state activities has come into prominence, and the connection between political and economic interests is especially close. Besides, political conditions have changed so greatly from age to age that the same problem had quite different meanings at different periods.
Reporting the Political News at Washington
Authors: Lawrence David
Published: May 2006

First of all, let me say that there is no question on which you can develop more controversy than the reporting of political news. Within the profession, within the newspaper business, there is a great deal of controversy, and has been for many years, particularly as to whether political news is fairly reported, impartially reported. I have listened to a good deal of discussion on that point. I have recognized, as have others in the newspaper business, the trend of the times—the so-called decrease in the strength of the editorial page, for instance, and the increase in the amount of material of a semi-editorial flavor printed in the news columns.

The first branch of this topic, namely, reporting political news as it affects our domestic politics, seems to me to require an understanding, first, of the pressure and the difficulties that newspaper men face in handling news of campaigns and, second, of some of the pitfalls which they encounter between campaigns. I make that division arbitrarily, because the subject seems to divide itself in my own mind into those two general fields.

It is much easier to report political news between campaigns than it is during campaigns. For one thing, your audience is not sensitive between campaigns. Especially just after a campaign has been concluded there is a sort of feeling that the victorious candidate, the newly inaugurated President, the newly introduced Congress, should have what we call popularly a square deal—as if, by inference, they did not have a square deal before.
The Philosophy of Labor Legislation: Presidential Address, American Association for Labor Legislation
Authors: Willoughby William F.
Published: May 2006

Careful study of any period will reveal that back of all the complex happenings marking such period there have been certain fundamental impulses, certain human strivings, of which the happenings themselves have been, in great part, but the manifestations, or expression in concrete action. It is the prime function of the historian to discover, explain the rise, trace the development and make known the results of these forces which have dominated mass action in the past. Only as this is done do the myriad of events going to make up the body of historical data assume a real meaning, and historical narrative become other than a dry tabulation of detail.

A distinguished historian, E. A. Freeman, has well said that if history is past politics, politics is present history. If it is of value for the historian to trace out and place in their true light those great movements of the past, how much more important it is that the student of present-day politics should, by a similar examination of current events and efforts, seek to make known, and interpret the forces and aspirations now dictating the collective action of peoples.
Permanent Officials in the National Administration of the United States
Authors: Lowden Frank O.
Published: May 2006

The tendency of all government is toward bureaucracy. The government official is inclined to exaggerate the importance of his office. He is constantly tempted to expand its scope. He is properly jealous of his authority. He looks askance upon the activities of other officials who seem to be trespassing upon his ground. In his construction of the law he is prone to insist upon the letter which killeth but to overlook the spirit which giveth life.

I think that this tendency is inevitable. It is inseparable from zeal and pride, and these qualities are essential to successful administration. Where, however, the enterprise is a vast one, as in government, or as in a great business organization, these tendencies, if left uncontrolled, are likely to inflict serious injury upon the service. There will be constant friction among the various subdivisions of the particular department. At times the activities of one will neutralize the activities of the other. A set of arbitrary rules is likely to be evolved which will vex everyone who comes in contact with the particular bureau. The original purpose of the creation of the bureau is finally lost sight of, and it is likely to seem to those who direct it an end and not a means.
The Antiparliamentary Movement in France
Authors: Gooch Robert K.
Published: May 2006

The Interparliamentary Union, an organization composed of delegates from some thirty legislatures scattered at large in the world, voted at its twenty-third conference, which was held at Washington and Ottawa during October, 1925, a striking resolution. A plenary session of the conference, having before it a carefully prepared report of a distinguished Swiss national councillor, debated this report and the resolution which it proposed; and at the end of the discussion, the conference unanimously adopted the resolution. The subject of the resolution was “the parliamentary system, the present crisis in that system, and its remedies”; and the resolution itself spoke of “the crisis through which the parliamentary system is now passing in almost every country, the criticism, and even the attacks, to which it is subjected from the most diverse quarters.”
The Political Theory of the Disruption
Authors: Laski Harold J.
Published: May 2006

“Of political principles,” says a distinguished authority, “whether they be those of order or of freedom, we must seek in religious and quasi-theological writings for the highest and most notable expressions.” No one, in truth, will deny the accuracy of this claim for those ages before the Reformation transferred the centre of political authority from church to state. What is too rarely realised is the modernism of those writings in all save form. Just as the medieval state had to fight hard for relief from ecclesiastical trammels, so does its modern exclusiveness throw the burden of a kindred struggle upon its erstwhile rival. The church, intelligibly enough, is compelled to seek the protection of its liberties lest it become no more than the religious department of an otherwise secular society. The main problem, in fact, for the political theorist is still that which lies at the root of medieval conflict. What is the definition of sovereignty? Shall the nature and personality of those groups of which the state is so formidably one be regarded as in its gift to define? Can the state tolerate alongside itself churches which avow themselves societates perfectae, claiming exemption from its jurisdiction even when, as often enough, they traverse the field over which it ploughs? Is the state but one of many, or are those many but parts of itself, the one?
The Presidential Preference Primary
Authors: Dickey Francis W.
Published: May 2006

The presidency, intended by the framers of the Constitution to be almost exclusively an executive and administrative office, has, in the course of a century and a quarter, not only augmented its executive and administrative authority, but also has acquired a marked political significance. To his constitutional powers the President has added the prerogatives of party leadership, which constitute him the organ for giving effect to the policies of his party at the same time that he exercises a potent influence in the formulation of those policies. The amazing growth of political parties in the United States and the perfection and strength of their organization have been the causes of astonished comment on the part of foreign observers. Moreover, ours has been, in the main, a country of two parties. In view of these facts, the President as party leader becomes a personage of incalculable political consequence. He possesses the political leadership of an English prime minister with the titular dignity which the prime minister lacks.

Since Jackson's time the presidency has achieved a representative character which is the natural result of the President's assumption of political leadership. He perhaps more accurately reflects the mind of the country at large than either of the houses of Congress. The Senate has been wanting in representative character, until the passage of the seventeenth amendment, because of the indirect mode of its election; while the Representatives, because the center of their interests is local rather than national and because their number has been a hindrance to decisive action, have distinctly lost in prestige. The President is able, and finds it to his advantage, to cultivate a nationalistic conception of his office.
The Judicial Bulwark of the Constitution
Authors: Melvin Frank E.
Published: May 2006

Few peculiarly American political devices have so perennial an interest, it seems, as our guardianship of the Constitution through the power of the judiciary. How unusually strong that interest is to day is well attested by the numerous examinations, chiefly within the past two years, of the sanctions for this much debated function. Especially significant is it, however, considering all that a long succession of legalists, historians, and political scientists have written upon the origin of judicial control, that so much fresh matter can be added to the elucidation of this problem. Yet it must be admitted that real contributions to various aspects of the topic may be found in the recent studies by Prof. A. C. McLaughlin, Prof. E. S. Corwin, Prof. C. A. Beard, Dr. C. G. Haines, and Mr. H. P. Dougherty, not forgetting also such late articles as those by Mr. Hampton L. Carson, Mr. C. H. Burr, Mr. Herbert Pope, Mr. W. M. Meigs and others.
Social Planning Under the Constitution—A Study in Perspectives
Authors: Corwin Edward S.
Published: May 2006

Our present discontents have evoked many earnest words on the subject of “social planning.” We are told that “capital can be defended only by constructive programs based on the consideration of social responsibility;” that we are headed for “a frightful cataclysm” unless we adopt “a national plan that will control and guide the basic industries, govern the investment of capital, and keep purchasing power in step with production;” that if we are to avoid revolution, “we dare not sit indefinitely in contemplative inaction;” that “we require a leadership that will help us think less about the theories of individualism and more about the tragedies to individuals,” inasmuch as “men cannot eat words … cannot wear words … cannot trust their old age to words.” In brief, if we are to avoid something worse, we must take some thought for the morrow.
Popular Participation in Swiss National Council Elections
Authors: Gosnell Harold F.
Published: May 2006

It is difficult to compare popular participation in Swiss elections with that of any other democratic country in Europe. The smallness of the country, the rugged nature of the land, the diversity of languages, the strength of the traditions of local self-government, the variety of political institutions, and the multiplicity of elections make Switzerland a unique place for political experiments. The composition of the Swiss electorate is very similar to that of the French. Every Swiss male citizen, twenty-one years of age or over, is allowed to vote, unless excluded by the laws of the canton in which he resides. However, the duties of the French and Swiss electors are far from being alike. In France the electors vote every four years for the deputies, while in Switzerland there are elections on federal questions every year, to say nothing of the cantonal and municipal elections. The elections to the lower house of the Swiss national legislature, the National Council, are held every three years. These elections do not have the same importance as English or French legislative elections, because the Swiss constitution limits the powers of the national legislators. Furthermore, the Swiss plural executive system detracts from the dramatic quality of the National Council elections. The executive is not responsible to the lower house as in countries having the parliamentary form of government. Making allowance for the fact that some of the cantons have compulsory voting, one might expect to find a lower record for participation in elections to the Swiss National Council than in elections to the French Chamber of Deputies, the latter body having undivided national power and, in addition, control over the executive.
The Canadian Elections of 1930
Authors: Soward Frederic H.
Published: May 2006

The decisive victory, on July 28, of the Conservative party in the seventeenth general election since Confederation came as a surprise to the Canadian people. The party, which did not elect a single member in six of the nine provinces in 1921, carried six provinces decisively and in two others, Saskatchewan and Quebec, scored its greatest successes since 1911. In 1926, Mr. Bennett, the new prime minister, was the only Conservative member between the Great Lakes and the Rocky Mountains. This time he has 23 Conservatives among the 54 Prairie members. He, indeed, has more Conservative supporters in the House of Commons than any prime minister since Sir John A. MacDonald. With a majority of 28, exclusive of the speaker, over all opposition parties, he is the first prime minister in a decade to be undoubted master of the political scene (see note 1 on following page).

When Prime Minister Mackenzie King announced, on May 6, the speedy dissolution of Parliament, he may have thought that it was wise to go to the country before the trade depression had been too prolonged, or, as seems more probable, he may have underestimated the seriousness of the situation. One of his strongest supporters, the Manitoba Free Press, made the following significant comment the day after the election: “The manner in which Mr. Bennett played upon Mr. King's pride, combativeness, and perhaps belief in his star in order to get him in the mood to fight a battle on ground chosen by his opponents and under conditions which helped them and put him at a disadvantage will doubtless be recorded in future books of political strategy for future prime ministers.”
Constitutional Law in 1928–29: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1928
Authors: Cushman Robert E.
Published: May 2006

“Pocket veto” is the term applied to the killing of a bill by the President by the process of retaining it without signing it when Congress adjourns before the bill has been in his hands ten days. The Constitution provides for the pocket veto by stating: “If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.” In the “Pocket Veto” case the Court decided that the word “adjournment” in this clause refers not merely to the final adjournment at the expiration of a Congress, but to any temporary or ad interim adjournment. In short, the President may effectively pocket veto a bill whenever Congress, by going home, prevents him from returning it within ten days. The Court thus gave judicial sanction to a practice which has been followed sporadically ever since the days of Madison.

On June 24, 1926, a bill was presented to President Coolidge authorizing certain Indian tribes to sue in the Court of Claims. On July 3 the first session of the 69th Congress adjourned, and it did not meet again until December. It was not in session on July 6—the tenth day after the bill was presented to the President (Sundays excepted).
Some Phases of the Theory and Practice of Judicial Review of Legislation in Foreign Countries
Authors: Haines Charles Grove
Published: May 2006

It is no longer customary to the extent that it formerly was to maintain that judicial review of legislation and the consequent annulment of laws is an exclusively American political practice. With the courts of at least a score of countries passing on the validity of legislative acts, and occasionally refusing to apply them in concrete cases, the American method of guarding constitutions, characterized in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a new political phenomenon, has now an extensive application among the countries operating under written fundamental laws.

Interesting developments are taking place with respect to judicial review of legislation in foreign countries. Austria and Czechoslovakia have established special constitutional courts with authority to determine whether acts are in accord with their constitutions. Germany is in the process of adopting judicial review of acts of the national government as implied in the provisions of the new constitution. According to certain jurists, French courts have taken the first steps to establish themselves as the special interpreters and guardians of the French constitution. Though the dominant opinion of French lawyers and statesmen is opposed to judicial review as a feature of the French system of government, there is a growing sentiment in favor of the acceptance of the principle, as a necessary means of rendering more effective the provisions of the constitution and of protecting individual rights as guaranteed in the Declaration of Rights. The Irish Free State has followed the lead of Canada and Australia in placing the guardianship of its new constitution in the courts. In adopting a new constitution, Chile appears to have taken preliminary steps to change a system of parliamentary supremacy to a modified régime of judicial supremacy. There is considerable public discussion in Switzerland of the possibility of accepting the principle of review of the acts of the Federal Assembly.
Organization and Methods
Authors: Potter Pitman B.
Published: May 2006

The Institute of Politics, held at Williamstown, Massachusetts, during the month of August, originated in a proposal made in 1913 by President Garfield of Williams College to the trustees of that institution. The plans of President Garfield were followed so faithfully in the final establishment and operation of the Institute that no separate description of those plans is needed here. Through the generosity of Mr. Barnard M. Baruch, who responded cordially to President Garfield's invitation to supply the funds needed for the project, and the liberality of the trustees of Williams College, the original conception was given complete fruition. Mr. Baruch's support was, moreover, pledged for the first three sessions of the Institute, thus making certain that meetings will be held in 1922 and 1923.
Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between August 12 and October 15, 1935
Authors: Schmeckebier L. F.
Published: May 2006

As in previous lists, mention is here made only of units specifically authorized by law or established by the President under general authority vested in him.

Ackia Battle Memorial Commission. Created by Public Act No. 362, 74th Congress, approved August 27,1935, to prepare plans and programs for the commemoration in May, 1936, of the two hundredth anniversary of the battle of Ackia. The commission consists of five members to be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, one member to represent the Chickasaw Indians, and one the French-speaking people of the United States. The commissioners are to serve without compensation.