bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Song Cycle as a Literary Work
Authors: Ferris David
Published: November 2023

It is clear from the song reviews that were published in the NeueZeitschrift für Musik during Schumann’s tenure as editor that he and his colleagues considered the expression of the emotional truth of the text to be the most important aspect of lieder composition. Schumann states this quite plainly in an 1840 article titled “Drei gute Liederhefte” when he writes of W. H. Veit, a contemporary lied composer, that he “is as faithful as possible in rendering the truth of the words through musical expression. This praise is higher than any other.” Earlier in the same article, Schumann employs far more ornate rhetoric, complete with a biblical allusion, to make a similar point. The song under discussion is “Hoffnungslos,” by Norbert Burgmüller, whom Schumann considered to be one of the most talented composers of his generation:
Excerpt from The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
Authors: Wolf Tom
Published: November 2023

Kesey had hooked up with a rock ‘n’ roll band, The Grateful Dead. led by Jerry Garcia. the same dead-end kid who used to ; live in the Chateau in Palo Alto with Page Browning and other seeming no-counts. lumpenbeatniks. and you had to throw them out when they came over and tried to crash the parties on Perry Lane. Garcia remembered-how they came down and used to get booted out “by Kesey and the wine drinkers. The wine drinkers-the middle-class bohemians of Perry Lane. They both. Kesey and Garcia. ‘ had been heading into the pudding. from different directions. all that time. and now Garcia was a. yes. beautiful person. quiet. into the pudding. and a great guitar player. Garcia had first named his group The Warlocks. meaning sorcerers or wizards. and they had been eking by playing for the beer drinkers. at jazz joints and the like around Palo Alto. To the Warlocks. the beer drinker music. even when called jazz. was just square hip. They were on to that distinction. too. For Kesey they could just play. do their thing.

William J. Craddock’s novel Be Not Content: ,4 Subterranean Joumal. published by Doubleday in 1970. achieves the very psychedelic feeling he was chronicling-something only a few writers have been able to do. This excerpt from the book describes an adventurous outing to an Acid Test-held December 18.1965. at Muir Beach lodge, in Muir Beach, California. an event that followed shortly on the heels of the first Acid Test. Craddock also wrote Twilight Candelabra, published by Doubleday in1972.
Jerry Garcia’S Death And The End Of The Grateful Dead, 1995-1996
Authors: Espeo Hal
Published: November 2023

Is word of the death of Jerry Garcia spread last Wednesday. via news reports and phone calls and E-mail. the scale of the reaction and the depth of the response quickly surpassed what any one might have expected. It was suddenly obvious that Garcia had become. against all odds. an American icon: by Thursday morning. the avuncular old reprobate had smuggled his way onto the front pages of , newspapers around the world. That his battered. ruined body had finally given out was somehow less surprising than the abrupt recognition of how much he had meant to so many. He was eulogized as a rock star and as a guitar god. of course: he was praised as a businessman who marketed his mystique both shrewdly and generously: and. in the obituaries that recounted the intermittent struggles with addiction that preceded his demise. at the age of fifty-three. in a Marin County drug-rehabilitation center. he was inevitably. and with some justice. pronounced a casualty of drug abuse. But Jerry Garcia was a more graceful and complicated figure than those categories can encom jerry. my friend. you’ve done it again. even in your silence the familiar pressure comes to bear. demanding I pull words from the air with only this morning and part of the afternoon to compose an ode worthy of one so particular about every turn of phrase.
An Elegy for Jerry
Authors: Hunter Robert
Published: November 2023

Jerry. my friend. you’ve done it again. even in your silence the familiar pressure comes to bear. demanding I pull words from the air with only this morning and part of the afternoon to compose an ode worthy of one so particular about every turn of phrase. demanding it hit home in a thousand ways before making it his own. and this I can’t do alone.
Pianists of the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: November 2023

In New York, the jazz pianist of the early 1920s was called a “tickler”-as in “tickle the ivories.” Since jazz was part of popular culture, the audience expected to hear the hit songs of the day, stylized and personalized by their favorite players.

Often hired to provide merriment as a one-man band, the tickler was a much-honored figure of the era. He was wary of departing too often or too radically from the melody, since this could alienate listeners. As recordings were relatively rare and not especially lifelike, the piano was the principal source of inexpensive fun-a self-contained party package for living rooms, restaurants, bars, and brothels.

The ticklers exploited the orchestral potential of the piano with call-and-response patterns between registers and a left-hand “rhythm section” consisting of bass notes alternating with midrange chords. This “striding” left hand lent its name to “stride piano,” the principal style of the 1920s.
Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, and Billie Holiday
Authors: Willard Patricia
Published: November 2023

Artistry should not be regarded comparatively. Ideally, each artist should be enjoyed on her own merits. Because they were contemporaries, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, and Billie Holiday rarely escaped comparison. Periodicals pitted them against one another in polls.

Critics and fans gulped the bait. Seemingly above the clamor yet energized by both the promotion and the adulation, these three African-American women dedicated their unparalleled talents to exploring and interpreting American music.

“Uses her voice like an instrument” emerges in written assessments all too frequently, neglecting or negating acceptance of the human voice as the original, organic musical device. Ella, Sarah, and Billie firmly established equalities in a genre historically dominated by a nonsinging brotherhood.

Each had unique, instantly recognizable gifts. All were jazz singers. They could hear and create their own rhythmic and melodic innovations. Each also chose, usually encouraged by managers and producers, to cross over into more financially rewarding popular music. Each, to varying degrees, realized commercial success.
The Advent of Bebop
Authors: DeVeaux Scott
Published: November 2023

Within a few years, however, it had become synonymous with a revolutionary new way of playing jazz associated with Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, and Thelonious Monk. Bebop was a brief, explosive moment in American culture, greeted in the mid- to late 1940s by as much controversy and misunderstanding as genuine acceptance. Only much later would it be clear how profoundly and irrevocably bebop had transformed the art of jazz improvisation. Indeed, it is safe to say that jazz as we know it today is shaped in bebop’s image.
Charlie Parker
Authors: Patrick James
Published: November 2023

As if by immaculate conception, the first wave of modern jazz recordings appeared in late 1945 and early 1946. Granted the wisdom of hindsight, we know this startling music had been taking shape over the previous six or seven years, but much of its development had been hidden from the music public. In a dispute between the American Federation of Musicians and the three “majors” of the recording industry (Columbia, Decca, and Victor), most commercial recording was silenced from August 1942 to November 1944. Various wartime measures-the drafting of musicians, a shortage of shellac needed for the manufacture of phonograph discs, gasoline rationing, and transportation restrictions-further reduced opportunities for exposing new music. It should not be surprising, then, that when many people first heard bebop it sounded like a blurred image of the jazz past or, worse, seemed disturbingly disconnected to earlier jazz traditions. Woody Herman’s drummer Dave Tough was no exception:

As we walked in, see, these cats snatched up their horns and blew crazy stuff. One would stop all of a sudden and another would start for no reason at all.
Hard Bop
Authors: Seymour Gene
Published: November 2023

“I loved bebop for taking jazz further along. But as hip and as great as it was, there was a period when musicians had kinda ... not totally, but somewhat ... eliminated the blues, you know? They got so sophisticated that it seemed like they were afraid to play the blues, like it was demeaning to be funky. And I tried to bring that. I didn’t do it consciously at first. But it started to happen.”

... Horace Silver, author’s interview, 1993

The late David H. Rosenthal, in his 1992 history Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music, 1955-1965, advanced the idea of hard bop as being far more than just a subgenre of jazz. He characterized it as a “new mainstream,” able to absorb the accessible and exuberant sounds associated with black popular music while providing its more adventurous practitioners with a foundation for experiments. Instead of grasping for greater complexity, hard bop provided jazz music with an innovative way of keeping things simple. And of making simple things sound extraordinary.
Big Bands and Jazz Composing and Arranging After World War II
Authors: Ramsey Doug
Published: November 2023

When American servicemen left to fight World War II, the swing era was full of vigor. When they came home, it was dying. Jazz was no longer the nation’s popular music, no longer mainly for dancing. Bebop was beginning to inform the music even of leaders who predated it. Yes, the swing era-that unprecedented congruence of quality and popularity-died a slow postwar death, but the big bands did not die with it.

Except for those maintained as museum pieces, big bands changed. The intricacies, rhythmic urgencies, and humor of bop were in the air. Even before the war ended, they insinuated themselves into the bands of Earl Hines, Cootie Williams, and Billy Eckstine. Soon, swing leaders like Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Harry James, Artie Shaw, Boyd Raeburn, Ray McKinley, Stan Kenton, Charlie Barnet, Woody Herman, and Count Basie found themselves hosts to an infectious new strain of jazz. Some embraced it, at least briefly (Herman, Raeburn, Shaw, McKinley, Kenton). Some absorbed and transformed it (Ellington, James, Barnet). Goodman tried bebop for a while and dropped it. Basie tolerated it. The tendency was away from dancers and toward listeners.
The Avant-Garde, 1949-196?
Authors: Kart Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Reacting to the music of alto saxophonist Ornette Coleman, who had arrived on the national scene less than a year before, composer George Russell explained in the course of a June 1960 dialogue with critic Martin Williams that “if there weren’t new things happening in jazz since Charlie Parker, jazz wouldn’t be ready to accept Ornette.

. . . The way has been paved and the ear prepared by rather startling, though isolated, developments in jazz since the forties.”

Russell knew what he was talking about, for he himself had created some of those pre-Coleman “new things.” And when he went on to say that he believed jazz was “ready to accept other innovators as convincing as [Coleman],” he knew that at least two of them, pianist Cecil Taylor and alto saxophonist-bass clarinetist-flautist Eric Dolphy, were already hard at work.
Pianists of the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Blumenthal Bob
Published: November 2023

Boundaries can be deceptive things, especially when it comes to a topic as rich as “jazz pianists of the sixties and seventies.” The borders of our subject are marked off clearly enough, yet they take in many more players than one might intially imagine. After all, the entire history of jazz piano was still being practiced by its originators during the twenty years in question, often in close proximity to each other. I recall hearing Willie “the Lion” Smith and Jaki Byard at the same club within a week in 1971 and considering the juxtaposition atypical yet hardly unique. When festival producer George Wein organized a concert for the White House in 1978, he was able to include Rubie Blake, Teddy Wilson, Mary Lou Williams, Dick Hyman, McCoy Tyner, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, and Cecil Taylor on the same bill. There is probably no other score of years during which the complete evolution of a single instrument has been displayed as comprehensively or as well.
Jazz and Dance
Authors: Crease Robert P
Published: November 2023

In the beginning, the word jazz was not a noun naming a musical genre but probably an adjective describing a certain quality of movement and behavior: spirited, improvised, often sensual, and with a quirky rhythm. By the end of the second decade of this century the term was applied to both a kind of music and a kind of dancing. In the supplements to the Oxford English Dictionary (in the 1970s, when jazz and other slang terms were first admitted), the first definition of jazz is “a kind of ragtime dance.” Jazz dance and music are so intertwined that the origins and early history of each would be unthinkable without the other. How did they evolve together, foster each other, and even depend on each other for several decades? Why did the music and the dance eventually go separate ways? What are the long-range effects and implications of these developments?

Jazz dance referred initially to several mostly syncopated popular dances, influenced by African-American traditions, which had originated in the southern United States.
Introduction
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett
Published: November 2023

One night about 150 years ago, my great-great-grandfather decided to read an etiquette book. He was worried about his awkward bows and thought the manual might help. I was struck by this decision when I came across it in his diary. Why did he care so much about his bow? Why did he turn to a book to deal with his awkwardness? We rarely bow any more; this made me wonder how manners have changed over time and whether changes could tell us anything about the larger society. In short, reading about his decision prompted me to investigate what manners could teach us about early American history.
Manners for the Middle Class
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett
Published: November 2023

Sitting in his bedroom on an April evening in 1841, eighteen-year-old Isaac Mickle recorded a decision in his diary. I am resolved to read Chesterfield’s Principles of Politeness forthwith, to the end that I may make my entree into society with becoming flourishes. The first bow that the reader’s humble servant ever undertook to perform before ladies-was his last! He caught his feet in the carpet, and fell sprawling upon the floor; and since then, at introductions, recognitions, and salutations, he has never ventured beyond an inclination of the head, or a formal touch of his chapeau. But inasmuch as this stiffness brings great scandal upon him, from the other sex, in general, and the polite part of that sex, in particular, he is resolved to begin de nova, as aforesaid, to wit, by reading Chesterfield.1

Little did Mickle know that he was penning a digest of antebellum manners concerns for his descendants. Two items are especially important for the class dimension of the period’s manners system. First, in deciding to read Chesterfield, Mickle alerts us that some important revolutionary-era texts, and thus advice, continued to be current among his generation. Second, however, in mentioning his performance at “introductions, recognitions, and salutations,” he hints that some previously casual gestures were becoming newly ritualized. In these continuities and new features lay manners’ role in mediating class relations in antebellum America.
Inequality and Difference
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

In one of its most thoughtful definitions, sociology was defined by C. Wright Mills as the intersection of biography and history. In his view, the goal of a sociological perspective would be to locate an individual in both time and space, to provide the social and historical contexts in which a person constructs his or her identity. In that sense, sociology’s bedrock assumption, upon which its analyses of structures and institutions rests, is that individuals shape their lives within both historical and social contexts. We do not do so simply because we are biologically programmed to act in certain ways, nor because we have inevitable human tasks to solve as we age. Rather, we respond to the world we encounter-shaping, modifying, and creating our identities through those encounters with other people and within social institutions.
Gendered Intimacies
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

“Man’s love is of man’s life a thing apart. ‘Tis woman’s whole existence.” So wrote the legendary great British romantic poet George Gordon, Lord Byron. Presumably, this was because men like him had other, more important things to occupy their time, like poetry, politics, and sexual conquest. A century and a half later, novelist Doris Lessing commented that she’d never met a man who would destroy his work for a love affair—and she never met a woman who wouldn’t.
Gendered Sexualities
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

Nowhere in our intimate lives is there greater expression of gender difference than in our sexual relationships. Yet even here, as we shall see, there are signs of change and convergence. As friendship and love have become “feminized”-that is, as the model of appropriate behavior has come to resemble what we labeled as traditionally “feminine” models of intimacy-sexuality has become increasingly “masculinized.” The “masculinization of sex”-including the pursuit of pleasure for its own sake, the increased attention to orgasm, the multiplication of sexual partners, the universal interest in sexual experimentation, and the separation of sexual behavior from love-is partly a result of the technological transformation of sexuality (from birth control to the Internet) and partly the result of the sexual revolution’s promise of greater sexual freedom with fewer emotional and physical consequences.
The Evolution of Senescence and Death
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

A great many discussions about the evolution of senescence begin with the question of how senescence could have evolved in the first place. This question has long puzzled some of the best thinkers in evolutionary biology and genetics. Senescence as we understand it in eukaryotes does not exist, or at least has never been reliably detected, in prokaryotic organisms. It seems to have evolved very early in eukaryotic history, close in time to their emergence from the prokaryotes and to the beginning of the use of sex in reproduction. From our understanding of the principles of evolution and natural selection, it is easy to imagine how traits like increased physical vigor, better eyesight, or brighter plumage for attracting mates—traits that would increase reproductive fitness or prolong the reproductive life span of an individual organism—could arise within, and eventually come to dominate, a breeding population. It is less obvious how some¬ thing like senescence—which severely impairs an organism’s ability to function
A Conditional Benefit
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

In this book we have looked at the process of aging from a new and increasingly important perspective, that of cell and molecular biology and the underlying discipline of genetics. These are fairly new disciplines: Cell biology really came into its own only at the end of the last century; genetics was born in the first few years of the present century, with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s momentous works; and molecular biology emerged from the fields of biochemistry and microbial genetics only toward the end of the 1950s. These three disciplines have provided powerful new tools for looking at living organisms. We can now analyze biology at its most fundamental level; we can look for the genes underlying a given aspect of the life history of an animal, ask what exactly it is they do, how they do it, which other genes they may interact with, and how each gene’s function may be affected by the environment.
Coral Reef Use and Conservation
Authors: McClanahan Timothy R
Published: November 2023

Conservation of coral reefs is primarily concerned with controlling or reducing the levels of fishing or resource extraction and marine pollution. These two factors are considered, by coral reef scientists, to be the main human influences on coral reefs (25). There are, however, a number of other threats to the diversity and function of coral reefs (Table 2.1) but they are less well understood and often uncontrollable at the local or regional level and therefore not amenable to management. For instance, warming of the earth by the burning of fossil and wood fuels may cause the temperature of the oceans to increase beyond a maximum threshold tolerable to corals (10,27) and is, therefore, arguably one of the major threats to the survival of coral reefs. This warming is, however, largely caused by waste emissions from developed countries that do not have coral reefs and is largely ignored or beyond the control of local managers of coral reefs. In contrast, there is mounting evidence that local small-scale fishers are having a major influence on coral reef ecology throughout the tropical oceans and that some of these detrimental effects could be managed or reduced (33). This problem of the scale of threats, their interactions and boundaries, and our recognition of important and manageable threats is an important theme for understanding reef management.
Coral Reefs of Mozambique
Authors: Rodrigues Maria-Joao , Motta Helena , Schleyer Mark W , Michael Whittington
Published: November 2023

Mozambique lies on the east coast of Africa between latitudes 10°20’ to 26°50’ South (Fig. 4.1) and possesses the third longest coastline in the Western Indian Ocean at 2700 km. The coastline is characterized by a variety of habitats including; delta estuaries, sand beaches, mangroves, island archipelagos and coral reefs. The continental shelf (down to a depth of 200 m) is very narrow along much of the coastline, typically less than 20 km wide, although this widens in the central part of the country to 130 km.
Reefs and Coral Communities of the Arabian Gulf and Arabian Sea
Authors: Sheppard C R C , Wilson S C , Salm R V , Dixon D
Published: November 2023

The seas included in this chapter are the Arabian or Persian Gulf (simply “the Gulf “ in local usage), several of its components which experience extreme environmental characteristics, as well as the Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden (Fig. 9.1). These are all marginal seas of the Indian Ocean, partly because of latitude, but also because of extreme environmental stresses other than temperature. All these bodies of water are linked by the circulatory patterns of the Arabian Sea, and by the great weather and current systems of the Indian Ocean.
New Composers of the 1960s and Beyond
Authors: Feinstein Michael , Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The 1960s began with a burst of new voices—voices which, as it happened, would seem pretty passé by the dawning of the age of Aquarius in 1968. Charles Strouse, Harvey Schmidt, and Cy Coleman all made their debuts in 1960; in the 1961–62 season they were joined by Jerry Herman, John Kander, and Stephen Sondheim (who had already written lyrics for two epochal musicals of the late 1950s and is thus discussed in part 2). One more composer of this generation came along, the one-hit wonder Mitch Leigh, but in 1966 opportunities for writers of Broadway musicals dried up. (Sondheim will turn seventy in the year 2000— and he is marginally younger than Bock, Strouse, Schmidt, Coleman, Leigh, and Kander, all of whom were born within a three-year period.) While all of these gentlemen made numerous Broadway appearances, the musical theatre slowdown of the 1970s and 1980s resulted in limited exposure for composers arriving more recently. Larry Grossman came along in 1970—a particularly dire time—and has seen only four musicals reach Broadway in thirty years. Stephen Schwartz appeared in 1971, the first successful theatre composer of the rock era; despite some enormous early hits, he, too, has also only made it to Broadway four times. Marvin Hamlisch debuted in 1975, another one-hit wonder (so far) with yet another four musicals. (This compares with a dozen or more Broadway scores from Strouse, Kander, Coleman, and Sondheim.) Alan Menken debuted in 1979 and had a long-running Off Broadway hit in 1982; only one of his projects has made it to Broadway (in 1994), via Hollywood. The unorthodox William Finn appeared Off Broadway, with much acclaim, in 1981; he didn’t make it to Broadway until 1992 (his only appearance to date). Maury Yeston made an acclaimed Broadway debut in 1982; he didn’t reappear with a full score—and not for want of trying—until 1997. Things have been somewhat easier for Stephen Flaherty, the youngest composer examined in Show Tunes and the only one (other than Billy Finn) who was born this side of 1950. Flaherty has written three Broadway musicals in eight years; the success of the most recent is likely to move him to a prime position among his peers.
Notable Scores by Other Composers
Authors: Feinstein Michael , Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Since the 1920s, a core group of composers— from Kern and Berlin, to Gershwin, Porter and Rodgers, to Styne, Sondheim, Strouse, and Kander—has been responsible for the vast majority of America’s great musicals. The following section contains notable shows by other composers which merit discussion. Some were enormous hits and are included for that reason only; others were written by popular or interesting composers who never found Broadway success; and a handful are included simply due to the high quality of the work.
Race, Stress, and Physical Health The Role of Group Identity
Authors: R.Williams David , S.Spencer Michael , Jackson James S
Published: November 2023

In the United States, race has long been known to be an important predictor of variations in health (Krieger, 1987). A decade ago, a major federal report summarized the evidence that indicates that, across a broad range of indicators of health status, blacks (or African Americans) experience poorer health than whites (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1985). A recent update of that report from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) indicated that the health status gap between blacks and whites widened between 1980 and 1991 (National Center for Health Statistics, 1994). However, although much is known about the nature and magnitude of racial differences in health, the factors responsible for the elevated rates of morbidity and mortality for blacks, are not well understood (Kaufman & Cooper, 1995; Williams, 1997; Williams & Collins, 1995).
The Public Buildings Program In Eras Of Affluence And Depression1926-1939
Authors: Lee Antoinette J
Published: November 2023

The horizon of the 1920s promised great things for the federal architecture program. A large public buildings bill was making its way through Congress, authorizing an ambitious multimillion dollar building program that would take ten years to complete. This legislation would provide hundreds of federal buildings for the nation’s cities and towns. The Office of the Supervising Architect would administer this large program, which required an enlarged staff for the Office—certainly a plus to a bureaucracy that prided itself on fending off efforts to chip away at its authority. The “acting” supervising architect, James A. Wetmore, had held onto his position for a longer time than any of his “permanent” predecessors. Not only was he entrenched in the Treasury Department and commanded the respect of members of the U.S. Congress, he was highly protective of his staff and its prerogatives. The decade also appeared bright as the country rode the high wave of prosperity and optimism for the future.
The “Humanized” Pig
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

To date, in order to successfully transplant human organs, we have had to concentrate our entire effort on modifying the immune system of the patient. When an organ becomes available, as is the case with organs from braindead human donors, we have only a few hours before it has to be transplanted. There is no time for us to manipulate the donor’s antigens even if this were ethically acceptable. We can only manipulate-indeed, suppress the rejection response of the potential recipient. Xenotransplantation gives us the first real opportunity to modify the donor organ itself. The more we can do to make the donor organ acceptable to the recipient, therefore, the less we will have to do to suppress the recipient’s immune response. Genetic engineering, the techniques by which genetic material can be altered so as to change the hereditary properties of an organism or cell, was scientifically impossible when both of the writers of this book were medical students, not that many years ago. Today it is becoming commonplace not only in the laboratory but in actual veterinary practice. For example, genetic engineering is being used to increase milk production in cows and to produce human proteins in goat and cow milk that can be used in the treatment of patients.
From Diabetes to Alzheimer’s
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

The child is too young to understand the concept of diabetes, or to realize that her parents are not trying to punish her. She had been sent home from school earlier in the day because the glucose levels in her blood were out of control. For the second time that afternoon, her mother, a nurse, is trying to get her to cooperate. As she pokes the needle into the child’s arm-already badly bruised-to administer insulin, the child breaks into tears and asks: “Mommy, why do you hate me so much?” This little girl is fortunate in that she has a mother who will ensure that her diabetes is controlled as well as possible. Nevertheless, in the coming decades she may develop one or more of the long-term degenerative complications of diabetes mellitus: an increased risk of going blind, of developing kidney failure, of having a heart attack or a stroke, or of needing to have a gangrenous limb amputated due to advanced vascular disease. Sadly, until now, the prospect of a cure for her disease has been slim and, despite hundreds of millions of dollars of research, there has essentially been no new therapy for diabetes since insulin was discovered by Nobel laureates Sir Frederick Banting and John Macleod and their junior colleague, Charles Best, over 75 years ago.
The Discordant Concert
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

Claus Hammer, of the Institute of Surgical Research of the University of Munich in Germany, who is both a qualified physician and a veterinary surgeon, has reviewed many aspects of the topic of whether animal organs are likely to function satisfactorily if transplanted into humans. He has written: “Evolution has set severe obstacles to xenotransplantation. Even in closely-related species combinations, significant differences ... exist which can profoundly disturb ... [the] interactions between graft and recipient.” In other words, even if all of the immunological and microbiological hurdles outlined in this book can be overcome successfully, we are faced with the question of whether an animal organ will function normally in the environment of the human body. This involves anatomical considerations (whether the organ is structurally similar to its counterpart in the human) as well as physiological (functional) and biochemical considerations (whether the multitude of enzyme systems, hormones, and so on that function adequately in the organ when in the animal will perform equally successfully when the organ is transferred to the human patient).
Guinea Pigs
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

Scientists are making gradual progress in overcoming the scientific hurdles that nature has set before them. But, as with most areas of medical advance, not all of the problems will be solved in one fell swoop. Initially we may be able to offer patients animal organs or cells that survive and function for periods of weeks or months. With time, experience, and new developments, this period will be extended to years and eventually decades.
Judgment Day
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

There has been little consideration of the legal implications of xenotransplantation. Much of the legal literature on organ transplantation focuses on the shortage of human organs and the allocation of these scarce resources to needy patients. In the United States, for example, these matters are covered by the National Organ Transplant Act. The legal issues underlying the shortage of organs will prove largely irrelevant if xenotransplantation becomes a clinical reality, although a host of new legal questions will almost certainly arise. Sanders Chae, then a young law student who was working with one of us at Harvard, was one of the first to review the potential legal problems that may face us when xenotransplantation advances into the clinic. He considered four major legal issues: whether xenotransplantation is permitted under current law, the potential legal consequences of creating animals with human tissues (and vice versa), the legal aspects of regulating the allocation and distribution of animal organs, and the legal consequences to a transplant center if the public health is put at risk by an infected animal-organ recipient. Although his investigation and conclusions primarily relate to the laws in the United States, they are highly relevant for all Western societies and have implications for all countries where medical science is advanced enough to contemplate xenotransplantation.
Law’s Blindfold
Authors: Luban David
Published: November 2023

The classical iconography of justice depicts her as a goddess and equips her with three symbols: the sword, the scales, and the blindfold.1 Each of these captures one element of the rule of law. The sword indicates the coercive power of the court. The scales suggest that the job of the court is to weigh the competing claims in a controversy against each other. The many artistic representations of the scales usually show them in equipoise, with the pans empty: That is so we can see that the scales themselves are true and honest. The judge cannot start the proceeding with the pans out of balance: that would be pre-judgment-literally, and etymologically, “prejudice.”
Regulating the Conflict of Interest of Government Officials
Authors: Clark Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Conflicts of interest have been a matter of concern in the United States since its founding. The U.S. Constitution itself contains three provisions restricting conflicts of interest: one forbidding federal officials from accepting gifts, employment, or titles from foreign governments; another prohibiting members of Congress from being appointed to a federal office that was created or whose salary was increased during that member’s term in Congress; and a third preventing members of Congress from receiving an increase in salary until after they stand for reelection.
Conflict of Interest on Corporate Boards
Authors: Orts Eric W
Published: November 2023

This chapter reexamines legal principles governing conflicts of interest on corporate boards in the context of broader theoretical discussions of the nature of corporations and the various interests they serve. Corporations come in many varieties, ranging from small to very large firms and from nonprofit charitable entities to multinational business corporations. They are usually governed by corporate boards, and members of these boards are called “directors” or sometimes “trustees.” Although the older use of “trustees” reflects the origins of fiduciary duties of corporate boards in the law of trusts, nothing essential turns on this distinction in practice. I follow the modern practice and refer to board members of both business and nonprofit corporations as directors. In addition, though differences between business and nonprofit corporations are important, I focus here on their similarities with respect to problems of conflicts of interest.
Homo Symbolificus
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

The student puzzles over a term paper. The professor labors over a monograph. The scientist reports the findings of a recent experiment in an article. The journalist completes a story just before the deadline. The business executive outlines a proposal in a memorandum. The novelist weaves a gripping tale about the human condition. The poet captures a fleeting feeling. The diarist records the events of yet another day. Though their tasks vary widely, each of these individuals confronts the challenge of creating coherent ideas in the private realm of thought and mapping those ideas into the public world of linguistic symbols. In composing a written text, these individuals create meaning for themselves and potentially for their readers.
Word Processors
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

Interest in tools used by writers mushroomed with the advent of the word processor. The past decade or so has brought a revolution in the craft of writing. In a remarkably brief period of time, the technology of writing moved from the manual typewriter through line-based text editors on mainframe computers to word processors on powerful personal computers and still more powerful workstations. What has been written about writing on a word processor expresses an unqualified ardor about the power of computer-based composition. This was particularly true in the early years of personal computer development as students, teachers, and professionals explored the new writing tool.
Introduction:Understanding the Blood Feuds
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Feldman Eric
Published: November 2023

Blood—its color, its flow, its scientific— properties, its social significance-has long captured the imagination. With magical associations that exceed its biological functions, blood encompasses a spectrum of meanings that are complex, controversial, and often contradictory. Blood has been viewed as the apogee of purity and the nadir of filth; cited as both the basis for unity and the justification for war; analyzed as a gift that brings life and a source of death; and sold as a commodity that has been called priceless. Only in the twentieth century did it become possible to use blood therapeutically: initially for battlefield transfusions, later in response to accidents and in surgery, and finally as pharmaceutical products made from technologically transformed blood components. Blood thus became a lifesaving medical intervention. The healing uses of blood inevitably would have unintended side effects; along with the new curative powers flowed dangerous pathogens that made blood and its components a medium for disease transmission.
The Circulation of the Blood AIDS, Blood, and the Economics of Information
Authors: Glied Sherry
Published: November 2023

The story of HIV and blood systems can be usefully divided into three eras: pre-1982, 1982-1985, and post-1985. The institutional structures of the blood systems in the 10 developed countries studied in the project from which this volume emerged were quite similar in the pre-1982 period. None of these systems implemented decisive measures for improving the quality of blood before 1985 (other than very limited efforts at donor exclusion), yet none failed to implement HIV testing and heat treatment by 1986. They differed mainly in the pace of implementing screening and heat treatment in the brief 1985-1986 period. Prior to 1982, these 10 countries developed similar institutional structures of blood collection and distribution that solved a common problem of asymmetric information about the quality of blood. Although this structure may have been optimal for dealing with the information problem presented by the principal threats to blood quality prior to 1982, the blood supply in each country became contaminated by HIV in 1982-1985. In every large developed country (population greater than 1 million) in Europe, Australia, and North America, people developed AIDS as a consequence of the transfusion of blood or blood products. My analysis will address why this happened and why all the national systems in our study failed to respond effectively over the 1982-1985 period, a failure that had particularly adverse con sequences in countries with relatively high rates of non-transfusion-related AIDS. Finally, I will examine the response of these national systems in the aftermath of the development of an HIV test in 1985.
Soprano Vocal Registration and Vowel Modification (Aggiustamento)
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

As indicated in chapter 2, the long soprano middle voice typically extends from E♭  4 to F♯  5, with C♯  5 the dividing midpoint between the lower middle and upper middle ranges. In light soubrette voices, the long middle register is negotiated from bottom to top, and from top to bottom, with little awareness of a dividing point between the lower middle and upper middle segments or of the need to alter breath energy to accommodate ascending pitch.
World War II Normandy American Cemetery And Memorial
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: November 2023

Like many people who study the American South, I believe that our attachment to places, especially the places that are familiar and special only to us, can tell a us a great deal about who we are. I am also struck, however, by the power of places of universally recognized importance, places where history actually “happened:’ to speak to many people in many ways. Certainly, my connection to one particularly significant site, the World War II Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial, has shown me that the monumental challenges of history can shape the identities not only of those who faced them but of those who did not as well. Long a popular attraction for Americans visiting France, the World War II Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial has drawn unprecedented attention since it was featured in the opening and closing scenes of Steven Spielberg’s blockbuster World War II film, Saving Private Ryan.
The Fundamentals Of Clinical Neuropsychiatry
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan
Published: November 2023

Increasingly, psychiatrists make little distinction between psychiatric and neurologic disorders, considering them all as dysfunctions of the central nervous system. This is a practical how to book intended primarily for trainees and practicing clinicians unfamiliar with the relatively new field of neuropsychiatry. It is written as the author might teach the material during clinical rounds and in small group seminars. In a clear and engaging style, he explains what to do and how to do it, giving the rationale for each step, and synthesizing neuropsychiatric principles with practical guidelines for diagnosis and management of adult patients. Many tables are included for quick reference and to help the reader to quickly see the big picture of a given topic. The book covers personality and personality disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, psychiatric disorders, alcohol and substance abuse, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury and stroke, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, headache and violence. It can be used as an introductory text for psychiatric residents, medical students, and others who care for persons with behavioral disorders. It can also be used as a clinical manual or reference by practitioners in psychiatry and neurology.
Neuropsychiatric Evaluation
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan
Published: November 2023

Neuropsychiatric evaluation is the medical examination of the brain. The mental status examination, and the psychiatric interview are terms from the era of a mind-body dichotomy. There is no “mental” to it. The mind, in a neuroscience sense, is a shorthand metaphoric term for summing up what our brains do that reaches our awareness (e.g., internal speech subserved by the dominant hemisphere, emotional experience generated by the limbic system, body image and its physical limits subserved in part by the parietal lobes, and memory acquisition, storage, and recall subserved by several brain systems). When you assess “mental functions” and behavior you are assessing brain functions.
Substance-Induced Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan
Published: November 2023

About 10% of U.S. women and 20% of U.S. men have abused alcohol (lifetime risks), and about 4% of U.S. women and 10% of U.S. men are dependent on alcohol. Alcohol abuse is highest in 20-35 year olds, Hispanic men and Native Americans, urbanites, persons living in states outside the “deep south,” and tobacco users. European-Americans and African-Americans have similar lifetime rates. Waiters, bartenders, longshoremen, musicians, authors, reporters, and police have relatively high rates of consumption and abuse. Among general medical patients, about 40% have alcohol-related problems.
Sunshine and Sock-Time
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Mike Fritzel recognized an opportunity when he saw one. It arrived in the person of a guy from New Orleans, a young trumpet player named Paul Mares, who’d begun renting a room from Tommy Harrison, a cop Fritze! knew. The guy talked a good line, mostly about all the great musicians he’d worked with, friends from back home who were now jobbing around the Midwest, some of them on Mississippi excursion boats. If he could round up a few and form a band, he said, he could guarantee steady business for the club Fritzel spent his evenings managing.
Monk
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

William Ernest Moenkhaus, born in Bloomington June 30, 1902, was a child of two cultures. His father, a professor of physiology at Indiana University, spoke German and French, spent summers traveling on the European continent, and remained convinced of the innate superiority of European education to any homegrown American equivalent. He made no secret of his intention that both his sons, once old enough, pursue their secondary studies in Germany.
Washboard Blues
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Carmichael takes his place at the Book Nook piano. Come on out, melody; don’t be shy. I know you’re in there somewhere. One of the questions most frequently asked of composers, and least often answered satisfactorily, is one of the simplest: what’s the process? How do you, does anybody, write a great song? Are melodies indeed “found” rather than created? Or are they slowly, painstakingly, hewn, phrase by phrase, bar by bar, out of the rock face of imagination? In later years, Hoagy embellished his description of this moment almost beyond recognition, interpolating conversational exchanges drawn shamelessly from the realm of fiction.
Stardust Melody
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

“For a while there”-Bud Dant’s eyes took on an almost mischievous twinkle as he uttered the words-”I didn’t want anything more to do with Hoagy Carmichael, ever.” He paused, letting the thought sink in. “He, Hoagy, kept calling me on the phone, every morning at seven. He says, ‘Bud, you gotta come down to Bloomington.’ And I’d listen awhile to him, and then say, ‘Hoagy, good bye,’ and hang up. He was a pest.’’
The Medicare Program in Rural Areas
Authors: Mueller Curt D , Schoenman Julie A , Dorosh Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Medicare provides health insurance coverage for over 38 million Americans. Program payments in 1995 were $184 billion, over 20% of personal health care expenditures (United States Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1997). Medicare is an important part of the nation’s health care financing system, but it is especially important for rural America because a higher proportion of the rural population is elderly. Estimates obtained by the Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis from the U.S. Bureau of the Census indicate that in 1997, about 14% of the population in nonmetropolitan counties was over age 65, versus 11 % in metropolitan counties.