bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empathy in nursing. Assumptions, practice and its empirical determinants
Authors: Zarzycka Danuta , Ślusarska Barbara , Dobrowolska Beata , Deluga Alina , Trojanowska Alina , Bartoń Elżbieta
Published: January 2017

Introduction. In the subject literature there were five conceptual dimensions of empathy defined which were specified as a human trait, the basis of professional work, communication process, a manifestation of concern and the special relations. Empathy is the essence of understanding the other person in nursing. The empathic competences have a significant meaning for building caring and therapeutic relations in the work of nurses.

Aim. An indication of the essence of empathy in nursing in the aspect of theoretical assumptions and practical activities together with its selected empirical determinants.

Method. Topic and unsystematic review of literature looking at the last 30 years. The analysis carried out by the authors of the research included 55 sources.

Results. The study of empathy in nursing quite often used the concept formulated by Neuman team and a definition of empathy coined by Mercer and Reynolds, resulting from the concept : “Empathy involves ability (…) (a) to understand the perspective of patient’s situation and feelings and related meanings; (b) conveying information about understanding patient’s state and checking their determinants; and (c) to act within the closeness agreement with a patient in the way consistent with the therapeutic assumptions. Research studies indicate that nurses in general have quite high levels of empathy which positively influences the process of communication with patients and their families and dealing with patients who have psychosocial problems.

Summary. Empathy model most often used in nursing is based on the relations in the communication process. Empathy has positive influence over the quality of relations between nurses and patients, as well as the quality of nursing care. The empathic competences of nurses require system education and professional development with use of training and other active forms.
Can ICNP® be used in the nursing care of a patient with pneumonia?
Authors: Grabowska Hanna
Published: January 2017

Introduction. The international standard for nursing terminology included in the ICNP®, recommended by many organizations and associations, can be used in the daily professional practice to facilitate the nurses’ selection of appropriate diagnoses and nursing interventions.

Aim. The aim of the study is an attempt to show the possibilities of using the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) in the nursing care of patients with pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammatory process located within lung tissue situated peripherally in relation to the terminal bronchiole, leading to the accumulation of inflammatory cells and an exudate within alveoli, interalveolar septa and/or in the interstitial lung tissue. Usually, patients experience: cough, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and systemic symptoms: fever, chills, tachycardia, increased sweating, muscle and joint pain, headaches, fatigue, and sometimes nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Common nursing problems/diagnoses in the group of patients with pneumonia are: dyspnea, impaired respiratory system process, impaired airway clearance, fever, lack of appetite, risk for hypovolemia, lack of knowledge about the disease.

Summary. The International Classification for Nursing Practice contains the most basic terms describing nursing diagnoses and interventions that are crucial in providing nursing care to patients with pneumonia.
Book review „Leksykon socjologii moralności. Podstawy – teorie – badania – perspektywy“; scientific editor: Janusz Mariański
Authors: Iwanowicz-Palus Grażyna J.
Published: January 2017

The sociology of morality as an empirical science explores the morality from its social side of the formation and functioning (morality as a social construct), from the social conditions of all the phenomena that create the field of morality. It also diagnoses the social conditions of its development, differentiation or regress.
Reaction of Unalloyed and Cr-Mo Alloyed Steels with Nitrogen from the Sintering Atmosphere
Authors: Dlapka Magdalena , Gierl-Mayer Christian , Calderon Raquel de Oro , Danninger Herbert , Bengtsson Sven , Dudrova Eva
Published: January 2017

Nitrogen is usually regarded as an inert sintering atmosphere for PM steels; however, this cannot be taken for granted in particular for steels alloyed with nitride forming elements. Among those elements, chromium has become more and more important as an alloying element in sintered low alloy structural steels in the last decade due to the moderate alloying cost and the excellent mechanical properties obtainable, in particular when sinter hardening is applied. The high affinity of Cr to oxygen and the possible ways to overcome related problems have been the subject of numerous studies, while the fact that chromium is also a fairly strong nitride forming element has largely been neglected at least for low alloy steel grades, although frequently used materials like steels from Cr and Cr-Mo prealloyed powders are commonly sintered in atmospheres consisting mainly of nitrogen.

In the present study, nitrogen pickup during sintering at different temperatures and for varying times has been studied for Cr-Mo prealloyed steel grades as well as for unalloyed carbon steel. Also the effect of the cooling rate and its influence on the properties, of the microstructure and the composition have been investigated. It showed that the main nitrogen uptake occurs not during isothermal sintering but rather during cooling. It could be demonstrated that a critical temperature range exists within which the investigated CrM-based steel is particularly sensitive to nitrogen pickup.
The Preparation of Soft Magnetic Composites Based on FeSi and Ferrite Fibers
Authors: Strečková Magdaléna , Fáberová Mária , Bureš Radovan , Kurek Pavel
Published: January 2017

The fields of soft magnetic composites and powder metallurgy technologies have a powerful potential to redesign the way of electric motor preparation, and will continue to grow for years to come. A design of the novel soft microcomposite material composed of spherical FeSi particles and Ni0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 ferrite nanofibers is reported together with a characterization of basic mechanical and electrical properties. The needle-less electrospinning method was used for a preparation of Ni0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 ferrite nanofibers, which has a spinel-type crystal structure as verified by XRD and TEM analysis. The dielectric coating was prepared by mixing of nanofibers with glycerol and ethanol because of safe manipulation with fumed fibers and homogeneous distribution of the coating around the FeSi particle surface. The final microcomposite samples were prepared by a combination of the traditional PM compaction technique supplemented with a conventional sintering process of the prepared green compacts. The composition and distribution of the secondary phase formed by the spinel ferrite fibers were examined by SEM. It is demonstrated that the prepared composite material has a tight arrangement without any significant porosity, which manifest itself through superior mechanical properties (high mechanical hardness, Young modulus, and transverse rupture strength) and specific electric resistivity compared to the related composite materials including resin as the organic binder.
Calm Water Performance of Hard-Chine Vessels in Semi-Planing and Planing Regimes
Authors: Ghadimi Parviz , Tavakoli Sasan , Dashtimanesh Abbas
Published: January 2017

In the current paper, a mathematical model is developed for performance prediction of hard-chin boats which can be used in both semi-planing and planing regimes. The proposed model bases on the 2D+T theory and implements pressure distributions over the length of the hull in order to compute the forces. To determine the forces in the semi-planing range, a function is proposed for the non-dimensional length at which the transom effect appears. Three drag components, which are: frictional drag, induced drag, and spray drag, are considered in the computations performed using an iterative method to satisfy two equilibrium equations. The validity of the proposed method is verified by comparing the predicted trim angle and resistance against the available experimental data. Based on this comparison, it is observed that the proposed method reveals satisfying accuracy in both semi-planing and planing regimes. The method is then used to study variation of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic forces as the hull makes a transition from the semi-planing regime to the planing regime. In addition, different components of the resistance are analyzed.
Ferromagnetic Flow of Viscous Fluid in a Slot between Fixed Surfaces of Revolution
Authors: Jerzy Sawicki
Published: January 2017

In this paper the steady laminar flow of viscous incompressible ferromagnetic fluid is considered in a slot between fixed surfaces of revolution having a common axis of symmetry. The boundary layer ferromagnetic equations for axial symmetry are expressed in terms of the intrinsic curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system x, θ ,y.The method of perturbation is used to solve the boundary layer equations. As a result, the formulae defining such parameters of the flow as the velocity components vx, vy, and the pressure , were obtained.
University museums and the Third Mission: the project “Young people for culture” in the Museum Laboratory of Education of Bologna University
Authors: Panciroli Chiara , Macauda Anita
Published: January 2017

The university has been called to run a Third mission of a socio-entrepreneurial nature that deals with the interaction in communities favouring the use of knowledge to contribute to social, cultural and economic development in society. This study case can fit in the main objectives of the mission in which public and local assets, such as museums, become accessible to everyone. The ModE project - the Musueum Laboratory of Education of Bologna University - has been included in this context with reference to the widespread diffusion of the teaching of cultural heritage.

Summing up, the aim of the project “I giovani per la cultura” is to prepare and strengthen the professional profiles of cultural heritage, in particular by museum educators, cultural mediators and teachers, who, according to a training plan “domino effect”, become educators themselves and, along with young people, achieve high-quality experiences with our wealth of museums.
University knowledge exchange and the SKIN Project
Authors: Sara Djelveh , Francesco Contò
Published: January 2017

In this article, we present a rationale for investigating the role and contributions of universities to growth and sustainable development within the framework of the Europe 2020 Strategy (EU2020). To this extent, the literature suggests that the contemporary universities’ mission in the knowledge society relies on their capacity to promote knowledge exchange. This allows expansion of the degree of intervention of universities in society and broadening of the institutional and policy frameworks within which they operate, opening to a wider range of possible contributions of social science and humanities to the EU2020 objectives, which are not limited to education and research policies.

We present the Short supply chain Knowledge and Innovation Network (SKIN) project (H2020-2016)1 as an example of a systemic approach to university-business-society dialogue, based on the role of universities as “knowledge hubs” (Yusuf, 2008) and aimed at promoting knowledge exchange and multi-actor cooperation. One of the main challenges of the project relies on the capacities of the involved actors to cooperate and, thus, on the mechanisms activated in order to ensure such collaboration. To this extent, the role of humanities and social sciences, in particular multidisciplinary and participatory research, is crucial for the success of the process of knowledge circulation within and for society.
Virtual realities and education
Authors: Curcio Igor D.D. , Dipace Anna , Norlund Anita
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this article is to highlight the state of the art of virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality technologies and their applications in formal education. We also present a selected list of case studies that prove the utility of these technologies in the context of formal education. Furthermore, as byproduct, the mentioned case studies show also that, although the industry is able to develop very advanced virtual environment technologies, their pedagogical implications are strongly related to a well-designed theoretical framework.
Think big: learning contexts, algorithms and data science
Authors: Baldassarre Michele
Published: January 2017

Due to the increasing growth in available data in recent years, all areas of research and the managements of institutions and organisations, specifically schools and universities, feel the need to give meaning to this availability of data. This article, after a brief reference to the definition of big data, intends to focus attention and reflection on their type to proceed to an extension of their characterisation. One of the hubs to make feasible the use of Big Data in operational contexts is to give a theoretical basis to which to refer. The Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom (DIKW) model correlates these four aspects, concluding in Data Science, which in many ways could revolutionise the established pattern of scientific investigation. The Learning Analytics applications on online learning platforms can be tools for evaluating the quality of teaching. And that is where some problems arise. It becomes necessary to handle with care the available data. Finally, a criterion for deciding whether it makes sense to think of an analysis based on Big Data can be to think about the interpretability and relevance in relation to both institutional and personal processes.
Priority Fields of Teachers’ Professional Development in Terms of Open Education Worldwide
Authors: Avshenyuk Nataliya
Published: January 2017

The article is devoted to the problem of teachers’ professional development within the concept of “open educational resources”. The author analyzes the project “Massive Open Online Courses” (MOOC) as one of the modern achievements in the area of information and communication technology (ICT) for the development of adult education, namely teachers’ professional development in the context of globalization. It has been determined that MOOC is an innovative form of free distance learning, which is represented by full-fledged interactive training courses based on open access to the Internet for the simultaneous participation of a large number of people. Conceptual bases of creation and functioning MOOC, which are based on two key principles of the theory of learning organization - Cognitive behaviorism and Connectivism have been characterized. It has been found out that most of the discussions developed around the main implementation problems of MOOC are: the presence of two different types of MOOC; the role of the teacher in MOOC; participation of students in MOOC; understanding and use of “mass” in MOOC; tracking the border between openness of MOOC and control over their quality. The analysis of the contemporary MOOC platforms shows that the most popular pedagogical-oriented courses are: the development of students’ thinking; e-learning and digital culture; schools: history of school education, educational policy; how to become a developer of blended learning technologies as well as development of educational technologies.
Forming Future Teachers’ Aesthetic Culture in Foreign Educational Practice
Authors: Sotska Galyna
Published: January 2017

The article deals with a theoretical analysis of foreign educational experience in solving scientific problems of forming future teachers’ aesthetic culture. Given the current socio-cultural situation, it has been noted that a teacher who developed his/her aesthetic culture can make a direct contribution to the social and cultural challenges of a changing world. Based on the study of scientific and pedagogical literature, normative and legal support and the content of practical courses, the author has revealed the peculiarities of forming future specialists’ aesthetic culture in foreign countries (Japan, Germany, Canada, the United States, England). Special attention has been paid to the aesthetic potential of fine arts in forming future teachers’ aesthetic culture, which ensures the harmony of intellectual and aesthetic development of personality, enriches the emotional and sensual sphere, develops cognitive and creative activities, aesthetic needs and tastes, stipulates for future teachers’ involving in the process of artistic and aesthetic culture of the nation. The performed analysis proves that the forming of future teachers’ aesthetic culture should be based on the intercultural approach; the ideas of interrelation between aesthetic and ecological in aesthetic education; integration relations between powerful potential of fine (visual) arts, environmental science and aesthetic creativity. The experience of foreign educational practice may be adopted by domestic universities to form individual aesthetic culture of future teachers.
Forming Social Partnership Policy in Vocational Training of Service Sector Specialists in Germany and Austria
Authors: Kredenets Nadiya
Published: January 2017

The article deals with the problem of forming social partnership policy in vocational training of service sector specialists in Germany and Austria. The foreign and domestic pedagogical experience in establishing an effective system of social partnership in vocational education has been analyzed. The author has considered main factors of social partnership development in vocational education that influence the forming of normative and legal support; a multilevel structure of government management, powers of employers and trade unions, regional economic development authorities of local government (industrial, commercial, trade, agricultural units), professional orientation of future specialists vocational education institutions and enterprises where specialists are trained; continuous monitoring of labour market needs and dynamic response to its changes; mechanisms of multivariate and multilevel approach to vocational education funding. Based on the analysis of scientific and reference sources the author has concluded that the main feature of vocational education in Germany and Austria is the participation of social partners who make common decisions and bear responsibility for normative and legal support; a multilevel management structure; monitoring of labour market needs and dynamic response to its changes; an optimal combination of theoretical and practical vocational training of future specialists.
From Orthodoxy to Heterodoxy: Financial Crisis Literature Compared
Authors: Martínez Ignacio , Mursa Gabriel
Published: January 2017

In this paper we’ll attempt to explain the connection between interventionism in financial markets, financial crises and economic downturns, as the main cause of the financial crisis mainstream models; As well as the connection between the theories of Austrian and Minsky’s economic cycle as branches of heterodox economic theory. In order to achieve this target, we’ll begin with a brief introduction of mainstream financial crises models in the orthodox economic literature, then we’ll examine the statements of the Austrian Business Cycle Theory and the Financial Instability Hypothesis, and evaluate whether a connection between the two. We conclude that Financial Instability Hypothesis can be studied as a particular case of the Austrian Business Cycle Theory.
Performance Evaluation of Concrete using Marble Mining Waste
Authors: Kore Sudarshan Dattatraya , Vyas A. K.
Published: January 2017

A huge amount waste (approximately 60%) is generated during mining and processing in marble industries. Such waste can be best utilized in infrastructure development works. Coarse aggregate 75% by weight was replaced by aggregate obtained from marble mining waste. The impact of marble waste as a partial replacement for conventional coarse aggregate on the properties of concrete mixes such as workability, compressive strength, permeability, abrasion, etc. was evaluated. The test results revealed that the compressive strength was comparable to that of control concrete. Other properties such as workability of concrete increased, water absorption reduced by 17%, and resistance to abrasion was marginally increased by 2% as compared to that of control concrete. Ultrasonic pulse velocity and FTIR results show improvement in quality of concrete with crushed marble waste. From the TGA analysis it was confirmed that, aggregate produced from marble waste shows better performance under elevated temperature than that of conventional aggregates.
Observation of Liquid-filled Window without Presence of Liquid in Test Chamber
Authors: Lojkovics Ján
Published: January 2017

This article deals with progressive glass unit in glazing systems of building facades. Main aim of this research is reduction of heat gain in interior achieved by water added into Basic Insulation Glass Unit (hereinafter as IGU) which thereby becomes a transparent collector. Concerning heat gain reduction, this system provides a variety of positive characteristics. In relation to outdoor conditions, however, the system has its limitations, due to which each glass unit needs to be designed with regard to the climate condition it is intended for. These special properties have been described in previous articles. Currently, the model in scale 1:1 is prepared and provided for measurements in test chamber. Observation of liquid-filled window in summer weather simulation has brought valuable results for temperature, radiation and humidity. Temperature has been observed on surfaces, and exterior and interior sides of cavities.
Influence of Height in Simulation of Soil Structure Interaction Problems with Dampers
Authors: Bogdanovic Aleksandra , Edip Kemal , Stojmanovska Marta
Published: January 2017

In numerical simulation of soil structure interaction problems the presence of dampers in the frame is an advantage yet a special topic to be considered. This paper presents valuable observation on the dynamic soil structure interaction analysis of multi storey frames and considers the effect of height in simulation of soil structure interaction problems. Comparison of these problems has been done by comparing the obtained results from different set up in the software ANSYS. The results of numerical analysis illustrate that it has to be paid more attention when considering the structures not alone but also considering the effect of soil medium.
Thermal Comfort and HVAC Systems Operation Challenges in a Modern Office Building – Case Study
Authors: Nemethova Ema , Stutterecker Werner , Schoberer Thomas
Published: January 2017

The aim of the study is to evaluate the indoor environment conditions in the new-built office building, Energetikum, and consequently suggest the control strategies, which can lead to determination of critical areas and elimination of thermal discomfort. Representative offices have been selected and equipped with portable sensor groups for monitoring of the indoor environment parameters. Contribution is presenting the data obtained from 6 selected rooms during 3 reference weeks - heating, transition and cooling period. The measured results indicate overheating of the rooms, particularly in the ones with the large glazed areas with higher solar gains. The values of indoor air temperature during heating and transition period could not meet the normative criteria according to standard EN 15251:2007 (the cat. II.) during 13 % - 49 % of evaluated time intervals. Consequently, the simulation model of the selected office was created and is pointing to the possibilities of the control system improvement, which can lead to an elimination of the problem with overheating.
Conjunction and Disjunction Based Fuzzy Interval Orders in Aggregation Process
Authors: Bentkowska Urszula , Król Anna , De Baets Bernard
Published: January 2017

This contribution deals with fuzzy interval orders which are defined by the use of generalized properties, the Ferrers property and total connectedness, of fuzzy relations. Definitions of the generalized properties involve binary operations including t-norms and t-conorms and, more generally, fuzzy conjunctions and disjunctions. In particular, conditions for n-argument functions to preserve fuzzy interval orders during aggregation process are presented. Moreover, some existing results on the Ferrers property are generalized and applied for fuzzy interval orders.
On Algebraic Properties and Linearity of Owa Operators for Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Takáč Zdenko
Published: January 2017

We deal with an ordered weighted averaging operator (OWA operator) on the set of all fuzzy sets. Our starting point is OWA operator on any lattice introduced in Lizasoain, I.-Moreno,C.: OWA operators defined on complete lattices, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 224 (2013), 36-52; Ochoa, G.-Lizasoain, I.- -Paternain, D.-Bustince, H.-Pal, N. R.: Some properties of lattice OWA operators and their importance in image processing, in: Proc. of the 16th World Congress of the Internat. Systems Assoc.-IFSA ’15 and the 9th Conf. of the European Soc. for Fuzzy Logic and Technology-EUSFLAT ’15 (J. M. Alonso et al., eds.), Atlantis Press, Gijón, Spain, 2015, pp. 1261-1265. We focus on a particular case of lattice, namely that of all normal convex fuzzy sets in [0,1], and study algebraic properties and linearity of the proposed OWA operator. It is shown that the operator is an extension of standard OWA operator for real numbers and it possesses similar algebraic properties as standard one, however, it is neither homogeneous nor shift-invariant, i.e., it is not linear in contrast to the standard OWA operator.
The Effects of Music Therapy on Oncological Patients
Authors: Virbalienė Akvilė , Račkauskienė Skaidrė , Kasnauskienė Jolanta , Šumskienė Aldona
Published: January 2017

The research shows the effects of music therapy on oncological patients. Music therapy is one of the tools that help patients to cope with the stress and improves self-confidence, encourages them to live valuable life. It also has a dramatic effect on quality of life as patients who participate in music therapy sessions start to express their feelings in a more active way and also start to solve their own problems. Moreover, music therapy reduces the level of stress and anxiety in the minds and body, promotes calm state, regulates sleep, stimulates body, improves memory and consciousness. It creates an opportunity for oncological patients to release hidden emotions, express the feelings that are related to the disease, encourages to take an active role in cancer pathway and search for other support sources. The content of this research includes the following problematic question: how has the state of oncological patients changed after participating in music therapy sessions? Research object was the effects of music therapy on oncological patients.The aim of this research was to identify the effects of music therapy on oncological patients.

The research has shown that people after hearing cancer diagnosis usually become anti-social - often separate themselves from society, become desolate, move away from favorite activities, also their emotions may become very feeble. The reaction to diagnosis is caused by a very strong psychological trauma that is explained as extreme stress. The fair of death destroys usual, during a lifetime gained stereotypes and changes the system of life values. Also the researched has proved that the patients as a result of music therapy during and after treatment change attitude towards the disease and start to live a meaningful life in a new high quality way that is based on the strengthened faith in God and appreciation of current moment.
Professional Identity Level of Social Pedagogy Students in the Context of Career Decisions
Authors: Stanišauskienė Vilija , Edintaitė Gintarė
Published: January 2017

The concept of professional identity involves professional suitability, training, professional choice, professional image, professional plan, career awareness and motivation. Students of social pedagogy as future professionals have their self-conception which depends on the level of professional identity the students have achieved: diffuse identity, self-determination without debate, moratorium and the identity achieved. Each level reflects the identity of a certain combination of investigation and resolution of the undertaking. However, professional identity is not only an objectively perceived phenomenon; every subjective perception leads to one’s own career in the context of human evolution, social life, economic conditions, learning experience.

Professional identity, which has been understood as professional roles, is one of the most important factors of career success and satisfaction. It is based on personal characteristics, values and experience. The profession of social pedagogues is specific, because they work with people and, in particular, socially sensitive. Therefore, the students of social pedagogy must have the inclination to work with people. Social pedagogues are responsible for social well-being and, therefore, career decisions of students in social pedagogy must be self-directed and adequate. Thus, the higher education professionals providing career guidance, mentors and teachers should recognize whether these programs are relevant to young people at an early stage of the professional identity. Future social pedagogues must also understand the characteristics of the formation of professional identity of a social pedagogue. Therefore, this article addresses the following research questions: what career decisions were taken when choosing studies in social pedagogy? How and what appropriate level of professional identity was reached during the period of studies at university?
Información para los autores
Authors: Pacheco Romero José
Published: January 2017

Anales de la Facultad de Medicina es la publicación oficial de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, destinada a la difusión de asuntos de educación, investigación, y temas relacionados a la práctica médica, a la enseñanza universitaria, y al mejoramiento de la Salud Pública.
Evidence (re)presentation and evidentials in popular and academic history: facts and sources speaking for themselves
Authors: Bondi Marina , Sezzi Annalisa
Published: January 2017

The paper pivots around the different roles of evidentials and the different ways in which evidence is represented in the discourse of popular and academic history, thereby exploring the dynamics of both genres from a discourse analytical perspective. The analysis is based on two corpora of academic and popular articles on history. In particular, it is focused on those lexico-grammatical resources for tracing the speaker’s source and mode of information that constitute the distinguishing features of the two genres. The analysis shows that the high frequency of saw in popular articles refers to the narrative of history, and to the evidence provided by historical characters and sources, rather than by the speaker. The frequency of the attributor according in academic journal articles, on the other hand, clearly qualifies as evidentiality in the narrative of historiography, and acts as a marker of the importance of sources in historical reasoning. The different frequencies thus seem to be related to the different communicative and social functions of the two genres and to be closely connected with the triptych of narratives (Bondi 2015) involved in historical discourse.
Latvian verbs of speaking and their relations to evidentiality
Authors: Chojnicka Joanna
Published: January 2017

The paper offers a functional analysis of three Latvian verbs of speaking used in their indicative third person forms – saka, runā and stāsta ‘say(s), speak(s) and talk(s)’ – based on the Latvian language corpus online (www.korpuss.lv) and, additionally, on examples excerpted from Internet discourse. The article discusses semantic and syntactic similarities and differences between these words, the functions of particular constructions distinguished according to specific syntactic criteria (presence vs. absence of a subject), and the use of these verbs in combination with the Latvian verb form traditionally associated with (potential) evidential meanings, the oblique (atstāstījuma izteiksme). While the use of verbs of speaking for introducing reported speech is seen as unproblematic, the relationship between verba dicendi and evidentiality requires more attention and remains in focus throughout this study. In order to offer an in-depth overview of the nature of this relationship, the relations between reported speech and evidentiality, as well as the oblique and evidentiality, are also briefly considered. The paper concludes that the possibility of the three verbs functioning as evidential markers depends on considerations of theoretical/terminological nature (how to define evidentiality, should reported speech be considered part of it, etc.) and also, to some extent, on the way the subject is realized in verba dicendi constructions (specific human agent vs. non-specific empty subject and absent or zero subject).
On the modal functions of Lithuanian verbs of coming
Authors: Jasionytė-Mikučionienė Erika
Published: January 2017

The verbs of coming and going as a means of modality have been investigated in a number of languages: Russian (Majsak 2005; Bourdin 2014), Latvian (Wälchli 1996, 2000), Estonian (Penjam 2006), Finnish (Kangasniemi 1992) and others. However, with the exception of some observations made by Wälchli (1996) or Nau (2012), the realization of modality by ‘come’ or ‘go’ verbs in Lithuanian has not been thoroughly examined. Thus, the present paper is concerned with a diachronic as well as synchronic variation pertaining to two Lithuanian verbs of motion that contain the root ‘go’, i.e. pareiti ‘come home, return’ and prieiti ‘approach on foot’ as well as their reflexive counterparts. The article seeks to establish to what extent the verbs under analysis have developed modal meanings in Contemporary Lithuanian as well as the earliest period of the language (16th–17th centuries) and to account for the possible diachronic evolution of modal meanings. It focuses on both qualitative as well as quantitative parameters. The data have been collected from the old written Lithuanian texts (16th–17th centuries) and the corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely its subcorpus of fiction texts. The text sample on which the study is based shows that the modal constructions with the Lithuanian verbs of motion based on the root ‘go’ appear in the 16th century. It is only the reflexive forms pareitis(i) (‘PREF-go-REFL’) and prieitis(i) (‘PREF-go-REFL’) that have potential to realise non-epistemic modality: the analysed material did not reveal any instances where non-reflexive forms pareiti and prieiti are used to convey modality. The predominant modal meaning of the reflexive verbs pareitis(i) and prieitis(i) concerns the meaning of participant-external as well as deontic necessity. As for Contemporary Lithuanian, the ‘go’-derived necessive constructions are rather marginal in the contemporary system of modality: the verbs under analysis are more common in spoken Lithuanian or dialects than in written Lithuanian. Moreover, semantic distribution among the reflexive verbs under consideration differs in Old and in Contemporary Lithuanian. Deontic necessity takes the leading position among the reflexive verb pareitis(i) in Old Lithuanian, whereas participant-external necessity predominates among the reflexive verb prisieiti in Contemporary Lithuanian.
Epistemic qualifications of the English marker likely and its equivalents in Lithuanian
Authors: Ruskan Anna
Published: January 2017

The current study focuses on the epistemic qualifications realised by the English adjective and adverb likely and its equivalents in Lithuanian panašu ‘likely, it seems’ and tikėtina ‘believable, likely’, which derive from the semantic domain of comparison and belief. The aim of the study is to identify the functional similarities and differences of the markers in terms of their frequency, syntactic features (Complement-Taking-Predicates (CTPs), adverbials), functions, collocational profile and type of discourse (academic, newspaper). The English and Lithuanian data were drawn from the monolingual corpora, namely the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CCLL), Corpus of Academic Lithuanian (CorALit) and the bidirectional parallel corpus ParaCorpENàLTàEN. The quantitative and qualitative findings reveal that the closest cross-linguistic CTP and adverbial equivalents are likely and tikėtina ‘believable, likely’ because they are most frequent in formal registers (academic, newspaper discourse) and display similar collocational profiles and contexts of use. In contexts with explicit evidence and argumentation, they may acquire evidential functions. Although the CTP and adverbial panašu ‘likely, it seems’ shares similarities with likely and tikėtina ‘believable, likely’ in expressing the author’s degree of probability, it shows a different semantic profile from the latter due to its conceptual link with the original meaning of similarity and appearances. The study shows how markers that derive from the semantic domain of comparison vary in functional distribution in present-day English and Lithuanian and introduces their functional equivalents deriving from a different semantic domain.
Intersubjective strategies in deontic modality: evidential functions of Spanish deber ‘must’
Authors: Thegel Miriam
Published: January 2017

The principal aim of this study is to examine the Spanish modal verb deber ‘must’ in its deontic readings, relating it to the notions of evidentiality and intersubjectivity. Deber has often been compared to the modal verb tener que ‘have to’ and described in rather vague terms, for example as an expression of weak, internal obligation, but this paper proposes that it is better understood as an intersubjective verb. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses have been carried out, with a special focus on the in-depth qualitative study. It will be shown that deontic deber can convey evidential meanings when used in the conditional form. First, it can refer to a norm shared between the speaker and the hearer, and, second, it can convey an inferential process, a conclusion presented by the speaker, which is based on shared information, available to a larger group (or all) of the interlocutors. Evidentiality is regarded here as an intersubjective strategy, used when the speaker wants to reach consensus, arguing for the most reasonable, morally defensible way to act. Thus, this study also offers a new perspective of evidentiality, looking at this notion in interaction with deontic modality instead of epistemic modality, which is usually the case.
Modality, Semantic Maps and Lithuania: an interview with Johan van der Auwera
Authors: Šinkūnienė Jolanta
Published: January 2017

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Svenja Kranich. 2016. Contrastive pragmatics and translation: Evaluation, epistemic modality and communicative styles in English and German. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. P.p xiv + 204. ISBN 978 90 272 5666 9.
Authors: Ruskan Anna
Published: January 2017

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Authors: Quezada Crespo Carlos Julio , Carrillo Zenteno Manuel Danilo , Morales Intriago Fátima Lourdes , Carrillo Alvarado Rómulo Alcides
Published: January 2017

Ecuador is the most important exporter of canned peach palm, however, to date ideal soil fertility characteristics for peach palm growers remain unknown. The aim of this research was to determine optimal levels of soil nutrients for the cultivation of peach palm, specifically with regards to soil cation exchange capacity in order to obtain higher yields. We worked with 20 farmsteads and their soils from the province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas during the second half of 2014. Fields were evaluated based on a relative yield and extractable (modified Olsen) nutrient contents in each soil were determined using regression modeling to determine critical levels of each nutrient and specifically to determine the ideal soil cation exchange capacity under peach palm cultivation. Our analysis established critical levels of soil pH (6.3); OM 6.5%; P 12.3 mg.dm-3; K 0.67 cmol.dm-3 K; Ca 5.1 cmol.dm-3 ; Mg 0.97 cmol.dm-3; and S 7.5 mg.dm-3. The ideal Ca: Mg: K soil cation exchange capacity was determined to be 76:14:10.
Minority compounds and sensory analysis evaluation of Coffea arabica var. caturra cultivated in three different altitudinal ranges
Authors: Cruz Bolivar Jennifer Tatiana , Rodríguez Pérez Wilson , Suárez Salazar Juan Carlos , Ordoñez Espinosa Claudia Mercedes , Vega Cano Gustavo Adolfo
Published: January 2017

The composition of minority compounds in samples of roasted and ground coffee (Coffea arabica var. caturra) cultivated in three altitudinal ranges 1300-1400, 1400-1600, 1600-1800 m. a. s. l., in the Huila department of Colombia were determined. The samples were collected in July of 2012. pH, total acidity and total lipids were measured. Subsequently, the composition of total lipids after esterification and gas chromatography analysis coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established. Quality cup test considering the following attributes:  fragrance/aroma, taste, residual flavor, acidity, body, uniformity, balance, clean cup, sweetness, quality and note, were performed. No statistically significant difference (p <0.05) in pH, titratable acidity, total time of roasting and cracking time was determined. Significant difference was found in% humidity range: 1300-1400 m relative to the ranges: 1400-1600 and 1600-800 meters. As for the major compounds are predominantly: stigmasterol, sitosterol, 4-methylpentanamide and 2- (2-hydroxyphenyl) buta-1,3-diene, in the altitudinal ranges evaluated. No significant difference (p>0.05) was found in the evaluated attributes at the quality cup test at different altitudinal range.
Authors: Pomboza Tamaquiza Pedro Pablo , Paucar Dario , Cruz Tobar Saúl Eduardo , Núñez Torres Oscar Patricio , Velástegui Espín Giovanny Patricio
Published: January 2017

The aim of this research was to analyze the permanence of ancestral practices used on growing potatoes, between the years 1950 and 2016. Two rural communities (Apatug and Puñachisag) were selected in the province of Tungurahua, Ecuador. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 63 key informants selected with the snowball and group interview methods. Has characterized the agricultural calendar, the use of varieties, associativity and observation of lunar phases. The results suggest the temporal relationship of potato planting and harvest with the feasts ancestral religious. These cycles were observed until the decade of the sixties and seventies. However, with the agriculture modernization, these calendars are modified. On the other hand, they also noted the predominance of improved varieties on native varieties. Most of the varieties cultivated by farmers, are Fripapa-Putza and Semichola and respond to the destination of the output (sales and/or family consumption); 65% practice monocultures and 58.5% consider the lunar phases for agricultural work. It is concluded the ancestral practices are at risk of extinction and need to be understood and rehabilitated by the new generations of peasants as well as technical programs for the transfer of technology to achieve a more sustainable agriculture.
Oferta del suelo en el Gran San Juan
Authors: Cardó Patricio Gabriel , Taber Elena
Published: January 2017

La forma de crecimiento de la ciudad de San Juan, mantiene una densidad baja que preocupa por su impacto sobre el suelo y uso de recursos. El presente artículo estudia el aspecto inmobiliario de este crecimiento, específicamente en lo que ha transcurrido durante el 2012, año que mantuvo una inflación elevada, pero una baja en el precio internacional del oro, principal referente de la actividad económica más importante de la provincia.El estudio muestra que la gran mayoría de las ofertas de suelo, se dan en contexto residencial de zonas urbanas. Sin embargo, las zonas periféricas mantuvieron una elevada suba de precios, indicando una tendencia de la demanda hacia esas zonas.
Derivaciones de la ciudad digital
Authors: Benítez Gutiérrez Gabriel
Published: January 2017

La ciudad digital es un modelo de organización y gestión urbana basado en las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). El artículo revisa el concepto de ciudad digital, a partir de la similitud y diferencia con las nociones de ciudad global y ciberespacio. Se observa la diversidad en el uso del concepto-instrumento que se aplica a la realidad física, como el caso de Berja en España y Distrito Federal en México. Lo cual aporta una perspectiva teórica en contextos urbanos disímbolos que son transversalmente intervenidos por este modelo de gestión urbana “Ciudad Digital” como signo de la globalización.
Economic factors determining the electoral success of far-right and far-left parties in the EU countries
Authors: Doležalová Jitka , Havlík Vlastimil , Slaný Antonín , Vejvodová Petra
Published: January 2017

The recent electoral success of far-right and far-left parties is often considered to be a side-effect of the economic crisis. This article aims to determine the degree to which the downturn in economic performance helped to increase the vote share of these parties. The research includes a set of 23 EU member states from the period 1995 to 2012, and finds that poor economic performance significantly determined the vote share of the far-left. Among the indicators influencing the far-left electorate were mainly changes in the GDP and unemployment rate. The research does not find any correlation between the far-rights vote share and the development of macroeconomic indicators.
Letter from the Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Battaglia Parodi Maurizio ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele in Milan, and is Associate Professor at University Vita-Salute in Milan
Published: January 2017

It is a great honour and a privilege to be Editor-in-Chief of such a respected publication, a copy of which has always been on my desk. The online version makes it even simpler for ophthalmologists working in any subspecialty to have access to the latest top-quality research and reviews.