bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel approaches to MOVPE material deposition for high efficiency Multijunction Solar Cells
Authors: Timò G. , Abagnale G. , Armani N. , Malvisi E. , Carbi G. , Farina F. , Schineller B.
Published: August 2014

Starting from a brief survey on the most important III‐V material engineering approaches which brought multijunction solar cells reaching an efficiency value of 44.7% to realization, new approaches to MOVPE material deposition are presented to further incrementing the solar cell performances and reduce the technology cost. A new MOVPE temperature profile tuning capability has been developed in order to maintain high thermal homogeneity at the wafer surface, also in the case of the deposition of strained structures, as well as to get a fast temperature control at the interfaces between arsenide and phosphide materials. Preliminary results on the possibility to combine group III‐V with group IV elements in the same MOVPE growth chamber in order to expand the band gap engineering possibilities are also presented and demonstrated at device level. As a proof of the concept, SiGe layers have been grown in the same MOVPE reactor used to grow III‐V compounds and InGaP/InGaAs/Ge Multijunction solar cell structures have been realized and characterized after SiGe deposition.
Efficient and Selective Hydrogen Generation from Bioethanol using Ruthenium Pincer‐type Complexes
Authors: Sponholz Peter , Mellmann Dörthe , Cordes Christoph , Alsabeh Pamela G. , Li Bin , Li Yang , Nielsen Martin , Junge Henrik , Dixneuf Pierre , Beller Matthias
Published: August 2014

Catalytic generation of hydrogen from aqueous ethanol solution proceeds in the presence of pincer‐type transition metal catalysts. Optimal results are obtained applying a [Ru(H)(Cl)(CO)(iPr2PEtN(H)EtPiPr2)] complex (catalyst TON 80 000) in the presence of water and base. This dehydrogenation reaction provides up to 70 % acetic acid in a selective manner. For the first time, it is shown that bioethanol obtained from fermentation processes can be used directly in this protocol without the need for water removal. The produced hydrogen can be directly utilized in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, since very low amounts of CO are formed.
On hyperbolic laws of capacitor discharge through self‐timed digital loads
Authors: Yakovlev Alexandre , Kushnerov Alexander , Mokhov Andrey , Ramezani Reza
Published: August 2014

A new model to predict the dynamic behavior of a self‐timed autonomous digital system powered by a capacitor is derived. The model demonstrates the hyperbolic shape of the discharging process on the capacitor. It allows a symbolic analysis of the discharging process for complex digital loads comprised of series (stack) and parallel configurations of digital circuits. For example, for a stack configuration, important non‐trivial relationships between the hyperbolic discharging rates have been derived based on the knowledge of the velocity saturation index (alpha) of the semiconductor devices used in the digital part. For a realistic (modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices) value of alpha = 1.5, the discharging process for a stack of two identical circuits proceeds nearly three times slower than that of any of the stand‐alone circuits. This shows a potential way of extending the lifetime of the energy sources by means of stacking self‐timed circuits. Although the analysis is based on configurations consisting of ring oscillators in CMOS technology, the analysis method can be extended to other types of self‐timed systems and other semiconductor technologies in which the instantaneous switching activity of the digital load is determined by the instantaneous voltage levels provided by the capacitive power transfer mechanism. The analytical derivations have been validated by simulations and experiments carried out with real hardware. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gradually adaptive recommendation based on semantic mapping of users′ interest correlations
Authors: Chen Jian , Zhou Xiaokang , Jin Qun
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we propose a gradually adaptive recommendation model based on the combination of both users' commonalities and individualities that depend on the semantic mapping of users' interest correlations. We analyze users' information access behaviors and histories to extract users' interests and trace their transitions. In details, according to a set of bookmark tags classified by a semantic means, the pages accessed by users are assigned into several tag classes, which will finally be clustered into different groups in accordance with the types of interests that belong to two categories: personal and common interests, respectively. Based on the detection of users' interest focus transitions through interactions between users, we provide a series of information seeking actions in sequence to the target users. Besides, according to the reference groups which are defined to describe different relations with the target users, the successful experience is extracted and recommended. After the description of the definitions and measures, the mechanism to infer the interest focus, the system architecture and experimental evaluation results are described and demonstrated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4‐Acetylthio‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxobutyl Group as an Esterase‐ and Thermo‐Labile Protecting Group for Oligomeric Phosphodiesters
Authors: Leisvuori Anna , Lönnberg Harri , Ora Mikko
Published: August 2014

(4‐Acetylthio‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxobutyl)‐protected oligomeric phosphodiesters 1 and 2 were synthesized and removal of the protecting groups in the presence and absence of hog liver esterase was followed at pH 7.5 and 37 °C. Phosphotriesters 1 and 2 were successfully converted into the desired fully deprotected phosphodiesters 3 and 4, respectively. Some cleavage of internucleosidic P–O bonds took place, which reduced the yield of 3 and 4. Non‐enzymatic removal of the protecting group was only modestly retarded by accumulation of negative charge on the molecule. With 1, the half‐lives for the departure of the first and second protecting groups were 7.8 and 10.7 h, respectively, and with 2, 6.2 and 7.2 h, respectively. After 4 d, 70 % of both starting materials 1 and 2 were converted into the unprotected phosphodiester. The presence of hog liver esterase (2.6 units mL–1) resulted in fast removal of the first protecting group (τ1/2 2.7 min and 36 min with 1 and 2, respectively), but the appearance of fully deprotected 3 and 4 was accelerated only by a factor of 2, consistent with dramatic retardation of the enzymatic reaction upon accumulation of the negative charge.
Multi‐Branched Multi‐Anchoring Metal‐Free Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Manfredi Norberto , Cecconi Bianca , Abbotto Alessandro
Published: August 2014

Multi‐branched multi‐anchoring metal‐free dyes as photosensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are reviewed. The article outlines design strategies, main synthetic routes and optical and photovoltaic properties of two families of multi‐branched sensitizers: (a) D–(π–A)n (D = donor, π = π‐spacer, A = acceptor/anchoring functionality) structures containing arylamine, carbazole, phenothiazine or phenoxazine derivatives as D groups, and (b) multi‐donor multi‐anchoring architectures from interconnected mono‐branched D–π–A arms, together with X‐ and Y‐shaped dyes. Although this class has been reported only in the last five years, a variety of molecular architectures, donors, and π‐spacers have been used and combined in multi‐branched molecules. The multi‐branched geometry induces distinctive features including enhanced qualitative and quantitative optical properties, increased currents and quantum efficiencies, and control of molecular aggregation.
Synthesis of Hexasubstituted Boron‐Dipyrromethenes Having a Different Combination of Substituents
Authors: Lakshmi Vellanki , Ravikanth Mangalampalli
Published: August 2014

A series of sterically crowded, mixed hexasubstituted BODIPYs containing two different types of substituents on the pyrrole carbons have been synthesized in high yields by a stepwise approach. The mixed BODIPYs were synthesized by bromination of BODIPYs followed by coupling with appropriate boronic acids under Suzuki coupling conditions. This approach has allowed the introduction of two different types of methyl/aryl substituents at the designated positions of the BODIPY core. All the hexasubstituted BODIPYs are readily soluble in common organic solvents and have been characterized by various spectral and electrochemical techniques. The spectral studies indicated that the presence of mixed methyl/aryl substituents on the BODIPY core significantly alters the electronic properties, and the electrochemical studies revealed that the BODIPYs are stable under redox conditions.
Application of the holistic observation method on shield tunnel drives as a means of preventing disputes and conflict reduction in case of interruptions / Anwendung der ganzheitlichen Beobachtungsmethode bei Schildvortrieben als Mittel zur präventiven Streitvermeidung und Konfliktreduzierung bei Störsituationen
Authors: Handke Dieter
Published: August 2014

The consistent application of the observation method on shield tunnel drives can make a considerable contribution to preventative dispute avoidance and conflict reduction when issues occur. The observation method should include not only the monitoring and analysis of mechanical process data such as machine data, control parameters and data from the geotechnical instrumentation but also process control as the tunnel advances, which is documented in the following quality assurance documents: explanatory report, machine concept, incident analysis, specification, tunnelling machine handbook and the tunnelling plan before tunnelling and report after completion. This should be interpreted as a unit and is defined as the holistic observation method.

Eine konsequente Umsetzung der Beobachtungsmethode kann bei Schildvortrieben einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur präventiven Streitvermeidung und Konfliktreduzierung bei Störsituationen leisten. Dabei soll die Beobachtungsmethode nicht nur die Überwachung und Analyse der maschinentechnischen Prozessdaten wie Maschinendaten, Steuerungsparameter und Daten aus dem geotechnischen Messprogramm einschließen, sondern auch die Kontrolle des vortriebsbedingten Prozessablaufs beinhalten, der durch die Qualitätssicherungselemente Erläuterungsbericht, Maschinenkonzept, Störfallanalyse, Pflichtenheft, Schildhandbuch und Vortriebsvor‐ und ‐nachschau dokumentiert ist. Dies ist als Einheit zu interpretieren und wird als ganzheitliche Beobachtungsmethode definiert.
The Janus Faces of IHRM in Russian MNEs
Authors: Andreeva Tatiana , Festing Marion , Minbaeva Dana B. , Muratbekova‐Touron Maral
Published: August 2014

This article analyzes variations in the international human resource management (IHRM) approaches of Russian multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the contexts of developed and developing countries. The data were gathered through interviews conducted at the headquarters of Russian MNEs and at their subsidiaries in developed and developing countries. The results indicate that Russian MNEs adopt HRM practices of Western origin. However, these MNEs differ radically in their choices of IHRM approaches. Many of these differences depend on the countries these MNEs target in their international expansion. In developing countries that belong to Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, regional block of countries that were former Soviet republics), the IHRM approaches adopted by Russian MNEs typically reflect a feeling of superiority. However, in developed countries and in non‐CIS developing countries, Russian MNEs actively promote a mix of global best practices and local HRM practices. We do not find any instances of the reverse transfer of management practices from subsidiaries in developed countries to the MNEs’ headquarters or any examples of cross‐pollination among subsidiaries. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
p21/Cyclin E pathway modulates anticlastogenic function of Bmi‐1 in cancer cells
Authors: Deng Wen , Zhou Yuan , Tiwari Agnes F.Y. , Su Hang , Yang Jie , Zhu Dandan , Lau Victoria Ming Yi , Hau Pok Man , Yip Yim Ling , Cheung Annie L.M. , Guan Xin‐Yuan , Tsao Sai Wah
Published: August 2014

Apart from regulating stem cell self‐renewal, embryonic development and proliferation, Bmi‐1 has been recently reported to be critical in the maintenance of genome integrity. In searching for novel mechanisms underlying the anticlastogenic function of Bmi‐1, we observed, for the first time, that Bmi‐1 positively regulates p21 expression. We extended the finding that Bmi‐1 deficiency induced chromosome breaks in multiple cancer cell models. Interestingly, we further demonstrated that knockdown of cyclin E or ectopic overexpression of p21 rescued Bmi‐1 deficiency‐induced chromosome breaks. We therefore conclude that p21/cyclin E pathway is crucial in modulating the anticlastogenic function of Bmi‐1. As it is well established that the overexpression of cyclin E potently induces genome instability and p21 suppresses the function of cyclin E, the novel and important implication from our findings is that Bmi‐1 plays an important role in limiting genomic instability in cylin E‐overexpressing cancer cells by positive regulation of p21.
Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating the histological degree of malignancy in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
Authors: Ogawa Takahisa , Horaguchi Jun , Fujita Naotaka , Noda Yutaka , Kobayashi Go , Ito Kei , Koshita Shinsuke , Kanno Yoshihide , Masu Kaori , Sugita Reiji
Published: August 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of high b‐value diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) for evaluating the histological degree of malignancy in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN).

Methods

A total of 35 patients (mean age 68 ± 10 years, 23 males) who had undergone DWI before surgery were included in this study. Of these 35 patients, 13 had IPMN with low‐ or intermediate‐grade dysplasia, eight had IPMN with high‐grade dysplasia, and 14 had IPMN with an associated invasive carcinoma. We evaluated the positive signal rate on DWI and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of each pathology.

Results

The positive signal rate on DWI of IPMN with low‐ or intermediate‐grade dysplasia, of IPMN with high‐grade dysplasia, and of IPMN with an associated invasive carcinoma were 0% (0/13), 38% (3/8), and 93% (13/14), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for malignancy (IPMN with high‐grade dysplasia or IPMN with an associated invasive carcinoma) using DWI were 73%, 100%, and 83%, respectively. The mean ADC value of malignancy was significantly lower than that of benignity (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, easily applicable in addition to conventional MRI, is considered an efficient modality for evaluating the histological degree of malignancy in patients with IPMN.
Impact of quality as well as quantity of skeletal muscle on outcomes after liver transplantation
Authors: Hamaguchi Yuhei , Kaido Toshimi , Okumura Shinya , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Ogawa Kohei , Mori Akira , Hammad Ahmed , Tamai Yumiko , Inagaki Nobuya , Uemoto Shinji
Published: August 2014

Intramuscular fat accumulation has come to be associated with loss of muscle strength and function, one of the components of sarcopenia. However, the impact of preoperative quality of skeletal muscle on outcomes after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is unclear. The present study evaluated the intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC) and psoas muscle mass index (PMI) in 200 adult patients undergoing LDLT at our institution between January 2008 and October 2013. Correlations of IMAC with other factors, overall survival rates in patients classified according to IMAC or PMI, and risk factors for poor survival after LDLT were analyzed. IMAC was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.229, P = 0.03) and PMI (r = −0.236, P = 0.02) in males and with age (r = 0.349, P < 0.001) and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-to-tyrosine ratio (r = −0.250, P = 0.01) in females. The overall survival rates in patients with high IMAC or low PMI were significantly lower than those for patients with normal IMAC or PMI (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that high IMAC [odds ratio (OR) = 3.898, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.025-7.757, P < 0.001] and low PMI (OR = 3.635, 95% CI = 1.896-7.174, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for death after LDLT. In conclusion, high IMAC and low PMI were closely involved with posttransplant mortality. Preoperative quality and quantity of skeletal muscle could be incorporated into new selection criteria for LDLT. Perioperative nutritional therapy and rehabilitation could be important for good outcomes after LDLT. Liver Transpl 20:1413-1419, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Precision Polymers through ADMET Polymerization
Authors: Schulz Michael D. , Wagener Kenneth B.
Published: August 2014

Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization is a unique strategy for achieving polymers with precise control over the primary structure. This precision is obtained by specific monomer design and carefully controlled polymerization conditions. Over time, this approach has produced an array of sophisticated architectures ranging from precise polyethylenes, to hyperbranched polymers, to rotaxanes.

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Primary multifocal lymphoma of peripheral nervous system: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Del Grande Alessandra , Sabatelli Mario , Luigetti Marco , Conte Amelia , Granata Giuseppe , Rufini Vittoria , Del Ciello Annemilia , Gaudino Simona , Fernandez Eduardo , Hohaus Stefan , Coli Antonella , Lauriola Libero
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Primary lymphomas of peripheral nerves are extremely rare, and only a few cases have been reported. Methods: We describe the clinical, neurophysiological, radiological, and pathological findings in a 61‐year‐old woman affected by primary multifocal lymphoma of the peripheral nervous system without systemic involvement. Results: Fascicular left femoral nerve biopsy was decisive for the diagnosis of diffuse large B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Magnetic resonance imaging, fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography computed tomography, and nerve ultrasound contributed to the diagnosis. Conclusions: Primary lymphoma of peripheral nerves (PLPNs) is a rare but potentially treatable condition, which is frequently misdiagnosed. In the literature, there are very few descriptions of PLPNs, most of which are mononeuropathies. The possibility of a neuropathy associated with lymphoma should be considered in patients with poor response to treatment and severe pain symptoms. Muscle Nerve 50: 1016–1022, 2014
Multiproduct batching and scheduling with buffered rework: The case of a car paint shop
Authors: Jaehn Florian , Kovalev Sergey , Kovalyov Mikhail Y. , Pesch Erwin
Published: August 2014

We study a problem of scheduling products on the same facility, which is motivated by a car paint shop. Items of the same product are identical. Operations on the items are performed sequentially in batches, where each batch is a set of operations on the same product. Some of the produced items are of the required good quality and some items can be defective. Defectiveness of an item is determined by a given simulated function of its product, its preceding product, and the position of its operation in the batch. Defective items are kept in a buffer of a limited capacity, and they are then remanufactured at the same facility. A minimum waiting time exists for any defective item before its remanufacturing can commence. Each product has a sequence independent setup time which precedes its first operation or its operation following an operation of another product. A due date is given for each product such that all items of the same product have the same due date and the objective is to find a schedule which minimizes maximum lateness of product completion times with respect to their due dates. The problem is proved NP‐hard in the strong sense, and a heuristic Group Technology (GT) solution approach is suggested and analyzed. The results justify application of the GT approach to scheduling real car paint shops with buffered rework. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 458–471, 2014
Stateful traffic replay for web application proxies
Authors: Huang Chun‐Ying , Lin Ying‐Dar , Liao Peng‐Yu , Lai Yuan‐Cheng
Published: August 2014

It is a common practice to test a network device by replaying network traffic onto it and observe its reactions. Many replay tools support Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol stateful traffic replay and hence can be used to test switches, routers, and gateway devices. However, they often fail if the device under test (DUT) is an application level proxy. In this paper, we design and implement ProxyReplay to replay application‐layer traffic for network proxies. As many application proxies have built‐in security functions, the main purpose of this tool is to evaluate the security functionalities of DUTs using payloads constructed from real network traces. ProxyReplay modifies requests and responses and maintains queues for request‐response pairs to resolve the issues of protocol dependency, functional dependency, concurrent replay, and error resistance. The solution provides two replay modes, that is, the preprocess mode and the concurrent mode. Depending on the benchmark scenario, we show that the preprocess mode is better for benchmarking the performance capability of a DUT. In contrast, the concurrent mode is used when the replayed trace file is extremely large. Our experiments show 99% accuracy. In addition, the replay performance exceeds 320 Mbps by running the benchmark with an off‐the‐shelf personal computer in the preprocess mode. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N2 Binding to the FeMo‐Cofactor of Nitrogenase
Authors: Hallmen Philipp P. , Kästner Johannes
Published: August 2014

Nitrogenase converts gaseous dinitrogen into biologically accessible ammonia. The binding of N2 to a reduced and protonated form of the FeMo‐cofactor of nitrogenase including its central carbon ligand was investigated by means of density functional calculations. It was found the central ligand to stabilize the cluster. N2 can associate to iron or molybdenum with iron being the preferred binding site. While endo and exo binding modes were investigated the exo modes are more stable. Implications on the mechanism of N2 reduction are discussed.
Iatrogenic Contributions to Cervical Adjacent Segment Pathology
Authors: Ueda Haruki , Huang Russel C. , Lebl Darren R.
Published: August 2014

Background

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is widely accepted as a predictably excellent procedure. On the other hand, adjacent level pathology following ACDF is a well-known phenomenon which undercuts surgical outcome. However, the extent to which ACDF accelerates this phenomenon in the naturally degenerating cervical spine is still to be understood.

Questions/Purposes

To summarize the current evidence concerning adjacent segment pathology in the light of biomechanics, natural history, postoperative course, and comparison between ACDF and total disc replacement (TDR).

Methods

This is a study of published articles. Articles were searched by the topic of adjacent disc pathology in cervical spine through Google Scholar and Pubmed. After review, 37 published articles were deemed suitable for the subject of this study.

Results

Biomechanical and clinical data strongly suggest that ASP is a presentation of the iatrogenically accelerated natural aging process of cervical spine. However, power study analysis with assumption showed that current RCTs are unlikely to prove this suggestion.

Conclusion

Available data suggests that iatrogenic factors play a significant role in adjacent segment pathology following ACDF.
A case of short‐coupled premature ventricular beat‐induced ventricular fibrillation with early repolarization in the inferolateral leads
Authors: Kondo Hidekazu , Shinohara Tetsuji , Takahashi Naohiko
Published: August 2014

This case report describes a 19‐year‐old man with early repolarization (ER) in the inferolateral leads and a normal QT interval who survived a cardiac arrest that was likely related to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). Electrocardiograms (ECGs) also showed unifocal premature ventricular beats (PVBs) with a relatively narrow QRS duration. A Holter ECG documented occasional short‐coupled PVBs following non‐sustained VTs. Pharmacological stress testing was also performed to assess the effects of anti‐arrhythmic drugs on ER (the J wave) and PVBs. We performed successful radiofrequency catheter ablation to prevent the recurrence of ventricular fibrillation after cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation.
Percutaneous Ultrasound‐Guided Aspiration of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ganglion Cyst: Description of Technique and Case Presentation
Authors: Krill Michael , Peck Evan
Published: August 2014

An anterior cruciate ligament ganglion cyst is an infrequent but potentially clinically significant cause of knee pain. Although the cyst may be removed surgically, percutaneous ultrasound‐guided anterior cruciate ligament ganglion cyst aspiration and injection is feasible. To our knowledge, we present the first reported case description of the utilization of ultrasound guidance to perform this procedure with a successful clinical outcome.
Mechanical experiments as moral exercise in the education of George III
Authors: GRANT FLORENCE
Published: August 2014

In 1761, George III commissioned a large group of philosophical instruments from the London instrument-maker George Adams. The purchase sprang from a complex plan of moral education devised for Prince George in the late 1750s by the third Earl of Bute. Bute's plan applied the philosophy of Frances Hutcheson, who placed ‘the culture of the heart’ at the foundation of moral education. To complement this affective development, Bute also acted on seventeenth-century arguments for the value of experimental philosophy and geometry as exercises that habituated the student to recognizing truth, and to pursuing it through long and difficult chains of reasoning. The instruments required for such exercise thus became tools for manipulating moral subjectivity. By the 1730s there was a variety of established modes in which the Newtonian philosophy might be used to argue for the legitimacy of Hanoverian rule. The education of George III represents a less recognized iteration of this relationship, concerned not with public apologetics, but rather with the transformation of an ‘indolent’ youth into a virtuous monarch.
Partitioning United States' feed consumption among livestock categories for improved environmental cost assessments
Authors: ESHEL G. , SHEPON A. , MAKOV T. , MILO R.
Published: August 2014

The high environmental costs of raising livestock are now widely appreciated, yet consumption of animal-based food items continues and is expanding throughout the world. Consumers' ability to distinguish among, and rank, various interchangeable animal-based items is crucial to reducing environmental costs of diets. However, the individual environmental burdens exerted by the five dominant livestock categories – beef, dairy, poultry, pork and eggs – are not fully known. Quantifying those burdens requires splitting livestock‘s relatively well-known total environmental costs (e.g. land and fertilizer use for feed production) into partial categorical costs. Because such partitioning quantifies the relative environmental desirability of various animal-based food items, it is essential for environmental impact minimization efforts to be made. Yet to date, no such partitioning method exists. The present paper presents such a partitioning method for feed production-related environmental burdens. This approach treated each of the main feed classes individually – concentrates (grain, soy, by-products; supporting production of all livestock), processed roughage (mostly hay and silage) and pasture – which is key given these classes' widely disparate environmental costs. It was found that for the current US food system and national diet, concentrates are partitioned as follows: beef 0·21±0·112, poultry 0·27±0·046, dairy 0·24±0·041, pork 0·23±0·093 and eggs 0·04±0·018. Pasture and processed roughage, consumed only by cattle, are 0·92±0·034 and 0·87±0·031 due to beef, with the remainder due to dairy. In a follow-up paper, the devised methodology will be employed to partition total land, irrigated water, greenhouse gases and reactive nitrogen burdens incurred by feed production among the five edible livestock categories.
Long-term community-based monitoring of tamaraw Bubalus mindorensis on Mindoro Island, Philippines
Authors: Ishihara Shinya , Boyles Rodel M. , Matsubayashi Hisashi , del Barrio Arnel N. , Cebrian Merben R. , Ishida Aiko , Lapitan Rosalina M. , Atabay Eufrocina P. , Cruz Libertado C. , Kanai Yukio
Published: August 2014

The Critically Endangered tamaraw Bubalus mindorensis is endemic to Mindoro Island, Philippines, and little is known of its ecology. During 2006–2011 we used community-based monitoring to examine the population status and ecology of tamaraw in the species’ core habitat of Mount Iglit–Baco National Park. Each year, for 5 consecutive days at the end of the dry season, trained local volunteers and rangers or project staff were allocated to 18 vantage points in the study area (c. 160 km2). Tamaraw were categorized as adult (> 5 years), juvenile (2–5 years) or calf (< 2 years), and sexed when possible. During the study period the population was 239–314 (mean 271), with no significant fluctuations in age structure (percentage of adults, juveniles and calves: 57.8, 21.0 and 21.3%) or estimated adult female reproductive rates (29.1%). In adults, but not in juveniles, the sex ratio was biased towards females (1 : 1.86, P < 0.01). Bulls were often solitary (32.2% of sightings), whereas the majority of cows (94.7%) formed small groups of 2–12 individuals of different ages, with or without bulls (53.4 and 46.6%, respectively). These results demonstrate that the population remained relatively stable, maintaining a constant age structure and reproductive rate, and that long-term community-based monitoring was effective for quantitative characterization of the tamaraw's social behaviour, which is critical for conservation and management of the species.
Effects of climate and forest age on plant and caterpillar diversity in the Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Essens Tijl , Leyequién Euridice , Pozo Carmen , Vester Henricus F. M. , Hernández-Arana Hector A.
Published: August 2014

Understanding patterns in plant and herbivorous insect diversity across spatial and temporal scales is fundamental to ecology, but comparative multi-taxonomic studies in tropical seasonally dry forests remain scarce. In 36 sites, distributed over three forest age classes (5–10 y, 10–30 y, >100 y) and three seasonal forest types (dry, intermediate, humid), we sampled plants of different stem diameter classes while caterpillars were sampled across vertically distributed forest layers during three seasons over the year. We recorded 299 plant species and 485 caterpillar morphospecies. For large woody plants, species numbers showed a gradually increasing trend with forest age in the intermediate and humid forest types, while the main portion of explained variation in overall species turnover was accounted for by the forest type × forest age interaction (21.3–23.1% of 44.4–48.7%). Ordinations and multivariate pairwise comparisons suggested a faster but also very distinct successional development of species diversity of large plants in the driest compared with humid and intermediate forest types. In contrast, highest species numbers of small plants in the undergrowth was often found in the 5–10 y-old vegetation across forest types, whereas forest type was the major factor in overall species turnover (contributing 24.2% of 48.7% explained variation). Caterpillar species turnover was most correlated to species turnover of small plants; however, variation in caterpillar species diversity appears to be mostly regulated by seasonal cues, and to a lesser extent by patterns of regional turnover and local diversity of undergrowth plant species.
Frequencies and spatial distributions ofCryptosporidiumin livestock animals and children in the Ismailia province of Egypt
Authors: HELMY Y. A. , VON SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA G. , NÖCKLER K. , ZESSIN K.-H.
Published: August 2014

Faecal samples from 804 cattle and buffaloes and 165 diarrhoeal children of Ismailia province were investigated by an immunochromatographic screening test and PCR to determine prevalences and distributions ofCryptosporidiumspp. Results were analysed statistically for clustering of animal and human cases.Cryptosporidiumherd prevalence was 73·3% and individual animal prevalence 32·3%.C. parvumwas the dominant species in animals (65·7%). Young calves watered with canal or underground water were at particular risk of infection. Detection rates were higher when calves showed diarrhoea, fever and dehydration. HumanCryptosporidiumprevalence was 49·1%.C. hominisdominated in humans (60·5%), followed byC. parvum(38·3%). Living in villages, drinking underground water and having contact with animals were risk factors. Cluster analysis revealed differences in the distribution of infections between animals and humans and suggests different transmission dynamics.
Effect of ethnicity on care pathway and outcomes in patients hospitalized with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the UK
Authors: NYLAND G. A. , McKENZIE B. C. , MYLES P. R. , SEMPLE M. G. , LIM W. S. , OPENSHAW P. J. M. , READ R. C. , TAYLOR B. L. , BRETT S. J. , McMENAMIN J. , ENSTONE J. E. , BANNISTER B. , NICHOLSON K. G. , NGUYEN-VAN-TAM J. S.
Published: August 2014

Data were extracted from the case records of UK patients admitted with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. White and non-White patients were characterized by age, sex, socioeconomic status, pandemic wave and indicators of pre-morbid health status. Logistic regression examined differences by ethnicity in patient characteristics, care pathway and clinical outcomes; multivariable models controlled for potential confounders. Whites (n = 630) and non-Whites (n = 510) differed by age, socioeconomic status, pandemic wave of admission, pregnancy, recorded obesity, previous and current smoking, and presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. After adjustment fora prioriconfounders non-Whites were less likely to have received pre-admission antibiotics [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0·43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·28–0·68,P < 0·001) but more likely to receive antiviral drugs as in-patients (aOR 1·53, 95% CI 1·08–2·18,P = 0·018). However, there were no significant differences by ethnicity in delayed admission, severity at presentation for admission, or likelihood of severe outcome.
The phosphaethynolate anion reacts with unsaturated bonds: DFT investigations into [2+2], [3+2] and [4+2] cycloadditions
Authors: Liu Liu Leo , Zhu Jun , Zhao Yufen
Published: August 2014

Density functional theory calculations were carried out to investigate the [2+2], [3+2] and [4+2] cycloadditions of the phosphaethynolate anion.
Quantum Monte Carlo for noncovalent interactions: an efficient protocol attaining benchmark accuracy
Authors: Dubecký Matúš , Derian René , Jurečka Petr , Mitas Lubos , Hobza Pavel , Otyepka Michal
Published: August 2014

A benchmark quantum Monte Carlo protocol with a favorable scaling is reported and extensively tested.
On the origin of the spontaneous formation of nanocavities in hexagonal bronzes (W,V)O3
Authors: García-González E. , Soriano M. D. , Urones-Garrote E. , López Nieto J. M.
Published: August 2014

The synthesis route followed to prepare h-WO3 type oxides results in the production of nanostructured crystals by the spontaneous formation of self-assembled and regular nano-cavities on their surface.
Reducing burn-in voltage loss in polymer solar cells by increasing the polymer crystallinity
Authors: Heumueller Thomas , Mateker William R. , Sachs-Quintana I. T. , Vandewal Koen , Bartelt Jonathan A. , Burke Timothy M. , Ameri Tayebeh , Brabec Christoph J. , McGehee Michael D.
Published: August 2014

Light induced traps in the bulk of organic solar cells are correlated with Voc losses and those losses are reduced by a high degree of polymer crystallinity.
Sensitivity improvement in the detection of V and Mn elements in steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with ring-magnet confinement
Authors: Hao Zhongqi , Guo Lianbo , Li Changmao , Shen Meng , Zou Xiaoheng , Li Xiangyou , Lu Yongfeng , Zeng Xiaoyan
Published: August 2014

A new approach for improving the detection sensitivity of V and Mn in steel using LIBS with ring-magnet confinement has been presented.
Lectin recognizing thermoresponsive double hydrophilic glycopolymer micelles by RAFT polymerization
Authors: Sun Kan , Bligh S. W. Annie , Nie Hua-li , Quan Jing , Zhu Li-min
Published: August 2014

Thermoresponsive double hydrophilic block glycopolymer micelles can recognize lectin on the different temperature.
Size-controlled synthesis of mesoporous Nb2O5 microspheres for dye sensitized solar cells
Authors: Jin Xiujuan , Liu Chenliang , Xu Jing , Wang Qiufan , Chen Di
Published: August 2014

Uniform size-tunable mesoporous Nb2O5 microspheres for efficient dye sensitized solar cells were obtained at different reactant concentrations.
Water-based synthesis and cleaning methods for high purity ZnO nanoparticles – comparing acetate, chloride, sulphate and nitrate zinc salt precursors
Authors: Pourrahimi A. M. , Liu D. , Pallon L. K. H. , Andersson R. L. , Martínez Abad A. , Lagarón J.-M. , Hedenqvist M. S. , Ström V. , Gedde U. W. , Olsson R. T.
Published: August 2014

The effect of using different zinc salts on size, morphology and photoluminescence of ZnO nanoparticles in high-yield aqueous precipitation synthesis.
Synthesis and application of ultra-long Na0.44MnO2 submicron slabs as a cathode material for Na-ion batteries
Authors: Xu Maowen , Niu Yubin , Chen Chuanjun , Song Jie , Bao Shujuan , Li Chang Ming
Published: August 2014

Novel ultra-long Na0.44MnO2 submicron slabs were fabricated through a sol–gel assisted high temperature calcination method.
High supercapacitor and adsorption behaviors of flower-like MoS2nanostructures
Authors: Wang Xiuhua , Ding Juanjuan , Yao Shangwu , Wu Xiaoxiu , Feng Qingqing , Wang Zhenghua , Geng Baoyou
Published: August 2014

Uniform 3D flower-like MoS2nanostructures were successfully synthesized through a facile two-step hydrothermal method and had high supercapacitor and adsorption behaviors toward Rhodamine B.
High performance microspherical activated carbons for methane storage and landfill gas or biogas upgrade
Authors: Mestre Ana S. , Freire Cristina , Pires João , Carvalho Ana P. , Pinto Moisés L.
Published: August 2014

Microspherical K2CO3-activated carbons for methane storage or biogas upgrade: high surface areas and packing density, tuneable microporosity, and CO2–CH4 selectivity.
Number of clusters formed in an emergency cognitive radio network and upper bound of network simultaneous transmission capacity
Authors: Li Xiukui , Zekavat Seyed Alireza (Reza)
Published: August 2014

In an emergency situation, cognitive radio nodes can be deployed temporarily to form an ad hoc network for data transmission by exploiting available spectrum. Based on some criteria, cognitive radio nodes can form multiple clusters which are connected to form the network. For emergency cognitive radio networks, the number of clusters is an important metric for the network performance evaluation. Hence, in this study, after a clustering scheme is presented briefly, the number of clusters that deployed cognitive radio nodes can form is analysed. First, the maximal number of clusters that can be formed in the given area is studied based on the strict arrangement of nodes. Second, the average number of clusters formed is analysed as the expected value of the number of clusters formed, for which the probability that M clusters are formed is investigated. Thirdly, the upper bound of network simultaneous transmission capacity is derived based on the result of the average number of clusters formed. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the analytical results.
Analytical evaluation of output current ripple amplitude in three‐phase three‐level inverters
Authors: Grandi Gabriele , Loncarski Jelena , Dordevic Obrad
Published: August 2014

Nowadays, three‐phase multilevel inverters are widely employed in medium and high‐power applications, increasing the power ratings, improving the output voltage quality and reducing the conducted electromagnetic interferences. Despite of numerous pulse‐width modulation (PWM) techniques have been developed for multilevel inverters, a detailed analysis of the output current ripple amplitude has not been reported yet. In this study, the peak‐to‐peak current ripple distribution over a fundamental period is analysed in details specifically for three‐level three‐phase voltage source inverters for both motor‐load and grid‐connected applications. In particular, the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the current ripple is determined analytically as a function of the modulation index. The centred PWM strategy is considered in all the developments, implemented either by carrier‐based or space vector (SV) PWM methods. With this modulation, the dc bus utilisation is maximised in a simple and effective way, and a nearly‐optimal behaviour is obtained to minimise the current ripple rms. The results obtained in different cases and sub‐cases identified in the proposed analytical approach are verified by experimental tests with reference to three‐phase three‐level neutral‐point clamped configuration.
Magnetically separable CdS‐deposited Fe3O4‐implanted ZnO microrods for solar photocatalysis
Authors: Karunakaran C. , JebaSingh I. , Vinayagamoorthy P. , Jayabharathi J.
Published: August 2014

Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 implanted and CdS coupled ZnO (Fe3O4/ZnO–CdS) microrods were synthesised by a two‐step hydrothermal method. Fe3O4/ZnO–CdS is superparamagnetic and is activated by visible light for solar photocatalysis. It is magnetically recoverable and reusable and exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity under natural sunlight.
Fourier transform infrared identification of the ν5(σ
u) fundamental of SiC5Si
Authors: Lê T. H. , Rittby C. M. L. , Graham W. R. M.
Published: August 2014

The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of SiC5Si was observed by trapping the vapor from the Nd:YAG laser ablation of sintered Si/C rods in solid Ar at ∼20 K. Measurements of 13C and 29,30Si isotopic shifts have enabled the identification of the ν5(σu) vibrational fundamental of the linear isomer of SiC5Si at 1590.8 ± 0.2 cm−1. The results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level. A second fundamental, ν4(σu), can only be tentatively identified at 2021.0 cm−1, because its isotopic shifts are overlapped by absorptions from other species.
Near surface inversion layer recombination in Al2O3 passivated n-type silicon
Authors: Dirnstorfer Ingo , Simon Daniel K. , Jordan Paul M. , Mikolajick Thomas
Published: August 2014

On n-type silicon, negatively charged surface passivation layers create a near surface recombination channel, which could significantly reduce the effective carrier lifetime at low injection levels (Δn < 1014 cm−3). This effect is described by Shockley Read Hall recombination at homogeneously distributed defects in the silicon wafer. In the near surface region, fixed charges in the dielectric layer significantly change the carrier concentrations and the recombination rate of defects. Sentaurus device simulations show that the contribution of the near surface recombination to the effective carrier lifetime depends on the properties of the involved defects. The lifetime reduction is strongest when the involved defects have an energy level in the lower half of the band gap and a very high electron to hole capture cross section ratio. For the simulation, a very low defect density in the order of 108 cm−3 is assumed, which is a realistic value in highly pure float zone silicon. Quasi-steady state photoconductance measurements on n-type silicon with Al2O3 passivation are done and fitted with the recombination model. Very good correlation between simulation and experiment is achieved when the involved recombination centers have an electron to hole capture cross section ratio of 107 and an energy level of −0.2 eV w.r.t. the intrinsic level. The simulated defect properties are discussed in respect of transition metal and doping related defects reported in literature.
2D microwave imaging reflectometer electronics
Authors: Spear A. G. , Domier C. W. , Hu X. , Muscatello C. M. , Ren X. , Tobias B. J. , Luhmann N. C.
Published: August 2014

A 2D microwave imaging reflectometer system has been developed to visualize electron density fluctuations on the DIII-D tokamak. Simultaneously illuminated at four probe frequencies, large aperture optics image reflections from four density-dependent cutoff surfaces in the plasma over an extended region of the DIII-D plasma. Localized density fluctuations in the vicinity of the plasma cutoff surfaces modulate the plasma reflections, yielding a 2D image of electron density fluctuations. Details are presented of the receiver down conversion electronics that generate the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) reflectometer signals from which 2D density fluctuation data are obtained. Also presented are details on the control system and backplane used to manage the electronics as well as an introduction to the computer based control program.
The NIF x-ray spectrometer calibration campaign at Omega
Authors: Pérez F. , Kemp G. E. , Regan S. P. , Barrios M. A. , Pino J. , Scott H. , Ayers S. , Chen H. , Emig J. , Colvin J. D. , Bedzyk M. , Shoup M. J. , Agliata A. , Yaakobi B. , Marshall F. J. , Hamilton R. A. , Jaquez J. , Farrell M. , Nikroo A. , Fournier K. B.
Published: August 2014

The calibration campaign of the National Ignition Facility X-ray Spectrometer (NXS) was carried out at the Omega laser facility. Spherically symmetric, laser-driven, millimeter-scale x-ray sources of K-shell and L-shell emission from various mid-Z elements were designed for the 2–18 keV energy range of the NXS. The absolute spectral brightness was measured by two calibrated spectrometers. We compare the measured performance of the target design to radiation hydrodynamics simulations.
Study on non-destructive identification of gallium concentration gradients in Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells and their efficiency impact
Authors: Herzog C. , Bakaeva O. , Boit C. , Kanngießer B. , Friedrich F.
Published: August 2014

The concentration gradient of gallium within the absorber layer is known to play an important role for the efficiency of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells. A promising method for their non-destructive analysis is angle-resolved x-ray fluorescence analysis. We present an investigation of the effect of different gallium concentration gradients on fundamental parameter-based calculations of the fluorescence spectra in comparison to their influence on the solar cell efficiency as derived by device simulations. The aim is to determine the ability of the analytical method to detect gradient variations relevant for solar cell performance.