bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure, characterization and catalytic activities of Cu(II) coordination complexes with 8‐hydroxyquinoline and pyrazine‐2‐carboxylic acid
Authors: Etaiw Safaa El‐din H. , El‐bendary Mohamed M.
Published: December 2017

Green and blue crystals of the coordination complexes [Cu(8‐hquin)2(H2O)2], 1 and [Cu(pyzca)2(H2O)2], 2 were obtained by the reaction of copper chloride with 8‐hydroxyquinoline (8‐hquinH) or pyrazine‐2‐carboxylic acid (pyzcaH) as ligands. The structures of 1 and 2 were characterized by elemental analyses, electronic absorption, Infrared (IR) and thermal studies. The luminescent behavior complexes 1 and 2 was also discussed. The coordination environment of copper(II) center displays distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The structure of the complexes 1 and 2 is constructed by an infinite number of discrete mononuclear molecules extending along the a‐axis to form a 1D‐chain via H‐bonds. The extensive hydrogen bonds and short contacts develop the structures of 1 and 2 to 3D‐network. The catalytic behavior of the complexes 1 and 2 was utilized for degradation of methylene blue dye (MB). The kinetic data indicated that the complexes 1 and 2 are effective catalysts for degradation of MB dye. Photoluminescence probing technology was used as a sensitive probe for detecting •OH radicals.
The Ego's Habitus: An Examination of the Role Culture Plays in Structuring the Ego
Authors: Dajani Karim G.
Published: December 2017

The cultural anthropologist Pierre Bourdieu developed a conception of culture or habitus that can greatly expand our understanding of how the collective and trans‐individual contributes to structuring the mind, conditioning the body and shaping experience from moment to moment. A synthesis of Pierre Bourdieu's conception of culture or habitus with Freud's conception of the ego clearly demonstrates that culture structures the ego's nucleus. Cultural propositions are inculcated into the ego in the form of dispositions that determine how things are perceived and understood within a large‐group. Mental structures derived from culture are located within the unconscious but not repressed ego in a “third” type of unconscious that Freud discovered but did not elaborate. Deepening our understanding of how culture connects the individual with the collective can help us reach previously overlooked areas of experience in our patients and, perhaps, develop methods for addressing pathogenic cultural attitudes.
Melatonin, adolescence, and the brain: An insight into the period‐specific influences of a multifunctional signaling molecule
Authors: Onaolapo O. J. , Onaolapo A. Y.
Published: December 2017

Melatonin is a neurohormone that is involved in the modulation of a wide range of physiological processes, including maintenance of the circadian rhythm, mediation of photoperiodic information, regulation of the sleep–wake cycle, synchronization of cell physiology, antioxidant defense, and immune‐modulation. Although there are reports of increasing use of melatonin in the management of a number of health conditions, evidence exists that is suggestive of deleterious effects of melatonin administration on brain and reproductive development in the prepubertal and pubertal periods that are within the teenage years. In this review, we examine the influences of endogenous and exogenous melatonin on the adolescent brain, with specific reference to its involvement in the evolution of brain functions, brain structure, sleep regulation, and modulation of behaviors in health or disease.
Taurine, caffeine, and energy drinks: Reviewing the risks to the adolescent brain
Authors: Curran Christine Perdan , Marczinski Cecile A.
Published: December 2017

Energy drinks are emerging as a major component of the beverage market with sales projected to top $60 billion globally in the next five years. Energy drinks contain a variety of ingredients, but many of the top‐selling brands include high doses of caffeine and the amino acid taurine. Energy drink consumption by children has raised concerns, due to potential caffeine toxicity. An additional risk has been noted among college‐aged consumers of energy drinks who appear at higher risk of over‐consumption of alcohol when the two drinks are consumed together. The differential and combinatorial effects of caffeine and taurine on the developing brain are reviewed here with an emphasis on the adolescent brain, which is still maturing. Key data from animal studies are summarized to highlight both reported benefits and adverse effects reported following acute and chronic exposures. The data suggest that age is an important factor in both caffeine and taurine toxicity. Although the aged or diseased brain might benefit from taurine or caffeine supplementation, it appears that adolescents are not likely to benefit from supplementation and may, in fact, suffer ill effects from chronic ingestion of high doses. Additional work is needed though to address gaps in our understanding of how taurine affects females, since the majority of animal studies focused exclusively on male subjects.
Exercise, cognition, and the adolescent brain
Authors: Herting Megan M. , Chu Xiaofang
Published: December 2017

Background

Few adolescents engage in the recommended levels of physical activity, and daily exercise levels tend to drastically decrease throughout adolescence. Beyond physical health benefits, regular exercise may also have important implications for the teenage brain and cognitive and academic capabilities.

Methods

This narrative review examines how physical activity and aerobic exercise relate to school performance, cognition, and brain structure and function.

Results

A number of studies have found that habitual exercise and physical activity are associated with academic performance, cognitive function, brain structure, and brain activity in adolescents. We also discuss how additional intervention studies that examine a wide range of neurological and cognitive outcomes are necessary, as well as characterizing the type, frequency, and dose of exercise and identifying individual differences that contribute to how exercise may benefit the teen brain.

Conclusions

Routine exercise relates to adolescent brain structure and function as well as cognitive performance. Together, these studies suggest that physical activity and aerobic exercise may be important factors for optimal adolescent brain development.
High‐performance liquid chromatography study of gatifloxacin and sparfloxacin using erythrosine as post‐column resonance Rayleigh scattering reagent and mechanism study
Authors: Pan Ziyu , Peng Jingdong , Zang Xu , Peng Huanjun , Xiao Huan , Bu Lingli , Chen Fang , He Yan , Chen Yu , Wang Xiang , Li Shiyu , Chen Yi
Published: December 2017

Herein, a highly selective high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) method was developed to detect gatifloxacin (GFLX) and sparfloxacin (SPLX). GFLX and SPLX were first separated by HPLC, then, in pH 4.4 Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer medium, protonic quaternary ammonia cation of GFLX and SPLX reacted with erythrosine (ERY) to form 1:1 ion‐association complexes, which resulted in a significant enhancement of RRS signal. The experimental conditions of HPLC and post‐column RRS have been investigated, including detection wavelength, flow rate, pH, reacting tube length and reaction temperature. Reaction mechanism were studied in detail by calculating the distribution fraction. The maximum RRS signals for GFLX and SPLX were recorded at λex = λem = 330 nm. The detection limits were 3.8 ng ml−1 for GFLX and 17.5 ng ml−1 for SPLX at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of GFLX and SPLX in water samples. Recoveries from spiked water samples were 97.56–98.85%.
Underlying mechanisms and chemical/biochemical therapeutic approaches to ameliorate protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Hekmatimoghaddam Seyedhossein , Zare‐Khormizi Mohamad Reza , Pourrajab Fatemeh
Published: December 2017

Protein misfolding and inclusion body formations are common events in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by deposition of misfolded proteins inside or outside of neurons, and are commonly referred to as “protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases” (PMNDs). These phenotypically diverse but biochemically similar aggregates suggest a highly conserved molecular mechanism of pathogenesis. These challenges are magnified by presence of mutations that render individual proteins subject to misfolding and/or aggregation. Cell proteostasis network and molecular chaperoning are maintaining cell proteome to preserve the protein folding, refolding, oligomerization, or disaggregation, and play formidable tasks to maintain the health of organism in the face of developmental changes, environmental insults, and rigors of aging. Maintenance of cell proteome requires the orchestration of major pathways of the cellular proteostasis network (heat shock response (HSR) in the cytosol and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum). Proteostasis responses culminate in transcriptional and post‐transcriptional programs that up‐regulate the homeostatic mechanisms. Proteostasis is strongly influenced by the general properties of individual proteins for folding, misfolding, and aggregation. We examine a growing body of evidence establishing that when cellular proteostasis goes awry, it can be reestablished by deliberate chemical and biological interventions. We first try to introduce some new chemical approaches to prevent the misfolding or aggregation of specific proteins via direct binding interactions. We then start with approaches that employ chemicals or biological agents to enhance the general capacity of the proteostasis network. We finish with evidence that synergy is achieved with the combination of mechanistically distinct approaches to reestablish organ proteostasis. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(6):737–759, 2017
Randomized clinical trial of duct-to-mucosa versus invagination pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Senda Y , Shimizu Y , Natsume S , Ito S , Komori K , Abe T , Matsuo K , Sano T
Published: December 2017

Background

The postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) rate for duct-to-mucosa and invagination anastomosis after pancreatoduodenectomy is still debated. The aim of this RCT was to investigate the POPF rate for duct-to-mucosa versus invagination pancreaticojejunostomy.

Methods

Patients were stratified by pancreatic texture and diameter of the main pancreatic duct and randomized to the duct-to-mucosa or invagination group. The primary endpoint was the rate of clinically relevant POPF (defined as grade B or C). Secondary endpoints were suture material cost for pancreaticojejunostomy, drain insertion duration and duration of postoperative hospital stay.

Results

Some 120 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy were included following consent. Clinically relevant POPF developed in six of 59 patients (10 per cent) in the invagination group and in 14 of 61 patients (23 per cent) in the duct-to-mucosa group (P = 0·077). Duration of drain insertion (6 versus 7 days respectively; P = 0·027) and postoperative hospital stay (19 versus 24 days; P = 0·015) were shorter in the invagination group. Subgroup analysis for 61 patients with a soft pancreas revealed a lower rate of clinically relevant POPF in the invagination group (10 per cent versus 42 per cent in the duct-to-mucosa group; P = 0·010). Among 20 patients with a clinically relevant POPF, the six patients in the invagination group had a shorter duration of drain insertion (38·5 days versus 49 days for 14 patients in the duct-to-mucosa group; P = 0·028) and postoperative hospital stay (42 versus 54·5 days respectively; P = 0·028).

Conclusion

This study did not demonstrate a superiority of invagination over duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy in the risk of POPF. However, in high-risk patients with a soft pancreas, invagination may reduce the risk of clinically relevant POPF compared with duct-to-mucosa. Registration number: UMIN000005890 (http://www.umin.ac.jp).
Do intra-abdominal adhesions cause pain?
Authors: MacFie J
Published: December 2017

Hard to prove
Effective use of legal resources plays significant role in managing risk
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: December 2017

Benjamin Franklin truly summed up the value of risk management with his lasting phrase: “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Campus administrators should keep that in mind, especially as it relates to invoking attorneys' assistance.
Athletics administrators face increased accountability
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: December 2017

From Penn State to Baylor to Louisville, the potential reach of a collegiate athletics scandal has never been broader, and it's equally clear that any school's athletics department can quickly find itself in the direct path of hurricane‐force allegations of misconduct.
Case report: photo‐onycholysis after PUVA treatment for hypopigmented mycosis fungoides with response to topical steroid
Authors: Tern Paul Jie Wen , Gass Julia
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

Melanin in the nail bed in patients with skin type VI has been suggested to afford some protection against photo‐onycholysis. We report a case of a 16‐year‐old male patient with skin type VI with onycholysis following PUVA treatment for hypopigmented mycosis fungoides. Symptoms resolved with the application of topical steroid.
Metastatic prostate cancer with bone marrow infiltration mimicking multiple myeloma
Authors: Mathur Pankaj , Alapat Daisy , Kumar Manoj , Thanendrarajan Sharmilan
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

Concomitant diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer and a multiple myeloma in older male patients is challenging as both malignancies are usually associated with bone lesions. Exact knowledge, experience, and an interdisciplinary approach are required in order to differentiate between both malignancies and determine the exact treatment strategy.
Endovascular clot retrieval in extensive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST): a videographic report
Authors: Abid Muhammad Bilal , Sharma Vijay Kumar
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

Urgent anticoagulation, despite the presence of acute cerebral hematoma, improves survival as well as the prognosis. Surgical decompression is a life‐saving procedure and is required in a selected group of patients with considerable mass effect and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Endovascular thrombectomy is a novel approach to reduce the clot burden, achieve venous patency, and reduce ICP.
Oral nerve sheath myxoma: a rare and unusual intraoral neoplasm
Authors: Frydrych Agnieszka M. , Firth Norman A.
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

We present a rare case of intraoral nerve sheath myxoma. Clinically, the neoplasm mimics many other oral mucosal pathosis, underscoring the importance of histopathology in ensuring accurate diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions. Reports of intraoral nerve sheath myxomas are essential to enhance our understanding of this rare intraoral entity.
Actin assembly mediated by a nucleation promoting factor WASH is involved in MTOC–TMA formation during Xenopus oocyte maturation
Authors: Yamagishi Yuka , Abe Hiroshi
Published: December 2017

During Xenopus oocyte maturation, the microtubule organizing center and transient microtubule array (MTOC–TMA) forms at the vegetal side of the nucleus and we have previously demonstrated that this formation requires actin reorganization. However, the molecular mechanism that coordinates actin filaments with microtubules (MTs) during oocyte maturation is unknown. Here we show that the actin nucleation promoting factor WASH is involved in MTOC–TMA assembly. WASH depletion disrupted the alignment of actin filaments and MT at the base of MTOC–TMA. In vitro cosedimentation assays revealed that the Xenopus WASH VCA domain, which comprises the actin and Arp2/3 complex binding region, directly bound to MT but that the WHD2 domain, which had been previously reported to be an MT‐binding domain of mammalian WASH, did not. Injection of the WHD2‐deleted mutant into oocytes caused a drastic accumulation of actin filaments in the cytoplasm and malformation of MTOC–TMA, suggesting that the WHD2 domain negatively regulates the VCA domain activity during oocyte maturation. Our results suggest that WASH complex‐dependent actin nucleation is involved in the assembly of MTOC–TMA.
Pathways towards different long‐term outcomes after naturalistic psychotherapy
Authors: Ekroll Vidar Blokhus , Rønnestad Michael Helge
Published: December 2017

This study suggests some potential pathways leading towards maintained gains or further growth versus deterioration after naturalistic psychotherapy with experienced clinicians. This is explored in a way that transcends specific theoretical orientations. Sixteen therapies, all showing reliable improvement on Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 (OQ‐45) at treatment termination but varying in later post‐therapy development, were included in this study. Building on previous content and correlational analyses, individual cases were explored qualitatively in search for developmental patterns of potential relevance for long‐term outcome. Patterns re‐emerging across several cases were described in light of the OQ‐45 trajectories of clients providing them. Six pathways, associated with different long‐term outcomes, emerged. Four of these, “Reflective route towards regulation of affects,” “Gaining autonomy through a secure holding relationship,” “Opening up as a new relational/emotional experience,” and “Lasting acceptance of «reality»,” re‐emerged in clients showing maintained/growing treatment effects. Two pathways, entitled “Residual problems grow and overshadow progress” and “Core problems remain beneath superficial change,” seemed linked to deterioration after termination of therapy. We suggest the former pathways as some possible routes towards enduring good outcome, and the latter as some patterns to avoid when trying to secure therapy gains will not be only temporary.
In Vitro Validation of miRNA‐Mediated Gene Expression Linked to Drug Metabolism
Authors: Shenoda Botros B. , Ramanathan Sujay , Ajit Seena K.
Published: December 2017

Pharmacogenomic approaches used to investigate how genes affect drug responses are critical for designing personalized therapies aimed at maximizing efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. Drug efficacy is often dependent on the sequence and expression levels of drug target genes or those involved in the metabolism and transport of the therapeutic agent. Expression of these genes, in turn, is negatively regulated by small noncoding miRNAs. The levels of miRNAs in bodily fluids have been studied extensively as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Studies have shown that miRNAs regulate multiple genes and sequence homology is used to predict which genes are subject to regulation by a particular miRNA. Once a gene is identified as a potential target for an miRNA of interest, experiments are undertaken to confirm that the miRNA interacts with the target gene and can alter its level of expression and/or its activity. For example, the differential expression of miRNAs in whole blood obtained from good and poor responders to ketamine has been reported both prior to, and following treatment for complex regional pain syndrome. In this case, hsa‐miR‐548d‐5p was significantly lower in poor responders relative to good responders. This miRNA was predicted to target UDP‐glucuronyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), a key drug metabolizing enzyme. Described in this unit are protocols used to confirm miR‐548d‐5p‐mediated UGT1A1 regulation. The approaches described can be employed broadly for the validation of miRNA‐mediated negative regulation of any gene. Determining miRNA‐mediated regulation of enzymes and transporters affecting drug metabolism is a critical step in designing personalized therapy and for understanding the mechanisms responsible for variations in the responses to therapeutic agents. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identifying faculty for administrative careers in academic leadership
Authors: Sapp David Alan , Crabtree Robbin D.
Published: December 2017

Universities benefit from a strategic combination of hiring academic leaders externally and promoting from within. Such a combination ensures the consolidation and maintenance of initiatives while also bringing in new ideas and experiences from elsewhere in higher education and, when appropriate, from other industries. Internal academic leaders are often drawn from the faculty, a logical extension of their roles in shared governance and other institutional work. In fact, that was the case for the two of us, who served in roles such as program director, department chair, center director, participants in the faculty senate, and members of task forces charged with imagining, implementing, and/or assessing institutional initiatives. However, not all faculty members who serve in these roles prove to be ideal candidates for promotion to assistant/associate dean or associate/vice provost, or selection into higher‐level academic leadership positions typically filled through national searches.
Going beyond the term ‘ally’ to contribute to a culture of change
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2017

SAN FRANCISCO — According to a 2016 report released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, hate crimes are on the rise, and more hate crimes were perpetrated in 2016 than in any recent year, with the exception of 2002, directly following the 9/11 attacks. In the wake of a more divided nation, David Leonard, professor of critical culture, gender, and race studies at Washington State University, in collaboration with Project Kaleidoscope, shared strategies to facilitate conversations about race and integrate action. They could help you move from paying lip service to diversity to making your campus a home for your diverse student body.
Coexistence through mutualist‐dependent reversal of competitive hierarchies
Authors: Mehrparvar Mohsen , Zytynska Sharon E. , Balog Adalbert , Weisser Wolfgang W.
Published: December 2017

Mechanisms that allow for the coexistence of two competing species that share a trophic level can be broadly divided into those that prevent competitive exclusion of one species within a local area, and those that allow for coexistence only at a regional level. While the presence of aphid‐tending ants can change the distribution of aphids among host plants, the role of mutualistic ants has not been fully explored to understand coexistence of multiple aphid species in a community. The tansy plant (Tanacetum vulgare) hosts three common and specialized aphid species, with only one being tended by ants. Often, these aphids species will not coexist on the same plant but will coexist across multiple plant hosts in a field. In this study, we aim to understand how interactions with mutualistic ants and predators affect the coexistence of multiple species of aphid herbivores on tansy. We show that the presence of ants drives community assembly at the level of individual plant, that is, the local community, by favoring one ant‐tended species, Metopeurum fuscoviride, while preying on the untended Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria and, to a lesser extent, Uroleucon tanaceti. Competitive hierarchies without ants were very different from those with ants. At the regional level, multiple tansy plants provide a habitat across which all aphid species can coexist at the larger spatial scale, while being competitively excluded at the local scale. In this case, ant mutualist‐dependent reversal of the competitive hierarchy can drive community dynamics in a plant–aphid system.
Interspecies introgressive hybridization in spiny frogsQuasipaa(Family Dicroglossidae) revealed by analyses on multiple mitochondrial and nuclear genes
Authors: Zhang Qi‐Peng , Hu Wen‐Fang , Zhou Ting‐Ting , Kong Shen‐Shen , Liu Zhi‐Fang , Zheng Rong‐Quan
Published: December 2017

Introgression may lead to discordant patterns of variation among loci and traits. For example, previous phylogeographic studies on the genusQuasipaadetected signs of genetic introgression from genetically and morphologically divergentQuasipaa shiniorQuasipaa spinosa. In this study, we used mitochondrial and nuclearDNAsequence data to verify the widespread introgressive hybridization in the closely related species of the genusQuasipaa, evaluate the level of genetic diversity, and reveal the formation mechanism of introgressive hybridization. In Longsheng, Guangxi Province, signs of asymmetrical nuclear introgression were detected betweenQuasipaa boulengeriandQ. shini. Unidirectional mitochondrial introgression was revealed fromQ. spinosatoQ. shini. By contrast, bidirectional mitochondrial gene introgression was detected betweenQ. spinosaandQ. shiniin Lushan, Jiangxi Province. Our study also detected ancient hybridizations between a femaleQ. spinosaand a maleQ. jiulongensisin Zhejiang Province. Analyses on mitochondrial and nuclear genes verified three candidate cryptic species inQ. spinosa, and a cryptic species may also exist inQ. boulengeri. However, no evidence of introgressive hybridization was found betweenQ. spinosaandQ. boulengeri.Quasipaa exilispinosafrom all the sampling localities appeared to be deeply divergent from other communities. Our results suggest widespread introgressive hybridization in closely related species ofQuasipaaand provide a fundamental basis for illumination of the forming mechanism of introgressive hybridization, classification of species, and biodiversity assessment inQuasipaa.
High annual survival in infected wildlife populations may veil a persistent extinction risk from disease
Authors: Maslo Brooke , Stringham Oliver C. , Bevan Amanda J. , Brumbaugh Amanda , Sanders Chris , Hall MacKenzie , Fefferman Nina H.
Published: December 2017

Host response to emerging pathogens is variable, causing uncertainty about population‐level impacts and challenging effective disease management. White‐nose syndrome (WNS) has caused catastrophic declines in some bat species, while others appear less impacted. Developing predictive models based on observed survival patterns can generate testable hypotheses about mechanisms driving population dynamics and contribute to the development of targeted approaches to disease management. We conducted a mark–recapture study of federally endangered Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) during 2011–2016. Annual survival decreased from 0.78 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.89) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.86) for females and males, respectively, in 2011 to 0.74 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.94) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.89) for females and males, respectively, in 2015. We then modeled two explanatory mechanisms potentially driving the observed patterns: (1) phased exposure to disease through the spatial spread of the pathogen within the hibernaculum; and (2) cumulative mortality risk from iterative yearly WNS infection. Under a phased exposure scenario, models suggest that infected individuals have an average survival probability of 0.68, and disease prevalence is predicted to reach 100% within 9 yr of disease emergence. Under the cumulative mortality risk hypothesis, survival probability of individuals decreases with each infection cycle. In either case, infected populations are predicted to stabilize at a negative growth rate. Results suggest that Indiana bats tolerate a pathogen load prior to onset of infection, leading to a less pronounced population decline than for other susceptible species. However, the long‐term risk of WNS to Indiana bats may be more severe than current population trends suggest. To inform current conservation management, we performed a vital rate sensitivity analysis, which suggested that modest increases in survival (4–5%) through targeted intervention may return declining populations to stability (λ = 1.0). Demographic modeling approaches coupled with continued population monitoring can highlight important differences in disease response, and ultimately extinction risk, in host species allowing conservation practitioners to tailor intervention actions so that they will be most effective.
Community distance sampling models allowing for imperfect detection and temporary emigration
Authors: Yamaura Yuichi , Royle J. Andrew
Published: December 2017

Recent developments of community abundance models (CAMs) enable us to analyze communities subject to imperfect detection. However, existing CAMs assume spatial closure, that is, that individuals are always present in the sampling plots, which is often violated in field surveys. Violation of this assumption, such as in the presence of spatial temporary emigration, can lead to the underestimates of detection probability and overestimates of population densities and diversity metrics. Here, we propose a model that simultaneously accommodates both temporary emigration and imperfect detection by integrating CAMs and a form of hierarchical distance sampling for open populations. Expected values of species richness are obtained via the summation of occupancy (or incidence) probabilities, based on species‐level densities, across all species of the community. Simulations were used to examine the effects of spatial temporary emigration on the estimation of biological communities. We also applied the proposed model to empirical data and constructed area‐based rarefaction curves accounting for temporary emigration. Simulation experiments showed that temporary emigration can decrease the local species richness (α diversity) based on densities and increase the species turnover (β diversity). Raw species counts can overestimate or underestimate α diversity in the presence of temporary emigration, but the specific biases depend on the values of detection and emigration probabilities. Our newly proposed model yielded unbiased estimates of α, β, and γ diversity in the presence of temporary emigration. The application to empirical data suggested that accounting for temporary emigration lowered area‐based rarefaction curves because availability probabilities of individual species were estimated to be <1. Temporary emigration prevails in field surveys and has broad significance for understanding the ecology and function of biological communities and separation of imperfect detection and temporary emigration resolves long‐standing issues in the use of count data. We therefore suggest that the consideration of temporary emigration would contribute to understanding the nature and role of biological communities.
Effects of isolation on ant assemblages depend on microhabitat
Authors: Chen Xuan , Adams Benjamin , Layne Michael , Swarzenski Christopher , Norris David , Hooper‐Bùi Linda
Published: December 2017

How isolation affects biological communities is a fundamental question in ecology and conservation biology. Local diversity (α) and regional diversity (γ) are consistently lower in insular areas. The pattern of species turnover (β diversity) and the influence of isolation on competitive interactions are less predictable. Differences in communities across microhabitats within an isolated patch could contribute to the variability in patterns related to isolation. Trees form characteristically dense and sparse patches (low vs. high isolation) in floating marshes in coastal Louisiana, and canopy and root areas around these trees could support distinct ant communities. Consequently, trees in floating marshes provide an ideal environment to study the effects of isolation on community assemblages in different microhabitats. We sampled ant communities in 120 trees during the summer of 2016. We found ant α diversity was not different between the canopy and roots, and the magnitude and directional effects of isolation on ants were inconsistent between the canopy and root areas. In the roots of sparse sites, ant diversity (α, β, and γ) was lower, species composition was changed, and the signature of interspecific competition was more prominent compared to dense sites. In the canopy, however, significant differences between dense and sparse sites were only detected in α and γ diversity, and ant species co‐occurrence was not significantly different from a random distribution. The inconsistent responses of ants in canopy and root areas to isolation may be due to the differences of species pool size, environmental harshness, and species interactions between strata. In addition, these findings indicate that communities in distinct microenvironments can respond differentially to habitat isolation. We suggest incorporating organisms from different microhabitats into future research to better understand the influence of isolation on the assembly of biological communities.
Maximize resource efficiency, time to completion with scheduling overhaul
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2017

PHOENIX — On the first day of class for the fall semester of 2016, Salt Lake Community College canceled 72 classes across its 10 campuses. “That is disastrous for students,” said Nate Southerland, Ph.D., associate provost for academic support at SLCC. That sort of widespread cancellation of classes can throw a student's schedule out of whack for an entire semester and derail on‐time completion efforts, he added.
Consider mission in decisions about pricing, aid strategy
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: December 2017

A few years ago, officials at Blackburn College in Illinois hired an enrollment consultant to help them recruit students. But the strategy failed, and the freshman class shrank.
Create a data‐driven culture within your enrollment management operations
Authors: Langston Randall
Published: December 2017

Competition for students can be very fierce. With students shopping for the best deals, families will frequently scour the web for colleges and universities that offer the best value for their investment. Often a variance of as little as $100–$500 in net costs can make the difference on whether a student will attend your college or look elsewhere. For public colleges that have seen their state funding evaporate over the years, this situation can be fiscally devastating. And for private colleges and universities that are largely tuition‐dependent, these circumstances can be similarly harmful.
Investigation of Direct‐Fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fueled by Upgraded Bio‐Oil Extracted from Olive Waste Pyrolysis: Part 2: Analysis of Electrochemical Behavior and Cell Performance
Authors: Elleuch Amal , Halouani Kamel , Li Yongdan
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we propose the first demonstration of the flexibility of operating directly Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT‐SOFC) with liquid biofuels for sustainable clean power generation. Biofuel used in this part is prepared through an upgrading process of bio‐oil obtained from olive mill wastewater sludge detailed in part 1 and demonstrated a successful improvement in physicochemical properties. Cell electrochemical polarization behavior, stability and internal decomposition of upgraded bio‐oil over the Ni‐SDC anode at different operating conditions such as temperatures and feed flow rates were deeply investigated. Results showed that IT‐SOFC is able to convert the upgraded bio‐oil to electricity at viable power densities (230 mW cm−2at 750 °C) which is majorly related to the production of reactive fuels (H2, CO, CH4) from upgraded bio‐oil cracking over Ni‐based catalyst. Several side reactions may also occur over anode. Reverse Boudouard reaction is the main reaction reducing deposits as it forms. Bio‐oil upgrading leads to a promising stability with limited carbon deposits (1.35 wt %) at 750 °C.
Site Visits: Necessary Evil or Garden of Eden?
Authors: Podems Donna R.
Published: December 2017

In the evaluation literature, there is a dearth of guidance for conducting site visits. In 2015, Michael Patton aimed to fill that void by offering 10 standards for guiding site visits, and then invited others to contribute to this. This chapter accepts that invitation. By drawing on experiences gathered outside of the United States, the chapter suggests supplementing Patton's standards with four additional ones, namely, humor, honesty, humility, and humanity.
Training Needs of Site Visitors
Authors: Haynes Melissa Chapman , Johnson Ashley
Published: December 2017

A recent “rumination” by Michael Quinn Patton focused on the critical role of the evaluator in the conduct of qualitative evaluation methods (Patton, 2015a). The importance of the evaluator in site visits is no less important. Although it has been proposed that site visits indeed constitute a methodology (Lawrenz, Keiser, & Lavoie, ), it is essential that the field develop expectations for training of site visitors that are appropriate to the context and purpose of the site visit. In this chapter we provide a working framework for the training needs of site visitors based on what we know from training for accreditation visits, the literature on the psychological development of expertise, and interviews with three novice site visitors. We hope future studies will be conducted that systematically examine and make explicit the need for high‐quality training of evaluators for site visits beyond the context of accreditation.
Right‐handed fossil humans
Authors: Lozano Marina , Estalrrich Almudena , Bondioli Luca , Fiore Ivana , Bermúdez de Castro José‐Maria , Arsuaga Juan Luis , Carbonell Eudald , Rosas Antonio , Frayer David W.
Published: December 2017

Fossil hominids often processed material held between their upper and lower teeth. Pulling with one hand and cutting with the other, they occasionally left impact cut marks on the lip (labial) surface of their incisors and canines. From these actions, it possible to determine the dominant hand used. The frequency of these oblique striations in an array of fossil hominins documents the typically modern pattern of 9 right‐ to 1 left‐hander. This ratio among living Homo sapiens differs from that among chimpanzees and bonobos and more distant primate relatives. Together, all studies of living people affirm that dominant right‐handedness is a uniquely modern human trait. The same pattern extends deep into our past. Thus far, the majority of inferred right‐handed fossils come from Europe, but a single maxilla from a Homo habilis, OH‐65, shows a predominance of right oblique scratches, thus extending right‐handedness into the early Pleistocene of Africa. Other studies show right‐handedness in more recent African, Chinese, and Levantine fossils, but the sample compiled for non‐European fossil specimens remains small. Fossil specimens from Sima del los Huesos and a variety of European Neandertal sites are predominately right‐handed. We argue the 9:1 handedness ratio in Neandertals and the earlier inhabitants of Europe constitutes evidence for a modern pattern of handedness well before the appearance of modern Homo sapiens.
East African Cenozoic vegetation history
Authors: Linder Hans Peter
Published: December 2017

The modern vegetation of East Africa is a complex mosaic of rainforest patches; small islands of tropic‐alpine vegetation; extensive savannas, ranging from almost pure grassland to wooded savannas; thickets; and montane grassland and forest. Here I trace the evolution of these vegetation types through the Cenozoic. Paleogene East Africa was most likely geomorphologically subdued and, as the few Eocene fossil sites suggest, a woodland in a seasonal climate. Woodland rather than rainforest may well have been the regional vegetation. Mountain building started with the Oligocene trap lava flows in Ethiopia, on which rainforest developed, with little evidence of grass and none of montane forests. The uplift of the East African Plateau took place during the middle Miocene. Fossil sites indicate the presence of rainforest, montane forest and thicket, and wooded grassland, often in close juxtaposition, from 17 to 10 Ma. By 10 Ma, marine deposits indicate extensive grassland in the region and isotope analysis indicates that this was a C3 grassland. In the later Miocene rifting, first of the western Albertine Rift and then of the eastern Gregory Rift, added to the complexity of the environment. The building of the high strato‐volcanos during the later Mio‐Pliocene added environments suitable for tropic‐alpine vegetation. During this time, the C3 grassland was replaced by C4 savannas, although overall the extent of grassland was reduced from the mid‐Miocene high to the current low level. Lake‐level fluctuations during the Quaternary indicate substantial variation in rainfall, presumably as a result of movements in the intertropical convergence zone and the Congo air boundary, but the impact of these fluctuations on the vegetation is still speculative. I argue that, overall, there was an increase in the complexity of East African vegetation complexity during the Neogene, largely as a result of orogeny. The impact of Quaternary climatic fluctuation is still poorly understood.
Origin of the Mesoproterozoic Jingtieshan bedded barite deposit, North Qilian Mountains, NW China: Geochemical and isotope (O, S, Sr) evidence
Authors: Yang Xiuqing , Zhang Zuoheng , Duan Shigang
Published: December 2017

The bedded Jingtieshan barite deposit, which occurs in the western part of North Qilian, NW China, is intimately associated with banded iron formation (BIF) and is hosted in weakly metamorphosed Mesoproterozoic clastic–carbonate rocks. Although numerous studies have focused on the BIF, the origin of the barite mineralization is poorly understood. The barite orebody occurs as a lenticular/stratiform unit overlying and locally interlayered with the BIF. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive and integrated study of the geochemistry and S–O–Sr‐isotope characteristics of the Jingtieshan barite deposit, thereby constraining its origin and the depositional conditions in the Mesoproterozoic ocean. The ore is composed of barite, minor carbonate minerals, specularite, and other minerals and is characterized by low Sr concentrations (711–1469 ppm), total rare earth element concentrations (7–28 ppm), and La/Ce values, relative enrichment in light rare earth element, positive Gd anomalies, and elevated Lan/Cen, which indicate that mineralizing fluids were derived from seawater and submarine hydrothermal solutions. Barite separates yield δ34S = 19.5–29.1‰ and δ18O = 12.7–23.6‰, which are consistent with a coeval seawater origin for SO42− modified bacterial sulfate reduction. Moreover, the 87Sr/86Sr values suggest that Sr, as well as Ba, was derived from contemporaneous seawater and hydrothermal solutions, with additional radiogenic Sr derived from late‐stage hydrothermal alteration. The redox‐sensitive trace element ratios of V/(V + Ni), V/(V + Cr), and V/Cr, combined with negative Ce anomalies (0.11–0.82), indicate that the barite formed under oxic marine conditions in a redox stratified ocean. Geological, geochemical, and isotope data support a sedimentary–exhalative origin for the Jingtieshan barite deposit, where barite was deposited under oxic conditions in a shallow marine environment when ascending Ba‐bearing submarine hydrothermal solutions encountered sulfate‐rich seawater.
Trigger recognition of Early Cretaceous soft‐sediment deformation structures in a deep‐water slope‐failure system
Authors: Ge Yuzhu , Zhong Jianhua
Published: December 2017

The triggers of soft‐sediment deformation structures (SSDS) that are present in the deep‐water slope‐failure system of the Early Cretaceous Lingshandao Formation on Lingshan Island have been analysed on the basis of SSDS in 5 outcrops. The sediments in these outcrops are interpreted to have been deposited on a near‐shore submarine fan. The inner and middle fans were observed in Yangjiaodong, and the outer fan outcropped in Qiancengya, Dengta, and Chuanchang. The inner and middle fans are characterized by coarse‐grained debrites, turbidites, and rare SSDS, whereas the outer fan by fine‐grained debrites, turbidites, deformed sediments, and abundant SSDS. Based on sedimentary composition, element analysis and palaeo‐geographical indication of SSDS, the source area was supposed to be uplifted Sulu Orogen in an active continental margin. Combination with sedimentary environment, tectonic setting, and the space distribution of different scaled SSDS, seismicity was proposed to be the trigger of larger scaled SSDS, and small‐scale SSDS may be triggered by gravity loading, slump‐derived shear stress, and traction effect. The seismicity may respond to active tectonism and volcanism. Besides, time consistence between the Lingshandao Formation (~131–121 Ma), cooling events, sea‐level change, stable isotope excursion, and palaeo‐seismicity events suggested a catastrophic event, which may be related to two Early‐Cretaceous Anoxic Events (Faraoni Event, ~131 Ma; OAE 1a, ~120 Ma).
The impact of aid on health outcomes in Uganda
Authors: Odokonyero Tonny , Marty Robert , Muhumuza Tony , Ijjo Alex T. , Owot Moses Godfrey
Published: December 2017

The health sector has attracted significant foreign aid; however, evidence on the effectiveness of this support is mixed. This paper combines household panel data with geographically referenced subnational foreign aid data to investigate the contribution of health aid to health outcomes in Uganda. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach, we find that aid had a strong effect on reducing the productivity burden of disease indicated by days of productivity lost due to illness but was less effective in reducing disease prevalence. Consequently, health aid appeared to primarily quicken recovery times rather than prevent disease. In addition, we find that health aid was most beneficial to individuals who lived closest to aid projects. Apart from the impact of aid, we find that aid tended to not be targeted to localities with the worse socioeconomic conditions. Overall, the results highlight the importance of allocating aid close to subnational areas with greater need to enhance aid effectiveness.
Increased expression of GATA zinc finger domain containing 1 through gene amplification promotes liver cancer by directly inducing phosphatase of regenerating liver 3
Authors: Sun Wei , Zhang Yanquan , Wong Ka Chun , Liu Ken , Yang Yidong , Wu Bin , Tong Joanna H.M. , Chan Anthony W.H. , Chan Henry L.Y. , Yu Jun
Published: December 2017

We identified that GATA zinc finger domain containing 1 (GATAD1), a transcriptional factor, was significantly up‐regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through gene amplification. We demonstrated the critical role, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications of GATAD1 as a novel oncogenic factor in HCC. We found that GATAD1 protein was expressed in 76.6% of primary HCCs (85/111) but silenced in normal liver tissues. Gene amplification of GATAD1 was positively correlated with its overexpression in primary HCCs (R = 0.629, P < 0.0001). GATAD1 significantly increased cell proliferation, G1–S cell cycle transition, and migration/invasion but suppressed apoptosis in liver cell lines and promoted tumor growth and lung metastasis in both xenograft and orthotopic mouse models. Mechanistically, GATAD1 induced the transcriptional expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) by binding to its promoter identified by RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation‐PCR analyses. PRL3 played an oncogenic role in HCC. Knockdown of PRL3 blunted the tumorigenic effect of GATAD1. In addition, GATAD1 activated Akt signaling, evidenced by increased phosphorylation levels of total Akt, Akt1, Akt2, and Akt target glycogen synthase kinase 3β, while knockdown of PRL3 abolished this effect of GATAD1. We further unveiled that PRL3 activated Akt signaling by dephosphorylating phosphatase and tensin homolog at tyrosine residue, thus reducing phosphatase and tensin homolog protein. The PRL3 inhibitor 5‐[[5‐bromo‐2‐[(2‐bromophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylene]‐2‐thioxo‐4‐thiazolidinone significantly suppressed HCC growth by inhibiting Akt activation. Moreover, high GATAD1 nuclear protein expression was associated with poor survival of HCC patients as an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion: GATAD1 plays a pivotal oncogenic role in HCC by directly inducing PRL3 transcription to activate the Akt signaling pathway. GATAD1 may serve as an independent poor prognostic factor for HCC patients. (Hepatology 2018;67:2302‐2319).