bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lectotypification of Parnassia pusilla (Celastraceae)
Authors: SHU YUMIN , ZHANG ZHIXIANG
Published: June 2016

Parnassia pusilla Wallich ex Arnott (1837: 315) was formally described from plants collected in Gossain-than, actually now Gossain-kund in Nepal (Bhaskar & Shinobu 2012). However, the type number was erroneously cited as Wall. Cat. n. 1255 in the protologue. Later, Hooker and Thomson (1858) corrected it to Wall. Cat. n. 1245. During our recent taxonomic studies on Parnassia Linnaeus (1753: 273) of the Himalaya and adjacent regions (Pan-Himalaya), five herbarium sheets labelled Wallich 1245 kept in E, K and BM were traced, which can be considered as syntypes of the name (see Art. 9.5 and Art. 40. Note 1 of the ICN, McNeill et al. 2012). Among them, the specimen with barcode K000739369, which mounted together on one sheet with two other collections, is mixed. An individual from this specimen marked with “(2)” (Figure 1) should be determined as P. cacuminum Handel-Mazzetti (1931: 433), which is readily distinguished from P. pusilla through the densely purple punctated and erose petals (vs. white and entire petals in P. pusilla). According to Art. 9.11, a lectotype may be designated. Arnott’s herbarium and botanical library were acquired by GL, which is on permanent loan to E (Stafleu & Cowan1976). Stamped with “GL”, the specimen with barcode E00301171 (Figure 2) was better preserved, thus selected as the lectotype in this study.
The first discovery on the sporophytes of a rheophytic moss: Bryocrumia vivicolor (Bryophyta, Hypnaceae)
Authors: MA WEN-ZHANG , SHEVOCK JAMES R. , HE SI
Published: June 2016

Based on recent collections made in Yunnan Province, China, the sporophytes of Bryocrumia vivicolor were discovered for the first time for this species. With typical hypnoid peristome teeth, short operculum, and slightly collenchymatous exothecial cell walls, the capsule of B. vivicolor conforms to the basic definition of Hypnaceae, and this monospecific genus is deemed to belong in Hypnoideae according to current circumscription of the subfamily. Although the identity of Bryocrumia seems to be well-supported morphologically by the additional features such as the bluntly obtuse apex of perichaetial leaves and the deciduous annulus consisting of irregular-shaped cells in 1–2 rows, future molecular study could provide useful insights in understanding the distribution of this rarely collected yet geographically widespread species.
A remarkable new species of Eutrichopoda Townsend, 1908 (Diptera: Tachinidae: Phasiinae)
Authors: DIOS RODRIGO DE VILHENA PEREZ , NIHEI SILVIO SHIGUEO
Published: June 2016

A new Tachinidae species, Eutrichopoda flavipenna sp. nov. (Diptera: Tachinidae: Phasiinae), from Brazil and Paraguay is described and illustrated by photographs and line drawings. The remarkable yellow, feather-like setae on the hind tibia distinguishes the new species from all other species in the tribe Trichopodini.
On the genus Cebrennus Simon, 1880 in Iran with description of a new species from Iranian Central Desert (Araneae: Sparassidae)
Authors: Moradmand Majid , Zamani Alireza , JÄGER PETER
Published: June 2016

The taxonomic knowledge on the desert-dwelling sparassid genus Cebrennus Simon, 1880 in Iran is updated by describing a new species, Cebrennus rambodjavani sp. nov. (male) from northern Qom in Iran’s Central Desert, and reviewing the material of the previous Iranian record of the genus [sub C. kochi (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872)] from Bushehr, southern Iran, which is found to be a misidentification. A revised definition of the term “embolus kink”, a male copulatory structure in Cebrennus, is given. A comparative discussion of this structure between several representatives of the genus Cebrennus is included.
Role of Horizontal Advection of Seasonal-Mean Moisture in the Madden–Julian Oscillation: A Theoretical Model Analysis
Authors: Liu Fei , Wang Bin
Published: June 2016

The impact of horizontal advection of seasonal-mean moisture (SMM) on Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) dynamics is investigated here using a theoretical model that includes moisture advection processes. The zonal advection of SMM with an eastward gradient is found to produce planetary-scale instability and promote slow eastward propagation corresponding to an intraseasonal periodicity. This is because the SMM advection by an anomalous easterly of the Kelvin waves generates a moisture source to the east of precipitation, which favors eastward propagation and unstable growth. On the other hand, the advection of SMM with a westward gradient results in a westward-propagating unstable mode. For a realistic SMM distribution, the simulated eastward propagation is enhanced over the Indo-Pacific warm pool, while the westward propagation prevails over the central-eastern Pacific. In contrast to the zonal advection of SMM, the meridional advection of SMM only affects short waves and leaves planetary waves nearly unaffected.

The effect of zonal advection of SMM suggests an important mechanism for explaining the eastward propagation and growth of the MJO over the Indo-Pacific warm pool when the SMM increases eastward. However, this mechanism alone produces unrealistic Kelvin wave–like structure and strong westward propagation in the central-eastern Pacific; both disagree with observations. These caveats, however, can be remitted if the planetary boundary layer (PBL) moisture convergence feedback is included, which couples the Kelvin wave and the Rossby wave via precipitation heating, producing a realistic horizontal structure and also substantially suppressing the unrealistically growing, westward-propagating mode in the central-eastern Pacific.
The Role of Unresolved Clouds on Short-Range Global Horizontal Irradiance Predictability
Authors: Jiménez Pedro A. , Alessandrini Stefano , Haupt Sue Ellen , Deng Aijun , Kosovic Branko , Lee Jared A. , Delle Monache Luca
Published: June 2016

The shortwave radiative impacts of unresolved cumulus clouds are investigated using 6-h ensemble simulations performed with the WRF-Solar Model and high-quality observations over the contiguous United States for a 1-yr period. The ensembles use the stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme (SKEBS) to account for implicit model uncertainty. Results indicate that parameterizing the radiative effects of both deep and shallow cumulus clouds is necessary to largely reduce (55%) a systematic overprediction of the global horizontal irradiance. Accounting for the model’s effective resolution is necessary to mitigate the underdispersive nature of the ensemble and provide meaningful quantification of the short-range prediction uncertainties.
WRF Forecasts of Great Plains Nocturnal Low-Level Jet-Driven MCSs. Part I: Correlation between Low-Level Jet Forecast Accuracy and MCS Precipitation Forecast Skill
Authors: Squitieri Brian J. , Gallus William A.
Published: June 2016

The Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) fosters an environment that supports nocturnal mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) across the central United States during the summer months. The current study examines if LLJ forecast accuracy correlates with MCS precipitation forecast skill in 4-km WRF runs. LLJs were classified based on their synoptic background as either strongly forced, cyclonic flow (type C) or weakly forced, anticyclonic flow inertial oscillation driven (type A). Large-scale variables associated with the LLJ were examined. For all LLJs inclusive and the subset of type C LLJs alone, the forecast accuracy of the LLJ total wind direction significantly correlated with MCS precipitation forecast skill. For type C LLJ cases, where predictive skill for MCSs was higher overall, the LLJ ageostrophic wind direction forecast accuracy significantly correlated with MCS precipitation forecast skill during the LLJ and MCS developmental stages, with potential temperature and moisture forecast accuracy correlating well with the forecast skill of mature MCSs. Statistically significant correlations were mainly absent between MCS precipitation forecast skill and LLJ forecast accuracy for type A cases. It is thus suggested that either non-LLJ factors like most unstable convective available potential energy (MUCAPE) or most unstable convective inhibition (MUCIN) fields within close proximity of MCSs, or factors on smaller scales than analyzed (such as gravity waves or bores), may have the greatest potential influence on MCS precipitation forecast skill in LLJ-induced MCS cases in an ambient weakly forced synoptic regime.
Long-Standing Stability of Silver Nanorod Array Substrates Functionalized Using a Series of Thiols for a SERS-Based Sensing Application
Authors: De Ranjit , Shin Yong-Seok , Lee Chang-Lyoul , Oh Myoung-Kyu
Published: June 2016

Silver nanorod (AgNR) array substrates were fabricated using an oblique angle thermal evaporation technique; their long-term stability, surface uniformity and reproducibility, which are primary requirements for their widespread realistic application and commercialization, were assessed using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The nanorod surfaces were functionalized using a series of organic thiols, which range from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, to mimic various conditions that often arise during detection of hydrophilic/phobic analytes in a realistic application field. A group of these functionalized substrates was stored in ambient laboratory atmosphere; another in light minimized, moisture-free vacuum; while another was stowed carefully and neatly in water to mimic realistic conditions. The effects of these storing conditions were studied. A surfactant was added to the water to maintain consistent surface wetting in the third group. SERS spectra of nanorod substrates prior to functionalization were also recorded to investigate the effect of adventitious carbonaceous contaminants. A meticulous systematic study on the reproducibility of SERS signals was carried out: spot-to-spot, substrate-to-substrate, batch-to-batch, day-to-day. The relative standard deviation (RSD) shown by the SERS signals acquired from various spots of a single substrate was less than 3%, which is very similar to the only account reported so far, in which RSD is reported as 2%. The wetting behavior of these thiol functionalized AgNR substrates are investigated using static contact angle measurements. The functionalized substrates have exhibited excellent long-standing stability over a period of six months when stored appropriately; hence, they are highly suitable for mass production towards realistic application.
Prevalence of Artificial Food Colors in Grocery Store Products Marketed to Children
Authors: Batada Ameena , Jacobson Michael F.
Published: June 2016

Artificial food colors (AFCs) in foods and beverages may be harmful to children. This study assesses the percentage of grocery store products marketed to children that contain AFCs, by category and company. The research team collected product and food-color information about 810 products in one grocery store in North Carolina in 2014. Overall, 350 products (43.2%) contained AFCs. The most common AFCs were Red 40 (29.8% of products), Blue 1 (24.2%), Yellow 5 (20.5%), and Yellow 6 (19.5%). Produce was the only category that did not have any AFCs. The highest percentage of products with AFCs was found in candies (96.3%), fruit-flavored snacks (94%), and drink mixes/powders (89.7%). Forty-one of the 66 companies marketed products containing AFCs. Given concerns about health effects of AFCs and high proportions of high-AFC categories, clinicians, parents, food companies, and the government can take steps to support children’s healthy eating and development by reducing AFCs in children’s diets.
Damage development in woven carbon fibre thermoplastic laminates with PPS and PEEK matrices: A comparative study
Authors: Ivanov Sergey G , Beyens Dries , Gorbatikh Larissa , Lomov Stepan V
Published: June 2016

In this work, we investigate the effect of the matrix on the mechanical performance of woven carbon fibre composites. More specifically, composites with the same 5-harness satin carbon fabric reinforcement and different thermoplastic matrices, PPS and PEEK, are compared in various mechanical tests (tensile, interlaminar fracture toughness and compression-after-impact tests). The results of tension tests show the influence of the matrix type on the development of cracks in yarns. The cracks in carbon fabric/PEEK composite appear later than in carbon fabric/PPS composite. Their density is also lower. A correlation between cumulative acoustic emission energy and transverse crack appearance in tensile tests is shown. The most evident difference is demonstrated for the Double Cantilever Beam tests and End Notch Flexure tests. The interlaminar fracture toughness for both mode I and mode II is more than 1.5 times higher for carbon fabric/PEEK laminates as compared to carbon fabric/PPS ones. The higher fracture toughness of carbon fabric/PEEK results in its higher residual compressive strength after impact (∼25%). Thus, the study concludes that the performance of textile composites is highly sensitive to the performance of the matrix. Matrices that have higher strength, ductility and fracture toughness lead to structural composites with lower crack densities, better performance in the bias direction, higher resistance to delaminations and higher residual strength after impact.
Decreasing Stereotypy Using NCR and DRO With Functionally Matched Stimulation
Authors: Rapp John T. , Cook Jennifer L. , McHugh Catherine , Mann Kathryn R.
Published: June 2016

We conducted a series of studies on multiple forms of repetitive behavior displayed by four children with autism spectrum disorder. Study 1 showed that each participant’s highest probability repetitive behavior persisted in the absence of social consequences, thereby meeting the functional definition of stereotypy. Study 2 showed that preferred, structurally matched stimulation decreased each participant’s targeted (highest probability) stereotypy, as well as their non-targeted (lower probability) stereotypy. Study 3 showed that for three participants, non-contingent access to preferred stimulation decreased immediate and, to some extent, subsequent engagement in targeted and non-targeted stereotypy. For the fourth participant, non-contingent access to preferred stimulation decreased immediate engagement in the targeted stereotypy, but increased subsequent engagement in non-targeted stereotypy; this subsequent increase was attenuated by reducing the duration of access to the preferred stimulus. Study 4 showed that a trial-based differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) procedure systematically increased the period of time for which the targeted stereotypy was not displayed for three of three participants. In addition, results showed that the participants’ non-targeted stereotypy either decreased or was unchanged when DRO was provided for the targeted stereotypy.
Factors Associated With Medication Adherence Among Medical-Aid Beneficiaries With Hypertension
Authors: Ahn Yang Heui , Ham Ok Kyung
Published: June 2016

The purpose was to examine factors associated with medication adherence among medical-aid beneficiaries with hypertension using the Expanded Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenient sample of 289 patients. The instruments included scales to measure medication adherence, health literacy, general self-efficacy, and pros and cons of chronic disease management. Data collection was performed between February and March 2011. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed. The study found that 25.6% to 34.6% had low motivation and low knowledge regarding medication adherence. Those with higher health literacy and higher self-efficacy scores were more likely to have higher medication adherence, whereas widowed and those who perceived more cons of chronic disease management were more likely to have lower medication adherence than their counterparts ( p < .05). Interventions incorporating significant factors associated with medication adherence are required to enhance medication adherence and to prevent complications associated with medication non-adherence.
Intraoperative Frozen Section in “Suspicious for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma” after Adoption of the Bethesda System
Authors: Abu‐Ghanem Sara , Cohen Oded , Raz Yarkoni Tom , Fliss Dan M. , Yehuda Moshe
Published: June 2016

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy and utility of intraoperative frozen section examination (iFSE) in patients with a preoperative fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of “suspicious for malignancy” (SFM)–Bethesda V, after the adoption of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary medical center.

Subjects and Methods

All patients with SFM–Bethesda V who underwent thyroid surgery with iFSE between 2010 and 2015 were included. In cases where the iFSE was reported to be malignant, a total thyroidectomy was performed; otherwise, thyroid lobectomy (hemithyroidectomy) was performed.

Results

The current series included 47 patients diagnosed preoperatively with FNA cytology of SFM–Bethesda V. The malignancy rate was 74.5% (35 of 47). Twenty‐four patients with nonmalignant iFSE results underwent lobectomy during their initial surgery: 12 were subsequently found with benign final histology and did not undergo completion thyroidectomy; the other 12 patients had malignant results on final histology, but only 4 of them underwent completion thyroidectomy. iFSE resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 65.7% and 100%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 100% (23 of 23) and a negative predictive value of 50% (12 of 24). Accuracy of the iFSE methodology was 74.5% (35 of 47).

Conclusions

With no significant preoperative clinical or sonographic predictors for thyroid malignancy and given the high specificity of iFSE, our results support the use of iFSE for patients with preoperative FNA cytology of SFM–Bethesda V who are undergoing thyroid surgery, to determine the extent of required surgery.
A Law for the Social Sciences Regarding Us Human Beings
Authors: Cardao-Pito Tiago
Published: June 2016

This article proposes a feasible law for the social sciences asserting that we human beings are not commodities, assets, capital or resources. Mainstream economics and Marxism describe human participation in economic and societal production through a human-commodity framework. Intangible flow theory aims to replace that framework and interrelated conjectures as human capital, human assets and human resources. This theory is not exclusively applicable to capitalist/market organization forms. It suggests that (a) commodities are physical goods, and exhibit known characteristics differentiating them from human-related flows as service or knowledge flows; (b) human work has properties that make it akin to quasi-service production; (c) humans are not commodities, capital, assets or resources; (d) machines can obtain the skills necessary to replace human work or perform novel tasks when previously intangible dimensions are turned tangible (tangibilization); and (e) cash-flows generated or saved by those machines tend to flow to human beings who own or control them. According to this theory, greater attention must be paid to flows of economic material elements that display a relevant degree of empirical precision (e.g., cash and physical goods flows).

JEL: A1, B1, B2, B4, B5
Privacy and security
Authors: O’Brien Ralph
Published: June 2016

This article explores the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and what it means for information managers and information professionals. The GDPR represents one of the most significant changes in data protection and privacy law for 20 years and has significant implications for information work across the European Union and beyond. The article provides a general overview of the GDPR before addressing the question of the new data breach requirements and ways of approaching the changing regulations.
Cyber resilience
Authors: Wilding Nick
Published: June 2016

Cybersecurity has been an increasing concern over the past few years, with a string of high-profile corporate cyberattacks underlining our growing dependency on secure data. This article argues that we need to move beyond the concept of cybersecurity towards cyber-resilience. It outlines how an organization can approach preventing, detecting, responding to and recovering from cyberattacks with minimal damage to their reputation and competitive advantage.
Comparison of cerebral blood flow and structural penumbras in relation to white matter hyperintensities: A multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Promjunyakul Nutta-on , Lahna David L , Kaye Jeffrey A , Dodge Hiroko H , Erten-Lyons Deniz , Rooney William D , Silbert Lisa C
Published: June 2016

Normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) surrounding WMHs is associated with decreased structural integrity and perfusion, increased risk of WMH growth, and is referred to as the WMH penumbra. Studies comparing structural and cerebral blood flow (CBF) penumbras within the same individuals are lacking, however, and would facilitate our understanding of mechanisms resulting in WM damage. This study aimed to compare both CBF and structural WMH penumbras in non-demented aging. Eighty-two elderly volunteers underwent 3T-MRI including fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), pulsed arterial spin labeling and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). A NAWM layer mask was generated for periventricular and deep WMHs. Mean CBF, DTI-fractional anisotropy (DTI-FA), DTI-mean diffusivity (DTI-MD) and FLAIR intensity for WMHs and its corresponding NAWM layer masks were computed and compared against its mean within total brain NAWM using mixed effects models. For both periventricular and deep WMHs, DTI-FA, DTI-MD and FLAIR intensity changes extended 2-9 mm surrounding WMHs (p ≤ 0.05), while CBF changes extended 13-14 mm (p ≤ 0.05). The CBF penumbra is more extensive than structural penumbras in relation to WMHs and includes WM tissue both with and without microstructural changes. Findings implicate CBF as a potential target for the prevention of both micro and macro structural WM damage.
A compact in-blade five hole pressure probe for local inflow study on a horizontal axis wind turbine
Authors: Moscardi Andrea , Johnson David A
Published: June 2016

Understanding local inflow conditions on a wind turbine blade on an operating wind turbine can further understanding of aerodynamic variations and help predict loads on the turbine. Turbine blades are generally designed with a two-dimensional steady approach, however the real wind conditions are highly three-dimensional (3D) and unsteady. Detailed measurements are not common for validating aerodynamic models. The aim of this theoretical and experimental study is to build, calibrate, install and test a compact in-blade five hole pressure probe system to be used to retrieve these measurements. Wind tunnel calibration of the five hole pressure probe has been successfully completed using an automated traversing system over a ±45° range, with 5° increments. Error analysis showed that the multi-zone pressure coefficient data reduction approach is the most suitable for this application. This approach not only extends the measurable local inflow angles up to ±70°, but also it allows any reference pressure for differential pressure readings. A new data acquisition system (DAQ) internal to a rotating small wind turbine blade section was developed. Space limitations resulted in a custom built DAQ of very contained dimensions. This included, among others, five pressure transducers on a printed circuit board, a 16 bit analog to digital converter, an Arduino microcontroller, and a Bluetooth transceiver to transmit the data wirelessly to the main computer. The new blade section was designed and 3D-printed in such a way that the DAQ instrumentation could be easily accessed and, at the same time, had an acceptable structural solidity. A series of tests were conducted on a 3.4 m diameter wind turbine in a large scale wind tunnel in order to assess the correct functioning of the probe system. As expected, the inflow measurement obtained while the turbine was operating under yawed conditions showed a periodically oscillating inflow vector. The period of this variation was the same as the period of the rotor rotation.
Does Age Influence the Risk of Incident Knee Osteoarthritis After a Traumatic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury?
Authors: Johnson Victoria L. , Roe Justin P. , Salmon Lucy J. , Pinczewski Leo A. , Hunter David J.
Published: June 2016

Background:

The development of radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture has long been studied and proven in the adolescent population. However, similar exhaustive investigations have not been conducted in mature-aged athletes or in older populations.

Purpose:

To identify whether an older adult population had an increased risk of incident radiographic knee OA after a traumatic knee injury compared with a young adult population.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients with ACL ruptures who underwent primary reconstruction were enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal single-center study over 15 years. The adult cohort was defined as participants aged ≥35 years who had a knee injury resulting in an ACL tear, the adolescent-young cohort suffered similar knee injuries and were aged ≤25 years, and a third cohort of participants aged 26 to 34 years who suffered a knee injury was included to identify the existence of any age-related dose-response relationship for the onset of radiographic knee OA. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was employed to determine the occurrence of incident radiographic OA across the study populations at 2, 5, 10, and 15 years after reconstruction. Significance at each time point was analyzed using chi-square tests.

Results:

A total of 215 patients, including 112 adolescents (mean age, 20.4 years; 50.9% female), 71 patients aged 26 to 34 years (mean age, 29.2 years; 42.3% female), and 32 adults (mean age, 40.2 years; 59.4% female), were assessed for International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grading on knee radiographs. It was found that 53.0% and 77.8% of adults at a respective 10 and 15 years after reconstruction had an IKDC grade of B or greater compared with 17.7% and 61.6% of the adolescent-young cohort. Chi-square testing found that adults developed OA earlier than adolescents at 5 and 10 years after reconstruction ( P = .017 and P < .0001, respectively). However, survival analysis did not demonstrate that adults were more likely to develop radiographic knee OA at 15 years after reconstruction compared with the adolescent-young cohort ( P = .4).

Conclusion:

The age at which an ACL injury is sustained does not appear to influence the rate of incident radiographic knee OA, although mature-aged athletes are likely to arrive at the OA endpoint sooner.
Fluticasone/formoterol association favors long-lasting decrease in bronchial reactivity to methacholine and weekly PEF variability
Authors: Cortese Sara , Gatta Alessia , Della Valle Loredana , Mangifesta Rocco , Di Giampaolo Luca , Cavallucci Enrico , Petrarca Claudia , Paganelli Roberto , Di Gioacchino Mario
Published: June 2016

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)/long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) association offers a better asthma control than a higher steroid dose with short-acting beta-agonists as needed. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the association on bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) variability, as such parameters are positively correlated with increased asthma morbidity and exacerbations. Thirty-six adult patients with mild persistent asthma were enrolled. After a 7-day run-in, they were randomly assigned to three therapy regimens for 6 weeks: Group 1, fluticasone 125 μg + formoterol 5 μg in the same device; Group 2, fluticasone 125 μg + formoterol 12 μg as needed; Group 3, fluticasone 250 μg + formoterol 12 μg as needed. We evaluated changes induced in weekly PEF variability (measured during the entire study and 4 weeks of follow-up) and pre- and post-study PD20 methacholine (MCH). Weekly PEF variability decreased in all groups during treatment with the greatest reduction in Group 1, followed by Group 3, and finally Group 2. During the follow-up, no significant changes were detected in Group 1, whereas a trend towards an increased variability was found in Groups 2 and 3. Post-treatment PD20 MCH was significantly higher versus the pre-treatment. The increase observed in Group 1 was significantly higher compared to Groups 2 and 3 and that observed in Group 3 in respect to Group 2. The study proves that both BHR and PEF variability are influenced by ICS. This effect was greater with fluticasone/formoterol association compared to fluticasone alone with formoterol as needed even at higher steroid dose.
Border settlement and the movement toward and from negative peace
Authors: Owsiak Andrew P. , Diehl Paul F. , Goertz Gary
Published: June 2016

How does border settlement—that is, the management of salient territorial conflict—affect the prospects for negative peace? Using recently released data on dyadic interstate relationships during the period 1946–2001, we build on territorial peace research to argue, predict, and find three connections between border settlement and negative peace. More specifically, border settlement: (a) increases the likelihood that a dyad is at negative peace; (b) raises the likelihood that dyads transition from rivalry to negative peace relationships; and (c) consolidates negative peace—by impeding transitions toward rivalry relationships. We confirm each of these findings with a commonly used measure of border settlement, as well as an alternative indicator of unsettled borders: civil wars. These findings cumulatively support our argument, demonstrate the importance of studying relationships outside the rivalry context, and suggest that border settlement plays a critical role in the emergence and consolidation of negative peace.
Law Enforcement Perspectives on Sex Offender Registration and Notification: Effectiveness, Challenges, and Policy Priorities
Authors: Harris Andrew J. , Levenson Jill S. , Lobanov-Rostovsky Christopher , Walfield Scott M.
Published: June 2016

Since the 1990s, sex offender registration and notification (SORN) has assumed a prominent place on state and federal crime control agendas in the United States. Although researchers have examined many aspects of SORN policies and systems, relatively little is known about how SORN is used, perceived, and experienced by law enforcement professionals in the context of their work. This article presents findings from a mixed-method study, consisting of face-to-face interviews and a national online survey of police and sheriff agencies. We examined law enforcement views on SORN’s general functions and efficacy, barriers to SORN effectiveness, and recommendations for SORN-related policy. Results highlight the challenges associated with SORN’s various functions as a law enforcement information tool, as an offender monitoring mechanism, and as a conduit of public information. They also indicate differences between the perspectives of agency leadership and those on the front lines of registry enforcement and management, as well as a range of concerns associated with the reliability and utility of registry information, inter-system communication, registrant homelessness and transience, and the public’s capacity to understand registry information. Implications for policy reform and for SORN-related research are discussed.
Measuring and monitoring operational availability of rail infrastructure
Authors: Stenström Christer , Parida Aditya , Kumar Uday
Published: June 2016

In reliability and maintenance engineering, availability can be described as the ability of an item to be in a state to perform a required function at a given time. Availability is commonly given as a measure between zero and one, where one means the probability of an item to be available for use at a given time is 100%. Availability is measured in many areas, such as electronics, information technologies, military equipment, electrical grids and the industry. Various indicators related to availability of railways have been examined by academia and industry. However, there is some ambiguity about how to define and measure the availability of rail infrastructure, given railways' semi-continuous operation, besides data quality issues. This article considers the application of common definitions of availability to rail infrastructure. It includes a case study comparing various approaches for measuring availability. The case study ends with a section on how availability as a function of train frequency and maintenance time can be simulated. The results show rail infrastructure availability correlates well with train delay, but this depends on how infrastructure failure data and outliers are treated.
Alarm handling for health monitoring: Operator strategies used in an electrical control room of a rail network
Authors: Dadashi Nastaran , Wilson John R , Golightly David , Sharples Sarah
Published: June 2016

Alarm management is a key component of the successful operation of a prognostic or health-monitoring technology. Although alarms can alert the operator to critical information, false alarms and alarm flooding can cause major difficulties for successfully diagnosing and acting upon infrastructure faults. Human factors approaches seek to design more-effective alarm systems through a deep understanding of the contextual factors that influence alarm response, including strategies and heuristics used by operators. This paper presents an extensive analysis of alarm-handling activity in the setting of an Electrical Control Room on the rail network. The analysis is based on contextual observation, and the application of a time-stamped observation checklist. Functions, performance requirements, and general operating conditions that influence alarm handling are presented, delineating the typical operational constraints that need to be considered in the design and deployment of asset-based alarm systems. The analysis of specific alarm-handling incidents reveals the use of specific strategies that may bias operator performance. Implications for the design of health-monitoring systems are discussed.
Nerve abscess in Hansen’s disease as part of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case report
Authors: Ali Neema M , Nayak Kashinath , Kumar Pramod
Published: June 2016

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is an inflammatory reaction in HIV-infected patients after initiation of antiretroviral therapy resulting from restored immunity to specific infectious or non-infectious antigens. A 36-year-old male patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy of six months duration, presented with reddish, tender lesions over medial aspect of arm and a single, anaesthetic patch. Tender fluctuant swellings were seen on the medial aspect of left forearm. A few of them had ruptured spontaneously discharging pus. A skin biopsy from the anaesthetic patch showed caseating epitheloid granulomas. A diagnosis of Hansen’s disease borderline tuberculoid in type 1 reversal reaction, with formation of nerve abscess due to Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome was made. The patient was started on multibacillary multidrug therapy as per WHO guidelines and highly active antiretroviral therapy was continued.
Intrinsically motivated particle swarm optimisation applied to task allocation for workplace hazard detection
Authors: Klyne Adam , Merrick Kathryn
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a framework for integrating intrinsic motivation with particle swarm optimisation. Intrinsically motivated particle swarm optimisation can be used for adaptive task allocation when the nature of the target task is not well understood in advance, or can change over time. We first present a general framework in which a computational model of motivation generates a dynamic fitness function to focus the attention of the particle swarm. We then discuss two approaches to modelling motivation in this framework: a computational model of curiosity using an unsupervised neural network and a model of novelty based on background subtraction. We introduce metrics for evaluating intrinsically motivated particle swarm optimisation and test our algorithm as an approach to task allocation in a workplace hazard mitigation scenario. We found that both proposed motivation techniques work well for generating a fitness function that can locate hazards, without requiring a precise definition of a hazard. We found that particle swarm optimisation can converge on optima in our generated fitness landscape in some, but not all, of our simulations.
Case Series With Histopathologic and Radiographic Analyses Following Failure of Fresh Osteochondral Allografts of the Talus
Authors: Pomajzl Ryan Joseph , Baker Erin Ann , Baker Kevin Charles , Fleischer Mackenzie Marie , Salisbury Meagan R. , Phillips Dylan M. , Fortin Paul Thomas
Published: June 2016

Background:

Fresh osteochondral allografting of the talus is one treatment option for large chondral defects. Following positive early term results, failure rates of up to 35% have been reported. A retrieval study was performed to characterize failed talar allografts.

Methods:

Failed fresh osteochondral allografts of the talus were retrieved on revision. Cases of deep infection were excluded. After tissue fixation, samples were decalcified, embedded, and stained with Safranin-O/Fast Green, osteocalcin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CD4, CD8, and CD68. Slides were graded according to the modified Mankin scoring system or severity scale. Medical record review was performed.

Results:

Eight allografts (7 patients) were retrieved from patients, following an average term of implantation of 31 months (range, 12-58). There were 3 types of allografts in this series (hemidome, n=5; segmental, n=2; bipolar, n=1). Reasons for transplantation were post-traumatic arthritis or osteonecrosis; reasons for revision were graft failure/collapse, nonunion, progressive arthritis, and/or pain. Prior to revision, all grafts exhibited collapse and subchondral lucencies. At the graft host interface, Safranin-O staining demonstrated substantial loss of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, Osteocalcin immunostaning was nearly absent, CD68 (indicating osteoclast activity) was predominantly exhibited, and CD4+ helper T cells as well as CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and NK cells—cell types commonly implicated in allogeneic organ transplant rejection—were found in high concentrations. TNF-α was present throughout the graft.

Conclusion:

A histopathologic analysis of 8 retrieved, failed talar allografts was performed. Graft failure appeared to be primarily biologic, with an extensive loss of viable cartilaginous and osseous tissue at the graft-host interface. This study provides the first evidence of a potential CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated failure mechanism in fresh osteochondral allografts that were revised following collapse.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Masculinity and Fathering Alone during Parental Leave
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: June 2016

Based on interviews with fathers who stay home alone on parental leave in Norway, this article explores how the masculine identities of employed fathers may be affected by caring. Research on changing masculinities has been concerned with the reworking of men’s gender identities into caring ones, and this article aims to add empirical knowledge on ways that parental leave for fathers may contribute to undoing gender. Findings support a development toward “caring masculinities” in which values and practices of care are integrated into masculine identities without degradation in masculine status. Self-worth is measured against building care competence and being able to contribute love to their children rather than acquisition of status and resources. Findings also show that fathers tend to interpret caring within conventional masculine activities such as “hard work” and outdoor challenges.
Show me the money: how bloggers as stakeholders are challenging theories of relationship building in public relations
Authors: Archer Catherine , Harrigan Paul
Published: June 2016

Conventional ‘normative’ theories of public relations have often centred on relationship building, dialogic theory and two-way communication. Despite these theories dominating much of the academic literature, practitioners continue to seek control in relationships to produce ‘value outcomes’ and meet measurable objectives for the organisations they work for. Public relations workers’ ability to influence the influencers has been framed as relationship development, and payment for editorial content or other influence has been seen as unethical. With the rise of social media, the so-called ‘new’ influencers are now bloggers and Instagrammers. Given that most social media influencers now wish to be compensated with payment or in-kind for any work related to brands, this article discusses the implications for ethical practice and public relations theory. The mask of relationship building in the social media age needs to be removed and the importance of payment to bloggers needs to be acknowledged for the theories of public relations to develop.
Effectiveness of a brief intervention using process-based mental simulations in promoting muscular strength in physical education
Authors: Koka Andre
Published: June 2016

This study examined the effectiveness of a brief theory-based intervention on muscular strength among adolescents in a physical education setting. The intervention adopted a process-based mental simulation technique. The self-reported frequency of practising for and actual levels of abdominal muscular strength/endurance as one component of health-related physical fitness was targeted. Adolescents aged 16–19 years ( n = 105) from nine classes were cluster-randomly assigned to experimental, mere-measurement control, and no-measurement control groups. All participants performed the one-minute sit-up test at baseline and four weeks later to measure their abdominal muscular strength/endurance. In the middle of the four-week period, participants allocated to the experimental group mentally simulated the process (i.e. practising) for doing better on the follow-up test relative to the baseline. Results revealed a significant effect of the process mental simulation on test performance at follow-up, but no effect on self-reported frequency of practising for the follow-up test. There was no evidence for the mediation of the effect of process mental simulation on test performance by planning, motivation, or anxiety variables. Results supported the effectiveness of the process mental simulation intervention in enhancing muscular strength among adolescents in a physical education setting, but not in promoting frequency of practise. The latter may be due to the process mental simulation not increasing the frequency but rather the quality of practising. This knowledge could help physical education teachers to facilitate adolescents’ endeavours in improving their muscular strength as one component of health-related physical fitness.
Anything but boring: A cultural criminological exploration of boredom
Authors: Steinmetz Kevin F , Schaefer Brian P , Green Edward LW
Published: June 2016

There is perhaps no experience in late modernity more universal than boredom. This analysis therefore responds to Ferrell’s call to take boredom seriously in the study of crime and crime control. Our analysis of boredom draws from three separate qualitative analyses of police detectives, computer hackers, and prisoners serving life sentences to reveal boredom’s influence across the criminological spectrum. Drawing from cultural criminology, this study frames boredom as a social condition that works in a dialectic with excitement. It rests betwixt and between the nuances of everyday life and saturates the periphery of experience among the three groups studied. Boredom is thus described as an inseparable component of the dynamics of crime and crime control under late modernity.
Dirty customers: Stigma and identity among sex tourists
Authors: Neal Mark
Published: June 2016

This article asks the question, “How do Western men who travel to Thailand to pay for sex with Thai women morally justify their actions?” In order to answer this, the study frames the question in terms of debates about “dirty work” and introduces the concept of “dirty customers” to analyze sex tourists and to highlight the potential stigma and moral taint involved in their engagement with sex workers. The research methodology involved content analysis of website discourse among Western men who visit Thailand for paid sex; examining their discussions and debates, and thereby identifying key themes and patterns in their exchanges. The study found that although sex work can arguably be categorized as “dirty work,” sex tourists resist such characterizations of sex work and of their role in it. The article thereby analyses how sex tourist discourse neutralizes external moralities of stigma and shame. It shows why neutralization is significant for understanding how sex tourism is sustained as an industry and how it is significant at the theoretical level for our understanding of “dirty work” and “dirty customers” as analytical concepts.
Indigenous knowledge? Listening for the drumbeat and searching for how I know
Authors: Laurila Kelly I
Published: June 2016

In this article, I locate myself as a PhD student, of Indigenous and Settler heritages, enrolled in a first-year epistemology course. Using reflexivity as an approach in qualitative research, I take the reader on a journey of the intricate workings of my spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical experiences stemming from my grappling with the meaning of epistemology and how learning about this impacts the perspective I have in my life, social work, and for my dissertation research. Learning about knowledge and how it is conceived, impacted, and transformed through the interaction with others raises many questions about how I have come to know what I know. A question remains as to what I will know at the end of my research.
Autobiographical occasions in assessment meetings involving persons with dementia
Authors: Österholm JH , Hydén L-C
Published: June 2016

It has often been argued that identities have a strong connection to stories and storytelling and thus that life stories should be used to individualize care for people with dementia. A problem with this view is that storytellers are seen as individuals, freely reflecting on, composing, and telling life stories. This view becomes especially problematic when persons with dementia tell stories in institutional contexts where certain information is requested and necessary for decision-making. The aim of this study is to investigate how autobiographical stories are used and what functions they have in assessment meetings involving persons with dementia. Fifteen assessment meetings were audio-recorded and transcribed. Narratives were extracted and analyzed by coding who the narrator or narrators were, what the narrator(s) accomplished by telling this story, and what the consequences were for the ongoing meeting. It was found that all interlocutors told stories about the person with dementia. These stories were found to have three functions: (1) to justify why care services were needed; (2) to describe experiences about previous care; and (3) to provide a good working climate. Thus, not all autobiographical stories are the person's story. For care managers in their everyday work it is important to be aware of this and not only be satisfied with a story that suits the organization's needs. Furthermore, stories told in assessment meetings often positioned the person as dependent on others, which could undermine the identity and sense of self of the person with dementia.