bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECORDS OF CYAMUS BALAENOPTERAE BARNARD AND NEOCYAMUS PHYSETERIS (POUCHET), TWO SPECIES OF WHALE-LICE (AMPHIPODA), FROM THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: August 2008

Cyamus balaenopterae Barnard from Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Neocyamus physeteris (Pouchet) from Physeter macrocephalus are reported for the first time from the Pacific Ocean. This is the first record of a cyamid from B. acutorostrata.
ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (L.)
Authors: McFarlane J. E. , Neilson Barbara , Ghouri A. S. K.
Published: August 2008

Nymphs of Acheta domesticus (L.) will grow well on a diet containing casein, glucose, cholesterol, a mixture of inorganic salts, and a mixture of the known B-vitamins. Growth on other artificial diets is reported and discussed.
EFFECT OF OXYGEN DEFICIENCY ON RADIATION-INDUCED MITOTIC DAMAGE IN SYNCHRONOUSLY DIVIDING CELLS
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Salthouse T. N.
Published: August 2008

The latent effects of X irradiation in delaying mitosis are readily observable in the epidermis of the insect Rhodnius owing to the degree of synchrony of division in these cells following a blood meal. At the dose employed in these studies, mitosis did not proceed beyond metaphase when the insects were exposed in air; after irradiation at the same dose in nitrogen, a prolonged division was completed with the greater part of the inhibition occurring during metaphase.
MERASPID PERIOD (DEGREE 3) OF PSEUDOGYGITES LATIMARGINATUS (HALL)
Authors: Fritz Madeleine A.
Published: August 2008

A specimen approximately 4 mm in length from the Craigleith formation (Upper Middle Ordovician) on the shore of Georgian Bay near Craigleith represents degree 3 of the Meraspid Period of the species Pseudogygites latimarginatus (Hall). The species is the characteristic index fossil found at the above horizon not only on Georgian Bay but elsewhere. Adult specimens occur in great abundance in southern Ontario, but no larval stages have been described. The present specimen is of special interest in that it furnishes significant information on the ontogeny of a widely known species.
STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIDNEY OF THE PACIFIC PINK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA (WALBAUM)): III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MESONEPHROS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE MESONEPHRIC TUBULE
Authors: Newstead J. D. , Ford Peter
Published: August 2008

The origin and subsequent elaboration of the mesonephric tubules from condensation of cells derived from the intermediate cell mass is described from the earliest appearance of condensations to the differentiated stage in the year-old fingerling. It is noted that both the pronephric and mesonephric kidneys are present together for a considerable period of the early life of the pink salmon, though it is unlikely that both function simultaneously.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF DITYLENCHUS DESTRUCTOR THORNE, 1945 (NEMATODA:TYLENCHIDAE)
Authors: Wu L. Y.
Published: August 2008

Further studies of Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, showed that the lips frequently have very fine annules. The lateral field of the body wall usually had 6 incisures but the number varied from 6 to 11. The cervical papillae appeared to lie in the region between the median bulb and the esophagointestinal junction between the two inner incisures. The excretory system had a long, sclerotized, terminal duct and a single lateral canal usually on the right side.
THE TIMING OF THE ACTIVITY PATTERN OF PEROMYSCUS IN CONSTANT DARKNESS
Authors: Stinson R. H.
Published: August 2008

The timing of the activity period of 12 adult and 2 young deer mice (Peromyscus) was studied in constant darkness. With both of the young and nine of the adults the activity began earlier each day. The rate of the shift varied between animals, being highest in one of the young (56 minutes per day); the higher rates appeared to be linear. The imposition of alternating light and dark prevented the shift, and constant light reversed it.
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTORS IN BREWER'S YEAST: I. NECESSITY OF THESE FACTORS FOR TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL
Authors: Charbonneau René , Lemonde André
Published: August 2008

The presence in brewer's yeast of unknown growth factors necessary for the normal development of Tribolium confusum Duval is confirmed. Casein appears to contain some of these unknown factors. A synthetic diet suitable for the study of these factors is presented.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEMATODES, EKTAPHELENCHUS MACROSTYLUS N. SP., AND LAIMAPHELENCHUS ULMI N. SP., WITH A KEY TO SPECIES OF LAIMAPHELENCHUS
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: August 2008

Two new species of nematodes from Canada are described. Females of Ektaphelenchus macrostylus n. sp. were collected from the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., and males from the beetle galleries in the bark of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Laimaphelenchus ulmi n. sp. was collected from bark of elm, Ulmus americana L. A key is given to the species of Laimaphelenchus.
THE GENUS THELANDROS (NEMATODA:OXYUROIDEA) IN NORTH AMERICAN SALAMANDERS, INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF THELANDROS SALAMANDRAE N. SP.
Authors: Schad G. A.
Published: August 2008

Thelandros salamandrae n. sp. is described. "Oxyuris" dubia Lehmann, 1954 nec Leidy, a nomen nudum, is a synonym of the new species. The insufficiently described "Oxyuris" dubia Leidy, 1856 is of uncertain generic affinity and is considered a nomen dubium. "Oxyuris" magnavulvaris Rankin, 1937, known from females only, is placed in the genus Thelandros. All published and new geographical and hostal data concerning the genus Thelandros in North American salamanders are tabulated.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND DURATION OF CONDITIONING ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE HAEMOLYMPH OF ANAGASTA (EPHESTIA) KÜHNIELLA (ZELL.) (LEPIDOPTERA:PYRALIDIDAE)
Authors: Atwal A. S.
Published: August 2008

Acclimation in Anagasta kühniella pupae within the range of normal temperatures was not associated with changes in the rate of oxygen consumption or specific gravity of the haemolymph. Only when the pupae were conditioned at the extreme temperatures of 5 °C and 35 °C for about 16 and 8 hours, respectively, did their haemolymph become more concentrated. This was not due to desiccation. Thus the theory of osmoregulation does not explain the phenomenon of thermal acclimation satisfactorily.
MIGRATORY BIRDS AND THE DISPERSAL OF AVIAN MALARIA PARASITES IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Plasmodium relictum (Grassi and Feletti) is recorded for the first time from the tropical South Pacific (Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands Protectorate). The hosts—the shining cuckoo, Chalcites l. lucidus (Gmelin), and the broad-billed flycatcher, Myiagra f. ferrocyanea Ramsay—are new, the former one being a migratory species breeding in New Zealand, but spending the southern winter in the Solomons. The significance of this natural dispersal route for an avian malaria parasite is briefly discussed.
A STUDY OF FILARIA MARTIS GMELIN, 1790 FROM MARTES FOINA AND PEDETES CAFFER
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

A detailed study has been made of specimens of Filaria martis from a European mustelid (Martes foina) and an African rodent (Pedetes caffer). Other species assigned to the genus Filaria are considered in the light of this study. Apart from Filaria martis, F. cephalophi is the only other member of the genus that is satisfactorily characterized. F. hyracis is probably a synonym of F. martis. The status of F. carvalhoi needs clarification but F. texensis and F. conepati are obviously conspecific with it. The egg and first-stage larva of F. martis are described.
NUCLEAR BEHAVIOR OF BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Engelbert Vibeke E.
Published: August 2008

This paper reports the continued investigations into nuclear behaviors and activities of blood cells.Further proof of the extreme changes in shape of the almost naked nuclei of blast cells and evidence of the motility of such nuclei are presented. Further evidence for the release of intranuclear vesicles which become red blood cells is given. The cyclic nature of the life history of lymphocytes, which was first postulated in 1956 (Engelbert (5)), is again emphasized, also the extreme changes in morphology of the whole nucleus as well as the basic nuclear units which take place during the life history. The nucleus should be regarded as a federated composite structure—a federate autonomy—made up of smaller structures, the basic nuclear units, that each have a certain autonomous potential, which comes into play when they leave the composite federation. The nuclear federation can become very large forming polypoid nuclei. Naked nuclei can form "cytoplasm" by contracting and thus squeezing nucleoplasm out into a rim around the nucleus.
SOME RADIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL AND URINARY SYSTEMS OF ANESTHETIZED PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS)
Authors: Bell Gordon R. , Bateman Jack E.
Published: August 2008

Standard radiography with barium sulphate as the opaque medium was used to show the gastrointestinal and urinary systems of some intact, living Oncorhynchus species. The fish were anesthetized and the barium introduced into the systems by means of a syringe fitted with fine polyethylene tubing. Lateral and ventral views are presented in a series of photographs.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE EGG SHELL AS RELATED TO WATER ABSORPTION BY THE EGGS OF ACHETA DOMESTICUS (L.)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The shell of the newly laid egg of Acheta domesticus (L.) consists of the chorion, in which two layers can be distinguished: an outer exochorion, about 2.5 μ thick; and an inner endochorion, about 0.4 μ thick, which contains lipoid and a tyrosinase. At about the time water absorption begins, the endochorion breaks up, in a more or less regular way, into many small fragments; as a result, spaces are created in the endochorion, and it seems probable that it is this structural change which permits water to be absorbed by the egg. The breaking up of the endochorion appears to be due to phenolic tanning. Also at about the time water absorption begins, the newly formed serosa begins to lay down the serosal cuticle, first an outer lipoid layer, about 0.4 μ thick, which contains a tyrosinase; and then an inner layer, which is laid down continuously while the serosa exists, and which reaches, at the time water absorption ends, a maximum thickness of 8–10 μ. Thereafter the inner layer of the serosal cuticle is steadily resorbed up to the time the egg is hatched, and the vacated shell consists only of the chorion and the lipoid layer of the serosal cuticle. Water absorption appears to be brought to an end by the phenolic tanning of the lipoid layer of the serosal cuticle.
BLOOD PARASITES OF BIRDS IN ALGONQUIN PARK, CANADA, AND A DISCUSSION OF THEIR TRANSMISSION
Authors: Bennett G. F. , Fallis A. M.
Published: August 2008

Fixed and stained blood smears of over 3000 birds resident in Algonquin Park, Canada, have been examined for blood parasites. Sixty per cent of the adults and 40% of the immature birds harbored one or more blood parasites. Leucocytozoon occurred in 60%, Trypanosoma in 48%, Haemoproteus in 26%, Microfilaria in 7%, and Plasmodium in 2% of the infected birds. High incidence and high parasitaemia of Leucocytozoon, Trypanosoma, and Haemoproteus coincided with the occurrence of large numbers of ornithophilic simuliids and Culicoides and preceded the time when most hippoboscids were recovered. Differences in incidence of parasites and the level of parasitaemia in different birds when considered in relation to the occurrence and feeding behavior of various ornithophilic flies suggest that simuliids are the vectors of Trypanosoma, and Culicoides transmit Haemoproteus in this area.
QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS DURING CHANGES IN ABUNDANCE
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: August 2008

This is an extension of earlier studies of the effects of individual differences on population dynamics. The test species is the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), which exhibited qualitative changes in its collapsing population on southern Vancouver Island between 1956 and 1959.There are preliminary descriptions of recently established categories of individuals differing in total activity and behavior, and of the biological consequences of mixing different proportions of these active and sluggish larvae in colonies, A colony with enough active individuals built several long, clavate tents, dispersed them widely, and foraged far away from them. A colony with many sluggish individuals seldom constructed more than one compact, pyramidal tent, and fed nearby. Sluggish colonies were less viable than active colonies in harsh environments, and some were too sluggish to survive in the most favorable circumstances.Between 1956 and 1959, fourth-instar colonies along 156 miles of roadways in the outbreak area decreased from 74,000 to 251. In any infestation, the proportion of active colonies declined from nearly 100% to 45–55% as years of residence in the locality increased from 1 to 4. Thereafter, the proportion of active colonies rose again as those too sluggish to survive began to disappear from the population. The initial percentage decline in active colonies occurred whether abundance was increasing or decreasing. The later percentage increase began only while numbers were decreasing.As infestations aged, even active colonies decreased in size and activity, but the year of minimal density was accompanied by increases in colony size and vitality. This rejuvenation also was reflected in data from adults and egg masses. Methods of using egg-mass data to determine the proportions of different kinds of colonies in infestations of different ages are discussed, and adult activity indices based on scale loss and wing tearing are presented. Examples from all sources indicated declining vitality while the population aged, followed by sudden recovery at or near minimal abundance when its least viable portion had been eliminated.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS OF CYCLOPID COPEPODS WITH TRIAENOPHORUS CRASSUS FOREL AND T. NODULOSUS (PALLAS)
Authors: Watson N. H. F. , Price J. L.
Published: August 2008

Coracidia of both Triaenophorus crassus and T. nodulosus were fed to 19 species of cyclopid copepods, and coracidia of one or the other were fed to 4 other species. Procercoids of both species of parasite developed in nine species of cyclopids. Three species were infected with T. crassus only and four with T. nodulosus only. Size or feeding habits of the specimens did not influence the ingestion of coracidia. The presence of non-feeding individuals may have influenced the infection rate of some species. Herbivorous species, carnivorous species, and species which did not become infected ate large quantities of coracidia.Microcyclops varicans rubellus was the most easily infected cyclopid species in the experiments. It is probably an important host of Triaenophorus in North American lakes along with Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, Cyclops brevispinosus, and, in certain areas, Cyclops scutifer.
NOTES ON SOME POLYCHAETA FROM THE WEST COAST OF MEXICO, PANAMA, AND CALIFORNIA
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

Notes on 13 species of Polychaeta selected from collections made on, or near, the coasts of California and Mexico during 1958 and 1959 are recorded. Of these one (Eurythoe complanata var. mexicana) is a new variety, three (Paraeurythoe americana, Halla parthenopeia, Asychis amphiglypta) are new records for the eastern Pacific, three (Perincreis obfuscata, Nereis oligohalina, Polyophthalmus pictus) involve new records of swarming forms, and two (Glycera robusta, Aphrodite falcifera) are extensions of distribution. The remainder deal with species having miscellaneous features of some other interest.
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND RETROCEREBRAL COMPLEX OF ADULT LIOCORIS UNCTUOSUS KELTON (HEMIPTERA:MIRIDAE)
Authors: Ewen A. B.
Published: August 2008

The gross anatomy of the central nervous system and retrocerebral complex of adult Liocoris unctuosus is described and figured. There are three ventral ganglia; the suboesophageal and first thoracic ganglia are separate, while the second and third thoracic are fused with the abdominal ganglia into a common center. Innervation of the reproductive organs in the male is described. The retrocerebral complex consists of the hypocerebral ganglion, paired corpora paracardiaca, and a single corpus allatum, and their associated nerves.
THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BRACHYURA: II. MAJIDAE, SUBFAMILY OREGONIINAE
Authors: Hart Josephine F. L.
Published: August 2008

The larval stages of two species of spider crabs from British Columbia are described from eggs hatched in the laboratory. Both Oregonia gracilis Dana and Hyas lyratus Dana were found to have two zoeal stages before the megalopal.
THE GENITALIA OF HYPODERMA BOVIS (L.) AND H. LINEATUM (DE VILL.) (DIPTERA:OESTRIDAE)
Authors: Gooding R. H. , Weintraub J.
Published: August 2008

The genitalia of the females and males of Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum are described and illustrated. There are only slight differences in the genital structures of the two species. Differences in descriptions of the females by previous authors are resolved. The structures of the male genitalia are renamed in light of the hypopygium circumversum.In a developmental series of H. bovis puparia the definitive form of the male genitalia (hypopygium circumversum) was reached after 19 days at 20 °C. One 38-day-old specimen was exceptional, having developed only to the hypopygium inversum stage. A comparison of the musculature and sclerites in the series indicated that the progenital plate is composed of either the fused seventh and eighth terga or the fused eighth tergum and ninth sternum. The specimens used in the series included the one anomalous pupa featuring the hypopygium inversum (180°) and several with the final (360°) and intermediate (270°) stages of the hypopygial rotation.
INTERMEDIN AND CHANGE OF COLOR IN FROGS: A NEW HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The indolalkylamines, tryptamine and serotonin, have a slight but distinct melanophorotropic effect on the melanocytes of frog skin. Other work has shown that the skin of amphibians contains large amounts of serotonin. The present work offers evidence that intermedin has an indirect effect on the melanocytes of frogs, that another compound, destroyed by monoamine oxidase and phenol oxidase, is involved in the normal darkening process, and that intermedin promotes the release of a pharmacologically active substance from frog skin in vitro. This is taken as evidence on which to erect the hypothesis that intermedin acts on the skin to release an indolalkylamine which then acts on the melanocytes to bring about the darkening of the skin.
BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H. , Shemanchuk J. A.
Published: August 2008

The immature stages of Simulium villatum Zett., venustum Say, meridionale Riley, tuberosum Lund., decorum Walk., bivittatum Mall., griseum Coq., arcticum Mall., and aureum Fries, in decreasing order of abundance, occurred in 79% of 341 collections from 69 irrigation canals and 18 adjacent rivers and streams in irrigated areas of southern Saskatchewan and Alberta in the years 1950 to 1958. Canals less than 4 years old were infested despite a scarcity of aquatic vegetation which formed the main attachment sites. Factors reducing larval abundance included interruption of flow, lack of food and attachment sites, parasites, invertebrate and vertebrate predators, and possibly insecticides from irrigated crops. In some canals up to 100% of the larvae of S. vittatum were infected with nematodes, Hydromermis sp., which prevented pupation. Other larvae were infected with microsporidia. Most canals were dry in the winter. Larvae of only S. vittatum overwintered in two canals which flowed all winter; no viable overwintered eggs of any species were found in any canals. It is presumed that canals are reinfested each spring by gravid females immigrating from permanent breeding sites, mainly in the larger streams and rivers. Although black flies, especially S. vittatum, were occasionally abundant and all are blood feeders, they were generally less of a nuisance than mosquitoes. Leucocytozoon occasionally occurred in turkeys.
ABNORMALITIES IN SECOND-STAGE LARVAE OF HETERODERA TRIFOLII GOFFART, 1932 (NEMATODA:HETERODERIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

Second-generation females of a cyst-forming nematode, Heterodera trifolii Goffart, 1932, from a mixed population of this species and the sugar-beet nematode, H. schachtii Schmidt, 1871, produced small, normal, giant, and abnormal second-stage larvae. The giant larvae averaged 670 μ in length, while the small larvae had an average body length of 404 μ. Abnormalities in the larvae occurred mostly in the tail development. It is suggested that the sperm of H. schachtii may have affected the normal chromosome complement of the H. trifolii oöcytes during oögenesis and was thereby responsible for the production of the different types of larvae recorded.
BARNACLE SHELL FIGURES AND REPAIRS
Authors: Cornwall Ira E.
Published: August 2008

More interlaminate and ala figures are shown. Figures of subspecies were examined to find variations that would distinguish them. The structure of the shell was examined by decalcification. It was found that the pores in the shell of Balanus nigrescens are nearly filled with tissue and not shelly matter. Other species examined have only a thin layer of tissue lining the parietal pores. Tests were made that show that the structure of the shell is crystalline and not amorphous.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS PERGETUS (COLEOPTERA: PEDILIDAE)
Authors: Abdullah Mohammad
Published: August 2008

Casey (1895) erected a new genus Pergetus on the basis of Eurygenius campanulatus Leconte, 1874. In this work the genotype has been redefined on the basis of both male and female characters, and limits of the genus have been established. Additional records on distribution are also included.
NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES OF EAST PAKISTAN: VII. CAPILLARIA COPYSCHI SP. NOV.
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

Capillaria copyschi sp. nov. is described from Copyschus c. saularis.
EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIALLY PRODUCED ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICAL FIELDS UPON THE ACTIVITY OF SOME ADULT DIPTERA
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes some effects of experimental electrical fields on the amount of movement of Drosophila and Calliphora. Activity in Drosophila was temporarily reduced by sudden exposure to a potential gradient as low as 10 to 62.5 v/cm and of constant polarity. The period of reduced activity was prolonged by reversing the field polarity at 5-minute intervals. A more transient reduction of activity was observed in Calliphora; however, a much stronger field was necessary to produce the effect. The results do not support the idea that prestorm increases in insect activity are related to potential gradient disturbances. The possibility of effects of insect size on the response to an electrical field is discussed.
CRICONEMA CELETUM, N. SP. (NEMATODA:CRICONEMATIDAE) FROM AFRICAN VIOLETS IN CANADA
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Criconema celetum, n, sp., is described from African violets collected at St. Laurent, Quebec. The body has 40–43 annules, each having a row of spines except at the caudal end; those near the middle of the body each having a row of about 70 spines. The head consists of two annules with spines, the first 22–28 μ in diameter and the second 19–23.5 μ. The annules at the caudal end have spatulate projections each with several spines. The spear is 84.3–95 μ (with one exception, 100 μ) long. The body is coated with soil particles under and around the spines.
THE METAZOAN PARASITES OF THE HETEROSOMATA OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE: VI. DIGENEA
Authors: Ronald Keith
Published: August 2008

Aporocotyle simplex, Brachyphallus crenatus, Cryptocotyle lingua, Derogenes varicus, Genolinea laticauda, Gonocerca crassa, Hemiuris appendiculatus, H. communis, H. levinseni, Hemiuris sp., Lepidapedon rachion, Otodistomum veliporum, Peracreadium commune, Plagioporus varia, Podocotyle atomon, P. olssoni, Prosorhynchus squamatus, Steganoderma (Steganoderma) formosum, Stenakron vetustum, Stephanostomum baccatum, Steringophorus furciger, Steringotrema cluthense, and S. pagelli were identified in a study of 560 specimens of Heterosomata (Hippoglossoides platessoides, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Limanda ferruginea, Liopsetta putnami, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, and Scophthalmus aquosus) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence area. Host distribution is indicated, together with parasitic incidence.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENUS MELOIDODERA (NEMATODA:TYLENCHIDA), WITH A DESCRIPTION OF M. CHARIS N. SP.
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

The characters of the genus Meloidodera are amended. Additional information on the type species, M. floridensis, is presented with a description of the male. A second species, M. charis, n. sp., is described, which differs from the type in having a shorter body and smaller stylets, and smaller phasmids in the second-stage larva. Data on host range and distribution are also presented.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RETINA OF FLORIDA CHAMELEON (ANOLIS CAROLINENSIS)
Authors: Ali M. A.
Published: August 2008

The structure of the A. carolinensis retina is similar to that of diurnal lacertilians described in the literature. It possesses 10 layers. The visual cell layer is made up of single and double cones. No rods are present. The internal nuclear layer is thicker than the external nuclear layer. The nuclei and ganglion cells of light- and dark-adapted animals do not show any differences in staining. A prominent conus papillaris and a fovea are present. The epithelial pigment layer and the cones do not undergo any photomechanical changes. It was not possible to condition the chameleons to yield any behavioral responses.
POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS FROM THE SHALLOW WATERS AROUND BARBADOS AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE WEST INDIES, WITH NOTES ON LARVAL FORMS
Authors: Marsden Joan Rattenbury
Published: August 2008

Thirty-four species of polychaetous annelids, belonging to 16 families, are reported. Most of them come from the West Indian Island of Barbados but some were collected also, or only, in Jamaica. All are coastal, shallow water forms. Observations on the life history and in particular on larval forms are included when pertinent. Zoogeographical implications are considered briefly.
A TECHNIQUE FOR REARING COCCINELLID BEETLES ON DRY FOODS, AND INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS POLLENS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLEOMEGILLA MACULATA LENGI TIMB. (COLEOPTERA:COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: August 2008

A technique is described for rearing a coccinellid on a dry, particulate food. Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timb. (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) was reared from first-instar larva to adult on the pollens of corn, gray birch, hemp, and hornbeam, and on the dried and powdered nymphs and adults of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch.) (Homoptera:Aphididae).
A VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED STRAIN OF LARVAL ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

Quantitative observations on the growth rate of vegetatively propagated strains of larval Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis in cotton rats and white mice are reported, and some peculiarities of growth in these animals are discussed. It is shown that the weight of 70-day-old cysts of the seventh transfer in cotton rats was about 25% of the total weight of the host animals, and that the fast growth and the elimination of the hazardous work with definitive hosts make this strain suitable for chemotherapeutic studies.
HYBRIDIZATION EXPERIMENTS IN RHODEINE FISHES (CYPRINIDAE, TELEOSTEI): THE INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS OF ACHEILOGNATHUS LANCEOLATA ♂ × ACANTHORHODEUS ATREMIUS ♀ AND TANAKIA TANAGO ♂ × ACHEILOGNATHUS RHOMBEA ♀
Authors: Wit J. J. Duyvené de
Published: August 2008

In order to study the phylogenetic relations between rhodeine species a number of interspecific and intergeneric crossings have been performed. This communication deals with the intergeneric hybrids obtained from the combinations Acheilognathus lanceolata ♂ × Acanthorhodeus atremius ♀ and Tanakia tanago ♂ × Acheilognathus rhombea ♀.From the first combination adult hybrids have been obtained which were intermediate between both parental species and showed a male phenotype. The second combination produced larvae, but a deficient yolk supply prevented them from reaching the free-swimming stage.Experimental evidence is presented for the occurrence of a dominant genetic factor in A. rhombea males, which controls the duration of embryonic development in this and other bitterling species.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DITYLENCHUS DESTRUCTOR THORNE, 1945 (NEMATODA:TYLENCHIDAE), FROM POTATO, BULBOUS IRIS, AND DAHLIA, WITH A DISCUSSION OF DE MAN'S RATIOS
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Nematodes having the general characters of Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, from the potato, bulbous iris, and dahlia, did not reveal any significant difference in the basic structures to suggest the presence of more than one species. However, due to host influence, there may be some variation in total length, width, number and arrangement of sex cells, length of oesophagus, length of spear, and tail shape. Nematodes from potato were successfully transferred to dahlia and carrot, and from iris and dahlia to potato.Specimens of D. destructor from potato interbreed freely with specimens from bulbous iris and from dahlia. Evidently these nematodes from the three hosts are the same species, i.e., D. destructor.Among the ratios used, the values of c in the case of males and that of "V%" have some support from the data.
HISTOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) RETINA: I. RATES OF LIGHT- AND DARK-ADAPTATION
Authors: Ali M. A. , Stevenson W. R. , Press Judith S.
Published: August 2008

The structure of the Atlantic salmon retina corresponds to descriptions by previous workers and is also similar to that of the Pacific salmon retina. Retinal epithelial pigment light-adapts in 60 minutes. Cones light-adapt in 45 minutes. Dark-adaptation of the pigment and cones occurs in 70 minutes. Retinal index shows light-adaptation occurring in 60 minutes and dark-adaptation in 70 minutes. Results are compared with those of the Pacific salmon's.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN CHEMICALS ON THE RESPONSE TO ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND THE SPONTANEOUS RHYTHMICAL ACTIVITY OF LARVAE OF PHOCANEMA DECIPIENS
Authors: Bradley Clare
Published: August 2008

The effect of six neuromimetic compounds on the frequency of spontaneous rhythmical contraction, on the maintenance of tonic contraction, and on the response to anodal and cathodal stimulation was tested on Phocanema muscle preparations. Their effects could not be related to their hyper- or de-polarizing action. They had different effects on rhythmical activity, tonic contraction, and the response to electrical stimulation and this showed that these movements must be produced by independent effector systems.
THE EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON THE INFECTIVE STAGES OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS RETORTAEFORMIS ZEDER (NEMATODA)
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

The effects of three ranges of ultraviolet radiation on larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis have been studied. It is shown that the far ultraviolet has a quickly lethal effect on the larvae, the middle ultraviolet has a much lessened effect, and the near ultraviolet has practically no effect. Larvae not killed by the ultraviolet radiation develop normally in rabbits.
A LACK OF AVIAN AND MAMMALIAN HAEMATOZOA IN THE ANTARCTIC AND CANADIAN ARCTIC
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Blood films were obtained from 111 animals in New Zealand's Ross Dependency, and 165 on Prince of Wales Island, N.W.T. Most of them were from birds, and all proved negative for haematozoa although not because of any lack of susceptibility. An absence of vectors precludes local transmission in the areas sampled, and while wide-ranging migratory birds nesting in the Arctic could be exposed to infection elsewhere, many of them are normally protected from this hazard by ecological barriers.
THE EFFECT OF PREY DENSITY ON PREY CONSUMPTION AND OVIPOSITION IN ADULTS OF TYPHLODROMUS (T.) OCCIDENTALIS NESBITT (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: August 2008

Laboratory experiments indicated that the oviposition and prey consumption rates of Typhlodromus (T.) occidentalis Nesbitt depend on the number of prey available to the predator. The prey species used was Tetranychus telarius (L.).
STUDY OF TWO FILARIOID NEMATODES, CHANDLERELLA CHITWOODAE N. SP. FROM PADDA ORYZIVORA (L.) AND PROTOFILARIA FURCATA CHANDLER, 1929
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Chandlerella chitwoodae n. sp. from the lungs of Padda oryzivora (L.) is described and compared with closely related species. It is similar to Skrjabinocta petrowi Tschertkowa, 1946 transferred herein to Chandlerella Yorke and Maple-stone, 1926. A brief description of paratypes of Protofilaria furcata Chandler, 1929 is given and several features of this species are reported for the first time.
MARINE NEMATODES FROM THE COAST LINE OF THE GULF OF MEXICO, II
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

Marine nemas from the Alabama coast of the Gulf of Mexico are recorded. Metachromadora (Neonyx) obesa Chitwood, 1936 is redeseribed. Hypodontolaimus pandispiculatus, Rhynchonema hirsuta, and Theristus (Theristus) rhynchonemoides are described as new. Rhynchonema cinctum of Wieser, 1956, nec Cobb, 1920, is renamed R. wieseri n. nom. Rhynchonema cinctum of Gerlach, 1955 and Wieser, 1959, nec Cobb, 1920, are considered synonyms of R. hirsuta n. sp. A key to the species of the genus Rhynchonema is provided.
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF LONGIDORUS ELONGATUS (DE MAN, 1876) THORNE AND SWANGER, 1936 (NEMATODA: LONGIDORINAE), WITH A NOTE ON THE GENERA LONGIDORUS (MICOLETZKY, 1922) THORNE AND SWANGER, 1936, AND XIPHINEMA COBB, 1913
Authors: Williams T. D.
Published: August 2008

The female reproductive system of Longidorus elongatus (de Man, 1876) Thorne and Swanger, 1936, is described in detail from a. number of gravid females. This description is compared with the results of dissections, in saline, of the reproductive systems of young female worms and one other gravid female. The significance of a sac-like structure found at the junction of the ovary and oviduct is discussed. Certain similarities in the female reproductive systems of some species of Longidorus and Xiphinema are described, and it is suggested that further studies of these systems might assist in the clarification of certain taxonomic problems in these genera.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON MORTALITY AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE STAGES OF THE MITE TYROPHAGUS PUTRESCENTIAE (SCHRANK) (ACARINA: ACARIDAE) REARED ON MOLD CULTURES
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: August 2008

Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), a mite that infests stored food products, was reared individually on mold cultures at all combinations of five temperatures and four humidities. Mortality during immature stages was lowest at 72.5° F and 80% to 90% R.H. Development was usually accelerated by an increase in either of these two factors. Temperature and humidity had a direct influence on mortality and rate of development, but humidity also had an indirect effect by affecting the mold on which the mite feeds. Adults obtained at 70% R.H. were usually relatively small in size. Sex ratio of the adults was approximately one to one; the males developed faster than the females.
THE ACTION OF FUMIGANTS ON INSECTS: I. THE UPTAKE OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE BY SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (L.) DURING FUMIGATION
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: August 2008

The rate of uptake of gaseous hydrogen cyanide by S. granarius has been measured and shown to increase linearly during exposure, even after a lethal dose has been sorbed. The sorbed fumigant can be divided into a recoverable and an irrecoverable fraction, and some of the recoverable fumigant disappears from surviving insects during the recovery period, but over 80% of it remains in their bodies for at least 4 days. Attempts to relate the disappearance of fumigant with detoxication mechanisms such as are present in mammals were unsuccessful.
PREFERENCE OF APHIDS FOR EXCISED LEAVES TO WHOLE PLANTS
Authors: MacKinnon J. P.
Published: August 2008

When adults of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) were put on healthy and virus-infected plants or on excised leaves of Physalis floridana Rydb., they remained longer on the leaves than on the whole plants, and longer on the virus-infected plants or leaves than on comparable healthy ones. The numbers of nymphs found on both plants and leaves, whether virus-infected or not, appeared to be proportional to the numbers of adults and the length of time that these remained on the hosts.
BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF CEREAL AND GRASS APHIDS IN NEW BRUNSWICK (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Orlob G. B.
Published: August 2008

The occurrence, distribution, and biology of various cereal and grass aphids were noted in New Brunswick during 1960. Because of the similarity of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) overwintering on Pruneae, and R. fitchii (Sanderson) hibernating on Pomeae, summer forms of these aphids are referred to as the R. padi-fitchii complex. An aphid from Phleum pratense L., very similar and closely related to Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is described as S. graminum phlei ssp. n. Circumstantial evidence indicates that early spring migrants of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Macrosiphum avenue (Fabricius) did not originate in the province.
CESTODES OF WOLVES, COYOTES, AND COYOTE-DOG HYBRIDS IN ONTARIO
Authors: Freeman R. S. , Adorjan A. , Pimlott D. H.
Published: August 2008

Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena, and T. krabbei were the most common cestodes encountered in timber wolves of Ontario, with T. pisiformis, T. laticollis, and T. crassiceps being less common. Taenia pisiformis was the only common cestode of coyotes, although T. hydatigena, T. laticollis, E. granulosus, and Mesocestoides sp. were recovered. No Multiceps sp. was found. In Ontario, propagation of T. pisiformis apparently depends mainly on coyotes, whereas E. granulosus, T. hydatigena, and T. krabbei depend on wolves. E. granulosus was approximately twice as common in wolves from areas where moose are more common than deer, and conversely T. hydatigena and T. krabbei were approximately twice as common in wolves from areas where deer are more common than moose.
SOME PREDATORS OF AEDES STIMULANS (WALK.) AND AEDES TRICHURUS (DYAR) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN WOODLAND POOLS
Authors: James H. G.
Published: August 2008

The predators of first- and second-instar larvae of Aedes stimulans and A. trichurus in temporary woodland pools near Belleville, Ontario, were determined mainly by use of mosquito larvae tagged with radioactive phosphorus, but in part from the presence of aedine remains found in the digestive tracts of dissected beetles. Of 428 pond animals collected from the test pools 122 were found to be radioactive above background. Among the 17 species of aquatic insects and other animals that fed on mosquito larvae, 8 species of Dytiscidae, 1 of Hydrophilidae, 1 of Limnephilidae, and 1 pond snail are regarded as important predators. Three additional species of water beetles were identified as predators from aedine remains in their digestive tracts. The abundance of the predators, and the times of occurrence of six species in relation to mosquito development, are discussed.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL OF GLOSSOGOBIUS GIURUS (HAM.)
Authors: Mohsin S. Mohd.
Published: August 2008

Glossogobius giurus is a carnivorous fish with a wide mouth and a short alimentary canal. All the layers of tissue ordinarily found, in the wall of the gut are well developed except in the buccal cavity and the pharynx where the muscular layers are missing.The mucous membrane and the musculature vary greatly in the different regions. The muscularis mucosa is generally wanting. The stratum compactum is not well developed except in the buccal epithelium. There is a true stomach but no pyloric caeca. It is tentatively concluded that fish possess only pepsin-secreting gastric glands. Detailed descriptions are given of typical transverse sections of the various regions.
REDESCRIPTION OF THE DIGENETIC TREMATODES LEPIDAPEDON CALLI AND L. PUGETENSIS ACENA, AND NEW HOST RECORDS FOR L. CALLI AND EURYCREADIUM VITELLOSUM MANTER FROM FISHES OF WASHINGTON STATE
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

Lepidapedon calli Acena, 1947 and L. pugetensis Acena, 1947 are redescribed from types and paratypes and from additional specimens of L. calli collected at Friday Harbor, Washington, U.S.A. L. pugetensis is synonymized with L. elongatum (Lebour, 1908) Nicoll, 1915. The pleuronectid fish Microstomus pacificus is a newly reported host for L. calli and for Eurycreadium vitellosum Manter, 1934. Steringotrema (Rhodotrema) quinquelobata. Layman, 1930 is transferred to the genus Eurycreadium, becoming E. quinquelobata (Layman, 1930), because of its tubelike excretory bladder, extensive vitellaria, and type of cirrus sac.
THE IRRIGATION OF THE GILLS IN FISHES: I. STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF BRANCHIAL IRRIGATION
Authors: Saunders Richard L.
Published: August 2008

A technique which does not interfere with normal respiratory movements was developed for measuring the changes in hydrostatic pressure in the oral and opercular cavities of fish breathing at various intensities. This consisted of inserting polyethylene tubing of small diameter through the cleithrum into the opercular cavity and through the rostrum into the oral cavity. These cannulae were connected with manometers which were used together with optical lever systems to record the time course of changes in hydrostatic pressures in the two components of the branchial pump.In the white sucker, brown bullhead, and carp the flow of water over the gills is nearly continuous. There are only brief periods when the pressure in the opercular cavities exceeds that in the oral cavity and therefore only brief reversals in flow in which some water may be returned over the gills. The slits between adjacent hemibranchiae of neighboring gills were observed to open rhythmically during moderate and heavy breathing. This observation is contrary to the thesis of many workers that water bathing the gills flows only through the minute pores between adjacent lamellae. Such opening of the gill slits may have a significant effect in the operation of the gills.
THE MONONCHIDAE: A FAMILY OF PREDACEOUS NEMATODES: I. GENUS MYLONCHULUS (ENOPLIDA: MONONCHIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

A resumé of the genus Mylonchulus is presented, including three new species which are described and illustrated, Mylonchulus prodenticulatus, M. sigmaturellus, and M. solus. Males of M. brevicaudatus, M. incurvus, M. index, M. montanus, and M. striatus are described and figured for the first time. Several known species from various parts of the world are redescribed and figured. Relationship of amphid aperture width to the length and width of the buccal cavity and its position in this genus was studied and evaluated for use in taxonomy. Two taxonomic keys are included, one of all known females, the other of all known males.
THE PRACTICE AND THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS IN CANADA
Authors: Turnbull A. L. , Chant D. A.
Published: August 2008

This paper constitutes a "stocktaking" of biological control in Canada. The success or failure of each of 31 Canadian biological control projects is assessed. Past experiences in Canada are analyzed, and recommendations for future work are made. The meaning of the term "control" is defined in an economic context. Lloyd's (1960) suggestion regarding the influence of host plant longevity on the success of biological control is rejected, and a new concept based on the type of injury inflicted by the pest is substituted. There is a discussion on the philosophy of biological control and some of the popular misconceptions regarding it. Some dangers of biological control are suggested. Smith's (1929) analysis of the population effects of multiparasitism is challenged. The simultaneous introduction of many exotic species of parasites and predators is not favored and a strong plea for more discrimination and caution in the selection of species for introduction is voiced. The need for research in this field is emphasized, and fields of research are suggested. The philosophy of a biological control research program is outlined.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON AMOEBOID HAEMOCYTES IN BLABERUS GIGANTEUS (L.) (ORTHOPTERA: BLATTIDAE)
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: August 2008

The movements of amoeboid haemocytes in vivo in wing veins of B. giganteus were studied with the aid of time-lapse cinephotomicrography and projection analysis. They are described here in detail and discussed in relation to haemocyte form and function. Haemocyte motion included non-migratory as well as migratory aspects. Non-migratory motion comprised the slow to turbulent cytoplasmic motion and intermittent probing movements of stationary cells. Active migration occurred in the more or less typical amoeboid fashion and also in the more peculiar contractile manner which involved the projection of hyaline, tactile pseudopodia of variable form and often resulted in extreme and relatively rapid elongation of the cell body. Haemocytes were thus able to move on flat surfaces, to extend themselves across spaces, and to force their way into narrow tissue interstices. These activities demonstrate the versatility of the cells and provide a means of accounting for certain of their functions.
LIFE HISTORIES OF SOME COMMON SPIDERS FROM TREES AND SHRUBS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Dondale C. D.
Published: August 2008

At Kentville, Nova Scotia, Araniella displicata (Hentz), Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, Philodromus cespiticolis Walckenaer, Paraphidippus marginatus (Walckenaer), and Metaphidippus protervus (Walckenaer) attained reproductive maturity in May and June. Eggs were laid in late June and early July. The young of A. displicata, P. rufus, and M. protervus began to appear in late July, while those of the remaining species began in early August. In A. displicata, P. rufus, P. cespiticolis, and P. marginatus there were two generations containing immature spiders at all times of the year, as indicated by frequency distributions of carapace width. It was concluded that these species are biennial in development. M. protervus, with only one generation containing immatures in any season, is annual.
TRICHODINIDS AND OTHER PARASITIC PROTOZOA FROM THE INTERTIDAL ZONE AT NANAIMO, VANCOUVER ISLAND
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Haemogregarina bigemina Laveran and Mesnil (Sporozoa: Coccidia) is reported from the padded sculpin, Artedius fenestralis Jordan and Gilbert, and Eupoterion pernix MacLennan and Connell (Ciliata: Holotricha) and Scyphidia ubiquita Hirshfield (Ciliata: Peritricha) from the limpet, Acmaea cassis Eschscholtz. These are new host and locality records. Two trichodinids (Ciliata: Peritricha) are described from A. fenestralis. Trichodina vancouverense n. sp. has 16 to 25 (av., 22) denticles with blades averaging 3.0 μ in height, the striated membrane extending for about the same distance beyond them. The diameter of the denticulate ring at the outer limits of the denticles corresponds with the inner diameter of the macronucleus. T. decipiens n. sp. has 23 to 34 (av., 28) denticles, the blades of which average 6.5 μ in height and almost reach the levels of the outer edges of the striated membrane and macronucleus.