bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microcanonical rates from ring-polymer molecular dynamics: Direct-shooting, stationary-phase, and maximum-entropy approaches
Authors: Tao Xuecheng , Shushkov Philip , Miller Thomas F.
Published: March 2020

We address the calculation of microcanonical reaction rates for processes involving significant nuclear quantum effects using ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD), both with and without electronically non-adiabatic transitions. After illustrating the shortcomings of the naive free-particle direct-shooting method, in which the temperature of the internal ring-polymer modes is set to the translational energy scale, we investigate alternative strategies based on the expression for the microcanonical rate in terms of the inverse Laplace transform of the thermal reaction rate. It is shown that simple application of the stationary-phase approximation (SPA) dramatically improves the performance of the microcanonical rates using RPMD, particularly in the low-energy region where tunneling dominates. Using the SPA as a Bayesian prior, numerically exact RPMD microcanonical rates are then obtained using maximum entropy inversion of the thermal reaction rates for both electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic model systems. Finally, the direct-shooting method is revisited using the SPA-determined temperature for the internal ring-polymer modes, leading to a simple, direct-simulation method with improved accuracy in the tunneling regime. This work suggests a general strategy for the extraction of microcanonical dynamical quantities from RPMD (or other approximate thermal) simulations.
Realization of a Heusler alloy Mn2FeAl with B2 ordering
Authors: Lv Bing , Lian Zhongyuan , Miao Yu , Gao Cunxu , Si Mingsu , Xue Desheng , Yu Fucheng , Yao Jinli
Published: March 2020

The electronic structure and the influence of disorder for Mn2FeAl have been studied by first principles calculations. The ground magnetic structure shows an antiparallel arrangement between two Mn atoms. The spin down band structure shows an indirect gap with a width of about 0.334 eV. The result of density of states for different degrees of disorder shows that the disorder could destroy the peak in spin-up states and the gap in spin-down states around Fermi energy. Therefore, the disorder could avoid the Jahn–Teller distortion and stabilize the cubic phase for Mn2FeAl. In experiment, the cubic phase for Mn2FeAl has been epitaxially grown on MgO by molecular beam epitaxy on the MgO substrate. The structural properties have been investigated by x-ray diffraction, which indicates a B2 order of Mn2FeAl. The magnetization and transport properties resulting from the B2 order have been investigated.
Long-range interactions of the ground state muonium with atoms
Authors: Yang H. , Wu M.-S. , Tang L.-Y. , Bromley M. W. J. , Varga K. , Yan Z.-C. , Zhang J.-Y.
Published: March 2020

The scaling relations for the dispersion coefficients of long-range interactions between the Mu(1s)–Mu(1s, 2s, or 2p) systems and the H(1s)–H(1s, 2s, or 2p) systems are obtained using analytical properties of hydrogenic wavefunctions, which allows us to obtain the dispersion coefficients for Mu(1s)–Mu(1s, 2s, or 2p) systems from the corresponding H(1s)–H(1s, 2s, or 2p) systems. Additionally, the dispersion coefficients of long-range interactions of Mu(1s) with the ground-state H, noble gas atoms He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe, alkali-metal atoms Li, Na, K, and Rb, alkaline-earth atoms Be, Mg, Ca, and Sr, and Cu, Ag, F, and Cl atoms are calculated.
Large spin Hall effect and increase in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in artificially synthesized amorphous W/Hf multilayer/CoFeB system
Authors: Saito Yoshiaki , Tezuka Nobuki , Ikeda Shoji , Endoh Tetsuo
Published: March 2020

We studied the spin-Hall effect and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in W/Hf multilayer/CoFeB/MgO and W80Ta20/Hf multilayer/CoFeB/MgO systems and compared them with those in the β-W/CoFeB/MgO system. From the cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, (i) the amorphous structure of W/Hf and W80Ta20/Hf multilayers, (ii) the flat interface between heavy metals and CoFeB, and (iii) highly (100) texture of MgO (1.0 nm) on CoFeB were observed in those multilayer systems. A higher spin-Hall effect and enhancement of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the W/Hf multilayer/CoFeB/MgO system can be achieved compared to the β-W/CoFeB/MgO system. In addition, we found that the resistivity in amorphous W/Hf multilayers is low compared to that in β-W. These results suggest that the artificially synthesized multilayer system is one of the avenues for realizing the heavy metal with a large spin-Hall effect and low resistivity.
Nutritional effects pre-weaning on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of pigs
Authors: Chen Hong , Liu Yan , Li Hui , Fang Zhengfeng , Lin Yan , Xu Shengyu , Li Jian , Feng Bin , Wu De , Che Lianqiang
Published: March 2020

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of nutritional restriction during the suckling period on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of fattening pigs. A one-way experimental design was used. In total, 24 male pigs of normal birthweight (1.54 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly allocated at 7 days of age to three groups: control, fed ad libitum; 30% nutritional restriction (Re30%); and 60% nutritional restriction (Re60%). The Re30% and Re60% groups showed decreased average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio from Day 7 to Day 28. After Day 28, differences in these parameters were observed only in the Re60% group relative to the control. With regard to hormone levels, the Re60% group showed decreased serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 at Day 28 and increased serum concentration of growth hormone at Day 147. Furthermore, the Re60% group had decreased carcass weight, ham weight and dressing percentage, and increased carcass lean percentage relative to the control, as well as lower cross-sectional area and myofibre diameter of muscle. The Re60% group had lower levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIx and MyHC IIb mRNA and a higher percentage of MyHC I and MyHC IIa mRNA in longissimus dorsi muscle than the Re30% group. In conclusion, nutritional restriction during the suckling period decreased weaning weight, with post-weaning growth performance, carcass traits and myofibre type affected in the Re60% group rather than Re30% group.
Resveratrol alleviates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal morphology, barrier integrity and inflammation in yellow-feather broilers
Authors: He Shaoping , Chen Liang , He Yujia , Chen Fu , Ma Yujing , Xiao Dingfu , He Jianhua
Published: March 2020

Context Heat stress is one of the problems commonly found in broiler industry in tropic and subtropic regions that results in impairment of intestinal integrity, leading to inflammation and poor performance. Aims This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary resveratrol supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and barrier integrity, and inflammation response of yellow-feather broilers under heat stress. Methods In total, 288 birds (28-day-old) were randomly allotted to three treatment groups, with six replicates. A thermo-neutral group (24 ± 2°C) received a basal diet and two heat-stressed groups (37 ± 2°C for 8 h/day and 24 ± 2°C for the remaining time) were fed the basal diet (HT) or basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg resveratrol for 14 consecutive days. Key results Compared with the thermo-neutral group, birds in the HT group had a decreased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake, average daily gain, villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio, mRNA concentrations of mucin-2, secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA), claudin-1,zona occludens-1 and serum concentrations of interferon γ, and increased (P < 0.05) feed to gain ratio, crypt depth, mRNA levels of expression of heat-shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP90, nuclear factor kappa B, mucin-4, claudin-2 and serum concentrations of endotoxin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α on Day 3 and Day 14, except for claudin-1 on Day 14 and TNF-α on Day 3 (P > 0.05). Compared with HT group, birds in HT supplemented with resveratrol group decreased (P < 0.05) crypt depth (in jejunum on Day 3, ileum on Day 14), mRNA levels of expression of HSP70, HSP90, nuclear factor kappa B, mucin-4, claudin-2 and serum concentrations of endotoxin, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (+11%), average daily gain (+22%) and villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio, mRNA levels of expression of mucin-2, sIgA, claudin-1,zona occludens-1 and serum concentrations of interferon γ, although with few fluctuations between Day 3 and Day 14. Conclusions Dietary supplementation of resveratrol was effective in partially alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in yellow-feather broilers, by restoring the impaired villus-crypt structure, altering the mRNA expression of intestinal HSPs, mucins, sIgA and tight junction-related gene, and inhibiting secretion of pro-inflammation cytokines. Implications Dietary resveratrol supplementation is a considerable nutritional strategy to anti-stress in animal production.
Investigation of CO2 Adsorption on Triethylenetetramine Modified Adsorbents of TETA(n)/Zr-TSCD
Authors: Yang Fan-Ming , Liao Min , Long Chang-Hua , Fu Jian-Bin , Zhu Xiao-Yan
Published: March 2020

In the present study, a new type of material of Zr-TSCD was first synthesized and modified with different amounts of triethylenetetramine (TETA). The properties of the adsorbents were characterised with X-ray diffraction, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption, energy dispersion spectrum, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results suggested that Zr-TSCD (TSCD=Na3C6H5O7·2H2O) was successfully synthesized through the coordination of Zr atoms from ZrOCl2·8H2O and O species in –COO– groups. After functionalization with TETA, the structure of Zr-TSCD was preserved and the adsorption capacity of CO2 was enhanced dramatically. At 75°C, TETA(30)/Zr-TSCD achieved a maximum absorption capacity of 175.1mg g−1 in a stream of 10mL min−1 CO2. The adsorption capacity ratio of CO2/N2, CO2/O2, and CO2/SO2 was 10.5, 7.4, and 1.2, respectively. In addition, the adsorption capacity of CO2 remained stable during 10 adsorption–desorption cycles.
Serial tests of T-cell function predict long-term survival in an elderly cohort from a Scottish general practice
Authors: Murdoch J. C. , Elwood M. , Aye Phyu Sin
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTIONThe care of the elderly presents serious challenges to general practice. In 1979, the first author took over the care of a general practice in Scotland where 21% of registered patients were elderly. This resulted in a high workload and prompted research into how this might be mitigated.
AIMTo measure serial tests of T-cell function in these individuals in order to identify those whose immune response was impaired and assess the effect of this in a long term follow up.
METHODSThis research comprised two phases. In the assessment phase (1979–82), patients were invited to have a 3-monthly visit from a research nurse where clinical measurements were made and blood taken for immunological tests of lymphocyte proliferation after culture with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). For each patient, all records were surveyed and problems identified. In the follow-up phase (post 1982), all deaths were assessed with complete life-long follow up.
RESULTSOf 405 people originally invited to participate in this research, 314 (78%) agreed and 246 (153 female, 93 male) entered the follow-up phase and were followed for 36.5 years. Factors significantly associated with lower survival were age, male sex, diastolic blood pressure, current smoking and poor immune function, as demonstrated by the percentage of negative responses in at least six PHA tests. Considered in four groups by percentage of failing tests, the lowest group had a life span 4 years shorter than the highest (P<0.01). The four groups did not differ significantly in general practitioner workload, diagnosed problems or causes of death.
DISCUSSIONPoor cellular immune function was associated with poor survival over lifetime follow up of >30 years. A sensitive, specific and longitudinally consistent measure of T-cell function is required to predict who may be at risk of poorer survival within our practices.
Precision health through prediction modelling: factors to consider before implementing a prediction model in clinical practice
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammad Z. I. , Turin Tanvir C.
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTIONPrecision medical practice emphasises early detection, improved surveillance and prevention through targeted intervention. Prediction models can help identify high-risk individuals to be targeted for healthy behavioural changes or medical treatment to prevent disease development and assist both health professionals and patients to make informed decisions. Concerns exist regarding the adequacy, accuracy, validity and reliability of prediction models.
AIMThe purpose of this study is to introduce readers to the basic concept of prediction modelling in precision health and recommend factors to consider before implementing a prediction model in clinical practice.
METHODSPrediction models developed maintaining proper process and with quality prediction and validation can be used in clinical practice to improve patient care.
RESULTSAspects of prediction models that should be considered before implementation include: appropriateness of the model for the intended purpose; adequacy of the model; validation, face validity and clinical impact studies of the model; a parsimonious model with data easily measured in clinical settings; and easily accessible models with decision support for successful implementation.
DISCUSSIONChoosing clinical prediction models requires cautious consideration and several practical factors before implementing a model in clinical practice.
Reproductive health research in Australia and New Zealand: highlights from the Annual Meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology, 2019
Authors: Winship Amy , Donoghue Jacqueline , Houston Brendan J. , Martin Jacinta H. , Lord Tessa , Adwal Alaknanda , Gonzalez Macarena , Desroziers Elodie , Ahmad Gulfam , Richani Dulama , Bromfield Elizabeth G.
Published: March 2020

The 2019 meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology (SRB) provided a platform for the dissemination of new knowledge and innovations to improve reproductive health in humans, enhance animal breeding efficiency and understand the effect of the environment on reproductive processes. The effects of environment and lifestyle on fertility and animal behaviour are emerging as the most important modern issues facing reproductive health. Here, we summarise key highlights from recent work on endocrine-disrupting chemicals and diet- and lifestyle-induced metabolic changes and how these factors affect reproduction. This is particularly important to discuss in the context of potential effects on the reproductive potential that may be imparted to future generations of humans and animals. In addition to key summaries of new work in the male and female reproductive tract and on the health of the placenta, for the first time the SRB meeting included a workshop on endometriosis. This was an important opportunity for researchers, healthcare professionals and patient advocates to unite and provide critical updates on efforts to reduce the effect of this chronic disease and to improve the welfare of the women it affects. These new findings and directions are captured in this review.
Estimated uptake of hepatitis C direct-acting antiviral treatment among individuals with HIV co-infection in Australia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Iranpour Nima , Dore Gregory J. , Martinello Marianne , Matthews Gail V. , Grebely Jason , Hajarizadeh Behzad
Published: March 2020

Background
Unrestricted access to direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been available in Australia since March 2016. Individuals with HIV–HCV co-infection are at a greater risk of liver fibrosis progression. This study estimated DAA treatment uptake among individuals with HIV–HCV co-infection, during the first year of DAA treatment access in Australia. Methods: Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data on dispensed DAA and antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescriptions from March 2016 to March 2017 were used for analysis. Results: During March 2016 to March 2017, a total of 935 individuals with HIV–HCV co-infection were receiving ART and initiated DAA treatment, with 93% to 97% completing their prescribed course. Estimated DAA treatment uptake in the HIV–HCV-infected population was 41% (935/2290). Most were men (94%). Median age was 50 years. DAA treatment was initiated by specialists in 64% of cases (n = 602), and by general practitioners (GPs) in 25% of cases (n = 238). The proportion of individuals initiated on DAA by GPs increased from 20% in March–April 2016 to 26% in January–March 2017. Most specialists (77%) and GPs (72%) initiated DAA treatment for one to three patients. Among individuals initiated on DAA by GPs, 68% received their ART prescription from the same GP. Conclusions: A high level of DAA treatment uptake and completion was observed among individuals with HIV–HCV co-infection during the first year of DAA treatment access. The proportion of individuals prescribed DAA by GPs increased over time; this is important for broadened access.
Exchangeable cation effects on hot water extractable carbon and nitrogen in agricultural soils
Authors: Curtin Denis , Qiu Weiwen , Peterson Michelle E. , Beare Mike H. , Anderson Craig R. , Chantigny Martin H.
Published: March 2020

Hot water is believed to extract bio-available soil organic matter (SOM), including organic compounds from the biomass of soil microbes. The role of soil physico-chemical factors in relation to extractability of SOM in hot water is not well understood. We evaluated the influence of exchangeable sodium (Na) on the quantity and quality of organic matter extracted in hot water from soils with a range of total and extractable C (total C 19–60 g kg–1; hot water extractable C (HWC) 659–3292 mg kg–1). The soils were pre-treated with different rates of Na (0–156 cmolc kg–1, as NaCl) to establish a range of exchangeable Na percentages (ESP), and then extracted with hot water (80°C) for 16 h. Hot water extractable C increased linearly as ESP increased, but the rate of increase differed between soils (the increase in HWC per unit increase in ESP ranged within 19–71 mg kg–1). At ESP 15, a threshold used to separate sodic and non-sodic soils, HWC was 30–60% greater than that measured without added Na. Ultraviolet absorbance (260 nm) data indicated that aromatic organic matter was preferentially released following Na pre-treatment. The proportion of HWC in phenolic form was generally little affected by Na treatment but there was a consistent increase in protein in response to Na (hot water extractable organic N in protein form increased from an average of 5.5 ± 2.2% without added Na to 11.0 ± 3.6% at the highest Na rate). The Na-induced increases in UV absorbance may be largely attributable to release of proteins containing aromatic amino acids (tryptophan and tyrosine). Our results suggest that organic matter desorbed from mineral surfaces may be an important contributor to hot water extractable C and N, and factors that affect the adsorption–desorption process may significantly influence organic matter extractability in hot water.
Taking DDL online
Authors: Crosthwaite Peter
Published: March 2020

This paper describes the rationale, design and implementation of a short private online course (SPOC) on
data-driven learning (DDL) (Johns, 1991), focusing on L2 error correction in
postgraduate academic writing and involving over 300 registered users. I discuss the affordances of using a SPOC platform (namely
EdX) for online DDL training, describing activities that cover a range of useful strategies for DDL-led error
detection and correction. Learners’ usage of the SPOC platform and their quantitative and qualitative perceptions of the course
are described for the reader. The paper also outlines certain conceptual and methodological challenges involved in taking DDL
instruction online.
Do the parallels meet?
Authors: Danylenko Andrii
Published: March 2020

The paper is concerned with the origin and the development of the Accusative with Infinitive (AcI) construction in Slavic. Looking into the areal-typological, diachronic, and socio-typological parameters of the AcI construction, the author introduces new Slavic dialectal and comparative material and reconstructs the developmental cline of this construction along two parallel pathways of grammaticalization of the second accusative complement in Proto-Indo-European. The grammaticalization of infinitival complementation, typical primarily of those Slavic varieties which acquired secondary analytical features, is distinguished from the grammaticalization of participial complementation which is commonly attested in the history of low-contact Slavic languages and dialects like Southwest Ukrainian and some Polish dialects. Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between infinitival and participial grammaticalization in the history of Slavic standard and non-standard varieties, which allows the author to substantiate an initial switching between the two pathways as attested in Old Church Slavonic and early standard varieties of (West) Slavic.
Language contact and language borrowing?
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L. M.
Published: March 2020

This study investigates the potential influence of Latin syntax on the development of analytic verb forms in a well-defined and concrete instance of language contact, the Old French translation of a Latin Gospel. The data show that the formation of verb forms in the Old French was remarkably independent from the Latin original. While the Old French text closely follows the narrative of the Latin Gospel, its usage of compound verb forms is not dictated by the source text, as reflected e.g. in the quasi-omnipresence of the relative sequencefinite verb+pp, which – with a few exceptions – all trace back to a different structure in the Latin text. Engels (VerenigdeStaten) Another important innovative difference in the Old French is the widespread use ofaveir‘have’ as an auxiliary, unknown in Latin. The article examines in detail the relation between the verbal forms in the two texts, showing that the translation is in line withofgrammar. The usage of compound verb forms in the Old French Gospel is therefore autonomous rather than contact stimulated, let alone contact induced. The results challengeBlatt’s (1957)assumption identifying compound verb forms as a shared feature in European languages that should be ascribed to Latin influence.
What makes a good story?
Authors: Petersen Charlotte
Published: March 2020

People do things with words, but words also touch people. Aiming to analyze socially preferable linguistic
characteristics, the present study exemplifies and explicates the text-linguistically salient characteristics in a narrative most
frequently evaluated as ‘appropriate’ by the majority of a Danish population. Asked what is appropriate or inappropriate in a
narrative context, the background population repeatedly explained “coherence”, “fiction” and “details” as contextually appropriate
(Appendix 1). Salient in the preferred narrative was the use of co-textual enhancement,
in which one clause enhances the meaning of another one by qualifying it in various ways. In particular, meaning was enhanced by
having cause and effect rationally explicated by subordinating specifications prompting coherence, cohesion, and details.
Additionally, a considerable level of social realism was salient in this narrative, while the background population’s preference
for fiction may allude to the socio-contextual recognizability that made the narrative easily imaginable as a possible world.
Orthographic variation as evidence for the development of the Linear B writing system
Authors: Judson Anna P.
Published: March 2020

This paper investigates the issue of orthographic variation in the Linear B writing system in order to explore ways in which studying a writing system’s orthographic conventions may shed light on the history of its development. Linear B was used in the palatial/administrative centres of Late Bronze Age Greece and Crete (c.1400–1200 B.C.E.) and records an early Greek dialect known as ‘Mycenaean’. The writing system’s structure and orthographic conventions permit flexibility in the spelling of particular phonological sequences: this paper discusses the varying orthographic representation of such sequences and shows that synchronic variation is common or even the norm in many cases. Investigating the factors which underlie this variation demonstrates the potential for a study of synchronic variation to illuminate a writing system’s diachronic development; it also underlines the importance of analysing the ways in which writers actually choose to use writing systems in order to fully understand their development.
More than an alphabet
Authors: Pae Hye K. , Bae Sungbong , Yi Kwangoh
Published: March 2020

The Korean Hangul writing system conforms to the alphabetic principle to the extent that its graphs (i.e., its
minimal orthographic components) represent phonemes, but it differs from the standard convention of alphabetic orthography by
configuring its syllables as blocks. This paper describes the orthographic, phonological, and morphological characteristics of the
Korean language and Hangul and reviews a selection of psycholinguistic studies that have investigated Hangul word recognition. In
contrast to the results of studies employing Roman alphabetic orthographies, the reviewed evidence highlights at sublexical levels
both the dominance of syllable-based processing and a propensity to process CVC syllables as body (CV) plus coda (C) units rather
than as onset (C) plus rime (VC) units, which together indicate a script-specific decoding of Hangul words. Although the
morphological characteristics of Korean have yet to be fully investigated, consistent with the fact that approximately 70 percent
of the Korean lexicon consists of Sino-Korean vocabulary, studies have also observed morphological effects on Hangul word
recognition. Based on the psycholinguistic evidence reviewed, this paper concludes by proposing to refer to Hangul as a
morphosyllabic alphabet writing system, to the extent that the term appears to adequately capture the
orthographic, phonological, and morphological characteristics of the script.
On the notions of graphematic representation and orthography from the perspective of the Japanese writing
system
Authors: Joyce Terry , Masuda Hisashi
Published: March 2020

This paper addresses two closely related topics for understanding the highly fungible nature of written Japanese.
The first is to consider the relative merits of the notions of graphematic representation and orthography with respect to the
Japanese writing system (JWS). The second issue is to advocate an inclusive notion of intentionality, which together with the
notion of conventionality, provides an approach to thinking about the pervasive nature of graphematic variation within the JWS.
Accordingly, the principle Japanese orthographic conventions are outlined in Part 3, while the more substantive Part 4 presents a
tentative classification of the various factors of intentionality that also exert considerable influence over contemporary written
Japanese.
Developing a unified orthography for Berawan
Authors: Burkhardt Jey Lingam , Burkhardt Jürgen Martin
Published: March 2020

Berawan is a small ethnic community, numbering fewer than 4,000 members, in the Malaysian state of Sarawak on Borneo Island. There are four language varieties; namely, Long Jegan (LJG), Batu Belah (BB), Long Teru (LTU) and Long Terawan (LTN). This paper describes the development of the preliminary unified Berawan orthography by the authors, in collaboration with representatives from three Berawan communities (BB, LTU and LJG). Smalley’s (1959,1965) criteria for orthography development are discussed in relation to the authors’ stage framework for orthographic development, which has been adapted fromRempel (1995)within the context of developing the Berawan orthography and the orthographic decisions made by the Berawan. Two additional factors for orthography implementation are proposed. The first stresses the importance of adequate testing, which is essential for both obtaining objective measurements to inform decision making and establishing a well-designed and effective orthography. The second new factor emphasizes the importance of having sufficient time available to learn the developed orthography.
Repeated sprint cycling performance is not enhanced by ischaemic preconditioning or muscle heating strategies
Authors: Cocking Scott , Ihsan Mohammed , Jones Helen , Hansen Clint , Timothy Cable N. , Thijssen Dick H. J. , Wilson Mathew G.
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Both ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) and muscle heat maintenance can be effective in enhancing repeated‐sprint performance (RSA) when applied individually, acting mechanisms of these interventions, however, likely differ. It is unclear if, when combined, these interventions could further improve RSA. Methods: Eleven trained cyclists undertook experimental test sessions, whereby IPC (4 × 5‐min at 220 mmHg) and SHAM (4 × 5‐min at 20 mmHg) were each performed on two separate visits, each combined with either passive muscle heating or thermoneutral insulation prior to an “all‐out” repeated‐sprint task (10 × 6‐s sprints with 24‐s recovery). Primary outcome measures were peak and average power output (W), whist secondary measures were muscular activation and muscular oxygenation, measured via Electromyography (EMG) and Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), respectively. Results: IPC did not enhance peak [6 (−14–26)W; P = 0.62] or average [12 (−7–31)W; P = 0.28] power output versus SHAM. Additionally, no performance benefits were observed when increasing muscle temperature in combination with IPC [5 (−14–19) watts; P = 0.67], or in isolation to IPC [9 (−9–28)W; P = 0.4] versus SHAM. No changes in EMG or microvascular changes were present (P > 0.05, respectively) between conditions. Conclusion: Overall, neither IPC, muscle heating, or a combination of both enhances RSA cycling performance in trained individuals.
Phase coherent transport and spin-orbit interaction in GaAs/InSb core/shell nanowires
Authors: Zellekens Patrick , Demarina Natalia , Janßen Johanna , Rieger Torsten , Ion Lepsa Mihail , Perla Pujitha , Panaitov Gregory , Lüth Hans , Grützmacher Detlev , Schäpers Thomas
Published: March 2020

Low-temperature magnetotransport measurements are performed on GaAs/InSb core–shell nanowires. The nanowires were self-catalyzed grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The conductance measurements as a function of back-gate voltage show an ambipolar behavior comprising an insulating range in between the transition from the p-type to the n-type region. Simulations based on a self-consistent Schrödinger–Poisson solver revealed that the ambipolar characteristics originate from a Fermi level dependent occupation of hole and electron states within the approximately circular quantum well formed in the InSb shell. By applying a perpendicular magnetic field with respect to the nanowire axis, conductance fluctuations were observed, which are used to extract the phase-coherence length. By averaging the magneto-conductance traces at different back-gate voltages, weak antilocalization features are resolved. Regular flux-periodic conductance oscillations are measured when an axial magnetic field is applied. These oscillations are attributed to closed-loop quantized states located in the InSb shell which shift their energetic position periodically with the magnetic flux. Possible reasons for experimentally observed variations in the oscillation patterns are discussed using simulation results.
Wavelength stabilized high pulse power 48 emitter laser bars for automotive light detection and ranging application
Authors: Klehr Andreas , Liero Armin , Christopher Heike , Wenzel Hans , Maaßdorf Andre , Della Casa Pietro , Fricke Jörg , Ginolas Arnim , Knigge Andrea
Published: March 2020

Diode lasers generating optical pulses with high peak power and lengths in the nanosecond range are key components for light detection and ranging systems, e.g. for autonomous driving and object detection. We present here an internally wavelength stabilized distributed Bragg reflector broad area laser bar with 48 emitters. The vertical structure based on AlGaAs (confinement and cladding layers) and InGaAs (active quantum well) is specifically optimized for wavelength-stabilized pulsed operation, applying a surface Bragg grating with high reflectivity. The bar is electrically driven by a new in-house developed high-speed driver based on GaN transistors providing current pulses with amplitudes of up to 1000 A and a repetition frequency of 10 kHz. The generated 4 ns to 10 ns long optical pulses are nearly rectangular shaped and reach a pulse peak power in excess of 600 Watts at 25 °C. The optical spectrum with a centre wavelength of about 900 nm has a width of 0.15 nm (FWHM) with a side mode suppression ratio > 30 dB.
Non-equilibrium growth of metal clusters on a layered material: Cu on MoS2
Authors: Jing Dapeng , Lii-Rosales Ann , Lai King C , Li Qiang , Kim Jaeyoun , Tringides Michael C , Evans James W , Thiel Patricia A
Published: March 2020

We use a variety of experimental techniques to characterize Cu clusters on bulk MoS2 formed via physical vapor deposition of Cu in ultrahigh vacuum, at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 900 K. We find that large facetted clusters grow at elevated temperatures, using high Cu exposures. The cluster size distribution is bimodal, and under some conditions, large clusters are surrounded by a denuded zone. We propose that defect-mediated nucleation, and coarsening during deposition, are both operative in this system. At 780 K, a surprising type of facetted cluster emerges, and at 900 K this type predominates: pyramidal clusters with a triangular base, exposing (311) planes as side facets. This is a growth shape, rather than an equilibrium shape.
Interaction of supersonic molecular beam with low-temperature plasma*
Authors: Liu Dong , Qu Guo-Feng , Wang Zhan-Hui , Wang Hua-Jie , Liu Hao , Wang Yi-Zhou , Xu Zi-Xu , Li Min , Yang Chao-Wen , Liu Xing-Quan , Lin Wei-Ping , Yan Min , Huang Yu , Zhu Yu-Xuan , Xu Min , Han Ji-Feng
Published: March 2020

The interaction between the supersonic molecular beam (SMB) and the low-temperature plasma is a critical issue for the diagnosis and fueling in the Tokamak device. In this work, the interaction process between the argon SMB and the argon plasma is studied by a high-speed camera based on the Linear Experimental Advanced Device (LEAD) in Southwestern Institute of Physics, China. It is found that the high-density SMB can extinct the plasma temporarily and change the distribution of the plasma density significantly, while the low-density SMB can hardly affect the distribution of plasma density. This can be used as an effective diagnostic technique to study the evolution of plasma density in the interaction between the SMB and plasma. Moreover, the related simulation based on this experiment is carried out to better understand the evolution of electron density and ion density in the interaction. The simulation results can be used to analyze and explain the experimental results well.
Modification of the Peierls–Nabarro model for misfit dislocation*
Authors: Zhang Shujun , Wang Shaofeng
Published: March 2020

For a misfit dislocation, the balance equations satisfied by the displacement fields are modified, and an extra term proportional to the second-order derivative appears in the resulting misfit equation compared with the equation derived by Yao et al. This second-order derivative describes the lattice discreteness effect that arises from the surface effect. The core structure of a misfit dislocation and the change in interfacial spacing that it induces are investigated theoretically in the framework of an improved Peierls–Nabarro equation in which the effect of discreteness is fully taken into account. As an application, the structure of the misfit dislocation for a honeycomb structure in a two-dimensional heterostructure is presented.
Climate change is increasing the likelihood of extreme autumn wildfire conditions across California
Authors: Goss Michael , Swain Daniel L , Abatzoglou John T , Sarhadi Ali , Kolden Crystal A , Williams A Park , Diffenbaugh Noah S
Published: March 2020

California has experienced devastating autumn wildfires in recent years. These autumn wildfires have coincided with extreme fire weather conditions during periods of strong offshore winds coincident with unusually dry vegetation enabled by anomalously warm conditions and late onset of autumn precipitation. In this study, we quantify observed changes in the occurrence and magnitude of meteorological factors that enable extreme autumn wildfires in California, and use climate model simulations to ascertain whether these changes are attributable to human-caused climate change. We show that state-wide increases in autumn temperature (∼1 °C) and decreases in autumn precipitation (∼30%) over the past four decades have contributed to increases in aggregate fire weather indices (+20%). As a result, the observed frequency of autumn days with extreme (95th percentile) fire weather—which we show are preferentially associated with extreme autumn wildfires—has more than doubled in California since the early 1980s. We further find an increase in the climate model-estimated probability of these extreme autumn conditions since ∼1950, including a long-term trend toward increased same-season co-occurrence of extreme fire weather conditions in northern and southern California. Our climate model analyses suggest that continued climate change will further amplify the number of days with extreme fire weather by the end of this century, though a pathway consistent with the UN Paris commitments would substantially curb that increase. Given the acute societal impacts of extreme autumn wildfires in recent years, our findings have critical relevance for ongoing efforts to manage wildfire risks in California and other regions.
Root oxygen mitigates methane fluxes in tropical peatlands
Authors: Girkin Nicholas T , Vane Christopher H , Turner Benjamin L , Ostle Nicholas J , Sjögersten Sofie
Published: March 2020

Tropical peatlands are a globally important source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Vegetation is critical in regulating fluxes, providing a conduit for emissions and regular carbon inputs. However, plant roots also release oxygen, which might mitigate methane efflux through oxidation prior to emission from the peat surface. Here we show, using in situ mesocosms, that root exclusion can reduce methane fluxes by a maximum of 92% depending on species, likely driven by the significant decrease in root inputs of oxygen and changes in the balance of methane transport pathways. Methanotroph abundance decreased with reduced oxygen input, demonstrating a likely mechanism for the observed response. These first methane oxidation estimates for a tropical peatland demonstrate that although plants provide an important pathway for methane loss, this can be balanced by the influence of root oxygen inputs that mitigate peat surface methane emissions.
Mass gaps and braneworlds*
Authors: Stelle K S
Published: March 2020

Remembering the foundational contributions of Peter Freund to supergravity, and especially to the problems of dimensional compactification, reduction is considered with a non-compact space transverse to the lower dimensional theory. The known problem of a continuum of Kaluza–Klein states is avoided here by the occurrence of a mass gap between a single normalizable zero-eigenvalue transverse wavefunction and the edge of the transverse state continuum. This style of reduction does not yield a formally consistent truncation to the lower dimensional theory, so developing the lower-dimensional effective theory requires integrating out the Kaluza–Klein states lying above the mass gap.
A new single crystal high entropy alloy with excellent high-temperature tensile property
Authors: Chen Huaqiang , Yuan Xiaotan , Ren Weili , Peng Jianchao , Ding Biao , Zheng Tianxiang , Yu Jianbo , Liaw Peter K , Zhong Yunbo
Published: March 2020

A new single crystal high entropy alloy is developed and produced using Bridgman directional-solidification and seed-crystal method. The microstructure exhibits the directional dendrite morphology and is mainly composed of the FCC matrix and the L12 ordered precipitates. Its high-temperature yield strengths are far higher than those of the first-generation single crystal superalloys, and close to those of the second- generation ones. The solid-solution strengthening effect from the high content of W and Mo, as well as the precipitation strengthening effect from the combined addition of Al, Ti, Ta, and Nb, should be responsible for the excellent high-temperature strength of the investigated alloy.
Modification in properties of Ni-NWs meshes by Ar+ ions beam irradiation
Authors: Honey S , Asim J , Ahmad I , Zhao T K , Maaza M , Naseem S
Published: March 2020

Influence of 30 kilo-electron-volt (keV) Argon (Ar+) ions on optical and electrical properties of nickel nanowires (Ni-NWs) meshes is being reported. Ni-NWs are being exposed to 30 keV Argon (Ar+) ions at various beam fluencies. These fluencies of Ar+ ions are 7 × 1014 ions cm−2, 3 × 1015 ions cm−2 and 3 × 1016 ions cm−2. After irradiation, Ni-NWs meshes were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy technique (TEM). The structural analysis has been done through X-ray diffraction technique. It is found from TEM results that atoms are sputtered out from surfaces of Ni-NWs due to collision cascade effect persistently and lead to reduce the diameters or thicknesses of Ni-NWs. X-ray diffraction results reveal that crystalline quality is reduced under Ar+ ions irradiation which may be due to defects induced in Ni-NWs as a result of collision cascade effect. The Ni-NWs meshes are characterized optically and electrically through UV–VIS spectroscopy and four probe techniques. The optical transparencies of Ni-NWs meshes are increasing with increase in beam fluence of Ar+ ions. The electrical conductivity of the mesh is decreased continuously with increment in beam fluence of Ar+ ions which might be due to production of defects in Ni-NWs. The tuning of optical transparency and electrical conductivity of Ni-NWs meshes is required for their application as successful transparent electrodes in optoelectronic nanodevices.
An improved micro-thermo-mechanics model for shape memory alloys: analysis and applications
Authors: Manzoor Tareq , Zafar Muhammad , Manzoor Sanaullah , Manzoor Habib Ullah , Ali Muddassir , Kim Woo Young
Published: March 2020

In this paper, micro-mechanics of shape memory alloys (SMA) is investigated for design of smart structure and devices, based upon three dimensional constitutive model. In this work, a micro-mechanics based approach is presented. A modification in temperature field of the above model is proposed, where temperature is taken as function of time. Thermal parameters corresponding to transformation temperatures are introduced here. The model solution is presented for the of a set of initial and boundary conditions based upon any type of thermal parameters. Three particular cases for different thermal and structural loading-stresses are presented here. The solution given here expresses the response of smart dampers for various thermal and structural loading conditions. Moreover, the applications of this system were also investigated.
Benefit of porous silica nanoreactor in preparation of fluorescence carbon dots from citric acid
Authors: Mikhraliieva Albina , Zaitsev Vladimir , Aucélio Ricardo Q , da Motta Henrique B , Nazarkovsky Michael
Published: March 2020

A facile and robust synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) emitting blue-light in water without activation and stabilization has been developed by pyrolysis of citric acid (CA) adsorbed in silica gel (SiO2) pores. Effect of the host pore size on luminescent properties of SiO2@CDs nanocomposite as well as water suspension of CDs has been studied. The synthesis conditions such as concentration of the precursor, duration of synthesis also have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that upon the thermal treatment of silica gels saturated with CA (60% of maximum loading) at 170 °C for 5–600 min, luminescent CDs are shaped inside the nanoreactor pores. These SiO2@CDs emit photoluminescence centered at 450 nm. Silica-immobilized CDs can be separated from the source molecules and side-products by centrifugation, which allows avoiding the dialysis of the resulted mixture and so improve the scaling of the synthesis. The CDs can be easily released from SiO2@CDs by washing it with water. Water-eluted CDs demonstrate photoluminescence at 447 nm. The smaller pore size of the host and longer time of thermal treatment promote the formation of the CDs with better photoluminescent peak symmetry and higher quantum yield up to 10.1%.
Spatially varying relationships between immigration measures and property crime Types in Vancouver Census Tracts, 2016
Authors: Andresen Martin A , Ha Olivia K
Published: March 2020

We empirically test for spatial heterogeneity or local effects of multiple immigration measures on various property crime classification across Vancouver census tracts, 2016. Using spatially referenced property crime data and census data, we use geographically weighted regression to investigate the neighbourhood-level effects of immigration on crime. We find that estimated parameters vary across space, but these local immigration effects do not always vary significantly at the local level. Overall, significant spatial variation in the effects of immigration on property crime is present. These are important for policy and theory. The identification of varied spatial patterns of immigration effects on crime may help explain some of the inconsistent/disparate results found in neighbourhood-level studies on immigration and crime.