bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABM-based emergency evacuation modeling during urban pluvial floods: A “7.20” pluvial flood event study in Zhengzhou, Henan Province
Authors: Yang Yuhan
Published: February 2023

Increasing urban pluvial flood disasters due to climate change and rapid urbanisation have been a great challenge worldwide. Timely and effective emergency evacuation is important for reducing casualties and losses. This has become a bottleneck for emergency management. This study aimed to develop a commonly used Agent-Based Mode (ABM) for pluvial flood emergency evacuation at the city scale, exploring the cascading impacts of pluvial flooding on human behaviour and emergency evacuation. The July 2021 pluvial flood event in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, claiming 380 lives and 40.9 billion yuan in direct losses, was selected as this case study. A raster-based hydraulic model (ECNU Flood-Urban) was used to predict flood inundation (extent and depth) during an event in Zhengzhou’s centre. Moreover, a comparative analysis of emergency evacuations was conducted before and after the pluvial flood event. The results showed that crowd behaviour plays an important role in emergency evacuation, and extensive flooding leads to an 11–83% reduction in the number of evacuees. This study highlights the importance of risk education and contingency plans in emergency response. The ABM model developed in this study is proven to be effective and practical and will provide support for decision-making in urban flood emergency management.
Coseismic off-fault antithetic shear deformation in southwestern Taiwan triggered by the 2016 Mw 6.4 Meinong earthquake
Authors: Rau Ruey-Juin , Lai Li-Chia , Ching Kuo-En
Published: February 2023

We used 70 campaign-mode, 12 continuous and 6 high-rate GNSS and InSAR data to examine the coseismic off-fault antithetic shear triggered by the 2016 Mw 6.4 Meinong oblique thrust earthquake at the Hsinhua fault area, ~30 km northwest of the epicenter. The GNSS and InSAR data were inverted to estimate the 3D coseismic displacement field at the Tainan frontal fold-thrust belt, where the deformation is mostly affected by the directivity along the rupture front direction of the Meinong earthquake. The coseismic deformation pattern shows dominantly synthetic shear along the rupture direction, on the contrary, a nearly N-S striking, 7-km-long and 5-km-wide area indicating antithetic motion appeared at northeast of the Tainan tableland and cross-cutting the ENE-WSW-striking Hsinhua fault at a high angle. The N-S striking structure at the Hsinhua fault area reveals coseismic horizontal displacements of 3.0-7.0 cm to the southeast and vertical displacements of 0.4 to 4.4 cm, and although in the opposite direction, the magnitude of horizontal displacements of the antithetic shear are comparable to those of the synthetic motion in the adjacent areas. We calculated the static Coulomb stress change on the possible west-dipping shallow structure at the Hsinhua area due to slip on the source fault of the 2016 Meinong earthquake. The calculated static stress change is about 0.05 bar, which is negligible and very unlikely to promote the structure or bedding to slip at 30-km away for such a moderate earthquake. We also processed 6 high-rate, two 50-Hz and four 1-Hz, GNSS data for the PPP displacement and SNIVEL GPS-derived velocities, in that two stations, one 50-Hz and one 1-Hz, are located inside the block with antithetic motion. The high-rate GNSS solutions indicate that the displacements occurred at the same time when the P and S waves arrived, and velocity pulses up to 90.0 cm/s appeared at all six stations. We suggest that, as evidenced by large velocity pulses resulted from the strong directivity effect, the dynamic stress change caused by the rupture of the 2016 Meinong earthquake triggered the structure 30-km away.
Extreme rainfall events in Morocco: spatio-temporal characteristics and climate drivers
Authors: Chaqdid Abdelaziz , Tuel Alexandre , EL Fatimy Abdelouahed , EL Moçayd Nabil
Published: February 2023

Extreme precipitation drives a series of natural disasters such as floods, flash floods, landslides, or crop losses. These disasters directly impact people's lives, their homes, and their food security. Located at the edge of the subtropics, on the northern edge of the Sahara desert, Morocco is particularly vulnerable to extreme precipitation. Indeed, between 1951 and 2015, Morocco experienced more than 35 major floods, which resulted in significant material and human losses. Understanding the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation is key to better predicting and mitigating the risks associated with extreme precipitation events (EPEs). Yet, the spatio-temporal distribution and physical drivers of extreme precipitation in Morocco remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we apply temporal and spatial clustering methods to precipitation data from the ERA5 database as well as from observational databases to identify the main drivers of EPEs in Morocco. We find that Morocco exhibits five spatially coherent regions in terms of EPE timing, corresponding to mixed influences of large-scale extratropical and tropical weather systems. Indeed, EPEs in northern regions are caused by weather patterns similar to the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), associated with strong upper air flow enhanced by Greenland blocking and Rossby wave breaking (RWB). By contrast, extreme precipitation in southern regions is associated with tropical-extratropical interactions. There, EPEs are linked to an intense water vapor transport from the tropics and a relatively weak upper air flow.
Rapid restoration of spoil ground along expressways through a combination of vetiver grass cultivation and fertilization
Authors: Bai Lulu , Shi Peng
Published: February 2023

Soil degradation of the spoil ground generated during the construction of expressways is a serious concern, and the ecological environment of the mound created by the unplanned piling of abandoned soil is poor. Revegetation could quickly and efficiently restore the ecological environment of the spoil ground. This study aimed to explore the direct and indirect effects of different fertilization treatments on the remediation of spoil ground soil using vetiver grass, and determine the most appropriate combination of fertilizers to help repair the ecological environment of the spoil ground. To study the changes in the physicochemical properties, enzyme activity, microorganisms in rhizosphere soil, and plant characteristics of vetiver grass, 12 treatments were set up, including no fertilization (CK), a single application of nitrogen fertilizer (N1:150 kg/ha, N2:300 kg/ha, and N3:450 kg/ha), a single application of phosphorus fertilizer (P1:350 kg/ha and P2:700 kg/ha), and a chemical fertilizer combination (NP: N1P1, N2P1, N3P1, N1P2, N2P2, N3P2). Compared with CK, combined nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization improved the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial diversity of rhizosphere soil and the plant traits, more significantly than the treatment with nitrogen or phosphorus fertilization alone. Path analysis showed significant differences between the direct and indirect paths of plant characteristics under the N, P, and NP treatments. NP treatment was more helpful in improving the soil environment of spoil ground, because NP treatment had a higher path coefficient for plant traits (NP (0.807) > N (0.703) > P (-0.993)) and enzyme activities (NP (0.897) > P (0.767) > N (0.373)). N2P2 had the highest comprehensive score (34), indicating that N2P2 could be used as an effective fertilizer combination.  These results indicate that the benefits of appropriate cultivation and fertilization practices to help restore degraded soil. Combined fertilization treatment (NP) improved the path coefficient of soil physicochemical properties to plant traits and soil enzyme activities, and thus better restored the habitats of spoil ground.
Upscaling dryland carbon and water fluxes with artificial neural networks of optical, thermal, and microwave satellite remote sensing
Authors: Dannenberg Matthew , Barnes Mallory , Smith William , Johnston Miriam , Meerdink Susan , Wang Xian , Scott Russell , Biederman Joel
Published: February 2023

Earth’s drylands are home to more than two billion people, provide key ecosystem services, and exert a large influence on the trends and variability in Earth’s carbon cycle. However, modeling dryland carbon and water fluxes with remote sensing suffers from unique challenges not typically encountered in mesic systems, particularly in capturing soil moisture stress. Here, we develop and evaluate an approach for joint modeling of dryland gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and evapotranspiration (ET) in the western United States (U.S.) using a suite of AmeriFlux eddy covariance sites spanning major functional types and aridity regimes. We use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict dryland ecosystem fluxes by fusing optical vegetation indices, multitemporal thermal observations, and microwave soil moisture/temperature retrievals from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) sensor. Our new dryland ANN (DrylANNd) carbon and water flux model explains more than 70% of monthly variance in GPP and ET, improving upon existing MODIS GPP and ET estimates at most dryland eddy covariance sites. DrylANNd predictions of NEE were considerably worse than its predictions of GPP and ET, likely because soil and plant respiratory processes are largely invisible to satellite sensors. Optical vegetation indices, particularly the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv), were generally the most important variables contributing to model skill. However, daytime and nighttime land surface temperatures and SMAP soil moisture and soil temperature also contributed to model skill, with SMAP especially improving model predictions of shrubland, grassland, and savanna fluxes and land surface temperatures improving predictions in evergreen needleleaf forests. Our results show that a combination of optical vegetation indices, thermal infrared, and microwave observations can substantially improve estimates of carbon and water fluxes in drylands, potentially providing the means to better monitor vegetation function and ecosystem services in these important regions that are undergoing rapid hydroclimatic change.
Singular versus Time-dependent Approach of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation and Secondary Ice Production in Contrasting Clouds Simulated Numerically
Authors: Waman Deepak , Patade Sachin , Jadav Arti , Phillips Vaughan
Published: February 2023

Two approaches of heterogeneous ice nucleation have been proposed in previous studies. These are the singular approach (time-independent), and time-dependent approach. The present study numerically analyses the effect from the time-dependent approach of ice nucleation in deep convective, orographic, and supercooled stratiform clouds, sampled by aircraft. It is predicted that in all the simulated clouds, the singular approximation is a good representative of heterogeneous ice nucleation. At levels warmer than -36oC, the inclusion of time-dependence is predicted to form only about 10 % of the total ice, whereas secondary ice processes (the Hallett-Mossop process and fragmentation during ice-ice collisions, raindrop-freezing, and sublimation) form about 90 % of the total ice at these levels. The present study uses the ‘Aerosol-Cloud’ (AC) model. The AC represents microphysical species as rain, cloud-ice (‘crystal’), snow, and graupel/hail and treats cloud properties with a hybrid spectral bin, and two-moment bulk microphysics schemes. Also, radiative effects from ice nucleating particles on the simulated deep convective and orographic clouds will be discussed.
Metallogenic processes that formed the Cu-Au-Mo porphyry and epithermal Au-Ag-Te deposits in the Almalyk ore district
Authors: Nurtaev Bakhtiar , Kurbanova Dilshoda
Published: February 2023

The geologic setting of the Kurama mining district is controlled by its assignment to the structures of the eastern part of the extended Beltau–Kurama volcanoplutonic belt in the Middle Tien Shan. This district of Paleozoic age exemplify unique deposits with perfectly preserved characteristic features of Cu-Au-Mo porphyry, epithermal Au–Ag–Te, Ag–Pb–Zn, as well as numerous occurrences of Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Bi, and Sn mineralization. Intense magmatic processes occurred in this region throughout the whole Paleozoic, reaching a maximum at its end. The very high concentration of ore occurrences is related to the confinement of the region to the intersection of deep tectonic structures. Another unique feature of this region is that it is a rare example of paleovolcanic areas with well preserved epithermal deposits of Late Paleozoic age. Here we compile published and some new geodynamic, mineralogical and geochemical data, including regional geological features and ore characteristics, sequence of the mineral formation, main mineral assemblages and discuss factors controlling the enrichment mechanism of huge amounts of Cu, Au, Mo, Ag, Re, Pd, Pb, Zn and other elements in the Almalyk ore-field through field and laboratory investigation. We will present summary of the geological, geochronologic and geochemical characteristics of porphyry, scarn and epithermal gold-silver deposits to establish a series of discriminant indicators, which can provide reference for future research on the genetic connection of different deposits in the porphyry copper system. The occurrence of mafic dikes, post-dating the porphyry mineralization and high Re concentrations in the molybdenite may be attributed to a direct involvement of mantle in an arc-subduction environment. But it is becoming more obvious that the problem of sources of ore and rare elements forming cannot be solved only by their introduction with magma. In many specific examples of the formation of the largest and unique concentrations, their confinement to the underlying and enclosing sedimentary rocks, sharply enriched in valuable impurities, is observed. These rocks include organogenic dolomites or dolomitic limestones. During intrusion of igneous bodies, the presence of reactive carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, marl) led to the formation of gold-bearing Au-Cu- and Pb-Zn-skarn deposits. The integrated results of this study are used to discuss the metallogenic processes that formed the unique Cu-Au-Mo porphyry, epithermal Au–Ag–Te, Ag–Pb–Zn deposits in the largest porphyry copper-polimetallic ore Almalyk district in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.
Rheology of host-inclusion mineral systems by in situ Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Campomenosi Nicola , Angel Ross John , Alvaro Matteo , Mihailova Boriana
Published: February 2023

Earthquakes and stress distribution inside the earth depend on the rheology of rocks and their constituent crystals at variable conditions of temperature (T) and pressure (P). The contrast in the thermoelastic properties between a mineral inclusion and its surrounding host often leads to a positive inclusion residual pressure (Pinc) at ambient conditions, which can be used to retrieve the P and T of entrapment (e.g. Angel et al. 2015). In addition, the evolution of the inclusion residual strain and Pinc as function of P and T also provides the opportunity to explore the rheology of the crystals involved.In this study, we explored the rheology of zircon inclusions within pyrope-rich garnet by in situ Raman spectroscopy at high T.Because garnet has a larger thermal expansion than zircon, inclusions showing a positive Pinc at ambient conditions experience continuous relaxation upon heating until the P gradient disappears. Available equations of state (EoS) can predict the experimental results within uncertainties, implying that the system behaves purely elastically up to a certain temperature. At higher T, zircon inclusions have a negative Pinc, which increases in magnitude according to the EoS predictions. However, at T corresponding to Pinc of about -0.2(5) GPa, the residual strains deviate from those predicted by EoS and the inclusion approaches the strain of a free zircon crystal at the same T. We interpret such a deviation as the result of plastic relaxation of the system.  On cooling, a new stress gradient in the host and a positive Pinc in the inclusion developed within the same T range where a negative Pinc was observed upon heating. Importantly, the new residual strains can be predicted by the EoS only if the entrapment conditions correspond to the first T where Pinc = 0 after plastic deformation occurred. Thus, the system underwent resetting within the time-scale of laboratory experiments. In addition, multiple heating-cooling cycles carried out on the same inclusions show that the maximum negative Pinc attainable does not change within a T range of about 200 K. These results suggest that the resistance to plastic deformation (i.e. yield strength) of garnet decreases under tensile stress. Therefore, we conclude that the sign of the stress field affects the yield strength of crystals and may have important consequences on the overall rock rheology and related processes.Financial support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the ERC grant agreement 714936 (ERC-STG TRUE DEPTHS) to M. AlvaroAngel, R. J., Nimis, P., Mazzucchelli, M. L., Alvaro, M. & Nestola, F. (2015). Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 33(8), 801-813.
The TOAR data infrastructure: A generalised database infrastructure for environmental time series
Authors: Schröder Sabine , Selke Niklas , Schultz Martin G.
Published: February 2023

In all areas of research, robust, versatile and high-performance data infrastructures are needed.TOAR is a global research project to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of ozone in the troposphere and to provide data of surface ozone measurements and its precursors for assessing the impact of ozone on human health, vegetation and climate.These observational data are collected from various environmental agencies and programs, universities and individual researchers under different requirements for data formats, metadata standards and quality control, and are harmonized and quality-controlled into the TOAR database using our infrastructure. All data in the database are easily accessible through open, freely available and well-documented web services. The TOAR data centre team is committed to the FAIR principles and aims to achieve the highest standards with respect to data curation, archival, and re-use. We established a common approach for data ingestion to ensure that data from different sources is handled in a defined and equal way and that all modifications are recorded in a provenance log. Clear rules are defined how the submitted metadata is mapped into the metadata schema used by the TOAR database. To harmonize the data quality, we employ automated tests of different granularity using statistical methods and heuristics, which assign a score for each data point. Those scores are then translated into categorical data quality flags.The TOAR data infrastructure has proven that it can handle large amounts of data operationally in a performant way. It not only provides standardized REST-API access to the underlying database but also allows for the integration and linking of additional services. For example, the results of the quality control tool mentioned above can be accessed as interactive charts with tables of aggregated figures. Furthermore, we offer analysis services that implement a variety of statistical evaluations and metrics to allow users to get aggregated, ready-to-use data in a consistent, reproducible, and interoperable manner and also allow for bulk raw data downloads. It is also possible to invoke a service to calculate air pollution trends with quantile regression.During development, we emphasized the reusability of the database infrastructure code. Therefore, we believe that the database layout, the related workflows for data ingestion and processing, and the service architecture can be transferred to other types of environmental data and perhaps even to data from other disciplines.With the TOAR database infrastructure, the TOAR community receives a cutting-edge repository and system of web services that allows for easy-to-use, fast, flexible, and reproducible analyses of air pollution and associated data.
A multi approach study of Groundwater level fluctuation, Sea surface temperature anomaly and Physicochemical parameters to assess Seawater Intrusion and Submarine Groundwater Discharge along Odisha coast, India.
Authors: Nayak Soumya Kanta , Raju N Janardhana
Published: February 2023

Abstract: Seawater Intrusion (SWI) and Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) are two opposite natural processes which plays significant role in sustainable management of coastal groundwater resources. Thus site specific investigation is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the timing and magnitude of SWI and SGD along water stressed coastal regions. The present study attempts to locate the potential SWI and SGD zones along the central Odisha coast which is experiencing water stress due to overexploitation, groundwater salinization as well as fresh groundwater loss through natural discharge. In this study groundwater level fluctuations along the coastal tract (below or above to mean sea level) and sea surface temperature anomalies (thermal contrast in sea water through LANDSAT -8 TIR imagery) were used as holistic approach to draw inferences about probable SWI and SGD sites before our field investigations. Further during post monsoon 2021 a total number of 93 water samples (34 pore water, 34 sea water and 25 groundwater) were collected along ∼145 km stretch coastline of Odisha state. The in-situ physicochemical parameters of pore water and sea water (pH, EC, TDS, salinity and temperature) were measured at every 1km gap along the coastline except the inaccessible sites using HANNA made portable multi-parameter water quality kit. The physicochemical anomalies observed in water samples were used as evidences for our initial holistic approach to identify SWI and SGD zones. The EC of groundwater sample varied from 99 to 6440 μS/cm with Mean±SD of 1238.6±1668.5, the EC of porewater varied from 8.25 to 44.47 mS/cm with Mean±SD of 39.0±7.4 and the salinity of porewater varied from 4.59 to 28.89 ppt with Mean±SD of 24.97±4.95. Groundwater samples with EC > 3000 μS/cm were considered as potential SWI zones and porewater samples with salinity < 25 ppt and EC < 35 mS/cm were considered as suspected SGD zones. A total number of 3 SWI zones and 6 SGD zones were identified in present work and this preliminary study will act as a baseline for detailed investigation of groundwater-seawater interaction process along the coast.Keywords: Groundwater level fluctuation, Sea surface temperature, Pore water, Seawater Intrusion, Submarine Groundwater Discharge
Projection of China’s future runoff based on the CMIP6 mid-high warming scenarios
Authors: Zhou Jiayue , Lu Hui , Yang Kun , Jiang Ruijie , Yang Yuan , Wang Wei , Zhang Xuejun
Published: February 2023

The latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) proposes new shared pathways (SSPs) that incorporate socioeconomic development with more comprehensive and scientific experimental designs; however, few studies have been performed on the projection of future multibasin hydrological changes in China based on CMIP6 models. In this paper, we use the Equidistant Cumulative Distribution Function method (EDCDFm) to perform downscaling and bias correction in daily precipitation, daily maximum temperature, and daily minimum temperature for six CMIP6 models based on the historical gridded data from the high-resolution China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD). We use the bias-corrected precipitation, temperature, and daily mean wind speed to drive the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrological model, and study the changes in multiyear average annual precipitation, annual evapotranspiration and total annual runoff depth relative to the historical baseline period (1985–2014) for the Chinese mainland, basins and grid scales in the 21st century future under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. The study shows that the VIC model accurately simulates runoff in major Chinese basins; the model data accuracy improves substantially after downscaling bias correction; and the future multimodel-mean multiyear average annual precipitation, annual evapotranspiration, and total annual runoff depth for the Chinese mainland and each basin increase relative to the historical period in near future (2020–2049) and far future (2070–2099) under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. The new CMIP6-based results of this paper can provide a strong reference for extreme event prevention, water resource utilization and management in China in the 21st century.
Tool to assess the effectiveness of restoring physical conditions in riparian wetlands
Authors: Ioana-Toroimac Gabriela , Moroșanu Gabriela-Adina , Șandor Ionuț-Andrei , Stoica Cătălina , Constantin Dana-Maria
Published: February 2023

The success of river restoration is a controversy subject depending on chosen reference conditions and stakeholder perspective. Therefore, the tool to assess the effectiveness of restoring physical conditions in riparian wetlands aims to be a comprehensible piece of evidence to policy-makers. The assessment is based on three hypotheses: (i) the restoration should have standard-based results; (ii) the restoration should respect principle-based results; (iii) the nature is more valuable without human pressures. Therefore, the multi-criteria methodology includes three categories of indicators: (i) to detect results compared to pre-restoration conditions as well as to historical conditions; (ii) to estimate the functionality of physical conditions compared to expert opinion; (iii) to analyze the naturalness of a river site. Each indicator is given a score compared to hypothetically successful effects of the restoration based on an earth scientist approach. The overall score allows to classify the effectiveness of river restoration on a five-class scale from very good to poor. The tool is validated for the Comana Marsh on a second order tributary of the Danube River in Romania. A small-size dam and a system of concrete dykes was built to recreate a marsh upstream, in the floodplain. According to the tool: (i) the effects (e.g., surface-water area, depth) were a success compared to pre-restoration conditions, yet they could not recreate the historical conditions; (ii) new processes (e.g., anastomosing river pattern) appear to be functional when compared to scientific expectations; (iii) the river site gained hybrid features (i.e., rewilding in the context of human pressures). The effectiveness of restoring the Comana Marsh was estimated as being good. The tool could be further developed by integrating other groups of indicators based on stakeholders’ perspective. Understanding the theoretical results of river restoration could help policy-makers to gain confidence and further finance this domain underdeveloped in Romania.    This work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0600, within PNCDI III.
One-year methane ebullition measurements over a cross section of a small stream
Authors: Michaelis Tamara , Kaplar Felicitas , Wunderlich Anja , Baumann Thomas , Einsiedl Florian
Published: February 2023

Ebullition is a major transport pathway of methane from aquatic ecosystems to the atmosphere. Several studies have highlighted that methane ebullition plays an important role in reservoirs, but not much data is available from non-impounded stream sections. Quantifying river methane emissions on a global scale is a challenge due to the high spatiotemporal heterogeneity in these dynamic and variable systems. A better conceptual understanding of riverine methane ebullition is needed for sound carbon budgets, both in terms of flux volumes and predictive factors for hot-spot emission zones.This study targeted the knowledge gap in riverine methane ebullition with a time-resolved observation-based analysis of the ebullitive transportation pathway in a river cross section. We installed four bubble traps in a small stream in southern Germany and monitored volumes and concentrations of the two greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 along with carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) of CH4 over the course of a year. The bubble traps were evenly distributed over one cross-section in a curve to represent different sediment-compositions and flow regimes between the undercut slope and slip-off slope. Sediment characterization at each site included grain-size distribution curves, porosity measurements and determination of organic carbon content.Ebullitive gas fluxes were extremely high at two of the locations centrally in the river: up to 1000 ml m-2 d-1 during summer and autumn, and 100-400 ml m-2 d-1 in December. CH4 concentrations of up to 65% were measured in the gas samples and CH4 exceeded CO2 concentrations (<5%) by far. Each site in the cross section showed relatively stable gas volumes and concentrations during the summer period. As expected, at the undercut slope, only very small gas volumes were detected year-round. Contrary to prior expectations, gas volumes and greenhouse gas concentrations were highest in the central section of the river and not above the fine-grained deposits of the slip-off slope. CH4 isotopes were generally <-60‰, indicating a major contribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. During July however, δ13C of CH4 at the slip-off slope showed higher values between -60‰ and -45‰, potentially due to a shift in the main methanogenic pathway or connected to increased macrophyte growth observed simultaneously. Overall, this study underlines the importance of ebullitive greenhouse gas fluxes from rivers for the global climate and provides novel insights into the role of different streambed sections for CH4 ebullition during all seasons of the year.
From art to the sustainability of coasts and seas
Authors: Matias Ana , Carrasco Ana Rita , Pinto Bruno , Reis Jaime
Published: February 2023

Sustainability is a universal goal by which human development balances social, economic, and environmental dimensions, applicable to both terrestrial and marine environments. Several authors argue that arts are valuable tools to frame and engage with current environmental issues related to sustainability, including pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss. In this work, we ask - what is the role of art in the sustainability of coasts and seas? To address this question, we conducted a systematic literature review about how artistic practices contribute to sustainability in coastal and marine environments. We searched the two most important scientific databases of articles (Scopus and Web of Science) and retrieved 1352 articles. Several screening tasks were made to narrow the articles to 79 studies that address our research question. For each article, we identified and categorised the art form, target audience, geographical location, expected impact, and method to measure the impact. We found a variety of artworks from the four art categories (Literary, Media, Performing, and Visual) around the world, but more frequently in the US, UK, and Australia. In this review, we deal largely with the use of art in local issues, rather than at a global scale. Visual Art is the most frequent art category (~40%), comprising painting, carving, photography, comics, and architecture, amongst others. Nevertheless, there are mentions of 26 artworks from Performing Arts, 22 from Media Arts, and 16 from Literary Arts. We found that different artists address or are inspired by the same sustainability-related theme, for example, the ocean’s vulnerability is portrayed in a poem and in a theatre play. Only 19 articles measured the impact of artistic activities on their audience. Engagement is a highlighted pursued impact (~40%); however, other authors also intend to promote marine conservation and restoration, management, education, and activism. Art contributions to sustainability are recurrently made through raising awareness, learning, and promoting engagement and enjoyment of artistic project participants. With this systematic review, we set the current state of knowledge on an emerging topic and argue that further research and new strategies of impact measurement are needed to gain a deeper understanding of the role of art on coastal/marine sustainability.
40 years of seismic swarms in the the BR-CP transition zone in Central Utah
Authors: Petersen Gesa , Whidden Katherine , Pankow Kristine
Published: February 2023

Seismicity in Central Utah, USA, exhibits a remarkable diversity in swarm activity. Swarms in the study area may alter between high and low activity phases, show a comparably continuous moment release, or a rise and fall of magnitudes over time. While some swarms repeatedly occur in the same source area for several years, other large swarms occur in areas without any significant seismic activity. The diversity is attributed to the complex geo-tectonic transition zone between the Basin and Range province (BR) and the Colorado Plateau (CP) in Central Utah, which is manifested in tectonic forcing related to E-W extension, high heat flow, and hydrothermal processes. Based on the University of Utah Seismograph Stations' catalog, we analyzed forty years of seismic swarm activity within Central Utah, USA, regarding characteristic statistical features (e.g., duration, moment release over time, spatial variations). In-depth analyses of three seismic sequences, including event detections, relocations, MT inversions, waveform-based clustering, and repeater analysis, provide unique insights into the study area's complex and diverse faulting processes. This includes (1) swarm activity at a regional Basin and Range normal fault, (2) activation of a local fault deviating from the recent regional tectonic regime, and (3) the complex triggering of swarm activity by a mainshock. In a joint discussion of the single exemplary sequences and the characteristics of swarm activity, we aim to expand the discussion on swarm activity beyond the study area and shed light on its relation to geothermal and tectonic processes.
Short term forecast and monitoring of thunderstorms - status and recent developments at DWD.
Authors: Müller Richard , Barleben Axel , Haussler Stephane , Jerg Matthias
Published: February 2023

During the last few years, DWD has developed a pioneering nowcasting procedure (NCS-A) for thunderstorms and strong convection based on  intelligent combination of lightning data, satellite information and Numerical Weather Prediction. The atmospheric motion vectors needed for the nowcasting are derived with the optical flow method TV-L1. Version 1 of the method NCS-A is operated 24/7 by DWD, covers the complete geostationary ring and has been very well received by aviation customers. The current developments of the nowcasting method focus on the analysis of life cycles in order to be able to improve the prediction of formation and decay of thunderstorms. This includes analysis of lightning activity. Further, work is also being done to seamlessly extend the forecast times by up to 6-8 hours through ensemble analysis of the Lightning Potential Index, provided by the DWD NWP model ICON. In addition to the mentioned developments of physical methods,  research is being also carried out on AI-based methods (neural networks) in cooperation with the University of Mainz. The presentation will start with an overview of the current 24/7 thunderstorm nowcasting. This will be followed by a presentation and discussion of the current developments at DWD aimed at providing accurate 6-8 hour forecasts of thunderstorms. Links for further readings and software will be provided as well.References:  Müller R, Haussler S, Jerg M. The Role of NWP Filter for the Satellite Based Detection of Cumulonimbus Clouds. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(3):386. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030386Urbich I, Bendix J, Müller R. Development of a Seamless Forecast for Solar Radiation Using ANAKLIM++. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(21):3672. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213672.Müller R, Haussler S, Jerg M, Heizenreder D. A Novel Approach for the Detection of Developing Thunderstorm Cells. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(4):443. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040443Zach, Christopher & Pock, Thomas & Bischof, Horst. (2007). A Duality Based Approach for Realtime TV-L1 Optical Flow. Pattern Recognition. 4713. 214-223. 10.1007/978-3-540-7Müller, R.; Barleben, A.; Haussler, S.; Jerg, M. A Novel Approach for the Global Detection and Nowcasting of Deep Convection and Thunderstorms. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143372Brodehl, S.; Müller, R.; Schömer, E.; Spichtinger, P.; Wand, M. End-to-End Prediction of Lightning Events from Geostationary Satellite Images. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153760  
The thermospheric effects of SSWs observed in 2009 and 2019 at mid latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Perrone Loredana , Mikhailov Andrey
Published: February 2023

European and North American near-noontime ionosonde observations along with CHAMP and Swarm neutral density measurements were used during a major Arctic SSW in January  2009 and a minor Antarctic SSW in September 2019 to retrieve variations of thermospheric parameters (neutral composition, temperature, winds) related to these SSW events. Neutral density observations were used in the retrieval process as a fitted parameter. The main effect of SSW 2009 event is a strong decrease of the atomic oxygen [O] abundance in the thermosphere which is confirmed by satellite neutral gas density observations. Along with this no thermosphere cooling effects were revealed.The duration of [O] decrease related to SSW is around 3-5 days in the vicinity of the SSW peak. The decrease of [O] depends on the intensity of SSW. The minor Antarctic SSW event in September 2019 manifested no pronounced thermospheric effects in the Northern Hemisphere. 
Volcanic Activity, possible climate change consequences
Authors: Hagen Marilia
Published: February 2023

This paper is going to discuss the volcanic eruptions in several different locations, most in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, and how they will affect the wheater near and far locations.There is much evidence that eruptions are one of the biggest causes of climate change. A historical number of events will show for each volcanic eruption a consequent disturbance, most at the rainfall and storms.   Gas emissions such as CO2 and SO2 are heavy in the troposphere, sometimes reaching the mesosphere. Those circumstances alternatively affect also the temperature at the Earth’s surface. The volcanic eruptions must explain sudden events in the weather around the world. The mechanism involved in those events’ transportation among the several atmospheric layers is also discussed.
Biogeochemistry and timing of methane-derived carbonate formation at Leirdjupet fault complex, SW Barents Sea
Authors: Argentino Claudio , Lee Amicia , Fallati Luca , Sahy Diana , Birgel Daniel , Peckmann Jörn , Bünz Stefan , Panieri Giuliana
Published: February 2023

The origin of modern seafloor methane emissions in the Barents Sea is tightly connected to the glacio-tectonic and oceanographic transformations following the last ice age. Despite the increasing number of new active seep discoveries, their accurate geochronology and paleo-dynamic is still poorly resolved, thus hindering precise identification of triggering factors and mechanisms controlling past and future seafloor emissions. Here, we report the distribution, petrographic (thin section, electron backscatter diffraction), isotopic (δ13C, δ18O) and lipid biomarker composition of methane-derived carbonates collected from Leirdjupet Fault Complex, SW Barents Sea, at 300 m depth during an ROV survey in 2021. The integration of phase-specific isotopic analysis and U/Th dating enabled us to track carbonate mineral precipitation over the last 8 ka.  Our results indicate that methane and petroleum seepage in this area followed a similar evolution as in other southernmost Barents Sea sites controlled by the asynchronous deglaciation of the Barents Sea shelf, and that methane-derived carbonate precipitation is still an active process at many Arctic locations.  This study was supported by AKMA project (Research Council of Norway grant No. 287869) within the frame of the Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE) (Research Council of Norway grant No. 223259), and by Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union.
Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Arctic Winter Snow/Ice with MoonlightRemote Sensing
Authors: Liu Di , Zhang Qingling
Published: February 2023

The Arctic region has been experiencing significant climate change, with the loss of snow and ice accelerating at an alarming rate. Accurate monitoring of the spatiotemporal dynamics of snow and ice is essential for understanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on Arctic ecosystems and their feedback on global climate. In this paper, we use the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of snow and ice in polar regions. The VIIRS/Day/Night Band (DNB) is a unique instrument that can provide high-resolution imagery of the Earth's surface at night, with a spatial resolution of 750 m and a sensitivity of 0.01 nW/cm2/sr. This enables the detection of faint moonlight and artificial light and allows for mapping snow and ice in polar winter when no sunlight is available for months.  Our aims demonstrate the potential of moonlight remote sensing for continuous monitoring of snow/ice in the Arctic region and analyse the importance of continuous monitoring and research on the impacts of climate change on the Arctic ecosystem and the potential for Arctic seaway.
Ultra-slow cooling of ultra-hot orogens
Authors: Clark Chris , Brown Michael , Johnson Tim , Mitchell Ruairidh , Gupta Saibal
Published: February 2023

The rate of cooling of metamorphic rocks provides a first-order constraint on the tectonic processes controlling heat flow and exhumation. For example, for small crustal terranes that were subducted to ultrahigh pressure conditions during the early stages of collisional orogenesis, exhumation is generally fast with rates similar to plate velocities, such that cooling is also rapid. Similarly, rates of cooling are commonly fast (generally ~20–30°C/Myr) during exhumation of metamorphic core complexes or due to transpression. By contrast, cooling in some granulite terranes can be slow and close-to-isobaric, leading to time-integrated cooling rates of <5°C/Myr. The implication of such slow rates of cooling is that these granulite terranes were close to isostatic equilibrium as a result of sustained high mantle heat flow that limited exhumation by erosion. However, constraining initial cooling rates in granulite terranes can be difficult, particularly where the rocks reached ultrahigh temperatures (>900 °C) that exceed the closure temperature of many geochronometers. In order to overcome this difficulty, we combine U–Pb zircon geochronology with Ti-in-zircon thermometry to investigate the thermal history of metapelitic rocks from the Eastern Ghats Province of eastern India. For the combined dataset of metamorphic zircon from the samples, concordant dates decrease continuously within 2σ uncertainty from around 950 Ma to 800 Ma, consistent with c. 150 Ma of zircon crystallization. Ti-in-zircon temperatures for each dated spot during this period decrease with age, corresponding to linear cooling rates ranging from 0.26 to 0.90°C/Myr. We propose that retention of heat producing elements in the lower crust of the Eastern Ghats Province and a low net erosion rate were responsible for c. 150 Myr of ultra-slow cooling. The location of the Eastern Ghats Province on the margin of the supercontinent Rodinia may have been a contributing factor enabling the region to remain relatively undisturbed until it was exhumed during the formation of Gondwana.
A multitemporal and multisensor study of land displacement due to 5.6M earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Ramdani Fatwa , Wibowo Adi , Supriatna Supriatna , Setiani Putri
Published: February 2023

Indonesia is located in the so-called "Ring of Fire," a region of high seismic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean. The country is particularly vulnerable to earthquakes due to its location on the Sunda megathrust, a major boundary between the Eurasian and Indo-Australian tectonic plates. On November 21, 2022, a magnitude 5.6 earthquake struck the Indonesian island of Java, with its epicentre located in Cianjur, West Java. The earthquake caused significant damage to the region's buildings and infrastructure, and several reports of injuries and fatalities were reported. In this study, we used multisensor and multitemporal data to investigate land deformation in the study area. We used three pairs of Sentinel-1 datasets, acquired before and after the earthquake and used the InSAR algorithm to produce land displacement maps. Furthermore, we acquired aerial photogrammetry to produce very high-resolution images of the affected areas. We also classified the Planet imagery using a random forest classifier to extract the landslide events in the study area. Our results show that the earthquake caused significant land deformation in the area, with surface displacements up to 9.8 cm and 11 cm for land uplift and land subsidence, respectively. We found that the deformation was primarily concentrated in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the study area. The earthquake led to secondary disasters such as landslides and collapsed residential buildings. It’s due to the combination of geological factors and the building structures. Where the buildings structures that were not built to be earthquake-resistant stood on the old volcano products have experienced weathering. Our findings highlight the usefulness of radar dan optical remotely-sensed data in studying the effects of earthquakes and can be used to inform future disaster response and recovery efforts.
ENSO-driven abrupt phase shift in North Atlantic Oscillation in early January
Authors: Geng Xin , Zhao Jiuwei , Kug Jong-Seong
Published: February 2023

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections exhibit a strong dependency on seasonally and intraseasonally varying mean states, which leads to impactful short-term variations in regional climate. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-ENSO relation is a typical example, in that its phase relationship reverses systematically between the early and late winter. However, the details and underlying mechanisms of this relationship transition are not well understood yet.Here based on observations and an ensemble of atmosphere-only climate model simulations, we first reveal that this NAO phase reversal occurs synchronously in early January, which indicates strong abruptness. We demonstrate that this abrupt NAO phase reversal is caused by the change in ENSO-induced Rossby wave-propagating direction from northeastward to southeastward over the northeastern North American region, which is largely governed by a climatological alteration of the local jet meridional shear. We also provide evidence that the North Atlantic intrinsic eddy–low-frequency flow feedback further facilitates and amplifies the NAO responses. This abrupt NAO phase reversal signal is strong enough during the ENSO winter to be useful for intraseasonal climate forecasting in the Euro-Atlantic region.