bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tackling AMR from a multidisciplinary perspective: a primer from education and psychology
Authors: Calvo-Villamañán Alicia , San Millán Álvaro , Carrilero Laura
Published: October 2022

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the most concerning threats in public health. The efforts to tackle the problem require a global One Health approach, using multidisciplinary approaches and a thorough understanding of the topic both by the general public and the experts. Currently, the lack of a shared mental model of the problem, the absence of a sense of responsibility amongst the different actors and a deficient education on the topic burden the efforts to slow down the emergency and spread of antimicrobial resistant infections. We here propose a multidisciplinary approach to tackle the AMR problem, taking into consideration not only the input from the biological and medical sciences but also the input from the social sciences. Specifically, we suggest strategies from education and psychology to increase awareness about antimicrobial resistance and to implement more effective interventions. Finally, we advocate for a comprehensive and a solidaristic model as the only solution for a problem which knows no borders. As such, political will and international cooperation will be key to achieve the desired change in antibiotic resistance trend.
Community engagement and data quality: best practices and lessons learned from a citizen science project on birdsong
Authors: Jäckel Denise , Mortega Kim G. , Darwin Sarah , Brockmeyer Ulrich , Sturm Ulrike , Lasseck Mario , Moczek Nicola , Lehmann Gerlind U. C. , Voigt-Heucke Silke L.
Published: October 2022

Citizen Science (CS) is a research approach that has become popular in recent years and offers innovative potential for dialect research in ornithology. As the scepticism about CS data is still widespread, we analysed the development of a 3-year CS project based on the song of the Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) to share best practices and lessons learned. We focused on the data scope, individual engagement, spatial distribution and species misidentifications from recordings generated before (2018, 2019) and during the COVID-19 outbreak (2020) with a smartphone using the ‘Naturblick’ app. The number of nightingale song recordings and individual engagement increased steadily and peaked in the season during the pandemic. 13,991 nightingale song recordings were generated by anonymous (64%) and non-anonymous participants (36%). As the project developed, the spatial distribution of recordings expanded (from Berlin based to nationwide). The rates of species misidentifications were low, decreased in the course of the project (10–1%) and were mainly affected by vocal similarities with other bird species. This study further showed that community engagement and data quality were not directly affected by dissemination activities, but that the former was influenced by external factors and the latter benefited from the app. We conclude that CS projects using smartphone apps with an integrated pattern recognition algorithm are well suited to support bioacoustic research in ornithology. Based on our findings, we recommend setting up CS projects over the long term to build an engaged community which generates high data quality for robust scientific conclusions.
The Academic Freedom Index and Its indicators: Introduction to new global time-series V-Dem data
Authors: Spannagel Janika , Kinzelbach Katrin
Published: October 2022

The Academic Freedom Index is the first conceptually thorough assessment of academic freedom worldwide and a times series dataset going back to 1900. While some previous datasets exist, they are geographically limited and methodologically or conceptually insufficient to offer a comprehensive picture of the levels of academic freedom across time and space. This paper introduces the new expert-coded dataset that includes the overall Academic Freedom Index alongside several specific indicators, to which more than 2050 country experts around the world have contributed and which is freely available as part of V-Dem’s time-series data releases. The paper discusses its advantages compared to other types of data on academic freedom, details the conceptualization of the new indicators, and offers a content and convergent validation of the results. The dataset provides ample opportunities for scholars to conduct in-depth research on academic freedom and its infringements, and for policymakers and advocates to monitor and analyze patterns and trends of academic freedom around the world.
Comparison of Kidney Transplantation Outcomes Between Patients with and Without Pre-transplantation Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review
Authors: Mousapour Pouria , Ling Jonathan , Zimbudzi Edward
Published: October 2022

This systematic review evaluated the impact of bariatric surgery, performed to improve eligibility for kidney transplantation, on post-transplantation outcomes. A systematic literature search was performed for articles published by 30 January 2022. A total of 31 studies were included. Among patients without pre-transplantation bariatric surgery, 18 studies reported 13.7% graft loss and 9.1% mortality within 5 years’ post-transplantation. Among recipients with pre-transplantation bariatric surgery, 15 studies reported 8.7% graft loss and 2.8% mortality within 1 month to over 5 years’ post-transplantation. Two case–control studies comparing post-transplantation outcomes between recipients with and without prior bariatric surgery demonstrated no significant differences between groups for graft loss, patient mortality, delayed graft function, wound complications and lymphocele. Non-randomized selection of patients and different lengths of follow-up limit the results of this study.
Exploring the Potential for Steel Slags Valorisation in an Industrial Symbiosis Perspective at Meso-scale Level
Authors: Piemonti A. , Conforti A. , Cominoli L. , Luciano A. , Plizzari G. , Sorlini S.
Published: October 2022

A greater reuse of steel slags would bring considerable benefits both from an environmental and economic point of view. The development of tools and strategies to monitor at different scales resources and waste flows would allow for better resource planning and a more sustainable management on territory. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyse the supply chain that deals with the management of steel slags at meso-level, in order to investigate the state of implementation of industrial symbiosis (IS), its potential and its improvement. A Mass Flow Analysis (MFA) has been implemented, through big data analysis coming from the integration of regional and provincial databases with a careful data processing from questionnaires. This integrated methodology has proved to be a valid tool to monitor the recovery and reuse, the implementation of industrial symbiosis and to plan improvement actions. This paper reports a representation of the current situation regarding the production, recovery and reuse of these materials in production processes for which they are suitable, with a view to their full exploitation, following the principles of circular economy and an analysis of the mutual exchange that occur among steelmaking plants and other business partners in a network of industrial companies. The results showed that most of the steel slags managed at meso-level (Province of Brescia, Italy) is still unfortunately destined for landfill with low percentage of them classified as by-product highlighting as the IS is not adequately applied. Of the slag destined for treatments and recovery processes, almost all of them are Electric Arc Furnace slag, which are mainly reused for hydraulically bound base layers and road sub-bases (about 85% of the total recovered) and as aggregates for the production of cement and bituminous mixes (about 15% of the total recovered). Results shows as further effort should be made in term of policies and strategies to incentivize IS and to increase the recovery.

Graphical abstract
Farkas’ Lemma in the bilinear setting and evaluation functionals
Authors: Aron Richard , García Domingo , Pinasco Damián , Zalduendo Ignacio
Published: October 2022

We prove the following Farkas’ Lemma for simultaneously diagonalizable bilinear forms: If $$A_1,\ldots ,A_k$$

A
1

,
…
,

A
k

, and $$B:\mathbb {R}^n \times \mathbb {R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$

B
:

R

n

×

R

n

→
R

are bilinear forms, then one—and only one—of the following holds:

$$B=a_1 A_1 + \cdots + a_k A_k,$$

B
=

a
1

A
1

+
⋯
+

a
k

A
k

,

with non-negative $$a_i\text {'s}$$

a
i

's

,

there exists (x, y) for which $$A_1(x,y) \ge 0 , \ldots , A_k(x,y) \ge 0$$

A
1

(
x
,
y
)

≥
0
,
…
,

A
k

(
x
,
y
)

≥
0

and $$B(x,y) < 0$$

B
(
x
,
y
)
<
0

.

We study evaluation maps over the space of bilinear forms and consequently construct examples in which Farkas’ Lemma fails in the bilinear setting.
Plagiarism as an academic literacy issue: the comprehension, writing and consulting strategies of Portuguese university students
Authors: Festas Isabel , Seixas Ana , Matos Armanda
Published: October 2022

In aiming to frame plagiarism as an academic literacy issue, this paper focuses on the strategies used by firsts years Portuguese university students, when writing from sources, along with the relationship between these strategies and the way students view themselves as readers, writers and users of sources. The study was based on 44 short summary essays written by students as well as their responses to a questionnaire and checklist on citation rules. The evaluation of the essays revealed that students often use copying and patchwriting. In addition, we found that much of the time students changed the meaning of the content expressed in the source. In relation to the way students evaluated themselves, generally their view was they used appropriate strategies. The study did not reveal a relationship between perceptions of using appropriate strategies and the use of those same strategies. Nonetheless, we found an association between performance and perceptions of using copying. Perceived use of a ‘think-then-do’ strategy was also related to changing the meaning when writing from sources. Concerning school achievement, stronger students evaluated themselves as using more appropriate strategies, and those who had not previously failed (a) school year(s) also displayed a better knowledge of citation rules. However, we failed to find any relationship between school achievement and the use of strategies for writing from sources. The main findings of the current research point to the existence of issues concerning how to address academic literacy, findings that go beyond plagiarism and, consequently, indicate the need for pedagogical responses.
Association of pain and risk of falls in community-dwelling adults: a prospective study in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)
Authors: Ogliari Giulia , Ryg Jesper , Andersen-Ranberg Karen , Scheel-Hincke Lasse Lybecker , Collins Jemima T. , Cowley Alison , Di Lorito Claudio , Howe Louise , Robinson Katie R. , Booth Vicky , Walsh David A. , Gladman John R. F. , Harwood Rowan H. , Masud Tahir
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To investigate the longitudinal associations between pain and falls risks in adults.

Methods

Prospective cohort study on data from 40,636 community-dwelling adults ≥ 50 years assessed in Wave 5 and 6 in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Socio-demographic and clinical information was collected at baseline (Wave 5). At 2-year follow-up (Wave 6), falls in the previous 6 months were recorded. The longitudinal associations between pain intensity, number of pain sites and pain in specific anatomic sites, respectively, and falls risk were analysed by binary logistic regression models; odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were calculated. All analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic and clinical factors and stratified by sex.

Results

Mean age was 65.8 years (standard deviation 9.3; range 50–103); 22,486 (55.3%) participants were women. At follow-up, 2805 (6.9%) participants reported fall(s) in the previous 6 months. After adjustment, participants with moderate and severe pain at baseline had an increased falls risk at follow-up of 1.35 (1.21–1.51) and 1.52 (1.31–1.75), respectively, compared to those without pain (both p < 0.001); mild pain was not associated with falls risk. Associations between pain intensity and falls risk were greater at younger age (p for interaction < 0.001). Among participants with pain, pain in ≥ 2 sites or all over (multisite pain) was associated with an increased falls risk of 1.29 (1.14–1.45) compared to pain in one site (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Moderate, severe and multisite pain were associated with an increased risk of subsequent falls in adults.
Effect of organic shock loading on anaerobic performance of pumice-reinforced up-flow anaerobic sludge bed for incineration leachate treatment
Authors: Zhang Yong , Ji Fengquan , Hu Qunlin , Luo Tao , Jin Zhen , Xu Guangsong , Zhan Yu , Wang Hui
Published: October 2022

The research and application of leachate in the treatment of leachate in UASB reactors are increasing, but UASB also has problems such as poor resistance to organic load impact and unstable operation. In order to improve the anaerobic performance stability of an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor (UASB) subjected to high organic loading shock, pumice was added to the leachate from the incineration. The reinforcement effect of pumice on the anaerobic efficiency of the reactor was studied by increasing the influent load. The results showed that with a gradual increase in the influent organic load [11.6‒66.6 kg COD/(m3∙d)] and without the addition of pumice, irreversible acidification took place in the reactor (R1) when the influent load reached 14.51 kg COD/(m3∙d). The average methane output and content were reduced to 39.7 L/d and 66.16%, respectively. In contrast, the reactor (R2) with pumice could still be operated stably when the influent organic load reached 40.04 kg COD/(m3∙d). The COD removal rate reached 91.80%, and the average methane output and content were increased by 42.30% and 15.20%, respectively. The results of analyzing the sludge microbial community structure in the reactor showed that the adding of pumice could selectively enrich the methanogenic bacterium methanosaeta, promote the decomposition of volatile fatty acid (VFA), effectively mitigate the acid inhibition effect of VFA on the anaerobic reactor, and enhance the balance between acidogenic bacteria (Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria) and methanogenic bacterium (Methanosaeta) to a great degree. These results prove that the addition of pumice filler can reinforce the resistance of UASB to organic loading.
Consumer Preferences in Greece for Bio-Based Products: a Short Communication
Authors: Skouloudis Antonis , Malesios Chrysovalantis , Lekkas Demetris-Francis , Panagiotopoulou Altani
Published: October 2022

This study examines consumer preferences for bio-based products. Drawing from a sample of Greek consumers (n = 533) and the use of self-reported scales, we assess the effects of individuals’ characteristics such as innovativeness, trust in science and technology, environmental concern, and previous experience with bio-products on consumer preferences, i.e., willingness to pay (WTP) for (a) a bio-nylon jacket, (b) a pack of bio-based breadsticks, and (c) a bioplastic bottled water. Findings indicate that certain consumer- and product-specific attributes may influence WTP for the three bio-based products included in our study and offer insights on the extent to which such characteristics may shape purchase decisions for products of this growing market. In this respect, the results encapsulate managerial/practical and policy implications toward the development of appropriate advertising messages and awareness-raising campaigns and indicate the need to further explore consumers’ attitudes and purchase decisions for bio-based products in Greece.
Study of an abnormally strong saltwater intrusion in the Humen Channel of the Pearl River estuary
Authors: Wang Jiaxi , Hong Bo , Gong Wenping
Published: October 2022

Saltwater intrusion in estuaries has become a serious environmental problem, such as in the Pearl River estuary (PRE). In this study, we used a fully validated three-dimensional hydrodynamic model EFDC to numerically investigate the saltwater intrusion in the PRE during the dry season of 2007-2008. Based on the measured salinity, an abnormally strong saltwater intrusion occurred in the Humen Channel in February 2008. The saltwater intrusion occurred twice a month to varying extents, with each saltwater intrusion happening 1-3 days before spring tide, and the stronger saltwater intrusion always occurred at the beginning of the month. Our model results show that caused by a long-term northerly wind during the dry season, the increased steady shear term in the salt transport flux were responsible for the abnormally strong saltwater intrusion in the Humen Channel. The abnormally strong saltwater intrusion has features of long duration, far-reaching upstream distance and great hazard to freshwater resources. The wind effects were revealed to mainly influence the bottom salinity in the middle reach of the PRE, especially near the Humen outlet.
Reconstructing Early Buddhism
Authors: Bucknell Roderick S.
Published: October 2022

Buddhist origins and discussion of the Buddha's teachings are amongst the most controversial and contested areas in the field. This bold and authoritative book tackles head-on some of the key questions regarding early Buddhism and its primary canon of precepts. Noting that the earliest texts in Pali, Sanskrit and Chinese belong to different Buddhist schools, Roderick S. Bucknell addresses the development of these writings during the period of oral transmission between the Buddha's death and their initial redaction in the first century BCE. A meticulous comparative analysis reveals the likely original path of meditative practice applied and taught by Gautama. Fresh perspectives now emerge on both the Buddha himself and his Enlightenment. Drawing on his own years of meditative experience as a Buddhist monk, the author offers here remarkable new interpretations of advanced practices of meditation, as well as of Buddhism itself. It is a landmark work in Buddhist Studies.
Making Culture Change Happen
Authors: Mannion Russell
Published: October 2022

Healthcare policy frequently invokes notions of cultural change as a means of achieving improvement and good-quality care. This Element unpacks what is meant by organisational culture and explores the evidence for linking culture to healthcare quality and performance. It considers the origins of interest in managing culture within healthcare, conceptual frameworks for understanding culture change, and approaches and tools for measuring the impact of culture on quality and performance. It considers potential facilitators of successful culture change and looks forward towards an emerging research agenda. As the evidence base to support culture change is rather thin, a more realistic assessment of the task of cultural transformation in healthcare is warranted. Simplistic attempts to manage or engineer culture change from above are unlikely to bear fruit; rather, efforts should be sensitive to the complexity and highly stratified nature of culture in an organisation as vast and diffuse as the NHS. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Creating Human Nature
Authors: Gregg Benjamin
Published: October 2022

Human genetic enhancement, examined from the standpoint of the new field of political bioethics, displaces the age-old question of truth: What is human nature? This book displaces that question with another: What kind of human nature should humans want to create for themselves? To answer that question, this book answers two others: What constraints should limit the applications of rapidly developing biotechnologies? What could possibly form the basis for corresponding public policy in a democratic society? Benjamin Gregg focuses on the distinctly political dimensions of human nature, where politics refers to competition among competing values on which to base public policy, legislation, and political culture. This book offers citizens of democratic communities a broad perspective on how they together might best approach urgent questions of how to deal with the socially and morally challenging potential for human genetic engineering.
Mapping the trajectory of acute mild-stroke cognitive recovery using serial computerised cognitive assessment
Authors: Campbell Alana , Gustafsson Louise , Grimley Rohan , Gullo Hannah , Rosbergen Ingrid , Summers Mathew
Published: October 2022

Introduction:

Cognitive impairment is common post-stroke. There is a need to understand patterns of early cognitive recovery post-stroke to guide both clinical and research practice. The aim of the study was to map the trajectory of cognitive recovery during the first week to 90-days post-stroke using serial computerised assessment.

Method:

An observational cohort study recruited consecutive stroke patients admitted to a stroke unit within 48 hours of onset. Cognitive function was assessed using the computerised Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) daily for seven days, then 14, 30 and 90 days post-stroke. The CANTAB measured visual episodic memory and learning, information processing speed, visuo-spatial working memory, complex sustained attention and mental flexibility. Repeated measures MANOVA/ANOVA with Least Squares Difference post-hoc analyses were performed to ascertain significant change over time.

Result:

Forty-eight participants, mean age 73, primarily mild, ischaemic stroke, completed all assessment timepoints. There was a trajectory of early, global cognitive improvement, indicative of a post-stroke delirium, that largely stabilised between 6 and 14-days post-stroke. Change over time was examined within each cognitive test, with one measure stabilising by day 6 (Reaction Time) and others detecting improving performances up to 14 days post-stroke.

Conclusions:

Serial, computerised cognitive assessment can effectively map post-stroke cognitive recovery and revealed an early phase of global improvement over 14 days that is evidence for an acute post-stroke delirium. Resolution of post-stroke delirium in the second week following mild stroke indicates more extensive neuropsychological testing may be undertaken earlier than previously thought.
New Software Interface for Registering Rapid Antigen Test Results to Prevent Fraud
Authors: Besong Donald O.
Published: October 2022

Donald O. Besong has already documented that the online registration of unsupervised lateral flow test results poses concerns in the case of a serious pandemic where there are not enough medics to read scans or watch videos of candidates’ results (Besong Int J Biomed Healthc Sci. 2022;12(1):1-12). Scanning or videorecording requires a high number of available medics (Besong Int J Biomed Healthc Sci. 2022;12(1):1-12) in an adverse pandemic scenario. In the above study (Besong Int J Biomed Healthc Sci. 2022;12(1):1-12), an artificial intelligence (AI) interface with image recognition was suggested as a method to prevent cheating during the online registration of unsupervised test results. The second solution suggested was a method that obscures the meaning of the result the candidate reads from their test device so that a software interface can resolve that from a database (Besong Int J Biomed Healthc Sci. 2022;12(1):1-12). This is an entirely new method. In this study, the latter (entirely new) method is proposed and described in detail. Precisely, this simple but new method is all about blinding the test strips so that the candidate does not know what the face values signify. The software then connects to a database of unique strip identification numbers to determine the test result when the candidate or patient registers their results. Both strip number and the value of their test must be entered to register results. This method has never been proposed or implemented. The technique will be described in detail.
Developing a Personal Protective Equipment Calculator During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Abdollahzade Sina , Rafiei Sima , Namdar Peyman , Ghashghaee Ahmad
Published: October 2022

These days, because of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, we have faced a number of challenges and scarcities in Iran. Lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) is one of the most remarkable problems that can have damaging consequences on the health system. In this letter, we introduce software that can help hospitals manage their PPE in terms of purchasing, distributing, and predicting the future needs in different time intervals. The software has several distinctive features such as superior speed, cost management, managerial dashboard, a wide range of applicability, comprehensiveness, supply chain management, and quality appraisal. We hope that our findings can assist health authorities in planning and optimizing the use of PPE for the response to COVID-19, where the shortage of resources may occur due to supply chain issues.
Ascending non-Newtonian long drops in vertical tubes
Authors: Longo S. , Chiapponi L. , Petrolo D. , Bosa S. , Di Federico V.
Published: October 2022

We report on theoretical and experimental studies describing the buoyancy-driven ascent of a Taylor long drop in a circular vertical pipe where the descending fluid is Newtonian, and the ascending fluid is non-Newtonian yield shear thinning and described by the three-parameter Herschel–Bulkley model, including the Ostwald–de Waele model as a special case for zero yield. Results for the Ellis model are included to provide a more realistic description of purely shear-thinning behaviour. In all cases, lubrication theory allows us to obtain the velocity profiles and the corresponding integral variables in closed form, for lock-exchange flow with a zero net flow rate. The energy balance allows us to derive the asymptotic radius of the inner current, corresponding to a stable node of the differential equation describing the time evolution of the core radius. We carried out a series of experiments measuring the rheological properties of the fluids, the speed and the radius of the ascending long drop. For some tests, we measured the velocity profile with the ultrasound velocimetry technique. The measured radius of the ascending current compares fairly well with the asymptotic radius as derived through the energy balance, and the measured ascent speed shows a good agreement with the theoretical model. The measured velocity profiles also agree with their theoretical counterparts. We have also developed dynamic similarity conditions to establish whether laboratory physical models, limited by the availability of real fluids with defined rheological characteristics, can be representative of real phenomena on a large scale, such as exchanges in volcanic conduits. Appendix B contains scaling rules for the approximated dynamic similarity of the physical process analysed; these rules serve as a guide for the design of experiments reproducing real phenomena.
Exponential asymptotics for elastic and elastic-gravity waves on flow past submerged obstacles
Authors: Lustri Christopher J.
Published: October 2022

Linearized flow past a submerged obstacle with an elastic sheet resting on the flow surface are studied in the limit that the bending length is small compared to the obstacle depth, in two and three dimensions. Gravitational effects are included in the two-dimensional geometry, but absent in the three-dimensional geometry; the Froude number is chosen so that gravitational and elastic restoring forces are comparable in size. In each of these problems, the waves are exponentially small in the asymptotic limit, and can be computed using exponential asymptotic methods. In the two-dimensional problem, flow past a submerged step is considered. It is found that the relative strengths of the gravitational and elastic restoring forces produce two distinct classes of elastic sheet behaviour. In one parameter regime, constant-amplitude elastic waves and gravity waves extend indefinitely upstream and downstream from the obstacle. In the other parameter regime, all waves decay exponentially away from the obstacle. The equivalent nonlinear two-dimensional geometry is then studied; this asymptotic analysis predicts the existence of a third intermediate regime in which waves persist indefinitely in only one direction, depending on whether the submerged step rises or falls. In the three-dimensional geometry, it is predicted that the elastic waves extend ahead of the submerged source, decaying algebraically in space. The form of these elastic waves is computed, and validated by comparison with numerical computations of the elastic sheet behaviour.
Progress in understanding middle Eocene nassellarian (Radiolaria, Polycystinea) diversity; new insights from the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Meunier Mathias , Danelian Taniel
Published: October 2022

Middle Eocene deep-sea sediment sequences cored at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1260 (Leg 207; equatorial Atlantic Ocean) yielded diverse and abundant radiolarian faunas that are conducive to biostratigraphic and palaeoceanographic research, as well as to the study of radiolarian diversity dynamics during this epoch of significant climate changes. However, many species present in these sediments still have not been formally described and are therefore neglected in most biodiversity surveys. In an effort to improve the taxonomic resolution of middle Eocene radiolarians, 15 new species of nassellarians are described and illustrated. The species are: Cymaetron? dilatatus n. sp., Eucyrtidium levisaltatrix n. sp. (Eucyrtidiidae), Siphocampe pollen n. sp., Spirocyrtis? renaudiei n. sp. (Artostrobiidae), Pterocyrtidium eep n. sp. (Rhopalosyringiidae), Petalospyris cometa n. sp., Petalospyris castanea n. sp. (Cephalospyrididae), Velicucullus armatus n. sp. (Theophormididae), Lychnocanium nimrodi n. sp. (Lithochytrididae), Aphetocyrtis zamenhofi n. sp., Aphetocyrtis? columboi n. sp., Aphetocyrtis? spheniscus n. sp. (Lophocyrtiidae), Albatrossidium regis n. sp., Albatrossidium annikasanfilippoae n. sp., and Phormocyrtis lazari n. sp. (Pterocorythidae). Stratigraphic range data are provided for each new species, as well as the orbitally tuned ages for their first and last occurrences. In addition to these new species, we also illustrate and document the stratigraphic distribution of four species described in early radiolarian studies and rarely reported since.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/b5993e6b-659b-4220-80c2-c6ddccc13793
METRICS FOR FORMAL STRUCTURES, WITH AN APPLICATION TO KRIPKE MODELS AND THEIR DYNAMICS
Authors: KLEIN DOMINIK , RENDSVIG RASMUS K.
Published: October 2022

The paper introduces a broad family of metrics applicable to finite and countably infinite strings, or, by extension, to formal structures serving as semantics for countable languages. The main focus is on applications to sets of pointed Kripke models, a semantics for modal logics. For the resulting metric spaces, the paper classifies topological properties including which metrics are topologically equivalent, providing sufficient conditions for compactness, characterizing clopen sets and isolated points, and characterizing the metrical topologies by a concept of logical convergence. We then apply the approach to maps from dynamic epistemic logic, showing that product updates with action models yield continuous maps, hence allowing for an interpretation of the iterated updates as discrete time dynamical systems.
Approximating the volume of a solid of revolution – the frustum rule
Authors: Belcher Paul
Published: October 2022

This Article will find formulae for approximating the volume of a solid of revolution, analogous with the Trapezium rule and Simpson's rule [1] for approximating an area. It will also consider the order of these approximations.
Archimedes playing with a computer
Authors: Dubeau François
Published: October 2022

It was known before Archimedes (287-212 BC) that the circumference of a circle was proportional to its diameter and that the area was proportional to the square of its radius. It was Archimedes who first supplied a rigorous proof that these two proportionality constants were the same, now called π [1]. He started with inscribed and circumscribed hexagons and increased the number of sides from 6 up to 96 by successively doubling it. His result was not a single value. In fact he generated five intervals each of which contained π. He calculated a lower bound from the inscribed polygon and an upper bound from the circumscribed polygon of 96 sides. This gave him the interval () or (3.140845, 3.142857), which is less accurate than the interval bounded by half-perimeters of the inscribed and circumscribed 96-gons, which is (3.141031, 3.142714).
Probability: a questionable science of the uncertain
Authors: Wapner Leonard M.
Published: October 2022

Fate laughs at probabilities.

—Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton
An alternative formula for the cubic equation
Authors: Missa Abdel , Youssfi Chrif
Published: October 2022

Consider the general cubic equation:

$${x^3} + a{x^2} + bx + c = 0.$$

A change of variable: x = z + t leads to:
(1)
$${z^3} + (3t + a){z^2} + (3{t^2} + 2at + b)z + ({t^3} + {at^2} + bt + c) = 0.$$
ON THE CENTRAL KERNEL OF A GROUP
Authors: RUSSO ALESSIO
Published: October 2022

The central kernel
$K(G)$
of a group G is the (characteristic) subgroup consisting of all elements
$x\in G$
such that
$x^{\gamma }=x$
for every central automorphism
$\gamma $
of G. We prove that if G is a finite-by-nilpotent group whose central kernel has finite index, then the full automorphism group
$Aut(G)$
of G is finite. Some applications of this result are given.
The Role of Creditor Protection in Lending and Tax Avoidance
Authors: De Vito Antonio , Jacob Martin
Published: October 2022

We examine how creditor rights affect the trade-off between non-debt and debt tax shields. Using four bankruptcy reforms and a panel of private and public firms from Italy, we show that laws empowering creditors reduce tax avoidance and increase debt financing, consistent with firms substituting non-debt tax shields with debt tax shields. We corroborate the validity of our findings using a panel of public firms across 33 countries. Additionally, we document that the impact of creditor protection laws is mitigated by tax system characteristics, which significantly reduce the incentives to substitute tax avoidance with debt.
The Fundacion John Boulton
Authors: Berglund Susan
Published: October 2022

The Fundación John Boulton was established in 1950 as a privately funded institution sponsored by the Casas Boulton of Caracas, Valencia, and Maracaibo. For many years, the Fundación functioned in the Villa Espalmador in El Paraíso, but it has recently moved to new quarters in Torre El Chorro, Avenida Universidad, in the center of Caracas. Founded to facilitate research on the history and culture of Venezuela, the Fundación has assembled a strong collection covering the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Moreover, the collection is constantly being augmented by purchases, exchanges, and donations of additional material. The material available in the Fundación is found in the library, in the various archives, and in two museums.
Tax Reform in Latin America: A Review of Some Recent Experiences
Authors: Bird Richard M.
Published: October 2022

Not since the heyday of foreign tax missions in the 1960s has tax reform been discussed as intensively in Latin America. During the 1980s, major tax reforms took place in Mexico, Bolivia, Argentina, and Colombia, and somewhat similar reforms occurred in the previous decade in Chile and Uruguay. Moreover, tax reform seems to be climbing higher on the policy agenda in countries as diverse as Guatemala, Venezuela, Paraguay, and Peru.
The Juan Silvano Godoi Collection at the University of California, Riverside
Authors: Churukian Araxie P.
Published: October 2022

For scholars writing a history of a “developing” country, access to pertinent unpublished personal and official sources is so limited that some prominent historical figures are inadequately represented. Juan Silvano Godoi of Paraguay is no exception. Because of the inaccessibility of primary sources, publications on Paraguayan history have devoted little coverage to this major figure. To help fill this gap, the Special Collections Department of the University Library at the University of California, Riverside, has compiled an annotated list of Godoi's personal collection. The Godoi collection represents a crucial period of Paraguayan history, and to understand its importance, researchers must become aware of some of his activities between 1870 and 1926.
Alternative Outcomes of the Latin American Debt Crisis: Lessons from the Past
Authors: Felix David
Published: October 2022

Will the denouement of the current Latin American debt crisis be unilateral default or preemptive concessionary write-downs of the debt? If either outcome occurs, what are the implications for the U.S.–centered world trade and financial system and, in particular, for the trade and financial links between Latin America and the United States? The crisis containment strategy instituted by the United States in 1982 presumed a negative answer to the first question, thereby ruling out the second as irrelevant. But by 1986, fading confidence in that strategy has reopened both questions.
Latin America in the Movietone News Collection
Authors: Henderson James D.
Published: October 2022

In 1980 Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation announced that its Movietone newsfilm collection, containing documentary footage produced between 1919 and 1963, would be given to the University of South Carolina. Soon thereafter one-fifth of the collection, some twelve million feet of unduplicated footage, was shipped to the university's central campus in Columbia. Transfer of the film was suspended, however, when Twentieth Century Fox was purchased by a multinational corporation. Footage for the years between 1919 and 1935, and for the period from September 1942 through August 1944, was included in the initial gift. This material is presently housed and available for research in Columbia, South Carolina. Among these materials are hundreds of thousands of feet of documentary film with Latin American content, much of it untouched since the time it was “vaulted” by Fox fifty years ago or more. As such, this material represents a largely unmined and potentially rich source of film information on Latin America. This research note will suggest the nature and extent of this collection.
Of Planters, Politics, and Development
Authors: Love Joseph L.
Published: October 2022

Mauricio Font's “Coffee Planters, Politics, and Development in Brazil,” raises a number of central issues about the nature of the polity and economy in São Paulo during the critical transition from export-oriented agriculture to domestic-oriented manufacturing. Was the coffee economy fully capitalist? What was the relation between coffee and industrialization? Was there a “sectoral clash” between planters and manufacturers? To what degree did planters control the political parties and the state? In particular, was the state relatively autonomous of the most important economic group?
Coffee Planters, Politics, and Development in Brazil: A Comment on Mauricio Font's Analysis
Authors: Stolcke Verena
Published: October 2022

“If monoculture is an evil, this was not so with coffee. Coffee was autarkic; it demanded for its cultivation the simultaneous production of the most varied crops, even cattle raising. These were subsidiary crops, no doubt, but their total production was voluminous. It was cheap production, because it was an accessory that offered the people abundant and healthy food.” Thus asserted Joaquim Sampaio Vidal, a federal deputy for the Partido Democrático of São Paulo and president of the Sociedade Rural Brasileira in 1940.
Incomplete Industrialization: An Argentine Obsession
Authors: Korol Juan Carlos , Sabato Hilda
Published: October 2022

The subject of industrialization has become almost an obsession with Argentines. The image of a belated, weak, incomplete, and truncated process of industrialization has become associated with the frustrated destiny of Argentina. At some moment in its history, the country must have taken a wrong turn and, squandering opportunities, set off on a perverse downhill, an inexplicable turn in the first place, and not only for those who think of the country as being richly endowed. In the search for some explanation, the issue of industrialization has always occupied a central place in the debate.
Primary Education and Literacy in Nineteenth-Century Mexico: Research Trends, 1968-1988
Authors: Vaughan Mary Kay
Published: October 2022

Mexico as a nation has endowed education with magical meaning. From the moment when twelve Franciscans set foot in the New World in 1524 to evangelize, education assumed a transforming mission in Mexico. If schooling during the colonial period slumped into the less grandiose task of transmitting relatively fixed values and knowledge to new generations, it resumed its transforming role with the Enlightenment. Under the Bourbon kings, the first steps were taken toward introducing free primary education as a means of modernizing society. With independence, liberals and conservatives alike came to perceive primary schooling as critical to citizen formation, political stability, and economic progress. But the obstacles to realizing mass literacy have been multiple and prolonged. In 1910 an estimated 68 percent of all Mexican adults could not read. Yet even this limited proportion of literate adults were active and contributed significantly to the Revolution of 1910.
Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism
Authors: Nagengast Carole , Kearney Michael
Published: October 2022

Culture, according to one anthropological formulation, is “the structure of meaning through which people give shape to their experience” (Geertz 1973, 312). Clifford Geertz's definition necessarily implies consideration of struggles over the politics of that meaning. Implicit and explicit in such struggles are political efforts to impose upon others a particular concept of how things really are and therefore how people are obliged to act (Geertz 1973, 316). During the process of nation building, history and the structure of meaning that it gives to contemporary “culture” are often manipulated so that socially, politically, and economically opposed groups are merged into putative harmonious “imagined communities” whose reality enters into public consciousness and social discourse as the authentic past (Anderson 1983). But consciousness of shared identity and common discourse centered upon that identity are not un-contested. In Mexico competing images of indigenous “tradition” entail just such a political struggle over meaning, a struggle over the definition of what constitutes indigenous culture—“real” ethnic identity, as it were—and a consequent struggle over what actions, if any, need to be taken (and by whom) to combat the second-class status of most of the country's indigenous peoples.
Explaining Confederation: Colombian Unions in the 1980s
Authors: López-Alves Fernando
Published: October 2022

The formation of a “united front of all workers” has been a strategic goal for most labor leaders, but in reality, such coalitions have been more the exception than the rule. This kind of alliance requires workers in different sectors of the economy, who usually have dissimilar interests, to merge into a coordinating body, generally a new labor confederation. Therefore, regardless of whether they emerge in the core or on the periphery, confederations that aggregate the interests of the majority of organized workers have necessarily been preceded by fascinating processes of negotiations and mergers among unions. This study focuses on the formation of one such coalition in the Colombian labor movement.
Central America in the 1980s: Political Crisis and the Social Responsibility of Anthropologists
Authors: Ehlers Tracy Bachrach
Published: October 2022

For most of the past decade, Central America has been wracked by revolution, counterrevolution, military repression, and massive dislocation that have affected the lives of millions of people. Yet despite these dramatic events, little anthropological research has been directed toward Central America in the 1980s. Analysis of the contents of seven major cultural anthropology journals from 1980 to 1986 shows no increased attention to the area over a previous period, 1970 to 1976. Research published in the 1980s has been emphatically non-policy-based, even when fieldwork was conducted in the midst of crisis. This research report will analyze the underrepresentation of Central America in anthropology journals and possible reasons for it. I will suggest that the reticence of anthropology as a discipline to legitimate policy-based research in Central America stems from a tendency that has characterized the field since its beginnings: studying communities as isolated, timeless cultures that are unaffected by regional, national, and international events taking place outside their borders. This bias causes practitioners who wish to advance their careers to turn their backs on what may be considered controversial policy analysis and write instead about subjects endorsed by the discipline.
Developments in the Situation of Brazilian Tribal Populations from 1976 to 1982
Authors: Urban Greg
Published: October 2022

Since 1976 profound changes have occurred in Brazilian national society, changes that have implications for the tribal populations in Brazil as well as for those conducting anthropological and linguistic research among these populations. Many of these changes can be linked to the government policy of abertura (opening). This policy was begun implicitly under the regime of Ernesto Geisel (1974-79) and has been continued more explicitly by the current President, João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo, who is scheduled to remain in office until 1985. Perhaps equally as important at the infrastructural level have been the global economic changes that were largely linked to earlier increases in oil prices. These steep increases have severely shaken the Brazilian economy, causing annual inflation rates in 1980, 1981, and 1982 of approximately 100 percent.
Economic Forces and Social Development in Colonial New Spain: A Comment
Authors: Kicza John E.
Published: October 2022

The outpouring of colonial Mexican social history that marked the 1970s had its origins in the previous decade. As Marcello Carmagnani's article points out, historians had come to appreciate the limits of institutional approaches to this field of inquiry. Contributions in demographic history, economic history, and ethnohistory strongly indicated that the dynamics of colonial life were other than had been identified to date and that even periodization and the eras of transition in the colonial period—let alone the reasons behind the transitions—might be different if measured by other standards.
Socioeconomic and Political Roots of National Revolts in Central America
Authors: Booth John A.
Published: October 2022

Since the mid-1970s, tens of thousands of persons in three out of the five Central American countries have revolted against their governments or fought to repress such rebellions. These conflicts have cost more than a quarter of a million lives and created more than two million internal and external refugees. In 1979 a bloody insurrection toppled Nicaragua's Somoza regime. El Salvador's crippling civil war has escalated and reescalated but remains stalemated. In Guatemala since 1980, brutal counterinsurgency warfare, pro-regime terror, and political reform have failed to eliminate a resurgent guerrilla rebellion. Yet while these countries have rent themselves with political violence, their neighbors Honduras and Costa Rica have in general remained politically peaceful.