bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in Relation to Malaria
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Shipley, Arthur E.
Published: May 2009

The importance of malaria as a disease affecting vast numbers of the human race renders it essential that we should study most completely all that affects the etiology of the disease. Through the brilliant researches of Ross, Grassi, Bignami and Bastianelli, and others we know that several species of Anopheles serve as definitive hosts of human malarial parasites, and that when these insects are infected they are capable of communicating the parasite to man. As far as the evidence goes these insects appear to be the only means by which the disease is spread. The sexually mature parasites circulating in man's blood gain access to the insect when it feeds upon this fluid. After a period of 7 to 8 days, under suitable conditions of temperature, the parasites appear in the insect's saliva, and when this occurs the latter is capable of producing infection by the act of biting. The highly interesting literature on this subject has been considered elsewhere by one of us, as also by Lühe, and the reader is referred to these publications for particulars1.
A Contribution to the Aetiology of Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis
Authors: Buchanan W. J.
Published: May 2009

The following contribution to the aetiology of cerebrospinal meningitis is published with a view to calling attention to the possible part played by dust in the causation of this disease. The strong connection between dusty occupations and cases of cerebrospinal fever, as here detailed afford, it is believed, a prima facie presumption that dust may be one of the vehicles of the specific germ.
Radiative and Convective Stimuli of Threshold Intensity
Authors: Turner Derek
Published: May 2009

The results of experiments designed to determine the threshold values for various thermal stimuli have been reported. The threshold increments in the intensity of radiation in ‘still’ air were determined first for several areas of exposure. In further experiments the effects of simultaneous changes in both the speed and temperature of the air, and the air speed and radiation intensity, were examined.

The data from these experiments were then used to estimate the relation between the temperature and speed of the air on the rate of heat loss by convection. The findings were shown to be in good accord with previously published data.
Litter-Mate Assays of Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Irwin J. O. , Standfast A. F. B.
Published: May 2009

A series of comparative assays of two pertussis vaccines was carried out by the mouse intracerebral method, using litter-mates and placing one member of each litter on each dose.

A statistical analysis of the results by the method described by Irwin (1950, p. 231), was carried out, making due allowance for the use of litter-mates. A slight increase of accuracy was found in five out of six assays, but this did not reach the 5% level of significance. Any real increase of accuracy must have been small. The results show that, as far as these tests are concerned, there is no advantage in the use of litter-mates, particularly when one takes account of the large amount of additional work necessary in the animal house.
Passive Protection Experiments with Brucella Antisera
Authors: Sulitzeanu D.
Published: May 2009

A passive protection test with brucella antibodies, based on the spleen counts technique, has been described. This test has been found more sensitive than that based on lethal challenge.

Normal human sera have been shown to possess marked protecting power.

Protective activity of human sera was considerably increased following vaccination with living streptomycin-dependent brucellae, or after natural disease.

The bearing of these findings on several brucellosis problems has been briefly discussed.

The author wishes to express his thanks to Prof. A. L. Olitzki for constant advice and encouragement; to Dr H. V. Muhsam, Department of Statistics, the Hebrew University, for generous help in the statistical analysis; and to Miss R. Avraam for technical assistance.
A Study of Antigenic Structure ofEscherichia ColiO111B4H2Possessing β Antigen
Authors: Mushin Rose
Published: May 2009

1. Coliform and paracolon β strains agglutinated to a high titre with OB antisera from two strains ofEscherichia coliO111B4H2.

2. The presence of β antigen in some strains ofEsch. coliO111B4H2has been shown and therefore such strains should be classified as plus β forms. This factor could not be demonstrated by agglutination tests but was evident by its ability to produce and absorb β antibodies.

3. The dissociation and complex nature of β forms was discussed.

The writer wishes to express her thanks to Prof. S. D. Rubbo for his helpful criticism of the manuscript.
Q Fever in Britain: Isolation ofRickettsia Burnetifrom the TickHaemaphysalis Punctata
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Marmion B. P.
Published: May 2009

1.Rickettsia burnetihas been isolated from the tickHaemaphysalis punctatacollected from sheep in an endemic area of Q fever in south-east England.

2. Isolation from one batch may have been due to contamination from the wool of sheep excretingR. burneti, but evidence is presented that isolation from another batch was due to the presence of the rickettsia in the tick tissues.

We should like to express our gratitude to Mr R. D. Brown, M.R.C.V.S., Mr F. L. J. Kett, F.R.E.S., and Mr J. Carey, who helped to collect the specimens. We are also indebted to Dr A. D. Lees (Agricultural Research Council Unit of Insect Physiology) for his help with the identification of the ticks. Finally we wish to acknowledge the valuable laboratory assistance given by Mr P. C. Collings, Miss Z. Page and Miss K. Arnold.
The Intensifying Effect of Glucose on the Protective Action of Glycine Against the Heat-Inactivation of Complement
Authors: Gordon J. , Turner G. C.
Published: May 2009

The addition of glucose considerably reduces the amount of glycine required to protect complement against heat-inactivation.

A similar effect has been demonstrated with other sugars.
Studies with Marked Antisera 2. Variation in the Specific Adsorption by Red Cells from Different Rabbits of One 131I-marked rabbit ISO-Antiserum
Authors: Boursnell J. C. , Heard D. H. , Rizk Vivien
Published: May 2009

1. An apparently pure rabbit iso-antibody marked with 131I has been shown to adsorb specifically to a greater extent on some rabbit cells than on others. This accords with previous evidence that the same iso-antibody exhibits a higher titre with the cells which are shown here to absorb more marked antibody than with those which adsorb less.

2. Saturation of two of these red cell types by repeated application of fresh quantities of the 131I iso-antibody until no more is specifically adsorbed, suggests that the number of functional antigenic sites is six or seven times greater on the one than on the other cell.

3. There is no apparent difference in the amount of 131I iso-antibody adsorbed by any one type of rabbit cell in comparative titrations using 3·3 % MgSO4.7H2O medium instead of normal saline.
On an Outbreak of Sore Throats and of Scarlet Fever caused by Infected Milk
Authors: Newsholme Arthur
Published: May 2009

The outbreak about to be described raises issues of practical importance which appear to make it worthy of record, in spite of the fact that owing to fear of injury to a particular dairyman it was impracticable to complete the evidence by making inquires at every house supplied with milk by him.
The Air of Factories and Workshops
Authors: Haldane John S.
Published: May 2009

By the existing law for Great Britain it is enacted that “in every room in any factory or workshop sufficient means of ventilation shall be provided, and sufficient ventilation shall be maintained.” Not very much has been hitherto ascertained, however, as to the degree of purity actually existing in the air of factories and workshops generally, or as to what standard of purity may reasonably be expected considering the difficulties met with. A Departmental Committee was recently appointed by the Home Secretary to investigate and report upon the subject. The members of the Committee were Mr E. H. Osborn, Engineering Adviser to the Chief Inspector of Factories, and myself, with Mr C. R. Pendock, one of H. M. Inspectors of Factories, as Secretary. The Committee has just reported on the subject of general ventilation1, but reserving for a future Report the vitiation of air by dust, fumes, &c. from special manufacturing processes.
A Handy Method of determining the Amount of Carbonic Acid in Air
Authors: Mackie William
Published: May 2009

Many years ago while making in the laboratory of the late Prof. Carnelley in Dundee, by Pettenkofer's method, a series of Carbonic Acid determinations, in which turmeric paper was used as the indicator, I observed that the last few brown rings made on the paper as the solution approached neutralization showed a tendency to become decolorized in a relatively short space of time, the final ones being seen to vanish even as one looked at them. This at the time—and subsequent observation has confirmed the truth of the conclusion—was ascribed to the CO2 of the air rapidly neutralizing the solution of baryta, which getting more and more dilute as the solution of oxalic acid was gradually added, finally reached a degree of dilution that was all but instantly neutralized by the amount of CO2 present in an ordinary atmosphere. Even then I came to the conclusion that the phenomenon depended on a principle which might probably be made the basis of a rapid method of estimating the amount of CO2 in air generally, but it is only recently that I have had time to adjust the details of the method which I now propose. It will readily be understood that a long series of experiments other than those of which the results are now recorded were carried out before finality was reached on many points of the method. These need not be detailed here, though some of them will be alluded to as occasion arises. It may be stated that the method has been found to give results which approximate to the truth—at least as tested by Pettenkofer's method—much more closely than was at first anticipated.
The Seasonal Prevalence of Hofmann's Bacillus
Authors: Boycott A. E.
Published: May 2009

DURING the last six years (1899—1904) some fifteen thousand examinations of material from throats for the diphtheria bacillus have been made at the Lister Institute. The localities from which this material has been derived have naturally been widespread and varied; much of the work however has been done for local authorities in and near London, and the sources of origin of the major part of the material have not varied very much during the whole period under review.
An Improved Method of calculating Birth-Rates. Part II. Results
Authors: Newsholme Arthur , Stevenson T. H. C.
Published: May 2009

In the last number of the Journal of Hygiene we described an improved method of calculating birth-rates, by means of which exact correction can be made, in comparing the birth-rates of two communities or of the same community at different periods, for variations in the proportion of married women at childbearing ages, and for the different fertility-rates at different ages of childbearing life. The value of this method consists in the fact that by its means true differences in childbearing can be discovered, the differences due to variations of age or marital condition being eliminated.
An Investigation Upon the Blood Changes Following Antityphoid Inoculation.
Authors: Leishman W. B. , Harrison W. S. , Smallman A. B. , Tulloch F. M. G.
Published: May 2009

The following investigation was undertaken at the request of the War Office Committee on Antityphoid Inoculation, to ascertain the nature and degree of the changes that occur in the blood after inoculation, and to determine the extent to which these changes are influenced by differences in the dosage of the vaccine.
The Action of Diphtheria and Diphtheria-like Bacilli on Various Sugars and Carbo-hydrates
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

The experiments here recorded are not sufficiently numerous to justify any decided opinions as to the value of the tests with these various substances in differentiating certain bacilli which very closely resemble the diphtheria bacillus. They show, however, that most of the diphtheria-like organisms tested produce less acid than the diphtheria bacillus. Hofmann's bacillus and a diphtheria-like bacillus from the normal ear can be easily differentiated, since they from no acid. Any bacillus which acts on mannite or saccharose could also be easily differentiated.
On the Mechanism of Complement Fixation
Authors: Dean H. R.
Published: May 2009

(1) If a series of dilutions of an antiserum are prepared, a dilution can be selected which when mixed with an appropriate quantity of the homologous antigen forms no precipitate but nevertheless binds complement. If complement is added to such a mixture of antigen and antiserum a precipitate appears after an interval of six to twenty-four hours.

(2) By using an appropriate mixture of antigen and antiserum the amount of the precipitate can be increased, within certain limits, by increasing the amount of guinea-pig serum (complement) present in the mixture.

(3) Similar results can be obtained if an euglobulin solution prepared from guinea-pig serum is substituted for the normal guinea-pig serum.

(4) A suitable mixture of antigen and antiserum precipitates the euglobulin of guinea-pig serum in a manner which may be compared with the precipitation of euglobulin by carbon dioxide.

(5) By keeping a, precipitating mixture of antigen, antiserum and complement at a temperature of 0° C. it is possible to demonstrate that the resulting precipitate contains the mid-piece fraction of the complement in an active state.

The mid-piece fraction is not used up when it is bound by a mixture of serum with its homologous antiserum.

(6) The precipitate which results from the interaction of antigen and antiserum fixes both fractions of the complement. The mid-piece is fixed much more readily than the end-piece but it is possible to demonstrate a stage when a considerable quantity of end-piece has been bound while a small quantity of mid-piece still remains free.

(7) The results obtained in these experiments show that the fixation of the fractions of the complement by a mixture of antigen and antiserum is essentially similar to the fixation produced by suspensions of barium sulphate and similar complement fixing substances. These experiments confirm the recent work of Gengou on this subject.

(8) The particles of a precipitate probably adsorb the euglobulin of the guinea-pig serum and this adsorption of euglobulin is an essential part of the mechanism of complement fixation.
A Modification of Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Glenny A. T.
Published: May 2009

One of the fundamental features of Ehrlich's method of standardising diphtheria antitoxic serum is the recognition of the so-called Lo and L+ limits, the L+ dose being the quantity of a toxin which when mixed with one unit of antitoxin and injected subcutaneously into a guinea-pig leaves sufficient excess of toxin free to cause the death of the animal about the fifth day after injection, the Lo dose being the largest quantity which when similarly mixed with one unit of antitoxin fails to produce a local reaction. In the region between the two doses, the so-called “ Differential-Region ” of Ehrlich, one can obtain a series of mixtures which, while they kill the guinea-pig later than the fifth day or not at all, cause local reactions of varying severity increasing as the L+ limit is reached.
The Inactivation of complement by Mechanical Agitation
Authors: Schmidt Hans
Published: May 2009

Of the many methods employed to render a serum inactive, that by means of mechanical agitation has been the subject of several recent works, but the real nature of this phenomenon, as it occurs in shaken sera, is still unknown. The reason is the uncertainty regarding the nature of complement itself, and even the most satisfying explanation of the inactivation of complement by shaking would not probably throw much light on the nature of the complement. I give in the following a brief summary of the literature dealing with the inactivation of complement by mechanical agitation.
The Influence of Metabolic Factors in Beri-Beri. Part I. The Effect of increasing the Carbohydrate Ration on the Development of Polyneuritis in Birds Fed on Polished Rice
Authors: Braddon W. L. , Cooper E. A.
Published: May 2009

(1) Chickens fed on a 1/20th their body-weight daily of padi, cured or parboiled unpolished rice, or fresh (partly polished) rice, remain free from polyneuritis for at least 28 to 100 days.

(2) Chickens fed on the same ration of polished Siam rice develop symptoms of polyneuritis in from 20 to 70 days.

(3) When the polished rice is soaked in excess of water for 24 hours the birds succumb to polyneuritis in from 10 to 35 days; when the rice is soaked for 48 hours the disease appears still more readily, viz. in 15 days.

(4) Chickens fed on 1/20th their body-weight of parboiled rice which had been soaked for 24 hours also develop polyneuritis in from 13 to 39 days. This fact is of practical importance, as epidemics of beri-beri have been traced to the practice of soaking unpolished rice prior to cooking and discarding the water.

(5) Although birds fed on diets of polished rice, sago, or glucose develop polyneuritis, when fed on commercial starch they often fail to do so and merely lose considerably in weight. An explanation is offered.

(6) While fowls fed on 1/20th their body-weight of padi remain free from polyneuritis for at least 60 to 100 days, when this ration is supplemented by 1/6th the body-weight of washed unpolished rice or 1/10th of polished rice polyneuritis appears in from 20 to 30 days.

(7) On the other hand, chickens fed on rations varying from 1/5th to 1/30th of their body-weight of washed unpolished rice develop polyneuritis in about the same time, 10 to 20 days.

(8) On dietaries composed of rations of polished rice varying from 1/20th to 1/40th the body-weight and of yeast varying from 1/2500th to 1/3500th the body-weight pigeons and chickens do not develop polyneuritis until at least 32 to 100 days have elapsed, but when the carbohydrate ration is doubled by the addition of polished rice or sago the birds fall ill in from 13 to 46 days.

(9) Even when daily rations of polished rice as large as 1/10th the body-weight are fed to chickens together with varying amounts of yeast, 93 to 98 per cent, of the carbohydrate is digested and absorbed and the excreta contain no anti-neuritic substance. This shows that the rapid development of polyneuritis induced by feeding large rations of starch is not due to interference of undigested carbohydrate with the absorption of the active material.

(10) Intestinal bacteria, unlike yeast, contain little anti-neuritic substance.
Serological Tests
Authors: Gózony Lajos , Hindle Edward , Ross Philip H.
Published: May 2009

1. Sera and antisera when kept in the dark at room temperature sealed in glass tubes occasionally give specific reactions after a period of 12 years. In most cases, however, negative results were obtained with the antisera, whilst in others the reactions were non-specific.

2. Fowl blood will still give specific complement fixation and precipitin reactions after being in the alimentary canal of either Argas persicus or Ornithodorus moubata for at least 23 months. The gut contents of Pediculus vestimenti fed on man three days previously, also will give specific reactions with human antisera.
The Thermoprecipitin Method in the Diagnosis of Bubonic Plague in Cadavers
Authors: Warner Charlotte E.
Published: May 2009

The diagnosis of bubonic plague in rat cadavers, the examination of which is a recognised method of prophylaxis for ships or other communities, which may have been in contact with endemic centres, is attended by especial difficulties, and, on the other hand, calls for especial speed and finality in technique.
Note on the Non-Lactose Fermenters in Fresh Milk
Authors: Ritchie John
Published: May 2009

In order to determine whether non-lactose fermenting bacilli are numerous in fresh milk, a series of experiments was made in the early part of this year on samples of fresh dairy milk, taken in Dumfriesshire, for routine bacteriological examination. The samples were brought to the laboratory with the least possible delay, and in no case did more than seven or eight hours elapse between the time of milking and the inoculation of plates. In the majority of instances, the interval was much shorter.
Studies on the Berkefeld-Filtration of Complement
Authors: Schmidt Hans
Published: May 2009

In the Berkefeld filtration of a fresh guinea-pig serum, adsorption on the filter surface takes place, and the serum passes unaltered, if the saturation of the adsorbing surface has become complete.

This adsorption involves most probably first the albumins, which process then secondly influences the filtrability of the globulins. It is also shown that the physical conditions of the serum as regards salt concentration and dilution as well as H.-concentration modify the effect of filtration to a large extent.
Studies in the Meaning and Relationships of Birth and Death Rates. II. Density of Population and Death Rate (Farr's Law)
Authors: Brownlee John
Published: May 2009

This subject was first considered statistically by the late Dr Farr. It is one of the brilliant attempts to extract the real meaning of figures so frequent in his work, but though this theory has not shared in the complete neglect that has been the lot of his attempt to put a quantitative measure to the course of epidemics, it has suffered as much from the kind of patronage with which it is usually discussed. On at least one of the great medical officers of health of his time, however,— the late Dr J. B. Russell—the theory exercised a strong fascination. My own copy of Fare's Vital Statistics came from Dr Russell's library, and the whole passage referring to the law is lined with his characteristic nervous pencil marks, while in much of his work on vital statistics the influence can easily be traced.
The Significance of Streptococci in Water Supplies
Authors: Savage William G. , Read W. J.
Published: May 2009

The determination of the presence or absence of B. coli in a drinking water is universally regarded as the estimation of most value in determining its safety or as grounds for its condemnation. Valuable as this estimation is it is desirable that, if possible, it should be reinforced and confirmed by the determination of the presence or absence of other organisms. In particular it would be of extreme value and importance if the isolation of other selected organisms could be used to throw light upon two points in regard to which evidence is either lacking or indefinite at the present time. These two matters are the question as to whether ascertained contamination is of human or animal origin and as to the probable date of any contamination shown to be present. The B. coli enumeration does throw considerable light upon the latter, but none upon the former point.
The Conditions of Life in Tropical Australia
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: May 2009

“White Australia,” the pleasant dream of a peculiar political party, is a subject on which a few years ago it would have been inadvisable if not unsafe to venture too unrestrained opinions. There was a time when in certain quarters the euphonious phrase was almost tantamount to a war cry. To some political dreamers it may even have been a perennial dream, full of visions of whiteness and purity, just as to us in England the mention of the “Pearly Pacific” conjures up vistas of prattling palms, wimpling waters and silvery strands. The dream is a pretty one, fitting theme for the poet and artist; Samoa and R. L. Stevenson, what a perfect juxtaposition! What delectable tales our romance weavers indulge us with! The gorgeous colouring, the wondrous life, the glorious moon, the ocean's unceasing sigh—all fine, all beautiful, all seeming perfect—but all superficial or tempered with prosaic features which mar the picture.
A New Form of Parasite found in the Red Blood Corpuscles of Moles
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

At the present time when the parasitic protozoa found in the blood are receiving great attention, it may be interest to describe a form which appears not to have been noticed hitherto.
Is the Neuritis-preventing Vitamine concerned in Carbohydrate Metabolism?
Authors: Vedder Edward B.
Published: May 2009

Vedder and Clark (1912), reporting observations on polyneuritis gallinarum based on experiments lasting for several years during which time over 200 fowls were used, make the following statement with regard to the relation between the amount of polished rice eaten and the time of development of neuritis.
Two Instances of Human Sera showing Abnormal Anti-Complementary Power
Authors: Kennaway E. L. , Wright A. M.
Published: May 2009

Two instances are described of sera showing abnormal anti-complementary power. The amount of complement fixed by the serum was in the one case about six times, in the other about four times, greater than is normal. Examination of subsequent specimens from the patients showed that this inhibitory character was transient only. No feature common to the two cases was found to which the abnormality could be attributed. Attention is drawn to the rarity of this condition, but it is of practical importance in that such sera would be regarded as giving a positive Wassermann reaction if their behaviour in the absence of antigen were not observed.
Cats and Human Diphtheria
Authors: Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

It is a widely accepted belief amongst medical men, particularly those who are Medical Officers of Health, that cats may suffer from diphtheria and convey it to human cases and that they are a not uncommon source of infection. It is of considerable practical importance to determine to what extent this belief is based upon reliable scientific data or whether it is another of those opinions, still far too prevalent, which arise from the acceptance of insufficiently tested and incorrectly interpreted observations.
Carriage of Coliform Bacilli by the Oriental Hornet (Vespa OrientalisFabr.)
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: May 2009

The large red Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalisFabr.) must be extremely familiar to all who served in Mesopotamia. The Rev. F. D. Morice, who has been good enough to identify my specimens, tells me that it can barely be distinguished fromVespa crabroL., the European hornet, except by its colour. It is widely distributed in the Mediterranean countries up to lat. 47° N. and occurs S. to Abyssinia and Madagascar, E. to India, and also as an introduced species in certain parts of S. America.
An Enquiry concerning the State of Cleanliness of Empty Milk Churns
Authors: Cumming R. H. , Mattick A. T. R.
Published: May 2009

An enquiry (1) instituted in 1916 showed that from 1 to 2% of rail-borne milk was sour on arrival at its destination, with the result that in London alone there was a loss of some 90,000 gallons of milk annually. That this loss was not confined to the London milk was brought out by the fact that a similar loss was found to obtain in the north of England.
The Milk Supply of the City of Edinburgh
Authors: Cunningham Andrew , Thorpe B. A.
Published: May 2009

In tests of 40 samples of milk from the supply of the city of Edinburgh:

(1) The bacterial content was, on the average, high but not abnormally so when compared with that of the milk supply of other cities. It ranged from 20,000 to 29,000,000 per c.c.

(2) The results of the reductase test corresponded well with the bacterial counts and the test is recommended for obtaining a good rough idea of the bacterial numbers present, where results are required in a short time.

(3) About half of the samples contained lactose-fermenting organisms in unduly high numbers; this is attributed chiefly to the lack of attention to cleanliness in production.

(4) The value of the fermentation test for speedily indicating the nature of bacterial contamination is pointed out. In a general way the test corroborated the results of counts of the lactose fermenters and indicated that a number of the samples, which did not produce blown curds, contained large numbers of undesirable organisms.

(5) Taken as a whole, the results seem to indicate not so much particularly high contamination as contamination of a very undesirable nature. They point to the necessity of educating the producer and distributor in the principles underlying the production of clean milk and emphasise the importance of proper control of the industry from this point of view.
A Valuation of the “Agglutinability-factor” in Dreyer's System
Authors: Gardner A. D.
Published: May 2009

One of the main postulates, upon which Dreyer's system for agglutination- tests is based, is that no two suspensions of any organism can be taken as identical in agglutinability. This fact is now too well proven to need further demonstration, though it is still disregarded in many a current method.
Notes on the Spread of Bacterial Infection
Authors: Rhodes E. C.
Published: May 2009

In a paper on “The Spread of Bacterial Infection” (Journal of Hygiene, xix. No. 4, March 22, 1921) Dr W. W. C. Topley has shown the results of many months' observation of the progress of an epidemic in a population of mice. The author thus describes the experiment: “This experiment lasted from May 21, 1919, until June 11, 1920.…The epidemic started about the middle of October, 1919, and continued in the manner to be described until the conclusion of the experiment.…The period May 21 to September 17 is omitted.…During this time there was no indication of the active spread of infection.…The whole experiment may be divided roughly into four periods. The first extends from May 21 to Sept. 17, and has been referred to already. From Sept. 18 and onwards, only normal mice were added to the cage. From this date until Jan. 5, 1920, the mice were added in such a way as to keep the total number in the cage roughly constant. From Jan. 6 to April 27, 1920, three normal mice were added each day, except on two occasions when none was added. The number of mice in the cage during this period varied from day to day, reaching a maximum immediately before each considerable wave of mortality, and falling to a minimum just before its cessation. During the final period from April 28 to June 11, 1920, two normal mice were added daily instead of three.”
The Serological Classification ofBacillus Diphtheriae
Authors: Eagleton A. J. , Baxter Edith M.
Published: May 2009

1. Evidence is given that there exists a multiplicity of serological groups ofB. diphtheriae.

2. Ten of these groups have been studied in this communication.

3. Into these ten groups could be placed all except 16 of 348 strains of virulentB. diphtheriaeinvestigated.

4. A description of the technical difficulties encountered is included in the hope that this may prove of service to other workers.

Some evidence on the antigenic structures of different strains is advanced.

5. The application of this method of investigation to the problems of epidemiology is briefly discussed, and evidence of its value brought forward.
A Small Outbreak of Dysentery associated with an Unusual Bacillus
Authors: Bamforth J.
Published: May 2009

In January, 1923, a small outbreak of dysentery occurred amongst the nursing staff of a certain institution. In all there were six cases. Only one case, the first which occurred, showed symptoms of any great severity. In the remaining five cases the symptoms were slight, and the patients were able to return to duty m seven or eight days from the commencement of the illness.
The Pulmonary Lesions produced by the Inhalation of Dust in Guinea-Pigs: A Report to the Medical Research Council
Authors: Carleton H. M.
Published: May 2009

1. The lesions produced by the different dusts employed in these experiments, and the conclusions to be derived thereform, have already been discussed in Section 6 of this paper (see p. 455, et seq.).

2. Plaque formation has been discussed. Evidence has been produced to show that the large plaques which tend to be formed in the parenchyma represent permanent pulmonary lesions. Small plaques, on the other hand, may be formed within the pulmonary lymphatics, in which case they may disintegrate in course of time. Such plaques have been termed “intralymphatic plaques.”

3. Evidence has been brought forward against the view that the degree of harmfulness of a dust is proportionate to the degree of angularity and sharpness of its consituent particles. Nor has the supposition that the dusts which stimulated phagocytosis were those which contained organic matter been confirmed experimentally. Although silica may be regarded as a cellpoison and that this may account for the inability of the phagocytes to remove it, there are probably other factors than this, since shale—universally admitted to be one of the least harmful dusts—contains from 55 per cent. to 60 per cent. of silica. As to why one dust is harmful, and another not, is a problem as yet unsolved.

4. The origin of the dust-cells has been studied. Reasons have been given to justify the belief that dust-cells are frequently derived from the alveolar epithelium. This, however, does not exclude the possibility of some participation of leucocytes or endothelial cells in the phagocytosis of dust particles.

5. The chief modes of elimination of dust from the lungs have been discussed. It has been shown that the dusts which stimulate phagocytosis tend to be eliminated from the lung by both bronchi and lymphatics, while such elimination as occurs of the dusts which elicit but a feeble phagocytic response is through the lymphatics rather than the bronchi.
The Influence of Carbohydrates on Hydrogen sulphide Production byBacillus aertrycke(Mutton)
Authors: Heap Harri , Cadness Bessie H. E.
Published: May 2009

An important aspect of the investigation of bacterial metabolism is the study of the substrate and its changes and of the resulting products; together with an examination of the rate of change. The present report deals with the influence of certain carbohydrates in modifying the action of one species of bacteria upon the protein molecule.
The Selection of a Strain of Bacillus pestis for the Preparation of Vaccine, with Special Reference to the effect of Animal Passage on Virulence
Authors: Burgess A. S.
Published: May 2009

(1) Strains of B. pestis, kept in culture for 7 and 9 months, showed no loss of virulence.

(2) Virulent strains, when subjected to passage through an immunised Cricetomys gambianus (African pouched rat), suffer distinct loss of virulence for this species, and virulence is not regained in culture or on repeated passage through susceptible C. gambianus. The so-called avirulent plague bacillus, obtained in this way, appears to be a rough variant. It differs in micro-scopical appearance from the ordinary virulent forms, tending to the appearance from the ordinary virulent forms, tending to the appearance of involution forms, which develop in salt media.

(3) As regards immunising properties:

(a) Vaccine prepared from virulent strain gives considerable protection against infection with virulent strain.

(b) Vaccine prepared from virulent strain gives no protection against infection with avirulent strain.

(c) Vaccine prepared from avirulent strain gives little or no protection against infection with virulent strain.

(4) Animals, which recover from infection with an avirulent strain, are immune to subsequent infection with virulent strain.
The Value of Methods for the Differentiation of Bacilli of the Coli-aerogenes Group, when Applied in Shanghai
Authors: Hicks E. P.
Published: May 2009

1. A collection was made of organisms of the coli-aerogenes group; 100 from the human intestine, 50 from animals, and 50 from the soil. To these were applied the indol test, the methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests, and Koser' citrate test. The citrate test was also applied to certain non-lactose fermenters.

2. 89·4 per cent. of 150 faecal organisms gave the combination of a failure to grow in citrate solution, the production of indol, an acid reaction with methyl red and a negative Voges-Proskauer reaction.

3. There is a probability that some faecal organisms have crept into the “soil” series, but the contamination is not heavy enough to make the results useless. The figures show that the citrate and indol test are both useful, the citrate being a little better. The methyl red and Voges-Proskauer reactions were not helpful.

4. In the bacteriological examination of water in Shanghai it is safe to take those organisms which can grow in citrate but do not produce indol as being non-faecal.
Experimental Rickets
Authors: Holst Peter M.
Published: May 2009

Rickets is produced in rats by feeding exclusively with cereals and yellow peas. Whereas feeding with polished rice results in typical rickets, feeding with rice-starch alone will only produce osteoporosis. This difference is not attributable to nitrogen starvation.

If oatmeal is extracted with hydrochloric acid and the extract is given in addition to the starch, the animals develop rickets. The rickets-producing factor of oatmeal must therefore be ascribed to some toxic substance. Evidence is given to show that this substance can pass through parchment-paper and that it can be precipitated with alcohol. Rickets produced by feeding with cereals can be prevented by the administration of calcium-salts, whereas phosphates have no such effect.
The dangers of certain Mineral Baking-powders based on Alum, when used for Human Nutrition
Authors: Schaeffer Georges , Fontès G. , Le Breton E. , Oberling Ch. , Thivolle L.
Published: May 2009

We hope that this summary of our researches will be sufficient to make clear the nature of the danger spoken of at the beginning of this article. We see that certain bodies, not poisons in themselves in the usual sense of the word, can provoke physiological disorders and organic lesions, the etiology of which remains generally unnoticed, when they are absorbed daily for months and years. Such products are most certainly responsible for many illnesses, the frequence of which augments with the alimentary conditions imposed upon us by modern civilisation in a manner inexplicable beforehand.

Our object will have been attained if we succeed in attracting the attention of physicians and hygienists to certain problems, the study of which is perhaps not very attractive but the solution of which is of considerable practical interest.
On the Mechanism of Protection against Infective Disease
Authors: Greenwood M. , Newbold E. M. , Topley W. W. C. , Wilson J.
Published: May 2009

In the course of a paper by the present writers (this Journal, xxv, 336–53) an attempt was made to assess the relative importance of selective mortality on the one hand and sub-lethal infection on the other in increasing herd resistance to subsequent exposure to infection. The subject was further considered by one of us (E.M.N.) in a later report (this Journal, xxvi, 19–27).
The Influence of Temperature on Bactericidal Action
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Haines R. B.
Published: May 2009

1. The influence of temperature on the germicidal power of selected disinfectants has been studied, and it has been found that germicides may be classified broadly into three main groups, viz.

Germicidal power (a) unaffected by rise in temperature: chiefly chemical substances, possessing reducing properties;

(b) approximately doubled by rise in temperature from 20 to 37°C.—phenol, alcohol;

(c) increased as much as 10 or 20-fold by the same temperature rise: oxidising agents.

2. The effect of temperature on bactericidal action is different for B. coli and B. fluorescens, thus causing very complex changes in selective action, which are discussed in this paper.

3. The temperature coefficient for the process of protein-precipitation by phenol is 2·2 per 10°C. rise in temperature, and thus similar in magnitude to the coefficient for disinfection by phenol. This supports the view that the germicidal action of phenol is associated with its denaturating effect on the cell-proteins.

4. Previous experimental work had suggested that the bactericidal action of the quinones was due to their chemical reactivity with the simple cell-constituents, e.g. the amino-acids, rather than with the complex colloids. The temperature coefficient of the reaction between benzoquinone and glycine is, however, the normal one, viz. 2 for 10° C. rise, for chemical action, although the germicidal action of the quinones may be actually 20 times more effective at 37° than at 20° C. The presence of certain inorganic cell-constituents accelerates the velocity of reaction between quinone and glycine, but does not increase the temperature coefficient.

5. The bactericidal power of picric acid and potassium permanganate, as well as the quinones, is greatly increased by rise in temperature: and there would appear to be some other factor common to all these disinfectants associated with their high temperature coefficient.
Bacteriological and Clinical Study of One Hundred Cases of Scarlet Fever
Authors: Gunn William , Griffith Fred
Published: May 2009

1. The bacteriological examination of the throat or nose in 100 cases of scarlet fever on admission to hospital showed the following incidence of the different serological types of streptococci. Of 91 cases yielding positive results on the first examination, haemolytic streptococci of Type 1 were found in 8, Type 2 in 14, Type 3 in 26 and Type 4 in 12; the remaining 31 fell into the heterogeneous group. In the 9 patients who gave a negative swab on admission a later test showed Type 1 in 2 cases, Type 2 in 4 cases, Type 3 in 1 case and heterogeneous strains in 2 cases.

2. The heterogeneous group comprised individualistic strains, none of which occurred with sufficient frequency to form a fifth type.

3. In 50 out of the 100 cases examined at weekly intervals the type of streptococcus remained the same throughout the attack.

4. In 50 cases there was a change of type during the course of the disease; a second type appeared in 38, a third in 10 and a fourth in 2.

5. The change of type was considered to be a reinfection since it appeared most often in the youngest children and after the 3rd week of treatment; the source of reinfection was traced in two instances.

6. In 3 patients, in whom the Dick reaction remained positive, the appearance of the new type coincided with a second attack of clinical scarlatina.

7. Of the 50 patients in whom no change of type was demonstrated 20 still carried the haemolytic streptococci on discharge after periods in hospital ranging from 4 to 8 weeks.

8. Of the total 100 cases there were on discharge 49 throat carriers of haemolytic streptococci and 6 nose carriers. None of the 55, so far as was ascertained, gave rise to “return cases” of scarlet fever.

9. There was evidence of correlation between serological type of streptococcus on the one hand and severity of scarlatinal attack and occurrence of complications on the other. The importance of this in hospital practice is emphasised.

10. The Dick test and Schultz-Charlton reaction were carried out on all cases in the series; the results indicated that the four serological types have different immunological values.

11. The evidence in favour of qualitative as opposed to quantitative differences in toxin production by the different types is discussed.
An Unusual Bacillus recovered from Cases presenting Symptoms of Dysentery
Authors: Clayton F. H. A. , Warren S. H.
Published: May 2009

Organisms which appear to be morphologically, culturally, and serologically identical have been recovered in four separate outbreaks of illness suggestive of dysentery.

They have been readily isolated in considerable numbers from all cases examined in the early phase of the attack.

When 1 per cent, peptone water is used as a basis for carbohydrates these organisms usually leave lactose, mannite, dulcite, and saccharose unaffected but ferment glucose and maltose with the production of acid. Barely, a minute amount of gas is also produced from glucose and occasionally slight acid and gas from dulcite. On the other hand, when Lemco broth (Dudgeon and Pulvertaft, 1927) is used as a basis, glucose, dulcite, and maltose are consistently fermented with the production of acid and gas.

Agglutination tests against normal sera and against anti-sera prepared from the dysentery and paradysentery bacilli and from B. paratyphosus A are uniformly negative but strains of the organism derived from all four sources are agglutinated to approximately the same titre by an anti-serum prepared from one of them although this anti-serum has no effect on three organisms whose reactions present some degree of similarity.

The organisms do not appear to be toxic for rabbits.

With all patients affected in these outbreaks, whose blood was available for examination, the serum has shown the presence of specific agglutinins which could not be demonstrated in normal serum.

On the whole, therefore, the evidence suggests that these organisms may be responsible for the diseased condition.
The Bacteriological Control of Shellfish
Authors: Bigger J. W.
Published: May 2009

No hygienist has any doubt that diseases of the intestinal tract, especially the enteric fevers, may be spread by the consumption of shellfish. Clinical experience, often repeated, led to this conclusion long before the bacteriologist had been able to detect the presence of the causative organism in the shellfish. In fact it is only within the past year that definite proof has been afforded by the exceedingly valuable work of Wilson (1928), who found B. typhosus in cockles taken from Belfast Lough.
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in Oxford Rats
Authors: Middleton A. D.
Published: May 2009

41·7 per cent. of the rats in the Oxford district were found to carry Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in their kidneys. The percentage infection increases until the animals are mature, reaching a maximum of 56 per cent. among one class of the population, but is less among the oldest rats. There is evidence that the organism is acquired comparatively early in life, and that immunity is obtained after a long period of infection.
The Periodicity of Influenza
Authors: Greenwood Major
Published: May 2009

Ten years ago, the late Dr John Brownlee published in The Lancet a preliminary note giving the reasons which led him to conclude, provisionally, that epidemics of influenza tended to occur at intervals of approximately 33 weeks. In the following year two other short notes were published in the same journal by Mr Spear and by Dr Stallybrass. Dr Stallybrass, from an analysis of Liverpool data (not very fully set out in his paper), confirmed Brownlee's conclusion, but Mr Spear, using the London data, criticised Brownlee's inferences and methods, pointing out—inter alia—that an interval between successive epidemics of the order of 52 weeks agreed better with the observations than an interval of 33 weeks or a multiple thereof. In an appendix to the Report on the Pandemic of Influenza 1918–19 issued by the Ministry of Health, Dr Brownlee reaffirmed his original contentions, published some further collateral evidence and replied to Mr Spear's methodological criticism. That was, I think, the end of Dr Brownlee's connection with the subject; to his death he retained, I think, a half-serious faith in the 33 weeks' rule but did not regard the matter as of sufficient epidemiological interest to justify further investigation.