bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Performance Stable Hybrid Inorganic‐Organic Light‐Emitting Transistor
Authors: Huang Huixue , Miao Zhagen , Gao Haikuo , Cao Jin , Zheng Yanqiong , Gao Can , Li Xifeng , Yuan Guangcai , Dong Huanli
Published: February 2025

Light‐emitting transistors (LETs) as novel integrated optoelectronic devices demonstrate great potential applications in smart displays and visual intelligent perception. The construction of high‐performance area‐emission LETs with low power consumption and good reliability is urgently needed for advancing their applications, however, this integration has not been realized within a single device. Herein, we demonstrate a kind of planar‐driven hybrid LET (PDHLET) that makes use of the unique advantages of high mobility and stability of inorganic and organic semiconductors in the same device. By incorporating an indium‐zinc‐gallium‐oxide (InZnGeO) conducting layer and organic emissive layer, a high‐performance stable blue‐emissive PDHLET is constructed, giving a high Ion/Ioff ratio approaching 6.1 × 108 and a low Von of 5.5 V along with maximum brightness of 1264 cd/m2 as well as small VTH shift of 0.5 V after 1000 s positive stress bias. Finally, a systematic simulation, including charge concentration and Langevin recombination rate, is carried out on PDHLET for the first time, demonstrating good consistency with experimental results. This confirms the uniformity of high redistributed charge concentration in the InZnGeO conducting layer which thus enables good area emission. This study provides a new avenue for constructing high‐performance stable LETs to advance various field applications.
Numerical simulation study on the mechanical behaviors of frost‐damaged recycled sand powder concrete
Authors: Ma Quan , Xiao Jianzhuang , Yang Wei , Duan Zhenhua , Tian Feng
Published: February 2025

This study established a multiphase, three‐dimensional finite element model of recycled sand powder concrete (RSPC) using the ABAQUS software. A freeze–thaw damage model based on the deterioration of mechanical properties was developed from experimental freeze–thaw test results and applied to the micro‐scale numerical simulation. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of RSPC deteriorate with increasing freeze–thaw cycles, and defects in recycled micro‐powder and recycled fine aggregates become more pronounced during the freeze–thaw process. The numerical simulation results showed a maximum error of 12.97% compared to experimental data (all within 15%), confirming the validity of the model. Specimen failure was primarily concentrated at the bonding interface between aggregates and new/old mortar, with an overall “X‐shaped” failure pattern. Furthermore, as the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased, defects in ITZ2 (the interfacial transition zone between aggregates and old mortar) accelerated the propagation of freeze–thaw damage within the concrete, significantly amplifying internal damage in RSPC.
Twisted orientifold planes and S-duality without supersymmetry
Authors: Bossard G. , Casagrande G. , Dudas E.
Published: February 2025

Abstract

We construct a novel orientifold of type IIB string theory that breaks all supersymmetries. It is a closed string theory without open sector and it can be understood as a Scherk-Schwarz deformation in which supersymmetry is restored at infinite radius. We conjecture that it is realised in F-theory as a compactification on a freely acting orbifold that acts as the reflection on the elliptic fibre. The SL(2, ℤ) selfduality is manifest in the F-theory formulation. We construct explicitly the D-branes in this model and find that stable D-branes match the geometric prediction in M-theory. This theory has the salient feature that the O-planes couple only to the massive twisted states of the theory. We call them twisted O-planes. We describe supersymmetric examples of such twisted O-planes and argue that they are similar in nature to combinations of O
+ and O

−
planes with vanishing total charge.
Positive geometries, corolla polynomial and gauge theory amplitudes
Authors: Laddha Alok , Suthar Amit
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Arkani-Hamed, Bai, He and Yan (ABHY) discovered a convex realisation of the associahedron whose combinatorial and geometric structure generates tree-level amplitudes in bi-adjoint scalar theory. ABHY associahedron of dimension k determines a unique meromorphic k-form in the kinematic space of Mandelstam invariants which is k + 3 point tree-level amplitude in bi-adjoint ϕ
3 theory. As ABHY further proved in [1], while the color-ordered amplitude is a form in the kinematic space, the (double) color-dressed amplitudes are scalars obtained by the so called color-form duality. Color-form duality can be implemented by contracting a d-log form with a multi-vector field (MVF) whose coefficients are fixed by the color factors of the theory. We extend the latter result to identify tree-level S-matrix of Yang Mills theory with a scalar obtained by contracting the canonical form of ABHY associahedron with a MVF in the kinematic space. Components of this MVF are also determined by the combinatorial structures that underlie associahedron and Corolla polynomial which was introduced by Kreimer, Sars and van Suijlekom (KSVS) in [2]. KSVS used the Corolla polynomial to obtain (at all orders in the loop expansion) the parametric representation of gauge theory Feynman integral from the corresponding Feynman integral in ϕ
3 theory. The map from latter integral to the former was generated by the Corolla polynomial. Using the full power of Corolla polynomial, we then extend these results to obtain Yang-Mills one loop planar integrand by contracting the Corolla generated MVF with the canonical form defined by

$$ {\hat{D}}_n $$

D
̂

n

polytope discovered by Arkani-Hamed, Frost, Plamondon, Salvatori, Thomas recently. We also demonstrate that KSVS representation of Corolla graph differential in the parametric space can be readily extended to “spin up” the curve integral formulae for Tr(ϕ
3) amplitude discovered in [3, 4] and give an explicit construction of such formulae for tree-level and planar one loop gluon amplitudes.
Hidden symmetries from extra dimensions
Authors: Ciafardini Marco , Marqués Diego , Núñez Carmen A. , Pereyra Grau Agustina
Published: February 2025

Abstract

In Kaluza-Klein compactifications, some symmetries of the higher dimensional theory are preserved in lower dimensions, others are broken, and occasionally, there are symmetry enhancements. The symmetries that are enhanced by toroidal compactifications were recently shown to define a symmetry principle with constrained parameters that fixes the action before dimensional reduction. Here we show the opposite: symmetries of the higher dimensional theory that are broken in the reduction process, can actually be realized after dimensional reduction as a global symmetry principle with constrained parameters that fixes couplings in the lower dimensional theory. We implement this principle in pure gravity, half-maximal supergravity and the circle reduction of 11 dimensional supergravity to Type IIA superstring theory. As a further application, we show that it can be used to constrain the quartic Ramond-Ramond couplings in Type IIA superstring theory from the four-point ζ(3) α′3
t
8
t
8
R
(−)4 interactions.
Analytic evaluation of the three-loop three-point form factor of tr ϕ3 in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 sYM
Authors: Henn Johannes M. , Lim Jungwon , Torres Bobadilla William J.
Published: February 2025

Abstract

We compute analytically the three-loop correlation function of the local operator tr ϕ
3 inserted into three on-shell states, in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. The result is expressed in terms of Chen iterated integrals. We also present our result using generalised polylogarithms, and evaluate them numerically, finding agreement with a previous numerical result in the literature. We observe that the result depends on fewer kinematic singularities compared to individual Feynman integrals. Furthermore, upon choosing a suitable definition of the finite part, we find that the latter satisfies powerful symbol adjacency relations similar to those previously observed for the tr ϕ
2 case.
Zusammensetzung von Schockraumteams
Authors: Pedersen Vera , Waydhas Christian , Clemens Valentin , Özkurtul Orkun , Hackenberg Lisa , Pfläging Tristan , Lefering Rolf , Nohl André , Schweigkofler Uwe , Fröhlich Matthias , Laue Fabian , Baacke Markus , Störmann Philipp , Düsing Helena , Sprengel Kai , Paffrath Thomas , Jensen Kai Oliver , Faul Philipp , Ahnert Tobias , Imach Sebastian , Kleber Christian , Keß Anette , Bieler Dan , Trentzsch Heiko ,   Studiengruppe NIS Trauma-Team Activation and Trauma/Injury Care (NIS-TAcTIC), Becker Lars , Flohe Sascha , Huber-Wagner Stefan , Kamp Oliver , Laumann Marion , Mand Carsten , Matthes Gerrit , Wagner Frithjof , Wohlrath Bernd
Published: February 2025

Hintergrund

Die Bereitstellung spezialisierter Schockraumteams zur Schwerverletztenversorgung ist nach den Vorgaben der S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletztenversorgung der AMWF obligat und die Zusammensetzung durch das Weißbuch Schwerverletztenversorgung festgelegt. In jeder Versorgungsstufe wird das Basisteam aus den 4 Disziplinen Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Anästhesie, Radiologie und der Notfallpflege der Notaufnahme zusammengesetzt, mit weiteren Anpassungen je nach Versorgungsstufe des Krankenhauses. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Untersuchung der gelebten Realität bei der Zusammensetzung der Schockraumteams.

Methodik

Bei der prospektiven, multizentrischen Beobachtungsstudie wurden in 12 überregionalen Traumazentren in Deutschland und der Schweiz insgesamt 3753 Patienten nach Unfällen in der Notaufnahme behandelt, darunter 964 Patienten (26 %) nach vorangegangener Schockraumalarmierung.

Ergebnisse

In 94,7 % der Schockraumversorgungen waren alle 4 der geforderten Disziplinen anwesend; im Durchschnitt waren 6 Personen an der Schockraumversorgung beteiligt. Die 48-h-Mortalität betrug 3 % der über den Schockraum versorgten Patienten; bei allen verstorbenen Patienten waren während der Schockraumversorgung alle 4 Disziplinen anwesend. Bei Patienten mit mindestens einem Alarmierungskriterium der Kategorie A waren bei 97,7 % der Versorgung ein vollständiges Team aus 4 Disziplinen an der Versorgung beteiligt.

Diskussion

In fast 98 % der Fälle, in denen Alarmierungskriterien der Kategorie A vorliegen, sind alle 4 der im Weißbuch geforderten Disziplinen zur Patientenversorgung im Schockraum anwesend. Dies geht mit einer mittleren Ressourcenbindung von 6,6 Personen einher. Das Fehlen einer oder mehrerer Disziplinen bei der Schockraumversorgung scheint die frühe Mortalität der Schwerverletzten nicht signifikant zu beeinflussen.

Graphic abstract
Study of flow-induced crystallization in polyvinylidene fluoride 3D printing
Authors: Lannunziata Erika , Fiorillo Chiara , Minetola Paolo , Edeleva Mariya , Cardon Ludwig , Iuliano Luca
Published: February 2025

This study explores how additive manufacturing processes, specifically fused filament fabrication (FFF) parameters, affect the β-crystallization of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). A key focus is to ascertain if flow-induced crystallization during FFF improves the overall crystallinity, as the polymer melt is subjected to high shear forces during printing, which reduces kinetic barriers to crystallization and influences the resulting morphology. Using a design-of-experiments approach, the effects of extrusion temperature and printing speed were systematically evaluated to assess their impact on crystallinity, characterized through differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and polarized optical microscopy. Statistical analysis identified extrusion temperature as the most significant parameter for promoting β-phase formation, with the highest crystallinity observed at an extrusion temperature of 235 °C. In contrast, printing speed appeared to have a limited influence on crystalline phase distribution, indicating that higher production rates may be achievable without adversely affecting material properties. Nevertheless, rheological investigations underscored the role of both extrusion temperature and printing speed in facilitating shear-induced crystallization. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of FFF parameters for PVDF-based functional devices, advancing the development of improved piezoelectric and energy harvesting applications while reducing the cost and complexity associated with conventional manufacturing techniques.
Associations of subclinical microcalcification and inflammation with carotid atheroma development: a dual-tracer PET/CT study
Authors: Patil Shiv , Kata Rithvik , Teichner Eric , Subtirelu Robert , Ghonim Mohanad , Ghonim Mohamed , Al-Daoud Omar , Ismoilov Miraziz , Herpin Lancelot , Ayubcha Cyrus , Werner Thomas , Høilund-Carlsen Poul Flemming , Alavi Abass
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Carotid artery atherosclerosis, a significant manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and leading cause of stroke, develops through a gradual process of arterial inflammation and calcification. This study explores the relationship between arterial inflammation (18 F-FDG PET/CT) and vascular calcification (18 F-NaF PET/CT) in the left and right common carotid arteries (LCC/RCC) and their association with CVD and thromboembolic risk in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis.

Methods

A cohort of 115 subjects (73 healthy volunteers, 42 at-risk for CVD) underwent 18 F-NaF and 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging. Radiotracer uptake was quantitatively assessed by measuring the average blood-pool-corrected mean standardized uptake value (aSUVmean).

Results

Relative to healthy volunteers, at-risk subjects had greater uptake of NaF and FDG (10–22% and 16–27% higher, respectively, in both arteries, p < 0.05). On multivariate regression, NaF aSUVmean correlated with age and BMI (p < 0.01), and FDG aSUVmean correlated with BMI (p ≤ 0.01), fibrinogen (p < 0.01 in LCC only), and total cholesterol (p = 0.02 in RCC only). NaF aSUVmean increased with elevated 10-year CVD risk (p = 0.003 in LCC only), while no significant trend was seen for FDG. NaF and FDG aSUVmean increased with elevated thromboembolic risk in both arteries (p < 0.05). No correlations between NaF and FDG aSUVmean were observed (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

18 F-NaF PET/CT may serve as a prognostic tool for carotid microcalcification and subclinical atherosclerosis, while the utility of 18 F-FDG PET/CT remains uncertain.

Clinical trial registration

“Cardiovascular Molecular Calcification Assessed by 18F-NaF PET CT (CAMONA)”, NCT01724749, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01724749.
Tax Avoidance in Family Business: The Ethical Perspective of CEO Transgenerational Responsibility
Authors: Cirillo Alessandro , Manzi Maria Angela , Bauweraerts Jonathan , Sciascia Salvatore
Published: February 2025

Exploring the intricacies of heterogeneity in tax avoidance practices within family firms, a growing trend acknowledges the significant role of chief executive officers (CEOs) in setting the ethical tone and shaping corporate tax strategies. However, these studies often overlook the influence of the CEO’s transgenerational orientation, which becomes crucial when assessing ethics in family businesses. Therefore, the paper aims to analyse to what extent the CEO’s transgenerational responsibility (the moral obligation that incumbent leaders have vis-à-vis next generation family members) affects tax avoidance with a utilitarianism lens. Relying on a sample of 272 firm-year observations of Italian listed family companies along the period 2014–2018, the panel regression model finds a positive relationship. Moreover, the involvement in the business of the next generation of family members strengthens this relationship, suggesting that the immediate proximity with other relatives fosters the conversion of the CEO’s transgenerational responsibility into tax avoidance practices. Finally, when the family firm is in financial distress, CEOs with greater transgenerational responsibility tend to avoid more taxes.
Reference Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Nitrogen from the Triple Point to High Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Sotiriadou Sofia G. , Assael Marc J. , Huber Marcia L.
Published: February 2025

A new wide-ranging correlation for the thermal conductivity of nitrogen, based on the most recent ab initio dilute gas theoretical calculations, a simplified crossover critical enhancement contribution, and critically evaluated experimental data, is presented. The correlation is designed to be used with a high-accuracy Helmholtz equation of state over the range of temperatures from the triple-point temperature to 1000 K, and at pressures up to 2200 MPa. The estimated expanded uncertainty (at the 95 % confidence level) in the range of validity of the correlation ranges from a minimum of 1 % in the gas phase for temperatures from 102 K to 700 K at pressures up to 1 MPa, to 4 % in the high temperature, high pressure region covering 500 K < T < 744 K at pressures from 1 MPa to 40 MPa. In the gas and supercritical region 112 K < T < 475 K for pressures 1 MPa < p < 1000 MPa the estimated uncertainty is 2.2 %, and for the liquid from 81 K to 122 K at pressures up to 70 MPa the estimated uncertainty is 3 %. The correlation behaves in a physically reasonable manner when extrapolated to temperatures below the triple point and is suitable for use in certain corresponding-states applications. However, care should be taken when using the correlation outside of the experimentally validated range.
Mind the Gap: Gender, Racial, and Educational Differences in American Gender Attitudes from 1977 to 2018
Authors: Shu Xiaoling , Meagher Kelsey D.
Published: February 2025

Despite dramatic changes since the 1970s, gender and educational gaps in gender egalitarian attitudes have persisted while the racial gap (with Blacks leading) has narrowed. We apply interest-based and socialization mechanisms to predict the differential influences of labor market influences on changing gender attitudes for different races, genders, and educational groups. Using 21 waves of the General Social Survey, 1977–2018 (N = 27,662), and cross-classified age-period-cohort models, we examine the effects of two known labor market dynamics that shifted Americans’ gender attitudes, gender equality in the labor force and men’s overwork, on egalitarian gender attitudes among different racial, gender, and educational groups. The findings indicate that rising labor force gender equality is associated with stronger shifts toward gender egalitarianism among whites, bringing their attitudes more in line with Blacks and closing the racial gap. The rise of men’s overwork in the mid-1990s coincided with the “stalled gender revolution” and is associated with rising conservatism among whites and the college-educated. The gender gap in attitudes has persisted in the last four decades and neither of these labor market dynamics has exerted any impact. Results align with the socialization perspective that individuals respond to labor market dynamics more in accordance with their socially prescribed roles than their self-interests.
Investigating Early-Stage Mineralization Behavior and Bioactivity of Acid-Free Bioactive Glass 45S5 with Enhanced Dissolution Kinetics
Authors: Tüncer Melisa , Yücesoy Deniz T. , Öksel Karakuş Ceyda
Published: February 2025

Nanostructured bioactive glass (BG) was synthesized through an acid-free sol–gel route (bioglass-AF) and the conventional acid-catalyst sol–gel process (bioglass-AC). The aim here is to eliminate the risk of residual acidic components in the BG while enhancing its functionality through nano-scale propduction. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of highly porous structures and dense agglomerates composed of particles with a mean diameter of 45 nm in both samples. Bioglass-AC and bioglass-AF had specific surface areas of 1.48 m2/g and 2.73 m2/g, respectively, with an average pore size of ~ 5 nm. Faster mineralization kinetics were evident in bioglass-AF, compared to bioglass-AC, in Hepes-buffered salt solution. Following 14 days of immersion in artificial saliva, bioglass-AC and bioglass-AF lost 16% and 20% of their initial weight, respectively, confirming their bioactivity. None of the synthesized BGs stimulated cell growth up to 24 h but longer exposure to moderate concentrations (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) of bioglass-AF significantly enhanced cell viability, reaching 170% at 48 h. Overall, the comparative in vitro investigations proved that nano-structured 45S5 bioglass powders with improved mineralization and dissolution kinetics can be produced with an acid-free route, eliminating the risk of residual acidic components in the final product.
The impact of floral diversity on bumblebee colony development and pollination efficacy among foragers
Authors: Jandt Jennifer M. , Barratt Barbara I. P. , Dickinson Katharine J. M. , McCombe Georgia G. I. , Tully Jake , Lord Janice M.
Published: February 2025

The environment in which pollinators are reared may influence both their health and pollination performance. We compared the performance of 12 colonies of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), each in their own simple (tomato monoculture) or florally diverse (tomatoes, borage, and lavender) arena inside a glasshouse. We found that colonies reared in florally diverse environments had a higher proportion of foragers overall and maintained slightly higher and less variable relative humidity inside the nest. Moreover, adding floral resources to a tomato crop resulted in increased total crop yield, whereas individual tomatoes reared in the simple monoculture environment were larger than those in the diverse. These results provide an important step in understanding the extent to which bumblebee health and flower-visiting behavior are influenced by the complexity of the foraging environment and how a diverse floral environment may enhance pollinator behavior toward a focal crop.
Humic Substances Enhance Cadmium Tolerance in Lettuce by Enhancing Antioxidant Activity and Photosynthesis Performance
Authors: Atero-Calvo Santiago , Magro Francesco , Masetti Giacomo , Izquierdo-Ramos María José , Navarro-León Eloy , Ruiz Juan Manuel
Published: February 2025

Cadmium (Cd) stress considerably reduces crop yield. The use of biostimulants, like humic substances (HS), is a research strategy for increasing Cd tolerance. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a HS-based product in improving Cd tolerance in lettuce. It was selected for its ability to enhance growth through improved photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity although its effectiveness under Cd stress is unclear. The study also investigated which mode of HS application (to roots or leaves) is more effective in enhancing Cd tolerance and reducing Cd accumulation. Plants were grown under Cd stress (100 µM CdCl2), Cd stress + HS applied to the roots (R-HS) at 0.40 and 0.60 mL/L, and HS applied to the leaves (F-HS) at 7.50 and 10.00 mL/L, alongside a control (no CdCl2). R-HS involved irrigating pots with HS diluted in a nutrient solution, whereas F-HS consisted of spraying leaves with HS diluted in distilled water. Cd reduced shoot and root dry weight (DW) by 35%. However, a lower reduction was observed under HS applications (16%, 22%, 19%, and 18% at R-HS 0.40 and 0.60 mL/L, and F-HS 7.50 and 10.00 mL/L, respectively). These results were attributed to increased antioxidant capacity, thiol biosynthesis, and photosynthesis activity. While the application mode did not affect the Cd tolerance, R-HS 0.60 mL/L increased shoot Cd (21%), whereas F-HS 10.00 mL/L reduced it (14%). Our study indicates that the HS-based product could enhance Cd tolerance in lettuce at the tested doses. In addition, R-HS 0.60 mL/L may be effective for Cd phytoextraction, whereas F-HS can help reduce Cd accumulation in leaves.
The conjugacy problem for
$\operatorname {Out}(F_3)$
Authors: Dahmani François , Francaviglia Stefano , Martino Armando , Touikan Nicholas
Published: February 2025

We present a solution to the conjugacy problem in the group of outer automorphisms of
$F_3$
, a free group of rank 3. We distinguish according to several computable invariants, such as irreducibility, subgroups of polynomial growth and subgroups carrying the attracting lamination. We establish, by considerations on train tracks, that the conjugacy problem is decidable for the outer automorphisms of
$F_3$
that preserve a given rank 2 free factor. Then we establish, by consideration on mapping tori, that it is decidable for outer automorphisms of
$F_3$
whose maximal polynomial growth subgroups are cyclic. This covers all the cases left by the state of the art.
Is Norcross Right about Right?
Authors: Kagan Shelly
Published: February 2025

In Morality by Degrees, Alastair Norcross defends a view he calls “scalar consequentialism.” I argue, first, that Norcross does not use the term consistently, since in most passages this seems to refer to a version of consequentialism that rejects all claims about rightness altogether, yet in other passages Norcross claims that scalar consequentialists should nonetheless embrace his favored “contextualist” account of rightness. I also argue, second, that the particular arguments offered by Norcross as to why consequentialists should forgo more traditional consequentialist accounts of rightness (such as maximizing or satisficing) are unpersuasive.
Do Governments Put Their Money Where Their Mouth Is? Policy Adoption And Administrative Resource Provision in 15 OECD Countries
Authors: Fernández-i-Marín Xavier , Hinterleitner Markus , Knill Christoph , Steinebach Yves
Published: February 2025

Government programs often fail because administrative actors receive insufficient financial and personnel resources for their implementation. Despite the importance of resource provision for policy implementation, we know very little about when and why implementers are equipped with the resources they need. We examine the conditions under which new policies go hand in hand with resource increases for the administration. We match data on policy adoptions and budgetary changes in the area of social policy for 15 European countries over 30 years (1990 to 2020). The analysis reveals that governments tend to provide more financial resources when 1) an issue is prominently discussed among parties, and when 2) institutional fragmentation is low. Moreover, governments provide fewer additional resources for policy implementation 3) when their chances of getting re-elected are low due to intense political competition. These findings contribute to our broader understanding of democracy and public administration.
Methodologies of Informed Intuition: The Role of Informed Intuition and Intuitive Openness
Authors: Knott Eleanor
Published: February 2025

In political science, positivist scholars often approach intuition cautiously as something best avoided or improved by methodological training. Meanwhile, interpretive scholars typically laud “hunches” as necessary guiding logics. This article introduces the novel concept of “informed intuition,” drawing on understandings of intuition in cognitive psychology and organizational behavior that emphasize the importance of learning and feedback in developing and using intuition. Many political scientists agree privately that they use intuition but rarely acknowledge it in published works. As such, the article argues for harnessing, acknowledging, recognizing, and legitimizing the role of informed intuition across methodological and epistemic divides. Specifically, it demonstrates the importance of acknowledging the role of informed intuition in the logics of research (inductive, deductive, or abductive) and case selection. In doing so, the article aligns with discussions of transparency to argue that researchers should also consider demonstrating intuitive openness to enhance research integrity.
A Minimal Model Illuminates the Physics of Pulse‐Like Seismic Rupture and Oscillatory Slip Rates in Damaged Faults
Authors: Barras Fabian , Aharonov Einat , Renard François
Published: February 2025

Fault zones are often surrounded by a damage zone that exhibits lower seismic velocities than the wall rock, influencing earthquake propagation and arrest. We present a one‐dimensional minimal model of frictional rupture that approximates the elastodynamics of a fault embedded within a damage zone. This model predicts two families of steady‐state rupture solutions: an overdamped regime, describing a crack‐like rupture, and an underdamped regime with oscillating slip‐rate in the wake of the rupture, which promotes pulse‐like dynamics. The minimal model contains two free parameters: the pre‐stress on the fault, and the seismic velocity reduction in the damage zone. We present how the one‐dimensional prediction is consistent with previously published two‐dimensional simulations and discuss the applicability of our results to natural observations, identifying the preferred rupture style as function of structure of the fault zone, and the geological consequences of oscillatory slip in the wake of pulse‐like ruptures.
Observational Evidence of Increasing Intensity and Frequency of Deep Convective Clouds During the Indian Summer Monsoon Season
Authors: Antony Roshny , Kottayil Ajil , John Viju O. , Satheesan K. , Xavier Prince
Published: February 2025

In the context of recent anomalous behavior of the Indian summer monsoon, this study investigates the long‐term changes in deep convective clouds and extreme rainfall during the summer monsoon periods from 2000 to 2020. Through the analysis of a long‐term, climate‐quality satellite data set, we provide observational evidence of significant increases in the cloud top height of deep convective clouds over the Indian subcontinent and adjacent oceanic regions. These regions also exhibit substantial increases in the frequency of occurrence of deep convective clouds. The observations indicate that the deep convective cloud top temperature decreases at approximately 4 K per decade. Our analysis reveals that these changes have accelerated markedly in the recent decade, especially post‐2010. It is observed that there has been a significant increase in extreme monsoon rainfall, across the Indian subcontinent during the years 2000–2020. This emphasizes the connection between the intensification of deep convective clouds and monsoon extremes.
Could We Achieve the On‐Line Measurements of the Optical Fractal Dimensions of Black Carbon?
Authors: Zhao Gang , Hu Min , Lin Weili , Kuang Ye , Sun Jie , Zeng Linghan , Zhao Chunsheng
Published: February 2025

Significant uncertainties exist in quantifying black carbon (BC) warming effects on earth due to the variation in its light absorption abilities, which depend on its morphology. The fractal dimension () of BC aggregates, is a critical morphology factor determining BC's absorption properties. However, cannot be measured online, making it hard to study the BC morphology evolution during atmospheric aging processing. We propose a novel method to measure BC's by establishing the relationship between BC's mobility diameter (), , and mass concentration (). This method enables to measure the of BC aggregates online by measuring their and concurrently with an accuracy of 0.15. Field measurements show that the ambient BC ranges between 2.14 and 2.41 at a suburban site in China. This approach provides an efficient means to measure online, making it possible to track the ambient BC morphology evolution and constrain the BC optical and radiative properties.
Global Three‐Dimensional Structure of Flux Transfer Events: THEMIS‐MMS‐Cluster Coordinated Observation
Authors: Yang T. , Dong X.‐C. , Dunlop M. W. , Wang X.‐K. , Wang T.‐Y. , Zhao J.‐S. , Xu Y. , Liu J. , Li X. , Liu G.‐Q. , Cao J.‐B.
Published: February 2025

We present consecutive observations of Flux Transfer Events (FTEs) on 10 November 2020, using MMS, THEMIS and Cluster spacecraft located at different magnetopause locations. Two typical scale FTE signatures are successively observed by low‐latitude THEMIS, mid‐latitude MMS and high latitude Cluster, reflecting their global spatial scale characteristics. Multi‐spacecraft observation also revealed the complete 3‐D structure of the FTEs, with azimuthal extended section, magnetosheath and magnetospheric arm. The simultaneous existence of different magnetic field line topologies during the FTEs indicates the generation mechanism of multiple X‐line reconnection. Successive observations with intervals of several minutes revealed some evolutionary features of FTEs, including an increase in size and flux, and disappearance of the magnetic dip region on both sides. Our observations give a complete 3‐D picture of FTEs on a global scale, which can improve our understanding of the transient magnetic reconnection and solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction at the magnetopause.
Hydraulics of Channelized Flow in Ice‐Supersaturated Debris: 1. Rock Glacier Hydrology in Alpine Glacial‐Periglacial Systems
Authors: Seelig Magdalena , Seelig Simon , Krainer Karl , Winkler Gerfried
Published: February 2025

Frozen sediment accumulations, including rock glaciers, talus, and moraines, constitute complex aquifers in permafrost‐affected terrain. The spatial distribution of permafrost ice largely governs the flow of water through the subsurface, which exhibits a spectrum of flow patterns, ranging from diffuse flow through a porous matrix to concentrated flow along discrete channels. This study characterizes the groundwater flow system within three active rock glaciers drained by springs in the Austrian Alps. We study the alteration of recharge pulses traveling through the rock glaciers to decipher the dominant flow pattern. Key hydraulic properties are explored through a combined evaluation of spring hydrographs and fluorescence tracer tests. Water predominantly flows through a network of channels within the frozen subsurface. This flow is rapid and highly turbulent, implying high energy dissipation and effective heat transfer. Although the channels exhibit large hydraulic diameters, their irregular structure contributes to exceptionally high frictional resistance. These high energy losses accelerate the melting process and promote flow‐melt feedback loops, driving permafrost degradation and facilitating flow concentration. Ultimately, the hydraulic properties of these channel networks influence permafrost thaw, solute transport, lake outburst hazards, and slope stability.
Direct Observations of Solute Dispersion in Rocks With Distinct Degree of Sub‐Micron Porosity
Authors: Kurotori Takeshi , Zahasky Christopher , Benson Sally M. , Pini Ronny
Published: February 2025

The transport of chemical species in rocks is affected by their structural heterogeneity to yield a wide spectrum of local solute concentrations. To quantify such imperfect mixing, advanced methodologies are needed that augment the traditional breakthrough curve analysis by probing solute concentration within the fluids locally. Here, we demonstrate the application of asynchronous, multimodality imaging by X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) and positron emission tomography (PET) to the study of passive tracer experiments in laboratory rock cores. The four‐dimensional concentration maps measured by PET reveal specific signatures of the transport process, which we have quantified using fundamental measures of mixing and spreading. We observe that the extent of solute spreading correlate strongly with the strength of subcore‐scale porosity heterogeneity measured by XCT, while dilution is enhanced in rocks containing substantial sub‐micron porosity. We observe that the analysis of different metrics is necessary, as they can differ in their sensitivity to the strength and forms of heterogeneity. The multimodality imaging approach is uniquely suited to probe the fundamental difference between spreading and mixing in heterogeneous media. We propose that when multi‐dimensional data is available, mixing and spreading can be independently quantified using the same metric. We also demonstrate that one‐dimensional transport models have limited predictive ability toward the internal evolution of the solute concentration, when the model is solely calibrated against the effluent breakthrough curves. The data set generated in this study can be used to build realistic digital rock models and to benchmark transport simulations that account deterministically for rock property heterogeneity.
Probing the local thermal expansion coefficient of single liquid sn nanoparticles using EELS in STEM
Authors: Kryshtal A. , Khshanovska O.
Published: February 2025

We investigated the local coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) along the diameter of a 190 nm Sn nanoparticle supported on a thin Si₃N₄ substrate. The surface and volume plasmon energies of the liquid Sn nanoparticle were measured as a function of temperature using spatially resolved valence electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope. We found that the slope of the volume plasmon energy versus temperature gradually increased near the surface, revealing a thermal expansion gradient in liquid nanoparticles. This effect was confined to a 3 nm-thick surface layer, where the CTE was over 1.5 times larger than that of the nanoparticle core. Meanwhile, the CTE of the core was found to be smaller than the reference value for liquid Sn, which is attributed to mechanical constraints imposed by the thin Si₃N₄ substrate. We demonstrated that temperature-induced changes in surface plasmon energy provide insights into the CTE of the outmost surface layer of Sn nanoparticles.
Flexible bidentate aluminum Lewis acids for host–guest complex formation
Authors: Tsui Tz-Ching , Lan Hao-Yuan , Li Han-Jung , Kuo Ting-Shen , Liu Hsueh-Ju
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the design, synthesis, and reactivity of bidentate aluminum Lewis acids supported by amido and cyclopentadienyl donor sets within a flexible 1,4-disubstituted phenylene framework.
Exploring the structural and photophysical properties of tri-cation mixed halide double perovskites (Cs2AgIn0.85−XCeXBi0.15Cl6) for high-performance phosphor-based WLEDs
Authors: Ravi Nalini , Kanapathi Prakash , Mohan Subramaniam , Appadurai Tamilselvan
Published: February 2025

In this study, tri-cation mixed Cs2AgIn0.85−XCeXBi0.15Cl6 halide double perovskites exhibiting a higher PLQY and structural stability are reported, which could be effectively incorporated into future white light LED applications.
Donepezil-based rational design of N-substituted quinazolinthioacetamide candidates as potential acetylcholine esterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Al-Karmalawy Ahmed A. , Mohamed Ahmed F. , Shalaby Heba Nasr , Elmaaty Ayman Abo , El-Shiekh Riham A. , Zeidan Mohamed A. , Alnajjar Radwan , Alzahrani Abdullah Yahya Abdullah , AL Mughram Mohammed H. , Shaldam Moataz A. , Tawfik Haytham O.
Published: February 2025

Donepezil-based rational design of N-substituted quinazoline tethered thioacetamide as potential acetylcholine esterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Single-step aerosol-based synthesis of nanostructured thin films for hydrogen sensing
Authors: Petallidou Klito C. , Kováčik Peter , Schmidt-Ott Andreas , Biskos George
Published: February 2025

Single-step synthesis method for producing sintered nanoparticle-based films for highly sensitive hydrogen sensing.
Nickel(ii)-mediated in situ complex formation with unexpected ligand transformations: crystal structures, DFT calculations, and catalytic activity in CO2 fixation reactions
Authors: Dolai Malay , Saha Urmila , Goswami Juli Nanda , Bhattacharya Biswajit , Emmerling Franziska , Ifseisi Ahmad A. , Biswas Surajit
Published: February 2025

Nickel mediated unusual ligand transformation of pyridine/pyrimidine nitrile with hydroxyl amine and their complexes and DFT, catalytic studies.
Deprotonation of the –NH proton from a pyrrole moiety enables concentration-dependent colorimetric and fluorescence quenching of silver(i) ions
Authors: Divya Dhakshinamurthy , Nandhagopal Manivannan , Thennarasu Sathiah
Published: February 2025

A novel ligand (1) with high selectivity and sensitivity was synthesized, showing a brown color and fluorescence quenching upon complexation, enabling Ag+ detection in real samples for rapid on-site kits and imaging.
Racemic peptide assembly boosts biocatalysis
Authors: Mañas-Torres Mari C. , Alletto Paola , Adorinni Simone , Vargiu Attilio V. , Álvarez de Cienfuegos Luis , Marchesan Silvia
Published: February 2025

Racemic tripeptide self-assembly yields fibrillar hydrogels with increased viscoelastic moduli, higher resistance against applied stress, and faster reaction rates in ester hydrolysis than enantiopure analogs.
Achieving ultra-high energy storage performance in (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.7Sr0.3TiO3-based relaxor ferroelectrics
Authors: Zhang Xin , Yang Shiyu , Dong Qinpeng , Pan Yue , Chen Xiuli , Li Xu , Zhou Huanfu
Published: February 2025

Study on the dielectric energy storage properties of (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.7Sr0.3TiO3-Sm(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3 ceramics.
Activating the high-potential V4+/V5+ redox couple for an advanced NASICON sodium-ion cathode
Authors: Wang Miaomiao , Zhu Lin , Xiang Shuang , Huang Xiaobing , Li Huanhuan , Wang Haiyan , Tang Yougen , Sun Dan
Published: February 2025

Combined theoretical and experimental analyses confirm the activation mechanism of the V4+/V5+ redox couple after Cr doping.
Toward industrial C8 production: oxygen intrusion drives renewable n-caprylate production from ethanol and acetate via intermediate metabolite production
Authors: Gemeinhardt Kurt , Jeon Byoung Seung , Ntihuga Jean Nepomuscene , Wang Han , Schlaiß Caroline , Lucas Timo N. , Bessarab Irina , Nalpas Nicolas , Zhou Nanqing , Usack Joseph G. , Huson Daniel H. , Williams Rohan B. H. , Maček Boris , Aristilde Ludmilla , Angenent Largus T.
Published: February 2025

A simplified open culture chain elongation process with ethanol and acetate to produce renewable n-caprylate without adding yeast extract showed a trophic hierarchy between aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and fully anaerobic microbial species.
HFIP-promoted phosphorylation of indol-3-yl methanols to access (indol-3-yl)methyl phosphonates
Authors: Wang Min , Zhang Zhiyu , Yang Yuting , Xue Yage , Qin Zhengyi , Duan Yaxuan , Li Huilin , She Xuegong
Published: February 2025

The HFIP-promoted Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction enabled the phosphorylation of (indo-3-yl)methanols to access a series of indole-containing phosphonates.
Development of a field‐programmable gate array‐based real‐time generic solver for power electronics circuits with arbitrary configurations
Authors: Chen Yuan , Liu Jiadai , Ding Hui , Zhang Yi
Published: February 2025

Using a field‐programmable gate array (FPGA) as the core computational engine, this paper proposes a digital real‐time electromagnetic transient simulator for a generic power electronic system. The LC switching model is employed for constant network conductance representation. The fully paralleled and pipelined design for network solutions and component computation accomplished the highest performance and efficiency on the FPGA. A customised 48‐bit floating‐point data format is proposed to achieve high simulation precision. This dedicated design is necessary for power electronic simulation. A typical power electronic transformer, which is a heavy computation burden for real‐time simulation, demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed simulator.
SeqBMC: Single‐cell data processing using iterative block matrix completion algorithm based on matrix factorisation
Authors: Lejun Gong , Like Yu , Xinyi Wei , Shehai Zhou , Shuhua Xu
Published: February 2025

With the development of high‐throughput sequencing technology, the analysis of single‐cell RNA sequencing data has become the focus of current research. Matrix analysis and processing of downstream gene expression after preprocessing is a hot topic for researchers. This paper proposed an iterative block matrix completion algorithm, called SeqBMC, based on matrix factorisation. The algorithm is used to complete the missing value of the gene expression matrix caused by the defect of sequencing technology. The gene frequency of the matrix is used to block the matrix, and then the matrix factorisation algorithm is used to complete the small matrix after the block, and then the biological zeros that may exist in the block matrix are retained. Experimental results show that the matrix completion algorithm can significantly improve the classification performance of the gene expression matrix after completion with 86.81% F1 score, which is conducive to the recognition of cell types in sequencing data. Moreover, this completion method can be completed only by the machine learning method without too much prior knowledge related to biology and has good effects. Compared with ALRA, SeqBMC increased 5.47% accuracy and 5.03% F1 score. It indicates that SeqBMC has significant advantages in the matrix completion of single‐cell RNA sequencing data.
Quantifying the impacts of energy sharing program on enhancing the resilience of buildings in renewable microgrid from a long-period perspective
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Xinyi , Zhang Rui , Wang Jianjun , Cai Hua
Published: February 2025

The peer-to-peer energy sharing (PPES) program is considered an effective measure to improve the resilience of microgrids. This study quantifies this impact from a long-period perspective by calculating and comparing buildings' probability of surviving outage (PSO) with given length of outage sustained hour in renewable microgrid under different PPES scenarios. The results indicate that the PSO can effectively represent the influence of PPES on enhancing microgrid resilience across various load levels. Specifically, buildings with load patterns more consistent with solar power output pattern have a higher probability to survive longer power outages. Meanwhile, PPES is more effective than load curtailment in improving a building's resilience, this is because only if the load is curtailed by almost 50% can the resilience be improved to the level when shared energy was used. Simultaneously, load curtailment reduces the Renewable Energy Utilization Ratio (REUR) of buildings, whereas introducing PPES maximizes the REUR. Finally, the combination of 20% load curtailment + PPES can almost generate the same resilience improving effect for the microgrid as that of each building alone installing photovoltaic + battery energy storage, and if higher amount of load can be curtailed, a greater resilience improvement can be achieved. Therefore, for the sake of adaptability as well as resource conservation and sustainability, we recommended policymakers and other stakeholders put a higher priority on the implementation of PPES + moderate amount of load curtailment in improving the resilience of microgrids.