bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CommuteVRP: otimização de serviços privados de transporte contínuo
Authors: Lima Ednaldo , Saúde André
Published: December 2019

Mobilidade urbana é tema que está sempre em alta desde o surgimento das grandes metrópoles. Dentre os diversos fatores geradores de tráfego, podemos destacar os polos geradores de viagens (PGVs), locais que concentram os destinos ou origens de grande quantidade de pessoas, como centros comerciais, parques industriais e grandes condomínios. O objetivo deste trabalho é definir o Problema de Roteamento de Veículos para o Transporte Contínuo (CommuteVRP, do inglês Commute Vehicle Routing Problem), que descreve o deslocamento diário de pessoas a um PGV, e verificar se algoritmos já propostos na literatura são capazes de solucionar o problema com instâncias de escala próxima à demanda real do mercado. Definimos o CommuteVRP como uma variante dos problemas de roteamento de veículos que busca pela criação de rotas economicamente lucrativas com conforto e preços acessíveis aos passageiros. Trata-se de um problema de otimização diferente dos problemas clássicos de roteamento de veículos e transporte de pessoas encontrados na literatura, pois tem como foco a otimização do ponto de vista mercadológico, cuja solução é composta de rotas economicamente viáveis e lucrativas que não necessariamente atendam a todas as pessoas envolvidas. Foi possível solucionar o problema em tempo razoável utilizando a heurística do princípio ruin and recreate que nos permite a computação paralela para a geração de rotas. Foram alcançados resultados lucrativos para todas as instâncias testadas, e foram comparadas diferentes configurações de execução.
Simulação e Otimização de Sistemas de Sinalização Semafórica
Authors: Pereira M.B. , Pereira D.L.
Published: December 2019

O presente artigo propõe um simulador de trânsito, capaz de reproduzir o comportamento de um sistema real sob determinadas condições. Em conjunto ao simulador, é proposto também um otimizador de tempos semafóricos. Desta forma, têm-se como objetivos principais: simular um sistema de acordo com um conjunto de parâmetros de entrada e retornar ao usuário os resultados obtidos, como o tempo médio de espera de cada carro nos semáforos, ou descobrir qual a melhor configuração dos sinais de trânsito em cada cruzamento, buscando atingir menores tempos de espera. O modelo de simulação tem base no paradigma de simulação orientada a eventos discretos e se baseia na ideia de que é possível determinar o tempo de espera de um veículo no semáforo com base no estado do semáforo no momento da chegada deste veículo e no momento de saída do veículo anterior. O otimizador tem como base a metaheurística algoritmo genético. O simulador de cruzamentos foi testado e seus dados comparados com informações obtidas em um sistema real, resultando em valores que ficaram bem próximos aos reais. Além disso, os resultados obtidos com o otimizador indicam que a ferramenta pode ser útil para o auxílio na tomada de decisões e é capaz de gerar sugestões de melhorias nas configurações semafóricas.
Edubi: rede social gamificada e geolocalizada para contextos de aprendizagem ubíqua e informal
Authors: Monteiro Bruno de S. , Silva Arthur A. A. , Lira Itágores L. B. de , Schmidt Allef R. , Santana Victoria I. S. de , Anunciação Willyane F. da , Silva Júnior Francisco H. D. da , Nascimento Valdenize L. do
Published: December 2019

Tecnologias educacionais digitais, tais como Sistemas de Gestão da Aprendizagem (SGA) já são adotadas em cursos de educação a distância e presencial, entretanto, seu escopo de uso costuma ser diretamente relacionado à aprendizagem formal. Como forma de contribuir com um conjunto de ferramentas que possam complementar as práticas de ensino-aprendizagem de professores e alunos, por meio de experiências informais e contextualizadas, este trabalho apresenta o ambiente multiplataforma Edubi, baseado nos princípios da educação ubíqua e informal, é composto por quatro aplicações (Web, Mobile, TV e Watch) e dois componentes de integração que permitem enriquecê-las com conteúdos vindos do Moodle, Wikipedia e YouTube.
Edubi-Mobile: aplicação mobile para aprendizagem ubíqua e informal
Authors: Monteiro Bruno de S. , Pinheiro Raul C. , Lobo Neto Francisco de A. , Silva Júnior Ivanildo A. da , Santos Júnior Ramiro De V. dos , Silva José E. G. da , Mendes Neto Francisco M. , Gomes Alex Sandro
Published: December 2019

Apesar da popularização dos smartphones, aplicativos e redes sociais, os cursos de formação continuam, na maior parte, utilizando métodos formais e as tecnologias adotadas são aquelas definidas pela instituição, ignorando as práticas dos estudantes fora da sala de aula. Nesse sentido, de modo a compatibilizar as necessidades dos professores e o contexto dos estudantes, este trabalho apresenta uma rede social, para dispositivos móveis, com o intuito de permitir a comunicação e criação de conteúdo de forma horizontal e introduz recursos de gamificação e geolocalização com o objetivo de incentivar práticas lúdicas, informais e contextualizadas fora da sala de aula. Por fim, apresenta os resultados de duas sessões de validação de usabilidade.
Wernicke Encephalopathy in Elderly Related to Severe Malnutrition
Authors: Javier Ros Forteza Francisco
Published: December 2019

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is the main neurologic complication of thiamine deficiency. Thiamine is a cofactor for several key enzymes important in energy metabolism. WE is a little-recognised and underdiagnosed condition, and the prevalence in the elderly is unknown. The classic triad of WE includes encephalopathy, oculomotor dysfunction, and gait ataxia. Diagnosis is clinical, and early treatment with thiamine is fundamental in preventing coma and death. In the cases reported in the literature, the cause of WE was fasting or malnutrition in 10.2% of cases. WE may in some cases constitute a public health problem. Being the prevalence unknown, we alert clinicians to keep severe malnutrition in elderly as a form of precipitation of WE. We review the cases published in the literature.
Genotoxic Assays for Measuring P450 Activation of Chemical Mutagens
Authors: Fasullo Michael
Published: December 2019

This review discusses using yeast as a model organism for studying the biological effects of P450-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics. We discuss the challenges of testing the safety of thousands of chemicals currently introduced into the market place, the limitations of the animal systems, the advantages of model organisms, and the humanization of the yeast cells by expressing human cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes. We discuss strategies in utilizing multiple genetic endpoints in screening chemicals and yeast strains that facilitate phenotyping CYP polymorphisms. In particular, we discuss yeast mutants that facilitate xenobiotic import and retention and particular DNA repair mutants that can facilitate in measuring genotoxic endpoints and elucidating genotoxic mechanisms. New directions in toxicogenetics suggest that particular DNA damaging agents may interact with chromatin and perturb gene silencing, which may also generate genetic instabilities. By introducing human CYP genes into yeast strains, new strategies can be explored for high-throughput testing of xenobiotics and identifying potent DNA damaging agents.
«Цифровизация» образования – философские и этнофункциональные психологические аспекты
Authors: Сухарев Александр Владимирович ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

В настоящей статье осуществлена попытка при-влечь внимание научного сообщества к пробле-ме «цифровизации» образования с широких междисциплинарных позиций – философских и психологических. Автор исходит из результатов психологических эмпирических и эксперимен-тальных исследований в рамках этнофункцио-нальной парадигмы в психологии и философско-антропологической концепции синтеза хаоса и космоса в ментальности субъекта. В работе делается вывод о неправомерности поспешной и научно не обоснованной «цифровизации» сис-темы образования России.
Особенное как основа диалогического общения
Authors: Маркова Людмила Артемьевна ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

Логика нового типа, формирующаяся после научной революции начала XX века, противо-положна классике прежде всего тем, что не разрушает свою предшественницу, а вступает с нею в диалогические отношения. Для диало-га необходимы, как минимум, два логических субъекта. Если не удается справиться с какой-то вновь возникшей проблемой средствами классической науки, то ее решение или откла-дывается на будущее, или она просто игнори-руется как нерешаемая. В неклассической ло-гике существует свой выход из положения. Для не поддающейся объяснению эмпирии создается новая логика, которая вступает с классикой в диалог. Своеобразие такого хода мысли состоит в том, что обнаруживается на-правленность мышления, его ориентация в первую очередь не на предмет исследования, а на субъект; реализуется поворот мышления, о котором часто, в разных контекстах, пишут и социологи, и философы. Логика не столько списывается с действительности, сколько соз-дается в голове ученого (философа, логика). Но создается по-разному. Из действительно-сти выбираются те или иные ее свойства, и на их базе выстраивается логика всей действи-тельности. В классике вычленяются общие свойства предметов и событий. Индивидуаль-ные особенности игнорируются, в логике они не учитываются. В не-классике, наоборот, на передний план выдвигаются особенности, от-личающие одни предметы от других. Особенность не-классики еще и в том, что она не раз-рушает свою предшественницу по той причи-не, что она ей необходима как собеседница.
Исследования научных коммуникаций
Authors: Соколова Татьяна Дмитриевна ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

Исследования научных коммуникаций явля-ются предметом исследования целого спектра научных дисциплин: эпистемологии, филосо-фии и истории науки, STS, лингвистики, социо-логии, исследований в области медиа и мно-гих других, то есть представляют собой слож-ную междисциплинарную систему различных подходов и теорий, которые могут как допол-нять друг друга, так и вступать между собой в противоречия. В настоящей статье я постара-юсь выделить несколько возможных теорети-ческих направлений для исследования науч-ной коммуникации в отношении одного из ее специфических аспектов – научной периодики в ее историческом формировании. Основным отличительным критерием научной статьи, в отличие от других типов научной коммуника-ции, является набор относительно жестких формальных требований к структурированию информации, которую автор пытается донести до своих коллег. Обращаясь к истории науч-ной периодики, можно определить, каким именно образом формировались данные тре-бования, чем они были эпистемически и тех-нически обусловлены, каким образом именно научная статья приобретает статус основной единицы научного сообщения. Здесь мне хо-телось бы наметить несколько теоретических и методологических опций, которые впослед-ствии возможно применить для анализа эм-пирического материала (серий 1-4 журнала Commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae).
Pancreatic Neoplasms With Acinar Differentiation: A Review of Pathologic and Molecular Features
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth D. , Wood Laura D.
Published: December 2019

Context.—

Pancreatic acinar lesions encompass a broad spectrum of malignant tumors and benign reactive processes affecting both adults and children, with clinical, pathologic, and molecular features that are distinct from more common ductal neoplasms. Accurate morphologic diagnosis and molecular assessment of these uncommon neoplasms is critical for effective patient care.

Objective.—

To review the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of pancreatic neoplasms with acinar differentiation, the most common of which is acinar cell carcinoma but which also includes mixed carcinomas with acinar components, cystic acinar lesions, and pancreatoblastoma.

Data Sources.—

We assessed the current primary literature, as well as recently updated diagnostic manuals.

Conclusions.—

Pancreatic acinar neoplasms are a morphologically and molecularly heterogeneous group of diseases that are characterized by acinar differentiation of at least a subset of the neoplastic cells, defined either morphologically (granular cytoplasm, single prominent nucleoli) or immunohistochemically. Squamoid nests are a key morphologic feature of pancreatoblastoma. Alterations in WNT signaling and chromosomal 11p loss are common molecular features of both acinar cell carcinoma and pancreatoblastoma. Targetable molecular alterations in acinar carcinoma include BRAF rearrangements and DNA repair defects, including mismatch repair deficiency and BRCA pathway defects. For practicing pathologists, morphologic recognition of such acinar neoplasms is critical, and in the future, molecular diagnostics to identify lesions susceptible to targeted therapy will likely form an important component of patient care.
FEATURES OF MOLECULAR AGGREGATION OF BLOCK COPOLYMER ON BASE OF STYRENE AND POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL IN SOLUTIONS
Authors: Kropacheva Olga I. , Vavilova Darya V.
Published: December 2019

This article focuses on the study of behavior of macromolecules of block copolymer on the base of styrene and polyethylene glycol in toluene media. Unique property of block copolymers is the ability of chemical heterogeneous blocks to phase separation. This process leads to the formation of micelle similar structures in selective solvents. These aggregates have the core from soluble block and the micelles capsule from insoluble block. Similar structures (reverse micelles) would be used for the purpose of stabilization of metal organosols. In this work aggregative stable reverse micelles in such systems as "toluene - water" and "toluene - methanol" have been prepared. Block copolymer of styrene and polyethylene glycol was applied as stabilizer in solutions with polymer concentration from 2.5 g/ 100 ml to 1 g/ 100 ml. Block copolymer has been synthesized by means of isocyanate cure on the end hydroxyl groups. Its structure has been confirmed by differential calorimetry spectroscopy (DSC) method. Dimension of formed particles has been determined by methods of sedimental turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Existence of both individual macromolecules and molecular aggregates in initial solutions has been established by DLS method. It has been found that dimensional homogeneity of organosol particles enlarges with the increase in dispersed phase content to 10 mass. %. At that, the size of the micelles in presence methanol is less than in water presence. Particles size also depends on polymer concentration in solution. The sizes of micelles in both systems increase with increasing concentration of the block copolymer, and with an increase in the content of the dispersed phase, a gradual decrease in their sizes is observed.  It was shown that the sedimentation turbidimetry method does not reflect the behavior of the copolymer molecules in solutions, which results in a large scatter of data on the determination of particle sizes of the organosol in the toluene-water system with a water content of less than 5 masses. % . Based on the data obtained, it is assumed that micelles stabilized by a block copolymer based on styrene and polyethylene glycol can be used to introduce metal particles into them, followed by the formation of a metal layer on a solid surface.
„LOSSEPLADSEN FORMODES AT VÆRE UNDER AFVIKLING.“
Authors: Jessen Nina Toudal
Published: December 2019

Lossepladser var engang ganske almindelige og lå spredt ud over landet. I dag er det de færreste, der ved, hvor affaldet ender. Samtidig rapporterer vandværker om forurenet grundvand, mens såkaldte generationsforureninger som Cheminova ved Harboøre Tange eller Grindstedværket kalder på politisk handling mod gammel forurening. Mens der i dag er en forventning om, at affald behandles miljømæssigt forsvarligt, var der frem til 1974 meget få regler, der skulle beskytte miljø og grundvand. De store forureningssager påkalder sig ofte spørgsmålet „Vidste man virkelig ikke bedre?“. Denne ide om fortidens uvidenhed eller ignorance er udgangspunkt for artiklens undersøgelse af en lokal losseplads i Tømmerup på Vestsjælland mellem 1961 og 1980. Med fokus på en lille losseplads undersøger artiklen, hvordan uvidenhed og belejlighed spillede ind i den tidlige fase af affaldshåndtering i Danmark.
DEN NYE HISTORIESKRIVNING I 900-TALLET
Authors: Engsbro Sigga
Published: December 2019

Med Liudprand af Cremonas værk Antapodosis blomstrede historieskrivningen op efter en 50-årig stilstandsperiode i det østfrankiske rige. Samtidig skete et skift i den foretrukne historiske genre. Nu tog forfatterne udgangspunkt i individet i stedet for årets begivenheder. Endda var disse forfattere på hver deres vis nyskabende. Forklaringen på nyudviklinger inden for historieskrivningen bør søges i 900-tallets konventioner for tekstfremstilling, dvs. anerkendt viden om forfatterpraksis. Liudprand tog den lærde autoritet Rather af Verona som sit tekstlige forbillede. Med afsæt i Rathers værk Praeloquia og Liudprands Antapodosis undersøger artiklen forfatternes repræsentation, konstruktion og reception af viden om forfatterpraksis og betydningen heraf for historisk fremstilling.
A Heuristic’s Job Order Gain in Pyramidal Preemptive Job Scheduling Problems for Total Weighted Completion Time Minimization
Authors: Romanuke Vadim
Published: December 2019

A possibility of speeding up the job scheduling by a heuristic based on the shortest processing period approach is studied in the paper. The scheduling problem is such that the job volume and job priority weight are increasing as the job release date increases. Job preemptions are allowed. Within this model, the input for the heuristic is formed by either ascending or descending job order. Therefore, an estimator of relative difference in duration of finding an approximate schedule by these job orders is designed. It is ascertained that the job order results in different time of computations when scheduling at least a few hundred jobs. The ascending-order solving becomes on average by 1 % to 2.5 % faster when job volumes increase steeply. As the steepness of job volumes decreases, this gain vanishes and, eventually, the descending-order solving becomes on average faster by up to 4 %. The gain trends of both job orders slowly increase as the number of jobs increases.
Review for Optimisation of Neural Networks With Genetic Algorithms and Design of Experiments in Stock Market Prediction
Authors: Midilli Yunus Emre , Parshutin Sergei
Published: December 2019

Neural networks are commonly used methods in stock market predictions. From the earlier studies in the literature, the requirement of optimising neural networks has been emphasised to increase the profitability, accuracy and performance of neural networks in exchange rate prediction. The paper proposes a literature review of two techniques to optimise neural networks in stock market predictions: genetic algorithms and design of experiments. These two methods have been discussed in three approaches to optimise the following aspects of neural networks: variables, input layer and hyper-parameters.
Application of Genetic Algorithms for Decision-Making in Project Management: A Literature Review
Authors: Ancveire Ieva , Poļaka Inese
Published: December 2019

In software development projects, managers still have to face a variety of organisational and technical limitations despite the development of technology and approaches to improve the project management process. Projects, Human Resources and Costs are planned for a specific period of time. However, in the progression of project execution, there is a need to make various decisions and to dynamically adjust the work plan during the project in order to conform to its evolution. Thus, there is a need for a method that employs the latest technology to support the project management decision-making process.
The aim and the expected result of the article are to identify and collect available information in the scientific literature to answer the following questions: (1) Which challenges of project management have been addressed using genetic algorithms? (2) What are the opportunities and limitations of genetic algorithms in the project management decision-making process? (3) What are the potential solutions to the identified genetic algorithm problems?
Roles of C/EBP class bZip proteins in the growth and cell competition of Rp (‘Minute’) mutants in Drosophila
Authors: Blanco Jorge , Cooper Jacob C , Baker Nicholas E
Published: December 2019

Reduced copy number of ribosomal protein (Rp) genes adversely affects both flies and mammals. Xrp1 encodes a reportedly Drosophila-specific AT-hook, bZIP protein responsible for many of the effects including the elimination of Rp mutant cells by competition with wild type cells. Irbp18, an evolutionarily conserved bZIP gene, heterodimerizes with Xrp1 and with another bZip protein, dATF4. We show that Irbp18 is required for the effects of Xrp1, whereas dATF4 does not share the same phenotype, indicating that Xrp1/Irbp18 is the complex active in Rp mutant cells, independently of other complexes that share Irbp18. Xrp1 and Irbp18 transcripts and proteins are upregulated in Rp mutant cells by auto-regulatory expression that depends on the Xrp1 DNA binding domains and is necessary for cell competition. We show that Xrp1 is conserved beyond Drosophila, although under positive selection for rapid evolution, and that at least one human bZip protein can similarly affect Drosophila development.
Resolving homology in the face of shifting germ layer origins: Lessons from a major skull vault boundary
Authors: Teng Camilla S , Cavin Lionel , Maxson Robert E , Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R , Crump J Gage
Published: December 2019

The vertebrate skull varies widely in shape, accommodating diverse strategies of feeding and predation. The braincase is composed of several flat bones that meet at flexible joints called sutures. Nearly all vertebrates have a prominent ‘coronal’ suture that separates the front and back of the skull. This suture can develop entirely within mesoderm-derived tissue, neural crest-derived tissue, or at the boundary of the two. Recent paleontological findings and genetic insights in non-mammalian model organisms serve to revise fundamental knowledge on the development and evolution of this suture. Growing evidence supports a decoupling of the germ layer origins of the mesenchyme that forms the calvarial bones from inductive signaling that establishes discrete bone centers. Changes in these relationships facilitate skull evolution and may create susceptibility to disease. These concepts provide a general framework for approaching issues of homology in cases where germ layer origins have shifted during evolution.
Trotro Pass: Ghanaian Commercial Vehicle Passenger Accounting System
Authors: Kommey B. , Maazu H. , S. Adjei A. , Issah J.
Published: December 2019

Commercial transport in Ghana is generally unsupervised; vehicle owners and transport managers alike lack tools to properly monitor and track the performance of drivers. Usually, fixed amounts are given to drivers as a daily goal, anything more than that is payment for the driver's services. This fixed amount is usually based on intuition and not on statistical data that at least estimates how much a driver makes in a day of commute. This project is intended to give commercial vehicle managers the ability to track location of vehicles and cumulatively estimate how much money is being made, up until end of a day of commute. This is achieved through a design that makes use of a distributed collection of embedded systems in the vehicle, equipped with GPS and cellular data connection, which would transmit and store information on a server. A user-friendly application would then query and display in real time the location of vehicles and estimate amount made so far up until end of the day. With feasibility and cost in mind some solutions are adopted and modified if need be. This coupled with embedded system design and software engineering, we develop a system that accomplishes the stated goals. An accuracy of 89.4% was achieved in our cumulative travel distance measurements.
Sum Formulas for Generalized Fifth-Order Linear Recurrence Sequences
Authors: Soykan Yüksel
Published: December 2019

In this paper, closed forms of the summation formulas for generalized Pentanacci numbers are presented. Then, some previous results are recovered as particular cases of the present results. As special cases, we give summation formulas of Pentanacci, Pentanacci-Lucas, fifth order Pell, fifth order Pell-Lucas, fifth order Jacobsthal and fifth order Jacobsthal-Lucas sequences. We present the proofs to indicate how these formulas, in general, were discovered. In fact, all the listed formulas of the special cases of of the main theorems may be proved by induction, but that method of proof gives no clue about their discovery.
Phosphorus Compounds
Authors: Gilmour Rodney
Published: December 2019

Phosphorus compounds exhibit an enormous variety of chemical and physical properties as a result of the wide range in the oxidative states and coordination numbers for the phosphorus atom. The intermediate electronegativity of phosphorus also plays a role. Phosphorus oxides, halides, sulphides, hydrides (phosphines), nitrogen compounds, and metal phosphides, as well as organophosphorus compounds, are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the commercially important phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus (V) oxide, and phosphine. Structure and nomenclature of phosphorus compounds and their organic derivatives are presented. Properties of the PO, PS, PH, PC, and PX (X = halogen) bonds are given. The manufacture of the commercial phosphorus compounds is outlined. Phosphorus compounds are found in or used as intermediates for the manufacture of oil additives, heat‐transfer and hydraulic fluids, water‐treatment chemicals, catalysts, herbicides, flame retardants, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and surfactants. Intermediates in the preparation of organophosphorus derivatives are reviewed.
Analysis of Gender in Interaction
Authors: Wei Jennifer M.
Published: December 2019

Gender is analyzed in interaction using case studies, variational sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and cultural studies. These research approaches investigate gender from biological, cultural, and linguistic perspectives and situate it amid history and politics to reveal the scope and depth of gender. In addition, recent research provides novel insights by entangling sex, gender, and sexuality and by comparing them from different cultural perspectives.
Computer‐Assisted Pronunciation Teaching
Authors: Chun Dorothy M.
Published: December 2019

This entry discusses the ways in which technology can be used for second language (L2) pronunciation instruction. The types of technologies that have been or could be used for teaching L2 segmentals (vowels and consonants) and L2 suprasegmentals (prosody, intonation, rhythm) are reviewed, as is the research that has been conducted about the efficacy of such technologies. Visualizations of learners' speech as compared to native speakers' speech show promise in helping L2 speakers improve their pronunciation. In the 21st century, pronunciation teaching is gaining in importance, with an emphasis on developing L2 speakers who can speak comprehensibly and understand other L2 speakers who may not have native‐like pronunciation but speak intelligibly nonetheless.
Genre‐Based Language Teaching
Authors: Tardy Christine M.
Published: December 2019

Despite some variations across approaches, the basic principle that underlies genre‐based language teaching is that awareness of the forms, purposes, and social contexts of texts will aid in writing development. This entry describes prominent approaches to genre‐based language teaching, including those associated with systemic functional linguistics, English for specific purposes, and rhetorical genre studies. Underlying theories, goals, and common pedagogical strategies within these approaches are described. The entry also reviews key research into and theoretical principles of genre‐based language teaching.
Language and Globalization
Authors: Hammill Matthew J. , Diniz De Figueiredo Eduardo H. , Kim Youmie J.
Published: December 2019

The role and effects of globalization are highlighted in terms of the spread of English, critical responses to linguistic imperialism, digital media, immigration and transnational flows, as well as language teaching and learning.
Languaging: Collaborative Dialogue as a Source of Second Language Learning
Authors: Swain Merrill , Watanabe Yuko
Published: December 2019

Languaging is a source of second language learning. The concept of languaging derives from Vygotsky's work, which demonstrated the critical role language plays in mediating cognitive processes. This entry defines languaging and collaborative dialogue (a type of languaging), and it reviews research that (a) demonstrates collaborative dialogue as a source of L2 learning and development, (b) indicates contexts which are implicated in the quality and quantity of collaborative dialogue, (c) examines different mediational means (L1, CMC), and (d) suggests the inseparability of cognition and emotion in collaborative dialogue.
Rating Oral Language
Authors: Winke Paula
Published: December 2019

Rating oral language is important because oral tests scores are often used for real‐life, high‐stakes purposes such as for employment, pay raises, placement into academic programs, and professional licensures. Thus, the people who rate oral assessments need to be well trained and free from personal biases while rating. Their personal backgrounds (such as their native language or their prior learning or working experiences) should not affect how they score. Additionally, oral assessment rating programs should render the rating process as objective as possible through the careful design of detailed rubrics and through thorough and professional rater training and calibration (and recalibration) processes. Yet, each stage in oral assessment has multiple options that can complicate ratings. For example, oral tests can be online or face‐to‐face, one‐on‐one, or in paired or group settings. Likewise, raters could be one of the interlocutors who rates while giving the assessment, or could be assigned to rate speech recordings asynchronously. Meanwhile, research has shown raters are prone to bias, especially when they are rating speech that varies in accent or other qualities that are perceptible and relatable to the individual raters' personal backgrounds. Going forward, language assessment researchers need to team up with theorists and test‐score users to further explore score discrepancies that may result across various speaking test contexts. Language assessment programs should be mindful that automatic speech recognition is paving the way for automatic ratings of speech, though the need for valid human ratings will remain, as most speech acts are social in nature.
Teacher Education for Multilingual Education
Authors: García Ofelia , Kleyn Tatyana
Published: December 2019

This entry reviews the three strands of competencies that teacher candidates for multilingual education need to develop: (a) understanding about bilingual students and their families, especially language minoritized students; (b) knowledge of language, bilingualism/multilingualism, and translanguaging; and (c) awareness of how to deliver a pedagogy for multilingualism. Each of these three strands is described, emphasizing critical poststructural theoretical perspectives, and questioning traditional theories that teacher education programs often emphasize. To develop these competencies, the entry proposes three prongs to a situated teacher‐education preparation: descriptive reviews of students, micro‐ethnographies of communities, and direct experience in schools.
Excited State Dynamics of a Self‐Doped Conjugated Polyelectrolyte
Authors: Tsokkou Demetra , Peterhans Lisa , Cao David Xi , Mai Cheng‐Kang , Bazan Guillermo C. , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Banerji Natalie
Published: December 2019

The growing number of applications of doped organic semiconductors drives the development of highly conductive and stable materials. Lack of understanding about the formation and properties of mobile charges limits the ability to improve material design. Thus the largely unexplored photophysics of doped systems are addressed here to gain insights about the characteristics of doping‐induced polarons and their interactions with their surroundings. The study of the ultrafast optical processes in a self‐doped conjugated polyelectrolyte reveals that polarons not only affect their environment via Coulomb effects but also strongly couple electronically to nearby neutral sites. This is unambiguously demonstrated by the simultaneous depletion of both the neutral and polaronic transitions, as well as by correlated excited state dynamics, when either transition is targeted during ultrafast experiments. The results contrast with the conventional picture of localized intragap polaron states but agree with revised models for the optical transitions in doped organic materials, which predict a common ground level for polarons and neighboring neutral sites. Such delocalization of polarons into the frontier transport levels of their surroundings could enhance the electronic connectivity between doped and undoped sites, contributing to the formation of conductive charges.
Revealing the Interplay between Charge Transport, Luminescence Efficiency, and Morphology in Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Blends
Authors: Gao Mile , Lee Thomas , Burn Paul L. , Mark Alan E. , Pivrikas Almantas , Shaw Paul E.
Published: December 2019

Phosphorescent emissive materials in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) manufactured using evaporation are usually blended with host materials at a concentration of 3–15 wt% to avoid concentration quenching of the luminescence. Here, experimental measurements of hole mobility and photoluminescence are related to the atomic level morphology of films created using atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations mimicking the evaporation process with similar guest concentrations as those used in operational test devices. For blends of fac‐tris[2‐phenylpyridinato‐C2,N]iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)3] in tris(4‐carbazoyl‐9‐ylphenyl)amine (TCTA), it is found that clustering of the Ir(ppy)3 (surface of the molecules within ≈0.4 nm) in the simulated films is directly relatable to the experimentally‐measured hole mobility. Films containing 1–10 wt% of Ir(ppy)3 in TCTA have a mobility of up to two orders of magnitude lower (≈10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1) than the neat TCTA film, which is consistent with the Ir(ppy)3 molecules acting as hole traps due to their smaller ionization potential. Comparison of the simulated film morphologies with the measured photoluminescence properties shows that for luminescence quenching to occur, the Ir(ppy)3 molecules have to have their ligands partially overlapping. Thus, the results show that the effect of guest interactions on charge transport and luminescence are markedly different for OLED light‐emitting layers.
Polysaccharide‐Peptide Cryogels for Multidrug‐Resistant‐Bacteria Infected Wound Healing and Hemostasis
Authors: Hou Sen , Liu Yuanyuan , Feng Fang , Zhou Jin , Feng Xinxing , Fan Yubo
Published: December 2019

Wound dressings that can simultaneously treat bacterial infections and various bleeding complications are highly desirable in clinics. Moreover, multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacterial infection has posed another great challenge for clinical wound care, as there are fewer effective antimicrobial agents available for killing these bacteria. To meet the clinical need, serials of polysaccharide‐peptide cryogels have been developed with excellent antibacterial efficacy and hemostatic property. With glycol chitosan (GC) and ε‐poly lysine (EPL) as the major components, the cryogels yield significantly lower amounts of blood loss compared with commercially available hemostatic dressings. The incorporation of EPL significantly enhances the antibacterial activity including killing MDR bacteria capacity and prevents the bacterial infection of skin wounds. The cryogel treated wounds demonstrate significantly higher healing efficiency compared to the controlled MDR bacteria infected wounds. The GC‐EPL polysaccharide‐peptide cryogels may become competitive multifunctional wound dressings for bleeding control and bacteria‐infected wound healing.
Record High External Quantum Efficiency of 19.2% Achieved in Light‐Emitting Diodes of Colloidal Quantum Wells Enabled by Hot‐Injection Shell Growth
Authors: Liu Baiquan , Altintas Yemliha , Wang Lin , Shendre Sushant , Sharma Manoj , Sun Handong , Mutlugun Evren , Demir Hilmi Volkan
Published: December 2019

Colloidal quantum wells (CQWs) are regarded as a highly promising class of optoelectronic materials, thanks to their unique excitonic characteristics of high extinction coefficients and ultranarrow emission bandwidths. Although the exploration of CQWs in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) is impressive, the performance of CQW‐LEDs lags far behind other types of soft‐material LEDs (e.g., organic LEDs, colloidal‐quantum‐dot LEDs, and perovskite LEDs). Herein, high‐efficiency CQW‐LEDs reaching close to the theoretical limit are reported. A key factor for this high performance is the exploitation of hot‐injection shell (HIS) growth of CQWs, which enables a near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), reduces nonradiative channels, ensures smooth films, and enhances the stability. Remarkably, the PLQY remains 95% in solution and 87% in film despite rigorous cleaning. Through systematically understanding their shape‐, composition‐, and device‐engineering, the CQW‐LEDs using CdSe/Cd0.25Zn0.75S core/HIS CQWs exhibit a maximum external quantum efficiency of 19.2%. Additionally, a high luminance of 23 490 cd m−2, extremely saturated red color with the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.715, 0.283), and stable emission are obtained. The findings indicate that HIS‐grown CQWs enable high‐performance solution‐processed LEDs, which may pave the path for future CQW‐based display and lighting technologies.
A Patterned Mechanochromic Photonic Polymer for Reversible Image Reveal
Authors: Zhang Pei , Shi Xiuyi , Schenning Albert P. H. J. , Zhou Guofu , de Haan Laurens T.
Published: December 2019

Mechanochromic photonic polymers, which can change structural color upon mechanical deformation, are promising for many applications including strain/stress sensors and security features. Here, a patterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer (CLCE) photonic mechanochromic bilayer film for reversible image reveal is reported, in which the PDMS component determines the mechanical properties and the CLCE determines the mechanochromic properties. The structural color pattern is achieved by locally crosslinking the CLCE layer at different temperatures using a photomask and utilizing the temperature response of the cholesteric liquid crystal main‐chain oligomers. The resulting PDMS/CLCE bilayer is able to reversibly reveal the predesigned invisible pattern upon stretching, showing that this method can be used to convey more advanced information to a potential user than would be possible with a simple homogeneous color change. It is also demonstrated that the bilayer film can be used as a stimuli‐responsive sticker able to detect bending deformations.
Ultrashort Vertical‐Channel van der Waals Semiconductor Transistors
Authors: Jiang Jinbao , Doan Manh‐Ha , Sun Linfeng , Kim Hyun , Yu Hua , Joo Min‐Kyu , Park Sang Hyun , Yang Heejun , Duong Dinh Loc , Lee Young Hee
Published: December 2019

Atomically thin 2D van der Waals semiconductors are promising candidates for next‐generation nanoscale field‐effect transistors (FETs). Although large‐area 2D van der Waals materials have been successfully synthesized, such nanometer‐length‐scale devices have not been well demonstrated in 2D van der Waals semiconductors. Here, controllable nanometer‐scale transistors with a channel length of ≈10 nm are fabricated via vertical channels by squeezing an ultrathin insulating spacer between the out‐of‐plane source and drain electrodes, and the feasibility of high‐density and large‐scale fabrication is demonstrated. A large on‐current density of ≈70 µA µm−1 nm−1 at a source–drain voltage of 0.5 V and a high on/off ratio of ≈107–109 are obtained in ultrashort 2D vertical channel FETs with monolayer MoS2 synthesized through chemical vapor deposition. The work provides a promising route toward the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor‐compatible fabrication of wafer‐scale 2D van der Waals transistors with high‐density integration.
Shortened telomere length is associated with unfair treatment attributed to race in African Americans living in Tallahassee, Florida
Authors: Rej Peter H. ,   HEAT Steering Committee, Gravlee Clarence C. , Mulligan Connie J.
Published: December 2019

Objectives

Experiences of interpersonal discrimination are pervasive stressors in the lives of African Americans. Increased discrimination stress may cause premature aging. Telomere length (TL) is a plastic genetic trait that is an emerging indicator of cellular health and aging. Short TL is a risk factor for the earlier onset of disease. TL shortens with age, a process that may be accelerated by psychosocial stress. Our study explores the relationship between TL and experiences of discrimination in the form of self‐reported unfair treatment (UT).

Methods

Using a qPCR‐based method, we measured TL in DNA from saliva samples provided by 135 African American adults from Tallahassee, FL. We developed discrimination measures using a modified survey that explores nine social domains of self‐reported unfair treatment experienced both directly and indirectly. We used multiple regression to examine associations between UT and TL.

Results

We found that racial discrimination in the form of self‐reported unfair treatment attributed to race (UT‐Race‐Self) is inversely associated with TL.

Conclusions

The significant association between increased UT‐Race‐Self and shorter telomeres supports the hypothesis that psychosocial stress stemming from racial discrimination may affect TL. The potential impact of discrimination on TL may contribute to premature biological aging and racial health inequalities seen in African Americans.
Congenital heart defects associated with aneuploidy syndromes: New insights into familiar associations
Authors: Lin Angela E. , Santoro Stephanie , High Frances A. , Goldenberg Paula , Gutmark‐Little Iris
Published: December 2019

The frequent occurrence of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in chromosome abnormality syndromes is well‐known, and among aneuploidy syndromes, distinctive patterns have been delineated. We update the type and frequency of CHDs in the aneuploidy syndromes involving trisomy 13, 18, 21, and 22, and in several sex chromosome abnormalities (Turner syndrome, trisomy X, Klinefelter syndrome, 47,XYY, and 48,XXYY). We also discuss the impact of noninvasive prenatal screening (mainly, cell‐free DNA analysis), critical CHD screening, and the growth of parental advocacy on their surgical management and natural history. We encourage clinicians to view the cardiac diagnosis as a “phenotype” which supplements the external dysmorphology examination. When detected prenatally, severe CHDs may influence decision‐making, and postnatally, they are often the major determinants of survival. This review should be useful to geneticists, cardiologists, neonatologists, perinatal specialists, other pediatric specialists, and general pediatricians. As patients survive (and thrive) into adulthood, internists and related adult specialists will also need to be informed about their natural history and management.
Importance of Land, family and culture for a good life: Remote Aboriginal people with disability and carers
Authors: Dew Angela , Barton Rebecca , Gilroy John , Ryall Lee , Lincoln Michelle , Jensen Heather , Flood Vicki , Taylor Kerry , McCrae Kim
Published: December 2019

Worldwide health and social outcomes of Indigenous people are poorer than those of non‐Indigenous. In Australia, the Indigenous population experience disability at more than twice the rate of the non‐Indigenous population, and a quarter live in geographically remote areas. The challenges associated with accessing services and supports in remote communities can impact on a good life for Aboriginal people with disability. Interviews were conducted with Aboriginal people (Anangu) with disability and family carers from remote Central Australian communities and service workers. Thematic data analysis determined factors Anangu viewed as essential to living a good life: connection to their Lands, being with family and engaging in cultural activities. Workers' support for a good life involves “Proper Way” help and an understanding of Anangu culture. Three culturally relevant strengths‐based concepts are important in supporting Anangu with disability to live a good life: being connected to the Lands and family, sharing together and working together.
Controlled delivery of ciprofloxacin and ivacaftor via sinus stent in a preclinical model of Pseudomonas sinusitis
Authors: Lim Dong‐Jin , McCormick Justin , Skinner Daniel , Zhang Shaoyan , Elder Jeffrey B. , McLemore John G. , Allen Mark , West John Martin , Grayson Jessica W. , Rowe Steven M. , Woodworth Bradford A. , Cho Do‐Yeon
Published: December 2019

Background

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common in chronic rhinosinusitus (CRS) and frequently resistant to antibiotic treatment. We recently described the ciprofloxacin and ivacaftor‒releasing biodegradable sinus stent (CISS)―a drug‐delivery system that administers ciprofloxacin and the mucociliary activator (ivacaftor) at high local concentrations with prolonged mucosal contact time and sustained delivery. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the CISS in a rabbit model of P aeruginosa (PAO1 strain) sinusitis.

Methods

Ciprofloxacin/ivacaftor (double layer) was coated on biodegradable poly‐D/L‐lactic acid (PLLA). A total of 10 sinus stents (5 bare PLLA stent controls, 5 CISSs) were placed unilaterally in rabbit maxillary sinuses via dorsal sinusotomy after inducing infection for 1 week with PAO1. Animals were assessed 3 weeks after stent insertion with sinus culture, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography scan, histopathology, and in‐vivo sinus potential difference (SPD) assay.

Results

Rabbits treated with CISS had significant reductions in computed tomography (∆ Kerschner scale: control, 0.55 ± 0.92; CISS, −5.92 ± 1.69; p = 0.024) and endoscopy (control, 4.0 ± 0.0; CISS, 1.875 ± 0.74; p = 0.003) scores. A 2‐log reduction of PAO1 was observed (control, −2.14 ± 0.77; CISS, 1.84 ± 1.52; p = 0.047). SPD revealed significantly increased Cl− transport in the CISS group compared with the control group (Cl−‐free + forskolin ΔPD: control, −4.23 ± 1.04 mV; CISS, −18.36 ± 6.31 mV; p = 0.026). Finally, marked improvements were noted in the histology of the mucosa and submucosa in treated animals.

Conclusion

The CISS had robust clinical efficacy in treating P aeruginosa rabbit sinusitis. The innovative design of double‐layered drug coating on the surface of the biodegradable stent may provide therapeutic advantages over current treatment strategies for P aeruginosa sinusitis.