bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and Agronomic Performance of Cotton When Grown in Rotation with Soybean
Authors: Pettigrew W.T. , Bruns H.A. , Reddy K.N.
Published: January 2023

Mid-South United States (US) cotton producers are now rotating cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with other crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] , in response to economic conditions, rather than growing cotton continuously as was the tradition. This research investigated cotton growth and development, lint yield, and fiber quality when cotton was grown following soybean compared to following cotton. Cotton and soybean were grown in six rotational sequences (CCCC, SSSS, CSCS, CSSC, SCSC, and SCCS) during 2012-2015 at Stoneville, MS. These rotations were imposed in production systems utilizing either transgenic or conventional cultivars, with or without glyphosate in the herbicide regime. Dry matter partitioning, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, lint yield, and fiber quality data were collected. Years when cotton was grown following soybean, produced cotton plants that were on average 13% taller, intercepted on average 6% more sunlight, and contained 13% greater leaf Chl concentrations compared to plants in continuous cotton. Cotton grown following soybean produced increased yields one of the two years. Fiber quality was not impacted by the different rotation sequences. Cotton grown in a conventional production system was competitive with that grown in a transgenic production system. The yield increase observed when growing cotton in rotation with soybean is possibly due to increased soil N via N-fixation from the prior soybean crop and/or due to altered soil microbial populations favorable to the subsequent cotton crop.
Long-Term Cotton Yield Impacts from Cropping Rotations and Biocovers under No-Tillage
Authors: Ashworth Amanda J. , Allen Fred L. , Saxton Arnold M. , Tyler Donald D.
Published: January 2023

Sustaining crop yields assumedly entails crop rotations and biocovers. To test this, cropping sequences and biocover effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields were assessed under long-term no-tillage. Main plots were eight cropping sequences of cotton, corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) on a Loring silt loam at the Research and Education Center at Milan, TN. Sequences were repeated in 4-yr cycles (i.e., Phases I, II, and III) from 2002 to 2013. Split-plots were biocovers, which consisted of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L. sativum var. arvense), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), poultry litter, and fallow control. Continuous cotton had greater yield than cotton grown in rotations [3.1 and 2.8 Mg ha-1, respectively; p = 0.02 (averaged across biocovers and phases)]. Biocover did not increase yield in continuous cotton (p > 0.05). However, various cropping sequences did result in higher yield than continuous cotton within 4-yr cycles. Specifically, corn-corn-soybean-cotton rotations were highest yielding during Phase II (4.0 Mg ha-1), which was equivalent to cotton-corn-cotton-soybean (3.5 and 3.8 Mg ha-1, respectively); and cotton-corn-cotton-corn during Phases II and III (3.6 and 3.8 Mg ha-1, respectively). All aforementioned rotations increased yield above continuous cotton during Phases I and III (p < 0.05). Results indicate increasing cropping diversity with one and two years of soybean or corn, respectively, in a 4-yr cycle maintains cotton seed yield long-term.
Changing Optimal Nitrogen Levels in Cotton
Authors: Ouédraogo Frederic B. , Brorsen B. Wade , Arnall D. Brian
Published: January 2023

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield has gone up while nitrogen recommendations per bale has trended down. This study seeks to explain why nitrogen recommendations have changed by determining the changes in the production function for cotton. The gain in productivity has several likely explanations including but not limited to successful efforts in plant genetics and improved pest management. The changes in the yield function suggest the sources of increased yields and nitrogen efficiency in cotton. A linear stochastic plateau response function was fit with long-term experimental data from the Altus (Oklahoma) experimental station. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Only yields of plots where P and K are kept at a constant rate of 59 kg ha-1 and 75 kg ha-1 were used. Data were collected during the period 1972 to 2010. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the parameters of each response function. Because some varieties were only observed in a short period of time (less than three years of observations), the response function could not be estimated for all varieties individually. Data from the first two varieties (Stoneville 213 and Lankart LX-571) and those from the last two varieties (Paymaster 2280 BG RR and Delta Pine 0924 B2RF) were pooled together. The results indicate an increase in the slope that is synonymous with an increased efficiency in nitrogen utilization. The plateau has also shown an increase, which implies improvements in yield potential. The intercept, which represents yield with no nitrogen applied, has increased, but not as much as the slope or plateau. The economically optimal rate of nitrogen was determined for each variety group and the results indicate that optimal nitrogen level ranged between 33 kg ha-1 and 85 kg ha-1.
Removal of Sheet Plastic Materials from Seed Cotton Using a Cylinder Cleaner
Authors: Hardin IV Robert G. , Byler Richard K.
Published: January 2023

U.S.-produced cotton is among the cleanest available in the world; however, pieces of sheet plastic are found occasionally in cotton bales produced in the U.S. Standard cotton ginning equipment is not efficient in removing plastic contaminating seed cotton. The purpose of this work was to examine how selected operating conditions affect the sheet-plastic removal efficiency and fiber loss of one type of gin cleaning machine, the cylinder cleaner. In the first part, two sources of plastic were each tested in a central composite design, varying air flow rate through the machine, seed cotton processing rate, and size of plastic contaminant. In the second part, only one plastic source was used, but two cotton cultivars were tested in a central composite design. An additional response surface variable, cylinder rotation speed, was evaluated. Plastic removal increased linearly with increasing air flow rate and decreasing size of the plastic pieces. The effect of seed cotton processing rate on plastic removal was less significant than the effect of air flow rate or plastic size in the first part and was not statistically significant in the second part. The plastic from shopping bag material was removed more effectively than module wrap material. More plastic was removed at lower cylinder rotation speeds. Fiber loss increased with higher air flow rates or cylinder rotation speeds and lower seed cotton processing rates. Lower cylinder rotation speeds increased plastic removal and decreased fiber loss; selecting the optimum air flow rate was a compromise between plastic removal and fiber loss.
Relationships of Lint Yield and Fiber Quality with Ginning Rate and Net Ginning Energy in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: Bechere Efrem , Zeng Linghe , Hardin IV Robert G.
Published: January 2023

The use of cultivars that gin faster and require lower net ginning energy have been suggested to improve ginning efficiency. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships of lint yield and fiber quality with ginning rate and net ginning energy, and also determine the effects of semi-naked seed, fuzzy seed, okra leaf, and the presence or absence of nectaries on ginning rate and net ginning energy. Thirteen cotton genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications for ginning rate, net ginning energy, fuzz percentage, lint yield, and fiber quality at Stoneville, MS across four environments during 2013 and 2014. Ginning rate was positively related to lint yield (0.27, p < 0.001***), fiber strength (0.22, p < 0.01**), and fiber length (0.41, p < 0.001***). Ginning rate, however, was negatively correlated with net ginning energy (-0.28, p < 0.001***) fuzz percent (-0.06, ns), and micronaire (-0.38, p < 0.001***). Higher lint yield appeared to be associated with higher net ginning energy. Net ginning energy was positively correlated with fiber length (0.26, p < 0.001***), fiber strength (0.23, p < 0.001***) and fuzz percent (0.50, p < 0.001***). The okra-leaf group had higher ginning rate than the normal-leaf group (p < 0.05*). The semi-naked-seed group had higher ginning rate than the fuzzy-seeded group (p < 0.05*). The fuzzy-seeded group required higher net energy to gin. Cotton breeders should consider these relationships before embarking on a program to improve ginning efficiency.
Federal Labor Laws
Authors: Ashley Harrison , Findley Jr. Dennis , Williams Tony
Published: January 2023

Cotton gins, like most businesses, must comply with a number of federal labor laws. Although ginners are usually considered agricultural employers and are exempted from some federal regulations, they still must pay close attention to all federal statutes and know what is expected of them. The National Cotton Ginners’ Association has developed A Ginner’s Practical Guide to Compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (MSPA) that gives additional details on the labor laws covered in this section.
Major Leaf Shapes of Cotton: Genetics and Agronomic Effects in Crop Production
Authors: Andres Ryan J. , Bowman Daryl T. , Jones Don C. , Kuraparthy Vasu
Published: January 2023

There exist four major leaf shape alleles in tetraploid cotton: normal, sub-okra/Sea-Island, okra, and super-okra. This allelic series has long served as a model genetic locus both in cotton and the broader leaf development research community. Over the years, numerous studies have attributed various production advantages to specific leaf shapes. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of this literature in order to provide a definitive report on the true benefits of these leaf shapes. In addition, a history of the genetic dissection of the major leaf shape locus was compiled. Leaf shape was found to have consistent effects on boll rot resistance, earliness, flowering rate, chemical spray penetration, lint trash, and yield. Reported effects on various insect resistances, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and fiber quality were not consistent across studies. An ideal cotton cultivar would produce normal leaves up until the point canopy closure is obtained and then it would switch over to an open canopy of okra or super okra. Major leaf shapes of Upland cotton are a multiple allelic series of a single incompletely dominant genetic locus L-D1 on chromosome 15-D1 (Chr15). Genetic analysis studies have precisely mapped the major effect leaf shape genes in cotton and deciphered the causal nucleotide and gene expression changes leading to leaf shape phenotypic diversity in cotton. Recent advances in understanding the molecular processes underlying leaf shape phenotypic changes could help open new avenues for developing cotton cultivars with ideal leaf shape and could enhance sustainable and profitable cotton production.
Measuring Maturity in Cotton Cultivar Trials
Authors: Bowman Daryl T. , Bourland Fred , Kuraparthy Vasu
Published: January 2023

Measuring maturity in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar trials is a simple calculation of percentage of first harvest to total harvest when most trials are harvested twice. This provides a rough estimate of maturity. Today, cotton trials are rarely harvested twice because of the use of synthetic boll-opening agents. Breeding programs in states such as Arkansas and North Carolina have estimated maturity by either visually estimating percentage bolls open or actually counting open and closed (green) bolls. This study was conducted to determine the optimum combination of replicates, years, and locations of data needed to show 1 d difference in maturity between cultivars. Data were used from the Arkansas testing program for years 2005 through 2012 and from North Carolina for years 2007 through 2012. Arkansas program estimates percentage bolls open visually in all replicates and North Carolina program counts number of open and closed bolls in a short section of each plot in two replicates. For the Arkansas method, we would need to collect data from four replicates, 2 yr, and five locations or four replicates, 3 yr, and three locations. For North Carolina we would need 3 yr, four replicates, and three locations; or 3 yr, three replicates, and five locations; or 3 yr, five replicates, and two locations to provide the same level of precision. Single-year data could detect a 2 d difference in maturity using the Arkansas method and a 4 d difference in maturity using the North Carolina method. The Arkansas method is quicker and provides fairly accurate data on maturity and would be the recommended method to follow.
Integrating Fluridone into a Glufosinate-based Program for Palmer Amaranth Control in Cotton
Authors: Braswell Lewis R. , Cahoon Jr. Charles W. , Seagroves Richard W. , Jordan David L. , York Alan C.
Published: January 2023

Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S Wats.) has increased the need for effective preemergence (PRE) herbicides in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Fluridone, a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor, has a mechanism of action currently not used in crops. Field research focused on Palmer amaranth control by fluridone (224 g a.i. ha-1) applied PRE alone and in combination with acetochlor, diuron, pendimethalin, and half and full rates of fomesafen (1260, 560, 1063, 140, and 280 g a.i. ha-1, respectively). Also evaluated were fluridone (112 and 168 g ha-1) plus fomesafen 140 g ha-1, diuron 560 g ha-1 plus fomesafen 140 or 280 g ha-1, and acetochlor 1260 g ha-1 plus fomesafen 140 or 280 g ha-1. PRE herbicides were followed by glufosinate applied twice postemergence (POST) and diuron plus MSMA at layby. Fluridone injured cotton 3% or less and did not increase injury when combined with other herbicides. Palmer amaranth was controlled 97% by fluridone at 224 g ha-1 prior to glufosinate application compared with 87 to 95% control by acetochlor, diuron, fomesafen, or pendimethalin. Fluridone alone controlled Palmer amaranth as well as acetochlor plus fomesafen and better than diuron plus fomesafen. Similar control was obtained with fluridone at 112, 168, and 224 g ha-1, acetochlor, or diuron plus fomesafen at 140 g ha-1. Glufosinate controlled emerged weeds but continued emergence was noted in the absence of residual herbicides. PRE herbicides increased control prior to layby but did not increase cotton yield. This research demonstrated that fluridone can be used in a glufosinate-based system for proactive resistance management.
Influence of Nitrogen and Mepiquat Chloride on Cotton Canopy Reflectance Measurements
Authors: Foote William , Edmisten Keith , Wells Randy , Collins Guy , Roberson Gary , Jordan David , Fisher Loren
Published: January 2023

Crop reflectance sensors have been used to assess nitrogen (N) status in many crops. The SPAD chlorophyll meter and the GreenSeeker® sensor have been studied extensively to determine their ability to detect crop N status and predict crop N requirement. Mepiquat chloride (MC) is routinely used in cotton to manage vegetative growth. Pigment concentration often increases following application of MC and could confound results from GreenSeeker readings used to adjust N application. A field experiment was conducted in Georgia and North Carolina to determine the effect of MC on SPAD meter and GreenSeeker sensor readings. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of multiple N and MC rates. Nitrogen was applied at the initial appearance of squares followed by MC application 14 to 21 d later. SPAD meter and GreenSeeker sensor readings were taken for 10 consecutive weeks beginning immediately before N application. The SPAD meter proved to be sensitive to MC and N, but was not associated with lint yield. The GreenSeeker sensor was sensitive to N, but not sensitive to MC. Furthermore, normalized difference vegetative index and lint yield responded similarly to N, suggesting that GreenSeeker might be a useful tool in assessing plant N status and predicting crop N requirement.
Assessment of Urbanization Implications in Water Management around Lake Victoria: Case Study Mwanza
Authors:   Community Action in Development Association (CADA), William Alex
Published: January 2023

This study assesses urbanization implications in water management around Lake Victoria in Mwanza. The study was conducted in Nyamagana and Misungwi districts by the use of data collected from April 2020 to June 2021. A total of 200 respondents participated in this study. The findings showed that, urbanization which is associated with various socio-economic activities caused destruction and pollution of water sources and the general ecosystem around Lake Victoria ecosystem. It concluded that, there was a direct relationship between urbanizations, pollution and degradation of the physical environment around Lake Victoria. The study recommended that land use plan and management must be applied to mobilize, facilitate and motivate local community based groups for participatory waste and overall water and land resources management around Lake Victoria basin
İNSAN KAYNAKLARI YÖNETİMİ VE ENDÜSTRİ İLİŞKİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMASI NOKTASINDA DEĞİŞEN TOPLU PAZARLIK DÜZEYLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ
Authors: ERASLAN Ersin , BALCI Ali İhsan
Published: January 2023

İşçi ve işverenler arasındaki çalışma ilişkileri kaçınılmaz olarak birtakım sorunlar içermektedir. Bu sorunların kaynağında ise işçi ve işverenler arasındaki asimetrik güç ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu sorunların bertarafı noktasında ise bu güç dengesinin sağlanması öncelikler arasında başı çekmektedir. Güç dengesinin sağlanması bağlamında ise sosyal politika alanyazınında geniş bir yer tutan tekilcilik ve çoğulculuk yaklaşımları merkeze alınmaktadır. Söz konusu yaklaşımlardan tekilcilik yaklaşımı insan kaynakları yönetiminin, çoğulculuk yaklaşımı ise endüstri ilişkilerinde toplu ses mekanizması olarak görülen toplu pazarlığın bel kemiğini oluşturmaktadır. Ancak küreselleşme ve neo-liberal politikalar eşliğinde değişen dünya düzeninde sendikasızlaştırma ve insan kaynakları yönetiminin ağırlık kazandığı görülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle insan kaynakları yönetimin baskınlığı sonucu toplu pazarlık düzeyinin değişen yapısının ortaya konması bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda sendikal yapılanma noktasında çeşitli açılardan öne çıkan İngiltere, İsveç, Almanya ve Türkiye özelinde yoğun bir literatür araştırması ve OECD verileri ile desteklenen karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapılmıştır. Çalışmamız çerçevesinde özellikle 1980’li yıllardan itibaren toplu pazarlık kapsamının daraldığı ve ziyadesiyle yerel düzeye indirgendiği sonucunun yanı sıra devletler ekseninde de güç dengesinin ve dolayısıyla çalışma barışının korunması noktasında bir mücadele yetersizliği olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.
Gazi Muhammed Zahireddin Babür Şah’ın (1483-1530) Hatıratı Babür-nâme'de Yer Alan Gastronomi Unsurlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: DOĞAN Murat
Published: January 2023

Giriş ve Çalışmanın Amacı: Gastronomi tarihi insanoğlunun beslenme gereksinimleri ile şekillenmiş olup yemek ise biyolojik, sosyal, kültürel, dini, politik ve ekonomik dinamik değişkenlerle bağlantılıdır. Bu çalışma ile Babür Devletinin kurucusu ve tarih sahnesinde önemli bir şahsiyet olan Gazi Muhammed Zahireddin Babür Şah’ın anılarını içeren ve tarihe ışık tutan Babür-nâme eserinde yer almakta olan gastronomi unsurlarının belirlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Kavramsal/Kuramsal Çerçeve: Gastronomi açısından kavramsal çerçevenin oluşturulmasında döneminin sosyal, hiyerarşik, siyasi ve kültürel olayları ve yapısı dikkate alınarak tarihi belge niteliğindeki Babür-nâme’den yararlanılmıştır.Yöntem: Çalışmanın araştırma deseni nitel olmak üzere, veri toplama yöntemi olarak belge tarama yöntemi, ayrıca verilerin analizinde ise içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Belge tarama yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenen gastronomi unsurları dikkate alınarak esere içerik analizi uygulanmış, unsurlar ana ve alt temalar haline getirilmiş, frekans ve yüzde oranları hesaplanmıştır. Babür-nâme ’deki sözcük, terim ve ifadeler üzerinden gastronomi unsurların teorik ve kavramsal çerçeveye göre ana ve alt temaları belirlenmiştir.Bulgular: Babür’ün Babür-nâme eserine uygulanan doküman incelemesi sonucu toplam 90 farklı gastronomi unsuru tespit edilmiştir. Unsurlara içerik analiz uyulanmış ve hayvansal yiyeceklere ilişkin unsurlar (17 unsur), bitkisel yiyeceklere ilişkin unsurlar (31 unsur) ve mutfağa ilişkin unsurlar (42 unsur) olmak üzere üç ana tema belirlenmiştir.Sonuç: Babür neşet ettiği Orta Asya’dan, getirdiği yemek kültürünün yanı sıra İran mutfağından etkilenen Afgan ve Hint yemek kültürlerini bir araya getirdiği, yeni ve zengin bir mutfak oluşturmuştur. Sonuç olarak Babür-nâme ’de ifade bulan gastronomi unsurları dönemin gastronomisi ve yemek kültürüne dair zengin bulgular içermektedir.
Determination of drought distribution using palmer drought severity ındex: Case study of Susurluk basin
Authors: Mucan Umut
Published: January 2023

The results such as decrease in agricultural production, product quality and change in diversity because of drought create important socio-economic problems. Due to these reasons, it is becoming an increasingly strategic study topic in academic circles. The fact is that it is not observed instantly like natural disasters makes it possible to take necessary measures on a basin basis in case of drought. Accordingly, obtained data, from meteorological stations in the Susurluk Basin, were used in this study. Within the scope of the study, the starting and ending dates, and intensities of dominant dry periods were determined by using the PDSI (Palmer Drought Severity Index). Using data such as precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, and the water holding capacity of soil as inputs, a tool was developed in the R environment for PDSI, and annual values were calculated for each meteorology station by running all inputs in this tool. For calculated PDSI values, spatial and temporal analyze were made using the digital elevation model of the Susurluk Basin using the ordinary cokriging interpolation method in ArcGIS 10.8 program.
How can the agricultural soil support in the climate change mitigation and adaptation?
Authors: Kandemir Bisem Nisa , Kayıkçıoğlu Hüseyin Hüsnü
Published: January 2023

The rise in temperature over the earth due to the increase in the greenhouse gas concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere is defined as “Global Warming”. The precipitation and temperature regimes do not continue in the usual order and the meteorological disasters experienced cause people to worry about the future. It also reveals more than just its claims on biodiversity, orientation, and food security. Agricultural production is one of the important sectors that will be directly affected by global warming and climate change, in the light of current information. Food production, which enables people to survive, takes place directly through agriculture. In today’s conditions, it is unthinkable to feed large masses without soil. The soil provides all the necessary nutrients to humanity, but only if it is sufficient. Soil health is at the forefront to produce ordinary food. Although what can be done is limited, practical measures should be taken by making projections on climate change. In addition, mitigation and adaptation studies should be carried out for the continuity of agricultural production activities. Due to the slow progress of these mitigation and adaptation strategies, green pursuits for faster action are on the top of the agenda. The pursuit of green has become a powerful weapon in the transformation of rural areas. As an extension of the Paris Agreement, the Green Deal has come to the fore as a strong effort and discourse that the European Union (EU) aims to spread environmental concerns to all policy areas. The agriculture part of this discourse includes “From Farm to Table Strategy” and “Common Agricultural Policy”. In this study, the place and position of the European Green Deal in the harmonization process of the effects of global warming and climate change on agricultural soils are also examined.
Effect of vermicompost and biochar application on microbial activity of soil under deficit irrigation
Authors: Matin Golnar , Kayıkçıoğlu Hüseyin Hüsnü
Published: January 2023

Climate change is a growing global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. In this study, we aim to find a solution to sustain soil microbial life under water shortage that occurs as a result of climate change. In this study, tomato plants were grown under full and two-stage limited irrigation conditions in soil treated with vermicompost and biochar. An insignificant effect of irrigation regime and planting application on soil respiration (BSR) value could be determined. Compared to the control, no difference could be detected with ECOF applications in unplanted soils under full irrigation conditions. While the dehydrogenase (DHG) activity of the unplanted plots was determined as 14.35 μg TPF g-1, the determination of the planted plots as 12.52 μg TPF g-1 can be considered as an expression of the fact that the microorganisms in the soil are less exposed to cultural processes in tomato cultivation and support to increase their populations. In Full irrigation and Deficit 1 application in unplanted soils, DHG activity at the level of 14.08 and 17.58 μg TPF g-1 was obtained, respectively, with the addition of biochar, followed by control plot in Full irrigation application and vermicompost application in Deficit 1 application. In Deficit 2 application, biochar application made a significant difference compared to the other two applications and caused activity of 34.91 μg TPF g-1 (P<0.05). With these results, it has been revealed that even at limited moisture levels, biochar applications with high porosity content can provide a lifetime opportunity to microorganisms. In conclusion, it can be stated that vermicompost and biochar applied at the level of 10 t ha-1 can support the microbial activity in the soil under limited irrigation conditions, and biochar application contributes more when the soil moisture is reduced to 15%.
Briefness as a textual structure (a rhetorical study)
Authors:   Associate Professor of Rhetoric and Criticism || Al-Mahra College of Education || Hadramout University || Yemen E: r.adan2009@hotmail.com || phone: 00967777311772, Hussein Ali Radan Abdel Karim
Published: January 2023

Abstract: This research aimed to describe the Iijaź (using little words to mean many) which is textual construction in a number of literary styles. Therefore to talk about the importance of Iijaz, It is an attribute of the classic Arabic language and the pillar of eloquence. Thus any rhetoric speech always uses economic words and is also full of connotative meanings. Iijaz utilizes internal and external mechanism and stylistic tools. The first is related to the text itself, and it appears in the linguistic structure, signification, ample, imagery, deletion, induction, symbol, hint, quotation and inclusion. The second tool of Iijaz, i.e., external tools which depend on the manifestation of internal tools and mechanisms, and namely include the sender, the receiver, the style and context, Finally, the study discussed the literary styles which are characterized by their economical utterances, and its connotative significant as they appeared in the Noble Quran, the text of the Prophet's Hadith, proverbs and idioms, and in the literary texts like the short story and in poetry. الملخص: هدف هذا البحث إلى وصف أدوات الإيجاز بوصفه بنية نصية في القرآن والحديث وعدد من الأساليب الأدبية، وقد تضمن الحديث عن أهمية الإيجاز، فهو سمة العربية الفصحى، وعمود البلاغة، وأن الكلام البليغ هو الموجز في لفظه، الكثيف في دلالته. كما أن الإيجاز يقوم على عدد من الأليات والأدوات الأسلوبية، وتتمثل في قسمين: داخلية، تتعلق بالنص نفسه، وتظهر في البنية اللغوية والدلالة والتكثيف والمجاز، وفي الحذف والإيحاء والرمز والتلميح والإشارة، وفي التناص والاقتباس والتضمين. وآليات خارجية تعمل على إسناد الأدوات والآليات الداخلية، وتتمثل في المبدع والمتلقي وفي الأسلوب والسياق. كما تحدث البحث عن نص القرآن والحديث وعدد من الأساليب الأدبية المتسمة باقتصادها اللفظي، وكثافتها الدلالية، كنصوص الأمثال والحكم، ونصوص التوقيعات الأدبية، ونص القصة القصيرة، والشعر.
An Empirical Study on the Tourist and Local People Perspectives of Destination Competitiveness for Rural Tourism
Authors: Zili Zhang
Published: January 2023

This paper attempts to probe the impact of marketing of rural tourism in Kuala Selangor, rural tourism can help in shaping our society. It can have both positive and negative impacts on rural tourism as well as village communities. There is a scope of rural tourism in Kuala Selangor. The government should encourage private enterprises such as the villager community itself to promote tourism in rural areas. For developing the rural tourism, we need to understand the rural environment, demography, socio culture, economic and political background of the place. How we can involve the rural people to enhance their socio-economic condition. To develop a strategic marketing plan for rural tourism. This also to ensure the economic for the community inside the Kuala Selangor is going well when they promote their Village to tourist. We must understand the target customer needs and wants and how to match it with our rural infrastructure. Rural tourism can develop a win-win situation for both the rural and tourist communities.
Key Enabling Technologies for Smart Factory in Automotive Industry: Status and Applications
Authors: Lee Jongsuk , Chua Ping Chong , Chen Lequn , Ng Poh Huat Nicholas , Kim Yerim , Wu Qiong , Jeon Sumin , Jung Jihwan , Chang Siheon , Moon Seung Ki
Published: January 2023

In line with the unpredictable variety of demands and acceleration into the electric vehicle era, automakers have efforted on smart factories utilizing new manufacturing platforms with a cellular manufacturing system (CMS). Research on the CMS has been underway for a long time, but with the rapid development of state-of-the-art technologies, the CMS has begun to be re-examined as a future production platform in an automotive industry. In this paper, we investigate current research on CMS and identify five key enabling technologies for smart manufacturing in the automotive industry. Digital twins, additive manufacturing, AI-based monitoring and inspection, human-robot collaboration, and advanced supply chain and logistics are selected and described with status and applications. Moreover, a five-level framework is proposed for an automotive smart factory (SF) based on the essential keywords from the trend of each technology. The proposed levels are described with necessary techniques and application cases comprehensively. Lastly, based on the framework, the future direction of technologies to achieve a higher-level SF is discussed. The proposed SF level framework can help research and industry practitioners to identify the technology-level-based roadmap required for long-term planning for smart factory implementation and development.
Dispersal of Heterocera species from North Africa to the Maltese Islands (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Authors: Agius Jonathan
Published: January 2023

Located right in the middle of the Mediterranean, the Maltese Islands are some of the richest in the region. When the winds are right, several North African Heterocera species can be observed during the same night, depending on the season. The purpose of this paper is to document the North African Heterocera recorded from Malta during the last 13 months ending December 2021.
Nuevas aportaciones sobre Ocnogyna breveti (Oberthür, 1882) en España (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae)
Authors: Macià Ramón , Ylla Josep
Published: January 2023

Se registra la captura de un nuevo ejemplar de Ocnogyna breveti (Oberthür, 1882) en territorio peninsular español, siendo esta la segunda cita de dicha especie para la Península Ibérica y Europa. Así mismo, se dan a conocer otras capturas en territorio español y marroquí y se proporcionan datos sobre el ciclo biológico y la distribución geográfica. Se proporcionan ilustraciones con las imágenes de los ejemplares indicados.
The identity of the type material of the subspecies of Melitaea phoebe ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) described by Emilio Turati (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Russell Peter J. C.
Published: January 2023

Two taxa described by Turati in 1920 as subspecies of Melitaea phoebe ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), are examined from high resolution photographs. M. phoebe phoebina Turati, 1920 is identified from morphological features as M. ornata Christoph, 1893, and M. phoebe rostagnoi Turati, 1920, is confirmed as M. phoebe. The quadrinomial M. phoebe rostagnoi sterlineata Turati, 1920 from the same locality as subsp. rostagnoi is also confirmed as M. phoebe.
Perturbación antrópica afectando a los patrones de diversidad en Satyrinae de montaña Pronophilina Reuter, 1896 en un bosque altoandino en Colombia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Díaz-Suárez Vanessa , Mahecha-J. Oscar , Andrade-C. Miguel Gonzalo , Pyrcz Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

Los Lepidoptera de la subtribu Pronophilina Reuter, 1896 se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en la región Neotropical, específicamente en los ecosistemas altoandinos/páramos. Estos, en las últimas décadas se han visto altamente afectados por diversas actividades antrópicas, logrando alterar la relación biocenosis-biotopo. Por lo tanto, es de vital importancia conocer los patrones de diversidad y distribución de las especies que se encuentran relacionadas en un área perturbada, para implementar estrategias de conservación. Por consiguiente, en el presente estudio se analizó el efecto de la actividad antrópica en los patrones de diversidad de las mariposas Pronophilina en un bosque alto andino en la región del Frailejonal, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Se realizaron muestreos empleando métodos estándar tanto pasivos como activos para estudios ecológicos en mariposas. Se establecieron tres estaciones de estudio según el grado de perturbación del hábitat: “Alto”, “Medio” y “Bajo”. Para analizar los patrones de diversidad se realizaron los estimativos de números de Hill (basados en especies efectivas) y se analizó el recambio de especies mediante un análisis de similitud de Bray Curtis corroborado por una prueba NMDS, basado en esto se encontró que este grupo de mariposas presenta menor riqueza y mayor presencia de especies dominantes en la zona de “Alta” perturbación. A su vez, en el estado “Medio” y “Bajo” se evidenció una mayor diversidad de mariposas. Se propone a Panyapedaliodes drymaea (Hewitson, 1858), Pedaliodes phaea ochrotaenia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) y Pedaliodes polla Thieme, 1905 como especies sinantrópicas, dada su alta abundancia en las áreas perturbadas, puesto que al parecer responden mejor a procesos antrópicos. No obstante, se reportan especies endémicas de Pronophilina como Lymanopoda samius Westwood, 1851, Manerebia apiculata (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867), y Manerebia levana (Godman, 1905), destacando la importancia de generar estrategias de restauración ecológica y de conservación en la zona de estudio.
Biología de Brassolis sophorae (Linnaeus, 1758) en condiciones de laboratorio usando Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O. F. Cook (Arecaceae), como alimento, Venezuela (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Brassolinae)
Authors: Contreras-Peña Yasmín , Clavijo-Albertos José , Marcano-Brito Rodolfo
Published: January 2023

Se determinó el tiempo de desarrollo de las fases y estadios larvales de Brassolis sophorae (Linnaeus, 1758), así como algunos aspectos de su comportamiento, usando Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O. F. Cook como alimento, en condiciones de laboratorio, especie considerada plaga en plantaciones de Araceae. Se estableció que el tiempo promedio de incubación de los huevos fue de 27,67 días y su viabilidad varió entre 97,64% y 84,74%. El desarrollo total del estado larval pasa a través de siete estadios en un tiempo promedio de 120,61 días. Al llegar al séptimo estadio la larva abandona el nido o refugio, busca un ambiente seguro y seco, esto lo hace de forma solitaria y la agregación larval ya no se observa. La prepupa tiene una duración promedio de 3,15 días y se caracteriza por el cese de la alimentación y del movimiento. La duración promedio de las pupas hembras fue de 15 días y para los machos, la duración fue de 14,44 días. La longevidad promedio en condiciones de laboratorio para el estado adulto fue de 9,66 días. Se encontró que los machos comienzan su actividad de vuelo rápido e irregular más temprano que las hembras, a las 5:30 p.m. y las hembras a las 6:00 p.m. pero las hembras permanecen activas más tiempo que los machos.
The taxonomic position of the Neotropical genus Casandria Walker, 1857, with new synonymies and combinations (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Catocalinae)
Authors: Becker Vitro O.
Published: January 2023

Casandria Walker, 1857, is transferred from the Nolidae (Collomeninae) to the Erebidae (Catocalinae), as the senior synonym of Acathodica Schaus, 1894. Consequently, the species formerly associated with Acanthodica are herein transferred to Casandria: C. albiplena (L. B. Prout, 1919) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. cabra (Dognin, 1894) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. chiripa (Dognin, 1894) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. coelebs (L. B. Prout, 1919) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. drucei (Dognin, 1889) (Calocampa), comb. n., C. emittens Walker, 1857 [=Agrotis daunus Druce, 1894)], syn. n., [=Acanthodica grandis (Schaus, 1894)], syn. n., C. fassli (Zerny, 1916) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. fosteri (Hampson, 1913) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. frigida (Jones, 1921) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. hages (Druce, 1900) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. lignaris (Schaus, 1894) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. penicillum (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 (Agrotis), comb. n., C. sinuilinea (L. B. Prout, 1919) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. splendens (Druce, 1889) (Agrotis), comb. n., C. xylinoides (Schaus, 1894) (Acanthodica), comb. n. The following species, formerly associated to Casandria are herein transferred to Motya Walker, 1859: M. araea (Schaus, 1911) (Casandria), comb. n., M. flotsama (Dyar, 1914) (Casandria), comb. n., M. insignis (Dognin, 1914) (Casandria), comb. n., M. steniptera (Schaus, 1911) (Casandria), comb. n. A table of all taxa formerly associated with both Casandria and Acanthodica are presented in the “Nommenclature summary”, and illustrations of both the types of C. emittens Walker, 1857 and of A. grandis Schaus, 1894, as well of a live C. splendens (Druce, 1889), are also presented.
Two new species of the genus Epermenia Hübner, [1825] and some new distributional and taxonomic records (Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae)
Authors: Gaedike Reinhard
Published: January 2023

Two new species are described and illustrated: Epermenia (Calotripis) similella Gaedike, sp. n. and Epermenia (Cataplectica) lusitanica Gaedike, sp. n. The lectotype of Epermenia (Calotripis) strictellus (Wocke, 1867) and Epermenia (Cataplectica) iniquellus (Wocke, 1867) is designated. The first records of thirteen species are established for different countries.
Pakistan and Russia’s Convergence of Interests in the Emerging Geopolitical Environment
Authors: Khan Muhammad Nawaz
Published: January 2023

The changing global environment has become an opportunity for Russia and Pakistan to redefine their relationship. Both countries believe in strong multilateralism as the way to go in foreign relations. They are quite conscious of peace and stability in the Eurasian region. Given the mutual benefits of fostering ties, Moscow and Islamabad are trying to move forward in three key broad areas where the convergence of interests is evident. They are emerging geopolitical and security milieus, geo-economic outlook and regional connectivity. Pakistan-Russia relations are set to exploit these realms and take them on an upward trajectory in years to come. In this paper, qualitative data has been dealt with analytically to identify how both countries could benefit from the changing strategic landscape to achieve these objectives. It pertains to the evolving geopolitical environment, inter-regional economic prospects, and emerging threats to regional stability (especially Afghanistan), which hold much in store for both in opting for a mutual course of action on regional and international fronts. The study explicitly examines the factors that may shape the commonality of interests in their foreign policy options.
Restructuring Strategic Maritime Interests and Blockade Politics in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Qazi Shareh , Farooq Irfan Farooq
Published: January 2023

China Pakistan Economic Corridor commences its original intent and purpose once it ventures beyond the shores of Gwadar. Alongside this crucial yet strategically well-placed harbor lies a significant array of other ports and maritime interests connected to the Strait of Hormuz. Within this framework, Gulf and the Middle East have observed both CPEC and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with quiet concern, hypothesizing what can be termed 'Blockade Politics.' The main idea behind this manoeuvre would be to assess contending nations' maritime potential and naval prowess in their ability to enforce or counteract a naval blockade. It implies that, like the Strait of Malacca, the Strait of Hormuz might also posture aggressive economic and military traffic, causing it to incite friction in national interest preservation. For Pakistan, having to develop Gwadar and, subsequently, more port regions adjoining this maritime domain, instituting mutualization of economic interests is an uphill task. Beyond economic integration, however, having to revisit its naval doctrines and upgrade its naval potential will also be a prerequisite for synchronizing with contending parties. This paper analyses a comprehensive assessment of Pakistan's contemporary maritime challenges against the backdrop of CPEC. It also takes impetus in evaluating core requirements to address blockade politics and counter-blockade dispositions that might arise in Gulf, the Middle East, and other sections connected within the Indian Ocean. The study results highlight the significance of modernization and the induction of new naval platforms and doctrines. It also postulates the importance of strategic cooperation between Pakistan and China in creating favorable grounds to address challenges and vulnerabilities.
JCPOA and Challenges for Non-Proliferation Regime
Authors: Babar Summar Iqbal , Fatima Sarosh
Published: January 2023

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement is a landmark accord that has deep implications for regional security and the global Non-Proliferation Regime. The revival of this agreement is a cumbersome challenge for the Biden administration, as the Trump withdrawal from this deal in 2018 caused a significant setback to its efficiency in blocking Iran’s path to building nuclear weapons. With the JCPOA no longer effective to restrict Iran’s nuclear ambitions, there is an urgent threat that the Middle East would be plunged into a nuclear arms race and strategic vulnerability. The Non-Proliferation Regime is facing a number of challenges which include a revival of the JCPOA nuclear deal, power imbalances, security dilemma, polarization among regional countries, continuing proliferation activities, regional security concerns, and domestic political pressures. The recent outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war has intensified Iranian insecurities in forgoing their nuclear program, as Iran feels threatened by its regional adversaries; Israel and Saudi Arabia. Iranian hardliners in empowered positions are steering Iran further away from the JCPOA owing to the security dilemma. A sustainable and comprehensive nuclear deal must be reached with Iran to avoid a nuclear arms race and further proliferation of nuclear weapons in the Middle East. This article aims to explore a) how the deal shall impact domestic and global security in terms of the Non-Proliferation Regime and, b) how the JCPOA is a decisive agreement for the fate of the Non-Proliferation regime.
Сурункали фронтит бўлган беморларда озотонотерапия қўллашнинг самарадорлигини баҳолаш
Authors: Хасанов У.С. , Матмуродов З.С.
Published: January 2023

Сурункали фронтит бўлган беморларни даволашда асосан консерватив усуллар қўлланилади. Ушбу шарҳнинг мақсади сурункали фронтитни даволаш усулларини таҳлилий-қиёсий баҳолаш ҳисобланади. Тадқиқот материали сифатида охирги 10 йил мобайнида халқаро PubMed, Scopus ва e-library базаларидаги журналларда нашр этилган, сурункали фронтитни даволашга бағишланган 25 та мақолалар таҳлили ўтказилди. Шарҳ шуни кўрсатдики, сурункали фронтитнинг даволашда пешона бўшлиғини табиий тешиги ёрдамида ювиш анатомик жиҳатдан хавфсиз ва самарали даво усули ҳисобланади.
Хейлоринопластика у больных с односторонными расщелинами верхней губы
Authors: Шомуродов К.Э. , Вохидов У.Н. , Файзуллахужаев А.А.
Published: January 2023

Целью данного обзора является изучение частоты распространённости и методов лечения больных с односторонними расщелинами верхней губы. Материал данного обзора составил научные публикации из научных баз PubMed, Scopus и Google Scholar за последние 10 лет. Таким образом, обзор показал, что увеличение частоты врождённой односторонней расщелины верхней губы, тяжесть их последствий, а также недостаточная эффективность как первично выполняемых, так и вторичных реконструктивных оперативных вмешательств дают все основания рассматривать эту патологию как серьезную социальную проблему, в целой системе комплексных мероприятий по медицинской реабилитации больных с врождённой односторонней расщелиной верхней губы ведущее место занимает хирургический метод лечения, который требует своего дальнейшего усовершенствования.
Effect of Lateral Load on Local Buckling of Latex Wrapped Cold Formed Steel Columns
Authors: NARASIMHAN Rajivgandhi , HENDERSON Jane Helena
Published: January 2023

This paper reports the experimental investigation conducted on unwrapped and latex wrapped cold-formed steel column. Various column cross-sections are subjected to repeated lateral loading till failure. All the columns were observed to fail in local buckling. The column cross-section dimension, provision of interior and exterior lip, and the latex wrapping of the columns influenced the lateral load to failure. Increasing the web length of a column section from 100 to 200 mm increased the load-carrying capacity of the column by 70 to 100 %. The local buckling was initiated in the flange portion of the column. The column section with no lip and interior lip exhibited inward buckling of the flange. The column with exterior lip exhibited outward buckling. The provision of lip and latex wrapping did not influence the initial load-displacement behavior of the columns. However, it increased the load-carrying capacity of the sections. Energy absorption index and ductility factor were calculated and the effect of latex wrapping of the columns on these parameters was evident.
The Pursuit of Happiness: Cultural and Psychological Considerations
Authors: Vitali Vanda , A. Moran John
Published: January 2023

A scientist and art historian from Canada and France and a clinical psychologist from the United Sates, team to examine the notion of pursuit of happiness as one of the major social values in our western society. Building on robust body of social science research practice in cultural fields in different parts of the world and the clinical practice of over thirty years in the United States, the authors explore individual happiness as well as societal happiness and consider implications of pursuit of happiness for the future of individuals and societies in face of the current multiple crisis. Finally, they suggest replacing the value of happiness with a more balanced and sustainable value, such as contentment.