bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of treatment outcomes for patients on first‐line regimens in US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) clinics in Uganda: predictors of virological and immunological response from RV288 analyses
Authors: Crawford KW , Wakabi S , Magala F , Kibuuka H , Liu M , Hamm TE
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Viral load (VL) monitoring is recommended, but seldom performed, in resource‐constrained countries. RV288 is a US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) basic programme evaluation to determine the proportion of patients on treatment who are virologically suppressed and to identify predictors of virological suppression and recovery of CD4 cell count. Analyses from Uganda are presented here.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional, observational study, patients on first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) (efavirenz or nevirapine + zidovudine/lamivudine) from Kayunga District Hospital and Kagulamira Health Center were randomly selected for a study visit that included determination of viral load (HIV‐1 RNA), CD4 cell count and clinical chemistry tests. Subjects were recruited by time on treatment: 6–12, 13–24 or > 24 months. Logistic regression modelling identified predictors of virological suppression. Linear regression modelling identified predictors of CD4 cell count recovery on ART.

Results

We found that 85.2% of 325 subjects were virologically suppressed (viral load < 47 HIV‐1 RNA copies/ml). There was no difference in the proportion of virologically suppressed subjects by time on treatment, yet CD4 counts were higher in each successive stratum. Women had higher median CD4 counts than men overall (406 vs. 294 cells/μL, respectively; P < 0.0001) and in each time‐on‐treatment stratum. In a multivariate logistic regression model, predictors of virological suppression included efavirenz use [odds ratio (OR) 0.47; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22–1.02; P = 0.057], lower cost of clinic visits (OR 0.815; 95% CI 0.66–1.00; P = 0.05), improvement in CD4 percentage (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.014–1.107; P = 0.009), and care at Kayunga vs. Kangulamira (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.23–0.92; P = 0.035). In a multivariate linear regression model of covariates associated with CD4 count recovery, time on highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) (P < 0.0001), patient satisfaction with care (P = 0.038), improvements in total lymphocyte count (P < 0.0001) and haemoglobin concentration (P = 0.05) were positively associated, whereas age at start of ART (P = 0.0045) was negatively associated with this outcome.

Conclusions

High virological suppression rates are achievable on first‐line ART in Uganda. The odds of virological suppression were positively associated with efavirenz use and improvements in CD4 cell percentage and total lymphocyte count and negatively associated with the cost of travel to the clinic. CD4 cell reconstitution was positively associated with CD4 count at study visit, time on ART, satisfaction with care at clinic, haemoglobin concentration and total lymphocyte count and negatively associated with age.
Complement factor C5a induces atherosclerotic plaque disruptions
Authors: Wezel Anouk , de Vries Margreet R. , Lagraauw H. Maxime , Foks Amanda C. , Kuiper Johan , Quax Paul H.A. , Bot Ilze
Published: August 2014

Complement factor C5a and its receptor C5aR are expressed in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques; however, a causal relation between C5a and plaque rupture has not been established yet. Accelerated atherosclerosis was induced by placing vein grafts in male apoE−/− mice. After 24 days, when advanced plaques had developed, C5a or PBS was applied locally at the lesion site in a pluronic gel. Three days later mice were killed to examine the acute effect of C5a on late stage atherosclerosis. A significant increase in C5aR in the plaque was detectable in mice treated with C5a. Lesion size and plaque morphology did not differ between treatment groups, but interestingly, local treatment with C5a resulted in a striking increase in the amount of plaque disruptions with concomitant intraplaque haemorrhage. To identify the potential underlying mechanisms, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells were treated in vitro with C5a. Both cell types revealed a marked increase in apoptosis after stimulation with C5a, which may contribute to lesion instability in vivo. Indeed, apoptosis within the plaque was seen to be significantly increased after C5a treatment. We here demonstrate a causal role for C5a in atherosclerotic plaque disruptions, probably by inducing apoptosis. Therefore, intervention in complement factor C5a signalling may be a promising target in the prevention of acute atherosclerotic complications.
Explaining Interest Group Interactions with Party Group Members in the European Parliament: Dominant Party Groups and Coalition Formation
Authors: Marshall David
Published: August 2014

This article develops and tests a theory of party group lobbying that demonstrates how the European Parliament's decision‐making process shapes interest group interactions with legislators. Interest group behaviour is highly conditional on two motivations: lobby powerful MEPs, and lobby friendly MEPs. Friendliness is based on ideology, with power shaped by institutional rules and seat share. These goals can mutually reinforce each other. However, because these two motivations exist, and because political power is not fully predictable, there are strong incentives for interest groups to lobby party groups that are non‐natural allies to ensure that their policy information reaches the winning side. But, when interest groups engage in this behaviour, they retain their preference to lobby the friendliest members. The analysis is carried out on nine policy‐related categories of interest group, with MEP data from three parliaments in the period 1999–2011, combined with information on the parliamentary role of 724 respondents.
Association Between Mental Health Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction in Patients Suffering from Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Anyfanti Panagiota , Pyrpasopoulou Athina , Triantafyllou Areti , Triantafyllou Georgios , Gavriilaki Eleni , Chatzimichailidou Sofia , Gkaliagkousi Eugenia , Petidis Konstantinos , Aslanidis Spyros , Douma Stella
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Sexual functioning may be notoriously affected in patients suffering from rheumatic diseases, yet the extent to which physical and/or psychological factors contribute to sexual dysfunction in this particular group of patients remains underinvestigated.

Aim

This cross-sectional study aimed at investigating whether an association exists between psychological status (anxiety, depression) and sexual dysfunction, independently of other physical factors, in patients with rheumatic disorders.

Methods

A total of 509 consecutive rheumatologic patients, aged 54.7 ± 14.2 years, 423 female and 86 male, were studied. Female and male sexual function was evaluated with the Female Sexual Dysfunction Index (FSFI) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire, respectively. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale were used to detect presence of anxiety and depression, respectively.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual dysfunction affected 69.9%, anxiety 37.5%, and depression 22% of our patients.

Results

A strong and negative correlation was found between anxiety and both FSFI (r = −0.169, P < 0.001) and IIEF score (r = −0.304, P = 0.004). Similarly, depressive symptomatology was strongly and negatively correlated with both FSFI (r = −0.178, P < 0.001) and IIEF score (r = −0.222, P = 0.04). In the logistic regression analysis, apart from increasing age and female sex, depression (P = 0.027) and anxiety (P = 0.049) were identified as the only predictors of sexual dysfunction, even after adjustment for a variety of physical factors.

Conclusions

Mental distress and sexual dysfunction are extremely common in rheumatologic patients. Sexual dysfunction is significantly associated with anxiety and depression in both men and women and may be independently predicted by their presence in this group of patients. Physicians dealing with rheumatologic patients should be aware of these results and incorporate screening and treatment of the above comorbidities in the global assessment of their patients, in order to alleviate the disease-emerging mental and physical burden and improve their quality of life.
Prevalence and Predictors of Genito-Pelvic Pain in Pregnancy and Postpartum: The Prospective Impact of Fear Avoidance
Authors: Glowacka Maria , Rosen Natalie , Chorney Jill , Snelgrove−Clarke Erna , George Ronald B.
Published: August 2014

Introduction

There is limited knowledge regarding the symptom profile of genito-pelvic pain in pregnancy and postpartum, and potential psychosocial predictors of this pain. Prior studies have reported a positive association between prepregnancy pain and postpartum genito-pelvic pain. Greater fear avoidance has been associated with increased genital pain intensity in women, unrelated to childbirth. This relationship has not been examined prospectively in a postpartum population.

Aims

The study aims were to examine the symptom profile of genito-pelvic pain during pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum, and the impact of prepregnancy nongenito-pelvic pain and fear avoidance in pregnancy on genito-pelvic pain at 3 months postpartum.

Methods

First-time expectant mothers (N = 150) completed measures of fear avoidance (pain-related anxiety, catastrophizing, hypervigilance to pain), prepregnancy nongenito-pelvic pain, childbirth-related risk factors (e.g., episiotomy), and breastfeeding.

Main Outcome Measures

Those reporting genito-pelvic pain in pregnancy and/or at 3 months postpartum answered questions about the onset (prepregnancy, during pregnancy, postpartum) and location (genital, pelvic, or both) of the pain and rated the intensity and unpleasantness of the pain on numerical rating scales.

Results

Of 150 women, 49% reported genito-pelvic pain in pregnancy. The pain resolved for 59% of women, persisted for 41%, and 7% of women reported a new onset of genito-pelvic pain after childbirth. Prepregnancy nongenito-pelvic pain was associated with an increased likelihood of postpartum onset of genito-pelvic pain. Greater pain-related anxiety was associated with greater average genito-pelvic pain intensity at 3 months postpartum.

Conclusions

Results suggest that about half of women may develop genito-pelvic pain during pregnancy, which will persist for about a third, and a subset will develop this pain after childbirth. Prior recurrent nongenito-pelvic pain may enhance the risk of developing genito-pelvic pain postpartum, while greater pain-related anxiety in pregnancy may increase the risk for greater intensity of postpartum genito-pelvic pain.
The fantastic future of food – celebrating 50 years of food science and technology
Authors: Poole J.
Published: August 2014

The Institute of Food Science and Technology is this year celebrating 50 years since its formation. But we are not planning a year of retrospection – far from it. The main focus for the Institute's celebrations is very much on the future, hence the main theme for our 50th Jubilee year; ‘The Fantastic Future of Food’. Food science and technology can provide solutions to many of the current big challenges such as food safety, sustainability, waste reduction and, of course, some aspects of nutritional health. The Institute is therefore using its 50th Jubilee to raise the profile of its activities and also launch a number of key projects which it believes will have a significant impact on some of the key issues facing the food sector. The first of these will be its Register of Food Safety Professionals which will provide independent professional accreditation at all levels for those engaged in food safety roles.
Twenty years of research in the Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, 1994–2014
Authors: Mathers J. C. , Hill T. R. , Foster E. , Adamson A. J. , Valentine R. , Rugg‐Gunn A.
Published: August 2014

The Human Nutrition Research Centre (HNRC) in Newcastle University was established in 1994 as a multidisciplinary, cross‐faculty research centre under the direction of Professors John Mathers and Andrew Rugg‐Gunn. The remit of the centre was to undertake research into the links between nutrition and health and, in particular, on interventions that could reduce the risk of common non‐communicable diseases and so improve public health. Although that remains the central goal, we have expanded our research approaches to take advantage of emerging technologies such as those in nutrigenomics and have major interests in interactions between nutrition and the genome. Innovative methodology is central to advances in all sciences and we have undertaken research on new tools for the measurement of dietary intake that are appropriate for different population groups to span all life stages. In 2008, we were re‐designated as a University Research Centre. This article has been written to outline the work that the centre has undertaken to celebrate 20 years of nutrition research in the HNRC.
Acute kidney injury after snakebite accident treated in a Brazilian tertiary care centre
Authors: Albuquerque Polianna L. M. M. , Silva Junior Geraldo B. , Jacinto Camilla N. , Lima Julianna B. , Lima Caroline B. , Amaral Yago S. , Veras Maria do Socorro B. , Mota Rosa M. S. , Daher Elizabeth F.
Published: August 2014

Aim

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in cases of envenomation by venomous snakes. The present study was carried out to investigate the clinical and laboratory manifestations in accidents with venomous snakes and the risk factors associated with AKI in these accidents.

Methods

A retrospective study was carried out with patients victims of snakebite admitted to a reference centre. AKI was defined according to the RIFLE and AKIN criteria.

Results

A total of 276 patients were included, of which 230 (83.7%) were males. AKI was observed in 42 cases (15.2%). The mean genus involved in the accidents was Bothrops (82.2%). Mean age of patients with AKI was higher than in patients without AKI (43 ± 20 vs. 34 ± 21 years, P = 0.015). The time elapsed between the accident and medical care was higher in the AKI group (25 ± 28 vs. 14 ± 16h, P = 0.034), as well as the time elapsed between the accident and the administration of antivenom (30.7 ± 27 vs. 15 ± 16 h, P = 0.01). Haemodialysis was required in 30% of cases and complete renal function recovery was observed in 54.8% of cases at hospital discharge. There were four deaths, none of which had AKI. Factors associated with AKI were haemorrhagic abnormalities (P = 0.036, OR = 6.718, 95% CI: 1.067–25.661) and longer length of hospital stay (P = 0.004, OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.165–2.088).

Conclusion

Acute kidney injury is an important complication of snakebite accidents, showing low mortality, but high morbidity, which can lead to partial renal function recovery.
Astrocytic inclusions in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Yoshida Mari
Published: August 2014

Tufted astrocytes (TAs) in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and astrocytic plaques (APs) in corticobasal degeneration (CBD) have been regarded as the pathological hallmarks of major sporadic 4‐repeat tauopathies. To better define the astrocytic inclusions in PSP and CBD and to outline the pathological features of each disease, we reviewed 95 PSP cases and 30 CBD cases that were confirmed at autopsy. TAs exhibit a radial arrangement of thin, long, branching accumulated tau protein from the cytoplasm to the proximal processes of astrocytes. APs show a corona‐like arrangement of tau aggregates in the distal portions of astrocytic processes and are composed of fuzzy, short processes. Immunoelectron microscopic examination using quantum dot nanocrystals revealed filamentous tau accumulation of APs located in the immediate vicinity of the synaptic structures, which suggested synaptic dysfunction by APs. The pathological subtypes of PSP and CBD have been proposed to ensure that the clinical phenotypes are in accordance with the pathological distribution and degenerative changes. The pathological features of PSP are divided into 3 representative subtypes: typical PSP type, pallido‐nigro‐luysian type (PNL type), and CBD‐like type. CBD is divided into three pathological subtypes: typical CBD type, basal ganglia‐ predominant type, and PSP‐like type. TAs are found exclusively in PSP, while APs are exclusive to CBD, regardless of the pathological subtypes, although some morphological variations exist, especially with regard to TAs. The overlap of the pathological distribution of PSP and CBD makes their clinical diagnosis complicated, although the presence of TAs and APs differentiate these two diseases. The characteristics of tau accumulation in both neurons and glia suggest a different underlying mechanism with regard to the sites of tau aggregation and fibril formation between PSP and CBD: proximal‐dominant aggregation of TAs and formation of filamentous NFTs in PSP in contrast to the distal‐dominant aggregation of APs and formation of less filamentous pretangles in CBD.
Comparison of phloem and xylem hydraulic architecture inPicea abiesstems
Authors: Jyske Tuula , Hölttä Teemu
Published: August 2014

The hydraulic properties of xylem and phloem differ but the magnitude and functional consequences of the differences are not well understood.

Phloem and xylem functional areas, hydraulic conduit diameters and conduit frequency along the stems ofPicea abiestrees were measured and expressed as allometric functions of stem diameter and distance from stem apex. Conductivities of phloem and xylem were estimated from these scaling relations.

Compared with xylem, phloem conduits were smaller and occupied a slightly larger fraction of conducting tissue area. Ten times more xylem than phloem was annually produced along the stem. Scaling of the conduit diameters and cross‐sectional areas with stem diameter were very similar in phloem and xylem. Phloem and xylem conduits scaled also similarly with distance from stem apex; widening downwards from the tree top, and reaching a plateau near the base of the living crown.

Phloem conductivity was estimated to scale similarly to the conductivity of the outermost xylem ring, with the ratio of phloem to xylem conductivity beingc. 2%. However, xylem conductivity was estimated to increase more than phloem conductivity with increasing tree dimensions as a result of accumulation of xylem sapwood. Phloem partly compensated for its smaller conducting area and narrower conduits by having a slightly higher conduit frequency.
On selection for flowering time plasticity in response to density
Authors: Vermeulen Peter J.
Published: August 2014

Different genotypes often exhibit opposite plastic responses in the timing of the onset of flowering with increasing plant density. In experimental studies, selection for accelerated flowering is generally found. By contrast, game theoretical studies predict that there should be selection for delayed flowering when competition increases.

Combining different optimality criteria, the conditions under which accelerated or delayed flowering in response to density would be selected for are analysed with a logistic growth simulation model.

To maximize seed production at the whole‐stand level (simple optimization), selection should lead to accelerated flowering at high plant density, unless very short growing seasons select for similar onset of flowering at all densities. By contrast, selection of relative individual fitness will lead to delayed flowering when season length is long and/or growth rates are high.

These different results give a potential explanation for the observed differences in direction of the plastic responses within and between species, including homeostasis, as a result of the effect of the variation in season length on the benefits of delayed flowering. This suggests that limited plasticity can evolve without the costs and limits that are currently thought to constrain the evolution of plasticity.
An exploration of compassion focused therapy following acquired brain injury
Authors: Ashworth Fiona , Clarke Alexis , Jones Lisa , Jennings Caroline , Longworth Catherine
Published: August 2014

Background

People with acquired brain injuries (ABI) frequently experience psychological difficulties such as anxiety and depression, which may be underpinned and maintained by high self‐criticism and shame alongside an inability to self‐soothe. Compassionate focused therapy (CFT) was developed to address shame and self‐criticism and foster the ability to self‐soothe.

Objectives

This is a naturalistic evaluation with the aim of assessing the feasibility, safety, and potential value of CFT for ABI patients with emotional difficulties receiving neuropsychological rehabilitation.

Methods

This study employed a mixed methods design combining self‐report measures and qualitative interviews. Twelve patients received a combination of CFT group and individual intervention. Self‐report measures of self‐criticism, self‐reassurance, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were collected pre and post programme and analysed using Wilcoxon signed rank test (N = 12; five female, seven males). Follow‐up data were analysed in the same manner (N = 9). Interviews were conducted with six patients and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results

CFT was associated with significant reductions in measures of self‐criticism, anxiety, and depression and an increase in the ability to reassure the self. No adverse effects were reported. Three superordinate themes emerged from the interviews: psychological difficulties; developing trust and finding safeness; and a new approach.

Conclusions

This study suggests that CFT is well accepted in ABI survivors within the context of neuropsychological rehabilitation. Furthermore, the results indicate that further research into CFT for psychological problems after ABI is needed and that there may be key aspects, which are specific to CFT intervention, which could reduce psychological difficulties after ABI.

Practitioner points

CFT appears to be a feasible intervention for psychological problems after ABI.

CFT was associated with a reduction in symptoms of anxiety and depression and associated self‐criticism, as well as enhanced self‐reassurance for ABI survivors.

These ABI survivors reported that CFT provided them with tools to manage continued psychological difficulties.
The secret sits
Authors: Moriello Karen A.
Published: August 2014

This editorial links to: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00962.x
Chemical Analysis of Ultra-Thin DLC Films and Lubricant/DLC Interface Using Plasmonic Sensors
Authors: Yanagisawa M. , Kunimoto M. , Homma T.
Published: August 2014

The technical potential of a new plasmonic sensor, which can acquire surface-enhanced Raman spectra with high sensitivity by controlling surface plasmons is demonstrated for the chemical analysis of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, lubricant films, and the DLC/lubricant interface on magnetic disks of sub-nanometer scale. The Raman spectra of thin DLC films and lubricated DLC carbon can be acquired with a high S/N ratio. Raman spectra of lubricated DLC carbon can also be acquired with the high S/N ratio. The wavenumber shift and intensity change of the Raman peaks of the phenyl and hydroxyl groups in the mixed lubricants (ADOH and Z-tetraol) show that the chemical interaction with the DLC surfaces of the phenyl group in the lubricant molecule decreases with increasing nitrogen content, whereas that of the hydroxyl group with the nitrogenated carbon increases. Raman spectra of nitrogenated DLC films are also acquired, the peaks show good agreement with density functional theory calculations. The calculated bonding energy indicates that the hydroxyl groups interact with the nitrogenated carbon.
Effect of Additional Harmonics of Driving Current on Torque Ripple and Unbalanced Magnetic Force of the BLDC Motors With Stator and Rotor Eccentricities
Authors: Sung S. J. , Jang G. H. , Kang K. J. , Song J. Y.
Published: August 2014

This paper investigates the characteristics of the torque ripple and UMF in the BLDC motor with stator and rotor eccentricities due to additional harmonics of the driving current. Torque ripple can be divided into cogging torque due to the interaction between poles and slots, and commutation torque ripple due to driving current. Additional harmonics of driving current affect the characteristics of torque ripple. UMF is not generated in rotational symmetric motors with respect to pole, slot and winding configurations. However, stator and rotor eccentricities of BLDC motors generate additional harmonics on cogging torque and UMF. This research theoretically and numerically investigates the effects of driving current on the torque ripple and UMF of a BLDC motor with rotor and stator eccentricities. It shows that additional harmonics of the driving current, the stator eccentricity, and the rotor eccentricity independently affect the torque ripple. It also shows that additional harmonics of the driving current generate additional harmonics in UMF if BLDC motors have the stator or rotor eccentricities.
Monte Carlo Simulation of the Manufacturing Tolerance of FDBs to Identify the Sensitive Design Variables Affecting the Performance of a Disk-Spindle System
Authors: Lee J. H. , Lee M. H. , Jang H. K. , Jang G. H.
Published: August 2014

This research investigates the Monte Carlo simulation of manufacturing tolerance of FDBs to identify the sensitive design variables for the friction torque of fluid dynamic bearings (FDBs) and the critical mass of disk-spindle system supported by FDBs. We analyze the characteristics according to design variables of FDBs and it shows that the clearance of journal bearing is most sensitive design variable of both friction torque and critical mass. Also the groove to groove and ridge ratio and groove depth of grooved journal bearing which are manufactured by ECM are also sensitive to determine the friction torque and the critical mass of the FDBs, respectively. This research can be utilized to manage manufacturing tolerance to maintain the consistent performance of FDBs and a disk-spindle system in a HDD.
Effects of Active Video Games on Energy Expenditure in Adults: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Dutta Nirjhar , Pereira Mark A.
Published: August 2014

Background:

The objective of this study was to estimate the mean difference in energy expenditure (EE) in healthy adults between playing active video games (AVGs) compared with traditional video games (TVGs) or rest.

Methods:

A systematic search was conducted on Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, and Academic Search Premier between 1998 and April 2012 for relevant keywords, yielding 15 studies. EE and heart rate (HR) data were extracted, and random effects meta-analysis was performed.

Results:

EE during AVG play was 1.81 (95% CI, 1.29–2.34; I2 = 94.2%) kcal/kg/hr higher, or about 108 kcal higher per hour for a 60-kg person, compared with TVG play. Mean HR was 21 (95% CI, 13.7–28.3; I2 = 93.4%) beats higher per minute during AVG play compared with TVG play. There was wide variation in the EE and HR estimates across studies because different games were evaluated. Overall metabolic equivalent associated with AVG play was 2.62 (95% CI, 2.25–3.00; I2 = 99.2%), equivalent to a light activity level. Most studies had low risk of bias due to proper study design and use of indirect calorimetry to measure EE.

Conclusion:

AVGs may be used to replace sedentary screen time (eg, television watching or TVG play) with light activity in healthy adults.
Attribution of global glacier mass loss to anthropogenic and natural causes
Authors: Marzeion Ben , Cogley J. Graham , Richter Kristin , Parkes David
Published: August 2014

Putting the heat on Mother Nature

Humans are now the biggest cause of glacier melting. Until recently, that was not true. Glaciers take a long time—decades to centuries—to respond to the environmental changes that control their sizes. They have been retreating gradually from the peak levels they reached in the middle of the 19th century, at the end of a 500-year-long cold period called the Little Ice Age. Marzeion
et al.
show that that has recently changed though, as climate warming has continued: Over the past 20 or so years, the anthropogenic contribution to glacial mass loss has increased markedly (see the Perspective by Marshall).

Science
, this issue p.
919
; see also p.
872
Draft Genome Sequences of Propionibacterium acnes Type Strain ATCC6919 and Antibiotic-Resistant Strain HL411PA1
Authors: Liu Jared , Cheng Alison , Bangayan Nathanael Joshua , Barnard Emma , Curd Emily , Craft Noah , Li Huiying
Published: August 2014

Propionibacterium acnes
is a major skin commensal and is associated with acne vulgaris, the most common skin disease. Here we report the draft genome sequences of two
P. acnes
strains, the type strain ATCC6919 and an antibiotic-resistant strain, HL411PA1.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Streptococcus suis Serotype 4 Reference Strain 6407
Authors: Wang Kaicheng , Chen Jiming , Yao Huochun , Lu Chengping
Published: August 2014

We report here the second complete genome sequence of
Streptococcus suis
serotype 4 (strain 6407). The genome is 2,292,360 bp in length, covering 2,239 coding sequences, 58 tRNAs, and 4 rRNA loci.
Whole-Genome Sequences of Three Symbiotic
Endozoicomonas
Strains
Authors: Neave Matthew J. , Michell Craig T. , Apprill Amy , Voolstra Christian R.
Published: August 2014

Members of the genus
Endozoicomonas
associate with a wide range of marine organisms. Here, we report on the whole-genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation of three
Endozoicomonas
type strains. These data will assist in exploring interactions between
Endozoicomonas
organisms and their hosts, and it will aid in the assembly of genomes from uncultivated
Endozoicomonas
spp.
Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus chromogenes Strain MU 970, Isolated from a Case of Chronic Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Fry Pamela R. , Calcutt Michael J. , Foecking Mark F. , Hsieh Hsin-Yeh , Suntrup Douglas G. , Perry Jeanette , Stewart George C. , Middleton John R.
Published: August 2014

Coagulase-negative staphylococcal species are a common cause of subclinical bovine mastitis, with
Staphylococcus chromogenes
being one of the most frequently identified species in these cases. The draft genome sequence of an
S. chromogenes
isolate (MU 970) recovered from the milk of a cow with a chronic intramammary infection is reported here.
Draft Genome Sequence of Rifamycin Derivatives Producing Amycolatopsis mediterranei Strain DSM 46096/S955
Authors: Singh Priya , Kumari Rashmi , Mukherjee Udita , Saxena Anjali , Sood Utkarsh , Lal Rup
Published: August 2014

Amycolatopsis mediterranei
DSM 46096 produces antibiotics of the rifamycin family, 27-demethoxy-27-hydroxyrifamycin B, 25-desacetyl-27-demethoxy-27-hydroxyrifamycin, and 27-demethoxy-27-hydroxyrifamycin SV, which are effective against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we present the draft genome of
A. mediterranei
46096 (approx. 10.2 Mbp) having 104 contigs with a GC content of 71.3% and 9,382 coding sequences.
Reducing caregiver stress with internet-based interventions: a systematic review of open-label and randomized controlled trials
Authors: Hu Chunling , Kung Simon , Rummans Teresa A , Clark Matthew M , Lapid Maria I
Published: August 2014

Objective The high level of stress associated with caring for others with medical conditions has been recognized for some time. Reducing caregiver stress can improve caregiver quality of life as well as improve the care they provide to loved ones. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness of internet-based interventions to decrease caregiver stress.

Materials and methods A comprehensive literature search of Ovid MEDLINE (1946–2013), Embase (1988–2013), PsycINFO (1987–2013), and CINAHL was conducted using terms related to caregiver and internet-based interventions. Internet-based interventions involving informal caregivers in an open-label or randomized controlled trial setting were included. A pair of raters independently reviewed all published abstracts. Data regarding participants, interventions, and outcomes were extracted and, for randomized trials, methodology quality was also reviewed.

Results Eight open-label trials met the review criteria: three showed positive benefit in reducing caregiver stress, four were partially positive (some outcomes positive, others negative), and one was a negative study. Sixteen randomized trials met the review criteria: six showed positive benefit, five were partially positive, and five were negative. There were no clear patterns as to the variables (such as study duration and complexity of intervention) associated with better outcomes, although earlier studies typically had more negative outcomes.

Discussion Internet-based interventions were mostly effective in reducing aspects of caregiver stress and improving their well-being. Further studies to assess outcomes for caregivers and their recipients’ health, different technology delivery methods, and the cost of such interventions are needed.
Potential risk of TNF inhibitors on the progression of interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Nakashita Tamao , Ando Katsutoshi , Kaneko Norihiro , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Motojima Shinji
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Biological therapy represents important advances in alleviating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the effect on interstitial lung disease (ILD) has been controversial. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of such treatment for patients with ILD.

Design

Case–control cohorts.

Setting

Single centre in Japan.

Participants

This study included 163 patients with RA who underwent biological therapy.

Outcome measured

We assessed chest CT before initiation of biological therapy and grouped 163 patients according to the presence of ILD (with (n=58) and without pre-existing ILD (n=105)). Next, we evaluated serial changes of chest CT after treatment and visually assessed the emergence of ILD or its progression, which was referred to as an ‘ILD event’. Then, we also classified the patients according to the presence of ILD events and analysed their characteristics.

Results

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors were administered to more patients with ILD events than those without ILD events (88% vs 60%, p<0.05), but recipients of tocilizumab or abatacept did not differ in this respect. Of 58 patients with pre-existing ILD, 14 had ILD events, and that proportion was greater than for those without pre-existing ILD (24% vs 3%, p<0.001). Of these 14 patients, all were treated with TNF inhibitors. Four patients developed generalised lung disease and two died from ILD progression. Baseline levels of KL-6 were similar in both groups, but increased in patients with ILD events.

Conclusions

TNF inhibitors have the potential risk of ILD events, particularly for patients with pre-existing ILD, and KL-6 is a valuable surrogate marker for detecting ILD events. Our data suggest that non-TNF inhibitors are a better treatment option for these patients.
The effect of the laryngeal tie‐forward procedure and soft palate cautery on nasopharyngeal diameter in horses
Authors: Offord S. , Tulloch L. K. , Franklin S. H. , Tremaine W. H. , Woodford N.S. , Allen K. J.
Published: August 2014

The laryngeal tie‐forward (LTF) procedure has been shown to move the larynx rostrally and dorsally whilst repositioning the basihyoid bone caudally and dorsally. Other studies have shown that the position of the hyoid bones influences the size of the nasopharynx. The effect of the LTF procedure on the size of the nasopharynx is unknown. It was hypothesised that the LTF procedure would result in a decrease in dorsoventral nasopharyngeal diameter. Twenty‐five thoroughbred horses which underwent LTF with or without soft palate cautery (LTF±SPC) for treatment of dorsal displacement of the soft palate were included in this study. Preoperative and postoperative lateral radiographs were used to determine changes in laryngohyoid position and nasopharyngeal diameter. The LTF±SPC procedure resulted in a significant reduction (14–17 per cent) in dorsoventral nasopharyngeal diameter (P<0.001). The LTF procedure decreases nasopharyngeal diameter. The impact on upper respiratory tract function during exercise remains unclear.
Half-lives of spherical proton emitters within the framework of fractional calculus
Authors: Çalik Abdullah Engin , Şirin Hüseyin , Ertik Hüseyin , Öder Buket , Şen Mürsel
Published: August 2014

In this paper, the half-life values of spherical proton emitters such as Sb , Tm , Lu , Ta , Re , Ir , Au , Tl and Bi have been calculated within the framework of fractional calculus. Nuclear decay equation, related to this phenomenon, has been resolved by using Caputo fractional derivative. The order of fractional derivative μ being considered is 0 < μ ≤ 1, and characterizes the fractality of time. Half-life values have been calculated equivalent with empirical ones. The dependence of fractional derivative order μ on the nuclear structure has also been investigated.
The ABC conjecture, arithmetic progressions of primes and squarefree values of polynomials at prime arguments
Authors: Pasten Hector
Published: August 2014

On the ABC conjecture, we get an asymptotic estimate for the number of squarefree values of a polynomial at prime arguments. A key tool in our argument is a result by Tao and Ziegler (improving a previous result by Green and Tao) concerning arithmetic progressions of primes.
PREPARATION OF MAGNETIC OXIDIZED MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES FOR THE ADSORPTION OF RHODAMINEBIN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: HUANG HUI , YU JINGANG , JIANG XINYU
Published: August 2014

A facile and effective approach based on magnetic separation was developed for the adsorption of Rhodamine B ( RhB ) from aqueous solution using magnetic oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (magnetic o-MWCNTs) as adsorbent. The magnetic o-MWCNTs were simply synthesized by assembling magnetic nanoparticles onto the oxidized MWCNTs. Adsorption conditions such as pH values, the dosage of adsorbent added and adsorption time were investigated and optimized to achieve the best removal value. In addition, kinetics, adsorption isotherms and adsorption thermodynamics were studied to understand the mechanism by which the magnetic o-MWCNTs adsorbed RhB . The results indicated that the proposed method based on magnetic o-MWCNTs as magnetic absorbent was rapid and efficient for the removal of RhB . Furthermore, the magnetic o-MWCNTs could be easily removed after adsorption process and regenerated through desorption by ethanol.
Behaviour and effects of alcohol-blended petrol in the subsurface
Authors: Morgan Philip , Firth Simon , Hildenbrand Beate
Published: August 2014

Petrol (gasoline) blends for road vehicle use are increasingly being supplemented with alcohols, particularly ethanol or butanol produced by fermentation of plant feedstocks. This paper critically reviews the fate and effects of alcohol–petrol blends in soil and groundwater, taking account of the formulations marketed in the UK and their predicted future use patterns. Because of their partitioning behaviour and high biodegradability, the alcohols are not predicted to migrate extensively in the subsurface nor are they expected to increase migration of hydrocarbon components of the petrol through cosolvency or changes in the physical–chemical properties of non-aqueous phase liquid hydrocarbons. Rapid alcohol biodegradation can result in highly anaerobic subsurface conditions that can lead to a reduced rate of hydrocarbon biodegradation and the consequent development of plumes larger than those resulting from alcohol-free petrol. The evidence shows, however, that releases of alcohol-blended petrol are highly unlikely to result in a significantly increased risk to groundwater resources in the UK. Furthermore, biogenic methane resulting from rapid alcohol biodegradation is unlikely to result in potentially hazardous indoor air concentrations except where a major release of a high concentration alcohol formulation occurs, in which event case-specific assessment would be necessary.
Shear-wave velocity structure of the Chilean subduction zone (39–40°S) based on Rayleigh wave dispersion: evidence of fluid release and melts in the mantle beneath the Villarrica volcano
Authors: Thorwart Martin , Dzierma Yvonne , Lieser Kathrin , Buhs Heiko , Rabbel Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

A seismic network operated from December 2008 to November 2009 in south-central Chile covering the Chile subduction zone from
c.
39°S to 40°S. This segment of the subduction zone includes the highly active Villarrica volcano and the maximum slip area of the 1960
M
w
9.5 earthquake. We applied surface wave dispersion analysis to data from a linear array of broadband stations and to records of four areal sub-arrays. Fifty regional and teleseismic events were used to produce dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves. From the dispersion curves, we determined depth functions of the shear-wave velocity for 4 subregions of the subduction zone: the Coastal Range, the Central Valley, the Volcanic Arc and the Back-arc Region in Argentina. The resulting models reveal the structure of the crust and the depth of the Moho discontinuity. Below the volcanic arc, the shear-wave velocities of the continental mantle are reduced by
c.
7% with respect to a background value of 4.3 km s
−1
. This low-velocity zone coincides with a zone of reduced electrical resistivity that was previously determined from magnetotelluric measurements. The combined occurrences of minima in the S-wave velocity and resistivity can be interpreted as an indicator of partial melts.
Slow and deep respiration suppresses steady-state sympathetic nerve activity in patients with chronic heart failure: from modeling to clinical application
Authors: Harada Daisuke , Asanoi Hidetsugu , Takagawa Junya , Ishise Hisanari , Ueno Hiroshi , Oda Yoshitaka , Goso Yukiko , Joho Shuji , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

Influences of slow and deep respiration on steady-state sympathetic nerve activity remain controversial in humans and could vary depending on disease conditions and basal sympathetic nerve activity. To elucidate the respiratory modulation of steady-state sympathetic nerve activity, we modeled the dynamic nature of the relationship between lung inflation and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in 11 heart failure patients with exaggerated sympathetic outflow at rest. An autoregressive exogenous input model was utilized to simulate entire responses of MSNA to variable respiratory patterns. In another 18 patients, we determined the influence of increasing tidal volume and slowing respiratory frequency on MSNA; 10 patients underwent a 15-min device-guided slow respiration and the remaining 8 had no respiratory modification. The model predicted that a 1-liter, step increase of lung volume decreased MSNA dynamically; its nadir (−33 ± 22%) occurred at 2.4 s; and steady-state decrease (−15 ± 5%), at 6 s. Actually, in patients with the device-guided slow and deep respiration, respiratory frequency effectively fell from 16.4 ± 3.9 to 6.7 ± 2.8/min ( P < 0.0001) with a concomitant increase in tidal volume from 499 ± 206 to 1,177 ± 497 ml ( P < 0.001). Consequently, steady-state MSNA was decreased by 31% ( P < 0.005). In patients without respiratory modulation, there were no significant changes in respiratory frequency, tidal volume, and steady-state MSNA. Thus slow and deep respiration suppresses steady-state sympathetic nerve activity in patients with high levels of resting sympathetic tone as in heart failure.
Protective effect of sex on chronic stress- and depressive behavior-induced vascular dysfunction in BALB/cJ mice
Authors: Stanley Shyla C. , Brooks Steven D. , Butcher Joshua T. , d'Audiffret Alexandre C. , Frisbee Stephanie J. , Frisbee Jefferson C.
Published: August 2014

The presence of chronic, unresolvable stresses leads to negative health outcomes, including development of clinical depression/depressive disorders, with outcome severity being correlated with depressive symptom severity. One of the major outcomes associated with chronic stress and depression is the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and an elevated CVD risk profile. However, in epidemiological research, sex disparities are evident, with premenopausal women suffering from depressive symptoms more acutely than men, but also demonstrating a relative protection from the onset of CVD. Given this, we investigated the differential effect of sex on conduit artery and resistance arteriolar function in male and female mice following 8 wk of an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol. In males, plasma cortisol and depressive symptom severity (e.g., coat status, anhedonia, delayed grooming) were elevated by UCMS. Endothelium-dependent dilation to methacholine/acetylcholine was impaired in conduit arteries and skeletal muscle arterioles, suggesting a severe loss of nitric oxide bioavailability and increased production of thromboxane A2 vs. prostaglandin I2 associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increased level of systemic inflammation. Endothelium-independent dilation was intact. In females, depressive symptoms and plasma cortisol increases were more severe than in males, although alterations to vascular reactivity were blunted, including the effects of elevated ROS and inflammation on dilator responses. These results suggest that compared with males, female rats are more susceptible to chronic stress in terms of the severity of depressive behaviors, but that the subsequent development of vasculopathy is blunted owing to an improved ability to tolerate elevated ROS and systemic inflammatory stress.
EGFR Blockade Enriches for Lung Cancer Stem–like Cells through Notch3-Dependent Signaling
Authors: Arasada Rajeswara Rao , Amann Joseph M. , Rahman Mohammad A. , Huppert Stacey S. , Carbone David P.
Published: August 2014

Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are the most common actionable genetic abnormalities yet discovered in lung cancer. However, targeting these mutations with kinase inhibitors is not curative in advanced disease and has yet to demonstrate an impact on potentially curable, early-stage disease, with some data suggesting adverse outcomes. Here, we report that treatment of EGFR-mutated lung cancer cell lines with erlotinib, while showing robust cell death, enriches the ALDH+ stem-like cells through EGFR-dependent activation of Notch3. In addition, we demonstrate that erlotinib treatment increases the clonogenicity of lung cancer cells in a sphere-forming assay, suggesting increased stem-like cell potential. We demonstrate that inhibition of EGFR kinase activity leads to activation of Notch transcriptional targets in a γ secretase inhibitor-sensitive manner and causes Notch activation, leading to an increase in ALDH high+ cells. We also find a kinase-dependent physical association between the Notch3 and EGFR receptors and tyrosine phosphorylation of Notch3. This could explain the worsened survival observed in some studies of erlotinib treatment at early-stage disease, and suggests that specific dual targeting might overcome this adverse effect. Cancer Res; 74(19); 5572–84. ©2014 AACR.