bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE H‐2 HISTOCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM AND LYMPHOCYTE ADHESION:INTERACTION MODULATION FACTOR INVOLVEMENT
Authors: Curtis A. S. G.
Published: April 2007

The effects of thymocyte interaction modulation factor on the adhesion of mouse allogeneic thymocytes and B‐cells are reported. This glycoprotein, produced by short term cultures of thymocytes, has already been described as reducing the adhesion of syngeneic B‐cells, leucocytes and macrophages. Adhesion was measured in suspension culture using the collision efficiency method. This paper reports that:

1. In addition to the syngeneic effect of thymocyte IMF in reducing adhesion of certain unlike cell types there is also an allogeneic effect in which an allogeneic T‐IMF will diminish the adhesion of a thymocyte population, or still further reduce the adhesion of a B‐cell population than would a syngeneic T‐IMF.

2. Thymocyte IMFs were prepared from different congenic strains and tested on the adhesion of syngeneic and allogeneic thymocytes. When factor and cells were syngeneic or metched at any H‐2 locus except H‐2 D there was no effect on adhesion since it remained at the same value as in controls in their own IMF. But whenever factor and cells were mismatched at H‐2 D there was a marked diminution in the adhesion of the cells.

3. Antibodies raised against specific thymocyte IMFs could be used to detect the presence of T‐IMF binding to the surface of cells by immunofluorescence or immune cytolysis. These systems show that the antibodies against thymocyte IMF can be used to type the H‐2 D type of a cell and that these factors are present at the surface of thymocytes and certain other cell types. They confirm that the thymocyte IMF is either in H‐2 D product or is closely associated with H‐2 D locus in its binding and action. They also show that the T‐IMF antigen on non‐lymphocytic types is produced by T‐cells or thymocytes.

4. The general relevance of these results is discussed in relation to cell recognition phenomena.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESPONSIVENESS OF MATERNAL AND FOETAL LYMPHOCYTES TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND TO MICROBIAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Gill T. J. , Rabin B. S. , Harina B. M. , Taylor F. H.
Published: April 2007

The response of 105 maternal‐foetal lymphocyte pairs to specific and non‐specific stimulation were evaluated using a newly defined method of analysis. There were no significant differences in the responses of maternal or foetal lymphocytes to phytohaemogglutinin (PHA) or the various antigens as a function of concentration over the ranges tested. The maternal lymphocytes were stimulated by all of the antigens and responded to PHA three‐five times more strongly than to the antigens. The foetal lymphocytes were stimulated by PHA and tetanus toxoid only and were suppressed by streptokinase‐streptodornase (SKSD). They responded to stimulation by antigens at a lower level than did the maternal lymphocytes, but they responded at a much higher level to PHA. Unstimulated cultures of foetal lymphocytes incorporated more isotope than did those of maternal lymphocytes in both autologous and AB plasma.

The data were cross‐classified to determine whether the responses of the foetal lymphocytes varied concordantly with the responses of the maternal lymphocytes in both autologous and AB plasma by the Chi‐square test for independence and by rank correlation analysis. There was no significant correlaiton in either plasma to stimulation with the antigens. Thus, the presence of antigen reactive lymphocytes in the circulation of the mother does not mean that the foetus is sensitized to that antigen.

Comparison of the lymphocyte responses in autologous plasma with those in AB plasma provided evidence for the presence of circulating immunoregulatory substances. Autologous maternal plasma suppressed the lymphocyte responses to high concentrations of candida and SKSD and stimulated the response to mumps, varicella and tetanus toxoid. Autologous fetal plasma suppressed the lymphocyte responses to candida, varicell and SKSD and stimulated the response to PHA. The responsiveness of maternal lymphocytes to PHA was less in foetal plasma than in autologous maternal or AB plasma.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN CROSSES BETWEEN HIGH OR LOW IMMUNE RESPONDER AND INBRED STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Heumann Anne‐Marie , Stiffel C.
Published: April 2007

The global dominance of ‘high’ or ‘low’ genes operating in high (H) or low (L) selected immune responder lines of mice has been studied in F1 hybrids between these lines and various inbred strains of mice. Two antigens were used: cyte, SE) and the alum‐precipitated bovine serum albumin (BSA‐A1). In (H × L)F1 hybrids the H response is partially dominant for the two antigens during the primary response. This is the most frequent feature observed in hybrids between H or L and inbred strains. But some exceptions indicate that the quantitative immune response genes of H and L mice aar not always equivalent to those of inbred strains. In (L x AKR)F1 hybrids immunized with SE, there is a dominance of the L response. Concerning BSA‐A1, an initial, short lasting dominance of L response is observed in (L × C57B1/6)F1 and (L × C3H)F1 hybrids. The lack of secondary response to BSA‐A1, characteristic of the L line, is completely recessive in all hybrids. The question is open whether primary and secondary responses have the same genetic regulation. No overdominance of high or low responsiveness is observed. This means that the main genes regulating the quantitative antibody response have been accumulated in the selected lines.
ANTI‐TISSUE ANTIBODIES AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN RELATION TO HLA AND OTHER MARKERS IN ICELANDIC FAMILIES
Authors: Williamson N. , Edwards J. H. , Monk K. , McLaughlan P. , Stanworth D. R. , Arnasan A. , Jensson O. , Helgason T. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F. , Lamm L. U. , Loghem E. van , Lange G. de
Published: April 2007

Studies of 521 sera from the Icelandic cousin marriage project were made to assess the incidence of various anti‐tissue antibodies and the levels of immunoglobulins, as these were considered to be useful markers of the humoral immune response. Comparisons were made between these parameters and the HLA‐A and B antigens, the blood groups, the immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm, Km and Am), the properdin factor (Bf), and other markers.

These investigations offered another approach to the study of the sites of action of immune response genes in man. Because the immune response may be expected to differ for each individual and depend at least in part, on the degree of exposure to different antigens, no absolute correlation was expected. There was, however, a marked association between certain IgG anti‐tissue antibodies and HLA antigens. This was most marked for HLA‐A10, B18 and B27, but not for HLA‐A1 or B8.

The comparison of immunoglobulin levels with HLA antigens, was less striking, although HLA‐A2 appeared to be associated with low levels of IgE. There were also some associations between immunoglobulin levels and ABO blood groups.
ROLE OF THE H‐2 COMPLEX IN THE HOMING AFFINITY OF INJECTED LYMPHOID CELLS TO THE HOST'S LYMPH NODES
Authors: Viklický V. , Micková Milada
Published: April 2007

The role of H‐2 and non‐H‐2 gene products was studied in a model of non‐immune cell‐cell interactions which underlie the homing affinity to lymph nodes of injected 51Cr‐labelled lymph node cells. The effect of various donor‐recipient combinations was tested by comparing the allogeneic/syngeneic ratio of radioactivity recovered from the lymph nodes. The homing affinity was reduced to about 50% when the donor‐recipient incompatibility extended over the whole H‐2 chromosome. When confined to a single region (H‐2K, I or D) H‐2 incompatibility caused no significant allogeneic inhibition of the homing affinity. The cumulative effect of two partial incompatibilities (K + I or D + I) was, however, reflected in a significant allogeneic inhibition. Non‐H‐2 incompatibilities had, as a rule, a weak effect; the non‐H‐2 gene products may not be directly involved in the cell interactions under test.
H‐2 AND NON ‐H‐2 DETERMINED STRAIN VARIATION IN PALATAL SHELF AND TONGUE ADENOSINE 3’:5’CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE: A POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF STEROID‐INDUCED CLEFT PALATE
Authors: Erickson R. P. , Butley M. S. , Sing C. F.
Published: April 2007

The concentration of cAMP was measured in palatal shelves and tongues of 14.5‐day old foetuses, 14.5‐day old foetuses from steroid treated mothers, and 15.5‐day old foetuses from four inbred lines of mice which represent the four possible combinations of two H‐2 alleles and two residual genetic backgrounds. The incidence of spontaneous and steroid‐induced cleft palate in these four strains was also determined. Analyses of variance of the cAMP data reveal that both the H‐2 region and residual genetic background determine cAMP concentrations in both tissues and on both days of development. Similar analyses of cAMP concentrations after steroid treatments of the mother indicate that the interaction between H‐2 and residual genetic background is significantly different in the injected than in the uninjected mice in both palatal shelves and tongues. The incidence of steroid‐induced cleft palate parallels the palatal shelf concentration of cAMP before steroid treatment of the mother with one exception. These data suggest that a portion of the H‐2 controlled component of susceptibility to steroid‐induced cleft palate is mediated through alterations in the metabolism of cAMP.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE MOLECULAR VARIABILITY OF H‐2 GENE PRODUCTS
Authors: Lengerová Alena , Matouŝek V.
Published: April 2007

An attempt was made to characterize the amino acid interchanges in the presumably allelic products of MHC (H‐2 and HLA) as revealed by the results published so far of microsequencing analysis of their 20‐30 N‐terminal positions. The distances between interchanged amino acids were judged by several criteria: the Sneath's and Grantham's indices, the classification of the substitutions as intra‐versus intergroup (i.e. groups of chemically related amino acids), the minimum number and type of underlying base substitutions according to the genetic code. The detected variation was also compared to that in highly variable (fibrinopeptides A and B) and highly conservative (histone IV) amino acid sequences. A selection of human haemoglobin α‐chain variants, without known pathological effects, was further used as a standard of reference for intraspecific ‘permissible variation'. The results of these comparisons do not prove, but are not incompatible with, the idea that the function of the H‐2 (HLA) fragment displaying the observed molecular variability, does not impose too rigid a constraint on its structure. Considerably different amino acid sequences might represent functionally more or less equivalent compromises due to neutral mutations which fall into the category of ‘evolutionary noise’ at the molecular level.
LACK OF T‐CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY IN M‐MSV SYSTEM DEPENDING ON H‐2 HAPLOTYPES
Authors: Biasi G. , Collavo D. , Zanovello Paola , Colombatti A. , Chieco‐Bianchi L.
Published: April 2007

The H‐2 restriction phenomenon was evaluated with regard to the immune response to Moloney sarcoma virus (M‐MSV)‐induced tumours in the mouse. Using an in vitro51Cr release assay the lytic activity of lymphocytes from M‐MSV immune strains of mice, including several H‐2 recombinant strains, was determined on leukaemic cell lines originally induced in mice of different strains by neconatal infection with Moloney leukaemia virus. In analogy with other experimental models, it was observed that a compatibility between effector and target cells at the K and/or D regions is generally necessary and sufficient to obtain the cytotoxic effect. However, for the H‐2d and H‐2b haplotypes, identity at the K or D region respectively was not sufficient for lysis to occur. Attempts to demonstrate that this lack of activity might be associated with the absence of H‐2‐linked Ir responder genes, were not successful.
IMMUNE RESPONSES TO SOME PROTEINS AND SYNTHETIC POLYPEPTIDES IN INBRED STRAINS OF RATS
Authors: Volk Etta , Eddey G. , Kunz H. W. , Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

The antibody responses to DNP‐bovine gamma globulin, bovine gamma globulin, human serum albumin, ovalbumin, pepsin and five synthetic polypeptides were examined in strains of inbred rats representative of eight common major histocompatibility complex (RT1) haplotypes. With each antigen the antibody response varied considerably among strains, and the data provide many potential strain and antigen combinations with which to study the genetic control of the immune response.
PHYLOGENY OF THE RABBIT γ‐CHAIN DETERMINANTS: A d12‐LIKE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT IN PRONOLAGUS RUPESTRIS
Authors: Hamers‐Casterman C. , Wittouck E. , Van Der Loo W. , Hamers R.
Published: April 2007

A survey for constant region γ‐chain allotypes (de locus) was undertaken in different lagomorph genera. As yet only Pronolagus rupestris, a paleolaginae, showed the presence of a determinant similar to rabbit d12 although it lacked the widespread e15 determinant.

All seven individuals possessed the d12 like determinant which was studied by immunodiffusion, haemagglutination inhibition, radiobinding and binding inhibition assays. In addition, a new enzymic method for typing for d12, based on the presence of the asymmetric rabbit hing carbohydrate linked to the d12 characteristic threonine, is presented. This method suggests, however, that, unlike the d12 rabbit, Pronolagus does not seem to have a majority of IgG molecules with a glycosylated hinge.
Mk IN THREE GENERATIONS OF AN ENGLISH FAMILY
Authors: Hodson C. , Lee D. , Cooper D. G. , Giles C. M. , Ikin E. W. , Poole J. , Grimaldi D. , Anstee D. J.
Published: April 2007

Mk was demonstrated in three generations of an English family. The propositus was detected as a result of an incompatibility in cross‐match. General serological, biochemical and biophysical aspects have been studied.
INHIBITION OF MLC STIMULATOR FUNCTION BY ANTIBODIES DIRECTED TO NON‐HLA ANTIGENS
Authors: Jonker Margreet
Published: April 2007

The properties of five human alloantisera which inhibit the stimulating capacity of cells in an MLC reactions are described. All of the sera showed patterns of inhibition in families which did not correlate with HLA haplotypes. In a large proportion of the families investigated the sera did not react with parental cells but inhibited the cells from one or more of the children. Absorptions were performed with one of these sera using such non‐reactive parental cells. Paternal cells absorbed out the inhibiting activity while maternal cells did not. This indicates that experession of the antigen with which the inhibiting antiserum reacts is insufficient for inhibition and other factors, either environmental or inherited from the mother, influence the capacity of the antiserum to cause inhibition. This antigen was most likely a non‐HLA antigen.
H ‐ Y ANTIGEN: GENETIC CONTROL OF THE EXPRESSION AS DETECTED BY HOST ‐ VERSUS ‐ GRAFT POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT ASSAY MAPS BETWEEN THE T AND H ‐ 2 COMPLEXES
Authors: Králová Jarmila , Lengerová Alena
Published: April 2007

We are using the terms ‘low’ and ‘high’ expression when the H‐Y antigen on thymocytes of mouse parental strains is, respectively, weakly and strongly immunogenic for F1 hybrids in a host‐versus‐graft popliteal lymph node enlargement assay. Using this assay we attempted to locate the genetic factor(s) responsible for the control of H‐Y expression within chromosome 17 since our previous study indicated linkage with the H‐2 complex. We produced to this aim recombinants from (B10.T x C3H/Di)F1 hybrids where crossing over took place between H‐2 and T complexes. In this way we were able to locate a gene denoted Hye (for H‐Y expression) whose ‘high’ and ‘low’ alleles originated, respectively, from the B10 and C3H/Di strains. In the recombinants, the expression did not follow the H‐2 haplotype, but obviously depended on the position of crossing over between H‐2 and T. This pointed to the Hye gene mapping proximally from the H‐2 complex.
CHANGE OF H‐2 ANTIGENS' EXPRESSION ON MOUSE LEUKAEMIALBN/a‐2 AND LBN/b‐3 CELLS IN THE COURSE OF SERIAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Czarnomska Alina , Capkova Jana
Published: April 2007

The inbred mouse strains BN/a and BN/b have haplotype H‐2bp characterized by H‐2.33 and lacking any other private specificity known in inbred strains. Two transplantable B cell leukaemias which originated in BN/a and BN/b mice treated with anti‐lymphocyte globulin were tested serologicaly for H‐2 antigens. Tests during passages 169‐181 revealed several quantitatively different reactions with sera against public specificities, some of these being due to Ia antibodies. No change in expression of the private specificities was seen. On the other hand, during the later passages (239‐258) a number of qualitative differences were seen, the most remarkbale being the loss of H‐2.33 and gain of H‐2.4, 31. The overall serological pattern of cells resembled that of H‐2d rather than of H‐2bp haplotyes and this was confirmed by absorption tests. The changes reported here may be due to alterations of repression and derepression pattern of the presumed multiple structural H‐2 genes present in the genome.
INAPPROPRIATE ALLOANTIGEN‐LIKE SPECIFICITIES DETECTED ON SPONTANEOUS AND TRANSPLANTABLE RETICULUM CELL SARCOMAS OF SJL/J MICE
Authors: Roman Janet M. , Bonavida B.
Published: April 2007

The immune response of SJL/J (H‐25) mice to syngeneic reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) tumour cells was investigated. The nature of tumour‐associated antigens was examined by immunological and biochemical techniques. Reticulum cell sarcomas of different origins (spontaneous, transplantable and cultured cell lines) stimulate a strong syngeneic response measured by [3H]‐thymidine incorporation. However, only the cell line were able to stimulate a syngeneic cell‐mediated cytotoxic response. Further analysis of the syngeneic response revealed that RCS cells express inappropiate alloantigenic specificities on their surface. Thus, evidence is provided which demonstrates that RCS tumour cells carry antigens which cross‐react with BALB/c (H‐2d) and C57BL/6 (H‐2b) alloantigens. The presence of inappropriate antigens in the in vitro lines was detected by cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, cytotoxic antibody and immunofluorescence whereas antigens on in vivo lines and spontaneous RCS were detected primarily by immunofluorescence. Conversely, H‐25 expression on the in vitro lines was detected only by immunofluorescence whereas the H‐25 of the in vivo lines were detected by cytotoxic antibody. By these assays inappropriate antigens were not detected on normal SJL/J lymphocytes. Immunochemical analysis of the inappropriate antigens by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed with SJL/J anti‐BALB/c and monospecific anti‐H‐2Dd sera. These sera precipitated 45,000 MW molecules from BALB/c lymph node cells and from SJL/J in vivo and in vitro RCS tumour which appeared very similar. The sera also precipitated molecules from SJL/J lymph node cells which resemble the BALB/c and RCS molecules. Thus, RCS tumours express inappropriate alloantigens which may be cryptic on normal cells. The biological significance of these tumour‐associated antigens in vivo is discussed briefly.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF Gm ALLOTYPES:V. SIMULTANEOUS PRESENCE OF LATENT Gm ALLOTYPES AND DEFICIENT Gm GENES IN A FAMILY WITH HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIC PROBANDS
Authors: Salier J. P. , Rivat L. , Daveau M. , Lefranc G. , Breton P. , DeMenibus C. H. , Henocq A. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: April 2007

A study of Gm allotypes in a Caucasoid family with hypogammaglobulinaemic probands, showed qualitative (unexpected or lacking Gm allotypes) and quantitative (increased or decreased Gm contents) abnormalities in many relatives. Part of these observations can be most probably accounted for by inheritance of a Gm1,17;5,28 haplotype, not described in Caucasians yet, and by an in vivo expression of latent Gm genes.
α‐L‐FUCOSYLTRANSFERASES RELATED TO BIOSYNTHESIS OF BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES IN HUMAN SALIVA
Authors: Yazawa S. , Furukawa K.
Published: April 2007

α‐L‐Fucosyltransferases were demonstrated in human saliva which catalyze the transfer of L‐fucose from GDP‐L‐[14C]‐fucose to oligosaccharides from human milk. An α‐(1→4)‐L‐fucosyltransferase that synthesizes lacto‐N‐fucopentaose II and lacto‐N‐difucohexaose I from lacto‐N‐tetraose and lacto‐N‐fucopentaose I, respectively, was detected in saliva samples of Le(a‐b+) secretors and Le(a + b‐) non‐secretors in which Lea substance was secreted. This enzyme activity was demonstrable neither in saliva samples of Le(a‐b‐) secretors nor non‐secretors. An α‐(1→2)‐L‐fucosyltransferase, that synthesizes lacto‐N‐fucopentaose I from lacto‐N‐tetraose, was detected in saliva samples from Le(a‐b+) secretors which secreted H and Leb substances and from Le(a‐b‐) secretors which secreted only H substance. An α‐(1→3)‐L‐fucosyltransferase was present in all saliva samples of different ABO and Lewis blood groups, irrespective of their ABH secretor status of the donors. The fucosyltransferases in saliva were activated by Mn++ or Mg++ ions, and were inhibited by ATP, GTP and EDTA. They had a broad pH optimun between pH 5.0 and 6.5.
SIALYLATION OF THOMSEN‐FRIEDENREICH (T) AND BLOOD TYPE NM ANTIGENS BY TRANSFERASES IN HUMAN SERA MEASURED BY [14C]NAN UPTAKE
Authors: Desai P. R. , Springer G. F.
Published: April 2007

Human erythrocyte T & NN antigens were exposed to fresh sera from single human donors and CMP‐[14C]sialic acid without activators in a single 24 hr incubation at 37° C. There was similar sialic acid (NAN) uptake, on the average 2.7 mol/mol T antigen subunit (mol wt 40,000), with various NN‐and MM‐derived T antigens and transferase sera in all different combinations. Sera from donors with the M gene but not from those lacking it incorporated NAN into NN antigen (c. 1 mol NAN/mol NN antigen subunit, mol wt 50,000).

The profound difference in sialytransferase action between sera from donors with the M gene and those lacking it was substantiated by repeated incubations of NN‐derived T antigen with CMP‐NAN and MM donor transferase serum, which incorporated 32% more NAN than did repeated incubations of the same antigen with CMP‐NAN and NN donor transferase serum. The greater NAN incorporation by sera of donors with the M gene is due to an additional transferase or a transferase‐modifier substance present only in persons possessing the M gene.
H‐2‐RESTRICTED RECOGNITION OF MINOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS IN DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Van Der Kwast Th. H.
Published: April 2007

Subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization of mice with viable allogeneic H‐2 compatible spleen cells can induce a persistent state of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to minor histocompatibility (H) antigens which can be evaluated with a footpad swelling assay. The importance of H‐2 compatibility of the injected spleen cells with the recipient for (1) the elicitation of the DTH‐reaction, (2) the induction of DTH‐related effector and memory T cells and (3) the activation of T memory cells was examined with congenic mouse strains. Spleen cells sharing either the K or D region of the H‐2 complex with the recipient could elicit strong DTH‐reactions to minor H antigens, though somewhat less than did fully H‐2 compatible allogeneic spleen cells. H‐2 incompatible cells or cells only sharing I‐region coded antigens elicited relatively weak, though significant, DTH‐reactivity to the minor H antigens. Similar H‐2 requirements for recipient mice were demonstrated in the immune lymphocyte transfer assay. Optimal induction of primary DTH and DTH‐related T memory cells for minor H antigens also required H‐2 identity of the immunizing cells and the recipient. To some extent, H‐2 incompatible cells were able to induce primary DTH‐reactivity and memory for minor H‐antigens. The secondary DTH‐reactivity was not or slightly dependent on the H‐2 haplotype of the cells used for booster injection.

It is concluded that the DTH‐related effector cells are restricted in their recongnition of minor H antigens by K‐ or D‐region‐coded antigens. Presumably, macrophage processing of the allogeneic spleen cells after primary and secondary immunization accounts for the capacity of the minor H antigens to activate unprimed T cells and memory T cells when these antigens are presented on H‐2 incompatible cells.
DETECTION AND ACTIVITY OF BLOOD GROUP B GENE‐ASSOCIATED α‐GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: Kogure T. , Furukawa K.
Published: April 2007

α‐Galactosyltransferase which participates in the biosynthesis of blood group B substance was found in urine from group B and AB healthy persons of both secretors and non‐secretors.

The activity of α‐galactosyltransferase in the urine of healthy variant Bm person was lower than that found in a normal group B person. This enzyme in urine of A1Bm persons must be much lower than that in normal AB persons. Its activity was not detected by the method of group O to group B transformation of erythrocytes.
ADDITION OF SERUM TO THE MEDIUM USED FOR PREPARATION OF CELL SUSPENSIONS AS A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF ARTIFACTS IN CELL‐MEDIATED REACTIONS STUDIED BY MEANS OF THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE TEST
Authors: ŝüla K. , Dráber P. , Nouza K.
Published: April 2007

Conditions for preparations of cells used in immunogenetic studies may substantially affect their properties and the results obtained. It was found that short‐term incubation or a mere preparation of parental spleen cells in medium containing either xenogeneic serum or concavalin A (Con A) increase their ability (after footpad injection) to induce enlargement of the popliteal lymph node in (B10.LP x A/Ph)F1 hybrid recipients. Under similar conditions, enlargement of PLN could be induced also by syngeneic F1 hybrid cells. The greater lymphadenomegaly following the injection of parental or syngenneic cells prepared in serum‐containing medium may be explained by the host reaction against additional foreign antigens rather than increased GVH reactivity or autoimmunity.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Blanden R. V.
Published: April 2007

E. J. STEELE: Somatic Selection and Adaptive Evolution
Fab2 FRAGMENTS FROM HLA XENOANTISERA SPECIFICALLY BLOCK CYTOLYSIS MEDIATED BY HLA‐A, B ALLOANTISERA
Authors: Belvedere Mariaclara , Richiardi Patricia , Pellegrino MicheleA. , Ferrone S.
Published: April 2007

Fab2 fragments from antisera raised in rabbits with partially purified cellular and serum HLA antigens were tested for their ability to block the cytolytic activity of operationally specific HLA‐A, B alloantisera. One Fab2 fragment preparation blocked the cytolytic activity of all the HLA‐A,B alloantisera tested; the remaining nine inhibited the lytic activity of alloantisera to certain HLA‐A,B allospecificities, suggesting that these xenoantisera contain antibody to certain HLA‐A,B allotype determinants or to closely associated structures. In contrast to previous reports in the literature none of the xenoantisera contained significant amounts of antibodies to human β2‐microglobulin.
THE REGULATORY ROLE OF I‐J SUBREGION IN NEONATAL TOLERANCE INDUCTION TO H‐2D ALLOANTIGENS
Authors: Holáň V. , Hilgert I. , Chutná Jitka , Hašek M.
Published: April 2007

The mechanism of neonatally induced transplantation tolerance was studied in two mouse strain combinations involving differences at the D region of the H‐2 complex only or at the same D region plus I‐J subregion (including I‐E, I‐C, S and G regions). In the strain combination with the H‐2D difference only, cells from tolerant mice proliferated markedly in the MLR assay when incubated with antigens tolerated in vivo, whereas the MLR reactions were negative in the combination with D plus I‐J region disparities. In the latter combination cells from tolerant mice also did not respond to third‐party antigens and their incubation with the tolerated antigens led to the suppression of cell proliferation. This non‐specific suppression was absent in cells from tolerant mice in the strain combination, which differed in I‐C, S, G and D alloantigens. Specific suppressor cells, which inhibited the development of cytotoxic cells, were demonstrated in tolerant mice of both strain combinations. The results show that, in addition to the specific suppressor cells induced by H‐2K or H‐2D alloantigens, non‐specific suppressor cells induced by the I‐J region disparity that may regulate the resultant activity against H‐2D (and probably also H‐2K) alloantigens are involved in transplantation tolerance.
GENETICS OF CHINESE HAMSTER MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTIVITY
Authors: Jong B. de , Anders G. J. P. A. , Van De Meer I. H. , Zijlstra J. , Wierda J.
Published: April 2007

Two‐way and one‐way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) with Chinese Hamster peripheral blood lymphocytes were performed. Reduction of the culture surface and addition of 2‐mercaptoethanol to the culture medium gives a marked enhancement of the reactivity of low numbers of lymphocytes in the MLC. Genetic analysis of the mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) in the animals studied so far indicates that three or four different alleles are involved. Howerver, not all phenotypes could be traced. The samples of different stocks of Chinese Hamsters in Europe and the United States did not all share the same alleles and the samples were also different as regards the relative frequency of phenotypes. For DNA inhibition in stimulating cells mitomycin C treatment is less suitable than irradiation. Skin graft survival time was longer in animals which showed no MLR than in animals with a positive MLR.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO COLLAGEN: I. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF RESPONSE LEVELS BY MULTIPLE I‐REGION GENES
Authors: Hedrick S. M. , Watson J. D.
Published: April 2007

The antibody response in mice to type I calf skin collagen is quantitatively determined by genes which map to the I region of the H‐2 histocompatibility complex. The use of H‐2 recombinant B10 congenic strains of mice reveals that a gene in the IA subregion and a gene to the right of the IA subregion affect responsivenss. To examine complementation patterns in the antibody response to collagen, five B10 congenic strains, each bearing an independent H‐2 haplotype, were intercrossed to obtain nine hybrid strains heterozygous at the H‐2 locus. In five combinations heterozygous progeny produced significantly greater antibody responses than those observed for the homozygous parental strains. Two low responder haplotypes, H‐2k and H‐2d, were shown to be qualitatively different. Mice of these haplotypes show a different dose‐response pattern and a different phenotypic pattern of inheritance with respect to the high responder H‐2b haplotype. Complementation effects found in F1 hybrid mice derived from H‐2 recombinant parental strains indicate that high responsiveness, controlled by an IAb subregion gene, can be influenced by an interaction between an IAk subregion gene and an ICd subregion gene on different chromosomes. These data are consistent with the possibility that there exist two or more I region genes that have distinct functions and can interact to affect the levels of immune responsiveness.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Teitelbaum Dvora , Arnon Ruth
Published: April 2007

Genetic analysis of susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was performed in guinea‐pigs. The results indicate the existence of two Irgenes to EAE in susceptible strain 13 guinea‐pigs. One gene is linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of this species, while the other one is located outside the MHC. The two genes segregate independently and both of them must be expressed to render the animal susceptible to EAE.
A HUMAN DISPERMIC CHIMAERA FIRST SUSPECTED FROM ANALYSIS OF THE BLOOD GROUP GENE‐SPECIFIED GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES
Authors: Watkins Winifred M. , Yates A. D. , Greenwell Pamela , Bird G. W. G. , Gibson M. , Roy T. C. F. , Wingham June , Loeb W.
Published: April 2007

The red cells of a normal male blood donor, K.S., were first grouped as B but he was found to lack anti‐A in his serum. Closer investigation revealed that his red cells had very weak A activity, demonstrable only by absorption and elution of anti‐A. He is a non‐secretor of ABH and a secretor of Lea. Blood group A‐, B and H‐gene specified glycosyltransferases were detected in his serum. In contrast to the finding of a B antigen of normal strength on his red cells, the B transferase in his serum was only about 30% of the normal level and, despite the very weak A activity of K.S.'s red cells, the A transferase level was about 50% of that found in the serum of group A individuals with normal strength of A antigen. Moreover, the A transferase on the basis of its pH optimum, Km values for donor and acceptor substrates, activation by divalent cations, isoelectric focusing profile and capacity to convert O to A‐active cells, was characterized as the product of an A1 gene. A family study showed that K.S.'s wife is group A2 and that they have two sons, one group A2 and the other group B. The group B son is assumed to have inherited a B gene from the propositus but the level of B transferase in the son's serum is three times as high as that in his father's serum. The wife of the propositus and his group A2 son have normal A2 transferases in keeping with their A2 red cell status. The A2 son therefore appears to have inherited an A2 gene from his mother but neither the A1 nor the B gene shown to be carried by his father. The distribution of transferase activities in K.S.'s red cells differs from that in his serum. A level of B transferase within the normal range was found in his red cell membranes but a very low level of A transferase was detected. The discrepancies between the serum transferases and ABO‐red cell group, together with the pattern of inheritance within the family, led to a suspicion of chimaerism. This was confirmed by the finding of fibroblasts with the female 46XX karyotype in cultures of the propositus' skin. These results suggest that K.S. is a dispermic chimaera with two different cell lines of the genotypes BO and A1O or A1A1. The group A2 son is assumed to have inherited an O gene from his father. It seems probable that K.S.'s bone marrow and reproductive organs are comprised predominantly of the XY cell line which carries the blood group BO genotype whereas his skin and other tissues which contribute the A1 transferase to his plasma, are partly made up of the XX cell line which carries the blood group A1O or A1A1 genotype.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Vogel F.
Published: April 2007

Principles of Gene Manipulation. Studies in Microbiology
MHC GENE CONTROL OF GROWTH OF AVIAN SARCOMA VIRUS‐INDUCED TUMOURS IN CHICKENS: A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF VIRUS STRAIN
Authors: McBride R. A. , Cutting J. A. , Schierman L. W. , Strebel F. R. , Watanabe D. H.
Published: April 2007

A comparison was made of growth patterns (progression/regression) of tumours induced by different strains of avian sarcoma virus in two partially congenic inbred lines of chickens homozygous for different MHC haplotypes. In each instance studied, the ability to regress tumours was shown to be a dominant trait controlled by MHC‐linked genes. The results also demonstrate a difference in growth pattern between tumours induced by different strains of virus in an inbred line as well as different growth patterns of tumours induced by the same strain of virus in the two inbred lines. We conclude that the MHC‐linked resistance gene is part of a polymorphic genetic region and, in addition, that there is immunogenic heterogeneity of the viral gene product expressed on tumour cells induced by closely related viral strains which is relevant to tumour regression. We suggest that the product of the src gene, p60src, is a plausible candidate for the immunogenic target of the MHC‐linked rejection response.
COMPLEMENTING MHC‐ AND NON‐MHC‐LINKED GENES AND RESISTANCE TO AVIAN SARCOMA VIRUS‐INDUCED TUMOURS IN INBRED LINES OF CHICKENS
Authors: Cutting J. A. , Watanabe D. H. , Strebel F. R. , McBride R. A.
Published: April 2007

Schmidt‐Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus, subgroup B (SR‐RSV‐B), was inoculated into the wingwebs of chickens from three partially congenic inbred lines, G‐B1, G‐B2 and G‐B3, homozygous for different MHC (B region) haplotypes (genotypes =B1/B1, B2/B2 and B3/B3 respectively). All birds developed tumours but only the G‐B2 line resisted progressive tumour growth. Birds from lines G‐B1 and G‐B3 approached 100% susceptibility to progressive tumour growth, whereas most (G‐B1 x G‐B3) F1 hybrids were resistant to tumours induced by SR‐RSV‐B. The association of the resistance trait in F1 hybrids with genes of the B region was investigated by testing progeny of (G‐B1 x G‐B3) x G‐B1 F1 and (G‐B1 x G‐B2) x G‐B3 F1 backcross matings. Approximately 27% of the backcross population was resistant to SR‐RSV‐B‐induced tumours and these resistant offspring were predominantly of the B1/B3 phenotype.

We interpret these results to mean that resistance to progressive tumour growth involves complementation between genes (allelic or at separate loci) linked to or within the B region and that resistance is effective only when the complementing B region genes act in concert with complementing genes which assort independently of the MHC. We suggest that complementing B region‐linked genes are homologues of complementing murine H‐2‐linked Ir genes. The function of the B region in determining growth of sarcomas may therefore be analogous to that of Ir genes.
LINKAGE OF NEURAMINIDASE AND α‐MANNOSIDASE TO THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE RAT
Authors: VandeBerg J. L. , Bittner G. N. , Meyer G. S. , Kunz H. W. , Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

Variation in enzyme activity of liver neuraminidase and in electrophoretic mobility of liver α‐mannosidase is controlled by a gene or by independently acting genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex of the rat.
Pi‐Gm LINKAGE: EVIDENCE FOR LINKAGE IN MALES BUT NOT IN FEMALES AND FOR AN EFFECT OF THE S ALLELE OF THE Pi SYSTEM
Authors: Chapuis‐Cellier C. , Verdier M. , Lepetit J. C. , Fudenberg H. H. , Arnaud P.
Published: April 2007

Linkage between the Pi (alpha1‐antitrypsin) and Gm (immunoglobulin heavy chain) loci was studied in thirty‐four families including forty‐one informative parents and 142 children. In females, the results did not provide evidence for linkage (posterior probability of non‐linkage 0.98). In contrast, in males, there was strong evidence for linkage (peak lod 3.9 at 0= 0.18, posterior probability of linkage 0.98). The two populations appeared to be significantly different (0.001 < P < 0.01) with respect to the heterogeneity criterion of Morton. In addition, the effect of the possession of the S allele (associated with significantly decreased serum alpha1‐antitrypsin levels) was studied in fifteen informative parents and fifty‐three children of the same group. No evidence for or against linkage was found in females, but in males close linkage between Pi S and Gm was demonstrated (peak lod 7.7 at 0= 0.05, posterior probability of linkage 0.9999). These data indicate significant linkage between Pi and Gm in males but not females and close linkage between the Pi S and Gm markers in males.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HAEMOGLOBIN: I. DEMONSTRATION OF SEPARATE GENETIC CONTROL OF THE RESPONSES TO THE α‐ AND β‐SUBUNITS BY IN VITRO LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION
Authors: Krco J. , Kazim A. L. , Atassi M. Z. , David C. S.
Published: April 2007

These studies were undertaken to analyse the genetic control of the immune response to an oligomeric protein and the role of individual subunits in the regulation of the response. Human adult haemoglobin (Hb) was selected as a model for these studies because it is a well‐characterized protein and its antigenic structure is being determined in our laboratories. Mice of various congenic strains were immunized with Hb and the lymph node cells from Hb‐primed mice were challenged in vitro with Hb, and its α‐chain and β‐chains as well as an appropriate control antigen. Lymphocyte proliferation was determined by 3H‐thymidine incorporation. The data collected indicated that mice of the H‐2b and H‐2d haplotypes were high responders while H‐2k, H‐2s, H‐2q and H‐2j haplotype mice were low responders to Hb. Studies with H‐2 recombinant strains indicated that the immune response to Hb and its subunits is determined by genes in the I‐A subregion and the D end of the H‐2 complex. The significance of these findings in terms of control and regulation of the overall response to native Hb are discussed.
H‐2D ANTIGENS RELEASED BY THYMOCYTES AND CELL ADHESION
Authors: Curtis A. S. G. , Davies M. D. J.
Published: April 2007

The identity and complete purification of mouse Thymocyte Interaction Modulation Factor (T IMF) is described. Use of silver‐stained PAGE methods shows that previous methods of purification yield preparations containing two protein or glycoprotein bands. T IMF activity from H‐2k mice can be bound to 15.5.5 monoclonal antibody columns (anti H‐2 Dk) but not to 11.4.1 columns (anti H‐2 Kk). The activity can be recovered from 15.5.5 columns and runs on PAGE as a single band at approximately 34,000 Daltons. This evidence together with previous evidence relating the activity to H‐2 D locus argues that T IMF is a soluble H‐2 D antigen fragment equivalent to a papainized H‐2 fragment. Additional evidence is presented on an improved method of assay of T IMF activity, on its inactivation by enzymes and serine‐esterase inhibitors and of its effect on syngeneic leucocytes and macrophages. It is also shown that T IMF is not appreciably toxic for cells.
LACK OF ASSOCIATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO RAGWEED ANTIGEN E, Ra 3 AND Ra5 WITH THE HLA SYSTEM
Authors: Blumenthal*, M. N. , Yunis, E. , Gleich, G. , Mendell, N. , Stoy*, P. , And G. Walsh* , Roitman‐Johnson* B.
Published: April 2007

One hundred and sixty‐five individuals with ragweed rhinitis and asthma were studied. The associations between the HLA system and: Ra3 skin‐test response, Ra3 RAST, Ra3/antigen E skin‐test reactivity ratio, Ra5 skin‐test response, Ra5 RAST, Ra5/antigen E skin‐test reactivity ratio, serum IgE levels, antigen E skin‐test response, and antigen E RAST were studied. In addition, the influence of the serum IgE levels of these immune parameters were evaluated. No highly significant associations were noted.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HAEMOGLOBIN:
Authors: Krco, C. J. , Kazim, A. L. , And M. Z. Atassi , David C. S.
Published: April 2007

Mice of independent haplotypes and several recombinant inbred strains were immunized with highly purified preparations of either the α‐chain or β‐chain subunit of human adult haemoglobin. Cells from the sensitized lymph nodes were challenged in vitro with the appropriate subunit (or in some cases both chains) and cell proliferation assessed by 3H‐thymidine incorporation. Mice of the H‐2b and H‐2d haplotypes were high responders to α‐chain while mice of the H‐2f, H‐2j, H‐2k, H‐2r, H‐2s, H‐2u, and H‐2v haplotypes were low responders. The low responsiveness of B10.A(4R) and B10.MBR and the high responsiveness of B10 indicated that the Ir gene(s) determining responsiveness to the α‐chain subunit resides in the I‐A subregion of the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Mice of the H‐2d, H‐2f, and H‐2s haplotypes were high respoders and H‐2b, H‐2f, H‐2q, and H‐2u haplotype mice were low responders to β‐chain. H‐2k, H‐2p, H‐2r, and H‐2v haplotype mice were intermediated responders to β‐chain. The low responsiveness of B10.S(8R) and B10.TL and the high responsivenes of B10.S(9R) mapped the Ir gene(s) to β‐chain to the I‐A subregion. Data collected from challenging high responder cells with both subunits indicated that α‐chain and β‐chain do not crossreact. These results are discussed in reference to earlier observations suggesting that the low responsiveness of some strains of mice to priming and challenging using the intact haemoglobin molecule might be due to a negative regulatory influence mediated by one of the subunits. In the absence of this influence these mice would respond normally.
C4 HAPLOTYPE PRODUCTS AND PARTIAL INHIBITION OF ANTI‐RODGERS SERA
Authors: Nordhagen R. , Olaisen B. , Teisberg P. , Gedde‐Dahl Jr T. , Thorsby E.
Published: April 2007

Electrophoretic and serologic investigations of C4 in serum samples from a family material, showed that a weak, or partial, inhibition of anti‐Rg sera, was an inherited property of some of the C4 haplotype products. The weak Rg activity was strongly, but not absolutely associated with the C4 FI and C4 I haplotypes.
THE ASSOCIATION OF AN HLA‘ASTHMA‐ASSOCIATED’ HAPLOTYPE AND IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FAMILIAL ASTHMA
Authors: Brady R. E. , Glovsky M. M. , Opelz G. , Terasaki P. , Malish D. M.
Published: April 2007

Fifty‐seven members from ten families in which one parent and at least one child have asthma were studies with dilutional skin tests and RAST to grass pollens after determination of HLA haplotypes. We found no direct evidence for linkage of a hypothetical asthma locus with HLA or for a significant association of asthma with HLA haplotypes. Linkage between the HLA loci and a gene or genes which allow for the expression of clinical asthma could neither be proven nor disproven due to the small sample size. All of the asthmatic children had positive dilutional skin tests and RAST, suggesting that atopic asthma may be genetically controlled by the HLA chromosome (chromosome 6). Nonetheless, determination of the histocompatibility antigens can increase the value of predictive risk analysis for asthma. Such a determination may be important in the early identification of a child born to a family with atopic asthma.
OOCYTES REACT WITH ANTIBODY DIRECTED AGAINST H‐2 BUT NOT Ia ANTIGENS
Authors: Heyner Susan , Hunziker R. D.
Published: April 2007

Mouse oocytes at the dictyate stage were tested for the presence of H‐2 antigens and Ia antigens, by means of indirect immunofluorescence. Oocytes reacted positively with NIH alloantisera, but were negative with anti‐Ia region alloantisera. Results with monoclonal antibodies indicate very low antigen density on oocytes.
MURINE LYMPHOCYTE ALLOANTIGENS: THE Ly‐4 LOCUS
Authors: McKenzie T. A. Potter, I. F. C. , Cherry M. C.
Published: April 2007

The murine Ly‐4 locus is further described with the definition of both Ly‐4.1 and 4.2 specificities and the demonstration of linkage of H‐3 on Chromosome 2. As has been found for several other Ly‐specificities, both Ly‐4 specificities are absent from the thymus, but are found on peripheral T and B cells, with B cells having the greatest antigen expression. The expression of both Ly‐4 specificities was influenced by an H‐2‐linked gene, mapping in or near the H‐2D locus.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTISERA TO Mph‐1, THE MOUSE MACROPHAGE ALLOANTIGEN
Authors: Archer J. R. , Dewar* A. Edna
Published: April 2007

Mph‐1 is an alloantigen demonstrable on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Two lines, B10M.I and C.I, have been bred for use with strains I/StDa or BALB/c to produce appropriate alloantisera. Optimal immunization procedures for production of anti‐Mph‐1.2 (the common antigen) are described. Antisera against Mph‐1.1 have so far been obtained only erratically.

Antisera show complement dependent cytotoxicity against normal peritoneal macrophages and cultured blood monocytes but have no obvious effect on peritoneal lymphocytes or cultured blood neutophils. Absorption studies show that cell for cell normal peritoneum has about fifteen times more antigen than lymph node, spleen, liver or bone marrow and at least eighty times more than thymus. We were unable to use the antiserum to cause passive enhancement of skin grafts in mice.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES AND IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MENINGOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDES A AND C
Authors: Pandey J. P. , Ambrosch F. , Fudenberg H. H. , Stanek G. , Wiedermann G.
Published: April 2007

Serum samples were collected from 113 healthy Caucasian volunteers before and after vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharides (MPS) group A and group C. Antibodies to MPS group A and group C were measured and sera were typed for several Gm and Km (1) allotypes. A significant association was found between the Gm 1,3,17; 5,13,14,21 phenotype and low immune responsiveness to MPS group A. These results suggest the possible existence of an immunoglobulin allotype‐linked immune suppression (Is) gene(s) in man.