bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crude oil price-exchange rate nexus in Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Farhat , Raziq Abdul
Published: March 2019

This paper studies the association between price of crude oil and the Pakistani Rupee-US Dollar exchange. Asymmetric power autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (APARCH) model is used to measure the influence of oil price on the nominal exchange rate using daily data of extreme oil price volatility (2006 – 2013). This model is found to fit the data well and the results reveal a high degree of volatility persistence and leverage effect in returns. This study also establishes a positive association between currency exchange rate and oil price. These findings provide insight into the transmission link between the global oil market and exchange rate.
The Effects of Financial Crisis on Hedging Efficiency of Indian Rubber Future Markets
Authors: Govindan Nair Saji Thazhungal
Published: March 2019

This research, under Engle-Granger Co-integration framework, examines the hedging efficiency of Indian rubber future markets during the period 2004-2017. The essence of this study is to seek evidence for the effects of global financial crisis of 2008 on the efficiency of rubber futures in hedging  price risks of spot rubber in India. The study proved the hedging efficiency of rubber futures during both pre and post recession periods. However, increased price volatility of Indian rubber after recession heightened risk exposure to market participants that eventually lead to unexpected changes in the hedging efficiency of rubber futures.  The research concludes with a suggestion that writing of rubber futures in India allows traders to hedge risk exposures in spot market along with the potentials of arbitrage gains.
Prediction intervals in the ARFIMA model using bootstrap G
Authors: Franco Glaura C. , Lana Gustavo C. , Reisen Valderio A.
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a bootstrap resampling scheme to build pre-diction intervals for future values in fractionally autoregressive movingaverage (ARFIMA) models. Standard techniques to calculate forecastintervals rely on the assumption of normality of the data and do nottake into account the uncertainty associated with parameter estima-tion. Bootstrap procedures, as nonparametric methods, can overcomethese diculties. In this paper, we test two bootstrap prediction in-tervals based on the nonparametric bootstrap in the residuals of theARFIMA model. In this paper, two bootstrap prediction intervals areproposed based on the nonparametric bootstrap in the residuals ofthe ARFIMA model. The rst one is the well known percentile boot-strap, (Thombs and Schucany, 1990; Pascual et al., 2004), never usedfor ARFIMA models to the knowlegde of the authors. For the secondapproach, the intervals are calculated using the quantiles of the empir-ical distribution of the bootstrap prediction errors (Masarotto, 1990;Bisaglia e Grigoletto, 2001). The intervals are compared, througha Monte Carlo experiment, to the asymptotic interval, under Gaus-sian and non-Gaussian error distributions. The results show that thebootstrap intervals present coverage rates closer to the nominal levelassumed, when compared to the asymptotic standard method. An ap-plication to real data of temperature in New York city is also presentedto illustrate the procedures.
Research on the Relationship between Financial Development, Capital Stock and Economic Development
Authors: Jie Xu
Published: March 2019

In the process of economic development, influenced by many factors, this paper establishes a regression model between capital stock and financial development under the influence of endogenous growth theory to analyze the change of capital stock in the process of economic growth. It is found that financial development plays a greater role in the capital stock, and the role played by financial markets is weaker than that of financial intermediaries
How household healthcare expenditures redistribute disposable income? An analysis using Bangladesh household income and expenditure survey, 2010.
Authors: Molla 1 Azaher , Chi 2 Chunhuei
Published: March 2019

Essential healthcare is a civil right. Payments toward healthcare is a moral compulsion, and no less strong than legal compulsion like income tax. Healthcare payments can redistribute disposable income. Redistribution may be vertical (from rich to poor or opposite) and horizontal (from men to women or from households without children to households with children). Health planners are interested in degrees to which redistribution occurs. In this paper, we aim to analyze how well different forms of healthcare payments in Bangladesh redistribute disposable income. Our data comes from Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2010. Using the methods developed by Aronson et al. (1994), we assessed average rate effect, progressivity, horizontal equity and re-ranking. The results suggest that Bangladesh health systems finance has a pro-rich redistribution of disposable income. Post-payment disposable income decreases for the poor and increases for the rich. As a result, the poor are in a shortfall in disposable income, which ultimately get them to impoverishment, and or push them to deeper poverty. On the contrary, the rich become richer due to increase in post-payment disposable income. This leads to an increase in inequality.
Risk Governance Structure and Firm Performance: An (Exploratory) Empirical Study in Indian Context
Authors: Shivaani M.V.
Published: March 2019

The study attempts to explore the relationship between riskgovernance structureand firm performance. In perhaps the first of its kind attempt, a normative framework for risk governance structures is being put forward. Based on the framework, an index indicating strength/quality of risk governance structures is proposed. Then, the impact of risk governance structure on firm performance is gauged. To this end, the study makes use of constituents of S&P CNX500 index and covers a ten year period from April 1, 2005 to March 31, 2015.To control for potential endogeneity among variables of interest, the study makes use of a robust and reliable methodology,‘difference-GMM’. In addition, to ensure completeness of results, the study employs control variables such as recession dummy, firm’s age, size, and growth rate and leverage ratio. The results suggest that robust risk governance structures do not necessarily lead to better firm performance. In fact, risk governance index is negatively related to both ROA and ROE. The relationship is not statistically significant but has wide economic implications. A prominent implication being, mere constitution of risk management committee and appointment of CRO will not improve firm performance; regulators and companies need to ensure that governance structures are not too rigid, excessively risk averse and ineffective and inefficient in decision making. Given the simplicity and reliability of the proposed risk governance index, and the recommendations put forth in the paper, the study is expected to be of immense utility in an important yet neglected area of risk governance.
A λ-c- genetic Algorithm for Integrals with Fuzzy Measure
Authors: Shirdel Gholam Hassan
Published: March 2019

In this paper, beginning we define a fuzzy Parametric measure, with having values of a weight function on n points. Afterwards, we obtain one equation by use from properties of fuzzy measure that with solving equation, we define parameters of fuzzy measure. For solving equation, we design a  genetic algorithm and hereby we provide the facility of solving integrals.
Dynamics of Bianchi type-V anisotropic dark energy cosmological model in a scale covariant theory of gravitation
Authors: Reddy 1 Dandala Radhakrishna
Published: March 2019

This paper is devoted to the discussion of dynamical properties of anisotropic dark energy cosmological model of the universe in a Bianchi type-V space time in the framework of scale covariant theory of gravitation formulated by Canuto et al.(phys.Rev.Lett.39:429,1977).A  dark energy cosmological model is presented by solving the field equations of this theory by using some physically viable conditions. The dynamics of the model is  studied  by computing the cosmological parameters, dark energy density, equation of state(EoS) parameter, skewness parameters, deceleration parameter and the jerk parameter. This being a scalar field model gives us the quintessence model of the universe which describes a significant dark energy candidate of our accelerating universe. All the physical quantities discussed are in agreement with the recent cosmological observations.
Evaluating Models and Effective Factors Obtained from Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in the Prediction of Forest Fire Risk, Structured Review
Authors: Karimi1 Akram , Abdollahi2 Sara , Ostad-Ali-Askari3 Kaveh , P. Singh4 Vijay , Eslamian5 Saeid , Heidarian5 Ali , Nekooei5 Mohsen , Gholami3 Hossein , Pazdar6 Sona
Published: March 2019

Fire is a phenomenon occurs in most parts of the world and causes severe financial losses and sometimes, irreparable damages. Many parameters are involved in the occurrence of a fire; some of which are constant over time (at least in a fire cycle), but the others are dynamic and vary over time. Unlike the earthquake, the disturbance of fire depends on a set of physical, chemical, and biological relations. Monitoring the changes to predict the occurrence of fire is efficient in forest management.Method: In this research, the Persian and English databases were structurally searched using the keywords of fire risk modeling, fire risk, fire risk prediction, and remote sensing and the reviewed papers that reviewed predicted the fire risk in the field of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System were retrieved. Then, the modeling and zoning data of fire risk prediction were extracted and analyzed in a descriptive manner. Accordingly, the study was conducted in 1995-2017. Findings: Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) zoning method was more practical among the applied methods and the plant moisture stress measurement was the most efficient among the remote sensing indices.Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that RS and GIS are an effective tool in the study of fire risk prediction.
Morris method with improved sampling strategy and Sobol’ variance-based method, as validation tool on numerical model of Richard’s equation
Authors: Goh Sunny
Published: March 2019

Richard’s equation was approximated by finite-difference numerical scheme to model water infiltration profile in variably unsaturated soil. The published data of Philip’s semi-analytical solution was used to validate the simulated results from the numerical scheme. A discrepancy was found between the simulated and the published semi-analytical results. Morris method as a global sensitivity tool was used as an alternative to local sensitivity analysis to assess the results discrepancy. Morris method with different sampling strategies were tested, of which Manhattan distance method have resulted a better sensitivity measures and also a better scan of input space than Euclidean method. Moreover, Morris method at  and Manhattan distance sampling strategy, with only 2 extra simulation runs than local sensitivity analysis, was able to produce reliable sensitivity measures ( , ). The sensitivity analysis results were cross-validated by Sobol’ variance-based method with 150,000 simulation runs. The global sensitivity tool has identified three important parameters, of which spatial discretization size was the sole reason of the discrepancy observed. In addition, a high proportion of total output variance contributed by parameters  and  is suggesting a greater significant digits is required to reduce its input uncertainty range.
Reaction Mechanism and kinetics of In-Situ Polymerization of Pyrrole onto Textiles: A Review
Authors: Maity Subhankar
Published: March 2019

Research of electro-conductive textiles based on conductive polymers like polypyrrole, has increased in the recent years due to their high potential applications in various field. Conductive polymers behave like insulator in their neutral states with typical electrical conductivity in the range 10-10 to 10-25 Scm-1. These neutral polymers can be converted into semi-conductive or conductive states with conductivities range of 1 Scm-1 to 10-4 Scm-1 through chemical or electro-chemical redox reactions. By the applications of these polymers onto a textile surface, we can be able to obtain novel composites which are strong, flexible, light weight and highly electro-conductive. These textile composites are suitable for applications such as heating pads, sensors, corrosion-protecting materials, actuators, electrochromic devices, EMI shielding etc. The methods of applications of conductive polymers onto the textile surface such as in-situ chemical, in-situ electro-chemical, in-situ vapor phase, in-situ polymerization in a supercritical fluid, solution coating process are described here briefly. Merits and demerits of these methods are mentioned here. Reaction mechanisms of chemical and electro-chemical polymerization proposed by the different researcher are described. Different factors affecting the kinetics of chemical and electro-chemical polymerization are accounted. Influence of textile materials on the kinetics of chemical polymerization is reviewed and reported.
The displacement view of a multilayered HSDT plate
Authors: Pal Priyaranjan
Published: March 2019

This paper presents the state of displacement of a multilayered composite laminate subjected to transverse static load with varying balance, symmetric and anti-symmetric angle-ply and cross-ply staking sequences. Higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is considered in the finite element formulation of nine-noded isoparametric element with seven degrees of freedom at each node. The finite element formulation is transformed into computer codes. A convergence study is carried out first to obtain the optimal mesh size for minimizing the computational time. The maximum deflection at the center of plate for both fixed and simply supported edges is verified with reported literature and a good conformity is found. An attempt has been made to observe the minimum value of maximum deflection in the laminate for attaining the maximum strength of laminate with a suitable combination of stacking sequences with a constant volume of material.
Abrasion Behaviour of Wool-Viscose Hand Tufted Carpets using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Gupta Shravan Kumar , Agarwal Anupam , Kumar Anupam
Published: March 2019

The effect of viscose blend in pile yarn, pile height and pile density on abrasion resistance of hand tufted carpets has been studied. The interaction between the process variables has been analyzed by using response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design of experiment. Overall, higher percentage (%) of viscose in the blend, lower pile height and lower pile density yield the minimum abrasion loss for the hand tufted carpets.
Ti-Mo alloys: corrosion study in solutions simulating commercial gels
Authors: Varella Rodrigues Aline , Carlos Guastaldi Antonio
Published: March 2019

Regarding to the influence of chloride and fluoride ions on the corrosion resistance, the electrochemical behavior of Ti alloys has been deeply studied. In this work, the main goal was to investigate the electrochemical behavior of cp-Ti and Ti-Mo alloys containing 6, 10 and 15 wt% of Mo concentrations. All the samples were immersed in different solutions, such as 0.15 mol L-1 Na2SO4, 0.15 mol L-1 Ringer, 0.15 mol L-1 Ringer plus 0.036 mol L-1 NaF and 0.036 mol L-1 NaF. Simulating the commercial fluorinated gels, the NaF solutions naturally-aerated were prepared with 1450 ppm of fluoride ions. The electrochemical techniques applied in this work were the open-circuit potential, cyclic voltammetry, besides the technique for chemical identification, which was X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The formation and growth of TiO2 and MoO2 were identified, without pitting corrosion. The electrochemical stability and the corrosion resistance of the Ti-Mo alloys decreased in the solutions containing chloride and fluoride ions, with an appreciative decrease especially in the fluorinated medium. The Ti-Mo alloy with higher Mo content concentration was the material with higher corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is a promising candidate as a biomaterial, once the osseointegration needs a satisfactory corrosion resistance for being achieved.
Managerial approach for transplanted rare plants: A proposal
Authors: Matsui Akira
Published: March 2019

The species currently listed as rare plants are roughly divided into two types. The populations of one type of rare plants (including Pellionia minima Makino) have decreased due to habitat changes (e.g., from a wet environment to a dry environment) by human-driven development. The populations of the other type of rare plants (including disturbance-dependent species) have decreased because they are unmanaged. The former type of plants is stress tolerance-strategy or competition-strategy species, whereas the latter is only ruderal-strategy species. The stress tolerance-strategy or competition-strategy species do not need management after the protection period ends, but the ruderal-strategy species require adaptive management even after the protection period expires. The protection period of P. minima (a stress-tolerant competitor) is estimated to be approx. 1 year after transplant because P. minima have sufficient ecological adaptability and resilience, and growth in these plants is confirmed roughly 1 year after transplant.
Determination of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in the leaves and flowers from linden trees in Kırklareli province
Authors: Üner Osman , Torlak Cihan , Özcan Cemile
Published: March 2019

For five different regions in Kırklareli province, heavy metals; such as Pb, Ni, Cu, Mn, Cd, Cr, Co, Zn, Mo, and Fe in the mixture of leaves and flowers from linden trees (Tilia tomentosa L.) were analyzed by using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy after the samples were dissolved with microwave method. Also, organochloride pesticides; such as ∑BHC: [α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, and δ-BHC], ∑DDT: [4,4’-DDD, 4,4’-DDE, and 4,4’-DDT], α-Endosulfan, β-Endosulfan, Endosulfan sulfate, Heptachlor, Heptachlor-endo-epoxide, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin aldehyde, Endrin ketone, Endrin and Methoxychlor in these samples were determined by utilizing gas chromatography mass spectroscopy after the samples were prepared for analyses by using QuEChERS method. The metal concentrations in the samples were in the range of 45.3 to 268 mg/kg for Mn, 0.25 to 18.8 mg/kg for Cu, 11.5 to 46.1 mg/kg for Zn, 128 to 1310 mg/kg for Fe, 10.4 to 38.6 mg/kg for Mo, 0.82 to 1.34 mg/kg for Cd, 0 to 6.45 mg/kg for Ni, 0 to 19.2 mg/kg for Pb, and 0 to 8.25 mg/kg for Cr. Moreover, the concentrations of organochloride pesticides in samples were usually determined to be lower than their maximum residue level values given the pesticide residue limit regulation of Turkish Food Codex.
Studies on some medicinal plants obtained from a dry tropical forest with emphasis on their antioxidant properties
Authors: Ansari 1 Iqbal , Maiti 1 Deblina
Published: March 2019

Antioxidants are derivatives of vitamin C or beta-carotene that prevent reactions stimulated by oxygen, peroxides, or free radicals, thus reducing the oxidative stress. They have found their way into many uses in treating several human diseases and reducing the risk of developing diseases like cancer. In view of this property, the present study was focussed in identifying several plants possessing antioxidative properties and which were also conserved in the ex-situ park of CSIR – Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India. Fifteen medicinal plants including herbs, shrubs and grasses are reported in this paper, and a collective insight has been presented about their antioxidant properties and the present state of their pharmacological applications. The specific chemical constituents abundant in the leaves, roots, stems, seeds and fruits of each of these plants have also been dealt with. To report a few antioxidant pharmacological preparations from Ayurvedic literature are Vimang, Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK4, MAK5), Maharishi Ayurved (MA631, MA47), MA Raja’s Cup, MA Student Rasayana and MA Ladies Rasayana. This review has been attempted to enhance the importance of the plants which are generally being neglected, so that it can used by the local people in rural areas for their cultivation and it will also pave the pathway for their subsequent future use in medicinal and research industry for drug formulation.
Pattern and Characterisation of Human casualties in Sundarban by Tiger attacks, India
Authors: Das Chandan Surabhi
Published: March 2019

A large number of people of the fringe areas of Sundarban enter into the forests every year and encounter with the tigers simply for their livelihood. This study attempts to examine the extent and impact of human-animal conflicts in the Sundarban Reserve Forest (SRF) area in West Bengal, India. An intensive study of the data of the victims (both death and injury) between 1999 and 2014 reveals that, fishermen crab collector, honey collectors and woodcutters are generally victimized by the tiger attack. Pre monsoon period (April to June) and early winter period (Jan to March) are noted for the two-peak periods for casualties. Maximum casualty occurs between 8-10 am, and 2-4 pm. Jhilla (21.1%), Pirkhali (19.72 %), Chandkhali (11.72%), and Arbesi (9.35%) are the four most vulnerable forest blocks accounting more than 60 per cent occurrence of incidences. 67.24 per cent of the tiger attack victims were residents of Gosaba followed by Hingalganja (15%) and Basanti, (9.76%). The vulnerability rating puts the risk of tiger attack to 0.88 for every 10,000 residents of Gosaba block followed by 0.33 at Hingalganj Block and 0.11 at Bansanti Block. The majority of the victims (68%) were found to be males, aged between 30 and 50 years.
The unprsendant farmland soil monitoring project and feasible remediaiton approach in Taiwan
Authors: TEH T Y
Published: March 2019

Soil and groundwater remediation Act was enacted in year 2000. More than ten years has already passed,  Monitoring project has been completed,pollution status has been defined,contaminated sites depollution have been launched,a great progress has been made. This paper majorly to depict the extensive farmland soil qauality monittoring which is unpredent in Taiwan and believe has never been done worldwide. This project was initiated from February 8th, 2002 to August 8th, 2002. The project tasks including digitalization of cadastre, farmland listing, basic information collecting, field investigation, sampling & analysis planning, field sampling, soil sample analysis, data evaluation, suggestion of contaminated farmland control, and analysis of potential pollution sources and transfer routes. 2,251 soil samples,had been sampled from Chang-Hwa County, Yun-Lin County, Nan-Tao County, and Chia-Yi City, and been analyzed in this project. 44% of these samples concentration exceed the soil pollution control standard (Table 1), including 492 farmlands (125.65 ha registered) with total contaminated farming area of 108.38 ha in Chang-Hwa, and 6 farmlands (0.39 ha registered) with total contaminated farming area of 0.39 ha in Nan-Tao County. However, the concentration of samples from Ynu-Lin County and Chia-Yi City do not exceed the soil pollution control standard. To coordinate with the investigation results of the relative project regarding to water and sediment quality of irrigation channels in Chang-Hwa area, the pollution sources are preliminary concluded to be the irrigation channels surrounding the farmlands in Chang-Hwa area. As to the Nan-Tao County, the abandoned brick furnace plants neighboring the farmland are suspected to beThe pollution sources. The results show that the soil of the investigation area in Chang-Hwa County is the most polluted. Base on the Geostatistics study and the distribution of the irrigation channels; the area neighboring the investigated farmland in this project is suspected being polluted. For the farmlands exceeding soil control standard, Geostatistics method is suggested to coordinate with the information of the irrigation system to clarify the contaminated area so as to be the basis of land control and remediation work. As to the farmlands, not being investigated in this project but with high pollution potential according to the Geostatistics study, detail investigations are suggested. Regarding to soil pollution remediation, it is suggested to coordinate with the effluent control and irrigation channel remediationto achieve an all-out success.
Taiwan unlawful remediation approach
Authors: TEH T Y , Wu Minhao , Peng Yp , Chen Kf
Published: March 2019

Soil and groundwater remediation act has been enacted and executed since year 2000 in Taiwan.  It has been ten good years till today where lots of remediation techniques progressively employed to improve Taiwan soil and groundwater resource quality.  Regulatory agencies, academia, remediation consulting firms, on-site professional engineers all have contribute the proud ten years in terms of soil and groundwater clean-up contribution.  However, some of technologies were un-environmental friendly even detrimental and damage to Taiwan precious soil and groundwater resources.  In Article one of the current Taiwan soil and groundwater Act, it clearly stated that soil is a precious nature resources.  Soil definitely is not a waste, shame on us most of current most commonly employed remediation are unlawful and merely aiming to save time and money consideration without any care to our land.  Dig-and-dump and soil acid washing are damaged employed in almost every single local environment agency soil clean-up project.  Lot of money, effort and time has been spent during past ten years.  Most of the spending is not improving soil quality using Green approach.
Canopy Gap phase regeneration: A study in moist temperate forests of Central Himalayas, India
Authors: Dhyani Shalini , Maikhuri R K , Rao K S
Published: March 2019

Broad leaved forests continuously have some asynchronous and localized disturbance events.Tree fall gaps are the dominant form of such disturbances in these forests. Moist temperate forests dominated by Quercus leucotricophora in Garhwal were investigated for study. Ten random transect belts were established in a mixed broadleaved forest patch. The forest comprised of gaps, created by various natural processes. Gaps varied in size ranging from 48 to 589 m2. Microclimatic and edaphic variables of canopy gap and understorey areas were recorded to assess the parameters that influence gap phase regeneration. Forests of the studyarea comprised of gaps that varied in size and shape. Light intensity, soil moisture and soil temperature were prime micro-climatic variables influencing species recruitment in gaps.Species assemblage was recorded higher from gaps than forest understorey (20 and 17 tree species, respectively). Overall recruitment of tree species in understorey and canopy gaps was 3054 seedling ha-1 and 2277 saplings ha-1, respectively. The results obtained during our study show that gap formation process in moist temperate forests of Garhwal promotes a strong but temporary variations in microclimatic environment. This heterogeneity factor determines the biological diversity but needs more long term systematic research in Garhwal for better understanding.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis improves growth and antioxidative response of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) under salt stress.
Authors: Shirani Bidabadi 1 Siamak , Masoumian 2 Majid
Published: March 2019

To investigate the possible role of arbuscular mycrrhizal fungi (AMF) in alleviating the negative effects of salinity on Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.), the regenerated plantlets in tissue culture was transferred to pots in greenhouse and inoculated with Glomus intraradices. Salinity caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll content, photosynthesis efficiency and enhanced the electrolyte leakage. The use of AMF in salt –affected plants resulted in improved all above mentioned characteristics. Hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased in salt stressed plants while a reduction was observed due to AMF inoculation. CAT activity showed a significant increase up to 2 g/l and then followed by decline at 5 g/l NaCl in both AMF and non-AMF treated stevia, however, AMF inoculated plants maintained lower CAT activity at all salinity levels (2 and 5 g/l). Enhanced POX activities in salt- treated stevia plants were decreased by inoculation of plants with AMF. The addition of NaCl to stevia plants also resulted in an enhanced activity of SOD whilst, AMF plants maintained higher SOD activity at all salinity levels than those of non-AMF inoculated plants. AMF inoculation was capable of alleviating the damage caused by salinity on stevia plants by reducing oxidative stress and improving photosynthesis efficiency.
Assessment effect of macronutrients on growth and phytochemical contents of Iranian native spinach
Authors: Mirjalili Seyed Abbas , Poorazizi Elahe
Published: March 2019

Overmuch usage of chemicals in crops, especially in leafy vegetables, caused people exposed to health and environmental risks. In Iran, spinach used as a winter vegetable that believed has high Iron and is useful for anemia. The objective of the experiment was determining optimum usage of each macronutrients for obtaining safe with maximum growth and yield in order to extension among farmers. Treatments were chemical fertilizers including ammonium sulfate, super phosphate triple and potassium sulfate at 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/h against control in a randomized complete block design. Results showed that nitrogen caused elevation of fresh and dry weight in spinach as the maximum obtained in 200 kg/h ammonium sulfate. Results obtained from effect of phosphorus showed that super phosphate increased fresh and dry weight of spinach; but potassium sulfate had no effect on its growth and yield. Analysis of variance on cross effect of data showed significant differences in fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and nitrate, but no in length and wide of leaves.
Seed dormancy as an obstacle ın front of plant production
Authors: YILDIZ Mustafa
Published: March 2019

Dormancy is a state of lack of germination/sprouting in seed/tuber although required conditions (temperature, humidity, oxygen and light) are provided. Dormancy is based on hard seed coat dormancy or lack of supply and activity of enzymes (internal dormancy) necessary for germination/sprouting. Dormancy is an important factor limiting production in many field crops. Several physical and chemical pretreatments to production material (seed/tuber) are carried out for overcoming dormancy. Physical and physiological dormancy can be found together in some plants and this event makes difficult to provide high frequency healthy seedling growth. Whereas, emerging of all production material (seed, tuber) sown/planted and forming healthy seedling is a prerequisite of plant production.
Entomopathogens : role of insect pest management in crops
Authors: BAHADUR AMAR BAHADUR
Published: March 2019

Entomopathogens are microorganisms that pathogenic to insect pest. Several species of naturally occurring viz; fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, infect a variety of insect pests and play an important role in agricultural crops controlling insect pest management.  This kind of biopesticide has many advantages and alternative to chemical insecticides, highly specific, safe, and environmentally sustainable. Pest problems are an almost inevitable part of agriculture. They occur largely because agricultural systems are simplified and modifications of natural ecosystems. Viruses, bacteria are host specific and fungi generally have broader host range and can infect both underground and aboveground pests, soil-dwelling nature nematodes are more suitable for managing soil pests. Growing crops in monoculture provides concentrated food resource that allows pest populations to achieve higher densities in natural environments. Some of the most important problems occur when pests develop resistance to chemical pesticides. These cause highly significant damage to crops, there are also threats from emerging new strains of pests. Crops cultivation can make the physico-chemical environment more favourable for pest activity. Agricultural pests are reducing the yield and quality of produce by feeding on crops, transmitting diseases. Agricultural production significantly loss crop yields, suggest that improvements in pest management are significant forward for improving yields. Crop growers are under immense pressure to reduce the use of chemical pesticides without sacrificing yields, but at the same time manage of pests is becoming difficult due to pesticide resistance and the decreasing availability of products. Alternative methods are needed urgently. These need to be used as part of Integrated Pest Management safety and environmental impact.
Absolute point algorithm for solving unbalanced fuzzy transportation problem
Authors: Rathi 1 K. , Muruganantham 2 S.
Published: March 2019

In real time situations, the total availability of goods or product may be more or less than the actual market demand and the unbalanced transportation situation arise more commonly. Such unbalanced Transportation Problems (TP) are solved by introducing dummy source or destination which do not exist in reality. The optimal allocation involves cells from such dummy source or destination and the allocated number of quantities are held back at one or more origins. The paper aims to propose an algorithm based on Absolute Points to solve unbalanced TP under fuzzy environment. The proposed algorithm is advantageous than the existing algorithms  in such a way that it provides the added information of transporting the excess availability from dummy supply point to appropriate destination to meet future demands at minimum cost. Finally, by virtue of the proposed algorithm an example is done to illustrate the practicality and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
B-WIM SYSTEM USING FEWER SENSORS
Authors: Mohammed Yahya M. , Uddin Nasim
Published: March 2019

Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM) is the concept of using measured response on a bridge to calculate the static weights of passing traffic loads as they pass overhead at full highway speed. This paper describes an enhancement to the Moving Force Identification (MFI) algorithm by estimating the response of some DOFs using limited number of measurements in order to increase measurements number (Input). The pseudoinverse of the mode shape matrix has been utilized to approximately calculate the modal response using limited measured response. Then the calculated modal response has been used to estimate more DOFs that are different from the measured one. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique is employed to determine the governing modes that increase the modal response accuracy. Numerical example for quarter car model passing over simply supported bridge has been established to demonstrate the idea.
Accessibility to urban services: influence on pedestrian users of public transit
Authors: Maghelal Praveen K
Published: March 2019

Several studies in the last two decades have investigated the role of built environment on walking. Studies that investigated the role of built environment on walking to transit analyzed the role of various destinations in proximity to the stations. However, few studies have investigated the role of these destinations on walking trip generation at the origin of the trip. Moreover, none of these studies have investigated the role of availability of public services on walking to transit. This study identifies the urban services at the origin of walking trips of the tri-rail commuters in the West Palm, Broward, and Miami-Dade Counties of South Florida. The number of pedestrian users of tri-rail stations and the available urban service were aggregated per Traffic Analysis Zones and analyzed using standard Poisson regression. Findings indicate that availability of urban services such as public education and public recreation have a positive effect on walking to commuter-rail. Implications of this study include the identification and development of Capital Improvement Projects such as libraries to be located in close proximity to schools and colleges. New and proposed train stations should be located in proximity to urban services such as school, colleges, and libraries to encourage pedestrian users.
Overview of active and passive systems for the turboprop modern generation
Authors: Arena Maurizio , Viscardi Massimo
Published: March 2019

Nowadays, one of the main marketing objectives of the new generation of turboprop aircrafts is the noise control to enhance the internal comfort. The propellers represent in fact the main noise source whose amplitude and frequencies depend on some design parameters such as its rotational angular speed, number of blades, power at shaft generating aircraft thrust and blades geometry. The higher energy levels are within the low-frequency region, corresponding in particular to the first blade passing frequency and its harmonics. The design goal is therefore to increase the passenger comfort level by controlling the propeller tonal noise and related vibrations. The present paper is aimed at discuss some relevant technological solutions to minimize the fuselage internal noise field at the passengers positions at each of the first three tones of the propeller load as well as due to other external aero-acoustic sources.
A Structured Review of Six Sigma Implementation in Casting Industries
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Chandel Rohit
Published: March 2019

Six Sigma is an organized and systematic method for strategic process improvement that relies on statistical and scientific methods to reduce the defect rates and achieve significant quality up-gradation. Six Sigma is also a business philosophy to improve customer satisfaction, a tool for eliminating process variation and errors and a metric of world class companies allowing for process comparisons.  Six Sigma is one of the most effective advanced improvement strategies having direct impact on operational excellence of an organization. Six Sigma may also be defined as the powerful business strategies, which have helped to improve quality initiatives in many industries around the world. With the use of Six Sigma in casting industries, rejection rate is reduced, customer satisfaction is improved and financial benefits also increased. Six Sigma management uses statistical process control to relentlessly and rigorously pursue the reduction of variation in all critical processes to achieve continuous and breakthrough improvements that impact the bottom-line and/or top-line of the organization and increase customer satisfaction. In this paper author reviewed some of the significant previous published papers and focused on the general overview of publication in casting industries.
Experimental Investigation of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems using 0.4g 13nm Al2O3-lubricant based LPG Refrigerant as Working Fluid
Authors: Gill1 Jatinder , Ohunakin2 Olayinka S. , Adelekan2 Damola S
Published: March 2019

Application of nanoparticles have been proven to aid heat transfer in engineering systems. This work experimentally investigated the performance of a domestic refrigerator under the influence of Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in mineral oil based lubricant at different charges (40, 60 and 80 g) of LPG refrigerant. The performance of the system was then investigated using test parameters including: power consumption, evaporator air temperature (pull-down time), to attain the specified International Standard Organisation (ISO) requirement for standard evaporator air temperature with small refrigerator size. Results showed improved pull down time and steady state evaporator air temperatures for the nano-lubricant based LPG. Improvement of about 11.79% in coefficient of performance (COP) was obtained with Al2O3-lubricant based LPG at 40g charge on the refrigerator system, while reduction of about 2.08% and 4.41% in COP were observed at 60 and 80 g charge of LPG based on Al2O3-lubricant respectively. Furthermore, reduction of about 13.4% and 19.53% in the power consumption of the system were observed at 40 and 60g charges of Al2O3-lubricant based LPG, whereas at 80 g, an increase of about 1.28% was recorded. Using Al2O3-LPG nano-refrigerant in domestic refrigerators is economical  and also a better alternative to pure LPG.
Analysis of Heating System in FBC of Sand Reclaimer
Authors: Shinde 1 Vasudev D. , Rayjadhav 2 Suyog B.
Published: March 2019

In recent years, the foundry sector has been showing an increased interest in reclamation of used sands. Grain shape, sieve analysis, chemical and thermal characteristics must be uniform while molding the sand for better casting characteristics. The problem that tackled by every foundry industry is that of processing an adequate supply of sand which has the properties to meet many requirements imposed upon while molding and core making. Recently, fluidized bed combustors are becoming core of ‘clean wastes technology’ due to their efficient and clean burning of sand. For proven energy efficient sand reclamation processing, analysis of heating system in fluidized bed combustor (FBC) is required. The objective of current study is to design heating element and analysis of heating system by calculation of heat losses and thermal analysis offluidized bed combustorfor improving efficiency.
Cross-Wire Projection Welding of Aluminium Alloys in Relation to Pneumatic and Electromechanical Electrode Force Systems
Authors: Mikno Z.
Published: March 2019

The cross wire projection welding of wires (Al 5182, =4 mm) performed using the conventional (i.e. pneumatic) electrode force system was subjected to thorough numerical analysis. Calculations were performed until one of adopted boundary conditions, i.e. maximum welding time, maximum penetration of wires, the occurrence of expulsion or the exceeding of the temperature limit in the contact between the electrode and the welded material was obtained. It was observed that the ring weld was formed within the entire range of welding parameters. The process of welding was subjected to optimisation through the application of a new electromechanical electrode force system and the use of a special hybrid algorithm of electrode force and/or displacement control. Comparative numerical calculations were performed (using SORPAS software) for both electrode force systems. Technological welding tests were performed using inverter welding machines (1 kHz) provided with various electrode force systems. The research also involved the performance of metallographic and strength (peeling) tests as well as measurements of welding process characteristic parameters (welding current and voltage).The welding process optimisation involving the use of the electromechanical force system and the application of the hybrid algorithm of force control resulted in i) more favourable space distribution of welding power, ii) energy concentration in the central zone of the weld, iii) favourable (desired) melting of the material within the entire weld transcrystallisation zone and iv) obtainment of a full weld nugget.
Röpke and Einaudi: from the Civitas of Persons to the Idea of Europe
Authors: Forte Francesco
Published: March 2019

The first part of the paper deals with the so-called liberal Third Way of Röpke and Einaudi, which has, at its center, the person and civitas umana. Subsidiarity principle, market, and conform public interventions define the role and limits of public powers. The second part presents eight main indicators of the divergent performance of the four main Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries. The third part deals with the incompleteness of the institutional construct of the European Union (EU) and the EMU that are clubs of sovereign states in the light of Einaudi’s and Röpke’s ideas. Suggestion about corrections of fiscal compact, banking regulations, and “bail in” and about a closer cooperation between European Central Bank (ECB) monetary policy and European budget and EU fiscal policy concludes the paper.
Theft in Case of Need: Reflections on the Ethical–Economic Lexicon of the Middle Ages
Authors: Bartoli Marco
Published: March 2019

Is it lawful to steal when you are in a condition of extreme need? Many theologians and canonists between the 12th and 13th centuries wanted to answer this question. It is not just a case of conscience. The problem of theft in case of need is linked to the idea of common possession of the earth’s goods and their distribution in case of extreme need. The paper traces the history of one of the most interesting debates in Christian theology, which led to the definition of the ethical-economic lexicon in the Middle Ages.
Capitalism and Its New–Old Religion: a Civil Economy Perspective
Authors: Bruni Luigino
Published: March 2019

From the very beginning of civilization, economic reality and words have been intertwined with religions and vice versa. It would be enough to think at the phenomenon of sacrifice, that is, the first “language” that religions used to communicate with the divine. In the Western culture, a deep cross-fertilization between theology and oikonomia has occurred in both the Old and the New Testament. In addition, modern political and civil economy, namely the Northern and Southern European economic traditions, can be properly understood in relation to Christian religion in its Catholic and reformed humanisms. These two different spirits of capitalism have still important effects in today’s US and EU ways of understanding the nexsus between market and society. In this paper, the author explores some of the issues where these differences in spirit are more relevant (i.e., gratuitousness and meritocracy) and then concludes with some hints about the nature of a different “spirit” of capitalism, that is coming from the Catholicism.
Wilhelm Röpke and the Role of “Moral Capital” for the Social Market Economy
Authors: Franco Giuseppe , Habisch André
Published: March 2019

This paper portrays the contribution of Wilhelm Röpke (1899-1966) to business ethics and social responsibility of entrepreneurs. First, Röpke’s critique of liberalism and his concept of social market economy are emphasized. Afterward, we analyze the normative foundations of Röpke’s concept of the entrepreneur. He called for the moral responsibility of business actors and perceived it as “moral capital.” Moreover, we discuss the relevance of Röpke in the contemporary context of international business practice. Finally, the role of entrepreneurial morality for the emergence of institutional frameworks for international business is discussed.
Genetic Analysis of Triple Pistil Wheat Derived F2 Populations to Enhance Genetic Yield Potential
Authors: Raza Qasim , Ali Zulfiqar , Karim Ihsan , Ajmal Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Umer
Published: March 2019

Triple pistil (TP) wheat is a novel genetic resource which holds the ability to produce three grains in a single floret. In this research, TP wheat derived two F2 populations were studied to investigate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic correlation, inheritance pattern and potential of TP trait for grain yield improvement. Phenological data were recorded for 12 morpho-agronomic traits. Most of the traits exhibited significant genetic variability (P ? 0.05) for further trait improvement. Strong positive genetic correlations (r ? 0.99 at P ? 0.01) were computed within yield contributing and yield limiting traits, indicating common genes controlling these traits and opportunity for simultaneous improvement. Inheritance analysis indicated double dominant (15:1) and double recessive (9:7) epistatic ratios in investigated populations, proposing that TP trait was controlled by two nuclear epistatic genes. In conclusion, TP wheat is a valuable germplasm resource for grain yield improvement and floral development studies.