bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and synthesis of new cationic water‐soluble pyrene containing dendrons for DNA sensory applications
Authors: Chen Ching‐Yi , Ito Yumiko , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Wu Wen‐Chung , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru , Chen Wen‐Chang
Published: October 2011

A series of new water‐soluble cationic pyrene‐dendron derivatives, G1, G2, and G3, was successfully synthesized and characterized. These new dendrons were designed with the quaternized amino moieties at the periphery of the dendrons for DNA detection and functionalized with pyrene as a fluorescent probe. The electrostatic interactions between the plasmid DNA (pDNA) and cationic charged dendrons in an aqueous solution resulted in a change in the photophysical properties of pyrene, which could be shown in the UV‐vis and fluorescence spectra. Pyrene dendrons showed a high and rapid fluorescence response upon the addition of pDNA, which was strongly dependent on the size and hydrophobicity of the dendrons. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Synthesis of azide‐functionalized nanoparticles by microemulsion polymerization and surface modification by click chemistry in aqueous medium
Authors: Ouadahi Karima , Allard Emmanuel , Oberleitner Birgit , Larpent Chantal
Published: October 2011

Stable translucent aqueous suspensions of azide‐functionalized cross‐linked nanoparticles (NPs), with diameters in the 15–20 nm range, were prepared using two synthetic approaches. Copolymerization of azidomethylstyrene (VBN3), styrene, and divinylbenzene in various oil‐in‐water microemulsions led to NPs with modulable azide contents (0.53–0.78 mmol/g) and surface over volume distributions. Surface modifications of reactive NPs bearing chlorobenzyl groups, produced by microemulsion copolymerization of vinylbenzylchloride, with sodium azide led to azido‐coated NPs with high densities of peripheral groups (0.13–0.45 mmol/g). It is shown that the nature of the surfactant used for the preparation of the microemulsion has an impact on the incorporation of VBN3 in the polymer particles as well as on the surface reaction yield. The azide‐functionalized NPs were used as clickable polymeric scaffolds for the grafting of sparingly water‐soluble dansyl and fluorescein derivatives through copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition in water in the presence of surfactants as solubilizing agents to produce fluorescent NPs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Synthesis of PNIPAM polymer brushes on reduced graphene oxide based on click chemistry and RAFT polymerization
Authors: Yang Yongfang , Song Xiaohui , Yuan Liang , Li Mao , Liu Jinchuan , Ji Rongqin , Zhao Hanying
Published: October 2011

Preparation and characterization of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymer brushes on the surfaces of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets based on click chemistry and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was reported. RGO sheets prepared by thermal reduction were modified by diazonium salt of propargyl p‐aminobenzoate, and alkyne‐functionalized RGO sheets were obtained. RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA) was grafted to the surfaces of RGO sheets by click reaction. PNIPAM on RGO sheets was prepared by RAFT polymerization. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results all demonstrated that RAFT CTA and PNIPAM were successfully produced on the surfaces of RGO sheets. Nanosized PNIPAM domains on RGO sheets were observed on TEM. Micro‐DSC result indicated that in aqueous solution PNIPAM on RGO sheets presented a lower critical solution temperature at 33.2 °C. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
RECK overexpression decreases invasive potential in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Rabien Anja , Ergün Bettina , Erbersdobler Andreas , Jung Klaus , Stephan Carsten
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND

RECK is a tumor suppressor which inhibits metastasis and angiogenesis. Based on RECK expression in prostate cancer tissue and cell lines, our aim was to investigate functional relevance of RECK for prostate carcinoma.

METHODS

RECK protein levels were determined by Western blotting in the human prostate cell lines BPH‐1, DU‐145, LNCaP, PC‐3, and in tissue of 12 normal/tumor matches of patients after radical prostatectomy. Functional characteristics of DU‐145 cells with stable RECK overexpression included proliferation, invasion, regulation of matrix metalloproteinases MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and MMP‐14 measured by zymography (MMP‐2 and ‐9) or commercially available assays.

RESULTS

RECK was expressed in cell lines and tissue with a significant decrease in malignant tissue (P = 0.002). RECK overexpression caused an up to 80% decrease in invasion for DU‐145 cells (P < 0.001) and a decrease of pro‐MMP‐9 (42%) and of pro‐/active MMP‐14 (up to 53% of control). Proliferation was not affected by RECK overexpression.

CONCLUSIONS

The considerable anti‐invasive potential of RECK points to new therapeutic possibilities for prostate cancer. Prostate 72:948–954, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paracrine hedgehog increases the steroidogenic potential of prostate stromal cells in a Gli‐dependent manner
Authors: Levina Elina , Chen Mengqian , Carkner Richard , Shtutman Michael , Buttyan Ralph
Published: October 2011

Acquired intratumoral steroidogenesis is involved in progression of prostate cancer to castration resistant disease (CRPC) and a target for improved therapeutics. Recent work has shown that prostate cancer cells can acquire steroidogenic activity as they progress to a therapeutic‐resistant state. However, benign prostate stromal cells (PrSCs) also have steroidogenic potential though they are often overlooked as a source of intratumoral androgens. Here, we present preliminary studies showing that the steroidogenic activity of primary human PrSCs is significantly increased by exposure to a Hedgehog agonist (SAG) or by transduction of PrSCs with lentiviruses that expresses active Gli2 (Gli2ΔN), a transcription factor that is triggered by Hh signaling. Comparative gene expression profiling on Chips, that was confirmed by quantitative real‐time PCR, revealed that hedgehog agonist treatment induced in these cells expressions of hedgehog target genes (Gli1, Ptch1, and SCUBE1) plus a specific cadre of genes involved in cholesterol/steroid biosynthesis, metabolism, and transport. Genes involved downstream in steroid hormone generation, including CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 were also induced. Both the hedgehog agonist and the Gli2‐expressing lentivirus significantly increased the output of testosterone (T) from PrSCs that were supplemented with dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an adrenal precursor of T. Finally, knockdown of Gli2 by siRNA suppressed the ability of SAG to induce this response. Collectively, our data indicate that hedgehog/Gli signaling may be a factor in acquired intratumoral steroidogenesis of a prostate tumor through its actions on stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment and an influence for the development of CRPC. Prostate 72:817–824, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic relevance of Bcl‐2 overexpression in surgically treated prostate cancer is not caused by increased copy number or translocation of the gene
Authors: Fleischmann A. , Huland H. , Mirlacher M. , Wilczak W. , Simon R. , Erbersdobler A. , Sauter G. , Schlomm T.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND

Overexpression of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 plays a role in prostate cancer progression, particularly in transformation to androgen‐independent disease. Androgen‐independent prostate cancers have been shown to harbor Bcl‐2 gene copy number gains frequently suggesting that this genetic alteration might play a role in Bcl‐2 overexpression. The relation of Bcl‐2 overexpression and copy number gains or translocation of the BCL‐2 gene in prostate cancer under hormone‐naïve conditions is unknown.

METHODS

Prostate cancers of 3,261 hormone‐naïve patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were arrayed in a TMA with one tissue core (diameter 0.6 mm) per tumor. Bcl‐2 immunohistochemistry, analyzed for Bcl‐2 expression level (negative, low, and high), was correlated with clinical, histopathological and molecular (Ki67, p53) tumor features, and biochemical failure. Cancers with high‐level Bcl‐2 expression were evaluated for genetic aberrations by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

RESULTS

Bcl‐2 expression was significantly up‐regulated in tumors with aggressive phenotype as indicated by high Gleason score (P < 0.0001), advanced stage (P < 0.0001), and high proliferation index (P = 0.0114). The different Bcl‐2 expression levels translated into significantly different survival curves showing better outcome for patients with lower Bcl‐2 levels. The prognostic information obtained from the anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 was independent from the proliferation index (Ki67) of the cancer. FISH analysis detected no copy number gains or translocation of the Bcl‐2 gene.

CONCLUSION

Bcl‐2 overexpression in prostate cancers under hormone‐naïve conditions is not associated with increased copy numbers of the gene. This suggests that these frequently detected genetic alterations in androgen‐independent tumors occur late in prostate cancer progression. Prostate 72:991–997, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the stoichiometry of Deinococcus radiodurans Dps‐1 binding to duplex DNA
Authors: Nguyen Khoa H. , Smith Luke T. , Xiao LiJuan , Bhattacharyya Gargi , Grove Anne
Published: October 2011

DNA protection during starvation (Dps) proteins, dodecameric assemblies of four‐helix bundle subunits, contribute to protection against reactive oxygen species. Deinococcus radiodurans, which is characterized by resistance to DNA damaging agents, encodes two Dps homologs, of which Dps‐1 binds DNA with high affinity. DNA binding requires N‐terminal extensions preceding the four‐helix bundle core. Composed of six Dps‐1 dimers, each capable of DNA binding by N‐terminal extensions interacting in consecutive DNA major grooves, dodecameric Dps‐1 would be predicted to feature six DNA binding sites. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, we show that dodecameric Dps‐1 binds 22‐bp DNA with a stoichiometry of 1:6, consistent with the existence of six DNA binding sites. The stoichiometry of Dps‐1 binding to 26‐bp DNA is 1:4, suggesting that two Dps‐1 dodecamers can simultaneously occupy opposite faces of this DNA. Mutagenesis of an arginine (Arg132) on the surface of Dps‐1 leads to a reduction in DNA binding. Altogether, our data suggest that duplex DNA lies along the dimer interface, interacting with Arg132 and the N‐terminal α‐helices, and they extend the hexagonal packing model for Dps–DNA assemblies by specifying the basis for occupancy of available DNA binding sites. Proteins 2011; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of oxygen‐induced two‐state oscillators on Si(111)‐7×7
Authors: Lee Jinwoo , Park Jinhee , Jung Woojin , Lyo In‐Whan
Published: October 2011

We investigate a novel molecular oscillator that exhibits switching motion at room temperature and above. Scanning tunneling microscopy images show that the structure, produced by dosing oxygen onto a clean Si(111)‐7×7, switches between two states expressed by a triad of center adatoms that operate as a stationery site and two alternating hopping sites within a single half‐unit cell. Bias‐dependent analysis indicates stationery and alternating sites are chemically distinct from each other. The occasional decomposition of the structure shows that it consists of metastable species, whose decay produces typical oxygen‐induced chemisorbed states in the aftermath. The origin of such metastable, switching structures is attributed to the strong intermolecular interaction within the triad and with its neighboring sites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of electric field in band alignment measurements using photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Chiam S. Y. , Liu Z. Q. , Pan J. S. , Manippady K. K. , Wong L. M. , Chim W. K.
Published: October 2011

Band alignment of most heterojunctions can be accurately measured by photoelectron spectroscopy. However, care must be taken in the measurement and analysis of the data to accurately account for any spurious effects. In this work, we focus on the effects of electric field in both core‐levels and work function measurements. We measured experimentally the relaxation energies of remote screening and examine the resultant potential drop. We will then introduce a model to show the extent of errors that are possible in core‐level measurements with this potential difference across the thin film. This model can be effectively used to model any field effects like differential charging or band bending in heterojunction measurements. Both the experimental and simulation results showed that film thickness of greater than 4 nm are relatively free of remote screening effects from the substrate. Finally, we will show that measuring the low kinetic energy electrons requires a more negative applied bias over that necessary to overcome the spectrometer work function. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the Marine Environment: Is the DPSIR Framework Holistic Enough?
Authors: Atkins Jonathan P. , Gregory Amanda J. , Burdon Daryl , Elliott Michael
Published: October 2011

Ever increasing and diverse use of the marine environment and consequent impacts on marine life, habitats and landscapes make prominent the need for policy and policy‐making procedures that promote resilience and sustainability. In this paper, we focus on the Drivers–Pressures–State Changes–Impacts–Responses (DPSIR) framework, which seeks to represent and hence enable the management of key relationships formed between natural systems, designed systems and social systems. The DPSIR framework is widely used to assess and manage the impact of policy changes and associated problems; however, a change is evident in recent applications of the approach: an expert‐driven, evidence‐focussed mode of use is giving way to the use of the framework as a heuristic device to facilitate engagement, communication and understanding between different stakeholders. In this paper, an assessment is made of how holistic DPSIR practice is in the context of the marine environment and we argue that the paradigmatic turn from realist to interpretivist reveals the DPSIR approach's multiparadigmatic and holistic potential. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can generating representations enhance learning with dynamic visualizations?
Authors: Zhang Zhihui Helen , Linn Marcia C.
Published: October 2011

This study explores the impact of asking middle school students to generate drawings of their ideas about chemical reactions on integrated understanding. Students explored atomic interactions during hydrogen combustion using a dynamic visualization. The generation group drew their ideas about how the reaction takes place at the molecular level. The interaction group conducted multiple experiments with the visualization by varying the amount of energy provided to ignite the reaction. The generation group integrated more ideas about chemical reactions and made more precise interpretations of the visualization than the interaction group. Embedded assessments show that generation motivated students to interpret the visualization carefully and led to more productive explanations about ideas represented in the dynamic visualization. In contrast, the interaction group was less successful in linking the visualization to underlying concepts and observable phenomena and wrote less detailed explanations. The study suggests that drawing is a promising way to help students interpret complex visualizations and integrate information. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 1177–1198, 2011
A doubly nonlinear problem associated with a mathematical model for piezoelectric material behavior
Authors: Kraynyukova N. , Alber H.‐D.
Published: October 2011

We consider a mathematical model, which describes piezoelectric material behavior. This model is similar to models of plasticity theory. However, piezoelectric models describe coupled mechanical and electrical material behavior. Therefore they contain additional nonlinearities in the piezoelectric tensor and in the enthalpy function, which is non quadratic. These nonlinearities cause difficulties in the proof of existence theorems. Under the assumption that the piezoelectric tensor is constant (i.e. independent of P), we show how the system of model equations can be reduced to a doubly nonlinear evolution equation of the form zt ∈ G(‐Mz‐Φ (z) + f), which contains a composition of two monotone operators. The monotone mapping G is a subdifferential of the indicator function of some convex set while the second monotone mapping Φ is the Nemyckii operator of a monotone function. We prove existence of strong solutions, if Φ is replaced by a regularization. If in addition Φ is Lipschitz continuous we can show that the solution is unique.
Split Parturition Observed in a Captive North American Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)
Authors: Ware Jasmine V. , Nelson O. Lynne , Robbins Charles T. , Jansen Heiko T.
Published: October 2011

Reproductive physiology in North American ursids is characterized by mating from spring to early summer, delayed implantation, and birth during hibernation. During spring 2008, a captive adult female brown bear was mated with two adult males. Pregnancy was determined by elevated progesterone concentrations during late fall before hibernation. Two male cubs were born on December 31, 2008, and a third female cub was born 17 days later on January 16. All were successfully raised and all were confirmed to have identical paternity. When normalized to age, cub growth rates did not differ. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of markedly different birth dates in a single litter of brown bear cubs. Zoo Biol 31: 255–259, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disability Advocacy and Reproductive Choice: Engaging with the Expressivist Objection
Authors: Peterson Madelyn
Published: October 2011

This professional issues paper outlines the experience and value of engagement with disability advocates, philosophy scholars and bioethicists for spirited debate of issues such as modern eugenics, the expressivist objection and reproductive choice. This process for one group of individuals, undoubtedly prompted deeper examination and questioning of some long held personal and professional views, for all participants. For this author, engagement in the “Disability Rights–Genetic Counseling Interest Group” over a full year resulted in several positive changes in genetic counselling practice as well as the development of meaningful, robust philosophical defence of the dual roles in genetic counseling; advocacy for those with disabilities, and facilitation of a full range of reproductive choices.
Commentary: How Individual and Profession‐level Factors Influence Discussion of Disability in Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Authors: Hodgson Jan , Weil Jon
Published: October 2011

Hodgson and Weil (Journal of Genetic Counseling,2011) reports on two interactive workshops in which genetic counselors identified a broad set of counseling issues that may be impediments to promoting an adequate discussion of disability in prenatal genetic counseling. The present commentary discusses two factors that we infer underlie these counseling issues. First, countertransference concerning disability, which is normal and expected, may influence genetic counselors’ decisions about raising and exploring the complex topic of disability in prenatal genetic counseling. Second, the limited involvement of the profession of genetic counseling in the complex social and ethical issues of disability provide little guidance to the individual genetic counselor with respect to discussing disability in prenatal diagnosis counseling. We suggest both factors must be acknowledged and addressed in order to adequately implement the recommendations presented in Hodgson and Weil (Journal of Genetic Counseling,2011) as well as other efforts to increase discussion of disability in prenatal diagnosis counseling in the service of informed decision making.
Information Related to Prenatal Genetic Counseling: Interpretation by Adolescents, Effects on Risk Perception and Ethical Implications
Authors: Melas Philippe A. , Georgsson Öhman Susanne , Juth Niklas , Bui The‐Hung
Published: October 2011

Being raised in the genomic era may not only increase knowledge of available genetic testing but may also have an impact on how genetic information is perceived. However, little is known about how current adolescents react to the language commonly used by health care professionals providing prenatal counseling. In addition, as risk communication is related to numbers and figures, having different educational backgrounds may be associated with variability in risk perceptions. In order to investigate these issues, a previously developed questionnaire studying different ways of being told about hypothetical anomalies in a baby and corresponding risks (Abramsky and Fletcher Prenatal Diagnosis 22(13):1188–1194, 2002) was administered to high‐school students in Sweden. A total of 344 questionnaires were completed by students belonging to a natural science or a social science program. The data show that teenage participants found technical jargon and words such as rare and abnormal more worrying than the presented comparison terms. Negative framing effects and perception differences related to numeric risk formats were also present. Additionally, participants’ gender and educational program did not seem to have an effect on risk assessment. In addition to reporting the questionnaire results, we discuss the ethical implications of the data based on the norm of non‐directiveness and make some recommendations for practice. In general, genetic counselors should be aware that the language used within clinical services can be influential on this group of upcoming counselees.
Interfacial electrochemical electron transfer in biology – Towards the level of the single molecule
Authors: Zhang Jingdong , Chi Qijin , Hansen Allan G. , Jensen Palle S. , Salvatore Princia , Ulstrup Jens
Published: October 2011

Physical electrochemistry has undergone a remarkable evolution over the last few decades, integrating advanced techniques and theory from solid state and surface physics. Single‐crystal electrode surfaces have been a core notion, opening for scanning tunnelling microscopy directly in aqueous electrolyte (in situ STM). Interfacial electrochemistry of metalloproteins is presently going through a similar transition. Electrochemical surfaces with thiol‐based promoter molecular monolayers (SAMs) as biomolecular electrochemical environments and the biomolecules themselves have been mapped with unprecedented resolution, opening a new area of single‐molecule bioelectrochemistry. We consider first in situ STM of small redox molecules, followed by in situ STM of thiol‐based SAMs as molecular views of bioelectrochemical environments. We then address electron transfer metalloproteins, and multi‐centre metalloenzymes including applied single‐biomolecular perspectives based on metalloprotein/metallic nanoparticle hybrids.
Älter, kränker und trotzdem länger arbeiten – neue Anforderungen an die medizinische Rehabilitation?
Authors: Deck Ruth , Pohontsch Nadine
Published: October 2011

Einleitung

Allen Statistiken zufolge wird die Bevölkerung in Deutschland älter. Dies schlägt sich auch in der Alterszusammensetzung in Rehabilitationskliniken nieder. Ältere Rehabilitanden weisen krankheitsspezifisch und krankheitsassoziiert eine andere Beschwerdelast auf als jüngere Versicherte. Ein speziell auf ältere Rehabilitanden zugeschnittenes Rehabilitations- und Therapieangebot ist nahe liegend und könnte für den längerfristigen Erfolg der Rehabilitation erforderlich sein.
Rehabilitation als Element des betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen
Authors: Heuer Jochen , Hesse Bettina , Gebauer Erika
Published: October 2011

Einleitung

Die Rehabilitation gewinnt für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) zusehends an Bedeutung, da sie angesichts der demographischen Entwicklung und der Zunahme chronischer Erkrankungen unter den Belegschaften dazu beitragen kann, die berufliche Leistungsfähigkeit zu erhalten. Sie wird aber nur dann erfolgreich sein, wenn sowohl Arbeitgeber wie Arbeitnehmer den Nutzen der Maßnahmen erkennen. Dieser Artikel fragt nach der Akzeptanz und der Wertschätzung der Rehabilitation in KMU.
The measurement of suspension rheology
Authors: Hinch E. J.
Published: October 2011

In the following featured article, Boyer, Pouliquen & Guazzelli (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 686, 2011, pp 5–25) measure the normal stresses in a suspension of non-colloidal rigid spheres. They use the classical rod-climbing experiment, except that for interesting reasons the free surface near to the rotating rod does not rise but dips down. Careful techniques reveal that the normal stresses occur only above a volume concentration of 22 %. Over a period of hours the measurements drift, typical of many observations of suspensions. This is due to particles slowly migrating away from the rotating rod. A model of the migration gives good predictions of the observed changes.
Permo-Carboniferous conglomerates in the Trinity Peninsula Group at View Point, Antarctic Peninsula: sedimentology, geochronology and isotope evidence for provenance and tectonic setting in Gondwana
Authors: BRADSHAW JOHN D. , VAUGHAN ALAN P. M. , MILLAR IAN L. , FLOWERDEW MICHAEL J. , TROUW RUDOLPH A. J. , FANNING C. MARK , WHITEHOUSE MARTIN J.
Published: October 2011

Field observations from the Trinity Peninsula Group at View Point on the Antarctic Peninsula indicate that thick, southward-younging and overturned clastic sedimentary rocks, comprising unusually coarse conglomeratic lenses within a succession of fine-grained sandstone–mudstone couplets, are the deposits of debris and turbidity flows on or at the foot of a submarine slope. Three detrital zircons from the sandstone–mudstone couplets date deposition at 302 ± 3 Ma, at or shortly after the Carboniferous–Permian boundary. Conglomerates predominantly consist of quartzite and granite and contain boulders exceeding 500 mm in diameter. Zircons from granitoid clasts and a silicic volcanic clast yield U–Pb ages of 466 ± 3 Ma, 373 ± 5 Ma and 487 ± 4 Ma, respectively and have corresponding average εHft values between +0.3 and +7.6. A quartzite clast, conglomerate matrix and sandstone interbedded with the conglomerate units have broadly similar detrital zircon age distributions and Hf isotope compositions. The clast and detrital zircon ages match well with sources within Patagonia; however, the age of one granite clast and the εHf characteristics of some detrital zircons point to a lesser South Africa or Ellsworth Mountain-like contribution, and the quartzite and granite-dominated composition of the conglomerates is similar to upper Palaeozoic diamictites in the Ellsworth Mountains. Unlike detrital zircons, large conglomerate clasts limit possible transport distance, and suggest sedimentation took place on or near the edge of continental crust. Comparison with other upper Palaeozoic to Mesozoic sediments in the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia, including detrital zircon composition and the style of deformation, suggests deposition of the Trinity Peninsula Group in an upper plate basin on an active margin, rather than a subduction-related accretionary setting, with slow extension and rifting punctuated by short periods of compression.
Kierkegaard's double movement of faith and Kant's moral faith
Authors: FREMSTEDAL ROE
Published: October 2011

The present article deals with religious faith by comparing the so-called double movement of faith in Kierkegaard to Kant's moral faith. Kierkegaard's double movement of faith and Kant's moral faith can be seen as providing different accounts of religious faith, as well as involving different solutions to the problem of realizing the highest good. The double movement of faith inFear and Tremblingprovides an account of the structure of faith that helps us make sense of what Kierkegaard means by religious faith in general, as well as to understand better the relation between philosophy and Christian thinking in Kierkegaard. It is argued that previous scholarship has described the relation between Kierkegaard and Kant in a misleading manner by interpreting Kant as an ethicist and overlooking the role of grace in Kant.
Solving the tool switching problem with memetic algorithms
Authors: Amaya Jhon Edgar , Cotta Carlos , Fernández-Leiva Antonio J.
Published: October 2011

The tool switching problem (ToSP) is well known in the domain of flexible manufacturing systems. Given a reconfigurable machine, the ToSP amounts to scheduling a collection of jobs on this machine (each of them requiring a different set of tools to be completed), as well as the tools to be loaded/unloaded at each step to process these jobs, such that the total number of tool switches is minimized. Different exact and heuristic methods have been defined to deal with this problem. In this work, we focus on memetic approaches to this problem. To this end, we have considered a number of variants of three different local search techniques (hill climbing, tabu search, and simulated annealing), and embedded them in a permutational evolutionary algorithm. It is shown that the memetic algorithm endowed with steepest ascent hill climbing search yields the best results, performing synergistically better than its stand-alone constituents, and providing better results than the rest of the algorithms (including those returned by an effective ad hoc beam search heuristic defined in the literature for this problem).
Bourgeois opera:Death in Veniceand the aesthetics of sublimation
Authors: Chowrimootoo Christopher
Published: October 2011

Through investigating the production and reception ofDeath in Venice(1973), this essay considers the ways Britten and his audiences responded to the fraught discourse surrounding opera in the twentieth century. If the genre as a whole often threatened to fall on the wrong side of contemporaneous aesthetic oppositions – between abstraction and immediacy, the intellectual and the visceral, the high and the low – early critics of this particular work tended to translate its visual spectacles and musical rhetoric into more rarefied terms. Taking my cue from elements of contradiction and ambivalence in this sublimating criticism, I will examine how Britten's opera resists the very suppressions it promotes. I will suggest that, in simultaneously staging and confounding oppositions at the heart of contemporary operatic discourse,Death in Veniceoffers a powerful case study of the way composers, directors, critics and audiences responded to and overcame the terminal illness with which opera had been diagnosed in the middle third of the twentieth century.
Vascular dementia: why pathology is still important
Authors: Neal JW
Published: October 2011

Cerebral infarction, as the result of atheroma in large blood vessels, was one of the first explanations for dementia in older people. However, this was a relatively uncommon finding in those presenting with dementia and it was soon realized that subcortical infarctions due to non-atheromatous changes in small blood vessel walls were more important factors in cognitive decline. Furthermore, small vessel disease (SVD) producing lacunar infarcts (LI) and white matter changes increased dementia severity in individuals with only moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) found subcortical (lacunar) ‘silent infarcts’ and white matter changes were surrogate markers for SVD and increased significantly the likelihood of developing dementia. Detailed histopathological studies of SVD showed it was in fact a range of pathologies, but the aetiology of the most common type (arteriosclerosis/lipohyalinosis) is difficult to explain. Theories to explain SVD include effects of hypertension, a leaky blood–brain barrier (BBB), amyloid accumulation, microbleeds, venous changes and endothelial inflammation. Endothelial expressed inflammatory molecules could represent potential biomarkers of SVD. Many of the risk factors associated with SVD are also present in AD, such as diabetes, systemic hypertension and ageing; all of these can target the endothelium with the potential to initiate SVD, resulting in ischaemic changes and neurodegeneration, including AD pathology.
UPDATE ON THE NEW MODALITIES ON THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF POSTPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: EL SENOUN GHADA ABOU , SINGH MANDEEP , MOUSA HATEM A. , ALFIREVIC ZARKO
Published: October 2011

Some half a million women die annually across the world from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Approximately one-quarter of these deaths are caused by complications of the third stage of labour, mainly postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). In the developing world, the risk of maternal death from PPH is approximately one in 1000 deliveries. In the United Kingdom the risk of maternal death from obstetric haemorrhage is about 0.39 in 100000 deliveries.
Attentional Bias in Adolescents with Panic Disorder: Changes over an 8-day Intensive Treatment Program
Authors: Wiener Courtney , Perloe Alexandra , Whitton Sarah , Pincus Donna
Published: October 2011

Background: The present study evaluated attentional bias in adolescents diagnosed with panic disorder. Although a large body of research exists in the area of attentional bias in adults, this feature of panic disorder is not well understood in adolescents. Method: Twenty-five adolescents, aged 12–17, with a panic disorder diagnosis were included in the study. An emotional Stroop task was utilized to assess whether: (1) adolescents with panic disorder exhibit an attentional bias to panic-relevant stimuli; (2) this bias diminishes after completing a course of CBT; and (3) a specific attentional bias towards disorder-relevant stimuli exists. Results: An attentional bias to panic-relevant stimuli was found at pre-treatment but was no longer present following an intensive CBT intervention. Contrary to some findings in the adult literature, no significant differences were found between panic-relevant versus other threatening stimuli. Conclusions: These results suggest that adolescents with panic disorder, similar to adults, do exhibit an attentional bias towards panic-relevant stimuli, and treatment seems to normalize this cognitive process.
Cognitive Predictors of Change in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Authors: Manicavasagar Vijaya , Perich Tania , Parker Gordon
Published: October 2011

Background: An appreciation of cognitive predictors of change in treatment outcome may help to better understand differential treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine how rumination and mindfulness impact on treatment outcome in two group-based interventions for non-melancholic depression: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Method: Sixty-nine participants were randomly allocated to either 8-weekly sessions of group CBT or MBCT. Complete data were obtained from 45 participants (CBT = 26, MBCT = 19). Outcome was assessed at completion of group treatments. Results: Depression scores improved for participants in both group interventions, with no significant differences between the two treatment conditions. There were no significant differences between the interventions at post-treatment on mindfulness or rumination scores. Rumination scores significantly decreased from pre- to post-treatment for both conditions. In the MBCT condition, post-treatment rumination scores were significantly associated with post-treatment mindfulness scores. Conclusions: Results suggest that decreases in rumination scores may be a common feature following both CBT and MBCT interventions. However, post-treatment rumination scores were associated with post-treatment mindfulness in the MBCT condition, suggesting a unique role for mindfulness in understanding treatment outcome for MBCT.
Systemic risk in financial services ‐ Abstract of the London Discussion
Authors: Milne Alistair
Published: October 2011

This abstract relates to the following paper:

BesarD., BoothP., ChanK.K., MilneA.K.L. & PicklesJ.Systemic risk in financial services. British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S1357321711000110
Pressure cooker ownership and food security in Aurangabad, India
Authors: van Elsland Sabine L , van der Hoeven Marinka , Joshi Shubhangini , Doak Colleen M , Ponce Maiza Campos
Published: October 2011

Objective

To explore associations between household food security and home gardening, use of soya and pressure cooker ownership in low-income households affected by HIV/AIDS in Aurangabad, India.

Design

Cross-sectional pilot study which assessed household food security using the validated US Department of Agriculture's food security core-module questionnaire. Questions were added to explore household environment, education, occupation, home gardening, use of soya and pressure cooker ownership. Households with very lowv. low food security were compared using logistic regression analysis, controlling for confounding by socio-economic status.

Setting

Aurangabad is an urban setting situated in a primarily agricultural dependent area. The study was carried out in 2008, at the peak of the global food crisis.

Subjects

Adult caregivers of children affiliated with the Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Aurangabad.

Results

All except for one of 133 households were identified as food insecure (99·2 %). Of these households, 35·6 % had to cut size or skip a meal in the past 30 d. Households that cut meal size due to cooking fuel shortages were more likely to have very low food security (OR = 4·67; 95 % CI 1·62, 13·44) compared with households having no cooking fuel shortages. Owning a pressure cooker was shown to be protective against very low food security after controlling for confounding by socio-economic status (OR = 0·27; 95 % CI 0·11, 0·64).

Conclusions

Only pressure cooker ownership showed a protective association with low household food security. Pressure cookers save household fuel costs. Therefore, future interventions should explore pressure cookers as a sustainable means of improving household food security.
Vitamin D, sun, sunbeds and health
Authors: Moan Johan , Baturaite Zivile , Juzeniene Asta , Porojnicu Alina Carmen
Published: October 2011

Objective

To review the health effects of solar radiation, sunbeds and vitamin D.

Design

The literature was searched in the electronic database MEDLINE to indentify published data between 1981 and 2011. Studies were included if they reported relative risk for cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) associated with sunbed use, vitamin D and UV effects on human health.

Setting

Data from different time periods for populations at different latitudes.

Subjects

Persons of different ages and ethnic groups.

Results

UV from sun and sunbeds is the main vitamin D source. Young people with white or pigmented skin in northern Europe have a low vitamin D status. A number of health benefits from sufficient levels of vitamin D have been identified. However, UV exposure has been suspected of causing skin cancer, notably CMM, and authorities warn against it.

Conclusions

The overall health benefit of an improved vitamin D status may be more important than the possibly increased CMM risk resulting from carefully increasing UV exposure. Important scientific facts behind this judgement are given.
SHADOWS OF DU BOIS
Authors: Turner Jack
Published: October 2011

Political theory is catching up to Du Bois. More than a century after the publication of The Souls of Black Folk ([1903] 1997), political theorists have begun to realize that “the problem of the color-line” (pp. 45, 61) is constitutive of modernity. That it has taken this long for political theorists to recognize what Du Bois saw so clearly more than a century ago reflects the field's all-too-frequent parochialism. At the same time, the field is home to dissenting voices which insist that we cannot understand modern politics without confronting the White supremacist character of the modern West.
REPARATIONS, LEADERSHIP, AND DEMOCRACY
Authors: Shelby Tommie
Published: October 2011

Lawrie Balfour and Robert Gooding-Williams have written superb books. Reading Du Bois's texts creatively and carefully, both treat Du Bois as a living political thinker, someone we can learn from and profitably argue with and whose thought is relevant to contemporary political theory. There is more in these books that I could praise and much in them that I agree with, but I will focus my remarks on areas of disagreement.
INHERITING DU BOIS
Authors: Balfour Lawrie
Published: October 2011

What would it mean to treat W. E. B. Du Bois as a “living political thinker,” Tommie Shelby asks. The formulation of the question indicates one answer: acknowledging Du Bois's twofold legacy for political theory and philosophy. On the one hand, his body of work as a political theorist is rich and provocative enough that it ought to be, as Robert Gooding-Williams (2009) urges, the subject of serious inquiry in its own right. On the other hand, engaging Du Bois as a political theorist enables contemporary scholars to reflect on the political challenges of our own time, even when Du Bois offers answers we would not own for ourselves. Perhaps most crucially, taking Du Bois's work seriously requires a rigorous engagement with the past and an active refutation of declarations of a “postracial” age that belie yawning racial inequalities, the continuing devaluation of non-White lives, and the unredressed injuries—to American citizens, to the polity itself, and to women and men well beyond U.S. borders—of White supremacy. All of the participants in this symposium would, I think, endorse this view in its broadest strokes. But to inherit Du Bois as a political thinker is also to participate in an ongoing and often contentious conversation about race, democracy, and Du Bois himself. Accordingly, my comments will focus on two clusters of issues. The first is raised by Rogers Smith's and Tommie Shelby's vigorous disagreement with the idea of Black reparations that I explore in the second chapter of Democracy's Reconstruction. The second involves a set of unresolved tensions bequeathed by Du Bois and addressed in Gooding-Williams' extraordinary book and Cristina Beltrán's meditations on the Afro-modern political tradition and Latino politics today.
A “League Against Willan”? The Early Years of the Canadian League of Composers, 1951–1960
Authors: WOLTERS-FREDLUND BENITA
Published: October 2011

The founders of the Canadian League of Composers were young modernists who resented the conservative musical climate in Canada epitomized by the traditional British style of Canada's most famous composer, Healey Willan. In their first decade (1951–60), during which their membership grew from eight to more than forty and they presented dozens of concerts of new Canadian music, they struggled to find a balance between two competing goals: championing the cause of all Canadian composers, regardless of style, and promoting modern and avant-garde styles, which had been virtually ignored by the older Canadian musical establishment. This article probes how those tensions played out in two of the league's early activities: membership decisions and concert programming. Although the league did admit composers and feature works representing a wide variety of stylistic influences, its membership and concerts were nonetheless dominated by younger composers interested in modern styles, especially the group of composers in John Weinzweig's circle in Toronto. The group earned a reputation as young radicals because of their modernistic programming choices and a controversial policy that limited membership to composers younger than sixty. Although its members may not have been entirely successful in their efforts at inclusivity, the league's ground-breaking activities in the 1950s did help to establish a place for composition generally and musical modernism in particular in the postwar Canadian cultural landscape.
The Origins of “Dissonant Counterpoint”: Henry Cowell's Unpublished Notebook
Authors: SPILKER JOHN D.
Published: October 2011

Housed in the Henry Cowell Papers at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts is Cowell's unpublished notebook that comprises written instructions for using “dissonant counterpoint” along with forty-three exercises. Beyond providing information about the technique during its early development (1914–17), the archival source documents Cowell's active involvement in devising a compositional practice that has heretofore been exclusively attributed to Charles Seeger. The notebook also provides evidence of Cowell's work habits and values that challenge current scholarly depictions of the composer as an undisciplined bohemian. He was a systematic and tenacious innovator who revered tradition as well as experimental techniques. He also placed a strong emphasis on the practical application of new ideas in addition to their theoretical development. These traits account for Cowell's continued advocacy on behalf of dissonant counterpoint that extended well beyond the time he compiled his notebook. From the 1910s to the 1960s he disseminated the technique through his writing, composing, and teaching, and thus provided a life for dissonant counterpoint in American musical culture through the end of the twentieth century. Appendix B contains a full transcription of the notebook.
Threat of severe space weather to the U.S. electrical grid explored at conference
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2011

The next solar maximum, expected to occur around May 2013, could also generate peak interest in space weather. However, major solar storms that could disrupt electrical grids in the United States and around the world may not necessarily overlap with solar activity peaks, and more efforts need to be made to understand and prepare for solar storms. Those were some of the messages at a 6 October conference entitled “Severe Space Weather Threats to the National Electric Grid” in Washington, D. C., which included speakers from the National Defense University, space weather experts, members of Congress, and presentations on recent exercises to better understand how space weather could affect a grid. Looking back at some historically severe storms—including events in 1859, 1921, and 1989—John Kappenman, principal consultant with Storm Analysis Consultants, Duluth, Minn., said it is just a matter of time before another severe event strikes the Earth. Kappenman told Eos the risk is 1–3% per year that “a big one” could hit our planet. “We are playing Russian roulette with the Sun,” he said.
Ten‐year vision for marine climate research
Authors: Smith Shawn R.
Published: October 2011

Third International Workshop on Advances in the Use of Historical Marine Climate Data; Frascati, Italy, 2–6 May 2011 Marine surface observations—which represent a vital component of the Global Climate Observing System—are key to understanding global climate, including its variability on scales from weeks to centuries. Prior to 1970, ships were practically the only source of observations. In the modern era, sensors deployed on ships, moored and drifting buoys, aircraft, and Earth observation satellites all provide surface measurements of many different variables. A recent meeting hosted by the European Space Agency (ESA) brought together 52 members of the in situ and satellite communities to address the collection, collation, evaluation, distribution, and application of surface marine observations.