bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação de crianças atendidas em follow-up: perfil epidemiológico e motor
Authors: Vargas Mayara Cruz , Mendonça Ayrles Silva Gonçalves Barbosa , Vieira Aléxia Gabriela Da Silva , Lameira Ana Beatriz Da Costa , Guinther Nely Sampaio , Fernandes Tiótrefis Gomes , Corrêa Ana Paula Guimarães Dias , Carvalho Marcos Giovanni Santos , Gonçalves Roberta Lins
Published: February 2019

Introdução: Crianças prematuras tendem a apresentar atrasos no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor devido à imaturidade e à propensão de lesões no sistema nervoso central. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e motor de crianças atendidas no follow-up da Maternidade Balbina Mestrinho (MBM) em Manaus/AM, verificando a associação entre diferentes fatores socioambientais e clínicos com o desenvolvimento motor (DM). Métodos: Foram avaliadas 25 crianças acompanhadas no follow-up da MBM, por meio da Escala Motora Infantil de Alberta e aplicação de questionário estruturado contendo dados clínicos e epidemiológicos. Resultados: Foi detectado que todas as crianças eram prematuras e 44% apresentaram atipicidade no DM, relacionada principalmente a idade corrigida (p=0,015) e ao grau de escolaridade materna (p=0,019). Conclusão: O elevado índice de atipicidade no DM pode estar associado ao perfil amostral, cuja prematuridade infere em fragilidade de seus sistemas. Assim, sugere-se que maiores investigações sejam realizadas, a fim de relacionar outros fatores com o DM.
Existe associação entre α-amilase salivar, escala hospitalar de ansiedade e depressão e autorrelato em estudantes com sintomas de ansiedade?
Authors: Moura Caroline De Castro , Chaves Erika De Cássia Lopes , Bemfica Ana Carolina Vieira , Silva Isadora Victorino da , Ribeiro Carla Rodrigues Gama , Carvalho Leonardo Cesar , Iunes Denise Hollanda , Santos Adriana Teresa Silva , Vilela Terra Andréia Maria Silva
Published: February 2019

Objetivo: Verificar se existe associação entre a α-amilase salivar, a escala hospitalar de ansiedade e a depressão e autorrelato de estudantes universitários com sintomas da ansiedade. Métodos: Estudo observacional, realizado com 67 estudantes de uma universidade pública. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizada a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, o autorrelato de ansiedade e a aferição da α-amilase salivar por meio do dispositivo Cocoro Meter®. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste de qui-quadrado. Resultados: Não houve associação entre α-amilase salivar e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (p=0,51), nem entre a α-amilase salivar e o autor- relato de ansiedade (p=0,51), o que indica que o biomarcador não produz resposta dessas duas variáveis ao mensurar a ansiedade. Conclusão: O biomarcador α-amilase salivar não possui a mesma capacidade em mensurar a ansiedade quando associado com à Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade de Depressão e ao autorrelato em estudantes universitários com sintomas de ansiedade.
Análise cinética e cinemática da marcha durante o transporte da mochila com rodas em escolares de 7 a 10 anos de idade
Authors: Almeida Pablo De , Silva Luiz Augusto Da , Malfatti Carlos Ricardo Maneck
Published: February 2019

Introdução: A sobrecarga em mochilas escolares pode resultar em aumento de carga mecânica sobre o aparelho locomotuvo de estudantes durante a marcha. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar as variáveis temporais/espaciais cinéticas e cinemáticas durante a marcha e o transporte de mochilas com rodas (10% peso corporal (PC)) em escolares de 7 a 10 anos. Métodos: Dez crianças, saudáveis (7.8 ± 1.6 anos) participaram de duas condições experimentais, sendo a primeira envolvendo a marcha, enquanto a segunda ocorreu o transporte de mochila provida de rodas, 10% PC. Resultados: As forças de reação do solo não apresentaram diferenças entre as duas condições. Porém, mostrou-se que mochilas com rodas não alteram aplicação de forças para execução da tarefa quando comparadas a marcha sem carga na locomoção. A cinemática do tornozelo, do joelho e da pelve permaneceram inalteradas. Conclusão: O uso de rodas na mochila para o transporte de carga de 10% PC não influenciou no padrão de marcha aplicado durante a marcha no plano.
WHEN WILL EURIDICE SPEAK AT LAST?
Authors: Więckowski Andrzej
Published: January 2019

For the author of the essay When Euridice will speak at last feminism is the eternally negative approach towards patriarchate, which was born with it. It is characteristic that problems mentioned in “Lysistrata” or “As- semblywomen” by Aristophanes in the 5th century BC are identical with the demands of contemporary feminism. Its successes in the 19th and 20th centuries concerning the formal emancipation of women’s rights, in the long run are both meaningful and illusory: the culture of patriarchate while granting women the voting and other rights did not change its pa- triarchal principle, it just alleviated its repressive character on a small fragment of the Western culture, though in this zone of the biggest wom- en’s freedom the forgotten disputes about the rigours of the patriarchate all the time come back to life. The paradigm of the fundamental way of thinking about the world remains unchanged, while the approach to women is just its embodiment. Patriarchate is the means of treating the world as a collection of objects to be used, it is not only an approach towards women. The contemporary culmination of the Western culture as a technological civilisation reaches its limit, whose crossing threatens with a total disaster even in the most optimistic scenarios. In this context the author of the essay perceives feminism as a huge possibility, as one of more important movements in civilisation and culture, which not only will fight for formal rights, but rather for a change of the thinking paradigm from object-oriented to sub- ject-oriented. Euridice – the silent-for-centuries subject of lost love – has to start speaking.
New threats in the cyberspace based on the analysis of the TOR (The Onion Router) network.
Authors: Nastuła Anna
Published: January 2019

New technologies change the society and generate new threats with respect to hiding human identity on the Internet. The aim of the paper is to present the origins, functioning and actual application of the TOR (The Onion Router) network. The author discusses the issue of anonymity as a driving force behind the TOR network which was ignited by social and political problems on the international arena. Also the relevance of TOR for the free flow of information and freedom of social communication on the Internet as well as thematic cross-section of its resources are presented. Further on in the paper the author shows a payment system in the TOR network which is based on cryptocurrencies, mainly on Bitcoin, and proves to be an ideal means of payment for illegal transactions. The paper also lists the most frequently committed crimes now and warns that the newly emerging forms of crimes which rely on anonymizing technologies, will pose a real challenge for law enforcement agencies and the system of justice. The TOR network by providing criminals with anonymity speeds up the development of cyber crime on an unprecedented scale and transfers traditional crime into a completely new dimension. The TOR network may have been well-meaning originally but has become a global threat.
The Later Schelling on Philosophical Religion and Christianity
Authors: Vanden Auweele Dennis ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2019

Schelling’s later philosophy (1820 onwards) was historically received as a disappointment: the once brazen Romantic and pantheist becomes a pious Christian in his old age. Indeed, Schelling’s Berlin lectures on revelation and mythology culminate in a suspicious level of Christian orthodoxy. In the last few years, a number of scholars have offered a different reading of Schelling’s Spätphilosophie, particularly by pointing out his rethinking of nature, revelation, and Christianity. In this paper, I offer a systematic reading of Schelling’s later philosophy so as to show that his views of a philosophical religion fit within the trajectory of his thought. Nevertheless, Schelling does recourse overtly hasty in (Christian) religion.
Editorial: Religions in Comparative Education: the past and the present
Authors: Kim Terri
Published: January 2019

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Más allá de la familia: Una reflexión teórica sobre la definición del habitante de la vivienda
Authors: Lebrusán Murillo Irene
Published: January 2019

Este artículo es una reflexión teórica sobre el uso sociológico delos conceptos de familia y hogar como ocupantes de la vivienda. Se aboga por laredefinición del ocupante de la vivienda como hogar antes que como familia, superandoasí una concepción reduccionista que prima la importancia de la viviendacomo espacio socializador de la familia antes que como escenario vital. Tal reflexiónpermite incorporar como sujeto de estudio al actor que envejece, que cambia,y que no manifiesta necesidades residenciales solo con base en el ciclo delhogar, sino en el propio curso de vida. Pero además reflexiona sobre las limitacionesde asociar de forma indisoluble la vivienda a la familia.Esta argumentación no pretende minar la importancia de la familia, sino reclamarel reconocimiento de la vivienda como un espacio continente mayor, que concibala dimensión continua del hogar además de sus múltiples formas sin que seanecesaria una justificación: la vivienda no es importante (solo) porque cobije lasfunciones socializadoras-reproductoras de la familia, sino porque permite desarrollarla función de habitar, alojando a todo tipo de hogares.This article is a theoretical reflection on the sociological use of theconcepts of family and household as occupants of the dwelling. It advocates theredefinition of the occupant of housing as a home/household rather than as a family,thus overcoming a reductionist conception that emphasizes the importance ofhousing as a socializing space of the family rather than as a vital scenario. Suchreflection allows to incorporate as a subject of study the actor who is aging, whochanges, and who does not manifest residential needs only based on the householdcycle, but on the life course itself. The article also reflects on the limitations ofinextricably associating housing with the family.This argument does not intend to undermine the importance of the family, butto claim the recognition of housing as a greater continent, which conceives thecontinuous dimension of the household in addition to its multiple forms without ajustification being necessary: housing is not important (only) because it sheltersthe socializing-reproducing functions of the family, but because it allows the developmentof the function of inhabiting for all types of households.
La competencia partidista en las elecciones generales de 2015: factores contextuales y anclajes ideológicos
Authors: Delgado Sotillos Irene
Published: January 2019

Este trabajo se sitúa en el contexto de los estudios electorales. Loscambios acontecidos en el escenario político español tras las elecciones generalesde 2015 demandan un análisis de los factores individuales del voto que han guiadolas orientaciones de los electores. Partiendo de un marco teórico explicativo generaly con análisis de datos de encuestas del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicastratamos de aislar los determinantes de carácter contextual y el peso de los anclajesideológicos que han orientado el voto a los principales partidos de ámbito estatal.Los resultados muestran que tanto los factores a corto plazo como factores estructuraleshan sido tomados en consideración por los votantes para apoyar a las formacionespolíticas, generado una fuga de votos de los partidos tradicionales hacialas nuevas formaciones políticas, dentro de la estructura del marco ideológico.In the context of electoral studies, this article explores the changesthat took place in the Spanish political scene after the general elections of 2015.The analysis of the individual voting factors that guided the electoral behaviorstarts from a general theoretical framework, and examine survey data from theCenter for Sociological Research. It tries to isolate the determinants of contextualcharacters and the weight of the ideological anchors that have dominated the votefor the main parties. The results show that combination of both the short-termfactors and the long- term factors, where the ideology plays an important role,have conditioned the support to the new political formations generating an importantchange in the preferences of the voters but conditioned by the ideologicalframework.
Consuming Narratives: The Politics of Cannibalism on Mt. Lykaion
Authors: Eidinow Esther
Published: January 2019

This article examines a Classical reference to werewolves, a passing analogy made by Plato in the Republic, in his description of the development of a tyrant. In gen- eral, scholars of myth/ritual have largely downplayed or taken for granted the specific Platonic context; while philosophers have tended to overlook both Lyka i an cannibalism, and the intricacies of political alliances in the early fourth century BC. This paper brings together three areas of investigation: philosophy, religion and political history, situating the myth/ritual complex of Lykaon/Mt. Lykaion within the framework of (1) Plato’s Republic, where this myth/ritual is introduced analogically, and (2) fourth-century Peloponnesian politics, to which, it is argued, the Platonic werewolf analogy may be alluding, either in general or specific terms.
Indledning: Sekterisme før, under og efter de arabiske revolter
Authors: Christensen Tina Dransfeldt
Published: January 2019

I stedet for et abstract er her begyndelsen på indledningen:

Sunni-shiasekterismens betydning for det politiske liv i Mellemøsten har de senere år optaget både forskere, politikere og journalister, og i den bredere offentlige debat udpeges modsætningen mellem sunni- og shiaislam ofte til at være en central konfliktlinje i regionens politiske liv. Men hvilken og hvor stor en rolle spiller sekterisme i Mellemøsten i dag? Er sekterisk politik i dag drevet af en historisk konflikt mellem sunni- og shiamuslimer, som kan føres helt tilbage til profeten Muhammads død og slaget ved Kerbala i 680, eller er der snarere tale om, at magthavere bruger sekterisme som mobiliseringsstrategi for at fremme egne politiske, økonomiske, sociale og religiøse interesser?

Det er nogle af disse spørgsmål, som dette nummer af Tidsskrift for Islamforskning stiller skarpt på. Det internationale forskningsprojekt Sectarianism in the Wake of the Arab Revolts (SWAR) ved Aarhus Universitet har siden august 2015 og frem til februar 2019 undersøgt årsagerne bag, former for og konsekvenserne af den såkaldte nye sekterisme i Mellemøsten efter de arabiske revolter.[...]
Islamisk enhedsdiskurs: Et studie af sunni-shiarelationer fra britiske shiamuslimers perspektiv
Authors: Corboz Elvire
Published: January 2019

Denne artikel undersøger en udbredt diskurs blandt britiske shiamuslimer, som med betegnelsen “islamisk enhed” fremhæver kulturel sameksistens blandt muslimer. Analysen af denne diskurs belyser shiitiske opfattelser af selv og andre samt magtrelationerne inden for islams mangfoldighed. Artiklen placerer denne diskurs inden for en ramme af majoritets-minoritets magtrelationer, hvor shiaislam traditionelt har minoritetsstatus (og i en britisk kontekst som dobbeltminoritet). Derudover identificerer og undersøger artiklen fire strategier inden for denne diskurs, som den argumenterer for, er et forsøg på at redde shiaislam fra sin minoritetsstatus ved at “mainstreame” denne retning. Denne mainstreaming handler dog ikke om at opløse shiaislam i en eksisterende mainstream, men snarere om at normalisere shiitiske særtræk.
Federation and the History of the Administration of Indigenous Affairs in Canada, the United States, and Australia: New Insights through a Transnational Approach
Authors: Binnema Ted
Published: January 2019

The importance of decisions regarding the allocation of jurisdiction over Indigenous affairs in federal states can only be understood well when studied transnationally and comparatively. Historians of Canada appear never to have considered the significance of the fact that the British North America Act (1867) gave the Canadian federal government exclusive jurisdiction over Indian affairs, even though that stipulation is unique among the constitutional documents of comparable federal states (the United States and Australia). This article explains that the constitutional provisions in Canada, the United States, and Australia are a product of the previous history of indigenous-state relations in each location, but also profoundly affected subsequent developments in each of those countries. Despite stark differences, the similar and parallel developments also hint at trends that influenced all three countries.
A Personal Reflection on Robert C.H. Sweeny’s Why Did We Choose to Industrialize? Montreal 1819–1849
Authors: BRADBURY BETTINA
Published: January 2019

This reflection on Robert C.H. Sweeny’s Why Did We Choose to Industrialize? Montreal 1819–1849 is grounded in a consideration of various historical, historiographic, and personal moments, evaluating what Sweeny’s work means in a variety of contexts. Sweeny’s book offers a complex portrait of the changing inequalities of a nineteenth-century city, and important theoretical and methodological insights and cautions.
Robert C.H. Sweeny’s Why Did We Choose to Industrialize?: Montreal, 1819–1849: A Round Table Commentary
Authors: FAHRNI MAGDA
Published: January 2019

Readers of Robert C.H. Sweeny’s Why Did We Choose to Industrialize? Montreal, 1819–1849 will find old questions, interrogated with classic quantitative methods, and new questions, methods, and ways of writing history. This book is of interest for those historians who wish to understand the debate around the process of industrialization, or the impact of the arrival or industrial capitalism on a city. What is more, Sweeny’s book constitutes proof that the craft of history is an exercise in life-long learning, allowing the reader to find something new in each reading.
Response to the Round Table on Why Did We Choose to Industrialize? Montreal 1819–1849
Authors: SWEENY ROBERT C.H.
Published: January 2019

Author Robert C.H. Sweeny responds to comments on his award-winning book, Why Did We Choose to Industrialize? Montreal 1819–1849.
Making a Housing Market in Paris
Authors: BLACKMAR ELIZABETH
Published: January 2019

Alexia Yates’ Selling Paris renders in satisfying empirical detail the agents and institutions, especially the joint-stock sociétés anonymes, that in the last third of the nineteenth century fashioned the Parisian housing market on a new scale, from financing and land acquisition to the management of apartment buildings as investment properties. In its penetrating and exemplary analysis, Selling Paris is destined to anchor new comparisons of the impact of different legal regimes, institutions of finance and real estate enterprise, and balances of public and private power on housing markets and built environments in other cities and nations. By showing how Parisian developers themselves framed a narrative of urban housing as “merchandise” in order to legitimate their financial speculations, Yates also offers her readers critical distance on that paradigm and its associated tendency to treat the social politics as expressions of consumer rights.
Pigments photosynthétiques, enzymes antioxydantes et potentiel osmotique foliaire de dix génotypes de blé dur (Triticum durum) : effet du stress hydrique
Authors: Bouchemal Karima , Bouldjadj Ryma , Belbekri Mohamed Nadir , Ykhlef Nadia , Djekoun Abdelhamid
Published: January 2019

L’ajustement osmotique, les pigments photosynthétiques et les changements d’activités des antioxydants enzymatiques ont été évalués chez dix génotypes de blé dur (Triticum durum) soumis à des conditions de stress hydrique. Les plantules de blé ont germé en hydroponie, en chambre de culture. Le stress hydrique a été appliqué aux quatrième et cinquième stades de la feuille par l’ajout d’une solution de polyéthylène glycol (PEG 6000) (-0,49 MPa). Le potentiel osmotique ainsi que la teneur en chlorophylle totale (Chl a+b) et en caroténoïdes (Car) ont été déterminés. Des analyses électrophorétiques ont été effectuées pour trois enzymes antioxydantes, soit la superoxyde dismutase (SOD), la guaïacol peroxydase (GPOX) et la catalase (CAT), en utilisant l’électrophorèse sur gel de polyacrylamide (PAGE) en conditions natives. Les résultats obtenus montrent une réduction du potentiel osmotique foliaire et une diminution de Chl a+b et Car sous l’effet du stress hydrique. Toutefois, il existe des différences significatives entre les génotypes étudiés en réponse au traitement imposé. PAGE a permis de montrer une augmentation dans l’intensité des enzymes étudiées et une apparition d’isoformes supplémentaires, dont une de CAT et trois de SOD, en conditions de stress. Ces différences dans les réponses au stress hydrique pourraient être des indices utiles et fiables pour la sélection de génotypes tolérants de blé dur.
Évaluation de maladies racinaires du soya dans des champs de la Montérégie en 2014 et 2015
Authors: Faucher Yvan , Rioux Sylvie , Bourget Nicole , Thibaudeau Sylvie , Duval Brigitte , Mathieu Stéphanie , Breton Ann-Marie , O’Donoughue Louise
Published: January 2019

Un inventaire des maladies racinaires du soya causées par des champignons et des oomycètes a été réalisé en 2014 et 2015 dans 80 champs situés en Montérégie et 4 au Centre-du-Québec. Douze plantules au stade de deux feuilles trifoliées ont été prélevées par champ pour évaluer l’état sanitaire de leurs racines (indice racinaire) selon une échelle de 1 à 5 (1 = belles racines abondantes ; 5 = nécroses et peu de racines), et pour révéler dans ces racines, à l’aide de techniques de mise en culture, la présence de champignons et d’oomycètes pathogènes. L’indice racinaire moyen pour l’ensemble des champs était de 2,6 en 2014 et 3,2 en 2015. Des espèces de Pythium et de Fusarium étaient présentes dans presque 100 % des champs chaque année, alors que Rhizoctonia solani et Thielaviopsis basicola ont été plus abondants en 2015 (88 % des champs) qu’en 2014 (52 %). Phytophthora sojae n’a été isolé d’aucune racine, mais l’a été à partir des sols de 37 % des champs. Les espèces de Fusarium les plus fréquentes étaient F. solani, F. oxysporum et F. equiseti, présentes dans au moins 60 % des champs. La méthode d’analyse « stepwise » a sélectionné trois facteurs pour expliquer la variation de l’indice racinaire, dont deux ont montré des différences significatives entre leurs niveaux, soit le type de semence (indice plus élevé pour non-OGM que pour OGM) et le nombre d’années en culture de soya au cours des quatre dernières années (indice augmentant avec le nombre d’années). Le travail du sol a été le seul facteur sélectionné pour expliquer la variation des Fusarium totaux (somme diminuant avec l’intensité du travail de sol).
« Un pays, une langue, une ville ? »
Authors: Michaud-Lapointe Alice
Published: January 2019

De quelle(s) langue(s) naît-on, et comment ? Il y a la langue-Mère, celle qui arrive comme un don, puis la seconde langue, celle dont on s’éprend et qui bouleverse les affects et les souvenirs. Chez Hélène Cixous, et plus particulièrement dans Une autobiographie allemande et Gare d’Osnabrück à Jérusalem, les langues apprises et rêvées se superposent dans l’écriture autobiographique : Allemagne et Algérie se fondent, la ville d’Oran ressurgit dans celle d’Osnabrück (ou Jérusalem), les syllabes de l’allemand, de l’anglais et du français miroitent et se réfléchissent dans la parole. La question de l’appartenance, pour l’écrivaine, ne relève jamais de l’ordre du territoire fixe, mais creuse plutôt les fluidités temporelles et l’hybridité mémorielle. Cet article propose une analyse des « zones-frontières » du récit de soi cixousien à travers l’image de la torsade, qui se trouve au fondement même de la pratique d’écriture autobiographique de l’écrivaine. Par le chemin de « l’inventer vrai » où se côtoient jeux temporels et non-savoirs, Cixous entreprend une traversée identitaire et qui interroge la figure de la langue-Mère, de la mort en revenance, ainsi que l’idée de « vérité vécue » prise comme voyage fantasmé. Cet essai se consacre aux modalités de l’écriture de Cixous, écriture capable de s’infiltrer subrepticement dans les lézardes et les fissures d’une mémoire personnelle dont il faut textuellement lier et délier, tresser et détresser les fils afin de saisir toute sa complexité.
Relaciones de género en la sociedad posmoderna: percepciones y actitudes de estudiantes jóvenes sobre las relaciones de poder en las parejas
Authors: Jiménez-Delgado María , De-Gracia-Soriano Pablo , Jareño-Ruiz Diana , González-Chouciño Mariano Agustín
Published: February 2019

Este artículo presenta resultados de un proyecto que nace de la inquietud de un instituto público de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) por conocer cómo son las relaciones de género entre su alumnado. El marco teórico que contribuye a contextualizar los resultados expuestos está centrado en las teorías del poder, del amor y los afectos, y del impacto de las TIC. El objetivo del estudio es diagnosticar cómo se expresan las relaciones de poder en las parejas en centros educativos. De esta manera, se espera poder obtener y plantear elementos que permitan a los centros generar estrategias para la acción futura a partir de los marcos emocionales de las relaciones de poder en las parejas. Con este fin se ha diseñado una herramienta cuantitativa que contribuye a la evaluación de cómo son estas relaciones. El cuestionario ha sido aplicado a una muestra de 140 estudiantes de tercero y cuarto de ESO con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 18 años. Posteriormente se ha realizado un análisis comparativo con otra muestra de 192 estudiantes de primer y segundo curso de Grado de Universidad, con edades comprendidas fundamentalmente entre los 18 y 20 años, con el fin de incrementar el rango de edad y valorar mejor la experiencia. El análisis de los datos obtenidos evidencia la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas por edad, sexo y experiencia en pareja, así como la importancia de la comunicación para el proceso cotidiano de las relaciones afectivo-sexuales. Tras los análisis e interpretación de los datos se concluye que las relaciones de poder en las parejas están enmascaradas debido a una concepción romántica de las mismas.
Institutions and the sick poor
Authors: King Steven
Published: January 2019

This chapter shows that the workhouse was the single biggest category of institutional engagement by parish officers. In turn, most workhouse inmates were sick. Yet the workhouse played a variable part in medical welfare spending in most places. Only in Norfolk was its presence concerted and long-lasting. Over time, the range of engagements between parishes and other types of institution, notably hospitals, expanded massively. By the 1820s an institutional sojourn became an anticipated and expected parish response to sickness.
Private study
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: January 2019

The rise of the managerial class has effected a fundamental reversal of priorities in the university sector, such that faculty now exist primarily in order to serve the demands of management as such. With managerial jargon in the ascendancy, political argument about the nature of the sector falls into cliché; and cliché precludes the yielding of any knowledge that is based in thinking, because it reduces thought to prejudicial clichéd banalities. Inn this state of affairs, there can be little legitimacy for a critical position that might challenge the supposed primacy of economic rationalisation of all aspects of university life and of knowledge. The result is that the privatisation of knowledge and the attendant commercialisation of information assumes a normative force. The university is complicit with a general political trajectory that leads to the corruption of politics and of intellectual work through the improper insertion of financial rationales for all decision-making. The chapter explores the pre-history of this in Thatcherism and Reaganomics; and it demonstrates that the logic of university privatization is essentially a state-sponsored subsidy for the wealthy, and for the ongoing protection of existing privileges.
“He certainly was rough to look at”: Social Distinctions in Anthony Trollope’s Antipodean Fiction
Authors: Setecka Agnieszka
Published: January 2019

The following article concentrates on the representation of social class in Anthony Trollope’s Antipodean stories, Harry Heathcote of Gangoil (1874) and “Catherine Carmichael” (1878). Although Trollope was aware of the problematic nature of class boundaries in the Antipodes, he nevertheless employed the English model of class distinctions as a point of reference. In the two stories he concentrated on wealthy squatters’ attempts to reconstruct the way of life of the English gentry and on the role of women, who either exposed the false pretences to gentility, as in “Catherine Carmichael,” or contributed to consolidation of the landowning classes as in Harry Heathcote of Gangoil.
Controlling the Ever Threatening ‘Other’
Authors: Leroy Matthew
Published: January 2019

Ideas of Australia being invaded by a foreign ‘Other’ have been present throughout much of its history and this legacy is still present today. My paper will reveal the red thread of control that runs through Australia’s attitude and policy towards asylum seekers since European arrival. Claims of current restrictions against asylum seekers being mere Islamophobia ignore this history. From the grudging admission of Jewish refugees during times of Nazi oppression to quotas placed on certain nationalities and later draconian punishments for those claiming asylum without a prior visa, control of the ‘Other’ has been a constant theme, with current policies of mandatory detention and off shore processing on far away Pacific islands separating the Australian ‘Self’ from the foreign ‘Other.’
Chiral Liquid‐Crystalline Ionic Liquid Systems Useful for Electrochemical Polymerization that Affords Helical Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Yamakawa Shohei , Wada Kohei , Hidaka Masatomo , Hanasaki Tomonori , Akagi Kazuo
Published: February 2019

Ionic liquids bearing both liquid crystallinity and chirality are potentially applicable for chiral electrochemical syntheses and polymerizations. In this study, two types of chiral nematic liquid‐crystalline ionic liquids (N*‐LCILs) are developed to achieve asymmetric electrochemical polymerization without a supporting electrolyte and even a chiral dopant. N*‐LCILs are prepared i) by adding an axially chiral binaphthyl derivative as an external chiral dopant to imidazolium cation–based LCILs or ii) by incorporating a chiral binaphthyl phosphate as a counter anion in LCILs. Helical poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (H‐PEDOT) films are successfully synthesized through electrochemical polymerization of a dimer‐ or trimer‐type 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer in an N*‐LCIL, where N*‐LCIL plays the role of both an asymmetric solvent and a supporting electrolyte. H‐PEDOT films have helically π‐stacked structures of conjugated chains and spiral morphologies consisting of one‐handed screwed fibril bundles. The plausible mechanism of the asymmetric electrochemical polymerization of EDOT in N*‐LCIL is proposed to elucidate the correlation of helical sense between the helically π‐stacked chains, screwed fibril bundles, and N*‐LCIL. The two present types of N*‐LCILs are the first to enable supporting electrolyte–free asymmetric electrochemical polymerization, and they have potential applications in various types of chiral electrochemical syntheses, expanding the potential utility of ionic liquids.
Optically Tunable Field Effect Transistors with Conjugated Polymer Entailing Azobenzene Groups in the Side Chains
Authors: Tian Jianwu , Fu Lulu , Liu Zitong , Geng Hua , Sun Yanan , Lin Gaobo , Zhang Xisha , Zhang Guanxin , Zhang Deqing
Published: February 2019

Semiconducting conjugated polymers with photoswitching behavior are highly demanded for field‐effect transistors (FETs) with tunable electronic properties. Herein a new design strategy is established for photoresponsive conjugated polymers by incorporating photochromic units (azobenzene) into the flexible side alkyl chains. It is shown that azobenzene groups in the side chains of the DPP (diketopyrrolopyrrole)‐quaterthiophene polymer (PDAZO) can undergo trans/cis photoisomerization in fully reversible and fast manner. Optically tunable FETs with bistable states are successfully fabricated with thin films of PDAZO. The drain‐source currents are reduced by 80.1% after UV light irradiation for ≈28 s, which are easily restored after further visible light irradiation for ≈33 s. Such fast optically tunable FETs are not reported before. Moreover, such current photomodulation can be implemented for multiple light irradiation cycles with good photofatigue resistance. Additionally, thin film charge mobility of PDAZO can be reversibly modulated by alternating UV and visible light irradiations. On the basis of theoretical calculations and GIWAXS data, it is hypothesized that the dipole moment and configuration changes associated with the trans‐/cis‐photoisomerization of azobenzene groups in PDAZO can affect the respective intra‐chain and inter‐chain charge transporting, which is responsible for the optically tunable behavior for FETs with thin films of PDAZO.
Exploring the Performance Limit of Carbon Nanotube Network Film Field‐Effect Transistors for Digital Integrated Circuit Applications
Authors: Zhao Chenyi , Zhong Donglai , Han Jie , Liu Lijun , Zhang Zhiyong , Peng Lian‐Mao
Published: February 2019

Carbon nanotube (CNT) network thin film field‐effect transistors (TFTs), which used to be considered as low cost and low performance transistors for display driving or flexible electronics, have recently been used to construct digital integrated circuits (ICs). However, few studies have focused on exploring how optimal CNT TFTs can be achieved according to transistor standards in digital applications. In this work, sub‐micrometer TFTs based on high‐quality and high‐purity solution‐derived CNT films are fabricated and the potential performance restriction due to the switching‐off property of these transistors is explored. Specifically, subthreshold swing (SS) severely degrades upon scaling down the channel length or increasing the CNT density in TFTs, and a tradeoff between peak transconductance (gm) and SS in CNT TFTs due to the random orientation distribution of CNTs has been observed in experiments and proven by theoretical simulations. A well‐designed balance between gm and SS is necessary to build CNT TFTs with SS of 120 mV dec−1 and gm of 150 µS µm−1 to meet device requirements in digital ICs powered by a supplied voltage, VDD, lower than 2.0 V.
A Simple Phenyl Group Introduced at the Tail of Alkyl Side Chains of Small Molecular Acceptors: New Strategy to Balance the Crystallinity of Acceptors and Miscibility of Bulk Heterojunction Enabling Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yonghai , Zheng Nan , Yu Lu , Wen Shuguang , Gao Chenglin , Sun Mingliang , Yang Renqiang
Published: February 2019

Research on fused‐ring small‐molecular‐acceptors (SMAs) has deeply advanced the development of organic solar cells (OSCs). Compared to fruitful studies of ladder‐type cores and end‐caps of SMAs, the exploration of side chains is monotonous. The widely utilized alkyl and aryl side chains usually produce a conflicting association between SMAs' crystallinity and miscibility. Herein, a fresh idea about the modification of side chains is reported to explore the subtle balance between the crystallinity and miscibility. Specifically, a phenyl is introduced to the tail of the alkyl side chain whereby a new acceptor IDIC‐C4Ph is reported. Moderately weakened crystallinity is observed, while maintaining preferred absorption profiles and face‐on orientations. Concurrently, remarkably improved heterojunction morphologies and stacking orientations are detected. PBDB‐T:IDIC‐C4Ph devices exhibit greater efficiency of 11.50% than devices from alky and aryl modified acceptors. Notably, the as‐cast OSCs of PBDB‐TF:IDIC‐C4Ph reveal outstanding FF over 76% with the best efficiency up to 13.23%. The annealed devices reveal further increased efficiency exceeding 14% with the state of the art FF of 78.32%. Overall, an effective but easily navigable approach is demonstrated to modulate the crystallinity of SMAs toward synergistically improved morphologies and molecular orientations of bulk heterojunction enabling highly efficient OSCs.
Light Tunable Gratings Based on Flexoelectric Effect in Photoresponsive Bent‐Core Nematics
Authors: Jing Hongzhen , Xu Mingya , Xiang Ying , Wang Everett , Liu Dongfeng , Poryvai Anna , Kohout Michal , Éber Nándor , Buka Ágnes
Published: February 2019

A new photoresponsive bent‐core nematic (BCN) material, which exhibits flexoelectric domains (FDs) driven by electric field, is reported. Unexpectedly, it is found that the morphologies of FDs can be controlled by irradiation with light fields. This light tunability is ascribed to the photoisomerization effect of the azo moiety within the BCN molecules, where the ratio of trans and cis isomers changes according to the parameters of the light field, resulting in adjustable electric threshold and periodicity of FDs. Based on this principle, a prototype of controllable optical grating is assembeled, whose operation can be manipulated by the wavelength or intensity of light. Due to the easy, instant, and remote operation by light, this optical, contactless tunability has a great advantage over traditional electric control in tunable photonic devices.
Synergetic Electronic and Ionic Contributions to Electroresistance in Ferroelectric Capacitors
Authors: Qian Mengdi , Fina Ignasi , Sulzbach Milena Cervo , Sánchez Florencio , Fontcuberta Josep
Published: February 2019

Advanced use of ferroelectric capacitors in data storage and computing relies on the control of their electrical resistance (electroresistance, ER) by the change of the electrostatic potential profile across the capacitor occurring upon electric field–driven polarization switching. Here it is reported the observation that BaTiO3‐based capacitors, sandwiched between Pt and La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 electrodes, display a large ER, whose magnitude (near 104% at room temperature) and sign (ER > 0, ER < 0) are determined by the writing pulse duration and temperature. Temperature‐dependent measurements have been instrumental to obtain evidence of the presence of a thermally activated process coexisting with the electronic changes produced by ferroelectric polarization switching, both contributing to ER. Detailed analysis allows concluding that the thermally activated process can be attributed to field‐assisted ionic motion. It is argued that the relative balance between purely electronic and ionic diffusion processes modulate the height of the interfacial Schottky barriers and, consequently, are responsible for the observed variations of magnitude and sign of ER.
North‐south gradient of mesothelioma and asbestos consumption‐production in the United States‐Progresses since the 1st asbestos partial ban in 1973
Authors: Sun Hongbing
Published: February 2019

Background

Temporal trends and broad geographical distributions of asbestos use and the incidence of malignant mesothelioma (MM) in the US still need to be studied.

Methods

Data on asbestos consumption and production between 1900 and 2015 and MM mortality and incidence rates between 1975 and 2015 in the US were examined. Spatial distributions of MM mortality and incidence rates and their association with climate zone were analyzed.

Results

Decline of MM incidence and mortality rates in the US occurred about 20 years after the peak of asbestos consumption‐production in 1973. There are apparent north‐south (N‐S) gradients in MM mortality and incidence rates in the US.

Conclusion

Recent decline of MM incidence and mortality rates in the US may be associated with reduced US asbestos consumption. N‐S MM gradients between 1999 and 2015 were likely related to larger asbestos requirements in building materials in the northern states.
Heritable disorders of connective tissue: Description of a data repository and initial cohort characterization
Authors: Bascom Rebecca , Schubart Jane R. , Mills Susan , Smith Thomas , Zukley Linda M. , Francomano Clair A. , McDonnell Nazli
Published: February 2019

We describe a data repository on heritable disorders of connective tissue (HDCT) assembled by the National Institutes of Health's National Institute on Aging (NIA) Intramural Research Program between 2001 and 2013. Participants included affected persons with a wide range of heritable connective tissue phenotypes, and unaffected family members. Elements include comprehensive history and physical examination, standardized laboratory data, physiologic measures and imaging, standardized patient‐reported outcome measures, and an extensive linked biorepository. The NIA made a commitment to make the repository available to extramural investigators and deposited samples at Coriell Tissue Repository (N = 126) and GenTAC registry (N = 132). The clinical dataset was transferred to Penn State University College of Medicine Clinical and Translational Science Institute in 2016, and data elements inventoried. The consented cohort of 1,009 participants averaged 39 ± 18 years (mean ± SD, range 2–95) at consent; gender distribution is 71% F and 83% self‐report Caucasian ethnicity. Diagnostic categories include Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (classical N = 50, hypermobile N = 99, vascular N = 101, rare types and unclassified N = 178), Marfan syndrome (N = 33), Stickler syndrome (N = 60), fibromuscular dysplasia (N = 135), Other HDCT (N = 72). Unaffected family members (N = 218) contributed DNA for the molecular archive only. We aim to develop further discrete data from unstructured elements, analyze multisymptom HDCT manifestations, encourage data use by other researchers and thereby better understand the complexity of these high‐morbidity conditions and their multifaceted effects on affected persons.
Advances in Asymmetric Di‐and Trifluoromethylthiolation, and Di‐ and Trifluoromethoxylation Reactions
Authors: Hardy Melissa A. , Chachignon Hélène , Cahard Dominique
Published: February 2019

Methods to introduce fluorine atoms or fluoroalkyl groups are highly valuable to the design and development of biologically active compounds. To date, majority of fluorinated pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals bear a fluorine atom or CF3 group at a non‐stereogenic center. The development of methods for the construction of new, emerging fluorinated motifs, in particular those combining a heteroatom and a fluorocarbon moiety have witnessed tremendous advancement in recent years; however, a challenging problem is the stereocontrol of a carbon center featuring such fluorinated motifs. This review aims to summarize the advancement in the asymmetric construction of trifluoromethylthio‐ and trifluoromethoxy compounds as well as their difluoromethyl analogues. Both the direct installation of the O−Rf and S−Rf groups (Rf=CF3, CF2H) and the exploitation of building blocks featuring these groups are detailed.
Gestural repertoire size is associated with social proximity measures in wild chimpanzees
Authors: Roberts Anna I. , Chakrabarti Anwesha , Roberts Sam G. B.
Published: February 2019

Studying the communication systems of primates can provide insights into the evolutionary origins of human language. Some theories propose that language evolved to help meet the demands of managing complex social relationships. Examining the associations between sociality and communication in the great apes can help to identify the specific selection pressures that may have been important for language evolution. In particular, gestural communication is believed to be important because it is a relatively recent trait seen only in primates and particularly in the great apes. However, the extent to which more complex gestural communication plays a role in managing social relationships, as compared to less complex gestural communication, is not well understood. Using social network analysis, we examined the association between complex gesturing (indexed as repertoire size) and complexity of social relationships indexed as proximity (the duration of time spent within 10 m, per hour spent in same party) in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Repertoire size (the total number of gesture types a focal subject produced toward other individuals) and dyadic repertoire size (the number of gesture types produced toward the dyad partner, per hour spent within 10 meters) were positively associated with proximity at the level of the group (centrality in the proximity network) and the dyad (proximity duration between dyads), respectively. Further, the repertoire size of visual and auditory short‐range gestures was positively associated with proximity, while the repertoire size of tactile gesture was negatively associated with proximity. Overall these results suggest that gestural repertoire size has important implications for maintaining social relationships in wild chimpanzees and more broadly that gestural communication may have played an important role in language evolution.
Variation in SIPA1L2 is correlated with phenotype modification in Charcot– Marie– Tooth disease type 1A
Authors: Tao Feifei , Beecham Gary W. , Rebelo Adriana P. , Svaren John , Blanton Susan H. , Moran John J. , Lopez‐Anido Camila , Morrow Jasper M. , Abreu Lisa , Rizzo Devon , Kirk Callyn A. , Wu Xingyao , Feely Shawna , Verhamme Camiel , Saporta Mario A. , Herrmann David N. , Day John W. , Sumner Charlotte J. , Lloyd Thomas E. , Li Jun , Yum Sabrina W. , Taroni Franco , Baas Frank , Choi Byung‐Ok , Pareyson Davide , Scherer Steven S. , Reilly Mary M. , Shy Michael E. , Züchner Stephan ,   for the Inherited Neuropathy Consortium
Published: February 2019

Objective

Genetic modifiers in rare disease have long been suspected to contribute to the considerable variance in disease expression, including Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A). To address this question, the Inherited Neuropathy Consortium collected a large standardized sample of such rare CMT1A patients over a period of 8 years. CMT1A is caused in most patients by a uniformly sized 1.5 Mb duplication event involving the gene PMP22.

Methods

We genotyped DNA samples from 971 CMT1A patients on Illumina BeadChips. Genome‐wide analysis was performed in a subset of 330 of these patients, who expressed the extremes of a hallmark symptom: mild and severe foot dorsiflexion strength impairment. SIPA1L2 (signal‐induced proliferation‐associated 1 like 2), the top identified candidate modifier gene, was expressed in the peripheral nerve, and our functional studies identified and confirmed interacting proteins using coimmunoprecipitation analysis, mass spectrometry, and immunocytochemistry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and in vitro siRNA experiments were used to analyze gene regulation.

Results

We identified significant association of 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs10910527, rs7536385, rs4649265, rs1547740) in SIPA1L2 with foot dorsiflexion strength (p < 1 × 10−7). Coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectroscopy studies identified β‐actin and MYH9 as SIPA1L2 binding partners. Furthermore, we show that SIPA1L2 is part of a myelination‐associated coexpressed network regulated by the master transcription factor SOX10. Importantly, in vitro knockdown of SIPA1L2 in Schwannoma cells led to a significant reduction of PMP22 expression, hinting at a potential strategy for drug development.

Interpretation

SIPA1L2 is a potential genetic modifier of CMT1A phenotypic expressions and offers a new pathway to therapeutic interventions. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:316–330.