bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis with a Crystal Spectrometer
Authors: Ohashi Kazutaka , Takahashl Mamoru , Gohshi Yohichi , Iida Atsuo , Eishimoto Shunji
Published: March 2019

A wavelength dispersive spectrometer which consists of a flat crystal analyser and a position sensitive proportional counter has been developed for X-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation. The advantages of this spectrometer are high energy resolution, multielemental nature, and high efficiency, and these match well "with the high brightness synchrotron X-ray source. The minimum detection limits are of the order of ppm or pg. An application to elemental mapping has also been demonstrated. The present system is useful for practical analysis of small samples or small regions.
Fabrication and Selected Applications of a Nist X-Ray Microfluorescence Spectrometer
Authors: Pella P.A. , Feng L.
Published: March 2019

An x-ray microfluorescence (XRMF) spectrometer has been designed and fabricated at NIST for multi-point compositional analysis of small samples with x-ray beam sizes on the order of 50 micrometers or greater. This system was developed as part of an industrial cooperative research agreement with Kevex Instruments, Inc., San Carlos, CA., and consists of commercially available components incorporated in an aluminum vacuum chamber (see Figs. 1 and 2).
Backscatter/Fundamental-Parameters Analysis of Unweighed Samples using Multi-Target, Multi-Crystal Regions of Interest from WDXRF and EDXRF
Authors: Arthur Richard J. , Sanders Ronald W.
Published: March 2019

A method has been developed to simultaneously compute matrix corrections from a composite spectrum of multi-target energy-dispersive (EDXRF) and multicrystal wavelength—dispersive (WDXRF) x-ray fluorescence systems, A serial line installed between the WDXRF and EDXRF spectrometers via a PDF 11/34a computer allows acquired wavelength data to be digitally transformed into an energy spectrum. The low-energy x-ray information from the WDXRF unit is then coupled with the backscatter coherent/incoherent information from the EDXRF unit, enabling enhanced quantitative analysis for low-atomic-number (low-Z) elements. The peak resolution obtainable from the WDXRF spectra often removes the necessity for peak-overlap corrections.

Backscatter intensities obtained from the EDXRF unit are used to provide information on total sample mass and to correct for matrix effects. The resulting backscatter fundamental-parameter (BFP) calculations generally provide an accurate analysis of samples without prior knowledge of the sample matrix. Such an approach is particularly useful for samples in which quantities of carbon, oxygen, and other low-Z constituents cannot be explicitly determined.

Regions of interest (ROI) are created by the computer code “PREP” and processed by the BFP code "MSAP" an extension of the “SAP3” computer program for quantitative multielement analysis by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence,
XRF Spectrometry Determination of YBCO System BPSCCO System, and TBCCO System High Tc Oxide Superconductors
Authors: Kaneko Keiji , Kaneko Hiroko , Ihaea Hideo , Hirabayashi Masayuki , Terada Korio , Jho Masatoshi
Published: March 2019

Since Bednortz and Muller discovered high Tc oxide superconductors in 1986. many oxide superconductors are synthesized by many workers. These are YBCO system (Tc 90 K), BPSCCO system (110 K) and TBCCO system (125 K). Even now, the study of preparing higher Tc superconductors has been continued. The starting materials, in which the compositions are deiicatly variec, are mixed and high Tc oxide superconductors are prepared.
Large-Area X-Ray Micro-Fluorescence Imaging OF Heterogeneous Materials
Authors: Cross B.J. , Lamb R.D. , Ma S. , Paque J.M.
Published: March 2019

An X-ray Micro-Fluorescence (XRMF) spectrometer, with an analysis area of about 100 by 150 microns, has been used to collect 2-dimensional X-ray intensity maps over large-area (5 to 50 mm in X and Y) samples. These intensity maps were collected by scanning the sample on an XY stage, and converting X-ray Energy-Dispersive spectra to peak intensities for the elements of interest. The maps, when displayed using false-color or pseudogray scales, show the distribution of individual chemical elements over the analysis area. These maps can be collected at speeds from about 1 minute per frame (analysing 25 elements simultaneously). Greater precision of chemical intensities, or larger area maps, may require several hours, particularly if extensive data processing is performed at each point. XRMF has advantages over more conventional SEM-EDS X-ray mapping, including sample preparation and presentation, as well as improved signal-to-noise ratios.

A technique is described which assists in analyzing the large amount of data which is collected in each map. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is performed on all of the elemental maps simultaneously. This technique compresses the many elemental intensity maps into a few principal components, resulting in many fewer maps to evaluate. The intensity maps of these principal components display the most pertinent information. They can also be plotted as scatter plots which can help with the partitioning of the data into individual phases. This procedure can potentially be automated as a method for phase analysis. The selected pixels from the scatter plots can be averaged and converted into phase compositions, and the phase information re-displayed on the original elemental or principal component maps.

This technique has been applied to a thin section of rock, and to a synthetic multiphase alloy sample.
Application of SR-XRF Imaging and Micro-Xanes to Meteorites, Archaeological Objects and Animal Tissues
Authors: Nakai Izumi , Iida Atsuo
Published: March 2019

Synchrotron Radiation Induced X-ray Fluorescence analysis was successfully applied to the analyses of meteorites, archaeological objects and animal tissues. Electronic states of Fe and Ti in chondrules of chondrites were clarified by micro-XANES to be Fe2+ and Ti4+. Ancient iron implement (B.C. 3c A.D. 3c) with zoning of rusts was characterized by micro-XANES. Two dimensional chemical state analyses of the sample were made by selective excitation of iron. Trace element analyses of Cu, Zn, Se, and Hg in the brain and kidney of rat, mouse, and guinea pig dosed with alkyl mercury and/or Se were made from a view point of mercury intoxication. Strong correlation between Hg and Cu, Zn, Se was observed by the correlation analysis of the elemental distributions. The XRF imaging also disclosed decrease of Cu and Zn level in cancerous tissues of human kidney compared with normal ones.

Advantages of Synchrotron Radiation (SR) as an X-ray source of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis have been demonstrated by many pioneering researchers. The advantages include wavelength tunability, high intensity and high resolution, which allow us to carry out nondestructive multielemental analysis of trace elements. However, practical application of the SR-XRF is still limited in numbers. The authors expected that the application of SR-XRF is most promising in the fields of archaeological objects, geological samples, and biological samples and started the present research projects in 1987. Now we have established the analytical procedures of these samples by SR-XRF that we report a part of our results, which so far we obtained from the analyses of geological samples, archaeological objects and biological samples.

The techniques of chemical state analysis used in this study are based on the following two approaches: one is XANES (X-ray absorption Near Edge Structure) and the other is SIXES (Selectively Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy). It is well known that the former technique together with EXAFS has been developed rapidly with the development of intense SR beams. SIXES was recently established by Sakurai et al. It enables us to carry out chemical state mapping by X-ray fluorescence using absorption edge shifts. This method was first applied to practical problems in this study.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis Using Synchroton Radiation
Authors: Iida Atsuo , Gohshi Yohichi , Matsushita Tadashi
Published: March 2019

Trace element analyses by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence measurements were made using synchrotron radiation from a dedicated electron storage ring at the Photon Factory in Japan. The continuum or the monochromatic beam was used for excitation. A crystal monochromator or two types of mirror systems were used for monochromatic excitation. A high signal to background ratio was attained with the crystal monochromator, while the highest absolute detectability was achieved with the mirror system. The minimum detection limita obtained from thin samples are of the order of 0.1 ppm or less than 0.1 pg. Furthermore the signal to background ratio was significantly improved by using an X-ray mirror as a sample support in which, external total reflection of exciting X-rays occured.
Qualitative Analysis of X-ray Spectra
Authors: Russ John C.
Published: March 2019

Many X-ray spectrometers are now equipped with dedicated computers, which provide automated data collection (either Energy or Wavelength dispersive), and perform quantitative corrections to derive concentrations from intensities. Some of these systems are also provided with software to assist in qualitative analysis, or identification of the peaks and elements present.

These programs include simple aids to the user (various graphic display modes, peak identification markers for KLM lines, and so forth), spectrum deconvolution (to reveal hidden peaks), as well as complete spectrum scanning algorithms that attempt to report the entire list of elements present. It is not the purpose of this paper to compare or critique the performance of these various routines, but rather to illuminate them by providing some insight into how human thought processes appear to perform qualitative analysis.
An Examination of the Overall Stability of an XRF Spectrometer with Special Reference to Fourier Analysis of Temporal Variation
Authors: Smith T. K.
Published: March 2019

In any analytical method, one of the first considerations in obtaining precise and accurate results is the stability of the instrument. Progressive refinement in design and manufacturing techniques over many years has led to short-term stability of X-ray generation, transmission and detection in XRF spectrometers of a magnitude such that, in favourable cases, the random process of emission (and to some extent, absorption) is the major source of error; superimposed on this, however, are other variations, some of them periodic.

Many processes modify the intensity of X-rays recorded by a spectrometer's sealer and timer: besides those produced by the instrument itself there are potential external perturbations perhaps reverting to electricity generating stations or even further. More important effects may be caused by local features such as ambient temperature and pressure, and in the case of improper setting of machine conditions or of existence of a fault, enhancement may be observed.
Comparison of Various X-ray Tube Types for XRF Analysis
Authors: Gurvich Y. M.
Published: March 2019

In XRF wavelength dispersive sequential spectrometers, two general types of X-ray tubes are employed: end-window and side-window. In the side-window design, anode and window are grounded. This allows a large portion of high energy electrons, scattered from the target, to fall on and heat the window. The heating, which results in the loss of window strength, requires increased window thickness and shortens an X-ray tube's life cycle.

In end-window tubes, potential is reversed: cathode and window are grounded while the anode operates at a high potential. Scattered electrons are attracted back to the anode with very few striking the window. The window does not suffer from heating, and its thickness can be decreased to 125 microns. Such a window is transparent to soft radiation, which is beneficial when exciting light elements.
Certification of Reference Materials by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry?
Authors: Christensen Leif Højslet , Heydorn Kaj
Published: March 2019

The present paper studies the precision and accuracy that can be achieved using energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of total sulphur content in BCR 38 Fly Ash issued by the European Community Bureau of Reference.
Energy-Dispersive XRF Analysis of Intact Salt Drill Cores
Authors: Arthur R. J. , Laul J. C. , Hubbard N.
Published: March 2019

Several kilometers of drill core are sometimes obtained when the geology of a particular area is explored. The cores are visually inspected and a limited number of samples are taken for laboratory analysis. Accurate chemical analyses are usually performed on only a small number of core sections because of the expense involved. A chemical profile along the core may provide useful information not available by any other means. This information may be of primary value for geological investigations or it may provide an additional basis for selecting samples for detailed laboratory analyses.
Analysis of Diatomaceous Earth by X-ray Fluorescence Techniques
Authors: Parker Jim
Published: March 2019

The use of diatomaceous earth in industry as filtering aids, mineral fillers, catalyst carriers, chromatographic supports, and paint additives is well documented. The diatomite matrix is well suited to x-ray analysis, but this application has not been cited in the literature. In our laboratory, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been used to support the analytical needs of diatomite product development. Lithium borate fusion and pressed powder techniques have been used to determine major, minor, and trace elements in diatomite and synthetic silicate samples. Conventional matrix correction models and fundamental parameters have been used to reduce x-ray measurements to accurate chemical analyses.
A Practical ϕ-Method for the Evaluation of Stress on Materials with Stress Gradient by X-rays
Authors: Sasaki Toshihiko , Kuramoto Makoto , Yoshioka Yasuo
Published: March 2019

Nonlinear sin2ψ curves are often obtained in X-ray stress measurement. One of the reasons, for non-textured materials, is a steep stress gradient snowing in a surface layer of a sample. Regarding such experimental results, several new principles have been developed for X-ray stress analysis. At the present stage, we can evaluate the stress gradient in a triaxial stress state. As the next stage of the investigation, it is necessary to consider the validity of the assumptions taken in the principle, especially, the assumption about linear distribution of stress along the depth direction.
An X-ray Diffraction Procedure for Measuring Retained Austenite in High Chromium White Cast Iron
Authors: Whelan Gerald W. , Moroz Peter J.
Published: March 2019

High chromium white cast irons are used in the mineral processing industry as grinding balls and grinding mill liner plates. The effect of retained austenite on the field performance of these irons is not clearly understood, but it is believed that control of the retained austenite level is essential in optimizing field behavior. Improved analysis techniques are required to provide this control.

This paper presents an equal area pole figure data collection procedure for determining retained austenite in textured material in which few diffracted peaks are available for analysis. As analysis techniques improve, the significance of retained austenite in high chromium white cast irons can be better evaluated.
Quantitative X-ray Analysis of ICPP Simulated High Alumina Calcine
Authors: Sliva Paul , Bliss Mary , Scheetz Barry E.
Published: March 2019

High alumina radioactive waste calcine is produced at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) by feeding a taw liquid waste stream through a fluidized bed calcitter. Further solidification of this calcine via chemical bonding necessitates determination of the amount of crystalline phase resulting from the calcination process. X-ray powder diffraction analysis of simulated (non-radioactive) ICPP high alumina calcine shows that it consists of an amorphous phase plus three phases of varying crystal Unity; alpha, beta and gamma alumina. Subsequent quantitative x-ray analysis of the three crystalline phases was carried out using the internal standard method with sodalite as the standard phase. Limited peak selection for the alumina phases required a correction for the presence of a small sodalite peak contained within the analyzed gamma alumina peak (4° two-theta base width). Results of this study show that the calcine is composed of ∼90 weight percent gamma alumina, less than 3-4 weight percent each of alpha and beta alumina and the remaining 4-6 weight percent an amorphous component.
X-ray Diffraction/Electron Microprobe Analysis of Surface Films Formed on Alloys During Hydrothermal Reaction with Geologic Materials
Authors: Johnston R. G. , Strope M. B. , Anantatmula R. P.
Published: March 2019

X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis were used in combination to identify reaction phases that formed on the surfaces of low-carbon steel specimens reacted with a 75% basalt-25% bentonite mixture and anion-doped water in sealed pressure vessels at 100°C and 250°C. Reaction phases on specimen surfaces and in adhering geologic material were identified by conventional X-ray diffraction scans of entire specimens with intact reaction layers. Comparison of results from adhering geologic material and scans of selectively removed layers allowed establishment of approximate reaction gradients in the adhering packing material. Electron microprobe analysis of specimens in cross-section provided quantitative chemical analyses of adhering reaction phases, and identification of reaction layer composition gradients and thicknesses. Magnetite formed on the surface of specimens reacted at 250°C for 4 weeks. Iron-enriched clay was also observed on specimen surfaces and in the adjacent basalt-bentonite mixture. The 100°C experiments yielded surface films of a siderite-structure phase, (Fe,Ca,Mn)CO3, that were not observed in previous experiments with synthetic ground-water. Less extensive iron enrichment of the adjacent clays compared to that seen in the 250°C experiments was observed. The siderite-structure phase generally formed when no carbonate ion was present in the initial solution, implying dissolution of impurity calcite in the bentonite as the controlling factor in the reaction. The results demonstrate the utility of combining X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis for characterization of reaction phases on alloys reacted with complex geologic materials.
High Throughput Rate Solid State Detector Systems for Fluorescence EXAFS
Authors: Derbyshire G. E. , Farrow R. C. , Bilsborrow R. L. , Morrell C. , Greaves G. N. , Dobson B. R.
Published: March 2019

Existing Solid State Detector systems exhibit limitations in throughput rate and stability when used with intense synchrotron radiation sources. Recent work on a prototype detector system for Fluorescence EXAFS has allowed evaluation of new techniques, made possible by recent improvements in integrated circuit products. The knowledge gained from this investigation is enabling the design of high-count rate detector systems.
On-Belt Determination of Calcium Concentration by X-ray Fluorescence
Authors: Hirvonen M.
Published: March 2019

X-ray fluorescence has a long tradition as an on-line analysis method in many kinds of industrial processes. It is capable of determining elemental concentrations in material flows even under severe and varying process conditions with an accuracy which is often sufficient for on-line control purposes. Many times the elemental concentrations correlate highly enough with those of the minerals of interest to give useful mineral analysis. In general, a rather well-defined geometry in the XRF measurement is necessary for accurate results, which may impose strict requirements on the sampling system.
X-ray Detectors: Pulse Height Shifts, Escape Peaks and Counting Losses
Authors: Short Michael A.
Published: March 2019

With the ever increasing emphasis on computer-controlled hardware, computerized data processing and computer-based display of results, there is a tendency to forget the operating characteristics of some of the older, more mundane, components of X-ray diffractometers and X-ray fluorescence analysis units. We place our trust in the specifications of the components supplied by the equipment manufacturers and, while usually complete, it nevertheless behooves us to be well aware of the operation of the various hardware components of diffractometers and spectrometers.
Practical and "Unusual" Applications in X-ray Diffraction Using Position Sensitive Detectors
Authors: Tissot Ralph G. , Eatough Michael O.
Published: March 2019

Position sensitive proportional counters (PSPCs) increase the scope of X-ray diffraction analyses. High pressure flow through type PSPCs can significantly reduce data collecting times due to She ability for simultaneous data collection over large two-theta ranges. This inherent characteristic allows the diffraction user broad capabilities such as scanning very rapidly over large two- theta ranges or collecting data in real time over shorter two-theta ranges without scanning. Thus, we have been able to perform detailed high- temperature experiments in relatively short time frames, observe phase transitions and reactions as they occur, and perform unusual experiments such as observing the crystallization of a plasma spray in-situ.
X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Fly Ash. II. Results
Authors: McCarthy G. J. , Solem J. K.
Published: March 2019

A protocol for semi-quantitative XRD analysis of fly ash has been applied to 178 ashes in studies of the typical mineralogy of high-calcium and iow-calcium fly ash, the consistency of fly ash mineralogy from a typical power station, the partitioning of chemical constituents into crystalline phases, and the crystalline phases relevant to the use of fly ash in concrete.
Development of a Calibration Method for Quantitative X-ray Powder Diffraction of Size-Segregated Aerosols
Authors: Giauque Robert D. , Jaklevic Joseph M. , Sindelar Linda E.
Published: March 2019

X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) is an important tool for the chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosol samples particularly when combined with elemental analysis obtained from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements of the same specimen. Aerosol samples obtained in typical monitoring studies consist of thin, uniform deposits of particles corresponding to a known size distribution with aerodynamic equivalent diameters of less than 10 microns.This is an ideal form for X-ray fluorescence analysis since absorption and matrix enhancement effects are minimized. However, the ability to perform quantitative X-ray powder diffraction without the use of internal standards is restricted by several factors which affect the linearity of response between diffracted intensity and sample concentration. In addition to the normal photoelectric absorption due to passage of the X-rays through the sample, XPD intensities can be affected by primary and secondary extinction due to diffraction of the incident beam, particle size effects and preferred orientation of particles.
A Method for X-ray Stress Analysis of Thin Films and Its Application to Zinc-Nickel-Alloy Electroplated Steel
Authors: Sasaki Toshihiko , Kuramoto Makoto , Yoshioka Yasuo
Published: March 2019

Zn-Ni-alloy electroplated steels are used for the parts of automob iles because of their high corrosion resistance. in the x-ray stress measurement of this material, some unique experimental results were observed: (i) The sin2Φ diagrams were severely curved, and (ii) the influence of the wave length of x-ray radiations upon the shape of the d-sin2Φ diagram was very slight. As no strong texture or the gradients of composition were observed in this material, the above experimental results suggested the existence of steep stress gradients in the direction of depth, and a theoretical problem on the difference in the effective penetration depth of x-rays and the weighted mean of the lattice strain between thin films and ordinary thick materials.
Fracture Analysis of Nodular Cast Iron By X-ray Fractography
Authors: Matsui Kazuyuki , Hirose Yukio , Chadani Akiyoshi , Tanaka Keisuke
Published: March 2019

Fracture accidents of engineering structures and machines in operation sometimes result from defects. One of the purposes of fracture analysis are to determine the causes of failure, and to use the information to prevent similar failure accidents. It is important to obtain quantitative analysis from the fracture surface. X-ray diffraction technique as well as Electron Fraotography has been widely used for fracture analysis of engineering structures and machines.
X-ray Fractographic Study on Alumina and Zirconia Ceramics
Authors: Tanaka Sumio , Hirose Yukio , Tanaka Keisuke
Published: March 2019

The residual stress left on the fracture surface is one of the important parameters in X-ray fractographic study. It has been used to analyze fracture mechanisms in fracture toughness and fatigue tests especially of high strength steels.

In this paper, X-ray fractography was applied to brittle fracture of alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZΓO2) ceramics.
Energy Dispersive XRF Analysis of Bauxites
Authors: Krause Jerome E. , Barton Lorene H.
Published: March 2019

A program of ore reserve and grade determination on a major bauxite deposit has recently been completed. More than 2,000 samples were chemically analyzed for available Al2O3, reactive SiO2, loss on ignition; and by energy dispersive XRF for a total Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, and Fe2O3. As compared to standard wet chemical analytical methods, the XRF analyses proved to be cost and time effective, and the observed analytical precision was superior.
An X-Ray Fluorescence Coating Gauge for Paint Thickness
Authors: Shanfield Z. , Bertin M.
Published: March 2019

The industrial use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) coating gauges is a well established practice. For homogeneous coatings such as zinc or tin on steel, on-line XRF gauges are in use around the world. In continuous coating lines coils of uncoated metal are welded to one another and are coated at speeds between 100 and 2000 ft/min. Gauges are used to read cross-sheet coating profiles and determine the average coating thickness through the length of the coil. The motivation for the use of these on-line X-ray instruments is quality control, particularly coating uniformity, and raw materials savings.
Calculation of X-Ray Fluorescence Cross Sections for K and L Shells
Authors: Krause M. O. , Ricci E. , Sparks C. J. , Nestor C. W.
Published: March 2019

Exact expressions are given for the K and L x-ray fluorescence cross sections. Hole transfer between the L subshells is taken into account and shown to lead to a substantial enhancement of the cross sections for x rays of the L2 and L3 emission series. Absolute values of Kα and Lα cross sections are calculated for all elements and four excitation energies, namely GeK ≙ 10.0 keV, MoKα ≙ 17.44 keV, AgK ≙ 22.5 keV and Am 241 ≙ 59.6 keV.
Verification of Stability and Precision for Energy-Dispersive XRF Systems
Authors: Russ J.C. , Jenkins R. , Shen R.B. , Sandborg A.O.
Published: March 2019

Instrument specifications as published by manufacturers generally include values for stability of various parameters or components. For an X-ray fluorescence system, a typical example might be the generator high voltage stability (perhaps 0.01%). Parameters of this sort are of course of some use in comparing systems, and they may be (and often are) of great importance to the manufacturer as a criterion of manufacturing quality. It is difficult for the user to know how any single one, or combination of these factors really affect the total system performance as it may relate to his application.
The Relevance of Proton Induced X-Ray Analysis to the Study of Separate Mineral Phases
Authors: Annegarn H.J. , Keddy R.J. , Madiba C.C.P. , Renan M.J. , Sellschop J.P.F.
Published: March 2019

The sensitivity of proton induced X-ray analysis (PIXE) as a multi-element, non-destructive technique has been exhaustively reviewed recently. This follows the pioneering work of Johansson et al. in this field, in which sensitivities of 10-12g were announced. Between the dates of these two references (1970 and 1976 respectively), numerous papers have been published on the use of this technique and on the optimization of experimental conditions (choice of incident particle and energy in particular). The wide range of analytical applications reported at the Lund conference showed conclusively that PIXE has established itself as a viable and powerful analytical method.
Use of Automated X-Ray Diffraction Analysis in Studies of Natural Hydrothermal Systems
Authors: Johnson Paul D.
Published: March 2019

The former Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) automated X-ray diffraction data collection and analysis system located at the Riverside campus of the University of California has been upgraded for use in the characterization of samples from natural hydrothermal systems by the addition of an interactive graphics terminal and the rewriting of the computer programs.

The system has the capability of collecting and interpreting patterns from 25-30 samples in one night's unattended operation. The computer's interpretation can be monitored and corrected easily. The pattern and the computed baseline are displayed with the peak locations and intensities, as predicted by the mineral standards file, and calculated mineral intensities superimposed. The system can display a pattern and accept and remember corrections to its interpretation in less than two minutes. The system can also organize and display the interpretations of a suite of samples in both tabular and graphical form.

The mineral identifications, minimum levels of detections and quantities calculated were tested using artificial mixtures of known composition and comparisons with other techniques and found to be adequate. As an example of the system's output, approximately 500 samples of cuttings from 12 boreholes drilled in the Salton Sea geothermal field in California have been run. The mineral modal analyses for samples from each well was produced in a diagrammatic format suitable for displaying on maps to show the three-dimensional distribution of mineral abundances.

The system gives adequate quality of analysis for the mapping of mineral abundances. The main benefit is the assumption of bookkeeping functions thus allowing the analyst to concentrate on the more difficult interpretation problems. The current drawback of the system is the difficulty in dealing with clays.
An Experimental Evaluation of Computational Methods For Determining Lattice Parameters Using Bragg-Brentano Powder Diffractometry
Authors: Payzant E.A. , King H.W.
Published: March 2019

Computational methods for determining precision lattice parameters based on extrapolation, lattice refinement, least squares and trial and error indexing, with intermediate corrections for peak positions using external and internal standards, have been evaluated with respect to the ICDD published values for zincite. Lattice parameters can be routinely determined to an accuracy of one part in ten thousand without the use of external or internal standards, by using computational extrapolation on data with a well aligned and maintained diffractometer. Lattice refinement determination of lattice parameters was only effective, with respect to the ICDD values, when used in conjunction with external and internal Standards. Least squares yielded results with low standard deviations, but the use of standards did not reduce the refined sample displacement or zero angle errors, and gave an increased error in lattice parameters with respect to the ICDD values. The trial and error indexing, which can only be used with peak positions corrected with respect to both external and internal standards, gave relatively low de Wolff and Smith-Snyder figures of merit, but nevertheless yielded lattice parameters of the highest accuracy of one part in twelve thousand, with respect to the ICDD values.
Fourier Transformation of X-Ray Rocking Curves from Interferometer Structures
Authors: Hudson J. M. , Tanner B. K. , Blunt R.
Published: March 2019

We discuss the use of Fourier transform techniques to extract layer thickness from the interference fringes observed in high resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curves of pseudomorphic HEMT structures. The interference structure is extracted by cubic spline fitting to the extrema of the data, thereby obtaining a background envelope which is used to normalise the data. The resulting constant background is subtracted from the data and the residual Fourier transformed. Auto correlation of the residual significantly improves the result from noisy data. Satisfactory results are obtained only when the Bragg peak from the substrate is windowed out. With a limited dynamic and angular range, there is often insufficient data to separate the two closely spaced periods arising from the total layer thickness and that excluding the quantum well. The result then corresponds to the average of these two thicknesses.
X-Ray Fractographic Study on Fatigue Fracture Surface of Ductile Cast Iron
Authors: Suzuki Akira , Kishi Yoichi , Yajima Zenjiro , Hirose Yukio
Published: March 2019

Austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) has composite microstructures, which are martensite/retained austenite structures. ADI has very large toughness compared to other ductile cast irons. After fracture, the retained austenite near the fracture surface will be transformed to martensite. In the present study, X-ray fractography is applied to fatigue fracture surface of ADI. The fatigue tests were carried out on compact tension (CT) specimens. The volume fraction of retained austenite was quantitatively measured on and beneath fatigue fracture surfaces. The plastic strain on the fracture surface was estimated from measuring the line broadening of X-ray diffraction profiles. The depth of the plastic zone left on fracture surface was evaluated from the distributions of the volume fraction of retained austenite. The results are discussed on the basis of fracture mechanics.
X-Ray Profile Analysis of 12% Chromium Stainless Steel
Authors: Yajima Zenjxo , Ishikawa Ken-ichi , Sasaki Toshihiko , Hirose Yukio
Published: March 2019

X-ray line broadening is caused by variations in lattice strain and small particle size. When hydrogen is introduced into the steel by the electrolytica! method, structural changes are observed. X-ray line broadening is a suitable measurement in such cases. The Warren and Averbach Fourier analysis is a good method for line broadening studies. In this method, strain and particle size effects can be separated because broadening due to particle size is independent of order of the diffraction peaks, while broadening due to strain is not.
Julios: A Position-Sensitive Neutron Detector and its Application to White Beam Time-Of-Flight Diffraction
Authors: Will G. , Schäfer W. , Jansen B.
Published: March 2019

Position-sensitive detectors (PSD's) are commonly available for X-ray diffraction, where they are used in the angle dispersive mode at fixed wavelength λ. They are sensitive to the scattering angle 2Θ. The resolution of such instruments is determined by the physical properties of the detector, and, of course, the distance from the sample. Using continuous radiation solid state detectors (Ge, Ge(Li), Si(Li)) are sensitive to energy (equivalent to λ) at fixed scattering angle 2Θo, They are being used for X-rays, especially with synchrotron radiation. Because X-rays travel with the speed of light, those two techniques cannot be combined. Thermal neutrons, on the other hand, are comparatively slowly traveling particles (2200 m/s at 300 K) and consequently time-of-flight (TOF) instruments with choppers at continuous neutron beams are known for a long time; they are being used as well for diff-actomet! y as for inelastic scattering.
Low Temperature Attachment For X-Ray Powder Diffractometry
Authors: King H.W. , Peters M.A. , Payzant E.A. , Stanley M.B.
Published: March 2019

A low temperature attachment based on a miniature open-cycle Joule-Thomson refrigerator has been developed for x-ray diffractometry measurements over the temperature range from 65 - 400 K, By use of a special mounting plate, the device can be substituted for the heater assembly of a high temperature attachment and thereby utilize the available vacuum chamber and x-ray transparent beryllium window. The device is demonstrated by investigating the polymorphic phase transformations that occur in barium titanate.
A New X-Ray Lens and its Applications
Authors: Yiming Yan , Xunliang Ding , Dachun Wang
Published: March 2019

In the late 1980s, a new X-ray focusing system, X-ray lens, capable of adjusting and controlling high power, white X-ray beams, has been created. This X-ray lens can collect X-rays in a large angle range, increasing the utilization efficiency of an Xray source. It can focus X-rays into a small spot, improving X-ray power density 104 to 106 times when compared to the same source at the same distance without the focusing system. It can also transfer diverging X-ray beam to a nearly parallel one. These properties make the focusing system potentially useful in many Xray applications.
Transcendental Cylindrical Reflectors in Glancing X-Ray Optics
Authors: Korotkikh E. M.
Published: March 2019

X-ray reflectors bent into a transcendental profile have been considered. When combined with a log spiral cut-off filter/reflector, these reflectors can produce either parallel beams or focused beams.
Total Reflection Xrf of Light Elements Using Various Excitation Sources
Authors: Streli Christina , Wobrauschek P. , Aiginger H. , Ladisich W. , Rieder R.
Published: March 2019

Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF) has been proved to be well suited for the energy dispersive analysis of light elements using a special spectrometer, which is equipped with an energy dispersive detector having all properties for the detection of low energy radiation. The detection of the light elements is strongly influenced by the excitation source which should provide a large number of photons with energies near the K-absorption edge of these elements (0.2 - 3 keV). Various standard tubes with Be-window as well as a homemade windowless tube are compared, all differing in focal size, total power and anode material. Optimized excitation conditions are provided by synchrotron radiation meeting all requirements for excellent excitation of light elements in total reflection geometry such as high brilliance and ideal spectral distribution specially in the low energy region. A comparison of excitation with X-ray tubes as well as with synchrotron radiation is shown. Detection limits of 200 fg for Mg have been obtained with synchrotron radiation.
Optimization of Trxf Spectrometer with Bent Cut-Off Filter
Authors: Kondurov I. A. , Korotkikh E. M.
Published: March 2019

A nickel-coated glass plate was used as a reflecting surface in the TRXF spectrometer with a log spiral bent cut-off filter. Optimal choice of the reflecting material has enabled us to lower the detection limit up to five times. A possibility to increase the spectrometer sensitivity by using an additional reflector bent into a transcendental profile to provide a required angular divergence of the exciting beam has been discussed.
The Control and Processing of Data from an Automated X-Ray Powder Diffractometer
Authors: Mallory Chester L. , Snyder Robert L.
Published: March 2019

A program system design which will facilitate the exchange of automated diffractometer control programs is presented. The various procedures for collecting data and finding peaks, not involving profile fitting, were programmed, tested and evaluated. The optimum strategy evolving from this work involves a decision making algorithim which locates and removes the experimental threshold from the digital diffraction data, removes the Kα2 component, smooths and locates diffraction peaks via a second derivative procedure.
Study on X-Ray Stress Analysis Using a New Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter
Authors: Yoshioka Yasuo , Hasegawa Ken-ichi , Mochiki Koh-ichi
Published: March 2019

A position-sensitive proportional counter suitable for the X-ray stress measurement has been developed and residual stresses were measured with an apparatus that uses this PSD system. The counter was designed to have a good angular resolution over the counter length for the diffracted X-ray beam and high counting rates. The mean angular resolution measured was about 0.2° in 2θ (FWHM) at 200 mm, and the maximum allowable counting rate reached about 40,000 cps.

The time required for the data accumulation was shown to be 1/10 to 1/30 of the time required with a standard diffractometer.
Use of Cr K-Beta X-Rays and Position Sensitive Detector for Residual Stress Measurement in Stainless Steel Pipe
Authors: Ruud C. O. , Barrett C. S.
Published: March 2019

Residual stresses on the inner surface of stainless steel pipe used in nuclear reactors are of exceptional importance. Apparatus for measuring these in situ, in welded lengths of 10-inch diameter austenitic (304) stainless pipe has been developed at the University of Denver Research Institute under the sponsorship of the Electric Power Research Institute.
Laser-Produced Plasmas as an Alternative X-Ray Source for Synchrotron Radiation Research and for Microradiography
Authors: Mallozzi P. J. , Epstein H. M. , Schwerzel R. E.
Published: March 2019

The radiation from plasmas produced by the interaction of a pulsed laser and a solid target can be made to fall in the soft x-ray regime. The x-rays can serve as an alternative to the increasingly important synchrotron radiation facilities for a variety of techniques such as Extended X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure Spectroscopy and X-ray Lithography. In addition, the x-rays are of special interest for general microradiography of thin samples.
A Review of Empirical Influence Coefficient Methods in X-Ray Spectrometry
Authors: Jenkins Ron
Published: March 2019

In the X-ray fluorescence analysis of homogeneous specimens, the correlation between the characteristic line intensity of an analyte element and the concentration of that element, is typically non-linear over wide concentration ranges, due to interelement effects between the analyte element and other elements making up the specimen matrix. Although in many cases limiting the analyte concentration range may allow the use of linear calibration curves based on type-standardisation, it is usually more desirable to work with general purpose calibration schemes which are applicable to a variety of matrix types over wide concentration ranges.
Variation in Intensity Ratios Used to Identify Asbestos Fibers
Authors: Russ John C.
Published: March 2019

Identification of asbestos fibers and other small particulate matter observed in TEM and STEM is often based in whole or part on the ratios of elemental intensities. The underlying principle in this method is the linear relationship between concentration ratio and intensity ratio, which has been proposed by many authors, some of whom measure the proportionality factors and others calculate them from quasi-theoretical relationships.
Developments in the Use of X-Rays in Body Composition Analysis
Authors: Preuss L. E. , Bolin F. P.
Published: March 2019

Quantitative assay of body components in the living human is a subject of keen interest. Measurement of such fractions on superficial view seems a simple analysis problem. In fact, the opposite is true. The ‘specimen’ is not amenable to the usual destructive analytical procedures. Due to its importance, a continued effort has been mounted to assay the most basic of such components. This paper and bibliography traces the recent applications of penetrating radiation for such analysis.

Some of the fractions whose measurement has been attempted are; bone mineral, adiposity (lipid to lean ratio), body hydration, tissue density, voids and spaces (i.e. lung). The importance of quantitative analysis of such gross components is apparent when taking mineralization as example.
Establishment of the J. D. Hanawalt Award for Excellence in Powder Diffraction and its First Presentation to Ludo K. Frevel
Authors: McCarthy G. J.
Published: March 2019

It is with a profound sense of the historical context of this morning that I share this podium with three people who are very much responsible for our ability to rapidly identify and characterize solids. In order to do such solids analysis, we need an instrument that provides the necessary diffraction data and a set of reference patterns for comparison to those we measure, along with a means of rapidly accessing those patterns to make our identifications. I do not need to tell this audience that I am alluding to the diffractometer developed by our Session Chairman, Bill Parrish, in the 1940's and to the milestone publications by Hanawalt, Rinn and Frevel in the 1930's that gave us the first 1000 patterns of the database that was to become the Powder Diffraction File, and the search method later called the Hanawalt Method.
Computer Simulation of Powder Patterns
Authors: Parrish W. , Huang T. C. , Ayers G. L.
Published: March 2019

A method for computer simulation of X-ray powder diffraction patterns which are identical to those obtained experimentally is described. The calculated pattern is generated directly from the d's (or 2θs) and intensities of the phase(s) and is based on a profile fitting algorithm which uses the instrument function to form the profile shapes at all reflection angles. Examples of simulated patterns of mixtures, line broadening, linear and amorphous backgrounds, and counting noise are given.
A Study of Plastic Flow and Residual Steress Distribution Caused by Rolling Contact
Authors: Nagashima Shin-ichi , Tanaka Niritaka , Ohtsubo Toshinori
Published: March 2019

It is well knovm that a characteristic plastic flow occurs when two discs are rolled together at loads exceeding the yield point; even in the case of rolling contact without slip, a deformed layer shows marked plastic flow with respect to the direction opposite to the rolling direction. This phenomenon was first found by Crook and Welch. Later, Johnson and his co-workers explained why the forward flow occurs under pure normal stresses.

The aim of the present study is to reproduce the various types of plastic flow under different testing conditions of rolling contact, such as nearly pure rolling contact, rolling contact by friction drive, and rolling-sliding contact. After a test of repeated rolling contact, the mode of plastic flow and the residual stress distribution at the surface of the specimen were observed. Further, the experimental data were compared with the result of analytical calculation by the method of Merwin and Johnson.
A New in Situ, Automatic, Strain-Measuring X-Ray Diffraction Apparatus with PSD
Authors: Castex Louis , Sprauel Jean-Michel , Barral Marc
Published: March 2019

In order to increase the versatility of in-situ X-ray equipment for stress measurements, we decided to design and construct our own easily transportable apparatus. Similar equipments are already commercialized: (i) in Japan (RIGAKU STRAINFLEX, SHIMADZU); (ii) in West Germany (SIEMENS); (iii) in the USA (TEC). After the commercialization of PSD or PSSC, several prototypes were developed among which, the apparatus of Ruud, James, CETIM… Our own apparatus has been developed for two main reasons:

(i)

For 1971, we have been working to ameliorate our own equipments effectively and frequently used for in situ measurements.

(ii)

We need a very precise and rapid apparatus amainable for the greatest number possible of applications.