bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Functionalized NMP Initiators for Click Chemistry: A Versatile Method for the Preparation of Functionalized Polymers and Block Copolymers
Authors: Fleischmann Sven , Komber Hartmut , Appelhans Dietmar , Voit Brigitte I.
Published: May 2007

A novel NMP initiator functionalized with an alkyne group was synthesized and its polymerization behavior investigated. It was shown that the synthesized alkyne end‐functionalized polymers exhibit a linear relationship between calculated number‐averaged molecular weight and the experimental one and are characterized by a narrow molecular weight distribution. In contrast, azido end‐functionalized polymers were obtained in polymer analogue reactions. Furthermore, the alkyne end‐functionalized polymers were reacted at room temperature with different azides to introduce several functional groups. It could be shown that the polymers can be efficiently and smoothly multimodified using the Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction between azides and alkynes (click chemistry), thus yielding macromolecules with defined molecular architecture and functionality. Furthermore, the synthesis of diblock copolymers by combining predefined polymeric fragments via click chemistry is demonstrated. In this case, the fragments could be completely linked with each other and the diblock copolymers obtained showed a narrow molecular weight distribution.

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Macromol. Chem. Phys. 10/2007
Authors: Fleischmann Sven , Komber Hartmut , Appelhans Dietmar , Voit Brigitte I.
Published: May 2007

Cover: Puzzling macromolecules via click chemistry. Endfunctional polymers were synthesized using a novel alkyne containing alkoxyamine initiator. With a highly efficient click approach it was possible to design specific functionalities of well defined polymers. In addition, the same strategy was followed to obtain diblock copolymers by a simple combination of predefined polymeric fragments. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by S. Fleischmann, H. Komber, D. Appelhans, and B. I. Voit* on page 1050.
Chemical Dual‐Responsive Wettability of Superhydrophobic PANI‐PAN Coaxial Nanofibers
Authors: Zhu Ying , Feng Lin , Xia Fan , Zhai Jin , Wan Meixiang , Jiang Lei
Published: May 2007

PANI‐PAN coaxial nanofibers have been prepared by electro‐spinning during polymerization. The surface of the resulting nanofibers is superhydrophobic with a water contact angle up to 164.5°. Conductivity of the PANI‐PAN nanofibers is about 4.3 × 10−2 S · cm−1. The superhydrophobic nanofibers show a chemical dual‐responsive surface wettability, which can be easily triggered by changing pH value or redox properties of the solution. A reversible conversion between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity can be performed in a short time. The strategy used here may provide an easy method to control the wettability of smart surfaces by using properties of low‐cost functional polymers.

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Electromechanical Response of Nanostructured Polymer Systems with no Mechanical Pre‐Strain
Authors: Shankar Ravi , Ghosh Tushar K. , Spontak Richard J.
Published: May 2007

A dielectric elastomer derived from a polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene triblock copolymer swollen with a midblock‐selective solvent is reported to show promise as a nanostructured organic actuator requiring no pre‐strain. This might provide an attractive alternative to conventional acrylic, siloxane, and polyurethane elastomers since the electromechanical properties are composition‐tunable.

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Alk‐1‐ene Polymerization in the Presence of a Monocyclopentadienyl Zirconium(IV) Acetamidinate Catalyst: Microstructural and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Busico Vincenzo , Carbonniere Philippe , Cipullo Roberta , Pellecchia Roberta , Severn John R. , Talarico Giovanni
Published: May 2007

Suitably activated, (Cp*){N(tBu)C(Me)N(Et)}ZrMe2 is known to initiate the ‘living’ and isotactic‐selective polymerization of alk‐1‐enes, and it can be used to synthesize block copolymers and stereoblock polymers. We report a full molecular kinetic investigation of propene, but‐1‐ene, and hex‐1‐ene polymerization with a MAO‐activated catalyst system. By combining NMR microstructural polymer analysis with QM modeling of the active species, the complicated regio‐ and stereochemistry of the polyinsertion process, as well as the active chain‐transfer pathways, are investigated. The perspectives and limitations of this catalyst for application in (stereo)block polymerizations are discussed.

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Stability of weak solutions to the compressible Navier–Stokes equations in bounded annular domains
Authors: Fan Jishan , Gao Hongjun
Published: May 2007

We prove the Lipschitz continuous dependence on initial data of global spherically symmetric weak solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations of a viscous polytropic ideal gas in bounded annular domains with the initial data in the Lebesgue spaces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The emergence of intercommunity partnerships in the 1980s
Authors: Dodge William R.
Published: May 2007

Contraction of federal funding has been accompanied by reduced federal guidance. Local governments bear the dual burden of both designing and funding projects. The interjurisdictional partnerships of the 1980s are characterized by two things: an encouraging creativity in addressing regional issues, and a burgeoning involvement of county government as a major convening and administrative force.
Neighborhood power in the capitol: Advisory neighborhood commissions in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Henderson Lenneal J.
Published: May 2007

Initiated in 1975 under the provisions of D.C. Law 1‐21, Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) have faced challenges heady enough to test any citizen institution in urban America. What has been the role of ANCs in the District's quest for full autonomy and power in the intergovernmental system of the nation?
Television and civic education: An interview with patrick Watson
Authors: Shulman David
Published: May 2007

Patrick Watson has been described as “a remarkably civilized intellect” with “an unusual capacity to understand the requirements of a television audience”. This interview presents his impressions of the prospects for an expanded media role in the development of citizenship and the assurance of a better informed and more involved electorate.
Training for elected leadership: Heading into the 1990s
Authors: Kunde James E. , Shanahan Marjorie , Wolfe Marie P.
Published: May 2007

Many of the leadership qualities and skills demonstrated by elected officials prior to their public roles are not transferable to the public sector. Meanwhile, the challenges to local governments—legal, fiscal, risk and conflict management, environmentai—have reached heretofore unknown levels of urgency and complexity. Elected officials need access to training for effective, collaborative group decision making.
The role of colleges and universities in developing a new kind of public leader
Authors: Morse Suzanne W.
Published: May 2007

Prevailing cynical attitudes toward politics as it is too often practiced—a “win/lose” game, based more on personalities than policies—have made citizens, especially youthful ones, suspicious of public life and active leadership. This article presents an innovative Wake Forest University (Winston‐Salem, N.C.) program designed to supplement traditional post‐secondary education with preparation for public life, and first‐hand participation in community issues.
Voting patterns in a tri‐ethnic community: Conflict or cohesion?. The case of Austin, Texas, 1975‐1985
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Macmanus Susan A.
Published: May 2007

This study examines the level of intergroup electoral conflict and cohesion in a triethnic community over a ten‐year period. Two measures of behavior are used: 1) the frequency with which possible pairs of groups agree on a candidate in opposition to the third group, and 2) the number of times that an individual was the most preferred candidate within each group. While blacks and Hispanics often share candidate preferences, the politics are not universally “minority versus white” The most frequent pattern is for all three groups to support the same candidate. A minority coalition that opposes whites is most likely when an Hispanic is elected, but is infrequent when a black wins. Blacks are more likely to support Hispanic candidates than Hispanic voters are to support black candidates. The most important finding, however, may be the high level of consensus. This is especially important in light of the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of most U.S. communities.
Alternative local electoral systems
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph F.
Published: May 2007

In the absence of ideality, communities—and indeed Congress and the Justice Department—have taken action to enhance the “representativeness” of local policy‐making bodies. In spite of widespread preference for the single‐member district over the at‐large system where inequitable representation can be demonstrated historically, electoral reformers have other options with proven track records. This article reviews the various electoral systems with which communities have experimented during this century and offers some alternatives to “winner takes all”.
The achieving organization in local government
Authors: Epstein Paul D. , Cutchin Deborah A.
Published: May 2007

Achievement is a continuous process: An organization cannot become “excellent” or “high‐achieving” and then decide it needs no further changes. Internal communication fosters organizational achievement, but external communication — outreach to both the public and policy makers—is vital for sustained support of productivity‐improvement programs. Solid executive and community leadership are needed to develop and sustain such an environment.
Small town ‐ rural America and congressional redistricting for 1992
Authors: Saffell David C.
Published: May 2007

The significant growth in nonmetropolitan population experienced during the 1970s was a demographic oddity we are not likely to experience again. The population‐growth patterns of the 1980s resembled trends more characteristic of the 20th century. The danger of a return to the malapportionment of the pre‐1960s era is slim indeed. As the U.S. population continues to “metropolitanize,” we should consider limited relaxation of the equal population principal in redrawing congressional district lines.
Reinvigorating democratic values: Challenge and necessity
Authors: Cisneros Henry G. , Parr John
Published: May 2007

Citizen democracy implies an active and activist model of citizenship, in terms of personal habits and attitudes. Apart from personal behaviors, current patterns of civic involvement are also shaped by features of our democratic system, such as voter registration and campaign regulation practices — or the availability of the initiative, referendum, and recall‐affecting perceptions of citizen access to the governance process. Beyond shortcomings of the campaign process and election practices, the changing nature of our communities, in terms of demographics and economics, also affect citizens' perceptions of both their relationships with their neighbors and the impact they can have on public decision making.
Community is where community happens
Authors: Moore Carl M.
Published: May 2007

Conflict is essential in creating and re‐creating community: Community is forged out of a struggle among people to determine how they can live together.
California healthy cities project: Piloting community‐based health promotion statewide
Authors: Twiss Joan M.
Published: May 2007

Given the steadily rising costs of medical care — and increasing recognition of the role of individual responsibility in maintaining personal health — the concept of the “healthy city” may indeed be an idea whose time has come. The problem‐solving approach emphasizes prevention, an expansive definition of health and broad‐based participation.
Santa monica a decade later: Urban progressives in office
Authors: Gilderbloom John I. , Capek Stella M.
Published: May 2007

Key characteristics of a “healthy community” are the availability of decent, affordable housing, the maintenance of a “human‐scale” urban environment, and freedom for all members to participate meaningfully in community life. Ten years after launching its urban progressive experiment, Santa Monica, California has made substantial progress toward these goals.
The Americans with disabilities act of 1990: A compliance overview
Authors: Levitan Donald , Pfeiffer David
Published: May 2007

Hailed by most but condemned by some, the Americans with Disabilities Act extends formal civil rights proteections to a large and hitherto neglected segment of the U.S. population. With implementation of the Act underway, this overview tests our knowledge and attempts to estimate the costs of compliance to public and private sector organizations.
Financing national policy through mandates
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph F.
Published: May 2007

Despite rhetorical claims to the contrary, the federal government has resisted few opportunities during the past two decades to impose new and expensive requirements on state and local government. What are the features and parameters of this most coercive of policy‐making trends?
A model for strengthening the economic and social viability of the family
Authors: Rodriguez Gloria G.
Published: May 2007

Governments should support and encourage — not duplicate, replace or complete with — community‐based family support programs. Investments in parenting, literacy and job training are the key to revrsing welfare dependency, reducing urban violence and creating a more adaptable, competitive work force.
Public‐private‐nonprofit partnerships for breaking welfare dependency
Authors: Harvey Laurie A.
Published: May 2007

Multi‐sector partnershps and inter‐agency cooperation are critical to skills training and job readiness for welfare recipients. Such initiatives also hold the key to meaningful welfare reform. The private sector must not only support nonprofit welfare initiatives but also offer employment opportunities to individuals with welfare backgrounds.
The communitarian cop‐out
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: May 2007

One foundation of democratic self‐government is public debate and discussion of issues, including rights and the occasional expansion or re‐interpretation of rights. By calling for a diminution of civil rights advocacy, communitarians undermine an essential feature of our democracy, as well as a movement that has extended full membership in our society to traditionally excluded groups.
Work force preparedness and future economic development. The North Carolina case
Authors: Vasu Michael L. , Fraizer Andy
Published: May 2007

Increasing or merely halting the decline of the nation's standard of living depends on the ability of the U.S. work force to raise its productivity in an increasingly competitive global economic environment. Failing the establishment of a national human resource policy, states have significant responsibility in the arena of preparing non‐college‐bound high school students for the industrial work force.
Rebuilding Los Angeles: One year later
Authors: Grigsby J. Eugene
Published: May 2007

In planning urban recovery strategies, leaders must focus on the key elements of local civic culture: small businesses and community‐based organizations. While broad‐based participation in project governance is necessary for building trust, the setting of realistic objectives may ensure greater respect in the long run.
Public school choice in the inner city
Authors: Jendryka Brian
Published: May 2007

By restructuring the curriculum, creating student/parent choice programs and establishing true community partnerships, inner‐city schools are elevating the achievement levels of underprivileged youth dramatically — within the traditional system of public education.
Why johnny still can't read, even after college
Authors: Gunyou John
Published: May 2007

We must re‐examine the basic assumption about the way higher education is structured, administered and delivered. Higher education must focus on the needs of its customers — students, employers and society as a whole — as they relate to rapid and dramatic shifts in the needs of the work place.
Healthy communities, healthy people: A challenge of coordination and compassion
Authors: Norris Tyler , Lampe David
Published: May 2007

The surest path toward improving and maintaining the health status of Americans is to empower community members to make their own decisions regarding quality of life and the factors that affect it.
A conversation about our public priorities
Authors: Yankelovich Daniel
Published: May 2007

Government lacks the resources and reach to address all the innumerable public crises, social ills and worthy causes that concern mobilized Americans. Even so, the nation is moving in too many directions at once. If we fail to set priorities, the public's level of frustration — already perilosly high — could undermine even a balanced agenda for constructive progress.
Community change through true public action
Authors: Mathews David
Published: May 2007

Communities are stronger when they have an active, engaged citizenry — a public. The challenge to putting the public back into community — and finding a responsible public voice — is changing private individuals into responsible public citizens.
Investing in youth in urban America
Authors: Blackwell Angela Glover
Published: May 2007

The fundamental challenge of a renewed American community is attention to the needs of youth, particularly the large and growing proportion living in disenfranchised, urban circumstances. Fortunately, communities across the nation have acknowledged this face, prompting them to launch innovative programs to prevent and stop youth violence.
Citizen leagues: Free spaces of deliberative democracy
Authors: Lewis Robert S.
Published: May 2007

The effectiveness of regional civic organizations depends on their capacity to mobilize their constituencies around issues that cross jurisdictional boundaries, which in turn is a function of their perceived legitimacy as a force in regional issues management.
Total quality management in city government: An update
Authors: Streib Gregory , Poister Theodore
Published: May 2007

TQM has gained a substantial foothold in city governments, but it is yet to attain the widespread use of more traditional management tools. The fact that it has achieved acceptance among those cities that are most active tool users is a promising development.
America's challenge. Revitalizing our national community
Authors: Bradley Bill
Published: May 2007

Government and the marketplace are similar to two legs of a three‐legged stool. But without the third leg of civil society, the stool is not stable and can not provide support for a vital America.
The case for global civil society
Authors: Oliveira Miguel Darcy De
Published: May 2007

As our planet inevitably approaches the status of “global village,” opinion leaders in many parts of the world are pondering the prospects of a “global civil society,” committed to matching freedom from oppression with freedom from poverty, ignorance and abject need.
Reinventing philanthropy. Foundations and the renewal of civil society
Authors: Gerzon Mark
Published: May 2007

Foundations are clarifying their role in building social capital, investing in communities and promoting self‐governance. Their contributions are different from those of the public and private sectors, but exercising leadership involves reexamining the way philanthropy deals with communities.
Charlotte's city within a city. The community problem‐solving approach
Authors: Borgsdorf Del
Published: May 2007

Can a city be considered prosperous when poverty and decay exist alongside affluence and growth? To stabilize and renew its central‐city neighborhoods, Charlotte, North Carolina restructured city departments to enable them to partner with citizens, community groups and area businesses.
The role of corporations in urban revitalization. The experience of the atlanta project
Authors: Sweat Dan E. , Anthony Jacquelyn A.
Published: May 2007

Once viewed as self‐serving charity calculated to enhance public image, corporate civic involvement has assumed a more strategic and targeted quality. The new emphasis seeks to make profit maximization and community building compatible.
Partners in the marketplace. A new model for business‐civic leadership
Authors: McNeil Ronald D.
Published: May 2007

Inner‐city communities represent a potentially lucrative market for corporate America. The keys to unlocking this potential include partnership based on mutual interest and benefit, and a business objective focused on building neighborhood self‐sufficiency.
The youth service movement. America's trump card in revitalizing democracy
Authors: Moseley Matthew
Published: May 2007

Far from apathetic, today's youth have chosen to contribute to society in unconventional ways. The burgeoning youth service movement represents a valuable resource of energy, creativity and commitment, if appropriately recognized and nurtured.
Election systems and representative democracy. Reflections on the voting rights act of 1965
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph F.
Published: May 2007

The Voting Rights Act, as orginally conceived and through its various amendments, has proved an extraordinarily effective tool for eliminating the most egregious barriers to, and abuses of, minorities' rights to register and vote. But access to the process and guaranteed representation are two fundamentally different concepts. Repeated recent legal challenge to the single‐member district remedy should occasion a fresh look at means of reforming representative government.
Shaw, miller and the districting thicket
Authors: Engstrom Richard L.
Published: May 2007

Recent Supreme Court decisions involving majority‐minority electoral districts have introduced new uncertainty into the political boundary‐drawing process, particularly with regard to the relative importance applied to such factors as geography, incumbency, political affiliation, ethnicity, and race.
Cumulative voting as a remedy in voting rights cases
Authors: Still Edward , Karlan Pamela
Published: May 2007

While majority‐minority districts are bitterly litigated in the courts, a “quiet revolution” is taking place in jurisdictions across the nation employing the alternative system of cumulative voting.
What do you do when reformed government doesn't work?. The cincinnati experience
Authors: Newfarmer Gerald E.
Published: May 2007

A recent campaign to abandon council‐manager government in Cincinnati, Ohio demonstrates that the democratically elected city council remains the key to preserving and maintaining the vigor of the council‐manager plan. When councils fail to lead as a group, they open the door to potentially disastrous remedies.
Study of process parameters for starch, gluten, and glycerol mixtures
Authors: Corradini Elisângela , de Morais Luís C. , Demarquette Nicole R. , Agnelli José A. M. , Mattoso Luiz H. C.
Published: May 2007

This work involved a study of the effect of processing variables (temperature, water content, rotor speed, and time) on the mechanical properties of starch:gluten:glycerol mixtures in the weight ratio of 40:40:20. The properties of the materials were affected by the processing variables. The torque decreased with water content, indicating that water facilitates the plasticization of mixtures, whereas the increase in temperature accelerated the evaporation of water, thus increasing the torque. Ultimate tensile strength was achieved at the lowest temperature (110°C) and the highest water content (20%), whereas maximum elongation was achieved for the material processed at the highest temperature, 150°C, and the fastest rotor speed, 70 rpm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic influence of minimal residual disease detected by flow cytometry and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation by CD34+ selection in childhood advanced neuroblastoma
Authors: Cai Jiao‐Yang , Tang Yan‐Jing , Jiang Li‐Min , Pan Ci , Chen Jing , Tang Jing‐Yan
Published: May 2007

Objective

To determine whether neuroblastoma (NB) minimal residual disease (MRD) in bone marrow (BM) detected by flow cytometry could predict prognosis and whether tumor cell purging by CD34+ cell selection prior to transplantation will impact on disease‐free survival.

Methods

NB MRD in BM was evaluated by flow cytometry with CD45‐FITC‐/CD81‐PE+/CD56‐PECy5+ monoclonal antibodies cocktail. Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) was enriched via positive CD34+ cell selection by magnetic‐activated cell separation system (MACS).

Results

Eleven of 31 patients with CD45−/CD81+/CD56+ cells by flow cytometry at diagnosis became negative after an average of four courses of chemotherapy. All 11 patients remained alive without evidence of disease. Thirteen of the 20 patients with positive MRD relapsed and 1 patient died from disease (mean 25.8 months). There was a significant difference between these two groups. MRD in BM was tested before PBSC transplantation (PBSCT) for 19 NB patients. Fourteen was negative, 4 of them relapsed and 10 patients remained alive without evidence of disease. Another 5 patients with positive MRD, all of them relapsed (mean 17 months after PBSCT) with a significant difference between these two groups. Fourteen of 19 PBSC were purged with CD34+ selection procedure. Six of 14 relapsed (mean 18.43 months after PBSCT). Five patients did not purge for CD34+ selection, and 3 of them relapsed with no significant difference between these two groups.

Conclusions

Positive MRD in BM after an average of four courses of chemotherapy and before PBSCT is an unfavorable factor for stage IV NB. CD34+ selection purging for PBSCT may not improve the prognosis for children with neuroblastoma in advanced stage. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:952–957. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluoranthene metabolism and associated proteins in Mycobacterium sp. JS14
Authors: Lee Sung‐Eun , Seo Jong‐Su , Keum Young‐Soo , Lee Kwang‐Jun , Li Qing X.
Published: May 2007

Fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) commonly present in PAH‐contaminated soils. We studied fluoranthene catabolism and associated proteins in Mycobacterium sp. JS14, a bacterium isolated from a PAH‐contaminated soil in Hilo (HI, USA). Fluoranthene degrades in at least three separated pathways via 1‐indanone, 2′,3′‐dihydroxybiphenyl‐2,3,‐dicarboxylic acid, and naphthalene‐1,8‐dicarboxylic acid. Part of the diverse catabolism is converged into phthalate catabolism. An increased expression of 25 proteins related to fluoranthene catabolism is found with 1‐D PAGE or 2‐DE and nano‐LC‐MS/MS. Detection of fluoranthene catabolism associated proteins coincides well with its multiple degradation pathways that are mapped via metabolites identified. Among the up‐regulated proteins, PAH ring‐hydroxylating dioxygenase α‐subunit and β‐subunit and 2,3‐dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2‐dioxygenase are notably induced. The up‐regulation of trans‐2‐carboxybenzalpyruvate hydratase suggests that some of fluoranthene metabolites may be further degraded through aromatic dicarboxylic acid pathways. Catalase and superoxide dismutase were up‐regulated to control unexpected oxidative stress during the fluoranthene catabolism. The up‐regulation of chorismate synthase and nicotine‐nucleotide phosphorylase may be necessary for sustaining shikimate pathway and pyrimidine biosynthesis, respectively. A fluoranthene degradation pathway for Mycobacterium sp. JS14 was proposed and confirmed by proteomic study by identifying almost all the enzymes required during the initial steps of fluoranthene degradation.
Evolution of 2‐DE protein patterns in a mussel hybrid zone
Authors: Diz Angel P. , Skibinski David O. F.
Published: May 2007

Protein expression patterns were compared in mussels from a hybrid zone between the two species Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis using 2‐DE. Significant differences in expression pattern were observed between species and between mussels within species. Hybrid mussels had more variable protein expression patterns than mussels of each species. This could be due to segregation at expression modifier loci in the hybrids. It is proposed that unusual hybrid expression patterns might contribute to postzygotic isolation, if such patterns reduce fitness. The use of proteomic data for testing evolutionary models, as in many transcriptomics studies, is explored with results consistent with the expectations of neutral theory.
Valsartan reverses post‐translational modifications of the δ‐subunit of ATP synthase during in vivo canine reperfused myocardial infarction
Authors: Sawicki Grzegorz , Jugdutt Bodh I.
Published: May 2007

To determine whether reperfused myocardial infarction (RMI) induces PTM of the δ‐subunit of the mitochondrial metabolic enzyme ATP synthase (ATP/δ) in the ischemic zone (IZ) and whether this can be reversed by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker valsartan, we applied a pharmaco‐proteomics approach in canine RMI hearts with or without valsartan pretreatment. Using the 2‐DE technique, we identified differential regional expression of ATP/δ in the IZ compared to the non‐ischemic zone (NIZ), with an approximately 2‐fold increase in the IZ that was normalized by valsartan. Furthermore in the IZ, RMI triggered S‐nitrosylation of cysteine‐100, nitration of the two tyrosines 88 and 225, and hydroxylation of lysine‐182 in ATP/δ followed by its myristoylation. Importantly, valsartan abolished these modifications of ATP/δ in the IZ, triggered phosphorylation of serine‐76 in both the IZ and NIZ, and decreased necrosis, apoptosis, left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling. Thus, AT1R‐blocker‐induced cardioprotection during RMI is associated with phosphorylation of ATP/δ and inhibition of nitric oxide‐related chemical modifications such as S‐nitrosylation, nitration and hydroxylation. Targeting specific PTMs during RMI, such as those of ATP/δ with AT1R blockade, might be a potentially powerful novel therapeutic approach. However, the identification of S‐nitrosylation was putative and requires MS/MS verification.
Synthesis and characterization of norbornene–ethylene–styrene terpolymers with a substituted ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium‐based catalyst
Authors: The Ban Hoang , Nishii Kei , Tsunogae Yasuo , Shiono Takeshi
Published: May 2007

This article reports a synthetic method for a norbornene–ethylene–styrene (N‐E‐S) terpolymer, which has not been well investigated so far, via incorporation of styrene (S) into vinyl‐type norbornene–ethylene (N‐E) copolymers catalyzed by a substituted ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium [Me2Si(3,6‐tBu2Flu)(tBuN)]TiMe2 catalyst (I) activated with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]/Al(iBu)3 cocatalyst at room temperature in toluene. The resulting terpolymerization product contained the targeted N‐E‐S terpolymer and the contaminated homopolymers, which were then able to be completely removed by solvent fractionation techniques. While homopolystyrene was easily extracted by fractionation with methylethylketone as a soluble part, homopolyethylene and a trace amount of homopolynorbornene could be perfectly separated by fractionation with chloroform as insoluble parts. The detail characterizations of a chloroform‐soluble polymer with gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses proved that it contained a true N‐E‐S terpolymer with long N‐E sequences incorporated with isolated or short styrene sequences. The homogeneity of the morphology together with a single glass transition temperature that proportionally decreased with the increase of the styrene contents indicated that the N‐E‐S terpolymer obtained in this work is a random polymer with an amorphous structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2765–2773, 2007
Synthesis and properties of sulfonated polyimides from homologous sulfonated diamines bearing bis(aminophenoxyphenyl)sulfone
Authors: Chen Shouwen , Yin Yan , Kita Hidetoshi , Okamoto Ken‐Ichi
Published: May 2007

Three homologous sulfonated diamines bearing a bis(aminophenoxyphenyl)sulfone structure, namely, bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone‐3,3′‐disulfonic acid (pBAPPS‐3DS), bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid (pBAPPS‐2DS), and bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)‐2‐(3‐sulfobenzoyl)phenyl]sulfone (pBAPPS‐2DSB), were synthesized. A series of sulfonated polyimides (SPIs) were synthesized from 1,4,5,8‐naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, these sulfonated diamines, and nonsulfonated diamines, and their properties were investigated in comparison with those reported for the SPIs from another homologous diamine or bis[4‐(3‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone‐3,3′‐disulfonic acid (mBAPPS‐3DS). These SPIs were soluble in common aprotic solvents and showed reasonably high proton conductivity, except for pBAPPS‐2DS‐based SPIs, the conductivity of which was slightly lower because of the lower water uptake. The water stability of these SPIs considerably depended on the structure of the sulfonated diamines and was in the order of pBAPPS‐2DSB ≈ pBAPPS‐2DS > pBAPPS‐3DS ≫ mBAPPS‐3DS. Their water stability was much lower than that of the SPIs from 4,4′‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)biphenyl‐3,3′‐disulfonic acid. The reason was discussed on the basis of the basicity of the sulfonated diamine and the solubility property of the SPIs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2797–2811, 2007
Pulse oximetry coupled with spirometry in the emergency department helps differentiate an asthma exacerbation from possible vocal cord dysfunction
Authors: Nolan Paul K. , Chrysler Marjorie , Phillips Gary , Goodman Deborah , Rusakow Lee S.
Published: May 2007

Purpose

Spirometry performed by adolescents with refractory wheeze or stridor and respiratory distress, with normal room air oxygen saturation, may differentiate subjects not having an acute asthma exacerbation (AE−) from those who are (AE+). A subpopulation may also be identified that has flow volume loop (FVL) patterns consistent with vocal cord dysfunction (VCD).

Methods

Spirometry was performed by adolescents who presented to a pediatric emergency department (ED) with respiratory distress attributed to an acute AE who, after therapy, were still symptomatic and had room air oxygen saturation ≥97%. Spirometry findings were classified as: (a) consistent with an acute AE, (b) variable extrathoracic airway obstruction pattern consistent with VCD, (c) a combination of the two, or (d) normal airflow.

Results

Of 2,073 adolescent visits for asthma seen in the ED in 2005, 20 encounters among 17 adolescents were examined during the period of 0700–2200 on weekdays when an investigator was available, of which, 15 encounters were classified as AE−. In the AE− group, nine had FVL evidence of variable extrathoracic airway obstruction consistent with VCD, and six had normal spirometry. Three of the five encounters that were AE+ had FVL evidence consistent with VCD.

Conclusions

Spirometry, performed on therapy‐resistant wheezing or stridorous adolescent patients in respiratory distress with oxygen saturation ≥97%, may help differentiate patients who are not having an acute AE from those who are. In those subjects not having an acute AE, respiratory distress may prove to be due to VCD. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:605–609. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange‐spring behavior of nanocrystalline (NdPr)4Fe71Co5Cu0.5Nb1B18.5
Authors: Manjura Hoque S. , Khan F. A. , Hakim M. A.
Published: May 2007

An amorphous alloy of composition (NdPr)4Fe71Co5Cu0.5Nb1B18.5 prepared by a melt spinning technique in an argon atmosphere has been studied to observe exchange‐spring behavior in the nanocrystalline state. Hysteresis loop measurements at room temperature revealed that the highest value of the coercivity, Hc, of 4.08 kOe has been obtained for the sample annealed at 913 K for 10 min. At this annealing temperature (BH)max and Mr/Ms have been found to be 11.06 MGOe and 0.716, respectively. Steep recoil curves of the samples annealed at 873 and 973 K show typical characteristics of the exchange‐spring mechanism having smaller loop area. The temperature dependences of Hc, Mr/Ms and (BH)max in the range of 5 to 380 K generally decrease with the increase of temperature. From the temperature dependence of the hysteresis loop parameters, it has been found that at 5 K the values of Hc and (BH)max are 6.89 kOe and 13.72 MGOe respectively for the sample annealed at 873 K for 10 min and 6.69 kOe and 13.74 MGOe respectively for the sample annealed at 923 K for 10 min. A change in the shape of the hysteresis loops was observed at temperatures below 100 K, related to the spin reorientation in the hard magnetic phase. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly reliable blue‐violet inner stripe laser diodes using planar regrowth of AlGaN/GaN superlattice cladding layer
Authors: Fukuda K. , Kohmoto S. , Matsudate M. , Tsukuda T. , Yamada M. , Ohya M. , Naniwae K. , Akagawa T. , Masumoto I. , Sasaoka C.
Published: May 2007

We describe highly reliable operation of a novel planar inner stripe blue‐violet laser diode (BV‐LD). A planar regrowth technique makes it possible to simultaneously fabricate a low‐resistive superlattice (SL) structure both on the current‐injecting narrow stripe area and on the AlN current‐blocking layer. This allows for low operating voltage and over 1000 h stable operation at a single‐mode output power of 200 mW at 80 °C. The results obtained here clearly indicate that this inner stripe laser structure is a desirable candidate for a reliable high‐power light source for the next generation of optical disc systems. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct synthesis of an anatase‐TiO2 nanofiber/nanoparticle composite powder from natural rutile
Authors: Suzuki Yoshikazu , Pavasupree Sorapong , Yoshikawa Susumu , Kawahata Ryoji
Published: May 2007

A new, environmentally friendly route to obtain an anatase TiO2 nanopowder from natural rutile sand is reported. The powder has been prepared via the direct hydrothermal process from natural rutile, followed by an ion‐exchanging with HCl (aq). The new TiO2 powder possessed unique morphology, i.e., it was composed of anatase nanofibers (one to several tens μm in length and 10–50 nm in diameter) and anatase nanoparticles (about 10 nm in diameter). The direct hydrothermal process acted not only as a reaction step but also as a semi‐purification step (from 96%‐TiO2 in natural source to 99%‐TiO2 in final product). This new direct hydrothermal process can be an industrial process to prepare low‐cost TiO2 chemicals from natural source. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micro/nano self‐assembled 2D structures of block copolymer/Fe hybrids
Authors: Sarantopoulou E. , Gatsouli K. , Kollia Z. , Pispas S. , Kobe S. , Kovač J.
Published: May 2007

Hierarchical micro/nano self‐assembled 2D structures on thin films of block copolymers/Fe hybrid materials were induced on Si/Ta substrates, either by wet chemistry or laser vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light at 157 nm. Formation of either lamellas or micelles depends on the diblock copolymer composition and the concentration of the solutions. Honeycomb‐like nano self‐assembled structures were formed for one of the diblock copolymer based hybrid materials. The honeycomb‐like structures have a different chemical composition than the rest areas of the film and they are rich in iron. VUV irradiation is altering the surface morphology and under certain irradiating conditions semi regular micro ordering on the film surface was induced. Inside the micro‐structured domains nano‐structured semi‐regular aggregations were formed rich in iron. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AC magnetic properties of nanogranular FeCo–AlN films
Authors: Chayka O. V. , Kraus L. , Fendrych F. , Veljko S.
Published: May 2007

Nanogranular magnetic FeCo–AlN films were fabricated by plasma jet technique. Magnetic anisotropy in the films was induced by applied external magnetic field during the deposition. X‐ray diffraction and chemical analysis revealed that the films consist of crystalline FeCo grains with the size of about 10 nm and amorphous AlN matrix. Hysteresis loops were measured using an AC hysteresis loop tracer at 101 Hz. The frequency dependence of permeability was investigated in the range of 0.1–2 GHz by a strip line permeameter. The highest characteristic frequency at which the natural ferromagnetic resonance occurs is about 1.7 GHz. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theory and experimental verification of micro switch group sensor (MSGS)
Authors: Nishiyama Kiyohisa , Ward M. C. L. , Khalil AL‐Dadah Raya
Published: May 2007

Due to the development of micro system technology (MST), mechanical structures of micro or nanometer dimension can be achieved. Devices in such small dimensions inevitably tend to be affected by Brownian motion and the errors caused by tolerance of fabrication, which decreases the accuracy of sensors. Micro Switch Group Sensor (MSGS) is a new type of sensor system which works by exploiting the stochastic features of noise and randomness within an array of switches. In this paper, the theory of MSGS is introduced. In the experimental work, the theory is verified with three noise affected switches using electronically generated noise. From the analysis, the theory is developed and it is shown that the behaviour of output signals agrees with the theory. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation of self‐assembly nanotemplates in vitro by native SslA protein and its truncation analysis
Authors: Ryzhkov P. , Ostermann K. , Blüher A. , Mertig M. , Rödel G.
Published: May 2007

S‐layer proteins are an issue of arising interest due to their ability to form periodical self‐assembly nanopore structures. In this work we analyze the self‐assembly potential of the recently characterized SslA S‐layer protein of Sporosarcina ureae and of truncated SslA derivatives. The SslA protein with an estimated molecular weight of 116 kDa is shown to self‐assemble in vitro into the periodic lattices with parameters identical to those of native S‐layers formed on the surface of bacterial cells. Recombinant SslA proteins with truncation of N‐, C‐, or both N‐ and C‐terminal parts were successfully overexpressed in E. coli and showed an aggregation behavior in vitro. A HisXXXHis motif in the central protein part is likely to contribute to self‐assembly through the coordination of adjacent SslA monomers by binding the procurable divalent metal ions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
TRISO‐Model: A New Approach to Integrated Software Process Assessment and Improvement
Authors: Li Mingshu
Published: May 2007

The increasing complexity and dynamic change of software development have become the most critical challenges in the final success of a software project. As one of the new emerging methodologies to these problems, TRISO (TRidimensional Integrated SOftware)‐Model uses an integrated 3‐D structure to classify and organize the essential elements in software development. In order to evaluate and improve the integrated software development processes, a new TRISO‐Model‐based process assessment and improvement approach is proposed in this article. The article also introduces TRISO‐Model implementation and its practice in the integrated software development processes in China. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eine Bemerkung zur numerischen Differentiation durch Approximation, ausgeführt am Beispiel der Kugelfunktionen als Approximationsfunktionen
Authors: Fehlberg Erwin
Published: May 2007

Zur Berechnung der Koeffizienten, die bei der Entwicklung gegebener Funktionen nach Kugelfunktionen auftreten, wird die zu entwickelnde Funktion abschnittsweise durch Parabeln ersetzt und das Produkt dieser Näherungsparabeln mit den entsprechenden Kugelfunktionen exakt integriert. Das Verfahren bewährt sich auch bei der Berechnung eines Näherungswertes der ersten Ableitung der gegebenen Funktion, wie an einem Beispiel gezeigt wird.
Die Göttinger elektronischen Rechenmaschinen I. Allgemeines
Authors: Biermann L. , Billing H.
Published: May 2007

Die Göttinger Arbeiten über elektronische programmgesteuerte Rechenmaschinen werden im I. Teil in ihrem Verhältnis zur neueren Entwicklung mathematischer Maschinen charakterisiert. Im II. Teil wird die bandgesteuerte Rechenmaschine im einzelnen beschrieben und ihre Arbeitsweise erläutert. Sie ist mit einem Aufwand von knapp 500 Röhren und 100 Relais erstellt.
Greensche Funktionen für elastische Platten
Authors: Schultz‐Grunow F.
Published: May 2007

Es werden gut konvergierende Entwicklungen für die zu ΔΔu gehörenden Greenschen Funktionen angegeben bei einfach zusammenhängenden Bereichen beliebiger Umrißform und zwar für Randbedingungen, wie sie bei elastischen Platten auftreten.
Fehlerabschätzungen zur Störungsrechnung für lineare Eigenwertprobleme bei gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen
Authors: Schröder J.
Published: May 2007

Ausgehend von einem an anderer Stelle1) bewiesenen Satz über die Störung des Spektrums von Operatoren eines Hilbertschen Raumes werden Fehlerabschätzungen für lineare Eigenwertprobleme bei gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen hergeleitet. An Beispielen wird die Güte der Abschätzungen geprüft und die Gröβe der zulässigen Störungen veranschaulicht.
Numerische Berechnung mehrdimensionaler Integrale
Authors: von Mises Richard
Published: May 2007

Verf. überträgt seine Theorie der numerischen Kubatur 1), die inzwischen in anderen Arbeiten 2)3) abgewandelt worden ist, auf den Fall allgemeiner Integrationsbereiche im k‐dimensionalen Raum und gibt einige Anwendungsbeispiele.
Singularly Loaded Rectilinear Plates‐I
Authors: Aggarwala B. D.
Published: May 2007

With the help of vortex analogy, the use ef non‐convergent or slowly convergent series has been eliminated in calculating the deflection and the shearing forces of rectilinear plates under concentrated loads. Closed expressions for shearing forces are obtained in terms of elliptic functions and a number of new numerical results have been tabulated.
Über das Spektrum bei Eigenschwingungen ebener Laminarströmungen
Authors: Grohne D.
Published: May 2007

Die Stabilitätsuntersuchung einer Laminarströmung nach der Methode der kleinen Schwingungen führt mit einer gewöhnlichen. Differentialgleichung vierter Ordnung auf eine nicht selbstadjungierte Randwertaufgabe. Von den Eigenschwingungen dieser Randwertaufgabe hat man bisher vorwiegend die neutralen und angefachten betrachtet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll nun das gesamte Spektrum der Eigenwerte c sowie die Gestalt der Eigenschwingungen untersucht werden.
Boundary Layer effects in non‐Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Jain M. K.
Published: May 2007

Using second order terms in stress‐strain velocity tensor relations the hydrodynamical equations governing the flow of non‐Newtonian fluids have been set up and solved by employing a ‘synthetic method’ due to B. R. Seth. The unifrom motion of a sphere and a circular cylinder are discussed in detail.
Vibrations of an Elliptic Cylinder and a Flat Plate in a Viscous Fluid
Authors: Kanwal R. P.
Published: May 2007

The perturbations arising, when an elliptic cylinder is vibrating in an infinite mass of a fluid, are investigated by aid of infinite series of Mathieu functions. Vibrations along the major axis as well as along the minor are computed. Furthermore, the vibrations of a flat plate are discussed as limiting cases of the vibrations of an elliptic cylinder, if the plate is vibrating along an edge or perpendicularly to its plane.
Eine spezielle Art nichtwirbelfreier Lösungen der hydrodynamischen Gleichungen
Authors: Lüst R. , Schlüter A.
Published: May 2007

Es werden Lösungen der hydrodynamischen Gleichungen angegeben, bei denen die Wirbellinien überall parallel zu den Stromlinien verlaufen. Dieses Problem hat seine Analogie bei der Untersuchung kraftfreier Magnetfelder, bei denen das Magnetfeld überall zum Strom parallel ist. Hier für wurden die Lösungen an anderer Stelle ausführlich diskutiert.