bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARTHENOCARPY IN THE CUCUMBER INDUCED BY SOME PLANT GROWTH-REGULATING CHEMICALS
Authors: CANTLIFFE D. J.
Published: March 2010

Nine growth-regulating chemicals were sprayed at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm on pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L., cult Pioneer) in an effort to induce parthenocarpic fruit development. A morphactin formulation, IT 3456 (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-(9)-carboxylate), and TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) were the most effective in stimulating parthenocarpic fruit-set and development at both concentrations used. Between six and seven fruits per plant were induced parthenocarpically when 100 ppm IT 3456 morphactin was used. Two other morphactins tested, IT 3233 (n-butyl-9-hydroxyfluorene-(9)-carboxylate) and Bay 102614 (2,7-dichloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-carboxylate-(9)-methyl ester), produced no more fruits than the control. A new growth regulator, CCDP (3-carboxy-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-2-pridone), significantly increased the number of fruits per plant at the 100-ppm concentration, and also increased the number of female flowers per plant produced within 50 days of planting, at both concentrations. The other four compounds tested, designated EL 531 (α-cycloprophyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol), BAS 0660-W (N-dimethyl-morpholiniumchloride), TD 692 (mono-("coco" dimethylamine) succinate), and Chemagro 8728 (5-chloro-2-thenyl-tributylphosphonium), were not effective inducers of parthenocarpy in the cucumber.
EFFECTS OF INITIAL HARVEST DATE ON PRODUCTIVITY AND PERSISTENCE OF ALFALFA AND BROMEGRASS
Authors: McELGUNN J. D. , HEINRICHS D. H. , ASHFORD R.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and a mixture of the two were grown on irrigated land and subjected to six defoliation schedules in which the initial cutting date varied in time. Delaying the initial defoliation until mid-June resulted in greatest seasonal yield even though the last cutting in this schedule was made in the 1st week of September, usually considered somewhat late for cutting in Saskatchewan. Nitrogen at the rate of 112 kg/ha doubled the yield of bromegrass but did not increase the yield of the alfalfa–bromegrass mixture, indicating that nitrogen fixation was adequate for the crop. Alfalfa and the alfalfa–bromegrass mixtures yielded about 50% more forage than the N-fertilized bromegrass and three times as much as unfertilized bromegrass. At the end of the experiment, dandelions (Taraxacum officinale Weber) had invaded pure stands of alfalfa but not mixed stands of alfalfa and bromegrass.
INFLUENCE OF BENOMYL ON MUSHROOM PRODUCTION
Authors: WUEST P. J. , COLE Jr. H. , PATTON T. G.
Published: March 2010

The influence of the fungicide benomyl on sporocarp development and yield of various commercial strains of the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach, was investigated in disease-free cultural conditions. Horse manure compost and mineral casing soil were used for mushroom production. Benomyl, as a wettable powder formulation containing 50% active ingredient, was applied at the rate of 0.568 dm3of spray solution per 0.93 m2of tray surface. Concentrations of 0.45, 0.91, 1.36, and 4.54 kg per 3.8 hliters of spray were tested; application times and intervals varied. Treatment combinations included applications after casing, after mushrooms were initially harvested, and periodic applications for as long as 7 weeks after initial harvest. Benomyl 50% wp at 0.45 or 0.91 kg per 3.8 hliters in all combinations tested did not reduce yield of any strains evaluated. With strain 310 a consistent trend of yield increase was noted at the three dosages below 4.54 kg per 3.8 hliters in most experiments. A consistent yield decrease and delay of sporocarp initiation occurred with all strains except 324 at a dosage of 4.54 kg per 3.8 hliters.
EFFECTS OF TWO TEMPERATURE REGIMES ON VARIABILITY OF GROWTH STAGE COMPONENTS IN TWO TOMATO CULTIVARS AND THEIR F1 HYBRIDS
Authors: LI SHIN-CHAI , HORNBY C. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF MANEB FUNGICIDE ON YIELD IN GATEWAY BARLEY
Authors: PIENING L. J. , McBEATH D. K.
Published: March 2010

not available
BOUNTY STRAWBERRY
Authors: CRAIG D. L. , AALDERS L. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
SWIFT CURRENT FORAGE PLOT HARVESTER IV
Authors: THOMPSON J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTIVENESS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE SEED DRESSINGS AS PROTECTANTS OF BARLEY SEEDLINGS AGAINST COCHLIOBOLUS SATIVUS
Authors: RICHARDSON LLOYD T.
Published: March 2010

Locally grown Herta barley seed heavily infected with Cochliobolus sativus was treated with eight systemic fungicides. On agar plates C. sativus was isolated from 67% of the untreated seed and the saprophyte Alternaria tenuis from 27%. No C. sativus colonies developed from seeds treated with Vitavax (carboxin), UniRoyal F427, or UniRoyal G696, whereas A. tenuis was recovered from 37, 50, and 63% respectively. In greenhouse tests emergence was increased 10% by G696 but drastically reduced by UniRoyal F849, which also damaged both roots and leaves. Vitavax, F427, and G696 completely controlled seed-borne infection, thereby inducing enhanced seedling height and vigor. Only G696 controlled infection from leaf inoculation. Benlate (benomyl), Cercobin (thiophanate), Tecto (thiabendazole), and F849 did not prevent infection from either source. Control of infection in excised leaves by G696 taken up either from treated seeds or from solution was also demonstrated.
COLD-HARDENING AND MORPHOLOGY OF BARLEY SEEDLINGS IN CONTROLLED AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: SVEC L. V. , HODGES H. F.
Published: March 2010

Three Hordeum vulgare L. cultivars with different capacities for cold-hardening were hardened in controlled environmental chambers and in the natural environment. Six environmental treatments were imposed. The levels of hardiness and the morphological characteristics of the tissue as it hardened were compared among controlled environmental treatments and between the controlled environmental treatments and the field-grown plants. Plants hardened in the controlled environment and the field-hardened plants had similar trends in all characteristics measured; however, controlled environment plants did not harden to the same degree as did plants grown in the field. The cold-hardened plant leaves and aerial crown tissues increased in percentage dry matter, but the roots did not. Total weight of root and crown tissues increased more in hardened plants than in the nonhardened plants. Hardening treatment increased weight of leaf tissue less than other plant parts.
ANTHOCYANINS IN THE PERICARP AND COLEOPTILES OF PURPLE WHEAT
Authors: DEDIO W. , HILL R. D. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

The major anthocyanins in the pericarp of the purple-seeded wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar, UM 606a (Hard Federation//Chinese Spring/Nero/3/3* Pitic 62), were cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside with trace amounts of the corresponding rutinosides. Acylated derivatives of the cyanidin and peonidin glucosides were also detected. The coleoptiles contained mostly cyanidin 3-rutinoside, acylated cyanidin glucoside, and acylated cyanidin rutinoside with smaller amounts of the corresponding peonidin derivatives. In addition, two unidentified acylated cyanidin glucosides were detected.
ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FLOODING TOLERANCE OF LEGUMES
Authors: HEINRICHS D. H.
Published: March 2010

In a growth chamber alfalfa and sainfoin improved in flooding tolerance as root-zone temperatures were lowered, and birdsfoot trefoil survived equally well under flooding at root-zone temperatures of 25, 19, and 13 C. After 28 days of flooding no plants of alfalfa or sainfoin were alive at 25 C root-zone temperatures, but 25% of the alfalfa plants and 11% of the sainfoin plants were alive at 19 C, and at 13 C 95% of alfalfa plants and 54% of the sainfoin plants were alive. Crowns were more resistant to damage and decay than roots, and damaged plants of alfalfa and sainfoin often regrew from the crown when all roots had decayed. The study indicated that less flooding damage will occur in the spring when soil is cool than when it is warm in summer.
DISSEMINATION OF ORCHARD-GRASS POLLEN
Authors: KOZUMPLIK V. , CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

The dissemination of orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) pollen from a topcross nursery was determined using microscope slides. These were exposed in eight directions around the source, and at various distances up to 300 m. Within 25 m of the source, pollen counts declined to 4%. Beyond 25 m, the counts declined slowly. At 300 m from the source, counts were about 1% of those at the source. Male-sterile plants were exposed at the same sites as the slides. Seed production of these plants did not decline as rapidly as pollen counts, and there was little relation between the two determinations. With normal (male-fertile) orchard grass, the data indicate that little cross-fertilization would be expected at isolation distances of 25 m or more. However, with male-sterile material, greater isolation distances are required.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT AFTER-RIPENING TREATMENTS ON GERMINATION AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH INHIBITORS IN ROSA RUGOSA
Authors: SVEJDA F. J. , POAPST P. A.
Published: March 2010

The concentration of growth and germination inhibitors in achenes from seedlings of R. rugosa Thunberg is reduced through leaching. Leaching of achenes for 24 hr before stratification increased the germination but the effect of leaching was not always significant. The presence of inhibitors was indicated between Rf 0.3–0.4 and Rf 0.7–0.9 by the retarding effect on radicle elongation of cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L. cult Moss Curled) when extracts of achenes were developed on ascending paper chromatograms (isopropanol:ammonia:water, 10:1:1, v/v). Changed concentrations of the inhibitor between Rf 0.7 and 0.9 from different after-ripening treatments did affect the germination of the achenes but the changed concentrations of the inhibitor between Rf 0.3 and 0.4 did not. Presumably, the inhibitor between Rf 0.7 and 0.9 was abscisic acid. Warm–cold treatments promoted germination more effectively than cold treatments. The most effective treatment was 4 weeks at 20 C and 8 weeks at 4 C. Both cold and warm–cold after-ripening seemed to promote germination through a reduction of growth inhibitors. Inhibitors do not control the germination of rose achenes exclusively because: (a) leaching reduced the concentration of inhibitors but it did not induce germination without after-ripening treatments; (b) partial after-ripening for 4 weeks at 20 C also reduced the concentration of inhibitors but it did not induce germination unless it was followed by an after-ripening period of 4 C; (c) after-ripened achenes germinated in spite of inhibitors.
VARIATION IN PROTEIN CONTENT OF FIELD PEAS
Authors: ÁLI-KHAN S. T. , YOUNGS C. G.
Published: March 2010

Protein content was determined by a modified biuret method for 10 field pea cultivars grown for 3 yr at a single location and for 19 cultivars grown for 1 yr at four locations. Significant differences were found among cultivars, locations, and years. Cultivar × location interactions were also significant. The average protein content among cultivars varied from 23.1 to 28.3%, among locations from 24.0 to 26.3%, and among years from 25.8 to 27.4%. Differences in protein content at three positions on single plants were also determined, but were not large. Protein content of individual plants within cultivars varied significantly. Correlations between protein content and yield, maturity, or seed size were not significant. A range of 22–32% protein was found among 506 plant introductions.
EVALUATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL TEST FOR FROST HARDINESS IN WHEAT
Authors: FOWLER D. B. , SIMINOVITCH D. , POMEROY M. K.
Published: March 2010

A frost hardiness test that differentiates between cultivars on the basis of resistance to injury from a single minimum freezing temperature was evaluated. Four measurements of frost hardiness: survival, modal height at 14 and 21 days, and dry weight at 21 days, gave highly correlated ratings by this test. The level of repeatability of the test was considered sufficient to allow for the detection of meaningful differences in frost hardiness. However, a significant genotype by environment interaction resulted in heritability ratios that were smaller than comparable repeatability ratios. It was therefore concluded that frost tests employing a single minimum temperature can be utilized to advantage, in breeding programs, only for preliminary screening of genotypes that differ considerably in hardiness potential.
TERATOLOGICAL STAMENS IN THE FLOWERS OF TRITICALE
Authors: FISHER JOHN E. , SYMKO S.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIVE HARDINESS OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS AT THREE TIMES OF THE WINTER
Authors: HARRIS R. E.
Published: March 2010

The electrical conductivity and recovery methods were used to assess the hardiness of four strawberry genotypes in late October, mid-January, and early March. The temperatures at which the plants were stored decreased from above 0 C in October to −8 C in mid-January, and then increased to −3 C in March. A stress temperature of −9 C was sufficient to determine differences in hardiness in October but a sequence of temperatures of −9, −10.5, and −12 C were required in January and March. All genotypes increased in hardiness between October and March, but were beginning to lose hardiness in March at −12 C. The relative hardiness of the genotypes did not change as winter progressed and both the recovery and conductivity methods could be used to determine relative hardiness at all times, provided sufficient cold stress was applied. The electrical conductivity method is preferred because it does not take as long to complete, is not affected by differences in dormancy, and the significance of differences can be determined more readily.
FRUIT YIELDS AND QUALITY IN THE EARLY YEARS OF A GRAPE-SPACING TRIAL
Authors: WIEBE J. , BRADT O. A.
Published: March 2010

A vineyard was established using three spacings and three cultivars of varying genetic vigor. During the first three harvests, yields per acre were substantially higher at spacings closer than those generally used by growers in Ontario. There was only a slight reduction in fruit soluble solids at the closer spacing. Evidence from the first three harvests indicates that on clay soil in Ontario, closer than conventional spacing of vines may be feasible and economically desirable.
TENDERVEE SWEET CORN
Authors: KERR E. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
HAPLOID FREQUENCIES IN BRASSICA NAPUS
Authors: STRINGAM G. R. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

not available
FORCED RHUBARB QUALITY AFFECTED BY SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS IN FORCING SHED
Authors: CHIPMAN E. W. , STARK R.
Published: March 2010

Forced rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.) petioles grown from roots maintained at a 40–45% moisture level had higher dry matter, soluble solids, and acidity, and produced a sauce of more attractive color than did petioles from roots maintained at a 80–90% moisture level. Yields did not differ.
EFFECTS OF MOCAP, N-SERVE, TELONE, AND VORLEX AT TWO TEMPERATURES ON POPULATIONS AND ACTIVITIES OF MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL
Authors: TU C. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of Mocap, N-Serve, Telone, and Vorlex on microbial activity in a sandy loam were determined at two temperatures. The pesticides did not suppress bacterial populations at 5 or 28 C. High levels of the fumigants, however, decreased fungal populations at 5 C after 2 wk. N-Serve and Telone stimulated ammonification of incorporated peptone, whereas an inhibitory effect occurred with Vorlex. Mocap and Telone at low levels stimulated nitrification of the native organic nitrogen after 2 wk at low temperature. All pesticides inhibited both nitrification of (NH4)2SO4and oxidation of elemental sulfur after 4 wk at 28 C. Oxygen consumption increased with increasing concentrations of Mocap. Treatment with fumigants and glucose depressed respiration in the early stages of incubation. The effects of the fumigants on respiration showed that soil temperature was negatively correlated with incubation time in the early stages of the experiments.
USE OF MOVING MEANS IN WHEAT YIELD TRIALS
Authors: TOWNLEY-SMITH T. F. , HURD E. A.
Published: March 2010

The efficiency of adjustments employing repeated controls was compared with the efficiency of moving mean adjustments in yield of wheat. Results reported show the moving mean of adjacent hybrid plots to give superior control of the experimental error. The best number of adjacent controls was tested and found to vary widely from test to test. Plant breeders may have to run several analyses to obtain the most accurate adjustment. An analysis of covariance was made on some trials to see if this technique would avoid overadjustment and give lower error variance. With few exceptions neither the use of covariance nor control plots gave as great a reduction in error variance as the optimum adjustment obtained by using the moving mean of adjacent plots.
VARIABILITY IN THE ALKYLRESORCINOL CONTENT OF RYE GRAIN
Authors: EVANS L. E. , DEDIO W. , HILL R. D.
Published: March 2010

A rapid fluorometric technique was used to analyze the alkylresorcinol content in the seed of 397 spring and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars. The alkylresorcinol content ranged from a low of 0.036% to a high of 0.322%, the greater variability being in the spring cultivars. A number of the spring cultivars were planted and self-pollinated through four generations. Each cultivar progeny was selected for high and low alkylresorcinol content in the seed, high self-fertility, and superior seed characteristics. It was apparent that selection was effective in increasing and decreasing alkylresorcinol content with each successive self-pollinated generation.
USE OF LETHAL DOSE TEMPERATURE ESTIMATES AS INDICES OF FROST TOLERANCE FOR WHEAT COLD ACCLIMATED UNDER NATURAL AND CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: POMEROY M. K. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

LD50 (lethal dose 50) temperature estimates were utilized to study cold acclimation in three winter and one spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown under natural and controlled environments. Highly significant differences were found among cultivars for both rate and maximum level of cold acclimation with the acclimation patterns being similar for both environments. The advantages and limitations to the use of lethal dose temperature ratings in cold hardiness studies are discussed.
VANIER BARLEY
Authors: FEDAK GEORGE , LOISELLE ROLAND
Published: March 2010

not available
STABILITY OF CAROTENOIDS IN THE KERNELS OF MAIZE
Authors: GROGAN C. O. , BLESSIN C. W.
Published: March 2010

Cytoplasmic male (T) sterility, nitrogen treatment, and plant density did not influence significantly the xanthophylls and carotenes in maize (Zea mays L.) kernels. In only one of two single crosses was a difference in xanthophylls indicated as being due to kernel position on the ear. As a whole, the carotenoid pigments appear to possess a reasonably good buffered system with little variation in content under a variety of preharvest influences. These results are of particular significance in the production of high-carotenoid maize for feedstuff and in breeding for increased carotenoid content.
TOTAL NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES IN FORAGES BY SEMIAUTOMATED ANALYSIS
Authors: WOLF DALE D. , ELLMORE TED L.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF MOTTLE, CRINKLE, AND MILD YELLOW-EDGE VIRUSES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF HOOD AND NORTHWEST STRAWBERRIES
Authors: BARRITT BRUCE H. , LOO H. Y. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
THREE BUSH-TYPE TOMATO CULTIVARS: MELFORT, BOOSTER, AND PEMBINA
Authors: WALKOF CHARLES , ANDERSON R. H. , ALLEN H. T.
Published: March 2010

not available
CORN SHELLER FOR EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES
Authors: HERGERT G. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
GRASS–WOODY PLANT RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: BAILEY ARTHUR W. , GUPTA R. K.
Published: March 2010

Bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss. cult Carlton) was grown alone or with aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), silverberry (Elaeagnus commutata Bernh.), or western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.) in the greenhouse for 90 days. Competition reduced the yields of grass and woody plants compared with yields obtained when either was grown alone. Bromegrass grown alone or with aspen or snowberry produced similar total yields, but when grown with high density silverberry, the total yields were significantly greater. The yield of oat forage obtained from soil that had grown a previous crop of woody plants was reduced by previous high production of aspen or snowberry, but oat yield increased with previous high production of silverberry. It is known that another species of the genus Elaeagnus is a nitrogen-fixer and the silverberry plants used in this study were nodulated. The beneficial effects of silverberry on the grass may have been due to nitrogen fixation.
PROTEIN QUALITY STUDY WITH THE ENDOSPERM CORN MUTANT GENES OPAQUE-2 AND FLOURY-2
Authors: PAEZ ALIX V. , ZUBER M. S.
Published: March 2010

Forty-two single crosses of corn (Zea mays L.) among seven parental lines were used to evaluate the effects of the endosperm mutants opaque-2 and floury-2 on protein quality. Each parental line had the following five versions: (a) original normal, (b) opaque-2, (c) normal derived from the opaque-2 backcross population, (d) floury-2, and (e) normal derived from the floury-2 backcross population. These five versions were used to make five diallel sets of 42 single crosses and these were grown in a split-split plot design with three replications. Pollen contamination between sets was kept at a minimum with sufficient border rows. Differences were found among endosperm types for percentages of lysine, lysine content of protein, and between F1 hybrids within endosperm types for the above traits and for percentage protein. Lysine content of floury-2 crosses was only slightly higher than that of normal and lower than that of opaque-2 crosses. Additive effects for the three traits studied were more important than nonadditive. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations between percentages of lysine and protein in the breeding materials studied were high and indicated that selection for higher protein levels within either opaque-2 or floury-2 types should not reduce the nutritive value of the protein.
CABINET-TYPE DRYING OVEN FOR FORAGE SAMPLES
Authors: THOMPSON J. L. , HEINRICHS D. H. , GUITARD A. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 1. Kalmia angustifolia L.
Authors: HALL IVAN V. , JACKSON LLOYD P. , EVERETT C. FRED
Published: March 2010

This contribution on Kalmia angustifolia L., sheep-laurel (Ericaceae), is part of a series that presents biological information on plants that are weedy in Canada. Kalmia angustifolia is a weed of lowbush blueberry fields and pastures in eastern Canada. It occurs in Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario.
EVALUATION FOR YIELD POTENTIAL OF SPRING WHEAT STRAINS FROM FOUR SPRING × WINTER CROSSES
Authors: McKENZIE HUGH , GRANT M. N.
Published: March 2010

not available
PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON CORN
Authors: HUNTER R. B. , HUNT L. A. , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

The open-pollinated corn (Zea mays L.) cult Gaspé Flint and three hybrids, Guelph GX122, Harrow 691, and Pioneer X306, were selected to examine the effects of photoperiod and temperature on the number of days to tassel initiation. The range of maturity of this material varied from extremely early to subtropical. The experiments, conducted in growth cabinets, examined photoperiods of from 10 to 20 h in 21/2-h increments. Constant day–night temperatures examined were 20, 25, and 30 C. Photoperiod and temperature affected number of days to tassel initiation. The response was not consistent for each genotype. As daylength increased from 10 to 20 h all but the earliest genotype, Gaspé Flint, took longer to reach tassel initiation. The latest hybrid, Pioneer X306, was affected relatively more by photoperiod. The delay in tassel initiation with longer photoperiods was apparent at all temperatures; however, the magnitude of the response was less at the high temperature. With longer photoperiods, there was an increase in the amount of vegetative growth and development prior to tassel initiation. This was apparent from the greater number of emerged leaves, the longer stem length, and the greater plant dry weight at tassel initiation.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 2. SPIRAEA LATIFOLIA
Authors: HALL I. V. , MURRAY R. A. , JACKSON L. P.
Published: March 2010

Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh., broad-leaved meadowsweet (Rosaceae), is a weed of pastures, lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. and V. myrtilloides Mich.) fields and cranberry (V. macrocarpon Ait.) bogs of Eastern Canada, especially where soil moisture content is high during the growing season. Where S. latifolia occurs, other vegetation is lacking or depressed. Much time is lost in harvesting lowbush blueberries due to jamming of the S. latifolia stems among the tines of the rake or in cranberries due to mechanical damage to the harvesters. In Canada, S. latifolia occurs in Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 3. CARDARIA DRABA, C. CHALEPENSIS, AND C. PUBESCENS
Authors: MULLIGAN GERALD A. , FINDLAY JUDY N.
Published: March 2010

This summary of biological information on heart-podded hoary cress (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.), lens-podded hoary cress (C. chalepensis (L.) Handel-Mazzetti), and globe-podded hoary cress (C. pubescens (C. A. Meyer) Jarmolenko) is the third in a series of contributions on plants that are weedy in Canada. The hoary cresses are weedy in open habitats, particularly in the Prairie Provinces and the interior of British Columbia.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF FLAX BY STEM CUTTINGS
Authors: DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

Stem cuttings of Redwood 65 flax plants (Linum usitatissimum L.) of various lengths and from different locations on the plants were rooted under four environments. The resulting plants were evaluated for vigor, root development, seed quality, and seed yield. Treating cuttings with indole-3-butyric acid and rooting in a chamber with intermittent mist stimulated root development and produced vigorous plants. The addition of CO2 to the mist had no significant affect on rooting or seed production. Cuttings 5 cm long produced more vigorous plants with greater seed yield per plant than from cuttings 2 cm long. The shorter cuttings, however, produced a larger number of total seeds and larger total seed weight from a single original plant. Cuttings from the terminal 4 cm of stems or tillers produced the most seed which consistently had a higher oil and linolenic acid content but a lower oleic acid content than cuttings from other positions on the plant. To maintain low intraplant standard deviations, this portion of the plant should not be used. The standard deviation, among plants produced from cuttings, for oil content and fatty acid composition is considerably lower than between individual plants grown from seed. Thus, the use of cuttings is particularly applicable in studies where small numbers of uniform plants are required or where a maximum number of seeds from a single plant is desired.
IDENTICAL GENES FOR VIRULENCE IN THE SMUTS USTILAGO HORDEI AND U. NIGRA, AND INHERITANCE OF VIRULENCE ON THE BARLEY CULTIVARS KEYSTONE AND CONQUEST
Authors: FULLERTON R. A. , NIELSEN J.
Published: March 2010

Virulence of Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. and U. nigra Tapke on the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars Keystone and Conquest was studied. One recessive gene or linked genes, the same in both smut species, appeared to confer virulence on both cultivars. Earlier investigators had found identical virulence genes in both species of smut for the cultivars Excelsior, Lion, Pannier and Trebi. Therefore, testing for resistance or susceptibility in a breeding program could be done with a strain of only one of the species.
INFLUENCE OF WEED CONTROL AND N FERTILIZATION AT ESTABLISHMENT ON GROWTH AND NODULATION OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T.
Published: March 2010

Leo birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) was established on check (no weed control), handweeded, and 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB)-2,2-dichloroproprionic acid (dalapon)-treated plots with N applied at 0, 25, 50, or 100 kg/ha as NH4NO3 at the emergence of forage legume. The preceding crops were barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in locations 1 (soil OM 3.4%) and 2 (soil OM 3.8%), respectively. In the year of seeding, N. applications increased dry matter (DM) yields of birdsfoot trefoil up to 115% over zero N treatment in location 1. Similarly, the growth of weeds was increased up to 69% applied N in location 1. In location 2, applied N did not influence the growth of birdsfoot trefoil and weeds. A 2,4-DB-dalapon treatment in both locations controlled the weeds, but it also suppressed the growth of birdsfoot trefoil. The mean number of birdsfoot trefoil plants/m2 in location 1 was decreased both by N fertilization and by 2,4-DB-dalapon treatment. The growth of birdsfoot trefoil in the 2nd yr was not influenced by N fertilizer applied at establishment. Heavy weed growth in location 2 during the 1st yr resulted in low DM yields of birdsfoot trefoil the following year. Nodulation of birdsfoot trefoil was promoted in location 1 by small N applications (25 kg/ha). In location 2, nodulation was reduced by fertilizer N, as compared to zero N treatment. Treatment with 2,4-DB-dalapon caused some reduction in the nodulation of birdsfoot trefoil as compared to check or handweeded plots in location 1. It is concluded that applied N may improve the early growth of birdsfoot trefoil only where soil N level is low and almost no weeds are present.
A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF ONE ASPECT OF FROST HARDINESS IN ALFALFA
Authors: WALTON P. D.
Published: March 2010

Root tissue excised from alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L. and M. media Pers.) was studied to determine the relationships between impedance, living cell count, and duration of low temperature treatments. The effect of sucrose concentrations on these relationships was also examined. Higher impedances were closely associated with a high degree of cell survival. Cold-conditioning was found to increase impedance values; treatment with sucrose gave a further increase. Highly significant correlations between duration of cold treatment and mean living cell count, duration of cold treatment and impedance, and mean living cell count and impedance were found in six cultivars. Those cultivars which showed greater frost hardiness under field conditions gave higher tissue impedance values and greater cell survival in the presence of sucrose than did the frost-susceptible cultivars. The possibility of using response to sucrose treatment as a means of selecting for frost hardiness was considered.
BACTERICIDAL TREATMENT OF APPLES FOR ELIMINATION OF SURFACE-BORNE ERWINIA AMYLOVORA
Authors: DUECK J.
Published: March 2010

A bactericidal dip for mature apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) was developed as a precaution against possible dissemination of Erwinia amylovora on fruit surfaces to fireblight-free areas. Several common bactericides including sodium hypochlorite, panacide, 8-hydroxyquinolinol sulfate, stretptomycin sulfate and acetic acid showed activity against E. amylovora in a filter paper disc bioassay. None of these compounds completely eliminated E. amylovora from the surface of apples inoculated by swabbing with bacterial ooze. Streptomycin sulfate 250 ppm and actetic acid 1.0 M were most effective as dips. Several combinations of compounds killed all bacterial cells on the surface. When apples were inoculated with a water suspension of bacterial ooze (8.2 × 106 cells/ml) a 10-min dip in 1.0 M acetic acid was completely effective.
INFLUENCE OF MANGANESE CONCENTRATION IN NUTRIENT SOLUTION ON THE GROWTH AND ELEMENTAL CONTENT OF THE "KATAHDIN" POTATO PLANT
Authors: LANGILLE ALAN R. , BATTEESE Jr. R. I.
Published: March 2010

Hoagland’s solutions containing nine levels of manganese ranging from 0 to 100 ppm were applied as a drench tri-weekly to potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Katahdin) growing in perlite. Although no deficiency symptoms were observed during the 48-day growing period, varying degrees of toxicity were associated with concentrations of 25.0 ppm Mn and higher in nutrient solution. The tissue concentration necessary to induce toxicity symptoms in foliage appeared to fall between 134 and 426 ppm Mn. Solution concentrations in excess of 25 ppm Mn caused a significant reduction in dry weight of top, root and rhizome portions, and in rhizome number. Increasing Mn treatments generally influenced elemental tissue content as follows: K and Mn increased, Mg decreased, Al and Ca decreased at and above 50 ppm and 75 ppm Mn, respectively, whereas P increased at 50 ppm Mn and above; B, Cu and Mo were unaffected and although N, Fe and Zn contents were somewhat erratic, they were not significantly different at 100 ppm Mn from the control (0.50 ppm Mn).
GROWTH OF CORN SEEDLINGS UNDER LOW TEMPERATURES AS AFFECTED BY GENOTYPE, SEED SIZE, TOTAL OIL, AND FATTY ACID CONTENT OF THE SEED
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN EFFICIENT SPRAYER FOR SMALL PLOTS
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , KLASSEN R.
Published: March 2010

not available
DETERMINATION OF GROSS ENERGY OF CEREALS AND LEGUMES WITH A BALLISTIC BOMB CALORIMETER
Authors: BHATTY R. S. , WU K. K.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF HERBICIDE-INSECTICIDE COMBINATIONS ON RUTABAGA EMERGENCE
Authors: PHATAK S. C.
Published: March 2010

Greenhouse studies were conducted to study the effect of herbicides, insecticides and herbicide–insecticide combinations on rutabaga emergence. Herbicides evaluated included; trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), R-7465 (2-(2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide), alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide) and chlorthal (tetrachloroterephthalic acid). Insecticides studied were chlorfenvinphos (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate) and fensulfothion (O,O-diethyl O-p-methyl sulfenyl) phenyl phosphorothioate). Zero insecticide and zero herbicide treatments were included for comparisons. Alachlor at all rates reduced rutabaga emergence significantly. Trifluralin at 1.12 kg/ha reduced emergence. Insecticides used did not reduce emergence significantly. Seventeen herbicide–insecticide combinations reduced emergence significantly. Of 17 interactions, 9 were synergistic, 3 were antagonistic and 5 were additive. Three combinations, chlorfenvinphos-R-7465 (0.56 kg/ha), chlorfenvinphos-chlorthal (8.96 kg/ha) and fensulfothion-R-7465 (0.56 kg/ha), did not reduce emergence. Interactions between these three combinations were antagonistic.
LACK OF INTERACTION OF HERBICIDES IN ANNUAL GRASSES
Authors: MARRIAGE P. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
OTTAWA 3 CLONAL APPLE ROOTSTOCK
Authors: SPANGELO L. P. S. , FEJER S. O. , LEUTY S. J. , GRANGER R. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
VARIABILITY FOR IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS
Authors: COULMAN B. E. , KNOWLES R. P.
Published: March 2010

Significant differences in in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) were found between plants of diploid Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and tetraploid A. desertorum (Fisch.) Schult. Narrow-sense heritabilities for IVDOM ranged from 0.36 to 0.76. IVDOM showed no relationship to plant height, forage yield and lodging percentage, but was significantly correlated with leaf percentage. Diploid strains were more palatable than tetraploids and were significantly superior in IVDOM. A sharp decline in in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) occurred from heading to the end of anthesis with little decline thereafter. Approximately 1 wk prior to anthesis, the IVDDM of crested wheatgrass was similar to that of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), but at subsequent stages crested wheatgrass was inferior. It was concluded that limited progress in breeding for quality in crested wheatgrass was possible using in vitro testing.
INHERITANCE OF A YELLOW FOLIAGE CHARACTER IN RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Segregation in populations derived by crossing Sc. 260180, a yellow foliaged plant of Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.) and Sc. 25311, a normal green plant, showed the yellow foliage character carried by this population to be monogenic and recessive. The gene symbol y1 has been proposed for this character.
A 10-YEAR TRIAL OF SEVEN APPLE CULTIVARS ON MALLING 26 ROOTSTOCK
Authors: PROCTOR J. T. A. , PIERCE W. F. , HUTCHINSON A.
Published: March 2010

Cumulative yield per tree for seven apple (Malus pumila Mill.) cultivars on Mailing 26 (M.26) grown on sandy loam showed that Spartan, Idared, Mutsu, Red Delicious and McIntosh had similar cropping ability. Crops on Northern Spy and Tydeman’s Red were light. Tree height ranged from 2.8 to 3.7 m and tree spread from 3.1 to 4.1 m. The mean relative cropping efficiency to the 10th yr (total crop ÷ area of trunk cross-section) was of the order Spartan > Idared > McIntosh > Tydeman’s Red > Mutsu > Red Delicious > Northern Spy. Fruit on Mutsu and Northern Spy were larger than on the other cultivars.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS: 5. Daucus carota
Authors: DALE HUGH M.
Published: March 2010

This summary of biological data is for wild carrot, Daucus carota L. ssp. carota, as a weed in Canada, particularly in central Ontario. Brief reference is made to wild carrot in Europe and to the related cultivated carrot which have many pests in common. Weedy populations of this biennial occur in areas formerly occupied by deciduous forests in eastern Canada, and by the coastal Douglas fir forest in British Columbia. It belongs to association of plants of roadsides, old pastures and open spaces which are disturbed periodically.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 6. CENTAUREA DIFFUSA AND C. MACULOSA
Authors: WATSON A. K. , RENNEY A. J.
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information on Centaurea diffusa Lam. (diffuse knapweed) and C. maculosa Lam. (spotted knapweed) is presented. The knapweeds are common on semiarid rangeland, highway and railroad right-of-ways and waste places in southern British Columbia. Spotted knapweed is also common in eastern Canada.
SIMAZINE PERSISTENCE IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF ITS RESIDUE ON CROPS
Authors: RAGAB M. T. H.
Published: March 2010

When 4.48 kg/ha of simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine) was incorporated with soil to a depth of 15 cm, 53, 40 and 18% was detected at 18, 63, and 161 days, respectively, following which there was a gradual decrease to 1.5% at 690 days. When crops were grown the year after application and the soil contained 0.18 ppm simazine, no residue was detected in corn (Zea mays L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) or beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), but the latter two crops were injured and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) did not grow. There was slight toxicity to oats planted 2 yr after application when the soil contained 0.03 ppm simazine.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO INBRED CORN LINES FOR DIFFUSIVE RESISTANCES, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND TRANSPIRATION AS A FUNCTION OF LEAF WATER POTENTIAL
Authors: DUBÉ P. A. , STEVENSON K. R. , THURTELL G. W.
Published: March 2010

Relationships between (1) photosynthesis (2) transpiration (3) total diffusive resistance to water vapor and (4) mesophyll resistance and leaf water potential were examined in two lines of corn (Zea mays L.) differing in phenotypic response to water stress. One line (Q-188) was a wilting inbred and the other (DR-1) was an inbred known to have at least some heat and drought resistance under field conditions. No differences were found between inbred lines in net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and total diffusive resistance to water vapor at high or low leaf water potentials in the light. In both lines, stomatal closure began to occur between − 8.5 to − 9.5 bars. Similarly, rapid increases in both total resistance to water vapor diffusion and mesophyll resistance to carbon dioxide diffusion occurred within a narrow range of water potentials. However, leaf water potential, and thus all other parameters, differed markedly between lines when considered on a time scale. The early wilting of Q-188 suggested that high resistances to water flow were present in the xylem system.
INFLUENCE OF GLYPHOSATE AND CROP COMPETITION ON QUACK GRASS CONTROL AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: VALGARDSON D. R. , CORNS WM. G.
Published: March 2010

A field experiment with glyphosate (n-phosphonomethyl glycine), tillage, and cropping in late summer and in the next spring, included winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) competing with dense established quack grass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.). Foliage sprays of glyphosate [2.8 kg/ha (2.5 lb/A) in water (281 liters/ha) (25 gal/A), applied at 1.76-kg/cm2 (25 psi) pressure] before tillage, reduced grass forage and rhizomes of the dense stands by 90% or more. Late summer spraying was as effective as spring spraying. Some rhizomes had healthy portions, after death, of proximal and distal ends. One tillage in late summer plus one in the next spring reduced quack grass forage weight more than did tillage twice in the late summer or twice in the spring. Oat plots with their second tillage delayed until spring contained 68% less quack grass than the unseeded controls, but forage and grain yields of the spring-seeded oats, and of the rye seeded before winter, were not significantly different. These yields from sprayed plots were approximately double those from unsprayed plots. Without spraying, oats competed more effectively with quack grass than spring-seeded winter rye, but both produced well on sprayed land. One spraying did not eradicate quack grass but appears to avoid the need for summer fallow to control it.
AN INEXPENSIVE PLASTIC EXPERIMENTAL SILO
Authors: McLAUGHLIN N. B. , BOWDEN D. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN INEXPENSIVE MANUAL CORING DEVICE FOR BALED HAY
Authors: McLAUGHLIN N. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
A SQUEEZE-BOX FOR MAKING EXPERIMENTAL QUANTITIES OF SILAGE
Authors: McLAUGHLIN N. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF DELAYED PARAQUAT APPLICATION ON SEBAGO POTATO YIELD
Authors: IVANY J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WHOLE-PLANT MOISTURE, GRAIN MOISTURE, DRY MATTER YIELD, AND QUALITY OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE
Authors: DAYNARD T. B. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

Identical experiments were conducted at the Elora Research Station, near Guelph, Ontario in 1970 and 1971 with the objective of determining the relationships among whole-plant dry matter (DM) yield, whole-plant moisture content, and grain moisture content of corn (Zea mays L.) during the later part of the growing season. Each experiment involved eight commercial hybrids representative of the range in maturity, endosperm type, lodging resistance, and grain yield potential of corn hybrids grown commercially in central Ontario. The hybrids were sampled at weekly intervals over an 8-wk period beginning approximately 1 September; the sampled plants were divided into their leaf, stalk, husk, ear and grain components and oven-dried. Fresh and dry weights were used to calculate dry matter (DM) yields and "at harvest" moisture contents of the various components, and of the entire plant. Averaged across the eight hybrids, maximum DM yield was attained at whole-plant moisture content of 66–70%, and a grain moisture content of 45–50%. Among hybrids, 66% whole-plant moisture corresponded to a range in grain moisture content from 41 to 47%. Two additional experiments were grown also at Elora in 1970 and 1971 to evaluate the effects of harvest date on the DM yield and in vitro digestibility of corn plants and their component plant parts. Each experiment involved four representative commercial hybrids which were sampled at four equal time intervals during the month of September, and divided into grain, cob, husks (including shank) and stover (including leaves, leaf sheaths, stalks and tassels) for dry weight and in vitro digestibility measurement. Whole-plant DM digestibility was essentially constant over a range of whole-plant moisture from 76 to 56% in 1970, and from 76 to 64% in 1971. The consistency of whole-plant digestibility was the result of compensating changes in component yield and digestibility. A decrease in the digestibility of the stover, husks and cob with delayed harvest was compensated for by an increase in the proportion of grain in the whole-plant yield.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 8. Sinapis arvensis L.
Authors: MULLIGAN G. A. , BAILEY L. G.
Published: March 2010

This contribution on Sinapis arvensis L., wild mustard (Cruciferae), is part of a series which presents biological information on plants that are weedy in Canada. Wild mustard is a serious weed of cultivated land, particularly in cereal crops. It occurs in all provinces of Canada and in the Mackenzie District, Northwest Territories.
OIL, FATTY ACID AND CHLOROPHYLL ACCUMULATION IN DEVELOPING SEEDS OF TWO "LINOLENIC ACID LINES" OF LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED
Authors: RAKOW G. , McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

Fatty acid composition and oil formation were followed in developing seeds of two "linolenic acid lines" of low erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) containing above and below normal linolenic acid levels to determine how these different levels of linolenic acid are derived. Under controlled growth room conditions, patterns of fresh weight and dry weight accumulation showed that seeds of both lines matured over the same period of time. During this time, both lines accumulated equivalent amounts of oil. The fatty acid composition of the oils of mature seed of both lines were similar for palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), linoleic (18:2) and eicosenoic acid (20:1) when expressed either on a percent basis or a weight basis. However, oleic (18:1) and linolenic (18:3) acid were reciprocally related on a percent basis. The seeds of the two lines accumulated different weights of oleic and linolenic acid. Since the accumulation occurred over the same length of time, the difference in oleic and linolenic acid content was caused by different rates of accumulation. Equivalent chlorophyll contents, obtained for both lines, failed to show a relationship between chlorophyll content (indicative of photosynthetic activity) and linolenic acid accumulation.
EFFECTS OF ROW SPACING, SEEDING RATE AND DATE OF SEEDING ON FABA BEANS
Authors: KONDRA Z. P.
Published: March 2010

Two small faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars, Erfordia and Wiselburger Kleinkornige, were tested at one location for 1 yr at three row spacings (15, 23 and 31 cm) and three seeding rates (100, 150 and 200 kg/ha). The effects of four seeding dates were evaluated for both cultivars. Seeding commenced on 2 May and was repeated at approximately 2-wk intervals. The narrowest row spacing produced the highest seed yield for both cultivars. Row spacing did not affect the protein content, but did affect the percent germination in the cultivar Kleinkornige. The narrowest row spacing (15 cm) produced the highest germination. Seed yield increased with seeding rate for the cultivar Kleinkornige. However, there was no increase in seed yield for the cultivar Erfordia when seeding rate increased from 150 to 200 kg/ha. Seeding rate did not affect the protein content or germination. Date of seeding had a significant effect on the yield. Delayed seeding significantly decreased the yield for both cultivars. Seeding date did not significantly affect the protein content of the seed. Germination was significantly reduced with delayed seeding.