bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer related physical, psychological, social and spiritual domains of quality of life among women in Bahrain
Authors: Narayanan Gayathripriya , Awadallah Muyssar Sabri , Krishnasamy Rajeswari
Published: February 2023

Background: The objectives of the study were to assess the quality of life (QOL) among women with breast cancer and associate the QOL with selected background variables. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was adopted for the study. Data collection was done in oncology units of tertiary care centers. The sample type includes woman with breast cancer at stage I or II or IIIa as per TNM classification. A purposive sampling technique was followed with a total sample size of 60. The tool used was the Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire - Breast Cancer Version by National Medical Center & Beckman Research institute.  Results: The QOL among study participants revealed that 42 (70%) had average QOL and 18 (30%) had poor QOL. The QOL was examined in various domains such as physical wellbeing, where the mean score was 38.47, the psychological wellbeing mean score was 60.58, social wellbeing mean was 38.10 and spiritual wellbeing mean was 38.58. There was an association between residence and occupation with QOL at p<0.05. Further there was an association between the clinical variable such as period and stages of cancer at p<0.05 and type of treatment at p<0.01. Conclusions: Breast cancer diagnosis has an undeniable effect on women at work, home and can have rapid consequences for other members in the family. Evaluation of QOL and associated factors would help the health care professionals especially nurses to organize health promotion activities and counselling sessions in varied health care settings to overcome challenges and improve Quality of Life.
Researchers on research integrity: a survey of European and American researchers
Authors: Allum Nick , Reid Abigail , Bidoglia Miriam , Gaskell George , Aubert-Bonn Noémie , Buljan Ivan , Fuglsang Simon , Horbach Serge , Kavouras Panagiotis , Marušić Ana , Mejlgaard Niels , Pizzolato Daniel , Roje Rea , Tijdink Joeri , Veltri Giuseppe
Published: February 2023

Background: Reports of questionable or detrimental research practices (QRPs) call into question the reliability of scientific evidence and the trustworthiness of research. A critical component of the research ecosystem is the organization within which research takes place. We conducted a survey to explore the attitudes and beliefs of European and American researchers about the organisations in which they work, their own research practices and their attitudes towards research integrity and research integrity policies.

Methods: We administered an online survey (International Research Integrity Survey (IRIS)) to 2,300 active researchers based in the US and 45,000 in Europe (including UK, Norway, Iceland and Switzerland).  We employed a stratified probability sample of the authors of research articles published between 2016 and 2020 included in Clarivate’s Web of Science citation database. Coverage includes researchers in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and medical sciences, who hold at least a master’s level degree.

Results: In comparison to researchers in the US, European researchers admit to more QRPs and are less confident in maintaining high research integrity (RI) standards. In the US and Europe, many researchers judge their organization to fall short of best RI practice. All researchers recognize the benefits of RI, reliable knowledge and the trust of colleagues and the public, and there is support for RI training particularly among Europeans.

Conclusion: To create and maintain a culture of integrity in scientific research, a collective commitment from researchers, their institutions and funders is needed. Researchers rely on many channels of communication about research integrity and thus the involvement of many different participants in the research system is required to make improvements. Policies must be developed to reinforce best practice rather than being seen as an irrelevance to the real business of research.
Antibiotic versus surgery in the treatment of acute appendicitis in the pregnant population: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Candrawinata Valeska , Hanafi Ricarhdo , Baskoro Bernard Agung , Irawan Andry , Ekapatria Christofani , Christina Natalia Maria , Koerniawan Heru Sutanto , Halim Freda
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency in pregnant women. There has been a wide variance in clinical practice worldwide, with some favoring an antibiotic-only approach while others prefer surgery as the first-line management. Therefore, we designed the current analysis to synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of antibiotics versus surgery management.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, EuropePMC, and Cochrane Central from March 4, 1904 until November 25, 2022, to look for studies comparing antibiotics and surgery in pregnant patients with acute appendicitis. We only included studies that provided a comparison between the two treatments. We included preterm delivery, fetal loss, maternal death, and complications as outcomes. The results were compared using an odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. We also performed a sensitivity analysis by excluding studies with a serious risk of bias.

Results: We included five non-randomized studies for the analysis. We found that patients in the antibiotic group had a lower risk of preterm labor (OR 0.63 [95% CI 0.43–0.92]; p 0.02) but a higher risk of complications (OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.19–2.69]; p 0.005). We did not find any difference in the other outcomes.

Conclusion: The increased risk of complications should caution clinicians about using antibiotics as the first-line management. More studies are required to identify patients who would benefit the most before antibiotics could be adopted as a treatment for acute appendicitis in pregnant patients.
Pandemic and desacralization: the new political order founded on the bare life
Authors: Abbate Stefano
Published: February 2023

This article aims to approach the COVID-19 health crisis through the category of precarity in two senses. On the one hand, in the face of power, a state of exception has been configured as the new form of political handling of the new normality. On the other hand, the loss of public space has meant that community ties have been broken, fostering greater atomisation and loneliness. Both processes were already present in modernity and post-modernity and foster an increasing uprooting of the individual through the loss of the symbolic axes of socialisation, as well as more intense social control. In short, the defining characteristic of the pandemic is the precarity of life.
Should small volume CBCT imaging be used for managing complex dental trauma? a case report
Authors: Keshtgar Asma , Noar Joseph
Published: February 2023

Avulsion injuries are a severe type of dental trauma that can result in sequelae such as root resorption, ankylosis and tooth loss. We report on an unusual case where a previously avulsed, replanted and root-treated UR1 did not erupt for 3 years, and then spontaneously erupted. Findings from a small volume CBCT scan showed significant internal root resorption extending to the root wall, which supports an explanation of the internal root resorption removing an area of ankylosis and allowing the tooth to erupt. The value of using dental CBCT scanning is highlighted in managing complex dental trauma.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The use of a small volume CBCT scan can give insight into the clinical presentation of post-traumatic tooth movement.
Smaller, lighter, faster? Reducing the carbon footprint of ambulances
Authors: Harmer Luke , Hignett Sue
Published: February 2023

This paper outlines a feasibility project investigating the potential for smaller, lighter rapid response vehicles (RRVs) in reducing the carbon footprint and response times of ambulances. Five stakeholder consultations were held with two ambulance trusts, an ambulance manufacturer, a paramedic and the Ultra-Light Vehicle Group to generate three novel design concepts for RRVs, which were then reviewed by four UK feet managers and four clinicians. The results indicated that the integrated clinician service model could create a future market for smaller, lighter vehicles. Reducing carbon emissions in the short term will most likely be achieved using lower emission engines and improving engine and power management for dual-crewed ambulances. In the medium term (5–10 years), there will be a demand for low emission, composite light-weight dual-crewed ambulances.
Next Generation Training
Authors: Sampson Ben
Published: February 2023

Giorgio Clementi from the International Test Pilots School reveals how to train flight test pilots
Integrated Research and Test
Authors: Sampson Ben
Published: February 2023

Rolls-Royce's Gas Turbines and Transmissions Centre at Nottingham University is using innovative testing to turn research into industrial applications
In Tune
Authors: Allen Keri
Published: February 2023

Advances in testing, simulation and monitoring are reducing vibrations and noise in turboprop engines
Test & Deliver
Authors: Colucci Frank
Published: February 2023

NASA is testing small unmanned aerial vehicles to validate the design tools that will be used to develop commercial drones and urban air taxis
Future Spinoff
Authors: Colluci Frank
Published: February 2023

An innovative and broad technology demonstration program in the USA is helping to determine the design and specification of the next generation of military helicopters
Spinning Up
Authors: Roper Jack
Published: February 2023

Programs developing alternative space launch technologies are aiming to reach orbit this decade
Learning to Test
Authors: Smith Paige
Published: February 2023

There are opportunities to advance carrers in non destructive testing as technology advances
A Golden Opportunity for 5G
Authors:   INTERCITY
Published: February 2023

The shutdown of the 2G and 3G networks provides an incentive for manufacturers to improve productivity and boost their revenues
In Choppy Waters
Authors: Beck Chris
Published: February 2023

After a summer of economic turmoil, a new report has found that SME manufacturers are finding current market conditions tougher than at the height of the pandemic
Animals ethnozoology as traditional medicine in the Dayak Tamambaloh Tribe, Labian Ira'ang Village, Kapuas Hulu District, Indonesia
Authors: SUPIANDI MARKUS IYUS , SYAFRUDDIN DIDIN , GANDASARI ADRIANA , MAHANAL SUSRIYATI , ZUBAIDAH SITI
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Supiandi MI, Syafruddin D, Gandasari A, Mahanal S, Zubaidah S. 2023. Animals ethnozoology as traditional medicine in the Dayak Tamambaloh Tribe, Labian Ira'ang Village, Kapuas Hulu District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 26-33. The Dayak Tamambaloh community in Labian Ira'ang Village, Kapuas Hulu District, Indonesia, is a community that has traditional knowledge of the use of fauna. However, at this time this knowledge has been reduced or relegated by the times and the use of animals and has never had a written document. This study aimed to obtain the types of animals used by the Dayak Tamambaloh people for treatment. The method used was a survey. Data was collected through literature studies, semi-structured interviews, and field observations. Data on using animals as traditional medicine was obtained from main informants, key informants, and recommendation informants. Data analysis was descriptive and qualitative, including data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results obtained 13 types of animals in 13 families that are used as traditional medicine by the Tamambaloh Dayak people. The types of animals used in traditional medicine were wanyi (Apis cerana), asu (Canis lupus familiaris), kandalak (Channa striata), panang (Clarias sp.), bunsok (Gekko gecko), dingkawat (Hipposideros larvatus), lati loman (Lumbricus terrestris), tangkiling (Manis javanica), takiung (Sulcospira testudinaria), manuk (Gallus gallus domesticus), ular sawa (Malayopython reticulatus), lundung (Monopterus albus), and beruang (Ursus thibetanus). Animal families used as traditional medicine were Apidae (1 spesies), Canidae (1 spesies), Channidae (1 spesies), Clariidae (1 spesies), Gekkonidae (1 spesies), Hipposideridae (1 spesies), Lumbricidae (1 spesies), Manidae (1 spesies), Pachychilidae (1 spesies), Phasianidae (1 spesies), Pythonidae (1 spesies), Synbranchidae (1 spesies), and Ursidae (1 spesies). The Dayak Tamambaloh people use meat, bile, scales, shells, egg whites, wax, and all parts of animals for traditional medicine.
Carbon stock at several types of mangrove ecosystems in Bregasmalang, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: SUGIATMO SUGIATMO , POEDJIRAHAJOE ERNY , PUDYATMOKO SATYAWAN , PURWANTO RIS HADI
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Sugiatmo, Poedjirahajoe E, Pudyatmoko S, Purwanto RH. 2023. Carbon stock at several types of mangrove ecosystems in Bregasmalang, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 182-191. Mangrove ecosystems have an important role but are also faced with the conversion of use and impacts from climate change. Therefore, this research aims to determine the carbon stock above-ground, below-ground, and the soil at several types of mangrove ecosystems in Bregasmalang, Central Java. A total of 8 transect lines, each having a length of 125 m and consisting of six plots, were placed in four types of mangrove ecosystems to obtain data on the diameter of the vegetation and soil at five different depths. Allometric equations were used to analyze diameter data, while the soil compositions were analyzed in the laboratory. The results showed that the total carbon stock in Bregasmalang was 713.13 Mg ha-1 with the details as follows; above-ground 30.27 Mg ha-1 (4%), below-ground 10.99 Mg ha-1 (2%), and soil carbon 671.87 Mg ha-1 (94%). Meanwhile, the total carbon stock in conservation mangrove forests was 763.75 Mg ha-1, rehabilitation mangrove 719.25 Mg ha-1, silvofishery 680.71 Mg ha-1, and ponds 688.81 Mg ha-1. Based on the results, the high soil and total carbon stock in conservation mangroves showed the importance of protecting the ecosystems to mitigate climate change.
Species diversity of Entamoeba and gastrointestinal parasites as co-infection in pigs in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Chrismanto‬ ‪Dony , Lastuti‬ ‪Nunuk Dyah Retno , Suwanti‬ ‪Lucia Tri , Hastutiek Poedji , Suprihati Endang , Kurniawati Dyah Ayu , Winarso‬ ‪Aji
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Chrismanto D, Lastuti NDR, Suwanti LT, Hastutiek P, Suprihati E, Kurniawati DA, Winarso A. 2023. Species diversity of Entamoeba and gastrointestinal parasites as co infection in pigs in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 233-240. Protozoa Entamoeba spp. is the causative agent of amoebiasis that can infect humans and livestock. Several species that infect pigs are E. suis, E. polecki, E. histolytica, and E. coli. However, microscopic examination through morphological identification of parasites couldn't determine the genus and species level identity, leading to misdiagnosis. Therefore, molecular techniques are needed for accurate diagnosis with species-specific primers. In this study, 100 fecal samples were collected from pig farms in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. This study aims to identify, using molecular techniques, the presence of Entamoeba spp. with the SSUrRNA gene as a marker to determine the diversity of Entamoeba species in pigs and to detect co-infection with other gastrointestinal parasites in Kupang. The result was found: E. suis 98% (98/100), E. polecki 44% (44/100), E. polecki ST3 10% (10/100), and E. coli 20% (30/100) spread on pig farms in 8 villages in Kupang. Furthermore, E. polecki ST3 and E. coli finding show that pigs in several areas in Kupang are infected with potentially zoonotic species. In addition to finding various species of Entamoeba by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification, based on microscopic examination, other gastrointestinal parasites were also found as co-infections, namely: Eimeria sp. (34%), Cystoisospora suis (30%), Strongyloides sp. (34%), Oesophagostomum sp. (51%), Metastrongylus sp. (18%), and Trichuris suis (8%). That is the first report concerning mixed infections with E. suis, E. polecki ST3, E. coli, and other gastrointestinal parasites in pigs in Kupang, Indonesia.
The fate of mangrove ecosystem sustainability on the shrimp cultivation area in Tulang Bawang District, Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: BAKRI SAMSUL , HARTATI FERLI , KASKOYO HARI , FEBRYANO INDRA GUMAY , DEWI BAINAH SARI
Published: February 2023

The exploitation of mangrove forests for economic purposes is rampant in tropical countries nowadays, particularly for shrimp farming, such as in the Lampung green belt in the front of the Java Sea. So, ensuring the sustainability of existing mangroves is the need of the hour. In view of above, this study aims to analyze the sustainability index of mangrove ecosystem management and the sustainability status of the mangrove ecosystem from the ecological, economic, social, and institutional dimensions using the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) method through the Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH) approach in East Rawajitu Sub-district, Tulang Bawang District, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The analysis revealed that mangrove ecosystem management’s sustainability index was categorized as ‘less sustainable’ (index 43.01 out of 100). Meanwhile, the social dimension (51.65) was categorized as ‘quite sustainable’, and other dimensions (ecological, economic, and institutional) were ‘less sustainable.’ Therefore, it is proposed that further development of the social dimension is a strategic way to develop the other three sustainability dimensions to achieve ecosystem sustainability as a whole in the study area. Alternative strategies that can be applied for sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems in East Rawajitu Sub-district, Tulang Bawang District are increasing coordination between stakeholders, creating formal regulations, increasing the productivity and creativity of Ikatan Istri-istri Petambak Dipasena (ISTANA), formulating an integrated mangrove ecosystem management plan program, undertaking rehabilitation efforts, increasing the role of mangrove groups, and increase the attention of researchers.
Genetic diversity and phylogenetic study of Ongole Grade cattle population in Central Java based on blood protein polymorphism
Authors: Lestari Dela Ayu , Sutopo Sutopo , Setiaji Asep , Kurnianto Edy
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Lestari DA, Sutopo, Setiaji A, Kurnianto E. 2023. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic study of Ongole Grade cattle population in Central Java based on blood protein polymorphism. Biodiversitas 24: 617-624. This research provides useful information to reflect the genetic structure and to determine appropriate breeding strategies for the Ongole Grade cattle population in Central Java. The objectives of this research were to investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of the Ongole Grade cattle (Bos indicus) population in Central Java based on blood protein polymorphism. A total of 208 blood samples were collected, which belonged to 6 populations of Ongole Grade cattle in Central Java, namely Rembang, Blora, Kebumen, Semarang, Magelang, and Kudus regency. Blood protein analysis was conducted by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrilamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) methods to separate blood protein based on molecule weight. Results showed 4 blood protein locus were clearly identified, namely Albumin (Alb), Post Albumin (Pa), Ceruloplasmin (Cp), and Amylase-I (Amy-I), which formed 9 identified alleles and 15 genotypes. All populations had different allele and gene frequency distribution for each locus, which dominated by allele AlbB (0.525), PaB (0.556), CpF (0.608), and Amy-IB (0.639) and by genotype BB (0.312) for Alb loci, BB (0.429) for Pa loci, FS (0.423) for Cp loci and BB (0.472) for Amy-I. Ongole Grade cattle population in this study showed deviation in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) (P<0.05) for Blora, Kebumen, Semarang, and Kudus, while the rest populations showed in HWE condition. Average heterozygosity and genetic distance of the Ongole Grade cattle population in the recent study were range 0.328-0.529 (for Magelang and Kebumen populations, respectively) and 0.0057-0.0955 (for the Rembang-Kebumen population and Magelang-Kebumen population), respectively. In conclusion, Ongole Grade cattle population in Central Java had high genetic diversity and was divided into two major clusters.
APLICAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE LEVANTAMENTO PLANIALTIMÉTRICO: ANÁLISE DA QUALIDADE DOS RESULTADOS DOS PRODUTOS FINAIS
Authors: Moisés Prado Neto  , Rosangela Leal Santos
Published: February 2023

Segundo Doubeck (1989) a topografia tem por objetivo o estudo dos instrumentos e métodos utilizados para obter a representação gráfica de uma porção do terreno sobre uma superfície plana.
Weakly supervised identification of microscopic human breast cancer-related optical signatures from normal-appearing breast tissue
Authors: Shi Jindou , Tu Haohua , Park Jaena , Marjanovic Marina , Higham Anna M. , Luckey Natasha N. , Cradock Kimberly A. , Liu Z. George , Boppart Stephen A.
Published: February 2023

With the latest advancements in optical bioimaging, rich structural and functional information has been generated from biological samples, which calls for capable computational tools to identify patterns and uncover relationships between optical characteristics and various biomedical conditions. Constrained by the existing knowledge of the novel signals obtained by those bioimaging techniques, precise and accurate ground truth annotations can be difficult to obtain. Here we present a weakly supervised deep learning framework for optical signature discovery based on inexact and incomplete supervision. The framework consists of a multiple instance learning-based classifier for the identification of regions of interest in coarsely labeled images and model interpretation techniques for optical signature discovery. We applied this framework to investigate human breast cancer-related optical signatures based on virtual histopathology enabled by simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multiharmonic microscopy (SLAM), with the goal of exploring unconventional cancer-related optical signatures from normal-appearing breast tissues. The framework has achieved an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.975 on the cancer diagnosis task. In addition to well-known cancer biomarkers, non-obvious cancer-related patterns were revealed by the framework, including NAD(P)H-rich extracellular vesicles observed in normal-appearing breast cancer tissue, which facilitate new insights into the tumor microenvironment and field cancerization. This framework can be further extended to diverse imaging modalities and optical signature discovery tasks.
Asymmetric parameter enhancement in the split-ring cavity array for virus-like particle sensing
Authors: Jin Xiao , Xue Lu , Ye Shengwei , Cheng Weiqing , Hou Jamie Jiangmin , Hou Lianping , Marsh John H. , Sun Ming , Liu Xuefeng , Xiong Jichuan , Ni Bin
Published: February 2023

Quantitative detection of virus-like particles under a low concentration is of vital importance for early infection diagnosis and water pollution analysis. In this paper, a novel virus detection method is proposed using indirect polarization parametric imaging method combined with a plasmonic split-ring nanocavity array coated with an Au film and a quantitative algorithm is implemented based on the extended Laplace operator. The attachment of viruses to the split-ring cavity breaks the structural symmetry, and such asymmetry can be enhanced by depositing a thin gold film on the sample, which allows an asymmetrical plasmon mode with a large shift of resonance peak generated under transverse polarization. Correspondingly, the far-field scattering state distribution encoded by the attached virus exhibits a specific asymmetric pattern that is highly correlated to the structural feature of the virus. By utilizing the parametric image sinδ to collect information on the spatial photon state distribution and far-field asymmetry with a sub-wavelength resolution, the appearance of viruses can be detected. To further reduce the background noise and enhance the asymmetric signals, an extended Laplace operator method which divides the detection area into topological units and then calculates the asymmetric parameter is applied, enabling easier determination of virus appearance. Experimental results show that the developed method can provide a detection limit as low as 56 vp/150µL on a large scale, which has great potential in early virus screening and other applications.
Numerical Modelling of Polarization Bistable Ridge Waveguide Semiconductor Laser
Authors: Bava G.P. , Maio I. , Montrosset I.
Published: February 2023

Semiconductor laser polarization bistability, which has been recently demostrated in InGaAsP devices uniaxially stressed [1,2,3], has attracted a growing interest for application in optical signal processing and optical computing. Even devices showing only TE-TM switching would be very useful in optical fiber communication systems. Ridge waveguide semiconductor lasers (RWLs), which are widely used for their low threshold currents, seem natural candidates to polarization bistability, because, with suitable values of their geometrical parameters, they show polarization competition phenomena even without uniaxial stress [4,5].
Analysis and Optimisation of the Waveguide Detector Coupling for Monolithic Integrated Optic
Authors: Nolting Hans-Peter , Gravert Martin
Published: February 2023

For future OEIC’s (Optical Electronic Integrated Circuit) efficient waveguide-detector coupling arrangements with high absorption coefficients which determine the device length are required.
Biological x-ray microscopy with a compact laser system
Authors: Richardson M. , Kado M. , Yamamoto Y. , Rajyaguru J. , Torres D. , Nekula K. , Friedman H. , Muszynski M. J.
Published: February 2023

The development of x-ray microscopy for the biological and medical sciences offers several inherent advantages over other high resolution microscopy techniques, such as confocal optical microscopy and electron microscopy [1]. Short wavelength radiation allows for much higher spatial resolution than optical techniques, while at the same time possessing sufficient depth of field to image whole-cell structures of several microns size. High image-contrast, and even elemental mapping, can be obtained by selection of the appropriate x-ray wavelength. Moreover in avoiding the need for the sample preparation procedures inherent to electron microscopy (staining, drying, sectioning etc.) x-ray imaging permits the visualization of biological specimens in their natural state. Previous developments in x-ray microscopy have mostly used synchrotron radiation sources [2]. These offer precision variability in x-ray emission but are restricted to major facilities, and require long exposure times to record an image. This latter limitation prevents the high resolution analysis of mobile living organisms [3]. Early work with laser plasma x-ray sources also required the use of major facilities (dedicated to laser fusion) [4].
Coherence Properties of Ultrashort High-Order Harmonics
Authors: Salières P. , Antoine Ph. , L’Huillier A. , Carré B. , Lewenstein M.
Published: February 2023

Recently, high-order harmonic generation has attracted considerable interest for the possibility of generating ultrashort XUV pulses. With the advent of intense lasers that produce pulses of duration a few tens of fs, harmonic pulses of duration below 10 fs can be generated. To pass the limit of the (optical) fundamental period, different schemes have been proposed. Antoine et al. [1] showed that propagation in the macroscopic medium could lead to a phase locking of the different harmonics, resulting in emission of a train of attosecond pulses. Corkum et al. [2] proposed to use the extreme sensitivity of the harmonic efficiency on the polarization of the fundamental field to "extract" a single pulse from such a train.
Tunable, Ultrashort, High-Intensity Kilohertz Mid-Infrared Laser System
Authors: Sheehy B. , Widmer M. , Lafon R. , Gambhir A. , DiMauro L. F.
Published: February 2023

We have developed a high intensity, ultra-short kilohertz laser system operating in the mid infrared, between 3 and 4.5 μm. The output of an ultrashort pulse oscillator (sync-pumped dye laser or mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser), which is tunable about 800 nm, is amplified in a Ti:Sapphire regenerative amplifier, using chirped pulse amplification. Another pulse at λ=1053 nm, synchronized with the tunable pulse, is amplified in a cw pumped Nd:YLF regenerative amplifier. Mixing the two pulses in a nonlinear crystal, we obtain the difference frequency in the mid-infrared. A schematic of one configuration is shown in the figure below. The 800 nm oscillator in this case is a dye laser synchronously pumped by a mode-locked Nd:YLF laser, which also acts as the seed source for the 1053 nm light, thus providing optical synchronization between the two pulses at the mixing crystal. This configuration yields 1 psec pulses in the mid-infrared with an energy of 70 microjoules, which may be focussed, using f/4 optics, to peak intensities above 1012 W/cm2. The 1053 nm seed source may also be electronically synchronized with a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire oscillator in place of the dye laser, reducing the pulsewidth and increasing the peak intensity by an order of magnitude.
Anomalous Short Wavelength Emission by Optical Field Ionization of a Preformed Boron Plasma
Authors: Midorikawa Katsumi , Nagata Yutaka , Wülker Cornelius , Toyoda Koichi
Published: February 2023

The use of optical-field ionization (OFI) allows to control both an ionic state and electron energy distribution, which is of importance for production of x-ray lasers[1-3]. We previously reported the observation of gain on the 13.5-nm Lyman-α transition of H-like Li ions by OFI of a preformed Li+ plasma [4]. The measured electron temperature of less than 1.5 eV was significantly lower than what is expected by an above-threshold ionization model [5,6]. However, wavelength scaling of this scheme is not clear because the required pump laser intensity rapidly increases with decrease of x-ray laser wavelengths. The increase of the pump laser intensity additionally causes harmful heating of the plasma by nonlinear interactions. The increase of the pump laser intensity which results in the requirement of a huge pump device also makes it quite difficult to realize a tabletop x-ray laser operating below 10 nm.
Propagation of sub-picosecond laser pulses through a fully ionized plasma
Authors: Young P.E. , Bolton P.R.
Published: February 2023

The development of high intensity lasers has led to the possibility of observing relativistic effects when a laser pulse interacts with a fully ionized plasma. The propagation of high intensity laser pulses through a fully ionized plasma has practical applications for compact x-ray lasers [1,2], laser-plasma-based particle accelerators [3], and advanced inertial confinement fusion schemes [4], The relativistic filamentation instability [5] can lead to modifications of the propagating pulse by spatially modulating the laser intensity transverse to the direction of propagation; growth of the instability can lead to spreading of the beam as the result of the density modulation set up by the filamented ponderomotive force. The beam propagation needs to be understood before further nonlinear effects are investigated [6,7]. Previous experimental studies of high-intensity laser pulses have employed neutral gases which are ionized by the propagating pulse [8]. That technique is limited by technical constraints to relatively low electron densities (≤ 1019 cm-3) and introduces the possibility of the modification of the propagation behavior by the formation of an ionization front at the leading edge of the pulse [8].
Simulation of ionization ignition and inner atom shell ionization in ultrafast laser driven clusters
Authors: Rose-Petruck C. , Schafer K. J. , Wilson K. R. , Barty C. P. J.
Published: February 2023

Gas clusters irradiated with ultrashort, high intensity laser pulses can exhibit “ionization ignition” which leads to very high charge states that are significantly higher than those for equivalent laser pulses applied to atoms in the gas phase [1,2]. Moreover, such laser generated plasmas from clusters might serve as bright sources of ultrashort duration, hard x-rays [3-5]. Experimental shapes of the x-ray emission spectra are distinctly non-thermal and show evidence of multiple inner shell holes [6] and high electron kinetic energies [7].
Multiterawatt Ultraviolet Laser System
Authors: Omenetto F. G. , Boyer K. , Longworth J. W. , McPherson A. , Nelson T. , Schroeder W. A. , Rhodes C. K.
Published: February 2023

The combination of ultrashort pulse generation and chirped pulse amplification (CPA) techniques has been the driving force in the development of laser systems with peak powers at the terawatt level [1-6]. Most high power systems developed to date, work in a spectral region between 0.8 and 1.1 microns, and TW-class lasers have been demonstrated in Ti:Sapphire, Nd:glass and Cr:LISAF based systems. A known alternative is offered by excimer lasers. Efforts in this direction have been undertaken by a number of groups [7-9].
Holographic Interferometry with Fringe Control and On-Line Digital Phase Measurement
Authors: Halioua Maurice , Bowins Toni Sue
Published: February 2023

Holographic interferometry has developed into a powerful and sensitive tool in industry and research for investigating surface deformation resulting from mechanical, thermal and vibrational stress. However, despite the vast amount of research, it has not yet resulted in a practical quantitative tool, and it remains often limited to the laboratory. In contrast to classical interferometry, the interpretation and quantification of holographic interferograms remains a complex and tedious task. This is essentially due to the fact that holographic interferometers are very sensitive to rigid body motion which can overshadow or even obliterate the deformation fringes, and that commonly used double exposure interferometers are inflexible since the interfering wavefronts are locked together.
Antireflection effect in ultrahigh spatial-frequency holographic relief gratings
Authors: Ono Y. , Kimura Y. , Ohta Y. , Nishida N.
Published: February 2023

An antireflection interpretation model, that the graded effective index caused by ultrahigh spatial-frequency sinusoidal grating forms an antireflective constitution, is investigated theoretically and experimentally.
Electron compensation in a lithium niobate:Fe holographic optical filter
Authors: Krainak Michael A. , Yu Anthony W.
Published: February 2023

We present experimental evidence of electron compensation of a fixed ionic hologram in a photorefractive iron doped lithium niobate crystal configured as an optical filter.
Temporal Phase-Conjugation with Space-Time Processors
Authors: Marom Dan M. , Sun Pang-chen , Fainman Yeshayahu
Published: February 2023

An all-optical parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion by holographic spatial-to-temporal and temporal-to-spatial frequency encoding aimed at applications in high-speed optical communications have recently been demonstrated[1]. In this manuscript we analyze the performance of the system with ultra-short pulses.
Fast Photorefractive Multiple Quantum Well working at 1.55 µm
Authors: Le Corre A. , L'haridon H. , Salaün S. , Lever R. , Baudet M. , Gauneau M. , Keromnes J.C. , Pleumeekers J. , Mottet S. , Lambert B. , Moisan G. , Vaudry C. , De Matos C. , Gosselin S.
Published: February 2023

Fast optical switching devices based on resonant photorefractive (PR) phenomena in semi-insulating multiple quantum well (MQW) are very promising due to the large electrooptic effect related to Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE) near the excitonic absorption peak. Up to now such structures were working at 0.8 µm in the GaAs-AIGaAs system 1,2. This communication presents devices in the InP-GalnAs(P) system for telecommunication applications. Our aim is to obtain fast optical switching devices working at 1.55 µm with submicrosecond switching time and grating relaxation time larger than 1 microsecond.
Polymer-based Volume Hologram for a Surface-normal 3×3 Non-blocking Wavelength-selective Crossbar
Authors: Zhou Charles , Chen Ray T.
Published: February 2023

We report the formation of a surface-normal non-blocking crossbar based on a unique wavelength switching scheme. The demonstrated device is shown in Fig. 1 where photopolymer-based volume holograms are employed in conjugation with graded index (GRIN) lenses. A prototype polymer-based volume hologram for multiple-wavelength 3 × 3 crossbar is experimentally demonstrated at 755, 765 and 775 nm. The unique beam routing property of GRIN lens reduces nine wavelengths to three wavelengths while maintaining the required nine (3 × 3) individual interconnects. The elimination of edge-coupling significantly enhances the packaging reliability. Furthermore, such a configuration is compatible with the implementation of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers where the characteristic of azimuthal symmetry is maintained in the waveguide substrate [1].
3d Particle Simulation on Interaction of Ultrashort Laser Pulse with Solid Density Hydrogen Plasma
Authors: Nishihara K. , Yasui H.
Published: February 2023

The interaction of very short laser pulses with matter has become an important field.1,2)If a pulse duration of a laser light is so short that no significant hydrodynamic expansion of a matter takes place, the electric field of a laser interacts directly with a solid density matter. The mean ion distance, a~ (3/4πni)1/3is of the order of one angstrom at a solid density. The quivering distance of electrons oscillating at a laser frequency,

δx=eE

0

/

mω

0
2

, exceeds the mean ion distance at a high intensity. In addition to that, the ion coupling coefficient, Γ=eϕ/kt=z2e2/akt, is of the order of one for such high density plasma. Thus the oscillating electrons interact with many ions and electrons at the same time, because ions and electrons are also strongly correlated.
Design and Characterization of the Los Alamos Fourier Transform Spectrometer
Authors: Palmer Byron A.
Published: February 2023

The Los Alamos Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) was designed using the same principles as those of the Kitt Peak FTS.1 The Los Alamos FTS has two 8-in. cat's-eye reflectors moving on oil bearings with a travel of 1 meter for each reflector (Fig. 1). The optical path is folded to conserve space through the use of two 8-in. flat mirrors. The beam splitter is composed of two partially reflecting plates mounted one over the other. In this optical arrangement, the upper plate acts as a beam splitter and the bottom plate a beam recombiner. These plates are mounted in a turret that holds two more beam splitters and this turret can be easily rotated to select a different beam splitter. The optical arrangement allows for two light inputs and two light outputs. The two inputs are located at the end of the instrument and at the side. The two outputs are located at the front of the instrument. All important optical elements can be adjusted externally.
Comparison of THz (far-infrared) time domain spectroscopy and FTS methods
Authors: Grischkowsky D.
Published: February 2023

This paper will first describe the optoelectronic generation and detection of freely-propagating fsec pulses of THz electromagnetic radiation, and then applications of the THz beam system to THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) will be presented. Via optoelectronic excitation, a transient point source of THz radiation is generated at the focus of a dielectric collimating lens, followed by an additional paraboloidal focusing and collimating mirror. This source produces well collimated beams of fsec pulses of THz radiation. Matched to an identical receiver, the resulting system has extremely high collection efficiency (1). With a demonstrated signal-to-noise ratio of 1000, a time resolution of less than 150 fsec and a frequency range from 0.2 THz to more than 5 THz, (1 THz = 33.3 cm-1 = 4.1 meV), the performance of this optoelectronic THz system is limited by the intrinsic response time of the semiconductor (2).
Thermal Contamination of BOMEM FTIR Line Shapes
Authors: Giver L. P. , Chackerian C. , Spencer M. N.
Published: February 2023

In the standard configuration of the high-resolution BOMEM FTIR model 3.002, the infrared source is focused onto an entrance iris whose aperture can be varied from 0.5 to 10 mm diameter. In the mid-infrared the beam from the sample compartment is normally focused onto a 1 mm diameter MCT detector with an elliptical mirror so that an entrance aperture of about 5 mm fills the detector. However, in order to achieve the full resolution of the instrument in the 10 μm region, it is necessary to adjust the iris for about a 1 mm diameter entrance aperture. Under these conditions the detector sees a combination of the hot source and the warm annulus of the iris around the small entrance aperture. Because the hot source is focused onto the iris, the iris is warmer than room temperature. If this warm iris contributes a significant fraction of the radiation seen by the detector, the full resolution expected from the small entrance aperture will not be achieved.
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of LaS in the Infrared
Authors: Winkel R. J. , Davis Sumner P. , Abrams Mark C.
Published: February 2023

The infrared spectrum of LaS was recorded on the Los Alamos FTS. Over Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of LaS in the Infrared
Isotope Shift in B I at 2090 Å as a Probe of Cosmic Nucleosynthesis
Authors: Johansson Sveneric , Litzén Ulf , Kasten Jörg , Kock Manfred
Published: February 2023

Determination of the cosmic abundance of the light elements Li, Be and B is critical for the understanding of how these elements have been formed in the Universe. The Standard Model for the Big Bang nucleosynthesis, which assumes a uniform density, and its complementary model, the Non-uniform Density Model (see e.g. Kajino and Boyd, 1990), differ considerably in their predictions of Be- and B-production . However, recent determinations of the abundance of Be (Gilmore et al. 1991) and B (Duncan et al. 1992) in metal-poor stars are orders of magnitude larger than those predicted from any Big Bang nucleosynthesis model. The isotopes 9Be, 10B and 11B are therefore thought to have been produced by cosmic spallation, primarily when high-energy protons and α-particles collide with CNO nuclei in the interstellar medium.
Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the Aluminum Carbide Molecule
Authors: Brazier C.R. , Carrick P.G.
Published: February 2023

The aluminum carbide molecule has been observed for the first time in the gas phase. This simple diatomic molecule was previously known only from matrix isolation ESR studies by Knight et al. [1] and the theoretical calculations of Bauschlicher et al. [2], A fairly strong B4Σ--X4Σ- electronic transition was predicted in the blue [2] analogous to the recendy observed BC molecule [3]. A search was made for this system of AlC in emission from a hollow cathode source using the 1m Fourier transform spectrometer at Kitt Peak National Observatory. The initial search was partially successful in that two weak bands were observed that had the correct form and could not be attributed to any known impurity spectrum. The experiment was repeated using more sensitive detectors and a narrower detection bandwidth, resulting in the spectra described here.
High-Energy Lasers with ~20 fs Pulse Duration
Authors: Kapteyn Henry C. , Murnane Margaret M.
Published: February 2023

Recent advances in all-solid-state ultrafast laser technology have made possible the generation of ultrashort pulses of unprecedented duration and power.1-3 It is now possible to routinely generate near transform-limited pulses, of duration less than 9 femtoseconds from a simple laser oscillator.3,4 These broad-bandwidth, ultrashort pulses can be used as low energy seed pulses for amplifiers based on the chirped-pulse amplification design.5 Although gain narrowing can limit the amplified pulse bandwidth, our results demonstrate that it is possible to amplify sub-25 fs pulses to an energy of >25 millijoules, and that further improvements will be possible in the near future.6
Production and characterization of multi 1019 W/cm2 intensities using 300 fs, 30 TW pulses generated in a gain shaped Ti:Sapphire / Nd-doped mixed glasses set-up
Authors: Blanchot N. , Rouyer C. , Allais I. , Husson D. , Mazataud É. , Nail M. , Pierre A. , Sauteret C. , Migus. A.
Published: February 2023

The advent of the Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) [1] technique coupled to the development of solid state lasers capable to deliver ultrashort pulses in the tenth of femtosecond regime has opened the new experimental field of ultrahigh intensity physics [2]. New crystalline amplifying materials such as Ti-sapphire or Cr3+-doped LISAF or LICAF are central components of such setup able to deliver femtosecond pulses in the sub-joule regime [3]. However many of the envisioned applications, such as for instance the concept of achieving fast ignition of an inertially confined D-T capsule [4], rely both on the use of very large electromagnetic field amplitudes corresponding to intensities above 1019-1020 W/cm2, and on very high energy delivery. Such needed levels of energy, in the hundred of joules if not kilojoules range, cannot be obtained in small crystalline media or in gazeous media, but only in large volumes of solid materials, such as neodymium-doped amorphous glasses. Recently, we have achieved 50 TW peak power [5] using a hybrid Ti:Sapphire / Nd silicate glass beam line. But in the same work we did show that spectral gain narrowing in glass limited the pulse to duration above 450 femtoseconds. In the present work we demonstrate new concepts of generation and improvements in the techniques of measurements which allow to produce and fully characterize 30 TW pulses with duration as short as 260 fs and focus them on targets to get intensities above 2. 1019 W/cm2.
Production of high contrast ultrashort laser pulses for short scale length plasma experiments
Authors: White W.E. , Sullivan A. , Price D.F. , Trebino R. , DeLong K. , Heritage J.
Published: February 2023

The production of hot, high density plasmas has been one of the many proposed uses of high intensity ultrashort pulse laser systems since their development began with the introduction of Chirped Pulse Amplification1 (CPA). Because many of these systems are now capable of producing peak irradiance in excess of 1018 W/cm2, extremely high pulse fidelity is needed to prevent the temporal wings of the pulse from preionizing a solid target, thus producing a relatively long scale length plasma2.
Calculations of high-harmonic generation in neutrals and ions
Authors: Watson J.B. , Sanpera A. , Burnett K.
Published: February 2023

In recent years the intensities used in multiphoton experiments have reached the order 1018 W/cm2 :i.e. well above the intensity the rare gas neutral will be completely ionized. This has quite naturally led to interest in the harmonic generation of the ions produced. We have used a simple ID model of the single atom response to make predictions about the Harmonic generation, both from the neutrals and ions, as a function of intensity and wavelength. Our results consist of harmonic spectra and ionisation rates generated by intense, ultrashort pulses. We look at the response using pulses of length ~1ps with intensities in the range 1014 W/cm2 to 1018 W/cm2. We also look at the results as a function of laser frequency over the range 248nm (KrF) to 1054nm (YLF).