bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERBANDINGAN PENGGUNAAN KONDENSOR BERPENDINGIN UDARA DENGAN KONDENSOR BERPENDINGIN AIR PADA LEMARI PENDINGIN
Authors: Korawan Agus Dwi
Published: September 2024

Refrigerators are one of the common machines for Indonesian people. Refrigerators can be used to store foods and ingredients for longer shelf life. The temperature in the refrigerator and freezer is low because the heat is absorbed by the evaporator and then released into ambient air through the condenser. The heat transfer velocity from the condenser to ambient air depends on the convection heat transfer coefficient of air. This study was conducted experimentally by comparing the refrigerator's performance that use air-cooled condensers and water-cooled condensers. The equipment used is a refrigerator with a portable water bath. This study aims to know the temperature change speed in the storage room and freezer room, the temperature changes before and after the condenser was used, and the change of the temperature and pressure in refrigerant before and after the evaporator was used. The results showed refrigerator with a water-cooled condenser can give cooling process in the storage room faster, give freezing process in the freezer room faster, and enhance COP.
ChatGPT-4 Omni Performance in USMLE Disciplines and Clinical Skills: Comparative Analysis
Authors: Bicknell Brenton T , Butler Danner , Whalen Sydney , Ricks James , Dixon Cory J , Clark Abigail B , Spaedy Olivia , Skelton Adam , Edupuganti Neel , Dzubinski Lance , Tate Hudson , Dyess Garrett , Lindeman Brenessa , Lehmann Lisa Soleymani
Published: September 2024

Background

Recent studies, including those by the National Board of Medical Examiners, have highlighted the remarkable capabilities of recent large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT in passing the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). However, there is a gap in detailed analysis of LLM performance in specific medical content areas, thus limiting an assessment of their potential utility in medical education.

Objective

This study aimed to assess and compare the accuracy of successive ChatGPT versions (GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and GPT-4 Omni) in USMLE disciplines, clinical clerkships, and the clinical skills of diagnostics and management.

Methods

This study used 750 clinical vignette-based multiple-choice questions to characterize the performance of successive ChatGPT versions (ChatGPT 3.5 [GPT-3.5], ChatGPT 4 [GPT-4], and ChatGPT 4 Omni [GPT-4o]) across USMLE disciplines, clinical clerkships, and in clinical skills (diagnostics and management). Accuracy was assessed using a standardized protocol, with statistical analyses conducted to compare the models’ performances.

Results

GPT-4o achieved the highest accuracy across 750 multiple-choice questions at 90.4%, outperforming GPT-4 and GPT-3.5, which scored 81.1% and 60.0%, respectively. GPT-4o’s highest performances were in social sciences (95.5%), behavioral and neuroscience (94.2%), and pharmacology (93.2%). In clinical skills, GPT-4o’s diagnostic accuracy was 92.7% and management accuracy was 88.8%, significantly higher than its predecessors. Notably, both GPT-4o and GPT-4 significantly outperformed the medical student average accuracy of 59.3% (95% CI 58.3‐60.3).

Conclusions

GPT-4o’s performance in USMLE disciplines, clinical clerkships, and clinical skills indicates substantial improvements over its predecessors, suggesting significant potential for the use of this technology as an educational aid for medical students. These findings underscore the need for careful consideration when integrating LLMs into medical education, emphasizing the importance of structured curricula to guide their appropriate use and the need for ongoing critical analyses to ensure their reliability and effectiveness.
Empirical Study on the Development of Digital Inclusive Finance on Narrowing the Consumption Gap between Urban and Rural Areas--Taking Shanxi Province as an Example
Authors: Gao Yaxin
Published: September 2024

Based on the panel data of 11 cities and regions in Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2020, the study empirically investigates the impact of digital financial inclusion on the urban-rural consumption gap in Shanxi Province from the perspective of the overall effect and regional effect of digital financial inclusion development. The study finds that, in general, digital inclusive finance has narrowed the consumption gap between urban and rural residents through the high-quality features of low threshold and accessibility, from the perspective of regional heterogeneity, the uneven development of digital inclusive finance has led to significant differences in its effect on the consumption gap between urban and rural residents among regions, showing the characteristics of a ladder with a high level in the south and a low level in the north, and from the perspective of structural heterogeneity, the structure of digital inclusive finance development also has a significant impact on the consumption gap between urban and rural residents in Shanxi Province. From the perspective of structural heterogeneity, the impact of the development structure of digital inclusive finance on the consumption gap between urban and rural residents in Shanxi Province also varies, with the breadth of coverage bringing better bridging effects than the depth of use, while the degree of digitization creates the problem of digital divide and widens the consumption gap, finally, relevant suggestions are put forward with a view to narrowing the consumption gap between urban and rural areas and promoting the coordinated development of urban and rural areas.
Rethinking Food Processing for a Sustainable Future: A Review of Innovative Nonthermal Technologies
Authors: Chaudhary Muneeba Naseer , Hussain Mudassar , AL-Ansi Waleed , Luo Wei
Published: September 2024

Agricultural innovation offers a solution to mounting pressures on the global food system, which must provide safe, nutritious, and environmentally sustainable consumable goods at increasing volumes if demands are to be met. The potential of nonthermal technologies as promising alternatives to conventional thermal treatments for sustainable food processing and preservation is discussed in this review. Here we investigate four of such emerging nonthermal technologies that include High-Pressure Processing (HPP), Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) and Irradiation, and Cold Plasma. This blog takes a deeper dive into its principles, use cases, and pros and cons. On the other hand, nonthermal technologies are energy-sparing, improve the nutritional quality of food products, and reduce loss due to processing but above all provide improved environmental performance. The energy-saving potential of these technologies can be large, while maintaining food in its original nutritive and sensory shape but with extended shelf life and lower carbon footprint. Nevertheless, scalability, cost-efficacy regulatory approval, consumer acceptance (Diaz-Ruiz Pletsch Concordet; Chellaram Barragan Maheswari), integration with the reference’s infrastructure, or optimized process parameters are themselves challenging. Developing a solution to these challenges and promoting nonthermal processing technologies are strategic priorities that will be critical for future food production... With time, advances in research and developments of this important field would give rise to the wide-scale application of nonthermal processing This review aims to provide a full overview of potential benefits entailed by each innovative technique along with its limitations as well as informing stakeholders and future directions.
The Significance of Baghdad in Rajiv Joseph's Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo
Authors: Al-Nuaimi Mustafa Mohammed Rashid
Published: September 2024

The narrative of Rajiv Joseph's play Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo intricately weaves the city of Baghdad into its fabric. Baghdad becomes a half-character, playing an important part in enhancing our understanding of the play's thematic elements. Set during the Iraq War, the play delves into the intricate interplay of trauma, morality, and the absurdity of conflict. It uses Baghdad as a stage upon which to demonstrate these elements and as a key to unlocking their internal complexities. This paper examines both the historical significance of the city and its portrayal as a decaying urban landscape, as well as how both of these factors intensify the characters' internal conflicts. This paper interprets the battered condition of the city of Baghdad to be an accurate reflection of the emotional and moral state of the characters in the play. This study contends that the play's setting is integral to understanding the play's narrative and characters. It also arms us, as an audience, with heightened engagement to confront the play's existential themes with our sense of humanity in times of perceived unfathomable chaos. Rajiv Joseph depicts the layers of history and the city's psychological toll on its inhabitants, leaving us to question how free we are to make the right choices for the betterment of all.
Análisis mediante estadística no extensiva del terremoto de Pedernales, Ecuador 2016
Authors: Barahona Cárdenas Daniel Andrés , Araujo Soria José Sebastián
Published: September 2024

El 16 de abril de 2016 ocurrió un terremoto en Ecuador de magnitud 7.8 el cual causó enormes pérdidas humanas y materiales, y miles de personas heridas y desplazadas. Este evento sísmico forma parte de un conjunto de sismos en la provincia de Manabí en la región costera de Ecuador donde se produce la subducción de la placa de Nazca bajo la placa Sudamericana. Proponemos estudiar este conjunto de sismos desde la perspectiva de la mecánica estadística no extensiva utilizando el concepto de entropía propuesta por Tsallis en (Tsallis, 2009). Desarrollamos el cálculo del coeficiente de complejidad q para la magnitud de los sismos, parámetro que cuantifica el valor de complejidad de un sistema, y lo aplicamos al catálogo de terremotos en la zona de alto acoplamiento sísmico de Manabí-Esmeraldas en la zona de subducción de Ecuador. Los resultados muestran una relación entre los cambios en el coeficiente de complejidad q a través del tiempo y la ocurrencia de sismos de gran magnitud M>5. El terremoto del 16 de abril de 2016 acompaña un previo incremento en el valor de q el cual coincide con otros estudios anteriores como en (Papadakis et al., 2015).
Nuevas observaciones en la corteza continental transicional del sur del Golfo de México y sus implicaciones en los modelos de margen continental
Authors: Rosales Rodríguez Joel
Published: September 2024

La interpretación de las propiedades físicas de la corteza y manto comúnmente se hace a partir de la asociación de velocidades sísmicas con la mineralogía de las rocas ígneas que las constituyen, dado que los afloramientos de corteza o manto exhumados o pozos que cortan las rocas de basamento continental u oceánico son escasos. La corteza oceánica del Golfo de México se caracteriza por velocidades sísmicas de 6.1-6.9 km/s, asociadas a gabros. Se observan diferencias en el rango de velocidades sísmicas entre la porción oriental y occidental de la corteza oceánica, tanto a nivel de corteza como en el manto. Se identifican anomalías de velocidades sísmicas entre la corteza y el manto, principalmente en áreas cercanas al límite corteza oceánica-continental. Estas anomalías de velocidades sísmicas se asocian a intrusiones máficas ocurridas durante la apertura del Golfo de México. Estas intrusiones también se interpretan en la base de la corteza a partir del modelado magnético de un perfil en el sur del Golfo de México. Con el modelado magnético se interpreta manto serpentinizado en el área de la Anomalía Magnética de Campeche. Con ambas interpretaciones se sugieren dos periodos de evolución tectónica del Golfo de México; el primer periodo es asociado a un margen continental no volcánico, en el cual ocurre la exhumación y la serpentinización del manto, el segundo periodo asociado a un margen volcánico en el cual ocurre la intrusión de rocas máficas cercanas al límite corteza oceánica-continental y  la rotación de Yucatán.
Integrated geophysical characterization of Owu Gold mineralization part of Kushaka- Kusheriki Schist Belt, Northcentral Nigeria
Authors: Okpoli Cyril , Olaniyan Oladele , Oyeshomo Anthony V. , Chidi Promise
Published: September 2024

Se realizaron estudios geofísicos y geológicos integrados para caracterizar la mineralización de oro en Owu, parte del cinturón de esquisto de Kushaka-Kusheriki, en el centro norte de Nigeria. Investigaciones previas se concentraron en estudios geológicos y geoquímicos sin énfasis en el uso de métodos integrados y herramientas de última generación destinados a caracterizar la mineralización de oro. Se llevó a cabo un mapeo geológico detallado para determinar los distintos tipos de rocas y su estructura estructural. Los estudios geofísicos se llevaron a cabo utilizando el magnetómetro de precesión de protones y el equipo electromagnético de dominio de tiempo (TDEM) GDD 500 para delinear su grado de susceptibilidad magnética y polarización inducida y el conjunto de datos se mejoró mediante transformadas rápidas de Fourier (FFT). El estudio geológico mostró las diferentes tipos de roca dentro del área y el estudio geofísico produjo la imagen del subsuelo y las estructuras cercanas a la superficie. Los conjuntos de datos se sometieron a diferentes formas de filtrado utilizando el software Oasis Montaj, delineando así la tendencia y las áreas objetivo de mineralización de oro probada. Geo- lógicamente, el área de estudio consiste en esquistos de filita, esquistos de mica, esquistos anfíboles, esquistos filiticos y esquistos de biotita expuestos en una zona de corte de esquistos. Ejes regionales NE-SW foliados y plegados de vetas de cuarzo invadieron los cuerpos mineralizados de oro. Estructuralmente se observan intru- siones graníticas en dirección NE-SW, paralelas a la foliación regional de las rocas. La intensidad magnética total, las derivadas verticales, el gradiente horizontal y las imágenes de señales analíticas revelaron las áreas magnéticas altas y bajas, e indicaron las estructuras y lineamientos con tendencia en la dirección NE-SW. La polarización inducida en el dominio del tiempo delineó las principales zonas de falla en dirección este-oeste. Las áreas de cargabilidad se deben a la alta conductividad que tiende en dirección NE-SW, lo que sugiere la presencia de oro y otros metales pesados. El área de baja cargabilidad es resistiva y podría representar las vetas de cuarzo de la zona.
Design development and optimization of immediate release tablet of valsartan
Authors: Sharma Abhimanyu Rai , Shrivastava Birendra , Bhargava Anurag , Sharma Shailesh , Raina Binu , Bajwa Prabhjot Singh
Published: September 2024

The objective of the present study was to prepare immediate release tablets (IRTs) of valsartan by direct compression method. Two types of superdisintegrants i.e. sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and Ac-Di-sol were used in the formulation of tablets. Twelve preliminary trial batches were prepared by varying the concentration of superdisintegrants. It was found that formulation containing Ac-Di-Sol disintegrated in less time as compared to formulation containing sodium starch glycolate. Values of friability was found to be more in case of formulation containing Ac-Di-Sol. Attempts were also made to prepare the tablets containing superdisintegrants in combination and these resulted in the formulation with improved values of disintegration time and friability. On the basis of preliminary studies optimization of IRT was done employing 32 full factorial design using design expert 7. The optimized batch of IRTs showed friability and disintegration time values of 0.82 ± 0.07 and 29 ± 1 respectively. The percent release was also found to be 94.73 ± 4.97% in 5 min.
Keywords: Immediate release tablets, Valsartan, Hypertension, Sodium starch glycolate, Ac-Di-Sol, 32 full factorial design
Medical survey on Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Satyanarayana T. , Palepu Swathi , Parvathi Tallapureddy , Chandra Krishna Kambampati , Parveen Shaik , Prathyusha Burugu
Published: September 2024

Recent studies in India indicate raising trends of cardiovascular disorders like hyper tension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. Even in rural areas continuous monitoring of the cardio vascular disorders situation is required by repeated cross sectional studies in both urban, rural to plan control measures. Aim of the study to make a survey on cardio vascular disorders in local hospitals of aroghya and spandana hosipital in khammam. A cross sectional study was carried out in khammam region in the rural field practice area of Mother Teresa Pharmacy College in Sathupally, India. All adults and olders of both genders were included and screened for cardio vascular disorders by hosipital survey. Conclusion: It was observed that cardiovascular disorders can be treated within time and proper medication. Awareness should be created among the population regarding prevention of cardiovascular disorders. Even though proper medication are there, in some cases like heart attack and congestive heart failure the death rate is very high. This is because the patient is not able to reach the hospitals in time, not changing their life style modifications, continuing their habits like smoking and alcohol consumption and lack of frequent medical checkups. Hence the sincere advise to all the patients those are in the risk of cardiovascular disorders must have to keep the corresponding medicines like nitroglycerine tablets (Isosorbide dinitrate)  with them of their pocket every time, avoiding of their habits of smoking and alcohol consumption, intake of low calorie diet and maintain their regular medical checkups.      
Keywords:  Cross sectional study, Cardiovascular Disorders, Smoking and Alcohol consumption
Quality Assurance and Quality Management in Pharmaceutical Science and Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Kushare Swati , Darekar Avinash , Saudagar Ravindranath
Published: September 2024

Affection affirmation (QA) is aimed at ensuring affection analysis results. The purpose of affection affirmation is to accord relevant, reliable, appropriate analysis after-effects which are interpreted correctly. Affection affirmation involves activities both central and alfresco laboratory, acceptable class convenance and able administration skill. The WHO analogue of affection affirmation is a absolute action area by the affection of lab letters can be guaranteed. I capital to animadversion on the beat entitled, “An in-flight absorption on affirmation and quality.”The acreage of Affection Administration has abounding methods to abate and anticipate defects in any industry. Some of the best accepted methods today are Six Sigma, Lean Enterprise, and Benchmarking. There is a abundance of accurate affirmation to appearance how these methods accept helped the bloom affliction industry even out defects, waste, basis causes, and optimal solutions, application anarsenal of administration tools.
 Keywords: Affection assurance, quality management, pharmaceutical industry.
Phytochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Bioenergetic plant: Trapa bispinosa Roxb.
Authors: Vageshwari , , Pandey V. N.
Published: September 2024

The present study includes the determination of physicochemical property, qualitative phytochemical investigation, fluorescence analysis and organoleptic property of kernel of fruit of water chestnut (Traba bispinosa Roxb) in different solvents. Maximum extractive value was obtained in aqueous solution(8.42%) followed by methanol80%(5.42%), ethanol 80%.(2.88%),ethanol(2.34%), methanol(2.02%), acetone(0.94%) and chloroform(0. 74%).Total ash content (2.30%) and moisture content (10.22%) were recorded in dried kernel. Qualitative analysis showed presence of carbohydrate, reducing sugar, starch, protein, flavonoid while phenols, saponin and tannins were absentin driedkernel of fruit. Florescence characteristics of crude drug powder ofdriedkernel fruit treated with acids, benzene, ammonia and FeCl3 showed different colour in UV light and ordinary visible light. Organoleptic property of kernel fruitswas also recorded on the basis of colour, odor, taste and texture as off white, specific, sweet and powdery respectively. Present work suggests that kernel of fruits of Trapa has significant positive biomolecules to be used as industrial, pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals crop and can be further bioprospected for polyvalent utilization.
Keywords: Fluorescence, Organoleptic property, Physicochemical, Phytochemical.
Development and characterization of controlled release bilayered tablets of Citicoline sodium
Authors: Rayakwar Neetesh , Dangi Yuvraj Singh
Published: September 2024

Objectives: The aim of present investigation was formulation development and evaluation of bi-layer tablets of citicoline sodium. Materials and Methods: An aqueous granulation process was adopted to formulate citicoline sodium (CTS) bilayer tablets. Wet granulation method has been utilized for the formulation of bilayer CTS tablet. Citicoline sodium, microcrystalline cellulose (pH 101 & 102), HPMC K4, K15, K-100, PVP K-30, Magnesium stearate, cross-carmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate and red oxide were used for preparation. Pre-formulation studies of citicoline sodium and drug excipient compatibility study was carried to optimize the formulation variables. Two layers, immediate release (IR layer) and sustained release (SR) has been developed and evaluated for the various parameters e.g. micromeritic properties, percentage yield, particle size, hardness, thickness, weight variation, percent friability and percent assay,  In-vitro dissolution and In-vitro release studies. Result and Discussion: Pre-formulation study of citicoline sodium denotes that evaluated parameters confirm the suitability and compliance of drug with polymers.  Drug excipient compatibility study through the DSC confirmed that polymer, excipient and drug were compatible with each other and no incompatibility issue found during the preparation of formulation. FT-IR study is also executed to confirm the drug-excipient incompatibility. In all physical mixtures of drug and polymer, there was neither masking of single characteristic peak nor existence of additional peak in drug spectra; this has proven that drug and polymers are compatible with each other. Hardness 10-11 kg/cm2, thickness 7.3-7.4 mm, percent weight variation 1.2%, friability 0.1-0.3%, assay was 99-101% denotes the successful development of CTS tablets. Conclusion: These all parameters denote that the formulation has optimized, evaluated and were in the standard range. Hence, this optimized bilayer tablet formulation could be a potential formulation to promote sustained release, promote delivery of drugs from a single dosage form to improve patient compliance and give better disease management.
Keywords: Citicoline sodium, bi-layer tablet, DSC, immediate release, sustain release.
Formulation and evaluation of immediate release tablet of zopiclone using wet granulation method
Authors: Bhatt Rajesh , Sharma Aditya , Kumar Prevesh , Upadhyay Sukirti , Upadhyay Prashant
Published: September 2024

Zopiclone, a cyclopyrolone, is a non-benzodiazepine derivative used as a hypnotic agent in the treatment of short term insomnia. The main objective of the present investigation was to formulate a pharmaceutically active stable and bioequivalent immediate release (IR) tablets of zopiclone using wet granulation method. The prepared formulations were evaluated using various physical parameters, equipment, dissolution study and drug release profile.  The basic approach used in development of zopiclone IR tablets was that the use of superdisintegrants as like Corn starch (maize) and Sodium starch glycolate which provide instant disintegration after administration. In-vitro dissolution testing study was carried out for 1 hours using 0.1N HCl in a dissolution apparatus for evaluation of Drug release. On the basis of the dissolution profile, F3 gives a better result and were found 100 % release in just 20 minutes and also found that as the polymer ratio were increases the drug release rate also increased from the formulation.
Keywords: Hypnotic agent, immediate release, Wet granulation Method, Non-benzodiazepine derivative, Superdisintegrants, Zopiclone
Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets of Atenolol Using Natural and Synthetic Superdisintegrants
Authors: Mane Swapna , Bathe Ritesh , Awatade Sandhyarani
Published: September 2024

Oral disintegrating tablet (ODT) is defined as “A solid dosage form containing medical substances or active ingredient which disintegrates rapidly usually within a matter of seconds when placed upon the tongue”. The aim of the present research is to formulate Atenolol fast disintegrating tablets. Atenolol is β1- cardio selective adrenergic receptor blocker, widely used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias and myocardial infarction. It works by slowing down the heart and reducing the work load of the heart. The conventional tablets of atenolol are reported to exhibit fluctuations in the plasma drug levels after administration. Atenolol fast disintegrating tablets were prepared by using direct compression method using Synthetic as wel as Natural superdisintegrants like sodium starch glycolate, Cross carmellose sodium and Miriabilis jalapa starch. The prepared tablets were characterized for their hardness, weight variation, disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio friability, and in vitro dissolution studies. The ability of the tablet to release the drug faster depends on the concentration and type of superdisintegrants. In this study the fast disintegrating tablets containing Cross carmellose sodium, Sodium starch glycolate and Miriabilis jalapa starch as the super disintegrant in the ratio of 1:2:3 Shows better release of drug. About 97.92% of the drug was released from the tablets in 10mins. Therefore, based on the physico chemical properties, in vitro drug release profile F9 formulation containing Miriabilis jalapa starch is optimized as the best formulation.
Keywords: Fast Disintegrating Tablets, Superdisintegrants, Atenolol, Miriabilis jalapa starch, In vitro evaluation.
Novel verdicts of nifedipine encapsulated with cyclodextrin in new-fangled form of microsponges
Authors: Thakur Suchi , Jain NIlesh , Jain Deepti , Jain Surendra Kumar
Published: September 2024

The fundamental approach for the microsponge technologies arises in solid dosage forms because they showing a promising technology for nifedipine drug in hypertension control. As nifedipine drug is chosen due to its hydrophobic nature second short half-life, third low remark in plasma concentration. Cyclodextrin-based microsponges with different polymer are novel finding in the microsphere technology, the crosslinking of polymers blends with respect to cyclodextrin will enhance the entrapment of nifedipine drug in the new-fangled form by emulsification solvent method and futher Lyophilization. The different microsponges batches are formulated the optimize batch was MN3 with angle of repose; 21.80 ± 0.63., Hausner ratio 1.132, Carrs  index 0.132 and higher % drug content (80.5 ± 0.97 %). showed 99.41 ± 1.05 % drug release during 36 hr in vitro release . After that the stability data disclose superior drug retention of loaded nifedipine, besides consistent in vitro release pattern over a period of 90 days. 
Keywords: Microsponges, Cyclodextrin, Polymers, Nifedipine
Screening of in vitro Antimicrobial Potential of Fermentation Extracts Prepared from Indigenous Lactobacillus Isolates
Authors: Dubey Neha , Shrivastava Shobha
Published: September 2024

Recently, efforts are being made to efficiently employ the probiotic bacteria in non-dairy products either as supplemental additive or for fermentation which might have several advantages over the probiotic dairy products such avoiding milk protein allergies, lactose intolerance or hyper cholesterolemia. So the present study aimed at screening of certain indigenous lactobacillus species responsible with antimicrobial potential against common pathogenic microorganism when allowed to ferment in liquid culture medium. The indigenous Lactobacillus spp. were isolated using different dairy samples like milk, curd, butter milk, cheese etc., on selective MRS agar medium and pure cultures were partially identified referring Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology based on morphological, cultural and biochemical reactions. The selected pure cultures were allowed to ferment in MRS broth for 7 days at 37oC in with intermittent shaking of culture flasks. There were total 14 isolates of Lactobacillus spp. were obtained. According to the results of biochemical tests as described in table 1 the probability of LAB would have been L.acidophilus, L.fermentum, L.plantarum, L.casei, L. ruteri or L.rhamnosus. Out of the 14 indigenously isolated Lactobacillus spp., the cell free fermentation extract of the isolates LB-2, LB-3, LB-5, LB-6, LB-7, LB-9, LB-11, LB-12, LB-13 and LB-14 was found imparted antimicrobial activity over the test microbial species including Escherichia coli (MTCC-1687), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (MTCC-*1934), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-737) and Candida albicans (MTCC-227), due to unknown substances secreted within fermentation extract. The ability to produce antagonistic substances during the process of fermentation could be explored extensively for identification, purification and use in food preservation at both domestic as well as industrial levels.
Keywords: Therapeutics, Antimicrobial activity, Lactobacillus, Fermentation extracts
Ayurveda and modern management of Fistula: A literary review
Authors: Oza Bharat Kailash
Published: September 2024

Fistula is a Marmaasrita Vyadhi which mainly affects  Guda & Basti, it involve formation of excess tract, painful openings around anal region, discharge & burning sensation, pus formation and bed smell near anal parts. Ayurveda considered this disease amongst one of the Ashta Mahagada. The traditional medical science; ayurveda as well as modern medical science described various therapeutic modalities for the management of fistula including surgical and non-surgical interventions. In a view to explore literary contribution in this area present article summarized some important ayurveda and modern approaches used for the treatment of fistula.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Fistula, Bhagandara, Arsha.
A review on Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.)
Authors: Kavyashree MR , Harini A , Hegde Prakash L , Pradeep Dr.
Published: September 2024

Ocimum sanctum Linn is one of the important medicinal plant; known as holy basil. It is commonly available and cultivated across the India and it is having many therapeutic usages. And it is widely used in Ayurveda for the treatment of various disorders. It is extensively used as antioxidant, immune-modulatory, antipyretic, anticancer, chemo-preventive, radio-protective, anti-hypertensive and cardio protective and antimicrobial activity etc. The present article provides all necessary information regarding its classical literature and research updates on Phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities.
 
Keywords:  Ayurveda, Tulasi, Ocimum sanctum Linn.
Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of two Nigerian retailed polyherbal formulations
Authors: Okagu I.U. , Ndefo J.C. , Chibuogwu C.C.
Published: September 2024

Oxidative stress has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, cancers and even ageing processes. This warrants that dietary antioxidants are needed to complement endogenous antioxidant defence system and prevent the development of these chronic diseases. In this study, the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of two retailed Nigerian polyherbal formulations (DRHM® and GCHM®) were evaluated in vitro using DPPH radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) models. Aside for saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones and anthocyanins which were higher in DRHM and alkaloids which were higher in GCHM, there was no significant (p < 0.05) difference among the amount of other phytochemicals detected in the two polyherbal formulations. The DPPH radical scavenging effect exhibited by DRHM (EC50 = 1.62x106 µg/ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than GCHM (EC50 = 574.5 µg/ml) but that of ascorbic acid (EC50 = 10.58 µg/ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than both DRHM and GCHM. Similarly, GCHM (EC50 = 0.005414 µg/ml) had higher FRAP than DRHM (EC50 = 5.302 µg/ml). However, the TAC of GCHM (EC50 = 1675 µg/ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of DRHM (EC50 = 6.101 µg/ml). These findings suggest that the two polyherbal formulations possess appreciable antioxidant potentials which could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals with antioxidant potentials. The polyherbal formulations can further be explored for possible harnessing of their antioxidant effect in prevention and management of oxidative stress-related disorders and ageing process.
Keywords: polyherbal formulations, phytochemicals, antioxidants, DPPH, FRAP, TAC
Development and evaluation of clozapine intranasal mucoadhesive in situ gels for brain targeting
Authors: Ravikrishna Velupula , Krishnaveni Janapareddi
Published: September 2024

Blood brain barrier, poor solubility and low bioavailability (<27%) due to hepatic metabolism are major constraints of clozapine (CZP) oral tablets for their clinical application in the treatment of psychosis. Therefore, the study aims to develop pluronic based thermosensitive mucoadhesive in situ gel of clozapine for brain targeting through intranasal olfactory pathway. The objective of the present study was to develop an aqueous and oil based thermosensitive mucoadhesive in situ gel of clozapine for intranasal delivery and to evaluate the gels for in vitro characterization and ex vivo permeation in comparison to drug solution. The aqueous and oil based in situ gel systems were developed by cold method using water and oleic acid as solvents respectively. Combination of Pluronic F-127 and F-68 (20:2) were used as thermosensitive gelling agents.  Labrasol and Transcutol P at 1:1 ratio were employed as co solvents for the solubilisation of drug. The prepared in situ gels were evaluated for clarity, gelation temperature (Tsol-gel), gelation time (GT), gel strength (GS), pH, viscosity, mucoadhesive strength and ex vivo drug permeation studies. The effect of mucoadhesive agents like Chitosan, Sodium-β- glycerophosphate and Polyox WSR303 on gelation temperature (Tsol-gel) and drug permeation was also evaluated. The optimized aqueous in situ gel with 0.5% chitosan (Fa15) showed viscosity 554.66±8.73cP at 31oC; mucoadhesive strength 5114.91±107.37dynes/cm2, gelation temperature (Tsol-gel) 29.6±1.7 oC and gelation time (GT) 69±5 sec. The flux was found to be 243.46 µg/cm2/hr which was significantly high (p<0.0001) compared to drug solution and the enhancement ratio(ER) was found to be 2.28 folds to the drug solution whereas the oil gel showed flux of 190.34 µg/cm2/hr and enhancement ratio was found to be1.64 folds to the drug solution. The results indicated that the hydrogels are potential carriers than oil gels for delivery of clozapine via intranasal route.
Keywords: Clozapine, in situ gels, nasal drug delivery, olfactory pathway, brain targeting, psychosis
Kidney injury molecule-1 and its diagnostic ability in various clinical conditions
Authors: Vijayasimha M , Jha R K
Published: September 2024

Objectives: This review evaluates the diagnostic ability of Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (Kim-1) in various clinical conditions.  Methods: We screened literature in electronic database from January 2016 to March 2016 by the words “Kidney Injury Molecule-1”or “Kim-1” and “Acute Kidney Injury”. Specific studies were selected for inclusion if they were published in English journals, in which Kim-1 was measured for diagnosis of various forms of Acute Kidney Injury in different articles. 
Results: There were eight articles which met the selection criteria for inclusion in our study. Compared to non acute kidney injury (AKI) patients, Kim-1 raised significantly in different forms of AKI patients.
Conclusions: Kidney Injury Molecule-1 is a new emerging urinary biomarker in the early detection of acute kidney injury and repair of kidney cells as well. Kim-1 can detect acute tubular necrosis, a useful marker for renal proximal tubular injury and it can restore morphological integration of kidney cells followed by ischemic injury. Kim-1 can detect nephrotoxic injury and injury caused by various drugs as well.
Keywords: Kidney injury Molecule, Acute Kidney Injury
Phase equilibria and thermodynamic description of solid dispersions of 8-hydroxyquinoline – 4-chlorobenzoic acid drug system
Authors: Salim S.S. , Shekhar H.
Published: September 2024

In present article 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ)-4-chlorobenzoic acid (CBA) binary drug system has been undertaken to study phase diagram and thermodynamic contribution in the system in terms of partial and integral mixing and excess functions. The phase equilibria of the system undertaken shows the formation of 1:1 addition compound C and its eutectic E at 214º and199º c respectively. The negative value of molar free energy of mixing (∆GM) of solid dispersion at 0.810 and 0.895 mole fraction of CBA suggests that the mixing in these cases is spontaneous. The integral molar enthalpy of mixing value corresponds to the value of excess integral molar free energy of the system favors the regularity in the binary solutions. The positive value of excess free energy (gE) for all the eutectic and noneutectic solid dispersion suggests an association of weaker nature between unlike molecules and of stronger nature between like molecules. Gibbs-Duhem equation gives the graphical solution of partial molar heat of mixing (Hi-M), activity and activity coefficient of a particular constituent in the binary mix. Interfacial roughness of the binary solid dispersion has also been explained.
Keywords: Binary drug dispersion, phase diagram, activity, activity coefficient, mixing and excess function.
Design and Characterisation of Bi-layer Tablets Containing Simvastatin as Sustained Release and Labetalol HCl as Immediate Release
Authors: Tambe Sujit T. , Padekar Harshad B. , Dhobale S.M. , Jadhav S.L.
Published: September 2024

The objective of present investigation is to design and characterise sustained release Simvastatin and immediate release of Labetalol HCl, a bi-layer tablet. The combination therapy of Simvastatin and Labetalol HCl can be useful in severe cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure which may occur along with increasing cholesterol level in the blood, while this combination remain preferable choice to the patient as compared to single dosage form. The bi-layer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination which are compatible with each other. Objective of present investigation is to prepare bi-layer tablet in which one layer is sustained while another one is immediate release. For the preparation of bi-layer tablet, different super disintegrants like cross carmellose cellulose, micro crystalline cellulose is used for immediate release and HPMC and Carbapol as controlled release polymer. The pre-formulation parameter such as solubility, melting point, compatibility study (FTIR) were studied. Pre-compression parameter such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, hausner’s ratio and compressibility index were studied. The tablets were evaluated by physical and chemical parameters such as weight uniformity, hardness, thickness, diameter, friability, drug content, disintegration time and in-vitro drug release. The dissolution data were subjected to various release kinetic model to recognize the mechanism of drug release.
Keyword: sustained release tablet, bi-layer tablet, Simvastatin, Labetalol HCl.
Analgesic activity of poly herbal formulation in experimental rats by acetic acid induced writhing test model and Hot plate model
Authors: Sharma Shrishti , Khare Salaj , Dubey B.K , Joshi Amit , Jain Amit
Published: September 2024

To evaluate analgesic activity of a polyherbal formulation-PHF [hydro-alcoholic extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (50mg), Fennel seeds (50mg), Prosopis cineraria (50mg), & Ficus racemosa (50mg)] compare it with Diclofenac Na by using Eddys hot plate and writhing test in Adult Wistar rats. Rats were divided into four groups of 6 each for both tests. PHF (250, 300 mg/kg, p.o. body weight) and Diclofenac Na (50 mg/kg, p.o.) made as suspensions prepared in 1% carboxy methyl cellulose (control) and were fed to rats orally. The physicochemical evaluations carried out in terms of loss on drying, ash value, extractive values and acid insoluble ash value ect. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents was determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids.  Analgesic activity was assessed by counting the number of writhes induced by 0.7% acetic acid (10 ml/kg) in the 30 min. Number of writhing and percentage protection against writhing was evaluated. In Eddys hot plate method, they were placed individually on hot plate maintained at a temperature of 55 ± 0.5 ºC. The latency to lick the paw (reaction time) was noted at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The cut off time was set at 20 sec to avoid damage to the skin. In acetic acid writhing method, PHF (250, 300 mg/kg, p. o.) significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the number of writhing 39±1.55*, 29.0±0.43*resp. Maximum percentage of inhibition of writhing response shown by Diclofenac Na was 73.03 %. In hot plate method, PHF showed a significant increase in the elevated basal reaction time at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The results indicated that the poly-herbal formulation possesses good analgesic activity in the experimental animal models.
Keyword: Analgesic activity, Physicochemical evaluations, Phytochemical analysis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Fennel seeds, Prosopis cineraria, Ficus racemosa
Ayurveda Concept of Bhasma, Specific Role in Diseases Management and Precautionary Measurements Related to Bhasma: A Review
Authors: Sharma Amita , Shukla Umesh , Mishra Rishi
Published: September 2024

Metals and metallic preparations have a great historical background in Ayurveda system. Metals such as; Parada (Mercury), Rajata (Silver), Tamra (Copper), Swarna (Gold), Lauha (Iron), Vanga (Tin) and Yasada (Zinc) possessing some therapeutic value. However these metals can’t be used without processing or purification, therefore they are used in incinerated form as Bhasma. These herbo-metallic preparations offer different therapeutic values and utilizing since evaluation of ayurveda. The proper preparation method, dose regimen and duration of use are some important aspects need to be considered while using Bhasma. Bhasma may produce severe adverse effects if used without considering precautionary measurements. Present article described various ayurveda perspective of Bhasma.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Bhasma, Herbo-metallic, Incinerated.
HPTLC method development for the simultaneous determination of Pregabalin and Amitryptyline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms
Authors: More Sunil , Tamboli Ashpak , Amol Vhanmane , Patil Snehal
Published: September 2024

A simple, selective, precise high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method with densitometry at λ= 205 nm was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Pregabalin and Amitryptyline Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatographic separation of the drugs were performed on aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 used  as stationary phase and the chromatogram was developed using Toluene: Methanol: Formic acid (7: 2.5: 0.5 v/v/v) and 20 ml of mobile phase was used per chromatography run. The system was found to give a compact band for Pregabalin (Rf =0.27±0.03) and Amitryptyline Hydrochloride (Rf =0.68±0.03). The validated lowest limit of detection was 45.097ng/spot and 12.614ng/spot wherenas lowest limit of quantification was 136.659ng/spot and 38.224ng/spot for Pregabalin and Amitryptyline Hydrochloride respectively. The percentage recovery for Pregabalin was found to be 99.91 (at 50%), 99.39 (at 100%), 99.27(at 150%) and 100.42 (at 50%), 100.63 (at 100%), 100.97(at 150%) for Amitryptyline Hydrochloride. Statistical analysis proved that the method is selective, precise and accurate for the estimation of Pregabalin and Amitryptyline Hydrochloride.
Keywords: Pregabalin (PRGB), Amitryptyline Hydrochloride (AMTR), HPTLC, Pharmaceutical formulation.
Preparation and Characterization of Nanomicelle for Ocular delivery of fluoroquinolone derivative
Authors: Singh Pawan , Verma Navneet
Published: September 2024

Pluronic nanomicelles were prepared for Ocular delivery by incorporation of methyl alcohol as a dispersing agent and the surface was modifying by chitosan to improve the bioavailability. Nanomicelle dispersed well in solution and having a core shell-like structure with particle range from 100-350 nm and zeta potential between 5.45mV -18.98mV indicating very suitable use as an ophthalmic carrier. The turbidity test reveals that the prepared nanomicelle were very stable under simulated tear fluid environment and simulated tear fluid, which prevent the blurred vision. The drug entrapment of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in nanomicelle was too much high 98.07±6.8040. Finally, the drug release indicates the Pluronic nanomicelle modify by chitosan have sustained release behavior. As a result of Pluronic-Chitosan nanomicelle system provide a potential opportunity in decreasing dosing frequency of administration and improving patient compliance for ocular drug delivery.
Keywords: Chitosan, Nanomicelle, Ocular delivery system, Poloxamer 407.
Antioxidant, In-vitro Antibacterial and DNA-cleavage activities of Nickel (II) Complex derived from N, N'-(1, 2 Phenylenebis (Methanylylidene)) bis(4-Nitroaniline)
Authors: Sujeshwari T. , Akila E. , Maheswaran P.
Published: September 2024

New mononuclear Nickel (II) complex with Schiff base derived from the condensation of o-phthalaldehyde with p-nitroaniline were synthesized. The ligand and its complex were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, magnetic moment, IR, 1H NMR, and electronic spectra. The conductivity data confirmed the non-electrolytic nature of the complex. The spectral and analytical data suggested a distorted octahedral geometry for Ni(II) complex. The synthesized complex with ligand have been screened for antimicrobial activity against two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae). The obtained results showed that Ni(II) complex is more potent than free ligand. DNA cleavage studies of Ni(II) complex have been investigated by gel electrophoresis using super coiled pUC18DNA. The experimental results revealed that the Ni(II) complex cleaved pUC18DNA. in an efficient manner than the parent ligand. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the ligand and its metal complex were investigated through scavenging effects for DPPH radical indicating that the compound show stronger antioxidant activity than free ligand but lower when compared to standard oxidants such as vitamin C.
Keywords: Mononuclear, Antimicrobial studies and DNA cleavage.