bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of polypropylene and polyglactin sutures in primary sphincteroplasty for the treatment of anal fistula in rats
Authors: Conde Andrea Lima , Santos Carlos Henrique Marques dos , Dourado Doroty Mesquita , Tanus Otávio Augusto Vendas , Souza Isadora Ferreira de , Costa Rochelle Leite , Giuncanse Fernanda , Costa Izabela Oliveira
Published: May 2019

Rationale Fistulotomy followed by primary sphincteroplasty is one of the therapeutic options in transsphincteric fistulae; however, it was not known which suture would present a better result.

Objective To compare polypropylene and polyglactin sutures in primary sphincteroplasty in rats subjected to fistulotomy.

Method Thirty Wistar rats were subjected to peritoneal anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine, followed by transfixation of the anal sphincter with steel thread, which remained for 30 days to develop the anal fistula. After this period, the steel thread was removed and four groups were formed: A – Control (n = 5), without treatment; B – Fistulotomy (n = 5), performed fistulotomy only; C – Polypropylene (n = 10), in which fistulotomy was performed followed by primary sphincteroplasty with polypropylene suture; D – Polyglactin (n = 10), in which fistulotomy was performed followed by primary sphincteroplasty with polyglactin suture; after 30 days the animals were anesthetized again and submitted to euthanasia by deepening the anesthetic plane to remove the specimens, analyzing fistula closure, muscle fiber distance, and inflammatory process.

Results The fistula persisted in all animals of the control group and in none of the other groups; the distances between the muscle fibers were 1620 μm, 4665 μm, and 2520 μm, respectively in Groups B, C, and D (p = 0.067); in relation to fibrosis, the means were 2.4, 2.8, and 3.6, respectively in Groups B, C, and D, showing greater fibrosis in the latter group (p = 0.041).

Conclusion There was no persistence of the fistula in any of the treated animals; there was no difference in the distance between the muscle fibers between the groups subjected to primary sphincteroplasty with polypropylene or polyglactin, or between these groups and the one treated only by fistulotomy. There was greater fibrosis in animals treated with primary sphincteroplasty with polyglactin.
Comparison of Long-Term Results and Couples’ Satisfaction with Penile Implant Types and Brands: Lessons Learned From 883 Patients With Erectile Dysfunction Who Underwent Penile Prosthesis Implantation
Authors: Çayan Selahittin , Aşcı Ramazan , Efesoy Ozan , Bolat Mustafa Suat , Akbay Erdem , Yaman Önder
Published: May 2019

Introduction

No study has compared surgical outcomes and couples’ satisfaction among the 3 types of implants, with all brands available on the markets.

Aims

To compare long-term complications, mechanical reliability, and couples’ satisfaction with penile implant types and brands in patients who underwent penile prosthesis implantation. We also investigated whether there are risk factors that might predict couples’ dissatisfaction.

Methods

This retrospective study included 883 patients with erectile dysfunction who underwent penile prosthesis implantation. Of the patients, 349 had malleable penile implant, 26 had 2-piece implants, and 508 had 3-piece implants.

Main Outcome Measure

Couples’ satisfaction after surgery was evaluated with the modified Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction questionnaire. Surgical outcomes, mechanical reliability, and couples’ satisfaction were compared according to type and brand of the penile implants in all patients.

Results

The mean age and follow-up period of the patients were 57.74 ± 9.59 years and 67.81 ± 49.11 months, respectively. The couples’ satisfaction rates were significantly higher in the 3-piece implant group than in the malleable group (P < .001), but there was no significant difference between the 2-piece and 3-piece implant groups. There was no difference in terms of couples’ satisfaction according to the brand of the implants. Of the patients who had malleable implants, 27 (7.7%) underwent 3-piece penile prosthesis implantation due to dissatisfaction; however, only 1 (0.2%) of the patients with a 3-piece implant was switched to a malleable implant (P < .001). The highest rate of revision surgery due to penile corporal perforation was in the malleable group (2.6%), whereas the highest rate of revision surgery due to penile implant malfunction occurred in the 3-piece implant group (5.5%) (P = .021 and .001, respectively). To analyze risk factors, using multivariate analysis, presence of complication was the only predictor that might cause couples’ dissatisfaction (P = .003).

Conclusions

3-piece and 2-piece implants have higher couples’ satisfaction rates than the malleable implant. Brands of implants did not have any effect on the couples’ satisfaction. Regarding detail of the complications, the 3-piece implant has a lower rate of penile corporal perforation and a higher rate of penile implant malfunction than the malleable implant. Patients with erectile dysfunction who need a penile implant should be informed about surgical outcomes, brands, and types of penile implants. Prosthesis choice should be customized to individual patient’s expectations/conditions and tailored accordingly.
Exercise Improves Self-Reported Sexual Function Among Physically Active Adults
Authors: Fergus Kirkpatrick B. , Gaither Thomas W. , Baradaran Nima , Glidden David V. , Cohen Andrew J. , Breyer Benjamin N.
Published: May 2019

Background

Sexual dysfunction is common among adults and takes a toll on quality of life for both men and women.

Aim

To determine whether higher levels of weekly cardiovascular exercise are protective against self-reported sexual dysfunction among men and women.

Methods

We conducted an international online, cross-sectional survey of physically active men and women between April and December 2016, assessing exercise activity categorized into sextiles of weekly metabolic equivalent-hours. Odds ratios (ORs) of sexual dysfunction for each activity sextile compared with the lowest sextile were calculated using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, tobacco/alcohol use, sport, and marital status.

Main Outcome Measures

Female sexual dysfunction was defined as a score ≤26.55 on the Female Sexual Function Inventory and erectile dysfunction (ED) was defined as a score ≤21 on the Sexual Health Inventory for Men.

Results

3,906 men and 2,264 women (median age 41–45 and 31–35 years, respectively) met the inclusion criteria for the study. Men in sextiles 2–6 had reduced odds of ED compared with the reference sextile in adjusted analysis (Ptrend = .03), with an OR of 0.77 (95% CI = 0.61–0.97) for sextile 4 and 0.78 (95% CI = 0.62–0.99) for sextile 6, both statistically significant. Women in higher sextiles had a reduced adjusted OR of female sexual dysfunction (Ptrend = .02), which was significant in sextile 4 (OR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.51–0.96). A similar pattern held true for orgasm dissatisfaction (Ptrend < .01) and arousal difficulty (Ptrend < .01) among women, with sextiles 4–6 reaching statistical significance in both.

Clinical Implications

Men and women at risk for sexual dysfunction regardless of physical activity level may benefit by exercising more rigorously.

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths include using a large international sample of participants with a wide range of physical activity levels. Limitations include the cross-sectional design, and results should be interpreted in context of the study population of physically active adults.

Conclusion

Higher cardiovascular exercise levels in physically active adults are inversely associated with ED by self-report in men and protective against female sexual dysfunction in women.
Terminus advance, kinematics and mass redistribution during eight surges of Donjek Glacier, St. Elias Range, Canada, 1935 to 2016
Authors: KOCHTITZKY WILLIAM , JISKOOT HESTER , COPLAND LUKE , ENDERLIN ELLYN , MCNABB ROBERT , KREUTZ KARL , MAIN BRITTANY
Published: May 2019

Donjek Glacier has an unusually short and regular surge cycle, with eight surges identified since 1935 from aerial photographs and satellite imagery with a ~12 year repeat interval and ~2 year active phase. Recent surges occurred during a period of long-term negative mass balance and cumulative terminus retreat of 2.5 km since 1874. In contrast to previous work, we find that the constriction where the valley narrows and bedrock lithology changes, 21 km from the terminus, represents the upper limit of surging, with negligible surface speed or elevation change up-glacier from this location. This positions the entire surge-type portion of the glacier in the ablation zone. The constriction geometry does not act as the dynamic balance line, which we consistently find at 8 km from the glacier terminus. During the 2012–2014 surge event, the average lowering rate in the lowest 21 km of the glacier was 9.6 m a−1, while during quiescence it was 1.0 m a−1. Due to reservoir zone refilling, the ablation zone has a positive geodetic balance in years immediately following a surge event. An active surge phase can result in a strongly negative geodetic mass balance over the surge-type portion of the glacier.
The “Right to Wage War” against Empire: Anticolonialism and the Challenge to International Law in the Indian National Army Trial of 1945
Authors: Mukherjee Mithi
Published: May 2019

This Article treats the Indian National Army Trial of 1945 as a key moment in the elaboration of an anticolonial critique of international law in India. The trial was actually a court-martial of three Indian officers by the British colonial government on charges of high treason for defecting from the British Indian Army, joining up with Indian National Army forces in Singapore, and waging war in alliance with Imperial Japan against the British. In this trial, the defense made the radical claim that anticolonial wars fought in Asia against European powers were legitimate and just and should be recognized as such under international law. The aim of this Article is to draw attention to the understudied role of anticolonial movements in challenging the premises of international law in the aftermath of World War II.
Rights-consciousness as an Object of Historical Inquiry: Revisiting the Constitution of Aspiration
Authors: Aaronson Ely , Renan Barzilay Arianne
Published: May 2019

Hendrik Hartog’s article “The Constitution of Aspiration” paved new ways of thinking about the historical formation and political significance of rights-consciousness. This Essay considers the contribution of social histories of rights-consciousness to our understanding of the underpinnings and consequences of constitutional change. In particular, we consider the impact of this literature on debates regarding questions of periodization in American constitutional history and on debates concerning the relationship between egalitarian and counter-egalitarian strands of rights-consciousness. We critically evaluate the importance and limits of these contributions by focusing on methodological and interpretive questions that emerge from recent literature on struggles for racial and gender equality.
Slavery, Freedom and Contract: Blurred Lines and Historical Resistance
Authors: Cook Eli , Rosenberg Anat
Published: May 2019

Hendrik Hartog’s
The Trouble with Minna complicates the binary between freedom and unfreedom in American history by probing the mixture of slavery and contract in antebellum New Jersey’s regime of gradual emancipation. This Essay argues that if Hartog’s narrative is read for more general patterns—in addition to everyday lived experiences which Hartog emphasizes—it also reveals resistance to such line-blurring, and historical efforts to construct conceptual boundaries that would separate slave relations from capitalist ones. That resistance should assume a more central conceptual place within the current tide of historiographical emphasis toward blurred lines.
Radiocarbon Sample Preparation Procedures and the First Status Report from the Bristol Radiocarbon AMS (BRAMS) Facility
Authors: Knowles Timothy D J , Monaghan Paul S , Evershed Richard P
Published: May 2019

The Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (BRAMS) Facility was established at the University of Bristol after the commissioning of our dedicated sample preparation laboratories and the installation and acceptance of the BrisMICADAS AMS in 2016. Routine measurements commenced in mid-2016, once validation was completed for each sample type. Herein, we give an overview of the standard pretreatment methods currently employed in the Facility and the results of radiocarbon (14C) determinations on a wide range of standards, blank materials, and intercomparison samples which have been measured during our extensive pretreatment method validation program and during our routine 14C analyses.
Analysis of a Class of Variable Thickness Reinforcement around a Circular Hole in a Flat Sheet
Authors: Mansfield E. H.
Published: May 2019

This paper determines the sheet thickness variation near a circular hole to yield a constant hoop stress in a sheet subjected to uniform radial stress at infinity. A similar analysis is presented for a variable thickness sheet plus an annular reinforcement. The stresses due to the remote application of shear and uniaxial tension are also determined.
Lifting Wings with Mixed (Subsonic-Supersonic) Leading Edges
Authors: Smith J. H. B. , Pierce D. , Rossiter Patricia J.
Published: May 2019

The linearised theory of supersonic flow is applied to a plane wing with a pointed apex whose leading edge is subsonic near the apex but supersonic further outboard. The change in character of the leading edge may occur either where the edge is kinked or at a point where its slope is continuous. In each case, the theoretical pressure field due to incidence is found to be singular along the downstream, outward-going Mach line through the point at which the edge changes character. The form of the singularity is different for the two cases, and somewhat unexpected. Measurements of the pressure on a plane wing with a curved, mixed leading edge showed no abrupt variation near the Mach line on which the singular behaviour was predicted.
Hypersonic Flow with Attached Shock Waves over Delta Wings
Authors: Woods B. A.
Published: May 2019

Hypersonic conical flows over delta wings are treated in the thin-shock-layer approximation due to Messiter. The equations are hyperbolic throughout, even in regions where the full equations are elliptic, and have not hitherto been solved for flows with attached shock waves. The concept of the simple wave has been used to construct a class of solutions for such flows; they contain discontinuities in flow variables and shock slope but, for the case of flow over a delta wing with lateral symmetry, agreement with results of numerical solutions of the full equations is good. The method is applied to plane delta wings at yaw, and to wings with anhedral and dihedral. For the flow at the tip of a rectangular wing, it is shown that two distinct solutions may be constructed.
Cumulative Damage in Fretting Fatigue of Pinned Joints Subjected to Narrow Band Random Loading
Authors: White D. J. , Lewszuk J.
Published: May 2019

Fatigue tests have been made in constant amplitude loading and in narrow band random loading on FV520B steel lugs of width 27 mm loaded by means of a pin 12·7 mm in diameter. The test frequency was 220 Hz, a mean tensile stress of 309 N/mm2was used and tests extended for endurances of up to 109cycles.

For endurances up to 106cycles there was good agreement between constant amplitude and random loading results with both stresses expressed in root mean square values. Beyond this endurance, the random loading results lay below those obtained in constant amplitude loading. Predictions made using the Palmgren-Miner cumulative damage hypothesis in conjunction with the endurance curve in constant amplitude loading gave good agreement with the results in random loading over the whole range of endurances tested.
Wake Induced Flutter of Circular Cylinders: Mechanical Aspects
Authors: Simpson Alan
Published: May 2019

In a recent paper, a theory explaining the wake-induced flutter of smooth circular cylinders was developed and vindicated. It was shown that, for moderate spacing of the cylinders (where the aerodynamic coupling between the constituent motions is small), flutter could occur only when the natural frequency, in still air, of vertical oscillations exceeded that of the horizontal motions. The theory, however, took no account of the possibility of mechanical coupling between the constituent motions and, while the results from this theory were corroborated by wind-tunnel tests in which a statically uncoupled mechanical support system was used, no indications were given of the changes in aeroelastic behaviour which might accompany the introduction of simple coupling terms.

In this paper, the class of cases wherein the mechanical support system for the leeward cylinder exhibits static coupling is studied using “undamped flutter theory”. It is demonstrated that the appearance of static coupling terms can lead to quite dramatic changes in the flutter characteristics, and that considerable care must be exercised in the design and operation of wind-tunnel dynamic models if meaningful results are to be obtained.

An Appendix deals with the general problem of mechanical coupling, using the normal coordinates approach, and aspects of the problem which bear on the subconductor oscillation phenomenon experienced on “bundled” overhead power transmission lines are highlighted.
Stagnation Pressure Changes in Unsteady Flow
Authors: Horlock J. H. , Daneshyar H.
Published: May 2019

The changes in stagnation pressure produced by movement of rows, arrays and sheets of vortices are derived. By applying Preston’s result for a single row of moving vortices to continuous vortex sheets, the time mean stagnation pressure downstream of a row of blades with fluctuating circulation is derived. It is shown that if the blade circulation varies due to the potential flow fields of the neighbouring blades then the time mean stagnation pressure may change with location.
Turbulent Jets and Wall Jets in Uniform Streaming Flow
Authors: Patel Rajni P.
Published: May 2019

For plane turbulent jets and wall jets in uniform streaming flow a simple method, based on a simple empirical formula for the rate of growth which differs from that proposed by Abramovich, is presented. The predictions of length scale, l0, and velocity scale, u0, are in good agreement with experimental results for all ratios of free-stream to jet exit velocity and the eddy viscosity Reynolds number has the correct asymptotic values.
The Local Buckling and Post Local Buckling Behaviour of Thin-Walled Beams
Authors: Rhodes J. , Harvey J. M.
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the behaviour of thin-walled lipped channel beams subjected to end moments. In the analysis the beam section is assumed to be composed of a number of flat plates, joined at the edges. The mechanics of local instability of the walls of the beam are examined from a consideration of the strain energy stored in the component plates, and critical moments to cause local buckling are evaluated. The behaviour of the beam after local buckling is studied using a semi-energy method, whereby the stress and deflection systems throughout the section are linked by solving von Kármán’s compatibility equation for the component plates and the stress and deflection magnitudes are found from energy considerations. As collapse of the beam is approached, a simple plasticity analysis is incorporated in the theory in order to evaluate the collapse moment for the beam.

The results of the analysis are compared with the findings of an extensive experimental investigation and it is shown that the theory is very accurate in its prescription of the experimental stresses and deflections. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental collapse moments also verifies the validity of the theoretical analysis.
The Impingement of a Uniform, Axisymmetric, Supersonic Jet on a Perpendicular Flat Plate
Authors: Gummer J. H. , Hunt B. L.
Published: May 2019

The impingement region produced by directing a uniform, axisymmetric, supersonic jet of air normally onto a large, flat plate has been investigated experimentally and theoretically for four jets in the Mach number range 1·64 to 2·77. A qualitative theoretical description of the flow in the neighbourhood of the sonic line is given. A single-strip version of the method of Polynomial Approximation and Integral Relations (PIR) is applied to the flow, using two alternative methods of determining the centre-line shock height. The PIR predictions are compared to experimental shock shapes and pressure distributions. It is found that a PIR method in which the sonic line is assumed to intersect the shock at the jet edge leads to very good agreement with experiment at the higher jet Mach numbers, but accuracy is much reduced at the lower Mach numbers, the shock height being in error by about 62 per cent at a jet Mach number of 1·64. A change in flow pattern at small nozzle-to-plate distances is reported.
Some Stability Problems of Ground Effect Wing Vehicles in Forward Motion
Authors: Kumar P E
Published: May 2019

Recent advances in the development of ground cushion vehicles have indicated the need for a more efficient means of providing lift at the higher speeds envisaged in the future. A wing operating in ground effect could provide this lift and might be far more attractive economically than the “Hovercraft”. This note investigates some of the stability aspects of such a “Ground Effect Wing” Vehicle, using linear analysis, by developing the relevant equations of motion and examining the characteristic equations using quasi-steady derivatives, at fixed heights, obtained from wind-tunnel tests. In addition comparison is made between an analogue simulation of a GEW and the flight paths obtained from a free-flight model. This investigation showed that the longitudinal mode of oscillation for both single and tandem-wings with endplates was unstable and artificial stability was necessary. The lateral mode of oscillation for a single wing was stable in both roll and yaw, the latter being subject to fin and endplate configurations. The effects of the force, and moment, rate of change of height derivatives were not considered, as values for these derivatives were not available. Some proposals for future work include the development of suitable aerofoil sections for operation near the ground and the investigation of slender bodies in ground effect.
The carbonates of the post-Variscan basins of Sardinia: the evolution from Carboniferous–Permian humid-persistent to Permian arid-ephemeral lakes in a morphotectonic framework
Authors: Costamagna Luca Giacomo
Published: May 2019

Late to post-Variscan sedimentary basins of Sardinia were influenced during Pennsylvanian to Permian times by two main tectono-sedimentary cycles: a Pennsylvanian to Cisuralian cycle represented mainly by dark limnic deposits, overlain by a Guadalupian to a possibly Lopingian cycle, mostly characterized by red-bed deposits. Lacustrine waterbodies developed in some sedimentary basins that were filled with siliciclastic to frequently early silicified carbonate deposits, depending on the climate and environmental conditions, landscape morphology and tectonic regime. The limnic successions of the lower tectono-sedimentary cycle were deposited in permanent, tens of metres deep lakes in deep, narrow tectonic strike-slip basins under a temperate to warm-humid climate. They started as lakes with terrigenous sedimentary input and developed minor carbonate deposits mainly at the end of their story. Conversely, the red-bed successions of the upper cycle were deposited in ephemeral, shallow playa lakes related to wider basins in an extensive alluvial plain under a hot and arid climate. Here, the siliciclastic sediments are intercalated with thin carbonate beds that are typical of a high evaporation rate. The evolution of the lake type could be related not only to a major climatic shift, but also to the changing morphotectonic conditions of the Variscan chain influencing the local microclimate. Comparisons with coeval successions in the Provence Basin, the Massif Central Aumance basin (France) and the Saar–Nahe Basin (Germany) show both similarities and differences between the basins.
An Essay on Archaeological Technique: The Publication of Results from the Excavation of a Tell
Authors: Kenyon Kathleen
Published: May 2019

I have chosen this subject for my contribution to the memorial volume to Paul Lapp since I feel he would have been interested in it. I would have enjoyed discussing it with him. His methods might in detail have differed, and we could have had plenty of arguments, but he would have taken the points. We shared a knowledge of the problems of excavating a Palestinian tell. It is in part because of this that I have a special personal sense of loss at his untimely death. I should have very much valued his appreciation and criticism of the publications of the tell of Jericho and of Jerusalem when they in due course appear.
Problèmes de la Littérature Hénochique à la Lumière des Fragments Araméens de Qumrân
Authors: Milik J. T.
Published: May 2019

Les morceaux des rouleaux de peau appartenant aux écrits hénochiques qui proviennent de la Grotte 4 de Qumrân se répartissent en onze manuscrits, dont sept portent les sigles 4QHena,b,c,d,e,f,g et les quatre autres, représentant l'ouvrage astronomique attribué à Hénoch, sont marqués par 4QHenastra,b,c,d. Aucun fragment manuscrit qui puisse correspondre d'une façon quelconque à la deuxième section de l'Hénoch éthiopien, à savoir les chapitres 37 à 71, ou “livre des Paraboles,” n'a été identifié dans la masse innombrable des fragments de 4Q (restes de la bibliothèque centrale du monastère essénien du Ḫirbet Qumrân) ni non plus dans les lots plus réduits de manuscrits retrouvés dans dix autres grottes de la région qumranienne. Cet indice négatif, mais assez éloquent aux termes du calcul des probabilités, en faveur de la date post-qumranienne de ce livre se laissera facilement renforcer par des considérations d'ordre littéraire.J'ai pu, par contre, identifier tout récemment une composition hénochique fort importante qui, au IIIe siècle de notre ère, a été admise dans le canon des livres saints manichéens sous le titre de “livre des Géants.” J'en ai répéré une dizaine, sinon une quinzaine, de manuscrits très fragmentaires parmi les lots des grottes de Qumrân publiés ou inédits. Les onze manuscrits mentionnés, de même que 4QHen-Géantsa, seront édités intégralement par moi, avec la collaboration de Matthew Black, dans la monographie The Books of Enoch, Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4.
The bishops’ banishment act of 1697 (9 Will. III, c. 1)
Authors: Simms J. G.
Published: May 2019

The first act of the Irish parliamentary session of 1697 provided for the banishment of all catholic clergy exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction and also of all regular clergy. It was the first act since the treaty of Limerick that directly affected the practice of the catholic religion in Ireland, and it was something of a paradox that it should have coincided with the making of peace between William III and Louis XIV. In its early stages the bill seems to have been confined to the regular clergy, and there is some obscurity about its extension to bishops and other clerical dignitaries.
Daniel O’Connell: income, expenditure and despair
Authors: O’Connell Maurice R.
Published: May 2019

The barony of Iveragh in County Kerry forms the extreme western part of the peninsula that runs out from Killarney. It is mountainous and weather-beaten tourist country, facing the Atlantic and separated from the rest of Ireland by a range of mountains. The O’Connells had been the principal family in the barony for some centuries before Daniel O’Connell was born in 1775. Several branches of his family along with other Gaelic families—McCarthys, O’Mahonys, O’Sullivans and Sugrues—had survived the turmoil and confiscations of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the penal laws of the eighteenth. By the time of O’Connell’s birth these families were small landlords—frequently middlemen—whose distinction owed more to lineage and ‘following’ than to landed wealth. The one substantial landlord among them was Maurice O’Connell of Derrynane, usually known as Hunting-Cap, the head of the senior branch of the O’Connells. As a smuggler, farmer and landlord, by lending money to landlords and by thrift, he had greatly increased his inherited property so that by the beginning of the nineteenth century he could be described as a rich man. A childless widower, he adopted his nephew Daniel as his heir.
An Irishman before the Mexican inquisition, 1574-5
Authors: Hair P. E. H.
Published: May 2019

John Martin the Irishman was described by one of his shipmates as the unluckiest man in the English fleet. He himself, appearing in turn before the inquisition in Mexico, complained that he was ‘ the unluckiest mortal on board, as all he knew was how to sweep the ship, and everybody ill-treated him, and called him St Peter or St Patrick and a thousand other names ’. A little later, the inquisition scribe noted that Martin ‘ remained a while sighing and grief-stricken, and then said that he was surrounded by a thousand dangers in this trial which far from going in his favour appeared to be taking him on the road to the devil, and he wished to God he had not married in this country and brought trouble on others as well as on himself, because he saw that he was doomed to die ’. Again, on 1 February 1575, Martin told the inquisitors ‘ that he was tired of being admonished so many times and that he called God to witness that he wished he might be doomed body and soul if he had anything further to say, and although his tears might be of no avail here on earth they might still serve him with God ’. His gloomy prognostications were fully justified. At the second auto-da-fé in Mexico city, on 6 March 1575, Martin was garrotted and his body burnt: no other person was done to death on this occasion. Out of the hundred or so members of the English fleet captured by the Spaniards in 1568, only four were executed for heresy, and only two of these in New Spain. George Reaveley who died in the Mexican auto of 1574 has been termed ‘ one of the first martyrs of the protestant cause in America ’.
Purchase of the Cave of Machpelah
Authors: Westbrook Raymond
Published: May 2019

The lengthy report in Genesis 23 of the negotiations and subsequent purchase of the cave and field of Machpelah is problematic from the legal point of view. On the face of it, Abraham obstinately insists on paying for what the Bnei Heth and Ephron wish to give him free. If one is not to dismiss the bulk of the report as niceties of oriental bargaining, as do most non-legal commentators, then complex problems of relating the transaction to the provisions of a coherent legal system arise. For this reason it is impossible entirely to separate the question of the legal source of this passage from the problems of its content. Consequently the first section on material legal problems of the text includes a consideration of some of the possible sources, while those relating to aspects of form alone are treated separately.

Assuming the legal background to be that of Jewish law, Melamed interprets the transaction as a gift-transaction, not by the Bnei Heth, but also by Abraham. The problem is that Abraham being a “stranger and sojourner”, as he declares in v. 4, he is unable to buy land for burial. In order to avoid this prohibition, the transaction takes the form of mutual gifts. But if all that is needed is a gift in order to make his acquisition possible, it seems strange that Abraham refuses Ephron's offer in v. 11 and insists on giving money in return, which looks suspiciously like an offer to purchase. Melamed proposes, therefore, that Abraham did not in fact want to receive a real gift, because he feared that the giver meant amatana 'al menat lěhahzir(gift made on condition that it be returned—cf. Succa41b); he thus in v. 13 requests Ephron to take his money first, and only afterwards will he bury his dead. However, the Talmudic matana'al menat lěhahziris a subtle concept, the product of a well-developed legal system, and it is difficult to relate it to the presumably quite primitive legal system of the patriarchs.
Between Cease-Fires in the Middle East
Authors: Stone Julius
Published: May 2019

The Security Council Resolution of November 22, 1967 (“the November Resolution”) will obviously be a main focus of international attention in the diplomacy following the renewed Israel-Egypt Cease-Fire of August 8, 1970. And the writer has published a study of it in “The ‘November Resolution’ and Middle East Peace: Pitfall or Guidepost”? The present study, parallel to that one, is a stocktaking for the three years or so between the Cease-Fires of 1967 and 1970, of the conduct of Israel and the Arab States, as this bears upon their obligations under international law. The detailed aspects of conduct involved will be clear enough from the headings. All of them obviously pertain either to conduct affecting the regime of cease-fire, or to conduct affecting the regime of Israel's administration of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Sinai and the Golan Heights.

Egypt and Syria, with massive Soviet support, have more than restored their armaments virtually to pre-June 1967 levels. According to Washington Post figures of May 23, 1970, Egypt's front-line aircraft then numbered 600 (including 320 Mig 21's and Sukhai 7's) as compared with 450 immediately before, and only 100 immediately after, the Six Day War. To these, after the disclosure of actual Soviet air patrols in Egypt, it is clear that by July 1970 a further 100 Mig 21's with accompanying Soviet pilots have to be added; and the arrival of another 50 Soviet-piloted aircraft was reported to be then impending. Syria was reported by Aviation Week and Space Technology (at about the same date) to have 230 planes (including 100 Mig 21's and Sukhai 7's). That magazine estimated that the Arab States involved marshalled a total of 1230 fighter bombers (including the 100 Soviet-manned planes), and that this represented a four to one superiority over Israel's 330 aircraft which included 60 Mirage 3J's, 42 Phantoms, and 48 Skyhawks. (The London Institute of Strategic Studies estimated Israel's holdings in May as only 325, including 50 Phantoms).
The influence of pH and heat treatment on the colour and stability of ultra-high-temperature sterilized milk
Authors: Zadow J. G.
Published: May 2019

When the pH of milk was varied within the range 7·1 to 6·3 by addition of acid or alkali or through bacterial action, the reflectance of the milk after subsequent ultra-heat-treatment (UHT) was at a maximum of about pH 6·70. Below this value the reflectance dropped rapidly with decrease in pH. The cause of this decrease was the development of increasing amounts of sediment in the product. At pH 6·4–6·5, at least 90% of the casein and 40% of the whey proteins had been precipitated. The addition of 0·1% sodium di-hydrogen phosphate or 0·1% sodium citrate to the raw milk prevented the formation of the sediment. The role of calcium appeared important as small additions of calcium chloride or EDTA altered the patterns of sediment formation and reflectance with changing pH. Addition of 0·3% EDTA prevented sediment formation as the pH dropped.
Studies on the Nematode Parasites of Malaysian Rodents. I. The Rhabdiasidea, Trichuridea and Oxyuridea
Authors: Ow-Yang C. K.
Published: May 2019

Rodents, particularly those belonging to the family Muridae, form the largest group of mammals in Malaysia. They are also a group that has been well studied because of their medical and economic importance. Yet, comparatively little is known, in Malaysia, about the helminths that are associated with them; far less the types of terrain in which these are prevalent. An attempt is now made to survey the nematodes parasitic in these rodents, with a view to assessing the potential risk from those that are harmful to man and domestic animals, and to studying those that are harmless, but nevertheless form an enlightening contribution to the knowledge of Malaysian parasitic fauna.
Mechanisms for the Dispersal of Parasitic Nematode Larvae 1. Psychodid flies as transport hosts
Authors: Tod M. E. , Jacobs D. E. , Dunn A. M.
Published: May 2019

Third stage infective juveniles of the genera Oesophagostomum and Ostertagia were found clinging to the abdomens of species of psychodid flies that breed in faeces. It is suggested that these dipterans may be able to carry parasitic nematode larvae from farm to farm.
Relationships of Some Species of Digenea with the Marine Prosobranch Littorina littorea (L.) II. The Effect of Larval Digenea on the Reproductive Biology of L. littorea
Authors: Robson E. M. , Williams I. C.
Published: May 2019

1. 5250 specimens of the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L.), from Scalby Rocks on the North Yorkshire coast were examined from October 1966 to November 1967 and data obtained on the size, sex and reproductive condition of the periwinkles and their infections with four species of Digenea, namely Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825), Renicola roscovita (Stunkard, 1932), Himasthla leptosoma (Creplin, 1829) and Cercaria lebouri Stunkard, 1932.

2. The normal breeding cycle of uninfected L. littorea and the breeding cycles found in periwinkles infected with larval Digenea are described and discussed. Initial infection takes place mainly when periwinkles are spent after their first breeding season and though later damage to the gonad may prevent reproduction, the breeding potential of the periwinkle population at Scalby Rocks is unlikely to be affected seriously. There was no evidence of sex reversal in uninfected or infected L. littorea and the normal sex ratio is 1:1. The phenomenon of gigantism as a result of digenean infection is discussed with respect to L. littorea.
Shell Abnormalities inBiomphalaria glabrataInfected withSchistosoma mansoniand their Significance in Field Transmission Studies
Authors: Sturrock R. F. , Sturrock B. M.
Published: May 2019

1. A distortion of the shell aperture ofBiomphalaria glabratainfected withSchistosoma mansonireported in earlier work was found to be due to a reversal from ventral to dorsal of the deflection found in uninfected snails.

2. The most sensitive way of measuring this distortion was to record the height of the dorsal deflection. The difference in this figure from uninfected and infected snails of the same diameter is termed the relative distortion.

3. A longitudinal study showed that the relative distortion first appeared at about the time when cercarial shedding started, and that it increased in size linearly as the infection progressed.

4. Temperatures between 20 and 30°C. controlled the length of the prepatent period and thus the first appearance of the relative distortion, but they did not significantly alter its subsequent rate of development.

5. Histological changes were observed in the mantle collar in the region where the relative distortion was most pronounced.

6. Possible mechanisms causing the development of the distortion are discussed.

7. Relative distortions were observed in some naturally infected field snails and the laboratory results were used to estimate how long these snails had been shedding cercariae.

8. Naturally infected St. Lucian snails appeared to have shed cercariae for an average of less than three weeks in the field.

9. A survival curve was drawn up for one collection of field snails, based on the frequency among them of relative distortions of different sizes. Another curve was obtained from an independent technique. The similarity of the two curves gives confidence in both methods.

10. The findings in St. Lucia are discussed in relation to similar studies elsewhere in the world.
The Effect of Sublethal Concentrations of the Molluscicide Triphenyl Lead Acetate on Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) and on the Development of Schistosoma mansoni in the Snail
Authors: Hira P. R. , Webbe G.
Published: May 2019

1. B. glabrata exposed to the sublethal concentrations (0·04 ppm, 0·03 ppm and 0·02 ppm) of TPLA died from the effects of the molluscicide over a period of time. Most of the deaths occurred between the 10th and 35th days after treatment, showing that although TPLA is slow acting, its effect is not continuous but restricted to a limited period of time.

2. 0·01 ppm of TPLA was chosen as a sublethal concentration to study the effect of the molluscicide on the development of S. mansoni in B. glabrata.

3. 240 B. glabrata were infected with S. mansoni, and 40 of these were treated with 0·01 ppm of TPLA 4 days before infection. The remaining 200 were divided into 5 groups of 40 each, one group being maintained as a control and the other four treated 2, 10,15 and 20 days postinfection respectively. Other suitable controls for comparison were also maintained.

4. The infection rate in all groups was high, and comparison with the control showed that there was no significant difference in infection rate between the treated groups and the control group at the 5% level. However, the infection rate in the preinfection treated group was lower than in the control group and significant at the 10% level.
Digenetic Trematodes of Fish from the Volta River Drainage System in Ghana prior to the Construction of the Volta Dam at Akosombo in May 1964
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H. , Thomas J. D.
Published: May 2019

The catchment area of the Volta River covers an area of 153,000 sq. miles of which approximately 64,000 sq. miles is located in Ghana. This forms about 70 per cent of the total area of the country. Most of the catchment area in Ghana consists of savanna; including the Guinea savanna of the Northern region, the derived savanna of Northern Ashanti adjacent to it on the south, and the coastal savanna which is separated from the interior savanna by a broad belt of tropical forest. With the exception of some of the headwaters of the Afram the tropical forest is drained by smaller rivers including the Tano, Ankobra and the Pra which are not part of the Volta Basin. Most of the Volta catchment area lies in an area with a well defined wet season occurring between June and September.

In May 1964, the huge dam across the Volta River at Akosombo was completed and the dendritic Volta Lake began to form. It reached its full size after the rainy season of 1968 when it covered an area of approximately 3,275 sq. miles.
Multiple feeding strategies observed in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa
Authors: Murray Fiona , De Clippele Laurence H. , Hiley Alexandra , Wicks Laura , Roberts J. Murray , Hennige Sebastian
Published: May 2019

Cold-water coral reefs are biodiversity hotspots of the deep sea. The most dominant reef-building cold-water coral in the Atlantic is Lophelia pertusa, which builds vast and structurally complex habitats. Studying the behaviours of deep-sea species is challenging due to the technological difficulties in making prolonged observations in situ, so little is known about the behavioural ecology of this important species. Observations in laboratory studies can help to enhance our understanding of the range of behaviours these species exhibit. Here we present video evidence that the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa is capable of producing mucus nets as part of their feeding strategy. This finding suggests that L. pertusa has a more diverse range of feeding strategies than previously thought.
Agriculture and Economic Development in the Middle East
Authors: Tuma Elias H.
Published: May 2019

Several observations may be safely made regarding agriculture in the Middle East: it has continued to be the major economic sector in the region; it has developed conspicuously in the last two decades although the gains have been seriously diminished by the increase in population; agriculture still has a great potential for change and development, given the natural endowments of the region. The path to such development, if one can be identified, has not been clearly charted in the literature.
War and the White Rhinos
Authors: Curry-Lindhal Kai
Published: May 2019

Until 1963 the main population of the northern square-lipped (white) rhino was in the Garamba National Park, in the Congo (now Zaire) where they had increased to over 1200. That year armed rebels occupied the park, and when three years later they had been driven out, the rhinos had been drastically reduced: numbers were thought to be below 50. Dr. Curry-Iindahl describes what he found in 1966 and 1967.
The Rarest Flamingo
Authors: Morrison Tony
Published: May 2019

The James’s or lesser Andean flamingo Phoenicoparrus jamesi is undoubtedly the world’s rarest flamingo. Very little is known of its habits, status or distribution, mainly because of the extreme isolation of its usual haunts in the high semi-desert wilderness region of the southern Bolivian Andes. The birds have never been recorded below 9000 feet.
The salivary transcriptome ofLimnobdella mexicana(Annelida: Clitellata: Praobdellidae) and orthology determination of major leech anticoagulants
Authors: Iwama Rafael , Oceguera-Figueroa Alejandro , Giribet Gonzalo , Kvist Sebastian
Published: May 2019

Bloodfeeding requires several adaptations that allow the parasite to feed efficiently. Leeches and other hematophagous animals have developed different mechanisms to inhibit hemostasis, one of the main barriers imposed by their hosts.Limnobdella mexicanais a member of the leech family Praobdellidae, a family of host generalists known for their preference to attach on mucosal membranes of mammals, such as those in nasopharyngeal cavities, bladders and ocular orbits. Previous studies have hypothesized a positive relationship between diversity of anticoagulants and diversity of hosts in bloodfeeding leeches. However, orthology determination of putative anticoagulants and the lack of standardization of sequencing effort and method hinder comparisons between publicly available transcriptomes generated in different laboratories. In the present study, we examine the first transcriptome of a praobdellid leech and identify 15 putative anticoagulants using a phylogeny-based inference approach, amino-acid conservation, Pfam domains and BLAST searches. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the ancestral leech was able to inhibit factor Xa and that some hirudins that have been reported in previous studies on leech anticoagulants may not be orthologous with the archetypal hirudin.
The Gateshead Martyr
Authors: Cashman M. J.
Published: May 2019

The canonisation of John Boste may have awakened some interest in the story of his fellow-prisoner, John Ingram, who was the third and last of the seminary priests to be executed on Tyneside during the reign of Elizabeth I. Such an interest is easy to gratify, since Ingram is one of the best documented of the English Martyrs. As with his two predecessors, Joseph Lambton and Edward Waterson, we have both an account by Holtby of the martyr's trial and execution, and some evidence of the latter in the same Newcastle Account Book; but in this case, these sources can be rounded out by a series of official letters and, most unusually, Ingram's own letters and epigrams.

He was born in 1565, at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, a county noted for the strong Catholicism of its gentry. His parents, Richard and Anne Ingram, however, seem to have been non-Catholics at that time since John needed a dispensation from heresy, when he was sent to Douai in 1579.