bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing Separately
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the author’s dissenting and concurring opinions. Throughout his nearly two decades on the Bench, the author exercised restraint in writing dissenting or separate opinions. He wrote such opinions when he felt it worthwhile to explain his own positions on important judicial questions, particularly on aspects of fairness. The chapter studies some of these opinions. The decisions examined concern hate speech, persecution, the principle of legality, due process and acts or threats of violence. The other decisions covered in the chapter deal with the reversal of burden of proof, fair trial rights and liability via the doctrine of joint criminal enterprise (JCE).
Early Release of Prisoners Decisions
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the author’s own practice, as Court President, on early release of prisoners serving sentences imposed by the ICTY, ICTR, or the Mechanism, one which followed the practice of his predecessors. Early releases or pardons of prisoners are often delicate and controversial in nation-States. In international criminal tribunals, the political, national, ethnic and religious context makes early releases even more difficult and contentious. Interested States, victims’ organizations, NGOs and media often vent their anger at some releases by harsh attacks against the Presidents that rendered them. In Rwanda, early releases of persons convicted by the ICTR or the Mechanism have not been welcome. In the former Yugoslavia, convicted persons who have been released have often been celebrated upon their return to their own local and national communities. These releases have, however, been criticized by other communities in the former Yugoslavia.
Enquiry and Normative Deviance
Authors: Ferrari Filippo , Moruzzi Sebastiano
Published: May 2021

It is argued that science denialism brings about an aberrant form of enquiry that deviates in significant ways from the epistemic norms governing scientific enquiry. Science denialism doesn’t involve just a rejection of a scientific theory; it also challenges the practice of continuously and impartially testing research methods, theories, and evidential sources with the aim of improving the accuracy of our theories. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the epistemic mechanisms at work. It develops a fine-grained framework to model a variety of normative deviances that may take place in enquiry. Through analysing two case studies, it is argued that fake news plays two pivotal roles in shaping epistemic norms operating within science denialism. First, it discredits a variety of (institutional) sources of evidence; second, it also plays a part in building the alternative explanation of the target phenomena.
Is Fake News Old News?
Authors: Novaes Catarina Dutilh , de Ridder Jeroen
Published: May 2021

Do we live in a post-truth era where fake news and alternative facts run rampant? This suggestion has become a staple of recent non-fiction writing. Others disagree and suggest that contemporary fake news is really nothing new. This chapter examines what, if anything, is novel about contemporary fake news. After clarifying the meaning of fake news for the present purposes, the chapter presents three models of manipulation of public opinion and argues that they are recognizable throughout history. Next, the chapter looks at various features of contemporary fake news that could account for its novelty. Based on a survey of historical and empirical evidence, it is proposed that the novelty of contemporary fake news primarily lies in how the Internet and social media have changed the ways in which (fake) news can be distributed and consumed
Historical overview
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

The chapter overviews the evolution from Latin pronouns to present-day object clitics. The discussion of Latin focuses on the relationship between pronominal syntax and three main factors: information packaging, verb movement, and the licensing of null objects. Then the chapter examines the earliest Romance documents (eighth–ninth century) and elaborates on the distinction between archaic and innovative early Romance languages. The former allowed interpolation, i.e. the presence of material between proclitics and the verb, while the latter exhibited adverbal clitics, which are always attached to a verbal host. The loss of enclisis/proclisis alternations in finite clauses (Tobler-Mussafia effects) marks the transition towards modern systems. Further variation across modern vernaculars results from clitic climbing, which is often lost in restructuring contexts and, to a lesser extent, in compound and simple tenses. Lastly, the chapter overviews several systematic changes affecting the order of sequences formed by two or more object clitics.
The rise ofadverbalclitics
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

Latin differs Romance in two main respects: first, it did not display a double series of pronouns of the kind we observe from the earliest Romance attestations (in the eighth–ninth century); second, in Latin pronouns were not incorporated into the verb, although they were frequently close to the verb when the latter was displaced in the left periphery of the clause. The emergence of a double series of pronouns resulted from the reanalysis of Wackernagel pronouns into prosodically deficient elements. Being stress-less, inherently topical pronouns began to undergo linguistic changes affecting unstressed vowels, which eventually led to the incorporation of unstressed pronominal forms into verbs. The chapter elaborates on the modelling of incorporation and wonders about the historical relationship between the rise of incorporation and the loss of scrambling (and interpolation).
Tensors
Authors: Emam Moataz H.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter we develop the concept of tensors, their meaning, and how they arise from vectors. Emphasis is placed on tensor transformations, covariance between coordinate systems, and relation to the metric. The concept of metric connection and the Christoffel symbols is introduced in three dimensions via the easily visualizable idea of parallel transport. Derivatives and intergrals in covariant form are discussed. The first two chapters are designed to familiarize the reader with the language that is the bread and butter of the general theory of relativity and other higher geometric theories.
Special Covariance
Authors: Emam Moataz H.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter we study the special theory of relativity. We begin with the metric and construct all consequences such as the kinematical quantities, 4-vectors and tensors, Lorentz transformations, geometric interpretations, conservation of 4-momentum and collision problems. We conclude with a discussion of electrodynamics in covariant form.
Least Action and Classical Fields
Authors: Emam Moataz H.
Published: May 2021

We present the principle of least action and see how it is used in non-relativistic point particle mechanics, relativistic point particle mechanics, general relativity, derivation of field equations for scalar, vector and tensor fields as well as the energy momentum tensor. Towards the end we present examples of solutions of Einstein-Maxwell fields: The Reissner-Nordstrom metric, Kerr metric, and Kerr- Newman metric.
Afterthoughts
Authors: Emam Moataz H.
Published: May 2021

If you arrived at this page by reading the entire book (and didn’t skip), then you most certainly deserve a very hearty:

Congratulations!

Oh well, let’s admit it, even if you cheated a bit and skipped some chapters, you still deserve a (perhaps not so hearty) cheer!...
Theodore Roosevelt
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J.
Published: May 2021

Theodore Roosevelt is well-known as a rancher, hunter, naturalist, soldier, historian, explorer, and statesman. His visage is etched on Mount Rushmore—alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln—as a symbol of his vast and consequential legacy. While Roosevelt’s storied life has been written about from many angles, no modern book probes deeply into his engagement with religious beliefs, practices, and controversies despite his lifelong church attendance and commentary on religious issues. Theodore Roosevelt: Preaching from the Bully Pulpit traces Roosevelt’s personal religious odyssey from youthful faith and pious devotion to a sincere but more detached adult faith. It also shows the president as a champion of the separation of church and state, a defender of religious ecumenism, and a “preacher” who used his “bully pulpit” to preach morality using the language of the King James Bible. Contextualizing Roosevelt in the American religious world of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the book shows how religious groups interpreted the famous Rough Rider and how he catered to, rebuked, and interacted with various religious constituencies. Based in large part on personal correspondence and unpublished archival materials, this book offers a new interpretation of an extremely significant historical figure.
Preacher of Righteousness, 1886‒1901
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J.
Published: May 2021

From 1886 to 1901, Roosevelt became a historian, civil service commissioner, police commissioner, assistant secretary of the Navy, war hero, and vice-president. He was also forced to deal with his brother Elliott’s alcoholism, infidelity, and untimely death. In all these experiences Roosevelt sought to promote what he regarded as “righteousness.” His histories provided analysis of religious controversies while his work in the Civil Service Commission and police department illustrated his commitment to moral reform. His actions in the Spanish-American War won him a popularity that helped make him New York governor in 1898. Reluctantly, he agreed to run for vice-president in 1900. While Roosevelt did not recover much personal piety in these years, he gained a reputation as a moralistic preacher of righteousness.
Violence and Risk in Medieval Iceland
Authors: Falk Oren
Published: May 2021

This interdisciplinary study of violence in medieval Iceland pursues three intertwined goals. First, it proposes a new cultural history model for understanding violence. The model has three axes: power, signification, and risk. Analysis in instrumental terms, as an attempt to coerce others, focuses on power. Analysis in symbolic terms, as an attempt to manipulate meanings, focuses on signification. Analysis in cognitive terms, as an attempt to exercise agency over imperfectly controlled circumstances, focuses on risk. The axis of risk is the model’s major innovation and is laid out in detail, using insights from prospect theory, edgework, and the calculus of jeopardy. It is shown that violence, which itself generates risks, at the same time also serves to control uncertainties. Second, the book tests this model on a series of case studies from the history of medieval Iceland. It examines how violence shapes present circumstances, future status, and past memories, and how it transforms uncertain reality into socially useful narrative, showing how Icelanders’ feud paradigm blocked the prospects of warfare and state formation, while their idiom of human violence domesticated the natural environment. Third, the book develops the concept of uchronia, the hegemonic ideology of the past, to explain how texts modulate history. Uchronia is a motivated cultural memory which vouches for historical authenticity (regardless of factual reliability), maintains textual autonomy from authorial intent, and secures a fit between present society and its own past. In medieval Iceland, as often elsewhere, violence played a key role in the making of uchronia
Clothing and Queer Style in Early Modern English Drama
Authors: Bromley James M.
Published: May 2021

This book examines ‘queer style’ or forms of masculinity grounded in superficiality, inauthenticity, affectation, and the display of the extravagantly clothed body in early modern English city comedies. Queer style destabilizes distinctions between able-bodied and disabled, human and nonhuman, and the past and the present—distinctions that have structured normative ways of thinking about sexuality. Glimpsing the worldmaking potential of queer style, plays by Ben Jonson, George Chapman, Thomas Middleton, and Thomas Dekker imagine alternatives to the prevailing modes of subjectivity, sociability, and eroticism in early modern London. While the characters associated with queer style are situated in a hostile generic and historical context, this book draws on recent work on disability, materiality, and queer temporality to rethink their relationship to those contexts so as to access the utopian possibilities of early modern queer style. These theoretical frameworks also help bring into relief how the attachments and pleasures of early modern sartorial extravagance can estrange us from the epistemologies of sexuality that narrow current thinking about sexuality and its relationship to authenticity, pedagogy, interiority, and privacy.
Introduction
Authors: Bromley James M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter outlines how sartorial extravagance might be thought of as a kind of queer worldmaking in early modern city comedy. It offers an overview of the book’s application of disability theory and new materialism to the forms of superficial embodiment and queer eroticism that extravagant clothing facilitated on the early modern stage. It argues that more flexible historical methodologies based on queer theories of temporality can move the field of early modern studies beyond the false choice between historicism and presentism. It situates the book in current scholarship on the early modern period and queer theory and previews the remaining chapters of the book.
Ben Jonson’s Imitation Games
Authors: Bromley James M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers why sartorial affectation holds exemplary status as a “humor” to be purged through humiliating exposure in humors comedies. This exemplarity carries over to city comedy’s depiction of masculinity when Ben Jonson creates a bridge between the genres in his Every Man in His Humour. The play has been traditionally understood as drawing on humoral theory to reaffirm class hierarchies and align masculinity with competitive individualism. However, this chapter demonstrates that when this play is situated in relation to other humors comedies by George Chapman as well as Jonson’s other non-dramatic writings, the distinction between the authentic masculinity of the city gallant, true poet, and trickster servant and its inauthentic imitation in the gull, plagiarist, and braggart soldier falls apart. The chapter draws on the overlap of accounts of nonnormative embodiment within disability and queer theory to help reveal that Jonson’s play encourages a broader range of acceptable variations in masculine embodiment than modern post-Cartesian forms of selfhood permit. These nonstandard forms of embodiment, in turn, are the basis for attachments between men and attachments to the objects of material culture, especially clothing.
Johannes Hass (c.1476–1544)
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

The councillor and chronicler Johannes Hass (c.1476–1544) illustrates how a Catholic perceived early Reformation changes. Hass was not the last proponent of a traditional kind of Catholicism in Görlitz. He incorporated minor elements of Lutheranism into his religiosity while at the same time considering himself to be a Catholic. This chapter explores the early Reformation years as a time of confessional uncertainties: Lutheranism had no clear shape and Catholics had not formulated a unified response to Lutheran challenges. Hass changed his religious outlook: before the Reformation, he wrote about a visible and active God, but with the Reformation, he changed the nature of divine intervention and turned God into a more watchful and passive deity with the Devil taking on a more prominent role. These patterns of change can be linked to the introduction of Lutheranism in Görlitz. Individuals sought to position themselves in a changing world, and Hass was one of them.
Sigismund Suevus (1526–1596)
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

The sixth chapter focuses on the continual presence of Catholics and the shared use of formerly Catholic spaces. Sigismund Suevus (1526–1596), a Lutheran preacher from Lauban, engaged in a conflict with the nuns of the Order of Mary Magdalen in Lauban. As town preacher, he denounced the conversion of one of Lauban’s mayors to Catholicism, but he continued to share a church with the nuns and any remaining Catholics. These shared spaces challenge our understanding of confessional markers, as Lutherans continued to have side altars or images of saints in their part of the church. Moreover, the nuns were linked to the Lutheran preachers through daily interactions. Although Suevus rejected Catholicism in his sermons, he also reinterpreted Catholic space in Reformation terms, especially the Holy Sepulchre in Görlitz, a reproduction of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. He advocated a spiritual pilgrimage to this space and used objects connected to travel as allegories of Lutheranism.
Martin Moller (1547–1606)
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

The seventh chapter shows that toleration and syncretism in Upper Lusatia had limits. The treatment of individuals accused of Calvinism shows that toleration was connected to broader political and religious circumstances. Martin Moller (1547–1606), accused of ‘crypto-Calvinism’ in the 1590s, illustrates how even important clerics could be caught in accusations and face serious problems. But while individuals in other Lusatian towns lost their post because of these accusations, Moller kept his because councillors and school rectors sided with him. Other groups were never tolerated fully, including Anabaptists, followers of the ‘mystic’ Jakob Böhme, and a group of Schwenckfelders in Görlitz. Peaceful coexistence between Lutherans and Catholics therefore never meant toleration of all religious groups in Upper Lusatia.
Friedrich Fischer (1558–1623)
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

Chapter 8 centres on the Bautzen preacher Friedrich Fischer (1558–1623) and shows how the changing political and religious landscape of the early seventeenth century led to a repositioning of Lutheranism. A particularly valuable case study, Fischer demonstrates how Lutherans and Catholics constantly influenced each other, and how the complex mix of power resulted in negotiations with a wide range of actors: town councils, Lutheran preachers, Catholic deans, other clerics, representatives of the king of Bohemia, and sometimes even the king himself. The situation in these towns was never stagnant and councillors and clerics negotiated agreements throughout the sixteenth century. Fischer’s sermons show that this kind of continual compromise found its way into what was preached in Lusatia. Depending on the purpose and the audience, individuals like Fischer could criticize Calvinism or Catholicism, change their religious outlook, and leave out elements associated with Lutheranism, while at other times polemicizing against Catholics.
Survival of the Unfittest on the Eastern Front
Authors: Paris Václav
Published: May 2021

In 1911, F. T. Marinetti imagined war as “the only hygiene of the world.” Such social Darwinist visions are contested by modernism’s antimilitarist fictions. Focusing on Jaroslav Hašek’s The Good Soldier Švejk (1921–23), this chapter explores the dynamics of this contestation and its ramifications for understanding modernist epic. The eponymous protagonist of Hašek’s fiction, Švejk, is not a standard hero. Rather, he is imbecilic, alcoholic, lazy, rheumatic, “degenerate,” mongrel-like, and speaks an “impure” colloquial version of the national language. His only positive feature is how, ironically because of his stupidity, Švejk always manages to escape a terrible destiny, delaying his arrival at the Eastern Front. As this chapter describes, the story is a moral of survival of the unfittest, dramatizing how the underdog can succeed in a violent world and how the Czechs emerged from under the Austrian empire. Analyzing this alter-Darwinian nation-building, the chapter places Hašek’s work into relation with the larger genre of modernist epic. It shows that although Hašek was not invested in any modernist movement, and did not read Joyce or Stein, his text was nevertheless shaped in relation to the same underlying historical forces. It reveals, consequently, an encompassing narrative of evolutionary thought that different national modernisms can be coordinated against, which also crosses the cultural divide between high and low.
Preliminaries
Authors: Boules Adel N.
Published: May 2021

In addition to giving a very brief reminder of set notation and basic set operations, this chapter provides a brief refresher on basic mathematical concepts. The natural, rational and real number systems are taken for granted. However, it does develop at length the Cauchy criterion and its equivalence to the completeness of the real line, and the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, as well as the complex number field, including its completeness. Embryonic manifestations of completeness and compactness can be seen in this chapter. Examples include the nested interval theorem and the uniform continuity of continuous functions on compact intervals, and the proof of the Heine-Borel theorem in chapter 4 is squarely based on the Bolzano-Weierstrass property of bounded sets.
Set Theory
Authors: Boules Adel N.
Published: May 2021

The chapter is a concise, practical presentation of the basics of set theory. The topics include set equivalence, countability, partially ordered, linearly ordered, and well-ordered sets, the axiom of choice, and Zorn’s lemma, as well as cardinal numbers and cardinal arithmetic. The first two sections are essential for a proper understanding of the rest of the book. In particular, a thorough understanding of countability and Zorn’s lemma are indispensable. Parts of the section on cardinal numbers may be included, but only an intuitive understanding of cardinal numbers is sufficient to follow such topics as the discussion on the existence of a vector space of arbitrary (infinite) dimension, and the existence of inseparable Hilbert spaces. Cardinal arithmetic can be omitted since its applications later in the book are limited. Ordinal numbers have been carefully avoided.
Vector Spaces
Authors: Boules Adel N.
Published: May 2021

The first three sections of this chapter provide a thorough presentation of the concepts of basis and dimension. The approach is unified in the sense that it does not treat finite and infinite-dimensional spaces separately. Important concepts such as algebraic complements, quotient spaces, direct sums, projections, linear functionals, and invariant subspaces make their first debut in section 3.4. Section 3.5 is a brief summary of matrix representations and diagonalization. Then the chapter introduces normed linear spaces followed by an extensive study of inner product spaces. The presentation of inner product spaces in this section and in section 4.10 is not limited to finite-dimensional spaces but rather to the properties of inner products that do not require completeness. The chapter concludes with the finite-dimensional spectral theory.
The Metric Topology
Authors: Boules Adel N.
Published: May 2021

The chapter is an extensive account of the metric topology and is a prerequisite for all the subsequent chapters. The leading sections develop the basic metric properties such as closure and interior, continuity and equivalent metrics, separation properties, product spaces, and countability axioms. This is followed by a detailed study of completeness, compactness, local compactness, and function spaces. Chapter applications include contraction mappings, continuous nowhere differentiable functions, space-filling curves, closed convex subsets of ?n, and a number of approximation results. The chapter concludes with a detailed section on orthogonal polynomials and Fourier series of continuous functions, which, together with section 3.7, provides an excellent background for Hilbert spaces. The study of sequence and function spaces in this chapter leads up gradually into Banach spaces.
Essentials of General Topology
Authors: Boules Adel N.
Published: May 2021

The first eight sections of this chapter constitute its core and are generally parallel to the leading sections of chapter 4. Most of the sections are brief and emphasize the nonmetric aspects of topology. Among the topics treated are normality, regularity, and second countability. The proof of Tychonoff’s theorem for finite products appears in section 8. The section on locally compact spaces is the transition between the core of the chapter and the more advanced sections on metrization, compactification, and the product of infinitely many spaces. The highlights include the one-point compactification, the Urysohn metrization theorem, and Tychonoff’s theorem. Little subsequent material is based on the last three sections. At various points in the book, it is explained how results stated for the metric case can be extended to topological spaces, especially locally compact Hausdorff spaces. Some such results are developed in the exercises.
Banach Spaces
Authors: Boules Adel N.
Published: May 2021

The first four sections of this chapter form its core and include classical topics such as bounded linear transformations, the open mapping theorem, the closed graph theorem, the uniform boundedness principle, and the Hahn-Banach theorem. The chapter includes a good number of applications of the four fundamental theorems of functional analysis. Sections 6.5 and 6.6 provide a good account of the properties of the spectrum and adjoint operators on Banach spaces. They may be largely bypassed, since the treatment of the corresponding topics for operators on Hilbert spaces in chapter 7 is self-contained. The section on weak topologies is more advanced and may be omitted if a brief introduction is the goal. The chapter is enriched by such topics as the best polynomial approximation, the Hilbert cube, Gelfand’s theorem, Schauder bases, complemented subspaces, and the Banach-Alaoglu theorem.
The Art of Moving
Authors: Robinson Benedict S.
Published: May 2021

“The Art of Moving” turns to an eighteenth-century culture of the sentiments, traditionally seen in strong contrast to a Renaissance culture of the passions. I argue instead that, from the standpoint of rhetoric, the discourses on affectivity from 1500 to 1800 constitute parts of a single, unfolding process. The chapter traces the influence of rhetoric on Shaftesbury, Hume, and Smith, arguing that empiricist models of the mind are built on a rhetorical concern with vivid, forceful, and passionate imagery, and that such models effectively introject a rhetorical scene into the mind. The chapter then turns to Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa—traditionally the exemplary instance of a new, “psychological” fiction—in order to argue that the novel’s psychology is in fact an externalist, rhetorical one that resists any clear distinction between character-driven and plot-driven fictions. Richardson’s novel opens up a series of concerns that reach deep into the material of both this chapter and the previous one: about post-Hobbesian accounts of the will as determined by passions; about circumstantial narrative as a means of not just representing but also exploiting that determination; about empiricism collapsing into a Gorgian rhetoric in which the very effort to promote an ethics of natural sentiment introduces a quasi-mechanistic model of the human being. In its final pages, the chapter turns to Smith’s lectures on rhetoric and Giambattista Vico’s New Science to argue that, between 1600 and 1800, literary history was becoming legible as the material of a cultural history of the passions.
Passion’s Fictions
Authors: Robinson Benedict S.
Published: May 2021

The final chapter consolidates the implications of the foregoing argument for the interpretation of early modern literature, in part by returning to the start of the story, in Shakespeare; but it approaches Shakespeare by way of an eighteenth-century phenomenon: the rise of works of “character criticism” represented for example by William Richardson’s essays. Eighteenth-century character criticism has long been seen as a new way of reading Shakespeare, even the intrusion of something foreign to Shakespeare’s plays. The word for that foreign element is often “psychology,” especially as allied to reading practices associated with the novel. This chapter argues that the real roots of character criticism lie in much older theories of the passions. The psychology at work is not nearly as new as has been claimed, as can be seen by contrasting Richardson’s essays with one of the books he cites: Edmund Burke’s treatise on the sublime and beautiful. The chapter then circles back to Shakespeare’s Hamlet, arguing that Shakespeare’s plays already contain the elements of a psychology: an externalist psychology grounded in rhetoric and its account of the circumstantial mimesis of actions as an instrument of the knowledge of the passions. Shakespeare’s plays could become the material for a science of the passions because in some sense they already were: instances of a circumstantial knowledge of the passions produced according to principles first theorized by rhetoric, which themselves shaped the new sciences of the mind that developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Characterful Data
Authors: Cooper Anwen , Donnelly Victoria , Green Chris , Harkel Letty ten
Published: May 2021

Our project was a ‘Big Data’ project in that it used all available digital sources on English archaeology. This chapter introduces our data and the notion that data are characterful, which is to say that they are shaped and influenced by the ways they are created, curated, and used. We outline our approach to making data compatible, and some of the influences on how evidence is preserved and then discovered and recovered. We aimed to experiment with the data, rather than provide any final or definitive interpretation of them. Sources of information on this scale are susceptible to many interpretations and approaches. However, we also hope to have brought out crucial aspects of the archaeological evidence from England and followed many of the main topic areas currently of interest. We end with an evaluation of our working practices and some influences on our results.
Long-Term Interactions between Society and Ecology
Authors: Franconi Tyler , Gosden Chris
Published: May 2021

The clearance history of England is reviewed looking first at what can be reconstructed of the patterns of forest and clearance across the country. A broad distinction is seen between more forested landscapes in the north and west, with greater clearance in the south and east. The forests of the north may have seen managed grazing, rather than being wild wood. From the start of the Roman period, the north was cleared as well, creating greater similarity across the country as a whole. We also look at the history of soil erosion, which is linked to clearance. We end by comparing two river basins—the Thames and the Eden—which have contrasting ecologies, topologies, and histories of human use.
Field Systems, Orientation, and Cosmology
Authors: Green Chris , Gosden Chris
Published: May 2021

We start with history of past work on field systems, as well as an outline of different fields, starting with the so-called Celtic fields to the medieval open field systems. We undertake a computer-based analysis of the layout and orientation of fields from the Bronze Age to the end of the Roman period, showing that there are persistent orientations, which probably had to do with the rising and setting sun, which lasted millennia. The landscape was used for pragmatic reasons, primarily the growing of food, but was also laid out following long-lasting cosmological principles probably linked to the movement of the sun and perhaps other bodies in the night sky. The biggest change in the layout of the landscape occurred in the early medieval period, when strip fields had quite different orientations from fields of earlier periods. At important element of this chapter is the presentation of a methodology which can be used on digital versions of other field systems in Britain or elsewhere.
Time
Authors: Cooper Anwen , Green Chris , Morley Laura
Published: May 2021

We cannot think about space, without also considering time, especially as the landscape can be seen to be the richest set of historical evidence we have. We present two case studies. The first concerns the long-term continuities in the use of the intertidal zone, where wooden structures are often preserved by the water. This tells us about use of the sea, but also of the forests which supply wood for sea side structures. We then turn to a major analysis of the reuse of round barrows, first built in the early Bronze Age, but of differing interest to all later periods.
Landscapes and Identities
Authors: Gosden Chris , Cooper Anwen , Creswell Miranda , Donnelly Victoria , Franconi Tyler , Green Chris , Glyde Roger , Harkel Letty ten , Kamash Zena , Mallet Sarah , Morley Laura , Stansbie Dan
Published: May 2021

This chapter pulls together the themes of the volume as a whole, looking back at the nature of the evidence, providing a synthesis of landscape use and considering again issues of identities. We review the nature of our evidence, as well as the possibilities and difficulties posed by working with large amounts of information. We review the broader differences found across England, either side of a line roughly from Torquay to Whitby, where south and east of that line more settlements and artefacts occurred than north and west. These differences indicate long-term contrasts in ways of life in both areas. We end by considering the complex question of identities, taking seriously issues of scale. An English identity was produced through a political project in the early medieval period and would not have existed in this form earlier.
Subordinate clauses: common properties and internal structure
Authors: Pinkster Harm
Published: May 2021

Chapter 14 serves as a general introduction to clause combining, the various ways in which in Latin simple clauses can be combined into sentences or other units. It discusses the internal structure of subordinate clauses, both finite and non-finite, the role of subordinators, and the difference between subordination and coordination. In addition it deals briefly with periodic structure and and indirect speech.
Subordinate clauses with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
Authors: Pinkster Harm
Published: May 2021

Chapter 17 deals with subordinate clauses, both finite and non-finite, which depend on nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Some of these clauses are required by the meaning of the governing word, others are optional. A distinction is made between declarative, interrogative, and imperative subordinate clauses. They are discussed according to the various subordinating devices: subordinators (e.g. quod, ut), question particles, infinitives (including accusative and infinitive clauses), gerunds, supines, and nominal clauses.
Word order
Authors: Pinkster Harm
Published: May 2021

Chapter 23 deals with word order (also called constituent order). The actual order of constituents in Latin is determined by a large number of factors, among which the syntactic factor is only a minor one. These various factors are discussed. Some constituents at the clause level are limited in their position, others are mobile, with their position mainly determined by pragmatic factors as discussed in ch. 22. At the noun-phrase and prepositional-phrase levels the relative order is mainly determined by contrast and emphasis. The relative order of clauses in complex sentences is discussed as well.
The Bible as Cultural Translation
Authors: Gottlieb Michah
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores three aims of Mendelssohn’s Bible translation project: (1) strengthening Jewish national sentiment and halakhic practice, (2) invigorating German nationhood; and (3) fostering love and tolerance between German Jews and Christians. Mendelssohn aimed to strengthen Jewish national sentiment by revealing the beauty and rationality of the Bible. He sought to bolster halakhic practice by defending the Masoretic Text of the Bible and rabbinic interpretation. He aimed to invigorate German nationhood by using Bible translation to enrich the German language and contribute to a cosmopolitan vision of Germanness. By translating the Hebrew Bible into German, he sought to illustrate the translatability of religious truth thereby fostering tolerance and love between German Jews and Christians. Mendelssohn translated two main biblical texts-- the Pentateuch and the Psalms. His aims and exegetical methods in the two works are compared. The aims and methods of Mendelssohn’s Bible translations are also compared with two German Protestant translations with which he was familiar: Luther’s 1545 translation and the 1735 Radical Enlightenment Wertheim Bible of Johann Lorenz Schmidt. The claim that Luther’s translation is closer to the Hebrew original than Mendelssohn’s is refuted. Comparing Mendelssohn’s translation with Schmidt’s Wertheim Bible illustrates similarities and differences between Mendelssohn’s moderate religious rationalism and Schmidt’s radical religious rationalism.
Translation versus Midrash
Authors: Gottlieb Michah
Published: May 2021

This chapter covers Leopold Zunz’s account of the relationship between the Bible and rabbinic literature in his pioneering 1832 work The Sermons of the Jews. The book is situated in several contexts. These include the Protestant scholar Wilhelm De Wette’s use of biblical scholarship to oppose granting Jews greater civil rights by casting rabbinic Judaism as degenerate and alien to the noble “Hebraic” strata of the Bible and a Catholic call for a reformation of Judaism based on rejecting the Talmud and returning to the Bible. Zunz’s use of historical scholarship in The Sermons to ground religious reforms, demonstrate the organic connection between the Bible and rabbinic literature, and explicate the roles of Bible translation and Midrash in preserving Judaism as living religion of spirit is explored.
The Road to Orthodoxy
Authors: Gottlieb Michah
Published: May 2021

This chapter covers Hirsch’s controversies following his failed attempt to create a unifying vision of German Judaism. Hirsch gradually evolved from a “man of no party” to a polemical, sectarian “Orthodox” Jew as he came to see himself as representing an embattled minority within German Judaism. Hirsch’s polemics with the leading Reformers of his age, Abraham Geiger and Samuel Holdheim, and the leading Positive-Historical scholars Heinrich Graetz and Zacharias Frankel are explored. Hirsch’s use of Mendelssohn to defend his views is presented. This chapter also covers the role of Protestantism and Catholicism in Hirsch’s bourgeois Neo-Orthodoxy and his critique of the idea that Judaism is a religion.
The Power and Politics of Reforming Leadership Practices
Authors: Filstad Cathrine
Published: May 2021

This article contradicts ‘resistance to change’ by investigating power and politics in change contexts. Our aim is to ascertain how studies of power structure and political activities add to the change management literature and the police reform literature. We studied the Norwegian police reform using inductive, qualitative studies that took the form of shadowing 27 police leaders, 6 months of field studies, 63 formal interviews, and a substantial number of informal conversations with police leaders and peers. Police reforms cannot be controlled by top-management. Instead, power and politics needs to be acknowledged and addressed as part of change initiatives being challenge, discussed, transparent, communicated, and made sense in creating the balance between exploration and exploitation of competencies how to change and why. Police leaders, as change intermediaries, are expected to exercise different forms of powers and engage in sensegiving and sensemaking activities to ensure implementation of the police reform.
Generalization of Hamiltonian mechanics to a three-dimensional phase space
Authors: Sato Naoki
Published: May 2021

Classical Hamiltonian mechanics is realized by the action of a Poisson bracket on a Hamiltonian function. The Hamiltonian function is a constant of motion (the energy) of the system. The properties of the Poisson bracket are encapsulated in the symplectic $2$-form, a closed second-order differential form. Due to closure, the symplectic $2$-form is preserved by the Hamiltonian flow, and it assigns an invariant (Liouville) measure on the phase space through the Lie–Darboux theorem. In this paper we propose a generalization of classical Hamiltonian mechanics to a three-dimensional phase space: the classical Poisson bracket is replaced with a generalized Poisson bracket acting on a pair of Hamiltonian functions, while the symplectic $2$-form is replaced by a symplectic $3$-form. We show that, using the closure of the symplectic $3$-form, a result analogous to the classical Lie–Darboux theorem holds: locally, there exist smooth coordinates such that the components of the symplectic $3$-form are constants, and the phase space is endowed with a preserved volume element. Furthermore, as in the classical theory, the Jacobi identity for the generalized Poisson bracket mathematically expresses the closure of the associated symplectic form. As a consequence, constant skew-symmetric third-order contravariant tensors always define generalized Poisson brackets. This is in contrast with generalizations of Hamiltonian mechanics postulating the fundamental identity as replacement for the Jacobi identity. In particular, we find that the fundamental identity represents a stronger requirement than the closure of the symplectic $3$-form.
The Syncope-Falls Index: a tool for predicting risk of syncope and complex falls in the older adult based on cumulative health deficits
Authors: Fitzpatrick N , Romero-Ortuno R
Published: May 2021

Background

Syncope is aetiologically diverse and associated with adverse outcomes; in older people, there is clinical overlap with complex falls presentations (i.e. recurrent, unexplained and/or injurious).

Aim

To formulate an index to predict future risk of syncope and falls in the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA).

Design/Methods

Using the frailty index methodology, we selected, from TILDA Wave 1 (2010), 40 deficits that might increase risk of syncope and falls. This syncope-falls index (SYFI) was applied to TILDA Wave 1 participants aged 65 and over, who were divided into three risk groups (low, intermediate and high) based on SYFI tertiles. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate, controlling for age and sex, how SYFI groups predicted incident syncope, complex falls and simple falls occurring up to Wave 4 of the study (2016).

Results

At Wave 1, there were 3499 participants (mean age 73, 53% women). By Wave 4, of the remaining 2907 participants, 185 (6.4%) had reported new syncope, 1077 (37.0%) complex falls and 218 (7.5%) simple falls. The risk of both syncope and complex falls increased along the SYFI groups (high risk group: odds ratio 1.88 [1.26–2.80], P = 0.002 for syncope; 2.22 [1.82–2.72], P < 0.001 for complex falls). No significant relationship was identified between SYFI and simple falls.

Conclusion

The 6-year incidences of falls and syncope were high in this cohort. SYFI could help identify older adults at risk of syncope and complex falls, and thus facilitate early referral to specialist clinics to improve outcomes.
Effect of acupuncture on atrial fibrillation stratified by CHA2DS2-VASc score—a nationwide cohort investigation
Authors: Hu W -S , Lin C -L , Hsu C Y
Published: May 2021

Objective

This research aimed to make statements regarding the reduction in atrial fibrillation (AF) risk due to acupuncture, stratified by CHA2DS2-VASc score.

Methods

The Kaplan–Meier method was performed to calculate cumulative incidence of outcomes for each group, and the log-rank test were performed to compare differences between groups. Incidences and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by univariate Cox proportional hazards models, and adjusted HRs (aHRs) were estimated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards models including demographic covariates and comorbid status.

Results

In CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 0–1, 2–3, 4–5 and >5, cases with acupuncture were all associated with decreased incidence of AF (aHR 0.46 with 95% CI 0.42–0.51, P < 0.001 in the CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 0–1; aHR 0.53 with 95% CI 0.50–0.57, P < 0.001 in the CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 2–3; aHR 0.56 with 95% CI 0.52–0.61, P < 0.001 in the CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 4–5; and aHR 0.64 with 95% CI 0.55–0.74, P < 0.001 in the CHA2DS2-VASc scores of >5).

Conclusion

Protective effect of acupuncture on AF was observed in this study, and the effect was more obvious for those with fewer comorbidities.
Characteristics of purified anti-β2GPI IgG N-glycosylation associate with thrombotic, obstetric and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Liu Tingting , Han Jing , Zhang Rongrong , Tang Zihan , Yi Gang , Gong Wen , Wan Liyan , Hu Qiongyi , Teng Jialin , Liu Honglei , Cheng Xiaobing , Ye Junna , Su Yutong , Sun Yue , Shi Yi , Gu Jianxin , Ren Shifang , Yang Chengde , Shi Hui
Published: May 2021

Objective

Anti-β-2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies, defined as primary pathogenic antibody in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It has been reported that IgG Fc N-glycosylation affects IgG effector, we aim to investigate the association of Fc glycosylation profiles of purified anti-β2GP1 IgG with clinical features of APS.

Methods

We purify anti-β2GPI IgG and total IgG from 82 APS patients including nine catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) patients, as well as total IgG from 103 healthy controls to quantitatively analyse all detectable Fc N-glycanforms of all IgG subclasses with Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method based on UPLC-ESI-QqQ mass spectrometry.

Results

Both purified anti-β2GPI IgG and APS total IgG showed altered N-glycan profiles when compared with healthy control (HC) IgG. Anti-β2GPI IgG presented with lower galactosylation, increased bisection and core fucosylation compared with APS total IgG and HC IgG. We found higher galactosylation of aβ2GPI IgG2 in thrombotic APS compared with the obstetric APS, and lower galactosylation of aβ2GPI IgG2 associated with late pregnancy morbidity. Moreover, low galactosylation of all anti-β2GPI IgG subclasses, increased bisection and core fucosylation of anti-β2GPI IgG1/2 were strongly associated with CAPS and triple positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs).

Conclusion

We comprehensively characterize the N-Glycans landscape of both anti-β2GP1 and total IgG in APS. Altered N-glycan profiles of anti-β2GPI IgG enables enabled the antibodies with proinflammatory properties. Furthermore, we associated levels of IgG Fc-glycosylation with clinical features antiphospholipid syndrome. These findings could increase our understanding of anti-β2GPI antibody mediated mechanisms in APS and be used to develop diagnostics and new target treatments.