bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intra‐familial health polarisation: how diverse health concerns become barriers to health behaviour change in families with preschool children and emerging obesity
Authors: Hoeeg Didde , Christensen Ulla , Grabowski Dan
Published: April 2020

In a disadvantaged rural area in Denmark, severe challenges have been identified concerning overweight and obesity in families with preschool‐age children. The present paper examines how families with young children and emerging obesity issues perceive ‘healthy living’ and barriers to practising it. Using data from qualitative workshops with families and professionals working with them, we reveal health perceptions and related family dynamics. Drawing on P. Bourdieu's theory of habitus and ‘tastes of necessity’, K.L. Frohlich et al.'s notion of ‘collective lifestyles’ and E. Lindbladh and C. H. Lyttken's theory of preconditions for health behaviour change and reactions to risk‐related information, we analyse how risk perceptions and related health practices within the families are influenced by the local contexts in the disadvantaged area under study. Despite shared perceptions of ‘healthy living’, we found that diverse health‐risk perceptions created family dynamics in which parents performed opposed health behaviours, which became a huge barrier to becoming a healthier family. Based on our theoretical approach, we propose that risk perceptions and reactions are highly context dependent, as illustrated in both micro‐contexts (family dynamics) and the macro‐context (the disadvantaged area).
Hierarchical networks of food exchange in the black garden antLasius niger
Authors: Quque Martin , Bles Olivier , Bénard Annaëlle , Héraud Amélie , Meunier Bastien , Criscuolo François , Deneubourg Jean‐Louis , Sueur Cédric
Published: April 2020

In most eusocial insects, the division of labor results in relatively few individuals foraging for the entire colony. Thus, the survival of the colony depends on its efficiency in meeting the nutritional needs of all its members. Here, we characterize the network topology of a eusocial insect to understand the role and centrality of each caste in this network during the process of food dissemination. We constructed trophallaxis networks from 34 food‐exchange experiments in black garden ants (Lasius niger). We tested the influence of brood and colony size on (i) global indices at the network level (i.e., efficiency, resilience, centralization, and modularity) and (ii) individual values (i.e., degree, strength, betweenness, and the clustering coefficient). Network resilience, the ratio between global efficiency and centralization, was stable with colony size but increased in the presence of broods, presumably in response to the nutritional needs of larvae. Individual metrics highlighted the major role of foragers in food dissemination. In addition, a hierarchical clustering analysis suggested that some domestics acted as intermediaries between foragers and other domestics. Networks appeared to be hierarchical rather than random or centralized exclusively around foragers. Finally, our results suggested that networks emerging from social insect interactions can improve group performance and thus colony fitness.
Resting metabolic rates increase with elevation in a mountain‐dwelling lizard
Authors: PLASMAN Melissa , BAUTISTA Amando , McCUE Marshall D. , DÍAZ DE LA VEGA‐PÉREZ Aníbal H.
Published: April 2020

Individuals that inhabit broad elevational ranges may experience unique environmental challenges. Because temperature decreases with increased elevation, the ectotherms living at high elevations have to manage limited activity time and high thermoregulatory effort. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) of a postabsorptive animal is related to its total energy requirements as well as many other fitness traits. Mesquite lizards (Sceloporus grammicus) living on La Malinche Volcano, Mexico, inhabit a wide elevational range with some populations apparently thriving above the tree line. We measured the RMR of lizards from different elevations (i.e., 2,600, 3,200, and 4,100 m) at four ecologically relevant temperatures (i.e., 15, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and found that RMR of mesquite lizards increased with temperature and body mass. More importantly, lizards from the high‐elevation population had mass specific RMR that was higher at all temperatures. While the higher RMRs of high‐elevation populations imply higher metabolic costs at a given temperature these lizards were also smaller. Both of these traits may allow these high elevation populations to thrive in the face of the thermal challenges imposed by their environment.
Factors associated with age of death in sudden unexpected infant death
Authors: Allen Kelty , Anderson Tatiana M. , Chajewska Urszula , Ramirez Jan‐Marino , Mitchell Edwin A.
Published: April 2020

Aim

This study aimed to systematically analyse the pregnancy, birth and demographic‐related factors associated with age of death in sudden unexpected infant death (SUID).

Methods

Data were analysed from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death data set (2011‐2013; 11 737 930 live births). SUID was defined as deaths from sudden infant death syndrome, ill‐defined causes, or accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. There were 9668 SUID cases (7‐364 days; gestation >28 weeks; 0.82/1000 live births). The odds of death at different ages were compared to determine which variables significantly affect the SUID age of death.

Results

Forty‐three features indicated a significant change in age of death with two main patterns: (a) younger chronologic age at death was associated with maternal smoking and factors associated with lower socio‐economic status, and (b) older age was associated with low birthweight, prematurity and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. However, when age was corrected for gestation, these factors were associated with younger age.

Conclusion

Factors that varied with age of death are well‐documented risk factors for SUID. The majority of these risk factors were associated with younger age at death after allowing for gestational age at birth.
Pretreatment HIV drug resistance predicts accumulation of new mutations in ART‐naïve Ugandan children
Authors: Soeria‐Atmadja Sandra , Amuge Pauline , Nanzigu Sarah , Bbuye Dickson , Rubin Johanna , Eriksen Jaran , Kekitiinwa Adeodata , Obua Celestino , Gustafsson Lars L. , Navér Lars
Published: April 2020

Aim

To assess the prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) and its association with virologic outcomes after 24 weeks of antiretroviral therapy (ART), within an urban cohort of Ugandan children.

Methods

Prospective observational study. Baseline and 24‐week assessments of viral load (VL) and genotypic drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) were performed.

Results

Ninety‐nine ART‐naïve children (3‐12 years) initiated efavirenz‐based ART 2015‐2016 and 18/90 (20%) had baseline NRTI/NNRTI associated drug resistance mutations (DRMs). By 24 weeks, 72/93 (77%) children had VL < 40 copies/mL and a total of 23 children had DRMs. Children with PDR accumulated new DRMs with a mean number (SD) of 1.4 (2.35) new mutations compared to 0.26 (0.98) in 67 children with wild‐type virus (P = .003). High pretreatment VL and PDR (number of baseline DRMs) predicted viremia (P = .003; P = .023) as well as acquired drug resistance (P = .02; P = .04).

Conclusion

Pretreatment drug resistance to NNRTI/NRTI was common among ART‐naïve Ugandan children and predicted viremia and new resistance mutations after only 24 weeks of efavirenz‐based therapy. PDR may compromise long‐term ART outcomes—especially when access to resistance testing and VL monitoring is poor. The long‐term importance of PDR for non‐NNRTI‐based regimens needs further evaluation.
Theory of Mind and diverse intelligences in 4‐year‐olds: Modelling associations of false beliefs with children’s numerate‐spatial, verbal, and social intelligence
Authors: Osterhaus Christopher , Putnick Diane L. , Kristen‐Antonow Susanne , Kloo Daniela , Bornstein Marc H. , Sodian Beate
Published: April 2020

Theory of Mind (ToM) and the structure of intelligence were investigated in 115 4‐year‐olds. Specifically, we asked whether children’s intelligence involves both general and specific aspects and whether standard ToM measures of false belief can serve as indicators of social intelligence. Psychometric intelligence and children’s domain‐specific understanding of number concepts and of mental states (false belief) were measured in the laboratory; communication and social skills were assessed through mothers’ report. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed poor fit for a one‐factor model, but good fit for a model with three correlated factors, suggesting that children’s intelligence involves both general and specific aspects. Numerate‐spatial and verbal intelligence were correlated (.70), and social intelligence correlated to a stronger degree with verbal (.66) than with numerate‐spatial intelligence (.37). Laboratory assessment of false belief and mothers’ reports about children’s social skills loaded on a single factor, pointing to real‐world consequences of ToM abilities.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

The structure of intelligence in 4‐year‐olds comprises domain‐general and domain‐specific dimensions.

Some domain‐specific dimensions are numerate‐spatial, verbal, and social intelligence.

What does this study add?

Theory of Mind emerges as an aspect of children’s social intelligence.

Social intelligence (including Theory of Mind) is related to children’s numerate‐spatial abilities.
The genetic landscapes of urological cancers and their clinical implications in the era of high‐throughput genome analysis
Authors: Light Alexander , Ahmed Aamir , Dasgupta Prokar , Elhage Oussama
Published: April 2020

Objective

With the advent of high‐throughput genome analysis, we are increasingly able to sequence and hence understand the pathogenic processes underlying individual cancers. Recently, consortiums such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have performed large‐scale projects to this end, providing significant amounts of information regarding the genetic landscapes of several cancers.

Patients and Methods

We performed a narrative review of studies from the TCGA and other major studies. We aimed to summarise data exploring the clinical implications of specific genetic alterations, both prognostically and therapeutically, in four major urological cancers. These were renal cell carcinoma, muscle‐invasive bladder cancer/carcinoma, prostate cancer, and testicular germ cell tumours.

Results

With these four urological cancers, great strides have been made in the molecular characterisation of tumours. In particular, recent studies have focussed on identifying molecular subtypes of tumours with characteristic genetic alterations and differing prognoses. Other prognostic alterations have also recently been identified, including those pertaining to epigenetics and microRNAs. In regard to treatment, numerous options are emerging for patients with these cancers such as including immune checkpoint inhibition, epigenetic‐based treatments, and agents targeting MAPK, PI3K, and DNA repair pathways. There are a multitude of trials underway investigating the effects of these novel agents, the results of which are eagerly awaited.

Conclusions

As medicine chases the era of personalised care, it is becoming increasingly important to provide individualised prognoses for patients. Understanding how specific genetic alterations affects prognosis is key for this. It will also be crucial to provide highly targeted treatments against the specific genetics of a patient’s tumour. With work performed by the TCGA and other large consortiums, these aims are gradually being achieved. Our review provides a succinct overview of this exciting field that may underpin personalised medicine in urological oncology.
Intra‐operative fluorescence angiography is reproducible and reduces the rate of anastomotic leak after colorectal resection for cancer: a prospective case‐matched study
Authors: Wojcik M. , Doussot A. , Manfredelli S. , Duclos C. , Paquette B. , Turco C. , Heyd B. , Lakkis Z.
Published: April 2020

Aim

Intra‐operative fluorescence angiography (IOFA) with indocyanine green provides information on tissue perfusion that may help prevent an anastomotic leak (AL). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of IOFA on outcomes after left‐sided colonic or low anterior resection with anastomosis for colorectal cancer.

Methods

All patients with left‐sided colonic or rectal cancer, operated between June 2017 and December 2018, were prospectively included. IOFA has been routinely implemented since May 2018. Reproducibility of IOFA, after a 1:1 matching for relevant clinical risk factors of AL, was studied in patients with IOFA (IOFA+) and without IOFA (IOFA−). Outcomes were compared in terms of postoperative events such as clinically relevant AL as the primary end‐point.

Results

In the IOFA+ group, changing of the initially planned colon transection due to inadequate perfusion occurred in five out of 46 patients (10.9%). Agreement between intra‐operative assessment and postoperative blind review of IOFA was deemed strong (Cohen’s kappa index 0.893, 95% CI 0.788–0.998, P < 0.001). Among 111 patients, 42 matched patients were included in each group. There was significantly more clinically relevant AL in the IOFA− group compared to the IOFA+ group (16.7% vs 2.4%, P = 0.026) involving significantly more anastomotic dehiscence which required re‐intervention (19% vs 2.4%, P = 0.014). Additionally, more descending colon ischaemia/necrosis was observed in the IOFA− group compared with the IOFA+ group (9.5% vs 0%, P = 0.040).

Conclusion

In this prospective case‐matched study, IOFA decreased the occurrence of clinically relevant AL due to necrosis of the descending colon or anastomosis. Upon blind review, perfusion assessment using IOFA was reproducible.
Energy consumption does not change after selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Zaino Nicole L , Steele Katherine M , Donelan J Maxwell , Schwartz Michael H
Published: April 2020

Aim

To determine whether energy consumption changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) among children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

We retrospectively evaluated net nondimensional energy consumption during walking among 101 children with bilateral spastic CP who underwent SDR (59 males, 42 females; median age [5th centile, 95th centile] 5y 8mo [4y 2mo, 9y 4mo]) compared to a control group of children with CP who did not undergo SDR. The control group was matched by baseline age, spasticity, and energy consumption (56 males, 45 females; median age [5th centile, 95th centile] 5y 8mo [4y 1mo, 9y 6mo]). Outcomes were compared at baseline and follow‐up (SDR: mean [SD] 1y 7mo [6mo], control: 1y 8mo [8mo]).

Results

The SDR group had significantly greater decreases in spasticity compared to matched controls (–42% SDR vs –20% control, p<0.001). While both groups had a modest reduction in energy consumption between visits (–12% SDR, –7% control), there was no difference in change in energy consumption (p=0.11) or walking speed (p=0.56) between groups.

Interpretation

The SDR group did not exhibit greater reductions in energy consumption compared to controls. The SDR group had significantly greater spasticity reduction, suggesting that spasticity had minimal impact on energy consumption during walking in CP. These results support prior findings that spasticity and energy consumption decrease with age in CP. Identifying matched control groups is critical for outcomes research involving children with CP to account for developmental changes.
What do clinicians and clinical researchers need to know about psychosocial and neurocognitive constructs?
Authors: Huijbregts Stephan
Published: April 2020

This commentary is on the original article Payne by et al. on pages 813–819 of this issue.
Identification lncRNA LOC102551149/miR‐23a‐5p pathway in hepatic fibrosis
Authors: Dong Zhiheng , Li Sha , Si Lengge , Ma Ruilian , Bao Lidao , Bo Agula
Published: April 2020

Background

Hepatic fibrosis is a worldwide incurable disease; due to the complex and unclear mechanism, there lack the effective therapeutic targets. However, the mechanism of miR‐23a‐5p underling this pathological process is largely not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of miR‐23a‐5p in hepatic fibrosis and HSC activation.

Methods

The content of miR‐23a‐5p in hepatic fibrosis induced by N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and HSC activation induced by platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) was detected by qRT‐PCR. H&E staining, Masson staining and Shear wave electrography (SWE) were used to detect the degree of hepatic fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry staining, qRT‐PCR and Western blot detect the related markers of liver fibrosis or HSC activation, as well as the related pathway genes and proteins. Dual‐luciferase reporter system verifies the interaction between miR‐23a‐5p with PTEN or miR‐23a‐5p with lncRNA LOC102551149 in HSC‐T6. siRNA and miRNA mimic transfer to HSC‐T6 to detect the function of lncRNA LOC102551149 and miR‐23a‐5p on HSC activation.

Results

After hepatic fibrosis and HSC activation happened, the expression of miR‐23a‐5p was up‐regulated, whereas anti‐miR‐23a‐5p can alleviate hepatic fibrosis and HSC activation. Further research shows miR‐23a‐5p can target PTEN and degrade it, causing activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Snail pathway. lncRNA LOC102551149 can be used as a competition endogenous RNA (ceRNA) targeting miR‐23a‐5p through base pairing, and siRNA LOC102551149 or exogenous miR‐23a‐5p can induce HSC activation through PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Snail pathway.

Conclusion

We demonstrate mechanism pathway of miR‐23a‐5p on hepatic fibrosis and HSC activation, which may develop a therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis.
Assessment of dentists’ behaviour on the use of patients’ images
Authors: Costa Eliana Dantas , Martins Luciano Augusto Cano , Cral Wilson Gustavo , Peroni Leonardo Vieira , Freitas Deborah Queiroz , Oliveira Matheus Lima
Published: April 2020

Background

Photographs and radiographs are indispensable resources for dental education, research and dissemination of clinical cases in scientific journals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behaviour of dentists on the use of patients’ images.

Material and Methods

Fifty‐two dentists were interviewed using a semi‐structured script containing open‐ended questions on the use of patients’ images. The answers were analysed using a qualitative‐quantitative method of the discourse of the collective subject, and the distribution of the absolute and relative frequency of the answers was presented according to the central ideas obtained from the discourses.

Results

The following central ideas on the use of patients’ images were identified: (a) purpose: didactic and/or academic; (b) informed consent: verbal or absent when the patient cannot be identified; (c) discussion groups on social media contribute to learning; (d) most dentists would not appreciate and sue the author if they had their own photographs/imaging examinations posted on social media; 5. most dentists received some information on ethical regulations during dental school and state that images can be used with patient authorisation, without identification and for didactic/academic purposes.

Conclusion

Dentists consider the use of patients’ images for didactic and scientific purposes beneficial, request informed consent to share mainly images that reveal the identity and would not appreciate if their personal images were shared without consent.
In vivo electrophysiological validation of DREADD‐based modulation of pallidal neurons in the non‐human primate
Authors: Deffains Marc , Nguyen Tho Haï , Orignac Hugues , Biendon Nathalie , Dovero Sandra , Bezard Erwan , Boraud Thomas
Published: April 2020

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are widely used in rodents to manipulate neuronal activity and establish causal links between structure and function. Their utilization in non‐human primates (NHPs) is, however, limited and their efficacy still debated. Here, we recorded and examined the neuronal activity in the hM4Di DREADD‐transduced and hM4Di DREADD‐free GPe of two anesthetized animals following local intra‐GPe microinjection of clozapine‐N‐oxide (CNO). Our results revealed that the neuronal activity of the well‐isolated units recorded in the hM4Di DREADD‐transduced GPe exhibited diverse patterns in timing and polarity (increase/decrease) of firing rate modulations following CNO injection. Nevertheless, significant decreases in activity were more frequent (and more pronounced) than significant increases in activity during CNO injection (6/18 vs. 3/18 units) and were exclusive after CNO Injection (8/18 units). In contrast, only one of the 8 well‐isolated units recorded in hM4Di DREADD‐free GPe exhibited a significant increase in activity after CNO injection. Overall, the number of units exhibiting a significant period‐related decrease following CNO injection was significantly larger in hM4Di DREADD‐transduced GPe than in the hM4Di DREADD‐free GPe (8/18 [44.4%] vs. 0/8 [0%]). Moreover, postmortem histochemical analysis revealed that hM4Di DREADDs were expressed at high level in the GPe neurons located in the vicinity of the viral vector injection sites. Our results therefore show in vivo hM4Di DREADD‐based inhibition of pallidal neurons in the NHP model and reinforce the view that DREADD technology can be effective in NHPs.
Quantitative sensory testing of the equine face
Authors: Veres‐Nyéki Kata O. , Nyéki József , Bodó Gábor , Spadavecchia Claudia
Published: April 2020

Background

Quantitative sensory testing methods are now standard in the evaluation of sensory function in man, while few normal equine values have been reported.

Objectives

The aim of this experimental study was (a) to define the tactile sensory, mechanical nociceptive and thermal nociceptive thresholds of the equine face; (b) to assess the effect of age, sex, stimulation site and shaving; (c) to evaluate the reliability of the methods and (d) to provide reference facial quantitative sensory testing values.

Study design

Method description.

Methods

Thirty‐four healthy Warmblood horses were used in the study. Six (tactile sensory threshold) and five (mechanical nociceptive and thermal nociceptive thresholds) areas of the left side of the face with clear anatomical landmarks were evaluated. Ten horses had two (mechanical nociceptive threshold) or three (tactile sensory and thermal nociceptive thresholds) of these areas shaved for another study. A linear Mixed model was used for data analysis.

Results

All thresholds increased with age (tactile sensory threshold: by 0.90 g/y (CI = [0.12 g; 0.36 g]) P = .001; mechanical nociceptive threshold: by 0.25 N/y (CI = [0.13‐0.36 N]) P = .000; thermal nociceptive threshold: by 0.2°C/y (CI = [0.055‐0.361]) P = .008). Sex had no effect on thresholds (tactile sensory threshold: P = .1; mechanical nociceptive threshold: P = .09; thermal nociceptive threshold: P = .2). Stimulation site affected tactile sensory and mechanical nociceptive thresholds (P = .001 and P = .008), but not thermal nociceptive threshold (P = .9). Shaving had no significant effect on any of the thresholds (tactile sensory threshold: P = .06; mechanical nociceptive threshold: P = .08; thermal nociceptive threshold: P = .09).

Main limitations

Only the left side was investigated and measurements were obtained on a single occasion.

Conclusions

Handheld quantitative sensory testing does not require shaving or clipping to provide reliable measurements. Stimulation over the nostril (tactile sensory threshold), temporomandibular joint (mechanical nociceptive threshold) and supraorbital foramen (thermal nociceptive threshold) resulted in the most consistent thresholds.
DNA barcoding of fish eggs collected off northwestern Cuba and across the Florida Straits demonstrates egg transport by mesoscale eddies
Authors: Kerr Makenzie , Browning Jeremy , Bønnelycke Eva‐Maria , Zhang Yingjun , Hu Chuanmin , Armenteros Maickel , Murawski Steven , Peebles Ernst , Breitbart Mya
Published: April 2020

Identifying spawning sites for broadcast spawning fish species is a key element of delineating critical habitat for managing and regulating marine fisheries. Genetic barcoding has enabled accurate taxonomic identification of individual fish eggs, overcoming limitations of morphological classification techniques. In this study, planktonic fish eggs were collected at 23 stations along the northwestern coast of Cuba and across the Florida Straits to United States waters. A total of 564 fish eggs were successfully identified to 89 taxa within 30 families, with the majority of taxa resolved to species. We provide new spawning information for Luvarus imperialis (Louvar), Bothus lunatus (Plate Fish), Eumegistus illustris (Brilliant Pomfret), and many economically important species. Data from most sites supported previously established patterns of eggs from neritic fish species being found on continental shelves and oceanic species spawning over deeper waters. However, some sites deviated from this pattern, with eggs from reef‐associated fish species detected in the deep waters of the Florida Straits and pelagic species detected in the shallow, continental shelf waters off the coast of northwestern Cuba. Further investigation using satellite imagery revealed the presence of a mesoscale cyclonic eddy that likely entrained neritic fish eggs and transported them into the Florida Straits. The technique of combining DNA‐based fish egg identification with remotely‐sensed hydrodynamics provides an important new tool for assessing the interplay of regional oceanography with fish spawning strategies.
Evaluation of an implementation project: The exercise physiology in aged care program
Authors: Parfitt Gaynor , Post Dannielle , Penington Alison , Davison Kade , Corlis Megan
Published: April 2020

Aim

It is important for older adults to maintain the ability to be physically active, and to experience the benefits that physical activity brings. This study evaluates a 12‐week Accredited Exercise Physiologist‐led exercise program for vulnerable older adults living with dementia, delivered in a residential aged care facility in South Australia. The value of the program was also evaluated from the perspective of partners‐in‐care (family members and care staff).

Methods

Participants (n = 59) were randomized to either an intervention or control group, based on their functional and cognitive status. Physical function, cognitive function and habitual physical activity were assessed at baseline and post‐intervention. In total, 51 family members and 44 care staff completed surveys or participated to understand their perspectives of residents' capacity to exercise, as well as their perceptions of the impact of the program.

Results

Repeated measures ANOVA identified evidence for maintenance of physical function (timed‐up‐and‐go [ɳ2 = 0.19], handgrip strength [ɳ2 = 0.13]); however, there were no differences for objectively measured habitual activity or cognitive function. Evidence for a dose effect was demonstrated for the 2‐min walk and timed‐up‐and‐go associated with the number of individual sessions attended by a participant. Partners‐in‐care perceived greater improvement compared with deterioration across all measured factors [(P < 0.01, partial eta2 (ɳ2) =0.19] ranged from 0.35 to 0.78) post‐intervention. Perceptions and expectations of who could benefit from participation were changed (P < 0.05) and indicated that all but the most severely declined residents would be likely to benefit.

Conclusions

Data supporting the maintenance for some physical functions suggest that this type of program should be considered for older adults living with dementia in residential aged care facilities. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••–••.
Factors influencing Cinnamon Teal nest attendance patterns
Authors: Setash Casey M. , Kendall William L. , Olson David
Published: April 2020

Patterns of nest attendance in birds result from complex behaviours and influence the success of reproductive events. Incubation behaviours vary based on individual body condition, energy requirements and environmental factors. We assessed nest attendance patterns in Cinnamon Teal Spatula cyanoptera breeding in the San Luis Valley of Colorado in 2016–2017 using trail and video cameras to observe behaviours throughout incubation. We evaluated the effect of temporal, life‐history and environmental covariates on the frequency and duration of incubation recesses as well as the incubation constancy. There was considerable model uncertainty among the models used to evaluate recess frequency. Recess duration varied according to the interaction between nest age and a quadratic effect of time of day, with hens on older nests taking longer recesses in the afternoon and hens on nests earlier in incubation taking longer recesses in the morning and evening. Incubation constancy decreased with higher ambient temperatures in the study area. This study provides evidence that Cinnamon Teal modify their behaviour during incubation according to the age of the nest and the time of day. These results improve our knowledge of Cinnamon Teal breeding ecology and shed light on the behaviours that fast‐lived species may use to cope with environmental factors during nesting.
Efficacy and safety of mirabegron for the treatment of low compliance bladder resulting from sacral/infrasacral lesions: A prospective study
Authors: Vasudeva Pawan , Yadav Siddharth , Madersbacher Helmut , Kumar Niraj , Prasad Vishnu , Saurav Kumar , Kumar Ramesh , Borah Diganta
Published: April 2020

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of mirabegron in patients with sacral/infrasacral lesions who have an acontractile detrusor and develop a low compliance bladder.

Methods

This prospective study included adult patients with acontractile detrusor as a result of sacral/infrasacral lesions who develop a low compliance bladder (compliance <20 mL/cmH2O). All patients were asked to make a 48‐h clean intermittent catheterization diary and underwent invasive urodynamics evaluation at the baseline, and were started on mirabegron 50 mg once daily. Patients were re‐evaluated at 6 weeks with a repeat clean intermittent catheterization diary and invasive urodynamics, and the efficacy and safety of mirabegron was assessed.

Results

A total of 17 patients were included. After 6 weeks of mirabegron therapy, the number of patients reporting leakage in between clean intermittent catheterization reduced from seven to two (P = 0.02), the end filling pressures reduced from 41.4 to 15.1 cmH2O (P = 0.003), the compliance increased from 9.8 to 99.9 mL/cmH2O (P = 0.000), and the number of patients where the end filling pressure was >40 cmH2O reduced from eight to one (P = 0.02). The cystometric bladder capacity did not change significantly. Similar effects were noted in patients who were already on clean intermittent catheterization or were started on clean intermittent catheterization at inclusion in the study. Mirabegron was well tolerated, none of the patients discontinued therapy or reported major side‐effects.

Conclusions

Mirabegron reduces end filling pressure, improves compliance and is safe in patients with a low compliance bladder resulting from a sacral/infrasacral lesion.
Parents with psychosis and their children: experiences of Beardslee’s intervention
Authors: Strand Jennifer , Meyersson Niklas
Published: April 2020

To meet children’s needs for information and support when a parent has a mental illness, Beardslee’s family intervention was implemented in Swedish psychosis care. The present study aimed to gain understanding of how parents’ with psychosis and their children experienced having taken part in Beardslee’s family intervention. The study followed COREQ guidelines. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants (8 parents with psychosis and 7 children) who had participated in the family intervention. Data were analysed with content analysis. Results showed that the parents perceived that the intervention had contributed to improved illness knowledge, communication, and understanding in the family. They also appreciated receiving support in finding an age‐adapted way of explaining their illness, but asked for structured follow‐ups in order to maintain communication. However, comparing parents’ and children’s interviews led to discrepancies in perceptions of the overall benefits of the intervention. In conclusion, parents with psychosis need continual support in talking to their children about their illness. Furthermore, discrepancies between parents’ and children’s interviews show the importance of multi‐perspective data collection when studying intervention effects.
Reinvestigation of the photostrictive effect in lanthanum‐modified lead zirconate titanate ferroelectrics
Authors: Chen Chen , Li Xiu , Lu Teng , Liu Yun , Yi Zhiguo
Published: April 2020

Photostriction of lanthanum‐modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) was commonly attributed to the combination of anomalous photovoltaic effect and inverse piezoelectric response. Herein, distinct photostrictions are detected in both poled and unpoled PLZT ceramics under 405 and 520 nm laser illuminations. The maximum photostriction around 0.09% is obtained in unpoled PLZT under 405 nm illumination, which is nine times of previously reported value that deduced from poled PLZT. The photoelectric and photovoltaic characterizations of poled/unpoled PLZT further evidence that the detected photostriction shows no direct association with the photovoltage‐induced inverse piezoresponse. The light‐induced microstructure changes observed by in situ piezoelectric force microscopy are revealed by domain evolutions along the boundaries. The possible photostriction mechanism of PLZT is attributed to the strong photo‐induced electron‐lattice coupling, which is suggested by the light‐induced changes of the Zr/Ti‐O‐Zr/Ti bonds reflected by the power‐dependent Raman spectra. This study extends the photostriction of PLZT to visible light range and will also stimulate reappraisal of the underlying mechanism of photostrictive effect involving ferroelectrics.
Multiple late‐Pleistocene colonisation events of the Antarctic pearlwortColobanthus quitensis(Caryophyllaceae) reveal the recent arrival of native Antarctic vascular flora
Authors: Biersma Elisabeth M. , Torres‐Díaz Cristian , Molina‐Montenegro Marco A. , Newsham Kevin. K. , Vidal Marcela A. , Collado Gonzalo A. , Acuña‐Rodríguez Ian S. , Ballesteros Gabriel I. , Figueroa Christian C. , Goodall‐Copestake William P. , Leppe Marcelo A. , Cuba‐Díaz Marely , Valladares Moisés A. , Pertierra Luis R. , Convey Peter
Published: April 2020

Aim

Antarctica's remote and extreme terrestrial environments are inhabited by only two species of native vascular plants. We assessed genetic connectivity amongst Antarctic and South American populations of one of these species,Colobanthus quitensis, to determine its origin and age in Antarctica.

Location

Maritime Antarctic, sub‐Antarctic islands, South America.

Taxon

Antarctic pearlwortColobanthus quitensis(Caryophyllaceae).

Methods

Four chloroplast markers and one nuclear marker were sequenced from 270 samples from a latitudinal transect spanning 21–68° S. Phylogeographic, population genetic and molecular dating analyses were used to assess the demographic history ofC. quitensisand the age of the species in Antarctica.

Results

Maritime Antarctic populations consisted of two different haplotype clusters, occupying the northern and southern Maritime Antarctic. Molecular dating analyses suggestedC. quitensisto be a young (<1 Ma) species, with contemporary population structure derived since the late‐Pleistocene.

Main conclusions.

The Maritime Antarctic populations likely derived from two independent, late‐Pleistocene dispersal events. Both clusters shared haplotypes with sub‐Antarctic South Georgia, suggesting higher connectivity across the Southern Ocean than previously thought. The overall findings of multiple colonization events by a vascular plant species to Antarctica, and the recent timing of these events, are of significance with respect to future colonizations of the Antarctic Peninsula by vascular plants, particularly with predicted increases in ice‐free land in this area. This study fills a significant gap in our knowledge of the age of the contemporary Antarctic terrestrial biota. Adding to previous inferences on the other Antarctic vascular plant species (the grassDeschampsia antarctica), we suggest that both angiosperm species are likely to have arrived on a recent (late‐Pleistocene) time‐scale. While most major groups of Antarctic terrestrial biota include examples of much longer‐term Antarctic persistence, the vascular flora stands out as the first identified terrestrial group that appears to be of recent origin.
Plio‐Pleistocene sea‐level changes drive speciation of freshwater fishes in north‐western Australia
Authors: Shelley James J. , Swearer Stephen E. , Dempster Tim , Adams Mark , Le Feuvre Matthew C. , Hammer Michael P. , Unmack Peter J.
Published: April 2020

Aim

Despite the influence of sea‐level changes on biogeographic/phylogeographic patterns in freshwater ecosystems being well documented, studies that explicitly link the influence of sea‐level change with speciation are rare. We aim to test the hypothesis that sea‐level changes during the Pliocene and Pleistocene have driven speciation in north‐western Australia's (NWA’s) largest freshwater fish family, Terapontidae, building upon a body of evolutionary literature focussed on the family.

Location

North‐western Australian rivers including those draining the Kimberley Plateau.

Taxon

Grunters (Family: Terapontidae, Genera: Hannia, Hephaestus, Leiopotherapon, Syncomistes).

Methods

A GIS was used to reconstruct palaeodrainages during lowered sea levels and to delineate regions of high connectivity during low and high (current) sea‐level conditions. For seven species, the degree of phylogenetic divergence among river basins in different regions was evaluated using a maximum likelihood phylogeny and analyses of the proportion of genetic divergence expressed with 601 base pairs of the mtDNA cytochrome b (cytb) gene.

Results

A low proportion of cytb haplotypes were shared among catchments not connected by the same receiving waters (e.g. estuaries) under current (high) sea levels, indicating that contemporary dispersal is limited over fine spatial scales. Deeper phylogeographic patterns were largely congruent with reconstructed low sea‐level (LSL) drainage arrangements indicating that historic among‐catchment connectivity was far more widespread under LSL conditions.

Main Conclusions

The NWA landscape represents a geographic template that has shaped patterns of broad dispersal under low sea levels, and fine‐scale isolation under high sea levels. The weight of evidence from recent literature on species boundaries and evolutionary patterns within the terapontids suggests that most NWA species were derived rapidly and recently from a series of spatio‐temporal vicariant events caused by such sea‐level fluctuations during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Together, the findings provide a rare, comprehensively tested example of sea‐level change driving speciation in the tropics.
Validating the Framingham Hypertension Risk Score: A 4‐year follow‐up from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of the Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil)
Authors: Syllos Danielli Haddad , Calsavara Vinicius F. , Bensenor Isabela M. , Lotufo Paulo A.
Published: April 2020

The Framingham Heart Study published an equation that permits to estimate the 4‐year incidence of hypertension among adults. In Brazil, only the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil) of 15 105 men and women aged 35‐74 years enrolled in 2008‐2010 has data that can validate the Framingham Risk Score for Hypertension and create a new equation according to the Brazilian population. We examined the predictive performance of the Framingham Risk Score for Hypertension in the ELSA‐Brasil using as an outcome variable, the 4‐year incidence of hypertension. We split randomly the 8027 participants who participated in the second visit (2012‐2014) and without hypertension at baseline in derivation data set (n = 4825; 60%) and a validation data set (n = 3202 participants; 40%). The area under the curve for Framingham Risk Score for Hypertension and ELSA‐Brasil Risk Score was relatively similar. Hosmer‐Lemeshow chi‐squared statistic applied for the Framingham Risk Score was 3.78 (P‐value = .876) and for our model was 8.22 (P‐value = .41), disclosing good discrimination and calibration for both models. Even with these classification intervals, our model presents more underestimation of the risk, classifying 15% of the participants with new onset of hypertension in low risk vs 9% of the Framingham model and less overestimation of the risk, classifying 17% of the participants without hypertension as high risk vs 24% of the Framingham model. We concluded that the Framingham Risk Score for Hypertension has an acceptable performance when applied in the ELSA‐Brasil population with good discrimination and calibration.
Pre‐treatment impairment of oral health‐related quality of life is associated with variations in minimal clinically important differences among patients with removable partial denture treatment
Authors: Myint Oo K Zin , Fueki Kenji , Inamochi Yuka , Yoshida‐Kohno Eiko , Hayashi Yoko , Wakabayashi Noriyuki
Published: April 2020

Background

The minimal clinically important differences (MID) of the Oral Health‐related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) are the benchmark to meaningfully interpret treatment outcomes. However, there is no available information regarding the factors impact the MID variations after removable partial denture (RPD) treatment.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the pre‐treatment OHRQoL impairment on the MID in the oral health impact profile (OHIP) after RPD treatment.

Methods

In this prospective study, OHIP and Self‐reported Oral Health (SROH) questionnaires were administered to patients before and 3 months after RPD treatment. The MID in each OHIP version (OHIP‐49, OHIP‐20, OHIP‐14 and OHIP‐5) was the mean score of patients who showed a minimum SROH improvement. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the pre‐treatment OHIP summary score on the MID score.

Results

Among 248 participants who completed both evaluations, 85 (34%) patients had minimum SROH improvements after RPD treatment. Multiple regression analysis indicated that each 10‐point increase in the pre‐treatment summary OHIP score was associated with an increase in the MID score of three points for OHIP‐49 and four points for OHIP‐20, OHIP‐14 and OHIP‐5 (P < .05), after controlling for age, sex and the number of missing teeth. Therefore, the MID increased as the pre‐treatment OHRQoL was impaired.

Conclusions

The MID was accounted for by approximately one‐third of the pre‐treatment summary score, independent of the OHIP version, in the interpretation of the effects of RPD treatment on patients’ OHRQoL.
Effect of mandibular advancement device on the stomatognathic system in patients with mild‐to‐moderate obstructive sleep apnoea‐hypopnoea syndrome
Authors: Zhou Jing , Li De‐Hong , Zhu Peng‐Fei , Yi Chun‐Yan , Chang Lin , Zhang Yanan , Yang Xiang‐Hong
Published: April 2020

Objective

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes of temporomandibular joints (TMJs) through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and the electrical changes in mandibular movement and masticatory muscle surface of mild‐to‐moderate obstructive sleep apnoea‐hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) patients before and after treatment with mandibular advancement device (MAD).

Methods

This was a single‐centre, prospective study recruiting OSAHS patients undergoing treatment with MAD in Department of Stomatology, Yannan Hospital, Kunming, China. Patients were recruited from February 2015 to October 2015, and TMJ changes were observed in MRI scanning before and after 18 months of treatment with MAD in cohort 1. The second cohort of the patients were recruited from January 2014 to September 2015 and electrical changes in mandibular movement and masticatory muscle surface of patients before and after 6 months of treatment with MAD.

Results

In the cohort 1, TMJ changes analysed through MRI scanning, before and after 18‐month treatment with MAD, there was no significant deviation in the angle of joint disc position. A minor change in the position relationship between condylar process, articular disc and articular fossa but not significant was observed. There was no significant difference in the shape and magnitude of mandibular incision edge movement, percussion movement, masticatory movement and condylar central trajectory among the recruited OSAHS patients, before and after 6 months of MAD treatment as analysed through electromyography.

Conclusion

In this study, from the results it was evident that the effect of MAD on the stomatognathic system of OSAHS patients is minimal.
Medium‐chain fatty acid esters—Optimising their efficacy as anti‐Malassezia agents
Authors: Koch Christin , Pesaro Manuel , Schmaus Gerhard , Mayser Peter
Published: April 2020

Background

For fatty acid esters of monohydric alcohols, cleavage by exo‐enzymes of Malassezia (M.) spp. and release of fatty acids with antimicrobial activity have been shown recently. On skin surface, this selective activation of antimicrobial activity might result in a ‘self‐kill’ targeted locally at the site with the highest M. density.

Objectives

As for the disadvantage of strong odour, use of these esters for topical therapy is limited to low concentrations. Therefore, cleavage was also tested for monoesters of octanoic and undec‐10‐enoic acid with the bihydric alcohol propane‐1,3‐diol or the trihydric glycerol.

Methods

In an agar dilution test, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of these compounds were determined for M. furfur, M. globosa, M. sympodialis and M. restricta, respectively. GC analysis of parent compounds and liberated fatty acids was used to reveal ester cleavage.

Results

Ester cleavage started immediately. MICs for the test compounds ranged between ~1000‐8000 ppm after 14 days of incubation. 1,3‐propanediol esters, especially 3‐hydroxypropyl octanoate and 3‐hydroxypropyl undecylenate were most effective, binary combinations exerted synergistic effects.

Conclusions

The new substances are advantageous in terms of odour and substantivity and have also beneficial skin caring properties if not hydrolysed by M. spp. As a different panel of hydrolases of each single M. species is responsible for variation in efficacy among the test substances, tailored products to treat preferentially single species or blends with a broader effectivity can be designed. In vivo verification will be the next step for the successful development of this new therapeutical concept for M.associated diseases.