bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Masticatory Apparatus Performance and Functional Morphology in the Extremely Large Mice from Gough Island
Authors: Parmenter Michelle D. , Nelson Jacob P. , Weigel Sara E. , Gray Melissa M. , Payseur Bret A. , Vinyard Christopher J.
Published: December 2018

Since their arrival approximately 200 years ago, the house mice (Mus musculus) on Gough Island (GI) rapidly increased in size to become the largest wild house mice on record. Along with this extreme increase in body size, GI mice adopted a predatory diet, consuming significant quantities of seabird chicks and eggs. We studied this natural experiment to determine how evolution of extreme size and a novel diet impacted masticatory apparatus performance and functional morphology in these mice. We measured maximum bite force and jaw opening (i.e., gape) along with several musculoskeletal dimensions functionally linked to these performance measurements to test the hypotheses that GI mice evolved larger bite forces and jaw gapes as part of their extreme increase in size and/or novel diet. GI mice can bite more forcefully and open their jaws wider than a representative mainland strain of house mice. Similarly, GI mice have musculoskeletal features of the masticatory apparatus that are absolutely larger than WSB mice. However, when considered relative to body size or jaw length, as a relevant mechanical standard, GI mice show reduced performance, suggesting a size‐related decrease in these abilities. Correspondingly, most musculoskeletal features are not relatively larger in GI mice. Incisor biting leverage and condylar dimensions are exceptions, suggesting relative increases in biting efficiency and condylar rotation in GI mice. Based on these results, we hypothesize that evolutionary enhancements in masticatory performance are correlated with the extreme increase in body size and associated musculoskeletal phenotypes in Gough Island mice. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
(Poly)terephthalates with Efficient Blue Emission in the Solid State
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Shigitani Ryosuke , Kinoshita Takumi , Sakaguchi Hiroshi
Published: December 2018

We prepared dimethyl and diaryl 2,5‐dialkoxytere‐phthalates from dimethyl 2,5‐dihydroxyterephthalate in good‐to‐high yields via alkylation or a sequence of alkylation, hydrolysis, chlorination, and condensation. The absorption spectra of the dialkoxyterephthalates contain a small band at 332–355 nm, which could be assigned to intramolecular charge‐transfer transition from the alkoxy to alkoxycarbonyl groups on the basis of theoretical calculations using density functional theory. The dialkoxyterephthalates exhibited blue fluorescence with moderate‐to‐excellent quantum yields not only in solution but also in the solid state, such as a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film and a powder. The solid‐state quantum yields of the diisopropoxy‐substituted terephthalates were similar or considerably higher than those of the dimethoxy‐substituted counterparts. Copolymerization of 2,5‐diisopropoxyterephthaloyl chloride and 1,4‐butanediol with or without terephthaloyl chloride gave brilliantly blue fluorescent polymers, whose quantum yields were 0.72 and 0.71 in toluene and 0.46 and 0.40 in the neat film, respectively. Furthermore, white emission was achieved when a fluorescent yellow 2,5‐diaminoterephthalate was doped into the thin film of the blue fluorescent polymer at 0.4 wt %.
Unilateral neglect post stroke: Eye movement frequencies indicate directional hypokinesia while fixation distributions suggest compensational mechanism
Authors: Walle Kjersti M. , Nordvik Jan E. , Becker Frank , Espeseth Thomas , Sneve Markus H. , Laeng Bruno
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Eye movements and spatial attention are closely related, and eye‐tracking can provide valuable information in research on visual attention. We investigated the pathology of overt attention in right hemisphere (RH) stroke patients differing in their severity of neglect symptoms by using eye‐tracking during a dynamic attention task.

Methods

Eye movements were recorded in 26 RH stroke patients (13 with and 13 without unilateral spatial neglect, and a matched group of 26 healthy controls during a Multiple Object Tracking task. We assessed the frequency and spatial distributions of fixations, as well as frequencies of eye movements to the left and to the right side of visual space so as to investigate individuals’ efficiency of visual processing, distribution of attentional processing resources, and oculomotoric orienting mechanisms.

Results

Both patient groups showed increased fixation frequencies compared to controls. A spatial bias was found in neglect patients’ fixation distribution, depending on neglect severity (indexed by scores on the Behavioral Inattention Test). Patients with more severe neglect had more fixations within the right field, while patients with less severe neglect had more fixations within their left field. Eye movement frequencies were dependent on direction in the neglect patient group, as they made more eye movements toward the right than toward the left.

Conclusion

The patient groups’ higher fixation rates suggest that patients are generally less efficient in visual processing. The spatial bias in fixation distribution, dependent on neglect severity, suggested that patients with less severe neglect were able to use compensational mechanisms in their contralesional space. The observed relation between eye movement rates and directions observed in neglect patients provides a measure of the degree of difficulty these patients may encounter during dynamic situations in daily life and supports the idea that directional oculomotor hypokinesia may be a relevant component in this syndrome.
Fluorescent Biosensor for Detection of the R248Q Aggregation‐Prone Mutant of p53
Authors: Pellerano Morgan , Naud‐Martin Delphine , Mahuteau‐Betzer Florence , Morille Marie , Morris May C.
Published: December 2018

The p53 tumour suppressor and guardian of the genome undergoes missense mutations that lead to functional inactivation in 50 % of human cancers. These mutations occur mostly in the DNA‐binding domain of the protein, and several of these result in conformational changes that lead to amyloid‐like protein aggregation. Herein, we describe a fluorescent biosensor that reports on the R248Q mutant of p53 in vitro and in living cells, engineered through conjugation of an environmentally sensitive probe onto a peptide derived from the primary aggregation segment of p53. This biosensor was characterised both in vitro and by means of fluorescence microscopy following facilitated delivery into cultured cells. It is shown that this biosensor preferentially reports on the p53 R248Q mutant in the PC9 lung cancer cell line compared with other lung cancer cell lines harbouring either wild‐type or no p53.
Percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure during live case demonstrations
Authors: Praz Fabien , Siontis George CM , Xhigoli Adrian , Wahl Andreas , Susuri Njomeza , Stortecky Stefan , Moschovitis Aris , Räber Lorenz , Pilgrim Thomas , Windecker Stephan , Meier Bernhard
Published: December 2018

Background

Live case demonstrations serve as an educational tool for interventional techniques in cardiology. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and technical success of percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure during live case demonstrations.

Methods

All patients who had undergone percutaneous PFO closure with Amplatzer devices during live case demonstrations at our institution were consecutively included in this retrospective analysis. Procedure related events were compared with summary event rates derived from the eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating PFO closure, as well as with a propensity matched cohort of patients treated under usual conditions.

Results

From April 2004 to June 2015, 142 patients underwent percutaneous PFO closure during live demonstrations, mainly for secondary prevention of cryptogenic cerebrovascular events. The interventions were fluoroscopy guided and successful in all but three cases (2%). Minor adverse events occurred in nine patients (6%). Contrast TEE performed at about 6 months showed complete closure in 84%. No significant differences with regard to technical success and major complications rate were found compared to RCTs, except for an increased rate of minor bleeding observed during live case demonstrations (P for difference < 0.001), mainly attributable to concomitant arterial access for incidental coronary angiography performed in 70% of patients. Except for slightly longer procedure duration, no difference was found compared to a matched population treated under usual conditions.

Conclusion

Percutaneous PFO closure can be performed during live case demonstrations with the same high technical success as during routine cases.
Nitrogen and Sulfur Doped Carbon Cloth as Current Collector and Polysulfide Immobilizer for Magnesium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Muthuraj Divyamahalakshmi , Ghosh Arnab , Kumar Ajit , Mitra Sagar
Published: December 2018

The combination of Mg and S is considered as an attractive candidate for metal‐sulfur batteries due to their high volumetric energy density and adequate existence of natural resources. However, Mg−S batteries suffer from polysulfide dissolution and shuttling which leads to reduced cycle life and stability. Here we report the significance of the chemical interaction between magnesium polysulfide and N, S dual‐doped carbon cloth for improving the cycle life. Compared to undoped carbon cloth, the dual‐doped carbon cloth as current collector shows improved electrochemical performance. When the dual‐doped carbon cloth as current collector is used in Mg−S cell, it retains the capacity up to 388 mAhg−1 after 40 cycles. The mechanisms of Mg−S battery and chemical interaction of polysulfides with dopant are investigated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique. The report clearly directs a new way to improve the performance of Mg−S battery using a modified current collector.
Enhanced Electrocatalysis via Boosted Separation of Hot Charge Carriers of Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles Deposited on Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Liao Xue‐Wei , Wang Shan‐Shan , Xu Gui‐Yin , Wang Chen
Published: December 2018

Plasmon enhancement in electrocatalysis was investigated on pure Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and an AuNPs‐reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs/rGO) hybrid. Upon localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) excitation, hot charge carriers (hot electrons and holes) generate on the AuNPs. In the experiments, hot holes were scavenged by glucose and hot electrons could be efficiently transferred to the external electric circuit under a potential bias, resulting in an observable current enhancement. Then, the hot electrons′ transfer efficiency can be quantitatively compared by the increased current response. It was found that the current density increased more obviously on the AuNPs/rGO hybrid than on pure AuNPs upon light irradiation. Due to the excellent electron mobility of rGO and the perfect electron affinity capacity, the hot electrons generated on AuNPs are efficiently transferred to the closely contacted rGO, then flow into the external circuit, generating current. The present study highlights the role of rGO in improving the separation of hot charge carriers to promote photocatalytic reactions.
Adipokines and macrophage markers during pregnancy—Possible role for sCD163 in prediction and progression of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ueland Thor , Michelsen Annika E. , Aukrust Pål , Henriksen Tore , Bollerslev Jens , Lekva Tove
Published: December 2018

Aims

The risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increased in overweight and obese women potentially involving secreted mediators from adipose tissue. Our main aim was to evaluate if circulating adipokines and monocyte/macrophage markers were dysregulated in GDM and the influence body mass and indices of glucose metabolism had on this association. We further explored if early detection of these markers improved prediction of GDM and if they remained modified during long‐term follow‐up.

Materials and methods

Population‐based prospective cohort study in 273 pregnant women with markers measured four times during pregnancy and at 5‐year follow‐up.

Results

sCD163 was higher (25% at 14‐16 weeks, P < 0.001) and adiponectin lower (−17% at 14‐16 weeks, P < 0.01) early in pregnancy and at 5‐year follow‐up in GDM women, independent of BMI, and other GDM risk factors. Leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin were robustly associated with glucose metabolism throughout pregnancy while sCD163 was inversely associated with β‐cell function early in pregnancy in women with increased BMI. Finally, the markers at 14 to 16 weeks displayed modest discriminatory properties with regard to prediction of GDM (AUC < 0.7). Using a combination of fasting glucose and sCD163, 53% of GDM could be identified when 25% of the population scored positive suggesting some merit in a multimarker approach.

Conclusions

sCD163 and adiponectin were dysregulated in GDM, independent of body mass. None of the adipokines or monocyte/macrophage activation markers displayed clinically useful properties alone for early detection of GDM. Activation of monocytes/macrophages may be an important event in the early development of GDM.
Impaired intermediate formation in mouse embryos expressing reduced levels of Tbx6
Authors: Chapman Deborah L.
Published: December 2018

Intermediate mesoderm (IM) is the strip of tissue lying between the paraxial mesoderm (PAM) and the lateral plate mesoderm that gives rise to the kidneys and gonads. Chick fate mapping studies suggest that IM is specified shortly after cells leave the primitive streak and that these cells do not require external signals to express IM‐specific genes. Surgical manipulations of the chick embryo, however, revealed that PAM‐specific signals are required for IM differentiation into pronephros—the first kidney. Here, we use a genetic approach in mice to examine the dependency of IM on proper PAM formation. In Tbx6 null mutant embryos, which form 7–9 improperly patterned anterior somites, IM formation is severely compromised, while in Tbx6 hypomorphic embryos, where somites form but are improperly patterned along the axis, the impact to IM formation is lessened. These results suggest that IM and its derivatives, the kidneys and the gonads, are directly or indirectly dependent on proper PAM formation. This has implications for humans harboring Tbx6 mutations which are known to have somite‐derived defects including congenital scoliosis.
Resolving quantum dots and peptide assembly and disassembly using bending capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Wang Jianhao , Zhu Zhilan , Jia Wenjing , Qiu Lin , Chang Yufeng , Li Jie , Ma Luping , You Ying , Wang Jianpeng , Liu Li , Xia Jiang , Liu Xiaoqian , Li Yong‐Qiang , Jiang Pengju
Published: December 2018

Despite the numerous techniques developed for the studying nanoparticle and peptide interaction nowadays, sensitive and convenient assay in the process of flow, especially to simulate the self‐assembly of quantum dots (QDs) and peptide inflow in blood vessels, still remains big challenges. Here, we report a novel assay for studying the self‐assembly of QDs and peptide, based on CE using a bending capillary. We demonstrate that the semicircles numbers of the bending capillary affect the self‐assembly kinetics of CdSe/ZnS QDs and ATTO‐D3LVPRGSGP9G2H6 peptide. Moreover, benefitting from this novel assay, the effect of the position on the self‐assembly has also been realized. More importantly, we also demonstrate that this novel assay can be used for studying the stability of the QDs–peptide complex inflow. We believe that our novel assay proposed in this work could be further used as a general strategy for the studying nanoparticle–biomolecule interaction or biomolecule–biomolecule interaction.
On the feedback between water turbidity and microphytobenthos growth in shallow tidal environments
Authors: Pivato Mattia , Carniello Luca , Moro Isabella , D'Odorico Paolo
Published: December 2018

Shallow tidal environments (e.g. bays, estuaries, lagoons) represent one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, and they are threatened by current climate change and increasing human pressure. Monitoring the bio‐morphodynamic evolution of these environments is therefore a crucial task that requires a detailed and holistic scrutiny. The present study aims to investigate the temperature of the water–sediment continuum, its effect on the related microphytobenthos (MPB) growth and the related bio‐stabilization of the bed sediment surface under different water depth and water turbidity conditions. We investigated the vertical energy transfer and the temperature dynamics by applying a 1‐D model to a shallow coastal lagoon. Our results show that the water temperature does not substantially change under different turbidity conditions, whereas the sediment temperature exhibits important changes. Two major factors driving the MPB photosynthetic growth are the sediment surface temperature and the light availability at the sediment bed, which can both be computed using the vertical energy transfer model. We observed that, in general, clear water conditions better promote MPB growth over the entire year. The limiting factor for the photosynthetic process is usually the light availability at the bottom, which increases under clear water conditions. As MPB provides a bio‐stabilizing effect on the bed sediments by producing a biofilm on the sediment surface that reduces sediment resuspension, our results suggest a positive feedback between MPB growth and water column turbidity. Furthermore, MPB growth and the related sediment bio‐stabilization are clearly affected by the seasonal variation of surface sediment temperature and light availability. This seasonal variation of MPB growth rate and surface sediment bio‐stabilization must be considered when studying the long‐term morphodynamic evolution of tidal environments. ©  2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Origin of the Late Permian gabbros and Middle Triassic granodiorites and their mafic microgranular enclaves from the Eastern Kunlun Orogen Belt: Implications for the subduction of the Palaeo‐Tethys Ocean and continent–continent collision
Authors: Yao Lei , Dong Shu‐Yi , Lü Zhi‐Cheng , Zhao Cai‐Sheng , Pang Zhen‐Shan , Yu Xiao‐Fei , Xue Jian‐Ling , Geng Lin , Zhang Zhi‐Hui
Published: December 2018

The geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Kunlun Orogen Belt (EKOB) during the late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic remains controversial. Here, we present new zircon UPb, element geochemical, and SrNdHf isotopic data for the Kaerqueka gabbros, granodiorites, and their mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in the Qiman Tahg area of Qinghai Province (QTQP), western EKOB, with a view to constrain their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. New LA–ICP–MS zircon UPb ages indicate that the Kaerqueka gabbro, granodiorite, and its MMEs were emplaced at 257 ± 2, 244 ± 1, and 245–244 Ma, respectively. Based on our new ages and published data, three major episodes of magmatism (ca. 263–249, 247–240, and 237–211 Ma) during the Late Permian–Triassic are recognized in the EKOB. The gabbros are characterized by low SiO2 concentrations and are potassic with high K2O contents and K2O/Na2O ratios. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large‐ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and have (87Sr/86Sr)i of 0.70737–0.70851, εNd (t) of −2.8 to −2.7 and εHf (t) of +0.7 to +2.9, indicating that the gabbros were derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle which was affected by slab‐derived fluids or melts. The MMEs and host granodiorites are enriched in LREEs and depleted in high‐field‐strength elements and have (87Sr/86Sr)i of 0.71090–0.71129, εNd (t) of −6.58 to −5.21, and εHf (t) of −5.3 to −1.8. Indistinguishable crystallization age, trace element pattern and isotopic compositions between the MMEs and host granodiorites indicate that they are cogenetic and were dominantly originated from the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic juvenile mafic lower crust. Combined with our new results and published geological, geochronological, and geochemical data, we propose that the subduction of the Palaeo‐Tethyan Ocean lasted from Late Permian to Early Triassic, and that the onset of the collision mostly occurred during the Middle Triassic in the EKOB.
Health literacy, sociodemographic factors, and cognitive training in the active study of older adults
Authors: Verney Steven P. , Gibbons Laura E. , Dmitrieva Natalia O. , Kueider Alexandra M. , Williams Michael W. , Meyer Oanh L. , Manly Jennifer J. , Sisco Shannon M. , Marsiske Michael
Published: December 2018

Objective

Health literacy is critical for understanding information from health‐care providers and correct use of medications and includes the capacity to filter other information in navigating health care systems. Older adults with low health literacy exhibit more chronic health conditions, worse physical functioning, and poorer mental health. This study examined the relationship between sociodemographic variables and health literacy, and the impact of cognitive training on change in health literacy over 10 years in older adults.

Methods

Participants (N = 2,802) aged 65 years and older completed assessments, including reading and numeracy health literacy items, as part of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study. We evaluated baseline sociodemographic variables and change in health literacy over a 10‐year period in individuals exposed to cognitive training in reasoning, processing speed, memory, or a no‐contact control condition.

Results

Age, sex, race, education level, and general cognitive functioning at baseline were all associated with baseline health literacy in older adults. Predictors of change in health literacy over the 10‐year follow‐up were age, race, education level, general cognitive functioning, and neighborhood income; disparities in health literacy because of race attenuated over time, while the effect of age increased over time. Health literacy was generally stable across the ACTIVE intervention groups over 10 years.

Conclusions

The present study showed important disparities in health literacy level and change over 10 years. Cognitive training did not significantly impact health literacy, suggesting that alternative approaches are needed to reduce the disparities.
Physical modification of carbon nanotubes with a dendrimer bearing terminal mercaptoundecahydrododecaborates (Na2B12H11S)
Authors: Yamagami Masahiro , Tajima Tomoyuki , Ishimoto Kango , Miyake Hideaki , Michiue Hiroyuki , Takaguchi Yutaka
Published: December 2018

The thiol‐substituted B12‐cluster mercaptoundecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborate Na2[B12H11SH] (BSH) was successfully attached to a poly(amido)amine (PAMAM) dendrimer, which contains a bis(decyloxy)decane core. The physical modification of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with dendrimer(SB12)4 afforded a SWCNT/dendrimer(SB12)4 nanohybrid that exhibited NIR‐I‐to‐NIR‐II fluorescence. Herein, we describe a promising strategy for in vivo imaging of boron clusters that may be widely applicable to boron neutron capture therapy.
Cancer risk among children conceived by fertility treatment
Authors: Wang Tingting , Chen Lizhang , Yang Tubao , Wang Lesan , Zhao Lijuan , Zhang Senmao , Ye Ziwei , Chen Letao , Zheng Zan , Qin Jiabi
Published: December 2018

Prior studies on the association between fertility treatment and childhood cancer risk have generated inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observation studies to summarize the evidence regarding the relation of fertility treatment with childhood cancer risk. A systematic literature search of several databases was conducted through April 2018 to identify relevant studies. The outcomes of interest included overall cancer, haematological malignancies, neural tumours, other solid tumours, and eight specific cancers. The overall risk estimates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analysis. Sixteen cohort and thirteen case–control studies were included. Results showed that children conceived by fertility treatment had significantly higher risk for developing overall cancer (relative risk [RR]: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.32), haematological malignancies (RR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.60) and other solid tumours (RR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.16). For specific cancers, fertility treatment was associated with a significantly increased risk of leukaemia (RR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.57) and hepatic tumours (RR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.32, 3.85). Sensitivity analysis validated evidence of the robustness of the findings. The results may demonstrate a possible association between fertility treatment and an increased risk of cancer among the offspring. However, the findings cannot say whether this increased risk is due to the subfertility itself or to the fertility treatment. Further research is needed to address the underlying mechanisms.
Methylene blue regulates inflammatory response in osteoarthritis by noncoding long chain RNA CILinc02
Authors: Zheng Jiapeng , Li Qiang
Published: December 2018

Long noncoding RNAs serve as novel regulatory molecules involved in various biological processes, but their role in osteoarthritis (OA) remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the inflammatory mechanisms regulated by CILinc02 and methylene blue in human osteoarthritic cartilage and to explore the potential functions of CILinc02 and methylene blue in OA. The expression level of CILinc02 in OA cartilage tissues and primary cells was obtained using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). The cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL‐1), IL‐6, IL‐17, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), involved in the degradation of chondrocyte in CILinc02 knockdown OA primary cells, which were treated with methylene blue that were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, qRT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. The results showed that CILinc02 was overexpressed in osteoarthritic cartilage tissues and in OA primary cells, but methylene blue can inhibit the expression of CILinc02. In addition, overexpression of CILinc02 induced the inflammation and apoptosis in primary OA cells, however, the effect of methylene blue was reversed compared to CILinc02. Meanwhile, methylene blue can regulate the expression of TIMP‐1, MMP‐1, and MMP‐13 proteins, thereby suppressing the degradation of chondrocyte in OA. This evidence indicates that methylene blue can act as an inflammatory inhibitor by targeting CILinc02 to regulate the inflammatory response.
The role of Bag2 in neurotoxicity induced by the anesthetic sevoflurane
Authors: Qi Jinlian , Jia Yingping , Wang Wenhua , Lu Haibing , Wang Yuan , Li Zhengchen
Published: December 2018

Sevoflurane is the most commonly used general anesthetic in pediatric patients. But preclinical studies indicate that sevoflurane could have neurotoxicity in newborn and old animals, and this raises concern regarding its safety. In this study, we explored the potential mechanisms of sevoflurane‐induced neurotoxicity in human SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells. We showed that prolonged exposure to 2% sevoflurane caused a significant increase in the Bag family protein Bag2 in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. We investigated the possible role of Bag2 upon exposure to sevoflurane by silencing Bag2 in neuronal cells. Knockdown of Bag2 caused increased overall reactive oxygen species (ROS) and generation of lipid peroxidation products 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE). Upon sevoflurane exposure, Bag2‐silent cells have reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase activity. Under the sevoflurane treatment, Bag2‐deficient cells have reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, while knockdown cells have less viability and higher lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release as well as a higher percentage of apoptotic cells. The knockdown cells also had higher levels of mitochondrial cytochrome C release, a higher ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2 and increased caspase cleavage by sevoflurane. Overall, our data support an important role of Bag2 in sevoflurane‐induced neurotoxicity.
Asperyellone prevents HDF cells from UVB irradiation damages: An elaborated study
Authors: Santhakumaran Iswarya , Shanuja Sailaja Kesavan , Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan , Gnanamani Arumugam
Published: December 2018

The current study explores the photo‐protective effect of asperyellone (AY) (a fungal secondary metabolite), assessed under in vitro condition using human dermal fibroblast cell line. AY was isolated from Aspergillus sp. during the resting phase and purified. The initial cytocompatibility assessment on concentrations of AY and the duration of exposure of UVB irradiations were studied respectively. N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) was used as positive control. Cells were then pretreated with optimized concentration of AY (2.0 μM) and NAC (1 mM) for 1 hour and then UVB irradiated (30 mJ/cm
2) for the period of 10 minutes. Results revealed that reactive oxygen species generated upon UVB irradiation found scavenged by the AY pretreatment at a significant level. Furthermore, an appreciable reduction in apoptotic cell count and DNA damages support the scavenging effect of AY. Assessments on the expression of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants evidently prove the protective role of AY. The reduced expression levels of inflammatory markers (TNF‐α and COX‐2), collagen degraders (MMP 2 and MMP 9), apoptotic protein expressions (Bax and Bcl‐2), and cell‐cycle arrest analyses substantiate the photo‐protective effect of AY similar to NAC (positive control). Thus, the observations made in the current study indicate the possible role of AY as a photo‐protective agent.
SIRT3 inhibited the formation of calcium oxalate‐induced kidney stones through regulating NRF2/HO‐1 signaling pathway
Authors: Xi Junhua , Jing Junfeng , Zhang Yanbin , Liang Chaozhao , Hao Zongyao , Zhang Li , Chen Yang
Published: December 2018

Oxidative stress is important for the calcium oxalate (CaOx)‐induced kidney stone formation. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) plays an essential role in the amelioration of oxidative damages. This study aims to explore the effect of SIRT3 on the formation of CaOx‐induced kidney stones and the underlying mechanism. SIRT3 expression in renal tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis in renal tissues was examined by TUNEL staining. Crystal‐cell adherence and cell apoptosis in HK‐2 cells were assessed by analyzing Ca2+ concentration and by the flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Protein expression of SIRT3, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (NRF2), heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), and Bax in renal tissues or HK‐2 cells was examined by Western blot analysis. Renal pathological changes and the adhesion of CaOx crystals in the kidneys were examined by hematoxylin‐eosin and von Kossa staining, respectively. Human kidneys with stones showed enhanced renal apoptosis, downregulated SIRT3 expression, and upregulated NRF2/HO‐1 expression, compared with the controls. Furthermore, SIRT3 overexpression inhibited the CaOx‐induced promotion of crystal‐cell adherence and cell apoptosis in human proximal tubular cell line HK‐2 cells, which was reversed by the NRF2 knockdown. Moreover, our in vivo assay further confirmed that SIRT3 overexpression alleviated the glyoxylate administration‐induced renal damage, renal apoptosis, and crystals deposition in the kidneys from the stone model mice, which was also associated with its activation of the NRF2/HO‐1 pathway. Our findings support the notion that overexpression of SIRT3 may inhibit the formation of CaOx‐induced kidney stones, at least in part, through regulating the NRF2/HO‐1 signaling pathway.
Knockdown of FOXO6 inhibits high glucose–induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Zhou Zhuolin , Liu Jing , Bi Chunchao , Chen Li , Jiao Yang , Cui Lijun
Published: December 2018

Oxidative stress and apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelium cells are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Forkhead box class O 6 (FOXO6) is a member of the FOXO family that can regulate diabetes‐induced oxidative stress. However, the role of FOXO6 in DR has not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of FOXO6 on high glucose (HG)‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in ARPE‐19 cells. The results showed that FOXO6 was overexpressed in clinical vitreous samples from DR patients and in HG‐induced ARPE‐19 cells. Knockdown of FOXO6 by small interfeing RNA targeting FOXO6 (si‐FOXO6) mitigated the HG‐induced the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, as well as the inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity. Knockdown of FOXO6 reduced the rate of cell apoptosis in HG‐induced ARPE‐19 cells. The increase in bax expression and decrease in bcl‐2 expression caused by HG stimulation were reversed by si‐FOXO6 transfection. Furthermore, knockdown of FOXO6 enhanced the activation of Akt/Nrf2 pathway in HG‐stimulated ARPE‐19 cells. Taken together, suppression of FOXO6 protects ARPE‐19 cells from HG‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, which is in part mediated by the activation of Akt/Nrf2 pathway.
microRNA‐183 improve myocardial damager via NF‐kb pathway: In vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Xing Jie , Xie Ting , Tan Wei , Li Ruzheng , Yu Cheng , Han Xiaohu
Published: December 2018

Aim

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of microRNA‐183 (miRNA‐183) in myocardial damager.

Methods

In the cell experiment, the H9C2 cell was divided into three groups: NC group, Model group, and miRNA group. The cell apoptosis and relative proteins’ expressions were measured by flow cytometry and Western blot assay. The in vivo study of the rats was divided into three groups: Sham group, Model group, and miRNA group. The pathology, Infarct size, cell apoptosis, and relative protein expressions were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, nitro blue tetrazolium staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling assay, and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Compared with NC groups, the in vitro and in vivo study showed that cell apoptosis rate of miRNA groups was significantly suppressed (P < 0.05). The pathology and infarct size of miRNA group were significantly improved compared with the NC group. Meanwhile, the relative proteins expression (nuclear factor‐κB [NF‐kb], caspase‐3, Bax, and Bcl‐2) of miRNA groups were significantly different compared with those of NC groups (
P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In vitro and in vivo study revealed that miRNA‐183 improves myocardial damager through the NF‐κb pathway.
Chiral‐selective etching effects on carbon nanotube growth at edge carbon atoms
Authors: Kimura Ryuto , Hijikata Yuh , Eveleens Clothilde A. , Page Alister J. , Irle Stephan
Published: December 2018

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) utilizing metal cluster nanoparticle catalysts is commonly used to synthesize carbon nanotubes (CNT), with oxygen‐containing species such as water or alcohol included in the feedstock for enhanced yield. However, the etching effect of these additives on the growth mechanism has rarely been investigated, despite evidence suggesting that etching potentially affects the chirality distribution of product CNTs. We used quantum chemical methods to study how water‐based etchant radicals (OH and H) may enhance the chiral selectivity during CVD growth using CNT cap models. Chemical reactivities of the caps with the etchant radicals were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT). It was found that the reactivities on the cap edges correlate with the chirality of the caps. These results suggest that proper selection of etchant species can provide opportunities for selective chirality control of the product CNTs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supporting positive parenting practices within a community‐based music therapy group program: Pilot study findings
Authors: Teggelove Kate , Thompson Grace , Tamplin Jeanette
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of a short‐term, community‐based music therapy group program on positive parenting practices. Parent–child dyads receiving early intervention family services (N = 199) participated in 8 weekly, 45–60 minute, music‐based group play sessions. We analyzed pre–post parent self‐reports that measured parenting competency and clinician‐observed ratings of parental responsiveness that evaluated behavioral domains of play, praise, and consistency. Significant results were found for parent‐reported efficacy (p = 0.008, d = 0.21) and satisfaction (p = 0.004, d = 0.19) but not for interest (p = 0.149, d = 0.12). Significant results were found for clinician‐rated observations of parental responsiveness, including play (p < 0.001), praise (p < 0.001), and consistency (p < 0.001). Short‐term, music‐based parenting programs may be an effective way to improve parents’ sense of competency and foster greater parental responsiveness for those receiving family services.
Frontline Science: Staphylococcus aureus promotes receptor-interacting protein kinase 3- and protease-dependent production of IL-1β in human neutrophils
Authors: Kremserova Silvie , Nauseef William M
Published: December 2018

Microbial infection elicits robust immune responses that initially depend on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which ingest and kill invading bacteria. However, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) remain viable within PMN and prompt their lysis with concomitant release of damage-associated molecular patterns and proinflammatory cytokines that promote additional inflammation. Here, we show that ultrapure human PMN (>99.8% pure) that have ingested CA-MRSA released interleukin (IL)-1β but not IL-18. The ingested CA-MRSA needed to be viable, and phagocytosis alone was insufficient to stimulate IL-1β secretion from PMN fed CA-MRSA. In contrast to PMN response to the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome agonist nigericin, IL-1β secretion by PMN fed CA-MRSA occurred independently of NLRP3 inflammasome or caspase-1 activation and required instead active receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) but not RIPK1. Furthermore, inhibition of neutrophil serine proteases blocked pro-IL-1β cleavage in PMN fed CA-MRSA. Taken together, our data suggest that with respect to secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, PMN differ from human macrophages and exhibit agonist-specific responses. After phagocytosis of CA-MRSA, human PMN secreted IL-1β through a previously unrecognized mechanism dependent on RIPK3 and serine proteases but independent of canonical NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 activation.
Spatial assessment of the performance of multiple high‐resolution satellite‐based precipitation data sets over the Middle East
Authors: El Kenawy Ahmed M. , McCabe Matthew F. , Lopez‐Moreno Juan I. , Hathal Yossef , Robaa S. M. , Al Budeiri Ahmed L. , Jadoon Khan Zaib , Abouelmagd Abdou , Eddenjal Ali , Domínguez‐Castro Fernando , Trigo Ricardo M. , Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M.
Published: December 2018

This study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of the performance of three globally high‐resolution remotely sensed products in replicating the main characteristics of rainfall over the Middle East, with special emphasis on extreme wet events. Specifically, we employed daily observational data from a network of rain gauges (N = 217), spanning the retrospective period 1998–2013 and covering six countries in the Middle East (i.e., Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Syria), against data derived from three global satellite‐based precipitation products: the Version 7 TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42 product (TRMM‐3B42), the Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique (CMORPH), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN). Alongside a range of conventional statistical error measures (e.g., bias, normalized root‐mean‐square error [nRMSE] and Spearman's rho correlation coefficient), this study also gives priority to evaluate the skill of these products in reproducing characteristics of extreme wet events (e.g., frequency, intensity, duration, onset, anomaly). Results demonstrate that TRMM‐3B42 generally performs well in estimating rainfall totals during the rainy season (ONDJFMA), with a mean bias of 0.05 mm, nRMSE of 0.15 mm, and Spearman's rho of 0.74 for the whole Middle East. In contrast, PERSIANN‐CDR and CMORPH‐BLD underestimate the observed rainfall. Importantly, TRMM‐3B42 outperforms other products in reproducing the frequency and intensity of the most extreme wet events, while PERSIANN‐CDR and CMORPH‐BLD fail to reproduce these key characteristics. Notably, all products perform poorly in reproducing the climatology of the anomalous wet events in the region, indicating that careful scrutiny must be warranted before using these products, particularly for hydrological modelling. Considering the daily resolution of these remotely sensed precipitation products and their reasonable spatial resolution (0.25 × 0.25°) in comparison to available in situ data over the Middle East, results of this work provide a solid scientific reference for national stakeholders and policy makers to decide on the most useful product for their specific applications (e.g., hydrological modelling, streamflow forecasts, water resources management, and hydrometeorological hazard assessment and mitigation).
Effects of extrusion conditions on chemical properties of extruded white ginseng root hair
Authors: Ma Xuelian , Jin Zhezhi , Jin Tie
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

This study was to investigate the significant effects of extrusion process variables on chemical properties of extruded white ginseng root hair. The extrusion conditions were set as follows: barrel temperature (110 and 140 °C), moisture content (20 and 30%) and screw speed (200 and 300 rpm). The powder of white ginseng root hair was extruded as L8 (27) orthogonal experimental design.

RESULTS

The crude saponin and acidic polysaccharide contents of extrudate were significantly higher than those of raw material after extrusion. In addition, antioxidant properties were also increased, while reducing sugar content was markedly lower than that of raw material. Moisture content was the most significant factor affecting the reducing sugar, acidic polysaccharide and total phenolic contents, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity. Barrel temperature significantly affected reducing power, and screw speed significantly influenced crude saponin content.

CONCLUSIONS

The extrusion process aided in improving the amount of beneficial compounds from white ginseng root hair. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Motor endplate‐expressing cartilage‐muscle implants for reconstruction of a denervated hemilarynx
Authors: Brookes Sarah , Voytik‐Harbin Sherry , Zhang Hongji , Zhang Lujuan , Halum Stacey
Published: December 2018

Objective

Tissue engineering of the larynx requires a complex, multiple tissue layer design. Additionally, spontaneous reinnervation of the larynx after recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is often disorganized, resulting in subpar function. This study investigates use of tissue‐engineered cartilage and motor endplate‐expressing (MEE) tissue‐engineered skeletal muscle implants for laryngeal reconstruction and the promotion of organized reinnervation after RLN injury.

Methods

F344 rat primary muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) were isolated. Three‐dimensional muscle constructs were created by encapsulating MPCs in type I oligomeric collagen under passive tension. Constructs were then cultured in differentiation medium (MPC control constructs) or induced to form motor endplates (MEE constructs) with neurotrophic agents. Three‐dimensional cartilage constructs were created with adipose stem cells differentiated in chondrocyte medium. The muscle and cartilage constructs were implanted into surgically created myochondral defects in the F344 rat larynx with injured or intact (control) RLN. At 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐month timepoints, videolaryngoscopy, electromyography (EMG), histology, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess outcomes.

Results

At all timepoints, cartilage‐muscle implants were well integrated into host tissue. Functionally, there was increased vocal fold adduction and EMG activity in nerve‐injured rats treated with the MEE constructs when compared to those treated with the MPC control constructs. Motor endplate‐expressing constructs had increased myofiber cross‐sectional area compared to MPC control constructs.

Conclusion

Although our laboratory previously demonstrated that muscle and cartilage constructs could be used separately for hemilaryngeal reconstruction, this study suggests combining them with the modification of MEEs rather than MPCs, resulting in improved muscle recovery after recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 129:1293–1300, 2019
Isolated Recovery of Adductor Muscle Function Following Bilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries
Authors: Bach Ádám , Sztanó Balázs , Matievics Vera , Bere Zsófia , Volk Fabian , Müller Andreas , Förster Gerhard , Castellanos Paul F. , Rovó László
Published: December 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of this study was to analyze the phoniatric and respiratory outcomes of a subset of bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) patients who were all treated with unilateral endoscopic arytenoid abduction lateropexy (EAAL). EAAL is a nondestructive, minimally invasive glottis widening operation, which does not damage either the surgically treated or the contralateral vocal cord. Therefore, it does not impair the regeneration potential of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Study Design

Case series.

Methods

Ten out of 21 BVCP patients who were treated with EAAL showed signs of isolated adduction recovery at 1 year and were chosen for this study. Functional results (objective and subjective voice analysis, spirometric measurement) and vocal cord movements were assessed preoperatively, 1 week and 1 year after EAAL. Laryngeal electromyography was performed on the 12th postoperative month.

Results

The volitional adductor movement seen on laryngoscopy was corroborated by laryngeal electromyography evaluation. Peak inspiratory flow increased significantly after EAAL. Quality‐of‐life scores also showed high patient satisfaction. Shimmer showed consistent improvement along with harmonic‐to‐noise ratio and average maximal phonation time in parallel with the improving vocal cord movement. Complex voice analysis and subjective self‐evaluation tests also demonstrated significant improvement.

Conclusions

EAAL, as a minimally invasive, nondestructive airway widening technique, does not interfere with the potential regeneration process that can still occur after BVCP, allowing for laryngeal functional recovery. It is a safe and effective treatment for BVCP that allows a simple solution with good phonatory, swallowing, and respiratory benefits by unilateral passive and reversible vocal cord lateralization.

Level of Evidence

4

Laryngoscope, 129:2334–2340, 2019