bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two new freshwater rhabdocoels, Austrodalyellia gen. nov. and Haplodidymos gen. nov. (Platyhelminthes), from Queensland, Australia
Authors: HOCHBERG RICK , CANNON LESTER R.G.
Published: September 2016

Two new genera and species of Rhabdocoela from a freshwater lake in Queensland, Australia are described. Austrodalyellia ariena gen. nov. sp. nov. is a member of the Dalyelliidae Graff, 1905. The female system is typical of the family and includes paired finger-like vitellaria, a single ovary, bursa copulatrix and receptaculum seminis. The male system includes paired posterior testes and a copulatory organ with contained vesicula seminalis, vesicula granulorum and a complex stylet. Stylet structure is unique in the family and consists of five layered tines connected by a bifid base. The stylet appears to be derived from forms similar to those of Dalyellia and Microdalyellia. Haplodidymos rubroculatus gen. nov. sp. nov. is a member of the Typhloplanidae Graff, 1905 and characterized by a pair of large red eyes and posterior pharynx rosulatus. The female system includes paired vitellaria, a single ovary, bursa copulatrix, receptaculum seminis and uterus. The male system is characterized by the unique presence of a single, long testis that runs medially and ventral to the gut. Posterior to the pharynx it connects with a copulatory organ that houses a well-defined vesicula seminalis, ill-defined vesicula granulorum, and weakly sclerotic stylet. Haplodidymos is placed in the Protoplanellinae based on the ventral position of the testes and the absence of excretory pores in the mouth.
Nomenclatural notes on Agrilus angustulus (Illiger, 1803) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae)
Authors: JENDEK EDUARD
Published: September 2016

A nomenclatural analysis of all names cited in synonymy of Agrilus angustulus (Illiger, 1803) is presented. The availability and status of each name is examined and discussed and an updated list of subspecies, available and unavailable synonyms is given.
Revisionary notes on Chonocephalus Wandolleck (Diptera: Phoridae) with keys to species of the Holarctic Region
Authors: DISNEY R. HENRY L.
Published: September 2016

The minute flies of the sexually dimorphic genus Chonocephalus Wandolleck, with its flightless females and winged males, has long been in taxonomic chaos through more than half the species having been described from one sex only. The previously known species are reviewed, two formerly misidentified species are described and named C. marginatus sp. nov., from India, and C. collini sp. nov., from the Seychelles. Eleven new synonyms are proposed. Two species are declared to be species indeterminata, 6 lectotypes and 2 neotypes are designated. The genus Epichonocephalus Schmitz is synonymised with Chonocephalus. The 43 previously recognised species are thus reduced to 32. Numerous undescribed, and frequently misidentified, species are present in museum collections. As a start to providing new keys to the species of each Biogeographic Region, keys to males and females of the Holarctic Region are provided.
Two new water mite species from New Zealand (Acari: Hydrachnidia)
Authors: SMIT HARRY
Published: September 2016

Two new species are described from Lake Rotorua, New Zealand, viz. Frontipoda minutipalpis (Oxidae) and Limnesia rotoruaensis (Limnesiidae). The genus Flabellifrontipoda is lowered in ranking to a subgenus of Frontipoda. This affects the following species: Frontipoda (Flabellifron- tipoda) allarka (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) allasa (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabelli- frontipoda) bravana (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) carteza (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) crameri (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) dolichopalpis (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) eloma (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) hadinoma (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) lacustris (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) ladilofa (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) longipalpa (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) mastigophora (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) penai (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifron- tipoda) reductipalpa (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) smithi (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Fla- bellifrontipoda) striata (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) tranasa (Cook) nov. comb., F. (Flabellifrontipoda) unoka (Cook) nov. comb. and F. (Flabellifrontipoda) zadina (Cook) nov. comb.
New records and a checklist of continental free-living Copepoda (Crustacea) from Panama
Authors: REEVES WILL K. , REID JANET W.
Published: September 2016

We report new national records of Thermocyclops decipiens and Mesocyclops pseudomeridianus and two apparently undescribed species of Diacyclops and Halicyclops from Panama. We provide a complete bibliography of all literature on Panamanian copepods, and a table of historic copepod collection sites is presented.
New combinations and synonymies of leafcutter and mason bees of the Americas (Megachile, Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)
Authors: RAW ANTHONY
Published: September 2016

The taxonomic positions of 284 names on the genus Megachile (sensu Michener et al. 1994) of the Americas are clarified. A total of 166 types (164 holotypes and 2 cotypes) were examined. In 24 cases specimens determined by specialists were used and in 17 the published descriptions were analysed. The subgenera of 175 species are indicated for the first time and 94 are nomenclatural changes. Four lectotypes are designated. There are 11 new synonyms: brasiliensis Dalla Torre 1896 (= nigridorsis Vachal 1908 = brancoensis Mitchell 1930), eburneipes Vachal 1904 (= bernardina Schrottky 1913), fiebrigi Schrottky 1908 (= tergina Vachal 1908), guaranitica Schrottky 1908 (= marcida Vachal 1908), maura Cresson 1865 (= carlotensis Mitchell 1927), nigripennis Spinola 1841 (= hypocrita Smith 1853 = totonaca Cresson 1878), nudiventris Smith 1853 (= jurujubensis Cockerell 1927) pedalis Fox 1891 (= liguanensis Cockerell 1912) and poeyi Guérin-Méneville 1845 (= velhoensis Mitchell 1930). One is a change of specific name: moderata Smith 1879 (= mariannae Dalla Torre 1896) and one of subgenus: Moureapis new name (= Moureana Mitchell 1980 = Willinkella Laroca et al 1982 = Acentrina Schlindwein 1995). Two have changed to a new status: poeyi alleni Mitchell 1927 to alleni Mitchell and hoffmanseggiae var. hypoleuca Cockerell 1927 to hypoleuca Cockerell.
Ecsenius niue, new species of blenniid fish, and new distribution records for other species in the Opsifrontalis species group
Authors: SPRINGER VICTOR G.
Published: September 2016

Ecsenius niue is described from Niue Island, SW Pacific. It is a member of the Opsifrontalis species group and is most similar to the Fijian endemic E. fijiensis, from which it differs in having six, as opposed to seven, vertical pairs of dark spots on the body posterior to a vertical from the base of the first segmented dorsal-fin ray, and in having the posteriormost pair of dark spots posteriorly elongate and attenuating onto the base of the caudal fin, as opposed to the spots being roughly circular and discrete. It differs from the superficially similar E. tigris (islands of the Queensland Plateau) in lacking the three or four dark spots on the body ventral to those on the dorsal body contour below the spinous dorsal fin. New distribution records are given for E. axelrodi, E. bathi, and E. opsifrontalis.
Interstitial water mites of Argentina: Omartacarus Cook (Omartacaridae) and Meramecia Cook (Limnesiidae) (Acari: Hydrachnidia)
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ HUGO R.
Published: September 2016

A male exemplar identified as Omartacarus brevipalpis Cook, collected in Tucuman (Argentina), is reassigned to O. tucumanensis Fernández, as is the nymph described by Cook in 1980 near the type locality of O. tucumanensis. New distributional data are presented for Omartacarus and Meramecia (Submeramecia) diamphida Cook. Meramecia saltensis Fernández is assigned to the subgenus Parameramecia, where it is the second species at the present.
New species of phytoseiid mites from Mozambique and Malawi
Authors: ZANNOU I. D. , DE MORAES G. J. , HANNA R.
Published: September 2016

Two new mite species of the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) are described from southern Africa: Typhlodromalus parcidentatus n. sp. from Mozambique and Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) malawiensis n. sp. from Malawi.
Nomenclatural notes and new species of Sceloenoplini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Authors: STAINES C. L.
Published: September 2016

Twenty new species from Costa Rica are described and illustrated: Ocnosispa condyla, O. depressa, O. humerosa, Pseudispa bellula, P. sinuata, P. tuberculata, Sceloenopla apicispina, S. bicolorata, S. bidentata, S. expanda, S. flava, S. lampyridiformis, S. lutena, S. minuta, S. nigropicta, S. rubivittata, S. sanguinea, S. trivittata, S. unicostata, and S. univittata. Sceloenopla gemmans (Baly) is transferred to Pseudispa. Sceloenopla biolleyi (Pic) is treated as a junior synonym of S. scherzeri (Baly); S. testacepennis (Pic) is treated as a junior synonym of S. proxima (Baly); and S. bryanti (Bondar) is treated as a junior synonym of S. sheppardi (Baly). A summary of Uhmanns (1937) species groups of Sceloenopla, a key to the Central American Sceloenoplini genera, and keys to the species of Ocnosispa, Pseudispa, and Sceloenopla known from Central America are presented.
A new species of Loxosceles of the laeta group from Brazil (Araneae: Sicariidae)
Authors: MARTINS ROSANA , KNYSAK IRENE , BERTANI ROGÉRIO
Published: September 2016

A new species of Loxosceles, L. puortoi, is described from Palmas, State of Tocantins, Brazil. This is the first native species of the laeta group known for Brazil. Males can be distinguished from other species of this group by the very long and narrow femur and tibia of the male palp. Females can be distinguished by the presence of four narrow and long spermathecae with similar width and not largely fused in the basal portion, tibia and tarsus of the palp not incrassate and leg II longer than leg IV.
Contribution to the knowledge of Parantiteuchus (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae): description of the male of P. hemitholus Ruckes, 1962 1
Authors: FERNANDES JOSÉ ANTÔNIO M. , GRAZIA JOCÉLIA
Published: September 2016

The male of Parantiteuchus hemitholus Ruckes, 1962 is described from specimens collected in Cayenne, French Guiana.
Influence of the Self-Consistent Regional Ensemble Background Error Covariance on Hurricane Inner-Core Data Assimilation with the GSI-Based Hybrid System for HWRF
Authors: Pu Zhaoxia , Zhang Shixuan , Tong Mingjing , Tallapragada Vijay
Published: September 2016

An initial vortex spindown, or strong adjustment to the structure and intensity of a hurricane’s initial vortex, presents a significant problem in hurricane forecasting, as with the NCEP Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model (HWRF), because it can cause significantly degraded intensity forecasts. In this study, the influence of the self-consistent regional ensemble background error covariance on assimilating hurricane inner-core tail Doppler radar (TDR) observations in HWRF is examined with the NCEP gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI)-based ensemble–three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) hybrid data assimilation system. It is found that the resolution of the background error covariance term, coming from the ensemble forecasts, has notable influence on the assimilation of hurricane inner-core observations and subsequent forecasting results. Specifically, the use of ensemble forecasting at high-resolution native grids results in significant reduction of the vortex spindown problem and thus leads to improved hurricane intensity forecasting.

Further diagnoses are conducted to examine the spindown problem with a gradient wind balance. It is found that artificial vortex initialization, performed before data assimilation, can cause strong supergradient winds or imbalance in the vortex inner-core region. Assimilation of hurricane inner-core TDR data can significantly mitigate this imbalance by reducing the supergradient effects. Compared with the use of a global ensemble background error term, application of the self-consistent regional ensemble background covariance to inner-core data assimilation leads to better representation of the mesoscale hurricane inner-core structures. It can also result in more realistic vortex structures in data assimilation even when the observational data are unevenly distributed.
Regional Variation in the Wet Season of Northern Australia
Authors: Murphy Michael J. , Siems Steven T. , Manton Michael J.
Published: September 2016

Variability in the wet season of tropical northern Australia is examined over its main months, November–March, with a focus on zonal differences between the western, central, and eastern domains, which encompass the northern parts of Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland, respectively. The seasonal progression of the wet season is similar across the region, with steadily increasing atmospheric moisture and rainfall into the core months of the monsoon, January and February, decreasing into March. This seasonal progression differs in the eastern domain, where there is an extension of premonsoonal conditions into December, and a delay of the onset of the monsoon until January. An analysis of TRMM precipitation features (PFs) reveals more intense convection during the premonsoon, steadily decreasing in intensity to much shallower convection by March, with a steady increase in the overall number of PFs throughout the wet season. Regionally, the intensity of PFs steadily decreases eastward across northern Australia with significantly weaker, shallower PFs over the eastern domain. Intraseasonal variability associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) has a consistent impact on the rainfall and the total number of TRMM PFs across northern Australia, with both increasing and decreasing during the active and suppressed phases, respectively. However, regional variations in the effect of the MJO lead to radically different characteristics of PFs during the suppressed phases; intense convection and thunderstorms become more frequent over the western and central domains, while shallow PFs associated with the warm rain precipitation process increase in number over the eastern domain.
A Spatiotemporal Water Vapor–Deep Convection Correlation Metric Derived from the Amazon Dense GNSS Meteorological Network
Authors: Adams David K. , Barbosa Henrique M. J. , Gaitán De Los Ríos Karen Patricia
Published: September 2016

Deep atmospheric convection, which covers a large range of spatial scales during its evolution, continues to be a challenge for models to replicate, particularly over land in the tropics. Specifically, the shallow-to-deep convective transition and organization on the mesoscale are often not properly represented in coarse-resolution models. High-resolution models offer insights on physical mechanisms responsible for the shallow-to-deep transition. Model verification, however, at both coarse and high resolution requires validation and, hence, observational metrics, which are lacking in the tropics. Here a straightforward metric derived from the Amazon Dense GNSS Meteorological Network (~100 km × 100 km) is presented based on a spatial correlation decay time scale during convective evolution on the mesoscale. For the shallow-to-deep transition, the correlation decay time scale is shown to be around 3.5 h. This novel result provides a much needed metric from the deep tropics for numerical models to replicate.
Strategies for relating diverse cities: A multi-sited individualising comparison of informality in Bafatá, Berlin and Tallinn
Authors: Tuvikene Tauri , Neves Alves Susana , Hilbrandt Hanna
Published: September 2016

Anybody wishing to position Bafatá (Guinea-Bissau), Berlin (Germany) and Tallinn (Estonia) side by side would encounter a number of reasons why these cities should not be compared. To unmake such hesitations, this article offers a conceptual and methodological exploration of the ways in which these cities might be analysed comparatively through a methodological strategy termed multi-sited individualising comparison. This exploratory approach allows to talk across individual research projects in different sites. In applying this methodology to Bafatá, Berlin and Tallinn, the authors demonstrate how case studies in these different cities can be compared around a common interest, namely informal processes and their relations to states.
International law, military effectiveness, and public support for drone strikes
Authors: Kreps Sarah E , Wallace Geoffrey PR
Published: September 2016

Despite the increased emphasis on domestic politics in the study of international law, scholars remain divided about whether and how international law affects domestic institutions. Moreover, while public support is a core ingredient for sustainable, legitimate policies in a democracy, research at the individual level of analysis remains limited. Weighing in on these areas of study, we investigate the use of drone strikes for counterterrorism, a subject of considerable debate. Proponents in the government point to drones as both effective for disrupting terrorist networks and compatible with international law. Critics from groups such as international organizations (IOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) respond that attacks create more terrorists than they kill and violate legal commitments. The central question we ask in this article is whether these international legal criticisms impact public support for drone strikes, the centerpiece of US counterterrorism policy, or whether individuals are more persuaded by effectiveness-based arguments. Employing a survey experiment of a nationally representative sample of the United States, we find IO and NGO criticisms can shape public attitudes even around an important national security issue like drone strikes, but are most influential when messages center on legal critiques rather than matters of effectiveness. Our findings speak to fundamental questions about the domestic politics of international legal commitments, the role of IOs and NGOs in shaping political debates, and the durability of US counterterrorism policy.
The “Wretched of Europe”
Authors: Christou Anastasia
Published: September 2016

This article focuses on narratives of the crisis in contemporary Greece and aims to understand the current context of austerity as a trope, symbolic signifier, and construct of inequality beyond austerity and in its manifestation as new social morphology in Europe. While the future recovery of Greece will require an extensive understanding of both economic and historical narratives which have sustained and fueled the Modern Greek state, a deeper analysis of structural and societal cultural codes mirrored in the public sphere is paramount in comprehending the cultural politics of inequalities in academic and public discourse. In a changing political and social environment, youth in Greece face the consequences of the debt crisis and, at the same time, reexamine their identity, values, and aspirations. Drawing from narrative, visual, and ethnographic data, this article explores stories of the crisis in grounding an account of inequality as narrated by those experiencing dispossession and austerity.
Developing information quality assessment framework of presentation slides
Authors: Kim Seongchan , Lee Jae-Gil , Yi Mun Y.
Published: September 2016

Computerized presentation slides have become essential for many occasions such as business meetings, classroom discussions, multipurpose talks and public events. Given the tremendous increases in online resources and materials, locating high-quality slides relevant to a given task is often a formidable challenge, particularly when a user looks for superior quality slides. This study proposes a new, comprehensive framework for information quality (IQ) developed specifically for computerized presentation slides and explores the possibility of automatically detecting the IQ of slides. To determine slide-specific IQ criteria as well as their relative importances, we carried out a user study, involving 60 participants from two universities, and conducted extensive coding analysis. Further, we subsequently conducted a series of multiple experiments to examine the validity of the IQ features developed on the basis of the selected criteria from the user study. The study findings contribute to identifying key dimensions and related features that can improve effective IQ assessments of computerized presentation slides.
Abstracting ICU Nursing Care Quality Data From the Electronic Health Record
Authors: Seaman Jennifer B. , Evans Anna C. , Sciulli Andrea M. , Barnato Amber E. , Sereika Susan M. , Happ Mary Beth
Published: September 2016

The electronic health record is a potentially rich source of data for clinical research in the intensive care unit setting. We describe the iterative, multi-step process used to develop and test a data abstraction tool, used for collection of nursing care quality indicators from the electronic health record, for a pragmatic trial. We computed Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) to assess interrater agreement or reliability of data abstracted using preliminary and finalized tools. In assessing the reliability of study data ( n = 1,440 cases) using the finalized tool, 108 randomly selected cases (10% of first half sample; 5% of last half sample) were independently abstracted by a second rater. We demonstrated mean κ values ranging from 0.61 to 0.99 for all indicators. Nursing care quality data can be accurately and reliably abstracted from the electronic health records of intensive care unit patients using a well-developed data collection tool and detailed training.
Realising our (neoliberal) potential? A critical discourse analysis of the Poverty Reduction Strategy in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Smith-Carrier Tracy , Lawlor Andrea
Published: September 2016

We examine the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) launched in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province. Using corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis, we explore the dominant discourses that emerge in a genre chain produced by the Government of Ontario, including the initial 2008 PRS, annual reports and the 2014–2019 recontextualised PRS. Six key discourses surfaced: social exclusion, social inclusion, economic benefit or social investment, expert knowledge, community engagement and requisites for the PRS’ success – typically involving investments from the federal government and a favourable economic climate. No discourse of human rights, or of the rights to food, housing and an adequate standard of living is present in the PRS texts, absolving the government from its responsibility to ensure these rights. Without the accountability mechanisms attached to a rights-based approach, the PRS has little chance of ‘breaking the cycle’ of poverty, and will not likely ‘realise its potential’ to do so.
Rescaling the public distribution system in India: Mapping the uneven transition from spatialization to territorialization
Authors: Landy Frédéric
Published: September 2016

The Indian public distribution system operates like a huge machine transferring food grains procured by the federal government from surplus regions at a guaranteed price towards deficit areas where grains are sold at subsidized prices to poor households. The role of India’s regional States has become more significant in recent years with ‘decentralized procurement’. However, the national state has not become a minor actor, sandwiched between the globalization of food flows and decentralization policies. A process of state spatial rescaling is indeed taking place, although limited in scope and uneven across space. Before the 1990s, despite the uncontested power of the central state, sizeable differentiation already existed between States or ‘food zones’, in procurement as well as distribution. Recent rescaling of the policy has given States greater scope for policy innovation, via a ‘territorialization’ process. Nevertheless, despite significant rescaling to the subnational scale and the importance of ‘localization’ and ‘globalization’ trends, the national scale maintains a prominent position in the overall policy framework.
Microdialysate concentration changes do not provide sufficient information to evaluate metabolic effects of lactate supplementation in brain-injured patients
Authors: Dienel Gerald A , Rothman Douglas L , Nordström Carl-Henrik
Published: September 2016

Cerebral microdialysis is a widely used clinical tool for monitoring extracellular concentrations of selected metabolites after brain injury and to guide neurocritical care. Extracellular glucose levels and lactate/pyruvate ratios have high diagnostic value because they can detect hypoglycemia and deficits in oxidative metabolism, respectively. In addition, patterns of metabolite concentrations can distinguish between ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction, and are helpful to choose and evaluate therapy. Increased intracranial pressure can be life-threatening after brain injury, and hypertonic solutions are commonly used for pressure reduction. Recent reports have advocated use of hypertonic sodium lactate, based on claims that it is glucose sparing and provides an oxidative fuel for injured brain. However, changes in extracellular concentrations in microdialysate are not evidence that a rise in extracellular glucose level is beneficial or that lactate is metabolized and improves neuroenergetics. The increase in glucose concentration may reflect inhibition of glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and pentose phosphate shunt pathway fluxes by lactate flooding in patients with mitochondrial dysfunction. In such cases, lactate will not be metabolizable and lactate flooding may be harmful. More rigorous approaches are required to evaluate metabolic and physiological effects of administration of hypertonic sodium lactate to brain-injured patients.
Desistance From Sexual Offending
Authors: Lussier Patrick , Harris Danielle Arlanda , McAlinden Anne-Marie
Published: September 2016

For the past three decades or so, criminal justice policies have been enacted under the assumption that individuals who have been convicted of a sex offense are life course persistent sex offenders. In that context, research has been heavily focused on the assessment of risk and the prediction of sexual recidivism.Simultaneously, little to no attention has been given to the majority of individuals convicted of sex offenses who are not arrested or convicted again.Researchers have witnessed a growing gap between scientific knowledge and the sociolegal response to sexual violence and abuse. The current legal landscapecarries important social implications and significant life course impact for a growing number of individuals. More recently, theoretical and research breakthroughs in the study of desistance from crime and delinquency have been made that can help shed some light on desistance from sex offending. Desistance research, in the context of sex offending, however, represents serious theoretical, ethical, legal, and methodological challenges. To that end, this article introduces a special issue exploring current themes in desistance research by examining the life course of individuals convicted of a sexual offense while contextualizing their experiences of desistance.
Structure of Cultural Rejection
Authors: Okada Sosuke
Published: September 2016

This study explores the relationship structure of cultural rejection. The proposition is advanced that people reject cultural practices as the proxies of out-groups who are perceived to be associated with them, so that they would maintain social identities that are separate from those of out-groups. Using data on musical preferences from 1993 General Social Survey, it applies blockmodeling—a methodology originally developed in social network analysis—in a new way to analyze the structure of cultural rejection within U.S. society. The results indicate that blockmodeling based on cultural rejection is effective in uncovering sociologically meaningful positions among the respondents. The results are mostly consistent with the omnivore thesis, while highlighting the multifaceted nature of cultural divisions in the United States. Finally, the identified positions correspond with respondents’ perception of the degree of unity (or lack thereof) among Americans, consistent with the theoretical assumption of this study.
Hispanic Faces
Authors: de Gordon Maria Teresa , McDonough Colleen , Palmerio-Roberts Ramona
Published: September 2016

Immigration and globalization have dramatically changed the ethnic landscape of the United States, yet stereotypes about race continue to exist. Foreign language classrooms are at the heart of teaching about diversity. We investigated whether undergraduates (with varying exposure to Spanish language education) could accurately identify the race of Hispanic people depicted in photographs. The amount of Spanish courses was unrelated to participants’ accuracy; however, the number of courses was inversely related to confidence. The findings from this exploratory study suggest that the more Spanish language education one has, the more one realizes that appearances can be deceiving; as a result, individuals may be less likely to adhere to societally conditioned stereotypes of specific groups of people. At a time when foreign language programs are at risk of being eliminated from colleges and universities, these findings should serve as a message to educators and administrators alike about the importance of foreign language education.
Biomechanical analysis of actin cytoskeleton function based on a spring network cell model
Authors: Ghaffari Hamed , Saidi Mohammad Said , Firoozabadi Bahar
Published: September 2016

In this study, a new method for the simulation of the time-dependent behavior of actin cytoskeleton during cell shape change is proposed. For this purpose, a three-dimensional model of endothelial cell consisting of cell membrane, nucleus membrane, and main components of cytoskeleton, namely actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments is utilized. Actin binding proteins, which play a key role in regulating actin cytoskeleton behavior, are also simulated by using a novel technique. The actin cytoskeleton in this model is more dynamic and adoptable during cell deformation in comparison to previous models. The proposed model is subjected to compressive force between parallel micro plates in order to investigate actin cytoskeleton role in cell stiffening behavior, nucleus deformation, and cell shape change. The validity of the model is examined through the comparison of the obtained results with the data presented in previous literature. Not only does the model force deformation curve lie within a range of the experimental data, but also the elastic modulus of the cell model is in accordance with former studies. Our findings demonstrate that augmentation of actin filaments concentration within the cell reduces force transmission from cell membrane to the nucleus. Furthermore, actin binding proteins concentration increases by the enhancement of cell deformation and it is also indicated that cell stiffening with an increase in applied force is significantly affected by actin filaments reorientation, actin binding proteins reorganization and actin binding proteins augmentation.
A characteristic study and optimization of in-cylinder configuration for particulate matters reduction in an off-highway diesel engine with mechanical fuel injection system
Authors: Lee Jongyoon , Lee Sangyul , Park Jeongkeun , Wang Taejoong
Published: September 2016

This paper shows development challenges for 11-liter heavy-duty off-highway diesel engines to meet Tier 3 emission regulations with a base diesel engine compliant with Tier 2 emission regulations. In the case of the installation of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system for reduction of NOx emissions, there exists a risk of increased particulate matters (PM) emissions. An in-cylinder PM reduction is still necessary since a diesel particulate filter (DPF) after-treatment system is not under the consideration. The objective of this research is to see whether the base engine has a potential to meet Tier 3 emission regulations by changing in-cylinder configuration parameters including the bowl shape, injector position, the number of intake and exhaust valves, injector tip protrusion, and injector tip specifications such as nozzle spray angle and nozzle flow rate. These parameters are very important parts which enhance the air and fuel mixing process that helps the combustion process. Thus, the optimization of these design variables is essential to improve combustion efficiency and emissions reduction. In this study, the multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code KIVA-3V is used to perform combustion simulations. The Kelvin–Helmholtz/Rayleigh–Taylor (KH-RT) model is employed for spray breakup and a reduced chemical mechanism for n-heptane is employed to simulate ignition delay and combustion of diesel fuel. To verify the simulation results, engine bench tests were performed with installations of the final version of in-cylinder geometry in C1-8 mode which is one of main test cycles to meet Tier 3 emission regulations. Finally, Tier 3 emission regulations have been met with the currently optimized in-cylinder configuration parameters.
Participants’ Satisfaction With Family Involvement Meetings
Authors: Ahn Haksoon , Hartzel Samantha , Shaw Terry
Published: September 2016

Purpose:

Bivariate and logistics regression analyses were conducted to examine the effectiveness of child welfare agencies’ Family Group Decision-Making (FGDM) practices focused on strengthening families and positive outcomes for children. This study evaluates one mid-Atlantic state’s implementation of a FGDM called family involvement meetings (FIMs) to improve family strengths and their active engagement in the service planning process.

Methods:

Through use of a FIM Feedback Survey, participants provided satisfaction feedback on the general FIM process and what factors are associated with their satisfaction and decision-making at the meeting.

Results:

Multiple factors of participant’s engagement, incorporating family strengths, and the FIM facilitator’s knowledge and skills had significant impacts on the participant’s decision-making and overall FIM satisfaction score.

Discussion:

This study will contribute to examining FGDM facilitators’ practices and effective outcomes of FIMs to improve the well-being, safety, and permanency outcomes for children and their families.
Feeling Cared For Versus Experiencing Added Burden: Parents' Interactions With Health-Care Providers in Pregnancy With a Lethal Fetal Diagnosis
Authors: Denney-Koelsch Erin M. , Côté-Arsenault Denise , Jenkins Hall Wendasha
Published: September 2016

This article reports on parental responses to and needs from health-care providers during pregnancy with a lethal fetal diagnosis (LFD). Sixteen mothers and 14 partners participated in a longitudinal, phenomenological study of continuing a pregnancy with an LFD. During individual and joint couple interviews conducted during pregnancy and postpartum, parents described numerous health-care interactions throughout pregnancy. From the participants' words, Categories of the Content, Process, and Outcome of these interactions emerged. They sought health care for the Content (information and expert guidance), but they desired providers who maintain hope, were caring and nonjudgmental, used a straightforward manner, and showed sensitivity to their developmental journey ( Process). They also desired health-care systems that provided continuity of care and minimized waiting times ( Process). We propose data-based recommendations for health-care providers to address the two identified opposing Outcomes: Feeling Cared For and Experiencing Added Burden.
Sex Differences in Sport Remain When Accounting for Countries’ Gender Inequality
Authors: Balish Shea M. , Deaner Robert O. , Rainham Daniel , Blanchard Chris
Published: September 2016

The spectator lek hypothesis argues that sex differences in preferences for sport largely stem from evolved predispositions and thus should be universal or near universal, whereas socioconstructivist hypotheses argue that such sex differences are entirely socially constructed and thus should vary as a function of a society’s gender inequality. To test these competing hypotheses, cross-national nested data were acquired from the International Social Survey Program (ss = 49,729, ncountries = 34). Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine whether sex differences in sport are universal or near universal when controlling for countries’ gender inequality. Findings indicate that even when controlling for gender inequality, sex differences remain in reporting sport as one’s most common activity, in watching sport, and in attending sport events and for agreeing with the statement that one plays sport to compete against others. Although this study was limited by the homogeneity of the sampled countries and the use of self-report measures, these findings nonetheless support the spectator lek hypothesis. Future research should examine case studies (e.g., matrilineal societies) that can specifically test the assumptions of the spectator lek hypothesis.
Concurrent gastrointestinal perforation and pulmonary embolism due to bevacizumab in an adult undergoing treatment for stage IV colon cancer
Authors: Qureshi Sana , Elliott Ryan B , Herrington Jon D
Published: September 2016

Bevacizumab is an important component in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer when used with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and oxaliplatin or irinotecan. As a molecular target agent, it is considered to be less toxic than traditional chemotherapy; however, bevacizumab has been shown to cause serious, life-threatening adverse effects. The following report describes a case of bevacizumab-associated pulmonary embolism with simultaneous gastrointestinal perforation in a patient with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the descending colon. This case report and literature review describes the risk factors, etiology, and typical presentation of bevacizumab-induced gastrointestinal perforation and pulmonary embolism.
Mixed combustion–electrochemical energy conversion for high-efficiency, transportation-scale engines
Authors: Fyffe John R , Donohue Mark A , Regalbuto Maria C , Edwards Chris F
Published: September 2016

This article discusses an approach to exceeding current peak exergy efficiencies of approximately 50% for transportation-scale engines. A detailed model was developed for an internal combustion engine and a fuel cell, where the internal combustion engine is operated under fuel-rich conditions to produce a hydrogen-rich exhaust gas as a fuel for the fuel cell. The strategy of using combustion and electrochemical energy conversion processes has been shown to reduce reaction-related exergy losses while providing the balance of plant necessary to achieve efficient thermal management. Prior approaches which used internal combustion engines downstream of the fuel cell have shown exergy efficiencies near 70%. The system architecture developed for this article, in addition to achieving exergy efficiencies near 70%, provides further advantages. The internal combustion engine, producing work in addition to generating synthesis gas, enables a quick-start approach to this mixed strategy and the ability to use a range of fuels. Therefore, the proposed architecture supplies a very efficient starting point for the development of a quick-start, hybridized system for transportation-scale applications.
Toward Understanding the Findability and Discoverability of Shading Gradients in Almost-Flat Design
Authors: Creager James H. , Gillan Douglas J.
Published: September 2016

Prior usability studies have suggested that a raised appearance from shading gradients may improve the findability and discoverability of objects in a graphical user interface. The present research investigates this claim in the context of almost-flat design. A traditional visual search paradigm was implemented to examine the rate at which shading gradients are processed in the context of almost-flat design, and perceived depth ratings were collected to examine the magnitude and direction of depth emergent from simple shaded objects. Results indicated shading gradients were highly salient and processed preattentively amidst flat distractors, but if overused, they could be a considerable distraction when searching for a flat object. Perceived depth results confirmed that an emergent sense of depth differentiated shaded objects from flat objects during deliberate processing. These findings advocate the use of almost-flat design, but they also raise the need for further research and the development of design guidelines for the use of shading gradients.
Coordinated Displays to Assist Cyber Defenders
Authors: Vieane Alex , Funke Gregory , Mancuso Vincent , Greenlee Eric , Dye Gregory , Borghetti Brett , Miller Brent , Menke Lauren , Brown Rebecca
Published: September 2016

Cyber network analysts must gather evidence from multiple sources and ultimately decide whether or not suspicious activity represents a threat to network security. Information relevant to this task is usually presented in an uncoordinated fashion, meaning analysts must manually correlate data across multiple databases. The current experiment examined whether analyst performance efficiency would be improved by coordinated displays, i.e., displays that automatically link relevant information across databases. We found that coordinated displays nearly doubled performance efficiency, in contrast to the standard uncoordinated displays, and coordinated displays resulted in a modest increase in threat detections. These results demonstrate that the benefits of coordinated displays are significant enough to recommend their inclusion in future cyber defense software.
Differences in Mental Model Development Among Psychology and Engineering Students of a Human Factors Course
Authors: Pybus Lawton , Welk Allaire K. , Gillan Douglas J.
Published: September 2016

How does a human factors practitioner’s primary field of study affect the way he or she conceives of human factors concepts? Previous work has studied how mental models develop over the course of instruction, and how experts structure human factors knowledge. The present study longitudinally assessed mental models of human factors among students from psychology majors and students from engineering majors. Participants rated the relatedness of pairs of concepts for two units: one theoretical, and one applied. These data were used to produce Pathfinder networks for comparison. Results showed that students from the two majors held different mental models of the same concepts before and after instruction. Unexpected findings may indicate a possible application for mental model assessment: diagnosing issues in course design. Limitations, conclusions, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Development of Design Guidelines for 21st Century Socio-Cognitive Writing Technologies
Authors: Benedict B. , Smith-Jackson T. , Bells A.
Published: September 2016

STEM learners are expected to be competent in both technical and interpersonal proficiencies. The writing proficiency was defined to ensure the students are prepared for continuing graduate education and/ or a career in the private or public sector. Despite the current writing research, there is a lack of effective solutions to support writing development, specifically for collegiate STEM learners. Therefore, a three phase study was conducted to address concerns regarding writing in STEM fields but this article only discusses the implications of Phase II. Phase II involved the use of a User-Centered Design approach to increase the likelihood of adoption of a writing support tool. Methods included focus group and interviews and participants were professors and students. Qualitative Analysis was conducted and the NARA framework was used to extract user requirements for a Social Media inspired educational technology.
Global Perspectives on Human Factors & Ergonomics
Authors: Olson Megan , Durrani Sami , Helton William “Deak” , Khalid Halimahtun M. , Li Simon Y. W. , Waterson Patrick
Published: September 2016

The recent challenge issued by the HFES President emphasizes the need for members and professionals of the Human Factors and Ergonomics community to remain relevant to society at large in spite of the challenges we face as a professional society (Marras, 2015). One characteristic of our present and future as a society is our existence in a world of increasing globalization. Consequently, it is appropriate that we grow our awareness of the culture of HF/E around the world in order to facilitate increased reception of the services we are able to offer and promote intercultural collaboration. This panel brings professionals from academia and industry around the world to bring their perspectives on unique challenges and approaches to HF/E in an international setting. These global perspectives span industries, countries, and attitudes and behaviors from around the world. The panel will first present their observations on the unique aspects of their cultural experiences and then engage attendees in a discussion with the aim of equipping them to adopt a more effective global mindset towards their HF/E endeavors.
A Quantitative Model for Unifying Human Factors with Cognitive Load Theory
Authors: Sonnenfeld Nathan A. , Keebler Joseph R.
Published: September 2016

Education remains a severely unpolished domain for the application of human factors principles; although human factors methods and theories thrive in their application within both the learning and training domains. Continued efforts are needed to increase educational outcomes from the human-system interaction perspective. This paper shall continue to investigate how to apply constructs and theory from within the related human factors, human-computer interaction, and usability fields to the domain of instructional design. This paper intends to place human factors, human-computer interaction, and usability measurement methods among those used to evaluate cognitive load for the benefit of instructional design, following a new quantitative model for cognitive load. This effort shall assist in increasing collaboration between the fields of human factors and education, and make a significant contribution to cognitive load theory measurement methods.
What’s a Special Character Anyway? Effects of Ambiguous Terminology in Password Rules
Authors: Choong Yee-Yin , Greene Kristen K.
Published: September 2016

Although many aspects of passwords have been studied, no research to date has systematically examined how ambiguous terminology affects the user experience during password rule comprehension, a necessary precursor to password generation. Our research begins to address this gap by focusing on users’ comprehension of password generation rules. Varying terms—special characters, symbols, non-alphanumeric characters, and punctuation—are used in different password rules, but mostly without explicit definition. In this laboratory study, we used character-selection and compliance-checking tasks with 60 participants to investigate effects of varying terms on users’ password rule comprehension. Results show that manipulating terminology caused participants’ interpretation of the allowed character space to shrink or expand. Our quantitative and qualitative data show that participants were extremely confused by the variety of terms for “special character.” Seemingly small changes in language have large, observable impacts on users’ understanding of password rules. Language in password requirements must be carefully constructed to ensure that users fully comprehend the allowable character space. This research is an important first step to providing data-driven guidance on constructing clearer language for password rules.