bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of opioid receptor activation on thermal antinociception in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta)
Authors: Sladky Kurt K. , Kinney Matthew E. , Johnson Stephen M.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To determine the effects of μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptor (MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively) activation on thermal antinociception in red-eared slider turtles Trachemys scripta.

Animals—51 adult turtles.

Procedures—Infrared heat stimuli were applied to the plantar surface of turtle hind limbs. Thermal hind limb withdrawal latencies (HLWLs) were measured before (baseline) and at intervals after SC administration of various doses of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (SS), MOR, DOR, or KOR agonists (3 to 13 turtles/treatment). Treatment with a DOR antagonist SC prior to DOR agonist administration was also evaluated.

Results—Treatment with an MOR agonist ([D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin acetate salt [DAMGO; 1.3 or 6.6 mg/kg]) increased HLWLs (from baseline) at 2 to 8 hours after injection; at the higher dose, the maximum mean increase was 5.6 seconds at 4 hours. Treatment with a DOR agonist ([D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin acetate salt [DADLE; 25 mg/kg]) increased mean HLWL by 11.3 seconds at 4 hours; however, treatment with DADLE (5.8 mg/kg) or with another DOR agonist ([D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin hydrate [DPDPE; 1.2 or 6.3 mg/kg]) did not alter HLWL, compared with SS effects. Administration of a DOR antagonist (naltrindole hydrochloride; 10 mg/kg) prior to DADLE administration (25 mg/kg) increased mean HLWL by 2.7 seconds at 4 hours. One KOR agonist, U50488 ([−]-trans-[1S,2S]-U50488 hydrochloride hydrate; 6.7 mg/kg) decreased HLWL steadily from 2 to 24 hours (less than baseline value); another KOR agonist, U69593 ([+]-[5α,7α,8β]-N-Methyl-N-[7-{1-pyrrolidinyl}-1-oxaspiro{4.5}dec-8-yl]-benzene-acet-amide; 6.7 or 26 mg/kg) did not alter HLWLs, compared with SS effects.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Opioid-dependent thermal antinociception in turtles appeared to be attributable mainly to MOR activation with a relatively minor contribution of DOR activation.
Characterization of eversion syndrome in captive Scyphomedusa jellyfish
Authors: Freeman Kate S. , Lewbart Gregory A. , Robarge Wayne P. , Harms Craig A. , Law J. Mchugh , Stoskopf Michael K.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To determine whether Scyphomedusa jellyfish with eversion syndrome had alterations in husbandry conditions, elemental content, or histologic appearance, compared with unaffected jellyfish.

Animals—123 jellyfish (44 with eversion syndrome and 79 without) at 6 institutions.

Procedures—Elemental analyses were performed on 24 jellyfish with eversion syndrome and 49 without, and histologic examinations were performed on 20 jellyfish with eversion syndrome and 30 without. A questionnaire distributed to 39 institutions with Scyphomedusa jellyfish was used to gather information about husbandry, environmental conditions, and prevalence of eversion syndrome.

Results—For the 39 institutions that responded to the questionnaire, prevalence of eversion syndrome ranged from 0% to 30%. For Aurelia aurita, eversion was more common at institutions with only captive-raised and no wild-caught jellyfish. Eversion was most common among young (approx 1- to 2-month-old) growing jellyfish and older (> 6-month-old) jellyfish. Elemental analysis revealed only minor differences between affected and unaffected jellyfish, with great variation among jellyfish from the same institution and among jellyfish from different institutions. Striated muscle degeneration and necrosis and extracellular matrix (mesoglea) degeneration were evident on histologic examination of affected jellyfish.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that eversion syndrome is a complex phenomenon associated with degenerative changes of the bell matrix.
Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay to study response to oxytetracycline treatment in experimental Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in alpacas
Authors: Tornquist Susan J. , Boeder Lisa J. , Cebra Christopher K. , Messick Joanne
Published: September 2009

Objective—To develop a PCR assay for Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae (CMhl) infection in alpacas and use it to study the efficacy of oxytetracycline treatment and development of a subclinical carrier state.

Animals—8 healthy adult alpacas.

Procedures—Alpacas initially had negative results for CMhl in blood samples via PCR assay and were experimentally infected with CMhl; 4 were treated with oxytetracycline, and 4 were not treated. All were monitored regularly via PCR assay, blood smear examination, PCV, rectal temperature, and physical examination. At 6 months after treatment, all alpacas were immunosuppressed by administration of dexamethasone and tested for CMhl.

Results—7 of 8 alpacas had positive PCR assay results 4 to 6 days after experimental infection. When organisms were detectable on a blood smear, they were seen 2 to 6 days after positive results of PCR assay. Infection was often associated with mild anemia that was usually transient. No alpacas became hypoglycemic. Oxytetracycline treatment was not associated with faster clearance of organisms or resolution of anemia, and 4 of 4 treated alpacas still had positive results of PCR assay when immunosuppressed 6 months later; 0 of 3 nontreated alpacas had positive results of PCR assay following immunosuppression. Transient fever was detected in 3 alpacas during immunosuppression.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The PCR assay was more sensitive than blood smear examination for detection of infection. Clinical signs, anemia, and fever were not necessarily associated with infection. Oxytetracyline administration did not consistently clear CMhl infection. Although treated with oxytetracycline, infected alpacas remained chronic carriers.
Age-dependent regulation of sodium-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase and sodium-hydrogen exchanger mRNAs in equine nonglandular mucosa
Authors: Peretich Amanda L. , Abbott Lora L. , Andrews Frank M. , Dhar Madhu S.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To determine whether expression of mRNA for sodium-potassium adenosine-triphosphatase (NAKA) and sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) in samples of the nonglandular portion of the equine gastric mucosa was altered by exposure to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in an acidic environment.

Animals—10 horses (5 ≤ 5 years old and 5 ≥ 12 years old).

Procedures—Samples of the nonglandular portion of the gastric mucosa were collected and exposed in Ussing chambers to Ringer's solution (control samples), Ringer's solution containing a mixture of VFAs (pH, 1.5 or 4.0), or Ringer's solution containing acetic acid (pH, 1.5 or 4.0). Expression of mRNA for the gene for the β1 subunit of NAKA and the gene for the NHE-3 isoform was determined by means of real-time PCR assays.

Results—For horses ≤ 5 years old, relative expression of mRNA for NAKA was significantly decreased and expression of mRNA for NHE was significantly increased following exposure to the mixture of VFAs or acetic acid, compared with expression in control samples. In contrast, for horses ≥ 12 years old, relative expression of mRNA for both NAKA and NHE was significantly increased following exposure to the mixture of VFAs or acetic acid, compared with expression in control samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that relative expression of mRNA for NAKA, but not NHE, in samples of the nonglandular portion of the equine gastric mucosa in response to exposure to VFAs in an acidic environment was an age-dependent event.
Evaluation of serum iohexol clearance for use in predicting carboplatin clearance in cats
Authors: Bailey Dennis B. , Rassnick Kenneth M. , Prey Joshua D. , Dykes Nathan L.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To determine whether a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assay based on serum iohexol clearance can be used to predict carboplatin clearance in cats.

Animals—10 cats with tumors.

Procedures—GFR was measured concurrently by use of plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m–labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) to yield GFR99mTc-DTPA and serum clearance of iohexol to yield GFRIohexol. A single dose of carboplatin was administered IV as a bolus. Dose was calculated by use of a target value for the area under the plasma platinum concentration-versus-time curve (AUCTarget) and estimation of platinum clearance (CLPT) derived from GFR99mTc-DTPA as follows: dose = AUCTarget × 2.6 × GFR99mTc-DTPA × body weight, where AUCTarget is 2.75 min·mg·mL−1. Plasma platinum concentrations were measured via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Values for GFR99mTc-DTPA and GFRIohexol were compared by use of least-squares regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Least-squares regression was used to determine whether CLPT could be predicted from GFR99mTc-DTPA or GFRIohexol (or both).

Results—GFR99mTc-DTPA and GFRIohexol were strongly correlated (r = 0.90), but GFRIohexol values were significantly larger by a factor of approximately 1.4. Platinum clearance had a significant linear relationship to GFR99mTc-DTPA (CLPT = 2.5 × GFR99mTc-DTPA) and to GFRIohexol (CLPT = [1.3 × GFRIohexol] + 1.4).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats, serum iohexol clearance was an accurate predictor of CLPT and can be used to calculate the carboplatin dose as follows: dose = AUCTarget × ([1.3 × GFRIohexol] + 1.4) × body weight.
Determinination of plasma osmolality and agreement between measured and calculated values in healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)
Authors: Acierno Mark J. , Mitchell Mark A. , Freeman Diana M. , Schuster Patricia J. , Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon , Tully Thomas N.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To determine plasma osmolality in healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) and validate osmolality equations in these parrots.

Animals—20 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.

Procedures—A blood sample (0.5 mL) was collected from the right jugular vein of each parrot and placed into a lithium heparin microtainer tube. Samples were centrifuged, and plasma was harvested and frozen at −30°C. Samples were thawed, and plasma osmolality was measured in duplicate with a freezing-point depression osmometer. The mean value was calculated for the 2 osmolality measurements.

Results—Plasma osmolality values were normally distributed, with a mean ± SD of 326.0 ± 6.878 mOsm/kg. The equations (2 × [Na+ + K+]) + (glucose/18), which resulted in bias of 2.3333 mOsm/kg and limits of agreement of −7.0940 to 11.7606 mOsm/kg, and (2 × [Na+ + K+]) + (uric acid concentration/16.8) + (glucose concentration/18), which resulted in bias of 5.8117 mOsm/kg and limits of agreement of −14.6640 to 3.0406 mOsm/kg, yielded calculated values that were in good agreement with the measured osmolality.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IV administration of large amounts of hypotonic fluids can have catastrophic consequences. Osmolality of the plasma from parrots in this study was significantly higher than that of commercially available prepackaged fluids. Therefore, such fluids should be used with caution in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots as well as other psittacines. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the estimation of osmolality has the same clinical value in psittacines as it does in other animals.
Use of endovascular stents in three dogs with Budd-Chiari syndrome
Authors: Schlicksup Michael D. , Weisse Chick W. , Berent Allyson C. , Solomon Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2009

Case Description—3 dogs were examined because of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), which is an obstruction of venous blood flow located between the liver and the junction of the caudal vena cava and right atrium. Two dogs had confirmed neoplastic obstructions, and the other dog had a suspected neoplastic obstruction of the hepatic veins and caudal vena cava.

Clinical Findings—All dogs had similar clinical signs of weight gain, lethargy, and ascites that did not respond to medical treatments, and 2 dogs had pitting edema of the hind limbs. Ultrasonography revealed a presumptive venous obstruction, which was confirmed by use of computed tomography.

Treatment and Outcome—Each dog was anesthetized. By use of fluoroscopic guidance, endovascular stents were placed within the left hepatic vein and caudal vena cava in 2 dogs, and a single stent was placed within the left hepatic vein extending into the caudal vena cava of the third dog. After stent placement, venous pressure in the left hepatic vein decreased. Resolution of clinical signs was dramatic in all 3 dogs (survival time ranged from 7 to 20 months), with only mild complications in 1 dog.

Clinical Relevance—Endovascular stents may be an appropriate palliative treatment for dogs with clinical signs attributable to BCS.
Clinicopathologic and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics associated with polioencephalomyelopathy in a Shih Tzu
Authors: Kent Marc , Platt Simon R. , Rech Raquel R. , Neravanda Dharshan , Uhl Elizabeth W. , Schatzberg Scott J.
Published: September 2009

Case Description—A 17-month-old 7-kg (15.4-lb) Shih Tzu was evaluated because of progressive thoracic limb weakness of 3 months' duration.

Clinical Findings—Neuroanatomic diagnosis was consistent with a lesion affecting the cervicothoracic (C6 through T2) spinal cord segments. Electrophysiologic testing revealed abnormal spontaneous activity in the thoracic limbs. Via magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, a lesion in the spinal cord that extended from the C5 through C7 vertebrae was detected, as were symmetric lesions in the cranial portion of the cervical spinal cord, caudal colliculi, and vestibular and cerebellar nuclei. Tests to detect metabolites indicative of inborn errors in metabolism revealed no abnormalities.

Treatment and Outcome—Prior to undergoing MR imaging, the dog received clindamycin (14 mg/kg [6.4 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h), trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (17 mg/kg [7.7 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h), and prednisone (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h). Because of its deteriorating condition, the dog was euthanized. During necropsy, gross lesions were identified in the cervical spinal cord, caudal colliculi, and vestibular and cerebellar nuclei (corresponding to lesions detected via MR imaging). Microscopic evaluation of the brain and spinal cord revealed polioencephalomyelopathy; there was severe spongiosis of the neuropil with reactive astrocytes (many with high numbers of swollen mitochondria) and preservation of large neurons.

Clinical Relevance—The form of polioencephalomyelopathy in the Shih Tzu of this report was similar to that described for Australian Cattle dogs; the similarity of findings in dogs with those in humans with Leigh disease is suggestive of a mitochondrial defect.
Ivermectin toxicosis in three adult horses
Authors: Swor Tamara M. , Whittenburg Jamie L. , Chaffin M. Keith
Published: September 2009

Case Description—3 adult Quarter Horses were evaluated for acute, progressive neurologic signs 18 hours after oral administration of 1 dose of 1.87% ivermectin paste.

Clinical Findings—Clinical signs included depression, forelimb and hind limb ataxia, drooping of the superior and inferior lips, and muscle fasciculations. Bilateral mydriasis, decreased pupillary light reflexes, and absent menace reflexes were evident. Clinical signs progressed in severity for 36 hours after administration of the ivermectin.

Treatment and Outcome—All horses were treated supportively with IV administration of fluids and anti-inflammatory medications. Two horses survived with no apparent long-term sequelae. One horse was euthanized, and a high concentration of ivermectin was detected in its brain tissue at postmortem examination. Analysis of the ivermectin concentration in the paste product revealed that the concentration was approximately that indicated on the packaging.

Clinical Relevance—Ivermectin toxicosis is an uncommonly reported condition in equids that should be considered when acute neurologic impairment develops after ivermectin administration. Recovery is possible with supportive care and time.
Comparison of single vaccination versus revaccination with a modified-live virus vaccine containing bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus (types 1a and 2a), parainfluenza type 3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the prevention of bovine respiratory disease in cattle
Authors: Step Douglas L. , Krehbiel Clinton R. , Burciaga-Robles Luis O. , Holland Ben P. , Fulton Robert W. , Confer Anthony W. , Bechtol David T. , Brister David L. , Hutcheson John P. , Newcomb Harold L.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To compare effects of administration of a modified-live respiratory virus vaccine once with administration of the same vaccine twice on the health and performance of cattle.

Design—Randomized, controlled trial.

Animals—612 mixed-breed male cattle with unknown health histories.

Procedures—Cattle were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (single vaccination treatment group [SVAC group] vs revaccination treatment group [REVAC group]) during the preconditioning phase of production. All cattle were given a modified-live respiratory virus vaccine. Eleven days later, REVAC group cattle received a second injection of the same vaccine. During the finishing phase of production, cattle from each treatment group were either vaccinated a third time with the modified-live respiratory virus vaccine or given no vaccine. Health observations were performed daily. Blood and performance variables were measured throughout the experiment.

Results—During preconditioning, no significant differences were observed in performance or antibody production between groups. Morbidity rate from bovine respiratory disease was lower for SVAC group cattle; however, days to first treatment for bovine respiratory disease were not different between groups. No significant differences in body weights, daily gains, or dry-matter intake between groups were observed during the finishing phase. Revaccination treatment group cattle had improved feed efficiency regardless of vaccination protocol in the finishing phase.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination once with a modified-live respiratory virus vaccine was as efficacious as vaccination twice in the prevention of bovine respiratory disease of high-risk cattle, although feed efficiency was improved in REVAC group cattle during the finishing period.
Polymer co-crystalline films for photonics
Authors: Daniel Christophe , Albunia Alexandra R. , D’Aniello Concetta , Rizzo Paola , Venditto Vincenzo , Guerra Gaetano
Published: September 2009

Robust syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) films exhibiting highly stable co-crystalline phases can be obtained with a large variety of low-molecular-mass chromophore guest molecules. In this report different aspects relative to the structure and the optical properties of these films are described. In particular, possible applications of these films as fluorescent materials, as optical memories (based on the co-crystallization of photoreactive guest molecules), as non-linear optical materials (with polar guests) and as chiro-optical memories (based on temporary co-crystals with chiral guest molecules) are presented.
Curved plasma channels: Kerr lens and Airy prism
Authors: Kasparian Jérôme , Wolf Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2009

We analytically calculate the transverse energy fluxes that would be respectively induced in high-power Airy beams by the Kerr self-focusing and the Airy profile itself if they were the only active process. Under experimental conditions representative of laser filamentation experiments of high-power ultrashort laser pulses in air and condensed media, the Kerr lens induces transverse energy fluxes much larger than the Airy “prism” at the main peak. As a consequence, the curved plasma channels in Airy beams are not only a plasma spark on a curved focus, but indeed self-guided filaments, and their curved trajectory appears as a perturbation due to the linear Airy propagation regime.
Pre-Raphaelite Typology
Authors: Bentley D.M.R.
Published: September 2009

In recent decades, typology has come to be recognized as a major component of Pre-Raphaelite aesthetics. Beginning with a reconsideration of the impact of John Ruskin's Modern Painters, this article theorizes the typological dimensions of works by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and other members of the Pre-Raphaelite circle as tiers in a radial category with scriptural typology at its core. Among the artistic and literary works considered in detail are Hunt's The Scapegoat, Millais' The Return of the Dove to the Ark, Rossetti's ‘Ave,’ and James Collinson's ‘The Child Jesus.’ Detailed consideration is also given to Rossetti's artistic manifestos, ‘Hand and Soul’ and ‘Old and New Art,’ as reflections of a mixture of ideas derived from sources that include British-American transcendentalism as well as typology.
The Ambivalence of Jizz and Mirth: Herschel Henlere in British Music Hall and Variety, 1921–1964
Authors: St Pierre Paul Matthew
Published: September 2009

Novelty pianist, composer, parodist, and comedian Herschel Henlere (1890–1968), from Galt, Ontario, was part of a wave of Canadian artists that included Maud Allan, Beatrice Lillie, and Guy Lombardo who performed in British music hall and variety in the period 1890 to 1940. Although largely forgotten today, Henlere was a popular performer on the British music hall scene from 1920 to 1940. An eccentric comedian billed as ‘The Well-Known French-Canadian Pianist Entertainer’ and ‘The Mirthful Music Master,’ and shockingly known as ‘Jizz,’ signifying jazz and semen, Henlere was notorious for running long and typically appeared last on the bill so the curtain could close on him. A Salvador Dali look-alike, he drew on Surrealist and Dada aesthetics and on the ragtime, jazz, big band, and dance hall phenomena that were then sweeping Britain. Experimenting with percussive sound, he anticipated the prepared piano of John Cage. Henlere secured an original creative agency for himself and promoted a distinctive Canadian brand of showmanship overseas.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for convexity meningiomas
Authors: Kondziolka Douglas , Madhok Ricky , Lunsford L. Dade , Mathieu David , Martin Juan J. , Niranjan Ajay , Flickinger John C.
Published: September 2009

Object

Meningiomas of the cerebral convexity are often surgically curable because both the mass and involved dura mater can be removed. Stereotactic radiosurgery has become an important primary or adjuvant treatment for patients with intracranial meningiomas. The authors evaluated clinical and imaging outcomes in patients with convexity meningiomas after radiosurgery.

Methods

The patient cohort consisted of 125 patients with convexity meningiomas managed using radiosurgery at some point during an 18-year period. The patient series included 76 women, 55 patients who had undergone prior resection, and 6 patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2. Tumors were located in frontal (80 patients), parietal (24 patients), temporal (12 patients), and occipital (9 patients) areas. The WHO tumor grades in patients with prior resections were Grade I in 34 patients, Grade II in 15 patients, and Grade III in 6 patients. Seventy patients underwent primary radiosurgery and therefore had no prior histological tumor diagnosis. The mean tumor volume was 7.6 ml. Radiosurgery was performed using the Leksell Gamma Knife with a mean tumor margin dose of 14.2 Gy.

Results

Serial imaging was evaluated in 115 patients (92%). After primary radiosurgery, the tumor control rate was 92%. After adjuvant radiosurgery, the control rate was 97% for Grade I tumors. The actuarial tumor control rates at 3 and 5 years for the entire series were 86.1 ± 3.8% and 71.6 ± 8.6%, respectively. For patients with benign tumors (Grade I) and those without prior surgery, the actuarial tumor control rate was 95.3 ± 2.3% and 85.8 ± 9.3%, respectively. Delayed resection after radiosurgery was performed in 9 patients (7%) at an average of 35 months. No patient developed a subsequent radiation-induced tumor. The overall morbidity rate was 9.6%. Symptomatic peritumoral imaging changes compatible with edema or adverse radiation effects developed in 5%, at a mean of 8 months.

Conclusions

Stereotactic radiosurgery provides satisfactory control rates either after resection or as an alternate to resection, particularly for histologically benign meningiomas. Its role is most valuable for patients whose tumors affect critical neurological regions and who are poor candidates for resection. Both temporary and permanent morbidity are related to brain location and tumor volume.
Neuronavigation: geneology, reality, and prospects
Authors: Enchev Yavor
Published: September 2009

Currently, neuronavigation is an indivisible and indispensable part of the neurosurgical reality with a significant potential impact in each neurosurgical procedure. The history of neuronavigation is quite short (< 3 decades), but full of highly promising achievements. The advent of neuronavigation would be unimaginable without the development of imaging technology, electronics, robotics, and space technology. The history of neuroradiology is reviewed briefly parallel with the detailed evolution of frame-based stereotaxy and its successor—neuronavigation. The historic milestones and the state of the art of neuronavigation are discussed in a genealogical manner. The future trends of neuronavigation as integrated with intraoperative CT, MR, and ultrasonography, as well as with robotic systems are outlined.
Vagus nerve stimulation
Authors: Lulic Dzenan , Ahmadian Amir , Baaj Ali A. , Benbadis Selim R. , Vale Fernando L.
Published: September 2009

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a key tool in the treatment of patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Although the mechanism of action of VNS remains poorly understood, this modality is now the most widely used nonpharmacological treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. The goal of this work is to review the history of VNS and provide information on recent advances and applications of this technology.
History of cervical disc arthroplasty
Authors: Baaj Ali A. , Uribe Juan S. , Vale Fernando L. , Preul Mark C. , Crawford Neil R.
Published: September 2009

Enthusiasm for cervical disc arthroplasty is based on the premise that motion-preserving devices attenuate the progression of adjacent-segment disease (ASD) in the cervical spine. Arthrodesis, on the other hand, results in abnormal load transfer on adjacent segments, leading to the acceleration of ASD. It has taken several decades of pioneering work to produce clinically relevant devices that mimic the kinematics of the intervertebral disc. The goal of this work is to trace the origins of cervical arthroplasty technology and highlight the attributes of devices currently available in the market.
Medical services without medical ethics: Sailing the ship without compass
Authors: Nuruzzaman M , Al-Mahmood Abu Kholdun
Published: September 2009

doi: 10.3329/bjms.v8i1.3181Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.8 No. 1-2; 2009 4
Relationship of anti-fertility effects of Andrographis paniculata and hormonal assay in female rats
Authors: Sakila S , Begum N , Kawsar S , Begum ZA , Zola MS
Published: September 2009

Aims: This study was aimed to find out anti-fertility effects of Andrographis paniculata (AP) plant. Study design & Methodology: A prospective case control animal study with 85 female and 30 male rats (Total 115 rats) was done in the Department of Pharmacology of Dhaka Medical College and Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2002 to December 2003. The total 85 female rats were grouped into case study or exposure group (N=60 female rats) exposed to water extract of AP & control or non exposure group (N=25 female rats, 30 male rats also considered as control group) Exposure group (water extract) of female were again subdivided in 3 groups according to duration of (A.P) exposure (N=20 in each group) e.g. 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks. Mating schedules were done after the completion of scheduled duration of exposure with A.P (Dose was 1 gm/kg). Results: In group I percentage of infertility was 33.33% in 4 weeks exposure, 50% in 6 weeks exposure & 100% in 8 weeks exposure respectively. In control group (Group II) percentage of infertility was 0%. In case study group of female rats the value of FSH was 1.20 1U/L (4 weeks), 1.12 1U/L (6 weeks), 1.00 1U/L (8 weeks), LH 0.78 1U/L (4 weeks), 0.70 1U/L (6 weeks), 0.64 1U/L (8 weeks), Estrogen 45.30 pg/ml (4 weeks), 44.80 pg/ml (6 weeks), 44.20 pg/ml (8 weeks) and Progesterone 4.84 nmol/L (4 weeks), 4.72 nmol/L (6 weeks) and 3.80 nmol/L (8 weeks). In non exposure group the value of FSH was 1.23 1U/L, LH 0.80 1U/L, Estrogen 47.05 pg/L and Progesterone 5.50 nmol/L. In exposure group all the values were lesser than the normal hormonal value. Conclusion: This study suggests that due to lower level of hormone, female rats have promising percentage of infertility with AP. Further study is needed with rat as well as clinical trial with human being. Key Words: Andrographis paniculata, Antifertility effects doi: 10.3329/bjms.v8i1.3183 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.8 No. 1-2; 2009 10-14
Out Come of Threatened Abortion in a Series of 100 Cases in RMCH
Authors: Khanam M , Yusuf Nahid , Ashraf Fatema
Published: September 2009

Threatened abortion is a clinical entity where the process of abortion has started but has not progressed to a state from which recovery is impossible1. The prognosis of threatened abortion is very unpredictable whatever method of treatment is employed either in hospital or at home. 100 cases of threatened abortion were studied in RMCH. Over one year of study it was found that abortion cases constituted about 34% of all gyneacological admission. Among them 12% of all abortion related admitted cases had threatened abortion. From the results it was evident that most of the cases were between 20-30 yrs. Age group (58%), 71% were multigravida, 80% were illiterate & low socio economic condition uneventfully & discharged by giving conservative management. In the rest abortion pregnancy was terminated either by inevitable abortion or missed abortion. Follow up data showed that among 46 cases of threatened abortion who readmitted in hospital, 26 cases had normal pregnancy out come, 2 cases developed IUD, 4 cases developed preterm labour, 12 cases had placenta praevia, 2 cases had IUGR & 2 cases had aboruptio placenta. So the conclusion of the study was first trimester vaginal bleeding is an independent risk factor for adverse obstetric out come that is directly proportional to the amount of bleeding.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i2.3170 TAJ 2005; 18(2): 76-79
Activities of Lactation Management Centre of Rajshahi
Authors: Hossain MA , Haque MI , Siddiqui AB , Bari MI
Published: September 2009

A total of 500 patients were attended at LMC of RMCH from July 2004 to June, 2005. Most of the mothers were not aware of breast feeding regarding attachment and position. About 95% of the mothers were trained about correct technique of breast feeding. 55% of mothers were in the age group. 15-20 Yrs. Oketani breast massage was given on an average of about 33% of mothers. Only 12% of attending mothers were suffered from different types of breast problems like-engorged breast, sore nipple, flat nipple, crack nipple and breast abscess.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i2.3173 TAJ 2005; 18(2): 89-92
Early Complications of Suture Closure of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer: A Study of 100 Cases
Authors: Hannan ABMA , Islam B , Hussain M , Haque MM , Kudrat-E-Khuda MI
Published: September 2009

Perforated Duodenal Ulcer is one of the commonest surgical emergencies, most prevalent in middle aged male persons. Most perforations of doudenum are spontaneous but there is an increasing incidence of perforation following the use of NSAIDs. Repair of duodenal ulcer perforation is an urgent and contaminated operation. So, patients may develop post operative complications, like wound sepsis, pneumonia, paralytic ileus, septicemia, shock, electrolyte imbalance, repair failure, duodenal fistula, intra abdominal abscess, burst abdomen etc. Here 100 cases of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer was admitted in surgical wards of R.M.C.H from 01.01.2004-31.12.2005 and all of them underwent laparotomy suture closure of perforation and peritoneal toilet. Meticulous postoperative follow up was done for an average period of 7-10 days to see the complications. 21 post operative complications were found among 100 patients. Most complications occurred in elderly patients with delayed admission, I e, 48 hours after symptoms. The commonest complications were pulmonary (4%), pelvic collection (4%), wound infection (3%), septicemia (2%), burst abdomen (2%), paralytic ileus (2%). 2 out of the 100 cases died from post-operative septicemia. Better prognosis can be expected in young patients who come early with a stable haemodynamic state.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i2.3192 TAJ 2005; 18(2): 122-126
Perirenal Lucency (Kidney Sweat) A New Sign of Renal Failure
Authors: Huda MD , Ahmed AU , Mohiuddin AS
Published: September 2009

This prospective study was designed to find out the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of ("kidney sweat") sign in the sonographic diagnosis of renal failure and carried out in the department of radiology and imaging BIRDEM, Dhaka and BSMMU, Dhaka. For this purpose 146 patients referred for renal sonogram were examined. Out of which 50 patients did not have clinical or laboratory evidence of renal failure and did not show "Kidney sweat" sign (Perirenal hypoechoic rim) in their sonogram. In this work out of 96 renal failure patients eleven (11.46 percent) showed "Kidney sweat" sign in their sonogram. This might be an additional sonographic finding of chronic renal failure patients. doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i2.3195 TAJ 2005; 18(2): 134-136
Dietary Trans Fatty Acids: Impact on Serum Lipoproteins and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Ahsan Raghib
Published: September 2009

Recently, there has been considerable concern on the atherogenic potential of Trans Fatty Acids (TFA) present in the food products produced with hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils. Health authorities and Food regulatory agencies across the world, including WHO and FAO, have suggested food manufacturers to lower TFA content in their food products and called for a mandatory food labeling on packs for consumer information and protection. doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i2.3198 TAJ 2005; 18(2): 144-148
Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Increased Arterial Stiffness and Biomarkers of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: SABIO JOSÉ MARIO , VARGAS-HITOS JOSÉ , ZAMORA-PASADAS MÓNICA , MEDIAVILLA JUAN DIEGO , NAVARRETE NURIA , RAMIREZ ÁNGEL , HIDALGO-TENORIO CARMEN , JÁIMEZ LAURA , MARTÍN JAVIER , JIMÉNEZ-ALONSO JUAN
Published: September 2009

Objective.

Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an independent predictor of risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is more prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with matched healthy subjects. Aortic PWV is increased in MetS. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the association between MetS and aortic PWV and other surrogate biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE.

Methods.

One hundred twenty-eight patients with SLE were studied. We established the presence of MetS according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition and we measured PWV, glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin sensitivity (HOMA index), lipid levels, uric acid, homocysteine, fibrinogen, D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, C3, C4, autoantibodies, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index. Duration of SLE and treatment was also recorded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent determinants of increased PWV.

Results.

SLE patients with MetS had higher aortic PWV (9.8 ± 2.4 vs 8.5 ± 1.7 m/s; p = 0.002) and increased biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis such as CRP, IL-6, C3, uric acid, homocysteine, fibrinogen and D-dimer, compared to those without MetS. HOMA index and insulin and HbA1c levels were also higher in this group. No differences were found in variables related to lupus activity (ESR, C4, SLEDAI, IL-8, IL-10, and treatment for SLE). In the multivariate model, increased PWV was associated with age, male sex, MetS, duration of SLE, and CRP.

Conclusion.

MetS may contribute to the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE.
Online MOS Capacitor Characterization in LabVIEW Environment
Authors: Maiti Chinmay K , Pandey S C , Maiti A , Maiti T K
Published: September 2009

We present an automated evaluation procedure to characterize MOS capacitors involving high-k gate dielectrics. Suitability of LabVIEW environment for online web-based semiconductor device characterization is demonstrated. Developed algorithms have been successfully applied to automate the MOS capacitor measurements for Capacitance-Voltage, Conductance-Voltage and Current-Voltage characteristics. Implementation of the algorithm for use as a remote internet-based characterization tool where the client and server communicate with each other via web services is also shown.
Remote Laboratory Description Language Based On XML
Authors: Grout Ian A , Rodrigues da Silva Alexandre César
Published: September 2009

In this paper, a language used to describe the structure and capabilities (attributes) of remote, or online, laboratories is presented. With reference to the Remote Access Laboratory (RAL) at the University of Limerick, the structure of this laboratory is presented in order to identify the use of the Remote Laboratory Description Language (RLDL). This is based on XML providing for a text based, standard format on which to build and extend RLDL. The structure of the language is presented and an example is given with reference to the specific case study remote laboratory. However, the language can be readily extended to describe current laboratory attributes in more detail and to extend the language in order to identify and present new laboratory attributes. Such a description can be used to exchange information between remote laboratory developers and maintainers.
Collaborative Virtual 3D Environment for Internet-Accessible Physics Experiments
Authors: Scheucher Bettina , Bailey Philip H. , Gütl Christian , Harward Judson V.
Published: September 2009

Abstractâ??Immersive 3D worlds have increasingly raised the interest of researchers and practitioners for various learning and training settings over the last decade. These virtual worlds can provide multiple communication channels between users and improve presence and awareness in the learning process. Consequently virtual 3D environments facilitate collaborative learning and training scenarios.

In this paper we focus on the integration of internet-accessible physics experiments (iLabs) combined with the TEALsim 3D simulation toolkit in Project Wonderland, Sun's toolkit for creating collaborative 3D virtual worlds. Within such a collaborative environment these tools provide the opportunity for teachers and students to work together as avatars as they control actual equipment, visualize physical phenomenon generated by the experiment, and discuss the results. In particular we will outline the steps of integration, future goals, as well as the value of a collaboration space in Wonderland's virtual world.
Collaborative Learning Based on a Micro-Webserver Remote Test Controller
Authors: Ferreira Jose M. M. , Sousa Eduardo L. , Nafalski Andrew , Machotka Jan , Nedic Zorica
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a remote test workbench that was developed to support on-line assignments dealing with the IEEE 1149.1 standard test access port and boundary-scan architecture. The remote test controller is based on the DS80C400 networked microcontroller from Maxim-Dallas, which offers a very cost-effective solution to the development of micro-webservers enabling low complexity data acquisition and control tasks. All remote experiments are integrated into Moodle in exactly the same way as the remaining courseware that is made available to the students. The use of Moodle facilitates the implementation of collaborative learning activities based on the remote test workbench, and the development of the workbench itself is the subject of a collaborative learning project involving students from the universities of Porto in Portugal and South Australia at Adelaide.
Recent Directions in Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation
Authors: Sobh Tarek M. , Pallis Jani , Gupta Navarun
Published: September 2009

The 6th Remote Engineering and Virtual instrumentation Conference (REV 2009) was held at the University of Bridgeport in Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA during the period of June 22 â?? 25, 2009. The conference brought together engineering researchers, educators, and professionals to explore the fundamentals, future, and application of remote engineering in both industry and academia. Participants delivered papers, presented demonstrations, research posters, and shared experiences in virtual engineering. REVâ??09 drew more than 100 engineers, scientists and educators from around the world. Most of the participants were from Europe, but many came from Asia, North and South America, the Middle East and as far as Australia. More than 60 papers were presented on topics ranging from Telerobotics to Virtual and Remote Labs. Workshops and Tutorials drew widespread interest and exhibitors displayed their products for integrating remote engineering into academia. Poster sessions discussed topics such as Robotic Surgery and Development of Remote Labs in Physics.

The general objective of REV 2009 was to discuss fundamentals, applications and experiences within the field of online engineering, both in industry and academia. The conference presentations and papers addressed several emerging trends in online engineering, remote laboratories, virtual instrumentation and educational applications of remote engineering.
Web Development Techniques and Remote Laboratories
Authors: Ursutiu Doru , Iordache Dragos , Cotfas Petru Adrian , Cotfas Daniel Tudor , Samoila Cornel
Published: September 2009

In the actual context of the world economic and financial crisis, any source that causes economy is welcomed. In the technical educational system such a source is represented by the implementation of remote labs. These allow, among other things, the sharing of modern technology between several centers and also the saving of power by using an adequate energetic management. This paper presents a solution for implementing remote labs by using web technologies that are platform independent from the client point of view. Such a lab implementation exemplification is materialized by remote controlling the NI-ELVIS platform.
Tensile Strength of Fibers Extracted from the Leaves of the angustifolia Haw Agave in Function of their Length
Authors: Silva-Santos Luis , Hernández-Gómez Luis Héctor , Caballero-Caballero M. , López-Hernández I.
Published: September 2009

This paper presents the results of the tensile strength evaluation of the fibers of the leaves of the agave species angustifolia Haw. The purpose of the study was to determine the mechanical behavior of the fibers under the following test conditions: (1) in fibers of the agave leave as a whole; (2) in three different longitudinal sections of the fiber: base, center and tip; (3) with a variable length and a constant test speed and (4) with a constant length and a variable test speed. The experiment began with the classification of the agave leaves by level; later the fibers were extracted through the process of retting; next the fibers were stabilized at a temperature of 20 ºc ± 2 ºc and at a relative humidity of 65 %; then the tensile tests were carried out. Finally, the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), the Modulus of Elasticity (ME) and the Ultimate Strain (%) were evaluated. The results show that the fibers exhibit viscoelastic behavior and their characteristics are within the range of other similar vegetal fibers, which are currently being used by industry in the manufacture of new composites.
Assessment of the Crack Compliance Method and the Introduction of Residual Stresses by Shot Peening Using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Urriolagoitia-Sosa G. , Zaldivar-González E. , Sandoval Pineda J.M. , García-Lira J.
Published: September 2009

The interest on the application of the shot peening process to arrest and/or delay crack growth is rising. The main effect of the shot peening technique is to introduce a residual stress field that increases the working life of mechanical components. In this paper, it is presented the numerical simulation (FEM) of the shot peening process and the effect of introducing a residual stress field. Besides, the consequence of changing the sizes of the impacting ball is analyzed. This work also used the Crack Compliance Method (CCM) for the determination of residual stresses in beams subjected to a numerical simulation of a shot peening process. The numerical results obtained provide a quantitative demonstration of the effect of shot peening on the introduction of residual stresses by using different sizes of impacting balls and assess the efficiency of the CCM.
Fractal Analysis of Tissue Biocompatible Neuroreservoir
Authors: López T. , Patiño-Ortiz M. , Balankin Alexander S. , González Richard D.
Published: September 2009

Sol-gel nanostructured titania (TiO2) was functionalized in order to produce a nanomaterial biocompatible with brain tissue. Neuroreservoirs made from titania microtubes have been used to release sodium phenytoin and valproic acid. In vitro and in vivo probes were used to treat the epilepsy disease. Pore space topology and interactions between matrix and drug are the most important phenomena that affect the drug diffusion and liberation kinetics. Accordingly, fractal morphology of nanostructured titania as a function of pH and polarity of the drug added during the gelation reactions was studied. The transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and N2 adsorption (BET) were employed to characterize the nanomaterials with maximum amount of air hollows occluded inside a drug. It was found that the clusters and pores in nanostructured titania are characterized by the universal fractal dimensions and . However, the characteristic sizes of particles and pores, the porosity, and the fractal dimension of pore surface ( ) are dependent on hydrolysis water concentration added during the gelation reaction. So, the matrix hydroxylation permits to control the drug liberation kinetics.
Experimental Study of Water Filtering Using Textiles as in Traditional Methods
Authors: Saidani-Scott H. , Tierney Mike , Sánchez-Silva F.
Published: September 2009

This paper presents experimental results following a feasibility study into the uses of textiles for water filtration and purification. This project emanated from another project called ‘Aquapol’ [1], sponsored by the EU [2], which looked at reduction of infant diseases by the use of clean filtered water.
Due to the high cost and maintenance of manufactured filters used in the Aquapol project, it was decided to look at the traditional methods used locally and try and design a water filter made from simple non expensive materials.
Various textile materials have been tested for water filtration particulate dealing with the simulation of traditional materials used in Africa and Asia (Like Shesh in North Africa and Sari in India). Some ‘modern’ materials (like Denim, curtain shower) have also been tested to see if their filtration capability is better or worst than the traditional ones.
The results obtained showed that textiles were very efficient in reducing particles size transportation and could be used for filtering and pre-filtering. However, storage conditions and basic hygiene are still the most important factors for disease reduction