bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moderators of the effects of exercise training in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy
Authors: Courneya Kerry S. , McKenzie Donald C. , Mackey John R. , Gelmon Karen , Reid Robert D. , Friedenreich Christine M. , Ladha Aliya B. , Proulx Caroline , Vallance Jeffrey K. , Lane Kirstin , Yasui Yutaka , Segal Roanne J.
Published: February 2008

BACKGROUND

Exercise training improves supportive care outcomes in patients with breast cancer who are receiving adjuvant therapy, but the responses are heterogeneous. In this study, the authors examined personal and clinical factors that may predict exercise training responses.

METHODS

Breast cancer patients who were initiating adjuvant chemotherapy (N = 242) were assigned randomly to receive usual care (UC) (n = 82), resistance exercise training (RET) (n = 82), or aerobic exercise training (AET) (n = 78) for the duration of chemotherapy. Endpoints were quality of life (QoL), aerobic fitness, muscular strength, lean body mass, and body fat. Moderators were patient preference for group assignment, marital status, age, disease stage, and chemotherapy regimen.

RESULTS

Adjusted linear mixed‐model analyses demonstrated that patient preference moderated QoL response (P= .005). Patients who preferred RET improved QoL when they were assigned to receive RET compared with UC (mean difference, 16.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.3–28.7;P= .008) or AET (mean difference, 11; 95% CI, −1.1–23.4;P= .076). Patients who had no preference had improved QoL when they were assigned to receive AET compared with RET (mean difference, 23; 95% CI, 4.9–41;P= .014). Marital status also moderated QoL response (P= .026), age moderated aerobic fitness response (P= .029), chemotherapy regimen moderated strength gain (P= .009), and disease stage moderated both lean body mass gain (P< .001) and fat loss (P= .059). Unmarried, younger patients who were receiving nontaxane‐based therapies and had more advanced disease stage experienced better outcomes. The findings were not explained by differences in adherence.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient preference, demographic variables, and medical variables moderated the effects of exercise training in breast cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy. If replicated, these results may inform clinical practice. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Comparative study of brain morphology in Mecp2 mutant mouse models of Rett syndrome
Authors: Belichenko Nadia P. , Belichenko Pavel V. , Li Hong Hua , Mobley William C. , Francke Uta
Published: February 2008

Rett syndrome (RTT) is caused by mutations in the X‐linked gene MECP2. While patients with RTT show widespread changes in brain function, relatively few studies document changes in brain structure and none examine in detail whether mutations causing more severe clinical phenotypes are linked to more marked changes in brain structure. To study the influence of MeCP2‐deficiency on the morphology of brain areas and axonal bundles, we carried out an extensive morphometric study of two Mecp2‐mutant mouse models (Mecp2B and Mecp2J) of RTT. Compared to wildtype littermates, striking changes included reduced brain weight (≈13% and ≈9%) and the volumes of cortex (≈11% and ≈7%), hippocampus (both by ≈8%), and cerebellum (≈12% and 8%) in both mutant mice. At 3 weeks of age, most (24 of 47) morphological parameters were significantly altered in Mecp2B mice; fewer (18) were abnormal in Mecp2J mice. In Mecp2B mice, significantly lower values for cortical area were distributed along the rostrocaudal axis, and there was a reduced length of the olfactory bulb (≈10%) and periaqueductal gray matter (≈16%). In Mecp2J mice, while there was significant reduction in rostrocaudal length of cortex, this parameter was also abnormal in hippocampus (≈10%), periaqueductal gray matter (≈13%), fimbria (≈18%), and anterior commissure (≈10%). Our findings define patterns of Mecp2 mutation‐induced changes in brain structure that are widespread and show that while some changes are present in both mutants, others are not. These observations provide the underpinning for studies to further define microarchitectural and physiological consequences of MECP2 deficiency. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:184–195, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Symmetric synaptic patterns between starburst amacrine cells and direction selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina
Authors: Chen Yung‐Cheng , Chiao Chuan‐Chin
Published: February 2008

Inputs from starburst amacrine cells (SACs) to ON‐OFF direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) in the rabbit retina are themselves directional. However, the synaptic asymmetry between SACs and DSGCs required for generating direction selectivity has been controversial. We investigated dendritic contacts and distribution of inhibitory synapses between SACs and their overlapped DSGCs. Double injection of SAC/DSGC pairs and quantitative analysis revealed no obvious asymmetry of dendritic contacts between SACs and DSGCs. Furthermore, examination of the inhibitory input pattern on the dendrites of DSGCs using antibodies against GABAA receptors also suggested an isotropic arrangement with the overlapping SACs in both the preferred and the null directions. Therefore, the presynaptic mechanism of direction selectivity upon DSGCs may not result from a simple asymmetric arrangement with overlapping SACs. Multiple layer interactions and sophisticated synaptic connections between SACs and DSGCs are necessary. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:175–183, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and evaluation of inter‐bandwidth broker signaling
Authors: Mantar Haci A. , Okumus Ibrahim T. , Hwang Junseok , Chapin Steve J.
Published: February 2008

Bandwidth brokers (BBs) have been proposed for providing end‐to‐end quality of services (QoS) in differentiated services (Diffserv) networks. As a single entity in each domain, a BB aims at performing both intra‐ and inter‐domain resource management on behalf of its domain. There have been plenty of BB studies for intra‐domain resource management. However, how a BB can perform inter‐domain resource management in a scalable and deployable manner is still an open issue.

In this work, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of an inter‐BB communication protocol that is used by each BB to communicate with its neighboring BBs for inter‐domain QoS resource management. The proposed model uses a destination‐based aggregation scheme in which reservations are aggregated as they merge through the destination region. The destination‐based aggregation improves inter‐domain state and signaling scalability. The protocol also performs traffic engineering to increase inter‐domain resource utilization. The implementation and simulation results verify the achievements of our model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high‐fat diet prevents and reverses the development of activity‐based anorexia in rats
Authors: Brown Amanda J. , Avena Nicole M. , Hoebel Bartley G.
Published: February 2008

Objective:

Activity‐based anorexia is an animal model of anorexia nervosa in which limited access to standard lab chow combined with voluntary wheel running leads to hypophagia and severe weight loss. This study tested whether activity‐based anorexia could be prevented or reversed with palatable foods.

Method:

Male rats were divided into sedentary or ad libitum‐running groups and maintained on 1 h daily access to standard chow plus one of the following: sugar, saccharin, vegetable fat (shortening), or sweet high‐fat chow.

Results:

Access to the sweet high‐fat chow both reversed and prevented the weight loss typical of activity‐based anorexia. Vegetable fat attenuated body weight loss, but to a lesser degree than the sweet high‐fat diet. The addition of saccharin or sucrose solutions to the standard lab‐chow diet had no effect.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that certain palatable diets may affect the development of, and recovery from, activity‐based anorexia. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Central coherence in women with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Lopez Carolina A. , Tchanturia Kate , Stahl Daniel , Treasure Janet
Published: February 2008

Objective:

To examine the concept of central coherence in women with bulimia nervosa (BN) and address similarities and difference with those with anorexia nervosa (AN)

Method:

Forty two women with BN and 42 matched healthy women, completed neuropsychological testing measuring aspects of central coherence: Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure (RCFT), Embedded Figures Test (EFT), Block Design Test (BD), Homograph Reading Test (HRT), and Sentence Completion Task (SCT).

Results:

The BN group showed superiority in local processing as measured by EFT and lesser relative advantage from segmentation in BD, and difficulties in global processing in both visual and verbal domains as examined by RCFT, HRT, and SCT. Anxiety levels were associated with low central coherence indices in RCFT.

Conclusion:

People with BN displayed a profile consistent with the weak central coherence hypothesis. Their pattern of cognitive performance resembles that seen in AN although some differences are apparent. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008.
How do adolescents with bulimia nervosa rate the acceptability and therapeutic relationship in family‐based treatment?
Authors: Zaitsoff Shannon L. , Celio Doyle Angela , Hoste Renee Rienecke , le Grange Daniel
Published: February 2008

Objective:

To describe therapeutic alliance and treatment acceptability ratings of adolescents with bulimia nervosa (BN) participating in family‐based treatment (FBT‐BN) and to explore how participant characteristics relate to these constructs.

Method:

Adolescents with BN (n = 80) in a randomized controlled trial comparing FBT‐BN and individual supportive psychotherapy (SPT), completed the Eating Disorder Examination, Rosenberg Self‐esteem Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory prior to treatment. The Helping Relationship Questionnaire, patient expectancy for treatment, treatment suitability, and self‐reported estimates of improvement ratings were obtained at multiple points throughout treatment.

Results:

Therapeutic alliance and treatment acceptability ratings were positive in both treatments and generally did not differ. Within FBT‐BN, more severe eating disorder symptomatology pretreatment was related to lower alliance ratings mid‐treatment (p < .05). However, reductions in binge and purge behaviors over the course of treatment were not related to alliance or acceptability for participants in FBT‐BN (all p's > .10).

Conclusion:

Contrary to expectations of FBT‐BN, adolescents receiving both treatments develop a strong alliance with the therapist. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Early maternal adjustment in women with eating disorders
Authors: Koubaa Saloua , Hällström Tore , Hirschberg Angelica Lindén
Published: February 2008

Objective:

To study early adaptation to motherhood in mothers with eating disorders (ED) before pregnancy.

Method:

Forty‐four nulliparous nonsmoking women with ED before pregnancy (24 anorexia nervosa, 20 bulimia nervosa) and 67 controls were recruited from the same prenatal clinics. Three months after delivery, the women completed the maternal adjustment and maternal attitude questionnaire (MAMA) and were asked about mental health problems postpartum.

Results:

Ninety‐two percent of mothers with ED before pregnancy reported problems regarding their maternal adjustment compared to 13% in the control group (p < 0.001), whereas there were no differences between the subgroups of ED and between those with and without verified relapse of ED during pregnancy. Fifty percent of mothers with previous ED reported that they had been in contact with health services after delivery because of depression or other mental problems and these women had significantly higher MAMA score than patients not reporting such contact with health services (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Adjustment to motherhood was clearly impaired and related to mental problems in mothers with ED before pregnancy. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Structure Variation and Luminescence Properties of Lanthanide Complexes Incorporating a Naphthalene‐Derived Chromophore Featuring Salicylamide Pendant Arms
Authors: Song Xue‐Qin , Liu Wei‐Sheng , Dou Wei , Wang Ya‐Wen , Zheng Jiang‐Rong , Zang Zhi‐Peng
Published: February 2008

A new potentially bridging ligand containing two salicylamide pendant arms separated by a 2,3‐dimethoxynaphthalene spacer has been prepared and its coordination chemistry with LnIII ions has been investigated. An analysis of the presented crystal structures indicates that the diversity of these supramolecular structures is mainly dictated by the nature of the metal ions. These compounds represent good examples of tuning crystal structures arising from the flexibility of the ligands and the Ln contraction effect. Luminescence studies showed that the introduction of the methoxyl substituents on the naphthalene backbone lowers the triplet energy and considerably changes the luminescent behaviors of the EuIII and TbIII complexes, which is very different from the literature data on similar compounds. In the emission spectra of the Tb complex the ligand fluorescence remains relatively important because of the back‐energy transfer from the TbIII ion to the ligand, which to the best of our knowledge, may be the first example of salicylamide lanthanide complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Concentrating particles on drop surfaces using external electric fields
Authors: Nudurupati Sai , Janjua Mohammad , Aubry Nadine , Singh Pushpendra
Published: February 2008

We propose to use an externally applied uniform electric field to alter the distribution of particles on the surface of a drop immersed in another immiscible liquid. Specifically, we seek to generate well‐defined concentrated regions at the drop surface while leaving the rest of the surface particle free. Experiments show that when the dielectric constant of the drop is greater than that of the ambient liquid the particles for which the Clausius–Mossotti factor is positive move along the drop surface to the two poles of the drop. Particles with a negative Clausius–Mossotti factor, on the other hand, move along the drop surface to form a ring near the drop equator. The opposite takes place when the dielectric constant of the drop is smaller than that of the ambient liquid, namely particles for which the Clausius–Mossotti factor is positive form a ring near the equator while those for which such a factor is negative move to the poles. This motion is due to the dielectrophoretic force that acts upon particles because the electric field on the surface of the drop is nonuniform, despite the uniformity of the applied electric field. Experiments also show that when small particles collect at the poles of a deformed drop the electric field needed to break the drop is smaller than without particles. These phenomena could be useful to concentrate particles at a drop surface within well‐defined regions (poles and equator), separate two types of particles at the surface of a drop or increase the drop deformation to accelerate drop breakup.
Zeta potential and electroosmotic mobility in microfluidic devices fabricated from hydrophobic polymers: 1. The origins of charge
Authors: Tandon Vishal , Bhagavatula Sharath K. , Nelson Wyatt C. , Kirby Brian J.
Published: February 2008

This paper combines new experimental data for electrokinetic characterization of hydrophobic polymers with a detailed discussion of the putative origins of charge at water‐hydrophobe interfaces. Complexities in determining the origin of charge are discussed in the context of design and modeling challenges for electrokinetic actuation in hydrophobic microfluidic devices with aqueous working fluids. Measurements of interfacial charge are complicated by slip and interfacial water structuring phenomena (see Part 2, this issue). Despite these complexities, it is shown that (i) several hydrophobic materials, such as Teflon and Zeonor, have predictable electrokinetic properties and (ii) electrokinetic data for hydrophobic microfluidic systems is most consistent with the postulate that hydroxyl ion adsorption is the origin of charge.
System peaks in micellar electrophoresis: I. Utilization of system peaks for determination of critical micelle concentration
Authors: Lokajová Jana , Hruška Vlastimil , Tesařová Eva , Gaš Bohuslav
Published: February 2008

A new way to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) based on the mobilities of system peaks is presented. A general approach for the CMC determination is based on the change of the slope or on finding the inflection point in the plot of a physical property of solution as a function of surfactant concentration. The determination of CMC by system peaks in CE utilizes a “jump” instead of a continuous change in the measured quantity. This phenomenon was predicted by the program PeakMaster, which was modified for simulation of micellar systems. The simulation of the steep change in mobilities of the anionic system peaks showing the CMC value was verified experimentally in a set of measurements, where the concentration of the surfactant was varied while the ionic strength was kept constant. The experimental work fully proved our model. A comparative electric current measurement was carried out. The proposed method seems to offer easier CMC determination as compared to the standard methods.
Zeta potential and electroosmotic mobility in microfluidic devices fabricated from hydrophobic polymers: 2. Slip and interfacial water structure
Authors: Tandon Vishal , Kirby Brian J.
Published: February 2008

We discuss the structure of water at hydrophobic interfaces from the standpoint of its impact on electrokinetic phenomena in microfluidic devices fabricated from hydrophobic polymers such as Teflon® or Zeonor®. Water structuring at hydrophobic interfaces has been described as a source of interfacial charge (see Part 1, this issue), and dewetting phenomena, whether via depletion layers or nanobubbles, contribute to slip and enhanced apparent electrokinetic potentials. Issues concerning the impact of hydrodynamic slip and the role of diffuse interfacial structures are discussed. These issues are coupled with each other and with interfacial charge concerns, providing challenges for measurements of individual parameters.
Optimal design of water treatment plant under uncertainty using genetic algorithm
Authors: Gupta Ajay Kumar , Shrivastava Rakesh Kumar
Published: February 2008

An approach that links genetic algorithm (GA) as an optimization tool with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)‐based reliability program is presented for reliability‐constrained optimal design of water treatment plant (WTP). The reliability of a WTP is defined as its ability to produce water of desired effluent water quality standard. The objective function minimizes the treatment cost subjected to reliability constraint, design constraints, and performance constraints. The random variables used to generate the reliability estimates are suspended solid concentration, viscosity of water, specific gravity of floc particle, sedimentation basin performance index, velocity gradient, and flow rate. The application of GA‐MCS approach for design of a WTP is illustrated with a hypothetical case study. The application shows that the reliability of achieving desired water quality standard is affected by the uncertainty of system parameters. The suggested GA‐MCS approach is efficient to evaluate treatment cost‐reliability tradeoff in design of WTP. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Aeration improvement in fed batch composting of vegetable and fruit wastes
Authors: Jolanun Banjarata , Towprayoon Sirintornthep , Chiemchaisri Chart
Published: February 2008

Vegetable and fruit wastes amended with sawdust and urea were composted in a laboratory scale reactor by controlling a waste feeding rate of 21 g L−1 day−1 under proper conditions of composting. Effects of aeration, agitation, and initial waste‐to‐sawdust ratio on enhancing organic matter degradation and process performance in fed batch composting were investigated. During the feeding stage, rapid increase in moisture content and lowest removal of dry mass (0.28–0.30 g g−1 day−1) were observed at all aeration rates without agitation at a waste‐to‐sawdust ratio of 1:1.5. As the amount of sawdust was doubled, the water released was not only absorbed by waste matrix efficiently, resulted in the highest dry mass removal and total amount of new waste addition, but also demonstrated the substantial N loss (54–71%). The results revealed that the initial waste‐to‐sawdust ratio and agitation mode indeed influenced the performance of the fed batch composting (feeding stage) as indicated by a higher percentage of dry mass removal (34–59%) and larger free air space in compost matrix were determined. Adoption of a large amount of sawdust and agitation mode is recommended for maintaining stable degradation and enhancing fed batch composting under continuous aeration at a rate of 10.62–21.24 L m−3 min−1. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Consequences of No Child Left Behind on evaluation purpose, design, and impact
Authors: Mabry Linda
Published: February 2008

As an outgrowth of No Child Left Behind's narrow definition of scientifically based research, the priority given to certain quantitative evaluation designs has sparked debate among those in the evaluation community. Federal mandates for particular evaluation methodologies run counter to evaluation practice and to the direction of most evaluation theorists, who advocate for flexibility and adaptability in methods choices. The impact of this mandate for randomized clinical trials as the sine qua non of evaluation methods is not yet discernible, but the potential impact is explored through an analogous example involving the World Bank. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responding to accountability requirements while promoting program improvement
Authors: Guillén‐Woods Blanca Flor , Kaiser Monica A. , Harrington Maura J.
Published: February 2008

The impact of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is usually understood in relation to schools and districts, but the legislation has also affected community‐based organizations that operate school‐linked programs. This case study of an afterschool program in California demonstrates how educational accountability systems that emphasize students' academic achievement and scientifically based research prompted evaluators to modify evaluation questions, methods, and analytic techniques. The external demands of NCLB transformed the evaluation to support the relevance and value of this community‐based program within the evolving framework of accountability for the school. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring student progress: Changes and challenges under No Child Left Behind
Authors: Azin Mariam , Resendez Miriam G.
Published: February 2008

Evaluators face a number of challenges in using student assessment data, given varying state and federal accountability requirements. Approaches to measuring student progress and specific characteristics of state assessment systems influence how data can be used. The continuous changes to state assessment systems and data create a significant challenge for evaluators wishing to use state repositories of student achievement data over time to track changes in achievement. The authors discuss the larger questions of the validity of tests being used and the potential limitations of single measures of student achievement in using state‐collected student assessment data. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postoperative intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for cancers of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and lacrimal glands: Technique, early outcomes, and toxicity
Authors: Hoppe Bradford S. , Wolden Suzanne L. , Zelefsky Michael J. , Mechalakos James G. , Shah Jatin P. , Kraus Dennis H. , Lee Nancy
Published: February 2008

Background

Our aim was to review Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center's experience with postoperative intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, and lacrimal gland cancer and report dosimetric measures, toxicity, and outcomes.

Methods

Between September 2000 and June 2006, 37 patients with paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, or lacrimal gland cancer underwent postoperative IMRT. Median values were as follows: prescription dose, 60 Gy (range, 50–70); PTVD95, 99% (range, 79–101%); optic nerve Dmax, 53 Gy (range, 2–54); optic chiasm Dmax, 51Gy (range, 2–55). Acute and late toxicities were scored by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity criteria.

Results

Median follow‐up was 28 months. Two‐year local progression–free and overall survivals were 75% and 80%. No early‐ or late‐grade 3/4 radiation‐induced ophthalmologic toxicity occurred.

Conclusions

Preliminary results show that adjuvant IMRT in these patients is feasible, allowed for excellent planning target volume (PTV) coverage, and minimized dose delivered to optic structures. Longer follow‐up is warranted to assess the extent of late effects and outcomes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx: A 40‐year experience
Authors: Moukarbel Roger V. , Goldstein David P. , O'Sullivan Brian , Gullane Patrick J. , Brown Dale H. , Wang Lisa , Irish Jonathan C.
Published: February 2008

Background

Laryngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease. We reviewed our experience at the Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) with its treatment.

Methods

This is a retrospective chart review of 15 cases treated at PMH between 1963 and 2005.

Results

The mean age was 48.6 years. There was no sex predilection. The subglottis was the most common subsite involved. Only 2 patients had regional metastasis. Local or regional recurrence was noted in 5 patients (33.3%). The distant metastasis rate was 66.7% and involved the lungs. The median follow‐up time was 6.9 years. The 5‐ and 10‐year overall and disease‐specific survival rates were 64% and 46%, and 69% and 49%, respectively.

Conclusion

Laryngeal ACC is a rare disease with a high rate of distant recurrence. Its management should emphasize maximizing local and regional disease control by surgery followed by radiotherapy with distant disease failure eventually dictating survival. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Functional outcome after total and subtotal glossectomy with free flap reconstruction
Authors: Yanai Chie , Kikutani Takesi , Adachi Masatosi , Thoren Hanna , Suzuki Munekazu , Iizuka Tateyuki
Published: February 2008

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate postoperative oral functions of patients who had undergone total or subtotal (75%) glossectomy with preservation of the larynx for oral squamous cell carcinomas.

Methods

Speech intelligibility and swallowing capacity of 17 patients who had been treated between 1992 and 2002 were scored and classified using standard protocols 6 to 36 months postoperatively. The outcomes were finally rated as good, acceptable, or poor.

Results

The 4‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 64%. Speech intelligibility and swallowing capacity were satisfactory (acceptable or good) in 82.3%. Only 3 patients were still dependent on tube feeding. Good speech perceptibility did not always go together with normal diet tolerance, however.

Conclusions

Our satisfactory results are attributable to the use of large, voluminous soft tissue flaps for reconstruction, and to the instigation of postoperative swallowing and speech therapy on a routine basis and at an early juncture. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Concurrent hyperfractionated radiotherapy and carboplatin with transoral debulking microsurgery for T2N0 glottic cancer
Authors: Ohguri Takayuki , Imada Hajime , Nakano Keita , Yahara Katsuya , Udaka Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Hideaki , Korogi Yukunori
Published: February 2008

Background

Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with transoral debulking microsurgery for T2N0 glottic cancer.

Methods

Thirty patients with T2N0 glottic cancer treated with concurrent hyperfractionated radiotherapy (RT) and carboplatin were retrospectively analyzed. Median total dose of RT was 72 Gy. Nineteen of 30 patients also received transoral debulking microsurgery during or before CRT. The remaining 11 patients who demonstrated complete response or good partial response at 36 to 45.6 Gy were not treated with transoral debulking microsurgery.

Results

Local recurrence developed in 5 patients; 4 of these patients did not undergo transoral debulking microsurgery. The 3‐year local control rate was significantly better for CRT with transoral debulking microsurgery (95%) than for CRT alone (61%) (p = .02).

Conclusion

CRT with transoral debulking microsurgery may have a positive impact on the local control of T2N0 glottic cancer, which justifies further evaluation to confirm its definite benefit. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in vivo only slightly suppresses gluconeogenesis but enhances clearance of glucose in mice
Authors: Derks Terry G. J. , van Dijk Theo H. , Grefhorst Aldo , Rake Jan-Peter , Smit Peter G. A. , Kuipers Folkert , Reijngoud Dirk-Jan
Published: February 2008

Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mFAO) is considered to be essential for driving gluconeogenesis (GNG) during fasting. However, quantitative

in vivo

data on

de novo

synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate upon acute inhibition of mFAO are lacking. We assessed hepatic glucose metabolism

in vivo

after acute inhibition of mFAO by 30 mg kg−1 2-tetradecylglycidic acid (TDGA) in hypoketotic hypoglycemic male C57BL/6J mice by the infusion of [U-13C]glucose, [2-13C]glycerol, [1-2H]galactose, and paracetamol for 6 hours, which was followed by mass isotopomer distribution analysis in blood glucose and urinary paracetamol-glucuronide. During TDGA treatment, endogenous glucose production was unaffected (127 ± 10 versus 118 ± 7 μmol kg−1 minute−1, control versus TDGA, not significant), but the metabolic clearance rate of glucose was significantly enhanced (15.9 ± 0.9 versus 26.3 ± 1.1 mL kg−1 minute−1, control versus TDGA,

P

< 0.05). In comparison with control mice,

de novo

synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) was slightly decreased in TDGA-treated mice (108 ± 19 versus 85 ± 6 μmol kg−1 minute−1, control versus TDGA,

P

< 0.05). Recycling of glucose was decreased upon TDGA treatment (26 ± 14 versus 12 ± 4 μmol kg−1 minute−1, control versus TDGA,

P

< 0.05). Hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in

de novo

G6P synthesis were unaltered, whereas glucose-6-phosphate hydrolase mRNA expressions were increased in TDGA-treated mice. Glucokinase and pyruvate kinase mRNA levels were significantly decreased, whereas pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 4 expression was increased 30-fold; this suggested decreased glycolytic activity.

Conclusion:

Acute pharmacological inhibition of mFAO using TDGA had no effect on endogenous glucose production and only a marginal effect on

de novo

G6P synthesis. Hence, fully active mFAO is not essential for maintenance of hepatic GNG

in vivo

in fasted mice.(Hepatology 2008.)
Metastatic tumor antigen 1 is closely associated with frequent postoperative recurrence and poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ryu Soo Hyung , Chung Young-Hwa , Lee Hyunseung , Kim Jeong A. , Shin Hyun Deok , Min Hyun Joo , Seo Dong Dae , Jang Myoung Kuk , Yu Eunsil , Kim Kyu-Won
Published: February 2008

Metastatic tumor antigen 1 (MTA1) is known to play a role in angiogenic processes as a stabilizer of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1-α). In this study, we examined whether overexpression of MTA1 affects the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgical resection and the survival of the patients. A total of 506 HCC patients who underwent hepatic resection were included in the study. They were followed up for a median of 43 months (range, 1-96 months) after hepatectomy. MTA1 expression levels were determined by the proportion of immunopositive cells (none, all negative; +, <50%; ++, >50%). The relationships between MTA1 expression and the HCC histological features, the appearance of recurrent HCC after surgical resection, and the survival of the patients were examined. Eighty-eight cases (17%) of the HCCs were positive for MTA1, although the surrounding liver tissues were all negative for MTA1; 62 cases were + and 26 cases were ++. Increased MTA1 expression levels in HCC were correlated with larger tumors (

P

= 0.04), perinodal extension (

P

= 0.03), and microvascular invasion (

P

= 0.008). Histological differentiation had marginal significance (

P

= 0.056). However, there was no association between MTA1 expression and age, sex, Child-Pugh class, and capsule invasion of HCC. Interestingly, MTA1 expression levels were significantly greater in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC compared with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated HCC (

P

= 0.017). The cumulative recurrence rates of MTA1-positive HCCs were markedly greater than those of MTA1-negative HCCs (

P

< 0.0001). The cumulative survival rates of patients with MTA1-positive HCCs were significantly shorter than those of patients with MTA1-negative HCCs (

P

< 0.0001). In conclusion, our data indicate that MTA1 is closely associated with microvascular invasion, frequent postoperative recurrence, and poor survival of HCC patients, especially in those with HBV-associated HCC.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase links bile duct inflammation to human cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Komori Junji , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Machimoto Takafumi , Endo Yoko , Kinoshita Kazuo , Kou Tadayuki , Haga Hironori , Ikai Iwao , Uemoto Shinji , Chiba Tsutomu
Published: February 2008

Chronic inflammation plays a critical role in oncogenesis in various human organs. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis have a predisposition to develop cholangiocarcinoma (CC). However, the molecular mechanisms that account for the development of bile duct carcinomas are not well defined. We recently provided evidence that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a member of the DNA/RNA editing enzyme family, is implicated in human tumorigenesis via its mutagenic activity. We found here that ectopic AID production is induced in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation via the IkappaB kinase-dependent nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation pathway in human cholangiocarcinoma-derived cells. Aberrant expression of AID in biliary cells resulted in the generation of somatic mutations in tumor-related genes, including

p53

,

c
-
myc

, and the promoter region of the

INK4A

/

p16

sequences. In human tissue specimens, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that

AID

was increased significantly in 28 of 30 CC tissues (93%), whereas only trace amounts of

AID

were detected in the normal liver. Immunohistochemistry showed that all of the CC tissue samples examined showed overproduction of endogenous AID protein in cancer cells. Moreover, immunostaining for AID was detectable in 16 of 20 bile epithelia in the tissues underlying primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Conclusion:

The proinflammatory cytokine-induced aberrant production of AID might link bile duct inflammation to an enhanced genetic susceptibility to mutagenesis, leading to cholangiocarcinogenesis.
Isolation and functional identification of a novel human hepatic growth factor: Hepatopoietin Cn
Authors: Cui Chun-Ping , Zhang Da-Jin , Shi Bing-Xing , Du Shao-Jun , Wu Dan-Li , Wei Ping , Zhong Gen-Shen , Guo Zi-Kuan , Liu Yang , Wang Li-Sheng , Wu Chu-Tse
Published: February 2008

Hepatic stimulating substance (HSS) was first isolated from weanling rat liver in 1975 and found to stimulate hepatic DNA synthesis both

in vitro

and

in vivo

. Since then, mammalian and human HSS have been investigated for their potential to treat hepatic diseases. However, the essential nature in composition and structure of HSS remain puzzling because HSS has not been completely purified. Heating, ethanol precipitation, and ion-exchange chromatographies had been carried out to isolate the protein with specific stimulating activity from newborn calf liver, and [3H]thymidine deoxyribose (TdR)/bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based proliferation assay to determine the bioactivity

in vitro

and

in vivo

. We report the purification of a novel 30-kDa protein from a crude extract of calf liver HSS. This protein is a member of the leucine-rich acidic nuclear protein family (LANP) and has been named hepatopoietin Cn (HPPCn). Studies of partially hepatectomized (PH) mice show that levels of HPPCn messenger RNA (mRNA) increase after liver injury. Furthermore, the recombinant human protein (rhHPPCn) was shown to stimulate hepatic DNA synthesis and activate signaling pathways involved in hepatocyte proliferation

in vitro

and

in vivo.

Conclusion:

HPPCn is a novel hepatic growth factor that plays a role in liver regeneration.
Recollection and familiarity in hippocampal amnesia
Authors: Turriziani Patrizia , Serra Laura , Fadda Lucia , Caltagirone Carlo , Carlesimo Giovanni Augusto
Published: February 2008

Currently, there is a general agreement that two distinct cognitive operations, recollection and familiarity, contribute to performance on recognition memory tests. However, there is a controversy about whether recollection and familiarity reflect different memory processes, mediated by distinct neural substrates (dual‐process models), or whether they are the expression of memory traces of different strength in the context of a unitary declarative memory system (unitary‐strength models). Critical in this debate is the status of recognition memory in hippocampal amnesia and, in particular, whether the various structures in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) contribute differentially to the recollection and familiarity components of recognition. The present study aimed to explore the relative contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition of words that had been previously read or that had been previously generated in a group of severely amnesic patients with cerebral damage restricted to the hippocampus. A convergent pattern of results emerged when we used a subjective‐based (remember/know; R/K) and an objective‐based (process dissociation procedure; PDP) methods to estimate the contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition performance. In both PDP and R/K procedures, healthy controls disclosed significantly higher recollection estimates for words that had been anagrammed than for words that had been read. Amnesic patients' recollection scores were not different for words that had been generated or that had been read, and the recollection estimate for words that had been generated was significantly reduced as compared to the group of healthy controls. For familiarity, both healthy controls and amnesic patients recognized as familiar more words that had been generated than words that had been read, and there was no difference between the two groups. These data support the hypothesis of a specific role of the hippocampus in recollection processes and suggest that other components of the MTL (e.g., perirhinal cortex) may be more involved in the process of familiarity. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NPY gene transfer in the hippocampus attenuates synaptic plasticity and learning
Authors: Sørensen Andreas T. , Kanter‐Schlifke Irene , Carli Mirjana , Balducci Claudia , Noe Francesco , During Matthew J. , Vezzani Annamaria , Kokaia Merab
Published: February 2008

Recombinant adeno‐associated viral (rAAV) vector‐induced neuropeptide Y (NPY) overexpression in the hippocampus exerts powerful antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic effects in rats. Such gene therapy approach could be a valuable alternative for developing new antiepileptic treatment strategies. Future clinical progress, however, requires more detailed evaluation of possible side effects of this treatment. Until now it has been unknown whether rAAV vector‐based NPY overexpression in the hippocampus alters normal synaptic transmission and plasticity, which could disturb learning and memory processing. Here we show, by electrophysiological recordings in CA1 of the hippocampal formation of rats, that hippocampal NPY gene transfer into the intact brain does not affect basal synaptic transmission, but slightly alters short‐term synaptic plasticity, most likely via NPY Y2 receptor‐mediated mechanisms. In addition, transgene NPY seems to be released during high frequency neuronal activity, leading to decreased glutamate release in excitatory synapses. Importantly, memory consolidation appears to be affected by the treatment. We found that long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area is partially impaired and animals have a slower rate of hippocampal‐based spatial discrimination learning. These data provide the first evidence that rAAV‐based gene therapy using NPY exerts relative limited effect on synaptic plasticity and learning in the hippocampus, and therefore this approach could be considered as a viable alternative for epilepsy treatment. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous release from mossy fiber terminals inhibits Ni2+‐sensitive T‐type Ca2+ channels of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the rat organotypic hippocampal slice
Authors: Reid Christopher A. , Xu Shenghong , Williams David A.
Published: February 2008

Mossy fibers (axons arising from dentate granule cells) form large synaptic contacts exclusively onto the proximal apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons. They can generate large synaptic currents that occur in close proximity to the soma. These properties mean that active conductance in the proximal apical dendrite could have a disproportionate influence on CA3 pyramidal neuron excitability. Ni2+‐sensitive T‐type Ca2+ channels are important modulators of dendritic excitability. Here, we use an optical approach to determine the contribution of Ni2+ (100 μM)‐sensitive Ca2+ channels to action potential (AP) elicited Ca2+ flux in the soma, proximal apical and distal apical dendrites. At resting membrane potentials Ni2+‐sensitive Ca2+ channels do not contribute to the Ca2+ signal in the proximal apical dendrite, but do contribute in the other cell regions. Spontaneous release from mossy fiber terminals acting on 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX)‐sensitive postsynaptic channels underlies a tonic inhibition of Ni2+‐sensitive channels. Chelating Zn2+ with CaEDTA blocks CNQX‐sensitive changes in Ca2+ flux implicating a mechanistic role of this ion in T‐type Ca2+ channel block. To test if this inhibition influenced excitability, progressively larger depolarizing pulses were delivered to CA3 pyramidal neurons. CNQX significantly reduced the size of the depolarizing step required to generate APs and increased the absolute number of APs per depolarizing step. This change in AP firing was completely reversed by the addition of Ni2+. This mechanism may reduce the impact of T‐type Ca2+ channels in a region where large synaptic events are common. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dorsal hippocampus involvement in delay fear conditioning depends upon the strength of the tone‐footshock association
Authors: Quinn Jennifer J. , Wied Heather M. , Ma Quang D. , Tinsley Matthew R. , Fanselow Michael S.
Published: February 2008

The hippocampus is important for the formation of spatial, contextual, and episodic memories. For instance, lesions of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) produce demonstrable deficits in contextual fear conditioning. By contrast, it is generally agreed that the DH is not important for conditioning to a discrete cue (such as a tone or light) that is paired with footshock in a temporally contiguous fashion (delay conditioning). There are, however, some reports of hippocampus involvement in delay conditioning. The present series of experiments was designed to assess the conditions under which the hippocampus‐dependent component of delay fear conditioning performance may be revealed. Here, we manipulated the number of conditioning trials and the intensity of the footshock in order to vary the strength of conditioning. The results indicate that the DH contributes to freezing performance to a delay conditioned tone when the conditioning parameters are relatively weak (few trials or low footshock intensity), but not when strong parameters are used. The results are discussed in terms of two parallel memory systems: a direct tone‐footshock association that is independent of the hippocampus and a hippocampus‐dependent memory for the conditioning session. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adverse events in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic medications
Authors: Jerrell Jeanette M. , McIntyre Roger S.
Published: February 2008

Objective

To report the odds of developing adverse events associated with antipsychotic treatment among children and adolescents.

Method

A retrospective cohort design evaluating medical and pharmacy claims from one state Medicaid program was used to compare incidence rates for six categories of adverse events of antipsychotic use in 4140 children and adolescents newly prescribed one of six atypical or two conventional antipsychotic medications, January, 1998 to December, 2005 with prevalence rates of these conditions in a random sample of 4500 children not treated with psychotropic medications.

Results

The odds of developing obesity/excessive weight gain, Type II diabetes and dyslipidemia, digestive/urogenital problems, and neurological/sensory symptoms were higher for females and those prescribed multiple antipsychotic medications. The odds of developing cardiovascular conditions were higher for those prescribed multiple antipsychotic medications and haloperidol. The odds of developing somatic conditions were higher for females, children 12 and under, and those prescribed multiple antipsychotics. Those with lengthy exposure to antipsychotics were at higher risk of developing incident neurological/sensory symptoms. Those treated with concomitant antipsychotic agents were at higher risk of developing somatic problems, and digestive/urogenital conditions.

Conclusion

Pediatric exposure to antipsychotic polypharmacotherapy confers a higher risk of developing adverse events than monotherapy, especially for females. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Models for estimating evapotranspiration using artificial neural networks, and their physical interpretation
Authors: Jain S. K. , Nayak P. C. , Sudheer K. P.
Published: February 2008

Estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) requires a knowledge of the values of many climatic variables, some of which require special equipment and careful observations. Although ET is an important component of water balance, the data required for its accurate estimation are commonly available only at widely spaced measurement stations. The major objective of this study was to estimate ET using an artificial neural network (ANN) technique and to examine if a trained neural network with limited input variables can estimate ET efficiently. The results indicate that even with limited climatic variables an ANN can estimate ET accurately. The paper also outlines a procedure to evaluate the effects of input variables on the output variable using the weight connections of ANN models. Such an analysis performed on the ANN‐ET models developed was able to explain the reasons for the ANN's potential in estimating the ET effectively from limited climatic data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.