bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weather Regime Prediction Using Statistical Learning
Authors: Deloncle A. , Berk R. , D’Andrea F. , Ghil M.
Published: May 2007

Two novel statistical methods are applied to the prediction of transitions between weather regimes. The methods are tested using a long, 6000-day simulation of a three-layer, quasigeostrophic (QG3) model on the sphere at T21 resolution.

The two methods are the k nearest neighbor classifier and the random forest method. Both methods are widely used in statistical classification and machine learning; they are applied here to forecast the break of a regime and subsequent onset of another one. The QG3 model has been previously shown to possess realistic weather regimes in its northern hemisphere and preferred transitions between these have been determined. The two methods are applied to the three more robust transitions; they both demonstrate a skill of 35%–40% better than random and are thus encouraging for use on real data. Moreover, the random forest method allows one, while keeping the overall skill unchanged, to efficiently adjust the ratio of correctly predicted transitions to false alarms.

A long-standing conjecture has associated regime breaks and preferred transitions with distinct directions in the reduced model phase space spanned by a few leading empirical orthogonal functions of its variability. Sensitivity studies for several predictors confirm the crucial influence of the exit angle on a preferred transition path. The present results thus support the paradigm of multiple weather regimes and their association with unstable fixed points of atmospheric dynamics.
Abelard'sHistoria Calamitatumand Letters: Self as Search and Struggle
Authors: Sweeney Eileen C.
Published: May 2007

In this essay, I offer an interpretation of Abelard's Historia Calamitatum and letters exchanged with Heloise, arguing that both are informed by the attempt to look below the surfaces of language, self, and action to a reality beneath and to achieve authenticity, by which I mean coherence between surface and depth. This reading shows an emerging sense of self and self-knowledge based on the relationship between external act and internal intention. While using traditional medieval narrative forms, I argue, Abelard gives his story a modern-sounding autobiographical twist: that its moral is about matching outer to inner self. While the project is never complete, the search itself becomes an identity; Abelard achieves authenticity in his rejection of all the models of it that were available to him. This is not done to unmask a self without place or parallel but to make the case for a new way of life in a new community for the inner self who is truly seeking God. Thus, like Augustine before and Rousseau after him, Abelard writes about his own life with a philosophical aim: to display the nature of what it is to be human and to make claims about how human life ought to be lived.
Contextual role for angiopoietins and TGFβ1 in blood vessel stabilization
Authors: Ramsauer Markus , D'Amore Patricia A.
Published: May 2007

We used a 3D in-vitro model of angiogenesis to investigate the effects of different growth factors on vessel formation and stabilization in vitro. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was the only factor that induced the formation, elongation and sprouting of capillary-like structures (CLS) by bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells (BREC), an effect that was dose-dependent and saturable. Basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) enhanced capillary formation in the presence of VEGF, leading to a more complex network of CLS and a higher rate of BrdU incorporation than VEGF alone, indicating that whereas VEGF acts as a morphogen, FGF2 is primarily a mitogen. Addition of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) to the 3D assay along with VEGF and FGF2, reduced tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. When added at the time of cell plating TGFβ1 completely suppressed formation of VEGF/FGF2-stimulated CLS. Angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) prevented regression of the TGFβ1-induced CLS, an effect that was blocked by angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), but required the continuous presence of VEGF.
Crystal Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Second Harmonic Generation of a Three-Dimensional Pyroelectric Cyano-Bridged Mn–Mo Complex
Authors: Kosaka Wataru , Nuida Tomohiro , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi
Published: May 2007

A paramagnetic pyroelectric 3-dimensional cyano-bridged assembly, [{MnII(H2O)2}{MnII(pyrazine)(H2O)2}{MoIV(CN)8}]·4H2O (P21) was synthesized. This compound displayed second harmonic generation with a value of 6.0 × 10−11 esu.
Fixation of Natural Furanoeremophilane by Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Iida Kazunori , Mitani Makoto , Kuroda Chiaki
Published: May 2007

Diels–Alder reaction of furanoeremophilan-6β-ol (petasalbin) and its synthetic analogue, 4-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran, was studied using N-ethyl- and N-phenylmaleimides as the dienophiles, affording corresponding adducts as mixtures of stereoisomers. The adduct of petasalbin and maleimide was also obtained when the latter compound was added to a crude extracted solution of Petasites japonicus var. giganteus. By using this method, it was estimated that the contents of unstable furanoeremophilan-10β-ol in L. cymbulifera is more than 32% of the extract.
Carbocyclization Reaction of Malonate Derivatives with Allylsilane Moiety Mediated by AlCl3-n-Bu3N
Authors: Imazeki Shigeaki , Kinoshita Ryohiko , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: May 2007

Allylsilane bearing malonate moiety underwent intramolecular carbocyclization reaction by means of AlCl3-n-Bu3N to give silyl-substituted cyclopentanes in good yields.
Monodispersed Fullerene Derivatives Introduced into the Channels of Mesoporous Silica via Chemical Bond Interactions
Authors: Wu Huixia , Lin Yanghui , Tang Jiawei , Gao Dong , Cai Ruifang , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: May 2007

A specific fullerene derivative, C60(CHCOOH)2, was introduced into the matrix network of well-ordered hexagonal mesoporous silica (SBA-15) via a chemical bond interaction. The methods included aminosilylation of the surface silanols within SBA-15 channels by 3-aminopropyl(trimethoxy)silane (APTS) and a subsequent amide reaction between amino groups of APTS/SBA-15 and carboxylic acids of C60(CHCOOH)2. The final material C60(CHCOOH)2/APTS/SBA-15 was confirmed by XRD, TEM, and BET techniques, FT-IR and UV–vis spectra. The [60]fullerene carboxylic derivative molecules were uniformly distributed in the channels of SBA-15, while pure [60]fullerene molecules remained as clusters or larger aggregate states.
Near-Infrared Fluorescent 2,3-Dicyanopyrazines
Authors: Matsui Masaki , Maehashi Takaya , Funabiki Kazumasa
Published: May 2007

Novel non-ionic near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent 2,3-dicyanopyrazines were prepared. 5-[6-(9-julolidyl)-1,3,5-hexatrienyl]- and 5-[8-(9-julolidyl)-1,3,5,7-octatetraenyl]-2,3-dicyanopyrazines showed fluorescence maxima (Fmax) at 716 and 751 nm with fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) 0.12 and 0.03 in toluene, respectively. MO calculations showed that these compounds have an intramolecular charge-transfer chromophoric system from the julolidyl to dicyanopyrazine moieties. The calculations also showed that since the HOMO energy level was unstabilized, and at the same time, the LUMO energy level was stabilized by expanding the conjugated system at 5-position, NIR fluorescent derivatives were obtained. They showed clear positive solvatochromism in the fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence intensity drastically decreased in polar solvents.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of a Supramolecular Compound Based on Waugh-type Polyanion and Moroxydine
Authors: Cheng Hai-Yan , Liu Shu-Xia , Xie Lin-Hua , Ren Yuan-Hang , Zhang Chun-Dan
Published: May 2007

A supramolecular compound Na3(HABOB)(H2ABOB)[MnMo9O32]·5.5H2O (ABOB = moroxydine) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectrum, diffuse reflectance spectrum, room temperature magnetic moment, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and TG analysis. It exhibits a two-dimensional, layered inorganic framework constructed from Waugh-type polyanions [MnMo9O32]6− and Na+ ions linkers. Protonated ABOB molecules are hydrogen-bonded to the left- and right- handed [MnMo9O32]6− enantiomorphs to construct two kinds of infinite organic–inorganic hybrid chains.
Agostic Interaction between Tungsten Center and Cycloalkane: DFT Studies on W(CO)5(cyclo-C3H6)
Authors: Ishikawa Yo-ichi , Xie Ye
Published: May 2007

An agostic interaction in W(CO)5(cyclo-C3H6) is investigated using a hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP) with ECPs (LanL2DZ) on W and 6-311+G(2d,p) on C, O, and H atoms. The structure with the minimum energy is confirmed on the basis of the reproducibility of the characteristic frequency shifts in the C–O stretching region observed by a time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy on the coordination of cyclo-C3H6 to “naked” W(CO)5. The C–H bond is found to coordinate to the W atom in η2-form with the bond enthalpy of 5.5 kcal mol−1.
Further Insights in the Mechanisms of Interleukin-1β Stimulation of Osteoprotegerin in Osteoblast-Like Cells
Authors: Lambert Cécile , Oury Cécile , Dejardin Emmanuel , Chariot Alain , Piette Jacques , Malaise Michel , Merville Marie-Paule , Franchimont Nathalie
Published: May 2007

The mechanisms of IL-1β stimulation of OPG were studied in more detail. Whereas p38 and ERK activation was confirmed to be needed, NF-κB was not necessary for this regulation. We also found that OPG production after IL-1β stimulation was not sufficient to block TRAIL-induced apoptosis in MG-63 cells.

Introduction: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays a key role in the regulation of bone resorption and is stimulated by interleukin (IL)-1β. Herein, we defined the mechanisms of IL-1β stimulation of OPG focusing on the potential involvement of MAPK and NF-κB. We also examined whether OPG production in response to IL-1β influences TRAIL-induced apoptosis in MG-63 cells.

Materials and Methods: OPG mRNA levels in MG-63 cells were quantified by real-time RT-PCR and protein levels of OPG and IL-6 by ELISA. Cell viability was assessed using the methyltetrazidium salt (MTS) reduction assay. The role of the MAPK pathway was studied by both Western blotting and the use of specific chemical inhibitors. NF-κB function was studied using BAY 11-7085 and by siRNA transfection to inhibit p65 synthesis. Transcription mechanisms were analyzed by transiently transfecting MG-63 cells with OPG promoter constructs. Post-transcriptional effects were examined by using cycloheximide and actinomycin D.

Results: MG-63 cells treatment with IL-1β resulted in the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The use of the specific inhibitors showed that p38 and ERK but not JNK were needed for IL-1β–induced OPG production. In contrast, NF-κB was not essential for IL-1β induction of OPG. We also showed a small transcriptional and a possible post-transcriptional or translational regulation of OPG by IL-1β. Exogenous OPG blocked TRAIL-induced apoptosis, but IL-1β induction of OPG did not influence TRAIL-induced cell death.

Conclusions: IL-1β stimulates OPG production by mechanisms dependent on p38 and ERK. In contrast, NF-κB was not essential for this regulation. Although the relevance of IL-1β stimulation of OPG is still not fully understood, our data showed that IL-1β stimulation of OPG does not modify TRAIL-induced cell death.
Can BMD Assessed by DXA at Age 8 Predict Fracture Risk in Boys and Girls During Puberty?: An Eight-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Flynn Jennifer , Foley Stella , Jones Graeme
Published: May 2007

This study reports on the association between DXA at age 8 and subsequent fractures in both male and female children. Bone densitometry at the total body and spine (but not hip) is a strong predictor of fracture (especially upper limb) during puberty.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine if prepubertal DXA can predict fracture risk during puberty.

Materials and Methods: We studied 183 children who were followed for 8 yr (1460 person-years). Bone densitometry was measured at the total body, hip, and spine by DXA and reported as BMC, BMD, and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD). Fractures were self-reported at age 16 with X-ray confirmation.

Results: There were a total of 63 fractures (43 upper limb). In unadjusted analysis, only total body BMD showed an inverse relationship with upper limb fracture risk (p = 0.03). However, after adjustment for height, weight, age (all at age 8), and sex, total body BMC (HR/SD, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.52–4.02), spine BMC (HR/SD, 1.97: 95% CI, 1.30–2.98), total body BMD (HR/SD, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.18–2.36), total body BMAD (HR/SD, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01–2.37), and spine BMD (HR/SD, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.10, 2.22) were all significantly associated with upper limb fracture risk. Similar, but weaker associations were present for total fractures. There was a trend for overweight/obesity to be associated with increased upper limb fracture risk (HR, 1.53/category; p = 0.08).

Conclusions: Measurement of bone mass by DXA is a good predictor of upper limb fracture risk during puberty. Although we did not measure true BMD, the constancy of fracture prediction after a single measure suggests bone strength remains relatively constant during puberty despite the large changes in bone size.
Effect of complexing anions on europium sorption on suspended silica: a TRLFS study for ternary complex formation
Authors: Pathak P. N. , Choppin Gregory R.
Published: May 2007

The sorption of europium, Eu(III), on suspended silica was studied in perchlorate media under varying concentrations of Eu(III) and silica, at pH 4 to 8, and ionic strength from 0.20 to 1.40 M NaClO4at 298 K. The complexing anions, carbonate, acetate, citrate, oxalate, phosphate and EDTA, affected the sorption of Eu(III). A synergistic enhancement in the sorption of Eu(III) was observed for oxalate and phosphate ligands. Other anions suppressed the sorption in the order: acetate < carbonate < citrate < EDTA. The results of TRLFS studies were consistent with ternary Eu/silica/ligand complexation for oxalate and phosphate anions.
Separation of 137mBa from 137Cs using new ion exchanger Na2(H2O)4(H3O)[Al(OH)6Mo6O18]
Authors: Dhara Sanjoy , Dey S. , Basu Sukalyan , Drew Michael G. B. , Chattopadhyay Pabitra
Published: May 2007

A new polyoxometalate of chemical formula, Na2(H2O)4(H3O)[Al(OH)6Mo6O18] (1) containing Anderson type large anion has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determination and IR spectroscopic studies. The crystal of 1 is triclinic, spacegroup P−1 with cell dimensions, a = 6.365(9)Å, b = 10.37(1)Å, c = 10.44(1)Å and α = 65.41(1), β = 77.18(1), γ = 86.58(1) and Z = 1. The compound 1 behaves as an ion exchanger and is stable in thermal, radiation and chemical environments. Radiochemical separation of the short-lived daughter 137mBa (t
1/2 = 2.50 min) from its long-lived parent 137Cs using this newly designed and synthesized ion exchanger has been developed.
Association for Black Anthropologists
Authors: Chin Elizabeth J
Published: May 2007

?Vera Green Publication Award Sabiyha Prince
Society for Linguistic Anthropology
Authors: Stanlaw James , Peterson Mark Allen , Stevens Carolyn
Published: May 2007

?Amistad (1997) ?Ball of Fire (1941) ?Children of a Lessor God (1986) ?Executive Decision (1996) ?Mad Hot Ballroom (2005) ?Nell (1994) ?Santa Fe (1940)
Society for Urban, National and Transnational/Global Anthropology
Authors: Gozdziak Elzbieta M , Bastellanos Maria Bianet
Published: May 2007

?Social Problem in Oaxaca: A Yalalteco Perspective Luordes Guti?rrez‐N?jera
Modeling the effects of binary mixtures on survival in time
Authors: Baas Jan , van Houte Bart P. P. , van Gestel Cornelis A. M. , Kooijman Sebastiaan A. L. M.
Published: May 2007

In general, effects of mixtures are difficult to describe, and most of the models in use are descriptive in nature and lack a strong mechanistic basis. The aim of this experiment was to develop a process-based model for the interpretation of mixture toxicity measurements, with effects of binary mixtures on survival as a starting point. The survival of Folsomia candida was monitored daily for 21 d during the exposure to six binary mixtures of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in a loamy sand soil. The measurements were used to develop a model to describe survival in time. The model consists of two parts: A one-compartment model that describes uptake and elimination of the compounds, and a hazard model describing survival. The model was very successful in describing the data and at finding possible interactions. The mixture of copper and lead showed a slight antagonistic effect, the other mixtures showed no interaction. The model is straightforward in its biological assumptions and does not require a mode-of-action a priori choice of the mixture that might influence the modeled interaction of the components in the mixture. The model requires measurements at intermediate time points, but runs with relatively few parameters and is robust in finding interactions. When mixture effects are considered at only one time point, care should be taken with the assignment of interactions because these may be different for different points during the time course of the experiments.
Initial experience with GLP-1 treatment on metabolic control and myocardial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure
Authors: Thrainsdottir Inga , Malmberg Klas , Olsson Arne , Gutniak Mark , Rydén Lars
Published: May 2007

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a serious disease with a poor prognosis. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for CHF, probably in part due to disturbances in myocardial metabolism. Glucagon-like pep-tide-1 (GLP-1) causes glucose-dependent secretion of insulin, improving glycaemic control. In turn, this may improve myocardial metabolism and myocardial function.

The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility and safety of three days' infusion of recombinant GLP-1 in an open observational study in six patients with type 2 diabetes and CHF. The study included assessment of myocardial function.

There were no major complications of the infusion, and all patients completed the study protocol. Some improvement was observed in glycaemic state, and there was an insignificant trend towards improved myocardial function.

It is concluded that GLP-1 deserves further evaluation in such patients.
Elevated release of sCD40L from platelets of diabetic patients by thrombin, glucose and advanced glycation end products
Authors: Varo Nerea , Libby Peter , Nuzzo Rebecca , Italiano Joseph , Doria Alessandro , Schönbeck Uwe
Published: May 2007

The pro-inflammatory CD40/CD40L dyad participates in atherogenesis. Plasma levels of the soluble ligand (sCD40L) predict cardiovascular events and are elevated in diabetic patients. This study compared CD40/CD40L surface expression on platelets and T lymphocytes of diabetic and control subjects, and tested whether glucose and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulate sCD40L release.

Constitutive and inducible surface expression of CD40/CD40L on platelets or T lymphocytes did not differ between diabetic patients (n=9) and controls (n=13). Platelets from diabetic patients contained higher intracellular CD40L than controls (p<0.05) and thrombin stimulated greater platelet sCD40L release in diabetic patients (15.11 ± 16.77 ng/ml) compared to controls (3.64 ± 2.03 ng/ml; p<0.05). Glucose and AGEs induced platelet sCD40L release and CD40L expression in mouse megakaryocytes.

This study demonstrates elevated CD40L content and inducible release from platelets of diabetic patients, and identifies glucose and AGEs as potential triggers of expression and release accounting for the elevated sCD40L plasma levels in these patients.
Prevalence of microalbuminuria and hypertension in South Asians and white Europeans with type 2 diabetes: a report from the United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study (UKADS)
Authors: Dixon Anthony N , Raymond Neil T , Mughal Shanaz , Rahim Asad , O'Hare J Paul , Kumar Sudhesh , Barnett Anthony H
Published: May 2007

Microalbuminuria is more common in South Asian individuals compared to white Europeans. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between blood pressure and microalbuminuria in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes in these two ethnic groups. These further data were analysed from 552 patients (311 South Asian patients and 241 white Europeans) who had microalbuminuria screening data collected. Prevalence of microalbuminuria was significantly higher in South Asian compared with white European patients (31% versus 20%, p=0.007). Among patients with normal, untreated blood pressure, the proportion who had microalbuminuria was three times higher among South Asian patients compared with the white European group (30.7% versus 10.1%, p=0.049, relative risk = 3.1 [1.0–9.5]). In addition, despite their higher cardiovascular risk, South Asian patients were less likely to be prescribed a statin or antihypertensive drug treatment.

In conclusion, thresholds and targets for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in South Asians may need to be lower than those for white Europeans, and targeted intervention will be required to achieve this.
TNF and TNF receptor expression and insulin sensitivity in human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue — influence of BMI and adipose distribution
Authors: Good Manuela , Newell Felicity M , Haupt Larisa M , Whitehead Jonathan P , Hutley Louise J , Prins Johannes B
Published: May 2007

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α is implicated in the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes. In an effort to understand this association better we (i) profiled gene expression patterns of TNF, TNFR1 and TNFR2 and (ii) investigated the effects of TNF on glucose uptake in isolated adipocytes and adipose tissue explants from omental and subcutaneous depots from lean, overweight and obese individuals.

TNF expression correlated with expression of TNFR2, but not TNFR1, and TNF and TNFR2 expression increased in obesity. TNFR1 expression was higher in omental than in subcutaneous adipocytes. Expression levels of TNF or either receptor did not differ between adipocytes from individuals with central and peripheral obesity. TNF only suppressed glucose uptake in insulin-stimulated subcutaneous tissue and this suppression was only observed in tissue from lean subjects.

These data support a relationship between the TNF system and body mass index (BMI), but not fat distribution, and suggest depot specificity of the TNF effect on glucose uptake. Furthermore, adipose tissue from obese subjects already appears insulin ‘resistant’ and this may be a result of the increased TNF levels.
Effects of pioglitazone on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia after treatment conversion from rosiglitazone while continuing stable statin therapy
Authors: Berhanu Paulos , Kipnes Mark S , Khan Mehmood A , Perez Alfonso T , Kupfer Stuart F , Spanheimer Robert G , Demissie Seleshi , Fleck Penny R
Published: May 2007

4The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes after treatment conversion from rosiglitazone to pioglitazone while maintaining stable statin and other lipid-altering therapies.

A total of 305 patients were enrolled in this open-label study. Patients had been taking stable dosages of rosiglitazone and statins for > 90 days. At baseline, patients discontinued rosiglitazone and started pioglitazone 30 mg/day, but continued statins and other lipid-altering therapies. The primary end point was change from baseline in fasting triglyceride levels.

At 17 weeks after treatment conversion, patients had significant reductions in triglycerides (-15.2%), total cholesterol (-9.0%), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration (-189 nmol/L), and increases in LDL cholesterol (+2.2%), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (+1.8%), and LDL particle diameter (+0.23 nm). In conclusion, after treatment conversion from rosiglitazone to pioglitazone while maintaining stable statin therapy, patients with type 2 diabetes had marked improvements in lipid profiles along with stable glycaemic control.
Fibrates after the FIELD study: some answers, more questions
Authors: Wierzbicki Anthony S
Published: May 2007

Fibrates have a long history in cardiovascular disease. These drugs raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, reduce triglycerides and improve small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) so would be expected to have large effects in type 2 diabetes, where this is the typical lipid profile. The general trial results with these agents have been confusing, with varying cardiovascular benefits. The Fenofibrate Intervention and Endpoint Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study recruited a low-risk population with a lipid profile that would be more usually treated with a statin. FIELD showed a non-significant 11% reduction (p=0.16) in the primary end point of coronary events and a significant 11% benefit on the secondary end point of cardiovascular events and procedures (p=0.04). Most of the benefits were seen in primary prevention and non-fatal myocardial events. Fenofibrate had little effect on HDL-C; the effects of the trial are consistent with the LDL-C reducing potential of this drug.

FIELD, because of unequal statin drop-in, gives little evidence on statin-fibrate combination therapy but does reinforce the available data on the safety of fenofibrate-statin combination therapy. In addition, fenofibrate showed possible benefits on microvascular disease end points, including albuminuria and retinopathy.

On current data fenofibrate and gemfibrozil seem to be reasonable second-line agents in type 2 diabetes or secondary prevention with low HDL-C, respectively, based on outcome evidence. In combination therapy, drug-specific safety considerations will affect the exact choice of agent, especially in combination with statins, but the efficacy of combination therapy still requires validation in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study.
Rosiglitazone increases LDL particle size and buoyancy and decreases C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes on statin therapy
Authors: Yu Dahong , Murdoch Susan J , Parikh Shamik J , Marcovina Santica M , Cobitz Alexander , Chen Hongzi , Brunzell John D
Published: May 2007

A substantial number of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) demonstrate a predominance of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL), which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In some cases, sdLDL persists after treatment with a statin to reduce levels of LDL. The effect of the addition of a thiazolidinedione, rosiglitazone (RSG) (4 mg/day or 8 mg/day) to statin therapy on LDL phenotype and C reactive protein (CRP) levels was investigated in a 12-week, placebo-controlled study of 72 T2DM patients who were well controlled and on a statin, but who had persistently predominant sdLDL.

Addition of RSG 8 mg to statin therapy significantly increased LDL buoyancy (relative flotation +0.014, p=0.003) and LDL particle size (+4.2Å, p=0.001) from baseline and relative to the change with placebo (+0.014 and +3.8Å; p=0.03 and p=0.04, respectively), and was associated with a non-significant decrease in sdLDL. RSG 8 mg moderately, but significantly, increased total cholesterol (by 12.2%, p=0.004), LDL-cholesterol (11.2%, p=0.02) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)-cholesterol from baseline but did not increase total or LDL apolipoprotein B. RSG 4 mg and 8 mg significantly reduced CRP compared with placebo (-44.9% and-48.0%; p=0.008 and p=0.004, respectively), and significantly reduced insulin resistance and fasting plasma glucose from baseline.

Addition of RSG to statin therapy may further reduce cardiovascular risk by improving the LDL phenotype, as well as reducing insulin resistance and CRP levels. However, the increase in IDL may be proatherogenic and must be considered when assessing the benefits of rosiglitazone.
Exercise capacity is a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Seyoum Berhane , Estacio Raymond O , Berhanu Paulos , Schrier Robert W.
Published: May 2007

Peak exercise oxygen consumption (peak VO2), as measured by expired gas analysis, is an accurate, reproducible and reliable method for determining exercise capacity. In this study, a cohort of 468 patients with type 2 diabetes underwent graded exercise testing to measure peak VO2 at baseline; the cohort was followed for five years for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Patients who developed CVD events during the five-year follow-up period were found to have significantly lower baseline peak VO2, as compared to those who did not (p=0.02). Analysis by gender showed that the mean peak VO2 in male patients who developed CVD events was significantly lower than the peak VO2 in those who did not (p<0.03). Multiple Cox regression analysis also showed low peak VO2 to be an independent factor.

In conclusion, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with reduced peak VO2 during exercise have a greater tendency to develop future CVD events.
Analysis of Frankincense in Archaeological Samples by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mathe Carole , Connan Jacques , Archier Paul , Mouton Michel , Vieillescazes Catherine
Published: May 2007

Four archaeological samples, unearthed from Qana in Yemen were analysed by analytical technique, currently applied in the field of petroleum geochemistry, and by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC‐MS). Sample no 1286 comes from a burned warehouse and samples no 964, 963 and 962 from the central sanctuary. These specimens were probably exposed to a heating source. In each case olibanum resin was identified according to the presence of their chemical markers corresponding to α‐, β‐boswellic and lupeolic acids (3α‐hydroxy‐olean‐12‐en‐24‐oic, 3α‐hydroxy‐urs‐12‐en‐24‐oic and 3α‐hydroxy‐lup‐20(29)en‐24‐oic acids) and their respective O‐acetyled derivatives (3α‐ O‐acetyl ‐olean‐12‐en‐24‐oic, 3α‐O‐acetyl‐urs‐12‐en‐24‐oic and 3‐O‐acetyl‐lup‐20(29)‐en‐24‐oic acids). Concerning the thermal degradation state of samples, the GC‐MS results are in agreement with the geochemical ones. Sample no 1286 and 964 correspond to ageing incense which has not undergone any heating action and are consequently relatively well preserved. Lastly, samples no 963 and 962 are thermally degraded resins and their gross composition data permits to conclude that sample no 963 is only partially burnt while sample no 962 has been much more degraded.
Infrared and Raman Vibrational Spectroscopies Reveal the Palette of Frescos Found in the Medieval Monastery of Karaach Teke
Authors: Zorba T. , Andrikopoulos K.S. , Paraskevopoulos K.M. , Pavlidou E. , Popkonstantinov K. , Kostova R. , Platnyov V. , Sister Daniilia
Published: May 2007

Vibrational spectroscopy is applied on samples obtained from the excavation area of the medieval Monastery (10th century) of Karaach‐Teke in Bulgaria. The results of the corresponding study, reveal the type of materials used for the creation of the wall‐paintings and give evidence of Byzantine influence, a fact that further supports the well known impact of Byzantium on the technology and thematic‐aesthetic features of iconography in Bulgaria during this era. In addition, the complementarity of FTIR and μ‐Raman spectroscopies in the identification of pigments is indicated.
Studies in Organic Archaeometry VII ‐ Differentiation of Wood and Bark Pitches by Pyrolysis Capillary Gas Chromatography (PY‐CGC)
Authors: Puchinger L. , Sauter F. , Leder S. , Varmuza K.
Published: May 2007

Tars and pitches were prepared from wood and bark of various deciduous trees and conifers and analysed with the intention to distinguish between various starting materials. All this was done before the background of an archaeometrical problem: to provide a basis for the chemical identification of those pitches which are frequently found in archaeological excavations.

Intending to extend the already existing possibilities for such analyses the present paper is dealing with the application of pyrolysis coupled with capillary gas chromatography and by subsequent chemometric studies. It could be shown that by this technique indeed not only tars and pitches prepared from deciduous trees and from conifers could clearly be differentiated, but that even respective species could be identified. Thus a fundament is provided for future studies aiming to identify the starting material of real archaeological finds by a novel method which requires by far less quantities of sample material as compared to the methods hitherto used by us.
Effect of Selected Natural Dyes in Reduction on Colour Changes of Egyptian Linen Textiles by Fungi
Authors: Abdel‐Kareem Omar
Published: May 2007

Linen is the most historical Egyptian textile fibre liable to fungal deterioration. Fungal deterioration of dyed linen textiles may appear as undesirable different stains. In order to success in removing of fungal stains from biodeteriorated historical Egyptian dyed linen textiles, it is necessary to understand the nature and causes of these stains, hence their subsequent removal. So this paper aims to investigate the effect of fungi on dyed linen textiles. In this study linen textile samples were experimentally dyed by two different dyes, blue one as an example to vat dye and yellow one as an example to direct dye. This work is done on two of the most important dyes (Turmeric and indigo), which were popular in most of historical periods in Egypt. Dyed linen samples were experimentally biodegraded by thirty different fungal strains isolated previously from historical Egyptian linen samples. The produced change in colours of the biodeteriorated samples was detected visually. Also, the change in reflection spectra and colour differences produced to dyed linen textiles after fungal deterioration, were assessed and evaluated by using spectrophotometer. This study reported that most of tested fungi contribute to discoloration of all tested dyed linen samples. These results indicate that most of stains on historical Egyptian dyed linen textiles, may be fungal stains. The results confirm that undyed linen textiles more liable to fungal biodeterioration than dyed ones. Also the results show that yellow dyed linen textiles are more susceptible to fungal deterioration than blue dyed linen textiles. The obtained results show that Alternaria tenuissima, Chaetomium globosum, Chaetomium sp., Penicillium raistrickii, P. soppi, P. asperum, P. citrinum, Aspergillus carbonarius, A. fischeri, A. nidulans, A. terreus and A. niger, had showed the maximum colour changes of the deteriorated yellow dyed linen samples. The results also show that Alternaria tenuissima, Chaetomium sp., Penicillium asperum, P. citrinum, Aspergillus nidulans and A. spinulosus, had shown the maximum colour changes of the deteriorated blue dyed linen samples.
Metallographic Approach to the Investigation of Metallic Archaeological Objects
Authors: Pinasco Maria Rosa , Ienco Maria Giuseppina , Piccardo Paolo , Pellati Gabriella , Stagno Enrica
Published: May 2007

Metallic objects are considered among the most significant findings in Cultural Heritage and represent the ‘culture of Materials’ and the habits of an historical period and of a population. They also preserve traces of time: from the transformation of the ores in metal (by smelting) to the degradation from metal to oxidised compounds (by corrosion processes). Metallography, historically devoted to connect the microstructural features to production processes and to chemical‐physical‐mechanical properties is a powerful and relatively easy approach to characterise metallic findings. All analytical tools and methods in the hands of a metallographer are improved through experience and practice and provide a large number of information (elemental composition, primary and secondary microstructures, surface treatments, corrosion rate, original ores traces) by the preparation of a fairly small microdestructive sample. A wise and careful use of the metallography allows the balance “object sacrifice / knowledge improvement” to lean on the right side contributing to the hard work of rebuilding humankind history. Beside a description of a research protocol some practical examples concerning archaeological findings are presented in this paper.
Filler Segmentation of Sem Paper Images Based on Mathematical Morphology
Authors: Ait Kbir M. , Benslimane Rachid , Princi Elisabetta , Vicini Silvia , Pedemonte Enrico
Published: May 2007

Recent developments in microscopy and image processing have made digital measurements on high‐resolution images of fibrous materials possible. This helps to gain a better understanding of the structure and other properties of the material at micro level. In this paper SEM image segmentation based on mathematical morphology is proposed. In fact, paper models images (Whatman, Murillo, Watercolor, Newsprint paper) selected in the context of the Euro Mediterranean PaperTech Project have different distributions of fibers and fillers, caused by the presence of SiAl and CaCO3 particles. It is a microscopy challenge to make filler particles in the sheet distinguishable from the other components of the paper surface. This objectif is reached here by using switable strutural elements and mathematical morphology operators.
Wave propagation and granular temperature in fluidized beds of nanoparticles
Authors: Driscoll Michael , Gidaspow Dimitri
Published: May 2007

The speeds of motion of compression waves through a fluidized bed of 10 nm silica particles were determined by measuring the times of arrival of compression zones using a light probe. A correlation for the modulus of elasticity was determined as a function of void fraction. Using a kinetic theory type equation of state for particles, this experimentally determined modulus gives a value for the granular temperature for 10 nm particles of approximately one (meter per second) squared. This value is close to that obtained by assuming the motion of the 10 nm particles to be due to collision with air molecules with no energy dissipation. The values of the granular temperature were also determined in a two‐dimensional (2‐D) fluidized bed by measuring the volume fraction distributions of 10 nm silica particles. Granular temperatures were deduced from a one‐dimensional particle momentum balance using an ideal equation of state for particles, which is similar to the barometric formula for gases. These granular temperatures agreed with the measurements obtained from wave propagation experiments. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Fluid‐wall effectiveness for preventing oxidation in solar‐thermal ZnO reactors
Authors: Perkins Christopher , Lichty Paul , Weimer Alan W. , Bingham Carl
Published: May 2007

Computational fluid dynamics simulations of a “fluid‐wall” solar reactor for the dissociation of ZnO were performed to determine the effectiveness of the fluid‐wall strategy at preventing oxygen from reacting with the reactor wall. An axial boundary layer near the porous wall was found to exist where ZnO concentrations were essentially zero, demonstrating that the concept was effective at preventing particle contact with the reactor wall. ZnO particles were found to heat nearly instantaneously (>105 K/s), and ZnO conversions were found to be significant (>50%) in the short residence times employed. Conditions for high levels of oxidation of the tube wall coincided with those for high levels of ZnO conversion, and oxidation levels were high (>50%). This was confirmed in solar experiments, where all oxygen products reacted with the tube wall. Although an effective concept for keeping particles from contacting the wall, the fluid‐wall strategy was not effective for preventing oxidation. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Spastic paraplegia 5: Locus refinement, candidate gene analysis and clinical description
Authors: Klebe Stephan , Durr Alexandra , Bouslam Naima , Grid Djamel , Paternotte Caroline , Depienne Christel , Hanein Sylvain , Bouhouche Ahmed , Elleuch Nizar , Azzedine Hamid , Poea‐Guyon Sandrine , Forlani Sylvie , Denis Elodie , Charon Céline , Hazan Jamile , Brice Alexis , Stevanin Giovanni
Published: May 2007

Thirty‐three different loci for hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) have been mapped, and 15 responsible genes have been identified. Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegias (ARHSPs) usually have clinically complex phenotypes but the SPG5, SPG24, and SPG28 loci are considered to be associated with pure forms of the disease. We performed a genome‐wide scan in a large French family. Fine mapping of the refined SPG5 region on chromosome 8q12 was performed in another 17 ARHSP families with additional microsatellite markers. After exclusion of known ARHSP loci, the genome‐wide screen provided evidence of linkage with a maximal multipoint lod score of 2.6 in the D8S1113–D8S1699 interval. This interval partially overlapped SPG5 and reduced it to a 5.9 megabase (Mb)‐region between D8S1113 and D8S544. In a family of Algerian origin from a series of 17 other ARHSP kindreds, linkage to the SPG5 locus was supported by a multipoint lod score of 2.3. The direct sequencing of the coding exons of seven candidate genes did not detect mutations/polymorphisms in the index cases of both linked families. The phenotype of the two SPG5‐linked families consisted of spastic paraparesis associated with deep sensory loss. In several patients with long disease durations, there were also mild cerebellar signs. The frequency of SPG5 was ∼10% (2/18) in our series of ARHSP families with pure or complex forms. We have refined the SPG5 locus to a 3.8 cM interval and extended the phenotype of this form of ARHSP to include slight cerebellar signs. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic susceptibility to environmental toxicants in ALS
Authors: Morahan Julia M. , Yu Bing , Trent Ronald J , Pamphlett Roger
Published: May 2007

Environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and chemicals appear to be risk factors for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). An impaired ability to break down these toxicants because of differences in detoxification genes could underlie some cases of this disease. We therefore examined the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 186 SALS patients and 186 controls at the allele, genotype, and haplotype levels for the metallothionein (MT) family of genes, metal transcription factor‐1 (MTF‐1), and glutathione synthetase (GSS). Exposure to heavy metals, solvents/chemicals, and pesticides/herbicides was assessed by questionnaire, and gene‐toxicant interactions were analyzed. An intronic SNP upstream of MT‐Ie differed in SALS patients and controls at the allele and genotype levels. Haplotypes covering MT‐I isoforms also differed between the two groups. Alleles and genotypes of one MTF‐1 SNP differed in female SALS patients. One GSS haplotype interacted with both metals and solvents/chemicals to increase the risk of the disease. Differences in genes involved in handling toxicants, and interactions between toxicants and these genes, appear to be present in some patients with SALS. This suggests that impaired detoxification mechanisms play a role in SALS. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchung über die Gleichgewichtsfiguren einer flüssigen Masse ohne Schwere
Authors: Plateau J.
Published: May 2007

Neues Studium der Glycerinflüssigkeit; weit sicherere und wirksamere Darstellungsweisen als die älteren. ‐ Theorie der Erzeugung flüssiger Lamellen (Fortsetzung); Anwendungen. ‐ Verschiedene Arten von flüssigen Lamellen. ‐ Theorie der Erzeugung flüssiger Fäden. ‐ Allgemeines Princip der Darstellung von Flächen von nullgleicher mittlerer Krümmung im Laminarzustand.
Effects of the preparation conditions on ethylene/vinyl acetate membrane morphology with the use of scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Sadeghi M. , Mousavi S. A. , Hashemi M. Y. Motamed , Chenar M. Pourafshari , Azad R. Roosta
Published: May 2007

In this research, the effects of preparation conditions, including the coagulation bath temperature, polymer solution composition, preliminary drying time, and thickness of cast polymeric films, on the morphology of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer membranes were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen gas permeability tests. Flat sheet membranes were prepared through a thermal–wet phase‐inversion method. Scanning electron microscopy pictures showed asymmetric structures for some of the membranes. It was also observed that the porosity of the membranes decreased with an increase in the temperature of the coagulation bath and the solvent evaporation period. When the concentration of the polymer solution was increased from 5 to 12 wt %, the nucleation and growth of the solvent‐rich phase replaced the nucleation and growth of the polymer‐rich phase. With an increase in the thickness of the cast polymeric films, the number of macrovoids increased in the membranes. The nitrogen gas permeability of the developed membranes was in good agreement with the scanning electron microscopy results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Incidence and angiographic predictors of collateral function in patients with stable coronary artery disease scheduled for percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: de Vries Jessica , Anthonio Rutger L. , van den Heuvel Ad F.M. , Tan Eng‐Shiong , Jessurun Gillian A. , de Smet Bart J.G.L. , DeJongste Mike J.L. , Zijlstra Felix
Published: May 2007

Objectives: To investigate the incidence and angiographic predictors of functional collateral perfusion in patients with stable coronary artery disease, scheduled for elective PCI. Background: Functional collateral perfusion is defined as a Pw/Pa ratio ≥0.24. Since this can only be measured intracoronary, it is important to investigate baseline clinical and angiographic predictors for functional collateral perfusion. Methods: Collateral perfusion was measured during balloon inflation, with the use of a pressure‐monitoring guide wire. Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were analyzed and collateral grading was done according to Rentrop's classification for coronary angiograms. Results: Functional collateral perfusion was found in 40 of the 89 patients (45%). Angiographic signs of collaterals (Rentrop ≥ 1) were present in 15 of the 89 patients. Of the 40 patients with the functional collateral perfusion 11 patients (28%) had Rentrop ≥1; of the 49 patients without functional collaterals there were 4 patients with Rentrop ≥1 (8%) (P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in baseline clinical characteristics or in other angiographic characteristics. Conclusions: In patients with stable coronary artery disease scheduled for elective PCI, 45% have functional collaterals. Rentrop's angiographic classification can be used to predict the presence or absence of functional collaterals, however with a rather modest positive and negative predictive value. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.