bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Static absorber modelling
Authors: Đekić Milica
Published: January 2022

Introduction/purpose: A static absorber is capable of neutralizing any signal either in the physical or virtual domain and its analysis will be presented in this paper. Methods: The approach used here includes purely scientific thoughts as well as a model with its explanations evaluated step by step applying highly sophisticated computer tools for design and simulation. No empirical results will be attached, only claims with their evidence. Results: The crucial outcome of this research is a completely new approach to binary systems that are now observed as a set of real numbers. Conclusion: The purpose of this research is to introduce something brand-new that can be used in cyber industry while a dynamic variation of the absorber is still under development.
A different approach to b(an,bn)-hypermetric spaces
Authors: Deghan Nezhad , Mirkov Nikola , Todorčević Vesna , Radenović Stojan
Published: January 2022

Introduction/purpose: The aim of this paper is to present the concept of b(an,bn)-hypermetric spaces. Methods: Conventional theoretical methods of functional analysis. Results: This study presents the initial results on the topic of b(an,bn)-hypermetric spaces. In the first part, we generalize an n-dimensional (n ≥ 2) hypermetric distance over an arbitrary non-empty set X. The b(an,bn)-hyperdistance function is defined in any way we like, the only constraint being the simultaneous satisfaction of the three properties, viz, non-negativity and positive-definiteness, symmetry and (an, bn)-triangle inequality. In the second part, we discuss the concept of (an, bn)-completeness, with respect to this b(an,bn)-hypermetric, and the fixed point theorem which plays an important role in applied mathematics in a variety of fields. Conclusion: With proper generalisations, it is possible to formulate well-known results of classical metric spaces to the case of b(an,bn)-hypermetric spaces.
New Methodology in Analysis of Physical Properties and Roll Decay with Uncertainty Estimates for Surface-Ship Model Experiments
Authors: Park Joel T. , Turner Charles R. , Melendez Mark P.
Published: January 2022

Physical properties and roll decay of David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) Model 5720, a 23rd scale free running model of the research vessel (R/V) Melville, are documented with uncertainty estimates. Properties include mass, vertical center of gravity (VCG), longitudinal center of gravity (LCG), and transverse center of gravity (TCG), and moments of inertia (MOI) for roll and pitch, transverse metacentric height (GMT), and natural roll period, Tn. Previous analysis has been expanded with additional details and uncertainty estimates. Results are based on measurements with the latest technology. The significant results for model properties are as follows: length 3.3652 ±0.0010 m (±0.030 %), mass 233.21 ±0.46 kg (±0.20 %), LCG 1.6061 ±0.0011 m (±0.067 %) aft of bow, VCG 0.2640 ±0.0017 m (±0.63 %) above keel, GMT 47.76 ±0.61 mm (±1.3 %), roll radius of gyration 0.2329 ±0.0042 m (±1.8 %), and pitch radius of gyration 0.8434 ±0.0024 m (±0.28 %). The roll period in calm water was independent of the Froude number (Fr) and initial roll angle (a). At Fr = 0, 0.15, 0.22, the average roll period was 2.2298 ±0.0040 s (±0.18 %) for 76 runs, all Fr, and all initial roll angles. The initial roll angle variation was 3° to 25°. The natural roll period was 2.139 ±0.041 s (±1.9 %). The decay coefficient data were accurately approximated by a plane in three dimensions with Fr and initial roll amplitudes (a) as the independent variables. Examples are provided that show the average values for a single roll decay event from the logdecrement method are the same as the values by the curve fitting method within the uncertainty estimates.
Measurement of Speed Through Water
Authors: Giesberg Eric
Published: January 2022

The relevant issue with monitoring and measuring ship performance is the measurement of speed through the water. In 2016 an ADCP was mounted on a US Navy ship for the purposes of a hull monitoring program. At the onset of the program a baseline trial was completed to both determine the clean hull performance of the ship and the performance of the ADCP on a surface ship. The trial included completing reciprocals using standard calculations and ’triangles’ using more advanced calculations to calculate speed through the water. The results from the ADCP, maneuvers, EMLog, and surface based HFRadar corrections are compared in this report and examined for agreement and repeatability. The ADCP performed successfully showing strong agreement and repeatability though strong concerns still exist for long term viability. The EMLog was found to have issues beyond calibration offsets. The surface based HFRadar appears to be a passable correction method that may be of more benefit for measurement of ship maneuvers. The new method for analyzing GPS/INS speed over the ground data presented in this report is shown to have good agreement with the ADCP with the added advantage over the classic calculation by generating an associated uncertainty with the speed.
COVID-19 and Cancer Center Operations: Lessons Learned From the NCCN Best Practices Committee
Authors: Sugalski Jessica M. , Franco Theresa , Shulman Lawrence N. , Souza Elizabeth , Hochberg Ephraim , Chiang Anne , Lawrence Scott , Krause Diana , Kubal Timothy
Published: January 2022

The NCCN Best Practices Committee, which is composed of senior physician, nursing, and administrative leaders from NCCN Member Institutions, evaluated the status of cancer center operations after 1 year of operating during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two major initiatives stood out: the increase in the utilization of network sites, and the gains made in telemedicine operations and reimbursement. Experts from NCCN Member Institutions participated in a webinar series in June 2021 to share their experiences, knowledge, and thoughts on these topics and discuss the impact on the future of cancer care.
The Art of Digital Curation
Authors: Post Colin
Published: January 2022

Artists have long engaged with digital and networked technologies in critical and creative ways to explore both new art forms and novel ways of disseminating artworks. Net-based artworks are often created with the intent to circulate outside traditional institutional spaces, and many are shared via artist-run platforms that involve curatorial practices distinct from those of museums or commercial galleries. This article focuses on a particular artist-run platform called Paper-Thin, characterizing the activities involved in managing the platform as digital curation in a polysemous sense – as both the curation of digital artworks and the stewardship of digital information in a complex technological ecosystem. While scholars and cultural heritage professionals have developed innovative preservation strategies for digital and new media artworks housed in institutional collections, the ongoing care of artworks shared through networked alternative spaces is largely carried out co-operatively by the artists and curators of these platforms. Drawing on Howard Becker’s sociological theory of art worlds as networks of co-operative actors, this article describes the patterns of co-operative work involved in creating, exhibiting, and then caring for Net-based art. The article outlines the importance, for cultural heritage professionals, of understanding the digital-curation practices of artists, as these artist-run networked platforms demonstrate emergent approaches to the stewardship of digital culture that move beyond a custodial paradigm.
Corticospinal excitability remains unchanged in the presence of residual force enhancement and does not contribute to increased torque production
Authors: Frischholz Jasmin , Raiteri Brent J. , Cresswell Andrew G. , Hahn Daniel
Published: January 2022

Background

Following stretch of an active muscle, muscle force is enhanced, which is known as residual force enhancement (rFE). As earlier studies found apparent corticospinal excitability modulations in the presence of rFE, this study aimed to test whether corticospinal excitability modulations contribute to rFE.

Methods

Fourteen participants performed submaximal plantar flexion stretch-hold and fixed-end contractions at 30% of their maximal voluntary soleus muscle activity in a dynamometer. During the steady state of the contractions, participants either received subthreshold or suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of their motor cortex, while triceps surae muscle responses to stimulation were obtained via electromyography (EMG), and net ankle joint torque was recorded. B-mode ultrasound imaging was used to confirm muscle fascicle stretch during stretch-hold contractions in a subset of participants.

Results

Following stretch of the plantar flexors, an average rFE of 7% and 11% was observed for contractions with subthreshold and suprathreshold TMS, respectively. 41–46 ms following subthreshold TMS, triceps surae muscle activity was suppressed by 19–25%, but suppression was not significantly different between stretch-hold and fixed-end contractions. Similarly, the reduction in plantar flexion torque following subthreshold TMS was not significantly different between contraction conditions. Motor evoked potentials, silent periods and superimposed twitches following suprathreshold TMS were also not significantly different between contraction conditions.

Discussion

As TMS of the motor cortex did not result in any differences between stretch-hold and fixed-end contractions, we conclude that rFE is not linked to changes in corticospinal excitability.
Evaluation of Donor Ankle Function after Harvesting Peroneus Longus Tendon Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction- A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sahu Mamata Manjari , Pragassame Arul S , Mohanty Patitapaban , Sahoo Pabitra Kumar
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Primary full thickness Peroneus Longus Tendon Graft (PLTG) for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) has been used with good clinical outcome. Recently, it is designated as a promising graft option for ACLR. The effect of harvesting PLTG on donor ankle function is still not completely understood. Peroneus Longus Tendon (PLT) is thought to play a major role in proprioceptive regulation of the ankle joint. All the studies till date did cross-sectional assessments of ankle and foot function at or after 6 months that might have overlooked the timely detection of donor site morbidities. Aim: To evaluate the ankle function and compare the affected and sound limb function in subjects with an ACLR with autologous PLTG starting at an early postoperative visit upto six months. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary rehabilitation centre from March 2019 to March 2021 including the follow-up evaluation. As per the inclusion criteria, 63 participants after ACLR with PLTG were considered for assessment using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hind foot scale and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) scale at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months post-ACLR follow-up. Comparison between sound and affected limbs was done during all follow-ups. The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18.0. Both FAAM and AOFAS ankle and foot scores were analysed with non parametric tests. Results: Mean age of 63 participants were 29.25 years. Median of AOFAS and FAAM score at 6 week, 3 month, and 6 month post- ACLR follow-ups were (88, 98 and 100) and (97.22, 98.80 and 100), respectively. Statistically significant increase in AOFAS and FAAM scores were observed at 3 month and 6 month as compared to 6 week follow-ups with p=0.001 and p-value=0.001 respectively. The group comparison between the affected and sound side functional scores at different study visits showed statistically significant greater values for the sound ankle than the affected ankle (FAAM: 6 week: p-value=0.001; 3 month: p-value=0.001; 6 month: p-value=0.001 and AOFAS p-value=0.001; p-value=0.001; p-value=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The evaluation of functional outcomes showed gradual and linear improvement at subsequent postoperative visits and restores fully to 100% at 6 month indicating a near- normal to normal donor ankle function following ACLR with PLTG by 6 months. The group comparison showed only marginal but significant difference between affected and sound ankle function.
Exponentiated Frechet Distribution with Application in Temperature of Assam, India Overview with New Properties and Estimation
Authors: Rahman Umme Habibah , Deb Roy Tanusree
Published: January 2022

In this paper, a new kind of distribution has suggested with the concept of exponentiate. The reliability analysis including survival function, hazard rate function, reverse hazard rate function and mills ratio has been studied here. Its quantile function and order statistics are also included. Parameters of the distribution are estimated by the method of Maximum Likelihood estimation method along with Fisher information matrix and confidence intervals have also been given. The application has been discussed with the 30 years temperature data of Silchar city, Assam, India. The goodness of fit of the proposed distribution has been compared with Frechet distribution and as a result, for all 12 months, the proposed distribution fits better than the Frechet distribution.
Impact of Measurement Error on the Power Function of Average Control Chart under Non-Normal Population
Authors: Mishra U. , Singh J. R.
Published: January 2022

In the present article, effect of measurement error on the power function of control charts for mean with control limits is considered based on non-normal population. The non-normality is represented by the first four terms of an Edge-worth series. Tabular and visual comparison is also provided for the better comprehension of the significance of measurement error on power function under non-normality.
On The Efficiency of Almost Unbiased Mean Imputation When Population Mean of Auxiliary Variable is UnknownOn The Efficiency of Almost Unbiased Mean Imputation When Population Mean of Auxiliary Variable is Unknown
Authors: Audu A. , Danbaba A. , Ahmad S. K. , Musa N. , Shehu A. , Ndatsu A. M. , Joseph A. O.
Published: January 2022

Human-assisted surveys, such as medical and social science surveys, are frequently plagued by non-response or missing observations. Several authors have devised different imputation algorithms to account for missing observations during analyses. Nonetheless, several of these imputation schemes' estimators are based on known population meanof auxiliary variable. In this paper, a new class of almost unbiased imputation method that uses  as an estimate of is suggested. Using the Taylor series expansion technique, the MSE of the class of estimators presented was derived up to first order approximation. Conditions were also specified for which the new estimators were more efficient than the other estimators studied in the study. The results of numerical examples through simulations revealed that the suggested class of estimators is more efficient.
Nutritional Evaluation of Brillantaisia patula Leaves
Authors: Akinsola A. F. , Olatunde O. C. , Osasona I. , Sekayo O. F. , Omotayo F. O.
Published: January 2022

Aim: To determine the nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of Brillantaisia patula leaves using standard analytical methods.

Place and Duration of Study: The proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional compositions were determined in the chemistry laboratory of Ekiti State University, Ado – Ekiti while the amino acid was determined at the Analytical Laboratory of Multi-Environmental Management Consultant, Lagos, Nigeria.

Methodology: The proximate composition was carried out using the methods of Association of Official Chemists (AOAC) while mineral and anti-nutritional compositions were determined using standard analytical methods. Amino acid analysis was carried out through ion exchange chromatography (IEC) using the Technicon Sequential Multisample (TSM) Amino Acid Analyser.

Results: The proximate composition ranged from 3.18% (crude fat) to 38.6% (carbohydrate). The major mineral constituents of the sample were: P (1061 mg/100g), K (874 mg/100g), Ca (799 mg/100g), Na (82.6 mg/100g) and Mg (24.3 mg/100g) while the minor mineral constituents were: Fe (26.9 mg/100g), Zn (7.7 mg/100g) and Mn (6.05 mg/100g). The evaluated anti-nutritional contents were: 6.71 mg/g oxalate, 5.37 % saponin, 1.0 mg/100g tannin and 4.72 mg/kg cyanide. Additional results showed that the leaves contained eighteen amino acids with values ranging from 0.504 g/100g cp (tryptophan) to 14.0 g/100g cp (glutamic acid). The value of the total essential amino acids (TEAA) with histidine was 45.6g/100g cp while the total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) was evaluated to be 46.5 g/100g cp.

Conclusion: Brillantaisia patula leaves could be utilized as a good source of essential amino acids and important mineral elements.
Case Study in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stunting, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Mortality and Infant Mortality in Semarang, Central Java-Indonesia
Authors: . Sulistiyowati , Pantiawati Ika , Widianawati Evina , Isworo Slamet
Published: January 2022

Background and Objective: Stunting, low birth weight, maternal death, and child mortality have all become public health issues in recent years, particularly in Semarang, Indonesia. Simultaneously, the COVID-19 pandemic is spreading. Between the years 2019 and 2021.

Methods: The Semarang City Health Service's secondary data analysis strategy was combined with a quantitative descriptive research methodology in this study. To evaluate numerical patterns in stunting, low birth weight, maternal death, and infant mortality in the data, simple regression were utilized.

Results: According to the findings, the trend of stunting (modeling results y = 35,236 x + 361.77) and maternal mortality (modeling results 0.0218x+1.2921) increased between 2019 and 2021, whereas the trend of low birth weight (modeling results y = - 0.5425x+60.008) and child mortality (modeling results y = -0.0028x+ 2.202) decreased. The number of low birth weight has the lowest trend value, while the stunting rate has the greatest.

Conclusion: Stunting rates increased, the low birth weight dropped, maternal mortality increased, and child mortality decreased in Semarang. The conditions of the Covid-19 epidemic have at least influenced this condition.
Voltage‐gated proton channels in polyneopteran insects
Authors: Chaves Gustavo , Derst Christian , Jardin Christophe , Franzen Arne , Musset Boris
Published: January 2022

Voltage‐gated proton channels (HV1) are expressed in eukaryotes, including basal hexapods and polyneopteran insects. However, currently, there is little known about HV1 channels in insects. A characteristic aspartate (Asp) that functions as the proton selectivity filter (SF) and the RxWRxxR voltage‐sensor motif are conserved structural elements in HV1 channels. By analysing Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly (TSA) databases, we found 33 polyneopteran species meeting these structural requirements. Unexpectedly, an unusual natural variation Asp to glutamate (Glu) at SF was found in Phasmatodea and Mantophasmatodea. Additionally, we analysed the expression and function of HV1 in the phasmatodean stick insect Extatosoma tiaratum (Et). EtHV1 is strongly expressed in nervous tissue and shows pronounced inward proton conduction. This is the first study of a natural occurring Glu within the SF of a functional HV1 and might be instrumental in uncovering the physiological function of HV1 in insects.
Small spot size versus large spot size: Effect on plan quality for lung cancer in pencil beam scanning proton therapy
Authors: Rana Suresh , Rosenfeld Anatoly B.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the impact of spot size on the interplay effect, plan robustness, and dose to the organs at risk for lung cancer plans in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy

Methods

The current retrospective study included 13 lung cancer patients. For each patient, small spot (∼3 mm) plans and large spot (∼8 mm) plans were generated. The Monte Carlo algorithm was used for both robust plan optimization and final dose calculations. Each plan was normalized, such that 99% of the clinical target volume (CTV) received 99% of the prescription dose. Interplay effect was evaluated for treatment delivery starting in two different breathing phases (T0 and T50). Plan robustness was investigated for 12 perturbed scenarios, which combined the isocenter shift and range uncertainty. The nominal and worst‐case scenario (WCS) results were recorded for each treatment plan. Equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) were evaluated for the total lung, heart, and esophagus.

Results

In comparison to large spot plans, the WCS values of small spot plans at CTV D95%, D96%, D97%, D98%, and D99% were higher with the average differences of 2.2% (range, 0.3%–3.7%), 2.3% (range, 0.5%–4.0%), 2.6% (range, 0.6%–4.4%), 2.7% (range, 0.9%–5.2%), and 2.7% (range, 0.3%–6.0%), respectively. The nominal and WCS mean dose and EUD for the esophagus, heart, and total lung were higher in large spot plans. The difference in NTCP between large spot and small spot plans was up to 1.9% for the total lung, up to 0.3% for the heart, and up to 32.8% for the esophagus. For robustness acceptance criteria of CTV D95% ≥ 98% of the prescription dose, seven small spot plans had all 12 perturbed scenarios meeting the criteria, whereas, for 13 large spot plans, there were ≥2 scenarios failing to meet the criteria. Interplay results showed that, on average, the target coverage in large spot plans was higher by 1.5% and 0.4% in non‐volumetric and volumetric repainting plans, respectively.

Conclusion

For robustly optimized PBS lung cancer plans in our study, a small spot machine resulted in a more robust CTV against the setup and range errors when compared to a large spot machine. In the absence of volumetric repainting, large spot PBS lung plans were more robust against the interplay effect. The use of a volumetric repainting technique in both small and large spot PBS lung plans led to comparable interplay target coverage.
Nonvolatile Ferroelectric‐Domain‐Wall Memory Embedded in a Complex Topological Domain Structure
Authors: Yang Wenda , Tian Guo , Fan Hua , Zhao Yue , Chen Hongying , Zhang Luyong , Wang Yadong , Fan Zhen , Hou Zhipeng , Chen Deyang , Gao Jinwei , Zeng Min , Lu Xubing , Qin Minghui , Gao Xingsen , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: January 2022

The discovery and precise manipulation of atomic‐size conductive ferroelectric domain walls offers new opportunities for a wide range of prospective electronic devices, and the emerging field of walltronics. Herein, a highly stable and fatigue‐resistant nonvolatile memory device is demonstrated, which is based on deterministic creation and erasure of conductive domain walls that are geometrically confined in a topological domain structure. By introducing a pair of delicately designed coaxial electrodes onto the epitaxial BiFeO3 film, a center‐type quadrant topological domain with conductive charged domain walls can be easily created. More importantly, reversible switching of the quadrant domain between the convergent state with highly conductive confined walls and the divergent state with insulating confined walls can be realized, resulting in an apparent resistance change with a large on/off ratio of >104 and a technically preferred readout current (up to 40 nA). Owing to restrictions from the clamped quadrant ferroelastic domain, the device exhibits excellent restoration repeatability over 108 cycles and a long retention of over 12 days (>106 s). These results provide a new pathway toward high‐performance ferroelectric‐domain‐wall memory, which may spur extensive interest in exploring the immense potential in the emerging field of walltronics.
Preconstructing Asymmetric Interface in Air Cathodes for High‐Performance Rechargeable Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Liu Jia‐Ning , Zhao Chang‐Xin , Ren Ding , Wang Juan , Zhang Rui , Wang Shu‐Hao , Zhao Chuan , Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Qiang
Published: January 2022

Rechargeable zinc–air batteries afford great potential toward next‐generation sustainable energy storage. Nevertheless, the oxygen redox reactions at the air cathode are highly sluggish in kinetics to induce poor energy efficiency and limited cycling lifespan. Air cathodes with asymmetric configurations significantly promote the electrocatalytic efficiency of the loaded electrocatalysts, whereas rational synthetic methodology to effectively fabricate asymmetric air cathodes remains insufficient. Herein, a strategy of asymmetric interface preconstruction is proposed to fabricate asymmetric air cathodes for high‐performance rechargeable zinc–air batteries. Concretely, the asymmetric interface is preconstructed by introducing immiscible organic–water diphases within the air cathode, at which the electrocatalysts are in situ formed to achieve an asymmetric configuration. The as‐fabricated asymmetric air cathodes realize high working rates of 50 mA cm−2, long cycling stability of 3400 cycles at 10 mA cm−2, and over 100 cycles under harsh conditions of 25 mA cm−2 and 25 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the asymmetric interface preconstruction strategy is universal to many electrocatalytic systems and can be easily scaled up. This work provides an effective strategy toward advanced asymmetric air cathodes with high electrocatalytic efficiency and significantly promotes the performance of rechargeable zinc–air batteries.
An Ultrahigh‐Flux Nanoporous Graphene Membrane for Sustainable Seawater Desalination using Low‐Grade Heat
Authors: Lu Dongwei , Zhou Zongyao , Wang Zhihong , Ho Duc Tam , Sheng Guan , Chen Long , Zhao Yumeng , Li Xiang , Cao Li , Schwingenschlögl Udo , Ma Jun , Lai Zhiping
Published: January 2022

Membrane distillation has attracted great attention in the development of sustainable desalination and zero‐discharge processes because of its possibility of recovering 100% water and the potential for integration with low‐grade heat, such as solar energy. However, the conventional membrane structures and materials afford limited flux thus obstructing its practical application. Here, ultrathin nanoporous graphene membranes are reported by selectively forming thin graphene layers on the top edges of a highly porous anodic alumina oxide support, which creates short and fast transport pathways for water vapor but not liquid. The process avoids the challenging pore‐generation and substrate‐transfer processes required to prepare regular graphene membranes. In the direct‐contact membrane distillation mode under a mild temperature pair of 65/25 °C, the nanoporous graphene membranes show an average water flux of 421.7 L m−2 h−1 with over 99.8% salt rejection, which is an order of magnitude higher than any reported polymeric membranes. The mechanism for high water flux is revealed by detailed characterizations and theoretical modeling. Outdoor field tests using water from the Red Sea heated under direct sunlight radiation show that the membranes have an average water flux of 86.3 L m−2 h−1 from 8 am to 8 pm, showing a great potential for real applications in seawater desalination.
Expanding the Angle of Incidence Tolerance of Unclonable Anticounterfeiting Labels Based on Microlens Arrays and Luminescent Microparticles
Authors: Kumar Vinay , Dottermusch Stephan , Chauhan Aditya , Richards Bryce S. , Howard Ian A.
Published: January 2022

Unclonable anticounterfeiting labels can be based on micrometer‐scale randomness created by stochastic processes like the distribution of luminescent microparticles in a transparent layer. Adding a microlens array to the layer can simplify the hardware needed for authentication in that magnification is no longer required. The bright point‐pattern generated under light‐emitting diode illumination can be captured by a standard digital camera. Shifting the angle of incidence (AOI) relocates the microlens foci changing the bright point‐pattern. This provides unclonability, as several distinct bright point patterns at different AOI can be required for authentication. However, it also imposes technical requirements for the authentication setup in terms of the tolerance with which the AOI must be controlled. Herein, the AOI tolerance, the deviation of angle between reference and test image for which sufficiently similar bright point patterns are recorded that they are considered matching by the authentication algorithm, is investigated. Using microlens arrays with a focal length of 550 μm, the average size of the phosphor particle was varied from 9 ± 1 to 32.5 ± 2 μm, resulting in a relaxation of tolerance from 0.8° to 3.6°. Methods to further increase the AOI tolerance and facilitate the practical implementation of these labels are discussed.
Large‐Area Plasmonic Switches Based on Crystalline Au Nanoparticles Between VO2 Layers for Enhanced Switching in Visible–Near‐Infrared Regime
Authors: Agrawal Ajay Kumar , Das Abhijit , Gupta Nitin , Kumar Kamal , Dhawan Anuj
Published: January 2022

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) undergoes a reversible phase change, from semiconducting to metallic, with a change in temperature. Herein, plasmonic switches–based on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) embedded between layers of VO2 films–that exhibit enhanced switching of the optical transmission as the temperature is increased above the VO2 phase transition threshold are presented. The operating wavelength of the switching device can be tuned between 650 and 1000 nm using the localized surface plasmon resonance properties of the Au NPs. This is for the first time that plasmonic switches have been demonstrated in the visible spectral regime (i.e., for wavelengths shorter than 700 nm) when VO2 is employed as the phase change material. A higher switchability, i.e., a higher extinction ratio upon phase transition of VO2, than what has been shown earlier in the spectral regions less than 1000 nm is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically. All the device layers are grown at the same substrate temperature and laser intensity via a single‐vacuum pulsed laser deposition process, leading to a simplified large‐area fabrication process. It is also shown for the first time that the Au NPs embedded in the proposed Au‐VO2 nanocomposites are crystalline.
Immobilized Supramolecular Systems as Efficient Synzymes for CO2 Activation and Conversion
Authors: Esteve Ferran , Escrig Adrian , Porcar Raul , Luis Santiago V. , Altava Belén , García‐Verdugo Eduardo
Published: January 2022

Supramolecular catalysis can provide distinct advantages for the catalytic conversion of CO2 into carbonates by cycloaddition to epoxides. For example, the absence of metals in the catalytic site, and the easy design for optimization. The incorporation of multiple functionalities in pseudopeptidic macrocycles with a pendant arm allows catalytic systems to be obtained where halide anions (nucleophilic activating agents for epoxides), hydrogen bond acceptor sites (activating agents for epoxides and stabilizing sites for anionic intermediates), and amine groups (Lewis basic sites for activating CO2) are in proximity. This allows a high activity in the cycloaddition of CO2 to styrene oxide under mild conditions (turnover number (TON) = 900, CO2 balloon, 100 °C, 5 h). The primary amino groups in the arm facilitate the immobilization of these macrocyclic structures in cross‐linked polymeric matrices containing ammonium halide fragments. Such multifunctional insoluble polymers afford excellent catalytic results with high TON and turnover frequency values and remarkable productivities (>10 gprod gresin−1 h−1). This activity is maintained for a variety of epoxides and is retained after several catalytic runs. Their performance is significantly higher than those reported for most heterogenous supramolecular catalytic systems for CO2 transformation into carbonates.
FIONA1‐Mediated m6A Modification Regulates the Floral Transition in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xu Tao , Wu Xiaowei , Wong Chui Eng , Fan Sheng , Zhang Yu , Zhang Songyao , Liang Zhe , Yu Hao , Shen Lisha
Published: January 2022

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modification represents the most widespread form of internal modifications in eukaryotic mRNAs. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, those known methyltransferases mainly deposit m6A at their target transcripts near the stop codon or in the 3′ untranslated region. Here, it is reported that FIONA1 (FIO1), a human METTL16 ortholog, acts as a hitherto unknown m6A methyltransferase that determines m6A modifications at over 2000 Arabidopsis transcripts predominantly in the coding region. Mutants of FIO1 show a decrease in global m6A mRNA methylation levels and an early‐flowering phenotype. Nanopore direct RNA sequencing reveals that FIO1 is required for establishing appropriate levels of m6A preferentially in the coding sequences of a subset of protein‐coding transcripts, which is associated with changes in transcript abundance and alternative polyadenylation. It is further demonstrated that FIO1‐mediated m6A methylation determines the mRNA abundance of a central flowering integrator SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) and its upstream regulators, thus preventing premature flowering. The findings reveal that FIO1 acts as a unique m6A methyltransferase that mainly modifies the coding regions of transcripts, which underlies the key developmental transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants.
Anion‐Selective Layered Double Hydroxide Composites‐Based Osmotic Energy Conversion for Real‐Time Nutrient Solution Detection
Authors: Liu Yaqian , Ping Jianfeng , Ying Yibin
Published: January 2022

Nanofluidic channels based on 2D nanomaterials are promising to harvest osmotic energy for their high ion selectivity and osmotic conductivity. However, anion‐selective nanofluidic channels are rare and chemical modification is necessary through fabrication. Here, a naturally anion‐selective composite membrane is reported, that is, NiAl‐Layered double hydroxide (LDH) coated anodic aluminum oxide (LDH@AAO), using a simple precipitant‐free in situ growth technique. Positively charged LDH plates growing in channels of AAO function as screening layers for anions. Both experiments and theoretical simulations are enforced to certify the vital role of LDH growth in ion distribution and salinity gradient energy conversion. The composite membrane achieves high output performance and long‐term stability. Furthermore, novel applications of nanofluidic channels are explored in hydroponic production and design a real‐time detecting system based on LDH@AAO composite membranes for nutrient solution. This work provides insights into naturally anion‐selective nanofluidic channels for osmotic energy harvesting and broadens the application in agricultural information sensing.
How to Build a Microplastics‐Free Environment: Strategies for Microplastics Degradation and Plastics Recycling
Authors: Chen Junliang , Wu Jing , Sherrell Peter C. , Chen Jun , Wang Huaping , Zhang Wei‐xian , Yang Jianping
Published: January 2022

Microplastics are an emergent yet critical issue for the environment because of high degradation resistance and bioaccumulation. Unfortunately, the current technologies to remove, recycle, or degrade microplastics are insufficient for complete elimination. In addition, the fragmentation and degradation of mismanaged plastic wastes in environment have recently been identified as a significant source of microplastics. Thus, the developments of effective microplastics removal methods, as well as, plastics recycling strategies are crucial to build a microplastics‐free environment. Herein, this review comprehensively summarizes the current technologies for eliminating microplastics from the environment and highlights two key aspects to achieve this goal: 1) Catalytic degradation of microplastics into environmentally friendly organics (carbon dioxide and water); 2) catalytic recycling and upcycling plastic wastes into monomers, fuels, and valorized chemicals. The mechanisms, catalysts, feasibility, and challenges of these methods are also discussed. Novel catalytic methods such as, photocatalysis, advanced oxidation process, and biotechnology are promising and eco‐friendly candidates to transform microplastics and plastic wastes into environmentally benign and valuable products. In the future, more effort is encouraged to develop eco‐friendly methods for the catalytic conversion of plastics into valuable products with high efficiency, high product selectivity, and low cost under mild conditions.
Stabilizing Enzymes in Plasmonic Silk Film for Synergistic Therapy of In Situ SERS Identified Bacteria
Authors: Liu Zhangkun , Li Shengkai , Yin Zhiwei , Zhu Zhaotian , Chen Long , Tan Weihong , Chen Zhuo
Published: January 2022

Increasing antibiotic resistance becomes a serious threat to public health. Photothermal therapy (PTT) and antibacterial enzyme‐based therapy are promising nonresistant strategies for efficiently killing drug‐resistant bacteria. However, the poor thermostability of enzymes in PTT hinders their synergistic therapy. Herein, antibacterial glucose oxidase (GOx) is embedded in a Ag graphitic nanocapsule (Ag@G) arrayed silk film to fabricate a GOx‐synergistic PTT system (named silk‐GOx‐Ag@G, SGA). The SGA system can stabilize GOx by a vitrification process through the restriction of hydrogen bond and rigid β‐sheet, and keep the antibacterial activity in the hyperthermal PTT environment. Moreover, the arrayed Ag@G possesses excellent chemical stability due to the protection of graphitic shell, providing stable plasmonic effect for integrating PTT and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis even in the GOx‐produced H2O2 environment. With in situ SERS identification of bacterial intrinsic signals in the mouse wound model, such SGA realizes superior synergistic antibacterial effect on the infected Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vivo, while without causing significant biotoxicity. This system provides a therapeutic method with low resistance and in situ diagnosis capability for efficiently eliminating bacteria.
Electronic and Photoelectronic Memristors Based on 2D Materials
Authors: Tang Kai , Wang Yang , Gong Chuanhui , Yin Chujun , Zhang Miao , Wang Xianfu , Xiong Jie
Published: January 2022

Next‐generation memristive devices and neuromorphic computing have many fantastic properties in breaking down the memory walls of conventional von Neumann structures. Electronic and photoelectronic memristors are the most important basic components, equipping with the capability of data storage and information processing for electronic and photoelectronic signals. 2D layered materials exhibit many unique physical advantages such as novel mechanisms, ultrathin channel, high mechanical flexibility, and easy electrical control, and thus demonstrate great potential for memory with high density, fast speed, and low power consumption. In recent years, abundant and fruitful designs have been devoted in terms of 2D memristors. Herein, the recent advances of 2D electronic and photoelectronic memristors are reviewed, as well as the application on simulating artificial brain neural network and visual neural network, respectively. An overview of the challenges and perspectives on the exploitation of 2D materials for memristors is given, and routes to realize practical brain and visual neural network are proposed.
Operando Monitoring and Deciphering the Structural Evolution in Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zuo Shouwei , Wu Zhi‐Peng , Zhang Huabin , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: January 2022

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) acts as the bottleneck of some crucial energy conversion and storage technologies involving water electrolysis, CO2 electrolysis, and metal‐air batteries, among others. The challenging sluggish reaction kinetics of the OER can be overcome via developing highly efficient electrocatalysts, which experience a dynamic structural evolution process during the reaction. However, the reaction mechanism of the structural transformation of electrocatalysts during the OER and the structure‐activity correlation in understanding the real active sites remain elusive. Fortunately, operando characterizations offer a platform to study the structural evolution processes and the reaction mechanisms of OER electrocatalysts. In this review, using several in situ/operando techniques some recent advances are elaborated with emphases on tracking the structural evolution processes of electrocatalysts, recording the reaction intermediates during electrocatalysis, and building a link between the structure and activity/stability of electrocatalysts. Moreover, theoretical considerations are also discussed to assist operando characterization understanding. Finally, some perspectives are provided which are expected to be helpful to tackle the current challenges in operando monitoring and unraveling the reaction mechanisms of OER electrocatalysts.
Utilization of Multifunctional Environment‐Friendly Organic Dopants Inspired from Nature for Carbon Nanotube‐Based Planar Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Han Jiye , Nam Jeong-Seok , Seo Seungju , Lee Aram , Lee Changhyun , Park Sangeun , Kang Yoonmook , Lee Hae-Seok , Kim Donghwan , Zhang Qiang , Sung Hyokyung , Kauppinen Esko I. , Jeong Hyuck , Oh Jin-Woo , Maruyama Shigeo , Jung Im Doo , Jeon Il
Published: January 2022

Herein, eco‐friendly natural acids inspired by nature, namely, acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid on their capability of functioning as a p‐dopant for the carbon nanotube transparent electrode in silicon‐based planar heterojunction solar cells, are tested. From the result, lactic acid shows the multifunctional effect of p‐doping with excellent doping stability as well as antireflection. The doping effect and its stability are investigated by diverse methods, such as van der Pauw four‐probe measurement as well as Raman, photoelectron yield, and absorption spectroscopy. The sheet resistance decreases by 22.1% when carbon nanotube films are doped by lactic acid and the doped films are stable for more than 20 days. The antireflection effect of lactic acid coating is confirmed by atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, computational analyses, and reflectance spectroscopy. The power conversion efficiency of carbon nanotube‐laminated silicon solar cells improves from 8.2% to 10.3% by using nature‐inspired lactic acid. Such a great improvement is ascribed to not only the p‐doping and antireflection effects but also the passivation effect of lactic acid on the Si surface defect sites as evidenced by both the Fourier‐transform infrared and the Quasi‐steady‐state photoconductance lifetime measurements.
Tuning the Hydration Entropy of Cations during Electrochemical Intercalation for High Thermopower
Authors: Liu Yezhou , Gao Caitian , Yun Jeonghun , Kim Yeongae , Kim Moobum , Li Jia , Lee Seok Woo
Published: January 2022

A large portion of heat is wasted in the form of low‐grade heat less than 100 °C. There have been various efforts to utilize such energy, such as organic ranking cycles, thermoelectrics, and thermogalvanic cells. The thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle has achieved a noticeable energy conversion efficiency of low‐grade heat harvesting by the thermodynamic cycle of the electrochemical cell that the charging voltage is lower than the discharging voltage. For higher efficiency, this system requires a larger temperature coefficient (α) affected by the change of entropy of electrochemical reaction. Herein, the tuning of the hydration status of cation by mixing acetonitrile in the aqueous electrolyte to improve both negative and positive α of PBAs for highly efficient low‐grade heat harvesting is presented. It largely improves α of cobalt hexacyanoferrate, which are 0.93 mV K−1 at 10–30% state of charge (SOC) in 90% acetonitrile and −0.96 mV K−1 at 70–90% SOC in 10% acetonitrile. A clue to understand the origin of α and to improve it further with various solvents is provided. Eventually, tuning of α using mixing solvent allows building an electrochemical cell with a large positive and negative α of electrode for highly efficient low‐grade heat harvesting.
Vapor linker exchange of partially amorphous metal–organic framework membranes for ultra‐selective gas separation
Authors: Su Pengcheng , Tang Huiyu , Jia Miaomiao , Lin Yanshan , Li Wanbin
Published: January 2022

Metal–organic framework (MOF) membranes are promising for efficient separation applications. However, the uncontrollable pathways at atomic level impede the further development of these membranes for molecular separation. Herein we show that vapor linker exchange can induce partial amorphization of MOF membranes and then reduce their transport pathways for precisely molecular sieving. Through exchanging MOF linkers by incoming ones with similar topology but higher acidity, the resulted metal‐linker bonds with lower strength cause the transformation of MOF membranes from order to disorder/amorphous. The linker exchange and partial amorphization can narrow intrinsic apertures and conglutinate grain boundary/crack defects of membranes. Because of the formation of ultra‐microporous amorphous phase, the MOF composite membrane shows competitive H2/CO2 selectivity up to 2400, which is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional MOF membranes, accompanied by high H2 permeance of 13.4 × 10−8 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 and good reproducibility and stability.
Restrictive diffusion and hydrodesulfurization reaction of dibenzothiophenes over NiMo/SBA‐15 catalysts
Authors: Wang Bo , Chen Zhentao , Jiang Tao , Yu Jiahuan , Yang Haoxuan , Duan Aijun , Xu Chunming
Published: January 2022

Macromolecular organosulfur compounds encountered resistance when diffusing in catalyst pore channels during the hydrotreating process. Quantitative insights into the effects of the catalyst pore size and the reactant molecule size on the diffusivities can guide the optimization of the catalyst structures. Herein, a heavy oil macromolecular dibenzothiophene compound, 2,8‐di‐(4‐pentyl phenyl)dibenzothiophene (2,8‐DPPDBT), was synthesized. Three NiMo‐supported SBA‐15 based catalysts with different pore sizes, but similar active phase dispersions were controllably fabricated. The reaction network of 2,8‐DPPDBT HDS was proposed. The diffusion behaviors of 2,8‐DPPDBT, along with 2,8‐dimethyl dibenzothiophene (2,8‐DMDBT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) in three SBA‐15 pore channels, were systematically investigated through the reaction kinetic method. A restrictive factor, F(λ), was correlated by F(λ) = (1 − λ)8.5 to determine the relationship between the effective diffusivity and the ratio of the molecule‐to‐pore size (λ). This empirical correlation provided sound theoretical guidance on the design of highly efficient heavy oil hydrodesulfurization catalysts.
Microfluidics‐Assisted Engineering of pH/Enzyme Dual‐Activatable ZIF@Polymer Nanosystem for Co‐Delivery of Proteins and Chemotherapeutics with Enhanced Deep‐Tumor Penetration
Authors: Shen Jie , Ma Ming , Shafiq Muhammad , Yu Huizhu , Lan Zhengyi , Chen Hangrong
Published: January 2022

The impermeable barriers of solid tumors restrict the co‐delivery of protein‐based drugs and chemotherapeutics for cancer treatment. Therefore, we developed a ZIF‐DOX/RA@DG nanosystem that encapsulates ribonuclease A (RA) and doxorubicin (DOX) in a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) core, with a dextran‐based coating (DG). The nanosystem exhibits dual‐responsiveness due to γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase‐activatable cationization and acidic microenvironment‐triggered degradation. The DG‐coating process was achieved using a microfluidic approach, which stabilized the polymer responsiveness, ZIF‐8‐based structure, and bioactivity of the encapsulated therapeutics. In vivo results confirmed that the nanosystem could co‐deliver RA and DOX to deep impermeable lesions with a synergistic anticancer therapeutic effects. Such a multi‐drug delivery system based on an intelligent‐responsive design and a microfluidics‐assisted synthesis strategy shows great clinical prospects.