bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Geneva, Ny, 1984
Authors: Baker P. B.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied 8 Aug to a hairy chinch bug-infested home lawn consisting of fescue (85%) and Kentucky bluegrass (10%). Treatment plots were 10 X 10 ft, replicated 3 times. All Oftanol was applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 20 psi with a SS Co. Jet Nozzle #3.6 SO. All other liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 3 gal of water with a hand-held sprinkling can. The granular material was applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Twenty-four h after application, 0.5 of each of the Oftanol plots (50 sq ft) was watered with 3 gal/treatment with a sprinkling can. Conditions on date of application were 85°F with sunny skies and no breeze. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6-inch diameter circular cans. Posttreatment counts were made 14 days later (20-21 Aug). Two locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10-min period (per location) was recorded. An average of 60.3 chinch bug nymphs and adults per flotation was recorded 8 Aug prior to treatment.
Late Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgids in Carbon Co., Pa, 1984
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Heller Paul R.
Published: March 2022

Douglas-fir Christmas trees (1-1.5 m tall) were selected and sprayed at Yesner’s Tree Farm on May 1. Trees were selected if live adelgids were noted on the needles (oviposition was observed). Nine treatments plus a water control, replicated five times in a RCB design, were applied using a 1.5-gal stainless steel hand-pump sprayer until runoff. Application was made from 13:00 to 17:00 h with air temperature 20°C. Post-spray counts were made 21 May by counting the number of developing adelgids on the new growth during a 1-minute count.
Control of Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Wright Glenn
Published: March 2022

Recently transplanted honeylocust trees, 6-8 ft in height, were monitored for honeylocust pod gall midge activity at the Fort Collins City Nursery. When oviposition activity of the third generation was observed (22 Jun) soil systemic insecticides were applied, 3-5 inches deep, around the base of the trees. Rates of insecticides used were equivalent to that for elm leaf beetle control, i.e., 0.33 oz/trunk diameter inch. Plot size was a single tree, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a RCB design. Plots were evaluated 6 Jul by counting all new galls on the first, third, and fifth lower terminals. A second application was made 11 Jul for control of the “fourth” generation. This was followed by a 31 Jul evaluation where all new galls on the tree were counted.
Bagworm Control on Juniper, 1984
Authors: Schultz Peter B.
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated by selecting 10-ft sections of a 200-ft row of junipers of similar size (7 ft) and infestation level. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jun, using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi and were applied to runoff. On 2 Jul, mortality was determined by collecting 4 samples from each treatment, and placing them in the greenhouse at 120°F for 30 min. Live larvae began moving immediately.
Laboratory Tests of Insecticides Against Adult Black Vine Weevil, 1983-84
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Chamberlain Jimmie D.
Published: March 2022

Strawberry or red raspberry leaves were dipped in emulsions, suspensions, or solutions of commercial formulations of insecticides. The leaves were allowed to dry and petioles were inserted into vials of water which were placed in wide-mouth 1-pt glass jars. The insides of the jars were coated near the top with Fluon to prevent the flightless weevils from crawling out. Treatments were replicated 4 or 5 times with 4 or 5 weevils/replicate. Mortality was recorded every 24 h for 4 days. Symptoms of poisoning ranged from complete absence of motion by weevils to lying on their sides and waving their legs. The latter might later die or completely recover. Therefore, all weevils displaying any of those symptoms were recorded as “dead”.
Methomyl Phytotoxicity on Silver Maple, 1984
Authors: Schreiber L. R. , Krause C. R. , Mayer J. S.
Published: March 2022

Lathhouse grown, 18-24 inch seedlings were tested to investigate phytotoxicity of methomyl. Plants were grown in 2 qt pots using a 2:2:1 peat:perlite:soil mix. Pots were placed on a water porous mat which limited weed growth. Each treatment had 4 replications arranged in a CRD. The chemical was sprayed to run-off with a 2 gal hand pump sprayer (25 p.s.i.) at weekly intervals from 30 Jul to 20 Aug. No additional pesticides were applied, plants were hand watered as required. Temperatures in Jul were 2.6°F below normal, and temperatures in Aug were 0.5°F above normal. Phytotoxicity was evaluated as the percent total foliar area on 24 Aug.
Phytotoxicity Test on Field-Grown Woody Ornamentals, Conn. 1982
Authors: Moore R. E. B.
Published: March 2022

Three-year-old-field grown hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) and 3-year-old Rhododendron ‘Nova Zembla’ were observed for foliar injury after applications of insecticides in a commercial nursery. The treated plants were located in Bloomfield, CT growing in a sandy loam with a pH of 5.7 at treatment time. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jul or 31 Aug, or on both dates. Each plot consisted of 3 plants in a row with 2 plants between plots, and plots were separated by a single buffer row. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized block. Insecticides were applied individually to each plant; the liquid formulations were mixed with 8 oz of water to facilitate disbursal of the chemical, and the granules were scattered at the drip line of each plant and then washed into the soil with 8 oz of water.
White Pine Aphid Control in Howard, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J.
Published: March 2022

White pine trees (2-2.5 m tall) were selected on 17 May near Howard, PA in Centre Co., if they contained 1-3 colonies of aphids. Most colonies were tended by Allegheny mound ants. Five treatments plus a water control (replicated 5 times in a RCB design) were applied to runoff on 19 May using a 1.5-gallon stainless steel hand-pump compression sprayer. Pre-spray and post-spray counts were made by 1 observer using a 1-minute time count.
Apple, Midsummer Test of Acaricides, 1984
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Hamilton George C.
Published: March 2022

A 13-year-old orchard at the Rutgers Tree Fruit Research Center, Cream Ridge, N.J. was used in a series of 3 tests. In test I acaricides were applied on 3 Jul and 13 Jul (2nd application omitted in low rate of Beta-exotoxin) to 2 replicates of Red Delicious trees; in test I acaricides were applied on 25 Jul and 1 Aug to 2 replicates of Golden Delicious; and in test HI acaricides were applied on 10 Aug to 1 replicate each of Stayman and Golden Delicious, and to 2 replicates of Red Delicious. In all tests treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff, ca. 7 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves from each tree, brushing mites onto glass plates, and counting motile mites. ERM days = total accumulation of mite days from first spray to last counting date. Mite days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + (Ml + M2)/2 Y, where MD1 = mite days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Data were transformed to log x + 1 prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. (P = 0.05; DMRT).
Twospotted Spider Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Holt G. A.
Published: March 2022

MF-710, a combination wettable powder miticide containing 20% dienochlor, 10% fenbutatin-oxide, and 15% tetradifon, was compared with Pentac 4F for control of twospotted spider mite on roses. Foliar sprays were applied to all leaf surfaces until run-off with a CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 psi). Three single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design in a glass greenhouse. Mortality was evaluated 7 days after treatment using a Llanfair Orchard Leaf Brushing Machine and stereoscopic microscope.
Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid Control with Carbofuran, 1984
Authors: Lanier Gerald N. , Jones Alan H.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-two juvenile ornamental blue spruce 2-3 m tall and 8-12 cm diam were randomly divided into treatment and control groups, however when trees were less than 8 m apart they were assigned to the same group. All trees had been transplanted to urban soils between 1980 and 1982 and all bore many dry galls caused by Adelges cooleyi. On 17 Apr each tree of the treatment group was treated with 33.6 gm Al Furdan 10G by distributing the granules (336 gm or 12 oz) in shallow trenches (ca 5 cm deep) and covering them with soil. The trees were watered only by rainfall. On 17 Aug all trees were examined. Galls produced in the current year (‘84) were removed and those produced in previous years (mostly ‘82 and ‘83) were counted.
Adult Black Vine Weevil Control, 1984
Authors: Caldwell D. L. , Kunickis E. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus in 3-gal containers were sprayed on 9 Aug to the point of runoff (1 plant/treatment) witli a 1-gal hand-pump sprayer. Soil drench treatments of 1.0 and 1.5 oz/plant of Metasystox R 2EC were made in 0.5 gal of water on 16 Aug. Plants were kept outside to evaluate the residual effectiveness of insecticides under natural conditions. Black vine weevil adults, which were used in the bioassay tests, wen collected in Jul and Aug from heavily infested properties in Westerville, OH. Weevils were maintained in the laboratory under ambient room condition and fed foliage from wild grape and taxus. Sections (2-3 inches) of treated taxus foliage were placed in Telan petri dishes (3.25 inches diam). A replicati consisted of 8 weevils per petri dish. There were 5 replicates per treatment (40 weevils/treatment). The petri dishes were kept next to a window during the trials to obtain a normal photoperiod for that time of year. There was 0.7 inch of rainfall the day after the plants were sprayed.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Larval Control, Wayne Co., Oh. 1983-84
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Controlled release and standard granular formulations of carbofuran and bendiocarb were incorporated in potting media before planting or broadcast on the media surface after planting to evaluate their efficacy against black vine weevil larvae. Incorporation was accomplished by mixing media (peat, sand, hardwood bark, pine bark (3:2:2:3) + fertilizer) and insecticide granules in a twin-shell blender for 3 min. Immediately after mixing, the media was used to pot 2-yr-old Taxus media and intermedia in 5.7 1 (1.5 gal) containers. Plants were watered immediately after planting and every Mon, Wed, and Fri thereafter. Eighteen days after planting, 200 brown weevil eggs were placed in a depression ca. 2.5 cm beneath the media surface adjacent to roots in each container. Eggs were obtained from weevils originally collected from taxus and held with fresh taxus foliage at 18-21°C and 85 + % RH. Containers that were to receive broadcast treatments were infested, as before, 17 days after planting. Twenty-five days after inoculating containers with eggs, granules were applied to the media surface using a 5 dram glass vial with holes in the cap in a salt-shaker fashion. Containers were watered in as before. All containers were maintained outdoors until late Oct when they were moved to a greenhouse where temperatures fluctuated between 21 and 25°C. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated in early Feb by inspecting container media for mature larvae.
Taxus Spring Field Drench to Control Rlack Vine Weevil Larvae, Lake Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A moderately-infested block of 40-50 cm Taxus growing in well-drained old Lake Erie soil was chosen for evaluating the potential of spring drenches to kill overwintered black vine weevil larvae. A watering can was used to apply 1.9 liters of finished material to 61 by 305-cm microplots containing infested plants on 25 Apr under sunny skies at 16°C with an 8-16 kph breeze. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely random design. All plots were cultivated just prior to and immediately following application. Larval head capsules varied from 0.8 to 1.8 mm on the date of application. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated on 15 May by counting the number of living larvae and pupae within 20 X 20 x 20-cm root balls on the 3 middle plants within each microplot. Root balls were placed over large plastic trays with shallow sides and shaken vigorously until all soil was dislodged.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on Home Lawns in West Virginia, 1984
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 2 lawns on 18 Jul (Lawn No. 1) and 14 Aug (Lawn No. 2). Plots were 10 X 10 ft replicated 3 times in a completely random design. Liquid and W formulations were applied in 1 gal of water with a sprinkler can. Granules were applied with a hand-held shaker. All plots were irrigated with 2 gal water after treatments were applied. Sampling was by flotation method using a 6-inch diam circular can. Two locations in each plot were sampled, and the total number of chinch bugs floating to the surface during a 5-min period were counted and recorded. Pretreatment populations consisted of the following stages: Lawn No. 1, instars 1-2 30.8%, instars 3-5 30.8%, adults 38.4%; Lawn No. 2, instars 1-2 91.8%, instars 3-5 0%, adults 8.2%. Total precipitation during the test period was: Lawn No. 1, 0.32 in. occurring 9 DAT; Lawn No. 2, 0.90 in. occurring 7 DAT.
Dimilin Boluses, Guardian Ear Tags and Rabon Mineral Blocks for Cattle Fly Control
Authors: Herald F. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Ten percent 50g Dimilin boluses were compared to 0.463% Rabon Sweetlix mineral blocks and 7.5% Guardian ear tags for face fly and horn fly control on cattle. Five mixed-breed beef cow-calf herds and 1 herd of mixed-breed heifers were assigned to treatments as indicated in the table below. Ear tag treatments were done on 13 and 21 Jun at the rate of 2 tags/hd, and bolus treatments were administered on 21 Jun at the rate of 1 bolus/50kg of body weight/cow; calves received 0.5 bolus each. The Rabon Sweetlix mineral blocks were placed on 2 covered mineral feeders at the rate of 1 block/5 cows on 5 Jul. New Rabon blocks were added when 0.67 of the original amount was consumed. Horn fly numbers were estimated on 1 side of each of 10 cows and the total face flies found on the faces of these same cows were recorded. The mean number of flies was used for determining fly reduction.
Evaluation of Permectrin ii 10.0% Ec for Hog Louse Control on Brood Sows, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Permectrin II 10.0% emulsifiable insecticide was evaluated in Mar and Apr, 1984, for hog louse control on brood sows. Prolate 11.6% emulsiflable insecticide was used to determine comparative efficacy. The following treatment groups were established on 12 Mar in Montgomery Co. VA: A) Permectrin II 10.0% EC, consisting of 5 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal was treated with a 0.025% solution of Permectrin (1 qt product per 100 gal water). Each animal received 1 qt of spray mixture. All animals were established in a pastured environment, and all were later moved at varying times in-house to farrow. B) Prolate 11.6% EC, consisting of 5 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal was treated with a 0.1% solution of Prolate (1 qt product per 25 gal water). Each animal received 1 qt of spray mixture. All animals were established in a pastured environment and remained there for the duration of the trial, except for 1 which was later moved in-house to farrow. C) Untreated control, consisting of 5 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. All animals were established in a pastured environment, and all remained there for the duration of the trial. A compressed air sprayer equipped with 1 fan-type nozzle and calibrated to deliver 0.13 GPM beginning at 40 psi was used to apply the insecticides. All treatment groups were penned separately from each other when in pasture, and were individually isolated in modern farrowing crates when in-house.
Effectiveness of Ly 198468 (Fenoxycarb) in Controlling Stored-Product Insects When Applied to Surfaces, 1984
Authors: White N. D. G.
Published: March 2022

Ethyl[2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamate designated as LY 198468 (fenoxycarb), an insect growth regulator, was obtained from Elanco, Division of Eli-Lilly Canada, as a 50% EC formulation. The material was diluted in acetone and applied to plywood and galvanized steel panels (11 cm x 11 cm) with a Paasche air brush at 69 KPa pressure at rates of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g (AI)/m2. Four replicate surfaces were used for each insect-surface-dosage combination. Insects used for bioassay were fouth instar larvae, pupae, and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). Four replicates of 20 insects were exposed to treated and control surfaces, inside copper rings 5 cm diam and 3 cm high, for 24th at 25°C and 50% RH 1 day after treatment of the surfaces. The insects were then placed in plastic vials on wheat flour and brewers yeast (19:1, w:w) T. castaneum) or whole wheat + wheat germ (19:1, w:w) C. ferrugineus) and held at 30±1°C and 60±5% RH. Mortality was determined at 1 and 2 wk for the exposed immatures of T. castaneum and 1, 2 and 4 wk for the exposed adults of both species. Numbers of larvae produced by the exposed adults were observed at 4 wk. Following removal of the insects from the treated surfaces, wheat + wheat germ (19:1, w:w) was placed in the copper rings to a depth of 2 cm to simulate grain residues in empty granaries. Four replicates of 20 adult insects of each species were then placed in the grain and the numbers of adults and immatures present after 5 wk of storage at 25±2°C and 50 ±10% RH noted.
Pear: Pest Control, 1984
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Twenty-one year-old pear trees were sprayed 11 Jul with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of four 2-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-wk intervals. Adults were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/rep. Nymphs were counted from 50-leaf samples including the proximal, distal and 3 leaves from between, on each of 10 shoots/rep. Leaves were brushed and the resulting slides were examined using a dissecting microscope. Pear psylla russet was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett pears on 2 samples of 25 fruit/rep. Fruit and foliage were examined after treatment for phytotoxicity.
Peach, Insecticide/Fungicide Tests, 1984
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L.
Published: March 2022

A 5-year-old block of Red Haven was used in this test. Six replications (2-tree plots) were used in each of the 3 treatments and the check; combination treatments of insecticide and fungicide were applied 5 Apr, 11 Apr, 19 Apr, 26 Apr, 3 May, 14 May, 29 May, and 8 Jun; and fungicide treatments only were applied on 28 Jun, 4 Jul, and 18 Jul. Sprays were applied to runoff using a 5-horsepower hydraulic sprayer set at 200 lb/in3. A tree gun with a No. 4 disc was used to apply 0.5 gal per tree. On 5 Apr ten tarnished plant bugs were enclosed in muslin sleeves on 4 trees in each treatment immediately after the first spray had dried. The percent mortality was assessed on 9 Apr. Fifty fruit per 2-tree replicates were checked on 29 May for damage by TPB. Oriental fruit moth damage was evaluated by periodically checking all terminals on the trees for flagging. No OFM damage to terminals was noted until 19 June. On 19 June, 40 maturing fruit per two tree plot were examined for OFM injury. The number of brown rot infected fruit per two trees was determined at harvest (10 July).
Control of Leafhopper on Grapes in Pennsylvania, 1984
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. , Eisner Erwin A.
Published: March 2022

These tests were conducted in an established Concord grape vineyard in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. One spray was applied in each test using a 6-gal, True-test plant sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 lb/in2. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in 100 gal of spray per acre. Triton AG-98 was the spreader sticker used at the rate of 2 oz per 100 gal. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected at random per plot.
Avocado Brown Mite Control on Avocados, 1982
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Olsen K. N. , Goodall G. , Phillips P. A.
Published: March 2022

Six acaricides were tested on nine-year-old trees (20 X 20 ft spacing) located in Santa Barbara County. A randomized block design was used with 5 single tree replicates of each treatment with single tree buffers separating the test trees both within and between rows. All materials were applied by handgun from a Bean orchard hydraulic spray rig at 400 psi on 28 Sep ’82. The dilution factor used for all materials was based on 1000 gpa, i.e., 10 gal per tree x 100 trees per acre. All trees were sprayed to the point of runoff. Treatments were evaluated by taking random samples of 20 leaves from each of the sprayed and untreated check trees at a height between 2 and 8 ft. The samples were examined in the lab with a dissecting microscope within 3 days of collection. Only motile stages on both sides of one half of each leaf were counted. The pretreatment population of the ABM was high, thus providing a good area in which to evaluate acaricide efficacy.
Performance of Pecan Insecticides: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Payne J. A. , Dutcher J. D. , Ellis H. C.
Published: March 2022

During the last 13 years many insecticides have been evaluated in field and laboratory trials by one or more of the various entomologists employed at the state and federal laboratories across the pecan belt. Many of these pesticide trials were not published, communicated, or made readily available to other interested individuals. In this report we have reviewed the literature and research files of pecan entomologists so a concise updated consensus would be available to serve as a guideline for comparison in future pecan pesticide trials.
Pecan, Hickory Shuckworm Insecticide Efficacy Tests, 1984
Authors: Ring Dennis R. , Harris Marvin K.
Published: March 2022

Test blocks of at least 6 trees were established in Adriance Orchard on the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Farm, Burleson County near College Station, Texas. Tests included trees of the Brake, Desirable, Graking, Mahan, Stuart, and Success Cultivars. All chemicals were applied with John Bean Speed Sprayer® as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of runoff.
Caterpillar Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1983
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted 9 Mar into Myakka fine sand on the University of Florida’s Agricultural Research and Education Center-Sanford. A plot consisted of one 30-ft row with 12-inch plant spacing. Each plot row was separated by 2 unplanted rows; row spacing was 30 inches. Nemacur 15G 2 lbs (AI)/acre was applied pretransplant in a 15-inch band for nematode control. Treatments were replicated in 5 randomized complete blocks separated by 25 ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a COa pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers model G tractor. Three nozzles were used per row; 1 overhead (TX24) and 1 drop (TX12) on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gpa with a boom pressure of about 50 psi and a speed of 3 mph. Sprays were applied 26 Apr, 5, 12, 20, and 26 May. On 1 Jun in each plot 10 plants were rated for damage on the head and first 4 wrapper leaves using a scale of 1-6 as in Greene et al., Journal of Economic Entomology, 62(4):798-800. The percentage of heads that were marketable was based on the frequency of heads with damage ratings of 3 or less. The number of cabbage looper and diamondback moth larvae per plant was determined on 18 May and 23 May by examining 5 consecutive plants in the middle of each plot.
Control of Diamondback Moth, Imported Cabbageworm, and Cabbage Looper on Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Shelton A.M. , Wilsey W.T. , North R.C.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 20 Jun at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RGB design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles/row and delivering 35 gal/acre at 50 psi, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 27 Sep and evaluated 4 Oct. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larval populations. Diamondback moth populations were extremely low, imported cabbageworm populations moderate, and cabbage looper populations quite high. Cabbage loopers constituted 77% of the total populations in the check.
Tarnished Plant Bug Control on Celery, 1984
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

This study was located on the Hugh Tuttle farm in Dover, New Hampshire. Celery plants were transplanted into the field on 7 Jun ’84 and spaced about 1 ft apart in rows planted on 3-ft centers. Each plot consisted of a single 10-ft row and was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Applications were made on 10, 23 Jul, 8 and 20 Aug ’84 using a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 25 gal/acre (40 psi). All treatments, including the check, received BRAVO 500 at 1.5 pt/acre as a tank-mix application each time the insecticides were applied to protect against leaf blight. Evaluation was made on 5 Sep ’84 by counting the number of TPB injured plants per 10 plants per replicate.
Collard Insect Control in Alabama, 1984
Authors: Kouskolekas C. A. , Harper J. D. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

Field plots were established at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation in a field of collards planted at a row spacing of 36 inches with 18 inches between plants within the rows. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 4 repl. Each plot was 2 rows by 15 ft. Materials were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a TX 18 hollow cone nozzle and operating at 60 psi. Each row was sprayed 3 times, once over the top and once with the spray directed into each side of the row for a total delivery rate of 33 gallons per acre. All plots were treated on 25 Jul, 1 Aug, and 7 Aug. Treatment efficacy was determined by visual ratings of each plot on 1 and 8 Aug and by larval counts on 3 leaves from the second whorl of leaves from the top of the plant on 7 Aug. Visual ratings were based on a scale of 1 to 6 where 1 = 0 to 1%, 2 = 2 to 5%, 3 = 6 to 10%, 4 = 11 to 20%, 5 = 21 to 50%, and 6 = 51 to 100% defoliation.
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm Control, 1984
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A. , Guillebeau P. L. , Chamberlin J. R. , All J. D.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted 2 Apr, ’84, at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling coarse sandy loam. A randomized complete block experimental design with 2-row plots x 6.5-m long x 1-m row width x 1-m alleys and with 5 replicates was used. Plants were treated with a full cone spray using an air pressure sprayer at 30 psi in a final volume of 500 1/ha directed on the plant ears. Plots were sprayed 9 times beginning at the initiation of silking on 15 Jun, and continuing 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29 Jun, 2, and 4 Jul. All ears in the center 6 m of row were examined on 6 Jul for the presence of corn earworm larvae or damage.
European Corn Borer (ECB), Fall Armyworm (FAW) and Corn Earworm (CEW) Control on Sweetcorn, 1984
Authors: Ferro D. N. , Tuttle A. F.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted 15 Jun in Sunderland, MA in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 30 ft long and plants were spaced 9 inches apart in the row with 4 rows per plot. 1000 lb of ION: 10P2O5:10K2O/acre was incorporated prior to planting; no additional fertilizer was applied. Atrazine at 1 lb (AI)/acre and alachlor at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 20 Jun. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn sprayer equipped with drop nozzles, at 60 psi and in 150 gal. water/acre. Treatments were applied on 13, 21 and 27 Aug. Pydrin at 0.1 and 0.2 lb (AI)/acre was applied up to silking followed by Nudrin at 0.45 lb. (AI)/acre. On 7 Sep, 25 ears were randomly selected and examined from each plot and the number of ears infested with larvae of each pest was recorded. Only ears with damage to kernels were recorded as damaged.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 13 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch hand over the whorl; whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 55 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied on 10 and 16 Aug. Plant whorls were rated on fall armyworm damage on 23 Aug as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, 10% whorl feeding; (2) moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; (3) heavy damage, 25-50% whorl feeding; (4) severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged and (5) whorl destroyed. Ten plant whorls were removed from the plants, unrolled, and all live fall armyworm and European corn borer (ECB) larvae were counted. In an attempt to determine benefits of whorl-stage applications, all plots were treated with a combination of Lannate 1.8L (.45 lb ai/acre) plus Parathon 8E (.33 lb ai/acre) after first silks appeared to control further insect damage. The silking applications were made on 11, 14, 18, 21 and 24 Sep. All ears within a 17.4-ft distance in each plot were harvested and weighed, sized and rated for insect damage.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1984
Authors: Knapp Joseph L. , Nelson David D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a 20-acre mixed block evenly divided into 3 plots. Four randomly selected trees were left untreated as a check. Materials were applied 26 Apr and 2 Aug using a commercial air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 500 gal/acre. Two hundred fruit in each of the 3 treated areas were randomly examined on a weekly basis using a 10x hand lens with a 1 cm2 grid platform. One cm2 area/fruit/tree was counted for a total of 200 observations. The 4 untreated check trees were counted by randomly selecting and examining 25 fruit from around the canopies of each untreated tree and counted as above. One Texas citrus mite count was made during the course of the test. Twenty-four trees were randomly selected in each of the 3 treated areas and 25 spring flush leaves were randomly picked from around each tree, including the 4 untreated check trees. Leaves were brought back to lab, examined using stereomicroscope, and Texas citrus mite per leaf were counted and recorded.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1985
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated 1 Jul at our research farm near Geneva, New York in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds (planted at 10/ft) and treatments were applied using hand pushed cone seeders. Germination counts were made 17 Jul. The crop was then thinned to ca. 1 plant every 15 inch. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36-inch row width. In-furrow liquid applications were made with a gravity system mounted on a cone seeder delivering 50 gpa. Over-furrow applications were applied at 50 gpa to the soil surface after planting using a CO2 powered sprayer. Injury ratings were made 9 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present. Extremely dry conditions (only .39 inch of rain from 1 Jun to 30 Sep) resulted in inhibition of both seed germination and soil insecticide activity.
Looper Control on Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

‘Greenback’ variety cabbage was direct-seeded on 29 Aug ’84 into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Annex Farm, Mercedes, TX. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Two-bed plots 50 ft long were bordered by 1 row of a wheat-barley grass mixture and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticide treatments were delivered through a CO2-powered, backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14 gal per acre (25 psi, 4 flat-fan nozzles per plot). Treatments were applied on 15, 21, and 29 Nov ’84. Additional applications of CME-13406 were applied on 14 Dec ’84 and 4 Jan ’85. Efficacy was evaluated three days postspray by counting loopers on 10 adjacent plants per plot. Leaf damage and head damage ratings were taken on 17 Jan ’85 in plots treated with CME-13406 on 5 adjacent plants per plot.
Apple, Seasonal Control of Fruit Pests, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Danitol was evaluated for its ability to provided seasonal control of codling moth and other apple pests. This test was conducted in a 15-year-old apple orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. One application was made in the delayed dormant (dd) period (10 Apr) combined with 4 gal of spray oil per acre. The check was treated in the delayed dormant period with 8 gal of spray oil per acre. There were no subsequent insecticide applications to the check. Two applications were made against first generation codling moth. The first was timed to coincide with predicted 3% egg hatch or 250 degree days following first moth (23 May). The second was made 21 days following the first (13 Jun). One application was made against second generation and timed at 1290 degree days after first moth (19 Jul). All fruit on each tree were examined after first generation of codling moth was complete. Numbers of entries were recorded. At harvest (23 Sep) all fruit(or a maximum of 400) from each tree were examined and numbers of injured fruit recorded. Mites were sampled bi-weekly from mid-Jun through Sep. Fifty leaves were collected from each treatment (10 per tree), brushed in a mite brushing machine and the mites of each species counted. At harvest terminals infested with green apple aphid were counted and recorded. Woolly apple aphid densities were estimated by examining 10 shoots per tree and counting colonies observed. Densities of white apple leafhopper were determined by counting nymphs and caste skins on 10 leaves per tree.
Insect Control in Celery, 1985
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. , Connington L.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted at the MSU Muck Crops Experimental Farm in Bath, MI (Clinton Co.) on 16 May. The plots were 8 rows wide (24-inch spacing between rows) by 25 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications per treatment. Standard commercial fertilizer, herbicides and fungicides were applied. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gpa on 24 Jun, 1, 8, 16, 23, 30 Jul, 7 and 14 Aug. Sweep samples of 20 sweeps/plot were taken on 28 Jun, 12, 19, 29 July, 2, 9, and 16 Aug. Twenty plants were harvested from the middle rows of each plot on 21 Aug and evaluated for damage from CW, TPB, CLT and aster yellows disease.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1985.
Authors: Cheshire J. M. , Slaughter W. R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide-treated and untreated corn seed were planted in Spaldinf Co., GA (‘Silver queen’) on 22 May (Test 1) and in Pike Co., GA (‘Truckers favorite’) on 3 Jun. Soil types were Cecil loamy clay in Test 1 ant! Appling sandy loam in Test 2. The tests were each arranged as a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates. All plots were planted with a 2-row cone-type small plot planter (double-disk opener, press wheel, 32-inch row spacing). The planter was equipped with pressurized canisters for delivery of liquid insecticides (30 gal/acre at 20psi) and an electric metering unit for delivery of granular insecticides. Liquid anti granular formulations were applied at planting in a 7-inch band in front of each press wheel. Data were collected from 2-row × 30 ft plots in Tes; 1 and 2 row × 27 ft plots in Test 2. Each plot was bordered on each side by a row which received the same treatment. The numbers of healthy and LCB-damaged plants were counted in each plot 16 and 40 days after planting in Test 1, and 14 and 28 days after planting in Test 2. Each plan with LCB damage was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl, or complete wilting) and also by the presence of LCB larvae or their silken feeding tubes which extend laterally in the soil from plant bases.
Sweet Corn, Granular Insecticide Efficacy Trials, 1985
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Queen’ was planted May 30 on 30 inch centers with 9 inches between the plants. Plots were 4 rows × 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment. Insecticides were applied on 8 Aug with a Hi-Boy tractor. At harvest (22 Sep), 25 ears were selected from each treatment plot. The number of FAW, CEW and ECB larvae were counted. Ears were evaluated for external feeding damage to silks and sides of ears as well as for evidence of feeding damage to tip and kernels. Ears with no apparent feeding damage to tip and kernels were classed as “clean.” ECB damage was assessed by selecting 10 plants per plot, splitting the stalk and counting ECB cavities. Data for ECB, FAW and CEW larvae transformed × + 0.5 for analysis.
Fall Armyworm Mortality from Treatments to Late Season Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: Straub Richard W.
Published: March 2022

‘Bellringer’ was planted 19 Jul in Tioga silt-loam soil at New Paltz, NY. Treatments were arranged in 2-row plots 275 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Foliar spray treatments were applied beginning at mid-whorl stage (29 Aug) with a high clearance sprayer through 3, D2-25 hollow cone nozzles/row (sprayed directly into whorl), dispensing 43 gal/acre @ 100 psi. The whorl treatment was followed by silk sprays on 17, 20, and 26 Sep. Granular insecticides were applied with a ‘Gandy’ applicator mounted on the hydraulic boom of a high clearance sprayer operated at 2.5 mph. Granules were directed through a 4-inch bander to the center of plants in the mid-whorl stage on 29 Aug-all granular applications were followed by Nudrin silk sprays on 17, 20, and 26 Sep. Treatment efficacy was determined 7 days after the last application by randomly selecting 25 plants/replicate, recording the number of infested, and conversion to % mortality. FAW infestations were high, with 62% infested ears in the untreated block.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 25 Apr near Georgetown, DE. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 40-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using 1 nozzle per row delivering 60 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 2, 9, and 16 Jul. At harvest maturity (18 Jul), all ears from each plot were examined for economic damage and live CEW larvae were counted.
Cutworm Control on Lettuce, 1985
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse flats (14 inch × 20 inch) were seeded with a dense planting of lettuce seeds on 2 Aug. On 19 Aug, when the plants were ca. 3 inches high, the flats were sprayed using an air gun and a revolving turntable with 100 gal water/icre. Baits were applied by hand. After treatment, 7-inch high cardboard barriers were placed in the flats to minimize larval escape. After drying, twenty-five 2nd and 3rd stage larvae were placed on each of 4 replications. Readings were made on 21 Aug to determine the number of cut and/or damaged plants and the number of remaining larvae. The data indicate that even though there was ca. 80% control or more with most treatments, only sprays of Baythroid and Zectran at .75 lb prevented major damage.
Onion Thrips Control, 1985
Authors: Royer T. A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Texas Agricultural Research Annex, Mercedes, Texas. ‘Texas Grano 1025 Y’ onions were direct-seeded 14 Nov ’84 into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch centers) on an Hidalgo sandy clay loam soil and furrow irrigated as needed. Urea was side-dressed 20 Feb ’85 on all plots at 75 lb/acre. All plots were treated with chlorothalonil at 2.09 lb Al/acre on 20 and 27 Mar, and 4, 12, and 17 Apr for control of purple blotch (Alternaria porri (Ell.) Cif.). Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications (Test 1) or 4 replications (Test 2). Plots were 30 ft (Test 1) or 40 ft (Test 2) by 2 beds wide and bordered by 1 row of a oats-barley grass mixture for pesticide drift control. Treatments in Test 1 were applied on 4, 12, 17, and 23 Apr ’85 as a foliar spray delivered through a CO2 powered, tractor-mounted spray boom at a rate of 11 gal/acre finished formulation. In Test 2, treatments were delivered as a foliar spray through a-COa powered, 2-row back-pack sprayer at a rate of 10 gal/acre on 18 Apr ’85, or 25 gal/acre on 26 Apr. The basal 8 inch of all leaves were cut from the onion and visually inspected for thrips in the field. Sample size was 3 plants per plot for the first 3 samples in Test 1 and the first 2 samples in Test 2. Sample size was increased to 10 plants per plot for the last 2 samples in Test 1 and 2 as populations began to decline. Sample dates were 3 (pretreatment), 15, 22, 26, and 29 Apr in Test 1 and 15 (pretreatment), 22, 25, and 30 Apr in Test 2. Data were analyzed by week and by pooling samples across the season.
Apple, Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 6 single-tree replicates/treatment: 2 McIntosh, 2 Red Delicious, 1 Golden Delicious, and 1 Stayman or Jonathan. Trees are spaced 35 ft by 35 ft. Treatments were completely randomized and applied with a handgun at 450 psi to all plots on 10 and 25 May, 4 and 19 Jun, 2, 16, and 31 Jul, and 14 Aug. All sprays contained Cyprex 65 WP at 0.5 lb/100 gal. Rosy apple aphid (RAA) infestations were evaluated by counting curled clusters per tree. Potato leafhopper (PLH), green apple aphid (GAA), and Japanese beetle (JAP) infestations were evaluated counting infested terminals per tree. Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree.
Apple, Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 4 single-tree replicates: 1 Red Delicious, 1 Golden Delicious, 1 Jonathan, and 1 Stayman. Trees are 20 yr old and spaced 40 ft by 40 ft. Treatments were completely randomized and applied with a handgun at 450 psi to all plots on 10 and 29 May, 5 and 20 Jun, 3 and 17 Jul, and 1 and 15 Aug. All sprays contained Cyprex 65WP at ½ lb/100 gal. Green apple aphid (GAA), Japanese beetle (JAP), woolly apple aphid (WAA), and potato leafhopper (PLH) populations were evaluated by counting infested terminals per tree. Rosy apple aphid infestations were evaluated by counting curled clusters per tree. Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. Major direct fruit insect damage was evaluated by randomly picking a minimum of 2 bushels of fruit per tree on 2-11 Oct and evaluating damage by specific insects.
Residues of Chlorothalonil (Plus Its Metabolite, Hydroxy Chlorothalonil and Hcb, an Impurity in the Parent Compound) in Peppers When Applied for Control of Anthracnose and Alternaria Blight, 1984
Authors: George D. A.
Published: March 2022

Bravo 500 formulations were applied as a water-based foliar spray using a CO2 back-pack spray unit at Columbia, MO and Fresno, CA. Red and green bell peppers were sprayed at approximately one week intervals starting 18 Jul and ending 24 Aug, for a total of 7 spray applications at the Columbia, MO plots. Red and green jalapeno peppers were sprayed starting on 26 Jun and ending 24 Aug for a total of 8 applications at the Fresno, CA plots. Each location had four replicated plots for each treatment.
Wireworm and Foliar Feeding Insect Control on Potatoes, 1985
Authors: Bishop Guy W. , Halbert Susan , Johnston Richard L.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 17-18 Apr at the University of Idaho, Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, Idaho, in Vickery-Marsing silt loam. Treatments were applied to 2-row plots, 20 ft long, separated by 3 ft borders of ‘Red Pontiac’ potatoes in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. Eleven insecticides were used at various chemical/rate combinations to give 30 treatments plus an untreated check. All treatments were applied at planting either in-furrow (IFAP), broadcast (BDCST), broadcast in a 10 inch band (10” band), or pre-plant surface spray. Capture was applied as a pre-plant spray using a CO2 pressurized hand-sprayer at 35-40 psi delivering ca. 40 gal water/acre. Those chemicals applied broadcast or in a 10 inch band were applied by hand, then soil incorporated. Counts for aphids and the CPB were made weekly by examining 10 leaves/plot.
Potato Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, Larimer County, Colorado, 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Jagne Jarra F. , Lordier Martha K. , Wawrzynski. Robert P. , Liewehr David J.
Published: March 2022

‘Norchip’ potatoes were planted 8 May, ’85 at the Colorado State University Horticulture Research Center, Larimer County, CO. Plots were 6-row, 25 ft in length, randomized in a complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied post-emergence 14 Jun by banding the insecticides 4 to 6 inches along the sides of the planting. Plants were less than 6 inches at the time of treatment and treatments were incorporated immediately post-application. Potato psyllid, green peach aphid and onion thrips were sampled by examining 35 leaves/plot. CPB larvae were counted 19 Aug by counting all larvae on center rows of each plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Spray Frequency Trials, 1984
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

‘Katahdin’ potato seed pieces were planted on 16 May on 3-ft centers and 9-inch spacing between the plants. One in-furrow application of Temik 15G (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) was made at planting. Plots were 6 rows × 30 ft with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 22 gal/acre. Plots designated “high spray frequency” were sprayed 9,. 23, 31 Jul and 16, 28 Aug. “Low spray frequency” plots were sprayed 9, 31 Jul and 28 Aug. CPB larvae and adults were counted on 8 stems per treatment plot. Data were transformed × + 0.5 for analysis. Potatoes were harvested 5 Oct.