bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—Notes on some Marine Miocene Shells from Egypt
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

The marine Miocene shells from Egypt referred to in this paper form part of the collection of Egyptian fossils sent to the British Museum for determination by Captain H. G. Lyons, R.E., F.G.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey of Egypt.
III.—On Temnocheilus Coronatus, M'Coy, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Stebden Hill, near Cracoe, Yorkshire
Authors: Foord Arthur H. , Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The specimens which form the subject of this paper were obtained by Mr. E. J. Garwood from the Carboniferous Limestone of Stebden Hill, near Cracoe, Yorkshire; and the writers are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Garwood for permission to describe them. Respecting the horizon and locality from which the species came, Mr. Garwood says, in a letter to one of the writers: “Stebden is a hill which Tiddeman [of the Geological Survey] describes as one of his knoll reefs
IV.—Jurassic Ammonites: Notes on a Pamphlet by Professor Guido Bonarelli
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

Italian geologists have made several valuable contributions to our knowledge of the Jurassio strata of their country. Unfortunately some of their works are not known here as they deserve to be, and seem difficult to obtain. At the same time I have to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of some valuable memoirs which have been of particular service; and one of the latest arrivals is the present pamphlet.
VII.—Remarks on Mr. Mellard Reade's Article “On the Results of Unsymmetrical Cooling and Redistribution of Temperature in a Shrinking Globe as applied to the Origin of Mountain Ranges.”
Authors: Vaughan A.
Published: May 2009

After I had written the above dissertation and sent it for publication my attention was kindly drawn to a paper, dealing with the same subject, communicated by Mr. T. Mellard Reade, C.E., F.G.S., to the Liverpool Physical Society, and since republished in the May number of the GEOL. MAG. for this year (p. 203).
I.—On a Collection of Jurassic Cephalopoda from Western Australia—Obtained by Harry Page Woodward, F.G.S., Government Geologist—with Descriptions or the Species
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The Collection of Western Australian Cephalopoda which has been handed to me for examination consists of twelve specimens, viz. two Belemnites, one Nautilus, and nine Ammonites. One Ammonite was obtained from Cape Riche, E. of Albany; all the other specimens were collected near Champion Bay. They are chiefly internal casts, and ou the whole are badly preserved: the Nautilus is in a fair state of preservation; but the Ammonites are very imperfect; the suture-line can be satisfactorily made outinonly one specimen, hence the generic determinations must be regarded as only approximate.
IV.—The Most Recent Changes of Level and their Teaching. The Rapid Collapse of Some Districts at the Close of the Mammoth Age
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In some recent papers published in the geological magazine, I have endeavoured to show that at the close of the Mammoth age there was a very considerable dislocation of the earth's crust, and that a consequence of it was the upheaval of some of the highest masses of land on the earth, including the massive mountains of Asia and the American Cordillera. I now propose to show that (as is à priori probable) there was a concurrent collapse or sinking of the ground over large areas, which, as in the corresponding upheaval, was very rapid, if not sudden.
I.—On a Collection of Jurassic Cephalopoda from Western Australia—Obtained by Harry Page Woodward, F.G.S., Government Geologist—with Descriptions of the Species
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

Sp. char.—Shell (cast) discoidal, somewhat inflated, rather rapidly increasing. Whorls somewhat inflated, very convex on the periphery, less convex on the sides, rounded near the umbilicus. Umbilicus moderately wide, occupying nearly one-third of the diameter of the shell. Number of whorls and amount of inclusion unknown. Height of outer whorl rather more than one-third of the diameter of the shell. Each whorl ornamented with ahout 20 short, thick, umbilical ribs, each of which commences at the suture, extends radially or with a very slight forward inclination over one-fourth of the width of the lateral area, and terminates in a radially elongated tubercle.
III.—Restoration of the Antillean Continent
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

There have been many suggestions respecting a continental connection of the West Indies, but this is the first attempt made to restore the Antillean lands. It is based upon the slowly accumulating evidence of great systems of submerged valleys, or fjords extending from the commonly buried lower reaches of all the great rivers, upon the terrestrial deformation involved in the changes of level over large regions and upon the distribution of the characteristic forms of life. The present investigations confirm and amplify the history of the coastal plain of the northern continent.
VII.—A Reply to Sir H. Howorth's Paper on “Recent Changes of Level.”
Authors: Stirrup Mark
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in the Geological Magazine, September, 1894, Sir Henry Howorth expatiates on recent changes of the relative level of land and sea in support of his views on the Mammoth age and his diluvial catastrophe,inwhich there seems to me some very extraordinary confusion in the matter of geological chronology and sequence of events. The first paragraph reads as follows:—“In some recent papers published in the Geological Magazine, I have endeavoured to show that at the close of the Mammoth age there was a very considerable dislocation of the Earth's crust, and that a consequence of it was the upheaval of Some of the highest masses of land on the earth, including the massive mountains of Asia and the American Cordillera. I now propose to show that (as is a priori probable) there was a concurrent collapse or sinking of the ground over large areas, which, as in the corresponding upheaval, was very rapid, if not sudden” (the italics are mine). The suggested relationship of these various events and their alleged catastrophic character, induces me to again enter this ever-expanding field of controversy.

In support of his thesis Sir Henry first refers to the subsidences which resulted in the separation of England from the Continent, and consequent extinction of the Mammoth. Assuming that the course of things was as stated, when it is further suggested that this event was contemporaneous with great dislocation of the Earth's crust, resultinginstupendous upheavals of mountain ranges in Asia and America, he attempts more than can well be proved.
V.—An exposure of Quartzite and Syenitic Rock near Martlet, Worcestershire
Authors: Coles Charles St. Arnaud
Published: May 2009

The section in which these rocks are exposed is seen in a field at a distance of about a quarter of a mile from the village of Martley and due north of Berrow Hill Farm. Here is a small excavation for road stone, but it does not appear to have been worked lately. Both the quartzite and syenitic rock are exposed, the latter being very decomposed. The relations of the rocks to one another appear to be as follows (see Figure):—Below, at A, the quartzite is seen to stand out conspicuously. Round this, as at B, is a thin layer of powdery rotten rock, differing but little from the rest of the decomposed syenite, forming a crust at C, but evidently marking the junction of the quartzite and syenite; the latter being at D and E sufficiently undecomposed to allow of its being sliced. Above comes a loose breccia consisting of fragments of these rocks, but this is evidently surface soil.
IV.—Further Investigations regarding the Submerged Terraces and River Valleys Bordering the British Isles
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

I. Introductory.—The researches of previous investigators have had the result of showing that the platform on which are planted the British Isles and adjoining parts of the European continent was formerly connected by land with Iceland through the Shetland and Faeröe Islands, and this again with Greenland. This former connection is placed beyond doubt by the character of the fauna and flora. Dr. Wallace includes Iceland in his Palæarctic region, which embraces the British Isles and Europe; and, as Professor Newton has shown, all the land mammalia, with only three exceptions, are European. The exceptions are those of Arctic habitats–the polar bear, the Arctic fox, and a mouse (Mus Icelandicus). Amongst the birds, the peculiar species are allied to those of Europe and the Faeroes. The botany and entomology of Iceland have been described in the Transactions of this Institute by the Eev. Dr. Walker, F.L.S.,3 and his observations bear witness to the former land connection of Iceland with the British Isles. He remarks that “the first thing that strikes a visitor from the latter country is not the number of Arctic species, but the great abundance of plants that are very rare and local in Britain, such as Saxifraga cmspitosa, Lichnis alpina, and Erigeron alpinum, etc.” The disappearance of the former glacial conditions from the British Isles and their continuance in Iceland account for the remarkable abundance of the plants referred to.
I.—On a Remarkable Ichthyodorulite from the Carboniferous Series, Gascoyne, Western Australia
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Two years ago, Mr. Robert H. Scott, F.R.S., Secretary to the I Council of the Meteorological Office, kindly sent me a letter from the Rev. J. G. Nicolay of Fremantle, Western Australia, accompanied by a photograph of a fossil, the original of which had been found by Mr. Davis ‘in the valley of the Arthur River, an affluent of the Gascoyne.’

I readily identified the fossil photographed as the impression of a fish-spine, similar in form, but more highly curved than those discovered in the Coal-measures of Arkansas, Indiana and Illinois, originally described by Prof. Leidy as a fish-jaw, and named by him Edestus vorax in 1855, and later as a fish-spine by MM. Newberry and Worthen (Geological Survey of Illinois, 1870, vol. iv. pp. 350–353, pi. i.).
III.—The Tuffeau de Ciply Shown to be Chiefly of Tertiaby Age
Authors: Rutot MM. A. , Van Den Broeck E.
Published: May 2009

We wish briefly to state an important result, which the study of certain Tertiary and Cretaceous beds in the neighbourhood of Mons has enabled us to arrive at.

For a long time past, the beds, well known in the district just mentioned, by the name of Tuffeau de Ciply, have been considered by all geologists to be the equivalents of the Maestrichtien, that is to say, as belonging to the highest subdivision of the Cretaceous series of Belgium.
III.—On the So-Called “Gault” of West Dereham, in Norfolk
Authors: Reid Clement , Shakman Geokge
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of William Smith's Map of Norfolk in 1819, the sections around West Dereham and Shouldham have been accepted as proving the occurrence of true Gault in this part of West Norfolk. Messrs. Rose,2 Fitton,3 and later writers, all accept this determination. Mr. Teall,1 writing in 1873, points out the close relation of the fossils from the “Coprolite Bed” of West Dereham to those of the “Ammonites mammillaris zone” of Folkestone, and correlates the overlying blue marly clay with the Gault, from the occurrence in it of Ammonites interruptus.
VI.—The Succession of the Later Tertiaries in Great Britain
Authors: Bell Alfred
Published: May 2009

Those interested in the geology of the Upper Tertiaries must have noticed the divergence in the views entertained by different writers as to the succession of the various strata of which they are composed. Sundry causes may be assigned for this, such as the disposition in some quarters to regard the “lapse of time occupied in the accumulation of even our later Tertiary deposits” “as representing but a very brief chapter in geological history,” or the massing of the several groups of strata in bulk, or putting aside as of little value the organic evidence they contain, which, even where this is appealed to, is too narrowly treated, as where one author— a specialist in his own branch — asks, “Could the more modem Tertiaries be classed by their Invertebrata?”
III.—On the Occurrence of Undisturbed Spots in Earthquake-shaken Areas
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

One of the most important discoveries in Seismology is that which proved the close connexion in position between earthquakecentres and lines of fault, leading up to the view that the earthquake is an effect and not a cause of fault-formation. It may be the momentary result either (1) of the sudden fracturing of the earth's crust, or (2) of the impulsive friction that must accompany the relative displacement of the rock-masses adjoining the fissure. Now, earthquakes are frequent at places where faults are already advanced in the process of formation.
IV.—On the Waterworks at Goldstone Bottom, Brighton
Authors: Whitaker W.
Published: May 2009

These works were at first only supplementary to the Lewes Road Works, on the east; but now are the chief source of supply. They were begun in 1865, and are placed in a hollow in the Chalk, in open ground. at the north-western edge of Brighton. This hollow, the bottom of which, I am told, is 30 feet below the lowest part of its rim, is perhaps in itself an evidence of the existence of underground water, being due, most likely, as is usually the case in limestone-districts, to the dissolving away of the rock by underground water and to the consequent sinking-in of the surface. It is an analogous occurrence to the Meres of Norfolk, except that these are generally more or less filled with water, whilst Goldstone Bottom is quite dry at the surface. I may mention that at the time of my visit there was so thick a fog that it was impossible to see the hollow.
I.—On Mesozoic Angiosperms
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

There can scarcely at the present time be a problem more interesting than that of the first appearance of Angiosperms, nor one regarding which there is less trustworthy information at the disposal of the geologist. In attempting to bring together a summary of what is known regarding the earlier forms of this most important division of the vegetable kingdom, I make little claim to originality; nor are such criticisms as I may venture upon entitled to the same weight as if put forward by a trained botanist.
II.—On the Palæontology of the Selachian Genus Notidanus, Cuvier
Authors: WoodWard A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Among the Selachians of the existing fauna, there are none of greater interest and higher morphological importance than Notidanus, Cestracion, and the recently-discovered Chlamydoselachus from Japanese seas. These are the solitary survivors of once flourishing types, whose immediate congeners are only known to Biological science through the fragmentary remains preserved in the geological record; and the value of the archaic features they present is even further enhanced by the slight information already acquired regarding the geological distribution of their numerous extinct allies.
II.—On Carboniferous Ostracoda from the Gayton Boring, Northamptonshire
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Kirkby James W.
Published: May 2009

The Carboniferous Ostracoda here described are from the deep Gayton Boring, near Northampton. Hand-specimens of the rock, obtained by H. J. Eunson, Esq., F.G.S., were given to us by R. Etheridge, Esq., F.R.S., some months ago; and Mr. Eunson kindly gave us another piece lately.

To explain the situation of the bore, as well as the position of the Carboniferous strata in it, we quote as follows from Mr. H. J. Eunson's paper “On the Palaeozoic Eocks beneath Northampton,” in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. 1884, p. 485, etc.:

“The second trial took place near the village of Gayton, five miles south-west of Northampton, not far from the Banbury-lane crossing of the L. and N.-W. Eailway, about two miles north-west of Blisworth Station (see Ordnance Map 52 S.W.).
II.—Essays on Speculative Geology. 1.—On Homotaxis and Contemporaneity
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

In any inquiry into the history of the earth as a whole, we are met at the outset by a serious difficulty. In human affairs a general view of history, not confined to a single country, would be practically impossible, were we ignorant of the relations of the various eras from which different races reckon their dates: thus, it would be impossible to write a connected account of the history of Europe in the classical period were it not possible to determine the relation of the Olympian era to that dating from the foundation of the city of Eome. Yet the supposed case is not unlike that to which the geologist addresses himself when he endeavours to make a connected survey of such widely-separated regions as Europe, India, Australia, and America.

In the supposed case of the Greek and Roman eras, there are numerous points of contact, principally dates of battles, which, having been recorded by both nations according to their own system, enable us to compare the two, and so to determine what would be the date of any event, recorded by the one, had it been recorded by the other. But in geology we have no such points of contact; there is a very general tendency to regard any two series of beds, in which a few fossil forms specifically identical are found, as of contemporaneous origin. That this view is erroneous, and that it would be nearer the truth to say that two widely-separated beds, in which the same forms are found, could not be of contemporaneous origin, was long ago pointed out by Forbes and Huxley, the word homotaxis being invented by the latter to express the relation existing.
III.—Essays on Speculative Geology. 2.—Probable Changes of Latitude
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

In my last essay I had occasion to refer to the former existence of icebergs in localities which now lie in latitudes lower than those in which glacial action is known to have reached, even during the last Glacial period. But, surprising as it may be to find evidence of glacial action within a few degrees of, and, as in the case of the Eowen Eiver Coal-field, a few degrees within, the tropics, this sinks into insignificance in the face of the evidences of repeated Glacial periods that may be found in India, and especially in the Himalayas.
V.—On the Application of the term Neocomian
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

Much confusion and difference of opinion appears to exist with regard to the classification and nomenclature of the strata which form the lower part of the Cretaceous system, and the chief element of this uncertainty and confusion is the misconception which prevails respecting the proper signification and application of the term Neocomian. The object of the present paper is to explain the continental usage of this name, and by showing its inapplicability to any of our English strata, to prepare the way for a more satisfactory grouping of our Cretaceous rocks.

For many years English geologists were content with the nomenclature employed by the earlier students of the Cretaceous system— Webster, Murchison, Mantell and Fitton. In 1864, however, the French term Neocomian was introduced by Prof. Judd, who adopted it for the Cretaceous portion of the Speeton Clay, and Sir Charles Lyell subsequently used it as a synonym for the whole Lower Cretaceous series in England as distinct from the Upper Cretaceous series or the beds lying above the Lower Greensand.
A Retrospect of More than Thirty Tears
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

It is now more than thirty years ago since, with my friend Professor T. Eupert Jones, F.R.S., we commenced to Edit the Geological Magazine, Messrs. Longmans & Co. being our publishers.

To my regret Prof. Rupert Jones retired from the Editorship in June, 1865. After that date, aided by Prof. John Morris (since deceased), and by my colleagues, Mr. R. Etheridge, Mr. Wilfrid Hudleston, and Dr. G. J. Hinde, the Magazine has enjoyed an uninterrupted existence and a well-earned position as a scientific journal.
III.—Notes on the Geology of Western Australia
Authors: Woodward Harry P.
Published: May 2009

As Western Australia is attracting considerable notice on account of the recent rich gold discoveries, a short paper upon its geological formations may be of interest.

Regarded as a whole, Western Australia is not an interesting field for geological research, at any rate from a stratigraphical or palasontological point of view, for, with the exception of one or two districts in the north, all the rock-outcrops are either granites, crystalline schists, or volcanic dykes.
IV.—The Reported Occurrence of Ammonites Jurensis in the Northampton Sands
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine (Dec. III. Vol. VIII. No. 329, p. 493, Nov. 1891), Mr. E. T. Newton has a “Note on the Occurrence of Am. jurensis in the Ironstone of the Northampton Sands in the Neighbourhood of Northampton.” This note had especial interest for me, from my having contested Mr. Beeby Thompson's view of the Jurensis-zone being represented by the clayey beds beneath the Sands; and, in fact, it seemed to support my argument. Further reading, however, obliged me to confess that I could not claim this support; for Mr. Newton says (p. 494), “that the specimens of Am. jurensis agree exactly with Dr. Wright's plate 79 (Lias Ammonites).”
IV.—Was the Boulder-clay formed Beneath the Ice?
Authors: Bulman G. W.
Published: May 2009

Geological opinion is still divided on the subject of the formation of the Boulder-clay. By some it is held to be the sole work of the ice, and accumulated beneath it; by others it is looked upon as a marine deposit, though deriving its materials from the grinding action of the ice-sheet or glacier. Some geologists, again, hold that the “Till”—as distinct from the Boulder-clay— was formed beneath the ice, but that the latter is a marine deposit laid down in glacial seas.
V.—Glacial Geology: Old and New
Authors: Mellard T.
Published: May 2009

Over twenty years ago I commenced the study of the glacial deposits of the neighbourhood of Liverpool, and as the observations grew they came to embrace a considerable share of the drainagebasin of the Irish Sea.

I have personally inspected and kept full records of all of the important artificial excavations likely to throw light upon the subject, in addition to examining and making sections of the natural exposures of glacial drift which abound on the north-west coast of England, the coast of Wales, and in the river valleys draining into the Irish Sea, and to a lesser extent the drift on the east-coast of Ireland and the south of Scotland.
II.—On certain Affinities Between the Devonian Rocks of South Devon and the Metamorphic Schists
Authors: Hunt A. R.
Published: May 2009

In the Devonian sandstones and grits of Torbay abundant quartz veins are occasionally developed, indicating a moderate amount of heat. Neither the quartz-grains nor occasional fragments of felspar are to any extent affected.

At Dartmouth, on the raised-beach platform, quartz is largely developed together with a little felspar and chlorite, indicating sufficient heat to form or re-form these minerals. At Slapton Sands the grits are about the same as in Torbay: felspar granules remain angular and intact.

Between Beesands village and Tinsey Head the quartz-grains occasionally show signs of incipient solution, as also do the tourmalines. In one slide (No. 5) the approach of schistosity seems to be heralded by minute roughly parallel cracks cemented by iron ores and a pale-green mica. Minute crystals of pyrites, some rectangular, are formed in the rock. At the Start, in rare cases, grains or remnants of grains of original granitic quartz can be detected in the schist. Tourmaline is partially dissolved with recrystallization.
IV.—Underclays: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Bulman G. W.
Published: May 2009

Since the advent, in 1840, of Sir Win. Logan's paper “On the Characters of the Beds of Clay immediately below the Coal Seams of South Wales,” underclays have generally been regarded as representing the soils on which grew the vegetation now forming the coal. I am not aware, however, that any definite and detailed hypothesis has been put forward to account for their origin. The superior interest attaching to the question of the origin of coal has apparently overshadowed the less important underclay, and it has been left to fit itself in with any particular hypothesis of the former which happened to be in favour. At the same time, two general views of its origin have been suggested which do not, however, go into any detail as to the exact manner in which it has been brought about.
III.—Note on the Classification of the Red Rocks in South-East Durham ; and on a possible unconformity between the Trias and the Permian Limestone in the same District
Authors: Howell H. H.
Published: May 2009

The several bore-holes which have been put down through the A- Red Kocks in the south-east part of the county Durham to win the bed of Eock Salt there have directed attention to the age and classification of these rocks.
IV.—Coal in the South East of England
Authors: Whitaker W.
Published: May 2009

“With regard to the probability of coal under cretaceous W rocks in the South of England it seems hardly possible to conceive that the commercial enterprise of Englishmen could have failed to discover it long ago if it had been in existence.”
VI.—Notes on the Geology of the Gironde, with Especial Refebence to the Miocene Beds
Authors: Harris George. F.
Published: May 2009

During the past summer I had the pleasure of studying the Miocene and Upper Oligocene beds at various places in the Bordelais, mostly under the guidance of the amiable Professor of Geology in the Faculté des Sciences in Bordeaux, Monsieur E. Fallot; and the following notes are mainly intended to give an idea of the present appearance of the classical Miocene sections in that district, and to say something concerning their classification and that of the other Tertiary beds of the Gironde, following the most recent researches on the subject.
IV.—Micrasters in the English Chalk—Two or more Species?
Authors: Meÿer C. J. A.
Published: May 2009

To the student of Cretaceous palæontology there could be suggested, probably, no more puzzling question than that of the determination of the species of the genus Micraster. It seems not unlikely that Professor Forbes was of this opinion when, in 1850, he reduced to varieties of a single species—that of Micraster cor-anguinum—no fewer than seventeen previously supposed species, or subspecies, of the genus. It is true that, out of compunction, perhaps, for such wholesale slaughter, he forthwith established one new species, the Mieraster cor-bovis, and pointed out the probable existence of another —“a small Micraster with a very elevated extremity from the Chalk of Lyme.” This, however, seems scarcely to make up for the absorption or obliteration of all but one of the previously described species. And, seeing that several of these so-called varieties of Micraster cor-anguinum are recognized as species by many continental palæontologists, it becomes an interesting subject for inquiry whether our English Chalk does not contain more than one species in addition to the recognized Micraster cor-anguinum, and cor-bovis?
II.—Geological Time
Authors: Morgan C. Lloyd
Published: May 2009

One of the most important questions which modern geologists have to answer is that which refers to the duration of Geological time. How long is it since the Glacial epoch? What was the date of man's appearance on the earth? How many ages have rolled by since the earth first became the habitation of organized beings? Such are the questions, daily repeated, to which we must make some answer, or, if need be, honestly confess our ignorance.
III.—Notes on the Felsite of Bittadon, N. Devon
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In his important paper on the Physical Structure of West Somerset and North Devon (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiii. p. 568), Mr. Etheridge incidentally refers to a felstone at Bittadon, saying of it (p. 609): “There is no proof that the igneous rock at Bittadon is eruptive.” At the time when these words were written, it was undoubtedly impossible, from the nature of the exposure, to decide whether the rock was intrusive or interbedded; but, on visiting the locality in September, 1876, I found that a small quarry (for road metal) had been opened in the felstone, and its relations to the sedimentary rocks were pretty clearly exposed.
IV.—Erratics at High Levels in North-Western America—Barriers to a Great Ice-Sheet
Authors: Dawson George M.
Published: May 2009

In the last edition of his Great lee Age (1877), Mr. Geikie has noticed at some length my descriptions of the glaciation and superficial deposits of the central region of North America, from Lake Superior to the Kocky Mountains; giving an outline of the facts recorded, and of the explanation of these facts which I have ventured to present as that which appeared to me most probable.
III.—Mr. Hill on the Cause of the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

I have just read Mr. Hill's criticism on my views as to the cause of the Glacial Epoch, and have to thank him for the fair and courteous way in which he has treated the subject. I fear Mr. Hill has come to his conclusions somewhat too hastily. He appears to me to have totally misapprehended the real effect of fogs and a snow-covered surface on climate, and also the influence of eccentricity on the trade-winds. But I must defer for the present entering into any discussion on the matter. My object just now is simply to direct attention to an erroneous assumption which appears to lie at the base of nearly all the objections which have been urged against the theory that the Glacial Epoch resulted from an increase of eccentricity.
V.—On the Artificial Production of the Perlitic Structure
Authors: Cole Grenville
Published: May 2009

Various investigations of the Perlitic structure in igneous rocks have resulted in its being regarded as a product of unequal contraction in a cooling mass of lava. Professor Bonney, in a paper on Columnar, Fissile, and Spheroidal Structure, has compared it to the roughly-concentric joints to which, in certain basalts, the spheroidal character is due; and Mr. S. Allport, in his account of certain Ancient Devitrified Pitchstones and Perlites, writes that “an examination of all the facts leads to the conclusion that the perlitic texture is purely a phenomenon of contraction.” Of this, then, there has practically been no doubt; but, so far as I am aware, the structure has not until recently been imitated by artificial means.
VI.—Some New Points in the Pre-Cambrian Geology of Anglesey
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: May 2009

1. The granitoid (Dimetian) rocks of Anglesey pass down into an anticlinal of dark gneiss (above) and grey gneiss (below). The gneiss is also seen in the Menai anticlinal.

2. Low down in the granitoid series are bands of felsite, hälleflinta, and felspathic breccia, which can lay no claim to the rank of a distinct group (Arvonian).

3. The schistose series at Ty Croes is brought into contact with the principal quartz-felsite and hälleflinta band by a fault, and there is, therefore, no proof, from this section, that the schists are of Pebidian age.
VII.—Note on the Microscopic Structure of some Pre-Cambrian Rocks
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Some repetition may be avoided in this note by roughly grouping the specimens, which have been forwarded to me by Dr. Callaway, as (A) Felsitic Rocks, or those resembling felstones; (B) Granitoid and Gneissic Rocks; and (C) Dioritic Rocks. The numbers attached correspond with the reference-numbers in Dr. Callaway's paper. I may mention that in examining the slides I was ignorant of their bearing on the views propounded by the author, and, in some cases, of the exact locality of the specimens.
III.—Notes on the History and Comparative Anatomy of the Extinct Carnivora
Authors: Bose P. N.
Published: May 2009

At the beginning of this century nothing whatever was known about the history of the Carnivora in the Eocene period. In 1825, in the second edition of his “Recherches sur les Ossements fossiles,” Cuvier described certain fossil bones from the Gypseous Series as belonging to a Carnivore allied to the Racoons and the Coatis. Ten years afterwards, having obtained a palate from the same beds, furnished with five teeth on one side and four on the other, he referred the palate, as well as the bones alluded to above, to a genus allied to Didelphis. De Blainville, in his “Osteographie,” founded on these bones a genus allied to the Badger, which he placed amongst the “Petits Ours” (Subursidæ), under the title of Taxotherium, while he referred the supposed Didelphoid teeth of Cuvier to a distinct genus, Pterodon, to which also he assigned a place in the same group.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

The Limestones of the Yorkshire Oolites long ago attracted the attention of collectors from the remarkable beauty of some of the fossils which are preserved in them. We need hardly go back so far as the days of Lister and his lapides Judaici, but the Scarborough Catalogue, published in 1816, may arrest our attention for a moment.
V.—Notes on the History and Comparative Anatomy of the Extinct Carnivora
Authors: Bose P. N.
Published: May 2009

The dentition of Gymnura, an existing Insectivorous Mammal, may with advantage be compared with that of the Eocene Carnivora. The dental formula of Gymnura is typical:—

The only other existing Mammals which have 44 teeth are the Pigs and the Moles. But in Eocene times, this number, as first noticed by Professor Owen, was the rule, instead of being the exception.
III.—A Contribution to the Study of the British Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

Sp. char.—Tube small, sinistral, narrow, increasing but little in size towards the aperture, very narrow and fine towards the apex; volutions not in the same plane, somewhat raised, with a sunken apex, rather deeply umbilicated on the attached side; section circular. Surface marked with faint, regular, equidistant, transverse ridges, which are more marked along the union of the whorls (or “suture”) than on the periphery or back of the last volution.
V.—The “Laterite” of the Indian Peninsula
Authors: McGee W. J.
Published: May 2009

This paper may be regarded as a notice of those portions of the recently published “Manual of the Geology of India,” by Messrs. Medlicott and Blanford, which describe, or in any way relate to, the extensive lateritic deposits of Peninsular India. The hypothesis (or, more properly, the modification of an antecedent hypothesis) herein offered, in the hope that it may be tested by the Indian geologists, is based on extended examinations of deposits believed to be analogous, and has been found to satisfactorily explain the phenomena observed.
I.—On the Species of Brachiopoda that Characterize the “Grès Armoricain” of Brittany, together with a few Observations on the Budleigh Salterton “Pebbles.”
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

During the past twelve months I have devoted much time to the careful study of those questions that relate to the probable source of derivation of the sandstone and quartzite boulders or “pebbles” that were drifted and accumulated in the neighbourhood of Budleigh Salterton by “Bunter” waters. The detailed results of my investigations will appear in my forthcoming Devonian Supplement. Cornwall and North Devon having been pointed at, as a probable source of derivation, I considered it necessary to study the rocks and fossils that exist in those portions of Great Britain, as well as those that occur in Normandy and Brittany, on the other side of the Channel.
V.—Aqueous Vapour in Relation to Perpetual Snow
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

Some twelve years ago I gave (Phil. Mag. March, 1867, “Climate and Time,” p. 548) what appears to me to be the true explanation of that apparently paradoxical fact observed by Mr. Glaisher, that the difference of reading between a thermometer exposed to direct sunshine and one shaded diminishes instead of increases as we ascend in the atmosphere. This led me to an important conclusion in regard to the influence of aqueous vapour on the melting-point ot snow; but recent objections to some of my views convince me that I have not given to that conclusion the prominence it deserves. I shall now state in a few words the conclusion to which I refer.
VIII.—On the Association of Stibnite and Cinnabar in Mineral Deposits
Authors: Godfrey J. G. H.
Published: May 2009

The association of stibnite and cinnabar appears to have been first noticed at El Haminat, in the province of Constantine Algiers, where, during the years 1850 to 1852, considerable quantities of both these minerals have been raised from veins traversing Cretaceous schists. Other localities in Algiers showing the same association are: Ghelma near Phillipsville, where cinnabar in crystalline crusts covers and penetrates antimony ochre derived from the decomposition of stibnite, the containing rock being a saccharoidal limestone; Debar, 19 kilometers to the N.W. of Ghelma, where stibnite is found covered with spots of cinnabar, the gangue being heavy spar; Traia, showing a similar occurrence to the preceding; Tasselemet, where radiating crystals of stibnite occur imbedded in earthy cinnabar.
II.—The “Kames” in the Neighbourhood of Newport, Fife, N.B.
Authors: Durham James
Published: May 2009

At the British Association Meeting in Dundee, in 1867, the late Dr. Chambers, in a brief paper, called the attention of Section C. to the existence of an “eskar” in the neighbouring parish of Forgan, in the County of Fife. As far as I can recollect or ascertain, the paper said little or nothing about the subject further than describing its situation, and recommending it to the attention of the Section. And I am not aware that the great accumulations of gravel and sand to which Dr. Chambers referred have been made the subject of systematic observation since.
III.—Notes on Four Species of Scottish Lower Silurian Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson T.
Published: May 2009

Of this remarkable genus several species from the Lower Silurian rocks of Russia have been well described and illustrated by Eichwald, Pander, de Verneuil, Kutorga, and others, to whose works and papers the reader is referred.
IV.—Is there a Base to the Carboniferous Rocks in Teesdale? A Question for Silurian Geologists
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

During a recent excursion into Teesdale I paid a visit to certain Mica trap-dykes discovered by my friend Mr. W. Gunn, and to a section of the Carboniferous beds below the Whin Sill of Falcon Clints, near Caldron Snout, which suggested the question whether there is not a base to the Carboniferous beds in that part of Teesdale.
VII.—Notes on Coral Reefs
Authors: Hosken Henry
Published: May 2009

I have to thank you for your kind letter of the 24th of December, 1875; it affords me great satisfaction to hear that my remarks about the New Hebrides have interested you.
III.—On the Perforate Character of the Genus Webbina, with a Notice of Two New Species, W. Lævis and W. Tuberculata, from the Cambridge Greensand
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: May 2009

The well-known genus Trochammina was instituted in 1859 by Messrs. Parker and Jones as a sub-genus for the reception of an arenaceous foraminifer, the Rotalia (Nautilus) inflata of Montagu.
III.—On the First Stages of the Glacial Period in Norfolk and Suffolk
Authors: Belt Thomas
Published: May 2009

The publication in the last Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of the most instructive paper by Messrs. S. V. Wood, jun., and F. W. Harmer, on the Later Tertiary Geology of East Anglia, and one by the latter author on the Kessingland Cliff-section, induces me to offer the following remarks, with the hope that my views may be considered by geologists who have made this question their study.
IV.—Notes on the Geology of the Lebanon
Authors: Lewis E. R.
Published: May 2009

I have been fortunate enough to obtain from the eastern slope of Mount Hermon (Jebel esh Shech) a large lot of fossils, which not only determine the geological position of that part of the Lebanon, but also settle the question of the existence of Jurassic formations in Syria. Of course it has been often enough asserted that Jurassic rocks are found here, but the fact has not been considered settled beyond doubt.
I.—A Visit to the Volcano of Oshima
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

Looking at a map of Asia, or, still better, at a map of Japan, there will be seen a string of islands stretching from near the entrance of the Bay of Yeddo in a more or less southerly direction towards the Bonins. It is very probable that all these islands are of volcanic origin. With the exception of one or two of them, which within the last few years have given off a few curling wreaths of steam, they might strictly be defined as being dormant, having given vent neither to fire nor smoke within the history of their inhabitants. In this respect they are similar to many of the volcanic cones in Japan, with which they are also probably coincident in age. A short time ago, however, during the first week in January, a great change was observed in the most northern of these islands, which is called Oshima. Ships coming into Yokohama brought news that the island was on fire. One captain reported that flames 200 feet in height were seen. Although Oshima was an island which three years previously had been giving out clouds of smoke, and seven years before that had been actually in eruption, it was thought by many that the conflagration was due to the burning of grass or wood, and it was not till some days had passed that the true state of affairs became fully recognized.
III.—On Certain Genera of Living Fishes and their Fossil Affinities
Authors: Crane Agnes
Published: May 2009

On first thoughts, it may seems that the lowest group of vertebrates, of all the divisions comprised in the animal kingdom, might be most easily described, and its zoological limits defined; but, on examination, the fishes prove to be most curiously linked to the invertebrata below and the amphibian reptiles above. In fact, it is not easy to draw the lines positively between them, and to say where the true vertebrates begin, or where the piscine characters are merged in the reptilian. It is proposed to refer to some of the most aberrant forms of living fish and their fossil affinities; then, briefly passing in review the distribution of the various families in geological time, to see how far descent with modification is traceable in this class of vertebrates.
II.—A Sketch of the Geology of Keighley, Skipton, and Grassington
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

In Derbyshire the Millstone-grit series consists of four or five well-marked grits, separated by shales, viz. the so-called first or topmost grit, named, from its coarse character, the rough rock; the second grit, which is generally a flagstone; the third grit, a bold, well-jointed rock; and lastly, the Kinder Scout grit, which sometimes consists of two beds. In advancing northwards this type undergoes considerable changes; the second grit becomes merely a basement bed to the rough rock, not always separable therefrom; the third grit loses its massive character, and other beds of sandstone begin to show themselves amid the shales overlying the Kinder Scout grit. When one reaches the valley of the Colne, four separate sandstones have developed themselves between the rough rock (locally known as the sand rock) and the recognized Kinder Scout grit. This type prevails also in the valley of the Yorkshire Calder; but is not to be found on crossing the watershed into the basin of the Aire. There the series consists in descending order, first of the rough rock, which throughout maintains its usual marked character till it is buried beneath the Permian; secondly, of a very variable basement bed to the last, consisting, when well developed, of valuable flagstones. These are extensively quarried at Nab, above Oxenhope Moor; and also in an outlier at the Penistone quarries, near Haworth. Below this bed comes a fresh series of variable sandstones and shales. There may be in places as many as fifteen or sixteen distinct sandstones below the basement of the rough rock and the regular Kinder Scout grit.
III.—Notes on the Correlation of the Beds Constituting the Upper Greensand and Chloritic Marl
Authors: Jukes Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

Considerable uncertainty has for some time existed with regard to the formations known by the names of Upper Greensand and Chloritic Marl.
I.—Is Man Tertiary? The Antiquity of Man in the Roman Country in relation to the Geology of the Valley of the Tiber
Authors: Mantovani Raf. D. P.
Published: May 2009

The soil of the Roman country, so interesting to the archæologist for the splendid remains it has yielded of the Roman age, is no less rich in relics which shed light on the history of primitive man. Although researches of this kind began here only ten years ago, the results obtained up to this date have been highly satisfactory. These anthropological investigations have been executed with great care by many independent investigators, among whom may be mentioned Ponzi, Ceselli, Bleicher, De Verneuil, and also the author of this communication, who have collected a great many specimens, and accumulated numerous observations relative to primitive Man.
IX.—Across Europe and Asia.—Travelling Notes
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

On Wednesday, the 22nd of September, I left Ekaterinburg for Tumen, where I hoped to catch a steamer going to Tomsk. For a short distance after starting, the road was bounded by tall firs. Beyond these came a few hill-like mounds covered with large grey weather-worn boulders, the appearances of which were not unlike those of some ancient terminal moraines. These boulders were the only ones which I saw during the whole of my journey across Siberia. From their similarity to the rock of the country which here and there cropped up through its covering of peat and grass, I think they must have been of local origin; but whether this origin was in any way connected with the action of ice, through not having made any close examination I am unable to form any conclusion.
I.—American “Surface Geology,” and its Relation to British. With some Remarks on the Glacial Conditions in Britain, especially in Reference to the “Great Ice Age” of Mr. James Geikie
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

From no part of the world have we of late years derived more additions to the Geological Record than from North America. Besides important additions to the earliest pages of that record, the rich collections made by the United States Surveyors, both of fauna and flora, from the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene deposits, have thrown much light upon the life history of the Earth; and it is even contended that they have bridged over the interval which, notwithstanding the Maestricht beds, the Pisolitic, and the Faxoe Limestones, still remains sharply marked between the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of Europe so far as they have yet been examined.