bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small within‐clutch variance in spiderling body size as a mechanism for avoiding sibling cannibalism in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Authors: Iida Hiroyuki
Published: January 2019

This study investigated why sibling cannibalism is so rare in the second instar of the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae), despite the fact that the spider is cannibalistic and does not discriminate kin from non‐kin. Laboratory experiments revealed that relative size difference between the cannibal and its victim affected the occurrence of nymphal cannibalism, as in other spiders. The degree of the size difference, measured as the coefficient of variation (CV), was smaller within a brood than among broods, but was greater in smaller clutches that might have been produced by less well fed females. Statistical analysis confirmed that intraclutch cannibalism would occur in less than about 1% of encounters among siblings that were randomly selected from the same clutch, because about 99% of intrabrood encounters fell within a 10% size difference, which is the marginal value above which frequent cannibalism occurs. Thus, interclutch cannibalism was expected to occur much more frequently than intraclutch cannibalism. Considering the potential benefit of cannibalism under food stress and high nymphal mortality, even with the sacrifice of their full sibs, the small intraclutch variance in spiderling body size may be understood as a tactic adopted by mother spiders to avoid sibling cannibalism.
Job Quality and the Educational Gradient in Entry Into Marriage and Cohabitation
Authors: Schneider Daniel , Harknett Kristen , Stimpson Matthew
Published: January 2019

Men’s and women’s economic resources are important determinants of marriage timing. Prior demographic and sociological literature has often measured resources in narrow terms, considering employment and earnings and not more fine-grained measures of job quality. Yet, scholarship on work and inequality focuses squarely on declining job quality and rising precarity in employment and suggests that this transformation may matter for the life course. Addressing the disconnect between these two important areas of research, this study analyzes data on the 1980–1984 U.S. birth cohort from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to examine the relationships between men’s and women’s job quality and their entry into marital or cohabiting unions. We advance existing literature by moving beyond basic measures of employment and earnings and investigating how detailed measures of job quality matter for union formation. We find that men and women in less precarious jobs—both jobs with standard work schedules and those that provide fringe benefits—are more likely to marry. Further, differences in job quality explain a significant portion of the educational gradient in entry into first marriage. However, these dimensions of job quality are not predictive of cohabitation.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mental Distress Following the 2004 and 2005 Florida Hurricanes
Authors: Fullerton Carol S. , Mash Holly B. Herberman , Wang Leming , Morganstein Joshua C. , Ursano Robert J.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Community characteristics, such as perceived collective efficacy, a measure of community strength, can affect mental health outcomes following disasters. We examined the association of perceived collective efficacy with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and frequent mental distress (14 or more mentally unhealthy days in the past month) following exposure to the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons.

Methods

Participants were 1486 Florida Department of Health workers who completed anonymous questionnaires that were distributed electronically 9 months after the 2005 hurricane season. Participant ages ranged from 20 to 79 years (mean, 48; SD, 10.7), and the majority were female (79%), white (75%), and currently married (64%). Fifty percent had a BA/BS degree or higher.

Results

In 2 separate logistic regression models, each adjusted for individual sociodemographics, community socioeconomic characteristics, individual injury/damage, and community storm damage, lower perceived collective efficacy was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of having PTSD (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.96), and lower collective efficacy was significantly associated with frequent mental distress (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.96).

Conclusions

Programs enhancing community collective efficacy may be a significant part of prevention practices and possibly lead to a reduction in the rate of PTSD and persistent distress postdisaster. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:44–52).
Social cognition or social class and culture? On the interpretation of differences in social cognitive performance
Authors: Dodell-Feder David , Ressler Kerry J. , Germine Laura T.
Published: January 2019

Background

The ability to understand others’ mental states carries profound consequences for mental and physical health, making efforts at validly and reliably assessing mental state understanding (MSU) of utmost importance. However, the most widely used and current NIMH-recommended task for assessing MSU – the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET) – suffers from potential assessment issues, including reliance on a participant's vocabulary/intelligence and the use of culturally biased stimuli. Here, we evaluate the impact of demographic and sociocultural factors (age, gender, education, ethnicity, race) on the RMET and other social and non-social cognitive tasks in an effort to determine the extent to which the RMET may be unduly influenced by participant characteristics.

Methods

In total, 40 248 international, native-/primarily English-speaking participants between the ages of 10 and 70 completed one of five measures on TestMyBrain.org: RMET, a shortened version of RMET, a multiracial emotion identification task, an emotion discrimination task, and a non-social/non-verbal processing speed task (digit symbol matching).

Results

Contrary to other tasks, performance on the RMET increased across the lifespan. Education, race, and ethnicity explained more variance in RMET performance than the other tasks, and differences between levels of education, race, and ethnicity were more pronounced for the RMET than the other tasks such that more highly educated, non-Hispanic, and White/Caucasian individuals performed best.

Conclusions

These data suggest that the RMET may be unduly influenced by social class and culture, posing a serious challenge to assessing MSU in clinical populations given shared variance between social status and psychiatric illness.
Four things we need to know about extreme self-sacrifice
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: January 2019

A comprehensive explanation of extreme self-sacrifice would ideally clarify not only the proximate mechanisms leading to this behaviour, but also its developmental origins, its functions (if any), and its history. The theoretical framework set out in my target article has something to say about all of these dimensions, and many of the criticisms raised in the commentaries can therefore be addressed under those four main headings. In my response, I also discuss a set of proposals for further extending the framework. Finally, I conclude by distilling from the discussion a host of novel questions requiring further investigation.
Bacteria defend carrion from scavengers
Authors: Dayton Paul K. , Oliver John S. , Thrush Simon F. , Hammerstrom Kamille
Published: January 2019

Carrion in the form of dead seal pups and algal mats placed on soft bottom habitats at Explorers Cove and Salmon Bay, McMurdo Sound, attract scavenging invertebrates that are driven away by hydrogen sulphide produced by sulphate-reducing bacteria sequestered below a layer of Beggiatoa/Thioploca-like filamentous bacteria. This system is usually found for lipid-rich marine mammal carrion, but also occurred with natural algal mats.
Quantitative genetic analysis of water deficit tolerance in coriander through physiological traits
Authors: Gholizadeh Amir , Dehghani Hamid , Khodadadi Mostafa
Published: January 2019

Drought stress restricts the production of agricultural crops through morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in plants. This study explored the genetic control of physiological traits related to drought in coriander. In a diallel analysis, all six parents, their 15 F1hybrids and 15 F2populations were subjected to different irrigation regimes including well-watered, mild and severe water deficit stress. Drought stress decreased the relative chlorophyll content (RCC), the relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), total chlorophyll (TChl) content, carotenoids (Car) and essential oil yield (EOY) in F1and F2generations. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability effects were highly significant for all traits in F1and F2generations. Additive gene action was predominant for Chla, Chlb, TChl and Car under well-watered condition while non-additive gene effects were more important under mild and severe water deficit stresses in F1and F2generations for the above traits. Additive gene effects were more important for RCC, RWC and electrolyte leakage (EL) traits in both F1and F2generations under mild and severe water deficit stresses. In conclusion, the high narrow-sense heritability and significant genetic correlations between EOY and RCC, RWC and EL suggest that these traits can be used as surrogates to identify superior genotypes for arid and semi-arid regions. Also, the parental lines, P4and P6had the best GCA for RCC, RWC, Chla, Chlb, TChl, Car, essential oil content and EOY.
An empirical review of gambling expansion and gambling-related harm
Authors: LaPlante Debi A. , Gray Heather M. , Williams Pat M. , Nelson Sarah E.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Aims: To discuss and review the latest research related to gambling expansion. Method: We completed a literature review and empirical comparison of peer reviewed findings related to gambling expansion and subsequent gambling-related changes among the population. Results: Although gambling expansion is associated with changes in gambling and gambling-related problems, empirical studies suggest that these effects are mixed and the available literature is limited. For example, the peer review literature suggests that most post-expansion gambling outcomes (i. e., 22 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 64.7 %) indicate no observable change or a decrease in gambling outcomes, and a minority (i. e., 12 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 35.3 %) indicate an increase in gambling outcomes. Conclusions: Empirical data related to gambling expansion suggests that its effects are more complex than frequently considered; however, evidence-based intervention might help prepare jurisdictions to deal with potential consequences. Jurisdictions can develop and evaluate responsible gambling programs to try to mitigate the impacts of expanded gambling.
Widening the net: A syndemic approach to responsible gambling
Authors: Nower Lia , R. Caler Kyle
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Background: Attempts to address gambling-related harms have evolved rubrics to foster responsible gambling and informed choice. Those efforts have largely focused on apportioning the relative responsibility placed on government, industry, and individuals for reducing excessive gambling that leads to adverse consequences. Empirical evaluations of responsible gambling measures, together with proposed frameworks that set out guidelines for accountability, have met with mixed results and criticism from divergent groups of stakeholders. Aim: While harm reduction remains a worthy goal, this position paper argues against maintaining a stringent focus on the government-industry-individual triumvirate in favor of adopting a syndemic approach to gambling-related harms. Approach: A syndemic perspective suggests that gambling disorder intersects, coexists, precedes or follows other comorbid conditions and interacts with social and environmental factors that promote and enhance the negative consequences of gambling problems. This paper discussions potential syndemic stakeholders and challenges in the implementation of this approach. Conclusions: Initiatives to reduce gambling-related harm should adopt a broader perspective, involving stakeholders from diverse syndemic problem areas in developing a network to identify and address gambling problems in early stages of development across multiple settings.
Time‐Dependent Deformations of Sandstone During Pore Fluid Pressure Oscillations: Implications for Natural and Induced Seismicity
Authors: Noël C. , Pimienta L. , Violay M.
Published: January 2019

In tectonically active regions, natural seismicity is often correlated with the seasonal hydrology, suggesting that cyclic loading variations might trigger seismicity. Moreover, recent field observations suggest that cyclic fluid injection strategies into geological reservoirs could produce less seismicity than monotonic injections. Here we present 10 brittle creep laboratory triaxial experiments that bring new constraints on fluid‐rock interactions during cyclic pore fluid variations. The experiments were performed on Fontainebleau sandstone with various pore fluid pressure conditions: (i) with constant pore fluid pressure levels from 1 to 10 MPa, at constant Terzaghi effective pressure (Pc − Pf = 30 MPa); and (ii) with cyclic (sinusoidal) pore fluid pressure oscillations of varying amplitudes (from 0 to 8 MPa) and periods (from 30 to 3,000 s) around a mean value of 5 MPa. During deformation, the rock's mechanical properties and the high‐frequency acoustic emission signals were monitored to investigate the physics underlying the rupture processes. Under macroscopically drained conditions, rather than their amplitude, the period of the oscillations appeared to strongly affect the rock sample strength, time‐to‐failure, and dilatancy behavior. Moreover, even for small variations of pore fluid amplitude, and at all pore fluid pressure period, pore fluid pressure and acoustic emissions were strongly correlated. Our experiments demonstrate that pore fluid pressure oscillations may strongly affect rocks mechanical behavior and associated seismic activity.
Three‐Year Continuous Observation of Pure and Polluted Dust Aerosols Over Northwest China Using the Ground‐Based Lidar and Sun Photometer Data
Authors: Zhang Z. , Huang J. , Chen B. , Yi Y. , Liu J. , Bi J. , Zhou T. , Huang Z. , Chen S.
Published: January 2019

Mineral dust is a dominant aerosol type in northwestern China and can mix with other air pollutants during its long‐range transport, playing an important role in Earth's energy budget and hydrological cycle on both regional and global scales. In this study, the optical properties of pure dust and polluted dust were compared by using ground‐based lidar and sun photometer data at SACOL (Semi‐Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University) from August 2009 to August 2012. The total attenuated backscattering coefficient at 532 nm, the volume depolarization ratio (VDR) and the color ratio (CR) derived from the L2S‐SM‐II dual‐band polarization lidar and aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent from sun photometer data were used to identify pure dust and polluted dust. The results showed that AOD at 440 nm of pure dust was widely distributed within the range of 0.4–1.1 but the AOD of polluted dust was generally less than 0.6. The frequency distribution of VDR showed that the mean value of pure dust was greater than that of polluted dust and the peak values were 0.31 and 0.21, respectively. The frequency distribution of CR showed that the mean value of pure dust was larger than that of polluted dust, and it was mostly pure dust aerosol when color ratio was greater than 0.8. The VDR showed a positive correlation with CR. Using the frequency distribution of VDR, a threshold value of 0.25 was proposed to differentiate pure dust from polluted dust. The rates of misclassification were 20.7% and 18.6% for pure dust and polluted dust, respectively. This work will be helpful for the classification of aerosol types in satellite observations and numerical modeling.
Possible Role for Tectonics in the Evolving Stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Alley R. B. , Pollard D. , Parizek B. R. , Anandakrishnan S. , Pourpoint M. , Stevens N. T. , MacGregor J. A. , Christianson K. , Muto A. , Holschuh N.
Published: January 2019

The history of the Greenland Ice Sheet has been influenced by the geodynamic response to ice sheet fluctuations, and this interaction may help explain past deglaciations under modest climate forcing. We hypothesize that when the Iceland hot spot passed beneath north‐central Greenland, it thinned the lithosphere and left anomalous heat likely with partially melted rock; however, it did not break through the crust to supply voluminous flood basalts. Subsequent Plio‐Pleistocene glacial‐interglacial cycles caused large and rapidly migrating stresses, driving dike formation and other processes that shifted melted rock toward the surface. The resulting increase in surface geothermal flux favored a thinner, faster‐responding ice sheet that was more prone to deglaciation. If this hypothesis of control through changes in geothermal flux is correct, then the long‐term (105 to 106 years) trend now is toward lower geothermal flux, but with higher‐frequency (≤104 to 105 years) oscillations linked to glacial‐interglacial cycles. Whether the geothermal flux is increasing or decreasing now is not known but is of societal relevance due to its possible impact on ice flow. We infer that projections of the future of the ice sheet and its effect on sea level must integrate geologic and geophysical data as well as glaciological, atmospheric, oceanic, and paleoclimatic information.
Prediction of a topological p + ip excitonic insulator with parity anomaly
Authors: Wang Rui , Erten Onur , Wang Baigeng , Xing D. Y.
Published: January 2019

Excitonic insulators are insulating states formed by the coherent condensation of electron and hole pairs into BCS-like states. Isotropic spatial wave functions are commonly considered for excitonic condensates since the attractive interaction among the electrons and the holes in semiconductors usually leads to s-wave excitons. Here, we propose a new type of excitonic insulator that exhibits order parameter with p + ip symmetry and is characterized by a chiral Chern number Cc = 1/2. This state displays the parity anomaly, which results in two novel topological properties: fractionalized excitations with e/2 charge at defects and a spontaneous in-plane magnetization. The topological insulator surface state is a promising platform to realize the topological excitonic insulator. With the spin-momentum locking, the interband optical pumping can renormalize the surface electrons and drive the system towards the proposed p + ip instability.
Distortion-stabilized ordered structures in A2BB’O7 mixed pyrochlores
Authors: Pilania Ghanshyam , Puchala Brian , Uberuaga Blas P.
Published: January 2019

Pyrochlore oxides (A2B2O7) are interesting for a number of technological applications, including radiation damage tolerance and as ionic conductors. Mixed pyrochlores—containing two A and/or two B site cations—provide even more flexibility for tailoring properties owing to the diverse chemical and configurational degrees of freedom accessible within this chemical space. Here, we examine relative stability of different cation orderings in one model double pyrochlore Gd2(ZrxTi1−x)2O7, as a function of Zr content x. Our results show that, in the presence of some very specific local cation arrangements, certain cation-ordered compositions in this system are highly stabilized as a result of large oxygen relaxation displacements, leading to the formation of an ordered ‘double’ pyrochlore structure. The origins of these anomalous oxygen relaxations are traced back to both the local cation symmetry and a strong chemical preference of Zr atoms towards adopting a 7-fold coordination environment, as opposed to a 6-fold coordination available in a regular pyrochlore structure. Subsequently, we examine the stability of this type of ordering in 131 other pyrochlore compositions. Implications of our findings are discussed in relation to the observed composition-dependent ionic conductivity in these systems and connections with previously reported experimental findings are made.
Author Correction: A compendium of geochemical information from the Saanich Inlet water column
Authors: Torres-Beltrán Mónica , Hawley Alyse K. , Capelle David , Zaikova Elena , Walsh David A. , Mueller Andreas , Scofield Melanie , Payne Chris , Pakhomova Larysa , Kheirandish Sam , Finke Jan , Bhatia Maya , Shevchuk Olena , Gies Esther A. , Fairley Diane , Michiels Céline , Suttle Curtis A. , Whitney Frank , Crowe Sean A. , Tortell Philippe D. , Hallam Steven J.
Published: January 2019

In Table 3 of this Data Descriptor the units of Mean_N2O and Mean_CH4 are incorrectly stated as “Nanomolar (μM)”. This should instead read “Nanomolar (nM)”.
The effect of temperature, farm density and foot-and-mouth disease restrictions on the 2007 UK bluetongue outbreak
Authors: Turner J. , Jones A. E. , Heath A. E. , Wardeh M. , Caminade C. , Kluiters G. , Bowers R. G. , Morse A. P. , Baylis M.
Published: January 2019

In 2006, bluetongue (BT), a disease of ruminants, was introduced into northern Europe for the first time and more than two thousand farms across five countries were affected. In 2007, BT affected more than 35,000 farms in France and Germany alone. By contrast, the UK outbreak beginning in 2007 was relatively small, with only 135 farms in southeast England affected. We use a model to investigate the effects of three factors on the scale of BT outbreaks in the UK: (1) place of introduction; (2) temperature; and (3) animal movement restrictions. Our results suggest that the UK outbreak could have been much larger had the infection been introduced into the west of England either directly or as a result of the movement of infected animals from southeast England before the first case was detected. The fact that air temperatures in the UK in 2007 were marginally lower than average probably contributed to the UK outbreak being relatively small. Finally, our results indicate that BT movement restrictions are effective at controlling the spread of infection. However, foot-and-mouth disease restrictions in place before the detection and control of BT in 2007 almost certainly helped to limit BT spread prior to its detection.
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals relationship of three major domesticated varieties of Auricularia auricula-judae
Authors: Zhao Yuhui , Wang Liang , Zhang Dongshan , Li Rong , Cheng Tianyou , Zhang Yibi , Liu Xueju , Wong Gary , Tang Yuguo , Wang Hui , Gao Shan
Published: January 2019

Auricularia auricula-judae is an edible mushroom and a traditional medicine in China as well as the fourth largest cultivated mushroom species in the world. Here for the first time, we present comparative transcriptome analyses of the fruiting bodies of three morphologically distinguishable A. auricula-judae cultivated varieties (Wujin, smooth; Banjin, partially wrinkled; and Quanjin, fully wrinkled) collected from Jilin Province, China. Biological triplicates were performed to determine the expression levels of 13,937 unigenes. Among them, only 13 unigenes were annotated to A. auricula-judae, highlighting the lack of publicly available reference sequences for this economically important species. Principal component analysis (PCA) determined that the gene expression profile of Quanjin was unique when compared to those of Banjin and Wujin. Such relationships were further supported by analyses of annotated and unannotated unigenes, differentially expressed unigenes, gene ontology functions, and the family of peroxidase genes. Using the KEGG database, significant alternations in biological pathways were detected among the three cultivars. This work contributes a large set of A. auricula-judae sequences to public database, establishes the relationships among major cultivars, and provides molecular guidance for breeding and cultivation.
Chemical transformations in monoterpene-derived organic aerosol enhanced by inorganic composition
Authors: Riva M. , Heikkinen L. , Bell D. M. , Peräkylä O. , Zha Q. , Schallhart S. , Rissanen M. P. , Imre D. , Petäjä T. , Thornton J. A. , Zelenyuk A. , Ehn M.
Published: January 2019

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is known to impact both climate and air quality, yet molecular-level composition measurements remain challenging, hampering our understanding of SOA formation and evolution. Here, we reveal the importance of underestimated reaction pathways for the (trans)formation of SOA from monoterpenes, one of the largest SOA precursors globally. Utilizing mass spectrometric techniques to achieve a comprehensive characterization of molecular-level changes in the SOA, we were able to link the appearance of high-molecular weight (HMW) organic molecules to the concentration and level of neutralization of particulate sulfate. Interestingly, this oligomerization coincided with a decrease of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs). Our findings highlight the role of particle-phase processing, and the underestimated importance of sulfate aerosol for monoterpene-SOA formation. The observations of these processes directly in the atmosphere reveal the need to account for the formation of HMW oligomers to fully understand the physicochemical properties of organic aerosol.
Regulation of RNA editing by RNA-binding proteins in human cells
Authors: Quinones-Valdez Giovanni , Tran Stephen S. , Jun Hyun-Ik , Bahn Jae Hoon , Yang Ei-Wen , Zhan Lijun , Brümmer Anneke , Wei Xintao , Van Nostrand Eric L. , Pratt Gabriel A. , Yeo Gene W. , Graveley Brenton R. , Xiao Xinshu
Published: January 2019

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, mediated by the ADAR enzymes, diversifies the transcriptome by altering RNA sequences. Recent studies reported global changes in RNA editing in disease and development. Such widespread editing variations necessitate an improved understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of RNA editing. Here, we study the roles of >200 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in mediating RNA editing in two human cell lines. Using RNA-sequencing and global protein-RNA binding data, we identify a number of RBPs as key regulators of A-to-I editing. These RBPs, such as TDP-43, DROSHA, NF45/90 and Ro60, mediate editing through various mechanisms including regulation ofADAR1expression, interaction with ADAR1, and binding to Alu elements. We highlight that editing regulation by Ro60 is consistent with the global up-regulation of RNA editing in systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, most key editing regulators act in a cell type-specific manner. Together, our work provides insights for the regulatory mechanisms of RNA editing.
Experimental confirmation of the standard magnetorotational instability mechanism with a spring-mass analogue
Authors: Hung Derek M. H. , Blackman Eric G. , Caspary Kyle J. , Gilson Erik P. , Ji Hantao
Published: January 2019

The magnetorotational instability (MRI) has long been considered a plausibly ubiquitous mechanism to destabilize otherwise stable Keplerian flows to support radially outward transport of angular momentum. Such an efficient transport process would allow fast accretion in astrophysical objects such as stars and black holes to release copious kinetic energy that powers many of the most luminous sources in the universe. But the standard MRI under a purely vertical magnetic field has heretofore never been directly measured despite numerous efforts over more than a decade. Here we report an unambiguous laboratory demonstration of the spring-mass analogue to the standard MRI by comparing motion of a spring-tethered ball within different rotating flows. The experiment corroborates the theory: efficient outward angular momentum transport manifests only for cases with a weak spring in quasi-Keperian flow. Our experimental method accomplishes this in a new way, thereby connecting solid and fluid mechanics to plasma astrophysics.
Determination of the Origin of Tomato Products
Authors: Consonni Roberto , Cagliani Laura Ruth
Published: January 2019

The globalization of markets and the information now required about traded products have made it necessary to adopt regulations for free trade. In particular, statements of the certification and determination of origin are now required. These attract increasing attention and interest from both consumers and producers, not only for their economic added value but also for their implications involving human health. The present chapter reports and reviews some of the most relevant studies that have addressed the investigation of the geographical origin of various tomato products by using different analytical techniques coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Specifically targeted analysis focuses on stable isotopes, micro and macro elements, or chemical markers, while the untargeted approach relies on NMR-based metabolomic analysis.
The Use of Non-conventional Technologies for Processing Tomato Products: High-power Ultrasound, High-pressure Homogenization, High Hydrostatic Pressure, and Pulsed Electric Fields
Authors: Rojas Meliza L. , Miano Alberto C. , Kubo Miriam T. K. , Augusto Pedro E. D.
Published: January 2019

This chapter present the possible uses of high-power ultrasound, high-pressure homogenization, high hydrostatic pressure, and pulsed electric fields for processing tomato fruit and tomato-based products. First, the principles of each technology are presented, focusing on mechanisms and general aspects. Then, the effect of these technologies on tomato fruit and tomato-based products is described, focusing on the improvement of quality properties. Structural changes correlated with changes in physicochemical properties are detailed. Finally, limitations and possible industrial applications are discussed. All these technologies have been shown to influence enzymatic and microbial activity in tomato fruit or tomato products. Significant changes in both structure and physical properties are described. Although the technologies described in this chapter have shown promising results, it is still necessary to further explore their applications and the development of suitable equipment for their application on a larger scale.
Structural analysis of peptides modified with organo-iridium complexes, opportunities from multi-mode fragmentation
Authors: Wootton Christopher A. , Millett Adam J. , Lopez-Clavijo Andrea F. , Chiu Cookson K. C. , Barrow Mark P. , Clarkson Guy J. , Sadler Peter J. , O'Connor Peter B.
Published: January 2019

Organometallic complexes alter peptide MS/MS fragmentation behavior, producing challenging fragmentation channels and electron quenching effects dependent on modification identity.
Zirconium bistriazolylpyridine phosphonate materials for efficient, selective An(iii)/Ln(iii) separations
Authors: Veliscek-Carolan Jessica , Rawal Aditya
Published: January 2019

Novel zirconium bistriazolylpyridine phosphonate materials have been developed that selectively extract minor actinides in the presence of excess lanthanide.
Aryl amphiphile shape-directors for shape-controlled synthesis of organic semiconductor particles
Authors: Jones Dorothy K. , Kerwin Brendan , Zhao Wenjing , Gavvalapalli Nagarjuna
Published: January 2019

Organic semiconductor particle growth and shape are modified by using aryl amphiphiles having different hydrophobe geometry.
Efficient CO2 absorption by azolide-based deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Cui Ge , Lv Meng , Yang Dezhong
Published: January 2019

Azolide-based deep eutectic solvents exhibit a high CO2 absorption capacity by forming carbonate species.
Probing the gas-phase structure of charge-tagged intermediates of a proline catalyzed aldol reaction – vibrational spectroscopy distinguishes oxazolidinone from enamine species
Authors: Willms J. Alexander , Vidic Jandro , Barthelmes Janosch , Steinmetz Vincent , Bredow Thomas , Maître Philippe , Engeser Marianne
Published: January 2019

Charge-tagging enables the detection of reaction intermediates which are probed by IRMPD spectroscopy in combination with theory.
Unraveling the effect of B-site antisite defects on the electronic and magnetic properties of the quadruple perovskite CaCu3Fe2Nb2O12
Authors: Li Hongping , Zhang Quan , Zhu Zhipeng , Ge Zhizhong , Li Changsheng , Meng Jian , Tian Yi
Published: January 2019

The total magnetic moment of the quadruple perovskite CaCu3Fe2Nb2O12 is significantly reduced owing to the B-site antisite defects. They not only introduce the Fe(↓)–O–FeNb(↑) antiferromagnetic arrangement, but also induce antiparallel Cu spins in the totally disordered CaCu3Fe2Nb2O12.
C–I and C–F bond-breaking dynamics in the dissociative electron ionization of CF3I
Authors: Köckert Hansjochen , Heathcote David , Lee Jason W. L. , Zhou Weiwei , Richardson Vincent , Vallance Claire
Published: January 2019

We present a comprehensive experimental study into the dissociative electron ionization dynamics of CF3I at energies ranging from 20 to 100 eV.
Anharmonic excited state frequencies of para-difluorobenzene, toluene and catechol using analytic RI-CC2 second derivatives
Authors: Tew David P. , Hättig Christof , Graf Nora K.
Published: January 2019

Analytic second nuclear derivatives for excited electronic state energies have been implemented for RI-CC2, CIS(D) and ADC(2) models and used in VPT2 calculations of excited state frequencies.
A new air- and moisture-stable pentagonal-bipyramidal DyIII single-ion magnet based on the HMPA ligand
Authors: Li Lei-Lei , Su Hong-Dan , Liu Shuang , Xu Ya-Chao , Wang Wen-Zhen
Published: January 2019

A new pentagonal-bipyramidal DyIII SIM was obtained with HMPA ligand, which is stable to air and moisture and shows slow relaxation of magnetization up to 36 K (1000 Hz) with Ueff of 556 K.
Conversion of haloform to carbonate by iridium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and silver(i) oxide
Authors: Marr Andrew C. , Morgan Patrick J. , Saunders Graham C. , Thomas Hayden P.
Published: January 2019

The reaction between haloform, the complexes [Cp*IrCl2(κC-MeNC3H2NCH2Ar)] (Ar = C6H3F2-2,6, C6H3F-2-Cl-6, C6H3Me2-2,6) and silver(i) oxide proceeded by carbon–halogen bond fission to yield the carbonate complexes [Cp*Ir(κ2O-CO3)(κC-MeNC3H2NCH2Ar)].
FLP behaviour of cationic titanium complexes with tridentate Cp,O,N-ligands: highly efficient syntheses and activation reactions of C–X bonds (X = Cl, F)
Authors: Fischer Malte , Schwitalla Kevin , Baues Svenja , Schmidtmann Marc , Beckhaus Ruediger
Published: January 2019

Titanium FLPs! Solvent- and catalyst-free Aza-Michael reaction provides β-amino ketones which were employed as ligand precursors for the convenient synthesis of novel cationic titanium complexes with tridentate Cp,O,N-ligand frameworks, which activate C–X bonds in a FLP-like manner.
Arylhydrazone ligands as Cu-protectors and -catalysis promoters in the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Mahmoud Abdallah G. , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Mahmudov Kamran T. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: January 2019

Water-soluble copper(ii)–arylhydrazone complexes were synthesized and applied as catalysts in azide–alkyne cycloaddition, with the most active one lacking intramolecular hydrogen bond contacts.
Tuning purple bacteria salt-tolerance for photobioelectrochemical systems in saline environments
Authors: Grattieri Matteo , Beaver Kevin , Gaffney Erin M. , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: January 2019

Fast adaptation ofRhodobacter capsulatusto increasing salinities opens possibilities for photo-bioelectrochemical systems development for saline environments.
Photoimmunoconjugates: novel synthetic strategies to target and treat cancer by photodynamic therapy
Authors: Fernandes Sara R. G. , Fernandes Rosa , Sarmento Bruno , Pereira Patrícia M. R. , Tomé João P. C.
Published: January 2019

The most recent advances in targeted PDT are revised, presenting novel photoimmunoconjugates and their biological results.
Electrolyte transport in the renal collecting duct and its regulation by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
Authors: Yamazaki Osamu , Ishizawa Kenichi , Hirohama Daigoro , Fujita Toshiro , Shibata Shigeru
Published: January 2019

Distal nephron of the kidney plays key roles in fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis by tightly regulating reabsorption and excretion of Na+, K+, and Cl−. Studies to date demonstrate the detailed electrolyte transport mechanisms in principal cells of the cortical collecting duct, and their regulation by renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). In recent years, however, accumulating data indicate that intercalated cells, another cell type that is present in the cortical collecting duct, also play active roles in the regulation of blood pressure. Notably, pendrin in β-intercalated cells not only controls acid/base homeostasis, but is also one of the key components controlling salt and K+ transport in distal nephron. We have recently shown that pendrin is regulated by the co-ordinated action of angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone, and at the downstream of AngII, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling regulates pendrin through inhibiting the kinase unc51-like-kinase 1 and promoting dephosphorylation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). In this review, we summarize recent advances in the current knowledge on the salt transport mechanisms in the cortical collecting duct, and their regulation by the RAAS.
Unilateral left‐tail Anderson Darling test‐based spectrum sensing with Laplacian noise
Authors: Jiang Lijuan , Li Yongzhao , Ye Yinghui , Chen Yunfei , Jin Ming , Zhang Hailin
Published: January 2019

This study focuses on spectrum sensing under Laplacian noise. To mitigate the negative effects caused by the heavy‐tailed behaviour of Laplacian noise, the fractional lower order moments (FLOM) technology is employed to pre‐process the received samples before spectrum sensing. Through exploiting the asymmetrical difference between the distribution for the FLOM of received samples in the absence and presence of primary users, the authors formulate the spectrum sensing problem under Laplacian noise as a unilateral goodness‐of‐fit (GoF) test problem. Based on this test problem, they propose a new GoF‐based detector, which is called a unilateral left‐tail Anderson Darling (ULAD) detector. The analytical expressions for the theoretical performance, in terms of false‐alarm and detection probabilities, of the ULAD are derived. Moreover, a closed‐form expression for the optimal detection threshold is also derived to minimise the total error rate. Simulation results are provided to validate the theoretical analyses and to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed detector than others.
Analysis of handoff delay for proactive spectrum handoff scheme with PRP M/G/1/K queuing system in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Hoque Shanidul , Shekhar Shashank , Sen Debarati , Arif Wasim
Published: January 2019

Spectrum handoff has a negative impact on the performance of cognitive users (CUs) in terms ofhandoff delay in cognitive radio (CR) networks. In this study, a pre‐emptiveresume priority (PRP) M/G/1/K queuing network model is proposed with a finitenumber of allowable interruptions for proactive decision spectrum handoff schemein order to minimise the cumulative handoff delay (CHD) and total service time(TST) for CUs. The CHD and TST for different proactive decision handoff schemes:non‐switching spectrum handoff, switching spectrum handoff, and random spectrumhandoff are modeled under the proposed PRP M/G/1/K queuing network model. Comprehensive results of CHD and TST are obtained to compare the performances ofthe proactive decision handoff schemes under the proposed PRP M/G/1/K queuingnetwork model. This study also presents an analytical framework to examine theeffect of primary users activity and buffer size on spectrum handoff delayperformance with a finite number of allowable interruptions in a CR network. Thereafter, the optimal buffer size (K) is estimated for theproposed PRP M/G/1/K queuing network model, which gives performance similar tothe infinite buffer size PRP M/G/1 queuing model with negligible (<1%)error.
Adaptive output‐feedback finite‐time stabilisation of stochastic non‐linear systems with application to a two‐stage chemical reactor
Authors: Sui Shuai , Philip Chen C.L.
Published: January 2019

In this study, the authors investigate the problem of the stochastically finite‐time stability analysis and control design of an adaptive single‐input and single‐output (SISO) uncertain stochastic non‐linear system via establishing a new stability criterion. Owing to the unknown dynamics and unmeasured system variables, fuzzy logic systems and a fuzzy state observer are constructed and applied to identify the stochastic system, respectively. Combining the finite‐time definition, stochastic differential equation and formula, a novel stochastically finite‐time stability theorem is raised in this study. By utilising the novel criterion and adaptive backstepping intelligent control, a stochastically finite‐time control method is proposed. It is illustrated that the controlled stochastic system is semi‐global finite‐time stable in probability and behaves excellent convergence. The simulation results of a two‐stage continuous stirred tank reactor process reveal the validity and efficiency.
Security‐level classification based on power system partitioning
Authors: Lu Zhigang , Zhao Boxuan , He Liangce , Zhang Dan , Zhang Jiangfeng
Published: January 2019

Secure and reliable operation of power systems is a crucial factor to the security of power supply, and security assessment is an effective way to evaluate the quality of security. In order to evaluate the specific security status of a power system, a novel method for security‐level classification (SLC) based on power system partitioning is proposed here. In this method, power system is partitioned into different subareas satisfying different N‐k contingencies. Then, the mutual power supply between each subarea is coordinated to obtain the total supply capacity (TSC) under N‐k contingencies. The security margin (SM) index, average system disequilibrium (ASD) index, and comprehensive safety index (CSI) are applied to assess the security of power system. Besides this, the threshold crossing (TC) index and the loss rate of load (LRL) index are applied to assess the unsafe conditions of power systems. According to the above procedures, the power system security states are classified into five levels, and a quantitative criterion to determine the exact security level is also given. Finally, a practical power system and the IEEE 118‐bus test system are adopted to validate the feasibility of security classification based on N‐k contingencies partition.
Improving fuel efficiency of connected and automated transit buses on signallised corridors
Authors: Wang Weiyang , Hu Jia , Ji Yuxiong , Du Yuchuan
Published: January 2019

This study proposes a trajectory planning strategy for connected and automated transit buses travelling on signallised corridors. The goal is to improve the fuel efficiency of transit buses by taking into consideration of traffic signal timings and bus schedules. The strategy takes advantage of the emerging connected vehicle technologies, allowing for utilising real‐time information, including traffic signal timings, bus schedules and dynamic speed limits for trajectory optimisation. The authors construct the proposed strategy as a Min‐Sum‐Min Model and solve it by integrating Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is demonstrated in a real‐world case study. It is discovered that the reduction in bus energy consumption by the proposed strategy is up to 27.8 and 16.4%, respectively, when compared with an aggressive strategy and an alternative strategy.
Effect of CT transient characteristics on transfer of inrush
Authors: Liu Wei , Pan Yuanlin , Wang Yuxue , Yin Xianggen , Wang Zengchao , Cao Wenbin
Published: January 2019

During the inrush period, multiple misoperation accidents of differential protection of transformers happened, which seriously threatened the safe and stable operation of power grid. In the traditional malfunction analysis, only the inrush current process is considered, and the electromagnetic transient interaction between the transformer and other non‐linear ferromagnetic components such as CT is hardly considered. Here, the variation rule of inrush current waveform characteristic is analysed, and the influence rule of secondary load and type of CT on inrush current second harmonic proportion and dead angle is simulated by using the simulation Lucas model of industrial practical CT (P/PR). The results show that the second harmonic proportion of the inrush current and the dead angle of the waveform depend on the saturation angle of the transformer core. The larger the saturation angle is, the smaller the second harmonic proportion is, and the larger the dead angle of the waveform is. The second harmonic proportion of the inrush current becomes larger, and the dead angle of sympathetic inrush becomes smaller after CT transfer. The dead angle of magnetising inrush waveform depends on the secondary load resistance. It may increase or decrease..
Application of micro‐grid control system in smart park
Authors: Zhaoyun Zhang , Wenjun Zhao , Mei Yang , Li Kang , Zhi Zhang , Yang Zhao , Guozhong Liu , Na Yao
Published: January 2019

Micro‐grid can be used as a supplement to power supply of large power grids. Combined with smart park, users can easily manage the micro‐grid. In the tourist scenic area, the local distributed new energy is mainly used to provide energy for the system. The micro‐grid control system as the core of the system controls the optimal operation of the entire smart park. In order to ensure the efficient operation of the entire system, the energy management system is needed for smart control and automatic scheduling. In the grid‐connected mode, the main‐grid complements the system energy and charges the park energy storage device. In the island mode, the distributed energy is fully used to provide energy for the smart park system. The energy power fluctuates greatly, and the energy management system needs to schedule the micro‐grid energy, energy storage system, electric vehicle load and so on, and power quality needs to be monitored. Use of micro‐grid control system in the smart parking deploying photovoltaic power generation, wind power generation, charging and exchanging devices and other devices, real‐time monitoring of the park of cars, charging cars automatically complete charging, automatic processing of visitor cars into and out of smart park, and improve work efficiency.
Energy storage device locating and sizing based on power electronic transformer
Authors: Geng Qi , Hu Yan
Published: January 2019

In this study, firstly, the bi‐directional energy flow of grid‐connected photovoltaic and energy storage system based on power electronic transformer is demonstrated. Based on this, a bi‐level programming model is proposed for the location and capacity of energy storage. The optimisation of the location of the outer layer is based on the improved particle swarm algorithm. The energy storage location is a variable, and network loss as well as PET loss are objective functions. The improved particle swarm optimisation algorithm is still adopted to optimise the capacity in the inner layer. The cost of electricity from the main grid is taken as the objective function, and the economic dispatch is realised based on the energy routing strategy of power electronic transformer.