bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Critical Reexamination of the Practice Component in Counselor Training
Authors: FUQUA DALE R. , GADE ELDON M.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the existing empirical literature related to the practice component in counselor education. The evidence strongly indicates that the current understanding of the practice component in training is quite limited. The authors discuss several tentative explanations for the discrepancy between the widespread application of practice in training and the near absence of empirical guidelines for its use, present weaknesses in related research methodology, and advance several recommendations for future research in this area.
Counseling Women: A Graduate Master's Degree Specialization for Training Mental Health Professionals to Work with Women
Authors: NICKERSON EILEEN T. , ESPIN OLIVA , GAWELEK MARY ANN
Published: December 2011

This article describes a unique master's level specialization for counselors of women and highlights the rationale for instituting this specialized training program, the training format, the program curriculum, and the evaluation methods employed. Also included is a discussion of the systemic implication of such training as it affects those being trained, the training institution itself, and the delivery of mental health services.
Integrating Gay Issues Into Counselor Education
Authors: NORTON JOSEPH L.
Published: December 2011

Human rights in recent years have begun to include the rights of gays whose sexual orientation should be irrelevant to jobs, housing, and public accommodation. The old sickness theory has been discarded and the morality of same‐sex orientation championed. But many counselors‐in‐training have not been helped to demythologize homosexuality, and this article presents ways to reeducate about gays to help counselors‐in‐training be better able to work with their counselees with this topic. The primary method suggested is helping students get acquainted personally with gays.
The Case Conceptualization Format: A Training Device for Practicum
Authors: LOGANBILL CAROL , STOLTENBERG CAL
Published: December 2011

A training device to facilitate counselor conceptualization of client psychological functioning is presented. Conceptualization is defined as the counselor's synthesis of the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal aspects of the client's intrapsyche dynamics. A specific case conceptualization format is presented, along with an explanation of each of its components. In addition, a step‐by‐step program for implementation of the training device within the practicum of a counselor education training program is presented.
Effective Supervision and Consultation: A Model for the Development of Functional Supervision and Consultation Programs
Authors: HARVEY DAVID R. , SCHRAMSKI THOMAS G.
Published: December 2011

Many public and private agencies lack a systematic process for evaluating the quality of counselor supervision. The Effective Supervision and Consultation (ESC) model is proposed as a guide for counselor educators who are helping agencies build effective supervision programs. The ESC model is presented with an emphasis on the assessment, training, and evaluation components of consultation services in counselor supervision.
Orwell: 1984 and Counselor Educators
Authors: STRIPLING ROBERT O.
Published: December 2011

In 1949, Eric Blair, the English Socialist, wrote his powerful novel, 1984, under the pen name of George Orwell. The novel depicted a world in the year 1984 where the masses would be controlled by technology masterfully manipulated by “Big Brother.” The Ministry of Truth would provide such slogans as “War is Peace,” “Freedom is Slavery,” and “Ignorance is Strength.” The old languages of the world would be replaced by the official language of 1984, Newspeak. This article discusses how close we are, in 1984, to an Orwellian world and what the role of counselor educators is in combating an Orwellian philosophy. How can we use the knowledge, skills, and technologies we possess to assist ourselves and our fellow human beings in reaching higher levels of personal, intellectual, and social development and awareness? What changes are needed in counselor education to prepare counselors for the rest of this century and the first quarter of the 21st century?
Measuring Attitudes Toward Human Relations Training
Authors: PIPES RANDOLPH B. , HIGGINS EARL B. , McEWEN MARYLU K.
Published: December 2011

This article reports a study designed to develop an instrument to measure attitudes toward human relations training. Test‐retest stability and internal consistency reliabilities were established.
Sex‐Role Orientation Research: Review and Implications for Counselor Education
Authors: BORDERS L. DIANNE , FONG MARGARET L.
Published: December 2011

A review of sex‐role orientation research reveals two areas of particular importance for counselor educators: interpersonal behaviors and cognitive processing. Persons with androgynous, masculine, and feminine sex‐role orientations have been found to differ in their interpersonal competence and their cognitive processing of perceptions of self and others. In both areas, research points to persons with androgynous sex‐role orientations as being more flexible, self‐assured, adaptive, accepting, and competent in interpersonal interactions than persons with more masculine or feminine orientations. Because counseling is a complex interpersonal process, these conclusions suggest a preference for an androgynous counselor. Implications for the impact of sex‐role orientation on the dynamics of the counseling relationship and the counseling process are explored. Studies supporting the efficacy of “training” for androgyny, and those offering some evidence for the androgynous counselor as the more competent facilitator of positive change in clients are reviewed. Research questions are proposed to specifically assess the relationship of sex‐role orientation and the acquisition and performance of counseling skills.
The Use of a Standardized Simulation and Process Tracing for Studying Clinical Problem‐Solving Competence
Authors: BUTCHER ELIZABETH , SCOFIELD MICHAEL E.
Published: December 2011

Greater understanding of the clinical judgment and problem‐solving processes used by counselors and psychologists could add significantly to a working knowledge of how competent practitioners function. This investigation used a standardized treatment planning simulation and a process tracing strategy to qualitatively examine how 15 mental health clinicians solved a typical client management problem. Purposes of the study included (a) demonstration of an empirical methodology for conducting research into clinical problem solving; (b) preliminary observation about the relationship between cognitive processes of inquiry and subsequent treatment planning; and (c) identification of hypotheses about critical factors involved in mental health problem solving that warrant further research. This report describes how those objectives were met and reviews their implications for training and assessment of mental health professionals.
Computer Resources and Terminology: A Brief Introduction
Authors: GREEN MICHAEL S.
Published: December 2011

Computers have become an integral part of our lives and society; however, many people see them as being remote and difficult to understand. This article presents a brief introduction to computers and computing in an attempt to alleviate this concern. The topics discussed include the organization and hardware of computers (memory, central processor, input and output devices), data representation, computer software and programming languages, differences between computers (mainframes, minis, and micros), and computer communication and networking.
PILOTing Courseware
Authors: HOSIE THOMAS W. , SMITH CHARLES W.
Published: December 2011

The declining costs of microcomputers will enable counselor education programs to take advantage of this medium in developing instructional programs and units. PILOT, an amazingly simple computer language, is outlined for producing computer‐assisted instruction (CAI). Authoring systems that internally contain the logic and programming necessary for the development of CAI lessons are discussed. Applications for training, especially simulations, are included.
Computer‐Based Accountability: Implications for Training
Authors: ALPERT DONA , PULVINO CHARLES J. , LEE JAMES L.
Published: December 2011

Since the call for professional accountability in the early 1970s, counselors and counselor educators have attempted to assess counseling effectiveness, to upgrade programs as a result of assessments, and to communicate results of program assessment and change to their publics. Until recently, their efforts have been impeded by the interpersonal nature of counseling, insufficient training in research and evaluation, and available low‐cost computer technology. This article addresses each of the impediments with the focus on how present computer technology, specifically computer‐assisted systems, can be used to help counselors and counselor educators ethically input, store, and retrieve pertinent client and program data—data that can be used to achieve program evaluation and lead to accountable program development. The Counselor Accountability System is presented as an example of an easy‐to‐use computer program designed to facilitate counselor accountability.
Brief Therapy: A Model for Early Counselor Training
Authors: LOPEZ FREDERICK G.
Published: December 2011

Early counselor training has traditionally stressed acquisition of basic listening skills while underemphasizing instruction in specific problem‐solving competencies. This bias may be partly responsible for such frequently observed supervision issues as counselor anxiety, inefficient counselor management of interview time, inadequate problem clarification, and premature intervention. Models for conducting brief, problem‐focused counseling seem well‐suited for teaching trainees the verbal skills and structuring methods that promote efficient problem clarification and resolution. The purposes of this article are to present one such model, to identify its skills requirements, and to discuss the advantages of using this model in practicum training.
Principals' Training in Counseling and Development: A National Survey
Authors: LAMPE RICHARD E.
Published: December 2011

A national survey for all schools offering graduate training for school principals and for school counselors was conducted to determine the amount of preservice training principals receive related to school counseling and development. A questionnaire was mailed to the head of the administrator‐training program at each of the 407 universities identified, and 376 responses were returned. Findings with respect to counseling and development courses required in administator‐training programs, counseling and development courses available as electives, and counseling and development‐oriented components in required administration courses are presented. Also, suggestions for counselor educators regarding methods of improving the counseling and development‐related training received by educational administrators are offered.
Effective Supervision in Groups
Authors: SAVICKAS MARK L. , MARQUART CHRIS D. , SUPINSKI CHARLES R.
Published: December 2011

In this study, the authors organized group supervision behaviors into categories that represent requirements of effective group supervision. To determine the requirements for effective supervision in groups, the authors collected reports of behaviors exhibited by a physician and a behavioral scientist acting as co‐supervisors. These reports were gathered from 84 2nd‐year medical students participating in a practicum designed to improve their patient interviewing skills. The 84 reports of effective supervisory behavior by physicians were categorized by 11 judges. The judges' categories were pooled, and principal component analysis was used to extract a single list of hypothetical latent categories. This procedure was repeated with three other sets of reports: ineffective behavior of physicians, effective behavior of behavioral scientists, and ineffective behavior of behavioral scientists. The results yielded an empirical account of group supervision to augment the conceptual and anecdotal descriptions prevalent in group supervision literature.
A Spectrum of Supervision
Authors: Scott Nancy A.
Published: December 2011

The ever‐broadening range of counselor work settings, issues related to accountability and quality control, and the implications of recent progress in program accreditation, professional certification, and counselor licensure are among the forces contributing to awareness of the need for new attention to counseling supervision by the professional community. (ACES Task Force on Supervision, May, 1982)
Cultural Intentionality: The Core of Effective Helping
Authors: IVEY ALLEN E.
Published: December 2011

Lloyd provides an important caution as counselors move to the centrality of multicultural awareness in counseling curricula. The primacy of culture, however, is not to be denied as the first dimension in our thinking as professional helpers. Cultural intentionality is proposed as a metagoal of the helping process—the integration of cultural awareness with the uniqueness of each individual being in relationship.
A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Supervision Effectiveness
Authors: GALASSI JOHN P. , TRENT PAMELA J.
Published: December 2011

The authors attempt to bridge the gap between the research literature on supervision and its application to evaluating individual supervisor effectiveness. A conceptual framework is presented for making decisions about evaluation. In this framework the decision maker is directed to consider three issues—the purpose of evaluation, the developmental stage of the counselor, and the focus of evaluation—in selecting measures of effectiveness. Within this context, some promising measures of supervision effectiveness are discussed, and methods for linking changes in supervisee functioning to supervisor interventions are considered.
Applications of Jungian Type Theory to Counselor Education
Authors: DILLEY JOSIAH
Published: December 2011

Carl Jung's theory of psychologocal type is described as is the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), an instrument used to assess Jungian type. Sources of information on the research and application of the theory and the MBTI are cited. How knowledge of type theory, especially of type characteristics, differences, and development can be useful to counselor educators is explored.
The Function of Automaticity in Counselor Information Processing
Authors: PATTERSON LEWIS E.
Published: December 2011

Counseling becomes increasingly effective as trainees accumulate automatic facilitative behaviors and thereby free attentional capacities to understand the uniqueness of the individual client.
Relativistic Thought: A Cognitive Basis for Empathy in Counseling
Authors: BENACK SUZANNE
Published: December 2011

Relativistic epistemological thought was positively related to aspects of counselor empathy, both in role‐played counseling sessions by student counselors and in a written empathy measure.
Marketing Counseling: What Counseling Can Learn From Other Health Care Professions
Authors: WITTMAN PEGGY PRINCE
Published: December 2011

Counselors can benefit from the knowledge gained by health care professionals to meet clients needs more effectively. Marketing strategies can be used as tools to meet this end.
Coping in the Dark: Counseling Adults with Visual Impairments
Authors: CRESPI TONY D.
Published: December 2011

As our population ages, the number of adults with visual impairments grows proportionately. This article explores this population and discusses suggestions for counselor education.
The Use of Humorous Journal Articles in Counselor Training
Authors: NESS M. ERNEST
Published: December 2011

The author advocates the use of humorous journal articles to enhance the learning process and facilitate the socialization process in counselor trainees. Examples are provided.
The Potential Effect of Accreditation Standards on the Type of Students Who Will Enter Counselor Education Programs
Authors: PATE ROBERT H.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author considers the effect of the 1988 CACREP Standards on potential entry‐level students who want to study part‐time and experienced counselors who want doctoral programs.
A Profession in Search of Professionals
Authors: FEIT STEPHEN S. , LLOYD ARTHUR P.
Published: December 2011

By following the criteria that historically have been outlined to define a profession, counseling has now clearly reached that status.
Implications of Counselor Conceptualizations for Counselor Education
Authors: CUMMINGS ANNE L. , HALLBERG ERNEST T. , MARTIN JACK , SLEMON ALAN , HIEBERT BRYAN
Published: December 2011

Conceptualizations of novice and experienced counselors are examined to determine how they view client problems and change in counseling.
Infusing Counseling Skills in Test Interpretation
Authors: RAWLINS MELANIE E. , EBERLY CHARLES G. , RAWLINS LARRY D.
Published: December 2011

This instructional model infuses test interpretation with counseling techniques and theory. A process is outlined for teaching test interpretation by incorporating Neuro‐Linguistic Programming patterns.
Accreditation Standards Revision: Democratic, Unilateral, or Dictatorial?
Authors: KANDOR JOSEPH R. , BOBBY CAROL L.
Published: December 2011

This article responds to the questions and concerns raised by Engels that relate to the standards revision process and accreditation procedures followed by the Council for Accreditation and Related Educational Programs.
Case Conceptualization: Applying Theory to Individuals
Authors: MURDOCK NANCY L.
Published: December 2011

A model of case conceptualization is presented that can be used with any theoretical approach to counseling. Issues surrounding the use of this model are discussed.
Marketing Counseling: Guidelines for Training and Practice
Authors: GILCHRIST LOU ANN , STRINGER MARK
Published: December 2011

Counselors in all settings must understand marketing principles and be able to apply them ethically and effectively. Guidelines for counselor training and practice are suggested.
PIPS: A Problem‐Solving Model for Practicum and Internship
Authors: PITTS JAMES H.
Published: December 2011

Practicum and internship programs encounter two basic types of problems: those which require structural change and those which do not. This article presents a model that helps identify and solve both types.
Computer‐Assisted Training of the DSM‐III‐R in Counselor Education
Authors: FURLONG MICHAEL J. , HAYDEN DAVIS C.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews various computer programs that can be used as part of a comprehensive curriculum to train counselors on how to better understand and use the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐III‐R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987).
A Comparison of Professional Accreditation Standards in Marriage and Family Counseling and Therapy
Authors: STEVENS‐SMITH PATRICIA , HINKLE J. SCOTT , STAHMANN ROBERT F.
Published: December 2011

This article is a summary and comparison of accreditation standards in marriage and family counseling and therapy by two accreditation bodies.
Training Marriage and Family Counselors: A Family‐of‐Origin Approach
Authors: GETZ HILDY G. , PROTINSKY HOWARD O.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a model in which family‐of‐origin work is used for personal growth training of marriage and family counselors.
Factor Structure of the Supervisor Emphasis Rating Form
Authors: LANNING WAYNE L. , WHISTON SUE , CAREY JOHN C.
Published: December 2011

Factor analysis of the Supervisor Emphasis Rating Form suggested the presence of two underlying factors corresponding to supervisors' focus on professional behavior and process skills.
Students' Perceptions of a Gender Issues Course: A Qualitative and Quantitative Examination
Authors: GOOD GLENN E. , HEPPNER MARY J.
Published: December 2011

Students described their perceptions of helpful and hindering aspects of a graduate‐level course in gender issues in counseling and mental health.
Perception of Counselor Behavior and Current Intergenerational Family Relationships
Authors: LAWSON DAVID M. , GAUSHELL W. HARPER , MCCUNE SANDRA L. , MCCUNE E. DONICE
Published: December 2011

In this study, significant relationships were found between several dimensions of intergenerational family relationships and supervisor ratings of counselor behavior.
Faculty‐Student Relationships: The Dual Role Controversy
Authors: BOWMAN VICKI E. , HATLEY LESA D. , BOWMAN ROBERT L.
Published: December 2011

This study assesses faculty and student perceptions regarding dual relationships in mentoring, friendships, monetary interactions, informal social interactions, and romantic‐sexual relationships. Results indicate faculty‐student and gender differences.
Evaluation of Counselor Education Programs: A Proposed Plan
Authors: OSBORNE JUDITH L. , HOUSE REESE M.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the literature on evaluation of professional programs and proposes a plan for evaluation of counselor education programs.
Supervision of Counselors‐in‐Training Working With Clients With HIV
Authors: WERTH JAMES L. , CARNEY JAMIE S. , MORRIS ELLEN
Published: December 2011

To assist counselors who are supervising students working with clients infected with HIV, this article uses Loganbill, Hardy, and Delworth's (1982) framework to highlight important issues that counselors‐in‐training are likely to face.
Gender: Issues of Power and Equity in Counselor Education Programs
Authors: HOFFMAN ROSE MARIE
Published: December 2011

Education about gender‐related issues has been identified as a critical element in the training of counselors. Suggestions are offered for incorporating gender issues into counselor education programs.
Clinical Supervision of Counselors‐in‐Training: A Nationwide Survey of Ideal Delivery, Goals, and Theoretical Influences
Authors: FREEMAN BRENDA , MCHENRY SHERENE
Published: December 2011

The study reports opinions of counselor educators regarding the ideal delivery, goals, and methods of clinical supervision, and the supervision models and theories influencing practice.
Embracing Human Science in Counseling Research
Authors: HERMAN KEITH C.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the historical antecedents to the human science movement in counseling, describes common human science methods, and concludes by identifying potential benefits of this research model.
The Multicultural Infusion Process: A Research‐Based Approach
Authors: TORRES SANTOS , OTTENS ALLEN J. , JOHNSON IRENE H.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a research‐based curriculum guide for the inclusion of multiculturalism in the preparation of master's‐level counselors.
Developing a Social Advocacy Model for Counselor Education
Authors: OSBORNE JUDITH L. , COLLISON BROOKE B. , HOUSE REESE M. , GRAY LIZBETH A. , FIRTH JAMES , LOU MARY
Published: December 2011

This article describes how the faculty of a counselor education program developed and implemented a social advocacy model of counselor preparation.
The Pedagogy of Counseling: A Critical Examination
Authors: NELSON MARY LEE , NEUFELDT SUSAN ALLSTETTER
Published: December 2011

This article examines current literature on the pedagogy of counseling. The authors offer a critique of current counselor education practices and suggest constructivist methods for educating reflective practitioners.
Presidential Address: Advocating for Meaningful Linkages to Our Global Future
Authors: THOMAS MICHELE B.
Published: December 2011

Reproduced here is the presidential address delivered at the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) luncheon at the American Counseling Association's annual conference in Indianapolis, Indiana on March 30, 1998.

Life is a journey. Its direction is more important than its destination. Whether you try surfing at 30 or 80, the fact that you reached out to experience it is the key. I'm always leery when I think “I have arrived,” for then the creative process in me erupts to jolt me to the realization that the journey is never‐ending and the essence of being human. … I can choose. It is my lot as a human being to choose growth. (Thomas, 1992, xiii)
The Nature of Counselor Supervisor Nondisclosure
Authors: LADANY NICHOLAS , MELINCOFF DEBORAH S.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the types of information counselor supervisors do not disclose to their trainees. Results from a national sample of 90 supervisors indicated that their nondisclosures fell into 12 categories, and that there were 9 reasons associated with these 12 types of nondisclosures.
Review of Depression: A Cognitive Therapy Approach
Authors: KENNY MAUREEN
Published: December 2011

Depression: A Cognitive Therapy Approach, Arthur Freeman & Marge Lurie.
ACES at Its Best: Celebrating the Human Spirit
Authors: Locke Don C.
Published: December 2011

Reproduced here is the presidential message delivered at the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) luncheon held during the American Counseling Association National Conference in Washington, DC, in March 2000.
A National Survey of School Counselor Preparation Programs: Screening Methods, Faculty Experiences, Curricular Content, and Fieldwork Requirements
Authors: Pérusse Rachelle , Goodnough Gary E. , Noël Carolyn J.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the results of a national survey regarding the preparation of entry‐level school counseling students. The questionnaire asked counselor educators about credit hours, screening methods, previous faculty experiences in a school setting, course content, and fieldwork requirements. Survey results revealed similarities and differences among school counselor preparation programs.
Cultural Context of Career Choice: Meta‐Analysis of Race/Ethnicity Differences
Authors: Fouad Nadya A. , Byars‐Winston Angela M.
Published: January 2012

The authors focus on career counseling from a cultural perspective, using the proxy construct of race/ethnicity. They briefly describe traditional career counseling and critique the degree to which the myriad cultural contexts that shape clients' career development are incorporated into vocational theories and practice. They conducted a meta‐analysis of research that has investigated the relationship between culture and vocational choice variables and concluded (a) that race/ethnicity differences do not greatly affect career aspirations but (b) that there are differences among racial/ethnic groups in perceptions of career‐related opportunities and barriers.
A Cultural Model for Assessing the Growth and Development of the African‐American Female
Authors: Harris Diane J.
Published: December 2011

The Afrocentric model is an approach to identify problems and develop strategies to enhance the sense of belonging, identity, and control in African‐American females.
Black College Women's Career Values: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Weathers Pamela L. , Thompson Chalmer E. , Robert Sheri , Rodriguez Jaime
Published: December 2011

We identified nine values that guided the career decisions of a sample of Black college women, then explored whether these values were predicted by racial and feminist identify stage sentiments Findings from this study suggest the need for further research on the career development of women of color.
Southeast Asian Refugee Adolescents: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Bemak Fred , Greenberg Byron
Published: December 2011

Historically, unaccompanied Southeast Asian refugee adolescents have been inadequately served by mental health professionals. The authors of this article report research findings on self‐perceived depression and isolation and implications for psychotherapy. Results indicate significant differences regarding sex, English language skills, work involvement, and self‐disclosure.
Counseling Ethnic Children and Youth From an Adlerian Perspective
Authors: Herring Roger D. , Runion Keith B.
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss how Adler's Individual Psychology model offers professional counselors, especially school counselors, valuable insights in the counseling of ethnic children and youths. An overview of Adlerian concepts is presented, and the relevance is discussed. Applicable strategies and interventions are presented with pertinent examples.
Developing Biracial Ethnic Identity: A Review of the Increasing Dilemma
Authors: Herring Roger D.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the current status of biracial youth in the United States. A major purpose is to enhance readers' awareness of the existence of this population and its increasing numerical significance. Models of identity development are presented and relevant sociocultural issues are discussed. In addition, examples of biracial‐specific strategies and interventions are offered for consideration by helping professionals.
Multicultural Training in University Counseling Center Predoctoral Psychology Internship Programs: A Survey
Authors: Murphy Michael C. , Wright Beverly Vidaurreta , Bellamy Davies E.
Published: December 2011

Research indicates that graduate programs in counseling and clinical psychology are beginning to include more courses on multicultural issues. Little data is available, however, concerning the inclusion of training in multicultural issues in predoctoral psychology internship training programs. This study examined the amount and type of such training actually occurring at predoctoral psychology internship training programs in university counseling centers.
Attributional Discrepancies and Bias in Cross‐Cultural Interactions
Authors: Salzman Michael
Published: December 2011

Cross‐cultural interactions are often confounded by differing interpretive frameworks through which meaning is attributed. The construction of an intercultural sensitizer revealed that the consequences of culturally mediated discrepant attributions may be confusion, misunderstanding, and conflict among interactants. Sources of attributional discrepancy and bias that contribute to failure in cross‐cultural interactions are described. Critical incidents from A Navajo Intercultural Sensitizer (Salzman, 1991) are analyzed in the light of these common sources of error.
Pioneers of Multicultural Counseling: An Interview With Janet E. Helms
Authors: Carter Robert T.
Published: December 2011

This article presents an interview with Dr. Janet E. Helms, scholar, researcher, and mentor in the fields of multicultural counseling and psychology. In this interview, Dr. Helms reflects on her educational and professional development and gives her thoughts about multiculturalism as it relates to her own work.
Depressive Symptoms in African‐American Women
Authors: Reed Michael K. , McLeod Schandra , Randall Yolonda , Walker Brooke
Published: December 2011

This project examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms in an African‐American female college student sample. Concordance rates between two of the most widely used psychometric instruments in clinical settings, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, revised edition (MMPI‐2; Hathway & McKinley, 1967) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mack, & Erbaugh, 1961), were examined. Results revealed that the MMPI‐2 was a more conservative scale than the BDI in identifying depressive symptom levels. Both scales, however, identified 12% to 18% of the sample as experiencing severe symptoms. Results were interpreted in light of the stress model of depression. Participants who experienced many symptoms also had high levels of anxiety and passive coping styles. One significant covariate in this sample was mother's education level. Participants whose mothers had college experience had fewer depressive symptoms than their first‐generation college‐experience peers. Results were interpreted in light of the possible ways mothers inoculate their daughters from stressful environments because of their experiences and possible ways to use this process to assist first‐generation college students.
Counseling Families From Diverse Cultures: A Nondeficit Approach
Authors: Montague Janice
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on the rationale, essential principles, and constructs of counseling families from diverse cultures and the implications for professional counselors and other mental health service providers. Specific recommendations for incorporating cultural sensitivity, knowledge of cultures, and culturally relevant counseling skills are made.
Empowering Ethnically and Racially Diverse Clients Through Prejudice Reduction: Suggestions and Strategies for Counselors
Authors: Sandhu Daya Singh , Brown Sherlon Pack
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on the persistent problems of prejudice in multicultural societies. Various theories of prejudice and other psychological, social, and political factors that contribute to prejudice are discussed. The salient feature of this article is the demonstration of several counseling theories and techniques as applied to case vignettes dealing with prejudice and racism.
Historical Hostility in the African American Client: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Vontress Clemmont E. , Epp Lawrence R.
Published: December 2011

“Historical hostility” may function as a psychological factor in the lives of African Americans in the United States. Historical hostility is a pattern of responses that many African Americans exhibit, which may stem from their prolonged subjection to inferior treatment in American society. Strategies for addressing historical hostility in African Americans are provided.
Acquisition and Manifestation of Prejudice in Children
Authors: Carter Clifford , Rice C. Lynne
Published: December 2011

Three major categories of prejudice have been identified in this article: Conscious/Intentional, Conscious/Unintentional, and Unconscious/Unintentional. Prejudice plays a large role in the development of our children, and through exposure to and understanding of the development of prejudice, the strength that it holds can be understood and diminished.
Psychological Adjustment and Coping Styles of Urban African American High School Students
Authors: Steward Robbie J. , Jo Han Ik , Murray Darrick , Fitzgerald William , Neil Douglas , Fear Frank , Hill Martin
Published: December 2011

In a study of African American (n = 208) urban high school students, grade point average (GPA) and specific strategies for coping with day‐to‐day stressors were found to be significantly related to psychological adjustment. Students who had higher GPAs tended to use family members as a means of solving problems, minimized problems by the use of humor, and used relaxation activities less often were found to have the most positive psychological adjustment, as measured by the index score of the Affects Balance Scale (ABS). Reported negative affect was not found to be significantly influenced by coping style, whereas positive affect was.
General and Multicultural Counseling Competency: Apples and Oranges?
Authors: Coleman Hardin L. K.
Published: December 2011

This investigation tests the hypothesis that perceptions of general and multicultural counseling competence are distinct constructs. The findings question the validity of the assumption that general and multicultural counseling competence are separate constructs—particularly for certain clients. The implications of these findings for future research and counselor training are discussed.
Student Characteristics, School Characteristics, and Educational Aspirations of Six Asian American Ethnic Groups
Authors: Kim Heather , Rendon Laura , Valadez James
Published: December 2011

The authors looked at differences among 6 Asian American ethnic groups in terms of student‐level and school‐level characteristics and examined factors related to their educational aspirations. The authors provided implications for counselors to help Asian American students achieve academic success in secondary and higher education.
A Model for Differential Perceptions of Competence Based on Skin Tone Among African Americans
Authors: Breland Alfiee M.
Published: December 2011

This article combines a review of the psychological and sociohistorical literature on African American color consciousness with a model that explains how it may contribute to differential outcomes for group members. It is hypothesized that attractive individuals are viewed as more competent than unattractive individuals on multiple dimensions. It is hypothesized that African Americans who approximate European American standards of physical attractiveness are viewed as more attractive and that lighter skinned African Americans may be viewed as more competent on a variety of dimensions. Implications for research and mental health practice are discussed.
A Qualitative Study of the College Social Adjustment of Black Students From Lower Socioeconomic Communities
Authors: Alford Schevaletta M.
Published: December 2011

Superficial gains made by Black students studying in the United States have created the illusion that college access and retention rates have improved. However, to support their education, commuter students from lower socioeconomic communities have developed coping skills that inhibit positive social adjustment. This article presents an examination of Black commuter‐student relationships and associations.
The Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Social Class in Counseling: Examining Selves in Cultural Contexts
Authors: Constantine Madonna G.
Published: December 2011

The author discusses the importance of counselors considering the intersection of multiple cultural identities in working with clients. The article serves as the introduction to the special issue, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Social Class in Counseling, of the Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development.

La autora discute la importancia de considerar el cruce de las identidades culturales multiples de los clientes en la consejería. El artículo sirve como la introducción a la publicación especial, Raza, Etnicidad, y Clase Social, en la Consejería de la Revista de Consejería y Desarrollo Multicultural.
Race, Class, and Gender: A Constellation of Positionalities With Implications for Counseling
Authors: Harley Debra A. , Jolivette Kristine , McCormick Katherine , Tice Karen
Published: December 2011

Race, class, and gender are social, political, economic, and cultural constructs that describe the positionalities of people. How these constructs are defined depends on the status occupied by individuals and the individual, institutional, and societal status of the individuals who have the power to construct hierarchies. The authors examine the intersection of race, class, and gender and the dimensions of oppression and discrimination in counseling. Historical and contemporary dimensions of racism, misogyny, and classism are presented.

La Raza, clase social, y el género son construcciones sociales, políticas, económicas, y culturales que describen las posicionalidades de la gente. La definición de éstas construcciones depende de la posición social ocupada por los individuos e instituciones que tienen el poder de construir estas jerarquías. Los autores examinan el cruce de la raza, la clase, y el género y las dimensiones de la opresión y la discriminación en la consejería. Las dimensiones históricas y contemporáneas del racismo, la misoginia, y el clasismo se presentan.
Interactive Drama: A Method for Experiential Multicultural Training
Authors: Tromski Donna , Doston Glenn
Published: December 2011

The authors present interactive drama as a medium to create learning about multicultural and diversity issues on the basis of cognitive‐experiential self‐theory. Results of exploratory qualitative research suggest 2 interactive dramas had an impact on awareness, understanding, and skills. Future research and benefits for counseling students and programs are discussed.

Los autores presentan la drama interactiva como medio para crear conciencia de cuestiones multiculturales y de diversidad, basado en la teoria de personalidad cognosciva‐experimental. Los resultados de investigaciones cualitativas iniciales sugieren que dos dramas interactivas afectaron al conoscimiento, el entendimiento, y las habilidades. También se discuten avenidas para investigaciones futuras, y los beneficios para estudiantes y programas de consejo.
Acculturation, Competence, and Mental Health Among South Asian Students in the United States
Authors: Rahman Omar , Rollock David
Published: December 2011

Among 199 South Asian international students in the United States, higher levels of depressive symptoms were predicted by higher perceived prejudice and lower self‐reported competence in work, personal/social efficacy, and intracultural behaviors. Relationships among the predictors and depressive symptoms differed by gender. Implications for theory, research, and mental health interventions are discussed.

Entre 199 estudiantes internacionales Surasiáticos en los Estados Unidos, altos niveles de síntomas depressivos fueron pronosticado por el prejuicio mas percibido y el bajo alto informo de capacidad en el trabajo, en la eficacia personal/social y la funcion intracultural. Las relaciones entre los pronosticadores y los síntomas depressivos diferidos por el género. Las implicaciones para teoría, investigaciones, y las intervenciones mentales de la salud se discuten.
Predictors of Distress in Chicana College Students
Authors: Castillo Linda G. , Hill Robert D.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the influence of sociocultural variables on distress in bicultural Chicana college students. Results indicated that a higher level of social support is related to lower distress. Findings highlight the importance of family and peer support for Chicana students. Implications for counselors are provided.

Este estudio examinó la influencia de variables sociocultural en la anguista de estudiantes colegiales Chicanas bicultural. Los resultados indicaron que el nivel más alto de apoyo social se relaciona para bajar la anguista. Los hallazgos destacan la importancia de apoyo de familia y amistades para estudiantes Chicanas. Las implicaciones para consejeros se proporcionan.
The “Model Minority”: Bane or Blessing for Asian Americans?
Authors: Wong Frieda , Halgin Richard
Published: December 2011

Asian Americans have been touted as the “model minority” since the 1960s. The authors examine the prevalence, accuracy, and implications of this label, and, based on a review of the literature, discuss problems associated with this characterization. The authors point out ways in which such labeling impedes rather than facilitates access to various opportunities and also results in discrimination and societal indifference regarding the needs of Asian Americans.

Los Americanos Asiáticos han sido recomendados como el “modelo de la minoria” desde la década de los 60. Los autores examinan la frecuencia, la certeza, y las implicaciones de este contenido, y basados en una revisión de la literatura, discute los problemas asociados con esta caracterización. Los autores indican las maneras en que los contenidos estorba en vez de facilitar el acceso a varias oportunidades y también resultado en la discriminación y la indiferencia social con respecto a las necesidades de Americanos Asiáticos.
A Pilot Phase in the Development of the International Student Supervision Scale
Authors: Nilsson Johanna E. , Dodds Alise K.
Published: December 2011

This study outlines the development of a scale designed to measure supervisory issues unique to international students. A factor analysis yielded a 1‐factor scale that showed good internal consistency and was correlated with supervisees' acculturation level, satisfaction with supervision, and supervisors' sensitivity to diversity issues. Implications for supervision are addressed.

Este estudio resume el desarrollo de una escala diseñada para medir los asuntos de supervision unicos a estudiantes internacionales. Un análisis del factor rindió una escala de 1 factor que mostró la consistencia interna positiva y la correlación con supervisa, el nivel de la aculturación, la satisfacción con la supervisión, y con la sensibilidad de supervisores a asuntos de diversidad. Las implicaciones para la supervisión se dirigen.
A Feminist Multicultural Perspective on Supervision
Authors: Nelson Mary Lee , Gizara Sharon , Hope Anna Crombach , Phelps Rosemary , Steward Robbie , Weitzman Lauren
Published: December 2011

Sixteen members of the Section for the Advancement of Women conference work group identified themes and issues relevant to a feminist multicultural perspective on supervision. Issues raised included feminist silence and White privilege, the importance of self‐examination, the courage to be anxious, personal commitment to uncertainty, and isolation versus support. Specific risks for supervisors and supervisees participating in feminist multicultural supervision are identified.

Dieciséis miembros de una Sección para el Adelantamiento de Mujeres conferencia de grupo del trabajo identificaron los temas y ausuntos pertinente de una perspectiva feminista multicultural en la supervisión. Los asuntos elevados incluyeron el silencio feminista y el privilegio Blanco, la importancia del autoexamen, el valor para estar ansioso, compromiso personal para la incertidumbre, y el aislamiento en oposicion de apoyo. Los riesgos específicos para supervisores y supervisa tomando parte en la supervisión feminista multicultural se identifica.
Two Worlds: African American Men's Negotiation of Predominantly White Educational and Occupational Worlds
Authors: Diemer Matthew A.
Published: December 2011

Negotiating 2 worlds, a predominantly White opportunity structure and one's community of origin, often produces distress among persons of color. in this qualitative study, the author examines the perspectives and competencies of African American men who negotiate 2 worlds and suggests that bicultural competence may facilitate participation in the opportunity structure while maintaining identification with one's racial group.

Desenvolverse en dos mundos, una estructura de oportunidades predominantemente Blanca y la propia comunidad de origen, genera con frecuencia angustia entre las personas de color. En este estudio cualitativo, el autor examina las perspectivas y competencias de varones Afroamericanos que se desenvuelven en dos mundos distintos y sugiere que la competencia bicultural puede facilitar su participación en la estructura de oportunidades, manteniendo a la vez la identificación con el propio grupo racial.
An Analysis of Content and Instructional Strategies in Multicultural Counseling Courses
Authors: Priester Paul E. , Jones Janice E. , Jackson‐Bailey Christina M. , Jana‐Masri Asma , Jordan Edgar X. , Metz A. J.
Published: December 2011

The authors present a content analysis of syllabi from introductory multicultural counseling training (MCT) courses. Results suggest that these courses focus on knowledge of other cultural groups, emphasize the cultural identity exploration of the student at a lower level of training, and almost completely ignore the development of skills. The study revealed that MCT frequently includes groups beyond racial and ethnic minority groups. A broad range of instructional strategies are used, with a handful being used on a frequent basis.

Los autores presentan un análisis del contenido de planes de estudios empleados en cursos introductorios de formación en consejería multicultural (MCT, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados sugieren que estos cursos se centran en el conocimiento de otros grupos culturales, enfatizan la exploración de la identidad cultural del alumno en los niveles iniciales de su formación e ignoran casi por completo el desarrollo de habilidades. El estudio reveló que la MCT incluye con frecuencia grupos aparte de las minorías raciales y étnicas. Se utiliza una amplia gama de estrategias didácticas, un puñado de las cuales se emplea frecuentemente.