bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discourse on Free Will
Authors: Winter Ernst F.
Published: September 2021

Desiderius Eramsus (1466/9-1536) was the most renowned scholar of his age, a celebrated humanist and Classicist, and the first teacher of Greek at Cambridge. An influential figure in the Protestant Reformation, though without ever breaking from the Church himself, he satirised both human folly and the corruption of the Church. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was the founder of the German Reformation. His 95 Theses became a manifesto for reform of the Catholic Church and led to his being tried for heresy. He remained in Germany, Professor of Biblical Exegesis at the University of Wittenburg, until his death, publishing a large number of works, including three major treatises and a translation of the New Testament into German. Comprising Erasmus's The Free Will and Luther's The Bondage of the Will, Discourse on Free Will is a landmark text in the history of Protestantism. Encapsulating the perspective on free will of two of the most important figures in the history of Christianity, it remains to this day a powerful, thought-provoking and timely work. Translated and edited by Ernst F. Winter
Theory for Theatre Studies: Bodies
Authors: Colbert Soyica Diggs
Published: September 2021

How does theatre shape the body and perceptions of it? How do bodies on stage challenge audience assumptions about material evidence and the truth?   Theory for Theatre Studies: Bodies responds to these questions by examining how theatre participates in and informs theories of the body in performance, race, queer, disability, trans, gender, and new media studies.

Throughout the 20th century, theories of the body have shifted from understanding the body as irrefutable material evidence of race, sex, and gender, to a social construction constituted in language. In the same period, theatre has struggled with representing ideas through live bodies while calling into question assumptions about the body.

This volume demonstrates how theatre contributes to understanding the historical, contemporary and burgeoning theories of the body. It explores how theories of the body inform debates about labor conditions and spatial configurations.  Theatre allows performers to shift an audience’s understandings of the shape of the bodies on stage, possibly producing a reflexive dynamic for consideration of bodies offstage as well. In addition, casting choices in the theatre, most recently and popularly in Hamilton, question how certain bodies are “cast” in social, historical, and philosophical roles. Through an analysis of contemporary case studies, including The Balcony, Angels in America, and Father Comes Home from the Wars, this volume examines how the theatre theorizes bodies.
Health, Healing and Illness in African History
Authors: Lee Rebekah
Published: September 2021

In this book, Rebekah Lee offers a critical introduction to the diverse history of health, healing and illness in sub-Saharan Africa from the 1800s to the present day. Its focus is not simply on disease but rather on how illness and health were understood and managed: by healthcare providers, African patients, their families and communities.

Through a sustained interdisciplinary approach, Lee brings to the foreground a cast of actors, institutions and ideas that both profoundly and intimately shaped African health experiences and outcomes. This book guides the reader through a wide range of historical source material, and highlights the theoretical and methodological innovations which have enriched this scholarship.

Part One delivers a concise historical overview of African health and illness from the long ‘pre-colonial’ past through the colonial period and into the present day, providing an understanding of broad patterns – of major disease challenges, experiences of illness, and local and global health interventions – and their persistence or transformation across time. Part Two adopts a ‘case study’ approach, focusing on specific health challenges in Africa – HIV/AIDS, mental illness, tropical disease and occupational disease –  and their unfolding across time and space.

Health, Healing and Illness in African History is the first wide-ranging survey of this key topic in African history and the history of health and medicine, and the ideal introduction for students.
Irish Drama and Theatre Since 1950
Authors: Lonergan Patrick
Published: September 2021

Drawing on major new archival discoveries and recent research, Patrick Lonergan presents an innovative, highly readable and informative account of Irish drama and theatre since 1950. The book focuses on the many Irish dramatists, actors and directors who have achieved international prominence during that period, starting with Samuel Beckett, Siobhan McKeanna and Brendan Behan in the 1950s, continuing with Brian Friel and Tom Murphy, and concluding with the many great playwrights who emerged in the late 1990s, including Martin McDonagh, Enda Walsh, Conor McPherson and Marina Carr. The book also explores the contribution to world theatre of major Irish companies, focusing not just on the Abbey and Gate theatres, but also on such groups as Druid, Field Day and Charabanc. Irish Drama and Theatre since 1950 provides a wide-ranging account of major developments combined with case studies of the premiere or revival of major plays, the establishment of new companies and the influence of international work and artists, including Tennessee Williams, Anton Chekhov and Bertolt Brecht.

This book draws on newly released documents, including the Abbey Theatre Archive, Druid archive and Friel papers, to provide an insight into the full production process, bringing to light the contributions of directors, designers, actors and of course audiences too. Readers will understand Irish theatre in its social and cultural contexts, seeing how the production and reception of Irish plays has been influenced by such issues as internationalization, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the Celtic Tiger period, the Irish language, and the changing status of the Catholic Church in Ireland.
Mastering Primary Music
Authors: Atkinson Ruth
Published: September 2021

Mastering Primary Music introduces the primary music curriculum and helps trainees and teachers learn how to plan and teach inspiring lessons that make music learning irresistible.

Topics covered include:

• Current developments in music

• Music as an irresistible activity

• Music as a practical activity

• Skills to develop in music

• Promoting curiosity

• Assessing children in music

• Practical issues

This guide includes examples of children’s work, case studies, readings to reflect upon and reflective questions that all help to exemplify what is considered to be best and most innovative practice. The book draws on the experience of a leading professional in primary music, Ruth Atkinson, to provide the essential guide to teaching music for all trainee primary teachers.
Sounds, Screens, Speakers
Authors: Fairchild Charles
Published: September 2021

Sounds, Screens, Speakers provides a broadly comprehensive survey of the emerging field of music and media. Music has been present at the advent of nearly every new media form since the turn of the twentieth century. Whether we look at the start of sound recording, film, television or the Internet, music has been a crucial participant in the social changes brought about by these new tools for making and listening to music. This book examines such changes starting in the late nineteenth century to the present. From the introduction of the microphone all the way through to music in reality television, the purpose of each section is not simply to move chronologically towards the present, but to focus especially on the tangible social relationships created through specific forms of mediation. With readings at the end of most chapters, key questions to facilitate additional discovery and research, and direction to additional readings and resources on popular websites and news sources, this text serves as the ideal introduction to popular music and media.
Writing for Animation
Authors: Beaumont Laura , Larson Paul
Published: September 2021

Animation is one of the fastest growing mediums in the film and television world – whether it’s Frozen or Paw Patrol, Family Guy or Rick and Morty. This book is the definitive guide to storytelling for writers, directors, storyboard artists and animators. Suitable for both the student and the professional, it provides indispensable knowledge on the entire process of writing for animated movies, TV series and short films. The reader will be provided with all the tools necessary to produce professional quality scripts that will start, or further, their career in animation. Beginning with the fundamentals of ‘why animation?’ this book will lead the reader through a series of principles that will raise the level of their storytelling. These principles are tried and tested on a daily basis by the authors who have a twenty-year track record in the animation industry.

Many people are trying to break into the world of writing for animation and a lot of the people who are ‘already in’ would like to get more work. The reality is that writing for animation is a very specific craft that can be learnt like any other craft. This book will give the reader both the basic and advanced techniques that will put them ahead of the rest of the field.
The Constitution of the United States of America
Authors: Tushnet Mark
Published: September 2021

This is the second edition of Professor Tushnet’s excellent short critical introduction to the history and current meaning of the United States’ Constitution. It is organised around two themes: first, the US Constitution is old, short, and difficult to amend. These characteristics have made constitutional ‘interpretation’, especially by the US Supreme Court, the primary mechanism for adapting the Constitution to everchanging reality. Second, the Constitution creates a structure of political opportunities that allows political actors, including political parties, to pursue the preferred policy goals even to the point of altering the very structure of politics. Politics, that is, often gives meaning to the Constitution. Deploying these themes to examine the structure of the national government, federalism, judicial review, and individual rights, the book provides basic information about, and deeper insights into, the way the US constitutional system has developed and what it means today.
The Aristocracy’s Appearance
Authors: Rodrigues da Silva Renato
Published: September 2021

This chapter aims to understand the self-image that Northumbrian
aristocracy constructed. It will seek to discover how the aristocracy
portrayed itself in the historical sources, examining the nouns used to
refer to them, the image of warriors and/or clerics, the war gear, the role
played by women, the idealized impossibility of social mobility and how
the aristocracy understands itself at the end of the long eighth century, as
represented in the Durham Liber Vitae. The main argument of the chapter
is that the way the aristocracy wanted to be perceived played a major
role in its ideological (re)production. Self-perception is also fundamental
for organizing the aristocracy internally, and for establishing its own
internal hierarchies.
Consumption: Aristocratic Eating
Authors: Rodrigues da Silva Renato
Published: September 2021

This chapter sets out to understand the dimension of consumption of the
Northumbrian aristocracy in the long eighth century. In order to pursue that
objective, the chapter will address the eating habits of the aristocracy. The
main hypothesis of this chapter is that the eating habits of the aristocracy
are different from those of the peasantry, and that luxurious consumption
might be a crucial part of the aristocratic networks of sociability. For this
discussion, the case study selected will be the site of Flixborough.
Introduction – Heritage, State, and Politics
Authors: Wilcox Phill
Published: September 2021

While the one-party state in Laos is nearly fifty years old, how is it possible
for people to still revere the former Lao royal family? What does this mean
for understandings of political legitimacy, heritage, and national identity
in contemporary Laos? This chapter covers critical points of Herzfeld’s
cultural intimacy model and shows that the Lao political system as it is
today has become part of the fabric of Lao culture and society. The context
of Luang Prabang, the former royal capital, is also introduced, as well as the
justification for choosing Luang Prabang as an excellent place to consider
how narratives of the past, present, and imagined futures intersect.
Making the Past (Dis)appear
Authors: Wilcox Phill
Published: September 2021

Selective readings of the past and how these contribute to ideas of legitimacy
and heritage are considered in this chapter. Certain aspects of the
past are emphasized while others are marginalized. The Lao authorities
present themselves as the entirely legitimate guardians of what is presented
as traditional Lao culture, while simultaneously marginalizing dissenting
voices, although ideally without direct conflict. This fits with the agenda of
UNESCO. Luang Prabang, portrayed as an ancient and timeless city, is an
anomaly in wider agendas of development in Laos, amidst the prevailing
narrative of ambitious development in the country. This raises questions
about aspirations for modernity and imaginaries for the future of Laos.
Hmong (Forever) on the Margins
Authors: Wilcox Phill
Published: September 2021

Ethnic minorities in Laos form a key part of narratives of the Lao population
as the ‘Lao multi-ethnic people’. This involves the creation and clear
delineation of ethnic difference in which ethnic difference is celebrated
within a framework of lowland Lao hegemony. With specific reference to
the Hmong, I argue that the Hmong can never really escape assumptions
from the lowland Lao that, were they able to choose, that they would choose
to live in an independent state. By making use of Scott’s ideas of Zomia I
argue further that the idea of Zomia as an alternative to living in the Lao
state may exist in the minds of some Hmong, an idea widely assumed
by the Lao state and many lowland Lao to be held by all Hmong. Ethnic
minorities continue to have an ambiguous relationship vis-à-vis the Lao
state to which they belong, but at the same time, are considered outsiders.
One World: One Dream
Authors: Wilcox Phill
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, I consider the growing influence of China and growing
numbers of Chinese in Laos and argue that managing this relationship
may well be the biggest challenge facing the Lao authorities and is the
most likely cause of any legitimacy crisis in Laos. Lao people are making
life decisions with increasing reference to China and responding in
ways that are marked by pragmatism as Chinese influence increases.
Fundamentally, the rise of China in Laos is leading to a renewed sense of
Laos and Laoness. This provides the Lao authorities with a renewed sense
of legitimacy, as they are expected to do something for the population
in response to rising adverse influences from China. Whether they will
do anything meaningful to address these concerns is another question.
Vies en toch ontzettend lekker : identiteitspolitiek en het Eurovisiesongfestival
Authors: Stevens Martijn
Published: September 2021

Deze bijdrage analyseert het Eurovisiesongfestival, dat vaak wordt
afgedaan als oppervlakkig, fout en als een vorm van ‘lage’ cultuur, als
een publieke ruimte waarin verschillende groepen elkaar treffen en de
strijd aanbinden om erkenning. Het zo vaak bekritiseerde ‘kitscherige’
karakter van het festival blijkt daarbij te fungeren als een internationale
omgangstaal die voor iedereen toegankelijk is en die de communicatie
tussen groepen met verschillende achtergronden bevordert. Zo worden er
verschillende visies op zowel de nationale als de Europese identiteit zichten
hoorbaar gemaakt en onderhandeld. Telkens leggen de deelnemende
staten de nadruk op hun eigen geschiedenis en identiteit, maar niet zonder
hun boodschap ook af te stemmen op een overkoepelend narratief van
Europese gemeenschappelijkheid.
Piracy in World History
Authors: Amirell Stefan , Hägerdal Hans , Buchan Bruce , Gaynor Jennifer , Antony Robert , White Joshua , Tremml-Werner Birgit , Kempe Michael , Östlund Joachim , Subramanian Lakshmi , Benton Lauren
Published: September 2021

In a modern global historical context, scholars have often regarded piracy as an essentially European concept which was inappropriately applied by the expanding European powers to the rest of the world, mainly for the purpose of furthering colonial forms of domination in the economic, political, military, legal and cultural spheres. By contrast, this edited volume highlights the relevance of both European and non-European understandings of piracy to the development of global maritime security and freedom of navigation. It explores the significance of ‘legal posturing’ on the part of those accused of piracy, as well as the existence of non-European laws and regulations regarding piracy and related forms of maritime violence in the early modern era. The authors in Piracy in World History highlight cases from various parts of the early-modern world, thereby explaining piracy as a global phenomenon.
The Bugis-Makassar Seafarers
Authors: Hägerdal Hans
Published: September 2021

The essay focuses on Bugis and Makassar seafarers of South Sulawesi
through two cases. The first is Lombok and Sumbawa in the late seventeenth
and early eighteenth centuries, where landless Makassarese
aristocrats fought or allied with various groups to create a political platform.
The second case is the seascape around Timor, further to the east,
where a socially different type of maritime enterprise evolved, entailing
both commercial activities and raiding of vulnerable small-scale island
societies. While Dutch writers termed all these seafarers “pirates,” this
fails to capture the range of their socio-political roles. Moreover, the study
demonstrates how the Dutch East India Company contributed to the rise
of piratical activity through colonial advances on Sulawesi in the 1660s.
Piracy in India’s Western Littoral
Authors: Subramanian Lakshmi
Published: September 2021

The chapter sets out to counter Eurocentric bias in depictions of maritime
power and violence along India’s western littoral during the period of
British expansion in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
The author adapts analyses of legal pluralism in maritime spaces to explore
the role of piracy in Indian conceptions of power and jurisdiction at sea.
Piracy was a matter of contention among Indian and British governing
authorities that drew both of them into efforts to understand the phenomenon
as part of local histories and traditions. Despite the efforts of
some to understand piracy in this context, the British ultimately portrayed
maritime predation as an ethnographic marker of a “savagery” over which
their sovereignty could be asserted.
Holy Warriors, Rebels, and Thieves
Authors: White Joshua M.
Published: September 2021

The essay takes a non-Eurocentric point of view and aims to highlight the
concurrent concepts of piracy and other forms of maritime violence in
the early modern Mediterranean. The author shows that a wide range of
concepts were used in the early modern Ottoman Empire to conceptualize
what Europeans termed piracy or privateering. As in Europe, there was
considerable ambiguity in the use and interpretation of these terms,
and the practices that they described. In contrast to the emphasis that
contemporary Europeans put on the distinction between piracy and
privateering, in theory if not always in practice, Ottoman Islamic law did
not differentiate between foreign Christian pirates and foreign Christian
corsairs or privateers.
A Scoping Review of the Health Benefits of Nature-Based Physical Activity
Authors: Christiana Richard W. , Besenyi Gina M. , Gustat Jeanette , Horton Teresa H. , Penbrooke Teresa L. , Schultz Courtney L.
Published: September 2021

The health benefits of physical activity and spending time in nature are well established. However, children and adults in the United States are not participating in sufficient levels of physical activity and are not spending much time outdoors. Recently, increased access to nature for the health and wellness of all populations has seen growing public health attention, though a specific focus on nature-based physical activity has been limited. The purpose of this scoping review is to operationalize the health benefits of nature-based physical activity to provide guidance to program administrators, advocates, and researchers for nature-based physical activity to facilitate collaborations. Peer-reviewed literature was searched in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar as well as in published reviews of the literature. The literature was divided into three categories of: 1) amount and location of nature-based components and physical activity; 2) added health benefits of exposure to nature-based components and physical activity; and 3) nature-based components and physical activity effect on non-white, marginalized, and vulnerable populations. This review supports and encourages multiple strategies to increase nature-based physical activity as this provides even greater benefit to health and wellness than exposure to nature or physical activity alone. Although many of the physical and mental health benefits of nature and physical activity are well established, additional research is needed to better understand the relationship between exposure to nature and nature-based physical activity. However, the existing information justifies the promotion of nature-based physical activities in public health initiatives.
Acousto-ultrasonics for defect assessment of composite materials
Authors:   , Dugmore Kevin M.
Published: September 2021

The experiments and their results contained herein will form the basis for the development of a portable non-destructive testing device for composite structures. This device is to be capable of detecting any of a variety of defects and assessing their severity within a short time
An investigation into the quality of supply voltage dip-proofing
Authors:   , Lange Lyle George
Published: September 2021

With the ever increasing electrical demand on an electrical system, the quality of the supply will be tested more and more. And it is with this deteriorating quality that the topic of voltage dips and depressions has become a contentious issue amounts the industrial sector and supply authorities, hence the means to combat this issue in recent years.
Textualidad y visualidad en El curioso y sabio Alejandro, fiscal y juez de vidas ajenas de Alonso Jerónimo Salas Barbadillo
Authors: Santonocito Daniela
Published: September 2021

RESUMEN:
A partir de los avances realizados en los estudios de cultura visual a lo largo de los últimos treinta años, se describen las técnicas ecfrásticas adoptadas por Salas Barbadillo en El curioso y sabio Alejandro, fiscal y juez de vidas ajenas (1634), una colección de seis relatos insertados en un marco narrativo representado por una galería de retratos. Al disponer solamente de los epítomes que describen los personajes retratados, se estudiará cómo las relaciones semánticas que se establecen entre textualidad y visualidad, y los procesos de verbalización visual estimulan la estipulación de un pacto de comunicación y colaboración entre el autor y el público lector.
ABSTRACT:
Starting from the advances carried out in the visual culture studies over the last thirty years, the article deals with the ecphrastic techniques adopted by Salas Barbadillo in El curioso y sabio Alejandro, fiscal y juez de vidas ajenas (1634), that is a collection of six short stories inserted in a narrative framework represented by a gallery of portraits. Since we only have the epitomes related to the painted characters, this work studies the semantic relationships established between textuality and visuality, and the visual verbalization processes that stimulate the stipulation of a communicative and collaborative pact between the author and the reading public.
Un nuevo testimonio manuscrito para la historia del Diálogo de la lengua: V y la edición de Mayans
Authors: Pons Rodríguez Lola
Published: September 2021

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se presenta el manuscrito de la Biblioteca Serrano Morales de Valencia que incluye un testimonio del siglo XVI del Diálogo de la lengua de Juan de Valdés. Se describen los poseedores del testimonio, sus rasgos materiales y su relación con las otras obras que transmite el códice; se expone también la posición de este manuscrito dentro del estema de la tradición textual del Diálogo. El manuscrito fue el utilizado por Gregorio Mayans para hacer su edición del Diálogo y presenta glosas de Jerónimo Zurita. ABSTRACT: This work describes a manuscript of the Serrano Morales Library in Valencia, which includes a 16th copy of the Dialogue of the language by Juan de Valdés. We present the owners of the manuscript, its material features and its relationship with other works transmitted by the codex; it is also explained the position of this manuscript within the stemma of the textual tradition of the Dialogue. The manuscript was the one used by Gregorio Mayans to make his edition of the Dialogue and presents glosses by Jerónimo Zurita.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PRIMARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS
Authors: Kalenyk Mikhail
Published: September 2021

The curricula of the new Ukrainian school for grades 1-4, grades 5-6, physics programs for grades 7-11 and the content classification between subjects are analyzed. Appropriate methodological improvements are proposed to close the gap between primary and secondary education, in the context of studying certain physical concepts, by improving the adaptation of students in the transition from primary to primary school, in particular, in the transition from certain issues of mathematics, science and others to physics, where the implementation of subject competence. In view of this, it is suggested that primary and secondary school teachers, when studying the components of the content of the school course of physics, follow the generalized plans for their study, as in the school course of physics.
STRUCTURE OF BIS(LIDOCAINE) TETRACHLORIDOCUPRATE(II)
Authors: Amirkhanashvili Koba , Sobolev Alexandre , Tsitsishvili Vladimer , Zhorzholiani Nani
Published: September 2021

The present paper reports on the synthesis and structure of bis(2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide) or bis(lidocaine) tetrachloridocuprate(II). The complex with the formula (C14H23ON2)2CuCl4 (or (LidH)2[CuCl4]), crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 15.7831(2), b = 24.2992(2), c = 17.8748(2) Å, β = 104.874(1)°,V = 6625.58(13) Å3, Z = 8, and Dc = 1.355 Mg/m3. The coordination of the Cu2+ ions with chlorine atoms generates two differently distorted tetrahedral anions [CuCl4]2–, while four protonated cations LidH+ remain in an outer coordination sphere. Anions and cations are associated by hydrogen bonds of the N–H···Cl type to form the 2((LidH)2[CuCl4]) dimer, in which the distance between two copper atoms is 8.95 Å. With the help of hydrogen bonds of the type N–H···O and N–H···Cl, each dimer is connected with four neighboring dimers, resulting in a three-dimensional structure in which dimers lie at an angle of 28.39° to the a crystallographic axis in the ab planes located at a distance of 10.67 Å from each other.
ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ ІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯМ ІГРОВИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ
Authors: Кунда Неоніла
Published: September 2021

Транспортні послуги повинні надаватися з оптимальною якістю за прийнятним тарифом. Тариф залежить від витрат на доставку вантажу. Наведено приклад контейнерного перевезення у змішаному сполученні. Досліджено автомобільно-морську і залізнично-морську схему організації перевезення. Розглянуто можливість зниження тарифів шляхом залучення зворотних контейнерів. З використанням математичної моделі «гра з природою» визначено оптимальний розмір знижок, які може отримати замовник.
Fudayl b. Muhammed el-Malatî’nin Hadis Rivayetindeki Yeri ve Önemi
Authors: Hamod Musab
Published: September 2021

Emevîler zamanında ve Abbâsîlerin ilk döneminde Şam’ın Roma’ya sınır boylarında (suğûr) Müslümanlarla Romalı-lar arasında yapılan savaşlar, bölgede yer alan kentlerin ilmi yönden çalışmalarını olumsuz etkileyerek İslam baş-kentlerinin gerisinde kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu nedenle, bazı âlimler, bu bölgede yaşayan ve hadis rivayetinde bulunan muhaddislerin tamamını rivayet yönüyle zayıf olduğu genel hükmüne varmışlardır. Bu muhaddislerin içerisinde Fudayl b. Muhammed el-Malatî’de bulunmaktadır. İşte bu çalışmada, hakkında herhangi bir cerh-ta‘dîl ifadesi bulunmayan Malatya merkez camii imamı Fudayl b. Muhammed el-Malatî’nin belirtilen genelleme içerisine girip girmediğinin tespit edilmesi ve hadis rivayetindeki yerinin ortaya konulması amaç edinilmiştir. Hadis rivayet ehliyeti hakkında kaynaklarda bir bilgi yer almayan Fudayl b. Muhammed el-Malatî’nin rivayete ehliyetinin tespitin-de yöntem olarak râvisi olduğu hadisler incelenmiştir. Çalışma esnasında Fudayl b. Muhammed el-Malatî’nin hadis-lerinde âlî isnadlar bulunduğu, bazı hadislerinin Sahihayn’a müstahrec olarak kullanıldığı aynı zamanda fıkhî ve ahlâkî konularda önemli rivayetlerinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Onun râvi olarak yer aldığı hadisleri Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî, el-Heysemî ve İbn Hacer gibi meşhur münekkit âlimlerin olumlu bulup kullandığı görülmüştür. Yapılan araştırma ve takip edilen yöntem sonucunda Fudayl b. Muhammed el-Malatî ‘nin makbul bir râvi olduğu neticesine ulaşılmıştır.
MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MENYIMAK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB SISWA DENGAN METODE AURAL ORAL APPROACH
Authors: NAJIB AZIZ AKHMAD
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kelas VIII C MTsN 2 Purwakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses peningkatan keterampilan menyimak dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab pada siswa kelas VIII C MTsN 2 Purwakarta dengan menggunakan metode Aural Oral Approach, mulai dari proses perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Selain itu, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dan tindakan kelas. Untuk mengetahui peningkatan keterampilan menyimak siswa dengan menggunakan metode AOA, penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus, dan setiap siklus menggunakan dua kali pertemuan. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pre-test dan diakhiri dengan post-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan metode AOA/Audio-lingual, skor perbandingan untuk pre-test dan post-test meningkat secara signifikan. Hal ini terlihat dari perbandingan nilai perbandingan siswa yang memiliki KKM khusus vokal mengalami peningkatan 51,94%, konsonan 42,59%, intonasi 43,98%, pantun dan kata-kata penekanan 37,40%, dan kefasihan 42,59 %.
The Fires, Asian, and Stratospheric Transport-Las Vegas Ozone Study (FAST-LVOS)
Authors: Langford Andrew O. , Senff Christoph J. , Alvarez II Raul J. , Aikin Ken C. , Baidar Sunil , Bonin Timothy A. , Brewer W. Alan , Brioude Jerome , Brown Steven S. , Burley Joel D. , Caputi Dani J. , Conley Stephen A. , Cullis Patrick D. , Decker Zachary C. J. , Evan Stéphanie , Kirgis Guillaume , Lin Meiyun , Pagowski Mariusz , Peischl Jeff , Petropavlovskikh Irina , Pierce R. Bradley , Ryerson Thomas B. , Sandberg Scott P. , Sterling Chance W. , Weickmann Ann W. , Zhang Li
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The Fires, Asian, and Stratospheric Transport-Las Vegas Ozone Study (FAST-LVOS) was conducted in May and June of 2017 to study the transport of ozone (O3) to Clark County, Nevada, a marginal non-attainment area in the Southwestern U.S. (SWUS). This 6-week (20 May–30 June 2017) field campaign used lidar, ozonesonde, aircraft, and in-situ measurements in conjunction with a variety of models to characterize the distribution of O3 and related species above southern Nevada and neighbouring California, and to probe the influence of stratospheric intrusions, wildfires, and local, regional, and Asian pollution on surface O3 concentrations in Las Vegas and the surrounding area. In this paper, we describe the FAST-LVOS campaign and present case studies illustrating the influence of different transport processes on background O3 and air quality attainment in the SWUS. The measurements found elevated O3 layers above Las Vegas on more than 75 % (35 of 45) of the sample days, and show that entrainment of these layers contributed to mean 8-h average background O3 concentrations of 50–55 parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) across southern Nevada. These background concentrations constitute 70–80 % of the current U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 70 ppbv, and illustrate some of the challenges facing air quality managers tasked with O3 attainment in the SWUS during late spring and early summer. The companion paper by Zhang et al. (2020) describes the use of the AM4 and GEOS-Chem global models to estimate the impacts of transported O3 on surface air quality in the Southwestern U.S. and Intermountain West during the FAST-LVOS campaign.
Exploration of the atmospheric chemistry of nitrous acid in a coastal city of southeastern China: Results from measurements across four seasons
Authors: Hu Baoye , Duan Jun , Hong Youwei , Xu Lingling , Li Mengren , Bian Yahui , Qin Min , Fang Wu , Xie Pinhua , Chen Jinsheng
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Because nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis is a key source of hydroxyl (OH) radicals, identifying the atmospheric sources of HONO is essential to enhance the understanding of atmospheric chemistry processes and improve the accuracy of simulation models. We performed seasonal field observations of HONO in a coastal city of southeastern China, along with measurements of trace gases, aerosol compositions, photolysis rate constants (J), and meteorological parameters. The results showed that the average observed concentration of HONO was 0.54 ± 0.47 ppb. Vehicle exhaust emissions contributed an average of 1.64 % to HONO, higher than the values found in most other studies, suggesting an influence from diesel vehicle emissions. The mean conversion frequency of NO2 to HONO in the nighttime was the highest in summer due to water droplets was evaporated under the condition of high temperatures. Based on a budget analysis, the rate of emission from unknown sources (Runknown) was highest around midday, with values of 4.35 ppb · h−1 in summer, 3.53 ppb · h−1 in spring, 3.13 ppb · h−1 in autumn, and 2.05 in winter. Unknown sources made up the largest proportion of all sources in summer (78.55 %), autumn (71.51 %), spring (69.67 %), and winter (55.63 %). The photolysis of particulate nitrate was probably a source in spring and summer while the conversion from NO2 to HONO on BC enhanced by light was perhaps a source in autumn and winter. The variation of HONO at night can be exactly simulated based on the HONO/NOx ratio, while the J(NO3−_R) × pNO3− should be considered for daytime simulations in summer and autumn, or 1/4 × (J(NO3−_R) × pNO3−) in spring and winter. Compared with O3 photolysis, HONO photolysis has long been an important source of OH except for summer afternoon. Observation on HONO across four seasons with various auxiliary parameters improves the comprehension of HONO chemistry in southeastern coastal China.
Sedimentation rate and organic matter dynamics shape microbiomes across a continental margin
Authors: Bhattacharya Sabyasachi , Mapder Tarunendu , Fernandes Svetlana , Roy Chayan , Sarkar Jagannath , Rameez Moidu Jameela , Mandal Subhrangshu , Sar Abhijit , Chakraborty Amit Kumar , Mondal Nibendu , Chatterjee Sumit , Dam Bomba , Peketi Aditya , Chakraborty Ranadhir , Mazumdar Aninda , Ghosh Wriddhiman
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Marine sedimentation rate and bottom-water O2 concentration control
organic carbon remineralization and sequestration across continental margins,
but whether and how they shape microbiome architecture (the ultimate effector
of all biogeochemical phenomena) across shelf and slope sediments is still
unclear. Here we reveal distinct microbiome structures and functions, amidst
comparable pore fluid chemistries, along 300 cm sediment horizons underlying
the seasonal (shallow coastal; water depth: 31 m) and perennial (deep sea; water depths: 530 and 580 m) oxygen minimum zones
(OMZs) of the Arabian Sea, situated across the western Indian margin. The sedimentary
geomicrobiology was elucidated by analyzing metagenomes, metatranscriptomes,
enrichment cultures, and depositional rates measured via radiocarbon and
lead excess dating; the findings were then evaluated in light of the
other geochemical data available for the cores. Along the perennial-OMZ sediment cores, microbial communities were dominated by
Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, but in the seasonal-OMZ core communities were dominated by Euryarchaeota and Firmicutes. As a perennial-OMZ signature, a cryptic
methane production–consumption cycle was found to operate near the
sediment surface, within the sulfate reduction zone; overall diversity, as
well as the relative abundances of anaerobes requiring simple fatty acids
(methanogens, anaerobic methane oxidizers, sulfate reducers, and acetogens),
peaked in the topmost sediment layer and then declined via synchronized
fluctuations until the sulfate–methane transition zone was reached. The
microbiome profile was completely reversed in the seasonal-OMZ sediment
horizon. In the perennial-OMZ sediments, deposited organic carbon was higher
in concentration and rich in marine components that degrade readily to
simple fatty acids; simultaneously, lower sedimentation rate afforded higher
O2 exposure time for organic matter degradation despite perennial
hypoxia in the bottom water. The resultant abundance of reduced carbon
substrates eventually sustained multiple inter-competing microbial processes
in the upper sediment layers. The entire geomicrobial scenario was opposite
in the sediments of the seasonal OMZ. These findings create a
microbiological baseline for understanding carbon–sulfur cycling in distinct
depositional settings and water column oxygenation regimes across the
continental margins.
The triple oxygen isotope composition of phytoliths, a new proxy of atmospheric relative humidity: controls of soil water isotope composition, temperature, CO2 concentration and relative humidity
Authors: Outrequin Clément , Alexandre Anne , Vallet-Coulomb Christine , Piel Clément , Devidal Sébastien , Landais Amaelle , Couapel Martine , Mazur Jean-Charles , Peugeot Christophe , Pierre Monique , Prié Frédéric , Roy Jacques , Sonzogni Corinne , Voigt Claudia
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Continental atmospheric relative humidity is a major climate parameter whose variability is poorly understood by global climate models. Models' improvement relies on model–data comparisons for past periods. However, there are no truly quantitative indicators of relative humidity for the pre-instrumental period. Previous studies highlighted a
quantitative relationship between the triple oxygen isotope composition of
phytoliths, particularly the 17O excess of phytoliths, and
atmospheric relative humidity. Here, as part of a series of calibrations, we
examine the respective controls of soil water isotope composition,
temperature, CO2 concentration and relative humidity on phytolith
17O excess. For that purpose, the grass species Festuca arundinacea was grown in growth
chambers where these parameters were varying. The setup was designed to
control the evolution of the triple oxygen isotope composition of phytoliths
and all the water compartments of the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum.
Different analytical techniques (cavity ring-down spectroscopy and isotope
ratio mass spectrometry) were used to analyze water and silica. An
inter-laboratory comparison allowed to strengthen the isotope data matching.
Water and phytolith isotope compositions were compared to previous datasets
obtained from growth chamber and natural tropical sites. The results show
that the δ′18O value of the source water governs the starting
point from which the triple oxygen isotope composition of leaf water,
phytolith-forming water and phytoliths evolves. However, since the
17O excess varies little in the growth chamber and natural source
waters, this has no impact on the strong relative humidity dependency of the
17O excess of phytoliths, demonstrated for the 40 %–80% relative
humidity range. This relative humidity dependency is not impacted by changes
in air temperature or CO2 concentration either. A relative humidity
proxy equation is proposed. Each per meg of change in phytolith
17O excess reflects a change in atmospheric relative humidity of ca.
0.2 %. The ±15 per meg reproducibility on the measurement of
phytolith 17O excess corresponds to a ±3.6 % precision on the
reconstructed relative humidity. The low sensitivity of phytolith
17O excess to climate parameters other than relative humidity makes it
particularly suitable for quantitative reconstructions of continental
relative humidity changes in the past.
Zirconium-bearing accessory minerals in UK Paleogene granites: textural, compositional, and paragenetic relationships
Authors: Belkin Harvey E. , Macdonald Ray
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The mineral occurrences, parageneses, textures, and compositions of
Zr-bearing accessory minerals in a suite of UK Paleogene granites from
Scotland and Northern Ireland are described. Baddeleyite, zirconolite, and
zircon, in that sequence, formed in hornblende + biotite granites (type 1)
and hedenbergite–fayalite granites (type 2). The peralkaline microgranite
(type 3) of Ailsa Craig contains zircon, dalyite, a eudialyte-group mineral,
a fibrous phase which is possibly lemoynite, and Zr-bearing aegirine.
Hydrothermal zircon is also present in all three granite types and documents
the transition from a silicate-melt environment to an incompatible
element-rich aqueous-dominated fluid. No textures indicative of inherited
zircon were observed. The minerals crystallized in stages from magmatic
through late-magmatic to hydrothermal. The zirconolite and eudialyte-group
mineral are notably Y+REE-rich (REE signifies rare earth element). The crystallization sequence of the
minerals may have been related to the activities of Si and Ca, to melt
peralkalinity, and to local disequilibrium.
A novel method to identify sub-seasonal clustering episodes of extreme precipitation events and their contributions to large accumulation periods
Authors: Kopp Jérôme , Rivoire Pauline , Ali S. Mubashshir , Barton Yannick , Martius Olivia
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Temporal (serial) clustering of extreme precipitation events on sub-seasonal timescales is a type of compound event. It can cause large precipitation accumulations and lead to floods. We present a novel, count-based procedure to identify episodes of sub-seasonal clustering of extreme precipitation. We introduce two metrics to characterise the prevalence of sub-seasonal clustering episodes and their contribution to large precipitation accumulations. The procedure does not require the investigated variable (here precipitation) to satisfy any specific statistical properties. Applying this procedure to daily precipitation from the ERA5 reanalysis data set, we identify regions where sub-seasonal clustering occurs frequently and contributes substantially to large precipitation accumulations. The regions are the east and northeast of the Asian continent (northeast of China, North and South Korea, Siberia and east of Mongolia), central Canada and south of California, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and the north of Argentina and south of Bolivia. Our method is robust with respect to the parameters used to define the extreme events (the percentile threshold and the run length) and the length of the sub-seasonal time window (here 2–4 weeks). This procedure could also be used to identify temporal clustering of other variables (e.g. heat waves) and can be applied on different timescales (sub-seasonal to decadal). The code is available at the listed GitHub repository.
Spin relaxation: under the sun, anything new?
Authors: Rodin Bogdan A. , Abergel Daniel
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Spin relaxation has been at the core of many studies since the early days of NMR, and the undelying theory worked out by its founding fathers. However, this theory has been recently questioned (Bengs and Levitt (2020)) in the light of Linblad theory of quantum Markovian master equations. In this article, we review the conventional approach of quantum mechanical theory of NMR relaxation and show that under the usual assumptions, it is equivalent to the Linblad formulation. We also comment on the debate over semi-classical versus quantum versions of spectral density functions involved in relaxation.
4D wind field generation for the aeroelastic simulation of wind turbines with lidars
Authors: Chen Yiyin , Guo Feng , Schlipf David , Cheng Po Wen
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Lidar-assisted control (LAC) of wind turbines is a control concept that takes advantage of a nacelle-mounted lidar (a remote sensing device) to measure upstream wind speeds of a turbine to allow a preview of the incoming turbulence. Because the turbine will not be exposed to the identical turbulence as that measured by the lidar in advance, the simulation of a LAC system will be more realistic if wind evolution can be modelled in the wind field generation. Since the commonly used 3D stochastic wind field generation method does not include wind evolution, in this paper, we aim to extend the 3D method to 4D to enable the modelling of wind evolution along the wind direction. The most novel part of this research is that we propose a two-step Cholesky decomposition approach for the factorization of the coherence matrices in the wind field generation. With this approach, 4D wind fields can be generated by combining multiple statistically independent 3D wind fields. To enable better integration of the 4D method into the common workflow of wind turbine simulations, we implement the 4D method as an open-access tool evoTurb in combination with TurbSim and Mann turbulence generator. Moreover, since 4D wind field generation is supposed to be coupled with lidar simulations, and considering the range weighting effect of lidars and eventually multiple range gates, a 4D wind field will contain many more simulation points than a 3D one. To avoid excessive computational effort, we further investigate the impacts of the spatial discretization in 4D wind fields on lidar simulations to provide some insights to optimize the application of 4D wind field generation.
CALCULATION OF FLOWS IN AN ACCELERATOR OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Authors: Yakubovsky Evgeny Georgievich
Published: September 2021

The Schrödinger and Klein-Gordon equations have a finite velocity solution using the Navier-Stokes equation. But the Dirac equation did not lend itself to solving with the help of a finite formula for an arbitrary vector and scalar potential. Finally, the transition from the derivative of the function to the derivative of the logarithm of the function worked. Then we managed to solve a linear equation with respect to the derivative of the logarithm of the function, which can be integrated. Moreover, it turned out that it is possible to describe many particles. At accelerators, the trajectories of particles with an error are described, i.e. complex trajectories. In this article, the task is to calculate the accelerator in the complex plane, where the imaginary part is the error of the mean — the real part.