bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Rights
Authors: Shelton Dinah
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the express and implied powers of international organizations to address human rights issues, standard-setting by such organizations, and the structure and functioning of the bodies and institutions they have established to consider this issue. The analysis focuses on inter-governmental organizations, but the discussion refers at times to the vast array of civil society and non-governmental organizations that have contributed immeasurably to the development of human rights law, in particular through their formal and informal participation in the work of inter-governmental organizations, their subsidiary organs, and treaty bodies. In fact, the creation of some non-governmental organizations and civil society networks preceded and to a certain extent stimulated the formation of intergovernmental organizations.
Health
Authors: Burci Gian Luca , Cassels Andrew
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the landscape for global health governance has evolved. It finds that the political importance of health as an international and global issue has changed radically. International health organizations started with a mandate to control the spread of infectious diseases between countries as a by-product of trade. Today, their work is central to economic development, poverty reduction, human rights, sustainable development, and the effective management of globalization. Any modern understating of the role and functions of International Organizations (IOs) in the field of health must now take into account the actions and interactions of a much wider range of institutional actors. While the World Health Organization (WHO) and IOs are most effective in meeting the need for legislative instruments, norms, standards and other global public goods, it is also the part of their agenda that is hardest to finance. There are many other players — internationally and locally — that are more adept at providing finance, implementing projects, and providing hands-on technical support in developing countries than normative IOs. Furthermore, the growing number of institutions involved in global health suggests the need for a much clearer division of labour in order to allow each one to play to its respective strengths.
Democracy Promotion
Authors: Johnstone Ian , Snyder Michael
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the extent to which international organizations (IOs) engage in democracy promotion. It finds that democratic norms are being articulated and acted upon by IOs. As evidence, it looks to the development of democracy's normative roots as well as the following operational activities: electoral assistance, the good governance agenda of development programs, and peace-building. It argues that these activities are both rooted in and have had on impact on the normative climate in which IOs operate — both in a positive and negative way. The chapter does not argue that an international right to democracy exists — there is still too much contestation to make that claim. Rather, it uses the activities of IOs as a yardstick for measuring whether, how, and to what extent such a right may crystallize.
Sanctions
Authors: Farrall Jeremy
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the most prominent forms of international organization sanctions, namely United Nations (UN) and European Union (EU) sanctions. It first examines the constitutional basis, scope, and administration of UN and EU sanctions. It then compares and contrasts these two models, discussing how the interests of peace and security, on the one hand, and human rights and the rule of law, on the other, can sometimes come into conflict in the application of international organization sanctions. It shows that the UN sanctions decision-making system tends to prioritize peace and security, whereas the EU sanctions decision-making system tends to prioritize the rule of law. The chapter argues that neither tradition of international organization sanctions has found the right balance, and that the ongoing contest between peace and security and the rule of law will continue to shape and constrain international organization sanctions decision-making for the foreseeable future.
Constituent Instruments
Authors: Blokker Niels
Published: November 2017

International organizations (IOs) are normally created by treaties, often referred to as the ‘constitution’ or the ‘constituent instrument’ of the organization. This chapter focuses on these treaties. It begins with an overview of the different names given to constituent instruments of IOs. It then discusses the content of constitutions and demonstrates that this varies widely. Apart from states, IOs may also become parties to constituent instruments of (other) IOs. Following these introductory matters, the chapter turns to the legal characteristics of constituent instruments and their interpretation. It focuses on the creation of a new legal person in constitutions and constitutional development through ‘practice of the organization’.
Assessing the Legality of Decisions
Authors: Wouters Jan , Odermatt Jed
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the legal/judicial accountability of international organizations (IOs). ‘Judicial review’ in reference to acts of IOs has been defined as ‘a process by which a court of law determines whether a legal person has acted substantively within the scope of its powers and procedurally in a correct manner’. Using this definition of review, we find that there is a serious lack of judicial review of acts of IOs at the international level. The chapter is organized as follows. The first part discusses the variety of IOs that are now active and the diverse types of acts they produce. It then examines the fora where these acts can be legally challenged. The next part examines the grounds for review upon which acts of IOs are challenged and the legal consequences that flow from an act found to be in violation of legal requirements. Finally, the chapter examines non-judicial review mechanisms, such as non-compliance and withdrawal from an organization. It concludes that the legal review of acts of IOs remains an underdeveloped area of the law of IOs, especially given the impact such acts can have on states and individuals.
The Law of the International Civil Service
Authors: Villalpando Santiago
Published: November 2017

The law of the international civil service is an essential feature of the contemporary phenomenon of international organizations (IOs). It raises, however, complex theoretical and practical issues that have been discussed for decades but are yet to be fully resolved, including its relationship with the international legal order, the legal nature of the relations it regulates, and whether it can be construed as a single integrated field of law. This chapter focuses on the nature of the field of law of the international civil service and the identification of its sources of law. Through the establishment of standards governing the relationship between the organization and its staff members, the law of international civil service fulfils the double role of guaranteeing conditions of service adequate to the achievement of the goals enshrined in the constituent act and of protecting officials from undue external pressures.
Participation
Authors: Nanz Patrizia , Dingwerth Klaus
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines citizen participation in international organizations (IOs). The focus on citizen participation builds on the understanding of participation as a principle of governance in democratic theory. It begins by summarizing and reflecting upon the major patterns of participation for IOs. It then deals with the special case of European Union (EU) governance in which participatory rights are most thoroughly enshrined at the international level. Evidence suggests that the greater inclusion of transnational civil society organizations enhances the plurality of views that enter international decision-making processes. Together with the enhanced skills and technological means available to civil society, the opening up of IOs thus gives a broader range of affected communities a chance to voice their interests on issues such as climate change and the rules that should guide world trade. Within the EU, the ‘democratic minimum’ that allows citizens to make use of participatory opportunities is guaranteed for a much broader range of citizens. In such a context, institutionalizing the right forms of participation can do more if done properly.
The Role of a Good Soldier: A Review of Research on Organizational Citizenship Behavior Role Perceptions and Recommendations for the Future Research
Authors: Podsakoff Nathan P. , Morrison Elizabeth W. , Martinez Tomas M.
Published: November 2017

Although the original conceptualization of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) defined these behaviors as discretionary in nature, over two decades of research on how employees view OCBs and their job responsibilities indicates that the boundary between in-role and extra-role behavior is blurry, and that there is substantial variation in employees’ OCB role perceptions. In this chapter, we provide a review of over 40 articles that have examined the perceived boundary between required and discretionary citizenship behaviors. These include studies that have examined the predictors of OCB role perceptions, role perceptions as antecedents of OCBs, and role perceptions as mediators and moderators of the relationships between other predictors and OCBs. We conclude with several recommendations regarding future research directions for scholars interested in further understanding how OCBs are perceived by employees and the implications of different role perceptions for understanding employee performance.
Promoting or Preventing Change Through Political Participation
Authors: Klandermans Bert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines political participation as a unique capacity possessed by humans that “fundamentally shapes a human being.” It argues that without political participation, we would lose much of our identity as “political actors” who seek to influence and change the world they live in. The chapter first explains what political participation is and why some people participate in collective political action while others do not. It then considers a range of individual factors that motivate political participation, such as ideology, identity, emotion, and instrumentality, and the role of social-level factors including social networks. It also describes a social identity model of collective action (SIMCA), which suggests that affective injustice (e.g., group-based anger), perceived group efficacy, and politicized collective identity predict engagement in collective action. The chapter concludes by discussing moral obligation as a motive for participating in political collective action.
People as Penguins
Authors: Ijzerman Hans , Hogerzeil Lotje J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the importance of thermoregulation for the human need to belong and for social integration more generally. It considers fundamental patterns in how thermoregulation relates to social cognition, and how—as a result—more complex social integration affects our core body temperatures. This perspective implies that humans are, in one important way, just like penguins: they need warmth and a good huddle when they are cold in order to survive. Yet temperature affects humans’ social behavior in even more complex ways. The chapter discusses some basics mechanisms of thermoregulation and provides various examples of how social thermoregulation extends to modern human behavior. It also discusses the neural organization of thermoregulation, how temperature homeostasis is maintained even via inanimate objects, and speculates about the link between relationships and the development of self-regulation. It concludes with an analysis of the implications of understanding thermoregulation as human essence.
The Tripartite Motivational Human Essence
Authors: Cornwell James F. M. , Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the human essence can be understood as the functioning of three fundamental motives working together—value, control, and truth. It shows that each of these motives represents an independent source of goal pursuit, and that each, in its fulfillment, represents a unique factor in the achievement of well-being. It also argues that effectiveness in each of these motivational domains is inherently related to effectiveness in each of the others, such that achievement of full effectiveness in any of them entails effectiveness in all of them. This produces the emergent experience of their effective organization. Illustrating the relevance of these concepts for the human essence, the chapter draws parallels between this threefold view of motivation and the tripartite views of the soul in ancient Greek thought, and between the achievement of their effective organization and the experience of Brahman in Vedanta Hinduism.
Human Essences and Cultural Embeddedness
Authors: Fischer Ronald
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines biology and culture as interactive influences in shaping the human essence, arguing that “culture is biological.” In particular, it considers the idea that cultural embeddedness might be a distinct human attribute from an evolutionary perspective. It then shows how biological processes shaped over millennia have culminated in a species that has the ability to read and write, play computer games, and fly airplanes. It also explores the genes-physiology-neuroscience side of human behavior and the social-cultural-economic environment in which the behavior takes place, along with the basic building blocks of values. Finally, it discusses some characteristics that make humans unique: their ability to build on previous innovations; their differentiation into social roles and the assignment of consensually agreed social status; and their belief in supernatural agents.
Introduction
Authors: van Zomeren Martijn , Dovidio John F.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the meaning of the human essence in psychology and the potential impact of answers to the question of what is the human essence can have on the field. It highlights key perspectives on “the human essence” presented in the volume, with particular emphasis on the reciprocal relationships among individuality, sociality, and cultural embeddedness. The chapter explains how the evolution of humans’ cognitive abilities produced both unique individual capacities, such as powers of reflexivity, and social adaptations, such as the development of culture. It also discusses individuality as a human essence, which is a view expressed in in several chapters of the volume that draw insights from work on existential psychology, meaning, free will, self-evaluation, goals, and basic physiological processes. Another common theme it identifies across several chapters is that the capacity for change and growth through the pursuit of truth, beyond individual self-interest, represents the human essence. The chapter concludes with an overview of organization and the content of the other chapters in the volume.
Morality and Social Identity
Authors: Ellemers Naomi
Published: November 2017

Moral norms and values are key features of human essence, that provide the standards against which behavior is evaluated. Some moral norms and values are universally endorsed (e.g., “do no harm”), others can be more specific (e.g., “eat no meat”). Professional, cultural or religious groups and communities often define their own unique system of moral norms that true group members are expected to adhere to. These are used to identify ‘proper’ group members, regulate the behavior of individuals, and sanction those who transgress them. This is functional to the extent that such guidelines help provide groups and their members with a unique and distinct social identity. Yet they can also constitute a source of social tension and intergroup conflict. This hallmark feature of human morality represents an important challenge to contemporary societies.
Justice and Human Essence
Authors: Tyler Tom R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the human essence involves not only the desire to achieve justice but also the capacity to develop a consensus about what is just. It shows how justice provides the building blocks for cooperation and enhances people’s capacity to cooperate successfully. The chapter examines the role of justice in facilitating conflict management; in legitimating authorities as conflict managers, focusing on how a neutral authority can define the meaning of a fair outcome; and in helping social institutions to function as organizers of human activity. It also considers social identity, rule breaking, the notion of fairness, and the idea that people’s motivation to protect the group is part of core “human essence.” Finally, it explores the argument that justice is useful when it enables authorities to make and gain acceptance for agreements that resolve conflicts and enable cooperative relationships.
Prosocial Behavior as a Human Essence
Authors: Schroeder David A. , Graziano William G.
Published: November 2017

Aristotle said that humans are social animals; humans may also be described as prosocial animals. The chapter discusses prosocial tendencies as a core attribute of human psychological functioning and posits these tendencies as central to the human essence. Human prosocial behavior resides in the complex interconnections among factors affecting our prosocial lives. Penner, Dovidio, Piliavin, and Schroeder (2005) proposed a multi-level approach identifying not only types of prosocial behaviors but also the processes that motivate and regulate acts that benefit others. They structured the prosocial behavior domain hierarchically into three levels that provide mutually supportive, coherent, and comprehensive explanations for prosocial actions and a scaffolding for them that can be linked horizontally within and vertically between levels to provide an integrative “prosocial matrix.” Thus a consilience of prosociality emerges that suggests something unique about the human inclination to benefit others, supporting prosociality as an essential quality of being human.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Ziegfeld Adam
Published: November 2017

Throughout its history, India has employed first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral rules for nearly all of its legislative elections. Though India uses a relatively common set of electoral rules, three features of India’s FPTP electoral system stand out. First, India’s election constituencies exhibit persistent malapportionment, even after a recent redrawing of constituency boundaries. Second, India mandates representation for historically disadvantaged ethnic groups—and, more recently, women at the local level—by setting aside, or “reserving,” seats in which only members of certain groups may compete for office. Third, political parties often form pre-election alliances in which multiple parties agree not to field candidates against one another. As a result of frequent pre-election alliances, India’s party system exhibits a number of characteristics rarely found in countries using FPTP rules.
Electoral System Change
Authors: Renwick Alan
Published: November 2017

Most research into electoral systems focuses on their effects. Only recently has a significant literature emerged examining how they are chosen. This chapter explores four core issues in that literature. First, it considers what is meant by “electoral system change.” This can refer to changes of any scale to any electoral rules in any context, but typically—including here—a narrower definition is used. Second, the chapter investigates what electoral system changes happen. It considers the frequency of reforms and patterns in those reforms. Third, it examines the determinants of electoral system change. Most studies focus on the microfoundations of reform. Others highlight the systemic level. Both perspectives are needed to develop a complete picture. Finally, the chapter gauges the effects of electoral system change and assesses why such changes, notwithstanding important effects, often fail to deliver on their promoters’ expectations.
English Cinema and the Bible
Authors: Romanowski William D.
Published: November 2017

As prop, subject, quotation, or theme, the Bible appears both explicitly and implicitly in countless movies. Arranged to provide some historical context while considering films from the silent era to the present, this account considers significant films as part of an ongoing struggle between two dynamic institutions—religion and cinema—over cultural power and the function of entertainment. The tension between commercial and religious values is crucial to understanding the production and reception of Bible-related films and surrounding discourse. More than explicitly Bible-based fare, movies that fuse biblical motifs with American ideals and assumptions demonstrate the significance of the Bible and cinema as an expression of American culture.
The Bible in African American Culture
Authors: Smith Abraham
Published: November 2017

The chapter explores the motivations for the use of the Christian Bible in distinctive temporal arcs within African American culture. Initially, the chapter acknowledges the oddity of an African American affinity with the Bible because that Bible was deployed to support the enslavement and perpetual exploitation of African descendants in the British colonies that later became the United States. Then, it articulates three reasons for the aforementioned affinity: the availability of the Bible (especially the King James Bible) to provide a language world for personal and collective expression; the versatility or pliability of the Bible in the imagination of African Americans as they repeatedly and creatively read their own identities through the struggles of the characters of the Bible; and the perceived persuasiveness of the Bible in some of the heated debates with which the larger US public has been engaged since its inception.
The Bible and Catholicism
Authors: Senior Donald
Published: November 2017

The role of the Bible in Roman Catholicism in the United States has been shaped both by the history and teaching of the universal Catholic Church and by the particular social and religious context of North America. Catholic religious authorities in Europe viewed modern historical-critical methods of biblical interpretation with suspicion, a stance that also roiled the study and use of the Bible in American Catholicism. The impact of the Second Vatican Council opened the doors to the use of modern methods in biblical interpretation and sparked a strong biblical renewal in American Catholicism. The Protestant appeal to scripture (widespread in the United States) and the advent of ecumenism in Catholicism also contributed to an ever-growing popular use of the Bible in Catholic theology, catechesis, and devotional life.
The King James Only Movement
Authors: Hentschel Jason A.
Published: November 2017

An evangelical movement born of last century’s culture wars, King James Onlyism offers a glimpse into the way evangelicals view and use their Bibles. Having located the source of apostasy and cultural waywardness in the production of new biblical texts and translations, King James Onlyism insists that the only way to protect Christianity from collapsing into rampant subjectivism is to remain singularly faithful to the King James Bible translation. This chapter identifies this insistence with the movement’s professed quest for certainty and suggests that there are various far-reaching consequences to it that might do more to threaten evangelicalism than protect it.
The Bible and Evangelicalism
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: November 2017

No tradition of Christianity loves and venerates the Bible more than does evangelical Protestantism. The history of this love affair dates back to Evangelicalism’s extended roots in the sixteenth century. In fact, precisely because evangelicals tend to set aside other religious resources such as liturgies, creedal statements, sacramental rituals, and clerical hierarchies in favor of the Bible, the identity, activity, and vitality of evangelicals has depended crucially upon the Bible in their midst. This chapter surveys how the Bible has figured in evangelical life and suggests how the role of the Bible is under stress amid sweeping changes in contemporary evangelicalism’s theology, piety, and mission.
The Bible in Digital Culture
Authors: Weaver John B.
Published: November 2017

The digital Bible is often viewed as promising, with unparalleled accessibility to the biblical text through mobile and analytical technologies; it is also viewed as imperiling the reading of printed Bibles, undermining the reflective and collective practices that have shaped religious faith for hundreds of years. An idolatrous distraction by the overload of hypermedia Bibles, a prioritization of the individual’s consumerist choices, and a disengagement from community and conversation—all these challenges of the digital Bible are being addressed by a rise in hybrid reading practices that both retain printed Bibles for types of religious reading, and that utilize digital devices in “iDisciplines” supporting traditional and emerging practices of individual devotion and community formation.
The Bible and Pentecostalism
Authors: McClymond Michael J.
Published: November 2017

Pentecostal biblical interpretation rests on a hermeneutics of fulfillment, summarized in the words “this is that” (Acts 2:16). It presumes that an outpouring of the Holy Spirit is already in process and more is yet to come. Pentecostals construe the Bible not as detached, cognitive content, but as an active, efficacious power that they seek to enact experientially. Pentecostals try to bring their affective experience into alignment with scripture (orthopathy), and to live, feel, and act “as” biblical figures. Pentecostal preaching—especially in the black church—collapses the “two horizons” to effect a re-living of biblical stories. Neo-Pentecostalism brings a “Davidic” focus (worship, music, praise, spiritual warfare) alongside the “Lucan” focus of classical Pentecostalism (Spirit baptism, tongues-speaking, missions). By adopting New Testament supernaturalism with utter seriousness and treating first-century experiences as normative, Pentecostalism mediated between early twentieth-century fundamentalist biblical literalism and modernist contemporaneous experientialism, synthesizing these competing emphases.
Biblical Interpretation in Eighteenth-Century America
Authors: Stievermann Jan
Published: November 2017

Although the Bible in many ways continued to reign supreme in American culture through the American Revolution, there were changes at work that rendered its status and meaning much more equivocal by the end of the eighteenth century. New intellectual challenges arose to the authority of scripture, and its reach over the increasingly differentiated spheres of society diminished. Also, biblical interpretation (and the right to engage therein) became deeply contested as colonial religion was transformed by the Enlightenment and the evangelical revivals. Moreover, its entanglement with the discourses of British imperialism and later Whig republicanism had ambiguous effects on the traditional biblicism.
The Bible and Graphic Novels and Comic Books
Authors: Coates Andrew T.
Published: November 2017

“The Bible and Graphic Novels and Comic Books” argues that Protestants used images for a surprising range of religious purposes in their twentieth-century comic book Bibles. The chapter provides a brief theoretical overview of the medium of sequential art and the relationship between words and images in Protestant comic book Bibles. It also examines the history of Protestant comic book Bible production from the 1930s to the 2010s. The chapter argues that changing artistic styles in comic books reveal changing religious and cultural sensibilities in twentieth-century American Protestantism. The chapter offers close examinations of significant examples from the history of comic book Bibles, discussing the religious work these images performed in Protestant communities.
The Bible and Indigenous Language Translations in the Americas
Authors: Fisher Linford D.
Published: November 2017

Scholarship on Native Americans and the Bible has often focused on the 1663 Indian Bible produced under the direction of John Eliot, the English missionary. This chapter expands the purview of European translational activity in the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries by focusing on a fuller sample range of translations into indigenous languages. Doing so reveals the astonishing range of Bible related translations undertaken by Catholic missionaries in the Americas. Such a study demonstrates the ways in which alphabetic literacy was only one form of communicating biblical truths, while it also highlights the important roles indigenous people played in the translation process.
The Bible in American Law
Authors: Dreisbach Daniel L.
Published: November 2017

The Bible has had a significant impact on American law and constitutional tradition. The early colonists who settled in British North America brought with them the English common law, a system of jurisprudence that its leading authorities claimed was based on Christianity. Moreover, laws framed in the colonies, especially in New England’s Puritan commonwealths, drew explicitly and extensively on biblical law. As secular and separationists perspectives gained a following in the second half of the eighteenth century and the centuries thereafter, the Bible’s influence on law faced increasing challenges, and only laws that can be defended on secular grounds have survived into the twenty-first century.
Performing the Bible
Authors: Bielo James S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the phenomenon of performing the Bible; that is, transforming the written words of scriptures into materialized, experiential environments. Throughout the United States, the Bible is performed as replicas and re-creations of particular and general biblical scenes, characters, and stories through registers of museum, theme park, and garden. Distinctive insights into key dynamics of religious materiality and American religious history can be gained by closely analyzing the cultural production of sites that perform the Bible. Ultimately, the chapter argues that performing the Bible is a strategy for actualizing a problem that animates any and every lived expression of Christianity.
The Orthodox Christians and the Bible
Authors: Roeber A. G.
Published: November 2017

Orthodox Christians (Eastern or Oriental) regard the Bible as an integral but not exclusive part of tradition. They have historically encountered the Bible primarily through their liturgical worship. No fixed “canon” describes the role of the Bible in Orthodoxy. The history of the Orthodox Bible in America moved in stages that reflected the mission to First Peoples, arrival of Middle Eastern and Eastern European immigrants, and the catastrophic impact of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia on Orthodox communities in America. Recovery from the fragmented, ethno-linguistic expressions of Orthodoxy occurred only after World War II. Orthodox biblical scholarship began in earnest in those years and today Orthodox biblical scholars participate in national and international biblical studies and incorporate scholarly approaches to biblical study with patristic commentary and perspectives. Parish-level studies and access to English translations have proliferated although New Testament studies continue to outpace attention given to the Hebrew Bible.
Feminist Interpretation of the Bible
Authors: Setzer Claudia
Published: November 2017

Feminist biblical hermeneutics has produced many fissures. First-wave and second-wave feminists argued whether the Bible was even salvageable. Womanist and Latina interpreters insisted on the authenticity of their traditions. Second-wave scholars who excavated the texts for women’s history were critiqued by others who said “women” were purely constructs. Many scholars now seek to combine historical and ideological approaches. Third-wave feminists promote individualism and diversity, many continuing the struggle inherited from a previous generation. Because young feminists who remain in religious communities cannot take equality for granted, they exhibit a passion that promises to keep feminism vibrant in the twenty-first century.
American Bible Bindings and Formats
Authors: Perry Seth
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers an overview of the history and historiography of some of the nonverbal aspects of American Bibles, focusing on format, bindings, and paper. These features of Bibles have evolved both materially and symbolically, owing to changing technologies, economic considerations, aesthetic preferences, and, crucially, a tension between two opposed ideals regarding the Bible’s physical presence. Americans with various stakes in Bible production have shared a sense that Bibles should be both materially impressive and widely accessible. The changing forms of Bibles make particularly legible the push and pull between transcendence and immanence, a contest ongoing in the digital age.
The Bible in American Public Schools
Authors: Rosenblith Suzanne , Womac Patrick
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces the Bible’s path through the history of American public education beginning in the colonial period, where it was central to the project of education, through the Common School movement, where its relevance was challenged as Enlightenment and scientific reasoning took hold. By the turn of the twentieth century, the Bible had lost its stronghold on public schools and the contentious relationship was cemented through a series of court cases that continue to impact policy and curriculum to the present time. The chapter concludes by highlighting several contemporary policies implemented to try to return the Bible, in some fashion, to public schools.
The American Children’s Bible
Authors: Dalton Russell W.
Published: November 2017

Children’s Bibles have been among the most popular and influential types of religious publications in the United States, providing many Americans with their first formative experiences of the Bible and its stories. This chapter explores the variety of ways in which children’s Bibles have adapted, illustrated, and retold Bible stories for children throughout US history. Children’s Bibles served a variety of ends, such as teaching biblical literacy, instilling a fear and respect for God’s power and judgment, calling children to salvation in Jesus Christ, modeling moral virtues, and reframing Bible stories as fun and engaging stories that portray a friendly God who cares for children.
The Bible and Seventh-day Adventists
Authors: Miller Nicholas
Published: November 2017

The Seventh-day Adventist Church, a biblically conservative, Arminian, evangelical, Protestant denomination with roots in the Second Great Awakening of early nineteenth-century America, illustrates the shifting positions within American evangelicalism toward conservative readings of the Bible, and the impact of those readings on social engagement. Adventist leaders began with a moderate, thought-inspiration view of scripture and held to socially progressive views on race and gender. In the 1920s, the church shifted toward a more fundamentalist, verbal inerrancy approach to scripture, and they also shifted to conservative positions on issues of race and women’s involvement in ministry and leadership. Toward the end of the century, the influence of overseas missions began to temper the left‒right divide in the Western church, as conservative, but not fundamentalist, views from overseas became more influential, and social outlooks also became more progressive.
The Bible and the Religious Right
Authors: Barrett-Fox Rebecca
Published: November 2017

This chapter identifies the doctrines that are central to conservative American Christians’ interpretation of biblical texts. Such believers view their scriptures as inerrant, literal, divinely inspired, authoritative, easily understood, internally consistent, and coherent, a vision of the Bible that does not necessarily lead to conservative social and political views, even as those conservative Christians who participate in conservative politics insist that it must. Those who use conservative faith to justify conservative politics form the Religious Right, which seeks to form a “Bible-based” America, one in which a limited government promotes a strong international presence, free-market capitalism, and individual liberty. This chapter traces how the Religious Right promotes the Bible as the root of American law, a hierarchy that allows them to argue that all those in the United States, not merely conservative Christians, are under the authority of the Bible, creating a mandate for Christians to seek and maintain power.
Advancing Team Learning
Authors: Kozlowski Steve W. J. , Bell Bradford S.
Published: November 2017

Many scholars have observed that the structure of work in contemporary organizations is becoming increasingly team centric and that this structural shift is driven by pressures for organizational adaptation and innovation. This has prompted scholarly interest in the concept of team learning. Unfortunately, despite this rising interest, team learning as an area of theory development and research has been hampered by ongoing conceptual ambiguities and inconsistencies. In particular, learning processes and knowledge outcomes are often not distinguished clearly and are frequently treated interchangeably. Our goal is to articulate a clear conceptualization of team learning as a process and to distinguish team learning processes from team knowledge outcomes. We view this distinction as essential for advancing this important area of inquiry.
Recent Trends in Invertebrate Neuroscience
Authors: Gelperin Alan
Published: November 2017

This article presents a selective presentation of several notable trends in invertebrate neuroscience, which are intended to illustrate the central tenant that, essentially, basic invertebrate neuroscience and basic vertebrate neuroscience are converging to a remarkable degree. That is, the basic principles of cellular, network, and behavioral neuroscience are increasingly congruent within eukaryote phyla, with the notable exceptions of work that is explicitly clinical or concerned with pest control. The historical segregation of invertebrate and vertebrate neuroscience is of decreasing relevance and utility. An increasing literature has arisen that points out common structural and mechanistic themes across the invertebrate–vertebrate (IV) boundary. Among many examples, common neural circuit motifs play a causal role in decision-making circuits responsible for activating innate social behaviors in both Drosophila melanogaster and mice. Charles Darwin said, “It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another.” If some cephalopods are conscious, where do we draw the line?
Dewey on the Authority and Legitimacy of Law
Authors: Misak Cheryl
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, Dewey’s theory of law—its nature, authority, and legitimacy—is brought to the surface. It is argued that, from his entirely general pragmatist account of knowledge as seen through the lens of human inquiry, we find a promising theory not only of how we can make sense of getting things right in ethics but also in the law. Detours are taken to the work of James, Peirce, and Holmes, and, in the end, we find that Dewey builds on his pragmatist predecessors to offer a truly promising account and justification of the law as a series of provisional punctuation points in a democratic process of inquiry.
Dewey and the Quest for Certainty in Education
Authors: Noddings Nel
Published: November 2017

Following Dewey’s advice to move beyond the traditional search for antecedent certainty, several of his main ideas are applied in three areas: (a) the traditional highly specialized curriculum—the priority given to academic subjects, neglect of vocational education, and the faulty definition of “equality” as “sameness”; (b) a reconsideration of educational aims—neglect of moral/social aims, need to include these in all disciplines, preparation for life in participatory democracy, and importance of choice; and (c) importance of interdisciplinary studies—search for meaning and connection, incorporation of aims across disciplines.
Derridean Poststructuralism, Deweyan Pragmatism, and Education
Authors: Garrison Jim
Published: November 2017

Derrida’s deconstruction and rejection of the metaphysics of presence is examined along with Ferdinand de Saussure’s influence on Derrida’s trace of différance. The influence of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger is considered regarding Derrida’s commitment to a priori transcendentalism along with his strident anti-empiricism. Derrida’s approach to educational issues is surveyed with emphasis on his deconstruction of rationality and construction of a series of educational aporias providing occasion for novel topoi. It is shown that Dewey too rejects the metaphysics of presence in ways integral to his philosophy of education. Dewey and Derrida agree on the inevitable openness to otherness and difference. Dewey’s empirical pluralism and perspectivism is discussed as an alternative to Derrida’s quasi-transcendental apriorism. The conclusion proposes that Derrida’s putatively a priori quasi-transcendental deconstructive trace of différance is an a posteriori consequence within the trace of genetic inquiry; specifically, it is, a reified hypostatic abstraction.
Philosophy and the Mirror of Culture
Authors: McKenna Erin , Pratt Scott L.
Published: November 2017

Philosophy of language—the dominant philosophy of the American academy—is central to the rise of Donald Trump. To philosophers, this claim may seem as surprising as Trump’s presidency. Neither would have surprised John Dewey. In German Philosophy and Politics (1915), Dewey claimed that World War I was inevitable thanks to the Kantian philosophical commitments that informed German culture, such as the separation of reason from experience and an absolute sense of duty. In the 1943 edition, Dewey argued that Hitler’s rise and World War II depended on these same commitments. German philosophy was a mirror of German culture that provided a “definitely practical aid” in realizing the ends it reflected. Today, the mirror of American culture is the philosophy of the linguistic turn exemplified by the work of Robert Brandom. This chapter considers this link and argues for a recovery of a Deweyan pluralist philosophy of resistance and freedom.
Dewey and Environmental Philosophy
Authors: Thompson Paul B. , Piso Zachary
Published: November 2017

Though environmental philosophers trace the roots of environmental awareness to the decades of John Dewey’s prominence, Dewey himself was conspicuously mum about the environmental controversies of his day. A Deweyan environmental pragmatism, then, must find sustenance in less prosaically environmental themes of the American philosopher’s project. This chapter attends to Dewey’s notion of organism-environment interaction, which is at the core of Dewey’s understanding of experience and which informs Dewey’s philosophy from epistemology to aesthetics. The chapter stresses that Dewey’s notion of organism-environment interaction is an account of how organisms dynamically respond to changes in their environment. However, contrary to several misinterpretations of environmental pragmatism, this dynamic responsiveness is not a call for human control over nature. Indeed, we conclude that an environmental philosophy oriented by Dewey’s notion of organism-environment interaction provides promising approaches to interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, and environmental justice.
A New Framework for Interpreting Contact Rock Art
Authors: Smith Claire , Ralph Jordan , Lower Kylie , McKinnon Jennifer , Ebbs Matthew , Copley Senior Vincent
Published: November 2017

This chapter addresses the challenge of seeing beyond the motif. Based on a case study in the Mid North of South Australia, this chapter presents a new analytical framework for analyzing style in rock art and using stylistic characteristics to identify authorship. The framework can be customized to different sites and/or regions to provide more nuanced understandings of specific contact trajectories. The results of this study suggest that innovation in contact rock art initially occurs in a single aspect of style and that a sequencing of innovations may be able to provide a temporal succession for contact motifs. The wider value of this framework is that it provides a basis for developing regional or site-specific models of style that may help researchers obtain greater insight into the authorship of contact rock art in different parts of the world.
3-D Modelling in Rock Art Research
Authors: Jaillet Stéphane , Delannoy Jean-Jacques , Monney Julien , Sadier Benjamin
Published: November 2017

Recent developments in 3-D technology have resulted in considerable improvements in the recording and study of rock art sites in various parts of the world. These technologies make it possible to digitally document sites at nested scales, from detailed analyses of individual motifs on rock surfaces to entire sites in their broader landscape settings. Because of the increased precision that 3-D recordings bring, the results can be used to study the art and site settings, and to monitor and guide conservation strategies. This chapter outlines key principles underlying the production of 3-D imagery and how high-resolution 3-D models can benefit the spatial analysis of sites and landscapes and the interrelationship of features therein. The authors focus on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photogrammetry, distinctive approaches that are often applied together for a richer outcome.
Rock Arts, Shamans, and Grand Theories
Authors: Solomon Anne
Published: November 2017

The shamanistic or neuropsychological model for interpreting rock arts generally, and hunter-gatherer rock arts in particular, emerged in South African rock art research. It has since been applied more widely, notably in efforts to explain the origins of art. The model has evolved over three decades, adapting to critiques and incorporating new ideas and theoretical advances. This chapter is concerned with its development, from its structural-semiotic origins to an account that attempts to incorporate history, diversity and the temporality of human action. The model’s adequacy as an account of visual production and whether it has escaped from the generalizations of grand theorizing are also considered.
Marital Instability in the United States
Authors: Lehrer Evelyn L. , Son Yeon Jeong
Published: November 2017

This chapter surveys some of the main strands in the recent US literature on the economics of divorce. We discuss changes over time in the divorce rate, the widening gap in marital instability by socioeconomic status, and the increase in “gray divorce.” We review the role of age at entry into first marriage and how it differs by race/ethnicity. Compared to other developed economies, the divorce rate in the United States is exceptionally high. We offer possible explanations including the roles of theologically conservative religions and the high levels of both income inequality and teen fertility in the United States We review the effects of divorce reforms and the role of barriers to economic self-sufficiency. Finally, we discuss the effects of divorce on children’s well-being and the role of child support policies.