bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental impact of mechanical site preparation on mineral soils in Sweden and Finland — a review
Authors:   Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), Uppsala Science Park, 751 83, Uppsala, Sweden, Ring Eva , Sikström Ulf
Published: February 2024

Mechanical site preparation (MSP) is deliberate soil disturbance which is undertaken to improve the conditions for forest regeneration. Disc trenching and mounding are the dominant MSP practices currently used in Sweden and Finland. In this paper, the impacts of MSP on the soil, water quality, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ground vegetation of mineral soil sites in Sweden and Finland are reviewed. The practices considered are patch scarification, mounding, inverting, disc trenching, and ploughing, which together represent a wide range of soil disturbance intensity. The environmental effects of MSP in this region have not been studied extensively. The environmental impact of MSP derives from the process of creating microsites which involves horizontal and/or vertical redistribution of soil and soil mixing. This typically affects decomposition, element circulation and leaching, vegetation coverage and uptake of nutrients and water, and possibly erosion and sediment exports. Following disc trenching or mounding the effects on GHG emissions appear to be minor over the first two years. For a few years after disc trenching concentrations in soil water collected below ridges are higher than that below furrows for some elements (e.g., NO3-, NH4+, Mg2+, and total or dissolved organic C). The physical and chemical effects of ploughing remain detectable for several decades. There is little evidence about how the effects of forestry activities in upland areas on soil-water chemistry are transferred to adjacent surface water bodies, including what role streamside discharge areas play. MSP increases the tree biomass C store and may increase the total ecosystem C store. The impact of MSP on the cover and abundance of ground vegetation species depends on the composition of the original plant community, MSP intensity, and the establishment rate of different species. Species cover generally seems to decline for late succession understory species, while pioneer and ruderal species can benefit from the microsites created. Areas containing lichens which are used for reindeer forage require special consideration. More research is needed on the environmental effects of MSP, particularly regarding its long-term effects. Further efforts should be made to develop efficient site-preparation practices which better balance the disturbance intensity with what is needed for successful regeneration.
Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Novel Substituted (E)-2-Morpholinoquinoline- 3-carbaldehyde-O-((-1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)oxime Derivatives
Authors: Chatla Aruna Jyothi , Yerrabelly Jaya Praksh Rao , Dharavath Nagaraju , Shyam Panga
Published: February 2024

A new series of substituted (E)-2-morpholinoquinoline-3-carbaldehyde-O-((-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)oxime scaffolds were synthesized from involving alkynyl quinoline oximes with various aryl azides by click reaction obtained corresponding compounds with high yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS data. All the synthesized compounds screened anticancer activity against MCF-7, HeLa, PC-3 cell lines. All the compounds exhibited good results among them 8b, 8g and 8i compounds have shown prominent anticancer activity are compared to standard drug doxorubicin.
Physico-chemical Properties and Biological Activity of Honey from Two Districts of Tien Giang Province, Vietnam
Authors: Mai Huynh Cang , Nguyen Thuong Nhan Phu , Thi Nguyen Ngoc Lan , Thi Duong Ngoc Diep , Nguyen Bao Viet , Tran Dinh Huong , Thi Tran Thanh Tra , Le Minh Hoang , Phan Tai Huan
Published: February 2024

This study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical properties and biological activity of honey collected from the Tan Phu Dong and Cai Be districts of Tien Giang province, Vietnam. The results showed that the 19% and 20% moisture content honey from Tan Phu Dong district had viscosities of 1075 Cp and 1013.33 Cp, insoluble solid contents of 0.12% and 0.09%, acidities of 32.49 mg/1000 g and 30.49 mg/1000 g, diastase index of 4.5 Schade and 4.09 Schade, free reducing sugar content of 65% and 67%, HMF contents of 0.98 mg/100 g and 0.86 mg/100 g and antioxidant activity of 0.47 and 0.52 mg vitamin C equiv./mg dry wt, respectively. The honey from Cai Be district with 22% moisture content, viscosities, insoluble solid content, acidity, diastase index, free reducing sugar, HMF content and DPPH antioxidant activity displayed as 619 Cp, 0.119%, 46.41 mg/1000 g, 5 Schade, 60.28%, 0.38 mg/100 g and 0.45 mg vitamin C equiv./mg dry wt, respectively.
(RE)EXISTIR E RESISTIR EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA
Authors: Seron Kiouranis Taiza Daniela , Ebling do Nascimento Diego
Published: February 2024

Este trabalho apresenta o processo de criação coreográfica de GPT do grupo de Ginástica Para Todos da [suprimido para avaliação], realizado por meio da utilização de ferramentas digitais. A pesquisa encontra-se dentro da abordagem da pesquisa guiada-pela-prática. Oito pessoas participaram da experiência. Os resultados evidenciam uma proposta metodológica composta por três dimensões: temática; investigação individual; e elaboração coreográfica individual/coletiva. A experiência aponta para novas propostas pedagógicas de ensino-aprendizagem em ginástica, que contribuem para a formação humana e profissional dos participantes.
GYM FOR LIFE CHALLENGE
Authors: Soares Daniela Bento , Marconi Schiavon Laurita
Published: February 2024

Este estudo tem como objetivos principais apresentar o evento World Gym for Life Challenge e levantar reflexões sobre sucesso na Ginástica para Todos (GPT). Esse evento é definido pela Federação Internacional de Ginástica (FIG), sua promotora, como um concurso de coreografias de GPT, em que os grupos são avaliados e recebem medalhas e, dentre os melhores premiados, um destaca-se como o vencedor. As discussões apresentadas foram pautadas em discussões da primeira autora com pesquisadora mais experiente na área, de acordo com a metodologia de critical companionship, com base na experiência vivida de sua edição de 2017. Ao final do artigo, considerações sobre as competições/os concursos de GPT durante a pandemia são apresentadas.
IN-FLUÊNCIAS
Authors: Santos Luis Carlos Rodrigues dos , Fernandez Wesley , Andrade Silva Menezes Angélica , Maron Paulo
Published: February 2024

Trans-Ópera expressa a pesquisa artística do NUO-Ópera Lab e aqui refletimos sobre os processos do espetáculo trans-opéra “In-fluências”, no qual elementos gímnicos pensados a partir da GPT compuseram a preparação corporal e a performance. Para tanto, narrativas de artistas e referências teóricas são utilizadas para destacarmos as influências entre as duas práticas performáticas como experiências de resistência e produção de conhecimento, orientadas pelas relações humanas como lócus criativo.
ESTUDO DE CASO: VIVÊNCIA DAS LUTAS NA ESCOLA A PARTIR DA FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE
Authors: Deuschle Matheus Gustavo , Ramos Machado Henrique , Moreira de Oliveira André
Published: February 2024

Introdução: As modalidades de lutas são conteúdos da cultura corporal de movimento, devendo seu desenvolvimento ser realizado nas aulas de Educação Física Escolar. Com este estudo de caso, pode-se observar a maneira como as Lutas contribuem para potencializar a Educação Física Escolar. Sua aplicação demanda, assim como para demais unidades temáticas, de conhecimento prévio básico, desta maneira não há necessidade de especialização de gestos técnicos e segregação por esporte. Alguns professores da educação básica apresentam dificuldades ao trabalhar as lutas, classificando-as em fatores restritivos. Objetivo: Desta forma, o presente estudo apresentar uma proposta para a instrumentalização teórico-prática de discentes de Educação Física - Licenciatura ao conteúdo e prática das modalidades de Lutas, para posterior aplicação de aulas no contexto da escola. Metodologia: Aos métodos, buscou-se exemplificar uma proposta de ensino didático-metodológica, a partir do retrato da realidade em questão de forma completa e profunda, em modelo de estudo de caso, traçando uma análise completa acerca do desenvolvimento das propostas pedagógicas da disciplina e do professor em formação em que evidencia-se a singularidade do objeto de estudo. Às dinâmicas desenvolvidas em classe, os acadêmicos tiveram o contato prático com modalidades de combate e, posteriormente, atuaram na confecção de livros didáticos. Resultados: Dinamizou-se as ações docentes nas escolas em fatores restritivos, sendo o enfoque realizado à formação superior deficiente, falta de infraestrutura e desinteresse dos alunos às dinâmicas ofertadas, situações estas que podem ser corrigidas a partir da aproximação com instituições de ensino, criando laços de pesquisa e extensão universitária, enfatizando a formação continuada de docentes. Em contraponto, para propostas de ação, os acadêmicos desenvolveram livros didáticos e, em evolução gradativa, aproximaram-se do conteúdo e revelaram maior segurança para a prática docente no conteúdo Lutas. Conclusão: Assim, conclui-se que a partir da instrumentalização com participação teórico-prática dos docentes e discentes, a formação profissional e a prática nas instituições de ensino torna-se mais segura e, por consequência, de maior prazer e aproveitamento para toda a comunidade escolar.
MEMÓRIA DA DISCIPLINA DE LUTAS E ARTES MARCIAIS NA FORMAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA NO BRASIL
Authors: Pimenta Thiago , Eduardo Ferreira Marta Felipe , Alberto de Oliveira Marcelo , Janotta Drigo Alexandre
Published: February 2024

Os estudos históricos que se referem ao processo de formação são sempre bem vindos, contudo, também se entende como essencial estudar as disciplinas que fazem e fizeram parte do rol curricular dos graduados. O presente artigo teve como objetivo evidenciar a trajetória histórica e a inserção da disciplina de Lutas e Artes Marciais nas Escolas de formação profissional em Educação Física no Brasil, identificando atores sociais e os locais que permitiram seu processo de institucionalização na graduação. Utilizou-se como método a técnica de pesquisa documental e análise temática. Os dados foram tratados pela análise de contexto. Concluiu-se que as Lutas e Artes Marciais estiveram presentes na constituição da Educação Física no país, entretanto, os posicionamentos ao longo do processo histórico criaram campos distintos: o campo da formação e o campo das Lutas e Artes Marciais, evidenciando que a manutenção desta disciplina no currículo se deu por um processo de reprodução. Esta realidade prejudica, sobremaneira, o posicionamento e a intervenção dos profissionais e técnicos de Lutas e Artes Marciais no mercado, sugerindo maiores discussões sobre essa profissão no Brasil.
Ensino de revisões de escopo via tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação: relato de experiência
Authors: Silva Augusto Santana Palma
Published: February 2024

Objetiva-se o relato do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, mediado por Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação (smartphone, WhatsApp® e Messenger®), de estudos do tipo revisão de escopo a duas concluintes de um curso de especialização em uma instituição privada de ensino. O processo fora conduzido entre os meses de março e maio de 2022, ocorrendo na forma de encontros remotos e atividades assíncronas, incluindo leitura de textos previamente selecionados e etapas de execução de atividades. A estratégia adotada mostrou-se viável, sendo inclusive relatada pelas participantes como satisfatória, apesar de algumas dificuldades (presentes) relatadas. Ambas as aprendentes, findo o processo, apresentaram a capacidade de conduzir adequadamente etapas de identificação, triagem, seleção e inclusão, de maneira sistemática, de manuscritos de interesse. Reflexões do autor acerca do processo são apresentadas e, visando contribuir ao progresso e desenvolvimento científicos, propõe-se roteiro para estudo/ensino-aprendizagem da temática, incluindo o seu cadastro para acesso gratuito no ambiente Openredu.
Insurance Companies' Poor Adherence to Guidelines for Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis/Crohn's Disease Management
Authors: Anderson Kelsey L. , Anand Rajsavi , Feuerstein Joseph D.
Published: February 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease treatment transitioned from step-up therapy to induction of remission with a biologic agent, but insurance coverage varies.

METHODS:

Top 50 insurance companies were searched for publicly available policies for 5 biologic/small molecule agents. Data regarding coverage requirements were compared with American College of Gastroenterology/American Gastroenterological Association guidelines.

RESULTS:

Thirty-four insurers had public policies. Adherence to American College of Gastroenterology/American Gastroenterological Association guidelines ranged from 5.8% to 58.8%. Only 14.71% and 17.65% of policies permitted any first-line biologic therapy in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative colitis.

DISCUSSION:

Nearly every insurance company required failure of steroids and immunomodulators before biologic therapy. Further work is required to improve patient access to standard-of-care treatment.
A Rare Case of Gastric Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma With Orbital Involvement
Authors: Zhao Billy , Kim Hyun Jae , Tam Landon , Xiong Wei , Rosenfeld Greg
Published: February 2024

Gastric extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare presentation of a rare disease. We report a 33-year-old woman presenting with epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Endoscopic examination revealed gastric and duodenal ulceration. Biopsy of the ulcers revealed ENKTL. The patient began treatment, but developed hemorrhagic shock from her ulcers and died. Gastric ENKTL is a rare disease that presents with gastric ulceration. It has a high rate of mortality, and treatment is challenging because of its aggressive nature and lack of high-quality data to guide therapy.
ensino de filosofia na educação popular
Authors: Lima Carlos Edimilson Avila de , Silva Mitieli Seixas da , Schmitz Sarah Paiva da Silva
Published: February 2024

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma leitura local, a partir das experiências e vivências no curso de educação popular Pré-Universitário Popular Alternativa, acerca dos primeiros impactos da implementação da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (2018) nos currículos do Ensino Médio (EM). Dessa forma, pretende-se realizar uma apresentação crítica do Novo EM no Rio Grande do Sul e da recepção dele por parte da comunidade escolar, focando na experiência de educação popular. Ademais, o artigo embasa-se em uma metodologia de pesquisa pós-crítica cartográfica (Passos; Barros, 2009), que busca fugir das metanarrativas e construir uma leitura a partir das micropolíticas e microrrelações (Silva, 2010). Nesse sentido, utilizamos um questionário com os educandos do Curso Pré-Universitário Popular Alternativa. O apoio em Freire justifica-se, principalmente, pela conceituação de educação popular, pensada como um elemento da resistência do pensamento crítico frente a retrocessos neoliberais, como as supracitadas reformas na área da educação no Brasil. Quanto à especificidade do ensino de Filosofia, busca-se suporte em Cerletti (2009) por conta de sua noção de autonomia a partir do ensino de Filosofia como resultado de uma pedagogia cuja construção é coletiva.
Doradztwo zawodowe jako działanie wartościowe i pożądane społecznie
Authors: Barańska Magdalena
Published: February 2024

Vocational guidance can be very generally called a process of getting to know oneself. It is a lifelong process, inextricably linked to all the activities that an individual undertakes. Around the world, for almost a century, researchers have been trying to answer the question of why people make specific educational and professional choices. What determines success and what influences failure. The authors of the resulting theories not only answer those questions but create as well methodologies for working with a person in need of support, construct the necessary tools for this process. Over the years counseling has evolved from a very directive relationship to a partnership in which the vocational counselor has become a companion, a partner of the person being counseled. The article outlines what is career counseling, who is the counselor and why it is worthwhile to use this form of support, in an individual and social context.
Social Work in Germany
Authors: Hopmann Benedikt , Schmitt Caroline , Witte Matthias D.
Published: February 2024

Social Work in Germany developed out of the tradition of assistance for the poor and the youth movement. The two historical fields of social work (Sozialarbeit) and Social Pedagogy (Sozialpädagogik) overlap, and in this contribution they are united under the heading of Social Work (Soziale Arbeit). This contribution offers insights into the historical emergence of Social Work in Germany, its organisational structures, its working methods and the current debate on how to make the German welfare system inclusive. This fundamental structural change is an invitation to the infrastructures of Social Work to undertake critical re-assessment and reflection. The contribution concludes with some ideas on what Social Work could be like if it is led by critical reflection, is self-confident, constantly scrutinises the directions it is taking in the light of its aspiration to produce inclusion and promote autonomy, and if its national and international organisations and global expertise are even more united than before.
New perspectives on civic engagement as outcome of higher education: an exploratory case study
Authors: Van den Wijngaard Oscar , Beausaert Simon , Gijselaers Wim , Segers Mien
Published: February 2024

This study explores the potential of a new perspective on research into the impact higher education has on the civic engagement of students. We propose a shift from viewing engagement itself as the key dependent variable to two ‘fundamental constituents’, political interest and agency. Both constituents have been presented as either static or determined entirely by factors external to education such as maturation, but also as dynamic and affected by various aspects of the educational experience in higher education. Furthermore, as analyses of these effects based on sample means do not account sufficiently for the intersectionality of background variables that define the student experience, we propose that data are explored through cluster analysis. Employing this type of analysis, a case study conducted at a small international liberal arts college in the Netherlands showed four distinctly different patterns in the development of both constituents of civic engagement. Based on further data obtained from the same sample, we offer suggestions for specific foci in further research about the impact of higher education on the development of civic engagement.
Building planar polygon spaces from the projective braid arrangement
Authors: Daundkar Navnath , Deshpande Priyavrat
Published: February 2024

The moduli space of planar polygons with generic side lengths is a smooth, closed manifold.
It is known that these manifolds contain the moduli space of distinct points on the real projective line as an open dense subset.
Kapranov showed that the real points of the Deligne–Mumford–Knudson compactification can be obtained from the projective Coxeter complex of type 𝐴 (equivalently, the projective braid arrangement) by iteratively blowing up along the minimal building set.
In this paper, we show that these planar polygon spaces can also be obtained from the projective Coxeter complex of type 𝐴 by performing an iterative cellular surgery along a subcollection of the minimal building set.
Interestingly, this subcollection is determined by the combinatorial data associated with the length vector called the genetic code.
Potential of multifunctional electrospun nanofibers in cancer management
Authors: AL-Attabi Abduladheem , Abdulhadi Mohanad Ali , Al-Ameer Lubna R. , Hussein Mohammed Dohan Naeem , Abdulameer Sada Jasim , Zabibah Rahman S. , Fadhil Ali A.
Published: February 2024

A controlled and sustained release of drugs is much more desirable and beneficial when dealing with cancer, as such drugs also harm normal cells. Available anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy are associated with severe side effects due to high dosage requirements. Electrospun nanofibers have an extensive surface area, controllable pore size, and tunable drug release profiles, which make these nanofibers promising candidates in the medical field. Electrospun fibrous matrices are increasingly used in cancer research as patches for drug delivery in living organisms and as scaffolds for cancer modeling in the lab. Towards these applications, nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning have exhibited great clinical potential as a biomimetic tumor microenvironment model for drug screening, a controllable platform for localized, prolonged drug release for cancer therapy, and a human cancer diagnostic tool for capture and isolation of circulating tumor cells in the bloodstream and detection of cancer-associated biomarkers. This review briefly describes most of the materials used in electrospinning. Then, we discuss two ways that electrospinning is used to fight cancer: first, as patches with anticancer agents for therapeutic cargo delivery, and second, as three-dimensional fiber for filtering and detecting cancers.
Performance analysis of FSO link under the effect of fog in Delhi region, India
Authors: Kaur Sanmukh
Published: February 2024

Fog attenuation causes more loss than other weather conditions in a free space optics (FSO) link thus limiting the visibility distance. This work presents a detailed survey on the attenuation of the transmitted signal as a result of variation in visibility range caused by different fog conditions of the Delhi, Safdarjung region. Kim and Kruse models have been used to calculate attenuation as a result of fog conditions for three specific months (January, February and December) for seven consecutive years starting from 2013 to 2019. Received signal quality has been analyzed as a function of transmitted power, data rate, transmission range and operation wavelength. Descriptive statistical analysis of real time observed visibility data allows for the estimation of specific optical attenuation and enables in determining the link availability of the region for the complete year.
The crystal structure of poly[di(μ2-aqua)-diaqua-bis(3-aminopyridine-4-carboxylate-κ2
O: O′)-tetra(μ2-3-aminopyridine-4-carboxylate-κ2
O: O′)-dineodymium(III), [Nd2(C6H5N2O2)6(H2O)4]
n
Authors: Pan Xiang-Ping , Ping Zhao-Yan , Zhao Wang , Zheng Qing-Hua
Published: February 2024

[Nd2(C6H5N2O2)6(H2O)4]
n
, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.383(3) Å, b = 22.741(6) Å, c = 18.775(5) Å, β = 90.231(5)°, V = 4006(2) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt
(F) = 0.0427, wRref
(F
2) = 0.0862, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of poly[diaqua- (μ4-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxylato-κ5N:O,O’:O’’:O’’’)calcium(II), C10H9CaN3O6
Authors: Zhao Xing-Ling , Zhang Qi-Hang , Yang Jian-Feng , Wu Xue-Yuan
Published: February 2024

C10H9CaN3O6, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 9.3441(2) Å, b = 6.6142(2) Å, c = 18.6509(4) Å, β = 92.001(2)°, V = 1151.99(5) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0398, wR
ref (F
2) = 0.1101, T = 298 K.
Biosurfactants as determinants of the quality anti-aging products
Authors: Kwaśniewska Dobrawa
Published: February 2024

Analysing the possibilities of obtaining biosurfactants and using waste materials as substrates for their production allows us to emphasize that biosurfactants are in line with the ideas of sustainable development and the protection of non-renewable resources. These ideas also apply to the engineering and technology of cosmetic products. For this reason, and because of the multi-functionality of biosurfactants, their role and widespread use in cosmetic formulations is likely to increase. Biosurfactants tend to have good surface properties. Their structural diversity results in differences in biological, antioxidant or biocidal activity. The paper presents the potential of biosurfactants that could be used in the composition of products dedicated to the fight against the problems of ageing skin. Particularly important in the skin ageing process is the fight against radicals and the prevention of collagen loss in the skin. The overall appearance of the skin also depends on the level of hydration and roughness. Biosurfactants also have an effect on the melanogenesis process, controlling hyperpigmentation. A relatively new approach to the fight against skin ageing emphasizes the role of the microbiome, and available research also points to the correlation of biosurfactants with maintaining the correct structure of the microbiome.
Synthesis and structure of a manganese(II) coordination polymer assembled with 5-(tert-butyl)isophthalic acid and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone
Authors: Chang Xin-hong
Published: February 2024

A manganese(II) coordination polymer [Mn(tbip)(DMI)]
n
(1), (tbipH2 = 5-(tert-butyl)isophthalic acid, DMI = 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone), has been synthesized under “urea-thermal conditions” (i.e. in an excess of urea). Its structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and further characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectra. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4. In 1, the [tbip]2− ligand bridges the Mn(II) cations to form infinite chains, and the neighbouring chains are connected through [tbip]2− ligands into layers.
A geometric morphometric approach to distinguish ferret from polecat and its application to an archaeological specimen from Mechelen (Belgium)
Authors: Gruwier Ben
Published: February 2024

The inability to differentiate skeletal remains belonging to the ferret from those of its wild ancestor, the European polecat, presents a particular challenge for zooarchaeologists which currently hinders a better understanding of ferret domestication history. Using a geometric morphometric approach on the mandible, this study provides a new method to distinguish the two forms. Despite a small sample size and some overlap in the dataset, this method allowed the identification of a (post)medieval specimen from Mechelen (Belgium) as a wild polecat. Results demonstrate that ferrets can largely be distinguished from polecats based on mandibular morphology.
The Training and Tapering Practices of Highland Games Heavy Event Athletes
Authors: Winwood Paul W. , Keogh Justin W.L. , Travis S. Kyle , Grieve Ian , Pritchard Hayden J.
Published: February 2024

Winwood, PW, Keogh, JW, Travis, SK, Grieve, I, and Pritchard, HJ. The training and tapering practices of Highland Games heavy event athletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): e116–e124, 2024—This study provides the first empirical evidence of how Highland Games heavy event athletes train and taper for Highland Games competitions. Athletes (n = 169) (mean ± SD: age 40.8 ± 10.7 years, height 181.2 ± 9.5 cm, weight 107.2 ± 23.0 kg, 18.8 ± 10.3 years of general resistance training, and 8.1 ± 6.9 years of competitive Highland Games experience) completed a self-reported 4-page online survey on training and tapering practices. Analysis by sex (male and female) and competitive standard (local or regional, national, and international) was conducted. Seventy-eight percent (n = 132) of athletes reported that they used a taper. Athletes stated that their taper length was 5.2 ± 3.5 days, with the step (36%) and linear tapers (33%) being the most performed. Athletes reported that their highest training volume and intensity were 5.5 and 3.8 weeks out (respectively) from competition, and all training ceased 2.4 ± 1.4 days before competition. Training volume decreased during the taper by 34%. Athletes typically stated that, tapering was performed to achieve recovery, peak performance, and injury prevention; training intensity, frequency, and duration stayed the same or decreased; game-specific training increased with reductions in traditional exercises; the caber toss, weight for height, and heavy weight throw were performed further out from competition than other events; muscular power and strength were the most common types of training performed; static stretching, foam rolling, and massage were strategies used in the taper; and poor tapering occurred because of life/work circumstances, lack of sleep/rest, or training too heavy/hard. These results may aid Highland Games athletes to optimize training and tapering variables leading to improved performances.
Gas Chromatographic Data Compilation
Authors: Schupp E. O. , Lewis J. S.
Published: February 2024

For the past several years an increasing amount of gas chromatographic data has been published for a wide variety of materials. A system for compiling published data as well as privately generated data was developed by the Gas Chromatography Subcommittee of the Tennessee Eastman Company Analytical Committee[1]. Data are coded in a standard form and are stored in IBM cards. When desired, the retention data can be retrieved directly from the cards or from listings of the accumulated data which are produced periodically.
Interlaboratory Cooperative Study of the Precision of the Measurement of Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere
Authors: Foster J. F. , Beatty G. H. , Howes J. E.
Published: February 2024

This report presents the results obtained from an experimental study of the variability inherent in measurements of particulate matter in the atmosphere using ASTM Method D 1704(1). This procedure measures the optical density of particulate deposits filtered from a measured quantity of ambient air. The report includes a description of the experimental program, together with tabulations of the data and the statistical interpretations of the results.
Viscosity Index Tables for Celsius Temperatures
Authors: Wright W. A. , Talbot A. F. , Manning R. E.
Published: February 2024

These tables were prepared to provide a convenient means of obtaining the viscosity index of petroleum products and lubricants without the necessity of calculation. They have been prepared under the sponsorship of Research and Development Division VII on Flow Properties of ASTM Committee D-2.
The Relationship Between High-Temperature Oil Rheology and Engine Operation
Authors:   ASTM Committee D02
Published: February 2024

PURPOSE. The ASTM High-Temperature Rheology/Engine Correlation Task Force (ASTM D02.07.0B TF/EC) has written this status report in partial response to a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) request to “develop a test method which incorporates high-temperature, high-shear rate viscometrics or other rheological characteristics to predict the performance of both single and multigrade (i.e., both Newtonian and VI-improved) engine oils in engine bearings and/or the ring and cylinder area (1). “Although this report does not deal with the development of particular viscosity measurement techniques, it does have two specific objectives which relate to this SAE request: (1) to summarize, and interpret, as necessary, all pertinent published studies relating high-temperature oil rheology to selected measures of engine performance and durability, and (2) to suggest areas for possible future research needed to resolve any uncertainties which remain regarding the effects of oil rheological properties on these same engine operating factors.
Chapter 1 | Introduction
Authors: Dick John S.
Published: February 2024

Rubber manufacturing is composed of mostly four different types of processes which include (1) processing with conventional vulcanization, (2) processing with thermoplastic elastomers, (3) processing with polyurethane thermosets, and (4) processing with natural or synthetic rubber latex. The vast majority of economic activity today uses the processes dealing with conventional rubber vulcanization. There are numerous rubber products discussed which include light, medium, and heavy-duty truck tires, passenger tires, airplane tires, motorcycle tires, bicycle tires, rubber hose, conveyor belts, flat belts, rubber seals, gaskets, dynamic seals, radial lip seals, radial shaft seals, packings, fluid seals, bushings, motor mounts, isolators, dampers, shoe heel and soles, single ply roofing, cellular rubber products, rubber coated fabrics, rubber gloves, surgeon's gloves, examination gloves, blowout preventers, tank lining, wire and cable insulation, rubber rollers, etc. The rubber industry is based on many raw materials such as many different synthetic and natural rubbers combined in a proprietary recipe with a filler/oil system, such as naphthenic oil and carbon black or precipitated hydrated silica with organosilanes as well as proprietary curative packages based on usually a sulfur-based system, but sometimes a peroxide system. Some of the common synthetic elastomers used include SBR, CR, NBR, CIIR, AEM, CSM, EPDM, BR, silicone rubber, FKM, etc. So, thousands of proprietary recipes are based on a rubber system, a filler/oil system, a curative package, and a antidegradant system. A rubber processing plant may consist of an internal mixing system, an extruder, a sheet calender, a fabric calender, an autoclave, or compression molding, or tire curing presses, or rotary cure press (rotocure), or injection molding, or continuous vulcanization units, to name a few. Most of these manufacturing steps are very capital intensive.
Assessment of the Relative Toxicity of Materials: Concept of a Limiting Toxicant
Authors: Petajan JH , Baldwin RC , Rose RF , Jeppsen RB
Published: February 2024

Experiments were conducted on male Long-Evans rats instrumented for measurement of vital functions and a conditioned avoidance response. An intra-arterial cannula was used for removal of blood samples. Rats were exposed to combustion products of three polymeric materials. A National Bureau of Standards smoke chamber and a smaller “static” chamber were used for exposures. Material A produced a syndrome of carbon monoxide (CO)-induced anoxia, the severity of which depended only upon the amount of material degraded and not upon the mode of combustion (heat flux, flaming, or nonflaming). Material B produced a syndrome of epilepsy and carboxyhemoglobin levels below 10 percent. Material C produced a metabolic acidosis and mild CO-induced anoxia, the severity of which was related to the amount of material degraded, irrespective of the combustion mode. The combustion products of Materials B and C produced intoxication syndromes distinctly different from the syndrome of CO-induced anoxia produced by Material A. “Limiting” toxicants or substances with high biological activity may be present in combustion products and produce unique intoxication syndromes.
Vibrations in Semi-Infinite Solids Due to Periodic Surface Loading
Authors: Sung Tse Yung
Published: February 2024

This paper is an analytical study of the behavior of an elastic foundation that is subjected to a periodic loading on a portion of its top surface. The foundation is regarded as an elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous semi-infinite solid, or half-space. The periodic pressure forces, distributed axial-symmetrically over a circular region of the surface, represent the action of a mechanical oscillator which rests on the foundation. This study is essentially an extension of a previous analysis by E. Reissner (8), but the additional complication arising from a change in pressure distribution at the oscillator base is also considered. Three assumptions were made which defined the distribution of pressure as (a) uniform, (b) parabolic, and (c) that produced by a rigid base in the static case, at the surface of the foundation. The resonant frequency, the amplitude of oscillation, and the input power requirement were shown to depend upon the pressure distribution as well as upon the characteristics of the oscillator-foundation system. These characteristics are determined as functions of the radius of the loading area, the static weight of the oscillator, the material constants of the foundation, and the radius of rotation as well as the weight of the rotating mass. The effects of these variables are shown by a series of curves. By use of these curves, it is possible to evaluate the elastic constants of a given foundation by means of suitable tests. These elastic constants may then be used as a basis for computing the critical frequency, the amplitude of oscillation, and the power requirement for a wide range of oscillator-foundation combinations.
Macromeritic Liquids
Authors: Winterkorn Hans F.
Published: February 2024

In the theoretical study of the response of a soil system to dynamic loading, one usually makes the assumption that the soil system represents essentially a perfectly elastic, isotropic medium, introducing later adjustments and corrections to take care of the nonideal behavior of actual soils. However, as a good mathematician tests the general validity of a formula by applying it first to extreme conditions, in qualitative thinking, which should precede every quantitative formulation, it is justified and often very profitable to start with extreme concepts. For the case under consideration, one extreme concept is to consider a soil as a perfectly elastic, isotropic medium; the other extreme is to consider it as an actual or potential macromeritic liquid. The latter approach has been employed in this exploratory paper for the case of sand assemblies.
Introduction
Authors: Kloeblen E. M.
Published: February 2024

A Symposium on Effect of Temperature on the Brittle Behavior of Metals with Particular Reference to Low Temperatures, sponsored by the Low Temperature Panel of the ASTM-ASME Joint Committee on the Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, was presented at the Annual Meeting of ASTM in June 1953. The symposium papers and discussion were published as ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 158 which was widely hailed and broadly distributed. That symposium covered the history and evaluation of brittle failure in ships and engineering structures, presented criteria of metal behavior, and touched on metallurgical and mechanical influences, methods, and reliability of notch-toughness tests. It featured experience in testing several of the recently introduced high-strength quenched-and-tempered steels, titanium, and several types of cast irons. During the ensuing years data on brittle fracture in metals increased several fold as a result of continued testing programs, the continued introduction of different alloys and chemical analyses by the producers, and the zeal of numerous organizations in conducting tests designed to indicate the resistance to brittle fracture of metals of special interest to them or dictated by heretofore untried service conditions imposed upon engineering structures and constructions. In the preparation of the current symposium, the Low Temperature Panel decided to seek papers that would relate the vast amount of data and research to the problems of the design engineer of 1961 and attempt to summarize results, such as evaluating the low-temperature properties of specific metallic materials and the test methods used. All efforts were geared to avoid detailed reporting of test data in favor of presenting information of vital interest and directly applicable to problems in designing for low-temperature service. Authors were asked to emphasize their interpretations rather than to dwell at great length on the voluminous test records.
Effect of U-Notch Depth on Impact Resistance under Simple Beam Loading
Authors: Reymond Donald C.
Published: February 2024

This study was made in an attempt to establish impact values for Mesnager and DVM notched specimens which would correspond to the 15 ft-lb American Charpy-U acceptance value. Two 12 in. thick plate materials, carbon steel (A 201) and 3.5 per cent nickel steel (A 203 grade D) were investigated. All impact specimens were taken parallel to the rolling direction. Although the transverse direction was not studied, it is presumed that a correlation similar to that reported herein exists. During breaking of impact specimens, a volume of material under the notch is plastically deformed. The major portion of the energy required to fracture the specimen is absorbed by this plastic deformation. Therefore, for impact specimens of constant width and varying notch depth, the impact strength should vary as the square of any similar cross-sectional dimension of plastically deformed metal. This theory has been substantiated by the present study. Using notches 2, 3, and 5 mm deep (Mesnager, DVM, and American Charpy-U specimens, respectively), the height of metal under the notch was chosen as the cross-sectional dimension of plastically deformed metal to investigate. The impact strength was found to vary almost exactly as (8) : (7) : (5). Therefore, for Mesnager and DVM specimens to have impact strength equivalent to 15 ft-lb Charpy-U they should exhibit strengths of approximately 38 and 29 ft-lb, respectively.
Brittle Fracture Transition of Some Concrete Reinforcing Steels
Authors: Tarr Allan L.
Published: February 2024

Catastrophic brittle fracture service failures have occurred in structures made from steels which were considered to be ductile as judged by the customary tension tests. Many of these failures occurred with extreme suddenness, without any noticeable deformation and under conditions where the nominal stress was at very low values—well below the yield strength values determined by tension tests. Another feature of these failures is that they occurred at temperatures within the range of temperatures where notch-bar impact tests show a marked decrease in energy-absorbing capacity and the nature of fracture changes from ductile, with a large proportion of shear failure and considerable deformation to brittle, with fracture largely of the cleavage type accompanied by little or no noticeable deformation. Detailed studies have indicated that low-strength catastrophic failures appear to be the result of a small notch, crack, or other defect, combined with the presence of unfavorable residual stress, a sufficiently low temperature, and a certain minimum level of load stress. To avoid brittle fracture, or at least to minimize the probability of its occurrence in ships and pressure vessels, steps are now being taken to limit the operating temperature relative to the transition temperature of the steel used, the residual stress, the load stress, or the defect size. However, there is little or no indication that such practices have been given any consideration for “blast-resistant” protective structures or any other type of reinforced concrete structures. There is apparently no report on the resistance of such structures at low atmospheric temperatures. This appears to be a serious oversight when it is realized that the transition range of steels used for reinforcing steel bars may be expected to lie in the range of ordinary atmospheric temperatures and that the deformations on the surface of reinforcing bars along with other irregularities may provide numerous locations for the initiation of cracks which could propagate into catastrophic failures.
Influence of Sheet Thickness on Sharp-Edge-Notch Properties of a β Titanium Alloy at Room and Low Temperatures
Authors: Repko A. J. , Jones M. H. , Brown W. F.
Published: February 2024

The influence of sheet thickness on the sharp-edge-notch properties of B120 VCA titanium alloy was investigated. Tests were made at both room and low temperatures. Thicknesses between 0.010 and 0.130 in. were obtained by: (1) machining material from one sheet to the desired thickness, (2) rolling material from this same sheet to the desired thickness, and (3) using material from individual heats of various thicknesses. Tests at low temperature were confined to the last condition. Room-temperature data for aged (900 F, 72 hr) sheet were analyzed to yield the absolute effect of thickness on fracture toughness, per cent shear, and slow crack extension. At room temperature, solution treated sheet in all thicknesses was extremely tough. Inherently large differences in the sharp-notch properties between the various heats of aged material obscured the thickness effect when each thickness represented a different heat. The absolute thickness effect for aged material was established by machining the desired thicknesses from a single heat of the alloy. In general this effect corresponded to that expected on the basis of Irwin's fracture mechanics with the exception that no abrupt fracture mode transition was observed and that the slow crack extension was independent of thickness. Regarding the effect of testing temperature, it was shown that the solution treated condition of B120 VCA is very tough down to −110 F but quite brittle at −320 F.
Glazing Recommendations for Large Insulating Glass Units
Authors: Johnston B. M.
Published: February 2024

The use of large insulating glass units has necessitated an updating of glazing methods. This paper presents information on areas of glazing such as rabbet, blocking, and gasket design, curtain wall framing considerations, and the effect of building movement on curtain wall framing and glazing systems.
Design And Simulation of a Hexagonal High-Gain MIMO Patch Antenna For 5G Applications
Authors: Borel Touko Tcheutou Stephane , Priyadarshini Rashmi
Published: February 2024

View of the technological evolution and the problems encountered by the world, researchers are obliged to find solutions, particularly researchers in the field of antennas. This article has been devoted to the design and study of a hexagonal dual-band MIMO patch antenna for Satellite and 5G applications. Several parameters have been studied, we can quote among other things the gain, the bandwidth, the radiation diagram, the directivity, and the distribution of the electric field E. To achieve these studies and find optimal solutions, several designs have been made like the design of a simple hexagonal patch antenna, and, in the end, the proposed antenna is a MIMO with a hexagonal shape and 2 feeding ports. The proposed antenna operates at 25 GHz as the central frequency. The obtained ECC (envelope correlation coefficient) value is less than 0.006 for the entire operating bandwidth, which satisfies the standard value criteria of less than 0.5 and indicates minimal isolation between the antenna arrays. The values of the gain and the maximum directivity of the antenna obtained are respectively 8.12 dB and 8.37 dB, which gives us an efficiency of the antenna at 97.01% with high isolation > 25 dB. The results are found to be sufficient for the device to be used for mm-wave 5G MIMO applications. Additional MIMO performance metrics, such as the channel capacity loss (CCL), diversity gain (DG), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC), are evaluated.  All this work has been done using HFSS 15 as software.