bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Band Alignment of Sputtered Aluminum‐Doped Zinc Oxide/Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Heterojunction Determined by X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Hongpeng , Huang Tianli , Cao Rongjun , Wang Shaochong , Bo Peng , Wu Jibao , Wang Chen , Jia Renxu , Zhang Yuming , Chen Chengying , Zhang Hongyi
Published: February 2025

Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) with transport conducting oxide electrodes (such as aluminum zinc oxide (AZO)) has attracted significant attention for enhancing the device performance and stability of flexible transparent thin‐film transistors (TFTs). In this study, the band alignment of IGZO/AZO heterojunction with different aluminum (Al) ratios is investigated using X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible transmittance spectroscopy. The IGZO films are prepared by high‐power impulse magnetron sputtering, whereas the AZO films with different Al ratios are deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The valence band offsets of AZO/IGZO with 2.31% and 9.15% Al ratios are determined to be 0.41  and 0.48  eV, respectively, and the conduction band offsets are −0.65  and −0.54  eV, respectively. The bandgaps (Eg) of IGZO, 2.31% Al‐doped AZO, and 9.15% Al‐doped AZO are determined to be 3.47, 3.23, 3.41 eV, respectively. A staggered, type II alignment with different band offsets is observed at the AZO/IGZO heterojunction owing to the different amounts of Al in AZO, which modifies the bandgaps and related band offsets. The accurately determined results provide useful information for the further optimization and application of transparent TFTs using AZO/IGZO heterojunctions.
Photoluminescence Properties of Mn2+‐Doped CdS/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Controlled Concentration and Doping Position
Authors: Yanagisawa Yusuke , Takayama Marino , Yamashita Atsushi
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the photoluminescence (PL) properties of Mn2+‐doped CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals, focusing on the effects of Mn2+ concentration and doping position on energy transfer dynamics. A fast decay component in the PL decay profiles, attributed to energy transfer from the CdS core to Mn2+ ions, is observed and characterized by a single‐exponential function with a lifetime of ≈10–20 ns. The results show that increasing Mn2+ concentration leads to a decrease in the PL intensity of CdS excitons and a corresponding enhancement of Mn2+ emission. Additionally, the energy transfer efficiency is found to decrease as the Mn2+ ions are positioned further from the CdS core, highlighting the importance of the doping position. These findings provide deeper insights into nanosecond‐scale energy transfer dynamics and emphasize the significance of optimizing both dopant concentration and position to tailor the optical properties of nanomaterials.
Enhanced Gradient Field Compensation in Multi‐Channel Atomic Magnetometers with Adaptive Algorithms
Authors: Zhang Yaohua , Wang Zhuo , Cao Li , Tang Junjian , Zhai Yueyang , Wang Yaxiang
Published: February 2025

The utilization of spin‐exchange relaxation‐free (SERF) effects in atomic magnetometers is demonstrated significant potential for ultrasensitive biomagnetic field measurements. However, the presence of residual gradient fields could introduce additional spin‐exchange relaxation, which will attenuate the response of the magnetometer. Consequently, it is crucial to compensate these residual gradients for maintaining high sensitivity and accuracy in SERF magnetometers. This study developed an optimized technique that leveraged both gradient and homogeneous coils to rapidly mitigate position‐dependent gradients. By applying adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimization, the quadratic loss function is efficiently solved and the optimal current is determined. This experiment demonstrated over 90% suppression of the residual fields and a significant reduction in the inter‐channel deviations by an order of magnitude. In a simulated large gradient field environment, the sensitivities of multi‐channel magnetometers improved from 100 to 15 after compensation. The proposed method showcased substantial enhancements in residual homogeneity and sensor sensitivity, underscoring its efficiency. Compared with nested coil approaches, the coordinated use of gradient and homogeneous coils, along with Adam optimization, offered a robust, efficient, and rapid solution for gradient compensation. The proposed method effectively mitigated the adverse effects of residual fields and enhanced the performance of multi‐channel SERF magnetometers. Importantly, this approach represents a more practical solution for gradient field compensation within a single cell, particularly for future commercial applications of array SERF magnetometers.
Engineering Multiresponsive Alginate/PNIPAM/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Hydrogels as On‐Demand Drug Delivery Platforms
Authors: Li Bo‐Yan , Lin Tung‐Yi , Lai Yi‐Jhen , Chiu Ting‐Hsiang , Yeh Yi‐Cheun
Published: February 2025

Second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) responsive hydrogels have shown significant potential in biomedical applications due to their excellent remote actuation property and the high tissue penetrations of the NIR‐II light. Nevertheless, hydrogels with a single NIR‐II light response may not meet the diverse requirements and complex conditions of clinical applications. Here, a novel multi‐responsive nanocomposite hydrogel with enhanced suitability for controlled drug release is developed. This nanocomposite hydrogel is constructed by combining alginate dialdehyde (ADA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), and phenylboronic acid‐modified polyethyleneimine (PBA‐PEI) functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (PP‐CNT) through the formation of dynamic covalent bonds (i.e., imine bonds and boronate ester bonds), forming ADA/PEI/PNIPAM/PP‐CNT (APN/PP‐CNT) hydrogel. PNIPAM is incorporated into the hydrogel network to facilitate drug release triggered by its aggregation when subjected to the high temperatures produced by NIR‐II light irradiation. The dynamic covalent bonds and CNT in the network provide the APN/PP‐CNT nanocomposite hydrogels with responsiveness to multiple stimuli, including pH, hydrogen peroxide, temperature, and NIR‐II light. The APN/PP‐CNT nanocomposite hydrogel performs effective NIR‐II light responsiveness in both in vitro and in vivo drug release, highlighting its potential as a promising drug delivery platform.
Plasmonic Hot‐Carrier Engineering at Bimetallic Nanoparticle/Semiconductor Interfaces: A Computational Perspective
Authors: Mani Mani , Mariandry Kevin , Ghorpade Uma V. , Saha Sankhadip , Kokate Ravindra , Mishra Rishabh , Nielsen Michael P. , Tilley Richard , Xie Bingqiao , Suryawanshi Mahesh P. , Kumar Priyank V.
Published: February 2025

Plasmonic catalysis employs plasmonic metals such as Ag, Au, Cu, and Al, typically in combination with semiconductors, to drive diverse redox chemical reactions. These metals are good at harnessing sunlight, owing to their strong absorption cross‐sections and tunable absorption peaks within the visible range of the solar spectrum. Unfortunately, facilitating plasmon‐induced hot‐carrier separation and subsequently harvesting them to improve catalytic efficiencies has been a problem at monometallic particle‐semiconductor interfaces. To overcome this issue, this perspective focuses on recent computational methods and studies to discuss the advantages of designing bimetallic particles (core‐shell or core‐satellite), with a plasmonic‐metal core and a less‐plasmonic‐metal shell on top, and coupling them with semiconductors. The aim of this approach is to favorably modify the interface between the plasmonic‐metal particle and the semiconductor by introducing a thin section of a non‐plasmonic metal in between. This approach is expected to enhance hot‐carrier separation at the interface, preventing fast electron–hole recombination within the plasmonic‐metal particle. Through a careful design of such bimetal/semiconductor configurations, by varying the size and composition of the non‐plasmonic metal for example, and through appropriate utilization of quantum‐mechanical modeling and experimental techniques, it is anticipated that plasmonic hot‐carrier generation and separation processes can be studied and controlled in such systems, thereby enabling more‐efficient plasmonic devices.
Hollow Mn/Co‐MOF as a Powerful Oxidase‐Like Nanozyme for Detection of Total Antioxidant Capacity and Black Tea Fermentation Degree
Authors: Liang Ting , Huang Yali , Yang Leiwenxuan , Chai Yunfeng , Hao Zhenxia , Chen Hongping , Ma Guicen
Published: February 2025

The detection of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in teas and its vital indicator for monitoring the fermentation degree during black tea processing are of great significance for intelligent manufacturing of the tea industry. Here, highly dispersed manganese species on Co‐MOF with hollow structures (HS‐Mn/Co‐MOF) nanozyme with superior oxidase‐like activity is constructed for colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and TAC. Owing to the Mn doping and unique hollow structures, the HS‐Mn/Co‐MOF nanozyme possesses more surface active oxygen species, negative surface charges and rapid mass transport, thus resulting in 20‐times higher catalytic activity and 30‐times higher reaction rate than that of pure Co‐MOF. Thanks to the remarkable oxidase‐like catalytic activity, the HS‐Mn/Co‐MOF nanozyme‐based colorimetric sensor exhibits a wide linear range of 0.01–120 µm, along with a low detection limit of 3 nm for AA detection. Additionally, the determination of TAC levels in real tea samples is further achieved and different tea types can be effectively distinguished by utilizing HS‐Mn/Co‐MOF nanozyme. Identification and prediction of the fermentation quality during the black tea fermentation process using nanozyme combined with machine learning are realized for the first time.
Mn0.75Ru0.25O2 with Low Ru Concentration for Active and Durable Acidic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhou Daojin , Chang Yuxin , Tang Jialun , Ou Pengfei
Published: February 2025

Ruthenium has emerged as a promising alternative to iridium in water‐splitting anodes. However, it becomes overoxidized and dissolves at industry‐relevant working conditions. To enhance the activity and stability of electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction, an isostructural rutile MnRu oxide with low Ru concentration (Mn0.75Ru0.25O2) is synthesized and an asymmetric Mn‐O‐Ru dual‐site active center is developed. It exhibits 154 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 and can operate stably at 200 mA cm−2 for 670 h with a degradation rate of 29 uV/h−1. A proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer achieves stable operation at 1 A cm−2 for 700 h with a degradation rate of 53 uV h−1. Structural analysis and isotopic labeling correlate the asymmetric nature of the Mn‐O‐Ru dual‐site active center, which facilitates the oxygen evolution reaction along the radical coupling pathway, with the stabilization of the cations and the lattice oxygen in isostructural rutile Mn0.75Ru0.25O2.
Effects of Li+ Solvation Structures on Aluminum Corrosion in Ether‐Based Electrolyte Solutions with Lithium Bis(Fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI)
Authors: Jang Taegyu , Cho Seon Yeong , Kim Jaegeol , Choi Eunjin , Holzmann Simone L. , Krewer Ulrike , Shin Hyeyoung , Byon Hye Ryung
Published: February 2025

Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) is widely used in lithium‐metal batteries to form a stable lithium fluoride (LiF)‐based solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, the FSI⁻ itself fails to create a protective passivation layer on aluminum (Al) current collectors, leading to Al3⁺ dissolution and severe corrosion. While fluorinated ether solvents have shown promise in mitigating Al corrosion, the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the role of cation solvations and ion pairing structures is shown in corrosion mitigation. 2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoro‐1,4‐dimethoxybutane (FDMB), a 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE)/1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME) mixture, and non‐fluorinated ethers are evaluated in 1 m LiFSI. FDMB promoted the formation of AlF₃ while preventing corrosion under extreme conditions (e.g., 4.5 V vs Li/Li⁺, 60 °C). Electrochemical and DFT analyses showed that FDMB underwent favorable defluorination in coordination with both Li⁺ and Al3⁺ that arose from the oxidizing Al surface. Meanwhile, the formation of aggregated ion pairs between Li+ and FSI⁻ inhibited the generation of soluble Al3+ species coordinated with FSI−. Modifying FDMB with alkyl chains further enhanced the anti‐corrosive effects by reducing the solubility of Al3+ species. In contrast, DME/TTE exhibited more Al corrosion, similar to tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), due to less favorable defluorination by the limited solvation of Li+ and Al3+ on TTE.
Synergistic Photoelectric/Photothermal Effects Guided Ion Transport for Enhancing Multiple Climatic Osmotic Energy Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Huang Haocun , Zhang Xiao , Huang Xiaoyu , Sun Kexin , Chen Sheng , Xu Yanglei , Xu Feng
Published: February 2025

Osmotic energy, also called blue energy, promotes sustainable energy development. Nanofluidic membranes constructed from various nanomaterials applied in reverse electrodialysis play an important role in enhancing the effective osmotic energy conversion. The fabrication of g‐C3N4 modified MXene/regenerated cellulose composite nanofluidic membranes is developed. Optimization of advanced membrane structure not only designed a well‐ordered layer arrangement resulting in low membrane impedance but also enabled photoelectric/photothermal guided ion transport to promote energy conversion. The photoelectric effect promoted the separation of electrons and holes between g‐C3N4 and MXene to form a local electric field, causing the output current of thenanofluidic membrane‐based reverse electrodialysis to jump sharply from 17 µA to a peak current of 28 µA (no light to light) and increasing the power density from 0.9 W m−2 to 4.3 W m−2. After 1200 s of illumination, the MXene channel created an inhomogeneous temperature gradient that triggered ion transport driven by thermal osmosis through the photothermal effect, resulting in an excellent output power density of 5.9 W m−2. Photoelectric/photothermal enhanced osmotic energy harvesting over multiple climate changes. Thus, this work expands the way of photoelectric/photothermal guided ion transport to enhance the conversion of osmotic energy into electrical energy.
Controllable Growth of Wafer‐Scale Te1‐xSex Thin Films Based on Selenium Phase Change‐Induced Strategy for Single‐Pixel Imaging
Authors: Lu Xuemei , Hao Yulong , Hao Shijie , Zhang Shiwei , Zhou Huan , Lu Yunbo , Zhou Jie , Yu Yongqiang , Hao Guolin
Published: February 2025

Recently, Te1‐xSex films have shown significant potential for infrared detection. However, the conventional deposition process of Te1‐xSex films typically requires a cooled substrate, which results in the formation of poorly crystallized materials. Achieving controlled synthesis of large‐area Te1‐xSex films remains a major challenge. Herein, two‐inch Te1‐xSex films is successfully prepared using a low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition technique based on a selenium phase transition‐induced strategy. The chemical compositions of Te1‐xSex (x ranging from 0 to 1) films can be precisely controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of Te and Se powders. The phase change of amorphous Se at elevated temperatures generates additional dangling bonds on its surface, which facilitates the incorporation of Te atoms into Se chains forming Te1‐xSex alloys. COMSOL simulations reveal that maintaining uniform concentration and temperature during the growth process is essential for the formation of Te1‐xSex films. Importantly, the Te0.4Se0.6 film detector realizes high‐performance near‐infrared single‐pixel imaging with a resolution of 128 × 128 pixels. This work has fabricated wafer‐scale Te1‐xSex alloy thin films, which exhibit excellent properties, providing important experimental and theoretical support for exploring the applications in the fields of electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics.
Creep‐Fatigue Interaction Life Prediction and Fracture Behavior of 1.25Cr0.5Mo Steel at 560 °C
Authors: Chen Hao , Li Jing , Zhang Zhen , Liu Lin
Published: February 2025

In this article, a series of stress‐controlled creep‐fatigue interaction (CFI) tests on 1.25Cr0.5Mo steel at 560 °C are conducted. The cyclic deformation behavior of 1.25Cr0.5Mo steel with different stress levels is analyzed from the perspective of hysteresis loops, and then, the hysteresis cyclic characteristics and average strain parameter variation law under high‐temperature CFI are also analyzed. In terms of calculation, the average strain rate of half‐life is considered the main factor affecting fracture life. A life prediction equation based on ductile fatigue theory and effective stress concept is established, introducing the average strain rate of half‐life as the parameter. The existing experimental datasets of 1.25Cr0.5Mo steel are used to validate the predictive ability of the model under different load conditions. The results show that all the experimental data points fall into a range within a scatter band of ±2 on life prediction. Based on the combination of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy characterization, the fracture behavior and damage mechanism are explored. The reasons are revealed for accelerated softening and premature failure during CFI loading.
High Incidence and Impact of Suspected Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Patients Post‐Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Single‐Center Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Launspach Michael , Mindermann Aurika , Schulz Joachim , Alasfar Lina , Cyrull Sandra , Zirngibl Felix , Oevermann Lena , Künkele Annette , Deubzer Hedwig E. , von Bernuth Horst , Pruß Axel , Lang Peter , Bufler Philip , Eggert Angelika , von Stackelberg Arend , Schulte Johannes H.
Published: February 2025

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is suspected but remains understudied in immunosuppressed conditions such as post‐hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This prospective observational study aimed to investigate the incidence, impact, and risk factors of EPI in a cohort of 83 pediatric and young adult patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin between 2020 and 2023. Fecal pancreatic elastase (PE) measurements and transabdominal ultrasound were utilized to evaluate pancreatic function over a one‐year period. Secondary analysis explored the association of EPI with clinical complications and included a multivariable regression analysis of potential risk factors. Low PE levels significantly correlated with pathological pancreatic imaging findings, independent of concurrent diarrhea. EPI was suspected in 45% (32/71) of patients (95%CI: [34.1%, 56.6%]), with 29% (13/45) (95%CI: [17.7%, 43.4%]) showing signs of prolonged EPI (pEPI) lasting at least 8 weeks. After excluding cases with confounding factors such as missing enteral nutrition and diarrhea, the cumulative incidence of prolonged EPI was 20% (8/41) (95%CI: 10.2%–34.0%) in the overall cohort. EPI was associated with weight loss, prolonged dependence on parenteral nutrition, and extended hospitalizations. Adenovirus (ADV) infection emerged as a significant risk factor for EPI (hazard ratio 3.22 [95%CI:1.26–8.2], p = 0.014), along with additional factors such as higher BMI pre‐HSCT, pre‐existing pancreatic damage and early post‐HSCT fasting. The persistence of pancreatic atrophy and EPI beyond two years post‐HSCT in individual cases suggests a potential for permanent pancreatic damage. This study underscores that EPI is a common complication following HSCT, with ADV infection being an important risk factor. The findings support routine PE measurements and early initiation of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT), alongside aggressive treatment of ADV infections. Further research is necessary to evaluate the effects of PERT in this population and to explore the applicability of these findings in other immunosuppressed groups.
Microwave‐enhanced Fe0/PDS system for treating refractory organic matter in biotreated landfill leachate effluent
Authors: Fang Feiyan , Luo Xi , Li Qibin
Published: February 2025

The effluent produced from treating landfill leachate via biological methods still contains a large amount of refractory organic matter and needs to be further treated. In this study, we used a microwave‐enhanced zero‐valent iron/peroxydisulfate (MW/Fe0/PDS) system for the further treatment of biotreated landfill leachate effluent (BTLE). We investigated the efficiency and mechanism of removing refractory organic matter from BTLE. The results show that under the conditions of MW = 240 W, [PDS]0 = 40 mM, [Fe0]0 = 10 mM, and t = 12 min, the MW/Fe0/PDS system best removed organic matter in the BTLE. The removal rates of UV absorbance at 254 nm, color number, and total organic carbon reached 76.94%, 93.50%, and 63.08%, respectively. The aromaticity, degree of humification, molecular weight, and degree of polymerization of the organic matter decreased significantly. The surface morphology and elemental valence analysis of Fe0 before and after the reaction revealed that iron‐based oxides (i.e., Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeOOH, and Fe (OH)3) formed on the surface of Fe0. The refractory organic matter was removed by homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton‐like reactions and the adsorption–precipitation of iron‐based colloids. The thermal and nonthermal effects of MW promoted direct PDS decomposition, accelerated the formation of Fe2+ on the surface of Fe0, promoted the redox cycle of Fe3+/Fe2+, and generated more sulfate radicals (SO4•−). Together, these effects improved the removal efficiency  of refractory organic matter. The results of this study can serve as a theoretical basis for the use of the MW/Fe0/PDS system to treat refractory organic matter in BTLE.

Practitioner Points

A microwave‐enhanced Fe0/PDS system is effective for removing organic matter from landfill leachate.

Colored and fluorescent organic matter in the landfill leachate was efficiently degraded.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous effects Fenton reactions are involved in the system.
Associations of screen time and physical activity with suicidality in adolescents: a national cohort study
Authors: Rasmussen Rose Marie Wilkens , Strandberg-Larsen Katrine , Danielsen Stine , Nordentoft Merete , Erlangsen Annette , Madsen Trine
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Evidence linking screen time and physical activity with suicidality among adolescents is inconsistent. Our objective was to examine longitudinal associations between screen time and physical activity with suicidality among Danish adolescents.

Methods

Self-reported data on daily screen time and physical activity at age 11 was obtained from 28 613 adolescents (60% females) who participated in the Danish National Birth Cohort and linked to information on suicidality at age 18, based on self-reports and register data. Adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRR) were estimated using multinomial logistic regressions, while accounting for parental socio-demographics, psychiatric history and child risk behaviours.

Results

High levels of daily screen time (≥ 6 h) were reported by 6.9% and 12.6% of females and males, respectively. This was associated with suicidal ideation in females (aRRR:1.67, 95% CI:1.44–1.93) and suicide attempt in both sexes (females: aRRR:2.04 [1.51–2.75], males: aRRR:3.61 [1.89–6.89]) when compared to adolescents with < 2 h of daily screen time. Low levels of physical activity were reported by respectively 13.4% and 14.8% of females and males and was associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation (females: aRRR:2.18, [95% CI:1.94–2.44], males: aRRR:2.11 [1.83–2.43]) and suicide attempt (females: aRRR:2.27, [1.77–2.91], males: aRRR:2.49 [1.61–3.85]) when compared with those with the highest level. Independently of screen time level, males with low physical activity had higher risk for suicide attempt compared to males with a high level of physical activity.

Conclusion

High levels of screen time and low levels of physical activity were associated with an increased risk of suicidality among adolescents.
Recurrence patterns in pediatric intracranial ependymal neoplasm: a systematic imaging work-up
Authors: Stock Annika , Krumma Judith , Fleischhack Gudrun , Tippelt Stephan , Rink Lydia , Pietsch Torsten , Mynarek Martin , Obrecht-Sturm Denise , Rutkowski Stefan , Pfister Stefan M. , Sturm Dominik , Pajtler Kristian W. , Schüller Ulrich , Timmermann Beate , Kortmann Rolf-Dieter , Bison Brigitte , Pham Mirko , Warmuth-Metz Monika
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Currently, the different types of ependymal neoplasm (EPN) are defined by anatomical localization and genetics. This retrospective multicenter study aimed to analyze the imaging patterns of both local and distant recurrences in supratentorial (ST) and posterior fossa (PF) EPN.

Methods

We exclusively evaluated patients with recurrent EPN. To form the basis for follow-up evaluations the imaging characteristics for ST-EPN and PF-EPN were assessed and compared to each other. Follow-up assessments included the idenTIFFication of local recurrent tumors, leptomeningeal dissemination, secondary intraparenchymal lesions, and extraneural metastases. MR-signal characteristics of local recurrent tumors were compared to the primary tumor.

Results

The imaging series included 73 patients (median age at diagnosis 4.6 years; 56 PF-EPN). Recurrences were observed at up to five time points, with a total of 145 recurrence events documented. At first recurrence most PF-EPN recurred locally (29/56), while ST-EPN relapsed by intracranial dissemination (9/17). Local recurrent tumor grew fast and differed in up to one-fifth from the primary (13.2% lower T2-signal, 14.6% brighter T1-signal, 19% less contrast-enhancement). Leptomeningeal dissemination in ST-EPN is mainly restricted to intracranial (90.5%) while PF-EPN more frequently present with spinal spread (45.7%). Transient post-radiogenic lesions (n = 2) and secondary malignancies (n = 2) were rare. Extraneural metastases (n = 3) were found mainly near the surgical access.

Conclusion

Recurrences can occur multiple times in EPN patients, and the recurrence patterns differ between ST-EPN and PF-EPN. Imaging characteristics of local recurrences can differ from the primary tumor which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
Examining Preschool Educators’ Beliefs About Authentic Early Writing Experiences
Authors: Papadopoulos Isaak , Hall Anna H. , Sekoulla Denitsa , Gao Qianyi
Published: February 2025

This study explores the pivotal role of authentic writing experiences in early childhood education by examining preschool educators' beliefs. Utilizing a comprehensive questionnaire, data were gathered from a diverse group of preschool educators, revealing their perspectives on the significance of authentic writing. The research highlights the importance of self-expression, creativity, and communication in children's writing and drawing over accuracy and perfection. Key developmental indicators identified include communication skills, creativity, letter and shape recognition, and motor skills. Ultimately, this research emphasizes the importance of authentic written language in early education, advocating for educational practices and educator training that prioritize developmental milestones and holistic learning experiences.
Supporting Choices for Educational Robotics Tools for Early Childhood Settings: Considerations, Characteristics, and Categories
Authors: van Rooyen Annèl , Callaghan Ronel
Published: February 2025

Educational robotics offers opportunities to young learners in early childhood settings (three to nine years) to learn with robots, whether screen-free or screen-based. Due to the vast variety of educational robotics tools available, educational practitioners need decision support to choose appropriate tools. The task of finding, acquiring and using educational robotics tools for early childhood settings is influenced by material and usage access issues associated with the digital divide. This article presents the findings obtained during an action research study, which involved semi-structured interviews with seven research participants, observations, and the researcher’s action research journal as data gathering instruments. The findings are interpreted through the lens of two theories, namely the types of access associated with the digital divide, and the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge framework. Ten tools for early childhood settings were investigated. This article provides eight practical considerations, three sets of overarching educational robotics tool characteristics, and three categories for decision support when choosing appropriate educational robotics tools.
In silico exploration of natural xanthone derivatives as potential inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication and cellular entry
Authors: Obakachi Vincent A. , Nchiozem-Ngnitedem Vaderament-A. , Govender Krishna K. , Govender Penny P.
Published: February 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has underscored the urgent need for effective antiviral therapies, particularly against vaccine-resistant variants. This study investigates natural xanthone derivatives as potential inhibitors of the ACE2 receptor, a critical entry point for the virus. We computationally evaluated 91 xanthone compounds derived from Swertia chirayita, identifying two promising candidates: 8-O-[β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-1,7-dihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthone (XAN71) and 8-O-[β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-xanthone (XAN72). Molecular docking and dynamics simulations (MDDS) were performed to assess their binding energy and stability within the ACE2 active site, comparing them to the reference inhibitor MLN-4067. The top six compounds were selected based on their docking performance, followed by Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) calculations to quantify binding affinities. Additionally, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis was conducted to visualize electron density regions relevant to binding interactions. Our results demonstrate that XAN71 and XAN72 exhibit superior binding affinities of -70.97 and − 69.85 kcal/mol, respectively, outperforming MLN-4067 (-61.33 kcal/mol). MD simulations revealed stable interactions with key ACE2 residues, primarily through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. The Molecular Electrostatic Potential(MEP) analysis further elucidated critical electron density regions that enhance binding stability. This study establishes XAN71 and XAN72 as viable candidates for ACE2 inhibition, providing a structural basis for their development as natural xanthone-based therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. These findings highlight the potential of targeting ACE2 with natural compounds to combat COVID-19, particularly in light of emerging viral variants.
Relative Effects on Life Satisfaction Revisited: Social Comparison is Only Half the Story
Authors: Hirata Johannes , Groß Patricia
Published: February 2025

Empirical happiness research clearly shows that life satisfaction depends, among other things, on relative effects. However, even where the data do not permit any inferences regarding the mechanisms that give rise to relative effects, studies often claim that relative effects are the result of comparisons that individuals make between their situation and that of others. We argue that this interpretation is not always justified because it disregards existing alternative interpretations with strong empirical support and a long tradition in the literature. To structure the interpretation of relative effects, we propose a model that distinguishes between the relative effects that influence aspirations and those that influence capabilities (i.e., the objective opportunities available to a person). We show where a number of relative effects fall into place in this model and we discuss the significance of our model for life satisfaction research.
Gender Equality and Life Satisfaction: A Mediation Model with Individual Autonomy, Income Per Capita and Trust
Authors: Graafland Johan , Schilpzand Annemiek
Published: February 2025

Gender equality has been found to positively affect life satisfaction. However, the reason why gender equality affects life satisfaction remains relatively unexplored. In this paper, we hypothesize three mediators for this relationship: individual autonomy, income per capita, and generalized trust. All three variables have been found to positively affect life satisfaction. We argue that each mediator may, in turn, depend positively on gender equality, suggesting that individual autonomy, income per capita, and generalized trust positively mediate the relationship between gender equality and life satisfaction. Using a sample of 81 countries from 1990 to 2020, we find that individual autonomy and income per capita are important channels that together explain 98% of the total relationship between gender equality and life satisfaction. While the mediation effect of individual autonomy is robust, the significance of income per capita is less consistent when using alternative estimation techniques. For generalized trust we do not find evidence of mediation.
Comparing tree stress rank and tree condition to determine red oak (Quercus spp.) health in Greentree Reservoirs in the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley
Authors: Hug Cassandra , Saud Pradip , McKnight Keight , Askren Ryan J. , Osborne Douglas
Published: February 2025

Individual tree health plays a vital role in maintaining a forest’s ecological functions, including resources for waterfowl and other wildlife. Seasonal flooding due to altered hydrology is a major stressor on individual tree health in Greentree reservoirs (GTR), impounded bottomland hardwood forests especially less water tolerant species like red oaks (Quercus spp.). We evaluated the health of individual red oak species (n = 6,432) in 662 plots across elevation gradients in 12 GTRs within the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley using two tree health assessment approaches. The first approach assigns tree conditions (i.e., stressed, moderate, low) based on overall qualitative tree attributes, while the second approach ranks stress, assigning numerical value based on the severity of four distinct qualitative tree attributes (i.e., tip dieback, epicormics branch, bark condition, basal swell). The result indicated that the highest mean stress rank and the highest proportion of stressed tree conditions were red oak species, nuttall oak (Q. texana; 18.59, 0.44), willow oak (Q. phellos; 18.66, 0.38) and cherrybark oak (Q. pagoda; 18.90, 0.37). Red oak stress is positively correlated to elevation across the landscape (τ = 0.10, p < 0.001), but is negatively correlated to relative elevation, topographical changes, within each GTR (τ =  − 0.11, p < 0.001). Additionally, the two health assessments are significantly associated (χ
2 = 313.78, df = 2, p < 0.001) and had a 13.1% misclassification rate. By utilizing the stress rank method for better classification of tree conditions to understand the adverse effect of prolonged flooding on the health of desirable red oak and other native tree species, management practices can be adjusted to improve tree health in GTRs, benefiting both wildlife and economic value.
Integrating quantum computing into building-to-grid control framework: Application of benders decomposition in mixed-integer nonlinear programming
Authors: Deng Zhipeng , Wang Xuezheng , Dong Bing
Published: February 2025

Buildings use a large amount of energy in the United States. It is important to optimally manage and coordinate the resources across building and power distribution networks to improve overall efficiency. Optimizing the power grid with discrete variables was very challenging for traditional computers and algorithms, as it is an NP-hard problem. In this study, we developed a new optimization solution based on quantum computing for BTG integration. We first used MPC for building loads connected with a commercial distribution grid for cost reduction. Then we used discretization and Benders Decomposition methods to reformulate the problem and decompose the continuous and discrete variables, respectively. We used D-Wave quantum computer to solve dual problems and used conventional algorithm for primal problems. We applied the proposed method to an IEEE 9-bus network with 3 commercial buildings and over 300 residential buildings to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness. Compared with traditional optimization methods, we obtained similar solutions with some fluctuations and improved computational speed from hours to seconds. The time of quantum computing was greatly reduced to less than 1% of traditional optimization algorithm and software such as MATLAB. Quantum computing has proved the potential to solve large-scale discrete optimization problems for urban energy systems.
Deep Learning Innovations in the Detection of Lung Cancer: Advances, Trends, and Open Challenges
Authors: Liz-López Helena , de Sojo-Hernández Áurea Anguera , D’Antonio-Maceiras Sergio , Díaz-Martínez Miguel Angel , Camacho David
Published: February 2025

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and within this type of disease, lung cancer is the second most diagnosed, but the leading cause of death. Early detection is crucial to increase patient survival rates. One of the primary methods for detecting this disease is through medical imaging, which, due to its features, is well-suited for analysis by deep learning techniques. These techniques have demonstrated exceptional results in similar tasks. Therefore, this paper focusses on analyzing the latest work related to lung cancer detection using deep learning, providing a clear overview of the state of the art and the most common research directions pursued by researchers. We have reviewed DL techniques for lung cancer detection between 2018 and 2023, analyzing the different datasets that have been used in this domain and providing an analysis between the different investigations. In this state-of-the-art review, we describe the main datasets used in this field and the primary deep learning techniques used to detect radiological signs, predominantly convolutional neural networks (CNNs). As the impact of these systems in medicine can pose risks to patients, we also examine the extent to which explainable AI techniques have been applied to enhance the understanding of these systems, a crucial aspect for their real-world application. Finally, we will discuss the trends that the domain is expected to follow in the coming years and the challenges that researchers will need to address.
Automatic prediction of stroke treatment outcomes: latest advances and perspectives
Authors: Samak Zeynel A. , Clatworthy Philip , Mirmehdi Majid
Published: February 2025

Stroke is a major global health problem that causes mortality and morbidity. Predicting the outcomes of stroke intervention can facilitate clinical decision-making and improve patient care. Engaging and developing deep learning techniques can help to analyse large and diverse medical data, including brain scans, medical reports, and other sensor information, such as EEG, ECG, EMG, and so on. Despite the common data standardisation challenge within the medical image analysis domain, the future of deep learning in stroke outcome prediction lies in using multimodal information, including final infarct data, to achieve better prediction of long-term functional outcomes. This article provides a broad review of recent advances and applications of deep learning in the prediction of stroke outcomes, including (i) the data and models used, (ii) the prediction tasks and measures of success, (iii) the current challenges and limitations, and (iv) future directions and potential benefits. This comprehensive review aims to provide researchers, clinicians, and policy makers with an up-to-date understanding of this rapidly evolving and promising field.
The role of the ethics expert in Spanish legislation on euthanasia and mental health
Authors: Ramos-Pozón Sergio
Published: February 2025

This article examines the assessment of mental capacity in the context of euthanasia, particularly when requested by patients with mental illnesses. It proposes a holistic alternative approach to the traditional functional model, arguing that the latter is insufficient to capture the complexity of these patients’ decisions. Using approaches based on narrative, hermeneutic, and dialogical ethics, it offers an evaluation that considers the patient’s life story, values, and context. Shared decision-making and empathy are identified as fundamental components to ensure informed and consensual decisions, promoting an environment of respect and mutual understanding. The article reviews Spanish legislation on euthanasia, highlighting the need to include medical ethics experts in the Guarantee and Evaluation Commissions. These experts provide a comprehensive ethical perspective essential for addressing the ethical complexities in euthanasia requests and ensuring fair decisions that reflect the patient’s true will. It recommends reviewing and expanding current protocols, as well as including continuous ethics training to improve medical practice in this context. The conclusions suggest that an assessment of mental capacity based on ethical principles and an integrated narrative can significantly improve medical practice and decision-making in euthanasia, especially for these patients. Furthermore, the inclusion of ethics experts in the commissions can provide a more humane and just perspective, ensuring that decisions respect the patient’s dignity and autonomy.
Absorption–Reflection–Transmission Power Coefficient Guiding Gradient Distribution of Magnetic MXene in Layered Composites for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Zhou Yang , Zhang Wen , Pan Dong , Li Zhaoyang , Zhou Bing , Huang Ming , Mi Liwei , Liu Chuntai , Feng Yuezhan , Shen Changyu
Published: February 2025

The morphological distribution of absorbent in composites is equally important with absorbents for the overall electromagnetic properties, but it is often ignored. Herein, a comprehensive consideration including electromagnetic component regulation, layered arrangement structure, and gradient concentration distribution was used to optimize impedance matching and enhance electromagnetic loss. On the microscale, the incorporation of magnetic Ni nanoparticles into MXene nanosheets (Ni@MXene) endows suitable intrinsic permittivity and permeability. On the macroscale, the layered arrangement of Ni@MXene increases the effective interaction area with electromagnetic waves, inducing multiple reflection/scattering effects. On this basis, according to the analysis of absorption, reflection, and transmission (A–R–T) power coefficients of layered composites, the gradient concentration distribution was constructed to realize the impedance matching at low-concentration surface layer, electromagnetic loss at middle concentration interlayer and microwave reflection at high-concentration bottom layer. Consequently, the layered gradient composite (LG5-10–15) achieves complete absorption coverage of X-band at thickness of 2.00–2.20 mm with RL
min of −68.67 dB at 9.85 GHz in 2.05 mm, which is 199.0%, 12.6%, and 50.6% higher than non-layered, layered and layered descending gradient composites, respectively. Therefore, this work confirms the importance of layered gradient structure in improving absorption performance and broadens the design of high-performance microwave absorption materials.
Moderating effects of energy poverty for sustainable tourism, policy, innovation, and environmental resilience: evidence from SEM-ANN approaches
Authors: Neger Meher , Rahid Abu Obida , Alnour Mohammed
Published: February 2025

The global tourism sector's rapid growth has exerted significant pressure on environmental resources and ecosystems, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable solutions. While previous studies have explored the roles of sustainable tourism practices, effective tourism policies, and technological innovations in enhancing environmental resilience, there is a notable gap in understanding how energy poverty influences these dynamics. This study addresses this gap by examining the moderating role of reduced energy poverty in strengthening the relationships between Sustainable Tourism (ST), Tourism Policy Effectiveness (TPE), Technological Innovations (TI), and Environmental Resilience (ER). Utilizing data from 378 participants, including tourism stakeholders, policymakers, researchers, and environmental specialists in Bangladesh, this research employs a multi-method approach, integrating Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for robust analysis. The findings reveal that ST, TPE, TI, and Less Energy Poverty (LEP) significantly enhance environmental resilience, with LEP acting as a critical moderator that amplifies the positive impacts of these factors. By highlighting energy poverty as a pivotal barrier and a potential enabler, this study contributes to the global discourse on sustainable tourism and environmental management, emphasizing the transformative potential of improved energy access. This research provides a unique global perspective by demonstrating how reducing energy poverty not only fosters environmental resilience in tourism destinations but also serves as a scalable solution for other developing regions. The integration of SEM and ANN further enhances the methodological rigor and ensures the reliability of the findings. As the first study to explore the moderating role of energy poverty in the nexus of sustainable tourism and environmental resilience, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and academics, advocating for global strategies to enhance energy access as a catalyst for sustainable environmental outcomes.
Hospital-onset bacteremia in the neonatal intensive care unit: strategies for risk adjustment
Authors: Prochaska Erica C. , Xiao Shaoming , Colantuoni Elizabeth , Elhaissouni Nora , Clark Reese H. , Johnson Julia , Mukhopadhyay Sagori , Kalu Ibukunoluwa C. , Zerr Danielle M. , Reich Patrick J. , Roberts Jessica , Flannery Dustin D. , Milstone Aaron M. ,   Group Information: CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: February 2025

Objective:

To quantify the impact of patient- and unit-level risk adjustment on infant hospital-onset bacteremia (HOB) standardized infection ratio (SIR) ranking.

Design:

A retrospective, multicenter cohort study.

Setting and participants:

Infants admitted to 284 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the United States between 2016 and 2021.

Methods:

Expected HOB rates and SIRs were calculated using four adjustment strategies: birthweight (model 1), birthweight and postnatal age (model 2), birthweight and NICU complexity (model 3), and birthweight, postnatal age, and NICU complexity (model 4). Sites were ranked according to the unadjusted HOB rate, and these rankings were compared to rankings based on the four adjusted SIR models.

Results:

Compared to unadjusted HOB rate ranking (smallest to largest), the number and proportion of NICUs that left the fourth quartile (worst-performing) following adjustments were as follows: adjusted for birthweight (16, 22.5%), birthweight and postnatal age (19, 26.8%), birthweight and NICU complexity (22, 31.0%), birthweight, postnatal age and NICU complexity (23, 32.4%). Comparing NICUs that moved into the better-performing quartiles after birthweight adjustment to those that remained in the better-performing quartiles regardless of adjustment, the median percentage of low birthweight infants was 17.1% (Interquartile Range (IQR): 15.8, 19.2) vs 8.7% (IQR: 4.8, 12.6); and the median percentage of infants who died was 2.2% (IQR: 1.8, 3.1) vs 0.5% (IQR: 0.01, 12.0), respectively.

Conclusion:

Adjusting for patient and unit-level complexity moved one-third of NICUs in the worst-performing quartile into a better-performing quartile. Risk adjustment may allow for a more accurate comparison across units with varying levels of patient acuity and complexity.