bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjectivity in fairness perceptions: How heuristics and self‐efficacy shape the fairness expectations and perceptions of organisational newcomers
Authors: Jordan Samantha L. , Palmer Joshua C. , Daniels Shanna R. , Hochwarter Wayne A. , Perrewé Pamela L. , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: March 2021

The very nature of perceived injustice cuts to the heart of employees' cognition, attitudes and behaviours in the workplace. Yet, researchers and practitioners are woefully uninformed about what drives the subjectivity of unfairness perceptions. Using an integration of fairness heuristic and uncertainty management theories as a theoretical foundation to drive our hypothesis development, we conducted a multi‐study investigation to examine individual‐level correlates of unfairness expectations and perceptions in the context of newcomer organisational entry. Across two studies, we found support for the positive association between prior unfairness experiences (i.e. global unfairness heuristic) and expectations of unfairness (i.e. anticipatory injustice) at work. As an extension, Study 2 examined and found support for the interactive effect of global unfairness heuristics and competency‐related beliefs (i.e. self‐efficacy) on the formation of anticipatory injustice. Furthermore, Study 2 documented both direct and indirect associations between employees' global unfairness heuristic, anticipatory injustice, perceived injustice, job satisfaction and counterproductive work (CWB) behaviours. Overall, our work sheds light on the importance of perceiver‐specific factors for better informing the complex, idiosyncratic nature of perceived work unfairness. We discuss theoretical contributions, future research directions and practical implications.
Why the immorality of consuming alcohol during pregnancy cannot tell us that abortion is immoral: A reply to Hendricks
Authors: Lundgren Björn
Published: March 2021

Recently, Perry Hendricks argued that abortion is immoral even if the fetus is not a person. He did so by arguing that causing a future child to suffer from fetal alcohol syndrome is wrong because it is an impairment, and an abortion would be an even more substantial impairment. Here I reply that the argument depends on ignoring relevant facts that are essential for moral decision‐making. Moreover, if we adapt the argument to consider these essential facts, then the argument fails because it no longer applies to the case under consideration.
ATP binding cassette importers in eukaryotic organisms
Authors: Choi Cheri C. , Ford Robert C.
Published: March 2021

ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters are ubiquitous across all realms of life. Dogma suggests that bacterial ABC transporters include both importers and exporters, whilst eukaryotic members of this family are solely exporters, implying that ABC import function was lost during evolution. This view is being challenged, for example energy‐coupling factor (ECF)‐type ABC importers appear to fulfil important roles in both algae and plants where they form the ABCI sub‐family. Herein we discuss whether bacterial Type I and Type II ABC importers also made the transition into extant eukaryotes. Various studies suggest that Type I importers exist in algae and the liverwort family of primitive non‐vascular plants, but not in higher plants. The existence of eukaryotic Type II importers is also supported: a transmembrane protein homologous to vitamin B12 import system transmembrane protein (BtuC), hemin transport system transmembrane protein (HmuU) and high‐affinity zinc uptake system membrane protein (ZnuB) is present in the Cyanophora paradoxa genome. This protein has homologs within the genomes of red algae. Furthermore, its candidate nucleotide‐binding domain (NBD) shows closest similarity to other bacterial Type II importer NBDs such as BtuD. Functional studies suggest that Type I importers have roles in maintaining sulphate levels in the chloroplast, whilst Type II importers probably act as importers of Mn2+ or Zn2+, as inferred by comparisons with bacterial homologs. Possible explanations for the presence of these transporters in simple plants, but not in other eukaryotic organisms, are considered. In order to utilise the existing nomenclature for eukaryotic ABC proteins, we propose that eukaryotic Type I and II importers be classified as ABCJ and ABCK transporters, respectively.
Impact of cardiometabolic factors on retinal vasculature: A 3 × 3, 6 × 6 and 8 × 8‐mm ocular coherence tomography angiography study
Authors: Sun Michelle T. , Huang Sonia , Chan WengOnn , Craig Jamie E. , Knight Lachlan S. W. , Sanders Prashanthan , Newland Henry , Casson Robert , Selva Dinesh , Wong Christopher X.
Published: March 2021

Background

Ocular coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is available in varying size and resolution. We sought to characterise associations of cardiometabolic factors with retinal microvascular changes using 3 × 3, 6 × 6 and 8 × 8‐mm OCTA scans to determine differences in detection with varying scan size.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of 247 cardiovascular patients from a single‐centre tertiary‐care hospital. Demographic, comorbidity and medication data were obtained. Patients underwent 3 × 3, 6 × 6 and 8 × 8‐mm macula OCTA scanning using Carl Zeiss CIRRUS HD‐OCT Model 5000. Angioplex and AngioTool software was used to quantify vascular parameters in the superficial capillary plexus.

Results

Increasing age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease were associated with reductions in vessel density, vessel perfusion, average vessel length and/or junction density in 3 × 3‐mm OCTA (P < .05 for all). Conversely, smoking was associated with increased vessel density, vessel length and junction density in 3 × 3‐mm OCTA (P < .05 for all). Associations of vessel abnormalities with cardiometabolic factors were progressively weakened and statistically attenuated in 6 × 6 and 8 × 8‐mm OCTA scans. In multivariate analyses, dyslipidaemia remained an independent predictor of reduced vessel density, average vessel length and junction density (P < .05).

Conclusions

Cardiometabolic factors are associated with multiple retinal microvascular changes in 3 × 3‐mm OCTA scans. These associations were weakened and progressively attenuated in OCTA scans of larger 6 × 6 and 8 × 8‐mm size. These findings advance our understanding of microcirculatory dysfunction and may have future implications for the screening and management of patients with cardiometabolic risk factors. Additional studies are required to further investigate these important associations.
Low pre‐stimulus EEG alpha power amplifies visual awareness but not visual sensitivity
Authors: Benwell Christopher S. Y. , Coldea Andra , Harvey Monika , Thut Gregor
Published: March 2021

Pre‐stimulus oscillatory neural activity has been linked to the level of awareness of sensory stimuli. More specifically, the power of low‐frequency oscillations (primarily in the alpha‐band, i.e., 8–14 Hz) prior to stimulus onset is inversely related to measures of subjective performance in visual tasks, such as confidence and visual awareness. Intriguingly, the same EEG signature does not seem to influence objective measures of task performance (i.e., accuracy). We here examined whether this dissociation holds when stringent accuracy measures are used. Previous EEG‐studies have employed 2‐alternative forced choice (2‐AFC) discrimination tasks to link pre‐stimulus oscillatory activity to correct/incorrect responses as an index of accuracy/objective performance at the single‐trial level. However, 2‐AFC tasks do not provide a good estimate of single‐trial accuracy, as many of the responses classified as correct will be contaminated by guesses (with the chance correct response rate being 50%). Here instead, we employed a 19‐AFC letter identification task to measure accuracy and the subjectively reported level of perceptual awareness on each trial. As the correct guess rate is negligible (~5%), this task provides a purer measure of accuracy. Our results replicate the inverse relationship between pre‐stimulus alpha/beta‐band power and perceptual awareness ratings in the absence of a link to discrimination accuracy. Pre‐stimulus oscillatory phase did not predict either subjective awareness or accuracy. Our results hence confirm a dissociation of the pre‐stimulus EEG power–task performance link for subjective versus objective measures of performance, and further substantiate pre‐stimulus alpha power as a neural predictor of visual awareness.
Alterations of brain network topology and structural connectivity‐functional connectivity coupling in capsular versus pontine stroke
Authors: Chen Huiyou , Geng Wen , Shang Song’an , Shi Mengye , Zhou Leilei , Jiang Liang , Wang Peng , Yin Xindao , Chen Yu‐Chen
Published: March 2021

Background and purpose

This study was conducted to investigate whether capsular stroke (CS) and pontine stroke (PS) have different topological alterations of structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC), as well as correlations of SC‐FC coupling with movement assessment scores.

Methods

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging were prospectively acquired in 46 patients with CS, 36 with PS, and 29 healthy controls (HCs). Graph theoretical network analyses of SC and FC were performed. Patients with left and right lesions were analyzed separately.

Results

With regard to FC, the PS and CS groups both showed higher local efficiency than the HCs, and the CS group also had a higher clustering coefficient (Cp) than the HCs in the right lesion analysis. With regard to SC, the PS and CS groups both showed different normalized clustering coefficient (γ), small‐worldness (σ), and characteristic path length (Lp) compared with the HC group. Additionally, the CS group showed higher normalized characteristic path length (λ) and a lower Cp than the HCs and the PS group showed higher λ and lower global efficiency than the HCs in the right‐lesion analysis. However, γ, σ, Cp and Lp were only significantly different in the PS and CS groups compared with the HC group in the right‐lesion analysis. Importantly, the CS group was found to have a weaker SC‐FC coupling than the PS group and the HC group in the right‐lesion analysis. In addition, both patient groups had weaker structural‐functional connectome correlation than the HCs.

Conclusions

The CS and PS groups both showed FC and SC disruption and the CS group had a weaker SC‐FC coupling than the PS group in the right lesion analysis. This may provide useful information for individualized rehabilitative strategies.
Epitope mapping of anti‐amelogenin IgG in untreated celiac children
Authors: Petronijevic Sanja , Stig Solveig , Halstensen Trond S.
Published: March 2021

Children with untreated celiac disease (CeD) may develop enamel defects, and children with severe CeD have significantly increased levels of IgG to amelogenin, which may interfere with normal amelogenesis depending on which epitope(s) they bind. Children with untreated CeD (n = 42), for whom CeD had been confirmed either by biopsy (n = 17, cohort 1) or by the presence of particularly high serum levels of anti‐transglutaminase 2 (TG2) IgA (n = 25, cohort 2), were selected from 146 children with CeD, and 10 controls were selected from 34 children who did not have CeD. Samples from these 52 children were used for detailed IgG anti‐amelogenin, X isoform (AMELX) epitope mapping using 31 overlapping, 10‐22mer peptides in ELISA. Although sera from both groups showed reactivity to peptides containing sequences from the N and C terminus of AMELX, sera from children with CeD reacted more strongly to peptides from the central region (amino acids 75‐150) containing both a binding site for transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), as well as the enzymatic cleavage sites for matrix metalloproteinase‐20 and for kallikrein‐4. Antigen‐specific extraction revealed that only IgG to the central region cross‐reacted to gliadin. Thus, cross‐reactive anti‐gliadin/amelogenin IgG may affect normal amelogenesis by interfering with enzymatic degradation, proper folding, and/or TGF‐β signaling in children with untreated CeD.
Resource‐efficient joint fabrication by welding metal 3D‐printed parts to conventional steel: A structural integrity study
Authors: Chierici Martina , Berto Filippo , Kanyilmaz Alper
Published: March 2021

Metal 3D printing technology can increase the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry's resource‐efficiency by removing a major fabrication constraint: geometrical complexity. Since the large part dimensions are a current limit of metal 3D printers, we propose a ‘hybrid’ manufacturing approach by welding optimized printed nodes to conventional steel elements for tubular constructions. In this work, we identified suitable analytical formulations for metal 3D‐printed parts, and calibrated numerical models for hybrid joints by means of experimental results. Finally, we quantified the structural integrity performance of the hybrid joints. Numerical simulations highlighted the joints' most sensitive regions, where the optimisation reduced the stresses up to 40% under tensile loading. The butt weld between the printed node and the conventional profiles guaranteed a simple state of stress in the weld, providing the hybrid joint a fatigue life of 2 × 106 cycles under 100‐MPa cyclic loading. These results confirm that metal 3D printing combined with topology optimisation can remarkably reduce the quantity of resource‐consuming cutting and welding operations to fabricate a structural joint for static and fatigue loads.
A tale of two language ideologies: Discursive co‐construction of L2 learner identity in Japanese CMC interactions
Authors: Maa Joy , Burns Katharine E.
Published: March 2021

This study investigates the relationship between learner perception, ideology, discourse, and identity in computer‐mediated communication (CMC) interactions between an advanced L2 Japanese learner and native Japanese speakers. Study findings show that, despite an invested identity as a proficient user of Japanese, the learner struggled to enact this identity in the face of two divergent language ideologies: one that promoted Japanese native speaker discourse as the goal of L2 learning and use, and one that promoted a particular Western “foreigner” discourse for non‐native speakers of Japanese. Furthermore, a third discourse—that of the CMC platform—also affected her discursive practices, both in terms of interaction and performance of multiple identities. These results reveal the complex, sometimes problematic, nature of CMC for L2 learning and use, while offering a unique perspective into the issue of the native speaker standard in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), particularly as it pertains to advanced learners.
Engaging and supporting women with chronic kidney disease with pre‐conception decision‐making (including their experiences during COVID 19): A mixed‐methods study protocol
Authors: Phillips Rhiannon , McLaughlin Leah , Williams Denitza , Williams Helen , Noyes Jane , Jones Caron , Oleary Catherine , Mallett Carmen , Griffin Sian
Published: March 2021

Aim

To report a protocol for a qualitative study to better understand the key factors that influence decision making about pregnancy from women's perspectives and to use these data to develop a theoretical model for shared decision‐making tools for the multiple stakeholders.

Design

Mixed‐method design using online surveys (with validated components) and purposively sampled follow‐up semi structured interviews.

Methods

Funded from September 2020 for 12 months. Online surveys of adult women (aged 18–50) identified via all Wales kidney database (n ≥ 500), additional recruitment through multidisciplinary healthcare professionals, relevant third sector organizations and social media. Follow‐up in‐depth qualitative interviews with n = 30 women. Linear regression models to identify associations between shared decision‐making preferences and clinical and psychosocial variables. Qualitative interviews will use a visual timeline task to empower women in taking control over their narratives. Qualitative data will be fully transcribed and analysed thematically, based around a chronological and theoretical (theoretical domains framework) structure that maps out key challenges and opportunities for improved decision support in the care pathway. Visual timelines will be used during stakeholder consultation activities, to enable us to co‐create a map of current support, gaps in provision, and opportunities for interventions. Quantitative data will be analysed descriptively to characterize our cohort. We will assemble a multidisciplinary shared decision‐making intervention development group and provide ongoing stakeholder consultation activities with patient and public representatives.

Discussion

Outcomes will support new learning into; the ways women's knowledge of kidney disease may affect family planning and pregnancy, their needs in terms of psychological and social support, and how they weigh up the pros and cons of starting a family.

Impact

Evidence will inform the design of new shared decision‐making tools to better support women with the complex and often emotional decisions about having children while living with kidney disease.
Phenotypic switch of smooth muscle cells in paediatric chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction syndrome
Authors: Martire Delphine , Garnier Sarah , Sagnol Sébastien , Bourret Annick , Marchal Stéphane , Chauvet Norbert , Guérin Amandine , Forgues Dominique , Berrebi Dominique , Chardot Christophe , Bellaiche Marc , Rendu John , Kalfa Nicolas , Faure Sandrine , de Santa Barbara Pascal
Published: March 2021

Smooth Muscle Cells (SMC) are unique amongst all muscle cells in their capacity to modulate their phenotype. Indeed, SMCs do not terminally differentiate but instead harbour a remarkable capacity to dedifferentiate, switching between a quiescent contractile state and a highly proliferative and migratory phenotype, a quality often associated to SMC dysfunction. However, phenotypic plasticity remains poorly examined in the field of gastroenterology in particular in pathologies in which gut motor activity is impaired. Here, we assessed SMC status in biopsies of infants with chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (CIPO) syndrome, a life‐threatening intestinal motility disorder. We showed that CIPO‐SMCs harbour a decreased level of contractile markers. This phenotype is accompanied by an increase in Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor Receptor‐alpha (PDGFRA) expression. We showed that this modulation occurs without origin‐related differences in CIPO circular and longitudinal‐derived SMCs. As we characterized PDGFRA as a marker of digestive mesenchymal progenitors during embryogenesis, our results suggest a phenotypic switch of the CIPO‐SMC towards an undifferentiated stage. The development of CIPO‐SMC culture and the characterization of SMC phenotypic switch should enable us to design therapeutic approaches to promote SMC differentiation in CIPO.
Coupled modeling of bed deformation and stability analysis on a typical vulnerable zone on the Ningxia reach of the Yellow River during flood season
Authors: Yuan Ximin , Cao Lugan , Jia Shuaijing , Tian Fuchang
Published: March 2021

The Ningxia reach of the Yellow River (NRYR) is wide and shallow, and instability and damages are likely to occur at its vulnerable zone. In this study, based on the one‐dimensional hydro‐sediment dynamics, two‐dimensional hydro‐sediment dynamics and vulnerable zone stability analysis model, a coupled model was established to analyze the scouring risk of the vulnerable zones in the NRYR during flood season. Considering the morphological change of bank slope at the vulnerable zones caused by flow erosion, the seepage stability of a typical spur dyke and protection embankment under the water level fluctuation conditions was analyzed. To fully reflect the coupled scouring effect of flow and sediment, the water flow scouring intensity index α is proposed. A significant increase of water flow scouring intensity index α will result in bank toe scouring, while its significant decrease will lead to silting of the bank toe. The probability of instability failure of the bank for the spur dyke slope is greater during the flood recession period. Compared with the influence of the change of river water level in the flood season, the slip stability of the bank slope is more sensitive to the change of bank toe erosion.
Incidence and risk factors related to fear of falling during the first mobilisation after total knee arthroplasty among older patients with knee osteoarthritis: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zhang Huaguo , Si Wenteng , Pi Hongying
Published: March 2021

Background

The factors that lead to the fear of falling among older people after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are poorly understood. The present study aims to examine the fear of falling among such patients and to determine the factors that are associated with that fear.

Methods

A total of 285 patients aged ≥65 with knee osteoarthritis who underwent TKA at an orthopaedic hospital between November 2019 and May 2020 completed surveys about their own first mobilisation after TKA. They were asked to indicate whether they were afraid of falling by asking a single question, and what their pain level was on a visual analogue scale. They also completed the General Anxiety Disorder scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale–Short Form and the Social Support Rating Scale. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for fear of falling during the first mobilisation after TKA. This study was reported in compliance with the STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies (see Supplementary File S1).

Results

Just over half (56.5%) of participants reported being afraid of falling. Multivariate logistic regression identified three independent risk factors that explained a total of 31% of the variance in the fear of falling: female sex (odds ratio (OR) = 4.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.35–7.55), higher body mass index (OR =3.93, 95% CI =1.53–10.10) and higher anxiety (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.37–1.78).

Conclusions

Many older patients fear falling when they begin to move after TKA, particularly women and those with higher body mass index or anxiety. These subgroups may merit special attention from healthcare professionals to mitigate their fears and optimise recovery after TKA.
Health‐related quality of life of COVID‐19 patients after discharge: A multicenter follow‐up study
Authors: Qu Guangbo , Zhen Qi , Wang Wenjun , Fan Song , Wu Qibing , Zhang Chengyuan , Li Bao , Liu Gang , Yu Yafen , Li Yonghuai , Yong Liang , Lu Baojing , Ding Zhen , Ge Huiyao , Mao Yiwen , Chen Weiwei , Xu Qiongqiong , Zhang Ruixue , Cao Lu , Chen Shirui , Li Haiwen , Zhang Hui , Hu Xia , Zhang Jing , Wang Yonglian , Zhang Hong , Liang Chaozhao , Sun Liangdan , Sun Yehuan
Published: March 2021

Aims and Objectives

To determine the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of COVID‐19 patients after discharge and its predicting factors.

Background

COVID‐19 has caused a worldwide pandemic and led a huge impact on the health of human and daily life. It has been demonstrated that physical and psychological conditions of hospitalised COVID‐19 patients are impaired, but the studies focus on physical and psychological conditions of COVID‐19 patients after discharge from hospital are rare.

Design

A multicentre follow‐up study.

Methods

This was a multicentre follow‐up study of COVID‐19 patients who had discharged from six designated hospitals. Physical symptoms and HRQoL were surveyed at first follow‐up (the third month after discharge). The latest multiple laboratory findings were collected through medical examination records. This study was performed and reported in accordance with STROBE checklist.

Results

Three hundred eleven patients (57.6%) were reported with one or more physical symptoms. The scores of HRQoL of COVID‐19 patients at third month after discharge, except for the dimension of general health, were significantly lower than Chinese population norm (p < .001). Results of logistic regression showed that female (odds ratio (OR): 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–3.06), older age (≥60 years) (OR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.33–4.47) and the physical symptom after discharge (OR: 40.15, 95% CI: 9.68–166.49) were risk factors for poor physical component summary; the physical symptom after discharge (OR: 6.68, 95% CI: 4.21–10.59) was a risk factor for poor mental component summary.

Conclusions

Health‐related quality of life of discharged COVID‐19 patients did not come back to normal at third month after discharge and affected by age, sex and the physical symptom after discharge.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare workers should pay more attention to the physical and psychological rehabilitation of discharged COVID‐19 patients. Long‐term follow‐up on COVID‐19 patients after discharge is needed to determine the long‐term impact of COVID‐19.
Parents' Perceptions of and Responses to School‐Based Body Mass Index Screening Programs—A Systematic Review
Authors: Tatum Kristina L. , Valenzuela Jessica M. , Amirniroumand Roya A. , Brochu Paula M.
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Evidence for the effectiveness of state‐mandated body mass index (BMI) screening programs in the United States has been inconclusive, and potential unintended consequences of the programs have been debated. The present review aims to understand parents' perceptions of and responses to school‐based BMI screening, and to highlight racial/ethnic differences.

METHODS

We systematically identified studies published January 2003‐May 2019 examining parent and/or youth perceptions of and/or responses to US school‐based BMI screening.

RESULTS

A total of 16 studies were included in the review. Studies suggested that while parents largely found BMI screening helpful, they held concerns regarding stigma, lack of privacy, and unhealthy behaviors and attitudes resulting from school‐based screening. Furthermore, parents did not frequently follow‐up with health care providers, although they reported some healthy behavior changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our review highlights existing parent perceptions of school‐based BMI screening including the potential for healthy behavior change and important concerns regarding weight‐stigma and disturbed eating attitudes/behaviors. Additionally, racial/ethnic differences in screening preferences and experiences were found. Limitations of existing literature included a need to understand youths' experiences and a lack of standardized, reliable outcomes research. Implications for future research and the role of parents, schools, and providers are discussed.
Species and individual rhinoceros affect the bacterial communities, metabolites, and nutrient composition in faeces from Southern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) and Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) under managed care
Authors: Cersosimo Laura M. , Sullivan Kathleen E. , Valdes Eduardo V.
Published: March 2021

Gut microbiota are essential to nutrient metabolism and the maintenance of hindgut health. The characterization of faecal bacterial communities from healthy individuals is important for the establishment of baseline data that can be compared to periods of gut dysbiosis. Diet is a key determinant of the faecal microbial community structure and generation of volatile fatty acids, a main energy source for the host. While rhinoceroses are herbivores, black rhinoceroses are browsers and white rhinoceroses are grazers. The objective of our study was to characterize and compare diets, faecal bacterial communities, nutrients and metabolites between and amongst Southern white rhinoceroses and Southern black rhinoceroses (n = 3 rhinos/species) managed at Disney's Animal Kingdom®. Faecal bacterial communities were similar between individual white rhinos and dissimilar between species and individual black rhinos. Faecal butyrate and propionate molar proportions and concentrations were greater in black rhinos than white rhinos, whereas lactate was greater in white rhinos. The Shannon diversity, total operational taxonomic units, and relative abundance of Firmicutes were greater in white than black rhinos. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in faeces from black rhinos was 3‐fold greater than from white rhinos. One black rhino had a greater relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia (7.45 ± 1.31%) than all other individual rhinos (0.01–1.37%). White rhinoceroses demonstrated similar abundances of bacterial phyla and communities between one another and by individual, while black rhinoceroses were more dissimilar by individual. The dissimilarities between black rhinos were suspected to be due to total diet consumption variability, including browse diversity, and lack of direct contact. In contrast, the white rhinos commingled (i.e. nose‐to‐nose contact) and consumed similar amounts of hay, pellets and training items. These results suggest that species‐specific diets and the individual contribute to differences in faecal bacterial communities, nutrients and metabolites between black and white rhinos housed at the same institution.
Transcriptomic and Physiological Responses of the Tropical Reef Calcified Macroalga Amphiroa fragilissima to Elevated Temperature1
Authors: Yang Fangfang , Wei Zhangliang , Long Lijuan
Published: March 2021

Calcareous macroalgae are of particular ecological importance as primary producers, carbonate sediment builders, and habitat providers in coral reef ecosystems. Ocean warming is a major threat to calcareous algae, but it remains unclear exactly how these algae will respond to it. In this study, the potential physiological impacts of ocean warming on the calcareous alga Amphiroa fragilissima were evaluated in laboratory experiments. Increasing temperature from 26 to 28°C had positive effects on algal growth rate and chlorophyll a content, but these parameters decreased significantly at 32°C, which is 5°C above the annual mean temperature in the study region. Algal bleaching occurred at 34°C. There were no significant differences in CaCO3 content of thalli among different temperatures; however, calcification rate was inhibited significantly at 32 and 34°C. Transcriptome analyses using the Illumina RNA‐seq platform showed that differentially expressed genes were annotated mainly in the categories of steroid biosynthesis, gap junction, ribosome, and mTOR signaling pathway. The expression levels of PsbA and PsbP were suppressed at 32°C, implying that inactivation of photosystem II could be a main reason for the decreased photosynthetic rate. Down‐regulation of the genes encoding carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase was observed at 32°C, which could inhibit growth rate. Additionally, several genes that might be related to calcification were identified, including CAMK, CDPK, and CAM and genes encoding alpha‐catenin and carbonic anhydrase. This study contributes to our understanding of the effects of temperature on algal calcification and provides a theoretical basis to protect ecological diversity of coral reef ecosystems.
Trace element geochemistry of coarse‐grained angrites from Northwest Africa: Implications for their petrogenesis on the angrite parent body
Authors: Sanborn Matthew E. , Wadhwa Meenakshi
Published: March 2021

The angrites are a class of achondrites that encompass a wide range of igneous textures from quenched, volcanic, and subvolcanic stones to slowly cooled, plutonic rocks. The compositions of the various geochemical reservoirs generating this variety of rocks have not been investigated fully because historically the numbers and masses of angrites available for study have been quite small. However, the rapid increase in meteorites from Northwest Africa (NWA) has enabled a renewed opportunity for such an investigation. In particular, three samples, NWA 2999, 4590, and 4801, have provided a new window into our understanding of the origin and petrogenesis of the coarse‐grained (plutonic) angrites. We report here the trace element abundances in individual mineral grains of pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine/kirschsteinite, and phosphate and in the whole‐rock samples. We utilize these data to constrain the petrogenetic history of each of these samples on the angrite parent body (e.g., parental melt compositions and oxygen fugacity conditions) and assess genetic relationships to previously investigated angrites. The trace element abundances in each of the three coarse‐grained angrites studied here indicate a unique history for each. The observed trace element abundances and patterns in NWA 2999 show similarities with previously studied fine‐grained, volcanic angrites and potentially indicate a common geochemical source reservoir, even though NWA 2999 is temporally distinct from the volcanic angrites. In contrast, NWA 4590 has trace element characteristics analogous to other coarse‐grained angrites (e.g., Lewis Cliff [LEW] 86010), suggesting that these samples originated from geochemically similar source reservoirs. The third angrite, NWA 4801, exhibits geochemical characteristics most similar to the plutonic, coarse‐grained angrites, but also appears to have some affinities in its trace element characteristics to the volcanic, fine‐grained angrites. This suggests that NWA 4801 may represent a petrogenetic link between two distinct geochemical reservoirs on the angrite parent body. In aggregate, the trace element distributions in these three plutonic angrites suggest that while they may have originated up to several million years after the fine‐grained angrites, they sampled a range of source reservoirs on the angrite parent body. Some of these source reservoirs were likely similar to those of the fine‐grained angrites, but others had distinct geochemical characteristics.
Factors associated with the maxillary third molar position after total arch distalization using a modified C‐palatal plate in adolescents
Authors: Kang Hyojeong , Lee Nam‐Ki , Kim Jaehyun , Park Jae Hyun , Kim Yoonji , Kook Yoon‐Ah
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long‐term position of erupted third molars after maxillary total arch distalization using modified C‐palatal plates (MCPPs) in adolescents and to identify factors associated with these positions.

Setting and Sample Population

Sixty‐two third molars (male: 20, female: 42) in Class II patients treated with MCPPs and thirty‐nine teeth for the Control group (male: 22, female: 17).

Materials and methods

Samples were analyzed using panoramic radiographs taken initially (T0), after treatment (T1) and after >3 years retention (T2). Third molars were classified as downward (Group A, N = 31; males: 12, females: 19) and upward (Group B, N = 31; males: 8, females: 23) based on their vertical position after treatment. Analysis of variance and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed.

Results

The vertical position of the third molars of Group A, Group B, and the Control showed a 2.2, 3.5 and 2.7 mm downward movement at T2. However, there was no difference in the amount of third molar eruption among the groups. Regarding factors affecting the vertical distance of the third molar, Age, C8‐OP, ∠8‐OP and D7‐T at the initial affected vertical position of the third molars after molar distalization (P < .05).

Conclusions

Group A and B showed no difference in the third molar eruption during retention after total arch distalization. This study suggests that it might be unnecessary to extract the developing third molar before molar distalization in Class II adolescents.
Understanding What It's Like To Be (Dis)Privileged
Authors: Wiltsher Nick
Published: March 2021

Can a person privileged in some respect understand what it is like to be disprivileged in that respect? Some say yes; some say no. I argue that both positions are correct, because ‘understand what it is like to be disprivileged’ is ambiguous. Sometimes, it means grasp of the character of particular experiences of disprivileged people. Privileged people can achieve this. Sometimes, it means grasp of the general character shared by experiences of disprivileged people. Privileged people cannot achieve this. However, there is a general kind of understanding that they can achieve: understanding of why individual experiences have their character, in relation to privilege and disprivilege. This understanding is a skill, not knowledge. It is difficult and discomforting for the privileged to acquire and is easily conflated with knowledge of general experiential character. Distinguishing and characterizing these kinds of understanding clarifies whether, and how, the privileged might understand what it is like to be disprivileged.
Biological categories of neuroblastoma based on the international neuroblastoma pathology classification for treatment stratification
Authors: Nakazawa Atsuko
Published: March 2021

The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC), which distinguishes a favorable histology (FH) and an unfavorable histology (UH), is one of the most powerful prognostic factors in patients with neuroblastoma. FH that shows spontaneous regression or age‐appropriate tumor differentiation/maturation, is common in infants and has mutual interaction with Schwann cells via the NGF/NTRK1 pathway and gain of whole chromosome 17. In contrast, UH is prevalent in older children and is molecularly heterogeneous. MYCN amplification is the most frequent genomic abnormality in tumors with UH. MYCN‐amplified tumors demonstrate characteristic histology, the same as MYC‐positive neuroblastoma. Chromosome 1pLOH is often associated with MYCN amplification, but on the other hand, chromosome 11qLOH rarely occurs in combination with MYCN amplification. 11qLOH has an inferior prognostic impact in UH without MYCN amplification. The high expression of ALK protein is a negative prognostic factor in both ALK mutated or amplified tumors and FH, but not in UH. Abnormal maintenance/elongation of telomeres; overexpression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) phenotype due to ATRX mutation, are another molecular event in UH. The INPC, incorporating immunohistochemistry for MYCN, MYC, ALK, TERT and ATRX, represents a practical and implementable approach to create the biological category for the future management of patients with this unique disease.
Neural EGFL like 2 expressed in myoepithelial cells and suppressed breast cancer cell migration
Authors: Nakamura Ritsuko , Oyama Takeru , Inokuchi Masafumi , Ishikawa Satoko , Hirata Miki , Kawashima Hiroko , Ikeda Hiroko , Dobashi Yoh , Ooi Akishi
Published: March 2021

Breast tissue has a branching structure that contains double‐layered cells, consisting primarily of luminal epithelial cells inside and myoepithelial cells outside. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) still has myoepithelial cells surrounding the cancer cells. However, myoepithelial cells disappear in invasive ductal carcinoma. In this study, we detected expression of neural EGFL like (NELL) 2 and one of its receptors, roundabout guidance receptor (ROBO) 3, in myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells (respectively) in normal breast tissue. NELL2 also was expressed in myoepithelial cells surrounding the non‐cancerous intraductal proliferative lesions and DCIS. However, the expression level and proportion of NELL2‐positive cells in DCIS were lower than those in normal and non‐cancerous intraductal proliferative lesions. ROBO3 expression was decreased in invasive ductal carcinoma compared to that in normal and non‐cancerous intraductal proliferative lesions. An evaluation of NELL2's function in breast cancer cell lines demonstrated that full‐length NELL2 suppressed cell adhesion and migration in vitro. In contrast, the N‐terminal domain of NELL2 increased cell adhesion in the early phase and migration in vitro in some breast cancer cells. These results suggested that full‐length NELL2 protein, when expressed in myoepithelial cells, might serve as an inhibitor of breast cancer cell migration.
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Authors: Fortin Marc , Liberman Moishe
Published: March 2021

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Impact of different chloride salts and their concentrations on nitrification and trace gas emissions from a sandy soil under a controlled environment
Authors: Guo Yafei , Becker‐Fazekas Stefan , Mühling Karl H.
Published: March 2021

Potassium chloride (KCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) can be used to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but their efficacy can be strongly affected by their Cl− concentration. This study aimed to compare the behaviour of different Cl− salts and concentrations with that of a typical commercial nitrification inhibitor (3, 4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate, PIADIN). KCl, MgCl2 and PIADIN were investigated under a laboratory incubation experiment for two months. KCl and MgCl2 were applied at 0.5 and 1.0 g kg−1, while PIADIN was applied at 25 mg kg−1 soil. CO2 and N2O concentrations were analysed during the incubation period. The and dynamics in soil were also measured. The results showed 0.5 and 1.0 g kg−1 KCl and 0.5 g kg−1 MgCl2 decreased CO2‐C emissions by 43%–46% and increased N2O‐N emissions by 15%–48%, whereas 1.0 g kg−1 MgCl2 decreased CO2‐C emissions by 72% and N2O‐N emissions by 19%. KCl and MgCl2 retarded the decrease of the ‐N concentration and increase of the ‐N concentration. PIADIN reduced the emissions of CO2‐C by 113% and N2O‐N by 97% and maintained a high soil ‐N concentration and low ‐N concentration. MgCl2 addition at 1.0 g kg−1 was an effective treatment as the Mg both fertilized the soil and inhibited CO2‐C and N2O‐N emissions. Moreover, 1.0 g kg−1 MgCl2 could retard soil nitrification, the decrease of ‐N concentration and the increase of ‐N concentration. While PIADIN had no fertilizing value, it was a more effective nitrification inhibitor than Cl− salts.
Evaluating healthcare resource inequality in Beijing, China based on an improved spatial accessibility measurement
Authors: Gong Shize , Gao Yong , Zhang Fan , Mu Lan , Kang Chaogui , Liu Yu
Published: March 2021

In the context of rapid development, Beijing, the capital of China, is facing huge challenges in providing fair healthcare resources to residents. Although Beijing has the best healthcare resources nationwide, a highly concentrated population and uneven distribution of hospitals make the supply of medical resources tight and unbalanced. The objective of this study is to explore the healthcare resource inequality in Beijing based on spatial accessibility. The two‐step floating catchment area method was improved to measure healthcare accessibility by defining a novel distance attenuation function that conforms to the specific travel behavior of taxies to hospitals. We explored the inequality among different places and different populations. It was found that the spatial inequality of healthcare resources was evident and typical, with the dominant resources concentrated in the city center. Some regions are always in an advantageous position regardless of traffic conditions. The impact of some social‐economic factors on healthcare accessibility was analyzed, which exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Hospital deserts for different vulnerable populations were identified. Besides children with massive hospital deserts at the city fringe, other vulnerable populations have no distinct disadvantage. These results offer profound comprehension of healthcare inequality to assist in healthcare resources management and policy‐making in Beijing.
In vitro invasiveness and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica subspecies isolated from wild and captive reptiles
Authors: McWhorter Andrea , Owens Jane , Valcanis Mary , Olds Liberty , Myers Cecilia , Smith Ian , Trott Darren , McLelland David
Published: March 2021

Reptiles are carriers of Salmonella and can intermittently shed bacteria in their faeces. Contact with snakes and lizards is a source of human salmonellosis. Here, two populations of reptiles, wild and captive were surveyed for Salmonella. One hundred thirty wild‐caught reptiles were sampled for Salmonella including 2 turtle, 9 snake and 31 lizard species. Fifty‐two of 130 (40%) animals were Salmonella positive: one of 5 (20%) turtles, 7 of 14 (50%) snakes and 44 of 111 (39.6%) lizards. One hundred twenty‐two reptiles were sampled from a zoo collection including 1 turtle, 6 tortoise, 9 lizard, 14 snake and 1 crocodile species. Forty‐two of 122 (34.4%) captive reptiles sampled were Salmonella positive. Salmonella was most commonly isolated from lizards and snakes. Fifteen serotypes were identified from zoo and 19 from wild‐caught reptiles and most were members of subspecies enterica (I), salamae (II), arizonae (IIIa) or diarizonae (IIIb). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on all Salmonella isolates; only two exhibited resistance, a Salmonella subsp. (II) ser. 21:z10:z6 (Wandsbek) isolate cultured from a wild‐caught reptile and a Salmonella Typhimurium DT120 isolated from a captive snake. The invasive capacity of reptile‐associated Salmonella strains into cultured human intestinal epithelial (Caco2) and mouse macrophages cell lines (J774A.1) was also investigated. All isolates were invasive into both cell lines. Significant (P 0.001) variability in invasiveness into polarized Caco2 cells was observed. Salmonella Eastbourne exhibited the highest invasiveness into Caco2 cells and Salmonella Chester the lowest, with mean per cent recoveries of 19.99 0.32 and 1.23 0.30, respectively. Invasion into J774A.1 macrophages was also variable but was not significant. Salmonella subsp. II ser. 17:g,t:‐ (Bleadon) exhibited the highest invasiveness into J774A.1 with a mean per cent recovery of 10.19 0.19. Thus, reptile‐associated Salmonellae are likely to have different capacities to cause disease in humans.
Buckling of Semimonocoque Structures Under Compression
Authors: Wang Tsun Kuei
Published: March 2021

This paper presents an investigation of the strength of a stiffened cylindrical shell under the action of uniform axial compression. It is assumed that the cylindrical structure is a very thin tube of circular cross section; its reinforcements consist essentially of a great number of uniform longitudinal stiffeners and a great number of uniform transverse rings. It is often desirable to know the critical value of the compressive load for the buckling of such a structure.
The Distribution of Strains in the Rolling Process
Authors: MacGregor C. W. , Coffin L. F.
Published: March 2021

A series of experiments are described in which the complete strain distributions are given for copper bars rolled with a varying number of passes in different directions at a reduction of 20 per cent per pass. The effects of different rolling sequences on the strain patterns are described. Numerical values are reported, showing that alternate passes in different directions produce much less distorted networks, as compared to the cases of rolling in the same direction for each pass. The presence of tensile elastic strains ahead of the rolls was demonstrated by the use of a brittle lacquer, and comparisons were drawn between these and the elastic strains produced in lateral compression tests between rollers of the same diameter.
The Center of Shear Again
Authors: Osgood W. R.
Published: March 2021

There is disagreement in the literature as to the location of the center of shear. Timoshenko, for example, states that the position of this point depends upon Poisson’s ratio, whereas Trefftz says that it does not. Both Timoshenko’s and Trefftz’ solutions are compatible with the usual definition of the center of shear. The disagreement may be attributed to the assumptions of different boundary conditions. In this paper the boundary conditions are examined, and a definition of the center of shear is proposed that leads to a unique point for any cross section.