bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of Biofilm on Water Supply Technical Materials with the Application of an Impedance Sensor
Authors: Wolf-Baca Mirela , Grzebyk Tomasz , Siedlecka Agata
Published: August 2022

In favourable environmental conditions microorganisms can adhere to surfaces and reproduce, forming biofilm. Such a structure causes biodeterioration, i.e. biological degradation of technical materials. The issue is of high importance in the case of distribution of treated water to end-point consumers. An important factor determining the formation of biofilm is the type and character of the surface which can stimulate or inhibit its growth. The article presents innovative results of research involving measurement of growth of biofilm on technical materials used for the construction of water supply networks by means of an impedance sensor. The research was conducted at a laboratory scale continuously for 6 months, reflecting actual conditions occurring in water distribution systems. After half a year culture of environmental microorganisms in the bioreactor, an almost 100% increase in the value of relative impedance was recorded by means of a sensor placed inside the bioreactor. A comparison of the surface coverage of technical materials and the sensor with bacteria (fluorescence in situ hybridization) showed that the sensor could be used for technical materials made of polybutylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride. Observations (scanning electron microscopy) of the surface of the plastics used to build the water supply network pipes (new materials, with biofilm present, and after detaching the biofilm) showed significant changes in the structures of the materials due to biofilm formation. The largest changes in the structure were observed on the polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces. The proposed sensor could be applied in the measurements of biofilm adhesion to selected technical materials.
“Gendered differences versus doing gender”: a systematic review on the role of gender in CSCL
Authors: Kube Dana , Weidlich Joshua , Jivet Ioana , Kreijns Karel , Drachsler Hendrik
Published: August 2022

Gender equity in education is an essential UN sustainable development goal. However, it is unclear what aspects of gender are important to consider in regard to research outcomes as well as how findings can be interpreted in the context of gender stereotypes and bias. This lack of clarity is particularly salient in the STEM field. Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is a group learning method where learners work together on group tasks that aim at the sharing and co-construction of knowledge. Aside from the cognitive learning gains, the literature reports that CSCL can bring social and psychological benefits, such as fostering positive mutual relationships and increased understanding of equity and diversity. In order to elaborate on the assumed potential of CSCL to support equity and diversity goals in education, this systematic literature will focus on the role of gender in CSCL. Although gender issues in CSCL have been examined before, a comprehensive overview is still lacking. Based on the PRISMA method, the current systematic review considers 27 articles, and explores (1) how gender is addressed, (2) what findings concerning gender are reported, and (3) the potential of CSCL to create more gender inclusive learning contributing to the UN SDGs. Our findings show that most studies addressed gender as a binary predictor for participation, communication, or attitude. Less than half of the studies treated gender more nuanced by defining gender as a social construct. This review highlights the need for additional research on the role of gender in CSCL, alongside more methodologies that can account for the complexities this entails. It is estimated that there is some potential for CSCL to decrease gender stereotypes and gender bias in STEM education.
Porewater Content, Pore Structure and Water Mobility in Clays and Shales from NMR Methods
Authors: Fleury M. , Gimmi T. , Mazurek M.
Published: August 2022

Sub-surface clay samples are difficult to characterize using conventional methods so non-invasive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques were used to evaluate in a preserved state the pore structure, porosity, water mobility, and affinity of various clay systems. Within the CLAYWAT project launched by the NEA Clay Club, some of the most advanced NMR techniques were applied to samples from 11 clay-rich sedimentary formations (Boom Clay, Yper Clay (both Belgium); Callovo-Oxfordian shale, Upper Toarcian (both France); Opalinus Clay from two sites (Switzerland); Queenston Fm., Georgian Bay Fm., Blue Mountain Fm. (all Canada); Boda Clay (Hungary); and Wakkanai Fm. and Koetoi Fm. (Japan)). The degree of induration within this suite of samples varies substantially, resulting in a wide porosity range of 0.02–0.6. The key finding is the determination of pore-size distribution by NMR cryoporometry in the range of 2 nm–1 μm with the native fluid present in the pore space for most samples. The water volume in pore sizes of <2 nm could also be measured, thus providing a full description of the porosity system. A specific preparation by sample milling was applied to the preserved original cores minimizing disturbances to the samples in terms of water loss. The water content measured by NMR relaxation was comparable to values obtained by drying at 105°C. In general, the narrow T2 distributions indicate that water was diffusing throughout the pore network during the magnetization lifetime, implying that T2 distributions cannot be considered as proxies for the pore-size distributions. For the set of samples considered, the T1/T2 varied between 1.7 and 4.6, implying variable surface affinity. Finally, for most samples, a pore-shape factor of ~2.4, intermediate between a sheet (1) and a cylinder (4), was deduced.
The Hanson–Wright inequality for random tensors
Authors: Bamberger Stefan , Krahmer Felix , Ward Rachel
Published: August 2022

We provide moment bounds for expressions of the type $$(X^{(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes X^{(d)})^T A (X^{(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes X^{(d)})$$

(

X

(
1
)

⊗
⋯
⊗

X

(
d
)

)

T

A

(

X

(
1
)

⊗
⋯
⊗

X

(
d
)

)

where $$\otimes $$
⊗
denotes the Kronecker product and $$X^{(1)}, \ldots , X^{(d)}$$

X

(
1
)

,
…
,

X

(
d
)

are random vectors with independent, mean 0, variance 1, subgaussian entries. The bounds are tight up to constants depending on d for the case of Gaussian random vectors. Our proof also provides a decoupling inequality for expressions of this type. Using these bounds, we obtain new, improved concentration inequalities for expressions of the form $$\Vert B (X^{(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes X^{(d)})\Vert _2$$

‖
B

(

X

(
1
)

⊗
⋯
⊗

X

(
d
)

)

‖

2

.
Validation of Non-invasive Measurement of Cardiac Output: Using Whole-Body Bio-impedance Versus Inert Gas Rebreathing in Healthy Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilisation
Authors: Jaspal Raj-Kamael , Allen Mae , Cornette Jerome , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Lees Christoph
Published: August 2022

Background

Haemodynamic assessment in and before pregnancy is becoming increasingly important in relation to pregnancy complications and outcomes. Different methodologies exist but there is no gold-standard technique for non-invasive measurement of cardiac output (CO). We sought to assess two methods of CO measurement in healthy women undergoing in vitro fertilisation cycles (IVF). This was a prospective longitudinal study of 71 women aged 18–44 years planning IVF undergoing CO measurements obtained via inert gas rebreathing (IGR) using Innocor™ and whole-body bio-impedance (WBI) using Nicas™ to assess the reproducibility between the methods. Four visits occurred at which both techniques were used: initial assessment, embryo transfer, day of pregnancy test and 4 weeks post-transfer (regardless of whether conception occurred). Cross-sectional agreement of the methods was assessed using the calculation of bias, percentage error and limits of agreement (LOA) via the Bland–Altman analysis. Longitudinal agreement of the methods was assessed using a 4-quadrant plot with concordance rate, angular bias and radial limits of agreement (%).

Results

One hundred and thirteen measurements from 44 participants were suitable for cross-sectional (Bland–Altman) analysis. IGR (Innocor™) Mean CO was 4.61 L/min and 5.05 L/min with WBI (Nicas™). The bias was 0.44 L/min. The percentage error was 76% and intra-correlation coefficient was 0.135 (95% CI −0.43–0.306). Fifty-nine measurements from 28 participants were suitable for longitudinal (4Q-plot) analysis. The concordance rate was 64.4%, angular bias – 0.14, and radial limits of agreement + − 13.25°.

Conclusion

There was poor cross-sectional and longitudinal agreement between inert gas rebreathing and whole-body bio-impedance techniques. These techniques cannot be used interchangeably when measuring CO in women undergoing IVF, and these results may be more generalizable, to women in the peri-conception period.
Behavioral tectonics: agentBody prototypes and the compression of tectonics
Authors: Snooks Roland
Published: August 2022

This research demonstrates the development of a tectonic approach to architecture through an experimental, iterative methodology. It is a synthetic approach where tectonics and form are engaged in a non-hierarchical negotiation. An architecture where expression, ornament, structure and their spatial consequences are intertwined and inseparable.

The design research posited here has been conducted over the past nine years through the sustained development of a series of architectural tectonic experiments called the agentBody Prototypes. These prototypes reify an ambition to compress surface, structure and ornament into a single irreducible assemblage. The agentBody Prototypes are a series of fourteen proto-architectural projects, or fragments, with lead design by Roland Snooks, and research, development and fabrication by the RMIT Architecture | Tectonic Formation Lab.

The paper describes the wider context of this work and includes a brief chronological overview of this trajectory, followed by a series of observations drawn from critical reflection. This paper attempts to draw out the architectural design implications that have emerged through a specific interaction of algorithmic design, and robotic fabrication.
Artificial Intelligence, Autonomous Drones and Legal Uncertainties
Authors: Hartmann Jacques , Jueptner Eva , Matalonga Santiago , Riordan James , White Samuel
Published: August 2022

Drones represent a rapidly developing industry. Devices initially designed for military purposes have evolved into a new area with a plethora of commercial applications. One of the biggest hindrances in the commercial developments of drones is legal uncertainty concerning the legal regimes applicable to the multitude of issues that arises with this new technology. This is especially prevalent in situations concerning autonomous drones (ie drones operating without a pilot). This article provides an overview of some of these uncertainties. A scenario based on the fictitious but plausible event of an autonomous drone falling from the sky and injuring people on the ground is analysed from the perspectives of both German and English private law. This working scenario is used to illustrate the problem of legal uncertainty facing developers, and the article provides valuable knowledge by mapping real uncertainties that impede the development of autonomous drone technology alongside providing multidisciplinary insights from law as well as software electronic and computer engineering.
Natural convection and pattern interaction in a two-dimensional vertical slot
Authors: Floryan J.M. , Wang W. , Panday S. , Bassom Andrew P.
Published: August 2022

Laminar natural convection is investigated in an infinite vertical slot which has one wall with a corrugated profile, and which is subject to either a uniform or periodic heating profile. This configuration has the attractive feature that it enables a study of the effects that may be produced via the interaction of heating and topography patterns. It is found that the addition of the grooves to an isothermal plate leads to a reduction in the vertical fluid flow and an increase of the transverse heat flow. In contrast, imposing sinusoidal heating on a flat surface generates convection that appears as counter-rotating rolls but there is no net vertical flow. The combination of the two effects of corrugation together with periodic heating leads to a plethora of flow patterns involving a combination of rolls and stream tubes that carry the fluid along the slot. The details of this vertical flow are governed by a pattern interaction effect dictated by the relative positions of the heating and corrugation patterns; when hot spots of the imposed heating overlap the peaks in the grooves the net flow is upward; in contrast, when they lie over the troughs the resultant flow is downward. The interplay between the thermal and geometrical effects weakens as the wavelength of the structure is reduced. The inclusion of a sufficiently strong uniform heating also seems to wash away the pattern interaction effect.
How Can “Overall Progress and Development” Fail in Post-Conflict Societies? Securitization of the 2005–07 Stabilization and Association Agreement Negotiations in Republika Srpska
Authors: Kočan Faris
Published: August 2022

In this article, we analyze how the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), which signalizes the overall (positive) progress and development of the potential candidate country of the post-Yugoslav space, is not straightforwardly translated as a benchmark for progress and development by the political elite. Drawing on securitization theory in order to understand the grammar of security, the wider discursive context, and the position of power and authority in RS during the analyzed period – and informed by the triangulation of content and discourse analysis – we show how the negotiations for the SAA were (mis)used in order to present both the “internal and external Other” as an existential threat for Republika Srpska. Our analysis shows that although the securitizing acts of the political elite from RS did not succeed in terms of the final outcome as the SAA was signed, certain security narratives, which are present in the contemporary sociopolitical landscape in BiH, have been constructed during this period and embedded into the wider discursive context and consolidated the position of power and authority of Milorad Dodik’s SNSD.
Can the microfabrication of atomic and optical components open new capabilities in quantum technologies?
Authors: Ingleby Stuart , McGilligan James
Published: August 2022

Microfabrication of atomic and optical components plays an increasingly important role in the development of quantum technologies and their application in fields such as sensing, timing and spectroscopy. Driven forward by advances in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), new techniques are now used for critical atomic and optical components at the heart of quantum technologies, including diffractive optics, atomic vapour cells and miniaturised ion traps. A range of other miniaturised technologies, such as hollow-core waveguides and integrated photonics, also add to the capabilities of emerging quantum devices. These components offer the potential to scale atomic quantum devices down to chip-scale packages, increasing the application range and facilitating their in-field deployment. Additionally, miniaturisation may also unlock physical regimes, such as thin media effects and atom–interface interactions, opening avenues for new research which cannot be accessed using larger conventional components.
Short-term effects of goat milk yogurt-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and two raisin varieties on subjective appetite, blood pressure and glycaemic responses in healthy adults. Results from a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Papakonstantinou Emilia , Manolopoulou Eugenia , Papamichalopoulos Argyris , Kounenidaki Chryssi , Mitrogeorgou Theodora , Georgalaki Marina , Tsakalidou Effie
Published: August 2022

Goat milk yogurt (GMY) and raisins are popular foods with a favourable nutrient profile. Our aim was to determine the glycaemic index (GI) and postprandial responses to GMY-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides carrying the RPKHPINHQ isracidin fragment and two Greek raisin varieties in an acute feeding setting. A total of twelve healthy participants (four male and eight female) consumed breakfast study foods containing 25 g available carbohydrate on seven occasions over a 3- to 9-week period: food 1: D-glucose (25 g) served as the control and was consumed on three separate occasions; food 2: GMY (617·28 g); food 3: Corinthian raisins (37·76 g); food 4: Sultana raisins (37·48 g) and food 5: GMY & C (308·64 g GMY and 18·88 g C). Postprandial glucose was measured over a 2 h period for the determination of GI and glycaemic load (GL). Subjective appetite ratings (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) were assessed by visual analogue scales (100 mm) at 0–120 min. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic; BP) was measured at baseline and 120 min. GMY provided low GI (26), C and S provided high GI/low GL (75/10 and 70/9, respectively) and GMYC provided low GI (47) values on glucose scale compared with D-glucose. Peak blood glucose rise was significantly lower only for GMY and GMYC compared with reference food (D-Glucose), as well as C and S (Pfor all < 0·05). No differences were observed between test foods for fasting glucose, BP and subjective appetite. In conclusion, GMY and GMYC attenuated postprandial glycaemic responses, which may offer advantages to glycaemic control.
An extension of the van Hemmen–Ando norm inequality
Authors: Najafi Hamed
Published: August 2022

Let
$C_{\||.\||}$
be an ideal of compact operators with symmetric norm
$\||.\||$
. In this paper, we extend the van Hemmen–Ando norm inequality for arbitrary bounded operators as follows: if f is an operator monotone function on
$[0,\infty)$
and S and T are bounded operators in
$\mathbb{B}(\mathscr{H}\;\,)$
such that
${\rm{sp}}(S),{\rm{sp}}(T) \subseteq \Gamma_a=\{z\in \mathbb{C} \ | \ {\rm{re}}(z)\geq a\}$
, then
\begin{equation*}\||f(S)X-Xf(T)\|| \leq\;f'(a) \ \||SX-XT\||,\end{equation*}
for each
$X\in C_{\||.\||}$
. In particular, if
${\rm{sp}}(S), {\rm{sp}}(T) \subseteq \Gamma_a$
, then
\begin{equation*}\||S^r X-XT^r\|| \leq r a^{r-1} \ \||SX-XT\||,\end{equation*}
for each
$X\in C_{\||.\||}$
and for each
$0\leq r\leq 1$
.
Surgical approaches for pleomorphic adenoma of the parapharyngeal space
Authors: Al Zadjali F , Chabrillac E , Vergez S
Published: August 2022

Objective

This study aimed to analyse the outcomes of surgery for pleomorphic adenoma of the parapharyngeal space in relation to the surgical approach.

Method

This was a single-centre retrospective data analysis conducted from January 2008 to December 2020 on all patients who underwent operation for pleomorphic adenoma originating from the parapharyngeal space.

Results

Twenty-one patients with a mean age of 52.6 years were included. The transparotid-transcervical approach was the most common (52.4 per cent,n =11) surgical approach, followed by transoral robotic surgery (28.6 per cent,n =6) and conventional transoral surgery (19 per cent,n =4). Post-operative complications included nine cases of transient partial facial nerve palsy and two cases of Frey's syndrome after the transparotid-transcervical approach and 2 cases of transient trismus and 1 pharyngeal wound dehiscence in the conventional transoral approach group. Complete macroscopic excision was always achieved, and no recurrence occurred during follow up.

Conclusion

These three approaches can provide adequate tumour visualisation, a high rate of clear excisional margins and an acceptable morbidity.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of doxycycline in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Chan D , Ooi E , Khalid O
Published: August 2022

Objective

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the role of doxycycline in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Method

This was a systematic review using Ovid Medline, Cinahl, Scopus and Cochrane and was limited to meta-analyses, systematic reviews and randomised, clinical trials. A combination of the following search terms was used: ‘sinusitis’, ‘nasal polyps’, ‘doxycycline’ and ‘tetracycline’. Raw means and standard deviations were extracted from the included studies. The meta-analysis was performed using mean differences of pre- versus post-doxycycline treatment.

Results

A total of 279 studies were screened, of which 5 studies met the criteria (all randomised, controlled trials published between 2010 and 2021). The interventions, endpoints and measured outcomes varied across all studies. Meta-analysis performed on pre- versus post-doxycycline treatment for Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22, nasal polyp scores and symptom scores did not yield statistically significant results.

Conclusion

This review identified a small number of high-quality studies on the use of doxycycline in chronic rhinosinusitis. There does not seem to be convincing evidence for the routine use of doxycycline in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Further research may try to identify certain phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis that may better respond to doxycycline.
The relationship between cognitive clusters and telomere length in bipolar-schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Gurvich Caroline , Thomas Natalie , Hudaib Abdul-Rahman , Van Rheenen Tamsyn E. , Thomas Elizabeth H. X. , Tan Eric J. , Neill Erica , Carruthers Sean P. , Sumner Philip J. , Romano-Silva Marco , Bozaoglu Kiymet , Kulkarni Jayashri , Rossell Susan L.
Published: August 2022

Background

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are complex mental illnesses that are associated with cognitive deficits. There is considerable cognitive heterogeneity that exists within both disorders. Studies that cluster schizophrenia and bipolar patients into subgroups based on their cognitive profile increasingly demonstrate that, relative to healthy controls, there is a severely compromised subgroup and a relatively intact subgroup. There is emerging evidence that telomere shortening, a marker of cellular senescence, may be associated with cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between cognitive subgroups in bipolar-schizophrenia spectrum disorders and telomere length against a healthy control sample.

Methods

Participants included a transdiagnostic group diagnosed with bipolar, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 73) and healthy controls (n = 113). Cognitive clusters within the transdiagnostic patient group, were determined using K-means cluster analysis based on current cognitive functioning (MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery scores). Telomere length was determined using quantitative PCRs genomic DNA extracted from whole blood. Emergent clusters were then compared to the healthy control group on telomere length.

Results

Two clusters emerged within the patient group that were deemed to reflect a relatively intact cognitive group and a cognitively impaired subgroup. Telomere length was significantly shorter in the severely impaired cognitive subgroup compared to the healthy control group.

Conclusions

This study replicates previous findings of transdiagnostic cognitive subgroups and associates shorter telomere length with the severely impaired cognitive subgroup. These findings support emerging literature associating cognitive impairments in psychiatric disorders to accelerated cellular aging as indexed by telomere length.
Integration of Product Markets when Labour Markets are Unionized
Authors: Sørensen Jan Rose
Published: August 2022

This paper is a first attempt to analyse the consequences of
establishing the internal market when taking account of labour market
effects of product market integration. Our main focus is on market power,
and we show that both labour unions and firms may lose market power when
product markets become integrated. If this happens, it is likely that both
workers and capitalists become better off. On the other hand, if the firms
reestablish their market power through mergers or cooperation, capitalists
gain, whereas workers lose. If neither firms nor unions lose market power,
there are no effects of integration.
Conséquences économiques de deux progrès techniques en charbonnage
Authors: Koninck Raymond De
Published: August 2022

L'objet de cet article est l'étude des conséquences économiques de deux progrès techniques importants réalisés dans une entreprise charbonnière belge. Ces deux progrès, complètement indépendants l'un de l'autre, seront donc traités dans deux parties bien distinctes. Ils ont cependant ceci de commun, qu'ils ont été réalisés dans une même entreprise de charbonnage, d'une manière très caractéristique et dans un temps très bref, et contribuent tous deux à une meilleure utilisation des ressources naturelles du pays.
Efficient Knowledge Compilation Beyond Weighted Model Counting
Authors: KIESEL RAFAEL , TOTIS PIETRO , KIMMIG ANGELIKA
Published: August 2022

Quantitative extensions of logic programming often require the solution of so called second level inference tasks, that is, problems that involve a third operation, such as maximization or normalization, on top of addition and multiplication, and thus go beyond the well-known weighted or algebraic model counting setting of probabilistic logic programming under the distribution semantics. We introduce Second Level Algebraic Model Counting (2AMC) as a generic framework for these kinds of problems. As 2AMC is to (algebraic) model counting what forall-exists-SAT is to propositional satisfiability, it is notoriously hard to solve. First level techniques based on Knowledge Compilation (KC) have been adapted for specific 2AMC instances by imposing variable order constraints on the resulting circuit. However, those constraints can severely increase the circuit size and thus decrease the efficiency of such approaches. We show that we can exploit the logical structure of a 2AMC problem to omit parts of these constraints, thus limiting the negative effect. Furthermore, we introduce and implement a strategy to generate a sufficient set of constraints statically, with a priori guarantees for the performance of KC. Our empirical evaluation on several benchmarks and tasks confirms that our theoretical results can translate into more efficient solving in practice.
Workplace Stress in Real Time
Authors: Menghini Luca , Pastore Massimiliano , Balducci Cristian
Published: August 2022

Abstract: Experience sampling methods are increasingly used in workplace stress assessment, yet rarely developed and validated following the available best practices. Here, we developed and evaluated parsimonious measures of momentary stressors (Task Demand and Task Control) and the Italian adaptation of the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire as an indicator of momentary strain (Negative Valence, Tense Arousal, and Fatigue). Data from 139 full-time office workers that received seven experience sampling questionnaires per day over 3 workdays suggested satisfactory validity (including weak invariance cross-level isomorphism), level-specific reliability, and sensitivity to change. The scales also showed substantial correlations with retrospective measures of the corresponding or similar constructs and a degree of sensitivity to work sampling categories (type and mean of job task, people involved). Opportunities and recommendations for the investigation and the routine assessment of workplace stress are discussed.
Modeling the Lunar Radiation Environment: A Comparison Among FLUKA, Geant4, HETC‐HEDS, MCNP6, and PHITS
Authors: Zaman F. A. , Townsend L. W. , de Wet W. C. , Looper M. D. , Brittingham J. M. , Burahmah N. T. , Spence H. E. , Schwadron N. A. , Smith S. S.
Published: August 2022

Radiation transport codes have been an increasingly important tool for studying the space radiation environment, which includes high‐energy and high‐nuclear‐charge particles. The unique advantage of transport models lies in covering a wider range of particles, energies, and angles than would be attainable in a laboratory or measurable by an instrument. However, since there are several transport codes developed by different teams that have contributed heavily to the literature, differences are expected between such codes. In this work, we use five such radiation transport codes (FLUctuating KAscade, GEometry ANd Tracking, High‐Energy Transport Code‐Human Exploration and Development in Space, Monte Carlo N‐Particle, and Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System) to study the radiation environment near the Moon, specifically the lunar “albedo” radiation, which is the radiation emitted by the lunar surface through interactions with incident galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles. The primary goal of this paper is to provide a general characterization of the lunar albedo radiation and to find the areas where the modeled transport codes agree and disagree by using almost identical input parameters. The results of this work show overall good agreement between the codes. However, some areas of discrepancies exist that are reported herein. Thus, this paper equips the space weather and radiation biology communities with a comparison between popular radiation transport models applied to lunar albedo radiation. The overall agreement and, in some cases, discrepancies between these transport codes provide fundamental insight necessary for assessing code reliability and identifying where further study and improvements are needed to advance our understanding of lunar albedo radiation.
Impacts of Horizontal Resolution of the Lateral Boundary Conditions and Downscaling Method on the Performance of RegCM4.6 in Simulating the Surface Climate Over Central‐Eastern China
Authors: Xu Xiaoke , Huang Anning , Huang Qian , Zhang Yan , Wu Yang , Gu Chunlei , Cai Shuxin , Zhu Xueyan
Published: August 2022

This study investigated the impacts of horizontal resolution of lateral boundary condition (LBC) and downscaling method on the performance of RegCM4.6 in simulating the 2 m air temperature and precipitation over central eastern China. Two groups of experiments (direct downscaling experiments using LBC derived from the same reanalysis data but with different horizontal resolutions [0.75°, 1.5°, and 2.5°] and double‐nested downscaling experiment) with the model horizontal resolution of 20 km over central eastern China have been carried out. Results show that the direct downscaling experiments consistently outperform the double‐nested experiment to simulate the 2 m air temperature and precipitation over central eastern China, suggesting that adopting the direct downscaling method is appropriate to simulate the surface climate over central eastern China. Meanwhile, the direct downscaling experiments driven by the LBC derived from the reanalysis data with the horizontal resolution ranging from 0.75° to 2.5° display very comparable performance with a little better performance by adopting the LBC derived from the reanalysis data of much finer resolution. Further mechanism analysis indicates that much larger errors of LBC produced by the double‐nested downscaling method lead to the positive pressure biases and negative biases of water vapor convergence flux over Jianghuai Valley, which contribute to the much larger biases of precipitation and 2 m air temperature in the double‐nested downscaling experiment compared to the direct downscaling experiments. This study emphasizes that the direct downscaling method is superior to the double‐nested downscaling method for the simulations of 2 m air temperature and precipitation over central eastern China.
Paleointensity Estimates From the Pleistocene of Northern Israel: Implications for Hemispheric Asymmetry in the Time‐Averaged Field
Authors: Tauxe L. , Asefaw H. , Behar N. , Koppers A. A. P. , Shaar R.
Published: August 2022

Twenty‐two sites, subjected to an IZZI‐modified Thellier‐Thellier experiment and strict selection criteria, recover a paleomagnetic axial dipole moment (PADM) of 62.2 ± 30.6 ZAm2 in Northern Israel over the Pleistocene (0.012–2.58 Ma). Pleistocene data from comparable studies from Antarctica, Iceland, and Hawaii, re‐analyzed using the same criteria and age range, show that the Northern Israeli data are on average slightly higher than those from Iceland (PADM = 53.8 ± 23 ZAm2, n = 51 sites) and even higher than the Antarctica average (PADM = 40.3 ± 17.3 ZAm2, n = 42 sites). Also, the data from the Hawaiian drill core, HSDP2, spanning the last half million years (PADM = 76.7 ± 21.3 ZAm2, n = 59 sites) are higher than those from Northern Israel. These results, when compared to Pleistocene results filtered from the PINT database (www.pintdb.org) suggest that data from the Northern hemisphere mid‐latitudes are on average higher than those from the southern hemisphere and than those from latitudes higher than 60°N. The weaker intensities found at high (northern and southern) latitudes therefore, cannot be attributed to inadequate spatiotemporal sampling of a time‐varying dipole moment or low quality data. The high fields in mid‐latitude northern hemisphere could result from long‐lived non‐axial dipole terms in the geomagnetic field with episodes of high field intensities occurring at different times in different longitudes. This hypothesis is supported by an asymmetry predicted from the Holocene, 100 kyr, and 5 million year time‐averaged geomagnetic field models.
Fine‐Scale Geothermal Heat Flow in Antarctica Can Increase Simulated Subglacial Melt Estimates
Authors: McCormack Felicity S. , Roberts Jason L. , Dow Christine F. , Stål Tobias , Halpin Jacqueline A. , Reading Anya M. , Siegert Martin J.
Published: August 2022

Antarctic geothermal heat flow (GHF) affects the thermal regime of ice sheets and simulations of ice and subglacial meltwater discharge to the ocean, but remains poorly constrained. We use an ice sheet model to investigate the impact of GHF anomalies on subglacial meltwater production in the Aurora Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica. We find that spatially‐variable GHF fields produce more meltwater than a constant GHF with the same background mean, and meltwater production increases as the resolution of GHF anomalies increases. Our results suggest that model simulations of this region systematically underestimate meltwater production using current GHF models. We determine the minimum basal heating required to bring the basal ice temperature to the pressure melting point, which should be taken together with the scale‐length of likely local variability in targeting in‐situ GHF field campaigns.
AI‐Based Unmixing of Medium and Source Signatures From Seismograms: Ground Freezing Patterns
Authors: Steinmann René , Seydoux Léonard , Campillo Michel
Published: August 2022

Seismograms always result from mixing many sources and medium changes that are complex to disentangle, witnessing many physical phenomena within the Earth. With artificial intelligence (AI), we isolate the signature of surface freezing and thawing in continuous seismograms recorded in a noisy urban environment. We perform a hierarchical clustering of the seismograms and identify a pattern that correlates with ground frost periods. We further investigate the fingerprint of this pattern and use it to track the continuous medium change with high accuracy and resolution in time. Our method isolates the effect of the ground frost and describes how it affects the horizontal wavefield. Our findings show how AI‐based strategies can help to identify and understand hidden patterns within seismic data caused either by medium or source changes.
Upper Limit of Outer Radiation Belt Electron Acceleration Driven by Whistler‐Mode Chorus Waves
Authors: Hua Man , Bortnik Jacob , Ma Qianli
Published: August 2022

We investigate the outer radiation belt electron energy spectra of the highest fluxes observed during storms based on Van Allen Probes measurements, which demonstrate a similar shape despite various levels of geomagnetic activity. Using quasi‐linear diffusion simulations, we reproduce the observed electron acceleration by whistler‐mode chorus waves during the storm of 25 October 2016, when the maximum fluxes were close to the highest upper limit observed during the 2013–2018 period. The electrons below ∼1 MeV reached the upper limit of chorus acceleration within ∼1 day and then remained at a stable level, while the multi‐MeV electrons with sharper energy gradient were subject to the continuous acceleration process. Our results reveal the natural upper limit of electron acceleration by chorus, which strongly depends on the lower energy boundary, and the stable seed population at hundreds of keV (but not the chorus intensity) which is a prerequisite for the relativistic electron acceleration.
Forecasting Surface Velocity Fields Associated With Laboratory Seismic Cycles Using Deep Learning
Authors: Mastella G. , Corbi F. , Bedford J. , Funiciello F. , Rosenau M.
Published: August 2022

It has been recently demonstrated that Machine Learning (ML) can predict laboratory earthquakes. Here we propose a prediction framework that allows forecasting future surface velocity fields from past ones for analog experiments of megathrust seismic cycles. Using data from two types of experiments, we explore the prediction performances of multiple Deep Learning (DL) and ML algorithms. In such a self‐supervised regression, no feature extraction is required and the entire seismic cycle is forecasted. The onset, magnitude, and propagation of analog earthquakes can thus be predicted at different prediction horizons. From all architectures tested in this study, convolutional recurrent neural networks (CNN‐LSTM and CONVLSTM) provide the best predictions although their performances depend on experiment characteristics and hyperparameters tuning. Analog earthquakes can be successfully anticipated up to a horizon of the order of their duration. This laboratory‐based study may open new avenues for transfer learning applications with data from natural subduction zones.
Compositional Attributes of the Deep Continental Crust Inferred From Geochemical and Geophysical Data
Authors: Sammon Laura G. , McDonough William F. , Mooney Walter D.
Published: August 2022

This study provides a global assessment of the abundance of the major oxides in the deep continental crust. The combination of geochemistry and seismology better constrains the composition of the middle and lower continental crust better than either discipline can achieve alone. The inaccessible nature of the deep crust (typically >15 km) forces reliance on analog samples and modeling results to interpret its bulk composition, evolution, and physical properties. A common practice relates major oxide compositions of small‐ to medium‐scale samples (e.g., medium to high metamorphic grade terrains and xenoliths) to large scale measurements of seismic velocities (Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs) to determine the composition of the deep crust. We provide a framework for building crustal models with multidisciplinary constraints on composition. We present a global deep crustal model that documents compositional changes with depth and accounts for uncertainties in Moho depth, temperature, and physical and chemical properties. Our 3D compositional model of the deep crust uses the USGS Global Seismic Structure Catalog (Mooney, 2015) and a compilation of geochemical analyses on amphibolite and granulite facies lithologies (Sammon & McDonough, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB022791). We find a SiO2 gradient from 61.2 ± 7.3 to 53.3 ± 4.8 wt.% from the middle to the base of the crust, with the equivalent lithological gradient ranging from quartz monzonite to gabbronorite. In addition, we calculate trace element abundances as a function of depth from their correlations with major oxides. From here, other lithospheric properties, such as Moho heat flux ( mW/m2), are derived.
On the Influence of Antecedent Morphology on Development of Equilibrium Bathymetry in Estuaries Past and Future
Authors: Rahdarian Amin , Bryan Karin R. , Van Der Wegen Mick
Published: August 2022

Although analytical and numerical models have been widely used to explore evolution and equilibrium morphology in tidal environments, less attention has been paid to examining the impact of initial bathymetry on the model outcomes. Here we use two‐dimensional idealized models with contrasting initial bathymetries to study how the interactions between antecedent morphology and tidal exchange processes determine the establishment of an estuarine equilibrium bathymetry, and how these interactions mediate the morphodynamic response to rising sea levels. In all model runs with sandy beds, inter‐tidal zones reach the equilibrium condition first and equilibrium profiles are similar for points close to mean seal level. However, key aspects like channel formation, residence time and energy dissipation do not evolve to the same state and are inherited from the initial bathymetry. This implies that responses to sea‐level rise (SLR) are different as well. Conversely, in cases with mud and sand input at the boundaries, equilibrium occurs more quickly and the equilibrium bathymetry and channel formation are dominated by the boundary mud concentration. General implications of the study are that predictions of coastal response to changes such as SLR depend on initial bathymetric conditions.
Storm‐Time Observations of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances and Ionospheric Irregularities in East Africa
Authors: Moges Samson T. , Giday Nigussie Mezgebe , Chekole Daniel Atnafu , Ulich Thomas , Sherstyukov R. O.
Published: August 2022

In this paper equatorward propagating large scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (LSTID) on 17 March 2015 were investigated using the Statistical Angle‐of‐Arrival and Doppler Method for GPS (SADM‐GPS) radio interferometry technique in data‐scarce East Africa. To apply the SADM‐GPS method, 5 GPS arrays each with 3 GPS receivers arranged in a triangular geometry were used. Our results show that during 15:00–18:00 UT on 17 March, TIDs with mean horizontal velocities between 161.9 and 464.4 m/s were observed. Using the wavelet analysis, the periods of TIDs in a range of 51–69 min that qualify to LSTIDs were revealed. The peak‐to‐peak phase shift of detrended total electron content (TEC) over latitudes in this study confirms the equatorward TID propagation, which was obtained by the SADM‐GPS technique. A pair of magnetometers were used to infer E × B drift and an adequate agreement was found with Swarm satellites derived plasma density that enabled us to explain the behaviour of ionospheric irregularity during the main phase of the geomagnetic storm. Moreover, significant TEC enhancement (reaching ∼20%–105%) were captured by GPS arrays during the period of TID propagation. Nevertheless, the rate of change of TEC (ROT) and ROT index (ROTI) show wavy structures that reflect TID effects over ionospheric modulations during the post noon to evening hours of 17 March 2015.
Genomic landscape of patients with FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated within the CALGB 10603/RATIFY trial
Authors: Jahn Nikolaus , Jahn Ekaterina , Saadati Maral , Bullinger Lars , Larson Richard A. , Ottone Tiziana , Amadori Sergio , Prior Thomas W. , Brandwein Joseph M. , Appelbaum Frederick R. , Medeiros Bruno C. , Tallman Martin S. , Ehninger Gerhard , Heuser Michael , Ganser Arnold , Pallaud Celine , Gathmann Insa , Krzykalla Julia , Benner Axel , Bloomfield Clara D. , Thiede Christian , Stone Richard M. , Döhner Hartmut , Döhner Konstanze
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study was to characterize the mutational landscape of patients withFLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated within the randomized CALGB 10603/RATIFY trial evaluating intensive chemotherapy plus the multi-kinase inhibitor midostaurin versus placebo. We performed sequencing of 262 genes in 475 patients: mutations occurring concurrently with theFLT3-mutation were most frequent inNPM1(61%),DNMT3A(39%),WT1(21%),TET2(12%),NRAS(11%),RUNX1(11%),PTPN11(10%), andASXL1(8%) genes. To assess effects of clinical and genetic features and their possible interactions, we fitted random survival forests and interpreted the resulting variable importance. Highest prognostic impact was found forWT1andNPM1mutations, followed by white blood cell count,FLT3mutation type (internal tandem duplications vs. tyrosine kinase domain mutations), treatment (midostaurin vs. placebo),ASXL1mutation, and ECOG performance status. When evaluating two-fold variable combinations the most striking effects were found forWT1:NPM1(withNPM1mutation abrogating the negative effect ofWT1mutation), and forWT1:treatment (with midostaurin exerting a beneficial effect inWT1-mutated AML). This targeted gene sequencing study provides important, novel insights into the genomic background ofFLT3-mutated AML including the prognostic impact of co-mutations, specific gene–gene interactions, and possible treatment effects of midostaurin.
A history of visual acuity testing and optotypes
Authors: de Jong Paulus T. V. M.
Published: August 2022

After going into the etymology of the word “optotype”, this article covers some tasks in ancient times that required good visual acuity (VA). Around 300 BCE, Euclid formulated the existence of a visual cone with a minimal visual angle at its tip. Trials to test VA appeared AD 1754. Around that time, texts were introduced by opticians in order to be able to prescribe more reliably. In the early nineteenth century, the need for VA tests in ophthalmology resulted in German and English test charts. Numerous variants emerged after the first edition of Snellen’s optotypes in 1862 in The Netherlands. However, 100 years later there was still no standard optotype to reliably test VA. Multidisciplinary approaches between ophthalmology, linguistics, psychology and psychophysics improved optotypes and VA testing, which led to the more reliable LogMAR charts. Recent advances in aids and therapies for the blind and severely visually handicapped, necessitate further development of new and standardized VA tests.
Explaining a series of models by propagating Shapley values
Authors: Chen Hugh , Lundberg Scott M. , Lee Su-In
Published: August 2022

Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series of models where each model is owned by a separate institution. The latter is particularly important because it often arises in finance where explanations are mandated. Here, we present Generalized DeepSHAP (G-DeepSHAP), a tractable method to propagate local feature attributions through complex series of models based on a connection to the Shapley value. We evaluate G-DeepSHAP across biological, health, and financial datasets to show that it provides equally salient explanations an order of magnitude faster than existing model-agnostic attribution techniques and demonstrate its use in an important distributed series of models setting.