bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term Corrosion of Zircaloy-4 and Zircaloy-2 by Continuous Hydrogen Measurement under Repository Condition
Authors: Sakuragi Tomofumi , Miyakawa Hideaki , Nishimura Tsutomu , Tateishi Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2013

Corrosion behavior is a key issue for the waste disposal of irradiated metals, such as hulls and endpieces, and is considered to be a leaching source of radionuclides including C-14. However, little information about Zircaloy corrosion in anticorrosive conditions has been provided.

In the present study, long-term corrosion tests of Zircaloy-4 and Zircaloy-2 were performed in assumed disposal conditions (dilute NaOH solution, pH 12.5, 303 K) by using the gas flow system for 1500 days. The corrosion rate, which was determined by measuring gaseous hydrogen and the hydrogen absorbed in Zircaloy, decreased with immersion time and was lower than the value of 2×10−2 μm/y used in performance assessment (1500-day values: 5.84×10−3 and 5.66×10−3 μm/y for Zircaloy-4, 1000-day values: 8.81×10−3 μm/y for Zircaloy-2). The difference in corrosion behavior between Zircaloy 4 and Zircaloy-2 was negligible. The average values of the hydrogen absorption ratios for Zircaloy-4 and Zircaloy-2 during corrosion were 91% and 94%, respectively.

The hydrogen generation kinetics of both gas evolution and absorption into metal can be shown by a parabolic curve. This result indicates that the diffusion process controls the Zircaloy corrosion in the early corrosion stage of the present study, and that the thickness of the oxide film in this stage is limited to approximately 25 nm and may therefore be in the form of dense tetragonal zirconia.
Assessment of the evolution of the redox conditions in the SKB ILW-LLW SFR-1 repository (Sweden)
Authors: Duro L. , Domènech C. , Grivé M. , Roman-Ross G. , Bruno J. , Källström K.
Published: February 2013

The evaluation of the redox conditions in the Swedish ILW-LLW repository, SFR-1, is of high relevance in the performance assessment. The SFR-1 repository contains heterogeneous types of wastes, of different activity levels and with different materials in the waste and in the matrices and packaging. Steel and concrete-based materials are ubiquitous in the repository. The assessment presented in this work is based on the evaluation of the redox conditions and of the reducing capacity in 15 individual and representative waste package types in SFR-1. A combination of the individual models is used to determine the redox evolution of the different vaults in the repository. The results of the model indicate that in the initial time after repository closure, O2 is consumed through degradation of organic matter and metal corrosion during the initial time after repository closure. Afterwards, the system is kept under reducing conditions for long time periods, and H2(g) is generated due to the anoxic corrosion of steel forming magnetite as main corrosion product. The time at which steel is depleted varies with the amount and characteristics of steel and ranges from 5,000 to over 60,000 years. After complete steel corrosion, the reducing capacity of the system is mainly given by magnetite. The calculated redox potential under the chemical conditions imposed by the massive amounts of cements in the repository is in the order of -0.75 V (at pH 12.5). In case of assuming that the Eh of the system is controlled by the interaction between Fe(III)/Magnetite as a result of groundwater/magnetite interactions, redox potentials in the range -0.7 to -0.01V are calculated, considering the uncertainty in the pH prevalent in the system If the absence of oxic disturbances the Eh of the repository system would be kept reducing. In the event of oxidising and diluted glacial meltwater intrusion, magnetite would gradually convert into Fe(III) oxides, buffering the redox potential of the system and preventing it from oxidation for long time periods.
Sorption Behavior of Nickel and Palladium in the Presence of NH3(aq)/NH4+
Authors: Kobayashi Taishi , Sasaki Takayuki , Ueda Ken-you , Kitamura Akira
Published: February 2013

It is necessary to assess the impact of nitrate salts and their reduction products (e.g. NH3(aq)/NH4+) contained in low-level radioactive waste generated from nuclear reprocessing process for the safety assessment of geological disposal of the waste. In the present study, sorption behavior of Ni and Pd on pumice tuff was investigated in the presence of NH3(aq)/NH4+. Under various NH3(aq)/NH4+ concentration, pH and ionic strength conditions, distribution coefficient (Kd) of Ni and Pd on pumice tuff was determined by a batch experiment. For Ni system, the Kd values showed no significant dependence on initial NH4+ concentration ([NH4+]ini < 1 M) in neutral pH region, which agreed with the prediction from thermodynamic data. For Pd system, the Kd values decreased with an increase of [NH4+]ini, suggesting the formation of stable ammine complexes (Pd(NH3)m2+ (m: 1 – 4)). The obtained Kd values for Ni and Pd were analyzed using a surface complexation model. By taking complexes predicted by thermodynamic data into account, sorption behavior of Ni and Pd in the presence of NH3(aq)/NH4+ were well explained.
Research and Development on Cementation of Liquid Radioactive Waste (LRW) Resulting from Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing in the Experimental Demonstration Center (EDC) of Mountain Chemical Combine
Authors: Lebedeva A.V. , Sukhanov L.P. , Ustinov O.A
Published: February 2013

The report presents the results of research and development on cementation technology of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) generated in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing in Experimental Demonstration Center (EDC) at the Mountain Chemical Combine, Russian Federation.
Estudos sobre o gênero Melipona
Authors: Kerr Warwick Estevam
Published: February 2013

1° - Cita-sé a evolução das abelhas segundo MICÍÍENÉR" (1944). 2.° - A evolução dos Melíponíneos é estudada sob o ponto de vista da sua biologia, estabelecendo-se o tipo do meliponíneo primitivo. 3.° - São feitas considerações sobre a distribuição geográfica dos meliponíneos, entrando-se em detalhes sobre os seus fosseis, sobre a influência dos deslocamentos geológicos do cenozoico sobre sua distribuição, com particular referência ao seu estabelecimento na América do Sul. Considera-se também o e$eito das glaciações e a descontinuidade por ela provocada na distribuição dos meliponíneos. 4.° - São feitas hipóteses sobre a época em que se formaram as Meliponas, sobre o processo de determinação das castas e sua influência na evolução das mesmas. O tipo M. marginata é considerado o mais primitivo dos existentes atualmente. É dada uma hipótese, baseada na biologia e genética das Meliponas, para explicar sua evolução a partir de uma Trígona primitiva. 5.° - Sugere-se que a M. fascisrfta (excluidas a M. punc-ticollis e M. concinnula, que necessitam de estudos) seja do tipo da Meliponatrifatorial primitiva, tomando-se por base a sua proximidade a M. marginata, sua distribuição e sua variação. 6.° - Sugere-se como centro de origem das Meliponas a Bacia Amazônica, por ser esse lugar a zona onde há maior variação e por ser o centro geográfico da área habitada pelas Meliponas.
Fungos micorrízicos-arbusculares no desenvolvimento de mudas de helicônia e gérbera micropropagadas
Authors: Sato Aurora Yoshiko , Nannetti Dulcimara de Carvalho , Pinto José Eduardo Brasil Pereira , Siqueira José Oswaldo , Blank Maria de Fátima Arrigoni
Published: February 2013

Plântulas micropropagadas de helicônia (Heliconia sp) gérbera (Gerbera sp) de vaso, foram aclimatadas em substrato (torta de filtro 50%, solo 30% e areia 20%), inoculado com três espécies de fungo micorrízico (Glomus clarum Nicolson. & Schenck, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann e Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall) e uma mistura destas espécies (inóculo múltiplo). As avaliações quanto ao desenvolvimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular e porcentagem de colonização, foram feitas aos 60 dias para gérbera e aos 90 dias para helicônia, após transplante. As duas espécies comportaram-se de modo diferente em resposta à micorrização. Glomus etunicatum não colonizou bem nenhuma das duas espécies estudadas. Apesar da elevada colonização, a helicônia não se beneficiou da inoculação, enquanto que a gérbera beneficiou-se da inoculação com G. clarum, G. etunicatum e do inóculo misto.
Avaliação do híbrido de berinjela 'Ciça' por produtores e técnicos
Authors: Ribeiro Cláudia S. da C. , Reifschneider Francisco J.B.
Published: February 2013

O híbrido de berinjela 'Ciça', lançado em 1991, com resistência à antracnose e à podridão-de-fomopsis, tem tido uma boa aceitação na região Centro-Oeste. Até 1995, no entanto, o híbrido não havia sido avaliado pela Embrapa Hortaliças em outras regiões do Brasil. Para esta avaliação, foram distribuídas 82 amostras de sementes, acompanhadas da descrição do híbrido e de uma ficha de avaliação, a pesquisadores, extensionistas e produtores das regiões Sul, Sudeste, Centro-oeste, Nordeste e Norte do Brasil, assim como da Argentina, Paraguai e Costa Rica. Foram devolvidos 37% dos formulários enviados, abrangendo os estados do PR, SC, RJ, SP, MG, MT, RR e PE, além da Argentina. As principais vantagens de 'Ciça', de acordo com as avaliações recebidas, são elevada produtividade, excelente qualidade de fruto, resistência a doenças, precocidade e maior aceitação comercial.
Efeito da hibridização de montmorilonita e celulose II sobre as propriedades mecânicas de nanocompósitos de borracha natural
Authors: Mariano Roberta M. , Nunes Regina C. R. , Visconte Leila L. Y. , Altstaedt Volker
Published: February 2013

Nanocompósitos híbridos de borracha natural (NR) com argila mineral montmorilonita (MMT) e celulose II (CEL II) foram obtidos partindo de látex elastomérico, xantato de celulose e suspensão aquosa de MMT. O conteúdo de MMT foi variado de 1 a 5 phr (per hundred resin) e a quantidade de celulose II utilizada foi mantida constante em 15 phr. Foi comprovada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) a formação de nanocompósitos, na ausência e presença de xantato de celulose, mostrando a eficiência da técnica utilizada. Além do resultado de TEM, a viscosidade e relaxação Mooney, e propriedades mecânicas foram estudadas em todas as composições desenvolvidas. A adição da argila mineral promoveu aumento nas propriedades mecânicas estudadas, sendo que o aumento na viscosidade Mooney e a redução na capacidade de relaxação indicaram boa interação entre a montmorilonita e o sistema NR/CEL II.
Compreendendo o trabalho da costureira: um enfoque para a postura sentada
Authors: Ambrosi Dagmar , Queiroz Maria de Fátima Ferreira
Published: February 2013

As trabalhadoras da indústria de confecção, principalmente no setor de costura, desenvolvem suas tarefas na postura sentada e a operação de máquinas de costura requer o uso repetitivo e coordenado do tronco, extremidades superiores e inferiores das operárias que trabalham em postura sentada prolongada. Visando verificar os desconfortos presentes no desenvolvimento do trabalho da costureira, foi realizada uma análise ergonômica em uma indústria da confecção na cidade de Santo André, Brasil. O estudo contou com observação da realização do trabalho real, aplicação de um questionário a fim de colher dados sobre o perfil dos trabalhadoras, conhecer suas relações de trabalho e sua situação de saúde.
As múltiplas tarefas e atividades interferentes em Centrais de Atendimento Telefônico
Authors: Santos Venétia Correia
Published: February 2013

Este artigo trata do estudo da gestão temporal das múltiplas tarefas e atividades interferentes em situações reais de trabalho. Através do estudo da intensificação do trabalho em Centrais de Atendimento, constatamos que os operadores, para conseguirem executar suas atividades, sobrepõem fases do atendimento, optando por executar múltiplas tarefas de maneira a tentar comprimir o tempo de atendimento. Outrossim, foi constatado que ocorre a sobreposição de chamadas, gerando atividades interferentes à chamada principal e que devem ser gerenciadas pelos atendentes.
Dois violinistas e uma orquestra: diversidade operatória e desgaste músculo-esquelético
Authors: Petrus Ângela Márcia Ferreira , Echternacht Eliza Helena de Oliveira
Published: February 2013

Frente às demandas de compreensão e prevenção dos processos de adoecimento músculo-esquelético em músicos, este artigo objetiva mostrar as diferenças entre os modos operatórios de dois violinistas de uma orquestra sinfônica a partir de suas relações com os seguintes condicionantes da atividade: as exigências do maestro, a obra musical e a partitura. Os dados foram coletados a partir da observação da atividade nas situações de ensaio da orquestra, durante a produção de uma ópera musical, acompanhada de entrevistas. Os resultados mostram que as relações que se estabelecem entre os músicos e esses condicionantes traduzem estratégias operatórias distintas e formas singulares de uso do corpo e conseqüente desgaste músculo-esquelético.
A triagem de lixo reciclável: análise ergonômica da atividade
Authors: Cockell Fernanda Flávia , Carvalho Angela Maria Carneiro de , Camarotto João Alberto , Bento Paulo Eduardo Gomes
Published: February 2013

A análise do setor de triagem de uma cooperativa formada por catadores de material reciclável é objeto deste estudo. Utilizando a metodologia da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET), demonstra-se que, além dos riscos de acidentes e doenças, outras fontes de desconforto são geradas pela forma de organização adotada. O redirecionamento dos trabalhadores do antigo aterro sanitário para a cooperativa, na busca da inclusão social com geração de renda, intensificou sinais de sofrimento psíquico, sobrecarga física e mental e, especialmente, potencializou problemas financeiros que demandam modificações na organização do trabalho e parcerias institucionais.
De l'insensé du geste suicidaire à la condensation signifiante de la scène suicidaire
Authors: André Joanne , Chouvier Bernard
Published: February 2013

Le geste suicidaire est une énigme, "comment le moi peut consentir à son auto-destruction" s'interroge Freud en 1915. Partant de ce constat théorique et clinique, cet article, en s'appuyant sur l'histoire de Chantal, propose une voie de réflexion sous forme d'après-coup. Le geste suicidaire inclut une scène qui constitue une première répétition ou encore le second temps du trauma. Cette réactualisation traumatique peut être suivie d'un mouvement d'historisation de l'insensé originaire.
Uma delicada transição: adolescência, anorexia e escrita
Authors: Cunha Cristiane de Freitas , Lima Nádia Laguárdia de
Published: February 2013

Neste artigo, discutimos o caso clínico de uma adolescente, Nina, com anorexia. Orientadas pela psicanálise, trabalhamos o caso a partir de três perspectivas: diante da falta de um organizador simbólico consistente para tratar o real do sexo, Nina buscou abordá-lo por meio de uma inflação do imaginário; a oferta da escuta analítica teve como resposta a produção simbólica e a remissão da anorexia; e, finalmente, a persistência do vômito indica algo do real inassimilável pela palavra.
Para além da ilusão: o real na crítica freudiana à religião
Authors: Moreira Claudia Maria Silva , Pinto Jeferson Machado
Published: February 2013

Pretende-se demonstrar como a matriz primeira de interpretação freudiana da religião - baseada na crítica aos elementos imaginários que compõem o quadro da adesão religiosa - é suplantada por Freud com a escrita de Moisés e o monoteísmo em 1939. É a leitura deste ensaio que nos permite perceber a presença do real na genealogia da religião. O sentimento de desamparo vinculado à experiência de satisfação foi alvo de nossa investigação, fornecendo subsídios que confirmaram a presença de outros elementos além dos imaginários no fenômeno religioso.
Morphological differentiation among migratory fish species from the Paraná River basin
Authors: Assumpção Lucileine de , Makrakis Maristela Cavicchioli , Makrakis Sergio , Piana Pitágoras Augusto , Silva Patrícia Sarai da , Lima Ariane Furtado de , Fernandez Domingo Rodriguez
Published: February 2013

This study characterized the morphological differences among migratory fish species from the Paraná River Basin. A total of 177 adult fish of Leporinus elongatus, Leporinus macrocephalus, Prochilodus lineatus, Salminus brasiliensis, Pimelodus maculatus, Pinirampus pirinampu, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Pterodoras granulosus, and Rhaphiodon vulpinus were sampled in the Canal da Piracema, a fish passage system at Itaipu Dam, Paraná River. The migratory species were analyzed through 22 morphometric measurements and fineness ratio to identify morphological patterns related to swimming performance. Four species groups were indicated by the Cluster analysis: I) R. vulpinus; II) P. corruscans; III) L. macrocephalus, L. elongatus, P. lineatus, P. maculatus, and S. brasiliensis - measurements of head height and anal fin length formed this group; and IV) P. granulosus and P. pirinampu - measurements of maximum body width and caudal peduncle width contributed to form this group. The morphometric variables that most contributed to the distinction were head length and mouth width for groups I and II. The species R. vulpinus and P. granulosus differed from other species, showing fineness ratios of 9.4 and 3.7, respectively. Leporinus elongatus, L. macrocephalus, P. lineatus, P. maculatus, and S. brasiliensis showed significant differences from other species, with ratios ranging from 4.57 to 5.19, indicating that these species may be better swimmers. Long-distance migratory species using the Piracema Canal to ascend upstream areas differed morphologically, morphological characteristics such as a narrow caudal peduncle and maximum body length, besides to the values of the fineness ratio, were essential to differentiate the migratory species.
Life cycle of Scapholeberis armata freyi Dumont & Pensaert, 1983 (Cladocera, Daphnidae)
Authors: Castilho Maria Carolina de Almeida , Wisniewski Célio , Santos-Wisniewski Maria José dos
Published: February 2013

Knowledge of the life cycle of zooplankton species can provide information for a better understanding of the role of each species in the community and basic data for secondary production investigations. In this study, some life-cycle traits were measured for Scapholeberis armata freyi Dumont & Pensaert, 1983 (Cladocera, Daphnidae), maintained under controlled conditions in laboratory cultures. Experiments were carried out in incubators at a temperature of 23.0 ºC, photoperiod of 12 hours light/dark, and food supply (algal suspension of the chlorophycean Pseudokirchneriela subcapitata at 10(5) cells.mL-1 and mixed suspension of yeast, and fish ration added per organism, at equal proportions) that were kept constant. Observations were made once or twice a day to record individual growth, age and size of primipara, as well as fecundity and longevity. S. armata freyi achieved a maximum size of 827 µm, while the primiparous instar measured 542 µm on average, at an age of 5.86 days. The mean fecundity was 8 eggs.female-1 and the mean of total number of eggs produced by a female was 47.58. Embryonic development time was 1.9 days and the maximum longevity found was 31 days. In this study, the life cycle parameters of S. armata freyi presented are close to those found in other species of Daphnidae, under the same culture conditions of temperature and photoperiod. However, the longevity was greater than other species that received algae as food only. The quality and quantity of food are factors that control secondary production in aquatic ecosystems and an increase of food availability increases longevity and egg production. Thus the greater longevity and egg production observed for S. armata freyi can influence its secondary production.
Reproduction of the greater bulldog bat Noctilio leporinus (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae) in a mangrove area in southern Brazil
Authors: Bordignon Marcelo Oscar , França Adriana de Oliveira
Published: February 2013

The reproductive pattern of the greater bulldog bat (Noctilio leporinus) was studied in southern Brazil from January to December 1999. The morphological characteristics of their reproductive organs were recorded monthly, through histological analysis of testes and ovaries. Those data were correlated with forearm size and body mass, as well as with external reproductive characteristics. The diameter of the seminiferous tubule increased proportionately to testis mass and body weight, and larger males had greater testis mass. Sexually mature males were recorded throughout the year. Ovary histology revealed that females ovulate between July and December. Lactating females were recorded in nearly every month of the year. Noctilio leporinus has a bimodal polyestrous pattern, with an increase in the recruitment of juveniles between January and May.
"Ernesto de tal" e suas duas versões
Authors: Catita Flávia Barretto Corrêa
Published: February 2013

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o conto "Ernesto de tal", de Machado de Assis, sob a perspectiva histórica e social. Será objeto de estudo também a comparação entre as duas versões do conto; a primeira, publicada no Jornal das Famílias, e a segunda, publicada no livro Histórias da meia-noite. Por meio da apreciação do cotejo entre as duas versões do conto em questão, procuraremos ainda refletir sobre como Machado criava e reescrevia seus textos.
Uma leitura em paralelo oblíquo: "A profecia" de Brás Cubas, "O delírio" de João de Patmos
Authors: Pimentel Daiane Carneiro , Quintão Glauber Pereira
Published: February 2013

Este artigo parte da diferenciação entre as possibilidades de análise literária que tomam como perspectiva ou a produção das obras, que amarra as obras ao seu momento de aparição histórica, ou a recepção, que se despoja da cronologia e permite verificar que a leitura de uma obra altera a de outra, independentemente de qual tenha sido produzida primeiro. Assim, segue-se a análise comparada de "O delírio", de Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, de Machado de Assis, e do Apocalipse de João de Patmos. Cumpre verificar como a leitura do texto machadiano permite a releitura do texto bíblico, relativizando sua pretensa posse da verdade, bem como o texto de João permite a releitura de "O delírio", como se tangesse, de algum modo, a verdade.
O ethos narrativo em Bons dias!, de Machado de Assis
Authors: Soares Ivanete Bernardino
Published: February 2013

Neste artigo, buscaremos evidenciar alguns aspectos do método de composição de Machado de Assis, responsável pela elaboração de uma crítica sutil à sociedade de seu tempo. Para isso, analisaremos as técnicas discursivas utilizadas em uma série específica de crônicas, Bons dias!, publicada no final do século XIX no jornal Gazeta de Notícias do Rio de Janeiro. Dentre os recursos observados, destacaremos o processo de estilização de tipos sociais diversos por parte do narrador-cronista, capaz de gerar caricaturas sofisticadas da sociedade da época.
Determinants of early survival in marine animal genera
Authors: Foote Michael , Miller Arnold I.
Published: February 2013

Genera by their very nature are expected to be monotypic and geographically and environmentally restricted at their origin, and most genera do not endure past their stage of first appearance. At the same time, those genera that do endure have a capacity to expand greatly in geographic range, environmental breadth, and species richness. Here we ask what it is that allows some genera and not others to survive past their inception. Using occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database, we find that initial geographic range has the strongest effect on survival, followed by environmental breadth, with the effect of species richness weaker on average. The effect of geographic range is strongest if measured as the distances spanned by the occurrences of a genus rather than the number of distinct areas in which a genus lives. We document substantial secular variation in selectivity of early survival. The most striking aspect of this variation is that survival is only weakly selective among genera that first appear during the Mesozoic. By following genera beyond their stage of first appearance, we find that selectivity with respect to all factors becomes systematically stronger as cohorts age and genera become more differentiated in range, breadth, and richness. This may help account for a previously identified statistical effect of genus age on the chances of survival.
Classification of Genetic Variation for Drought Tolerance in Tall Fescue using Physiological Traits and Molecular Markers
Authors: Sun Jianming , Luo Hongji , Fu Jinmin , Huang Bingru
Published: February 2013

Drought stress is a major factor limiting turfgrass growth. The objectives of the study were to determine genetic variation in major physiological traits associated with drought tolerance in a collection of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) germplasm and to examine genetic diversity and relationships among germplasm varying in drought tolerance via molecular marker classification. Plants of 44 accessions from Africa, Europe, America, and Australia were exposed to well‐watered conditions or drought stress by withholding irrigation for 11 d in a trial conducted in June 2009 and for 13 d during a repeated trial conducted in September 2009 in a greenhouse. Visual evaluation of turf quality, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, and evapotranspiration rate demonstrated wide phenotypic variation contributing to drought tolerance in this collection of tall fescue germplasm. A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted based on physiological traits and among 44 tall fescue accessions, 12 accessions were classified as most tolerant, 17 as moderately tolerant, and 15 as susceptible. The genetic similarity matrix from molecular marker analysis demonstrated similarity indexes ranging from 0.51 to 0.83. Among the 44 accessions, SH‐3‐AM‐US from America and PI598949‐EU‐IT from Europe were genetically distinct, but both were classified as drought‐tolerant germplasm based on physiological data. Screening genetically diverse germplasm to identify superior drought tolerance through the combined approach of physiological and molecular marker analysis could prove useful in breeding programs for further improvement of drought tolerance in tall fescue turfgrass.
Location of Genomic Regions Contributing to Phytophthora nicotianae Resistance in Tobacco Cultivar Florida 301
Authors: Xiao Bingguang , Drake Katherine , Vontimitta Vijay , Tong Zhijun , Zhang Xueting , Li Mei‐yun , Leng Xiao‐dong , Li Yongpi , Lewis Ramsey S.
Published: February 2013

Black shank, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, is typically the most important disease affecting tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production in the United States. Pedigree information suggests that most black shank resistance was derived from the cigar tobacco cultivar Florida 301. This resistance is thought to be polygenic in nature. The objectives of the current experiment were to (i) evaluate lines from a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Florida 301 and the black shank‐susceptible cultivar Hicks for partial resistance using replicated field and greenhouse testing, (ii) genotype the population and use quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses to identify Florida 301 genomic regions associated with resistance, and (iii) compare results with those obtained from a previous QTL analysis of a population derived from a cross involving ‘Beinhart 1000’. A total of 11 QTL affecting area under the disease progress curve were identified in both the field and greenhouse experiments. The QTL with the largest effect explained 16.9 and 18.6% of the phenotypic variation in the field and greenhouse experiments, respectively. This QTL was also found to have the largest effect on resistance in a Beinhart 1000 × Hicks doubled haploid mapping population. A major QTL found to affect resistance on linkage group 15 in the latter population, however, was not found to be important in the current population. Quantitative trait loci identification using greenhouse data was comparable to, if not superior to, use of field data.
Combining Ability and Heterosis for Grain Iron and Zinc Densities in Pearl Millet
Authors: Govindaraj M. , Rai K. N. , Shanmugasundaram P. , Dwivedi S. L. , Sahrawat K. L. , Muthaiah A. R. , Rao A. S.
Published: February 2013

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is an important staple food crop in the semiarid tropical regions of Asia and Africa. As part of a major initiative to improve its grain Fe and Zn densities, two sets of line × tester studies were conducted. Results showed that the underlying physiological processes determining the grain Fe and Zn densities were largely under additive genetic control, and Fe and Zn densities of the inbred lines per se and their general combining ability (GCA) were positively and highly significantly correlated. This would imply that recurrent selection can be effectively used to improve the breeding populations for grain Fe and Zn densities and that breeding lines selected for high Fe and Zn densities per se are more likely to include those with high GCA for these micronutrients. Lack of better‐parent heterosis indicated that to breed hybrids with high Fe and Zn densities would require high levels of these micronutrients in both parental lines. Highly significant and positive correlations between the Fe and Zn densities, between the GCA of Fe and Zn densities, and between the specific combining ability (SCA) of the Fe and Zn densities showed that simultaneous selection for both micronutrients is likely to be effective with respect to all these performance parameters. Consistency in the patterns of results across both sets of trials and across the environments for all the parameters implies that these results could be of wider application to the genetic improvement of Fe and Zn densities in pearl millet.
Review on laser drilling I. Fundamentals, modeling, and simulation
Authors: Schulz Wolfgang , Eppelt Urs , Poprawe Reinhart
Published: February 2013

High peak power lasers have been used for years for ablating matter. The most relevant application of this process is laser marking. Marking meets the demands of applications although the quality of ablation has potential to be further improved. However, the qualitative results of the ablation process especially for highly efficient removal of matter in the liquid phase like drilling have not met the standards of alternative processes—the latter is only the case in niches. On the other hand, the ablation by ultrafast lasers in the pulse regime of ps or below, which might meet the quality demands in terms of geometric precision, was too slow for economically feasible application because of the lack of average power. In fact, both process domains have been developed substantially and thus lead to a technological level which make them ready for industrial innovations. In a series of three articles on laser drilling—from fundamentals to application technology—the results of more than a decade of research and development are summarized with the purpose of displaying the bright application future of this laser process. This present part I deals with fundamentals, modeling, and simulation of laser drilling. Part II covers processing techniques, whereas part III is dedicated to systems and application technology. Fundamentals, modeling, and simulation: Theoretical analysis of the process from fs- to μs-pulses involves three inputs: numerical simulation, relevant analytic modeling, and as an important input for understanding, process analysis. The reduction of the models guided by experimental input leads to descriptions and knowledge of the process, which allows for strategic improvement of the applicability. As a consequence, process strategies can be derived, meeting the challenges of the application related to shape and accuracy of the surface free of recast as well as the economical demand for high speed processing. The domains of “cold ablation,” “hot ablation,” and “melt expulsion” are differentiated. Especially, the formation of recast up to closure of the drill is quantified. Tailoring the process parameters toward the individual application according to the know-how reached by the state of the art modeling and simulation leads to sound innovations and shorter innovation cycles.
Total Bacterial Counts of Raw Milk in Eastern Terai of Nepal
Authors: Dahal Lekh Raj , Karki Dainik B Nepali , Shah Ramashish
Published: February 2013

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of raw milk measured by Total Bacterial Count (TBC). Bulk raw milk for bacteriological study was carried out in Regional Veterinary Laboratory (RVL), Biratnagar. Altogether, 520 milk samples for TBC were examined at farm and plant levels. Results showed a great variability of TBC for the overall study period. The lowest TBC (2.78 x 106) and the highest TBC (13.299 x 106) at two milk collection units revealed nearly fivefold difference. The results of mean TBC at farm (9.03 x 105) was nine fold of international standard (1 x 105), and mean TBC at plant (104.71 x 105) reached 104 folds the international standard. The TBC at farm level were non significant (P>0.05) for overall experimental period where as most of TBC at plant level differed (p<0.01) significantly. TBC at farm level differed significantly (P<0.01) from each record of same date at plant level. The highest number of TBC (16.5 x 106) was observed in the month of September, which was significantly (P <0.01) different from the rest of the months. The results obtained from the study indicated that the current situation is critical and needs real improvement from production point to processing plant.Key words: Raw milk; Total Bacterial Count (TBC)The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 11, 2010Page: 46-50Uploaded Date: 15 Septembre, 2010
Socio-Economic Development Through Agro- Tourism: A Case Study Of Bhaktapur, Nepal
Authors: Pandey Hemprabha , Pandey Pradyumna Raj
Published: February 2013

Socio-economic development of Nepal relies on harnessing the potentials of tourism, handicrafts, non-timber forests, and high-value low-volume agricultural products, and human resources. Tourism and agriculture in Nepal are major elements in this development, acting as revenue generating industries with multiplier effects on the economy and significant employment capacity, which significantly contributes to GDP and rural income generation. Among the mid hill districts of Nepal, Bhaktapur maintains a high potential to benefit from the synergism between tourism, agro-farming, and handicrafts, giving it the internal elements necessary for socio-cultural development. As Bhaktapur has already been included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, protection and renovation of ancient artistic monuments is essential. For the sustainable development of tourism and agro-eco tourism in Bhaktapur, as well as an umbrella policy of guidelines accompanied by national laws are to be formulated and implemented through communitybased management. In this way Bhaktapur can contribute to the long standing Nepalese desire for a nation building process by utilizing the competitive and comparative advantages of tourism and agriculture opportunities available in the district. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 59-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7564
Economics Of Climate Change For Smallholder Farmers In Nepal: A Review
Authors: Pant Krishna Prasad
Published: February 2013

Climate change is taking place. It is not clear what costs the farmers face and benefit receive as the impact of the climate change. The paper assesses the costs of climate change on agriculture using literature review and deductive logic. The farmers have to bear direct and indirect costs of climate change and costs of adaptation. The direct costs involve yield decreases in crops and livestock and increase in costs of production. It also involves the costs from the increased risks of natural hazards. The indirect costs include the change in socioeconomic conditions, lost opportunities for the improvement of the living conditions and adaptation costs. Farmers are to bear heavy costs of climate change, much higher than the benefits. The benefits emerge from shortening of crop lifecycle, increase of growing seasons and carbon fertilization that increases the crop production. The study emerges with policy measures for reducing the costs of the climate change the farmers bear. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 113-126 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7571
Community Participation In Wetland Conservation In Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Utsala
Published: February 2013

Community participation plays vital role in the development of capacity for the management and utilization of their resources in sustainable way. There are ample success stories for proper management of common property resources through community management. Wetland resources are widely used by the local communities for their sustenance and economic well-being. In such case, local participation is effective tool for establishing an ecologically balanced use of available land and water resources. The participation of the wetland users is crucial for extenuating the problems related to wetland. This paper includes some ideas about community participation and role of local people in wetland conservation and management, reason for conservation of wetland sites, wetland policy based on local participation, and approaches for ensuring participation in wetland conservation programs. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 140-147 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7574
Environmental implications of agriculture trade in Nepal
Authors: Pant Krishna P.
Published: February 2013

International trade of the goods and services has implications to environment via their effects on environment on production and consumption. Agriculture being closely linked with the natural environment the trade of agricultural products and the inputs required for agriculture affects the environment. This paper attempts to identify and analyze trade issues of environmental protection that mainly falls under the purview of Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade under the World

Trade Organization. The analyses will be helpful to identify and understand trade remedy measures that protect environment required for more sustainable agricultural development.

The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 30-37
Relevance of market information system to environment protection
Authors: Awasthi Bishnu D.
Published: February 2013

Market information is an important facilitating function in a marketing system. It facilitates marketing decisions, regulates the competitive market processes and facilitates marketing mechanisms. To increase consumption, it is necessary to develop marketing channels. After production, marketing is the most important function, which consists of assembling, processing and distribution of marketable surplus. An efficient marketing information system can manage, for timely delivery of product, reduce marketing costs and increase production and productivity and make the market yard healthy and hygienic. The existing practices of vegetable marketing system consists only the collection of selling price of different vegetables and fruits, volume of arrival and source of origin. Fruits and vegetables are bulky and perishable by nature and need immediate disposal in the market having with clean and proper packaging. If it is not properly done, it generates wastes in the market and pollute the locality. Efficient vegetable market information system can minimize the waste induced problems in the vegetable markets. Environmental policies are influenced by economic, social, and political forces. To ensure that the execution of these policies protects human health and ecosystems effectively and efficiently, scientific and technical information needs to be an integral consideration from the earliest stages of policy making.

The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 46-54
Global warming and rice based cropping system
Authors: Nepal Aarati
Published: February 2013

International Pannel for Climate Change approximates that the global temperature would rise between 1.50 and 4.50 Celsius by some time in twenty-first century. Since the advent of the industrial revolution in the 1700s, human beings have devised many inventions that burn fossil fuels. Burning these fossil fuels as well as other activities such as clearing land for agriculture or urban settlements, releases some of the gases that trap heat in the atmosphere leading to global warming. Carbon dioxide, methane Nitrous oxide chloro-fluoro-carbons comprises the green house gases. Soil in the earth surface is viewed both as source and sink for most of the green house gases. Agricultural practices such as rice cultivation and clearing of the biomass results in the emission of green house gases. It is always not too late for good beginning, so knowledge and research is emphasized for understanding the green house gases emission and its reduction from agricultural practices.

Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 62-65
Melting ice: "Warning Signs"
Authors: Malla Ghana S.
Published: February 2013

Melting ice is one of the concerns of world climate scientists and planners. It is the gradual change of ice in the liquid form caused by increase in atmospheric temperature. Global Warming is the increase in atmospheric temperature caused by greenhouse effects (C02, CH4, N20 and CFCs). Increase in temperature of atmosphere by 1oC that has been occurred since 1860 AD (IPCC, 1996). Scientists predicted that the Earth would warm by 1.4 to 5.8oC by 2100. In case of Nepal, increase of temperature was recorded 0.06oC per year (DHM). Sea level rise causes by melting ice is recent warning sign. The Times Center, 2007 estimated sea level rise would be 51 -140 cm by 2100 AD. It affects wide variety of ecosystem, water resources, agriculture, life and livelihoods of people in the world. However, its impact is largely unpredictable and uncertainty. There were series of glacial outburst in Nepal since 1964, destroying ecosystem of surrounding region caused by global warming. Therefore, IPCC member's countries with United State of America (USA) must act quickly to reduce greenhouse gasses to overcome threat of melting ice.

The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 66-73
Climate change and agriculture: A Nepalese case
Authors: Rai Mandip
Published: February 2013

Despite having slight disagreements on the magnitude, timing and spatial distribution of climate change, scientists agree that the recent climate change has been much faster than in the past. This has been partly to the natural phenomenon but mostly because of human activities. There is also an agreement that the poorer nations will suffer more as a consequence of the climate change than the developed nations. In this connection, the Nepalese agriculture does not seem to gain but rather lose during the process of global climate change. Even so, serious preparedness and actions can be taken that can hopefully impede the process of climate change and slowly but surely adapt to the rapidly changing climate. To achieve that, agriculture’s role as a driving force for climate change can be condensed by taking measures that reduce the rate and volume of Greenhouse Gas emissions from agriculture on the one hand, and developing diverse and resilient plant and animals breeds, on the other, that are capable of yielding as much as the current levels or even better under the foreseen changed climatic conditions.

The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 92-95
Temporal trends in avalanche activity in the French Alps and subregions: from occurrences and runout altitudes to unsteady return periods
Authors: Eckert N. , Keylock C. J. , Castebrunet H. , Lavigne A. , Naaim M.
Published: February 2013

We present an analysis of temporal trends in ∼55 000 avalanches recorded between 1946 and 2010 in the French Alps and two north/south subregions. First, Bayesian hierarchical modelling is used to isolate low-, intermediate- and high-frequency trends in the mean avalanche occurrence and runout altitude per year/winter. Variables are then combined to investigate their correlation and the recent evolution of large avalanches. Comparisons are also made to climatic and flow regime covariates. The results are important for risk assessment, and the development of new high-altitude climate proxies. At the entire French Alps scale, a major change-point exists in ∼1978 at the heart of a 10 year period of high occurrences and low runout altitudes corresponding to colder and snowier winters. The differences between this change-point and the beginning/end of the study period are 0.1 avalanche occurrences per winter and per path and 55 m in runout altitude. Trends before/after are well correlated, leading to enhanced minimal altitudes for large avalanches at this time. A marked upslope retreat (80 m for the 10 year return period runout altitude) accompanied by a 12% decrease in the proportion of powder snow avalanches has occurred since then, interrupted from about 2000. The snow-depth and temperature control on these patterns seems significant (R= 0.4–0.6), but is stronger at high frequencies for occurrences, and at lower frequencies for runout altitudes. Occurrences between the northern and southern French Alps are partially coupled (R∼0.4, higher at low frequencies). In the north, the main change-point was an earlier shift in ∼1977, and winter snow depth seems to be the main control parameter. In the south, the main change-point occurred later, ∼1979–84, was more gradual, and trends are more strongly correlated with winter temperature.
Identified ureter within structures of residual ovarian syndrome
Authors: Begum Badrunnesa , Akhter Nasreen , Khanam Afroza , Begum Fouzia
Published: February 2013

The most common symptom of residual ovarian syndrome (ROS) is chronic pelvic pain. Extensive pelvic adhesions are the typical operative findings, while follicular cysts and corpus luteum hematoma were the common pathological findings of the residual ovaries. However, malignant changes are also recorded. In this case report the ROS was associated with cystic changes in size with extensive adhesion with peitoneuum, omentum and right ureter drawn and impacted within the cyst wall. Opinion of ovarian preservation during hysterectomy for benign indications and the sequelae should be discussed with patient. Our case was carefully managed with adhesiolysis and cystectomy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v45i1-2.13629 Bang Med J (Khulna) 2012; 45 : 36-37
Abstracts from Current Literature Vol.45(1-2)
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2013

Not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v45i1-2.13630 Bang Med J (Khulna) 2012; 45 : 38-41
Core Oligosaccharide of Plesiomonas shigelloides PCM 2231 (Serotype O17) Lipopolysaccharide — Structural and Serological Analysis
Authors: Maciejewska Anna , Lukasiewicz Jolanta , Kaszowska Marta , Man-Kupisinska Aleksandra , Jachymek Wojciech , Lugowski Czeslaw
Published: February 2013

The herein presented complete structure of the core oligosaccharide of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) P. shigelloides Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM) 2231 (serotype O17) was investigated by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, chemical analyses and serological methods. The core oligosaccharide is composed of an undecasaccharide, which represents the second core type identified for P. shigelloides serotype O17 LPS. This structure is similar to that of the core oligosaccharide of P. shigelloides strains 302-73 (serotype O1) and 7-63 (serotype O17) and differs from these only by one sugar residue. Serological screening of 55 strains of P. shigelloides with the use of serum against identified core oligosaccharide conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) indicated the presence of similar structures in the LPS core region of 28 O-serotypes. This observation suggests that the core oligosaccharide structure present in strain PCM 2231 could be the most common type among P. shigelloides lipopolysaccharides.