bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haptic Teleoperation of a Mobile Robot: A User Study
Authors: Lee Sangyoon , Sukhatme Gaurav , Kim Gerard Jounghyun , Park Chan-Mo
Published: July 2005

The problem of teleoperating a mobile robot using shared autonomy is addressed: An onboard controller performs close-range obstacle avoidance while the operator uses the manipulandum of a haptic probe to designate the desired speed and rate of turn. Sensors on the robot are used to measure obstacle-range information. A strategy to convert such range information into forces is described, which are reflected to the operator's hand via the haptic probe. This haptic information provides feedback to the operator in addition to imagery from a front-facing camera mounted on the mobile robot. Extensive experiments with a user population both in virtual and in real environments show that this added haptic feedback significantly improves operator performance, as well as presence, in several ways (reduced collisions, increased minimum distance between the robot and obstacles, etc.) without a significant increase in navigation time.
On the Ability of Humans to Haptically Identify and Discriminate Real and Simulated Objects
Authors: O'Malley Marcia K. , Goldfarb Michael
Published: July 2005

The ability of human subjects to identify and discriminate between different-sized real objects was compared with their ability to identify and discriminate between different-sized simulated objects generated by a haptic interface. This comparison was additionally performed for cases of limited force and limited stiffness output from the haptic device, which in effect decrease the fidelity of the haptic simulation. Results indicate that performance of size-identification tasks with haptic-interface hardware capable of a minimum of 3 N of maximum force output can approach performance in real environments, but falls short when virtual surface stiffness is limited. For size-discrimination tasks, performance in simulated environments was consistently lower than performance in a comparable real environment. Interestingly, significant variations in the fidelity of the haptic simulation do not appear to significantly alter the ability of a subject to identify or discriminate between the types of simulated objects described herein.
Effects of the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, on wheat yields in Mexico
Authors: Nicol Julie M. , Ortiz-Monasterio Ivan
Published: July 2005

Tolerance and resistance to P. thornei of seven CIMMYT-derived cultivars of
wheat (Triticum aestivum), selected on soil naturally infested by
Pratylenchus thornei and released from 1960-1997, were evaluated under
optimum and limited irrigation conditions in northwestern Mexico. Replicated
trials were grown in a naturally infested site in two seasons. Differences
in yield, agronomic traits and nematode numbers were recorded in paired
field plots, untreated or fumigated with dazomet to control nematodes. With
optimum irrigation the nematode did not affect wheat yield but, with limited
irrigation where plants were under water-stress, yield loss of all cultivars
was comparable to that of the intolerant, susceptible control cv. Warigal
(29%). There was a significant negative linear relationship (Y = –3.69 x +
3117) between initial nematode density (x) and grain yield (Y) under limited
irrigation. None of these cultivars was resistant and post-harvest P.
thornei populations had increased from three to 15 times the initial
estimates. There was no relationship between date of release of cultivars
and their responses to the nematode. There is a need for sources of
resistance to be identified and incorporated into the germplasm.
Five new and two known species of the family Dorylaimidae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Costa Rica
Authors: Ahmad Wasim , Shaheen Azra
Published: July 2005

Five new and two known species of dorylaim nematodes belonging to the family
Dorylaimidae are described and illustrated from Costa Rica. Prodorylaimus
paraobesus sp. n. has 1.5-1.9 mm long body; lip region offset by a
depression; 35-38μm long odontostyle with thick walls; 'double' guiding
ring; transverse vulva and elongate-conoid, dorsally bent tail. Laimydorus
esquiveli sp. n. has 1.6-2.1 mm long body; lip region offset by slight
depression; 30-32μ m long odontostyle; 'double' guiding ring; longitudinal
vulva; males with 12 ventromedian supplements and prerectum terminating
within the range of supplements. Laimydorus tropicus sp. n. has 1.5-1.9 mm
long body; lip region truncate, offset by depression; 'double' guiding ring;
transverse vulva; female tail 14-15 anal body diam. long; male with ten
ventromedian supplements and prerectum terminating within the range of
supplements. Calcaridorylaimus andrassyi sp. n. has 1.7-1.8 mm long body;
slightly offset lip region; 15μm long odontostyle; pore-like vulva and
spicules with triple contour and much shorter ventral arm. Coomansinema
brevicauda sp. n. has 1.3-1.6 mm long, robust body; 21-22μ m long
odontostyle; transverse vulva; short conoid female tail with an elongate
dorsally bent projection and male with ten ventromedian supplements.
Mesodorylaimus guarani Andrássy, 1968 and Sicaguttur hooperi Carbonell &
Coomans, 1986 are reported for the first time from Costa Rica.
Pasteuria penetrans and P. nishizawae attachment to Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax and M. hapla
Authors: Wishart Jane , Blok Vivian C. , Phillips Mark S. , Davies Keith G.
Published: July 2005

This is the first report of endospores of Pasteuria penetrans and P.
nishizawae isolates binding to juveniles of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M.
fallax. The patterns of endospore attachment to M. chitwoodi and M. fallax
compared with the related M. hapla suggest that there are differences
amongst these three temperate root-knot nematode species. Intraspecific
variability in attachment of P. penetrans to juveniles of M. chitwoodi was
demonstrated.
Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis at different pupation depths
Authors: Ebssa Lemma , Borgemeister Christian , Semrau Jörg , Poehling Hans-Michael
Published: July 2005

To study the effects of the pupation depth of western flower thrips (WFT),
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on the efficacy of entomopathogenic
nematodes (EPN), Heterorhabditis indica strain LN2 and Steinernema
bicornutum were applied at dose rates of 100 and 400 infective juveniles
(IJ) cm–2to WFT that had pupated at different depths. Additionally, the
effects of EPN concentrations and thrips densities were tested on the
pupation depth of WFT. A higher concentration of H. indica was required when
the thrips pupated deeper. Yet applications of S. bicornutum even at a high
concentration resulted in a significantly lower WFT mortality at greater
rather than at shallower depths. Generally, WFT control levels of 5-57% were
obtained depending on depth of pupation, EPN species, and concentrations.
The results clearly indicate that WFT at high EPN concentrations seem to
remain at a certain soil depth in order to avoid EPN attraction by moving
around. Without or at low EPN concentrations, up to 80% of WFT pupated at
the deepest depth of 3-5 cm. However, at higher thrips densities and EPN
concentrations, 45-48% of WFT pupated in the medium depth of 1-3 cm. Thus,
depth of pupation is an important factor in WFT control using EPN.
Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) as inferred from analyses of sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and morphological features
Authors: Spiridonov Sergei E. , Reid Alex P. , Podrucka Kasia , Subbotin Sergei A. , Moens Maurice
Published: July 2005

Eighty four new and four published ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences of rDNA obtained
from different populations of 24 nominal species and 28 isolates of 16
putative Steinernema species were analysed using the maximum parsimony
method. In most of the phylogenetic trees obtained from different ITS
alignments and phylogenetic procedures, the 84 isolates formed five main,
highly or moderately supported, clades, viz Clade I: 'affine-intermedium';
Clade II: 'carpocapsae-scapterisci-tami'; Clade III:
'feltiae-krausseioregonense'; Clade IV: 'bicornutum-ceratophorum-riobrave';
and Clade V: 'arenarium-glaseri-karii-longicaudum'. The ITS rDNA data were
found to be of little utility in resolving relationships between these
clades, but were useful in studying relationships between species within
certain clades. The level of intra-specific variability was different
between clades with sequence divergence of 2.4-2.8% of ITS rDNA for some
species. Analysis of a combined data matrix of both molecular and
morphological features was performed with six qualitative and three
quantitative features.
Cuticular structure of three Bunonema species and first description of the male of B. penardi Stefanski, 1914 (Nematoda: Bunonematidae)
Authors: Van Gansbeke Ruben , Bert Wim , Govaerts Ann , Claeys Myriam , Van Driessche Rita , Manhout Joeri , Borgonie Gaëtan
Published: July 2005

This study reanalyses some morphological and ultrastructural aspects of three
Bunonema species. Specimens of B. penardi, B. hessi and B. franzi were
studied using light microscopy and SEM. Bunonema franzi was also studied by
TEM. The male of B. penardi is described, this being the first record of
males in the genus Bunonema. Additional morphometric data on the females of
this species are presented. SEM pictures show details of the deviant amphid
position within the Bunonematidae. In contrast to earlier reports, our TEM
results show that the evagination of the cuticle in ridges and tubercles is
due to the thickening of the median zone of the cuticle. Ultrastructural
details of the species-specific polygonal mesh network on the right body
side are revealed. The rods that constitute this network lie above the
epicuticle and are therefore extracuticular.
Molecular characterisation of the ribosomal DNA of Paratrichodorus macrostylus, P. pachydermus, Trichodorus primitivus and T. similis (Nematoda: Trichodoridae)
Authors: Phillips Mark , Blok Vivian , Brown Derek , Boutsika Konstantina
Published: July 2005

Trichodorids are plant-ectoparasitic nematodes, causing economically important diseases in many crops. In this study, we characterised ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of four trichodorid species from two different genera (i.e., Paratrichodorus macrostylus, P. pachydermus, Trichodorus primitivus and T. similis). Sequence data from the 18S and 5.8S genes showed high similarity; in contrast, sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) were highly variable. Sequence divergence between the two genera included many insertions and deletions. Trichodorus primitivus and T. similis ITS regions of 1537 and 1303 bp, respectively, are the longest reported to date in the Phylum Nematoda. Further exploration of the sequence data indicated perfect and non-homologous repeats which were confined to the middle of the ITS regions.
The ultrastructure of the feeding apparatus and pharyngeal tract of four European species of Trichodoridae (Nematoda: Triplonchida)
Authors: Karanastasi Eirini , Decraemer Wilfrida , Wyss Urs , Brown Derek
Published: July 2005

Virus-vector plant-parasitic Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus nematodes acquire Tobravirus particles whilst ingesting root cell sap from virus-infected plants and these particles are specifically retained by being adsorbed on to the cuticle lining the wall of the nematode pharyngeal lumen. The feeding apparatus and pharyngeal ultrastructure of four trichodorid virus-vector species were examined to identify the occurrence of any structural characters that could account for particle retention at specific sites in this region. Similarities between Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus species are reported for the first time and new evidence is provided on the position of all gland sinuses and outlets. The occurrence of an inner spear in adult specimens is discussed.
Molecular and morphometric analyses of Xiphidorus species (Nematoda: Longidoridae)
Authors: Fenton Brian , Oliveira Claudio , Monteiro Ailton , Malloch Gaynor , Neilson Roy , Ferraz Luiz
Published: July 2005

Xiphidorus nematodes are indigenous to Latin America and have a restricted geographical distribution compared to Xiphinema. A principal component analysis (PCA) based on eight morphometric characters from 39 South American populations clearly separated populations previously identified as X. achalae, X. amazonensis, X. minor, X. saladillensis and X. uruguayensis and three undescribed Xiphidorus species. However, populations identified as X. balcarceanus, X. parthenus and X. yepesara did not form similar discrete groupings and exhibited either considerable morphological variability or were incorrectly identified. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees derived from both 18S rDNA and ITS-1 sequences discriminated six Xiphidorus species (X. balcarceanus, X. minor, X. parthenus, X. yepesara, and two undescribed Xiphidorus species) from Brazil. Also, restriction analysis of PCR products derived from the ITS-1 region using three restriction enzymes (Taq I, Rsa I and Hin f I) yielded repeatable patterns that clearly discriminated these six Xiphidorus species. Sequence divergence was noted between X. parthenus and X. yepesara. Our morphometric and molecular data suggests that X. parthenus and X. yepesara are distinct species contrary to their previous subspecific status.
Nematode community composition in five alpine habitats
Authors: Hoschitz Michael , Kaufmann Rüdiger
Published: July 2005

Soil nematodes were studied in five alpine habitats (sedge mat, pasture, peat bog, moraine, and lichen heath) in the Austrian Alps (Obergurgl, Tyrol) from 2001 to 2002. A total of 75 genera within 49 families were found. The mean nematode population density ranged from 80 to 383 individuals 100 g–1 soil and increased during the short alpine growing season. The most abundant feeding groups were bacterial feeders followed by plant-parasitic nematodes. The number of nematode taxa differed only slightly between habitats. Diversity indices (H' =3.7-4.8 based on genera) and maturity indices (MI = 2.7-3.4) were generally high. Nematode community composition of the pasture and the peat bog differed markedly from the other three sites. Nematode data on genera and feeding types yielded a comparable similarity pattern for all sites but site discrimination was better at the genus level.
SEM studies on the Mediterranean olive root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne baetica, and histopathology on two additional natural hosts
Authors: Liébanas Gracia , Castillo Pablo , Vovlas Nicola
Published: July 2005

SEM studies on a Meloidogyne baetica population provided additional details of the external morphology for female, male and second-stage juveniles. The labial disc in female and male specimens is fused with the medial lips forming a single structure. In second-stage juveniles the lateral lips are triangular with rounded margins. The amphidial opening for all life stages appears oval to rectangular in shape and is located between the labial disc and lateral lips. Lateral fields of male and second-stage juveniles have four incisures irregularly areolated along the entire body. The results of a host-range study for additional natural hosts of M. baetica conducted in wild olive communities growing at Vejer de la Frontera (Cádiz province) in southern Spain are also reported. Apart from the type host, M. baetica was found to infect two natural woody host plants, lentisc (Pistacia lentiscus) and Aristolochia baetica. Hostparasite relationships in these new hosts confirmed the typical susceptible reaction observed in wild and cultivated olives. Similarly, the reproductive fitness, evaluated as the number of eggs per egg mass, was not significantly different in all plant hosts. No infections or galled roots were observed in herbaceous plant species studied and M. baetica must therefore be considered as a parasite of woody plants.
Support for Right-Wing Extremist Ideology: Socio-Economic Indicators and Socio-Psychological Mechanisms of Social Identification
Authors: Pedahzur Ami , Canetti-Nisim Daphna
Published: July 2005

The study examined the associations between support for right-wing extremism, on the one hand, and social-psychological measures of in-group favoritism (e. g. authoritarianism) and both objective (e. g., income) and subjective (economic insecurity) socio-economic measures, on the other, among 706 Israeli-Jewish respondents. Contrary to the initial tendency to reduce right-wing extremism and define it on the basis of a single characteristic (i.e. anti-foreigner sentiments), it is defined as a broad concept that reflects a multi-layered ideology. We theorized that hostile attitudes towards out-groups are the result of in-group favoritism, and that this may be particularly apt when a sense of socio-economic competition arises. Findings obtained through the analyses of three models via structural equation modeling show that the socio-economic variables have significant direct negative effects on the socio-psychological mediating variables, and also have negative indirect effects on right-wing extremism, via their influence on the mediating socio-psychological variables. While persons with strong social identification tendencies are likely to espouse right-wing extremist ideologies whether they are high or low on the socio-economic status, persons who score low on socio-economic indicators are not likely to support right-wing extremist ideologies unless they also have strong mechanisms of social identification.
Marx's Concept of Intrinsic Value
Authors: Kliman Andrew J.
Published: July 2005

This paper aims to show that the concept of intrinsic value — value as distinct from exchange-value — became an increasingly important element of Karl Marx's critique of political economy. The existence of the distinction is not unknown, but its importance to Marx's work is under-appreciated and the nature of the distinction is often misunderstood.
Answering Shortall
Authors: Lebowitz Michael A.
Published: July 2005

Karl Marx, philosopher of praxis — the theorist who rejected both the utopian socialists and the utopian putschists because of his core concept of the self-development of the working class through its own struggles. Was Marx necessarily limited because he lived and wrote in the nineteenth century – limited, not because capitalism was as yet ‘immature’ (as many would have it), but because the proletariat was? Felton Shortall proposes that, able to observe neither the struggles for (and fate of) workers’ councils and Soviets nor ‘the limitations of the workers’ council form of organisation’ as revealed by revolutionary experiences such as the ‘refusal to work’, Marx could not proceed beyond the dialectic of capital.
Marxism, ‘Manufactured Uncertainty’ and Progressivism: A Response to Giddens
Authors: Wetherly Paul
Published: July 2005

In a series of writings in recent years, Anthony Giddens has pursued two broad interconnected themes: reflection on the future of radical politics in a world in which, it is claimed, received political ideologies of Right and Left are exhausted; and, analysis of the character of what Giddens calls ‘second-phase’ modernisation. The connection between the two themes is straightforward: it is because the world has changed in profound ways that radical politics cannot be continued in the old way. Both of these themes are analysed at length in Beyond Left and Right. In this work, Giddens describes a long-run shift in our relationship to social and technological change manifest in the advance of ‘manufactured uncertainty’ or risk. This has been accelerated by a (more recent) shift from ‘simple’ to 'reflexive’ (or ‘second-phase’) modernisation which is a compound of a related series of developments during the post-war period – the ‘social revolutions of our time’ (globalisation and the rise of a posttraditional reflexive social order).
The Interconnection of Systematic Dialectics and Historical Materialism
Authors: Reuten Geert
Published: July 2005

This paper discusses some recent developments in the Marxian theory of value, called value-form theory, which have gone along with a methodological shift from a linear logic and historical dialectics to a dialectical logic and systematic dialectics. In order to appreciate these developments within the Marxian paradigm, it is useful to make two introductory remarks: first, on some peculiarities of Marxian discourse and, second, about discrepancies in Marx's Capital.
On making-up and breaking-up: woman and ware, craving and corpse in Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project
Authors: Leslie Esther
Published: July 2005

Walter Benjamin's writings on the Paris shopping arcades and nineteenth- century urban industrial culture are frequently referenced in contemporary examinations of ‘modernity'. In current cultural studies Benjamin's investigation of the aesthetics of merchandise and his insights into the social fact of mass consumerism are repeatedly invoked. Indeed these investigations may be alluded to even more frequently than reference is made to Benjamin's once much reproduced essay ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction'. A decade and a half ago Benjamin's ‘Artwork’ essay (1935—9) was one of the most frequently cited essays in new art history and cultural studies academic textbooks. To put it crudely, a turnaround has occurred. In the 1970s academic (and non-academic) attention spotlit Benjamin's materialist history of artistic production, distribution and reception as presented in the ‘Artwork’ essay and in ‘The Author as Producer’ (1934). The political events of 1968 had made Benjamin extremely readable. His thoughts discharged after some years delay. Most alluring to the German 68ers were the statements on political art and Benjamin's dissections of fascism. Also entrancing were Benjamin's analyses of experience. Benjamin wrote extensively, and from early on, about ways of expanding the conceptualisation of experience: sometimes philosophically - by means of Kant-critique, sometimes aesthetically — by a probing of surrealism and psychoanalysis, and sometimes practically – through experiments with hashish, which were later written up as protocols. John Berger's Ways of Seeing (1972) represented an original attempt to introduce Benjamin to an English audience, via the appropriately mass mediation of television. Benjamin was adopted as a leftist mascot, and a materialist who could recommend directions for art interpretation and more importantly, cultural practice. The approaches of the 1980s and 1990s, inflected by the priorities of feminist and postmodernist scholarship as they have loomed in cultural studies, art history and sociology, increasingly turned to those aspects of Benjamin's work that appear to illuminate a burgeoning interest in urbanism and consumerism. Interest has shifted away from cultural production and critique towards consumption and characterization. These days, Benjamin is regularly served up as one of the theorists who can vindicate a feel-good consumerism, lending a glamourizing and theoretical loftiness to the activity of shopping. Indeed, far from blasting the chimeras of commodity fetishism, Benjamin becomes the commodity's high-priest.
The law of value and the analysis of underdevelopment
Authors: Weeks John
Published: July 2005

Karl Marx entitled his first major work on the theory of capitalism an Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy, not, it should be stressed, An Introduction to … Political Economy. The inclusion of the crucial ‘the critique of provides the key to Marx's break with classical political economy. As much as he respected the contribution of bourgeois writers, especially Ricardo, he did not consider himself a radical member of the political economy school. That the political economy school's most outstanding members focused upon class relations did not save them from an analysis that, in Marx's judgement, was ‘vulgar', in that it focused upon the appearance of phenomena rather than their underlying causes. Political economy focused on relations of exchange, rather than on class relations among human beings. As he wrote famously in an oftquoted letter, for at least a generation before him bourgeois writers had recognised both class divisions in capitalism and that the basis of profit was exploitation; were these the central elements of his work, his contribution would have been trivial.
The silences of Capital
Authors: Lebowitz Michael A
Published: July 2005

Not too long ago, Michael Burawoy commented that ‘two anomalies confront Marxism as its refutation: the durability of capitalism and the passivity of its working class'. So, has the time come, more than 125 years after the publication of Capital, to admit that the ‘facts’ (which meant something to Marx) simply do not support Marx's theory?
Marx and the Magic of Money: Towards an Alchemy of Capital
Authors: Taylor Graham , Neary Michael
Published: July 2005

We live in an age dominated by money. As capitalism has intensified and expanded as a social form, money has increasingly colonised the production and reproduction of the human condition. We live in an age of monetarism: an age in which social and political regulation are increasingly subordinate to the dictates of ‘sound money'. We live in an age of national lotteries: an age where millions attempt each week to garner enough money to ‘free’ themselves from the grinding agony of wage labour. We live in an age in which people increasingly grasp the alienation inherent in the domination of society by money and attempt to reassert a sense of human community through the introduction of local currency and barter schemes. But we also live in an age where Marxism is supposedly dead; where we can only gaze in ironic postmodern wonder at the increasing domination of the human condition by money and its social forms. In this paper we go beyond this postmodern orthodoxy to suggest that it is not only possible to develop a historically materialist analysis of money and its social forms but also that this project is essential if we are to reclaim our humanity from the deadening alienation of money and its social forms. We explore the magical qualities of money, the qualities which have enthralled and transfixed bourgeois social science from the classical economy of Adam Smith to the present day postmodernists. We argue that the lasting legacy of Marx was to uncover the historical materiality underlying the magical appearance of money: a discovery of the alchemic properties of money capital through which money becomes more money and which involves the material subordination of living labour to the valorisation of money capital.
The Politics of Novelty
Authors: Bonefeld Werner
Published: July 2005

The ‘politics of novelty’ seems a somewhat strange if not straightforwardly bizarre topic. What is meant by ‘novelty’ and under what sort of conditions would one be able to think of ‘novelty’ in terms of a politics? What does politics have to do with ‘novelty’, and conversely, ‘novelty’ with ‘polities’?
How Not To Write About Lenin
Authors: Molyneux John
Published: July 2005

Eighty one years on, the Russian Revolution remains an event of unique significance for socialists, Marxists and historical materialists. It is the only occasion to date of which it can plausibly be claimed that the working class itself overthrew the capitalist state, established its own power and maintained it on a national scale for a significant period of time. Discount the Russian Revolution and we are left only with heroic but local and short-lived attempts and near-misses such as the Paris Commune, the Hungarian Revolution of 1919, the Munich Soviet and Barcelona 1936, or the long list of seizures of power, usually by armed forces of one sort or another, in the name of the working class or Marxism (Eastern Europe 1945–47, China 1949, Cuba 1959, etc.).
Dialectics, ‘the Party9 and the Problem of the New Society
Authors: Hudis Peter
Published: July 2005

This is an especially auspicious moment to reconsider the problem of organisation in Marxist theory. This is not needed for the sake of rehashing old debates about which strategy or tactic can best ‘make’ the revolution. In a century that has seen many revolutions come to power but none lead to the creation of a new society we have different reasons for exploring the problem of organisation. The question is, what kind of organisation, and what relation between organisation, spontaneity, and revolutionary theory, can best combat the tendency of new forms of oppression to emerge after the seizure of power? In other words, what role does revolutionary organisation play in the effort to envision and help work out the new human relations needed to ensure any successful transformation of society?
Labour, Eco-Regulation, and Value: A Response to Benton's Ecological Critique of Marx
Authors: Burkett Paul
Published: July 2005

In an earlier article, I responded to Ted Benton's charge that Marx and Engels, upon realising the political conservatism associated with Malthusian natural limits arguments, retreated from materialism to a social-constructionist conception of human production and reproduction. I showed that Benton artificially dichotomises the material and social elements of historical materialism, thereby misreading Marx and Engels's recognition of the historical specificity of material conditions as an outright denial of all natural limits. In place of Marx and Engels's materialist and class-relational approach to population issues and the reserve army of the unemployed, Benton employs a partially Malthusianised Marxism heavily reliant on ahistorical notions of natural limits.
The Myth of Lenin's ‘Concept Of The Party’: Or What They Did to What Is To Be Done?
Authors: Draper Hal
Published: July 2005

The myth for today is an axiom of what we may call Leninology — a branch of Kremlinology that has rapidly grown in the hands of the various university Russian Institutes, doctoral programs, political journalists, et al. According to this axiom, Lenin's 1902 book What Is To Be Done? (for short, WITBD) represents the essential content of his ‘operational code’ or ‘concept of the party’: all of Bolshevism and eventually Stalinism lies in ambush in its pages; it is the canonical work of ‘Leninism’ on party organisation, which, in turn, bears the original sin of totalitarianism. It establishes the ‘Leninist type of party’ as an authoritarian structure controlled from the top by ‘professional revolutionaries’ of upper-class provenance lording over a proletarian rank and file.
Capitalist Competition and the Tendency to Overproduction: Comments on Brenner's ‘Uneven Development and the Long Downturn’
Authors: Clarke Simon
Published: July 2005

The publication of Bob Brenner's long-awaited analysis of the development of post-war capitalism is to be welcomed. Brenner's systematic review of a mass of data on the development of the US, German and Japanese economies finally, and incontrovertibly, destroys the ‘profit squeeze’ explanation for the tendencies to stagnation and crisis which have afflicted global capitalism over the past thirty years. This once fashionable theory explained the crisis tendencies of capitalism in terms of the ability of workers to restrict profitability through their demands for higher wages and their resistance to the intensification of labour. It is manifestly the case that the struggles of workers over the past thirty years have been predominantly defensive struggles, attempting, at best, to limit the erosion of relative gains of previous years in the spheres of wages, job control and welfare provision. The resistance of workers to a further intensification of their exploitation may have presented a barrier to the resolution of the crisis on the basis of capital, but it is certainly not the struggle of workers that has provoked the crisis.
Crisis and the Poverty of Nations: Two Market Products Which Value Explains Better
Authors: Freeman Alan
Published: July 2005

In Sarsi I seem to discern the firm belief that in philosophising one must support oneself on the opinion of some celebrated author, as if our minds ought to remain completely sterile and barren unless wedded to the reasoning of someone else…that is not how things are. Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze.
Explaining the Global Economic Crisis
Authors: Shaikh Anwar
Published: July 2005

During the late 1960s, the long post-war economic boom which had characterised the advanced capitalist countries began to fade away. In its wake came an equally long era of stagnation, decline, and political and economic turbulence. Unemployment, inflation, falling profitability, business failures and bankruptcies were the new order of the day, and it became commonplace to see fearful headlines about the possible collapse of the global financial system or even of accumulation itself.
Brenner and Crisis Theory: Issues in Systematic and Historical Dialectics
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: July 2005

Robert Brenner's recent monograph on the economics of global turbulence has renewed interest in one of the most important topics in Marxian thought, the theory of crisis tendencies in capitalism. In their introduction to Brenner's monograph, the editors of New Left Review praise him as a worthy successor to Marx in the strongest possible terms. In the eyes of a number of critics, however, Brenner is guilty of a major betrayal of Marx's legacy. In Michael Lebowitz's view, for instance, Brenner should now be seen as a disciple of Adam Smith, not Karl Marx, while Fine, Lapavitsas, and Milonakis refer to Brenner's position as ‘a distinctly non-Marxist perspective’.
Surfing the Troubled Waters of ‘Global Turbulence’: A Comment
Authors: Weeks John
Published: July 2005

Those familiar with the contributions of Robert Brenner to understanding of the historical development of capitalism, and his devastating critique of the ‘regulation school’ must, like myself, have felt a sense of anticipation as they began his recent volume on global capitalism since the end of World War Two. While the editor's introduction was pretentious to the point of embarrassment, this unfortunate excursion into naive idolatry should not be attributed to the author himself. However, even those most supportive of Brenner's previous work (again, such as myself), could not help but be disappointed by the contents of ‘;Global Turbulence’.
Bio-Bibliographical Key to the Membership of the Institut de Droit International, 1873-2001
Authors:   Macalister-Smith
Published: July 2005

No Abstract
Decision Making and the Legal Committee of the International Maritime Organization
Authors:   Gaskell
Published: July 2005

This article considers the decision making process in the Legal Committee of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), one of the UN Special Agencies, and in diplomatic conferences convened to finalise the work of the Committee. It examines a number of legal instruments (such as the 1989 Salvage Convention, the HNS Convention 1996, the Arrest Convention 1999, Bunker Pollution Convention 2001 and the Athens Convention 2002) to see how proposals are introduced and drafted. In particular, it provides observations on the process of negotiation and the influences which states, NGOs and individuals can exert in order to achieve drafting progress. All international organisations have their own culture, which is not always evident to ``outsiders'', and so the article tries to give a flavour of the IMO culture and the use that can be made of its travaux préparatoires.
Protecting the Rights of People with Mental Disabilities:The European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Lewis Oliver
Published: July 2005

This paper will analyse the essential legal requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights which touch on the lives (and deaths) of people with mental disabilities. It will examine the procedural safeguards which must be followed when involuntarily detaining a person under mental health legislation; access to a court to test the lawfulness of detention; the requirement to be free from torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; the right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence; and the right to life, including investigation after a death. The paper will discuss some of the factors which explain the relative scarcity of mental disability cases decided by the Strasbourg Court. In conclusion there will be an examination of the role of lawyers and other key players in mental disability, and how stakeholders can move forward to prompt much needed social reform.
Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Authors:   Ntanda Nsereko
Published: July 2005

The Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court includes aggression among the crimes within the Court's jurisdiction. It mandates the Assembly of States Parties to define the crime and to set out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction over it. Both the definition and the conditions must be consistent with the UN Charter provisions. The most pertinent of these provisions is Article 39, which empowers the Security Council to determine ‘the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression’. Based on the context of this provision the article discusses the envisaged role of the Security Council vis-á-vis the International Criminal Court in the prosecution of aggression. The author acknowledges the Council's primary responsibility in matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security, but asserts that such responsibility is not exclusive. The author also concedes the Council's prerogative under Article 39 to determine whether a state has committed an act of aggression for purposes of making recommendations or taking enforcement measures against such a state. Nevertheless the author contends that such determination does not preclude the Court from making its own determination for the purpose of assigning criminal responsibility on individuals. The author argues that the Court is an independent, impartial judicial body. It should not be bound by determinations of the Council, a political body that is often guided more by political considerations than by the law and evidence. The author maintains that subjecting the Court's jurisdiction over aggression to Security Council determinations would eviscerate the Court's effectiveness and credibility.
Book Review
Authors: Vierdag
Published: July 2005

No Abstract
Book Review
Authors: Wheatley
Published: July 2005

No Abstract
Jurisdiction, Recognition, and Enforcement of Court Judgments and Arbitral Awards: Analyses and Recommendations to Improve Armenian and Russian Legislation
Authors:   Karapetyan
Published: July 2005

The present article examines problems of personal jurisdiction and of the recognition and enforcement of court judgments and arbitration awards in the Republic of Armenia and in the Russian Federation. The author reviews the relevant international best practices, especially on the European Union level, and the relevant provisions of Armenian and Russian legislation on personal jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments.Problems of international jurisdiction and enforcement are becoming more apparent due to globalization trends and the increasing involvement in cross-country trade of the two countries that are the focus of this work. Therefore, issues dealing with personal jurisdiction need to be carefully reviewed.A similar review of the applicable international conventions on the recognition and enforcement of arbitration agreements and arbitral awards is made with proper to Armenian and Russian legislation. Being based on the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law, Russian legislation poses fewer problems for practitioners than does Armenian legislation. Again, economic developments will force—in this case mostly—Armenia to address problems of the type that are identified in this work with respect to arbitration awards.
Two Landmark Decisions of the Albanian Constitutional Court: The Individual, the Employee, and the State
Authors: Alibali Agron
Published: July 2005

The present article focuses on two important decisions of the Albanian Constitutional Court that have clarified the right to a fair hearing in circumstances in which removal proceedings against top government officials are at the center of an administrative dispute. In interpreting the Constitution and following its established jurisprudence, the Court held that the right to a fair hearing exists in every administrative proceeding that has a "punishing character". The dispute arising from the removal of Albania's General Prosecutor in the spring of 2002 has provided a rare opportunity to debate important issues of constitutional law and human rights in what was a previously closed and oppressed society. The article outlines the circumstances surrounding the case, highlights related Albanian law and jurisprudence, discusses the role in such cases of the Parliament and President, set forth the pleadings before the Court, and analyzes the Court's rulings. The Court's rulings are also framed in a comparative context against the landmark case of Pellegrin v. France, as decided by the European Court of Human Rights, as well as the doctrine of procedural due process.
A Case Study of How VisitScotland Prepared for War
Authors: Yeoman Ian , Galt Miriam , Mcmahon-Beattie Una
Published: July 2005

VisitScotland, the national tourism agency for Scotland, used a scenario-planning process to untangle the complexity of the forthcoming war in Iraq. The scenarios explored the impact of such a war on tourism against a backdrop of an economic environment of failing equity markets and GDP. In 2003, Scotland was on the verge of a recession, and VisitScotland wanted to know how war would affect this economic environment and, simultaneously, how this would affect different tourism markets. VisitScotland constructed four scenarios: how the West was won, global Northern Ireland, new dawn, and into the valley of death. The scenarios helped the organization develop policies and actions to deal with contingencies in each scenario. More importantly, the article shows how VisitScotland managed the process, what it did, and policy implications for the future.
How Special Is Special Interest Tourism?
Authors: Mckercher Bob , Chan Andrew
Published: July 2005

Much of the research documenting the size and importance of special interest (SI) tourism is based on secondary analysis of visitor survey data. Segments are defined by analyzing responses to activity questions, with the assumption being that activities are a valid proxy for motives to travel or trip purpose. The soundness of this approach is based on two suppositions that do not appear to have been questioned. The first is that visitor surveys are constructed in such a way that valid SI trip-purpose segments can be defined. The second is the existence of a direct correlation between actions and motivations. This article illustrates that both suppositions are unfounded, resulting in the production of figures that overstate the true importance of SI tourism as a trip generator by as much as 20 times. The authors call for the discontinuation of the method.
Defining Authenticity and Its Determinants: Toward an Authenticity Flow Model
Authors: Chhabra Deepak
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this study was to broaden the understanding of authenticity through an empirical examination of Scottish goods sold to tourists at retail outlets and festivals. The focus was on vendors selling Scottish merchandise in the United States and Canada. A majority of the vendors describe authenticity as a representation of Scottish traditions, and their definitions do not vary with their socioeconomic characteristics but with the percentage of income obtained from festivals. The study further traces the authenticity flow in the marketing system on a continuum of 1 to 4, with 1 being the originator and 4 being the receiver. The results indicate that authenticity is supply driven and that producers are its determinants who obtain verifications from the trade fair, historians, and ancestral heritage. Vendors act as liaisons between the producers and the consumers, and, contrary to expectations, tourists are the receivers of authenticity.
An Exploration of the Experiential Nature of Boutique Accommodation
Authors: Mcintosh Alison J. , Siggs Anna
Published: July 2005

There has been increased attention given in the tourism literature to the experiential consumption of tourism. This article addresses the lack of attention in previous studies to the experiential nature of accommodation products, especially with regard to boutique or specialist accommodation. Attention to tourists’ experiences with accommodation is essential for determining guest satisfaction and the personal benefits that guests derive from their stay. In-depth interviews with 19 hosts and 30 guests at boutique accommodation establishments in Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand highlighted the emotive aspects of the experiences gained by guests and revealed five key experiential dimensions that are seen as important to the success of boutique accommodation product: unique character, personalized, homely, quality, and value added. Ways in which the experiential qualities offered by boutique accommodation are perceived to differ from that provided by other traditional and specialist types of accommodation are also discussed.
Does Complexity Matter? Methods for Improving Forecasting Accuracy in Tourism: The Case of Austria
Authors: Smeral Egon , Wüger Michael
Published: July 2005

Tourist demand is subject to considerable variations, a fact that aggravates the development of forecast models of sufficiently adequate accuracy. This study develops models that permit including most, if not all, factors of influence. To this end, due consideration was given to calendar effects as well as unknown special effects in time-series models and econometric approaches in an attempt to improve the quality of the forecast. Results showed that, for the data set used, a combination of complex data adjustment procedures and adequate model structures substantially improved the accuracy of the forecast, or, in other words, that simple approaches lose out to more complex ones. Accordingly, the central issue of this study, that is, whether complexity matters, can certainly be answered quite simply for the Austrian data set used by “Yes, it does.”
The Long-Term Phenomena of Women’s Postabortion Experiences
Authors: Trybulski JoAnn
Published: July 2005

A phenomenological approach was used to examine the responses of women to elective abortion. Sixteen women who terminated a pregnancy for nonmedical reasons at least 15 years previously participated. These women were caught up in the moment, they made a decision, had an abortion, and life continued—for some as before, for others, forever altered. Women encountered a sense of disruption. The abortion and reflections about the experience existed as an unspoken story, confided to few. Thoughts of this past experience reached into present events and generated new awareness, producing insights. The terminated pregnancy for some became embodied. These women were compelled to make sense of their abortion experiences as they sought to integrate these experiences into their sense of self. These women’s relationships affected the abortion experience and were affected by the abortion experience. This research expands our understanding of the long-term responses of women after abortion.