bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climatic and edaphic gradients predict variation in wildland fuel hazard in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: McColl‐Gausden S. C. , Bennett L. T. , Duff T. J. , Cawson J. G. , Penman T. D.
Published: December 2019

Understanding spatial variation in wildland fuel is central to predicting wildfire behaviour as well as current and future fire regimes. Vegetation (plant material) – both live (biomass) and dead (necromass) – constitutes most aspects of wildland fuel (hereafter ‘fuel’). It therefore is likely that factors influencing vegetation structure and composition – climate, soils, disturbance – also will influence fuel structure and associated hazard. Nonetheless, these relationships are poorly understood in temperate environments. In this study, we used an extensive database of fuel hazard assessments to determine the extent to which environmental variables (climatic conditions and soil type) and disturbance (fire) can predict fuel hazard in native vegetation across south‐eastern Australia. Fuel hazard ratings are based on the horizontal and vertical continuity of fine fuels (dead plant material < 6 mm thick, and live plant material < 3 mm thick) that burn in the flaming front of a fire. These scores are used widely by fire managers in Australia. We used environmental and disturbance variables to develop models to predict spatial patterns of hazard for each fuel stratum (surface, near‐surface, elevated and bark) and the height of two fuel strata (near‐surface, elevated). Soil, climate and time since fire were strong predictors of fuel hazard for at least one stratum, and soil predictors were the strongest predictors of fuel hazard across all strata. We used models to predict fuel hazard by stratum at a fixed time since fire in two regions with contrasting environments in south‐eastern Australia to better understand the spatial arrangement of fuel hazard. Fuel hazard varied within and between regions, emphasising the complexity and heterogeneity of fuel patterns that affect fuel hazard from local to landscape extents. The models improve the basis for analysing fuel hazard patterns and therefore increase the capacity to predict fire regimes under future climates.
Selection of reference genes for quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction normalization inBradysia odoriphaga(Diptera: Sciaridae)
Authors: Tang Bowen , Dai Wu , Zhang Chunni
Published: December 2019

Selecting stable reference genes for reverse transcription quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis is critically important for gene expression.Bradysia odoriphagais the most serious pest of Chinese chives, but our knowledge of its genetics is limited. In the present study, five housekeeping genes (β‐Actin,α‐Tubulin,RPS7,GAPDHand18S rRNA) were cloned fromB. odoriphagausing the combined techniques of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The five genes, together withRPS15, were quantified for transcription stability inB. odoriphagaunder various experimental conditions. Their expression stability was evaluated using four different algorithms (a comparative ΔCt method, GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper). Additionally, we used an online Web‐based tool (RefFinder) to assign an overall final rank to each candidate gene. These analyses identified18S,RPS15andRPS7as the most stable reference genes across developmental stages.18S,RPS7andTubulinwere the most stable reference genes for monitoring gene expression across different tissues of adults.RPS7,GAPDHandTubulinwere selected as the best reference genes across different larval tissues.GAPDHandRPS15were selected to normalize gene expression for experiments of insecticide treatments.ActinandGAPDHare considered suitable reference genes in experiments of temperature treatments.ActinandTubulinare considered suitable reference genes for starvation experiments. This study provides an important supplement of suitable reference genes forB. odoriphagaand these results provide clues toward the understanding of the genes’ biological functions inB. odoriphaga.
Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive human Mac‐2‐binding protein as a predictive marker of liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients
Authors: Takatsuki Mitsuhisa , Yamasaki Kazumi , Natsuda Koji , Hidaka Masaaki , Ono Shinichiro , Adachi Tomohiko , Yatsuhashi Hiroshi , Eguchi Susumu
Published: December 2019

Aim

In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfected patients, the progression of liver failure is reported to be more aggressive than that in HCV mono‐infected patients. Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive human Mac‐2‐binding protein (WFA+‐M2BP) is well recognized as a liver fibrosis glycobiomarker with a unique fibrosis‐related glycoalteration. We analyzed HIV/HCV coinfected patients’ M2BP levels as a possible marker for predicting liver fibrosis.

Methods

M2BP was measured in 31 HIV/HCV coinfected patients, and we analyzed the correlation between WFA+‐M2BP and several markers of fibrosis, liver function, and tumor markers. We compared the WFA+‐M2BP levels in HIV/HCV coinfected patients with those of HCV mono‐infected patients by performing a propensity score matching analysis.

Results

In the HIV/HCV coinfected patients, the serum level of WFA+‐M2BP was well correlated with the markers type IV collagen, hyaluronic acid, and alpha‐fetoprotein, but not protein induced by vitamin K absence‐II. In the propensity score matching with HCV mono‐infected patients, the WFA+‐M2BP levels were significantly higher in the HIV/HCV coinfected patients compared with the levels in the HCV mono‐infected patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, WFA+‐M2BP might be a feasible predictive marker of fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfected patients.
Associations of nitric oxide with obesity and psychological traits among children and adolescents in Taiwan
Authors: Chung Kuo‐Hsuan , Chiou Hung‐Yi , Chang Jung‐Su , Chen Yi‐Hua
Published: December 2019

Background

Findings concerning nitric oxide (NO) in children and adolescents with obesity are scant.

Objective

This study examined the links of NO with obesity and psychological traits (ie, self‐concept, anxiety, depression, anger and disruptive behaviour) in children and adolescents in Taiwan.

Methods

A total of 564 first, fourth and seventh graders (314 children with overweight/obesity and 250 children with normal weight) completed an in‐hospital health examination in 2010. All students received a physical examination, underwent blood sample collection and completed a questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for analyses.

Results

Among the fourth and seventh graders (P=.003 and.001, respectively), the students with overweight/obesity displayed significantly higher levels of NO than those with normal weight; however, no difference was observed in males and females. In multiple linear regression models, a high level of anxiety was independently associated with low NO levels (β=−1.33, 95% confidence interval −2.24 to −0.41) in first graders who with overweight/obesity. No association between NO levels and psychological traits was evident among students with normal weight.

Conclusions

Our results enrich the limited data and suggest that NO may be associated with obesity and psychopathology and should be a concern in the pathophysiology of childhood mental health and obesity.
Rapid response team trigger modifications: are we using them safely?
Authors: Kerkham Telena , Brain Matthew
Published: November 2019

Background

Rapid response teams (RRT) were first proposed as a means of reducing inpatient morbidity and mortality. Modifying RRT activation triggers poses a potential risk for delayed recognition of a deteriorating patient. Trigger modifications have not been validated for safety.

Aims

To determine if RRT trigger modifications are associated with: increased frequency of recurrent RRT activation; increased length of stay (LOS); increased intensive care admission; and increased in‐hospital mortality.

Methods

A retrospective audit of all RRT activations occurring at the Launceston General Hospital (LGH) over an 18‐month period was performed.

Results

Rate of recurrent RRT activations did not decrease with the use of trigger modifications around the time of RRT activation, and for patients with two modifications, the frequency increased (1.98 vs 1.32, P = 0.007). LGH LOS increased for patients with any trigger modifications compared to those with none (11 vs 9, P = 0.0002), and for patients with two modifications (11.5 vs 9, P = 0.010). Total hospital LOS increased for patients with any modifications compared to patients with none (12 vs 10, P = 0.002). There was no significant association between trigger modifications and frequency of intensive care unit admission. The relative risk of in‐hospital death increased with increasing numbers of trigger modifications (relative risk 1.38–4.89).

Conclusions

Trigger modifications are associated with increased hospital LOS and increased rate of in‐hospital death and do not reduce the number of recurrent events. For patients in whom escalation of care is not appropriate, the presence of multiple trigger modifications at the time of an RRT activation may be a useful trigger for conversations around goals of care.
Assembly and origin of the flora of the Chihuahuan Desert: The case of sclerophyllous Rosaceae
Authors: Vásquez‐Cruz Marilyn , Sosa Victoria
Published: December 2019

Aim

To test hypotheses on the origin and assembly of the flora of the Chihuahuan Desert using as a system the hard‐leaved shrubby lineages of the Rosaceae distributed in North American Deserts.

Location

North American Deserts, Chihuahuan Desert, Mexican Plateau, Tehuacán Valley.

Taxa

Rosaceae, Amygdaloideae (Amelanchier paniculata, Lindleya mespiloides, Malacomeles denticulata, Vauquelinia angustifolia, Vauquelinia australis, Vauquelinia corymbosa, Xerospiraea hartwegiana), Dryadoideae (Cercocarpus fothergilloides, Cercocarpus pringlei, Cercocarpus rzedowskii, Purshia plicata)

Methods

Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on nine chloroplast and nuclear molecular markers of eleven newly sequenced species of Rosaceae distributed in the Chihuahuan Desert along with previous sequences of 41 species in 25 genera representative of the major clades in the family. Based on phylogeny, divergence times, migration, vicariance events and ancestral biogeographic areas were determined. Ecological niche‐based modelling will predict changes in distribution during Pleistocene climate oscillations. Traitgrams were constructed to visualize departure among lineages in the most significant climate variables.

Results

The lineages studied diverged during the Eocene‐Oligocene (53–33 Mya). The ancestral area for most of the taxa was in the Mojave and Chihuahuan Deserts. Most dispersal events occurred from the Mojave Desert to the central area of the Chihuahuan Desert on the Mexican Plateau. Ecological niche‐based modelling suggests a contraction of suitable habitat during the Last Interglacial period (~120,000–140,000 years), followed by expansion during the Last Glacial Maximum (~22,000 years) and the Middle Holocene (~6,000 years).

Main conclusions

Our results confirm the Axelrod's hypothesis of an origin of the flora of the Chihuahuan Desert in SW North America migrating to occupy North American arid lands. Vicariance and the expansion of arid lands allowed divergence, migration and permanence of the lineages studied on the Mexican Plateau. Divergence occurred prior to the onset of aridification. The Mexican Plateau acted as a refuge for hard‐leaved lineages during the Miocene. Shifts in ecological niches of related species allowed them to colonize new areas with different temperatures and precipitation. Current distribution of lineages is the most limited.
Clients' experiences of shared decision making in an integrative psychotherapy for depression
Authors: Gibson Adam , Cooper Mick , Rae John , Hayes Jacqueline
Published: December 2019

Mental health and general health care research has shown that practitioners can facilitate patient involvement in shared decision making (SDM) and that the approach can benefit patients who wish to take part in decisions around their care. Yet patient experiences of SDM within a psychotherapy context have been little researched. This study examined how clients experienced SDM in a collaborative‐integrative psychotherapy. A grounded theory approach used interpersonal process recall interviewing and supplementary semi‐structured interviews to investigate 14 clients' experiences of SDM in pluralistic psychotherapy for depression. Verbatim transcripts were coded into 819 meaning units across six categories containing 13 subcomponents that comprised a single, core category. The six categories were (a) experiencing decisions as shared, (b) psychotherapists supporting clients to become more active in the decision‐making process, (c) both parties presenting and recognizing expert knowledge, (d) clients felt recognized as an individual and accommodated for by their psychotherapist, (e) clients felt comfortable engaging with the decision‐making process, and (f) daunting for clients to be asked to take part in decision discussions. A core category emerged of “Psychotherapists encourage client participation and progressively support clients to provide information and contributions towards shared treatment decisions that could be led equally, or marginally more by one party.” Such support was particularly useful when clients had difficulty contributing as part of decision discussions. Client preferences for SDM change across clients and across decisions, highlighting the importance of practitioners remaining flexible to individual clients when using the approach.
Accelerated hair growth by combining thread monofilament and minoxidil in female androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Khattab Fathia M. , Bessar Hagar
Published: December 2019

Background

Monofilament thread therapy (PLLA) and minoxidil have been used as alternative treatments for female androgenetic alopecia.

Aim

The aim was to determine the efficacy and safety of thread therapy combined with minoxidil in female androgenetic alopecia.

Patient and methods

Twenty‐seven women were enrolled in this randomized half‐split study based on a left‐head to the right‐head pattern. Thread therapy (PLLA) treatment was unilaterally performed (once); minoxidil was bilaterally applied for 6 months. Global photographs and dermoscopy assessments were performed in the baseline and every 2 months till the end of treatment. Global photographs underwent blinded review by three independent dermatologists.

Results

Mean hair density increased from 114 ± 27 to 143 ± 25/cm2 (P < .001) in the combined group and from 113 ± 24 to 123 ± 19/cm2 in the minoxidil group (P < .001). The mean change from baseline between the two groups was also compared (P = .003). Global photographs showed improvement in 93% (25/27) patients in the combined group and 52% (14/27) patients in the minoxidil group.

Conclusion

Poly‐l‐lactic acid microthread therapy combined with minoxidil may improve hair density, hair thickness, and hair appearance better than minoxidil alone.
Three‐dimensional culture of oral progenitor cells: Effects on small extracellular vesicles production and proliferative function
Authors: Yang Yu , Knight Rob , Stephens Phil , Zhang Ying
Published: December 2019

Background

Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) have a diameter between 30 and 150 nm and play a key role in cell‐cell communication. As cells cultured in 3D vs 2D behave differently, this project aimed to assess whether there were differences in SEVs derived from human oral mucosa lamina propria‐progenitor cells (OMLP‐PCs) cultured in a 3D matrix compared with traditional 2D monolayer cultures.

Methods

OMLP‐PCs were cultured in 3D type I collagen matrices or on traditional 2D tissue culture plastic. Cell morphology and viability were assessed by light microscopy, actin staining, and trypan blue staining. SEVs secreted by OMLP‐PCs were purified and quantitatively analyzed by a BCA assay and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA; nanosight™). SEVs were further characterized by flow cytometry. SEV proliferative function was assessed by a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Results

Cells cultured in 3D grew well as observed by light microscopy and phalloidin staining with cells branching in three dimensions (as opposed to the cells grown as monolayers on tissue culture plastic). NTA demonstrated a significantly higher number of SEV‐sized particles in the conditioned medium of cells grown in 3D type I collagen matrices vs a 2D monolayer (P < .01). Like SEVs from 2D culture, SEVs from 3D culture demonstrated a particle size within the expected SEV range. Tetraspanin analysis confirmed that 3D‐derived SEVs were positive for typical, expected tetraspanins. Cell proliferation analysis demonstrated that SEVs produced through 3D cell culture conditions significantly reduced the proliferation of skin fibroblasts when compared with SEVs from 2D monolayers (P < .05).

Conclusion

3D culture of OMLP‐PCs produced typical SEVs but in a greater amount than when the same cells were cultured in 2D. The downstream proliferative potential of the SEVs was influenced by the initial culture methodology. Future work should now assess the potential effects of 3D SEVs on key wound healing activities.
The association between actor/partner optimism and cognitive functioning among older couples
Authors: Oh Jeewon , Chopik William J. , Kim Eric S.
Published: December 2019

Objective

Higher optimism has been linked with health, well‐being, and cognitive functioning. Spouses also play an important role on people's health, especially in older adulthood. Yet, whether a spouse's optimism is associated with an individual's cognitive functioning is understudied. Thus, we examined this question.

Method

Participants were 4,457 heterosexual couples (N = 8,914; Mage = 66.73, SD = 9.67) from the Health and Retirement Study—a large, diverse, prospective, and nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged >50. Optimism was assessed at baseline (t1) and cognition was measured every two years with up to five repeated assessments of cognition data over the 8‐year follow‐up period (t1; t2; t3; t4; t5).

Results

Results from multi‐level dyadic data analyses showed small but positive associations between actor optimism and actor cognitive functioning (memory: r = .16, mental status = .10), as well as partner optimism and actor cognitive functioning (memory: r = .04, mental status = .03). These associations mostly persisted over time.

Conclusions

Participants' own optimism and their partner's optimism were both positively associated with cognitive functioning.Thus, with further research, optimism (at both the individual and couple level) might emerge as an innovative intervention target that helps adults maintain cognitive functioning as they age.
Predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics of dental services utilization among socially deprived schoolchildren
Authors: Maffioletti Fabíola , Vettore Mario Vianna , Rebelo Maria , Herkrath Fernando , Queiroz Adriana , Herkrath Ana P. , Pereira Juliana , Rebelo Vieira Janete
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To test the relationship of predisposing, enabling and need characteristics with dental services utilization and pattern of dental attendance among 12‐year‐old schoolchildren living in a socially deprived urban area.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out involving 358 children enrolled in public schools located in a deprived area of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics were selected according to Andersen's behavioral conceptual model. Self‐completed questionnaires were used to collect the predisposing characteristics (child's gender, sense of coherence, self‐esteem, oral health beliefs). Parents or guardians provided data on enabling characteristics, including dental health insurance and socioeconomic status. Evaluated need characteristics included oral clinical status assessed through dental examinations conducted by five calibrated examiners. Structural equation modeling was used to test the predictors of dental services utilization and pattern of dental attendance.

Results

Predisposing characteristics, including male gender and low parents/guardians sense of coherence predicted poor dental services utilization and inadequate pattern of dental attendance, respectively. Low socioeconomic status and poor oral clinical status were linked to poor dental services utilization and worse children's pattern of dental attendance.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that predisposing (child's gender and parental sense of coherence), enabling (socioeconomic conditions) and evaluated need characteristics (oral clinical status) are associated with dental services utilization among children.
Dental professionals' knowledge, attitudes, and practice behaviors related to human papillomavirus vaccination
Authors: Patel Seena , Koskan Alexis , Spolarich Ann , Perry Maureen , Flood Timothy
Published: December 2019

Objectives

In Arizona, human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related cancers are declining, with the exception of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). HPV‐related OPC is largely caused by persistent infection with oncogenic HPV strains, many of which the 9‐valent HPV vaccine offers protection. Little is known about dental professionals' willingness to promote the HPV vaccine to prevent OPC. The current study assessed Arizona dental professionals' knowledge, attitudes, willingness, and current practice behaviors related to HPV vaccine promotion. Responses between dentists and hygienists were also compared.

Methods

A convenience sample of 711 dentists and hygienists attending a regional conference were recruited and asked to complete a 34‐item survey assessing knowledge and attitudes about HPV, the HPV vaccine, HPV‐related OPC, and their willingness to promote and administer the HPV vaccine. Fisher's exact tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for data analysis.

Results

Most respondents answered HPV knowledge questions correctly but did not know HPV‐related OPC has a more favorable prognosis than other head and neck cancers. Dentists were more confident discussing and recommending the HPV vaccine. Both dentists and hygienists were willing to refer patients to their non‐dental primary care providers for vaccination; however, they were less confident in administering the vaccine if it fell within their scope of practice. They reported willingness to receive training to recommend the vaccine.

Conclusions

Given the willingness of respondents to receive training related to HPV vaccine communication, future research should develop and test talking points and communication training to aid dentists and hygienists in their promotion of the HPV vaccine.
SHR4z, a novel decoy effector from the haustorium of the parasitic weed Striga gesnerioides, suppresses host plant immunity
Authors: Su Chun , Liu Hai , Wafula Eric K. , Honaas Loren , de Pamphilis Claude W. , Timko Michael P.
Published: December 2019

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivar B301 is resistant to races SG4 and SG3 of the root parasitic weed Striga gesnerioides, developing a hypersensitive response (HR) at the site of parasite attachment. By contrast, race SG4z overcomes B301 resistance and successfully parasitises the plant.

Comparative transcriptomics and in silico analysis identified a small secreted effector protein dubbed Suppressor of Host Resistance 4z (SHR4z) in the SG4z haustorium that upon transfer to the host roots causes a loss of host immunity (i.e. decreased HR and increased parasite growth). SHR4z has significant homology to the short leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) domain of SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASE (SERK) family proteins and functions by binding to VuPOB1, a host BTB‐BACK domain‐containing ubiquitin E3 ligase homologue, leading to its rapid turnover.

VuPOB1 is shown to be a positive regulator of HR since silencing of VuPOB1 expression in transgenic B301 roots lowers the frequency of HR and increases the levels of successful SG4 parasitism and overexpression decreases parasitism by SG4z.

These findings provide new insights into how parasitic weeds overcome host defences and could potentially contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling Striga and other parasitic weeds thereby enhancing crop productivity and food security globally.
Airway microbiome, host immune response and recurrent wheezing in infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiang , Zhang Nan , Wang Xinglan , Sun Lin , Chen Ning , Zhao Shunying , He Qiushui
Published: December 2019

Background

Early interactions between respiratory viruses and microbiota might modulate host immune responses and subsequently contribute to later development of recurrent wheezing and asthma in childhood. We aimed to study the possible association between respiratory microbiome, host immune response, and the development of recurrent wheezing in infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis.

Methods

Seventy‐four infants who were hospitalized at Beijing Children's Hospital during an initial episode of severe RSV bronchiolitis at 6 months of age or less were included and followed up until the age of 3 years. Sputum samples were collected, and their microbiota profiles, LPS, and cytokines were analyzed by 16S rRNA–based sequencing, ELISA, and multiplex immunoassay, respectively.

Results

Twenty‐six (35.1%) infants developed recurrent wheezing by the age of 3 years, and 48 (64.9%) did not. The relative abundance of Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Klebsiella was higher in infants who later developed recurrent wheezing than in those who did not (LDA score >3.5). Airway levels of LPS (P = .003), CXCL8 (P = .004), CCL5 (P = .029), IL‐6 (P = .004), and IL‐13 (P < .001) were significantly higher in infants who later developed recurrent wheezing than in those who did not. Moreover, high airway abundance of Haemophilus was associated with CXCL8 (r = 0.246, P = .037) level, and that of Moraxella was associated with IL‐6 level (r = 0.236, P = .046) and IL‐10 level (r = 0.266, P = .024).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that higher abundance of Haemophilus and Moraxella in airway microbiome might modulate airway inflammation during severe RSV bronchiolitis in infancy, potentially contributing to the development of subsequent recurrent wheezing in later childhood.
Photosystem II 22kDa protein level ‐ a prerequisite for excess light‐inducible memory, cross‐tolerance to UV‐C and regulation of electrical signalling
Authors: Górecka Magdalena , Lewandowska Maria , Dąbrowska‐Bronk Joanna , Białasek Maciej , Barczak‐Brzyżek Anna , Kulasek Milena , Mielecki Jakub , Kozłowska‐Makulska Anna , Gawroński Piotr , Karpiński Stanisław
Published: November 2019

It is well known that PsbS is a key protein for the proper management of excessive energy in plants. Plants without PsbS cannot trigger non‐photochemical quenching, which is crucial for optimal photosynthesis under variable conditions. Our studies showed wild‐type plants had enhanced tolerance to UV‐C‐induced cell death (CD) upon induction of light memory by a blue or red light. However, npq4‐1 plants, which lack PsbS, as well as plants overexpressing this protein (oePsbS), responded differently. Untreated oePsbS appeared more tolerant to UV‐C exposure, whereas npq4‐1 was unable to adequately induce cross‐tolerance to UV‐C. Similarly, light memory induced by episodic blue or red light was differently deregulated in npq‐4 and oePsbS, as indicated by transcriptomic analyses, measurements of the trans‐thylakoid pH gradient, chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, and measurements of foliar surface electrical potential. The mechanism of the foliar CD development seemed to be unaffected in the analysed plants and is associated with chloroplast breakdown. Our results suggest a novel, substantial role for PsbS as a regulator of chloroplast retrograde signalling for light memory, light acclimation, CD, and cross‐tolerance to UV radiation.
Increased densities of white matter neurons as a cross‐disease feature of neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Kubo Ken‐ichiro
Published: December 2019

While neurons of the human cerebral cortex are mainly distributed in the gray matter, the white matter (WM) also contains some excitatory and inhibitory neurons, so‐called WM neurons. Studies on the cytoarchitectural alterations in the brains of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders have repeatedly reported increased densities of the WM neurons in a proportion of patients with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Although some studies have demonstrated increased densities of superficial WM neurons, others have demonstrated increased densities of deep WM neurons and increased WM neuron densities can be considered as one of the cross‐disease features of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, what actually causes the increase in the densities of the WM neurons still remains under debate, and several hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed. The WM neurons in normal brains are considered as remnants of the subplate neurons, which represent a transient cytoarchitectural zone present during development of the mammalian neocortex; it has been suggested that increased densities of the WM neurons could result from inappropriate apoptosis of the subplate neurons in the brains of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. On the other hand, recent experimental studies have demonstrated that genetic and environmental factors that enhance the risk of development of neuropsychiatric disorders could cause altered distribution of neurons in the WM. To understand the pathophysiology underlying the increased densities of the WM neurons, it is important to investigate the cellular characteristics of the WM neurons in the brains of both normal subjects and patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.
Romantic relationship commitment and the threat of alternatives on social media
Authors: de Lenne Orpha , Wittevronghel Laurens , Vandenbosch Laura , Eggermont Steven
Published: December 2019

Although previous findings suggest a link between adults' use of social networking sites (SNS) and relationship commitment, research has been lacking. This study of 427 emerging and young adults (aged 18–32 years, 71.20% female) indicated that exposure to alternative partners on SNS was indirectly related to relationship commitment through the pursuing of alternative partners on SNS. The more frequently they were exposed to alternative partners on SNS, the more they engaged in pursuing these alternative partners, which negatively affected their relationship commitment. Furthermore, a positive relation between exposure and romantic comparison to alternative partners was found. Gender did not moderate these relations. The discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for relationship development.
Measurements of sun sensitivity in five European countries confirm the relative nature of Fitzpatrick skin phototype scale
Authors: Bieliauskiene Giedre , Holm‐Schou Ann‐Sofie Sonne , Philipsen Peter A. , Murphy Gillian M. , Sboukis Dimitrios , Schwarz Thomas , Young Antony R. , Wulf Hans Christian
Published: December 2019

Background/purpose

Skin colour and sun sensitivity are highly related to the distance to the equator: people in southern latitudes are usually darker and less sensitive to sun than in northern latitudes. Whether differences in sun sensitivity can be found in a relatively homogenous European population is unclear. We aimed to objectively measure sun sensitivity (assessed as pigment protection factor (PPF)) in five European countries, relate it to self‐assessed Fitzpatrick skin phototype (FST) and to determine whether PPF levels in the different FST categories are dependent on the investigated countries.

Methods

Volunteers (n = 569) were recruited in Copenhagen (Denmark), Dublin (Ireland), London (England), Münster (Germany) and Ioannina (Greece). Skin phototype was self‐assessed using the FST scale. PPF was measured at both sun‐protected buttocks and five sun‐exposed skin sites by a skin reflectance spectrophotometer.

Results

Overall, there were statistically significant differences in PPF of the buttocks, inner arm, outer arm, forehead, chest and back between the five countries (P ≤ .031). Generally, PPF level was lower in northern than in southern latitudes. PPF of the buttocks was similar in all countries for those who identified as FST I (P = .723). However, it was statistically significantly different (P ≤ 2.913*10−4) and country‐dependent for those who identified as FST II‐IV.

Conclusion

Objectively measured sun sensitivity is higher (lower PPF) in northern compared with southern latitudes. The choice of self‐identified FST category is influenced by a person's immediate environment. Therefore, we confirmed the relative nature of the FST scale and the need to standardise the skin phototype assessment procedure.
Fresh perspectives for classic forest restoration challenges
Authors: Rodríguez‐Uña Asun , Cruz‐Alonso Verónica , Rohrer Zoë , Martínez‐Baroja Loreto
Published: December 2019

Restoration ecology is a young scientific discipline whose limitations can compromise the recovery of ecosystem biodiversity and functions. Specifically for limitations on forest restoration, we first recommend considering measures prior to land use changes to deal with the common lack of efforts to anticipate and plan restoration. Second, we suggest using multiple references in restoration planning to avoid simplified reference characterization, and we advise assessing ecosystem recovery with indicators that better incorporate ecosystem complexity in recovery assessments. Finally, we propose initiatives to encourage scientific communication outside academia to diminish the communication gap between scientists and practitioners.
Training intensity‐dependent increases in corticospinal but not intracortical excitability after acute strength training
Authors: Colomer‐Poveda David , Hortobágyi Tibor , Keller Martin , Romero‐Arenas Salvador , Márquez Gonzalo
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increases in corticospinal excitability (CSE) observed after one session of unilateral isometric strength training (ST) are related to changes in intracortical excitability measured by magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) in the trained and the contralateral untrained biceps brachii (BB) and whether such changes scale with training intensity. On three separate days, 15 healthy young men performed one ST session of 12 sets of eight isometric contractions of the right elbow flexors at 0% (control session), 25%, or 75% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in a random order. Before and after each session separated at least by 1 week, motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), contralateral silent period (SP), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) generated by TMS were measured in the trained and the untrained BBs. Compared with baseline, MEPs recorded from the trained BB increased by ~47% after training at 75% of MVC (P < .05) but not after training at 0% (~4%) or 25% MVC (~5%, both P > .05). MEPs in the untrained BB and SICI, SP, and ICF in either BB did not change. Therefore, acute high‐intensity but not low‐intensity unilateral isometric ST increases CSE in the trained BB without modifications in intracortical inhibition or facilitation. Thus, increases in corticospinal neurons or α‐α‐motoneuron excitability could underlie the increases in CSE. Regardless of contraction intensity, acute isometric ST did not modify the excitability of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex measured by TMS.
Defining raft domains in the plasma membrane
Authors: Kusumi Akihiro , Fujiwara Takahiro K. , Tsunoyama Taka A. , Kasai Rinshi S. , Liu An‐An , Hirosawa Koichiro M. , Kinoshita Masanao , Matsumori Nobuaki , Komura Naoko , Ando Hiromune , Suzuki Kenichi G. N.
Published: November 2019

Many plasma membrane (PM) functions depend on the cholesterol concentration in the PM in strikingly nonlinear, cooperative ways: fully functional in the presence of physiological cholesterol levels (35~45 mol%), and nonfunctional below 25 mol% cholesterol; namely, still in the presence of high concentrations of cholesterol. This suggests the involvement of cholesterol‐based complexes/domains formed cooperatively. In this review, by examining the results obtained by using fluorescent lipid analogs and avoiding the trap of circular logic, often found in the raft literature, we point out the fundamental similarities of liquid‐ordered (Lo)‐phase domains in giant unilamellar vesicles, Lo‐phase‐like domains formed at lower temperatures in giant PM vesicles, and detergent‐resistant membranes: these domains are formed by cooperative interactions of cholesterol, saturated acyl chains, and unsaturated acyl chains, in the presence of >25 mol% cholesterol. The literature contains evidence, indicating that the domains formed by the same basic cooperative molecular interactions exist and play essential roles in signal transduction in the PM. Therefore, as a working definition, we propose that raft domains in the PM are liquid‐like molecular complexes/domains formed by cooperative interactions of cholesterol with saturated acyl chains as well as unsaturated acyl chains, due to saturated acyl chains' weak multiple accommodating interactions with cholesterol and cholesterol's low miscibility with unsaturated acyl chains and TM proteins. Molecules move within raft domains and exchange with those in the bulk PM. We provide a logically established collection of fluorescent lipid probes that preferentially partition into raft and non‐raft domains, as defined here, in the PM.
Evaluation of Internal Audit Operations and the Efficiency of Educational Performance in Nigerian Universities (A Case Study of Ekiti State University, Nigeria)
Authors: Babatope TAIWO Isaac , Adewunmi ADEGOKE Victoria
Published: December 2019

This project was designed to investigate the relevance of internal audit operations in Nigerian universities to find out the extent to which an effective internal audit role has benefited the performance of the university system and how it could be used as an instrument to improve the management of the university. This was generated off by an unprecedented line up of corporate failures in the university system and how internal auditors have been belittled in the time of policy formulation and project implementation. The research employed survey research design by which data were generated through an administered questionnaire on the staff of the Internal Audit department as well as the review of available documents and records of the Ekiti State University. The data analysis used descriptive statistics and percentage analysis, and the hypotheses were tested using the t-test statistic. The research employed statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0 in the analysis of data and test of hypotheses which showed that internal audit operation has a relationship with the performance of the university system (t-cal = 17.306 > t-crit = 2.353 at 5% level of significance). The research is to contribute to new knowledge by describing the internal audit profile of the Nigerian Universities to assist the university management in policy formulation and execution of projects that will lead to a better chance to maintain world-class educational societies. The research conclusion was based on the findings that there is a significant relationship between the internal audit operations and the performance of the university system, and that the management must always seek the opinion and indulgence of the internal audit department before they engage in the formulation and implementation of any policy and execution of any project.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Willianms Ellery
Published: December 2019

Business and Management Studies (BMS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether BMS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue. Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 4 Dalia Susniene, Kaunas University of Technology, LithuaniaFlorin Peci, University of Peja, KosovoGabriela O. Chiciudean, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaIulia Cristina Muresan, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaJason Caudill, King University, USAJulia Stefanova, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BulgariaLucie Andreisová, University of Economics in Prague, CzechMr. Abdul-Kahar Adam, University of Education, Winneba, GhanaProf. Martin Sung, Hubei Economic and Finance University, ChinaRaimundo Lima Filho, University of State of Bahia, BrazilRocsana Tonis, Spiru Haret University, RomaniaSandeep Kumar, Tecnia Institute of Advanced Studies, Affiliated to GGSIP University Delgi, IndiaTetiana Paientko, Kyiv National Economic Univercity, Ukraine  Ellery WillianmsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Business and Management StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://bms.redfame.com
Tribological Evaluation of Electrical Resistance of Lubricated Contacts
Authors: Chen Yan , Liang Hong
Published: December 2019

We report a tribo-electrochemical configuration to conduct in situ measurement of electrical conductivity and thickness of lubricating oils against friction. Results showed the non-ohmic behavior of a lubricating film in the hydrodynamic regime. Properties of lubricants and testing conditions are factors affecting the performance. The approach reported here opens windows for future investigation in the fundamentals of lubrication and alternative design of next-generation lubricants.
A Resonant Metamaterial Line Array for Ultrasound Compressive Imaging
Authors: Ghanbarzadeh-Dagheyan Ashkan , Molaei Ali , Heredia-Juesas Juan , Martinez-Lorenzo Jose Angel
Published: December 2019

Acoustic metamaterials have been proposed for numerous applications including subwavelength imaging, impedance matching, and lensing. Yet, their application in compressive sensing and imaging has not been fully investigated. When metamaterials are used as resonators at certain frequencies, they can generate random radiation patterns in the transmitted waves from the transducers and received waves from a target. Compressive sensing favors such randomness inasmuch as it can increase incoherence by decreasing the amount of mutual information between any two different measurements. This study aims at assessing whether the use of resonating metamaterial unit cells in a single-layered non-optimized array between a number of ultrasound transceivers and targets can improve the sensing capacity, point-spread function of the sensing array (their beam focusing ability), and imaging performance in point-like target detection. The theoretical results are promising and can open the way for more efficient metamaterial designs with the aim of enhancing ultrasound imaging with lower number of transceivers compared to the regular systems.
A Lattice Boltzmann Simulation for Thermal Energy Diffusion Through a Micro/Nanoscale Thin Film
Authors: Su Yan
Published: December 2019

Thermal energy diffusion through two directions of a micro/nanoscale thin film is modeled by a dimensionless form of Boltzmann transport equations of phonon density distribution functions. With the model named a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the discrete Boltzmann transport equations are able to be solved directly. The present model applied is based on physic expression of the dimensionless phonon density distribution functions together with both physic based dimensionless relaxation time models and the physic based dimensionless form of boundary conditions. Effects due to the variations of film thickness, distribution of temperature, and phonon transport frequency are all included in the physic based model. Phonon energy and effective thermal conductivity distributions are shown in the two-dimensional (2D) space. The spatial distributions of temperatures and thermal conductivities are validated by comparing with previous studies. Effects of the longitude and transvers direction heat transfer patterns and their effective thermal conductivities under different size and geometry ratios are compared.
Research on Thermal Properties of Insulator-Metal Transition at Room Temperature in Sm1-xCaxMnO3
Authors: Chang Ruxia , Fan Desong , Li Qiang
Published: December 2019

The high-purity electron-doped manganites Sm1-xCaxMnO3 nanopowder were prepared by the solid-state reaction method, then the bulk material were obtained through granulation, molding, calcining, grinding and polishing. SCMO nanoparticles with 200 nm were obtained by the sol-gal process. The phase and surface morphology of these materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscope and other experiments. The variable resistivity of the bulk materials were measured by two-wire method in the temperature range of 100–420K. The thermal conductivity was measured by the Laser Flash method. The results show that different doping ratios can change the phase transition temperature of the metal-insulation state. The temperature changed from 0 to 50 °C. The TMI could be regulated to room temperature. When the temperature is high than the TMI, it performs as metal state, on the contrary, it performs as an insulating state.
Analytical Investigation on the Homogeneous Nucleation in a Mono-Component and Bi-Component Droplet
Authors: Xi Xi , Liu Hong , Cai Chang , Jia Ming , Zhang Weilong
Published: December 2019

The work attempts to analyze the performance of homogeneous nucleation by using the non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory and the classical nucleation theory. A nucleation rate graph was constructed under a wide range of operating temperature conditions. The results indicate that the superheat limit temperature (SLT) estimated by the modified homogeneous nucleation sub-model is in good agreement with the experimental results. The nucleation rate increases exponentially with the liquid temperature rise when the liquid temperature exceeds the SLT under atmospheric pressure. The superheated temperature needed to trigger the bubble nucleation decreases with the elevated ambient pressure.
Fabrication and Mechanical Property of Bioinspired Three Dimensional Amorphous Carbon Membrane As Anode in Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Wang Xueliang , Qu Zhiguo , Wang Yaping
Published: December 2019

3D amorphous carbon-based membrane materials with continuous carbon skeleton were obtained from the fruit waste pomelo peel. The microstructure shows honeycomb in the transverse direction with pore size ranging from 50∼100 μm, while in the longitudinal direction, the inner surface of the carbon membrane shows unique structure, i.e., rollable ladders with carbon rungs twinkled intimately around the vertical stringers, which is considered to contribute to the mechanical strength of the carbon membrane. The tensile test indicates that prolonged yield stage is observed in the stress-strain curve of the membrane material, the corresponding fracture morphology showing different fracture surfaces, which confirms the alleviation of the applied load by changing the crack direction. In addition, the elastic modulus of the carbon membrane material is 140 MPa. The elongation of the yield period is considered to facilitate the structure stability of the carbon membrane material as anode material in Lithium-ion battery (LIBs).