bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lymphotoxin‐α Plays Only a Minor Role in Host Resistance to Respiratory Infection with Virulent Type A Francisella tularensis in Mice
Authors: Zhang Deng , KuoLee Rhonda , Harris Greg , Zhang Qinxian , Conlan J. Wayne , Chen Wangxue
Published: August 2008

This study examined the role of lymphotoxin (LT)‐α in host defense against airborne infection with Francisella tularensis, a gram‐negative facultative intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of tularemia. Following a low‐dose aerosol infection with the highly virulent type A strain of F. tularensis, mice deficient in LTα (LTα−/−) consistently harbored approximately 10‐fold fewer bacteria in their spleens at day 2 and 10‐fold more bacteria in their lungs at day 4 than LTα+/+ mice. However, the mortality and median time to death were indistinguishable between the two mouse strains. In addition, the inflammatory responses to the infection, as reflected by the cytokine levels and leukocyte influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histopathological analysis, were generally similar between LTα−/− and LTα+/+ mice. These data suggest that although LTα does not contribute significantly to the resistance and host responses of mice to airborne type A F. tularensis infection, it does play a subtle role in the multiplication/dissemination of F. tularensis.
ALVIC versus the Internet: Redesigning a Networked Virtual Environment Architecture
Authors: Quax Peter , Dierckx Jeroen , Cornelissen Bart , Lamotte Wim
Published: August 2008

The explosive growth of the number of applications based on networked virtual environment technology, both games and virtual communities, shows that these types of applications have become commonplace in a short period of time. However, from a research point of view, the inherent weaknesses in their architectures are quickly exposed. The Architecture for Large‐Scale Virtual Interactive Communities (ALVICs) was originally developed to serve as a generic framework to deploy networked virtual environment applications on the Internet. While it has been shown to effectively scale to the numbers originally put forward, our findings have shown that, on a real‐life network, such as the Internet, several drawbacks will not be overcome in the near future. It is,
therefore, that we have recently started with the development of ALVIC‐NG, which, while incorporating the findings from our previous research, makes several improvements on the original version, making it suitable for deployment on the Internet as it exists today.
Activation of Penile Proadipogenic Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor γ with an Estrogen: Interaction with Estrogen Receptor Alpha during Postnatal Development
Authors: Mansour Mahmoud M. , Goyal Hari O. , Braden Tim D. , Dennis John C. , Schwartz Dean D. , Judd Robert L. , Bartol Frank F. , Coleman S. Elaine , Morrison Edward E.
Published: August 2008

Exposure to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) ligand diethylstilbesterol (DES) between neonatal days 2 to 12 induces penile adipogenesis and adult infertility in rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo interaction between DES‐activated ERα and the proadipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Transcripts for PPARs α, β, and γ and γ1a splice variant were detected in Sprague‐Dawley normal rat penis with PPARγ predominating. In addition, PPARγ1b and PPARγ2 were newly induced by DES. The PPARγ transcripts were significantly upregulated with DES and reduced by antiestrogen ICI 182, 780. At the cellular level, PPARγ protein was detected in urethral transitional epithelium and stromal, endothelial, neuronal, and smooth muscular cells. Treatment with DES activated ERα and induced adipocyte differentiation in corpus cavernosum penis. Those adipocytes exhibited strong nuclear PPARγ expression. These results suggest a biological overlap between PPARγ and ERα and highlight a mechanism for endocrine disruption.
Biomarkers and Coagulation Tests for Assessing the Biosimilarity of a Generic Low‐Molecular‐Weight Heparin: Results of a Study in Healthy Subjects With Enoxaparin
Authors: Kuczka Karina , Harder Sebastian , Picard‐Willems Bettina , Warnke André , Donath Frank , Bianchini Pietro , Parma Bruna , Blume Henning
Published: August 2008

Low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWHs) differ considerably in their influence on clotting tests and release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). Biosimilarity therefore becomes an issue when generic forms of LMWHs are developed. So far, no bioequivalence study with a generic LMWH has been reported. A generic enoxaparin (test) was compared with the originator (reference) in 20 volunteers after single‐dose subcutaneous administration (40 mg enoxaparin sodium, 4000 IU/mL anti—factor Xa (anti‐FXa; activity). Target variables were anti‐FXa and anti‐FIIa activity, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombinase‐induced clotting time (PiCT), and TFPI over 24 hours. The statistical evaluation of the anti‐FXa activity profile demonstrated bioequivalence of test and reference with confidence intervals of area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC0‐tlast) (93%‐99%) and Amax (88%‐95%). Confidence intervals of AUC0‐tlast (89%‐102%) and Amax (90%‐103%) of anti‐FIIa activity also fulfill bioequivalence criteria. The 90% confidence interval for the maximum concentration of TFPI ranged from 90% to 113%. The claim of similarity was also supported by aPTT and PiCT profiles. Bioequivalence with the originator enoxaparin could be demonstrated by ex vivo inhibition of FXa and FIIa activity, by coagulation tests (aPTT and PiCT), and by in vivo release of TFPI. Whether such data also prove biosimilarity of the generic enoxaparin needs to be determined.
Minimal response time design for linear multivariable sampled-data control systems
Authors: Steel G.K. , Puri S.N.
Published: August 2008

The method of minimum, finite settling time design used for single-loop systems is extended to cover multivariable systems. Sensitivity analysis is applied and results of considerable generality are derived which indicate the effects of gain changes and pole or zero movement in the plant transfer functions. A design policy is developed which satisfies the need for low sensitivity in implementation.

Further development evolves a design technique in which speed of response can be systematically traded for sensitivity. At the same time the technique satisfies the need to achieve a digital control algorithm of minimal complexity.

The method of design has been shown to be particularly relevant to systems with lightly damped open-loop modes and an example of this type of system is analysed in detail.
Scale models in control systems engineering
Authors: Wellstead P.E.
Published: August 2008

The article describes the role played by scale models in dynamical systems studies and control engineering. As a tangible example, the development at the Control Systems Centre, UMIST, of a series of scale models for control systems studies is described. The models form a comprehensive set of equipment which is used for laboratory investigations of process systems, material transport problems, electromechanical control, and the like. The paper describes how such a range of models is used to illustrate the essential features and methods of mathematical modelling, system identification, analysis and control
Controlling systems with long time delays using pole-positioning technique and optimal-linear-regulator theory
Authors: Badrah S.M.M. , Gill K.F.
Published: August 2008

A method is described for control of plants with long transportation lags. This is achieved by making use of the design advantages offered by optimal-linear-regulator theory and the pole-positioning technique. The system states required by the state-vector feedback algorithm are obtained from a Luenberger observer, thus eliminating the need for specific plant instrumentation to implement the scheme. To demonstrate the proposed ideas, a sinter plant model is used in the case study presented.
Measurement of surface-charge density on a moving transmission belt
Authors: Jarvis J.L. , Palmer S.J.
Published: August 2008

The design and operational theory of a probe for measuring the surface-charge density on a moving belt is presented. The probe is able to measure the charge on, typically, a 500 mm2 area of the belt's surface. Results for a leather friction-faced belt show an uneven charge distribution.
Ultrasonic flowmeters
Authors: Lynnworth Lawrence C.
Published: August 2008

Recent accounts of ultrasonic flowmeters usually concentrate on either transit time or Doppler types. Although these are the most common types in use today, at least six other types exist. Part 1 of this two-part paper describes the physical principles of eight types of ultrasonic flowmeters, along with some general considerations (flow profile, accuracy, response time) applicable to any flowmeter.

Part 2 deals mainly with single-path transit time ultrasonic flowmeters for liquids, but discusses in a more general sense ultrasonic propagation starting at the transmitting transducer, continuing across impedance mismatches and attenuating media, and including the effects of reflection, refraction and diffraction. Application of these ultrasonic propagation principles is illustrated by various flow cell designs such as the axial offset type for pipe diameters down to a few mm; the square-hole zigzag type for in-line area-averaging; clamp-on and wetted-transducer installations on conventional pipes; and special cells. Finally, the use of microprocessor technology is illustrated with respect to improving accuracy and reliability, and for calculating fluid-or flow-related parameters such as sound speed, temperature, density, viscosity, Reynolds number, Mach number, standard deviation of the flow velocity, and mass flow rate.
The use of plane wave theo ry in the modelling of pressure ripples in hydraulic systems
Authors: Edge K.A. , Tilley D.G.
Published: August 2008

This paper discusses the application of plane wave theory to the modelling of pressure ripples generated by positive displacement pumps in high-pressure hydraulic systems. These ripples can lead to structural vibration of pipework and associated components and hence result in airborne noise. A clear understanding of the mechanism of pressure ripple generation is essential in the development of quiet systems. The characteristics of the pump and the circuit components have a considerable influence on the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations. Methods of evaluating these characteristics are described and typical results presented. It is shown that, from a knowledge of these characteristics, the pressure ripple levels at any position in a circuit may be accurately determined using plane wave theory.
Modelling and control of anaerobic digestion processes
Authors: Rozzi Alberto
Published: August 2008

A simple digester model considering the degradation of carbohydrates to acetic acid by acetogenic bacteria and the subsequent production of CH4 and CO2 by acetoclastic methanogens was used to simulate the effects of organic ramp overload waves. Process-control strategies based on pH or bicarbonate-concentration monitoring and alkali addition were simulated and compared. CO2 partial pressure as indicator of process stability was also tested.
Experiences in using a computer-aided control system design suite in an undergraduate Electronic Engineering degree course
Authors: Taylor P.M.
Published: August 2008

The Hull computer-aided control system design suite has been used within the undergraduate Electronic Engineering degree course for over five years. The paper describes the facilities within the suite and the limitations imposed on its use by current hardware constraints. The suite is used in each of the final three years of the four-year course, starting with restricted laboratory access for the analysis of linear single-input single-output systems and progressing to free access to the nonlinear and multivariable design facilities. The integration of the use of the design suite with the rest of the coursework is discussed and evaluated. Further developments are outlined.
Optimising a multi-mode steam distribution system
Authors: Millar A.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a steam distribution system in which steam is generated by waste heat boilers, and by the exothermic reaction of a chemical process. The steam is distributed at four different pressures through a combination of control valves and a turbo-alternator. The steam load on each of the four pressure headers is dependent on the operating modes of two chemical plants; and can vary in magnitude from a situation of steam demand, to one of surplus steam. As part of an energy conservation programme, the distribution of steam has been optimised to provide the maximum possible utilisation of the turbo-alternator for all operating modes, consistent with chemical plant operation. An additional improvement in electrical power generation of 0.25 MW was obtained by the application of a computer to the optimising loops.
Mathematical modelling of industrial thermometers
Authors: Chohan R.K. , Abdullah F. , Finkelstein L.
Published: August 2008

The dynamic response of temperature sensors is of importance to both the designer and user of sensors. Understanding the factors affecting the dynamic response of such sensors would be beneficial. The present paper reports on research conducted in the development and application of mathematical models to predict the dynamic behaviour of a complex thermometer assembly. It is shown that such models can be used to predict step fluid temperature responses and deliberate self-heating responses both to within a few per cent. Distributed-parameter and lumped-parameter models were developed and validated for a platinum resistance thermometer with and without a well. These relate thermometer performance to material properties and detailed geometry and hence to constructional features. Such models can be used for (a) thermometer design studies including sensitivity analysis to find the significant contributions to the thermometer dynamics and (b) in situ response testing from the electrical port using the deliberate self-heating response. These application areas are briefly discussed.
Some observations on resistance/ temperature characteristics of platinum resistance thermometers
Authors: Atherton A.
Published: August 2008

This paper seeks to highlight the unexploited potential of industrial platinum resistance thermometers by investigating calibration measurements over the range of temperature between ice-point and zinc-point. Indications are that adherence to the IPTS-68 definition might depend to a greater extent on assembling thermometers in such a manner as to realise a prescribed unique value of the coefficient δ than on requiring the temperature coefficient a to be in excess of a particular specified value. Moreover, implications arise that apparent deviations from an IPTS-68-type characteristic, and the consequent observed variability in δ, are attributable to heat conduction along thermometer stems.

No attempt has yet been made to elucidate the reason for the above empirically inferred constancy of the ratio of the coefficients of terms of first and second degree in the quadratic equation relatitig resistance to the modified temperature t'. It appears that the 'fixed' correction polynomial used to convert t' into t 68 , which was defined to achieve compatibility with the thermodynamic temperature scale, represents the behaviour of a certain type of thermometer rather than of the sensing element itself; although of academic interest only, the 'bare' element would require a different, individually assigned, numerical factor in the polynomial in order to restore agreement. It might also be feasible to adopt the same procedure as a means of overcoming any discrepancy arising for a thermometer whose materials and manner of construction have resulted in a 'non-ideal' value of δ.
Twin-wire resistance probes for elevation measurement
Authors: Ng K.L. , Liu C.Y.
Published: August 2008

The elevation measuring instrument developed by the authors is based on the principle of the twin-wire resistance probe. The output of the twin-wire resistance probe is proportional to its depth of immersion in water. This technical note discusses the design of the instrument and presents the comparison between the experimental and actual elevation difference.
Measurement and estimation in catalytic reactors for partial oxidation
Authors: Kershenbaum L. , Lopez-Isunza F.
Published: August 2008

An appropriate simplified model has been developed to describe the steady-state and dynamic behaviour of a fixed-bed catalytic reactor for the oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Predictions have been compared with experiments in a single-tube reactor of industrial dimensions, using measurements of temperature and composition at 26 axial positions.

Experiments point out the existence of regions of moderate or high sensitivity to changes in operating conditions; the model predicts the same behaviour. However, variations in catalyst activity as a function of both time and position can lead to some ambiguity in the interpretation of results.
The education and training of metrologists - An industrial viewpoint
Authors: Matthews J.G.
Published: August 2008

First, changes in the instrument engineering industry are considered, together with the resulting changes of manpower requirements. Then progress in areas of education and training are considered, with particular attention to training in industry, the universities and polytechnics and finally schools. In conclusion, the importance of stronger links between the providers of education and industry are stressed.
Use of spoilers in active flutter suppression
Authors: Bradshaw A. , Rahulan T. , Woodhead M.A.
Published: August 2008

It is shown that certain linear multivariable control system design techniques can lead to control systems that possess extremely good robustness characteristics in the sense that there is little loss of performance when a high degree of non-linearity is introduced into the system. This characteristic is illustrated by the application of the technique to the design of a flight control system which achieves flutter suppression and wing load alleviation using active spoilers and tailerons.
Situational complexity, systems modelling and methodology
Authors: Flood R.L.
Published: August 2008

The aim of this paper is to consider primary attributes of complexity in situational contexts, particularly within the scope of systems modelling and methodology, and to ascertain which attributes of complexity systems scientists 'do/do not' deal with. By so doing, the groundings in complexity are secured for the reader and authors of this issue of Transactions.
A microprocessor controlled gearbox for use in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles
Authors: Masding P.W. , Bumby J.R. , Herron N.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the automation and control of a 'manual'synchromesh gearbox in a form suitable for use in an electric or hybrid-electric vehicle. Such a computer controlled transmission system allows full integration and control of the drive train leading to improved vehicle performance. The automation process is described, and a full description given, of the computer control algorithms necessary to ensure smooth and reliable operation of the transmission system. It is shown that an up-change can be achieved in 1.4 seconds and a down-change in 1.2 seconds. These times are shown to represent maximum gear change times and details of how they can be reduced substantially are discussed.
Learning Social Attitudes: Children's Sensitivity to the Nonverbal Behaviors of Adult Models During Interracial Interactions
Authors: Castelli Luigi , De Dea Cristina , Nesdale Drew
Published: August 2008

White children show marked ingroup race preferences and a relative devaluation of Black people. The origin of these early interracial attitudes is to a large extent still unclear. The studies here test the possibility that preschool-aged children are particularly sensitive to the nonverbal behaviors performed by White adults during interracial interactions. In Study 1, children were shown a video displaying an interaction between a White and a Black adult. Across conditions, the White adult's verbal behaviors were either friendly or neutral, whereas his nonverbal behaviors showed either easiness (e.g., closeness, high eye contact) or uneasiness (e.g., distance, avoidance of eye contact). Results revealed that participants shaped their attitudes toward the Black target accordingly, independently from the White adults' verbal behaviors. Study 2 replicated the basic findings and demonstrated that the observed effects generalized to other Black targets. Results are discussed in relation to current approaches to understanding the formation of racial attitudes among children.
The Roles of Ingroup Identification and Outgroup Entitativity in Intergroup Retribution
Authors: Stenstrom Douglas M. , Lickel Brian , Denson Thomas F. , Miller Norman
Published: August 2008

A new aspect of intergroup conflict was investigated— vicarious retribution—in which neither the agent of retribution nor the target of retribution are directly involved in the initial intergroup provocation. The underlying processes involved in vicarious intergroup retribution were tested correlationally (Study 1) and experimentally (Study 2). Both ingroup identification and outgroup entitativity predict the degree of vicarious retribution. In both studies, there was evidence of motivated cognition, specifically that highly identified individuals perceived the outgroup as higher in entitativity than individuals low in identification. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that part of the effect of identification on retribution against the outgroup was mediated through perceptions of entitativity.
Parenting Style as a Moderator of Associations Between Maternal Disciplinary Strategies and Child Well-Being
Authors: Fletcher Anne C. , Walls Jill K. , Cook Emily C. , Madison Karis J. , Bridges Tracey H.
Published: August 2008

The authors investigate whether parental use of punitive discipline and yielding to coercion varies in levels and associated child outcomes for mothers with different parenting styles. Participants were fourth-grade children ( N = 370) and their mothers. Maternal parenting style was determined based on levels of responsiveness and demandingness. Authoritative mothers used less punitive discipline than indifferent mothers. Authoritative and authoritarian mothers engaged in less yielding to coercion than indifferent or indulgent mothers. More punitive discipline and yielding to coercion were associated with lower academic grades and more punitive discipline was associated with more social problems, with these effects not moderated by parenting style. Negative effects of yielding to coercion in terms of internalizing, externalizing, and social problems were observed only within authoritarian families. Greater use of punitive discipline was associated with more externalizing problems within the indulgent and authoritarian parenting style groups and more internalizing problems within the authoritarian group.
Documenting the Victimization of Lesbians and Gay Men
Authors: HEREK GREGORY M. , BERRILL KEVIN T.
Published: August 2008

Documenting the extent of anti-gay hate crimes is of critical importance in responding effectively to them and preventing them. The task of documentation is difficult and time-consuming, but is tremendously valuable if done correctly. Recognizing that the bulk of information about hate crimes currently comes from small-scale community surveys, this article describes some of the major methodological issues involved in conducting such surveys. Issues of sampling, instrument design, data collection, and data analysis are discussed. Guidelines are offered for reporting the survey results. A sample victimization questionnaire is presented. Using the guidelines and resources provided in this article may yield survey results that will be more useful for researchers, service providers, policymakers, and the lesbian and gay community
Six- and Twelve-Month Follow-up of Sexually Abused Girls
Authors: MANNARINO ANTHONY P. , COHEN JUDITH A. , SMITH JUDITH A. , MOORE-MOTILY SUSAN
Published: August 2008

This study was a follow-up investigation of the psychological symptomatology exhibited by sexually abused girls. Seventy-three sexually abused girls ages 7 to 13 were compared with 69 clinical controls and 69 normal controls at 6-and 12-month follow-up assessments. Assessment measures included the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL parent version). All findings with the self-report measures were nonsignificant except on the Piers-Harris at the 6-month follow-up, in which abused subjects had significantly higher self-esteem than both control groups. On the CBCL, the sexually abused girls and clinical controls exhibited significantly more problems than did the normal controls at both follow-ups on the Total Behavior Problems Scale, the Internalizing Scale, the Externalizing Scale, and at least 7 of 9 subscales. Subgroup analysis of the sexually abused group revealed that at the 12-month follow-up, abused girls who had been subjected to intercourse displayed significantly more emotional/behavioral difficulties on all of the self-report measures and three broad band factors of the CBCL than those who had been subjected to fondling. Results are discussed in the context of other recent empirically sound investigations of the psychological impact of child sexual abuse.
Counseling Sexual Assault Victims Who Become Pregnant After the Assault
Authors: SHULMAN LEE P. , MURAM DAVID , SPECK PATRICIA M.
Published: August 2008

Women who are sexually assaulted and who are purposely attempting to conceive face difficult decisions should they conceive during the time frame of the assault. Under such circumstances, women may elect to terminate the pregnancy if the assailant is determined to be the biological father, whereas most women would probably elect to continue the pregnancy if her intended partner was determined to be the biological father. This article describes a patient with a 2-year history of infertility who, after being sexually assaulted during the cycle of conception, used first-trimester chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and DNA studies for paternity identification. DNA analysis indicated that her husband was most likely the biological father; she elected to continue the pregnancy and was delivered of a healthy male infant. Despite a slight increased risk for pregnancy loss resulting from prenatal invasive procedures and potential inaccuracies of DNA paternity testing, prenatal DNA paternity testing can be offered to victims of sexual assault who become pregnant during the time frame of the assault.
The Abduction of Children by Strangers and Nonfamily Members
Authors: FINKELHOR DAVID , HOTALING GERALD T. , SEDLAK ANDERA J.
Published: August 2008

This study used three approaches to estimate the incidence of nonfamily abductions of children for 1988: a national survey of households with children, a national survey of police records, and an analysis of FBI homicide data. Estimates were derived for three differently defined types of events: stereotypical kidnappings, in which a stranger perpetrator took a child overnight, or a distance of 50 miles or more, or killed, ransomed, or evidenced an intent to keep the child permanently (200 to 300 children); legal-definition nonfamily abductions, in which a stranger or other nonfamily member took, detained, or lured a child, often in conjunction with another crime such as sexual assault (3,200 to 4,600 children); and attempted abduction, in which an unsuccessful attempt was made to take, detain, or lure a child (114,600 children).
The Contribution of Family Background to the Long-Term Adjustment of Women Sexually Abused as Children
Authors: EDWARDS JAMES J. , ALEXANDER PAMELA C.
Published: August 2008

The current study tested the relative influence of relationship variables in the family of origin and sexual abuse characteristics in predicting the long-term adjustment of child sexual abuse survivors. A total of 103 subjects, 45 of whom had histories of sexual abuse, completed self-report measures of perceived parental conflict, paternal dominance, current psychological distress, social support and dyadic relationships, and a questionnaire on their experiences of childhood sexual abuse. Persons with histories of sexual abuse reported greater parental conflict than did their nonabused counterparts. On the basis of multiple regression analyses in which sexual abuse variables and family variables were entered simultaneously, parental conflict, paternal dominance, and sexual abuse made independent contributions to subjects' psychosocial adjustment. These findings support the importance of family relationships in the long-term adjustment of victims of both intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse.
Child-Neglecting Adolescent Mothers
Authors: ZURAVIN SUSAN J. , DiBLASIO FREDERICK A.
Published: August 2008

This exploratory study focused on filling some knowledge gaps about the relationship between adolescent motherhood and child neglect. Objectives included identifying predictors of neglect. The 102 subjects were low-income, single parents who gave birth to their first child before 18 years of age. The 22 neglectful mothers had been identified as maltreating by an urban, public child protection program before their 20th birthday. The remaining 80 mothers had never received any of the child welfare services provided by the same agency. Information was collected during in-home interviews. Logistic regression findings (a) revealed that 5 of 11 characteristics were associated with neglect independent of race; (b) identified a model that included two characteristics, educational achievement and number of children born during the teen years, and was modestly successful for predicting neglect; and (c) supported two of the three hypotheses. Discussion focuses on theory development and recommendations for future research.
Studying the Effects of Treatment in Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: PILKONIS PAUL A.
Published: August 2008

In an effort to provide suggestions about strategies for investigating the outcomes of psychosocial treatments in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, two broad approaches to psychotherapy outcome research are discussed: clinical trials methodologies and “naturalistic,” descriptive methodologies. Regardless of one's approach, the heuristic importance of “modelbuilding” and the need to be guided by theory are emphasized. The strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches are contrasted, and an example of an ongoing, naturalistic study of individual psychotherapy relying on attachment and interpersonal theories for its conceptual basis is provided. General methodological considerations that apply to both approaches (e.g., the need for control or comparison groups in any design, the need for longer term investigations) are discussed in conclusion.
Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: LONG PATRICIA J. , JACKSON JOAN L.
Published: August 2008

A sample of 80 college women retrospectively reporting childhood sexual abuse and 92 college women failing to report any history of abuse were examined to investigate the patterns of family functioning existing in the homes of childhood sexual abuse victims. In addition, the relationship between family functioning and the occurrence of various patterns of abuse was explored. Using a typology based on the Family Environment Scale, women's families were classified by type. Results indicated that victims and nonvictims were not equally distributed across the family types. More victims than nonvictims were found to have been reared in disorganized families, and fewer victims than nonvictims were found to have been reared in support-oriented families. No significant relationships were evident between family functioning and abuse characteristics. The relationship between these family types and risk for abuse is discussed.
Personality and Emotional Correlates of Self-Reported Antigay Behaviors
Authors: PATEL SUNITA , LONG THOMAS E. , McCAMMON SUSAN L. , WUENSCH KARL L.
Published: August 2008

This study examined the relationship between the emotional response of homophobia and selected personality and self-report behavioral variables. Scales 4, 5, and 9 of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were related to the affective components of homophobia as measured by the Index of Attitudes Towards Homosexuals (IAH; formerly Index of Homophobia-Modified) and self-report of past aggressive behavior toward homosexuals as measured by a Self-Report of Behavior Scale (SBS), specifically developed for this study. Data from 80 male subjects were subjected to a canonical correlation analysis. The first cannonical correlation showed that high SBS and high IAH are correlated with adherence to traditional masculine values, not faking good, impulsivity, and social maladjustment. The second canonical correlation indicates that a combination of high scores on Scales 9 and 5 is associated with elevated SBS scores, but decreased IAH scores. These data suggest that among young men certain personality characteristics (Scales 9 and 5) compound homonegative affect and behavior.
Software Reviews : EXCEL (Macintosh)
Authors: Littlefield Stan
Published: August 2008

EXCEL is ideally suited for hands-on simulations of basic data entry and statistical manipulation of data. Impressive graphics and the reporting features would enhance classroom presentations or exercises.
Software Reviews : Insight 2+, Version 1.3 Publisher: Level Five Research, Inc., 503 Fifth Avenue, Indialantic, FL 32903 (telephone: 305-729-9046; bulletin board: 305-724-0909) Year of Publication: 1986 Materials: 3 DSDD disks (not copy-protected), loose-leaf reference manual Price: $485 (academic discount available) Availability: IBM PC and compatibles (Macintosh version forthcoming) System Requirements: 256K RAM, two double-sided drives, PC/MS DOS 2.0 or higher Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Good Documentation: Good
Authors: Yohe William P.
Published: August 2008

This is an ideal program for Pascalphiles who are looking for an integrated expert systems development program. It has its own separate editors and compilers for building the knowledge base (rules and facts) and databases or other programs to be called up when the knowledge base runs. The knowledge base must be written in Production Rule Language (PRL), which is powerful and easy to learn.
Software Reviews : Sqz
Authors: Littlefield Stanley
Published: August 2008

A much-needed and effective utility, SQZ normally compresses LOTUS or SYMPHONY files to 20% their original size. I was able to place three full spreadsheet disks on one disk, with 60,000 bytes left over. SQZ has a cost-saving communications mode with which to send squeezed data over the modem. SQZ first loads into memory, then runs LOTUS. The user may turn SQZ off or on and work with squeezed or normal spreadsheets at any time. SQZ permits password protection for LO TUS 1A files. Hotline support is available. This product is especially recommended to floppy disk users, as it will pay for itself quickly.
Using Microcomputer Game-Simulation Experiments to Study Family Response to the Mt. St. Helens Eruptions
Authors: Ekker Knut , Gifford Greg , Leik Sheila A. , Leik Robert K.
Published: August 2008

Computerized game-simulation experiments were conducted as part of a larger study of response to the 1980 eruptions of Mt. St. Helens. Sixty 3-person families from three Washington state communities (experimental group) and 10 families from Minnesota (control group) were studied. Results of the game-simulation indicate that different aspects of individual preferences and family decisions with respect to relocation were (1) highly consistent in the game-simulation, (2) responsive to the simulated threat, and (3) compatible with response data from studies of other actual natural hazards. Family behavior in the game-simulation was strongly related to actual family behavior when the volcano erupted as reported by wives but weakly related to the family behavior as reported by husbands and teenagers. If the wives' reports of family responses to the actual threat of the volcano are more accurate than the husbands' or teenagers', then the data suggest close agreement between the game-simulation behaviors and how the same families responded to the real hazard. The control families showed behavior predictably different from that of the experimental sample in response to the game-simulation. Thus, to the extent that game-simulation experiments tap actual participant experiences, they generate realistic or externally valid responses. Keywords: game-simulation, experiment, decision making, family, disasters, computer.
The CD-ROM: Massive Storage Media for Social Science Data
Authors: Sechrist Robert
Published: August 2008

The CD-ROM is emerging as an important storage medium for massive databases. Social scientists will be significant beneficiaries of this technology as more and more databases are made available and prices drop. Most major databases are already available on CD. Lack of standardization and slow retrieval are crucial but are being overcome. Keywords. compact disk, CD-ROM, database, retrieval software.
The Social Impact of Computing: Ideological
Authors: Perrolle Judith A.
Published: August 2008

Recent research on the social impact of computing is reviewed in the framework of the communication and control paradigm. Findings, theoretical arguments, and trends are reviewed for selected topics in four areas: the human-computer interface, information production, computerized work and organizations, and artificial intelligence. Keywords. artificial intelligence, computers and society, control, ergonomics, human factors, ideology, intellectual property, macroergonomics, social factors.
Computer Use and Software Development by Sociologists: Current Practice and Future Prospects
Authors: Conklin George H.
Published: August 2008

Although the American Sociological Association is moving toward formalizing a microcomputer users' group, there is still a shortage of authors of software products for teaching substantive sociology that are not tied to a specific textbook. New approaches to integrating textbooks with computers, generic computer tools for teaching and research, and the use of computers in qualitative sociology are covered. The essay concludes with speculations about the future of computing in sociology. Keywords: computmg, sociology, qualitative sociology, courseware, microsimulation, CAI.
Software Reviews : Topics in Research Methods: Power, Version 1.0
Authors: Kallam Michael
Published: August 2008

POWER uses a series of simulated experiments to introduce students to the statistical concepts of quality of experimental design and error variance. The experiments are based on a real-life comparison of electricity use in homes with and without a signaling device for home cooling. POWER allows the student to modify the experiment in six variable areas and manipulate combinations of those variables to influence changes in the power of the test and in the amount of statistical error in the experimental setting. POWER is useful for demonstrating the concepts of power and error variance, but it does not allow for the introduction of independent data for student-generated investigations.
Tutorial Versus Simulation: Exploring Relative Educational Value
Authors: O'Neil Dennis H. , Alperson Jay R.
Published: August 2008

A double blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy of two different CAI formats Beginning cultural anthropology students were randomly assigned a simulation or a tutorial on kinship patterns The results indicate significant advantages for the tutorial format in terms of multiple-choice exam scores and student ratings of educational value, interest, and ease of use Some advantages of tutorials for lower level undergraduate courses are discussed Keywords tutorials, evaluation, simulation, anthropology, kinship, CAI.
Stories Knowledge Engineers Tell About Expert Systems
Authors: LaFrance Marianne
Published: August 2008

This paper describes part of a more extensive investigation of the values operating in the development and implementation of expert systems. The data come from a group of beginning knowledge engineers who have participated in a corporate sponsored Intelligent Systems Training Program. As part of the training they were asked to complete a number of stories describing a fictional knowledge engineer encountering a non-technical complication while building an expert system. Of particular concern for this report is a single scenario in which the knowledge engineer encounters a reluctant expert who may be fearing job displacement. The stories are analyzed for insights as to how system builders conceptualize their responsibilities vis-à-vis the expert. This is done by scrutinizing how knowledge engineers define the problem, whose responsibility it is to effect a solution, what kind of solution is adopted and whether the outcome is successful. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for a number of social issues attendant upon the introduction of intelligent computing machines. Keywords: social values, expert systems, ethical issues in computing.
Computer-Assisted Survey Research and Continuous Audience Response Technology for the Political and Social Sciences
Authors: Vasu Michael L. , Garson G. David
Published: August 2008

Survey research is chosen as this year's theme in the review of the state of the art of computing in political science because of its importance to this discipline. However, coverage applies to other social science disciplines as well. This essay reviews use of computers in computer-assisted survey research (CASR), computer-assisted interviewing, computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI), computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), touch-tone data entry (TDE), and related technologies. A second portion of the essay gives special attention to continuous audience response technology (CART), with an example—the California Proposition 103 campaign. Keywords: survey research, interviewing, computers, CATI, CART.
A Critique of the Diagnosis and Cure for `Enronitis': The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Neoliberal Governance of Corporate America
Authors: Soederberg Susanne
Published: August 2008

The Enron collapse in 2001 represented a high-water mark in the recent round of corporate scandals in the United States. In response to this crisis, the US government introduced the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Act or SOX) in July 2002. Until now, the debates have remained silent on the political and social dimensions of the Act. By situating the discourse of corporate governance within the context of capitalist society, I offer an alternative explanation of the role and significance of SOX. I argue that the pre-eminence of the corporate governance framework explains away the deeper causes of crisis by maintaining our focus on the symptoms, such as greed on the part of corporate executives, lack of transparency and an absence of accountability, as opposed to the structural causes connected to neoliberal-led restructuring of capitalist society and the contradictions therein.
Globalization, Media, and the Teacher-Activist's Response
Authors: Boyle Joan , Chandan Upjeet , Hardenbergh Margot B. , Hedley Mark , Rio Cecilia
Published: August 2008

While it has become commonplace for mainstream media outlets to offer report and commentary on trends in economic globalization, it is rare for these same media outlets to exhibit self-awareness with regards to how the media has developed the forces of globalization. In this article, five academics from disparate disciplines in the humanities and social sciences address this impact, describe the negative consequences that the globalization of media has wrought in terms of social justice, and offer ideas concerning how activist academics might challenge the current direction of media globalization, both in their classrooms and in their activist endeavors.
The Testament of Abraham: Which Came First—Recension A or Recension B?
Authors: Ludlow Jared W.
Published: August 2008

An intriguing aspect of the Testament ofAbraham's transmission history is the existence of two Greek recensions. Which recension came first? Why were changes made to the 'original' story? This article addresses these issues from a narrative viewpoint. Some scholars suppose that both recensions come from an original Ur-source but are not directly dependent on each other. Through a close examination of the narratives of both recensions, however, this article concludes that there is a direct relationship between the two Greek recensions with Recension A coming first and Recension B reacting to the earlier Recension A.
`The bodie and the letters both': `blending' the rules of early modern religion
Authors: Canning Patricia
Published: August 2008

The role of conceptual integration or blending has featured significantly in analyses of contemporary texts. To date, no-one to my knowledge has applied this theory in an early modern context. In the sixteenth century, a historical juncture rich in innovative forms of textual expression, the Reformation generated cognitive and ideological discordances between conceptions of the spiritual and the material, or more specifically, between word and image. These tensions were made manifest in physical acts of iconoclasm by Reformers in response to the `idolatry' of early modern Catholicism. Many poetic texts of the period attempted to validate and perpetuate the Reformed position, denouncing carnal representations of divinity, focusing instead on the spiritual incarnation of Christ as the `Word'. Taking one such text, Herbert's poem `JESU', as the focus of my analysis, I trace the path of a blend through to its emergent structure. I will argue that while the blend coheres conceptually in that it appears to make `plausible' the Reformed worldview, the reality is that it generates an ideological implausibility. As such, this article aims to demonstrate the greater efficacy and scope of blending than would otherwise be available through strictly metaphorical analyses. I will focus specifically on the correspondence between conceptual and formal integration of expression and meaning. My analysis leads to insights that more impressionistic, literary analyses of the period have not addressed, and that stylistic analyses have only briefly outlined, in that I will consider the material effects of this cognitive linguistic phenomenon in the significantly literary theological context of early modern England.
Revisioning Christ
Authors: Kim Grace Ji-Sun
Published: August 2008

Traditional Western Christology, focussed on the maleness of Christ, has skewed and limited Christian understandings of God away from female images of the divine and towards masculine language and imagery. The creation of a male norm within the Western Christian tradition has marginalized women of all colours and cultures. Asian North American women have struggled not only to make new sense of 'God-language', but also to harmonize traditional Christian claims with the world-view and culture of the East. Since Christian feminists have attempted to recover a more positive God-language by use of the concept of Sophia Wisdom, this article suggests that an effective strategy would be for Asian women to inculturate the language of Sophia into Eastern philosophical categories. This could be achieved by way of harmonization with the Buddhist concept of wisdom, prajna.