bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tyramine-H
3
: Deaminated Metabolites in Neuroblastoma Tumors and in Continuous Cell Line of a Neuroblastoma
Authors: Goldstein M. , Anagnoste B. , Goldstein M. N.
Published: October 2006

Neuroblastoma tumors, as well as cultured cells of neuroblastoma, contain high monoamine oxidase activity. The major deaminated metabolite of tyramine-H
3
in the incubation mixtures with the tumors or with the cultured cells is
p
-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Upon addition of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the aldehyde was further metabolized by the reductive pathway to
p
- hydroxyphenylethanol, whereas upon addition of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate the aldehyde was only metabolized to a minor extent by the oxidative pathway to
p
-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity is very low in the neuroblastoma tumors and in the cultured neuroblastoma cells. The generation of aldehydes and alcohols by the action of monoamine oxidase suggests that the deaminated metabolites of biogenic amines might exhibit some toxic effects in neuroblastoma patients.
Shell Opening by Crabs of the Genus
Calappa
Authors: Shoup John B.
Published: October 2006

Oxystomatous crabs of the subfamily Calappinae, particularly the genus
Calappa
, possess a large tooth on the dactyl and a pair of protuberances on the propodus of the right cheliped. With these modifications and an associated behavior pattern, these crabs can efficiently open shells of gastropods and other mollusks and thus feed on the soft parts or enclosed hermit crabs.
Tyrosine-α-Ketoglutarate Transaminase: Induction by Epinephrine and Adenosine-3′,5′-Cyclic Phosphate
Authors: Wicks Wesley D.
Published: October 2006

Epinephrine and the N
6
-O
2
′-dibutyryl analog of adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic phosphate both are effective inducers of tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase in explants of fetal rat liver maintained in organ culture. Combinations of these inducers with each other and with hydrocortisone, another inducer, yielded results which suggest that cyclic adenylic acid is an intermediate in the induction by epinephrine and that the mechanism by which it induces is different from that by which hydrocortisone operates.
Dendritic Spikes and Their Inhibition in Alligator Purkinje Cells
Authors: Llinás Rodolfo , Nicholson Charles , Freeman John A. , Hillman Dean E.
Published: October 2006

Alligator Purkinje cells generate action potentials in the peripheral dendritic tree, after synaptic depolarization via superficial parallel fibers. These action potentials are inhibited at the dendrite level by preceding parallel-fiber volleys at close intervals. We conclude that this inhibition is produced by the activation of the inhibitory interneurons of the molecular layer, the stellate cells, which establish synaptic contacts with the dendrites of the Purkinje cells.
Unusual Resistance of Peptidyl Transferase to Protein Extraction Procedures
Authors: Noller Harry F. , Hoffarth Vernita , Zimniak Ludwika
Published: October 2006

Peptidyl transferase, the ribosomal activity responsible for catalysis of peptide bond formation, is resistant to vigorous procedures that are conventionally employed to remove proteins from protein-nucleic acid complexes. When the "fragment reaction" was used as a model assay for peptide bond formation,
Escherichia coli
ribosomes or 50
S
subunits retained 20 to 40 percent activity after extensive treatment with proteinase K and SDS, but lost activity after extraction with phenol or exposure to EDTA. Ribosomes from the thermophilic eubacterium
Thermus aquaticus
remained more than 80 percent active after treatment with proteinase K and SDS, which was followed by vigorous extraction with phenol. This activity is attributable to peptidyl transferase, as judged by specific inhibition by the peptidyl transferase-specific antibiotics chloramphenicol and carbomycin. In contrast, activity is abolished by treatment with ribonuclease T1. These findings support the possibility that 23
S
ribosomal RNA participates in the peptidyl transferase function.
Sexually Antagonistic Genes: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Rice William R.
Published: October 2006

When selection differs between the sexes, a mutation beneficial to one sex may be harmful to the other (sexually antagonistic). Because the sexes share a common gene pool, selection in one sex can interfere with the other's adaptive evolution. Theory predicts that sexually antagonistic mutations should accumulate in tight linkage with a new sex-determining gene, even when the harm to benefit ratio is high. Genetic markers and artificial selection were used to make a pair of autosomal genes segregate like a new pair of sex-determining genes in a
Drosophila melanogaster
model system. A 29-generation study provides experimental evidence that sexually antagonistic genes may be common in nature and will accumulate in response to a new sex-determining gene.
Nerve Growth Factor Stimulation of the Ras-Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor and GAP Activities
Authors: Li Bao-Qun , Kaplan David , Kung Hsiang-fu , Kamata Tohru
Published: October 2006

The biological activity of Ras proteins is thought to be controlled by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor and the guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP). Treatment of rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) increased the amount of active Ras guanosine triphosphate complex and stimulated the activities of both the guanine nucleotide exchange factor and GAP. In PC-12 cells that overexpressed the tyrosine kinase encoded by the
trk
proto-oncogene (a component of the high-affinity NGF receptor), the NGF-induced activation of the regulatory proteins was potentiated. These results suggest that the NGF receptor system enhances the activities of both the guanine nucleotide exchange factor and GAP and that the activation of Ras might be controlled by the balance in activity between these two regulatory proteins.
Prebiotic Synthesis: Phosphorylation in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Lohrmann R. , Orgel L. E.
Published: October 2006

Formation of uridine-5′-phosphate from uridine and inorganic phosphate in aqueous solution is effected by the following condensing agents: cyanogen, cyanoformamide, cyanate, cyanamide, thioformate, ethylisocyanide, and a water-soluble carbodiimide. The yields are always small, even when a large excess of condensing agent is used. The cyclization of uridine-3′-(2′)-phosphate occurs under the same conditions but in much greater yield.
Dysbarism: Osmosis Caused by Dissolved Gas?
Authors: Kylstra Johannes A. , Longmuir Ian S. , Grace Michael
Published: October 2006

The pressure in an osmometer, filled with nitrous oxide-saturated water separated from water by a polyurethane polyether membrane 2.5 microns in thickness, rose slowly by 8 to 20 millimeters (of water) in 10 minutes before gradually returning to close to zero within 2 hours. The permeation coefficient of the membrane was approximately 1000 times greater for water than for gases. The osmotic pressure of water saturated with nitrous oxide at 1 atmosphere, derived from the freezing point of the gas solution, was 1.5 atmospheres. It is concluded that dissolved gases exert osmotic pressure. Partial-pressure gradients of dissolved gases in the tissues of animals and man should cause flows of water along osmotic gradients, which may partially account for some of the symptoms and signs of dysbarism.
Vision: The Additivity Law Made To Work for Heterochromatic Photometry with Bipartite Fields
Authors: Boynton Robert M. , Kaiser Peter K.
Published: October 2006

Additivity failures are common in heterochromatic photometry when the usual criterion of equal brightness is used. Using instead the criterion of a minimally distinct border between two precisely juxtaposed fields, we found that the additivity law holds.
Antigenic Specificities Related to the Cold Agglutinin Activity of Gamma M Globulins
Authors: Williams Ralph C. , Kunkel Henry G. , Capra J. Donald
Published: October 2006

Certain antiserums prepared against isolated cold agglutinins demonstrate specificity for gamma M globulins with this activity and not for similar gamma M globulins lacking such activity. The cold agglutinin specific antigens fall into several major and minor groups. Their exact relation to the presumed antibody-combining sites remains to be determined.
Sexual Behavior: Stimulation by Painful Electrical Shock to Skin in Male Rats
Authors: Barfield Ronald J. , Sachs Benjamin D.
Published: October 2006

A mildly painful electric shock lasting 0.5 second was delivered every 30 seconds to the skin of male rats while they were with a receptive female rat. Sexual behavior occurred, with brief latency, after shocks; thus, successive shocks resulted in a pacing of sexual behavior. This effect is attributed to periodic augmentation of sexual arousal by a periodic, nonspecific arousing stimulus (that is, shock).
Discrimination of the Odor of Stressed Rats
Authors: Valenta John G. , Rigby Marilyn K.
Published: October 2006

Albino rats can reliably distinguish between the odors of stressed and unstressed rats. Five animals learned to interrupt an ongoing response when air from the cages of stressed rats was introduced into the test compartment, and to continue responding when air from unstressed rats was introduced. The discrimination does not seem to depend on recognition of odors of individual rats.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Sensitive Neuronal Units in the Midbrain Raphe
Authors: Aghajanian George K. , Foote Warren E. , Sheard Michael H.
Published: October 2006

Units in areas of the midbrain rich in neurons containing serotonin respond to parenteral injections of
d
-lysergic acid diethylamide by a reversible cessation of spontaneous activity. The dose required is at or below threshold for gross behavioral effects. An inhibition of neurons containing serotonin after administration of
d
-lysergic acid diethylamide could account for the decreased metabolism of serotonin produced by this drug.
Rete Mirabile of Dolphin: Its Pressure-Damping Effect on Cerebral Circulation
Authors: Nagel E. L. , Morgane P. J. , McFarland W. L. , Galllano R. E.
Published: October 2006

In the bottlenose dolphin
Tursiops truncatus
, a massive retial complex is interposed between the systemic and cerebral circulations at the cervicothoracic level. Pressure measurements in the retial efferent arteries supplying the brain revealed relatively nonpulsatile pressure profiles. These measurements in the anesthetized dolphin demonstrate the pressure-damping effect of the retia mirabile.
Program Clocks in Small Mammals
Authors: Kavanau J. Lee , Rischer Carl E.
Published: October 2006

Complex patterns of time, direction, and speed of running by small nocturnal mammals in activity wheels sometimes are duplicated almost exactly from night to night. These activity pattern repetitions disclose: (i) previously unknown capabilities of biological clocks to act as sequence programmers for behavior; (ii) that animals can retain a record of the sequence and timing of their activities covering an entire night; and (iii) that the activities of one night can bias an animal toward similar behavior on subsequent nights.
Antibodies to Deoxyribonucleic Acid Irradiated with Ultraviolet Light: Detection by Precipitins and Immunofluorescence
Authors: Tan Eng M.
Published: October 2006

Two rabbits were immunized with a complex consisting of ultraviolet-irradiated DNA and methylated bovine serum albumin. Serum antibodies reacted only with irradiated DNA, and the serological reaction was shown by immune-precipitation and immunofluorescence.
Red Blood Cells: Why or Why Not?
Authors: Schmidt-Nielsen Knut , Taylor C. Richard
Published: October 2006

It is commonly stated that, if hemoglobin were dissolved in the blood plasma rather than enclosed in corpuscles, the viscosity of the blood would be greatly increased. We found that when the corpuscles of dog or goat blood were disrupted with ultrasound, giving a solution with the same hemoglobin concentration, the relative viscosity was drastically reduced. It appears, therefore, that the existence of blood corpuscles does not contribute to a reduced viscosity of blood.
Rheological Comparison of Hemoglobin Solutions and Erythrocyte Suspensions
Authors: Cokelet Giles R. , Meiselman Herbert J.
Published: October 2006

Hemoglobin solutions prepared from hemolyzed human erythrocyte packs have Newtonian flow properties. Diluted solutions are also Newtonian. All solutions have a viscosity lower than the apparent viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions of equal oxygen-carrying capacity. The presence of cell debris in hemoglobin solutions causes non-Newtonian (pseudoplastic or rheopectic) flow behavior.
Morphine: Single-Dose Tolerance
Authors: Kornetsky Conan , Bain George
Published: October 2006

Rats show a significant degree of tolerance to a second dose of morphine, with the degree of tolerance increasing the longer the delay between the two doses of morphine. To measure the morphine effect a foot-shock attenuation procedure that allowed the animal to adjust the shock intensity was used in studying delays of up to 180 days.
Pulmonary and Circulatory Adjustments Determining the Limits of Depths in Breathhold Diving
Authors: Schaefer Karl E. , Allison Robert D. , Dougherty James H. , Carey Charles R. , Walker Roger , Yost Frank , Parker Donald
Published: October 2006

Data on pulmonary gas exchange were collected in breathhold dives to 90 feet in a tank and in open-sea breathhold dives to depths of 217.5 and 225 feet. Thoracic blood volume displacements were measured at depths of 25, 50, 90, and 130 feet, by use of the impedance plethysmograph. The open-sea dives were carried out with an average speed of descent of 3.95 feet per second and an average rate of ascent of 3.50 feet per second. End-dive alveolar oxygen tensions did not fall below 36 millimeters of mercury, while alveolar carbon dioxide tension did not rise above 40 millimeters of mercury except in one case. These findings indicate that for diver Croft, who has unusual lung capacity, neither hypoxia nor hypercapnia determined the depth limits under those conditions. At depths of 90 and 130 feet blood was forced into the thorax, amounting to 1047 and 850 milliliters respectively.
Oxygen-18 Content of Atmospheric Precipitation during Last 11,000 Years in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Stuiver Minze
Published: October 2006

Freshwater lake marl and mollusks from Indiana show variations in ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 of a few per mil during the Postglacial. For the last 9000 years these variations are about 1 per mil for properly selected lake sediments. Thus the oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric precipitation appears relatively stable over this interval, indicating stationary atmospheric circulation patterns over the Great Lakes region. A reduction in oxygen-18 content around 10,000 years ago corresponds with the climate change indicated by pollen profiles. Large systematic differences were found between carbon-13 and oxygen-18 content of marl and mollusks.
Audiogenic Seizure Prone (
asp
): A Gene Affecting Behavior in Linkage Group VIII of the Mouse
Authors: Collins Robert L. , Fuller John L.
Published: October 2006

The incidence of initial audiogenic seizures in mice from crosses between a susceptible and a resistant inbred strain is attributable to the effects of a single pair of alleles. The locus responsible for this behavioral variation is located in Linkage Group VIII of the mouse. Sensitization-dependent convulsions are influenced in whole or in part by alleles at an independent locus.
Human Osteosarcomas: Immunologic Evidence Suggesting an Associated Infectious Agent
Authors: Morton Donald L. , Malmgren Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Immunofluorescent studies have revealed a high incidence of antibodies to osteosarcomas in the serums of patients with this disease and their close associates which react with a common antigen (or antigens) in osteosarcomas. The distribution of these antibodies suggests the association of an infectious agent with this neoplasm which is capable of producing unrecognized infections in healthy contacts of these patients.
Hemin: An Inhibitor of Erythroid Cell Ribonuclease
Authors: Burka Edward R.
Published: October 2006

Hemin, in concentrations which stimulate protein synthesis and stabilize polyribosomes in reticulocytes, is a potent inhibitor of ribonuclease activity in the erythroid cell. This may offer a partial explanation for the way in which hemin acts to accelerate globin synthesis and thus synchronize the synthesis of hemin and globin in the maturing erythroid cell.
Midbrain Single Units Correlating with Pupil Response to Light
Authors: Smith James D. , Ichinose Lester Y. , Masek Gerald A. , Watanabe Takeshi , Stark Lawrence
Published: October 2006

The consensual response of the pupil in the cat was driven by means of a light flux impinging on the contralateral retina. Spike trains recorded extracellularly from single units in the midbrain show correlation with the concurrently recorded pupil area. The temporal dynamics found confirm two earlier studies of single-unit responses and quantitative nerve stimulation. Both of these indicate that most of the 200-millisecond transport delay resides in the neuromuscular apparatus. Neurons whose activity correlated either with constriction or with dilatation phases of change in the pupil area were observed.
Inhibition of Cell Growth in vitro by Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate
Authors: Ryan Wayne L. , Heidrick Margaret L.
Published: October 2006

Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, at a concentration of 40 micrograms per milliliter, inhibits the growth of HeLa and strain L cells in culture. The inhibition becomes progressively greater during the incubation of the cells. Adenosine 5′-monophosphate and adenosine, metabolites of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, do not affect the growth of either cell culture. This suggests that adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate enters the cell without alteration. Dibutyryl-adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, reported to have a greater activity than adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate on several tissues, inhibited the growth of the cells much less.
Photoregulation of an Enzymic Process by Means of a Light-Sensitive Ligand
Authors: Kaufman H. , Vratsanos S. M. , Erlanger B. F.
Published: October 2006

A specific inactivator of chymotrypsin,
p
-azophenyldiphenylcarbamyl chloride, exists as two geometric isomers,
cis
and
trans
, which are interconvertible by means of light. The
cis
-isomer is five times more reactive than the more stable
trans
-isomer, and is obtained by exposure of the latter to light of 320 nanometer wavelength. The
trans
-isomer can be regained by exposure of the
cis
-isomer to light of 420 nanometer wavelength. This interconversion can be made to occur in aqueous solution in the presence of the enzyme under conditions in which the
trans
-isomer reacts relatively slowly with chymotrypsin. Thus, it is possible to regulate the rate of inactivation of chymotrypsin by using light of the appropriate wavelength. This system is presented as a model for some of the light-sensitive metabolic systems present in living organisms.
Escape from Self-Produced Rates of Brain Stimulation
Authors: Steiner Solomon S. , Beer Bernard , Shaffer Michael M.
Published: October 2006

Rats were allowed to self-stimulate while their responses were being recorded on tape. Subsequently, prerecorded patterns of their brain stimulation were "played back" to them. All subjects learned to escape brain stimulation delivered in exactly the same manner as they had previously elected to receive it.
Sex Pheromone of the Pink Bollworm Moth: Biological Masking by Its Geometrical Isomer
Authors: Jacobson Martin
Published: October 2006

A mixture of the
cis
and
trans
forms of propylure (10-propyl-trans-5,9-tridecadienyl acetate), the sex pheromone of the female pink bollworm moth, has been separated into its pure isomers by thin-layer chromatography. The
cis
isomer inhibits or masks the activity of the
trans
isomer, as little as 15 percent of the
cis
isomer being sufficient to completely nullify the activity of the trans isomer.
Phenethyl Alcohol and Tryptophol: Autoantibiotics Produced by the Fungus
Candida albicans
Authors: Lingappa B. T. , Prasad M. , Lingappa Yamuna , Hunt Donald F. , Biemann K.
Published: October 2006

Two autoantibiotics produced by the fungus
Candida albicans
have been identified, with the aid of mass spectrometry, as 2-phenylethanol and 3-β-hydroxyethylindole. The cyclodipeptides, cyclo(proline-leucine) and cyclo(proline-phenylalanine) were also isolated from cultures of
Candida albicans
, but did not inhibit the growth of the fungus.
Cytotoxic Test Automation: A Live-Dead Cell Differential Counter
Authors: Melamed Myron R. , Kamentsky Louis A. , Boyse Edward A.
Published: October 2006

An appropriately modified cell spectrophotometer was used successfully for performing automatic counts of live and dead cells in the cytotoxic test, with trypan blue staining as an indicator of dead cells and light scattering to identify viable cells.
Amino Acid Incorporation into Rat Brain Proteins during Spreading Cortical Depression
Authors: Bennett Gudrun S. , Edelman Gerald M.
Published: October 2006

Unilateral spreading cortical depression was elicited by applying potassium chloride solutions to the dura of conscious, freely moving rats. Incorporation of
3
H-leucine into soluble cortical proteins was decreased in the depressed hemisphere relative to the control side, while soluble brainstem proteins from both sides had the same specific activity. Various subfractions of soluble cortical proteins were affected to equal degrees.
Effects of Feedback and Reinforcement on the Control of Human Systolic Blood Pressure
Authors: Shapiro David , Tursky Bernard , Gershon Elliot , Stern Melvin
Published: October 2006

An automatic procedure providing information about human systolic blood pressure at each successive heartbeat under routine laboratory conditions is described. Twenty normal male subjects were given feedback of their own systolic pressure, half operantly reinforced for increasing and half reinforced for decreasing their pressure. Significant differences in pressure were obtained in a single session. The apparatus and results suggest a possible approach to the treatment of essential hypertension.
Viscosity of Argon at High Temperatures
Authors: Dawe R. A. , Smith E. B.
Published: October 2006

New data for the viscosity of argon at high temperatures indicate that the accepted data are substantially too low at temperatures above 600°K.
Monosodium L-Glutamate: Its Pharmacology and Role in the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome
Authors: Schaumburg Herbert H. , Byck Robert , Gerstl Robert , Mashman Jan H.
Published: October 2006

Monosodium L-glutamate is the cause of the Chinese restaurant syndrome and can precipitate headaches. In appropriate doses it causes burning sensations, facial pressure, and chest pain. These are pharmacological effects obeying a dose-effect relationship. There is considerable variation in oral threshold doses among individuals.
Auditory and Vibratory Responses in the Midbrains of Snakes
Authors: Hartline Peter H. , Campbell Howard W.
Published: October 2006

Airborne sound and substrate vibration each elicit electrical responses below the surface of the tectum in species of three families of snakes. Tones of 50 to 1000 hertz evoke responses independently of substrate vibration. Sensitivity to locally applied sound is present over much of the body surface. This sensitivity is attributed to the auditory nerve, because it is not altered by spinal section but is eliminated by destruction of the inner ear.
Teleostean Urophysis: Stimulation of Contractions of Bladder of the Trout
Salmo gairdnerii
Authors: Lederis Karl
Published: October 2006

A new activity of the teleost caudal neurosecretory system is described. Extracts of the urophysis of the mudsucker
Gillichthys mirabilis
and of the trout
Salmo gairdnerii
cause rhythmic contractions of the isolated urinary bladder of the trout. The dose-related response provides the basis for a quantitative bioassay of this urophysial principle.
Lactose Synthetase: Progesterone Inhibition of the Induction of α-Lactalbumin
Authors: Turkington Roger W. , Hill Robert L.
Published: October 2006

Lactose synthesis in the mammary gland is dependent on the hormonally controlled synthesis of the two protein components of lactose synthetase, α-lactalbumin and a galactosyltransferase. Prolactin induces the synthesis of both proteins in mammary gland explants treated with insulin and hydrocortisone, but the induction kinetics cannot account for the asynchronous synthesis of the two proteins that are observed in vivo. Progesterone appears to take part in the control of lactose synthesis and acts to repress the formation of α-lactalbumin throughout pregnancy. At parturition, when the concentration of progesterone in the plasma decreases, the rate of α-lactalbumin synthesis increases.
Prelytic Damage of Red Cells in Filtrates from Peroxidizing Microsomes
Authors: Roders Mark K. , Glende Eric A. , Recknagel Richard O.
Published: October 2006

When liver microsomes are incubated in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), their constituent lipids undergo peroxidative degeneration. If erythrocytes are present in such a peroxidizing system, they hemolyze. Filtrates obtained by ultrafiltration of peroxidizing microsomal systems were found to have the capacity to produce prelytic damage in red cells. Filtrates obtained from microsomes that had not undergone peroxidative lipid decomposition were inert. The toxic activity in the active filtrates was not due to continuing oxidation of NADPH nor to continuing liver microsomal lipid peroxidation. Neither the chemical identity of the toxic product or products in active filtrates nor the mechanisms involved in the erythrocyte damage are known at this time.
Butylated Hydroxytoluene Inactivated Lipid-Containing Viruses
Authors: Snipes Wallace , Person Stanley , Keith Alec , Cupp James
Published: October 2006

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is widely used as a food preservative for its antioxidizing property. This small, hydrophobic molecule has been found to be a potent inactivator of lipid-containing mammalian and bacterial viruses.
Establishment of Stable, Cell-Mediated Immunity that Makes "Susceptible" Mice Resistant to
Leishmania major
Authors: Bretscher Peter A. , Wei Guojian , Menon Juthika N. , Bielefeldt-Ohmann Helle
Published: October 2006

Cell-mediated, but not antibody-mediated, immune responses protect humans against certain pathogens that produce chronic diseases such as leishmaniasis. Effective vaccination against such pathogens must therefore produce an immunological "imprint" so that stable, cell-mediated immunity is induced in all individuals after natural infection. BALB/c mice "innately susceptible" to
Leishmania major
produce antibodies after substantial infection. In the present study, "susceptible" mice injected with a small number of parasites mounted a cell-mediated response and acquired resistance to a larger, normally pathogenic, challenge. This vaccination strategy may be applicable in diseases in which protection is dependent on cell-mediated immunity.
Acute Axonal Dystrophy Caused by Fluorocitrate: The Role of Mitochondrial Swelling
Authors: Koenig Harold
Published: October 2006

Fluorocitrate, a Krebs cycle inhibitor, induces neurons to rapidly expel multitudinous lysosomes, mitochondria, and other cytoplasmic constituents into their axons. After convulsive seizures commence, spectacular axonal balloons develop owing to obstruction of axonal flow by "log jams" of extruded organelles. A swelling of neuronal mitochondria is apparently responsible for the disgorgement of cytoplasmic material into axons.
Graft versus Host Inhibition: Fetal Liver and Thymus Cells to Minimize Secondary Disease
Authors: Bortin Mortimer M. , Saltzstein Edward C.
Published: October 2006

Long-lived radiation chimeras were produced in mice differing at the major histocompatibility locus. Survival occurred in lethally irradiated recipients inoculated with allogeneic fetal liver and allogeneic fetal thymus cells in combination. The survival rate was equal or superior to that of mice with transplanted syngeneic fetal, neonatal, or adult hematopoietic cells.
Serum C′3 Lytic System in Patients with Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Spitzer R. E. , Vallota E. H. , Forristal J. , Sudora E. , Stitzel A. , Davis N. C. , West C. D.
Published: October 2006

The serums of patients with hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis contain a substance that combines with a normal serum cofactor in the presence of magnesium ion to specifically cleave the third component of complement. This lysis of C′3 is 80 to 90 percent complete in 20 minutes at 37°C and
p
H 7. Neither the nephritic factor nor its cofactor is identifiable with the complement system.
Binding of Alkali Metal Ions by Cyclic Polyethers: Significance in Ion Transport Processes
Authors: Izatt Reed M. , Rytting J. Howard , Nelson Dennis P. , Haymore Barry L. , Christensen James J.
Published: October 2006

Values for the formation constant (log
K
), the change in enthalpy (ΔH°), and the change in entropy (ΔS°) have been determined for the interaction of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium ions with the two isomers of the cyclic polyether, 2,5,8,15,18,21-hexaoxatricyclo[20.4.0.0
9,14
] hexacosane. The stability order of these metal ions with either isomer is identical to the permeability order for these same metal ions with the structurally related antibiotics, valinomycin and monactin.
Glycine in the Spinal Cord of Cats with Local Tetanus Rigidity
Authors: Semba Tsuneo , Kano Masaakira
Published: October 2006

In cats, significant loss of glycine occurred in spinal grey matter on the side of local tetanus, whereas the γ-aminobutyric acid concentration remained unaltered. These findings suggest that tetanus rigidity is due to the blocking of the spinal inhibitory transmission by decrease of inhibitory transmitter and that glycine is an effective inhibitory transmitter in cat spinal cord.
Comparison of the Effects of Marihuana and Alcohol on Simulated Driving Performance
Authors: Crancer Alfred , Dille James M. , Delay Jack C. , Wallace Jean E. , Haykin Martin D.
Published: October 2006

The effects of marihuana, alcohol, and no treatment on simulated driving performance were determined for experienced marihuana smokers. Subjects experiencing a "social marihuana high" accumulated significantly more speedometer errors than when under control conditions, whereas there were no significant differences in accelerator, brake, signal, steering, and total errors. The same subjects intoxicated from alcohol accumulated significantly more accelerator, brake, signal, speedometer, and total errors than under normal conditions, whereas there was no significant difference in steering errors. Impairment in simulated driving performance does not seem to be a function of increased marihuana dosage or inexperience with the drug.
Anabolic Steroid: Effects on Strength Development
Authors: Johnson L. C. , O'Shea J. P.
Published: October 2006

Twelve matched pairs of subjects, fed a high protein diet, were trained with weights for 6 weeks. In the final 3 weeks twelve subjects received 5 milligrams of methandrostenolone (Dianabol) twice daily. Maximum weight lifting, thickness of skin folds, oxygen uptake, blood chemistry profile, and concentration of blood lipids were determined. Also used were cable tensiometry and anthropometric measurements. The strength of treated subjects increased significantly; their mean weight gain was 2.48 kilograms with no significant change in skin fold thickness. Several anthropometric measurements increased significantly, as did oxygen uptake ability and nitrogen retention by the blood.
Insulin Receptor: Role in the Resistance of Human Obesity to Insulin
Authors: Amatruda John M. , Livingston James N. , Lockwood Dean H.
Published: October 2006

Large adipocytes from obese subjects have similar receptor numbers and affinities for insulin as small adipocytes from subjects of normal weight. These results indicate that the insulin insensitivity of large fat cells from obese humans occurs after the insulin-receptor interaction and might be explained by either a dilution of receptors over the cell surface or by alterations in intracellular metabolism.
Regulation of B Cell Antigen Receptor Signal Transduction and Phosphorylation by CD45
Authors: Justement Louis B. , Campbell Kerry S. , Chien Nadine C. , Cambier John C.
Published: October 2006

CD45 is a member of a family of membrane proteins that possess phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity, and is the source of much of the tyrosine phosphatase activity in lymphocytes. In view of its enzymatic activity and high copy number, it seems likely that CD45 functions in transmembrane signal transduction by lymphocyte receptors that are coupled to activation of tyrosine kinases. The B cell antigen receptor was found to transduce a Ca
2+
-mobilizing signal only if cells expressed CD45. Also, both membrane immunoglobulin M (mIgM) and CD45 were lost from the surface of cells treated with antibody to CD45, suggesting a physical interaction between these proteins. Finally, CD45 dephosphorylated a complex of mIg-associated proteins that appears to function in signal transduction by the antigen receptor. These data indicate that CD45 occurs as a component of a complex of proteins associated with the antigen receptor, and that CD45 may regulate signal transduction by modulating the phosphorylation state of the antigen receptor subunits.
Alkali Bees: Response of Adults to Pathogenic Fungi in Brood Cells
Authors: Batra S. W. T. , Bohart G. E.
Published: October 2006

Female alkali bees (
Nomia melanderi
) opened sealed cells containing brood infested with
Aspergillus flavus
,
A. tamarii
,
Fusarium solani
,
Rhizopus
sp., or
Mucor
sp. and filled them with compact soil, thus reducing fungus sporulation. Such awareness of the condition of sealed brood is hitherto unknown among solitary bees.
Tay-Sachs Disease: Generalized Absence of a Beta-D-
N
-Acetylhexosaminidase Component
Authors: Okada Shintaro , O'Brien John S.
Published: October 2006

Two hexosaminidase components, separable by starch-gel electrophoresis and possessing both β-D-
N
-acetylglucosaminidase and β-D-
N
-acetylgalactosaminidase activity, are present in human tissues. One of these, hexosaminidase component A, is absent in brain, liver, kidney, skin, cultured skin fibroblasts, blood plasma, and leukocytes from nine patients with Tay-Sachs disease. Hexosaminidase assay may facilitate the early diagnosis of individuals homozygous for Tay-Sachs disease.
Orientation by Pigeons: Is the Sun Necessary?
Authors: Keeton William T.
Published: October 2006

Although most recent hypotheses of pigeon homing have assigned an essential role to the sun, there has been some evidence suggesting that the sun is not essential. Two series of releases were designed to examine the question more carefully. Birds whose internal clocks had been shifted 6 hours were used in the critical tests. Under sun, the vanishing bearings of the clock-shifted birds were deflected in the direction predicted by a hypothesis of use of the sun as a simple compass. By contrast, under total overcast the bearings of both the clock-shifted and the control birds were homeward oriented and there was no difference between them, even at a release site the birds could never have seen previously. Therefore it is concluded that the sun is used as a compass when it is available, but that the pigeon navigation system contains sufficient redundancy to make accurate orientation possible in the absence of both the sun and familiar landmarks; the orientational cues used under such conditions do not require time compensation. This conclusion is in complete disagreement with the Matthews sun-arc hypothesis of pigeon navigation, and it makes necessary a major reformulation (at the very least) of the other principal hypothesis, that of Kramer.
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits in the Western United States: A New Concept of Structural Control of Distribution
Authors: Kutina Jan
Published: October 2006

Empirical plotting of four sets of equidistantly spaced shear stress trajectories, based on regularities in distribution of actual faults and ore veins in the continental area and on the landward prolongation of the big fracture zones of the northeastern Pacific, gives rise to a prospecting net for the western United States. Preferential accumulation of big ore deposits (including such deposits as Bingham and Tintic) along landward prolongation of the main fracture zones of northeastern Pacific, in the vicinity of intersections of four systems of trajectories, and along boundaries of crustal blocks suggests several possibilities for prospecting for unknown hydrothermal deposits in the Cordilleran part of the United States.
Crystal Structure of a CAP-DNA Complex: the DNA Is Bent by 90°
Authors: Schultz Steve C. , Shields George C. , Steitz Thomas A.
Published: October 2006

The 3 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) complexed with a 30-base pair DNA sequence shows that the DNA is bent by 90°. This bend results almost entirely from two 40° kinks that occur between TG/CA base pairs at positions 5 and 6 on each side of the dyad axis of the complex. DNA sequence discrimination by CAP derives both from sequence-dependent distortion of the DNA helix and from direct hydrogen-bonding interactions between three protein side chains and the exposed edges of three base pairs in the major groove of the DNA. The structure of this transcription factor—DNA complex provides insights into possible mechanisms of transcription activation.
Molecular Basis of Latency in Pathogenic Human Viruses
Authors: Garcia-Blanco Mariano A. , Cullen Bryan R.
Published: October 2006

Several human viruses are able to latently infect specific target cell populations in vivo. Analysis of the replication cycles of herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus suggests that the latent infections established by these human pathogens primarily result from a lack of host factors critical for the expression of viral early gene products. The subsequent activation of specific cellular transcription factors in response to extracellular stimuli can induce the expression of these viral regulatory proteins and lead to a burst of lytic viral replication. Latency in these eukaryotic viruses therefore contrasts with latency in bacteriophage, which is maintained primarily by the expression of virally encoded repressors of lytic replication.
Reef Coral from Aldabra: New Mode of Reproduction
Authors: Rosen B. R. , Taylor J. D.
Published: October 2006

A unique mode of asexual reproduction in recently collected specimens of
Goniopora
(Scleractinia) is reported. Skeleton is absent from new polyps; the skeleton develops independently of the parent colony as the new polyps themselves increase. The young colonies eventually become detached. The cycle seems to be a response to a sandy habitat, a conclusion reached by analogy with
Fungia
and
Manicina
.
Salt Toleration by Plants: Enhancement with Calcium
Authors: LaHaye P. A. , Epstein Emanuel
Published: October 2006

Bean plants subjected to a sodium chloride concentration about one-tenth that of seawater for 1 week suffered no damage if the calcium concentration of the nutrient solution was 1 millimole per liter or higher, but at lower calcium concentrations damage was severe and apparently due to a massive breakthrough of sodium into the leaves.
Electroconvulsive Shock Effects on a Reactivated Memory Trace: Further Examination
Authors: Dawson Ronald G. , McGaugh James L.
Published: October 2006

Rats showed amnesia for conditioned fear training if given an electroconvulsive shock immediately after training. Retention was unimpaired, however, when the electroconvulsive shock treatment was given 1 day after training immediately after the presentation of the stimulus used in the fear conditioning training. These results support the view that electroconvulsive shock disrupts memory trace consolidation but does not disrupt a recently reactivated memory trace.
Artificial Placenta: Two Days of Total Extrauterine Support of the Isolated Premature Lamb Fetus
Authors: Zapol Warren M. , Kolobow Theodor , Pierce Joseph E. , Vurek Gerald G. , Bowman Robert L.
Published: October 2006

A premature lamb fetus was totally sustained by extracorporeal perfusion with the use of a silicone-membrane blood oxygenator and parenteral nutritional support. The fetus remained in a metabolically stable state lasting several days.
Antibiotics Alter Methotrexate Metabolism and Excretion
Authors: Zaharko Daniel S. , Bruckner Howard , Oliverio Vincent T.
Published: October 2006

The chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate is metabolized by the intestinal flora of normal mice. This metabolism is reduced either by treatment of mice with the antibiotics neomycin and sulfathiazole, or in germ-free mice. In addition to affecting metabolism, these antibiotics alter physiological distribution of methotrexate so that excretion by the intestinal route is significantly enhanced.
β-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase: Lack in Ruminant Liver Mitochondria
Authors: Nielsen Niels C. , Fleischer Sidney
Published: October 2006

The enzyme D(—)-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase has been reported to occur in all mitochondria isolated from mammalian tissues and is especially high in liver. By contrast only a very low concentration of the enzyme is detectable in mitochondria from bovine and sheep liver. The amount of the enzyme in mitochondria from other ruminant tissues such as kidney and heart are comparable with those from mammalian sources. The very low activity of β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is not referable to the inability of substrates to penetrate mitochondria or to decreased electron transfer activity but rather to a lack of the enzyme in ruminant liver mitochondria.
Feline Leukemia Virus: Occurrence of Viral Antigen in the Tissues of Cats with Lymphosarcoma and Other Diseases
Authors: Hardy William D. , Geering Gayla , Old Lloyd J. , de Harven Etienne , Brodey Robert S. , McDonough Susan
Published: October 2006

Feline leukemia virus antigen is demonstrable by immunodiffusion with rabbit precipitating antiserum to purified feline leukemia virus. The feline leukemia virus antigen was found in the tissues of 25 of 33 cats with lymphosarcoma and of 5 of 13 cats with infectious peritonitis. Its presence was correlated with the occurrence of feline leukemia virus demonstrable by electron microscopy. The one clinically normal cat giving a positive test for feline leukemia virus antigen belonged to a household in which two cats had developed lymphosarcoma. With the exception of a dog with lymphosarcoma induced by feline leukemia virus, the antigen was absent from lymphosarcoma and nonlymphomatous tumors of other species (man, dog, cow, goat, or pig).
Cystine: Compartmentalization within Lysosomes in Cystinotic Leukocytes
Authors: Schulman J. D. , Bradley K. H. , Seegmiller J. E.
Published: October 2006

The large amount of cystine compartmentalized in cystinotic leukocytes cosediments in isopycnic sucrose density gradients with dense lysosomal particles, within which it is presumably contained. Such cystine appears to be primarily noncrystalline in these organelles.
Central Neuron Initiation of Periodic Gill Movements
Authors: Peretz Bertram
Published: October 2006

In
Aplysia
periodic spontaneous gill movements are controlled by activity endogenous to the abdominal ganglion. These movements were still observed when only the ctenidio-genital nerve was left intact between the ganglion and the gill. One kind of spontaneous gill movement (one per 5 minutes at 15°C) was correlated with the expression of activity of interneuron II; others were not. With reference to this kind of spontaneous gill movement, four types of central neurons in the ganglion send processes to the gill via the nerve. Two cell types (ii, iii) are inhibited and the other two (i, iv) are excited. Two types (i, ii) elicited gill movement—one type activating large gill areas elicited spontaneous gill movements, and the other activating specific gill regions did not participate in the spontaneous gill movements. The value of this preparation in studying the role of central neurons eliciting specific patterned movements and the temporal organization of their activity is shown.
Androgenesis Conditioned by a Mutation in Maize
Authors: Kermicle J. L.
Published: October 2006

A maize embryo having the nuclear constitution of a reduced gametophyte cell is produced in 3 percent of the embryo sacs of inbred strain Wisconsin-23 that carry the mutant indeterminate gametophyte (
ig
). The nucleus of most monoploid sporophytes so derived is paternal. Such androgenetic monoploids may originate from a sperm nucleus acting in conjunction with the cytoplasm of a maternal cell from which the nucleus has been functionally displaced.
Mitochondrial Membrane Potentials Measured with Microelectrodes: Probable Ionic Basis
Authors: Tupper Joseph T. , Tedeschi Henry
Published: October 2006

The membrane potentials of isolated
Drosophila
mitochondria have been measured under a variety of conditions by microelectrodes driven by a piezoelectric device. The results support the interpretation that the potentials are the result of a distribution of ions imposed by a Donnan effect.
Latent Infection of Sensory Ganglia with Herpes Simplex Virus: Efficacy of Immunization
Authors: Price Richard W. , Walz M. Antoinette , Wohlenberg Charles , Notkins Abner Louis
Published: October 2006

Mice were used to test the efficacy of active immunization in preventing latent infection of local sensory ganglia that follows inoculation of superficial epithelial surfaces with herpes simplex virus. Substantial but not complete protection was observed in animals immunized and challenged with herpes simplex virus type 1, but no protection was noted in animals immunized and challenged with herpes simplex virus type 2. Latent ganglionic infection can develop in immunized animals despite the presence of high titers of neutralizing antibody.
Receptor Potentials from Hair Cells of the Lateral Line
Authors: Harris Gerard G. , Frishkopf Lawrence S. , Flock Åke
Published: October 2006

Intracellular recordings from hair cells in the tail lateral line of mudpuppy
Necturus maculosus
show receptor potentials less than 800 microvolts, peak to peak, from stimuli that are considered large compared to natural stimuli. The hair cells are in neuromasts that are sensitive at the time of recording and are identified by both in vivo and in vitro examination of intracellular staining.
Opponent Color Cells in the Cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Authors: Pearlman Alan L. , Daw Nigel W.
Published: October 2006

A microelectrode survey of the cat lateral geniculate has uncovered an infrequent new type of lateral geniculate cell in layer B with "on" center responses to short wavelengths and "off" center responses to long wavelengths. The short wavelength responses are mediated by cones with peak sensitivity at about 450 nanometers, and the long wavelength responses by cones with peak sensitivity at 556 nanometers. Two of the three opponent color cells also had double opponent features.
Peroxidase-Mediated Virucidal Systems
Authors: Belding Melvin E. , Klebanoff Seymour J. , Ray C. George
Published: October 2006

Peroxidase (myeloperoxidase or lactoperoxidase), hydrogen peroxide, and a halide such as iodide, bromide, or chloride form a potent virucidal system that is effective against polio and vaccinia virus, particularly at a low
p
H. The peroxidase-halide-hydrogen peroxide system may contribute to the host defense against certain viral infections.