bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability-based model transformation: formal foundation and application
Authors: Strüber D. , Rubin J. , Arendt T. , Chechik M. , Taentzer G. , Plöger J.
Published: November 2017

Model transformation systems often contain transformation rules that are substantially similar to each other, causing maintenance issues and performance bottlenecks. To address these issues, we introduce
variability-based model transformation
. The key idea is to encode a set of similar rules into a compact representation, called
variability-based rule
. We provide an algorithm for applying such rules in an efficient manner. In addition, we introduce rule merging, a three-component mechanism for enabling the automatic creation of variability-based rules. Our rule application and merging mechanisms are supported by a novel formal framework, using category theory to provide precise definitions and to prove correctness. In two realistic application scenarios, the created variability-based rules enabled considerable speedups, while also allowing the overall specifications to become more compact.
Changed land management policy and the emergence of a novel forest ecosystem in South Korea: landscape dynamics in Pohang over 90 years
Authors: Cho Yong‐Chan , Kim Nam‐Shin , Koo Bon‐Yeol
Published: November 2017

Ecosystem management in South Korea dramatically changed in the early 1970s, shifting from historical utilization of natural resources to a strong management system that included forest promotion and restoration. The socio‐economic and biological context underpinning this effort and the ecological consequences of this new policy have not been studied in South Korea. We analyzed landscape dynamics over a 90‐year period (1918–2005), with particular attention to forest soil erosion, by using historical map and satellite images in Pohang. Our analysis revealed a dramatic increase in total vegetation cover (from 10,006.9 ha in 1918 to 17,868.7 ha in 2005) and an increase in the developed area. Meanwhile, the amount of barren mountainous area declined, shrub vegetation almost completely disappeared from the given area, and the salt marsh in the estuary completely disappeared. Mean soil loss declined from 12.6 ton ha−1 year−1 in 1973 to 0.2 ton ha−1 year−1 in 2005. A gradual landscape simplification occurred during the 90‐year period. Socio‐economic changes were the most important factor contributing to forest growth in South Korea. Various biological factors, including the absence of apex consumers due to their local extinction in the late 20th century, likely accounted for the rapid landscape transition. The new land management policy in South Korea resulted in the emergence of a forest ecosystem that is novel to this region and differs markedly from the historical environment, with a changed spatial arrangement of landscape elements and species assemblages.
Fluid and Melt Inclusions from Subvolcanic to Surface Environment in the Campi Flegrei (Napoli, Italy) Active Volcanic System
Authors: Lima A. , Esposito R. , De Vivo B.
Published: November 2017

We present a summary of the results obtained on more than 25 years of research achieved on Campi Flegrei (CF) past eruptions, focusing our attention on the role played by fluids in the magmatic system based on fluid (FI) and melt inclusions (MI).

Particularly FI and MI data from subvolcanic igneous systems in the CF area provide valuable information on the nature of fluid and melt phases trapped during the late evolutionary stages of the alkaline magmatic systems. They also document liquid immiscibility at pre-eruptive magma conditions and furnish evidence of high salinity fluids (brines) exsolving directly from magma in the upper part of the plumbing system at the magmatic/hydrothermal transition and playing critical roles in ore metal transport. CF volcanic system can be interpreted as representing a modern analogue of low sulfidation epithermal deposits or a porphyry copper system. This interpretation led to the formulation of a model to explain ground movements (bradyseism) in the CF.

Finally new finding for the estimations of pre-eruptive volatile contents in CF through MI are discussed. MI are the only direct samples to measure volatile contents of undegassed melt at sub-volcanic conditions. Since the depth of formation of MI is estimated using H2O-CO2-silicate melt solubility models, it is important to emphasize that, to obtain a more accurate measure of the pre-eruptive CO2 concentration, not only the CO2 in the glass but also in the bubble have to be measured otherwise the minimum CO2 content in MI is obtained.
Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of Basemetal Mineralization in Southern Part of Aladahalli - Nuggihalli Schist Belt, Western Dharwar Craton, Karnataka, India
Authors: Talukdar Debojit , Singh Ajit , Raul Ashish Kumar , Mandal Nivedita , Mohanty Satya Narayan , Mohanty Manoranjan , Kumar M. Girish
Published: November 2017

Aladahalli-Nuggihalli Schist belt of Karnataka in Western Dharwar Craton is well known for its remobilized volcanic exhalative type base-metal mineralization. The schist belt comprises metamorphosed mafic-ultramafic rock assemblage, traversed by quartz veins. The study area belonging to the southern extension of the schist belt is chosen on the basis of bipolar aero-magnetic anomaly (magnetic high) and higher order EM channels (4th, 5th and 6th) along with favourable geological conditions for mineralization. Lithology of the area includes metabasics (dominant) and meta-ultramafics intricately associated with pegmatite dykes and quartz veins. Subsurface mineral exploration programmes carried out in Aladahalli belt shows a close link between the quartz veins and sulphide mineralisation. Fluid inclusion study has been carried out on quartz samples from these veins to characterise the composition and P – T condition of entrapment of fluid inclusions. Three contrasting types of fluid inclusions are reported suggesting moderate to low salinity hydrothermal fluid pertaining to shallow-level epithermal condition.
Fluid Inclusion Studies on Quartz Associated with Massive Ores of the Paleoproterozoic Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn Deposit at Balaria, Rajasthan: Possible Evidence for Fluid-mixing
Authors: Ilyas M. , Pandalai H. S.
Published: November 2017

Mixing of metal-rich connate waters derived from evaporative seawater with local sulfide-rich water is postulated as the mechanism of ore deposition in many Phanerozoic carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits. The study of the Paleoproterozoic Balaria deposit of the Zawar belt of Rajasthan that hosts structurally-controlled, stratabound Pb-Zn mineralization, provides insight into the nature of fluids in quartz that is closely associated with massive Pb-Zn ore.

The present study is focused on the massive-type ore which forms one of the major ore-types at Balaria. Massive-type ore consists predominantly of galena and sphalerite (with minor pyrite and pyrrhotite) that occur in shear-induced dilatational fractures. The ore is associated with clear, rounded to semi-rounded bodies of quartz that are embedded within the ore. The quartz bodies are inferred to be fragments of vein-quartz that underwent shear deformation along with enclosing massive galena-rich ore. Primary-biphase fluid inclusions in quartz belong to H2O-NaCl±CO2, H2O-NaCl-CH4-N2-CO2 and primary-monophase fluid inclusions to CH4-N2-CO2 types, while secondary fluid inclusions are biphase and belong to H2O-NaCl type. The salinity of primary-biphase H2O-NaCl type fluid inclusions range from 2 to 14 wt. percent NaCl equiv while that of secondary-biphase H2O-NaCl type fluid inclusions range from 3 to 5 wt. percent NaCl equiv. Homogenization temperatures for primary-biphase fluid inclusions range from 127 °to 217 °C while that of secondary-biphase fluid inclusions is 131 ° to 151 °C. The molecular proportions of of CH4, N2 and CO2 in primary-biphase (H2O-NaCl-CH4-N2-CO2) and primary-monophase (CH4-N2-CO2) as measured from Raman spectra are widely variable. Variability in molecular proportions of CH4, N2 and CO2 is interpreted as an evidence for mixing of pulses of a regional fluid with a local fluid and reactions with graphitic and carbonate rocks at the site of deposition. The low salinity of fluid inclusions in the quartz and the lack of any sulfur species in the aqueous or gaseous phase of the entrapped fluids indicates that although quartz occurs as entrained bodies within the massive ore, the fluids in them may not represent ore-forming fluids of the main ore-stage of massive-type ore.
Remote Sensing for Recognition and Monitoring of Vegetation Affected by Soil Properties
Authors: Sashikkumar M. C. , Selvam S. , Karthikeyan N. , Ramanamurthy J. , Venkatramanan S. , Singaraja C.
Published: November 2017

Vegetation is an intricate event with large amount of intrinsic spectral, spatial and temporal inconsistency and it is naturally characterized by strapping assimilation in the red wavelengths and towering reflectance in the near infra-red (NIR) wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. The image descriptions generating from various vegetation index like NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) etc., from multispectral imagery be able to provide exclusive vegetation information about an area. Soil environment circumstances are considerable influence on partial canopy spectra and vegetation index. Consequently, it is significant to monitor the vegetation vitality changes with reverence to the soil background circumstances. The present study an appropriate remote sensing based algorithm, i.e. soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was selected. The investigation of vegetation vigor variations was done for dissimilar time sequence in the part of Andhra Pradesh State, India. The MODIS vegetation index images of 250m resolution are used. NDVI and NDWI images are derivative for red and black soil types and SAVI model was fashioned and executed in ERDAS IMAGINE platform. In SAVI equation, the soil accustomed factor ‘L’ was personalized with dissimilar values and multivariate SAVI images are derived for both red and black soil regions. In the an assortment of red soil regions, the SAVI with different ‘L’ values of 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and black soil region, the vegetation envelop is medium and SAVI with ‘L’ values of 0.3 and 0.4 fashioned fair result on variations of soil and vegetation reflectance over the crop period. The present study was done with the two types of soil regions and with accessible datasets. The psychoanalysis fraction of the study can be extended with multiple data sets and dissimilar seasons.
Geotechnical Investigation on Slopes Failures along the Mughal Road from Bafliaz to Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Authors: Sangra Rameshwar , Singh Yudhbir , Bhat G. M. , Pandita S. K. , Hussain Gulzar
Published: November 2017

In this paper, the results of geotechnical investigations on the slope stability condition carried along the historical Mughal road (an important economic corridor of the state) from Bafliaz (Jammu province) to Shopian (Kashmir province) linking NH144 and NH444 respectively is presented. The basic rock mass rating (RMRb), slope mass rating (SMR) techniques (both discrete and continuous functions) with kinematics analysis was applied to analyse the rock mass and slope conditions at 20 selected sites. The RMRb results obtained reveal the slopes can be categorized into very good (5%), good (55%) and fair (40%) whereas SMR results reveal that the slopes are partially stable (50%), unstable (30%) and completely unstable (20%) with probable planar failure mode (20%), toppling failure mode (27%) and wedge failure mode (53%). The discrete and continuous SMR index reveals maximum variation in the end results within an average difference of 4.7 ±6. The kinematic analysis results support inter dependency of RMRb, SMR and critical joint-slope orientation relationships.
Current advances in circulating inflammatory biomarkers in atherosclerosis and related cardio‐cerebrovascular diseases
Authors: Lv Jun‐Xuan , Kong Qi , Ma Xin
Published: November 2017

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a systemic chronic disease affecting both the coronary and cerebral arteries. Inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of AS, and numerous inflammatory factors have been proposed as potential biomarkers. This article reviews recent research in studies on major circulating inflammatory biomarkers to identify surrogates that may reflect processes associated with AS development and the risk of AS‐related vascular events, such as Von Willebrand factor, lectin‐like oxidized low‐density‐lipoprotein receptor‐1, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, regulated upon activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted, and microparticles, which may provide new perspectives for clinical AS evaluation and risk stratification.
Clinical outcomes in older surgical patients with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Racine Annie M. , Fong Tamara G. , Gou Yun , Travison Thomas G. , Tommet Douglas , Erickson Kristen , Jones Richard N. , Dickerson Bradford C. , Metzger Eran , Marcantonio Edward R. , Schmitt Eva M. , Inouye Sharon K.
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Older adults, including those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), are increasingly undergoing surgery.

Methods

Relative risks (RRs) of MCI alone or with delirium on adverse outcomes were estimated in an ongoing prospective, observational cohort study of 560 nondemented adults aged ≥70 years.

Results

MCI (n = 61, 11%) was associated with increased RR of delirium (RR = 1.9, P < .001) and delirium severity (RR = 4.6, P < .001). Delirium alone (n = 107), but not MCI alone (n = 34), was associated with multiple adverse outcomes including more major postoperative complication(s) (RR = 2.5, P = .002) and longer length of stay (RR = 2.2, P < .001). Patients with concurrent MCI and delirium (n = 27) were more often discharged to a postacute facility (RR = 1.4, P < .001) and had synergistically increased risk for new impairments in cognitive functioning (RR = 3.6, P < .001).

Discussion

MCI is associated with increased risk of delirium incidence and severity. Patients with delirium and MCI have synergistically elevated risk of developing new difficulties in cognitively demanding tasks.
A EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION ON WOMEN’S EDUCATION. “HERE THEY WAKE YOU UP TO A DIFFERENT WAY OF THINKING”.
Authors: Salazar-Pastrana Argely , Castillo-Burguete María-Teresa , Paredes-Chi Arely , Dickinson Federico
Published: November 2017

La inmigración es un proceso que permite a una persona adquirir capitales vinculados a los atributos de la educación: conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes y valores. La migración intraestatal es un fenómeno importante en México y está dominada por mujeres. En 2010, Yucatán fue el estado con mayor movimiento interno. En su capital, Mérida, un imán para la inmigración de las áreas rurales, entrevistamos a nueve mujeres mayas que habían inmigrado. Recopilamos datos durante 2011 y aplicamos un enfoque etnográfico. Identificamos sus capitales y cómo los habían utilizado durante su interacción en diferentes entornos. Los participantes desarrollaron nuevas formas de apreciarse a sí mismos y de tomar decisiones.
Situaciones que generan ansiedad en estudiantes de Odontología
Authors: Flores Tapia María de los Ángeles , Chávez Becerra Margarita , Aragón Borja Laura Edna
Published: November 2017

Se ha identificado que las altas exigencias académicas que se demanda a los estudiantes dentro del ámbito universitario puede llevarlos a perder el control y la forma de afrontar los problemas, llegando incluso a presentar altos niveles de ansiedad y depresión, así como una serie de conductas no saludables que llegan a afectar la permanencia y el rendimiento escolar de los universitarios. De acuerdo con estas consideraciones, en el presente trabajo se plantea la importancia de conocer las situaciones que generan respuestas de ansiedad en 87 estudiantes de Odontología de la FES Iztacala de la UNAM, con edades entre los 17 y 31 a˜nos, a quienes previamente se les había aplicado el ISRA de Miguel-Tobal y Cano-Vindel, y que fueron identificados como poseedores de altos niveles de ansiedad, lo que nos condujo a realizar un análisis cualitativo para determinar las situaciones en las que prevalece un mayor nivel de ansiedad y los tipos de respuesta ansiosa;también se compara por sexo y semestres. Los resultados mostraron las situaciones de examen y de hablar en público como las de mayor relevancia para generar ansiedad; asimismo, se encontró que las mujeres del tercer semestre y los hombres del quinto semestre son los más ansiosos, sobresaliendo las respuestas de tipo fisiológico.
Effectiveness of pre-driver education programme for high school students:Application of Theory of Planned Behaviour on road risk taking behaviour
Authors: Floreskul Vilius , ˇZardeckait˙e-Matulaitien˙e Kristina , Endriulaitiene Auks˙e , Seibokait˙e Laura
Published: November 2017

YouthResumenLituania ha sido clasificada reiteradamente por los extranjeros como poseedora de algunos de los peores indicadores estadísticos en seguridadvial. Ahí, las colisiones de tráfico son causa principal de lesiones y mortalidad en jóvenes (5-25 a˜nos), especialmente en el rango de edad deentre los 15 a 24 a˜nos. La revisión de la literatura indica que los estándares Lituanos en seguridad vial podrían incrementarse con intervencioneseducativas teóricamente racionalizadas. La teoría de la conducta planificada (TCP) se empleó para dise˜nar y evaluar la eficacia de un programade educación en seguridad vial para preconductores, en el cambio de componentes conductuales que predicen conductas de toma de riesgos alvolante (CTRV) en estudiantes adolescentes. Participaron en un estudio cuasi-experimental estudiantes del grado 11 (N = 302) pertenecientes a 10escuelas, 6 de ellas asignadas al grupo experimental y 4 al grupo control. El grupo experimental recibió una intervención educativa de 4 h, despuésde la aplicación del cuestionario de línea base. Como indicadores de efectividad del programa, 5 componentes de CTRV basados en constructosdel modelo de creencias de salud y la TCP fueron medidos en un intervalo de 2 semanas. Los estudiantes del grupo experimental tuvieron actitudesmás negativas hacia la CTRV, estaban menos dispuestos a participar en este tipo de comportamiento y percibieron a sus compa˜neros como menostolerantes a este comportamiento después de la intervención. No hubo cambios significativos en los componentes, pero en el grupo control huboun cambio negativo en percepción de amenaza. Los resultados mostraron que el programa logró cambiar componentes conductuales que predicenCTRV de los estudiantes∗
Does Testosterone Treatment Increase Anger Expression in a Population of Transgender Men?
Authors: Motta Giovanna , Crespi Chiara , Mineccia Valentina , Brustio Paolo Riccardo , Manieri Chiara , Lanfranco Fabio
Published: November 2017

Background

The acquisition of phenotypic male features in transmen with gender dysphoria requires testosterone treatment. The suppression of menses is 1 of the most desired effects. The relation between testosterone levels and human aggressive behavior has been described. However, the effects of testosterone on anger expression have been poorly investigated in trans-persons.

Aim

To assess the effects of testosterone treatment on anger expression in transmen using a validated self-report questionnaire (Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory–2 [STAXI-2]).

Methods

52 transmen diagnosed with gender dysphoria were evaluated before (T0) and at least 7 months after (T1) initiation of continuous gender-affirming testosterone treatment. Sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric parameters, diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, current psychopharmacologic treatments, and life events were investigated at T0.

Outcomes

STAXI-2 scores, serum testosterone, and estradiol levels at T0 and T1 were compared.

Results

Most of the sample (61.5%, n = 32) had no Axis I or II comorbidity. All subjects at T1 achieved significantly higher serum testosterone levels (5.67 ± 3.88 ng/mL), whereas no significant difference in estradiol levels was observed from T0 to T1. At T1 only 46.2% (n = 24) of the sample achieved iatrogenic amenorrhea, whereas most of the sample had persistent regular bleedings. A significant increase in STAXI anger expression and anger control scores from T0 to T1 was recorded. Patients with persistent bleedings and Axis I disorders seemed to have higher odds of expressing anger. However, circulating testosterone levels at T1 did not influence anger expression.

Clinical Implications

Interestingly, despite the increase of anger expression scores, during continuous testosterone treatment, there were no reports of aggressive behavior, self-harm, or psychiatric hospitalization.

Strengths and Limitations

A limitation to this study is that although the STAXI-2 is a well-validated instrument measuring anger expression, it is a self-report psychometric measure.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that during 7 months of continuous gender-affirming hormonal treatment, anger expression and anger arousal control increased in transmen. Persistence of menstrual bleedings and Axis I disorders, but not circulating testosterone levels, were predictive of the increase in anger expression score. Continuous psychological support to transmen during gender-affirming hormonal treatment was useful to prevent angry behaviors and decrease the level of dysphoria.
Non-monotone periodic orbits of a rotational horseshoe
Authors: GARCIA BRÁULIO A. , MENDOZA VALENTÍN
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we present results for the forcing relation on the set of braid types of periodic orbits of a rotational horseshoe on the annulus. Precisely, we are concerned with a family of periodic orbits, called the Boyland family, and we prove that for each pair$(r,s)$of rational numbers with$r<s$in$(0,1)$, there exists a non-monotone orbit$B_{r,s}$in this family which has pseudo-Anosov type and rotation interval$[r,s]$. Furthermore, the forcing relation among these orbits is given by the inclusion order on their rotation sets. It is also proved that the Markov partition associated to each Boyland orbit comes from a pruning map which projects to a bimodal circle map. This family also contains the Holmes orbits$H_{p/q}$, which are the largest for the forcing order among all the$(p,q)$-orbits of the rotational horseshoe.
Strongly ergodic equivalence relations: spectral gap and type III invariants
Authors: HOUDAYER CYRIL , MARRAKCHI AMINE , VERRAEDT PETER
Published: November 2017

We obtain a spectral gap characterization of strongly ergodic equivalence relations on standard measure spaces. We use our spectral gap criterion to prove that a large class of skew-product equivalence relations arising from measurable $1$-cocycles with values in locally compact abelian groups are strongly ergodic. By analogy with the work of Connes on full factors, we introduce the Sd and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ invariants for type $\text{III}$ strongly ergodic equivalence relations. As a corollary to our main results, we show that for any type $\text{III}_{1}$ ergodic equivalence relation ${\mathcal{R}}$, the Maharam extension $\text{c}({\mathcal{R}})$ is strongly ergodic if and only if ${\mathcal{R}}$ is strongly ergodic and the invariant $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}({\mathcal{R}})$ is the usual topology on $\mathbb{R}$. We also obtain a structure theorem for almost periodic strongly ergodic equivalence relations analogous to Connes’ structure theorem for almost periodic full factors. Finally, we prove that for arbitrary strongly ergodic free actions of bi-exact groups (e.g. hyperbolic groups), the Sd and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ invariants of the orbit equivalence relation and of the associated group measure space von Neumann factor coincide.
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Affects Herbage Production in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Carter Travis R. , Lym Rodney G.
Published: November 2017

Canada thistle can cause greater than 50% yield loss in small grain crops, but little is known about production losses when the weed invades pasture and wildlands. Change in grass, forb, and woody species production from Canada thistle infestations was evaluated in two separate studies in North Dakota. The first measured change in production following aminopyralid applied at 120 g ha−1to control Canada thistle at two prairie sites. In general, grass, broadleaf, woody, and total plant yields were similar between treated and untreated prairie, regardless of the near-complete control of Canada thistle following aminopyralid application. Grass yield increased by 365 kg ha−1the year after treatment at one location, with no change in forb or woody species production. Plant production was also estimated at 20 ungrazed wildland preserves located within two Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs). Similar to the prairie sites, minimal differences in production between Canada thistle–infested and noninfested sites were observed. The only exception was an increase in grass production of 425 kg ha−1at one of the MLRAs, with no change in broadleaf or woody species production between the Canada thistle–infested and noninfested sites. In contrast to cropland, pasture and wildland production of other species was not consistently reduced by Canada thistle.
Rethinking vulnerable groups in clinical research
Authors: Finnegan M. , O’Donoghue B.
Published: November 2017

Vulnerable groups are often excluded from clinical research on the basis of scientific, ethical and practical reasons. Although intended to protect vulnerable people and maintain study integrity, exclusion of vulnerable groups from research through use of standard exclusion criteria may not always be necessary and may result in findings that are not generalisable. Achieving a balance between the competing needs to protect vulnerable people and to make progress in our understanding of disorders and their management through research requires a reconsideration of exclusion criteria and consent processes to ensure vulnerable people are appropriately represented in clinical research. Reasons for development of broad exclusion criteria include both concrete barriers and intangible discouraging factors. This paper examines this situation and its consequences, perceived and real barriers to inclusion of vulnerable people in research, and suggests methods for overcoming these barriers and applying thoughtful exclusion criteria.
Determination of the bottom deformation from space- and time-resolved water wave measurements
Authors: Cobelli Pablo J. , Petitjeans Philippe , Maurel Agnès , Pagneux Vincent
Published: November 2017

In this paper we study both theoretically and experimentally the inverse problem of indirectly measuring the shape of a localized bottom deformation with a non-instantaneous time evolution, from either an instantaneous global state (space-based inversion) or a local time-history record (time-based inversion) of the free-surface evolution. Firstly, the mathematical inversion problem is explicitly defined and uniqueness of its solution is established. We then show that this problem is ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard, rendering its solution unstable. In order to overcome this difficulty, we introduce a regularization scheme as well as a strategy for choosing the optimal value of the associated regularization parameter. We then conduct a series of laboratory experiments in which an axisymmetric three-dimensional bottom deformation of controlled shape and time evolution is imposed on a layer of water of constant depth, initially at rest. The detailed evolution of the air–liquid interface is measured by means of a free-surface profilometry technique providing space- and time-resolved data. Based on these experimental data and employing our regularization scheme, we are able to show that it is indeed possible to reconstruct the seabed profile responsible for the linear free-surface dynamics either by space- or time-based inversions. Furthermore, we discuss the different relative advantages of each type of reconstruction, their associated errors and the limitations of the inverse determination.
Temporal acceleration of a turbulent channel flow
Authors: Mathur A. , Gorji S. , He S. , Seddighi M. , Vardy A. E. , O’Donoghue T. , Pokrajac D.
Published: November 2017

We report new laboratory experiments of a flow accelerating from an initially turbulent state following the opening of a valve, together with large eddy simulations of the experiments and extended Stokes first problem solutions for the early stages of the flow. The results show that the transient flow closely resembles an accelerating laminar flow superimposed on the original steady turbulent flow. The primary consequence of the acceleration is the temporal growth of a boundary layer from the wall, gradually leading to a strong instability causing transition. This extends the findings of previous direct numerical simulations of transient flow following a near-step increase in flow rate. In this interpretation, the initial turbulence is not the primary characteristic of the resulting transient flow, but can be regarded as noise, the evolution of which is strongly influenced by the development of the boundary layer. We observe the spontaneous appearance of turbulent spots and discontinuities in the velocity signals in time and space, revealing rich detail of the transition process, including a striking contrast between streamwise and wall-normal fluctuating velocities.
Non-isolated drop impact on surfaces
Authors: Wang Y. , Bourouiba L.
Published: November 2017

Upon impact on a solid surface, a drop expands into a sheet, a corona, which can rebound, stick or splash and fragment into secondary droplets. Previously, focus has been placed on impacts of single drops on surfaces to understand their splash, rebound or spreading. This is important for spraying, printing, and environmental and health processes such as contamination by pathogen-bearing droplets. However, sessile drops are ubiquitous on most surfaces and their interaction with the impacting drop is largely unknown. We report on the regimes of interactions between an impacting drop and a sessile drop. Combining experiments and theory, we derive the existence conditions for the four regimes of drop–drop interaction identified, and report that a subtle combination of geometry and momentum transfer determines a critical impact force governing their physics. Crescent-moon fragmentation is most efficient at producing and projecting secondary droplets, even when the impacting drop Weber number would not allow for splash to occur on the surface considered if the drop were isolated. We introduce a critical horizontal impact Weber number $We_{c}$ that governs the formation of a sheet from the sessile drop upon collision with the expanding corona of the impacting drop. We also predict and validate important properties of the crescent-moon fragmentation: the extension of its sheet base and the ligaments surrounding its base. Finally, our results suggest a new paradigm: impacts on most surfaces can make a splash of a new kind – a crescent-moon – for any impact velocity when neighbouring sessile drops are present.
Trajectory of a model bacterium
Authors: Thawani Akanksha , Tirumkudulu Mahesh S.
Published: November 2017

It is well known that bacteria, such asEscherichia coli, propel themselves in aqueous media by rotating helically shaped flagella. While a number of theoretical approaches have been proposed to model the detailed swimming motion, a rigorous comparison with experimental data is lacking due to the difficulty in simultaneously visualizing the motion of the head and the flagella along with the resulting trajectory. To this end, we have built a macroscopic working model of a bacterium and visualized its detailed motion in high-viscosity liquid. We show that a small asymmetry in the mass distribution in the head can lead to helical trajectories with large pitch and radius, which are reminiscent of the wiggling trajectories observed for swimming bacteria. The detailed motion agrees well with the predictions from slender-body theory that accounts for the asymmetric mass distribution in the head. Our study shows that the trajectory consists of two helical trajectories of different length scales – a large one caused by the asymmetric mass distribution and set by the head rotation rate, and a smaller one caused by the rotating flagellum and set by its rotation rate. We discuss implications of these results on the wiggling trajectories of swimming bacteria.
The effect of weak inertia in rotating high-aspect-ratio vessel bioreactors
Authors: Dalwadi Mohit P. , Chapman S. Jonathan , Oliver James M. , Waters Sarah L.
Published: November 2017

One method to grow artificial body tissue is to place a porous scaffold seeded with cells, known as a tissue construct, into a rotating bioreactor filled with a nutrient-rich fluid. The flow within the bioreactor is affected by the movement of the construct relative to the bioreactor which, in turn, is affected by the hydrodynamical and gravitational forces the construct experiences. The construct motion is thus coupled to the flow within the bioreactor. Over the time scale of a few hours, the construct appears to move in a periodic orbit but, over tens of hours, the construct drifts from periodicity. In the biological literature, this effect is often attributed to the change in density of the construct that occurs via tissue growth. In this paper, we show that weak inertia can cause the construct to drift from its periodic orbit over the same time scale as tissue growth. We consider the coupled flow and construct motion problem within a rotating high-aspect-ratio vessel bioreactor. Using an asymptotic analysis, we investigate the case where the Reynolds number is large but the geometry of the bioreactor yields a small reduced Reynolds number, resulting in a weak inertial effect. In particular, to accurately couple the bioreactor and porous flow regions, we extend the nested boundary layer analysis of Dalwadiet al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 798, 2016, pp. 88–139) to include moving walls and the thin region between the porous construct and the bioreactor wall. This allows us to derive a closed system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the construct trajectory, from which we show that neglecting inertia results in periodic orbits; we solve the inertia-free problem analytically, calculating the periodic orbits in terms of the system parameters. Using a multiple-scale analysis, we then systematically derive a simpler system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that describe the long-time drift of the construct due to the effect of weak inertia. We investigate the bifurcations of the construct trajectory behaviour, and the limit cycles that appear when the construct is less dense than the surrounding fluid and the rotation rate is large enough. Thus, we are able to predict when the tissue construct will drift towards a stable limit cycle within the bioreactor and when it will drift out until it hits the bioreactor edge.
The set-down and set-up of directionally spread and crossing surface gravity wave groups
Authors: McAllister M. L. , Adcock T. A. A. , Taylor P. H. , van den Bremer T. S.
Published: November 2017

For sufficiently directionally spread surface gravity wave groups, the set-down of the wave-averaged free surface, first described by Longuet-Higgins and Stewart (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 13, 1962, pp. 481–504), can turn into a set-up. Using a multiple-scale expansion for two crossing wave groups, we examine the structure and magnitude of this wave-averaged set-up, which is part of a crossing wave pattern that behaves as a modulated partial standing wave: in space, it consists of a rapidly varying standing-wave pattern slowly modulated by the product of the envelopes of the two groups; in time, it grows and decays on the slow time scale associated with the translation of the groups. Whether this crossing wave pattern actually enhances the surface elevation at the point of focus depends on the phases of the linear wave groups, unlike the set-down, which is always negative and inherits the spatial structure of the underlying envelope(s). We present detailed laboratory measurements of the wave-averaged free surface, examining both single wave groups, varying the degree of spreading from small to very large, and the interaction between two wave groups, varying both the degree of spreading and the crossing angle between the groups. In both cases, we find good agreement between the experiments, our simple expressions for the set-down and set-up, and existing second-order theory based on the component-by-component interaction of individual waves with different frequencies and directions. We predict and observe a set-up for wave groups with a Gaussian angular amplitude distribution with standard deviations of above $30{-}40^{\circ }$ ($21{-}28^{\circ }$ for energy spectra), which is relatively large for realistic sea states, and for crossing sea states with angles of separation of $50{-}70^{\circ }$ and above, which are known to occur in the ocean.
Growing a Culturally Responsive Tertiary Programme in Psychology
Authors: Britt Eileen , Macfarlane Angus , Macfarlane Sonja , Naswall Katharina , Henderson Jacki
Published: November 2017

This paper provides a description of a postgraduate clinical psychology training programme's journey towards becoming more biculturally responsive and how the learnings from this have been applied to the wider Department of Psychology at the University of Canterbury (UC), Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). The paper includes a discussion of cultural competency, and frameworks which have been proposed as a way to blend Western and Māori knowledge and clinical and cultural practices. The reasons for introducing the changes, the process of change and the actual changes are described, together with a discussion of the outcomes of the changes. Key principles in undertaking the changes were that it was considered important that the process that was seen as an ongoing journey. Further guiding principles were that a graded, integrated approach was required, undertaken in partnership with Māori, and with a commitment to biculturalism before multiculturalism.
Between a curse and a resource: the meanings of women’s racialised sexuality in contemporary Italy
Authors: Zambelli Elena
Published: November 2017

This article explores the racialisation of women’s sexuality in contemporary Italy at the intersection between the national imagination and transnational cultural and commodity flows. Starting from the experience of a young Italian woman whose work centres on the commodification of her sexual desirability and who is recurrently classified as ‘foreign’, it discusses the roots as well as effects of the racialised male gaze under which she negotiates her agency. In so doing, it examines the meanings of her failure to be recognised as an Italian citizen as she navigates between contempt and desire, stigma and praise, alienation and pleasure. On the one hand, the article traces the thread between her experience and the othering processes underpinning the construction of Italy as a nation state and an empire, and whose legacies persist in the country’s postcolonial present. On the other hand, the article explores women’s racialisation as a process which can magnify the social and economic value of their desirability in a context increasingly characterised by the sexualisation of culture and trade. Based on ethnographic research undertaken in 2012–2013, this article contributes to the emerging body of postcolonial scholarship and intersectional studies on women’s sexuality in contemporary Italy.
Comparing Dynamic Pies: A Strategy for Modeling Compositional Variables in Time and Space
Authors: Lipsmeyer Christine S. , Philips Andrew Q. , Rutherford Amanda , Whitten Guy D.
Published: November 2017

Across a broad range of fields in political science, there are many theoretically interesting dependent variables that can be characterized as compositions. We build on recent work that has developed strategies for modeling variation in such variables over time by extending them to models of time series cross-sectional data. We discuss how researchers can incorporate the influence of contextual variables and spatial relationships into such models. To demonstrate the utility of our proposed strategies, we present a methodological illustration using an analysis of budgetary expenditures in the US states.
Slope failures within and upstream of Lake Quinault, Washington, as uneven responses to Holocene earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Leithold Elana L. , Wegmann Karl W. , Bohnenstiehl Delwayne R. , Smith Stephen G. , Noren Anders , O’Grady Ryan
Published: November 2017

Investigation of Lake Quinault in western Washington, including a reflection seismic survey, analysis of piston cores, and preliminary mapping in the steep, landslide-prone Quinault River catchment upstream of the lake, reveals evidence for three episodes of earthquake disturbance in the past 3000 yr. These earthquakes triggered failures on the lake’s underwater slopes and delta front, as well as subaerial landsliding, partial channel blockage, and forced fluvial sediment aggradation. The ages of the three Lake Quinault disturbance events overlap with those of coseismically subsided, coastal marsh soils nearby in southwest Washington that are interpreted to record ruptures of the Cascadia megathrust. Absent from Lake Quinault, however, are signals of obvious disturbance from five additional subduction earthquakes inferred to have occurred during the period of record. The lack of evidence for these events may reflect the limitations of the data set derived from the detrital, river-dominated lake stratigraphy but may also have bearing on debates about segmentation and the distribution of slip along the Cascadia subduction zone during prior earthquakes.
Manganese influences the expression of fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme in cultured primary chicken hepatocytes
Authors: Lu Lin , Wang Meiling , Liao Xiudong , Zhang Liyang , Luo Xugang
Published: November 2017

Two experiments were designed to investigate the effects of Mn source and concentration on the mRNA expression and enzymatic activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME) in cultured primary broiler hepatocytes. In Expt 1, primary broiler hepatocytes were treated with 0 (control), 0·25, 0·50 or 0·75 mmol/l of Mn as inorganic manganese chloride (MnCl2.4H2O) for 24 and 48 h. In Expt 2, primary broiler hepatocytes were incubated with 0 (control), 0·25 or 0·50 mmol/l of Mn as either manganese chloride or Mn–amino acid chelate for 48 h. The mRNA levels and activities of FAS and ME in the hepatocytes were measured in Expts 1 and 2. The results in Expt 1 showed that only at 48 h mRNA expression levels ofFASandMEin the hepatocytes decreased linearly (P<0·001) and quadratically (P<0·02) as supplemental Mn concentrations increased. In Expt 2, compared with the control, Mn supplementation reduced (P<0·01) the activities of FAS, mRNA expression levels ofFASandMEin the hepatocytes, and the efflux of lactic dehydrogenase to the medium. The supplemental Mn at 0·5 mmol/l showed a lower (P<0·03)MEmRNA expression level compared with the Mn group at 0·25 mmol/l. However, Mn source and the interaction between Mn source and concentration had no impacts (P>0·33) on any of the measured cellular parameters. The results suggested that Mn might reduce cell damage and regulateFASandMEexpression at a transcriptional level in primary cultured broiler hepatocytes.
Time-series responses of swine plasma metabolites to ingestion of diets containingmyo-inositol or phytase
Authors: Cowieson Aaron J. , Roos Franz F. , Ruckebusch Jean-Paul , Wilson Jonathan W. , Guggenbuhl Patrick , Lu Hang , Ajuwon Kolapo M. , Adeola Olayiwola
Published: November 2017

The effect of the ingestion of diets containing eithermyo-inositol or exogenous phytase on plasma metabolites was examined using 29 kg barrows. The diets were: control (maize, soya, rapeseed, rice bran), control plus 2 g/kgmyo-inositol, control plus 1000 phytase units (FYT)/kg or 3000 FYT/kg exogenous phytase. Pigs were housed in a PigTurn device and blood was collected, from jugular catheters, via an automated system at −30, (30 min before feeding), 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min post-feeding. The addition of 2 g/kgmyo-inositol to the basal diet resulted in an increase in plasmamyo-inositol concentration that was evident 45–60 min after diet introduction and persisted to 360 min post-feeding. Similarly, supplementation of the basal diet with either 1000 or 3000 FYT/kg exogenous phytase resulted in an increase in plasmamyo-inositol concentration that was still rising 360 min post-feeding. Plasma P concentration was increased over time by the addition of 1000 and 3000 FYT/kg phytase, but not by the addition ofmyo-inositol. Other plasma metabolites examined were not affected by dietary treatment. It can be concluded that oral delivery ofmyo-inositol results in rapid increase in plasmamyo-inositol concentrations that peak approximately 45–60 min after feeding. Use of supplemental phytase achieves similar increases inmyo-inositol concentration in plasma but the appearance is more gradual. Furthermore, supplementation of pig diets with exogenous phytase results in rapid appearance of P in plasma that may be sustained over time relative to diets with no added phytase.
The Influence of Local Ethnic Diversity on Group-Centric Crime Attitudes
Authors: Hjorth Frederik
Published: November 2017

Several studies provide evidence of group-centric policy attitudes, that is, citizens evaluating policies based on linkages with visible social groups. The existing literature generally points to the role of media imagery, rhetoric and prominent political sponsors in driving group-centric attitudes. This article theorizes and tests an alternative source: exposure to rising local ethnic diversity. Focusing on the issue of crime, it first develops a theoretical account of how casual observation in the local context can give rise to ethnic stereotypes. Then, using two large, nationally representative datasets on citizen group and policy attitudes linked with registry data on local ethnic diversity, each spanning 20 years, it shows that crime attitudes become more strongly linked with immigration attitudes as local ethnic diversity rises. The results suggest that the typically emphasized ‘top-down’ influence on group-centric attitudes by elite actors is complemented by ‘bottom-up’ local processes of experiential learning about group–policy linkages.
Necrotising otitis externa in the immunocompetent patient: case series
Authors: Unadkat S , Kanzara T , Watters G
Published: November 2017

Background:

Necrotising otitis externa can be a devastating form of otitis externa. It typically tends to affect patients who are immunocompromised or diabetic. To date, there is very little in the literature about necrotising otitis externa in the immunocompetent patient population.

Case reports:

The present paper discusses both the clinical and radiological findings in three cases of necrotising otitis externa in an immunocompetent patient cohort. The common factor among all three patients was their advanced age.

Conclusion:

Diagnosing necrotising otitis externa can be challenging because of the potentially non-specific symptoms and the absence of early radiological signs, particularly if patients are neither immunocompromised nor diabetic. Elderly patients should be considered in the same light as immunocompromised and diabetic patients in the context of necrotising otitis externa.