bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A esquina na perspectiva da mobilidade ativa: uma análise da cidade de Fortaleza
Authors: Castro Danielle Maranhão de , Farias Filho José Almir
Published: September 2021

Esta pesquisa tem por tema o estudo da organização formal das esquinas urbanas e seu objetivo principal é analisar em que medida as intervenções em prol da mobilidade ativa contemplam a esquina como elemento nodal para a caminhabilidade. O estudo de caso considera a cidade de Fortaleza/Ce. Parte-se do pressuposto de que as esquinas, no contexto da mobilidade urbana sustentável, têm seu potencial pouco explorado nas pesquisas sobre o design urbano mais inclusivo e saudável (para pessoas e para o planeta). Para isso utiliza-se da Avaliação Pós-Ocupação para compreender a qualidade dos espaços de duas intervenções recentes e de grande destaque realizadas em esquinas na capital do Ceará. Os resultados parciais da pesquisa apontam que as intervenções realizadas em Fortaleza, ainda que estimulem algumas melhorias para a mobilidade ativa, são muito mais focadas em segurança viária do que nas melhorias socioambientais, desconsiderando a abordagem da mobilidade urbana sustentável.

The theme of this paper is the study of the formal organization of urban corners and its main objective is to analyze to what extent interventions in favor of active mobility contemplate the corner as a nodal element for walkability. The case study considers the city of Fortaleza / Ce. It is assumed that corners, in the context of sustainable urban mobility, have their potential little explored in research on more inclusive and healthy urban design (for people and for the planet). For this, it uses the Post-Occupation Assessment to understand the quality of the spaces of two recent and prominent interventions carried out on street corners in the capital of Ceará state. The partial results of the research point to being exhibited in Fortaleza, although they encourage some improvements for active mobility, they are much more focused on road safety than on socio-environmental improvements, disregarding the approach to sustainable urban mobility.
Patrimonio cultural y paisaje en la siembra del arroz en Rocha, Uruguay: Lascano, capital del Arroz
Authors: Palau A. Diego
Published: September 2021

En el marco del proyecto "Pueblos Invisibles" desarrollamos un primer acercamiento a la territorialidad que representan los enclaves interiores del departamento de Rocha, sus características; interacciones; fortalezas; debilidades; oportunidades y amenazas. Desde la ciencia "dura" obteniendo datos de diversas fuentes como el INE, PROBIDES, IDR entre otras siendo estos corroborados y rectificados mediante visita de campo, donde se lograron varios diálogos y entrevistas con actores locales de los más diferentes ámbitos, nos permitió establecer un primera aproximación propositiva que refiere al desarrollo local a través de la educación como "motor" de crecimiento aprovechando la sinergia que genera el triángulo identidad-historia-oficio siendo el producto de este en su expresión mínima el grano de arroz tal cual es para el cuerpo humano una célula.

Within the framework of the "Invisible Villages" project we developed a first approach to the territoriality represented by the interior enclaves of the department of Rocha, her CARACTERISTICS; interactions; strengths; weaknesses; opportunities and threats. From "hard" science obtaining data from various sources such as INE, PROBIDES, IDR among others being these corroborated and rectified by field visit, where several dialogues and interviews with local actors of the most were achieved different areas, allowed us to establish a first proactive approach that refers to local development through education as an "engine" of growth taking advantage of the synergy generated by the identity-history-trade triangle being the product of this in its minimum expression the grain of rice as it is for the body Human a cell.
Instrumentos de actuación para las nuevas formas de la metrópolis: tejidos metropolitanos, cursos de agua, cuencas, corredores de movilidad, reservas, multiescalaridad para una Buenos Aires Metropolitana
Authors: César Jaimes
Published: September 2021

La presente ponencia presenta parte de los resultados del segundo año del Proyecto PDE 09-2018 Las Nuevas Formas de la Metrópolis: Tejidos metropolitanos, ríos y cuencas, flujos de movilidad, reservas y multiescalaridad en las metrópolis latinoamericanas contemporáneas, base de un nuevo proyecto en desarrollo durante 2020 y 2021.Ambas investigaciones apuntan al estudio y a la producción de nuevas versiones de forma urbana metropolitana, en escalas precisas de particular relevancia, tomando como caso a la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (RMBA). Su objetivo es doble:a) constituir en sí mismos una entidad en el campo del conocimiento disciplinar urbanístico del sistema de la RMBA, transferible en el ámbito académico; y b) indagar acerca de ciertas escalas físicas de estudio y actuación sobre la forma urbana que puedan verificarse como las más apropiadas, por sus características de inteligibilidad y posibilidad operativa, para operar diacrónicamente en los tejidos metropolitanos, tanto en su consistencia interna como en su relación con cursos de agua, cuencas, flujos de movilidad, y áreas de reserva urbanas y naturales, generando propuestas de instrumentos específicos de actuación urbana.

This paper advances some of the results produced during the second year of the project PDE 09-2018 The New Forms of the Metropolis: Metropolitan fabrics, rivers and basins, urban reserves, and multiscalarity in contemporary Latin American metropolises. These results provide the starting point of a new project, in development during 2020 and 2021.These projects point to both research and produce new versions of metropolitan urban form in particularly relevant scales, focusing on Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region (RMBA). The work rests on two goals: a)to produce of a body of knowledge transferable to academic environments, and b)to identify certain physical scales where to produce fundamental blueprints for generating and transforming urban form, diachronically operating on the metropolitan fabric itself and also asin its relationship with watercourses, basins, mobility corridors, and intra-metropolitan reserves, aiming to nurturing the design of specific public policies through the production of specific intervention instruments.
Quality of outdoor environments in contemporary urban housing developments: the study of Riga
Authors: Freimane Santa
Published: September 2021

Considering the essential human needs of contact with nature, outdoor activity, and social interaction, it is crucial to provide high-qualityoutdoor environments where these needscan be met. Moreover, this question of addressing these needs is emerging in the context of housing. Each year, in Riga, the capital city of Latvia, new residential developments are appearing. However, it is unclear whether these developments contribute to increased quality of life and help the city to achieve sustainability. This research focuses on the issues regarding outdoor-environment quality of 21st century housing developments in Riga and aimsto more deeply understand current trends and approaches. Theoretical studies, as well as empiric research methods, were used. The findings of the research indicate that in general, outdoor environmentsare mediocre, and several threats were identified. In order to achieve a higher quality of living conditions, the situation should be improved.
O chão da cidade: atlas morfológico da interface público-privada na São Paulo formal e informal
Authors: Borges Heraldo Ferreira , Caldana Junior Valter Luis
Published: September 2021

Partindo da premissa de que o chão da cidade – o desenho das ruas, dos alinhamentos e dos térreos dos edifícios – é uma das principais chaves para o projeto de uma cidade mais sustentável, indaga-se quais e como são as interfaces entre as configurações formais, espaciais e ambientais dos espaços públicos e privados ao nível do térreo e as dinâmicas sociais, econômicas e culturais que as afetam e que são geradas a partir delas. A partir de uma metodologia que inclui observações de campo, entrevistas, fotografias, redesenho e análises via software CAD e GIS, a presente pesquisa tem como principal objetivo analisar e entender o chão da cidade em cerca de 30 casos de estudo (ruas-tipo) dos diversos tecidos urbanos formais e informais que caracterizam a forma urbana de São Paulo. Este artigo apresenta os primeiros resultados obtidos a partir de quatro casos pilotos.

Starting from the premise that the city floor - the design of the streets, the alignments and the ground floors of the buildings - is one of the main keys to the design of a more sustainable city, it is asked what and how are the interfaces between the formal configurations , spatial and environmental aspects of public and private spaces at ground level and the social, economic and cultural dynamics that affect them and are generated from them. Based on a methodology that includes field observations, interviews, photographs, redesign and analysis using CAD and GIS software, the present research has as main objective to analyze and understand the city floor in about 30 case studies (standard streets) the various formal and informal urban fabrics that characterize the urban form of São Paulo. This article presents the first results obtained from four pilot cases.
O uso dos dispositivos digitais na prática da cartografia: dois casos de estudo para o mapeamento colaborativo de narrativas urbanas
Authors: Pomesano L. , Paio A. , Falanga R.
Published: September 2021

O mapa, como instrumento, tem um papel afirmativo nas várias leituras do território. No mundo contemporâneo, vários atores territoriais interrogam-se sobre como as ferramentas digitais podem ajudar a incluir mais informaçõesnas leituras cartográficas, em especial, dos dados imateriais, fortemente ligados à identidade socialdo lugar urbano.Para responder a esta questão, o presente artigo descreve dois exemplos práticosde mapeamento digital que têm investigado o potencial da cartografia digital para formular estratégias de regeneração urbana do espaço público. Apresenta-se, assim, uma reflexão sobre o papel da cartografia digitalna ressignificaçãodos lugares, promovendopráticasbottom-uppara a gestão do território urbano. A acessibilidade à informação gráfica de dados imateriais através da cartografia digital,que não era possível explicitar nas cartografias tradicionais,permiteuma maior inclusão dos atores envolvidos nas transformações urbanas.

The map, as a tool, has an affirmative role in the various meanings of the territory.In the contemporary digital world, the different territorial actors investigate how digital tools can help to introduce more information in reading maps, especially info and intangible data, strongly related to the social identity of the urban place.To answer the question, this article describes two practical examples of digital mapping that investigated the potential of digital cartography in order to develop urban regeneration strategies of public space.Thanks to these, it is possible to introduce a reflection on the role of digital cartography in the places re-signification, promoting bottom-up practices for the urban territorymanagement. The accessibility to graphic information by intangible data through digital cartography, that could not be defined in the traditional cartography, has allowed a greater inclusion of the actors involved in urban transformations.
The urban impact of sustainable design interventions in Quito: case study of the implementation of the Eco-Efficient tool in ‘La Carolina’ neighborhood in Quito
Authors: Simbaña Patricio , Paredes Denisse , Jácome Daniela , Piña Oscar
Published: September 2021

Debido al rápido crecimiento de la población y la demanda constante de recursos, varias ciudades buscan implementar estrategias de desarrollo urbano sostenible. Este es el caso de Quito donde, en el año 2016, la municipalidad crea la herramienta de eco-eficiencia (EDT) la cual incentiva un desarrollo inmobiliario más amigable con el ambiente al permitir a promotores construir hasta el doble de los pisos permitidos cuando los proyectos cumplen una serie de parámetros para la reducción del consumo de agua y energía y la mejora ambiental. Esta herramienta puede aplicarse solamente en polígonos definidos por la municipalidad de acuerdo a su accesibilidad a medios de transporte masivos. La herramienta, ya aplicada en varios edificios de la ciudad, ha generado cuestionamientos en cuanto a su impacto al confort de las edificaciones aledañas. Este artículo se enfoca en analizar y comparar el impacto de la aplicación de la herramienta EDT en las edificaciones y zonas aledañas en base a parámetros de acceso solar, radiación solar y ventilación, en tres escenarios distintos.

Cities worldwide look to implement sustainable urban development strategies given the rapid urban growth and the constant demand for land and resources. This is the case of Quito where, in 2016, the Municipality created the Eco-efficient Design Tool (EDT) which encourage sustainable real estate development by allowing developers to double the number of specified stories when the project complies with a series of sustainability parameters to assure lower water and energy consumption and improvements to the environment and the urban landscape. The tool can only be applied in specific polygons, defined due to its closeness to massive transportation system’s stops. The EDT has already been applied to develop several buildings around the city generating questions regarding its impact to comfort in surrounding buildings. This paper will focus on analyzing and comparing the EDT impact on surrounding buildings and public areas based on solar access, thermal radiation and ventilation as parameters to compare and contrast in three different scenarios.
Da porta para dentro, da porta para fora: a rua pode ser a extensão da casa?
Authors: Nóbrega Maria de Lourdes C. da Cunha , Trindade Isabella
Published: September 2021

A rua é compreendida, nos tempos atuais, como um elemento urbano chave em práticas cidadãs que visam ao desenvolvimento de um urbanismo sustentável. A partir dessa premissa, presente nas recomendações urbanísticas de Gehl & Svarre (2018), e da visão conceitual e antropológica de DaMatta (1997), é que experiências com projetos de parklets executados na cidade do Recife (Brasil) e em Toronto (Canadá) são analisadas nesse artigo. Procura-se demonstrar que as diferentes culturas, formas de planejar e vivenciar práticas na rua são refletidas, consequentemente, nas diferentes soluções projetuais, bem como no uso e apropriação do espaço público urbano. O registro e reflexão sobre essas experiências visa auxiliar na redefinição de estratégias para a implantação, com sucesso, de equipamentos semelhantes, em outras cidades brasileiras. Assim, o texto está estruturado em quatro partes: 1) introdução; 2) análise de dois parklets implantados no Recife; 3) análise do projeto-piloto em Toronto; e 4) considerações finais.

A street is understood in the contemporary moment as a key urban element that contributes to the development of a citizen’s everyday practice of sustainable urbanism. This premise, central to the recommendations made by Gehl & Svarre (2018) and DaMatta’s (1997) conceptual and anthropological vision, informs the theoretical underpinnings of this paper that examines the urban experiences of parklets in Recife (Brazil) and Toronto (Canada). In doing so, we demonstrate that different cultures, ways of planning, and street uses are all related to the design solutions proposed, as well as the use and appropriation of urban public space. These reflections aim to assist in redefining strategies for successful design of parklets and similar equipment in other Brazilian cities. This paper is organized as follows: 1) an introduction; 2) an analysis of two parklets located in Recife; 3) an analysis of a pilot project in Toronto; and 4) a conclusion.
Mobilidade como indicador da qualidade de vida urbana
Authors: Moura Paula Deluca de , Souza Gisela Barcellos de
Published: September 2021

As cidades contemporâneas se caracterizam pela urbanização dispersa que torna as possibilidades alternativas de mobilidade em um forte elemento de exclusão social. Nesse sentido, a ampliação do acesso ao transporte coletivo afigura-se como uma política no sentido oposto; como indutora da qualidade de vida urbana. Corroboram para esta asseveração indicadores sociais que, a fim de mensurar a qualidade de vida em municípios brasileiros e auxiliar na proposição de políticas urbanas, incluem o transporte coletivo dentre seus dados de origem. O presente artigo discorre sobre a mobilidade como elemento imbricado com a questão da acessibilidade e inclusão social e investiga como ela é medida em alguns dos índices de qualidade de vida municipais. Para tanto, serão comparados os indicadores utilizados em quatro municípios brasileiros.

Contemporary cities are characterized by dispersed urbanization that makes alternative possibilities of mobility in a strong element of social exclusion. In this sense, the expansion of access to public transport appears to be a policy in the opposite direction; as an inducer of urban quality of life. They corroborate social indicators that, in order to measure quality of life in Brazilian municipalities and assist in the proposition of urban policies, include public transport among their source data. This article discusses mobility as an element intertwined with the issue of accessibility and social inclusion and investigates how it is measured in some of the municipal quality of life indexes. To this end, the indicators used in four Brazilian municipalities will be compared.
A sustentabilidade urbana entra em cena
Authors: Barroso Leticia , Ferreira Vera L.
Published: September 2021

Nosso olhar se orienta para a construção da Cidade Sustentável, apontando para visões que buscam uma cidade real mais justa, o objetivo final e ideal das ações de urbanismo. Nossa abordagem considera que a sustentabilidade da cidade deve se ater a dois importantes elementos: a justiça ambiental e a resiliência. Destacamos seis propostas que se apresentam como “modelos de cidades” para refletir sobre a inserção da sustentabilidade, oito atributos foram definidos para a análise, que permitem estabelecer o grau de intensidade e comprometimento de cada um deles em cada uma das propostas de cidades anunciadas. Essa conjunção de pontuação resulta na construção da matriz “A Sustentabilidade nos modelos de cidades”. Em nossa abordagem, consideramos a Cidade Sustentável aquela capaz de responder às adversidades, reduzir a desigualdade social, promover um ambiente seguro, mais adensado e com outros estilos de vida e a construir pactos para enfrentar os desafios. Mas, o desafio, o fio condutor, está na integração entre as políticas ambientais, urbanas, sociais e econômicas, ou seja, faz-se necessário integrar políticas com foco na sustentabilidade e em prioridades que contemplem a qualidade de vida da sociedade.

Our gaze is oriented towards the construction of the Sustainable City, pointing to visions that seek a fairer real city, the final and ideal objective of urban planning actions. Our approach considers that the sustainability of the city must stick to two important elements: environmental justice and resilience. We highlight six proposals that are presented as “city models” to reflect on the insertion of sustainability, eight attributes were defined for the analysis, which allow to establish the degree of intensity and commitment of each one of them in each of the announced city proposals. This conjunction of scoring results in the construction of the matrix “Sustainability in city models”. In our approach, we consider the Sustainable City to be capable of responding to adversities, reducing social inequality, promoting a safer, denser environment with other lifestyles and building pacts to face challenges. However, the challenge, the guiding thread, lies in the integration between environmental, urban, social and economic policies, that is, it is necessary to integrate policies with a focus on sustainability and priorities that contemplate the quality of life of society.
Bento Rodrigues: patrimônio da dor
Authors: Azevedo Paula Pinto Huhn de , Pessotti Luciene
Published: September 2021

Este artigo problematiza as implicações das rupturas socioespaciais impostas aos moradores de Bento Rodrigues, Mariana (MG), em consequência do rompimento da Barragem de Rejeitos de Fundão (nov/2015), da empresa Samarco Mineradora. Através de uma abordagem histórico-crítica demonstra-se que o processo de formação da sociedade brasileira perpetua a condição de subserviência da economia nacional à economia externa. Problematiza-se se o crime ambiental atesta complexos indícios conjunturais que evidenciam a implantação de um ciclo necrocapitalista e neoliberofacista, onde as classes menos favorecidas têm seus direitos negados. Analisa-se a importância da memória, história e identidade e os novos parâmetros da gestão do patrimônio cultural e das políticas públicas no processo de proteção legal de Bento Rodrigues enquanto Sítio de Memória Sensível. Analisa-se, ainda, a narrativa dos atingidos pelo crime ambiental visando expor a realidade de uma nova vida a eles imposta.

This article discusses the implications of socio-spatial disruptions imposed on the residents of Bento Rodrigues, Mariana (MG), as a consequence of the rupture of the Fundão ore tailings Dam (Nov / 2015), of the company Samarco Mineradora. Through a historical-critical approach, it is demonstrated that the process of formation of Brazilian society perpetuates the condition of subservience of the national economy to the foreign economy. It is problematized if environmental crime attests to complex conjunctural evidence that shows the implantation of a necrocapitalist and neoliberalfacist cycle, where the less favored classes are denied their rights. The importance of memory, history and identity and the new parameters of cultural heritage management and public policies are analyzed in the process legal protection of Bento Rodrigues as a Sensitive Memory Place. It also analyzes the narrative of those affected by environmental crime in order to expose the reality of a new life imposed on them.
Las cuñas verdes de Montevideo: proceso planificador de los bordes de agua
Authors: Leicht Arocena Eleonora
Published: September 2021

El artículo ofrece un recorrido en el tiempo, desde la época colonial a nuestros días, de los usos y propuestas que signaron los cursos de agua secundarios del territorio montevideano, Arroyos Miguelete y Pantanoso. Se hace foco en la trascendencia oscilante otorgada a dichos cursos de agua según los paradigmas epocales van cambiando, en tres momentos de interés. Se articulan paisaje urbano y rural a modo de registro de historia cultural, donde los cursos de agua constituyen un particular nexo entre ambos mundos. Este trabajo se enmarca en la tesis doctoral en curso, constituyendo una adaptación de uno de sus capítulos tentativos.

The article offers a journey through time, from the colonial era to the present day, of the uses and proposals that the secondary water courses of the Montevidean territory, Arroyos Miguelete and Pantanoso meant. Focus is on the oscillating transcendence given to these water courses according to the epochal paradigms are changing, in three moments of interest. Urban and rural landscape are articulated as a record of cultural history, where water courses constitute a particular link between both worlds. This work is part of the current doctoral thesis, constituting an adaptation of one of its tentative chapters
Cidade pequena e turismo: qualidade do ambiente sob o ponto de vista de seus visitantes
Authors: Cuti Auriele Fogaça , Naoumova Natalia
Published: September 2021

O trabalho trata da percepção ambiental em cidades pequenas, abordada a partir do olhar do turista. O objetivo é investigar a percepção do turista sobre o ambiente da cidade pequena, por meio da análise da satisfação com as características da paisagem, de modo a entender como o lugar atrai visitantes e o que os agrada. A abordagem metodológica é fundamentada na área de estudo das Relações Ambiente Comportamento e inclui levantamento de dados qualitativos e quantitativos, com questionários e mapas mentais indiretos. Ao todo, 128 pessoas participaram da pesquisa em duas cidades do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. De modo geral, os visitantes das duas cidades avaliaram positivamente o ambiente, ainda que a motivação da visita seja diferente. Calma e tranquilidade foram características que se sobressaíram nas avaliações. Todavia, existem diferenças nas variáveis que se relacionam com o nível de satisfação geral nas duas cidades.

The work deals with environmental perception in small cities, approached from the tourist's perspective. The main goal is to investigate the tourist's perception of the small city environment, by analyzing satisfaction with the landscape's characteristics, in order to understand how the place attracts visitors and what pleases them. The methodological approach is based on the study area of Environment Behavior Relationships and includes a survey of qualitative and quantitative data, with questionnaires and indirect mental maps. In all, 128 people participated in the survey in two cities in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In general, visitors from both cities evaluated the environment positively, although the motivation for the visit was different. Calm and tranquility were characteristics that stood out in the evaluations. However, there are differences in the variables that relate to the level of satisfaction in the two cities.
L’accessibilité des soins : de la coordination des États membres de l’Union européenne à la coopération transfrontalière
Authors: Paccaud Françoise
Published: September 2021

L’Union européenne (UE) constitue un modèle atypique de coopération entre États particulièrement poussé. À ce titre, l’UE dispose de droits partagés avec les États membres, et le domaine de la santé en fait partie. Il apparait en effet logique que la santé fasse partie des domaines où l’Union européenne intervient afin de garantir la mise en place d’une politique globale et équitable entre tous ressortissants des États membres. Un citoyen européen pourrait-il bénéficier des infrastructures et traitements proposés dans un État dont il n’est pas ressortissant ? Le développement de la libre circulation des individus constitue la première étape pour permettre l’accès aux soins. Par la suite, l’Union a mis en place un système de coopération entre les États qui a également contribué au développement d’une coopération transfrontalière afin de mettre en place de véritables zones de soins. Ces zones s’affranchissent donc des frontières pour garantir une meilleure accessibilité aux soins pour tous les citoyens européens.
Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage from a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula associated with an enucleated orbit
Authors: Bram Richard , Chaudhry Nauman , Choi Jason Lee , Atwal Gursant
Published: September 2021

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is a rare occurrence with few cases reported in the literature. Patients classically present shortly after the inciting trauma with symptoms of ocular venous hypertension. We report a case of an ICH due to delayed rupture of a venous aneurysm from a CCF in a patient with decades-old history of enucleation of the left globe secondary to trauma with no sentinel symptoms. Our patient represents a unique presentation of a rare pathology. This case highlights the need for ongoing surveillance in patients with a history of severe craniofacial trauma, as ICH from ruptured CCF(s) demands emergent treatment due to the potential for rapid neurological deterioration.
Transitions of power-law fluids in two-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow using lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Zhang Heng , Ren Feng , Hu Hai-Bao ,   School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
Published: September 2021

Studying transitions from laminar to turbulence of non-Newtonian fluids can provide a theoretical basis to further mediate their dynamic properties. Compared with Newtonian fluids, transitions of non-Newtonian fluids turning are less focused, thus being lack of good predictions of the critical Reynolds number (Re) corresponding to the first Hopf bifurcation. In this study, we employ the lattice Boltzmann method as the core solver to simulate two-dimensional lid-driven flows of a typical non-Newtonian fluid modeled by the power rheology law. Results show that the critical Re of shear-thinning (5496) and shear-thickening fluids (11546) are distinct from that of Newtonian fluids (7835). Moreover, when Re is slightly larger than the critical one, temporal variations of velocity components at the monitor point all show a periodic trend. Before transition of the flow filed, the velocity components show a horizontal straight line, and after transition , the velocity components fluctuate greatly and irregularly. Through fast Fourier transform for the velocity components, it is noted that the velocity has a dominant frequency and a harmonic frequency when Re is marginally larger than the critical one. Besides, the velocity is steady before transition of flow filed, so it appears as a point on the frequency spectrum. As the flow filed turns to be turbulent, the frequency spectrum of the velocity component appears multispectral. Different from a single point in the velocity phase diagram before transition, the velocity phase diagram after transition forms a smooth and closed curve, whose area is also increasing as Re increases. The center point of the curve moves along a certain direction, while movement directions of different center points are different. Proper orthogonal decompositions for the velocity and vorticity field reveal that the first two modes, in all types of fluids, are the dominant modes when Re is close to the critical one, with energy, occupying more than 95% the whole energy. In addition, for one type of fluid, the dominant modes at different Re values have similar structures. Results of the first and second modes of velocity field show that the modal peak is mainly distributed in vicinity of the cavity wall.
From the Basement to the Dome
Authors: Degroof Jean-Jacques
Published: September 2021

How a bottom-up problem-solving ethos, multidisciplinary approach, and experimental mindset have nurtured entrepreneurship at MIT.

MIT is world-famous as a launching pad for entrepreneurs. MIT alumni have founded at least 30,000 active companies, employing an estimated 4.6 million people, with revenues of approximately $1.9 trillion. In the 2010s, twenty to thirty ventures were spun off each year to commercialize technologies developed in MIT labs (with intellectual property licensed by MIT to these companies); in the same decade, MIT graduates started an estimated 100 firms per year. How has MIT become such a hotbed of entrepreneurship? In From the Basement to the Dome, Jean-Jacques Degroof describes how MIT's problem-solving ethos, multidisciplinary approach, and experimental mindset nurture entrepreneurship.

Degroof explains that, at first, the culture of entrepreneurship sprang from such extracurricular activities as forums, clubs, and competitions. Eventually, the Institute formally supported these activities, offering courses in entrepreneurship. Degroof describes why entrepreneurship is so uniquely aligned with MIT's culture: a history of bottom-up decision-making, a tradition of academic excellence, a keen interest in problem-solving, a belief in experimentation, and a tolerance for failure on the way to success. Entrepreneurship is the logical outcome of MIT's motto, Mens et Manus (mind and hand) ), translating theories and scientific discoveries into products and businesses—many of which have the goal of solving some of the world's most pressing problems. Degroof maps MIT's current entrepreneurial ecosystem of students, faculty, and researchers; considers the effectiveness of teaching entrepreneurship; and outlines ways that the MIT story could inspire conversations in other institutions about promoting entrepreneurship.
The corticospinal tract primarily modulates sensory inputs in the mouse lumbar cord
Authors: Moreno-Lopez Yunuen , Bichara Charlotte , Delbecq Gilles , Isope Philippe , Cordero-Erausquin Matilde
Published: September 2021

It is generally assumed that the main function of the corticospinal tract (CST) is to convey motor commands to bulbar or spinal motoneurons. Yet the CST has also been shown to modulate sensory signals at their entry point in the spinal cord through primary afferent depolarization (PAD). By sequentially investigating different routes of corticofugal pathways through electrophysiological recordings and an intersectional viral strategy, we here demonstrate that motor and sensory modulation commands in mice belong to segregated paths within the CST. Sensory modulation is executed exclusively by the CST via a population of lumbar interneurons located in the deep dorsal horn. In contrast, the cortex conveys the motor command via a relay in the upper spinal cord or supraspinal motor centers. At lumbar level, the main role of the CST is thus the modulation of sensory inputs, which is an essential component of the selective tuning of sensory feedback used to ensure well-coordinated and skilled movement.
Addressing shortfalls of laboratory HbA1c using a model that incorporates red cell lifespan
Authors: Xu Yongjin , Bergenstal Richard M , Dunn Timothy C , Ajjan Ramzi A
Published: September 2021

Laboratory HbA1c does not always predict diabetes complications and our aim was to establish a glycaemic measure that better reflects intracellular glucose exposure in organs susceptible to complications. Six months of continuous glucose monitoring data and concurrent laboratory HbA1c were evaluated from 51 type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 80 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Red blood cell (RBC) lifespan was estimated using a kinetic model of glucose and HbA1c, allowing the calculation of person-specific adjusted HbA1c (aHbA1c). Median (IQR) RBC lifespan was 100 (86–102) and 100 (83–101) days in T1D and T2D, respectively. The median (IQR) absolute difference between aHbA1c and laboratory HbA1c was 3.9 (3.0–14.3) mmol/mol [0.4 (0.3–1.3%)] in T1D and 5.3 (4.1–22.5) mmol/mol [0.5 (0.4–2.0%)] in T2D. aHbA1c and laboratory HbA1c showed clinically relevant differences. This suggests that the widely used measurement of HbA1c can underestimate or overestimate diabetes complication risks, which may have future clinical implications.
Activity-dependent modulation of synapse-regulating genes in astrocytes
Authors: Farhy-Tselnicker Isabella , Boisvert Matthew M , Liu Hanqing , Dowling Cari , Erikson Galina A , Blanco-Suarez Elena , Farhy Chen , Shokhirev Maxim N , Ecker Joseph R , Allen Nicola J
Published: September 2021

Astrocytes regulate the formation and function of neuronal synapses via multiple signals; however, what controls regional and temporal expression of these signals during development is unknown. We determined the expression profile of astrocyte synapse-regulating genes in the developing mouse visual cortex, identifying astrocyte signals that show differential temporal and layer-enriched expression. These patterns are not intrinsic to astrocytes, but regulated by visually evoked neuronal activity, as they are absent in mice lacking glutamate release from thalamocortical terminals. Consequently, synapses remain immature. Expression of synapse-regulating genes and synaptic development is also altered when astrocyte signaling is blunted by diminishing calcium release from astrocyte stores. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing identified groups of astrocytic genes regulated by neuronal and astrocyte activity, and a cassette of genes that show layer-specific enrichment. Thus, the development of cortical circuits requires coordinated signaling between astrocytes and neurons, highlighting astrocytes as a target to manipulate in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Juvenile Sexual Offending: An EU Prevalence and State Response Study: Study Protocol
Authors: Quigley Etain , Kirkwood Katie , Conaty Shane
Published: September 2021

Background: Juvenile sexual offending is an area that has been largely under-researched to date and this has resulted in very little and sometimes conflicting research being published in the area. The dearth of empirical data in the space is concerning as it suggests that policy may not be underpinned by an empirical framework and this has far reaching implications for the development of laws, intervention programmes and the management of young people accused/convicted of a juvenile sexual offence. Moreover, the lack of an evidence-based framework has the potential to contribute to misinformation amongst the public who may be relying upon anecdotal news reports and exaggerated media representations.

Methods/Design: This study will use a survey to collect the same data from each European member state with the aim of generating comparable data. The first step in the design process was to design a typology of juvenile sexual offences so the data collected represents the same offences across each jurisdiction. The second step in the design process is to design a survey, using the typology, to collect data across each member country.

Discussion: This study aims to take a first step towards generating comparable data across each member state. As such this project will be the first to generate accurate comparable data on the prevalence of juvenile sexual offending across each EU Member State and data on how each Member State reacts to juvenile sexual offending.
A review of travel and arrival-time prediction methods on road networks: classification, challenges and opportunities
Authors: Abdi Asad , Amrit Chintan
Published: September 2021

Transportation plays a key role in today’s economy. Hence, intelligent transportation systems have attracted a great deal of attention among research communities. There are a few review papers in this area. Most of them focus only on travel time prediction. Furthermore, these papers do not include recent research. To address these shortcomings, this study aims to examine the research on the arrival and travel time prediction on road-based on recently published articles. More specifically, this paper aims to (i) offer an extensive literature review of the field, provide a complete taxonomy of the existing methods, identify key challenges and limitations associated with the techniques; (ii) present various evaluation metrics, influence factors, exploited dataset as well as describe essential concepts based on a detailed analysis of the recent literature sources; (iii) provide significant information to researchers and transportation applications developer. As a result of a rigorous selection process and a comprehensive analysis, the findings provide a holistic picture of open issues and several important observations that can be considered as feasible opportunities for future research directions.
Whole-genome comparative analysis at the lineage/sublineage level discloses relationships between Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotype and clinical phenotype
Authors: Negrete-Paz Andrea Monserrat , Vázquez-Marrufo Gerardo , Vázquez-Garcidueñas Ma. Soledad
Published: September 2021

Background

Human tuberculosis (TB) caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is the main cause of death among infectious diseases worldwide. Pulmonary TB (PTB) is the most common clinical phenotype of the disease, but some patients develop an extrapulmonary (EPTB) phenotype in which any organ or tissue can be affected. MTBC species include nine phylogenetic lineages, with some appearing globally and others being geographically restricted. EPTB can or not have pulmonary involvement, challenging its diagnosis when lungs are not implicated, thus causing an inadequate treatment. Finding evidence of a specific M. tuberculosis genetic background associated with EPTB is epidemiologically relevant due to the virulent and multidrug-resistant strains isolated from such cases. Until now, the studies conducted to establish associations between M. tuberculosis lineages and PTB/EPTB phenotypes have shown inconsistent results, which are attributed to the strain predominance from specific M. tuberculosis lineages/sublineages in the samples analyzed and the use of low-resolution phylogenetic tools that have impaired sublineage discrimination abilities. The present work elucidates the relationships between the MTBC strain lineages/sublineages and the clinical phenotypes of the disease as well as the antibiotic resistance of the strains.

Methods

To avoid biases, we retrieved the raw genomic reads (RGRs) of all (n = 245) the M. tuberculosis strains worldwide causing EPTB available in databases and an equally representative sample of the RGRs (n = 245) of PTB strains. A multiple alignment was constructed, and a robust maximum likelihood phylogeny based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms was generated, allowing effective strain lineage/sublineage assignment.

Results

A significant Odds Ratio (OR range: 1.8–8.1) association was found between EPTB and the 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 4.1.2.1 and ancestral Beijing sublineages. Additionally, a significant association between PTB with 4.3.1, 4.3.3, and 4.5 and Asian African 2 and Europe/Russia B0/W148 modern Beijing sublineages was found. We also observed a significant association of Lineage 3 strains with multidrug resistance (OR 3.8; 95% CI [1.1–13.6]), as well as between modern Beijing sublineages and antibiotic resistance (OR 4.3; 3.8–8.6). In this work, it was found that intralineage diversity can drive differences in the immune response that triggers the PTB/EPTB phenotype.
Emission Wavelength Tuning via Competing Lattice Expansion and Octahedral Tilting for Efficient Red Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Sun Guanwei , Liu Xinyan , Liu Zhe , Liu Denghui , Meng Fanyuan , Li Zhenchao , Chu Linghao , Qiu Weidong , Peng Xiaomei , Xie Wentao , Shen Chenyang , Chen Jiting , Yip Hin‐Lap , Su Shi‐Jian
Published: September 2021

The band‐edge electronic structure of lead halide perovskites (ABX3) is composed of the orbitals of B and X components and can be tuned through the composition and structure of the BX6 octahedron. Although A‐site cations do not directly contribute to near‐edge states, the bandgap of 3D metal halide perovskites can be affected by A‐cations through BX6 octahedron tilting or lattice size variation. Here, as confirmed by the Rietveld refinement results of X‐ray diffraction characterization, the competition between lattice expansion and octahedral tilting is identified for the first time in emission wavelength tuning when introducing a large A‐site cation (C2H5NH3+, EA+) into 1‐naphthylmethylammonium iodide‐passivated CsPbI3 system. The former dominates spectral redshift, while the latter leads to a blueshift of emission peak, which broadens the way to tune the emission wavelength. In addition, excess cations can also passivate the perovskites, leading to a photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield as high as 61%, increased average PL lifetime of 74.7 ns, and a high radiative and non‐radiative recombination ratio of 15.7. Eventually, spectral‐stable deep‐red perovskite light‐emitting diode with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 17.5% is realized, which is one of the highest efficiencies without using any light outcoupling and anti‐solvent techniques.
Identifying Migration Channels and Bottlenecks in Monoclinic NASICON‐Type Solid Electrolytes with Hierarchical Ion‐Transport Algorithms
Authors: Zou Zheyi , Ma Nan , Wang Aiping , Ran Yunbing , Song Tao , He Bing , Ye Anjiang , Mi Penghui , Zhang Liwen , Zhou Hang , Jiao Yao , Liu Jinping , Wang Da , Li Yajie , Avdeev Maxim , Shi Siqi
Published: September 2021

Monoclinic natrium superionic conductors (NASICON; Na3Zr2Si2PO12) are well‐known Na‐ion solid electrolytes which have been studied for 40 years. However, due to the low symmetry of the crystal structure, identifying the migration channels of monoclinic NASICON accurately still remains unsolved. Here, a cross‐verified study of Na+ diffusion pathways in monoclinic NASICON by integrating geometric analysis of channels and bottlenecks, bond‐valence energy landscapes analysis, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations is presented. The diffusion limiting bottlenecks, the anisotropy of conductivity, and the time and temperature dependence of Na+ distribution over the channels are characterized and strategies for improving both bulk and total conductivity of monoclinic NASICON‐type solid electrolytes are proposed. This set of hierarchical ion‐transport algorithms not only shows the efficiency and practicality in revealing the ion transport behavior in monoclinic NASICON‐type materials but also provides guidelines for optimizing their conductive properties that can be readily extended to other solid electrolytes.
Controlling Microring Resonator Extinction Ratio via Metal‐Halide Perovskite Nonlinearity
Authors: Wang Feifan , Zhao Lianfeng , Xiao Yahui , Li Tiantian , Wang Yixiu , Soman Anishkumar , Lee Hwaseob , Kananen Thomas , Hu Xiaoyong , Rand Barry P. , Gu Tingyi
Published: September 2021

The exceptionally high optical nonlinearities, wide bandgap, and homogeneity in solution‐processed metal‐halide perovskite media are utilized as optical nonlinear elements on a silicon photonic platform for low‐power‐active components, such as all‐optical switches, modulators, and lasers. With room temperature back‐end‐of‐line compatible processing, a hybrid metal‐halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) microring resonator (MRR) structure is fabricated on a foundry‐processed low‐loss silicon photonic platform. With in‐plane excitation near the light intensity of 110 W m−2, strong two‐photon absorption and free‐carrier absorption saturation are observed. With 103 field enhancements by MRRs, the photorefractive effect in the metal‐halide perovskite reduces linear absorption, represented by 102 improvement of the MRR's intrinsic quality factor and 20 dB enhancement of the extinction ratio.
Genetically Encoded Protein Thermometer Enables Precise Electrothermal Control of Transgene Expression
Authors: Stefanov Bozhidar‐Adrian , Teixeira Ana P. , Mansouri Maysam , Bertschi Adrian , Krawczyk Krzysztof , Hamri Ghislaine Charpin‐El , Xue Shuai , Fussenegger Martin
Published: September 2021

Body temperature is maintained at around 37 °C in humans, but may rise to 40 °C or more during high‐grade fever, which occurs in most adults who are seriously ill. However, endogenous temperature sensors, such as ion channels and heat‐shock promoters, are fully activated only at noxious temperatures above this range, making them unsuitable for medical applications. Here, a genetically encoded protein thermometer (human enhanced gene activation thermometer; HEAT) is designed that can trigger transgene expression in the range of 37–40 °C by linking a mutant coiled‐coil temperature‐responsive protein sensor to a synthetic transcription factor. To validate the construct, a HEAT‐transgenic monoclonal human cell line, FeverSense, is generated and it is confirmed that it works as a fever sensor that can temperature‐ and exposure‐time‐dependently trigger reporter gene expression in vitro and in vivo. For translational proof of concept, microencapsulated designer cells stably expressing a HEAT‐controlled insulin production cassette in a mouse model of type‐1 diabetes are subcutaneously implanted and topical heating patches are used to apply heat corresponding to a warm sensation in humans. Insulin release is induced, restoring normoglycemia. Thus, HEAT appears to be suitable for practical electrothermal control of cell‐based therapy, and may also have potential for next‐generation treatment of fever‐associated medical conditions.