bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping of whole‐cerebrum resting‐state networks using ultra‐high resolution acquisition protocols
Authors: Yun Seong Dae , Pais‐Roldán Patricia , Palomero‐Gallagher Nicola , Shah N. Jon
Published: April 2022

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used in numerous studies to map networks in the brain that employ spatially disparate regions. However, attempts to map networks with high spatial resolution have been hampered by conflicting technical demands and associated problems. Results from recent fMRI studies have shown that spatial resolution remains around 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 mm3, with only partial brain coverage. Therefore, this work aims to present a novel fMRI technique that was developed based on echo‐planar‐imaging with keyhole (EPIK) combined with repetition‐time‐external (TR‐external) EPI phase correction. Each technique has been previously shown to be effective in enhancing the spatial resolution of fMRI, and in this work, the combination of the two techniques into TR‐external EPIK provided a nominal spatial resolution of 0.51 × 0.51 × 1.00 mm3 (0.26 mm3 voxel) with whole‐cerebrum coverage. Here, the feasibility of using half‐millimetre in‐plane TR‐external EPIK for resting‐state fMRI was validated using 13 healthy subjects and the corresponding reproducible mapping of resting‐state networks was demonstrated. Furthermore, TR‐external EPIK enabled the identification of various resting‐state networks distributed throughout the brain from a single fMRI session, with mapping fidelity onto the grey matter at 7T. The high‐resolution functional image further revealed mesoscale anatomical structures, such as small cerebral vessels and the internal granular layer of the cortex within the postcentral gyrus.
Secondary instabilities on double‐diffusive convection in an anisotropic porous layer with Soret effect
Authors: Ragoju Ravi , Singh Mahesh
Published: April 2022

In an anisotropic porous matrix with a Soret coefficient, the onset of double‐diffusive convection is investigated analytically using weakly nonlinear analysis. The momentum equation is expressed using a generalized Darcy model with a time derivative term. The Newell–Whitehead–Segel equation is acquired, thereby examining the Eckhaus and zigzag secondary instabilities. Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are used to examine convection onset by quantifying heat and mass movement. Heat and mass transmission dynamics are graphically depicted as a consequence of several parameters. An increase of the positive value of the Soret parameter enhances heat transport, whereas, an increase of the negative value of the Soret parameter reduces it.
Radiative Recombination in Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Hackl Florian , Fromherz Thomas , Scharber Markus C.
Published: April 2022

We have studied the time‐dependent charge transfer emission in a photovoltaic device made of a blend of poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclo‐penta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b’]‐dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7‐(2,1,3 benzothiadiazole)] and [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester, a system showing a low band‐gap suitable as absorber for bulk‐heterojunction solar cells. We find a short‐lived component (∼1 ns) and no evidence of a long‐lived emission (μs) expected if photo‐generated free charge carriers would recombine radiatively via the charge transfer state. Our results explain, why the open circuit voltage loss in the investigated solar cell is much larger compared to GaAs‐based or perovskite solar cells and highlight one of the key processes limiting the performance of bulk‐heterojunction solar cells.
Blocking exosomal secretion aggravates 1,4‐benzoquinone‐induced mitochondrial fission activated by the AMPK/MFF/Drp1 pathway in HL‐60 cells
Authors: Lu Fangfang , Zhang Qianqian , Zhang Mengyan , Sun Shuqiang , Yang Xinjun , Yan Hongtao
Published: April 2022

There is in vivo and in vitro evidence that exposure to benzene or its metabolites could affect the mitochondrial function. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of mitochondrial damage remains to be elucidated. In this study, exposure of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL‐60) to 1,4‐benzoquinone (1,4‐BQ; an active metabolite of benzene) increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate production and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, up‐regulated the expression of mitochondrial fission proteins Drp1 and Fis1, and down‐regulated the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn2 and Opa1. Further study showed that 1,4‐BQ mediated mitochondrial fission through activation of the AMP‐activated protein kinase/mitochondrial fission factor/dynamin‐related protein 1 pathway. Additionally, we also examined the role of exosomal secretion in mitochondrial damage under 1,4‐BQ treatment. Results showed that 1,4‐BQ increased the total protein level and mtDNA content in exosomes. Upon pre‐treatment with the mitochondria‐targeted antioxidant SS‐31, there was attenuation of the mitochondrial damage induced by 1,4‐BQ, accompanied by a change in the exosome release characteristics, while inhibition of exosomal secretion using GW4869 aggravated the 1,4‐BQ‐mediated mitochondrial fission. We concluded that exosomal secretion may serve as a self‐protective mechanism of cells against 1,4‐BQ‐induced mitochondria damage and mitochondrial dynamics interference.
Comorbidities and mortality rate in COVID‐19 patients with hematological malignancies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Naimi Adel , Yashmi Ilya , Jebeleh Reza , Imani Mofrad Mohammad , Azimian Abhar Shakiba , Jannesar Yasaman , Heidary Mohsen , Pakzad Reza
Published: April 2022

Introduction

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). It seems that there is an association between blood cancer and an increased risk of severe COVID‐19. This study aimed to review the literature reporting the COVID‐19 outcomes in patients with hematological malignancies.

Material and methods

In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched using the following keywords: COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2, blood cancer, myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia. All the published articles in English from January 1, 2019, until March 10, 2021 were collected and evaluated.

Results

In total, 53 studies with 2395 patients were included based on inclusion criteria. Most of these studies took place in Spain (14.81%), followed by the USA (11.11%), China (9.26%), and the UK (9.26%). More than half of COVID‐19 patients with hematological malignancy were male (56.73%). Oxygen therapy played an important role in COVID‐19 treatment. Moreover, anticoagulant therapies such as enoxaparin and heparin were two great assists for these patients. Fever (74.24%), cough (67.64%), and fatigue (53.19%) were the most reported clinical manifestations. In addition, hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most common comorbidities. The mortality rate due to COVID‐19 in patients with hematological malignancies was 21.34%.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that hematologic cancer patients were more susceptible to a severe COVID‐19 than patients without blood cancer. Thus, the management of COVID‐19 in these patients requires much more attention, and their screening should perform regularly.
Neurological manifestations in patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mahdizade Ari Marzie , Mohamadi Mohamad Hosein , Shadab Mehr Negar , Abbasimoghaddam Sajjad , Shekartabar Amirhosein , Heidary Mohsen , Khoshnood Saeed
Published: April 2022

Introduction

The intensification of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) complications, severe symptoms, and high mortality rate has led researchers to focus on this significant issue. While respiratory and cardiac complications have been described as high‐risk manifestations in patients with COVID‐19, neurological complications can also enhance mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of neurological complications arises from SARS‐CoV‐2 and assess the mortality rate from neurological complications.

Material and Methods

Literature review was conducted by searching in PubMed/Medline, Web of Sciences, and Embase. After performing search strategies with relevant terms, a number of articles were excluded, including review articles, systematic review or meta‐analysis, duplicate publication of same researchers, congress abstracts, animal studies, case reports, case series, and articles reporting a history of neurological features prior to COVID‐19 infection. After retrieving the data, statistical analysis was performed using the STATA Version 14 software.

Results

From 4455 retrieved publications, 20 articles were selected for further analysis. Among 18,258 included patients, 2791 showed neurological symptoms, which were classified into different groups. Headache, confusion, and fatigue were reported as the most non‐specific neurological features in confirmed COVID‐19 patients. Psychiatric symptoms, CNS disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, CNS inflammatory disorders, PNS disorders, neuromuscular disorders, etc., were defined as specific neurological manifestations. The pooled prevalence of neurological manifestations and mortality rate of COVID‐19 patients with neurological features were estimated to be 23.0% (95% CI: 17.8–29.2) and 29.1% (95% CI: 20.3–39.8), respectively.

Conclusion

Neurological manifestations may commonly happen in patients with COVID‐19. This study reported a high prevalence of neurological complications and mortality rates in COVID‐19 patients. Therefore, patients with COVID‐19 who indicated neurological symptoms should be taken seriously and should receive early treatment to prevent undesirable events.
An uncommon case of pancreatic adenocarcinoma revealed by dermatitis
Authors: Ben Kridis Wala , Khanfir Afef
Published: April 2022

We report a 63‐year‐old‐woman who presented with a pruritic rash on both thighs. Radiologic investigations revealed a pancreatic mass. Pancreatic cancer was confirmed by biopsy and the rash resolved after chemotherapy followed by pancreatoduodenectomy. Urticarial dermatitis is a rare paraneoplastic manifestation of pancreatic cancer in Africa.
Reassessing perennial cover as a driver of duck nest survival in the Prairie Pothole Region
Authors: Pearse Aaron T. , Anteau Michael J. , Post van der Burg Max , Sherfy Mark H. , Buhl Thomas K. , Shaffer Terry L.
Published: April 2022

Conservation plans designed to sustain North American duck populations prominently feature a key hypothesis stating that the amount of the landscape in perennial cover surrounding upland duck nests positively influences nest survival rates. Recent conflicting research testing this hypothesis creates ambiguity regarding which management actions to pursue and where to prioritize conservation delivery. We compared existing models and new formulations of existing models explaining spatiotemporal variation in nest survival using independent data documenting the fate of >20,000 duck nests within the Drift Prairie, Missouri Coteau, and Prairie Coteau physiographic regions of the United States Prairie Pothole Region during 2002–2018. Our results suggest an inconsistent relationship between perennial cover and survival of upland duck nests, which depended upon physiographic region and current and time‐lagged landscape and environmental conditions. The magnitude and direction of how perennial cover correlated with daily nest survival depended on its dominance as a landcover type. A positive relationship existed when perennial cover was a minor component of landcover in all physiographic regions (<30% of a 10.4‐km2 area) and, in the Drift Prairie and Prairie Coteau, when perennial cover was the dominant landcover type (>60%). A constant or negative relationship was predicted at locations of about 30–60% perennial cover. Additionally, environmental conditions (i.e., density of wetlands and estimated gross primary productivity in the previous year) moderated or enhanced the effect of perennial cover on nest survival, depending on physiographic region. Our finding of inconsistency in the relationship between perennial cover and nest survival contradicts the conservation premise that nest survival universally increases linearly when uplands are converted to perennial cover. Promoting policies and management actions designed to increase perennial cover can be expected to be situationally but not consistently associated with higher survival of upland duck nests.
Patient's perception of exercise for management of chronic low back pain: A qualitative study exercise for the management of low back pain
Authors: Riipinen Perttu , Holmes Michelle , Ogilvie Samantha , Newell Dave , Byfield David , du Rose Alister
Published: April 2022

Objective

Pathoanatomical beliefs about the cause of low back pain may negatively influence patients' perceptions of ‘best care’, such as the inclusion of exercise for low back pain (LBP) management. The aims of this study were to explore what patients receiving manual therapy are told and understand about their LBP diagnosis, and how this affects their perceptions regarding the role of exercise in the management of their LBP.

Design

An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) study design was utilised using semi‐structured telephone interviews of patients who experience persistent LBP and seek care at an outpatient clinic at the University of South Wales. Ten participants were interviewed for the study (six male). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using an IPA approach.

Results

Three main themes were generated: (1) Constructing explanation of pain. (2) Expectations of exercise within care seeking behaviours. (3) Resolving conflict between exercise and back pain narratives. Participants linked their pain to a pathoanatomical cause, impacting their beliefs on exercise as a treatment approach.

Conclusion

Diagnostic models used by clinicians which are grounded within a pathoanatomical framework influence patients' perceptions and rationale for exercise. Exercise prescription using contemporary pain science and biopsychosocial approaches should be emphasised in practice and education.
Words are monuments: Patterns in US national park place names perpetuate settler colonial mythologies including white supremacy
Authors: McGill Bonnie M. , Borrelle Stephanie B. , Wu Grace C. , Ingeman Kurt E. , Koch Jonathan Berenguer Uhuad , Barnd Natchee B.
Published: April 2022

Ecologists, outdoor professionals and the public work and play in lands with complex histories. Part of decolonizing our professional and recreational practices is to expose settler colonial biases and recognize the histories of colonized lands and the peoples who have stewarded these lands for millennia prior to colonization.

To provide a quantitative example of settler colonial biases in a familiar context, we examined the origins of over 2,200 place names in 16 national parks in the United States (US; 26% of the parks). Through iterative thematic analysis of place name origins and meanings, we constructed a decision tree for classifying place names according to emergent categories, which enabled the quantification and spatial analysis of place name meanings.

All national parks examined have place names that tacitly endorse racist or, more specifically, anti‐Indigenous ideologies, thus perpetuating settler colonialism and white supremacy at the system scale for future generations.

Looking east to west across the US, the proportion of place names per national park that appropriated Indigenous names increased in parallel with the westward expansion and evolution of US settler colonialism.

This examination of place names, name origins and their consequences is an opportunity to make everyday complicity in systemic oppression more visible and to more actively advance decolonizing practices for land and language.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Probabilistic failure assessment of oil pipelines due to internal corrosion
Authors: Khakzad Sina , Yang Ming , Lohi Ali , Khakzad Nima
Published: April 2022

Oil and gas pipelines play a key role in the safe and efficient delivery of energy resources around the world. Crude oil by itself is not corrosive, but oil extracted from geological reservoirs is accompanied by varying amounts of water and acidic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), which can form a corrosive combination. Estimating the corrosion rate and depth in pipelines is essential for predicting their failure probability. In the present study, a Bayesian network has been developed for predicting the distribution of corrosion rate in oil pipelines given the point estimates generated using an empirical corrosion simulation model. For this purpose, the simulation model considers corrosion parameters such as pipe diameter, flow temperature, flow velocity, and CO2 partial pressure, among others. With the corrosion rate distribution predicted by the Bayesian network, corrosion depth–rate relationships have been employed to convert the corrosion rate distribution into failure probability distribution.
Population PBPK modeling using parametric and nonparametric methods of the Simcyp Simulator, and Bayesian samplers
Authors: Wedagedera Janak R. , Afuape Anthonia , Chirumamilla Siri Kalyan , Momiji Hiroshi , Leary Robert , Dunlavey Mike , Matthews Richard , Abduljalil Khaled , Jamei Masoud , Bois Frederic Y.
Published: April 2022

Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models usually include a large number of parameters whose values are obtained using in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. However, such extrapolations can be uncertain and may benefit from inclusion of evidence from clinical observations via parametric inference. When clinical interindividual variability is high, or the data sparse, it is essential to use a population pharmacokinetics inferential framework to estimate unknown or uncertain parameters. Several approaches are available for that purpose, but their relative advantages for PBPK modeling are unclear. We compare the results obtained using a minimal PBPK model of a canonical theophylline dataset with quasi‐random parametric expectation maximization (QRPEM), nonparametric adaptive grid estimation (NPAG), Bayesian Metropolis‐Hastings (MH), and Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. QRPEM and NPAG gave consistent population and individual parameter estimates, mostly agreeing with Bayesian estimates. MH simulations ran faster than the others methods, which together had similar performance.
Large‐eddy simulation of very stable boundary layers. Part II: Length scales and anisotropy in stratified atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Chinita Maria J. , Matheou Georgios , Miranda Pedro M. A.
Published: April 2022

In very stable boundary layers (SBLs), turbulence is expected to be weak, anisotropic, and non‐stationary. Moreover, viscous effects likely become relevant under very weak‐wind conditions. This study investigates the stratification regimes based on the relative strength of the forces that control the flow (i.e., buoyancy‐ or viscosity‐dominated flow) and the degree of turbulence anisotropy in large‐eddy simulations of the very SBL with weak winds. The simulations explored here correspond to an Ekman‐layer‐type boundary layer with geostrophic winds equal to and 2 ms, and surface cooling rates of 1 and 3 Khr, at high latitude. According to the buoyancy Reynolds number and the horizontal Froude number , these SBLs are in strongly stable conditions (i.e., and ). Moreover, the vertical profiles of indicate that the turbulent flows are in an energetic state near the surface but gradually transition to a viscosity‐affected stratified state in the upper part of the SBL as viscous effects become important. For the most stable simulation, the results show that even the small scales are somewhat affected by buoyancy. The invariant analysis of the Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor shows that the flow is in an anisotropic state and is governed by the streamwise component of the turbulent flux (one‐component turbulence). Additionally, based on the two‐point spatial correlation function, the shape of the large coherent turbulent structures is nearly isotropic in the vertical direction and anisotropic in the horizontal direction, and their size increases with height. The evaluation of the turbulent kinetic energy budget shows that the most stable simulation is in a non‐stationary state, which impacts the turbulence mixing efficiency measured by the flux Richardson number.
Utilizing theory to elucidate the work of creating equity for transformation within the science classroom
Authors: Burgess Terrance , Patterson Williams Alexis
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we outline how science teachers might engage in the work of creating educational equity. While acknowledging the historical inherent inequities associated with issues of access, opportunities to engage in science learning for individuals of marginalized identities (e.g., BIPOC individuals and women), and achievement, we broaden this definition to include social justice as a framework by which we can develop opportunities for the fostering of students' affinity identities with science. To this end, we draw on theorizations of equity within educational research, specifically discussed as excellence, equality, fairness, a zero‐sum game, and most recently, social justice. Additionally, we utilize McKinney de Royston and Nasir's (2017) Racialized Learning Ecologies framework. This framework provides a useful lens to notice the layers of (in)equity within education. We then extend this ecological model into science education and present three lenses (i.e., layers) through which equity operates within science teaching and learning. We conclude with a discussion of the practical implications of doing the work of equity, that is, recognizing, interpreting, and redressing inequity in science classrooms. Ultimately, we provide an actionable definition of equity that has the potential to facilitate transformative and socially just science teaching and learning.
Separation of enantiomers by open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography using (R)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol derivatives as chiral stationary phases
Authors: He Li‐Xiao , Tang Ming‐Hua , Qin Gai‐Zhao , Zi Min , Yuan Li‐Ming
Published: April 2022

(R)‐1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthol is a kind of commonly used chiral molecule that has been widely applied in the fields of molecular recognition, materials, and asymmetric synthesis. Since there are few examples of utilizing (R)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol derivatives used as stationary phases to resolve chiral compounds by capillary electrochromatography, three The (R)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol derivatives were synthesized and used as stationary phases to fabricate capillary columns for chiral separation. Some of the experimental parameters for enantiomer separations were optimized. the columns exhibited good enantioselectivity for chiral alcohols, amines, ketones, and so forth. The relative standard deviation of enantiomer retention time in run‐to‐run, day‐to‐day and column‐to‐column experiments were 1.02, 4.45 and 5.60% using the (R)‐(3,3′‐di‐p‐cyanophenyl)‐2,2′‐dimethoxyl‐1,1′‐binaphthalene coated column, and 2.38, 3.20 and 4.94% using the (R)‐(3,3′‐di‐p‐acetylphenyl)‐2,2′‐dimethoxy‐1,1′‐binaphthalene coated column. The results indicated that the (R)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol derivatives may have utility in capillary electrochromatography.
Moyamoya disease: A human model for chronic hypoperfusion and intervention in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zou Xiang , Yuan Yifan , Liao Yujun , Jiang Conglin , Zhao Fan , Ding Ding , Gu Yuxiang , Chen Liang , Chu Ying‐Hua , Hsu Yi‐Cheng , Liebig Patrick Alexander , Xu Bin , Mao Ying
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been considered the etiology for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no valid clinical evidence exists due to the similar risk factors between cerebrovascular disease and AD.

Methods

We used moyamoya disease (MMD) as a model of chronic hypoperfusion and cognitive impairment, without other etiology interference.

Results

Based on the previous reports and preliminary findings, we hypothesized that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion could be an independent upstream crucial variable, resulting in AD, and induce pathological hallmarks such as amyloid beta peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation.

Discussion

Timely intervention with revascularisation would help reverse the brain damage with AD hallmarks and lead to cognitive improvement.
Marine n‐3 fatty acids and cognitive change among older adults in the VITAL randomized trial
Authors: Kang Jae H. , Vyas Chirag M. , Okereke Olivia I. , Ogata Soshiro , Albert Michelle , Lee I‐Min , D'Agostino Denise , Buring Julie E. , Cook Nancy R. , Grodstein Francine , Manson JoAnn E.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

: Few large, randomized trials have evaluated marine n‐3 supplements and cognition in healthy older adults.

Methods

: Healthy community‐dwelling participants aged 60+ years (mean [standard deviation] = 70.9 [5.8] years) in VITAL (randomized trial of n‐3 fats [1 g/day, including 840 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid] and vitamin D) were included: 3424 whose cognition was assessed by phone (VITAL‐Cog; eight neuropsychological tests; 2.8 years) and 794 evaluated in person (CTSC‐Cog; nine tests; 2.0 years). The primary outcome was a global score (average of test z‐scores) of change over two assessments. We used multivariable‐adjusted linear mixed models; substudy‐specific results were meta‐analyzed.

Results

: We observed no significant effect of n‐3 supplementation: the mean difference in annual rate of cognitive change for the n‐3 versus placebo group was –0.01 standard units (95% confidence interval [CI]: –0.02, 0.003) in VITAL‐Cog and –0.002 (95% CI: –0.04, 0.03) in CTSC‐Cog; the pooled difference was –0.01 (95% CI: –0.02, 0.003; P = .15).

Discussion

: Marine n‐3 supplementation (1 g/day) did not confer cognitive benefits over 2 to 3 years in community‐dwelling older adults.
Order and disorder in the modulated phase hp‐Mg9Ge5.1
Authors: Akselrud Lev , Prots Yurii , Hübner Julia‐Maria , Burkhardt Ulrich , Schnelle Walter , Grin Yuri , Schwarz Ulrich
Published: April 2022

Single crystals of Mg9Ge5.1(2) were obtained at a pressure of 5 GPa in the temperature range 723 to 1273 K. The metastable high‐pressure phase exhibits a crystal structure, which may be described as a host‐guest variety of an UCl3‐type framework. The atomic arrangement is characterized by a host crystal structure Mg9Ge3 with disordered germanium guests (≈2 Ge per formula unit) in the channels. The composite arrangement undergoes incommensurate modulation. Upon heating at ambient pressure, the phase transforms into the thermodynamically stable compounds Mg2Ge and Ge at 496(5) K. Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility indicate diamagnetic behavior between 75 and 350 K.
Structural, magnetic and magnetoelectric properties of Co2Fe2Ta2O9, a TN=53 K honeycomb antiferromagnet
Authors: Maignan Antoine , Martin Christine
Published: April 2022

The bimetallic oxides of general M4M’2O9 formula, where M=Fe, Co, Mn and M’=Nb or Ta, form a family of linear magnetoelectric materials, for which properties depend on the nature of the M,M’ pair. In the present study, the structural, magnetic and magnetoelectric properties of a new member, Co2Fe2Ta2O9, synthesized in polycrystalline form, are reported. This compound crystallizing in the P‐3c1 trigonal ‘429’ structure (a=5.2009 (1) Å, c=14.1986(1) Å and V=332.613(2) Å3) is found to be antiferromagnetic below TN=53 K. Although the structural features are intermediate between the Co4Ta2O9 and Fe4Ta2O9 limit members, a very different magnetoelectric behaviour is observed. In order to reveal the differences between M4M’2O9 with M=Fe or Co or mixed and M’=Ta or Nb, a comparison between these six compounds is proposed.
Suicide in the Transport System
Authors: Andersson Anna-Lena , Svensson Kenneth
Published: April 2022

The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) work to reduce the number of suicides in the transport system. Fatalities, i.e., on roads, railways, and bridges, originate from either accidents or suicides, natural death excluded. Knowing the correct manner of death is needed to work with optimal prevention strategies. The aims are to separate fatalities due to suicides, follow the development, and implement measures for suicide prevention. Methods are developed for suicide classification and criteria for the selection in which suicides were suspected. Fatalities in level one and two of five were classified as suicides. Data from the STA’s databases are used and so are data from the psychosocial investigations done by a trained investigator in the topic and with clinical experience from counselling at hospitals. 2129 persons died on the roads in Sweden, 10% (206 persons) were classified as suicides. 336 persons died after being hit by trains, 85% (284 persons) were suicides. 130 persons died by jumping from bridges.

The number of suicides increases with population density. Suicide in the transport system is a major problem; firstly personal tragedies, it is also a work environment problem for truck and train drivers and for the emergency staff. It generates delays and costs for passenger and cargo transport. By analyzing the results of countermeasures in the form of obstructive barriers, the physical environment can be improved and high-risk areas can be accentuated. Restricting access to the means of suicide is important in suicide prevention. Strategies for the STA include suicide prevention in the design of new roads, railways, and bridges, as well as by identifying and reducing existing high-risk locations. Sharing the results with other authorities and organizations and cooperation within suicide prevention missions are vital for the enhancement of the overall suicide prevention work in society.
Private AI: Machine Learning on Encrypted Data
Authors: Lauter Kristin
Published: April 2022

This paper gives an overview of my Invited Plenary Lecture at the International Congress of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) in Valencia in July 2019.
Mathematical Approaches for Contemporary Materials Science: Addressing Defects in the Microstructure
Authors: Le Bris Claude
Published: April 2022

We overview a series of mathematical works that introduce new modeling and computational approaches for non-periodic materials and media. The approaches consider various types of defects embedded in a periodic structure, which can be either deterministic or random in nature. A portfolio of possible computational techniques addressing the identification of the homogenized properties of the material or the determination of the actual multi-scale solution is presented.
Introducing Political Feelings: Participatory Politics, Institutions, and Emotional Templates
Authors: Frevert Ute , Pahl Kerstin Maria
Published: April 2022

The introduction offers an overview of the book’s main argument that, despite political theory’s and the general public’s ideas of politics as the realm of ‘rational’ decision-making, emotions have been potent in political practice since at least the late eighteenth century. Rather than purely subjective and individual expressions of feeling, emotions in the political sphere are best understood through the institutional settings in which they occur. Be it official institutions, buildings, organizations, clubs, parties, or informal gatherings, they provide individuals with emotional templates: guidelines, rules, and models on how to feel and express this feeling. While most studies on ‘political emotions’ focus on the present time, it is paramount, this chapter posits, to keep in mind their historical trajectory.
Feeling Political across Borders: International Solidarity Movements, 1820s–1980s
Authors: Moine Caroline
Published: April 2022

As the long history of international solidarity movements throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries demonstrates, emotions fostered a sense of common belonging in the name of so-called universal brotherhood, solidarity of peoples, or defence of human rights. Investigating exemplary political mobilizations in Europe that transcended national borders, such as the Philhellenism of the 1820s, the solidarity movements during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), and against the Chilean dictatorship in the 1970s and 1980s, helps to illustrate the strengths but also the limits of these feelings. These movements, which shaped and were shaped by individual and collective emotions such as compassion, fear, and anger, but also enthusiasm and hope, developed a complex relationship with patriotism and universalism, as well as with the state and other political institutions.
Feeling Political in Demonstrations: Street Politics in Germany, 1832–2018
Authors: Frevert Ute
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on street politics in Germany. Before the establishment of elected parliaments, there were social movements in which citizens united to make public demands for political representation. The practice of democracy in such associations was synonymous with practicing political feelings—democracy involved a high level of emotional excitement and dynamism. The decades preceding the 1848 revolution, the post-revolutionary 1920s and early 1930s (including National Socialist mobilization), and the social movements of the 1970s and 1980s illustrate how emotions served as mobilizing forces and were necessary for sustaining personal involvement and political activism. Yet these examples also shed light on the problematic side of political emotions, which could sometimes block or polarize political debate and obstruct collective action. The more action in the public sphere was defined by passion, the more exclusionary politics could become: this was the argument mounted by early liberalism against women’s political participation.
Feeling Political Through the Radio: President Roosevelt’s Fireside Chats, 1933–1944
Authors: Amico Michael
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Fireside Chats (1933–1944). It zooms in on the case of a president directly addressing the people, seeking to foreground their active participation. Roosevelt’s broadcasts, a series of thirty-one radio speeches heard by a majority of Americans between 1933 and 1945, transformed institutional tasks and obligations into a highly exciting conversation. In a world of competing political rhetoric and much division, and in the middle of the Great Depression, these radio chats put the power of change in every American’s hands by making them feel a new sense of confidence and trust in the federal government. Even those who were not directly helped by Roosevelt’s ‘New Deal’ legislation wrote to him to say how his words and images had converted their anxiety, grievance, and fury into courage and hope. They promised to do all they could to help him and the country, a commitment that served to boost morale and further unite the country during the Second World War. The particular style and means of Roosevelt’s emotional templates were informed by his personality as a politician, his philosophy of democracy, and the medium of radio itself.
Overview
Authors: Thiele Graham , Friedmann Michael , Polar Vivian , Campos Hugo
Published: April 2022

Root, tuber, and banana (RT&B) crops play a critical role in food and nutrition security in developing countries, increasingly so in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). They have great potential to contribute to alleviate poverty, improve health and nutrition, and enhance the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change. However, RT&Bs are characterized by unique challenges including vegetative propagation, genetic complexity, and postharvest constraints with bulkiness and perishability, compared to cereals. They are also characterized by a high yield potential and the ability to deliver micronutrients at large scale. However, until recently they have suffered from neglect in both investment and research. The CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas, which operated from 2012 to 2021, represented a novel and successful innovation model within the agricultural research for development domain not only in scientific terms but also from an organizational perspective. This program built upon the uniqueness of the RT&B crops and contributed to much of the progress reported in the book. This chapter provides an overview of challenges and opportunities facing RT&B crops in processing, marketing and distribution, enhancing productivity, and improving livelihoods. It presents underlying concepts for gender and scaling that feature prominently throughout the book, as well as an updated stance on innovation, touching base on the topic of the jobs to be done. The chapter concludes with an overview and highlights of the different sections and chapters in the remainder of the book.
Building Demand-Led and Gender-Responsive Breeding Programs
Authors: Polar Vivian , Teeken Béla , Mwende Janet , Marimo Pricilla , Tufan Hale Ann , Ashby Jacqueline A. , Cole Steven , Mayanja Sarah , Okello Julius J. , Kulakow Peter , Thiele Graham
Published: April 2022

Gender-responsive breeding is a new approach to making sure modern breeding takes advantage of opportunities to improve gender equality in agriculture. Conventional research on the acceptability of modern varieties has scarcely addressed gender differences during adoption studies. Gender-responsive breeding starts from a different premise that adoption and social impact will be enhanced if gender is addressed at early stages of variety design and priority setting in breeding. However, until recently, there was no concrete way to integrate gender considerations into the practice of breeding. This chapter draws lessons for the future from three RTB breeding programs innovating with gender-responsive breeding with a focus on piloting novel tools. The new G+ tools are designed to help gender researchers and breeders make joint, evidence-based decisions about the significance of gender differences for customer targeting and trait prioritization in variety development. Their piloting in the context of each program’s practice of gender-responsive breeding throws light on some valuable good practices that contributed to successful innovation.
Scaling Readiness: Learnings from Applying a Novel Approach to Support Scaling of Food System Innovations
Authors: Schut Marc , Leeuwis Cees , Sartas Murat , Andrade Luis Alejandro Taborda , van Etten Jacob , Muller Anna , Tran Thierry , Chapuis Arnaud , Thiele Graham
Published: April 2022

Scaling of innovations is a key requirement for addressing societal challenges in sectors such as agriculture, but research for development programs struggles to make innovations go to scale. There is a gap between new complexity-aware scientific theories and perspectives on innovation and practical approaches that can improve strategic and operational decision-making in research for development interventions that aim to scale innovations. To bridge this gap, Scaling Readiness was developed. Scaling Readiness is an approach that encourages critical reflection on how ready innovations are for scaling in a particular context for achieving a particular goal and what appropriate actions could accelerate or enhance scaling to realize development outcomes. Scaling Readiness provides decision support for (1) characterizing the innovation and innovation system; (2) diagnosing the current readiness and use of innovations; (3) developing strategies to overcome bottlenecks for scaling; (4) facilitating multi-stakeholder negotiation and agreement; and (5) navigating the implementation process. This chapter explains how Scaling Readiness was used in the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) and describes how Scaling Readiness informed the design and management of the RTB Scaling Fund, an instrument for identifying and nurturing scaling-ready innovations. We introduce the key principles and concepts of Scaling Readiness and provide a case study of how Scaling Readiness was applied for scaling a cassava flash dryer innovation in different countries in Africa and Central America. The chapter concludes with a reflection and recommendations for the further improvement and use of Scaling Readiness.
Transferring Cassava Processing Technology from Brazil to Africa
Authors: Alves Alfredo Augusto Cunha , de Oliveira Luciana Alves , Motta Joselito da Silva
Published: April 2022

Cassava is currently the fourth most important food production crop in tropical and developing countries. Cassava root and its by-products are the main source of calories for the diets of 800 million people in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. Over the past 20 years, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) and collaborators have been developing innovations for the use and postharvest processing of cassava. These technologies have been transferred and disseminated to technicians, entrepreneurs, producers, and processors of cassava from several African countries. This South-South cooperation has been conducted in Brazil through short trainings, workshops, and technical visits requested by national R&D institutions, cooperatives, cassava producers, and processors associations and sponsored by international agencies and foundations. In this chapter, we present an overview of the technology transfer activities of Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura carried out for Africa, focusing on technological innovations that result in products and by-products of cassava root processing, especially those with great potential for adoption and opening new markets for Africa (e.g., precooked and frozen cassava, cassava chips, among others). The selection of these innovations was based on observations of the trainees’ preferences and interests for technologies that they envisioned willingness to apply and share the technology when returning to their countries.
Coin-based Secure Computations
Authors: Komano Yuichi , Mizuki Takaaki
Published: April 2022

In the history of cryptography, many cryptographic protocols have relied on random coin tosses to prove their security. Although flipping coins is indispensable in this manner, the coins themselves have never been in the spotlight. Therefore, we would like to make physical coins rise to the level of cryptography, just as a deck of physical playing cards has been used to perform a secure multi-party computation. Such a card-based protocol is known to be helpful both to perform a secure computation without any black-box computers and to understand the principles of secure protocols. In this paper, we propose a new framework of secure multi-party computation using physical coins, named a coin-based protocol. One advantage of the use of coins is that they are more ubiquitous than cards. Whereas a face-down card can conceal the information about its face side, one side of a coin reveals the information of its other side. Hence, more careful design is required for a secure coin-based protocol than for a card-based one. We formalize a computational model of the coin-based protocol and explicitly give protocols for NOT, AND, COPY, OR, and XOR computations. We also discuss the composability of the extended protocols and how to implement them in practice.
Analysis of the genomic landscapes of Barbadian and Nigerian women with triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Hercules Shawn M. , Liu Xiyu , Bassey-Archibong Blessing B. I. , Skeete Desiree H. A. , Smith Connell Suzanne , Daramola Adetola , Banjo Adekunbiola A. , Ebughe Godwin , Agan Thomas , Ekanem Ima-Obong , Udosen Joe , Obiorah Christopher , Ojule Aaron C. , Misauno Michael A. , Dauda Ayuba M. , Egbujo Ejike C. , Hercules Jevon C. , Ansari Amna , Brain Ian , MacColl Christine , Xu Yili , Jin Yuxin , Chang Sharon , Carpten John D. , Bédard André , Pond Greg R. , Blenman Kim R. M. , Manojlovic Zarko , Daniel Juliet M.
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that disproportionately affects women of African ancestry (WAA) and is often associated with poor survival. Although there is a high prevalence of TNBC across West Africa and in women of the African diaspora, there has been no comprehensive genomics study to investigate the mutational profile of ancestrally related women across the Caribbean and West Africa.

Methods

This multisite cross-sectional study used 31 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from Barbadian and Nigerian TNBC participants. High-resolution whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the Barbadian and Nigerian TNBC samples to identify their mutational profiles and comparisons were made to African American, European American and Asian American sequencing data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Whole exome sequencing was conducted on tumors with an average of 382 × coverage and 4335 × coverage for pooled germline non-tumor samples.

Results

Variants detected at high frequency in our WAA cohorts were found in the following genesNBPF12,PLIN4,TP53andBRCA1. In the TCGA TNBC cases, these genes had a lower mutation rate, except forTP53(32% in our cohort; 63% in TCGA-African American; 67% in TCGA-European American; 63% in TCGA-Asian). For all altered genes, there were no differences in frequency of mutations between WAA TNBC groups including the TCGA-African American cohort. For copy number variants, high frequency alterations were observed inPIK3CA, TP53, FGFR2andHIF1ANgenes.

Conclusion

This study provides novel insights into the underlying genomic alterations in WAA TNBC samples and shines light on the importance of inclusion of under-represented populations in cancer genomics and biomarker studies.
A Better Deal? Negotiated Responses to the Proceeds of Grand Corruption
Authors: Clancy Áine
Published: April 2022

Judicially supervised negotiated settlements have featured heavily of late in discourse on responses to financial crimes committed by corporations. The United States has recently concluded a series of proceeds of kleptocracy settlements with individuals using processes which, from transparency and accountability perspectives, compare favourably to England’s asset recovery practice. This paper seeks to foster a conversation on whether the use of negotiated responses could or should be extended to arrangements with natural persons who are suspected of laundering the proceeds of grand corruption in England. It addresses some reservations that arise where negotiated responses to official corruption are employed and seeks to identify principled and practical justifications for the use of settlements instead of public civil recovery proceedings. It also draws on the US and English experiences in entering into settlements with companies for bribery offences in attempting to identify some of the main pitfalls and benefits implicit in utilising negotiated responses to corruption. The paper concludes by tentatively endorsing as an imperfect but pragmatic option the use of settlements as an alternative to existing asset recovery measures for corruptly-acquired assets.