bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-25 Fecal Ph Variables of Beef Steers Consuming Grower Or Finisher Diets Containing Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Authors: Pessoni Juliana , Sarturi Jhones O , Silva Kaliu G , Johnson Bradley J , Rodrigues Barbara , Dos Reis Beatriz
Published: November 2023

The effects of live-yeast and diet type (grower or finisher) offered to beef steers on fecal pH variables were evaluated. Ruminally-cannulated Angus-crossbred steers (n = 8; BW = 550 ± 20 kg) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design, on a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement, with factors described as follows: A) presence of live-yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CNCM I-1077), at 2 × 1010 CFU/g); and B) diet type. Diets (DM basis) contained 3% yellow-grease and min/vitamin supplement-adjusted. The grower [40% low-quality alfalfa-hay (LQ-hay), 35% steam-flaked corn (SFC), 20% wet corn gluten feed (WCGF)] and finisher (65% SFC, 20% WCGF, 8% LQ-hay)] diets were offered to ad libitum intake, once daily at 0700 h. Live-yeast treatment and control (soybean meal as carrier only) were pre-weighed (0.25 g, as is) within gel-capsules and kept at room temperature until introduced directly into the rumen (via ruminal cannula) twice daily (0700 and 1800 h). Four periods of 35 d (28 d of adaptation and 7 d of collection) were used. Fresh fecal samples (50 ± 1 g, as is) were collected via rectal finger-stimulation 4 times per day (every 6 h), during 6 consecutive days, while sampling time was adjusted by advancing 1 h daily so that all the 24 h period after feeding became represented by collections. Samples were suspended with deionized water (to complete 100 g, total) into a plastic container with cap and immediately measured using a pH electrode. The statistical model used animal as experimental unit, the fixed effects of diet, live-yeast, and diet × live-yeast. Square, period, and animal(square) were used as random effects, except by pH average (repeated measures), in which animal(treatment) was also included. For fecal pH average, no 3-way, treatment × time, or diet × time interactions were observed (P ≥ 0.86), except by a treatment × diet interaction, in which animals offered live-yeast on a grower diet had greater (P = 0.04) fecal pH compared with those offered live-yeast on a finisher diet (6.63 vs. 6.55). Regardless of treatments, collection time was meaningful (P = 0.01), where the greatest fecal pH average (6.70) was reached at 14 h, while the least (5.52) was reached at 8, 15, and 22 h after feeding. The fecal pH average across all treatments was 6.58, and it was used to calculate area and time under such threshold. The area (147, min × pH-delta) and the time (730 min) under the curve (pH 6.58), maximum (6.98), minimum (6.22), and the pH magnitude of change (0.76) were not affected (P ≥ 0.37) by treatments. Fecal pH was cyclic and seemed to be positively affected by dietary live-yeast inclusion when offered to beef steers consuming a grower diet.
PSIII-29 A Novel Direct-Fed Microbial Supports in Vitro Intestinal Integrity Under Inflamed Conditions
Authors: Boll Erik Juncker , Cappellozza Bruno I , Copani Giuseppe
Published: November 2023

Ruminants are often exposed to pathogenic and non-pathogenic challenges during daily handling procedures and management activities. These responses, in turn, may trigger the release of pro-inflammatory compounds that can have negative effects on the host. Based on this rationale, we hypothesized that 1) pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) would compromise the in vitro gut barrier integrity, and 2) a novel direct-fed microbial (DFM) formulation would support the gut barrier integrity under inflammatory conditions. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the ability of a novel DFM mixture to support barrier integrity of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers in the absence or presence of TNF-α and IFN-γ by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Human cancer-derived epithelial intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers were seeded on transwells for approximately 20 days. A DFM mixture containing Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus licheniformis, and B. subtilis (BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus; Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark) at 1.0 × 108 CFU/transwell was then administered to the apical side of the cell monolayers. Then, two hours later a cocktail containing TNF-α / IFN-γ at a 10:1 ratio (100:10 ng/mL, respectively) was added to the basolateral side after which TEER was measured over a 16-h period and used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC). Following the administration of the pro-inflammatory challenge, TEER was decreased, reaching its least concentrations at 5.5 h post-challenge, whereas overall AUC decreased by 21.4% compared with non-challenged control cells. The DFM mixture by itself was able to support the integrity of the intestinal cells by stimulating TEER increase over time and increasing overall AUC vs. non-treated cells (P < 0.01). Moreover, when cells receiving the DFM were challenged with the pro-inflammatory cocktail, TEER concentrations were still above 100% and no decrease was observed over the evaluation period (16 h). Moreover, when compared with non-DFM-treated but challenged cells, AUC was greater for DFM vs. challenged control cells (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these data support our hypothesis that a DFM mixture containing L. animalis, P. freudenreichii, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis (BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus) supports the gut barrier integrity with or without the pro-inflammatory challenge.
PSVI-22 Effect of Creep-Feeding on Feeding Behavior of Nellore Calves
Authors: Sousa Luciana Melo , Bisio Gustavo Henrique Maciel , Garcia Anna Lidia Francino , de Queiroz Amanda Caroliny Marques , de Porcionato Marco Aurélio Felício , de Resende Flávio Dutra , Siqueira Gustavo Rezende
Published: November 2023

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of creep-feeding on feeding behavior of beef calves, during nursing phase. The experiment lasted 170 days; from December/2021 to May/2022, the calves were born in September/2021 and creep-feeding supplementation started from approximately 70 days of life until weaning. The feeding behavior was evaluated twice on d 70 and d 120 post creep-feeding). The experimental design used was a randomized block [blocked by body weight (BW) of calves]. The experimental units were the paddocks (8 units per treatment, ten replicates per paddock), totalling 156 pairs cow/calf (86 pairs of male calves and 70 pairs of female calves). Two paddocks per treatment and 8 pairs per paddock were sorted for behavior analysis, totalling 32 pairs cow/calf (16 pairs of male calves and 16 pairs of female calves). The treatments consisted of creep-feeding or not creep-feeding the calves: control treatment (CONT; mineral suppement ad libitum) and creep-feeding treatment (CREEP; energetic protein supplement; 5 g/kg of BW· animal-1· /day-1). There was mineral supplement ad libitum for all the dams. The pairs cow/calf were kept in an area composed of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. and idleness, suckling, grazing and creep-feeding or mineral supplementation were evaluated. The data were analyzed using the SAS PROC MIXED. There was no difference in feeding behavior of calves at 70 days of creep-feeding for idleness (P = 0.80), grazing (P = 0.59) and suckling (P = 0.30; Figure 1). Creep-feeding calves spent 14 minutes longer on supplementation than non-creep-feeding calves (P < 0.01). At 120 days of creep-feeding (180 days of age), calves that received creep feeding supplementation spent less time grazing (difference of 67 min; P < 0.01), more time on supplementation (+28 min; P < 0.01) and idleness (+42 min; P = 0.05) and similar time on suckling (P = 0.76; Figure 2).There was no difference in any of the variables at different times (P >0.08) for the dams (Figure 3). Animals in creep-feeding spend less time grazing but suckling in a similar amount of time compared with those that consumed only mineral supplement, which corroborates with the results on milk yield of dams, which were similar for both treatments.
PSVII-28 Effects of Adding Either Fibrolytic Enzymes Or Sodium Butyrate to Feedlot Diets on Rumen Parameters of Angus Cattle
Authors: Casali Daniel M , Silva Leandro A F , Lelis Ana Laura J , Souza Johnny M , Magalhães Eduardo J S , Silva Mikaeli A S , Belini Matheus S , Mathias Rafael F , Melo Tarcisio L A , Avila Jorge A V , Millen Danilo D
Published: November 2023

This study conducted at São Paulo State University feedlot, Dracena campus, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the addition of either sodium butyrate (BUT) or exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (ENZ) on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and rumen disappearance rate of Angus cattle. Three Angus steers, cannulated in the rumen (+ 690 kg), were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square, resulting in 6 experimental periods, in a total of 203 days of study. Each experimental period lasted 28 days; 14 days of adaptation diets, and 14 days of the finishing diet containing 85% concentrate (71% finely-ground corn). Cattle were given a 7-day washout interval between periods, where they were allowed to graze. The experimental diets fed to the animals were different only with respect to the feed additives used, according to the treatments: Control (CTL; no feed additives added), ENZ [0.01% of diet dry matter (DM)], and BUT (0.3% and 0.1% of diet DM during adaptation and finishing phases, respectively). The DMI was measured daily, and rumen pH and temperature were measured by data loggers on days 25 and 26 of each experimental period. The rumen fluid samples were collected at 0, 4, 8, and 12 hours after feeding on day 26 of each period to determine the molar proportion of SCFA. The rumen of the animals was emptied on day 27 at 1100 h (3 hours after feeding) and day 28 at 0800 h (before feeding) in each experimental period. The rumen contents were separated into solid and liquid fractions and then weighed. Based on the solid and liquid mass values obtained, as well as the DM intake, the rumen disappearance rate was calculated and expressed in %/h. Data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS (2003), using Tukey's test to compare means when appropriate, considering P ≤ 0.05 as significant. The DMI was not affected (P > 0.76) by treatments in this study. Likewise, no treatment effect was observed on minimum, maximum, and mean ruminal pH (P > 0.23). The pH time below 6.2, 5.6, and 5.2 was not affected by treatments (P > 0.45), as well as pH area under 6.2, 5.6, and 5.2 (P > 0.55). Rumen temperature was lower in cattle fed ENZ when compared with those fed CON and BUT (39.63°C vs. 40.12°C and 40.02°C, respectively; P = 0.04). Furthermore, the molar proportions of SCFA were not affected by treatments (P > 0.71). Cattle consuming ENZ increased ruminal disappearance rate (%/h) when compared with CTL-fed cattle (8.61 vs 6.36; P = 0.05). Thus, the addition of BUT to feedlot diets did not cause any impact on ruminal fermentation parameters; however, the use of ENZ promoted small benefits that deserve further investigation.
PSXI-29 Influence of a Direct Fed Microbial on Growth Performance, Carcass Data, and Immune Function in Feedlot Finishing Steers
Authors: Miller Alexandra C , Mezzomo Rafael , Tangredi Briana V , Loh Huey Yi , Levenson Jonah R , Guimaraes Octavio , Zuchegno Sophie M , Chek Erlene , Gomes Daiany I , Schutz Jennifer S , Engle Terry E
Published: November 2023

One hundred and eighty crossbred beef steers (405.9 ± 2.3 kg) were used to determine the impact of a direct fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and immune response in finishing beef cattle. Steers were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned, within block, to 1 of 2 treatments (3 replicates/treatment: 30 steers/replicate). Groups within a replicate were randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments included: 1) no DFM (control) and 2) DFM supplementation at 50 mg/animal/d [BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus containing Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis]. All steers were fed a high concentrate, steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet. Individual feed intake was recorded daily via the GrowSafe system. Body weights were collected every 28 d. Jugular blood samples were collected from all steers on day 0 and 112. On d 55 of the experiment, 10 steers per pen (30 steers per treatment) were randomly selected and injected, subcutaneously with 4.0 mg of ovalbumin (OVA). Jugular blood samples were collected from each steer on d 0, 7, 14, and 21 post injection. On d 112 of the experiment, the same steers were injected with the same dose of OVA and intramuscularly with 5 mL of a 25 % pig red blood cell (PRBC) solution. Jugular blood samples were collected from each steer on day 0, 7, 14, and 21 post injection. After receiving the finishing diet for 185 d, cattle were transported to a commercial abattoir and slaughtered. Hot carcass weights were collected at the time of slaughter. Carcasses were allowed to chill for 24 h before carcass data were collected. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design and individual animal within pen was considered the experimental unit. Initial body weight, final body weight, and overall feed efficiency were similar across treatments. Steers receiving DFM had greater (P < 0.01) body weights and average daily gains on d 28 and 55 and greater (P < 0.04) dry matter intakes over the entire experiment compared with controls. Hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, quality grade, and marbling score were similar across treatments. However, dressing percentage (P < 0.02) was greater in steers receiving DFM compared with controls. Antibody titers to OVA and PRBC and d 112 interferon gamma concentrations were similar across treatments. However, red blood cell superoxide dismutase activity was greater (P < 0.05) in DFM-supplemented cattle compared with controls on d 112 of the experiment. These data suggest that BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus supplementation improves growth performance during certain periods of the finishing phase, increases overall dry matter intake and carcass yield, and may impact antioxidant status in beef cattle.
PSXI-28 Nitrogen Footprint Assessment of Korean Native Beef Cattle Farms: Uncertainty Analysis and Mitigation Scenarios
Authors: Byun Jun Suk , Kim Tae Hoon , Ibidhi Ridha , Bharanidharan Rajaraman , Lee Yookyung , Kim Kyoung Hoon
Published: November 2023

Nitrogen (N) lost during beef cattle production accompanies various environmental impacts and has become an increasing concern among agricultural stakeholders. The objective of this study was to quantify the N footprint (NF) of Hanwoo beef cattle production in Korea at the farm gate through a life cycle assessment methodology. Field surveys were conducted on 106 farms across nine provinces to evaluate the NF of Hanwoo beef farms. N losses were calculated using emission factors using the refined Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guideline and expressed as NF [g N lost/kg of live body weight (LBW)]. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were deployed to evaluate the precision of the results and to quantify the variability of the input data. The NF was averaged 132.8 (±61.9) g N/kg LBW. Volatilization was the greatest contributing factor, followed by leaching and denitrification, each representing 68.4, 21.4, and 10.1 percent of the NF, respectively. The uncertainty of the output data was found to be 46.6 percent and was highly associated with emission factors uncertainties. We simulated four feasible mitigation scenarios that are cost effective and do not penalize productivity, and evaluated their capacity for reducing NF of meat: dietary modifications to decrease animal N excretion rates by adjusting the CP and rumen undegradable protein content for steers and fattening cows (A), microorganism additives to reduce volatilization from housing and manure storages through processing excess ammonium to synthesize microbial protein (B), using manure as land fertilizer instead of synthetic fertilizers to decrease denitrification from rice cultivation, and leaching and volatilization from all field types(C), and distributing straw-derived biochar (10 to 20 ton/ha) to the field after fertilizer application to reduce losses from crop production (D).Combining these scenarios demonstrated the potential to reduce NF by 12.3 percent. Overall, our study provides a national metric that can be used to communicate the N uses impact of Korean beef production. The analyses indicate that more precise results could be achieved with future endeavors toward developing country-specific emission factors. Integrating all four scenarios was shown to be the most effective approach to reducing the NF of beef production.
PSXIII-23 Effect of Methionine Inclusion in Mineral Mixture on Greenhouse Gas Production
Authors: Miranda Matheus Alves , Ferreira Reginaldo Nassar , Figueiredo Cibelle Borges , Ubeda Emanuely Zequim , Nunes Gabriela Vitória Pinto , Filho Edson Martins Ribeiro , Peron Hugo Jayme Matias Coelho
Published: November 2023

The reduction in enteric methane production in cattle can have a rapid impact on global warming. Therefore, changes in the population of microorganisms in the rumen can significantly reduce the production of this greenhouse gas. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the production of gases and methane with the inclusion of Suplemax mineral mixture containing methionine. The experiment was carried out under anaerobic conditions using ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor bottles kept at 39 ºC containing artificial saliva, ruminal fluid, and two grams of a substrate from each treatment: (FE) Control, 1.75 g of Tifton hay 85 and 0.25 g of a mineral mix; and (FM) 1.75 g of hay and 0.25 g of Suplemax mineral mixture (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 0.3% of methionine. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 h using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. There was no significant effect on gas production with the inclusion of 0,3% of methionine (FE 37.77 mL vs FM 42.54 mL, P = 0.3175; Table 1). Methane production decreased from 22.74 to 18.15 mL (P = 0.0121) in the FM treatment compared with the FE treatment, representing a 20.18% decrease. Methane production for every 100 mL of gas decreased by 31.08% with the inclusion of methionine (FE 61.62 vs FM 42.47 mL, P = 0.0248). The inclusion of methionine in the mineral supplement contributes to a change in the molar proportion of short-chain fatty acids, increasing propiogenesis, that is considered a sink of hydrogen ions in the ruminal environment, which in turn inhibits methane production. Thus, the inclusion of Suplemax with hay reduced gas and methane production in vitro.
PSXIII-22 Effects of Isoacids on Rumen Ph, Microbial Protein and in Situ Dry Matter Disappearance in Beef Heifers Fed Growing Diet
Authors: Mota Lucas G , Freitas Ithalo , Branine Mark E , Duff Glenn C
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feeding supplemental isoacids in a growing diet on parameters of rumen fermentation and in situ DM disappearance. Eight mature ruminally cannulated beef heifers (Angus crossbred; mean BW 618 ± 31 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. Heifers were housed in individual pens and fed the following treatment diets: no supplemental isoacids (ISO) in the basal diet (Control); 7.2 g of 2-methylbutyric acid· animal-1· day-1 (ISO1); 7.2 g of 2-methylbutyric + 7.2 g isobutyric acids· animal-1· day-1 (ISO2); and 7.2 g 2-methylbutyric + 7.2 g isobutyric + 7.2 g isovaleric acid· animal-1· day-1 (ISO3). Basal diet consisted of (DM basis) 26.9% wheat hay, 35.5% steam flaked corn, 22.6% wet corn gluten feed, 12.3% DDG, and 2.7% mineral/vitamin supplement. Each experimental period lasted 28 d, with 21 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. On day 1 of each sampling period ruminal fluid was collected 2 hours before and 1, 3, 7 and 10 hours after morning feeding. The pH of ruminal contents was immediately measured with an electrode pH meter. Urine samples (approximately 200 mL) were collected on day 2 of each sampling period 4 h after the feeding and filtered to remove particles. Urine was analyzed for creatinine, uric acid, and allantoin. Bags were placed into rumen for 72, 48, 36, 24, 12, 8, 4 and 0 hours and all bags were removed at same time on the end of incubation (hour 0), rinsed with tap water and dried at 55°C. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. A contrast was observed (P = 0.029) for overall rumen pH between control versus isoacid treatments (6.44 vs 6.31). Uric acid, allantoin, total purines and intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen were not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.10) with overall means of 10.47, 328.80, 339.27 mmol/d and 246.64 g N/d, respectively. Overall, no effects were observed for in situ dry matter disappearance (P ≥ 0.10). However, at hour 4 differences between ISO2 and ISO3 (P = 0.02; 44.89% vs 38.45%) and ISO2 and ISO4 (P = 0.05; 44.89% vs 39.75%) were observed. No effects of in situ DM disappearance was observed (P ≥ 0.10). Supplementing beef heifers with isoacids may reduce rumen pH as a result of increased ruminal volatile fatty acid production; however, supplemental ISO in this study did not affect microbial nitrogen synthesis or dry matter in situ disappearance. Further analyses are currently in progress.
PSXIII-15 Use of Creatinine as a Marker to Estimate Urine Output in Beef Cattle Fed a Finishing Or Backgrounding Diet
Authors: Chibisa Gwinyai E
Published: November 2023

Unlike for high forage diets, there has been limited validation of spot urine sampling and the use of urinary creatinine as a marker to estimate urine output in beef cattle fed high grain diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the use of creatinine as a marker for estimating urine output in cattle fed a finishing (FIN) compared with a backgrounding (BKGN) diet. Six heifers were randomly allocated to 2 treatments in a crossover design with 21 d periods. Dietary treatments were alfalfa silage at 12% (FIN) or 60% (backgrounding; BKGN) of dietary dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet consisting of corn grain (67.8 or 38.1% on a DM basis), corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 0.75 or 19.0%) and a constant level (1.15%) of supplement. Total collection (TC) of urine was conducted during the last 3 d of each period. Twelve spot urine samples were also collected during TC to represent every 2-h sampling in a 24-h cycle. Data were analyzed using SAS. Creatinine excretion rate varied from 27.2 to 35.0 with an average of 31.3 mg/kg of body weight per day. The creatinine concentration of spot samples collected for each heifer were averaged to simulate urine samples obtained from various spot sampling frequencies [equally spaced 12, 6, 4, and 2 time points (TP) starting at feeding: 12TP, 6TP, 4TP, and 2TP, respectively]. There was diurnal variation in the urinary creatinine concentration on both diets. Although creatinine concentration did not differ (P = 0.82) between 12TP and TC, use of 12TP underestimated (P < 0.01) urine output (11.2 vs. 18.0 kg/d). However, there was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.32) on creatinine concentration and total urine output across methods (12TP vs. TC). When comparing spot sampling TP, there was no diet, method, or diet × method interaction (P ≥ 0.28) on urinary creatinine concentration and urine output. The regression between TC and 12TP had an intercept different from 0, and slope differed from 0 and 1. As for TC and 6TP, the intercept was not different from 0; however, slope was different from 0 and 1. As expected, increasing the frequency of spot sampling improved precision and accuracy of the regression between the estimated and measured urine output according to adjusted R2 (0.27, 0.24, 0.87 and 0.92 for 2TP, 4TP, 6TP, and 12TP, respectively) and root mean square prediction error (8.95, 9.09, 3.75, and 2.94). In summary, the use of the spot sampling technique and urinary creatinine as a marker to estimate urine output in beef cattle fed either FIN or BKGN diets might not be reliable due to the diurnal variation in creatinine excretion and variable creatinine coefficients.
PSII-3 Sheep Neutrophil Activation in Response to Garlic in Vitro
Authors: Uzzaman Md. Rasel , Pande Priyanka , Inupala SreeNavya , Jagana Sowmya , Worku Mulumebet
Published: November 2023

St. Croix hair sheep are known to resist parasitic infection. Parasitic resistance is in part due to the increased number and ability of neutrophil leukocytes to fight pathogens. Dietary supplements such as garlic (Allium sativum L.) are antimicrobial immune modulators that can enhance production. This study sought to evaluate the impact of fresh filtered garlic on sheep neutrophils through In vitro treatment. The study collected blood from the jugular vein of five clinically healthy female St. Croix sheep at NC A&T State University Farm and isolated neutrophils from 10 mL whole blood samples from each animal. The neutrophils were treated with fresh filtered garlic after the total cell count was measured, and 1 million cells were taken for treatment. The total protein concentration in the neutrophil supernatant was measured before and after treatment. Garlic (10 ug/mL PBS) was added to neutrophils, incubated (30 minutes, 37 °C) and centrifuged. Total RNA was extracted from the pellet using the TRIZOL RNA Isolation Protocol (Sigma-Aldrich). The RNA concentration and purity were assessed using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Inc.). Pooled RNA from each group was used for cDNA synthesis, followed by qPCR analysis of the expression of 84 test genes related to the innate and adaptive immune response (RT2 profiler array) of the host. Total protein concentration in the supernatant was determined using the BCA Assay (Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit). In vitro treatment with garlic extract resulted in increased total secreted protein concentrations from treated neutrophils, as well as upregulation of 10 genes involved in immune response and downregulation of 4 genes associated with inflammation and immune regulation. The study findings indicate that garlic stimulates gene transcription and protein secretion in neutrophils from St. Croix sheep in vitro. Studies are needed on the possible impacts on neutrophil function and animal response to infection for sustainable use of garlic in animal production.
PSII-5 Evaluating Haemonchus Contortus Resistance in Hair Sheep Lambs Under Divergent Selection for Reduced Fecal Egg Count
Authors: Thorne Jacob W , Redden Reid , Bowdridge Scott A , Becker Gabrielle M , Stegemiller Morgan R , Bentley Kelsey , Murdoch Brenda M
Published: November 2023

The gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) Haemonchus contortus is a major threat to global sheep production, a problem exacerbated by increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance. Genetic selection of sheep for reduced fecal egg count (FEC) is hypothesized to improve parasite resistance. This study measured the biological response and worm burden of Dorper x White Dorper (DWD) with high (average = +37.8) or low (average = -12.0) post-weaning FEC estimated breeding values (EBV) and Barbados Blackbelly x Mouflon (BBM) following oral inoculation with 10,000 H. contortus larvae. Lambs (aged 8 months) were grouped by breed and EBV (DWD+, DWD-, BBM) and treatment (inoculated or non-inoculated control) into 6 groups (n = 4/grp). At d 0 and 21, blood samples were collected to measure packed-cell volume (PCV) and serum IgG via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and at d 21 FEC were additionally recorded. Lambs were subsequently harvested and adult H. contortus counts for each lamb were captured from the abomasum. Data analysis was performed in SAS v 9.4 and significance was set at P < 0.05. In the inoculated lambs, no difference was observed in PCV at d 21, but DWD+ had a greater mean FEC (1,400 + 297 epg) than both DWD- (263 + 167; P = 0.0157) and BBM (50 + 21; P = 0.004). Total serum IgG (ug/mL) was greater in DWD- than DWD+ lambs at both d 0 (686.37 + 50.7 v. 486.15 + 51.25; P = 0.0321) and d 21 (287.16 + 14.33 v. 197.24 + 12.82; P = 0.0034). In BBM, there was no difference in IgG from d 0 (172.80 + 22.44) to d 21 (185.08 ± 4.25). While BBM had reduced IgG at d 0 than both DWD groups, there was no difference between BBM and DWD+ at d 21 (P = 0.4026). Following harvest, inoculated DWD+ had greater worm burden than DWD- (1,330 + 76 v. 818 + 165; P = 0.0308) and both DWD groups were greater than BBM (263 + 120; P = 0.0003). These data confirm previous findings that BBM are more resistant to H. contortus than DWD, and selection for decreased FEC EBV decreased fecal egg output and worm burden within the DWD breed. Future studies will include RNA-sequencing of abomasal epithelial tissue from inoculated and control lambs in an effort to elucidate gene expression differences between divergently selected DWD and BBM sheep infected with H. contortus.
PSII-1 Determining Appropriate Numbers and Times of Daily Measurements to Estimate Ruminal Methane Emission of Meat Goats Using a Greenfeed System
Authors: Gulich Dereje Tadesse , Puchala Ryszard , Yirga Hirut Y , Ribeiro Luana , Encinas Fabiola L , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L
Published: November 2023

The study was conducted to determine appropriate numbers and times of daily measurements to estimate methane production by meat goats using a GreenFeed (GF) system. Sixteen Boer wethers with an initial age of 7.4 ± 0.08 months and BW of 20.02 ± 0.71 kg were situated in a 12.4 × 12.4 pen. Oat hay, which was the major dietary constituent, was offered twice daily in individual Calan Gate feeders. Concentrate-based pellets were used as bait feed to attract animals to visit the GF regularly. The system was programed using C-Lock Inc. software to automatically dispense a small amount of pellets (120 g/day) and to measure methane production using sensors in the system. Each animal had a unique RFID tag identified by RFID reader in the system. There were 3, 4, and 6 equally spaced 1-h feeding and measurement periods (i.e., 0600-0700, 1400-1500, and 2200-2300 h for GF-3T, 0700-0800, 1300-1400, 1900-2000, and 0100-0200 h for GF-4T, and 0800-0900, 1200-1300, 1600-1700, 2000-2100, 0000-0100, and 0400-0500 h for GF-6T, respectively). The study was a Latin square with each feeding period assigned to each animal for a 2-wk period. Data were analyzed with mixed model procedures of SAS. Methane emission in g/day and g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) were not impacted by feeding period (P > 0.05). When expressed in g/min, g/visit, and g·visit-1·min-1, differences in CH4 production between feeding schedule were significant (P < 0.02). The GF-6T treatment resulted in greatest emission of CH4 in g/min (5.7, 5.9, and 6.6 for GF-3T, GF-4T, and GF-6T, respectively; P < 0.04). On the other hand, CH4 emission in g/visit ranked (P < 0.05) GF-3T > GF-4T > GF-6T (12.8, 10.9, and 7.3, respectively). Regarding CH4 intensity (g/kg BW), the differences between treatments were not significant (1.10, 1.17, and 1.16 for GF-3T, GF-4T, and GF-6T, respectively; P = 0.24). Heat production (MJ/day), which was calculated from CH4, CO2, and O2 production, was greater (P < 0.05) for GF-3T (8.1) than for GF-6T (7.6), with that for GF-4T intermediate (7.6; P > 0.05). Animals of GF-3T, GF-4T, and GF-6T visited the GF 2.1, 2.8, and 3.8 times per day, which significantly (P < 0.001) differed from each other. Average visit length was similar for GF-3T and GF-4T (P > 0.05) and greater (P < 0.05) than for GF-6T (4.6, 4.6, and 4.1 min for GF-3T, GF-4T, and GF-6T, respectively). In conclusion, results of the study indicate that at least 3 daily feeding or measurement periods should occur between 0600 and 0700, 1400 and 1500, and 2200 and 2300 h to accurately estimate methane production using a GF system in a confinement setting.
PSV-24 Implementation of Blockchain Technologies in the U.S. Sheep Industry: Producer and Industry Perceptions
Authors: Newman Courtney , Gifford Cody , Stewart Whit C
Published: November 2023

Agricultural product traceability has become increasingly important. Emerging digital technologies, like blockchain technology, can facilitate supply-chain data capture and exchange across all segments of the industry. To better understand stakeholder perceptions and willingness to share digital production records using blockchain technology, a digital survey was conducted across sheep industry stakeholders. During January of 2021-2022, a 25-question, online survey was conducted to capture U.S. sheep industry producer and processor perceptions. Survey data included 66 responses, where 84.8%, (n = 56) were sheep and lamb producers and 15.2%, (n = 10) were involved in wool warehousing and processing. A continuous line scale anchored at 0 (not familiar) and 100 (very familiar) was used to assess familiarity with blockchain technology (Table 1). Lamb and wool producers were somewhat familiar with blockchain technology (mean = 43.00, n = 40 completed responses), while wool warehousers and processors answered similarly (mean = 40.40, n = 9 completed responses). Stakeholders were also asked to determine their desired monetary premium (% over base price) to submit records into a blockchain system. Wool and lamb producers were asked what level of premium they would need to receive in order to submit records into the blockchain system, 89% (n = 75) of wool and lamb producers indicated they would need at least a 4.1% premium over base price, while 60% (n = 6) of wool processing respondents were willing to pay producers a 4.1% or higher premium for access to records on the blockchain system. Producers and wool processors are somewhat familiar with blockchain technology as a traceability mechanism, and they are willing to implement this technology if there is incentive available in the market. A greater understanding of the economic value, opportunity, and implications that blockchain technology brings to the market is important in determining if the right incentives are available to integrate this technology into the U.S. sheep industry.
PSV-25 Effect of Garlic on Galectin 3 in Goats
Authors: Jagana Sowmya , Inupala SreeNavya , Pande Priyanka , Uzzaman Md. Rasel , Worku Mulumebet
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of garlic extracts on expression of Galectin 3 in goats. Inflammatory diseases such as mastitis and gastrointestinal parasitic diseases cause significant problems for goat production. Galectins (Gal) are a family of highly conserved mammalian carbohydrate-binding proteins that can regulate inflammation. Galectin-3 is the only member of the lectin family with a chimeric structure. It is a potential therapeutic target to regulate the activity of inflammatory cells. Garlic extracts are natural anti-inflammatory agents that are being evaluated for use in goat management. Twelve adult female clinically healthy Boer X Spanish goats were divided into 2 groups. The treatment group (n = 6) was drenched with a 10 mL garlic (Garlic barrier) and the control group (n = 6) was given sterile water for 30 days. Blood was collected weekly from the jugular vein using acid citrate dextrose as an anticoagulant. Blood was centrifuged to separate cells and plasma. Galectin 3 secretion in plasma was determined using goat specific commercial ELISA kits (My-BioSource). Total RNA was isolated from the cell pellet using Trizol and it was then converted into cDNA. Primers specific for goat Gal 3 specific and the housekeeping genes RPLP0 and UCHL5 (Eurofins Genomics) were used in Real-time PCR to evaluate the gene expression. Fold change was calculated using the Livak method. All variables were assessed using SAS Statistical analysis software version 9.4 (SAS Institute) at P < 0.05. Treatment had an effect over time and a significant increase (P < 0.0141) was observed in the GAL- 3 concentrations. Gal-3 was expressed in greater amounts in treatment group animals compared with the control group with a fold change of 1.15. Garlic may be used to modulate Gal 3 expression and secretion in goat blood. It is important to consider the impact of garlic on Gal 3 modulation. Studies needed to define possible impacts on immune function and goat health.
PSV-26 Use of Garlic Drench in the Modulation of Galectin Gene Expression in St Croix Sheep
Authors: Inupala SreeNavya , Jagana Sowmya , Pande Priyanka , Uzzaman MD Rasel , Worku Mulumebet
Published: November 2023

St. Croix sheep are parasite resistant and can live in a wide variety of climates. Dietary supplements can influence innate immunity. Garlic (Allium sativum) is used as an immune modulator and an alternative antibiotic. Lectins in garlic could interfere with animal lectins such as Galectins (Gals). Galectins bind β-galactosides and modulate pathological processes and immunity. The effect of garlic drench on Gal (1,3,9) gene expression in sheep blood was evaluated. All protocols were approved by the IACUC. Clinically healthy, adult St. Croix sheep were divided into two groups. The treatment group (n = 6) was drenched with 5 mL garlic barrier at a rate of 10 mL diluted in sterile distilled water 1:1. The control group (n = 6) was drenched with 10 mL sterile distilled water for four weeks. Cells and plasma were separated by centrifugation of whole blood. The concentration of total plasma protein was determined using the BCA assay kit (Pierce). Secretion of Galectins 1,3,9 was evaluated using Sheep-specific ELISA(My-BioSource). Data were analyzed using SAS Statistical analysis software 9.4 (SAS Institute). Nucleic acid purity and concentrations were assessed using the Nanodrop spectrophotometer. Galectin gene transcription was evaluated using sheep Gal 1,3 and 9 specific primers commercially sequenced (Eurofins Genomics). The house keeping genes, Ribosomal Protein Lateral Stalk Subunit P0 and Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L5, were used as internal controls. Samples were amplified in duplicate using the CFX Connect real-time PCR system. The Livak Method was used to calculate the fold change in gene expression. Galectin 1, 3, and 9 were transcribed and translated. Transcription and translation were differentially affected by garlic. Galectin 1 transcription increased; secretion decreased. Galectin 3 transcription and secretion increased at P < 0.05. There was no change in the transcription of galectin 9, however, secretion was increased. Thus, garlic drench deferentially impacted transcription and secretion of structurally distinct Gal in sheep blood. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of Garlic on Gal-mediated functions important to sheep health and production.
PSXI-12 In Vitro Assessment of Binding Agents as an Alternative to Activated Charcoal for the Prevention of Boar Taint
Authors: Parent Melissa , Bone Christine , Squires E James
Published: November 2023

Boar taint is an off odor and flavor that occurs once meat from uncastrated male pigs is heated, and results from the deposition of androstenone in the fat. Androstenone circulates between the liver and gut via the enterohepatic circulation, where it can be recirculated back to the liver or deposited in the fat. Previous studies from our lab have demonstrated that adding activated charcoal (AC) to feed is effective at disrupting enterohepatic circulation and preventing boar taint; however, AC is expensive and currently not approved for use as a feed additive. Spent filter aid (SFA) is a byproduct of corn syrup production, contains up to 33% diatomaceous earth (DE), and can be used as an energy source. DE and biochar have been used to bind toxins in the gastrointestinal tract and have a high surface area and porosity like that of AC. Additionally, biochar is approved and used as a feed additive in cattle production, and both biochar and SFA are available at a much lower cost. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the androstenone binding efficiency of SFA and biochar in vitro to assess their suitability as potential dietary treatments for preventing boar taint. AC, biochar and SFA were incubated for 30 minutes at 37℃ with radiolabeled androstenone, estrone sulphate (E1S), or estrone (E1) dissolved in buffer. Following incubation, the unbound radioactive steroid fraction was quantified using a scintillation counter and binding efficiency was calculated using a modified Michaelis-Menten equation. Statistical analysis was conducted with a 2-way ANOVA in SAS with Tukey-Kramer’s post hoc test. The binding efficiency (Bmax/K) of AC was greater than both biochar (P < 0.0001) and SFA (P < 0.0001). However, the maximum binding (Bmax) of androstenone by AC (97.30% ± 0.44) was 13% greater than that of biochar (84.53% ± 0.79) and nearly double that of SFA (50.50% ± 0.22). Of the binding agents tested, SFA had some selective binding for androstenone as the Bmax for androstenone was greater than both E1S (P < 0.0001) and E1 (P = 0.0013). These results suggest that biochar may be a suitable alternative to AC for use as a feed additive as it can bind high concentrations of androstenone, and its binding characteristics were most like AC. Future animal studies are needed to evaluate the effects in vivo to assess the efficacy of biochar as a dietary treatment for boar taint.
The International Legal Framework Of Border Measures In The Fight Against Counterfeiting And Piracy
Authors: Gervais Daniel J
Published: November 2023

As is evident from the first part of this book, sales of counterfeit and pirated goods cause a significant amount of economic harm. While manufacturers, importers and retailers of illegal goods may profit from this trade, the fact that no intellectual property payments are included in the purchase price means that no funds will be made available for future innovation and creation.
Developing an International Framework for Informed Consent in Plastic Surgery: A Focus on Cosmetic Breast Augmentation
Authors: Cooter Rodney D. , Brightman Louise A. , Deva Anand , Murphy Robert X. , Larsen Mikko , Khashaba Ahmed
Published: November 2023

Background:

Informed consent is a fundamental pillar of patient rights and is an essential part of good clinical practice. In 2019, the International Confederation of Plastic Surgery Societies launched a survey to collect feedback on informed consent practices, with an aim to develop an international guideline for cosmetic surgery

Methods:

A 15-question survey was sent to delegates of the International Confederation of Plastic Surgery Societies for dissemination to their national society members. The survey comprised a range of quantitative and qualitative questions. Descriptive and thematic analysis was performed.

Results:

There were 364 respondents. Over half of the respondents reported no local informed consent policy, whereas others noted national society, specialist college, or government policies. The majority of respondents believed that the performing surgeon should be responsible for obtaining informed consent with at least two face-to-face consultations. Most respondents agreed with a cooling-off period (duration based on procedure type and use of high-risk devices). Regarding cosmetic breast augmentation, the majority of respondents felt that the performing surgeon should be responsible for postoperative management, including cases that occur as part of surgical tourism. Some respondents incorporate financial consent as part of their informed consent practice. Most supported the development of an international informed consent guideline.

Conclusions:

Informed consent should result from face-to-face consultations with the performing surgeon. There should be a minimum cooling-off period. Postoperative surveillance should be available in all settings. The findings of this survey will help inform an international standardized informed consent guideline for cosmetic surgery.
CD304+ adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cell abundance in autologous fat grafts highly correlates with improvement of localized pain syndromes
Authors: Rezzonico Jost Tanja , Lozito Alessia , Mangani Davide , Raimondi Andrea , Klinger Francesco , Morone Diego , Klinger Marco , Grassi Fabio , Vinci Valeriano
Published: November 2023

Surgery, burns or surgery-free accident are leading causes of scars with altered tissue consistency, a reduced degree of motion and pain. Autologous fat grafting can dramatically improve tissue consistency and elasticity but less frequently results in the reduction of pain. Therefore, we analyzed different cell populations present within the adipose tissue to be engrafted and correlated them with the reduction of pain after surgery. Here, we identify a population of CD3−CD4−CD304+ cells present in grafted adipose tissue, whose abundance highly correlates with pain improvement shortly after surgery (r
2 = 0.7243****) as well as persistently over time (3 months later: r
2 = 0.6277****, 1 year later: r
2 = 0.5346***, and 4 years later: r
2 = 0.5223***). These cells are characterized by the absence of the hematopoietic marker CD45, whereas they express CD90 and CD34, which characterize mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); the concomitant presence of CD10 and CD73 in the plasma membrane supports a function of these cells in pain reduction. We deduce that the enrichment of this adipose tissue–derived MSC subset could enhance the therapeutic properties of adipose grafts and ameliorate localized pain syndromes.
Quality of death in patients in advanced chronic liver disease and cancer patients managed by gastroenterologists in Portugal: are we doing it right?
Authors: Neto do Nascimento Catarina , Bravo Ana Catarina , Canhoto Manuela , Glória Luísa , Andrade Fidalgo Catarina
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The incidence of chronic progressive diseases is rising and investment on quality of death and dying is of utmost importance to minimize physical and emotional suffering. There is still a gap in palliative care (PC) between patients with cancer and those with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). Our objectives were to characterize clinical attitudes and therapeutic interventions and to evaluate the differences in end-of-life care between inpatients with cancer and ACLD under gastroenterology care.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study, including patients with cancer or ACLD who died in a Gastroenterology department between 2012 and 2021. Demographic characteristics, clinical and endoscopic procedures and symptom control were compared between the groups.

Results

From 150 patients, 118 (78.7%) died with cancer and 32 (21.3%) died from ACLD without concomitant hepatocellular carcinoma. ACLD patients were more frequently male (P = 0.001) and younger (P = 0.001) than patients with cancer. Median time of hospitalization in the last month of life was 16 days for both groups. Discussion of prognosis with the patient was more frequent for cancer patients (35.6% versus 3.2%, P < 0.001). Referral to PC occurred in 18.8% and 61% of the patients with ACLD and cancer respectively (P < 0.001). Endoscopic procedures were performed in half of the patients and were more likely to be unsuccessful in those with cancer.

Conclusion

Clinical decisions were different between groups in terms of PC access and discussion of prognostic with the patient. It is urgent to define and implement metrics of quality of death and dying to prevent potentially inappropriate treatment.