Findings From the World Mental Health Surveys of Civil Violence Exposure and Its Association With Subsequent Onset and Persistence of Mental Disorders
Authors: Axinn William G. , Bruffaerts Ronny , Kessler Timothy L. , Frounfelker Rochelle , Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio , Alonso Jordi , Bunting Brendan , Caldas-de-Almeida José Miguel , Cardoso Graça , Chardoul Stephanie , Chiu Wai Tat , Cía Alfredo , Gureje Oye , Karam Elie G. , Kovess-Masfety Viviane , Petukhova Maria V. , Piazza Marina , Posada-Villa José , Sampson Nancy A. , Scott Kate M. , Stagnaro Juan Carlos , Stein Dan J. , Torres Yolanda , Williams David R. , Kessler Ronald C. ,   WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators, Al-Hamzawi Ali , Altwaijri Yasmin A. , Andrade Laura Helena , Atwoli Lukoye , Benjet Corina , Borges Guilherme , Bromet Evelyn J. , Chatterji Somnath , Degenhardt Louisa , de Girolamo Giovanni , Haro Josep Maria , Harris Meredith G. , Hinkov Hristo , Hu Chi-yi , de Jonge Peter , Karam Aimee Nasser , Karam Georges , Kazdin Alan E. , Kawakami Norito , Khaled Salma , Kiejna Andrzej , McGrath John J. , Medina-Mora Maria Elena , Moskalewicz Jacek , Navarro-Mateu Fernando , Nishi Daisuke , ten Have Margreet , Viana Maria Carmen , Vigo Daniel V. , Vladescu Cristian , Wojtyniak Bogdan , Woodruff Peter , Xavier Miguel , Zaslavsky Alan M. 
Published: June 2023

Importance

Understanding the association of civil violence with mental disorders is important for developing effective postconflict recovery policies.

Objective

To estimate the association between exposure to civil violence and the subsequent onset and persistence of common mental disorders (in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition [DSM-IV]) in representative surveys of civilians from countries that have experienced civil violence since World War II.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This study used data from cross-sectional World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys administered to households between February 5, 2001, and January 5, 2022, in 7 countries that experienced periods of civil violence after World War II (Argentina, Colombia, Lebanon, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Peru, and South Africa). Data from respondents in other WMH surveys who immigrated from countries with civil violence in Africa and Latin America were also included. Representative samples comprised adults (aged ≥18 years) from eligible countries. Data analysis was performed from February 10 to 13, 2023.

Exposures

Exposure was defined as a self-report of having been a civilian in a war zone or region of terror. Related stressors (being displaced, witnessing atrocities, or being a combatant) were also assessed. Exposures occurred a median of 21 (IQR, 12-30) years before the interview.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was the retrospectively reported lifetime prevalence and 12-month persistence (estimated by calculating 12-month prevalence among lifetime cases) of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, and externalizing (alcohol use, illicit drug use, or intermittent explosive) disorders.

Results

This study included 18 212 respondents from 7 countries. Of these individuals, 2096 reported that they were exposed to civil violence (56.5% were men; median age, 40 [IQR, 30-52] years) and 16 116 were not exposed (45.2% were men; median age, 35 [IQR, 26-48] years). Respondents who reported being exposed to civil violence had a significantly elevated onset risk of anxiety (risk ratio [RR], 1.8 [95% CI, 1.5-2.1]), mood (RR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.3-1.7]), and externalizing (RR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.3-1.9]) disorders. Combatants additionally had a significantly elevated onset risk of anxiety disorders (RR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.3-3.1]) and refugees had an increased onset risk of mood (RR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1-2.0]) and externalizing (RR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.0-2.4]) disorders. Elevated disorder onset risks persisted for more than 2 decades if conflicts persisted but not after either termination of hostilities or emigration. Persistence (ie, 12-month prevalence among respondents with lifetime prevalence of the disorder), in comparison, was generally not associated with exposure.

Conclusions

In this survey study of exposure to civil violence, exposure was associated with an elevated risk of mental disorders among civilians for many years after initial exposure. These findings suggest that policy makers should recognize these associations when projecting future mental disorder treatment needs in countries experiencing civil violence and among affected migrants.