bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proyectar: instrumento de supervivencia
Authors: Neutra Richard J.
Published: September 2016

La capacidad de proyectar no es una adquisición del progreso humano, ni un inquilino recién llegado a nuestra interioridad. Es una función original, primaria y orgánica de nuestra extraña cabeza, que sobrepasa en desarrollo a la de los más evolucionados seres vivos. Somos seres dotados para la anticipación, y para la aplicación práctica de esa anticipación. De acuerdo con ello, proyectamos de antemano todas nuestras situaciones o —cuando menos— importantes fragmentos de ellas.
2 Escuelas en Washington
Authors: AUTOR Naramore - Bain - Brady & Johanson Arquitectos
Published: September 2016

No disponible
Grupo escolar Le Pontet
Authors: Adatte Roger , Stucky – Panchaud – Derron Ingenieros
Published: September 2016

Un importante grupo escolar se ha construido en los arrabales de esa industriosa ciudad que se llama Lausanne, cuyo veloz crecimiento da pie a necesidades nuevas, y cuyas exigencias sólo pueden ser cubiertas por hombres cultos, educados, estudiosos, aptos para el feliz ejercicio de su inteligencia. La enseñanza oficial no es —no debe ser— un privilegio de minorías, y las autoridades municipales de Ecublens —entendiéndolo así— abrieron en el año 1954 libre concurso para la edificación de un grupo escolar que acogiera a sus más jóvenes vecinos y que los pusiera en condiciones de continuar la transformación industrial —ciudadana, europea, universal; así lo exige la humana interrelación— por sus mayores comenzada.
Firmes continuos de hormigón armado
Authors: Taylor I. J. , Eney W. J.
Published: September 2016

Las primeras pavimentaciones de hormigón construidas en EE. UU. se realizaron utilizando bloques de hormigón de unos 55 dm2 de superficie y 0,15 m de espesor. Los primeros éxitos obtenidos con estos materiales sirvieron de aliento para ir modificando y perfeccionando estas estructuras y los métodos constructivos. En los primeros pasos se aumentó las dimensiones de los bloques y se reforzaron con armaduras para dotarlas de mayor resistencia. Los revestimientos se apoyaban en una capa granular de piedra que mejoraba el drenaje y el aislamiento.
Central móvil de hormigón asfáltico
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

En números anteriores se han publicado varios tipos de centrales hormigoneras, y entre ellas una para la preparación de hormigones asfálticos. El tipo de Central que se describe ligeramente en este trabajo, de la casa Braham Patterson & Benham Ltd, inglesa, presenta su particularidad propia e interés dentro del campo de rendimiento de producción del orden de 25 toneladas por hora.
Monumento funerario
Authors: Artigas Francisco , Bozzano A.
Published: September 2016

He aquí una bella muestra de arquitectura aplicada al tema del "Monumento Conmemorativo". Pero, además, al difícil monumento funerario, que tan desastrosos ejemplos de mal gusto ofrece a la vista de cualquier visitante de panteones en el mundo y, muy especialmente, en el mundo latino. La vanidad humana, llevada más allá de la muerte, se plasma en pequeños templos barrocos, neoclásicos y hasta aztecas, negación de todo sentido de proporción arquitectónica y un motivo más para amar la vida y temer la muerte.
El Valle de los Caídos
Authors: Méndez Diego
Published: September 2016

Junto a El Escorial, a pocos kilómetros de Madrid, se halla el valle espacioso y accidentado, que constituye las estribaciones de la Sierra de Guadarrama, y en cuya cabecera, solitario y destacado, se alza el Risco de la Nava, a cuyo fondo le sirven de cierre las cimas de Abantos, que ocultan las cúpulas y torres de El Escorial, mientras que al mediodía desciende bruscamente el terreno para ofrecer amplia perspectiva hacia la lejanía. Este fue el lugar elegido para la construcción del Valle de los Caídos. La obra sería una cruz colosal erguida sobre la montaña; bajo la montaña, una basílica inmensa excavada en la roca viva y tras ella el Monasterio. Tal era el esquema forjado en la mente de Franco —Caudillo de España— del monumento destinado a glorificar la memoria de los que murieron por su Patria.
Servicios del lnstituto, en relación con las condiciones técnicas de la construcción en el momento actual
Authors: Nadal Jaime
Published: September 2016

En los años que siguieron a nuestra Guerra, las necesidades de la Reconstrucción Nacional obligaron a emprender numerosas obras y a reanudar otras que habían quedado paralizadas. Por aquel entonces se carecía de casi todo, y el problema era construir lo más posible con los escasos medios de que se disponía. El país acababa de salir de una gigantesca aventura, superada, en gran parte, gracias al espíritu de sacrificio, capacidad de improvisación, tesón y firme reciedumbre frente a las adversidades. Sobre estas bases se inició la reconstrucción. La realidad física de nuestras limitaciones se centraba en la escasez de alimentos, la escasez de materiales y la penuria de maquinaria y medios mecánicos.
Empirical Evidence on Convergence of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness and Global Competitiveness Across the BRIC Countries
Authors: Katou Anastasia A. , Katsouli Eleni F.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine whether global competitiveness and travel and tourism competitiveness converge across the BRIC countries, and whether travel and tourism competitiveness influences global competitiveness. Utilizing the theoretical frameworks of ß-convergence, s-convergence, and time-series-convergence, our findings confirmed the presence of convergence of the aforementioned variables across the BRIC countries. Additionally, utilizing the growth tracing theoretical framework, our findings confirmed that travel and tourism competitiveness positively influences global competitiveness across the BRIC countries.
Stakeholder Engagement via Social Media in the Hospitality Sector
Authors: Mar Gálvez-Rodríguez María del , Saraite Laura , Alonso-Cañadas Juana , Caba-Pérez María del Carmen
Published: September 2016

Although there is little doubt about the increasing use of social media, however, there is little evidence of the real success of social media in the improvement of stakeholders' participation in the hospitality sector. Within this context, this paper aims to perform a comparative analysis of the use of Facebook as a communication strategy for encouraging stakeholder engagement in hotels from Brazil, Russia and India. In general terms, the Facebook pages of Brazilian hotels present the greatest level of online engagement with their stakeholders, followed by those in India and Russia. Moreover, it should be pointed out that in the Brazilian case, stakeholders pay greater attention to answering the messages posted by hotels than to sharing the information. In contrast, in the case of Russia and India, the preferences of stakeholders are towards the spread of the information posted by this sector.
An Integrated Customer Relationship Model to Improve Retention in Hospitality Services
Authors: Prachayakupt Suvenus , O'Mahony Barry , Sillitoe James F.
Published: September 2016

Customer retention has received ongoing academic focus and scholars have specifically recognized the importance of customer loyalty within the services sector. There is general agreement within this body of work that achieving customer satisfaction alone is not sufficient to develop customer loyalty, particularly in a competitive business environment. Relationship development between businesses and customers is a key contributor to customer loyalty; however, many of the models that are presented within the literature are either product specific or business to business in nature. This chapter presents the results of an examination of a series of relationship development models that was designed to identify the antecedents of relationship development that are likely to have a positive impact on the delivery of hospitality services. We synthesize the key mediating variables of these models into a single customized model that has the capacity to influence relationship development in a hospitality setting. Within this model we emphasize the importance of trust, commitment and cross cultural communication in order to achieve repeat business and to facilitate positive word of mouth communication.
Destination Brand-Building of Cultural Heritage Tourism
Authors: Huibin Xing , Marzuki Azizan , Kostopoulou Stella
Published: September 2016

Hebei province is a one of the most typically representative cultural destinations in China with abundant high-quality cultural heritage resources rooting from its more than 4000-year history. However, Hebei has still not evolved into a distinctive cultural brand in the tourism market even though lots of funds have been allocated and invested in tourism. The question thus is how to gradually build a successful cultural tourism brand vital to Hebei province. This paper first extracts the successful components from previous studies, and using France as the most celebrated cultural destination with the largest international tourism arrivals, comparisons are then made with Hebei from the perspective of destination branding of cultural tourism. Finally, given the practical conditions of Hebei and actual tourism needs of segment market, the paper proposes a conceptual brand-building model of Hebei cultural tourism.
Tourism Destination Competitiveness of India and China
Authors: Chugh Sushma Rewal , Mohan Parsheera Chander
Published: September 2016

China and India are the two world's most populous Asian countries. Together they constitute about 40% of the total global population. Both the Asian countries have remarkable similarities. India and China boast of having a very ancient and rich civilization and they have a strong and growing economy. For developing countries like India and China tourism presents a wonderful opportunity to earn much needed foreign exchange. Compared to China, the ancient and unique Indian culture is still very much alive. In spite of all these attractions and ethnic charm, tourism industry in India is still underdeveloped in contrast to many other neighboring countries. Tourism in India is still in a stage of infancy. China has emerged much ahead of India in terms of tourist arrivals. China has been successfully tapping its rich tourism potential. China is the 3rd most frequented country of the world after France and U.S.A. This paper has tried to explore the reasons of tourists' preference of China over India by taking into cognizance varied experiences and perceptions of tourists in both the countries and comparing them. A total number of 180 comments of 60 foreign travelers who visited China and India respectively and posted comments on www.virtualtourist.com were studied. It emerged from the study that India and China both the countries thrive on culture and history. People are intrigued by Indian and Chinese philosophies. Although the flying distance between the two countries is no more than eight hours, foreign tourists prefer to visit China over India as India carries a negative image among foreign tourists in terms of hygiene, safety, and infrastructure.
Film Tourism and Desire to Travel
Authors: Kumar Amit , Dung Trinh Phuong
Published: September 2016

Academic research on film tourism has been around since the early 1990s, but the popularity and extensiveness of research in this area has increased in recent years (Hahm, Upchurch & Wang, 2008; Beeton, 2010), with a number of studies examining the increase of visitor numbers to film locations (Beeton, 2005; Busby, Brunt, & Lund, 2003; Cousins & Anderek, 1993; Croy & Walker, 2003; Gundle, 2002; Kim & Richardson, 2003; Riley, Baker, & Van Doren, 1998; Riley & Van Doren, 1992; Schofield, 1996; Tooke & Baker, 1996; Di Cesare et al., 2009). Similarly, the impact of films on people's image formation has been widely acknowledged in the literature (Butler, 1990; Gartner, 1993; Iwashita, 2003). Films are not generally produced with the intent to attract tourists to a destination, but tend to influence viewers indirectly as a background part of the movie's message (Butler, 1990; Hudson & Ritchie, 2006). This is because they can present millions of viewers with substantial information about a destination, create a first-time image, or alter an existing image in a relatively short period of time (Hahm et al., 2008). Thus, this study makes a modest attempt in the direction of identifying the relationship between film tourism and tourist's desire to travel, which is a cross national comparison between India and China.
Conservation and Development of Pre-Historic Geosites and Tourism
Authors: Dogra N. N. , Thakur O. P. , Kumar Satish
Published: September 2016

History has always been a perennial source of man's keen curiosity and great interest. An ever-growing significance of Geosites, museums, monuments and sites of archaeological importance, the world over, is evidence to it. The tremendously growing tourism industry, in fact, has its origin in this very fact. Of late, alongside the concept of theme parks, the innovative idea of exploring the important sites revealing specific events (climatic, tectonic, thermal, magmatic, geomorphic, extra-telluric etc.) through geological history or associated with the evolution of mankind and the present day biodiversity as well, through the earth history of 4.6 billion years and also using them as a potential tourist resource is steadily getting ground. If exploration of prehistoric geosites and development of important sites for information, education and awareness of people could be judiciously integrated with tourism promotion, it may have synergistic implications as the sites would act as a unique touristic appeal and the tourism itself will support the former concept financially and otherwise, as well. India, on account of its unique geological history vis-a-vis physiographic, biotic and geoheritage manifestations of varied geo-events and consequently meteorological differences prevailing in, is one of the richest repository of varied geo-heritage sites including bio-sites studded with record and documentation of evolutionary lineages essentially needed to unravel the history of earth and understanding the palaeo-prevailed environmental scenario through earth's history and intensity of natural processes operating upon ever since the earth's origin. The present paper aims at comprehensively examining the prehistoric geosites in India, in an attempt to identify some of the areas with richer heritage in this regard. Some of the geologically more important sites with rich geoheritage and also prominent areas of tourism promotion are discussed in this paper, so as to conserve this invaluable treasure of earth history in the today's era of squeezing space on the face of rapid Industrialization and infra-structural developmental activities.
On the Value of Aspiration Criteria in Tabu Search
Authors: Hvattum Lars Magnus
Published: September 2016

Tabu search is a greatly successful metaheuristics, as illustrated through numerous publications showing its use for a range of difficult optimization problems. The tabu search literature is to a certain degree characterized by papers introducing new variations of the search, either presenting new components or proposing changes to existing components. Most often, these new variations are shown to perform well on a particular optimization problem, but are rarely thoroughly analyzed in terms of how they change the search characteristics. This work focuses on the aspiration criterion: A large number of possible variations of aspiration criteria exist, many different variations have been used successfully, and almost no results exist that directly compare the different variations in terms of their performance or behavior. Eight different aspiration criteria are considered, and computational experiments are performed to assess their merit within tabu search implementations for two different combinatorial optimization problems.
Performance Studies of FTP, Voice and Video over ATM-Wireless Backbone Network
Authors: Sarkar Nurul I. , Qi Ritchie , Hossain Akbar
Published: September 2016

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a high-speed networking technology designed to support real-time applications such as voice and video over both wired and wireless networks. This type of network is being used by medium-to-large organizations and the Internet service providers as backbone network to carry data traffic over long-distance with a guaranteed quality of service (QoS). The guaranteed QoS is achieved through a point-to-point link between end users. While the performance of ATM network over wired network has been studied extensively, the performance of real-time traffic over an ATM-Wireless extension has not been fully explored yet. It is useful to be able to compare the performance of ATM network with and without wireless extension against various network performance metrics to find out the effect of wireless extension on system performance.
Frequency Offset Estimation Algorithm of OFDMA Wireless Communication System Based on Compressed Sensing
Authors: Qinggong Ma , Bo Yang
Published: September 2016

The frequency offset problem of OFDMA wireless communication system has been an important obstructive factor for the rapid promotion of this technology. The frequency offset estimation algorithm of OFDMA wireless communication system based on compressed sensing reconstructs the optimized mathematical model of frequency offset. Under the premise of keeping its estimated performance, from the reduction of its computation complexity and the enhancement of real-time performance of the system, it provides an optimized algorithmic approach and thus improves the practicability of algorithm. The compressed sensing algorithm has realized the fast and accurate extraction of the frequency offset parameters, so the overall performance of the system can reach the optimal state.
Document Retrieval using Efficient Indexing Techniques
Authors: Gupta Shweta , Yadav Sunita , Prasad Rajesh
Published: September 2016

Document retrieval plays a crucial role in retrieving relevant documents. Relevancy depends upon the occurrences of query keywords in a document. Several documents include a similar key terms and hence they need to be indexed. Most of the indexing techniques are either based on inverted index or full-text index. Inverted index create lists and support word-based pattern queries. While full-text index handle queries comprise of any sequence of characters rather than just words. Problems arise when text cannot be separated as words in some western languages. Also, there are difficulties in space used by compressed versions of full-text indexes. Recently, one of the unique data structure called wavelet tree has been popular in the text compression and indexing. It indexes words or characters of the text documents and help in retrieving top ranked documents more efficiently. This paper presents a review on most recent efficient indexing techniques used in document retrieval.
Technology Development and Assessment to Market Using TRIZ
Authors: Rahim Zulhasni bin Abdul , Abu Bakar Nooh bin
Published: September 2016

The competitive organizations are struggling to develop their technology to stay ahead of others. Most of the organizations are unable to bring their technology to market due to the constraints and implications to the organizations' performance. This problem halts the technology's entrance into the market and most of the developed technology will be kept in the organization's technology vault, unused, eventually becoming obsolete. The critical contradiction is the development of new technologies to improve its competitive level, yet feasibility hinders the products to be introduced to the market. The outcome from solving this contradiction is to provide more systematic, effective and faster ways for technology-to-market. This paper is proposing a technology development and assessment framework for organizations to develop their technology strategically to market using a TRIZ methodology. A case study of a new technology called ‘liquid bumper' will be presented to show the application of the proposed framework.
Audit Firms, Deferred Taxation and Financial Reporting
Authors: Chytis Evangelos , Filos John , Tagkas Periklis , Rodosthenous Maria
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this paper is the sectoral analysis and evaluation of the external audit reports in relation to the amounts of deferred taxes on the balance sheets of listed companies in the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). External auditors participate significantly in the preparation of financial reporting, reducing agency problems and aiding acceptance of such information by the users as reliable. The “unqualified” audit reports correspond to more than two thirds of the total, while in the banking sector there is no “unqualified” (ie without even issue of ‘emphasis') Audit Report after 2011. More than two thirds of Deferred Tax Assets - including those from Loss Carryforwards - (DTA), Deferred Tax Liabilities (DTL), and Deferred Tax in the Income Statement appear on the Balance Sheets of the companies audited by the Big 5. Audit firms and supervisory authorities do not seem to have made satisfactory evaluation and exploitation of this information.
Understanding Nonprofit Organizations' Use of Social Networking Sites
Authors: Hu Qian , Shi Wanzhu
Published: September 2016

This study examined how nonprofit organizations use social networking sites to enhance stakeholder relations and what organizational management factors may contribute to the effective use of social networking sites. Local nonprofit organizations in the Central Florida area were surveyed. The authors found that the strategic use of social networking sites can better foster online connections between nonprofit organizations and their stakeholders. Organizational managerial decisions can have a great impact on how effectively organizations use their social networking sites.
Evaluation of an Electronic Application for Nutritional Information in Food Service Outlets
Authors: Dimitriou Maria , Giazitzi Katerina , Stavridi Evaggelia , Palisidis George , Karathanos Vaios , Boskou George
Published: September 2016

Technological solutions provided to consumers with the aim of nutritional information, could be a major challenge of interaction among caterers and consumers. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate an Electronic Intelligent System of Personalized Dietary Advice (called “DISYS”) for tablets and smart-phones. This application provides nutritional analysis of menu items and personalized suggestions according to the nutritional demands of each customer. The DISYS application was characterized as an easy-to-use, comprehensive and useful tool. Volunteers consider that this application contributes to overall health by enabling the modulation of body weight throughout healthier choices, reduction of calorie intake and self-monitoring. Application of mHealth as such, designed to provide nutritional information, seems to be useful for customers as they recommend appropriate nutritional options. They seem also to be an effective tool for caterers and nutritionists, who can provide value-added services.
Predicting Software Abnormal State by using Classification Algorithm
Authors: Yan Yongquan , Guo Ping
Published: September 2016

Software aging, also called smooth degradation or chronics, has been observed in a long running software application, accompanied by performance degradation, hang/crash failures or both. The key for software aging problem is how to fast and accurately detect software aging occurrence, which is a hard work due to the long delay before aging appearance. In this paper, two problems about software aging prediction are solved, which are how to accurately find proper running software system variables to represent system state and how to predict software aging state in a running software system with a minor error rate. Firstly, the authors use proposed stepwise forward selection algorithm and stepwise backward selection algorithm to find a proper subset of variables set. Secondly, a classification algorithm is used to model software aging process. Lastly, t-test with k-fold cross validation is used to compare performance of two classification algorithms. In the experiments, the authors find that their proposed method is an efficient way to forecast software aging problems in advance.
Hydrochemistry and trophic state change in a large reservoir in the Brazilian northeast region under intense drought conditions
Authors: Santos Janaina A. , Marins Rozane V. , Aguiar José E. , Challar Guillermo , Silva Francisco A.T.F. , Lacerda Luiz D.
Published: September 2016

The study shows changes on physical and chemical water parameters and of trophic state in a large reservoir in the Brazilian semiarid region following decreasing reservoir volume due to rainfall shortage during four consecutive years. The monitoring period, between November 2011 and May 2014, assessed approximately 50% water volume reduction and 10 meters’ decrease of reservoir water level that degraded water quality. Decrease in reservoir volume, strong evaporation and the permanent influence of anthropogenic activities, favored the concentration of salts and accumulation of nutrients and of increasing pH. Thermal stratification of the water column occurred when volume was maximum and lead to a significant reduction in dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion (0.07 to 2.62 mg L-1). Diminishing volume resulted in mixing of the hypolimnion nutrient-rich and oxygen-poor waters in the entre water column and changed the initial oligotrophic condition to eutrophic. However, the temporal scale of the response of the reservoir's trophic state differs in the different areas of the reservoir. Whereas deeper areas accumulating nutrients from aquaculture and agriculture progressively became mesotrophic and eventually eutrophic; shallower regions far from direct anthropogenic influences, changed their trophic sate much later, but rapidly turned into super-eutrophic conditions, probably due to more intense sediment resuspension and water mixing. Trophic State Index followed nutrient increase during most of the period. However, it also responded to an increase in chlorophyll a concentrations when the reservoir achieved its minimum volume, in particular in the shallower areas. The results suggest that this type of reservoir systems are vulnerable to eutrophication during extended drought periods and that a better assessment of the maximum support capacity for reservoir activities, particularly aquaculture, must be re-assessed taking into consideration worst case scenarios forecasted by global climate change. 
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations
Authors: Nakamura Yutaro , Suda Takafumi
Published: September 2016

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a parenchymal lung disease characterized by progressive interstitial fibrosis. The clinical course of IPF can be unpredictable and may be punctuated by acute exacerbations. Although much progress is being made in unraveling the mechanisms underlying IPF, effective therapy for improving survival remains elusive. Longitudinal disease profiling, especially in terms of clinical manifestations in a large cohort of patients, should lead to proper management of the patients and development of new treatments for IPF. Appropriate multidisciplinary assessment in ongoing registries is required to achieve this. This review summarizes the current status of the diagnosis and clinical manifestations of IPF.
Bipositive Isomorphisms Between Beurling
Algebras and Between their Second Dual
Algebras
Authors: Ghahramani F. , Zadeh S.
Published: September 2016

Let G be a locally compact group and let ω be a continuous weight on G. We show that for each of the Banach algebras L1(G,ω ), M(G,ω ), LUC(G,ω -1)*, and L1(G, ω)**, the order structure combined with the algebra structure determines the weighted group.
An Unusual Mediastinal Mass
Authors: Hardy J , Jeyabalan A , Bhatt N , Medford ARL
Published: September 2016

We report a case of a mediastinal mass indenting the left lateral tracheal wall of a 35-year-old male who presented with weight loss, cough and breathlessness. Flow volume loop and thyroid function tests were normal and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were negative. Technetium scintigraphy and positron emission tomography both showed no uptake. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration confirmed ectopic mediastinal thyroid tissue.

Mediastinal ectopic thyroid tissue is very rare. Most patients are asymptomatic and euthyroid with positive signals on scintigraphy. False negative technetium scintigraphy can occur in areas of necrosis, carcinoma and from substernal tissue. Ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare but important differential diagnosis when investigating mediastinal lesions and should be considered even if scintigraphy is negative in the right clinical context. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration can be used when scintigraphy is not diagnostic.
A Practical Approach to the New Oral Anticoagulants Used for Stroke Prevention in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Bashir S , Al-Mohammad A , Gupta S
Published: September 2016

This review evaluates the research undertaken in the last six years on the use of new oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and provides evidence-based answers to common clinical questions. Two types of new oral anticoagulants – direct thrombin (IIa) inhibitors, and Xa inhibitors – are currently available. These drugs have similar pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. They are more predictable than, though in many respects comparable to, warfarin. They do not require frequent laboratory tests, nor do they have a narrow therapeutic window. When a patient requires surgery, new oral anticoagulants are easier to manage than warfarin due to their short half-lives. Short half-lives reduce the length of bleeding events. Information obtained from risk calculators such as CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED should be considered before prescribing. New oral anticoagulants are useful in every day clinical practice, but there are complex factors that should be considered in each patient before prescribing to implement the best practice and achieve the best results.
Medical Nemesis 40 Years On: The Enduring Legacy of Ivan Illich
Authors: O'Mahony S
Published: September 2016

Ivan Illich's attack on modern medicine, Medical Nemesis, appeared in 1974. The book famously opened with the statement: ‘The medical establishment has become a major threat to health.’ Forty years after its publication, this paper examines the major themes of the book, and asks whether events since its publication have added weight to Illich's thesis.
MIPAS observations of longitudinal oscillations in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere: climatology of odd-parity daily frequency modes
Authors: García-Comas Maya , González-Galindo Francisco , Funke Bernd , Gardini Angela , Jurado-Navarro Aythami , López-Puertas Manuel , Ward William E.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. MIPAS global Sun-synchronous observations are almost fixed in local time. Subtraction of the descending and ascending node measurements at each longitude only includes the longitudinal oscillations with odd daily frequencies nodd from the Sun's perspective at 10:00. Contributions from the background atmosphere, daily-invariant zonal oscillations and tidal modes with even-parity daily frequencies vanish. We have determined longitudinal oscillations in MIPAS temperature with nodd and wavenumber k = 0–4 from the stratosphere to 150 km from April 2007 to March 2012. To our knowledge, this is the first time zonal oscillations in temperature have been derived pole to pole in this altitude range from a single instrument. The major findings are the detection of (1) migrating tides at northern and southern high latitudes; (2) significant k = 1 activity at extratropical and high latitudes, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere; (3) k = 3 and k = 4 eastward-propagating waves that penetrate the lower thermosphere with a significantly larger vertical wavelength than in the mesosphere; and (4) a migrating tide quasi-biennial oscillation in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere. MIPAS global measurements of longitudinal oscillations are useful for testing tide modeling in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region and as a lower boundary for models extending higher up in the atmosphere.
Wave Modulation of the Extratropical Tropopause Inversion Layer
Authors: Pilch Kedzierski Robin , Matthes Katja , Bumke Karl
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This study aims to quantify how much of the extratropical Tropopause Inversion Layer (TIL) comes from the modulation by planetary and synoptic-scale waves. By analyzing high-resolution observations, it also puts other TIL enhancing mechanisms into context. Using gridded COSMIC GPS-RO temperature profiles from 2007–2013 we are able to extract the extratropical wave signal by a simplified wavenumber-frequency domain filtering method, and to quantify the resulting TIL enhancement. By subtracting the extratropical wave signal, we show how much of the TIL is associated with other processes, at mid and high latitudes, for both Hemispheres and all seasons. The instantaneous modulation by planetary and synoptic-scale waves is almost entirely responsible for the TIL in mid-latitudes. This means that wave-mean flow interactions, inertia-gravity waves or the residual circulation are of minor importance in mid-latitudes. At polar regions, the extratropical wave modulation is dominant for the TIL strength as well, but there is also a clear fingerprint from sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) and final warmings in both hemispheres. Therefore, polar vortex breakups are partially responsible for the observed polar TIL strength in winter (if SSWs occur) and spring. Also, part of the polar summer TIL strength cannot be explained by extratropical wave modulation. After many modelling studies that proposed different TIL enhancing mechanisms in the last decade, our study finally identifies which processes dominate the extratropical TIL strength and their relative contribution, by analyzing observations only. It remains to be determined, however, which roles the different planetary and synoptic-scale wave types play within the total extratropical wave modulation of the TIL; and what causes the observed amplification of extratropical waves near the tropopause.
Lake spray aerosol generation: a method for producing representative
particles from freshwater wave breaking
Authors: May Nathaniel W. , Axson Jessica L. , Watson Alexa , Pratt Kerri A. , Ault Andrew P.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Wave-breaking action in bodies of freshwater produces atmospheric aerosols via a similar mechanism to sea spray aerosol (SSA) from seawater. The term lake spray aerosol (LSA) is proposed to describe particles formed by this mechanism, which have been observed over the Laurentian Great Lakes. Though LSA has been identified from size distribution measurements during a single measurement campaign, no measurements of LSA composition or relationship to bubble-bursting dynamics have been conducted. An LSA generator utilizing a plunging jet, similar to many SSA generators, was constructed for the generation of aerosol from freshwater samples and model salt solutions. To evaluate this new generator, bubble and aerosol number size distributions were measured for salt solutions representative of freshwater (CaCO3) and seawater (NaCl) at concentrations ranging from that of freshwater to seawater (0.05–35 g kg−1), synthetic seawater (inorganic), synthetic freshwater (inorganic), and a freshwater sample from Lake Michigan. Following validation of the bubble and aerosol size distributions using synthetic seawater, a range of salt concentrations were investigated. The systematic studies of the model salts, synthetic freshwater, and Lake Michigan sample indicate that LSA is characterized by a larger number size distribution mode diameter of 300 nm (lognormal), compared to seawater at 110 nm. Decreasing salt concentrations from seawater to freshwater led to greater bubble coalescence and formation of larger bubbles, which generated larger particles and lower aerosol number concentrations. This resulted in a bimodal number size distribution with a primary mode (180 ± 20 nm) larger than that of SSA, as well as a secondary mode (46 ± 6 nm) smaller than that of SSA. This new method for studying LSA under isolated conditions is needed as models, at present, utilize SSA parameterizations for freshwater systems, which do not accurately predict the different size distributions observed for LSA or resulting climate properties. Given the abundance of freshwater globally, this potentially important source of aerosol needs to be thoroughly characterized, as the sizes produced are relevant to light scattering, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and ice nuclei (IN) concentrations over bodies of freshwater.
Evaluation of water vapour assimilation in the tropical upper troposphere
and lower stratosphere by a chemical transport model
Authors: Payra Swagata , Ricaud Philippe , Abida Rachid , El Amraoui Laaziz , Attié Jean-Luc , Rivière Emmanuel , Carminati Fabien , von Clarmann Thomas
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The present analysis deals with one of the most debated aspects of the studies on the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS), namely the budget of water vapour (H2O) at the tropical tropopause. Within the French project “Multiscale water budget in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the TROpics” (TRO-pico), a global-scale analysis has been set up based on space-borne observations, models and assimilation techniques. The MOCAGE-VALENTINA assimilation tool has been used to assimilate the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) version 3.3 H2O measurements within the 316–5 hPa range from August 2011 to March 2013 with an assimilation window of 1 h. Diagnostics based on observations minus analysis and forecast are developed to assess the quality of the assimilated H2O fields. Comparison with an independent source of H2O measurements in the UTLS based on the space-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) observations and with meteorological ARPEGE analyses is also shown. Sensitivity studies of the analysed fields have been performed by (1) considering periods when no MLS measurements are available and (2) using H2O data from another MLS version (4.2). The studies have been performed within three different spaces in time and space coincidences with MLS (hereafter referred to as MLS space) and MIPAS (MIPAS space) observations and with the model (model space) outputs and at three different levels: 121 hPa (upper troposphere), 100 hPa (tropopause) and 68 hPa (lower stratosphere) in January and February 2012. In the MLS space, the analyses behave consistently with the MLS observations from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. In the model space, the analyses are wetter than the reference atmosphere as represented by ARPEGE and MLS in the upper troposphere (121 hPa) and around the tropopause (100 hPa), but are consistent with MLS and MIPAS in the lower stratosphere (68 hPa). In the MIPAS space, the sensitivity and the vertical resolution of the MIPAS data set at 121 and 100 hPa prevent assessment of the behaviour of the analyses at 121 and 100 hPa, particularly over intense convective areas as the South American, the African and the Maritime continents but, in the lower stratosphere (68 hPa), the analyses are very consistent with MIPAS. Sensitivity studies show the improvement on the H2O analyses in the tropical UTLS when assimilating space-borne measurements of better quality, particularly over the convective areas.
Long-term Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics at SPRUCE Revealed through Stable Isotopes in Peat Profiles
Authors: Hobbie Erik A. , Chen Janet , Hanson Paul J. , Iversen Colleen M. , Mcfarlane Karis J. , Thorp Nathan R. , Hofmockel Kirsten S.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We used δ15N and δ13C patterns from 16 peat depth profiles to interpret changes in C and N cycling in the Marcell S1 forested bog in northern Minnesota over the past ~ 10 000 years. In multiple regression analyses, δ15N and δ13C correlated strongly with depth, plot location, C / N, %N, and each other. Continuous variables in the regression model mainly reflected 13C and 15N fractionation accompanying N and C losses, with an estimated 40 % of fractionations involving C-N bonds. In contrast, nominal variables such as plot, depth, and vegetation cover reflected peatland successional history and climate. Higher δ15N and lower δ13C in plots closer to uplands may reflect distinct hydrology and accompanying shifts in C and N dynamics in the lagg drainage area surrounding the bog. The Suess effect (declining δ13CO2 since the Industrial Revolution) and aerobic decomposition lowered δ13C in recent surficial samples. A decrease of 1 ‰ in the depth coefficient for δ15N from −35 cm to −25 cm probably indicated the depth of ectomycorrhizal activity after tree colonization of the peatland. Low δ13C at −213 cm and −225 cm (~ 8500 years BP) corresponded to a warm period during a sedge-dominated rich fen stage, whereas higher δ13C thereafter reflected subsequent cooling. Because of multiple potential mechanisms influencing δ13C, there was no clear evidence for the influence of methanogenesis or methane oxidation on bulk δ13C.
Using radon to understand parafluvial flows and the changing locations of
groundwater inflows in the Avon River, southeast Australia
Authors: Cartwright Ian , Hofmann Harald
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Understanding the location and magnitude of groundwater inflows to rivers is important for the protection of riverine ecosystems and the management of connected groundwater and surface water systems. This study utilizes 222Rn activities and Cl concentrations in the Avon River, southeast Australia, to determine the distribution of groundwater inflows and to understand the importance of parafluvial flow on the 222Rn budget. The distribution of 222Rn activities and Cl concentrations implies that the Avon River contains alternating gaining and losing reaches. The location of groundwater inflows changed as a result of major floods in 2011–2013 that caused significant movement of the floodplain sediments. The floodplain of the Avon River comprises unconsolidated coarse-grained sediments with numerous point bars and sediment banks through which significant parafluvial flow is likely. The 222Rn activities in the Avon River, which are locally up to 3690 Bq m−3, result from a combination of groundwater inflows and the input of water from the parafluvial zone that has high 222Rn activities due to 222Rn emanation from the alluvial sediments. If the high 222Rn activities were ascribed solely to groundwater inflows, the calculated net groundwater inflows would exceed the measured increase in streamflow along the river by up to 490 % at low streamflows. Uncertainties in the 222Rn activities of groundwater, the gas transfer coefficient, and the degree of hyporheic exchange cannot explain a discrepancy of this magnitude. The proposed model of parafluvial flow envisages that water enters the alluvial sediments in reaches where the river is losing and subsequently re-enters the river in the gaining reaches with flow paths of tens to hundreds of metres. Parafluvial flow is likely to be important in rivers with coarse-grained alluvial sediments on their floodplains and failure to quantify the input of 222Rn from parafluvial flow will result in overestimating groundwater inflows to rivers.
Regionalising rainfall–runoff modelling for predicting daily runoff in continental Australia
Authors: Li Hongxia , Zhang Yongqiang
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Numerous regionalisation studies have been conducted to predict the runoff time series in ungauged catchments. However, there are few studies investigating their benefits for predicting runoff time series on a continental scale. This study uses four regionalisation approaches, including spatial proximity (SP), gridded SP, integrated similarity (IS) and gridded IS, to regionalise two rainfall–runoff models (SIMHYD and Xinanjiang) for 605 unregulated catchments distributed across Australia. The SP and IS approaches are used for directly predicting catchment streamflow; the gridded SP and gridded IS approaches are used for predicting runoff at each 0.05° × 0.05° grid cell for continental Australia, which is then aggregated for each catchment. The IS and gridded IS approaches use five properties to build similarity indices, including three physical properties (an aridity index, a fraction of forest ratio and the mean annual air temperature) and two rainfall indices (rainfall seasonality and the standard deviation of daily rainfall). The two rainfall–runoff models show consistent regionalisation results, and there is a marginal difference among the four regionalisation approaches in the wet and densely located catchments. However, the gridded IS approach outperforms the other three in the dry and sparsely located catchments, and it overcomes the unnatural tessellated effect obtained from the gridded SP approach. Use of the gridded IS approach together with rainfall–runoff modelling for predicting runoff on a continental scale is highly recommended. Extra predictors should be included to build similarity indices in other regions, such as the high latitude northern hemisphere or high elevation regions.
REVIEW OF PUBLIC TWEETS OVER TURKEY WITHIN A PRE-DETERMINED TIME
Authors: Gulnerman A. G. , Gengec N. E. , Karaman H.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Spatial data by using public knowledge is the most popular way to gather data in terms of social media within the last decade. Literature defines, public or volunteers are accepted bionic sensors detecting their surroundings and share what they detect in terms of their social media applications or microblogs. Besides being cheapest and fastest and easy way of spatial data acquisition, public or volunteers provides not only spatial data but also attribute data which makes the data more valuable. To understand and interpret those data have some difficulties according to locality. Although some difficulties like difference of languages, society structure and the time period would affect tweets depending on locality, gathering public knowledge or volunteered data contribute many scientific or private researches like Urban, Environmental, and Market side. To extract information, data should be reviewed locally according to main aim of research. In this study, our aim is to draw a perspective for a PhD research about volunteered data in the case of Turkey.
THE DUBLIN DASHBOARD: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL-TIME
ANALYTICAL URBAN DASHBOARD
Authors: McArdle G. , Kitchin R.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. As many cities increase in size across multiple dimensions such as population, economic output and physical size, new methods for understanding and managing cities are required. Data produced by and about urban environments offer insight into what is happening in cities. Real-time data from sensors within the city record current transport and environmental conditions such as noise levels, water levels, journey times and public transport delays. Similarly administrative data such as demographics, employment statistics, property prices and crime rates all provide insight into how a city is evolving. Traditionally, these data were maintained separately and managed by individual city departments. Advances in technology and a move to open-government have placed many of these data in the public domain. Urban dashboards have emerged as a technique to visualise these data in an accessible way. This paper describes the implementation of one such dashboard, the Dublin Dashboard, an interactive website which collects, analyses and visualises data from a variety of sources about Dublin in Ireland through a series of interactive maps, graphs and applications. This paper describes the approach, the data and the technology used to develop the Dublin Dashboard and acts as a guideline for developing urban dashboards in other cities.