bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A bi-dissipative damage model for concrete
Authors: Pituba J. J. C. , Pereira Júnior W. M.
Published: March 2015

This work deals with an improvement of an anisotropic damage model in order to analyze reinforced concrete structures submitted to reversal loading. The original constitutive model is based on the fundamental hypothesis of energy equivalence between real and continuous media following the concepts of the Continuum Damage Mechanics. The concrete is assumed as an initial elastic isotropic medium presenting anisotropy, permanent strains and bimodularity induced by damage evolution. In order to take into account the bimodularity, two damage tensors governing the rigidity in tension or compression regimes are introduced. However, the original model is not capable to simulate the influence of the previous damage processes in compression regimes. In order to avoid this problem, some conditions are introduced to simulate the damage unilateral effect. It has noted that the damage model is agreement with to micromechanical theory conditions when dealing to unilateral effect in concrete material. Finally, the proposed model is applied in the analyses of reinforced concrete framed structures submitted to reversal loading. These numerical applications show the good performance of the model and its potentialities to simulate practical problems in structural engineering.
Pharmaceutical services and health promotion: how far have we gone and how are we faring? Scientific output in pharmaceutical studies
Authors: Nakamura Carina Akemi , Soares Luciano , Farias Mareni Rocha , Leite Silvana Nair
Published: March 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the scientific output on health promotion within the pharmaceutical field and its relation with the development of pharmaceutical services within health systems. A comprehensive review of published scientific articles from the Medline and Lilacs databases was carried out. The review comprised articles published until December 2011, and used combinations of the terms 'health promotion' or 'health education' and 'pharmacy', 'pharmacist' or 'pharmaceutical'. The articles were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 170 full texts and 87 indexed abstracts were analyzed, evidencing that most described actions of health promotion in community pharmacies and other services. Following the Ottawa Charter, most of the studies dealt with new guidance of the service and the supply of pharmaceutical information and services. It was concluded that there is a lack of theoretical background on health promotion in the pharmaceutical field to sustain the professional education and practice required by the health system and the population.
Thermoanalytical studies of carbamazepine: hydration/dehydration, thermal decomposition, and solid phase transitions
Authors: Pinto Mônia Aparecida Lemos , Ambrozini Beatriz , Ferreira Ana Paula Garcia , Cavalheiro Éder Tadeu Gomes
Published: March 2015

Carbamazepine (CBZ), a widely used anticonvulsant drug, can crystallize and exhibits four polymorphic forms and one dihydrate. Anhydrous CBZ can spontaneously absorb water and convert to the hydrate form whose different crystallinity leads to lower biological activity. The present study was concerned to the possibility of recovering the hydrated form by heating. The thermal behavior of spontaneously hydrated carbamazepine was investigated by TG/DTG-DTA and DSC in dynamic atmospheres of air and nitrogen, which revealed that the spontaneous hydration of this pharmaceutical resulted in a Form III hydrate with 1.5 water molecules. After dehydration, this anhydrous Form III converted to Form I, which melted and decomposed in a single event, releasing isocyanic acid, as shown by evolved gas analysis using TG-FTIR. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses revealed that Form III melted and crystallized as Form I, and that subsequent cooling cycles only generated Form I by crystallization. Solid state decomposition kinetic studies showed that there was no change in the substance after the elimination of water by heating to 120 °C. Activation energies of 98 ± 2 and 93 ± 2 kJ mol-1 were found for the hydrated and dried samples, respectively, and similar profiles of activation energy as a function of conversion factor were observed for these samples.
Implementing Strategic Weed Prevention Programs to Protect Rangeland Ecosystems
Authors: Smith Brenda S. , Sheley Roger L.
Published: March 2015

Weed prevention is recognized as one of the most cost-effective management strategies for invasive plants. In the field of invasive plant management increasing emphasis is being directed toward proactive management. However, land managers are still somewhat reluctant to aggressively employ prevention programs. Part of this reluctance could be due to lack of understanding of what a comprehensive prevention program entails. The purpose of this paper is to improve strategic decision-making for site-specific prevention programs, such as those on ranches or in watersheds. Our interest is in advancing prevention planning for land managers—the people who are faced with the constant pressure of potential invasive species infestations on a day-to-day basis. To facilitate more widespread use of prevention programs we are proposing definitions for key terminology to standardize and facilitate communication about prevention programs. Additionally, we present a flow model with the steps necessary to successfully implement such programs. The model has three categories from which specific prevention planning occurs: (1) education, (2) early detection and eradication, and (3) interruption of movement. The flow model directs users through a series of interlinked steps. Finally, we provide a case study in which a ranch manager implemented a prevention program using this framework. By using this model, managers are poised to conduct more strategic planning. This model also has applications in outreach and education programs to assist land managers in prevention planning.
Fire and False Brome: How Do Prescribed Fire and Invasive Brachypodium sylvaticum Affect Each Other?
Authors: Poulos Lauren P. , Roy Bitty A.
Published: March 2015

Brachypodium sylvaticum, a shade-tolerant, forest dwelling, and aggressive invasive grass native to Eurasia, is a noxious weed in California, Oregon, and Washington. This species could cause ecosystem collapse by altering forest fire regimes. To examine interactions with fire, we divided two Willamette National Forest sites into eight units and randomly selected half for treatment with prescribed fire in spring 2011. We assessed the effect of B. sylvaticum on fire (severity and intensity) as well as the effect of fire on B. sylvaticum (cover, seedling emergence, and dispersal). We found that B. sylvaticum cover decreased fire severity but had no effect on intensity. Furthermore, fire severity influenced B. sylvaticum cover; in areas receiving low-severity fire, the grass increased from 21 ± 15.05 to 34 ± 15.81%, but in areas of high-severity fire, cover remained consistently around 0% (0 ± 0% cover in yr 1 to 0.2 5± 0.25% in yr 3). In the field, prescribed fire decreased seedling emergence by 32% compared to controls, but not in an associated greenhouse experiment. However, in the greenhouse, severely burned plots had zero emergence, compared to 0.29 ± 0.14 seedlings low-severity m−2 plot. Fire severity also influenced dispersal in the field; we monitored plots with < 0.5% cover B. sylvaticum initially; when these plots experienced low severity fire, they had greater B. sylvaticum cover (increasing 1,200%), suggesting increased dispersal with less severe fires. High-severity dispersal plots did not experience increased cover. High severity fires have the potential to control the grass, but low-severity fires will likely increase its cover.
Establishment Stage Competition between Exotic Crimson Fountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum, C4) and Native Purple Needlegrass (Stipa pulchra, C3)
Authors: Sweet Lynn C. , Holt Jodie S.
Published: March 2015

Southern California grasslands have largely been type-converted to dominance by exotic annual grasses, leading to displacement of many native grass and forb species. Crimson fountaingrass, Pennisetum setaceum, an exotic perennial C4 species and a relatively new invader to California, is expanding to areas currently occupied by purple needlegrass, Stipa pulchra, a C3 native. We predicted that fountaingrass seedlings might withstand cool season competition in California's Mediterranean-type climate and establish in Stipa pulchra grasslands due to less competition during the warm, dry summer season, and that interactions might be influenced by density. A field experiment was conducted to examine competitive interactions of the two species from the cool winter season to the warm summer season. As predicted, Stipa produced greater aboveground biomass in the cool season and showed strong intraspecific competition, as well as interspecific suppression of Pennisetum growth, whereas Pennisetum showed no suppression of Stipa. In the warm season, Stipa showed relatively less suppression of Pennisetum, erasing significant differences, and Pennisetum showed increased growth. Results of this study show that C3Stipa can suppress initial growth of C4Pennisetum in the cool season, but in warmer months, Pennisetum can overcome this initial suppression at both low and high densities, even within a Mediterranean-type climate with little to no summer rainfall. Thus, in southern California, temporal niche partitioning due to photosynthetic pathway in these two species can allow Pennisetum invasion. Given the similarity in life history and growth form of Stipa and Pennisetum, few options exist for controlling Pennisetum in habitats where Stipa occurs. In these cases, restoration plantings of desirable species are essential in order to reestablish competitive vegetation that will be more resistant to invasion.
Herbicide Treatment and Application Method Influence Root Sprouting in Chinese Tallowtree (Triadica sebifera)
Authors: Enloe Stephen F. , Loewenstein Nancy J. , Streett Douglas , Lauer Dwight K.
Published: March 2015

Chinese tallowtree is an invasive tree found throughout the southeastern United States and in California. Its negative effects can be seen in numerous natural and managed ecosystems, including bottomland hardwood forests, pastures, pine plantations, and along lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers. Despite its troublesome presence for many decades, relatively few effective control strategies are available. Root sprouting following management efforts is a major impediment to successful control. Studies were conducted in Alabama and Louisiana at three locations to test several herbicides for cut stump, basal bark, and foliar individual plant treatment (IPT) methods. Herbicide treatments included triclopyr amine and ester formulations, imazamox, aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, and fluroxypyr. Data were collected just before leaf senescence at one and two growing seasons after treatment and included Chinese tallowtree foliar cover, number of stump or root collar sprouts, and number of sprouts originating from lateral roots within a 1-m radius of each tree. For the cut stump and basal bark studies, most herbicide treatments prevented sprouting from the stump or root collar region better than they did from the lateral roots. Aminopyralid reduced total sprouting better than all other treatments in the cut stump study. The high rates of aminocyclopyrachlor and fluroxypyr resulted in the highest mortality in the basal bark study. Aminocyclopyrachlor reduced total sprouting better than all other herbicides in the foliar treatment study. Triclopyr amine and ester formulations, which are commercial standards, did not consistently control Chinese tallowtree across these IPT studies. These studies provide some promising treatments to increase the number of effective tools that can be used to manage Chinese tallowtree. Additional research is needed to address the prolific nature of lateral root sprouting following any of these treatment methods.
Yield Losses in Chickpea with Varying Densities of Dragon Spurge (Euphorbia dracunculoides)
Authors: Tanveer Asif , Javaid Muhammad Mansoor , Irfan Muhammad , Khaliq Abdul , Yaseen Muhammad
Published: March 2015

Knowledge of economic threshold level and growth habits of weeds in chickpea is essential to implement timely, effective, and economical weed control treatments. The effect of weed density on growth and yield performance in chickpea using dragon spurge as a test weed was investigated for 2 consecutive yr. Dragon spurge density levels of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 plants m−2 were compared with weed-free plots. Each increment in densities of dragon spurge from 5 to 40 plants m−2 reduced plant height, number of fruits, seeds, and dry weight per plant. Chickpea grain yield losses varied between 1 to 63% with dragon spurge density ranging from 5 to 40 plants m−2. The seed protein content of chickpea was found to be significantly reduced above a weed density of 25 plants m−2. Maximum N, P and K uptake by dragon spurge was 1,520, 1,020, and 7,350 mg m−2, respectively. Thus, dragon spurge should be controlled at densities above 5 plants m−2 to achieve optimum chickpea yield.
Seedbank and Field Emergence of Weeds in Glyphosate-Resistant Cropping Systems in the United States
Authors: Schwartz Lauren M. , Gibson David J. , Gage Karla L. , Matthews Joseph L. , Jordan David L. , Owen Micheal D. K. , Shaw David R. , Weller Stephen C. , Wilson Robert G. , Young Bryan G.
Published: March 2015

A segment of the debate surrounding the commercialization and use of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops focuses on the theory that the implementation of these traits is an extension of the intensification of agriculture that will further erode the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes. A large field-scale study was initiated in 2006 in the United States on 156 different field sites with a minimum 3-yr history of GR-corn, -cotton or -soybean in the cropping system. The impact of cropping system, crop rotation, frequency of using the GR crop trait, and several categorical variables on seedbank weed population density and diversity was analyzed. The parameters of total weed population density of all species in the seedbank, species richness, Shannon's H′ and evenness were not affected by any management treatment. The similarity between the seedbank and aboveground weed community was more strongly related to location than management; previous year's crops and cropping systems were also important while GR trait rotation was not. The composition of the weed flora was more strongly related to location (geography) than any other parameter. The diversity of weed flora in agricultural sites with a history of GR crop production can be influenced by several factors relating to the specific method in which the GR trait is integrated (cropping system, crop rotation, GR trait rotation), the specific weed species, and the geographical location. Continuous GR crop, compared to fields with other cropping systems, only had greater species diversity (species richness) of some life forms, i.e., biennials, winter annuals, and prostrate weeds. Overall diversity was related to geography and not cropping system. These results justify further research to clarify the complexities of crops grown with herbicide-resistance traits to provide a more complete characterization of their culture and local adaptation to the weed seedbank.
Factors Affecting Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Asia Minor Bluegrass (Polypogon fugax)
Authors: Wu Xian , Li Jun , Xu Hongle , Dong Liyao
Published: March 2015

Little published information is available related to seed germination and seedling establishment of Asia Minor bluegrass, a problematic grass weed in some regions of China. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different environmental factors on Asia Minor bluegrass seed germination. The optimum temperature for germination was around 10 to 20 C, and more than 90% of seeds germinated under 20/10 and 25/15 C temperature regimes. Also, light and pH did not appear to have any effect on seed germination. Asia Minor bluegrass was sensitive to osmotic stress, but tolerant of NaCl. No seedlings emerged when seeds were buried 4 cm deep. The result suggested that Asia Minor bluegrass has the potential to spread into a large area in China. To prevent its spreading, measures such as soil cultivation can be used to limit seed germination from increased burial depth and/or nonselective herbicides can be applied to kill early-germinating weed seedlings in late summer.
Outcrossing Potential between U.S. Blackhull Red Rice and Indica Rice Cultivars
Authors: Gealy David R. , Burgos Nilda R. , Yeater Kathleen M. , Jackson Aaron K.
Published: March 2015

Weedy red rice is a major weed pest of rice in the southern United States. Outcrossing between red rice and commercial tropical japonica rice cultivars has resulted in new weed biotypes that further hinder the effectiveness of weed management. In recent years, indica rice has been used increasingly as a germplasm source for breeding and for reduced-input systems in the United States, but little is known about its outcrossing potential with U.S. weedy red rice biotypes. In a 2-yr study, simple sequence repeat marker analysis was used to show that blackhull (BH) red rice (PI 653424) outcrossing to four, late-maturing indica cultivars averaged 0.0086% and ranged from 0.002% for ‘TeQing’ to 0.0173% for ‘4484’ (PI 615022). Rates of outcrossing to a tropical japonica cultivar standard, ‘Kaybonnet’ (0.032%), were substantially greater than for the indica cultivars. These differences in outcrossing were due largely to synchronization of flowering times between rice and red rice, with Kaybonnet and TeQing exhibiting the greatest and least synchronization, respectively. Outcrossing rates also may have been affected by rice–red rice flower density differences within the rice plots. Outcrossing from cultivated rice to the red rice (as pollen recipient), which was taller than all rice cultivars, was undetectable in these studies, and environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and rainfall) were not strongly correlated with the outcrossing rates observed. Grain yields of the original BH red rice line were greatest in the Kaybonnet plots, demonstrating that the indica cultivars were superior competitors against this weed. Collectively, these results suggest that red rice biotypes that flower synchronously with rice cultivars are a potential source of pollen for outcrossing and gene flow in rice fields in the southern United States.
RIM: Anatomy of a Weed Management Decision Support System for Adaptation and Wider Application
Authors: Lacoste Myrtille , Powles Stephen
Published: March 2015

RIM, or “Ryegrass Integrated Management,” is a model-based software allowing users to conveniently test and compare the long-term performance and profitability of numerous ryegrass control options used in Australian cropping systems. As a user-friendly decision support system that can be used by farmers, advisers, and industry professionals, RIM can aid the delivery of key recommendations among the agricultural community for broadacre cropping systems threatened by herbicide resistance. This paper provides advanced users and future developers with the keys to modify the latest version of RIM in order to facilitate future updates, modifications, and adaptations to other situations. The various components of RIM are mapped and explained, and the key principles underlying the construction of the model are explained. The implementation of RIM into a Microsoft Excel® software format is also documented, with details on how user inputs are coded and parameterized. An overview of the biological, agronomic, and economic components of the model is provided, with emphasis on the ryegrass biological characteristics most critical for its effective management. The extreme variability of these parameters and the subsequent limits of RIM are discussed. The necessary compromises were achieved by emphasizing the primary end-use of the program as a decision support system for farmers and advisors.
Weed Control, Crop Response, and Profitability When Intercropping Cantaloupe and Cotton
Authors: Eure Peter M. , Culpepper A. Stanley , Merchant Rand M. , Roberts Phillip M. , Collins Guy C.
Published: March 2015

Intercropping cantaloupe and cotton can improve grower profits over traditional monoculture practices because crops share resources and production costs. However, developing effective programs to control weeds with herbicides that are safe to both crops can be challenging. Research was conducted to (1) identify herbicide systems to manage Palmer amaranth in cantaloupe–cotton intercropping production while minimizing crop injury, and (2) determine the profitability of cantaloupe–cotton intercropping. Ethalfluralin applied preplant did not injure cantaloupe or cotton, but Palmer amaranth was not controlled. The addition of fomesafen preplant improved Palmer amaranth control to at least 92% without injuring cotton, but cantaloupe necrosis and chlorosis of up to 20% was recorded. Halosulfuron-methyl was safely applied over cantaloupe, but its residual activity reduced cotton growth by 12% at 4 wk after planting; halosulfuron-methyl did not improve Palmer amaranth control beyond that noted with ethalfluralin plus fomesafen preplant. Intercropping systems that controlled Palmer amaranth at least 92% produced cantaloupe yields (25,760 to 25,890 fruit ha−1) similar to the weed-free monoculture system (24,120 fruit ha−1) but produced lint cotton yields that were 170 to 275 kg ha−1less than the weed-free monoculture cotton system. Although cotton production was less in the intercropping system, the returns over variable costs with intercropping systems ($21,670 to 21,920 ha−1) exceeded those of cantaloupe monoculture ($18,070 ha−1) or cotton monoculture ($1,890 to $1,955 ha−1), as long as Palmer amaranth was controlled. Intercropping cantaloupe and cotton is an effective approach to share land resources and production inputs as well as to improve grower profitability and is being rapidly adopted by Georgia growers.
Consultant's Perspective on the Evolution and Management of Glyphosate-Resistant Kochia (Kochia scoparia) in Western Kansas
Authors: Godar Amar S. , Stahlman Phillip W.
Published: March 2015

Glyphosate is the leading herbicide used in glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops and no-till production systems. Evolved resistance to glyphosate in kochia was first reported in Kansas in 2007. Shortly thereafter, GR kochia became prevalent in western Kansas. An online survey of crop consultants was conducted in fall 2012 to gain their perspectives on evolving glyphosate resistance in kochia in western Kansas, to gather information on how grower weed management practices have changed from before to after occurrence of GR kochia, and to assess the effectiveness of management practices used during 2011 to 2012. Results of the survey indicated increasing infestation of kochia from prior to 2007 (present in 47% of fields) through 2012 (present in 70% of fields). It was estimated that greater than one-third of the cropland in western Kansas was thought to be infested with GR kochia by 2012. Growers increased glyphosate use rates from an average of 0.8 to 1.22 kg ae ha−1and application frequencies from 2.0 to 2.9 from the period before 2007 to 2012. The spread of GR kochia has resulted in changing weed management practices. During the survey period, growers reduced the exclusive use of glyphosate from 49 to 15% for GR crop fields and diversified weed management practices. Though other herbicides in addition to or in place of glyphosate were often applied prior to kochia emergence and were effective in more than half the fields, at least one-fourth of respondents reported inconsistent results with alternative kochia control practices other than tillage. These results are educational and helpful in developing both proactive and reactive tactics to manage GR kochia.
Mesotrione Activity on Crabgrass (Digitariaspp.) as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization Rate, Source, and Timing
Authors: Beck Leslie L. , Patton Aaron J. , Law Quincy D. , Weisenberger Daniel V. , Brosnan James T. , Almodóvar José J. Vargas , Breeden Gregory K. , Kopsell Dean A.
Published: March 2015

Mesotrione, a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting herbicide, is labeled for PRE and POST crabgrass control. It has enhanced efficacy on smooth and large crabgrass when applied in conjunction with soil-applied nitrogen (N). The objectives of this study, using crabgrass as the weed species, were to (1) determine the influence of N rate and tissue N concentration on mesotrione activity, (2) determine the influence of N source on mesotrione activity, and (3) determine the influence of N application timing on mesotrione activity. Large crabgrass plants that received 12 kg N ha−1or more before mesotrione application had more bleached and necrotic leaves compared with plants that received 0 kg N ha−17 d after treatment (DAT) in the greenhouse. Although N application rates as high as 98 kg N ha−1were tested, 90% leaf bleaching and necrosis were observed with rates of 8.9 or 10.1 kg N ha−1in Tennessee and Indiana, respectively. Nitrogen concentration in large crabgrass leaf and stem tissue on the day of the mesotrione application was closely related to the bleaching and necrosis symptoms observed 7 DAT. Although N rate influenced mesotrione activity, N source did not. Nitrogen application timing was also important, with N applications 3, 1, and 0 d before a mesotrione application having the highest percentage of bleached and necrotic leaves in greenhouse experiments. Both greenhouse and field trials support the finding that N applications in proximity to the mesotrione application enhance herbicide activity. Thus, practitioners can pair N and POST mesotrione applications together or in proximity to enhance crabgrass control.
Imazapic Activity in a Semiarid Climate in Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)–Infested Rangeland and CRP Sites
Authors: Ehlert Krista A. , Engel Richard E. , Mangold Jane M.
Published: March 2015

Chemical control of downy brome has focused on imazapic; however, imazapic efficacy in semiarid climates is unpredictable, possibly because of variable residual soil activity. Our objective was to characterize imazapic activity over 9 mo in rangeland and a Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) site following its application in the fall as affected by rate (0, 80, 160, 240 g ai ha−1) and quantity of plant residue (reduced, ambient). Greenhouse bioassays were conducted over two seasons (2010 to 2011 and 2011 to 2012) using soil collected at multiple dates after imazapic application. Quantity of plant residue did not affect downy brome biomass or response to imazapic. Imazapic reduced downy brome biomass (P < 0.05) across all sampling dates in both seasons, and the response to rates was consistent up to 200 d post application. Imazapic activity over time conformed to a biphasic model with activity being consistent, or slightly improving, up to about 160 and 150 d post application, and then dropping rapidly to the final sampling event 287 and 272 d post application in rangeland and at CRP sites, respectively. These results indicate that fall imazapic applications in semiarid climates persist into the spring, thus providing control of both fall-emerging downy brome seedlings and seeds that overwinter and emerge the following spring.
Confirmation, Characterization, and Management of Glyphosate-Resistant Ragweed Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) in the Everglades Agricultural Area of South Florida
Authors: Fernandez Jose V. , Odero Dennis C. , MacDonald Gregory E. , Ferrell Jason , Gettys Lyn A.
Published: March 2015

Growers have observed lack of control of ragweed parthenium with glyphosate at 0.84 kg ae ha−1 used for weed control in noncrop areas and fallow fields in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of South Florida. Therefore, studies were conducted to (1) confirm and characterize the level of glyphosate resistance in ragweed parthenium from the EAA, (2) determine if reduced absorption or translocation is the mechanism of resistance of ragweed parthenium to glyphosate, and (3) evaluate the efficacy of POST herbicides commonly used in cultivated and noncrop areas for broadleaf weed control on flowering ragweed parthenium at the full and half labeled rate. A dose-response bioassay was used to determine the response of the rosette ragweed parthenium biotype from the EAA (resistant) and a susceptible biotype from Stoneville, MS, to glyphosate. The bioassay showed that the resistant biotype was 40- to 43-fold less sensitive to glyphosate when compared to the susceptible biotype. There was no significant difference in glyphosate absorption or translocation from the treated leaf to the rest of the plant 168 h after treatment between resistant and susceptible biotypes. This shows that absorption or translocation is not a mechanism of glyphosate resistance by ragweed parthenium. Saflufenacil + dimethenamid-P and hexazinone provided rapid and complete control of flowering ragweed parthenium 3 wk after treatment (WAT). Aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron and aminopyralid at the full and the half label rates provided 100% control of ragweed parthenium by 9 WAT. Clopyralid, 2,4-D amine, and glufosinate at the full label rate provided 89 to 98% control of ragweed parthenium 9 WAT. Control of ragweed parthenium 9 WAT was < 75% with flumioxazin, fomesafen, glyphosate, imazapic, imazethapyr, mesotrione, oxyfluorfen, and paraquat, irrespective of use rate.
Distribution of Arable Weed Populations along Eastern Arkansas Mississippi Delta Roadsides: Occurrence, Distribution, and Favored Growth Habitats
Authors: Korres Nicholas E. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V. , Mauromoustakos Andy
Published: March 2015

A survey was conducted in 2012 across 13 counties in the eastern Arkansas–Mississippi Delta area on 489 randomly selected road sites to assess the distribution of the most commonly occurring arable weeds. Among the 36 species recorded, Palmer amaranth, johnsongrass, large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, prickly sida, and broadleaf signalgrass were the top six weed species, occurring at 313, 294, 261, 238, 176, and 136 sites, respectively. Barnyardgrass, johnsongrass, and Palmer amaranth were present at 34, 32, and 31% of all sampling occasions (site by roadside topographical characteristic). Habitat preferences varied between weed species. Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, and johnsongrass exhibited a preference for disturbed habitats as well as field shoulders. Conversely, barnyardgrass, yellow nutsedge, hemp sesbania, and giant ragweed exhibit a preference for moist environments similar to these found in roadside ditches. Herbicide use on roadsides is subject to many environmental regulations and public concerns that, in combination with the evolution of herbicide resistance, necessitate an effective plan for managing agronomically important weed species on eastern Arkansas–Mississippi Delta roadsides.
Esențialitatea diacroniei
Authors: Gafton Francisc
Published: March 2015

Entitățile naturale primare—plantele și animalele—sau derivate—societatea, limba și cultura—apar prin anevoios travaliu diacronic, au a răspunde unor nevoi dezvoltate diacronic, există și funcționează diacronic. Cu toate acestea, prin instrumentele sale, omul poate doar percepe și surprinde fragmentul, fixîndu-l pentru o clipă prelungită, motiv obiectiv pentru care el segmentează realitatea spațio-temporală în conformitate cu propriile proporții și capacități. Aceasta însă nu se poate supune segregării nefirești a unuia dintre produsele și elementele ei, pe deplin neputînd fi înțeleasă decît așa cum există ea, ca întreg. După completarea parcursului sincronic, cea care poate oferi cuprinderea și înțelegerea întregului care devine este calea metodei diacronice.
Note despre redarea unui pasaj evanghelic controversat în limba română (Mt, 19, 24)
Authors: Chirilă Adina
Published: March 2015

Cercetarea de față urmărește, din perspectivă diacronică, soluțiile pe care traducătorii și diortositorii români le-au aplicat segmentului biblic din Mt, 19, 24, reluat în Mc, 10, 25 și Lc, 18, 25. Considerînd că aceștia au, cel puțin de la un punct, privilegiul de a se manifesta în circumstanțe ce le favorizează o anumită libertate față de textul-sursă, am căutat să înțelegem, punctual, natura factorilor care îi determină să își asume această libertate și care le orientează opțiunea lingvistică. Investigația a avut în vedere în mod special două tipuri de texte: cel biblic integral (Noul Testament ori Biblia) și textul specific serviciului preoțesc, Evanghelia, în versiunile succesive pe care le-au cunoscut, începînd cu secolul al XVI-lea, pînă în epoca modernă; faptele constatate pun în evidență la cărturarul ce se ocupă de text un comportament ce implică încrederea în cunoștințele anterioare despre conținutul și forma textului prelucrat, critica versiunii ce îi servește ca punct de plecare și actualizarea unor soluții lingvistice oferite de surse de altă natură decît a textului pe care îl emendează.
Modalități lingvistice de adresare convenționale vs neconvenționale. (Formule de salut vechi și noi în limba română)
Authors: Felecan Daiana
Published: March 2015

Între mijloacele lingvistice de care uzează indivizii în cadrul procesului comunicativ se înscriu și modalitățile de adresare, iar în cadrul acestora, un rol important revine formulelor de salut.

În prezenta comunicare, ne propunem să identificăm o serie de forme / formule de salut utilizate în spațiul public românesc actual și să le analizăm din perspectivă structurală și funcțională (valori pragmatice contextuale). Alături de unitățile consacrate (gramaticalizate / clișeizate), vom înregistra și altele, purtătoare de noi valori semantice, survenite în urma unor determinări situaționale.

Astfel, vom distinge între două modalități lingvistice de salut: convenționale (neutre din punct de vedere stilistic, utilizate de întreaga comunitate de locutori și neconvenționale (de import recent, englezești majoritatea, calcuri, care reconstituie tiparul originar sau sînt preluate fără nici o modificare din limba împrumutătoare, utilizate cu intenție persuasivă sau ironică).

Corpusul va fi preluat din internet.

Ca metodologie, ne vom folosi de instrumentarul teoretic de proveniență psihosociolingvistică, pragmatică, etnologică, antropologică.
Semnificația ca reflex al contactelor lingvistice
Authors: Pál Enikő
Published: March 2015

Studiul de față se înscrie pe direcția actualizării în lingvistica românească a teoriilor privitoare la interferențele lingvistice (româno-maghiare) manifestate în unele comunități bilingve și a cercetării particularităților lexicale pătrunse în limba română scrisă prin influența graiurilor maghiare vorbite în diferite zone ale țării sau chiar prin traducerea în română a unor texte maghiare. Preocuparea de bază o constituie împrumuturile maghiare lexicale vechi din limba română care sînt discutate din perspectiva schimbărilor petrecute în planul semnificației. Inventarierea sensurilor împrumuturilor maghiare s-a efectuat pe baza unui corpus de texte românești vechi, ținîndu-se cont și de materialul oferit de diverse dicționare cu preocupări (și) etimologice. Așa cum reiese din cele cîteva exemple analizate în cadrul prezentului studiu, sensul lexical este impregnat atît de intelect, cît și de afectivitate. Însă universul emoțional este rareori preluat o dată cu termenul împrumutat. Cel mai des, conținutul afectiv este, la rîndul lui, adaptat conform sensibilității și spiritualității proprii vorbitorilor care împrumută.
Învățătură pentru ferirea și doftoria boalelor (1816). Notes on glosses
Authors: Soare Liliana
Published: March 2015

The aim of the present paper is the minute analysis of glosses excerpted from Învățătură pentru ferirea și doftoria boalelor, a text translated by Petru Maior and printed in Buda, in 1816. The Enlightenment principle followed by the Transylvanian scholar, i.e. the principle of adapting the Western culture to the Romanian one, of facilitating the access of popular masses to science is materialised in the high frequency of glosses. For P. Maior, the gloss represents an excellent mechanism of inserting neologisms in his text, neologisms which are explained by old, popular terms, collocations or periphrases. The highest weight is held by terminological glosses of the lexical borrowing – old term type. The fact is relevant for the conception that guides the author in his activity of translating the text: the glosses are intentionally oriented towards the creating of a neologic lexical corpus, in accordance with that of other European languages of culture. A detailed analysis of the various types of glosses offers useful information as regards the phenomenon of integrating neologisms and reveals interesting aspects of the process of lexical renewal of the Romanian literary language.
Got Steam? Understanding ESP Steam-Handling Capabilities in the Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Noonan S.G. , Baugh A. , Klaczek W. , Wonitoy K. , Wilson B.L.
Published: March 2015

The successful development and implementation of high-temperature electrical-submersible-pump (ESP) technology for steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD) applications have enabled operators to reduce their flowing bottomhole pressures and achieve higher production rates. However, operating under these conditions brings the pump-intake pressure (PIP) closer to the saturation pressure of steam, which can result in live-steam production through the pump. The effect that live-steam has on pump performance is not well-understood, and has been a key challenge for operators when designing and optimizing ESP systems for SAGD applications.

In early 2011, ConocoPhillips, Baker Hughes, and C-FER Technologies (herein referred to as the operator, manufacturer, and independent laboratory, respectively) embarked on an experimental test program to determine the consequences of producing live steam through a centrifugal pump. This new program was meant to build on multiphase work that had begun more than a decade ago at the University of Tulsa, where researchers had focused on experimentally measuring the two-phase-flow performance of ESP stages with air at moderate temperatures (Pessoa and Prado 2003). The University of Tulsa work ultimately resulted in a wave of new technology aimed at increasing ESP gas-handling capabilities. Following a similar testing and ESP-instrumentation philosophy, this new collaboration looked to build upon the University of Tulsa experiments and expand the test fluids to include live steam, water, and air at higher temperatures.

This ultimately involved the design and construction of a unique high-temperature-steam flow loop that enables live-steam injection into a centrifugal pump, while monitoring both head and performance degradation. This paper will reveal some of the unique test results collected with the first pumping system, including snapshots of the stage-by-stage pressure contributions captured in real time as air or air and steam migrated through the ESP being tested. These results also demonstrate the impact that other gases can have on steam flashing and the importance of considering gas- and steam-vapor effects in SAGD-ESP designs.
Temporal Evolution of the Geometrical and Transport Properties of a Fracture/Proppant System Under Increasing Effective Stress
Authors: Chen Cheng , Martysevich Vladimir , O’Connell Pete , Hu Dandan , Matzar Luis
Published: March 2015

A fracture/proppant system is used to mimic the interaction between the rock matrix and proppants during the process of fracture closing attributed to pore-pressure reduction during hydrocarbon production. Effects of rock type and bedding-plane direction are investigated. High-strength sintered bauxite proppants are placed in hydraulic fractures in sandstone and shale rock. There are two bedding-plane directions in shale rock: One is 90°, which is perpendicular to the fracture, whereas the other is 0°, which is parallel to the fracture. Increasing mechanical loading is imposed to close the fracture. Micrometer-scale X-ray tomography is used to visualize the internal structure. Cutting-edge image-processing methods are applied to extract patterns of both the fracture and matrix. A pore-scale lattice Boltzmann simulator, optimized with graphics-processing-unit parallel computing, is used to simulate the permeability tensor inside the fracture. Significant proppant embedment is observed in the sandstone rock when the effective stress is increased to 4,200 psi. Consequently, fracture porosity is reduced by nearly 70%, and permeability is reduced by two orders of magnitude. Embedded proppants are unable to create microscopic fractures on the matrix surface because of the low bonding strength between grains. In the shale rock with 90° bedding planes, when the effective stress is increased to 3,000 psi, significant microscopic fractures on the matrix surface are created because the lamination structure of the matrix is opened. In the shale rock with 0° bedding planes, noticeable microscopic fractures on the matrix surface are not observed until the effective stress is increased to 6,990 psi. Proppant embedment is insignificant because of the high bonding strength between fine grains. Significant anisotropy in the permeability tensor is observed during all experiments. This study is the first to use cutting-edge imaging and modeling methods to quantitatively study the interaction between proppants and the rock matrix during the stress-increase process. It has important applications, which help sustain production with adequate fracture conductivity in deep reservoirs (e.g., the Haynesville shale).
Experimental investigation of convective boiling in mini-channels: Cooling application of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Boudouh Mounir , Si Ameur , Louahlia-Gualous Hasna
Published: March 2015

An experimental study of convective boiling heat transfer of water flowing in
minichannels at low flow rate is carried out with pure de-ionised water and
copper-water nanofluids. A low concentration of copper nanometer-sized
particles was used to enhance the boiling heat transfer. The aim is to
characterize the surface temperature as well as to estimate the local heat
transfer coefficients by using the inverse heat conduction problem IHCP. The
inlet water temperature is fixed at 60?C and mass fluxes operated in range of
212-573 kg/m?.s in minichannels of dimensions 500?2000 ?m?. The maximum heat
flux investigated in the tests is limited to 7000 W/m?. The results show that
the surface temperature and the local heat transfer coefficient are dependent
on the axial location and the adding of copper nanoparticles can
significantly improve the heat transfer.
Effect of thermal radiation on unsteady mixed convection flow near forward stagnation point over a cylinder of elliptic cross section
Authors: Javed Tariq , Mustafa Irfan , Ahmad Hussain
Published: March 2015

The effect of thermal radiation on unsteady mixed convection flow near a
forward stagnation point over a cylinder of elliptic cross section is
investigated in this paper. The governing equations are transformed into
dimensionless partial differential equations by using a suitable
transformation and then are solved numerically by using an implicit finite
difference scheme known as Keller Box method. The accuracy of the results is
verified by comparing the obtained results with the previous studies
available in the literature. It is shown that the results are highly accurate
and are in good agreement. The separation times for both blunt and slender
orientations in the presence of thermal radiation are shown in tabular forms.
Moreover, the effects of pertinent parameters including Prandtl number Pr,
mixed convection parameter ?, thermal radiation parameter Rd, surface
temperature parameter qw and blunt/slender orientation parameter w on the
velocity profile, the temperature profile and the Nusselt number are shown
graphically. From the present study, it is observed that boundary layer
separation occurs early due to thermal radiation and Nusselt number increases
for both blunt and slender orientations.
Interaction between juvenile narrow-claw crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz), and common water frog, Rana esculenta (L.), tadpoles or common blue damselfly, Enallagma cyathigerum (Charpentier), larvae during rearing under controlled conditions
Authors: Ulikowski Dariusz , Piotrowska Iwona , Chybowski Łucjan , Krzywosz Tadeusz , Traczuk Piotr
Published: March 2015

Interactions were studied among juvenile narrow-claw crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz), and common water frog, Rana esculenta (L.), tadpoles and common blue damselfly, Enallagma cyathigerum (Charpentier), larvae during rearing under controlled conditions. Interactions among the species studied had a positive impact on the survival of the crayfish, but the differences were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.5). The juvenile crayfish attacked and consumed the frog tadpoles and damselflies, but the juvenile crayfish very rarely fell prey to them. Only in the initial stage of life and during molting did larval damselflies prey upon juvenile crayfish. After 30 days of the experiment the interaction between crayfish-tadpoles and crayfish-larval damselflies was not noted to have had a statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05) impact on crayfish growth. Juvenile crayfish aggression toward tadpoles and larval damselflies was often offset by the loss of even both chelipeds. In the crayfish-larval damselfly interaction the loss of both chelipeds was three-fold more common than it was in the crayfish-tadpole interaction; however, these differences were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.5). The effect of intraspecific interaction (crayfish-crayfish) was more a threat in terms of mortality from cannibalism than were interspecific interactions (crayfish-tadpole and crayfish-larval damselfly).
Quality Potential Of Some New Pear Cultivars – How To Obtain Fruit Of The Best Sensory Characteristics?
Authors: Konopacka Dorota , Rutkowski Krzysztof P. , Kruczyńska Dorota E. , Skorupińska Anna , Płocharski Witold
Published: March 2015

The eating quality of nine new pear cultivars grown in Poland was investigated in 2008-2011. Fruits of two summer cultivars: ‘Alfa’ and ‘Radana’, as well as late season varieties: ‘Hortensia’, ‘Dicolor’, ‘Concorde’, ‘Uta’, ‘Xenia’, ‘Erika’ and ‘Verdi’ were compared to fruits of ‘Clapp’s Favorite’ and ‘Conference’, which were taken as cultivars of reference. Fruits of all cultivars were harvested from the Experimental Orchard of the Research Institute of Horticulture at the commercial maturity stage and stored at +2.5 °C or -0.5 °C in a normal atmosphere (NA) or at -0.5 °C in a controlled atmosphere (CA) (0.7% CO2 : 2% O2) for 6 to 16 weeks. At the end of storage, the fruits of each cultivar were subjected to an individual ripening schedule at 18 °C (up to 14 days), which generated samples of diversified quality attributes. Based on instrumental analyses and descriptive sensory assessment the quality attributes of each cultivar were examined. The gathered data on the dynamics of quality attribute changes during the ripening stage confirm that each new cultivar needs an individual strategy during storage and ripening in order to maximise their specific sensory attributes to increase potential market value. The obtained data leads to the conclusion that ‘Xenia’ and ‘Concorde’ fruits have the biggest chance to fulfil consumer expectations, as they were appreciated more than the reference ‘Conference’ cultivar. Among the others also ‘Hortensia’, ‘Verdi’ and ‘Dicolor’ were scored higher than ‘Conference’, but their advantages were not so evident.