bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inside Narratives
Authors: Surette Leon
Published: March 2011

George Bornstein. The Postromantic Consciousness of Ezra Pound, English Literary Studies Monograph Series, No. 8. Victoria, B.C.: The University of Victoria, 1977. 84 pp. Ellen Williams. Harriet Monroe and the Poetry Renaissance: The First Ten Years of "Poetry," 1912-22. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977. 312 pp. Bernard Duffey. Poetry in America: Expression and Its Values in the Times of Bryant. Whitman, and Pound. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1978. 358 pp. In A Short Sad Book, George Bowering quips that "Canada is the country in which writing about history is history." It might be said with equal truth that the United States is the country in which writing about literature is literature. Without books like R.W. B. Lewis's The American Adam or Roy Harvey Pearce's The Continuity of American Poetry, there would be no American literature. Instead we would have American writers existing precariously and provincially on the edges of English literature. The first task of the American literary historian, then, has been to create American Literature out of the apparently uncoordinated efforts of numbers of his countrymen writing in the language of a foreign country.
Continental Political Economy: An Assessment of Relations Between Canada and the United States
Authors: Clement Wallace
Published: March 2011

Annette Baker Fox, Alfred O. Hero, Jr., and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., eds. Canada and the United States: Transnational and Transgovemmental Relations. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1976. 443 + xii pp. The United States has had a distorting impact on Canada. Their association has been primarily umi-directional, with the size of the United States (some eleven times greater in population and even more so in economic clout) over- whelming any possible equality in the relationship. It is not sufficient, however, to identify the problem simply as one of size; it is also necessary to specify its dimensions, its causes, its implications and its dynamics. The recent collection of seventeen articles entitled Canada and the United States should provide its readers with some important insights into the nature of their association. In some important ways it does, but fundamentally it fails.
Judicial Policy Making: American and Canadian Perspectives
Authors: Swinton Katherine
Published: March 2011

Richard Funston. Constitutional Counter-Revolution? The Warren Court and the Burger Court: Judicial Policy Making in Modern America. New York: Shenkman, 1977. 399 pp. Constitutional Counter-Revolution is a study of the continuities and dis- continuities injudicial decision-making in the United States Supreme Court under the Chief Justiceships of Earl Warren and Warren Burger. Such a bald statement may fail to evoke the importance of the subject. In the years between 1954 and 1968, when Warren was Chief Justice of the Court, social and political institutions in the United States were often subjected to harsh criticism and forced to adapt to changing circumstances. Consciousness of the inequalities prevalent in American society grew, as did pressure for measures to promote equality. The prime focus for reform was upon racial issues, yet attention was also directed to other civil liberties, such as voting rights and rights of criminal defendants. The Warren Court adopted a leading role in trying to address civil liberties issues, with racial inequality the main target of the Court. Brown v. Board of Education1 was decided within a few months of Warren's accession to the position of Chief Justice. In rejecting racial segregation in schools and in overruling the "separate but equal" doctrine contained in Plessv v. Ferguson,2 the Warren Court signalled the direction which it would take in its quest for protection of individual civil liberties over the next fifteen years.
Americanization of the Ego
Authors: Kushner Howard I.
Published: March 2011

Paul Roazen. Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of a Vision. New York: The Free Press, 1976. 246 pp. Erik H. Erikson. Childhood and Society. New York: Norton, 2nd edition, 1963. 445 pp. Erik H. Erikson. Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton, 1968. 336 pp. Kai T. Erikson, ed. In Search of Common Ground: Conversations with Erik H. Erikson and Huey P. Newton, New York: Norton, 1973. 143 pp. Erik H. Erikson. Dimensions of a a new Identity. New York: Norton, 1974. 125 pp. Erik H. Erikson. Life History and the Historical Moment. New York: Norton, 1975. 283 pp. Over the past ten years Paul Roazen's work on Freud's circle and on psycho- analytic thought has hammered home a theme which continues in his most recent work, Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of A Vision^ Roazen distrusts movements and admires those, who in refusing to follow orthodox dogma, develop an independent basis for their theories of psychoanalysis. Thus, for Roazen, the power of Erikson's vision rests upon the independence of his work which pragmatically insists on "the truth of the maxim: every man his own psychologist," while that same vision has been limited by Erikson's refusal to acknowledge his deviance from Freudian thought (pp. 195-96,7-15, 52-72). This tension between innovation and tradition has had results which particularly annoy Roazen, for Erikson's ego psychology "proposes no institutional changes" and thus, "despite the millenial strain in his thought, Erikson's fundamental outlook is conservative" (p. 165). Running throughout this book is the charge that Erik Erikson's work—and by implication, Erikson himself—has arrived at improper ethical and political conclusions.2
Trouble On The Land: Southern Literature and the Great Depression
Authors: Rubin, Jr. Louis D.
Published: March 2011

It is a painful thing sometimes to read history books that are written for children, and to realize the view of the past that is being given them. Recently I happened upon Volume 14 of the American Heritage New Illustrated History of the United States. It was subtitled The Roosevelt Era. The author of Volume 14 provides his young readers with a year-by-year chronicle for the 1930's I quote from the section for the year 1935: During the year, Technicolor came to the movie screen, and the WPA Federal Arts Project came to the aid of hungry artists, many of whom had a built-in predilection for the "Ash Can School" of painting — stark slum scenes being a favorite subject. Plays expressed the same preoccupation with social messages in this period.... In the world of fiction, William Faulkner was gaining worldwide praise for his naturalistic novels portraying for the most part sordid slices of low-class life in the South. Within this realm, Erskine Caldwell had recently con- tributed Tobacco Road. The third book of James Farrell's Studs Lonigan trilogy appeared in 1935, looking at squalor further north, in Chicago—
Presenting Canadian Culture to the American Audience
Authors: Henning Uphaus Suzanne
Published: March 2011

David Staines, ed. The Canadian Imagination: Dimensions of a Literary Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977. 265 + vii pp. Judith Webster, ed. Voices of Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Culture. Burlington, Vermont: Association for Canadian Studies in the United States, 1977. 118 + xx pp. The year 1977 was an unusual, even an epochal one, in the history of Canadian-American relations. The publication of two books in the United States, both devoted to Canadian culture, is an event without precedent, and indicates the growing interest of American society in the neighbor to the North. After decades in which the Canadian market has been glutted with studies of United States history and culture, it must warm the hearts of faith- ful Canadians who have feared anonymity for so long, that they are, at last, being noticed. For many, recognition is proof of existence.
Oil and Moral Diplomacy in U.S. - Latin American Relations, 1913-40
Authors: Ogelsby J. C. M.
Published: March 2011

Mark T. Gilderhus. Diplomacy and Revolution, U.S.-Mexican Relations Under Wilson and Carranza. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 1977. Stephen J. Randall. The Diplomacy of Modernization: Colombian-American Relations, 1920-1940. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977. Studies that look at an American President showing a concern for human rights, while at the same time American officials and oil companies are engaging in activity which would ensure adequate United States petroleum reserves, are particularly appropriate at this time. Historians, rightly or wrongly, often claim to be able to see the past in the present, and if one deleted the surnames of the participants much of the general comment in the two books under review could appear to be very au courant. The fact remains that they deal with the period 1913-40 and provide important insights with regard to United States policy toward Latin America in general and Colombia and Mexico in particular. Mark T. Gilderhus's Diplomacy and Revolution, U.S.-Mexican Relations Under Wilson and Carranza explores the era of the Mexican Revolution until 1919, while Stephen J. Randall's The Diplomacy of Modernization: Colombian-American Relations, 1920-1940, looks at a less dramatic relationship, but one that is very instructive. It was a relationship in which Mexico loomed large as an example that United States politicians, in both Republican and Democratic administrations, wanted to avoid. One revolution appeared to be enough, especially one which had serious implica- tions for foreign, particularly American, investment; and the fact that no other Latin American country had a Revolution comparable to the Mexican upheaval might in part be attributed to the success of the policy emanating from the U.S. Department of State in the post-Wilson era.1 Certainly the evidence presented in Randall's study of Colombia lends credence to the view.
The Ends of Tragedy: Robinson Jeffers' Satires on Human Self-importance
Authors: Scott Robert Ian
Published: March 2011

Robinson Jeffers. The Women at Point Sur and Other Poems, afterword by Tim Hunt. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1927; rptd. Liveright, 1977. 220 pp. Robinson Jeffers. Dear Judas and Other Poems, afterword by Robert J. Brophy. New York: Horace J. Liveright, 1929; rptd. Liveright, 1977. 179 pp. Robinson Jeffers. The Double Axe and Other Poems, Including Eleven Suppressed Poems, foreword by William Everson, afterword by Bill Hotchkiss. New York: Random House, 1948; rptd. Liveright, 1977. 197 pp. William H. Nolte. Rock and Hawk: Robinson Jeffers and the Romantic Agony. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1978. 212 + ix pp. James H. Shebl. In This Wild Water: The Suppressed Poems of Robinson Jeffers. Pasadena, California: Ward Ritchie Press, 1976. 123 + xvi pp. The republication of Robinson Jeffers' three most resented books—The Women at Point Sur, Dear Judas and The Double Axe—calls for another look at his experiments with the structures and purposes of tragedy. Robert J. Brophy has shown that at least five of Jeffers' long narrative poems use the prologue-complication-crisis-catastrophe-denouement plot-structure and the seasonal metaphors of Greek tragedy: "Tamar," "Roan Stallion," "The Tower Beyond Tragedy" (the three which made Jeffers suddenly famous in 1925), "Cawdor" in 1928, and "At the Birth of an Age" in 1935.1
Literary Biography and Psychological Criticism: In the Matter of H. P. Lovecraft
Authors: Black Stephen A.
Published: March 2011

L. Sprague de Camp. Lovecraft: A Biography. New York: Ballantine Books, 1976. 480 pp. (Abridgement of the first edition, Doubleday, 1975). Frank Belknap Long. Howard Philips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Nightside. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House, 1975. 237 + xiv pp. Barton Levi St. Armand. The Roots of Horror in the Fiction of H. P. Lovecraft. Elizabethtown, N.Y.: Dragon Press, 1977. 102 + viii pp. Psychological criticism, we can't get away from it, any more than we can avoid psychiatric ideas when we try to understand the people we know. Psycho- logical notions pervade our language and the assumptions beneath our views of the world. I think that one can hardly pick up a twentieth-century book about literature that is not psychological, although no great number set out to be so, and fewer still are well informed psychologically. A few literary scholars have troubled themselves to undertake disciplined psychological study, and to publish scholarly work that reflects the discipline. Yet such study in itself cannot guarantee an account of a literary work or an author that makes one exclaim, "Now I understand! Now I know what I was feeling and thinking!" It is as easy to intellectualize the blood and guts out of a story or author with psychological ideas as with, say, philosophical ideas. Having a bias in favor of scholarship that gives me a sense of the humanly credible, as well as several years of formal training in the discipline of psychoanalysis, I find myself evaluating literary studies as follows: if psychological thinking does or should play a significant role in the understanding of the scholar's subject, then the reader may rightfully expect the scholar to behave respon- sibly in his use of psychology or in his rejection of psychological explanation.
Critical Approaches to Anais Nin
Authors: Andersen Margret
Published: March 2011

Sharon Spencer. Collage of Dreams: The Writings of Anai's Nin. Chicago: The Swallow Press, 1977. 188 pp. Evelyn J. Hinz, ed. The World of Anais Nin: Critical and Cultural Perspectives. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1978 (MOSAIC, XI/2). 217 pp. While reading Sharon Spencer's Collage of Dreams, a critical analysis of the writings of Anais Nin, and the special issue of Mosaic, "The World of Anai's Nin," I sought answers to three questions. The first concerned the reader of the Diary: how indeed should Nin's Diary be read? The second was that of a teacher of twentieth-century literature: what role, I asked myself, did Nin play in modern literature, what were her relations with literary and socio-political figures of her time? My third question is related to women's studies and feminist criticism: is it possible to discover in Anais Nin's works characteristics of women's writings in general? Can reading her work lead to a definition of women's writings? In other words, does writing have a sex? What are the marks, if any, that distinguish in form and in content the male from the female text? Are the answers to these questions valid for literature generally speak- ing? All of these questions and sub-questions had preoccupied me for some time when I was asked to review these two volumes, and I was glad to be given the opportunity to verify my assumptions and to formulate new answers.
"Woman's Place" and the Search for Identity in Ante-Bellum America
Authors: Matthews Jean V.
Published: March 2011

This paper is intended as a tentative exploration of some ways in which the particular intellectual and cultural climate of ante-bellum America affected both the adjustment of middle-class men and women to one another and the development of a more acute self-consciousness among women about their identity and their role in society. The process of modernization gather- ing momentum in eighteenth-century America and Western Europe contributed two important aspects to that mental climate: first, a "republi- can" ideology which, not in spite of, but because of its commitment to liberty and equality made it extremely difficult to know exactly what to do with human beings perceived as ineradicably and by nature "Other" and unequal—women (and in the United States, blacks); second, an acute awareness of, and anxiety about, sexual identity as something, apparently, no longer to be taken for granted, but needing constant definition and confirmation. From the 1820's a third development impinged upon these anxieties: an intense preoccupation, fostered both by Romanticism and the Revival, with the Self, with self-examination, self-development, the expansion of individual potentialities towards a constantly receding horizon of human "growth." Finally, what Page Smith calls the "Protestant passion" to turn the energies of the redeemed and newly-aware self onto the social redemption of the world issued in a great wave of reform. All of these factors had a profound effect on the ways in which men and women conceived their relationships to one another. All, in turn, were themselves bound up with problems of sexual tensions and sexual definition.1
The Language of Dress: A Sociohistorical Study of the Meaning of Clothing in America
Authors: Lauer Jeanette C. , Lauer Robert H.
Published: March 2011

In the early part of the nineteenth century, Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine warned its readers to "be careful that our fashions are not inconsistent with good sense and pure morals."1 In other words, the clothes we wear tell something about our character. Those who wish to maintain a good reputation will attend to their dress: "the woman who is careless and indifferent to her personal appearance loses half her influence" (p. 18). Americans have been so convinced that dress tells something about the character of the wearer that laws regulating dress were proposed in various states as late as the early 1920's.2 Clothes give us more than information about the character of the wearer, however; in fact, clothes are a form of what social psychologists call "structural nonverbal information."3 Clothing, that is, is an aspect of an individual that, like gestures (dynamic nonverbal information), conveys important information. But what kind of information? Or to phrase the question differently, what is the meaning that Americans attribute to clothing—both to the kind of clothes worn and to the manner of wearing them? We researched the meanings by looking at what people have said in the popular media—magazines and newspapers. Where possible, the data were supplemented by professional studies. We found that there has been a relatively stable set of social meanings of clothing in America. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Americans have asserted that dress provides specific information about individuals (their characters and personalities; their acceptance or rejection of the social order; and their status), about groups (their identity and the character of their members), and about the entire society (its tastes, principles, moral state, and mood). We shall look at each of the categories in turn.
Renewing with the Turner Tradition of Electoral Analysis
Authors: Laponce J. A.
Published: March 2011

Joel Silby, Allan Bogue and William Flanigan, eds. The History of American Electoral Behavior. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978. 384 + ix pp. The use of aggregate statistics to analyze the behavior of individual electors belongs to a relatively old tradition dating back to the turn of the century and associated in the United States with the pioneer work of a few historians, notably Frederick Jackson Turner and his students—and associated in France with the name of the social geographer Andre Siegfried whose Tableau politique de la France de l'Ouest (1913) still awaits translation into English. Both Turner and Siegfried used the simple technique of compara- tive cartography to explain differences in party support by differences in social and cultural characteristics noted to occur within the same geographical boundaries—typically, the technique consisted in comparing the geographical patterns of party support to the geographical patterns of selected census characteristics. That tradition of cartographic aggregate analysis has, to this day, remained very much alive in France where Goguel, Dogan, Lancelot and Leroy-Ladurie, among others, have applied and refined the Siegfried approach in their search for correlation and causation. In the United States, on the contrary, the Turner technique fell into disuse after the advent of survey research, even before the oft-quoted method- ological criticisms levied by W.S. Robinson in 1950 against the use of areal aggregates as units of analysis when individuals were the unit of interest (a "sin" that has become known as the "ecological fallacy").
The Role of War Planning in Canadian-American Relations, 1867-1939
Authors: Dreisziger N. F.
Published: March 2011

Richard A. Preston. The Defence of the Undefended Border: Planning for War in North America, 1867-1939. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1977. 300 + xiv pp. North American society was born in the crucible of war. Following the establishment of the first European colonies, the continent witnessed several major wars as well as countless Indian raids, campaigns and other local conflicts. This state of affairs did not come to an end even when Britain gained control of most of the continent's inhabited regions during the Seven Years War. Two decades later the land was again divided and major conflict again became a possibility. Indeed, war did break out in 1812, bringing the number of major confrontations in North America to six, not counting any of the Indian wars.
Faulkner's "Many Glancing Colours"
Authors: McSweeney Kerry
Published: March 2011

Arthur F. Kinney. Faulkner's Narrative Poetics: Style as Vision. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1978. 286 + xviii pp. Evans Harrington and Ann J. Abadie, eds. The Maker and the Myth: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha, 1977. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978. 169 + xvi pp. Until recently, the enormous, ever-growing body of Faulkner criticism could be roughly divided into two parts: on the one hand, commentary which concentrated on the world of the writer who described his life's work as "the creation of my apocryphal country" and who claimed in 1941 to have as yet "found no happy balance between method and material"; on the other, commentary which concentrated on the individual works of one of the great modern experimental novelists, the younger contemporary of Conrad, Joyce and Proust. Some critics tried to do justice to both the world and the works. In the first half of his William Faulkner: A Critical Study (1952), for example, Irving Howe offered an overview of the Faulkner world, while his second half was devoted to "the individual novels [which] must themselves be the final object of criticism." And Cleanth Brooks, whose William Faulkner: The Yoknapatawpha Country (1963) attempted to de- scribe the novelist's "characteristic world," promised that a subsequent volume (finally published fifteen years later) would deal with "Faulkner's development as a writer." But neither of these critics satisfactorily solved the peculiar methodological difficulties caused by the dual focuses of world and works, and in the main critics have opted to study one or the other.
The Carpet-Baggers' Progress
Authors: Yacowar Maurice
Published: March 2011

Robert K. Johnson. Francis Ford Coppola. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977. 199 pp. John Francis Kreidl. Nicholas Ray. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977. 230 pp. H. Wayne Schuth. Mike Nichols. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978. 177 pp. When film first won the dubious respectability of academic study, it was largely due to converts from English Literature. Many a scholar ceased to garble the footnotes wild of his well-ploughed dissertation field, for the virginal lays of unstudied film.
Luminism in the Work of Henry David Thoreau: The Dark and the Light
Authors: St. Armaria Barton Levi
Published: March 2011

The tendency to magnify the moment, to read all the laws of Nature in the one object or one combination under your eye, is of course comic to those who do not share the philosopher's perception of identity. To him there was no such thing as size. The pond was a small ocean; the Atlantic, a large Walden Pond. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Thoreau" The term "luminism" has become popular with recent historians of Ameri- can art, but it still remains elusive and problematical.1 Unlike equally slippery "isms" such as "Romanticism" and "Impressionism," it was not originally adopted by the artists to which it has been applied, but rather was coined one hundred years after the fact to describe a special quality of their work. John I. H. Baur first formulated the term in a pioneering article entitled "American Luminism: A Neglected Aspect of the Realist Movement in Nineteenth-Century American Painting," published in 1954.2 Here Baur identified this forgotten phase of native art, primarily concerned with the detailed recording of the effects of light, as a movement which ''reached its fullest expression in the I850's and 60's, particularly in the work of two men, Fitz Hugh Lane and Martin J. Heade" (p. 92). Thus luminism is an imposed rather than organic category, and though it may sometimes seem as mysterious as an outbreak of measles-appearing in some of a particular artist's paintings but not in all or most of them—I still believe that it describes something real and measurable.
Biology and Social Thought
Authors: Bowler Peter J.
Published: March 2011

Hamilton Cravens. The Triumph of Evolution: American Scientists and the Heredity-Environment Controversy, 1900-1941. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.351 + xvi pp. Stephen Jay Gould. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977. 501 + ix pp. Garland E. Allen. Thomas Hunt Morgan: the Man and his Science. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978. 447 + xvii pp. Here are three books relating to the history of biology, each of which has something to offer students of American culture and social thought. Two of them, however—those by Gould and Allen—have titles that might well discourage the non-specialist who has not been warned of their potential significance. The contributions of all three books are important considering the need for a clearer understanding of the role played in social thought by popularized biological theories. The vague notion of "social Darwinism" promoted by Richard Hofstadter's classic book has been overworked to the extent that it has become an obstacle to clear understanding of the issues involved.1 Herbert Spencer's support for laissez-faire individualism, for instance, may have owed more to his biological Lamarckism than to the Darwinian selection principle. Furthermore, as Cravens' book points out, it is possible to see a far more direct impact by biological theories in the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century—and this was by no means inspired by Darwinism. It was several decades before Mendelian genetics could be combined with the selection mechanism, and in the meantime each could exert its own influence on social thought. One might predict, however, that it will be a fuller recognition of the role played by neo-Lamarckian theories that will generate the more drastic revisions of traditional historical interpretations.
Radicalism and the American Ethos
Authors: Adams, Jr. Graham
Published: March 2011

Milton Cantor. The Divided Left: American Radicalism, 1900-1975. New York: Hill and Wang, 1978. 248 pp. Paul Avrich. An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. 266 + xxii pp. Of all the modern industrial nations in the West, only the United States lacks a socialist-labor political party or movement. In Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany and Scandinavia, social-democratic and/or communist parties have exerted a formative influence on their societies. Canada's New Democratic Party as well has in some ways tried to approximate the European model. Milton Cantor's The Divided Left, which surveys the course of twentieth-century American socialism, communism and New Leftism, seeks to explain why labor never developed class consciousness and never sup- ported political movements alien to capitalism. In his biography of the almost forgotten anarchist leader, Voltairine de Cleyre, Paul Avrich sheds light on why her particular brand of radicalism failed as well.
More on Henry James
Authors: Buitenhuis Peter
Published: March 2011

Charles R. Anderson. Person, Place, and Thing in Henry James's Novels. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1977. 308 pp. Shlomith Rimmon. The Concept of Ambiguity—The Example of James. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1977. 257 + xiii pp. Daniel J. Schneider. The Crystal Cage: Adventures of the Imagination in the Fiction of Henry James. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas. 1978. 189 + vii pp. "They offer us another world," Henry James once wrote of novelists, "another consciousness, another experience that...makes us face, in the return to the inevitable, a combination that may at least have changed." He was talking about the capacity of the great writer to change the way that we view experience after we turn back to life from the vicarious experience of the printed page.
A Faulkner Double Feature
Authors: Mitchell O. S.
Published: March 2011

Regina K. Fadiman. Faulkner's "Intruder in the Dust": Novel into Film. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1978. 329 + xiv pp. Bruce F. Kawin. Faulkner and Film. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1977. 194 + xiii pp. Writers and moviemakers have had a longstanding mutual interdependence (and suspicion). Moviemakers have always looked to literature for material, and writers have looked to the movie industry for money and new chal- lenges. Their collaborative efforts have proved endlessly fascinating, particulary in two areas. The first is the writer's experiences in working for both the print and the film media, the effect of his novel writing on his film writing and vice versa. The second is the relationship, in a broad aesthetic context, between fiction and film and more specifically the process through which word, character, action, theme and structure are translated from one form to another. The similarities and dissimilarities between a novel and its film adaptation can be extremely helpful in discovering the intrinsic characteristics of each medium—each form can act as an effective vantage point from which to explore the other. Bruce Kawin's Faulkner and Film deals mainly with the first of these areas in an examination of Faulkner's career as a screenwriter. Regina Fadiman's Faulkner's "Intruder in the Dust": Novel into Film addresses itself to the second. Hers is a close examination of Faulkner's novel, Ben Maddow's screenplay (which forms the second part of the book) and Clarence Brown's film adaptation.
From Eden to the Dark Ages: Images of History in the Work of Mark Twain
Authors: Khouri Nadia
Published: March 2011

The work of Mark Twain dramatizes a tension between an extreme coherence in world-view and a protean diversity in literary discourse. If the bulk of Twainiana comprises such heterogeneous writings as travel books, regional and folk literature, comic stories, childrens stories, dime novels, detective mysteries, science fiction, tall tales, newspaper reports and political pamphlets on both home and international affairs, the unalterable foundation of all these books remains a vision of history strictly in terms of the mythical origins of America against the contradictions of historical becoming. The roots of this configuration grew with the actual genesis of America; its evolution with American history itself.
Professionalism, Authority and the Transformation of American Thought
Authors: Cassidy Keith
Published: March 2011

Thomas L. Haskell. The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth Century Crisis of Authority. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977. 276 + xii pp. Bruce Kuklick. The Rise of American Philosophy, Cambridge Massachusetts 1860-1930. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977. 674 + xxvii pp. These books continue, and carry to a higher level, the discussion of "professionalism" which has been so prominent a feature of American social history in the last decade or so. However valuable their contribution to that enterprise, though, they are both rich in a number of other themes, and make notable contributions to our understanding of that decisive change in the American mind which occurred in the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first of the twentieth.
Lesser Presidents
Authors: Tagg James
Published: March 2011

Ralph Adams Brown. The Presidency of John Adams. Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas, 1975. 248 + x pp. Elbert B. Smith. The Presidency of James Buchanan. Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas, 1975. 225 + xiii pp. Paolo E. Coletta. The Presidency of William Howard Taft. Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas, 1973. 306 + ix pp. Eugene P. Trani and David L. Wilson. The Presidency of Warren G. Harding. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1977. 232 + ix pp. Elmo Richardson. The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1979. 218 + x pp. Anyone familiar with secondary school education in the United States is aware that the natural periodicity of American history is either four or eight years, directly corresponding to presidential terms of office. Popular mythology has molded the man and the institution into the definition of American history itself and into the emblem of collective American character. One student of the office confesses that "the presidency appears all the more imposing because it is the center of our expectations," while another rhapsodizes about how the presidency is "a whole greater than and different from the sum of its parts, an office whose power and prestige are something more than the arithmetical total of all its functions."1
Where's the Hitch?
Authors: Yacowar Maurice
Published: March 2011

Eric Rohmer and Claude Chabrol. Hitchcock: The First Forty-Four Films. Translated by Stanley Hochman. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1979. 178 pp. John Russell Taylor. Hitch: The Life and Times of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. 320 pp. Robin Wood. Hitchcock's Films. (Third edition, revised and enlarged.) New York: A. S. Barnes, 1977.174 pp. Alfred Hitchcock's importance to film studies is at least partly due to the quality of criticism he inspired long before our present glut of publications. The two seminal studies have just been reissued; they dwarf their successors still.
More on Mark Twain
Authors: Lauber John
Published: March 2011

Sholom J. Kahn. Mark Twain's "Mysterious Stranger": 4 Studv of the Manuscripts. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1978, 252 + xix pp. William R. Maenaughton. Mark Twain's Last Years as a Writer. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1979, 254 + x pp. David E. E. Sloane. Mark Twain as a Literary Comedian. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979. 221 + xi pp. These three new books on Mark Twain are of varying quality, but none is essential to anyone but the Twain specialist. To be fair, none of them pretends to be more—their titles announce their modest ambitions. Only Sloane deals with major works, although Kahn does his best to persuade us that The Mysterious Stranger is a major work. New material steadily accumulates as unpublished manuscripts appear in print, and special studies multiply, but the work of synthesis remains undone. Instead, Twain scholars still rely on, or set out to refute, the established interpretations of Brooks, of De Voto, of Smith.
"To Parts of the World Unknown": The Circumstances of Divorce in Connecticut, 1750-1797
Authors: Cohen Sheldon S.
Published: March 2011

And there came unto him Pharisees, trying him, and saying, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for every cause? And He answered and said, Have ye not read that he who made them from the beginning made them male and female, and said, for this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife; and the two shall become one flesh? So that they are no more two but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let no man put asunder. (Matthew 19:3-6) To the Hon Superior Court of the State of Connecticut now sitting at Windham—the Petition of Ruth Crary—of Ashford in the County afores'd Humbly Sheweth that she was on the 21st day of April 1785 Lawfully joined in Marriage with Roger Crary of Said Ashford with whom she lived in a Due Discharge of the Marriage Covenant on her Part until! on or about the first day of May AD 1788 when the said Roger Crary for reasons wholly unknown to the Petitioner did Absent himself from the Family and Friendships of your Petitioner and hath gone to some parts of the world unknown to the Pet. leaving her wholly Destitute of Support, and he hath continued so to absent himself to the Present time and thereupon the Petitioner Prays your Honrs to Grant her a Bill of Divorce from him the said Roger Crary and that the Petition be declared single and unmarried and She as in Duty bound shall Pray Dated at Ashford the 23rd day of September AD 1791 (Approved divorce petition of Ruth Crary, Windham Superior Court Records)
Manpower, Diplomacy and Social Maladies: Canada, Britain, the United States and the Recruitment Controversy of 1917-1919
Authors: Pawa J. M.
Published: March 2011

One of the more interesting aspects of Canadian-American diplomacy during the First World War was the controversy which developed between the two nations over the recruitment and service of American citizens in the Canadian and British armed forces. Openly sympathetic to the Allied cause, the United States consented to the British-Canadian Military Mission's operation of a widespread recruitment service in the United States.1 Once Congress declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, in April of 1917, however, the attitude of the United States government toward British- Canadian recruiting underwent a striking metamorphosis. Without warning, the British-Canadian recruiters found themselves in a hostile environment. Although the United States was, after April, a cobelligerent, Washington had absolutely no intention of allowing the border to remain open for the passage of draft-eligible Americans to Canada for the purpose of enlistment.
Social History, Local Studies and the Institutions of Early America
Authors: Nellis Eric G.
Published: March 2011

Bruce C. Daniels, ed., Town and County: Essavs on the Structure of Local Government in the American Colonies. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1978.279 + xiv pp. Bruce C. Daniels, The Connecticut Town: Growth and Development, 1635-1790. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1979.249 + xii pp. Richard P. Horwitz, Anthropology Toward History: Culture and Work in a 19th-century Maine Town. Middletown, Conn,: Wesleyan Unversity Press, 1978. 197 + xiii pp. The study of the "social history" of colonial America has had a checkered history of its own. As recently as 1965, Jackson Turner Main could remark accurately that "there has been no systematic description of the social structure.. .of colonial society." Yet, despite the truth of Main's comment, there has been a long and often lively tradition of social history in American scholarship. It was at least as old as the 1880's and had grown in volume and frequency over time, influenced to some extent by the social ideas of Progressivism. And the rise of modern sociology had suggested that there might be models for a social history of early America. But as a distinct field of study, the latter remained loosely framed and the scholarship of social history was often idiosyncratic in contrast to the increasing sophist- ication of the social science schools of the twentieth century.
In Search of the Historical Indian
Authors: Fisher Robin
Published: March 2011

Cornelius J. Jaenen. Friend and Foe: Aspects of french-Amerindian Cultural Contact in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976.207 pp. Calvin Martin. Keepers of the Game: Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1978. 226 + xi pp. L. F. S. Upton. Micmacs and Colonists: Indian-White Relations in the Maritimes, 1713-1867. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1979. 243 + xvi pp. A great deal of new work on the history of the North American Indian has appeared during the 1970's, both in Canada and the United States. American historians were able to build on the firm foundation of earlier writing, whereas Canadian historians were starting almost from scratch. At the beginning of the decade James Walker pointed out that the native peoples of Canada had either been ignored by historians or dealt with in terms of negative stereotypes,1 but by the end of the decade much had changed. Once relegated to the background, the Canadian Indian has stepped forward to join the American Indian as a major player in history. Although the three books reviewed here deal with Indian groups who lived within the boundaries of what became Canada, they are indicative of the general progress that has been made, as well as the problems that remain in the writing of Indian history in both Canada and the United States.
American Art History
Authors: Davis Ann
Published: March 2011

Joshua C. Taylor. The Fine Arts in America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979. 264 + xvi pp. Abraham A. Davidson. The Eccentrics and other American Visionary Painters. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1978. 202 + xxii pp. Ben Merchant Vorpahl. Frederick Remington and the West. Austin & London: University of Texas Press, 1978.294 + xviii pp. These three books provide an interesting overview of the state of current American art history. They demonstrate new methodologies as well as new areas of study and attest to the vivacity of the discipline. In methodology, narrow stylistic analysis, hardly old within the development of this young study, is being severly challenged by structuralist and phenomonological theories. As these books suggest, strict formal analysis seems to be on the wane. In scope these volumes range from survey, through thematic study, to monograph. They are worthy of attention both for what they include and for what they omit.
The "Work Ethic" and Control of the Workforce
Authors: Finkel Alvin
Published: March 2011

Bruno Ramirez. When Workers Fight: The Politics of Industrial Relations in the Progressive Era, 1898-1916. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978. 241 + viiipp. Daniel T. Rodgers. The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978. 300 + xv pp. American thought from the colonial period onwards has glorified hard work. But the "work ethic" was strongest in the period before the rise of the factories, a period when it was still possible to envision an American society composed mainly of self-employed farmers, self-employed small business- men and those who could aspire to a similar independent status.
More Guides to Yoknapatawpha
Authors: Colson Theodore
Published: March 2011

Cleanth Brooks. William Faulkner: Toward Yoknapatawpha and Beyond. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978. 445 + xviii pp. Elizabeth M. Kerr. Yoknapatawpha: Faulkner's "Little Postage Stamp of Native Soil. "New York: Fordham University Press, 1976. 284 pp. Elizabeth M. Kerr. William Faulkner's Gothic Domain. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1979.264 pp. Evans Harrington and Ann J. Abadie, eds. The South and Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha: The Actual and the Apocryphal. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1977. 212 + xii pp. Evans Harrington and Ann J. Abadie, eds. The Maker and the Myth: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha, 1977. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978. 169 + xiv pp. Evans Harrington and Ann J. Abadie, eds. Faulkner, Modernism, and Film. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1979. 199 + xv pp. The conclusion of Cleanth Brooks's study, begun with William Faulkner: The Yoknapatawpha Country (1963), is an event in Faulkner scholarship and criticism. Rereading the first book, one is disappointed to find that it is not as intense as one remembered, for it suffers like so much writing on Faulkner from more paraphrase of stories than seems necessary. Here is of course the problem of a book's audience; the undergraduate and general reader are not likely to know all the Faulkner canon, and since Faulkner's work is so important as one whole the critic is often compelled to summar- ize. But there are now enough general introductions to Faulkner, of which Brooks's two books may be the best (though I would prefer Olga Vickery's for just the main novels), and from now on all Faulkner critics ought to eschew every word of summary,that is not essential to the point being made.
On Understanding American Foreign Policy: Will the Real Explanation Please Identify Itself?
Authors: Holsti K. J.
Published: March 2011

Richard K. Betts. Soldiers, Statesmen and Cold War Crises. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.292 + xi pp. William H. Blanchard. Aggression American Style. Santa Monica, Cal.: Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc., 1978.314 + xii pp. Lloyd S. Etheredge. A World of Men: The Private Sources of American Foreign Policy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1978.178 + xv pp. During the Cold War, analysts of American diplomacy lived in a stable world, comfortable in the knowledge that whatever the roles of public opinion, bureaucratic politics, careerism and the personal predilections of persons in high places, the main lines of American foreign policy could be understood as primarily a response to the aggressive expansionism of com- munism. Observers readily acknowledged that the United States might over- react in some instances, or make errors of judgment on tactical details. But the grand design of American foreign policy—to protest the free world to promote economic development, and to maximize opportunities for free trade and exchange of goods, money, ideas and people—was on the whole admirable, honestly developed, and often generously implemented. If one sought explanations of American activities abroad, one had to look no further than Peking or Moscow. The sources of American foreign policy resided primarily outside the United States; America was reacting to the aggressiveness of others, not launching crusades which threatened anyone.
Science as Ideology: The Case of the Amateur, Henry Adams
Authors: Hamill Paul J.
Published: March 2011

"large, loose, baggy monsters" — Henry James In recent years there as been considerable scholary debate over the degree to which accepted theories should be called the "faith'' or "ideology" of scientists. This controversy has grown, on the one hand, from the efforts of logicians to explain the structure of scientific explanation and on the other hand from demonstrations by historians that most great discoveries were profoundly influenced, if not actually made possible, by changes in the intel- lectual and social climate in which they occurred. The historian of science Thomas Kuhn has argued, in effect, that scientific "revolutions" are best understood in terms of the changed consensus of scientists about their role and methods, rather than in terms of the content of particular experiments.5 Disagreeing, the logician Karl Popper has argued that approaches like Kuhn's are dangerously loose, because they conceal the self-criticism and testing of assumptions that are central activities in scientific inquiry.2
To Make the University Safe for Morality: Higher Education, Football and Military Training from the 1890s through the 1920s
Authors: Pearlman Michael
Published: March 2011

In 1913, United States Army Chief of Staff Leonard Wood inaugurated his famous citizen-soldier military training camp at Plattsburg Barracks, New York. At the time, his government would give him neither money for equipment nor conscription for enrollment. College students, for whom the camp was founded, would therefore have to volunteer to pay for the privilege of spending their summer vacations obeying drill instructors. The General, obviously needing all the help he could get if he was to gather a respectable number of recruits, appealed to the presidents of Americas most eminent universities, telling them that military training would improve their students' citizenship, discipline and character.1 Except for Columbia's Nicholas Murray Butler, a self-proclaimed pacifist, all those whom Wood contacted, from Yale in the East to the University of California in the West, "enthusiastically applied their support." Because the General might not have mustered a hundred recruits without their help, these men probably saved his experiment in military training from a swift termination.2