bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Umgang mit genieteten Bahnbrücken von hohem kulturellem Wert
Authors: Brühwiler Eugen , Hirt Manfred A.
Published: March 2010

Zunehmende Bahnlasten können die Weiterverwendung genieteter Bahnbrücken, die oftmals hohe kulturelle Werte aufweisen, in Frage stellen. Beim Umgang mit genieteten Bahnbrücken sind neben technischen und wirtschaftlichen Kriterien auch denkmalschützerische Aspekte zu berücksichtigen. Über die letzten 20 Jahre wurden die Kenntnisse über das Trag‐ und Ermüdungsverhalten von genieteten Bahnbrücken wesentlich erweitert, so dass heute eine wirklichkeitsnahe Überprüfung dieser Bauwerke möglich ist. Dieser Kenntnisstand ist in den in der Schweiz bald veröffentlichten SIA Normen über den Umgang mit bestehenden Tragwerken enthalten. Anhand von drei Beispielen wird aufgezeigt, dass bei der Erhaltung genieteter Bahnbrücken von hohem kulturellem Wert die Interessen von Bahnunternehmen und Denkmalschutz übereinstimmen.

Dealing with riveted railway bridges of high cultural value. The continuing use of riveted railway bridges may be questioned because of increasing train loads. Riveted bridges often possess high cultural values and, consequently, aspects of cultural heritage have to be considered in addition to technical and economic issues when dealing with riveted railway bridges. Over the last 20 years, knowledge on the structural and fatigue behavior of riveted railway bridges have been significantly improved allowing nowadays for realistic examination of these bridges. This stateof‐ the‐art is comprised in the soon to be released SIA codes on existing structures. Three examples illustrate that interests of railway companies and cultural heritage coincide when dealing with riveted railway bridges of high cultural value.
A New Concept Underlying Stem Cell Lineage Skewing That Explains the Detrimental Effects of Thiazolidinediones on Bone
Authors: Bruedigam Claudia , Eijken Marco , Koedam Marijke , van de Peppel Jeroen , Drabek Ksenija , Chiba Hideki , van Leeuwen Johannes P. T. M.
Published: March 2010

Bone-marrow adipogenesis is an aging-related phenomenon and is correlated with osteoporosis. The latter is a prevalent bone disease in the elderly leading to increased fracture risk and mortality. It is widely hypothesized that the underlying molecular mechanism includes a shift in the commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the osteogenic lineage to the adipogenic lineage. Lineage skewing is at least partially a result of transcriptional changes. The nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) has been proposed as a major decision factor in MSC lineage commitment, promoting adipogenesis at the expense of osteogenesis. Here we found that PPAR-γ acted unexpectedly to stimulate osteoblast differentiation from human bone marrow-derived MSCs. Both rosiglitazone-mediated activation and overexpression of PPAR-γ caused acceleration of osteoblast differentiation. Conversely, shRNAi-mediated PPAR-γ knockdown diminished osteoblast differentiation. MSCs that were treated with rosiglitazone did not preferentially differentiate into adipocytes. However, the rosiglitazone-mediated acceleration of osteoblast differentiation was followed by increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. In contrast to the osteogenic lineage, cells of the adipogenic lineage were protected from this. Our data support a new concept on bone health that adds to the explanation of the clinically observed suppressive action of activated PPAR-γ on bone and the associated phenomenon of bone marrow adipogenesis. This concept is based on a higher susceptibility of the osteogenic than the adipogenic lineage to oxidative stress and apoptosis that is preferentially triggered in the osteoblasts by activated PPAR-γ.
On the Surface Reactivity of Functionalized Phosphinines on Inorganic Supports
Authors: Komath Mallissery Samith , Nieger Martin , Gudat Dietrich
Published: March 2010

Phosphinines with pendant phenol or catechol functionalities and their gold(I) complexes were synthesised and characterised by spectroscopic data and in one case by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. Reactions of ligands or complexes with TiO2 or chloropropyl modified hexagonal mesoporous silica were then studied with the aim to immobilise ligands or complexes on the carrier by covalent tethering. 31P MAS NMR studies revealed that immobilisation on TiO2 was accompanied by complete degradation of the phosphinine moiety. Base induced coupling with chloropropyl modified silica produced a material that contained a mixture of several surface‐bound phosphorus compounds. 31P MAS NMR studies revealed that approx. 40 % of the ligand had retained its integrity whereas the remaining fraction had been converted into further, not unambiguously identified structures.
The Crystal Structure of InGaO3(ZnO)4: A Single Crystal X‐ray and Electron Diffraction Study
Authors: Keller Isabelle , Mader Werner
Published: March 2010

The crystal structure of the mixed oxide InGaO3(ZnO)4 has been determined from electron diffraction and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The compound crystallises in a hexagonal space group (P63/mmc; No. 194), deduced from convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED). Single crystals of InGaO3(ZnO)4 were grown from a K2MoO4 flux in sealed platinum tubes. Single crystal structure refinement from XRD data [a = 3.2850(2) Å; c = 32.906(3) Å; Z = 2; 4232 data, R1 = 0.0685] reveals a compound with oxygen anions forming a closest‐packed arrangement. Within this packing In3+ cations occupy octahedral interstices, forming layers of edge sharing octahedra. In between these layers are regions with composition [Zn4GaO5]+ forming a wurtzite type of structure. Inversions of the ZnO4 tetrahedra occurs (i) at the InO6 octahedral layer and (ii) halfway in the wurtzite type region, where the inversion boundary is built by Ga3+ in trigonal bipyramidal coordination with a long Ga–Oapical distance of 2.19(1) Å. The site occupation of Zn2+ and Ga3+, respectively, was confirmed by bond valence sum calculations. The compounds described here have the same structural charactistics as other known members with general formula ARO3(ZnO)m with m = integer.
Sc4Pt7Si2 – An Intergrowth Structure of ScPtSi and ScPt Related Slabs
Authors: Harmening Thomas , van Wüllen Leo , Eckert Hellmut , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: March 2010

The metal‐rich silicide Sc4Pt7Si2 was synthesized by arc‐melting. Sc4Pt7Si2 crystallizes with its own structure type, space group Pbam. The structure was refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer data: a = 647.6(1), b = 1617.1(3), c = 398.96(9) pm, wR2 = 0.0495, 807 F2 values and 42 variables. Sc4Pt7Si2 is an intergrowth structure of slightly distorted ScPtSi (TiNiSi type) and ScPt (CsCl type) related slabs. The silicon atoms have the typical coordination number 9 (4 Sc + 5 Pt) in the form of a tricapped trigonal prism. Together, the platinum and silicon atoms build up a complex three‐dimensional [Pt7Si2] network with short Pt–Si (238–246 pm) and Pt–Pt (282–303 pm) distances. The scandium atoms fill distorted square prismatic or pentagonal prismatic voids within this network, also with short Sc–Pt distances (276–308 pm). The structural difference of these two scandium species is reflected by substantial discrepancies in 45Sc chemical shifts. The quadrupolar interaction parameters that were estimated from the nutation behavior of the two signals were used for an assignment to the two sites.
Risk Factors for Metachronous Gastric Cancer in the Remnant Stomach After Early Cancer Surgery
Authors: Nozaki Isao , Nasu Junichirou , Kubo Yoshiro , Tanada Minoru , Nishimura Rieko , Kurita Akira
Published: March 2010

Background

Early gastric cancer patients have a good prognosis after radical resection. However, if the patients have a gastric remnant after the surgery, the risk of metachronous gastric cancer remains. The aim of this study was to clarify the risk factors for metachronous gastric cancer after partial gastrectomy for early gastric cancer.

Methods

Data on a series of 1281 consecutive gastrectomy patients with pathologically confirmed early gastric cancer from 1991 to 2007 in Shikoku Cancer Center were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

The gastric remnants of 868 patients were periodically surveyed by endoscopic examination. Among those surveyed cases, 26 patients were diagnosed as having metachronous gastric cancer in the gastric remnant. They underwent curative resection by remnant gastrectomy (n = 13 patients) or endoscopic mucosal resection (n = 13 patients). Multivariate analysis showed that male sex, older age, submucosal invasion, and proximal gastrectomy were independent risk factors.

Conclusions

Our data suggested that more intensive endoscopic follow‐up is needed for the remnant stomach in patients with these risk factors to detect metachronous gastric cancer at its early stage.
Long‐term follow‐up of patients with phenylketonuria receiving tetrahydrobiopterin treatment
Authors: Trefz Friedrich K. , Scheible D. , Frauendienst‐Egger G.
Published: March 2010

Treatment with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the natural cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), can reduce blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels in patients with BH4‐responsive phenylketonuria (PKU). A number of studies has reported on the short‐term BH4 treatment of patients with PKU, but long‐term data are lacking. Here, we describe the effects of long‐term treatment with BH4 on 16 patients, who showed a >28% reduction in blood Phe following testing for BH4 overload. The mean dose of BH4 was 16 mg/kg body weight (range 5–36 mg/kg body weight). The mean treatment duration was 56 months (range 24–110 months). Of 16 patients, 14 achieved long‐term Phe control with BH4 treatment, with a mean blood Phe concentration of 321 ± 236 µmol/l. The mean decrease from baseline in blood Phe levels in these 14 patients was 54.6%. Of the seven patients who required continued dietary restriction, Phe intake increased from 200–300 mg/day to 800–1000 mg/day. Factors that may cause fluctuation of Phe levels in BH4‐treated patients include patients’ PAH genotype, Phe intake, changes in protein catabolism or anabolism, and periods of illness or infection.
Traumatic Osteochondral Injury of the Femoral Head Treated by Mosaicplasty: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Nam Denis , Shindle Michael K. , Buly Robert L. , Kelly Bryan T. , Lorich Dean G.
Published: March 2010

The increased risk of symptomatic progression towards osteoarthritis after chondral damage has led to the development of multiple treatment options for cartilage repair. These procedures have evolved from arthroscopic lavage and debridement, to marrow stimulation techniques, and more recently, to osteochondral autograft and allograft transplants, and autogenous chondrocyte implantation. The success of mosaicplasty procedures in the knee has led to its application to other surfaces, including the talus, tibial plateau, patella, and humeral capitellum. In this report, we present two cases of a chondral defect to the femoral head after a traumatic hip dislocation, treated with an osteochondral autograft (OATS) from the ipsilateral knee, and the inferior femoral head, respectively, combined with a surgical dislocation of the hip. At greater than 1 year and greater than 5 years of follow-up, MRI studies have demonstrated good autograft incorporation with maintenance of articular surface conformity, and both patients clinically continue to have no pain and full active range of motion of their respective hips. In our opinion, treatment of osteochondral defects in the femoral head surface using a surgical dislocation combined with an OATS procedure is a promising approach, as full exposure of the femoral head can be obtained while preserving its vasculature, thus enabling adequate restoration of the articular cartilage surface.
Expression of Genes Associated with Bone Resorption is Increased and Bone Formation is Decreased in Mice Fed a High‐Fat Diet
Authors: Xiao Ying , Cui Jue , Li Ya‐Xin , Shi Yong‐Hui , Le Guo‐Wei
Published: March 2010

A high‐fat diet (HFD) leads to an increased risk of osteoporosis‐related fractures, but the molecular mechanisms for its effects on bone metabolism have rarely been addressed. The present study investigated the possible molecular mechanisms for the dyslipidemic HFD‐induced bone loss through comparing femoral gene expression profiles in HFD‐fed mice versus the normal diet‐fed mice during the growth stage. We used Affymetrix 430A Gene Chips to identify the significant changes in expression of the genes involved in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the related signal transduction pathways. Quantitative RT‐PCR was carried out on some significant genes for corroboration of the microarray results. At the conclusion of the 12‐week feeding, the down‐regulation of most of the genes related to bone formation and the up‐regulation of most of the genes related to bone resorption were observed in the HFD‐fed mice, consistent with the changes in plasma bone metabolic biomarkers. Together, the HFD induced a decrease in the majority of the adipogenesis‐, lipid biosynthesis‐, and fatty acid oxidation‐related gene expression, such as PPARg and APOE. Furthermore, some genes engaged in the related signal transduction pathway were strongly regulated at the transcript level, including IGFBP4, TGFbR1, IL‐17a, IL‐4, and P53. These results indicate that an HFD may induce inhibitory bone formation and enhanced bone resorption, thus causing adverse bone status.
Données descriptives de l’activité d’Assistance médicale à la procréation avec don de spermatozoïdes au sein des CECOS de 1973 à 2006 en France
Authors: Hennebicq S. , Juillard J.-C. , Le Lannou D. ,   Fédération française des CECOS
Published: March 2010

Introduction

Le premier CECOS a été créé en 1973 pour permettre une organisation institutionnalisée du don de spermatozoïdes, et encore de nos jours, la majorité de l’activité d’Assistance médicale à la procréation avec don de spermatozoïdes (AMP-D) est gérée dans les CECOS. Depuis 1980, ces centres ont formé un réseau national, la Fédération française des CECOS, et dès leur création, ces centres ont organisé une évaluation de leur activité par la tenue de bilans annuels d’activité. Ce travail présente un récapitulatif de ces données d’activité de 1973 à 2006.

Matériel et méthodes

Les données d’activité des centres ont été compilées au niveau national pour ce qui concerne l’AMP-D et analysées dans ce travail.

Résultats

Entre 1973 et 2006, 69 945 couples ont entamé des démarches au CECOS pour réaliser leur projet parental grâce à un don de sperme. Presque 20 % de ces couples sont revenus au CECOS pour une demande de deuxième, voire troisième enfant. Ce mode de procréation a été possible, car dans le même temps 16 971 donneurs se sont présentés dans les CECOS, et une démarche de don de gamètes a été effectivement réalisée en totalité pour 10 347 d’entre eux. C’est ainsi au moins 44 045 enfants qui ont été conçus durant cette période. Ce travail présente donc la plus grande série de données relatives à l’activité de don de sperme au plan international.
A Pilot Study of the Tolerability of Two BCG Maintenance Regimens in the Treatment of High Risk Superficial Bladder Cancer
Authors: Gilmore P.E. , Henderson K. , Kutarski P.W. , Stephenson R.N. , Parr N.J.
Published: March 2010

Objective:

The aims of this study were to review tolerance to BCG maintenance in a UK based population of patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer (HRSBC). We have employed two different BCG maintenance regimens and compared our outcomes with those described by SWOG 8507.

Patients and methods:

Data from 81 patients confirmed to have HRSBC were retrospectively analysed for tolerability and cancer outcomes for either single or triplet dose BCG maintenance.

Results:

77 patients tolerated induction BCG and underwent BCG maintenance, 24 in the single and 53 in the triplet groups. Mean follow-up was 38 months. The maintenance tolerance was 89% for single and 50% for triplet instillations.

Conclusions:

In a single centre UK group of patients, tolerance to maintenance BCG was higher than previously reported by SWOG 8507 and a single dose maintenance regimen was better tolerated than the triplet dose. This review of a non-randomised series of two BCG maintenance regimens is too small to alter current guidelines, but does suggest the need for a much larger multi-centre UK study comparing triplet maintenance with less intense regimens.
A Simple Method for Validation and Verification of Pipettes Mounted on Automated Liquid Handlers
Authors: Stangegaard Michael , Hansen Anders J. , Frøslev Tobias G. , Morling Niels
Published: March 2010

We have implemented a simple, inexpensive, and fast procedure for validation and verification of the performance of pipettes mounted on automated liquid handlers (ALHs) as necessary for laboratories accredited under ISO 17025. A six- or seven-step serial dilution of OrangeG was prepared in quadruplicates in a flat-bottom 96-well microtiter plate, manually using calibrated pipettes. Each pipette of the liquid handler (1–8) dispensed a selected volume (1–200μL) of OrangeG eight times into the wells of the microtiter plate. All wells contained a total of 200μL liquid. The absorbance was read, and the dispensed volume of each pipette was calculated based on a plot of volume and absorbance of a known set of OrangeG dilutions. Finally, the percent inaccuracy (%d) and the imprecision (%CV) of each pipette were calculated. Using predefined acceptance criteria, each pipette was then either approved or failed. Failed pipettes were either repaired or the volume deviation was compensated for by applying a calibration curve in the liquid-handler software. We have implemented the procedure on a Sias Xantus, an MWGt The ONYX, four Tecan Freedom EVO, a Biomek NX Span-8, and four Biomek 3000 robots, and the methods are freely available.

In conclusion, we have set up a simple, inexpensive, and fast solution for the continuous validation of ALHs used for accredited work according to the ISO 17025 standard. The method is easy to use for aqueous solutions but requires a spectrophotometer that can read microtiter plates.
Ageing, chronic alcohol consumption and folate are determinants of genomic DNA methylation,p16promoter methylation and the expression ofp16in the mouse colon
Authors: Sauer Julia , Jang Hyeran , Zimmerly Ella M. , Kim Kyong-chol , Liu Zhenhua , Chanson Aurelie , Smith Donald E. , Mason Joel B. , Friso Simonetta , Choi Sang-Woon
Published: March 2010

Older age, dietary folate and chronic alcohol consumption are important risk factors for the development of colon cancer. The present study examined the effects of ageing, folate and alcohol on genomic andp16-specific DNA methylation, andp16expression in the murine colon. Old (aged 18 months;n70) and young (aged 4 months;n70) male C57BL/6 mice were pair-fed either a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with alcohol (18 % of energy), a Lieber-DeCarli diet with alcohol (18 %) and reduced folate (0·25 mg folate/l) or an isoenergetic control diet (0·5 mg folate/l) for 5 or 10 weeks. Genomic DNA methylation,p16promoter methylation andp16gene expression were analysed by liquid chromatography–MS, methylation-specific PCR and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Genomic DNA methylation was lower in the colon of old mice compared with young mice (P < 0·02) at 10 weeks. Alcohol consumption did not alter genomic DNA methylation in the old mouse colon, whereas it tended to decrease genomic DNA methylation in young mice (P = 0·08).p16Promoter methylation and expression were higher in the old mouse colon compared with the corresponding young groups. There was a positive correlation betweenp16promoter methylation andp16expression in the old mouse colon (P < 0·02). In young mice the combination of alcohol and reduced dietary folate led to significantly decreasedp16expression compared with the control group (P < 0·02). In conclusion, ageing and chronic alcohol consumption alter genomic DNA methylation,p16promoter methylation andp16gene expression in the mouse colon, and dietary folate availability can further modify the relationship with alcohol in the young mouse.
ENHANCING SEED GERMINATION OF FOUR CROP SPECIES USING AN ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE
Authors: GOUSSOUS S. J. , SAMARAH N. H. , ALQUDAH A. M. , OTHMAN M. O.
Published: March 2010

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ultrasound (US) treatment on seed germination of chickpea, wheat, pepper and watermelon. All tests were carried out at 40 kHz in a water bath ultrasonic device varying two factors, treatment duration (5, 10, 15, 30, 45 or 60 min) and germination temperature (15 or 20 °C). Parallel tests were run in which seeds were soaked in water without sonication in order to eliminate the effect of water from US test results. The effects of US on seed germination varied between crops and were more obvious on germination speed, expressed as germination rate index (GRI), rather than on germination percentage (GP). In particular, US treatment significantly increased the GRI of chickpeas, wheat and watermelon, resulting in a maximum increase of 133% (at 45 min), 95% (30 min) and 45% (5 min), respectively, above control seeds. The beneficial effects of US on the GRI of these crops were observed at both 15 and 20 °C, suggesting that US treatment offers a practical priming method to overcome the slow germination that may occur at low temperatures. Water-soaking treatment improved the GP of both chickpea and pepper seeds by 59 and 24%, respectively, compared to the control but neither water nor US had any positive effect on pepper GRI. Post-treatment measurement of moisture content of these seeds produced variable results depending on crop species and US treatment duration. Results of this research indicated that US treatment effectively enhanced speed of germination of chickpea, wheat and watermelon seeds. This increase in speed of germination may improve early field establishment of these crops in the semiarid Mediterranean region and thus needs further investigation. The US technique may also be very useful for plant propagators in nurseries to achieve fast seedling establishment of watermelon.
Rhetoric and Philosophy in Plato's Phaedrus
Authors: WERNER DANIEL
Published: March 2010

One of the main concerns of Plato's Phaedrus is rhetoric. This concern pervades the dialogue right from the opening scene, where Phaedrus – someone with an obsessive and conspicuously superficial attachment to speech-making – is seen taking a walk in the country, having just come from hearing the great orator Lysias deliver a display speech (πíδϵιξις). There follows a sequence of three speeches: Phaedrus' reading of Lysias' speech, followed by Socrates' two speeches. In the latter half of the dialogue, the scene shifts from a presentation of rhetoric to an extended discussion about rhetoric. In particular, it presents an extended critique of contemporary rhetoric, and outlines what Plato takes to be the ‘true τχνη’ (techne – ‘art’, ‘craft’, or ‘science’) of rhetoric.
A Healing Touch for Empire: Vespasian's Wonders in Domitianic Rome
Authors: LUKE TREVOR S.
Published: March 2010

Before Vespasian returned to Rome to take up the reins of imperial government, he reportedly had a vision in the Serapeum of Alexandria and, as the New Serapis, healed two men. These wonders came to define Vespasian's time in Egypt and yet, for modern readers, their prominence in the story of the emperor's rise to power creates an apparent inconsistency. The same man who on his deathbed joked about his impending divinization also apparently played the part of a god at the beginning of his reign. Such contradictions are to be expected in the colourful accounts of emperors' lives, but this particular one invites further investigation because of its significance to the historical development of the conception of the emperor's divinity. Through detailed consideration of the prospects for reception of these wonders both during and after the Flavian dynasty, this article seeks to demonstrate the predominance of Domitianic influence on the story of Vespasian's wonders. Domitian's reign saw a new emphasis on the living emperor's divinity, which diminished again under Trajan. Nevertheless, wonders were a means through which the charisma of the emperor was manifested in Flavian Rome and later.
MEETING THE NEEDS OF ADOLESCENT POST-ABORTION CARE PATIENTS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Authors: McCARRAHER DONNA R. , CHEN-MOK MARIO , ORONOZ ANA SOPHIA , BRITO-ANDERSON SONIA , GREY THOMAS , TUCKER HEIDI , BAILEY PATRICIA E.
Published: March 2010

Counselling on contraception and contraceptive method provision are key components of post-abortion care (PAC). Some studies have suggested that adolescent PAC patients receive worse care than older women seeking these services. This study aimed to evaluate an intervention whose goal was to improve the counselling and contraceptive uptake of PAC patients, with special attention given to the needs of adolescent patients, in the four public hospitals in the Dominican Republic where PAC services were not being routinely offered. The counselling intervention effort included provider training and the development of adolescent-friendly information, education and communication (IEC) materials. Eighty-eight providers were interviewed at baseline and 6 months after the intervention was implemented. Six months after providers were trained, 140 adolescent PAC patients (≤19 years of age) and 134 older PAC patients (20–35 years) were interviewed about the contraceptive counselling messages and contraceptive methods they received before they were discharged from hospital. The adolescent and older PAC patients were matched on study hospital and time of arrival. Significant improvements were noted in provider knowledge and attitudes. No changes were noted in provider-reported PAC counselling behaviours, with close to 70% of providers reporting they routinely assess patients' fertility intentions, discuss contraception, assess STI/HIV risk and discuss post-abortion complications. Adolescent and older PAC patients reported receiving PAC counselling messages at similar rates. Forty per cent of adolescent PAC patients and 45% of older PAC patients who wanted to delay pregnancy were discharged with a contraceptive method. Adolescents were more likely to receive an injectable contraceptive method whereas older women were discharged with a variety of methods. The PAC counselling intervention increased provider knowledge and improved their attitudes and benefited both adolescent and older patients.
The German Elections in the 1870s: Why Germany Turned from Liberalism to Protectionism
Authors: Lehmann Sibylle H.
Published: March 2010

In 1878 the liberal parties lost enough votes to lose the majority in the parliament which they had defended in the general election just one year before. In this article, the questions of where the voters came from and why the voting changed so crucially within one year are reexamined. The analysis uses a new set of data and makes use of King's algorithm, a tool provided by modern political science. The main finding of this article is that the change towards protectionism was not caused by new, but by floating voters from the agricultural sector.
Coherent structures in wave boundary layers. Part 1. Oscillatory motion
Authors: CARSTENSEN STEFAN , SUMER B. MUTLU , FREDSØE JØRGEN
Published: March 2010

This work concerns oscillatory boundary layers over smooth beds. It comprises combined visual and quantitative techniques including bed shear stress measurements. The experiments were carried out in an oscillating water tunnel. The experiments reveal two significant coherent flow structures: (i) Vortex tubes, essentially two-dimensional vortices close to the bed extending across the width of the boundary-layer flow, caused by an inflectional-point shear layer instability. The imprint of these vortices in the bed shear stress is a series of small, insignificant kinks and dips. (ii) Turbulent spots, isolated arrowhead-shaped areas close to the bed in an otherwise laminar boundary layer where the flow ‘bursts’ with violent oscillations. The emergence of the turbulent spots marks the onset of turbulence. Turbulent spots cause single or multiple violent spikes in the bed shear stress signal, which has profound implications for sediment transport (in both the laboratory and the field). The experiments also show that similar coherent flow structures exist in the case of combined oscillatory flow and current.
Large-eddy simulation of mixing in a recirculating shear flow
Authors: MATHEOU GEORGIOS , BONANOS ARISTIDES M. , PANTANO CARLOS , DIMOTAKIS PAUL E.
Published: March 2010

The flow field and mixing in an expansion-ramp geometry is studied using large-eddy simulation (LES) with subgrid scale (SGS) modelling. The expansion-ramp geometry was developed to investigate enhanced mixing and flameholding characteristics while maintaining low total-pressure losses. Passive mixing was considered without taking into account the effects of chemical reactions and heat release, an approximation that is adequate for experiments conducted in parallel. The primary objective of the current work is to validate the LES–SGS closure in the case of passive turbulent mixing in a complex configuration and, if successful, to rely on numerical simulation results for flow details unavailable via experiment. Total (resolved-scale plus subgrid contribution) probability density functions (p.d.f.s) of the mixture fraction are estimated using a presumed beta-distribution model for the subgrid field. Flow and mixing statistics are in good agreement with the experimental measurements, indicating that the mixing on a molecular scale is correctly predicted by the LES–SGS model. Finally, statistics are shown to be resolution-independent by computing the flow for three resolutions, at twice and four times the resolution of the coarsest simulation.
Emptying boxes – classifying transient natural ventilation flows
Authors: HUNT G. R. , COFFEY C. J.
Published: March 2010

The buoyancy-driven flushing of fluid from a rectangular box via connections in the base and top into quiescent surroundings of uniform density is examined. Our focus is on the transient flows that develop when the interior is either initially stably stratified in two homogeneous layers – a dense layer below a layer at ambient density, or is filled entirely with dense fluid. Experiments with saline stratifications show that four distinct patterns of flow are possible. We classify these patterns in terms of the direction of flow through the base opening and the propensity of replacement fluid through the top opening to induce interfacial mixing. Unidirectional or bidirectional flow through the base opening may occur and within these two flow types either weak or vigorous interfacial mixing. We identify the three controlling geometrical parameters that determine which flow pattern is established, namely the fractional initial layer depths, the relative areas of the top and base openings and the horizontal length scale of the top opening relative to the initial dense layer depth. We show that these parameters may be reduced to two Froude numbers – one based on the fluxes through the base opening and whose value sets the direction of flow, and a second based on conditions at the top opening whose value determines the vigour of interfacial mixing. Theoretical models are developed for predicting the conditions for transition between each flow pattern and expressed as critical values of the Froude numbers identified.
Shock emission from collapsing gas bubbles
Authors: SHAW S. J. , SPELT P. D. M.
Published: March 2010

The origin and the resultant properties of the strong pulses or shocks emitted by collapsing gas bubbles into a surrounding liquid are investigated numerically. The compressible flow in both phases is resolved. Results are presented for micron- and millimetre-sized bubbles and for bubble collapse triggered either by an acoustic driving or by an initially imposed spherical shock in the liquid. The origin of the diverging shocks is investigated, and the results of a parametric study for the acoustically driven collapse reveal a predominant linear dependence of the shock strength and width on the maximum bubble radius. The results compare favourably with experimental data and agree well with acoustic theory in the limit of weak forcing.
Nonlinear dynamics of the elliptic instability
Authors: SCHAEFFER NATHANAËL , LE DIZÈS STÉPHANE
Published: March 2010

In this paper, we analyse by numerical simulations the nonlinear dynamics of the elliptic instability in the configurations of a single strained vortex and a system of two counter-rotating vortices. We show that although a weakly nonlinear regime associated with a limit cycle is possible, the nonlinear evolution far from the instability threshold is, in general, much more catastrophic for the vortex. In both configurations, we put forward some evidence of a universal nonlinear transition involving shear layer formation and vortex loop ejection, leading to a strong alteration and attenuation of the vortex, and a rapid growth of the vortex core size.
Reynolds-number dependency in homogeneous, stationary two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: BRACCO ANNALISA , MCWILLIAMS JAMES C.
Published: March 2010

Turbulent solutions of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are a paradigm for the chaotic space–time patterns and equilibrium distributions of turbulent geophysical and astrophysical ‘thin’ flows on large horizontal scales. Here we investigate how homogeneous, stationary two-dimensional turbulence varies with the Reynolds number (Re) in stationary solutions with large-scale, random forcing and viscous diffusion, also including hypoviscous diffusion to limit the inverse energy cascade. This survey is made over the computationally feasible range in Re ≫ 1, approximately between 1.5 × 103 and 5.6 × 106. For increasing Re, we witness the emergence of vorticity fine structure within the filaments and vortex cores. The energy spectrum shape approaches the forward-enstrophy inertial-range form k−3 at large Re, and the velocity structure function is independent of Re. All other statistical measures investigated in this study exhibit power-law scaling with Re, including energy, enstrophy, dissipation rates and the vorticity structure function. The scaling exponents depend on the forcing properties through their influences on large-scale coherent structures, whose particular distributions are non-universal. A striking result is the Re independence of the intermittency measures of the flow, in contrast with the known behaviour for three-dimensional homogeneous turbulence of asymptotically increasing intermittency. This is a consequence of the control of the tails of the distribution functions by large-scale coherent vortices. Our analysis allows extrapolation towards the asymptotic limit of Re → ∞, fundamental to geophysical and astrophysical regimes and their large-scale simulation models where turbulent transport and dissipation must be parameterized.
Mapping Meaning: Ethnography and Allegory in Netherlandish Cartography, 1570-1655
Authors: Sutton Elizabeth
Published: March 2010

As was the norm with frontispiece illustration in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the figures personifying the four continents on the title page to Abraham Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum were allegorical stand-ins, representing both a geographical place and its identifying features, symbolised by their appropriate accoutrements (fig. 1). They were not meant to serve as documentary evidence of diverse peoples, which partially explains why the personifications of the four continents are generalised and generic and adopt classicising ideals for body type and posture. In contrast, Willem and Joan Blaeu's map of Africa from 1655 includes ethnographic images as border decorations (fig. 2). These are more naturalistic and taken from contemporary travel accounts, suggesting the presence of factual information sources. Yet both the title page and the map share a visual language that signalled culturally-specific meaning to the viewer.
The Itinerant Preaching of Three Hoklo Evangelists in Mid-Nineteenth Century Hong Kong
Authors: Cai Ellen Xiang-Yu
Published: March 2010

Karl Gützlaff set up the Chinese Union in 1844, which was a missionary society based on the principle that China's millions could never be converted to Christianity by foreign missionaries: Chinese Christians themselves must carry out the evangelisation of the empire while Western missionaries would serve as instructors and supervisors. Ever since the founding of the Chinese Union, the effectiveness of this evangelistic methodology has given rise to heated debates among contemporary missionaries and subsequent generations of Christian mission historians. Both Jessie G. Lutz and Wu Yixiong discussed the employment of this evangelistic methodology from the perspective of foreign missionaries, such as Gützlaff's evangelistic thought, the founding and development of the Chinese Union, and its crisis. By making use of more substantial mission archives, Jessie G. Lutz's research is more detailed; she even included Gützlaff's European tour from 1849 to 1850. It was Gützlaff's absence from Hong Kong that gave the other missionaries, such as Theodor Hamberg (1819-54) of the Basel Mission, Gützlaff's co-worker, the opportunity to investigate the function of the Chinese Union, and which eventually caused the dissolution of the Chinese Union during 1852 to 1853. How Gützlaff came to the idea of utilising native agency to evangelise the Chinese and how he managed to maintain his enterprise are quite clear. Although it did not come to a respectable result in his time, this idea of “self-propagation” was inherited by the missionaries who were sent to China by the other missions. Yet how did the Chinese evangelists carry out the evangelistic work independent from the missionaries? This is a question Jessie G. Lutz focused on for years.
Who Stood to Gain from Colonialism? A Case Study of Early Modern European Colonialism in the Caribbean
Authors: Rönnbäck Klas
Published: March 2010

Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx considered British colonies to be a net burden on British society. Ever since the issue has been a controversial one and has received a great deal of attention from scholars, not least thanks to the publication of Eric Williams's book “Capitalism and Slavery”. To a large extent the debate has been concerned with the issue of whether the profits from colonialism were large enough to have a decisive effect upon, or at least contribute to, the industrialisation of Britain and/or other countries in Europe.
A New Framework for Psychology
Authors: Milton Nicholas R.
Published: March 2010

The article presents several new ideas concerning frameworks in psychology. At a general level, this includes proposals for a definition of the term framework and a simple, attribute-based metaframework. There is also a description of the way frameworks can act as bridges, maps, and models. The bulk of the article concerns PsyFrame, a new framework for psychological ideas. Several uses of PsyFrame are described, including PsyBridge (a database format), PsyMap (a graphical way of summarizing a psychological idea), and PsyModel (a way of constructing integrated psychological models). Overall, this article is descriptive rather than prescriptive. Hence, it concerns new ways of approaching and representing psychological ideas, rather than promoting a particular way of doing psychology.
Cues to the Imagination in Memoir, Science, and Fiction
Authors: Oatley Keith , Olson David
Published: March 2010

To understand psychological functions of writing, in which words achieve a certain permanency, we discuss Petrarch's memoir of his ascent of Mont Ventoux, Galileo's scientific account of the laws governing falling bodies, and Cervantes's fictional account of Don Quixote's confrontation with windmills. In each case, written words function as cues, instructions to the reader, to construct scenes in the imagination. We analyze the writing of Jane Austen's (1813/1980) Pride and Prejudice and find three categories of cues: utterance, thought, and observation. These are essential to fiction, but a comparable range of cues occurs in other genres, which have different purposes and can draw on cues in different proportions. Fiction is, perhaps, distinctive in reaching imaginatively toward psychological laws.
Microwave absorption in the frustrated ferrimagnet Cu2OSeO3
Authors: Kobets M. I. , Dergachev K. G. , Khatsko E. N. , Rykova A. I. , Lemmens P. , Wulferding D. , Berger H.
Published: March 2010

The resonance properties of a new Cu2OSeO3 ferrimagnet have been investigated in a wide range of frequencies (17–142GHz) at liquid helium temperature. The resonance data were used to plot the frequency-field curve of the ferromagnetic spectrum described in the model of an anisotropic two-sublattice ferrimagnet. The effective magnetic anisotropy corresponding to the gap in the spin wave spectrum was estimated (3GHz). It was found that the spectrum has a multicomponent structure due to the diversity of the types of magnetization precession. As the amplitude of the high-frequency magnetic field increased, additional absorption was observed in an external magnetic field below the main resonance field. The addition absorption detected corresponds to a nonuniform nonlinear parametric resonance due to the nonuniformity of the magnetic structure in the ferrimagnetic crystal Cu2OSeO3.
Light-Induced-Degradation effects in boron–phosphorus compensated n-type Czochralski silicon
Authors: Schutz-Kuchly T. , Veirman J. , Dubois S. , Heslinga D. R.
Published: March 2010

This letter focuses on the evolution under illumination of the carrier lifetime in n-type boron–phosphorus compensated Czochralski silicon. Our results show a Light-Induced-Degradation (LID) of the carrier lifetime which we prove to be related to additional boron. The activation energy of the annihilation mechanism for this boron-related defect was found to be 1.7 eV, in agreement with values concerning the annihilation of the BOi2 complex responsible for the LID of boron-doped p-type silicon. This strongly suggests that BOi2 are also responsible for the degradation of n-type boron–phosphorus compensated silicon unlike what was expected from previous studies on compensated p-type silicon.
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts transform into mature blood vessels via an inflammation-mediated process of vascular remodeling
Authors: Roh Jason D. , Sawh-Martinez Rajendra , Brennan Matthew P. , Jay Steven M. , Devine Lesley , Rao Deepak A. , Yi Tai , Mirensky Tamar L. , Nalbandian Ani , Udelsman Brooks , Hibino Narutoshi , Shinoka Toshiharu , Saltzman W. Mark , Snyder Edward , Kyriakides Themis R. , Pober Jordan S. , Breuer Christopher K.
Published: March 2010

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are the earliest tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) to be used clinically. These TEVGs transform into living blood vessels in vivo, with an endothelial cell (EC) lining invested by smooth muscle cells (SMCs); however, the process by which this occurs is unclear. To test if the seeded BMCs differentiate into the mature vascular cells of the neovessel, we implanted an immunodeficient mouse recipient with human BMC (hBMC)-seeded scaffolds. As in humans, TEVGs implanted in a mouse host as venous interposition grafts gradually transformed into living blood vessels over a 6-month time course. Seeded hBMCs, however, were no longer detectable within a few days of implantation. Instead, scaffolds were initially repopulated by mouse monocytes and subsequently repopulated by mouse SMCs and ECs. Seeded BMCs secreted significant amounts of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and increased early monocyte recruitment. These findings suggest TEVGs transform into functional neovessels via an inflammatory process of vascular remodeling.
An atomistic picture of the regeneration process in dye sensitized solar cells
Authors: Schiffmann Florian , VandeVondele Joost , Hutter Jürg , Urakawa Atsushi , Wirz Ronny , Baiker Alfons
Published: March 2010

A highly efficient mechanism for the regeneration of the cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II) sensitizing dye (N3) by I
-
in acetonitrile has been identified by using molecular dynamics simulation based on density functional theory. Barrier–free complex formation of the oxidized dye with both I
-
and

, and facile dissociation of

and

from the reduced dye are key steps in this process. In situ vibrational spectroscopy confirms the reversible binding of I
2
to the thiocyanate group. Additionally, simulations of the electrolyte near the interface suggest that acetonitrile is able to cover the (101) surface of anatase with a passivating layer that inhibits direct contact of the redox mediator with the oxide, and that the solvent structure specifically enhances the concentration of I
-
at a distance which further favors rapid dye regeneration.
The activated state of a sodium channel voltage sensor in a membrane environment
Authors: Chakrapani Sudha , Sompornpisut Pornthep , Intharathep Pathumwadee , Roux Benoît , Perozo Eduardo
Published: March 2010

Direct structural insights on the fundamental mechanisms of permeation, selectivity, and gating remain unavailable for the Na
+
and Ca
2+
channel families. Here, we report the spectroscopic structural characterization of the isolated Voltage-Sensor Domain (VSD) of the prokaryotic Na
+
channel NaChBac in a lipid bilayer. Site-directed spin-labeling and EPR spectroscopy were carried out for 118 mutants covering all of the VSD. EPR environmental data were used to unambiguously assign the secondary structure elements, define membrane insertion limits, and evaluate the activated conformation of the isolated-VSD in the membrane using restrain-driven molecular dynamics simulations. The overall three-dimensional fold of the NaChBac-VSD closely mirrors those seen in KvAP, Kv1.2, Kv1.2-2.1 chimera, and MlotiK1. However, in comparison to the membrane-embedded KvAP-VSD, the structural dynamics of the NaChBac-VSD reveals a much tighter helix packing, with subtle differences in the local environment of the gating charges and their interaction with the rest of the protein. Using cell complementation assays we show that the NaChBac-VSD can provide a conduit to the transport of ions in the resting or “down” conformation, a feature consistent with our EPR water accessibility measurements in the activated or “up” conformation. These results suggest that the overall architecture of VSD’s is remarkably conserved among K
+
and Na
+
channels and that pathways for gating-pore currents may be intrinsic to most voltage-sensors. Cell complementation assays also provide information about the putative location of the gating charges in the “down/resting” state and hence a glimpse of the extent of conformational changes during activation.