bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Scott W.
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the challenge of assessing land values in a frontier market. Because of the peculiar and tragic way in which North America was alienated from Native American hands, land tracts passed through what can be defined as three economic stages. During the (1) Native American stage, land had only use value for its occupants. Alienated from Native American hands, much of this land entered a (2) frontier stage, during which its exchange value was determined mostly by its potential within the final, or (3) market economy, stage. Depending on geographic location, the transition of land from frontier to market economy values could be arduous or even impossible. As a result, sellers and purchasers of frontier land often exaggerated its value, resulting in unbearable debts, forfeiture, and hardship among a great many farming families. This is precisely what happened when the Cayuga Reservation was significantly overpriced at auction by bidders in 1796. The chapter explains that the book uses a comprehensive methodology to assess the value of land in central New York during the early American period, paying particular attention to the buying and selling of the Cayuga Reservation and the business of land dealing in the New Military Tract.
Land Speculation in the New Military Tract
Authors: Anderson Scott W.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides a careful delineation of the land market in the New Military Tract during the first two decades of post-Revolutionary War American settlement. It focuses on the period immediately before and after the Cayuga Reservation was purchased in 1795. This area is of special interest because the New Military Tract surrounded the Cayuga Reservation and consisted of land having many of the qualities and attributes of the reservation. The chapter then describes the nature of land speculation at the time and establishes the identity and character of the major land speculators. It illustrates how speculators were in the end driven from this market after its bubble burst in 1796, and how they were replaced (or evolved into) frontier land dealers who lived and worked among their clients. The chapter also shows how rising land values were associated with changing transportation technologies and market opportunities.
Buying and Selling the Cayuga Reservation
Authors: Anderson Scott W.
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins with a brief background to the Cayuga Land Claim case. It tells the story of how the Cayuga Nation came to sell most of its reservation in 1795 and the remaining parcels in 1807. Why did Cayuga Reservation lots sell at auction in 1796 for three times the going price for nearby and equivalent land? The primary reason Cayuga Reservation lots attracted such high prices at auction was the behavior of at least five connected but competing investment syndicates. Using credit provided by the state, they attempted to gain control of lots they hoped would quickly grow in value. Their behaviors resulted in a suddenly expanding speculation bubble that burst soon after it was created. Having invested little cash in reservation lots at auction, the syndicates soon abandoned most of these lots by passing mortgage obligations on to farmers. By examining what happened to the mortgages held by the state on these lots and by detailing the several laws the state enacted to provide relief to the mortgage holders, the chapter describes the human and economic consequences of this bubble's bursting and its long-term impact in holding back the development of the reservation area.
Origins
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses how the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross emerged from a turbulent period in the history of Russian Orthodox monasticism. During the eighteenth century, monastic communities were merged, dissolved, stripped of their land and peasants, and subjected to closer regulatory oversight, with the result that their number, membership, and wealth declined sharply. So, too, did the substantial political and economic influence previously exercised by the wealthiest and most prominent communities. The process of monastic reform in eighteenth-century Imperial Russia thus paralleled that in contemporary Catholic Europe, where several states similarly enacted measures intended to restrict monasticism and redirect monastic wealth. This process affected female monasticism in the city of Nizhnii Novgorod particularly dramatically, as first the Resurrection and then the Conception Convents were dissolved and merged with the Procession Convent, eventually forming the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross. These convents were shaped no less powerfully, however, by their social, economic, and cultural environment. In this regard, the experiences of all four convents were typical of most urban convents in eighteenth-century Imperial Russia.
Revolution and Dissolution
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter assesses how the outbreak of war and then revolution subjected all Orthodox monastic communities in the Russian empire to a confluence of economic, social, and political challenges that ultimately led to their dissolution. While this outcome is not surprising given the ideology and goals animating the Soviet regime, it was not inevitable. On the contrary, like most female monastic communities in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese, the community at the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross demonstrated a resiliency during the decade and a half after the start of the Russian Revolution in 1917. This resiliency stemmed from the solidarity, flexibility, and leadership skills developed prior to the war by the combination of the community's religious character and practices and its communal organization. Confounding Bolshevik expectations, the community disappeared in the end not because it could not survive in the conditions of early Soviet socialism, but because it embodied a competing ideal for communalistic life and an alternative system of beliefs that could not be tolerated by a revolutionary regime committed to the implementation of a radical secularist vision of socialism.
Mikhail Gorbachev and the Late Soviet Period, 1987–1991
Authors: Van Oudenaren John
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the late Soviet period, when Mikhail Gorbachev struggled, in the end unsuccessfully, to reform the Soviet Union through glasnost and perestroika. The period 1987–1991 was an extraordinary time in world history, one that saw the most sweeping geopolitical changes of the second half of the twentieth century: the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, and the dissolution of the USSR itself. This was also a momentous time for the Library of Congress. The Library hosted Raisa Gorbachev, Sakharov, Likhachev, and other prominent Russians at events on Capitol Hill; organized two major exhibitions devoted to Russian culture; and, with congressional support, launched an assistance program for parliaments and parliamentary libraries in the former communist world. It revamped its own acquisitions procedures to respond to the radically changed environment for the publication and distribution of books and other materials from the former Soviet Union. As an expert on Russia who was deeply invested in the changes underway, James H. Billington provided necessary leadership, but he was hardly alone in setting in motion all of the initiatives toward Russia undertaken in this period.
Conclusion
Authors: Van Oudenaren John
Published: October 2024

This concluding chapter reviews what the Library of Congress accomplished in the period between 1987 and 2015—for itself, for US national interests, and for Russia—and suggests lessons that might be applied in US policy toward a post-Putin Russia as well as toward other countries. It discusses the geopolitics of culture: the nexus between US national interests, national security, and foreign policy and the cultural realities of the twenty-first-century world, as reflected in the experience of the Library of Congress's dealings with Russia and in the thinking of James H. Billington in this period. The extraordinary international developments that occurred in Russia after 1987 are unlikely to be repeated, in Russia or elsewhere. The experience of 1987–2015 and the pivotal international role played by the Library of Congress in this period nonetheless offer lessons for the future. They hold out the hope that future Librarians of Congress and the Library as an institution can play a leading role as the United States continues to adjust to a complex, multipolar world in which culture will shape the behavior of peoples and states.
The Latecomer's Rise
Authors: Chen Muyang
Published: October 2024

This book reveals the nature and impact of a rapidly growing form of international lending: Chinese development finance. Over the past few decades, China has become the world's largest provider of bilateral development finance. Through its two national policy banks, the China Development Bank (CDB) and the Export–Import Bank of China (China Exim), it has funded infrastructure and industrial projects in numerous emerging markets and developing countries. Yet this very surge and magnitude of capital has raised questions about the characteristics of Chinese bilateral lending and its repercussions on the international order. This book pinpoints the distinctiveness of Chinese bilateral development finance, explains its origins, and analyzes its effects. The book compares Chinese policy banks with their foreign counterparts to show that the CDB and China Exim, while state-supported, are in fact also market-oriented—they are as much government organs as they are profit-driven financial agencies that serve both state and firms' interests. This approach, which emerged out of China's particular economic history, suggests that Chinese overseas lending is not merely a tool of economic statecraft that challenges Western-led economic regimes. Instead, China's responses to extant rules, norms, and practices across given issue areas have varied between contestation and convergence. The book demystifies the little-known workings of Chinese development finance to revise our conceptions of China's role in the international financial system.
“Spiritual Lend Lease”
Authors: Shannon Matthew K.
Published: October 2024

This chapter covers the Del Be Del network's adaptation to modernity through a “new mission” focused on development, a concept embraced by both American evangelicals and their Iranian counterparts. Moving beyond traditional church-planting, the Del Be Del network collaborated on literacy programs and community-based social work where their efforts intersected with broader American and Iranian development initiatives. It explains how these programs were intertwined with US foreign aid and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's White Revolution in Cold War Iran. The chapter describes the Del Be Del network's work in Tehran, which illustrated how evangelical outreach was deeply rooted in the local context, merging spiritual and developmental goals. The new mission emphasizes the complex interplay of religion, development, and international relations in mid-twentieth-century Iran.
Animals and Errors
Authors: Grillo Tyran
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of variations of human and animal errors at play in a selection of contemporary literature from Japan. It introduces the notion of productive error, which is uniquely human and enables the transformation of analytical ideas. The closer human and animal experiences align, the more disturbing the narrative becomes, which is a prevalent underlying dynamic as a traumatic animality. The chapter elaborates on the extent of traumality. It then explains that the origins of the pet boom began in the mid-1990s wherein an explosion of literature shook mainstream markets by touting pets as viable social actors.
A Canine Triptych
Authors: Grillo Tyran
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the interplay of dogs and disability. Dramatized animals are psychological beacons of moral messages, and the dog constitutes an all-inclusive package of sensitivity, unconditional acceptance, and softening of species lines. The chapter notes how the rise of cinema coincided with the rise of Darwinism, which allowed for animals to be easily adapted to visual media for scientific and archival value while referencing Laura Mulvey's essay. The chapter details how dogs' existence often implies an obligatory relationship with human beings before discussing the extent of guide-dog literature. It then provides an overview of biographies and autobiographies about disability, citing the willingness of conversations about disabled animals but denying complicity in the abuses and discrimination of disabled people.
Introduction
Authors: Grunewald Susan C. I.
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter explores the continued importance of the German prisoners of war (POWs) to present-day Russia. It explains that the German prisoners were caught up in Stalinist repression and consigned to either the Gulag or to Gulag-like camps to labor as punishment for their wartime transgressions. The vindictive nature of the camps originated from the difficulties in ascertaining how many German POWs died in Soviet captivity. Moreover, the German POW experience in the USSR revolves around the different aspects of forced labor and the Soviet economy. The chapter also looks into how Soviet and Russian war memorials illustrate that collective memory of the war shapes their content, despite political powers heavily controlling their form.
Antifascist Reeducation and Germans as Propaganda Agents
Authors: Grunewald Susan C. I.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the antifascist reeducation, particularly Germans as propaganda agents. Although the focus on labor productivity primarily dictated prisoners of war (POW) life and conditions, political education also played an important role in camp life and repatriation. The aim primarily revolved around developing a group of antifascist pro-Soviet Germans to produce propaganda materials that urged German surrender. After the war ended, antifascist reeducation in the Soviet Union became increasingly important as the four Allied Powers deliberated over the nature of a postwar Germany. The chapter looks into the efforts of denazification conducted by US authorities and Soviet leaders, the establishment of the German Democratic Republic, and counteracting the ideological tensions of the Cold War.
Men of Action
Authors: Wilson James Graham
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores Paul Nitze's early life and influences, including his upbringing in a family of academics and his time on Wall Street during the Great Depression. It covers Nitze's education at Harvard and his brief foray into academia before turning to a career in government and finance. It also discusses Nitze's political evolution from a Democrat to a Republican, which was influenced by his disillusionment with Franklin D. Roosevelt's policies. Nitze's deep-rooted belief in democracy and the American way of life, despite his skepticism towards politicians, underscores his career and decisions. The chapter describes Nitze's career trajectory, which was driven by a desire to be a strategic thinker in the real world and showed his early steps towards positions of power and influence.
Cold Warrior
Authors: Wilson James Graham
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores Paul Nitze's post-World War II career and his pivotal role in shaping US national security policy. Despite lacking a clear trajectory after the war, Nitze chose to remain in Washington, DC, joining the State Department in 1946 at the age of thirty-nine. With personal connections to key figures like James Forrestal and William Draper, Nitze became a deputy director in the Office of International Trade Policy. The chapter describes a shift in US policy towards winning without war, which required a cadre of specialists to navigate the complex postwar landscape. It highlights Nitze's decision to stay in DC that symbolized his commitment to the practice of national security and his lifelong dedication to shaping Cold War policies.
The Strategic Concept
Authors: Wilson James Graham
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the most significant period of Paul Nitze's government service since the Truman administration, occurring during Ronald Reagan's second term. While Nitze did not author a strategy statement like NSC-68, he reported directly to Secretary of State George Shultz and played a crucial role in advancing Reagan's vision of a nuclear-free world. The chapter outlines Nitze's efforts that helped connect Reagan's idealistic goals to achievable transitions from strategic offenses to defenses, even amid the turmoil of the Iran-Contra scandal. It considers Nitze pivotal in the negotiations with the new Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, although he was often disappointed by Gorbachev and the US bureaucracy. Nitze's work laid the foundation for the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) agreement signed in 1991, achieving a significant reduction in destabilizing missiles and giving substance to Reagan's aspirations for a nuclear-free world.
Autobiographical Notes
Authors: Bunin Ivan
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents autobiographical notes of Ivan Bunin's life. It notes that Bunin was born in Voronezh. Bunin considered Anton Chekhov among the most remarkable Russian writers for the very many and truly splendid things that he gave to world literature, but he did not really like his plays. Eventually, Bunin started publishing at the end of the 1980s, a time when decadents and symbolists believed that Russian literature had come to a dead end. The chapter then provides an overview of the series of people who would be recognized in world history as the greatest geniuses of human kind but who demolished entire kingdoms and millions of human lives.
Repin
Authors: Bunin Ivan
Published: October 2024

This chapter notes how Ilya Repin Yefimovich, a known painter, honored Ivan Bunin. According to Repin, he dreamt of painting Bunin and was delighted to meet painter Nilus, who was Bunin's friend and also a painter skilled with colors. The chapter mentions how Repin considered Bunin a splendid writer. However, before Repin could paint him every morning in his studio and have lunch that the Good Lord ordained, Bunin refused. The chapter explains that Bunin had terribly urgent business in Petersburg and promptly made a mad dash to the station, while also mentioning the telegram letter he wrote to Repin about his urgent summons to Moscow.
Chekhov
Authors: Bunin Ivan
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains that Ivan Bunin met Anton Chekhov. Chekhov loved to joke, create absurd nicknames, and also have conversations about literature that he often went into raves over Maupassant, Tolstoy, and Lermontov's Taman. Moreover, Chekhov insists that writers should never read their things before they are published and they should never listen to other people's advice. The chapter also cites that Bunin kept close correspondence with Chekhov, before a cold eventually sped up his death. It then details the publication of Chekhov's work In The Ravine, which was criticized for the notion of chekhovshchina.
His Imperial Highness
Authors: Bunin Ivan
Published: October 2024

This chapter tackles Ivan Bunin's experience of meeting Prince Pyotr Alexandrovich of Oldenburg. It explains that Pyotr Alexandrovich hailed from a family that was considered one of the oldest in Europe, which was the last of the Russian branch of the Princes of Oldenburg. Bunin also learned that Pyotr Alexandrovich wrote short stories about the life of the people à la Tolstoy's folktales. The chapter provides a brief overview of Pyotr Alexandrovich's life and work. It also notes that Pyotr Alexandrovich died in poverty at the Riviera, mentioning that his coffin is still standing in the vault of the Russian church in Cannes, awaiting his return to Russia.
Responding to The Fall of Berlin
Authors: Knight Claire
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the most infamous of the Stalin films, Mikhail Chiaureli's The Fall of Berlin (1950), paying particular attention to its contemporary reception. The Fall of Berlin presents the clearest depiction of the postwar incarnation of Stalin as the apotheosized Wise Father, Military Genius, and Visionary Leader who no longer needs the presence of Lenin or the Politburo to shore up his leadership. However, a different leader emerges among viewer responses: one who is not alone but is instead defined by his partnership with and reliance on the matured Soviet people, who in turn are typified as adult children who have attained political consciousness and consolidated their positive heroism through the course of the war. In this way, official and popular reception of The Fall of Berlin reached beyond the traditional cult imagery of the film, and its prewar formulation of the positive hero and master plot, to engage with the postwar search for a new positive hero, while also redefining the leader himself along the way. That reviewers and letter writers were able to do so speaks to the persistent multivalence of Stalin cult imagery in spite of tightened censorship, which allowed enough space for Soviet audiences to read a Stalin of their own choosing into the “Ultimate Stalin Film”.
The Life of the Party
Authors: Barrett Marsha E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines how, while campaigning against W. Averell Harriman, Nelson Rockefeller articulated a strong case for the need to strengthen civil rights legislation, which he saw as an integral component of governing in the twentieth century. What Rockefeller avoided mentioning was that the New York Republican Party had already begun opposing enhanced legislative responses to discrimination. As the campaign progressed, Rockefeller demonstrated some success appealing to Democrats and independents, but his advances in that area were relatively inconclusive. Although conservatives were unable to undermine Rockefeller's ascent and sometimes appeared inconsequential, they did raise criticisms of Rockefeller that identified an ideological divide between himself and a substantial proportion of the Republican Party. Ultimately, Rockefeller's first foray into electoral politics, as heralded as it was, demonstrated that his racially liberal brand of moderate Republicanism and calls for active government were an uncomfortable fit within the Republican Party.
Monstrous Fantasies
Authors: Norako Leila K.
Published: October 2024

This book asks why medieval romances reimagining the crusades ending in a Christian victory circulated in England with such abundance after the 1291 Muslim reconquest of Acre, the last of the Latin crusader states in the Holy Land, and what these texts reveal about the cultural anxieties of late medieval England. The book highlights the impact that the Ottoman victory and subsequent massacre of Christian prisoners at the battle of Nicopolis in 1396 had on intensifying the popularity of what the book calls “recovery romance.” These two episodes inspired a sense of urgency over the fate of the Holy Land and of Latin Christendom itself, resulting in the proliferation of romances in which crusading English kings like Richard I and anachronistic legends like King Arthur not only reconquered Jerusalem but committed genocidal violence against the Muslims. These romances, which—as the book argues—also influenced Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, conjure fantasies of an ascendant global Christendom by rehearsing acts of conquest and cultural annihilation that were impossible to realize in the late Middle Ages. Emphasizing the tension in these texts between nostalgia and anticipation that fuels their narrative momentum, the book also explores how the cultural desires for European and Christian hegemony that recovery romances versified were revived in the wake of the so-called wars on terror in the twenty-first century in such films as Kingdom of Heaven and American Sniper.
Introduction
Authors: Norako Leila K.
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of “recovery romance.” Recovery romances sprang from a particular ideological environment inflected both by deep-seated fears of Latin Christian cultural and religious precarity and by a closely related cultural, religious, and racial animus toward those perceived as threats to the project of Latin Christian expansion. As such, they frequently rehearse on the page what cannot occur in actuality by conjuring a world in which Latin Christian superiority and global dominion are, if not inevitable, then possible. Recovery romance, then, is best recognized through the fantasies of Christian supremacy and imperial might conjured in its lines—fantasies that both respond to and seek to influence the cultural imaginary of late medieval England. The chapter looks at recovery romance's salient features: they focus on a knight's (or a king's) transformation into a crusader; they construct Muslim enemies as foils to the Christian hero, often in racialized or racist terms; they utilize the symbolic dualism of female bodies; they invoke the perennially deferred recovery of Jerusalem; and they maintain a simultaneously nostalgic and anticipatory gaze through a deliberately vague geotemporality.
Food Hoarding
Authors: Chen Yixin
Published: October 2024

This chapter studies food hoarding activities in three locations—a village of extended family and a lineage village in southern Anhui, and a cluster of villages in western Anhui that formed a production brigade. These villages are Eastern Mountain Foot, Lu Valley, and Promising Land. The food hoarding activities, which were non-violent, included underreporting output, grain concealment, and private distribution of food. The chapter then delves into the social basis on which these collective activities were organized and evaluates the significance of these self-protective measures for the peasants' survival. Blood relationships embodied in the form of lineage were the primary social foundation for food hoarding resistance. Only this familial bond could make everyone in a village maintain secrecy around food hoarding and motivate leaders of production teams and brigades to initiate hoarding to save their communities.
Food Riots
Authors: Chen Yixin
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on Anhui's Tongcheng food riot, which occurred in the village of Upper Wang (Shangwang) in Tongcheng County during the Great Leap famine. Food riots usually involved the looting of a state granary and should be understood as part of the peasants' struggle to survive under the state's harsh food policies. The chapter then looks at crop riots, an expanded form of food riots. While it is challenging to definitively ascertain whether the food obtained from these riots significantly contributed to peasant survival, the frequency of these incidents indicates that the employment of violent resistance for self-protection was widespread. The chapter also considers how food riots in rural areas were usually organized based on lineage and kinship ties.
Introduction
Authors: Hammering Klaus K. Y.
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Tokyo's old skid row and day-laborer district, San'ya. Nearly all of the men depicted in this book were born and raised in the countryside and aftermath of World War II, on the devastated peripheries of postwar Japan. Permanently displaced from their hometowns to metropolitan Tokyo, these men would then be eking out a living from construction work and welfare handouts. As much as the day laborer or the district of San'ya, this book is concerned with the fantasy of a transgressive masculinity intimately intertwined with the honorable mobster (yakuza) values of old. Indeed, it is as much about “day laborers,” labor, labor power, and the disposability of labor power at construction sites as it is about the embodied references made by one group of active workers in San'ya to the vanishing yakuza virtues.
​Setting Out “Yama”
Authors: Hammering Klaus K. Y.
Published: October 2024

This chapter illustrates San'ya's place within the social imaginary of Japanese society. San'ya, the old day-laborer district of Tokyo, or Yama, as veterans of San'ya call it, has long since passed its heyday as the hub for construction workers servicing the central metropolis and its environs. Accounts vary from person to person regarding when work started to grow scarce in the area, but the story everyone tells is one of excess. In the mythic San'ya of old, laborers disposed of money, reaped from the exhaustion of their bodies, with a recklessness that seemed to signify inexhaustible funds, squandering it to the point of indebtedness through activities that were as destructive as the labor from which it was obtained. Set in 2011–2013, when the majority of this book takes place, the chapter explicates a structural opposition between the world of active day laborers and the world of nonprofit organizations, where residents had to be docile to receive medical care. In sum, it delineates the structure of state recognition that confines San'ya's inhabitants to San'ya. But the chapter also exposes their excessive lifestyles, which repelled this normative, statist gaze.
The Day Laborer
Authors: Hammering Klaus K. Y.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the day laborer in terms of his experience of time at the construction site, the materiality of this workday, and the violence of his commodification. It describes subcontracting practices that precede work, detailing dynamics between the street-level subcontractor, the paucity of work, welfare recipients, and persons who relied entirely on construction work for their income. The chapter also illustrates the 3K work—dirty, dangerous, and demeaning labor—demanded of laborers from San'ya. Although it demonstrates how physical power and technical expertise translated into the skill of an artisan (shokunin) within San'ya, where conversations undid the distinction between skilled and manual labor, the chapter shows how San'ya's laborers were used to complete the most undesirable tasks. By focusing on the materiality of the day laborer's working day and its mediation by the wage, it discloses how surplus extraction dictated that workers deaden themselves to interruptive material contingencies and that they repress the specter of inevitable accidents. Finally, the chapter explicates how, as the abstract measure of bodily expenditure, laborers depleted their energies under a capitalist temporality that was oriented toward the future in a future anterior mode in which the workday will have ended.
Sky
Authors: Tazudeen Rasheed
Published: October 2024

This chapter assesses the possibility of a liberated sky, or a sky that is no longer the exclusive domain of humanistic projections of meanings, concepts, and futures. It considers Virginia Woolf's final, unfinished novel as proto-Anthropocenic thought and as a means of imagining (with) the other side of human extinction. Throughout, bird flight and bird syllablings scribe the possibility of another, still-expressive sky in the absence of human beings. Both Between the Acts (1941) and the also unfinished “Anon,” however, modulate extinction through the time and form of the comedic, in which comedy is an opening to differently imagined—or perhaps unimaginable—futures. The chapter then explores comedy as a mode of ecological thought, as abandonment of the self to forces, beings, and temporalities other than the human. In what we call Woolf's “dissonant metaphorics,” Between the Acts becomes post-extinction imaginaries.
Forest, Ocean, Planet (Green & Blue)
Authors: Tazudeen Rasheed
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores a set of contemporary poetic works grown from the ending of worlds and from the abysses following human extinction. It focuses on the post-extinctionist poetics of Alexis Pauline Gumbs, Cody-Rose Clevidence, Anne Waldman, Brenda Shaughnessy, Jody Gladding, and Sawako Nakayasu. Yet even as they confront the ever-increasing possibility of a humanless earth, these works also inherit—and improvise with—Woolf 's modulation of human extinction into comedy, along with other inhuman modernist formal experimentations. Rather than mourning for an ended world, these works revel in the forms of interspecied relation and intimacy that become possible in a post-Man era. In developing the relation between contemporary and modernist poetry, the chapter draws on theoretical formulations of metamodernism. How do contemporary poets re- or interanimate the inhuman modernisms of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the service of both thinking and creating with a prior age's planetary aesthetics and imagining post-extinction futures anew?
The Operation of International Law
Authors: Wallace Geoffrey P. R.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the influential role of political cartoons in expressing diverse viewpoints on significant issues, often challenging those in power. These cartoons, though simple in form, convey complex narratives open to multiple interpretations. The chapter cites an illustration by Bruce Petty as a notable example, which depicts the United States as an imposing figure in a courtroom of the International Criminal Court (ICC) during the War on Terror. It questions who the relevant actors in international law are and proposes a theoretical framework that includes ordinary people as pivotal participants. It goes on to emphasize the concept of popular international law where the public plays a significant role in the international legal order.
Reputation and Enforcement I
Authors: Wallace Geoffrey P. R.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the effectiveness of international law during the First World War, emphasizing the importance of the public in its enforcement. Despite the war's association with the failures of international agreements like the Treaty of London and the Treaty of Versailles, the chapter challenges the notion of international law's irrelevance by highlighting the role of public opinion. It also looks at archival evidence that reveals that Germany viewed public opinion as critical and influenced the war effort. The chapter argues that international law's enforcement depends significantly on reputation, one of the “Three Rs” of enforcement, alongside reciprocity and retaliation. It demonstrates that ordinary people understand international legal commitments and support imposing reputational costs on violators, underscoring the public's potential role in enforcing international law.
From Law to Preferences I
Authors: Wallace Geoffrey P. R.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the profound moral and legal debates surrounding the use of torture, as highlighted by the divergent views of recent US presidents. Despite the clear definition of torture provided by the 1984 Convention against Torture (CAT), the practice remains contentious, reflecting deep societal values and security concerns. The chapter points out how the international law seeks to limit or prohibit torture through human rights agreements and laws of war, aiming to shape policy preferences and enforce compliance through reputational sanctions. The chapter also explores whether international legal commitments can influence attitudes toward torture, particularly during national security threats. Through survey experiments, it examines how exposure to information about international laws affects public support for torture and reveals that such laws can significantly impact attitudes.
A World of Knowledge for a World of Good
Authors: Michelsen Heike
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks into the establishment of the Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies. The Center for International Studies came into existence following the recommendation of the Cornell University Faculty Committee on International Affairs. Thus, the Center for International Studies became Cornell's hub for campus engagement and global thinking and action. The chapter provides an overview of the Mario Einaudi Center's sixty years of international studies. It notes that the center today supports the teaching of over fifty languages and offers eight academic minors, numerous seminars, and training opportunities while also providing grants for research, travel, language study and internships.
Transforming Global Rice Production
Authors: Styger Erika
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the transformation of the global rice production. It introduces the Système de Riziculture Intensive (System of Rice Intensification, SRI), which combines new practices with the conventional system. The SRI system teaches people to work with the plants and the environment so that each individual plant can express its genetic potential. The chapter explains that a climate-resilient rice production alternative has been proven to work in over sixty countries. It then discusses the establishment of the SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI-Rice) which helps set up regional networks while focusing on knowledge sharing and networking.
Institution Building Abroad
Authors: Zuidema Larry
Published: October 2024

This chapter tackles the University of the Philippines-Cornell Graduate Education Program (UPCO) in the 1960s. It primarily focuses on the partnership between the Cornell University College of Agriculture and the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture (UPCA) in Los Baños. The impact of the institution-building efforts was significant for all institutions and individuals involved. The success primarily revolves around the mutual trust and confidence of administrators of the University of the Philippines, Cornell University, the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and US and Philippine government agencies. The chapter notes that College of Agriculture and Life Sciences–Los Baños cooperation was regarded as one of the IP-CALS' greatest success stories.
A Cornell-Japan Partnership
Authors: German Gene A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the connection between Cornell's Food Industry Management Program and the food distribution system in Japan. The Food Industry Management Program provides an opportunity for Cornell faculty to share information about food distribution in the United States and to learn about trends taking place in the Japanese food system. After Nissin Foods sent promising young managers to Cornel to study and share information about their experiences, several Japanese food companies began sending managers to study at Cornell. The chapter then looks into the establishment of the Cornell alumni association. It cites that the international outreach developed into a formal management development program with strong financial support from a major Japanese supermarket trade association.
Applied Anthropology in the Andes
Authors: Holmberg David
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses Cornell-Peru Project which was considered to be a unique undertaking in the history of Cornell, anthropology, and applied anthropology. The project centered on the community of Vicos in the Callejón de Huaylas and the dissolution of its hacienda system. Allan Holmberg proposed to Cornell to rent the hacienda and act as the patron to institute a program of improvement of life and human dignity of the Vicosinos and to study the processes of change. Much effort was focused on the increase in agricultural productivity and improvement in agricultural techniques. The chapter explains that the project ended following Holmberg's death and the political forces in Peru.
Engineering Solutions to Worldwide Water Management Issues
Authors: Loucks Daniel P.
Published: October 2024

This chapter considers how Cornell University's water systems program addresses worldwide water management issues. The international aspect has been an important part of the educational experience provided to Cornell engineering students involved in the water systems program. Moreover, the program allows students to be exposed to real-world water management issues and work with the needs of political institutions. The chapter provides an overview of other international projects involving environmental and water resource systems engineering graduate students over the past five decades. It explains that experiencing different cultures, languages, and approaches to resource development benefits the students from participating in international projects.
Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar
Authors: Ameduri Marco
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the achievements of the Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar (WCM-Q). It explains that the first overseas campus of the Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM) is one of the first campus buildings in Qatar's new Education city. Faculty from both Cornell University's Ithaca campus and WCM were integral to the success of WCM-Q in achieving its initial medical education mandate. The chapter explains how the WCM-Q continued to fully operate, albeit remotely, during the pandemic. It explains that the WCM-Q demonstrated the ability to build deep and meaningful relationships with the local community while conducting world-class research with immediate impact.
Exploring Our World
Authors: Engst Elaine D. , Friedlander Blaine
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks into the expeditions of Cornell University. It discusses how Cornell professors organize these expeditions and bring students along to adventurous research sojourns. Essentially, faculty and students travel to each continent and collect insects, plants, artifacts, and photographs. The chapter provides an overview of the travels that extended across Brazil, Greenland, Asia Minor and Sardis. It also details the travels and work of Liberty Hyde Bailey, dean of Cornell's College of Agriculture, who traveled around the country collecting specimens of trees, ornamental plants, and garden plants for his own research and permanent record which he gave to Cornell.
Sending Students Overseas
Authors: Grace Kristen A. , Greenwood Davydd J.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores Cornell University's history of sending students abroad. The Cornell Abroad programs are a one-stop point of entry for all Cornell students due to the decentralized nature of college administrations. The chapter provides an overview of the Consortium for Advanced Studies Abroad Sevilla (CASA-Sevilla) program in Seville, which offers an opportunity for a full immersion experience with the University of Seville. It explains that study abroad program options today still emphasize direct enrollment in a partner university. Cornell now attracts and sends abroad a greater diversity of students, which allows enhancing disciplinary knowledge and cultural understanding to more students.
Cornell at the Palazzo
Authors: Einaudi Roberto
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the setting up of a Cornell program in Rome. It discusses the establishment and operation of Cornell's Rome program at Palazzo Massimo, referencing its tough life due to the lack of support from the Ithaca faculty. The program nearly closed after the first Iraq crisis, but students in Ithaca staged a sit-in until the decision was revoked. Eventually, the Rome program prospered and enrollment increased, so the program eventually moved to Palazzo Lazzaroni and then to the Palazzo Santacroce, a spectacular seventeenth-century building with ample studio space, library, materials shop, and tech support. The chapter also mentions Roberto Einaudi's legacy to Cornell.
Cornell in the Himalayas
Authors: March Kathryn S.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the collaborative Cornell–Nepal Study Program (CNSP). By the 1990s, Cornell had become a significant center for Nepal and Himalayan studies. Thus, there is strong student interest in studying in Nepal. The chapter discusses the interplay between Cornell Abroad and Tribhuvan University (TU), including its head of sociology and anthropology, Om Prasad Gurung. In Nepal, CNSP students were involved in the residential program house, research preparation, and research itself. The chapter elaborates on the complex process of supporting both Cornell and TU students equally and equitably.
Above All Nations Is Humanity
Authors: Engst Elaine D. , Friedlander Blaine
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the significance of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. International students had come to Cornell from the beginning of the university, and some students and faculty created social organizations for themselves. For fifty years, the Cosmopolitan Club would meld international students and elevate peaceful thoughts. The chapter also notes that members of Cornell's Cosmopolitan Club acknowledged the war, all the while keeping their own international spirits alive. It explains the establishment of the Women's Cosmopolitan Club since women were not included in the Cosmopolitan Club, citing that it took three decades for the group's constitution to be amended to include female students.
Track and Field and the Transatlantic Series
Authors: Smith Arthur C.
Published: October 2024

This chapter covers Cornell's participation in the Transatlantic Series. It looks into the first cross country competition, which was won by Oxford and Cambridge, and the series transforming the athletes from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The athletic excellence that blossomed as a part of the quadrennial trips by Cornell to compete against its sister schools in England is a remarkable tradition in collegiate and international athletics. Track and field was the reason for the tour, but its meaningfulness goes beyond competition and into friendships, deepened institutional and cultural bonds and conquered travel challenges. The chapter considers the remarkable achievements of the Cornell track and field.
Afterword
Authors: Wolford Wendy
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the global future of Cornell. It explains that international students from 129 countries currently make up 24 percent of the student body at Cornell. Cornell's international stance profoundly shapes how people teach, learn, conduct research, and solve contemporary challenges. The chapter notes that Global Hubs, one of Cornell's most recent international initiatives, refers to the network of world-class peer institutions partnering with Cornell to support faculty, students, and staff as they collaborate, teach, intern, and study internationally. Meanwhile, in 2019, Cornell's first Global Grand Challenge, the Migrations initiative, continues to cultivate collaborations that advance science, scholarship, teaching, outreach, and engagement in ways.