bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concha Bullosa Osteoma: An Unusual Cause of Headache
Authors: Singh Pragya , Mittal Mahesh K , Mathur Neeraj N , Sinha Mukul
Published: March 2017

Aim and background

Osteomas are common benign tumors of the paranasal sinuses, but are usually asymptomatic and found as a coincidental finding during routine radiological investigations. The aim is to demonstrate typical radiological findings of osteomas and demonstrate rare occurrence of osteoma in middle turbinate.

Case report

Patient presenting with recurrent headaches, left-sided facial pain, and intermittent nasal obstruction was evaluated using Philips Brilliance 40-multislice computed tomography scanner, which showed bilateral maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis with bilateral fluid-filled concha bullosa with left-sided concha bullosa showing a well-defined lesion of bone attenuation suggestive of osteoma.

Conclusion

Osteomas can rarely occur in nasal turbinates and may be symptomatic requiring endoscopic/surgical removal.

Clinical significance

Radiological investigations are diagnostic for osteomas and play an important role in preoperative planning. Osteomas arising from the turbinates are more easily accessible by endoscopy than sinus osteomas; hence, removal carries less risk. Therefore, it is important to diagnose nasal osteoma when it is small in size, follow it up, and resect it when its size is appropriate for endoscopic surgery.

How to cite this article

Singh P, Mittal MK, Mathur NN, Sinha M. Concha Bullosa Osteoma: An Unusual Cause of Headache. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2017;10(1):25-27.
Ozone Gas Effect on Mineral Content of Dentin exposed to Streptococcus mutans Biofilm: An Energy-dispersive X-ray Evaluation
Authors: Estrela Carlos , Chaves Rafaella M , Cardoso Paula C , de JE Barata Terezinha , de Souza João B , de Torres Érica M , Estrela Cyntia RA , Magalhães Ana PR , Lopes Lawrence G
Published: March 2017

Aim

This study aims to assess the effect of ozone gas on dentin exposed toStreptococcus mutansbiofilm by evaluation of mineral content [log calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca/P)] using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.

Materials and methods

Five human third molars were sectioned into four slices of dentin and distributed in four groups: I – control (no treatment); II – ozone therapy; III – biofilm development; IV – ozone therapy followed by biofilm development. Mineral content (log Ca/P) was evaluated by EDX. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Results

Results showed that the mineral content of control group (I) was similar to ozone group (II), and was statistically higher than biofilm (III) and ozone + biofilm (IV). The lowest log Ca/P was determined in biofilm group (III).

Conclusion

It can be concluded that ozone gas did not grant preventive effects of demineralization byS. mutansbiofilm on dentin surface.

Clinical significance

Ozone gas therapy may be an alternative noninvasive treatment aiming to reduce the levels of caries-associated microorganisms. This therapy may, thereby, be an alternative and/or complementary treatment strategy in preventive dentistry.

How to cite this article

Chaves RM, Estrela C, Cardoso PC, de JE Barata T, de Souza JB, de Torres EM, Estrela CRA, Magalhães APR, Lopes LG. Ozone Gas Effect on Mineral Content of Dentin exposed toStreptococcus mutansBiofilm: An Energy-dispersive X-ray Evaluation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(4):265-269.
Comparison of Fluoridated Miswak and Toothbrushing with Fluoridated Toothpaste on Plaque Removal and Fluoride Release
Authors: Salahuddin Sabin , Dam Robel , Zawawi Khalid H , Birkhed Dowen
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Dental caries and periodontal diseases are all induced by oral biofilm (dental plaque). This study was conducted to evaluate if fluoride-impregnated miswak is as effective in plaque removal and fluoride release as toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste.

Materials and methods

This single-blind, randomized, crossover study was conducted at the Department of Cariology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, from February 2010 to January 2011. Fifteen healthy subjects participated in this study. The participants were instructed to use the following: (1) 0.5% NaF-impregnated miswak, (2) nonfluoridated miswak, (3) toothbrush with nonfluoride toothpaste, and (4) toothbrush with 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste. Each method was used twice a day for 1 week after which plaque amount and fluoride concentration in resting saliva were measured. There was a 1-week washout period between each method.

Results

No significant difference between miswak and toothbrushing was found regarding plaque removal on buccal and lingual surfaces. A somewhat higher fluoride concentration in resting saliva was found after using impregnated miswak when compared with toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Miswak and toothbrushing showed the same plaque removing effect on buccal and lingual surfaces. Miswak impregnated with 0.5% NaF resulted in a higher concentration of fluoride in saliva than brushing with 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste.

Clinical significance

Miswak impregnated with 0.5% NaF and toothbrushing results in comparable plaque removal and about the same fluoride concentration in saliva even it was somewhat higher for impregnated miswak.

How to cite this article

Baeshen H, Salahuddin S, Dam R, Zawawi KH, Birkhed D. Comparison of Fluoridated Miswak and Toothbrushing with Fluoridated Toothpaste on Plaque Removal and Fluoride Release. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(4):300-306.
Establishing Apical Patency: To be or not to be?
Authors: Jafarzadeh Hamid , Mohammadi Zahed , Shalavi Sousan , Kinoshita Jun-Ichiro
Published: March 2017

Introduction

The apical portion of the root canal is very complex and challenging during endodontic treatment. Root canal preparation and obturation to the apical constriction may provide the best prognosis. Incomplete debridement, foramen transportation, and inadequate seal in the apical portion are considered to be responsible for treatment failure. The technique “apical patency” is considered as a way for maintaining the apical part the free of the debris by recapitulation, using a small K-file through the area of the apical foramen. This term was firstly proposed by Buchanan. In this technique, the smallest diameter file is set 1 mm longer than working length and recapitulated after each instrument to prevent packing of debris in the apical part. Apical patency has been found to be effective in achieving an apical seal with gutta-percha. Teeth prepared with a step back method and with maintained apical patency may show less leakage when obturated with cold lateral condensation technique. Data regarding the effect of apical patency on the healing of periapical tissue are very scarce, and it has been shown that the patency file has detrimental effect on the healing of periapical tissues in animal studies. However, using patency file in endodontic treatment is controversial and further studies are needed. The purpose of this article is to review the effect of using a patency file on the extrusion of root canal contents, the apical seal, postoperative pain, and healing of periapical tissues. Furthermore, the effect of establishing patency on reaching irrigation solutions to the apical portion of the canal and prognosis of root canal treatment are discussed.

Clinical significance

How to cite this article

Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Kinoshita J-I. Establishing Apical Patency: To be or not to be? J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(4):326-329.
Use of Mini-anchors and Rehabilitation with 0° Cusp Angle Teeth Complete Denture in Recurrent Condylar Dislocation: Technical Adequacy and Procedure
Authors: de S Leão Rafaella , da S Júnior Edmilson Z , de Alencar Marília GM , Catunda Raisa Q , de Moraes Sandra LD , do E Vasconcelos Belmiro C
Published: March 2017

Aim

To report a case of association between the surgical treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction and rehabilitation with denture total prosthesis (TP) using nonanatomic teeth (cusp 0°) in patients with anterior recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and persistent uncontrolled mandibular movement, showing a technical adaptation and conduct.

Introduction

There are several treatment approaches available for dislocation of the TMJ. The use of condylar mini-anchors for recurrent TMJ dislocation is a valid option and should be considered since it does not alter the joint anatomy. In edentulous patients undergoing TMJ surgical procedures, prosthetic rehabilitation can be seen as a means of treatment preservation.

Case report

A 73-year-old female patient attended the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic presenting with joint instability, ligament laxity, and chronic recurrent TMJ dislocations. She had already been through three previous unsuccessful surgical procedures. A treatment plan was done based on the installation of a mini-anchor in the patient's TMJ through the preauricular surgical access. Dislocations were then resolved, but the lack of mandibular control even to a lesser extent after surgery precluded the use of prosthetics even at rest. Thus, it was planned to manufacture two conventional TPs with 0° cusp angle teeth, a clinical protocol shortened to three sessions in an attempt to improve the stability of the prosthesis.

Conclusion

The use of an individual mini-anchor is simple and effective, and the use of artificial teeth is well suited to the case.

Clinical significance

A multidisciplinary intervention (surgery/ prosthesis) is of utmost importance for the resolution and preservation of the treatment of these complex cases.

How to cite this article

de S Leão R, da S Júnior EZ, de Alencar MGM, Catunda RQ, de Moraes SLD, do E Vasconcelos BC. Use of Mini-anchors and Rehabilitation with 0° Cusp Angle Teeth Complete Denture in Recurrent Condylar Dislocation: Technical Adequacy and Procedure. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(4):337-341.
Initial English Language Teacher Education
Authors: Luis Banegas Darío
Published: March 2017

Trainees’ voices, beliefs and experiences as learners, shaped by the tension and dialogue between internal and external theories of teaching and learning, inevitably penetrate the Initial English Language Teacher Education (IELTE) curriculum. Scrutinising these beliefs and experiences, Initial English Language Teacher Education provides readers with vivid and informed accounts of IELTE from around the world.

Approaching IELTE from a sociocultural perspective, the authors analyse future teachers’ trajectories and educational histories in order to understand their experiences as learners, unpack internal beliefs, and problematise the relationships between such beliefs with theories and research in the field. Exploring accounts from a number of under-researched contexts, Initial English Language Teacher Education investigates and analyses perspectives from Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Kenya, Singapore, South Africa, Spain and Uruguay. Through the eyes of future teachers, the chapters address issues such as: trainee motivation, tensions between theory and practice, role of feedback, teacher development and identity, critical pedagogies, online teacher education and intercultural awareness.
Grateful Dead's Workingman’s Dead
Authors: Poole Buzz
Published: March 2017

Released in 1970, Workingman’s Dead was the breakthrough album for the Grateful Dead, a cold-water-shock departure from the Acid Test madness of the late ‘60s. It was the band’s most commercially and critically successful release to date. More importantly, these songs established the blueprint for how the Dead would maintain and build upon a community held together by the core motivation of rejecting the status quo – the “straight life” – in order to live and work on their own terms.

As a unified whole, the album’s eight songs serve as points of entry into a fully-rendered portrait of the Grateful Dead within the context of late twentieth-century American history. These songs speak to the attendant cultural and political anxieties that resulted from the idealism of the ‘60s giving way to the uncomfortable realities of the ‘70s, and the band’s evolving perspective on these changes. Based on research, interviews, and personal experience, this book probes the paradox at the heart of the band’s appeal: the Grateful Dead were about much more than music, though they were really just about the music.
Devo's Freedom of Choice
Authors: Nagy Evie
Published: March 2017

Finally, after all that waiting, The Future arrived in 1980. Ohio art-rockers Devo had plainly prepared with their 1979 second LP Duty Now for the Future, and now it was go time. Propelled by the new decade's high-tech, free-market, pre-AIDS promise, 1980's Freedom of Choice would rocket what Devo co-founder Gerald Casale calls his “alternate universe, hermetically sealed, alien band” both into the arms of the Earthlings and back to their home planet in one scenic trip. Before an artistic and commercial decline that resulted in a 20-year gap between Devo's last two studio records, Freedom of Choice made them curious, insurgent superstars, vindicated but ultimately betrayed by the birth of MTV. Their only platinum album represented the best of their unreplicable code: dead-serious tricksters, embracing conformity in order to destroy it with bullet-proof pop sensibility. Through first-hand accounts from the band and musical analysis set against an examination of new wave's emergence, the first-ever authorized book about Devo (with a forward by Portlandia's Fred Armisen) explores the group's peak of success, when their hermetic seal cracked open to let in mainstream attention, a legion of new Devotees, and plenty of misunderstandings. “Freedom of Choice was the end of Devo innocence–it turned out to be the high point before the s***storm of a total cultural move to the right, the advent of AIDS, and the press starting to figure Devo out and think they had our number,” says Casale. “It's where everything changes.”
The Love There That’s Sleeping
Authors: Allison   Jr. Dale C.
Published: March 2017

From his days as the “quiet Beatle”--a tag he quite disliked--to his immensely successful and critically admired solo career, George Harrison produced one of the most memorable bodies of music in modern times. His “Something” and “Here Comes the Sun” can certainly lay claim to being the best offerings on The Beatles’ Abbey Road, while his 1970 album All Things Must Pass introduced new musical styles to rock and roll.

Harrison was the pioneer in making mainstream rock a vehicle for religious convictions. In this respect, he is a forerunner of bands such as U2 and Creed. People often criticized him for being preachy or didactic. Reviewers over the years exhibited either an anxious disinclination to say much about his evangelistic lyrics or showed a condescending tendency to dismiss them. His devotional language was not their language. They regularly thought him sanctimonious and full of irrelevant religious platitudes.

Allison’s book views Harrison’s religious bent as his most interesting trait. Harrison should be admired for having something distinctive to say, and for saying it while knowing that many would not understand and that others who might understand might not be sympathetic. He had the courage of his convictions, to sing to the public what he sang to himself in his heart.

Allison traces Harrison’s religious pilgrimage from Liverpool Roman Catholicism to a brand of philosophical Hinduism. He sorts through Harrison’s musical corpus--through its mixed bag of fragmentary feelings, religious poetry, secular love songs, perceptions of the world, and anxieties about life--to interpret what matters most to Harrison. In short, this is a book about Harrison’s religious sentiments as they surface in his songs.
Little Richard
Authors: Kirby David
Published: March 2017

A brilliant new biography of the extraordinary, outrageous performer who helped open the floodgates of Rock ‘n’ Roll. In June, 2007, Little Richard’s 1955 Specialty Records single, “Tutti Frutti,” topped Mojo magazine’s list of “100 Records That Changed the World.” But back in the early 1950s, nobody gave Little Richard a second glance. It was a time in America where the black and white worlds had co-existed separately for nearly two centuries. After “Tutti Frutti,” Little Richard began garnering fans from both sides of the civil rights divide. He brought black and white youngsters together on the dance floor and even helped to transform race relations.

Little Richard: The Birth of Rock ‘n’ Roll begins by grounding the reader in the fertile soil from which Little Richard’s music sprang. In Macon, Georgia, David Kirby interviews relatives and local characters, who knew Little Richard way back when, citing church and family as his true inspiration. His antics began as early as grade school, performing for his classmates every time the teacher would leave the room, connecting to an age-old American show biz tradition of charade and flummery. On the road, Little Richard faced competition from his peers, honing his stage show and making it, too, an act that could not be counterfeited.

Kirby sees Little Richard as a foxy warrior, fighting with skill and cunning to take his place among the greats. In the words of Keith Richards (on hearing “Tutti Frutti” for the first time), “it was as though the world changed suddenly from monochrome to Technicolor.” Those sentiments have consistently been echoed by the music-listening world, and the time is ripe for a reassessment of Little Richard’s genius and legacy.
Belle & Sebastian's If You’re Feeling Sinister
Authors: Plagenhoef Scott
Published: March 2017

If You’re Feeling Sinister shows how Belle & Sebastian transformed themselves over the space of a decade, from a slightly shambolic cult secret into a polished, highly entertaining, mainstream pop group. Along the way, the book shows how the internet has revolutionized how we discover new music-often at the cost of romance and mystery.
Big Star's Radio City
Authors: Eaton Bruce
Published: March 2017

Released when ELP and Elton John were plodding from one packed stadium to the next, Radio City was a radical album influenced by records that were already deemed oldies and yet sounding like a lean electrical jolt from the future. Here, Bruce Eaton examines the key ingredients of Radio City’s lasting appeal- and through extensive interviews with all of those involved, gets to the heart of the cult of Big Star.
Elliott Smith's XO
Authors: LeMay Matthew
Published: March 2017

Many albums could be cited to support the claim that great suffering yields great art. Elliott Smith’s XO should not be one of them. Smith’s 1998 major label debut defies the “tortured singer-songwriter” stereotype, and takes up this defiance as a central theme. At a time when Smith was being groomed for a particular (and particularly condescending) brand of stardom, he produced a record that eviscerated one of the central assumptions of singersongwriterdom: that pain is beautiful. XO insists that romanticizing personal tragedy can only leave you “deaf and dumb and done.” And it backs up this claim with some of the most artful and intelligent music of its day. Matthew LeMay writes an original take on a widely beloved album, steering clear of the sensationalist suicide angles that have dogged most analysis of Elliott Smith’s extraordinary work.
Collaboration between IPMA and PMRP
Authors: Ingason Helgi Thor
Published: March 2017

The International Project Management Association (IPMA) was established by academics, research has always been acknowledged by IPMA and the association has supported research in different ways. We see it as our duty to share knowledge in project management, cooperate and facilitate cooperation between project management researchers and motivate project management researchers…and, by investigating specific areas, and thereby influencing the discipline. To achieve this we collaborate with other organisations that share our interest and I am glad to declare that IPMA will be collaborating with the journal Project Management Research and Practice.
Potential of remote sensing of cirrus optical thickness by airborne spectral radiance measurements at different sideward viewing angles
Authors: Wolf Kevin , Ehrlich André , Hüneke Tilman , Pfeilsticker Klaus , Werner Frank , Wirth Martin , Wendisch Manfred
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Spectral radiance measurements collected in nadir and sideward viewing directions by two airborne passive solar remote sensing instruments, the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation measurement sysTem (SMART) and the Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (mini-DOAS), are used to compare the remote sensing results of cirrus optical thickness τ. The comparison is based on a sensitivity study using radiative transfer simulations (RTS) and on data obtained during three airborne field campaigns: the North Atlantic Rainfall VALidation (NARVAL) mission, the Mid-Latitude Cirrus Experiment (ML-CIRRUS) and the Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems (ACRIDICON) campaign. Radiative transfer simulations are used to quantify the sensitivity of measured upward radiance I with respect to τ, ice crystal effective radius reff, viewing angle of the sensor θV, spectral surface albedo α, and ice crystal shape. From the calculations it is concluded that sideward viewing measurements are generally better suited than radiance data from the nadir direction to retrieve τ of optically thin cirrus, especially at wavelengths larger than λ =  900 nm. Using sideward instead of nadir-directed spectral radiance measurements significantly improves the sensitivity and accuracy in retrieving τ, in particular for optically thin cirrus of τ ≤ 2. The comparison of retrievals of τ based on nadir and sideward viewing radiance measurements from SMART, mini-DOAS and independent estimates of τ from an additional active remote sensing instrument, the Water Vapor Lidar Experiment in Space (WALES), shows general agreement within the range of measurement uncertainties. For the selected example a mean τ of 0.54 ± 0.2 is derived from SMART, and 0.49 ± 0.2 by mini-DOAS nadir channels, while WALES obtained a mean value of τ =  0.32 ± 0.02 at 532 nm wavelength, respectively. The mean of τ derived from the sideward viewing mini-DOAS channels is 0.26 ± 0.2. For the few simultaneous measurements, the mini-DOAS sideward channel measurements systematically underestimate (−17.6 %) the nadir observations from SMART and mini-DOAS. The agreement between mini-DOAS sideward viewing channels and WALES is better, showing the advantage of using sideward viewing measurements for cloud remote sensing for τ ≤ 1. Therefore, we suggest sideward viewing measurements for retrievals of τ of thin cirrus because of the significantly enhanced capability of sideward viewing compared to nadir measurements.
Validating precision estimates in horizontal wind measurements from a Doppler lidar
Authors: Newsom Rob K. , Brewer W. Alan , Wilczak James M. , Wolfe Daniel E. , Oncley Steven P. , Lundquist Julie K.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Results from a recent field campaign are used to assess the accuracy of wind speed and direction precision estimates produced by a Doppler lidar wind retrieval algorithm. The algorithm, which is based on the traditional velocity-azimuth-display (VAD) technique, estimates the wind speed and direction measurement precision using standard error propagation techniques, assuming the input data (i.e., radial velocities) to be contaminated by random, zero-mean, errors. For this study, the lidar was configured to execute an 8-beam plan-position-indicator (PPI) scan once every 12 min during the 6-week deployment period. Several wind retrieval trials were conducted using different schemes for estimating the precision in the radial velocity measurements. The resulting wind speed and direction precision estimates were compared to differences in wind speed and direction between the VAD algorithm and sonic anemometer measurements taken on a nearby 300 m tower.All trials produced qualitatively similar wind fields with negligible bias but substantially different wind speed and direction precision fields. The most accurate wind speed and direction precisions were obtained when the radial velocity precision was determined by direct calculation of radial velocity standard deviation along each pointing direction and range gate of the PPI scan. By contrast, when the instrumental measurement precision is assumed to be the only contribution to the radial velocity precision, the retrievals resulted in wind speed and direction precisions that were biased far too low and were poor indicators of data quality.
Measurement of ambient NO3 reactivity: design, characterization and first deployment of a new instrument
Authors: Liebmann Jonathan M. , Schuster Gerhard , Schuladen Jan B. , Sobanski Nicolas , Lelieveld Jos , Crowley John N.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We describe the first instrument for measurement of the rate constant (s−1) for reactive loss (i.e., the total reactivity) of NO3 in ambient air. Cavity-ring-down spectroscopy is used to monitor the mixing ratio of synthetically generated NO3 ( ≈  30–50 pptv) after passing through a flow-tube reactor with variable residence time (generally 10.5 s). The change in concentration of NO3 upon modulation of the bath gas between zero air and ambient air is used to derive its loss rate constant, which is then corrected for formation and decomposition of N2O5 via numerical simulation. The instrument is calibrated and characterized using known amounts of NO and NO2 and tested in the laboratory with an isoprene standard. The lowest reactivity that can be detected (defined by the stability of the NO3 source, instrumental parameters and NO2 mixing ratios) is 0.005 s−1. An automated dilution procedure enables measurement of NO3 reactivities up to 45 s−1, this upper limit being defined mainly by the dilution accuracy. The typical total uncertainty associated with the reactivity measurement at the center of its dynamic range is 16 %, though this is dependent on ambient NO2 levels. Results from the first successful deployment of the instrument at a forested mountain site with urban influence are shown and future developments outlined.
An eddy-covariance system with an innovative vortex intake for measuring carbon dioxide and water fluxes of ecosystems
Authors: Ma Jingyong , Zha Tianshan , Jia Xin , Sargent Steve , Burgon Rex , Bourque Charles P.-A. , Zhou Xinhua , Liu Peng , Bai Yujie , Wu Yajuan
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Closed-path eddy-covariance (EC) systems are used to monitor exchanges of trace gases (e.g., carbon dioxide [CO2], water vapor [H2O], nitrous oxide and methane) between the atmosphere and biosphere. Traditional EC-intake systems are equipped with inline filters to prevent airborne dust particulate from contaminating the optical windows of the sample cell which causes measurement degradation. The inline filter should have a fine pore size (1 to 20 µm is common) to adequately protect the optics and a large filtration surface area to extend the time before it clogs. However, the filter must also have minimal internal volume to preserve good frequency response. This paper reports test results of the field performance of an EC system (EC155, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan Utah, USA) with a prototype vortex intake replacing the inline filter of a traditional EC system. The vortex-intake design is based on fluid dynamics theory. An air sample is drawn into the vortex chamber, where it spins in a vortex flow. The initially homogenous flow is separated when particle momentum forces heavier particles to the periphery of the chamber, leaving a much cleaner airstream at the center. Clean air (75 % of total flow) is drawn from the center of the vortex chamber, through a tube, to the sample cell where it is exposed to the optical windows of the gas analyzer. The remaining 25 % of the flow carries the heavier dust particles away through a separate bypass tube. An EC155 system measured CO2 and H2O fluxes in two urban-forest ecosystems in the megalopolis of Beijing, China. These sites present a challenge for EC measurements because of the generally poor air quality which has high concentrations of suspended particulate. The closed-path EC system with vortex intake significantly reduced maintenance requirements by preserving optical signal strength and sample-cell pressure within acceptable ranges for much longer periods. The system with vortex intake also maintained an excellent frequency response. For example, at the Badaling site, the amount of system downtime attributed solely to clogged filters was reduced from 26 % with traditional inline filters to 0 % with the prototype vortex intake. The use of a vortex intake could extend the geographical applicability of the EC technique in ecology and allow investigators to acquire more accurate and continuous measurements of trace-gas fluxes in a wider range of ecosystems.
Mapping the reduction in gross primary productivity in subarctic birch forests due to insect outbreaks
Authors: Olsson Per-Ola , Heliasz Michal , Jin Hongxiao , Eklundh Lars
Published: March 2017

Abstract. It is projected that forest disturbances, such as insect outbreaks, will have an increasingly negative impact on forests with a warmer climate. These disturbance events can have a substantial impact on forests' ability to absorb atmospheric CO2, and may even turn forests from carbon sinks into carbon sources; hence, it is important to develop methods both to monitor forest disturbances and to quantify the impact of these disturbance events on the carbon balance. In this study we present a method to monitor insect-induced defoliation in a subarctic birch forest in northern Sweden, and to quantify the impact of these outbreaks on gross primary productivity (GPP). Since frequent cloud cover in the study area requires data with high temporal resolution and limits the use of finer spatial resolution sensors such as Landsat, defoliation was mapped with remote sensing data from the MODIS sensor with 250 m  ×  250 m spatial resolution. The impact on GPP was estimated with a light use efficiency (LUE) model that was calibrated with GPP data obtained from eddy covariance (EC) measurements from 5 years with undisturbed birch forest and 1 year with insect-induced defoliation. Two methods were applied to estimate the impact on GPP: (1) applying a GPP reduction factor derived from EC measured GPP to estimate GPP loss, and (2) running a LUE model for both undisturbed and defoliated forest and deriving the differences in modelled GPP. In the study area of 100 km2 the results suggested a substantial setback to the carbon uptake: an average decrease in regional GPP over the three outbreak years (2004, 2012, and 2013) was estimated to 15 ± 5 Gg C yr−1, compared to the mean regional GPP of 40 ± 12 Gg C yr−1 for the 5 years without defoliation, i.e. 38 %. In the most severe outbreak year (2012), 76 % of the birch forests were defoliated, and annual regional GPP was merely 50 % of GPP for years without disturbances. The study has generated valuable data on GPP reduction, and demonstrates a potential for mapping insect disturbance impact over extended areas.
Global Inventory of Gas Geochemistry Data from Fossil Fuel, Microbial and Biomass Burning Sources, Version 2017
Authors: Sherwood Owen A. , Schwietzke Stefan , Arling Victoria A. , Etiope Giuseppe
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The concentration of atmospheric methane (CH4) has more than doubled over the industrial era. To help constrain global and regional CH4 budgets, inverse (top-down) models incorporate data on the concentration and stable carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δ2H) isotopic ratios of atmospheric CH4. These models depend on accurate δ13C and δ2H end-member source signatures for each the main emissions categories. Compared with meticulous measurement and calibration of isotopic CH4 in the atmosphere, there has been relatively little effort to characterize globally representative isotopic source signatures, particularly for fossil fuel sources, since the 1980s. Most global CH4 budget models have so far relied on outdated source signature values derived from globally non-representative data. To correct this deficiency, we present a comprehensive, globally representative end-member database of the δ13C and δ2H of CH4 from fossil fuel (conventional natural gas, shale gas and coal), modern microbial (wetlands, rice paddies, ruminants, termites, and landfills/waste) and biomass burning sources. Alkane and permanent gas molecular chemistry for fossil fuel categories are also included with the database. The database comprises 10,706 samples (8,734 fossil fuel, 1972 non-fossil) from 190 published references. Mean (unweighted) δ13C signatures for fossil fuel CH4 are significantly lighter than values commonly used in CH4 budget models, thus highlighting potential under-estimation of fossil fuel CH4 emissions in previous CH4 budget models. This living database will be updated every 2–3 years to provide the atmospheric modeling community with the most complete CH4 source signature data possible. Database Digital Object Identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.15138/G3201T.
A low-power data acquisition system for geomagnetic observatories
and variometer stations
Authors: Morschhauser Achim , Haseloff Jürgen , Bronkalla Oliver , Müller-Brettschneider Carsten , Matzka Jürgen
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A modern geomagnetic observatory must provide data of high stability, continuity, and resolution. The INTERMAGNET network has therefore specified quantitative criteria to ensure a high quality standard of geomagnetic observatories. Here, we present a new data acquisition system which was designed to meet these criteria, in particular with respect to 1 Hz data. This system is based on a Raspberry Pi embedded PC and a modern 24 bit analog-to-digital converter and runs a C++ data acquisition software which is compatible with the POSIX standard. As a result, the data acquisition system is modular, cheap, flexible, and can be operated in remote areas with limited power supply. In addition, the system is capable of real-time data transmission, using a reverse SSH tunnel to work with any network available. We have successfully tested the system hardware at the Niemegk observatory for a period of one year and subsequently installed at the Tatuoca observatory in Brazil.
The CAMELS data set: catchment attributes and meteorology for large-sample studies
Authors: Addor Nans , Newman Andrew J. , Mizukami Naoki , Clark Martyn P.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We present a new data set of attributes for 671 catchments in the contiguous USA (CONUS). This complements the daily hydrometeorological time series provided by Newman et al. (2015b) and opens new opportunities to explore how the interplay between landscape attributes shapes hydrological processes and catchment behavior. To produce this extension, we synthesized diverse and complementary data sets to describe topography, climate, hydrology, soil and vegetation characteristics at the catchment scale. The spatial variations among basins over the CONUS are discussed and compared using a series of maps. The large number of catchments, combined with the diversity of their geophysical characteristics, makes this new data well suited for large-sample studies and comparative hydrology. An essential feature, that differentiates this data set from similar ones, is that it both provides quantitative estimates of diverse catchment attributes, and involves assessments of the limitations of the data and methods used to compute those attributes. This data set will be publicly available and we encourage the community to further extend it. The hydrometeorological time series provided by Newman et al. (2015b) together with the catchment attributes introduced in this paper constitute the CAMELS data set: Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies.
Structural and rheological evolution of the Laramide subduction channel in southern California
Authors: Xia Haoran , Platt John P.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The Pelona Schist in the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, formed in the Laramide subduction channel, exhibits multiple phases of deformation/metamorphism and provides valuable insights into the rheological properties of the subduction channel. Petrological and microstructural analysis indicates that the Pelona Schist has undergone three major deformational/metamorphic events. Subduction of volcanic and sedimentary protoliths during D1 was recorded by aligned mineral inclusions in albite and epidote porphyroblasts. Metamorphic temperature and pressure at the end of subduction yielded by Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material and phengite barometry were 519 ± 20 °C and 10.5 ± 0.4 kbar, respectively. During D1 the dominant deformation mechanism was quartz pressure solution, and the estimated shear stress at the end of D1 was less than 10 MPa. D2, the first stage exhumation of the Pelona Schist along the upper section of the subduction channel during return flow, was recorded by retrogressive metamorphism, isoclinal folding, and a pervasive schistosity that wraps around earlier porphyroblasts. Metagreywacke was deformed mainly by quartz pressure solution and metachert was deformed dominantly by dislocation creep during D2. The shear stress in metagreywacke was less than 10 MPa and that in metachert was between 8.3 + 2.7/− 1.5 and 12.9 + .9/− 2.3 MPa, resulting in a strain rate of 1.4  ×  10−13 to 5.5  ×  10−13 s−1. A topography driven model is proposed as the main driving force of D2 exhumation. D3 records normal-sense movement on the Vincent Fault, which separates the schist from overlying arc and continental basement. This resulted in the second stage of exhumation, creating a major synform and associated mylonitic fabric in the upper section of the Pelona Schist. Conditions at the beginning of D3 were 390 ± 13 °C and 5.8 ± 0.8 kbar given by the TitaniQ thermometer and phengite geobarometer. The deformation was dominated by quartz dislocation creep with a strain rate of 4.5 ± 1.2  ×  10−13 s−1 at a shear stress of 20.1 + 7.3/− 4.0 MPa.
Conversación juvenil e identidades de género: despliegues de feminidad heterosexual en grupos de jóvenes veinteañeras
Authors: Acuña Ferreira Virginia
Published: March 2017

Este artículo aborda la realización de identidades de género en la conversación espontánea, aplicando el enfoque constructivista/performativo que predomina actualmente en los estudios sobre Lengua, Género y Sexualidad (Ehrlich, Meyerhoff y Holmes 2014; Bengoechea 2015), así como el concepto de Comunidad de Práctica (Lave y Wenger 1991; Eckert y McConnell-Ginet 1992). Más concretamente, se analizan extractos de dos conversaciones espontáneas mantenidas por dos grupos de jóvenes veinteañeras, en las que la actividad comunicativa se centra en compartir confidencias sobre las relaciones sexuales/afectivas con los hombres. El análisis pone de relieve la construcción de dos versiones de feminidad heterosexual en los datos, que se corresponden con cada uno de los dos grupos de hablantes. Mientras que en una de las conversaciones se habla implícitamente de las ‘relaciones informales’ como una etapa de transición hacia una relación de pareja y desde un punto de vista afectivo, desplegando una identidad femenina convencional, en el otro grupo se parodian los ideales románticos y se habla de este tipo de relaciones en términos estrictamente sexuales, construyendo una versión de feminidad heterosexual más liberal. Finalmente, se señalan algunas cuestiones problemáticas que plantean estos discursos desde el punto de vista de la igualdad de género.
Perception of voicing in English fricatives by Spanish listeners
Authors: Barreiro Bilbao Silvia Carmen
Published: March 2017

Speech contrasts which are not functionally distinctive in the mother tongue are difficult to differentiate perceptually for non-native listeners. A two-fold experiment was carried out in order to investigate the L2 perception by 26 Spanish listeners of English, with an English group used as a control. In the present paper, listeners were exposed to the English contrast /s/ vs. /z/, which is not phonemic in Spanish, in two synthesized words, Sue and zoo. The results showed that there were listeners who had already acquired the contrast with some language-specific differences in the use of some of the acoustic cues that signalled this contrast. Furthermore there was no correlation between the results obtained and the variables age of L2 learning, length of L2 learning, or listener’s age. Final conclusions will be drawn from this research and the previous work devoted to place of articulation differences.
Issues in Implementation of Coeducation in Turkish Education System: A Historical Research on 1869 Statute on General Education
Authors: Kamer Selman Tunay
Published: March 2017

Though the Imperial Edict of Gülhane, which is regarded as the real beginning of modernization in the Ottoman Empire, does not contain any direct article on education, Tanzimat (Reorganization of the Ottoman Empire) and the process following it directly affected the education system in the country. The boards formed and the regulations issued in that period were of great importance. Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi (Statute on General Education) prepared by 7-person committee led by the Minister of Education Saffet Pasha under the influence of the French education system and published on the 1st of September 1869 is a comprehensive text regulating education. This statute, which consists of 198 articles, involves teacher training and placement, determination of school stages, principles about inspection and assessment, educational administration, right to education, training allowances, provincial organization, testing system, and so on. Coeducation was not a problem in the Ottoman Empire because girls were allowed to receive only primary education. With the 15th article of the Statute on General Education, coeducation was prohibited. However, some documents in the state archives prove that some schools and practices disobeyed this ban. That indicates that not every law introduced was enforced across the country. This may have been because decisions were implemented differently in different cities or regions due to the non-equality of conditions.
Exploring Common Misconceptions and Errors about Fractions among College Students in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alghazo Yazan M. , Alghazo Runna
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate what common errors and misconceptions about fractions exist among Saudi Arabian college students. Moreover, the study aimed at investigating the possible explanations for the existence of such misconceptions among students. A researcher developed mathematical test aimed at identifying common errors about fractions as well as short interviews, aimed at understanding the thought process while solving problems on the test, were conducted among a total of 107 (n=107) college students. The findings suggested that the majority of college students in Saudi Arabia hold common misconceptions about fractions and mathematical calculations involving fractions, such as thinking that all fractions are always part of 1 and never greater than 1, and using cross multiplication to solve multiplication problems involving fractions.
The Implementation of the Mixed Techniques in Teaching English in Public Elementary Schools
Authors: Al Darwish Salwa
Published: March 2017

Kuwait, an Arabic-speaking country in which English serves important functions, has adopted so many methods in teaching EFL in public schools which in 1993 started with the Grammar-Translation and continued until 2005 the eclectic method was applied. In 2005 the emphasis on communicative techniques and almost entirely through listening and speaking in the first grade was used. This qualitative investigation of the opinions and teaching practices of twelve first grade teachers found that certain communicative techniques were seen by many of the teachers to contribute to slow academic progress and motivational problems: not translating vocabulary, not overtly correcting errors, not teaching reading and writing, and not giving formal tests. In spite of the important functions of the English language in Kuwait, it appeared that most of these first graders were not hearing English outside the classroom, which appears to be important for the success of the communicative method. Most teachers and some parents were concerned that the children were not being prepared for formal examinations in their future. The conversational frame of the drills and recitations probably contributed importantly to students’ understanding of English as a functional language. However, the communicative aim of encouraging students to absorb English through hearing it conversationally was undercut when the non-native-speaking teachers modeled English mistakes.
The Fairness Relationship with Trust and Trustworthiness in Mobile Sector in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Amri Mohammed S. , Al Shammary Abdulaziz J.
Published: March 2017

This study attempt to explore the relationship of most fairness factors  (distributive, procedural, and interactional) which in turn contribute significantly to customer trust and trustworthiness, whereby we consider the study investigation and finding as an important key success of existing companies as well as market entrants, as the challenges and fast growing characterizing the market with a wide increasing range of demands versus narrow offers, whereby this mismatch affecting the perceived fairness and trust relationship and further influence temper of trustworthiness of both parties. The conceptual model, literature review and proposed hypotheses and its justification were been built based on the most related theories alike social exchange, equity and fairness heuristic theories and mutual previous studies in the same or in related field, the study was performed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, among (300) customers of different mobile providers, the results reported a positive relationship of proposed hypotheses which in turn proves the importance of fairness different dimension and the impact of the same on customer trust and trustworthiness.
Integrated Hydro-Irrigation-Restoration Systems: Resolving a Wicked Problem in the Whychus Creek Watershed (Oregon, USA)
Authors: Weber Edward P.
Published: March 2017

There is an emerging problem of water scarcity associated with the water-energy nexus that has become even more complicated, and more acute, in many rural, irrigation-dependent farming and ranching communities in arid and semi-arid regions of the western U.S. and Canada. The combination of environmental laws, growing populations, increasing demand and higher costs for energy, globalized competition for agricultural commodities, and the spectre of climate change creates a wicked problem that challenges the efficacy of traditional water rights and water delivery systems, as well as the long-term sustainability of the resource-oriented communities and ecosystems involved. How might this wicked problem be resolved such that we simultaneously have more water for streams (ecological health) and growing populations, fewer fish passage obstructions, improved economic viability for working rural landscapes, more carbon free energy, adequate water quality, and improved reliability in water delivery for all water rights holders, while respecting and keeping existing water rights intact? This research analyzes the case of the Whychus Creek watershed in Oregon (USA), where an inclusive set of stakeholders collaboratively transformed the traditional irrigation system into an integrated hydro-irrigation-restoration system more fully responsive to the many different facets of the wicked problem associated with the water-energy nexus.