bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking Ahead to New Orleans
Authors: Heller Monica
Published: September 2010

“Record Response for New Orleans,” by Monica Heller

“General Meeting Information”

“AAA Business Meeting Agenda,” by Virginia R Dominguez

“Beyond the French Quarter: Must‐See Locales in Viejo New Orleans,” by Helen A Regis

“Spotlight on Inno‐Vents: Ethnographic Terminalia,” by Craig Campbell

“Sabloff to Deliver Distinguished Lecture,” by Virginia R Dominguez and Lauren A Anaya

“Anthropology Works: Visit the NAPA/AAA Employer Expo in New Orleans,” by Cathleen Crain

“Leadership Fellow Reflections: Inaugural Program Participants Consider Their Mentorship Experiences,” by Jennifer L Burrell, Emily Jones, Carrie Lane, M Gabriela Torres and Jennifer Wies
Effect of duramycin on chloride transport and intracellular calcium concentration in cystic fibrosis and non‐cystic fibrosis epithelia
Authors: OLIYNYK IGOR , VARELOGIANNI GEORGIA , ROOMANS GODFRIED M. , JOHANNESSON MARIE
Published: September 2010

Oliynyk I, Varelogianni G, Roomans GM, Johannesson M. Effect of duramycin on chloride transport and intracellular calcium concentration in cystic fibrosis and non‐cystic fibrosis epithelia. APMIS 2010; 118: 982–90.

The lantibiotic duramycin (Moli1901, Lancovutide) has been suggested as a drug of choice in the treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF). It has been proposed that duramycin may stimulate chloride secretion through Ca2+‐activated Cl−channels (CaCC). We investigated whether duramycin exhibited any effect on Cl−efflux and intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) in CF and non‐CF epithelial cells. Duramycin did stimulate Cl−efflux from CF bronchial epithelial cells (CFBE) in a narrow concentration range (around 1 μM). However, 100 and 250 μM of duramycin inhibited Cl−efflux from CFBE cells. An inhibitor of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTRinh‐172) and a blocker of the capacitative Ca2+entry, gadolinium chloride, inhibited the duramycin‐induced Cl−efflux. No effect on Cl−efflux was observed in non‐CF human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE), human airway submucosal gland cell line, human pancreatic epithelial cells, CF airway submucosal gland epithelial cells, and CF pancreatic cells. The [Ca2+]iwas increased by 3 μM duramycin in 16HBE cells, but decreased after 1, and 3 μM of duramycin in CFBE cells. The results suggest that the mechanism responsible for the stimulation of Cl−efflux by duramycin is mainly related to unspecific changes of the cell membrane or its components rather than to effects on CaCC.
Comparison of IgG avidity assays in the confirmation of the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus primary infection
Authors: GUISASOLA MARÍA EULALIA , RAMOS BELÉn , SANZ JUAN CARLOS , GARCÍA‐BERMEJO ISABEL , DE ORY MANCHÓN FERNANDO
Published: September 2010

Guisasola ME, Ramos B, Sanz JC, García‐Bermejo I, de Ory Manchón F. Comparison of IgG avidity assays in the confirmation of the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus primary infection. APMIS 2010; 118: 991–3.

We have compared three ELISA techniques and one chemiluminescence immunoassay technique for determining cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity in serum samples from patients with recent and past CMV infections. Sensitivity varied from 84.6% to 100%; and specificity from 78.6% to 100%. IgG avidity assays appear to be adequate additional tools for characterizing CMV infections.
Ecological concepts and biographical zonation in the North: the need for a generally accepted terminology
Authors: Hustich Ilmari
Published: September 2010

The author stresses the need for more clearly defined concepts and terms related to ecological research in the northern biogeographical zones and regions. The concepts ‘arctic’, ‘subarctic’, ‘tundra’, ‘forest‐tundra’, ‘open woodland’ (and similar expressions), ‘taiga’, etc., are discussed below. The expressions ‘tree’ and ‘forest’ are briefly mentioned. The main interest below is focused on terms related to the tree‐ and timber‐ (forest‐) lines and their interrelations.
Characteristics of treeline plant communities in Alaska
Authors: Viereck Leslie A.
Published: September 2010

The treeline in Alaska is usually mapped as the limit of white sprucePicea glauca(Moench) Voss along the south slope of the Brooks Range and in western Alaska and as the limit of Sitka sprucePicea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr. on Kodiak Island and in the Alaska Peninsula. In some localities black sprucePicea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P. and paper birchBetula papyriferaMarsh. form components of the treeline community with white spruce. Of special interest are the groves of balsam poplarPopulus balsamiferaL. occurring on the north slope of the Brooks Range and to the west and southwest of the spruce treeline. There is some question as to whether trees survived in unglaciated portions of Alaska during the last glacial period. Spruce trees became prevalent about 10000 yr ago and may still be expanding to their climatic limits. In some areas of Alaska the treeline was more expanded during the Hypsithermal period than it is at present, but in other regions evidence for such an expansion is lacking. Treeline in some areas seems to have been stable for the last several centuries, but is has been expanding rapidly for the last 40 yr in central and western Alaska and for a longer period on Kodiak Island.
Silvicultural practices near the tree‐line
Authors: Mikola Peitsa
Published: September 2010

The close correlation between climatic fluctuation and forest growth near the tree‐line is discussed. Depending on climatic conditions, the opinions of foresters on the yield potential of the northernmost pine forests have varied greatly from time to time. In Finland the Zone of Protection‐Forests is defined by law (1922) and the Forest Research Institute has prepared practical instructions for the silvicultural management of the Protection‐Forests (1959). These instructions are rather conservative. Thus, radical measures, such as clear‐felling and artificial reforestation, are avoided whereas, in the first place, silvicultural thinnings and removal of over‐mature standards in younger stands are recommended. This kind of management allows the rational utilization of the yield capacity of the forests, without endangering their future existence. The scenic value and multiple use of these forests also are considered in the management instructions.
Abisko Scientific Research Station: Environment and Research
Authors: Sonesson Mats
Published: September 2010

The Abisko Scientific Research Station is situated near the altitudinal tree‐line in the North Swedish mountains. Research is going on in the area since more than 70 years promoted by its untouchedness, accessibility, variety, facilities and traditions of research. The research initiated at the station and now in progress is referred to three main headings: 1. Ecology of the tree‐line; 2. Growth strategies of plants along the chionophilous‐chionophobous gradient; and 3. Man's influence on the ecosystems.
Effects of pH and acid concentration on erosive dissolution of enamel, dentine, and compressed hydroxyapatite
Authors: Shellis R. P. , Barbour M. E. , Jones S. B. , Addy M.
Published: September 2010

Shellis RP, Barbour ME, Jones SB, Addy M. Effects of pH and acid concentration on erosive dissolution of enamel, dentine, and compressed hydroxyapatite. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 475–482. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of pH and acid concentration on the dissolution of enamel, dentine, and compressed hydroxyapatite (HA) in citric acid solutions (15.6 and 52.1 mmol l−1; pH 2.45, 3.2, and 3.9), using a pH‐stat system. After an initial adjustment period, the dissolution rates of enamel and HA were constant, while that of dentine decreased with time. The dissolution rate increased as the pH decreased, and this was most marked for enamel. To compare substrates, the rate of mineral dissolution was normalized to the area occupied by mineral at the specimen surface. For a given acid concentration, the normalized dissolution rate of HA was always less than that for either dentine or enamel. The dissolution rate for dentine mineral was similar to that for enamel at pH 2.45 and greater at pH 3.2 and pH 3.9. The concentration of acid significantly affected the enamel dissolution rate at pH 2.45 and pH 3.2, but not at pH 3.9, and did not significantly affect the dissolution rates of dentine or HA at any pH. The variation in response of the dissolution rate to acid concentration/buffer capacity with respect to pH and tissue type might complicate attempts to predict erosive potential from solution composition.
An event-related potential investigation of deficient inhibitory control in individuals with pathological Internet use
Authors: Zhou Zhen-He , Yuan Guo-Zhen , Yao Jian-Jun , Li Cui , Cheng Zao-Huo
Published: September 2010

Zhou Z-H, Yuan G-Z, Yao J-J, Li C, Cheng Z-H. An event-related potential investigation of deficient inhibitory control in individuals with pathological Internet use.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to investigate deficient inhibitory control in individuals with pathological Internet use (PIU) using a visual go/no-go task by event-related potentials (ERPs).

Methods:

Subjects were 26 individuals with PIU and 26 controls. Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) was used for measures of impulsivity. A go/no-go task involved eight different two-digit numerical stimuli. The response window was 1000 ms and the inter-trial-interval (ITI) was 1500 ms. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded when participants performed the task. Brain electrical source analysis (BESA) 5.2.0 was used to perform data analysis and the no-go N2 amplitude was analysed for investigation of inhibitory control.

Results:

BIS-11 total scores, attentional key and motor key scores in PIU group were higher than that of the control group. In the go/no-go task, false alarm rate of PIU group was higher, and hit rate was lower than that of the control group. A repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant group, frontal electrode sites and group × frontal electrode sites main effect for N2 amplitudes of no-go conditions (for group: F = 3953, df = 1, p = 0.000; for frontal electrode sites: F = 541, df = 9, p = 0.000; for group × frontal electrode sites: F = 306, df = 9, p = 0.000), and a significant group, central electrode sites and group × central electrode sites main effect for N2 amplitudes of no-go conditions (for group: F = 9074, df = 1, p = 0.000; for central electrode sites: F = 163, df = 2, p = 0.000; for group × central electrode sites: F = 73, df = 2, p = 0.000). N2 amplitudes of no-go conditions were lower than those at control group.

Conclusions:

Individuals with PIU were more impulsive than controls and shared neuropsychological and ERPs characteristics of compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder, which supports that PIU is an impulse disorder or at least related to impulse control disorder.
Brief neuropsychological profiles in psychosis: a pilot study using the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS)
Authors: Loughland Carmel M , Allen Joanne , Gianacas Louisa , Schofield Peter W , Lewin Terry J , Hunter Mick , Carr Vaughan J
Published: September 2010

Loughland CM, Allen J, Gianacas L, Schofield PW, Lewin TJ, Hunter M, Carr VJ. Brief neuropsychological profiles in psychosis: a pilot study using the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS).

Objective:

This pilot study examines the utility of a novel, standardised brief neuropsychological assessment tool (the ARCS, Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen) in a different clinical setting to that in which it was initially developed. We hypothesised that the ARCS would be feasible to administer to individuals with a psychotic illness and that it would detect cognitive deficits similar to those identified by an established instrument (the RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status).

Methods:

Twenty-five people with psychosis (mean age = 43.72, SD = 9.78) and 25 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited from the Newcastle community (NSW, Australia). The ARCS and RBANS were completed about 1 week apart in a counterbalanced order.

Results:

The ARCS was well received, performed satisfactorily and both the ARCS and RBANS were sensitive to deficits typically associated with psychosis (e.g. memory and attention). After controlling for memory deficits, the largest disparity between the psychosis and control groups was on the ARCS fluency domain [p< 0.001, partial Eta-squared (ηp2) = 0.21].

Conclusion:

The ARCS uses audio administration (approximately 34 min) to reduce clinician time (to 3–5 min for scoring) and appears to be a useful brief assessment tool for examining the cognitive deficits associated with psychosis. However, the potential clinical utility of the ARCS needs to be investigated further in larger samples drawn from a wider variety of specialist and non-specialist settings.
Ageing in the Inner City: Advocacy for the Voiceless
Authors: Hill Brenda J. , Basser Margaret L.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The Healthy Older People Program of the South Eastern Sydney Area Health Promotion Service has commenced a long term multi‐faceted approach to improving the quality of life of some highly disadvantaged older citizens in insecure accommodation. This work is based on qualitative research undertaken during needs assessment for a health promotion program for older people. The approach utilises their views and respects their autonomy. Advocacy for policy and environmental change is the principal strategy, working with local, State and Federal governments. Issues addressed in this ongoing project include pedestrian safety, access to fresh food, affordable housing and health and welfare services.
Reactions to Ageing Among Australian Students: a Rural‐Urban Comparison
Authors: Gattuso Suzy , Saw Celia
Published: September 2010

Book reviews in this article:

Objective: To assess expectations about ageing of rural‐ and urban‐reared students preparing for careers in health and human services.

Method: A survey of 136 students at three rural campuses was conducted using the Reactions to Ageing Questionnaire. Students were enrolled in first‐ and second‐year occupational therapy, nursing and welfare. Intimate contact with older people, defined as the number of people aged 65 and over counted as family or friends, was treated as a moderator variable.

Results: There was a significant difference in attitude depending on the background of students, with rural students being more negative in attitude. Neither course of study nor intimate contact was associated with attitude score.

Conclusions: Rural background may be an important factor in attitudes towards ageing and attitudes may be relatively independent of intimate contact with older people.
Nutrition and Senescence: Healthy Ageing
Authors: Volker Dianne , Caterson Ian
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Healthy ageing is an important issue in Australia where healthcare costs increase as the population ages. The concept of compression of morbidity is attainable as many of the healthcare cost increases are associated with diet related diseases. Dietary guidelines for older Australians have been developed to assist older Australians in their food and lifestyle choices, which would assist in the compression of morbidity. This paper discusses the importance of healthy eating through the ageing process including the dietary guidelines for older Australians, the importance of continued activity during the ageing process, the special needs of the frail aged, the special needs of the bed‐bound and specific problems experienced by ageing Australians. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, older Australians should participate in regular physical activity, regular social activity in which eating occurs and an avoidance of excessive use of tobacco, alcohol, caffeine and an unnecessary intake of pharmaceuticals.
Subjective Quality of Life, Perceived Control and Dispositional Optimism Among Older People
Authors: Maher Elise , Cummins Robert A.
Published: September 2010

Book reviews in this article:

Objectives: To examine whether the subjective quality of life (QOL) of elderly people is held under homeostatic control, and to investigate the role of perceived control and dispositional optimism in the maintenance of subjective QOL.

Method: 100 older people (M=75.6 years) and a control group of 107 younger people (M=20.1 years) completed a self‐report survey.

Results: Both groups had a level of subjective QOL within the normal range. The older group reported higher levels of secondary control and optimism, but similar levels of primary control, as the younger group. Primary control and optimism predicted subjective QOL for both groups. Secondary control was a significant predictor for the younger group, however it was only marginally significant for the older group. Optimism accounted for the most subjective QOL variance for both groups.

Conclusions: The finding that the subjective QOL of the older group lay within the normative range supports the proposal that their subjective QOL is being successfully maintained under homeostatic control. However, they appear to have an increased reliance on secondary control. The fact that dispositional optimism captures the predictive variance of perceived control, is an important finding adding to the understanding of subjective QOL maintenance.
Use of the Internet by Older Rural South Australians
Authors: Irizarry Carol , West Deborah , Downing Andrew
Published: September 2010

Book reviews in this article:

Objective: The South Australian Government funded the Rural Online Research Project to investigate Internet use by older people in rural South Australia.

Method: Information was gathered from this population via questionnaires in relation to their use of computers and the Internet and focus groups were held to supplement this data.

Results: Findings indicated that of the 16% of older rural residents who used the Internet the most common uses were email, browsing, games and accessing travel or entertainment information. Over half of those not using the Internet indicated that they would like to learn and the majority indicated that major barriers to use were lack of opportunity and cost involved.

Conclusion: Opportunity, cost and a supportive learning environment are key factors in encouraging Internet use by older people in rural areas.
IN THE SHADOWS OF THE 1970S FISCAL CRISIS: NEW YORK CITY'S MUNICIPAL UNIONS IN THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY
Authors: Spear Michael
Published: September 2010

With New York City confronting significant fiscal difficulties, its municipal unions and their members will be under enormous pressure to agree to significant concessions and possibly layoffs over the next several years. Their ability to fight these demands for concessions will be shaped to a great extent by the strategies that they adopted during the city's even more severe fiscal crisis of the mid 1970s—a pivotal moment in the city's and nation's histories. This earlier crisis, which marked an important early moment in the development of neoliberalism, led to thousands of layoffs of city workers and a three‐year wage freeze as well as shifting the city's politics significantly to the right as the city's financial and political elite successfully took advantage of the crisis to advance their political and economic agenda. During that period, the municipal unions chose to not directly contest this rightward shift. Instead, they adopted a narrow interest‐group strategy and accepted that they would need to work within the constraints of an emergent neoliberal regime predicated upon fiscal austerity and increasingly pro‐business tax and economic development policies. This earlier decision continues to shape the municipal unions to this day and will likely hamper their ability to fight the present‐day demands for concessions, much less lead them to work with other constituencies to build a progressive alternative to resolving the city's fiscal problems.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy in Patients with Preexisting Three-Piece Inflatable Penile Prosthesis
Authors: Erdeljan Petar , Brock Gerald , Pautler Stephen E.
Published: September 2010

Introduction

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) is becoming the preferred surgical treatment option for management of organ-confined prostate cancer. Although not a contraindication, previous pelvic surgery can make RARP challenging. Presence of a three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis, with a perivesical pelvic reservoir, has the potential to induce steric hindrance making RARP difficult.

Aim

The main purpose of this publication is to report our experience with RARP in patients with previously inserted three-piece inflatable penile prostheses.

Methods

Two patients with previously inserted AMS 700 penile prosthesis and with organ-confined, biopsy proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent RARP. We describe intraoperative findings, surgical technique, oncologic and functional outcomes.

Results

Both patients underwent safe and successful RARP with out any complications. Surgical margins were not affected with pelvic reservoir-sparing technique. In both patients, the penile prosthesis remained functional postoperatively.

Conclusions

RARP can be safely performed in patients with previously inserted three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis. Nontraumatic handling of the pelvic reservoir is mandatory to preserve prosthesis’ integrity.
Randomized trial of two different doses of pyridoxine in the prevention of capecitabine‐associated palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia
Authors: CHALERMCHAI T , TANTIPHLACHIVA K , SUWANRUSME H , VORAVUD N , SRIURANPONG V
Published: September 2010

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of 200 mg versus 400 mg daily of pyridoxine in preventing or delaying the onset of palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) in capecitabine‐treated patients.

Methods:  Patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer or colorectal cancer receiving single agent capecitabine started at 2000 to 2500 mg/m2 daily from day 1 to 14 every 3 weeks were randomly assigned to receive 200 mg or 400 mg daily of pyridoxine for PPE prophylaxis. The primary endpoint was the reduction of incidence of grade 2 or greater PPE. Secondary endpoints were reduction of severe PPE and prolongation of time to development of grade 2 or greater PPE.

Results:  There were 56 patients in this study. The baseline characteristics were generally similar in both groups. The high dose arm had less PPE than the low dose arm (11 of 28 or 39% vs 20 of 28 or 71%, relative risk = 0.26 [0.08, 0.79], P = 0.031). Grade III PPE developed in 3 of 28 (10.7%) versus none in patients receiving 200 mg versus 400 mg pyridoxine, respectively (relative risk 2.12 [1.594, 2.819], P = 0.24). High dose pyridoxine had a longer time to development of grade 2 or greater PPE compared to the low dose arm, 87 days versus 62 days. The 400 mg pyridoxine group had, however, a worsened tumor response and tended to have greater tumor treatment failure and shorter time to treatment failure.

Conclusion:  With the limitation of sample size in this study, there was a trend to improve PPE incidence and time to event with a higher dose of pyridoxine. Further validation of these results in a larger population is warranted.
Effect of seed coating on plant growth and soil conditions: A preliminary study for restoration of degraded rangeland in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Liu Yingchun , Horisawa Sakae , Mukohata Yasuo
Published: September 2010

Rangeland degradation is a significant problem in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China. Restoration of the degraded rangelands through reseeding is being undermined by poor seedling growth under adverse soil moisture and nutrition conditions. Accordingly, seeds of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) were coated with a mixture of hygroscopic and plant‐derived polysaccharide gums and alga powder (Phaeocystis sp. necolon‐1), and inoculated with spores of microorganisms (Aspergillus sp. and Streptomyces sp.), serving as coating mixture decomposers, in order to improve rhizosphere moisture and nutrition. In a growth chamber simulating spring climate on the Plateau, seedling emergence of the coated seeds was 60–80 and 48–82%, respectively, for the two plant species in comparison to 38 and 24% for the uncoated seeds, which was due to moisture being supplied by the coat. In the outdoor pots with soil texture and moisture conditions similar to those of the degraded rangelands on the Plateau, dry weight of the plants from the coated seeds was 109–184 and 118–156 mg plant−1 for the respective plant species, while that of the plants from uncoated seeds was 18–20 and 10–11 mg plant−1. The number of Rhizobium sp. nodules on Chinese milk vetch plants from the coated seeds was 21–25 plant−1 while 0–2 in plants from uncoated seeds. Enhancement of plant growth was caused by increased activity of soil microbes. Plant growth on the soil after sampling plants from the coated seeds was also enhanced, indicating sustainability of improvement of soil conditions. Thus seed coating with hygroscopic nutrient‐source materials and inoculation with microorganism spores as slow decomposers of the coating materials is a promising method for restoring degraded rangelands.
Utilization by cattle of a pasture including aged hilly sections
Authors: Watanabe Nariyasu , Umemura Kazuhiro , Sakanoue Seiichi , Kozakai Takaharu , Kawamura Kensuke
Published: September 2010

Utilization by cattle of a pasture with a heterogeneous environment was assessed from early May to late October 2005 based on the behavior of two cows fitted with GPS units and bite counter collars as members of a group of 10 animals. The pasture (7.6 ha; established in 1967 with five temperate species) consisted of three subunits (almost identical sizes) differing in renovation history, vegetation and terrain: Subunit 1, a relatively flat section renovated by over‐seeding a grass in 2002; Subunit 2, a sloped section (no renovation); and Subunit 3, a sloped section including woods (no renovation). Spatial distributions and the number of bites of the two collared cows were obtained at 10 min intervals during five 10 day trials in each month except July. The two cows showed similar tendencies in choosing locations and in the number of bites per day and per hour among the subunits in each month. The cows spent most of their time in Subunit 1 in May and June, but as the months went by, the time in Subunit 1 became short and was limited to daytime. In contrast, they stayed predominantly in Subunits 2 and 3 at night in the latter half of the season. Throughout the season, the number of bites taken in Subunit 1 was the greatest among all of the subunits. Our results suggested that the aged, hilly sections (Subunits 2 and 3) were mainly utilized as resting sites in the nighttime and were supplementarily grazed in the latter half of the season. To prevent early deterioration of the relatively flat, renovated section, an increase in grazing use of the aged, hilly sections will be needed.
Effects of CO2 enrichment on growth partitioning of Chloris gayana in the arid environment of the UAE
Authors: Ksiksi Taoufik , Youssef Tarek
Published: September 2010

Grass species are impacted by increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Grass species such as rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana) respond in a variety of ways to CO2 enrichment. Some species spend more resources in the above‐ground parts while others invest in below root system. The extent of growth responses and growth portioning in C. gayana as affected by increases in CO2 was assessed. Pot trials were set up to compare plant growth parameters (e.g. plant height and number of leaves) between conditions mimicking the ambient (about 350 ppm) and enriched (650 ppm) CO2 concentrations. Plants grown under the high CO2 concentration had significantly higher plant height than those grown under the ambient CO2 concentration for days 8 and 18 and to some extent for day 45. Plants grown under CO2 enrichment, however, had a lower number of leaves than those grown under the ambient CO2 level 28 days into the trial and to some extent on day 31. Overall, plants grown under CO2 enrichment had a lower shoot/root ratio than those grown under ambient CO2 levels. It is believed that biomass (shoots and roots) allocation into reproductive growth was a key phenomenon affecting C. gayana growth.
The tidal tails of the ultrafaint globular cluster Palomar 1
Authors: Niederste-Ostholt M. , Belokurov V. , Evans N. W. , Koposov S. , Gieles M. , Irwin M. J.
Published: September 2010

Using the optimal filter technique applied to Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometry, we have found extended tails stretching about 1° (or several tens of half-light radii) from either side of the ultrafaint globular cluster Palomar 1. The tails contain roughly as many stars as does the cluster itself. Using deeper Hubble Space Telescope data, we see that the isophotes twist in a characteristic S-shape on moving outwards from the cluster centre to the tails. We argue that the main mechanism forming the tails may be relaxation-driven evaporation and that Pal 1 may have been accreted from a now disrupted dwarf galaxy ∼ 500 Myr ago.
Boosting hierarchical structure formation with scalar-interacting dark matter
Authors: Hellwing Wojciech A. , Knollmann Steffen R. , Knebe Alexander
Published: September 2010

We investigate the effect of long-range scalar interactions in dark matter (DM) models of cosmic structure formation with a particular focus on the formation times of haloes. Utilizing N-body simulations with 5123 DM particles we show that in our models DM haloes form substantially earlier: tracing objects up to redshift z ∼ 6 we find that the formation time, as characterized by the redshift z1/2 at which the halo has assembled half of its final mass, is gradually shifted from z1/2 ≈ 1.83 in the fiducial Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model to z1/2 ≈ 2.54 in the most extreme scalar-interaction model. This is accompanied by a shift of the redshift that marks the transition between merger and steady accretion epochs from z* ≈ 4.32 in the ΛCDM haloes to z* ≈ 6.39 in our strongest interaction model. In other words, the scalar-interacting model employed in this work produces more structures at high redshifts, prolonging at the same time the steady accretion phases. These effects taken together can help the ΛCDM model to account for a high-redshift reionization as indicated by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data and can alleviate issues related to the survival of the thin-disc-dominated galaxies at low redshifts.
RHEOLOGY AND TEXTURE OF COMMERCIAL QUESO FRESCO CHEESES MADE FROM RAW AND PASTEURIZED MILK
Authors: TUNICK MICHAEL H. , VAN HEKKEN DIANE L.
Published: September 2010

Queso Frescos made in Mexico from raw milk (RM) were compared with cheeses made in Mexico and the U.S.A. from pasteurized milk (PM) to determine textural and rheological differences. RM cheese, considered the ideal Queso Fresco, contained more moisture than PM cheeses, displayed higher cohesiveness and shear strain and exhibited lower hardness and shear stress. The U.S.‐made cheeses were harder and more brittle and crumbly than the Mexican cheeses. The shear stress decreased as fat content increased in all samples, and the shear strain decreased as the pH increased in the Mexican cheeses. An understanding of the differences between the RM and PM versions should allow cheese makers to adjust manufacturing procedures so that PM Queso Fresco cheeses will meet consumer expectations.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Hispanic cheeses such as Queso Fresco are gaining in popularity in the U.S.A. The milk for making Queso Fresco in the U.S.A. must be pasteurized, and the resulting cheese is perceived by some consumers to be inferior in flavor and texture to the traditional variety made from raw milk. Queso Fresco samples made in Mexico from both kinds of milk and made in the U.S.A. from pasteurized milk were analyzed to see if there were differences in texture, structure, and the ability to twist and break pieces of the cheese. The cheeses made in the U.S.A. contained less moisture and were too hard, crumbly, and brittle when compared to the raw milk cheeses. The differences observed should enable U.S. companies to make Queso Fresco with properties close to those of the raw milk variety.
ENZYMATIC COUPLED WITH UV DEGRADATION OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN RED CHILI POWDER
Authors: TRIPATHI SMITA , MISHRA H.N.
Published: September 2010

The degradation of aflatoxin B
1
(AFB
1
) by partially purified garlic peroxidase (246.61 U/mg protein) was investigated at different enzyme and substrate concentrations over different incubation periods. The optimum reaction occurred with 12 U of enzyme, 60 nmol AFB
1
per 100 g chili powder at 24 h of incubation with maximum degradation of 66.02%. The rate of reaction was first order initially and increased with increasing enzyme and substrate concentration before reaching a plateau (k
m:
0.90 nmol and V
max:
0.008 nmol/min). Time‐dependent AFB
1
degradation upon UV exposure (365 nm) was observed with maximum detoxification (87.8%) recorded after 60‐min exposure (P < 0.001). Enzymatic detoxification and UV exposure for 30 min produced minimal quality changes (detoxification efficiency of 77%); beyond that, significant losses in ascorbic acid and carotene content were recorded (P < 0.05). The treatment exhibited minimal toxicity and mutagenicity as confirmed by in vitro models using Bacillus megaterium and Salmonella typhimurium.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The present study focuses on development of safe method for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degradation in red chili powder. There are very few reports on detoxification of AFB1 in red chili powder. A control of aflatoxins is the need of the hour, as their occurrence in foods and feeds continuously poses threats to both health and economics all over the world. The current findings could contribute to the development of preventive strategies and safe technologies for AFB1 degradation in various spice‐based industries involving the combination of biological and physical detoxification methods. Peroxidase can be used as a processing aid in the decontamination of chili powder without altering its nutritional and quality attributes.
EFFECT OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON QUALITY RETENTION OF TWO CULTIVARS OF LITCHI (LITCHI CHINENSIS SONN.)
Authors: DE REUCK KAREN , SIVAKUMAR DHARINI , KORSTEN LISE
Published: September 2010

“Mauritius” and “McLean's Red” were packed in active (5% O2 and 5% CO2) or passive modified atmosphere in polypropylene punnets. Lidding film with 10 and 4 holes was sealed onto the punnets during packing process. Packed fruits were stored at 2C, 95% relative humidity up to 21 days. Observations indicated that “McLean's Red” was more suited for modified atmosphere packaging technology than “Mauritius”. Lidding film‐four holes showed ∼7% O2 and 9% CO2, significantly reduced the activity of oxidation enzymes, showed higher retention of pericarp color by retaining the hunter color values L*, C*, h*in the “McLean's Red”. Lidding film‐10 holes showed ∼17% O2 and ∼5% CO2, retained the soluble solids concentration to titratable acidity ratio (∼65), and thereby preventing the loss of taste and litchi fruit flavor with acceptable pericarp color. The use of an active modified atmosphere does not change the composition of the gases at equilibrium but lessens the time necessary to reach this equilibrium.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has been considered beneficial to maintain high humidity, prevent water loss and browning of litchi pericarp, and is also considered a convenient method to market value‐added small fruits. Results from this study indicated that the selection of MAP is cultivar‐dependent. The outcome of this study provides a partial solution for small and medium‐scale litchi growers and exporters for marketing chains for up to 20–21 days with information on suitable alternative treatment to replace sulfur dioxide fumigation especially for early season “McLean's Red” litchi.
Lessons from Credit Bureaus for Improving the Market for Electronic Medical Records
Authors: RICHARDSON CRAIG , HALL MARK , MADJD‐SADJADI ZAGROS
Published: September 2010

Electronic medical records (EMRs) have tremendous potential to lower consumer medical costs and improve quality, yet their use in the United States remains extremely low. We explain the reasons for this market failure and then document the strikingly parallel problems in the lending market one hundred years ago. We investigate how the evolution of credit bureaus helped address market limitations in lending, and ask whether similar entities—what we call health information bureaus—might overcome similar problems in EMR adoption and interconnection.
Colston E. Warne Lecture: Consumer Protection 2.0—Protecting Consumers in the 21st Century
Authors: MIERZWINSKI EDMUND
Published: September 2010

The consumer advocacy movement has achieved many successes in the past one hundred years or more but still faces pushback from powerful special interests, including preemption of state authority, and contractual limits, such as arbitration, restricting private enforcement. Further, since laws have not kept up with changes in the financial marketplace, new financial transaction protections are needed. This commentary proposes new approaches for improving consumer protection and giving new tools to consumer advocates, both on and off the Internet, and examines the battle to enact a Consumer Financial Protection Agency.
Editors Talking
Authors: ROTFELD HERBERT JACK
Published: September 2010

At the increasingly common “meet the editors” sessions at academic conferences, editors of academic journals are sitting side‐by‐side with people they might variously consider competitors, colleagues or compatriots in misery. People attending the sessions are seeking insight into what they might expect as the products of their labors go into the months‐long rabbit hole of the review process. The editors' perspectives on these same sessions are far from unidimensional or monolithic, alternately seeking papers for submissions, readers for potential citations, visibility for the journal name, young minds to influence or subscriptions to sell. Sometimes they do not seem to know why they are there as they read from a series of slides showing the tables of contents of recent issues. Unnoticed, even by some of the editors themselves, we are talking to each other. I have been listening.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH: Antibiotic identification, use, and self‐medication for respiratory illnesses among urban Latinos
Authors: Landers Timothy F. , Ferng Yu‐hui , McLoughlin Jennifer Wong , Barrett Angela E. , Larson Elaine
Published: September 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which antibiotic and nonantibiotic medications commonly used for upper respiratory infections (URIs) were correctly identified by a sample of urban dwelling Latinas and the association of medication identification with antibiotic use and self‐medication.

Data sources: One hundred women completed an interview and were asked to identify whether a list of 39 medications (17 antibiotics, 22 nonantibiotics) were antibiotics or not, whether anyone in the household had used the medication, their ages, and the source of the medication.

Results: Overall, participants correctly identified 62% of nonantibiotics and 34% of antibiotics. Seventy three (73%) women in the study reported antibiotic use by at least one member of the household in the past year. Among users, self‐medication was reported in 67.2% of antibiotics for adults, but in only 2.4% of children. There was no difference in antibiotic recognition between those who self‐medicated and those who did not, but antibiotic self‐medication was associated with a significantly lower recognition of nonantibiotics (p= .01).

Implications for practice: Measures to improve antibiotic utilization should address self‐medication and consider the cultural and social context in which antibiotic use occurs.
GUARDIANSHIP IN CONTEXT: IMPLICATIONS FOR BURGLARY VICTIMIZATION RISK AND PREVENTION*
Authors: WILCOX PAMELA , MADENSEN TAMARA D. , TILLYER MARIE SKUBAK
Published: September 2010

Survey data from 4,227 Seattle residents nested within 100 “neighborhoods” (census tracts) were analyzed to discern interrelationships between various dimensions of individual‐level and neighborhood‐level guardianship. We focused on four dimensions of guardianship–physical (target hardening), personal (home occupancy), social (informal control), and natural (surveillance through environmental design)–at both individual and neighborhood levels. A multilevel opportunity, theoretical framework guided hypotheses, which suggests that each of the four dimensions of individual guardianship would be related more negatively to burglary as each of the four dimensions of aggregate guardianship increased. Multilevel logistic regression analysis revealed support for many of such hypothesized moderating effects of aggregate guardianship. More specifically, 6 of the 16 possible interaction effects were statistically significant at the .05 level and an additional 3 interaction effects were significant at the .10 level. In particular, individuallevel target hardening, place management, and natural surveillancewere related more negatively to burglary as neighborhood‐level target hardening increased, as neighborhood‐level informal social control increased, and as neighborhood‐level natural surveillance increased.
GANGS, GUNS, AND DRUGS: RECIDIVISM AMONG SERIOUS, YOUNG OFFENDERS*
Authors: HUEBNER BETH M. , VARANO SEAN P. , BYNUM TIMOTHY S.
Published: September 2010

Research Summary:

The primary goal of this study is to understand the factors that best explain recidivism among a sample of 322 young men aged 17 to 24 years released from prison in a Midwestern state. Specific attention is paid to the predictive validity of gang membership, gun use, and drug dependence on the timing of reconviction and the current research on desistance frames the analyses. Results from a series of proportional hazard models indicate that race, gang membership, drug dependence, and institutional behavior are critical factors in predicting the timing of reconviction. Contrary to expectations, gun use was not related to postrelease involvement in the criminal justice system.

Policy Implications:

Much of current violence policy has focused on the identification and enhanced prosecution of individuals deemed to be serious and chronic offenders; particular emphasis has been placed on gun offenders. The findings presented here indicate that preprison weapon involvement is not significantly associated with recidivism, likely because gun use is prevalent among young, serious offenders. Although policies aimed at the incapacitation of young, violent offenders may reduce community levels of crime in the short term, the chances for recidivism are likely to increase in the long term if factors like gang membership and drug use, and the deficits that these behaviors engender for social and emotional capital, are not addressed. More broadly, the strong, significant effect of the institutional misconduct measure signals the salience of accounting for institutional behavior when making release decisions. Institutional misconduct may be an important marker of sustained gang membership, making institutional programming and appropriate aftercare services a priority for this group of offenders.
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in East and West
Authors: Chen Yu-Wei , Lee Ming-Jen , Smith Eric E.
Published: September 2010

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a vasculopathy characterised by the deposition of amyloid fibrils in the arteries and arterioles in the cerebral cortex and meninges, has been reported to be associated with intracerebral haemorrhage and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Advances in neuroimaging and validation of the clinical diagnostic criteria aid in making a correct clinical diagnosis. Associations with Alzheimer's disease, asymptomatic microbleeds and white matter changes on neuroimaging have an influence on the clinical treatment for patients with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Reviewing the reports from Asian countries, we found that patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy have a strong age-related prevalence and a consistent association with dementia, but a weaker correlation with intracerebral haemorrhage, most likely due to a higher incidence of hypertensive intracerebral haemorrhage. Involvement of the occipital lobe arteries by CAA is common in all races and ethnicities, while frontal lobe arteries may be more frequently involved in the East compared to the West. The clinical impact of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on intracerebral haemorrhage and cognitive impairment could be increasingly obvious in Asian countries with ageing populations, especially with improving control of hypertension, the leading cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.
Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass after Stroke: a Systematic Review
Authors: English Coralie , McLennan Holly , Thoirs Kerry , Coates Alison , Bernhardt Julie
Published: September 2010

Loss of muscle mass after stroke has implications for strength and functional ability and may also contribute to impaired glucose metabolism. Therefore, prevention of muscle loss is desirable. Before interventions to prevent loss of muscle can be designed and evaluated, the expected rate, magnitude and timing of muscle loss need to be understood. A systematic search was undertaken to identify all studies that investigated changes in skeletal muscle mass, volume or cross-sectional area in people after stroke. Studies that used either direct measures of muscle size (computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound) or measures of lean tissue mass (dual X-ray absorptiometry) were included. Fourteen trials were found and the results were pooled for differences in lean tissue mass between the paretic and the nonparetic leg and arm as well as differences in the midthigh cross-sectional area. In individuals at least 6-month post-stroke, there was significantly less lean tissue mass in the paretic compared with the nonparetic lower limb (MD 342.3 g, 95% confidence interval 247.0–437.6 g) and upper limb (MD 239.9 g, 95% confidence interval 181.7–298.2 g), and significantly less midthigh muscle cross-sectional area (MD 15.4 cm2, 95% confidence interval 13.8–16.9 cm2). There were insufficient data to pool with regard to change in muscle mass over time. There is a significant difference in the regional muscle mass in the paretic vs. the nonparetic limb in individuals greater than 6-months poststroke but little is known about how early and how quickly changes in muscle mass occur.