bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Case of Lilliputian Hallucinations with a Subsequent Single Macropsic Hallucination
Authors: Fleming Gerald W. T. H.
Published: August 2008

A. B. C., æt. 62, widow, was admitted to the Sunderland Mental Hospital on October 10, 1922, suffering from confusional insanity.
Observations on the Treatment of Epilepsy with Borax and Bromide
Authors: Kimber W. J. T.
Published: August 2008

In the treatment of epilepsy numerous drugs have been acclaimed from time to time by different observers as sovereign remedies, and with few exceptions each in its turn has been discarded as of little or no value. Borax (sodium biborate) has been advocated repeatedly, and results reported by some have been remarkably satisfactory, while others have not found it worth while to persist in its use. Can these wide divergencies of opinion be explained? It would seem that as regards borax an explanation can be found from an analysis of the following results.
Histological Examination of the Pituitary Gland in 110 Asylum and Hospital Cases
Authors: Mott Frederick W. , Robertson Isabella McDougall
Published: August 2008

The material dealt with in this investigation was collected from 110 cases dying in the London County Mental Hospitals and various General Hospitals and Hospitals for consumptives.
Some Aspects of Sociology and their Psychiatrical Application
Authors: Suttie Ian D.
Published: August 2008

We cannot avoid this difficult and theoretical discussion of first principles. The distinction between social and individual phenomena must be defined and shown as real, relative, abstract, etc., as the case may be. We cannot, for example, understand the inter-relations of the group and the unit unless we can form a clear idea of their respective natures. Even the literature of social psychology is not helpful or intelligible to us until the meaning and validity of such conceptions as group mind are definitely established. Hugo Munsterburg, for example, writes: “We compare the social mind with the individual mind. Such a comparison is not meant as a metaphor. It is a true, far-reaching analogy, an account of really corresponding processes.” He then works out the most elaborate parallel, even in regard to “physiological basis.” But parallels never meet, and though this one may be suggestive, it is not helpful to the understanding of the interaction of the social and individual minds—i. e. the psychogenesis of the group and the socialisation of the individual or even in forming clear ideas of these two and their relations. Other writers use group mind as a mere figure of speech, for others again it is a transcendent reality.
The Significance of Urea in Dementia Præcox
Authors: Walker J.
Published: August 2008

Urea is the compound in which the greater part of the nitrogen from protein metabolism is normally excreted, and of which it forms an important index.
The Reaction of the Urine in 120 Cases of Mental Disorder
Authors: Walker James
Published: August 2008

Two methods are available to determine the reaction of a fluid. The first is the method of titration for acidity or alkalinity, in which a standard solution of acid or alkali is added until a certain change in the colour of a suitable indicator is detected. The second method is to determine the hydrogen-ion concentration present in the fluid. The latter is the only satisfactory method of measuring the reaction of a fluid. The hydrogen-ion concentration expresses the reaction of neutral, acid and alkaline solutions. The electrical is the standard method, but for clinical purposes is too intricate. The colorimetric method is less complicated. It is based upon the fact that each indicator has a characteristic zone of hydrogen-ion concentrations within which its colour changes occur. For details as to the theory and technique of this method, the reader may be referred to Clarke and Lubs (J. Bacteriol., 1917, ii), and Cole (Practical Physiological Chem., pp. 19–30).
Some Observations on the Fasting Blood-sugar in Certain Mental States
Authors: Mumford P. B. , Parkin G. G.
Published: August 2008

The work mentioned hereunder was commenced with a view to investigating the alterations in the sugar content of the blood and urine which have been observed in the insane, and to consider whether they are necessarily pathological, or whether they are merely normal sympathetic reactions to an abnormal extra-sympathetic stimulus.
Symbiosis and Evolution
Authors: Reinheimer H.
Published: August 2008

Symbiosis is systematic biological co-operation, and, whether we view it in a narrow, morphological, or in a wider yet more definite socio-physiological sense, it is a phenomenon of first-rate importance, deserving widest attention. Botany, zoology, physiology, pathology, agriculture, sociology are all vitally concerned in symbiosis.
The Relation of Chronic Sepsis to So-called Functional Mental Disorder
Authors: Graves T. C.
Published: August 2008

It is interesting to recall that fifty-five years ago Maudsley wrote as follows:

“There is no want of evidence that organic morbid poisons bred in the organism or in the blood itself may act in the most baneful manner upon the supreme nervous centres. The earliest and mildest mental effect by which a perverted state of blood declares itself is not in the production of positive delusion or incoherence of thought, but in a modification of mental tone.

“The further effect is to engender a chronic delusion of some kind.

“A third effect of its more acute action is to produce more or less active delirium and general incoherence of thought.”(I)
Licences and Certificates
Authors: Conolly John
Published: August 2008

The particulars of the new Acts relative to the care and treatment of lunatics will probably be before the public at the time of the appearance of this number of the Journal. The proposed Act affecting Chancery lunatics has already appeared, and requires no particular comment. It is to be hoped, however, that the enormous expense attendant on opposed commissions may be diminished. The absurd reference of one of the most delicate and difficult of metaphysical questions to a jury will still, no doubt, prevail.
The Circulation within the Cranium in relation to Mental Disorders; and on German Psychological Medicine
Authors: Arlidge J. T.
Published: August 2008

Within the last twenty years, the influence of German literature and science, previously little felt, has operated strongly upon English thought and English society. German literature, popularized by translation, finds a multitude of admiring readers; yet, compared with German science, its effects on the opinions and, consequently, on the practical habits of our fellow-countrymen have been trifling. In the modern history of metaphysics, German works occupy a most prominent place; and in religious thought, such has been the influence of the productions of the German press, that the prevailing theology is deeply imbued with what are called the rationalistic or neological principles of German professors. So when we look to modern physic, we also find its principles intimately connected with the researches and hypotheses of German physicians; so much so, indeed, that there has arisen in the medical profession a rational school, ignoring many an old-world theory of the principles and practice of medicine. What has been more popular, more readily received in this country than German physiology? It is not only represented by translated treatises, but actually forms the basis of home-produced works. The German writers furnish, in their elaborate treatises and monographs, the quarry from which the material is mainly drawn for the construction of English works; and this we can safely assert, after giving credit for much good English matter and for skill in modelling the whole structure to the English taste. German physiology, having preceded, has latterly been followed by German pathology, foremost among the teachers of which stands Professor Virchow, whose remarkable treatise on cellular pathology has recently appeared in an English dress, and commends itself by the mass of facts it contains, as well as by its ingenious hypotheses, to every pathological student.
Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858
Authors: Sutherland Alex. John
Published: August 2008

The time allotted for the delivery of a lecture did not allow me to state, when we last met, the appearances found on dissection in the thorax and abdomen in cases of insanity.

I will now do so very briefly, and will afterwards speak of that which I had proposed more particularly to form the subject of my present lecture, viz. the treatment of insanity.
Five Cardinal Questions on Administrative Psychiatry
Authors: Mundy J.
Published: August 2008

We have in two previously published papers† promised to discuss the following questions, and now attempt to fulfil the promise in the following pages. The questions are:

1.

What false ideas are still prevalent among the public at large in relation to lunatic asylums and their superintendents and psychological physicians in general?

2.

Are the mode and description of state supervision and control, as exercised over asylums, sufficient and satisfactory?

3.

To what persons, and under what conditions, shall the privilege be exclusively conceded to establish, superintend, and carry on establishments for the insane?

4.

Ought lunatic asylums to be entrusted to religious corporations?

5.

May not families of position and competency be lawfully permitted to retain the charge and management of their mentally afflicted relatives, under the “patronal or family régime”?
The Psychogenic Factor in the Causation of Mental Disorder
Authors: Beaton Thomas
Published: August 2008

It is a truism that successful treatment in any branch of medical practice, or, indeed, in a wider sense, in any activity in which we may be engaged, depends on an adequate and exact knowledge of the relation of cause and effect, and the conscientious clinician who bears that fact in mind finds the present position of clinical psychiatry one of great difficulty. As a highly esteemed physician remarked a little while ago—during one of those outbursts of professional candour which seem to be necessary at times in the interest of our self-respect, so far as our capacity to really modify the condition of our patients is concerned, we are in the position of interested observers, for we may arrange conditions, we may guard against added stresses, but do what we will, and however hard our endeavour, our patients alter, some to improve, others to deteriorate, with an aggravating indifference to our efforts. It behoves us, then, to be extremely critical of our assumptions in any particular case, to be as precise and as adequate as possible in our description of the whole train of events, and to review very carefully any deductions we may make as to the relation of possible cause and effect.
Malaria Therapy in General Paralysis: being Observations on Fifty Cases treated at the County Mental Hospital, Whittingham
Authors: Grant A. R. , Silverston J. D.
Published: August 2008

In the early part of 1922 our attention was drawn to the excellent results claimed by Wagner-Jauregg (1), Gerstmann (2), Weygandt (3) and others in the treatment of general paralysis by the inoculation of malaria. Since July 31, 1922, over fifty general paralytics have been subjected to this form of fever therapy, and in this contribution we propose to give a brief summary of our observations and com elusions.
The Psychology of Adolescence. A paper read at the Casual Society, December 6, 1923
Authors: Mott Frederick
Published: August 2008

The period of childhood which precedes puberty and lasts about three years is one in which growth, both physical and mental, is slower than at any time until near complete maturity. The child has reached a point of stability, and of almost complete adaptation to its environment. The dawn to the full development of the function of reproduction occupies four to five years, and during this period, and coincident with the formation of the secondary bodily sexual characters, there is a complete mental revolution peculiar to each sex.
The Luminal Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Grossman S.
Published: August 2008

A great amount of literature has been contributed to the medical press in America, the continent of Europe and in this country about the action of luminal and its sodium derivative in preventing epileptic fits.
Some Considerations on the Present-day Knowledge of Psychiatry, and its Application to those under Care in Public Institutions for the Insane
Authors: Nolan M. J.
Published: August 2008

There is great difficulty in finding a novel theme as the subject of an address to the members of an Association which rejoices in the maturity of its eighty-third year of existence. Still greater is the difficulty in finding a subject of common interest having regard to the varied branches of work covered by their labours, ranging as they do from the busy routine of a crowded day to the silent special research in the laboratory. And the greatest difficulty of all lies in the fact that in each of these fields of work there are many present who have had vastly wider opportunities than I have had, and who could treat their chosen subject with infinitely more skill in thought and language than I can command. Since, however, you have been good enough to give me the opportunity of addressing you I feel you will be no less generous in pardoning my shortcomings on this occasion.
The Colloidal Gold Reaction with Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Houston Thomas , Armstrong Edward
Published: August 2008

The history of the colloidal gold reaction is one of great interest. In 1901 Zsigmondy used the precipitation of colloidal gold by proteins as a means of determining quantitatively their amount in given solutions. He discovered that solutions of protein give protection to colloidal solutions of gold up to a certain point, and he determined the so-called goldzahl for various protein substances, by which is meant the number of milligrammes of protein employed, just sufficient to prevent the precipitation of 10 c.c. of colloidal gold of a percentage of .0053 in the presence of 1 c.c. of 10 per cent. sodium chloride. By this method it can be determined whether a given protein is absolutely pure, or, granted that this is the case, how much of the protein is present in a given solution.
The Spatz Test for Iron in the Brain
Authors: Dudgeon J. S.
Published: August 2008

Considerable interest has been shown of late in the occurrence of iron in the brain and its relation to certain nervous diseases. The existence of the iron can be demonstrated by placing a section of brain in concentrated ammonium hydrosulphide solution. After a few seconds the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra become a greenish-grey colour. Later, the red nucleus, the corpus dentatus cerebelli, the putamen and caudate nucleus also darken.
The Results of the Treatment of General Paralysis by Malaria
Authors: McAlister W. M.
Published: August 2008

Within the last two or three years a considerable amount of work has been done in this country in the treatment of general paralysis by malarial inoculation. While it is yet too soon to form a final opinion on the results of the experiment, the present seems to be an opportune moment for reviewing what has been done, and for reaching at least some tentative conclusions. In this connection it is important to remember that the method is not altogether new, as it has been in use on the continent for the last seven years with but short interludes.
Certification as a “Moral Imbecile.”(1)
Authors: Ahern John Maurice
Published: August 2008

The term “moral imbecile” used in the Mental Deficiency Act is generally recognized as an unhappy one. It is responsible for much difference of opinion as to the class of case which can be properly so described. There is a view widely held and often ex pressed that the number of such cases is very small; that to certify them is an unsafe procedure, and that consequently, their inclusion within the Act is of little or no practical value.
The Malarial Treatment of General Paralysis.
Authors: Graham Norman B.
Published: August 2008

When in the year 1917 Dr. Wagner-Jauregg, Chief of the Psychiatric Clinic of Vienna, inoculated nine patients suffering from general paralysis with the blood of a case of benign tertian malaria, he was only testing a theory he had formed many years previously. In the interval he had been treating his cases of general paralysis by injections of tuberculin, typhus vaccine, etc., and with encouraging results. Remissions produced by these efforts were more frequent and more lasting than those which occurred in untreated cases, but a lasting remission only rarely followed.
The Incidence of Chronic Infective Processes in Mental Disorder
Authors: Graves T. C.
Published: August 2008

The study of chronic septic or latent infection has in general medicine and surgery advanced to such an extent that it is here only possible to deal with a moiety of the subject, and I consequently propose to deal principally with the chronic sepsis met with in the head and female genital tract, my object being to demonstrate and discuss a few of the clinical types met with in those parts of the body.
Delinquency
Authors: Potts W. A.
Published: August 2008

Delinquency is a big subject, but the time available now is limited, so I shall be able to put only a few facts and a few ideas before you.

First I ought to direct your attention to the Birmingham scheme for dealing with abnormal cases before the courts. This was inaugurated in 1919, thanks to the energy and intuition of Mr. Gerald Beasley. The principle established was that there should be a whole-time medical officer at the prison specially experienced in insanity and mental defect, who could, when called upon by the justices, examine persons remanded in custody, who might be not fully responsible, either through mental defect, or some other mental abnormality. At the same time there should be available a part-time psychological expert to examine similar cases remanded out of custody. This makes expert investigation possible in every case of doubtful responsibility. In the opinion of some a weak point is that the decision as to which cases should be examined rests with the justices. It is a question, however, whether the decision ought to rest with anyone else in the present state of public opinion.
The Psychopathic Personality
Authors: Smith M. Hamblin
Published: August 2008

I propose to deal briefly in this paper with a group of cases which isa largeone, although ill-defined. The group is of much social and medico-legal importance, and its consideration raises questions of fundamental moment. As generally described, the group is heterogeneous. But I shall try to show that the conditions comprised in it are related to each other, as also to other kinds of mental abnormality. The members of the group are characterized by their inability to make satisfactory social adjustments. But I must not be taken as meaning that all social maladjustment is due to this cause.
On Endogenous and Exogenous Factors in Character Formation
Authors: Auden George A.
Published: August 2008

In his book onPsychological Principlesthe late Prof. James Ward defines “character” as “nothing but Nature modified by circumstance”, Apart, however, from the fact that much depends upon the meaning which we attach to the terms here employed, this generalization raises many questions which are worthy of consideration, and a discussion of its validity is not without interest.
The Story of the Central Mental Hospital, Tanjong Rambutan, Federated Malay States
Authors: Samuels W. F.
Published: August 2008

In 1910 I was holding the appointment of Medical Officer and Magistrate at Anguilla in the St. Kits presidency of the Leeward Islands, British West Indies, when the Administrator one day handed me a cable, asking if I would accept the Medical Superintendency of the “CentralLunatic Asylum,” Tanjong Rambutan, Perak, Federated Malay States. Fortunately the cable explained that Tanjong Rambutan was in the Federated Malay States, as neither he nor I had the slightest idea where it was.
The Cortico-thalamic Paths [Les voies cortico-thalamiques]. (Journ. Neur. et Psychiat., Num. Neur. 4, 1924.) D'Hollander.
Authors: Skottowe J. S. Ian
Published: August 2008

Dr. D'Hollander, in an article illustrated by very clear diagrams, discusses the anatomy of this part of the nervous system.
The Seventh Maudsley Lecture
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: August 2008

My first duty is to express my thanks to the members of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association for the great honour they have conferred on me in asking me to deliver the Maudsley Lecture.
Some Forensic Aspects of Epilepsy
Authors: East W. Norwood
Published: August 2008

A defence of insanity is frequently raised in answer to a serious criminal charge if the facts of the case clearly indicate the guilt of the accused. From time to time in such circumstances the jury are invited to exculpate the prisoner on the ground that the act was committed during a condition of epileptic automatism.
Psycho-analysis and its Developments
Authors: Potts W. A.
Published: August 2008

There is in the mind a mass of past experiences which cannot be readily remembered. We also know that while the individual is aware of some of the processes of elaboration going on in his mind, there are other mental processes which elude his observation. Both forgotten experiences and unrealized mental processes constitute material of which the individual was said to be “not personally conscious.” The modern psychologist says the forgotten memories and the hidden mental processes are in the unconscious or subconscious mind, a stratum of the mind below the threshold of personal consciousness. He bases this statement on the conception that while the mind is a complete entity, it is so disposed that while the contents of one portion can be at once investigated by the individual, the rest is not so easily explored. The accessible portion is called the conscious mind, the rest the unconscious. Dr. G. Stanley Hall compared the mind to an iceberg, floating in the ocean with one-ninth visible above the water and eight-ninths below, the visible ninth corresponding to the conscious mind, and the larger submerged portion to the unconscious mind. Before the time of Freud there was no satisfactory method of exploring the unconscious. Freud, when dealing with neurotic and mental patients, was dissatisfied with the results obtained by hypnotism. But he noticed that some experienced relief, and also improved, when encouraged to talk frankly about their anxieties and difficulties. He worked out a method of exploring the unconscious mind, called psycho-analysis, founded on the theory that dreams are not accidental or meaningless; interpreted by the method of free association, they constitute the royal road to the unconscious mind. Free association means that when the analysand is asked of what a particular item in the dream makes him think, he gives the idea that first occurs to him, however far-fetched or absurd it may seem, and then allows one idea to call up others without let or hindrance.
Chronic Epidemic Encephalitis
Authors: McCowan P. K. , Harris J. S.
Published: August 2008

A great amount of work has now been carried out in regard to epidemic encephalitis, which has led to a better understanding, not only of this disease, but of mental disorders generally. It is hoped that our investigations at this hospital can be regarded as a small contribution towards this more complete understanding.
The Blood-Sugar Curve in Cases of Dementia Præcox
Authors: Smith J. Forest , Hill H. Gardiner
Published: August 2008

In the last ten years, since the technique of blood-sugar estimations has been simplified, numerous investigations have been carried out of blood-sugar curves in the various types of mental disorder.
Chronic Sepsis and Mental Disorder
Authors: Graves T. C.
Published: August 2008

This subject should not be discussed, least of all in Scotland, without a tribute being paid to the work of Dr. Lewis Bruce, of Murthly, whose book, Studies in Clinical Psychiatry, published twenty-one years ago, is devoted to a consideration of the toxæmic causation of mental disorder.
Epidemic Encephalitis
Authors: Mackenzie Ivy
Published: August 2008

Happily it is not expected that in opening a discussion the speaker should make a systematic survey of the subject under review. He may assume that those who may take part are already familiar with the main facts and features of the subject, and it is his business to make appropriate and, if possible, provoking remarks, thus focusing attention on some of the problems suggested by his own experience.
Chronic Encephalitis
Authors: Riddoch George
Published: August 2008

Clinical and pathological experience has shown that encephalitis lethargica, like neuro-syphilis and disseminated sclerosis, is essen tially a chronic disease. For whether it declares itself acutely or insidiously, and however complete the recovery from the initial phase may appear to be, in a large proportion of cases the infection, which has evidently lain dormant for weeks, months or years, again becomes active and gives rise to the grave disabilities with which we are familiar. The distressing result is that we never know when the patient is cured. At present we are at a prognostic impasse.
Bacterial Change in Mental Disorder: Coliform Group
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: August 2008

The literature dealing with coliform intestinal bacteria in patients suffering from mental disorder is extremely scanty. Goodall, Journal of Mental Science, 1927, p. 368, writes: “As resgards our knowledge of the intestinal tract as a source of infection I consider that the position is still very unsatisfactory. … For a few years prior to 1914 my colleagues and I at the Cardiff Mental Hospital Laboratory had carried out much tedious work on the bacteriology of the faces in states of acute melancholia and mania.
Classical Mental Symptoms arising from Gross Bodily Disorders: A Record of Five Cases
Authors: Creak E. Mildred
Published: August 2008

That physical changes can give rise to mental symptoms has long been established; it is only necessary to recall the delirium of an acute pneumonia.
The Histopathology of the Parkinsonian Syndrome Following Encephalitis Lethargica
Authors: Murray Helen S. E.
Published: August 2008

This sequel of encephalitis lethargica has attracted much attention on account of its great frequency. It was found in 70 out of 129 cases studied by Mme. Lévy. In the earlier pathological studies of the syndrome attention was focussed chiefly on the midbrain; recent researches have proved that the changes in the nervous system are more widespread than were at first apparent.
Treatment of Post-Encephalitis
Authors: Gillespie Isabella A.
Published: August 2008

Hitherto the treatment of post-encephalitis has been profoundly unsatisfactory, and for the most part only palliative.

There are at present in mental hospitals some 200 cases; this is only a fraction of those not certified, and consists of an asocial class impossible to deal with outside a mental hospital.
Physiology in Relation to Psychological Medicine
Authors: McSwiney B. A.
Published: August 2008

An invitation to address a gathering of medical psychologists is, to the physiologist, a great temptation, and on such occasions he is apt to leap into the whirlpools of psychology in an attempt to explain the workings of the brain by hypotheses based, alas, on insufficient evidence. The paucity of information on cerebral function in physiological text-books has an explanation. Our lack of knowledge is due to the absence of available methods for investigating the normal activity of the higher nerve centres. Explanations are too often advanced without a due appreciation of the function of the lower nervous system in bringing about the exquisite co-ordination and relationship that exists between the different areas and organs of the body. This function is well exemplified in the reciprocal innervation of which we have evidence with every normal voluntary contraction. The difficulties of investigation have their root in the complexity of the reactions of an animal endowed with a well-developed cerebral cortex, compared with those seen in the lower types of life, or in the spinal animal. It must be clear that if our knowledge of the physiological factors controlling mental activity is to advance, the physiologist must continue to make measurements, accurate, quantitative measurements, if possible, on structures which he can control, and on preparations in which he is able to isolate the disturbing factors, and from these results and conclusions to construct by slow degrees a knowledge and understanding of the nervous system.
The Arneth Blood-Count in Idiocy and Low-Grade Imbecility, with Special Reference to the Incidence of Tuberculosis and Tubercular Infections
Authors: Tattersall Stanley R. , Thomas Cyril J.
Published: August 2008

It is well known that the mentally defective population suffers much more from the ravages of tuberculosis in its various forms than does the normal population. In the annual returns of various institutions for defectives, and from a study of the causes of death of imbeciles as reported to the Board of Control, it would appear that tuberculosis kills four times as great a proportion of aments as of normal people. Tredgold (1) gives an analysis of 1000 consecutive deaths occurring in the Earlswood Institution, of which 413 were due to tuberculosis.
On the Significance of Double Nerve Supplies
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

In considering the significance of double nerve supplies, we shall limit our outlook to the heart, and leave to others the task of applying the results to the wider problems of vagotonia, etc.
The Law and Certifying Practitioners
Authors: Hon The Rt.
Published: August 2008

Recent decisions in the Law Courts leave the law relating to improper or negligent certification in a very unsatisfactory position; and that not only from the point of view of the medical practitioner. The effect of the decision in Harnett v. Fisher ([1927] Appeal Cases 573) is that a person of sound mind who has been improperly certified as insane through the negligence of the certifying physician, and has as a result of that negligence been deprived of his liberty for a period exceeding six years during which it has been impossible for him to take legal proceedings, is by his failure to do so—in other words, by the very gravity of the wrong that he has suffered—deprived of any remedy for that wrong against the person to whose negligence it is traceable.
Light Therapy in Mental Hospitals
Authors: Cormac H. Dove
Published: August 2008

The value of sunlight in the maintenance of health has been recognized from early ages, and history records sun-worship by many nations in the past as well as at the present time. In Europe records exist of the use of the light of the sun for medical and surgical purposes since before the Christian era, but it was only towards the end of the last century that its possibilities began to be studied and the value of the electric arc lamp as a substitute recognized. In 1893 Finsen demonstrated the value of sunlight and electric arc radiation in the treatment of lupus, and at the beginning of the present century Bernhard of Samaden treated wounds and tuberculous lesions with sunlight. In 1903 Rollier opened his first clinic at Leysin, where he obtained excellent results in the treatment of tuberculosis, especially of the surgical type, by insolation in the brilliant Alpine sunshine. In 1908 Gauvain introduced heliotherapy at Hayling Island and at Alton. Nagelschmidt used the air-cooled quartz mercury vapour lamp for general irradiation in the same year, and in 1913 Reyn commenced the use of the carbon arc for the same purpose. The value of ultra-violet rays in the cure of rickets was not recognized till demonstrated by Huldschinsky in 1918, though Palm (1), as early as 1890, urged that deficiency of sunshine was a cause of the condition.
Dermographia in the Insane
Authors: Smith A. W. H.
Published: August 2008

” In a recent murder trial at Los Angeles, California, one William Edward Hickman was indicted for the murder of a young schoolgirl. At the trial an attempt, which appears to have been unsuccessful, was made to set up a defence of insanity (dementia praecox).
An Investigation into the Distribution of Chlorine in the Blood and Urine in Certain Types of Mental Disorder
Authors: Armstrong Robert W.
Published: August 2008

The migration of chloride in the blood was first investigated by Hamburger (1) who showed that when blood is exposed to increased tensions of CO2there is a shift of chlorine ions from the plasma into the corpuscles. This phenomenon is known as the Hamburger phenomenon or chloride shift.
Psychological Differences Between the Psychoses, Psychoneuroses and Character Formations
Authors: Franklin Marjorie Ellen
Published: August 2008

Psycho-ANALYSTS and other psychiatrists agree, I take it, that there are multiple causes for every mental breakdown. The exciting cause may not always be discoverable, but would be sought, if wanted, in the period immediately preceding the onset. Contributory causes can occur throughout life, from birth to the date of onset. It is agreed, also, that in addition there must be a predisposition (though the strength of this as a causal factor varies, roughly, in inverse proportion to the others). It is in the localization of the predisposing (and specific) factors that authorities differ. The older psychiatrists confined it to the lifetime of the ancestors; psychoanalysts accept, in general, what they have been told about ancestral responsibility, but have focused attention, as regards predisposition for subsequent breakdown, on a later period, namely the first five or six post-conceptional years. This they regard as the developmental period of the psyche, and they consider that influences at this time modify the organization in process of formation in a way that cannot occur later, but is not entirely predetermined in the germ-plasm. The difference is not merely temporal but also qualitative, for while other causes are mainly general (with perhaps some exception as regards heredity), the infantile predispositions are specific. That is, they not only partly determine liability to a breakdown under stress, but play the chief part in determining the kind of breakdown to be expected should one occur, and also the basic layers on which various character formations are built, although the superstructures may be very varied.
The Mental Aspect of Gynæcological Practice, and Some Notes on the Pelvis As a Focus of Sepsis
Authors: Keyes Muriel
Published: August 2008

The appointment, believed to be the first of its kind in this country, of a whole-time gynæcologist to a mental hospital,∗ marks a big step forward in the care of the mentally afflicted.
A Note On The Search For Filter-Passing Organisms In Cases Of Schizophrenia
Authors: Skottowe J. S. Ian
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to place on record some work which has been done during the past fourteen months in the laboratories of the Cardiff City Mental Hospital. This work, which is in the nature of animal inoculation experiments, was done with a view to detecting the presence of any filter-passing organisms which might be present in cases of schizophrenia. The justification for this line of research depends upon the suggestions that have been made by American and Continental writers that there are many striking points of resemblance between epidemic encephalitis and schizophrenia. In this country, Farran-Ridge has pointed out the striking similarity of the motor phenomena in certain cases of these two conditions. He draws attention particularly to fluctuation in body-weight, blepharoclonus, pruriginous phenomena, chewing movements, greasy face, respiratory disorders and choreiform manifestations. It has been suggested that these symptoms may be due to involvement of the basal ganglia. This being so, there is primâ facie evidence that some cases of both encephalitis and schizophrenia are the outward manifestations of similar disease-processes. In the case of encephalitise, vaditi, Loewe, Hirschfield and Straus and others have done work which suggests the existence of an ultra-virus of variable virulence which may exist in the saliva, the central nervous system, herpetic vesicles and elsewhere. If, therefore, these premises are correct, it would be valid to search for a similar virus in schizophrenia.
American Psychiatry and its Practical Bearings on the Application of Recent Local Government and Mental Treatment Legislation, Including a Description of the Author's Participation in the First International Congress on Mental Hygiene, Washington, D.C., May 5–10, 1930
Authors: Lord J. R.
Published: August 2008

Dr. Petrie's paper is mainly descriptive of American psychiatric institutions, and deals only briefly in its conclusion with his impressions of American psychiatry in its various fields. My paper, however, deals principally with the latter subject and avoids the former as much as possible. It is also my duty to report on my mission as the representative of the London County Council and of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association at the First International Congress on Mental Hygiene.
Some Observations on the Ætiology of Dementia Præcox
Authors: Shaw W. S. Jagoe
Published: August 2008

It is generally admitted that hereditary predisposition plays an important part in the development of dementia præcox (or schizophrenia), and that a family history of mental illness is traceable in about 60% of cases.
Perseveration in the Insane Epileptic
Authors: Ewen John H.
Published: August 2008

One of the main difficulties encountered in the study of psychology is the lack of exact definition in its terms. In psychopathology this difficulty is intensified and many authorities use the same term with widely varied meanings. This is especially noticeable with the term “perseveration.” Some writers restrict its use to describing a subsidiary symptom of apraxia or agnosia, and limit its application to the repetition of an already executed movement in the presence of desire to make a fresh movement. Others write of agnostic perseveration as being synonymous with ideational inertia, and define it as the persistence of an idea in the process of recognition. Woodworth (1) defines perseveration as recall seeming to occur without a stimulus, and considers that some undetected external stimulus is necessary. Dumville (2) holds that perseveration is much the same as retentiveness, and limits its meaning to spontaneous revival in the case only of intense experiences, tracing a close connection between perseveration and association.
Mental Changes in Cardiac Disease
Authors: Gibson Alexander George
Published: August 2008

Mental change in cardiac disease, though a rare complication, is a subject that can be properly and usefully discussed at a meeting of psychiatrists at which physicians are asked to take part. For while the physician may be able to assess accurately the physical defect in the circulatory apparatus, he is trained only in a rough-and-ready way to interpret different types of character, and the way in which they react to disease, and is liable to go astray in his interpretation of mental states. There is also this advantage—that in the present state of uncertainty as to the physical basis of mental disease we cannot look at the subject from too many points of view.
The Influence of Functional Circulatory Disturbances on the Central Nervous System
Authors: Spielmeyer W.
Published: August 2008

If I may be allowed to speak to you about the importance of functional impediments to the circulation, I would like to do so from the point of view of the anatomist. I shall not speak about the clinical and physiological observations in neuropathology and internal medicine; I want rather to begin with the deductions to which the anatomist is led by his own methods, independent of clinical facts and questions.
Character from the Biological Point of View
Authors: Piltz Jan
Published: August 2008

The problem of character has long occupied the minds of philosophers, pedagogues, sociologists and psychologists, such as Socrates, Plato, Pascal, J. J. Rousseau, Kant, and later Bahnsen, Wiszniewski, A. Bain, A. Martin, Ribot, Smiles, Mill, Perez, Paulhan, Le Bon, Galton, Fourneaux, Foerster, Klages.
The Diagnosis of the Psychoses of Young Adults
Authors: Skottowe Ian
Published: August 2008

CLOSE co-operation between psychiatry and general medicine is advocated with renewed vigour from time to time. This is a wholly desirable thing, provided that the essential differences between disorders of the individual as a whole and disorders of his several organs are kept clearly before one.
The Conditioned Reflex and Some Psychological Analogues
Authors: Wohlgemuth A.
Published: August 2008

Psychology was for centuries a part of philosophy, the happy, undisputed hunting-ground of the speculative metaphysician. With the beginning of the nineteenth century a new era dawned gradually for psychology. Anatomists, physiologists and physicists began to invade this reserve of the metaphysician. These early attempts of Gall and Spurzheim, Johannes Müller, E. H. Weber, Du Bois Reymond, Helmholtz, Lotze, Fechner, Thomas Young and many others are too well known to detain us. They lead up to the work of Wilhelm Wundt and the establishment of psychology as one of the natural sciences, from speculation without facts to speculation allied with experiment. However, as usually happens, the swing of the pendulum goes from one extreme to the other. For whilst the metaphysical psychologist would ignore physiology and neurology, maintaining that what is not itself a phase of consciousness cannot be used to explain consciousness, some of the physiological psychologists would overshoot the mark and attempt a psychology without consciousness. Thus we find the behaviourists (Watson) and the objective psychologists (Bechterew). Pavlov appears to belong to the latter school. But as Prof. Brett, in his History of Psychology, rightly says: “Modern psychology lies between two points: it emerges from anatomy and physiology, and terminates in a region where those sciences cease to guide.”
Further Results with the Boltz Acetic Anhydride Test
Authors: Nicole J. Ernest , Fitzgerald E. J.
Published: August 2008

The recent recrudescence of interest in the Boltz test, as evidenced by Dr. C. J. Thomas's paper on the subject, prompts us to publish further results obtained with this test, together with a few conclusions as to its value.
The Significance Of A Neurotic Reaction As a Precursor of Schizophrenias
Authors: Harrowes W. M.
Published: August 2008

The title of this thesis is, to some extent, self-explanatory. It is not an attempt to establish a new set of concepts, but rather an endeavour to combine in a grouping, which has not been sufficiently recognized, a set of existent formulations.
On Freud
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

It is my intention in the present communication to attempt to bring part of the philosophy of Freud into line with the psychic machinery outlined by me in previous papers, and I start by briefly re-describing that machinery.
An Investigation into the Physical Characteristics of the Skin in Some Types of Psychosis
Authors: Mumford P. B. , Chevens L. C. F.
Published: August 2008

A survey of the literature regarding the more obvious variations in the physical characteristics of the skin to be found in the mentally deranged, reveals a considerable divergence of opinion as to their degree and associations. Consequently the following investigation was undertaken with an open mind.
A Histological Study of a Series of Cases of Acute Dementia Præcox
Authors: Bamford C. B. , Bean H.
Published: August 2008

During the last few years at Rainhill Mental Hospital, an investigation has been carried out into the clinical and pathological features of dementia præcox in its so-called acute or malignant form. A description of the characteristic clinical features and of the gross morbid anatomy was presented in a previous article in this Journal (4), but it may be of advantage to re-state the conclusions arrived at in this preliminary inquiry.
The Revision of the Classification of Mental Disorders
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H.
Published: August 2008

The Final Revision of the Classification of Mental Disorders by the Clinical Psychiatry Sub-Committee was passed at the meeting held on February 23, 1932.
A Common Standpoint and Foundation for Psychopathology
Authors: Suttie Ian D.
Published: August 2008

In a recent lecture on “Individual Psychology and the Bases of Science,” Dr. Crookshank declares that Adler “like Socrates … condemns … the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, as a futile attempt to transcend the limits of human intelligence” (p. 54). Again (p. 48): “… the real problem is that of right living—the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake is a delusion and a snare, a delusion inasmuch as absolute knowledge is unattainable, and a snare inasmuch as it draws us away from the study of conduct”.
The Fourteenth Maudsley Lecture: British Influences in Psychiatry and Mental Hygiene
Authors: Meyer Adolf
Published: August 2008

It was with a deep sense of responsibility and of gratitude alike that I accepted the invitation to address you as your fourteenth Maudsley Lecturer; a sense of responsibility through the thought that, in a way, I come as a representative of American psychiatry; a sense of sincere gratitude for an opportunity to acknowledge a real personal indebtedness to British science and British medicine and British psychiatry, partly for what I received myself in the long years since my early post-graduate work in this country forty-three years ago, and partly for the influence British thought and work and practice has had upon certain developments, for which it is a pleasure to express our indebtedness and appreciation. Some of these relations and connections are little realized and little appreciated, and yet very illuminating and by no means only personal.
The Interaction of Heredity and Environment
Authors: Hogben Lancelot
Published: August 2008

In the world of science it is generally found that virile opinions are those which are fortified with a rather effeminate equipment of evidence. One of the subjects of which this is true is mental inheritance. In early days it was simple and attractive to place the blame for the occurrence of mental disorders on heredity. It is now becoming apparent that preventive policies based on genetic principles divorced from exact scientific knowledge of human inheritance are no more likely to succeed, than curative efforts unfortified by a scientific understanding of the environment. Mental inheritance is not a problem of genetics alone; it demands all that the geneticist can contribute to the recognition of how the characteristics of an organism are influenced by those of its ancestors; it calls for all that the nerve physiologist can impart about the way in which the characteristics of an organism are influenced by the changing pattern of stimuli to which it is subject.
Studies in Epilepsy
Authors: McLaughlin F. L.
Published: August 2008

Hippocrates was the first to regard epilepsy, not as a “sacred disease” but as a disorder due to natural causes. He believed that a causal relationship existed between humidity of the brain and the epileptic crisis—a hypothesis that in recent years has assumed prominence following the work of Temple Fay (27) and McQuarrie (28). According to Fay an abnormal increase in intracranial pressure is brought about by the accumulation of fluid over the cortex, due to impairment of function of the Pacchionian bodies.