bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of Oxyfluorfen into Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) Weed Management Programs
Authors: Daugovish Oleg , Fennimore Steven A. , Mochizuki Maren J.
Published: December 2008

Field trials were conducted at three California locations near Oxnard, Salinas, and Watsonville from 2002 to 2006 to evaluate broadleaf weed control and tolerance of strawberry to oxyfluorfen. Oxyfluorfen applied at 0.3 and 0.6 kg/ha before strawberry transplanting reduced densities of broadleaf weeds such as California burclover, hairy nightshade, little mallow, shepherd's-purse, and yellow sweetclover 70 to 100% compared with nontreated plots but did not control horseweed. Oxyfluorfen application resulted in 9% and 19% greater visible injury to strawberry for the two rates, respectively, compared with nontreated plants in 1 yr but did not reduce strawberry yield. After oxyfluorfen application at 0.6 kg/ha, strawberry plants had 5 to 48% more injury than nontreated plants in subsequent years but early-season yields were similar. Hand-weeding time was reduced 30 to 50% compared with nontreated plots regardless of oxyfluorfen rate. Both water-based and solvent-carrier formulations of oxyfluorfen resulted in similar weed control, strawberry injury, and fruit yield. Plastic mulch installation after oxyfluorfen application but before planting reduced injury to strawberry more than 50% compared with nonmulched beds. Oxyfluorfen applied 30 d before strawberry transplanting had similar crop injury and yield to applications made 15 and 7 d before planting. These results suggest that oxyfluorfen can be used safely in California plasticulture strawberry production for control of common weed species and to reduce labor inputs associated with hand weeding.
Selectivity in photocatalysis by particulate semiconductors
Authors: Karunakaran Chockalingam , Dhanalakshmi Ramamoorthy
Published: December 2008

TiO2, Fe2O3, CuO, ZnO, ZnS, Nb2O5, MoO3, CdO, CdS, Sb2O3, CeO2, HgO, Pb2O3, PbO2 and Bi2O3 microparticles exhibit band gap excitation with UV-A light but they are selective to photodegrade phenols. While TiO2 anatase and ZnO photocatalyze the degradation of phenol, o-aminophenol, m-aminophenol, p-aminophenol, o-chlorophenol, m-chlorophenol, p-chlorophenol, o-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, catechol, resorcinol and quinol, MoO3 does not photodegrade any of the fifteen phenols. Fe2O3, CuO, ZnS, Nb2O5, CdO, CdS, Sb2O3, CeO2, HgO, Pb2O3, PbO2 and Bi2O3 are selective in photodegrading the fifteen phenols; however, the phenols get adsorbed over all sixteen particulate semiconductors.
Phase equilibria experiments and calculations for carbon dioxide + methanol binary system
Authors: Secuianu Catinca , Feroiu Viorel , Geană Dan
Published: December 2008

Vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) data for the carbon dioxide + methanol system was measured at 293.15, 298.15, 310.15, and 323.15 K. Phase behavior measurements were made in a high-pressure visual cell with variable volume, based on the static-analytic method. The pressure range under investigation was between 4.8 and 95.1 bar. The Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK)-EOS coupled with Huron-Vidal (HV) mixing rules and a reduced UNIQUAC model, was used in a semi-predictive approach, in order to represent the phase behavior (critical curve, isothermal VLE) of the system. The topology of the phase behavior of the carbon dioxide + methanol system is satisfactory predicted with the SRK/HV-residual UNIQUAC model.
Macrocyclic host cyclophosphazenes from aminolysis of N3P3CI6 by bis-(2-ortho-aminophenoxyethyl)ether
Authors: Tarassoli Abbas , Sedaghat Tahereh , Goudarzi Hamid-Reza
Published: December 2008

Aminolysis of N3P3CI6 by an oxodiamine, bis-(2-ortho-aminophenoxyethyl) ether, has been carried out under various experimental conditions and new products with different architectures have been obtained. The reaction in diethyl ether when using a Na2CO3-water interface process gives the mono-BINO as major product. Reaction on Al2O3/KOH leads to the spirocyclic compound, while, when the reaction is carried out in toluene in the presence of NEt3, a mixture of mono- and di-BINO products are obtained. These new products have been characterized by IR, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Determination of penicillin V potassium in pharmaceuticals and spiked human urine by chemiluminescence
Authors: Sorouraddin M. , Iranifam M. , Imani-Nabiyyi A.
Published: December 2008

A simple and selective method for penicillin V potassium (PVK) determination by chemiluminescence (CL) was developed. Oxidation of PVK by alkaline hydrogen peroxide produces CL, which is greatly enhanced by N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB). Optimum conditions were established using luminometry. There is a linear relationship between the chemiluminescent peak height and the amount of PVK within the range 0.5–129.5 mg L−1, with a detection limit of 0.2 mg L−1. The coefficient of variation was 1.2% for 40 mg L−1 PVK solution (n = 7). The method is very simple, has high sensitivity and good selectivity, and is usable for process control. It was successfully utilized for the determination of PVK in pharmaceuticals and spiked human urine.
Synthesis, DNA interaction and antibacterial activities of La(III) and Gd(III) complexes of Schiff base derived from o-vanillin and lysine
Authors: Cheng Jian-Ping , Lin Qiu-Yue , Rui-Ding Hu , Zhu Wen-Zhong , Li Hua-Qiong , Wang Dong-Hang
Published: December 2008

Two novel complexes, [La(HL)(H2O)2NO3] · NO3 · H2O and [Gd(HL)(H2O)2NO3] · NO3 · H2O, where HL is a Schiff base derived from o-vanillin and lysine, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, IR, 1H NMR and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The Schiff base ligand behaves as a tetradentate, coordinating through azomethine nitrogen, phenolic oxygen and two carboxylic oxygen atoms. The interaction of these complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was also investigated by spectrometric titration and viscometric measurements. The faint hypochromism of the complexes in the absorption spectra, the remarkable reduction of fluorescence intensity of ethidium bromide (EB) bound DNA, together with a small decrease in the viscosity of the DNA suggest that a partial intercalation may be the preferred binding mode between these two complexes and DNA. The antibacterial activity testing revealed that the complexes and their precursor Schiff base show a weak to moderate activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
THE EFFECT OF ISO‐BUTANOL‐DIESEL BLENDS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Authors: Al-Hasan Mohammad Ibrahim , Al-Momany Muntaser
Published: December 2008

The effect of iso‐butanol addition to diesel fuel on engine performance parameters has been experimentally investigated. The used engine was a single cylinder four stroke CI engine Type Lister 1–8. The tests were performed at engine speed that ranges from 375 to 625 with an increment of 42 rpm at different loads and with 10, 20, 30 and 40% v/v iso‐butanol‐diesel fuel blends. The overall engine performance parameters measured included air‐fuel ratio (AFR), exhaust gas temperature, brake power (Bp ), brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and brake thermal efficiency (η th ). The experimental results show that AFR, exhaust gas temperature, (Bp ) and (ηbth ) decreased and bsfc increased with iso‐butanol addition compared to net diesel fuel. Also, the obtained results indicate that the engine performance parameters when using up to 30% iso‐butanol in fuel blends are better than that of 40%.
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS IN DESIGNING AUTOMOBILES
Authors: Dyakov Ivan , Prentkovskis Olegas
Published: December 2008

A mathematical model of optimization problems in designing automobiles is suggested and requirements raised are defined taking into account the main technical and economic characteristics of the automobile. The optimality criterion of the integral parts of the automobile is presented. The system approach to the theory of parametric optimization based on generalized models is used and the algorithm for solving the considered problem is offered.
FLEXIBILITY APPROACH IN THE RUNWAY PAVEMENT USING FLEMANCO METHOD
Authors: Paslawski Jerzy
Published: December 2008

The pressing problems of managing construction processes reveal themselves in discrepancies between plan and execution which seems to result in considerable measure from dependence on the changing environment. High variability, dynamics and uncertainty of execution conditions generate disturbances which could be avoided by applying flexibility ‐ creating a range of executive options enabling adjustment to changing environmental conditions. The principal advantages of implementing the proposed FLEMANCO (FLExibility MANagement in the COnstruction industry) method include better consistency between planning and an actual course of execution, lower changes in costs and execution time by considering various scenarios of execution conditions, the possibility of loss prevention and taking advantage of opportunities connected with the changing environment etc. The presented example concerns concreting a runway, although similar problems occur in concreting roads, yards, bridges as well as erecting high buildings, earthworks etc.
An association analysis of Alzheimer disease candidate genes detects an ancestral risk haplotype clade in ACE and putative multilocus association between ACE, A2M, and LRRTM3
Authors: Edwards Todd L. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret , Gilbert Johnny R. , Haines Jonathan L. , Martin Eden R. , Ritchie Marylyn D.
Published: December 2008

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the neuropathologic findings of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques that accumulate in vulnerable brain regions. AD etiology has been studied by many groups, but since the discovery of the APOE ε4 allele, no further genes have been mapped conclusively to late‐onset AD (LOAD). In this study, we examined genetic association with LOAD susceptibility in 738 Caucasian families (4,704 individuals) and an independent case–control dataset with 296 cases and 566 controls exploring 11 candidate genes (47 SNPs common to both samples). In addition to tests for main effects and haplotypes, the MDR‐PDT was used to search for gene–gene interactions in the family data. We observed significant haplotype effects in ACE in family and case–control samples using standard and cladistic haplotype models. ACE was also part of significant 2 and 3‐locus MDR‐PDT joint effects models with Alpha‐2‐Macroglobulin (A2M), which mediates the clearance of Aβ, and Leucine‐Rich Repeat Transmembrane‐3 (LRRTM3), a nested gene in Alpha‐3 Catenin (CTNNA3) which binds Presenilin‐1. This result did not replicate in the case–control sample, and may not be a true positive. These genes are related to Aβ clearance; thus this constellation of effects might constitute an axis of susceptibility for LOAD. The consistent ACE haplotype result between independent family‐based and unrelated case–control datasets is strong evidence in favor of ACE as a susceptibility locus for AD, and replicates results from several other studies in a large sample. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indentation of an oriented transparent polyamide
Authors: Yang Y. , Thompson G. , Song J. , Hiltner A. , Baer E.
Published: December 2008

In this study, the effect of orientation on the indentation hardness and energy absorption of an oriented transparent Trogamid polyamide was investigated with a spherical indentation methodology. It was found that the orientation significantly improved the indentation hardness and energy absorbed by plastic deformation. From the indentation hardness measurement, the elastic modulus, yield stress, and strain hardening exponent were derived from both the elastic and plastic regions of the indentation load–displacement curves. The elastic modulus was found to remain the same with orientation; the yield stress and the strain hardening exponent increased with orientation. The increase in the strain hardening exponent was the primary reason for the improved indentation hardness and energy absorption in the oriented samples. The mechanical properties from indentation measurements were compared to values obtained from tension true stress/true strain measurements. Good agreement was observed between the results from the indentation and tension tests. The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties was also studied. It was found that the modulus and yield stress were higher at a lower temperature; however, the strain hardening exponent remained unaffected. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Soluble new optically active polyamides derived from 5‐(4‐methyl‐2‐phthalimidylpentanoylamino)isophthalic acid and different diisocyanates under microwave irradiation in molten ionic liquid
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Dinari Mohammad
Published: December 2008

Ionic liquids (IL)s have been generating increasing attention over the last decade. ILs were originally introduced as alternative green reaction media owing to their distinctive chemical and physical properties of nonvolatility, nonflammability, thermal stability, and controlled miscibility. In this investigation, 5‐(4‐methyl‐2‐phthalimidyl‐pentanoylamino)isophthalic acid (6), as a bulky monomer, containing phthalimide and flexible chiral groups, has been synthesized. The direct polycondensation of this diacid monomer with several aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates, such as 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate), toluylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and hexamethylene diisocyanate, was carried out in tetrabutylammonium bromide as a molten IL in the presence of different catalysts under microwave irradiation as well as conventional heating. The resulting polyamides (PA)s were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, inherent viscosity measurements, thermal and elemental analysis. The obtained PAs showed high yields and moderate inherent viscosities in a range of 0.32–0.57 dL g−1. The PAs were soluble in aprotic polar solvents. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that PAs are thermally stable, 10% weight loss temperatures in excess of 240 and 245°C, and char yields at 600°C in nitrogen higher than 14%. Since toxic and volatile solvent such as NMP was eliminated, this process was safe and green. It is very important to note that, because of high polarizability of ILs, they are very good solvents for absorbing microwaves. The combination of IL and microwave irradiation leads to large reductions in reaction times, very high heating rate with various benefits of the eco‐friendly approach, named green chemistry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Carboxylmethylcellulose/bentonite composite gels: Water sorption behavior and controlled release of herbicide
Authors: Li Jianfa , Lu Jinhong , Li Yimin
Published: December 2008

The composite gels were prepared by adding bentonite or its acid‐activated derivative into the carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC) gel, and the resulted products were characterized with infrared spectroscopy. Different from ordinary swellable hydrogels, the CMC/bentonite hydrogel beads shrinked in water. The water sorption of dried gels was limited below 120% of their own weight, and a sorption equilibrium reached quickly within 20–40 min. The water of swollen gels exists mainly in bound status according to the DSC analysis. The release experiments in water were carried out to evaluate the release of herbicide metolachlor from gel formulations. The release mechanism dominated by a Fickian diffusion might be related to the quick and limited swelling of dried gels. Addition of bentonites in CMC gel is beneficial for slowing the release of metolachlor, especially when the acid‐activated bentonite was added. The time taken for 50% of metolachlor to be released, t50 was prolonged to 158 h for the composite gel formulation based on acid‐activated bentonite from the 61.1 h for pure CMC gel formulation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Energetic Silver Salts with 5‐Aminotetrazole Ligands
Authors: Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Klapötke Thomas M. , Miró Sabaté Carles
Published: December 2008

Methylation of 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole (1) gives 1‐methyl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole (2) and 2‐methyl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole (3). A new family of energetic silver complexes based on ligands1,2and3with perchlorate and nitrate anions (10–15) were synthesized and characterized by using IR, Raman, and NMR (1H,13C,14N, and35Cl NMR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. The crystal structures of the compounds were determined where possible and reveal interesting structural details that are discussed herein. Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry was used to assess the thermal stability of the new salts, which showed excellent thermal stabilities at temperatures up to and above 225 °C. Standard tests were also used to assess the sensitivity of the materials towards impact and friction. All the silver complexes showed increased sensitivity values in comparison with analogous protonated 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazolium perchlorate and nitrate salts. Some of these materials have sensitivity values that are comparable to commonly used primary explosives and all of them either deflagrate (12–14) or detonate loudly (10and11) on contact with an open flame. Lastly, nitrate salt11is easily initiated by thermal shock. It shows reasonably low sensitivity in comparison with other silver salts (e.g., silver azide or silver fulminate), which makes handling it much less hazardous. Compound11also has good thermal stability, decomposing at ≈300 °C, and shows interesting properties as a more environmentally benign alternative to lead(II) diazide in initiation devices for civil and military applications.
Editorial
Authors: Roselli Luca
Published: December 2008

The papers in this issue demonstrate the vitality of the ‘time domain’ scientific community in coping with new practical and theoretical challenges. They cover, in fact, several aspects ranging from numerical and theoretical issues to visionary applications passing by applications of industrial interest. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement and calculation of the rate constant for the reaction of isopropyl isocyanate with hydroxyl radical
Authors: Parker James K. , Espada‐Jallad Cyntia , Parker Claudia L. , Witt John D.
Published: December 2008

The rate constant for the gas‐phase reaction of hydroxyl radical with isopropyl isocyanate (IIC) has been measured, relative to toluene, in the T = 287–321 K range at atmospheric pressure in air. Ultraviolet photolysis of methyl nitrite served as the source of hydroxyl radical. The experimental Arrhenius expression obtained for this reaction is 7.09 × 10−13× exp[(307 ± 263)/T] cm3molecule−1s−1, where the indicated error is one least‐squares standard deviation and does not include the uncertainty in the rate constant for toluene. Multilevel ab initio calculations, performed at the MP‐SAC2 level, indicate that hydrogen atom transfer from the tertiary carbon atom occurs without an energy barrier, in agreement with the experimentally observed slight negative temperature dependence of the rate constant. The calculations indicate that hydrogen‐bonded complexes of IIC and OH form in the reactant entrance channels along the minimum‐energy paths. Use of conventional transition state theory and MP‐SAC2 scaled transition state relative energies, with an asymmetric Eckart tunneling model for transfer of a hydrogen atom from a methyl group, yields a theoretical rate constant of 1.81 × 10−18× T2× exp(744/T) cm3molecule−1s−1in the T = 200–350 K range. From the rate constant data, an estimated upper limit for the tropospheric lifetime of IIC is determined as 6.0 days at 15°C, based on the global weighted‐average OH concentration of 9.4 × 105molecules cm−3determined by Prinn et al. (Science2001, 292, 1882–1888). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 187–197, 2009
Theoretical studies of the gas‐phase pyrolysis kinetics of ω‐bromonitriles, ZCH2CH2Br [Z = NC, NCCH2, NCCH2CH2]
Authors: Rojas Jose R. , Loroño Marcos , Mora Jose R. , Dominguez Rosa M. , Cordova Tania , Chuchani Gabriel
Published: December 2008

The gas‐phase elimination of several ω‐bromonitriles (ZCH2CH2Br, Z = NC, NCCH2, NCCH2CH2) has been examined at the MP2/6‐31G(d,p), MP2/6‐31G(2d,2p), B3PW91/6‐31G(2d,2p), and MPW91PW91/6‐31(2p,2d) levels of theory. The bromonitriles yield the corresponding cyano‐olefin and HBr gas in a rate‐determining step. The MPW91PW91/6‐31G(2p,2d) results suggest a concerted mechanism, with a polar, four‐membered transition state. The calculated kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were found to be within reasonable agreement with the experimental determinations. Substituent effects are discussed in terms of electronic structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 168–175, 2009
Immune manipulation of advanced breast cancer: An interpretative model of the relationship between immune system and tumor cell biology
Authors: Nicolini Andrea , Carpi Angelo
Published: December 2008

This review summarizes some recent clinical immunological approaches with cytokines and/or antibodies for therapy of advanced breast cancer. It considers the recent advances in genetics and molecular tumor biology related to impaired immunosurveillance involving cytokines and growth factors to explain clinical results. Evasion of the host immune attack might be induced by the following groups of mechanisms: (a) tumor dependent (genomic instability, HLA class I antigen abnormalities, upregulation of fetal type nonclassical HLA class I molecules, epitope immunodominance, apoptosis inhibition by defective death receptor signaling, apoptosis of activated T cells, tumor cannibalism and constitutive activation of signal transducer, and activator of transcription‐3 (Stat 3) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐kB) signaling); (b) host dependent (CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T reg), CD4+ T cells anergy, Th2 antitumor immunity diversion and myeloid suppressor cells); (c) tumor and host dependent (lack of co‐stimulation molecules, immunosuppressive cytokines (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)‐10, prostaglandin (PG)E2, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β)). Cytokines and growth factors are involved in virtually all three types of mechanisms. These mechanisms are integrated with the current knowledge of tumor growth and inhibited apoptosis primarily mediated by cytokines and growth factors to propose an interpretation of the relationships among tumor cells, tumor stroma, and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes. Tumor growth, defective immunorecognition and immunosuppression are the three principal effects considered responsible for immune evasion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 29, No. 3, 436‐471, 2009
A label‐free internal standard method for the differential analysis of bioactive lupin proteins using nano HPLC‐Chip coupled with Ion Trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Brambilla Francesca , Resta Donatella , Isak Ilena , Zanotti Marco , Arnoldi Anna
Published: December 2008

Quantitative proteomics based on MS is useful for pointing out the differences in some food proteomes relevant to human nutrition. Stable isotope label‐free (SIF) techniques are suitable for comparing an unlimited number of samples by the use of relatively simple experimental workflows. We have developed an internal standard label‐free method based on the intensities of peptide precursor ions from MS/MS spectra, collected in data dependent runs, for the simultaneous qualitative characterization and relative quantification of storage proteins of Lupinus albus seeds in protein extracts of four lupin cultivars (cv Adam, Arés, Lucky, Multitalia). The use of an innovative microfluidic system, the HPLC‐Chip, coupled with a classical IT mass spectrometer, has allowed a complete qualitative characterization of all proteins. In particular, the homology search mode has permitted to identify single amino acid substitutions in the sequences of vicilins (β‐conglutin precursor and vicilin‐like protein). The MS/MS sequencing of substituted peptides confirms the high heterogeneity of vicilins according to the peculiar characteristics of the vicilin‐encoding gene family. Two suitable bioinformatics parameters were optimized for the differential analyses of the main bioactive proteins: the “normalized protein average of common reproducible peptides” (N‐ACRP) for γ‐conglutin, which is a homogeneous protein, and the “normalized protein mean peptide spectral intensity” (N‐MEAN) for the highly heterogenous class of the vicilins.
Investigating sample pooling strategies for DIGE experiments to address biological variability
Authors: Karp Natasha A. , Lilley Kathryn S.
Published: December 2008

If biological questions are to be answered using quantitative proteomics, it is essential to design experiments which have sufficient power to be able to detect changes in expression. Sample subpooling is a strategy that can be used to reduce the variance but still allow studies to encompass biological variation. Underlying sample pooling strategies is the biological averaging assumption that the measurements taken on the pool are equal to the average of the measurements taken on the individuals. This study finds no evidence of a systematic bias triggered by sample pooling for DIGE and that pooling can be useful in reducing biological variation. For the first time in quantitative proteomics, the two sources of variance were decoupled and it was found that technical variance predominates for mouse brain, while biological variance predominates for human brain. A power analysis found that as the number of individuals pooled increased, then the number of replicates needed declined but the number of biological samples increased. Repeat measures of biological samples decreased the numbers of samples required but increased the number of gels needed. An example cost benefit analysis demonstrates how researchers can optimise their experiments while taking into account the available resources.
Proteomics Data Collection – 4th ProDaC Workshop 15 August 2008, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Authors: Eisenacher Martin , Kohl Michael , Martens Lennart , Barsnes Harald , Hardt Tanja , Levander Fredrik , Häkkinen Jari , Apweiler Rolf , Meyer Helmut E. , Stephan Christian
Published: December 2008

ProDaC (Proteomics Data Collection), a “Coordination Action” within the 6th EU framework programme, was created to support the collection, distribution and public availability of data from proteomics experiments. Within the consortium standards are created and maintained enabling an extensive data collection within the proteomics community. Important elements of ProDaC are workshops held twice a year to allow communication between the ProDaC partners and to report the ongoing progress. The most recent assembly was the 4th ProDaC workshop on August 15th, 2008, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. It took place directly before the 7th HUPO Annual World Congress (Human Proteome Organisation). Work package coordinators and partners presented the progress achieved since the last meeting. Additionally, an EU official presented funding opportunities for proteomics in the next EU framework programme and five external speakers presented talks about their work in relation to ProDaC.
The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair and the transformation of the American science extracurriculum
Authors: Terzian Sevan G.
Published: December 2008

At the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair, several thousand boys and girls, all members of a growing national network of high school science and engineering clubs, displayed their science fair projects and conducted live experiments to more than 10 million visitors. Housed in the building sponsored by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, their exhibits depicted a wide range of scientific phenomena. They also represented the conflicting values of science educators and industrialists about the societal worth of science education. In some instances, students' projects and laboratory activities prized hands‐on learning and aimed to abet widespread rational thinking for democratic citizenship, which reflected the civic priorities of Progressive science educators. In other cases, science was presented as a magical spectacle with consumer applications intended to entertain and inspire the public's confidence in American industry and scientific experts. Ultimately, the corporate sponsorship of the high school science extracurriculum at the World's Fair marked a turning point when the Progressive purposes of science education began to give way to “manpower” and “professionalist” ends that aligned with the nation's economic and military imperatives. This historical episode also anticipated recent proposals to reform science education in the United States and ideas about scientific learning in museum settings. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:892–914, 2009
Service Oriented Architectures, the DoD Architecture Framework 1.5, and Executable Architectures
Authors: Wagenhals Lee W. , Levis Alexander H.
Published: December 2008

The Department of Defense (DoD) has defined a Net Centric Warfare concept to help lead the way in the transformation of DoD capabilities in the information age. Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) has been selected as an approach for achieving many of the goals of this transformation. The DoD has created a major revision in its DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF) that enables the inclusion of SOA. This paper describes a process for creating a DoDAF 1.5 compliant architecture that includes the description of the SOA aspects, a mapping and a process for converting that architecture to an executable model, and the use of that executable model in the evaluation of logical, behavioral, and performance aspects of the architecture. The concepts are illustrated with a detailed Case Study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Einstein in Portugal: Eddington's expedition to Principe and the reactions of Portuguese astronomers (1917–25)
Authors: MOTA ELSA , CRAWFORD PAULO , SIMÕES ANA
Published: December 2008

Among various case studies addressing the reception of relativity, very few deal with Portugal at either the international or the national level. The national literature on the topic has mainly concentrated on the reactions to relativity of the Portuguese mathematical community. The absence of Portuguese astronomers alongside Eddington during the 1919 expedition to Principe, then a Portuguese island, has been implicitly equated with the astronomical community's lack of interest in the event. In reception studies dealing with general relativity, analysis has tended to focus on the physics and mathematics communities, less on the astronomers. Given that relativity was born at the interface of physics, mathematics and astronomy, reactions of members of these scientific communities depended on differences in shared traditions, values, problems and expectations, as well as on individual practitioners' idiosyncrasies. This paper addresses the contributions of the overlooked Portuguese astronomical community, evaluates the actions and reactions of its members to the expedition and assesses their role in the process of appropriation of relativity.
DEATH, NATIONAL MEMORY AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HEROISM
Authors: ADEBANWI WALE
Published: December 2008

Ancestors occupy a central place in African cosmologies and social practices. The death and the remembrance of Lt-Col. Adekunle Fajuyi, the Military Governor of Western Nigeria who was killed during a military coup in 1966, is used in this essay to critique the assumptions in the literature about ancestors, by linking the recent dead with the long dead in a lineage of ancestral practices. I focus on the ways in which Fajuyi's death was used in constructing ethno-national memory and history in the context of 21st-century challenges faced by the Yoruba in national politics, particularly in relation to unequal ethno-regional relations. Here, I attempt to historicize commemoration as a ritual of ethno-national validation.
THE OKIJA SHRINE: DEATH AND LIFE IN NIGERIAN POLITICS
Authors: ELLIS STEPHEN
Published: December 2008

The Nigerian police discovered dozens of corpses at a shrine in Anambra State, in southeastern Nigeria, in 2004. There were suggestions in the many newspapers covering the story that these were evidence of what Nigerians call ‘ritual murders’. In fact, the corpses almost certainly were of people who had died elsewhere and been removed to the shrine only subsequently. However, the revelation that senior political figures had attended the Okija shrine and sworn oaths there drew attention to an informal politics in which traditional shrines credited with powers of life and death may play an important role, of interest even to national politicians. Discerning why this is so entails considering the long-term effects of the colonial policy of Indirect Rule and the subsequent development of a clandestine political system in which local religious institutions sometimes play an important role.
DEATH AND DYING IN THE HISTORY OF AFRICA SINCE 1800
Authors: LEE REBEKAH , VAUGHAN MEGAN
Published: December 2008

In this Introduction to the Special Issue on Death in African History we explore issues raised by the existing literature and suggest ways forward for future research. Death has long been a central concern of social anthropological writing on African societies, and of the extensive literature on African belief systems. Until recently, however, little attention has been paid to the history of death practices in Africa in relation to demographic change, urbanization, the interventions of the colonial and postcolonial state and the availability of new technologies. We explore the ways in which these forces have contributed to re-inventions of practices and beliefs surrounding death which are both self-evidently ‘modern’ and yet also rooted in a much longer history.
Review of recent research (2002–2008) on applied linguistics and language teaching with specific reference to L2 German (part 1)
Authors: Eckerth Johannes , Schramm Karen , Tschirner Erwin
Published: December 2008

Angesichts gegenwärtiger Entwicklungen innerhalb des Lehr- und Forschungsgebietes Deutsch als Fremdsprache (DaF)/German as a Foreign Language (GFL) als auch im Lichte politischer Entwicklungen, die weiterhin einen deutlichen Einfluss darauf ausüben, wie DaF verbreitet, gelehrt, gelernt und evaluiert wird, scheint eine kritische Bewertung von im Zeitraum 2002–2008 veröffentlichter DaF-Forschungsbeiträge zeitgemäβ und angebracht. Empirische Forschung zu Deutsch als Fremdsprache versteht sich nicht als isoliertes Forschungsfeld das primär oder gar ausschlieβlich mit seinen kulturell, strukturell und politisch bedingten Besonderheiten beschäftigt ist, sondern vielmehr als ein substantieller Beitrag zur internationalen Zweitsprachenerwerbsforschung, Fremdsprachenunterrichtsforschung und Angewandten Linguistik. Der erste Teil unseres Forschungsüberblicks behandelt den Erwerb grammatischer und pragmatischer Aspekte des Deutschen als Fremdsprache als auch individuelle Unterschiede und Präferenzen wie Alter, Motivation und Lernerstrategien. Im Mittelpunkt des zweiten Teils stehen Forschungsbeiträge die den Einfluss kontextueller Faktoren und methodisch-didaktischer Entscheidungen auf die Bedingungen, den Prozess und das Resultat fremdsprachlichen Lernens untersuchen. Überlegungen zu alternativen, widersprüchlichen oder gar unvereinbaren epistomologischen Grundannahmen sowie einen Ausblick auf die gegenwärtige wie zukünftige Sprachenpolitik beschlieβt den zweiten Teil unseres Forschungsüberblicks.

This review of research on the learning, teaching, and assessment of L2 German published or completed between 2002 and 2008 may be particularly timely due to developments from within the profession as well as recent political changes which continue to have a strong bearing on the way L2 German is promoted, learned, taught and assessed. Far from representing an isolated field of research concerned only with the requirements and policies of its own subject matter, empirical research into L2 German now contributes greatly to the wider field of research in L2 acquisition, applied linguistics, and foreign language teaching. Part one of this article covers studies on the acquisition of grammatical and pragmatic aspects as well as individual differences and choices such as age, motivation, and learner strategies. Part two will cover research concerned with the impact of contextual factors and pedagogical choices on learning conditions, learning processes, and learning outcomes. A consideration of competing, conflicting, or even incommensurable epistemological frameworks as well as an outlook on current and future language policy will conclude part two.
Negotiated interaction in the L2 classroom
Authors: Eckerth Johannes
Published: December 2008

The present paper reports on an approximate replication of Foster's (1998) study on the negotiation of meaning. Foster investigated the interactional adjustments produced by L2 English learners working on different types of language learning tasks in a classroom setting. The replication study duplicates the methods of data collection and data analysis of the original study, but alters the target language (L2 German) and adds a stimulated recall methodology. The results of the replication study partially confirm Foster's results, and introduce some further differentiated findings. It is concluded that the original study's concern with the transferability of laboratory findings to classroom settings should be investigated in greater detail.
AILA Africa Research Network Launch 2007: Research into the use of the African languages for academic purposes
Authors: Wildsmith-Cromarty Rosemary
Published: December 2008

The aim of the one-day symposium was to bring together scholars in applied linguistics with an interest in the African languages for the launch of the new AILA Africa regional network. Contributions were in the form of invited research papers from several African countries. This report focuses on the South African contribution, which highlighted current research into the use and development of the African languages for academic purposes in response to the South African National Language Education Policy (South Africa, DoE 2002) with its focus on the development of multilingualism in the country.
Rethinking Eastern Europe: household-formation patterns in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and European family systems
Authors: SZOŁTYSEK MIKOŁAJ
Published: December 2008

This article discusses family patterns in the vast territories of historical Poland and Lithuania at the end of the eighteenth century. It explores one of the largest collections of historical household data in Europe on pre-industrial rural settings, and applies a variety of methodologies to reveal various aspects of family systems, as well as their spatial distribution. Three regional family patterns have been distinguished in the historical Polish territories, differing both in terms of household structure and household formation rules and in terms of their marriage patterns. Analysis of the dataset on these spatially, culturally and socioeconomically diverse regions has also facilitated the preliminary identification of the factors shaping these family systems. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the data presented here suggest that the impact of second serfdom on family structure was by no means uniform, and that factors other than purely economic ones may actually have accounted for the diversity of family systems prevailing in historical Poland and Lithuania.
Surviving widowhood: life alone in rural Australia in the second half of the nineteenth century
Authors: STRACHAN GLENDA , HENDERSON LINDY
Published: December 2008

In the second half of the nineteenth century in the remote farming district of Dungog in the colony of New South Wales on the Australian continent, widows faced harsh economic realities. Using civil registration records, census data, newspaper reports, statistical returns, family histories and other sources, we have, where possible, reconstructed the lives of these widows, particularly those with dependent children. This paper discusses the range of survival strategies used. It presents statistical evidence from official records, and adds vignettes of the lives of a handful of widows whose strategies can be explored more completely using additional historical sources.
Remarks on Some Central Problems of Norwegian Syntax. A Review Article
Authors: Taraldsen Knut Tarald
Published: December 2008

This article is a review of Thorstein Fretheim (ed.),Sentrale problemer i norsk syntaks, Universitetsforlaget 1997. The review groups together the papers by Even Hovdhaugen, Jan Engh and Thorstein Fretheim. It argues that these three papers largely fail to support the authors' claims because post-Aspectsdevelopments in transformational, generrative grammer are ignored. Also, specific analyses based on TG are proposed as alternatives to some analyses based on analogy. Finally, lars Hellan's contribution is examined in a rather detailed manner, and some counterproposals are sketched.
Laryngeal Activity in Icelandic Obstruent Production
Authors: Löfqvist Andres , Yoshioka Hirohide
Published: December 2008

Laryngeal activity in the production of voiceless obstruents and obstruent clusters in Icelandicwas investigated by the combined techniques of transillumination and fiberoptic filming of the larynx. Contrasts of preaspirated, unaspirated, and postaspirated voiceless stops were found to be produced basically by differences in laryngeal-oral timing. In clusters of voiceless obstruents, one or more continuous laryngeal opening and closing gestures occurred depending on the segments in the cluster.Peak velocity of glottal abduction was higher for fricatives than for stops. This, and other differences in laryngeal adjustments and interarticulator timing between stops and fricatives, are most likely due to different aerodynamic requirements for stop and fricative production. The present results further question the usefulness of timeless feature descriptions for modeling speech production.
Intonational Phrasing in Norwegian
Authors: Fretheim Thorstein
Published: December 2008

This paper outlines a model designed for the description of East Norwegian sencetece intonation. It is argued that there is a specific kind of intonational structure in Norwegian that is restricted to assertions and which will therefore normally be perceived as a prosodic clue to the indentification of assertive clauses, whether embedded ro syntactically independent.
Does Norwegian Have a FOR Complementizer?
Authors: Hantson André
Published: December 2008

Western, Jespersen and Vinje have called attention to the occurence in Norwegian of a for complementizer, which, like its English counterpart, introduces infinitive clauses with an overt subject. This paper attempts to find out whether the for that occurs in various types of sentences containing a for + NP + å infinitive sequence can really be analysed as a complementizer. The conclusion is that this Norwegian for is a squishy category: though most of the syntactic and semantic facts conflict with a complemtizer analysos, there is some interesting semantic and syntactic evidence (viz. a violation of the verb second constraint) that argues in favour of complementizer status.
A Survey of Generative Analyses of the Verb Second Phenomenon in Germanic
Authors: Platzack Christer
Published: December 2008

This paper reviews various approaches to describe the verb second phenomenon of Germanic languages within generative transformational grammar. The solution to the descriptive problem seems to be to assume that the finite verb in main clauses has the same position as the complementizer in subordinate clauses. Various ways to explain the presence of this word order in Germanic languages are presented in the final part of the paper.
Imperative and Control: First Person Imperatives in Norwegian
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: December 2008

In Norwegian, the verb få ‘get, receive’ differs from all other verbs with respect to its use in imperative sentences and with respect to control properties in infinitival clauses. In the imperative, the deleted subject may be first person, and in clauses embedded after ‘ask’, få has unambiguous subject control. These syntactic facts are related to the lexical semantic properties of the verb få, and it is shown that this syntactic behavior is not due to some idiosyncratic peculiarity of this particular verb. The semantic properties of this and other Norwegian verbs account for the uniqueness of få in this respect.
Icelandic Word Order and Binary Branching
Authors: Holmberg Anders
Published: December 2008

Certain word order facts in Icelandic have been claimed, by several linguists, to provide evidence that Icelandic has no VP constituent (in s-structure) in sentences where the main verb is finite. If correct, this entails that Icelandic phrase structure is not always binary branching, contradicting the hypothesis that all phrase structure is binary branching. It is shown to be incorrect. A new theory of Icelandic sentence structure is presented, based on Platzack (in press), but strictly observing binary branching. The theory presented is shown to be empirically more adequate than the less constrainedĀ-nary branching theories.
Tense/Aspect Variation in American Indian English
Authors: Bartelt H. Guillermo
Published: December 2008

This paper presents possible evidence from Apachean English for the existence of state/nonstate and punctual/nonpunctual distinctions as theorized in Bickerton's bioprogram concept. In addition, it is pointed out that bioprogram characteristics may surface in contact situations other than classic creoles.
The Mechnisms of Swedish–Finnish Language Shift
Authors: Tandefelt Marika
Published: December 2008

This paper attempts to combia a theoretical model of analysis with the empirical findings from a case study concerning shift. It seems that the process of language shift ought to be studied from an ecological point of view considering different levels of explanation. In the case of the Swedishpeaking minority in Finland, a description confined to the societal level would imply that the minority holds a secure position. On the other hand it is clear that certain subgroups within the minority shift to Finish. The results from a case study suggest that every miniority memeber occupies a key position in the process of language shift. Every attempt to save a language should therefore start with the bilingual individual.
Case Theory and Norwegian Impersonal Constructions: Subjects-Object Alternations in Active and Passive Verbs
Authors: Hestvik Arild
Published: December 2008

It is proposed that nominative and accusative Case are both assigned by structural positions at surface structure. From this it follows that Case-absorption is not and cannot be part of the definition of passive. It is shown that a definition of passive without Case-absorption captures the data of personal and impersonal passives in Norwegian with minimal machinery. It also accounts for Case-assignment in impersonal constructions with active verbs without any additional statements. The difference between English and Norwegian with respect to the “forced movement” in English passive is accounted for by appealing to a difference between the two languages in their permissibility of expletive subjects.