bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gravity waves over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean: consistent momentum fluxes in mesoscale simulations and stratospheric balloon observations
Authors: Plougonven Riwal , Hertzog Albert , Guez Lionel
Published: June 2012

Stratospheric balloons from the Vorcore campaign have provided a unique description of the gravity‐wave field in the lower stratosphere above Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, during the austral spring of 2005. Mesoscale simulations are carried out to analyze further the gravity‐wave field. First, the realism of the simulated waves is assessed by comparison to the observations. A satisfactory overall agreement is found, but different behaviour is noted for orographic waves (overestimation in the simulations relative to the observations) and non‐orographic waves (underestimation). Second, the gravity‐wave field is analyzed in more detail than was possible from observations alone. It is necessary to distinguish and quantify orographic and non‐orographic waves separately. Orographic waves are larger and more intermittent, yet affect only a limited geographical region. Hence, although orographic sources stand out as ‘hot spots’ for gravity waves, their contribution to momentum fluxes entering the stratosphere is comparable to or smaller than the contribution of non‐orographic sources. A diagnostic for intermittency, the Gini coefficient, is proposed. It clearly marks the distinction between orographic and non‐orographic sources (intermittencies of ∼ 0.8 and ∼ 0.5 respectively). Sensitivity to resolution is quite small regarding the spatial structure of the gravity‐wave field, but is significant for the amplitudes. The momentum flux values increase by ∼ 2 when the horizontal resolution is doubled, and possible biases of both simulations and observations are discussed. Nonetheless, the good agreement between observations and simulations and the complementary information on the biases of each dataset promises that in the future these different estimates of gravity‐wave momentum fluxes may converge. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Analytic upscaling of a local microphysics scheme. Part I: Derivation
Authors: Larson Vincent E. , Griffin Brian M.
Published: June 2012

In large‐scale simulations of the atmosphere, microphysical processes occur on smaller scales than the grid‐box size. If the processes are nonlinear, and the variability within a grid box is large, then ignoring the subgrid variability leads to inaccuracy. To avoid this inaccuracy, local microphysical formulas, valid at a point in space, may be upscaled to a large grid box.

This may be done by integrating the local microphysical formula over the probability density function (PDF) that represents spatial subgrid variability. This paper will upscale local formulas proposed by Khairoutdinov and Kogan, which constitute a complete microphysics scheme for drizzle in marine stratocumulus. It is tractable to upscale this scheme because all formulas in it are power laws. The marginal PDFs will be assumed to have either a normal mixture or log‐normal functional form.

In Part II of this pair of papers, the upscaled formulas are implemented interactively in a single‐column model and tested for a drizzling marine stratocumulus case. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Detecting and quantifying reductive dechlorination under monitored natural attenuation conditions
Authors: Istok Jonathan D. , Field Jennifer A. , Raes Eric J. , Looney Brian B. , Vangelas Karen M. , Millings Margaret R. , Davis Greg A. , Peacock Aaron D.
Published: June 2012

Field sampling and testing were used to investigate the relationship between baseline geochemical and microbial community data and in situ reductive dechlorination rates at a site contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CTET). Ten monitoring wells were selected to represent conditions along groundwater flow paths from the contaminant source zone to a wetlands groundwater discharge zone. Groundwater samples were analyzed for a suite of geochemical and microbial parameters; then push‐pull tests with fluorinated reactive tracers were conducted in each well to measure in situ reductive dechlorination rates. No exogenous electron donors were added in these tests, as the goal was to assess in situ reductive dechlorination rates under natural attenuation conditions. Geochemical data provided preliminary evidence that reductive dechlorination of TCE and CTET was occurring at the site, and microbial data confirmed the presence of known dechlorinating organisms in groundwater. Push‐pull tests were conducted using trichlorofluoroethene (TCFE) as a reactive tracer for TCE and, in one well, trichlorofluoromethane (TCFM) as a reactive tracer for CTET. Injected TCFE was transformed to cis‐ and trans‐dichlorofluoroethene and chlorofluoroethene, and, in one test, injected TCFE was completely dechlorinated to fluoroethene (FE). In situ TCFE transformation rates ranged from less than 0.005 to 0.004/day. In the single well tested, injected TCFM was transformed in situ to dichlorofluoromethane and chlorofluoromethane; the TCFM transformation rate was estimated as 0.001/day. The results indicate that it is possible to use push‐pull tests with reactive tracers to directly detect and quantify reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes under monitored natural attenuation conditions, which has not previously been demonstrated. Transformation rate estimates obtained with these techniques should improve the accuracy of contaminant transport modeling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineered containment systems: Identification of dominant ecological processes for long‐term performance assessment and monitoring
Authors: Traynham Brooke , Clarke James , Burger Joanna , Waugh Jody
Published: June 2012

The infiltration of rainfall into contaminated soils and wastes provides the mechanism whereby hazardous chemical and radionuclide constituents of concern are leached and transported to underlying groundwater and potential human and ecological receptors. The application of engineered covers to reduce rainfall infiltration is an approach that is often selected for the remediation of contaminated sites. Evapotranspiration, or water‐balance, cover designs have been shown to be effective ways of preventing infiltration in arid and semiarid climates. This particular design relies on evaporation and vegetative transpiration to reduce potential infiltration to acceptable levels.

In this article, we identify and examine the dominant ecological processes that affect the performance of evapotranspiration cover designs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perceptions of goods, services and eco‐cultural attributes of Native Americans and Caucasians in Idaho
Authors: Burger Joanna
Published: June 2012

Understanding perceptions of how people value environmental resources is critical to conservation and management of ecosystems. We used interviews to examine perceptions and valuations of goods, services, and eco‐cultural attributes of Native Americans and Caucasians attending an American Indian festival. The Native Americans interviewed were younger, achieved lower levels of education, and had lower mean incomes than did the Caucasians. There were no significant differences in the percentage of Native Americans and Caucasians engaged in consumptive and nonconsumptive activities, although a significantly greater percentage of Native Americans engaged in religious/cultural activities than did Caucasians. Although the relative ratings differed, the most important characteristics for all three types of activities were clean air, unpolluted water, no visible smog in air, and appears unspoiled, which represent both goods and services (the former two) and eco‐cultural attributes (the latter two). For nearly all characteristics, Native Americans rated them higher than did Caucasians. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
COMPARISON OF THE HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE L'ASSOMPTION AND OUAREAU RIVER CHANNELS (QUEBEC, CANADA)
Authors: Aubry L. , Assani A. A. , Biron S. , Gratton D.
Published: June 2012

The monitoring station method, which is based on comparing data before and after dam construction, is commonly used to quantify the hydromorphological impacts induced by dams. However, in the absence of pre‐dam construction data, other analytical methods may be used to detect changes downstream from dams that remain more or less constant over time. The study used one such method, the control station method, to constrain changes which may be linked to construction of the Rawdon Dam, in 1913, on the Ouareau River. Thus, a comparison of the hydrological (seasonal daily maximum flows) and morphological (mean bankfull width and sinuosity) evolution of the Ouareau and L'Assomption Rivers during the period 1930 to 2008 was carried out. The surface area as well as the climatic, lithological, land use and physiographic features of the two watersheds are nearly identical in the study area. The comparison revealed three changes that may be linked to the Rawdon Dam: an increase in the magnitude of daily maximum flows downstream from the dam for all four seasons, which is inferred to have resulted in extensive widening and low sinuosity of the Ouareau river channel downstream from the Rawdon Dam relative to the L'Assomption river channel. These types of morphological changes are consistent with changes observed downstream from some dams. The Rawdon Dam had no effect on the interannual variability of daily maximum flows, which are characterized by a significant increase in mean in winter in both watersheds. This increase, which is abrupt, occurred in 1973 for both rivers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amphibious entrepreneurs and the emergence of organizational forms
Authors: Powell Walter W. , Sandholtz Kurt W.
Published: June 2012

We study the emergence of organizational forms, focusing on two mechanisms—reconfiguration and transposition—that distinguish the founding models of the first 26 biotechnology companies, all created in the industry's first decade, from 1972 to 1981. We analyze rich archival data using hierarchical cluster analysis, revealing four organizational variants of the dedicated biotech firm (DBF). Three were products of reconfiguration, as executives from Big Pharma used past practices to incorporate new science. One DBF variant resulted from ‘amphibious’ scientists who imported organizing ideas from the academy into their VC‐funded start‐ups. We argue that such transpositions are fragile, yet charged with generative possibilities. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Partnering portfolios, value‐creation logics, and growth trajectories: A comparison of Yahoo and Google (1995 to 2007)
Authors: Rindova Violina P. , Yeow Adrian , Martins Luis L. , Faraj Samer
Published: June 2012

We add to the theory of entrepreneurial firm growth by inductively theorizing the processes through which new high‐growth firms utilize their partnering portfolios to pursue distinctive approaches to growth. We extend the strategic perspective on entrepreneurial networks by identifying three mechanisms linking partnering portfolios to differences in firm growth: configuring partnering portfolios to pursue distinctive logics for sourcing external resources, aligning resource‐sourcing and resource‐linking logics in new product development, and embarking on different growth trajectories, which contribute to different performance patterns. These theoretical insights contribute to current understanding of the external and internal sources of heterogeneity in the performance of entrepreneurial firms. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Comparison of hamstring lengthening with hamstring lengthening plus transfer for the treatment of flexed knee gait in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy
Authors: Feng Lin , Patrick Do K. , Aiona Michael , Feng Jing , Pierce Rosemary , Sussman Michael
Published: June 2012

Purpose

Children with spastic diplegic and hemiplegic cerebral palsy frequently ambulate with flexed knee gait. There has been concern that hamstring lengthening used to treat this problem may weaken hip extension. This study evaluates the primary outcome of hamstring transfer plus lengthening in comparison with traditional hamstring lengthening in treating flexed knee gait in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy.

Methods

A total of 47 children (67 lower limbs) ranging in age from 5 to 17 years old were included in this study. All subjects underwent a variety of additional surgeries at the time of the hamstring surgery as part of a multilevel treatment plan. All patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups, the hamstring lengthening alone group (HSL) and the hamstring transfer plus lengthening group (HST). Full gait analysis studies were done for all subjects pre-operatively and 1 year post-operatively.

Results

There were 25 patients (35 limbs) in the HSL group and 22 patients (32 limbs) in the HST group. There was no significant difference in age, gender, or the time from surgery to post-operative gait analysis between groups. On physical examination, both HSL and HST groups showed improvement in passive knee extension, popliteal angle, and straight leg raise. Maximum knee extension in stance phase was improved in both groups. The maximum hip extension in late stance phase was significantly improved only in the HST group. The peak hip extension power in stance phase showed significant improvement only in the HST group and a significant decrease for the HSL group.

Conclusions

The findings of this study demonstrated that both the HSL and HST procedures resulted in similar amounts of improvement in passive range of motion of the knee, as well in knee extension in stance during gait at 1 year post-operatively. However, with the HST procedure, there was better preservation of hip extension power and improved hip extension in stance. The HST procedure should be considered when hamstring surgery is performed.
MicroRNA‐100 regulates osteogenic differentiation of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells by targeting BMPR2
Authors: Zeng Yang , Qu Xuebin , Li Hongling , Huang Shan , Wang Shihua , Xu Qilin , Lin Ruizhu , Han Qin , Li Jing , Zhao Robert Chunhua
Published: June 2012

Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) osteogenic differentiation is of great importance for improving the treatment of bone‐related diseases. In this study, we examined the role of microRNA (miR)‐100 on the osteogenesis of hASCs. Overexpression of miR‐100 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of hASCs in vitro, whereas downregulation of miR‐100 enhanced the process. Target prediction analysis and dual luciferase report assay confirmed that bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) was a direct target of miR‐100. Furthermore, knockdown of BMPR2 by RNA interference inhibited osteogenic differentiation of hASCs, similar as the effect of upregulation miR‐100. Taken together, our findings imply that miR‐100 plays a negative role in osteogenic differentiation and might act through targeting BMPR2.
miR‐376a suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zheng Yongxia , Yin Lei , Chen Huan , Yang Shengsheng , Pan Chuanyong , Lu Shan , Miao Mingyong , Jiao Binghua
Published: June 2012

MicroRNAs are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to explore the potential biological function of miR‐376a, which was found to be inhibited after partial hepatectomy, in HCC. We discovered that miR‐376a was frequently down‐regulated in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues, while higher relative level of miR‐376a was significantly associated with high serum AFP level. Over‐expression of miR‐376a not only inhibited proliferation but induced apoptosis in Huh7 cells. Additionally, p85α (PIK3R1) was identified as a direct and functional target of miR‐376a in Huh7 cells. Moreover, we confirmed that p85α and miR‐376a were inversely correlated in HCC. These findings suggest that down‐regulation of miR‐376a may contribute to the development of HCC by targeting p85α.
Carbohydrate recognition mechanism of HA70 from Clostridium botulinum deduced from X‐ray structures in complexes with sialylated oligosaccharides
Authors: Yamashita Satoshi , Yoshida Hiromi , Uchiyama Noboru , Nakakita Yukari , Nakakita Shin-ichi , Tonozuka Takashi , Oguma Keiji , Nishikawa Atsushi , Kamitori Shigehiro
Published: June 2012

Clostridium botulinum produces the botulinum neurotoxin, forming a large complex as progenitor toxins in association with non‐toxic non‐hemagglutinin and/or several different hemagglutinin (HA) subcomponents, HA33, HA17 and HA70, which bind to carbohydrate of glycoproteins from epithelial cells in the infection process. To elucidate the carbohydrate recognition mechanism of HA70, X‐ray structures of HA70 from type C toxin (HA70/C) in complexes with sialylated oligosaccharides were determined, and a binding assay by the glycoconjugate microarray was performed. These results suggested that HA70/C can recognize both α2–3‐ and α2–6‐sialylated oligosaccharides, and that it has a higher affinity for α2–3‐sialylated oligosaccharides.
4E‐BP3 regulates eIF4E‐mediated nuclear mRNA export and interacts with replication protein A2
Authors: Chen Chao-Chung , Lee Jeng-Chang , Chang Ming-Chung
Published: June 2012

4EBP3
physically interacts with
RPA2
by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (
View interaction
)
Surgical Management of Calcaneal Malunion
Authors: Guang-Rong Yu , Xiao Yu
Published: June 2012

Calcaneal malunion is a common complication after conservative treatment or incorrect surgical treatment of calcaneal fracture. The typical pathoanatomies of calcaneal malunion are subtalar joint incongruity, loss of calcaneal height, arch collapse, varus or valgus deformity of the calcaneus, heel widening and so on. Calcaneal malunion often needs to be treated surgically. The classification of calcaneal malunion and the detailed clinical and radiographical assessment play important roles for surgical option. The main surgical methods include in situ subtalar arthrodesis, reconstruction of calcaneal thalamus and subtalar arthrodesis, calcaneal osteotomy with subtalar arthrodesis, corrective calcaneal osteotomy without subtalar arthrodesis. Each option has its different indications, advantages and disadvantages. Thus, the surgical treatment should be individualised.
A physics-based approach to flow control using system identification
Authors: Hervé Aurelien , Sipp Denis , Schmid Peter J. , Samuelides Manuel
Published: June 2012

Control of amplifier flows poses a great challenge, since the influence of environmental noise sources and measurement contamination is a crucial component in the design of models and the subsequent performance of the controller. A model-based approach that makes a priori assumptions on the noise characteristics often yields unsatisfactory results when the true noise environment is different from the assumed one. An alternative approach is proposed that consists of a data-based system-identification technique for modelling the flow; it avoids the model-based shortcomings by directly incorporating noise influences into an auto-regressive (ARMAX) design. This technique is applied to flow over a backward-facing step, a typical example of a noise-amplifier flow. Physical insight into the specifics of the flow is used to interpret and tailor the various terms of the auto-regressive model. The designed compensator shows an impressive performance as well as a remarkable robustness to increased noise levels and to off-design operating conditions. Owing to its reliance on only time-sequences of observable data, the proposed technique should be attractive in the design of control strategies directly from experimental data and should result in effective compensators that maintain performance in a realistic disturbance environment.
Bottom pressure distribution due to wave scattering near a submerged obstacle
Authors: Touboul Julien , Rey Vincent
Published: June 2012

The dynamic pressure distribution on the bottom of a wave flume, due to the interaction of water waves with a submerged structure, is investigated experimentally and analytically, for both first- and second-order gravity waves of finite amplitude. The dynamic pressure excess is found to be very important, even for incoming waves propagating in deep water conditions. In this depth condition, a high pressure zone, thirty times larger than the dynamic pressure excess expected in the absence of the obstacle, is found in its vicinity. On the other hand, a low pressure zone is observed in the vicinity of the submerged obstacle for incoming waves propagating in smaller depth conditions. In any case, pressure gradients remain important. The second-order disturbance is found to be larger than first order in deep water conditions, for some specific conditions and locations. This result is interpreted in terms of nonlinear coupling of first-order components, including local modes.
Effective slip boundary conditions for arbitrary one-dimensional surfaces
Authors: Asmolov Evgeny S. , Vinogradova Olga I.
Published: June 2012

In many applications it is advantageous to construct effective slip boundary conditions, which could fully characterize flow over patterned surfaces. Here we focus on laminar shear flows over smooth anisotropic surfaces with arbitrary scalar slip $b(y)$, varying in only one direction. We derive general expressions for eigenvalues of the effective slip-length tensor, and show that the transverse component is equal to half of the longitudinal one, with a two times larger local slip, $2b(y)$. A remarkable corollary of this relation is that the flow along any direction of the one-dimensional surface can be easily determined, once the longitudinal component of the effective slip tensor is found from the known spatially non-uniform scalar slip.
INFINITE FAMILIES OF ARITHMETIC IDENTITIES FOR 4-CORES
Authors: DEKA BARUAH NAYANDEEP , NATH KALLOL
Published: June 2012

Letu(n) andv(n) be the number of representations of a nonnegative integernin the formsx2+4y2+4z2andx2+2y2+2z2, respectively, withx,y,z∈ℤ, and leta4(n) andr3(n) be the number of 4-cores ofnand the number of representations ofnas a sum of three squares, respectively. By employing simple theta-function identities of Ramanujan, we prove that$u(8n+5)=8a_4(n)=v(8n+5)=\frac {1}{3}r_3(8n+5)$. With the help of this and a classical result of Gauss, we find a simple proof of a result ona4(n) proved earlier by K. Ono and L. Sze [‘4-core partitions and class numbers’,Acta Arith.80(1997), 249–272]. We also find some new infinite families of arithmetic relations involvinga4(n) .
Polyphenol-rich extract of pomegranate peel alleviates tissue inflammation and hypercholesterolaemia in high-fat diet-induced obese mice: potential implication of the gut microbiota
Authors: Neyrinck Audrey M. , Van Hée Vincent F. , Bindels Laure B. , De Backer Fabienne , Cani Patrice D. , Delzenne Nathalie M.
Published: June 2012

Pomegranate extracts have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to confer health benefits in a number of inflammatory diseases, microbial infections and cancer. Peel fruit are rich in polyphenols that exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacitiesin vitro. Recent studies strongly suggest that the gut microbiota is an environmental factor to be taken into account when assessing the risk factors related to obesity. The aim of the present study was to test the prebiotic potency of a pomegranate peel extract (PPE) rich in polyphenols in a nutritional model of obesity associated with hypercholesterolaemia and inflammatory disorders. Balb/c mice were fed either a control diet or a high-fat (HF) diet with or without PPE (6 mg/d per mouse) over a period of 4 weeks. Interestingly, PPE supplementation increased caecal content weight and caecal pool of bifidobacteria. It did not significantly modify body weight gain, glycaemia, glucose tolerance and inflammatory markers measured in the serum. However, it reduced the serum level of cholesterol (total and LDL) induced by HF feeding. Furthermore, it counteracted the HF-induced expression of inflammatory markers both in the colon and the visceral adipose tissue. Together, these findings support that pomegranate constitutes a promising food in the control of atherogenic and inflammatory disorders associated with diet-induced obesity. Knowing the poor bioavailability of pomegranate polyphenols, its bifidogenic effect observed after PPE consumption suggests the involvement of the gut microbiota in the management of host metabolism by polyphenolic compounds present in pomegranate.
Phylogeographic structure, outbreeding depression, and reluctant virgin oviposition in the bean thrips,Caliothrips fasciatus(Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in California
Authors: Rugman-Jones P.F. , Hoddle M.S. , Amrich R. , Heraty J.M. , Stouthamer-Ingel C.E. , Stouthamer R.
Published: June 2012

Bean thrips,Caliothrips fasciatus, is native to western North America. Once considered a pest of several crops in its native area, its pest status has waned over recent decades. However, due to its habit of aggregating in the navel of navel oranges, bean thrips remains economically important because some countries importing oranges from California have designated it a quarantine pest. Despite continued propagule pressure, bean thrips has never established outside North America. We examined genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA among Californian populations ofC. fasciatusand found that potentially two cryptic species are present (supported by Kimura 2-P distances): a common widespread form B and a rarer form A with a very limited distribution. Form B showed strong phylogeographic structure, with many haplotypes having a limited geographic distribution. Inter-population crossing experiments between three geographically isolated populations of form B resulted in the production of some female offspring, indicating a degree of compatibility between these populations of this haplodiploid species. However, substantial outbreeding depression was also detected. A low frequency of offspring production by hetero-population pairs was evidence of pre-mating isolation, while post-mating isolation was also evident in the elevated mortality of fertilized eggs in successful hetero-population crosses. One surprising finding was the total lack of offspring production by virgin females when isolated individually. However, virgin females did produce sons in the presence of other virgin females. A test for the presence ofWolbachiashowed that form B was not infected, but that some populations of the rarer form A were.
40Ar–39Ar ages and isotope geochemistry of Cretaceous basalts in northern Madagascar: refining eruption ages, extent of crustal contamination and parental magmas in a flood basalt province
Authors: CUCCINIELLO C. , MELLUSO L. , JOURDAN F. , MAHONEY J. J. , MEISEL T. , MORRA V.
Published: June 2012

The Madagascar Cretaceous igneous province exposed in the Mahajanga basin is represented by basalt and basaltic andesite lavas. New40Ar–39Ar plateau ages (92.3 ± 2.0 Ma and 91.5 ± 1.3 Ma) indicate that the magmatism in the Mahajanga basin started about 92 Ma ago. Four geochemically distinct magma types (Groups A–D) are present. Group A and C rocks have low to moderate TiO2(1.2–2.6 wt%), Nb (3–9 μg g−1) and Zr (82–200 μg g−1), and show large variations in ɛNdi(+0.1 to −10.8),206Pb/204Pb (15.28 to 16.33) and γOs(+11.4 to +7378). The large isotopic variations, particularly in Os, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions, are likely due to crustal contamination. The low Pb isotope ratios observed in the Group A and C rocks suggest involvement of continental crust with low μ (238U/204Pb). Group B and D rocks have moderate to high TiO2(2.2–4.9 wt%), Nb (8–24 μg g−1) and Zr (120–327 μg g−1). Age-corrected isotopes of Group B and D lavas show a small range in ɛNdi(+1.0 to +4.0) and a wide range in γOs(+128 to +1182). Values of207Pb/204Pb are within the range for Groups A and C, but the Group D206Pb/204Pb (16.52–17.08) and208Pb/204Pb (37.51–38.01) values are higher, indicating a different crustal contaminant. Pb isotopic values of the Group B rocks seem to reflect the isotopic features of their mantle source. The magma groups of Mahajanga display a wide range of trace element and isotopic compositions that cannot be explained only by open-system crystallization processes but, rather, by distinct mantle sources.
Silicone lymphadenopathy: an unexpected cause of neck lumps
Authors: Omakobia E , Porter G , Armstrong S , Denton K
Published: June 2012

Objective:

To report a rare case of silicone lymphadenopathy solely affecting the left supraclavicular lymph nodes.

Case report:

Our patient presented with a painless swelling in the left supraclavicular region. Notably, she had previously undergone cosmetic breast augmentation using silicone-containing implants. Radiological imaging and subsequent excisional biopsy of the swelling produced findings consistent with a silicone foreign body reaction secondary to bilateral breast implant rupture.

Conclusion:

Silicone lymphadenopathy following breast augmentation primarily affects the axillary nodes. Supraclavicular lymph node involvement is unusual. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the English language literature of silicone lymphadenopathy manifesting solely in the supraclavicular lymph nodes. Although the need to exclude malignancy in such cases is of the utmost importance, silicone lymphadenopathy should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. Fine needle aspiration cytology is a useful initial investigation, which may be followed up by excisional biopsy and histological analysis for further confirmatory diagnostic information.
‘Interpreting’ at Vindolanda: Commercial and Linguistic Mediation in the Roman Army
Authors: Mairs Rachel
Published: June 2012

A fragmentary tablet from Vindolanda(Tab. Vindol. II,213) contains an occurrence of the verbinterpretari(‘interpret’, ‘explain’, ‘mediate’) in an apparently commercial context, relating to the grain supply for the Roman fort. This usage is paralleled in a text on a wooden stilus tablet from Frisia in the Netherlands. ‘Interpreters’ and their activities make rather infrequent appearances in the Latin epigraphic and documentary records. In the Danubian provinces, interpreters (interpretes) are attested as army officers and officials in the office of the provincial governor. ‘Interpreters’, in both Latin and Greek inscriptions and papyri, often, however, play more ambiguous roles, not always connected with language-mediation, but also, or instead, with mediation in commercial transactions.
Statues of Senators in the Forum of Trajan and the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity
Authors: Chenault Robert
Published: June 2012

The epigraphic evidence from the Forum of Trajan shows that this forum was the most important public venue for the honorific statues of senators in the city of Rome in the fourth and fifth centuriesa.d. These dedications celebrated the achievements of individual senators, and thereby helped to promote an image of a coherent senatorial order whose members were defined by their civil offices, literary accomplishment, outstanding personal virtues, and the approbation of their peers and the emperor. In contrast, statuary honours in the Roman Forum continued to be largely restricted to emperors and, in the fifth century, to the powerful generals who increasingly controlled imperial policy. This pattern in the distribution of statues suggests a basic differentiation in the use of the two most important representational spaces of late antique Rome.
Coded Polemic in Ammianus Book 31 and the Date and Place of its Composition
Authors: Kulikowski Michael
Published: June 2012

TheRes Gestaeof Ammianus Marcellinus poses numerous structural puzzles for the historian, among them the anomalous final book, numbered 31 in the manuscript tradition. This book, which treats the Gothic rebellion ofa.d.376–378 and the campaign of Adrianople, is loosely connected to the other extant books, which conclude with events ofa.d. 375. The present article argues that Book 31 was in origin a separate monograph, drafted in Greek at Antioch in the aftermath of the Roman defeat at Adrianople. Perhaps modelled on theScythicaof Dexippus, its contents reflect the Antiochene and Constantinopolitan polemic of its moment. For reasons that must remain speculative, Ammianus later translated his work into Latin and appended it to a finished draft of theRes Gestae.
Study of low impedance intense electron-beam accelerator based on magnetic core Tesla transformer
Authors: Liu J-L. , Zhang H-B. , Fan Y-W. , Hong Z-Q. , Feng J-H.
Published: June 2012

An intense electron-beam accelerator, which consists of a primary storage capacitor system, a magnetic core Tesla transformer, Blumlein pulse forming line of water dielectric, and a field-emission diode, are constructed and described. The experimental results show that the output voltage of transformer is more than 740 kV, the rise time is about 5 µs, the diode voltage is about 596 kV, electron beam current is about 60 kA, the duration is about 100 ns, and the power is 36 GW when charging voltage is 40 kV. It was suitable to drive magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator. And it can be also used in materials surface modification. This accelerator is very compact and works stably and reliably.
Modeling and control of a spherical rolling robot: a decoupled dynamics approach
Authors: Kayacan Erkan , Bayraktaroglu Zeki Y. , Saeys Wouter
Published: June 2012

This paper presents the results of a study on the dynamical modeling, analysis, and control of a spherical rolling robot. The rolling mechanism consists of a 2-DOF pendulum located inside a spherical shell with freedom to rotate about the transverse and longitudinal axis. The kinematics of the model has been investigated through the classical methods with rotation matrices. Dynamic modeling of the system is based on the Euler–Lagrange formalism. Nonholonomic and highly nonlinear equations of motion have then been decomposed into two simpler subsystems through the decoupled dynamics approach. A feedback linearization loop with fuzzy controllers has been designed for the control of the decoupled dynamics. Rolling of the controlled mechanism over linear and curvilinear trajectories has been simulated by using the proposed decoupled dynamical model and feedback controllers. Analysis of radius of curvature over curvilinear trajectories has also been investigated.
Two remarks on primary spaces
Authors: MÜLLER PAUL F. X.
Published: June 2012

We prove that for an operator T on ℓ∞(H1 ()), respectively ℓ∞(L1 ()), the identity factors through T or Id - T. Hence ℓ∞(H1 ()) and ℓ∞(L1 ()) are primary spaces. We re-prove analogous results of H.M. Wark for the spaces ℓ∞(Hp()), 1 < p < ∞. In the present paper direct combinatorics of colored dyadic intervals replaces the dependence on Szemerédi's theorem in [11].
Convergence of equilibria of thin elastic rods under physical growth conditions for the energy density
Authors: Davoli Elisa , Mora Maria Giovanna
Published: June 2012

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the equilibrium configurations of a nonlinearly elastic thin rod as the diameter of the cross-section tends to zero. Convergence results are established assuming physical growth conditions for the elastic energy density and suitable scalings of the applied loads that correspond at the limit to different rod models: the constrained linear theory, the analogue of the von Kármán plate theory for rods, and the linear theory.
Bifurcation-type results for nonlinear parametric elliptic equations
Authors: Gasińki Leszek , Papageorgiou Nikolaos S.
Published: June 2012

We consider the nonlinear elliptic equation driven by the p-Laplacian and with a Carathéodory reaction depending on a parameter λ > 0, looking for positive solutions. We prove two bifurcation-type results. In the first the bifurcation occurs near 0 (for small values of λ > 0) and our setting incorporates problems with the combined effects of concave and convex nonlinearities. In the second, the bifurcation occurs near +∞ (for large values of λ > 0) and our setting incorporates as a special case p-logistic equations with superdiffusive reaction. Our approach is variational, based on minimax methods and truncation techniques.
THE POPULARIZATION OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN SPAIN AND LATIN AMERICA THROUGH ENCYCLOPEDIAS (1887–1930)
Authors: ASTIGARRAGA JESÚS , ZABALZA JUAN
Published: June 2012

The article analyzes the economic entries of the main Spanish general encyclopedias of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Diccionario enciclopédico (1887–1898) and Enciclopedia universal (1908–1930). Both works include the contributions of prestigious Spanish and Latin American intellectuals, and were designed for distribution in Spain and Latin American markets. Diccionario enciclopédico was the first to introduce the “social question” in its economic entries, which were drafted by the most outstanding Spanish economists at the time. These entries were characterized by the absence of any significant mention of historicism and marginalism, which illustrates the isolationism of Spanish economists during the late nineteenth century. Enciclopedia universal, on the other hand, was not entirely drafted by academic economists. Nevertheless, its economic entries account for a complete outline of marginalism, Marxism, and historicism. Apart from the traditional goals of compiling the intellectual advances made in any area of human knowledge for educational purposes, the economic entries of both encyclopedias aimed at popularizing some kind of economic knowledge in order to prepare minds for the reception of specific doctrines and agendas: the secular social doctrine of Spanish Krausism and the religious Social Catholicism, respectively.
The Influence of Inhibitory Control and Episodic Memory on the Risky Sexual Behavior of Young Adult Cannabis Users
Authors: Schuster Randi Melissa , Crane Natania A. , Mermelstein Robin , Gonzalez Raul
Published: June 2012

Cannabis use is associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB) and sex-related negative health consequences. This investigation examined the role of inhibitory control and episodic memory in predicting RSB and sex-related negative consequences among current cannabis users. Findings indicated that the relationships among cannabis, neurocognition, and sexual-risk varied according to the dimension of neurocognition and the parameter of RSB in question. Specifically, more risk-taking was associated with more RSB. Furthermore, amount of recent cannabis use was associated with more RSB and sex-related negative consequences, but only among those with worse performances on a measure of decision-making and of risk-taking. Contrary to hypotheses, worse episodic memory also significantly predicted higher overall sexual-risk and decreased safe-sex practices. Results indicate that worse neurocognitive performance in the areas of risk-taking, decision-making, and episodic memory may influence the degree to which cannabis users engage in RSB and experience negative health consequences as a result. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–7)
CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, LEARNING, AND AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION VOLATILITY
Authors: Tortorice Daniel L.
Published: June 2012

This paper documents three facts. First, the volatility of consumption growth relative to income growth rose from 1947 to 1960 and then fell dramatically by 50% from the 1960s to the 1990s. Second, the correlation between consumption growth and personal income growth fell by about 50% over the same time period. Finally, the absolute deviation of consumption growth from its mean exhibits one break in U.S. data, and the mean of the absolute deviations has fallen by about 30%. A standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is unable to explain these facts. I examine ability of two hypotheses to account for these facts: a fall in credit constraints and changing beliefs about the permanence of income shocks. I find evidence for both explanations. The beliefs explanation is more consistent with the data.
Consumers’ knowledge of food label information: an exploratory investigation in Potchefstroom, South Africa
Authors: van der Merwe Daleen , Bosman Magdalena , Ellis Suria , de Beer Hanli , Mielmann Annchen
Published: June 2012

Objective

To determine the ability of consumers to: locate and manipulate food label information; assess the accuracy of nutrient content claims and which health/nutrient claims are allowed; and identify symbols on food labels. Associations pertaining to use and knowledge regarding food label information were also determined for consumers from different demographic and related groups.

Design

An exploratory descriptive study was undertaken, employing a face-to-face survey focusing on demographic information, shopping behaviour, nutrition is important beliefs, label use, label knowledge and label preference and information sources.

Setting

Selected public locations in Potchefstroom in the North West Province of South Africa.

Subjects

Respondents (n 229) complying with set inclusion criteria were recruited through purposive sampling.

Results

The results indicated respondents’ general health and label awareness, as most of them (>80 %) could locate label information and identify symbols and specific nutrient content claims although only 53 % were able to calculate the number of servings. Nevertheless, an inability was found to assess the accuracy of some nutrient content claims and permissible health/nutrient claims. More educated, younger, Afrikaans- and English-speaking respondents seemed to be more knowledgeable regarding food label information.

Conclusions

Respondents who were informed about nutrition were also informed about label information, while label reading practices resulted in label-influenced purchasing decisions. Educational programmes on food labels should start with nutritional background that could be implemented by consumers during label reading and purchasing decisions.
Concomitant BDNF and sleep slow wave changes indicate ketamine-induced plasticity in major depressive disorder
Authors: Duncan Wallace C. , Sarasso Simone , Ferrarelli Fabio , Selter Jessica , Riedner Brady A. , Hejazi Nadia S. , Yuan Peixiong , Brutsche Nancy , Manji Husseini K. , Tononi Giulio , Zarate Carlos A.
Published: June 2012

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). In rats, ketamine selectively increased electroencephalogram (EEG) slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and altered central brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that higher SWA and BDNF levels may respectively represent electrophysiological and molecular correlates of mood improvement following ketamine treatment. This study investigated the acute effects of a single ketamine infusion on depressive symptoms, EEG SWA, individual slow wave parameters (surrogate markers of central synaptic plasticity) and plasma BDNF (a peripheral marker of plasticity) in 30 patients with treatment-resistant MDD. Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores rapidly decreased following ketamine. Compared to baseline, BDNF levels and early sleep SWA (during the first non-REM episode) increased after ketamine. The occurrence of high amplitude waves increased during early sleep, accompanied by an increase in slow wave slope, consistent with increased synaptic strength. Changes in BDNF levels were proportional to changes in EEG parameters. Intriguingly, this link was present only in patients who responded to ketamine treatment, suggesting that enhanced synaptic plasticity – as reflected by increased SWA, individual slow wave parameters and plasma BDNF – is part of the physiological mechanism underlying the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Further studies are required to confirm the link found here between behavioural and synaptic changes, as well as to test the reliability of these central and peripheral biomarkers of rapid antidepressant response.
RESPONSES TO STIGMATIZATION
Authors: Son Hing Leanne S.
Published: June 2012

The more that devalued group members experience stigmatization, the worse their physical and mental health, well-being, and performance will be. However, the effects of stigmatization are often mixed, weak, and conditional. We should expect such variability in how devalued group members respond to stigmatization because resilience in the face of challenges is possible, depending on how stressful stigmatization is for people. Using the transactional model of stress (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) as an organizing framework, I provide evidence that people will have different reactions to stigmatization depending onprimary appraisals—that is, how harmful and self-relevant they appraise it to be—and onsecondary appraisals—that is, whether or not they believe that they have the resources to cope with it. My review of the literature suggests that a stronger ingroup identification, stronger identification with a negatively stereotyped domain, chronic beliefs about stigmatization, and beliefs about meritocracy create vulnerabilities to stigmatization because they lead people to appraise stigmatization as more harmful and self-relevant. Furthermore, psychological optimism, a sense of control, self-esteem, as well as high socioeconomic status, a stronger identification with one's ingroup, and positive evaluations of the ingroup create resilience to discrimination because they allow people to perceive themselves as having the resources needed to cope with stigmatization. In conclusion, people will respond to the same potential stressor in different ways, depending on how self-relevant and harmful they perceive it to be and whether or not they perceive themselves as having the resources to cope. Thus, attention should be directed to developing families, communities, institutions, and societies that can provide people with the resources that they need to be resilient.
SEVEN MYTHS OF RACE AND THE YOUNG CHILD
Authors: Hirschfeld Lawrence A.
Published: June 2012

Racism reproduces through children. Racial bias is acquired early, and like many early-acquired predilections it is tenaciously resistant to counterevidence. Much of the institutional struggle against racism focuses on children, working to change their attitudes and judgments by addressing what children supposedly have come to know and believe about race. Yet much of what lay folk and educators alike imagine about children's knowledge of race and how they have come to acquire it is inaccurate. This essay is concerned to identify these inaccuracies, present evidence that challenges them, and briefly consider why they—like racialist thinking itself—are so tenaciously held and resistant to counterevidence.
ON OUR MORAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Bobo Lawrence D.
Published: June 2012

Notions of race and the full-blown ideologies of racism that often accompany such social distinctions are not now nor have they ever been entirely static phenomena. Much, and arguably too much, social scientific research proceeds as if race and racism were relatively transparent, discrete, and static phenomena. Furthermore, such a perspective implies that lacking such transparency and fixity, race and racism have lost force and salience in social life. Such phenomena need not be fixed or simplex in order to profoundly affect how individuals in a society live or in order to be made the focus of important systematic social research. Yet, the complexity, pliability, and historical specificity of notions of race and of racism do perforce raise for us challenges of conceptual clarity and theoretical logic, and demand of us clear standards for the collection, deployment, and interpretation of evidence.