bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corn Rootworm Granular Insecticide Performance, No Till Vs Tilled, 1994
Authors: Jarvi Keith , Echtenkamp Jerry , Witkowski John
Published: December 2017

The test plot was planted on 4 May. Banded (7 inch) and in-furrow planting time treatments were applied with a cone-belt distributer mounted on a John Deere Maxemerge equipped with incorporation tines. The seeding rate was 18,000 seeds/acre on 30 inch rows. Soil type was silty clay loam (OM > 3%, pH 6.5). Previous crop was late planted corn planted as a trap crop. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications, each treatment a single row 50 ft long. One-half of each treatment block was double disked (tilled) prior to planting (10 to 20% residue cover remaining). The other half was undisturbed (no till) (70-80% residue cover remaining). Treatments were randomized within each one-half block. Preplant anhydrous ammonia was applied at the rate of 90 lb per acre prior to planting. Five randomly selected roots from each replication were rated on the Iowa State 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes pruned to within Wi inch of the stalk). Twenty roots were rated for each treatment. The roots were dug and rated on 15 Jul. Soil moisture was adequate at planting. Rainfall was adequate through rating time.
Evaluation of In-Furrow Insecticides for Thrips Control on Cotton, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Edmisten Keith , Mott Dan W. , Straughn Edward
Published: December 2017

Granular insecticides were applied in furrow at planting from a Gandy box mounted on the planter and the liquid insecticide applied with a CO2-powered flat fan nozzle oriented parallel and directly into the open furrow on 27 May at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station in Edgecombe County, NC. Plots were 4 rows × 50 ft with 4 reps and arranged in a RCBD. The 6 products along with an untreated check were evaluated for effect on stand reduction, plant height, thrips establishment, boll load, bollworm-damaged bolls and yield. Thrips adults and immatures were collected on 26 May, 6 and 15 Jun, processed via the wash method and counted under a binocular dissecting microscope. Yields were take with a one row John Deere mechanical harvester from the middle 2 rows. Insect, plant and yield data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Naturalis-L, 1994
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft × 12 rows (7 inches between rows) and was surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of treatment insecticides. Soil type was League. Rice was drill planted on 26 Mar at 100 lb seed/acre. Rice emerged 11 Apr. From planting to application of the permanent flood, rice was flush irrigated as needed. Urea was applied near planting (29 Mar) at 122 lb/acre, 1 d before the permanent flood (6 May) at 122 lb/acre, and at panicle differentiation (9 Jun) at 122 lb/acre for a total of 170 lb nitrogen/acre. Facet and Basagran were mixed with crop oil and applied 22 Apr at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre for each herbicide. The permanent flood was applied 7 May (26 d after rice emergence). Naturalis-L treatments were applied at the rate and times shown in the table with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, CO2 pressurized spray rig. Final spray volume was 21.3 gal/acre. Furadan 3G was applied at the time and rate shown in the table with a hand-held shaker. From 31 May to 1 Jun (24-25 d after application of the permanent flood), 5, 4-inch diam × 4-inch deep soil cores (each core contained at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice roots were washed and immature RWW recovered. Plots were harvested at maturity (29 Jul) and yields adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using vX + 0.5. All data were analyzed by ANOVA.
Scale Control on Taxus, Ottawa County, MI, 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Each treatment was replicated 6 times. A replicate was a plot of six 5-yrold (20-inch-high) Taxus shrubs. The field was located at Zelenka’s Evergreen Nursery in Ottawa Co. Precount samples were taken on 6 Sep by clipping two 5-inch-long twigs from each bush (one from the top half of the shrub and one from the bottom half) to make a total of 12 twigs per replicate. The twigs were taken back to the lab to be examined under a dissecting microscope. The Marathon treatment was applied on 6 Sep as a banded treatment. A garden hoe was used to incorporate the material. All other treatments were applied on 23 Sep using a single nozzle, hand held R&D CO2 sprayer to apply the chemicals. Each of the liquid treatments were applied at a finished volume of 200 gal/acre through an 8008 flat fan nozzle at 38 psi. The bushes were treated evenly from the top and both exposed sides. Postcount samples were taken on 15 Oct in the same manner as the precounts.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Austrian Pine, 1994
Authors: Cooper Dayna , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on a naturally infested Austrian pine planting in a residential area located in Ft. Collins, CO. Individual plots consisted of infested terminals arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were made 22 Jun using a pump mister applied to point of run-off. Evaluations were made by sampling 4 needle bundles (2 needles apiece) and determining the number of dead and living aphids.
Response of White Grub Populations to Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Posos-Ponce Pedro , Corrales-Reynaga Jorge , Guerrero-Rodriguez Eugenio
Published: December 2017

Populations of white grub in commercial field corn from Arenal, Jalisco, were exposed to nine insecticides of organophosphorous, carbamate, chlorinated and pyrethroid groups. White grubs were collected daily from the roots of corn plants and confined in polyethylene black bag of two kg capacity with humidity and germinated corn as food for larvae. White grubs were taken to the laboratory of Sanidad Vegetal in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Dilutions of the insecticides tested were prepared using acetone varied from 500 to 5,000 ppm but for tefluthrin they varied from 200 to 1,400 ppm (6 to 9 doses/product). For this study 20 larvae (third instar) were selected and 1 (j, liter of the solution was placed topically on the thorax. Each larva was placed in a petri dish with a moistened paper towel, and the dishes confined in a cardboard box to eliminate light. Mortality counts were carried out at 24 hours. Percent mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula. Mortality data were analyzed by probit system to obtain LD50 and LD95 values for each insecticide.
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

B. thuringiensis products, including an experimental from Mycogen Corp. (MYX300), were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Residual Efficacy of Lufenuron (Instar®), 1994
Authors: Yap H. H. , Lee Chow-Yang , Yahaya A. M. , Schenker R. , Janssen S.
Published: December 2017

Residual effect of a new chitin synthesis inhibitor, lufenuron (Instar® 0.2 TB) was determined against three different nymphal ages of German cockroach (1-week, 3-week and 5-week) and American cockroach (1-week, 5-week and 10-week). Hardboard panels (11 × 11 cm for German cockroaches; 16.5 × 16.5 cm for American cockroaches) were sprayed with Instar® (effervescent tablet diluted in distilled water) at the recommended rate of 10 mg AI/m2. Control panels were sprayed with distilled water. The panels were then allowed to dry naturally for approximately 6 hours before being stored vertically at 27 ± 3°C and 70 ± 5% RH until the appropriate aging period. Exposure to the residues was conducted by confining the respective chosen age group insects in transparent perspex boxes (13.5 × 18 × 6 cm for German cockroach; 27.5 × 21 × 9 cm for American cockroach). The aged treated panels were then placed at one side of the box and two pieces of folded filter paper as harborages were placed at the other side. A bottle cap with a soaked cotton bung was supplied at the center of the treated panel surface so that the insects were forced to contact with the treated surface whenever they went to the water source. Twenty-five nymphs were used in each replicate and each experiment was replicated four times. The boxes were kept at the condition previously mentioned; dead insects were counted and removed daily. LT50 was determined by pooling the cumulative mortality results of four replicates and subjected to probit analysis. Mortality in control was corrected using Abbott’s formula.
California Small Plot Citrus Thrips Trials, 1994
Authors: Khan Inamullah , Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated in 2 fields at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California for control of citrus thrips (Field 12, 24 yr old ‘Atwood’ navel oranges; Field 14, 22 yr old Old Line navels). Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gpa. Field 12 was divided into 4 replicate blocks of 52 trees and 12 treatments were applied with one replicate of each treatment assigned randomly to each block except a second replicate was assigned randomly to the control in 3 of the 4 blocks and the Admire treatment was excluded from one block. Each replicate was 4 contiguous trees. Field 14 was designed similarly with 4 blocks and 33 treatments with one 4-tree replicate assigned randomly to each treatment in each block. Citrus thrips infestation due to first and second instars was monitored in some of the treatments in Field 14 twice a wk for 6 wks after petal fall by examining 5 fruit randomly from each data tree (50 fruit per plot, 100 fruit per treatment in each field). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct, 1994 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal yr are about 5% severe scars. Ctirus cutworm and fruit tree leafroller levels were high in this block just prior to and after petal fall resulting in high levels of fruit drop. After assessing citrus thrips fruit scarring levels in Oct, any trees with less than 30 outside assessed fruit were excluded from the analysis (a total of 13 trees were excluded, 1—3 trees from each of 9 treatments).
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1995
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was a RCB design replicated five times and was conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1994. It was planted 17 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 20 Jun. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole ‘Katahdin’ seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of mancozeb. Furrow applications of insecticides were made with a tractor mounted applicator or sprinkle can. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 5.6 kg/cm2 (80 psi) pressure and 0.47 kl/ha (50 gpa). Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on a top, a middle, and a bottom leaf on 20 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10(x+l). Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 3.3, 5.8, 3.8 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 18.8, 22.0 and 18.0 deg. C.
Use of Cyromazine (Trigard 75W) in a Foliar Spray Program to Control Insects In Potatoes, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 17 March at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 4 rows 25ft long, planted on a 3ft row spacing. Plots were separated by 6ft of bare ground. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. The Admire 2F treatment was applied in furrow prior to planting with a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer. On 4 May, the Trigard plots were sprayed with Pounce 3.2EC (4oz product/acre) + PBO (8oz product/acre) to control emerging CPB adults. Peak CPB egg hatch occurred on 12 May and the first Trigard sprays were applied. The second Trigard sprays were applied on 22 May. Dimethoate 4EC (8oz product/acre) was added to the Trigard treatments on this date to control potato leafhoppers. On 2 June, the entire test except for the check was sprayed with Monitor 4EC (lqt product/acre) to control European corn borer and again on 15 June with Asana XL (9.6oz product/acre) + PBO (16oz product/acre) for first generation CPB adults. Foliar sprays were applied with a three hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen stems/plot and defoliation ratings on the dates indicated in the table. On 28 June, the center two rows of each plot were harvested and graded to determine yields.
Comparison of Two Adios Formulations and Sevin for Striped Cucumber Beetle Control in Cucurbits, 1995
Authors: Burkness E. C. , Hutchison W. D. , O’Rourke P. K.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a commercially grown field of pumpkin managed by Owatonna Canning Co., Dodge County, Minnesota. The cultivar ‘Buckskin’ was planted 25 May. Plots consisted of 3 or 6, 25 ft (7.62 m) rows on 5 ft (1.52 m) centers. Plant spacing was 18 inches (0.46 m). Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. All 3 and 6 row plots were treated and counts were taken from the 1 or 2 middle rows, respectively. Treatments were applied once (19 Jun) with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a DG-Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzle, and no screen. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (233.8 liter/ha) at 35 psi (242 kPa). Adios, a cucurbitacin bait treatment, contained 13% carbaryl. Two formulations of Adios, micro-encapsulated (B) and ribbon extruded (P), were applied. Percentage of plants infested and insect counts were measured 20 Jun (1 DAT), 22 Jun (3 DAT), and 26 Jun (7 DAT). SCB was the dominant insect pest present in the plots on all sample dates.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1995
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandra D.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against PLH. The experiments were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA, on the second and third alfalfa crops. Plots of 40 X 40 ft were arranged in a RCBD with an untreated check in each of 4 replications. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated on 19 Jun (Experiment I) from 20 pendulum sweeps of a 15 inch diam insect beating net taken randomly across each plot. All insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 20 Jun. Alfalfa height at application was 4–6 inches. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 23, 29 Jun and 5, 11, and 18 Jul (3, 9, 15, 21, and 28 DAT). Densities reported represent combined adult and nymphs collected per 20 sweeps. Insecticides were applied in 25 gal of water per acre at 25 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom containing 80° fiat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined on 19 Jul from a 60 ft2 swath taken from each plot with a Carter Forage Harvester (Carter Mfg. Co. Inc., Brookston, IN). Insecticide treatments in Experiment II were similarly applied on 31 Jul. Potato leafhopper density was determined from sweep samples on that same date before the foliar sprays were applied. Thereafter, leafhopper densities were determined from sweep samples on 3, 8, 15, 21, 28 Aug (3, 8, 15, 21, and 28 DAT). Alfalfa yield was determined on 29 Aug as in Experiment I.
Black Cutworm Control in Conventional Tillage Corn, 1995
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H.
Published: December 2017

Sixteen insecticide treatments applied in conventional corn at planting were evaluated for control of black cutworm larvae. The test plot was planted in a continuous corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm in Fayette Co., KY, on 15 May as a RCB with 4 replicates. Individual sub-plots consisted of 2 rows of corn, 6 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Bicep 6WDL was applied on 15 May for weed control at 2.4 qt/acre. Ten-inch aluminum barriers were buried 4 to 5 inches into the soil around a 2m2 section in the middle of each plot enclosing a portion of both rows of corn. On 25 May, 16 third instar black cutworms, obtained from the USDA-ARS Corn Insect Research Unit, Ankeny, IA, were released inside each of the barriers. Stand counts and numbers of cut plants were recorded on 26, 29 May, and 1, 5, 8, 12, and 16 Jun. A plant was considered cut if at any time it was cut off by cutworms, regrowth was disregarded. Number of killed/missing plants was recorded on 16 Jun. Data were transformed by acrsin-squareroot + 0.1 then subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to the control by Dunnett’s mean comparison procedure (SAS Institute).
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1995
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Pruisner R. D. , Rose R. I. , Tollefson J. J. , Wang X.
Published: December 2017

Rootworm, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 3 IA locations in 1995. Soil types were: Ames, silty clay loam; Nashua, loam; and Sutherland, silty clay. Plots were planted 16, 2 and 12 May, respectively, on areas that had been planted to trap crop (late-planted corn, high plant population) the previous year. The Sutherland location was planted no-till. Insecticide treatments were tested in 1 or more of 3 different tests; (1) “experimental tests”–registered and numbered insecticides applied at planting time, (2) “yield tests”–only registered and EUP insecticides applied at planting time, (3) “cultivation tests”–registered and numbered insecticides applied at planting and/or cultivation time. A RCBD with 4 replications for the experimental and cultivation tests was used. Yield tests had 6 replications at Ames and 7 replications at Sutherland. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Planting-time liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 13 gpa at 22 psi. Liquid cultivation-time insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two, 8002E nozzles, 1 on each side of the corn row, were positioned to deliver a 7-inch wide band around the base of the plants (7-inch basal); 13 gpa at 25 psi. Broadcast applications of Furadan 4F were applied to single rows. A boom containing three 8002SV nozzles (19-inch centers) delivered 13 gpa at 30 psi. One untreated buffer row was left on each side of a “broadcasted” row. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Tygon tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring extended leaf heights on 5 consecutive plants (experimental tests only). Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated in Jul by digging 3 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1995
Authors: Witkowski John , Echtenkamp Jerry
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was RCB with 22 insecticide-treatments and an untreated check replicated 4 times. Single row plots were 50 ft in length and at 30 inch spacings. Corn was no-till planted into soybean residue on 16 May. Granular insecticides were Applied in a 7-inch band with cone belt distributors mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy. Liquid insecticides were applied with a back-pack sprayer in 20 gpa at 30 psi on 12 Jul. Five d prior to insecticide application 6 black headed ECB egg masses were placed on 10 marked plants/replicate for later evaluation. On 3 Aug, the marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Evaluation of Three Classes of Insecticides Against Bollworms and Budworms Following Poor Control in Southern North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Bacheler Jack , Mott Dan
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted in Jones County, NC, in a cotton field which had shown moderate survival of a mixed population of BW and TBW following 2 applications of the pyrethroid Karate at 0.025 lb (AI)/acre via aerial application on 20 and 29 Jun. The field had been planted 2 May on 38-inch rows, and recommended fertility and weed management practices had been followed. Moisture conditions were excellent at planting, though very dry during Jul and Aug. A residual population of 8 to 10% BW and TBW had survived the second grower treatment. Plots within a representative portion of the field, measuring 6 rows X 50 ft, were laid out with plastic tape and arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. The single treatment was made on 4 Aug with a CO2-pressurized back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 nozzle per row. On 10 Aug, 25 squares and bolls from each plot (100 of each total) were examined for damage and live bollworms and budworms. Species were not separated. All data were analyzed via ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Boll Weevil, 1995
Authors: Klein C. D. , Johnson D. R. , Meyers H. B.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 17 May at the James Ray farm in Lonoke County. Insecticides were applied on 11, 19, 22, 26, and 29 Aug with a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle equipped with a CO2 sprayer. Total volume was 7.2 gpa at 25 psi using Teejet TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Plots consisted of 12 rows (38 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Ratings were made 2-3 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot for boll weevil damage. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 3 Nov using a John Deere 2-row picker.
Effects of Selected Foliar and In-Furrow Applied Insecticides on Thrips Injury, Plant Stand and Yield of Virginia Peanut, 1995
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides, applied as in-furrow or foliar treatments, was evaluated against TT injury and for effects on plant stand and yield of Virginia-type peanut. ‘VA-C 92R’ peanuts were planted 4 May at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA., using 36-inch row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with tractor-mounted jars calibrated to deliver exact amounts through lid holes via gravity; liquids with a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gpa at 24 psi through one SS8001E flat fan nozzle per row mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to the row direction. Foliar sprays were applied in a 12- to 14-inch band over the row with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gpa at 22 psi through one 8003E nozzle per row. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0 to 10 scale where 0 = no thrips induced plant injury, 1 = 10% injured leaves, 2 = 20% injured leaves, 3 = 30% injured leaves, 4 = 40% injured leaves, 5 = ≥50% injured leaves + ≤5% terminal buds injured, 6 = ≥50% injured leaves + 25% terminal buds injured, 7 = ≥50% injured leaves + 50% terminal buds injured, 8 = ≥50% injured leaves + 75% terminal buds injured, 9 = ≥50% injured leaves + ≥90% terminal buds injured, and 10 = dead plants. Injury data for 25 May was recorded before foliar band treatments had been applied. Plant stand was determined by counting the plants in the 2 center rows of each plot. Yield was determined from digging, drying and combining peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Effect of Selected Insecticide/Acaricides on Twospotted Spider Mite in Virginia Peanut, 1995
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Selected insecticide/acaricides were evaluated for efficacy against TSSM in cv. ‘NC 7’ Virginia-type peanut in Isle of Wight County, VA. Peanuts were planted on 4 May using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied on 28 Jul. The Comite + 5 d treatment was applied again on 5 Aug. Karate, at the 0.025 and 0.04 lb (AI)/acre rates, Capture C, and Danitol were applied again on 9 Aug. All were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gpa at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 15 ft. Treatments were evaluated on 28, 31 Jul and on 3, 7, 11, 16, 22 and 29 Aug by comparing the number of live mites in a 1.5 cm diam area on 2 randomly selected leaflets per plot. Mite counts were made in the field using 10x magnification lenses. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures. Cumulative mite-days (CMD) were calculated for each treatment over the entire test period using Σ(Xi+1 – Xi)[(Yi + Yi+1)/2], where Xi and Xi+1 are adjacent sample dates and Yi and Yi+1 are corresponding points of mean mite number per leaflet.
Control of Hornworms and Budworms and the Impact on Tobacco Aphid in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1994
Authors: Taylor J. Delano , Crowe Bert D. , McPherson Robert M.
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco, CV ‘K-326’, was transplanted on 22 Mar, 1994 at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied: Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, Nemacur for nematode suppression, and Lorsban for wireworm and mole crickei control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots, 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) X 50 ft, were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. In early Jun, all plants in each plot were cut down to an eighteen inch mainstem and all leaves were removed. All cui plants were then allowed to regrow with 2-3 main suckers. On 14 Jun, additional nitrogen (16-0-0) was applied at a rate of 100 lb/acre. On 28 Jun. nine insecticide treatments (plus an untreated control) were applied to the first 3 rows of selected plots using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 23.2 gpa at 40 psi. The number of live homworms and budworms was recorded per 20 plants from the center row of each plot prior to application, and 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Aphid populations also were recorded on plants 2, 4, and 6 of the center row on each sampling date. On 26 Jul, plants 2-9 on the center row were visually examined for both hornworm and budworm defoliation. All data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Green June Beetle Control in a Bermudagrass Pasture, 1995
Authors: Flanders K. L. , Graves N. G. , Cox G. , DeLamar Z. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a poultry farm in Snead, AL Test was a RCB design (four replications), with two blocks in each of two adjacent bermudagrass paddocks. Bermudagrass was 4-6 inches tall a treatment. The paddocks were on sandy loam soil, and had a history of being fertilized with poultry manure. Insecticide treated plots were 60 ft by 30( ft, untreated plots were 30 ft by 300 ft. Insecticides were applied 15 Sep with a tractor drawn sprayer in 25 gpa (40 psi, flat fan nozzles). Plots wen evaluated 20 Sep by excavating five, 0.4 ft2 samples located randomly along the center line of each plot. Samples were dug to a depth of 8 inches Number of live green June beetle grubs was counted per sample. Number of dead grubs on the surface in each of five, randomly located 4 ft2 quadrat-was counted on each treated plot on 16 Sep. Fresh tunnelling injury was rated on a 0-9 scale, using a 4ft2 sampling frame divided into nine sections Tunnelling in any given section was given a rating of 1, and summed over all sections. Five random estimates of tunnelling injury were made per plo on 20 Sep. Counts and ratings were averaged for each plot before data analysis.
Evaluation of Rh0345 and Turcam 76Wp for Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (10 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 88°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 80°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inches; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 67.0% sand, 28.6% silt, 4.5% clay; organic matter, 22.0%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 67.1; water pH, 7; soil pH, 6.4; application time, mid-afternoon; and overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.175 inch of water and 0.1 inch irrigation 14 hr after treatment. Posttreatment counts were completed on 2 Oct. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Twospotted Spider Mite Efficacy on Marigold, 1995
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

On 14 Jul, eighty-four, 6-inch-tall marigolds were planted in 6 inch pots from bedding flats at the Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. On this day the plants were infested with twospotted spider mites raised on bean plants in the laboratory, by placing 3 infested leaves on each test plant. Precounts were made on 19 Jul by collecting 3 leaves from each plant (1 each from the top, middle and bottom) and counting the number of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. The plants were then blocked by the precounts. All fourteen treatments were sprayed on 20 Jul with an R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 flat fan nozzle at 50 psi to runoff. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with each replicate being an individual plant. Postcounts were made on 25 Jul, 2, 9 and 16 Aug in the same manner as the precounts.
Efficacy of Two Formulations of Rh-0345 (A Growth Regulator) and Merit Against European Chafer and Japanese Beetle Larvae, Home Lawn, 1995
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Two formulations of RH0345 (2F and 2.5G) and Merit (75 SP and 0.5G) were tested for efficacy against European chafer and Japanese beetle larvae on a home lawn in Waltham, Mass. Grub populations were ca. 60% European chafer, 30% Japanese beetle, and 10% Asiatic garden beetle at the time of evaluation. The lawn consisted of 30% perennial ryegrass, 30% annual bluegrass, 30% crabgrass, and 10% dandelion, and was mowed at ca. 1.5 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB. All applications were made between 10:00 and 11:00 AM on 1 Aug 95. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can, 3 liters per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temp. 82° F, sunny and moderately humid with light SW wind (5-10 mph); soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.4; water pH, 8.2. All plots were hand watered with 0.1 inch immediately after application, and an additional 0.2 inch was applied through overhead irrigation within 2 hr after application. No measurable rain fell in the area for 2 wk after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 11 Sep (41 DAT) by removing 5 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Laboratory Efficacy of Selected Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Blueberry Mealybug, 1995
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Stuart R. J. , Lewis E. E.
Published: December 2017

Experiments were conducted in plastic Petri dishes (35 mm diam.) filled with coarse sterile sand mixed with distilled water (10% water by weight). A single final instar mealybug on a small piece of fresh blueberry root was buried in the center of each dish. Nematodes were added in a drop of distilled water (50 u.1) applied away from the center of the dish. Different doses of nematodes were applied using the dilution method in which a series of mixtures of nematodes in water was prepared at the appropriate densities for each experiment. In Experiment 1, three species of nematodes, Steinernema carpocapse (All strain), S. glaseri (NC strain) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HP88 strain), were tested at doses of 10, 50, 100, and 500 infective juveniles (ijs) per dish. Mealybug mortality was assessed at 2- and 5-DAT. Each treatment (species/dose/exposure period) was replicated 12 times. Replicates where the mealybug could not be located were omitted from the study. In Experiment 2, we tested S. feltiae (Australia strain) and H. bacteriophora (HbNJ strain) at 50, 100, 500, and 1000 ijs per dish at an exposure period of 5 d, and replicated 24 times per treatment. In both experiments, after treatment application, the dishes were placed in a large food storage box with damp paper towels to maintain a high humidity, and incubated at 25°C. The nematodes for all experiments were reared in Galleria mellonella larvae and used within two weeks of emergence into white traps.
Control of German Cockroaches with a Hydramethylnon Bait
Authors: Ross Mary H.
Published: December 2017

The response of German cockroaches to MaxForce, a 0.05% hydramethylnon bait (Clorox Co.), in the presence of an alternate food source, was evaluated. Also, survivors were saved, mated, and progeny tested to investigate the possible development of either physiological or behavioral resistance. Cockroaches were from 5 field-collected strains from different geographic localities. Ten male and 10 female 6th instars were starved overnight, placed in 5 gal aquaria, and given a choice of dog chow or bait. Tests were run for 48 h. Mortality was recorded during and after the test until 2 d passed with no further death. Bait and dog chow consumption was determined (mg). Bait preference/avoidance was evaluated by dividing bait consumption by total food consumption (bait + dog chow). Six to 8 replicates were done on each strain in each generation.
Grape, Large Plot Grape Leafhopper Control, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature ‘Concord’ grape plantings near Lawton, MI (Brian Cronneweitt farm) as one-acre, unreplicated blocks. Two 0.3 acre blocks served as untreated checks. All treatments were applied on 10 Jul with an Ag-Tech airblast sprayer using 30 gpa. Grape leafhoppers were sampled weekly from 7 Jul until 12 Sep by counting the no. of nymphs on 25 leaves. Ten sets of counts were made in each plot on each sample date. Leafhopper counts for all dates were transformed to Log(x + 1) and analyzed in MSTATC using one way ANOVA. Fischer’s LSD multiple comparison procedure was performed on sample dates with significant treatment effects (P < 0.05).
Insecticides to Control Cucumber Beetles in Spring and Fall, 1996
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cucumbers were planted on 17 Jun and 12 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 2 rows 25 ft long with 5 ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by 10 ft of bare ground. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB. Prior to planting, the Admire and Furadan treatments were applied in furrow using a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer. The foliar sprays were applied with a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 45 gpa at 40 psi. The Adios AG treatments were broadcast over the appropriate rows using a hand-held shaker on the same dates as the foliar sprays. Application dates were 18 and 24 Jul and 2 Aug for the spring planting and 30 Aug and 9 and 23 Sep for the fall planting. Evaluation criteria were: beetle counts on a 6 ft row section of each plot. Dates with significant differences are recorded in the tables. No attempt was made to obtain yield data, because the growth of the crop across the field was highly variable due to heavy rainfall, especially in the spring planting.
Potato Leafhopper Control on Alfalfa, 1996
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The 68 X 68 ft plots were in a 4-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated three times in a RCB design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 20 Jun with a low pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 stainless steel 8003 Tee Jet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH densities were determined 4, 7, 11 and 18 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Apple, Early Season Evaluation of Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Seven insecticide treatments and an untreated check, each replicated 4 times, were applied to single-tree plots of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Yorking’ trees, in a randomized block design. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 x 20 ft and were 23 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 GPA at 2 mph. Phenological stages for tree development and insecticide applications were based on ‘Golden Delicious’ development. A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP) were applied at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal fall in early May. Effectiveness of the sprays for rosy apple aphid control was evaluated by counting the total number of RAA injured clusters/tree and total number of injured apples per tree in a 5-min sample per tree for each variable. WALH was sampled by counting the number of nymphs present on 25 injured leaves per tree. Also, 200 leaves per tree were randomly sampled for evidence of stippling caused by the feeding of WALH. STLM was evaluated on 6 Jun by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines per 5 min around the periphery of the tree. A sample of tissue-feeding mines was collected and the percentage of parasitized STLM determined. Pest pressure was moderate.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer, 1996
Authors: Witkowski John , Echtenkamp Jerry
Published: December 2017

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for second generation ECB control were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 16 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn Hi-Boy calibrated to deliver 17 gpa at 30 psi. Two days prior to application, six black headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked corn plants in each replicate. Experimental design was RCB with four replications. On 27 Sep, the infested plants were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance. Treatment means were separated using LSD procedures.
Cotton Aphid Control on Cotton, 1996
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was seeded on 36 inch beds in a field at the West Watkins AREC, Lane, OK in Jul. The experimental design was a CRB with 4 replicates and 5 treatments. Plots were 3 beds wide and 50 ft long. Insecticide treatments were made to 2 of the 3 beds in each plot with a high clearance sprayer (24 gpa, 40psi) using 5 flat fan nozzles per bed. Applications were made to the plots on 20 and 27 Sep and 15 Oct. Aphid abundance was determined approximately 3 days after application by counting all aphids present on the terminal 3 mature leaves on 5 plants per plot. Data were transformed prior to analysis with a Logl0(n + 1) transformation and then analyzed using ANOVA and a LSD (P = 0.1).
Control of Cotton Aphid with Insecticide Tank Mixes, 1995
Authors: Studebaker Glenn
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticide combinations against cotton aphids in northeast Arkansas. Test plots consisted of four, 38-inch rows 50 ft long. Treatments were arranged in . RCBD with 4 replications. The plots were treated with aldicarb at 0.5 lbs (AI)/acre at planting. Plots were over-sprayed with oxamyl at 0.25 lbs (AI)/acre on 20 Jun. Treatments were applied on 11 Jul with a hand-held boom calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through two TX-4 hollow-cone nozzles per row at 42 psi. Treatments were evaluated 3 DAT by counting the number of live cotton aphids on 10 leaves per plot. At 7 DAT an epizootic of the entomopathe genie fungus, Neozygites fresenii, had dramatically reduced numbers in all plots and the test was terminated.
Control of Black Cutworm Larvae on a Bentgrass Fairway, 1996
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on a golf course fairwa; of Columbia Hills Country Club at Columbia Station in Lorain Co., OH. Insecticides were applied the evening of 30 Jul to plots 6 X 20 ft (1.8 x 6.1 m arranged in a RCB replicated four times. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ XR8006VS nozzles at 29 psi (2.04 kg/cm2) pressurt that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). The experimental area received no post-treatment irrigation between applications and data acqui sition. Environmental conditons at time of treatment were as follows: BCW - approximately 6/yd2, various instars; turf-level, dry, 1/2 inch (13 mm) ht 100% creeping bentgrass, 14 inch (6 mm) thatch depth; soil - moist, 78°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 79°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm); weather - mostly cloudy, 80°F 0-10 mph (0-16 km/h). Counts of the BCW carcasses present on surface of each plot were recorded the morning following treatment approximately 12 hours after treatment. Evaluation was done on the morning of 1 Aug, approximately 36 hours after treatment, by recording the number of BCW live lar vae flushed to the surface using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Joy dishwashing detergent per 2 gal (7.6 liter) water in two 1 yd2 (0.9 X 0.9 m) areas ii each plot.
Spring Management of Adult Black Turfgrass Ataenius on a Golf Course Fairway, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The field plot consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%) and creeping bentgrass (70%) in Easton, PA. Treatment plots were 6 X 6 ft, arranged in a complete randomized block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 682 ml of water/36 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At the treatment time (13 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 54°F; temperature at 1 inch depth, 60°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 58°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.5 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 24.8% sand, 51.9% silt, 23.3% clay; organic matter, 2.6%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 18.8%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.3; application time, late-morning; and skies were clear. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 20 May. BTA control was evaluated by randomly placing two 14-inch filtration rings in each replicate, filling them with soapy water, and counting the total number of adult black turfgrass ataenius floating to the surface.
Summer Management of Hairy Chinch Bug with Formulations of Bifenthrin, Diazinon, and Dursban on Established Fescue Turfgrass, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue in Somerset, PA. Treatment plots were 4 X 6 ft arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 182 ml of water/24 ft2 or delivering 2 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (31 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 69°F; RH, 73%; amount of thatch, 0.75 inch; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 34.4% sand, 48.7% silt, 16.9% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 24.1%; organic matter, 5.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.2; application time, late morning; and overcast skies. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period 6 DAT (6 Aug) and 14 DAT (14 Aug). Two flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.