bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and characterization of β-lactamase-producing bacteria in biomedical wastewater and in silico enhancement of antibiotic efficacy
Authors: Mannan Sultana Juhara , Akash Shopnil , Jahin Sumaya Afnan , Saqif Ahnaf Tahmid , Begum Kohinur , Yasmin Mahmuda , Ahsan Chowdhury Rafiqul , Sitotaw Baye , Dawoud Turki M. , Nafidi Hiba-Allah , Bourhia Mohammed
Published: January 2024

Wastewater discharged from hospitals is a recognized contributor to the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their associated genetic traits into the environment. This study focused on the analysis of β-lactamase-producing pathogenic bacteria within untreated biomedical wastewater originating from various hospitals in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, as well as in silico evaluation and structural activity relationship mentioned antibiotics were evaluated. In silico drug design techniques were applied to identify the relationship with how the functional group impacts the binding energy. Out of the 184 isolates obtained from well-established hospital sewage discharge points in Dhaka, 89 were identified as β-lactamase positive. These bacteria were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the VITEK-2 assay, and their profiles of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production were determined through molecular methodologies. Among the β-lactamase-positive isolates, considerable resistance was observed, particularly against ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, and Meropenem. The predominant resistant species included Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae. The study identified the prevalence of ESBL-producing genes, with blaNDM-1 being the most prevalent, followed by blaOXA-1, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaKPC. None of the isolates carried the blaTEM gene. In addition to characterizing these bacteria, the research explored ways to enhance the binding energy of four existing antibiotics as new inhibitors through computational studies. The findings revealed significant improvements in binding energy. Specifically, Meropenem initially exhibited a binding energy of −7.5 kcal/mol, notably increasing to −8.3 kcal/mol after modification. With an initial binding energy was only −7.9 kcal/mol, Ampicillin experienced an enhancement, reaching −8.0 kcal/mol post-modification. Similarly, Ceftriaxone, with an initial binding energy of −8.2 kcal/mol, increased to −8.5 kcal/mol following structural adjustments. Finally, Cefuroxime, initially registering a binding energy of −7.1 kcal/mol, substantially increased to −8.9 kcal/mol after modification. This finding establishes a foundation for future investigations in the development of modified antibiotics to address the issue of antibiotic resistance. It presents prospective remedies for the persistent problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in healthcare and the environment.
Diazotrophic abundance and community structure associated with three meadow plants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Nshimiyimana Jean Bosco , Zhao Kang , Wang Wenying , Kong Weidong
Published: January 2024

Symbiotic diazotrophs form associations with legumes and substantially fix nitrogen into soils. However, grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are dominated by non-legume plants, such as Kobresia tibetica. Herein, we investigated the diazotrophic abundance, composition, and community structure in the soils and roots of three plants, non-legume K. tibetica and Kobresia humilis and the legume Oxytropis ochrocephala, using molecular methods targeting nifH gene. Diazotrophs were abundantly observed in both bulk and rhizosphere soils, as well as in roots of all three plants, but their abundance varied with plant type and soil. In both bulk and rhizosphere soils, K. tibetica showed the highest diazotroph abundance, whereas K. humilis had the lowest. In roots, O. ochrocephala and K. humilis showed the highest and the lowest diazotroph abundance, respectively. The bulk and rhizosphere soils exhibited similar diazotrophic community structure in both O. ochrocephala and K. tibetica, but were substantially distinct from the roots in both plants. Interestingly, the root diazotrophic community structures in legume O. ochrocephala and non-legume K. tibetica were similar. Diazotrophs in bulk and rhizosphere soils were more diverse than those in the roots of three plants. Rhizosphere soils of K. humilis were dominated by Actinobacteria, while rhizosphere soils and roots of K. tibetica were dominated by Verrumicrobia and Proteobacteria. The O. ochrocephala root diazotrophs were dominated by Alphaproteobacteria. These findings indicate that free-living diazotrophs abundantly and diversely occur in grassland soils dominated by non-legume plants, suggesting that these diazotrophs may play important roles in fixing nitrogen into soils on the plateau.
Active substances of myxobacteria against plant diseases and their action mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Lele , Bao Liangliang , Li Songyuan , Liu Yang , Liu Huirong
Published: January 2024

Myxobacteria have a complex life cycle and unique social behavior. They can prey on plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes in the soil by producing some enzymes and small molecule compounds. The enzymes mainly include β-1,6-glucanase, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, protease, peptidase, and formaldehyde dismutase. β-1,6-glucanase, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase can degrade the glycosidic bonds in the cell wall of plant pathogen, causing some holes to form on the cell walls of the plant pathogen. Proteases and peptidases can break plant pathogenic cells into many small fragments and facilitate extracellular digestion of proteins during myxobacterial predation. Formaldehyde dismutase converts formaldehyde to formate and methanol, it can help myxobactria protect themselves in the process of predation. Small molecule substances produced by myxobacteria include isooctanol, di-isobutyl phthalate, myxovirescin, cystobactamid derivatives, hyalodione, argyrin derivatives, Methyl (2R)-2-azido-3-hydroxyl-2-methylpropanoate and N-(3-Amino-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-meth-ylsulfuric diamide, etc. Isooctanol destroyed the cell wall and cell membrane of plant pathogen, causing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to accumulate, leading to apoptosis and cell death. Di-isobutyl phthalate had biofilm inhibitory activity against bacteria. Myxovirescin could inhibit the incorporation of diamibopimelic acid and uridine diphosphate-Nacetylglucosamine intobacterial cell wall and interfered with the polymerizaton of the lipid-disacchar-pentapeptide. Cystobactamid derivatives exerted their natural antibacterial properties by inhibition of bacterial gyrases. Hyalodione had broad antibacterial and antifungal activity. Argyrin derivatives inhibited protein synthesis by interfering with the binding of elongation factor G (EF-G) to ribosomes. Methyl (2R)-2-azido-3-hydroxyl-2-methylpropanoate and N-(3-Amino-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-meth-ylsulfuric diamide reduced the content of soluble proteins and the activity of protective enzymes (PPO, POD, PAL, and SOD) in plant pathogen, increased oxidative damage and cell membrane permeability. Myxobacteria, as a new natural compound resource bank, can control plant pathogenic fungi, oomycetes and bacteria by producing some enzymes and small molecule compounds, so it has great potential in plant disease control.
An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in raw and cooked kibble diets for dogs in the United Kingdom
Authors: Morgan Genever , Pinchbeck Gina , Taymaz Eda , Chattaway Marie Anne , Schmidt Vanessa , Williams Nicola
Published: January 2024

Raw meat diets (RMD) for dogs are an increasingly popular alternative pet food choice, however studies worldwide have demonstrated them to be contaminated with zoonotic and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, including bacteria resistant to critically important antibiotics. Despite this, few data exist surrounding the presence of these bacteria in RMD in the United Kingdom. The present study aimed to identify the most commonly selected RMD and non-raw diets (NRMD) by United Kingdom dog owners. Additionally, it investigated the presence of AMR-Enterobacteriaceae in samples of pre-prepared RMD and cooked commercial kibble dog foods. An online survey investigating diet preferences of United Kingdom dog owners was open for 6 weeks between February–March 2020. From this, the top 10 brands of pre-prepared raw and cooked kibble diets were ascertained and 134 samples purchased (110 RMD, 24 kibble) and subjected to microbiological testing. Bacterial enumeration of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae was undertaken, and the presence of Salmonella spp. and AMR-E. coli within samples determined. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken on Salmonella spp. and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Pre-prepared RMD was most commonly selected by dog owners who fed RMD, and cooked commercial complete dry food was most frequently fed by owners who fed NRMD. Damaged and leaking packaging was observed in samples of RMD, alongside variability in information provided surrounding product traceability. Counts of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae exceeding >5,000 CFU/g were identified in samples of RMD. AMR-, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and 3GCR-E. coli was isolated from 39, 14 and 16% of RMD samples, respectively. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Of the ESBL encoding genes, blaCTX-M-15 was most commonly identified. S. enterica was isolated from 5% of RMD samples. No Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from any of the cooked kibble samples. The present study suggests that pre-prepared RMD available for dogs in the United Kingdom can be contaminated with zoonotic and AMR-Enterobacteriaceae. RMDs, therefore, are potentially an important One Health concern. Veterinary and medical professionals, pet food retailers and pet owners should be aware of these risks; and stringent hygiene measures should be practiced if owners choose to feed RMD.
Impact of gut microbiota on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: insights from a leave-one-out cross-validation study
Authors: Pan Tongtong , Su Lihuang , Zhang Yiying , Yi Fangfang , Chen Yongping
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Enteric dysbacteriosis is strongly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying causal relationship remains unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and NAFLD using Mendelian randomization (MR) and analyze the target genes potentially regulated by specific microbiota.

Methods

Bidirectional two-sample MR analysis was performed using inverse variance weighted (IVW) supplemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods. Data were pooled from gut microbiota and NAFLD association studies. The least absolute shrinkage, selection operator regression, and the Support Vector Machine algorithm were used to identify genes regulated by these intestinal flora in NAFLD. The liver expression of these genes was verified in methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed mice.

Results

IVW results confirmed a causal relationship between eight specific gut microbes and NAFLD. Notably, the order Actinomycetales, NB1n, the family Actinomycetaceae, Oxalobacteraceae and the genus Ruminococcaceae UCG005 were positively correlated, whereas Lactobacillaceae, the Christensenellaceae R7 group, and Intestinibacter were negatively correlated with NAFLD onset. In NAFLD, these eight bacteria regulated four genes: colony-stimulating factor 2 receptor β, fucosyltransferase 2, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 14, and microtubule affinity regulatory kinase 3 (MAPK3). All genes, except MARK3, were differentially expressed in the liver tissues of MCD diet-fed mice.

Discussion

The abundance of eight gut microbiota species and NAFLD progression displayed a causal relationship based on the expression of the four target genes. Our findings contributed to the advancement of intestinal microecology-based diagnostic technologies and targeted therapies for NAFLD.
Effects of coffee pericarp and litter mulsching on soil microbiomes diversity and functions in a tropical coffee plantation, South China
Authors: Zhao Shaoguan , Zhang Ang , Zhao Qingyun , Zhang Yaoyu , Wang Dong , Su Lanxi , Lin Xingjun , Sun Yan , Yan Lin , Wang Xianwen , An Na , Dong Yunping , Tan Jun , Long Yuzhou , Lu Zhiqing , Li Lihua
Published: January 2024

In recent decades, ecological cyclic cultivation models have attracted increasing attention, primarily because the decomposition of crop residues and litter enhances soil organic matter content, thereby altering the soil microenvironment and regulating the diversity and functions of soil microbial communities. However, the effects of different coffee waste mulching on the diversity of soil microbial communities and their functions are still unclear. Therefore, this study set up four kinds of covering treatments: uncovered coffee waste (C), covered coffee litter (L), covered coffee pericarp (P), and both covered coffee litter and pericarp (PL). The results showed that compared to the control, coffee pericarp mulching significantly increased the soil available potassium (SAK) content by 18.45% and alkali hydrolyzed N (SAN) content by 17.29%. Furthermore, coffee pericarp mulching significantly increased bacterial richness and diversity by 7.75 and 2.79%, respectively, while litter mulching had little effect on bacterial abundance and diversity was smaller. The pericarp mulching significantly increased the abundance of Proteus by 22.35% and the abundance of Chlamydomonas by 80.04%, but significantly decreased the abundance of Cyanobacteria by 68.38%, while the coffee litter mulching significantly increased the abundance of Chlamydomonas by 48.28%, but significantly decreased the abundance of Cyanobacteria by 73.98%. The increase in soil SAK promoted bacterial Anoxygenic_photoautotrophy, Nitrogen_respiration, Nitrate_respiration, Nitrite_respiration, and Denitrification functions. The above results indicate that the increase in available soil potassium and alkali hydrolyzed N content under coffee pericarp cover is the main reason for promoting the diversity and richness of bacterial community and promoting the changes in bacterial community structure and function. The use of coffee pericarps in coffee plantations for ecological recycling helps to improve the diversity of the soil microbial community and maintain the relative stability of the microbial community structure and function, promoting soil health conservation and the sustainable development of related industries.
Early fecal microbiota transplantation from high abdominal fat chickens affects recipient cecal microbiome and metabolism
Authors: Song Jiani , Luo Chaowei , Liu Zhijie , Liu Jingshou , Xie Li , Zhang Xing , Xie Zhuojun , Li Xiangkun , Ma Zheng , Ding Jinlong , Li Hua , Xiang Hai
Published: January 2024

Abdominal fat deposition (AFD) in chickens is closely related to the gut microecological balance. In this study, the gut microbiota from high-AFD chickens was transplanted into the same strain of 0-day-old chicks via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The FTM from chickens with high AFD had no obvious effects on growth traits, adult body weight, carcass weight, abdominal fat weight, and abdominal fat percentage, but did reduce the coefficient of variation of AFD traits. FMT significantly decreased cecal microbiome richness, changed the microbiota structure, and regulated the biological functions associated with energy metabolism and fat synthesis. Additionally, the cecal metabolite composition and metabolic function of FMT recipient chickens were also significantly altered from those of the controls. Transplantation of high-AFD chicken gut microbiota promoted fatty acid elongation and biosynthesis and reduced the metabolism of vitamins, steroids, and carbohydrates in the cecum. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which chicken gut microbiota affect host metabolic profiles and fat deposition.
Neospora caninum surface antigen 1 is a major determinant of the pathogenesis of neosporosis in nonpregnant and pregnant mice
Authors: Abdelbaky Hanan H. , Rahman Md. Masudur , Shimoda Naomi , Chen Yu , Hasan Tanjila , Ushio Nanako , Nishikawa Yoshifumi
Published: January 2024

Introduction

NcSAG1 is one of most widely investigated antigens of Neospora caninum in various research fields. Such studies demonstrated the proficiency of NcSAG1 in the regulatory process of parasite adhesion and invasion of host cells. Accordingly, the contribution of NcSAG1 to the pathogenesis of neosporosis can undoubtedly be extrapolated, but direct evidence is lacking. Herein, we provide the first successful attempt at the gene disruption of NcSAG1 and novel data on the invasion and virulence potentials of N. caninum in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

The disruption of the NcSAG1 gene was applied using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and confirmed by PCR, western blot and indirect fluorescent antibody tests as NcSAG1 knockout parasites (NcSAG1KO). Then, we investigated the role of NcSAG1 in the growth kinetics of the parasite in vitro.

Results and discussion

The deletion of the NcSAG1 gene significantly decreased the infection rate and reduced the egress rate of the parasite. An in vivo study using nonpregnant female and male BALB/c mice revealed a significantly higher survival rate and lower body weight change in the group infected with the NcSAG1KO parasite than in the parental strain (Nc-1)-infected group. Regarding the vertical transmission model of BALB/c mice, the absence of the NcSAG1 gene significantly enhanced the survival of pups and greatly lowered the parasite burden in the brains of pups. In conclusion, our study suggested NcSAG1 as a key molecule in the pathogenesis of N. caninum.
Effects of different foods and cooking methods on the gut microbiota: an in vitro approach
Authors: Lerma-Aguilera Alberto M. , Pérez-Burillo Sergio , Navajas-Porras Beatriz , León E. Daniel , Ruíz-Pérez Sonia , Pastoriza Silvia , Jiménez-Hernández Nuria , Cämmerer Bettina-Maria , Rufián-Henares José Ángel , Gosalbes María José , Francino M. Pilar
Published: January 2024

To support personalized diets targeting the gut microbiota, we employed an in vitro digestion-fermentation model and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze the microbiota growing on representative foods of the Mediterranean and Western diets, as well as the influence of cooking methods. Plant- and animal-derived foods had significantly different impacts on the abundances of bacterial taxa. Animal and vegetable fats, fish and dairy products led to increases in many taxa, mainly within the Lachnospiraceae. In particular, fats favored increases in the beneficial bacteria Faecalibacterium, Blautia, and Roseburia. However, butter, as well as gouda cheese and fish, also resulted in the increase of Lachnoclostridium, associated to several diseases. Frying and boiling produced the most distinct effects on the microbiota, with members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae responding the most to the cooking method employed. Nevertheless, cooking effects were highly individualized and food-dependent, challenging the investigation of their role in personalized diets.
Lipid rafts disruption by statins negatively impacts the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit and ACE2 in intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: El Khoury Marianne , Naim Hassan Y.
Published: January 2024

The causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, is a virus that targets mainly the upper respiratory tract. However, it can affect other systems such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therapeutic strategies for this virus are still inconclusive and understanding its entry mechanism is important for finding effective treatments. Cholesterol is an important constituent in the structure of cellular membranes that plays a crucial role in a variety of cellular events. In addition, it is important for the infectivity and pathogenicity of several viruses. ACE2, the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2, is associated with lipid rafts which are microdomains composed of cholesterol and sphingolipids. In this study, we investigate the role of statins, lipid-lowering drugs, on the trafficking of ACE2 and the impact of cholesterol modulation on the interaction of this receptor with S1 in Caco-2 cells. The data show that fluvastatin and simvastatin reduce the expression of ACE2 to variable extents, impair its association with lipid rafts and sorting to the brush border membrane resulting in substantial reduction of its interaction with the S1 subunit of the spike protein. By virtue of the substantial effects of statins demonstrated in our study, these molecules, particularly fluvastatin, represent a promising therapeutic intervention that can be used off-label to treat SARS-CoV-2.
Diversities and interactions of phages and bacteria in deep-sea sediments as revealed by metagenomics
Authors: Sun Xumei , Jiang Haibo , Zhang Siyuan
Published: January 2024

Phages are found virtually everywhere, even in extreme environments, and are extremely diverse both in their virion structures and in their genomic content. They are thought to shape the taxonomic and functional composition of microbial communities as well as their stability. A number of studies on laboratory culture and viral metagenomic research provide deeper insights into the abundance, diversity, distribution, and interaction with hosts of phages across a wide range of ecosystems. Although most of these studies focus on easily accessible samples, such as soils, lakes, and shallow oceans, little is known about bathypelagic phages. In this study, through analyzing the 16S rRNA sequencing and viral metagenomic sequencing data of 25 samples collected from five different bathypelagic ecosystems, we detected a high diversity of bacteria and phages, particularly in the cold seep and hydrothermal vent ecosystems, which have stable chemical energy. The relative abundance of phages in these ecosystems was higher than in other three abyssal ecosystems. The low phage/host ratios obtained from host prediction were different from shallow ecosystems and indicated the prevalence of prophages, suggesting the complexity of phage–bacteria interactions in abyssal ecosystems. In the correlation analysis, we revealed several phages–bacteria interaction networks of potential ecological relevance. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the interactions between bathypelagic bacteria and their phages.
Bioleaching of tennantite concentrate: influence of microbial community and solution redox potential
Authors: Kondo Shota , Hayashi Kaito , Phann Idol , Okibe Naoko
Published: January 2024

Despite its growing importance as a Cu resource, studies on tennantite bioleaching are highly limited. One of the key challenges in processing such Cu-As sulfides is their refractoriness and the solubilisation of toxic As. The ultimate goal is to achieve selective bioleaching of Cu with simultaneous immobilisation of As in the leach residues. This study investigated the effectiveness of activated carbon (AC)-assisted bioleaching of tennantite concentrate using a mixed culture containing various “strong” and “weak” Fe-oxidising bacteria/archaea plus a S-oxidising bacterium, with particular emphasis on controlling the solution redox potential (Eh). In the initial flask bioleaching tests, a steady increase in Eh (up to 840 mV) was observed, reflecting the activity of “strong” Fe-oxidisers. In this situation, AC dosing effectively suppressed the Eh value and the highest Cu dissolution (70%) was obtained in the AC-0.01% system, while simultaneously immobilising As. In order to maximise Cu dissolution and As immobilisation, it was found preferable to target the Eh range of 650–700 mV during bioleaching. The next bioreactor tests used the mixed culture of the same origin, but had been subcultured a few generations further on tennantite concentrate. The Eh level remained unexpectedly low (~630 mV) for most of the leaching period, regardless of the AC dosage. It was later found that the bioreactor systems were almost exclusively dominated by Sb. thermosulfidooxidans, a “weak” Fe oxidiser with high Cu/As tolerance. In this case, there was no need to artificially suppress the Eh level by AC dosing and Cu leached readily to a final Cu dissolution of ~60% while As dissolution was suppressed to ~15%. Thus, depending on the microbial community that develops at the processing site, Eh control can be achieved either naturally by the activity of “weak” Fe-oxidisers as the predominant survivors under high Cu/As stress, or artificially by the addition of an Eh regulator such as a carbon catalyst.
Zinc phthalocyanine loaded- antibody functionalized nanoparticles enhance photodynamic therapy in monolayer (2-D) and multicellular tumour spheroid (3-D) cell cultures
Authors: Simelane Nokuphila Winifred Nompumelelo , Abrahamse Heidi
Published: January 2024

In conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT), effective delivery of photosensitizers (PS) to cancer cells can be challenging, prompting the exploration of active targeting as a promising strategy to enhance PS delivery. Typically, two-dimensional (2-D) monolayer cell culture models are used for investigating targeted photodynamic therapy. However, despite their ease of use, these cell culture models come with certain limitations due to their structural simplicity when compared to three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture models such as multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTSs). In this study, we prepared gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that were functionalized with antibodies and loaded with tetra sulphonated zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcS4). Characterization techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the size and morphology of the prepared nanoconjugates. We also conducted a comparative investigation to assess the photodynamic effects of ZnPcS4 alone and/or conjugated onto the bioactively functionalized nanodelivery system in colorectal Caco-2 cells cultured in both in vitro 2-D monolayers and 3-D MCTSs. TEM micrographs revealed small, well distributed, and spherical shaped nanoparticles. Our results demonstrated that biofunctionalized nanoparticle mediated PDT significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cancer monolayers and, to a lesser extent, in Caco-2 MCTSs. Live/dead assays further elucidated the impact of actively targeted nanoparticle-photosensitizer nanoconstruct, revealing enhanced cytotoxicity in 2-D cultures, with a notable increase in dead cells post-PDT. In 3-D spheroids, however, while the presence of targeted nanoparticle-photosensitizer system facilitated improved therapeutic outcomes, the live/dead results showed a higher number of viable cells after PDT treatment compared to their 2-D monolayer counterparts suggesting that MCTSs showed more resistance to PS drug as compared to 2-D monolayers. These findings suggest a high therapeutic potential of the multifunctional nanoparticle as a targeted photosensitizer delivery system in PDT of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the choice of cell culture model influenced the response of cancer cells to PDT treatment, highlighting the feasibility of using MCTSs for targeted PS delivery to colorectal cancer cells.
Cognitive training for older prisoners: a qualitative analysis of prisoners’ and staff members’ perceptions
Authors: Verhülsdonk Sandra , Folkerts Ann-Kristin , Hasenberg Caroline , Bohn Claire , Christl Julia , Kalbe Elke , Krieger Theresia
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Correctional institutions are challenged by increasing numbers of older prisoners. Existing literature highlights the vulnerability of this group that is reflected by various somatic and mental health issues including cognitive dysfunctions. Although cognitive training studies in various target groups of older people have been conducted, there is lack of data regarding cognitive training in older prisoners. A structured cognitive group training program (“NEUROvitalis Prison”) with 12 weekly sessions was offered to male prisoners in Germany.

Methods

Post intervention an exploratory qualitative study was conducted. Prisoners (N = 18) and staff (N = 4) perspectives were explored by conducting face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Audiotaped data were fully transcribed and deductive-inductive content analyses applied.

Results

Both the prisoners and the staff perceived the cognitive training as very positive and stimulating. Moreover, the importance of the training was pronounced in terms of an increase in self-esteem and understanding of cognition and aging in the prisoners.

Discussion

Our data indicate that cognitive training may be a feasible and valuable intervention for older prisoners that will be appreciated by both inmates and staff. The qualitative data provide substantial insight into the experiences with the applied cognitive training program. Moreover, valuable modifications for future conduct can be derived.
Development and deployment of a nationwide predictive model for chronic kidney disease progression in diabetic patients
Authors: Fu Zhiyan , Wang Zhiyu , Clemente Karen , Jaisinghani Mohit , Poon Ken Mei Ting , Yeo Anthony Wee Teo , Ang Gia Lee , Liew Adrian , Lim Chee Kong , Foo Marjorie Wai Yin , Chow Wai Leng , Ta Wee An
Published: January 2024

Aim

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major complication of diabetes and a significant disease burden on the healthcare system. The aim of this work was to apply a predictive model to identify high-risk patients in the early stages of CKD as a means to provide early intervention to avert or delay kidney function deterioration.

Materials and methods

Using the data from the National Diabetes Database in Singapore, we applied a machine-learning algorithm to develop a predictive model for CKD progression in diabetic patients and to deploy the model nationwide.

Results

Our model was rigorously validated. It outperformed existing models and clinician predictions. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of our model is 0.88, with the 95% confidence interval being 0.87 to 0.89. In recognition of its higher and consistent accuracy and clinical usefulness, our CKD model became the first clinical model deployed nationwide in Singapore and has been incorporated into a national program to engage patients in long-term care plans in battling chronic diseases. The risk score generated by the model stratifies patients into three risk levels, which are embedded into the Diabetes Patient Dashboard for clinicians and care managers who can then allocate healthcare resources accordingly.

Conclusion

This project provided a successful example of how an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model can be adopted to support clinical decision-making nationwide.
A nomogram for the prediction of short-term mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage requiring mechanical ventilation: a post-hoc analysis
Authors: Mei Qing , Shen Hui , Liu Jian
Published: January 2024

Background

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating stroke subtype with high morbidity and mortality. Although several studies have developed a prediction model in aSAH to predict individual outcomes, few have addressed short-term mortality in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The study aimed to construct a user-friendly nomogram to provide a simple, precise, and personalized prediction of 30-day mortality in patients with aSAH requiring mechanical ventilation.

Methods

We conducted a post-hoc analysis based on a retrospective study in a French university hospital intensive care unit (ICU). All patients with aSAH requiring mechanical ventilation from January 2010 to December 2015 were included. Demographic and clinical variables were collected to develop a nomogram for predicting 30-day mortality. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression method was performed to identify predictors, and multivariate logistic regression was used to establish a nomogram. The discriminative ability, calibration, and clinical practicability of the nomogram to predict short-term mortality were tested using the area under the curve (AUC), calibration plot, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

Admission GCS, SAPS II, rebleeding, early brain injury (EBI), and external ventricular drain (EVD) were significantly associated with 30-day mortality in patients with aSAH requiring mechanical ventilation. Model A incorporated four clinical factors available in the early stages of the aSAH: GCS, SAPS II, rebleeding, and EBI. Then, the prediction model B with the five predictors was developed and presented in a nomogram. The predictive nomogram yielded an AUC of 0.795 [95% CI, 0.731–0.858], and in the internal validation with bootstrapping, the AUC was 0.780. The predictive model was well-calibrated, and decision curve analysis further confirmed the clinical usefulness of the nomogram.

Conclusion

We have developed two models and constructed a nomogram that included five clinical characteristics to predict 30-day mortality in patients with aSAH requiring mechanical ventilation, which may aid clinical decision-making.
Changing handedness after nerve reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy
Authors: Yao Chenglun , Song Jie , Sun Jiayu , Tang Weijun , Chen Liang , Gu Yudong
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Right obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPI) often lead to left-handedness before limb function is restored post-surgery. A pertinent question arises about promoting a transition from left to right-handedness. We hypothesized that, with the decrease in neuroplasticity, handedness switching is not only difficult, but also reduces handedness-speech lateralization, impaired motor adaptability, and compromised language proficiency.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from January 1996 to January 2012 at our hospital. Participants were divided into intervention or control groups based on handedness switching. We compared handedness and computed lateral quotient (LQ) and lateralization index (LI) for handedness-speech center. Additionally, we assessed dominant hand’s writing speed, language function, and IQ. Associations between absolute LI and LQ values, writing speed, language scores, and IQ were examined.

Results

Nineteen extended Erb’s palsy participants were enrolled, eight in the intervention group, and 11 in the control. No right-handed individuals were found in either cohort. The intervention group had significantly lower LQ and LI values, and fewer achieved normal writing speed. Yet, no notable disparities in language scores or IQ emerged. Notably, we established correlations between motor finesse, handedness degree, and handedness-speech lateralization.

Conclusion

For right extended Erb’s palsy, shifting handedness is nearly unfeasible, and such an endeavor could trigger a reduction in handedness-speech lateralization magnitude and diminished motor finesse.
Investigating the application of “Guttmann Cognitest”® in older adults and people with acquired brain injury
Authors: Cattaneo Gabriele , Roca-Ventura Alba , Heras Eva , Anglada Maria , Missé Jan , Ulloa Encarnació , Fankhauser Simon , Opisso Eloy , García-Molina Alberto , Solana-Sánchez Javier
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Digital solutions for cognitive assessment are currently not only widely used in experimental contexts but can also be useful in clinical practice for efficient screening and longitudinal follow-up. The “Guttmann Cognitest”®, which includes seven computerized tasks designed to assess main cognitive functions, revealed in a previous validation study to be a potential useful tool to assess cognitive functioning in healthy middle-aged adults.

Method

Here, we present results from a validation in two different populations: one consisting of older adults, and the other comprising young and middle-aged individuals, some of them affected by acquired brain injury. To perform a convergent validity test, older adults were also administered with the MOCA, while young and middle-aged individuals were administered with a short neuropsychological assessment including gold-standard neuropsychological tests. We also conducted sensitivity and specificity analysis to establish the utility of this instrument in identifying potential cognitive dysfunctions in the two groups.

Results

Results demonstrated strong convergent validity as well as good specificity and sensitivity characteristics.

Discussion

This tool is a valid and useful instrument to assess cognitive functioning and detecting potential cases of cognitive dysfunctions in older adults and clinical populations.
Effects of a virtual reality-based mirror therapy system on upper extremity rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Okamura Ryohei , Nakashima Akira , Moriuchi Takefumi , Fujiwara Kengo , Ohno Kanta , Higashi Toshio , Tomori Kounosuke
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Virtual reality-based mirror therapy (VRMT) has recently attracted attention as a novel and promising approach for treating upper extremity dysfunction in patients with stroke. However, the clinical efficacy of VRMT has not been investigated.

Methods

This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of VRMT on upper extremity dysfunction in patients with stroke. We screened articles published between January 2010 and July 2022 in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Our inclusion criteria focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing VRMT groups with control groups (e.g., conventional mirror therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, or sham therapy). The outcome measures included the Fugl–Meyer assessment upper extremity test (FMA-UE), the box and block test (BBT), and the manual function test (MFT). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias tool 2.0. We calculated the standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The experimental protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022345756).

Results

This study included five RCTs with 148 stroke patients. The meta-analysis showed statistical differences in the results of FMA-UE [SMD = 0.81, 95% CI (0.52, 1.10), p < 0.001], BBT [SMD = 0.48, 95% CI (0.16, 0.80), p = 0.003], and MFT [SMD = 0.72, 95% CI (0.05, 1.40), p = 0.04] between the VRMT and the control groups.

Discussion

VRMT may play a beneficial role in improving upper extremity dysfunction after stroke, especially when combined with conventional rehabilitation. However, there were differences in the type of VRMT, stage of disease, and severity of upper extremity dysfunction. Multiple reports of high-quality RCTs are needed to clarify the effects of VRMT.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022345756.
What neuro-otology specialists need for better care of dizzy patients: a national survey
Authors: Mantokoudis Georgios , Zwergal Andreas , Heg Dik , Kerkeni Hassen , Diener Suzie , Kalla Roger , Korda Athanasia , Candreia Claudia , Welge-Lüssen Antje , Tarnutzer Alexander Andrea
Published: January 2024

Background

A substantial fraction of dizzy patients are assessed by neurologists and ear–nose–throat (ENT) physicians. With the differential diagnosis being broad and often different specialties involved, we aimed to assess the interaction with generalists from the specialists’ perspective to identify limitations and needs and to define strategies for improvement in patient care and education by the specialist.

Methods

One hundred eleven board-certified neurologists (n = 62) and ENT physicians (n = 49) working in Switzerland participated in an online survey. Here, we focused on limitations faced in the diagnostic workup and treatment of the dizzy patient and potential strategies to improve the standard of care and the interaction between generalists and specialists. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. We hypothesized that those specialists applying modern concepts in history-taking and bedside examination techniques reach a specific diagnosis more often and request fewer referrals.

Results

Specialists indicated higher confidence in reaching a specific diagnosis for patients presenting with acute dizziness than episodic/chronic dizziness (80% vs. 60%) at the first consultation. Knowledge of the timing-and-trigger concept [odds ratio (OR) = 0.81 (0.67–0.98), p = 0.034], as well as of subtle oculomotor/vestibular signs [OR = 0.80 (0.68–0.94), p = 0.007] was predictive of the self-reported probability of reaching a specific diagnosis in patients with episodic/chronic dizziness, while no such differences were observed in the care of acutely dizzy patients. Further referrals of acutely dizzy patients were significantly higher in neurologists than in ENT physicians (17% vs. 10%, p < 0.001) and in specialists located in the Latin part of Switzerland [OR = 2.84 (1.63–4.93), p < 0.001], while this was not the case for patients with episodic/chronic dizziness. Identified unmet needs included regular communication between physicians (27%/53%; always/often true) and sufficiently detailed information on the previous workup from the referrals (27%/53%). Specialists expressed most interest in hands-on courses/workshops, webinars, and practical guidelines for education.

Conclusion

In our survey, bedside state-of-the-art assessments were key in reducing the fraction of unclear dizzy cases. Several gaps were identified that should be addressed. Specifically, referring physicians should provide more comprehensive details regarding urgency, prior diagnostics, and treatment. Specifically, when promoting the knowledge of neurologists and ENT physicians, this should be preferentially done by offering a combination of hands-on courses and webinars.
Association between ambient temperature and stroke risk in high-risk populations: a systematic review
Authors: Danh Nathan , Ho Chau , Ford Emily , Zhang Jian , Hong Hua , Reid Christopher , Xu Dan
Published: January 2024

Background

Significant associations exist between ambient temperature and stroke risk, but results in high cardiovascular risk populations are lacking. This systemic review summarised current evidence on ambient temperature and overall stroke risk in a high cardiovascular risk population.

Methods

We performed a systematic literature search across MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and GEOBASE, from inception to 3 July 2023, to identify all population-based studies. Eligible studies screened by independent reviewers recruited individuals aged 18 years and over, where minimum 80% of participants had a high cerebral vascular disease (CVD) risk profile. The primary outcomes are stroke morbidity and mortality, while the secondary outcomes are morbidity and mortality of ischaemic stroke (IS), intracranial cerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SH).

Results

The database searches identified 9,025 articles. After removing duplicates, 7,647 articles were screened in title and abstract to identify 380 articles for full-text screening. After the full-text screening of 380 articles by two independent reviewers, 23 articles were included in the review.

Conclusion

The evidence for an association between ambient temperature and stroke incidence is that lower temperatures were more likely to increase morbidity and mortality risk of both haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke in older people. Conversely, higher ambient temperature is significantly associated with intracranial haemorrhage risk, but decreased risk with IS. Higher and lower ambient temperatures consistently increase stroke risks in patients with comorbidities of congestive heart failure and dyslipidaemia. This evidence implies the need to establish clinical guidelines for preventive intervention in patients with high stroke risks during extreme ambient temperatures.
Development and validation of a nomogram predictive model for cerebral small vessel disease: a comprehensive retrospective analysis
Authors: Li Ning , Li Ying-lei , Li Li-tao
Published: January 2024

Background

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a significant contributor to stroke, intracerebral hemorrhages, and vascular dementia, particularly in the elderly. Early diagnosis remains challenging. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel nomogram for the early diagnosis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). We focused on integrating cerebrovascular risk factors and blood biochemical markers to identify individuals at high risk of CSVD, thus enabling early intervention.

Methods

In a retrospective study conducted at the neurology department of the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from January 2020 to June 2022, 587 patients were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into a training set (70%, n = 412) and a validation set (30%, n = 175). The nomogram was developed using multivariable logistic regression analysis, with variables selected through the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) technique. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

Out of 88 analyzed biomarkers, 32 showed significant differences between the CSVD and non-CSVD groups. The LASSO regression identified 12 significant indicators, with nine being independent clinical predictors of CSVD. The AUC-ROC values of the nomogram were 0.849 (95% CI: 0.821–0.894) in the training set and 0.863 (95% CI: 0.810–0.917) in the validation set, indicating excellent discriminative ability. Calibration plots demonstrated good agreement between predicted and observed probabilities in both sets. DCA showed that the nomogram had significant clinical utility.

Conclusions

The study successfully developed a nomogram predictive model for CSVD, incorporating nine clinical predictive factors. This model offers a valuable tool for early identification and risk assessment of CSVD, potentially enhancing clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.
Influence of sport expertise in facilitating and inhibiting the recognition of the opponent’s intentions in sailing
Authors: Cancer Alice , Pirola Chiara , Fogassi Leonardo , Antonietti Alessandro
Published: January 2024

Starting from the proposed role of the mirror neuron system in the recognition of the intention underlying the actions of others, an experimental paradigm was implemented to test the role of sailing motor expertise in predicting the outcome of a competitor’s action. It was hypothesized that subjects with experience in sailing would correctly interpret the maneuver performed due to the activation of domain specific motor representations of the same movements and that subjects who practiced a sport different from sailing would perform worse because of the activation of irrelevant motor patterns. For doing so, a series of video clips, in which a professional sailor performed a tack or a feint, have been manipulated so that the video clips would stop at the moment of the dunkin, namely, when the boat acquires speed to tack or continue straight ahead. The task consisted in predicting whether the action following the dunkin was an actual tack or a feint. The performance of 87 subjects, divided into three subgroups (sailors, tennis players, sedentary), was evaluated in terms of accuracy in identifying the sailor’s intentions and correlated to age, gender, manual dominance, education, job, hours spent weekly playing videogames, and experience in playing sports. Results showed that the percentage of correct identifications of the intention to do a tack or feint was the highest in the group of sailors and the lowest in tennis players. An inverse relation between tennis experience and ability in recognizing the sailor’s intention was found in the group of tennis players. Gender, age, manual dominance, education, job, and experience with videogames were not found to be correlated with performance. Findings support the possible implication of the mirror neuron system in maneuver detection in sailing and may be a starting point for the development of psychological training in this sport.