bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food and social class
Authors: TOIVONEN TIMO
Published: July 2007

Food items are very good indicators of cultural differences between classes because the relative cost of food has generally decreased, thus allowing consumers more scope to choose personal food consumption models. The first purpose of this study was to make a comparison of classes and food choice between Britain and Finland. The analysis of Finnish data was conducted in an analogous way with the earlier British study. The results were in line with the findings of the British study: the boundaries between classes have been quite firm and stable from the 1960s to the 1990s. The second purpose of the study was to investigate some developmental trends of food choice on social classes in Finland in comparison with other relevant background variables. This study revealed that in 1990 there were still clear differences between the social classes in food consumption patterns. However, the impact of the socioeconomic group has slightly decreased, when the impact of type of household and the impact of income group is controlled.
Association between antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs and venous thromboembolism: results from the EDITH case–control study
Authors: Lacut K. , Le Gal G. , Couturaud F. , Cornily G. , Leroyer C. , Mottier D. , Oger E.
Published: July 2007

Cohort studies suggest that exposure to antipsychotic agents may be associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Few data concerning antidepressant drugs are available. Using a different methodological approach, the aim of this study was to estimate the association between neuroleptic and antidepressant drug use and the risk of VTE. We report the results of a case–control study designed to evaluate interactions between acquired and inherited risk factors of VTE. We included 677 cases hospitalized with deep vein thrombosis and or pulmonary embolism with no major acquired risk factor for VTE, and 677 controls matched for gender and age. Drug exposure was defined as current use of drugs at admission. Neuroleptic exposure was associated with an increased risk of VTE (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.2). Among neuroleptics, antipsychotic agent use was associated with a 3.5‐fold increased risk of VTE (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 2.0–6.2). No association was found between antidepressant drug exposure and the risk of VTE (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.9–1.5). In this hospital‐based case–control study, exposure to antipsychotic drugs was associated with an increased risk of VTE. These results, added to previous results, suggest that clinicians should consider antipsychotic drug exposure as a potential risk factor of VTE. More studies are needed in order to further elucidate this adverse effect, and to determine the possible predisposing factors and the biological mechanisms involved.
Genetic Diversity in Restoration Materials and the Impacts of Seed Collection in Colorado’s Restoration Plant Production Industry
Authors: Smith Sierra L. , Sher Anna A. , Grant Thomas A.
Published: July 2007

The ever increasing demand for native plants and seed for use in restoration and revegetation has created a sizable industry. The large‐scale production and planting of native plants have given rise to a suite of ecological concerns including collection impacts, genetic diversity, and provenance. This study examines the practices and beliefs of 12 restoration plant production companies in Colorado with regard to arising ecological issues and identifies where further research is needed. We found that native seed collection in Colorado was largely unregulated and unmonitored and impacts were unknown. Maintaining genetic diversity in restoration materials is costly and does not have universal support. The use of provenance material (or local ecotypes) was hotly contested with strong and sound arguments on both sides of the issue. Procurement of pure ecotypes was difficult because of the variety of institutions involved in production and complications such as artificial selection and cross‐pollination.
Science and Restoration Under a Big, Demon Haunted Tent: Reply to Giardina et al. (2007)
Authors: Cabin Robert J.
Published: July 2007

In a recent editorial, I discussed how the culture of science, heterogeneity of nature, and real‐world human complexities can limit the practical relevance of formal scientific research and argued that less formal approaches might often be more efficient and effective. Giardina et al. criticized this editorial and argued that formal science has and increasingly will play a central role in ecological restoration in particular and human progress in general. Here, I respond to these arguments and expand upon the ideas presented in my previous editorial. I further illustrate how despite superficial appearances the utilitarian value of formal science may often be largely indirect. I also argue that the complexities of ecological and human systems combined with the subjective values and political beliefs underlying restoration make transforming this discipline into a unified “hard science” virtually impossible. Because values and politics also underlie most environmental conflicts, and scientific inquiry is inherently unsuitable for resolving these kinds of disputes, the future success of restoration may depend more on political support than scientific progress. Dogmatic, nonfalsifiable faith in the universal superiority of “rigorous” scientific knowledge and methodologies can foster arrogance and intolerance and blind us to the ephemeral nature of scientific “truths” and the double‐edged sword of scientific “progress.” My hope is that Society for Ecological Restoration International (SERI) will remain a big inclusive tent that embraces a healthy diversity of foci and approaches that emulate the extraordinary diversity we find within the natural ecosystems and human cultures we strive to preserve, restore, and reconnect.
Habitat Restoration—Do We Know What We’re Doing?
Authors: Miller James R. , Hobbs Richard J.
Published: July 2007

The term “habitat restoration” appears frequently in conservation and landscape management documents but is often poorly articulated. There is a need to move to a clearer and more systematic approach to habitat restoration that considers appropriate goals linked to target species or suites of species, as well as the ecological, financial, and social constraints on what is possible. Recommendations for particular courses of action need to be prioritized so that restoration activities can achieve the best result possible within these constraints. There is unlikely to be a generic set of recommendations that is applicable everywhere because actions need to be matched to the particulars of site and situation. However, there is a generic set of questions that can be asked, which can help guide the process of deciding which restoration actions are most important and contribute most to the reestablishment of desirable habitat characteristics within a given project area.
Reproductive versus Vegetative Recruitment of the Invasive TreeSchinus terebenthifolius: Implications for Restoration on Reunion Island
Authors: Tassin Jacques , Rivière Jean‐Noël , Clergeau Philippe
Published: July 2007

Knowledge of propagation mechanisms is important for understanding the invasion ecology and management of invasive plants in order to restore invaded lands. The identification of recruitment pathways is one of the keys to understanding dispersal mechanisms and determining invasive plant control strategies. The objective of this study was to characterize the recruitment processes ofSchinus terebenthifolius, one of the most serious plant invaders in Reunion Island’s lowlands. Surprisingly, little attention was given in literature to vegetative propagation by suckering as a dispersal mechanism. Yet, field observations on abandoned farmland and riverbanks combined with germination experiments have shown major differences in recruitment patterns between wet and dry areas. On abandoned dryland farms, seedling emergence is 35 times less than on riverbanks and is replaced by suckering. Birds facilitated seed germination, but their role in seed dispersal (ornithochory) appeared minor and restricted to the formation of satellite invasion foci. Water movement appears to be a more efficient vector than ornithochory because it aids seed transportation (hydrochory), seed germination, and suckering on riverbanks. Control and restoration programs must distinguish the two kinds of recruitment that impact on short‐ and long‐distance dispersal.
Red Spruce Stand Dynamics, Simulations, and Restoration Opportunities in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Rentch James S. , Schuler Thomas M. , Ford W. Mark , Nowacki Gregory J.
Published: July 2007

Red spruce (Picea rubens)–dominated forests occupied as much as 600,000 ha in West Virginia prior to exploitive logging era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Subsequently, much of this forest type was converted to northern hardwoods. As an important habitat type for a number of rare or sensitive species, only about 12,000 ha of red spruce forests presently remain in the state. In order to assess the prospects for restoration, we examined six northern hardwood stands containing understory red spruce to (1) characterize stand dynamics and regeneration patterns and (2) simulate the effectiveness of restoration silviculture to enhance red spruce overstory recruitment. Stands originated in the late 1800s to early 1900s and are currently in the (late) stem exclusion or understory reinitiation stages. Five of the six stands had even‐aged overstories that originated after clear‐cutting. Tree‐ring chronologies show high initial growth rates consistent with stand initiation. One stand, partially harvested in 1915, was uneven aged with older, legacy residuals in the canopy. Most stands had two cohorts of understory red spruce, with more than 40% of these individuals showing prior release. Our 100‐year growth simulation suggested that a 50% basal area thinning from above could double red spruce basal area to support a mixed spruce–hardwood stand in approximately 20–40 years. These results indicate that restoration silviculture could be an effective tool for increasing the amount and quality of this reduced forest type in the central Appalachians.
Two Decades of River Restoration in California: What Can We Learn?
Authors: Kondolf G. M. , Anderson S. , Lave R. , Pagano L. , Merenlender A. , Bernhardt E. S.
Published: July 2007

As part of the National River Restoration Science Synthesis (NRRSS), we developed a summary database of 4,023 stream restoration projects built in California since 1980, from which we randomly selected 44 records for in‐depth interviews with project managers. Despite substantial difficulties in gathering the data, we were able to draw conclusions about current design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation practices used in California projects and compare them with national trends. Although more than half of the projects for which we conducted interviews were located in watersheds for which a management or assessment plan had been prepared, these plans had a limited impact on site selection. We also found that the state lacks a consistent framework for design, monitoring, and reporting restoration projects, and that although monitoring is far more widespread than the information in the NRRSS summary database would suggest, there are still problems with the type, duration, and reporting of monitoring. The general lack of systematic, objective assessment of completed projects hinders the advance of restoration science.
Postictal Breathing Pattern Distinguishes Epileptic from Nonepileptic Convulsive Seizures
Authors: Azar Nabil J. , Tayah Tania F. , Wang Lily , Song Yanna , Abou‐Khalil Bassel W.
Published: July 2007

Summary

Purpose: To examine postictal breathing pattern in generalized convulsive nonepileptic seizures (GCNES) and generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS) and evaluate this feature as a discriminating sign.

Methods: We reviewed the postictal breathing pattern seizures in 23 generalized tonic–clonic seizures in 15 consecutive patients with epilepsy and 24 convulsive nonepileptic seizures in 16 consecutive patients with pure psychogenic seizures. We also analyzed 21 frontal lobe hypermotor seizures (FLHS) in 9 patients with frontal lobe epilepsy.

Results: The breathing after GTCS was deep with prolonged inspiratory and expiratory phases, regular, and loud (except for two short seizures). The breathing after GCNES was characterized by increased respiratory rate or hyperpnea with short inspiratory and expiratory phases, as can be noted after exercise. The breathing was often irregular, with brief pauses. The altered breathing lasted longer after GTCS. The two groups differed significantly in loudness of postictal respiration, postictal snoring (only with GTCS), respiratory rate (faster for the GCNES group), and duration of altered breathing (longer after GTCS) (p < 0.00001 for all features). FLHS shared postictal breathing features of GCNES, but had other distinguishing features.

Conclusions: The postictal breathing pattern can help differentiate generalized tonic–clonic seizures from nonepileptic psychogenic seizures with generalized motor activity and may be helpful to the practitioner obtaining a seizure history in the clinic setting or witnessing a seizure.
Differential Rearing Conditions Alter Operant Responding for Ethanol in Outbred Rats
Authors: Deehan Gerald A. , Cain Mary E. , Kiefer Stephen W.
Published: July 2007

Background:  Differential rearing environments affect a number of behaviors displayed by rats in adulthood. For example, rats reared in an impoverished condition (IC; reared alone in hanging metal cages), social condition (SC; reared in standard shoebox cages, 2 per cage), or enriched condition (EC; reared in a large metal cage with bedding, 14 novel objects, and 10 cohorts) display clear differences in the amount of drug they consume and/or self‐administer through operant responding. Animals reared in an EC consume greater amounts of ethanol compared with rats reared in an IC when provided free access, but it is not known how differential rearing conditions affect operant responding for ethanol.

Methods:  Twenty‐eight male Long‐Evans rats were reared in 1 of 3 environments (IC, SC, or EC) during postnatal days 21 to 111. At the conclusion of the rearing period, all rats underwent sucrose/ethanol fading and then were tested for lever press responding for 10% ethanol as well as ethanol preference.

Results:  Rats reared in an IC responded for 10% ethanol at significantly higher rates than SC and EC rats. A greater percentage of IC rats were able to switch lever responding when the ethanol availability was changed to a second lever. Lastly, the IC group was the only one to display a clear preference for 10% ethanol when both this fluid and water were available.

Conclusion:  Rats reared in an IC show greater proclivity to respond operantly for 10% ethanol compared with rats raised in either SC or EC (which did not differ from each other). These findings agree with a number of studies that have shown isolate reared animals to consume greater amounts of ethanol compared with their socially reared counterparts yet contrast some studies showing EC animals consume greater amounts of ethanol than IC rats. The current findings illustrate that rearing environment also plays an important role in an animal’s proclivity to respond for ethanol.
Does Private Money Buy Public Policy? Campaign Contributions and Regulatory Outcomes in Telecommunications
Authors: De Figueiredo Rui J. P. , Edwards Geoff
Published: July 2007

To what extent can market participants affect the outcomes of regulatory policy? In this paper, we study the effects of one potential source of influence—campaign contributions—from competing interests in the local telecommunications industry, on regulatory policy decisions of state public utility commissions. Our work is unique in that we test the effects of campaign contributions on measurable policy outcomes. This stands in stark relief against most of the existing literature, which examines potentially noisier measures of policy outcomes—such as the roll‐call votes of legislators, to examine how private money may influence public policy. By moving to more direct measures of policy effects, and using a unique new dataset, we find, in contrast to much of the literature on campaign contributions, that there is a significant effect of private money on regulatory outcomes. This result is robust to numerous alternative model specifications. We also assess the extent of omitted variable bias that would have to exist to obviate the estimated result. We find that for our result to be spurious, omitted variables would have to explain more than five times the variation in the mix of private money as is explained by the variables included in our analysis. We consider this to be very unlikely.
Information or Opinion? Media Bias as Product Differentiation
Authors: Anand Bharat , Di Tella Rafael , Galetovic Alexander
Published: July 2007

Two aspects of media bias are important empirically. First, bias is persistent: it does not seem to disappear even when the media is under scrutiny. Second, bias is conflicting: different people often perceive bias in the same media outlet to be of opposite signs. We build a model in which both empirical characteristics of bias are observed in equilibrium.
The key assumptions are that the information contained in the facts about a news event may not always be fully verifiable, and consumers have heterogeneous prior views (“ideologies”) about the news event. Based on these ingredients of the model, we build a location model with entry to characterize firms' reports in equilibrium, and the nature of bias. When a news item comprises only fully verifiable facts, firms report these as such, so that there is no bias and the market looks like any market for information. When a news item comprises information that is mostly nonverifiable, however, then consumers may care both about opinion and editorials, and a firm's report will contain both these aspects—in which case the market resembles any differentiated product market. Thus, the appearance of bias is a result of equilibrium product differentiation when some facts are nonverifiable.
We use the model to address several questions, including the impact of competition on bias, the incentives to report unpopular news, and the impact of owner ideology on bias. In general, competition does not lead to a reduction in bias unless this is accompanied by an increase in verifiability or a smaller dispersion of prior beliefs.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Baron David P.
Published: July 2007

Milton Friedman argued that the social responsibility of firms is to maximize profits. This paper examines this argument for the economic environment envisioned by Friedman in which citizens can personally give to social causes and can invest in profit‐maximizing firms and firms that give a portion of their profits to social causes. Citizens obtain social satisfaction from corporate social giving, but corporate giving may not be a perfect substitute for personal giving. The paper presents a theory of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and shows that CSR is costly when it is an imperfect substitute. When investors anticipate the CSR, shareholders do not bear its cost. Instead, the entrepreneurs who form the CSR firms bear the cost. Shareholders bear the cost of CSR only when it is a surprise, and it is to such surprises that Friedman objects. A social entrepreneur is willing to form a CSR firm at a financial loss because either doing so expands the opportunity sets of citizens in consumption‐social giving space or there is an entrepreneurial warm glow from forming the firm. Firms can also undertake strategic CSR activities that increase profits, and a social entrepreneur carries strategic CSR beyond profit maximization and market value maximization. The paper also examines the implications of taxes and the effect of the market for control for the sustainability of CSR.
Dental Health and Cognitive Impairment in an English National Survey Population
Authors: Stewart Robert , Hirani Vasant
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between dental health and cognitive impairment and to examine the extent to which dental status accounts for the association between cognitive impairment and low body mass index (BMI) in a national survey sample.

DESIGN: A secondary analysis of data from the Health Survey for England 2000.

SETTING: A nationally representative cross‐sectional population survey.

PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand four hundred sixty‐three adults aged 65 and older living in private households and 1,569 adults aged 65 and older living in care homes.

MEASUREMENTS: Data collected by interview (self‐reported or by proxy) included age, sex, level of education, disability, BMI, dental status, and cognitive function (Abbreviated Mental Test Score).

RESULTS: Less than half of the community sample (40.4%) and 67.9% of the care home sample were edentulous; lack of teeth was significantly associated with cognitive impairment (odds ratio=3.59, 95% confidence interval=2.36–5.47). This association remained strong after adjustment for other covariates only in the community sample. Cognitive impairment was associated with lower BMI in both samples, but dental status did not explain this.

CONCLUSION: Poor dentition is associated with cognitive impairment. Nutritional status in people with cognitive impairment is recognized to be at risk. Although dental health did not account for the association between cognitive impairment and low BMI in this sample, other possible nutritional consequences require further evaluation.
Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Greater Mortality in Older Women Living in the Community
Authors: Semba Richard D. , Ferrucci Luigi , Sun Kai , Walston Jeremy , Varadhan Ravi , Guralnik Jack M. , Fried Linda P.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether oxidative stress, as implied by oxidative damage to proteins, is associated with greater mortality in older women living in the community.

DESIGN: Longitudinal.

SETTING: Women's Health and Aging Study I, Baltimore, Maryland.

PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred forty‐six moderately to severely disabled women, aged 65 and older, with baseline measures of serum protein carbonyls.

MEASUREMENTS: Serum protein carbonyls, which consist of chemically stable aldehyde and ketone groups produced on protein side chains when they are oxidized, were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders.

RESULTS: During 5 years of follow‐up, 202 (27.1%) participants died. Geometric mean serum protein carbonyls were 0.091 nmol/mg in women who died and 0.083 nmol/mg in those who survived (P=.02). Loge protein carbonyls (nmol/mg) were associated with greater risk of mortality (hazards ratio=1.34, 95% confidence interval=1.01–1.79, P=.04) in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, current smoking, and body mass index.

CONCLUSION: Greater oxidative stress, as indicated by elevated serum protein carbonyl concentrations, was associated with greater risk of death in older women living in the community who were moderately to severely disabled. Prevention of oxidative stress may reduce the risk of mortality.
A Vertically Integrated Geriatric Curriculum Improves Medical Student Knowledge and Clinical Skills
Authors: Supiano Mark A. , Fitzgerald James T. , Hall Karen E. , Halter Jeffrey B.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a vertically integrated curriculum intervention on the geriatric knowledge and performance in clinical skills of third‐year medical students. This observational cohort study conducted at the University of Michigan Medical School evaluates the performance of 622 third‐year medical students from the graduating class years of 2004 through 2007. An integrated curriculum intervention was developed and implemented for the class of 2006. Its elements included identification and tracking of geriatric learning outcomes in an individualized Web‐based student portfolio, integration of geriatric content into preclinical courses, development of a geriatric functional assessment standardized patient instructor, and an experience in a geriatrics clinic during the ambulatory component of the third‐year internal medicine clerkship. Medical student performance was assessed on a geriatric knowledge test and during a geriatric functional assessment station administered during an Observed Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) at the beginning of the fourth year. Student performance on the geriatric functional assessment OSCE station progressively improved from pre‐intervention performance (mean performance±standard deviation 43±15% class of 2005, 62 + 15% class of 2006, 78±10% class of 2007; analysis of variance, P<.001). Similarly, student performance on the geriatric knowledge test was significantly better for the classes of 2006 and 2007 than for the class of 2005 (model F ratio=4.72; P<.001). In conclusion, an integrated approach to incorporating new educational geriatric objectives into the medical school curriculum leads to significant improvements in medical student knowledge and in important clinical skills in the functional assessment of older patients.
The Limits of Democracy, or “Seizure of the State From Within”
Authors: BAYRAMOGLU ALI
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
The Two Souls of Turkey
Authors: PAMUK ORHAN
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
Don't Disarm Secularism
Authors: ALI AYAAN HIRSI
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
Turkey: Not About Islamic vs. Western Values
Authors: SEN AMARTYA
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
A Union of Civilizations
Authors: ERDOGAN RECEP TAYYIP
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
β‐Gallium Oxide as Oxygen Gas Sensors at a High Temperature
Authors: Bartic Marilena , Baban Cristian‐Ioan , Suzuki Hisao , Ogita Masami , Isai Masaaki
Published: July 2007

Resistive oxygen sensors based on gallium oxide were fabricated in order to analyze their sensing performances (as sensitivity, response, and recovery time) in an oxygen atmosphere at 1000°C. We prepared three types of sensors using a β‐Ga2O3 single crystal in a sandwich structure with Pt pad electrodes and β‐Ga2O3 polycrystalline thin films deposited by using both the sputtering technique and the chemical solution deposition method. For thin‐film sensors, Pt interdigital electrodes were deposited on the surface of the films using the lift‐off method. X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy investigations were performed to compare the structure and surface morphology of the samples. We achieved a response time of 10 s at 1000°C, while the sensitivity was 1.03 for the single crystal and 1.35–1.45 for thin films. The sensing properties depend on the preparation condition of Ga2O3 devices.
That Was a Great Commercial, but What Were They Selling? Effects of Violence and Sex on Memory for Products in Television Commercials1
Authors: Bushman Brad J.
Published: July 2007

College students (N = 324) watched a television program containing violence, sex, or no violence or sex. Each program contained 3 violent ads, 3 sexual ads, and 3 neutral ads. Participants were less likely to remember the advertised brands when the ads were embedded in a violent or sexual program than when the ads were embedded in a neutral program. Violent ads were the least memorable. This memory impairment occurred for both males and females, regardless of the content of the ads. If advertisers want viewers to remember advertised brands, they should think twice about sponsoring programs containing violence and sex.
Analyzing Additional Variables in the Theory of Reasoned Action
Authors: Langdridge Darren , Sheeran Paschal , Connolly Kevin J.
Published: July 2007

This study examined the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of several variables proposed to augment the theory of reasoned action (TRA), using both principal components analysis (PCA)/multiple regression and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)/structural equation modeling (SEM) among a sample of the UK population regarding their intention to have a child. PCA revealed good convergent and discriminant validity for attitude vs. anticipated regret, subjective norm vs. moral norm vs. social relations, but not for intention vs. desire or perceived behavioral control. Multiple regression analyses showed that the additional variables predicted a significant increment in the variance in intention. CFA, however, showed moderate convergent validity and poor discriminant validity and the structural model comprised the 2 predictors from the TRA only.
Damage to sagebrush attracts predators but this does not reduce herbivory
Authors: Karban Richard
Published: July 2007

Emissions of volatiles increase following herbivory from many plant species and volatiles may serve multiple functions. Herbivore‐induced volatiles attract predators and parasitoids of herbivores and are often assumed to benefit plants by facilitating top‐down control of herbivores; this benefit of induced emissions has been tested only a few times. Volatile compounds released by experimentally clipped sagebrush shoots have been shown to reduce levels of chewing damage experienced by other shoots on the same plant and on neighboring sagebrush plants. In this study, I asked whether experimental clipping attracted predators of herbivorous insects to sagebrush shoots. I also evaluated aphid populations and chewing damage on clipped and unclipped shoots and whether predators were likely to have caused differences in aphids and chewing damage. Shoots that had been clipped recruited more generalist predators, particularly coccinellids andGeocorisspp. in visual surveys conducted during two seasons. Clipping also caused increased numbers of parasitized aphids in one season. Ants were common tending aphids but were not significantly affected by clipping. Despite the increase in generalist predators, clipped plants were more likely to support populations of aphids that increased during both seasons compared to aphids on unclipped control plants. Clipped shoots suffered less damage by chewing herbivores in the 1‐year in which this was measured. Chewing damage was not correlated with numbers of predators. These results suggest that predators and parasitoids were attracted to experimentally clipped sagebrush plants but that these predators were not effective at reducing net damage to the plant. This conclusion is not surprising as much of the herbivory is inflicted by grasshoppers and deer, herbivores that are not vulnerable to the predators attracted to sagebrush volatiles. More generally, it should not be assumed that predators that are attracted by herbivore‐induced volatiles necessarily benefit the plant without testing this hypothesis under field conditions.
Maternal size and age affect offspring sex ratio in the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens
Authors: Santolamazza‐Carbone Serena , Nieto Montserrat Pestaña , Rivera Adolfo Cordero
Published: July 2007

In this study, the effects of maternal age, diet, and size on offspring sex ratio were investigated for the solitary egg parasitoid, Anaphes nitens Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), both outdoors, during the winter, and inside a climatic chamber under favourable constant conditions. During the winter of 2005–2006, each of seven groups containing 40 1‐day‐old females was mated and randomly distributed among two treatments: (treatment 1) a droplet of undiluted honey ad libitum + one fresh egg capsule of the snout beetle Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as host; (treatment 2) drops of water + one fresh egg capsule of G. scutellatus. We recorded the lifetime fecundity, the daily sex allocation, and the lifetime offspring sex ratio to study the existence of a relationship with maternal characteristics. Moreover, we assessed the effect of location (outdoors vs. indoors) and group (groups are representative of early, mid, and late winter) on sex ratio. The most important factor that biased the sex ratio was maternal body size: larger females of both treatments produced more female offspring. As females of A. nitens could gain more advantage than males from body size, larger mothers have a higher fitness return if they produce more daughters. The effect of the treatment was significant: starved females produced more females. Location and group were not significant. Fecundity and sex ratio were age dependent. Old mothers that received honey (treatment 1) had fewer offspring and a more male‐biased offspring sex ratio, probably due to reproductive senescence and sperm depletion. Starved females (treatment 2) experienced reproductive decline earlier, perhaps because they invested more energy in maintenance rather than in reproduction.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction During Pregnancy
Authors: Erol Bulent , Sanli Oner , Korkmaz Duzgun , Seyhan Ayse , Akman Tolga , Kadioglu Ates
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Although women may undergo changes in sexual function during pregnancy, there are limited studies correlating possible sexual function changes to androgen blood levels during the pregnancy.

Aim

To search for a possible correlation, we performed a cross-sectional observational study to assess sexual function scores and androgen blood levels of women during pregnancy.

Materials and Methods

A total of 589 healthy pregnant women were recruited to the present cross-sectional study. Of these patients, 116 (19.6%), 220 (37.3%), and 253 (42.9%) were in their first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. They were evaluated with a detailed medical and sexual history, including IFSF questionnaire. In addition, maternal serum androgen levels (testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, free testosterone) were determined in each trimester during regular follow-ups.

Main Outcome Measures

Assessment of Index of Female Sexual Function (IFSF) domains and serum androgen levels in each trimester.

Results

The mean age of the three groups were similar (P  > 0.05). Overall, total IFSF scores of women in the first and second trimesters were 21.4 ± 10.1 and 22.3 ± 10, respectively, while it was 15.9 ± 12.3 during the third trimester (P  < 0.05). The most common sexual dysfunction symptom was diminished clitoral sensation, observed in 94.2% of the patients, followed by lack of libido in 92.6% and orgasmic disorder in 81%. No correlation was detected between total IFSF score and serum androgen levels.

Conclusions

In this cross-sectional study, we noted lower sexual function scores in women in the third trimester of their pregnancies compared with those in their first two trimesters of pregnancy. These lower sexual function scores in the third trimester were not associated with lower androgen levels. We plan to perform a future prospective study to better assess both the change in sexual function and also its possible relation to androgen levels in pregnant women.
UPHOLDING STUDENTS’ DUE PROCESS RIGHTS: WHY STUDENTS ARE IN NEED OF BETTER REPRESENTATION AT, AND ALTERNATIVES TO, SCHOOL SUSPENSION HEARINGS
Authors: Freeman Simone Marie
Published: July 2007

Suspension is the most common form of discipline in our schools. In some cases students facing suspension are removed from school for an extended period of time or referred for expulsion based on the findings made at the student's suspension hearing. Nevertheless, students have no legal right to have counsel participate in, or advocate at, suspension hearings. Additionally, schools for the most part do not offer students alternatives to suspension, such as mediation sessions or other programs designed to allow students to complete school or community work while on suspension. This Note discusses the problems associated with school suspension and suspension hearings. It also explains why providing students with legal advocates at suspension hearings will help promote due process and facilitate better decision making on the part of the student. Finally, it advocates for mediation as an alternative to suspension and suspension hearings, as research suggests that mediation would reduce suspension rates and the costs associated therewith.
HYGIENE FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS' CHOICE OF DINING‐OUT UNITS: FINDINGS FROM A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC STAFF
Authors: AKSOYDAN EMINE
Published: July 2007

This study investigates factors influencing customers' choice of dining‐out units after a test of validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The study was conducted at a private university with a 243‐member academic staff in Ankara, Turkey. Results show that the most important influences on this choice are hygienic factors, primarily of cleanliness, including cleanliness of the restaurant, food, china and cutlery, service personnel, toilet and lavatory and kitchen. Differences in dining out choice factors were found on the basis of gender, age groups and marital status. The second most important choice factor is cleanliness of china and cutlery for males, while this factor was not important for female respondents. Widowed and divorced groups' responses were found to differ from those of married and single respondents. Cleanliness of toilets and lavatory was found important among married and single groups, while this factor was unimportant for the widowed and divorced.
Water and Disease After Croydon: A Review of Water‐borne and Water‐associated Disease in the UK 1937–86
Authors: GALBRAITH N. S. , BARRETT NICOLA J. , STANWELL‐SMITH ROSALIND
Published: July 2007

There Were 34 outbreaks of water‐borne disease recorded in the UK between 1937 and 1986, comprising over 11794 cases and at least six deaths. A total of 21 outbreaks were due to public water supplies, 11 of them contaminated at source; in eight of these 11 the water was unchlorinated or defectively chlorinated. None of the six reported deaths was due to contamination of public supplies at source. About 1000 cases of gastro‐intestinal illness were caused by consumption ofafoods, particularly milk and canned nicats, that had been contaminated by polluted water during processing. Shellfish harvested from pollutcd cstuarics gave rise to increasing numbers of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A. The recreational use of water was associated with about 400 serious infections and probably many minor illnesses. Sonie hospital infections may have hecn derived from the potable water supply. A total of 14 outbreaks of legionnaires' disease and eight of humidifier fever were associated with water in buildings.

The future control of water‐borne and waterassociated disease demands not only continued vigilance in the water industry but closer collaboration between public health doctors and water engineers and scientists.
Legionnaires' Disease and its Impact on Water Supply Management
Authors: BARROW G. I.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The Current State of knowledge about Legionnaires' disease and Legionella organisms is reviewed briefly. The implications for water supply management and responsibility are discussed.

Legionella organisms are present naturally in the environment in water and soil and, as opportunist respiratory pathogens which could occur indirectly in potable supplies, albeit in small numbers, they are of concern to water undertakings. They are a relatively uncommon cause of pneumonia, affecting mainly but not exclusively middle aged and elderly men, especially those with a history of recent travel. The organisms do not spread from one person to another but are acquired by inhalation of infected aerosols from environmental or man‐made water reservoirs. There is no evidence for transmission by ingestion. I n potable water Legionella organisms are therefore highly unlikely to constitute a direct hazard to health, and their presence does not mean that the supply is non‐potable or indeed unsatisfactory in bacteriological quality.

Warm temperatures, stagnation and the use of unsuitable fixtures and fittings can provide conditions suitable for growth and subsequent incorporation of the organisms in aerosols from taps, showers, and other outlets. Significant hazards, however, are more likely to occur from hot‐water services and from recirculating cooling towers and humidifiers associated with air conditioning installations in large and often recently constructed buildings.

Legionella organisms presumably must occur in sewage, but it is unlikely that subsequent environmental conditions would favour significant growth though little is known about this or their possible role in animal diseases or in agricultural practice. Their occurrence in water and sewage treatment works is highly unlikely to present any real hazard to workers. The main impact of these organisms for the future is likely to be in the design and engineering aspects of large buildings and their water‐related services.
Radioactivity Monitoring of the Water Cycle following the Chernobyl Accident
Authors: JONES F. , CASTLE R. G.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

Details are given of the radioactivity monitoring programme following the Chernobyl accident. Measurements of gross beta activity in samples of rainwater, raw water, treated water, waste products from water treatment plants, and sewage sludges, are tabulated.

On a limited sampling regime fallout in the Longdendale water catchment, three months after the accident, was investigated and shown to be mainly absorbed onto grass and soil. Water treatment processes were found to be effective in removing radioactive fallout from raw water, and concentrating it into the waste treatment products. The disposal of these waste products is discussed.
Bridport Flood Alleviation Scheme
Authors: WEST G. M. , MANN K.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

As a consequence of severe flooding in May 1979 and resultant public pressure, Wessex Water prepared an outline flood alleviation scheme for the river Brit at Bridport, Dorset. Restrictions in capital investment necessitated the works being undertaken in six stages.

The river system through the urban area was mathematically modelled using Hydraulic Research's FLUCOMP 1, which demonstrated that flood alleviation works could be carried out in the very restricted valley bottom. In order to confirm design assumptions a physical model of the most restricted area was commissioned from Hydraulics Research Ltd (HR).

The paper demonstrates the benefit of close liaison between designers and modellers to ensure that the most cost‐effective and technically feasible scheme is provided.
Dissemination of Information to Practising Engineers and Researchers in the Water Industry
Authors: KNIGHT D. W.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The paper outlines the need for some national policy for the co‐ordination of long‐term or strategic research in the water industry, and concentrates on those apsects which are of particular relevance to river engineering. The contributions to this policy which can be made by the research councils, universities and polytechnics, water authorities, professional institutions, research establishments, consultants, and practising engineers are identified and discussed. Some consideration is also given to recent reports which address this problem, including the DOE report Water Research in the Longer Term*1. The particular issue of disseminating research results to other researchers and practising engineers is examined in some detail.
An Evaluation fo the Clariflow Process for Sewage Treatment
Authors: HARRINGTON D. W. , SMITH D. E.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The performance of the Clariflow process has been evaluated at the Sandown sewage‐treatment works of the Southern Water Authority, Isle of Wight, by the WRc Processes section. The process is designed for the partial treatment of sewage prior to discharge in estuarine or coastal locations. As a marine treatment it represents an alternative to the use of long sea‐outfalls.

The Clariflow process effectively reduces total, faecal coliforms and salmonellae, and may reduce viruses. Screenings are totally removed and phosphorus and heavy metals are significantly reduced. Solids and BOD removal levels are superior to those achieved by conventional primary processes.

The paper reviews the development of the process, the results of the evaluation and cost information. Recommendations have been made to further optimize performance.
Design and Construction of the Isle of Dogs Pumping Station
Authors: BENNETT M. B. , HARMOND I. G. , LEGG R. A. , LEWIN J.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The pumping station employs submersible pumps to drain surface water from the newly developed Enterprise Zone of the Isle of Dogs, London, and discharges storm overflows from an existing combined sewer system. At full development the nominal capacity of the pumps will be 12 m3/s.

After screening the flow passes to the pump chamber, where 12 main and two sump pumps are located. The main pumps deliver through individual syphon discharge pipes to a high level surge tank, which drains by gravity through a short outfall to the river Thames.

Diaphragm walling was used in the construction of the foundations and underground work. Attractive brick buildings form the pump hall and building housing the high voltage electrical equipment and the transformers. Steel sheet piles protect the river frontage.

The station will operate unattended, and will be controlled automatically by water level sensors. Supervision will be by telemetry links to the Thames Water Authority's (TWA) area control centre at Abbey Mills.
Digested Sludge Thickening Experiences in Yorkshire Water's Southern Division
Authors: BURTON SYLVIA S. , BRIGHT S. G. , ESLAND A. D.
Published: July 2007

Sludge Treatment and disposal costs contribute a large proportion to the overall operating costs of sewage treatment installations. With the increasing drive towards more cost‐effective operation it has been recognized that thickening sludge prior to disposal can achieve significant cost savings for limited capital outlay. This paper describes the practical experiences at the Lundwood, Old Whittington, and Aldwarke works of Yorkshire Water (YW) where digested sludge is gravity thickened in shallow tanks of large surface area prior to land disposal. Existing structures have been utilized where possible to minimize capital cost. Digestion plant operational data for the three works are given, and an evaluation is made of cost savings resulting from the post‐digestion thickening process.