bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Preferred Gestural Interaction of Playing Music for Wrist Wearable Devices
Authors: Jung Euichul , Joo Jang Young , Jae Lee Whang
Published: February 2022

Recently, many gesture-based interactive devices have been developed. Gesture is one of the most intuitive and natural ways to communicate each other, so gesture recognition technology is becoming huge issues in interaction design. Wrist wearable devices such as smart watches, Nike FuelBand, and Samsung Galaxy Gear are vitalized on the market, and there are attempts to control the wrist wearable devices with gestural interaction. In order to design more user-centered devices, development of gesture standards which gesture is appropriate for which operation becomes very important. In particular, there are two different situations gesture interaction is required: 1) people control objects that exist around then such as TV and vehicle, and 2) people control objects put on their body such as smart watch. This paper assumes that the two different situations may require different gesture interactions. The goal of this paper is to reveal preferred gesture interaction for wrist wearable devices. The function of playing music is selected for the experiment because it is most common and popular function on almost all digital devices. This paper consists of three parts: 1) collect existing gesture signal conventions and categorize them, 2) conduct a survey to find out preferred gestures for each function of playing music in two different situations, and 3) analyze the result for defining the most preferred gesture interactions and considering rationales for designing gesture interaction for wrist wearable device.
Industrial Design Modeling for a WiFi Base Station Device
Authors: Li Choong Soo , Nazri Abd Wahib Khairul , Nizam Najmuddin Mohd , Busri Saharudin
Published: February 2022

This paper presents the methodologies and the systematic approaches in the industrial design development process to incorporate aesthetic and affective elements in a WiFi Base Station device. EQUID (Ergonomics Quality in Design) design approach was applied where users’ requirements were identified in early design stage utilizing Kawakita Jiro (KJ) method. Benchmarking and trend analysis were also conducted in early stage to understand market trends, compare features and faults in existing product in the market, at the same time finding opportunities for improvement in our own product. The development of the fashion driven shape of the WiFi Base Station Device, the color chosen and the branding profile creation were also discussed in the paper. By using a user centered design approach, several design concepts and prototypes have been developed and user’s emotions towards each concept in focus group have been captured. The survey was carried out at the end of this paper to assess the design effectiveness.
A Study on the Behavioral Characteristics of the Elderly Living in a Smart Home
Authors: Chang Kim Hyo , Min Ko Sang , Gu Ji Yong
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate behavioral of the elderly living in smart home using the diary study method and to analyze the characteristic required according to behavior and smart home service. For the research of the characteristics of service-use, the seven types of main smart home services were chosen by analyzing previous research. We carried out a diary study with ten elderly people over the age of 65 in smart home environment. They recorded their every behavior for one week by themselves. Diary study items consist of four parts: 1) time, 2) activity, 3) device, 4) place. The result of this study, findings of behavioral characteristics of the elderly reveal that most of them spend their time on personal care, socializing and leisure activities. While elderly generally did not fully utilize smart home functions, there was high usage frequency and preference for automatic intelligence service compared to manual. Therefore, smart home services related to these characteristics should be considered as a top priority.
Impact of Multidisciplinary Teams on the End-User Consideration in the Building Industry
Authors: Latortue ab Xavier
Published: February 2022

Building construction projects are characterized by a sequential process that includes an important amount of stakeholders. In most cases the end-user is a direct customer of the contracting body which is a direct customer of AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) companies. Literature tends to describe the consideration of end-user needs by the building construction industry as less developed than the manufacturing industry. The objective of the paper is to study how the multiplicity of actors impacts the consideration and therefore satisfaction of the end users by the companies. The study was realized with the help of a contracting body company throughout a project which allowed us to interview actors from different professions. Exploratory analysis is divided in two parts. First of all we produced a mapping of the building design process, then we identified to what extent decisions of professionals are based on identified end-users needs. The first results tend to indicate that the level of awareness of companies toward the requirement of the other stakeholders differs depending on their level of interaction with those stakeholders. Further development of this analysis will help to conclude on the interdependence between the fragmented organization and the end-users needs consideration by the companies.
Development of Interactive System for the Visually Impaired using Tactile Sensations and Gestures
Authors: Usuda Keisuke , Matsuoka Syuhei , Ohkura Michiko
Published: February 2022

Even though previous studies have confirmed the superior abilities of the visually impaired to identify tactile sensations, few systems use such abilities. In this study, we developed and evaluated an interactive system that utilizes the superior abilities of the visually impaired by adding active elements of gestures to increase their enjoyment. We employed the TECHTILE toolkit as a device to give tactile sensations to players and Kinect for Windows as a device to recognize their gestures and developed an interactive system with different types of tactile sensations and corresponding gestures. We experimentally evaluated our system.
Challenges of Designing a Life-Log Sharing System – The Pensieve
Authors: Lee Ahreum , Kim Jieun , Ryu Hokyoung
Published: February 2022

Although the privacy issue is still debated, an incessant interest and attention on the life-log could be explained by its potential applications. Though there are many challenges to realize its potentials, life-log as one’s memory aiding tool has been paid much attention. A series of images captured by the wearable camera are too voluminous and useless to keep the whole data to the collection owner. What the users really want to get from the device is not to review their own whole past life, but retrieve their meaningful moments, further share their meaningful experiences with others. In this regard, the author limited the role of life-log, as resourceful life hints that could give opportunities to reminisce one’s meaningful experience and exchange their experience with others. In this position paper we discuss what is necessary to consider to build a life-log data sharing system for our future research direction, (i) what one’s meaningful experience is; (ii) How the meaningful experience could be defined with life-log data; (iii) How the meaningful data conveys to the 3rd person to exchange and share one’s experience effectively.
Design Algorithm for Empathy
Authors: Park Hyuna
Published: February 2022

Emotional design is a design theory that takes the emotional values/effects of users into consideration in the design process. This theory has been devoted to the appearance of the final product with integration of an emotion and/or interactivity. Emotional design is closely related to user behavior research as it often incorporates physical interactions with the users. However, the study of the user behavior is often limited to the instant interaction with the users without consideration of cultural and social behavior. The article, Design Algorithm for Empathy, emphasizes a more systemic approach within the emotional design process, which should involve strategies created from service design research and that of sociology. The paper argues that the execution of emotional design should involve a significantly more comprehensive research on cultural and social sources. The article is also concerned with the focus merely on the appearance of the design, which may result in superficial and temporary problem solving tactics rather than a more sustainable strategy.
A Qualitative Exploration of Critical Incidents: Expanding Neisser’s Perceptual Cycle Model
Authors: L. Plant Katherine , A. Stanton Neville
Published: February 2022

The Perceptual Cycle Model (PCM) presents a process-orientated approach to understanding decision making by exploring the interaction between a person’s cognitive schema, the actions they undertake and information available in the world. This paper presents the work undertaken to refine and subcategorize the three elements of the PCM; schema, action and world, to gain a more detailed understanding of the aeronautical decision making process. Critical decision Method interviews were conducted with twenty rotary wing pilots to generate a set of critical incidents. These incidents were qualitatively analyzed using a coding scheme generated from the PCM and then the constant comparison technique was employed to generate the refined PCM coding scheme. The final PCM coding scheme contained 7 ‘schema types’, 14 ‘action types’ and 12 ‘world types’. Three critical incident case studies are presented to demonstrate the insights gained from using the refined coding scheme. Potential applications and plans for future research are discussed.
Investigating Time Pressure for the Empirical Risk Analysis of Socio-Technical Systems in ATM
Authors: Meyer Lothar , Gaunitz Hartmut Fricke Katja
Published: February 2022

Current practices of risk analysis of novel socio-technical systems rely on the subjective judgment of experts. With a view on the complex interactions between human operators and the environment in ATM, a method is needed for gaining empiric evidence directly from operations. Risk analysis that bases on Human-In-The-Loop-Simulations offer a promising approach by providing an environment in which the novel system can be applied safely. An inherent disadvantage is the effort needed to cope with the strict safety targets in ATM, e.g. 1.88E-8 accidents per operating hour in which safety metrics are subject to the statistic problem of Right Censoring. This paper presents our novel concept to modify conditions of the simulation for gaining a calibrated acceleration effect by which the probability of safety metrics can be estimated from a shorter experimental period. This is motivated by the methodologies of Accelerated Life Testing, in which the Mean-Time-To-Failure of products is forwarded into the experimental period by applying calibrated steps of stress-load. We developed an experimental design that applies a procedure for the induction of a calibrated time-pressure for the stimulation of human error. The results of the proof-of-concept-study show controllable stress-reactions of the test persons.
Airspace Infringements in European Airspace
Authors: Psyllou Elena , Majumdar Arnab , Y. Ochieng Washington
Published: February 2022

Airspace infringements (AIs), which can be defined as unauthorised entry of an aircraft in controlled airspace, are one of the primary concerns of the general aviation (GA) in Europe. Such incidents can significantly reduce the distance between different types of air traffic, increasing the risk of a catastrophic mid-air collision. Key issues of AIs in GA were identified in previous studies of EUROCONTROL; however, there are concerns about the efficacy of the analysis of incident reports of AIs. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust safety analysis methodology for AIs involving GA in Europe. It initially reviews the studies conducted by EUROCONTROL in relation to the AIs and then it describes the proposed methodology to find contributory factors of AIs from incident reports. Relationships between these factors are investigated using contingency tables and log linear models and these factors are ranked regarding their frequency of occurrence. Finally, two severity models are developed using the contributory factors. For the purpose of the study high quality data were provided from the Norwegian Air Navigation Service Provider Avinor (ANSP) for the period 2008-2012. The results indicate that the ANSP should focus on GA pilots, flying in the springtime in southern Norwegian airspace to ensure appropriate navigation and communication skills.
Flight Deck Crew Experiences Flying Profile Descents During Metering Operations
Authors: Martin Lynne , Sharma Shivanjli , Kaneshige John , Lozito Sandy
Published: February 2022

NASA’s Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration #1 Project has a goal of improving airport capacity by developing and testing ground and flight deck tools for the terminal airspace. The Controller Managed Spacing (CMS) suite of tools has been developed to maintain high traffic density for aircraft on optimal profile descents on area navigation routes. Several studies have examined the controllers’ interaction with CMS, but there has only been one study that explored the impact of this toolset on pilots. This human-in-the-loop simulation is the second to focus on the impact of CMS on the flight deck. Twelve Boeing 737-800 qualified flight crews flew a glass cockpit simulator with the flight management system and flight dynamics of a B737-800 aircraft. Crews flew four scenarios in the Phoenix Terminal Airspace that included clearances to descend on a profile, which was adjusted almost exclusively with speed changes. Two variables were manipulated: speed changes and ATC phraseology. Workload and questionnaire data indicate that scenarios with clearance speeds faster than the route restrictions were more challenging. The phraseology of the speed clearances had an impact upon pilot workload and the efficiency of the profile descent, as determined by the number and duration of flight level-offs. Finally, the time variation to fly the descent illustrated the potential for disrupting ground scheduling tools in the terminal area.
Understanding the Human Factors Limitations of Automated Conflict Resolution through Air Traffic Controller Solicitation
Authors: Surakitbanharn Chittayong , Dao Steven Landry Arik-Quang , Minato Nobuaki
Published: February 2022

Automated conflict resolution is one of the most mature ideas available in the attempt to meet the high capacity air traffic demand expectations of NextGen. However, automated conflict resolution algorithms that are mathematically optimal may not be globally optimal when human factors dimensions are considered. In order to better understand the limitations of conflict resolution algorithms from a human factors dimension, air traffic control from Southern California TRACON are interviewed about current operations and potential future operations with automated conflict resolution. The focus of these interviews are twofold. The first focus is on understanding the tacit knowledge required for operations in the presence of hazardous weather conditions, a time when controller workload demands are particularly exacerbated. The second focus is to understand situations where mathematically optimal automated conflict resolution solutions may not be globally optimal from a human factors perspective. The contribution of this work is a summarization of human factors points of consideration for future design of air traffic control operations and automated conflict resolutions.
How Pilots Assess Their Non-Technical Performance – A Flight Simulator Study
Authors: Gontar Patrick , Hoermann Hans-Juergen , Deischl Juergen , Haslbeck Andreas
Published: February 2022

Within a full flight simulator study which aims to quantify the appropriateness of checklists and procedures in abnormal situations (Haslbeck, Gontar, & Schubert, 2014), 60 randomly chosen crews of commercial pilots (Airbus A320 and A340) flew a challenging flight-simulator scenario. Workload as well as time pressure constantly increased throughout the scenario. Crew performance and especially different aspects of Crew Resource Management (CRM) were subsequently rated by both pilots, who were asked to assess themselves and the other crewmember regarding their CRM skills. To avoid direct interaction during this assessment pilots were separated after the simulator flight. This approach allowed a comparison between pilots’ self and peer-rating of their CRM-skills in relation to their crew position and the specific CRM aspect being assessed; a comparable study was not found in literature. The results indicate that cognitive skills are rated to be less positive than social skills. Furthermore, pilots seem to rate their colleague to perform better than themselves regarding all skills. The study showed that different response sets are of concern when assessing own and colleagues’ skills regarding CRM. These findings can be incorporated in pilots’ training as well as in further research.
Characteristics of Dynamic Positioning Operators' Situation Awareness and Decision Making during Critical Incidents in Maritime Operations
Authors: I. Øvergårda Kjell , J. Sorensena Linda , J. Martinsena Tone , Nazirb Salman
Published: February 2022

The maritime and offshore industries are increasingly becoming dependent on Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems for automated vessel station keeping. This study aimed to identify characteristics of DP Operators' Situation Awareness (SA) and decision-making during critical incidents. Critical incidents were defined as events that were unplanned, non-routine and where accidents could be avoided. SA was defined by Endsley's three levels model involve perception of cues in the environment (Level I SA), understanding the meaning of the cues (Level II SA) and projection of system state (Level III SA). Semi-structured interviews using the Critical Decision Method were conducted with 13 experienced DP operators. The onset of the critical incident in all 24 incidents was used as a center point for the creation of event trees. Results indicate that in 10 incidents the DPOs were not able to identify the base events (did not form Level I SA) but were able to realize the problem (understand the situation, e.g. form Level II SA), indicating that the establishment of high-level SA may not depend entirely on the establishment of low-level SA. This study contributes to an improved understanding of the formation of situation awareness and the recovery of critical incidents during demanding maritime operations.
Driver Behaviour at Roadworks
Authors: Walker Guy , Calvert Malcolm
Published: February 2022

Road networks around the world are reaching a critical stage in their lifecycle. Typically constructed in the 1960’s and 70’s, many of the structures, now over forty years old, require increasingly significant levels of maintenance in order to ensure their continued integrity and performance. Many national transport authorities while planning ahead for this use traffic microsimulation models to help them predict the likely effects of associated roadwork on traffic flow. The challenge faced is that these models consistently under-predict traffic flows, and the resultant queue lengths, even though there is nothing fundamentally different from a speed or lane restriction for roadworks compared to those used in other normal circumstances. The reasons for this over-prediction or under-prediction are that ‘real’ traffic behaves differently from ‘modelled’ traffic. This paper explores these differences with reference to a case study example, reviews the psychological literature for explanatory factors, and uses this to propose new guidelines for how models should be designed and calibrated for improved accuracy. In the case study presented in this paper, approximately a lane’s worth of capacity is being lost due to ‘soft’ driver behaviour factors. This paper helps to explain why this is happening and how it can be recovered.
Evaluation of and Design Implications for Force-Sensitive Touch Input Devices
Authors: Diwischeka Lisa , Lissemanb Jason , Essersa Stefanie
Published: February 2022

The increasing amount of innovations in the functionality of car electronics (e.g. advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and in-vehicle infotainment systems (IVIS)) leads to new challenges in the research of human-machine-interaction. A recent trend in the automotive industry is the integration of resistive or capacitive touchscreens as input devices into the car cockpit, following a user demand which origins in consumer electronics. Nowadays typical resistive and capacitive touchscreens have certain drawbacks in their distraction potential and their usability, resulting in safety-critical situations and negative user feedback. In this paper a different technical approach towards touch input technology is proposed, which combines the advantages of both resistive and capacitive touchscreens, while eliminating their disadvantages. Two studies -a qualitative expert evaluation and a driving simulator study- evaluating the technology, are presented in this paper.
Information Fusion for Driver Distraction Studies Using Eye Tracking Glasses
Authors: Paletta Lucas , Schwarz Michael , Wollendorfer Roland Perko Caroline
Published: February 2022

Eye tracking research about driver distraction, applied to real world driving tasks, has so far demanded a massive amount of manual intervention, for the annotation of hundreds of hours of head camera videos. We present a novel methodology that enables the automated integration of arbitrary gaze localizations onto a visual object and its local surrounding in order to draw heat maps directly onto the environment. Gaze locations are tracked in video frames of the eye tracking glasses’ head camera, within the regions about the driver’s environment, using optical flow methodology. The high robustness and accuracy of the optical flow based tracking - measured with a residual mean error of ca. 0.3 pixels on sequences, captured and verified in 576 individual trials - enables a fully automated estimation of the driver’s attention processes, for example in the context of roadside objects. We present results from a typical driver distraction study and visualize the performance of fully aggregated human attention behavior.
Methodological Issues of Pilots’ Performance Assessment
Authors: V. Bukhtiyarov Igor , Wolfgang Kallusb K. , S. Osokinaac Evgeniya , M. Talker Christine
Published: February 2022

The paper provides a review of present-day studies on the problem of pilots’ performance in various flight conditions, with a focus on their methodology. Conceptual frameworks of the studies (concepts of working capacity, functional state and mental workload) are discussed, and different objective and subjective measures and methods used are described. Eye-tracking is regarded with special attention as a promising tool able to examine the internal mechanisms of pilots’ performance. The paper hints to the importance of systemic methodological approach to pilots’ performance assessment and proposes the direction for further research in the field of aviation psychophysiology.
Comparing the Perception of Critical Longitudinal Distances between Dynamic Driving Simulation, Test Track and Vehicle in the Loop
Authors: Purucker Christian , Rüger Fabian , Schneider Norbert , Neukum Alexandra , Färber Berthold
Published: February 2022

The choice of an appropriate research environment is a fundamental issue for research on advanced driver assistance system controllability which precedes questions regarding the criticality of test scenarios and the deduction of pass-fail-criteria. The methodological trade-off between research on test tracks and driving simulation cannot be resolved easily. While test track research allows for the analysis of human interaction with real vehicle dynamics, the investigation of safety-critical situations requires considerable technological efforts and is sometimes not feasible. E.g., the complexity of real-life urban scenarios cannot be readily replicated on a test track. These restrictions do not apply to driving simulations, but limitations concerning visual and vestibular feedback raise the question of external validity. To the best of our knowledge, the perception of critical longitudinal car following distances, as measured by time headway, has been investigated on a limited scope and not under highly standardized conditions. We aim to extend the knowledge in this domain. In our study, three test environments were compared: a dynamic driving simulator, a test track vehicle, and the novel Vehicle-In-the-Loop (VIL), which is a hybrid between a test track vehicle and a driving simulator. As a result, relative validity for the perception of distance measures was established between the test environments. However, time headways were generally judged to be more critical in both simulator environments compared to the test track – a finding that should be considered when conducting future research.
Drivers’ Visual Scanning and Head Check Behavior on Approach to Urban Rail Level Crossings
Authors: L. Younga Kristie , G. Lennéa Michael , Beanlandb Vanessa , M. Salmonc Paul , A. Stantond Neville
Published: February 2022

Rail level crossings in urban areas are often located in areas of high visual clutter such as busy shopping strip areas. The impact of such visual clutter on drivers’ behavior and compliance with level crossing controls is not well understood. This study examines drivers’ visual scanning behavior on approach to five urban rail level crossings located in shopping strips. Twenty participants drove an instrumented vehicle around a pre-defined urban route containing a range of active (flashing light with boom barriers) rail level crossings. Drivers' eye glance and head check behavior during the 150 meter approach to each crossing was coded from video. Results revealed that drivers direct their visual attention off the forward roadway to a range of areas inside and outside the vehicle when approaching the crossing, with around 10 percent of glance fixations made to areas away from the forward roadway and the level crossing. Drivers made very few head checks of the crossing on approach, suggesting that they are heavily reliant on the crossing signals to alert them to the presence of a train. This study provides important insight into drivers’ visual behavior on approach to urban level crossings located in areas of high visual demand.
How Well Do People Understand the Signs and Signals at User Worked Level Crossings?
Authors: Cynka Stephanie , Flintb Toni , McMorrowb John
Published: February 2022

In 2012, RSSB commissioned TRL to carry out a review of the signs and signals at user-worked level crossings (UWCs) to identify whether improvements can be made. This paper describes a comprehension survey of these signs and signals and presents the findings for three signs: a ‘Stop Look Listen Sign for Pedestrians’, a ‘Stop Look Listen Sign for Drivers’, a ‘Stop and Telephone Sign for Drivers’; and one signal: a miniature stop light (MSL). An online questionnaire was administered to 224 road users to determine the extent to which the information provided at these types of crossings is well understood. The results show that respondents’ understanding of the road user types at which each of the three signs is aimed is poor regardless of experience or context. In addition, the results show that there is a lack of understanding about the appropriate procedure to follow for two of the signs and the MSL signal. The implications of these findings are that the design of information at user-worked level crossings needs to be improved. These methods for improvement will be identified and evaluated during the next phase of the work.
Analysis of Factors Associated with Speeding Among Road Users in Malaysia
Authors: Isah Noradrenalina , Fadilah Mohd Soid Nor
Published: February 2022

Speeding is a serious threat to traffic safety. Similar to other nations, speeding is the leading causes for road traffic crashes and fatalities in Malaysia. The present study was designed to explore the factors associated with speeding among road users to ensure better strategies can be formulated in encouraging drivers to comply with the speed limit. A cross-sectional survey using questionnaire was conducted among 1194 road users. Logistic regression was performed to analyse the association of speeding behaviour with ten independent variables. Seven factors were significantly associated with speeding behaviour. Belief yielded the highest odds ratio (OR) 3.6 and followed by the experience of being summoned by an enforcement officer for speeding (OR: 2.3). In contrast, perception of being caught for speeding was negatively associated with speeding (OR: 0.94) followed by gender (OR: 0.60) and race (OR: 0.52). Type of vehicle and attitude were also significantly associated with speeding, OR were 0.28 and 0.14 respectively. The study revealed that enforcement activities and belief on speeding play a very important role in reducing speeding behaviour. This study highlights the need to identify the main factors at the community level for instance enforcement activities in order to design effective intervention programme.
A Review of International Speed Enforcement Policies and Practices: Evidence-Based Recommendations for Best Practice
Authors: Soole David , Watson Barry , Fleiter Judy
Published: February 2022

Extensive research has highlighted the positive and exponential relationship between vehicle speed and crash risk and severity. Speed enforcement policies and practices throughout the world have developed dramatically as new technology becomes available, however speeding remains a pervasive problem internationally that significantly contributes to road trauma. This paper adopted a three-pronged approach to review speed enforcement policies and practices by: (i) describing and comparing policies and practices adopted in a cross-section of international jurisdictions; (ii) reviewing the available empirical evidence evaluating the effectiveness of various approaches; and, (iii) providing recommendations for the optimisation speed enforcement. The review shows the enforcement strategies adopted in various countries differ both in terms of the approaches used and how they are specifically applied. The literature review suggests strong and consistent evidence that police speed enforcement, in particular speed cameras, can be an effective tool for reducing vehicle speeds and subsequent traffic crashes. Drawing from this evidence, recommendations for best practice are proposed, including the specific instances in which various speed enforcement approaches typically produce the greatest road safety benefits, and perhaps most importantly, that speed enforcement programs must utilise a variety of strategies tailored to specific situations, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.
The Effect of Communicational Signals on Drivers’ Emotion States
Authors: Ba Yutao , Zhang Wei , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: February 2022

Negative emotions seriously impair drivers’ decision making and driving behaviors. As the primary channel of on-road communication between drivers, vehicle signals (e.g. turn signals, hazard lights and horn) provide an effective approach to reduce on-road conflicts and improve drivers’ emotion states. Present study evaluated the emotion induced by communicational signals upon drivers with varied personality characteristics. Correlation between decoded meanings, attitude and emotion was further analyzed to explain the mechanism from personality to emotion states in the scope of signal communication during driving. The results suggested that drivers with lower extraversion and agreeableness, higher neuroticism were easier to become negative when perceived aggressive signals. However, appropriate signals with kindness could remarkably improve drivers’ emotion and attitude towards others.
Testing the Cognitive Load of Gesture Interaction on Drivers When Performing Tertiary Tasks
Authors: Wu Xiaolong , Mi Choi Young
Published: February 2022

With the development of the car industry, more and more electronic devices have been used in automobiles in order to provide greater functionality and improve the driving experience. However, performing tertiary tasks such as changing songs on an in-car mp3 player or resetting a navigation system while driving increases visual interaction and cognitive load for drivers. In order to provide drivers a better interactive control, different kinds of control modalities such as touch display and gesture control have been developed, yet no research has been done in terms of reducing users’ cognitive load. This paper hypothesizes that using air gesture control to perform secondary tasks will reduce driver’s cognitive load. An experiment will be performed with a driving simulator to compare the cognitive load on a driver among a new gesture-based interface, a multi-touch based interface, and a tactile interface. Cognitive load will be measured through the change of the pupil diameter of the driver and gathered via a remote eye tracking system. The effectiveness, efficiency, and the users’ satisfaction towards each interface will be measured.
How Do Immersive Driving Environments Influence User Performances and Experiences?
Authors: Reicha Diana , Jorinde Wittkugelb Hanna , Starkc Rainer
Published: February 2022

Prospective evaluations of human-vehicle-interactions during early prototyping stages are important (Mayhew, 1999) to ensure safety and usability for innovative solutions. To do so, highly realistic appearing test environments will help to provide reliable and valid findings. The high-end version of a realistic test environment is a real car driving study, of course. Nevertheless, they are difficult to control, manipulate and replicate and thus to standardize. They are also more time consuming and expensive. Therefore, one economizing suggestion is the implementation of immersive (driving) environments within simulator studies to provide users a more realistic feeling. This paper discusses research investigating the influence of different levels of immersivity within driving environments. Two important influencing factors were used to examine different levels of immersivity: visual parameters and auditory parameters. Objective data and subjective user impressions were measured and analyzed. Twenty participants took part in the driving simulator study and performed the Lane Change Task within different immersivity conditions. Objective and subjective data have shown advantages for the most immersive driving environment and provide evidence to suggest a more aware and realistic perception of the driving situation. Therefore, higher immersive driving environments are suggested regarding evaluations of prospective human-vehicle-interactions.
End-users’ Acceptance and Use of Adaptive Cruise Control Systems
Authors: Strandab Niklas , MariAnne Karlssonac I.C. , Nilssonab Lena
Published: February 2022

An online survey was distributed to end-users of adaptive cruise control (ACC). In total 90 drivers answered the questionnaire, which covered e.g. ACC usage and how such use affects driver behaviour. According the responses: the ACC is used primarily on roads with higher speed limits; the end-users trust the system even though it has some functional limitations; they have a very positive attitude towards the system; and positive effects on comfort and safety are observed including reduced inclination to overtake and increased compliance with speed regulations.
Lever Wheelchair for Disabled People: an Answer to the Increasing Demand for Wheelchair Mobility
Authors: Fiok Krzysztof , Choromański Włodzimierz
Published: February 2022

Young, active disabled people with impairment of lower extremities tend to be as active, as possible considering their disabilities. For purposes of leisure and sport many wheelchair solutions have been already proposed, yet the struggle to provide efficient and economically rational means of transport that increase their mobility is still ongoing. According to various authors lever wheelchairs have certain advantages in the given field: ergonomic work conditions and high human work efficiency resulting from the lever drive concept. In our works we created a pre-prototype of such wheelchair. Our projects goal was to try to implement many different solutions which were to provide rich functionality: adjustment of levers’ length, adjustment of levers’ axis of rotation position, changeable gears including reverse gear, innovative brake mechanism. As a result we could assess which of the functional assumptions were reasonable and easy to implement and which could be useful however make the design very complicated, heavy and thus irrational. Our main conclusion was that if the lever driven wheelchair concept is to become popular, one of the key-issues in their design must be: simplicity. Additional functionality seems attractive during theoretical studies, but it’s implementation very often causes too much complication and weight gain.
Augmented Reality Head-Up-Display for Advanced Driver Assistance System: A Driving Simulation Study
Authors: Halit abc Lynda , Kemeny ab Andras , Mohellebia Hakim , Garbayab Samir , Mérienneb Frédéric , Michelinc Sylvain , Albautd Valentin
Published: February 2022

Research and technological advance in the field of Augmented Reality (AR) is growing rapidly (Mas, 2011). One of the new application domains is the automobile industry, linked to the necessary men machine aspects of Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS). Relevant road traffic as well as useful navigation or path planning information may be displayed using partially or totally the windshield surface thanks to these emerging technologies. However, the way road traffic, signs or vehicle information is displayed impacts strongly driver’s attention with increased mental workload and safety concerns. Research in perceptual and human factors assessment is needed for relevant and correct display of this information for maximal road traffic safety as well as optimal driver comfort. At Renault, research is carried out in a number of automotive AR domains: the used information type and visual grammar, visual perception for the displayed information (depth, localization), and real time mixed reality, that is matching virtual and real environment. The main goal of this presented experiment was to study whether head movement impacts AR depth perception and thus modifying displayed image quality and decreasing driver performance. For this purpose, a driving simulator experiment, carried out in the CAVE Immersive Integration Platform (P2I) Driving Simulator, we analyzed: driver head movements during different realistic situations, preferences scale in each specific situation, and thus with and without head tracked conditions. Primary data shows a strong preference for the tracked system condition and the statistical scale factor was very significant.
Effects of Interface Complexity of Head-up Display on Drivers’ Driving Performance and Self-Perception
Authors: Li Shuling , Wang Dunxing , Zhang Wei
Published: February 2022

This paper focused on the effects of interface complexity of HUDs on drivers’ driving performance and self-perception. During the experiment, participants need to perform four tasks, namely car-following, lane changing, speed control, and response to an urgent event, all with either of five randomly chosen HUD interfaces with different levels of complexity shown to the drivers. The questionnaires to investigate drivers’ driving easiness, satisfaction, efficiency, mental workload and task complexity were collected immediately after finishing the tasks. Results showed that both perceived effectiveness and satisfaction have reverse “U” shape relationship with HUD interface complexity. This paper made a contribution to interface design of HUDs on automobiles as well as made suggestions on information complexity design, which can improve drivers’ driving performance and safety.
Comparative Analysis of Driving Maneuvers Using 3D Body Posture Data
Authors: Kondyli Alexandra , P. Sisiopiku Liangke Zhao Angelos Barmpoutis Virginia
Published: February 2022

Research has shown that driver inattention is the most prevalent cause of traffic collisions accounting for an estimated 25 to 56% of crashes in the US. Driver inattention may result from drivers engagement in secondary activities (such as texting or cell phone use), or lack of awareness of the surrounding environment. The main objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between potentially unsafe driving events and the actual driver body posture and movements when performing a driving maneuver under different traffic configurations. The paper presents results from a pilot study that captured the 3-D posture and activity of three drivers while performing both mandatory (merging) and discretionary (lane changing) maneuvers on freeway and arterial segments in Gainesville, Florida. The body posture of the drivers was captured through the use of a low-cost infrared depth sensor. A 7-point human skeletal model was fit to the captured depth frame sequences using our proposed framework. The comparative analysis of the participants’ body movements while performing the maneuvers revealed differences between the participants’ body activity when performing the same maneuvers. The findings of this research provide significant insights regarding which body movements may hide unsafe situations while performing a driving maneuver that requires the attention of the surrounding environment.
Driving Behavior at Intersections Equipped with Red Light Cameras – A Monte Carlo Simulation Based on Driving Simulator Data
Authors: Joris Cornu , Kris Brijs , Stijn Daniels , Tom Brijs , Elke Hermans , Geert Wets
Published: February 2022

Background: Various impact evaluation studies of red light cameras (RLCs) showed an increase of rear-end collisions (up to 44%). Objective: To evaluate the driving and looking behavior of drivers at intersections equipped with RLCs in an urban area. Method: 63 participants passed an intersection without RLC, with RLC, and with RLC + warning sign (RLCWS) in a driving simulator. These data were used to estimate the risk of rear-end collisions by means of a Monte Carlo Simulation. Results: The relative risk of rear-end collisions for the intersection without RLC, with RLC, and with RLCWS was 1.97%, 12.65%, and 7.89% respectively. A higher percentage of participants observed the RLC when they stopped for the yellow light at the intersection with RLC, compared to the participants who did not stop (62% vs. 28%). Conclusion: Based on the Monte Carlo Simulation, risk of rear-end collisions increases when RLCs are installed. However, this risk decreases when a RLCWS is placed upstream. Application: Road administrations must consider the installation of RLCs very carefully. When RLCs are needed at certain intersections (e.g. to prevent red light running), road administrations should also deliberate about the potential of RLCWS in order to reduce the risk of rear-end collisions.
Pathways to Failure? Using Work Domain Analysis to Predict Accidents in Complex Systems
Authors: M. Salmona Paul , G. Lenneb Michael , Readb Gemma , H. Walkerc Guy , A. Stantond Neville
Published: February 2022

Forecasting accidents before they occur is the final frontier for safety science. Although this has long been recognized, the discipline of human factors has yet to produce an appropriate methodology for achieving this. This paper presents some of the findings from an exploratory study in which the abstraction hierarchy method from the work domain analysis phase of cognitive work analysis was used to predict potential accidents. Using rail level crossings as a test case, the exploratory study revealed that the abstraction hierarchy method was able to predict a range of failure pathways that could potentially lead to a collision between a road user and a train at rail level crossings. In addition, certain features of the abstraction hierarchy method were found to make it highly consistent with contemporary systems level views on accident causation, including that it provides a systems level analysis of potential accident pathways, that is does not support a focus on broken human components (since the abstraction hierarchy model is actor independent), and that the primary focus is on the relationships between components rather than the components themselves. Further testing of the approach is recommended, including sensitivity and validity testing whereby the predictions made are compared to real world events.
How Much Route Guidance is Enough?
Authors: Walker Guy , Manson Alastair
Published: February 2022

Four archetypal street patterns were modelled using traffic microsimulation, populated with vehicles possessing various levels of route guidance, and run multiple times to reveal outcomes in terms of journey length, duration, cost and carbon emissions. The findings show that the topology of urban street patterns interacts strongly with the amount of route guidance provided. In some network types the amount of route guidance provided led to consistent improvements in network and vehicle performance, whilst in other networks the same performance could be achieved with 100% route guidance as it could with 0%. A fundamental relationship is revealed between the universal network coefficient Beta (β) and the overall level of route guidance required to optimise performance across all variables. The implications for telematics strategies are profound: it seems every driver does not need to know everything in order to bring about optimal network performance. Indeed, there may be more self-optimization than we think.
Life in the Wild? Using Ergonomics Systems Methods and Field of Safe Travel Theory to Evaluate Intersection Designs
Authors: Cornelissen ab Miranda , Salmon Neville Stantond Paul , McClure Roderick
Published: February 2022

A safe systems approach has been acknowledged as the underlying philosophy of contemporary road safety strategies. Despite this, systemic applications in road transport evaluation and design remain sparse. This paper explores the value of using Ergonomics design and evaluation methods such as Cognitive Work Analysis in conjunction with road transport theories such as the field of safe travel to provide easily interpretable analyses of road designs. The goal is that this would provide a facilitation platform for communication between Ergonomics analysts and road transport designers, aiming to facilitate systemic applications in road transport. The application of Cognitive Work Analysis and the field of safe travel theory in the evaluation of a new intersection design concept demonstrated that this proves a promising cross method collaboration. Cognitive Work Analysis provided the analytical detail of road user behavior possible as a result of the interaction between the intersection design, road users, vehicles and the environment. Subsequently, the field of safe travel theory provided a visual means to communicate these findings directly related to the intersection designs. The application furthermore provided additional insights into the constraints acting upon the field of safe travel and the paths that road users can possibly take within this field.