bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age Effects in Simple Prediction of a Repeating Binary Event Pattern
Authors: Sanford A.J. , Ball E.
Published: April 2009

An experiment is performed in which old and young Ss try to predict whether the digit Tor ‘2’ will occur on each of a long series of trials. The sequences of ‘I’s and ‘2’s were fixed, consisting of a repeated cycle, 1 1 2 1 1 2 etc. When Ss did not know there was a pattern, young and old Ss did not differ in the number of cycles it took to learn the sequence perfectly. This result accords with earlier results showing that young and old Ss did not differ in the number of trials taken to probability match in a similar situation. When Ss were previously cued that the sequence had a pattern, the young improved greatly but the old did not. The findings are discussed in terms of Griew’s [1965] concept of compensatory strategies, which makes a prediction not upheld in the present study.
Ageing and Immunological Function in Man
Authors: Mackay I.R.
Published: April 2009

Ageing and immunological function in man is considered in terms of morphological changes with age in central and peripheral lymphoid tissues and functional changes with age in humoral and cell mediated immune function. Thymic atrophy with ageing is emphasized and may be critical. Humoral immunity, particularly towards ubiquitous and complex bacterial antigens, is not demonstrably impaired, although there may be ‘spotty’ losses of reactivity (clonal failure) for infrequently encountered antigens of limited heterogeneity. T cell depletion with age is demonstrable by most methods of testing, cutaneous responses to ubiquitous antigens, sensitization by DNCB and responsiveness to mitogenic effects of PHA. Autoantibodies to nuclear and tissue specific antigens increase in prevalence with ageing. An immunoepidemiological study showed a correlation between autoantibodies and various indices of cardiovascular disease, and mortality was greater in subjects with autoantibodies.
Radiation-Induced Life Span Shortening in Drosophila
Authors: Gartner Leslie P.
Published: April 2009

Wild type Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to 0, 33, 66 and 93 kr of 60Co y-irradiation at 9,000 r/min. The life span of the flies was reduced following the radiation, and the males were more radiosensitive than the females. A theory of aging and radiation-induced life span shortening was suggested.
Age Changes in Nucleic Acids, Protein, Free Amino Acids and Water Content of the Skin in the Male Garden Lizard in Natural Surroundings
Authors: Mishra B.N. , Patnaik B.K.
Published: April 2009

Some of the biochemical components of the skin of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor, have been analyzed in relation to age. The DNA content was found to decrease sharply during the rapid growth phase and again between the fully matured and older group. The RNA content reached its peak at the fully matured stage, followed by a decline. The RNA/DNA and RNA/protein ratio showed the same trend. A sharp decline in protein content was recorded during the rapid growth phase. Protein content, expressed on the basis of DNA, showed the same trend. An increase in protein content was found between the sexually matured stage and the older group. The free amino acid level did not show significant age-related change. During the period between the rapid growth phase and sexual maturity the water content of the skin showed a significant increase and remained almost constant thereafter.
Testing the Protein Error Theory of Ageing: A Reply to Baird, Samis, Massie and Zimmerman
Authors: Holliday R.
Published: April 2009

A major prediction of Orgel’s theory is that the misincorporation of amino acids into proteins will increase with age. This has not yet been tested experimentally. Indirect methods have been used to search for the presence of altered proteins in ageing cells or organisms, but these would not necessarily detect a low level of mistakes, nor do they distinguish between errors in synthesis and post-synthetic changes. Nevertheless, some experimental results have been obtained from genetic and biochemical studies with fungi and fibroblasts which confirm certain predictions of the protein error theory.
Longevity, Growth Rate and Related Traits among Strains of Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Hani Soliman M. , Lints F.A.
Published: April 2009

Longevity of eight laboratory strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, with various geographic backgrounds, was studied under constant laboratory conditions of 33°C and 70% relative humidity in standard medium (95% whole wheat flour and 5% dried yeast) during a period of 227 days starting from the egg stage. The eggs were collected from the same parents, first a few days after emergence and afterwards at intervals of 13, 9, 10 and 11 days. Mean survival time (MST) was found to be strain-specified. It ranges from 128.6 days for KJ (Kyoto, Japan) to 174.2 days for ES (Edinburgh, Scotland). MST was highly correlated with the percentage of adults alive after 227 days, which did not change the ranking order of strain longevity. Parental age had no effect on longevity. The mean adult longevity of the strains was correlated with the available data on adult weight, growth rate, viability and productivity. There was no relationship between adult weight and longevity. Life span was found to depend on growth rate (measured as 13-day larval weight), percent viability (from 13-day larvae to adulthood) and productivity. Developmental time was also found to influence adult life span within certain limits (two extreme strains deviated). The data suggest that ageing and death in T. castaneum is under genetic control and support the idea that ageing, allied to development, is genetically controlled.
Effect of Aging on Brain Respiration and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Fox Jacob H. , Parmacek Michael S. , Patel-Mandlik K.
Published: April 2009

Syrian hamsters were used to study the effect of aging on brain slice respiration and metabolism. Young animals (average age 8 months) and old animals (average age 18 months) were incubated under standard conditions with the following parameters being measured: oxygen uptake, 14CO2 production, glucose utilization, lactate and pyruvate formation. No differences were found in the two groups. It is still very likely that subtle differences exist but can only be documented under conditions of metabolic stress.
Capacidade de troca de catíons em solos: estudo comparativo de alguns métodos
Authors: Raij Bernardo van , Küpper Alfredo
Published: April 2009

É apresentado um estudo comparativo e crítico de alguns métodos de determinação da capacidade de troca de cations em solos. A capacidade de troca de cations foi determinada diretamente, pelo método do acetato de amônio, e indiretamente, somando as bases trocáveis com a acidez extraída dos solos por percolações, respectivamente pelo acetato de cálcio neutro e pelo cloreto de bário tamponado pela trietanolamina a pH 8,2. No método do acetato de cálcio, foram ainda estudadas duas simplificações, utilizando uma técnica de agitação, e outra aplicando um cálculo hiperbólico às duas primeiras percolações. Foram encontradas excelentes correlações entre o método de percolação pelo acetato de cálcio e os demais métodos. Os métodos do acetato de amônio é acetato de cálcio, por agitação deram valores mais baixos. Valores mais elevados foram obtidos com o método do acetato de cálcio, aplicando-se a equação hiperbólica, e para o cloreto de bário tamponado pela trietanolamina.
Variações nos métodos de aplicação dos herbicidas Diuron e Tripluralin na cultura do algodoeiro
Authors: Alves Aldo , Forster Reinaldo , Gregori Romano
Published: April 2009

Foram estudados os efeitos das variações nos métodos de aplicação dos herbicidas Diuron e Trifluralin na cultura algodoeira, para verificar sua eficiência no combate às ervas daninhas. O tratamento Trifluralin aplicado em pré-plantio incorporado, provocou excelente combate às ervas daninhas gramíneas, porém irrisória redução da população das dicotiledôneas. A aplicação de Trifluralin em pré-plantio incorporado e a de Diuron em pré-emergência, aumentaram consideravelmente a área de contrôle nos dois grupos de ervas más. O tratamento Diuron aplicado em pré-emergência foi bastante efetivo no combate às ervas de "fôlhas largas", enquanto que no combate às gramineas não foi tão eficiente. O incorporação do Diuron, aplicado em pré-plantio, não aumentou a eficiência do produto químico. A redução da dose de Diuron em pré-plantio incorporado ou em pré-emergência não proporcionou combate adequado às ervas más.
Aprendendo com as narrativas num estudo sobre reflexividade e articulação empreendedora
Authors: Sá Marcio Gomes de , Mello Sérgio Carvalho Benício de
Published: April 2009

Este artigo apresenta a etapa fundamental e as conclusões de investigação previamente realizada. Chegou-se ao entendimento de que, por meio das narrativas (do ator central do caso estudado e de alguns dos seus principais interagentes) era possível aprender sobre as "experiências de articulação" dos mesmos. Mais que isso, as histórias também poderiam apoiar o aprofundamento ainda necessário (na investigação maior) das questões relacionadas a uma das indagações norteadoras da investigação:"quais são os interesses inerentes a esse tipo de articulação?" Ao observar a narrativa como fonte de aprendizado da experiência, foi possível aprender sobre o fenômeno investigado: a "articulação empreendedora de caráter reflexivo". Ao final, também é apresentada, como fruto da congregação das narrativas ao corpus linguístico constituído, uma tipologia dos principais interesses envolvidos nesse fenômeno.
Determinação dos períodos de convivência da cana-soca com plantas daninhas
Authors: Meirelles G.L.S. , Alves P.L.C.A. , Nepomuceno M.P.
Published: April 2009

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de determinar o período anterior à interferência (PAI) e o período total de prevenção à interferência (PTPI) das plantas daninhas em cana-de-açúcar (cana-soca, segundo corte) do cultivar SP803280. O experimento foi instalado sobre um Latossolo Vermelho. Os tratamentos experimentais constituíram de períodos crescentes de controle ou de convivência das plantas daninhas com a cultura: 0, 015, 0-34, 0-59. 0-90, 0-124, 0-157 e 0-269 dias (colheita da cana), totalizando 16 tratamentos, dispostos no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As plantas daninhas mais frequentes encontradas na área experimental foram: capim-colonião (Panicum maximum), carrapicho-de-carneiro (Acanthospermum hispidum) e apaga-fogo (Alternanthera tenella). Os resultados obtidos, admitindo-se 2 e 5% de redução, na produção de colmos da cana-de-açúcar revelaram que o período anterior à interferência (PAI) tolerado pela cultura foi de 9 e 18 dias após a brotação (DAB), e o período total de prevenção à interferência (PTPI), de 200 e 137 DAB, respectivamente, resultando num período crítico de prevenção à interferência de 9 aos 200 DAB para 2% e 18 aos 137 DAB para 5% de redução.
Origens do bipartidarismo: uma tentativa de entender as eleições norte-americanas
Authors: Tota Antonio Pedro
Published: April 2009

A eleição nos Estados Unidos intriga os brasileiros. Poucos conseguem entendê-las: nem mesmo os americanos sabem exatamente como funciona sua democracia. Não escolhem o presidente pelo voto direto, como aqui. Delegam o poder de escolha a um Colégio Eleitoral composto por representante dos dois únicos partidos que conseguem realmente participar do processo.
A crise em perspectiva: 1929 e 2008
Authors: Mazzucchelli Frederico
Published: April 2009

No contexto de elevada incerteza decorrente da crise econômica mundial, é inevitável que surjam comparações entre o momento atual e a experiência dramática da Grande Depressão, que subverteu o mundo entre 1929 e 1933. Mas, apesar das perdas financeiras e da desaceleração da economia, a disposição para a intervenção estatal é hoje um elemento determinante que diferencia nitidamente as iniciativas da política econômica. Este é um fator decisivo que projeta um futuro menos sombrio para a evolução da crise atual.
Acute intentional and accidental poisoning with medications in a southern Brazilian city
Authors: Margonato Fabiana Burdini , Thomson Zuleika , Paoliello Monica Maria Bastos
Published: April 2009

The expansion of the pharmaceutical market in the 20th century led to important changes in the consumption of medications worldwide. The objective of the current study was to analyze acute intentional and accidental poisoning with medications according to factors related to the individual, the poisoning, and the drug involved. This was a cross-sectional study that collected secondary data on all cases of acute poisoning with medications reported from 2003 to 2004 by the Poison Control Center at the Regional University Hospital in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. We studied a total of 546 cases of acute poisoning with medications. Females predominated among intentional cases (79.8%), and the 0-9-year age bracket was the most common among accidental cases (51.9%). The most frequently involved drugs were those acting on the central nervous system (57.2%), predominantly those requiring controlled prescriptions, especially among the intentional cases (66.2%). The results demonstrate the characteristics of acute poisoning from medications in Maringá, confirming the need for preventive measures that contribute to the rational use of medications.
Reação de cultivares de abacateiro à podridão de raízes
Authors: Sumida Ciro Hideki , Homechin Martin , Santiago Débora Cristina
Published: April 2009

As cultivares de abacateiro (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' e 'Hass' têm muita importância econômica no mercado nacional e internacional. Em função disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reação dessas cultivares frente à Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., agente causal da podridão das raízes. A inoculação do patógeno foi feita por meio de implantação de tecidos de raízes sintomáticas. Foram inoculadas quatro raízes em três árvores diferentes, uma de cada cultivar, em três pontos diferentes da raiz. Em cada cultivar, das quatro raízes, uma foi utilizada como testemunha, nas quais foram implantados tecidos sadios. A avaliação foi realizada aos 120 dias após a inoculação, observando-se as raízes externamente quanto à alteração da coloração e presença de estruturas de patógenos na região da superfície da casca nos pontos inoculados. Internamente, foram removidas as cascas para visualização das alterações a partir do ponto inoculado, sendo observadas alterações de coloração dos tecidos e realizada mensuração da extensão do escurecimento (lesão aparente). Nas extremidades das lesões foram retirados segmentos de raízes e implantados em meio de cultivo farinha de milho-ágar e incubados, para verificação da colonização na área sem escurecimento, ou seja, a colonização não- aparente. Das cultivares avaliadas, a 'Hass' foi a menos suscetível ao P. cinnamomi, quando comparada às cultivares 'Fortuna' e 'Margarida'. O patógeno P. cinnamomi pode apresentar desenvolvimento ou colonização nos tecidos radiculares além da área sintomática.
Desenvolvimento e comparação de um método de construção de arcos ortodônticos individualizados com um método tradicional de escolha de arcos ortodônticos pré-fabricados
Authors: Borin Neto Antonio José , Cecanho Rodrigo , Silva Helena Cristina Francisco Pereira da
Published: April 2009

INTRODUÇÃO: a existência de pacientes com arcos dentários e anatomias diferentes dos diagramas de arcos ortodônticos preestabelecidos justifica este trabalho. OBJETIVO: foi proposto mostrar um método de construção de arcos ortodônticos que respeitasse a anatomia individual de cada paciente e que fosse construído sem a necessidade de diagramas impressos pré-desenhados. MÉTODOS: em vinte modelos inferiores de gesso, foram colados, no centro da coroa clínica dos seus dentes, braquetes e tubos. Com o auxílio de um paquímetro digital associado a um aparelho que posicionou os modelos com o plano oclusal paralelo ao solo, foi possível medir a distância da ponta de cúspide e meio da face incisal de cada dente até o fundo da canaleta do respectivo braquete e tubo colado. De posse dessas medidas, foram realizadas impressões das cúspides dentárias dos modelos em uma lâmina de cera 7 e, a partir dessas cúspides, pontuou-se a cera usando a distância obtida (entre a ponta de cúspide/meio da incisal dos dentes e a canaleta do braquete/entrada do tubo). Esses novos pontos serviram de referência para a construção dos arcos ortodônticos individualizados. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: esse método de construção foi denominado "arcograma", o qual foi comparado com um método pré-conformado de diagramação ("Tru-arch"), sendo considerado melhor que esse no tocante à adaptação à anatomia individual do arco.
Má oclusão Classe II, divisão 1, de Angle com discrepância ântero-posterior acentuada
Authors: Freitas Jairo Curado de
Published: April 2009

A má oclusão Classe II de Angle é caracterizada por uma discrepância dentária ântero-posterior, que pode ou não estar associada a alterações esqueléticas. Além do comprometimento estético, o fato de vir associada a um overjet acentuado faz com que o paciente fique mais exposto a traumas dentários. Este caso foi apresentado à Diretoria do Board Brasileiro de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial (BBO), representando a categoria 4, ou seja, uma má oclusão com discrepância ântero-posterior acentuada, Classe II com ANB maior ou igual a 5º, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Diplomado pelo BBO. Possui uma característica incomum, que é a ausência congênita de um incisivo inferior.
Ventajas competitivas de la multinacional agroalimentaria en aspectos tecnológicos
Authors: Alfranca Oscar , Rama Ruth , von Tunzelmann Nicholas
Published: April 2009

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar el funcionamiento de las carteras tecnológicas en las empresas agroalimentarias multinacionales (EMAs). Para investigar la forma en que estas empresas combinan intramuros sus diversos conocimientos técnicos, analizamos un panel de 18.611 patentes de utilidad (técnicas) y 1.359 patentes de diseño concedidas en los EEUU a 90 empresas agroalimentarias multinacionales, entre 1969 y 1994. La metodología se basa en el cálculo de correlaciones bivariadas no paramétricas entre el número de patentes de alimentos y el número de patentes concedidas a la empresa en otros 10 campos técnicos no alimentarios. Los resultados indican que la actividad patentadora en alimentos está positivamente correlacionada con la actividad patentadora en cuatro campos técnicos: Biotecnología, Química, Maquinaria y Otras patentes. Estos resultados aparecen recurrentemente en diversos grupos de empresas clasificadas por país de origen, aunque varíe la intensidad de la asociación estadística. Estas correlaciones se calculan para diversas agrupaciones muestrales y observamos que nuestros resultados son estadísticamente robustos. Finalmente, identificamos a los cinco principales innovadores en los once campos técnicos estudiados y también en innovación de diseño destinada al embalaje de los productos alimentarios.
Distribution of guppies Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1860) and Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868) along a polluted stretch of the Paraíba do Sul River, Brazil
Authors: Araújo FG. , Peixoto MG. , Pinto BCT. , Teixeira TP.
Published: April 2009

Cyprinodontiformes fishes (guppies) are widely distributed in Neotropical regions and use deteriorated microhabitats in rivers where few species can occur. This study was carried out in a stretch of the Paraíba do Sul River in bracketing a large urban-industrial complex. The aim was to assess eventual effects that the industrial complex could have on distribution of two closely related fish species of guppies, Phalloceros caudimaculatus and Poecilia reticulata. The area was divided into three zones: Z1, 40 km upriver of the major urban-industrial complex of Volta Redonda; Z2, just down river of the complex; and Z3, 30 km down river of the complex. Six sites (two in each zone) were sampled monthly between November 1998 and October 1999, using a standardized fishing effort with cast net throws, trays lifts and seine hauls, covering different microhabitats, that is, riffles, pools and the proximity of the river's margins. Poecilia reticulata was widely distributed, peaking at Z2, the most polluted area, while P. caudimaculatus showed the highest abundance at Z3, being almost absent in Z1. Both species occurred in high numbers throughout the year but they were scarce between April and June. Females outnumbered males for both species in most size classes and at all sites. Juveniles were more abundant than adults, with non-pregnant females outnumbering pregnant ones. Condition factor was always higher in males than females but only males P. reticulata showed significant difference among the three zones, with the highest values at Z2. The higher number of females confirms the expectation that these species can use very polluted areas and that availability of food provided by organic loads allowed their distribution all over the area. Although these two species have shown indication of spatial separation in the study area, their similar seasonal patterns of occurrence suggest that they respond in a similar way to changes in environmental conditions.
Composition and diversity of ichthyofauna in La Viña reservoir (Córdoba, Argentina)
Authors: Mancini M. , Haro G. , Bucco C. , Salinas V. , Miquelarena A.
Published: April 2009

Several dams have been built in central and north Argentina. There are more than 20 reservoirs in Córdoba province, with a total estimated surface area of around 15,000 ha. Although construction of dams continues, some aspects about the richness, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna in many of these environments are unknown, which prevents adequate management of fish resources. The goal of this work was to evaluate specific richness and diversity of ichthyofauna in La Viña reservoir (31° 47' S and 65° 01' W, 1,050 ha, 846 m asl), one of the major reservoirs in Córdoba. Fifteen seasonal samplings were made in 1999-2002 using trawl nets and gillnets. A total of 3,242 specimens belonging to 7 species distributed in 5 orders and 5 families were caught. The tetra Astyanax eigenmanniorum (52.9%) and the silverside Odontesthes bonariensis (29.3%) were the most abundant species; the latter is the main target species for lake fishing and had greatest biomass (63.8%). Average diversity for all samples was H'T = 1.63 (95% confidence interval 1.49 to 1.77). Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indexes values were generally intermediate. Specific richness of La Viña reservoir was moderate compared with other impoundments in central and north Argentina.
Theory-based Support for Mobile Language Learning: Noticing and Recording
Authors: Kukulska-Hulme Agnes , Bull Susan
Published: April 2009

This paper considers the issue of 'noticing' in second language acquisition, and argues for the potential of handheld devices to: (i) support language learners in noticing and recording noticed features 'on the spot', to help them develop their second language system; (ii) help language teachers better understand the specific difficulties of individuals or those from a particular language background; and (iii) facilitate data collection by applied linguistics researchers, which can be fed back into educational applications for language learning. We consider: theoretical perspectives drawn from the second language acquisition literature, relating these to the practice of writing language learning diaries; and the potential for learner modelling to facilitate recording and prompting noticing in mobile assisted language learning contexts. We then offer guidelines for developers of mobile language learning solutions to support the development of language awareness in learners.
Mobile Learning Platform Connected to Moodle Using J2ME
Authors: Abou El-Seoud Samir , M. A. Ahmad Ashraf , Farouk El-Sofany Hosam
Published: April 2009

This paper presents a mobile learning platform (MLP) connected to a Moodle course management system build, using the Java2 Micro Edition (J2ME), developed in our Mobile Multimedia and Wireless Communication Lab (MMWCL). The MLP uses wireless communications (Bluetooth, WI-FI, WIMAX) to connect with the Moodle server. Later, after the connection is established with the server, the J2ME application will be able to provide the user with a bundle of services. These services include grades, course schedules, attendance records, course announcements, and university activities, as well as quality assessments.
Structures and Properties of Nonchelated, d0 Alkyl Alkene Complexes of the Type [Cp2ZrMe(alkene)]+: Elusive Intermediates during Ziegler–Natta Polymerizations of Alkenes
Authors: Sauriol Francoise , Wong Elizabeth , Leung Angela M. H. , Donaghue Irja Elliott , Baird Michael C. , Wondimagegn Tebikie , Ziegler Tom
Published: April 2009

Auf frischer Tat ertappt: Der abgebildete Alkyl(alken)zirconium(IV)‐Komplex (Cp=C5H5) wurde synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Das Alken ist sehr unsymmetrisch gebunden, sodass C2 einen stark carbokationischen Charakter hat. Ferner war eine Rotation um die C1‐C2‐Bindung nachweisbar. Dieser außergewöhnliche Komplex kann als Modell für bislang unbekannte Zwischenstufen in Ziegler‐Natta‐ und carbokationischer Alkenpolymerisation angesehen werden.

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Fluorescence Quenching of Pheophytin‐a by Copper(II) Ions
Authors: HU Mingbo , LI Huaixiang , CHEN Lusheng , ZHANG Huaibin , DONG Chuan
Published: April 2009

A method was developed for determination of Cu(II) ions quantitatively by measuring fluorescent intensity of pheophytin‐a (Pheoa) solution. The Pheoa was obtained by de‐intercalation of magnesium from the porphyrin ring of chlorophyll‐a (Chla) extracted from fresh spinach leaves. Its two UV‐Vis absorption peaks at 505 and 535 nm in acetone solution have been observed but disappeared when the acetone solution of Pheoa was mixed with a Cu(II) ion aqueous solution. A fluorescence quenching phenomenon was thus observed when the acetone solution of Pheoa was mixed with an aqueous solution of Cu(II) ions. However, other physiologically relevant cations rarely caused any quenching fluorescence of Pheoa under the same experimental conditions. Kinetics of the fluorescence fading process was investigated by measuring the effects of Cu(II) ion concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature on the fluorescence intensity of the Pheoa acetone solution. An activation energy of (10±1) kJ·mol−1 was estimated from Arrhenius empirical relation assuming that the interaction between the Pheoa and the Cu(II) ions was the first order reaction. The calibration graph obtained with the fluorescence was linear over the Cu(II) concentration range of 8.0×10−5−8.0×10−7 mol·dm−3 with a detection limit of 8.0×10−7 mol·dm−3 for Cu(II) ion.
Morphometric characterization of murine articular cartilage—Novel application of confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Stok Kathryn S. , Müller Ralph
Published: April 2009

A new technique for characterization of the three‐dimensional morphology of murine articular cartilage is proposed. The technique consists of a novel application of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), where the objective was to develop and validate it for cartilage measurements in murine joints. Murine models are used in arthritis research, because they are well‐described for manipulating the disease pathophysiology, facilitating our understanding of the disease, and identifying new targets for therapy. A calibration and reproducibility study was carried out to provide a consistent testing methodology for quantification of murine joints. The proximal tibial condyles from male C57BL/6 mice were scanned using a CLS microscope with an isotropic voxel size of 5.8 μm. Measurements and analyses were repeated three times on different days, and in a second step the analysis was repeated three times for a single measurement. Calculation of precision errors (coefficient of variation) for cartilage thickness and volume was made. The bias of the system was estimated through comparison with histology. This technique showed good precision, with errors in the repeated analysis ranging from 0.63% (lateral thickness) to 3.48% (medial volume). The repeated analysis alone was robust, with intraclass correlations for the different compartments between 0.918 and 0.991. Measurement bias was corrected by scaling the confocal images to 32% of their width to match histology. CLSM provided a fast and reproducible technique for gathering 3D image data of murine cartilage and will be a valuable tool in understanding the efficacy of arthritis treatments in murine models. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conformations of monoacyl and 1,3‐diacylbenzimidazoline‐2‐thiones and dihydrobenzimidazoles
Authors: Ibrahim Mustafa R. , Jarrar Adil A. , Sabri Salim S.
Published: April 2009

The endo confrontation of monoacyl and 1,3‐diacylbenzimidazoline‐2‐thiones is predominant at ambient temperatures. Nmr temperature‐dependent studies suggest that this is also true over a wide range of temperatures. In agreement with previous results (6) the exo‐endo conformation in 1,3‐diacyl‐1,2‐dihydrobenzimidazoles is generally the predominant one.
Studies on indenopyridine derivatives and related compounds. II. Stereochemistry of 1‐substituted 9‐phenyl‐1,3,4,4a,9,9a‐hexahydro‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐indeno[2,1‐b] pyridines and their acetates
Authors: Kurihara Takushi , Hirano Hiroshi
Published: April 2009

Chemical and catalytical reduction of 1‐methyl‐ or 1‐benzyl‐phenyl‐1,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐2H‐indeno[2,1‐b ]pyridin‐4‐ones (VIIa,b) afforded 1‐methyl‐ or 1‐benzyl‐9‐phenyl‐1,3,4,4a,9,9a‐ hexahydro‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐indeno[2,1‐b ]pyridines (IXa,b), which gave the corresponding acetates (Xa,b) by treatment with acetic anhydride and pyridine. Based upon a detailed study of 100 MHz nmr spectra of these compounds, it was concluded that the hydroxy group of IXa,b has an axial configuration taking B/C cis stable form which has the large aromatic group equatorial with respect to the piperidine ring, whereas the acetoxy group of Xa,b is equatorial taking an unfavorable B/C cis unstable form which has the large aromatic group axial with respect to the piperidine ring.
Pyridazines. LXX. Reactions of azidoazolopyridazines with unsaturated compounds
Authors: Jurgec M. , Kovačič M. , Stanovnik B. , Tišler M. , Volk M.
Published: April 2009

Cycloaddition reactions of azidoazolopyridazines with unsaturated esters, cyclic enol ethers, styrene, 2‐vinyl‐pyridine, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene, dicyclopentadiene and dehydrobenzene were investigated. The reaction proceed via the intermediate Δ2 ‐1,2,3‐triazolines which were in most cases termolabile and decomposed further to give the final products which were enamines, imines of fused aziridines.
Synthesis of insect trail pheromones: The isomeric 3‐butyl‐5‐methyloctahydroindolizines
Authors: Sonnet Philip E. , Oliver James E.
Published: April 2009

The syntheses of the geometrical isomers of 3‐butyl‐5‐methyloctahydroindolizine are described. These compounds, reported as trail pheromones of Pharaoh ants, Monomorium pharaonis (L.), cannot be distinguished from each other by physical data alone and assignments must therefore be based on unambiguous synthesis. Routes to these compounds via suitably constituted dialkylpiperidines and a sequence involving a dialkylpyrrole are described. Infrared and nmr spectral data are presented. These data are examined for their potential in conformaational analyses of these compounds.
1,2,4‐Triazino[4,3‐c]‐ and [2,3‐c]quinazolines. II
Authors: Trepanier Donald L. , Sunder Shyam
Published: April 2009

This paper describes the results of allowing a variety of reagents, such as, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, acid chlorides, ortho esters, isocyanates, S‐methylisothiourea, carbon disulfide, phosgene, nitrous acid, and cyanogen bromide to react with the multifunctional compound, 3‐(o‐aminophenyl)‐1‐methyl‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐1,2,4‐triazine.
Furannes et pyrroles disubstitués en 2,3. XVI synthèse de furo[3,2‐c]pyranones‐4 et nouvelle voie d'accès aux furo[3,2‐c]pyridines
Authors: Bisagni Emile , Civier Alain , Marquet Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2009

La condensation du chloracétaldéhyde sur l'hydroxy‐4 méthyl‐6 pyranone‐2 engendre la méthyl‐6 furo[3,2‐c]pyranone‐4. Celle‐ci réagit avec l'ammoniaque et certaines amines pour donner les furo[3,2‐c]pyridones‐4 N‐substituées correspondantes qui se forment egalement à partir des hydroxy‐4 α‐pyridones.

Par ailleurs, la furo[3,2‐c]pyranone‐4 est acylée sur son sommet 2 et la chloro‐4 méthyl‐6 furo[3,2‐c]pyridine donne aisément divers dérivés de substitution par déplacement de son halogène.
Synthesis of pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidin‐5‐ones. Cyclization reaction of 4‐[(3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridyl)amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid with acetic anhydride
Authors: Kim Dong Han , Santilli Arthur A.
Published: April 2009

Treatment of 4‐[(3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridyl)amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (X) with acetic anhydride under refluxing conditions afforded 10‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐5H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]‐pyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidin‐5‐one acetate (IX). The intermediate X was prepared from 4‐chloro‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (V). The reaction of V with the sodium salt of 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine at room temperature gave 4‐(2‐amino‐3‐pyridyloxy)‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (VI). Treatment of VI with a hot aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and subsequent acidification gave X. Involvement of 4‐[(3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridyl)amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecaroboxylic acid ethyl ester (VIII) (Smiles rearrangement product) as an intermediate in the above alkaline hydrolysis reaction of VI to X was demonstrated by the isolation of VIII and its subsequent conversion into X under alkaline hydrolysis conditions. Acetylation of VIII with acetic anhydride in pyridine solution gave 4‐[(3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridyl)amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester acetate (XI), which afforded IX on fusion at 220°. This alternative synthesis of IX from XI supported the structural assignment of IX. Fusion of VI gave 10‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐5H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimido]4,5‐d]pyrimidin‐5‐one (VII). The latter was also obtained when VIII was fused at 210°. Acetylation of VII with acetic anhydride afforded IX.
Novel polycyclic heterocycles. XIV. 1,2‐Dihydro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐3H‐8H‐quino[1,8‐ab][4,1]benzoxazepin‐3‐one and its derivatives
Authors: Yale Harry L. , Bristol James A. , Petigara Ramesh B.
Published: April 2009

Procedures for the isolation of 1,2‐dihydro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐3H,8H‐quino[1,8‐ab][4,1]‐benzoxazepine, 3, from reaction mixtures containing 3 as the minor component, and the isomer, 1,2‐dihydro‐11‐(trifluoromethyl)‐3H,7H‐quino[8,1‐cd][1,5]benzoxazepin‐3‐one, 2, as the major component, are described. The reactivity of 3 toward hydroxylamine and aromatic aldehydes has been investigated and the preparation of derivatives with those reactants is described.
A convenient one‐step synthesis of 6‐selenoxo‐9‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)purine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate and related compounds
Authors: Shiue Chyng‐Yann , Chu Shih‐Hsi
Published: April 2009

A useful, facile procedure for preparing seleno‐heterocyclic compounds is reported. Treatment of cAMP, AMP, adenosine, 2‐aminoadenosine, adenine arabinoside and formycin with hydrogen selenide in aqueous pyridine at 65° for 1.5‐5 days gave the corresponding seleno compounds in good yield, while these compounds were relatively inert to hydrogen sulfide. A reaction mechanism is proposed.
The cyclocondensation of 5‐amino‐1,3‐dimethylpyrazole with ethyl acetoacetate. Synthesis of isomeric pyrazolopyridones
Authors: Ratajczyk James D. , Swett Leo R.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 5‐amino‐1,3‐dimethylpyrazole with ethyl acetoacetate yielded two isomeric pyrazolopyridones which were identified as their corresponding tetrahydropyrazolopyridine derivatives and by their ir, pmr and 13C‐nmr spectral data. Additional proof was provided by a separate synthetic route involving the Friedländer reaction.
Transformations in the pyridine series. An improved preparation of 3‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridine
Authors: Inoue Hirozumi , Thyagarajan G. , May Everette L.
Published: April 2009

An improved, large‐scale preparation of 3‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridine (V) is described. This compound was converted to 3‐methyl‐4‐phenylpicolinic acid (VII) which could not be reduced to the desired piperidine congener (IV).
Electron‐impact induced rearrangements in isomeric pyridine aldoximes
Authors: Zaretskii Ze'ev V. I. , Ben‐Bassat Albert Avraham , Lavie David
Published: April 2009

The mass spectra of α‐, β‐ and γ‐pyridine aldoximes and the respective O‐methyl ethers were studied. The mass spectral behaviour of α‐pyridine aldoxime is characterized by the elimination of NO, while the molecular ion of the γ‐isomer expels H2 CN. In the case of the β‐isomer the formation of the m/e 67 ion (C4H5N) in a concerted process is the main feature. In the α‐pyridine aldoxime methyl ether, in sharp contrast to the hydroxy analog, the M‐30 peak was found to be due to the elimination of CH2O, the expulsion of NO being absent. The mechanism of the fragmentation reactions is discussed, the conclusion drawn being based on the high resolution measurements as well as on the spectra of the respective deuterioanalogs and on the metastable transitions.
Reactivity of 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles. Methylation reactions of some 2‐amino‐5‐benzoyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles
Authors: Werber Giuseppe , Buccheri Francesco , Vivona Nicolò
Published: April 2009

Methylation reactions of 2‐amino‐5‐benzoyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles 1a‐d are reported as a function of alkylating agents (methyl iodide, dimethyl sulfate‐potassium carbonate, diazomethane, dimethyl‐sulfate‐sodium methoxide). Methylation occurs at both the ring nitrogen in position 3 and the exocyclic nitrogen atom.
Reactivity of 2‐fluoro‐5‐nitrothiophene towards sodium thiophenoxide and piperidine. Comparison with other 2‐halogeno‐5‐nitrothiophenes
Authors: Guanti Giuseppe , Thea Sergio , Dell'Erba Carlo , Leandri Giuseppe
Published: April 2009

2‐Fluoro‐5‐nitrothiophene reacts with sodium thiophenoxide and piperidine much faster than other 2‐halogeno‐5‐nitrothiophenes. In methanol the reactions with both nucleophiles follow overall second order kinetics, while in benzene the observed second order rate constants of the reaction with piperidine show a linear dependence by the piperidine concentration. Such a dependence, which is mild for the chloro, bromo and iodo derivative, becomes strong for the fluoro compound. Moreover, the reaction of 2‐fluoro‐5‐nitrothiophene with [1‐2H]piperidine shows the absence of a primary isotope effect. The results are interpreted within the framework of the two‐stage, intermediate‐complex mechanism, the first stage (attack of the nucleophile on the substrate) being rate determing for the reactions of 2‐fluoro‐, ‐chloro‐, ‐bromo‐ and ‐iodo‐5‐nitrothiophene with thiophenoxide in methanol and of 2‐chloro‐, ‐bromo‐ and ‐iodo‐5‐nitrothiophene with piperidine in benzene. In the case of the reaction of 2‐fluoro‐5‐nitrothiophene with piperidine in benzene the data are in agreement with a mechanism in which the rate determining step is the decomposition of the tetrahedral intermediate into products. The intervention of a second amine molecule in the transition state of the rate determining step can be rationalized in terms of bifunctional catalysis. A comparison of reactivity of thiophenoxide and piperidine towards 2‐halogeno‐5‐nitrothiophenes (Hal = F, Cl, Br, I) indicates a greater sensitivity of the reaction with piperidine than that with thiophenoxide to the change of the leaving group.
Synthesis of [1]benzopyrano[3,4‐b] [1,4]oxazines as potential antidepressants
Authors: Julian David R. , Matusiak Zbigniew S.
Published: April 2009

Stereospecific syntheses, from Δ‐3‐chromene, of cis and trans‐4‐aminochroman‐3‐ols, 5 and 8, and their conversion into cis and trans‐1,2,3,4a,5,10b‐hexahydro[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐b][1,4]‐oxazines, 15 and 16, are described.
Synthesis of carbostyril derivatives by reaction of aldehydes with oxazolines
Authors: Wehrmeister H. L.
Published: April 2009

Carbostyril derivatives are obtained on reaction of o‐chlorobenzaldehyde and derivatives with 2‐alkyl‐4,4‐dimelhyl‐2‐oxazolines with elimination of methallyl chloride. Phenylethenyloxazolines are presumed intermediates.
Spectral properties of mono‐and dihydroxychromones
Authors: Romussi G. , Ciarallo G.
Published: April 2009

The uv, ir, and nmr spectra of a number of hydroxy‐and methoxychromones, substituted only in the benzene ring, were studied. The results are particularly useful in determining the position of the hydroxyl groups. Chromatographic data on paper are also given.
Photoalkylation of phenanthro[9,10‐d] oxazole
Authors: Maeda M. , Iwase Y. , Kojima M.
Published: April 2009

The photochemical reaction of phenanthro[9,10‐d]oxazole with ethanol, 1‐propanol, 2‐propanol, or diethyl ether resulted in the substitution of the 1‐and/or 2‐hydroxyalkyl and/or alkyl groups at the position 2.
Nouvelle voie d'accès aux 1H‐dihydro‐2,3 pyridones‐4
Authors: Eskenazi Christian , Lhommet GÉRard , Richaud Marie‐GeneviÈVe , Maitte Pierre
Published: April 2009

l'action de l'ammoniac et des amines primaires permet de transformer les dihydro‐2,3 pyrones‐4 en pyridones correspondantes, mais cette méthode n'est pas applicable aux éthoxycarbonyl‐5 dihydro‐2,3 pyrones‐4.
Epimerization and deuterium exchange studies in selected cis,trans‐1‐alkyl‐2‐aryl(alkyl)‐3‐aroylaziridines
Authors: Tarburton Philip , Chung A. , Badger Robert C. , Cromwell Norman H.
Published: April 2009

A series of base catalyzed reactions performed on selected cis, trans‐1‐alkyl‐2‐aryl(alkyl)‐3‐aroylaziridines at room temperature reveal the cis isomer to be of greater thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, base catalyzed deuterium exchange studies suggest this to be the case. Solvent effects on the isomeric cis/trans ratios are also presented and discussed.
Tetrahydropyridinediols and related aldehydes from the reactions of pyridine N‐oxide with mercaptans
Authors: Kokosa John M. , Bauer Ludwig , Egan Richard S.
Published: April 2009

A new series of tetrahydropyridines was isolated when 1‐adamantyl or t‐butyl mercaptan was added last to a solution of pyridine N‐oxide and triethylamine in acetic anhydride. Under these conditions, the predominant tetrahydropyridines proved to be 1‐acetyl‐2‐alkylthio‐3‐acetoxy‐6‐hydroxy‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridines. These carbinolamides were isomerized in part during silica gel column chromatography to trans‐4‐acetoxy‐5‐alkylthio‐5‐acetamido‐2‐pentenals.
Synthesis and epimerization of 1‐Alkyl‐2‐carbomethoxy‐4‐methyl (or phenyl)azetidines
Authors: Kulkarni Shrikant B. , Rodebaugh Richard M. , Cromwell Norman H.
Published: April 2009

A number of 1‐alkyl‐2‐carbomethoxyazetidines have been prepared from the reaction of primary amines with α,γ‐dibromoearbonyl compounds. A series of base catalyzed reactions performed on selected cis, trans‐1‐alkyl‐2‐carbomethoxy‐4‐alkyl(aryl)azetidines reveal the cis isomer to be of greater thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, base catalyzed deuterium exchange studies suggest this to be the case.
Nuclear bishydroxylation with peroxydisulfate
Authors: Rao Koppaka V. , Owoyale Jacob A.
Published: April 2009

Oxidation of 3,3′,4′,7‐tetra‐O‐methylquercelin by alkaline peroxydisulfate gave, in addition to the known 5,8‐dihydroxy derivative, a comparable yield of the 5,6,8‐trihydroxy compound. It was characterized by complete methylation and by conversion to the corresponding hydroxy and methoxy flavoquinones. Simultaneous introduction of two hydroxyls o‐ and p‐ to an existing hydroxyl function can be a potential step‐saver in the synthesis of polyphenolic substances.
3‐Aroylmethyl derivatives of 2(1H)quinoxalinone and 2H‐l,4‐benzoxazin‐2‐ones existing in the enamine form
Authors: Iwanami Yasuo , Inagaki Takeshi
Published: April 2009

Seventeen derivatives of 2(1H)quinoxalinone and 2H‐l,4‐benzoxazin‐2‐one have been synthesized for structural study. All of the compounds having a substituted phenacyl, isonicotinoylmethyl, or 2‐furoylmethyl side chain are shown to exist in the enamine form with an internal chelation both in the crystalline and solution states as evidenced by the ir and pmr spectra, respectively. In the gas phase, however, o‐hydroxyphenacyl derivatives can exist in another type of intramolecularly hydrogen‐bonded form which is supported by their mass spectra.
NMR spectroscopy in distinguishing between 3‐piperidyl‐ and 2‐pyrrolidylmethyl alcohols, amines, esters, and amides
Authors: Cannon Joseph G. , Milne Larry D.
Published: April 2009

Nmr analysis was found to be superior to an older ir technique for assigning structures in a study involving ring contraction‐expansion of 3‐hydroxypiperidine ⇌ 2‐hydroxymethylpyrrolidine systems and their ester derivatives. Nmr was not useful in studies of 3‐aminopiperidines and 2‐aminomethylpyrrolidines, but it could be applied to certain of their N‐acyl derivatives. The nmr method was used to determine that esterification reactions of 1‐methyl‐3‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐piperidine and the sodium or potassium salts of some highly substituted carboxylic acids gave the ring‐contracted pyrrolidine esters. In contrast, 1‐methyl‐3‐aminopiperidine formed an amide with benzilic acid in which the piperidine ring remained unchanged. Aminolysis of methyl benzilate with 1‐methyl‐3‐aminopiperidine resulted in a novel decarbonylation of the ester and isolation of benzophenone and l‐methyl‐3‐formylamidopiperidine.
Synthesis of certain metabolites and analogs of vitamin B6 and their ring‐chain tautomerism
Authors: Paul B. , Korytnyk W.
Published: April 2009

Pyridoxol and pyridoxal on benzylation with dimethylphenylbenzylammonium hydroxide (“leucotrope”) gave 3‐O‐benzylpyridoxol (IV) and 3‐O‐benzylpyridoxal (V), respectively. As a possible mechanism of this reaction an ion pair intermediate has been postulated. Oxidation of IV and V with chromic oxide‐pyridine‐acetic acid complex gave 3‐O‐benzyl‐4‐pyridoxic acid lactone (VI), which could also be obtained by benzylation of 4‐pyridoxic acid. Treatment of VI with dimethylamine gave 2‐methyl‐3‐benzyloxy‐5‐hydroxymethylpyridine‐4‐N,N‐dimethylcarbox‐amide (X) which oxidized to form the 5‐formyl derivative (XI). The latter on hydrolysis yielded the metabolite, 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐formylpyridine‐4‐carboxylic acid (I). When reacted with liquid ammonia, VI gave 3‐O‐benzyl‐4‐pyridoxamide (VII) which was then oxidized to give 2‐methyl‐3‐benzyloxypyridine‐4,5‐dicarboxylic acid cyclicimide(IX). Acid hydrolysis of IX gave another metabolite, 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyridine‐4,5‐dicarboxylic acid (XIII), which could also be obtained by oxidizing XI with potassium permanganate in water to yield 2‐methyl‐3‐benzyloxy‐5‐carboxypyridine‐4‐N,N‐dimethylcarboxamide (XII) and subsequent hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. A positional isomer of I, 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐formylpyridine‐5‐carboxylic acid (XVII) was synthesized starting from 3‐O‐benzyl‐5‐pyridoxic acid lactone (XIV) following similar reaction sequences used for the preparation of I. Ring‐chain tautomerism has been studied in I, XVII, opianic acid (XVIII), phthalaldehydic acid (XIX) and (2‐carboxy‐4,5‐dimethoxy)‐phenylacetaldehyde (XX) in different solvents by nmr and in the solid state by ir spectroscopy. A direct and reliable differentiation between the open form (aldehyde proton in low field) and the ring form (lactol proton in the intermediate field) has been obtained by nmr spectroscopy. In sodium deuteroxide and pyridine‐d5 the open chain form existed exclusively (except for homolog (XX) which is in cyclic form in pyridine‐d5), whereas in 18% hydrogen chloride in deuterium oxide all the compounds are completely in the cyclic form. In hexafluoroacetone hydrate‐d2, XVIII, XIX, and XX exist in the cyclic form whereas I is in the open form. In DMS0‐d6 both cyclic and open‐chain forms have been observed in XVIII, XIX and XX. Definite peak assignment for the two forms could not be made in I due to broadening or superimposition with C6‐H. The metabolite I, isometabolite (XVII) and opianic acid (XVIII) form cyclic acetyl derivatives which give a sharp lactol peak. In the solid state XVIII, XIX are in the cyclic form and I and XX in the open‐chain form as observed by ir spectroscopy.