bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lengthening of corrected QT during epileptic seizures
Authors: Brotherstone Ruth , Blackhall Bethia , McLellan Ailsa
Published: September 2009

Purpose: To measure the corrected QT cardiac repolarization time before and during epileptic seizures.

Methods: Thirty‐nine video‐EEG/ECG/SAO2(electroencephalography/electrocardiography/oxygen saturation) telemetry patients were included in this prospective study. Epileptic seizures were identified both clinically and electrographically. RR intervals and associated QT intervals were measured 5 min prior to the onset of the identified seizure. Consecutive RR and associated QT intervals were then measured from the seizure onset until the seizure had ended and the EEG had resumed its preseizure trace. Averaged RR and QT intervals over nine consecutive beats were applied to Bazett’s, Hodge’s, Fridericia’s, and Framingham’s formulas to compare the corrected QT values before and during the seizures.

Results: A total of 156 seizures had corrected QT analysis performed. Nine generalized tonic–clonic seizures (5 patients), 34 absences (6 patients), 12 tonic seizures (6 patients), 27 temporal lobe seizures (14 patients), 58 frontal lobe seizures (4 patients), and 16 subclinical seizures (4 patients). All formulae reported a statistically significant difference in corrected QT (p < 0.001) during total seizure data compared to total preseizure values. According to Bazett’s formula, 21 seizures (nine patients) transiently increased their corrected QT beyond normal limits, with a maximum corrected QT of 512 ms during a right temporal lobe seizure.

Conclusion: Significant lengthening of corrected QT cardiac repolarization time occurred during some epileptic seizures in this study. Prolonged corrected QT may have a role in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP).
Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure
Authors: Beghi Ettore , Carpio Arturo , Forsgren Lars , Hesdorffer Dale C. , Malmgren Kristina , Sander Josemir W. , Tomson Torbjorn , Hauser W. Allen
Published: September 2009

Purpose:  To consider the definition of acute symptomatic seizures for epidemiological studies, and to refine the criteria used to distinguish these seizures from unprovoked seizures for specific etiologies.

Methods:  Systematic review of the literature and of epidemiologic studies.

Results:  An acute symptomatic seizure is defined as a clinical seizure occurring at the time of a systemic insult or in close temporal association with a documented brain insult. Suggestions are made to define acute symptomatic seizures as those events occurring within 1 week of stroke, traumatic brain injury, anoxic encephalopathy, or intracranial surgery; at first identification of subdural hematoma; at the presence of an active central nervous system (CNS) infection; or during an active phase of multiple sclerosis or other autoimmune diseases. In addition, a diagnosis of acute symptomatic seizure should be made in the presence of severe metabolic derangements (documented within 24 h by specific biochemical or hematologic abnormalities), drug or alcohol intoxication and withdrawal, or exposure to well‐defined epileptogenic drugs.

Discussion:  Acute symptomatic seizures must be distinguished from unprovoked seizures and separately categorized for epidemiologic purposes. These recommendations are based upon the best available data at the time of this report. Systematic studies should be undertaken to better define the associations in question, with special reference to metabolic and toxic insults, for which the time window for the occurrence of an acute symptomatic seizure and the absolute values for toxic and metabolic dysfunction still require a clear identification.
Iatrogenic Coronary Arteriovenous Fistula during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Unique Insight into Intra‐Procedural Management
Authors: WILSMORE BRADLEY , GUNALINGAM BRENDAN
Published: September 2009

We report the case of a 69‐year‐old man who presented with worsening exertional angina where subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention resulted in a coronary arteriovenous fistula. Attempts to occlude the fistula using a relatively conservative management approach with acute reversal of intraprocedural heparin and prolonged balloon inflation unfortunately resulted in extensive coronary artery thrombosis without immediate resolution of the arteriovenous fistula. However, follow‐up at 6 months revealed resolution of the fistula. This case study emphasizes the uncommon but potentially life‐threatening complications of percutaneous coronary interventions with implications not only relating to the hazards of managing iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula, but reversing intraprocedural heparin using protamine, during any coronary angiogram.
Sodium Bicarbonate versus Sodium Chloride and Oral N‐Acetylcysteine for the Prevention of Contrast‐Induced Nephropathy in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: SHAVIT LINDA , KORENFELD ROMAN , LIFSCHITZ MEYER , BUTNARU ADY , SLOTKI ITZCHAK
Published: September 2009

Introduction: Contrast‐induced acute kidney injury (CI‐AKI) is one of the leading causes of hospital‐acquired acute kidney injury. Multiple clinical studies have proposed several preventive strategies.

Aims: To examine the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate compared with sodium chloride and oral N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) for preventive hydration after cardiac catheterization.

Methods: We conducted a prospective, single‐center trial. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage III–IV undergoing cardiac catheterization were allocated to receive either an infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride and oral NAC or 154 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate.

Main: Outcome measure CI‐AKI, defined as an increase of 25% or 0.3 mg/dL or more in plasma creatinine within 2 days of contrast administration.

Results: Ninety‐three patients were allocated to one of the two groups: 42 patients in the saline plus NAC group and 51 patients in the bicarbonate group. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the most important clinical and procedural characteristics. Baseline plasma creatinine levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate, incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and contrast medium volume were similar. Mean plasma creatinine concentration was 1.76 ± 0.54 mg/dL in the saline and NAC group and 1.9 ± 1 mg/dL in the bicarbonate group (P = 0.23). The rate of CI‐AKI was 9.8% in the bicarbonate group and 8.4% in the saline plus NAC group. No patient required renal replacement therapy.

Conclusion: Hydration with sodium bicarbonate is not more effective than hydration with sodium chloride and oral NAC for prophylaxis of CI‐AKI in patients with CKD stage III–IV undergoing cardiac catheterization.
An Accelerated Hemostasis Protocol following Transradial Cardiac Catheterization Is Safe and May Shorten Hospital Stay: A Single‐Center Experience
Authors: CARRINGTON CHRIS , MANN ROSE , EL‐JACK SEIF
Published: September 2009

Introduction: Hemostasis following transradial cardiac catheterization is achieved by external pressure application using various devices, TR Band™ being one. There is no standardized protocol for the application and removal of such devices.

Objective: To assess the safety and feasibility of a more rapid (1 hour) initiation of TR Band™ removal ([time to wean] TTW1) compared to a recommended 2 hour protocol (TTW2) in a controlled prospective study.

Methods: 100 consecutive outpatients undergoing diagnostic transradial cardiac catheterization prospectively underwent an accelerated initiation of post‐procedure TR Band™ removal (TTW1 group). The controls were a random historical cohort of 25 patients who had the conventional 2 hours to wean approach (TTW2).

Results: The mean age was 62 years with a mean BMI of 29 kg/m2; 51% were hypertensive and 9% were on warfarin anticoagulation. As defined, the median times to TR Band™ weaning were 60 minutes and 120 minutes for TTW1 and TTW2 groups, respectively, p < 0.001. TTW1 patients had more oozing leading to insignificant delay in the weaning process (16% vs 4% in the TTW2 group, p = NS). The total time, however, from TR Band™ application to removal was significantly shorter in the TTW1 group compared to TTW2 (median of 120 minutes [mean 127] vs 180 minutes [mean 187], p < 0.001). There were no differences in any prespecified complications.

Conclusion: A rapid 1‐hour commencement of TR Band™ weaning following transradial diagnostic cardiac catheterization appears to be safe. It shortens the overall device removal time and may shorten hospital stay in day‐case procedures.
MissingNikê: On Oversights, Doubled Sights, and Universal Art Understood through Lebanon
Authors: Scheid Kirsten
Published: September 2009

The role copies of “Western” art play in constructing hybrid local/universal ideologies of modernity has not been studied. This essay demonstrates the centrality of the copied Nikê to the co‐construction of metropolitan France and marginal Mandate‐era Lebanon. It suggests an art‐historical and ethnographic methodology for tracking imagination and the cultivation of taste that is not bounded by nation, culture, or geography. Tracing the circuits traveled by the Nikê reveals that origins and claims of universalism in art are the result of transnational, intercultural, historically specific interactions. The ideology of taste enacted in colonial Lebanon informs Lebanese cultural and political discourses today.
Associations of fluoride intake with children’s bone measures at age 11
Authors: Levy Steven M. , Eichenberger‐Gilmore Julie , Warren John J. , Letuchy Elena , Broffitt Barbara , Marshall Teresa A. , Burns Trudy , Willing Marcia , Janz Kathleen , Torner James C.
Published: September 2009

Abstract –  Background:  Relationships between fluoride intake and bone health continue to be of interest, as previous studies show conflicting results.

Objectives:  The purpose is to report associations of fluoride intake with bone measures at age 11.

Methods:  Subjects have been participating in the ongoing Iowa Fluoride Study/Iowa Bone Development Study. Mothers were recruited postpartum during 1992–95 from eight Iowa hospitals, and detailed fluoride questionnaires were sent every 1.5–6 months. From these, combined fluoride intakes from water sources (home, childcare, filtered, bottled), other beverages, selected foods, dietary fluoride supplements and dentifrice were estimated at individual points and cumulatively [with area under the curve (AUC)]. Subjects underwent dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of proximal femur (hip), lumbar spine and whole body (Hologic QDR 4500A). DXA results (bone mineral content – BMC; bone mineral density – BMD) were related to fluoride intake as revealed by bivariate and multivariable analyses.

Results:  The mean fluoride intake estimated by AUC was 0.68 mg (SD = 0.27) per day from birth to 11 years. Associations (Spearman) between daily fluoride intake (mg F/day) and DXA bone measures were weak (r = −0.01 to 0.24 for girls and 0.04 to 0.24 for boys). In gender‐stratified, and body size‐ and Tanner stage‐adjusted linear regression analyses, associations between girls’ bone outcomes and fluoride intake for girls were almost all negative; associations for boys were all positive and none was statistically significant when using an α = 0.01 criterion.

Conclusions:  Longitudinal fluoride intake at levels of intake typical in the United States is only weakly associated with BMC or BMD in boys and girls at age 11. Additional research is warranted to better understand possible gender‐ and age‐specific effects of fluoride intake on bone development.
Development and evaluation of an oral health literacy instrument for adults
Authors: Sabbahi Dania A. , Lawrence Herenia P. , Limeback Hardy , Rootman Irving
Published: September 2009

Abstract –  Objectives:  To develop and validate an instrument to measure the functional oral health literacy of adults.

Methods:  For the generation of items different dental patient educational materials and text types were selected that had reading levels similar to materials used for the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) which was the model for our Oral Health Literacy Instrument (OHLI). The OHLI contains reading comprehension and numeracy sections. The reading comprehension section is a 38‐item test with words omitted from one passage on dental caries and another on periodontal disease. The numeracy section has 19 items to test comprehension of directions for taking common prescriptions associated with dental treatment, postextraction instructions and dental appointments. We also developed a 17‐item oral health knowledge test. The OHLI, the TOFHLA, the oral health knowledge test and a brief questionnaire were administered to a convenience sample of 100 patients. Internal reliability of OHLI was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Test–retest reliability was examined by intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Concurrent validity was tested by comparing OHLI scores across categories of education level and frequency of dental visits. Construct validity was assessed by correlating OHLI scores with TOFHLA scores and with the oral health knowledge scores using Spearman’s rho (ρ) and multiple linear regression.

Results:  Participants averaged 39 years (SD = 12.4); 73% were female; 64% had college/university education; 40% visited a dentist every 3–6 months. Total OHLI and TOFHLA weighted mean scores were 87.2 and 91.7, respectively (possible range 0–100). The Cronbach’s alpha values were high (>0.7) for OHLI and its components. The ICC values indicated good agreement between the test and retest results for OHLI and the oral health knowledge test. Patients visiting a dentist every 3–6 months had significantly higher levels of oral health literacy than those visiting only when they felt pain. The association between OHLI and education level was not significant. OHLI scores were significantly correlated with the scores on the TOFHLA (ρ = 0.613) and the test of oral health knowledge (ρ = 0.573). These associations remained significant in multiple regression models.

Conclusion:  Initial testing of OHLI suggested that it is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate oral health literacy among adults, although additional work is needed to investigate the instrument’s predictive validity and sensitivity to change using oral health outcomes with population groups known to be at high risk of low functional oral health literacy.
Continuum or discrete patch landscape models for savanna birds? Towards a pluralistic approach
Authors: Price Bronwyn , McAlpine Clive A. , Kutt Alex S. , Phinn Stuart R. , Pullar David V. , Ludwig John A.
Published: September 2009

Conceptualising landscapes as a mosaic of discrete habitat patches is fundamental to landscape ecology, metapopulation theory and conservation biology. An emerging question in ecology is: when is the discrete patch model more appropriate than alternative and conceptually appealing models such as the continuum model? There is limited empirical testing of the utility of alternative landscape models compared to the discrete patch model for a range of species. In this paper, we constructed three alternative sets of models for testing the effect of landscape structure on diversity and abundance of a suite of woodland birds in a savanna landscape of northern Australia: the null model (only site‐scale habitat variables, landscape context not important), the continuum model, and the discrete patch model. We utilised high‐spatial resolution satellite images to quantify spatial gradients in tree cover density (the continuum model), and to then aggregate the fine‐scale heterogeneity in tree cover into discrete patches of trees, with grass cover forming the “matrix” (the discrete patch‐model). We then evaluated the relative importance of the alternative models using generalised linear models and an information theoretic approach. We found that the importance of the models varied among species, with no single model dominant. Species that move between open grassy areas and woody shelter responded well to the continuum model, reflecting the importance of gradients in density of forage (grasses) and cover (trees), while the discrete model performed best for species that forage in all vegetation strata, and nest predominantly in dense woody vegetation. This finding supports a pluralistic approach, highlighting the need for adopting and testing more than one landscape model in savanna landscapes, and in other landscapes that do not have a well defined patch structure.
Bortezomib: a new therapeutic option for POEMS syndrome
Authors: Kaygusuz Isik , Tezcan Hakan , Cetiner Mustafa , Kocakaya Ozan , Uzay Ant , Bayik Mahmut
Published: September 2009

Objective: POEMS syndrome with its classical five findings (Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, M protein, and Skin changes) is a rare multisystem disease. Proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines play important roles in its pathogenesis. Treatment options are still debated. Methods: We present a 65‐year‐old man with POEMS syndrome who was successfully treated with bortezomib. Results: After seven cycles of this protocol, serum M protein level declined to normal range, and near‐to‐complete remission was achieved. His symptoms of polyneuropathy improved dramatically. Conclusion: Bortezomib may be an effective and safe therapeutic option for patients with POEMS syndrome.
Efficient and selective tumor cell lysis and induction of apoptosis in melanoma cells by a conditional replication‐competent CD95L adenovirus
Authors: Fecker Lothar F. , Schmude Magdalena , Jost Stefanie , Hossini Amir M. , Picó Almudena Hurtado , Wang Xiaomin , Schwarz Constanze , Fechner Henry , Eberle Jürgen
Published: September 2009

Please cite this paper as: Efficient and selective tumor cell lysis and induction of apoptosis in melanoma cells by a conditional replication‐competent CD95L adenovirus. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e56–e66.

Abstract:  The high mortality of melanoma demands the development of new strategies, and gene therapy may be considered provided improvements in efficacy and selectivity. Overexpression of the death ligand CD95L/FasL has been shown in previous studies as highly effective for apoptosis induction in melanoma cells. For efficient and selective targeting of melanoma, a conditional replication‐competent adenoviral vector was constructed (Ad5‐FFE‐02), which drives CD95L expression by a tetracycline‐inducible promoter. For restricting its replication to melanoma cells, the adenoviral E1A gene is controlled by a tyrosinase‐derived promoter. Furthermore, adenoviral E1B was deleted and a mutated E1A was used to preferentially support replication in tumor cells. Proving its high selectivity and efficiency, strong expression of E1A and doxycycline‐dependent induction of CD95L were characteristic for tyrosinase‐positive melanoma cells after Ad5‐FFE‐02 transduction, whereas absent in non‐melanoma cell lines. Importantly, Ad5‐FFE‐02‐mediated cell lysis was restricted to melanoma cells, and induction of apoptosis was found only in tyrosinase and CD95 expressing cells. Finally, the combination of adenoviral replication and CD95L‐mediated apoptosis resulted in an enhanced repression of melanoma cell growth. This new adenoviral vector may provide a basis for an efficient targeting of melanoma.
Region of birth, income and breastfeeding in a Swedish county
Authors: Wallby T , Hjern A
Published: September 2009

Aim:  To study the relationship between maternal region of birth, disposable income and breastfeeding initiation and duration.

Methods:  The study population consisted of 12 197 term born, singleton infants, born 1997–2001 in the county of Uppsala. Data on breastfeeding at 1 week, 6 months and 12 months were collected from the register of statistics of the Child Health Care Unit in Uppsala and socioeconomic indicators from Swedish national registers. Multivariate analysis was conducted using Cox regression.

Results:  No influence of disposable income or region of birth on breastfeeding initiation was observed. Breastfeeding rates at 6 months were lower for mothers with disposable incomes in quartile 1–3 compared with mothers with the highest incomes in quartile 4 (hazard ratios (HRs) 0.88–0.90, adjusted HRs 0.92). The breastfeeding rates at 12 months were higher for mothers born in all regions compared with mothers born in Sweden (HRs 1.25–2.45, adjusted HRs 1.20–2.14).

Conclusions:  The findings in the present study show that disposable income is a strong predictor for breastfeeding at 6 months in the Swedish context. Region of birth of the mother predicted long term breastfeeding, ≥12 months. This calls for professionals in the maternity and child health care to pay extra attention to breastfeeding in low‐income mothers in all ethnic groups.
Effects of long‐term grazing management on sand dune vegetation of high conservation interest
Authors: Plassmann Katharina , Jones M. Laurence M. , Edwards‐Jones Gareth
Published: September 2009

Question:Can long‐term grazing management maintain and restore species‐rich sand dune plant communities within a sand dune site of high conservation interest?

Location:Newborough Warren, North Wales, UK.

Methods:Vegetation changes that occurred between 1987 and 2003, subsequent to grazing by domestic livestock being introduced to the site after decades with little or no stock grazing, were analysed using data collected from permanent monitoring quadrats over a 16‐year period.

Results:At the plant community level, grazing brought about a shift from a tall‐grass dominated, species‐poor community to a more species‐rich community in the dry dunes, but did not change community type in dune slacks. However, at the species level, grazing enhanced the abundance of some desired perennial, annual and biennial species, graminoids and bryophytes in both habitat types. The increased frequency of positive indicator species for habitat condition suggests that grazing was beneficial for species of conservation interest. Ellenberg nitrogen (N) values decreased after grazing in dry habitats but showed no long‐term change independent of grazing, suggesting no increase in site fertility over the study period. Surprisingly, light (L) values also decreased in the dry dunes after grazing.

Conclusions:Long‐term grazing management can play an important role for the conservation of dune communities and associated species. Because of its positive effects on species diversity, plant communities and habitat condition in sand dunes, livestock grazing is recommended for conservation management.
A Framework for Evaluating and Planning Assessments Intended to Improve Student Achievement
Authors: Nichols Paul D. , Meyers Jason L. , Burling Kelly S.
Published: September 2009

Assessments labeled as formative have been offered as a means to improve student achievement. But labels can be a powerful way to miscommunicate. For an assessment use to be appropriately labeled “formative,” both empirical evidence and reasoned arguments must be offered to support the claim that improvements in student achievement can be linked to the use of assessment information. Our goal in this article is to support the construction of such an argument by offering a framework within which to consider evidence‐based claims that assessment information can be used to improve student achievement. We describe this framework and then illustrate its use with an example of one‐on‐one tutoring. Finally, we explore the framework's implications for understanding when the use of assessment information is likely to improve student achievement and for advising test developers on how to develop assessments that are intended to offer information that can be used to improve student achievement.
From Evidence to Action: A Seamless Process in Formative Assessment?
Authors: Heritage Margaret , Kim Jinok , Vendlinski Terry , Herman Joan
Published: September 2009

Based on the results of a generalizability study of measures of teacher knowledge for teaching mathematics developed at the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing at the University of California, Los Angeles, this article provides evidence that teachers are better at drawing reasonable inferences about student levels of understanding from assessment information than they are at deciding the next instructional steps. We discuss the implications of the results for effective formative assessment and end with considerations of how teachers can be supported to know what to teach next.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF DNA FROM LOW‐BIOMASS SAMPLES BASED ON TOTAL YIELD AND CONSERVED MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
Authors: LA DUC MYRON T. , OSMAN SHARIFF , VENKATESWARAN KASTHURI
Published: September 2009

Despite advances in the specificity and sensitivity of molecular biological technologies, the efficient recovery of DNA from low‐biomass samples remains extremely challenging. Optimal methods to purify biomolecules from such environments should (1) achieve the greatest total yield and (2) reflect the true microbial diversity of the sample. These attributes were assessed from five DNA purification regimes: a standard‐manual procedure, MoBio Ultraclean and Promega Wizard kits, and an automated Axcyte AutoLyser method with and without bead‐beating agitation. A homogenous mixture of known concentrations of nine distinct bacterial lineages isolated from low‐biomass environments was prepared and suitable aliquots of subsamples were processed in parallel. DNA products from each of these methods were then subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA clone‐library analysis. The Axcyte AutoLyser outperformed all other purification regimes examined. This automated method consistently both yielded the highest concentration of PCR‐amplifiable DNA, and reported species composition most consistent with the starting solution.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This communication carefully examines the effectiveness of common DNA purification regimes as well as an automated method. Comparative analyses convincingly demonstrate that the different methods not only result in different recovery of genomic DNA, but more importantly, different estimations of microbial diversity in the sample. This report will hopefully inspire investigators from various industries (pharmaceutical, ecological, medical, semiconductor, etc.) who find themselves in the initial phases of large‐scale studies to devote a significant effort into optimizing sample extraction protocols to achieve the most accurate information.
MULTIPLEX DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS BY USING QUANTUM DOT‐LABELED ANTIBODIES
Authors: DUDAK FAHRIYE CEYDA , BOYACI İSMAİL HAKKI
Published: September 2009

In this study, we demonstrated the simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis, by coupling immunomagnetic separation (IMS) with quantum dots (QDs) labeling. QDs having different emission wavelengths were conjugated with anti‐E. coli and anti‐Salmonella antibodies. QD–antibody conjugates were used to label immunomagnetically separated bacteria and the fluorescence intensities were measured for enumerations of both species. The concentrations of primary antibodies used in IMS, the ratio of QDs to antibodies during the conjugation and the concentration of QD–antibody conjugates used in labeling were optimized to enhance the sensitivity of the assay. After labeling bacteria with QDs, the quenching observed between bead–bacteria complex and QDs was eliminated by separating QDs from the complex using sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. The fluorescence intensities due to the capturing of different concentrations of bacteria were measured and the working ranges were found to be 5 × 102 to 5 × 105 cfu/mL for E. coli and 4 × 102 to 4 × 105 cfu/mL for S. enteritidis.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In this study, antibody‐conjugated multicolor quantum dots (QDs) were used for simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. The results of this study indicate that QD labels can be used in multiplex, rapid and selective detection of bacteria with detection limits comparable with those of many novel methods in cases where the assay conditions are optimized. Furthermore, the assay can be modified for the simultaneous detection of more than two species through using QD labels having different emission wavelengths.
A NEW FLUOROGENIC ASSAY FOR MONITORING AND DETERMINING PLANKTONIC AND BIOFILM FORMS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA VIABLE COUNT IN VITRO
Authors: ELKHATIB WALID F. , NOREDDIN AYMAN M.
Published: September 2009

A new method was developed to rapidly monitor the Pseudomonas aeruginosa viable counts using alamar blue (AB). The 96‐well microtiter plates were used to perform the assay. This procedure is based on fluorogenic measurement as a result of reduction of nonfluorescent AB to red fluorescent form by the viable cells of P. aeruginosa. The correlation between conventional plate count and fluorogenic AB method was highly satisfactory for quantification of planktonic (R2 = 0.9487) and biofilm cells of P. aeruginosa (R2 = 0.9296).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The new fluorogenic method can rapidly monitor Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts in vitro with a high correlation with the conventional plating method. The results indicate that fluorogenic method requires much shorter time (2 h) than the conventional plate count (24 h), is a more cost‐effective way, quite amenable to high throughput, and continuous monitoring of P. aeruginosa viability is achievable in the kinetic in vitro models without interference with the cell viability.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF 16S RRNA GENE COPY NUMBER IN BACTERIAL GENOMES BY PULSED‐FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND PCR AMPLIFICATION
Authors: ZENG YONGHUI , JIAO NIANZHI
Published: September 2009

16S rRNA gene (rrn) copy number in bacterial genomes is indicative of ecological strategies of bacteria and is critical for quantification of bacterial abundance in mixed populations using rrn‐based approaches. For accurate assessment of rrn copies, a novel technical strategy by means of pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction amplification analysis was introduced. Experimental and in silico analysis on a test bacterial culture Caulobacter crescentus proved it to be simple, effective, accurate and a good alternative to traditional time‐consuming methods.

PRATICAL APPLICATIONS

This method can be used for routine determination of gene copy number in most bacteria whose full genome sequences are not available. Moreover, the pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis bands containing a target gene fragment can be determined and therefore constructing an expected fragments oriented genomic library is possible.
APPLICATION OF A COLONY PCR TECHNIQUE WITH FUNG'S DOUBLE TUBE METHOD FOR RAPID DETECTION AND CONFIRMATION OFCLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
Authors: RUENGWILYSUP CHAOWAREE , DETVISITSAKUN CHANITCHOTE , AUMYAT NAIYANA , FUNG D.Y.C.
Published: September 2009

A colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was applied with an established Fung's double tube (FDT) method for rapid detection and confirmation ofClostridium perfringens.Published sequences of PCR primers forC. perfringensalpha toxin gene were used and PCR conditions were optimized. From the detection ofC. perfringensby FDT tube to the confirmation by a colony PCR assay took as short as 16–18 h. The method was applied to 147 isolates of anaerobic sulfite reducing bacteria isolated from foods, sewages and animal clinical specimens. The results were compared with standard methods for the confirmation ofC. perfringens.Of those 147 suspected isolates, 97 and 99 were confirmed asC. perfringensby standard methods and the colony PCR technique, respectively. We found the developed method simple, rapid, cost‐effective, and most importantly, very reliable for the detection and confirmation ofC. perfringens.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

With Fung's double tube method and a colony polymerase chain reaction technique, a completed determination ofClostridium perfringenscontamination can be accomplished within 16–18 h. This saves at least 2–3 days when compared with standard methods. Moreover, it minimizes the cost and labor needed since an anaerobic chamber as well as steps of Gram staining and biochemical testing can be avoided. The developed method is a powerful tool and an alternative for the enumeration ofC. perfringens. It can be applied to samples from various sources and highly reliable results are expected. Most microbiological laboratories have a thermocycler and reagents as parts of their basic instruments. Therefore, the developed method can be easily applied without massive investment.
DIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY‐DIRECT VIABLE COUNT AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DETECTION LIMIT FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE O1 IN MUSSELS (MYTILUS EDULIS)
Authors: PERESSUTTI S.R. , JURQUIZA V. , GONZÁLEZ‐FRAGA S. , PICHEL M. , BINSZTEIN N. , COSTAGLIOLA M.
Published: September 2009

Vibrio cholerae O1 is natural to the aquatic environment and can cause gastrointestinal infections when it is consumed from contaminated bivalves. Under unfavorable conditions, this bacterium enters into a viable but nonculturable state. Immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were a useful alternative for detecting this microorganism without a pre‐enrichment step. We investigated the detection limit of the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA)‐direct viable count (DVC) and PCR techniques for the identification of V. cholerae O1 in mussel (Mytilus edulis) samples. When 103 cfu/mL V. cholerae O1 were inoculated in samples, 102–103 bacteria mL−1 were determined by immunofluorescence tests and 67% of the samples were positive by PCR assay. No significant difference (T statistic value = 6.5, P = 0.2049) between DFA and DFA‐DVC procedures was observed. No presence of endogenous V. cholerae O1 was detected.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Vibrios are considered the major cause of identifiable illness and death from shellfish consumption. In Argentina, the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) forms of Vibrio cholerae O1 were identified in samples of water and plankton. Because of these facts, it is relevant to research the presence of V. cholerae O1 in aquatic bivalves. Immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction methods are a useful alternative to traditional enrichment testing for detecting both culturable and VBNC forms of V. cholerae O1. In this work, it was demonstrated that these methods were sensitive and efficient for detecting V. cholerae O1 in mussels without a pre‐enrichment step. Moreover, they can be a useful tool for the rapid detection of this pathogen in the seafood industry.
PERSISTENCE OF SALMONELLA SPP. ON CHICKEN SKIN AFTER EXPOSURE TO AN ITALIAN MARINADE*
Authors: OSCAR THOMAS P. , SINGH MANPREET
Published: September 2009

A series of experiments with chicken skin was undertaken to determine the effect of an Italian marinade on persistence of Salmonella spp. during refrigerated storage and marinating. Chicken skin was inoculated with 0.4 to 3.7 log of multiple antibiotic resistant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium (n = 3), Kentucky (n = 1) or Hadar (n = 1). Chicken skin was then exposed to the Italian marinade for 4 or 24 h at 6C to simulate normal marinating conditions of consumers. The persistence of Salmonella spp. on chicken skin was reduced (P < 0.05) by the Italian marinade with a greater reduction observed at 24 h than at 4 h of marinating. As expected, the persistence during marinating increased as a function of the initial number of Salmonella inoculated. In general, the effect of the Italian marinade on persistence was similar among the five strains of Salmonella tested.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Marinades contain organic acids (acetic, lactic) that decrease meat pH and help to reduce or eliminate pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, from the product. Inclusion of other ingredients in marinades, such as salts and spices that have antimicrobial properties, helps to further reduce or prevent persistence of Salmonella. Results of this study with an Italian‐style marinade indicate that consumers should marinate chicken in the refrigerator for 24 h rather than 4 h to maximize the benefit of the Italian marinade on reducing the risk of exposure to Salmonella that might contaminate and persist on chicken purchased in the retail marketplace.
SUITABILITY OF INTERGENIC SPACER OR INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER MICROSATELLITE‐PRIMED PCR FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI AND SOME PHYTOFUNGI
Authors: ABD‐ELSALAM K.A. , GUO J.‐R. , MOSLEM M.A. , BAHKALI A.H. , VERREET J.‐A.
Published: September 2009

The intergenic spacer (IGS) region or internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were used in pair‐combinations with microsatellite‐primed polymerase chain reaction (MP‐PCR) primers to establish whether additional polymorphisms can be yielded. A total of 24 Rhizoctonia solani isolates representing 13 anstomosis groups and 9 different fungal species isolate were recovered from different areas and hosts. Forty different primer combinations were tested for their ability to provide discrete bands and individual isolates' readily interpretable and reproducible IGS/ITS‐MP‐PCR profiles. Both approaches produced highly reproducible and complex genomic fingerprints, with fragments ranging in size from 100 to 2,000 bp (IGS‐MP‐PCR) and 50 to 2,000 bp (ITS‐MP‐PCR). MP‐PCR markers yielded more bands than IGS/ITS‐MP‐PCR because of their higher redundancy in the fungal genome. The number of fragments generated by both techniques varied according to the fungal species and also with the primer combination used. Each primer used could differentiate all of the fungal isolates examined in this study. The profiles generated were identical and reproducible between repeated PCR experiments.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Combining the intergenic spacer/internal transcribed spacer‐microsatellite‐primed polymerase chain reaction technique with microsatellite–detection assay allows the rapid and specific detection of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups and different phytopathogenic fungi. The utility of this approach stems from its simplicity and reproducibility, the high number of polymorphisms revealed, the very small amounts of DNA needed, rapidity, and ease of performance. The improved technique will present valuable information on the role of some phytopathogenic fungi and R. solani in agriculturally important plant diseases.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in normal physiological processes
Authors: Pourova J. , Kottova M. , Voprsalova M. , Pour M.
Published: September 2009

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species have generally been considered as being highly reactive and cytotoxic molecules. Besides their noxious effects, ROS participate in physiological processes in a carefully regulated manner. By way of example, microbicidal ROS are produced in professional phagocytes, ROS function as short‐lived messengers having a role in signal transduction and, among other processes, participate in the synthesis of the iodothyronine hormones, reproduction, apoptosis and necrosis. Because of their ability to mediate a crosstalk between key molecules, their role might be dual (at least in some cases). The levels of ROS increase from a certain age, being associated with various diseases typical of senescence. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the physiological role of ROS. Other issues addressed are an increase in ROS levels during ageing, and the possibility of the physiological nature of this process.
Learning transfer in multinational companies: explaining inter‐organisation variation
Authors: McDonnell Anthony , Gunnigle Patrick , Lavelle Jonathan
Published: September 2009

This article addresses the extent to which multinational companies (MNCs) in Ireland deploy practices aimed at the transfer of learning in their operations and the factors explaining inter‐organisation variation in so doing. Using data from 260 MNCs, we find that comparatively large numbers of firms deploy practices to transfer learning in their Irish operations. Most notably, we find that almost half of all MNCs have a formal policy on organisational learning, while more than six in every ten MNCs in Ireland utilise three or more learning transfer mechanisms. In investigating inter‐organisation variation with respect to these, we test a number of hypotheses involving nationality, sectoral, MNC (e.g. organisation structure) and HR factors. Our results show that the presence of international HR structures is a significant factor in explaining learning transfer in MNCs. We also find support that employment size, sector and integration between the MNC's global operations are useful variables in explaining variation in the deployment of practices on learning transfer in MNCs.
Christian Holy Women and the Exercise of Religious Authority in the Medieval West
Authors: Coakley John
Published: September 2009

The essay reviews scholarship on female mystics and other holy women in late Medieval Europe (1100–1400), as a collective case study in how religious authority has been negotiated in the history of Christianity. Recent scholars view the firm exclusion of women from institutional leadership by male clerics in this period as an essential condition of the rise of such women to importance as persons with charismatic authority, i.e., in Max Weber’s terminology, an authority rooted in personal gifts and attributes. Some scholars have viewed charismatic women as essentially subversive of, or resistant to, the powers of clerics. Others see them in more positive terms as staking out their own complementary authority. Scholars have also considered the attitude of clerics toward such women, which was often characterized by acute awareness of the ways in which the women’s charismatic powers compensated for the inadequacies of clerical authority. Very recent scholars have further nuanced these insights by asking how the dynamics of the interplay of institutional and charismatic authority may or may not be evident in local situations.
The Historical Roots of Tibetan Scholasticism
Authors: Yamamoto Carl S.
Published: September 2009

This paper examines the social milieu within which a form of Buddhism based on logic , commentary, and debate arose in Tibet during the period of the ‘Tibetan renaissance.’ Taking as exemplary scholastic the thirteenth‐century monk Sakya , I argue that crucial to the survival of a Tibetan scholasticism were new monastic networks supported by a revivified economy, the use of scholastic discourses as cultural unifiers, the special status accorded scholarly knowledge within Tibetan society at large, and the distinctive manner in which exoteric scholasticism was piggybacked onto the esoteric, ritual‐intensive Buddhist tantra that came to dominate the period.
Long‐term effects of a carbohydrate‐rich diet on fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, and serum insulin values in rural Bengalis
Authors: MUKHERJEE Sutapa , THAKUR Goutam , KUMAR Balasubramaniam Dinesh , MITRA Analava , CHAKRABORTY Chandan
Published: September 2009

Background:  The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is increasing in rural areas of India, where there is also often a lack of health infrastructure. Thus, a proper dietary study with the view of combating diabetes is essential. The aim of the present study was to determine the long‐term effect of a carbohydrate‐rich diet in rural Bengal.

Methods:  Volunteers (n = 320) were selected from three villages in Kharagpur and were randomly divided into a control and experimental group (n = 160 in each). The design of the study was such that non‐significant differences in any of the dependent variables were maintainted prior to the application of control or treatment modes. In the control group, volunteers consumed <70% carbohydrate as part of their diet, whereas in the experimental group carbohydrate consumption was >70%. Blood samples from both groups were collected on yearly basis for 5 years and fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile and serum insulin values were analyzed.

Results:  The blood biochemistry profiles were monitored before the start and at the end of the study. The results indicate that increased intake of carbohydrate causes significant increases in FBS (P < 0.05) and serum insulin (P < 0.05), as well as changes in the lipid profile, particularly triglycerides (P < 0.05) and very low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol (VLDL‐C; P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  The effects of increased carbohydrate on FBS, serum insulin, triglycerides and VLDL‐C indicate that a proper nutritional policy needs to be implemented for this population of rural, low‐income Bengalis.
Effect of nutrients and light intensity on growth of Mallomonascaudata (Synurophyceae)
Authors: Hee Kim Jin , Lak Lee Kyung , Soon Kim Han
Published: September 2009

We used batch cultures of three strains of the unicellular synurophyte Mallomonascaudata to investigate the effects of nitrate, phosphate, silicate and light intensity on population growth and growth rate. The three strains were isolated from three different reservoirs in Kyungpook Province, Korea. For all three strains, we observed high population growth under all nutrient concentrations studied, except at nitrate concentration below 0.8 μM. The maximum growth rate (μmax) occurred at 8.2 μM or 16.5 μM nitrate, depending on the strain, and at 11.5 μM phosphate. Silicate concentration had no effect on growth rate. With respect to light intensity, the maximum population growth and maximum growth rates (μmax) occured between 42 and 104 μmol m−2 s−1 depending on strain and culture temperature. Population growth of these three strains under batch culture occurred over a wide range of nutrient and light intensities, but there seemed to be strain‐specific differences that may represent adaptations to local environments.
MODELLING SOUTH AFRICAN CURRENCY CRISES AS STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE VOLATILITY OF THE RAND
Authors: Duncan Andrew Stuart , Liu Guangling“dave”
Published: September 2009

This study tests the theory that currency crises are associated with sudden large changes in the structure of foreign exchange market volatility. Due to increases in market uncertainty, crisis periods exhibit abnormally high levels of volatility. By studying short‐term changes in volatility dynamics, it is possible to identify the start and end dates of crisis periods with a high degree of precision. We use the iterative cumulative sum of squares algorithm to detect multiple shifts in the volatility of rand returns between January 1994 and March 2009. Dummy variables controlling for the detected shifts in variance are incorporated in a generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity modelling framework. The analysis indicates that previously identified crisis periods in the rand coincide with significant structural changes in market volatility.
EXCHANGE RATE PASS‐THROUGH TO IMPORT PRICES IN SOUTH AFRICA: IS THERE ASYMMETRY?1
Authors: Karoro Tapiwa D. , Aziakpono Meshach J. , Cattaneo Nicolette
Published: September 2009

This paper examines the magnitude and speed of exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) to import prices in South Africa. It further explores whether the direction and size of changes in the exchange rate have different pass‐through effects on import prices, i.e. whether the exchange rate pass‐through is symmetric or asymmetric. The findings of the study suggest that ERPT in South Africa is incomplete but relatively high. Furthermore, ERPT is found to be higher in periods of rand depreciation than appreciation, which supports the binding quantity constraint theory. There is also evidence to suggest that pass‐through is slightly higher in periods of small changes than large changes in the exchange rate in harmony with the menu cost theory when the invoices are denominated in the exporters' currency.
FURTHER DOWN MEMORY LANE: A NOTE REFLECTING ON THE MISSING FOUR
Authors: Rossouw Jannie
Published: September 2009

A review article by Botha included short biographies of past presidents of The Economic Society of South Africa from its inception in 1925‐1963. The review article discussed 17 of the 21 presidents serving between 1925 and 1963. This note supplements the earlier article by providing some information on the four presidents not covered in the earlier article.