bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A historical review of multiple system atrophy with a critical appraisal of cellular and animal models
Authors: Marmion David J. , Peelaerts Wouter , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2021

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by striatonigral degeneration (SND), olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), and dysautonomia with cerebellar ataxia or parkinsonian motor features. Isolated autonomic dysfunction with predominant genitourinary dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension and REM sleep behavior disorder are common characteristics of a prodromal phase, which may occur years prior to motor-symptom onset. MSA is a unique synucleinopathy, in which alpha-synuclein (aSyn) accumulates and forms insoluble inclusions in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, termed glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). The origin of, and precise mechanism by which aSyn accumulates in MSA are unknown, and, therefore, disease-modifying therapies to halt or slow the progression of MSA are currently unavailable. For these reasons, much focus in the field is concerned with deciphering the complex neuropathological mechanisms by which MSA begins and progresses through the course of the disease. This review focuses on the history, etiopathogenesis, neuropathology, as well as cell and animal models of MSA.
The association between coffee consumption and periodontitis: a cross-sectional study of a northern German population
Authors: Struppek Julia , Walther Carolin , Bunte Kübra , Zyriax Birgit-Christiane , Wenzel Jan-Per , Senftinger Juliana , Nikorowitsch Julius , Heydecke Guido , Seedorf Udo , Beikler Thomas , Borof Katrin , Mayer Carola , Aarabi Ghazal
Published: October 2021

Background

Positive and negative influences on oral health are attributed to coffee consumption. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and periodontitis in the general population of Hamburg.

Methods

A total of 6,209 participants from the Hamburg City Health Study were included in this cross-sectional study. Information on coffee consumption was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Periodontal examination included assessment of dental care ability via Plaque Index, measurement of pocket depth, gingival recession, and bleeding on probing. Classification was based on the criteria of Eke and Page. Ordinal logistic regression models were performed unadjusted and adjusted for confounding variables.

Results

Periodontal cohort consists of 6,209 participants, presenting either none/mild (n = 1,453, 39.6% men, 2.4% strong coffee drinkers), moderate (n = 3,580, 49.3% men, 3.3% strong coffee drinkers), or severe (n = 1,176, 60.9% men, 5.0% strong coffee drinkers) periodontitis. There was a significant association between strong coffee consumption (≥ 7or more cups/day) and periodontitis (OR: 1.51; CI: 1.07, 2.12; p > 0.001), compared with low coffee consumption. Conversely, moderate coffee consumption was not associated with periodontitis, compared with low coffee consumption.

Conclusion

and clinical relevance.

In this cross-sectional study of a northern German population, strong coffee consumption was significantly associated with periodontitis. Influence of changes in coffee consumption on periodontal disease etiology/progression should be investigated in future prospective study designs, in order to identify strong coffee consumption as a potential risk factor of periodontitis.
Effects of system- and media-driven immersive capabilities on presence and affective experience
Authors: Standen Bradley , Anderson John , Sumich Alexander , Heym Nadja
Published: October 2021

Virtual reality (VR) is receiving widespread attention as a delivery tool for exposure therapies. The advantage offered by VR over traditional technology is a greater sense of presence and immersion, which magnifies user effects and enhances the effectiveness of exposure-based interventions. The current study systematically examined the basic factors involved in generating presence in VR as compared to standard technology, namely (1) system-driven factors that are exclusive to VR devices while controlling general factors such as field of view and image quality; (2) media-driven factors of the virtual environment eliciting motivational salience through different levels of arousal and valence (relaxing, exciting and fear evoking stimuli); and (3) the effects of presence on magnifying affective response. Participants (N = 14) watched 3 different emotionally salient videos (1 × fear evoking, 1 × relaxing and 1 × exciting) in both viewing modes (VR and Projector). Subjective scores of user experience were collected as well as objective EEG markers of presence (frontal alpha power, theta/beta ratio). Subjective and objective presence was significantly greater in the VR condition. There was no difference in subjective or objective presence for stimulus type, suggesting presence is not moderated by arousal, but may be reliant on activation of motivational systems. Finally, presence did not magnify feelings of relaxation or excitement, but did significantly magnify users’ experience of fear when viewing fear evoking stimuli. This is in line with previous literature showing strong links between presence and generation of fear, which is vital in the efficacy of exposure therapies.
All-at-once multigrid approaches for one-dimensional space-fractional diffusion equations
Authors: Donatelli Marco , Krause Rolf , Mazza Mariarosa , Trotti Ken
Published: October 2021

We focus on a time-dependent one-dimensional space-fractional diffusion equation with constant diffusion coefficients. An all-at-once rephrasing of the discretized problem, obtained by considering the time as an additional dimension, yields a large block linear system and paves the way for parallelization. In particular, in case of uniform space–time meshes, the coefficient matrix shows a two-level Toeplitz structure, and such structure can be leveraged to build ad-hoc iterative solvers that aim at ensuring an overall computational cost independent of time. In this direction, we study the behavior of certain multigrid strategies with both semi- and full-coarsening that properly take into account the sources of anisotropy of the problem caused by the grid choice and the diffusion coefficients. The performances of the aforementioned multigrid methods reveal sensitive to the choice of the time discretization scheme. Many tests show that Crank–Nicolson prevents the multigrid to yield good convergence results, while second-order backward-difference scheme is shown to be unconditionally stable and that it allows good convergence under certain conditions on the grid and the diffusion coefficients. The effectiveness of our proposal is numerically confirmed in the case of variable coefficients too and a two-dimensional example is given.
Rural landscapes and agrarian spaces under soybean expansion dynamics: a case study of the Santarém region, Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Coelho Andréa , Aguiar Ana , Toledo Peter , Araújo Roberto , do Canto Otávio , Folhes Ricardo , Adami Marcos
Published: October 2021

Following the boom of soybean production from 2000 to 2006 in the Santarém region of the Brazilian Amazon, the mechanized agricultural area remained stable, unlike other regions. Deforestation was controlled, but this initial expansion led to the restructuring of the agrarian space in the region. Given this scenario, we aimed to understand the mechanized agricultural expansion effects in the region by comparing the periods 1999–2007 and 2007–2015. Our hypothesis was that it impacted heterogeneous actors and land tenure categories. We combined multi-temporal land change maps derived from remote sensing to land tenure information to evaluate how land change transitions differed over time, both in public (traditional and sustainable use official settlements) and private areas. In private areas, we observed a 12% reduction in forest cover in 1999–2007 and a 2.5% reduction in 2007–2015. In sustainable use settlements, forest loss was only 3% and 2% in each period, respectively. Mechanized agriculture occupied areas of family farming (42%), secondary vegetation (20%), pasture (20%), and forest areas (18%). Family farming lost most of the area to other uses. Within settlements, the area of family farming increased by 50% at the expense of the forest area. We conclude that the rise and fall of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon hide multiple social and territorial processes. Understanding such dynamics is critical for establishing measures toward a sustainable future.
Syndrome of the trephined: clinical spectrum, risk factors, and impact of cranioplasty on neurologic recovery in a prospective cohort
Authors: Sveikata Lukas , Vasung Lana , El Rahal Amir , Bartoli Andrea , Bretzner Martin , Schaller Karl , Schnider Armin , Leemann Béatrice
Published: October 2021

Syndrome of the trephined (SoT) is an underrecognized complication after decompressive craniectomy. We aimed to investigate SoT incidence, clinical spectrum, risk factors, and the impact of the cranioplasty on neurologic recovery. Patients undergoing a large craniectomy (> 80 cm2) and cranioplasty were prospectively evaluated using modified Rankin score (mRS), cognitive (attention/processing speed, executive function, language, visuospatial), motor (Motricity Index, Jamar dynamometer, postural score, gait assessment), and radiologic evaluation within four days before and after a cranioplasty. The primary outcome was SoT, diagnosed when a neurologic improvement was observed after the cranioplasty. The secondary outcome was a good neurologic outcome (mRS 0–3) 4 days and 90 days after the cranioplasty. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the risk factors for SoT and the impact of cranioplasty timing on neurologic recovery. We enrolled 40 patients with a large craniectomy; 26 (65%) developed SoT and improved after the cranioplasty. Brain trauma, hemorrhagic lesions, and shifting of brain structures were associated with SoT. After cranioplasty, a shift towards a good outcome was observed within 4 days (p = 0.025) and persisted at 90 days (p = 0.005). Increasing delay to cranioplasty was associated with decreased odds of improvement when adjusting for age and baseline disability (odds ratio 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93–0.99, p = 0.012). In conclusion, SoT is frequent after craniectomy and interferes with neurologic recovery. High suspicion of SoT should be exercised in patients who fail to progress or have a previous trauma, hemorrhage, or shifting of brain structures. Performing the cranioplasty earlier was associated with improved and quantifiable neurologic recovery.
Mechano-regulated cell–cell signaling in the context of cardiovascular tissue engineering
Authors: Karakaya Cansu , van Asten Jordy G. M. , Ristori Tommaso , Sahlgren Cecilia M. , Loerakker Sandra
Published: October 2021

Cardiovascular tissue engineering (CVTE) aims to create living tissues, with the ability to grow and remodel, as replacements for diseased blood vessels and heart valves. Despite promising results, the (long-term) functionality of these engineered tissues still needs improvement to reach broad clinical application. The functionality of native tissues is ensured by their specific mechanical properties directly arising from tissue organization. We therefore hypothesize that establishing a native-like tissue organization is vital to overcome the limitations of current CVTE approaches. To achieve this aim, a better understanding of the growth and remodeling (G&R) mechanisms of cardiovascular tissues is necessary. Cells are the main mediators of tissue G&R, and their behavior is strongly influenced by both mechanical stimuli and cell–cell signaling. An increasing number of signaling pathways has also been identified as mechanosensitive. As such, they may have a key underlying role in regulating the G&R of tissues in response to mechanical stimuli. A more detailed understanding of mechano-regulated cell–cell signaling may thus be crucial to advance CVTE, as it could inspire new methods to control tissue G&R and improve the organization and functionality of engineered tissues, thereby accelerating clinical translation. In this review, we discuss the organization and biomechanics of native cardiovascular tissues; recent CVTE studies emphasizing the obtained engineered tissue organization; and the interplay between mechanical stimuli, cell behavior, and cell–cell signaling. In addition, we review past contributions of computational models in understanding and predicting mechano-regulated tissue G&R and cell–cell signaling to highlight their potential role in future CVTE strategies.
Mal wieder ein neuer „Turn“ in der Gewaltforschung. Zu den Möglichkeiten und Grenzen eines prozesssoziologischen Zugangs zur Gewalt
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2021

Die Gewaltforschung ist inzwischen durch das immer kurztaktigere Ausrufen neuer „Turns“ gekennzeichnet. Merkmal dieser Turns ist, eine neue – bisher vermeintlich vernachlässigte – Perspektive in den Mittelpunkt der Forschung zu stellen. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einem neueren Turn, bei dem dafür plädiert wird, die Temporalität von Gewaltinteraktionen stärker in den Blick zu nehmen. Trotz einer auffällig starken Abgrenzungsrhetorik dieser prozesssoziologischen Sicht gegenüber interaktionssoziologischen Ansätzen handelt es sich – so das Argument des Artikels – lediglich um eine neue Spielart der dominierenden mikrosoziologischen Perspektive in der Gewaltforschung. Drei zentrale Probleme dieses prozesssoziologischen Ansatzes werden dargestellt: ein mikrosoziologisch verkürztes Verständnis von Prozessen, eine fehlende konzeptionelle Präzisierung von Faktoren jenseits der Zeitdimension sowie ein für Turns typisches Überziehen der eigenen Erklärungsansprüche. Mit einem – nicht ganz ernst gemeinten – Plädoyer für eine „systemsensible Gewaltforschung“ wird die Fruchtbarkeit der Ausrufung immer neuer Zentralperspektiven in der Gewaltforschung infrage gestellt.
Preliminary Assessment of Body Condition Score as a Possible Marker for the Targeted Selective Treatment of Dairy Sheep Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes
Authors: Tamponi Claudia , Dessì Giorgia , Varcasia Antonio , Knoll Stephane , Meloni Luisa , Scala Antonio
Published: October 2021

Purpose

In the fight against anthelmintic resistance, targeted selective treatments (TSTs), where only a small percentage of a flock receives treatment, have become increasingly popular. Overall, implementation of such treatments can be based on various parameters including Body condition score (BCS). As infection with non-bloodsucking nematodes, frequently encountered on sheep farms in the central Mediterranean basin, commonly causes bodyweight reduction, the aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of BCS as a parameter for the implementation of TSTs in lactating dairy sheep with subclinical gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections from the island of Sardinia, Italy.

Methods

Faecal samples from 1012 ewes divided into 2 groups (third and fifth month of lactation) were collected and their BCS recorded. Faecal egg counts and coprocultures were performed for the assessment of the GIN burden and identification of present species.

Results

An overall GIN prevalence of 85.4% with a mean eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces of 210.1 ± 347.3 was found. Teladorsagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were the GIN genera most identified. Overall, animals with the lowest BCS had the highest EPG values and a negative correlation (r = − 0.163) between the EPG values and BCS of the studied animals was found, which was most significant for older sheep.

Conclusion

This research confirmed BCSs and EPG values for GIN in sheep to be negatively correlated, particularly in older ewes. Application of TSTs for lactating sheep with a BCS < 2.25, especially to older ewes, could be beneficial in case of subclinical GIN infections, although further studies are needed to work out precise recommendation.
Molecular Profiles of Amyloid-β Proteoforms in Typical and Rapidly Progressive Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Noor Aneeqa , Zafar Saima , Shafiq Mohsin , Younas Neelam , Siegert Anna , Mann Florian A. , Kruss Sebastian , Schmitz Matthias , Dihazi Hassan , Ferrer Isidre , Zerr Inga
Published: October 2021

The molecular determinants of atypical clinical variants of Alzheimer’s disease, including the recently discovered rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease (rpAD), are unknown to date. Fibrilization of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is the most frequently studied candidate in this context. The Aβ peptide can exist as multiple proteoforms that vary in their post-translational processing, amyloidogenesis, and toxicity. The current study was designed to identify these variations in Alzheimer’s disease patients exhibiting classical (sAD) and rapid progression, with the primary aim of establishing if these variants may constitute strains that underlie the phenotypic variability of Alzheimer’s disease. We employed two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry to validate and identify the Aβ proteoforms extracted from targeted brain tissues. The biophysical analysis was conducted using RT-QuIC assay, confocal microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Interactome analysis was performed by co-immunoprecipitation. We present a signature of 33 distinct pathophysiological proteoforms, including the commonly targeted Aβ40, Aβ42, Aβ4-42, Aβ11-42, and provide insight into their synthesis and quantities. Furthermore, we have validated the presence of highly hydrophobic Aβ seeds in rpAD brains that seeded reactions at a slower pace in comparison to typical Alzheimer’s disease. In vitro and in vivo analyses also verified variations in the molecular pathways modulated by brain-derived Aβ. These variations in the presence, synthesis, folding, and interactions of Aβ among sAD and rpAD brains constitute important points of intervention. Further validation of reported targets and mechanisms will aid in the diagnosis of and therapy for Alzheimer’s disease.
An Implicit Measure of Sexual Double Standard Endorsement in Emerging Adults: Reliability and Validity Aspects
Authors: van Lankveld Jacques J. D. M. , Emmerink Peggy M. J. , van den Eijnden Regina J. J. M. , ter Bogt Tom F. M. , Pat-El Ron J. , Vanwesenbeeck Ine
Published: October 2021

Psychometric characteristics were investigated of an Implicit Association Test to assess implicit endorsement of the sexual double standard (SDS-IAT) in emerging adults. The reliability of the SDS-IAT was investigated focusing on internal consistency across different phases of the test. Convergent validity of the SDS-IAT was evaluated against the Scale for the Assessment of Sexual Standards in Youth, an explicit measure of SDS, and against gender investment. Divergent validity was evaluated against the personality characteristics of extraversion, neuroticism, and social desirability proneness. Gendered patterns were examined. Attenuation-corrected alphas demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with alphas ranging for .65–.70. A modest level of explicit SDS endorsement was found in both female and male participants. In line with their explicit SDS level, a modest level of implicit SDS endorsement was found in male participants, whereas a reverse implicit SDS was found among young women. In agreement with our theoretical expectations, we found low convergent validity in multitrait-multimethod analysis of the SDS-IAT with a measure of explicit SDS endorsement, and with general level of investment in gender ideals. Similarly, divergent validity analysis revealed absence of significant correlations with the conceptually unrelated concepts of extraversion, neuroticism, and social desirability proneness, except for extraversion in female participants. The present findings suggest that implicit SDS endorsement can be assessed using the SDS-IAT. The finding that explicit and implicit SDS approvals differ in young female participants, while they align in young male participants, warrants further research.
A systematic literature review on the effects of mycotoxin exposure on insects and on mycotoxin accumulation and biotransformation
Authors: Niermans K. , Meyer A.M. , den Hil E.F. Hoek-van , van Loon J.J.A. , van der Fels-Klerx H.J.
Published: October 2021

Novel protein sources for animal feed are needed, and the use of insects as feed ingredient is explored. The insect production sector offers opportunities for a circular and sustainable approach to feed production by upgrading waste or side streams into high-quality proteins. However, potential food or feed safety issues should be studied in advance. Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1, are natural contaminants commonly found in agricultural crops and have proven to be detrimental to the agricultural industry, livestock, and human health. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the published evidence on effects of mycotoxin exposure on insect growth and survival, mycotoxin accumulation within the insect body, and metabolization of various mycotoxins by insects. The review includes 54 scientific articles published in the past 55 years, in total covering 32 insect species. The main findings are the following: (1) Insects of the order Coleoptera show lower mortality after exposure to aflatoxin B1 when compared to Lepidoptera and Diptera; (2) effects of mycotoxins on larval growth and survival are less detrimental in later larval stages; (3) accumulation of mycotoxins was low in most insect species; (4) mycotoxins are metabolized within the insect body, the degree of which depends on the particular mycotoxin and insect species; (5) cytochrome P450s are the main family of enzymes involved in biotransformation of mycotoxins in some insect species. Results of this review support an optimistic outlook for the use of mycotoxin-contaminated waste streams as substrate for insect rearing.
Using Climate Factors to Estimate Flood Economic Loss Risk
Authors: Hu Xinjia , Wang Ming , Liu Kai , Gong Daoyi , Kantz Holger
Published: October 2021

Estimation of economic loss is essential for stakeholders to manage flood risk. Most flooding events are closely related to extreme precipitation, which is influenced by large-scale climate factors. Considering the lagged influence of climate factors, we developed a flood-risk assessment framework and used Hunan Province in China as an example to illustrate the risk assessment process. The main patterns of precipitation—as a connection between climate factors and flood economic losses—were extracted by the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. We identified the correlative climate factors through cross-correlation analysis and established a multiple stepwise linear regression model to forecast future precipitation patterns. Risk assessment was done based on the main precipitation patterns. Because the economic dataset is limited, a Monte Carlo simulation was applied to simulate 1000-year flood loss events under each precipitation regime (rainy, dry, normal years) to obtain aggregate exceedance probability (AEP) and occurrence exceedance probability (OEP) curves. We found that precipitation has a strong influence on economic loss risk, with the highest risk in rainy years. Regional economic development imbalances are the potential reason for the varying economic loss risks in different regions of Hunan Province. As the climate indices with at least several months prediction lead time are strong indicators in predicting precipitation, the framework we developed can estimate economic loss risk several months in advance.
Prevalence and psychiatric comorbidities of night-eating behavior in obese bariatric patients: preliminary evidence for a connection between night-eating and bipolar spectrum disorders
Authors: Brancati Giulio Emilio , Barbuti Margherita , Calderone Alba , Fierabracci Paola , Salvetti Guido , Weiss Francesco , Santini Ferruccio , Perugi Giulio
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The co-occurrence of obesity, eating and mood disorders has been frequently reported in clinical and epidemiological settings. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of night-eating obese patients referred for bariatric surgery and to identify associated psychopathology and psychiatric comorbidity.

Methods

The sample was composed of 121 obese patients consecutively enrolled between November 2010 and May 2012 during psychiatric evaluations for bariatric intervention. Clinical features and psychiatric diagnoses were collected. Night-eating was investigated through the administration of the Night-eating Questionnaires (NEQ) and was defined as the presence of self-reported evening hyperphagia and/or nocturnal ingestions. Binge-eating and purging behaviors and general psychopathology were respectively assessed using the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised.

Results

Night-eating was reported by twenty subjects (16.5%). Patients with night-eating behavior were significantly more frequently diagnosed with bipolar spectrum disorders and with comorbid eating and mood disorders in comparison with other patients. Night-eating patients showed significantly more binging/purging behaviors and greater severity of somatization, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, phobic anxiety, psychoticism and sleep disorders. Patients with bipolar disorder type 1 or 2 scored significantly higher than those without mood disorders at NEQ total score, mood/sleep and nocturnal ingestions subscales, but also scored significantly higher than other patients with mood disorders at the latter subscale.

Conclusion

Patients with evening hyperphagia and/or nocturnal ingestions should be carefully evaluated to detect possible bipolar spectrum disorders and other eating disorders. Prompt management of these conditions should be provided before bariatric interventions.

Level of evidence

V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Sensing Stemness
Authors: Bowman Teresa V. , Trompouki Eirini
Published: October 2021

Purpose of Review

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are formed embryonically during a dynamic developmental process and later reside in adult hematopoietic organs in a quiescent state. In response to their changing environment, HSCs have evolved diverse mechanisms to cope with intrinsic and extrinsic challenges. This review intends to discuss how HSCs and other stem cells co-opted DNA and RNA innate immune pathways to fine-tune developmental processes.

Recent Findings

Innate immune receptors for nucleic acids like the RIG-I-like family receptors and members of DNA sensing pathways are expressed in HSCs and other stem cells. Even though the “classic” role of these receptors is recognition of foreign DNA or RNA from pathogens, it was recently shown that cellular transposable element (TE) RNA or R-loops activate such receptors, serving as endogenous triggers of inflammatory signaling that can shape HSC formation during development and regeneration.

Summary

Endogenous TEs and R-loops activate RNA and DNA sensors, which trigger distinct inflammatory signals to fine-tune stem cell decisions. This phenomenon could have broad implications for diverse somatic stem cells, for a variety of diseases and during aging.
The influence of relatedness and organizational resources on teaching motivation in continuing higher education
Authors: Wilkesmann Uwe , Vorberg Ronja
Published: October 2021

This article will answer the research question if relatedness and organizational resources influence the teaching motivation in continuing higher education, whereby a distinction is made between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Self-determination theory is used as the theoretical underpinning. We conducted a survey of 549 continuing higher education university faculty. Regression analysis determined that relatedness was correlated with intrinsic teaching motivation but was not correlated with extrinsic teaching motivation. Meanwhile, organizational resources increase both intrinsic and extrinsic teaching motivation. Professors are more extrinsically motivated than other faculty. The older university faculty tends to be less extrinsically and more intrinsically motivated. Additionally, female university faculty are more intrinsically motivated than male university faculty.
Automatic quality assessments of laser powder bed fusion builds from photodiode sensor measurements
Authors: Jayasinghe Sarini , Paoletti Paolo , Sutcliffe Chris , Dardis John , Jones Nick , Green Peter L.
Published: October 2021

While Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) machines have greatly improved in recent years, the L-PBF process is still susceptible to several types of defect formation. Among the monitoring methods that have been explored to detect these defects, camera-based systems are the most prevalent. However, using only photodiode measurements to monitor the build process has potential benefits, as photodiode sensors are cost-efficient and typically have a higher sample rate compared to cameras. This study evaluates whether a combination of photodiode sensor measurements, taken during L-PBF builds, can be used to predict measures of the resulting build quality via a purely data-based approach. Using several unsupervised clustering approaches build density is classified with up to 93.54% accuracy using features extracted from three different photodiodes, as well as observations relating to the energy transferred to the material. Subsequently, a supervised learning method (Gaussian Process regression) is used to directly predict build density with a RMS error of 3.65%. The study, therefore, shows the potential for machine-learning algorithms to predict indicators of L-PBF build quality from photodiode build measurements only. This study also shows that, relative to the L-PBF process parameters, photodiode measurements can contribute to additional information regarding L-PBF part quality. Moreover, the work herein describes approaches that are predominantly probabilistic, thus facilitating uncertainty quantification in machine-learnt predictions of L-PBF build quality.
From Polytheism to Monotheism: Zoroaster and Some Economic Theory
Authors: Ferrero Mario
Published: October 2021

The prophet Zoroaster founded the first monotheistic religion in history, which once rose to great imperial status and still survives unchanged today despite centuries of Muslim pressure. Unlike the founders of other monotheistic religions after him, he achieved this not through the overthrow of the original Iranian polytheism but through its deep reform—a strategy that made acceptance easier and ensured a continuing role for the priests. Monotheistic reform is thus a third way out of ancient Indo-European polytheism, besides extinction in the Greco-Roman case and mutation into sectarian theism in the Indian case. This paper surveys the Iranian story and offers two economic models to account for the two key factors that made the transition to monotheism possible: the theological structure and the role of the priesthood.
Pankreasfisteln nach Pankreasresektion – was nun?
Authors: Schindl Martin
Published: October 2021

Das Auftreten einer Fistel nach einer Pankreasoperation kann von hoher klinischer Relevanz für den postoperativen Verlauf sein. Die Berücksichtigung von Risikofaktoren erlaubt die Anwendung von Strategien zur Vorbeugung klinisch relevanter postoperativer Pankreasfisteln durch „Abschwächung“ ihres natürlichen Verlaufs. Durch die regelmäßige Kontrolle von klinischen Befunden, Blutlabor und Drainageflüssigkeit in der postoperativen Phase nach Pankreasoperation können Komplikationen, die in Zusammenhang mit Pankreasfisteln auftreten, rechtzeitig erkannt und erfolgreich behandelt werden. Ein „Step-up-Approach“ hat sich insbesondere bei der Behandlung von Abszessen und Blutungen bewährt.
An industrial oriented workflow for 3D printed, patient specific orthopedic cast
Authors: Formisano Mario , Iuppariello Luigi , Casaburi Antonio , Guida Pasquale , Clemente Fabrizio
Published: October 2021

The clinical use of 3D printed patient specific orthopaedic cast is of wide interest. However, design and production have problems such as production time, which can take up to 35 h, and standardized procedure considering that there are medical devices that must comply mandatory and/or voluntary standards. Moreover, the proposed procedures do not fully consider the traceability of this innovative medical device design to comply with standards and industrial proposes. The aim of this work is to propose a semi-automatic workflow for the production of the 3D printed orthopaedic casts. The procedure is oriented towards a reduction time in different phases (as scan setting, designing technique, printing orientation) of the production flow. The workflow is compliant with recognized quality standards for the production of additive manufactured medical devices. This approach offers the possibility to introduce new 3D printed medical devices in clinical practice as well as to design an optimized industrial workflow.
Glyphosate adsorption onto porous clay heterostructure (PCH): kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Besghaier Sabrine , Cecilia J. A. , Chouikhi Nesrine , Vilarrasa-García E. , Rodríguez-Castellón E. , Chlendi Mohamed , Bagane Mohamed
Published: October 2021

The synthesis of PCH from natural bentonite produces a porous heterostructure material effective for the adsorption of glyphosate from water. The adsorption process takes place through an interaction between the silanol group of montmorillonite and/or the PCH adsorbent with the functional groups of glyphosate. The glyphosate adsorption isotherms, recorded for all the studied samples, have been established to be of Langmuir type. The kinetic of the herbicide adsorption on the PCH was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. With the increase in temperature from 25 to 50 °C, the sorption capacities of the materials studied towards glyphosate increased. The process of glyphosate adsorption was found to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature, as indicated by positive values of ΔH and negative values of ΔG. According to the results obtained, the herbicide sorption was more effective in a basic environment. The maximum amount of adsorbed glyphosate is almost doubled with PCH from 13.5 mg/g of natural clay to 27.5 mg/g of PCH.

Graphic abstract
Genome-wide association study revealed genetic variations of ABA sensitivity controlled by multiple stress-related genes in rice
Authors: Peng Lei , Xie Tingting , Guo Zilong , Li Xiaokai , Chang Yu , Tu Haifu , Wang Shengchang , Wu Nai , Yao Yilong , Xiong Lizhong
Published: October 2021

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a critical phytohormone that regulates multiple physiological processes including plant growth and stress tolerance. The core ABA signaling pathway has been well established, but genetic variations mediating ABA responses remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify loci and genes associated with ABA sensitivity (reflected by seed germination inhibition by ABA) in a panel of 425 rice accessions. The seed germination assay revealed that Aus and indica rice had stronger ABA sensitivity than japonica rice. A total of 48 non-redundant association loci were detected in the indica subpopulation and whole population, and 386 genes in these loci were responsive to ABA or abiotic stresses. Eight association loci were overlapped with previously reported loci for yield under drought stress or for drought-indicative image traits. Haplotype analyses of important candidate genes such as OsSAPK6, a key component in the ABA signaling core, were performed to identify key SNPs/InDels that may affect gene functions through promoter activity regulation, amino acid variation, or gene splicing. These results provide insights into the genetic basis of ABA sensitivity related to stress responses.
The associations of maternal/paternal modeling, self‐efficacy, and ethnic fit on math/science achievement among Latinx students
Authors: Delgado Melissa Y. , Wheeler Lorey A. , Perez‐Brena Norma , Nair Rajni L.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

This paper examined individual, family, and peer roles in promoting Latinx youths’ math and science performance. The role of maternal/paternal modeling in education was examined as shaping academic self‐efficacy and, in turn, math/science grades among a population considered at risk of low academic achievement. Moreover, the study tested the moderating roles of class ethnic fit (i.e., feelings of fit based on having same‐ethnic peers in class) and gender.

Method

Cross‐sectional data came from a southwestern U.S. sample of Latinx adolescents (N = 329; 54% female, Mage = 13.69 years, SD = 0.56) who reported on maternal/paternal educational modeling, academic self‐efficacy, math/science grades, class ethnic fit, and gender.

Results

Adolescents' perceptions of maternal modeling, but not paternal, related to higher levels of academic self‐efficacy which, in turn, related to higher math/science performance. Moderation results revealed: (a) for adolescents who perceived low science class ethnic fit, high levels of parental modeling related to higher levels of academic self‐efficacy which, in turn, were related to higher science grades, and (b) maternal modeling positively related to girls', but not boys', academic self‐efficacy and paternal modeling positively related to girls', but not boys', math/science performance.

Conclusions

These results suggest maternal modeling is a promotive factor, supporting Latinx youths’ academic self‐efficacy which, in turn, related to math/science grades. Additionally, a negative direct relation between maternal modeling and science grades suggests maternal modeling generally support academic self‐efficacy, but not necessarily science attainment. These associations are nuanced as they are informed by context and parent‐child gender.
England's Second Reformation
Authors: Milton Anthony
Published: October 2021

England's Second Reformation reassesses the religious upheavals of mid-seventeenth-century England, situating them within the broader history of the Church of England and its earlier Reformations. Rather than seeing the Civil War years as a destructive aberration, Anthony Milton demonstrates how they were integral to (and indeed the climax of) the Church of England's early history. All religious groups – parliamentarian and royalist alike – envisaged changes to the pre-war church, and all were forced to adapt their religious ideas and practices in response to the tumultuous events. Similarly, all saw themselves and their preferred reforms as standing in continuity with the Church's earlier history. By viewing this as a revolutionary 'second Reformation', which necessarily involved everyone and forced them to reconsider what the established church was and how its past should be understood, Milton presents a compelling case for rethinking England's religious history.
A Europe Without Internal Frontiers: Challenging the Reintroduction of Border Controls in the Schengen Area in the Light of Union Citizenship
Authors: Salomon Stefan , Rijpma Jorrit
Published: October 2021

Border controls within the Schengen area are meant to be a thing of the past. Yet, since the refugee crisis of 2015, “temporary” border controls have become quasi permanent in several European Union Member States. Although these controls are against the letter and spirit of the Schengen Borders Code, the Commission has not taken any measures to enforce these rules. One of the reasons for the dismal state of the Schengen area is the one-sided focus on the abolition of internal border controls as primarily functional for the establishment of the internal market. This comes at the expense of Union citizens’ rights and disregards the fundamental role that the abolition of border controls has on how citizens see the Union in political terms and conceive themselves as Union citizens. Against this background, we argue that from its beginning the objective of the project to abolish border controls was to foster a supranational political identity of Union citizens by transforming citizens’ spatial experience. Union citizenship in the current EU Treaty framework constitutes the legal expression of that historical connection between the abolition of border controls and free movement. Emphasizing the citizenship dimension of an area without internal frontiers provides a different perspective on current controls at the Schengen internal borders.
Nowhere to Call Home: A Study of Sanmenxia-Reservoir Resettlement From Henan To Gansu, 1956–1965
Authors: Ding Xiangli
Published: October 2021

In the late 1950s, the creation of a large reservoir for the Sanmenxia hydropower project required the displacement of tens of thousands of households along the Yellow River. Simultaneously, the state commenced a land-reclamation project, sending people from populated areas to the frontiers. Under the supervision of county and provincial authorities, more than 7,000 reservoir inhabitants from Henan were mobilized to migrate to Dunhuang, an oasis surrounded by the Gobi Desert in the northwest. The socialist state's pursuit of irrigation and hydroelectricity benefits not only altered the waterscape of the Yellow River; it also impacted nearby rural communities as well as those a thousand miles away. From the high-modernist perspective, the state-sponsored demographic engineering and the Yellow River engineering seemed to complement each other well. Yet, with the massive flight of resettlers, the state-envisioned integration of reservoir displacement and frontier reclamation ultimately failed.
China Innovation Capacity Growth Index 2015 and 2020
Authors: Hochstrasser Annika , Murmann Johann Peter
Published: October 2021

It is of interest in China and across the world to predict whether China will catch up with the most economically advanced nations in innovation capacity. To facilitate an ongoing assessment of China's innovation capacity, the article develops a China Innovation Capacity Growth Index composed of eight separate measures. China's performance in 2020 is compared to the baseline from 2015, showing that China has progressed in six of the eight measures. This article and the accompanying Technical Appendix explain each of the measures, including the sources for the data, and report the changes in performance over time.
Efficient Laplacian spectral density computations for networks with arbitrary degree distributions
Authors: Guzman Grover E. C. , Stadler Peter F. , Fujita André
Published: October 2021

The network Laplacian spectral density calculation is critical in many fields, including physics, chemistry, statistics, and mathematics. It is highly computationally intensive, limiting the analysis to small networks. Therefore, we present two efficient alternatives: one based on the network’s edges and another on the degrees. The former gives the exact spectral density of locally tree-like networks but requires iterative edge-based message-passing equations. In contrast, the latter obtains an approximation of the spectral density using only the degree distribution. The computational complexities are 𝒪(|E|log(n)) and 𝒪(n), respectively, in contrast to 𝒪(n3) of the diagonalization method, where n is the number of vertices and |E| is the number of edges.
Investigating scientific mobility in co-authorship networks using multilayer temporal motifs
Authors: Boekhout Hanjo D. , Traag Vincent A. , Takes Frank W.
Published: October 2021

This paper introduces a framework for understanding complex temporal interaction patterns in large-scale scientific collaboration networks. In particular, we investigate how two key concepts in science studies, scientific collaboration and scientific mobility, are related and possibly differ between fields. We do so by analyzing multilayer temporal motifs: small recurring configurations of nodes and edges.

Driven by the problem that many papers share the same publication year, we first provide a methodological contribution: an efficient counting algorithm for multilayer temporal motifs with concurrent edges. Next, we introduce a systematic categorization of the multilayer temporal motifs, such that each category reflects a pattern of behavior relevant to scientific collaboration and mobility. Here, a key question concerns the causal direction: does mobility lead to collaboration or vice versa? Applying this framework to scientific collaboration networks extracted from Web of Science (WoS) consisting of up to 7.7 million nodes (authors) and 94 million edges (collaborations), we find that international collaboration and international mobility reciprocally influence one another. Additionally, we find that Social sciences & Humanities (SSH) scholars co-author to a greater extent with authors at a distance, while Mathematics & Computer science (M&C) scholars tend to continue to collaborate within the established knowledge network and organization.
The “Black Buddhism Plan”: Buddhism, Race, and Empire in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: McNicholl Adeana
Published: October 2021

This article traces the life of a single figure, Sufi Abdul Hamid, to bring into conversation the history of the transmission of Buddhism to the United States with the emergence of new Black religio-racial movements in the early twentieth century. It follows Hamid's activities in the 1930s to ask what Hamid's life reveals about the relationship between Buddhism and race in the United States. On the one hand, Hamid's own negotiation of his identity as a Black Orientalist illustrates the contentious process through which individuals negotiate their religio-racial identities in tension with hegemonic religio-racial frameworks. Hamid constructed a Black Orientalist identity that resignified Blackness while criticizing the racial injustice foundational to the American nation-state. His Black Orientalist identity at times resonated with global Orientalist discourses, even while being recalcitrant to the hegemonic religio-racial frameworks of white Orientalism. The subversive positioning of Hamid's Black Orientalist identity simultaneously lent itself to his racialization by others. This is illustrated through Hamid's posthumous implication in a conspiracy theory known as the “Black Buddhism Plan.” This theory drew on imaginations of a Black Pacific community formulated by both Black Americans and by government authorities who created Japanese Buddhists and new Black religio-racial movements as subjects of surveillance. The capacious nature of Hamid's religio-racial identity, on the one hand constructed and performed by Hamid himself, and on the other created in the shadow of the dominant discourses of a white racial state, demonstrates that Buddhism in the United States is always constituted by race.
Changes in the genetic composition of Myzus persicae nicotianae populations in Chile and frequency of insecticide resistance mutations
Authors: Cabrera-Brandt Marco A. , Kati Amalia , Rubio-Meléndez María E. , Figueroa Christian C. , Fuentes-Contreras Eduardo
Published: October 2021

Myzus persicae is a cosmopolitan aphid that is highly polyphagous and an important agricultural pest. The subspecies M. persicae nicotianae has been described for highly specialized phenotypes adapted to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). In Chile, the population of M. persicae nicotianae was originally composed of a single red genotype that did not possess insecticide resistance mutations. However, in the last decade, variation in the colour of tobacco aphids has been observed in the field. To determine whether this variation stems from the presence of new genotypes, sampling was carried out across the entire distribution of tobacco cultivation regions in Chile. The aphids collected were genotyped, and the frequency of kdr (L1014F), super-kdr (M918T), modification of acetylcholinesterase (MACE) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β subunit (nAChRβ) mutations associated with insecticide resistance was determined. A total of 16 new genotypes of M. persicae nicotianae were detected in Chile: four of them possessed the MACE mutation, and none of them possessed the kdr, super-kdr or nAChRβ mutation. The previously described red genotype was not detected in any of the sampled fields over two seasons. These results raise questions about the mechanisms underlying changes in the genetic structure of M. persicae nicotianae populations in Chile. Future research aimed at addressing these questions could provide new insight into aphid evolution and agricultural practices.