bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic modelling of esterification of glycerol with acetic acid catalyzed by lewatite
Authors: Setyaningsih L , Mutiara T , Chafidz A , Zulkania A , Andrianto M A , Farikha N L
Published: June 2019

One of the ester product of glycerol and acetic acid is triacetin which has wide industrial aplication. In this study the esterification of glycerol with acetic acid over Lewatite catalyst to produce triacetin, were carried out. Lewatite is one of ion exchange resin, the use of ion exchange resins as catalyst will not produce waste, not corrosive, high thermal stability and has good selectivity. The esterification reaction of glycerol with acetic acid were performed in a three-neck flask with stirrer (175 rpm) at temperature (90 °C, 100 °C and 110 °C) and atmosphere pressure. A 9.66 % selectivity of triacetin with conversion (77.4 %) was achieved at 100 °C within 90 minutes of reaction time. This research aimed to report experimental data and kinetic modeling of glycerol esterification with acetic acid to evaluate and compare model performance and capability. A kinetic model was developed using a first order pseudo-homogeneous model according to the experimental data. The surface reaction of acetic acid with glycerol was assumed to be rate-controlling. The effect of temperature to rate of reaction constants can be expressed as follows:kr=8.138 x 1011 exp(−57,176.47RT)(1s)
A Kinetics study of 2-ethyl-2-hexenal hydrogenation to 2-ethyl-hexanol over Nickel based catalyst
Authors: Virgana S , Subagjo  , Gunawan M L
Published: June 2019

The 2-ethyl-hexanol was much-needed in the plasticizer industry as a precursor for the synthesis of bis diesters (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP). This compound can be synthesized by oxo reaction, where one of the steps isa consecutive hydrogenation of the 2-ethyl-2-hexenal to 2-ethyl-hexanol. This reaction required metal-based catalyst. This research aimed to develop the formula and procedure of catalyst synthesized and get a kinetics of the reaction. The catalyst was synthesized with a nickel content of 50%-w. The support consists of γ-alumina and SiO2(cab-osil) in variations of 0%-w up to 100 %-w of cab-o-sil towards support. The activity of synthesized catalysts were tested at 120°C and 30 bars in the fixed bed reactor. The results showed that the best performing catalyst was NiO50-Cab50 with 98.29% 2-ethyl-2-hexenal conversion and selectivity to 2-ethyl-hexanol 87.41 %. By varying the reaction temperature of 100-120°C in the best catalyst, it is found that the consecutive reaction was the first order with the activation energy of 2-ethyl-2-hexenal hydrogenation to 2-ethyl-hexanal was 33.66 kJ/mol and hydrogenation 2-ethyl-hexanal to 2-ethyl-hexanol was 58.39 kJ/mol. This showed that the hydrogenation of C = C bonds was easier than the C = O bond.
Refining and Physicochemical Test of Tengkawang oil Shorea stenoptera Origin Sintang District West Kalimantan
Authors: Hidayat N , Darmawan M A , Intan N , Gozan M
Published: June 2019

The oil from Tengkawang fruit (Shorea stenoptera) has been processed by indigenous people in West Kalimantan as cooking oil and margarine. This research examined the degumming process, neutralization and bleaching of Tengkawang oil to reduce the high acid and peroxide numbers resulted from traditional processes. The oil produced at each stage of the refining process were tested for their physicochemical properties by calculating the acid, iodine and peroxide numbers. Respectively, the values of acid number (mg NaOH/100 g sample), iodine number (g I2/100 g sample), and peroxide number (mg equivalent O2/kg sample) for initial Tengkawang fat were 10.14; 32.49 and 10.98; for Tengkawang fat after degumming were 10.25; 28.81 and 10.88); for Tengkawang fat after neutralization were 6.09; 30.52 and 5.57; and for Tengkawang fat after bleaching were 6.14; 31.39 and 5.55. The acid number of Tengkawang oil after neutralization process with variation of volume 5, 7.5 and 10 % were 7.83; 6.14 and 3.12 mg NaOH/100 g sample, respectively. The refining process increased the quality of physicochemical properties of Tengkawang oil to fall into industrial grade.
Processing of Pharmaceuticals for Pulmonary Delivery by Supercritical Technology
Authors: Kurniawansyah F , Mammucari R , Foster N R
Published: June 2019

There are several advantages of using the human pulmonary pathways for drug delivery. These include large absorption area, more rapid onset of therapeutic effect, reduced dose of bioactive delivery and lower side effects of therapy. Inhalable products should meet several criteria, in particular shape, surface roughness and particle size (approximately 1-5 µm, or 2-3 µm as optimum) to reach the deep region of human lungs (alveolus).

In an attempt to produce such powders, supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has been proposed as an alternative to high energy consumptive yet popular mechanical methods such as milling. In this article, application of SCF technology for inhalable products manufacturing is briefly overviewed. Discussion focuses on the process development and formulation strategies to obtain improved product properties of specifically designed for pulmonary administration.
Innovation of Cooking Juice in Process Production of Red-Cane Sugar in Lawang Village of Agam District
Authors: Firdaus  , Praputri E , Sundari E , Ulfah M
Published: June 2019

Cane refining activities which produce red-cane sugar has traditionally been the primary source of income in Lawang villagers of Agam district since hundred years ago. Three main weaknesses found in the process traditionally conducted are lower evaporation rate caused in longer time production and need more fuel, lower product quality caused in lower price, and flue gas pollution. Heat transfer mechanisms involved as long as evaporation takes place in traditional cooking process of juice, namely conduction, convection, and radiation, are not well evaluated yet. Meanwhile, falling film evaporation is not found and gummy cakes formed and accumulated in the surface of basket made of woven bamboo placed in the juice pot. The influence of evaporator like device made of a series of diameters of aluminium circular plates to evaporation process has been studied in traditional cane refining in Lawang village. The device was introduced to the juice pot which significantly faster evaporation process, namely reached about 45% faster then what usually run by villagers. The influences of introduction of lids of aluminium plates as well as any variation in circular plates to faster evaporation process had also been studied. It showed that the numbers of circular plates in a series and introduction of lid of aluminium plate contributed dominantly to faster evaporation process till about 56.67% faster, while the incline of circular plates in a range of 0 to 20 degree and the existence of some holes in the inner plates for circulation of juice cooking are not significantly shorten the time needed for evaporation process. It was also found in this study that falling film evaporation occurred in the evaporator like device introduced that contributed to faster evaporation process. The special channel added at the outsider of circular plate could play a role to accumulate gummy cakes formed.
Calcium Soap from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for Ruminant Feed: The Influence of Initial Mixing Temperature
Authors: Handojo L A , Indarto A , Shofinita D , Saadi M R , Yulistia D , Hasyyati F I
Published: June 2019

The breastfeeding dairy cows often go through metabolic disturbances and low milk production due to the use of stored body fat and minerals to assist milk production. Those problems can be solved by feeding feed supplement to the dairy lactating cows. Calcium soap is a well-known lactating dairy cattle feed supplement, which gives energy in the form of protected fat so it can increase milk productivity of dairy cattle. This research studied the use of PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Distillate) as the free fatty acids source and calcium oxide as a calcium source to produce calcium soap using modified fusion method with water as the reaction catalyst. This study evaluated the initial mixing temperature of PFAD as the parameter affecting the conversion of PFAD, which was determined by the product acid value. The result showed that, at the same mole ratio of calcium source to PFAD, the lower initial mixing temperature gave higher reaction conversion of PFAD. The recommended initial temperature for mixing was found to be 60 °C, which gave the acid value of the product in the range of 2.96 - 3.14 mg KOH/g sample for mole ratio of CaO/PFAD 1 - 1.15.
Effect of Extraction Time on Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Ethanolic Extracts Using Soxhlet Apparatus
Authors: Niawanti H , Lewar Y S , Octavia N N
Published: June 2019

Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract is used as herbal medicine for various disorders treatment by communities. The causes of coronary disease such as cholesterols and triglycerides are widely established by Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extracts due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as glycoside, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. This study extracted Averrhoa bilimbi leaf using Soxhlet apparatus and 500 mL ethanol 96 % as a solvent extraction. Ethanol was used as solvent due to the solubility of bioactive compounds, non-toxic and biodegradable. The leaves were collected, chopped and dried at 60 °C until reached a constant weight. The moisture content of leaf was obtained 48.67 % at 24 hours of drying. The objective was to examined extraction time effect on the yield of leaf ethanol extracts. Extraction was carried out at constant temperature 70 °C and the time was varied at 60, 120, 240, 360 and 480 minutes. The highest yield and total flavanoid obtained for 13.77 % 13132.52 mg/L at 240 minutes. The yield of extraction was reduced at 360 minutes due to the optimum extraction time had been reached. In spite of that, this work indicate that the longer of extraction time, the more bioactive compound was extracted.
Enhanced Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Moringa Oleifera Leaves Using Subcritical Water Ethanol Mixture
Authors: Zullaikah S , Naulina R Y , Meinawati P , Fauziyah K , Rachimoellah M , Rachmaniah O , Nurkhamidah S , Suari N M I P , Prasetyo E N
Published: June 2019

A Moringa Oleifera leaves are rich of phenolic compounds that have the ability to serve as antioxidants. Phenolic compounds as an antioxidant can stabilize free radicals with complementing the electron deficiency of free radicals. Conventional method (maceration) can extract phenolic compounds from Moringa Oleifera leaves. However, this method is known as time consuming, inefficient and using solvent that is non-environmentally friendly. In this study, the extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa Oleifera leaves was enhanced using a subcritical water-ethanol mixture. Fresh and dried Moringa Oleifera leaves were extracted using ethanol solution with different ratio and ratio of dried leaves and ethanol solution at 200 °C for 15 min. The highest amount of phenolic compounds of 87.11 ± 0.81 mg GAE/g of dried leaves with flavonoid contents of 75.79 ± 0.73 mg/g of dried leaves, antioxidant activity of 88.75 ± 0.93 mg vitamin C/L and yield of extracts of 32.73 % ± 0.08 were obtained under following operation conditions: ratio of dried leaves 0.13:20 (g/mL) and ethanol solution 96 %. The utilization of ethanol solution as a solvent on the subcritical condition was able to enhance the amount of total phenolic compounds, flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and yield of extract.
Heat Transfer Evaluation on Microwave Sterilization: Case Study of Oil Palm Fruit
Authors: Sarah M
Published: June 2019

Microwave energy can be used for oil palm fruit bunch sterilization. It penetrates onto the core of oil palm fruit bunches and generates heat inside out. This sterilization aims to inactivate lipase that influences palm oil quality. This study evaluates effect of dielectric properties power developed per unit volume and interior temperature distribution on heating rate during heating process. The experiment carried out at various combinations of microwave power and the oil palm bunches portion in microwave oven. This study observed that distribution of interior temperature in a single oil palm fruit was influenced by power density and fruit’s diameter. Greater power density provides high microwave energy per kg sample to attain greater temperature of microwave heating and vice versa. Distribution of interior temperature in the fruit with the thickness (r) of 6 mm and above indicated non-uniformity heating. Furthermore, interior temperature of fruitlet with r = 4.5 mm indicated distribution of temperature from endocarp to exocarp, meanwhile simulation temperature on smaller fruit diameter (r = 3 mm) indicated thermal runway effect after 5 min heating duration.
The Effect of Total Sulfur Content and Total Acid Number (TAN) on Small Scale Oil Refinery
Authors: Devianto H , Eviani M , Rahardi R A , Yusupandi F
Published: June 2019

Corrosion is one of major problems in refinery industry which leading to mechanical failure of equipments. Corrosion mechanism and rate depend on the corrosive substance, temperature, and material of equipment. Refinery feedstock commonly is a blending of different oils contains different corrosive substance. One of corrosive substance, Sulfur Content and TAN, can cause thinning of material surface at high temperature. This research aims to study the effect of sulfur content and TAN on corrosion mechanism and rate of equipment and piping in small scale refinery. Corrosion mechanism and rate for several refinery feedstocks, containing various sulfur content and TAN, were determined using API-581RP. Mass and energy balance for small scale refinery consists of distillation unit, sulfur removal unit, and platformer unit was done based on process simulator. Materials concerned in this research were carbon steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel. The result showed most of the mechanism in distillation column was thinning high temperature sulfidic/naphthenic corrosion while in sulfur removal and platformer were thinning high temperature H2S/H2 corrosion. The change of sulfur and acid content caused change corrosion rate in non-linear way. These results can be used as prediction for future corrosion assessment based on sulfur and TAN composition.
CNT Synthesis from POME by Pyrolysis using Tubular Furnace
Authors: Nurdin I , Devianto H , Widiatmoko P , Prakoso T , Nugraha N F , Srimurti S
Published: June 2019

The utilization of the palm oil waste, such as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), is desirable to reduce environmental problems and increase its value as a source of biomass. POME can be processed to make Carbon Nanotube (CNT), a cylindrical carbon allotrope composed of graphene sheets. CNT, since its nanosized and high electrical conductivity, is well-suited to be used as electrodes in energy storage device such as battery. This study focuses on CNT synthesis from POME by pyrolysis process at 900°C using ferrocene as a catalyst in flowing nitrogen atmosphere. The synthesis of CNT consists of preparation of raw material (POME), synthesis of resin oil, pyrolysis, and characterization of CNT. The result shows that this process yields 0.28 g CNT (from 15 g POME, using 30 weight-% Ferrocene) whose diameter varies between 26-171 nm, the surface area is 404.62 m2g−1. From the XRD analysis, a C (002) is detected at 2θ of 29.098° with intensity of 3.173 Å, slightly under perfect graphite intensity (3.354 Å). It can be concluded that CNT can be produced from POME using pyrolysis process; an affordable yet applicable way on industrial scale to produce a good quality of CNT.
Increasing yield of graphene synthesis from oil palm empty fruit bunch via two-stages pyrolysis
Authors: Widiatmoko P , Sukmana I F , Nurdin I , Prakoso T , Devianto H
Published: June 2019

Graphene is a 2D hexagonal lattice structure of sp2 carbon atoms which has been acknowledged for its superior electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Production of graphene in large scale and low cost are attracting topic in recent years. Previous study shows that production of graphene from biomass via pyrolysis has low yield of graphene. In this study, we produced graphene sheets from oil palm empty fruit bunch via two-stages pyrolysis to increase the yield. The produced graphene sheets were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering, and X-ray diffraction. Surface properties (i.e. effective surface areas, pore volumes, and pore size distributions) were studied by nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. Effect of the first stage temperature of pyrolysis on the yield, structure, and properties of graphene has been investigated. Our result indicated that two-stages pyrolysis could increase the yield of graphene up to 70%. Graphene sheets shows favorable features of nanosheet frameworks (4–10 atomic layers) and high surface area (870 m2 g−1).
Study on corrosion behavior of storage tanks filled with biodiesel and the blends
Authors: Komariah L N , Dewi T K , Ramayanti C
Published: June 2019

Corrosion is one of rising problem in the use of biodiesel. Improper storage of biodiesel may cause corrosion to occur faster and give a worse damage effect. Biodiesel is commonly stored longer in B100 (neat biodiesel). In this work, the corrosion characteristics of three different material of tanks for B100 and the blends (B20) are examined. Those metallic materials used are Stainless Steel 304 (SS), Carbon Steel (CS), and Galvanic Steel (GS). The fuel has been monitored every 45 days in 135 days. The corrosion occurrence related to some changes in the physical properties of the fuel stored. It is also identified through the change in tanks’ thickness, weight, and the morphology of metal tank surfaces. The result shows a great change in biodiesel physical properties occurred in GS tank, where the BXX acid value increased by 25.39% and the water content changed to 43.18%. While, biodiesel which stored in SS tank performed best with minor change in base and wall thickness with the change of under 1% and the weight change was only 0.02%. In a certain of time, the morphological examination shows CS as the recommended material for biodiesel storage due to uniform corrosion performance.
Melt Rheological Behavior of High Density Polyethylene/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Fiber Composites Prepared via Melt Compounding Method
Authors: Chafidz A. , Setyaningsih L. , Indah N. , Rengga W. D. P. , Haryanto  , Suhartono J.
Published: June 2019

In this work, high density polyethylene (HDPE)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber composites have been fabricated via melt compounding by employing a twin-screw extruder. The resulted composites samples of four different PVA fiber loadings (i.e. 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt%) were then characterized using an oscillatory rheometer to investigate the effect of PVA loadings on their melt rheological behavior (e.g. storage modulus, loss modulus, complex viscosity). Additionally, the surface morphology of cryo-fractured surface of the composites were also investigated by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs showed that PVA fibers were perfectly embedded and well blended in HDPE matrix. Additionally, the melt rheological analysis results showed that the complex viscosity of all nanocomposites samples (i.e. PVAC-5, PVAC-10, and PVAC-20) were higher than that of neat PP (i.e. PVAC-0) and increased with the increase of nanoclay concentrations. Moreover, to further study the relationship between the PVA fiber loadings and complex viscosity of the composites, a well-known Carreau-Yasuda equation was employed to model the complex viscosity data from the rheological test. It was found that the equation fitted well the rheological test data.
The utilization of bagasse fly ash for mesoporous silica synthesis
Authors: Purnomo C W , Wirawan S K , Hinode H
Published: June 2019

Natural silica sources such as from biomass ashes provide an alternative cheap silica precursor for synthesizing advanced materials. Mostly, the silica content in the biomass is in the form of amorphous structure which is suitable to be used directly into the material formation. Bagasse fly ash (BFA) contains carbon and silica in a significant amount. The silica content can be recovered by a simple NaOH fusion method followed by water dilution to produce sodium silicate solution. Then, the obtained solution can be used for various material preparations such as zeolites and mesoporous silica materials. It was observed that the alkaline dissolution method is not only extracting silica but also other content such as Alumina and trace metals. Two different type of mesoporous silica, MCM-41 and SBA-15, have been synthesized by incorporating suitable template and sol-gel hydrothermal method using extracted silica source. The synthesized materials were characterized using TEM and XRD to confirm the morphology and crystal structure. Gas adsorption experiment of n-hexane has been done to examine the adsorption behaviour of the two prepared mesoporous silica. The results suggest that low cost natural silica sources can be an alternative for advanced material preparation.
Water and power consumption reduction by gas conditioning tower system modification in cement industry
Authors: Purnomo C W , Cahyono R B , Setiawan A , Amin N , Triyono
Published: June 2019

Gas conditioning tower (GCT) is a vital equipment in cement industries. The main principle in this equipment is evaporative cooling, i.e. reducing the temperature of the hot flue gas by evaporation of cooling water. Thus, the water consumption is large enough to be able to cool the hot gas from about 400 °C to 150 °C or less. In this case study, the water consumption reduction of a GCT is evaluated before and after modification. The modification of the GCT system includes the change in operating condition and tower mechanical construction which are installation of flow deflector in the inlet pipe, the addition of two perforated plates, the reduction of the nozzle sprayers and the addition of tower length. Meanwhile, the dust removal replacement from Electrostatic Precipitator (EP) to Bag Filter (BF) system allows higher outlet gas temperature of the GCT which could reduce the water and power consumption significantly. The modification effect of the GCT system is analyzed in terms of water demand and energy savings using 100 days real plant data from PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, Indonesia (ITP). It is shown that the modification can reduce the total water consumption by about 20 % and the specific power consumption by about 0.5 kWh/ton of Raw Mill product. The general equation for cooling water demand calculation based on heat balance has been modified as well for better real data approach incorporating air spray flow into the equation.
Biobutanol Production from Bagasse Using Ammonia Pre-treatment and Acid Hydrolysis Method
Authors: Jannah A M , Amalia D U , Hana N S
Published: June 2019

Biobutanol is a type of alcohol that can be produced from biomass lignocellulose and used as renewable fuel. One of lignocellulose sources as raw material of making biobutanol is bagasse. Bagasse as agriculture waste was useless and did not have a potential benefit for farmers, but in this research it used as raw material because of the high cellulose contained. In this research for producing biobutanol, bagasse pre-treated by using ammonia with various concentrations (0 %, 1 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7%) and hydrolysis with 2 % sulphuric acid for 2 hours and 120 °C. Then the process continued with fermentation. In this step 10 mL Clostridium acetobutylicum bacteria was used and fermentation times were varied (2, 4 and 6 days). The aims of this research were analysed the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin before and after pre-treatment processes and also biobutanol content after fermentation process. The results of this research showed that using 7 % ammonia was the highest lignocellulose content which had 69.68 % of cellulose, 14.39 % of hemicellulose and 9.15 % of lignin. The highest biobutanol content was 0.85 % that produced by using 5 % ammonia in the pre-treatment process and fermented for 6 days.
Behavior of Nannochloropsis oculata In Indoor Cultivation: The Effects of Flue Gas Exposure And Illumination Period on The Growth And Lipid Content
Authors: Margono
Published: June 2019

Indonesian government launched an energy source substitution from fossil fuel into renewable energy such as biodiesel oil. It is known that microalgae could store high lipid content making it useful for biodiesel production. This research studied the cell growth and lipid content profile of Nannochloropsis oculata at various exposure periods of flue gas and illumination. The experiments were done in indoor bioreactor outfitted by a light source and flue gas absorber. Five liters of medium BG-11 was circulated through bioreactor and absorber while the exposure periods of light and flue gas were varied intermittently and/or continuously. N. oculata reached the highest cell density of 27.3 mg/L when it was treated at continuous illumination with the absence of flue gas exposure. The highest lipid content of 36.88% was achieved at the cell density of 14.11 mg/L in continuous illumination and 10 minutes per day of flue gas exposure. The CO2 enrichment through flue gas exprosure showed an environmental stress toward microalgae growth and drove the lipid content as well as the periodical illumination.
Hydrothermal treatment, pelletization and characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunches as solid fuel
Authors: Ahda Y , Prakoso T , Rasrendra C B , Susanto H
Published: June 2019

Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is not yet utilized as a solid fuel for boiler due to their physical characteristics such as very bulky, high moisture and potassium contents. The hydrothermal treatment (HT) has been conducted in our research to overcome those problems. HT experiments were conducted in a 2 L digester, with 100 grams of EFB. The liquid to solid ratio was 5:1 mL/g. HT were conducted at temperature of 120, 150, 180, 200, and 220°C, and holding time of 60 minutes. The results indicated that the properties on solid products could be improved using HT, particularly its higher heating value (HHV) of 20.1 MJ/kg (obtained from HT at 180°C) compared to feedstock of 19.68 MJ/kg and commercial pellet of EFB of 13.03 MJ/kg. Pellets made of solid product from HT at 150°C and pelletized at 200 bar were considered to meet the characteristic of commercial pellets.
Pretreatment of Coal by Acid Leaching As Feedstock Preparation For Co-Gasification With Biomass
Authors: Rizkiana J , Firdausi H N , Pranata R , Aulia G A N , Maulana S F , Wulandari W , Sasongko D
Published: June 2019

Co-gasification process of coal and biomass is believed to be one of the promising way to produce hydrogen. The mixing of coal and biomass can solve the problems that usually happened during gasification of pure coal or pure biomass. Furthermore, the presence of synergistic effect between coal and biomass may increase the hydrogen production due to Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal (AAEM) content in the biomass. However, the synergistic effect may be hindered by the presence of silica in the coal. The present study focuses on the reduction of silica content of coal by acid leaching. Based on the result, it is found that the use of hydrofluoric acid may significantly reduce the silica content shown by the reduction of ash content in the coal. Furthermore, acid leaching process also causes the increase of surface area of the coal which may increase the possibility of AAEM attachment to the surface and thus the gas production may increase as well.
Development of integrated renewable energy system model for rural productivity zone in East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Salsabila N P , Purwanto W W , Fuad M R
Published: June 2019

East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is a province with low electrification ratio (78.3%) and high number of underdeveloped villages (74.8%), despite its abundant renewable energy resources potential. The objective of this study is to obtain technically-economically feasible village model with integrated renewable energy system for developing productive zone, Prukades-postharvest cocoa processing, in Wewaria, NTT. The methodology used is techno-economic analysis, in which technical analysis include optimization for hybrid power generation system (HPGS), done by using HOMER Pro. Several financing schemes are proposed to evaluate the economic feasibility. Environmental comparative analysis of mitigated GHG emission is also evaluated. It is found that the HPGS consists of 95 kW photovoltaic, 78 kW wind turbine, and 200 kW diesel generator, equipped with battery storage, and the Prukades system has annual capacity of 250 tons of wet cocoa beans/year with 32.9% yield. Prukades system is economically feasible with all proposed schemes, and potential to increase annual income of cocoa farmers. On the other hand, HPGS is only economically feasible with FS-5 scheme with 100% grant as financial intervention. The economic attractiveness of both systems is relatively higher by using integrated scenario, both owned by the same business entity, resulting in 3 other schemes to be feasible.
The Extraction of Natural Dyes from Henna Leaves (Lawsonia Inermis L.) by Ultrasound-assisted Method
Authors: Qadariyah L , Azizah N , Syafa’atullah A Q , Bhuana D S , Mahfud M
Published: June 2019

One alternative to reduce the effect of water pollution from the textile industry is to replace the use of synthetic dye with the natural one. Henna leaves are one of the natural dye sources which has lawsone, a unique substance that produces orange colour. Some commonly used conventional extractions are soxhletation and maceration. One extraction method that is tried to be developed in this study is the Ultrasound-assisted Extraction. The effects of feed ratio to solvent, time, temperature and solvent types were investigated and discussed in this study. The highest yield from the extraction of Henna leaves was found to be 17.96% which was achieved at pH 1 with the extraction time of 10 minutes, feed/solvent ratio of 0.02, and aquadest solvent. Based on the both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the extracted colour, the ultrasound assisted method was found to be more effective and efficient than the soxhletation method.
Hydrate formation calculation in the natural gas purification unit
Authors: Prajaka J A , Himawan J , Affandy S A , Sutikno J P , Handogo R
Published: June 2019

Common problem in natural gas purification is Hydrate Formation. Hydrate is a solid – ice – like crystals in which gas molecules are trapped in the structure of solid water and causing problems especially clogging in the pipe line. Hydrate Formation usually happens at Dew Point Control Unit (DPCU) where the temperature is lowered to separate natural gas with heavy fraction by using Joule – Thomson effect. This paper aims to predict the Hydrate Formation Temperature at certain pressure by using some of HFT calculation methods. Kartz, Towler, Bahadori, and New Correlation are used to predict the Hydrate Formation Temperature with the pressure range of 700 – 2200 kPa. The obtained temperatures forming the gas at pressure of 700 kPa using Kartz, Towler, New Correlation, and Bahadori Calculation respectively are 274.26 K, 274.92 K, 275.02 K, and 275.2 K with Dew T at pressure of 700 kPa is 279.06 K, that means the Dew Point temperature is higher than the HFT, while at pressure 2200 kPa the temperature of Hydrate Formation respectively are 283.15 K, 283.46 K, 283.54 K, and 283.7 K with Dew T at pressure of 2200 kPa is 299.75 K, that means the Dew Point temperature is higher than the HFT.
Adsorption Capacity and Isotherm of Methylene Blue Removal in Aqueous Solution onto Regenerated Activated Carbon
Authors: Cundari L , Utari A N , Septikarini M
Published: June 2019

Adsorption is one of the potential ways to removal of methylene blue in aqueous solution. The adsorbent used in the adsorption process is the activated carbon of betel nuts that produced from regeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of regeneration method to capacity and isotherm adsorption. The research occurs in a batch with three various regeneration conditions that is chemical, physical, and chemical-physical. In chemical, activated carbon is regenerated with HCl with various concentrations of 5 N, 6 N, and 7N. In physical, activated carbon is regenerated by heating it at temperatures of 160°C, 175°C, and 190°C. In chemical-physical regeneration, the condition is combination of the two. The concentration of methylene blue was analyzed using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-visible). The result showed the best regeneration conditions occur in chemical-physical regeneration with HCl concentration of 7 N, temperature of 190°C, and contact time of 25 minutes with an adsorption capacity on the surface is 3.57 mg/g and efficiency of 98.98%. Adsorption isotherm of removal methylene blue onto regenerated of betel nuts activated carbon follows the Langmuir model with regression value 1 (R2 = 1).
Utilization of plastic waste with mix plastic softening agregate method as performance of stability and quality asphalt concrete
Authors: Hendrianie N , Juliastuti S R , Darmawan R , Widjonarko  , Aini F I N , Hakim M L
Published: June 2019

To increase sidewalks in Indonesia there are several things that must be considered, such as aggregate quality, implementation methods and asphalt quality. The amount of waste plastic waste in Indonesia at this time and in the years to come, can be reprocessed, one of them is by using it as an additive in the technique of making asphalt concrete. It is expected that a complex problem related to the amount of plastic waste piles can be turned into an opportunity to build the acceleration and quality of concrete asphalt roads in Indonesia. The method used for this research is the wet process, which is the direct method of mixing plastic material into asphalt which is heated at temperature according to Tait’s parameters, then added aggregate. The optimum asphalt used in this study was 5.7%. The variables used are 5%, 7%, and 9% of the plastic for substitution at the optimum level of asphalt used. Plastic variable added 100% high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, 100% polypropylene (PP), HDPE: PP and mixture (50:50), then Marshall Test. The best results were obtained by adding 9% plastic mixture variable with HDPE: PP ratio (1:1) resulting in an increase of 179% MQ then normal asphalt.
Activated Carbons from Palm Kernels Shells Prepared by Physical and Chemical Activation for Copper Removal from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Asnawi T M , Husin H , Adisalamun A , Rinaldi W , Zaki M , Hasfita F
Published: June 2019

Preparation and evaluation of activated carbon from the palm kernel shell (PKS), an abundant agricultural residue, by physical and chemical activation were carried out. The activation treatment of adsorbent with and without chemicals modification was evaluated. The physical activation using nitrogen gas and chemical treatment using 10 wt.% of sodium hydroxide and nitrogen gas as the activating agent. This study evaluated the activation temperature and nitrogen gas rate. The results showed that activated carbon treated with NaOH followed by heating under nitrogen gas had the highest iodine number of 1062.8 mg/g and methylene-blue number of 247.2 mg/g (heating at 750 °C, nitrogen gas flow rate of 100 mL/min). The equilibrium data obtained at various initial concentration reasonably fit well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption of Cu(II) ions fit with the Langmuir isotherm pattern with adsorption capacity (Xm) of 8.9445 mg/g and kf value of 0.16802 L/mg for activated carbon without NaOH treatment. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon with NaOH and heating at 750 °C under nitrogen gas was obtained 12.0773 mg/g and kf value of 0.15076 L/mg. Those results suggested the prepared adsorbent could be considered as a promising candidate for Cu(II) ions for wastewater treatment.
Treatment of Oily Wastewaters from Tanjung Perak Port by Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum Electrodes
Authors: Soeprijanto S , Nury D F , Pudjiastuti L
Published: June 2019

Electrocoagulation is electrochemical water and wastewater treatment technology that is the easiest technology using an electrochemical cell supplied by DC power to the electrodes. The application of the electrocoagulation process was purposed to treat oily bilge water. The results indicated that the oil removal efficiency was achieved approximately 99.62% at an initial oil concentration of 60 g/l in batch processes. The current density of 62.5 mA/cm2applied the process produced oil removal efficiency of 99.95%.In a continuous mode with the initial water only present in the reactor, the oil removal efficiency was achieved approximately 100% with a hydraulic residence time (HRT-1) of 6 h for 60 min of operations. However, the initial oil/water emulsion at a concentration of 63.89 g/l present in the reactor, the oil removal efficiency was approximately 73.33% with HRT-1 of 6 h for 90 h of operations.
How to design a chalk talk—the million dollar sales pitch
Authors: Snapp Erik Lee
Published: June 2019

Each faculty recruiting season, many postdocs ask, “What is a chalk talk?” The chalk talk is many things—a sales pitch, a teaching demonstration, a barrage of questions, and a description of a future research program. The chalk talk is arguably the most important component of a faculty search interview. Yet few postdocs or grad students receive training or practice in giving a chalk talk. In the following essay, I’ll cover the basics of chalk talk design and preparation.
Drought decreases cooperative sentinel behavior and affects vocal coordination in meerkats
Authors: Rauber Ramona , Clutton-Brock Tim H , Manser Marta B
Published: June 2019

Cooperative breeding often evolved in harsh and arid habitats characterized by high levels of environmental uncertainty. Most forms of cooperative behavior have energetic costs and previous studies have shown that the contributions of individuals to alloparental provisioning are conditional on their food intake. However, the effect of naturally occurring, extreme environmental conditions on the persistence of costly forms of cooperative behaviors and their coordination by communication remain unknown. Here, we show that in meerkats (Suricata suricatta) the probability to act as sentinel, a cooperative vigilance behavior, was the same for typically occurring dry and wet conditions, but significantly reduced during a drought condition with almost no rain, especially in young individuals, members of small groups and groups with pups. The duration an individual stayed on sentinel guard, however, was most reduced during dry conditions. Besides reductions in sentinel behavior, the vocal coordination of foraging meerkats differed when comparing drought and wet conditions. Individuals responded more strongly to playbacks of sentinel “all-clear” calls and close calls, resulting in less vigilance and more foraging behavior during the drought condition. We conclude that while meerkats are adapted to commonly occurring dry periods with low rainfall, the extreme drought period with almost no rain, led to a decrease of the frequency of costly forms of cooperative behaviors in favor of behaviors that maximize direct fitness benefits and also affected the vocal coordination among group members.
Interleaving Motor Sequence Training With High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Facilitates Consolidation
Authors: Rumpf Jost-Julian , May Luca , Fricke Christopher , Classen Joseph , Hartwigsen Gesa
Published: June 2019

The acquisition of novel motor skills is a fundamental process of lifelong learning and crucial for everyday behavior. Performance gains acquired by training undergo a transition from an initially labile state to a state that is progressively robust towards interference, a phenomenon referred to as motor consolidation. Previous work has demonstrated that the primary motor cortex (M1) is a neural key region for motor consolidation. However, it remains unknown whether physiological processes underlying posttraining motor consolidation in M1 are active already during an ongoing training phase or only after completion of the training. We examined whether 10-Hz interleaved repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (i-rTMS) of M1 during rest periods between active motor training in an explicit motor learning task affects posttraining offline consolidation. Relative to i-rTMS to the vertex (control region), i-rTMS to the M1hand area of the nondominant hand facilitated posttraining consolidation assessed 6 h after training without affecting training performance. This facilitatory effect generalized to delayed performance of the mirror-symmetric sequence with the untrained (dominant) hand. These findings indicate that posttraining consolidation can be facilitated independently from training-induced performance increments and suggest that consolidation is initiated already during offline processing in short rest periods between active training phases.
PDK1 Regulates Transition Period of Apical Progenitors to Basal Progenitors by Controlling Asymmetric Cell Division
Authors: Han Xiaoning , Wei Yongjie , Wu Xiaojing , Gao Jun , Yang Zhongzhou , Zhao Chunjie
Published: June 2019

The six-layered neocortex consists of diverse neuron subtypes. Deeper-layer neurons originate from apical progenitors (APs), while upper-layer neurons are mainly produced by basal progenitors (BPs), which are derivatives of APs. As development proceeds, an AP generates two daughter cells that comprise an AP and a deeper-layer neuron or a BP. How the transition of APs to BPs is spatiotemporally regulated is a fundamental question. Here, we report that conditional deletion of phoshpoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) in mouse developing cortex achieved by crossing Emx1Cre line with Pdk1fl/fl leads to a delayed transition of APs to BPs and subsequently causes an increased output of deeper-layer neurons. We demonstrate that PDK1 is involved in the modulation of the aPKC-Par3 complex and further regulates the asymmetric cell division (ACD). We also find Hes1, a downstream effecter of Notch signal pathway is obviously upregulated. Knockdown of Hes1 or treatment with Notch signal inhibitor DAPT recovers the ACD defect in the Pdk1 cKO. Thus, we have identified a novel function of PDK1 in controlling the transition of APs to BPs.
Predicting 30-Day Readmission Rate in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: Performance of LACE Index
Authors: George Lauren A , Martin Brendan , Gupta Neil , Shastri Nikhil , Venu Mukund , Naik Amar S
Published: June 2019

Background and Aims

Readmission within 30 days in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients increases treatment costs and serves as a quality indicator. The LACE (Length of stay, Acuity of admission, Charlson comorbidity index, Emergency Department visits in past 6 months) index is used to predict the risk of unplanned readmission within 30 days. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of using the LACE index in IBD.

Methods

Calculation of LACE index was done prospectively for IBD patients admitted to a single tertiary care center. Patient, disease, and treatment characteristics, as well as index hospitalization characteristics including indication for admission and disease activity measures were retrospectively recorded. Descriptive statistics and univariable exact logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

In total, 64 IBD patients were admitted during the study period. The 30-day readmission rate of IBD patients was 19% and overall median LACE index was 6, with IQR 6–7. LACE index categorized 16% of IBD patients in low-risk group, 82% in moderate risk group, and 2% in high-risk group. LACE index did not predict 30-day readmission (OR 1.35, CI: 0.88–2.18, P = 0.19). There was no significant difference in 30-day readmission rates with inpatient antibiotic or narcotic use, admission C-reactive protein (CRP), anemia, IBD duration, maintenance therapy, or prior IBD operation. For every 1 day increase in length of stay (LOS), patients were 8% more likely (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.00–1.16) to be readmitted within 30 days (P = .05).

Conclusions

LACE index does not accurately identify 30-day readmission risk in the IBD population. As increased LOS is associated with higher risk, there may be benefit for targeted strategic resource allocation via specialized services.
Does Gender Top Family Ties? Within-Couple and between-Sibling Sharing of Elderly Care
Authors: Luppi Matteo , Nazio Tiziana
Published: June 2019

Most elderly care continues to be delivered informally within families. Yet we still lack a thorough understanding of how care responsibilities are shared across both family ties and generations. We explore the gender dimension of caregiving in the distribution of elderly care between couple members (care provided to parents and parents-in-law and to children or grandchildren) and its associations with siblings' sex composition in a range of European countries. Using SHARE data and multinomial multilevel models, we test how responsibility for elderly care is shared across children and mediated by their partners and their siblings' sex composition as well as how it is combined with other downward care responsibilities, towards children and grandchildren. Results confirm the very gendered nature of elderly care. But who do men shift elderly care responsibilities to? We find that elderly care is more likely shifted to sisters than brothers, especially when caregiving becomes intense. We also find that the lower contribution by sons does not seem to prompt transfers of care responsibilities to their female partners within couples. Finally, although upward and downward caring responsibilities might compete, we find that individuals who are more inclined to provide care tend to do so in both directions.
Fecal microbiota of captive Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus
Authors: Suzuki Akihiko , Ueda Keiichi , Segawa Takao , Suzuki Miwa
Published: June 2019

Herbivorous animals have unique intestinal microbiota that greatly helps with plant digestion in the host; however, knowledge on the microbiota of marine herbivores is limited. To better understand the taxonomy of intestinal microbiota in manatees, and the possible effects of captive conditions on that, we characterized the fecal microbiota of captive Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus and compared the bacterial community with that of wild Florida manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris. Fecal samples were collected from four captive Antillean manatees in Ocean Expo Park, Okinawa, Japan. The high-quality sequences of the V3–V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA obtained using an Illumina MiSeq platform were assigned to 16 bacterial phyla, and the most dominant was Firmicutes (84.05 ± 3.50%), followed by Bacteroidetes (8.60 ± 1.71%). Seven of the top 20 bacterial genera were responsible for hydrolyzing cellulose and metabolizing bile acid. The microbiota composition was remarkably different from that found in wild Florida manatees and more diverse than the composition in wild Florida manatees; hence, this result may be dependent on a captive environment. Our results highlight the unique intestinal microbiota in captive manatees, reflecting their diet and possibly an impact of the captive environment.