bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frederick Douglass and the Power of Humility
Authors: Bobb David J.
Published: August 2019

The life of ex-slave and leading 19th-century abolitionist Frederick Douglass is a study in the relationship between humiliation, humility, and healthy pride. Surrounded by the humiliating degradations of slavery as a young man, Douglass realized that arrogance, or unhealthy pride, is the main force motivating those who enslave other human beings. This realization helped steel him for the intellectual, moral, and physical resistance that was necessary for him to find freedom. As Douglass fought for equality for himself and for others, he came to understand the necessity of healthy pride. The more he nourished a healthy pride in himself, the more he was able to humble himself in service to others. Morally, Douglass showed humility in forgiving his former slave owners. Intellectually, Douglass showed humility in his break with William Lloyd Garrison over the interpretation of the US Constitution. Politically, Douglass’s views counseled national humility, not hubris.
Introduction
Authors: Quirk Paul J.
Published: August 2019

This chapter introduces a volume that compares the political systems of the United States and Canada, with special attention to the effects of political institutions, and their interaction with political values and other factors, in policymaking. It explores differences between the American presidential (or separation-of-powers) system and the Canadian parliamentary system, along with a number of further institutional differences, and assesses policymaking and outcomes in a variety of areas. Focusing on long-term characteristics, it deals mainly with the period from the mid-20th century to the present, but it also gives specific attention to recent developments, especially the Trump presidency. This introductory chapter provides a “primer” on each of the two political systems and describes the focus and objectives of each chapter.
Executive Leadership and the Legislative Process
Authors: Malloy Jonathan , Quirk Paul J.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines executive leadership and the legislative process in the United States (U.S.) and Canada. The U.S. has a separation-of-powers or presidential system while Canada has a parliamentary system. The constitutional differences do not produce predictable differences in policymaking performance, but they have crucial consequences in interaction with other political conditions. In particular, their effects depend heavily on variable conditions of the two countries’ electoral and political party systems. To explore these effects, the chapter distinguishes two major aspects of policymaking performance: (1) ideological direction and change and (2) policy competence. Over the long run, both systems have tended toward moderation and incrementalism. Canada has probably had an advantage with respect to competence. In recent years, developments in the respective party systems have challenged the long-term moderation of Canadian policymaking and have produced gridlock and episodes of serious incompetence in the U.S.
Bureaucratic Influence and Policymaking
Authors: McAndrews John R. , Rockman Bert A. , Campbell Colin
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the influence that senior career officials in the bureaucracy have on the policy decisions that politicians make. It argues that institutional differences tend to facilitate more bureaucratic influence in Canada than in the United States (U.S.). Furthermore, it contends that the greater the influence of these career bureaucrats on the policy formulation process, the more carefully policy alternatives are considered—and, ultimately, the better the selected policy tends to perform overall. The chapter illustrates these arguments with a pair of historical vignettes concerning Canadian and American defense and environmental policymaking, as well as examples drawn from the Obama and Trump administrations and the Harper and Trudeau governments. It concludes with a discussion of the growing cross-national trend toward the politicization of the career bureaucracy.
Economic Policy
Authors: Keech William , Scarth William
Published: August 2019

This chapter identifies the differing policies and outcomes that Canadians and Americans have pursued with respect to economic growth, stabilization, and income distribution, and it analyzes several factors that can partially explain why divergent policy choices have emerged. The United States (U.S.) has recorded better productivity growth, while Canada has achieved a more sustainable fiscal policy, a less fragile financial sector, and more generous distributional policies. These contrasting outcomes are related to differences in size and geography, in political culture, and in political institutions. The analysis also considers how much it may be possible for each country’s policymakers to benefit from the other’s experiences. While identifying some lessons in this regard, the authors conclude that the sheer difference in the size of the two economies affects which economic policies can be expected to be effective. As a result, it is concluded that convergence in economic policymaking will remain somewhat limited.
Healthcare
Authors: Maioni Antonia , Marmor Theodore R.
Published: August 2019

The differences and similarities in health policy between the United States (U.S.) and Canada provide useful examples of how political institutions can shape democratic governance. These institutions have shaped both the obstacles to rapid welfare state expansion and the nature of the political reform coalitions that have been able to break through those obstacles. This chapter explores contending explanations of welfare state development, and then develops an institutional approach with which to parse though crucial differences between the U.S. and Canadian welfare states, and policy evolution in their healthcare systems. The chapter focuses on the role that political institutions have played in influencing national policy choices and in explaining policy differences between the U.S. and Canada. This comparison also bridges institutionalist theories with a more nuanced understanding of the way in which institutional arrangements interact with parties, policies, and welfare state outcomes.
Specific Learning Disorder
Authors: Raines James C.
Published: August 2019

Students with specific learning disorder (SLD) account for 35% of all students receiving special education services. In the DSM-5, SLD combines four previous diagnoses into one. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) agree that children should be excluded from being diagnosed if the disorder is primarily due to environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. They differ on the DSM-5’s exclusion for the lack of proficiency in the language of instruction. Schools can screen for SLD using the testing or the dual-discrepancy model of response to intervention (RTI). Assessment requires a comprehensive evaluation by the school. Students with SLD often suffer from poor social skills and low self-esteem. Intervention may be titrated according to the student’s level of need using multitiered systems of support. Collaborating with teachers, parents, and community providers is especially important for these students. A case example illustrates how an ecological approach can help students grow and learn.
Trauma- and Stress-Related Disorders
Authors: Wong Marleen , Vona Pamela , Hydon Stephen
Published: August 2019

The chapter outlines the prevalence of traumatic events in the lives of our nation’s children and adolescents and highlights populations that are particularly vulnerable to trauma exposure. The chapter outlines the clinical features of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and describes considerations for differential diagnosis. Common comorbid diagnoses are described, as are the short- and long-term academic consequences of trauma exposure. Screening tools for trauma exposure and PTSD are presented. The chapter provides an overview of the strategies and interventions used in schools to mitigate the impact of trauma on students and describes approaches to monitoring the impact of these efforts at the micro, macro, and mezzo levels. Resources for school staff supporting trauma exposed students are provided.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Crosby Shantel D. , Frey Andy J. , Zornes Gary , Jones Kristian
Published: August 2019

Students who meet criteria for disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders generally present with a wide range of challenging behaviors that impede their ability to function appropriately at school and at home. Understanding the differential diagnosis and comorbid manifestations of these disorders—particularly the two most common disruptive disorders (i.e., oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder)—can assist school practitioners in addressing students’ behavior and socioemotional well-being in school. It is also important that school practitioners are knowledgeable about Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) categories for which students exhibiting the symptoms of these disorders are most likely to qualify for school-based services. This chapter provides resources to assist schools and school-based practitioners in implementing universal screening, progress monitoring, and rapid assessment of students, as well as evidence-based psychosocial interventions to meet the needs of students with disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders.
Spotlight
Authors: Schiappa Edward
Published: August 2019

This spotlight mini-chapter discusses contemporary journalism and its relationship to truth in the context of what the author terms “Sophisticated Modernism,” which recognizes the fragility of truth and its dependence on human processes of persuasion and historical context—while not giving up on the concept altogether. Calling for an end to the “Myth of Objectivity” in journalism, the author also rejects the relativism and equivocating that may fill the void; and instead proposes certain values in good communication that may apply to journalism moving forward: are journalists being fair? Are their accounts trustworthy? Whose interests are they serving? And yes, are they telling us the truth?
Truth at Large
Authors: Tandoc Jr. Edson C.
Published: August 2019

Social media have changed how journalists do journalism. In altering the power dynamics between journalists and their audiences, social media platforms have also affected journalistic practices. For instance, journalists now find themselves having to promote their own work on social media by sharing links or tweeting about their news outputs. They also now engage with audiences through social media platforms by asking for suggestions, contributions, and opinions. Such engagement, to some extent, sees journalists open up the gates, so to speak, to audiences to take part in news construction. But while these changes in news practices are bringing journalists closer to audiences who have migrated to social media, they might be bringing journalism away from its truth-telling function.
Introduction
Authors: Satz Debra
Published: August 2019

The introduction to this collection of essays by leading academic scholars in the field of contemporary political philosophy presents the main themes of the book as these relate to, and are inspired by, the work of Joshua Cohen. As described, the book is divided into three parts. Part I, with chapters by Archon Fung, Assaf Sharon, and Stuart White, explores ways of reinvigorating democracy. Part II, with chapters by Christopher Lebron, Richard Locke, and Martha Nussbaum, tackles ways of confronting injustice. Part III, with chapters by Helena De Bres, Charles Sabel, and Annabelle Lever, offers principles for an interdependent world. There is also a brief afterword by Joshua Cohen and a list of his publications.
Collective Reason or Individual Liberty
Authors: Sharon Assaf
Published: August 2019

Can a government of the people and by the people also be a government for the people? In this chapter, Assaf Sharon questions the deliberative democratic attempt to bring democracy and liberalism into a unified normative framework. On the standard view, democracy and liberalism are distinct ideas that give rise to competing normative demands. Democracy is the institutional realization of sovereignty by the people. Liberalism is committed to the protection of individual liberties. Deliberative democrats claim that liberal commitments are entailed by their democratic ideal; to deny an individual’s liberties would be to exclude her from public decision-making. Sharon raises concerns by pointing out that public deliberation requires a widely shared democratic ethos, the creation and maintenance of which might require suppressing intolerant, non-egalitarian, and anti-democratic sensibilities. Given that such suppression stands to violate individual liberties, Sharon concludes that government by collective deliberation might be incompatible with a robust commitment to individual liberties.
Accountability in an Era of Celebrity
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: August 2019

While great progress has been made in regards to sexual violence and accountability, Martha C. Nussbaum argues that the culture of celebrity remains a significant hurdle. In this chapter, Nussbaum traces the historical evolution and progress of the law and social norms concerning sexual violence. Identifying the obstacles and complexities that have faced those fighting for justice, she shows how working women, feminist lawyers, and recently the #MeToo movement have pushed forward the frontier of accountability. While history provides reason for hope, a recalcitrant problem remains: lack of accountability for celebrities and sports stars. Given the big money and structures of power behind the culture of celebrity, Nussbaum argues that the public must rise up and express outrage in order to bring about change.
Exploitation in International Trade
Authors: de Bres Helena
Published: August 2019

It is only in recent years that philosophers of global justice have given direct and sustained attention to the subject of international trade. An important line of division in this small but growing body of work lies between accounts of justice in trade that focus on the idea of exploitation and accounts that do not. The aim of this chapter is to critically examine this debate, in order to get clearer on the nature and role of exploitation in the morality of international trade. Helena de Bres argues that, although concerns of exploitation are well founded and urgent in this domain, any account of justice in trade that centers on those concerns will be problematic. Our duties in relation to the international trading regime are better framed in terms of broader and deeper injustices that are not, fundamentally, a matter of unfair advantage-taking.
Toward a Political Philosophy of Human Rights
Authors: Lever Annabelle
Published: August 2019

Is there a human right to be governed democratically? And what are the considerations that might ground such a right? These are the questions raised in Joshua Cohen’s 2006 article, “Is There a Human Right to Democracy?” In this chapter, Annabelle Lever articulates her reasons for discomfort with its central claim, that while justice demands democratic government, the proper standard for human rights is something less. She explains that these reasons for discomfort are occasioned less by the thought that democracy may not be a human right than by the very significant gaps in our understanding of rights which debates about the human rights status of democracy exemplify.
Running, 1848–1853
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 6 considers the presidential election of 1848, the Compromise of 1850, and the election of 1852. During these years the friendship of Buchanan and King first intensified, then cooled, as each man took a separate path to political power. In 1852 the Democratic Party refused to place Buchanan and King on the same ticket, because the pair had become too closely associated together to balance its growing sectional and ideological divisions. Instead, the Democracy chose the dark horse Franklin Pierce for president and then selected King as his running mate to pacify Buchanan and his supporters. King’s precipitous decline in health, followed by his death in April 1853, ended the decades-long political and personal friendship with Buchanan. In response, Buchanan prepared for another round of exile abroad, this time as American minister to England.
Older People
Authors: Wallace Steven P. , Estes Carroll L.
Published: August 2019

This chapter describes how social injustice adversely affects the health of older people and provides a variety of examples. It analyzes the roots and underlying causes of this social injustice, including poverty and inequalities associated with differences in socioeconomic status over the life course, the biomedicalization of aging, and globalization. The chapter asserts that rights for older people must be defined as basic human rights and that social justice for older people must begin with the assertion of the human right to health. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what needs to be done to address social injustice against older people, including reducing disparities in retirement income, quality of medical care, and community integration. It also addresses the importance of raising political awareness about social injustice against older people, including improving policymakers’ understanding about their health status, healthcare, and financial burdens.
Nutrition
Authors: Brown J. Larry
Published: August 2019

Poor nutritional status leads to adverse health outcomes in both developing and high-income countries. Poor nutrition in vulnerable populations is strongly associated with poverty, inequality, and other manifestations of social injustice. This chapter focuses mainly on the adverse health effects of inadequate nutrition in the United States. The author states that hunger in the United States could be reduced by better funding for the Food Stamp Program and by expanding the coverage of other existing federal nutrition programs. The author also asserts that the root cause of food insecurity in the United States needs to be addressed. A text box addresses the obesity epidemic in the United States.
Addressing Social Injustice in a Human Rights Context
Authors: Gruskin Sofia , Braveman Paula
Published: August 2019

Violation or neglect of human rights jeopardizes health by interfering with physical, mental, and social well-being. This chapter considers the relevance of human rights to public health as legal standards and obligations of governments, as a conceptual framework of analysis and advocacy, and as guiding principles for designing and implementing policies and programs. It recommends institutionalizing perspectives on social justice and human rights in all health-sector actions, monitoring implications of policies in all sectors that affect health, and building public consensus for equitable financing of healthcare. The authors assert that human rights principles provide a framework that can guide health workers and others in achieving social justice in health and that health workers should be aware that human rights norms, standards, laws, and accountability mechanisms are relevant tools to help achieve social justice in health. A text box focuses on promoting the rights of “undocumented immigrants” in the United States.
Promoting Social Justice Through Public Health Practice
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. , Gandhi Priya
Published: August 2019

This chapter describes the need to make social justice a goal of public health practice. The chapter discusses the roles of public health agencies at the federal, state, and local levels as well as the roles of philanthropic organizations, using the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation as an illustrative example. It is necessary for health departments to develop social justice strategies that link health disparities to root causes in the political economy and develop policy changes and social actions to create fundamental changes in these root causes. The author asserts that for public health practice to better address social injustice, there will need to be a fundamental shift in the core (or essential) functions of public health.
Mobilization and the Marginalized
Authors: Ahuja Amit
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores how, given an electoral opportunity in a multiethnic democracy, a marginalized group comes to be mobilized by ethnic parties in some cases and by multiethnic parties in others. It outlines the prerequisites for the mobilization of a marginalized group. It then describes how marginalization influences the process of mobilization by multiethnic and ethnic political parties. The chapter clarifies the relationship between two common forms of mobilization—social movements and political parties—and discusses the effects of the sequenced appearance of social mobilization of a marginalized ethnic group and its ethnic party.
Historical Dalit Social Mobilization
Authors: Ahuja Amit
Published: August 2019

To explore the sequenced process of Dalit mobilization, this chapter presents the historical account of Dalit social mobilization. It explains how Dalit social movements emerged and gained strength in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra but remained relatively weak in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It identifies the variety of factors responsible for the difference in the strength, influence, and goals of Dalit social movements in the two pairings of states. In its conclusion, it explores the impact that Dalit social mobilization’s adoption of a decidedly anticaste character had in the movement states, as the anticaste movements influenced social attitudes even among non-Dalits by challenging some of the foundational beliefs on which the caste system rests.
Dalit Party Performance and Bloc Voting
Authors: Ahuja Amit
Published: August 2019

This chapter outlines the electoral performance of Dalit ethnic parties. In non-movement states, Dalit ethnic party vote shares have been higher, and Dalits have won more seats in state assembly and parliamentary elections than Dalit ethnic parties in movement states. The chapter process traces Dalit electoral mobilization by ethnic and multiethnic parties across the two sets of states. It proceeds to show that Dalits’ ethnic party performance is explained by Dalits’ attitudes toward bloc voting and, that importantly, voters’ attitudes vary significantly across movement and non-movement states. Dalits in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra are far less inclined to vote with members of their caste than Dalits in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Home and Hearth
Authors: Chrastil Rachel
Published: August 2019

The chapter considers the household’s many roles, not just as a market actor or as a container of goods, but also as a place for rest and reflection, for solitude and community, for performing rituals and for making plans, and for domestic labor. While we might be tempted to view the rise of the singleton household as evidence of atomization and social isolation, single women of the past and present remind us that we can flourish and grow while living alone in a home for one. The childless household might also be a place in which to experiment, to imagine, to hatch plans, and to carry them out.
Designing and Conducting Analytic Studies in the Field
Authors: Jackson Brendan R. , Griffin Patricia M.
Published: August 2019

Analytic studies enable the field epidemiologist to test his or her hypotheses about the source of an outbreak or other health problem. This testing is performed by comparing ill persons’ exposures to those of a comparison group, typically using one of three study types. Cohort studies are used in field investigations when the population affected is well defined and not so large as to preclude collecting data on almost all persons. Case–control studies are commonly used in field investigations because they enable investigators to test multiple hypotheses relatively quickly and inexpensively. Case–case studies, in which the comparison group comprises other patients with the same or similar illness who do not meet the case definition also can be used to rapidly test hypotheses. Although field investigations may be conducted under intense scrutiny and time pressure, be sure to take time to develop hypotheses and carefully design any study.
Multinational Outbreak Investigations
Authors: Mahoney Frank , Le Duc James W.
Published: August 2019

Multinational collaborations on international outbreak investigations and response have a long history. Development of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 was closely linked to efforts by the global community to prevent, detect, and respond to outbreaks of international concern. Through the International Health Regulations (IHR) of 2005, a legally binding instrument requiring countries to report certain outbreaks and public health events, WHO outlined a strategy for disease threat response. Efforts by global partners to strengthen cooperation have evolved over the years, including roles and responsibilities of WHO, its Member States, and other partners. Among the challenges faced by Member State and WHO in implementing the IHRs are limited funding to support staffing and operational support as well as sometimes conflicting multijurisdictional decision-making. The response to recent outbreaks provides evidence that much work remains to be done to strengthen IHR mechanisms.
Emergency Operations Centers and Incident Management Structure
Authors: Bryant Jeffrey L. , Sosin Daniel M. , Wiedrich Tim W. , Redd Stephen C.
Published: August 2019

Domestically and internationally, Emergency Operation Centers and Incident Management Systems provide a structure and framework to coordinate preparedness and response activities. This chapter provides a US perspective on emergency response systems, but the concepts have been successfully implemented in other countries. Public health responses are often complex, requiring adaptive leadership and flexible systems to be effective as information is received, analyzed, and shared with response partners and affected populations. Familiarity with the emergency management principles underlying these frameworks can help rapidly integrate field epidemiology expertise into response operations. Emergency Operations Centers typically become activated when an entity (local, regional, district, prefecture, state) responsible for maintaining routine public health and medical systems becomes overwhelmed in a crisis. Preparedness activities, such as preestablished organizational structures, protocols and policies, mutual aid and resource-sharing agreements, trained staff, and mechanisms to procure necessary capabilities can bring resources together for a rapid and effective response.
Our Story
Authors: Eisler Riane
Published: August 2019

This stage-setting chapter introduces a way to address more effectively our mounting social, economic, and environmental challenges: the Biocultural Partnership-Domination Lens. Transcending conventional analyses of human societies, as well as familiar categories such as right versus left, religious versus secular, or Eastern versus Western, it proposes that how our brains develop—and hence how people think, feel, and act—largely hinges on where a time and place fall on the domination-partnership social scale. Drawing from a rich variety of disciplines—from biology, psychology, and anthropology to chaos theory, gender studies, and neuroscience—it shows connections that are still largely ignored, including the interaction between biology and culture and the relationship between the social status of the majority of humanity—women and children—and the expression of our human capacities for consciousness, caring, and creativity. The authors also share their backgrounds and what led them to question popular assumptions and explore alternatives in light of the urgent need to exchange a domination-oriented narrative for a different story based on life-enhancing partnership principles such as equality, care, compassion, and sustainability.
We Innovate Together
Authors: Potts Jason
Published: August 2019

This chapter introduces the economic problem of the origin of innovation. It observes that we don’t really understand the origins of innovation very well, particularly the origin of entrepreneurship. It points out that this is a weakness for innovation theory, and particularly Schumpeterian or evolutionary economic theory, as well as for innovation policy that is built upon such frameworks. Introducing the meaning of a commons, the chapter connects this to the innovation problem, working through several stories about the origin of innovation in terms of mountain bikes, computers, and modern science. It also discusses the role of group formation and governance in this early stage process.
Flourishing and the Value of Authenticity
Authors: Haybron Daniel M.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the role of authenticity in well-being, focusing on issues raised by biotechnologies like gene editing. It is argued that there are good reasons to view authenticity as an aspect of well-being, and the chapter discusses some implications of this view for gene-editing technologies. Also briefly surveyed is the philosophical literature on well-being. The chief goal is to make the case that authenticity merits serious consideration as an aspect of well-being. Even if one concludes that it has no role in the best theory of well-being, the notion of authenticity is deeply embedded in ordinary thinking about the good life and merits attention from policymakers and others if only for that reason.
Imagining Religious Communities
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B.
Published: August 2019

Based on ethnographic research with a transnational Hindu family and its social networks, this book examines the ways that middle-class Hindu communities are engaged actively in creating and maintaining their communities. Imagination as a social practice has been a crucial component of defining a transnational life in the moments between actual contact across borders, and the narratives community members tell are key components of communicating these social imaginaries. Narrative performances shape participants’ social realities in multiple ways: they define identities, they create connections between community members living on opposite sides of national borders, and they help create new homes amid increasing mobility. The narratives are religious and include both epic narratives, such as excerpts from the Rāmāyaṇ, and personal narratives with dharmic implications. The book argues that this Hindu community’s religious narrative performances significantly contribute to shaping their transnational lives. The analysis combines scholarly understandings of the ways that performances shape the contexts in which they are told, indigenous comprehension of the power that reciting certain narratives can have on those who hear them, and the theory that social imaginaries define new social realities through expressing the aspirations of communities.
Sundarkāṇḍ
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the ways that the Guptas’ and their social network’s performances of the Sundarkāṇḍ help create a community that is always understood to be defined in relationship with similar communities in India. It begins with a description of an Atlanta Sundarkāṇḍ kathā. After explicating its religious significance and describing Sundarkāṇḍ kathā as a genre within other categories of Rāmcaritmānas recitation, chapter 6 places this performance in its social context, analyzing the ways the Guptas’ and their social network’s performances of it help to shape their community. It then contrasts the Sundarkāṇḍ group with Mausi’s religious group in Delhi to show the continuity and change inherent in the transmigrants’ community. Finally, the chapter depicts Mrs. Gupta’s narrative performance in which she presents her own interpretation of the connections between group religious practices and community.
Women’s Activism as a Model for Feminist Theorizing
Authors: McLaren Margaret A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter describes the work of two grassroots women’s organizations in India, the Self-Employed Women’s Association and MarketPlace India. It provides background on each organization and identifies four themes in their work: Collaboration and Participation, Women’s Leadership, Women’s Empowerment, and Respect for Diversity and Global Connections. Drawing upon actual struggles for economic and social justice, the chapter shows how these organizations empower their members through dignified labor, participation in organizational decision making, and developing leadership. The organizations also cultivate a respect for diversity of identities. This respect for diversity coincides with the ability to criticize pernicious traditions and practices. Each organization empowers its members to challenge structural injustice through social and political activism. The chapter demonstrates the effectiveness of beginning from the local and moving toward the global to promote gender justice, and it suggests that the comprehensive strategy that these organizations employ could serve as a model for transnational feminism.
Without the Banya We Would Perish
Authors: Pollock Ethan
Published: August 2019

The story of the pervasive and resilient Russian bathhouse (banya) offers new perspectives on the evolution of Russian identity, conceptions of health and hygiene, and forms of community, sexuality, and sociability. The meanings that have formed around the banya over its thousand-year history make it a unique prism through which to understand the effects of broad social, economic, and political changes on the everyday lives of Russians and to understand how Russians have seemed at times barbaric and at times enlightened to outsiders. Sources ranging from the earliest recorded Russian chronicles to recent feature films, from municipal codes to highbrow Russian literature, illustrate the ways in which the banya, whether in Russia, in the Russian diaspora, or in the imagination of outsiders, has been a place to get clean and a space for intrigue, intimacy, violence, and sex.
Our People Love the Banya But Nothing Good Comes of It
Authors: Pollock Ethan
Published: August 2019

By the second half of the nineteenth century Russia doctors had caught up with their Western peers and began to see bathing in general and the banya in particular as crucial for health and hygiene. But when they inspected the banyas of the empire—in villages, factories, small towns, and capital cities—they found horrendously filthy conditions. Common practices and habits did not conform to medical prescriptions, even in the ornate and luxurious banyas of St. Petersburg. Efforts to confront the issue failed, but the idea that the banya was an important feature of a modern society grew stronger.
Either Socialism Will Defeat the Louse or the Louse Will Defeat Socialism
Authors: Pollock Ethan
Published: August 2019

In as much as the banya was associated with the Russian peasantry and urban decadence, Bolsheviks disdained it. But as a tool of modern hygiene, the banya was unassailable. Workers demanded accessible, affordable, and well-maintained bathhouses. After the revolution of 1917, the Soviet state committed to providing them. During the Russian Civil War, the prevalence of epidemics (typhus, relapsing fever) only increased the pressure on the new state to provide people with the means to clean themselves in banyas. During War Communism banyas came under municipal control and were expected to provide access to the lower classes; under the New Economic Policy of the 1920s, they re-emerged as commercial enterprises. But as satires by Zoshchenko and the commentary of others made plain, the conditions in Soviet banyas remained abysmal, a far cry from the idealized banyas of popular imagination.
Things Are Bad on the Banya Front
Authors: Pollock Ethan
Published: August 2019

Stalin’s “revolution from above” in the Soviet Union directly affected banyas. Forced industrialization suggested that enough banyas could finally be built to meet the demands of the people, and yet they suffered because they were lower priorities than other, more pressing, goals. Collectivization radically transformed the countryside, spreading disease and hunger across the country, increasing the pressure on towns to fight epidemics by using hot banyas to eradicate lice. And campaigns for more cultured living suggested socialist bodies were supposed to be clean bodies. Over the course of the 1930s, however, the Soviet state failed to fulfill its promises of building enough banyas for the population. The problems on the banya front were both laughable (as seen in cartoons in the journal Krokodil) and deadly serious (as the terror suggested.)
From Random Walks to Random Matrices
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Theoretical physics is a cornerstone of modern physics and provides a foundation for all modern quantitative science. It aims to describe all natural phenomena using mathematical theories and models and, in consequence, develops our understanding of the fundamental nature of the universe. This book offers an overview of major areas covering the recent developments in modern theoretical physics. Each chapter introduces a new key topic, and develops the discussion in a self-contained manner. At the same time, the selected topics have common themes running throughout the book, which connect the independent discussions. The main themes—renormalization group, fixed points, universality and continuum limit—open and conclude the work. Other important and related themes are path integrals and field integrals, effective field theories, gauge theories, the mathematical structure at the basis of the interactions in fundamental particle physics, including quantization problems and anomalies, stochastic dynamical equations and summation of perturbative series.
Imperial Receptions
Authors: Gardner Hunter H.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 6 explores the appropriation of late Republican and Augustan treatments of pestilence in Imperial literature. Seneca’s version of Oedipus’ tragedy turns to Latin epic, rather than Sophocles, to articulate conditions of pestilence in Thebes. This language reflects upon Oedipus’ traditional role as φαρμακός, both infected “carrier” and saviour to the civic body, clarifying how competing claims of individuality and collectivity have determined the pathology of earlier literary treatments of plague. By inscribing plague within a text that questions standards of good government, Seneca secures the role of contagion as a tool for examining the health of the body politic in Neronian Rome. The epics of Silius Italicus and Lucan also invoke the plagues of their predecessors in contexts of Roman civil discord, and use the plague’s power to enact the dissolution of individual identity as a way of indicting competition for political distinction. Lucan relies on the symptomology of his predecessors in his account of pestilence afflicting Pompey’s soldiers, but emphasizes the link between contagion and internal conflict by casting both the disease and the fervour for civil war as rabies. Silius, in the Punica, describes an outbreak of pestilence during the Punic Wars that brings about widespread destruction. But in answer to the status-leveling and dehumanizing effects characterizing preceding plague narratives, he depicts the Roman general Marcellus escaping the plague and recovering distinction or “exemplarity” in a way that does not threaten the health of the body politic.
Relapse
Authors: Gardner Hunter H.
Published: August 2019

The seventh chapter of this project examines the transmission of Roman plague in literary and visual arts, beginning with the early Christian period and proceeding up through the present day. Such a survey is necessarily selective and meant to indicate the range of interpretive possibilities available for readers who are sensitive to the conventions developed in the hexameter treatments of Lucretius, Vergil, and Ovid. The chapter focuses on three areas of reception: early Christian poetry and prose (Endelechius’ Carmen de Mortibus Boum; Paul the Deacon’s Historia Langobardorum), visual arts of the Italian Renaissance (e.g. Raphael’s Vergilian Plague of Phrygia [1520’s]) and Anglo-American novels (e.g. Mary Shelley’s The Last Man and Margaret Atwood’s Maddaddam Trilogy). The visual and literary arts discussed here crystallize the interplay between civil strife, familial discord, and epochal evolution evident in the pestilence narratives examined throughout this project. Roman conventions of representing pestilence help us understand how narratives of contagious disease up to the present day have dramatized a tension between ideals of autonomy and distinction and those that foster group cohesion and collectivity.
Introduction
Authors: Gardner Hunter H.
Published: August 2019

The Introduction offers an overview of the book’s contents as well as a statement of the book’s general thesis: representations of plague in Latin epic play critical roles in diagnosing and rehabilitating a civic body wracked by discordia. They do so partly by staging a conflict between the concerns of the individual and the interests of the collective res publica. Lucretius, Ovid, and Vergil innovate within the tradition of plague writing by introducing new symptoms and social effects of contagious disease, and by emphasizing the expurgating properties of plague. Such properties allow these poets to weigh the possibility of an entirely new order against the likelihood that any civic body will bear traces of old pathologies.
Theoretical Lenses on Context
Authors: Meier Ninna , Dopson Sue
Published: August 2019

The concept of context is central to many fields and streams of research. How we understand and define context as a theoretical concept matters in relation to research questions, design, our approach to the philosophy of science, and thus our results. This chapter presents an overview of where readers can find further discussions of the concept of context, as well as debates on how best to analyze and study context empirically within specific scholarly fields. Further, the chapter defines and discusses context as a theoretical construct, relates these discussions to the Framework for Studying Context in Action, and reflects upon the analytical consequences of the choices this approach entails.
Tracing Context as Relational, Discursive Accomplishment
Authors: Korica Maja , Nicolini Davide
Published: August 2019

This chapter problematizes traditional approaches to understanding context as an analytical category, and, instead, it suggests engaging it differently, as members’ concern continually made present through particular kinds of attention and action. The authors elaborate on this via illustrative empirical exemplars from shadowing-based study of chief executives in the UK’s National Health Service. These examples demonstrate the ways in which context was actively made to matter by CEOs making connections and giving particular meaning in district work situations. Building on these examples, it offers a number of analytical and methodological contributions, as well as outlines implications, including those for the literature on managerial work, power, and relational prospective sensemaking.
Context and Work Organization in an Acute Health Care Setting
Authors: Kessler Ian
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the influence of context in shaping the health care support worker in a hospital setting. Viewing context as constraining or facilitating the exercise of discretion or choice, the chapter examines such influences at different levels of a health care system: the national, the organizational, and the workplace. Drawing on material from four case study hospitals in National Health Service England, the chapter highlights the sensitivity of the support worker role to national and organizational policies and practices. However, the role is presented as particularly affected by workplace contingencies linked to clinical setting, work organization, and interpersonal relations on the ward. The result is a role that shares a job title but assumes a very different form, in terms of tasks performed between and especially within different hospitals.
Surrealism’s Subject
Authors: Duncan Dennis
Published: August 2019

Viewing the group through the lens of their relationship with Surrealism, this chapter looks historically at the way that the Oulipo’s own conception of their activities changed during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It begins by describing Queneau’s role in the Surrealist movement in the 1920s, and his subsequent long-lasting dissatisfaction with the Surrealist approach to authorial inspiration. In a radio interview of 1962, he mocks Surrealism’s adherence to the cliché of the tortured artist, contrasting it with the brisk simplicity of Oulipian procedures for preparing texts where the very notion of an author comes close to being wiped out. A few years later, however—after the group began to extend its membership in the late 1960s—the Oulipo’s second wave began to speak in terms in which the author-subject is rehabilitated. These members view constrained writing exercises as a way of ‘radically outwitting’ their own repressive mechanisms to produce works of self-expression which would not have been possible without the constraint: a formula that has more in common with Surrealist automatic writing than many in the group would admit.
Introduction
Authors: Duncan Dennis
Published: August 2019

The Introduction outlines the argument of the book, giving some examples of the Oulipo’s close ties with philosophy such as voting to invite Michel Foucault to one of their meetings, and a surprising anecdote about Jacques Lacan as a dinner guest. It also gives a flavour of what the group’s meetings are like – lively, clever, slightly chaotic – by quoting a passage from some early minutes. It then goes on to provide an account of the Oulipo’s formation and subsequent expansion in the 1960s and 1970s, and to introduce the group’s members. It considers their backgrounds, noting that the group was formed not merely of writers, but of mathematicians, academics, Pataphysicians, and philosophers. Several had been associated with the Surrealists; a number, too, had been involved in the underground publishing movement during the war. These biographies, I argue, are important: they demonstrate that the Oulipo was, from the start, connected to wider intellectual networks – not insular, but rather a workshop in which a multiplicity of voices with varying interests and experiences were brought to bear.
Fifty-Fifty
Authors: Garavini Giuliano
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1 describes the negotiations and the reasons for the advent of the fifty-fifty oil profit sharing model in Venezuela in 1948, and then its application to the Middle East after the first ever visit to the region by a delegation of Venezuelan civil servants in the region in 1949. The chapter ends with a focuses on the last country to apply this model, Iran, where it was imposed with a coup against Mossadegh in 1953 in response to the nationalization of the petroleum industry. By the middle 1950s an oligopoly of seven or eight international oil companies was in control of basically all the world’s petroleum export.
OPEC
Authors: Garavini Giuliano
Published: August 2019

In order to explain the creation of OPEC, Chapter 2 describes the spread of protests in the oil fields as well as the rise of nationalism in the Arab world, together with the radicalization of Venezuelan politics at the end of the 1950s. It explains in detail the organization of the first Arab Oil Congress in Cairo in 1959, the emergence of a group of oil technocrats in the Middle East and then the creation of OPEC in Baghdad in September 1960. The chapter further explores the nature of OPEC showing why, contrary to common beliefs, it cannot be defined as a “cartel,” while analyzing at the same time the first “operative” resolutions it approved in 1962.