bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical properties of aqueous solutions of potassium carbonate + glycine as a solvent for carbon dioxide removal
Authors: Shuaib Shaikh , Shariff Azmi , Bustam Mohd , Murshid Ghulam
Published: November 2013

The physical properties such as densities, viscosities, and refractive
indices of aqueous solutions of potassium carbonate (PC) blended with glycine
(Gly) as solvent blends for CO2 capture were measured. The properties were
measured at ten different temperatures from (298.15 to 343.15) K. The mass
fractions (w1 + w2) % of the (PC + Gly) blends were (0.05 + 0.01, 0.10 +
0.02, 0.15 + 0.03, 0.20 + 0.04, 0.25 + 0.05, 0.30 + 0.06, 0.35 + 0.07, and
0.40 + 0.08), respectively. The analysis of experimental results shows that,
the densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of the aqueous (PC + Gly)
blend increase with increasing the concentration of the potassium carbonate
and glycine, and decrease with decreasing the temperature. The experimental
data of density, viscosity and refractive index were correlated by a
least-squares method as a function of temperature. The predicted data were
estimated from coefficients of correlation equations for all measured
properties, and reported with standard deviation (SD). The experimental data
are in consistent with the predicted data.
Influence of traffic schemes on the level of vessels safety / WPŁYW TYPU SKRZYŻOWANIA NA POZIOM BEZPIECZEŃSTWA STATKÓW
Authors: Blokus-Roszkowska Agnieszka , Akademia Morska w Gdyni Leszek
Published: November 2013

The permanent increase of the ship’s traffic density causes the growth of collision probability. Therefore, the probability evaluation of ship-ship collision is a very important topic. In the paper the method using theory of cellular automata is applied for maritime traffic safety evaluation. There are considered two types of traffic schemes: classical routes crossing and roundabout. The proposed model is implemented and computational results are obtained with the respect to ships safety prediction. The dependency analysis of the traffic flow structure and parameters on the ships safety is preformed. Finally, the results are summarized and a conclusion regarding future developments are given.
Standards of Water Services Quality Levels with Regard to the Reliability of Water Supply to the Recipients / STANDARDY JAKOŚCI POZIOMU USŁUG WODOCIĄGOWYCH Z UWZGLĘDNIENIEM NIEZAWODNOŚCI DOSTAWY WODY DO ODBIORCÓW
Authors: Pietrucha-Urbanik Katarzyna , Studziński Andrzej
Published: November 2013

During the period of the structural changes in the processes of the European integration and regionalisation, the issue of the water services quality standards, which is associated with the social, economic and demographic development of the country, becomes more and more important. A properly functioning collective water supply system (CWSS) should ensure a continuous water supply to the recipients, with a suitable quality and adequate quantity (required pressure), at a specific time. These parameters must be maintained at the required level, which in reality is not so simple. Also indicators used for assess water services reliability for recipients are proposed. These indicators clearly evaluates the consequences of failures and at the same time retains the simplicity of estimation, which allows for its widespread usage in risk management.
Monte Carlo Simulation for Optimization of Object Operation Process and Reliability / SYMULACJA MONTE CARLO W OPTYMALIZACJI PROCESU EKSPLOATACJI ORAZ NIEZAWODNOŚCI OBIEKTU TECHNICZNEGO
Authors: Kołowrocki Krzysztof , Kuligowska Ewa , Soszyńska-Budny Joanna
Published: November 2013

This paper presents the computer simulation technique related to the reliability of an object under variable operation conditions. The Monte Carlo simulation is performed and, consequently, the unknown parameters for the considered object operation process and its main reliability characteristics are identified. The optimal transient probabilities of the object operation process at the particular operation states and its optimal unconditional reliability function are determined.
Analysis and Interpretation of Text Models / ANALIZA I INTERPRETACJA MODELI TEKSTOWYCH
Authors: Korostil Yuriy , Korostil Olga
Published: November 2013

Are researched methods of text model interpretation in case of their use to describe social objects. Are considered peculiarities of their use for modeling objects which are hard to formally describe by theoretical means at the level of their detalization which will ensure necessary level of analytical possibilities for research and control of objects being modeled. In the research are proposed and developed methods of text model analysis based on use of semantic parameters which describe text model which itself is some text description in user language. As some elements of social objects accept information as its text description, so semantic coherence of texts with social object’s text description characterizes a level of its perception.
Flight Tests of the Unmanned Helicopter ILX-27 – Some Selected Issues / Zagadnienia Prób W Locie Bezzałogowego Śmigłowca ILX-27
Authors: Hajduk Jarosław , Sabak Ryszard
Published: November 2013

The unmanned helicopter ILX-27 has been designed and developed under the NCBR (in English, NCRD - National Center for Research and Development) project on the “Unmanned helicopter - a special-purpose aerobot” carried out by the Institute of Aviation (IL) and the Air Force Institute of Technology (ITWL), both in Warsaw, and the Military Aviation Works No. 1 J.S.C. in Łódź (WZL Łódź). The helicopter in question is a design initiated and developed solely as an unmanned vehicle in the weight category (MTOW) of 1100 kg. It is the outcome of a complex approach to issues of the helicopter’s structure and aerodynamics, and those of controlling it at different flight phases. From the very beginning, flight tests of this unmanned helicopter have been carried out under the remote-control mode of operation. The paper has been intended to present the outcomes of some selected stages of the project, i.e. the study and tests of groundcontrol components, and the flight tests.
Asset Management Supported by Reliability Engineering / Zarządzanie Aktywami, Wspomagane Inżynierią Niezawodności
Authors: Mettas Adamantios
Published: November 2013

Reliability methods are widely applied in design and manufacturing. Techniques such as FMEA, Life Data Analysis (aka Weibull analysis), Reliability Growth, System Analysis and Simulation, and FRACAS amongst others, represent the foundation of a solid reliability program. The collection of these tools and the process of deploying them appropriately is known as DFR in the design and manufacturing sector. Some of these tools and methods have also been applied in the maintenance sector (operators vs. manufacturers), but in many cases not as extensively. In this paper we propose a process for deploying different reliability tools and methodologies and we review their applicability in Asset Management. The proposed Asset Performance Management Process is linked to the DMAIC process and was inspired from the very successful DFR process. The proposed APM process lays down the different APM stages and the corresponding activities within each stage that need to be performed in order to achieve and sustain high asset reliability and availability, as well as reduce the operating costs.
The Reliability Testing of Brick Infrastructure with Operating Modal Analysis / Badanie Niezawodności Infrastruktury Murowej Z Użyciem Operacyjnej Analizy Modalnej
Authors: Żółtowski Mariusz
Published: November 2013

Modal analysis is widely used in the removal of defects caused by vibration of infrastructure, structure modification, updating the analytical model, or the control of the state and is used to monitor the vibration of structures in the aerospace and civil engineering mechanics from early 1990 began to pay close attention to the use of operational modal analysis (OMA) in a study of the existing building structures. In this case, the vibration exciter platforms, buildings, towers, bridges, etc. to force Operating (ambient). Here we measure only the response of the force generated by the environment. OMA is also very attractive for aerospace and mechanical engineering. This article presents the results of the existing building structure (reinforced concrete wall using operational modal analysis software and used to carry out the LMS and visualization of the results of such research.
Management of Green Corridor Performance
Authors: Hunke Kristina , Prause Gunnar
Published: November 2013

In the context of a harmonized transnational transport system the green corridor concept represents a cornerstone in the development and implementation of integrated and sustainable transport solutions. Important properties of green corridors are their transnational character and their high involvement of public and private stakeholders, including political level, requiring new governance models for the management of green corridors.

Stakeholder governance models and instruments for green corridor governance are going to be developed and tested in different regional development projects in order to safeguard a better alignment of transport policies at various administrative levels and a strengthening of the business perspective. A crucial role in this context belongs to involvement of public and private stakeholders in order to safeguard efficient corridor performance.

The paper presents recent research results about green supply chain management in the frame of network and stakeholder model theory and its application to the stakeholders of green transport corridors.
Potential of Prediction Quantification and Trends in Transport Requirements as Tool of Transport Management and Development
Authors: Ondruš Ján , Dicová Jana
Published: November 2013

The basic aim of managers in transport is to preserve and expand their share of the transport market. This should be done through prioritising quality and customer service, preservation and expansion field of transport enterprise activity to transport market on the basic of priority orientation to quality and customer, maintaining transport networks and applying the latest knowledge from research. It should also involve making a contribution to favourable indicators of economic activity, and a consideration of environmental change. This paper deals with customer requirements, the possibility of quantifying customer requirements and the recognition of future trends on the basis of assessments of recent quantitative results and the application of managers’ knowledge and techniques.
Benchmarking and Assessment of Good Practices in Public Transport Information Systems
Authors: Yatskiv Irina , Kopytov Eugene , Casellato Domenico , Luppino Giuseppe , McDonald Rob
Published: November 2013

The development of the Public Transport (PT) services in the last decade is characterized by wide implementation of various information systems and technologies, which cover different transport services, such as traffic planning, traffic network monitoring, management of operation of PT fleets, providing information to the passengers, ticketing payment, etc. The article considers the research part of a large EU-funded project POLITE aimed at public transport sector and increasing the awareness of infomobility services and PT attractiveness through the application of identified Good Practices and Best Practices. The objective of this paper is presentation of the methodology of benchmarking and assessment of Good Practices and choice of the best one on the basis of the multi-criteria comparative analysis. For assessment of Good Practices the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method is applied.
L'entablement dorique du théâtre d'Arles et la diffusion du modèle dans l'architecture de la Renaissance
Authors: Lemerle Frédérique
Published: November 2013

Le théâtre antique d'Arles présente une superposition de trois ordres doriques aux entablements singuliers, caractérisés par une disposition anormale sur l'architrave de « quadriglyphes », et non des traditionnels triglyphes, et par la présence de protomes de taureaux. Ces particularités ont été imitées ensemble ou séparément par les architectes locaux, à Arles, à Nîmes et à Beaucaire. De façon plus surprenante la composition hétérodoxe de l'entablement a été reprise au jubé (détruit) de la cathédrale Saint-André de Bordeaux. La présence de protomes et de quadriglyphes dans l'ordre dorique de la façade Renaissance au château d'Uzès ainsi que la représentation d'un entablement non canonique sur un dessin permet d'avancer de nouvelles hypothèses sur la datation du bâtiment. Plus au nord on retrouve le protome au château de Bournazel, ainsi qu'à l'église Saint-Pierre de Saumur. Ces exemples montrent le succès, en même temps que les limites, des modèles antiques régionaux dans l'architecture de la Renaissance française.
Nouvelles hypothèses sur le plan de Chambord
Authors: Tesnier Florent
Published: November 2013

Le donjon de Chambord montre une énigmatique singularité dommageable à la cohérence des circulations comme à la symétrie de certaines façades : l'orientation de son canton sud, perpendiculaire aux trois autres. Les explications généralement admises reposent sur la présomption d'un plan initial régulier, à deux axes de symétrie, qu'une erreur ou bien un remaniement consécutif à l'adjonction de l'enceinte auraient perturbé. M. Pérouse de Montclos soutient quant à lui l'idée d'un originel plan giratoire (ou en svastika) qu'on aurait poursuivi jusqu'à l'achèvement du gros-œuvre du donjon, puis abandonné après que le roi voulut transférer son logis vers une aile de l'enceinte ; faute de temps, seul le canton nord aurait été rectifié, le canton sud constituant dès lors un vestige du premier projet. Cette hypothèse aux lourdes implications ne s'accorde pas avec la chronologie avérée et bute sur de multiples problèmes d'ordre technique. En revanche, l'examen des substructures suggère effectivement un changement de parti, mais très tôt survenu, alors que toutes les fondations du donjon n'étaient pas entamées. La prise en compte de l'environnement naturel et des difficultés matérielles issues de l'instabilité du sol induit que le château aurait subi non pas une simple réorientation de ses cantons, mais une réaxialisation d'ensemble dont ladite réorientation ne serait qu'un effet. Plus que jamais nécessaire, une investigation archéologique approfondie permettrait d'éprouver les différentes théories désormais en présence.
Learning from Mistakes Results in Increase of Corporate Value
Authors: Koumpis Adamantios
Published: November 2013

In the paper we approach the issue of learning from our mistakes from different schools of thought and with the use of different Epistemological Metaphors such as the intellectual capital. We pose emphasis to the relevance of mistakes to the overall individual and corporate learning process and make an attempt to valuate metaphors for assessing mistakes and their relation to corporate intellectual capital and wealth.
Service-oriented SMP2 modeling and simulation for GNSS
Authors: Hou H.T , Xie F , Wang C , Zhang W.X
Published: November 2013

â??We propose a service-oriented modeling and

simulation (M&S) method based on simulation model

portability 2 (SMP2) to simulate the performance of the

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The proposed

method can be utilized to construct large complex

simulation systems, such as GNSS, to determine the

reusability, composability, and interoperability of

heterogeneous simulation resources. A service-oriented

SMP2 M&S framework with its conceptual framework,

system architecture, and system engineering process is first

introduced. The development and composition of the SMP2

model as well as the schedule method are then discussed in

detail. Lastly, a service-oriented SMP2 M&S environment is

designed and implemented, and the regional dilution of

precision performance of the GALILEO Navigation Satellite

System in China is analyzed based on the architecture and

method.
Shelf Surface Motion Estimation from Repeat Satellite Imagery
Authors: Liu Yi , Fei Yan , Wang Weian
Published: November 2013

In this paper, remote sensing data of Amery ice shelf was used to study Antarctica ice motion and flux problem by a hierarchical image matching method. It combines feature points and grid points to provide a dense, precise and reliable matching result. First, seed points are extracted at the top level of image pyramid using the SIFT algorithm with RANSAC approach to remove mismatches and enhance robustness. These points are used to construct an initial triangulation. Then, feature point and grid point matching are conducted based on the triangle constraint. In the process of hierarchical image matching, the parallaxes from upper levels are transferred to levels beneath with triangle constraint. At last, outliers are detected and removed based on local smooth constraint of parallax. Also, bidirectional image matching method is adopted to verify the matching results and increase the number of matched points. Experiments with Landsat7 images show that the proposed method has the capacity to generate reliable and dense matching results for surface velocity estimation from stereo satellite imagery. Global warming will lead to Amery shelf and glaciers melt and flow rate increase, which can be confirmed by on-site GPS and remote sensing data. Through research the ice shelf flow velocity field, the bottom can calculate the ice flux of this area, and result confirm that the impact of climate for glacier and ice shelf.
Enterprise-in-Environment Adaptation
Authors: Lapalme James S. , de Guerre Donald W.
Published: November 2013

Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a consulting practice and discipline intended to improve the management and functioning of complex organizations. The various approaches to EA can be classified by how they define what is to be architected and what, as a result, is the relevant environment. Traditionally, management has been understood as “Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordinating, and Controlling” (POCCC), that is, the role is bounded within the organization. The corresponding EA approach suggests architecting IT systems to support management, with the implicit environment being members of the organization as well as partner organizations. As the objective of EA practice expands to include organizational members, technical systems, and a wider set of stakeholders, so too does the complexity it must address. This results in an enlarged domain of issues and concerns. Finally, if the objective of EA is a sustainable enterprise, then physical, societal, and ecological environments radically increase the complexity of actualizing this goal. Corresponding to this increase in scope is a parallel shift in the scope of management concerns. With the goal of pushing EA towards concerns regarding enterprise sustainability, an open socio-technical system design perspective of EA, which we have named Enterprise-in-Environment Adaptation (EiEA), is discussed. EiEA offers a comprehensive approach to respond to the demands for complexity management that arise when working towards enterprise sustainability; yet, it requires that organisations also embrace deep culture changes, such as participative design, worker empowerment, as well as shared accountability and responsibility, to name a few.
Enterprise Architecture of Sustainable Development
Authors: Villarreal Roberto
Published: November 2013

The Outcome Document of the recent international diplomatic conference on sustainable development, Rio+20, portrays it as a multi-stakeholder process aimed at increasing the wellbeing of present and future generations in a dynamic, inclusive, equitable, safe, lasting, and environmentally balanced fashion, emphasizing that it should lead to poverty eradication, social development, the protection of all human rights and the elimination of human-provoked damage to the natural environment and resource-base. This reflects a highly complex process. Whereas the wording of its features and purposes exhibits considerable progress in the international policy dialogue, it appears that, among analysts, policy-makers, and practitioners around the world, there could be still large dispersion in the precise understanding of many underlying notions, the main issues, and their interrelationships. Consequently, there is not yet enough clarity among all stakeholders as to how to proceed on the implementation of coherent and coordinated strategies and policies for sustainable development. This chapter presents an analytical framework to look at these matters from a systemic perspective, with the intention of inspiring non-specialists to consider the advantages of the Enterprise Architecture approach to generate more clarity, facilitate communication, enhance policy coherence, and foster cooperation and partnerships for improving sustainable development. Some practical uses of the systems approach to enhance strategy, organization, and management for sustainable development are suggested.
Federated Enterprise Architecture
Authors: Newman Edward M.
Published: November 2013

The purpose of the chapter is to provide clarity on what a Federated Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is and what the benefits as well as risks are in contrast to a non-federated enterprise architecture. The chapter draws upon organizational theory, federalist theory, and case studies to explicate what constitutes a federated model and the expected federated EA benefits. There are a number of challenges with the concept of a FEA. Two are focused on in this chapter: the meaning of federated EA and associated benefits and risks. The first is the use of the term “federated,” which occurs rather frequently in ICT literature, such as “federated search” or “federated database design,” and in the context of IT governance, “federal model” in Drs. Weill and Ross’s book IT Governance. The term also appears in the non-ICT context such as “federated insurance.” However, the term “federated” is frequently not defined and when defined speaks to a decentralization concept. This distinction is relevant to the understanding and success of a federated EA implementation. In reviewing federalist theory, there is a clear difference between decentralization and federalism. It is argued that the so-called federal or federated “model,” as described, is not federated but is a form of decentralization. The second challenge within the EA discipline is the lack of benefits attributed to a FEA. In the few sources that exist for FEA benefits are either not stated or the stated benefits could equally apply to a non-FEA. It is argued that scalability is the singular key benefit that FEA provides over a non-FEA, and the following non-FEA benefits are enhanced: 1) agility and IT innovation, 2) process consolidation and business process standardization and discipline, and 3) interoperability. However, while there are clear benefits to FEA, there are inherent risks.
Scenario-Patent Protection Compared to Climate Change
Authors: Alves de Lima Araken , Carvalho dos Reis Patricia , Branco Julio César Moreira Reis Castelo , Danieli Rodrigo , Osawa Cibele Cristina , Winter Eduardo , Santos Douglas Alves
Published: November 2013

The United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took effect as a treaty in 1994 to promote international cooperation in the fight against global warming. Currently, nearly 190 countries are signatories of the UNFCCC, which has had successive additions as the Kyoto Protocol (1997). In 1995, the Climate Technology Initiative was established within the UNFCCC to encourage international cooperation in the accelerated development and diffusion of environmentally Sound Technologies - EST. Such technologies are also capable of protection provided by patents, and this kind of protection is a valuable tool for the industrial production inventions to become a worthwhile investment, contributing to economic development. Many patent applications claim advantages relative to efficiency, waste reduction, or even the costs of operation/manufacturing. However, the difficulty of accurately distinguishing the EST’s technologies among others, which are those that only claim environmental benefits, compared to those who actually have a higher potential to promote a more positive impact on the environment directed. This study aims to report some performance initiatives in relations between technologies, focusing on the so-called “GREEN”, and the effects of climate change. Some initiatives have already been started in countries such as Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, South Korea and Israel. These nations are constituted in the form of their industrial property offices, as entities that have implemented regulations regarding the patentability of requests for green technologies or EST’s such requests are known as “green patents” applications. In this context, it is highlighted that the definition of “green patents” differs from country to country and this leads to greater uncertainty in this designation, with the codes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) should be prioritized. This study observed that, in the case of South Korea, green patents are technologies classified in accordance with the interests of the Government, or, according to designations of environmental laws. Moreover, it still shows that South Korea, Australia, United States, Japan, Israel already have programs to promote accelerated examination of “green patents” applications with different criteria.
Technical Note: Evaluating a simple parameterization of radiative shortwave forcing from surface albedo change
Authors: Bright R. M. , Kvalevåg M. M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Land-use activities affect Earth's energy balance not only via biogeochemical emissions, but also through perturbations in surface albedo, the latter of which is often excluded in impact assessment studies. In this short technical note, we present and compare a simple model for estimating shortwave radiative forcings at the top of Earth's atmosphere to a more sophisticated 8-stream radiative transfer model based on a discrete ordinate method. Outcomes from monthly albedo change simulations for ten globally distributed regions and a single year revealed that the simple model – based on a single exogenously supplied meteorological variable – performed quite well, having a sample correlation coefficient of 0.93 and a normalized root mean square error of 7.2%. Simple models like the one presented here can offer an attractive and efficient means for non-experts to begin including albedo change considerations in climate impact assessment studies enveloping land use activities.
Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on European aerosol ground levels through local processes: a seasonal model-based assessment using fixed anthropogenic emissions
Authors: Jerez S. , Jimenez-Guerrero P. , Montávez J. P. , Trigo R. M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) controls a large amount of the European climate variability with asymmetric impacts in both time and space. Here we investigate how the NAO impact on the local atmospheric processes (disregarding the NAO impact on the large inter-continental transport mechanisms) influences the levels of various aerosol species using simulated data under constant emissions, which are fixed to the 2005 levels in order to avoid anthropogenic-induced signals. In particular, we analyze interannual variations at the seasonal timescale and focus on the ground-level. The results show that positive NAO phases favor increased aerosol concentrations in southern (northern) regions during winter (summer), while negative NAO phases enhance them in northern (southern) regions during winter (summer). The underlying processes are clearly related to the NAO impact on precipitation and wind, as they act to clean the atmosphere through removal and dispersion processes, and to the NAO impact on the radiation balance (i.e., cloudiness) as it affects the biogenic emitting activity and on the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. Differences for all the species studied (natural inert, secondary inorganic and organic aerosols) are up to 5 μg m−3, reaching 10 and 20 μg m−3 for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively, which represents variations of about 20–40% in their mean levels between opposite NAO phases.
On the possibilities to use atmospheric reanalyses to evaluate the warming structure in the Arctic
Authors: Chung C. E. , Cha H. , Vihma T. , Räisänen P. , Decremer D.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. There has been growing interest in the vertical structure of the recent Arctic warming. We investigated temperatures at the surface, 925, 700, 500 and 300 hPa levels in the Arctic (north of 70° N) using observations and four reanalyses: ERA-Interim, CFSR, MERRA and NCEP II. For the period 1979–2011, the layers at 500 hPa and below show a warming trend in all seasons in all the chosen reanalyses and observations. Restricting the analysis to the 1998–2011 period, however, all the reanalyses show a cooling trend in the Arctic-mean 500 hPa temperature in autumn, and this also applies to both observations and the reanalyses when restricting the analysis to the locations with available IGRA radiosoundings. During this period, the surface observations mainly representing land areas surrounding the Arctic Ocean reveal no summertime trend, in contrast with the reanalyses whether restricted to the locations of the available surface observations or not. In evaluating the reanalyses with observations, we find that the reanalyses agree better with each other at the available IGRA sounding locations than for the Arctic average, perhaps because the sounding observations were assimilated into reanalyses. Conversely, using the reanalysis data only from locations matching available surface (air) temperature observations does not improve the agreement between the reanalyses. At 925 hPa, CFSR deviates from the other three reanalyses, especially in summer after 2000, and it also deviates more from the IGRA radiosoundings than the other reanalyses do. The CFSR error in summer T925 is due mainly to underestimations in the Canadian-Atlantic sector between 120° W and 0°. The other reanalyses also have negative biases in this longitude band.
Modeling the stratospheric warming following the Mt. Pinatubo eruption: uncertainties in aerosol extinctions
Authors: Arfeuille F. , Luo B. P. , Heckendorn P. , Weisenstein D. , Sheng J. X. , Rozanov E. , Schraner M. , Brönnimann S. , Thomason L. W. , Peter T.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. In terms of atmospheric impact, the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991) is the best characterized large eruption on record. We investigate here the model-derived stratospheric warming following the Pinatubo eruption as derived from SAGE II extinction data including recent improvements in the processing algorithm. This method, termed SAGE_4λ, makes use of the four wavelengths (385, 452, 525 and 1024 nm) of the SAGE II data when available, and uses a data-filling procedure in the opacity-induced "gap" regions. Using SAGE_4λ, we derived aerosol size distributions that properly reproduce extinction coefficients also at much longer wavelengths. This provides a good basis for calculating the absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation and the resulting stratospheric heating. However, we also show that the use of this data set in a global chemistry–climate model (CCM) still leads to stronger aerosol-induced stratospheric heating than observed, with temperatures partly even higher than the already too high values found by many models in recent general circulation model (GCM) and CCM intercomparisons. This suggests that the overestimation of the stratospheric warming after the Pinatubo eruption may not be ascribed to an insufficient observational database but instead to using outdated data sets, to deficiencies in the implementation of the forcing data, or to radiative or dynamical model artifacts. Conversely, the SAGE_4λ approach reduces the infrared absorption in the tropical tropopause region, resulting in a significantly better agreement with the post-volcanic temperature record at these altitudes.
From emissions to ambient mixing ratios: on-line seasonal field measurements of volatile organic compounds over a Norway spruce dominated forest in central Germany
Authors: Bourtsoukidis E. , Williams J. , Kesselmeier J. , Jacobi S. , Bonn B.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) are substantial contributors to atmospheric chemistry and physics and demonstrate the close relationship between biosphere and atmosphere. Their emission rates are highly sensitive to meteorological and environmental changes with concomitant impacts on atmospheric chemistry. We have investigated seasonal isoprenoid and oxygenated VOC (oxVOC) fluxes from a Norway spruce (Picea abies) tree in Central Germany and explored the emission responses under various atmospheric conditions. Emission rates were quantified by using dynamic branch enclosure and Proton Transfer Reaction–Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) techniques. Additionally, ambient mixing ratios were derived through application of a new box model treatment on the dynamic chamber measurements. These are compared in terms of abundance and origin with the corresponding emissions. Isoprenoids govern the BVOC emissions from Norway spruce, with monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes accounting for 50.8 ± 7.2% and 19.8 ± 8.1% respectively of the total emissions. Normalizing the VOC emission rates, we have observed a trend of reduction of carbon containing emissions from April to November, with an enhancement of oxVOC. Highest emission rates were observed in June for all measured species, with the exception of sesquiterpenes that were emitted most strongly in April. We exploit the wide range of conditions experienced at the site to filter the dataset with a combination of temperature, ozone and absolute humidity values in order to derive the emission potential and temperature dependency development for the major chemical species investigated. A profound reduction of monoterpene emission potential (E30) and temperature dependency (β) was found under low temperature regimes, combined with low ozone levels (E30MT, LTLO3=56 ± 9.1 ng g(dw)−1 h−1, βMT,LTLO3=0.03±0.01 K−1) while a combination of both stresses was found to alter their emissions responses with respect to temperature substantially (E30MT,HTHO3=1420.1 ± 191.4 ng g(dw)−1 h−1, βMT,HTHO3=0.15 ± 0.02 K−1). Moreover, we have explored compound relationships under different atmospheric condition sets, addressing possible co-occurrence of emissions under specific conditions. Finally, we evaluate the temperature dependent algorithm that seems to describe the temperature dependent emissions. Highest emission deviations were observed for monoterpenes and these emission fluctuations were attributed to a fraction which is triggered by an additional light dependency.
Effects of belowground litter addition, increased precipitation and clipping on soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization in a temperate steppe
Authors: Ma L. , Guo C. , Xin X. , Yuan S. , Wang R.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling are sensitive to changes in environmental factors and play critical roles in the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to natural and anthropogenic perturbations. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of belowground particulate litter (BPL) addition, increased precipitation and their interactions on soil C and N mineralization in two adjacent sites where belowground photosynthate allocation was manipulated through vegetation clipping in a temperate steppe of northeastern China from 2010 to 2011. The results show that BPL addition significantly increase soil C mineralization rate (CMR) and net N mineralization rate (NMR). Although increased precipitation-induced enhancement of soil CMR essentially ceased after the first year, stimulation of soil NMR and net nitrification rate continued into the second year. Clipping only marginally decreased soil CMR and NMR during the two years. There were significant synergistic interactions between BPL addition (and increased precipitation) and clipping on soil CMR and NMR, likely to reflect shifts in soil microbial community structure and a decrease in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi biomass due to the reduction of belowground photosynthate allocation. These results highlight the importance of plants in mediating the responses of soil C and N mineralization to potentially increased BPL and precipitation by controlling belowground photosynthate allocation in the temperate steppe.
Long-term trends in ocean plankton production and particle export between 1960–2006
Authors: Laufkötter C. , Vogt M. , Gruber N.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We analyse long-term trends in marine primary and particle export production and their link to marine phytoplankton community composition for the period 1960–2006 using a hindcast simulation of the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling Model coupled to the ocean component of the Community Climate System Model. In our simulation, global primary and export production decrease significantly over the last 50 yr, by 6.5% and 8% respectively. These changes are associated with an 8.5% decrease in small phytoplankton biomass and 5% decrease in zooplankton biomass. Diatom biomass decreases globally by 3%, but with strong temporal and spatial variability. The strongest decreases in primary and export production occur in the western Pacific, where enhanced stratification leads to stronger nutrient limitation and a decrease in total phytoplankton. The concurrent decrease in diatom fraction and in zooplankton biomass causes a lower export efficiency in this region. Substantial phytoplankton composition changes also occur in the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic, although these are masked in part by a high degree of interannual variability. In these regions, stronger wind stress enhances mixing, reducing the biomass of small phytoplankton, while diatoms profit from higher nutrient inputs and lower grazing pressure. The relative fraction of diatoms correlates positively with the export efficiency (r = 0.8, p < 0.05) in most areas except for the North Pacific and Antarctic Circumpolar Current, where the correlation is negative (r = –0.5, p < 0.05). However, the long-term trends in global export efficiency are ultimately driven by the reduction in small phytoplankton and particularly decreases in coccolithophore biomass. The diagnosed trends point toward a substantial sensitivity of marine primary production and export to climatic variations and trends.
Can bioenergy cropping compensate high carbon emissions from large-scale deforestation of high latitudes?
Authors: Dass P. , Müller C. , Brovkin V. , Cramer W.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Numerous studies have concluded that deforestation of the high latitudes result in a global cooling. This is mainly because of the increased albedo of deforested land which dominates over other biogeophysical and biogeochemical mechanisms in the energy balance. This dominance, however, may be due to an underestimation of the biogeochemical response, as carbon emissions are typically at or below the lower end of estimates. Here, we use the dynamic global vegetation model LPJmL for a better estimate of the carbon cycle under such large-scale deforestation. These studies are purely theoretical in order to understand the role of vegetation in the energy balance and the earth system. They must not be mistaken as possible mitigation options, because of the devastating effects on pristine ecosystems. For realistic assumptions of land suitability, the total emissions computed in this study are higher than that of previous studies assessing the effects of boreal deforestation. The warming due to biogeochemical effects ranges from 0.12 to 0.32 °C, depending on the climate sensitivity. Using LPJmL to assess the mitigation potential of bioenergy plantations in the suitable areas of the deforested region, we find that the global biophysical bioenergy potential is 68.1 ± 5.6 EJ yr−1 of primary energy at the end of the 21st century in the most plausible scenario. The avoided combustion of fossil fuels over the time frame of this experiment would lead to further cooling. However, since the carbon debt caused by the cumulative emissions is not repaid by the end of the 21st century, the global temperatures would increase by 0.04 to 0.11 °C. The carbon dynamics in the high latitudes especially with respect to permafrost dynamics and long-term carbon losses, require additional attention in the role for the Earth's carbon and energy budget.
Use of various remote sensing land cover products for plant functional type mapping over Siberia
Authors: Ottlé C. , Lescure J. , Maignan F. , Poulter B. , Wang T. , Delbart N.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. High-latitude ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle and in regulating the climate system and are presently undergoing rapid environmental change. Accurate land cover data sets are required to both document these changes as well as to provide land-surface information for benchmarking and initializing Earth system models. Earth system models also require specific land cover classification systems based on plant functional types (PFTs), rather than species or ecosystems, and so post-processing of existing land cover data is often required. This study compares over Siberia, multiple land cover data sets against one another and with auxiliary data to identify key uncertainties that contribute to variability in PFT classifications that would introduce errors in Earth system modeling. Land cover classification systems from GLC 2000, GlobCover 2005 and 2009, and MODIS collections 5 and 5.1 are first aggregated to a common legend, and then compared to high-resolution land cover classification systems, vegetation continuous fields (MODIS VCFs) and satellite-derived tree heights (to discriminate against sparse, shrub, and forest vegetation). The GlobCover data set, with a lower threshold for tree cover and taller tree heights and a better spatial resolution, tends to have better distributions of tree cover compared to high-resolution data. It has therefore been chosen to build new PFT maps for the ORCHIDEE land surface model at 1 km scale. Compared to the original PFT data set, the new PFT maps based on GlobCover 2005 and an updated cross-walking approach mainly differ in the characterization of forests and degree of tree cover. The partition of grasslands and bare soils now appears more realistic compared with ground truth data. This new vegetation map provides a framework for further development of new PFTs in the ORCHIDEE model like shrubs, lichens and mosses, to represent the water and carbon cycles in northern latitudes better. Updated land cover data sets are critical for improving and maintaining the relevance of Earth system models for assessing climate and human impacts on biogeochemistry and biophysics. The new PFT map at 5 km scale is available for download from the PANGAEA website at 10.1594/PANGAEA.810709.
Velocity and concentration profiles of saline and turbidity currents flowing in a straight channel under quasi-uniform conditions
Authors: Stagnaro M. , Bolla Pittaluga M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We present a series of detailed experimental observations of saline and turbidity currents flowing in a straight channel. Experiments are performed by continuously feeding the channel with a dense mixture until a quasi-steady configuration is obtained. The flume, 12 m long, is characterized by a concrete fixed bed with a uniform slope of 0.005. Longitudinal velocity profiles are measured in ten cross sections, one meter apart, employing an Ultrasound Doppler Velocimeter Profiler. We also measure the density of the mixture using a rake of siphons sampling at different heights from the bottom in order to obtain the vertical density distributions in a cross sections where the flow already attained a quasi-uniform configuration. We performed 27 experiments changing the flow discharge, the fractional excess density, the character of the current (saline or turbidity) and the roughness of the bed in order to observe the consequences of these variations on the vertical velocity profiles and on the overall characteristics of the flow. Dimensionless velocity profiles under quasi-uniform flow conditions were obtained by scaling longitudinal velocity with its depth averaged value and the vertical coordinate with the flow thickness. They turned out to be influenced by the Reynolds number of the flow, by the relative bed roughness, and by the presence of sediment in suspension. Unexpectedly the densimetric Froude number of the current turned out to have no influence on the dimensionless velocity profiles.
One-way coupling of an integrated assessment model and a water resources model: evaluation and implications of future changes over the US Midwest
Authors: Voisin N. , Liu L. , Hejazi M. , Tesfa T. , Li H. , Huang M. , Liu Y. , Leung L. R.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. An integrated model is being developed to advance our understanding of the interactions between human activities, terrestrial system and water cycle, and to evaluate how system interactions will be affected by a changing climate at the regional scale. As a first step towards that goal, a global integrated assessment model, which includes a water-demand model driven by socioeconomics at regional and global scales, is coupled in a one-way fashion with a land surface hydrology–routing–water resources management model. To reconcile the scale differences between the models, a spatial and temporal disaggregation approach is developed to downscale the annual regional water demand simulations into a daily time step and subbasin representation. The model demonstrates reasonable ability to represent the historical flow regulation and water supply over the US Midwest (Missouri, Upper Mississippi, and Ohio river basins). Implications for future flow regulation, water supply, and supply deficit are investigated using climate change projections with the B1 and A2 emission scenarios, which affect both natural flow and water demand. Although natural flow is projected to increase under climate change in both the B1 and A2 scenarios, there is larger uncertainty in the changes of the regulated flow. Over the Ohio and Upper Mississippi river basins, changes in flow regulation are driven by the change in natural flow due to the limited storage capacity. However, both changes in flow and demand have effects on the Missouri River Basin summer regulated flow. Changes in demand are driven by socioeconomic factors, energy and food demands, global markets and prices with rainfed crop demand handled directly by the land surface modeling component. Even though most of the changes in supply deficit (unmet demand) and the actual supply (met demand) are driven primarily by the change in natural flow over the entire region, the integrated framework shows that supply deficit over the Missouri River Basin sees an increasing sensitivity to changes in demand in future periods. It further shows that the supply deficit is six times as sensitive as the actual supply to changes in flow and demand. A spatial analysis of the supply deficit demonstrates vulnerabilities of urban areas located along mainstream with limited storage.
Research Note: An Analysis of Tourists' Expenditure in the Russian Resort Destinations
Authors: Vetitnev Alexandr
Published: November 2013

This study examines tourists' expenditure in the context of Russian resort destinations. The findings indicate that the income and age of travellers, as well as type of accommodation, party size, length of stay, distance travelled, sources for payment, travel organization mode and satisfaction rate are significant factors affecting travellers' expenditure. The impact of some of these factors was not directly evident, but manifested itself through the duration of stay. Tourists' spending patterns were different in the various resorts studied. The main hypotheses of the study were confirmed using structural equation modelling.