bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Processing Design and Application of Inconel 718
Authors: Li Yinxuan
Published: December 2020

Inconel 718 is a Ni-based superalloy, usually used for aircraft engine because of its high temperature properties and oxidation resistance. According to the current experiments, most experiments are done through the traditional manufacturing. Recently, the additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, has been regarded as a new manufacturing that is used in the experiment. Different manufacturing causes the different orientation and segregation, and leads to different results with traditional manufacturing. Besides, the design for the heat treatment is always the point that researchers are looking for. The conventional method is homogenization and ageing, but some researchers have tried the direct ageing to find the differences. This paper focuses on the influence of temperature, time of the heat treatment and the effect of manufacturing method. It is concluded that the manufacturing method can influence the best choice of heat treatment. What is more, the additive manufacturing with high temperature homogenization and ageing is a good method in the experiment but it is hard to use in the industry now. Through the research of various factors, it is helpful to find a better method to improve the properties of Inconel 718 during the application.
Research on the SH-CCT and PWHT of improved new type SA738 Gr. B nuclear power steel
Authors: Jianlin Zhang , Ping Zhu , Xunuo Yang , Gangang Wang , Jiancang Zhao
Published: December 2020

The Gleeble-3180 machine is used to determine the simulated HAZ continuous cooling transformation (SH-CCT) curves of improved new type SA738 Gr. B nuclear power steel by expansion method, metallographic method and hardness method. The t8/5 time increase from 5 s to 6000 s and the influence of cooling rate on microstructure and phase transition are analyzed. The hardness changes before and after tempering treatment are compared with the samples so as to analyze the process and function of tempering. This reasearch provides theoretical and data support for improving welding technology and promoting the development of nuclear steel.
Microstructures and Hardness Changes of Au0.1Be Under four Strengthening Methods
Authors: Li Juzi , Zhao Linqi , Lu Li
Published: December 2020

With the epidemic of coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) worldwide gold price reaches to a new heights, which inevitably increase the costs of gold products especially jewelry industry. The jewelry industry including other industries need harder gold based microalloy to produce more delicate, more light but bigger size gold products. We prepared 3 gold based micro-alloys --Au0.1Li,Au0.1Be and Au0.1B an tested that Be is the most effective element in strengthening fine gold. With the o.1wt.% Be additions the hardness of fine gold is improved from 30HV to 69HV and the grain sizes of fine gold are significantly refined from the the range of 300 -700um to the range of 6-30um. Thereafter, work hardening, Supercooling testing, Heat Treatment and Nitrogen Ion Implantation testing were applied to see how they influence the hardness and microstructures of Au0.1Be.
Computational fluid dynamics study of magnetic liquid rotary seal for sealing liquid
Authors: Wang Hujun
Published: December 2020

When applied in sealing liquid, the instability of the interface between the magnetic liquid and the sealed liquid in the direct-contact magnetic liquid seal structure will occur and increase, eventually leading to the failure of the magnetic liquid seal. In order to understand the destruction process of the interface between the magnetic liquid and the sealed liquid more intuitively, the two-phase flow of the magnetic liquid and the sealed liquid was simulated numerically. Phase distribution and velocity distribution are obtained through the simulation.
Study on the Material Properties of Inorganic Silicate Coating and Protective Effect on Ship Metal Structure
Authors: Xia Cheng , Dong Kehai , Lai Shuaiguang , Zhang Tong , Yu Hongbo
Published: December 2020

In order to verify whether the coating can meet the stringent requirements of the ship’s long sailing cycle, harsh environment, and various unfavorable factors such as fire conditions, physical and mechanical performance tests, endurance tests, and Micro and micro tests of the three coating samples were carried out. The hardness of the ZS2000, ZS hybrid and ZS1000 coatings measured by the experiment were ⩾8H, ⩾7H, ⩾3H, respectively; the thermal conductivity values of the three coatings are very low, respectively 0.074 W/(m·K), 0.034 W/(m·K) and 0.025 W/(m·K), which can meet the requirements of the engine in unexpected flame environment; the original adhesion of the coating is the best, but the adhesion of the coating is reduced after the damp heat cycle and the salt corrosion at room temperature, and the salt spray resistance, damp and heat resistance of the coating are good, and no obvious defect is observed; TG experiments have found that the remaining percentages of the three coatings ZS1000, ZS2000, and ZS hybrid are 85.29%, 80.72% and 77.90% respectively. The thermal stability of ZS1000 is the best, and the three coatings have the best remaining balance. The difference is not large, so they all have good thermal stability. Analyzing the results of a series of performance tests, it is found that the comprehensive performance of the ZS hybrid coating is better than that of the ZS2000 and ZS1000 coatings.
Buckling analysis of composite laminates with a circular hole
Authors: Zhang Cong , Bai Ruixiang , Lei Zhenkun , Sun Zhenya , Su Kang
Published: December 2020

The stress concentration will appear at the edge of the hole of composite laminate after the openings, which will affect the buckling load and bearing capacity of the composite laminate. Generally, a local reinforcement near the hole is an effective method to alleviate the concentration near the hole and improve the bearing capacity of the structure. In addition, the curvilinear fiber laying scheme is tried to solve the stress concentration problem in this paper. Therefore, the finite element models of ordinary composite laminates with a circular opening, variable angle composite laminates with an open-hole and composite laminates with reinforcement near the circular hole were established by ABAQUS software, the buckling analysis and progressive damage analysis of the above models under shear load were carried out considering the Hashin damage failure criterion and Camanho stiffness degradation criterion. By comparing the buckling load and ultimate load of three different kinds of composite laminates with a circular hole, it is found that besides composite laminates with reinforcement near the circular hole, the curvilinear laying laminates can also increase the stiffness of the laminates and improve the buckling load and ultimate bearing capacity of the structure.
Microstructure and cryogenic toughness of 316LN austenite stainless steel weld metal welded by NG-MAG arc welding
Authors: Liang Li , Wenkai Xiao , Jiaqi Zhai , Yalu Zhao
Published: December 2020

Using narrow-gap Metal Active Gas (NG-MAG) arc welding, the low-temperature impact toughness and microstructures of the 316LN welded joints have been researched and characterized by Charpy impact test, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the low temperature toughness in the as-welded state is 132J and the toughness of the post-weld heat treatment was 112J. There are many dimples in the impact fracture, which indicated plastic fracture. The ferrite is located at the austenite grain boundary and exhibits a strip shape with a width of about 400 nm.
Investigation on the elevated-temperature mechanical properties of TiB2/Al-4.5%Cu composites
Authors: Xue Yanqing , Su Ru , Wei Dian , Li Bo , Wang Xinliang , Zhang Han , Hao Qitang
Published: December 2020

Mechanical performance of TiB2/Al-4.5%Cu composites at elevated-temperature were evaluated by means of tensile behaviors and fracture mechanisms. Results indicated that the composite reinforced by nano-sized TiB2 particles exhibited excellent mechanical ability during deformation at elevated temperatures, the optimum addition level for dispersion, refinement and modification was 5wt.% TiB2/Al-4.5%Cu at 473K, i.e., yield strength is 358MPa and elongation is 4 %. The enhanced resistance of the composite was mainly attributed to Orowan strengthening and load transfer enhancement, additionally, interface debonding increasingly affects the damage and fracture of the composites.
Adopting composite geometric models for the heat conduction simulation of SiCp/Al matrix composites in the electrical discharge machining
Authors: Chen Jipeng , He Guojian , Gu Lin
Published: December 2020

In the heat conduction simulations of electrical discharge machining, SiCp/Al composites are generally considered as homogeneous materials for simplification. This paper proposes that the composite geometric models containing SiC reinforcements could be built to improve the homogeneous material model. Three SiC particle equivalent shapes, circle, diamond, and triangle are selected and compared by conducting heat transfer simulations. The results demonstrated that the composite geometric model utilizing a circle SiC particle equivalent shape is better. This paper provides ideas and references for the modeling of composite materials in the heat transfer simulations of electrical discharge machining.
Comparative study of the energy efficiency of diesel and hybrid powered light aircraft
Authors: Serbezov V S , Nikolova M I
Published: December 2020

In recent times many research efforts are aimed at the development of aircraft hybrid propulsion technology as a means to minimize the aircraft environmental impact. The objective is to provide an additional assessment of the energy efficiency of the hybrid powered light aircraft in comparison with current state of the art Diesel powered aircraft. Typical 4-seat propeller airplane is chosen as a prototype and its flight performance model is created using open source data. The comparison is performed for a realistic flight profile including the power demands for go-around and flight to alternate destination airport. Parallel hybrid architecture is considered. A parametric study with variation of the mass, efficiency and energy capacity parameters of the hybrid power train is performed in order to determine the parameter regions where the hybrid power train has advantage over the Diesel one. The present study is based on the previous experience of the authors in assessing the energy efficiency of alternative power sources for the aviation.
Optimal sector modelling of airspace based on optimization algorithms
Authors: Todorov T D , Simeonov S
Published: December 2020

Reasonable assessment and effective management of air space resources is the base for ensuring the safety and efficiency of air traffic management systems. Our research is focussed on optimal airspace organization that is an index to measure the ability of the airspace system to deliver services to meet air traffic demand. Optimal airspace organization is a key factor in reducing the workload for air traffic controllers. The purpose of the study is to present a method for optimal sector modeling with direct routes applicable to free route airspace with the help of mathematical modelling of airspace. A computational model is implemented in a numerical computing environment. As a result, the following was achieved: defining the horizontal boundaries of sectors, subjected to the following constraints; minimum time spent in a sector and balancing workload distribution of air traffic controllers in the sectors. After final optimization a minimum value of the optimality criterion is obtained which is 8.5 times lower than the initial value.
Development of a method for studying the impact of the time reserve value on the reliability of the train schedule based on the epidemiological SIR model
Authors: Panchenko S , Prokhorchenko A , Dekarchuk O , Gurin D , Mkrtychian D , Matsiuk V
Published: December 2020

It is important to find rational values of time reserves to compensate for delays during train movement to ensure train schedule reliability. This study proposes to investigate the impact of different categories of trains and their time reserve on schedule reliability. The main purpose of the study is to develop a method for studying the extent of the impact of time reserve on train schedule reliability based on the epidemiological model. Mathematical train delay propagation at the section model has been developed on the basis of the Susceptible – Infected – Removed (SIR) epidemiological model of adaptation type (taking into account the effect of using different train categories. It is suggested to use a binary genetic algorithm to search for parameters of delay propagation rate in the SIR model. According to a specially developed data acquisition algorithm, empirical data on the propagation of train delays at the station were obtained. Experimental studies have been carried out to search for train delay propagation velocity coefficients in the SIR model. The train movement restoration results during a delay at the station are given to study the impact of the time reserve value on train schedule reliability, taking into account the speed recovery delay set in the SIR model. The simulation results confirm the developed mathematical model adequacy.
A study on characteristics of vacuum solenoid valves
Authors: Stoyanov Stoyan , Mihaylov Veselin
Published: December 2020

Vacuum solenoid valves have been widely used in internal combustion engine engines. They are used to regulate various processes in the car’s systems by controlling actuators – for example, variable geometry of the turbocharger, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valves, various bypass or throttle valves. The vacuum solenoid valves are controlled by the electronic control unit (ECU) by means of a constant frequency and pulse width modulation of the controlling signal. In operation, these valves change their characteristics over time, which leads to a change in the control of the actuators, and hence to the overall operation of the engine and systems related to the environmental performance of the vehicle. Often there is no feedback on the actual value compared to the demand and their correct diagnosis is difficult. In this work an experimental study was performed, which shows dependence of pressure characteristics from possible deviations of some parameters (vacuum system, power supply) in operation of the vehicle.
Modification of a gas exchange system to measure active and passive chlorophyll fluorescence simultaneously under field conditions
Authors: Meeker Eliot W , Magney Troy S , Bambach Nicolas , Momayyezi Mina , McElrone Andrew J
Published: December 2020

Solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) is a promising tool to estimate photosynthesis across scales; however, there has been limited research done at the leaf level to investigate the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis. To help bridge this gap, a LI-COR LI-6800 gas exchange instrument was modified with a visible-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectrometer to measure active and passive fluorescence simultaneously. The system was adapted by drilling a hole into the bottom plate of the leaf chamber and inserting a fibre-optic to measure passive steady-state fluorescence (Ft,λ, analogous to SIF) from the abaxial surface of a leaf. This new modification can concurrently measure gas exchange, passive fluorescence and active fluorescence over the same leaf area and will allow researchers to measure leaf-level Ft,λ in the field to validate tower-based and satellite measurements. To test the modified instrument, measurements were performed on leaves of well-watered and water-stressed walnut plants at three light levels and a constant air temperature. Measurements on these same plants were also conducted using a similarly modified Walz GFS-3000 gas exchange instrument to compare results. We found a positive linear correlation between Ft,λ measurements from the modified LI-6800 and GFS-3000 instruments. We also report a positive linear relationship between Ft,λ and normalized steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence (Ft/Fo) from the pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer of the LI-6800 system. Accordingly, this modification will inform the link between spectrally resolved Ft,λ and gas exchange—leading to improved interpretation of how remotely sensed SIF tracks changes in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Methyl Salicylate Fails to Enhance Arthropod Predator Abundance or Predator to Pest Ratios in Cotton
Authors: Naranjo Steven E , Hagler James R , Byers John A
Published: December 2020

Conservation biological control is a fundamental tactic in integrated pest management (IPM). Greater biological control services can be achieved by enhancing agroecosystems to be more favorable to the presence, survival, and growth of natural enemy populations. One approach that has been tested in numerous agricultural systems is the deployment of synthetic chemicals that mimic those produced by the plant when under attack by pests. These signals may attract arthropod natural enemies to crop habitats and thus potentially improve biological control activity locally. A 2-yr field study was conducted in the cotton agroecosystem to evaluate the potential of synthetic methyl salicylate (MeSA) to attract native arthropod natural enemies and to enhance biological control services on two key pests. Slow-release packets of MeSA were deployed in replicated cotton plots season long. The abundance of multiple taxa of natural enemies and two major pests were monitored weekly by several sampling methods. The deployment of MeSA failed to increase natural enemy abundance and pest densities did not decline. Predator to prey ratios, used as a proxy to estimate biological control function, also largely failed to increase with MeSA deployment. One exception was a season-long increase in the ratio of Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (= Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults within the context of biological control informed action thresholds. Overall results suggest that MeSA would not likely enhance conservation biological control by the natural enemy community typical of U.S. western cotton production systems.
On the nature of delays allowing anatomical re-entry involving the Purkinje network: a simulation study
Authors: Vigmond Edward J , Bouyssier Julien , Bayer Jason , Haïssaguerre Michel , Ashikaga Hiroshi
Published: December 2020

Aims

Clinical observations suggest that the Purkinje network can be part of anatomical re-entry circuits in monomorphic or polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias. However, significant conduction delay is needed to support anatomical re-entry given the high conduction velocity within the Purkinje network.

Methods and results

We investigated, in computer models, whether damage rendering the Purkinje network as either an active lesion with slow conduction or a passive lesion with no excitable ionic channel, could explain clinical observations. Active lesions had compromised sodium current and a severe reduction in gap junction coupling, while passive lesions remained coupled by gap junctions, but modelled the membrane as a fixed resistance. Both types of tissue could provide significant delays of over 100 ms. Electrograms consistent with those obtained clinically were reproduced. However, passive tissue could not support re-entry as electrotonic coupling across the delay effectively increased the proximal refractory period to an extremely long interval. Active tissue, conversely, could robustly maintain re-entry.

Conclusion

Formation of anatomical re-entry using the Purkinje network is possible through highly reduced gap junctional coupling leading to slowed conduction.
ATRP1-marker-based system for gene complementation, overexpression, reporter gene expression and gene modification inCandida glabrata
Authors: Sprenger Marcel , Brunke Sascha , Hube Bernhard , Kasper Lydia
Published: December 2020

Although less prevalent than its relative Candida albicans, the yeast Candida glabrata is a successful pathogen of humans, which causes life-threatening candidiasis. It is thus vital to understand the pathogenicity mechanisms and contributing genes in C. glabrata. However, gene complementation as a tool for restoring the function of a previously deleted gene is not standardized in C. glabrata, and it is less frequently used than in C. albicans.

In this study, we established a gene complementation strategy using genomic integration at the TRP1 locus. We prove that our approach can not only be used for integration of complementation cassettes, but also for overexpression of markers like fluorescent proteins and the antigen ovalbumin, or of potential pathogenicity-related factors like the biotin transporter gene VHT1. With urea amidolyase Dur1,2 as an example, we demonstrate the application of the gene complementation approach for the expression of sequence-modified genes. With this approach, we found that a lysine-to-arginine mutation in the biotinylation motif of Dur1,2 impairs urea-dependent growth of C. glabrata and C. albicans. Taken together, the TRP1-based gene complementation approach is a valuable tool for investigating novel gene functions and for elucidating their role in the pathobiology of C. glabrata.
‘Five pounds for a swadler’s head’: the Cork anti-Methodist riots of 1749–50*
Authors: Lewis Simon
Published: December 2020

This article constitutes the first large-scale examination of the Cork anti-Methodist riots of 1749–50. Methodist hagiographers have described the rioters as disengaged foot soldiers for Cork’s corporation and Anglican clergy. By exploring these disturbances in their religious, political and social context, this paper suggests that the predominantly Catholic rioters were fuelled by their own politico-theological grievances, thereby illuminating the persistence of religious violence in eighteenth-century Ireland. Furthermore, by exploring tensions between Cork Methodists and Baptists, it highlights both the ways in which Methodists sometimes fuelled opposition and the fact that they were not always the sole victims of anti-Methodist violence.
The Impact of Psychiatric Comorbidity on Health Care Utilization in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-based Study
Authors: Bernstein Charles N , Hitchon Carol A , Walld Randy , Bolton James M , Lix Lisa M , El-Gabalawy Renée , Sareen Jitender , Singer Alexander , Katz Alan , Marriott James , Fisk John D , Patten Scott B , Marrie Ruth Ann
Published: December 2020

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with an increase in psychiatric comorbidity (PC) compared with the general population. We aimed to determine the impact of PC on health care utilization in persons with IBD.

Methods

We applied a validated administrative definition of IBD to identify all Manitobans with IBD from April 1, 2006, to March 31, 2016, and a matched cohort without IBD. A validated definition for PC in IBD population was applied to both cohorts; active PC status meant ≥2 visits for psychiatric diagnoses within a given year. We examined the association of active PC with physician visits, inpatient hospital days, proportion with inpatient hospitalization, and use of prescription IBD medications in the following year. We tested for the presence of a 2-way interaction between cohort and PC status.

Results

Our study matched 8459 persons with IBD to 40,375 controls. On crude analysis, IBD subjects had ≥3.7 additional physician visits, had >1.5 extra hospital days, and used 2.1 more drug types annually than controls. Subjects with active PC had >10 more physician visits, had 3.1 more hospital days, and used >6.3 more drugs. There was a synergistic effect of IBD (vs no IBD) and PC (vs no PC) across psychiatric disorders of around 4%. This synergistic effect was greatest for anxiety (6% [2%, 9%]). After excluding psychiatry-related visits and psychiatry-related hospital stays, there remained an excess health care utilization in persons with IBD and PC.

Conclusion

Inflammatory bowel disease with PC increases health care utilization compared with matched controls and compared with persons with IBD without PC. Active PC further increases health care utilization.
Depletion of Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Factors Contributes to the Alteration of Epithelial Differentiation in SAMP1/YitFcsJ Mice With Crohn Disease-Like Ileitis
Authors: Lee Chansu , Hong Sung Noh , Kim Eun Ran , Chang Dong Kyung , Kim Young-Ho
Published: December 2020

Background

SAMP1/YitFcsJ (SAMP1) mice spontaneously develop terminal ileitis resembling human Crohn disease. SAMP1 mice have exhibited alteration of epithelial cell lineage distribution and an overall proliferation of the crypt cell population; however, it has not been evaluated whether epithelial differentiation is impaired because of dysfunction of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) or their niche factors.

Methods

Using the intestine of SAMP1 mice aged 10 to 14 weeks, morphometric alterations in the crypt-villus architecture, ISCs, crypt cells, and differentiated cells; organoid formation capacity of intestinal crypts; and niche signaling pathways were analyzed and compared with those of age-matched control AKR/J (AKR) mice.

Results

The ileum of SAMP1 mice showed increased depth of intestinal crypts and decreased surface area of the villi compared with those in the ileum of AKR mice. The number of ISCs in the ileal crypts did not differ between SAMP1 and AKR mice; however, the number of Paneth cells decreased and the number of transient amplifying cells increased. The organoid formation rate of the ileal crypts of SAMP1 mice decreased significantly compared with that of AKR mice. The performance of RNA sequencing for intestinal crypts found that the expression of ISC niche factors, such as Wnt3, Dll1, and Dll4, was decreased significantly in the ileal crypts of SAMP1 mice compared with those of AKR mice. Among the ISC niche signals, the Notch signaling-related genes tended to be downregulated. In particular, immunocytochemistry revealed that the expression of Paneth cell–expressing Notch ligand Dll4 was significantly decreased in the intestinal tissue and organoids of SAMP1 mice compared with those of AKR mice.

Conclusions

Depletion of niche factors for ISCs contributes to the alteration of epithelial differentiation in SAMP1 mice.
A new way to use transit-time flow measurement for coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Stastny Lukas , Kofler Markus , Zujs Vitalijs , Ruttmann Elfriede , Dumfarth Julia , Kilo Juliane , Brix Alexandra , Gasser Simone , Sakic Adel , Schachner Thomas , Grimm Michael , Bonaros Nikolaos
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVES

Transit-time flow measurement is a recognized method for graft evaluation in coronary surgery. However, single flow measurement has been associated with a low specificity for detecting graft dysfunction. The goal of this study was to assess the value of transit-time flow measurement for assessing in situ internal mammary artery grafts during non-existent native coronary circulation and the relevance of collateral blood flow in target vessels.

METHODS

Between 2014 and 2018, a total of 134 patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were evaluated using transit-time flow measurement. We analysed 111 single left internal mammary artery and 57 single right internal mammary artery bypasses. Correlations between coronary relevant parameters were calculated using Spearman’s ρ coefficient. Risk factors for decreased flow with an arrested heart (FAH) <30 ml/min and an increased pulsatility index (PI) >3.0 as well as flow reduction >30% were calculated.

RESULTS

FAH correlated with the diameter of the target vessel (Spearman’s ρ = 0.32; P < 0.001), the amount of blood distribution (Spearman’s ρ = 0.34; P < 0.001), the PI (Spearman’s ρ = 0.19; P = 0.019) and the degree of stenosis (Spearman’s ρ = −0.17; P = 0.042). The percentage of flow change was found to correlate with the PI (Spearman’s ρ = −0.47; P < 0.0001), the degree of stenosis (Spearman’s ρ = 0.42; P < 0.001), the diameter of the target vessel (Spearman’s ρ = −0.22; P = 0.008) and the area of blood distribution (Spearman’s ρ = −0.19; P = 0.018). A small blood distribution area was the only risk factor for decreased FAH [odds ratio (OR) 8.43, confidence interval (CI) 95% (3.04–23.41); P < 0.001]. Binary logistic regression identified PI [OR 2.05, CI 95% (1.36–3.10); P = 0.001], FAH [OR 0.98, CI 95% (0.97–0.99); P = 0.005] and degree of stenosis [OR 0.95, CI 95% (0.92–0.99); P = 0.011] as risk factors for decreased flow after cardiopulmonary bypass (<30 ml/min). An increased PI (>3) was mainly influenced by percentage of flow change [OR 0.99, CI 95% (0.98–1.00); P = 0.031].

CONCLUSIONS

FAH and percentage of flow change are related to the dimensions of the target vessel and the degree of stenosis. The addition of flow measurements with the heart arrested provides additional information about the bypass graft, the quality of the anastomosis and the physiology of the coronary circulation.
The Importance of Complementary Collaboration of Researchers, Veterinarians, and Husbandry Staff in the Successful Training of Marmoset Behavioral Assays
Authors: Murai Takeshi , Sukoff Rizzo Stacey J
Published: December 2020

Interest in marmosets as research models has seen exponential growth over the last decade, especially given that the research community is eager to improve on gaps with historical animal models for behavioral and cognitive disorders. The spectrum of human disease traits that present naturally in marmosets, as well as the range of analogous human behaviors that can be assessed in marmosets, makes them ideally suited as translational models for behavioral and cognitive disorders. Regardless of the specific research aims of any project, without close collaboration between researchers, veterinarians, and animal care staff, it would be impossible to meet these goals. Behavior is inherently variable, as are marmosets that are genetically and phenotypically diverse. Thus, to ensure rigor, reliability, and reproducibility in results, it is important that in the research environment, the animal’s daily husbandry and veterinary needs are being met and align with the research goals while keeping the welfare of the animal the most critical and highest priority. Much of the information described herein provides details on key components for successful behavioral testing, based on a compendium of methods from peer-reviewed publications and our own experiences. Specific areas highlighted include habituation procedures, selection of appropriate rewards, optimization of testing environments, and ways to integrate regular veterinary and husbandry procedures into the research program with minimal disruptions to the behavioral testing plan. This article aims to provide a broad foundation for researchers new to establishing behavioral and cognitive testing paradigms in marmosets and especially for the veterinary and husbandry colleagues who are indispensable collaborators of these research projects.
Braided Free Orthogonal Quantum Groups
Authors: Meyer Ralf , Roy Sutanu
Published: December 2020

We construct some braided quantum groups over the circle group. These are analogous to the free orthogonal quantum groups. They generalise the braided quantum SU(2) groups for a complex deformation parameter. We describe their irreducible representations and fusion rules and study when they are monoidally equivalent. A key tool here is to describe the bosonisation of our braided compact quantum groups through ordinary free orthogonal quantum groups.
Searching Refuge in Thailand or Brazil: Long-Distance Refugees and the Emergence of Global Asylum Hubs in Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Batréau Quentin , Tuitjer Leonie
Published: December 2020

Using UNHCR data, this article documents the diversification of asylum routes over the 1987–2017 period and its effects on the diversity of refugee populations in receiving countries. We coin a specific terminology, ‘local’, ‘regional’, and ‘global asylum hubs’ to characterize countries as being embedded in local, regional, or global refugee mobility networks. We show that only high-income countries were global asylum hubs up until the 1990s, but that a trend towards the diversification of asylum routes has created a number of global asylum hubs in middle-income countries since. These findings undermine the commonly held assumption that the reception of highly diverse refugee populations is a characteristic unique to high-income countries. We present two cases studies, from Thailand and from Brazil, to illustrate the radical diversity of refugee management models adopted by middle-income countries, which have become global refugee hubs, a situation that contrasts with the relative uniformity found in high-income countries.
The Regulatory and Institutional Framework of EU Cartel Law
Authors: Argenton Cédric , Geradin Damien , Stephan Andreas
Published: December 2020

This chapter deals with the institutional and regulatory framework that applies to cartels in the European Union (EU), going over both the substantive and procedural rules. The key legal basis for the prosecution of cartels resides under Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), as interpreted by the case law of the EU courts. Article 101 TFEU is a three-pronged provision. First, the chapter shows how Article 101(1) TFEU establishes a prohibition rule providing that any agreement between undertakings which may affect trade between Member States and which restricts competition is to be deemed incompatible with the internal market. Next, the chapter takes a look at how Article 101(2) TFEU declares that agreements deemed incompatible pursuant to Article 101(1) TFEU are null and void. The ways in which Article 101(3) TFEU embodies an exception to the default prohibition rule, which defuses the application of Article 101(1) for agreements that bring a positive net contribution to consumer welfare, is also discussed.
Courts, Foreign Affairs, and the Structural
Constitution
Authors: Bradley Curtis A
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides an overview of some of the constitutional, statutory, and common law doctrines that govern the adjudication of foreign affairs-related disputes in the United States. These doctrines include jurisdictional requirements, “justiciability” limitations such as the political question doctrine, the Erie doctrine concerning federal court application of state law, and the common law “act of state” doctrine. The chapter also discusses more general interpretive principles such as the Charming Betsy canon of construction and deference to the executive branch. The chapter concludes by describing the constitutional authority of U.S. government institutions other than the courts, including the situations in which state law that concerns foreign affairs will be preempted.
Treaties
Authors: Bradley Curtis A
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the status of treaties within the U.S. legal system. The focus is on international agreements concluded through the senatorial advice-and-consent process specified in Article II of the Constitution. The chapter describes that process, including the Senate’s ability to condition its consent through reservations and other qualifications. It also discusses the role of treaties as supreme law of the land, including the situations in which treaties will be considered “self-executing” and “non–self-executing,” as well as the later-in-time relationship of treaties to federal statutes. The chapter also discusses the relationship of treaties to constitutional limitations concerning the separation of powers and federalism, including the implications of the Supreme Court’s 1920 decision in Missouri v. Holland. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the president’s constitutional authority to withdraw the United States from treaties.
Executive Agreements and Political Commitments
Authors: Bradley Curtis A
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of “executive agreements”—that is, international agreements concluded by the United States outside of the senatorial advice-and-consent process specified in Article II of the Constitution. After describing the substantial growth during the twentieth century in the number of executive agreements, the chapter discusses the different types of these agreements: executive agreements concluded pursuant to authorization in a prior treaty; ex ante congressional–executive agreements concluded with prior authorization from Congress; ex post congressional–executive agreements concluded with congressional approval after they are negotiated; and sole executive agreements concluded by the president. The chapter also discusses the extent to which executive agreements are interchangeable with Article II treaties for purposes of domestic law, with respect to the preemption of state law, displacement of federal statutes, and federalism limitations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the growing phenomenon of non-binding political commitments.
Decisions and Orders of International Institutions
Authors: Bradley Curtis A
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of decisions and orders of international institutions to which the United States is a party. It begins with a description of various constitutional doctrines and principles that are potentially implicated by delegations of authority to international institutions, as well as general concerns that have been raised about such delegations relating to democratic accountability. The chapter also recounts the long history of U.S. engagement with international arbitration and the constitutional debates that this engagement has sometimes triggered. Extensive consideration is given to litigation concerning the consular notice provisions in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, including efforts by criminal defendants to enforce decisions by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) interpreting these provisions. The U.S. relationship with other international institutions, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Criminal Court, are also considered. The chapter concludes by discussing the extent to which constitutional concerns relating to international delegations can be adequately addressed by presuming that the orders and decisions of international institutions are non–self-executing in the U.S. legal system.
Customary International Law
Authors: Bradley Curtis A
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of customary international law, which was historically referred to as part of the “law of nations.” After considering what the text of the Constitution suggests about this issue, the chapter discusses how courts historically applied customary international law in cases in which it was relevant and how courts referred to it (in cases such as The Paquete Habana) as “part of our law.” The chapter also recounts the modern debates and uncertainties about the current domestic legal status of customary international law. In particular, the chapter explores the possibility that customary international law might have the status of post-Erie “federal common law” and what such a status might mean for questions of jurisdiction, preemption of state law, and limitations on congressional and executive authority. It also discusses various ways in which customary international law can be important in the U.S. legal system even if it is not applied directly by the courts, such as through the Charming Betsy canon of construction. The chapter concludes by discussing controversies concerning the Supreme Court’s consideration of foreign and international law materials when interpreting the U.S. Constitution.
Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law
Authors: Bradley Curtis A
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the application of federal and state law to conduct that takes place outside the territory of the United States. It begins by discussing the territorial scope of U.S. constitutional rights. Special consideration is given to the extraterritorial application of the right of habeas corpus in light of the Supreme Court’s 2008 decision in Boumediene v. Bush, concerning the habeas corpus rights of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay naval base in Cuba. The chapter then discusses the “presumption against extraterritoriality” that the Supreme Court applies when interpreting federal statutes. For situations in which the presumption is overcome or is inapplicable, the chapter explains how customary international law principles relating to prescriptive jurisdiction can be relevant in U.S. litigation through application of the Charming Betsy canon of construction. In addition, the chapter discusses the role of “universal jurisdiction” in U.S. litigation and criminal prosecution. Possible constitutional limitations on the extraterritorial application of both federal statutes and state laws, based on due process and other considerations, are also considered.
War Powers
and the War on Terrorism
Authors: Bradley Curtis A
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the relevance of international law within the U.S. legal system to the United States’ initiation and conduct of war, and it also discusses a variety of international law-related issues that have arisen in connection with the “war on terrorism” following the attacks of September 11, 2001. After briefly reviewing some of the most relevant treaties relating to war and warfare, the chapter considers the Constitution’s distribution of war authority between Congress and the president, as well as the contours of the 1973 War Powers Resolution. It then discusses how international law, including the provisions in the UN Charter relating to the authority of the Security Council, as well as collective self-defense treaties, might affect the president’s war authority. The chapter also discusses legal issues relating to the placement of U.S. troops under foreign or UN command. The chapter then shifts to the “war on terrorism,” and discusses the relevance of international law, including the Geneva Conventions, to issues concerning the scope of the military’s detention authority in that conflict. International law and other issues relating to the use of military commissions to try terrorist suspects are also considered. The chapter concludes by discussing legal debates relating to coercive interrogation and targeted killing.
The Crime of Aggression
Authors: Werle Gerhard , Jeßberger Florian
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the crime of aggression. It first takes a look at the prohibition of aggression under international law, particularly as to its developments prior to World War II and the current status of the prohibition. The chapter then explores criminal responsibility under customary international law. It seeks to determine first of all whether violations of the prohibition of aggression lead to direct criminal liability under customary international law, and to which violations this applies. A zone of criminal responsibility does exist, but is plainly narrower than the scope of what is forbidden by international law. Only aggressive war, as a particularly grave and obvious form of aggression, is criminalised under customary international law. To conclude, the chapter discusses the crime of aggression within the context of the ICC Statute.
Legal Reasoning Across Commercial Disputes
Authors: Strong SI
Published: December 2020

This book offers a novel, multi-pronged empirical analysis of legal reasoning in commercial disputes, comparing data across three different axes: the judicial–arbitral divide, the domestic–international divide, and the common law–civil law divide. In so doing, this text provides important insights into how judges and arbitrators resolve complex commercial disputes in both national and international settings and conducts important comparisons between different procedures. The study includes three different empirical methodologies: a large-scale international survey, a series of semi-structured interviews, and a detailed quantitative (coding) exercise. Results from the three research strands are cross-verified through various triangulation techniques and tested against conventional wisdom regarding legal reasoning. This work will help judges, arbitrators, practitioners, clients, and scholars understand how legal reasoning is conducted in different settings, thereby improving the practical and understanding of how commercial disputes are resolved.
Quantitative Analysis of Reasoned Decisions and Awards
Authors: Strong SI
Published: December 2020

This chapter involves a large-scale, quantitative analysis of judicial decisions and arbitral awards. The chapter begins by describing the methodology used to create the data set and coding criteria before moving on to present demographic and background information on the various decisions and awards so as to lay a foundation for the substantive analysis. Findings from the coding exercise include information generated by a novel paragraph-counting technique as well as a citation count analysis of both legal and factual authorities. The exercise tracks a number of issues addressed in the survey and semi-structured interviews, thereby allowing triangulation of data.
Introduction
Authors: Butler William E
Published: December 2020

This introductory chapter briefly reflects on the history of the law of making treaties in Russia. Treaties constitute the earliest surviving documents by at least a century and perhaps more in not only the legal history, but the general history, of the Russian people. The chapter discusses multiple issues which were embedded in the treaties of the ninth and tenth centuries, such as the form and legal nature of the document, ratification procedures, and so on. It considers how these issues interact with the existence of an international legal system as well as a domestic one. The chapter also looks at Russia's especially post-Soviet Russia's-responses to these issues and expounds on the importance of addressing them.
Constitutional Legislative History and Treaties in the Russian Legal System
Authors: Butler William E
Published: December 2020

This chapter traces the international treaty within Russian constitutional history. It shows how the Soviet and post-Soviet formulations on treaties influenced the drafters of the 1993 Russian Federation Constitution. These drafters had reacted, favourably or unfavourably, in the myriad of draft constitutions which circulated in Russia from 1990 to the final version of 12 December 1993. The chapter considers several of these chronologically, with commentary on their respective sources and approach to drafting. It primarily concentrates on whether only ratified treaties should enjoy priority (if at all) and whether generally-recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of Russia are part of Russian law or part of the Russian legal system (if at all).
The Energy Charter Treaty
Authors: Hobér Kaj
Published: December 2020

The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is unique under international law, providing a multilateral framework for energy cooperation through the operation of more open and competitive energy markets, while respecting the principles of sustainable development and sovereignty over energy resources. With 29 arbitrations currently under its provisions, a growing number of investors are resorting to the protection of the ECT. This book is an in-depth, article-by-article commentary on all aspects of the Treaty. It provides clear and comprehensive discussion of all provisions, analysing them against the background of other relevant writings such as case law and academic papers. The book considers relevant arbitral awards and also offers coverage and analysis of the history and background, as well as discussion, of its relationships with other treaties. As energy investors and the legal community become more aware of the Treaty, the number of disputes relating to it is rapidly increasing, and the book considers the growing volume of case law concerning the interpretation or application of the provisions of the treaty.