bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N-, O- and S-Heterocycles Synthesis in Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Perrone Serena , Messa Francesco , Troisi Luigino , Salomone Antonio
Published: April 2023

The synthesis of heterocycles is a fundamental area of organic chemistry that offers enormous potential for the discovery of new products with important applications in our daily life such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavors, dyes, and, more generally, engineered materials with innovative properties. As heterocyclic compounds find application across multiple industries and are prepared in very large quantities, the development of sustainable approaches for their synthesis has become a crucial objective for contemporary green chemistry committed to reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes. In this context, the present review focuses on the recent methodologies aimed at preparing N-, O- and S-heterocyclic compounds in Deep Eutectic Solvents, a new class of ionic solvents that are non-volatile, non-toxic, easy to prepare, easy to recycle, and can be obtained from renewable sources. Emphasis has been placed on those processes that prioritize the recycling of catalyst and solvent, as they offer the dual benefit of promoting synthetic efficiency while demonstrating environmental responsibility.
Chemical Characterization and Determination of the Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds in Three Scutellaria sp. Plants Grown in Colombia
Authors: Porras Silvia M. , Saavedra Rogerio A. , Sierra Lady J. , González Robert T. , Martínez Jairo R. , Stashenko Elena E.
Published: April 2023

Plants of the genus Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) have a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse biological properties, e.g., anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor activities. The chemical composition of the hydroethanolic extracts, obtained from dried plants of S. incarnata, S. coccinea, and S. ventenatii × S. incarnata, was determined by UHPLC/ESI-Q-Orbitrap-MS. The flavones were found in a higher proportion. Baicalin and dihydrobaicalein-glucuronide were the major extract components in S. incarnata (287.127 ± 0.005 mg/g and 140.18 ± 0.07 mg/g), in S. coccinea (158.3 ± 0.34 mg/g and 51.20 ± 0.02 mg/g), and in S. ventenatii × S. incarnata (186.87 ± 0.01 mg/g and 44.89 ± 0.06 mg/g). The S. coccinea extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in the four complementary techniques employed to evaluate all extracts: ORAC (3828 ± 3.0 µmol Trolox®/g extract), ABTS+• (747 ± 1.8 µmol Trolox®/g extract), online HPLC-ABTS+• (910 ± 1.3 µmol Trolox®/g extract), and β-carotene (74.3 ± 0.8 µmol Trolox®/g extract).
Efficient Adsorption of Tebuconazole in Aqueous Solution by Calcium Modified Water Hyacinth-Based Biochar: Adsorption Kinetics, Mechanism, and Feasibility
Authors: Liu Yucan , Gao Zhonglu , Ji Xianguo , Wang Ying , Zhang Yan , Sun Hongwei , Li Wei , Wang Lide , Duan Jinming
Published: April 2023

The application of fungicides (such as tebuconazole) can impose harmful impacts on the ecosystem and humans. In this study, a new calcium modified water hyacinth-based biochar (WHCBC) was prepared and its effectiveness for removing tebuconazole (TE) via adsorption from water was tested. The results showed that Ca was loaded chemically (CaC2O4) onto the surface of WHCBC. The adsorption capacity of the modified biochar increased by 2.5 times in comparison to that of the unmodified water hyacinth biochar. The enhanced adsorption was attributed to the improved chemical adsorption capacity of the biochar through calcium modification. The adsorption data were better fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating that the adsorption process was dominated by monolayer adsorption. It was found that liquid film diffusion was the main rate-limiting step in the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of WHCBC was 40.5 mg/g for TE. The results indicate that the absorption mechanisms involved surface complexation, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions. The inhibitory rate of Cu2+ and Ca2+ on the adsorption of TE by WHCBC were at 4.05–22.8%. In contrast, the presence of other coexisting cations (Cr6+, K+, Mg2+, Pb2+), as well as natural organic matter (humic acid), could promote the adsorption of TE by 4.45–20.9%. In addition, the regeneration rate of WHCBC was able to reach up to 83.3% after five regeneration cycles by desorption stirring with 0.2 mol/L HCl (t = 360 min). The results suggest that WHCBC has a potential in application for removing TE from water.
Amino Acid Derivatives of Chlorin-e6—A Review
Authors: Vicente Maria da Graça H. , Smith Kevin M.
Published: April 2023

Details of the structural elucidation of the clinically useful photodynamic therapy sensitizer NPe6 (15) are presented. NPe6, also designated as Laserphyrin, Talaporfin, and LS-11, is a second-generation photosensitizer derived from chlorophyll-a, currently used in Japan for the treatment of human lung, esophageal, and brain cancers. After the initial misidentification of the structure of this chlorin-e6 aspartic acid conjugate as (13), NMR and other synthetic procedures described herein arrived at the correct structure (15), confirmed using single crystal X-ray crystallography. Interesting new features of chlorin-e6 chemistry (including the intramolecular formation of an anhydride (24)) are reported, allowing chemists to regioselectively conjugate amino acids to each available carboxylic acid on positions 131 (formic), 152 (acetic), and 173 (propionic) of chlorin e6 (14). Cellular investigations of several amino acid conjugates of chlorin-e6 revealed that the 131-aspartylchlorin-e6 derivative is more phototoxic than its 152- and 173-regioisomers, in part due to its nearly linear molecular conformation.
The SEB1741 Aptamer Is an Efficient Tool for Blocking CD4+ T Cell Activation Induced by Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
Authors: Chavez-Galan Leslie , Ruiz Andy , Ramón-Luing Lucero A. , Escamilla-Gutiérrez Alejandro , Sánchez-Monciváis Anahí , Tecuatzi-Cadena Brenda , Medina-Quero Karen , Córdova-Espinoza María Guadalupe
Published: April 2023

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a protein produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which is toxic to humans. It is well known for its ability to stimulate the exacerbated activation of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells (Th1 profile), and in vitro studies have been conducted to understand its mechanism of action and its potential use as an immune therapy. However, the efficiency of the SEB1741 aptamer in blocking SEB has not been experimentally demonstrated. Methods: Enrichment CD4+ T cells were stimulated with SEB, and as a blocker, we used the SEB1741 aptamer, which was previously synthesised by an “in silico” analysis, showing high affinity and specificity to SEB. The efficiency of the SEB1741 aptamer in blocking CD4+ T cell activation was compared with that of an anti-SEB monoclonal antibody. Flow cytometry and Bio-Plex were used to evaluate the T-cell function. Results: In vitro, SEB induced the activation of CD4+ T cells and favoured a Th1 profile; however, the SEB1741 aptamer was highly efficient in decreasing the frequency of CD4+ T cells positive to ki-67 and CD69 cells, this means that proliferation and activation of CD4+ T cells was decreased. Moreover, the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was affected, suggesting that the Th1 profile is not present when the SEB1441 aptamer is used. Thus, the SEB1741 function was similar to that of anti-SEB. Conclusions: The SEB1741 aptamer is a valuable tool for blocking CD4+ T cell activation and the subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines by SEB stimulation.
The Age of Young Nurses Is a Predictor of Burnout Syndrome during the Care of Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Moya-Salazar Jeel , Buitrón Liliana A. , Goicochea Eliane A. , Salazar Carmen R. , Moya-Salazar Belén , Contreras-Pulache Hans
Published: April 2023

Background: Burnout Syndrome (BS) is a work fatigue phenomenon that leads to physical exhaustion during care work, and there could be an increase in the proportion of nurses affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in those caring for infected patients. We aimed to determine BS in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An observational study was conducted on 100 nurses over the age of 18 and working in COVID-19 medical units in 2021. The 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire was used to estimate BS, and differences between age groups, gender, work time, and previous infection were estimated. Results: The majority of nurses (mean 30 ± 5.5 years) were women (78%), and the most frequent working time was from 1 to 10 years (58%). A total of 88% of the nurses had moderate BS, affecting more males, aged between 20 and 30 years, and without previous infection. The youngest age group, 20–30 years, presented the highest mean BS with 53.8 (SD 4.18) points (95% CI: 52.79 to 54.8), showing differences with older nurses (p < 0.05). Prediction analysis showed that only age was a significant predictor for the development of SB (p < 0.001). Conclusions: BS negatively impacts young nurses during the care of COVID-19 patients, so strategies should be promoted to ensure a better working environment. Improving the workspace can include self-care strategies, changes in the system and work organization, an improvement of interpersonal relationships, and risk prevention.
The Densification Characteristics of Polished Fused Silica Glass and Its Scattering Characteristics
Authors: Jiang Xiaowei , Chen Dingbo , Quan Yuchuan , Long Xingwu , Wu Suyong , Tan Zhongqi
Published: April 2023

Optical surface scattering is an important subject in the field of optics. Previous studies of surface scattering mainly focused on the influence of surface topography and often ignored the influence of the mechanical property’s change caused by polished surface densification. In this paper, we study the mechanical property of fused silica glass in detail and analyze the scattering behaviour of actual fused silica glass’s surface with sub-angstrom roughness, considering the topography and the change of refractive index. Experimental results show that there is a negative correlation between the height and modulus on the surface of roughly polished fused silica glass, and the correlation coefficient γ = −0.29 was determined. After super−polishing, the mechanical properties of the sample surface become significantly uniform with a roughness of Rq = 0.06 nm and Ra = 0.05 nm, and the correlation coefficient becomes γ = −0.02. Moreover, the nanoindentation test proves that silica glass surfaces have been densified during polishing. Based on the densification characteristics, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) was simulated by the finite element method. The result indicates that the densification characteristics will increase the scattering intensity. This work not only deepens the understanding of the properties of polished optical surfaces but also the surface scattering characteristics of optical elements.
Exploring the Benefits of Yoga for Mental and Physical Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Patel Radhika , Veidlinger Daniel
Published: April 2023

This article examines the efficacy of the postures, breath control techniques, and meditative states of yoga, specifically Haṭha Yoga, in promoting overall mental and physical health. It then examines whether this form of yoga could be effective in reducing morbidity or serious illness during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assess the potential efficacy of three claims made for Haṭha Yoga. They are the following: (1) breathing exercises associated with yoga may help maintain pulmonary health and protect the upper respiratory tract, the portal of entry for the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection; (2) improved immunity resulting from sustained yoga practice may help prevent COVID-19 contraction; (3) stress reduction of yoga may be effective in maintaining the mental well-being needed to combat the extra stress of living during a pandemic. Related to this claim, we examine testimony to the effect that yoga also gave people meaning and purpose in their lives during the isolating lockdown period. While exploring these beneficent advantages, we further address a serious health-related counterclaim that the community practice of yoga has the potential to create conditions that facilitate disease transmission due to heavy breathing in small, enclosed spaces. This balanced analysis introduces an interesting tension relevant to public health policy, namely that well-intended attempts to minimize indoor interaction for the sake of reducing the spread of infection may impact the effectiveness of yogic therapies and impede the freedom to practice the spiritual discipline of yoga. They may also not reduce the spread of infection enough to warrant their damaging effects on yoga practice. We suggest ways for resolving this tension and conclude with some concrete recommendations for facilitating yoga practice in future pandemics. These include (1) that public health policymakers consider programs that provide access to yoga by ensuring hospital prayer rooms appropriate in size and that, where feasible, yoga studios conduct their lessons outside in open areas; (2) that resources be devoted to providing therapeutic access to virtual yoga as a federal program, despite potential resistance to this idea of government involvement due to concerns that yoga has its origins in heterodox religious practice.
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency Due to Isolated ACTH Deficiency Induced by Pembrolizumab: A Report of Two Cases of Uterine Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Onoyama Ichiro , Kawakami Minoru , Hachisuga Kazuhisa , Maenohara Shoji , Kodama Keisuke , Yagi Hiroshi , Yasunaga Masafumi , Ohgami Tatsuhiro , Asanoma Kazuo , Yahata Hideaki , Kitamura Yuya , Sakamoto Ryuichi , Kiyozawa Daisuke , Kato Kiyoko
Published: April 2023

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) enhance antitumoral immune mechanisms and are used to treat various types of solid tumors including those that are microsatellite instability (MSI)-high. Uterine endometrial cancer is one of the most frequent tumor types that shows MSI-high, and, consequently, opportunities to use ICIs for endometrial cancer treatment are increasing. While using ICIs, it is important to monitor and manage various immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here, we report two cases of secondary adrenal insufficiency during treatment of endometrial cancer with pembrolizumab. Both cases showed appetite loss and general fatigue after the 6th or 12th cycle of pembrolizumab. They were admitted to our hospital because of remarkable hyponatremia. Both cases showed no adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cortisol response to CRH loading tests. Other pituitary hormone levels were normal, and MRI revealed no sign of hypophysitis in either patient. They were diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency due to isolated ACTH deficiency and recovered soon after the administration of hydrocortisone and hydration. Thus, we should be aware of irAEs with the use of ICIs. In particular, adrenocortical insufficiency is sometimes lethal without appropriate treatment. Because the clinical symptoms are fatigue, appetite loss, and nausea, patients might be misjudged to have symptoms related to cancer. Checking serum morning cortisol before ICIs use and monitoring serum sodium levels could provide clues to diagnose secondary adrenal insufficiency.
Lohmann Brown Rooster Semen: Intrinsic Bacteria and Their Impact on Sperm Progressive Motility and Seminal Biochemical Parameters—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ďuračka Michal , Petrovičová Michaela , Benko Filip , Kováčik Anton , Lukáč Norbert , Kačániová Miroslava , Tvrdá Eva
Published: April 2023

Semen quality plays a crucial role in poultry production; however, it may be impaired by the presence of numerous bacterial species. This study researched the impact of bacterial contamination of Lohmann brown rooster semen on the biochemical parameters of seminal plasma to evaluate its potential consequences on the sperm progressive motility. Semen was collected from 27 stud roosters, and the sperm concentration and progressive motility were measured using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Seminal plasma was separated, and selected biochemical parameters were measured using commercially available assays. An aliquot of each semen sample was cultured, the colonies were counted and the MALDI Biotyper was used for bacterial identification. The samples were divided into three categories based on their sperm progressive motility and the data were compared and statistically evaluated. Moreover, Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed. The results showed that the lower the sperm progressive motility, the higher the level of colony-forming units. Moreover, sperm concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the group with the highest bacterial occurrence and the lowest proportion of progressively motile spermatozoa. Calcium, magnesium, creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, and total proteins significantly changed in semen samples with the lowest proportion of progressive motility. In conclusion, seminal plasma biochemistry may mirror changes occurring in semen as a result of bacterial presence in the reproductive tract of poultry.
DeWitt Boundary Condition in One-Loop Quantum Cosmology
Authors: Esposito Giampiero
Published: April 2023

DeWitt’s suggestion that the wave function of the universe should vanish at the classical Big Bang singularity is considered here within the framework of one-loop quantum cosmology. For pure gravity at one loop about a flat four-dimensional background bounded by a 3-sphere, three choices of boundary conditions are considered: vanishing of the linearized magnetic curvature when only transverse-traceless gravitational modes are quantized; a one-parameter family of mixed boundary conditions for gravitational and ghost modes; and diffeomorphism-invariant boundary conditions for metric perturbations and ghost modes. A positive ζ(0) value in these cases ensures that, when the three-sphere boundary approaches zero, the resulting one-loop wave function approaches zero. This property may be interpreted by saying that, in the limit of small three-geometry, the resulting one-loop wave function describes a singularity-free universe. This property holds for one-loop functional integrals, which are not necessarily equivalent to solutions of the quantum constraint equations.
Supervised Learning Technique for First Order Multipaths Identification of V2V Scenario
Authors: Bakhuraisa Yaser A. , Abd Aziz Azlan B. , Geok Tan K. , Abu Bakar Norazhar B. , Jamian Saifulnizan B. , Mustakim Fajaruddin B.
Published: April 2023

In geometrical localization techniques, the propagated signal’s first-order multipath (FOMP) characteristics are used to calculate the location based on geometrical relationships. Utilizing the characteristics of higher order multipath (HOMP) results in a significant localization error. Therefore, distinguishing between FOMPs and HOMPs is an important task. The previous works used traditional methods based on a deterministic threshold to accomplish this task. Unfortunately, these methods are complicated and insufficiently accurate. This paper proposes an efficient method based on supervised learning to distinguish more accurately between the propagated FOMP and HOMP of millimeter-Wave Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication in an urban scenario. Ray tracing technique based on Shoot and Bounce Ray (SBR) is used to generate the dataset’s features including received power, propagation time, the azimuth angle of arrival (AAOA), and elevation angle of arrival (EAOA). A statistical analysis based on the probability distribution function (PDF) is presented first to study the selected features’ impact on the classification process. Then, six supervised classifiers, namely Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, and artificial neural network, are trained and tested, and their performance is compared in terms of HOMP misclassification. The effect of the considered features on the classifiers’ performance is further investigated. Our results showed that all the proposed classifiers provided an acceptable classification performance. The proposed ANN showed the best performance, whereas the NB was the worst. In fact, the HOMP misclassification error varied between 2.3% and 16.7%. The EAOA exhibited the most significant influence on classification performance, while the AAOA was the least.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in patients with residual-organic insufficiency of the central nervous system
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «A. I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rangus S. R. , Tsygankov B. D. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «A. I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, FSBEI HPE Lomonosov Moscow State University, Prosvetov A. O. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «A. I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yurshev Yu. A. ,   FSBEI HPE Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: April 2023

This article discusses the relationship of three global topics, each of which is of particular interest in the scientific community: transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment method, treatment-resistant depression, and residual-organic insufficiency of the central nervous system. Depression has become one of the most common diseases in the world, affecting more than 264 million people. According to various clinical data, drug therapy is effective in about 70 % of cases. In the remaining 30 %, there is no efficiency, or it turns out to be incomplete. These conditions can be comorbid with a variety of exogenous organic symptoms. Up to 30 % of patients seeking medical help in connection with neurotic disorders have signs of residual-organic insufficiency. The treatment of these conditions requires the search for methods to resolve them. One of these methods is transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is a non-invasive and well-tolerated treatment for depression, with proven clinical efficacy.
Stakeholders’ perceptions about a surgical site infection master training plan for a low-middle income country
Authors: Khan Muhammad Nasir Ayub , van Mook Walther Nicolaas Anton , Baker Hafeez Bhatti Abu , Dolmans Diana H.J.M. , Verstegen Daniëlle M.L.
Published: April 2023

Background: Training is a critical component for improving the practice of surgical site infections (SSI). We have designed a master training plan characterized by a task-based, interprofessional and reflective approach consisting of initial training of employees and subsequent refresher training. It aims to improve the practice of SSI in hospitals. The research question was: How do policymakers, teachers and managers/leaders of health care institutions perceive the outline of a master training plan for SSI? Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 28 stakeholders from three categories. Results: Four key themes emerged from the interviews: 1) Discussion of authentic tasks fosters the transfer of knowledge to the workplace; 2) interprofessional reflective learning comes with challenges; 3) the master training plan help to change behavior, and 4) it is feasible with limited resources. However, the stakeholders pointed that interprofessional training creates friction among health care professionals (HCPs) who work together and participate in the interprofessional training sessions. To disseminate the training across healthcare facilities, stakeholders suggested developing a train-the-trainer plan. Furthermore, stakeholders suggested making HCPs accountable for actual behavior changes in the workplace. Conclusion: The stakeholders agreed with the approach that the master plan is based on. Implementing this master training plan was expected to encourage knowledge and skills to practice. Participants indicated that arranging training might be feasible in different institutions and it should be part of undergraduate, postgraduate, and continuing medical education. The stakeholders perceived the outline of the master training plan to be well-suited for implementation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Interregional Differentiation and Heterogeneity of the Consequences of Pandemic Restrictions in Russia
Authors: Bozo N. V. , Shipkova O. T.
Published: April 2023

The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of the economic development of Russian regions under the influence of various socio-economic factors and the differentiation of region groups depending on the implementation of state regulation of economic activity measures in them during the pandemic period.

   The analysis was carried out using statistical methods (primarily methods of statistical groupings and correlation-regression analysis). The conceptual and methodological principles for assessing changes in economic activity in Russian regions after the introduction of restrictive measures of different levels of severity are outlined based on the study of Russian and foreign scientific publications on the issues under consideration. A regression model uses to identify the influence of the studied factors. To identify the impact of the studied factors, the authors built a regression model that included the following statistical indicators: index of industrial production, unemployment rate, share of the urban population, share of the region's gross value added (GVA), number of small and medium-sized enterprises (excluding micro-enterprises) per 10,000 population, share of the region in the production of all Russian mining enterprises, region openness coefficient, average per capita monetary income of the population, poverty level. The final part of the article presents the results of the study indicating that pandemic restrictions, depending on the degree of their severity, had a different impact on the economy of the regions. The authors emphasize the heterogeneity of changes in the factors determining the economic activity of regions under the influence of restrictive measures on the part of governments, particularly regional authorities.
Travail et repos dominical dans une ville calviniste : Nîmes, XVIe-XVIIe siècle
Authors: Chareyre Philippe
Published: April 2023

Le rapport au travail est considéré comme l’un des marqueurs de la division confessionnelle, notamment au travers de l’exercice de certaines professions ou du respect des fêtes chômées. Les données apportées par les registres des consistoires protestants dans le sud de la France, et surtout celui de Nîmes, particulièrement bien documenté, permettent de constater que cette distinction fut difficile et longue à mettre en place. L’ordre réformé institue une semaine de travail de six jours et le repos dominical obligatoire, mais dans la pratique le consistoire tente péniblement d’assurer seulement la cessation totale de l’activité durant la durée des prêches qui ont lieu le mercredi et le dimanche. Ce n’est que dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle que la réglementation synodale tente d’imposer un dimanche entièrement dédié aux exercices de piété, au détriment des nombreuses pratiques de sociabilité. Il devient dès lors difficile pour des membres de la communauté d’exercer des professions telles que rôtisseurs, coiffeurs ou maîtres de jeu de paume.
Les représentations des universitaires bordelais et la temporalité de la figure du savant (1880- 1960)
Authors: Lagrange Marion
Published: April 2023

L’étude des représentations des universitaires prend tout son sens sur une longue période s’étendant des années 1870, où le renouveau des études universitaires s’accorde avec de nouveaux programmes architecturaux dédiés à l’enseignement et à la recherche, jusqu’à la période charnière des années 1960 où s’organise un enseignement universitaire de masse. À l’échelle de la ville de Bordeaux, il est possible d’étudier les modalités de représentation de cette élite intellectuelle et son évolution, tant dans sa forme que dans sa signification. Nous nous proposons de saisir les articulations qui vont du portrait sculpté au portrait photographique, du scientifique figuré comme symbole du système méritocratique républicain à l’universitaire représenté en tant qu’individu et personnalité intellectuelle.
Pour une histoire sociale de l’enseignement du français
Authors: Christ Herbert
Published: April 2023

Selon toute apparence, on commence à s’intéresser à l’histoire de l’enseignement des langues partout dans le monde — ou, pour mieux dire — on reprend des études interrompues depuis quelques décennies. Ceci a des raisons très simples : on s’aperçoit de plus en plus que le progrès dans l’enseignement des langues (comme en toute autre matière didactique) dépend en partie de notre savoir et de nos expériences historiques.
La bibliothèque de l’Archiginnasio de Bologne
Authors: Pellandra Carla
Published: April 2023

La Bibliothèque communale de l’Archiginnasio de Bologne a son siège depuis cent cinquante ans dans le magnifique palais que le Pape Pie IV fit bâtir dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle pour doter les «écoles» du Studio de l'Alma Mater Studiorum d’une résidence convenable. De 1563 à 1803, l’Archiginnasio fut donc le siège stable de l’Université de Bologne qui célèbre cette année son neuvième centenaire.
Et l'image vint. Le mouvement réformiste du XIXe siècle en Allemagne et l'enseignement par l'aspect
Authors: Reinfried Marcus
Published: April 2023

La neusprachliche Reformbewegung se répandit à partir de 1880. Elle était, comme l'on sait, une réaction contre la «méthode grammaire et traduction». Dans ce contexte, les images gagnèrent, au moins pour une partie des réformateurs, un rôle important : leur fonction devint d'intégrer le monde sensible dans l'apprentissage des langues étrangères. L'espace de quelques décennies, les médias visuels devinrent, pour ainsi dire, des fenêtres censées supprimer la cloison étanche qui sépare la salle de classe de la vie. Que représentent ces images, quelles étaient précisément leurs fonctions méthodologiques ? Où sont les origines de l'enseignement par l'aspect, quelle évolution a-t-il prise au 19e siècle, comment s'est-il prolongé au 20e siècle ?
Des méthodes Ahn/Ploetz aux méthodes directes. Pratiques d’enseignement des langues en Suède de 1860 à 1905
Authors: Hammar Elisabet
Published: April 2023

Même avec l’institutionnalisation de l’enseignement des langues vivantes au 19e siècle, celui-ci a toujours gardé, en théorie comme en pratique, cette double face qui le caractérise presque depuis le début : la langue comme instrument de communication entre des individus de différentes nationalités, et la langue comme objet d’une formation formelle et littéraire. Deux perspectives qui entraînent, bien évidemment, des conceptions différentes en matière de méthodes d’enseignement. Et ce qui complique encore les choses, c’est qu’un élève, un professeur, une école ou toute l’administration scolaire d’un pays peuvent combiner ces deux aspects à un degré qui n’est pas toujours facile à déterminer.
Du titre à la préface. L’évolution des options didactico-méthodologiques à travers les manuels publiés en Italie entre 1860 et 1923
Authors: Minerva Nadia
Published: April 2023

Les considérations qui suivent voudraient offrir une contribution aux phases préliminaires de la compilation d’un répertoire de manuels pour l’enseignement du français, publiés en Italie entre 1860 et 19231. Ce travail préparatoire consiste aussi à repérer les traits caractérisant la période envisagée ; l’un de ces traits est la diversification des méthodes et la prise de conscience que celles-ci jouent un rôle de premier plan dans l’enseignement/apprentissage d’une langue étrangère. Le problème de la méthode est donc posé avec force et son importance dans la pédagogie linguistique est souvent mise en vedette ; d’où les débats et les allusions fréquentes à ces débats dans les manuels de cette époque.
Organización y metodología de la enseñanza del francés en el Modo de enseñar las lenguas y ciencias [...] de J.A. González Cañaveras
Authors: Fernández Fraile Ma Eugenia
Published: April 2023

José Antonio González Cañaveras est un personnage qui mérite d’être récupéré de l’oubli : les positions qu’il maintient dans son oeuvre (Modo de enseñar las Lenguas y Ciencias), menées partiellement à la pratique (il fut le Directeur du Séminaire de Cádiz), attestent des vues réformatrices non seulement quant à l’organisation générale des études «secondaires», ou au curriculum de celles-ci, mais aussi quant au programme et à la didactique des différentes matières d’étude. Il défend ainsi une période spécifique de formation, d’une durée de 7 ans, qui doit précéder l’Université et qui doit en être indépendante. L’enseignement des langues y occupe une place capitale : les deux premières années sont consacrées presque totalement à rapprends sage d’une langue étrangère ou du latin (au choix) ; l’enseignement de la langue maternelle est également considéré comme nécessaire.

Quant à l’enseignement du français-langue étrangère, les conseils qu’il prodigue dans l’édition de 1794 se situent dans la même lignée de renouvellement méthodologique de P.N. Chantreau : il critique que les manuels ne soient pas adaptés aux besoins et au niveau des élèves ; il affirme le besoin d’un apprentissage raisonné ces concepts et des règles de grammaire, il défend la place importante de l’usage, de la pratique de la langue. Cependant sa Cartilla, publiée dix ans auparavant, ne contient pas de réalisations novatrices, puisqu’elle se réduit à un catalogue de règles visant une lecture correcte. A mi-chemin entre la modernité et la tradition, ses propositions reflètent comment les influences européennes (Port-Royal, l’empirisme) commencent à se faire sentir en Espagne à la lin du XVIIIe siècle.
Apuntes sobre la incorporación del léxico de la química al español : la influencia de Lavoisier
Authors: Garriga Escribano Cecilio
Published: April 2023

Les théories de Lavoisier constituent le passage définitif de la chimie vers la modernité et la révolution que ses propositions entraînent est spécialement significative dans le domaine terminologique : la nouvelle nomenclature chimique devient la charpente de la science chimique moderne.

En Espagne, les monarques éclairés encouragent le développement de diverses sciences, parmi elles la chimie, intéressés qu’ils sont à ses applications militaires. Dans ce but, ils créent des chaires, des laboratoires, et ils font venir pour les diriger des chimistes français jouissant d'un grand prestige. Dans les quinze dernières années du XVIIIe siècle cette politique ne met pas longtemps à porter ses fruits, et on traduit en espagnol les principaux traités des chimistes français, en même temps que des spécialistes importants, partisans des théories de Lavoisier, commencent à se former.

Cette situation fait que le lexique de la chimie pénètre très tôt dans l’espagnol, et qu’on adapte, en partant du français, des termes aujourd’hui tout à fait courants comme oxígeno (oxygène), hidrógeno (hydrogène), ou gas (gaz).

Dans cette étude on esquisse un bref panorama de la voie de pénétration de la chimie moderne en Espagne, et on prête une attention toute particulière aux premières traductions à travers lesquelles on incorpore et on adapte la nouvelle terminologie, exprimée en français, à l’espagnol ; on analyse la conception que les traducteurs avaient de leur tâche, conscients qu’ils étaient de la nécessité de ne pas dénaturer la terminologie en tant que langue de transmission universelle de connaissances ; finalement on examine le processus d’incorporation de quelques-uns des termes les plus significatifs de la chimie en espagnol. C’est de cette façon qu’on parvient à avancer la première documentation de ces mots dans les textes spécialisés, devançant l’incoporation lexicographique dans les dictionnaires du XIXe siècle.

Le but ultime de cette étude est de mettre à l’épreuve la validité d’une méthode de travail qui, partant de la fragmentation du vocabulaire technique, permette d’isoler et d’étudier du point de vue historique des portions bien délimitées du lexique espagnol.
La politique d'extermination : nouvelles réponses, nouvelles questions sur l'histoire de l'Holocauste
Authors: Herbert Ulrich
Published: April 2023

L'« Holocauste » a-t-il été un « projet national » des Allemands ? Jusqu'à quel point l'antisémitisme était-il répandu parmi les Allemands, et quel rôle a-t-il joué dans le déclenchement du génocide ? Quels étaient les mobiles des tueurs, qu'il s'agisse des meurtriers de bureau ou bien de ceux qui ont commis les meurtres ? Dans quel rapport se situaient les mobiles de nature idéologique avec les objectifs non idéologiques, à visée utilitaire ? Et quelle a été l'importance de la politique d'extermination nationale-socialiste pour la politique d'occupation allemande en Europe dans son ensemble ? Cet article s'efforce de donner de nouvelles réponses à ces questions, à partir de nombreuses recherches empiriques dont le nombre s'est considérablement accru ces dix dernières années, essentiellement en Allemagne, en Israël et aux États-Unis.
Sur Hitler : avatars récents du genre biographique
Authors: Ayçoberry Pierre
Published: April 2023

Although the biographical approach has been considered as out of date by many historians, one had to notice a new wave of such publications on Hitler in the eighties and nineties. Some took the shape of essays on his personality and action, others, while denying to be biographies in the old sense, still used a narrative method « from the cradle to the grave ». In the best cases however, relations between the Fiihrer and the people were brought into full light by having recourse to the weberian theory of charismatic power. « Parallel lives », e.g. of Hitler and Stalin, are also to be mentioned.
L'histoire des politiques symboliques modernes : un questionnement
Authors: Ory Pascal
Published: April 2023

Every political power is using symbolism (symbolon : sign of recognition), with the aim of creating, maintaining or reinforcing the social link by binding the group around these signs. We suggest an interpretation, both general and specific for modern times, analysing the ways of symbolical policy (emblem, monument, ritual), this forms and, finally, its supposed signification, at a time of what Max Weber was calling « world disenchantment ».
Un illustré sous l'Occupation : Le Téméraire
Authors: Ragache Gilles
Published: April 2023

Pendant l'Occupation, les illustrés pour enfants ont constitué un enjeu non négligeable. En Zone libre, l'entourage de Pétain a encouragé la parution de journaux dont la majorité appartenait à la mouvance catholique. En Zone occupée, les illustrés cessent de paraître en 1942, mais en 1943 Le Téméraire obtient l'autorisation de paraître. Malgré ce qui a été écrit à ce sujet, ce n'est pas un journal allemand mais toléré par les Allemands, qui a été conçu par Jacques Bousquet, directeur de cabinet d'Abel Bonnard. En situation de monopole jusqu'à 1944, avec un tirage de 150 000 exemplaires et une bonne présentation, Le Téméraire exerça une influence certaine sur les enfants. Or il distillait une idéologie militariste, autoritaire et parfois raciste. Jacques Bousquet et ses amis ont aussi tenté de mettre sur pied une organisation de jeunesse à partir de clubs de lecteurs d'apparence anodine...
Histoire, Mémoire et Oubli. Pour un autre régime d'historicité
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément
Published: April 2023

This paper, rooted in my studies of the historiography of the French Revolution and of the War of Vendée, discuss the relationships between History, Memory, and Oblivion as social uses of the Past. History and Memory could be seen as « Siamese twins » due to their opposite prospects and méthodes, the first devoted to the universal and the criticism, the second linked to communautaries relationships and affective feelings. Both are however unseparable and dependant as it could be seen in the creation of historiographies, of historical schools and cultural identities, and due to the necessity to elaborate narration on the Past. History and Memory must be assigned to their right places, in their necessary cooperation to deal with the Past. Oblivion could be seen as the horizon line of these proceedings, reassuring the obligation to incorporate the Past in every body and in every social group.
Accès au traitement du sida, marchés des médicaments et citoyenneté dans le Brésil d’aujourd’hui
Authors: Biehl João
Published: April 2023

Acesso ao tratamento da Aids, mercados de medicamentos e cidadania no Brasil João Biehl

Esse artigo aborda questões políticas e econômicas colocadas pela política brasileira de acesso universal ao tratamento da Aids e examina seu alcance médico e social em contextos de pobreza urbana nos quais a epidemia se propaga muito rapidamente. Demonstro que a combinação entre ativismo dos pacientes, interesses da indústria farmacêutica e reforma do Estado conduziu a uma mudança progressiva do conceito de saúde pública. Este é entendido, hoje, menos como a atenção médica voltada à prevenção do que como acesso a medicamentos e cuidados de saúde dispensados pela própria comunidade. As terapias contra a Aids tornaram-se disponíveis para todos (com a presença efetiva do Estado na distribuição de medicamentos). Contudo, cabe aos indivíduos e às comunidades assumirem localmente o papel das instituições políticas e médicas. Em um quadro de infraestructuras limitadas e por meio de multiplos circuitos de cuidados de saúde, a subjetividade de alguns pacientes vivendo com Hiv/ Aids vem a ser reconfigurada segundo a «vontade de viver » pelo tratamento.
Технологии развития двигательных умений и навыков на занятиях по легкой атлетике с применением межпредметных связей и информационных технологий у школьников старших классов
Authors: Kozina Zh.L. , Al-Ravashdeh Abdel Baset , Korobeinik V.A
Published: April 2023

Цель: разработать и обосновать технологии интегрального воздействия двигательных и интеллектуальных аспектов на процесс развития техники легкоатлетических метаний и бега девушек 15-16 лет.  Материал и методы: в исследовании принимали участие 2 группы школьников: контрольная (n = 22) и экспериментальная (n = 21).   Результаты: Разработана методика обучения технике бега, прыжков и метаний учениц старшей школы. Методика подразумевает овладение базовыми движениями легкой атлетики на основе аналогий с рациональными и экономичными движениями в живой природе, законами механики. Это обуславливает применение знаний физики, биологии, математики для получения более полного представления о правильной технике легкоатлетических движений. Выводы: Показано, что применение межпредметных связей и информационных технологий позволяет сделать процесс обучения движениям более эффективным по сравнению с изучением исключительно материала по физическому воспитанию.
Typhus Disease in Iran during the Qajar Period (1725 to 1925 AD); a Brief Historical Review
Authors: Golshani Seyyed Alireza , Mansourbakht Ghobad , Alembizar Faranak
Published: April 2023

Typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by a series of bacteria called Rickettsia that is transmitted by insects such as lice, fleas, and ticks. This disease has appeared several times in Iran and caused many casualties. There were some therapeutic measures taken by European physicians in Tehran and medical graduates of the Dar al-Fonun school or expatriates who had studied medical courses in Western countries, even though the taken steps were not enough. Due to the lack of sanitation and cleaning products after the outbreak of World War I in March 1917 and its synchronization with the swift outbreak of Typhus in 1918, heavy casualties followed. In this study, we first examine the prevalence of Typhus in the Qajar dynasty in Iran, and will then focus on the pathological importance of this disease history in Iran. After that, we will study the role of Typhus prevalence and World War I in the Persian famine, malnutrition, and food poverty. Moreover, we investigated the role that this great war had in strengthening the spread of this disease and its role in the death of many Iranian people.
Investigating the Quantity of Used Oil Produced by Motor Vehicles in Iran and Providing Management Solutions Based on Health and Environmental Principles
Authors: Taghipour Hassan , Ghayebzadeh Mehdi , Gilani Neda , Aslani Hassan
Published: April 2023

Background. Used oil is a problematic waste containing hazardous and toxic components. This study aimed to investigate the quantity of used oil produced by motor vehicles in Iran and offer management solutions based on health and environmental principles. Methods. First, the conversion ratio of motor oil into used oil was determined. The mass balance method and the conversion ratio were used to estimate the used oil produced in the past 14 years. The amount of used oil produced over the following 15 years was also predicted using an artificial neural network. The current status of used oil management in Iran was assessed through checklists, observations, field visits, and interviews. Finally, an appropriate management solution was provided for it. Results. According to the results, 151.2 to 315.2 kilotons (kt) of used oil were produced annually in Iran between 2003 to 2017, and it would reach 250 kt by 2031 according to prediction. In Iran, approximately 77% of the used oil was collected and recycled, about 5% was used in construction, and the rest was disposed and managed without following the scientific principles. Conclusion. The lack of principled management of used oil may have had a significant adverse impact on the environment. Taking into account the fact that about 55% of used oil was produced by vehicles, and assuming that the remaining 45% of used oil was produced by other sources, it was concluded that the overall percentage of used oil production in Iran was probably two-fold approximately. Therefore, it was recommended that the current situation and its principled management should be minitored.
Challenges to Nurse Prescription in Iran: A Narrative Analysis
Authors: Akbari Ali , Hosseini Fatemeh , Raisi Zahra , Soltani Goki Faezeh , Khodabandeh Shahraki Sedigheh
Published: April 2023

Nurse prescription is a relatively new and developing subject, with many critics and advocates worldwide. However, it is expanding rapidly and is being implemented in many countries. In Iran, nurses are not allowed to prescribe. No significant action has been taken in this regard. In Iran, nurse prescribing requires preparing the ground and providing the necessary conditions. The current study aimed to examine nurse prescribing worldwide and its possible challenges in Iran.This study is a narrative review of the English and Persian articles published in 2022 on nurse prescription in Iran and worldwide. We collected data by searching the international databases of PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus, and the local databases of SID, Magiran, and Iran Medex for the keywords "nurse prescribing", "nurse prescription", "prescribing factors", "prescribing effect", "prescribing facilitation", "prescribing barriers", "prescribing benefits", "prescriptions", "medication and nursing", "independent nurse prescribing", "supplementary nurse prescribing", "independent prescribing", "nurse prescriber", "prescribing", and the possible combinations. We retrieved all related articles published between 2010 and the end of 2022.A total of 32 case studies were reviewed in this study. The results showed that nurse prescribing occurs globally in one of three forms: independent, supplementary, and patient group protocols. In Iran, nurse prescribing is prohibited, necessitating social support and assistance in policy-making, planning, and nursing education.Due to the unprepared environment in Iran, it is vital to provide assistance for prescribing. Numerous factors play a role in implementing nurse prescribing in Iran, so it is necessary to use the successful experience of countries that have been pioneers in this domain. It is suggested that health officials and those engaged take steps to teach prescribing nurses at the postgraduate and doctoral levels, or create a new discipline of nurse prescription.