bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irisin promotes odontogenic differentiation and angiogenic potential in human dental pulp cells
Authors: Son J. W. , Choi S. H. , Jang J. H. , Koh J. T. , Oh W. M. , Hwang Y. C. , Lee B. N.
Published: October 2020

Aim

To determine whether irisin, a newly discovered myokine that links exercise‐induced and metabolic homeostasis, is able to promote odontogenic differentiation and angiogenesis in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).

Methodology

Cell viability in the presence of irisin was measured. Real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate the expression levels of irisin, odontogenic and angiogenic markers. The involvement of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathway was evaluated by Western blot. To evaluate mineralization nodule formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S staining were performed. Scratch wound assays were performed to evaluate the effects of irisin on cell migration. The data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance (anova) followed by Tukey post hoc test and Student’s t‐test. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.

Results

Irisin significantly promoted odontogenic differentiation as evidenced by formation of mineralized nodules, induction of ALP activity and upregulation of odontogenic and angiogenic markers (P < 0.05). Scratch wound assays revealed that irisin significantly increased migration of HDPCs (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of both MAPK and Akt was increased by irisin. MAPK and Akt inhibitors inhibited mineralization, cell migration and the increased expression of odontogenic and angiogenic markers.

Conclusions

Irisin promoted odontogenic differentiation and mineralization and has the potential for angiogenesis through activation of the MAPK and Akt signalling pathways in HDPCs.
Pro‐environmental millennial consumers' responses to the fur conundrum of luxury brands
Authors: Rolling Virginia , Seifert Christin , Chattaraman Veena , Sadachar Amrut
Published: October 2020

This study provides an understanding of how consumer fur stance, luxury brand fur stance and product use case influence consumers' cognitive dissonance, thereby impacting brand attitude and purchase intention. An experimental design manipulating the luxury brand fur stance (animal fur vs. faux fur) and product use case (hedonic vs. utilitarian) was conducted among 464 self‐identifying environmentally conscious U.S. Millennial consumers to test the proposed hypotheses. Results obtained from a three‐way MANOVA demonstrate that consumers with a faux (vs. animal) fur stance or neutral stance experience less emotional dissonance. Luxury brands with an animal (vs. faux) fur stance create more dissonance, which negatively impacts brand attitudes and purchase intentions. A significant interaction effect uncovered that incongruent brand and consumer fur stances create heightened dissonance compared to congruent or neutral fur stances. Thus, a consumer's emotional dissonance plays a significant role in fur decisions. Due to today's social expectations and norms, luxury brands should incorporate sustainability into their business strategy by offering faux fur alternatives as animal fur products have a greater impact on consumers’ cognitive dissonance. It is imperative for luxury brands to align with a pro‐faux fur or no fur stance and shift away from animal fur. The cultural movement in the luxury market's interest towards environmental‐consciousness has sparked the movement towards utilizing faux fur; however, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the current acceptability of fashion fur trends among Millennial consumers—who are projected to represent approximately 50% of the luxury market by 2025.
Understanding human γδ T cell biology toward a better management of cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Kaminski Hannah , Marsères Gabriel , Cosentino Anaïs , Guerville Florent , Pitard Vincent , Fournié Jean‐Jacques , Merville Pierre , Déchanet‐Merville Julie , Couzi Lionel
Published: October 2020

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, namely solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients, and can induce congenital infection in neonates. There is currently an unmet need for new management and treatment strategies. Establishment of an anti‐CMV immune response is critical in order to control CMV infection. The two main human T cells involved in HCMV‐specific response are αβ and non‐Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that belong to γδ T cell compartment. CMV‐induced non‐Vγ9Vδ2 T cells harbor a specific clonal expansion and a phenotypic signature, and display effector functions against CMV. So far, only two main molecular mechanisms underlying CMV sensing have been identified. Non‐Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be activated either by stress‐induced surface expression of the γδT cell receptor (TCR) ligand annexin A2, or by a multimolecular stress signature composed of the γδTCR ligand endothelial protein C receptor and co‐stimulatory signals such as the ICAM‐1‐LFA‐1 axis. All this basic knowledge can be harnessed to improve the clinical management of CMV infection in at‐risk patients. In particular, non‐Vγ9Vδ2 T cell monitoring could help better stratify the risk of infection and move forward a personalized medicine. Moreover, recent advances in cell therapy protocols open the way for a non‐Vγ9Vδ2 T cell therapy in immunocompromised patients.
Interventions to prevent or reduce rationing or missed nursing care: A scoping review
Authors: schubert Maria , Ausserhofer Dietmar , Bragadóttir Helga , Rochefort Christian. M. , Bruyneel Luk , Stemmer Renate , Andreou Panayiota , Leppée Marcel , Palese Alvisa ,   the RANCARE Consortium COST Action – CA 15208
Published: October 2020

Aims

To collate and synthesize published research on interventions developed and tested to prevent or reduce the rates of rationed or missed nursing care in healthcare institutions.

Background

Rationed and missed nursing care has been widely studied, including its predictors and associations with patient and nurse outcomes.

Design

Scoping review.

Data sources

We searched for eligible studies, published between 1980–2019, in six electronic databases.

Review methods

Researchers independently screened the abstracts of the retrieved studies using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The decision of whether or not to include any given study was consensus‐based.

Results

The search yielded 1,815 records, of which 13 were included. Three studies reported structural interventions, namely increased nurse staffing and improved nursing teamwork, both resulted in significant reductions in the rates of rationed or missed nursing care. The remaining 10 studies reported on process interventions: four concerned reminders (via technology or designated persons) and seven described interventions to change or optimize the relevant care processes. All 10 process interventions contributed to significant reductions in the rates of missed nursing care.

Conclusions

The results of the scoping review indicate that specific interventions can positively influence the performance of a selected nursing care activity, for example fall prevention. There is no evidence of a global reduction of rationed and missed nursing care through these interventions.

Impact

Clinicians, managers and researchers can use the results for adapting and implementing interventions to reduce rationed and missed nursing care.
The effect of ‘I am Protecting my Child from the Sun’ programme on parental sun protection behaviours: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sümen Adem , Öncel Selma
Published: October 2020

Aims

This study aims to examine the effect of the ‘I am Protecting my Child from the Sun’ program based on the social cognitive theory, on parental use of sun protection products and sun avoidance behaviours.

Design

Cluster randomized controlled trial.

Methods

The study was conducted with three groups using a pre‐test, post‐test, and follow‐up design. The study included 185 parents, of which 63 were in the education group, 62 were in the education + SMS group, and 60 were in the control group. The parents in the intervention group were engaged in the ‘I am Protecting my Child from the Sun’ program for a period of 6 weeks, while the education + SMS group, in addition to the program, also received. Primary outcomes include sunscreen use and sun avoidance behaviour and secondary outcomes were self‐protection and protection of their children's behaviour. A repeated‐measures ANOVA and marginal homogeneity were the main statistical tests.

Results

The interventions made as part of the ‘I am Protecting my Child from the Sun’ program increased the following behavioural components of parents in the education group and the education + SMS group, compared with the control group: sun protection product use behaviours, sun avoidance behaviours, and behaviours related to protecting themselves and their children from the sun. There was an even higher increase in these behavioural components for those parents who also received short reminder text messages.

Conclusion

The ‘I am Protecting my Child from the Sun’ program and the receiving of short reminder messages had positive effects on the parents' behaviours related to protecting themselves and their children from the sun.

Impact

The ‘I am Protecting my Child from the Sun’ developed parents' sunscreen use self‐efficacy, norms/attitudes about sunscreen use and sunscreen use expectancy behaviour, and reduced their impediments to sunscreen use behaviour. In addition, the program developed parents' sun avoidance self‐efficacy, norms/attitudes about sun avoidance and sun avoidance expectancy behaviours, and reduced tanning expectancy behaviour. Receiving SMS messages following the training was effective in parental behaviours for use of sunscreen, sun avoidance, and protecting themselves and their children from the sun.

Registration number: Study is registered atClinicalTrials.govNCT04251598.
Inhibition of CPT2 exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and inflammation in experimental endotoxaemia
Authors: Makrecka‐Kuka Marina , Korzh Stanislava , Videja Melita , Vilskersts Reinis , Sevostjanovs Eduards , Zharkova‐Malkova Olga , Arsenyan Pavel , Kuka Janis , Dambrova Maija , Liepinsh Edgars
Published: October 2020

The suppression of energy metabolism is one of cornerstones of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis/endotoxaemia. To investigate the role of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the progression of inflammation‐induced cardiac dysfunction, we compared the effects of FAO‐targeting compounds on mitochondrial and cardiac function in an experimental model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced endotoxaemia. In LPS‐treated mice, endotoxaemia‐induced inflammation significantly decreased cardiac FAO and increased pyruvate metabolism, while cardiac mechanical function was decreased. AMP‐activated protein kinase activation by A769662 improved mitochondrial FAO without affecting cardiac function and inflammation‐related gene expression during endotoxaemia. Fatty acid synthase inhibition by C75 restored both cardiac and mitochondrial FAO; however, no effects on inflammation‐related gene expression and cardiac function were observed. In addition, the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2)‐dependent FAO by aminocarnitine resulted in the accumulation of FAO intermediates, long‐chain acylcarnitines, in the heart. As a result, cardiac pyruvate metabolism was inhibited, which further exacerbated inflammation‐induced cardiac dysfunction. In conclusion, although inhibition of CPT2‐dependent FAO is detrimental to cardiac function during endotoxaemia, present findings show that the restoration of cardiac FAO alone is not sufficient to recover cardiac function. Rescue of cardiac FAO should be combined with anti‐inflammatory therapy to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction in endotoxaemia.
MicroRNAs are critical in regulating smooth muscle cell mineralization and apoptosis during vascular calcification
Authors: Wang Shan‐shan , Wang Chen , Chen Han
Published: October 2020

Vascular calcification refers to the pathological deposition of calcium and phosphate minerals into the vasculature. It is prevalent in atherosclerosis, ageing, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, thus, increasing morbidity and mortality from these conditions. Vascular calcification shares similar mechanisms with bone mineralization, with smooth muscle cells playing a critical role in both processes. In the last decade, a variety of microRNAs have been identified as key regulators for the differentiation, phenotypic switch, proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production and matrix deposition in vascular smooth muscle cells during vascular calcification. Therefore, this review mainly discusses the roles of microRNAs in the pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular calcification in smooth muscle cells and describes several interventions against vascular calcification by regulating microRNAs. As the exact mechanisms of calcification remain not fully elucidated, having a better understanding of microRNA involvement in vascular calcification may give impetus to development of novel therapeutics for the control and treatment of vascular calcification.
Clinical outcomes and long‐term prognosis of perianal Crohn's disease in an Asian population
Authors: Song Eun Mi , Lee Ho‐Su , Kim Ye‐Jee , Oh Eun Hye , Ham Nam Seok , Kim Jeongseok , Hwang Sung Wook , Park Sang Hyoung , Yang Dong‐Hoon , Ye Byong Duk , Byeon Jeong‐Sik , Myung Seung‐Jae , Yang Suk‐Kyun
Published: October 2020

Background and Aim

The clinical impact of perianal Crohn's disease (CD) (pCD), a well‐known poor prognostic factor of CD, has not been fully evaluated in Asian patients. We investigated the outcomes of CD in Korean patients according to the presence of pCD at CD diagnosis.

Methods

Using 2010–2014 data from the national health insurance claims database, we evaluated the disease course of CD according to the presence of pCD at CD diagnosis. The results were verified in a hospital‐based cohort of 2923 patients.

Results

The cumulative risk of intestinal resection was lower in patients with pCD at diagnosis than in those without, in the population‐based cohort (9.1% vs 14.7% at 5 years after diagnosis, P < 0.001), but it was similar between the two groups in the hospital‐based cohort (36.8% vs 36.8% at 10 years after diagnosis, P = 0.950). Moreover, the cumulative risk of behavioral progression was not significantly different between the two groups in the hospital‐based cohort (43.4% vs 41.6% at 10 years after diagnosis, P = 0.366). On multivariable analysis, pCD at CD diagnosis was not a predictor of intestinal resection, behavioral progression, CD‐related hospital admission, or diverting surgery; however, it was an independent predictor of proctectomy (hazard ratio [HR] 3.210, P < 0.001) and anorectal cancer (HR 3.104, P = 0.047).

Conclusions

Although the presence of pCD increased the risk of proctectomy and anorectal cancer in Asian patients, the clinical impact of pCD on the overall outcomes of patients with CD may be less significant in Asian patients compared with Western patients.
Exclusive enteral nutrition in the management of Crohn’s disease: a qualitative exploration of experiences, challenges and enablers in adult patients
Authors: Mutsekwa R. N. , Edwards J. T. , Angus R. L.
Published: October 2020

Background

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a first‐line treatment for Crohn’s disease in paediatrics with similar efficiency to corticosteroids. Benefits in adults have not been consistently observed with non‐adherence cited as a limiting factor. This study aimed to gain an in depth understanding of the adult patient experience with EEN, identifying challenges and enablers to inform clinicians in the development of strategies to help increase patient adherence.

Methods

This exploratory, qualitative study utilised individual semi‐structured interviews with 17 adult patients who had completed EEN. Participants were purposively recruited across a range of ages, social backgrounds and clinical experience. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and independently thematically analysed by two researchers to provide consensus in identifying key themes.

Results

Three major themes were identified. (i) Personal experience of EEN evolved over time, with the first few weeks the most challenging, becoming easier as symptoms improved, and participants became used to the EEN regimen. (ii) Participants developed coping strategies to manage challenges, including the impact on meal‐based social participation and dietary restriction and monotony. (iii) Enabling factors for adherence to EEN included patient self‐efficacy, health system support, supplement characteristics and access, and social support.

Conclusions

This study explored the evolving experiences of patients who completed a prescribed course of EEN. Patients described the challenges they faced, how they overcame them identifying enablers for adherence. This provides useful strategies for clinicians to integrate in their assessments and share with patients starting EEN.
How Do People Interpret Macroeconomic Shocks? Evidence from U.S. Survey Data
Authors: GEIGER MARTIN , SCHARLER JOHANN
Published: October 2020

We study the revision of survey expectations in response to macroeconomic shocks, which we identify in vector autoregressive models with sign restrictions. We find that survey respondents distinguish between movements along the Phillips curve and shifts of the Phillips curve, depending on the type of shock that hits the economy. In addition, interest rate expectations are revised broadly in line with a Taylor rule. Consistent with models of rational inattention, macroeconomic shocks account for a small share of the forecast error variance of survey measures elicited from consumers, while they are more relevant for the expectations of professional forecasters.
Release of insulin granules by simultaneous, high‐speed correlative SICM‐FCM
Authors: BEDNARSKA J. , NOVAK P. , KORCHEV Y. , RORSMAN P. , TARASOV A.I. , SHEVCHUK ANDREW
Published: October 2020

Exocytosis of peptides and steroids stored in a dense core vesicular (DCV) form is the final step of every secretory pathway, indispensable for the function of nervous, endocrine and immune systems. The lack of live imaging techniques capable of direct, label‐free visualisation of DCV release makes many aspects of the exocytotic process inaccessible to investigation. We describe the application of correlative scanning ion conductance and fluorescence confocal microscopy (SICM‐FCM) to study the exocytosis of individual granules of insulin from the top, nonadherent, surface of pancreatic β‐cells. Using SICM‐FCM, we were first to directly follow the topographical changes associated with physiologically induced release of insulin DCVs. This allowed us to report the kinetics of the full fusion of the insulin vesicle as well as the subsequent solubilisation of the released insulin crystal.
The Fifth International Survey of Critical Care Nursing Organizations: Implications for Policy
Authors: Williams Ged , Fulbrook Paul , Kleinpell Ruth , Alberto Laura
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To examine the activities, concerns, and expectations of critical care nurses and professional critical care nursing organizations worldwide.

Design

A descriptive survey methodology was used. This study is the fifth worldwide quadrennial review of its type to monitor variations in critical care nursing needs and provide robust evidence to inform policy related to critical care nursing practice.

Methods

The fifth World Federation of Critical Care Nurses international survey of critical care nursing organizations was emailed to potential participants from countries with critical care nursing organizations or known critical care nurse leaders. Data were collected online. Responses were entered into SPSS version 23 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and analyzed by geographical region and national wealth group.

Findings

Eighty‐two national representative respondents participated in the survey, of whom two thirds (n = 56, 68%) had an established critical care nursing organization in their country. The five most important issues identified were working conditions, teamwork, staffing levels, the need for formal practice guidelines and competencies, and wages. The top five critical care nursing organization services that were considered to be of most importance were professional representation, as well as provision of workshops and education forums, national conferences, practice standards and guidelines, and local conferences. The most important contributions expected from the World Federation of Critical Care Nurses were standards for clinical practice and professional practice, international conferences, professional representation, and study and education grants.

Conclusions

The results highlight priority areas for critical care nursing and reinforce the need to address factors that can inform critical care nursing policy and practice. Results of this survey should be incorporated into strategic action plans at the national and international levels.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing leaders, policymakers, and other interested stakeholders should consider these findings when planning critical care workforce requirements. Interested parties should work collaboratively to inform recommendations for further policy and action.
A research agenda for promoting continence for people living with dementia in the community: Recommendations based on a critical review and expert‐by‐experience opinion
Authors: Burholt Vanessa , Davies Johanna , Boyd Michal , Mullins Jane M. , Shoemark E. Zoe ,   the Centre for Ageing, Dementia Research, Expert Review Group on Continence, Dementia
Published: October 2020

Aims and objectives

To identify research undertaken in the last decade addressing continence for people living with dementia (PLWD) in the community. To highlight gaps and develop recommendations for future research, taking into account the experiences and priorities of PLWD, caregivers and healthcare professionals.

Methods

A critical review with an Expert Review Group (ERG) comprising researchers, PLWD and facing continence issues, caregivers and other professional stakeholders. Findings are reported in line with the COREQ and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklists.

Background

Caregivers rate the independent use of the toilet as the most important activity for PLWD to retain. However, in 2009 a review identified shortfalls in knowledge and praxis around promoting continence and managing incontinence for PLWD in the community. As absolute numbers of people with dementia are predicted to increase, it is imperative to examine whether these deficits have been addressed.

Results

Of 3,563 records identified, 57 full‐text articles were reviewed. The ERG developed a conceptual model to summarise research evidence according to the extent of the challenge (neuropathology and clinicopathology, prevalence and incidence), gateways to continence services, effectiveness of interventions, outcomes and the potential influences of personal resources, socio‐cultural factors and environmental contexts.

Conclusions

Research on (in)continence for PLWD in the community is under‐developed and has not increased substantially over the last decade. ERG recommendations for future research included user involvement to identify appropriate quality indicators to assess the effectiveness of interventions.

Relevance to clinical practice

There is insufficient evidence on which to base decisions on continence care for PLWD in the community. Omission from continence care guidelines has the effect of marginalising and silencing this population. User involvement in clinical research and developing practice guidelines has the potential for positive systems change.
Visual expectation of craft beers in different glass shapes
Authors: Ribeiro Michele N. , Carvalho Iago A. , de Sousa Maísa M. M. , Coelho Laura M. , de Rezende Daniel C. , Pinheiro Ana C. M.
Published: October 2020

The objective of this work was to evaluate the expectations of consumers and specialists of craft beers regarding the visual impact of different styles of craft beer served in different beer glasses. An online survey was designed to determine the effect of different shaped glasses on consumer expectations of craft beer. A total of 252 answers from craft beer consumers and 19 responses from beer experts were collected. Respondents were asked about their impressions and expectations regarding five craft beers of different colors, served in seven beer glasses. The responses were summarized and analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistics. The data revealed that the color of craft beers influenced the expectations of consumers and experts, so that craft beer with similar colors was associated with the same glass shape. It was concluded that the beer glass shape could directly influence the consumer expectancy on craft beers.

Practical applications

This is the first work in the literature that explores the visual aspect of photos of different‐colored craft beers served into distinct glass shapes. These photos were used to understand the expectations of craft beer consumers regarding the craft beer/glass shape combination. This study demonstrates that the shape of the glass can influence consumer expectations regarding different craft beers. Thus, bar or pub owners can use the most expected combination of beer glasses and craft beer to deliver a better experience to their consumers. Additionally, our findings can also lead to market strategies by defining a specific combination of craft beer and glass shape that the consumers expect to see.
Demonstration of payer readiness for value‐based care in a fee‐for‐service environment: Measuring provider performance on sealant delivery
Authors: Martin Amy , Kirby Heather , Ayers Gerta , Kelly Abby , Riley Amah , Boucher Stephen
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Previously published sealant measures are not useful when applied to Medicaid claims data in states where dental services are carved out of managed care. A novel sealant measure was developed to assess the degree to which dental providers seal eligible teeth during preventive dental visits (PDVs) in an effort to ascertain if such a measure can be used to valuate provider performance, as condition of potential value‐based care model implementation.

Methods

A single‐county feasibility study was conducted using Medicaid claims. A study cohort included children aged 8 years and enrolled 12 months during 2018. Prospective analysis was used to determine whether dental sealants were applied by the same dentists during PDVs or up to 9 months thereafter. Eligible teeth included first permanent molars. Teeth previously restored, sealed or missing were excluded. PDV was defined as any encounter with prophylaxis, fluoride treatment, or EPSDT. Claims were compared to public health surveillance for measurement validation.

Results

Single‐county results showed 11 percent of eligible teeth were sealed. Only 9 percent of dentists applied sealants to at least 40 percent of eligible teeth. Face validation of sealant rate was 23 percent Medicaid versus 36 percent Public Health. The former measures incidence and the latter prevalence with greater heterogeneity that included partially retained sealants.

Conclusions

A sealant measure that assesses provider adherence to sealant standards of care was produced. It has potential application for assessing performance of pediatric preventive services and informing value‐based performance expectations.
Demographic parameters of a free‐ranging deep‐diving cetacean, the long‐finned pilot whale
Authors: Verborgh Philippe , Gauffier Pauline , Esteban Ruth , de Stephanis Renaud
Published: October 2020

Demographic parameters provide baselines to estimate future population trajectories which can then be used in management decisions. The aim here was to estimate demographic parameters of long‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) from the Strait of Gibraltar by fitting mark‐recapture models to photo‐identification data of primary and secondary marked individuals. These parameters were used to forecast the future population trajectories in a population viability analysis (PVA) given different scenarios of demographic rates. Survival rate increased with age from 0.629, 95% CI [0.409, 0.805] for calves, 0.869, 95% CI [0.758, 0.934] for juveniles, to 0.972, 95% CI [0.953, 0.983] for adults. A preliminary mean observed interval of viable calves was 4.5 years. The PVA estimated the population would persist over 100 years with a 100% probability for all scenarios except those with lower 95% CI survival values, for which the probability of extinction reached 100%. Population growth rate was negative in all scenarios except those with 95% CI upper survival values. Interbirth interval and juvenile survival were found most influential and depended on the correct identification of secondary marked (e.g., calves and juveniles) individuals on a long‐term basis. This population was found in a precarious state prior to a morbillivirus outbreak that might even more endanger its long‐term viability.
Holocene land and sea‐trade routes explain complex patterns of pre‐Columbian crop dispersion
Authors: Larranaga Nerea , van Zonneveld Maarten , Hormaza Jose I.
Published: October 2020

Pre‐Columbian crop movement remains poorly understood, hampering a good interpretation of the domestication and diversification of Neotropical crops. To provide new insights into pre‐Columbian crop movement, we applied spatial genetics to identify and compare dispersal routes of three American crops between Mesoamerica and the Andes, two important centres of pre‐Columbian crop and cultural diversity.

Our analysis included georeferenced simple‐sequence repeats (SSR) marker datasets of 1852 genotypes of cherimoya (Annona cherimolaMill.), a perennial fruit crop that became underutilised in the Americas after the European conquest, 770 genotypes of maize (Zea maysL.) and 476 genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.).

Our findings show that humans brought cherimoya from Mesoamerica to present Peru through long‐distance sea‐trade routes across the Pacific Ocean at least 4700 yrbp, after more ancient dispersion of maize and other crops through the Mesoamerican isthmus over land and near‐coastal waters.

To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of pre‐Columbian crop movement between Mesoamerica and the Andes across the Pacific Ocean providing new insights into pre‐Columbian crop exchange in the Americas. We propose that cherimoya represents a wider group of perennial fruit crops dispersed by humans via sea‐trade routes between Mesoamerica and the Andes across the Pacific Ocean.
Strong photoperiod sensitivity is controlled by cooperation and competition among Hd1, Ghd7 and DTH8 in rice heading
Authors: Zong Wubei , Ren Ding , Huang Minghui , Sun Kangli , Feng Jinglei , Zhao Jing , Xiao Dongdong , Xie Wenhao , Liu Shiqi , Zhang Han , Qiu Rong , Tang Wenjing , Yang Ruqi , Chen Hongyi , Xie Xianrong , Chen Letian , Liu Yao‐Guang , Guo Jingxin
Published: October 2020

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a short‐day (SD) plant originally having strong photoperiod sensitivity (PS), with SDs promoting and long days (LDs) suppressing flowering. Although the evolution of PS in rice has been extensively studied, there are few studies that combine the genetic effects and underlying mechanism of different PS gene combinations with variations in PS.

We created a set of isogenic lines among the core PS‐flowering genes Hd1, Ghd7 and DTH8 using CRISPR mutagenesis, to systematically dissect their genetic relationships under different day‐lengths. We investigated their monogenic, digenic, and trigenic effects on target gene regulation and PS variation.

We found that Hd1 and Ghd7 have the primary functions for promoting and repressing flowering, respectively, regardless of day‐length. However, under LD conditions, Hd1 promotes Ghd7 expression and is recruited by Ghd7 and/or DTH8 to form repressive complexes that collaboratively suppress the Ehd1‐Hd3a/RFT1 pathway to block heading, but under SD conditions Hd1 competes with the complexes to promote Hd3a/RFT1 expression, playing a tradeoff relationship with PS flowering. Natural allelic variations of Hd1, Ghd7 and DTH8 in rice populations have resulted in various PS performances.

Our findings reveal that rice PS flowering is controlled by crosstalk of two modules – Hd1–Hd3a/RFT1 in SD conditions and (Hd1/Ghd7/DTH8)–Ehd1–Hd3a/RFT1 in LD conditions – and the divergences of these genes provide the basis for rice adaptation to broad regions.
A new conceptualization of the nurse–patient relationship construct as caring interaction
Authors: Allande Cussó Regina , Siles González José , Ayuso Murillo Diego , Gómez Salgado Juan
Published: October 2020

The journey through the history of nursing, and its philosophical and political influences of the moment, contextualizes the interest that arose about the nurse–patient relationship after World War II. The concept has always been defined as a relationship but, from a phenomenological approach based on a historical, philosophical, psychological and sociological cosmology, it is possible to re‐conceptualize it as ‘caring interaction’. Under the vision of aesthetics and sociopoetics, the object of nursing care is the most delicate, vulnerable and unrepeatable raw material: the person, whose feelings and reciprocity, which must be considered. In addition, it involves the adoption of the socio‐critical paradigm, as it considers the importance of actively involving the person, not just patient anymore, or their family in the nursing cares, optimizing the reciprocity inherent to this interactivity. In short, our philosophical and epistemological approach to the concept of nurse–patient relationship proposes a new conceptualization of it as a caring interaction.
Seed dormancy of 80 tropical montane forest species in Sri Lanka, the first dormancy profile for a tropical montane forest community
Authors: Athugala Y. S. , Gehan Jayasuriya K. M. G. , Gunaratne A. M. T. A. , Baskin C. C.
Published: October 2020

Community‐level seed dormancy studies are important in understanding the dynamics of plant communities and adaptations of species to their habitat. Our aim was to develop a seed dormancy profile for tropical montane forests of Sri Lanka, which are a global biodiversity hotspot, and compare it to the profile made using a world database for this vegetation type.

Germination, imbibition and embryo length : seed length ratio of seeds were determined for 80 Sri Lankan montane forest species.

Seeds of 31 species were fast‐germinating with a median length of germination (MLG) <30 days and the remaining 49 were slow‐germinating with MLG >30 days. Embryos of six fast‐germinating species grew prior to radicle emergence, indicating morphological dormancy (MD). The other 25 fast‐germinating species had non‐dormant (ND) seeds. Manually scarified seeds of two species imbibed significantly more water than non‐scarified seeds, revealing physical dormancy (PY). Embryos of 20 slow‐germinating species grew prior to radicle emergence, confirming morpho‐physiological dormancy (MPD). The remaining slow‐germinating species had a fully developed embryo and thus physiological dormancy (PD). The percentage of species with ND seeds and with MD, MDP, PD and PY was 31, 7.5, 25, 34 and 2.5, respectively.

Species with dormant seeds (70%) dominate the Sri Lankan montane forest community similar to the world database, with 85% dormant seeds. Seed dormancy may be an adaptation that prevents seeds from germinating during the Sri Lankan dry season from December to March when conditions are unfavourable for seedling growth due to low water availability.
Urban Consolidation Center or Peer‐to‐Peer Platform? The Solution to Urban Last‐Mile Delivery
Authors: Deng Qiyuan , Fang Xin , Lim Yun Fong
Published: October 2020

The growing population in cities and booming e‐commerce activities create huge demand for urban last‐mile delivery, exerting intense pressure on the cities’ well‐being. To keep congestion and pollution under control, a consolidator can operate an urban consolidation center (UCC) to bundle shipments from multiple carriers before the last‐mile delivery. Alternatively, the consolidator can operate a peer‐to‐peer platform for the carriers to share delivery capacity. We provide guidance for the consolidator to choose between these two business models by comparative analysis. We capture the interactions between the consolidator and carriers using a game‐theoretical framework. Under each business model, the consolidator first decides a price of delivery service to maximize her expected profit. Each carrier then observes his task volume, and decides whether to deliver on his own or use the consolidator's service to minimize his delivery cost. Under the UCC model, the carriers become more dependent on the UCC as their variable delivery cost increases. Under the platform model, the demand and the supply of delivery capacity on the platform are balanced in equilibrium. Between the two business models, the UCC is more profitable than the platform if and only if the carriers’ variable delivery cost is sufficiently large. Moreover, the UCC becomes more dominant as there are more carriers. The UCC is also more efficient than the platform in mitigating the negative social‐environmental impact of urban last‐mile delivery if and only if there are sufficiently many carriers. Otherwise, the platform performs better.
Susceptibility to flavescence dorée of different Vitis vinifera genotypes from north‐western Italy
Authors: Ripamonti Matteo , Pegoraro Mattia , Morabito Cristina , Gribaudo Ivana , Schubert Andrea , Bosco Domenico , Marzachì Cristina
Published: October 2020

The aim of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility to flavescence dorée (FD) of 12 Vitis vinifera cultivars grown in Piedmont, and representative of the wine‐making tradition of this area. The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to ensure constant infection pressure. Test plants were ex vitro potted vines, singly inoculated with four Scaphoideus titanus infected by FD‐C phytoplasma (FDp), under greenhouse conditions. Vines were tested for FDp at 5 and 8 weeks postinoculation (wpi) and the phytoplasma load was measured in leaves and roots at 8 wpi. Within the 14 V. vinifera accessions (belonging to 12 cultivars), three susceptibility clusters were identified. Cultivars within the low susceptibility group showed low phytoplasma loads and low percentages of infected plants, suggesting a tolerant behaviour. To confirm these results, four Vitis cultivars, representing extremes of FD susceptibility from low to high, were grafted onto Kober 5BB rootstocks and inoculated with laboratory‐infected S. titanus, under semi‐field conditions. The transmission experiments onto grafted cuttings confirmed that susceptibility to the disease depends on the scion genotype. The data indicated that none of the tested V. vinifera genotypes are resistant to FD, although some cultivars with low susceptibility are available, and can be explored for identifying genetic traits involved in disease tolerance/resistance. Moreover, ranking Vitis genotypes for their susceptibility to FD is in itself a valuable tool to support vine growers in their decision management, by helping them to choose the most appropriate varieties according to their specific FD epidemiological contexts.
Leaf characteristics of rice cultivars with a stronger yield response to projected increases in CO2 concentration
Authors: Wang Weilu , He Jiang , Wang Zhiqin , Gu Junfei , Liu Lijun , Zhang Weiyang , Ziska Lewis H. , Zhu Jianguo
Published: October 2020

Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) could, potentially, be exploited as a means to increase seed yield and maintain food security, especially for cereal grains. Although there have been multiple cultivar trials indicating that significant yield variation occurs, the basis for these differences has not been entirely elucidated. Here, we focus on two rice cultivars that differed in field trials to their yield sensitivity to elevated CO2: Yangdao6hao (YD6), and Wuyunjing23 (W23) to assess whether observed yield differences (YD6 > W23) were associated with concurrent changes in leaf‐level characteristics. At ambient levels of CO2, leaf net photosynthesis (A) of YD6 was compatible with that of W23. However, at elevated CO2, A was higher for YD6 relative to W23. The stability of leaf Rubisco content, biochemical characteristics (Vc,max, and Jmax), nitrogen enzymatic activity, and chlorophyll concentration differed significantly, with greater values observed for YD6 relative to W23 at elevated CO2. While such results are consistent with other studies, we also demonstrate that a higher ratio of carbon sinks (seed) to carbon sources (leaf), were linked to increases in cytokinins, and slower flag leaf senescence for the YD6 relative to the W23 cultivar at elevated CO2. While additional data for a broader genetic selection are needed, the current study suggests a link between source/sink carbon assimilation, maintenance of photosynthetic biochemistry, and slower leaf senescence for rice cultivars that show a stronger yield response to projected CO2 levels. This information, in turn, may provide suitable metrics for future CO2 selection among rice cultivars.
African American access to management post‐1990: A review and critique of existing sociological research
Authors: Wilson George
Published: October 2020

This study reviews and critiques the growing body of sociological research that has dramatically increased our understanding of the dynamics of African American disadvantage in access to managerial positions across the post‐1990 period. This literature, first, identifies both the burdensome barriers to entry faced by African Americans (e.g., a relatively narrow and formalistic route to management which is pronounced in the private sector) and how equal employment opportunity (EEO) directives may reduce them. Second, it establishes that African Americans face more difficulties retaining positions than Whites (e.g., process of downward movement is broad and generalized and is pronounced in the private sector) and formal EEO policy governing the process of downward movement often institutionalizes racial inequalities. Nevertheless, both richer/more definitive empirical insights and theoretical development on this topic remains elusive because of two fundamental shortcomings discussed as follows: (1) the nature and consequences of severe data/evidentiary limitations, and (2) limitations in the scope/breadth of issues examined.
Self‐perceived and objective measurements of facial puffiness in Chinese women
Authors: Nkengne Alex , Robic Julie , Lua Bee Leng
Published: October 2020

Background

Facial puffiness, caused by mild or normal fluid retention, commonly experienced by women, may not pose a health risk, but it can be a cause of cosmetic concern. The objectives of this study were to determine whether self‐perceived facial puffiness can be measured objectively.

Materials and Methods

A total of 151 Chinese women between 20 and 68 years of age were recruited. Facial water content, skin thickness, and elasticity were measured at two time points within a day (visit one occurred when the participants perceived they had facial puffiness; visit two occurred when the participants perceived their facial puffiness had subsided). Participants were also given a rating scale to self‐evaluate their puffiness and firmness at different regions of the face.

Results

The participants could perceive a difference in facial puffiness between the two visits. Water content and skin thickness were significantly higher in all regions of the face for all participants during the first visit. Skin elasticity was also significantly different between visits one and two. There was a significant increase in water content and skin thickness in the lower eyelid region in women who were older than 40 years.

Conclusion

This is the first study to show that self‐perceived facial puffiness can be measured objectively and that skin elasticity can change significantly when facial puffiness subsides.
Implementing thrombelastography: Experiences from a level I trauma institution
Authors: Dixon Alexandra , Underwood Samantha , Schreiber Martin
Published: October 2020

Viscoelastic hemostatic assays such as thrombelastography (TEG) and rotational thrombelastometry have proven to be important point‐of‐care tools in the management of acute traumatic hemorrhage. Despite the availability of prospective studies that have confirmed the utility of TEG in reducing transfusion requirements and mortality in bleeding patients when compared to conventional coagulation tests, many institutions run into barriers implementing these viscoelastic hemostatic assays due to concerns regarding cost and benefit. At our academic Level 1 trauma institution, the Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery advocated for the addition of TEG to the clinical armamentarium of providers caring for injured patients and thus spearheaded the clinical implementation of TEG. With the approval of the central laboratory, the Division developed an extensive and well‐trained team to run and interpret TEGs as well as perform machine validation and upkeep. The Division continues to perform point‐of‐care testing throughout the hospital today.
Viscoelastic testing in pediatric patients
Authors: Haas Thorsten , Faraoni David
Published: October 2020

A tailored transfusion algorithm based on viscoelastic testing in the perioperative period or in trauma patients is recommended by guidelines for bleeding management. Bleeding management strategies in neonates and children are mostly extrapolated from the adult experience, as published evidence in the youngest age group is scarce. This manuscript is intended to give a structured overview of what has been published on the use of viscoelastic testing to guide bleeding management in neonates and children. Several devices that use either the traditional viscoelastic method or resonance viscoelastography technology are on the market. Reference ranges for children have been evaluated in only some of them. As most of the hemostasis maturation processes can be observed during the first year of life, adult reference ranges for viscoelastic testing could be applied over the age of 1 year. The majority of the published trials in children are based on retrospective analyses describing the correlation between viscoelastic testing and standard laboratory testing or focusing on the prediction of bleeding. Clinically more relevant studies in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery have demonstrated that the implementation of a transfusion algorithm based on viscoelastic testing has significantly reduced transfusion requirements and that this approach has enabled a rapid detection of coagulation disorders in the presence of excessive bleeding. Although further studies are urgently needed, experts have reviewed the use of a transfusion algorithm based on viscoelastic testing in children as a feasible approach, as it has been shown to improve bleeding management and rationalize blood product transfusion.