bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE NORMAL CANINE NEONATAL BRAIN
Authors: Hudson Judith A. , Simpson Stephen T. , Cox Nancy R. , Buxton Donald F.
Published: May 2005

One hundred eighty B‐mode ultrasound examinations of the brain were performed in 34 neonatal dogs from six litters using the bregmatic fontanelle to provide an acoustic window. One image from a hydrocephalic neonate of another litter was included for comparison. Histologic verification of anatomic structures was done in 19 of the 34 subjects. Imaging of 15 additional animals indicated the bregmatic fontanelle could serve as a sonographic window during the first three to four weeks after birth. Measured values of the largest lateral ventricle with a normal histologic evaluation were: lateral ventricular height = 0.15 cm, ventricle‐hemisphere ratio = 0.09, and ventricle‐mantle ratio = 0.15. A Beagle neonate without histologic analysis had a lateral ventricular height of 0.31 cm, a ventricle‐hemisphere ratio of 0.19 and a ventricle‐mantle ratio of 0.19.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN ETHYLENE GLYCOL (ANTIFREEZE) POISONING IN A PREGNANT QUEEN AND 4 FETAL KITTENS
Authors: Adams William H. , Toal Robert L. , Breider Michael A.
Published: May 2005

A one year old female Siamese‐Persian mixed breed cat in late third trimester of pregnancy was presented for anorexia and lethargy. Abdominal radiographs were normal. Abdominal ultrasound revealed markedly increased cortical and moderately increased medullary echogenicity of the maternal kidneys. Cortical echogenicity of all fetal kidneys were similarly increased in echogenicity. Premortem clinicopathologic and postmortem histopathologic findings were indicative of ethylene glycol nephrosis presumably secondary to antifreeze ingestion.
DISSEMINATED IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS (DISH) IN A DOG
Authors: Morgan Joe P. , Stavenborn Monica
Published: May 2005

Spinal and extraspinal manifestations similar to Forestier's disease, or disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), are described in a 4‐year‐old female Great Dane dog. Radiographic features included linear new bone formation with a smooth wavy contour along the ventral and lateral aspects of vertebral bodies plus hyperostosis at ligamentous attachments in the spine (enthesiophytes) causing bony ankylosis. Periarticular new bone and enthesiopathy were present in extraspinal locations. Clinical signs possibly relate to limitations in motion because of the vertebral fusion and extraspinal arthrosis.
LOW FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Kärkkäinen Marjatta , Mero Matti , Nummi Pentti , Punto Lauri
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a relatively new method of medical imaging. MR studies on the normal canine central nervous system were performed using a low field MR scanner. The regions of interest were the head, neck, and lumbar region. The MR findings in two patients with brain atrophy and cervical neck disc protrusion were also evaluated. Based on our findings it appears that low‐field scanners will be satisfactory for use in veterinary diagnostic imaging.
A METHOD OF MOUNTING A GAMMA DETECTOR AND YOKE ASSEMBLY FOR EQUINE NUCLEAR IMAGING
Authors: Riddolls Lawrence J. , Willoughby Russell A. , Dobson Howard
Published: May 2005

A scintillation detector assembly capable of providing the range of movement and flexibility needed for the investigation and diagnosis of equine‐related health problems was required for the nuclear medicine facility of the Equine Research Centre, Guelph, Ontario. The planning, technique and modifications used to mount the gamma detector and yoke assembly are detailed herein. The system has been successfully used for the nuclear scans in horses, and demonstrates the practicality, safety and usefulness of equipment adaptation for large animal imaging.
QUANTITATIVE TC‐99m‐MDP JOINT SCINTIGRAPHY IN A LENTIVIRUS‐INDUCED ARTHRITIS OF GOATS
Authors: Papageorges Marc , Gavin Patrick R. , Barbee David D. , Sande Ronald D. , Knowles Donald P. , Cheevers William P.
Published: May 2005

Caprine arthritis‐encephalitis (CAE) is a lentivirus‐induced disease of goats used as a model for the study of lentiviral infections. Tc‐99m‐MDP scintigraphy was investigated as a method to quantitate the severity of joint inflammation in CAE virus‐induced arthritis in six goats (12 carpi). Carpal/metacarpal Tc‐99m‐MDP uptake ratio was compared to a clinical indicator of joint inflammation and histopathologic grading. Quantitative joint scintigraphy provided a better correlation (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) with histopathologic grading than the clinical indicator (r = 0.18, p > 0.10). Quantitative Tc‐99m‐MDP joint scintigraphy should be used when non‐invasive quantitation of joint inflammation is needed for pathogenetic studies of CAE.
NORMAL XERORADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE MALLARD DUCK (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS) WITH REFERENCE TO OTHER ANSERINE SPECIES
Authors: Smith Bonnie J. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to provide a reference for xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic anatomy of the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) as a representative of the avian Order Anseriformes. The head, body, wing, and pelvic limb of three adult birds were radiographed using xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Nine xeroradiographs and their corresponding conventional radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs labeled to illustrate normal anatomy. Selected views of other anseriform species were included to illustrate certain anatomical features unique to those species.
EQUINE PARANASAL SINUSOGRAPHY
Authors: Behrens Eddy , Schumacher Jim , Morris Earl , Shively Mike
Published: May 2005

Contrast paranasal sinusography was a simple procedure that enhanced evaluation of the paranasal sinuses in the standing horse. Two techniques of positive‐contrast paranasal sinusography were developed using cadavers and sedated horses. For both techniques, 37% organically bound iodine was used. For the first technique, the conchofrontal sinus was injected with 30 ml of contrast medium followed by an additional 100 ml and 70 ml. For the second technique, the rostral maxillary sinus was injected with 20 ml followed by an additional 50 ml. Each technique enhanced visualization of different paranasal sinuses, and each was necessary for complete positive‐contrast radiographic evaluation of the paranasal sinuses. The techniques of positive‐contrast radiographic evaluation of the paranasal sinuses are described.
CONTRAST PARANASAL SINUSOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATION OF DISEASE OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES OF FIVE HORSES
Authors: Behrens Eddy , Schumacher Jim , Morris Earl
Published: May 2005

Positive‐contrast paranasal sinusography was employed to evaluate 5 horses with disease of the paranasal sinuses. Diseases of the paranasal sinuses of these horses were progressive ethmoidal hematoma, bacterial sinusitis secondary to dental disease, and neoplasia. Positive‐contrast sinusography allowed more complete evaluation of disease of the paranasal sinus of the horse than did survey radiographs.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE CALIFORNIA DESERT TORTOISE (Xerobates agassizi): ANATOMY AND APPLICATION
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Stewart James S. , Paul‐Murphy Joanne , Pion Paul
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on healthy California desert tortoises to evaluate the utility of the anatomic acoustic windows available and to gain information about the normal echoanatomy of the tortoise. A major objective was to evaluate the potential clinical value of this diagnostic tool in these species. The soft tissue areas of the integument were used as acoustic windows. Three imaging approaches were described as mediastinal, axillary, and inguinal openings. The mediastinal and axillary approaches offered good visualization of the heart, liver, and gallbladder. The inguinal window allowed imaging of the intestines, urinary/accessory bladders, kidneys, and gonads. The pancreas and spleen could not be visualized. A tortoise with pericardial effusion and a tortoise with hepatic lipidosis are presented to illustrate clinical applications of ultrasound in diagnosing diseases of the tortoise.
ULTRASONGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN HEPATIC AND SPLENIC LYMPHOSARCOMA IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Hartzband Lori E. , Tidwell Amy S. , Pearson Susan H.
Published: May 2005

In a survey of patients with histologically‐confirmed hepatic lymphosarcoma at Tufts University, abnormal ultrasound findings were detected in 3 of 14; two had diffuse hepatic hypoechogenicity, one had a focal hypoechoic lesion. In contrast, 5 of 6 patients with spleic lymphosarcoma had an abnormality on ultrasongraphy; two had diffuse hypoechogenicity, one had multiple hypoechoic foci, one had a large, cavitated‐appearing mass, and one had an irregular border. In our experience, ultrasonography is an insensitive means of detecting hepatic lymphosarcoma but appears more sensitive for detection of splenic lymphosarcoma.
ULTRASOUND LOCALIZATION AND GUIDANCE FOR RENAL BIOPSY IN THE HORSE
Authors: Barratt‐Boyes Simon M. , Spensley Michael S. , Nyland Thomas G. , Olander Harvey J.
Published: May 2005

Real‐time ultrasonography was used to assist percutaneous renal biopsies in seven normal horses. Ultrasound (US) guidance and blind biopsy following US localization were compared. Ten biopsies (seven right kidney and three left kidney) were performed. A transverse approach to the lateral border of the right kidney through the 17th intercostal space was favored, with the needle angle being approximately perpendicular to the body wall. Both biopsy techniques were effective, but blind biopsy following US localization was favored as it was easily performed by one operator without the need for specialized biopsy equipment. The spleen had a variable location and its penetration with the biopsy needle was necessary to obtain two left kidney biopsies. Macroscopic and microscopic hematuria was observed postbiopsy in one and four horses, respectively, out of six horses examined. Perirenal hemorrhage was a prominent finding on necropsy in five of six horses euthanized.
NORMAL XERORADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE BOBWHITE QUAIL (Colinus virginianus), WITH REFERENCE TO OTHER GALLIFORM SPECIES
Authors: Smith Bonnie J. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to provide a reference for xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic anatomy of the bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) as a representative of the avian order Galliformes. The heads, bodies, wings, and pelvic limbs of four adult birds were radiographed using xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Nine xeroradiographs and their corresponding conventional radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs labeled to illustrate the normal anatomy of these regions. A xeroradiograph of the transometatarsus of the domestic peacock (Pavo cristatus) was also included to demonstrate the metatarsal spur, which is not present in the quail.
THE EFFECTS OF REGIONAL PERINEURAL ANESTHESIA ON SOFT TISSUE AND BONE PHASE SCINTIGRAPHY IN THE HORSE
Authors: Trout Donald, R. , Hornof William, J. , Liskey Charles C. , Fisher Paul, E.
Published: May 2005

Soft tissue phase scintigrams were acquired from 7 normal horses before and over a 17‐day period after palmar digital, abaxial sesamoid, low palmar and high palmar nerve blocks. Bone phase scintigrams were acquired from 4 additional horses prior to performing similar regional anesthesia and over a 14‐day period postanesthesia. Images were evaluated subjectively and quantitatively for increased activity in nerve block regions. On soft tissue phase scintigrams, palmar digital and abaxial sesamoid blocks resulted in increases in activity which were relatively mild, of short duration, and subjectively had little or no effect on image interpretation. Low palmar and high palmar blocks resulted in obvious focal accumulation of activity during the soft tissue phase. Such increases in activity were usually greatest at 1 day postanesthesia and persisted up to 17 days postanesthesia. On bone phase scintigrams, abnormal accumulation of activity was not evident.
RADIOGRAPHY OF THE BOVINE CRANIOVENTRAL ABDOMEN
Authors: Partington Beth Paugh , Biller David S.
Published: May 2005

This study consists of a review of 115 consecutively accrued bovine cranial abdomial radiographs. The sensitivity and specificity of radiography in detecting traumatic reticuloperitonitis or pericarditis was 83% and 90%, respectively. Increased reticular size was associated with vagal indigestion. Increased reticulo‐diaphragmatic separation did not correlate with a specific disease process, 25/35 (71%) cattle presented for radiographic examination with a 1 cm or longer metallic reticular foreign body unattached to a magnet had traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Standing lateral abdominal radiographs were determined to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of cranial abdominal disorders in the bovine.
THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF CANINE CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM: SKELETAL CHANGES WITH DELAYED TREATMENT
Authors: Saunders H. Mark , Jezyk Peter K.
Published: May 2005

Congenital hypothyroidism was diagnosed in five Boxer dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between 1978 and 1979. The dogs ranged in age from 5–19 months, and were from two unrelated litters. Congenital hypothyroidism was confirmed by serum T3 and T4 radioimmunoassay and TSH stimulation test. Serial radiographs made before and after L‐thyroxine oral supplementation were studied retrospectively to evaluate the resolution of skeletal abnormalities and to compare skeletal with chronological age. On initial presentation, all five dogs had the following skeletal manifestations of congenital hypothyroidism: short broad skulls, shortened vertebral bodies, and epiphyseal dysgenesis and delayed maturation. Epiphyseal dysgenesis was most common in the humeral (n = 3) and femoral condyles (n = 4), and proximal tibia (n = 4). Accelerated epiphyseal ossification occurred during thyroid hormone supplementation. Three dogs developed osteochondrosistype lesions. Bowing of the radius and disproportionate radius and ulna length resulted in humeroradial joint widening (n = 4) and humeroulnar joint subluxation (n = 1). Degenerative joint changes in the elbows (n = 4), stifles (n = 1), and shoulder (n = 1) were more common in the older dogs.
SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE CRANIAL MEDIASTINUM IN SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Konde Linda J. , Spaulding Kathy
Published: May 2005

Clinical records, radiographs, and sonograms of 17 animals presented for possible cranial mediastinal disease were reviewed. Radiographs were evaluated for accuracy in detection of mediastinal masses. Sonography of the mediastinum was performed using a parasternal approach with the animals in sternal or lateral recumbency. The mediastinum was evaluated for the presence of a mass or other disease. Masses were characterized by echogenicity, size, number, and margination. Mediastinal vessels were studied to determine if there was vascular invasion or compression. A comparison of radiographic and sonographic assessment in cranial mediastinal disease indicates sonography adds valuable information in the diagnosis of mediastinal disease. Results of ultrasound‐guided, fine‐needle aspirate were documented and found to be advantageous in establishing a diagnosis in mediastinal masses.
NORMAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CANINE NECK
Authors: Wisner Erik R. , Mattoon John S. , Nyland Thomas G. , Baker Thomas W.
Published: May 2005

High‐resolution, real‐time ultrasonographic examinations of the neck were performed on eight normal dogs maintained under general anesthesia. Water‐soluble dye was injected into imaged structures under sonographic guidance in two dogs. The anatomy of the neck was verified at postmortem by visualization of dye deposited in the injected structures. Anatomical mapping was then completed by performing complete cervical ultrasound examinations in the remaining six dogs. Normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the canine neck and major anatomic landmarks useful in clinical imaging are described.
HOW THE MACH PHENOMENON AND SHAPE AFFECT THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF SKELETAL STRUCTURES
Authors: Papageorges Marc
Published: May 2005

The shape of skeletal structures and their position relative to the x‐ray beam have a considerable effect on their radiographic appearance. Depending on the thickness of the cortical or subchondral bone, skeletal structures display the characteristics of either homogeneous or compound lamellar structures. Convex homogeneous structures are associated with a negative Mach line, and concave homogeneous structures are associated with a positive Mach line. Convex compound lamellar structures are associated with a negative Mach band and visualization of the lamina (subchondral or cortical bone) is reduced. Concave compound lamellar structures are associated with a positive Mach band and visualization of the lamina is enhanced. The combined effect of Mach phenomenon, shape, and thickness enhances visualization of some skeletal surfaces and make others imperceptible. These principles are very useful to correctly identify complex skeletal structures and avoid misinterpretations.
IRIDIUM‐192 BRACHYTHERAPY FOR EQUINE SARCOID, ONE AND TWO YEAR REMISSION RATES
Authors: Walker Michael , Adams William , Hoskinson James , Held J.P. , Blackford James , Geiser Dennis , Goble Dallas , Henton John
Published: May 2005

This report presents the results of 12 adult horses with 16 sarcoids which received radiotherapy from iridium‐192 interstitial implants. Fourteen of the 16 tumors (87.5%) were in remission for at least 12 months, and 13 (81.2%) were in remission for at least 24 months. Generally, normal tissue reactions were within acceptable limits. The results of this study further substantiate the beneficial nature of radioactive brachytherapy for equine sarcold.
DIAGNOSIS OF CALCIFICATION ON ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHS
Authors: Lamb MA Christopher R. , Kleine DVM Lawrence J. , McMillan Majorie C.
Published: May 2005

A wide variety of normal and pathologic factors may induce intraabdominal calcification. In general, the most reliable indication of the cause of a calcification is its location; therefore, if the affected organ can be identified the radiographic diagnosis is often straightforward or, at least, limited to relatively few possibilities. With this principle in mind, a series of patients with abdominal calcification are described for the purpose of illustrating the appearance of calcification of various abdominal organs. In addition, etiology for the calcification in each patient is discussed. Certain extraabdominal calcifications which may be seen on abdominal radiographs are also mentioned.
TRACHEAL AND LARYNGEAL TUMORS IN THE DOG AND CAT: LITERATURE REVIEW AND 13 ADDITIONAL PATIENTS
Authors: Carlisle Carol H. , Biery Darryl N. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Primary tumors of the larynx or trachea are uncommon in the dog and cat. In a review of the English language literature, description of 65 such patients were found. In a search of the Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of the University of Pennsylvania and North Carolina State University, an additional 13 previously unreported patients were identified, bringing the total to at least 78. Of these 78, there have been 16 canine tracheal, 7 feline tracheal, 34 canine laryngeal and 21 feline laryngeal tumors. In the canine and feline trachea, osteochondroma and epithelial malignancies, respectively, appear to be the most common. Epithelial malignancies appear to be the most common tumor of the canine larynx whereas lymphosarcoma appears to be the most common feline laryngeal tumor. In patients described herein, tumors produced clinical signs consistent with airway obstruction. Voice alteration was common in patients with laryngeal tumors. Patients were middle‐aged to older, except for dogs with osteochondroma. This compares favorably to historical data. All tumors in this study were readily seen radiographically, with most laryngeal and tracheal tumors appearing as masses within the lumen of the airway. Mineralization was uncommon except for canine osteochondromas. Feline laryngeal tumors in this study appeared as generalized laryngeal thickening rather than as a distinct mass. Response of canine and feline tracheal and laryngeal thickening rather than as a distinct mass. Response of canine and feline tracheal and laryngeal tumors to treatment can not be adequately assessed from available data. Benign tumors of the larynx or trachea may be amenable to complete excision. Neoplastic lesions must be differentiated from polyps or abscesses within the upper airway as these may appear radiographically identical to primary tumors. This can be achieved by endoscopic evaluation and biopsy of airway masses before formulating a prognosis.
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CANINE MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS
Authors: Shaiken Loren C. , Evans Sydeny M. , Goldschmidt Michael H.
Published: May 2005

Radiographs of 19 dogs diagnosed as having malignant histiocytosis were examined. The most common abnormalities involved the spleen (10), liver (6), lymph nodes (6 thoracic, 4 abdominal), and lungs (6). Other abnormalities involved the spinal column (3), and bones (2). Correlations were made between radiographic appearance and histologic diagnoses. As has been reported, Bernese Mountain Dogs were found to be significantly more often affected than other breeds. Rottweilers and Golden Retrievers were also found to have higher incidence rates. Viewed radiographically, treatment appeared to have little impact on the course of the disease.
THE EFFECTS OF INTRA‐ARTICULAR ANESTHESIA ON SOFT TISSUE‐AND BONE‐PHASE SCINTIGRAPHY IN THE HORSE
Authors: Trout Donald R. , Hornof William J. , Fisher Paul E.
Published: May 2005

Soft tissue‐ and bone‐phase scintigrams were acquired from 4 normal horses before and over a 14‐day period after metacarpophalangeal, antebrachiocarpal, tarsocrural and tarsometatarsal joint blocks. Images were evaluated subjectively and quantitatively for increased activity in these regions. The antebrachiocarpal block resulted in obvious focal accumulation of activity on soft tissue‐phase scintigrams. This increased activity was greatest 2 to 4 days postanesthesia and persisted up to 14 days postanesthesia. On quantitative analysis of soft tissue‐phase images, similar trends were noted after the metacarpophalangeal and tarsocrural blocks, but these increases were relatively mild and were not evident on subjective evaluation of the images. Abnormal soft tissue‐phase activity was not associated with the tarsometatarsal block. On bone‐phase scintigrams, increased activity was not present following any of these joint blocks.
CALCIUM OXALATE URETEROLITH IN A CAT
Authors: Moon Martha L. , Dallman Mark A.
Published: May 2005

A 4‐year‐old cat was presented for polyuria and polydipsia. Unilateral hydronephorosis and hydroureter was diagnosed on ultrasound examination of the abdomen, and right ureteral calculi were seen in survey abdominal radiographs. Intravenous urography confirmed hydronephrosis and indicated poor renal funttion in the right kidney. Surgical removal of the ureteral calculus improved right renal function. Analysis of the calculus indicated composition of calcium oxalate, an uncommon calculus in cats.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF SINCALIDE‐INDUCED CANINE GALLBLADDER EMPTYING: AN AID TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF BILIARY OBSTRUCTION WINNER OF THE 1991 RESIDENT‐AUTHORED PAPER AWARD SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF VETERINARY RADIOLOGY
Authors: Finn Susan T. , Park Ricilard D. , Twedt David C. , Curtis Charles R.
Published: May 2005

Gallbladder emptying studies using ultrasonography were performed on ten normal dogs, one normal control dog, three dogs with biliary obstruction and three dogs with nonobstructive hepatobiliary disease. An intravenous bolus of a synthetic cholecystokinin was used to induce emptying. The normal canine gallbladder emptied at least 40% of its volume within one hour of synthetic cholecystokinin (0.04 μg/kg) administration. Maximum response was seen within 5 to 20 minutes. The gallbladder in icteric dogs with nonobstructive hepatobiliary disease (1 cholecystitis, 1 cholangitis, 1 cholangiohepatitis) also emptied at least 40% of its volume within one hour. The obstructed gallbladder (1 chronic pancreatitis, 1 acute pancreatitis, 1 pancreatic mass) emptied less than 20% within one hour. A significant difference (p>0.05) in the maximum percent gallbladder emptying was found between the dogs with biliary obstruction and nonobstructed, icteric dogs. No side effects to the synthetic cholecystokinin were observed.
RADIOTHERAPY WITH AND WITHOUT CHEMOTHERAPY FOR LOCALIZED LYMPHOMA IN 10 CATS
Authors: Elmslie Robyn E. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Gillette Edward L. , McChesney‐Gillette Sharon
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of radiotherapy with and without chemotherapy for treatment of localized lymphoma in 10 cats. Tumor location included nasal cavity (3 cats), retrobulbar area (3 cats), mediastinum (1 cat), subcutaneous tissue (1 cat), maxilla (1 cat) and mandible (1 cat). Six cats were treated with radiation alone and 4 cats also received chemotherapy during and/or after radiotherapy. Complete remission was achieved locally in 8 of 10 cats, whereas 2 cats had partial remission. Five of the 6 cats treated with radiotherapy alone achieved complete remission. Overall mean and median remission times for the 8 cats with complete remission were 123 weeks and 114 weeks, respectively (range 4 to 277 weeks). Three of the 8 cats have been in complete remission for more than 131 weeks and are still alive. Three cats achieving complete local remission developed lymphoma outside the radiation field. One cat had recurrence at the site of irradiation. Results of the retrospective study suggest that radiotherapy with and without chemotherapy may be effective for the treatment of localized lymphoma in the cat.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE PYOMETRA USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Fayrer‐Hosken Richard A. , Mahaffey Mary , Miller‐Liebl Doris , Caudle Alfred B.
Published: May 2005

The paper documents the early detection of pyometra in an apparently normal bitch. Ultrasonography allowed the detection of pathologic changes before any clinical changes were detectable. Ultrasonography is thus a powerful tool for the early detection of uterine abnormalities and may allow early successful therapy.
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN TEN DOGS WITH THORACIC ACTINOMYCOSIS
Authors: Schmidt Melinda , Wolvekamp Pim
Published: May 2005

The radiographic findings in ten dogs with thoracic actinomycosis are presented. Radiographic findins varied, but pleural effusion, pulmonary infiltrates and mediastinal masses were most commonly found. Rib involvement, commonly accompanying actinomycosis in man, was present in only one dog. The differential diagnosis of actinomycosis includes many disease entities, but based on the radiographic signs it may be possible to narrow down the number of possiblities considerably. A combination of mediastinal or pulmonary masses, pleural effusion and encapsulated fluid is strongly indicative for actinomycosis. For confirmation a bacteriological examination is indicated.
RADIATION PNEUMONITIS IN THREE DOGS
Authors: McEntee Margaret C. , Page Rodney L. , Cline J. Mark , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Radiation pneumonitis developed within the radiation treatment field in three dogs with soft tissue sarcomas located on or adjacent to the thoracic wall. Radiographic signs compatible with a diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis developed from one (n = 2 dogs) to two (n = 1 dog) months after completion of therapy. The initial radiographic sign was an alveolar infiltrate in all three dogs. At subsequent examinations at variable time periods after treatment, radiographic findings included: bronchiectasis (n = 3 dogs), alveolar infiltrate (n = 2 dogs), decreased lung volume (n = 2 dogs), and unstructured interstitial opacification (n = 1 dog). Necropsy examination of one dog at fourteen months after the completion of radiotherapy showed evidence of pulmonary fibrosis within the irradiated lung. Necropsy examination of the second dog did not show any evidence of radiation induced changes. It is possible that histopathologic examination did not include irradiated lung. No clinical signs that could be attributed to the radiation pneumonitis were observed in any dog. It appears that approximately 25% of the lung can be safely irradiated to high doses, if indicated, in order to deliver an adequate dose of radiation to a primary tumor site.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE, ULTRASOUND AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATION OF ACUTE AND HEALING EQUINE TENDON INJURIES
Authors: Crass Jeffrey R. , Genovese Ronald L. , Render James A. , Bellon Errol M.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography and MRI have become valuable tools for imaging of tendon injuries. The current study examines the histopathologic basis for the imaging abnormalities. Five injured equine forelimbs and two normal contralateral limbs were studied with high resolution real time ultrasound and MRI. Histologic sections were made and correlated with the diagnostic images. All lesions were readily seen by both modalities. Lesions characterized by hemorrhage, edma, and cellular infiltration were sonolucent on ultrasound and bright on MRI images. MRI returned to normal as fibrogenesis ensued. Ultrasound images remained abnormal until fibrillar reallgnment occured with completion of the healing process. High resolution real time ultrasound and MRI both accurately reflect the tissue abnormalities in acute tendon injuries. The injured horse does appear to be an effective model for correlative imaging studies of tendon injuries.
ANATOMIC ATLAS FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE MESATICEPHALIC DOG: HEAD AND NECK
Authors: George Thomas F. , Smallwood James E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to produce a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the dog for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Whole‐body CT images of two mature beagle dogs were made with the dogs supported in sternal recumbency and using a slice thickness of 13 mm. The head was scanned using high‐resolution imaging with a slice thickness of 8 mm. At the end of the CT session, each dog was euthanized, and while carefully maintaining the same position, the body was placed in a walk‐in freezer until completely frozen. The body was then sectioned at 13‐mm (head at 8‐mm) intervals, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The forzen sections were cleaned, photographed, and radiographed using xeroradiography. Each CT image was studied and compared with its corresponding xeroradiograph and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Intact, sagittally sectioned, and disarticulated dog skulls were used as reference models. Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled in the three corresponding photographs (CT image, xeroradiograph, and anatomic section). In this paper, the CT anatomy of the head and neck of the mesaticephalic dog is presented.
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF CANINE GRANULOCYTES LABELED WITH 99mTC‐HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENEAMINE OXIME:
Authors: Tucker Russell L. , Daniel Gregory B. , Daniel Sandra L. , Buckman Theresa
Published: May 2005

Technetium‐99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxine (99mTc‐HMPAO) and Indium‐111 oxine (111In‐oxine) labeled canine gramulocytes were evaluated in vitro over a six hour period. Labeling efficiency for 99mTC‐HMPAO and 111In‐oxine labeled granulocytes was 39.6%± 8.0% and 60.6%± 17.6% (mean ± SD) respectively. The mean in vitro elution of the radiolabel ranged from 8.7‐14.0% for the 99mTc‐HMPAO grannulocytes and from 6.1‐9.0% for the 111In‐oxine granulocytes. Mean cell viability, for the 99mTc‐HMPAO, 111In‐oxine and non‐radiolabeled control granulocytes ranged from 97.8‐99.4%, 96.4‐98.5% and 98.2‐99.0%, respectively. The phagocytic ability of the 99mTc‐HMPAO, 111In‐oxine and control granulocytes ranged from 47.5‐54.1%, 38.9‐56.2% and 46.6‐57.8% respectively over the six hour study period. Although labeling efficiency using 111In‐oxine was significantly (P=0.05) better than 99mTc‐HMPAO, there was no significant difference in label retention of the two radiolabels. There was no significant difference in viability or phagocytic function during the six hour study period. Considering the potential cost advantage and the superior imaging qualities of Technetium‐99m relative to Indium‐111, 99mTc‐HMPAO appears to be a good alternative to 111In‐oxine as a granulocyte label.
THE RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THORACOLUMBAR DISC DISEASE IN THE DACHSHUND
Authors: Kirberger Robert M. , Roos Cornelis J. , Lubbe Anton M.
Published: May 2005

The accuracy of survey radiographs in the diagnosis of acute thoracolumbar disc disease in 36 Dachshunds was determined by comparison with lumbar myelographic findings using iohexol. The value of making radiographs immediately after injection of contrast medium and the effectiveness of oblique radiographs in determining the exact circumferential distribution of extruding or protruding disc material were assessed. The presence of a double contrast medium column, resistance to injection and the presence of cerebrospinal fluid flow during needle placement was also evaluated. The location of the affected disc was accurately determined on survey radiographs in only 26 dogs. The myelographic technique used in this study resulted in the correct intervertebral space being identified, together with the exact circumferential distribution of disc material, in 35 dogs. Survey radiographs alone are inadequate for localization of protruding or extruding disc material.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF RENAL VOLUME IN THE DOG
Authors: Felkai C.S. , Vörös K. , Vrabély T. , Karsai F.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonographic linear and area measurements were performed on both kidneys of 15 clinically healthy dogs. Renal volumes were calculated from linear and area data applying three prolate ellipsoid models. Ultrasonographic volumes were then compared using linear regression analysis with kidney volumes measured in vitro by water displacement. In vivo ultrasonographic volumes had a statistically significant relationship with the in vitro volume. The highest correlation was provided by the single plane area method. There was also a correlation between body weight and ultrasonographically detected renal volume, suggesting that ultrasound imaging may be a useful method for assessment of renal volume changes in dogs with renal disease.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE THYROID IMAGING IN FELINE HYPERTHYROIDISM USING TECHNETIUM‐99M AS PERTECHNETATE
Authors: Mooney Carmel T. , Thoday Keith L. , Nicoll Jeremy J. , Doxey David L.
Published: May 2005

Thyroid imaging using technetium‐99m as pertechnetate (99mTcO4) was carried out in five healthy, euthyroid and 37 hyperthyroid cats using both pinhole and parallel‐hole collimators. Images of greater resolution, necessary to distinguish bilateral lobe involvement, were obtained using the pinhole collimator. Per cent thyriod 99mTcO4 ‐ uptake was calculated in each cat and was significanly (P < 0.001) higher in hyperthyroid compared with euthyroid cats. In the hyperthyroid cats, per cent thyroid uptake was significantly correlated with serum total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Concentrations. Per cent thyroid 99mTcO4 ‐ uptake is increased in feline hyperthyrodism and may be calculated using a pinhole collimator alone at the time of qalitative assessment of the extent of thyroid tissue involvement.
RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN RHESUS MACAQUES AFFECTED BY SCURVY
Authors: Morgan Joe P. , Eisele Pamela H.
Published: May 2005

Spontaneous vitamin C deficiency, or scurvy, was recognized in juvenile rhesus monkeys maintained in a research center as a result of being fed a commercial diet for 2 to 3 months with low levels of vitamin C. Most severely affected animals (13) were radiographed repeatedly up to day 300 following detection of the disease. Early radiographic changes consisted of widened, lucent metaphyses with lateral flaring and radiopaque metaphyseal lines at the junction of the metaphyses and physes. Physeal slippage was noted commonly. Following institution of vitamin C therapy, calcification of subperiosteal hemorrhage occurred in the metaphyseal regions. Metaphyses and physes returned to normal radiographic appearance within 15 to 30 days. Initially, the ubperiosteal hemorrhage progressed and a longer time was required for resolution of the calcified hematomas. The macaques improved clinically and were released from the hospital when fractures were stable at 4–5 weeks after admission. Of the 13 macaques studied, all but one returned as normal members of the colony.
OSTEOCHONDROSIS LESIONS OF THE CANINE SHOULDER: CORRELATION OF POSITIVE CONTRAST ARTHROGRAPHY AND ARTHROSCOPY
Authors: van Bree Henri , Van Ryssen Bernadette , Desmidt Mick
Published: May 2005

In this study the correlation between positive contrast arthrography and arthroscopy was evaluated in a series of 20 shoulder joints (12 dogs) with radiographic and clinical evidence of osteochondrosis. The joints were consecutively examined by arthrography and arthroscopy. In 12 joints arthrography revealed the presence of a cartilage flap, and this finding was confirmed by arthroscopy. In 3 out of 8 joints where arthrography failed to demonstrate rupture of the cartilage, arthroscopy revealed the presence of a distinct fissure line. In 2 joints arthroscopy demonstrated a lesion comparable with chondromalacia and in 3 only a dimple in the articular cartilage was found. In 2 joints arthroscopy revealed the presence of small joint mice not detected by arthrography. Kissing lesions on the surface of the glenoid cavity opposite to cartilage flaps could be demonstrated as well. Evaluation of synovial inflammation, judged by the aspect and pattern of the synovial villi, correlated well with histologic findings. These results indicate that arthroscopy is a complementary examination in painful joints where arthrography fails to demonstrate rupture of the articular cartilage. It could be the procedure of choice if diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy can be combined. However, arthrography remains the technique of choice to demonstrate joint mice within the bicipital tendon sheath.
PNEUMOCOELOM ASSOCIATED WITH SERRATOSPICULUM AMACULATA IN A BALD EAGLE
Authors: Ackerman Norman , Isaza Ramiro , Greiner Ellis , Berry Clifford R.
Published: May 2005

Serratospiculum amaculata Nemutodes were identified radiographically in the air sacs of an eagle which developed acute respiratory distress several days after treatment for severe head trauma. The nematodes were found at necropsy within the air sacs and lungs. One of the nematodes was found protruding through a hole in the lung. Although this parasite was reported in a falcon which died post operatively this is the first report of death in an eagle related to the presence of this parasite and is also the first time the parasite itself has been observed in a raptor antemortem.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF HYPERTROPHIC FELINE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN TWO CATS
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Gaschen Frederic P. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Hypertrophic fellne musculer dystrophy has been reported as an X‐linked inherited deficiency of a cytoskeletal myofiber protein called dystrophin. This report deserlbes the radiographic and ultrasonographic abnormalities of two male littermate domestic short‐hair cats and reviews the previous reported findings assoclated with hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy. The thoracic radiographic abnormalities included: progressive cardiomegaly, large convex, scalloped irregularities associated with the vetral aspect of the diaphragm, and variable degrees of esophageal dilation (megaesophagus) with associated cranioventral aspiration pneumonia. Echocardiographic features included: concentric left vetricular wall thickening, increased left ventricular and diastolic and systolic dimensions, and an increase in endocardial echogenicity. Abdominal radiographic abnormalities included: hepatosplenomegaly, peritoneal effusion, renomegaly, adrenal gland mineralization, and paralumbar and diaphragmatic musculature enlargement. Abdomlnal ultrasonographic abnormalities included: irregularly thickened muscular portion of the diaphragm; hypoechogenicity of the liver; peritoneal effusion; hepatosplenomegaly; renomegaly with hyperechoic cortex and medulla; and adrenal gland mineralization. The irregular scalloped appearance of the diaphragm (particularly along the ventral/sternal margin) was a consistenl radiographic abnormlity in the two cats with hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy after the age of 7 months. This finding was confirmed by ultrasound as a thickened irregular, hyperechoic diaphragm. A diagnosis of hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy should be strongly suspected if this abnormality is identified.
USE OF A PERFORMANCE SCALE IN SMALL ANIMAL RADIATION THERAPY
Authors: Burk Ronald L. , Mauldin G. Neal
Published: May 2005

A performance scale (Animal Medical Center Performance Scale) for use in dogs and cats was developed by modifying the Karnofsky Performance Status that is used in people. It was then applied to 209 animals that received definitive radiotherapy. The results after a minimum of 1 year of observation after therapy indicated that survival times were significantly longer for those animals that scored 80 or higher on the scale. Further studies will be needed to determine its usefulness with specific tumor types.
INTRAOSSEOUS EPIDERMOID CYSTS IN THE DISTAL PHALANX OF TWO DOGS
Authors: Homer Bruce L. , Ackerman Norman , Woody Benny J. , Green Ron W.
Published: May 2005

Two dogs were presented with a history of lameness associated with swelling of one of the digits. Radiographs of the affected digits revealed an irregularly mineralized, smoothly marginated proliferative bone lesion in the distal phalanx of one dog and a destructive bony lesion in the distal phalanx of the second dog. The differential diagnosis included nail bed carcinoma, malignant melanoma, osteomyelitis, and subungual keratoacanthoma. Radiographic findings and no response to medical treatment resulted in amputation and submission of the digits for a histopathologic diagnosis. Histologic examination of the distal phalanx of the digits revealed benign epidermoid cysts associated with either bony proliferation or osteolysis. Excision of the lesions was curative. This report presents the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings associated with intraosseous epidermoid cysts in the distal phalanx of two dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1992, pp 133–137.
GASTROGASTRIC INTUSSUSCEPTION IN A DOG
Authors: Huml Raymond A. , Konde Linda J. , Sellon Rance K. , Forrest Lisa J.
Published: May 2005

A three‐year‐old, intact male, Rottweiler is presented with a gastrogastric intussusception. This is one of only two known reports of gastrogastric intussusception in the dog. Lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs and ultrasound revealed a gastric mass, however the diagnosis of gastrogastric intussusception was made during surgery. The patient in this report had no associated tumor and the pyloric antrum was the intussusceptum. Cause of the intussusception is unknown.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF GASTROINTESTINAL FOREIGN BODIES
Authors: Tidwell Amy S. , Penninck Dominique G.
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic findings of fourteen animals having gastrointestinal foreign bodies are presented. Ultrasonography confirmed the presence and location of foreign material within the gastrointestinal tract when radiographic findings were unclear. The acoustic patterns arising from each foreign body varied depending on its physical properties and interaction with the ultrasound beam. These patterns, some of which seemed characteristic for certain types of foreign bodies, and the associated findings of mechanical ileus, ascites, mesenteric lymph node enlargement and localized pancreatitis are discussed.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CANINE NASAL PASSAGES
Authors: Burk Ronald L.
Published: May 2005

A normal German shepherd dog underwent CT imaging with contiguous 10 mm thick images made of the nasal cavity from the caudal limit of the frontal sinuses to the rostral aspect of the nose. Normal structures were identified. This normal anatomic information will be of use in assessing CT images of dogs suspected of having nasal cavity disease.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF NASAL DISEASE IN 100 DOGS
Authors: Burk Ronald L.
Published: May 2005

One hundred dogs with nasal disease were evaluated by computed tomography (CT). Certain findings were significantly correlated with neoplasia. These included patchy areas of increased density within soft tissue opacity, destruction of part or all of the ethmoid bones, abnormal soft tissue in the retrobulbar spaces, destruction of one or both the lateral maxillae, destruction of the nasal bone or rostral dorsal maxilla, or hyperostosis of the lateral maxilla. Combinations of these findings were even more significant for neoplasia. No single finding or combination of findings was absolutely definitive of neoplasia. The results of this study are useful in indicating that biopsy results should be questioned if one or more of the above factors is present and a diagnosis of inflammation is made.
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE NAVICULAR BONE IN SOUND HORSES
Authors: Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Ueltschi Gottlieb
Published: May 2005

Radiographs of the navicular bone in 523 sound horses were reviewed. Detailed evaluation criteria were used. The incidence of radiographic changes and variations in normal horses were recorded. Results were tested for right‐left limb difference and for age relationship. Variation in shape and bone structure was commonly seen in the navicular bone. Radiographic changes with an incidence of less than 2% included flexor cortex defects and calcification on the flexor surface. Fragments at the distal navicular bone border, calcification in the impar ligament and enthesiophytes at the proximal border were radiographic findings with an incidence of 2% to 10%. Abnormal canals at the distal border were found in 11% horses. Elongation of the lateral proximal extremity was commonly found. The mean width of the flexor cortex was 3.6 mm.
INCIDENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF UNUNITED PROXIMOPLANTAR TUBEROSITY OF THE PROXIMAL PHALANX IN STANDARDBRED TROTTERS
Authors: Grøndahl Ann M.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic examination of all four metatarso‐ and metacarpophalangeal joints was performed on 753 Standardbred yearlings. Ununited proximoplantar tuberosity of the proximal phalanx was seen in 18 (2.4%) of the horses. All ununited tuberosities were in the pelvic limb. The condition was seen laterally in 16 horses while one horse had the medial and lateral tuberosities affected and another only the medial tuberosity. Upon follow‐up examination it was apparent that 12 ununited proximoplantar tuberosities in 11 horses had united to the proximal phalanx after 6–12 months. A worsening of the condition was seen in 4 horses, and one horse had unchanged radiographic findings after 7 months. Lameness had not been observed in any horse prior to the first examination.
TRAUMATIC DURAL LACERATION IN A RACING GREYHOUND
Authors: Roush James K. , Douglass James P. , Hertzke Donna , Kennedy George A.
Published: May 2005

Acute pelvic limb paralysis occurred in a racing Greyhound after a traumatic incident. During myelography, a dorsal laceration of the dura mater was detected at T12–13. Immediate hemilaminectomy was performed at T12–13, but neurologic status did not improve. At necropsy there was epidural and subdural hemorrhage at the T12–13interspace, and malacia and swelling of the spinal cord at that level. Intramedullary hemorrhage, malacia, and free fibrocartilaginous material characterized histopathology of the lesion. Possible mechanisms of the traumatic disk extrusion are discussed.