bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yeast and filamentous
Candida auris
stimulate distinct immune responses in the skin
Authors: Bryak Garrett , Cox Abigail , Lionakis Michail S. , Thangamani Shankar
Published: June 2024

Candida auris
, an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, predominately colonizes the human skin long term leading to subsequent life-threatening invasive infections. Fungal morphology is believed to play a critical role in modulating mucocutaneous antifungal immunity. In this study, we used an intradermal mouse model of
C. auris
infection to examine fungal colonization and the associated innate and adaptive immune response to yeast and filamentous
C. auris
strains. Our results indicate that mice infected with a filamentous
C. auris
had significantly decreased fungal load compared to mice infected with the yeast form. Mice infected with yeast and filamentous forms of
C. auris
stimulated distinct innate immune responses. Phagocytic cells (CD11b
+
Ly6G
+
neutrophils, CD11b
+
Ly6C
hi
inflammatory monocytes, and CD11b
+
MHCII
+
CD64
+
macrophages) were differentially recruited to mouse skin tissue infected with yeast and filamentous
C. auris
. The percentage and absolute number of interleukin 17 (IL-17) producing innate lymphoid cells, TCRγδ
+
, and CD4
+
T cells in the skin tissue of mice infected with filamentous
C. auris
were significantly increased compared to the wild-type of yeast strain. Furthermore, complementation of filamentous mutant strain of
C. auris
(Δ
elm1 + ELM1
) strain exhibited wild-type yeast morphology
in vivo
and induced comparable level of skin immune responses similar to mice infected with yeast strain. Collectively, our findings indicate that yeast and filamentous
C. auris
induce distinct local immune responses in the skin. The decreased fungal load observed in mouse skin infected with filamentous
C. auris
is associated with a potent IL-17 immune response induced by this morphotype.

IMPORTANCE

Candida auris
is a globally emerging fungal pathogen that transmits among individuals in hospitals and nursing home residents. Unlike other
Candida
species,
C. auris
predominantly colonizes and persists in skin tissue resulting in outbreaks of systemic infections. Understanding the factors that regulate
C. auris
skin colonization and host immune response is critical to develop novel preventive and therapeutic approaches against this emerging pathogen. We identified that yeast and filamentous forms of
C. auris
induce distinct skin immune responses in the skin. These findings may help explain the differential colonization and persistence of
C. auris
morphotypes in skin tissue. Understanding the skin immune responses induced by yeast and filamentous
C. auris
is important to develop novel vaccine strategies to combat this emerging fungal pathogen.
Co-occurrence of ST412
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates with hypermucoviscous and non-mucoviscous phenotypes in a short-term hospitalized patient
Authors: Liang Qinghua , Chen Nan , Wang Wei , Zhang Biying , Luo Jinjing , Zhong Ying , Zhang Feiyang , Zhang Zhikun , Martín–Rodríguez Alberto J. , Wang Ying , Xiang Li , Xiong Xia , Hu Renjing , Zhou Yingshun
Published: June 2024

Hypermucoviscosity (HMV) is a phenotype that is commonly associated with hypervirulence in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. The factors that contribute to the emergence of HMV subpopulations remain unclear. In this study, eight
K. pneumoniae
strains were recovered from an inpatient who had been hospitalized for 20 days. Three of the isolates exhibited a non-HMV phenotype, which was concomitant with higher biofilm formation than the other five HMV isolates. All eight isolates were highly susceptible to serum killing, albeit HMV strains were remarkably more infective than non-HMV counterparts in a mouse model of infection. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) showed that the eight isolates belonged to the K57-ST412 lineage. Average nucleotide identity (FastANIb) analysis indicated that eight isolates share 99.96% to 99.99% similarity and were confirmed to be the same clone. Through comparative genomics analysis, 12 non-synonymous mutations were found among these isolates, eight of which in the non-HMV variants, including
rmpA
(c.285delG) and
wbaP
(c.1305T > A), which are assumed to be associated with the non-HMV phenotype. Mutations in
manB
(c.1318G > A),
dmsB
(c.577C > T) and
tkt
(c.1928C > A) occurred in HMV isolates only. RNA-Seq revealed transcripts of genes involved in energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and membrane transport, including
cysP
,
cydA
,
narK
,
tktA
,
pduQ
,
aceB
,
metN,
and
lsrA
, to be significantly dysregulated in the non-HMV strains, suggesting a contribution to HMV phenotype development. This study suggests that co-occurrence of HMV and non-HMV phenotypes in the same clonal population may be mediated by mutational mechanisms as well as by certain genes involved in membrane transport and central metabolism.

IMPORTANCE

K. pneumoniae
with a hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype is a community-acquired pathogen that is associated with increased invasiveness and pathogenicity, and underlying diseases are the most common comorbid risk factors inducing metastatic complications. HMV was earlier attributed to the overproduction of capsular polysaccharide, and more data point to the possibility of several causes contributing to this bacterial phenotype. Here, we describe a unique event in which the same clonal population showed both HMV and non-HMV characteristics. Studies have demonstrated that this process is influenced by mutational processes and genes related to transport and central metabolism. These findings provide fresh insight into the mechanisms behind co-occurrence of HMV and non-HMV phenotypes in monoclonal populations as well as potentially being critical in developing strategies to control the further spread of HMV
K. pneumoniae
.
Examining homoacetogens in feces from adult and juvenile kangaroos with the aim of finding competitive strains to hydrogenotrophic methanogens
Authors: Stefanini Renan , Karekar Supriya , Ale Enriquez Fuad , Ahring Birgitte
Published: June 2024

We examined the microbial populations present in fecal samples of macropods capable of utilizing a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide (70:30) percent. The feces samples were cultured under anaerobic conditions, and production of methane or acetic acids characteristic for methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis was measured. While the feces of adult macropods mainly produced methane from the substrate, the sample from a 2-month-old juvenile kangaroo only produced acetic acid and no methane. The stable highly enriched culture of the joey kangaroo was sequenced to examine the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that over 70% of gene copies belonged to the Clostridia class, with
Paraclostridium
and
Blautia
as the most predominant genera. The culture further showed the presence of
Actinomyces
spp., a genus which has only been identified in the GI tract of macropods in a few studies, and where none, to our knowledge, have been classified as homoacetogenic. The joey kangaroo mixed culture showed a doubling time of 3.54 h and a specific growth rate of 0.199/h, faster than what has been observed for homoacetogenic bacteria in general.

IMPORTANCE

Enteric methane emissions from cattle are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Methane emissions not only contribute to climate change but also represent a loss of energy from the animal's diet. However, methanogens play an important role as hydrogen sink to rumen systems; without it, the performance of hydrolytic organisms diminishes. Therefore, effective strategies of methanogen inhibition would be enhanced in conjunction with the addition of alternative hydrogen sinks to the rumen. The significance of our research is to identify homoacetogens present in the GI tract of kangaroos and to present their performance
in vitro
, demonstrating their capability to serve as alternatives to rumen methanogens.
Novel de novo heterozygous CACNA1A gene variant in generalised dystonia: a case report
Authors: Alshareet Mohammed , Alakkas Aljoharah , Alsinaidi Omar A , Bawazeer Shahad , Peer-Zada Abdul Ali
Published: June 2024

Background

Dystonia is a genetic or non-genetic movement disorder with typical patterned and twisting movements due to abnormal muscle contractions that may be associated with tremor. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity leads to variable clinical presentation.

Methodology

Next-generation sequencing technologies are being currently used in the workup of patients with inherited dystonia to determine the specific cause in the individuals with autosomal dominant, recessive, X-linked or mitochondrial inheritance patterns. Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A (CACNA1A) gene variants are rare in dystonias.

Results

We here present a 20-year-old man with a history of delayed milestones, flexor posturing, dysarthria, dysphagia and a negative family history from consanguineous parents. Neurological examination revealed right lateral scoliosis of the neck and generalised dystonic posturing affecting both upper and lower limbs. MRI of the brain was unremarkable. Molecular genetic results revealed a heterozygous variant in the CACNA1A gene (CHR19: NM_023035.2, c. 1602G>A; p. Met534Ile). Segregation analyses in both the parents revealed wild-type CACNA1A gene suggesting de novo nature of the variant with a likely pathogenic classification.

Conclusion

Dystonia is one of the clinical phenotypes that can be associated with CACNA1A gene mutations and we recommend that this gene either be included in the dystonia panel offered or tested when the initial primary genetic result is negative.
Risk factors for mortality in culture-negative neonatal sepsis in Malawi: a propensity score-matched analysis
Authors: Ghambi Lughano , Chirombo James , de Baat Tessa , Kawaza Kondwani , Iroh Tam Pui-Ying
Published: June 2024

We conducted a propensity score-matched multivariable regression analysis of 1050 culture-negative neonatal sepsis cases in Malawi, where 160 (15.2%) died. Mortality among neonates with culture-negative sepsis was associated with very low birth weight (adjusted OR (AOR) 12.82, 95% CI 1.23 to 137.49), respiratory distress syndrome (AOR 13.20, 95% CI 2.58 to 83.66), a low Apgar score at 1 min (AOR 3.50, 95% CI 1.21 to 10.72) and at 5 min (AOR 4.77, 95% CI 1.94 to 12.50). Addressing maternal and perinatal factors around health and delivery of care is key to improving outcomes in the context of culture-negative sepsis in neonates from low-income country settings like Malawi.
‘I want to ski and race, not just ski’: a qualitative study on athletes’ and stakeholders’ perspectives on return-to-sport in high-performance Snowsports
Authors: Müller Philippe O , Helbling Moritz , Verhagen Evert , Spörri Jörg , Bolling Caroline
Published: June 2024

This study explored stakeholders’ perspectives on current practices, challenges and opportunities related to the return-to-sport (RTS) process in high-performance Snowsports. We conducted fourteen semi-structured interviews with athletes, coaches and health professionals from multiple countries using online video platforms. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed based on constant comparative analysis employing the principles of Grounded Theory. Codes were grouped into categories and main concepts and a conceptual model were derived. According to the participants, RTS should be considered a continuous process to bring the athlete back to competition as fast and safely as possible, whereas speed is often prioritised over safety. Participants described the need for a structured and criteria-based process. Despite the multiple phases and the diversity of involved professionals, the process is individualised and unique, highlighting the value of having the athlete at the centre of the RTS process. It was considered essential to provide a safe environment and build trustworthy relationships. Additionally, access to resources, communication and cooperation among all experts was perceived as critical to successful RTS. Our participants described the value of continuity and an athlete-centred approach to the RTS process. The challenges, such as interprofessional communication, the lack of objective sport-specific criteria, and the diversity of resources and network structures, were perceived as practical issues that influenced the process, which should be tailored for each athlete accordingly to reach a successful RTS.
Adaptive leadership in crisis: a healthcare system’s resilience journey
Authors: Aouad Marie , Jalbout Hastie Maya , Yazbeck Karam Vanda
Published: June 2024

Background

Amid the complexities of a healthcare system facing economic collapse, pandemic challenges, a devastating human-made disaster, and critical staffing shortages, effective leadership becomes paramount. This article explores the adaptive leadership approach in the face of unprecedented challenges, drawing from the experiences of a healthcare system in Lebanon.

Methods

Anchored in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and guided by the adaptive leadership framework, leaders addressed challenges resulting from the economic crisis, compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic and a catastrophic explosion in Beirut, which tested the resilience of the healthcare system.

Results

Challenges ranged from resource shortages and financial strain to the critical staffing upheaval and psychological impact on healthcare workers. Prioritising physiological, safety, belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualisation needs, leaders implemented innovative strategies, including volunteer mobilisation, recruitment plans, makeshift clinics and psychological support. Transparent communication, self-esteem recognition and fostering resilience emerged as crucial components.

Conclusion

The article provides insights into the practical application of adaptive leadership and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in navigating multifaceted crises within a healthcare setting. It underscores the significance of fostering resilience, prioritising the well-being of healthcare professionals and leveraging innovative solutions to ensure the continued delivery of high-quality care amid unprecedented challenges.
New rat model of spinal cord infarction with long-lasting functional disabilities generated by intraspinal injection of endothelin-1
Authors: Otani Masayuki , Kushida Yoshihiro , Kuroda Yasumasa , Wakao Shohei , Oguma Yo , Sasaki Keisuke , Katahira Shintaro , Terai Ryohei , Ryoke Rie , Nonaka Hiroi , Kawashima Ryuta , Saiki Yoshikatsu , Dezawa Mari
Published: June 2024

Background

The current method for generating an animal model of spinal cord (SC) infarction is highly invasive and permits only short-term observation, typically limited to 28 days.

Objective

We aimed to establish a rat model characterised by long-term survival and enduring SC dysfunction by inducing selective ischaemic SC damage.

Methods

In 8-week-old male Wistar rats, a convection-enhanced delivery technique was applied to selectively deliver endothelin-1 (ET-1) to the anterior horn of the SC at the Th13 level, leading to SC infarction. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor score was assessed for 56 days. The SC was examined by a laser tissue blood flowmeter, MRI, immunohistochemistry, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, Western blots and TUNEL staining.

Results

The puncture method was used to bilaterally inject 0.7 µL ET-1 (2.5 mg/mL) from the lateral SC into the anterior horns (40° angle, 1.5 mm depth) near the posterior root origin. Animals survived until day 56 and the BBB score was stably maintained (5.5±1.0 at day 14 and 6.2±1.0 at day 56). Rats with BBB scores ≤1 on day 1 showed stable scores of 5–6 after day 14 until day 56 while rats with BBB scores >1 on day 1 exhibited only minor dysfunction with BBB scores >12 after day 14. TTC staining, immunostaining and TUNEL staining revealed selective ischaemia and neuronal cell death in the anterior horn. T2-weighted MR images showed increasing signal intensity at the SC infarction site over time. Western blots revealed apoptosis and subsequent inflammation in SC tissue after ET-1 administration.

Conclusions

Selective delivery of ET-1 into the SC allows for more precise localisation of the infarcted area at the targeted site and generates a rat SC infarction model with stable neurological dysfunction lasting 56 days.
The Canadian Permafrost Electrical Resistivity Survey (CPERS) database: 15 years of permafrost resistivity data
Authors: Herring Teddi , Lewkowicz Antoni G. , Chiasson Alexandre , Wang Yifeng , Way Robert G. , Young Joseph M. , Froese Duane , Smith Sharon L. , Andersen Brielle , Bellehumeur-Génier Olivier , Bevington Alexandre R. , Bonnaventure Philip P. , Duguay Maxime A. , Etzelmüller Bernd , Gooseff Michael N. , Godsey Sarah E. , Miceli Christina M.
Published: June 2024

Permafrost landscapes are becoming increasingly susceptible to widespread thaw due to climate change. Collating historical and ongoing data are critical for assessing permafrost conditions and spatiotemporal changes. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a geophysical technique that has become standard practice for characterizing permafrost. However, resistivity data—particularly raw measurements—often go unpublished and unshared, resulting in missed opportunities for knowledge exchange and collaboration. To fill this gap, we created the Canadian Permafrost Electrical Resistivity Survey database and established clear guidelines for data archival and reuse. Here, we present the first release of the database, which currently houses 280 ERT datasets, including standardized metadata, collected between 2008 and 2022 in British Columbia, Labrador, Northwest Territories, Québec, Yukon, and Alaska. These data present unique opportunities to better understand spatial and temporal variability of permafrost conditions across North America.
Testing the Miyawaki method in Mediterranean urban areas through a standardised experimental design
Authors: Cambria Vito Emanuele , Fratarcangeli Carlo , Fanelli Giuliano , Cuccaro Virginia Chiara , Panero Ilaria , De Sanctis Michele , Malatesta Luca , Attorre Fabio
Published: June 2024

The Miyawaki method, developed by Akira Miyawaki, restores natural forests by planting diverse native species in compact spaces, rapidly creating compact, resilient ecosystems. Initially successful in Japan, its global application bloomed but remains rare in Mediterranean urban areas despite benefits like biodiversity enhancement and climate change mitigation. This method's effectiveness in Mediterranean climates, which face unique challenges like urban heat islands and biodiversity loss, is underexplored in literature and practice. We are leading a project in Italy to identify optimal plant assemblages, addressing the method's documentation gap in urban settings. It explores the potential of Tiny Forests to provide ecosystem services and improve urban liveability against climatic extremes. This note paper details the methodological steps undertaken in this experimental application, offering a tailored approach to test the method's adaptability and impact in Mediterranean urban environments, suggesting a significant opportunity for urban greening and resilience.
Revisiting big bang nucleosynthesis with a new particle species: effect of co-annihilation with nucleons
Authors: Ghosh Deep
Published: June 2024

In big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), the light matter abundance is dictated by the neutron-to-proton (n/p) ratio which is controlled by the standard weak processes in the early universe. Here, we study the effect of an extra particle species ($$\chi $$
χ
) which co-annihilates with neutron (proton), thereby potentially changing the (n/p) ratio in addition to the former processes. We find a novel interplay between the co-annihilation and the weak interaction in deciding the (n/p) ratio and the yield of $$\chi $$
χ
. Large co-annihilation strength ($$G_D$$

G
D

) in comparison to the weak coupling ($$G_F$$

G
F

), potentially can alter the number of nucleons in the thermal bath modifying the (n/p) ratio from its standard evolution. We find that the standard BBN prediction is restored for $$G_D/G_F \lesssim 10^{-2}$$

G
D

/

G
F

≲

10

-
2

, while the mass of $$\chi $$
χ
being much smaller than the neutron mass. When the mass of $$\chi $$
χ
is comparable to the neutron mass, we can allow large $$G_D/G_F ~(\gtrsim 10^2)$$

G
D

/

G
F

(
≳

10
2

)

values, as the thermal abundance of $$\chi $$
χ
becomes Boltzmann-suppressed. Therefore, the (n/p) ratio is restored to its standard value via dominant weak processes in later epochs. We also discuss the stability of the new particle in an effective theory framework for co-annihilation. Further, the co-annihilation interaction generates elastic scattering of $$\chi $$
χ
and nucleons at the next-to-leading order. This provides a way to probe the scenario in direct detection experiments, if $$\chi $$
χ
is accidentally stable over cosmological timescale.
Practical derivations of fermion and gauge boson reduction formulae in curved spacetimes
Authors: Huhtala Jesse , Vilja Iiro
Published: June 2024

LSZ-type reduction formulae are derived for gauge fields and fermions in curved spacetime. The formulae are derived using a conserved current method applicable also to flat spacetimes. The method generalizes to more general quantum field theories. The formulae are then applied to a couple of basic problems to illustrate their use.
Faith, geography and the ballot box: Analyzing voting trends in the 2020 US presidential election through spatial and confessional correlations
Authors: El Deeb Omar , Villaseñor-Ibáñez J. , del Castillo-Mussot M.
Published: June 2024

From five parameters at the state level: percentage of Catholic adherents (CATH-ADH), average number of adherents per congregation (ADH/CON), number of congregations per capita (CON/POP) and voting percentages from the 2020 election for Trump (TRUMP) and Biden (BIDEN), we obtain six Pearson correlation coefficients at the national and regional levels. These yield a significant positive correlation between CATH-ADH and BIDEN, as well as for ADH/CON and BIDEN, while the opposite is true for TRUMP. Conversely, there is a negative correlation between CON/POP and BIDEN and a positive one for TRUMP. The interplay between these, as well as important geographical and confessional spatial autocorrelations measured using Moran’s index, show the influence of religion on the 2020 election among two main lines: Catholic support for Biden and Trump support from atomized yet smaller congregations.
SVMBN: A new method for predicting metabolite-disease associations based on biological networks and machine learning
Authors: Lu Pengli , Zhou Jiejun , Liu Wenzhi
Published: June 2024

Identifying metabolite-disease associations is of paramount significance. With the advancement of research, computational methods have surpassed traditional experiments in efficiency. Nevertheless, current computational methods often overlook the integration of multiomics data, and the performance of the predictive models used is limited. To address these limitations, we propose the SVMBN algorithm for predicting metabolite-disease associations. The proposed approach involves the following steps: First, six similarity calculation methods are employed to construct the metabolite similarity network and the disease similarity network separately. Second, the metabolite and disease similarity networks are combined to obtain the original link features. Third, nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is applied to extract effective features from the original features, thereby reducing noise. Finally, Support Vector Machine (SVM) is utilized to predict potential associations between metabolites and diseases. Experimental results demonstrate that the SVMBN algorithm achieves an average AUC of 0.98 in 5-fold cross-validation, indicating its superiority over other methods. Furthermore, case studies prove that the SVMBN algorithm can accurately forecast the relationships between metabolites and diseases.
Hawking radiation of 5D Ricci-flat black hole
Authors: Jiang Hao , Qi Xiao-Qiu
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we investigate the properties of a five-dimensional Ricci-flat black hole within the framework of the Space–Time–Matter theory. By employing the Klein–Gordon equation, we derive the wave function equations for both the mass dimensional coordinate and the radial dimensional coordinate. We present the analytical solutions for the wave function on the mass dimensional coordinate under two distinct scenarios. Remarkably, we observe the absence of quantum effects on the mass dimensional coordinate, which aligns with the absence of a barrier in the wave function equation. For the radial component, we employ the B-spline method to numerically solve its wave function. Our findings reveal the existence of Hawking radiation between the event horizon and the cosmological horizon, with the transmission and reflection probabilities being determined by the presence of a barrier. Furthermore, we discover a significantly higher probability of particle detection near the cosmological horizon, while the probability near the event horizon approaches zero.
Renormalized equations of motion for scalars and fermions in the 2PI formalism
Authors: Banik A. , Hinrichsen H. , Porod W.
Published: June 2024

We present on shell-scheme for the 2PI formalism with a particular focus on the renormalized equations of motion. We first revisit the so-called Hartree approximation where we give the counterterms for both the broken and unbroken phases. Moreover, we give explicit formulas for the renormalized three- and four-point functions in the broken phase. We then turn to the sunset approximation, with only scalars and then including fermions. We give explicit formulas for the wave function and mass counterterms. Moreover, we show that, in particular, the two-point functions can be obtained numerically in a fast converging scheme even for large couplings of order one.
Nonlinear thermal analysis for flow of polymer-based nanofluid over vertical deformable surface
Authors: Ullah Basharat , Shah Fahad , Khan Umar , Mahmood Zafar , Siddiqui Md Irfanul Haque
Published: June 2024

Application: This study focuses on the analysis of nanofluids, which are suspensions of nanoparticles in standard fluid transfer systems. The investigation specifically examines the behavior of nanoparticles over a deformable surface. Purpose and Methodology: Thermal radiation and magnetohydrodynamic forms are incorporated into the energy and momentum equations, respectively. Basic fluid mechanics principles are employed to derive the governing flow equations. The use of similarity transforms facilitates the transformation of ordinary differential equations into partial differential equations. Nonlinear ordinary differential equations are then reduced to a set of initial value problems using the shooting technique. Core Findings: Numerical results are obtained for the thermal profile. The study indicates thermal optimization through the combined inclusion of water with alumina and polymers with copper oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Graphical analysis explores the absorption of parameters in velocity and temperature profiles. Future Work: Future research could delve deeper into the optimization of thermal properties and investigate additional nanoparticle combinations. Further exploration of the effects of different surface deformations and variations in fluid properties could also be pursued.
Simulation Analysis and Image Processing of the Exhaust Silencing Chamber and Coil
Authors: Wu Xiaoyan , Wang Shu
Published: June 2024

The compressor is the most core component of refrigeration products, and its performance directly affects the overall performance of the product. The exhaust silencing chamber and coil are key components of a refrigeration compressor, and their working stability and lifespan determine the reliability and economy of the refrigeration compressor. This paper obtains reference data for the fluid domain of the exhaust silencing chamber through simulation analysis and image processing of the existing exhaust silencing chamber structure and inner diameter size of the coil. Then, the optimal model of the prioritized exhaust chamber is obtained through pattern recognition method. Based on the image processing method, the internal flow field of the exhaust chamber are obtained, providing a strong reference for the optimal structural design of the exhaust silencing chamber and coil of the refrigeration compression body.
Euler Characteristic Computation by Means of a Chain Code Applied to Binary Images
Authors: Gómez-Gómez Elisa I. , Sánchez-Cruz Hermilo
Published: June 2024

This paper presents a new approach for calculating the Euler characteristic in 2D binary images. The problem is addressed using the Three OrThogonal symbol chain code (3OT code), using only one symbol for the calculation of the Euler characteristic. Using this code, it is possible to introduce new geometric concepts represented by the same symbol of the 3OT alphabet and to simplify the overall equation of the Euler characteristic. This process is supported by the proof of a set of theorems and their numerical validation, using a set of binary images with a variable number of holes. Thus, this research proves that the 3OT code can be used not only for image compression as reported in the literature, but also to simplify the expression of the Euler characteristic as well as for the analysis and simplification of the shape of contours.
On Quantification of the Nonlinearity of PPV in Model Evaluation with Imbalanced Datasets
Authors: Zhu Qiuming
Published: June 2024

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the nonlinearities of the positive predictive value (PPV) and its effect in evaluating two-class pattern classification models with imbalanced datasets. The analysis is made through an expression of the PPV as a function of two other classification ratios that are invariant to the data imbalance —the true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR), and [Formula: see text] — the imbalance ratio (IR) of the dataset such that PPV [Formula: see text]TPR/([Formula: see text]TPR[Formula: see text]FPR). The curvatures of PPV in the three-dimensional TPR–FPR–[Formula: see text] space are studied using the Hessian matrix, from which a saddle-shaped 3D surface in the space is revealed. This paper explores the nonlinear behaviors of PPV around the critical points, identified at FPR [Formula: see text]TPR on the saddle surface, along with its scaling and sensitivity issues as performance measurements in model evaluation. The effect of the nonlinearities of PPV for the F1 and MCC metrics on imbalanced datasets is also studied. It is warned through the results of this study that the evaluations of classification models could be misleading if without an awareness and understanding of the nonlinearities associated with the PPV and its relevant metrics on imbalanced datasets.
The Gravity Field: In the Origin of Matter and Almost Everywhere Else
Authors: Flomenbom Ophir
Published: June 2024

In this work, we suggest that an imaginary mass field (or the orthogonal field) is what creates gravity, through a process similar to that which appeared in our previous works [O. Flomenbom, The process of gravity, Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 6 (2022) 2250003; Quantum mechanics and gravity resonance together, Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 8 (2024) 2471001]. The imaginary mass has a signal faster than light speed c, scaling numerically as ∼ [Formula: see text], influencing the real space through the creation of gravitational waves; surrounding real mass or real energy as photons, giving photons their velocity of the speed light, and giving mass to all other particles. The gravitational waves propagate faster than the speed of light, yet the digesting velocity of the real matter “above” is the speed of light (meaning for example that all the planets in the solar system feel changes in the sun’s gravity at the same instant, and this is a fraction of a second after it occurred). When there are no particles or energy “above” this field, it can generate real gravitational sieves, that upon colliding create a cascade resulting in a big bang; therefore this description can also answer what will happen at the end, in addition to the beginning. The imaginary field particles vibrate in the imaginary mass space, and therefore do not absorb radiation photons of the real space, so do not cool down the real environment. The field is like a fluid and can change density depending on the real mass “above” it, where its particles’ size scales are 10[Formula: see text] m. Einstein spacetime equations represent the dynamics of this fluid like imaginary mass field, in particular when interacting with real mass or energy through the gravitational waves. Among the extraordinaire capabilities of this simple description: (1) replacing the Higgs field and mechanism; (2) generating dark energy and dark matter, (3) explaining spacetime microscopically and connecting spacetime to quantum mechanics; therefore forming the theory of everything. (4) creating a big bang, therefore also the origin of matter (the dynamics before the big bang), (5) connecting the speed of light to the gravity constant and other constants, (6) solving questions about time travel: within this approach, we can view the past and visit the present time of distant planets, (7) designing anti-gravity technologies and others.
Calling for Play-oriented Research on Blockchain Video Games: An Overview Study
Authors: Liu Hugh X. , Holopainen Jussi P.
Published: June 2024

Blockchain video games, specifically video games using blockchain technology, are a trending topic in the media, technology community and business world. While blockchain video games are expected to transform the industry, little is known about how they are played and the players accordingly. The paper presents a 3-stage literature overview study on blockchain video games combining methods of topic modelling, bibliometric analysis, and narrative literature review. In a systematic approach, 1883 articles are screened. Language models are built on 1246 papers, and 70 articles directly related to blockchain video games have been analysed. The results indicate that most recent studies focus on blockchain technology and its financial characteristics instead of players. Hence, more play-oriented blockchain video game research is needed. Future studies may focus on different types of blockchain video games, game design and playability, players' experiences, and critical reviews.
Increased heart rate fragmentation in those with Williams–Beuren syndrome suggests nonautonomic mechanistic contributors to sudden death risk
Authors: Cathey Brianna M. , Bellach Anna , Troendle James , Smith Kevin , Osgood Sharon , Raja Neelam , Kozel Beth A. , Levin Mark D.
Published: June 2024

This work is the first to apply heart rate fragmentation analyses to individuals with Williams syndrome and posits that the heart rate fragmentation parameter W3 may enable detection and investigation of phenomena underlying the proarrhythmic short-long-short RR interval sequences paradigm known to precede ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. It also forwards a novel method for quantifying sinus arrhythmia and sinus pauses that likely correlate with parasympathetic activity.
Can an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy‐Based Smartphone App Help Individuals with Mental Health Disorders Quit Smoking?
Authors: Santiago-Torres Margarita , Mull Kristin E. , Sullivan Brianna M. , Prochaska Judith J. , Zvolensky Michael J. , Bricker Jonathan B.
Published: June 2024

Background. Individuals with mental health disorders face major barriers in accessing smoking cessation care, often due to the stigmas associated with mental disorders and addiction. Consequently, accessible population‐based smoking cessation interventions are needed for this vulnerable group. Objective. This secondary analysis utilized data from a 12‐month randomized trial to examine whether an acceptance and commitment therapy‐based app (iCanQuit) demonstrated greater efficacy, engagement, and satisfaction compared to a United States (US) Clinical Practice Guidelines‐based app (QuitGuide) in helping adults with mental health disorders quit smoking. Materials and Methods. Participants self‐reported having bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, or screened positive for depression, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or social anxiety. We compared the primary outcome of self‐reported 30‐day cigarette abstinence at 12 months between iCanQuit (n = 770) and QuitGuide (n = 785) using complete‐case and multiple imputation analyses and compared engagement and satisfaction between arms. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine whether the intervention apps functioned by reinforcing hypothesized mechanisms of action, namely, acceptance of triggers to smoke and through app engagement. Results. Participants represented all 50 US states and had 30.2% non‐White or Hispanic backgrounds. Among participants with any mental health disorder, iCanQuit demonstrated higher 30‐day cigarette abstinence than QuitGuide at 12 months (complete‐case: 24.4% vs. 20.4%, P = 0.04; multiple imputation: 24.6% vs. 20.4%, P = 0.04). A comparable effect size was observed in iCanQuit participants with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia compared to QuitGuide, albeit not statistically significant (multiple imputation: 27.1% vs. 20.9%; P = 0.06). iCanQuit’s cessation efficacy was mediated by acceptance of emotions triggering smoking (P < 0.001) and app engagement (P < 0.001). iCanQuit was more satisfying than QuitGuide (88.5% vs. 77.2%; P < 0.001). Conclusions. In the largest known study of ACT for smoking cessation among adults with mental health disorders, the smoking cessation, engagement, and satisfaction outcomes were all significantly greater with iCanQuit than QuitGuide. Acceptance of emotions triggering smoking and iCanQuit app engagement were important mechanisms of efficacy. This trial is registered with NCT02724462.
Enhancing of Heat Transfer Rate in the Heat Exchanger with Wavy Winglets Experimentally
Authors: Ibrahim Adnan Q. , Alturaihi Riyadh S.
Published: June 2024

Heat convection plays an important role in many industries, equipment, and human lives, and heat exchangers emerge as fundamental devices for controlling this crucial orientation. The primary objective of this work was to assess the effect of single‐ and two‐phase flows associated with wavy winglets on heat exchanger performance. Two‐phase flows as the working fluid with wavy winglets are used in the oval tube bank heat exchanger (HE). The Reynolds number area (3639–4813) is investigated in this experimental work. Wavy winglets at an attack angle of 15° have been shown to affect heat transfer rate through comparisons between the experimental results and various water‐air mixture flow rates (Qw = 15, 17.5, and 20 Lpm) (Qa = 8.33, 16.67, and 25 Lpm). A Nusselt number (Nu) is increased by 64.5%, and the friction factor (f) is decreased by 12.6% in water flow; the Nu is increased by 15.5%, and f remains almost constant in water‐air mixture flow at moderate turbulent flow. It can be noted that the Nu and the performance parameter (j/f) are directly proportional to the velocity of flow at moderate turbulent flow with any increase in turbulent flow, and the Nu and j/f are inversely proportional to the velocity of flow. Many parameters have been studied experimentally to establish their impact on performance parameters.
Combination of Pirfenidone and Andrographolide Ameliorates Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis by Mediating TGF‐β/Smad Signaling Pathway
Authors: Xu Guang , Ma Tidong , Zhou Chonggao , Zhao Fan , Peng Kun , Li Bixiang
Published: June 2024

Background. Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating congenital disease characterized by inflammation and progressive liver fibrosis. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. Our study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effect and potential mechanism of pirfenidone (PFD) and andrographolide (AGP) separately and together on liver fibrosis of BA. Materials and Methods. The bile ducts of male C57BL/6J mice were ligated or had the sham operation. The in vivo effects of PFD and/or AGP on liver fibrosis of BA were evaluated. Human hepatic stellate cells (LX‐2) were also treated with PFD and/or AGP in vitro. Results. PFD and/or AGP ameliorates liver fibrosis and inflammation in the mice model of BA, as evidenced by significant downregulated in the accumulation of collagen fibers, hepatic fibrosis markers (α‐SMA, collagen I, and collagen IV), and inflammatory markers (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α). Moreover, compared with monotherapy, these changes are more obvious in the combined treatment of PFD and AGP. Consistent with animal experiments, hepatic fibrosis markers (α‐SMA, collagen I, and CTGF) and inflammatory markers (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) were significantly decreased in activated LX‐2 cells after PFD and/or AGP treatment. In addition, PFD and/or AGP inhibited the activation of HSCs by blocking the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway, and the combined treatment of PFD and AGP synergistically inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. Conclusion. The combined application of PFD and AGP exerted superior inhibitive effects on HSC activation and liver fibrosis by mediating the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway as compared to monotherapy. Therefore, the combination of PFD and AGP may be a promising treatment strategy for liver fibrosis in BA.
Flow Shift from Urban Roads to Beltway Expressway under a Tradable Credit Scheme to Alleviate Urban Traffic Congestion
Authors: Tang Jimeng , Zhu Yongxiang , Yu Yue , Cai Lu
Published: June 2024

In recent years, severe traffic congestion in urban areas has become a growing concern for many cities in China. While beltway expressways have been built to alleviate urban congestion by diverting traffic away from city centers, existing preferential access schemes have led to overuse of certain beltway links and a decline in service levels. This research is motivated by the need to develop an improved scheme that balances urban traffic relief and beltway service level maintenance. To benefit both the government and the beltway expressway company, we propose a tradable credit scheme (TCS) to shift some of the traffic burden from urban roads to the beltway expressway while maintaining its current service level. In order to determine an appropriate TCS, a biobjective bilevel programming model is introduced. The upper‐level model seeks to maximize the revenue of the beltway expressway company while minimizing the system travel time as specified by the traffic management department. The lower‐level model describes user travel behavior under given TCS and capacity constraints of beltway expressway links, represented as the generalized capacitated traffic assignment problem. Additionally, an NSGA‐II framework is designed to discover Pareto‐optimal TCSs. Within this framework, a gradient projection method is utilized within the augmented Lagrangian multiplier algorithm to solve the lower‐level problem and evaluate the fitness of the TCS. Numerical experiments demonstrate that implementing well‐designed tradable credit schemes can effectively alleviate urban traffic congestion, reducing system travel time by up to 1.6%, while simultaneously increasing the beltway company’s revenue by up to 300% compared to the base case without requiring government subsidies. The sensitivity analysis results indicate the insufficiency of the existing preferential access or toll‐free schemes on the beltway, highlighting the greater effectiveness of the integrated strategy proposed in this study.
Extraction of Fiber from Schoenoplectus acutus Plant and Characterization of Its Properties
Authors: Assefa Alemayehu , Admas Anmen , Haile Lijalem
Published: June 2024

This work aims to extract and characterize the fibers from the Schoenoplectus acutus plant and assess their suitability for use as textile fibers. The fibers from Schoenoplectus acutus plants were extracted using alkaline extraction, water retting, and manual methods; their physical, mechanical, and chemical properties were examined. The result showed that the fiber has a tensile strength of 254.2 MPa, 302.6 MPa, and 183.4 MPa for manual, water‐retted, and alkaline extraction methods, respectively. The mean values of fiber fineness were 1.32 ± 0.2 Tex for alkali‐extracted fibers, 1.43 ± 0.2 Tex for water‐retted fibers, and 1.64.01 ± 0.4 Tex for manually extracted fibers. The fiber contained 58% cellulose, 25.4% hemicellulose, and 13% lignin for manual extracted fibers, whereas fibers obtained from the water‐retted method had 62.8% cellulose, 20.3% hemicellulose, and 10% lignin. Similarly, alkaline extracted fibers contained 60.2% cellulose, 17.8% hemicellulose, and 6.8% lignin. Generally, the extracted fiber has acceptable mechanical properties, linear density, and moisture regain, which can serve as an alternative source of textile fibers.
A Comprehensive Traffic Accident Investigation System for Identifying Causes of the Accident Involving Events with Autonomous Vehicle
Authors: Kim Heesoo , Han Hyorim , You Yongsik , Cho Min-Je , Hong Junho , Song Tai-Jin
Published: June 2024

As the number of autonomous vehicles increases, the number of accidents also increases every year. These incidents include general car/traffic accidents and may introduce new potential issues such as cybersecurity and sensor errors of autonomous vehicles. The existing traffic accident investigation method has limitations in identifying the cause of the autonomous vehicle accident. Some states in the US (e.g., California and Texas) introduced limited items of Lv. 2 autonomous vehicle accidents. For instance, “vehicle level” and “autonomous mode/conventional mode” are being investigated to identify the cause of autonomous vehicle accidents. Therefore, it is crucial to propose accident investigation items and procedures in preparation for various autonomous vehicles that may occur in the future. In order to address these issues, this study collected reports used in existing traffic accident investigations, autonomous driving‐related reports and literature, and accident videos involving autonomous driving to build investigation items. First, we reviewed the items required for investigation in the event of a conventional vehicle accident and added additional investigation items deemed necessary to be reviewed in addition to the existing reports. Second, based on the conventional vehicle accident investigation items, this study derived the autonomous driving traffic accident investigation items. Finally, an accident involving autonomous vehicle(s) investigation process was established that can be used by the police and various investigation jurisdictions. The results of this paper can improve the understanding of the cause of future traffic accidents involving autonomous vehicles.