bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Drill-Generated Acoustic Trauma effects Hearing Functions in an Ear Surgery?
Authors: Paksoy Mustafa , Sanli Arif , Hardal Umit , Kibar Sermin , Altin Gokhan , Erdogan Banu Atalay , Bekmez Zekiye Eda
Published: January 2013

Objective

In otology, a wide variety of devices are used that have significant noise output, both operated ear and the patient. We aimed to determine hearing damages due to drill-generated acoustic trauma in ear surgery. We want to find how degree drill-generated acoustic trauma is responsible from sensorineural hearing loss in ear surgery.

Materials and methods

We designed a retrospective study about 100 patients who underwent radical or modiphied radical mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty. The audiometric testing was done both pre and postoperatively to detect any significant hearing loss in the immediate postoperative period. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon sign and Mann-Whitney U tests. This study proposes that hearing loss is caused by drill noise conducted to the operated ear by vibrations of temporal bone.

Results

A sensorineural hearing loss soon after mastoid surgery is seen due to the noise generated by the drill. Mean pure-tone thresholds obtained was significantly more in mastoidectomy applied patients when compared to tympanoplasty . Mean bone conduction (BC) hearing levels impaired 6,6 dB in 1 kHz, 5.5 dB in 0.5 kHz, 5 dB in 4.kHz and 3.1 dB in 2 kHz in mastoidectomy groups but improved 5.5 dB in 0.5 kHz, 2.2 dB in 1 kHz, 2.7 dB in 2 kHz in tympanoplasty groups. Statistically significant differences were observed at the 0.5-1 and 4 kHz frequencies pre and postoperative in the hearing thresholds of BC changing in mastoidectomy group, however, the averages of ranks of all pre and postoperative measurement of hearing levels show differences between mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty groups was significant in statistically at independent groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

We conclude that drill-generated noise during mastoid surgery has been incriminated as a cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Drilling during mastoid surgery may result in temporary or permanent noise-induced hearing loss. Possible noise disturbance to the inner ear can only be avoided by minimizing the duration of harmful noise exposure and carefull using burr to near the cochlear structures.

How to cite this article

Paksoy M, Sanli A, Hardal U, Kibar S, Altin G, Erdogan BA, Bekmez ZE. How Drill-Generated Acoustic Trauma effects Hearing Functions in an Ear Surgery? Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):127-132.
Management of Adult Unilateral TMJ Ankylosis with Temporalis Muscle and Fascia Flap: Review of 51 Cases
Authors: Mishra Sobhan , Tripathy Ramanupam , Sabhlok Samrat , Roy Ritesh
Published: January 2013

Purpose

This study is aimed to determine the efficacy of temporalis muscle and fascia flap in the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in adults. Treatment of TMJ ankylosis has been a topic of debate and the treatment options are multidimensional. Achieving good postoperative mouth opening and functional and cosmetic outcomes of surgery, depends on the method of reconstruction. The need of study is to give the best possible solutions with minimal morbidity to the underlying deformity.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was done on 51 patients to evaluate the postoperative results for unilateral TMJ ankylosis. Parameters such as etiology, postoperative mouth opening on 1st, 2nd, 6th week and 6 months and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. The operative protocol for unilateral TMJ ankylosis entailed: (1) Resection of the ankylotic mass, (2) intraoral ipsilateral coronoidectomy, (3) contralateral coronoidectomy when necessary, (4) interpositional tissue transfer to the TMJ with temporalis muscle and fascia flap, (5) maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) and (6) early mobilization and aggressive physiotherapy.

Results

The results were encouraging and functional results of interpositional arthroplasty were satisfying with minimal complications. Early postoperative initial aggressive exercise, physiotherapy, and strict follow-up play an important role in preventing postoperative adhesions.

Conclusion

The findings of this study support the use of temporalis muscle and fascia flap in adult patients with unilateral TMJ ankylosis.

How to cite this article

Mishra S, Tripathy R, Sabhlok S, Roy R. Management of Adult Unilateral TMJ Ankylosis with Temporalis Muscle and Fascia Flap: Review of 51 Cases. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):133-136.
Effectiveness of Early Intervention of Coma Arousal Therapy in Traumatic Head Injury Patients
Authors: LNU Mandeep , Kumar Pravin
Published: January 2013

Objective

To find out efficacy and benefits of early intervention of coma arousal therapy on coma patients after sustaining traumatic head injury.

Materials and methods

Thirty comatose patients with traumatic head injury were systematic randomly selected. Both experimental group and control group were having 15 patients each. Patients in experimental group were given coma arousal therapy while those in control group did not receive any coma arousal therapy. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and coma recovery scale (CRS) were assessed before and after 1 and 2 weeks protocol.

Results

The independent t-test was used for between the group data analysis. Repeated measure ANOVA and post hoc paired t-test were used in within the group analysis. Group A, mean of GCS on 1st, 7th and 14th day of coma arousal therapy was 3.93 (±1.09), 6.33 (±1.04) and 8.46 (±0.91) respectively and for Group B was 3.93 (±1.27), 4.80 (±1.26) and 5.93 (±1.94) respectively, which showed significant improvement (p < 0.05). Group A, mean of CRS on 1st, 7th and 14th day of coma arousal therapy was 2.06 (±1.03), 4.86 (±1.24) and 9.66 (±1.83) respectively and for Group B was 2.33 (±1.11), 2.93 (±1.09) and 4.73 (±2.18) respectively, which showed significant improvement (p < 0.05). When compared between the groups, experimental group showed significant improvement.

Conclusion

This is concluded from the result of this study that coma arousal therapy is having significant effect on GCS and CRS in traumatic head injury patients when compared to the patients who did not receive coma arousal therapy.

How to cite this article

Mandeep, Kumar P. Effectiveness of Early Intervention of Coma Arousal Therapy in Traumatic Head Injury Patients. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3): 137-142.
Rationale in Usage of Immunomodulators for Management of Head, Face and Neck Cancers
Authors: Vahanwala Sonal , Pagare Sandeep S , Singhi Runuk , Nayak Chaitanya D
Published: January 2013

Recent advances in molecular biology have provided insight into the complex network of interaction that occurs within the immune system. The use of specific Immunomodulators to strengthen a deficient immune system or bolster a normal immune system presents a unique strategy for the treatment of various disorders that will clearly affect the practice of clinical medicine for many years to come. A major difficulty limiting the use of immunomodulators in clinical medicine has been the complexity of the immunoregulatory network in which modulation of one component usually perturbs the entire system, thus diminishing the specificity of the approach. Several immunomodulators are currently being tested in the treatment of the immune defect of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

This article covers the types of immunomodulators, their mechanism of action and their applications.

How to cite this article

Pagare SS, Singhi R, Vahanwala S Nayak CD. Rationale in Usage of Immunomodulators for Management of Head, Face and Neck Cancers. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):154-157.
Special Considerations in Esthesioneuroblastoma of Sphenoclival Region
Authors: Pai Prathamesh S , Joseph Shawn T , Moiyadi Aliasgar V , Nair Deepa R , Pawar Prashant V
Published: January 2013

Ectopic localization of esthesioneuroblastoma is very rare. The differential diagnosis arising due to this would not only challenge a clinician's experience and knowledge in pathology, interpretation of imaging and decision making but also test his fine skills in skull base surgery. Here, we present a case of esthesioneuroblastoms located in the sphenoclival area which challenged us with its rare presentation, histological and radiological differential diagnosis and demanding surgery. We have put an effort to discuss briefly the pathogenesis and management of esthesioneuroblastoma based on a wide text and internet data-based search. Our experience makes us conclude that the proper clinical and tissue diagnosis of sphenoclival masses are of utmost importance as the management options are wide and varied in each of them. A multidisciplinary team approach should be adopted in treating these tumors as the histological and radiological interpretation is as difficult as the complicated surgical anatomy of this area. Endoscopic approach can be successfully used in the excision of ectopic esthesioneuroblastoma located in the sphenoclival region.

How to cite this article

Joseph ST, Moiyadi AV, Nair DR, Pawar PV, Pai PS. Special Considerations in Esthesioneuroblastoma of Sphenoclival Region. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):158-162.
Sinonasal Verrucous Carcinoma
Authors: Qazi Sajad M , Iqbal Irfan , Mirza Aneesa , Ali Ihshan , LNU Sheetal
Published: January 2013

Verrucous carcinoma is a low-grade malignancy and is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma. It is a rare tumor of the sinonasal tract. The neoplasm occurs in older people usually in the seventh or eighth decade of life. Our cases were both of sinonasal origin and of younger age group.

How to cite this article

Qazi SM, Iqbal I, Mirza A, Ali I, Sheetal. Sinonasal Verrucous Carcinoma. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):163-164.
A Rare Neck Mass: Extraskeletal Ewing's Sarcoma
Authors: Paksoy Mustafa , Altin Gokhan , Erdogan Banu Atalay , Sekercan Ozgur , Bora Fatih , Koca Sevim Baykal
Published: January 2013

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma (ESS) is rarely found in the head and neck region. This tumor is a rare soft tissue tumor morphologically similar to the Ewing's sarcoma orginating from bone. We report a case of extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma of the posterior neck region in a 24-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging examination showed a large soft tissue mass in the left paraspinal region. The final diagnosis was extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma after excision of the mass. The patient showed good response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

How to cite this article

Erdogan BA, Sekercan O, Bora F, Altin G, Paksoy M, Koca SB. A Rare Neck Mass: Extraskeletal Ewing's Sarcoma. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):165-167.
Dysphagia caused by Anterior Cervical Osteophyte: A Rare Entity Revisited
Authors: Rao Vishal , Shankar Raghavendra , Shivappa Naveen , Nagaraj TM
Published: January 2013

Large anterior cervical osteophytes can occur in degeneration of the cervical spine, cervical spondylosis or in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Voluminous anterior cervical osteophytes which can develop from C3 to C7 can cause narrowing of the pharyngoesophageal segment by external compression and may cause dysphagia, which may be life threatening when it is associated with aspiration and or dyspnea. The objective of this case report is to highlight how commonly occurring anterior cervical osteophytes may become an unrecognized cause for life-threatening dysphagia. The clinical and radiographic findings in patient with dysphagia and ventral osteophytes of the cervical spine due to degeneration are demonstrated. The anterolateral approach for removal of these osteophytes is described.

How to cite this article

Veerabhadraiah P, Rao V, Shankar R, Shivappa N, Kumar P, Nagaraj TM. Dysphagia caused by Anterior Cervical Osteophyte: A Rare Entity Revisited. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):168-171.
Atypical Presentation as Unilateral Renal and Soft Tissue Metastases from Follicular Carcinoma Thyroid
Authors: Kumar S , Mohan Ambikavathy , Kumar Udaya
Published: January 2013

Thyroid carcinoma comprises 1% of all malignancies. Follicular thyroid carcinoma is the second most common cancer of thyroid. Vascular invasion and hematogenous metastases to bone, lungs, brain, skin and adrenal glands has a reported incidence of 11 to 25%. The initial presentation of the patient with distant metastases is rare. Well-differentiated thyroid cancers with renal secondaries are reported in limited number of cases so far. W e report a case of an asymptomatic female patient who presented to us with soft tissue metastases to scalp, left sc apular regio n an d left k idn ey. On furth er evalu atin g, ultrasound of the neck showed a solitary nodule of 2 × 1 cm in the left lobe of thyroid. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid reported as follicular carcinoma. FNAC of scalp, scapular swelling, and left kidney lesion was reported as metastatic lesions from follicular thyroid cancer. The patient refused any surgical intervention and she received three cycles of chemotherapy and suppressive treatment with L-thyroxine. She is on regular follow-up with the stable disease till date. We present this case for its rarity of renal metastases from follicular thyroid cancer.

How to cite this article

Mohan A, Kumar S, Kumar U. Atypical Presentation as Unilateral Renal and Soft Tissue Metastases from Follicular Carcinoma Thyroid. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):184-186.
Increased production of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells predicts worse prognosis in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Bielecki Marek , Kowal Krzysztof , Bernatowicz Pawel , Chyczewski Lech , Kowal-Bielecka Otylia
Published: January 2013

Wprowadzenie: Ligand indukujący proliferację (a proliferation inducing ligand – APRIL) odgrywa dominującą rolę w przeżyciu komó-

rek B i może brać udział w patogenezie twardziny układowej (TU) po­­przez stymulację syntezy autoprzeciwciał i procesów autoimmuno­logicznych. Ostatnio wykazano, że komórki jednojądrowe krwi obwodowej (KJKO) pacjentów z TU uwalniają istotnie większe ilości APRIL w porównaniu z komórkami osób zdrowych.

Cel pracy: W celu lepszego zrozumienia znaczenia APRIL w rozwoju TU zbadano zależność pomiędzy uwalnianiem APRIL przez KJKO a przebiegiem choroby u pacjentów z TU.

Materiał i metody: Stężenie APRIL oznaczano za pomocą metody ELISA w nadsączu hodowli KJKO u 22 chorych z TU i 17 osób zdrowych. Pacjenci z TU byli następnie obserwowani przez przynajmniej 3 lata bądź do śmierci (jeśli nastąpiła wcześniej). Progresję choroby definiowano jako: zgon spowodowany powikłaniami narządowymi TU, wystąpienie nowych lub istotne pogorszenie już istniejących powikłań narządowych TU.

Wyniki: Stężenie APRIL było znacząco większe w nadsączu KJKO chorych na TU (1097 ±240 pg/ml/105) w porównaniu z osobami zdrowymi (851 ±171 pg/ml/105, p < 0,05). U chorych na TU poziom APRIL korelował z zajęciem skóry i płuc. U 7 osób z progresją choroby stwierdzono znacząco większe stężenie APRIL (1326 ±105 pg/ml/105) w porównaniu ze stężeniem w grupie chorych ze stabilną chorobą (991 ±208 pg/ml/105, p < 0,05) i u osób zdrowych. W analizie regresji wieloczynnikowej stężenie APRIL było niezależnie związane z wynikiem końcowym choroby (β = –0,94, p = 0,0009).

Wnioski: Po raz pierwszy wykazano, że wzmożone uwalnianie APRIL przez KJKO jest związane z gorszym rokowaniem u chorych na TU. Dalsze badania powinny wykazać, czy APRIL może stanowić nowy cel terapeutyczny w TU.
Assessment of the nutritional value of food rations of women with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Nowak Alicja , Zep Wojciech , Straburzyńska-Lupa Anna , Romanowski Wojciech
Published: January 2013

Wstęp: Reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów (RZS) uznano za istotny czynnik ryzyka rozwoju chorób sercowo-naczyniowych. Oprócz dostosowania leczenia farmakologicznego, w profilaktyce wymienionych chorób ważną rolę przypisuje się także postępowaniu w zakresie eliminacji czynników ryzyka poprzez edukację pacjentów dotyczącą stylu życia, w tym odżywiania, aktywności fizycznej oraz utrzymania prawidłowej masy ciała.

Cel pracy: Ocena wartości energetycznej oraz składu całodziennej racji pokarmowej u kobiet po menopauzie z RZS.

Materiał i metody: Badania przeprowadzono w grupie 52 kobiet, w wieku 56 ±4,58 roku, ze zdiagnozowanym RZS (tab. I). Ocenę wartości odżywczej racji pokarmowych przeprowadzono u nich metodą wywiadu kwestionariuszowego o spożyciu pokarmów w ciągu ostatnich 48 godzin poprzedzających badanie, a w celu dokonania obliczeń posłużono się programem komputerowym „Dietetyk”.

Wyniki: W badanej grupie kobiet u 38% stwierdzono prawidłową masę ciała, u 29% – nadwagę, u 33% – otyłość. Zwiększone wartości obwodu talii ( 80 cm) odnotowano u 39 kobiet, co stanowi 75% grupy badawczej, u pozostałych kobiet stwierdzono prawidłową wartość wymienionego wskaźnika. W diecie badanych kobiet odnotowano zwiększoną podaż energii pochodzącej z tłuszczów, w tym głównie z nasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych, oraz nieprawidłowy stosunek kwasów tłuszczowych n-6/n-3. Stwierdzono niskie spożycie kwasu foliowego i witaminy D, pokrywające odpowiednio 68% i 29% rekomendowanych wartości, oraz potasu i wapnia, a także niewielki niedobór magnezu. Z kolei w przypadku fosforu i sodu odnotowano nadmierne spożycie (tab. II, ryc. 1 i 2).

Wnioski: Prezentowane wyniki badań, wykazujące pewne nieprawidłowości w diecie pacjentek z RZS, wskazują na potrzebę zwiększenia kontroli sposobu odżywiania u tych chorych.
Morphology and function of normal synovial membrane
Authors: Hyc Anna , Iwan Anna , Moskalewski Stanisław
Published: January 2013

Błona maziowa odpowiada za produkcję i resorpcję płynu stawowego oraz za odżywianie i smarowanie chrząstki stawowej. Zbudowana jest z bogato unaczynionej tkanki łącznej wysłanej od strony jamy stawowej synowiocytami A i B (ryc. 1). Pochodzące ze szpiku kostnego synowiocyty A są makrofagami, ich rola polega na absorpcji i degradacji patogenów i resztek z jamy stawowej. Synowiocyty B są fibroblastami pochodzenia lokalnego, mającymi unikatowe wypustki

cytoplazmatyczne, nazwane dendrytycznymi z uwagi na liczne roz­gałęzienia. Produkują składniki macierzy międzykomórkowej. Kontrolują za pomocą wypustek skład płynu stawowego i odpowiadają za jego właściwości: lepkość i zdolność smarowania powierzchni stawowej poprzez syntezę kwasu hialuronowego i lubrycyny.
Arthroplasty of hip and knee joint in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis complicated by low growth and amyloidosis
Authors: Słowińska Iwona , Słowiński Radosław , Małdyk Paweł , Rutkowska-Sak Lidia
Published: January 2013

Przedstawiono przypadek wszczepienia endoprotez stawów biodrowych i stawów kolanowych u chorej na młodzieńcze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawów z niskorosłością i skrobiawicą w Klinice Reumoortopedii Instytutu Reumatologii w Warszawie. Z powodu znacznie zaawansowanych zmian destrukcyjnych stawów biodrowych i stawów kolanowych konieczne było wykonanie endoprotezoplastyki tych stawów. U chorej wykonano dwie aloplastyki stawów biodrowych, dwie realoplastyki tych stawów oraz dwie aloplastyki stawów kolanowych. Jedna z pierwotnych operacji stawu kolanowego wymagała śródoperacyjnie odstąpienia od wszczepienia przedłużki w kanale kości udowej oraz była powikłana wczesnym złamaniem okołoprotezowym nadkłykciowym kości udowej. Złamanie wymagało leczenia operacyjnego realoplastyki stawu kolanowego z użyciem endoprotezy „custom made”. Pomimo powikłań zabiegów chirurgicznych, końcowy efekt wieloetapowego leczenia chorej był bardzo dobry.
Extra-articular symptoms spondyloarthropathies for example, a patient with predominant symptoms of ocular treated with a good therapeutic effect of infliximab
Authors: Wytyk-Nowak Agata , Bednarek Agata , Samborski Włodzimierz
Published: January 2013

Zapalenie błony naczyniowej oka (uveitis) jest często występującym objawem pozastawowym spondyloartropatii. Powtarzające się epizody uveitis mogą prowadzić do poważnych zaburzeń ze strony narządu wzroku. Leczenie polegające na stosowaniu leków miejscowych oraz ogólnoustrojowych leków immunosupresyjnych nie zawsze przynosi zadowalającą poprawę. Pojawia się coraz więcej doniesień na temat zastosowania leków biologicznych, w tym szczególnie inhibitorów TNF w leczeniu i zapobieganiu incydentom uveitis.

Celem pracy było podsumowanie dotychczasowej wiedzy na temat skuteczności stosowania leków biologicznych w zapaleniu błony naczyniowej w przebiegu spondyloartropatii u dorosłych oraz przedstawienie przypadku chorego na spondyloartropatię, u którego leczenie infliksymabem zapobiegło kolejnym nawrotom zapalenia błony naczyniowej oka.
Cytogenotoxic Damages in an Ecosystem Impacted With Urban Sewage
Authors: Cabanelas I. T. D. , Moreira L. M. A.
Published: January 2013

The intense population growth accompanied by inadequate treatments of waste has resulted in destruction of freshwater ecosystems in urban environments. The Sapato River is an important effluent on the border of the municipalities of Lauro de Freitas and Salvador in Bahia state (Brazil). Despite the increasing flow of domestic waste, there are no toxicological data on this water resource. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytogenotoxicity of the Sapato river water, in the vicinity of sewage, using the bioassay of micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) in tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus).The analysis was made in the region under sanitary sewage and in the springs, both in dry (November and December/2006) and rainy seasons (March and April/2007), with analysis of 3000 cells per animal (n = 10). The analysis followed literature established criteria, applying the Kruskal Wallis test. Results obtained indicated seasonal differences and a higher frequency of MN and NA at the point subjected to sanitary sewage comparated to the values of reference site. We conclude that the impacted areas already show cytogenetic damage.
Mercury Distribution in Muscular Tissues of a Tropical Carnivorous Fish (Hoplias malabaricus) From Four Lakes in the North of Rio De Janeiro State, SE Brazil
Authors: Jesus T. B. , Carvalho C. E. V. , Ferreira A. G. , Siqueira E. M. , Machado A. L. S.
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study is to determine the concentrations of total mercury in muscle of Hoplias malabaricus collected in lakes of the North Fluminense and bought in the Municipal Market (MM) since these lakes have suffered from the use of mercury fungicides in sugar cane plantations. The concentrations of mercury were measured by equipment ICP/AES with enhancement of cold vapor. The concentrations of Hg in the lake Campelo (525.6 μg kg-1) exceeded the concentrations of other lakes and fish of MM. An inverse correlation was observed between the concentrations of Hg and the standard length, weight and age in samples of fish from the Taquaruçu and Campelo lakes. Direct correlation between the concentrations of Hg and biological variables were observed for Feia lake, Cima lake and samples of MM.
Key Issues in Aquatic Ecotoxicology in Brazil: A Critical Review
Authors: Krull M. , Barros F.
Published: January 2013

Several studies have been questioning and encouraging paradigms shift in ecotoxicology so it can better integrate ecological aspects. In tropical countries, like Brazil, it is still a developing issue. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of Aquatic Ecotoxicology in Brazil based on the following key issues: the criteria for test organism selection; the most used species, routes, types of exposures and endpoints, and; the importance given to multispecies and in situ tests. A total of 227 publications authored by Brazilian researchers were analyzed and it was observed that among the reasons for test organism selection, its origin (native species) was the most used. However, 48% of the reviewed studies did not report the reasons for species selection. Among the most used species are respectively: Daphnia magna, Daphnia similis, and Danio rerio. In situ assays, as well as multispecies test, represented less than 5% of all publications. Acute laboratory toxicity tests, using water as route of exposure evaluating mortality as endpoint were the most frequent tests. The present work identified that (i) the majority of assays used standardized tests with exotic species; (ii) few in situ methods were developed; (iii) few studies used sediment as route of exposure, and (iv) few methods were developed at higher levels of biological organization. Thus, the results of this work suggest that there is a need for more ecologically relevant tests, such as multispecies and in situ tests in Brazil.
Localization of Inorganic and Organic Mercury in the Liver and Kidney of Cyprinus carpio by Autometallography
Authors: Mela Maritana , Neto F. F. , Gratzner S. R. , Rabitto I. S. , Ventura D. F. , Ribeiro C. A. Oliveira
Published: January 2013

Mercury bioaccumulation in different tissues largely depends upon metal chemical form and has important implications on tissue-specific toxicity. Then, simple tools for mercury tissue localization are very useful for understanding the toxicity of mercurial compounds in fishes. In the present study, inorganic and organic mercury distribution was investigated in carp Cyprinus carpio, utilizing autometallography. Juvenile C. carpio were exposed through force-feeding with mercury contaminated pelleted food at doses of 0.5 Î¼g g-1 of Hg+2 or MeHg twice at 15 days interval, and killed 15 days after the second exposure for sampling. Organic mercury was observed inside hepatocytes and in biliary ducts of liver, whereas inorganic form of mercury was observed only in biliary ducts. In the kidney, mercury was observed mainly in renal tubules, with the predominance of inorganic over organic mercury. The present study demonstrated that autometallography is a useful tool for the tissue localization of two mercurial compounds in the liver and kidney of C. carpio after trophic exposure.
The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in Europe
Authors: Skjøth C. A. , Geels C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. We present here a dynamical method for modelling temporal and geographical variations in ammonia emissions in regional-scale chemistry transport models (CTMs) and chemistry climate models (CCMs). The method is based on the meteorology in the models and gridded inventories. We use the dynamical method to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of ammonia emissions across part of Europe and study how these emissions are related to geographical and year-to-year variations in atmospheric temperature alone. For simplicity we focus on the emission from a storage facility related to a standard Danish pig stable with 1000 animals and display how emissions from this source would vary geographically throughout central and northern Europe and from year to year. In view of future climate changes, we also evaluate the potential future changes in emission by including temperature projections from an ensemble of climate models. The results point towards four overall issues. (1) Emissions can easily vary by 20% for different geographical locations within a country due to overall variations in climate. The largest uncertainties are seen for large countries such as the UK, Germany and France. (2) Annual variations in overall climate can at specific locations cause uncertainties in the range of 20%. (3) Climate change may increase emissions by 0–40% in central to northern Europe. (4) Gradients in existing emission inventories that are seen between neighbour countries (e.g. between the UK and France) can be reduced by using a dynamical methodology for calculating emissions. Acting together these four factors can cause substantial uncertainties in emission. Emissions are generally considered among the largest uncertainties in the model calculations made with CTM and CCM models. Efforts to reduce uncertainties are therefore highly relevant. It is therefore recommended that both CCMs and CTMs implement a dynamical methodology for simulating ammonia emissions in a similar way as for biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOCs) – a method that has been used for more than a decade in CTMs. Finally, the climate penalty on ammonia emissions should be taken into account at the policy level such as the NEC and IPPC directives.
Multiannual changes of CO2 emissions in China: indirect estimates derived from satellite measurements of tropospheric NO2 columns
Authors: Berezin E. V. , Konovalov I. B. , Ciais P. , Richter A. , Tao S. , Janssens-Maenhout G. , Beekmann M. , Schulze E.-D.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Multi-annual satellite measurements of tropospheric NO2 columns are used for evaluation of CO2 emission changes in China in the period from 1996 to 2008. Indirect annual top-down estimates of CO2 emissions are derived from the satellite NO2 columns measurements by means of a simple inverse modeling procedure involving simulations performed with the CHIMERE mesoscale chemistry transport model and the CO2 to NOx emission ratios from the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 4.2 (EDGAR v4.2) global anthropogenic emission inventory. Exponential trends in the normalized time series of annual emission are evaluated separately for the periods from 1996 to 2001 and from 2001 to 2008. The results indicate that the both periods manifest strong positive trends in the CO2 emissions, and that the trend in the second period was significantly larger than the trend in the first period. Specifically, the trends in the first and second periods are estimated to be in the range from 3.7 to 8.0 and from 9.5 to 13.0 percent per year, respectively, taking into account both statistical and probable systematic uncertainties. Comparison of our top-down estimates of the CO2 emission changes with the corresponding bottom-up estimates provided by EDGAR v4.2 and Global Carbon Project (GCP) emission inventories reveals that while acceleration of the CO2 emission growth in the considered period is a common feature of the both kinds of estimates, nonlinearity in the CO2 emission changes may be strongly exaggerated in the emission inventories. Specifically, the atmospheric NO2 observations do not confirm the existence of a sharp bend in the emission inventory data time series in the period from 2000 to 2002. A significant quantitative difference is revealed between the bottom-up and top-down estimates of the CO2 emission trend in the period from 1996 to 2001 (specifically, the trend was not positive according to the emission inventories, but is strongly positive in our estimates). These results confirm the findings of earlier studies which indicated probable large uncertainties in the energy production and other activity data from international energy statistics used as the input information in the emission inventories for China. For the period from 2001 to 2008, the different kinds of estimates agree within the uncertainty range. In general, satellite measurements of tropospheric NO2 are shown to be a useful source of information on CO2 sources colocated with sources of nitrogen oxides; the corresponding potential of these measurements should be exploited further in future studies.
Why unprecedented ozone loss in the Arctic in 2011? Is it related to climatic change?
Authors: Pommereau J.-P. , Goutail F. , Lefèvre F. , Pazmino A. , Adams C. , Dorokhov V. , Eriksen P. , Kivi R. , Stebel K. , Zhao X. , van Rozendael M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. An unprecedented ozone loss occurred in the Arctic in spring 2011. The details of the event are re-visited from the twice-daily total ozone and NO2 columns measurements of the eight SAOZ/NDACC (Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénitale/Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes) stations in the Arctic. It is shown that the total ozone depletion in the polar vortex reached 38% (approx. 170 DU) by the end of March that is larger than the 30% of the previous record in 1996. Asides from the long extension of the cold stratospheric NAT PSC period, the amplitude of the event is shown to be resulting from a record daily total ozone loss rate of 0.7% day−1 after mid-February, never seen before in the Arctic but similar to that observed in the Antarctic over the last 20 yr. This high loss rate is attributed to the absence of NOx in the vortex until the final warming, in contrast to all previous winters where, as shown by the early increase of NO2 diurnal increase, partial renoxification is occurring by import of NOx or HNO3 from the outside after minor warming episodes, leading to partial chlorine deactivation. The cause of the absence of renoxification and thus of high loss rate, is attributed to a vortex strength similar to that of the Antarctic but never seen before in the Arctic. The total ozone reduction on 20 March was identical to that of the 2002 Antarctic winter, which ended around 20 September, and a 15-day extension of the cold period would have been enough to reach the mean yearly amplitude of the Antarctic ozone hole. However there is no sign of trend since 1994, neither in PSC volume, early winter denitrification, late vortex renoxification, and vortex strength nor in total ozone loss. The unprecedented large Arctic ozone loss in 2011 appears to resulting from an extreme meteorological event and there is no indication of possible strengthening related to climate change.
Continuous atmospheric boundary layer observations in the coastal urban area of Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Pandolfi M. , Martucci G. , Querol X. , Alastuey A. , Wilsenack F. , Frey S. , O'Dowd C. D. , Dall'Osto M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Continuous measurements of Surface Mixed Layer (SML), Decoupled Residual/Convective Layer (DRCL) and aerosol backscatter coefficient were performed within the Barcelona (NE Spain) boundary layer from September to October 2010 (30 days) in the framework of the SAPUSS (Solving Aerosol Problems Using Synergistic Strategies) field campaign. Two near-infrared ceilometers (Jenoptik CHM15K) vertically and horizontally-probing (only vertical profiles are discussed) were deployed during SAPUSS and compared with potential temperature profiles measured by daily radiosounding (midnight and midday) to interpret the boundary layer structure in the urban area of Barcelona. Ceilometer-based DRCL (1761±363 m a.g.l.) averaged over the campaign duration were twice as high as the mean SML (904±273 m a.g.l.) with a marked SML diurnal cycle. The overall agreement between the ceilometer-retrieved and radiosounding-based SML heights (R2=0.8) revealed overestimation of the SML by the ceilometer (Δh=145±145 m). After separating the data in accordance with different atmospheric scenarios, the lowest SML (736±183 m) and DRCL (1573±428 m) were recorded during warm North African (NAF) advected air mass. By contrast, higher SML and DRCL were observed during stagnant regional (REG) (911±234 m and 1769±314 m, respectively) and cold Atlantic (ATL) (965±222 m and 1878±290 m, respectively) air masses. The SML during the NAF scenario frequently showed a flat upper boundary throughout the day because of strong winds from the Mediterranean Sea that limit the midday SML convective growth observed during ATL and REG scenarios. The mean backscatter coefficients were calculated at two selected heights as representative of middle and top SML portions, i.e. β500=0.59±0.45 M m−1 sr−1 and β800=0.87±0.68 M m−1 sr−1 at 500 m and 800 m a.g.l., respectively. The highest backscatter coefficients were observed during NAF (β500=0.77±0.57 M m−1 sr−1) when compared with ATL (β500= 0.51±0.44 M m−1 sr−1) and REG (β500= 0.64±0.39 M m−1 sr−1). The relationship between the vertical change in backscatter coefficient and atmospheric stability (∂θ/∂z) was investigated in the first 3000 m a.g.l., demonstrating a positive correlation between unstable conditions and enhanced backscatter and vice versa.
Constraints on aerosol processes in climate models from vertically-resolved aircraft observations of black carbon
Authors: Kipling Z. , Stier P. , Schwarz J. P. , Perring A. E. , Spackman J. R. , Mann G. W. , Johnson C. E. , Telford P. J.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Evaluation of the aerosol schemes in current climate models is dependent upon the available observational data. In-situ observations from flight campaigns can provide valuable data about the vertical distribution of aerosol that is difficult to obtain from satellite or ground-based platforms, although they are localised in space and time. Using single-particle soot-photometer (SP2) measurements from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaign, which consists of many vertical profiles over a large region of the Pacific, we evaluate the meridional and vertical distribution of black carbon (BC) aerosol simulated by the HadGEM3-UKCA and ECHAM5-HAM2 models. Both models show a similar pattern of overestimating the BC column burden compared to that derived from the observations, in many areas by an order of magnitude. However, by sampling the simulated BC mass mixing ratio along the flight track and comparing to the observations, we show that this discrepancy has a rather different vertical structure in the two models. Using this methodology, we conduct sensitivity tests on two specific elements of the models: biomass-burning emissions and scavenging by convective precipitation. We show that, by coupling the convective scavenging more tightly with convective transport, both the column burden and vertical distribution of BC in HadGEM3–UKCA are significantly improved with respect to the observations, demonstrating the importance of a realistic representation of this process. In contrast, updating from GFED2 to GFED3.1 biomass-burning emissions makes a more modest improvement in both models, which is not statistically significant. We also demonstrate the important role that nudged simulations (where the large-scale model dynamics are continuously relaxed towards a reanalysis) can play in this type of evaluation, allowing statistically significant differences between configurations of the aerosol scheme to be seen where the differences between the corresponding free-running simulations would not be significant.
Dust dynamic pressure and magnetopause displacement: reasons for non-detection
Authors: Mann I. , Hamrin M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In a recent paper, Treumann and Baumjohann (2011) propose that the contribution of dust particles to the solar wind dynamic pressure can cause large compressions of the Earth's magnetopause and suggest that this occurs when Earth encounters meteoroid streams. In this paper we estimate the contribution from charged dust particles to the solar wind dynamical pressure, and we exclude that the dust associated to meteoroid streams can influence the extension of the magnetopause according to the proposed model. A sufficient coupling to the solar wind is only expected for so-called nanodust. However, the dynamic pressure of the nanodust is orders of magnitudes below that of the solar wind, making it unlikely that its variation can be observed in displacements of the magnetopause. We also discuss the equation that the authors use for estimating the extension of the Earth's magnetopause, and conclude that this is not applicable due to the large gyroradius of the nanodust. We finally note that an influence of dust on the extension of a magnetosphere might be quite possible in other astrophysical systems and based on other processes.
The importance of different spatial scales in determining structure and function of deep-sea infauna communities
Authors: Ingels J. , Vanreusel A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The urge to understand spatial distributions of species and communities and their causative processes has continuously instigated the development and testing of conceptual models in spatial ecology. For the deep-sea, there is evidence that structure, diversity and function of benthic communities are regulated by a multitude of biotic and environmental processes that act in concert on different spatial scales, but the spatial patterns are poorly understood compared to those for other ecosystems. Deep-sea studies generally focus on very limited scale-ranges, thereby impairing our understanding of which spatial scales and associated processes are most important in driving diversity and ecosystem function of communities. Here, we used an extensive integrated dataset of free-living nematodes from deep-sea sediments to unravel which spatial scale is most important in determining benthic infauna communities. Multiple-factor multivariate permutational analyses were performed on different sets of community descriptors (structure, diversity, function, standing stock). The different spatial scales investigated cover two margins in the Northeast Atlantic, several submarine canyons/channel/slope areas, a bathymetrical range of 700–4300 m (represents different stations, 5–50 km apart), different sampling locations at each station (replication distances, 1–200 m), and vertical sediment profiles (cm layers). The results indicated that the most important spatial scale for diversity, functional and standing stock variability is the smallest one; infauna communities changed substantially more with differences between sediment depth layers than with differences associated to larger geographical or bathymetrical scales. Community structure differences were largest between stations at both margins. Important regulating ecosystem processes and the scale on which they occur are discussed. The results imply that, if we are to improve our understanding of ecosystem patterns of deep-sea infauna and the relevant processes driving their structure, diversity, function and standing stock, we must pay particular attention to the small-scale heterogeneity or patchiness and the causative mechanisms acting on that scale.
Stalagmite water content as a proxy for drip water supply in tropical and subtropical areas
Authors: Vogel N. , Scheidegger Y. , Brennwald M. S. , Fleitmann D. , Figura S. , Wieler R. , Kipfer R.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In this pilot study water was extracted from samples of two Holocene stalagmites from Socotra Island, Yemen, and one Eemian stalagmite from southern continental Yemen. The amount of water extracted per unit mass of stalagmite rock, termed "water yield" hereafter, serves as a measure of its total water content. Based on direct correlation plots of water yields and δ18Ocalcite and on regime shift analyses, we demonstrate that for the studied stalagmites the water yield records vary systematically with the corresponding oxygen isotopic compositions of the calcite (δ18Ocalcite). Within each stalagmite lower δ18Ocalcite values are accompanied by lower water yields and vice versa. The δ18Ocalcite records of the studied stalagmites have previously been interpreted to predominantly reflect the amount of rainfall in the area; thus, water yields can be linked to drip water supply. Higher, and therefore more continuous drip water supply caused by higher rainfall rates, supports homogeneous deposition of calcite with low porosity and therefore a small fraction of water-filled inclusions, resulting in low water yields of the respective samples. A reduction of drip water supply fosters irregular growth of calcite with higher porosity, leading to an increase of the fraction of water-filled inclusions and thus higher water yields. The results are consistent with the literature on stalagmite growth and supported by optical inspection of thin sections of our samples. We propose that for a stalagmite from a dry tropical or subtropical area, its water yield record represents a novel paleo-climate proxy recording changes in drip water supply, which can in turn be interpreted in terms of associated rainfall rates.
Ice sheet dynamics within an Earth system model: coupling and first results on ice stability and ocean circulation
Authors: Barbi D. , Lohmann G. , Grosfeld K. , Thoma M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. We present first results from a coupled model setup, consisting of a state-of-the-art ice sheet model (RIMBAY), and the community earth system model COSMOS. We show that special care has to be provided in order to ensure physical distributions of the forcings, as well as numeric stability of the involved models. We demonstrate that a statistical downscaling is crucial for ice sheet stability, especially for southern Greenland where surface temperature are close to the melting point. The simulated ice sheets are stable when forced with pre-industrial greenhouse gas parameters, with limits comparable with present day ice orography. A setup with high CO2 level is used to demonstrate the effects of dynamic ice sheets compared to the standard parameterisation; the resulting changes on ocean circulation will also be discussed.
Impact of climate change on sediment yield in the Mekong River basin: a case study of the Nam Ou basin, Lao PDR
Authors: Shrestha B. , Babel M. S. , Maskey S. , van Griensven A. , Uhlenbrook S. , Green A. , Akkharath I.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. This paper evaluates the impact of climate change on sediment yield in the Nam Ou basin located in northern Laos. Future climate (temperature and precipitation) from four general circulation models (GCMs) that are found to perform well in the Mekong region and a regional circulation model (PRECIS) are downscaled using a delta change approach. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to assess future changes in sediment flux attributable to climate change. Results indicate up to 3.0 °C shift in seasonal temperature and 27% (decrease) to 41% (increase) in seasonal precipitation. The largest increase in temperature is observed in the dry season while the largest change in precipitation is observed in the wet season. In general, temperature shows increasing trends but changes in precipitation are not unidirectional and vary depending on the greenhouse gas emission scenarios (GHGES), climate models, prediction period and season. The simulation results show that the changes in annual stream discharges are likely to range from a 17% decrease to 66% increase in the future, which will lead to predicted changes in annual sediment yield ranging from a 27% decrease to about 160% increase. Changes in intra-annual (monthly) discharge as well as sediment yield are even greater (−62 to 105% in discharge and −88 to 243% in sediment yield). A higher discharge and sediment flux are expected during the wet seasons, although the highest relative changes are observed during the dry months. The results indicate high uncertainties in the direction and magnitude of changes of discharge as well as sediment yields due to climate change. As the projected climate change impact on sediment varies remarkably between the different climate models, the uncertainty should be taken into account in both sediment management and climate change adaptation.
Deterministic dynamics of the magnetosphere: results of the 0–1 test
Authors: Prabin Devi S. , Singh S. B. , Surjalal Sharma A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A test for deterministic dynamics in a time series data, namely the 0–1 test (Gottawald and Melbourne, 2004, 2005), is used to study the magnetospheric dynamics. The data, corresponding to the same time period, of the auroral electrojet index AL and the magnetic field component Bz of the solar wind magnetic field measured at 1 AU are used to compute the parameter K, which is zero for non-chaotic and unity for chaotic systems. For the magnetosphere and also for the turbulent solar wind, K has values corresponding to a nonlinear dynamical system with chaotic behaviour. This result is consistent with the Lyapunov exponents computed from the same time series data.