bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Racemic Carbocyclic Nucleoside Analogues Derived from 4,8‐Dioxatricyclo[4.2.1.03,7]nonane‐9‐methanol and 4‐Oxatricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]decane‐10‐methanol, Compounds with Activity Against Coxsackie Viruses.
Authors: Hrebabecky Hubert , Dracinsky Martin , De Palma Armando M. , Neyts Johan , Holy Antonin
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Carbocyclic Nucleoside Analogues Derived from 7‐Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐2‐methanol.
Authors: Hrebabecky Hubert , Dracinsky Martin , De Palma Armando M. , Neyts Johan , Holy Antonin
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New “sp2‐Bonded” Carbanucleosides.
Authors: Ivanova N. A. , Mustafin A. G. , Usmanova F. G. , Ivanov S. P. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New and Concise Approach to (R)‐α‐Lipoic Acid.
Authors: Wei Zhen , Lan Hong‐Qiao , Zheng Jian‐Feng , Huang Pei‐Qiang
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: FR290581, a Novel Sordarin Derivative: Synthesis and Antifungal Activity.
Authors: Hanadate Tadaatsu , Tomishima Masaki , Shiraishi Nobuyuki , Tanabe Daisuke , Morikawa Hiroshi , Barrett David , Matsumoto Satoru , Ohtomo Kazumi , Maki Katsuyuki
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on Tedanolide: Stereoselective Synthesis of the C13—C21 Fragment.
Authors: Park Su Ho , Min Jae Ki , Park Se Hwan , Lee Hyo Won
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Cysticidal Activity of New Benzimidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Palomares‐Alonso Francisca , Jung‐Cook Helgi , Perez‐Villanueva Jaime , Piliado Juan Carlos , Rodriguez‐Morales Sergio , Palencia‐Hernandez Guadalupe , Lopez‐Balbiaux Nayeli , Hernandez‐Campos Alicia , Castillo Rafael , Hernandez‐Luis Francisco
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 4‐Aryl‐pyrido[1,2‐c]pyrimidines with Dual SSRI and 5‐HT1A Activity. Part 1.
Authors: Herold Franciszek , Chodkowski Andrzej , Izbicki Lukasz , Krol Marek , Kleps Jerzy , Turlo Jadwiga , Nowak Gabriel , Stachowicz Katarzyna , Dybala Malgorzata , Siwek Agata
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper
Authors: Smith Derek W.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrile Ligated Transition Metal Complexes with Weakly Coordinating Counteranions and Their Catalytic Applications
Authors: Rach Silvana F. , Kuehn Fritz E.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones and Their Derivatives
Authors: Murray B. A.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Discovery of Antibacterial Agents Using Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis
Authors: Galloway Warren R. J. D. , Bender Andreas , Welch Martin , Spring David R.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Aza‐Henry Reactions
Authors: Marques‐Lopez Eugenia , Merino Pedro , Tejero Tomas , Herrera Raquel P.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Additions to Activated Vinylphosphonates
Authors: Janecki Tomasz , Kedzia Jacek , Wasek Tomasz
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: G‐Quadruplex DNA Structures and Organic Chemistry: More than One Connection
Authors: Franceschin Marco
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress of Synthetic Studies to Peptide and Peptidomimetic Cyclization
Authors: Jiang Sheng , Li Zheng , Ding Ke , Roller Peter P.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐ and D‐Homoserine and Related C‐4 Chiral Blocks
Authors: Kalyanam N. , Sood R. , Rajendran R. , Savita G. , Majeed M.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Libraries by Random Glycosylation
Authors: Thiem Joachim , Steinmann Andreas , Thimm Julian , Wollik Nikolai
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Assisted Synthesis of Heterocycles via Carbonylation Reactions
Authors: Rossi Elisabetta
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Labeling of Small Biomolecules Using Novel Technetium‐99m Cores: IAEA Technical Report Series 459 Book Review and Important Research Outputs of a Coordinated Research Project
Authors: Pillai M. R. A. , Duatti A.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stabilizing Reactive Intermediates Through Site Isolation
Authors: Coperet Christophe
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonylation of Enolizable Ketones (Enol Triflates) and Iodoalkenes
Authors: Arcadi Antonio
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonylation of Alkenes and Dienes
Authors: Kegl Tamas
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformation Chemistry with Nucleic Acid Purines
Authors: Robins Morris J.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High Electrical Conductance of Single Molecules: A Challenge in the Series of Conjugated Oligomers
Authors: Meier Herbert
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Binding Mechanisms in Supramolecular Complexes
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Joerg
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Maximizing Multivalency Effects in Protein—Carbohydrate Interactions
Authors: Pieters Roland J.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Leflunomide in Solid Organ Transplantation and Polyoma Virus Infection
Authors: Josephson Michelle A. , Javaid Basit , Kadambi Pradeep V. , Meehan Shane M. , Williams James W.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrode Materials and Reaction Mechanisms in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Brief Review
Authors: Tsipis Ekaterina V. , Kharton Vladislav V.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioinspired Polymers for Nanoscience Research
Authors: Lee Byoung‐Chul , Connolly Michael D. , Zuckermann Ronald N.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis of Aromatic Polyketides in Bacteria
Authors: Das Abhirup , Khosla Chaitan
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Is Enantioselectivity Predictable in Asymmetric Catalysis?
Authors: Brown John M. , Deeth Robert J.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Imaging by PET/SPECT
Authors: Ono Masahiro
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Consideration on Molecular Imaging Technology as a Tool for Drug Research and Development
Authors: Yajima Kazuyoshi , Nishimura Shintaro
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Recyclable Merrifield resin‐supported organocatalysts containing pyrrolidine unit through A3‐coupling reaction linkage for asymmetric Michael addition
Authors: Liu Jie , Li Pinhua , Zhang Yicheng , Ren Kai , Wang Lei , Wang Guanwu
Published: July 2009

Merrifield resin‐supported pyrrolidine‐based chiral organocatalysts A−D through A3‐coupling reaction linkage have been developed and found to be highly effective catalysts for the Michael addition reaction of ketones with nitrostyrenes. The reactions generated the corresponding products in good yields (up to 92%), excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee), and high diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1 dr). In addition, the catalysts can be reused at least five times without a significant loss of catalytic activity and stereoselectivity. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Anemia After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Sattur Sudhakar , Harjai Kishore J. , Narula Arvin , Devarakonda Srinivas , Orshaw Pamela , Yaeger Karl
Published: July 2009

Background

Although the consequences of bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are well documented, there are no data on the impact of post‐PCI anemia (PPA) on clinical outcomes.

Methods

We evaluated the incidence, predictors, and prognostic implications of PPA on clinical outcomes in 1415 PCI procedures. We compared clinical outcomes of patients with PPA (ie, nadir post‐PCI hemoglobin < 10 gm/dL) vs without PPA. In patients with PPA, we assessed the influence of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI; major or minor) bleeding, drop in hemoglobin by ≥ 3 gm/dL, and use of blood transfusions on outcomes.

Results

Post‐PCI anemia developed in 124 (8.8%) patients. Of these, 50 (40%) suffered TIMI (major or minor) bleeding, 68 (55%) had a hemoglobin drop of ≥ 3 gm/dL, and 39 (32%) patients received blood transfusions. Compared to patients without PPA, those with PPA had greater incidence of 6 month death (6.5% vs 1.7 %, p = 0.003), 6 month major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; death, reinfarction, or target vessel revascularization; 27.3% vs 14.5%, p = 0.0006), and long‐term mortality (25.8% vs 8.7 %, p ≤ 0.0001). After adjustment for baseline differences, PPA showed an independent association with 6 month MACE (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5–3.9) and long‐term mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6). In patients who developed PPA, the occurrence of TIMI (major or minor) bleeding, hemoglobin drop of ≥ 3 gm/dL, and use of blood transfusions did not impact outcomes.

conclusion

We found that PPA is common, occurs frequently in the absence of bleeding or significant drop in hemoglobin, and connotes poor long‐term outcomes. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thyroid Hormone and Coronary Artery Disease: From Clinical Correlations to Prognostic Implications
Authors: Coceani Michele , Iervasi Giorgio , Pingitore Alessandro , Carpeggiani Clara , L'Abbate Antonio
Published: July 2009

Background

Overt thyroid dysfunction, hypothyroidism in particular, may lead to coronary artery disease (CAD). Whether more subtle anomalies of thyroid hormone metabolism influence the progression of CAD remains a matter of speculation.

Hypothesis

The occurrence of CAD and long‐term prognosis in patients without a history of either primary thyroid disease, myocardial infarction, or chronic heart failure is related to serum levels of biologically active free triiodothyronine (fT3).

Methods

The cohort consisted of 1047 clinically and biochemically euthyroid patients (median age 65.6 y and 69% male) who underwent coronary angiography in our institute for suspected CAD.

Results

Lower fT3 levels were predictive of both single‐vessel (p = 0.012) and multivessel (p = 0.009) CAD. Through a multivariate logistic regression analysis, fT3 was still linked to the presence of CAD (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–0.68, p < 0.001). After a mean follow‐up of 31 months, the survival rate was 95% and total mortality (log‐rank 6.75, p = 0.009), as well as cardiac mortality (log‐rank 8.26, p = 0.004), was greater among patients with low T3 (fT3 < 2.10 pg/mL) syndrome. At subsequent multivariate Cox regression analysis, the association between low T3 syndrome and survival was maintained (total mortality HR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.05–3.10, p = 0.034; cardiac mortality HR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.13–5.93, p = 0.025).

Conclusions

In this selected population, fT3 levels were inversely correlated to the presence of CAD and low T3 syndrome conferred an adverse prognosis, even after adjusting for traditional coronary risk factors. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
β‐Blocker Use in Heart Failure Patients with Airways Disease
Authors: Shaw Steven M. , Hasleton Jonathan , Williams Simon G.
Published: July 2009

Background

β‐Blockers are often withheld from patients with obstructive airways disease, especially those with reversible airways disease due to fear of inducing bronchospasm. We report our single center experience of cautiously treating such patients who have concomitant chronic heart failure (CHF).

Hypothesis

The use of cardioselective β‐blockers under caution and specialist supervision may be tolerable in many CHF patients with obstructive airways disease, resulting in clinical improvement rather than detriment.

Methods

A retrospective case notes analysis was performed on CHF outpatients who had obstructive airways disease and been treated with β‐blockers.

Results

A total of 43 patients were identified, with an average ejection fraction of 31.8%; 18 of these patients had fixed obstructive airways disease, 15 patients had reversible obstructive airways disease, 10 patients had a label of obstructive airways disease (but no supporting evidence for the diagnosis in the hospital notes). In all 3 groups, β‐blockers had been initiated and maintained without any respiratory event over a median continuous exposure time of 135 days. Limitation of the dose was documented in only 2 patients because of worsening shortness of breath. New York Heart Association (NYHA) class significantly improved for the group with the use of these agents (p = 0.003).

Conclusion

A cautious approach (under specialist supervision) to β‐blocker use in patients with heart failure and airways disease can result in successful treatment. The implications of withholding these agents may have more serious consequences than their administration. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient Variability in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Geske Jeffrey B. , Sorajja Paul , Ommen Steve R. , Nishimura Rick A.
Published: July 2009

Background

The presence and magnitude of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction directs the management algorithm in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Although it is well known that the degree of LVOT obstruction is dynamic and dependent upon ventricular load and contractility, the magnitude and potential impact of the day‐to‐day variability seen in practice has not been well appreciated.

Hypotheses

We hypothesized that LVOT gradient variability in HCM has an impact on clinical decision‐making.

Methods

A total of 100 HCM patients (mean age, 58 ± 13 years; 47% male) underwent comprehensive 2‐dimensional Doppler transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac catheterization with transseptal measurement of left‐sided pressures. All studies were performed within 48 hours of one another.

Results

The correlation of LVOT gradients from both methods performed at different times had a wide scatter with the 95% confidence limits of agreement being ± 84 mm Hg. For classifying patients as having severe LVOT obstruction on the basis of either method (<30 vs ≥ 30 mm Hg), discrepant results occurred in 21% of patients. To confirm the accuracy of Doppler measurements, 15 studies were performed with simultaneous measurement of LVOT gradient, which revealed a very strong correlation (r = 0.98, p < 0.0001) with 95% confidence limits of agreement ± 12 mm Hg.

Conclusions

In patients with HCM, LVOT gradient measurements are routinely obtained to characterize the severity of obstruction. However, these data demonstrate the marked variability of the LVOT obstruction, which must be considered when determining appropriate therapy in symptomatic patients. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metric spaces in NMR crystallography
Authors: Grant David M. , Halling Merrill D.
Published: July 2009

The anisotropic character of the chemical shift can be measured by experiments that provide shift tensor values and comparing these experimental components, obtained from microcrystalline powders, with 3D nuclear shielding tensor components, calculated with quantum chemistry, yields structural models of the analyzed molecules. The use of a metric tensor for evaluating the mean squared deviations, d2, between two or more tensors provides a statistical way to verify the molecular structure governing the theoretical shielding components. The sensitivity of the method is comparable with diffraction methods for the heavier organic atoms (i.e., C, O, N, etc.) but considerably better for the positions of H atoms. Thus, the method is especially powerful for H‐bond structure, the position of water molecules in biomolecular species, and other proton important structural features, etc. Unfortunately, the traditional Cartesian tensor components appear as reducible metric representations and lack the orthogonality of irreducible icosahedral and irreducible spherical tensors, both of which are also easy to normalize. Metrics give weighting factors that carry important statistical significance in a structure determination. Details of the mathematical analysis are presented and examples given to illustrate the reason nuclear magnetic resonance are rapidly assuming an important synergistic relationship with diffraction methods (X‐ray, neutron scattering, and high energy synchrotron irradiation). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 217–237, 2009.
Trap design for insertable second‐nuclei radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
Authors: Dabirzadeh Arash , McDougall Mary Preston
Published: July 2009

The application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in metabolic studies usually includes concurrent operation at two different frequencies to enable excitation and detection of two different nuclei. When using separate radiofrequency coils for the multinuclear excitation, coupling between the two coils has been shown to be a problem, resulting in resonance frequency shifting and reduced sensitivity of the 1H coil. Among the methods to reduce this coupling is the placement of an 1H trap on the second‐nuclei coil. This article presents the benefits of this method, specifically in this case for 31P imaging/spectroscopy, through modeling results, bench measurements, imaging, and spectra acquisition. The use of a resonant trap in conjunction with a modular design permitted the insertion of the phosphorus coil as an “add‐on” into multiple existing proton coils, suggesting particular applicability in the high‐field arena, where spectroscopy holds great promise, but where proton coil design complexity exists that is not easily re‐engineered for dual‐nuclei use. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 35B: 121–132, 2009
A wrapped edge transverse gradient coil design for increased gradient homogeneity
Authors: Vegh Viktor , Tieng Quang M. , Brereton Ian M. , Galloway Graham J.
Published: July 2009

A transverse gradient coil design is described for wire wound cylindrical applications. The proposed design is aimed for use as a fixed gradient coil or as an insertable gradient coil. Although we describe a transverse gradient coil for clinical MRI scanners, the principle could be applied for use in preclinical systems. The gradient coil wire wound return paths are altered to allow for the ends of the gradient coil to be wrapped into the transverse plane of the MRI system to reduce the effect of their contribution to the magnetic field within the FoV. In essence, this new configuration reduces the inductance of the coil by decreasing the primary path and return path interactions, and in addition, minimising field oscillations to reduce peripheral nerve stimulation. The proposed design produces a large FoV, low coil inductance and small high order harmonics contributing to improved gradient magnetic field linearity. The proposed concept is particularly aimed at short bore magnets, as the length of the gradient tube becomes the limiting factor in magnet system bore length. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 35B: 139–152, 2009
A passive dual‐circulator based transmit/receive switch for use with reflection resonators in pulse electron paramagnetic resonance
Authors: Sundramoorthy Subramanian V. , Epel Boris , Mailer Colin , Halpern Howard J.
Published: July 2009

To protect the low‐noise amplifier (LNA) in the receive arm of a pulsed 250 MHz EPR bridge, it is necessary to install as much isolation as possible between the power exciting the spin system and the LNA when high power is present in the receive arm of the bridge, while allowing the voltage induced by the magnetization in the spin sample to be passed undistorted and undiminished to the LNA once power is reduced below the level that can cause LNA damage. We discuss a combination of techniques to accomplish this involving the power‐routing circulator in the bridge, a second circulator acting as an isolator with passive shunt PIN diodes immediately following the second circulator. The low resistance of the forward biased PIN diode passively generates an impedance mismatch at the second circulator output port during the high‐power excitation pulse and resonator ring down. The mismatch reflects the high power to the remaining port of the second circulator, dumping it into a system impedance matched load. Only when the power diminishes below the diode conduction threshold, the resistance of the PIN diode will rise to a value much higher than the system impedance. This brings the device into conduction mode. We find that the present design passively limits the output power to 14 dBm independent of the input power. For high‐input power levels, the isolation may exceed 60 dB. This level of isolation is sufficient to fully protect the LNA of a pulse EPR bridge. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 35B: 133–138, 2009
Electrochemical One‐Electron Oxidation of Low‐Generation Polyamidoamine‐Type Dendrimers with a 1,4‐Phenylenediamine Core
Authors: Hammerich Ole , Hansen Thomas , Thorvildsen Asbjørn , Christensen Jørn B.
Published: July 2009

A series of polyamidoamine (PAMAM)‐type dendrimers with a 1,4‐phenylenediamine (PD) core is prepared from PD by procedures including Michael addition of methyl acrylate followed by aminolysis with 1,2‐ethanediamine. Their one‐electron oxidation potentials are determined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in methanol, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The dendrimers are more difficult to oxidize than N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (TMePD). The oxidation potentials decrease with increasing dendrimer generation up to G0.5, after which the potential is essentially constant up to G2.0. The structures of both the neutral species and the radical cations are studied by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level of theory, which include a series of simple PDs for comparison. The data show that the structural arrangement close to the PD core is similar to that of N,N,N′,N′‐tetra‐n‐alkyl‐p‐phenylenediamines, including a planar arrangement of the atoms linked to the two PD nitrogen atoms. Thus, the effect of chain size on the oxidation potential appears to be caused primarily by a simple electronic effect. The calculations indicate considerable reorientation of the dendrimer side chains on oxidation, presumably caused by interactions between the positive charge centered at the core and the neighboring ester or amide dipoles. The relative ease of oxidation of TMePD and the lowest members of the series of the dendrimers can be reproduced theoretically only when solvation was included in the calculations. The DPV peak heights vary approximately as predicted from the Stokes–Einstein–Sutherland equation, but the variation of the relative effective radii with the size of the dendrimer is much larger than predicted from the radii obtained by the DFT calculations, that is, the dendrimers exist in solution mainly as aggregates.
Sustained ophthalmic in situ gel of ketorolac tromethamine: rheology and in vivo studies
Authors: Manjappa A.S. , Nanjwade Basavaraj K. , Manvi F.V. , Murthy R.S.R.
Published: July 2009

Most ocular diseases are treated with topical eye drops. The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by these conventional eye drops due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of in situ gelling systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergo a sol‐to‐gel transition in the cul‐de‐sac. The present work describes the formulation and evaluation of an ophthalmic delivery system of the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), ketorolac tromethamine, based on the concept of pH‐triggered in situ gelation. Polyacrylic acid (Carbopol® 934) was used as the gelling agent in combination with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Methocel E15LV), which acted as a viscosity enhancer. The prepared formulations were characterized for clarity, pH, drug content, rheology, and in vivo drug release. Clarity, pH, and drug content of the developed formulations were found to be satisfactory. The developed formulation showed pseudo‐plastic rheology. The formulation with benzalkonium chloride and edetate disodium improved the rate of corneal absorption but not the extent. The developed formulation is a viable alternative to conventional eye drops by virtue of its ability to enhance bioavailability through its longer precorneal residence time and ability to sustain drug release. Also importantly is the ease of instillation afforded and decreased frequency of instillation resulting in better patient acceptance. Drug Dev Res, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and use of methylnaltrexone, a peripherally acting opioid antagonist, to treat side effects related to opioid use
Authors: Yuan Chun‐Su , Foss Joseph F. , Williams Wade A. , Moss Jonathan
Published: July 2009

Opioid medications are used extensively as potent analgesics for treating moderate to severe pain. Although opioids offer reliable pain relief, their use is associated with a number of adverse effects, especially constipation. Conventional measures for ameliorating opioid‐induced adverse effects are often insufficient. Thus, reducing the severity of these adverse effects is of utmost importance for patients who require the benefits of opioid analgesics. Since opioids mediate pain‐relieving and adverse effects through the same classes of receptors, i.e.,mu,delta, andkappa, it has been challenging to dissociate beneficial effects from detrimental ones. Methylnaltrexone is the first peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist to receive FDA approval. This compound offers the therapeutic potential to block or reverse the undesired side effects of opioids that are mediated by receptors located in the periphery (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract), without affecting analgesia or precipitating opioid withdrawal symptoms, which are mediated predominantly by receptors in the central nervous system. This review provides a history of the development of methylnaltrexone, discusses studies that relate to opioid bowel dysfunction, and explores other uses of this compound. Drug Dev Res, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Particle tracking model of electrophoretic morphogen movement reveals stochastic dynamics of embryonic gradient
Authors: Zhang Ying , Levin Michael
Published: July 2009

Some developmental events rely on an electrophoretic force to produce morphogenetic gradients. To quantitatively explore the dynamics of this process, we constructed a stochastic model of an early phase of left–right patterning: serotonin movement through the gap junction‐coupled blastomeres of the Xenopus embryo. Particle‐tracking simulations showed that a left–right gradient is formed rapidly, quickly reaching a final stable level. The voltage difference was critical for producing a morphogen gradient of the right steepness; gap junctional connectivity and morphogen mass determined the timing of the gradient. Endogenous electrophoresis drives ∼50% of the particles across more than one cell width, and ∼20% can travel across half the embryo. The stochastic behavior of the resulting gradients exhibited unexpected complexity among blastomeres' morphogen content, and showed how spatiotemporal variability within individual cells resulted in robust and consistent gradients across the embryonic left–right axis. Analysis of the distribution profile of gradient gain values made quantitative predictions about the conditions that result in the observed background level of laterality defects in unperturbed frog embryos. This work provides a general model that can be used to quantitatively analyze the unexpectedly complex dynamics of morphogens in a wide variety of systems. Developmental Dynamics 238:1923–1935, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mathematical modeling of the capillary‐like pattern generated by adrenomedullin‐treated human vascular endothelial cells in vitro
Authors: Guidolin Diego , Albertin Giovanna , Sorato Elisa , Oselladore Barbara , Mascarin Alessandra , Ribatti Domenico
Published: July 2009

A recently proposed approach was used to model the self‐organization into capillary‐like structures of human vascular endothelial cells cultured on Matrigel. The model combines a Cellular Potts Model, considering cell adhesion, cytoskeletal rearrangement and chemotaxis, and a Partial Differential Equation model describing the release and the diffusion of a chemoattractant. The results were compared with the data from real in vitro experiments to establish the capability of the model to accurately reproduce both the spontaneous self‐assembly of unstimulated cells and their self‐organization in the presence of the pro‐angiogenic factor adrenomedullin. The results showed that the model can accurately reproduce the self‐assembly of unstimulated cells, but it failed in reproducing the adrenomedullin‐induced self‐organization of the cells. The extension of the model to include cell proliferation led to a good match between simulated and experimental patterns in both cases with predicted proliferation rates in agreement with the data of cell proliferation experiments. Developmental Dynamics 238:1951–1963, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the neuromuscular system during asexual propagation in an invertebrate chordate
Authors: Tiozzo Stefano , Murray Maureen , Degnan Bernard M. , De Tomaso Anthony W. , Croll Roger P.
Published: July 2009

Botryllus schlosseri is a colonial ascidian, and the closest relative to vertebrates that can completely regenerate its entire body, including all somatic and germline tissues, using an asexual developmental pathway called blastogenesis. This regenerative potential exhibited by Botryllus and other colonial ascidians does not exist in any other chordate and makes B. schlosseri a promising model to investigate the cellular and molecular basis of regeneration. In this report, we describe postembryonic myogenesis and characterized the development of the neural system during blastogenic development. α‐Tubulin immunoreactivity revealed a high correlation with previous studies on the motor nervous system. The pattern of the serotoninergic system in the adult reflects that observed in solitary ascidians, but in early blastogenesis suggests a morphogenic role of this monoamine. In summary, this study provides the morphological framework to dissect the mechanisms underlying the ability to regenerate entire organ systems as an adult in a chordate model. Developmental Dynamics 238:2081–2094, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Male‐specific expression of Aldh1a1 in mouse and chicken fetal testes: Implications for retinoid balance in gonad development
Authors: Bowles Josephine , Feng Chun‐Wei , Knight Deon , Smith Craig A. , Roeszler Kelly N. , Bagheri‐Fam Stefan , Harley Vincent R. , Sinclair Andrew H. , Koopman Peter
Published: July 2009

Balanced production and degradation of retinoids is important in regulating development of several organ systems in the vertebrate embryo. Among these, it is known that retinoic acid (RA), and the retinoid‐catabolyzing enzyme CYP26B1 together regulate the sex‐specific behavior of germ cells in developing mouse gonads. We report here that the gene encoding a cytosolic class‐1 aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH1A1, a weak catalyst of RA production, is strongly expressed in a male‐specific manner in somatic cells of the developing mouse testis, beginning shortly after Sry expression is first detectable. This expression pattern is conserved in the developing male gonad of the chicken and is dependent on the testis‐specific transcription factor SOX9. Our data suggest that low levels of RA may be required for early developmental events in the testis, or that Aldh1a1 expression in the fetus may prefigure a later requirement for ALDH1A1 in regulating spermatogenesis postnatally. Developmental Dynamics 238:2073–2080, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High resolution map of Caenorhabditis elegans gap junction proteins
Authors: Altun Zeynep F. , Chen Bojun , Wang Zhao‐Weng , Hall David H.
Published: July 2009

The innexin family of gap junction proteins has 25 members in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we describe the first high‐resolution expression map of all members through analysis of live worms transformed with green fluorescent protein under the control of entire promoter regions. Our analyses show that innexins have dynamic expression patterns throughout development and are found in virtually all cell types and tissues. Complex tissues, such as the pharynx, intestine, gonad, as well as scaffolding tissues and guidepost cells express a variety of innexins in overlapping or complementary patterns, suggesting they may form heteromeric and heterotypic channels. Innexin expression occurs in several types of cells that are not known to form gap junctions as well as in a pair of migrating cells, suggesting they may have hemichannel function. Therefore, innexins likely play roles in almost all body functions, including embryonic development, cell fate determination, oogenesis, egg laying, pharyngeal pumping, excretion, and locomotion. Developmental Dynamics 238:1936–1950, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unified description of regeneration by coupled dynamical systems theory: Intercalary/segmented regeneration in insect legs
Authors: Yoshida Hiroshi , Kaneko Kunihiko
Published: July 2009

Regeneration phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and are studied in a variety of experiments. Positional information and feedback‐loop hierarchy are theories that have been proposed to explain ordering rules in regeneration; however, some regeneration phenomena violate the rules derived from them. In particular, grafted junction stumps with the same value/hierarchy sometimes lead to one extra segmented portion, termed segmented regeneration. To present a unified description of all insect leg regeneration phenomena, we propose a theoretical mechanism for regeneration without postulating positional information, by using a model that consists of intracellular reaction dynamics of chemical concentrations, cell‐to‐cell interactions, and an increase in cell number. As a normal developmental process, successive differentiation from pluripotent cells appears, as described by transition from cells with intracellular chaotic dynamics to those with oscillatory or fixed‐point dynamics. By assigning chaotic and nonchaotic cell types to corresponding positions instead of positional information, intercalary, segmented, and tarsus regeneration are explained coherently. With this assignment of pluripotency to chaotic dynamics, a unified description of regeneration is obtained with some predictive value for new experiments. Developmental Dynamics 238:1974–1983, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Porcine pluripotency cell signaling develops from the inner cell mass to the epiblast during early development
Authors: Hall Vanessa J. , Christensen Josef , Gao Yu , Schmidt Mette H. , Hyttel Poul
Published: July 2009

The signaling mechanisms regulating pluripotency in porcine embryonic stem cells and embryos are unknown. In this study, we characterize cell signaling in the in‐vivo porcine inner cell mass and later‐stage epiblast. We evaluate expression of OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, genes within the JAK/STAT pathway (LIF, LIFR, GP130), FGF pathway (bFGF, FGFR1, FGFR2), BMP pathway (BMP4), and downstream‐activated genes (STAT3, c‐Myc, c‐Fos, and SMAD4). We discovered two different expression profiles exist in the developing porcine embryo. The D6 porcine blastocyst (inner cell mass stage) is devoid in the expression of most genes analyzed, with the exception of OCT4. In contrast, the D11 epiblast expressed 10 of the 12 genes investigated. Immunocytochemistry confirmed LIFR and bFGF was not expressed in the epiblast, but within the trophectoderm. These findings reveal cell signaling associated with maintaining pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells is detectable in the porcine epiblast, but not in the inner cell mass. Developmental Dynamics 238:2014–2024, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cell progeny and the spontaneous contractile activity of cardiomyocytes are affected by microtopography
Authors: Biehl Jesse K. , Yamanaka Satoshi , Desai Tejal A. , Boheler Kenneth R. , Russell Brenda
Published: July 2009

The niche in which stem cells reside and differentiate is a complex physicochemical microenvironment that regulates cell function. The role played by three‐dimensional physical contours was studied on cell progeny derived from mouse embryonic stem cells using microtopographies created on PDMS (poly‐dimethyl‐siloxane) membranes. While markers of differentiation were not affected, the proliferation of heterogeneous mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived progeny was attenuated by 15 μm‐, but not 5 μm‐high microprojections. This reduction was reversed by Rho kinase and myosin light chain kinase inhibition, which diminishes the tension generating ability of stress fibers. Purified cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells also showed significant blunting of proliferation and increased beating rates compared with cells grown on flat substrates. Thus, proliferation of stem cell‐derived progeny appears to be regulated by microtopography through tension‐generation of contractility in the third‐dimension. These results emphasize the importance of topographic cues in the modulation of stem cell progeny behavior. Developmental Dynamics 238:1964–1973, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.