bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nonprosecution of Sexual Abuse and Informal Justice
Authors: Mac MURRAY BRUCE K.
Published: March 2007

Within recent years, considerable attention has focused upon the appropriate criminal justice response to cases of child sexual abuse. The present article examines prosecutorial discretion for sexual abuse under the domain of a recent mandatory district attorney reporting law (Massachusetts Chapter 288). Utilizing case files for one metropolitan jurisdiction, this research analyzes the reasons cited for the screening decision not to prosecute sexual abuse and the related use of informal dispositions in these cases. The study found that 45% of the cases referred to this prosecutor's office resulted in a nonprosecution decision. The primary reasons given were witness noncooperation and evidentiary problems, which were cited in over two-thirds of the cases. For all but two of these nonprosecuted cases, some informal disposition took place. For most, the alleged perpetrator was out of the victim's home, with another third involving a restraining or no visitation order against the accused offender, or the removal of the victim from the home. Thus, although formal criminal court prosecution was recommended in just over one-half of the cases, some form of family intervention to reduce the “at-risk” situation for the child victim took place in virtually all of the cases. These results suggest the importance of considering informal, discretionary techniques and dispositions as well as formal actions in evaluating a criminal justice response to child sexual abuse.
The Effect of Batterer Counseling on Shelter Outcome
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the services related to a woman's decision to return to her batterer or not when leaving a shelter. A discriminant analysis is used to assess the relationship of eight service-related variables to the shelter outcome. Whether a batterer is in counseling is the most influential predictor, along with three variables associated with economic independence. The inclusion of twenty-four background and abuserelated variables contribute very little to the shelter outcome. These findings imply that women return to their batterers because the women think that their batterers will change, and that shelters need to monitor batterer counseling programs.
Risk Factors in Father-Daughter Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: PAVEZA GREGORY J.
Published: March 2007

Child sexual abuse continues to be a problem within the United States with both the numbers of reported cases, and quite probably the number of actual cases continuing to grow. Of particular interest are the cases of father/daughter-stepfather/stepdaughter sexual abuse. The current literature has discussed at length many of the risk factors associated with this form of sexual assault. Unfortunately, much of the literature is either based on clinical studies or on surveys of adults. The current study described in this article uses an epidemiologic case-control approach to study the problem. In total, 34 current case families and 68 controls responded to a self-administered questionnaire. The data provided by these subjects were analyzed using the multivariate technique of logistic regression. Four variables are indicated as having a strong relationship to risk for this form of sexual assault. These four variables are income, marital satisfaction, closeness of the mother-daughter relationship, and violence between the abuser and the spouse. The results of this analysis are discussed in terms of interrelational theory and current treatment practices and recommendations are made concerning future research endeavors.
Associations Between Chemical Dependency and Sexual Problems in Nurses
Authors: SULLIVAN ELEANOR J.
Published: March 2007

Nurses recovering from chemical dependency were compared to nondependent nurses on their reports of sexual abuse, negative outcomes of sexual experiences, and homosexuality. A national sample of nurses responded to a mailed questionnaire examining demographic, educational, and professional variables related to chemical dependency. Differences were found between dependent and nondependent subjects regarding gender, family history of alcoholism, sexual trauma, and sexual functioning. This exploratory study raises many questions for future investigative efforts.
Brief Diagnostic Group Treatment of Sexually Abused Boys
Authors: FRIEDRICH WILLIAM N. , BERLINER LUCY , URQUIZA ANTHONY J. , BEILKE ROBERT L.
Published: March 2007

We report a brief treatment format for young sexually abused boys that has both diagnostic and therapeutic implications. A general format is outlined, and then a group is described in more detail. Examples from each session are given that illustrate both therapeutic issues and issues related to the effects of sexual abuse on this sample. Implications for longer, more intensive treatment are given.
Treating the Victimized Bulimic
Authors: ROOT MARIA P. P. , FALLON PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

The binge-purge symptoms associated with bulimia are presented as both a reaction to and a method of coping with physical and sexual abuse. Nine functions of binge-purge behavior are related to attempts at coping with the memories, thoughts, and feelings that accompany abusive experiences. Consideration of the context for these symptoms affects conceptualization and treatment planning. Treatment issues are outlined including goals of treatment, the therapeutic relationship, interpersonal boundaries, treatment milieu, and medication.
An Assessment of the Concurrent Validity of a Child Molester Typology
Authors: KNIGHT RAYMOND A.
Published: March 2007

Knight, Carter, and Prentky (1989) have proposed a typology that attempts to meet the need for a clearly operationalized, reliable, valid taxonomic system for child molesters (Massachusetts Treatment Center Child Molester Typology [MTC:CM3]). In creating this typology they made several assumptions about the interrelations among the components of their system. Because these hypothetical relations provided critical structural underpinnings for MTC:CM3, it was essential that the validity of these assumptions be tested. In the present study, the assignments of 177 child molesters to MTC:CM3 were examined to determine whether the distribution of offenders into the proposed types was consistent with the underlying structural hypotheses. In every case the distribution of offenders corroborated the structural hypotheses.
Mood Disturbances Among Women Clients Sexually Abused in Childhood
Authors: JEHU DEREK
Published: March 2007

In a series of 51 previously abused women who entered therapy, 92% were found to have at least one form of mood disturbance such as low self-esteem, feelings of guilt, and depressive episodes. It is hypothesized that these disturbances may arise from certain distorted beliefs that clients hold concerning their earlier sexual abuse. Some common self-blaming and self-denigratory beliefs are outlined. An intervention package that included cognitive restructuring procedures was accompanied by clinically and statistically significant improvements in the clients' belief systems and the associated mood disturbances.
Student and Voter Subjects
Authors: AUBREY MOSS , EWING CHARLES PATRICK
Published: March 2007

A scenario describing an incident of wife abuse was presented to 106 volunteer undergraduate psychology students. Subjects indicated agreement or disagreement with eight statements regarding attitudes toward the battering of women. Results were compared with the results obtained when the same stimulus materials were presented to 206 registered voters who were paid for their participation. Differences in responses of the two groups of subjects suggest that students hold fewer stereotypes regarding battered women, and that the student sample was not as subject to gender influences as was the voter sample. The conclusion is that undergraduate subjects may hold different beliefs and attitudes from those of registered voters, and may therefore not be an appropriate analog for the study of juror attitudes.
Evaluations of Physical Aggression Among Intimate Dyads
Authors: ARIAS ILEANA , JOHNSON PATTI
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined subjective evaluations of spousal aggression as a function of sex of the aggressor, severity of the violence, and sex of the respondent. Male and female respondents evaluated male violence and female violence equally. Forms of violence implying greater physical harm were evaluated more negatively, and all forms of violence were evaluated more negatively when the male was the aggressor. Both men and women who reported experiences as aggressors or victims in their relationships evaluated aggression less negatively than individuals with no history of violence in their relationships. Respondents offered similar situations legitimizing male violence and female violence.
Ecological Change, Changes in Violence, and Risk Prediction
Authors: TAYLOR RALPH B. , COVINGTON JEANETTE
Published: March 2007

The article summarizes recent research linking changes in a neighborhood's position in the overall urban mosaic with changes in violence. Baltimore neighborhoods in the 1970s, which were either becoming further entrenched in an underclass status or gentrifying, experienced increasing levels of relative violence. Evidence indicated that declining relative status or declining stability was linked to these increases in violence. This article explores the theoretical and policy implications of an ecological perspective on the shifting violence levels. Policymakers concerned with stemming violence can use an ecological orientation to develop proactive policies and assist in resource allocation decisions.
Black Female Homicide in the United States
Authors: MANN CORAMAE RICHEY
Published: March 2007

Research in six United States cities with high homicide rates provides a profile of arrested Black female homicide offenders that essentially corroborates previous studies of such offenders by finding that they kill those closest to them in homicides that are intersexual, intraracial, and intrafamilial. However, today, guns have replaced knives as the weapons of choice, and alcohol and narcotics are frequently involved in the homicide. In addition to emphasizing the seriousness of the problem of Black homicide, several research questions are addressed to provide a clearer picture of the Black homicide offender, her victims, and possible reasons for this type of violence.
Reactions to Sexual Assault
Authors: SIEGEL JUDITH M. , GOLDING JACQUELINE M. , STEIN JUDITH A. , BURNAM M. AUDREY , SORENSON SUSAN B.
Published: March 2007

Lifetime experience with sexual assault and psychological reactions to assault were assessed in a random community sample. Of the 15 emotional and behavioral reactions to sexual assault that were measured, anger, sadness, and anxiety were the most commonly reported (59%, 43%, and 40%, respectively) and fear reactions were the most persistent. Men were significantly less likely than women to report 11 of the 15 reactions. Factor analyses showed that the items could be reliably described by three factors: sexual distress, fear/anxiety, and depression. Demographic characteristics of the respondent and circumstances of the assault were utilized in regression models as predictors of the assault reactions factors. Age, physical threat, and assault outcome (intercourse) were related to sexual distress; gender, assault outcome, physical threat, and talking to someone about the assault were related to fear/anxiety; and physical threat and assault outcome were predictive of depressive symptoms.
Retrospective Methodology in Family Violence Research
Authors: URQUIZA ANTHONY J.
Published: March 2007

Child abuse research using retrospective research designs has proven beneficial to researchers and clinicians in describing both short- and long-term effects of abuse, and in identifying factors that serve to mediate outcomes to child maltreatment. Points of conflict between this research design and current child abuse reporting laws, as well as possible biases that may influence results of the researcher's investigation, are addressed in this article. It is the position of this article that in research involving children under 18 years of age, current child abuse reporting laws are quite clear. Although researchers are not specifically identified as mandated reporters (although in certain states all members of the general population are mandated reporters), they nonetheless have a duty to report any “reasonable suspicion” of child abuse or neglect when this suspicion derives from their research study. Although this mandate may not apply when subjects are of legal age, researchers still have the responsibility to address and evaluate the safety of subjects or others (e.g., siblings). It is suggested that researchers acquire sufficient information from their subjects to make a determination regarding the safety of the subjects and others. The failure of current child abuse reporting laws to address adults does not leave the researcher without ethical responsibilities or fear of civil suit. In an area of research where the implicit intent is to prevent or relieve the pain or distress caused by others, it may be important to ensure that our research paradigms reflect this intent.
The Effect of Knowing a Rape Victim on Reactions to Other Victims
Authors: BARNETT MARK A. , FEIERSTEIN MARK D. , JAET BERNARDINE P. , SAUNDERS LISABETH C. , QUACKENBUSH STEVEN W. , SINISI CHRISTINA S.
Published: March 2007

Undergraduates who indicated that they knew a rape victim reported experiencing more empathy with a female patient presented on videotape than did individuals who did not know a rape victim. However, this heightened empathic response was not limited to another rape victim, as was found in a prior study contrasting the responses of rape victim subjects and control subjects, but was generalized to a victim of traumatic events unrelated to the experience of rape. Female subjects rated the patients on the videotapes as more likable, and they reported a more empathic response to the patients than did the male subjects. In addition, the undergraduates rated the rape victim patient as less emotionally stable and reported a less empathic response to her than to the videotaped patient whose personal problems were unrelated to rape.
Risk Assessment in Child Protective Services
Authors: DOUECK HOWARD J. , LEVINE MURRAY , BRONSON DENISE E.
Published: March 2007

A major goal of structured risk assessment systems in Child Protective Services (CPS) practice is to predict the likelihood of future child maltreatment. The implementation of such systems by child protective agencies has increased dramatically during the past 10 years. The Child at Risk Field (CARF) System, developed by ACTION for Child Protection, is considered by some to be one of the more comprehensive risk assessment models developed to date. This article presents the results from an independent evaluation of the CARF system. Two hundred and seven indicated cases of child maltreatment were compared pre- and post-CARF implementation. Using a multimethod evaluation process, the authors found that, although the CARF system had been imperfectly implemented, there were statistically significant differences between samples in some of the client services offered or received and in the associations between major casework decisions and the information collected by workers using the CARF system.
Violence Against Social Workers
Authors: LITTLECHILD BRIAN
Published: March 2007

This article examines issues of violence against social work staff in England and Wales. Although there is a good representation of work addressing how individuals can best try to cope for themselves when confronted with violence, there is little published material that refers specifically to agency strategies that can best support workers in the front line of service provision. The underreporting of violence is considered, and the implications of this are discussed in relation to planning procedures that can help prevent violence. Particular attention is paid to issues of gender and ethnicity.
Cost-of-Living Clauses in Collective Bargaining
Authors: Freedman Audrey
Published: March 2007

Escalator provisions tied to inflation may be inevitable, but there are ways the savvy bargainer can ease their impact.
Pension Reform: Who Benefits and How
Authors: Staff
Published: March 2007

All to the good—that's the only reaction employees can have to the new regulations. Here is how they will work, with clear clues to how they will work for employers, too.
Calculating the Score on ESOPs: Winners or Losers?
Authors: Thomsen David J.
Published: March 2007

Both employer and employee needs should be assessed carefully before recommending adoption of an employee stock ownership trust.
A Performance-Based Approach to Determining Executive Incentive Bonus Awards
Authors: Winton Donald G. , Sutherland Charles R.
Published: March 2007

How can a company ensure that it is investing its executive bonus pool in ways that motivate executives to work toward the company's objectives? One way is to use ...
Exempt Employee Overtime
Authors: Sbarra Robert A.
Published: March 2007

There are some things companies do because they must. There are some things they do because their sense of equity demands it. That is why more and more companies are paying ...
Employee Benefit Planning
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: March 2007

While few compensation managers would claim that they have full knowledge of what motivates employees, many act as if they do. Their results suggest, however, that their insights have been less than perfect and often not cost-effective. "That's why companies are taking a new approach to ...
Unmentioned Problems of Salary Administration
Authors: Thomsen David J.
Published: March 2007

Three major problems face compensation administrators: coping with more rigorous enforcement of the Equal Pay Act, using survey data properly, and allowing for the rapid advance of average salaries in funding pension plans.
Pay Satisfaction: Money Is Not the Only Answer
Authors: Monczka Robert M. , Reif William E. , Foster Lawrence W. , Newstrom John W.
Published: March 2007

While pay may be its own reward, nonmonetary rewards such as praise, work-related feedback, and opportunities for workers to experience a sense of achievement, autonomy, and self-actualization seem to make workers more satisfied with their pay.
An Alternative to Stock Options: Long-Term Incentive-Retention Plans
Authors: Thomsen David J.
Published: March 2007

Long-term incentive-retention plans, regardless of their specific forms, allow companies to reward equitably, motivate, and retain their managers. They place the "fire" for achievement in its proper place.
Alternative Financial Schemes Based on Value Added
Authors: Silver M.S.
Published: March 2007

Employees are guaranteed a proportionate share of total value-added financial incentive schemes that are not affected by changes in price of output, input, and labor.
Appraising Restricted Stock
Authors: Anderson P. Thomas
Published: March 2007

The pros and cons of an increasingly popular executive compensation device are offered in this article on ...
Designing Master, or "Ideal," Pay-Performance Matrices
Authors: Basnight Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

A useful tool for linking pay level with performance level is the pay-performance matrix. Here's a step-by-step procedure for ...
To Cut Casual Absenteeism: Tie Benefits to Hours Worked
Authors: Deitsch Clarence R. , Dilts David A.
Published: March 2007

A major reason for excessive casual absenteeism, say the authors, could be eliminated by removing contractually structured and/or administered incentives to stay away from the job.
An Incentive Compensation Plan For a New Acquisition
Authors: Gross Steven E. , Rutland Louise A.
Published: March 2007

The approach described in this step-by-step account of how a parent company designed a performance-oriented compensation plan for a new acquisition may be applied in other situations as well.
The Service Contract Act: Navigating the Labyrinth
Authors: Kennedy Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Complying with this controversial labor legislation, the author believes, is like weaving through a "Dungeons and Dragons"© adventure.
Section 404A Legislation: A Practical Look
Authors: Murdock Burt A. , Ramamurthy Babloo
Published: March 2007

With final 404A regulations expected to be issued soon, multinational corporations will want to plan carefully so that they can get the most from the law's favorable tax treatment provisions.
The Case for Effective Point-Factor Job Evaluation, Viewpoint 1
Authors: Plachy Roger
Published: March 2007

In this first of two rebuttals to an article by Edward E. Lawler III, the author takes the view that point-factor job evaluation works when managers and employees take the system seriously.
Meeting the Challenge of Comparable Worth: Part 2
Authors: Olney Peter B.
Published: March 2007

In spite of opponents' claims to the contrary, ensuring comparative worth in a salary structure should not preclude the use of "market wages" in determining wage and salary ranges.
A Workable Regime for Managing Maternal Inability to Produce Adequate Volumes of Breast Milk
Authors: Stewart Linda
Published: March 2007

This case study presents a primipara whose milk supply did not meet the needs of her baby. After a failed attempt to increase her milk through additional breastfeeding and electric breast pumping, a plan was formulated to combine breastfeeding and supplementing. This plan allowed this mother-baby couple to have a successful breastfeeding experience.
Breastfeeding Problems Associated with the Early Introduction of Bottles and Pacifiers
Authors: Newman Jack
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding is a natural physiologic process upon which human survival has depended for uncounted generations. Natural selection over millions of years has ensured that breastmilk contains all the nutritional requirements of the newborn period and beyond. In order to prevent problems for the few, modern management of labour, delivery and the postpartum period has subjected most mothers and infants to routines which are contrary to the physiologic principles underlying successful breastfeeding.

The early introduction of bottles may render suckling less effective or may result in breast refusal, thus paving the way for failure to thrive, hyperbilirubinemia, "colic" and crying, prolonged and frequent feedings, sore and cracked nipples for the mother, and it may contribute to the onset of plugged ducts and mastitis. Alternatives to bottles can be used when supplementation is thought to be indicated. They include using a lactation aid, finger feeding, or feeding with a cup, spoon, or eyedropper.
Breastfeeding Among Women in the Alabama WIC Program
Authors: Bagwell Jane E. , Kendrick Olivia W. , Stitt Kathleen R. , Leeper James D. , Espy Marrin L. , Gedel Mary Lou
Published: March 2007

Women who participated in the Alabama WIC Program during 1986-88 and ceased breastfeeding during the months of May to August duringthoseyearsbreastfed an average 5.6months. Slightly fewer than 15 percent of the women who breastfed continued for 12 months or longer; 45 percent continued for six months; 59 percent did so for 4 months; and 21 percent breastfed for one month or less. Breastfeeding duration was related positively and independently to increased maternal age and parity. Younger women were more likely than older women to stop breastfeeding due to perceived insufficient milk, in order to return to work or school, or to use oral contraceptives. Women who ceased breastfeeding at or after one year postpartum tended to be older.
In-Service Breastfeeding Program Development: Needs Assessment and Planning
Authors: Stokamer Charlene L.
Published: March 2007

In-service program development requires that the individual offering it be familiar with needs assessment techniques and program planning. In order to provide a program appropriate to the audience's needs, the presenter needs first to identify and set goals for the program, identify objectives relevant to the participants' needs, outline the material to be presented, and select the most appropriate presentation methodologies and ways of evaluating the program. This discussion includes examples and sample assessment forms that are specific to a breastfeeding program.
Does Prenatal Breastfeeding Skills Group Education Increase the Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Breastfeeding Promotion Program?
Authors: Pugin Edda , Valdés Verónica , Labbok Miriam H. , Pérez Alfredo , Aravena Ricardo
Published: March 2007

A control/intervention study carried out in Santiago, Chile assessed the impact of five interventions on breastfeeding patterns and duration, and demonstrated a significant increase in full breastfeeding at six months (32 percent to 67 percent). Fifty-nine of 422 post-intervention women were included in a sixth intervention: prena tal group educational sessions emphasizing the skills necessary to initiate and maintain breastfeeding past the neonatal period. A significantly higher percentage of this subset of women were fully breastfeeding at six months compared to those who received only the five basic interventions (80 percent and 65 percent, respectively). The effect was greater among primiparous women. We conclude that prenatal group education with hands-on skills reinforcement is a significant and additive component of breastfeeding support, especially among those who have no previous breastfeeding experience. JHL 12:15-19, 1996.
Effects of Storage, Time, Temperature, and Composition of Containers on Biologic Components of Human Milk
Authors: Williamson Manita T. , Murti Prema K.
Published: March 2007

Effects of steel and glass storage containers, duration of storage up to seven hours, and storage temperature on the concentration of humoral and cellular fac tors in 357 samples of human breastmilk were examined. Leukocytic functions were estimated by E-rosetting of sheep RBCs by T-lymphocytes and phagocytosis of S. cere visieae by phagocytes. Immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were studied by single radial immu nodiffusion technique (SRID).

Viability and cell counts reduced during the storage period, but were greater than 60 percent of baseline values. IgG, IgA, and IgM levels in milk did not show significant decline after storage (p>0.01). Milk stored in glass yielded a greater number of func tional cells after storage at 4°C. JHL12:31-35, 1996.
Glycopyrrolate Versus Atropine in Post-ECT Amnesia in the Elderly
Authors: Sommer Barbara R. , Satlin Andrew , Friedman Loren , Cole Jonathan O.
Published: March 2007

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is important in memory function, and low brain concentrations may be associated with cognitive impairment. Our hypothesis was that atropine, a centrally acting anticholinergic drug known to cause amnesia, confusion, and delirium, may further exacerbate the amnesia and/or confusion resulting from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) when used as a preanesthetic, and that the peripherally acting glycopyrrolate would by comparison decrease these side effects.

We randomly administered glycopyrrolate versus atropine in equivalent doses as the preanesthetic agent to 20 consecu tively admitted geriatric patients with major depression, for whom ECT was the clinical treatment of choice. Patients were matched for age, Hamilton Scale for Depression, and baseline performance on the Buschke Selective Reminding Task (BSRT). We found no significant difference in outcome between patients treated prior to ECT with atropine versus glycopyrrolate, as assessed by the above measures. We conclude from this study that atropine is no more deleterious to memory than is glycopyrrolate when given before ECT. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:18-21).
Fluoxetine Versus Trazodone in Depressed Geriatric Patients
Authors: Falk William E. , Rosenbaum Jerrold F. , Otto Michael W. , Zusky Paul M. , Weilburg Jeffrey B. , Nixon Ralph A.
Published: March 2007

A total of 27 subjects began active treatment in this double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of trazodone and fluoxetine in geriatric depressed patients, but only 13 completed 6 weeks on study medication. Both agents were effective according to weekly and endpoint analyses, and there was no evidence of significant effects on blood pressure, pulse, or weight. Separate analysis of patients who had received an adequate trial of medication indicated a trend toward relatively more fluoxetine-treated patients meeting clinical criteria for resolved depression. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:208-214.)
Shy-Drager Syndrome Presenting as a REM Behavioral Disorder
Authors: Wright Bruce A. , Rosen Jules R. , Buysse Daniel J. , Reynolds Charles F. , Zubenko George S.
Published: March 2007

Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) is associated with a myriad of autonomic and neurologic impairments, including sleep dis turbances. A review of the literature reveals that there are no reports of SDS presenting with an abnormality of sleep. The following case report describes a patient who was diagnosed with SDS approximately one decade after initially presenting with a progressive, polysomnographically confirmed disturbance of sleep— specifically, an REM behavioral disorder (RBD).
An Economic Perspective on Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Trabucchi Marco
Published: March 2007

The rapid growth of the world's Alzheimer's disease (AD) population has resulted in a tremendous financial burden on society, a situation exacerbated by the fact that the funding of health and social services faces increasing restric tions in the coming years. As a consequence, several cost-of-illness studies, aimed at assessing the total costs associated with the care of an AD patient or with individual components thereof, have been conducted, with a view to identifying areas in which costs might be reduced. For example, the Costs of Dementia (CoDem) study, described here, aims to give a profile of the total economic costs ofAD in Italy. While this study found the number of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living lost to be the principal predictor of the weekly costs for home care, other studies have reported a correlation between total cost and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. The basis for a cor relation between cost and disease severity is discussed. Pharmacoeconomics aims to assess the cost effectiveness of interventions that may form part of an overall management strategy in AD. As institutionalization is the largest cost element in the care of any AD patient, efforts at cost containment have focused on maintaining patients at home for as long as possible. The results of studies on a number of interventions, namely, screening, reality orien tation therapy, special care units, family interventions, and drug treatment, are discussed, although the costs and, indeed, the long-term benefits associated with many of these remain unknown. Although information concerning costs is essential in health resource allocation, it is also vital that meaningful ways in which to assess quality-of- life issues be developed as the basis for genuine cost-benefit judgments. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:29-38).
The Community and Departmental Contexts of Volunteer Use by Police
Authors: Sundeen Richard A. , Siegel Gilbert B.
Published: March 2007

As reductions are occurring in the revenue base of communities for the provision of public goods and services, their capacity to generate volunteer activity in the form of coproduction becomes an important resource. This study explores the rela tionship between community and police department characteristics and the inten sity of use of citizen auxiliary police officers. Data was obtained from 18 cities in Los Angeles County for comparison. The analysis shows that more extensive volunteer ing is found in smaller, predominately white communities. These are also the communities least likely to provide some type of compensation to auxiliary officers. While the generalizations that can be made from the data are limited because of the sample size, these findings show that larger, lower income, heterogeneous commu nities have been less able to draw upon residents to participate in police auxiliary coproduction arrangements.
Rewards and Impacts of Participation in a Gerontology Extension Program
Authors: Hougland James G. , Turner Howard B. , Hendricks Jon
Published: March 2007

Because involvement in specific organizations typically is part of a general pattern of social participation, understanding the effects of activity in a particular realm is difficult. A 1985 program designed to make the skills of retired professionals available to public service agencies provided an opportunity to follow volunteers during various stages of their participation. It also permitted an assessment of the impact of their volunteer work in this program on changes in their morale, self-esteem, and alienation as well as the extent of their participation in other voluntary activities. It was predicted that the effects of voluntary action would vary according to the participants’ reasons for volunteering, their perceptions of their success in serving the agencies, and the number of opportunities they had for demonstrating their competencies. Analysis suggested that participants responded positively but not dramatically to opportunities for meaningful social participation.
The historical transformation of childhood, children's statistics, and social policy
Authors: Hernandez D.J.
Published: March 2007

Because children's lives have been completely transformed during the past 150 years by revolutionary changes in the American family, society and economy, an under standing of how the current circumstances of children came about, and of what the future may hold, is possible only by examining historical changes. This paper pres ents statistics documenting critical changes in family structure and the family econ omy, and it portrays fundamental causes from the perspective of children and their parents, by drawing on the author's new socio-historical study America's children: resources, from family, government,and the economy. The paper highlights the need to use children as the unit of analysis, and to explicitly study children in developing and evaluating public policies. It describes future plans of the U.S. Bureau of the Census for collecting new statistics on children, in part, to assess the effect of public policies on the development and well-being of children.
Cool Thinking? the Role of the State in Shaping China's Dairy Sector and Its Knowledge System
Authors: Delman Jørgen
Published: March 2007

The article looks at the role of China's party-state in the national dairy development program over the last two decades. The state has been developmental in creating conditions for growth while the industry has experienced continuous reform and restructuring. One outstanding issue is that the focus on growth has not led to improved efficiency or to improved product quality in many parts of the sector. The state appears to have lost sight of the strategic role it could play in developing the knowledge system in the sector, which should provide the inputs to deal with these issues of quality and efficiency.

It is concluded that the state actors at central and local levels have endeavored to act as an aggregate developmental state in the sector mode, and not only in the territorial mode. It is argued, however, that the state has followed and persists in pursuing an interventionist, "hands-on" developmental approach, rather than abstaining from direct interference at the operational level. Continued state ownership of the extension services and most of the dairy plants and the imposition of control over potentially free and democratic farmers' organizations testify to a party- state reluctant to give up control and promote market-based institutional innovation in dialogue with the operators within the industry.
The Panopticon as the Antithesis of a Space of Freedom
Authors: Tsui Lokman
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the degree to which the Chinese government can control the internet and, more than that, to what degree the internet can be used as a means for control. Using a framework suggested by Lessig, an analysis will be provided of how the Chinese government establishes internet control from legal, economic, social, and technical perspec tives. 1 The concept of the Panopticon prison, invented by Jeremy Bentham and mediated by Michel Foucault, will be used as a metaphor to show that the Chinese government has all the tools at its disposal to further enforce control over the internet.
ENCOUNTER OVER THE CHINESE WALL: The Secret Contacts between Mao and Stalin, 1948-1950
Authors: Korzec Michel
Published: March 2007

"All nations live by myths. That is, they paint a picture of the past that satisfies their present needs, but does violence to the historic record. Some myths are beneficial. They are those that strengthen a nation's confidence in having been, and being able to do what the tasks of the moment demand of it. The distorting remembrance of great feasts, tribulations, and successes is of this kind.

Other myths are pernicious. They draw from a distorted reality lessons for the understanding of the past and the charting of future action which please collective emotions but lead judgement and action astray. They are a spell which the past casts upon the future, a curse with which the dead threaten the living."1
The Burden of Memory
Authors: Schwarcz Vera
Published: March 2007

"The building of a Cultural Revolution Museum is not the respon sibility of one person. Everyone owes it to their children and the future to leave a monument to the harrowing lessons of the past. 'Don't let history repeat itself' should not be an empty statement. Everyone should be able to see clearly, remember fully".1
Mathematics for Mutual Understanding
Authors: Presmeg Norma C.
Published: March 2007

In times of cultural change, education plays an especially important role. The writer suggests that even mathematics curricula, which have traditionally been considered culture-free, have a role to play in fostering mutual understanding amongst members of different cultures, after a period of cultural upheavel. As indicated by the word "towards" in the subtitle, the writer does not regard this paper as providing ultimate solutions to problems which are extremely complex. Writing, as she is, about South African cultures and sub-cultures all of which are in a state of intense ferment at this time, she is aware of complexities and contradictions which are implicit in some of the issues (and of which are not confined to South African society). The analysis of elements which may contribute to a mathematics curriculum for mutual understanding is offered as a first approximation to an answer to the question of how pupils from diverse cultures can best learn mathematics together after a period of cultural change.
Knowledge and Practice in Mayotte
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper summarizes some of the arguments from Lambek (1993) concerning the conjunction of Islam with other practices on the local scene, among Malagasy speakers on the island of Mayotte, Comoro Archipelago. Islam, astrology and spirit possession are treated as forms of knowledge, examining how each is reproduced and circulated and how they are linked in practice. Distinctions between embodied and objectified knowledge, and between diverse relations to knowledge, are made. Tracing the relationships among knowledge, power and morality, a useful distinction is made between phronesis, or ethical judgement, and techne, or technical know-how as forms of practice. An argument is also formulated about incommensurability as a feature internal to culture and not simply of the relationship between cultures.
Performances, Discourses, and Trial Balloons
Authors: Hatcher Evelyn Payne
Published: March 2007

'Time out of time' events present opportunities for creative forms in many media that offer ways of stating not only traditional values, but problems and their solutions as tropes. Art forms, being esthetically attractive, can suggest new ideas without being threatening. All these arts communicate and so affect the way people think about things, and are an important part of the complex discourse in which changes are negotiated.
Cain and Abel in the Light of Envy: a Study in the History of the Interpretation of Envy in Genesis 4.1-16
Authors: Kim Angela Y.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of envy in the history of the interpretation of Gen. 4.1-16. The theme of envy is given greater prominence in post-biblical interpretations of the story of Cain and Abel than in the biblical narrative. The magnification of envy is present in translation equivalents, character revisions and the incorporation of legendary accretions. This magnification of envy serves to deflect attention away from God who chooses, in a capri cious way, one sacrifice over another.
Erosion Coatings for Polymer Matrix Composites in Propulsion Applications
Authors: Sutter James K. , Miyoshi Kazuhisa , Bowman Cheryl , Naik Subhash K. , Ma Kong , Sinatra Raymond , Cupp Randall , Horan Richard , Leissler George
Published: March 2007

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) offer lightweight and frequently low cost alternatives to other materials in many applications. High temperature PMCs are currently used in limited propulsion applications replacing metals. Yet in most cases, PMC propulsion applications are not in the direct engine flow path since particulate erosion degrades PMC component performance and therefore restricts their use in gas turbine engines. This paper compares two erosion resistant coatings (SANRES and SANPRES) on PMCs that are useful for both low and high temperature propulsion applications. Collaborating over a multi-year period, researchers at NASA Glenn Research Center, AADC, and Rolls-Royce Engines have optimized these coatings in terms of adhesion, surface roughness and erosion resistance. Results are described for vigorous hot gas/particulate erosion rig and engine testing of uncoated and coated PMC fan bypass vanes from the AE 3007 regional jet gas turbine engine. Moreover, the structural durability of these coatings is described in long-term high cycle fatigue tests. Overall, both coatings performed well in all tests and will be considered for applications in both commercial and defense propulsion applications.
The Sophie and Rebekah show
Authors: Stevens Ronald
Published: March 2007

Only inveterate royalists failed to see the joke when Sophie Wessex made a monumental fool of herself But there was also a serious aspect to the episode: it showed how bogus and incompetent some PR practitioners are.
Book Reviews : Cartoonist's cavalcade
Authors: Goodman Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

Stabbed in the Front; Post-war General Elections through Political Cartoons, by Alan Mumford [University of Kent, The Templeman Library -Cartoons Centre; £I4.95)
Power — without responsibility?
Authors: Maitland Donald
Published: March 2007

The relationship between Whitehall and the media has been thrown into considerable turmoil by recent events. Cabinet Ministers and the Government information machine have been living through some dramatic moments. Is there a real crisis here — or is it being exaggerated?Sir Donald Maitland was, among many other things, chief press secretary to Prime Minister Sir Edward Heath and below he offers his analysis of the current scene...
Parliamentary broadcasting- from TWIW to YIP
Authors: Hill Peter
Published: March 2007

Over the last half-century the BBC has gradually expanded its parliamentary coverage while the national newspapers have given it a diminishing share of their space. The following two articles examine these conflicting trends.
Spiral of truth?
Authors: Kellner Peter
Published: March 2007

There is a never-ending debate about the value and even the credibility of opinion polls in the press. The diet of regularpolls in the newspapers has become almost a daily routine-and this year, possibly an electionyear, the bombardment will intensify. British Journalism Review asked a well-known analyst who is also a leading political journalist to reflect on all this.
Forgotten despatches from Tribulation-on-Sea
Authors: Stevens Ronald
Published: March 2007

A distinguished former industrial corespondent offers his highly personal, and utterly unsentimental, image of an epoch in the newspaper trade that seems to have disappeared- totally from view ...
Idiocy in nineteenth-century fiction compared with medical perspectives of the time
Authors: Dickinson Hilary
Published: March 2007

Portrayals of characters with an intellectual impairment in nineteenth-century prose fiction are analysed. In the earlier works idiocy is imprecisely differentiated from madness or eccentricity and the characters are mostly shown as socially and psychologically marginal and 'other'. In the later works a greater naturalism and a more precise notion of idiocy as a distinct condition is evident. Literary depiction of intellectual impairment or idiocy occurs in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries but as an abstract condition; interest in the lives and personalities of people with an intellectual impairment is new to the nineteenth century. This, it is argued, is connected with a developing interest in ordinary people. The portrayals in the selected works are related to changing medical perspectives on idiocy and how it should be treated during the period, in particular to the publicizing during the eighteen forties of the view that idiocy could be ameliorated through education.
The cases of John Bunyan, Part 1. Taine and Royce
Authors: Leudar Ivan , Sharrock Wes
Published: March 2007

John Bunyan was a seventeenth-century religious reformer who is nowadays widely known for his Pilgrim's Progress and also for his spiritual autobiography Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners. In the nineteenth century he was diagnosed, on the basis of his revelations in that autobiography, as suffering from a variety of mental pathologies. In this study we track his 'psychiatric career' through the work of H. Taine and J. Royce (Part 1), and W. James and P. Janet (Part 2). The examination of these authors' practices of 'retrospective psychiatry' allows us to bring to light some changes in psychiatric concepts in the late nineteenth century, and to investigate both the use of cases in psychogical reasoning, and translations from religious to psychiatric idioms.
Review of Dissertations : Hidden treasures in the history of psychiatry
Authors: Erlen Jonathon
Published: March 2007

Editor's note. The editor is grateful to Dr Erlen for compiling this excellent list of dissertations on topics related to the history of psychiatry. Their thematic richness is immensely reassuring and suggests that the discipline is doing very well. Let us hope that many of the authors will remain in this field. For understandable reasons, the lists are biased in favour of works in English. We are sure that research of similar high quality is going on in other languages, and History of Psychiatry would be pleased to publish compilations from as many languages as possible.
Social Policy in Poland in the Period of Political and Economic Transition: Challenges and Dilemmas
Authors: Ksiezopolski Miroslav
Published: March 2007

In the course of the last three years deep politi cal and economic changes took place in Poland, and the process of transformation from a state socialist system into a market- oriented economy really got under way. These changes have included social policy, although social policy has clearly been kept in the back ground while the focus has been on political and economic reforms.
Into the European Community: Impacts of Future Membership On Hungary's Non-Profit Sector
Authors: Kuti Éva
Published: March 2007

In central as in western Europe, non-profit or ganizations (such as charities, associations and foundations, non-profit co-operatives) are increasingly important in the delivery of a wide range of services formerly delivered by state agencies. The creation of the single European market in the west is transforming the legal, regulatory and financial environment in which these organizations operate. It is quite possible that the EC will itself become an important part of the regulatory mix.