bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Resource Management and Knowledge-Driven Work Systems
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

For most of this century, workers were hired to be a pair of hands to serve a machine. The tasks and goals of what were then referred to as personnel managers were fundamentally different. Under the mass production model, employees were screened for health and ability to withstand the labor of the assembly line. Technical skills were important for a small group of workers involved in craftwork such as die making and pipe fitting. This same logic reached beyond the factories to office and retail settings.
Toxicity of Nicotine Replacement in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Rennard Stephen I , Daughton, David , Windle John
Published: November 2023

Both cigarette smoking and nicotine are known to have a number of cardiovascular effects. Specifically, smoking can increase heart rate and acutely increase blood pressure’-4; nicotine can produce similar effects.’-’ These effects should in­ crease myocardial oxygen demand. In addition, smoking may induce coronary vasoconstriction in the presence of coronary artery disease.8•9 Nicotine itself may also decrease coronary blood flow, perhaps by activating an a-adrenergic­ mediated process.10 11 Taken together, these effects could impair myocardial oxygen delivery and lead to symptoms in smokers with coronary artery disease. Since coronary artery disease might be relatively common in smokers, such toxicity could be important clinically during nicotine replacement therapy. To help ad­ dress this question, three studies have been conducted specifically to assess cardiac toxicity in individuals with coronary artery disease.
Dependence on and Abuse of Nicotine Replacement Medications: An Update
Authors: Hughes John R
Published: November 2023

The terms dependence and abuse can be used in reference to premarket testing (“dependence/abuse potential/liability”) and also to clinical syndromes. Abuse and dependence syndromes have well-accepted definitions in the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (JCD-10)’ and the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV).
Implicatures of Styleswitching in the Narrative Voice of Cormac McCarthy’s All the Pretty Horses
Authors: Kreml Nancy
Published: November 2023

Cormac McCarthy’S NOVELS pose many problems for the reader: Issues of history, philosophy, religion, abnormal psychology, and mythology are intertwined with problems of style and structure. Adding especially to the difficulty of reading All the Pretty Horses (1992) is the problematic narrative voice. The narrative voice is the reader’s primary access to the events of the novel and their significance, yet the experience of reading the novel is often like that of observing a play or film:
Markedness and References to Characters in Biblical Hebrew Narratives
Authors: Wilt Timothy
Published: November 2023

Several Years Ago, a translation team and I considered how to deal with passages such as the following from the prophet Haggai, in the Hebrew Scriptures: I will fill this house with splendor, says the LORD of hosts. The silver is mine, and the gold is mine, says the LORD of hosts. The latter splendor of this house shall be greater than the former, says the LORD of hosts; and in this place I will give prosperity, says the LORD of hosts.1
Villainous Boys: On Some Marked Exchanges in Romeo and Juliet
Authors: Howard-Hill Trevor
Published: November 2023

The Fundamental Principle of the markedness model, the negotiation principle, can apply to literary works of the early modern period as well as to conversations: Choose the form of your conversation contribution such that it indexes the set of rights and obligations which you wish to be in force between speaker and addressee for the current exchange.
A Case for Adverb Phrases in Spec
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

Although the adjunction of AdvPs to (nonargumental) maximal projections is commonly assumed in the current literature, there seem to be both conceptual and empirical reasons for locating them in the (unique) Spec positions of distinct maximal projections. The relative order of AdvPs established in the previous chapter, in interaction with the distribution of (active) past participles and finite verbs in Italian, offer an empirical argument for locating AdvPs in Spec. Before examining this argument, I mention possible conceptual considerations also favoring the location of AdvPs in Spec.
Some Implications and Residual Questions
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

The conjecture that AdvPs are specifiers of distinct functional heads, entering with them a transparent semantic relation, raises a number of issues. One is the question of parameterization. How much variation should UG allow in the number and type of functional projections available to different languages? The strongest position would be that UG allows no variation at all. The evidence discussed above seems to suggest that this position may actually be tenable. Languages do not seem to differ as to whether they have aspectual projections higher or lower than mood projections, epistemic modality higher or lower than root modality, etc. The order appears cross-linguistically invariant. The limited cases of apparent variation (§6.4) all seem to involve agreement and negation in relation to other functional heads. But we have seen that precisely AgrPs (rather, DP-related projections) and NegPs are generable in many different positions among the adverb-related functional projections. It is thus tempting to interpret such variation as stemming from a pure “spell-out” option: whether a language lexicalizes a higher or lower Agr or Neg. A related question is whether we should take the entire array of functional projections to be present in every sentence.
Symbolism and Reality
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

One of the single-issue House bills (H.R. 3355), authorizing the provision of federal funds for community policing, became the vehicle for the comprehensive legislation that was enacted many months later. Although stemming from a Clinton campaign pledge, the community policing initiative had won allparty support in Congress. It was, however, the most expensive element in the package and raised the question of how the extra money was to be found. The funding of costly new programs is a perennial problem for legislators, never more so than when, as in late 1993, Congress had just put in place caps on appropriations in endorsing the administration’s five-year deficit-reduction plan.
Judging the Image of New Deal Court Judging
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

The notion that the Court’s behavior in 1937 was a response to political events is symptomatic of a larger view of the relationship between constitutional thought and partisan politics. Under this view, constitutional doctrine is entirely superstructural, indeed downright disingenuous, little more than a beard for what are at bottom judicial evaluations of the wisdom of legislative policy. When a judge reviews the constitutionality of a given piece of legislation, he first decides whether it embraces a political, social, or economic policy with which he concurs. Having made this essentially political determination, he then instructs his law clerk to go out and find the precedents that will support the result he desires. Under this view, then, the role of the judge is essentially that of a policy-making legislator-with the exception that the judge (or, more often, his law clerk) is inconvenienced by the professional requirement that he dream up some technical mumbo-jumbo to justify his decision. Judges may accordingly be classified, deified, or vilified using the richly descriptive language of our political taxonomy: “moderate,” “liberal,” “conservative.” This view of judicial history has frequently been adopted by historians inclined to Progressive views, with the result that the judicial history of the New Deal (and of other eras) often depicts the Court as the conservative handmaiden of industrial and financial elites, advocating the interests of the wealthy and powerful at the expense of farmers, laborers, and debtors. Only as a result of the Court-packing plan and/or the 1936 election, the story goes, was the Court persuaded to uphold legislative measures designed to ameliorate the condition of these common people.
The Public/Private Distinction and the Minimum Wage
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

The Public/Private Matrix of Substantive Due Process The distinction between public and private spheres was one of the fundamental concepts of nineteenth-and early twentieth-century American law. The tendrils of the public/private distinction permeated everything from nuisance law to contracts clause jurisprudence, from the law of civil rights to the law of riparian rights.
Racial Divisions and Judicial Obstructions
Authors: Rabkin Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Historians may well look back on 1995 as the year that marked the end of “the civil rights era.” It began with the transfer of power in Washington to new conservative majorities in Congress, promising substantial cutbacks in federal interference in American society. Before the year was out, the nation’s capital played host to a Million Man March, organized by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, a purveyor of hate against Jews, Asian Americans, and whites. It was a fearful counterpart to Rev. Martin Luther King’s celebrated March on Washington in the summer of 1963, at the outset of the civil rights era: whereas King had preached to a multiracial crowd on behalf of federal enforcement of civil rights, Farrakhan preached a message of black self-help to an exclusively black crowd-and Farrakhan drew two or three times as large a crowd as King.
The Limits of Autarky, Regional Networks and Industrial Adaptation In Silicon Valley and Route 128
Authors: Saxenian Annalee
Published: November 2023

The competitive advantages of regional clusters have become the focus of scholarly and policy attention. Once only the province of economic geographers and regional scientists, the work of Krugman (1991) and Porter (1990) has spurred widespread interest in regions and regional development. These newcomers have ignored an already extensive and sophisticated literature on the dynamics of industrial localization (see, for example, Scott, 1988a,b; Storper, 1989; Vernon, 1960). Yet, like their predecessors, they share a reliance on external economies to explain the advantages that are derived from the spatial of clustering of economic activity. In this chapter I compare California’s Silicon Valley and Route 128 in Massachusetts to suggest the limits of the concept of external economies and propose an alternative, network approach to analyzing regional economies. The common notion of external economies is based on an assumption that the firm is an atomistic unit of production with clearly defined boundaries. By drawing a sharp distinction between what occurs inside and what occurs outside the firm, scholars overlook the complex and historically evolved relations between the internal organization of firms and their connections to one another and the social structures and institutions of a particular locality. The network perspective helps explain the divergent performance of apparently comparable regional clusters, such as Silicon Valley and Route 128, and provides important insights into the local sources of competitive advantage. This comparison also illuminates important parallels between the organization of production in Silicon Valley-which itself is increasingly part of the Pacific Rim-and the fast-growing economies of Asia.
The Normative-Empirical Split: Reality or Illusion?
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

For the most part, scholars who are interested in business ethics seem to have split into two camps, talking about two kinds of business ethics-the normative and the empirical. The former is considered to be a prescriptive approach, and the latter an explanatory, descriptive, or predictive approach. Normative business ethics is the domain of philosophers and theologians, while empirical business ethics is considered to be the domain of management consultants and business school professors. Scholars who represent these different domains are said to be guided by different theories, assumptions, and norms which often result in misunderstanding or lack of appreciation for each others’ endeavors.
Old Bags and New Wine: The Reason of the Founders
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: November 2023

The founding generation’s conception of “reason” resulted from the convergence of two traditions-one ancient, the other relatively modern. The ancient tradition was linked to what we might call the classical conception of Nature and the Great Chain of Being philosophy. The more modern tradition might be described as the antitraditional spirit of Cartesian rationalism. The modern element is the more familiar one, and the one we typically associate with “the Enlightenment”; it is also, not surprisingly, the aspect of the founders’ reason that we are inclined to regard as most worthy of celebration. Considered by itself, however, the modern element conveys a badly distorted image of what reason meant to the founding generation. In addition, if we are attuned only to the modern strand, we will likely perceive the important continuities but overlook the critical disjunctions between the founders’ constitutional vision and our own. Hence, this chapter’s discussion will begin by at­ tempting an exposition of the more ancient, and more alien, component of the founders’ reason.
Antithesis
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: November 2023

In his speech defending Helen of Troy against blame for the Trojan War, the sophist Gorgias argues that if fate and the gods caused Helen’s love of Paris, she herself was not responsible for her acts. Gorgias bases his argument on the premise that mortals like Helen are always weaker than gods, and, as everyone must acknowledge, “the stronger leads, the weaker follows” In George Kennedy’s translation (1991, 285) and in the original Greek (Diels 1922, 251), the grounding warrant of Gorgias’ argument takes a verbal form identified over two thousand years ago: it is an antithesis. Sophists like Gorgias became famous among their contemporaries for fusing sense and sound into phrases such as the antithesis that captivate a listener’s attention while delivering a trenchant argument. The device that so dazzled the Athenians in the fifth century B.C.E. was, however, in use long before the invention of writing and the early Greek attention to rhetoric. It is a frequently used form in orally transmitted wisdom literature: “A wise son makes a glad father/but a foolish son is a sorrow to his mother” (Proverbs 10:1).
Incrementum and Gradatio
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: November 2023

In 1857, the British Admiralty sent the H.M.S. Cyclops to sound the depths of the Atlantic Ocean and test the firmness of its bottom for laying a transatlantic tele graph cable. Samples from the ocean-bottom ooze hauled aboard found their way into the laboratory of Thomas Henry Huxley, once a Navy surgeon and a former shipmate of the Cyclops’ captain (Huxley 1968, 10). When, ten years later, Huxley reexamined his bottled specimens under the microscope, his prepared eye now discerned gelatinous bodies in the muck, bodies that he took to be the preserved specimens of loosely structured living forms, amorphous masses of protoplasm newly identified as the universal stuff of life. He christened this new form Bathybius haeckelii after the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, a fervent Darwinian and systematist of the “protista” or unicellular forms of life.
Active/Inverse Voice Alternation
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

The construction that I will call here inverse almost corresponds to what has been called Subject-Object Inversion (e.g., Hale 1973) or Subject-Object Reversal (e.g., Kimenyi 1980) in the literature. According to Fox and Hopper (1994), an inverse clause is an active transitive clause in which the patient/theme/object has certain subject properties. In this chapter I am particularly concerned with an inverse construction that possesses the following remarkable properties: (1) The word order of the logical subject (SUBJ) and the logical object (OBJ) in the active transitive clause is changed so that the positions of OBJ and SUBJ are inverted (with V as the pivot in Bantu); (2) the inverted logical object (OBJ) acquires some of the properties of subject (i.e., subjecthood); and (3) the logical subject (SUBJ) partially loses its subjecthood but it is not demoted in the sense that it stands as nominative Case without any preposition (or postposition). The name inverse stems from the property (1). Because of the properties in (2) and (3), it has been held in the literature that inverse is a kind of voice alternation (cf. Klaiman 1991 and Palmer 1994). These properties (i.e., (2) and (3)) are of particular interest to us, because we can think of inverse as a GF-splitting phenomenon due to these properties.1
Dative Subject Constructions
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will investigate the syntactic properties of the so-called “Dative/Quirky Subject Construction,” which has recently been attracting much attention in the literature, because it poses some very interesting problems to the theory of Case and agreement. In addition, still more interesting to our concern is the fact that some GF-splitting phenomena are involved in this construction.
Locative Inversion
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters I have crucially utilized the notion equidistance under the theory of Attract proposed by Chomsky (1995a). Under this theory, the local and strictly stepwise economy condition (Collins 1996 and Ura 1995c) guarantees that the application of Attract to α is as economical as the application of Attract to β only if α. and β are equidistant from the target. It follows that either a or b can be attracted by some feature to a position if they are in the same minimal domain at the stage in the derivation before that operation (see §1.4.4). In this chapter I will add a piece of evidence in favor of this, drawing examples from the locative inversion construction in Bantu and in Japanese.
Conclusion and Further Issues
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

In this book, through examining varieties of grammatical function splitting phenomena found in various languages, I devoted myself to elucidating the significance of the theory of multiple feature checking, which is a conceptually natural extension of Chomsky’s (1995a) theory of formal features and their checking. In the course of the discussions, I established the hypothesis about grammatical functions (GFs) in a structure-independent fashion under the bare phrase structure theory of Chomsky (1994a).
Speech and Hearing
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters we reviewed the central nervous system and introduced adaptive resonance theory (ART) as a system for modeling it. Most of the data presented in those chapters dealt with vision. Language, however, deals primarily with sound. Therefore, in this chapter we will first consider some essential, physical facts of speech. We will then see how these physical data are processed by the ear and the auditory nervous system into the signals that the cerebrum ultimately processes as language.
Null Movement
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

Although the structures of 10.1 and 10.2 are metathesized, they mean the same thing. In both sentences, Mary gets kissed, and John does the kissing. Linguists say that 10.1 is in the active voice and 10.2 is in the passive voice. Chomsky recognized that if we represented 10.l in a tree structure like figure 10.1, then the derivation of 10.2 from 10.1 could be described by simply swapping the two noun phrase (NP) nodes. He called this a transformation, and the earliest forms of generative syntax were accordingly known as transformational grammar.
An Economic Look at Incentives Within Firms
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

In Conventional Economic mscussmNs of how firms are managed, incentives are nowhere considered. This is the case because the “firm” is little more than a theoretical “black box” in which things happen some-what mysteriously. Economists typically acknowledge that the “firm” is the basic production unit, but little or nothing is said of why the firm ever came into existence or, for that matter, what the firm is. As a consequence, we are told little about why firms do what they do (and don’t do). There is nothing in conventional discussions that tells us about the role of real people in a firm.
The Value of Tough Bosses
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Being (Or Having) A Tough Boss is tough, but a boss who isn’t tough isn’t worth much. And because tough bosses are valuable and lenient bosses are not, there is a reason for believing that existing organizational arrangements serve to impose the discipline on bosses necessary to ensure that they do a good job imposing discipline on the workforce. Competition presses firms to hire tough bosses, and, as we show in this chapter, the owners of the firm, or their manager-agents, not the workers, tend to the bosses. That is to say, owners or their agents tend to boss workers, not the other way around, for the simple reason that worker-bosses will not likely survive in competitive markets. Workers may not like tough bosses, but we explain that, if given the option, workers would choose to hire tough bosses.
Paying Above-Market Wages
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Henry Ford 1s Remembered for his organizational inventiveness (the assembly line) and for his presumption that he could ignore the wishes of his customers (as in his claim that he was willing to give buyers any color car they wanted so long as it was black!). However, he outdid himself when it came to workers. In 1914, he stunned his board of directors by proposing to raise his workers’ wages to $3 a day, a third higher than the going wage ($2.20 a day) in the Detroit automobile industry at the time. “When one of his board members wondered out loud why he was not considering giving workers even more, a wage of $4 or $5 a day, Ford quickly agreed to go to $5, more than twice the prevailing market wage. “
Executive “Overpayments”
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Many Workers at the bottom of the typical large corporate pyramid grumble that their companies’ executives are living off the fat of the workers’ efforts and that the executives could not possibly be worth their overblown annual salaries (often running into the tens of millions). On the surface, those who grumble seem to have a point. The CEO of Time Warner, for example, made more than $137 million during the last five years of the 1980s, more than half of which, $78 million, was received in one year alone (and $75 million of that year’s compensation was in the form of a bonus provided as a reward for the merger of Time, Inc., and Warner Communications, which he helped orchestrate). However, a number of other CEOs made several tens of millions during the same period that the Time Warner CEO was pocketing his fortune.1 The astronomical levels of executives’ reported compensation prompt many workers and stockholders to argue that their companies would be better served if much of the executives’ compensation and perks were used to pad the pay of lower-echelon workers.
The Case Against the Case Against Incentives
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Having Written A Book on the importance of incentives, and on getting those incentives right, it is easy for us to leave the impression that everyone believes that incentives are important. But we would be wrong if we did. There are analysts who have reached conclusions very different from ours on the basis of their studies of the effects of incentives on behavior. Our view is that people respond in predictable ways to incentives. If you want people to do more of something, you increase the payoff they receive from doing it. The payoff can take many different forms, but money is a common and extremely effective one.
When Performance Does Not Matter Human Resource Management in Japanese-Owned U.S. Affiliates
Authors: Pucik Vladimir
Published: November 2023

One of the themes in this book is organizational learning ofJapanese MNCs (JMNCs). Another theme running though many of the chapters is the critical role of human resource management (HRM) in the globalization of Japanese firms. In this chapter I look at both of these issues by drawing on qualitative and quantitative data on management practices in Japanese affiliates operating in the United States my colleagues and I have collected over the past 20 years (Brecher & Pucik, 1979; Hatvany & Pucik, 1981; Pucik, 1993; Pucik, Hanada, & Fiefield, 1989). In this context, the chapter specifically focuses on white-collar HRM. With the data collected in a major study of management practices in the Japanese-owned affiliates in the United States (Pucik, Hanada, & Fiefield, 1989) as a base and observations from follow-up field research, I use the findings to illustrate the “Japanese” approach to globalization, the reasons why so little has changed in Japanese management overseas over the past two decades, and why so little has been “learned.”
What Are the Contexts for German Antisemitism?
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

In the past two decades the scholarly discussion of the Nazi Judeocide has shifted attention away from the question of long-term origins and toward the immediate contexts of Nazism. The intelligibility of National Socialism as movement and regime, its prehistories and the place of antisemitism in its formation have all been addressed increasingly as problems of the years 1918-1945, to be explored via analysis of the Third Reich itself and the preceding crises of Germany’s social and political order between the end of the Kaiserreich and the collapse of the Weimar Republic. The contrary approach, which sees antisemitism in particular as a uniquely German phenomenon stretching back far into the early modem and medieval periods, has become much less common than, say, in the 1960s, when the scholarly research was just beginning. Given the strength of this current emphasis on immediate contexts, which is very much the prevailing trend, such calls to situate the Judeocide in the deep nineteenth century of German history now start to seem like a radical departure. True, the current scholarship on Nazism is certainly not insensitive to longer-term contexts. It definitely holds a place for the critical relevance of the Kaiserreich (between Bismarck’s unification of Germany and the First World War), for instance, and since the Fischer Controversy of the 1960s and the associated influence of the so-called Bielefeld School of critical social-science historians, the relevance of structural continuities between the later nineteenth century and the Third Reich has been repeatedly acknowledged.
The Image as Witness
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

During the final weeks of the war in Europe, most Americans learned about the events now known as the Holocaust from newspapers, radio broadcasts, and newsreels shown in movie theaters. Television, however, was not an early source of information on this subject. The nation’s fledgling televi-sion broadcasting industry of the late 1930s had been all but completely shut down once the United States entered the war and was not reestablished until after the war’s end. The Holocaust is part of the prehistory of television as a national broadcasting medium.
Confessions
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

If high conviction rates are the pride of Japan’s procuracy, then confessions are its cornerstone. Indeed, many of the procuracy’s major achievements have been built on the foundation of confessions. As we have seen, justice implies “consistency,” and being consistenttreating like cases alike requires detailed knowledge of case facts. Frontline prosecutors “uncover and construct” those facts chiefly by seeking thorough confessions. Similarly, the procuracy’s stress on “correcting” offenders is based on the beliefs that remorse is a requisite step toward reform and that prosecutors can generate genuine repentance. The tie with convictions is equally tight. When suspects confess, prosecutors charge about two-thirds of the time. When suspects do not confess, prosecutors seldom charge. Only about one in fourteen defendants contest the charges against them. Thus, a confession is nearly a necessary condition for indictment, and the conservative charging policyto charge only winners, and to gauge the probability of prevailing by the quality of the confession is the primaryproximate cause of Japan’s high conviction rate.
Sentiment & Celebrity
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Sentiment and Celebrity tells the story of a man the New York Times once called “the most talked-about author in America.” A widely admired, if controversial, master of the sentimental appeal, poet and “magazinist” Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806-1867) was a pioneer in the modern business of celebrity. By charting the shape and thrust of the various controversies that surrounded Willis, this book shows how the cultural and commercial impulses that fostered the development of antebellum America’s love affair with fame and fashion drew power and sustenance from the concurrent allure of genteel cultivation and sentiment.
“Always More To Do”: Capital Punishment And The (De)Composition Of Law
Authors: Fitzpatrick Peter
Published: November 2023

To begin, or even to attempt a beginning, is already to deny the reign of finality. It may be as well to summon such reassurance at a time when progressive, rational utilitarian arguments for punishing and not punishing are very much at bay and retribution seems so conclusively resurgent. That outcome is perhaps nowhere so marked as in the revival of capital punishment in the United States. Not only has the rise of capital punishment put paid to evolutionary optimism about the meliorative history of punishment-an optimism that was hardly dented by those revisionist histories most conspicuously associated with Foucault-but it has also contributed to a sense of the futility of committed intellectual work on capital punishment, to a certain terminal perplexity. Hugo Bedau no less, while “still nursing the unconquerable hope,” pessimistically concluded a recent survey of capital punishrne.1t in the United States by noting that “more has been investigated, researched, written, litigated, and publicly argued against the death penalty in America ... than in the rest of the world combined.” And Roger Hood begins the new edition of his “world-wide perspective” on the death penalty by noting that “no one can embark upon a study of the death penalty without making the commonplace observation that from a philosophical and policy standpoint there appears to be nothing new to be said.”
The Executioner’s Dissonant Song: On Capital Punishment And American Legal Values
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

This essay concerns the implications of the practice of capital punishment on American legal values and procedures. I argue that a conflict between the death penalty and legal values takes place at three levels. First, any death penalty conflicts with substantive principles of human dignity in obvious ways. This is why proponents of the penalty avoid phrasing their arguments as if basic questions of the constitution of government were at issue. Second, attempts to reduce the delays that bog down executions necessarily undermine the integrity of the legal process in death penalty cases. Third, the compromises made to speed up executions threaten respect for due process throughout the criminal justice system in jurisdictions that execute. The conflict about executions in the United States is not, in this view, a temporary phenomenon associated with a transition toward executing prisoners as business-as-usual. Instead, the clash between the operational needs of an execution system and the principles and procedures of American legal culture is fundamental. Either the basic rules and values will change or the practice of execution will remain infrequent, conflict-laden, and problematic. Capital punishment can only come to be regarded as normal state behavior by reimagining fundamental principles of fairness in criminal justice.
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The parasitic species associated with infections under natural, accidental laboratory, or experimental conditions, with cutaneous larva migrans and their definitive hosts are the following: Biology. The port of entry to the definitive host by infective larvae of hookworms (see Chapter 13) and of Strongyloides (see Chapter 12) is the skin; species of Ancylostoma may also use the oral route (see Chapter 13). In both cases the larvae migrate to the intestine and develop into adults. In nature, the larvae of theseparasitic species may accidentally or purposely invade hosts other than their normal definitive hosts, remaining dormant in the tissues (see Chapter 13). For example, the larvae of A. caninum in abnormal hosts migrate from the skin and distribute throughout the skeletal muscle cells (Lee et al. 1973, 1975; Nichols, 1956), and the larvae of A. tubaeforme of cats invade the salivary glands and nasopharyngeal epithelium (Norris, 1973). In these tissues, the larvae remain in a state of paratenism.
A Process-Oriented Account of Accelerated Internationalization
Authors: Mathews John A
Published: November 2023

Early attempts to develop a theory of international expansion coincided with attempts to come to grips with the phenomenon of the multinational enterprise (MNE)-both as an important business development calling for new economic evaluation and as a potential threat to states and firms in host countries. Neoclassical trade theory, which dominated international economics in the 1960 and 1970s, had no way of accounting for the existence of the MNE.
A Garbage Can Model and the IT Investment/Value Equations
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

In the first chapter we saw that there are many different kinds of applications of information technology. Understanding that each of these different types has different potential for a return is the first step in searching for IT value. This chapter focuses on the second step, the ability to obtain the expected returns from an IT initiative.
Implications for Managing Information Technology
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

The basic premise of this book is that information technology can and does produce value for the organization. Firms rarely reduce their stock of technology; they continually add new applications. Occasionally an organization replaces and updates existing applications, but in general the amount of technology in firms is constantly increasing. While an estimated 50 percent of capital spending in the United States is for technology, the total stock of IT is estimated at about 2 percent to 5 percent of all assets. If you add the cost of software, telecommunications, and other office equipment, the total gets to almost 12 percent of assets (Gibbs 1997). Many of the companies discussed in this book find technology to be a pervasive element in their operations. Firms like VeriFone, Calyx and Corolla, Chrysler, and many others depend on the technology to operate.
Pseudogapping Puzzles
Authors: Lasnik Howard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I explore some of the properties of the so-called pseudogapping construction. This construction is in important respects reminiscent of VP ellipsis, except that it leaves behind an element of the VP as a remnant. I begin by summarizing the analysis of Lasnik (1995c), which is based on the important proposal of Jayaseelan (1990) that pseudogapping is simply VP ellipsis, with the remnant having moved out of the VP. I argue that Jayaseelan’s basic proposal is correct, except for the specific movement rule he invokes, heavy NP shift. I argue, instead that the movement rule involved is “object shift,” overt raising to Spec of Agr0• In the course of the presentation, I deal with a number of puzzles that arise, among them certain cases of apparent overgeneration. Finally, I consider the proposal of Bouton (1970) and Lappin (1992) that “antecedent-contained deletion” is derived via pseudogapping, and argue, along with Fiengo and May (1992), that the proposal is only half right, accounting for some ACD instances but not others. I conclude by discussing alternative hypotheses for the latter type of ACD.
The Anatomy of Manufacturing Routines an Information View
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

Now that we have considered the history of manufacturing at Toyota and its overall evolutionary capability, we can focus on the routinized aspects of the system. In this chapter, I examine the “anatomy” and “physiology” of manufacturing routines-or a company’s routinized manufacturing and learning capabilities. In other words, as shown in figure 4.1, what follows is an analysis of the structures of manufacturing routines and an explanation of how they generate functional consequence, or competitive performance.
Implementation and Control: Doing It and Learning
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

Implementation consists of translating the means selected in means planning into instructions that specify who is to do what, where, and when. Control consists of monitoring all planning decisions, including implementation decisions, to determine the validity of the expectations associated with them and the assumptions on which these expectations are based. If the expectations are not realized, control involves determining why (diagnosis) and trying to correct the decision to take the deviation into account (prescription). Control also involves making relevant corrective changes in the actions taken if the assumptions turn out to be wrong. It is only through the exercise of control that organizational learning can take place as rapidly and effectively as possible.
History
Authors: Haarmann Harald
Published: November 2023

Ethnic processes are as old as human history. Ever since the appearance of modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens), cultural diversity and the variety of patterns of social behavior associated with it have been a part of the archeological record humans have left behind. Cultural diversity has been a major factor in the formation of local groups among humans from earliest times (Megarry 1995). Awareness of cultural boundary marking among local groups has been an element of a group’s self-identification, of its orientation in a local cultural environment, and of its categorization of outsiders. These elements of awareness have contributed to the evolution of group cohesion and to the construction of in-group solidarity, the collective equivalent of the self contrasted with the collective other, that is, out-group members.
Psychology
Authors: Padilla Amado M
Published: November 2023

Suppose an airline pilot and a psychologist arrive at a party at the same time. When the pilot is introduced to the other guests and his occupation is mentioned, no one is likely to be confused or apprehensive about what he does. Airline pilots fly airplanes. But when the psychologist is introduced and his profession is revealed, the reactions of the other guests may be quite varied. Psychologists hear things like, “Watch out, he’ll analyze you,” “Now I’ll have to be careful or he’ll know what I’m thinking,” “Where is your practice and what kind of crazies do you see,” and so on. Often these comments embarrass the psychologist, whose area of specialization may have very little to do with the direct assessment of people’s mental health problems.
Sociology
Authors: Williams Glyn
Published: November 2023

It is important to recognize that sociology began as a political science and that the current shape and concerns of the discipline derived from the preoccupation with founding the modern state which was the cornerstone of eighteenth century philosophy. The classical Greek concept of ethnos contrasts with demos in the opposition between the romantic sense of the word people and the social sense of the same word. It is exemplified in the difference between how the French Jacobins defined nation in terms of jui soli, or right of the soil, and how the German romantics defined it as a jus sanguis, or right of blood. The modern state rests on a particular form of relationship between ethnos and demos, and it is not possible to understand the sociological concept of ethnicity without reference to the relationship between the state and its population.
African American Vernacular English
Authors: Lanehart Sonja I
Published: November 2023

The language a person speaks is the language that person identifies with and is therefore very important to the individual. Language is a part of one’s culture and identity. To try to dictate and to purge one’s language is to try to change the individual; you thereby change his or her identity and make unnecessary and possibly detrimental demands on his or her culture and person. At present, two constructs explicate the link between language and identity: Lesley Milroy’s social networks and Robert Le Page’s acts of identity.
Germany
Authors: Dow James R
Published: November 2023

In Germany it is generally assumed that the Germanen [Germanic tribesmen] (of all the IndaGermanic [India-European] individual groups) were the only ones to remain in the old India Germanic homeland, even if they slowly spread their settlements far beyond. This interpretation is supported by Tacitus (Germania II): “The Germans themselves I should regard as aboriginal, and not mixed at all with other races through immigration and intercourse.” (1971: 39) Three hundred years prior to the Grimms, in 1541, in his Chronica vom vrsprung, herkommen und Thaten der vralten Teutschen, Johannes Aventinus made pointed reference to the Germanen as the ancestors of the Germans, effectively leaving out all of the other Germanic peoples who also trace their lineage back to these early tribes.
The Slavic World
Authors: Hroch Miroslav
Published: November 2023

What is referred to in this chapter as the “Slavic World” is a heterogeneous sample of several nations having two principal features in common: First, their languages belong to a single Slavic linguistic “family”; second, they have inhabited since the sixth century the almost compact territory of east central and eastern Europe.
Western Europe
Authors: Tabouret-Keller Andree
Published: November 2023

This book contains chapters about different parts of Western Europe-Germany and the Celtic world-as well as other parts of Europe, Scandinavia and the Slavic world, each possessing specific language features. Therefore this chapter might deal with any of the rest of Western Europe-Britain, Holland, Belgium, Luxem burg, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italy. Only four of these countries, France, Britain, Spain, and Belgium, will be mentioned at some length here, and none of them will be treated exhaustively. I prefer to illustrate the complexity and the great variety of situations in Western Europe by detailed examples, taken from one or another of these four countries, rather than to build some kind of larger and therefore more artificial representation.
Drosophila Hematopoiesis
Authors: Mathey-Prevot Bernard , Agaisse Herve
Published: November 2023

Although the fly hematopoietic system is restricted to cells analogous to the vertebrate myeloid lineage, the basic signaling pathways and early determining factors in cell lineage differentiation are exquisitely conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates. Thus, survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hemocytes are likely to follow the same developmental blueprint. Recent evidence suggests that vertebrate blood stem cells specifically express Drosophila homologs associated with tissue patterning or cell-fate determination properties.
Oxygen-Regulated Erythropoietin Gene Expression
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

The essential role of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO) in the control of red blood cell production is well established (reviewed by Krantz, 1991; Jelkmann, 1992; Ratcliffe, 1993; Sawyer and Penta, 1994; Semenza, 1994). Erythropoietin binds to its receptor on erythroid progenitor cells and stimulates their proliferation, differentiation, and resistance to apoptosis (Kelley et al., 1993; Liboi et al., 1993; Watowich et al., 1994).
Regulatory Interactions Between Transcription Factors and Their Role in Hematopoietic Lineage Determination
Authors: Nerlov Claus , Tenen, Daniel G , Graf Thomas
Published: November 2023

The differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into the many fully differentiated cell types that constitute the hematopoietic system requires fundamental changes in gene expression. The elucidation of the mechanisms by which transcription factors control this differentiation process has proceeded from the identification of regulatory elements in the promoters of lineage-specific genes to the demonstration that particular transcription factors are essential for the development of individual lineages (reviewed in Ness and Engel, 1994; Shivdasani and Orkin, 1996; Tenen et al., 1997).
Megakaryocyte Signaling
Authors: Price Daniel J , Groopman, Jerome E , Avraham Hava
Published: November 2023

Megakaryocytopoiesis is the process by which pluripotent bone marrow progenitors develop into mature megakaryocytes, which then spawn functional platelets. Circulating platelets perform a vital function in the maintenance of hemostasis in the peripheral blood vasculature. The steps by which uncommitted progenitor stem cells develop into the more mature forms are illustrated in Figure 38.1.
Transcription Factors Active in Megakaryocyte Development
Authors: Nimer Stephen D
Published: November 2023

The multistep process of megakaryopoiesis begins at the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and proceeds through a series of reasonably well-identified steps that result in the formation of a mature megakaryocyte. Megakaryocytes produce and release platelets, which circulate in the peripheral blood and participate in the body’s hemostatic mechanisms.
Mast Cell and Basophil Development
Authors: Lantz Chris S , Galli Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Mast cells and basophils have long been regarded as important effector cells in IgE-dependent allergic disorders and host responses to parasites. Although mast cells were probably first identified by von Recklinghausen (1863), Ehrlich discovered that mast cells could be identified in human connective tissues on the basis of the metachromatic staining properties of their prominent cytoplasmic granules with aniline dyes (Ehrlich, 1878). Ehrlich also described the basophils, a circulating leukocytes containing cytoplasmic granules that are similar in their staining properties to those of mast cells (Ehrlich, 1879).