bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Solubility of 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic Acid and its Sodium Salt in Acetonitrile and Voltammetric Investigation of Sulphonamide Drugs in Different Solvents in Their Absence and Presence
Authors: Kiss László , Ameen Hiba Mohamed , Lemli Beáta , Kunsági-Máté Sándor
Published: January 2021

Sulphonamide drugs (sulphamethazine, sulphamerazine, sulphadiazine, sulphathiazole) were studied in a wide potential window (between 2 and − 2 V) in acetonitrile, dimethyl sulphoxide and in 50–50 v/v% binary mixtures of acetonitrile and water. The voltammograms of the outlined compounds were very similar both in the anodic and cathodic part in each non-aqueous solvents except for sulphathiazole. These sulphonamide drugs were also investigated in presence of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and its sodium salt and the voltammograms changed due to an acid–base reaction. HEPES and its sodium salt could be investigated in acetonitrile only in their saturation concentration as they were slightly soluble in this solvent. In a separate experiment their solubilities were determined at 298 K in acetonitrile with the co-solvent calibration method using water as co-solvent. Complementary fluorescence studies in dimethyl sulphoxide did not show the presence of any interaction between sulphonamide drugs and HEPES as well as its sodium salt.
Canonical Graph Contractions of Linear Relations on Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Tarcsay Zsigmond , Sebestyén Zoltán
Published: January 2021

Given a closed linear relation T between two Hilbert spaces $$\mathcal {H}$$
H
and $$\mathcal {K}$$
K
, the corresponding first and second coordinate projections $$P_T$$

P
T

and $$Q_T$$

Q
T

are both linear contractions from T to $$\mathcal {H}$$
H
, and to $$\mathcal {K}$$
K
, respectively. In this paper we investigate the features of these graph contractions. We show among other things that $$P_T^{}P_T^*=(I+T^*T)^{-1}$$

P
T

P
T
∗

=

(
I
+

T
∗

T
)

-
1

, and that $$Q_T^{}Q_T^*=I-(I+TT^*)^{-1}$$

Q
T

Q
T
∗

=
I
-

(
I
+
T

T
∗

)

-
1

. The ranges $${\text {ran}}P_T^{*}$$

ran

P
T

∗

and $${\text {ran}}Q_T^{*}$$

ran

Q
T

∗

are proved to be closely related to the so called ‘regular part’ of T. The connection of the graph projections to Stone’s decomposition of a closed linear relation is also discussed.
Value configurations in sharing economy business models
Authors: Reuschl Andreas , Tiberius Victor , Filser Matthias , Qiu Yixin
Published: January 2021

The sharing economy gains momentum and develops a major economic impact on traditional markets and firms. However, only rudimentary theoretical and empirical insights exist on how sharing networks, i.e., focal firms, shared goods providers and customers, create and capture value in their sharing-based business models. We conduct a qualitative study to find key differences in sharing-based business models that are decisive for their value configurations. Our results show that (1) customization versus standardization of shared goods and (2) the centralization versus particularization of property rights over the shared goods are two important dimensions to distinguish value configurations. A second, quantitative study confirms the visibility and relevance of these dimensions to customers. We discuss strategic options for focal firms to design value configurations regarding the two dimensions to optimize value creation and value capture in sharing networks. Firms can use this two-dimensional search grid to explore untapped opportunities in the sharing economy.
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Survivorship with a Focus on the Low-grade and Benign Brain Tumor Populations
Authors: Worrell Stacey L. , Kirschner Michelle L. , Shatz Rhonna S. , Sengupta Soma , Erickson Melissa G.
Published: January 2021

Purpose of Review

“Brain tumor is a bump in the road.” Sheryl Crow a famous singer was quoted talking about her meningioma, a benign brain tumor that caused her to forget her lyrics. In this review, we focus on low-grade gliomas in adults and benign brain tumors, such as meningiomas, vestibular schwannomas, and pituitary tumors, since these individuals survive a long time and morbidity is a major issue.

Recent Findings

As per the NCI dictionary definition, cancer survivorship focuses on thehealth and well-beingof a person with cancer from the time of diagnosis until the end of life. This includes the physical, mental, emotional, social, and financial effects of cancer that begin at diagnosis and continue through treatment and beyond.

The survivorship experience also includes issues related to follow-up care (including regular health and wellness checkups), late effects of treatment, cancer recurrence, second cancers, and quality of life. Family members, friends, and caregivers are also considered part of the survivorship experience (NCI Dictionary:https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms).
Lacking Evidence to Recommend Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Definitive Radiotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Böhmer Dirk , Grün Arne
Published: January 2021

We comment on the paper of Di Maria Jiang et al. published in Current Oncology Reports 2020, 10.1007/s11912-020-0880-5. We disagree on a major recommendation of the authors because of lacking evidence. This response is considered to be important for readers of Current Oncology Reports.
Assessment of determinants of behavioral problems among primary school children in Mangalore city of South India
Authors: Joseph Nitin , Sinha Ushasti , D’Souza Mariella
Published: January 2021

The primary aim of this study addresses a key question relating to the identification of the determinants of behavioral problems among primary school children. The secondary aim was to suggest remedial measures among teachers on how to deal with behavioral problems among students. An assessment of students studying from Class 2 to 5 was taken by the teachers using the Rutter Children Behavior Questionnaire to identify the ones with behavioral problems. Determinants of behavioral problems were identified using a self-administered questionnaire filled by the mothers of these children. Finally discussion on various findings of this study were done among the primary school teachers through a focus group discussion. Suggestions on how to deal with these problems were given to the teachers. Out of the 750 students who took part in this study, 65(8.7%) were identified by their teachers to have behavioral problems. Children whose biological parents were not currently married, those reported to have undergone physical harm routinely as a disciplinary measure, those with maternal history of inadequate diet during the related antenatal period and those belonging to nuclear families had behavioral problems in multivariable analysis. Adequate nutritional care need to be taken during early developmental years and correct disciplinary methods need to be advised to prevent behavioral problems among children.
Intrapartum Fetal Heart Monitoring Practices in Selected Facilities in Aspirational Districts of Jharkhand, Odisha and Uttarakhand
Authors: Sarin Enisha , Bajpayee Devina , Kumar Arvind , Dastidar Sourav Ghosh , Chandra Subodh , Panda Ranjan , Taneja Gunjan , Gupta Sachin , Kumar Harish
Published: January 2021

Background

The risk of mortality for the mother and the newborn is aggravated during birth in low- and middle-income countries due to preventable causes, which can be addressed with increased quality of care practices. One such practice is intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring, which is crucial for the early detection of fetal ischemia, but is inadequately monitored in low- and middle-income countries. In India, there is currently a lack of sufficient data on FHR monitoring.

Methods

An assessment using facility records, interviews and observation was conducted in seven facilities providing tertiary, secondary or primary level care in aspirational districts of three states. The study sought to investigate the frequency of monitoring, devices used for monitoring and challenges in usage.

Results

FHR was not monitored as per standard protocol. Case sheets revealed 70% of labor was monitored at least once. Only 33% of observed cases were monitored every half hour during active labor, and none were monitored every 5 min during the second stage of labor. More time was observed for monitoring with a Doppler compared with a stethoscope, as providers reported fluctuation in readings. Reportedly, low audibility and a perceived need of expertise were associated with using a stethoscope. High case load and the time required for monitoring were reported as challenges in adhering to standard monitoring protocols.

Conclusion

The introduction of a standardized device and a short refresher training on the World Health Organization and skilled birth attendant protocols for FHR monitoring will improve usage and compliance.
MiR-27b-3p inhibits the progression of renal fibrosis via suppressing STAT1
Authors: Bai Lin , Lin Yongtao , Xie Juan , Zhang Yiyuan , Wang Hongwu , Zheng Donghui
Published: January 2021

Renal fibrosis is a pathologic change in chronic kidney disease (CKD). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play an important role in the development of renal fibrosis. However, the biological role of miR-27b-3p in renal fibrosis remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of miR-27b-3p in the progression of renal fibrosis. In this study, HK-2 cells were stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 for mimicking fibrosis progression in vitro. The unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO)-induced mice renal fibrosis in vivo was established as well. The results indicated that the overexpression of miR-27b-3p significantly inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in TGF-β1-stimulated HK-2 cells, as shown by the decreased expressions of α-SMA, collagen III, Fibronectin and Vimentin. In addition, overexpression of miR-27b-3p markedly decreased TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells, as evidenced by the decreased levels of Fas, active caspase 8 and active caspase 3. Meanwhile, dual-luciferase assay showed that miR-27b-3p downregulated signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) expression through direct binding with the 3′-UTR of STAT1. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-27b-3p attenuated UUO-induced renal fibrosis via downregulation of STAT1, α-SMA and collagen III. In conclusion, miR-27b-3p overexpression could alleviate renal fibrosis via suppressing STAT1 in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, miR-27b-3p might be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
Experimental and numerical modeling to investigate the riverbank’s stability
Authors: Aldefae Asad H. , Alkhafaji Rusul A.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to assess the failure mechanism of riverbanks due to stream flow experimentally and numerically to avoid recurring landslides by identifying the most dangerous place and treating them by a suitable method. The experiments and the physical models were carried out to study the failure mechanism of riverbank and evaluation of their stability in two cases: short-term condition and long-term condition flow where three models were tested. The Tigris River (Iraq) is considered as a model in this paper in terms of the applied velocity and modeled soil of the banks it was used at the same characteristics in the prototype scale. Also, a numerical simulation was performed using the FLOW-3D program to determine the velocity distribution and to identify the areas subjected to the high stress levels through the water flow. The obtained results in this paper are inspecting of failure mechanism types that occur under the influence of specific limits of flow velocity, which have shown good compatibility with the type of failure in the prototype scale. In addition to calculating the amount of soil erosion, the failure angle, and the amount of soil settlement at the riverbank model is investigated also. The results of experimental work and numerical simulation were well matched, where the standard error rate for Froude number ranged between (1.8%–6.6%), and the flow depth between (2.7%–6.9%).
Gaps and Dummies
Authors: Bennis Hans
Published: January 2021

In this study the syntactic properties of empty categories and dummy pronouns are investigated within the framework of Government-Binding theory.

The assumption that clauses must have a subject is present in most, if not all, linguistic theories. In GB theory the requirement that clauses have a subject is stipulated as a consequence of the base rules or the Extended Projection Principle. In this book it is claimed that no such stipulation is necessary. The presence of a subject is exclusively determined by the theories of thematic roles and Case.
This view is supported by the fact that the alleged dummy subjects Dutch, i.e. er and het, show a variety of properties, which can only be explained if they are not analyzed as dummy subjects. Further confirmation is derived from the fact that Dutch, subjectless sentences are found in precisely those circumstances in which neither -theory nor Case theory requires a subject to be present.

Chapter 1 presents a theory of empty categories. This theory enables us to explain the distribution of gaps, and makes precise and correct predictions with respect to the occurrence of parasitic gaps.
The non-dummy status of het, discussed in chapter 2, is supported by the fact that it can be the antecedent of PRO, reflexives, and parasitic gaps, and by an asymmetry in wh-movement from sentential complements. The analysis of het leads to a discussion of a variety of constructions, including constructions with raising, ergative, and psychological verbs.

The adverbial pronoun er displays several distinct syntactic functions. In chapter 3 it is argued that none of these different functions justifies an analysis of er as a dummy subject.
In chapter 4 some of the consequences of the theory introduced in the preceding chapters are investigated. These include a discussion of the status of the subject position in languages such as English, Italian, French, and Spanish, the structure of Old English, and the status of dummy pronouns in German and English.
Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops
Authors: Sijs Nicoline van der
Published: January 2021

From Santa Claus and his sleigh to a dumbhead talking poppycock, the contributions of the Dutch language to American English are indelibly embedded to some of our most vernacular terms and expressions.
Watch and Learn
Authors: Masson Eef
Published: January 2021

Instructional films of the twentieth century, used to teach, train, inform, or advertise to their viewers, can provide historians and scholars of cinema studies with a wealth of information about both their creators and intended consumers. Watch and Learn focuses on the rhetoric used in these films, particularly the way in which the films used in the classroom relate to their audience, casting them both as film viewers and students. Providing the outline for a new methodology for interpreting and understanding the scripts and visuals of this peculiar brand of cinema, this book approaches the study of instructional films from a novel and illuminating perspective.
The Making of the New Negro
Authors: Pochmara Anna , Thomassen Jacques
Published: January 2021

The Making of the New Negro examines black masculinity in the period of the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s in America and was marked by an outpouring of African American art, music, theater and literature. The Harlem Renaissance, or New Negro Movement, began attracting extensive academic attention in the 1990s as scholars discovered how complex, significant, and fascinating it was.

Drawing on African American texts, archives, unpublished writings, and contemporaneous European discourses, this book highlights both the canonical figures of the New Negro Movement and African American culture such as W. E. B. Dubois, Booker T. Washington, Alain Locke, and Richard Wright, and other writers such as Wallace Thurman, who have not received as much scholarly attention despite their significant contributions to the movement.

Anna Pochmara offers a striking combination of thorough literary analysis and historicist investigation in order to provide novel insights into one of the most important periods of black history in the United States.
A Risky Business?
Authors: Kindler Martha
Published: January 2021

This book is about migration as a form of risk-taking. Based on Ukrainian women's experiences in the Polish domestic work sector, it presents a new approach to analyse movements of female migrants responding to the demand for household labour around the world. Risks involved in migration and in migrant domestic work are accounted for in detail alongside an analysis of the migration decision-making processes. This study shows how social ties and migrant institutions effectively reduce the otherwise radical asymmetry of power between an individual migrant, the state and an employer. A Risky Business? brings to light the complex risk structures of migrants' activities and their sophisticated responses to them. With their innovative strategies, migrants challenge government-imposed constraints and thus reduce the risks of migration.
Nazi Soundscapes
Authors: Birdsall Carolyn
Published: January 2021

Many images of Nazi propaganda are universally recognizable, and symbolize the ways that the National Socialist party manipulated German citizens. What might an examination of the party's various uses of sound reveal? In Nazi Soundscapes, Carolyn Birdsall offers an in-depth analysis of the cultural significance of sound and new technologies like radio and loudspeaker systems during the rise of the National Socialist party in the 1920s to the end of World War II. Focusing specifically on the urban soundscape of Düsseldorf, this study examines both the production and reception of sound-based propaganda in the public and private spheres. Birdsall provides a vivid account of sound as a key instrument of social control, exclusion, and violence during Nazi Germany, and she makes a persuasive case for the power of sound within modern urban history.
Making Places While Building Networks An exploration of the role of the urban environment in book publishing
Authors: Heebels Barbara
Published: January 2021

The Amsterdam ring of canals is a much beloved location for Dutch book publishers. An exposition of the meaning of this urban environment for publishers adds to the existing knowledge on book publishers and their business locations. It also contributes to our understanding of the role of urban place in cultural production by looking at cultural production from a relatively unexplored angle – that of the cultural intermediary – and by conceptualizing place as a dynamic concept. Publishers function as cultural intermediaries by bringing together the creation of cultural value and the selling of cultural products. An exploration of the meaning of urban place for cultural intermediaries in building reputation and trust in their personal networks with authors, booksellers, colleagues and the press, shows that place is more than geographical proximity and is not a static condition for knowledge spill-overs: it is a process, one that is interdependent on social networks.
Significant difference? A comparative analysis of multicultural policies in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands
Authors: Coello Laura
Published: January 2021

Violent incidents that took place in 2004 and 2005 in the Netherlands and the UK respectively prompted people to claim that multiculturalism had failed. This claim requires an assessment of the effect of the policies that were drafted based on this political philosophy. In this study, the author analyses two sets of policies developed from multiculturalism: policies of anti-discrimination of minorities and their labour market participation. The effect of these policies is assessed by studying the policy objectives and their results. Based on this review, the author concludes that while there is still much to achieve in the fields of anti-discrimination and labour market participation, multiculturalism did not fail in the UK. On the contrary, it created a positive public perception of diversity and a high participation of minorities in the labour market. This contrasts with results achieved in the Netherlands where policies have fluctuated in such a way that the public attitude towards diversity is ambivalent and the participation of minorities in the labour market is much lower than that of their native counterpart.
The Greatest Movie Never Made: The Life of the Buddha as Cold War Politics
Authors: Harrington Laura
Published: January 2021

This article explores the backstory of a 1953 screenplay on the life of the Buddha conceived by the CIA as a psychological warfare strategy to draw Asian Buddhists away from the Communist orbit and into the Free World. Developed in collaboration with Ceylonese Buddhist scholar G. P. Malalasekera,Tathagata: The Wayfarer(hereafter,Wayfarer) is best read through the lens of the U.S. Campaign of Truth propaganda effort launched by Truman in 1950. I draw on declassified government documents and archives to highlight the screenplay's trajectory as a covert attempt by the U.S. government to work with Asian Buddhists to further U.S. foreign policy needs in Asia and to demonstrate a truth rarely recognized by scholars of religion and American culture: For the early Cold War American state, Buddhism was an object of foreign policy.
Pentecostals, Israel, and the Prophetic Politics of Dominion
Authors: Williams Joseph
Published: January 2021

This essay traces the evolution of a specific tradition of prophecy interpretation in U.S. pentecostal-charismatic circles, which I dub the “prophetic politics of dominion.” From the start, this strain of pentecostal-charismatic religiosity merged transnational sensibilities with dominion-style language but typically shied away from overt political organization. Building on Israel-themed symbols and ideas acquired from nineteenth-century evangelical prophecy interpretation, a small but influential group of white proto-pentecostals and early pentecostals embraced a distinctive set of eschatological teachings known as British Israelism and its attendant literal racial identification of Anglo-Saxons with Jews. Such emphases bolstered a conviction that spirit-empowered Christians would exert significant influence on global politics prior to the Second Coming of Jesus. In the ensuing decades, a vocal minority of notable pentecostals and their charismatic successors kept alive similar emphases even as they eschewed the highly racialized conceptions of pentecostal connections to the “Lost Tribes of Israel.” More comfortable employing Christian millennial tropes than engaging pragmatic politics, these figures, nevertheless, anticipated the rapid Christianization of society and their own ascendance to positions of spiritual and temporal power in preparation for Christ's return. All the while, Israel-centric symbols and identities remained central. The crystallization of this transnational, dominion-now tradition, with its unique Israel-centric emphases and millennial motifs, represented one of the most significant—and most misunderstood—contributions to evangelical politics by U.S. pentecostals and charismatics over the course of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Remarkable cases of parallel evolution of the placodioid thallus growth form in theLecanographaceae(Arthoniales) with the description of a new species ofAlyxoriafrom Mexico
Authors: Ertz Damien , Huereca Alejandro , Salcedo-Martínez Sergio Manuel , Tehler Anders
Published: January 2021

The new speciesAlyxoria sierramadrensisis described from Mexico where it inhabits limestone rocks. The lichen developing from this fungus is characterized by a placodioid to subfoliose thallus with a white pruinose surface; rounded to shortly elongated ascomata with a black epruinose margin and a widely exposed, white pruinose hymenial disc; hyaline, 3-septate ascospores, 17–25 × 7–9 μm; the presence of anthraquinones rendering the medulla orange. Phylogenetic analyses of nuLSU, mtSSU andRPB2sequences place this species in the genusAlyxoria(Lecanographaceae). This generic affiliation is surprising because all knownAlyxoriaspecies have a crustose thallus.Lecanographaceaemainly includes species without a thallus (lichenicolous taxa) or with a thin crustose thallus, the only exception beingSimonyella variegatawith a fruticose thallus. The new species belongs to theAlyxoria ochrocheilasubgroup, which includes lichens also frequently known to have anthraquinones, white pruinose hymenial discs and 3-septate ascospores. Phylogenetic analyses further determined the systematic position of the monotypic genusPhoebus. This genus, considered as anArthonialesof uncertain family affiliation, is shown to belong to theLecanographaceae. With its placodioid thallus, it is another example of a lichenized fungus with a deviating morphology in thallus structure for the family, increasing the number of remarkable cases of parallel evolution of lichen growth forms within theArthoniales.Phoebus hydrophobiusis newly recorded for Mexico.
New methods for mycocalicioid fungi
Authors: Tuovila Hanna , Huhtinen Seppo
Published: January 2021

The identification of mycocalicioid species continues to be based on morphological and chemical characters, even though molecular data and substratum preferences can provide many important insights into specific problems associated with species delimitation and other taxonomic challenges. Our results reinforce the usefulness of many morphological and chemical characteristics and reveal several new features that can be used for both species delimitation and identification. Given the fact that mycocalicioid species can rarely be distinguished by just a single character, combinations of different chemical and morphological characteristics must be used. Additional characteristics must also be sought, including those that have previously been overlooked or still need to be discovered. As a result of this search, we introduce a new term, pseudohemiamyloid, for a reversible, KOH resistant/enhanced reaction in Lugol's solution.
Plural marking in the second language: Atomicity, definiteness, and transfer
Authors: Choi Sea Hee , Ionin Tania
Published: January 2021

This paper examines whether second language (L2)-English learners whose native languages (L1; Korean and Mandarin) lack obligatory plural marking transfer the properties of plural marking from their L1s, and whether transfer is manifested both offline (in a grammaticality judgment task) and online (in a self-paced reading task). The online task tests the predictions of the morphological congruency hypothesis (Jiang 2007), according to which L2 learners have particular difficulty automatically activating the meaning of L2 morphemes that are incongruent with their L1. Experiment 1 tests L2 learners’ sensitivity to errors of–soversuppliance with mass nouns, while Experiment 2 tests their sensitivity to errors of–somission with count nouns. The findings show that (a) L2 learners detect errors with nonatomic mass nouns (sunlights) but not atomic ones (furnitures), both offline and online; and (b) L1-Korean L2-English learners are more successful than L1-Mandarin L2-English learners in detecting missing–swith definite plurals (these boat), while the two groups behave similarly with indefinite plurals (many boat). Given that definite plurals require plural marking in Korean but not in Mandarin, the second finding is consistent with L1-transfer. Overall, the findings show that learners are able to overcome morphological incongruency and acquire novel uses of L2 morphemes.
A Sound of Silence in the Archives: On Eighteenth-Century Russian Diplomacy and the Historical Episteme of Central Asian Hostility
Authors: Sartori Paolo
Published: January 2021

Cui bonoinformation and record keeping? In his most recent work devoted to the study of British and French imperialism in the Levant in early modern history, Cornel Zwierlein has argued that “empires are built on ignorance.” It is, of course, true that during the old regime Western knowledge of things “Oriental” was patently defective, marked as it was by blind spots and glaring gaps; and if observed in the broader context of European colonialism in Asia, the British and French cases are hardly exceptional. Sanjay Subrahmanyam'sEurope's Indiahas shown compellingly that the Portuguese, too, blindly forged ahead in their imperial expansion into South Asia, with a good dose of improvisation. By focusing on a mission to Khiva, Bukhara, and Balkh in 1732, I set out to show that the Russian venture in Asia too was premised upon ignorance, among other things. More specifically, I argue that diplomatic and commercial relations between Russia and Central Asia developed in parallel with the neglect of intelligence gathered and made available in imperial archives. Reflecting on the fact that the Russian enterprise in Asia was minimally dependent on information allows us to complicate the reductive equation of knowledge to power, which originates from the “archival turn.” Many today regard archives as reflective of projects of documentation, which granted epistemological virtue to the texts stored, ordered, and preserved therein. The archives generated truth claims, we are told, about hierarchies of knowledge produced by states and, by doing so, they effectively operated as a technological apparatus bolstering the state. However, not all the texts which we find in archivesalwaysretained their pristine epistemic force. To historicise the uses, misuses, and, more importantly, the practices of purposeful neglect of records invites us to revisit the quality of transregional connectivity across systems of signification in the early modern period.
Reimbursement for Nursing Services: Issues and Trends
Authors: Baker Nancy
Published: January 2021

Americans have long wanted a health care system that is accessible, comprehensive and affordable. Our failure to accomplish these goals has resulted in a resurgence of interest in national health insurance as a mechanism for increasing access, expanding the scope of services, and controlling costs.

Unfortunately, the health care industry (which is really a sick care industry) has fostered dependence on the two most expensive components of care: physician services and hospitalization. This situation has evolved from several historical themes, three of which threaten to perpetuate our inflationary system and prevent reimbursement for non-physicians:

1.

failure to distinguish between medical care and health care

2.

control of the industry by physicians and hospital administrators

3.

lack of recognition for and undervaluing of the services of nurses

All of these factors have reduced the health options for consumers and have been demoralizing for nurses. This discussion will focus on various ways these issues impact upon the contributions nurses can make.
Defining the Scope of Nursing Practice: Actors, Criteria and Economic Implications
Authors: Hershey Nathan
Published: January 2021

This article provides a framework for consideration of two questions: who should decide the scope of professional nursing? and what criteria should be employed in determining the scope of professional nursing? It is my view that professional as well as practical considerations must be reconciled in determining the answers to these questions.
Orders Not to Resuscitate: The Sharon Siebert Case
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: January 2021

In a previous column I discussed the testimony of a number of nurses in the case of Ms. Sharon Siebert. That case was decided by a lower court on February 13, 1981, and this column discusses Judge Lindsay G. Arthur's opinion. Jane Hoyt, a friend, not a relative, of Ms. Siebert, brought suit to enjoin an order not to resuscitate that had been written on Ms. Siebert. The case raised a number of important issues, including whether the court would allow a suit brought by someone in Ms. Hoyt's position vis-à-vis the patient, and if it did, what legal standard the court might require in the writing of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders.
Patient Rights: An Agenda for the ’80s
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: January 2021

Most nurses not only accept the notion that patients have rights, but also stand ready to help patients assert them. But how far will nurses go? Will they be willing allies as patients press for more recognition of their individuality and autonomy? At the National Conference on Patients' Rights held in Nashville in late September, 1980, I outlined for patient rights activists a five-point agenda for the ‘80s. Since then I have presented this agenda to nursing audiences in Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, California, and Michigan. The reception has varied, but many nurses are uncomfortable with the proposal. The purpose of this column is to present the agenda in written form to give Nursing Law & Ethics readers an opportunity to comment on it.
Prosociality in Majority Decisions: A Laboratory Experiment on the Robustness of the Uncovered Set
Authors: Sauermann Jan
Published: January 2021

Social choice theory demonstrates that majority rule is generically indeterminate. However, from an empirical perspective, large and arbitrary policy shifts are rare events in politics. The uncovered set (UCS) is the dominant preference-based explanation for the apparent empirical predictability of majority rule in multiple dimensions. Its underlying logic assumes that voters act strategically, considering the ultimate consequences of their actions. I argue that all empirical applications of the UCS rest on an incomplete behavioral model assuming purely egoistically motivated individuals. Beyond material self-interest, prosocial motivations offer an additional factor to explain the outcomes of majority rule. I test my claim in a series of committee decision-making experiments in which I systematically vary the fairness properties of the policy space while keeping the location of the UCS constant. The experimental results overwhelmingly support the prosociality explanation.
Optimization and Representativeness of Atmospheric Chemical Sampling by Hovering Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Over Tropical Forests
Authors: Ma Yongjing , Ye Jianhuai , Ribeiro Igor Oliveira , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi , Xin Jinyuan , Zhang Wenyu , Souza Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de , Martin Scot T.
Published: January 2021

Atmospheric chemical species play critical roles in ecosystem functioning and climate, but spatially resolving near‐surface concentrations has been challenging. In this regard, hovering unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represent an emerging technology. The study herein provides guidance for optimized atmospheric sampling by hovering copter‐type UAVs. Large‐eddy simulations are conducted for species having chemical lifetimes ranging from reactive (i.e., 102s) to long‐lived (i.e., 108s). The case study of fair‐weather conditions over an equatorial tropical forest is used because of previous UAV deployments in this region. A framework is developed of influence length and horizontal shift of upwind surface emissions. The framework quantifies the length scale of the contribution of upwind forest emissions to species concentrations sampled by the downwind hovering UAV. Main findings include the following: (1) sampling within an altitude that is no more than 200 m above the canopy is recommended for both high‐ and intermediate‐reactivity species because of the strong decrease in species concentration even in a highly turbulent atmosphere; (2) sampling durations of at least 5 and 10 min are recommended for intermediate‐ and high‐reactivity species, respectively, because of the effects of atmospheric turbulence; and (3) in the case of heterogeneity of emissions across the underlying landscape, maximum recommended altitudes are presented for horizontal sampling strategies that can resolve the variability in the landscape emissions. The coupled effects of emission rate, wind speed, species lifetime, turbulence, and UAV sampling duration on influence length must all be considered for optimized and representative sampling over forests.
Extreme Sub‐Hourly Precipitation Intensities Scale Close to the Clausius‐Clapeyron Rate Over Europe
Authors: Vergara‐Temprado Jesús , Ban Nikolina , Schär Christoph
Published: January 2021

Over subhourly time scales, extreme precipitation events play a critical role for many sectors impacted by climate change; however, it is unclear how these events will evolve in a warmer climate. Here, we perform climate simulations using a regional climate model over the greater Alpine region at kilometer‐scale resolution. By analyzing precipitation intensities with short accumulation times, we show that the model can capture the observed percentiles of extreme subhourly precipitation measured at surface rain‐gauge stations. Then, by simulating the future climate, we show that the associated increases in intensity of subhourly extreme precipitation events grow with the intensity of the events but tends asymptotically toward 6.5% per degree warming. This suggests that the most extreme intensities scale with the Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling rate that represents the ability of a warmer atmosphere to hold more water vapor. It should be expected that these changes will lead to increased risks of flash flooding, land‐slides, and erosion over Europe in a warmer climate.
Global Daytime Variability of Clouds From DSCOVR/EPIC Observations
Authors: Delgado‐Bonal A. , Marshak A. , Yang Y. , Oreopoulos L.
Published: January 2021

Knowledge of the daytime variability of cloud fraction is pivotal for the accurate determination of the atmosphere's energy balance. Yet, polar orbiting satellites are unable to fully capture daytime variability and individual geostationary satellites only provide measurements for portions of the Earth. In addition, diurnal cloud fraction variations analyzed with General Circulation Models provide results that cannot be reconciled with observations in many situations. Here, we show that the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) aboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) satellite presents a unique opportunity to examine changes in daytime global cloud fraction resolved at one‐hour frequency. For the first time, we characterize the global daytime variability of clouds with a single sensor, presenting evidence that the fraction of liquid clouds reaches its maximum over continental areas and its minimum over ocean around noon. We compare our results with previous global and regional studies and examine implications for the Earth's energy budget.
Low‐Velocity Zones and Negative Radial Anisotropy Beneath the Plume Perturbed Northwestern Deccan Volcanic Province
Authors: Sharma Jyoti , Kumar M. Ravi , Roy Ketan Singha , Pal S. K. , Roy P. N. S.
Published: January 2021

The Deccan volcanic province (DVP) witnessed a massive outpouring of flood basalts of ∼2 million km3 volume, at ∼65 Ma, in less than a Myr. The volcanic eruption is concomitant with crustal extension, lithospheric thinning and magma influx beneath the major rift systems namely Cambay, Narmada, and Kutch. In this study, we investigate the anisotropic and isotropic variations within the crust and upper mantle beneath the northwestern DVP by estimating the shear wave velocity (VSV, VSH, and VSoigt) and radial anisotropy (ξoigt) models using the Surface Wave Tomography technique. A joint inversion of the regionalized Rayleigh and Love wave group velocities is performed, using the genetic algorithm approach. Our results reveal different intracrustal layers, lid, and a low‐velocity zone (LVZ). This LVZ comprises of a uniform asthenospheric low‐velocity layer (LVL) of average VSV 4.44 km/s and VSH 4.47 km/s, and another LVL below, of average VSV 4.45 km/s and VSH 4.41 km/s. Furthermore, the LVZ represents a negative anomaly with reference to different global models (AK135, STW105, PREM, and S2.9EA). A negative ξoigt is observed in the LVZ, indicating dominance of vertical flow. This could be related to presence of partials melts, volatile materials and/or a thermal anomaly. We also identified the Moho (∼34–40 km) and lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (∼84–123 km). The low VS values, negative ξoigt and a thin lithosphere (∼84 km) in the vicinity of Gulf of Cambay affirm the presence of a plume head beneath it, in concurrence with the hypothesis of Indian Plate‐Reunion plume interaction.
Space‐Based Observation of a Negative Sprite With an Unusual Signature of Associated Sprite Current
Authors: Wang Yongping , Lu Gaopeng , Peng Kang‐Ming , Ma Ming , Cummer Steven A. , Chen Alfred B. , Zhu Baoyou
Published: January 2021

We report the first observation of an unusual red sprite produced by negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning from the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) in Colombia on August 15, 2012. The impulse charge moment change for this event is approximately −520 C·km, barely reaching the threshold for negative sprite production. However, different from all previously reported observations, this negative sprite contains a distinct “sprite current” feature that is unambiguously identified in the very‐low‐frequency magnetic field recorded at the 3,387 km range in Duke Forest. There is no evidence that this feature was produced by a fast discharging process associated with the causative CG stroke. Instead, the sprite current signal corresponds well to high‐altitude optical emissions associated with the charge flow in the sprite body. The charge moment change caused by the charge transfer in the sprite region was estimated to be about −460 C·km. We attempt to reveal the possible causes of this atypical event from the perspective of the parent thunderstorm and the local ionosphere irregularities, whereas we believe that the most possible reason remains to lie in an extraordinarily long duration (more than 5 ms) of charge transfer to ground following the return stroke.
Lightning Generation in Moist Convective Clouds and Constraints on the Water Abundance in Jupiter
Authors: Aglyamov Yury S. , Lunine Jonathan , Becker Heidi N. , Guillot Tristan , Gibbard Seran G. , Atreya Sushil , Bolton Scott J. , Levin Steven , Brown Shannon T. , Wong Michael H.
Published: January 2021

Recent Juno observations have greatly extended the temporal and spatial coverage of lightning detection on Jupiter. We use these data to constrain a model of moist convection and lightning generation in Jupiter's atmosphere, and derive a roughly solar abundance of water at the base of the water cloud. Shallow lightning, observed by Juno (Becker et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586‐020‐2532‐1, Nature, 584, 55–58) and defined as flashes originating at altitudes corresponding to pressure less than 2 bars, is reproduced, as is lightning at a deeper range of pressures, including those below the water cloud base. It is found that the generation of lightning requires ammonia to stabilize liquid water at altitudes corresponding to sub‐freezing temperatures. We find a range of local water abundances in which lightning is possible, including subsolar values of water—consistent with other determinations of deep oxygen abundance.
Reconstructing Past Global Vegetation With Random Forest Machine Learning, Sacrificing the Dynamic Response for Robust Results
Authors: Lindgren Amelie , Lu Zhengyao , Zhang Qiong , Hugelius Gustaf
Published: January 2021

Vegetation is an important component in the Earth system, providing a direct link between the biosphere and atmosphere. As such, a representative vegetation pattern is needed to accurately simulate climate. We attempt to model global vegetation (biomes) with a data‐driven approach, to test if this allows us to create robust global and regional vegetation patterns. This not only provides quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation cover as a climate forcing, but also improves our understanding of past land cover‐climate interactions which have important implications for the future. By using a Random Forest (RF) machine learning tool, we train the vegetation reconstruction with available biomized pollen data of present and past conditions to produce broad‐scale vegetation patterns for the preindustrial (PI), the mid‐Holocene (MH, ∼6,000 years ago), and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21,000 years ago). We test the method's robustness by introducing a systematic temperature bias based on existing climate model spread and compare the result with that of LPJ‐GUESS, an individual‐based dynamic global vegetation model. The results show that the RF approach is able to produce robust patterns for periods and regions well constrained by evidence (the PI and the MH), but fails when evidence is scarce (the LGM). The apparent robustness of this method is achieved at the cost of sacrificing the ability to model dynamic vegetation response to a changing climate.
Feasibility Study of a High‐Resolution Shallow Surface Penetration Radar for Space Application
Authors: Song P. , Gogineni S. , Galkin I. A. , Volakis J. , Soderblom J. M. , Hayes A. G. , Reinisch B. W. , Giles R. H. , Sood R. , Zhang H.‐L. , Braaten D. , Melosh H. J. , Bruzzone L. , Venkatakrishnan S. B. , Yan J. B. , O'Neil C. R.
Published: January 2021

We modified and justified the radar equation for ground penetration by including the backscattering effect. We propose a strawman system on an orbiter 50 km above the surface based on lunar conditions. The Tightly coupled dipole arrays antenna substantially reduces the size and mass and consists of an array with 8 × 8 cells on a light weight plate that is 1.62‐m2wide with cells 0.25‐m high providing increased directionality and beam‐steering capability. The system includes 8 transmitters and 16 receivers that are able to measure wave polarization so that it is sensitive to subsurface water/ice. The system is controlled by central computers with transceivers all programmable providing more functionalities and flexibilities enabling systems of an even larger number of transceivers. It uses the synthetic aperture radar method to enhance the spatial resolution along the orbit track and has phase steering capability to increase the resolution in the cross‐track direction. The total transmitted power is 160 W. The radar is able to operate in three modes: a fine‐resolution mode that provides the full Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output ultrawideband (MIMO UWB) capability with vertical range resolution up to 0.2 m, a deep penetration mode that is able to penetrate 100 m for high attenuation targets or over few kilometers for low attenuation targets, and a survey mode that provides overall characterization of the planet economically. This system can provide internal properties and structures of a target and detailed information about most useful resources such as ice, water, minerals, and shelter caves, for human space exploration on the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.