bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivation as an Outcome of Schooling
Authors: Sattler Howard E. , Van Wagenen R. Keith
Published: September 2011

Approval and direction strategies were employed with 8 intact third-grade classrooms to induce children to draw pictures of boats in four classrooms and pictures of flowers in the remainder. Half of the classrooms were exposed to three drawing sessions while the rest were subjected to 10 sessions. On criterion measures taken subsequent to the last treatment session, pupils given approval drew more boat (or flower) pictures than did children exposed to direction. Further, the pictures drawn under direction for 10 days showed a significant decline in quality.
Preliminary Study of Effects of “in vivo” Emotive Imagery on Dental Discomfort
Authors: Horan John J. , Layng Frank C. , Pursell Carol H.
Published: September 2011

To examine the effects of “in vivo” emotive imagery on dental discomfort (as measured by pulse rate and self-report) 27 female subjects undergoing tooth prophylaxis were exposed to three tape-recorded treatment conditions (relaxation imagery, neutral imagery, and a blank tape) in counterbalanced order. Promising findings of a pilot study were not confirmed on heart rate; however, on self-reported discomfort, positive differences appeared between the relaxation imagery and each of the control conditions.
Localized Muscle Fatigue and Dynamic Balance
Authors: Miller Paula Kenagy , Bird Anne Marie
Published: September 2011

This investigation was designed for the purpose of ascertaining if one muscle group (dorsi flexors, abdominals, plantar flexors, or knee and hip flexors and extensors) could be identified which most significantly affects dynamic balance. The dependent variable was the dynabalometer. Subjects were 100 male volunteers, between the ages of 19 and 25 yr. Subjects were randomly assigned to a control or 1 of 4 treatment groups. Testing was counterbalanced over time and day. Controls had a practice period and 3 performance trials; other Ss had a practice period, localized fatigue of a muscle group followed by 3 performance trials. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between treatment groups ( F = 312.09, p < .01). Multiple comparisons of treatment means showed that only one muscle group, the knee and hip flexors and extensors, differed significantly from all other groups ( q = 4.75, p < .01). Results indicate strongly that the knee and hip flexors and extensors can be considered a most important muscle group for performance by ordinary male college students on the dynabalometer.
Recall of Familiar Objects and Projected Color Photographs of Objects by Mentally Retarded Individuals of Comparable Mental Age
Authors: Shotick Andrew L. , Ray A. Bartow , Addison C. Lewis
Published: September 2011

The effects of cue-availability on short-term and long-term recall of 40 mentally retarded children were investigated. Subjects were chosen on the basis of comparable mental age (approximately 90 mo.) and randomly assigned to either an objects (high cues) group or slides (low cues) group. 52 familiar objects served as stimuli for the objects group and projected color photographs of the objects were presented to the slides group. In the short-term recall session the subjects were shown stimuli grouped into eight trials and asked to recall the names of the stimuli in each trial ten seconds after presentation. Delayed recall was obtained 48 hr. later in a free recall session. The objects group scored significantly higher than the slides group on memory span ( p < .01), short-term recall ( p < .001), and delayed recall ( p < .025). The facilitation of recall achieved by using three-dimensional stimuli was clearly demonstrated, and the relative degree of facilitation was comparable for both short- and long-term recall.
Improving a Cerebral Palsied Child's Typing with Operant Techniques
Authors: Yeatts Linda M. , Brantley John C.
Published: September 2011

A 7-yr.-old cerebral palsied girl was taught to correct responses on two typing tasks using reinforcement contingent on number of correctly typed words. Maintenance of the behavior remained contingent on the presence of tangible reinforcement.
Intersubject Variability in Perceived Oscillation as a Function of Threshold for Binocular Disparity
Authors: Martinetti Raymond F.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 15 female subjects each were classified along a quantitative dimension for proportion of perceived oscillation and threshold for binocular disparity. Analyses of variance showed that significant differences in proportion of perceived oscillation were accompanied by significant differences in threshold for binocular disparity for perceivers of “high” and “low” oscillation ( p < .05). For perceivers of “intermediate” oscillation significant differences in proportion of perceived oscillation but not threshold for binocular disparity were found. It was suggested that: (1) intersubject variability in perceived oscillation may be governed by the threshold for binocular disparity, (2) “low” perceivers may be especially sensitive to the magnitude of the cue, (3) “intermediate” perceivers' subjective reports may be primarily dependent on response criteria and the multiplicity of subjective factors which constitute it, (4) “high” perceivers apparently have least response sensitivity and they cannot maintain a consistent response criterion.
Variations of Bender-Gestalt Constriction and Depression in Adult Psychiatric Patients
Authors: White Robert B.
Published: September 2011

The present study explored variations of Bender-Gestalt constriction and their relation to depression. 20 Ss showing constriction of drawings on the upper half-page and 20 Ss showing constriction of drawings on the left half-page were compared with regard to MMPI Depression scores. No significant difference was found between these groups. However, when the constricted groups were combined and then compared with 40 Ss who did not show constriction of Bender drawings, the constricted group had significantly higher ( p < .05) MMPI Depression scores. Thus, variations in Bender constriction are not differently related to depression, but presence of constriction is an indicator. However, its rate of occurrence is so infrequent, appearing in only 5% of the records examined, that its clinical usefulness in the detection of depression is quite limited.
Comparison of Scoring Methods for Tests of Attention, Including an Error Index for Use with Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Pigache R. M.
Published: September 2011

A resumé is given of various doubts raised concerning the application of signal-detection theory to discrimination tasks involving ‘suprathreshold’ stimuli, as in tests of vigilance and selective attention. The validity of this theory in pathological conditions, such as schizophrenia, is also questioned. The continuing need for a unitary index combining errors of omission and commission is emphasized and the various indices so far proposed are compared using experimental data. A new Error Index is offered as a more satisfactory resolution.
Oral Stereognostic Ability among Tongue Thrusters with Interdental Lisp, Tongue Thrusters without Interdental Lisp and Normal Children
Authors: Colletti Ester A. , Geffner Donna , Schlanger Phoebe
Published: September 2011

30 children, i.e., 10 children per group, 8 yr. of age, were given an oral stereognostic test. This test of 10 geometric forms varying in shape were developed by NIDR. 47 stimuli pairs were used and 10 pairs were repeated to measure test reliability. Subjects were blindfolded and asked to respond whether Items 1 and 2, presented consecutively, were the same or different. Results indicated that both groups of tongue thrusters with and without interdental lisp scored significantly more poorly than did normal children ( t = 4.68, P < .001; t = 5.00, P < .001), respectively. There were no significant differences, however, between tongue thrusters with and without interdental lisp ( t = .33, P > .05). Observations indicated that normal children used the tongue tip more frequently and accurately when discriminating the geometric forms than did the other groups.
Biofeedback Training with a Learning Disabled Child
Authors: Guralnick Michael J. , Mott David E. W.
Published: September 2011

Biofeedback training was used to increase a learning disabled child's ability to control his breathing patterns. The procedure was most effective when the child was permitted to explore freely the correlations between his respiratory movements and feedback from the apparatus. Probe trials showed that increased external and self-directed control over the direction and volume of breathing was achieved. Results were discussed in terms of the relationship between biofeedback technology and learning and behavior problems.
Discriminability and Identifiability of the Human Hand Based on its Quantified Complexity
Authors: Seman William A. , Pasnak Robert , Tyer Zita E.
Published: September 2011

Photographs of human hands were quantified according to a method suggested by Attneave (1954). The over-all complexity of the hands' contours did not affect the accuracy with which pairs and non-pairs of hands could be discriminated. However, significantly more errors were made in identifying the mates of hands whose thumb regions were relatively complex. These results suggest that the contours of nonlaboratory forms are quantifiable and amenable to parametric investigation.
Transfer of a Learned Relational Response in Monkeys and Children
Authors: Ackles Patrick K. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported, the first with 30 young test-wise rhesus monkeys and the second with 30 first grade children, on transfer of relational responding on a series of discrimination learning and transposition problems which varied in degree of stimulus similarity across problems. In the first, monkeys showed superior transfer and transposition when problems contained common stimulus elements and when the stimuli were highly discriminable. Transfer across problems which did not contain common stimulus elements in the first two problems resulted in the most errors and did not yield significant proportions of transposers. In the second, the children also showed enhanced transfer and transposition to the highly discriminable dimensions but there were significant reductions in errors and significant proportions of transposers to all stimulus combinations on the second problem. Ninety percent of the children did not make any errors in either phase of the third and fourth problems. The results were interpreted in terms of the acquisition of abstract or nonspecific perceptual learning sets.
A Social Role Approach to Driver Behaviour
Authors: Clark Alfred W.
Published: September 2011

An 11-item Driver Role Scale questionnaire discriminated between young, male, manual workers with and without accident records. Peers were role senders and influenced driver behaviour.
Self-Concept: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Weinland Thomas P. , Gable Robert K. , Varming Ole
Published: September 2011

Self-concept differences between 190 American and 98 Danish 5th and 6th grade suburban students were examined in light of known societal and educational differences. Danish males and American females reported significantly higher self-confidence in personal attributes; American students reported higher achieving in school scores than Danish students. Results are discussed in the context of cultural differences; further areas of investigation are offered.
Pheromonal Control of Aggressive Display in Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta Splendens)
Authors: Colyer Stephen W. , Jenkins Cathy
Published: September 2011

Male Siamese fighting fish displayed and respirated from the surface more frequently in water containing secretions collected from non-displaying male conspecifics than they did in clean water. Secretions collected from males given the opportunity to display to a mirror for 16, 30, or 45 min. did not affect display activity. However, secretions collected from males allowed to display to a mirror for 16 min. produced an increase in respiration rates. Secretions collected from males which had been stressed by electric shock resulted in decrements in aggressive display. Taken together, results of these experiments suggest that male Siamese fighting fish secrete substances which affect mirror-induced aggression and respiration rates.
Stimulus Discrimination Learning and Transposition in Bilingual Children
Authors: Hocker Philip N. , Muller Douglas
Published: September 2011

A two-stimulus size-discrimination and transposition task was administered to 120 native Spanish-speaking, bilingual first, second and third grade students from bilingual instruction and English-only instruction classrooms. Half of the Ss learned the task and verbalized stimulus selection responses in Spanish, half in English. Results suggest that these bilingual students learned the initial discrimination task more rapidly when they verbalized in Spanish. English-only classroom students tended to transpose more when they had verbalized selection responses in Spanish, bilingual classroom students transposed more when they had verbalized in English. No significant differences in rate of discrimination task learning were observed between the two instructional programs.
Effects of Social Influence in a Recognition Task of Auditory Intensity: A Temporary Shift in Criterion
Authors: Biderman Michael D. , McBrayer William D. , Montagne Mary La
Published: September 2011

The effects of responses of another person or a computer occurring prior to the subjects' responses in tasks of recognition of auditory intensity were interpreted in terms of a signal-detection model which assumed that subjects shifted their decision criteria temporarily on each trial. A parameter representing the amount of criterion shift reliably estimated sensitivity to social influence. When the social sensitivity parameter was estimated from the data, discriminative ability, defined as d', was unaffected by the presence of social influence. Principal components analyses suggested that social sensitivity and discriminative ability represented essentially orthogonal components of subjects' decision behavior.
Rehearsal of Kinesthetic Information in Motor Short-Term Memory
Authors: Craft John L.
Published: September 2011

Rehearsal of kinesthetic information in motor short-term memory was investigated using a sequential motor movement task. In Exp. 1, the subjects executed 3 blind linear movements and recalled one of them. In Exp. 2, the subjects executed 3 movements while receiving visual and/or verbal information regarding the extent of movement and then recalled one of them. Results indicated that the availability of visual and/or verbal information for covert rehearsal is sufficient to maintain movement extent information in short-term memory but that availability of kinesthetic information alone for covert rehearsal is not.
Effect of Two Experimental Sets on Sleep Structure
Authors: Bonnet Michael H. , Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

The effect of four perceptual sets—First Night in a sleep laboratory, Second Night in a sleep laboratory, Shock Avoidance Night, Reward Night—on the distribution of sleep was examined with 12 Ss. Both the shock avoidance and the reward conditions gave results similar to those characteristically found in the First Night Effect, i.e., increases in Stage 0, Stage 1, the latency to Stage 4, the number of Awakenings, and the number of Stage Changes coupled with a decrease in Stage 1-REM. The observed effects, however, were minimal and were interpreted as giving evidence for the sturdiness of the sleep process.
Alpha Brain Wave Production as an Interpolated Task in a Brown-Peterson Paradigm
Authors: Bridges Cecil C. , Rollings Harry E. , Rhea Ronald W.
Published: September 2011

Rehearsal, backward counting, and production of alpha brainwaves were used as interpolated tasks in a Brown-Peterson paradigm to determine their effect upon verbal retention. A within-subjects design was used in which trained subjects were told on a given trial either to produce alpha rhythm, mentally rehearse, or count backward following presentation of a CCC trigram. Results for the backward-counting condition duplicate, for the retention intervals used, the shape of the classic Peterson and Peterson forgetting curve but indicate little loss of memory in either the rehearsal or alpha conditions. No significant difference was found between the alpha production and rehearsal conditions.
Psychological Dynamics and Self-Perceptions of Persons with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Stratoudakis James P. , Hamersma Richard J. , Russell Richard K.
Published: September 2011

Recent literature suggests specific dynamic commonalities among hypertensives are unlikely; study of development, building and evaluation of programs tailored to the individual is in order.
Learning Disabilities and Central Nervous System Involvement
Authors: Brook Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The relation of damage to the central nervous system to learning disabilities remains a continuing issue. This study explored how learning disabled children fare on the Visual Retention Test. Analysis of correct scores and errors for the 24 children responding to Administration A would ordinarily suggest a primary relationship ( t = 2.60, p < .02; t = 4.01, p < .001, respectively). However, since extensive medical and case history material yielded no evidence of cerebral injury or disease and since the impact of short-term memory (Administration D) led to no further performance decrement ( t < 1.00), additional research must determine a more precise understanding of perceptual dysfunction and the role of short-term memory in regard to learning disabilities.
Note on Selective Effects of Short-Term Tobacco-Abstinence on Complex versus Simple Mental Tasks
Authors: Elgerot Anita
Published: September 2011

Effects of a 15-hr. abstention from tobacco smoking in 12 habitual smokers were examined with 3 complex cognitive tests and 2 simple perceptual tests. Abstaining from tobacco led to improved performance on the complex tests but no change on the simple ones. The results are interpreted in terms of the inverted-U relation between performance and arousal.
Inverse Scales of Opinion Obtained by Sensory-Modality Matching
Authors: Dawson William E. , Mirando Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments demonstrated that for group data the sensory-modality opinion scales for an attribute and its opposite are related in an inverse manner just as the inverse scales obtained by magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching in psychophysics. In one study, 24 subjects matched handgrip force to trigrams to indicate both ease and difficulty of pronunciation. In the other, 38 subjects matched apparent duration to occupations to indicate their desirability and undesirability. Both studies employed counterbalanced procedures. The inverse-scale relations for individuals were also examined; they varied widely across persons with only a few individuals giving inversely proportional scales. The results were related to other psychophysical and opinion scale studies.
Factor Analytic Study of Ryans Teacher Characteristics Schedule
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of measures of 19 variables from the Revised Teacher Characteristics Schedule of 294 student teachers yielded four correlated factors: I, Imaginative, stimulating, flexible teaching behavior; II, Warm, kindly, friendly, humanistic teaching behavior; III, Altruism and Commitment to Teaching as a Career; IV, Logical, cognitive teaching behavior.
Koppitz Errors on the Bender-Gestalt for Adult Retardates: Normative Data
Authors: Andert Jeffrey N. , Dinning W. David , Hustak Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Normative data on the Koppitz developmental scoring system for the Bender-Gestalt test were derived from a sample which included 510 protocols of adult resident retardates. Percentile norms are presented on Koppitz error scores for three AAMD ranges of retardation based on WAIS IQs and two AAMD ranges of retardation based on Stanford-Binet IQs.
Need for Social Approval as Related to Speech Interruption in Dyadic Communication
Authors: Natale Michael
Published: September 2011

Studies have suggested personality to be associated to initiation of simultaneous speech in dyadic communication. This investigation sought to verify an inverse relationship between an individual's social desirability and the frequency of engaged speech interruption. Ss were 64 male and 64 female college students who were divided into high, medium, and low subgroups concerning need for approval as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne scale and were required to partake in a standardized interview. A one-way analysis of variance supported the stated hypothesis.
Personality Traits and Their Relationship to Traffic Violations
Authors: Brown T. D.
Published: September 2011

There is a relationship between personality traits of enlisted personnel at one mid-west Air Force Base and their frequency of moving violations. The 52 individuals who received one or two moving violations were more emotionally stable than the 33 non-offenders and the 18 chronic offenders. Discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the personality characteristics of the occasional offender and the other two groups, but none between the chronic offender and the non-offender. The personality characteristics of the chronic offender resembled those of Zelhart's alcoholic offender and Dunbar's “accident-prone” individual. Additional research using a more heterogeneous sample might make possible identification of the high-frequency traffic violator by means of personality characteristics measured after his first offense.
Comparison of Women's Studies Students with Female Golf Star Athletes on the 16 PF
Authors: Joesting Joan , Whitehead George I.
Published: September 2011

29 female students in the first author's psychology of women took the 16 PF, along with 8 female golf stars and 8 average female golf team members. The women's studies students were significantly more venturesome, more tough-minded, and more imaginative than the female golf stars.
Potential Artifact in Dichoptic Backward Masking
Authors: Wagener John W.
Published: September 2011

Under some conditions a dark interval in the target eye may be concomitant with presentation of a dichoptic mask. Results show that this monoptic dark interval contributes to the over-all observed dichoptic masking effect.
Suppression of Mouse-Killing in Rats following Irradiation
Authors: O'Boyle Michael
Published: September 2011

Suppression of mouse-killing was produced following pairings of mouse-presentations (CS) with 96 roentgens of ionizing radiation (US) at 0 (< 2 min.) and 30 min. US-CS interstimulus intervals. No suppression was found at CS-US intervals of 30 min., 1 hr., and 2 hr., or at US-CS intervals of 1 hr. and 2 hr.
Preparation of Aircraft Engines under Programmed Learning Procedures
Authors: Catano Victor M.
Published: September 2011

A programmed procedure for installing replacement engines in aircraft is described. An essential feature was each technician signing his name to a completed program frame. The procedure led to savings in assembly time and facilitated the training of 19 new technicians.
Orienting Responses as a Function of Age and Task Complexity
Authors: Greene Roger L.
Published: September 2011

Age-related differences in the elicitation and habituation of orienting responses to the onset and offset of stimuli have been suggested by several authors. Electrodermal and cardiac orienting responses to the onset and offset of a visual stimulus were measured in three age groups (4 yr., 7 yr., and undergraduate). Each S made one of three judgments: non-signal (observe stimulus), content (color of stimulus), and duration (length of time stimulus presented). Few age differences were found in elicitation or habituation of orienting responses to stimulus onset or offset. There was a trend for elicitation of orienting responses to stimulus offset to be age-related, but the failure to find any other age-related changes made this difference somewhat questionable. Instructions as to the judgment to be made by S were the primary determinants of orienting responses to stimulus onset and offset across all age groups.
Effects of Intentional and Incidental Instructions on Picture Recognition
Authors: Bird J. Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

A detailed measure of picture recognition was used to compare memory under 3 instructional variations: (1) intentional instructions, where subjects were aware of the memory task, (2) incidental instructions, where subjects were asked to perform an orienting task of looking for object repetitions in each picture, and (3) a control group, where subjects were given the orienting task as well as intentional instructions. No differences between groups in accuracy of recognition were found, replicating findings for word recognition. Since free recall has been found to be lower under incidental than intentional instructions, the lack of a difference for word recognition has been used to support a theory of separate recall and recognition processes. Present findings partially support this view.
Validity of the McCarthy Scales for Southwestern Rural Children
Authors: Davis Everett E. , Walker Carl
Published: September 2011

Scores on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were compared with scores on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, and the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language for 49 kindergarten children about 5½ years of age. The majority of the children had been strongly influenced by the Spanish language and Mexican culture. Although the means for the tests were mostly low, intercorrelations with other tests and with previous results were satisfactory. It was concluded that these intercorrelations were evidence of the concurrent validity of the McCarthy scales.
Lying Behavior and Evaluation of Lies
Authors: Maier Richard A. , Lavrakas Paul J.
Published: September 2011

Five studies investigated lying and evaluation of lies. Study 1 concerned questionnaire data which indicated that educational background, personal morality, and religiousness are related to the evaluation of lies. In Study 2, ratings of reprehensibility of lies were related to the sex, friendship, status, and occupation of the liar, and the presumed effect of the lie on the listener. Study 3 indicated that a polygraph (GSR) could not consistently differentiate persons who were acting a dishonest role from persons acting an honest role. The fourth study investigated the ability of subjects to detect lying while listening to tape recordings of honest/dishonest role-players. Their accuracy was then compared to the accuracy of the polygraph on the same role-players. Study 5 found that subjects, as a group, made a more suspicious judgment of a role-player than they did as individual judges.
The Unimportance of Experimenter-Bias in Sensory Deprivation Research
Authors: Landon P. Bruce
Published: September 2011

3 graduate student experimenters' expectations about the stress reaction of 24 subjects to sensory deprivation or to an ambulatory control condition were factorially manipulated. No significant differences were found for experimenters' expectation, directly or through interaction. Results were interpreted as a refutation of the assumed pervasiveness of experimenter-bias effects.
Time Delay in Estimation of Angles
Authors: Ross Douglas A.
Published: September 2011

The hypotheses were that a 2-min. delay as opposed to a 2-sec. delay between observation and mechanical estimation of an acute angle will increase the likelihood of overestimation of that angle and that minimal-surround cue-conditions would produce greater overestimation than maximal cue-conditions. 40 subjects estimated a 54° acute angle presented behind a 2-way mirror in one of the four treatment combinations in a 2 × 2 factorial design. A 2-min. time delay caused significantly larger estimates of the angle. Overestimation in the maximal cue-condition was significant but the underestimate in the minimal cue-conditions was not. Cue-conditions were not significantly different from one another.
Hand Movements Which Cross the Body Midline: Findings Relating Age Differences to Handedness
Authors: Schofield W. N.
Published: September 2011

Performance of 200 children (5 groups, 4 to 12 yr.) in an experimental study of spatial development was analyzed in terms of hand preference and differences in laterality of response. In accord with the literature a cross-lateral inhibition effect was confirmed but there were marked differences between hands. The supposed ‘body midline’ seemed to offer more resistance to one hand than to the other. Alternative explanations are suggested.
Responses of Disturbed Adolescents on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: Bachtold Louise M.
Published: September 2011

Responses to the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) by 22 adolescents in a residential treatment center and 22 adolescents living at home were examined for differential reactions in 6 scoring classifications. The disturbed group did not differ in the relationships of objects in their arrangements, in objects liked and disliked, or in numbers of objects grouped by category. Reasons given for their arrangements by several members of the disturbed group held pathological implications, and significant differences were found between the two groups in the directional consistency in their arrangements. The kinds of objects sorted into good, bad, and hate by both boys and girls in the disturbed group differed significantly from the norms. It was concluded that level of symbolization, consistency in arranging, and the kinds of objects sorted into the categories should be useful in the assessment and treatment of adolescent problems.
Numerosity Discrimination of Tactile Stimuli
Authors: Posey Thomas B. , James Michael R.
Published: September 2011

The ability of 40 college students to discriminate the number of tactile stimuli presented simultaneously was measured in two experiments. Stimulation was provided by 12 solenoids fixed to points on the arms and legs. Exp. I showed a mean correct discrimination level of between 1.55 and 2.10 solenoids. Exp. II compared discrimination of numerosity by a group who received immediate feedback with a no-feedback control group. Feedback produced a small increase in this ability. However, the most stimulation points correctly discriminated did not exceed three. The data are discussed in terms of the possible role of cutaneous masking.
Selective Attention in Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Deikel Stuart M. , Friedman Morton P.
Published: September 2011

49 children, aged 11 to 14 yr., a learning disabled group and a normal group, performed a primary, reading-like, card-sorting task. After they completed the primary task, they were tested for memory of incidental materials presented during learning. While the normal children showed better recall of incidental materials related to the primary task, 24 children with disabilities showed superior recall of material irrelevant to the primary task. The results were discussed in terms of alternative “motivational” and “developmental lag” interpretations.
Training and Performance of Rhesus Monkeys as Operators in a Compensatory Manual Control System
Authors: Newsom Theodore J. , Jaeger Robert J. , Bachman John A.
Published: September 2011

Two rhesus monkeys were trained as operators in a compensatory manual control system similar to systems used in human studies. Training procedures used to shape compensatory tracking behavior included a multiple shock-avoidance technique, the gradual introduction of the system input, and sharpening visual stimulus control of tracking behavior. Time-on-target scores for the monkeys were 95% to 98% while responding to three different frequency bandwidths of the system input. As frequency bandwidth increased, no significant increase in error was noted, the monkeys returned the target element to the center target area at increasing rates, and the number of shocks delivered to each subject remained low. Bode plots and stripouts of input, output, and error signals resembled those typically obtained in human studies. Through extrapolations based on nonhuman primate performance, the conclusion was that the task development and training procedures of the present study provided a means for estimating human performance in manual control systems under environmental stress or in hazardous environments.
The Personal Attribute Inventory
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Bryant William T. , Shirazi Annmarie
Published: September 2011

The Personal Attribute Inventory is a scale that should prove applicable to a broad range of interpersonal assessments. There are 50 positive and 50 negative adjectives from Gough's (1952) Adjective Check List from which subjects are instructed to select 30 which are most descriptive of the target group or person in question. Using the term “Negroes” as the target stimulus on three different occasions, this scale's test-retest reliabilities were .904, .94, and .95. Its criterion-related validity with the Westie scale was .46 ( p < .001) and with the Ewens checklist was .55 and .66 ( p < .01, < .001, respectively). Further application is needed to assess the usefulness of this procedure.
Laterality, Hand Preference, and Human Spatial Ability
Authors: McGee Mark G.
Published: September 2011

6 left-handed females scored significantly below 60 right-handed females on a test of spatial visualization ( p < .005). 13 left-handed males showed a higher mean score than 33 right-handed males on the spatial test, although this difference was not statistically significant. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the left cerebral hemisphere is of greater relative importance to spatial functioning in females than males.
Category Size, Feature Comparison, and the Comprehension of Figurative Propositions
Authors: Malgady Robert G.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 20 subjects made comparative judgments about either the similarity between the subject and predicate nouns linked in a metaphor or the goodness of a metaphor as a figure of speech. Psychological scaling of metaphorical propositions indicated that semantic decisions were internally consistent. Adjectives which reduced category (predicate noun) size in a proposition increased similarity and figural goodness. When two adjectives were used to modify subject and predicate nouns, similarity and figural goodness were higher in comparison to metaphors containing only one adjective. In addition, the number of highly salient semantic features shared by nouns was varied over replications. Nouns which shared two salient features were judged more similar and formed better figures of speech than those sharing only one feature. Results were discussed as evidence for comparison of features in the comprehension of semantic relations.
Interview Techniques vs Developmental Tests in Assessing the Intellectual Levels of Young Children
Authors: Kaplan Harriett E.
Published: September 2011

20 young children, 11 boys and 9 girls, 13 to 30 mo. of age were assessed developmentally on the Gesell Developmental Record by 2 psychiatric residents and on the Bayley scales by 2 psychologists. The psychologists and psychiatric residents also gave their opinions based on interviews of half of these children. Spearman correlations were high for Bayley and Gesell scores. Psychologists' estimates correlated better with the Bayley and the Gesell scores than did the estimates of psychiatry residents. Clearly, the structured tests were superior to interviewers' estimates in assessing the developmental level of these small children. After quite limited training, the psychiatric residents were able to use the Gesell scales effectively.
Evidence from Mutual Masking for Serial Processing of Tachistoscopic Letter Patterns
Authors: Nice D. Stephen , Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

This experiment demonstrates serial processing of tachistoscopic patterns when all potential artifacts are eliminated. Two nonsense arrays of six letters were tachistoscopically exposed successively at the same positions. Ss identified more letters from the temporally first string on the left of fixation and more from the second on the right, indicating left-to-right serial processing. Variations among Ss in the location of the crossover in curves indicate individual differences in processing time. Therefore, this study demonstrates definitively that tachistoscopic performance at various positions can reflect a sequential left-to-right processing of information, possibly at different rates.
Reliability of Two Measures of Imagery
Authors: Westcott Thomas B. , Rosenstock Edward
Published: September 2011

Reliabilities were sought for the two most frequently used imagery assessment devices, the Vividness of Imagery Scale of Betts Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery and Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. Reliability was assessed by means of test-retest and Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha using 147 subjects. Betts scale test-retest reliabilities ranged from .72 to .75, and alphas ranged from .90 to .94. Gordon scale test-retest reliabilities ranged from .81 to .86 and alphas from .53 to .74. Testing implications are discussed.
Artificial Humor and Uncertainty
Authors: Hoppe Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

It was suggested that incongruity varies curvilinearly with uncertainty and humor varies directly with incongruity. Therefore, it was predicted that by varying the uncertainty of strings of words in one study and the grammaticality of sentences in another study, a curvilinear relationship between uncertainty-grammaticality and judged humor would occur. The results of the two studies confirmed the prediction.
Effects of Marijuana, Expectation and “Suggestibility” on Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Butler John L. , Gaines Lawrence S. , Lenox John R.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of (a) E-provided “information” about the effects of to-be-smoked marijuana, (b) Ss' extreme performance on the Barber Suggestibility Scale, and (c) marijuana in 60 marijuana-experienced Ss on selected cognitive tasks and subjective evaluations of drug potency. Greater cognitive impairment was expected in a misinformed highly “suggestible” group than in a low “suggestible” group. The results indicate a significant post-marijuana deficit on some tasks not sensitive to effects of “suggestibility” or “information.”
Size of Audience and Social Facilitation
Authors: McCullagh Penny Dorrance , Landers Daniel M.
Published: September 2011

Based on the summation principle (Weiss & Miller, 1971), the strength of audience-induced drive was manipulated by varying the size of an audience from 1 to 6 members. Male college subjects performed on two motor tasks, ball rolling and reaction time. Nervousness and activation levels were rated by subjects as well as members of an audience. Tests of linearity indicated that activation and nervousness increased as size of audience increased. Tests of linearity for both performance measures were nonsignificant and were therefore not in the direction predicted by drive summation.
Relation of Heart-Rate Deceleration and Simple Reaction Time
Authors: Elliott Rogers , Bankart C. Peter , Flaherty Bruce
Published: September 2011

In two experiments, factors known to affect speed of simple reaction time (RT) were varied, and the phasic heart-rate deceleration preceding the reaction signal was measured. Both heart-rate deceleration and RT were affected by incentive, preparatory interval, and mode of presentation (whether predictable or unpredictable) of the preparatory intervals in a series. But the effect of a factor on one could not predict its effect upon the other, and heart-rate deceleration and RT were generally uncorrelated.
Menstrual Cycle and Ethanol Effects on Temporal Discrimination
Authors: Clare Gail , Tong J. E. , Lyon R. G. , Leigh Gillian
Published: September 2011

Hypotheses predicting a differential effect for ethanol according to the biological level of arousal on which the drug is superimposed were examined by testing 8 female subjects for two-flash discrimination over 2 mo. at Days 14 and Days 27 of their menstrual cycles. Ethanol treatment was at three levels, placebo, 0.02% and 0.05% blood alcohol. Analysis of variance indicated no significant effect on fusion threshold for days but a significant effect for ethanol and a significant interaction of ethanol and days.
Influence of Field-Independence and Study Habits on Academic Performance of Black Students in a Predominantly White University
Authors: Levine Frederic J.
Published: September 2011

The relation of field-independence and of study habits and attitudes to grades of black (19 men, 49 women) and white (18 men, 39 women) college freshmen was studied. Field-independence was positively related to grades for black males only, and study habits were negatively related to grades for black males. Small sample size and a relatively unreliable dependent variable make this only a preliminary study.
Relationships between Performances of Young Handicapped Children on Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Revised Stanford-Binet Scale
Authors: Groden Gerald , Branson Michael , Mann Leesa
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Revised Stanford-Binet standard scores for handicapped children of chronological ages 3, 4, 5, and 6 yr. indicated uniform underestimation of the Stanford-Binet scores by the Peabody at the lower performance levels. A regression equation for determining estimates of Stanford-Binet performance from Peabody scores was calculated.
Determinants of Personal Space in Young Children: Perception of Distance Cues
Authors: Melson Gail F.
Published: September 2011

Two methods of assessing personal space in young children were examined in a group of 24 boys and 24 girls, aged 3 to 6 yr. When sex of peer figures and affect attributed to them were varied, 3-yr.-olds made distance-cue judgments based on affect but failed to use affect cues in structuring personal space. However, 4- to 6-yr.-olds readily perceived and used distance to communicate the affective quality of peer relations. On both measures, perception of distance cues increased with age. Only girls also used sex of figures as a social cue in depicting appropriate distances.
Effect of Stress on Field Dependence
Authors: Sarris Viktor , Heineken Edgar , Peters Hildegard
Published: September 2011

60 subjects were tested in the rod-and-frame test under flicker conditions (stress). As compared to scores in a control situation (no flicker), the rod-and-frame scores were large under stress and increased monotonically during the session. Furthermore, both intra- and interindividual variability of rod-and-frame performance changed under stress conditions in a consistent manner. The general results, which clearly point to a reliable influence of stress on field dependency, are discussed within the methodological framework of Witkin's theory of perception and personality.
Eye Color and Responsiveness to Arousing Stimuli
Authors: Markle Allan
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was advanced that dark-eyed subjects are more responsive to arousing stimuli than light-eyed subjects. 40 subjects listened to neutral and arousing auditory stimuli and viewed scenes which were neutral, violent, or sexual in nature. The dependent measure of arousal was a score derived from a combination of physiological responses recorded on a polygraph. Scores were significantly higher for dark-eyed than light-eyed subjects. Significant sex differences were also found, females having higher scores than males. Implications for future research and application were discussed.
Sex and Grade-Level Differences in Need Achievement among Black College Students
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

The major purpose of the present study was to investigate sex differences among black college students in need for achievement ( n Ach). 60 freshmen and seniors who served as subjects were administered the TAT. A 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design was used with sex, task orientation, and grade level as the independent variables. The results showed black females to be higher on n Ach than black males and that n Ach increased with grade level. These findings were interpreted in line with a “matricentric structure of black families” hypothesis and “internal control” theory, respectively. Task-orientation conditions did not affect n Ach.
Bizarre Imagery and Associative Learning: A Confirmation
Authors: Andreoff George R. , Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: September 2011

Previous research has demonstrated quite conclusively that bizarre imagery has little influence on recall of paired associates. This experiment showed that bizarreness does facilitate recall, particularly retention over a 24-hr. period. Instructions to relate imagery with positive emotional reactions, however, did not facilitate either immediate or delayed retention of concrete word pairs. Results are discussed in terms of a cognitive elaboration hypothesis.
Sport-Related Attitudes and the Philosophies of Human Nature Scale
Authors: Cutcheon Lynn E. Mc , Phillips Pat
Published: September 2011

The revised Philosophies of Human Nature scale was presented to 94 females and 94 males to develop normative data. There were no significant sex differences in the norms. A questionnaire about sports was presented at the same time to determine relationships between the two scales. Females who claimed frequent sports participation were less likely to have an internal locus of control and were less likely to believe that human beings are complex than females who claimed infrequent participation. A comparison of those who like and dislike sports gave no significant differences for either sex on the sub-scales of Philosophies of Human Nature. The findings are consistent with previous research which generally shows little or no effect of interest or participation in sports on personality traits.
Some Indian Data on Reliability of the Hindi Translation of the Uses Test
Authors: Pandey Anirudh
Published: September 2011

Interscorer, test-retest and split-half reliabilities of the Hindi translation of Dennis' Uses Test were estimated with 180 Indian subjects, varying in academic placement from nursery to college and in age from 5 to 25 yr. The three reliabilities ranged from .97 down to .85, .89 down to .24 and .82 down to .25 respectively. On the basis of these results, the Hindi translation seems useful for group comparisons of children, adolescents and adults in India, except scores on religious value which are of doubtful utility.
Test of the Incidental-Cues Hypothesis
Authors: Denis Michel
Published: September 2011

Five groups of adult Ss were submitted to free-recall learning of 24 objects presented as written nouns for the control group and as pictures for experimental groups, as follows: schematic black and white, schematic colored, detailed black and white, and detailed colored drawings. Pictures were better recalled than nouns. Recall was significantly inferior for schematic black and white than for detailed colored drawings, with schematic colored and detailed black and white drawings at an intermediate level. These results support the so-called incidental-cues hypothesis according to which the best recall of pictures in comparison with that of nouns is partially the result of pictures having more distinctive cues likely to be encoded than do verbal items.