bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The new generation: characteristics and motivations of BME graduate entrepreneurs
Authors: Hussain Javed G. , Scott Jonathan M. , Hannon Paul D.
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to profile the characteristics and entrepreneurial motivations of graduate entrepreneurs from black and minority ethnic (BME) communities.

Design/methodology/approach

To gather the data, the authors interviewed selected individuals from within the BME community (including current students and graduates from various universities, predominantly in the West Midlands, UK), analysed the transcripts and compared the findings with the review of literature.

Findings

Evidence suggests that BME graduate entrepreneurs were diverse in terms of their characteristics: size, gender, ethnicity and when they started the business. Almost all interviewees had worked for someone before they started their business. The two most compelling motivations for start up were “being your own boss”, especially for Indians and Bangladeshis; and making more money (31 per cent), in particular for African Caribbeans. Over half of interviewees started a business in a sector in which they had prior experience, knowledge or skills. Two thirds of interviewees obtained advice from family and friends, while just over a third had completed any kind of training or course.

Research limitations/implications

The sample of BME graduate entrepreneurs in this study was both small and selective. It was not statistically significant, nor did it represent a random selection of the BME graduate entrepreneurs in the UK or the respective population mix. Hence, there is a need for a larger scale study and the inclusion of a white control group.

Originality/value

This study provides an insight into characteristics and entrepreneurial motivations of BME graduate entrepreneurs. Though the results of this study are indicative, there is a compelling case for further research into this relatively unexplored group.
Synthesis of new disperse azo dyes based on oxopyridine core
Authors: Shams H.Z. , Helal M.H. , Samir I.M. , Mohareb R.M.
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the dyeing performance of newly designed and synthesised azo dye systems based on polyfunctionally substituted oxopyridine core for improved dyeing when applied to synthetic fibres.

Design/methodology/approach

For improved dyeing qualities, various azo dye systems were synthesised based on polyfunctionally substituted oxopyridine core as the coupling component. The heterocyclic moiety was coupled with diazotized aromatic amines or diazotized tetrahydrobenzothiophenes to afford the respective azo or hydrazono systems. Other counterparts were obtained via treatment with different reagents. The structure of the novel systems was elucidated based on elemental analysis and spectral data. Dyeing performance, electronic spectra and optical properties were characterised based on UV and K/S measurements. Fastness properties were also evaluated.

Findings

The novel systems were designed so that the functionalities located on the heterocyclic core afforded structure modification that led not only to good dispersion but also to improved adherence on the fibre. The sites of location led to construction of a resonating system with higher electron mobility and higher absorption maxima.

Research limitations/implications

The azo dyes, used in the present context were synthesised via a step‐wise pathway leading to different systems of dyes. In addition, the variations in substituents and sites of location on the heterocyclic core could also be studied.

Practical implications

The novel azo dye systems based on polyfunctionally substituted oxopyridine core provide a simple practical access to a series of azo dyes with improved dyeing properties. The availability of starting materials, the simplicity and efficiency for production in good yields and high‐purity can lead to valuable achievements for commercial production.

Originality/value

The designed and synthesised azo dye systems could find numerous applications as disperse dyes in the fields of dyeing, printing and surface coating. Moreover, the systems could find applications as reactive dyes for wool, silk and cellulosic fibres.
Progressing the definition of “e‐book”
Authors: Vassiliou Magda , Rowley Jennifer
Published: September 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a definition for the concept “e‐book” on the basis of an analysis of existing definitions. The e‐book marketplace is growing rapidly and the potential impact of e‐books on publishers, librarian and users is increasing in significance. Yet, there is agreement that despite a few widely accepted definitions there is no consensus on the definition of the term e‐book, and, further that consensus on the definition would be beneficial for both researchers and practitioners.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper starts with a brief overview of the developments in e‐books, covering technologies, marketplaces, and the attractions and challenges associated with e‐books for users and libraries. It then reports on a content analysis of existing definitions of e‐book. A collection of definitions was compiled through an exhaustive literature review. Content analysis was performed to identify the frequency of occurrence of key words and phrases across these definitions.

Findings

There is a consensus that definitions of e‐book should include reference to: the digital or electronic nature of e‐books, analogy to printed book, some indication of the content of e‐books, and some allusion to e‐book technologies. We propose a two‐part definition that embraces these themes, but also reflects the in‐use features of the e‐book. Conclusions and recommendations make proposals for further discussion on the concept of e‐book and, more widely, into the publication, acquisition and use of e‐books.

Originality/value

In the rapidly developing e‐book marketplace it is essential to have agreement on the definition of e‐book, and furthermore, such a definition needs to reflect both the persistent characteristics of e‐books, and their dynamic and developing nature.
Implementation of an innovative RFID application in libraries
Authors: Yu Shien‐Chiang
Published: September 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to considers how to extend RFID applications given the limited funds and budgets in libraries. RFID can replace barcodes and magnetic strips for security control and collections management.

Design/methodology/approach

This study describes the Shih‐Hsin University Library UHF RFID system which uses long distance induction to assist in three innovative applications. The three applications are regional seeking and positioning for collections in mis‐shelves or collections loss in library, statistics calculation in usage frequency and length of book reading, and instant library guiding service. This research explains the implementation of the tag frequency, the construction of the multi‐transceiver and existing TCP/IP network appliances.

Findings

The application not only estimates benefits in advance and lower the risk of failure setups, but it also provides innovative library services.

Originality/value

This study discusses issues and possible solutions in the process of implementing RFID applications for three innovative applications in library services.
A university library laptop lending service: an analysis using two student surveys
Authors: Lei Hsieh Ma , Holden Hugh
Published: September 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to report on a study of an academic library's wireless laptop lending service. The authors believed that the unexpectedly low usage level of the Monmouth University Library's Laptop Lending Service (LLS) could best be understood by engaging the intended users of the LLS, that is, the students of Monmouth University, a small university in New Jersey. A formal, systematic survey would provide substantive data that would help the Library to evaluate this service and determine how well it meets the needs and expectations of students and answer the question, “Is it sufficient to provide wireless access?”

Design/methodology/approach

The open source application PHP Surveyor was used to construct two web‐based surveys which were conducted two years apart (2005 and 2007). An invitation to participate in the survey was emailed to all registered students. Follow‐up emails attended both surveys.

Findings

Among other things, it was learned that the fact that a large majority of the students believe that an LLS is a valuable service may not, in itself, assure a high level of usage. But also, a high level of personal laptop ownership among students does not necessarily lead to low demand for the service.

Practical implications

The useful information and ideas that we gained from these surveys could benefit libraries that are planning to implement laptop services, or wish to assess their existing services.

Originality/value

Few research studies on library laptop services have focused on the students' perspective. This study does that, but also, uniquely, made it possible to juxtapose results from various similar studies of students and a survey of academic librarians.
Contextual elements and conceptual components of information visibility on the web
Authors: Mansourian Yazdan
Published: September 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to report the result of follow‐up research on end‐users' conceptions of information visibility on the web and their conceptualizations of success and failure in web searching.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected by a questionnaire followed by a brief interview with the participants. The questionnaire was developed based on the information visibility model suggested by the author in the original study. Fifty‐two library and information sciences students from Tarbiat Mollem University (TMU) and Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) in Tehran took part in the study.

Findings

The model of information visibility can enable web users to gain a better understanding of their information seeking (IS) outcomes and it can assist them to improve their information literacy skills. The model can provide a theoretical framework to investigate web users' IS behavior and can be used as a diagnostic tool to explore the contextual and conceptual elements affecting the visibility of information for end‐users.

Research limitations/implications

The paper suggests a visibility learning diary (VLD), which might be useful to measure the efficiency of information literacy training courses.

Originality/value

The contextual and conceptual approach of the paper provides a deeper insight into the issue of information visibility, which has received little attention by IS and information retrieval researchers until now.
Stock option disclosures of directors: where transparency can mask secrecy
Authors: Nelson Jodie , Percy Majella
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The paper's aim is to investigate the stock option disclosures of directors and the five most highly remunerated officers in the directors' report of Australian companies for the years 2000 and 2002 and the choice to position these disclosures in the notes to the financial statements as opposed to the directors' report.

Design/methodology/approach

The study examines the compliance with mandatory disclosures for stock options for companies in the top 400 and also ascertains if there is consistent compliance across all required categories, including sensitive disclosures.

Findings

Although compliance is high for most of the required stock option disclosures, 43 of the 153 firms in the sample did not disclose the amount (value) of the options issued. Another 27 of the companies disclosed a “Nil” value for the value of options issued. Most of the companies disclosed the information in the directors' report, with larger companies and companies in the finance industry more likely to disclose in the notes to the financial statements, where the information is less visible.

Originality/value

The results indicate that companies were secretive about the most sensitive of the required disclosures, the amount (value) of the options issued. Regulators and researchers need to be cautious in conducting compliance studies as although companies appear to be transparent in their disclosures about stock options for directors, closer examination reveals secrecy about sensitive components of the required disclosures.
Qualis? From theory to practice
Authors: Barnham Chris
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The conventional distinction between quantitative and qualitative research is constructed around a familiar dichotomy. Within it, the former is construed as more “factual” and “objective” and it is contrasted with the more interpretative approaches of qualitative research. The latter, in this account, is enlisted to enhance understanding of the consumer even if it is considered inherently less reliable and less “valid” in nature. The purpose of this paper is to challenge this familiar distinction and propose a more fundamental one in its place.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative research is conventionally understood within a framework delineated by modern psychology. The task of qualitative research within this model is to understand the motivations of consumers and to provide explanations that are deeper and less “on the surface” than those elicited by quantitative methods. Such a perspective on qualitative research ignores the fact, however, that the distinctions which exist between the two methodologies are much more profound. We need to look at the underlying philosophical foundations of the two approaches and recognise that they can be distinguished at a more critical level. This paper will argue that they can be understood with much greater clarity in terms of how subjects and predicates are related to each other.

Findings

This reframing of the theoretical assumptions of qualitative research would lead, one might expect, to a radical reinterpretation of qualitative research. This paper goes on to demonstrate, however, that, paradoxically, this is not the case. What will be demonstrated is that some of the more important methodologies developed in qualitative research correspond precisely with the new theoretical model that is being put forward. As such, they tend to confirm the fundamental assumptions of the subject/predicate model proposed.

Originality/value

The value of this paper is to encourage greater theoretical perspective on the nature of qualitative research and its methodologies.
US DOL regulations may challenge private investment funds
Authors: Carleen Donald P. , Ross Jeffrey
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze recent regulations and proposed regulations issued by the US Department of Labor (DOL) that relate to the reporting of compensation paid to service providers to employee benefit plans.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews the statutory provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), applicable DOL regulations as available in the Federal Register and certain public comments and a DOL FAQs document regarding the applicable regulations available on the DOL's web site. The paper also relies on observations of common market practice based on actual experience.

Findings

Recent DOL regulations – in particular those related to Form 5500 reporting and the “Necessary Services Exemption” – may significantly affect the reporting obligations of certain private investment fund sponsors with respect to their employee benefit plan investors. It shows that, although the scope of these regulations is understandable in the context of participant‐directed defined contribution plans, they may be less so in the context of defined benefit plans, which invest more frequently in private investment funds. There are some potential exceptions, on which private investment fund sponsors may be able to rely. Achieving compliance with the rules as drafted, however, may be time‐consuming and costly.

Practical implications

Private investment fund sponsors may wish to begin looking at their compensation and service provider arrangements in light of these regulations and consider how best to respond.

Originality/value

The paper contains two experienced ERISA practitioners' analysis of recent regulations on which relatively few stakeholders have seemed to focus to date.
FIN 48: headaches for hedge fund tax compliance function
Authors: Lorence Roger D.
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain some tax management complications for onshore and offshore hedge funds posed by US FIN 48, Uncertain Tax Positions, and to emphasize the hedge fund manager's responsibility for careful tax planning and compliance.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses a hedge fund's objective to deliver tax‐efficient results to investors, explains the background of FIN 48, and illustrates five types of situations in which conservative auditors following FIN 48 may raise “red flags.”

Findings

With the advent of FIN 48's standards careful tax planning and compliance are more important than ever for a hedge fund. Significant complications may arise from unwise, tardy, or missed tax elections; filing an IRS Form 8275, Disclosure Statement, stating that a fund is using a method of accounting contrary to IRS regulations; or having a business construed for US tax purposes as a finance company operating in the USA. Hedge fund managers need to know the rules concerning interest expense exceeding interest income and expenses paid by investors in a fund of funds.

Originality/value

The paper provides practical guidance from an experienced securities and hedge fund lawyer.
Ruling creates uncertainty under Section 13(d)
Authors: McGuiness William , Simmons Peter L. , Schwenkel Robert C. , Sorkin John E.
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain the implications of a June 11, 2008 decision by the US District Court for the Southern District of New York in CSX Corp. v. The Children's Investment Fund Management (UK) LLP concerning beneficial ownership and reporting obligations under Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for long parties to cash‐settled total return equity swaps.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper summarizes the decision, discusses the court's analysis as written by Judge Lewis A. Kaplan, notes the court's limitation of its ruling to the facts of the case, explains why two funds that “compare notes” may be considered a group, discusses the permanent injunction against the defendants enjoining them from future violations of Section 13(d), and analyzes the implications of the judge's decision.

Findings

A new decision by the federal district court in New York creates uncertainty regarding whether the long party to a cash‐settled total return equity swap will be deemed to beneficially own the publicly traded reference security for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Holders of cash‐settled total return swaps have historically relied on the absence of the legal right to vote or dispose of the reference security as a basis not to file a 13D with respect to the shares referenced in those swap contracts. The new decision casts doubt on that reasoning, and finds that an investor that consciously structured its swap contracts to try to end‐run its otherwise applicable reporting obligations was deemed to beneficially own the shares subject to the swaps, and accordingly had violated Section 13(d) by failing to file a Schedule 13D in the required time.

Practical implications

The ruling is important for financial institutions and investors who deal in derivatives such as equity swaps and who must determine whether and when reporting under Section 13(d) is required.

Originality/value

The paper is an analysis and provides guidance by experienced securities lawyers.
PRC domestic fund management companies may now establish operations in Hong Kong
Authors: Teu Vivien
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain the Rules on the Establishment of Operations in Hong Kong by Securities Investment Fund Management Companies, issued pursuant to Supplement 4 to the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, under which PRC domestic fund management companies specifically approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission may establish subsidiaries in Hong Kong to operate relevant businesses.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explains some of the key provisions of the rules relating to the establishment of HK operations, outlines continuing obligations of fund management companies after they have established HK operations, and discusses applicability of the rules to equity participations and the formation of establishments in other jurisdictions.

Findings

In 2007 several fund management companies, approved by the CSRC as qualified domestic institutional investors' issued fund products for overseas investment. Many in the domestic fund management industry hope to set up Hong Kong operations to further their overseas investment initiatives.

Practical implications

The rules are a significant first step in allowing domestic fund management companies to create global investment management platforms outside the PRC.

Originality/value

The paper offers practical guidance by experienced securities lawyers.
Placing the Japanese retail sector in context: issues for marketers in overseas companies
Authors: Lee Yang‐Im , Trim Peter R.J.
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the retailing industry in Japan, in order that marketing managers employed by overseas companies contemplating entering the Japanese market are able to devise successful market entry strategies.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review, and an analysis and interpretation of several interlinked bodies of knowledge was conducted.

Findings

The retailing sector in Japan is both complex and well established. Managers in Japanese companies understand the necessity to market innovatory products, relate to customer expectations, and establish sustainable business relationships based on trust. The multi‐layered distribution system in Japan dictates the role of each member of the marketing channel and in order to succeed, an overseas company will need to exhibit a high degree of specialization. New market opportunities are evolving and those that enter the market will need to work closely with all their channel partner members and various government representatives.

Research limitations/implications

Managers based in overseas companies will need to undertake research into how Japanese companies produce innovatory products; how they research specific industry sectors; how they organize their marketing intelligence activities; and how they engage in information sharing and exchange.

Practical implications

Managers based in overseas companies will need to develop long‐term mutually oriented, sustainable business relationships with their counterparts in Japanese companies, and this may require a change in organizational culture and the adoption of new business practices.

Originality/value

The paper provides a number of insights into retailing practices in Japan and an overview of the electronics industry.
Sabre Yachts: a case study
Authors: Sherman Herbert , Leach Thomas C. , Rowley Daniel J.
Published: September 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze Sabre Yachts, a firm that manufactures specialty sail and power boats.

Design/methodology/approach

A case research method including field interviews and secondary research was carried out. The case describes the dilemma that the Marketing Manager, Bentley Collins of Sabre Yachts faced in developing a profitable marketing mix given the firm's competitors, product line, industry and national economic trends and provides an analysis of the situation through structured case questions and answers.

Findings

Sabre decided to “stick to the knitting” (Peters and Waterman) and not expand geographically, as the authors suggested, into the largest state market segments. Instead, they took a more conservative approach and expanded their product line which expanded the breadth of their market into other boat market (size) segments.

Originality/value

The case analysis applies strategic management and marketing concepts to a specific real‐life business situation and demonstrates the value of using theory in practice.
Risk factors for sebaceous gland diseases and their relationship to gastrointestinal dysfunction in Han adolescents
Authors: ZHANG Hong , LIAO Wanqing , CHAO Woon , CHEN Qiaoling , ZENG Hanxiang , WU Chipeng , WU Shaoxi , HO Hon In
Published: September 2008

Sebaceous gland diseases are a group of common dermatological diseases with multiple causes. To date, a systematic report of the risk factors for sebaceous gland diseases in adolescents has not been published. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors for certain sebaceous gland diseases (seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, androgenetic alopecia and rosacea) and their relationship to gastrointestinal dysfunction in adolescents. From August–October, 2002–2005, a questionnaire survey was carried out to obtain epidemiological data about sebaceous gland diseases. Using random cluster sampling, 13 215 Han adolescents aged 12–20 years were recruited from four countries or districts (Macau; Guangzhou, China; Malaysia; and Indonesia). The statistical software SPSS ver. 13.0 was used to analyze the data. The prevalence of seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, androgenetic alopecia and rosacea was 28.27%, 10.17%, 51.03%, 1.65% and 0.97%, respectively. Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk factors for sebaceous gland diseases included: age; duration of local residency; halitosis; gastric reflux; abdominal bloating; constipation; sweet food; spicy food; family history of acne; late night sleeping on a daily basis; excessive axillary, body and facial hair; excessive periareolar hair; and anxiety. There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms (halitosis; gastric reflux; abdominal bloating; constipation) between patients with and without sebaceous gland diseases (χ2 = 150.743; P = 0.000). Gastrointestinal dysfunction is an important risk factor for diseases of the sebaceous glands and is correlated with their occurrence and development.
Review article: the evaluation of solitary liver masses
Authors: BAHIRWANI R. , REDDY K. R.
Published: September 2008

Background The increasing use of imaging modalities has led to the detection of more liver masses. The differential diagnosis of a focal liver mass includes a host of benign as well as malignant conditions.

Aim To provide a comprehensive review on the commonly encountered liver masses, and to help guide an approach to their evaluation and management.

Methods Pertinent literature that was identified through PubMed search and senior author’s experience formed the basis of this review.

Results While most incidentally noted liver masses are benign, it may be difficult to differentiate them from those that are malignant. Furthermore, some benign lesions have malignant potential. Certain lesions such as focal nodular hyperplasia, haemangiomas and focal steatosis are often distinctly diagnosed by an imaging modality alone. The less frequently encountered hepatic adenomas are diagnosed radiologically in those with the appropriate clinical background and the absence of radiological features to suggest haemangioma or focal nodular hyperplasia.

Conclusions A reasonable approach to the diagnosis, follow‐up and management of liver masses is based on a rudimentary knowledge of their presentation, associated clinical and laboratory features, natural history and available treatment options. Most often, the so called ‘incidentalomas’ are benign and require patient reassurance.
Genetic analysis, breed assignment and conservation priorities of three native Danish horse breeds
Authors: Thirstrup J. P. , Pertoldi C. , Loeschcke V.
Published: September 2008

A genetic analysis was performed on three indigenous Danish horse breeds using 12 microsatellite markers from a standard kit for parental testing. These three breeds are all considered endangered based on their small population sizes. Genetic variation in these three breeds was comparable to other horse breeds in Europe, and they do not seem to be at immediate danger of extinction caused by genetic deterioration. The Knabstrupper breed had more genetic variation, as measured by expected heterozygosity and allelic richness, than the other two breeds (Frederiksborg and Jutland).FSTstatistics and population assignments confirmed population differentiation into three distinct breeds. The Frederiksborg and Knabstrupper breeds were closer to each other than to the Jutland breed. When establishing conservation priorities for the breeds, the priorities will depend on the conservation goals. Different methods for establishing conservation priorities are also discussed.
46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD)
Authors: Mendonca Berenice Bilharinho , Domenice Sorahia , Arnhold Ivo J. P. , Costa Elaine M. F.
Published: September 2008

The term disorders of sex development (DSD) includes congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.

Mutations in genes present in X, Y or autosomal chromosomes can cause abnormalities of testis determination or disorders of sex differentiation leading to 46,XY DSD. Detailed clinical phenotypes allow the identification of new factors that can alter the expression or function of mutated proteins helping to understand new undisclosed biochemical pathways. In this review we present an update on 46,XY DSD aetiology, diagnosis and treatment based on extensive review of the literature and our three decades of experience with these patients.
Mutations of maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes in Thais with early‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Plengvidhya Nattachet , Boonyasrisawat Watip , Chongjaroen Nalinee , Jungtrakoon Prapaporn , Sriussadaporn Sutin , Vannaseang Sathit , Banchuin Napatawn , Yenchitsomanus Pa‐thai
Published: September 2008

Objective  Six known genes responsible for maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) were analysed to evaluate the prevalence of their mutations in Thai patients with MODY and early‐onset type 2 diabetes.

Patients and methods  Fifty‐one unrelated probands with early‐onset type 2 diabetes, 21 of them fitted into classic MODY criteria, were analysed for nucleotide variations in promoters, exons, and exon–intron boundaries of six known MODY genes, including HNF‐4α, GCK, HNF‐1α, IPF‐1, HNF‐1β, and NeuroD1/β2, by the polymerase chain reaction‐single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) method followed by direct DNA sequencing. Missense mutations or mutations located in regulatory region, which were absent in 130 chromosomes of non‐diabetic controls, were classified as potentially pathogenic mutations.

Results  We found that mutations of the six known MODY genes account for a small proportion of classic MODY (19%) and early‐onset type 2 diabetes (10%) in Thais. Five of these mutations are novel including GCK R327H, HNF‐1α P475L, HNF‐1αG554fsX556, NeuroD1–1972 G > A and NeuroD1 A322N. Mutations of IPF‐1 and HNF‐1β were not identified in the studied probands.

Conclusions  Mutations of the six known MODY genes may not be a major cause of MODY and early‐onset type 2 diabetes in Thais. Therefore, unidentified genes await discovery in a majority of Thai patients with MODY and early‐onset type 2 diabetes.
Myocardial lipofuscin‐laden lysosomes contain the apoptosis marker caspase‐cleaved cytokeratin‐18
Authors: Soleiman A. , Lukschal A. , Hacker S. , Aumayr K. , Hoetzenecker K. , Lichtenauer M. , Moser B. , Untersmayr E. , Horvat R. , Ankersmit H. J.
Published: September 2008

Background  Acute coronary syndrome is related to increased circulatory concentration of soluble apoptosis specific caspase‐cleaved cytokeratin‐18 (ccCK‐18). Potential cardiac sources of this intermediate filament derivative have not been investigated to date.

Materials and methods  Paraffin embedded tissue of normal myocardium, and chronically damaged samples of ischaemic, congestive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were analysed by histology and by CK‐8, CK‐18, ccCK‐18 immunohistochemistry (each group, n = 15). Antibody specificity of the ccCK‐18 antibody M30 was checked by immunoblotting on lysed myocardium and enriched myocardial lysosomes.

Results  ccCK‐18 and CK‐18 but not CK‐8 were present in all forms of cardiomyopathy, most prominently in ischaemic cardiomyopathy while only traces were detectable immunohistochemically in normal myocardium. Weak CK‐18 and strong ccCK‐18 staining co‐localized to lysosomes with cardiac age pigment lipofuscin. Weak staining of CK‐18 was detected in the cytoplasm of coronary endothelia.

Conclusion  Our study reveals that cardiac lipofuscin‐laden lysosomes contain ccCK‐18, a marker of apoptosis and its precursor CK‐18. This ccCK‐18 pool might contribute to increased systemic levels of ccCK‐18 in acute coronary syndrome thus monitoring myocardial damage.
Vascular cell responsiveness to Toll‐like receptor ligands in carotid atheroma
Authors: Erridge C. , Burdess A. , Jackson A. J. , Murray C. , Riggio M. , Lappin D. , Milligan S. , Spickett C. M. , Webb D. J.
Published: September 2008

Background  Atherosclerosis is potentiated by stimulation of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), which serve to detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However little is known of which PAMPs may be present in atheroma, or capable of stimulating inflammatory signalling in vascular cells.

Materials and Methods  DNA extracted from human carotid atheroma samples was amplified and sequenced using broad‐range 16S gene specific primers to establish historical exposure to bacterial PAMPs. Responsiveness of primary human arterial and venous endothelial and smooth muscle cells to PAMPs specific for each of the TLRs was assessed by measurement of interleukin‐8 secretion and E‐selectin expression.

Results  Extracts of atheromatous tissue stimulated little or no signalling in TLR‐transfected HEK‐293 cells. However, sequencing of bacterial DNA amplified from carotid atheroma revealed the presence of DNA from 17 different bacterial genera, suggesting historical exposure to bacterial lipopeptide, lipopolysaccharide and flagellin. All cells examined were responsive to the ligands of TLR3 and TLR4, poly inosine:cytosine and lipopolysaccharide. Arterial cells were responsive to a wider range of PAMPs than venous cells, being additionally responsive to bacterial flagellin and unmethylated cytosine‐phosphate‐guanosine DNA motifs, the ligands of TLR5 and TLR9, respectively. Cells were generally unresponsive towards the ligands of human TLR7 and TLR8, loxoribine and single stranded RNA. Only coronary artery endothelial cells expressed TLR2 mRNA and responded to the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4.

Conclusions  Vascular cells are responsive to a relatively diverse range of TLR ligands and may be exposed, at least transiently, to ligands of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 during the development of carotid atheroma.
Postprandial intradialytic dysglycaemia and diabetes in maintenance haemodialysis patients
Authors: Haider D. G. , Fuhrmann H. , Kovarik J. , Heiss S. , Graf H. , Auinger M. , Mittermayer F. , Wolzt M. , Hörl W. H.
Published: September 2008

Background  Although the risk of developing dysglycaemia has been investigated in different communities this incidence is poorly studied in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD).

Materials and methods  In a multicentre observational cohort study the occurrence of dysglycaemia was assessed in 239 primary normoglycaemic end stage renal disease (ERSD) patients on MHD. Dysglycaemia (fasting blood glucose > 110 mg dL−1, > 140 mg dL−1 2 h after food intake) or diabetes (fasting blood glucose > 126 mg dL−1 or > 200 mg dL−1 at any time) were defined according to WHO criteria and cases were compared with age matched controls within the cohort.

Results  Dysglycaemia was found in 82 primary normoglycaemic ESRD patients (34%) within 31 months after initiation of MHD. In 31 of these patients type 2 diabetes was diagnosed. When compared with matched control MHD patients differences in body mass index (BMI), HbA1c and postprandial blood glucose were detectable (P < 0·05). Increments in 0·1% of HbA1c were related with 11% higher odds for dysglycaemia (P = 0·002). In a subgroup of 36 primary normoglycaemic MHD patients who developed dysglycaemia event‐free survival was 64%, 53%, 31%, 17% and 11% after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years of haemodialysis treatment.

Conclusion  Onset of dysglycaemia or diabetes is frequent in ESRD patients after onset of chronic haemodialysis. Routine measurement of blood glucose before and after haemodialysis should be implemented as a standard of care during MHD.
Breath analysis in patients with end‐stage renal disease: effect of haemodialysis
Authors: Rolla G. , Bruno M. , Bommarito L. , Heffler E. , Ferrero N. , Petrarulo M. , Bagnis C. , Bugiani M. , Guida G.
Published: September 2008

Background  There is no agreement about exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and its change after haemodialysis (HD) in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.

To comprehensively assess NO production in the respiratory system, NO metabolites in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) needs to be measured in addition to FENO, taking into account the influence on these markers of airway pH, which may be regulated by ammonia (), present in large amounts in the breath of ESRD patients and removed by HD.

Study design  FENO and NO metabolites (NOx, , ), pH and in EBC were measured in 12 ESRD patients, before and after HD. Twelve healthy subjects acted as controls.

Results  FENO values of ESRD patients were similar to normals, while EBC‐NOx, , and pH were significantly higher in ESRD patients compared to normals (EBC‐NOx 12·3, range 11·1–41·9 µm vs. 9·4, range 4·6–10·9 µm, P = 0·007; 4·70, range 1·17–8·22 µm vs. 0·90, range 0·72–1·17 µm, P = 0·023; 2340, range 1325–3922 µm vs. 660, range 406–872 µm, P < 0·001; pH 7·16, range 6·82–7·44 vs. 6·60, range 6·42–6·76, P = 0·004, respectively). HD caused a mild significant decrease of FENO, and normalization of , NOx, and pH. A significant positive relationship between EBC‐pH and EBC‐ before and after HD (r2 = 0·65, P = 0·000) was observed, explaining higher than normal EBC‐pH before HD, while no relationship was found between EBC‐pH and FENO or NO metabolites.

Conclusion  Oxidative stress, and not EBC‐pH, is the most probable cause of increased NO metabolites in ESRD patients before HD.
Do agricultural pollutants affect competition between filter‐feeding caddis fly larvae? Results of laboratory microcosm experiments
Authors: OLSEN DEAN A. , WATZIN MARY C.
Published: September 2008

1. Predictable changes in the composition of macroinvertebrate communities in response to non‐point source pollution are the basis of macroinvertebrate community indices. However, other factors, such as biotic interactions, also affect the composition of macroinvertebrate communities and may complicate the interpretation of such indices by interacting with abiotic stressors.

2. The effect of agricultural pollutants on competition between two filter‐feeding caddisflies, Brachycentrus appalachia and Hydropsyche spp. was studied in the laboratory using recirculating flow tanks.

3. Experiments were conducted at two densities of Hydropsyche: high (300 per tank) and low (80 per tank). Brachycentrus density was kept constant at 40 per tank in all experiments. Experiments assessed the effect of an agricultural pollutant mix (sand, cow‐manure compost mix) and the presence of the competitor on both taxa.

4. The only negative response to pollutants was a larger number of Hydropsyche drifting in high‐density tanks. In fact, at high densities, mortality of Hydropsyche was higher in controls than in tanks receiving pollutants.

5. Hydropsyche and B. appalachia competed for resources and the presence of pollution did not affect the outcome of this competition. The presence of high densities of Hydropsyche resulted in higher drift and lower condition of B. appalachia. At low densities of Hydropsyche, B. appalachia larvae suffered greater mortality and tended to be in poorer condition. Brachycentrus appalachia may be less successful at even moderate densities of Hydropsyche due to competition between these taxa, most likely for prime feeding positions.

6. Streams receiving non‐point source pollution from agriculture may be able to support higher densities of Hydropsyche, which may further reduce the suitability of these habitats for B. appalachia.

7. This experimental study suggests that competition may complicate interpretation of biotic indices, as changes in benthic invertebrate community structure normally ascribed to pollution may arise from intra‐specific competition.
Tropical forest and savanna ecosystems show differential impact of N and P additions on soil organic matter and aggregate structure
Authors: TRIPATHI S. K. , KUSHWAHA C. P. , SINGH K. P.
Published: September 2008

Landscape transformation and atmospheric nutrient depositions, important global change drivers, are affecting the vegetation and soil properties of natural dry tropical forest and derived savanna ecosystems in India. This study assessed the effect of continuous N and P additions for 6 years on the size distribution and properties of soil aggregates in forest–ecotone–savanna gradient. Addition of N significantly increased the proportion of macroaggregates in forest and ecotone, whereas the same input significantly decreased their proportion in the savanna. Consequently, the stability of soil aggregates increased significantly in forest and ecotone, whereas it decreased significantly in the savanna. The effect of P addition on soil aggregate stability was marginal. N addition also altered the biological and chemical qualities of soil aggregates. It caused increase in microbial biomass C (MBC) associated with macroaggregates in forest and ecotone; however, in savanna, MBC increased in the microaggregates. P addition did not affect the amount of MBC in both types of soil aggregates. Because of rapid accumulation of applied N and P in the microbial biomass, the ratios of MBC to microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) as well as microbial biomass phosphorous (MBP) were decreased in both aggregates. Overall, the effect of N addition was more marked than that of P addition, suggesting that N is more limiting than P in these dry tropical ecosystems. In the current scenario of N loading, continued soil N loading in forest may lead to increased macroaggregates with associated MBC and MBN and greater aggregate stability. In contrast, the extensively distributed savannas may show the reverse trend leading to a decrease in soil fertility.
Semliki Forest virus strongly reduces mosquito host defence signaling
Authors: Fragkoudis R. , Chi Y. , Siu R. W. C. , Barry G. , Attarzadeh‐Yazdi G. , Merits A. , Nash A. A. , Fazakerley J. K. , Kohl A.
Published: September 2008

The Alphavirus genus within the Togaviridae family contains several important mosquito‐borne arboviruses. Other than the antiviral activity of RNAi, relatively little is known about alphavirus interactions with insect cell defences. Here we show that Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infection of Aedes albopictus‐derived U4.4 mosquito cells reduces cellular gene expression. Activation prior to SFV infection of pathways involving STAT/IMD, but not Toll signaling reduced subsequent virus gene expression and RNA levels. These pathways are therefore not only able to mediate protective responses against bacteria but also arboviruses. However, SFV infection of mosquito cells did not result in activation of any of these pathways and suppressed their subsequent activation by other stimuli.
Characterization and expression of the odorant‐binding protein 7 gene in Anopheles stephensi and comparative analysis among five mosquito species
Authors: Sengul M. S. , Tu Z.
Published: September 2008

Odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) are important molecular players in insect olfaction, which has a great influence on the host‐seeking behaviour of mosquitoes and other disease vectors. The mRNA level of the Anopheles gambiae Obp7 gene (Agam‐Obp7) is higher in the adult female antennae and is slightly reduced in the female heads after blood‐feeding. Here we report the cloning, sequencing, chromosomal mapping and transcript analysis of Aste‐Obp7, the Obp7 gene from the Asian malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that in adult female mosquitoes, Aste‐Obp7 was expressed abundantly in the antennae, much less in pooled maxillary palp and proboscis and at the lowest level in the legs. The Aste‐Obp7 level in female antennae was significantly higher than in male antennae and it slightly increased 24 h after a bloodmeal. The same pattern held for leg samples as well. The Aste‐Obp7 mRNA level dropped more than 10‐fold in the female maxillary palp and proboscis after a bloodmeal, although it was still significantly higher than in the males. Together, the above expression profiles suggest that Aste‐Obp7 probably functions in female olfaction and may possibly be involved in behaviour related to blood‐feeding. We also characterized the Obp7 gene from Anopheles quadriannulatus. Comparison among Anopheles Obp7 genes revealed conserved noncoding sequences that contain potential regulatory elements. The coding sequence and gene structure of Obp7 as well as local synteny of surrounding genes are conserved among the three Anopheles species and two divergent mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. OBP7 protein phylogeny is congruent with the mosquito phylogeny and there is evidence of purifying selection acting on the mosquito Obp7 gene. Comparative genomics analysis will improve our understanding of the evolution and regulation of genes involved in mosquito olfaction.
Similar expression of through‐and‐through fluid movement along orthograde apical plugs of MTA Bio™ and white Portland cement
Authors: De‐Deus G. , Audi C. , Murad C. , Fidel S. , Fidel R.
Published: September 2008

Aim  To compare the sealing ability of four hydraulic cements when used as an apical plug in teeth with wide‐open apices.

Methodology  A sample of 70 maxillary central incisors were divided into four groups (n = 15) and a further 10 teeth served as controls. An artificial open apex was created in the teeth using Gates Glidden drills numbers 6‐1 in a crown‐down manner until the size 1 bur passed through the foramen. A divergent open apex was prepared to a size of 1.24 mm at the foramen by retrograde apical transportation using a number 8 (0.60) Profile Series 29 0.4 taper instrument inserted to the length of the cutting blade. In G1, the open apices were repaired with WMTA Angelus whilst in G2, G3 and G4 MTA Bio™, Pro‐Root MTA and Portland cement was employed respectively. Each root was assembled in a hermetic cell to allow the evaluation of fluid filtration. Leakage was measured by the movement of an air bubble travelling within a pipette connected to the teeth. Measurements of the air bubble movement were made after 10 min at a constant pressure of 50 cm H2O. The Kruskal–Wallis H‐test was applied to the fluid flow data to detect differences between the experimental groups (P < 0.05).

Results  Fluid movement occurred in every sample but was variable in all the experimental groups, ranging from 0.61 to 2.45 μL min−1. There was no significant difference in mean fluid flow between the experimental groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions  Fluid movement through teeth with open apices and filled with four hydraulic cements was similar. All cements allowed fluid movement.