bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production of Epilithiphyton in Two Lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Schindler D. W. , Frost V. E. , Schmidt R. V.
Published: April 2011

Two new techniques for measuring photosynthesis by benthic algal flora in waters low in dissolved inorganic carbon are described. The first uses gas chromatography to measure changes in DIC in incubation chambers directly. The second is a variation of the usual 14C procedure, in which disappearance of 14C from the water is measured by liquid scintillation instead of uptake of 14C by the algae. This procedure is simpler than measuring the uptake of 14C, because digestion and/or combustion of samples is not necessary. Results are compared with the commonly employed 14C uptake and O2 release techniques.Tests showed that heterogeneity of substrate was the major source of variation in in situ results, being large enough to make interpretation of seasonal effects and other causal factors extremely difficult.Annual production by epilithiphyton in two natural lakes in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) was 5.19 g C and 5.18 g C/m2 of substrate annually for lakes 239 and 240, respectively. These are the lowest values recorded for freshwater lakes at temperate latitudes.Because DIC and O2 concentrations could be measured simultaneously, it was possible to calculate photosynthetic quotients on several dates. These were extremely high, averaging 2.6 for the summer of 1971.
Description and Distribution of New Specimens of the Fish Lipogenys gilli from the Western North Atlantic
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

Nine specimens of the rare fish Lipogenys gilli Goode and Bean, 1895, previously known from a single specimen taken off Maryland in 1887, were taken between 1957 and 1970 along the continental slope of the Nova Scotian Shelf to southwestern Grand Bank, at depths of about 400–800 m. These specimens, 238–375 mm in standard length, have a remarkably low variation in vertebral number (228–234). From the additional specimens the description of the species is considerably extended.
Apparatus for Recording Avoidance Movements of Fish
Authors: Scherer E. , Nowak S.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus is described for continuous measurements of movements of fish exposed to chemical substances in a tank. A strip chart recording provides information on position and rate of movement of the test specimen during the experiment.
Fatty Acids of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Variance Components Related to Diet, Replications Within Diets, and Variability Among Fish
Authors: Worthington R. E. , Lovell R. T.
Published: April 2011

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) grown on six experimental diets were analyzed for fatty acid composition of total lipid. Estimates of components of variance showed that natural variability in fatty acid composition among fish due to genetic and/or other factors accounted for 5.5% of total variance. Variance associated with diet, replication, and error accounted for 92.8, 0.7, and 1.0% of total variance, respectively.
Laboratory Studies of the Accommodation of Some Crude and Residual Fuel Oils in Sea Water
Authors: Gordon Jr. Donald C. , Keizer Paul D. , Prouse Nicholas J.
Published: April 2011

Concentrations of oil accommodated in sea water under laboratory conditions are directly related to the amount added and the degree of turbulence, but inversely related to temperature. The major fraction (87–98%) of this oil is in particulate form ranging in size from about 1 to 30 μ, presumably small droplets. The exact ratio of the particulate to subparticulate fractions is directly related to the apparent viscosity of each individual oil. Of the total amount of oil initially added, 9–15% appeared in sea water at the end of the 7-days experiments. Except in the proximity of recent oil slicks, the oil concentrations observed in these experiments are one to two orders of magnitude greater than the concentrations generally observed in the marine environment off eastern Canada.
Divergent Growth in Two Lake Whiteflsh (Coregonus clupeaformis) Populations
Authors: Bidgood B. F.
Published: April 2011

Divergence in the growth pattern of Pigeon Lake and Buck Lake whiteflsh (Coregonus clupeaformis) began during the winter months in young-of-the-year fish. The growth rate of individuals in the Pigeon Lake whitefish population has declined over the past 12 years whereas individuals in the Buck Lake population have maintained a relatively stable growth pattern. These differences did not appear to be genetically controlled. Increased interspecific and intraspecific competition for the available food supply likely suppressed the growth rate of the Pigeon Lake whitefish population. Reduction of predator numbers in Pigeon Lake by the removal of habitat and increased angling pressure accelerated recruitment to both the white-fish population and other competitive feeding forage fish. A predator–prey relationship conducive to the maintenance of a faster growing lake whitefish population has been maintained in Buck Lake over the same period of time.
Cardiovascular–Respiratory Activity During Recovery from Anesthesia and Surgery in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Houston A. H. , Czerwinski C. L. , Woods R. J.
Published: April 2011

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) were subjected to handling, anesthesia, and extensive experimental pretreatment, including the emplacement of electrocardiograph electrodes and of buccal, cleithral, dorsal aortic, and urinary bladder catheters. Determination of oxygen consumption, cardiac and ventilatory rates, and rate ratios, ventilatory flow, ventilatory stroke volume, and gross oxygen utilization were subsequently carried out at intervals over a 26-hr postpreparation period. Four general patterns of functional variation were observed during recovery. In the most common pattern, activity changed steadily to a final value. Other patterns were characterized by an initial lag phase or intermediate maximum, minimum, or plateau values prior to apparent stabilization. Brook trout required longer than carp for recovery, and differed from carp in the relationship between ventilation and oxygen utilization during recovery. Provision for recovery periods of not less than 24 hr is recommended for studies involving preexperimental preparations of the type studied.
Myxosoma cerebralis: Isolation and Concentration from Fish Skeletal Elements — Trypsin Digestion Method
Authors: Landolt Marsha L.
Published: April 2011

An improved method for detection of Myxosoma cerebralis spores is described. Spores were freed from skeletal tissue by trypsin digestion and ether was used for purification of spore suspension. As compared to mechanical grinding, this procedure resulted in a sixfold increase in observable spores.
Analysis of Energy Flow and Production in an Unexploited Marine Flatfish Population
Authors: MacKinnon J. C.
Published: April 2011

The seasonal pattern of production processes in an unexploited resident population of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) in St. Margaret’s Bay, N.S., was analyzed with an energetics model which represents an extension of the analytical approach used in fishery theory. During summer, production is about twice the annual net production of 1.5 kcal/m2 by fish aged 1 and up. The ecological efficiency is 17%, with larvae and 0+ fish accounting for some 20% of total population ingestion and 34% of net population production. Metabolic expenditures constitute the largest fraction (62%) of population energy intake and about 80% of this amount is consumed during summer. Plaice ingest about half the yearly estimated production (25 kcal/m2) of benthos in the deeper parts of the Bay.
Occurrence of DDT Residues in Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T.
Authors: Addison R. F. , Brodie P. F.
Published: April 2011

Tissues of Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) sampled from a transient herd off the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T., contained residues of the DDT pesticide group. Muscle and liver contained p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT; total residue concentrations in these tissues were approximately 0.01 and 0.02 ppm fresh weight, respectively. Blubber contained p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, and o,p′-DDT; total residue content was approximately 2–4 ppm fresh weight.
Endrin Uptake and Release by Fingerling Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
Authors: Argyle Ray L. , Williams George C. , Dupree Harry K.
Published: April 2011

Fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) offered diets containing 0.04–4.0 μg endrin/g food (dry weight) rapidly accumulated the pesticide. Amounts in the tissues were directly proportional to amounts in the food. Dietary endrin had no measurable effect on growth or mortality. After endrin was withdrawn from the diet, it rapidly disappeared and could not be detected after 41 days. In fish exposed to 0.5 μg endrin/liter of water, mortalities began at tissue levels of 0.7 μg endrin/g of wet whole fish and total mortality occurred at levels near 1.0 μg/g.
Diel and Annual Cycles of Net Plankton Photosynthesis in Lake Ontario
Authors: Harris G. P.
Published: April 2011

Photosynthesis measurements on net plankton have been carried out for the period April, 1972 to January, 1973 in Lake Ontario. The rising and falling light regimes used on the net phytoplankton (> 64 μ) give marked photosynthetic hysteresis effects in winter and in spring for diatom-dominated populations. Diel fluctuations in photosynthesis and "sun" or "shade" adaptations showed a close interaction between the phytoplankton and the surface light intensity. Systematic seasonal changes have been recorded in the magnitude of the photosynthetic hysteresis effect, saturation light intensities, compensation points, maximum photosynthesis, and respiration rates. An inverse correlation has been found between net plankton mean maximum photosynthesis rates and the rate of change of water temperature. Also phytoplankton respiration rate is largely a function of temperature.The data have been unified to give a picture of daily photosynthesis patterns at different depths in a static water column. The data compare well with 14C moored bottle experiments. Predictive equations have been calculated for maximum photosynthesis rates at different times of the year.
Determination of Fat Content in Fish with a Nontoxic, Noninflammable Solvent
Authors: Korn Sid , Macedo Dan
Published: April 2011

An inexpensive method to determine the fat content in fish using a nontoxic, noninflammable solvent is described. A preweighed, dry, ground fish sample is put in a chromatography column with anhydrous sodium sulfate. One hundred milliliters of monofluorotrichloromethane (MF Freon, refrigerant-11) is poured through the column and the effluent collected in a preweighed beaker. After evaporation of the solvent on a hot plate and cooling in a desiccator, the fat is weighed and fat content calculated. Calculations for samples from two species were similar to those obtained by Association of Official Agricultural Chemists fat extractor method. The column method compares favorably with the fat extractor concerning cost and time.
Changes in Periphytic Algae Following Bicarbonate Additions to a Small Stream
Authors: Dickman M.
Published: April 2011

Additions of less than 50 mg/liter sodium bicarbonate significantly increased algal standing crop on glass slides exposed in the treated portion of a small stream during a 2-month period. Filamentous green algae dominated the periphyton community of both bicarbonate treated and control slides when the study was terminated after 63 days. A slight shift in species composition toward the Cyanophycea on the bicarbonate treated slides was also noted.
Open-Jaw Syndrome in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at a Hatchery
Authors: Crouch Dennis E. , Yasutake William T. , Rucker Robert R.
Published: April 2011

Nearly 0.5% of the yearling spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at a national fish hatchery were observed with mouth agape, the condition occurring in two of 16 ponds. X-radiographs and histological preparations indicated that the articular bone of the lower jaw was malformed and dislocated dorsal and posterior to its normal point of attachment. The bone appeared to be embedded in the mandibular muscle and surrounded by an extensive fibrous tissue network. Genetic aberration, environmental interaction, and teratogenic substances are discussed as possible causes of the anomaly.
Hirundichthys rondeleti, Cookeolus boops, Priacanthus arenatus, Seriola dumerili, Four Species New to the Canadian Atlantic Ichthyofauna
Authors: MacKay K. T. , Gilhen J.
Published: April 2011

The flyingfish, Hirundichthys rondeleti, two priacanthids, Cookeolus boops and Priacanthus arenatus, and the carangid, Seriola dumerili are reported for Canadian Atlantic waters. Single specimens of each species were captured during August–November 1970–72, in the vicinity of Prospect Bay or St. Margaret’s Bay, Nova Scotia. This is the first record of each species north of Cape Cod, Mass.
Managing Our Oceans for Mankind
Authors: Davis P.C., M.P. Hon. Jack
Published: April 2011

The Minister emphasized the importance of the Conference in view of the need to maintain and protect marine sources of food essential for an increasing world population. Evidences of overfishing and injury to stocks in many major fisheries point to the urgent need for international cooperation in management practices. Limits to growth of fisheries must be established for economic reasons as well as for conservation and efficient use of living resources of the seas. Scientists will have to provide the basic biological information on each species, governments must make and apply internal and international control measures, and economists indicate the optimum sustainable economic yield. This is the challenge that faces the Conference.
Determinants of Demand for Fish and Their Effects Upon Resources
Authors: Robinson M. A.
Published: April 2011

World population is expected to grow from its present level of 3.7 billion to 4.6 billion in 1980 and 6.6 billion by the end of the century. In order merely to maintain per capita fish consumption at present levels this will necessitate an increased fish supply of some 8 million tons by 1980 and 27 million tons by the end of the century. This excludes allowances for any increase in fish meal consumption.If under the influence of rising incomes per capita consumption levels also grow, then this will increase further the additional supplies required. On the basis of past trends, per capita demand on a world average might be expected to rise from its present level of 11.8 kg, to 13.3 kg in 1980, and more speculatively to 16.2 kg by the end of the century. On this assumption, the combined effect of population and income growth would be to add by 1980 some 18.5 million tons, and by the end of the century 63 million tons to the present world demand for fish. This again excludes any allowance for increased demand for fish meal for which, it is believed, due mainly to supply limitations, there will be no significant increase in consumption above present levels.The increases in demand for fish for direct human consumption will, nevertheless, push the exploitation of conventional fish resources to the limit of their potential yields. By 1980, it seems likely that the potential still remaining to be harvested from conventional fish stocks will have fallen from its present level of about 45% to some 30%, and by the end of the century the unexploited potential is likely to be negligible. This rate of utilization assumes, however, that there will be significant increases in production from cultured sources, which could be stimulated by the rising prices likely to be associated with the full exploitation of wild stocks. As more and more wild stocks reach this point, management will become increasingly necessary to prevent the build-up of useless excess capacity of the world’s fishing fleets, and in some cases to prevent fishing effort reaching the point at which the productive capacity of the resources becomes threatened.
Financing Resources for Fishery Development
Authors: Luna-Muñoz J.
Published: April 2011

The provision of finance for fishery development is often one of the most difficult problems for the developing countries to solve for a variety of reasons, such as lack or insufficiency of data about the resource concerned, inadequacy of the infrastructure and other supporting services, low level of technical management and skills, lack of marketing and distribution, and so on. Yet there are many sources for investment funds and, indeed, an increasing availability of such funds from the national public and private sectors, and from international sources. These include governmental and private sources and cover a number of investment arrangements from direct cash participation to credit systems and joint ventures. Also included are the international finance agencies, such as the World Bank Group and the complementary regional banks. These are playing a bigger role now than ever before in fishery development. The general criteria for an investment in fisheries, steps that have to be taken before a decision can be reached to undertake an investment, financial sources and arrangements available to the developing countries, and how they can best go about obtaining the required investment funds, are reviewed.
Development of Fisheries for Traditionally Exploited Species
Authors: Moiseev P. A.
Published: April 2011

Present catches of traditional marine resources are characterized by a great predominance of pelagic species, especially among the fishes. Since World War II the catch of pelagic fishes has increased by 27.5 million metric tons (mmt) and now constitutes about 70% of the total; production of demersal species has increased by 10.5 mmt. Over 60% of the catch is of plankton-feeding organisms, a little over 25% is predacious fishes, and only 4% bottom feeders.Of the world catch of aquatic organisms in 1970, 63.4 mmt (90%) was fish, 5.2 mmt invertebrates, about 1 mmt whales, and 0.7 mmt seaweeds. About 90% of this catch was from the ocean. From 1950 to 1970 marine catches rose from 16.1 to 55.8 mmt, while those from fresh waters increased from 2.4 to 7.6 mmt.About 70% of marine catches are made up of seven families of fishes, with the Engraulidae having by far the leading role — about 24%. Next in order come Clupeidae and Gadidae. Pleuronectidae, Scorpaenidae, Sparidae, etc. are less important. Only 5.06 million tons (8%) of the catch is of invertebrates. Of these 65–70% are molluscs (mostly squids), 30% crustaceans, and 1% echinoderms.Species such as cod, redfish, rockfish, flounders and clupeids in most areas of the northern hemisphere have reached or almost reached their limit. The greatest increase in demersal catches can be expected from the Falkland–Patagonia area, where landings of hake, poutassou, grenadier, and some other species could reach 3 million tons, and in New Zealand and Australian waters the take may rise to 4 or 5 mmt. Pelagic fishes may eventually yield catches of the order of 17–20 mmt, including sardines, anchovies, mackerels, carangids, sauries, smaller tunas, myctophids, and squids. In all, a future catch of 52 mmt of pelagic species and 30 mmt of demersal species may be possible.In addition, perhaps 1 mmt can be expected from fishing in depths of 800–1200 m for macrurids, rockfsishes, halibuts, etc. The yield of demersal invertebrates may reach 2.2 mmt, anything more would require extensive aquaculture.A total potential catch of 90 mmt of familiar species is estimated — not including krill, other zooplankton, or seaweed. This figure implies adequate and effective conservation regulations, without which catches can be expected to decline rather than increase.
The Alternative Uses of Fish
Authors: Burgess G. H. O.
Published: April 2011

Due to the increasing world deficit in protein supplies, there is an urgent need to make the best use of every possible protein source. Fish is widely recognized as an excellent source of protein of a very high quality. At present more than one third of the world fish production is converted to fish meal and fed to pigs and poultry. As the total world catch has increased so has the percentage converted to fish meal tended to increase. There are many other ways of utilizing fishery resources directly for human consumption and this paper indicates possible means of achieving this. After considering the supply of fish and its utilization, the chief requirements for the establishment of a fishery are identified. Such factors as the type of raw material available, the structure of the catching industry on one hand, and the system of distribution and sale on the other, the availability of processing equipment and skill, etc., are all considered for various situations.The problem of the acceptability of new fish products in developing areas cannot be overemphasized. Consumer preference studies are required to identify more closely the types of products which are likely to be accepted. The choice of products is reviewed systematically considering traditional methods of processing as well as special methods including certain experimental ones, e.g. irradiation, freeze-drying, and the manufacture of fish protein concentrate.It is concluded that so far as modern products need to be developed, greater success will probably be forthcoming for those based on the traditional methods of preservation used in the area in question. It is felt there is scope for the application of modern food technology in this area.
Experience and Plans for Rationalization of Small-Scale Fisheries in India
Authors: George P. C.
Published: April 2011

Small-scale fisheries have traditionally been the backbone of the fishing industry all over the world. Although large-scale mechanized fishing has come into the limelight recently, even such countries as have developed substantial capability in this direction still have a large fleet of small boats in coastal areas. The landings of this sector of the industry are always substantial, and in many countries they still dominate the picture. In India, small-scale fisheries landed almost 1.15 million tons in 1971. This figure has been increasing as motor-powered small craft have increased in numbers, although 70% of marine fish is still caught from nonpowered boats. Measures taken to increase fishing capacity, landings, and net fishermen’s income over the past 10 years include various kinds of loans and subsidies for the purchase of boats, motors, and nets; assistance for the construction of ponds in inland areas; organization of cooperatives; training programs for fishermen and supporting personnel, especially motor repairmen (with the cooperation of Norway); and gear and vessel research including pilot-scale demonstrations with new types of vessels and equipment.
Impacto de Medidas Regulatorias en la Industria Pesquera Peruana
Authors: Valdez-Zamudio F.
Published: April 2011

Peru has a long shoreline — about 2,300 km — on the Pacific Ocean. Fishing is a major activity based 98% on the anchoveta (Engraulis ringens). Conditions in the seas off the country are highly singular because of the effect of a cold surface current called the Peruvian Current, which harbors a major hydrobiological resource.The principal fishery resource is the anchoveta, a small and prolific pelagic fish that lives in the waters of the Peruvian Current. This resource has made Peru the first-ranking fishing country in the world with an annual catch of 9.5–12 million tons in recent years.Forecasts for the establishment of an adequate regulation system can be based on data for growth recruitment and mortality or on analyses of catch and fishing effort data. In cooperation with FAO Peru has called four meetings of high-level international experts, three of them to deal with the dynamics of the anchoveta population and one to study the economic effects of regulatory measures.In the meeting to study the economic effects of regulations it was mentioned that the industry was not efficient because of the excess capacity of the fleet and plants, and it was noted that any reduction in fleet or plant capacity should be accompanied by technological and financial improvements. Since any voluntary reduction was regarded as highly unlikely, it was felt that mandatory regulations were needed and various types of such regulations were mentioned.The panels on the dynamics of the anchoveta population also included in their reports recommendations for protection of this resource.The Ministry of Fisheries, which took over the functions of the former Dirección de Pesquería y Caza (Fisheries and Hunting Administration) has issued a variety of regulations to protect the stock. Regulations and controls have been established since 1965 and are issued for each annual period.The Peruvian fisherman suffers the most from the consequences of interruptions of fishing operations and is trying to protect himself by setting up special funds. The entrepreneurial sector accepts and understands the fishery regulations and prefers that they be issued in advance so that it may make its operational plans accordingly.The scientists who recommend regulation emphasize prohibitions for the protection of juvenile, spawning and larval fish, and as a means to reduce fishing effort. Basically, the most general regulation is the one that establishes two 2-month closed seasons, one in summer and one in winter.In the secondary sector the greatest impact of regulation has been felt in shipbuilding. However, regulation has also affected other minor activities such as transportation and food maintenance services, which employ large numbers of people.
Industrial Fisheries and Their Influence on Catches for Human Consumption
Authors: Popiel J. , Sosinski J.
Published: April 2011

Fish meal production may be based on a variety of raw materials such as: fish offal obtained during the processing of fish for human consumption; by-catches obtained from catches for human consumption; fish and other marine organisms not used for human consumption, but landed especially for industrial purposes, such as sand eels, Norway pout, etc.; surplus of fish caught for human consumption when abundance permits increased catches.Objections are raised against industrial catches when they are in competition with catches for human consumption. In such cases considerable losses of nutrients may occur because only a portion of the protein and fat contained in fish meal is assimilated by animals to which it is fed. Simultaneously the expansion of industrial catches of fish suitable for human consumption reduces the supply of fish products.Uncontrolled expansion of industrial catches will drive fleets which catch fish for human consumption off their usual grounds. Herring fishing in the northeast Atlantic is an example of one forced out by industrial catches. Recently mackerel catches in the North Sea have shown the same trends.In future, more fish stocks may suffer from overexploitation caused by competition between food fisheries and industrial fisheries. Whenever fish resources are simultaneously exploited for these two purposes, and regulation is necessary, management should first aim at satisfying the demand for fish for human consumption. This is to some extent the case with minimum size limits, but not with quotas. In assigning quotas, consideration should be given both to sizes of fish caught and to intended use of the fish.
Korea: A Case Study in Promoting Development Through Fishermen’s Training
Authors: Koh Yoon Ho
Published: April 2011

The recovery of Korea as a fishing country is one of the most significant recent developments in fisheries. Disappearance of the sardines, and the impact of the second world war and Korean war, ruined the country’s fishing industry. The Government of the Republic of Korea decided in the early 1960s to develop a deep-sea fishing industry, especially for tuna. The success of this enterprise is measured by the rise in the deep-sea catch from 657 metric tons in 1962 to 82,782 metric tons in 1969.One important factor in this successful development was the training scheme set up by the Government with the aid of the United Nations Development Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Training was essential because the country lacked captains, mates, engineers, and other technicians to operate the additional deep-sea fishing vessels.The traditional fishery educational institutes produced large numbers of graduates, but these had little practical training. The UNDP/FAO scheme, however, concentrated on practical training. The trainees were carefully selected to ensure their suitability and determination to take up fishing as a career. The thoroughness and effectiveness of the training is evidenced by the fact that all the 761 officers trained to date are employed on fishing boats.In view of the success of the deep-sea training scheme a similar project was established for training men in the coastal fisheries. The UNDP and FAO also assisted in this project. It has contributed officers to both the inshore and deep-sea fleets.
Management and Developement of Fisheries in the North Atlantic
Authors: Möcklinghoff G.
Published: April 2011

The "conventional" fish species of the North Atlantic are mostly being fully utilized or nearly so, some having been overexploited in recent years. Recommendations for management are made by the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) and the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC). The factual and conceptual basis for management is provided by the scientists of many nations, coordinated by ICNAF and by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). The need in nearly every major North Atlantic fishery is to limit fishing effort, which in practical terms means allocating quotas to states. Such action has been initiated by ICNAF and is under active consideration by NEAFC. The process would have been easier if it had been begun a few years earlier, before several major stocks became depressed, but since new ground is being broken internationally the delay was almost inevitable. Regulations of mesh size in trawls have been in force in both areas for some years. These were successful in providing a greater yield from each year-class of groundfish as it appeared, but could not by themselves ensure a breeding stock adequate for optimum reproduction. Problems of allocation of quotas, of enforcement, and of national claims for the extension of exclusive fishing zones will require continued discussion and goodwill among the nations in the years ahead.
Ghana’s Experience in Distant-Water Fisheries
Authors: Adjetey J. N. N.
Published: April 2011

Ghana’s investment in a modern fishing industry includes fishing vessels of various ranges and sizes, costing over £25.6 million. There have also been heavy investments in infrastructure, such as the Tema fishing harbor, boatbuilding, cold storage, and repair and maintenance facilities. These investments were made to: improve the protein content of the Ghanaian diet; stop importation of frozen fish and fishery products; develop the skills of the fishing community; develop an export trade in fish.Efficient use of these investments has been hampered by various factors. Transition from a canoe to a sophisticated fishery of refrigerated trawlers and factory ships was too rapid. It was assumed that once the fishing industry was equipped with a modern fleet it would become self-supporting within a short time. But this was not the case because realization of this goal depended on: efficiency with which the fleet was operated, better handling and care of fish, better marketing and distribution methods, search for new grounds, and constant attention to conservation of stocks.Lack of finance made operation of the fleet difficult. Spare parts were not in adequate supply and at times vessels had to stop fishing for lack of them.Lack of local personnel led to dependence on alien captains, mates, engineers, and shore-based staff. The number of alien crew was high initially, but Ghanaians have gradually taken over key positions on the vessels.Ghana is the only West African state with a fleet of deep-sea trawlers. This situation and recent unilateral extensions of fishing limits by West African states have led to a new problem which might have far-reaching effects on the operation of the fleet.But Ghana’s attempt to participate in the exploitation and utilization of West African fishery resources should encourage other African states to similar efforts.
Expansion of Korean High-Seas Fisheries
Authors: Ahn Myong Nam
Published: April 2011

Korea’s high-seas fishery began in 1957 with a single tuna longliner. By 1971 it had increased to 351 vessels totalling 108,900 gross tons. Of these 291 are tuna vessels, the remainder fish for groundfishes, shrimps, etc. The total of 159,000 tons of product taken in 1971 was divided fairly evenly between tuna and groundfishes, but of course the tunas were much the more valuable.The high-seas fishery industry is encouraged by government assistance in financing, vessel construction, personnel training programs, marketing arrangements, fishery survey programs, and cooperation with international organizations.Continued expansion of high-seas fishing is expected through 1976 at least. For example, 282 additional or replacement vessels are being planned for 1972–76. Skipjack tuna are a prime target for expansion, and the bait required in harvesting this species is available in Korean waters.
The Morphoedaphic Index, a Fish Yield Estimator — Review and Evaluation
Authors: Ryder R. A. , Kerr S. R. , Loftus K. H. , Regier H. A.
Published: April 2011

The morphoedaphic index (MEI), a fish yield estimator, was historically reviewed and evaluated. Background papers leading to the development of the MEI were discussed, as well as more recent advances. The MEI was defined and its criteria for use examined. The significance of its components — total dissolved solids and mean depth — were explained. The MEI was compared with related models developed by other workers. The global range of the MEI was outlined as well as restrictions on its use. Sustained fish yields at different MEI values for various climatic regions were predicted. Several special applications of the MEI were described, including: prediction of angling yield in north-temperate lakes; prediction of commercial fish yield on a newly created reservoir; indicator of ecological stresses and changing environments; and contrasting responses to cultural eutrophication in the littoral and profundal zones of lakes. The implications of the MEI for ecological theory were explored, and its potential for future application in management was outlined.
Some Aspects of Great Lakes Physics of Importance to Biological and Chemical Processes
Authors: Boyce F. M.
Published: April 2011

This is a discussion of some aspects of the physical behavior of the Great Lakes written for scientists with backgrounds in disciplines other than physics. The basic physical characteristics of Great Lakes basins are summarized. These characteristics are determined by the facts that (i) the basins are closed, (ii) the basins are large enough so that the Coriolis force is an important component of their dynamics, (iii) the principal source of mechanical energy is the wind, and (iv) the basins are vertically stratified in summer. Discussion of large-scale horizontal motions includes both currents and diffusion. The advection–diffusion equation is used as a framework for a discussion which includes a summary of the basic problem confronting hydrodynamic modellers, the parameterization of turbulence phenomena in terms of mean flow variables. Vertical transfer processes are considered, notably the measurement of vertical fluxes of heat and momentum and the computation of eddy diffusion coefficients, the prediction of thermal structure in terms of net surface wind stresses and heat fluxes, and the interactions of waves, currents, and turbulence in the thermocline. The dynamical structure of the coastal zone is outlined, and the review concludes with recommendations for future work on the understanding of vertical turbulent transports, the climatology of Great Lakes coastal zones, and an operational approach to verifying and improving numerical models of lake circulation.
Composition, Processing, and Utilization of Red Crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) as an Aquacultural Feed Ingredient
Authors: Spinelli John , Lehman Lawrence , Wieg Dave
Published: April 2011

The proximate composition, amino acid profile, and fatty acid composition of red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) indicated that it was highly suitable for inclusion in salmonid diets. The amino acid profile of the proteins was similar to those of fish and the fatty acid composition was approximately 40% linolenic. Rainbow trout fed Oregon Moist Pellet (OMP) type diets containing 10 and 25% red crab were highly pigmented after 2 mo.A method for processing red crab into a dry feed material and a chitinous residue suitable for further processing into chitin derivatives was described.
Descriptions of a New Species of Barathronus (Pisces, Aphyonidae) and Four Specimens of Sciadonus sp. from the Eastern Pacific
Authors: Nielsen Jørgen G. , Eagle Rodney J.
Published: April 2011

Barathronus pacificus n.sp. is described from three specimens from the northeastern Pacific. Previously, the genus was represented from the Pacific by one specimen of an unnamed species from off Japan. Three specimens of Sciadonus sp., possibly pedicellaris, from the northeastern Pacific and one from the southeastern Pacific are described. Sciadonus pedicellaris was previously known from only two specimens.
Quantitative and Qualitative Studies of Bacteria Isolated from Sea Water Used in the Laboratory Culture of the American Oyster, Crassostrea virginica
Authors: Murchelano R. A. , Brown C. , Bishop J.
Published: April 2011

Quantitative and qualitative bacteriological studies were conducted on sea water utilized in laboratory culture of American oyster larvae (Crassostrea virginica).The generic diversity of bacteria isolated from a laboratory seawater storage tank did not change during a 15-day sampling period, although bacterial numbers increased substantially. The mean number of bacteria in ultraviolet light-irradiated sea water was less than that in nonirradiated sea water, although individual samples varied considerably. Over a 10-day sampling period during which oyster larval cultures were sampled repetitively, bacteria were more numerous at 24 h and 48 h than at 0 h.Pseudomonas was the dominant genus present in stored sea water, irradiated sea water, and sea water from oyster larval cultures.
Effects of pH on Toxicity of Antimycin to Fish
Authors: Marking Leif L.
Published: April 2011

Detoxification of antimycin at pH 9.5 was caused by two factors. The piscicide was biologically unavailable at the high pH, and this unavailability was reversed by decreasing the pH of water solutions. Simultaneously antimycin detoxified with time, and the resulting loss in toxicity was irreversible. The toxicity of antimycin was related to the amount of un-ionized molecules; however, the dissociation curve resulting from the published pKa of 5.1 does not agree with the implied dissociation when based on toxicity. Toxicity of antimycin decreased gradually from pH 6.5 to 8.5 and abruptly from 8.5 to 9.5 with carp (Cyprinus carpio), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). As previously suggested, water hardness had little or no effect on toxicity.
Protein Instability in Minced Flesh from Fillets and Frames of Several Commercial Atlantic Fishes During Storage at −5 C
Authors: Dingle J. R. , Hines J. A.
Published: April 2011

Minced flesh of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and pollock (Pollachius virens), recovered by means of meat-separator machines from frames left after filleting operations, suffered a rapid loss of protein solubility during storage at −5 C. This was due to the presence of kidney tissue which caused the formation of dimethylamine and formaldehyde from the trimethylamine oxide of the muscle. The minced flesh of witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), and Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) was relatively stable when mixed with homogenates of their own kidney tissue, but cod kidney caused the same changes in gray sole as it did in minced cod flesh. The exclusion of gadoid kidney and blood from minced fish preparations is recommended.
The Poisons Around Us. Toxic metals in food, air, and water.
Authors: Sprague John B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Supplementary Information on Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from Newfoundland Fishery
Authors: Mitchell Edward , Kozicki V. Michael
Published: April 2011

Minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) segregate by age and sex in the inshore waters of Newfoundland. The fishery in Trinity Bay exploited primarily juvenile males and females and pregnant females. Sexual maturity in females is at 24 ft (7.3 m) long and 7.3 earplug growth layers. Over 85% of mature females sampled were pregnant, three were lactating concurrently. A maximum of 14 growth layers was found in earplugs sampled. The ovulation rate was calculated at 0.6 corpora per growth layer. A von Bertalanffy growth curve was fitted to the data.
Preliminary Notes on the Occurrence and Exploitation of Smaller Cetacea in Greenland
Authors: Kapel Finn O.
Published: April 2011

Approximately 1000 common or harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are taken annually, not including the by-catch in salmon driftnets. Catches of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and beluga (white whale, Delphinapterus leucas) fluctuate in the low to middle hundreds annually. Estimates of the annual catches in the Thule district are 100 beluga and 300 narwhals. Sporadic catches of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephata melaena) seldom exceed 100 animals per annum. Catches of minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) have risen since the late 1950s, with approximately 200 or more per annum taken in West Grenland since the mid 1960s. An annotated bibliography of titles on smaller Cetacea in Greenland is given.
Techniques of Live Capture of Smaller Cetacea
Authors: Asper Edward D.
Published: April 2011

Descriptions of the use of seine nets, breakaway hoopnets, and the hand and rope technique are given and illustrated for capturing dolphins and small whales. The seine net appears to be the most efficient and humane method of taking the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. The breakaway hoopnet is useful with species that ride the bow of collecting vessels.
By-Catches of Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Salmon Driftnets at West Greenland in 1972
Authors: Lear W. H. , Christensen O.
Published: April 2011

On the basis of the catch-per-unit-effort of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) by commercial vessels, an estimate was obtained of the number of porpoises killed by the non-Greenlandic vessels fishing for salmon at West Greenland. During 1972 the estimated kill was 1500. The distribution of porpoises based on catches by commercial and research vessels is also discussed.
Marking of Small Cetaceans Using "Discovery" Type Whale Marks
Authors: Brown S. G.
Published: April 2011

All smaller cetaceans known to have been successfully marked with "Discovery" type marks are summarized. These include 67 minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), 33 killer whales (Orcinus orca), 30 pilot whales (Globicephala sp.), 7 bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon sp.), 5 other "beaked whales," and 1 dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus). Recoveries include 3 minke, 1 bottlenose, and 1 killer. Minke whale marks were recovered up to 4 yr 2 mo after marking.
Bacterial Diseases of Fishes: Diagnostic Procedures for Gram-Negative Pathogens
Authors: Shotts Jr. Emmett B. , Bullock G. L.
Published: April 2011

A diagnostic scheme employing 10 media, 4 reagents, and 5 specific antiserums has been devised for identification of gram-negative pathogens of fishes. The scheme is not intended for detailed speciation of organisms, but for generic identification of organisms associated with infected fishes. Diagnosis can be accomplished in 24 h with selective media and antiserums, and in no more than 72 h with other media and reagents.
Isolation and Identification of Constituents Toxic to Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Caustic Extraction Effluents from Kraft Pulpmill Bleach Plants
Authors: Leach J. M. , Thakore A. N.
Published: April 2011

Chemical constituents in effluent from the caustic extraction stage of the bleach plant at a western Canada kraft pulpmill were fractionated to identify factors responsible for their toxicity to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). At all stages in the fractionation procedure bioassays were carried out to monitor toxicities of the isolated materials. Five toxic compounds, separated in a pure state from the effluent, were characterized by chromatography, spectroscopy, and chemical synthesis. The compounds and their 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) measured in static bioassays were: 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol (0.75 mg/liter), 3,4,5,6-tetrachloroguaiacol (0.32 mg/liter), monochlorodehydroabietic acid (0.6 mg/liter), dichlorodehydroabietic acid (0.6 mg/liter), 9,10-epoxystearic acid (1.5 mg/liter).The same compounds were shown to be present in caustic extraction effluents collected from six other western kraft mills. For two samples, the concentration–toxicity graphs from bioassays of solutions containing only the pure toxicants in the amounts found by analysis were similar to those of the actual effluents produced by the mills. Concentrations of the toxic constituents in samples from six different mills were equivalent to 2.3–24 TU (toxic units), confirming that they are important factors in the toxicity of caustic extraction effluents.
Passage of Fish Eggs and Young Through a Pumped Storage Generating Station
Authors: Snyder Darrel E.
Published: April 2011

During June and July 1970, an estimated 5.3 million eggs (4.1/103m3) and 56.6 million young fish (43.8/103m3), 3–62 mm FL, were pumped by the Muddy Run Pumped Storage Generating Station from Conowingo Reservoir (lower Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania) into Muddy Run Pumped Storage Reservoir. A maximum of only 2% of the eggs and 39% of the young were returned to the lower reservoir during generation. The eggs were predominately Carpiodes cyprinus. Of the young, 73% entrained during pumping and 83% entrained during generating were Ictalurus punctatus, Cyprinus carpio, and Carpiodes cyprinus. Similar results are reported for 1969. The species and numbers of specimens entrained reflect the utilization of the area near and above the lower reservoir intake discharge structure as spawning and nursery grounds, the extent and peaks of spawning seasons, and the phases of development and behavior of the young. Sufficient numbers of specimens pumped into and retained by the upper reservoir, in which natural reproduction is nearly precluded by the extensive fluctuation of water level, survive to maintain many of the reservoir’s fish populations.
Characterization and Subcellular Localization of Leucine Aminonaphthylamidase (LAN) in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Bouck G. R. , Schneider Jr. P. W. , Jacobson Janet , Ball R. C.
Published: April 2011

LAN analyses appear to have diagnostic value in fish pathobiology and studies were undertaken to determine optima for substrate concentration, pH, reaction time, temperature, and buffer ions. Citrate ion did not inhibit LAN at anticoagulant levels, but cyanide, pyrophosphate, and EDTA had an inhibitory effect. Storage of samples at —10 and 1 C resulted in small but significant reductions of LAN activity, while at room temperature enzyme activity was rapidly lost. LAN activity was distributed among liver fractions as follows: microsomes, 12%; mitochondria, 9%; cellular sap, 37%; other, 50%. Three isozymes of LAN were found. Blood plasma contained significant amounts of LAN activity which was significantly higher in cold- than in warm-acclimated fish. However, these LAN levels were comparable when their activity was extrapolated to body temperatures.