bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analysis of Interobserver Agreement in Assessment of Interstitial Lung Disease Using High-Resolution CT
Authors: Delaney Liam , Alabed Samer , Maiter Ahmed , Salehi Mahan , Goodlad Marcus , Shah Hassan , Checkley Elliot , Matthews Sue , Kamil Mohamed , Evans Oscar , Rajaram Smitha , Johns Christopher , Screaton Nicholas J. , Swift Andrew J. , Dwivedi Krit
Published: October 2024

In this meta-analysis, moderate interobserver agreement was found between expert thoracic radiologists interpreting high-resolution CT of interstitial lung disease, highlighting a need for greater standardization.
Prediction of Ischemic Stroke Functional Outcomes from Acute-Phase Noncontrast CT and Clinical Information
Authors: Liu Yongkai , Yu Yannan , Ouyang Jiahong , Jiang Bin , Ostmeier Sophie , Wang Jia , Lu-Liang Sarah , Yang Yirong , Yang Guang , Michel Patrik , Liebeskind David S. , Lansberg Maarten , Moseley Michael E. , Heit Jeremy J. , Wintermark Max , Albers Gregory , Zaharchuk Greg
Published: October 2024

A deep learning model fusing noncontrast-enhanced CT and clinical information outperformed an imaging-only model and a clinical information–only model and performed similarly to MRI-based models in predicting 90-day stroke functional outcomes.
Oxygen-Deficient Ruthenium Oxide for Selective Oxygen Evolution in Additive-Free Brine Electrolysis
Authors: Fujita Wataru , Tanabe Kazuya , Ashimura Shu , Yoshida Masaaki , Yoshida Wataru , Nakayama Masaharu
Published: October 2024

Here, low-crystalline ruthenium oxide (S-RuO
x
) with abundant oxygen vacancies was synthesized, after which its activity and selectivity toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in additive-free brine solution were compared with those of commercial ruthenium(IV) dioxide (C-RuO2), a benchmark catalyst for OER in an alkaline electrolyte. S-RuO
x
delivered a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a significantly low overpotential (465 mV) in a 0.5 M NaCl solution without requiring an alkali. The estimated Faradaic efficiency toward chloride oxidation reaction (COR), FE(COR), was 2%, and exceptional OER was achieved without generating chlorine oxide species. This sharply contrasts the fact that C-RuO2 required an overpotential of 525 mV to generate 10 mA cm−2, where the FE(COR) was 59%. The activity and selectivity toward OER decreased after reducing the oxygen vacancies by sintering S-RuO
x
at different temperatures. S-RuO
x
continued to generate 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M NaCl solution for ≥60 h while maintaining the increasing potential at <30 mV. However, FE(COR) increased from a few percent for 20 h to 34% probably because of an irreversible decrease in vacancies. Notably, the addition of an alkali or a buffer could only enhance OER.
Designing of a High Performance NiMgPO4/CNT Electrode Material for a Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Device
Authors: ul Haq Muhammad Ahsan , Imran Muhammad , Afzal Amir Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Waqas , Ahmad Maqsood , Al-Ammar Essam A. , Mumtaz Sohail , Munnaf Shaik Abdul , Mumtaz Muhammad Azhar
Published: October 2024

Improved pseudo-capacitance performance can be obtained by phosphates and transition-metal oxides by achieving oxidation states that boost redox (reduction-oxidation) processes. In this work, the nickel magnesium phosphate (NiMgPO4) is synthesized using the hydrothermal method, Additional, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are blended with NiMgPO4. To build the supercapattery device (NiMgPO4@CNT//AC) and evaluate its electrochemical characteristics, we used NiMgPO4@CNT as the anode & activated carbon as cathode. We also used X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques to analyze the crystal structure, surface area, and elemental composition. The nanocomposite NiMgPO4@CNT demonstrated a high specific capacity of 1243 C g−1 or 2071.66 F g−1 in a three-electrode system, which was much more than that of the separate reference materials. The supercapattery device shows a specific capacity of 251 C g−1, energy density of 44.5 Wh kg−1 and power density of 1030 W kg−1 is observed. The hybrid electrode exhibited a capacity retention of 85% after 5000 cycles and a columbic efficiency of 91% during the stability measurement. These findings emphasize NiMgPO4@CNT’s potential as an electrode composite material that holds promise for high-performance supercapattery device building.
Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Fiber‐Reinforced Inorganic Mortar for Textile‐Reinforced Mortar Applications
Authors: Shewale Manisha , Murthi P. , Chidambaram R. Siva , Gobinath R.
Published: October 2024

The need to improve existing structures has led to extensive research on strengthening techniques. Textile‐reinforced mortar (TRM) systems, which involve the integration of high‐strength fibers with inorganic matrix, have emerged as a highly promising and viable alternative. The objective of this research is to investigate the mechanical characteristics of inorganic mortar by examining different compositions involving sand, fibers, and cementitious materials. Various combinations were tested to evaluate their compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The findings indicated that a composite mixture (sample 12) comprising microsilica, silica sand, and optimized fibers demonstrated enhanced strength in all three assessments. Research highlights the significance of accurate mixing, additional components, and appropriate fibers to achieve intended performance of the mortar. The compatibility of the mortar is checked with substrate surface and textile sheet. Mortar is evaluated for splitting bond strength, slant shear test, direct pull‐off bond strength, and pull‐out strength. These results provide information about the strength and bonding characteristics of the mortar in different test scenarios. Values indicate how well the mortar performs with the substrate surface and the textile sheet under various types of stresses and loading conditions.
A Novel 3‐Dimensional Printed Nanoceramic Hybrid Resin Fixed Lingual Retainer: Characterization and Mechanical Tests
Authors: Alnuaimy Noor Salam , Alhuwaizi Akram Faisal
Published: October 2024

Introduction: An innovative retention protocol was developed to create a new 3D‐printed fixed retainer employing SprintRay OnX nanoceramic hybrid resin. The feasibility and usability of the retainer were subsequently evaluated.

Methods: Identification and characterization of SprintRay OnX was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDX), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and flexural strength. Load–deflection and pull‐out tests were conducted on the 3D‐printed straight wires, with three distinct cross‐sectional geometries: round (1 mm), oval (1 mm × 1.5 mm) and semielliptical (1 mm × 1.5 mm). Twisted G&H and coaxial Respond stainless steel multistrand retainers were used for comparison. In the load–deflection test, a three‐point bending test (3PBT) was employed. For the pull‐out test, the retainer wire was inserted into the composite, which was placed in a centrally located hole of an acrylic block; the retainer wire was subjected to a tensile force along its long axis.

Results: Characteristic bands close to those of PMMA were observed in the FTIR spectra. SEM‐EDX and XRD revealed a crystalline material with homogeneously distributed Yb element signals (19.4%). On FE‐SEM micrographs, small clumps were displayed on smooth surfaces. The flexural strength and the flexural modulus were, respectively, 142.48 MPa and 7.842 GPa. All groups of 3D‐printed wires exhibited significantly higher load–deflection levels than the multistrand wires (MSWs). Concerning pull‐out forces, they fell in between twisted G&H (96 N) and coaxial Respond (48.09 N) retainer wires. The 3D‐printed wires fractured cohesively without detachment from the adhesive, suggesting that the chemical bond was adequate for satisfactory wire integration, yet the wire’s strength was compromised. Concerning the cross‐sectional geometry, the load–deflection and the pull‐out forces of 3D‐printed oval and semielliptical wires were significantly higher than that of 3D‐printed round wires, which was attributed to the larger cross‐sections of the wires.

Conclusion: Oval and semielliptical 3D‐printed wires offered favorable features as lingual retainers.
A Study to Check the Readiness of Final‐Year Dental Students Vis‐à‐Vis to a Safe and an Independent Practitioner in Sultanate of Oman Amidst the Recent Pandemic
Authors: Nalawade Triveni , Saraf Sanjay , Mallikarjuna Rachappa , Haj-Hamed Belal , Kumar Siva , Al Harthy Nutayla , Al Ismaily Mohamed
Published: October 2024

It is essential for a dental student about to graduate to possess robust fundamentals in both basic and clinical dental science. There should be a perfect harmony and blend of basic and clinical science integration and application among final year graduating students. They should also demonstrate readiness and competence in performing various clinical skills independently, after correctly interpreting and diagnosing a dental disorder. Besides the clinical aspects of dentistry, the newly graduating dental student should understand the principles of professionalism and ethos. The main aim and objective were to conduct a study to assess the impact of COVID‐19 on practice readiness among the fifth‐year dental students at Oman Dental College (ODC). A study was conducted to measure self‐preparedness among graduating students, especially during the challenging times of the COVID‐19 pandemic when education was significantly impacted. This study used a validated Dental Undergraduates Preparedness Assessment Scale (DU‐PAS). The DU‐PAS consists of 50 items, including 24 items related to clinical skills (part A) and 26 items related to scientific knowledge and affective skills (part B). Each item in part A was scored on a three‐point scale ranging from no experience (0), with verbal and/or practical input from a colleague (1), to independently (2). Items in part B of the DU‐PAS are scored on a three‐point scale: no experience (0), mostly (1), and always (2). The maximum score for the 50 items on the DU‐PAS is 100. Interestingly, the current study showed that the ODC final‐year students were confident in performing several clinical procedures and had a good understanding of various professional aspects of clinical dentistry. The didactic online classes and preclinical sessions conducted while adhering to social distancing and other safety norms during the COVID‐19 pandemic, were positively received by the students.
Enterobius vermicularis in the Appendiceal Lumen: A Case Report
Authors: Razzaghi Mehta , Rezaei Hosna , Mohammadi Farshid , Salehi Amir Mohammad
Published: October 2024

Enterobius vermicularis is a common parasitic infection worldwide. Acute appendicitis (AA) is a frequently encountered condition in general surgery; however, its association with E. vermicularis remains controversial. AA caused by E. vermicularis is a relatively uncommon infection that primarily affects children. We reported a 21‐year‐old female who was admitted to our hospital due to right lower quadrant abdominal tenderness. Laboratory tests and imaging were not consistent with AA. She underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy and appendectomy. Histopathological examinations revealed the presence of E. vermicularis in the lumen of the appendix, which caused its obstruction without evidence of inflammatory cell infiltration or lymphoid hyperplasia.
Stability Analysis of a Water‐Rich Slope Under Seismic Disturbance
Authors: Li Shujian , Pan Yisha , Wang Chongyang , Zhang Dongming , Zhang Bin , Xiong Ziyang
Published: October 2024

Studying slope stability under different water contents and stress conditions is very important for the early warning and prevention of slope disasters. In this study, the stability of a side slope in Xingwen County was studied via field investigations, laboratory tests, and numerical simulations. The results show that a dry sample has a greater rockburst proneness than a water‐rich sample. Compared with that of the dry sample, the strength of the sample representing the water‐rich area of the slope decreased significantly, the peak strength decreases by 28.5% on average under the different confining pressure conditions tested, and the stress–strain curve has more jitter after the peak and shows more obvious plastic characteristics. The peak shear strain in the XZ direction on the lower slope under water‐rich conditions is 48.5% greater than that under dry conditions, and the range of the slope plastic zone is also significantly greater than that under dry conditions. This indicates that the stability of the slope under water‐rich conditions is much lower than that under dry conditions. The safety factors of the three types of slopes are calculated. The slope safety factors under the “water‐rich and deadweight” and “water‐rich and earthquake” conditions are 3.1% and 5.4% lower, respectively, than that under the “dry and deadweight” conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of water‐rich areas on slopes with frequent microearthquakes.
Supplementary Table S2 from Targeting the Sodium–Potassium Pump as a Therapeutic Strategy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Schneider Constanze , Spaink Hermes , Alexe Gabriela , Dharia Neekesh V. , Meyer Ashleigh , Merickel Lucy A. , Khalid Delan , Scheich Sebastian , Häupl Björn , Staudt Louis M. , Oellerich Thomas , Stegmaier Kimberly
Published: October 2024

Disease score with corresponding features for the top disease per gene
Supplementary Methods and Figures from An Alternatively Spliced Gain-of-Function NT5C2 Isoform Contributes to Chemoresistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Torres-Diz Manuel , Reglero Clara , Falkenstein Catherine D. , Castro Annette , Hayer Katharina E. , Radens Caleb M. , Quesnel-Vallières Mathieu , Ang Zhiwei , Sehgal Priyanka , Li Marilyn M. , Barash Yoseph , Tasian Sarah K. , Ferrando Adolfo , Thomas-Tikhonenko Andrei
Published: October 2024

Supplementary Methods and Figures S1-S3
Figure S2 from FANCI Inhibition Induces PARP1 Redistribution to Enhance the Efficacy of PARP Inhibitors in Breast Cancer
Authors: Huang Yu-Zhou , Sang Ming-Yi , Xi Pei-Wen , Xu Ruo-Xi , Cai Meng-Yuan , Wang Zi-Wen , Zhao Jian-Yi , Li Yi-Han , Wei Ji-Fu , Ding Qiang
Published: October 2024

Figure S2 depicts the expression patterns of FANCI among breast cancer patient groups based on clinical parameters.
Breast Cancer Disseminated Tumor Cells: Do They Stay and Fight or Run and Hide?
Authors: Cackowski Frank C. , Korkaya Hasan
Published: October 2024

Many solid tumors including breast cancer can exhibit early dissemination and dormancy—in which cancer cells spread early in the disease process and survive long periods without detectable growth. These early disseminated tumor cells sometimes reactivate and lead to incurable metastatic disease years or even decades after curative-intent therapy for the primary tumor. We are just beginning to understand the role of the immune system in this process in part because of improvements in immunocompetent models as well as technological advances such as single-cell genomics and spatial transcriptomics. In this issue of Cancer Research, Bushnell and colleagues showed that NK cells are important in this context. The authors found that disseminated tumor cells and quiescent cells express higher levels of MHC 1 but are resistant to NK-cell–mediated immunity. The proposed mechanism involves the STING pathway and transcription factors Sox2 and Bach1. As other studies have highlighted the importance of T-cell immunity, this work reaffirms the importance and diversity of immune regulation of dormancy and suggests the need for future studies to flesh out mechanistic details and predict when each type of immunity is most important.

See related article by Bushnell et al., p. 3337
Physical Activity during Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk before Age 40 Years
Authors: Kehm Rebecca D. , Genkinger Jeanine M. , Knight Julia A. , MacInnis Robert J. , Liao Yuyan , Li Shuai , Weideman Prue C. , Chung Wendy K. , Kurian Allison W. , Colonna Sarah V. , Andrulis Irene L. , Buys Saundra S. , Daly Mary B. , John Esther M. , Hopper John L. , Terry Mary Beth
Published: October 2024

Background:

Breast cancer incidence is increasing in women under age 40, underscoring the need for research on breast cancer risk factors for younger women.

Methods:

We used data from an international family cohort (n = 26,348) to examine whether recreational physical activity (RPA) during adolescence and early adulthood is associated with breast cancer risk before age 40. The cohort includes 2,502 women diagnosed with breast cancer before age 40, including 2,408 diagnosed before study enrollment (68% within 5 years of enrollment). Women reported their average hours per week of moderate and strenuous RPA during adolescence (12–17 years) and early adulthood (25–34 years), which were converted to total age-adjusted metabolic equivalents per week and categorized into quartiles. We conducted attained age analyses until age 40 (follow-up time began at age 18) using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for study center, race and ethnicity, and education.

Results:

Being in the highest versus lowest quartile of RPA during adolescence and early adulthood were respectively associated with 12% [HR (95% confidence interval, or CI), 0.88 (0.78–0.98)] and 16% [HR (95% CI), 0.84 (0.74–0.95) lower breast cancer risks before age 40. Being in the highest quartile of RPA during both adolescence and early adulthood (Pearson correlation = 0.52) versus neither time point was associated with a 22% lower risk [HR (95% CI), 0.78 (0.68–0.89)].

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that RPA during adolescence and early adulthood may lower breast cancer risk before age 40.

Impact:

Policies promoting physical activity during adolescence and early adulthood may be important for reducing the growing burden of breast cancer in younger women.
Supplementary Figure S5 from YAP1 Status Defines Two Intrinsic Subtypes of LCNEC with Distinct Molecular Features and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities
Authors: Stewart C. Allison , Diao Lixia , Xi Yuanxin , Wang Runsheng , Ramkumar Kavya , Serrano Alejandra G. , Tanimoto Azusa , Rodriguez B. Leticia , Morris Benjamin B. , Shen Li , Zhang Bingnan , Yang Yan , Hamad Samera H. , Cardnell Robert J. , Duarte Alberto , Sahu Moushumi , Novegil Veronica Y. , Weissman Bernard E. , Frumovitz Michael , Kalhor Neda , Solis Soto Luisa , da Rocha Pedro , Vokes Natalie , Gibbons Don L. , Wang Jing , Heymach John V. , Glisson Bonnie , Byers Lauren Averett , Gay Carl M.
Published: October 2024

Supplementary Figure S5. Chemotherapy response differences in YAP1-high and -low LCNEC xenograft models.
Supplementary Figure S2 from YAP1 Status Defines Two Intrinsic Subtypes of LCNEC with Distinct Molecular Features and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities
Authors: Stewart C. Allison , Diao Lixia , Xi Yuanxin , Wang Runsheng , Ramkumar Kavya , Serrano Alejandra G. , Tanimoto Azusa , Rodriguez B. Leticia , Morris Benjamin B. , Shen Li , Zhang Bingnan , Yang Yan , Hamad Samera H. , Cardnell Robert J. , Duarte Alberto , Sahu Moushumi , Novegil Veronica Y. , Weissman Bernard E. , Frumovitz Michael , Kalhor Neda , Solis Soto Luisa , da Rocha Pedro , Vokes Natalie , Gibbons Don L. , Wang Jing , Heymach John V. , Glisson Bonnie , Byers Lauren Averett , Gay Carl M.
Published: October 2024

Supplementary Figure S2. Genomic features of Hippo signaling in LCNEC.
Tissue-Resident T Cells in Clinical Response and Immune-Related Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Zhao Ye , Wucherpfennig Kai W.
Published: October 2024

T-cell surveillance of tissues is spatially organized: circulating memory T cells perform surveillance of secondary lymphoid organs, whereas tissue-resident memory T cells act as sentinels in barrier tissues. In the context of infection, tissue-resident memory T cells survive long term in barrier tissues and are poised to respond to re-encounter of infectious agents. The activity of such tissue-resident T cells is regulated by the PD-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 inhibitory receptors targeted by cancer immunotherapies. This review investigates the hypothesis that T cells with a tissue residency program play an important role in both protective antitumor immunity and immune-related adverse events (irAE) of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). A series of translational studies have demonstrated that a higher density of tissue-resident T cells within tumors is associated with favorable survival outcomes in a diverse range of cancer types. Tissue-resident T cells have also been implicated in clinical response to ICB, and dynamic tracking of T-cell populations in pre- and on-treatment tumor samples demonstrated that T cells with a tissue residency program responded early to ICB. Investigation of colitis and dermatitis as examples of irAEs demonstrated that tissue-resident memory T cells were reactivated at these epithelial sites, resulting in a highly cytotoxic state and secretion of inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα. It will therefore be important to consider how a tissue residency program can be enhanced to promote T-cell–mediated tumor immunity while preventing the development of irAEs.
T Cells Instruct Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Resistance in Tumors Responsive to IL1 and TNFα Inflammation
Authors: Cho Nam Woo , Guldberg Sophia M. , Nabet Barzin Y. , Yu Jie Zeng , Kim Eun Ji , Hiam-Galvez Kamir J. , Yee Jacqueline L. , DeBarge Rachel , Tenvooren Iliana , Ashitey Naa Asheley , Lynce Filipa , Dillon Deborah A. , Rosenbluth Jennifer M. , Spitzer Matthew H.
Published: October 2024

Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is common, even in tumors with T-cell infiltration. We thus investigated consequences of ICI-induced T-cell infiltration in the microenvironment of resistant tumors. T cells and neutrophil numbers increased in ICI-resistant tumors following treatment, in contrast to ICI-responsive tumors. Resistant tumors were distinguished by high expression of IL1 receptor 1, enabling a synergistic response to IL1 and TNFα to induce G-CSF, CXCL1, and CXCL2 via NF-κB signaling, supporting immunosuppressive neutrophil accumulation in tumor. Perturbation of this inflammatory resistance circuit sensitized tumors to ICIs. Paradoxically, T cells drove this resistance circuit via TNFα both in vitro and in vivo. Evidence of this inflammatory resistance circuit and its impact also translated to human cancers. These data support a mechanism of ICI resistance, wherein treatment-induced T-cell activity can drive resistance in tumors responsive to IL1 and TNFα, with important therapeutic implications.
Cathepsin L Promotes Pulmonary Hypertension via BMPR2/GSDME-Mediated Pyroptosis
Authors: Peng Zhouyangfan , Luo Xue-Yang , Li Xinyi , Li Yapei , Wu Yusi , Tian Yuyang , Pan Bingjie , Petrovic Aleksandar , Kosanovic Djuro , Schermuly Ralph Theo , Ruppert Clemens , Günther Andreas , Zhang Zhen , Qiu Chengfeng , Li Ying , Pu Jun , Li Xiaohui , Chen Alex F.
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND:

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal progressive disease characterized by pulmonary endothelial injury and occlusive pulmonary vascular remodeling. Lysosomal protease cathepsin L degrades essential molecules to participate in the human pathophysiological process. BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor) deficiency, an important cause of PH, results from mutational inactivation or excessive lysosomal degradation and induces caspase-3-mediated cell death. Given recent evidence that pyroptosis, as a new form of programmed cell death, is induced by caspase-3-dependent GSDME (gasdermin E) cleavage, we hypothesized that cathepsin L might promote PH through BMPR2/caspase-3/GSDME axis-mediated pyroptosis.

METHODS:

Cathepsin L expression was evaluated in the lungs and plasma of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The role of cathepsin L in the progression of PH and vascular remodeling was assessed in vivo. Small interfering RNA, specific inhibitors, and lentiviruses were used to explore the mechanisms of cathepsin L on human pulmonary arterial endothelial cell dysfunction.

RESULTS:

Cathepsin L expression is elevated in pulmonary artery endothelium from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and experimental PH models. Genetic ablation of cathepsin L in PH rats relieved right ventricular systolic pressure, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right ventricular hypertrophy, also restoring endothelial integrity. Mechanistically, cathepsin L promotes caspase-3/GSDME-mediated endothelial cell pyroptosis and represses BMPR2 signaling activity. Cathepsin L degrades BMPR2 via the lysosomal pathway, and restoring BMPR2 signaling prevents the pro-pyroptotic role of cathepsin L in PAECs and experimental PH models.

CONCLUSIONS:

These results show for the first time that cathepsin L promotes the development of PH by degrading BMPR2 to induce caspase-3/GSDME-mediated endothelial pyroptosis.
Exploring distinct and joint contributions of the locus coeruleus and the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area complex to reward and valence processing using high-resolution fMRI
Authors: Hall Julie M. , Shahnazian Danesh , Krebs Ruth M.
Published: October 2024

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) are classically viewed as key mediators in reward processing, while noradrenergic cells in the locus coeruleus (LC) are thought to modulate (negative) saliency processing. However, this conventional distinction is being revised by more recent research in animals. To explore the respective contributions of both the LC and SN/VTA in reward and valence processing in humans, we assessed fMRI data during stimulus encoding and response phase of a rewarded emotion-discrimination task (n = 38). Participants responded significantly faster to reward predicting and negative valence stimuli compared with their non-salient counterparts. LC activity was overall higher during trials involving reward prospect, and in particular for reward trials featuring positive valence, demonstrating an additive effect of reward and positive valence in LC. Moreover, LC activity was differentially increased for negative compared with positive valence in the response phase, indexing its role in invigorating responses to negative events. The SN/VTA showed increased activity in the response phase of reward trials (neutral valence) and negative valence trials (no reward), which aligns with coding relative saliency of these events in their respective contexts. LC modulations were accompanied by covariations in occipital cortex, suggesting noradrenergic contributions to visual prioritization of salient events. The findings underscore the sensitivity of both LC and SN/VTA to reward prospects and negative valence, challenging the dominant view of SN/VTA’s involvement in merely positive events and emphasizing their essential role in action invigoration above and beyond mere stimulus encoding. The intricate roles of the DA and NA system in reward and emotional valence processing in humans warrant further exploration and validation, given the limitations inherent to neuroimaging of deep brain structures.
Prior probability biases perceptual choices by modulating the accumulation rate, rather than the baseline, of decision evidence
Authors: Diaz Jessica A. , Pisauro M. Andrea , Delis Ioannis , Philiastides Marios G.
Published: October 2024

The prior probability of an upcoming stimulus has been shown to influence the formation of perceptual decisions. Computationally, these effects have typically been attributed to changes in the starting point (i.e., baseline) of evidence accumulation in sequential sampling models. More recently, it has also been proposed that prior probability might additionally lead to changes in the rate of evidence accumulation. Here, we introduce a neurally-informed behavioural modelling approach to understand whether prior probability influences the starting point, the rate of evidence accumulation or both. To this end, we employ a well-established visual object categorisation task for which two neural components underpinning participants’ choices have been characterised using single-trial analysis of the electroencephalogram. These components are reliable measures of trial-by-trial variability in the quality of the relevant decision evidence, which we use to constrain the estimation of a hierarchical drift diffusion model of perceptual choice. We find that, unlike previous computational accounts, constraining the model with the endogenous variability in the relevant decision evidence results in prior probability effects being explained primarily by changes in the rate of evidence accumulation rather than changes in the starting point or a combination of both. Ultimately, our neurally-informed modelling approach helps disambiguate the mechanistic effect of prior probability on perceptual decision formation, suggesting that prior probability biases primarily the interpretation of sensory evidence towards the most likely stimulus.
Is There a Domain of Linguistic Competence AI Cannot Grasp?
Authors: Mumbeck Marius
Published: October 2024

Linguistic competence is, among other things, the cognitive ability of using words appropriately. Following this notion, being a competent language user cannot be merely simulated because pretending to use words appropriately already is using words appropriately. Since current AI already can use words appropriately it may be that AI already has linguistic competence instead of merely simulating it. However, in this article I argue that there is at least one domain of linguistic competence that can be simulated: grasping lexical effects. Since grasping lexical effects presupposes an ability which AI lacks, namely feeling emotions, I argue that AI can only grasp the cognitive part of words but not their lexical effects. AI can only simulate to grasp lexical effects. Hence, lexical effects are a domain of linguistic competence AI cannot grasp.
Frege, Sentence-questions, Questions, and Thoughts
Authors: Davies Nathan William
Published: October 2024

Dummett, Hanks, Künne, and Bobzien have all stated or implied that when Frege wrote ‘Über Sinn und Bedeutung’, Frege believed that the sense of a sentence-question was not a thought. I present the passage of ‘Über Sinn und Bedeutung’ which is relevant to the evaluation of that proposition. I then present and evaluate an argument which I assume to be the best argument based on that passage for that proposition. I argue that the argument is likely to be unsound. I also address the question whether Frege believed that sentence-questions could be true or false and discuss what Frege did say and what he should have said about logical-alternative questions.
Lobelia capixaba, a new microendemic species of L. sect. Rhynchopetalum (Campanulaceae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil
Authors: ROLLIM ISIS DE MELLO , TROVÓ MARCELO
Published: October 2024

We describe and illustrate Lobelia capixaba, a new species of L. sect. Rhynchopetalum. The species is endemic to the state of Espírito Santo, known only from a few locations in Forno Grande State Park and surrounding areas. The unilabiate corolla with all lobes free at the apex and convolute is crucial to recognize the taxon as a distinct entity. The flower color is also notable, which can be whole in a single color or composed of a gradient of tones ranging from whitish or greenish to pink shades along the inflorescence. The species is compared to L. organensis, L. exaltata and L. hassleri, the morphologically most similar species. It is also compared to L. fistulosa and L. thapsoidea, as these species have overlapping distributions. An identification key for the South American species of L. sect. Rhynchopetalum is provided, along with comments on the species’ occurrence area and morphological variation, a distribution map, photographs, and SEM images of the seeds.
Governing Labour Relations Despite the Law: The Routine of Labour Inspection (Dakar)
Authors: Cissokho Sidy
Published: October 2024

This article is based on a series of observations made in the offices of the Dakar Labour Inspectorate between 2020 and 2023 and describes how labour is regulated by the inspection agents. The recent developments in the Labour Code deprived the department of virtually all its sanction powers, and the authority of labour inspectors depends on their ability to maintain people's belief in their power rather on than their actual powers of punishment. The work of inspection agents is a function of the law, of course, but it is also the product of the dynamics of the interactions among these agents, workers and employers. This is the only way the state can hope to impose its authority on the heart of labour relations.
Semi-Automated Virtual Endoscopy of the Frontal Recess
Authors: Jafar Ali , Yao William , Citardi Martin
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Virtual endoscopy (VE) is the computer-based reprocessing of diagnostic imaging to simulate endoscopy of an anatomic region of interest. VE of the Frontal Sinus Outflow Tract (FSOT) may assist surgical planning and education.

Method:

VE was performed on 16 normal sinus computed tomography (CT) scans for a total of 32 sides using the “path-to-target” tool on the TruDi surgical navigation system (ver. 2.3; Acclarent, Irving, CA, USA). To aid orientation during VE, planning points were placed on the middle turbinate, ethmoidal bulla, and skull base. The VE representation of anatomy and FSOT accuracy was manually confirmed by reviewing the corresponding orthogonal CT images and comparing them to the computed pathway.

Results:

Of the 32 sides, the software successfully calculated the FSOT in 22 sides (69%). Of those 22 sides, the calculated FSOT, depicted in the VE sequences accurately represented the FSOT. Among sides with an accurately calculated FSOT, the VE sequences depicted a “fly-through” from a starting point in the middle meatus around various frontal recess cells to the end point in the frontal sinus

Conclusion:

This pilot study demonstrates that software-generated VE of the FSOT is indeed feasible but requires confirmation by the surgeon for accuracy. Instances in which the software did not achieve its objective may drive further refinements of the protocol. VE of the FSOT should be explored as a tool for preoperative planning and surgical education.
A comparison of three evolutionary algorithms for group scheduling in theme parks with multitype facilities
Authors: Hsieh Yi-Chih , You Peng-Sheng
Published: October 2024

During the peak tourist season, large theme parks often experience a simultaneous influx of visitors, resulting in prolonged waiting times for popular attractions. This extended waiting significantly reduces tourists’ satisfaction and may negatively impact their willingness to revisit the theme park. In Taiwan, schools at all levels often plan graduation trips to theme parks for their students. Students are divided into groups and must enter and exit the theme park at the same time. This article presents a new theme park problem with multitype facilities (TPP-MTF) for student groups. Based on the group's preference for theme park facilities, multitype reserved tickets with popular facilities are designed for groups, so groups do not need to wait for the reserved facilities. Since the waiting time for groups can be reduced, the theme park can also obtain ticket fees in advance and estimate the number of visitors to the theme park, so the theme park and the group can achieve a win–win situation. This article proposes a new decoding approach for a random permutation of integer sequence and embeds it into an immune-based algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the TPP-MTF problem. A theme park in Taiwan was taken as an example and numerical results of the three algorithms were analyzed and compared to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Jürgen Moltmann: Theologian of Hope, 1926–2024
Authors: Welker Michael
Published: October 2024

Jürgen Moltmann made theological history with his major works Theology of Hope (1964) and The Crucified God (1972), which have appeared in many editions and translations. He became the most internationally influential German Protestant theologian of the second half of the twentieth century.
What Can Postliberals and Evangelicals Learn from Each Other? Merciful Substitution in George Hunsinger's Philippians and Historic Reformed Theology
Authors: Tseng Shao Kai
Published: October 2024

This article brings George Hunsinger's treatment of substitutionary atonement in his Philippians into dialogue with John Owen and B. B. Warfield as representatives of historic Reformed theology. The aim of the article is to reassert the primacy of expiation over propitiation in evangelical theology by considering Hunsinger's proposal to replace the term “penal substitution” with what he calls a “merciful substitution.” He accepts the notion of propitiation when it is defined as the removal of God's wrath predicated upon the removal of sin (expiation), but rejects the distorted understanding of propitiation according to which God is a God of wrath first and only subsequently a God of mercy. For Hunsinger, expiatory sacrifice is the means provided by God's mercy so as to reconcile us to God. Similarly, for Owen and Warfield, expiation is accomplished by Christ's substitutionary sacrifice in which the believer's sin and guilt are translated to him through mystical and federal union. While it is unlikely that evangelicals would make “merciful substitution” a normative expression of the atonement, Hunsinger's caveats against the excessively forensic and nominalistic connotations of the term “penal substitution” are worth the consideration of evangelicals who share his passion for the dogmatic norma normata that regulates our understandings of the biblical texts.
Benign Solitary Schwannoma of the Cheek: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Khbou Amin , Meherzi Samia , Mnif Ons , Beldi Oumaima , Charfi Afifa
Published: October 2024

Schwannomas are generally known to be benign tumors that arise from Schwann cells. The most frequently encountered tumors of this type in ENT are vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas. However, head and neck localization, although rare, has been documented in the literature. We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with chronic swelling of the left cheek, leading to aesthetic discomfort. Clinical examination objectified a palpable swelling on both the external and internal sides of the left cheek. No other abnormalities were detected during the clinical examination. Ultrasound of the soft tissues identified the left cheek swelling as corresponding to a subcutaneous cyst. No further investigations were indicated for this patient. The treatment consisted of surgical excision via an intraoral approach with an internal buccal incision. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma. Schwannoma, a benign neurologic tumor, is rarely located in the face, particularly in the jaw. Its diagnosis is confirmed through histopathological examination, and treatment typically involves complete surgical removal when feasible.
Extended Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery with Total Cyst Wall Decollement for Suprasellar Cystic Craniopharyngioma: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Liu Jie , Wang Junwei , Wang Pan , Wu Nan
Published: October 2024

For most cystic craniopharyngiomas, intracapsular debulking is a good strategy to get a large operation space and protect vital structures. However, this surgical strategy may lead to the residual and recurrence of the tumor capsule wall. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new surgical strategy without residual capsule walls for the removal of cystic craniopharyngiomas. We reviewed a 45-year-old male with vision loss and visual field defects, whose head MRI revealed a suprasellar cystic lesion. The patient underwent extended endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. The surgical strategy of total cystic wall decollement was adopted, which was that the lesion surrounded by the capsule was completely separated from the surrounding tissue without destroying the capsule and maintaining the tension of the capsule. The lesion was totally resected and pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. After the operation, both the visual acuity and pituitary function were significantly improved. In addition, he suffered from transient diabetes insipidus, which was subsequently relieved. During the 33-month follow-up, there was no tumor recurrence. Compared with the traditional surgical strategy of intracapsular debulking, the surgical strategy of total cystic wall decollement has the advantages of less residual tumor capsules, low tumor recurrence rates, etc. Therefore, for specific cystic craniopharyngiomas, the surgical strategy of total cystic wall decollement may be an effective surgical strategy to reduce tumor recurrence.
Study on the wear resistance of micro-arc-oxidised ceramic films on the surface of TC4 titanium alloy oil well tubing in the Ordos Basin
Authors: Zhengjian Ouyang
Published: October 2024

The use of titanium alloy oil well pipes in conventional and unconventional oil and gas explorations, developments and drillings in gas fields in the Ordos Basin is increasing. However, ensuring the safety of titanium alloy tubing is challenging because of the poor friction and wear resistance of these alloys. Herein, we strengthened the surface of a TC4 alloy oil well pipe through micro-arc oxidation to prepare oxidised ceramic films (MAO-TC4). Further, we investigated their friction and wear behaviours under different normal loads to analyse related mechanisms and improve the safety of titanium alloy oil well pipes. The results reveal a positive correlation between the coefficient of friction and wear volume under the normal load. In addition, the wear characteristics of MAO-TC4 are superior to those of the TC4 alloy in all contact forms. When paired with TC4 alloy balls, the adhesive wear and abrasive wear are dominant wear mechanisms. Meanwhile, when paired with Si3N4 ceramic balls, the wear mechanism is abrasive wear at the contact edge and slight oxidative and fatigue wear at the contact centre. Moreover, the MAO-TC4 alloy can effectively reduce oxidative wear. The cutting-to-plasticity ratio ( fcp) of MAO-TC4 is 0.8, and we weakened the micro-cutting mechanism to prevent material loss compared with TC4, which has an fcp of 0.95. In conclusion, MAO-TC4 can resist frictional wear at the alloy end face of titanium alloy oil well pipes. In addition, this study provides design concepts for improving the performance of the end face in the oil and chemical design for titanium alloys.
Comparison of Friction Resistance Between Different Bracket Systems: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Bhanderi Vrushika , Digumarthi Uday Kumar
Published: October 2024

Introduction

The efficiency of tooth movement associated with orthodontic sliding mechanics can be compromised by friction between archwire and tube or bracket slot. Orthodontic brackets and archwires are important constituents of an orthodontic appliance system. Friction is an uncontrolled variable of particular interest when continuous arch techniques are used to align and move teeth by way of sliding a tube or bracket along an arch.

Aim and Objectives

Comparison of frictional resistance between different bracket systems of 3M and MO brands in combination with different wires of 3M, MO, and G&H brands. Evaluation of frictional resistance between two different types of bracket systems and different types of wire combinations.

Materials and Methods

Two types of bracket systems were used: metal bracket system and ceramic bracket system (3M and MO brands). Four different orthodontic wire alloys were used: stainless steel (SS), TMA, NiTi, and CuNiTi (3M, MO, and G&H brands). A rectangular block made up of self-cure acrylic resin was designed to hold the bracket during the mechanical test. Each bracket base was glued to an acrylic block with cyanoacrylate glue. The wire segment was inserted into the bracket and was ligated passively with SS ligature wire. The bracket–wire combination was submitted to mechanical tests with a universal testing machine. One end of the acrylic block was mounted to the lower grip of the universal testing machine. The free end of the archwire was fixed to the upper grip of the universal testing machine. The friction which was generated between the wire and bracket was measured under dry conditions and at room temperature. The test wire was pulled through the bracket at a speed of 0.5 cm/min. The load cell registered a maximum force level. This data was stored in the computer and was submitted to statistical analysis, and parameter tests were applied.

Results

The highest mean friction resistance of 5.998 N was generated by group B2-E2 (ceramic bracket – MO + TMA archwire – MO). The lowest mean friction resistance of 2.552 N was generated by group A1-C1 (metal bracket – 3M + SS wire – 3M). There was a statistically significant difference between the friction generated by the metal bracket on SS archwire and the ceramic bracket on TMA archwire regardless of 3M or MO brand material ( p value < .0001) and metal bracket ( p = .0004).
Effects of two modalities of practice on the learning of piano pieces under the deprivation of auditory feedback
Authors: Madeira Renan Moreira , dos Santos Regina Antunes Teixeira
Published: October 2024

Sixteen piano students learned four piano pieces under two different conditions that involved the deprivation of auditory and motor feedback. One condition required study away from the piano, thus implying the removal of auditory and kinaesthetic feedback (mental practice, MP). The other condition involved study on a digital piano that was turned off (motor practice, MoP), hence depriving the participant of auditory feedback. Data on the effects of the two different modalities of practice, which also excluded external sound references during the initial study of new piano pieces, were analysed in two different ways. First, video recordings of the participants’ practice sessions were analysed to identify behaviours exhibited during these sessions, quantified by number of incidences. Second, external referees assessed final performances (audio recordings on an acoustic piano) according to four proposed parameters related to piano performance. Data from semi-structured interviews were collected as well. The results showed differences between the two conditions, especially with respect to the utilisation of support activities and pauses during practice. The analysis indicated that procedures related to MP may yield better results when the musical material is approached as small portions one at a time. Finally, the modality of MP described in this article, which bears some relation to other forms of MP, could be a valid alternative for issues of fatigue and complexity related to MP, as has been traditionally described in the literature.
Rescaling: Change agency and the emerging geography of economic relationships
Authors: Grillitsch Markus , Asheim Björn , Lowe Nichola , Kelmenson Sophie , Fünfschilling Lea , Lundquist Karl-Johan , Mahmoud Yahia , Martynovich Mikhail , Mattsson Pauline , Nilsson Magnus , Miörner Johan , Schubert Torben
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we propose a theoretical and conceptual framework for articulating and studying changes in the global economic landscape and illustrate this framework in the current context. The framework pivots around the notion of rescaling, which is interpreted from a human agency perspective. We disentangle three theoretically distinct dimensions of rescaling and show how they play together using concrete examples. The theoretical and conceptual framework links the intended and unintended consequences of globalisation to current rescaling efforts, and allows us to investigate when, why, and how changes to the geography of economic relationships occur.