bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward the Rational Design of Functionalized Pentacenes: Reduction of the Impact of Functionalization on the Reorganization Energy
Authors: Chen Hsing‐Yin , Chao Ito
Published: September 2006

For the widely studied high‐carrier‐mobility species, pentacene, it is found that perfluorination turned it into an n‐type organic field‐effect transistor (OFET), but doubled the internal reorganization energy (λ) of the electron/hole hopping. Here, Cl‐ and N‐functionalized pentacenes are designed to test two strategies that may reduce the impact of functionalization on λ. Calculation results show that the strategies are feasible. Moreover, combined with crystal‐structure data of Cl‐ and N‐functionalized aromatic compounds, it is concluded that compared to fluorination, the presence of Cl and N atoms in pentacene not only reduces the influence of functionalization on λ and affords a larger window for tuning HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies, but also provides the opportunity to promote π‐stacked structures through Cl⋅⋅⋅Cl and CH⋅⋅⋅N interactions.
Cover Picture: Proton Transfer 200 Years after von Grotthuss: Insights from Ab Initio Simulations (ChemPhysChem 9/2006)
Authors: Marx Dominik
Published: September 2006

The cover picture shows some of the wealth of phenomena which can be studied in the area of proton transfer—pioneered by von Grotthuss two centuries ago to rationalize the anomalously fast migration of excess protons in water—by exploiting the potential of ab initio computer simulations. The Review by Dominik Marx on page 1848 demonstrates how the development of novel simulation techniques, such as ab initio path integral, nonadiabatic and QM/MM Car–Parrinello approaches, is opening up new avenues to tackle problems of increasing complexity ranging from Bjerrum, Eigen and Zundel topological defects through to the centering phase transition in ice, leading to nonmolecular ice X, to excited‐state proton transfer and, last but not least, to excess protons in the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin.
Control of graft‐versus‐host disease by regulatory T cells: Which level of antigen specificity?
Authors: Martinic Marianne M. , von Herrath Matthias G.
Published: September 2006

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to suppress harmful self‐reactive T cell responses. A paper in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology analyzes the role of Tregs in preventing syngeneic graft‐versus‐host disease (sGVHD). In this Commentary, we address the role of antigen specificity of Tregs in this context as well as future protocols for successful allogeneic grafts transplantation. Such ideal interventions will hopefully retain a diverse repertoire of pathogen‐specific T cells, while maintenance of self‐, foreign‐ and alloantigen‐specific Tregs ensures life‐long graft tolerance.

See accompanying article http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636434
Protection from autoimmunity: Immunological indifference versus T‐cell mediated suppression?
Authors: Chatenoud Lucienne
Published: September 2006

A long‐held dogma was that immune tolerance could only be achieved through central deletion of potentially reactive cells at their site of origin, a concept supported by the direct demonstration of natural negative selection in bone marrow and thymus; however, it is now extensively documented that although deletion mechanisms ensure the elimination of most autoreactive cells, this purging is far from complete.There are major immune mechanisms that ensure tolerance in the periphery which are clearly non‐deletional. A paper in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology demonstrates that T cell‐mediated immunoregulation involving in particular the CTLA‐4 signaling pathway plays a key role in controlling the pathogenic potential of fully differentiated autoreactive T cells.

See accompanying article http//dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636432
Synthesis, Structure, and Polymerization Activity of a Titanium Complex with a Chelating [(Hydroxy‐κO)amino‐κN]phenolato(2−)‐κO Ligand
Authors: Kraft Bradley M. , Huang Kuo‐Wei , Cole Adam P. , Waymouth Robert M.
Published: August 2006

A novel titanium complex with a chelating nitroxide ligand, dichloro‐2‐{[(hydroxy‐κO)phenylamino‐κN)phenylmethyl}phenolato(2−)‐2κO}(tetrahydrofuran)titanium (1), was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. In the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO), 1 displayed moderate activity for the polymerization of propylene.
Effect of Structure of Functionalizing Molecules on the Inter‐Macromolecular Reactions and Blending of Poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) (EPM) with Poly(6‐aminohexanoic Acid) (PA6)
Authors: Passaglia Elisa , Coltelli Maria‐Beatrice , Ciardelli Francesco
Published: August 2006

Two different functionalizing systems, i.e., monohexadecyl maleate (= hexadecyl hydrogen (2Z)‐but‐2‐enedioate) in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (= bis(1‐methyl‐1‐phenylethyl) peroxide) or 4‐carboxybenzenesulfonazide (= 4‐(azidosulfonyl)benzoic acid), were used in distinct experiments to perform in a one‐step procedure the formation of a EPM–PA6 graft copolymer, necessary to obtain a compatibilized blend, from a molten mixture of ethylene–propylene copolymer (EPM) and polyamide 6 (PA6). The characterization of the graft polymer by selective solvent extraction of the blends and the subsequent IR and NMR analysis of the various fractions established the occurrence of functionalization reactions preferentially onto the polyolefin with both reagents. Also the formation in good yield of graft copolymers at the phases interface was observed. Moreover, the morphology and thermal characterizations of the blends by means of SEM and DSC analyses were used to evaluate the compatibilization extent in comparison with blends obtained by the conventional two‐step procedure or by the one‐step procedure with commercial maleic acid derivatives.
Expanding the Scope of Atropisomeric Monodentate P‐Donor Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis: Hydrogen‐Transfer Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Acid Derivatives by Rhodium/Ph‐binepine Catalysts
Authors: Alberico Elisabetta , Nieddu Ilenia , Taras Rossana , Gladiali Serafino
Published: August 2006

A range of α,β‐unsaturated acids and esters have been selectively reduced to the corresponding saturated acid derivatives by hydrogen transfer. As the reducing agent, formic acid was used in the presence of RhI complexes formed with the powerful chiral ligand Ph‐binepine (1), an axially chiral binaphthalene‐type monodentate P‐donor ligand. Very high stereoselectivities (up to 97% ee) were obtained in the case of itaconic acid (2a).
Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia after rituximab therapy for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Biehn Suzanne E. , Kirk David , Rivera M. Patricia , Martinez Antonio E. , Khandani Amir H. , Orlowski Robert Z.
Published: September 2006

Rituximab is a chimeric, anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody initially approved for relapsed, refractory indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and is being applied in an increasing variety of clinical scenarios. Most adverse events are due to an infusion‐related symptom complex, and severe pulmonary complications are rare. We describe a case of an NHL patient who received rituximab and developed symptomatic, biopsy‐proven multinodular bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP). This is the first reported case of BOOP associated with single‐agent rituximab, and along with two other patients we describe, as well as two prior reports of BOOP in NHL patients receiving rituximab‐based combinations, strengthens the possibility of a causal relationship. Moreover, these findings suggest that the incidence of BOOP following rituximab therapy may be higher than has been previously appreciated. Physicians utilizing rituximab should be aware of this association given the difficulty of differentiating between presentations of BOOP and neoplastic pulmonary processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presence of a thermoregulatory hot spot in the prothorax of the large carpenter bee and the bumble bee
Authors: Volynchik Stanislav , Plotkin Marian , Ermakov Natalya Y. , Bergman David J. , Ishay Jacob S.
Published: September 2006

In both the large carpenter bee (Xylocopa pubescens) and the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris), a hot spot was detected in the center of the prothorax on its dorsal‐external aspect. In both cases, the temperature in this hot spot was found to be greater than the ambient temperature and that at the tip of the gaster. In B. terrestris, it was higher by 9–10°C from that at the gaster tip and by 15–16°C from the ambient temperature, while in X. pubescens the corresponding differences were 11–20°C and 18–19°C, respectively. The recorded thermal differences were not fixed but were rather variable, temporally as well as individually, but invariably all individuals measured showed these temperature differences. Furthermore, in none of the studied specimens was a hot spot detected in any part of the body other than the prothorax. From this hot spot in the prothorax, there is a cascade of temperatures in both directions, that is, anteriorly towards the head and posteriorly towards the gaster, with a graded drop in temperature in either direction. This article discusses possible reasons for the existence of such a hot spot in this particular location (the prothorax), its role or function, and its mode of operation. The authors speculate that it is a thermoregulatory center (for heating or cooling) that might be present in possibly all Hymenoptera that spend a considerable part of their life flying, regardless of whether they are social, parasocial, or solitary. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and Validation of A Model Predicting Graft Survival After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Ioannou George N.
Published: September 2006

This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive model that predicts survival after liver transplantation based on pretransplant donor and recipient characteristics. Complete data were available from the United Network for Organ Sharing for 20,301 persons who underwent liver transplantation in the United States between 1994 and 2003. Proportional-hazards regression was used to identify the donor and recipient characteristics that best predicted survival and incorporate these characteristics in a multivariate model. A data-splitting approach was used to compare survival predicted by the model to the observed survival in samples not used in the derivation of the model. A model was derived using 4 donor characteristics (age, cold ischemia time, gender, and race/ethnicity) and 9 recipient characteristics (age, body max index, model for end-stage liver disease score, United Network for Organ Sharing priority status, gender, race/ethnicity, diabetes mellitus, cause of liver disease, and serum albumin) that adequately predicted survival after liver transplantation in patients without hepatitis C virus, and a slightly different model was used for patients with hepatitis C virus. The models illustrate that variations in both pretransplant donor and recipient characteristics have a large effect on posttransplant survival. In conclusion, the models presented here can be used to derive scores that are proportional to the excess risk of graft loss after liver transplantation for potential donors, recipients, or donor/recipient combinations. The models may be used to inform liver transplant candidates and their doctors what posttransplant survival would be expected when a given donor is offered and may be particularly helpful for marginal or high-risk donors.
Liver Transpl, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Optimizing Staging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Analysis of the Unos/Optn Database
Authors: Freeman Richard B. , Mithoefer Abigail , Ruthazer Robin , Nguyen Khanh , Schore Anthony , Harper Ann , Edwards Erick
Published: September 2006

Assignment of liver allocation priority for hepatocellular carcinoma is predicated on accurate imaging staging. We analyzed radiographically defined stage (radiologic stage [RS]) at listing and most recent extension and pathologic stage (PS) data from 789 liver transplant recipients for whom no pretransplant ablative treatment was given. There were no predetermined imaging or pathological protocols in this retrospective analysis of wait list data. Seventy-two (9.1%), 690 (87.5%), and 27 (3.4%) were listed as stage 1, 2 and >2, respectively. Computed tomography (CT) scan alone (46.4%), magnetic resonance image scan alone (37.1%), ultrasound alone (1.3%), and multiple imaging studies (15.2%) were used with no difference in time to transplant for listing or most recent scan among the recipient groups. Overall accuracy (RS = PS) was 44.1% and was not different if original listing RS or most recent RS was used for comparison with PS. No one type of imaging technique had superior accuracy (P = 0.13); however, CT scan used alone or in combination compared to not being used at all, had higher odds of being accurate (odds ratio [OR] 1.38 [1.03-1.84], P = 0.031). In addition, imaging done less than 90 days before transplant had higher odds of being accurate (OR 1.49 [1.06-2.08], P = 0.019) as did RS = 2 or 3 (OR 5.56 [2.70-11.11], P < 0.0001). We observed considerable variation in RS accuracy among the United Network for Organ Sharing and Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network regions that is unexplained. In conclusion, current imaging requirements for RS prior to liver transplantation are unacceptably inaccurate. Future policy should require more accurate modalities or combinations of techniques.
Liver Transpl 12:1504-1511, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Derivation of A Risk Index for the Prediction of Massive Blood Transfusion in Liver Transplantation
Authors: McCluskey Stuart A. , Karkouti Keyvan , Wijeysundera Duminda N. , Kakizawa Karen , Ghannam Mohammed , Hamdy Ahmed , Grant David , Levy Gary
Published: September 2006

Massive blood transfusion (MBT) remains a serious and common occurrence in liver transplantation surgery. This retrospective cohort study was undertaken to identify preoperative predictors of MBT and to develop a risk index for MBT in liver transplantation. Data were retrospectively collected on all liver transplantations carried out at a single institution between January 1998 and March 2004. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictor variables of MBT, defined as ≥6 units of red blood cell concentrate (RBC) in the first 24 hours of surgery. The model was internally validated by bootstrapping. Of the 460 liver transplant recipients, 193 (42%) received ≥6 units of RBC within 24 hours of surgery. Unadjusted analyses identified 12 preoperative predictors of MBT: age, height, gender, repeat transplantation, etiology of liver failure, and preoperative laboratory values (hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, international normalized ratio for prothrombin activity [INR], albumin, total bilirubin, and creatinine). In multivariable logistic regression, 7 independent predictors of MBT were identified: age (>40 years), hemoglobin concentration (≤10.0 g/dL), INR (1.2-1.99, and >2.0), platelet count (≤70 × 109/L), creatinine (≥110 μmol/L for female subjects and ≥120 μmol/L for male subjects), albumin (< 28 g/L), and repeat transplantation. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) for the model was 0.82. By using the regression β coefficients to derive weights for each of these predictors, a risk index was developed that assigned each patient a score between 0 and 8. The ROC for this risk index was 0.79. MBT in liver transplantation surgery can be accurately predicted by 7 readily available preoperative predictors.
Liver Transpl, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Incidence and Risk Factors for the Development of Prolonged and Severe Intrahepatic Cholestasis After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Fusai Giuseppe , Dhaliwal Parveen , Rolando Nancy , Sabin Caroline Anne , Patch David , Davidson Brian Ritchie , Burroughs Andrew Kenneth , Rolles Keith
Published: September 2006

Predictive factors for intrahepatic cholestasis after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) have not yet been established. We sought to identify the incidence and risk factors associated with prolonged severe intrahepatic cholestasis (PSIC) after OLT. We assessed 428 consecutive patients undergoing their first OLT. PSIC was diagnosed if a serum bilirubin concentration was greater than 100 μmol/L and/or a 3-fold increase of alkaline phosphatase occurred within the first month after OLT and was sustained for at least 1 week in the absence of biliary complications. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors independently associated with PSIC. PSIC developed in 107 patients (25%). Independent risk factors by multivariable analysis were intraoperative transfusion of cryoprecipitate and platelets; nonidentical blood group status; suboptimal organ appearance; inpatient status before transplantation; and bacteraemia in the first month after transplantation. In contrast, acute liver failure, older age, and higher levels of serum sodium and serum potassium were all associated with a reduced likelihood of developing PSIC in the first month. There were 47 deaths in the PSIC group (44%) as opposed to 65 deaths in the non-PSIC group (20%) after OLT. A poor preoperative clinical status in conjunction with a suboptimal graft was associated with PSIC after OLT. Avoidance of suboptimal livers and ABO nonidentical grafts for young patients with poor synthetic function and for pretransplant inpatients may lessen this complication and reduce the associated early mortality.
Liver Transpl, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Preoperative Detection of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Liver Transplant Candidates
Authors: Shah Tilak U. , Semelka Richard C. , Voultsinos Vasilis , Elias Jorge , Altun Ersan , Pamuklar Ertan , Firat Zeynep , Gerber David A. , Fair Jeffrey , Russo Mark W.
Published: September 2006

The detection of main portal vein thrombosis (PVT) on preoperative imaging of liver transplant candidates has important technical implications for the transplantation procedure. Data are scarce regarding the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at detecting PVT. The aim of our study was to compare preoperative findings of the portal vein on MRI to operative findings at liver transplantation. Abdominal MRI and clinical records of 172 consecutive patients who received liver transplants between January 1999 and September 2004 were reviewed. Two radiologists independently evaluated the last abdominal magnetic resonance examinations obtained before liver transplantation, blinded to the original reading, operative findings, and clinical data. Findings on MRI were compared with intraoperative findings at transplantation. Main PVT was detected in 12 patients, in whom 8 were found to have thrombus at surgery, with 6 requiring a jump graft or thrombectomy. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI for detecting main PVT were 100% and 98%, respectively. The cause of discordance between findings on MRI and at transplantation in 2 cases was a diminutive caliber of the main portal vein that was interpreted as recanalized chronic thrombosis on MRI. In conclusion, in our study group MRI detected PVT in all liver transplant recipients requiring jump grafts at transplantation. The major reason for a false-positive MRI was a diminutive but patent portal vein.
Liver Transpl 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Documented Deaths of Hepatic Lobe Donors for Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Trotter James F. , Adam Rene , Lo Chung Mau , Kenison Jeremy
Published: September 2006

The actual risk of death in hepatic lobe donors for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is unknown because of the lack of a comprehensive database. In the absence of a definitive estimate of the risk of donor death, the medical literature has become replete with anecdotal reports of donor deaths, many of which cannot be substantiated. Because donor death is one of the most important outcomes of LDLT, we performed a comprehensive survey of the medical and lay literature to provide a referenced source of worldwide donor deaths. We reviewed all published articles from the medical literature on LDLT and searched the lay literature for donor deaths from 1989 to February 2006. We classified each death as “definitely,” “possibly,” or “unlikely” related to donor surgery. We identified 19 donor deaths (and one additional donor in a chronic vegetative state). Thirteen deaths and the vegetative donor were “definitely,” 2 were “possibly,” and 4 were “unlikely” related to donor surgery. The estimated rate of donor death “definitely” related to donor surgery is 0.15%. The rate of donor death which is “definitely” or “possibly” related to the donor surgery is 0.20%. This analysis provides a source document of all identifiable living liver donor deaths, provides a better estimate of donor death rate, and may provide an impetus for centers with unreported deaths to submit these outcomes to the liver transplantation community.
Liver Transpl 12:1485-1488, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
A combined fracture‐micromechanics model for tensile strain‐softening in brittle materials, based on propagation of interacting microcracks
Authors: Pichler Bernhard , Hellmich Christian , A. Mang Herbert
Published: September 2006

Strain‐softening is the decline in stress at increasing strain. Although microcracking is a commonly accepted reason for strain‐softening, the majority of theoretical developments involve macroscopic damage evolution laws. To improve this situation, we propose a micromechanics‐based damage evolution law by combining (i) the propagation criterion for a single penny‐shaped crack embedded in an infinite matrix subjected to remote stresses (taken from linear‐elastic fracture mechanics) and (ii) stiffness estimates for representative material volumes comprising interacting microcracks (taken from continuum micromechanics). This combination allows for modelling tensile strain‐softening as a result of propagation of interacting microcracks, i.e. as a microstructural effect. The initial degree of damage, i.e. the initial microcrack size and the number of microcracks per unit volume, implies two different types of model‐predicted tensile strain‐softening behaviour under strain control: (i) continuous strain‐softening, which occurs in case of initial damage above a critical value, and (ii) an instantaneous stress drop at the peak load (‘snap‐back’), which occurs in case of initial damage below a critical value. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The in vitro effects of a bimodal contrast agent on cellular functions and relaxometry
Authors: Brekke Cecilie , Morgan Sarah C. , Lowe Andrew S. , Meade Thomas J. , Price Jack , Williams Steve C. R. , Modo Michel
Published: September 2006

The in vivo monitoring of cell survival and migration will be essential to the translation of cell‐based therapies from the laboratory to clinical studies. The pre‐labeling of cells with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents renders them visible in vivo for serial cellular imaging. However, little is known about the impact of the presence of these metal particles inside transplanted cells. The use of the bimodal contrast agent GRID made it possible to demonstrate by means of fluorescent microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) that, after 16 h of incubation (without the use of a transfection agent), neural stem cells (NSCs) were saturated and no longer incorporated particles. With this maximal uptake, no significant effect on cell viability was observed. However, a significant decrease in proliferation was evident in cells that underwent 24 h of labeling. A significant increase in reactive oxygen species was observed for all GRID labeling, with a very significant increase with 24 h of labeling. GRID labeling did not affect cell motility in comparison with PKH26‐labeled NSCs in a glioma‐based migration assay and also allowed differentiation into all major cell types of the brain. GRID‐labeled cells induced a signal change of 47% on T2 measurements and allows a detection of cell clusters of ∼220 cells/µl. Further in vivo testing will be required to ensure that cell labeling with gadolinium‐based MRI contrast agents does not impair their ability to repair. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative MRI‐pathology correlations of brain white matter lesions developing in a non‐human primate model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Blezer Erwin L. A. , Bauer Jan , Brok Herbert P. M. , Nicolay Klaas , 't Hart Bert A.
Published: September 2006

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with recombinant human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in the common marmoset is a useful preclinical model of multiple sclerosis in which white matter lesions can be well visualized with MRI. In this study we characterized lesion progression with quantitative in vivo MRI (4.7 T; T1 relaxation time ± Gd‐DTPA; T2 relaxation time; magnetization transfer ratio, MTR, imaging) and correlated end stage MRI presentation with quantitative ex vivo MRI (formaldehyde fixed brains; T1 and T2 relaxation times; MTR) and histology. The histopathological characterization included axonal density measurements and the numeric quantification of infiltrated macrophages expressing markers for early active [luxol fast blue (LFB) or migration inhibition factor‐related protein‐14 positive] or late active/inactive [periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive] demyelinating lesion. MRI experiments were done every two weeks until the monkeys were sacrificed with severe EAE‐related motor deficits. Compared with the normal appearing white matter, lesions showed an initial increase in T1 relaxation times, leakage of Gd‐DTPA and decrease in MTR values. The progressive enlargement of lesions was associated with stabilized T1 values, while T2 initially increased and stabilized thereafter and MTR remained decreased. Gd‐DTPA leakage was highly variable throughout the experiment. MRI characteristics of the cortex and (normal appearing) white matter did not change during the experiment. We observed that in vivo MTR values correlated positively with the number of early active (LFB+) and negatively with late active (PAS+) macrophages. Ex vivo MTR and relaxation times correlated positively with the number of PAS‐positive macrophages. None of the investigated MRI parameters correlated with axonal density. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethylene–propylene copolymerization with bis(β‐enaminoketonato) titanium complexes activated with modified methylaluminoxane
Authors: Tang Li‐Ming , Li Yan‐Guo , Ye Wei‐Ping , Li Yue‐Sheng
Published: September 2006

Ethylene–propylene copolymerization, using [(Ph)NC(R2)CHC(R1)O]2TiCl2 (R1 = CF3, Ph, or t‐Bu; R2 = CH3 or CF3) titanium complexes activated with modified methylaluminoxane as a cocatalyst, was investigated. High‐molecular‐weight ethylene–propylene copolymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions and a broad range of chemical compositions were obtained. Substituents R1 and R2 influenced the copolymerization behavior, including the copolymerization activity, methylene sequence distribution, molecular weight, and polydispersity. With small steric hindrance at R1 and R2, one complex (R1 = CF3; R2 = CH3) displayed high catalytic activity and produced copolymers with high propylene incorporation but low molecular weight. The microstructures of the copolymers were analyzed with 13C NMR to determine the methylene sequence distribution and number‐average sequence lengths of uninterrupted methylene carbons. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5846–5854, 2006
Conjugated dendrimers with triazine peripheries and a distyrylanthracene core
Authors: Kim Chae Kyu , Song Eun Seok , Kim Hyung Joo , Park Chiyoung , Kim Jai Kyeong , Kim Young Chul , Yu Jae Woong , Kim Chulhee
Published: September 2006

We describe the synthesis and luminescence characterization of conjugated dendrimers with triazine peripheries and a distyrylanthracene core that are suitable for electroluminescence applications. The dendrimers consist of dendritic triazine wedges with high electron affinity, stilbene branches, and a distyrylanthracene core as an emitting moiety. The dendrimers have lowest unoccupied molecular orbital values of about −2.7 eV. Photoluminescence studies have indicated that a cascade energy transfer occurs from the triazine wedges to the stilbene bridges and finally to the distyrylanthracene core. Thus, the emission wavelength is determined by the distyrylanthracene core unit. The energy‐transfer efficiency of the distyrylanthracene‐cored dendrimers is about 47 and 20% for the first and second generations, respectively. A preliminary electroluminescence property investigation has also been conducted. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5855–5862, 2006
Construction of diads and triads copolymer systems containing perylene, porphyrin, and/or fullerene blocks
Authors: Wang Ning , Lu Fushen , Huang Changshui , Li Yuliang , Yuan Mingjian , Liu Xiaofeng , Liu Huibiao , Gan Liangbing , Jiang Li , Zhu Daoben
Published: September 2006

A series of conjugated copolymers containing perylene, porphyrin, and/or fullerene units on the main chain have been synthesized. The structures and photophysical properties of polymers were characterized by FTIR, NMR, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and cyclic voltammetry. The photoinduced charge transfer properties of the films were also measured by a three‐electrode cell technique. A rapid, steady, and reproducible cathodic photocurrent response for each polymer was produced when the film was irradiated by a white light. The SEM and TEM images displayed the aggregation superstructures of the polymers. In chloroform, polySPeZnP2F could form a large quantity of spherical nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5863–5874, 2006
Synthesis of new thermosetting poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)s containing epoxide pendant groups
Authors: Huang Chih‐Chiao , Yang Ming‐Syun , Liang Mong
Published: September 2006

A new class of thermosetting poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)s containing pendant epoxide groups were synthesized and characterized. These new epoxy polymers were prepared through the bromination of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) in halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons followed by a Wittig reaction to yield vinyl‐substituted polymer derivatives. The treatment of the vinyl‐substituted polymers with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid led to the formation of epoxidized poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) with variable pendant ratios, and the structures and properties were studied with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. The ratios of pendant functional groups were tailored for the polymer properties, and the results showed that the glass‐transition temperatures increased as the benzylic protons were replaced by bromo‐, vinyl‐, or epoxide‐functional groups, whereas the thermal stability decreased in comparison with the original polymer. Within a molar fraction of 20–50%, the degree of functionalization had little effect on the glass‐transition temperature; however, it correlated inversely with the thermal stability of each functionalized polymer. The thermal curing behavior of the epoxide‐functionalized polymer was enhanced by the increment of the pendant functionality, which resulted in a significant increase in the glass‐transition temperature as well as the thermal stability after the curing reaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5875–5886, 2006
Starch‐graft‐copolymer latexes initiated and stabilized by ozonolyzed amylopectin
Authors: De Bruyn Hank , Sprong Ewan , Gaborieau Marianne , David Ghislain , Roper John A. , Gilbert Robert G.
Published: September 2006

A method is presented for synthesizing surfactant‐free latexes comprising a starch‐graft‐vinyl polymer, (1) starting with a suspension of the highly branched starch amylopectin, either native or degraded, (2) then using ozonolysis to create free‐radical initiation sites on this amylopectin scaffold, and (3) finally adding the monomer and inducing polymerization. The ozone simultaneously thins the starch and creates initiating/grafting sites on the starch, from which starch‐graft‐copolymer latexes can be grown. The encapsulation of starch inside the hydrophobic polymer particles created by a heterogeneous free‐radical polymerization process is demonstrated with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy; this is the first time that the particle morphology of such a latex has been so characterized. The data unambiguously prove that low‐molar‐mass degraded starch can be encapsulated within a latex particle. The underlying mechanisms have been explored, and data quantifying the rates of production of hydroperoxides by ozone, the thermal decomposition of the starch hydroperoxides so formed, and the degradation of amylopectin by ozone are reported. The activation energy for the thermal decomposition of the starch macroinitiator, determined in this work to be 125 ± 8 kJ mol−1, is consistent with the proposition that the initiating species are mainly hydroperoxides. Colloidally stable poly(styrene‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) latexes based on high‐molar‐mass amylopectin have been developed. These are stable against electrolytes (several months in 4 mol L−1 NaCl), with 20% of the starch effectively grafted to the particles. Films cast from such latexes are more pliable than starch films and are readily redispersed in water. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5832–5845, 2006
Compactifications of the heterotic string with unitary bundles
Authors: Weigand T.
Published: September 2006

We describe a large new class of four‐dimensional supersymmetric string vacua defined as compactifications of the E8 × E8 and the SO(32) heterotic string on smooth Calabi‐Yau threefolds with unitary gauge bundles and heterotic five‐branes. The conventional gauge symmetry breaking via Wilson lines is replaced by the embedding of non‐flat line bundles into the ten‐dimensional gauge group, thus opening up the way for phenomenologically interesting string compactifications on simply connected manifolds. After a detailed analysis of the four‐dimensional effective theory we exemplify the general framework by means of a couple of explicit examples involving the spectral cover construction of stable holomorphic bundles. As for the SO(32) heterotic string, the resulting vacua can be viewed, in the S‐dual Type I picture, as a generalisation of magnetized D9/D5‐brane models. In the case of the E8 × E8 string, we find a natural way to construct realistic MSSM‐like models, either directly or via a flipped SU(5) GUT scenario.
Relief system's last line of defense, only line of defense?
Authors: Melhem G.A.
Published: September 2006

A relief system is often referred to as the “last line of defense.” However, it should not be the “only line of defense.”

This article provides an expert perspective and interpretation of today's legal climate with respect to projects involving pressure‐relief systems for reactive chemicals. A case study involving the storage of uninhibited butadiene is used to illustrate key concepts and recommendations. Recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices (RAGAGEP) are cited to illustrate the importance of using layers of protection. In other words, a pressure‐relief system should not be the only layer of protection, especially for reactive chemicals. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Managing on stream leak repairs
Authors: Wilson Jesse , Frazier Mark
Published: September 2006

The purpose of a fabricated equipment mechanical integrity program is to ensure the reliable containment of process contents. An on stream leak of a pressure vessel, piping circuit, tank, or other piece of process equipment represents a failure of the mechanical integrity program, which could negatively impact the safety, reliability, and environmental performance of a process unit. This mechanical integrity failure and its potential consequences can be mitigated, however, if an “On Stream Leak Repair” (OSLR) can be accomplished in a safe and reliable manner. This article addresses the typical hazards associated with OSLRs and offers some practical advice as to how to manage their implementation and verify their eventual removal. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Comparison of Three Rewarming Methods in a Postanesthesia Care Unit
Authors: Hershey June , Valenciano Cora , Bookbinder Marilyn
Published: August 2006

Postoperative hypothermia is problematic because patients in postanesthesia care units (PACUs) often feel very cold, and unrecognized or prolonged postoperative hypothermia can aggravate patients' underlying cardiovascular disorders. The researchers compared three methods of rewarming PACU patients who had undergone laparotomy procedures. Patients were assigned randomly to three groups. Each patient in group one received the standard PACU rewarming intervention (ie, two warmed thermal blankets and a hospital bedspread). Each patient in group two received the standard PACU rewarming intervention plus a reflective blanket. Each patient in group three received the standard PACU rewarming intervention plus a reflective blanket and a reflective head covering. Nurses measured patients' vital signs on admission to the PACU and every 15 minutes thereafter until patients' sublingual temperatures reached 36°C (96.8°F). No significant temperature differences occurred among patients in the three groups, but an inverse relationship existed between patients' PACU admission temperatures and the time they required to reach normothermia. AORN J 65 (March 1997) 597–601.
Project Alpha Provides Opportunities to Promote Perioperative Nursing
Authors: Graybill‐D'Ercole Patricia A.
Published: August 2006

This article provides an overview of AORN's Project Alpha and identifies multiple opportunities for RNs to promote the nursing profession and the perioperative nursing specialty. Individual and group Project Alpha activities can be used to enhance the education of health care consumers and other professionals about the essential role of perioperative nurses in the care of patients undergoing operative and other invasive procedures. The author suggests innovative strategies for AORN members to use in planning Project Alpha activities. AORN J 64 (Nov 1996) 781–785.
JOHN DEE AND THE ELIZABETHAN BRITISH EMPIRE IN ITS EUROPEAN CONTEXT
Authors: PARRY GLYN
Published: September 2006

Recent scholarship on the ideological origins of the British Empire has emphasized the importance of John Dee's imperial writings in justifying the Elizabethan exploitation of English Atlantic discoveries. Yet a closer reading of these writings in the context of European politics, Elizabethan Court intrigues, and Dee's occult natural philosophy and magical imperialism reveals their covert purpose of recovering a lost British Empire in Europe. Dee wrote initially to address both the chronic and acute problems facing the regime in 1576, but rather than being an autonomous authority whose ideas commanded attention because of their intrinsic power, he was subordinate to the Court patronage system. Consequently his writings only gained attention when revised to align with the policies of powerful courtiers such as the earl of Leicester, and even then influential Catholic courtiers could exploit contingent political circumstances to counter his influence. Dee's writings remained problematic not only because restoring the British Empire in Europe would entail confronting Spain, but also because in their hidden centre they proposed the creation of an apocalyptic empire by magical means, particularly the philosopher's stone. In the end the contingent events that made Dee's writings briefly influential ensured their ultimate irrelevance to Elizabethan policy-making.
FRENCH ABSOLUTISM, MARSEILLAIS CIVIC HUMANISM, AND THE LANGUAGES OF PUBLIC GOOD
Authors: TAKEDA JUNKO THÉRÈSE
Published: September 2006

This article contributes to current historical knowledge on the relationship between Crown and local municipal power in Old Regime France. In particular, it examines the political language of bien public mobilized by Marseillais elites and royal administrators between 1660 and 1700 in the context of French commercial expansion. Traditionally, ‘public good’ could be understood in two distinct ways. Derived from royal absolutist doctrine, public good was what the king willed to preserve the state, a collection of diverse, corporate bodies held together by royal justice and reason. Derived from civic humanistic, municipal traditions, public good was the united will of the civic community. Investigating three moments where these two definitions of public good converged and collided – during Marseille's urban expansion (1666), in the local justification of modern commerce, and in the deliberations at the Council of Commerce (1700) – this article points to several mutations in the language of public good at the end of the seventeenth century. Pointing to the convergence of civic humanistic and absolutist traditions, this article demonstrates that centralization under Louis XIV, rather than obscuring local traditions, allowed for the intensification of civic humanistic, republican sensibilities.
FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN IN VICTORIAN IMPERIAL THOUGHT
Authors: BELL DUNCAN
Published: September 2006

This article argues that during the closing decades of the nineteenth century a significant group of British imperial thinkers broke with the long-standing conventions of political thought by deliberately eschewing the inspiration and intellectual authority provided by the examples of the ancient empires. While the early Victorian colonial reformers had looked to the template of Greece, and while many later Victorians compared the empire in India with the Roman empire, numerous proponents of Greater Britain (focusing on the settler colonies, and associated in particular with the movement for imperial federation) looked instead to the United States. I argue that the reason for this innovation, risky in a culture obsessed with the moral and prudential value of precedent and tradition, lies in contemporary understandings of history. Both Rome and Greece, despite their differences, were thought to demonstrate that empires were ultimately self-dissolving; as such, empires modelled on their templates were doomed to eventual failure, whether through internal decay or the peaceful independence of the colonies. Since the advocates of Greater Britain were determined to construct an enduring political community, a global Anglo-Saxon polity, they needed to escape the fate of previous empires. They tried instead to insert Greater Britain into a progressive narrative, one that did not doom them to repeat the failures of the past.
COMMUNITY POLITICS IN LIVERPOOL AND THE GOVERNANCE OF PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: KENNEDY DAVID , COLLINS MICHAEL
Published: September 2006

This article studies the political significance of the schism that occurred at Liverpool's single professional football club in 1892 and which led to the incorporation of two clubs, Everton FC and Liverpool FC. Significantly, the management and direction of professional football had become bound up with community politics and identity at a time of important change in municipal politics when the tories' ascendancy faced a Liberal challenge partly predicated on the success of a virulent moral crusade over the influence of alcohol, social decay, and corruption in local government. At its simplest, the dispute at the club concerned allegations of commercial exploitation by the largest financial stakeholder. More fundamentally, rival factions were championing competing models for the role they believed a successful football club should be performing within the community which, in turn, embraced attempts by the political parties to engage male, working-class voters. Interestingly, the schism was within Protestant ranks for, despite the prominence often assigned to the role of sectarianism in Liverpool politics, differences between Catholics and Protestants played very little part in the dispute. This case study highlights the complexity of Liverpool political activities and alliances and reveals the importance of a multi-layered interplay of local and national issues.
KILLING AND BLOODY SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 1920
Authors: DOLAN ANNE
Published: September 2006

21 November 1920 began with the killing of fourteen men in their flats, boarding houses, and hotel rooms in Dublin. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) alleged that they were British spies. That afternoon British forces retaliated by firing on a crowd of supporters at a Gaelic football match in Croke Park, killing twelve and injuring sixty. The day quickly became known as Bloody Sunday. Much has been made of the afternoon's events. The shootings in Croke Park have acquired legendary status. Concern with the morning's killing has been largely limited to whether or not the dead men were the spies the IRA said they were. There has been little or no consideration of the men who did the killing. This article is based on largely unused interviews and statements made by the IRA men involved in this and many of the other days that came to constitute the guerrilla war fought against the British forces in Ireland from January 1919 until July 1921. This morning's killings are a chilling example of much of what passed for combat during this struggle. Bloody Sunday morning is used here as a means to explore how generally young and untrained IRA men killed and how this type of killing affected their lives.
THE ‘GHOST’ OF THE ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE: AN EXAMINATION INTO HISTORICAL MYTH-MAKING
Authors: BEST ANTONY
Published: September 2006

Even though the argument runs counter to much of the detailed scholarship on the subject, Britain's decision in 1921 to terminate its alliance with Japan is sometimes held in general historical surveys to be a major blunder that helped to pave the way to the Pacific War. The lingering sympathy for the combination with Japan is largely due to an historical myth which has presented the alliance as a particularly close partnership. The roots of the myth lie in the inter-war period when, in order to attack the trend towards internationalism, the political right in Britain manipulated memory of the alliance so that it became an exemplar of ‘old diplomacy’. It was then reinforced after 1945 by post-war memoirs and the ‘declinist’ literature of the 1960s and 1970s. By analysing the origins of this benevolent interpretation of the alliance, this article reveals how quickly and pervasively political discourse can turn history into myth and how the development of myths tells us much about the time in which they were created.
PROFESSIONALISM AND THE IMPACT OF ENGLAND'S FIRST WOMEN JUSTICES, 1920–1950
Authors: LOGAN ANNE
Published: September 2006

This article examines the impact of England's first women justices of the peace (JPs) on the work of lay magistrates in the period 1920–50. It argues that the early women JPs (many of whom had been active in the women's suffrage campaign), and the organizations that they belonged to, helped to transform the institution of the lay magistracy by adopting a more ‘professional’ approach, evidenced in their willingness to educate and train themselves for their new role. In consequence, this article challenges conventional definitions of ‘professionalism’, arguing that, where the work of JPs was concerned, the boundary between ‘voluntary’ and ‘professional’ activities was less clear than might be supposed. Furthermore, the willingness of many women magistrates in particular (later followed by some of their male colleagues) to undergo training helped to ensure the survival of the lay element in the criminal justice system to the present day.