bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peran Supervisi Kepala Sekolah dalam Mengembangkan Profesionalitas Guru Madrasah
Authors: Rosyidatul Mu'ammaroh Nurul Lail
Published: January 2019

The supervision essentially contains several main activities, namely the continuous coaching, professional ability development of personnel, improvement of teaching and learning situation with the final target achievement of educational goals and personal growth of students. Supervision done by headmaster as supervisor is to help teachers improve teaching situations in a broad sense. One of the tasks in order to improve the quality of teaching in schools is to develop and analyze the curriculum applied in school. In order to analyze the school curriculum, the principal task is to help teachers improve the teaching profession.
Implementasi Metode Mind Mapping untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menulis Cerita Pada Siswa Kelas IV SDN Sumurgung
Authors: Widawarti Enik
Published: January 2019

Kemampuan dapat diidentifikasi sebagai kesanggupan, kecakapan, kekuatan, atau potensi diri sendiri. Kemampuan awal siswa merupakan prasarat yang diperlukan dalam mengikuti proses belajar mengajar selanjutnya. Proses pembelajaran dan pengambangan kemampuan awal siswa dapat menjadi titik tolak untuk membekali siswa agar dapat mengembangkan kemampuan baru. Sedangkan menulis cerita merupakan kegiatan menyampaikan pesan melalui media tulisan beserta tanda bacanya atau kegiatan merubah bunyi yang dapat di dengar menjadi kata-kata yang dapat dilihat. . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan menulis cerita melalui penggunaan metode peta pikiran Mind Mapping pada siswa kelas IV SDN Sumurgung tahun pelajaran 2008/2009. Variabel yang menjadi sasaran perubahan dalam penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah kemampuan menulis cerita, sedangkan variabel tindakan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode peta pikiran Mind Mapping. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian tindakan (action research) sebanyak tiga putaran. Setiap putaran terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu: rancangan, kegiatan dan pengamatan, refleksi, dan refisi. Sasaran penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV SDN Sumurgung tahun pelajaran 2008/2009. Data yang diperoleh berupa hasil tes formatif, lembar observasi kegiatan belajar mengajar. Dari hasil analis didapatkan bahwa prestasi belajar siswa mengalami peningkatan dari siklus I sampai siklus III yaitu, siklus I (65,22%), siklus II (73,91%), siklus III (91,30%) dengan nilai rata-rata siklus I (63,87),  siklus II (74,35), dan siklus III (80,43). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah metode Mind Mapping dapat berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan menulis cerita siswa kelas IV SDN Sumurgung tahun pelajaran 2008/2009, serta model pembelajaran ini dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia.
Menanamkan Karakter Religius Siswa Melalui Buku Ajar Tematik Terintegrasi PAI dan Budi Pekerti
Authors: Sulistyowati Sulistyowati
Published: January 2019

Textbook is one of learning components that plays an important role in determining the success of learning. Textbook as a media and one of main resources in the learning process has a strategic role to be developed to improve the quality of learning and cultivate religiosity of the students. The cultivation of religious characters will be effective, efficient, and interesting if the available textbooks are combined with the Islamic education and characters contents. Those contents will create religious atmosphere and familiarize the students in practising their religiosity in everyday life. In this way, the competency of Islamic education and characters are combined with the competency of other subjects that are packaged in a learning experience. Thus the Islamic values will be formed in students characters.
Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Guru dalam Memahami Konsep Media Pembelajaran dan Keterampilan Guru PKn Dalam Menggunakan Media Pembelajaran (In Focus) Melalui Metode Pelatihan In-Service-Training di Gugus IV Kecamatan Sukaraja Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Burhanudin Encep
Published: January 2019

This research aims to know the capacity of teachers in understanding learning media and concepts of learning and skills teachers PKN in using media learning through in-service training methods-training. The method of research used the qualitative Research with engineering support (Research Action class). The results of this research are as follows: Inservice Training Training Implementation can improve the understanding of teachers about Media Pemebelajaran in cluster IV sub district of Bogor regency Well-known; Application of Training In Service Training can improve the skills of teachers in using media learning in Cluster IV sub district of Bogor regency Well-known. Application of inservice training training together can improve the understanding of teachers PKn about media learning and skills teachers PKn in learning to use media (in focus) in Cluster IV Sub Well-known Bogor regency
Redefinisi Peran Orang Tua Dalam Pendidikan; Penanaman Sikap Anti Radikalisme Sejak Usia Dini
Authors: Pratiwi Hardiyanti
Published: January 2019

Radicalism easily impacts young people who are silence, unemployed, having less social interaction and religion education problem. online media is the most effective dissemination media for radicalism and terrorism. On the other side, industry revolution 4.0 causes the increment of unemployed young people. In education, industry revolution causes the change of learning system from conventional to digital; e-learning. Online learning source has several advantages; however, there are also several negative effects. The more learning online source used, the filter of the negative effects should be increased, otherwise, the increment of unemployed and the high-intensity use of online media will affect the dissemination of radicalism significantly. Education institution could not filter the sources accessed by pupil by oneself. In this case, parents play important role to keep children’s spiritual, moral, emotional and social education good. Unfortunately, a lot of parents no longer realize their role as educator, especially a mother who decides to be a carrier woman. All this time, education is imposed to teacher and education institution, while parents only play a complement role. Parents should be the main educators of their children in order to prevent quick dissemination of radicalism. This article attempts to analyze guidance from the Hadith of prophet Muhammad PBUH for parents so that all aspects of their children’s education based on affection and they are anti-radicalism from the early childhood. Based on that foundation, the children would not be influenced by extremisme and terrorisme on behalf of religion.
An Overview of Madrasah Model of Education in Indonesian System of Education: Opportunity and Challenges
Authors: Husin Saifuddin Ahmad
Published: January 2019

Madrasahs evolved from Pesantren model of education. While pesantrens were the comparative model of the colonial Dutch model of education, madrasahs are hybrid model of the two. The emergence and development of madrasahs is based on Islamic principle of “keeping traditions and adopting the new when it is better.” There is distinction between Madrasahs and Pesantren. Madrasahs are general education schools run by Islamic institutions to provide education to Muslim pupils together with religious instruction. Pesantren are Islamic Boarding Schools for teaching Islamic studies. Some madrasahs are part of the pesantren system, others are not. In decentralization perspective madrasahs face the challenges of ensuring district government to maintain a vibrant private madrasah community, addressing common fears that their Islamic characteristics will disappear, dividing the line between general and religious education when madrasah teach an Islamic approach to general education balancing the demands for improved quality and increased enrolment.
Keefektifan Model Make A Match dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Siswa Kelas VI Sekolah Dasar di Kecamatan Marioriwawo
Authors: Kaharuddin Andi
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the model to Make a Match in mathematics learning 6th-grade students of Elementary School Marioriwawo Sub-District. This research is a quantitative experimental research. The population in the study were all 6th-grade students of Elementary School Marioriwawo Sub-District from 50 school. Determination of the sample was done by random sampling. Data analysis techniques used is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using a single sample test. The results showed that the application of effective models in learning mathematics 6th-grade students of Elementary School Marioriwawo Sub-District in terms of the average learning outcomes 71.9, 80.4% activity and and the response to the application of the model 93.7%.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Pop-Up Berbasis Sains Kelompok B RA Raden Fatah Podorejo
Authors: Wahyuningtyas Dessy Putri , Nafi’ah Faizatun
Published: January 2019

Learning media development pop-up-based science is a means to help children understand and improve the cognitive ability of children in science. The purpose of this research is: (1) to develop learning science through the media pop-up, (2) to know the application of learning science through the media pop-up, (3) to find out about learning student understanding of science after using the media pop-up. This research uses the methods of research and development (R D ). This study refers to the development of the model of the Dick and Carey. Procedures for developing instructional media pop-up-based science uses several steps, as follows: needs analysis, product design, design and conduct formative evaluation (testing for individuals, the Council groups small, field trial), revision. The results of the validation of the content reaches the level of the validity of the 82%, design validation media reaches 91% and the validity of the classroom teacher reached 90%. This suggests that the learning media worthy and this can be used in the learning process. The cognitive ability of children who use the media pop-up learning increasing, it can be seen from the average percentage value before tests from 61.1 be 88.3. So, by using the pop-up media children understand more about the learning of science
Intravenous Lipid Emulsions in Infants: Is Balanced Better?
Authors: Rostas Sara E. , McPherson Christopher
Published: January 2019

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is frequently required by extremely preterm infants due to gastrointestinal immaturity and complications of prematurity. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) and intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) are common complications of prolonged PN. Plant-based intravenous lipid emulsions, containing proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acids and phytosterols, may contribute to these conditions as well as other comorbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity. Intravenous lipid emulsions containing animal-based fats, such as fish oil, contain fewer proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acids and more anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. SMOFlipid, recently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for adult use, is a blend of plant- and animal-based lipid emulsions with a favorable omega-6:omega-3 ratio that may prevent the development and progression of PNAC/IFALD in infants. Careful review of data supporting this alternative intravenous lipid emulsion is required prior to widespread use in neonatal intensive care.
Tindak Pidana Kelalaian Menyebabkan Luka yang Dilakukan oleh Dokter Gigi: Analisis Putusan Nomor: 257/Pid.B/2015/PN.Dps
Authors: Qomariyah Selly Ismi , Ohoiwutun Y.A Triana , Prihatmini Sapti
Published: January 2019

There is a substantial difference between the ordinary crime related to its results and that related to its causes. In order to classified as a crime, the negligence carried out by medical personnel needs to be previously described regarding the fulfillment of the elements of lawlessness. This paper analyzes whether there is medical malpractice and with the following lawlessness in the court decision number 257/Pid.B/2015/PN.Dps. Throughout the analysis, it will provide a comprehension to the qualification of whether malpractice, medical negligence or medical risk. The result of the study finds that such a crime can be qualified to medical malpractice, even though he did not fulfill the nature against formal law but it meets the element of nature against material law.

Keywords: Medical Malpractice, Lawlessness, Crime
Peran Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu dalam Menjaga Kemandirian dan Integritas Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia
Authors: Puspitasari Dyan
Published: January 2019

Nowadays, Indonesia remains challenged to the barrier in means of transportation, especially in small areas in which it makes arduous the Election Organizers Honorary Council (DKPP) to carry out its duties. Based on Article 25 of DKPP Regulation Number 2 of 2012, one of the facilities provided to DKPP is the implementation of a long-distance trial by video conference. There are a number of challenges faced by DKPP, including the relatively new age so that people do not really know this institution. In addition, the DKPP institution is quite limited to being located only in the capital, while the task of the institution encompasses national jurisdiction. The geographical condition of Indonesia is broad and consists of many areas also make the response to ethics code violations less efficient along with issues of compliance with DKPP decisions. Thus, the role of the DKPP is needed in maintaining the independence and integrity of the organizers of the General Elections (Elections) and ways to strengthen the role of the DKPP in maintaining the independence and integrity of election administration in Indonesia.

Keywords: Election Law, Electoral Institution, Independence
Faktor-Faktor Peyebab Kesulitan Belajar Peserta Didik pada Mata Pelajaran Menggambar Teknik
Authors: Rizki Muhammad , Murtinugraha R. Eka , Saleh Rosmawita
Published: January 2019

This study aims to determine the factors that cause learning difficulties for subjects Technical Drawing experienced by students of class X Architecture Engineering Department of SMK Negeri 1 Jakarta Academic Year 2015/2016. Population are students of class X Architecture Engineering for 58 students. Data collection instrument used in this study using a questionnaire with four alternative answers have then analyzed by the method of factor analysis using software Excel 2010. Analysis test conducted on instrument reliability and validity, in which the results of the test are 26 items of 30 items declared valid by the results of reliability r11 = 0,899. Percentage results obtained by each of the factors that explain the overall study of the factors that cause learning difficulties for students physiological factors gets low category with 16%, whereas psychological factors are at sufficiently very low category with a value of 13% and environmental factors have a value of 71%, comprising 18% of the family environment, school environment 27% and 26% of the communities
Pengaruh Kinerja Mengajar Dosen Terhadap Kepuasan Belajar Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Teknik Bangunan Fakultas Teknik UNJ
Authors: Listyaningrum Devita , Handoyo Santoso Sri , Murtinugraha R. Eka
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara kinerja dosen dengan kepuasan belajar mahasiswa terhadap program studi Pendidikan Teknik Bangunan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan di Program Studi Teknik Bangunan. Jurusan Teknik Sipil FT UNJ pada bulan April-Mei 2016.

Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif korelasional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 232 orang dan sampel ditentukan dengan metode simple random sampling yang dihasilkan 90 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner untuk mengumpulkan data tentang kinerja dosen pengajar dan kepuasan mahasiswa PTB UNJ FT. Pengolahan data valid dan dapat diandalkan. Nilai reliabilitas sangat tinggi dengan nilai r11 = 0,97 pada kuesioner kinerja dosen pengajar dan r11 = 0,91 pada angket kepuasan belajar mahasiswa dengan pertanyaan sebanyak 30 item.

Berdasarkan penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh antara kinerja dosen pengajar terhadap kepuasan belajar mahasiswa yang didapat dari t hitung 6.955 lebih besar dari t tabel adalah 4,463 dan nilai siginifikasi adalah 0,00 yang berarti nilainya kurang dari 0,05 kemudian menyatakan variabel independen mempengaruhi variabel dependen yang berarti bahwa kinerja dosen mempengaruhi kepuasan belajar mahasiswa. Kinerja dosen pengajar bukan merupakan faktor mutlak yang mempengaruhi kepuasan belajar mahasiswa untuk tingkat keberhasilan mahasiswa tetapi dilihat juga dari mahasiswa dalam melaksanakan kewajiban belajar sebagai mahasiswa.
Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Program Prakerin Berdasarkan Pedoman Prakerin di SMKN 3 Depok Program Keahlian Batu & Beton
Authors: Anugerah Dwi , Daryati Daryati , Saleh Rosmawita
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian pelaksanaan prakerin terhadap pedoman dan kendala yang terjadi pada pelaksanaan program praktik kerja industri berdasarkan fakta lapangan di SMKN 3 Depok yang mencakup: (1) pelaksanaan persiapan prakerin: (a) penandatanganan MoU, (b) pengajuan surat DUDI, (c) pendataan siswa diterima prakerin, (d) pembekalan prakerin; (2) pelaksanaan prakerin peserta didik: (a) tugas dan kewajiban peserta didik, (b) tugas dan kewajiban pembimbing; (3) pelaksanaan evaluasi prakerin: (a) penyusunan laporan prakerin, (b) uji karya tulis laporan prakerin; (4) mengidentifikasi kendala yang ada dalam pelaksanaan praktik kerja industri.

Penelitian dilakukan di SMKN 3 Depok keahlian teknik batu & beton. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 39 peserta didik, 8 orang panitia prakerin, 8 pembimbing teknis dan 6 pembimbing sekolah. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah angket dengan pertanyaan tertutup, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan teknik deskriptif kuantitatif menggunakan presentase melalui angket (persiapan prakerin dan pelaksanaan prakerin), diperjelas dengan hasil reduksi dari data wawancara dan bukti dokumentasi.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan praktik kerja industri di SMKN 3 Depok program keahlian batu & beton secara keseluruhan meliputi: (1) pelaksanaan persiapan prakerin: (a) penandatanganan MoU dalam kategori sangat baik (91%), (b) pengajuan surat permohonan DUDI kategori baik (86%), (c) pembekalan prakerin dalam kategori sangat baik (91%) untuk panitia prakerin dan kategori baik untuk peserta didik (84%); (2) pelaksanaan prakerin berdasarkan angket peserta didik: (a) kinerja peserta didik yang terdiri dari tugas dan kewajiban selama prakerin masuk dalam kategori baik (83%), (b) kinerja pembimbing praktik kerja industri dari sekolah dalam kategori cukup (75%) kinerja pembimbing dari DUDI masuk dalam kategori cukup (75%); (3) Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan analisis dokumentasi pada penerapannya kegiatan evaluasi berjalan sesuai dengan petunjuk pedoman dengan kategori baik.
To the 100th Anniversary of the Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology of the V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University
Authors: Mikerov A. N. , Raikova S. V. , Shvidenko I. G. , Luneva I. O. , Donetskaya E. G. , Tsvetkova O. N. , Sladkova N. V. , Kutyrev V. V.
Published: January 2019

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Skin-Factor Equations for Anisotropic Wormhole Networks and Limited-Entry Completions
Authors: Schwalbert Mateus Palharini , Zhu Ding , Hill A. Daniel
Published: January 2019

It was recently shown that anisotropic wormhole networks might arise from the acidizing of anisotropic carbonates. In openhole or cased and densely perforated completions, where in isotropic formations the wormhole network would be expected to be radial around the well, the actual stimulated region might be elliptical in anisotropic formations. An analogy would be in completions where the limited-entry technique is used and the wormhole network is expected to be spherical in isotropic formations, but it might actually be ellipsoidal in anisotropic formations. This has an effect on well performance and should be considered when designing the acidizing treatment and the completion. At the same time, using a limited-entry technique might result in better stimulation coverage and also longer wormholes, but it might also result in a partial-completion skin factor, impairing the productivity from the stimulated well. This should be considered when estimating the stimulated well productivity.

In this study, two main topics are analyzed: the effect of wormhole-network anisotropy and the effect of a limited-entry completion. Both radial and spherical wormhole-propagation patterns are considered, to be applied in openhole and limited-entry completions. The differences in well performance are studied for each case, and analytical equations for the skin factor resulting from each scenario are presented.

The anisotropic wormhole networks are obtained from numerical simulations using the averaged continuum model, and the results are validated with experimental data. The analysis of the well performance is made through simulation of the flow in the reservoir with the different stimulated regions.

The results show that for highly anisotropic formations, the wormhole-network anisotropy might have a significant effect on the acidized well performance, and this should be considered in the acidizing treatment design. It was observed that the anisotropic wormhole networks present lower productivity than equally sized isotropic stimulated regions. Hence, equations such as the Hawkins (1956) formula should not be used for estimating the skin factor from anisotropic wormhole networks, and the equations proposed in this work should be used instead.

Specifically, the effect of anisotropic wormhole networks is large when the limited-entry technique is used. It is shown that for this type of completion, there is an optimal stimulation coverage of approximately 60 to 70%, and the perforation density required to obtain this for a given acid volume strongly depends on the wormholes’ anisotropy. The skin-factor equations proposed in this work for the stimulation with limited-entry completion should be used for obtaining the optimal perforation density for a given scenario.
Can Proppant Transport be Negatively Affected by Too Much Viscosity?
Authors: Galindo Tanhee
Published: January 2019

The use of high viscosity friction reducers (HVFR) as alternatives to guar-based fluids to improve proppant transport and lessen formation damage has increased rapidly. While several product options are available, the criteria for selection of a product has focused on viscosity at 300 RPM (511s-1) that meets or exceeds that of linear gel fluids. However, there has been limited data available on what the target viscosity should be, how it influences the fluid's ability to transport sand, and the potential for damage to proppant conductivity. This study presents methodology used to screen HVFR's and results on product performance, which identified a need for alternative specifications to viscosity to achieve maximum performance.

The proppant transport capacity in dynamic conditions was evaluated for twenty commercially available friction reducers and HVFR's in field waters which could have up to 20,000 TDS. A slot flow apparatus was used to mimic fluid flow through a fracture under different shear and flow rate conditions. Viscosity and elasticity measurements were also obtained using an advanced rotational rheometer. For comparison, linear gel and crosslinked guar fluid were also evaluated.

While viscosity at 300 RPM (511s-1) and more recently high viscosity at lower shear rates, have been used for selection of HVFR's, these parameters alone do not indicate proppant carrying capacity. The authors did not find a correlation between higher viscosity and better proppant transport, rather they propose that too high a viscosity can negatively impact transport. The results provided insight into the effect of flow rate on proppant transport, with some HVFR's that exhibited higher viscosities at low shear, losing their transport capacity at the same low shear. Elasticity testing of those same products suggested that HVFR's have a critical elasticity range at which they will provide optimal performance. Polymer residuals were also evaluated on proppant post-test and compared to traditional linear gels and crosslinked fluids. Results suggested potential for damage if HVFR's are used without breakers. Different viscosity targets should be set when selecting a HVFR and coupled with other testing criteria such as elasticity and dynamic proppant transport.

This paper provides insight into the need for development of standardized test criteria for HVFR selection. Further testing and screening of HVFR's will help increase the understanding of key factors influencing sand transport and their effect on proppant pack conductivity.
Dynamic Fracture Volume Estimation using Flowback Data Analysis and its Correlation to Completion-Design Parameters
Authors: Moussa Tamer , Dehghanpour Hassan , Fu Yingkun , Ezulike Obinna
Published: January 2019

Hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling is the key to unlocking vast unconventional reservoirs. However, understanding the relationship between fracturing/completion-design parameters and the process efficiency remains challenging. The objectives of this paper are 1) to estimate initial fracture volume and its variations during the production by using flowback data and 2) to investigate the existence of correlations between completion-design parameters and induced fracture volume process optimization. We analyze flowback data and completion-design parameters of 16 shale-gas completed in the Eagle Ford Formation. First, we estimate ultimate water recovery and initial fracture volume by using harmonic-decline model, and fracture volume loss during flowback by using a new iterative approach that accounts for fracture-porosity changes with time. Then, we conduct a multivariate analysis to develop empirical correlations of completions-design parameters with initial fracture volume and fracture characteristic-closure rate (FCR).

The results show that harmonic-decline model could be used to estimate initial fracture volume with an average absolute percentage error (AAPE) of 7%. The correlations developed between initial fracture volume and completion-design parameters show that the proppant concentration has the most significant effect on fracture volume, followed by gross perforated interval (GPI) and shut-in time, respectively. Total vertical depth (TVD) and fluid injection rate have insignificant effects. The results indicate that increasing choke size during early flowback leads to a relatively-sharp decrease in fracture volume, while changing choke size during late flowback has negligible effects. The proposed correlation between FCR and completion-design parameters demonstrates the significant effect of proppant concentration on fracture closure during flowback, while GPI and TVD have negligible effects.
Fracture Geometry Control Technology Prevents Well Interference in the Bakken
Authors: Vidma Konstantin , Abivin Patrice , Fox Derek , Reid Mark , Ajisafe Foluke , Marquez Aleida , Yip Wilson , Still John
Published: January 2019

The increasing trend of drilling infill wells (more than 60% of new wells in 2017) comes with the significant risk of well interference, or "frac hits". Frac hits occur during hydraulic fracturing operations when there is direct pressure communication between the well being treated and adjacent, pre-exisiting wells. In extreme cases, the fracture may fill the adjacent wellbore with sand, which requires expensive cleanup intervention. Fracture geometry control technologies aim to reduce the likelihood of well interference by deploying far-field diversion techniques. This paper presents a unique field experiment that demonstrates the value and effectiveness of these technologies.

In the Bakken, two child wells were drilled 1,300 and 800 ft, respectively, on each side of an existing, partially depleted parent well. Each child well treatment comprised 50 stages of slickwater, completed in zipper frac style. Treatments in the farther well did not utilize any fracture geometry control technology. In the nearer well, 20 of 50 stages (one every 5 stages) included far-field diversion material. All other parameters of the pumping schedules were the same between the two treated wells. Pressures were monitored in all three wells (parent and two child wells) at high frequency during all operations.

The parent well was not damaged during the operation. However, during the first 35 stages of the child well treatments, the parent well's pressure increased in spurts, until it stabilized near expected reservoir pressure. In this paper, each instance of well interference is quantified and attributed to a treatment stage in one of the child wells. Interestingly, not all stages contributed to the pressure buildup. Significantly, various levels of frac hits were observed, as determined by the magnitude and steepness of the pressure increase. The correlation of frac hit with the absence of far-field diverter is striking. The results clearly demonstrate that fracture geometry control technologies reduce the occurrence of direct well interference by containing fracture growth.

The operations in these wells created a unique opportunity to design a field experiment to assess the effect of fracture geometry control technology on well interference during infill well stimulation. The results demonstrate that such technologies reduce the occurrence of direct frac hits in depleted parent wells.
Validating Refrac Effectiveness with Carbon Rod Conveyed Distributed Fiber Optics in the Barnett Shale for Devon Energy
Authors: Attia Ahmed , Brady Jared , Lawrence Matthew , Porter Robert
Published: January 2019

This paper presents a diagnostic-driven method of evaluating refracturing (refrac) techniques in unconventional wells. Detailed analysis across the lateral, using intervention based distributed fiber optic (DFO) measurements, allows for a comprehensive understanding of the refrac performance.

While there are various approaches to refracing an unconventional well, there is a categorical division of two main strategies: iterations of limited interval re-stimulation or re-stimulate the entire lateral at once. Stage-by-stage refrac, via casing-in-casing or coil tubing with isolation-type packer tool, offers potential control over stimulation distribution but often incurs heavier cost compared to refracing the entire well simultaneously. The economically favorable simultaneous refrac of all stages (Bull head) can be executed at a lower price but at the cost of not knowing the extent of lateral distribution.

With several possible approaches for refracing an entire lateral at once, further questions arise regarding which method provides the most laterally uniform re-stimulation and whether the resultant production improvement is from re-stimulated existing or newly created fractures. A major hurdle in both executing and evaluating the success of an all stage simultaneous refrac is the uncertainty of creating new fracture initiation points; furthermore, with complex heterogenic rock, different fracture designs, and different well completions, it is difficult to develop a comprehensive understanding of how well the refrac design worked. Diagnostic validation of the success of a refrac operation, as well as iterative improvements based on those learnings, is fundamental to determining a cost-effective strategy. A strong data set takes the guesswork out of refrac and is the best method for understanding how effective the refrac designs performed.
Well Trajectory, Completion and Fracture Design Changes Improve Execution for Deep Unconventional Tight Gas Targets in the Cooper Basin, Australia
Authors: Johnson Raymond L. , Zhong Ruizhi , Nguyen Lan
Published: January 2019

The Cooper Basin of Australia is challenged by strike-slip to reverse stress regimes, adversely affecting hydraulic fracturing treatments. In drilling, the high deviatory stress conditions increase borehole breakout, affect log acquisition and impact cementing job quality. The non-favourable stress conditions in conjunction with natural fracturing result in: complex fracturing (with shear and sub-vertical components); high near-wellbore pressure loss (NWBPL) values; and stimulation of lower permeability, low modulus intervals (e.g., carbonaceous shales, interbedded coals) in preference to the targeted and higher modulus, tight-gas sandstones. Typically, vertical wells have been employed in past completions of the Cooper Basin as well as in the offsetting areas to the case study in the Windorah Trough, Southwest Queensland.

We will present the results from two case study wells offsetting a previous vertical well where well trajectory, completion and fracture design changes were employed in an ongoing experiment to improve job execution for Patchawarra tight gas reservoir treatments in the Cooper Basin. The two wells were directionally deviated at 31° and 25° final inclinations from vertical with azimuth <10 deg from the maximum horizontal stress direction, as determined from offsetting well data. To better define sections with limited, poor or missing log data (because of difficult hole conditions), drilling data, logging while drilling (LWD) gamma ray data, openhole conventional and dipole sonic logs, along with prior 1D stress data were used with a machine learning model to improve stress profiling and reservoir characterization. Next, perforations were shot 0 and 180° phased along the wellbore and initial fluid viscosity was increased to better align the hydraulic fracture and reduce NWBPL, respectively. Finally, diagnostic fracture injection tests (DFIT) were performed in sections of varying moduli below and in the zone of interest in order to verify the horizontal strains and calibrate the final 1D stress profile prior to stimulating both wells.

The improved well and perforation alignment to the maximum horizontal stress direction has improved reservoir connection, lowered NWBPL in some cases, and in some cases improved fracture containment. Decreasing injection rates and minimizing perforated intervals has improved targeting of desired intervals; however, overall fracture widths remain low and continue to be sensitive to proppant sizing and concentrations with several screen outs experienced. This experimentation has resulted in short-term production improvements in the wells using 4- and 3-stage treatments relative to the offsetting vertical well where a 5-stage treatment was executed.
Refracturing Technology Restores Profitability of Older Unconventional Wells in Southeast New Mexico
Authors: Athavale Amrut , Onafowokan Adebayo , Kasdano Carl , Lakshminarayanan Sunil , Sousa Lisset
Published: January 2019

This paper covers four case histories of refracturing technology applied to under-stimulated wells, along with the benefits and well economics of returning these older wells to profitable production. Refracturing candidate selection criteria, operational execution, and well results for the four full-lateral refracturing projects are discussed.

Refracturing candidate selection criteria were developed based on several parameters tied to improved production and project economics. Liner refrac methods were evaluated to select wells and field trials were performed to verify each method provided both ease of execution and isolation. Cemented liners and several expandable liner systems were evaluated. With effective mechanical isolation, highly effective modern frac designs can be applied successfully to refracs.

The refracturing candidate wells outperformed the expected type curve and yielded positive economics. One cemented liner refrac showed poor isolation during treatment. Expandable liners showed good isolation, but some expandable technologies were better than others were. Rigorous planning and engineering were considered crucial to ensure trouble-free operational execution and to deliver an optimum wellbore for refracturing purposes.

The criteria for refracs included in this paper are directly applicable for evaluating refrac candidates. The experience with isolation methods enables engineers to select the proper technology to seal old perforations.
A Novel Technology for Hydraulic Fracture Diagnostics in the Vicinity and Beyond the Wellbore
Authors: Stolyarov Sergey , Cazeneuve Eduardo , Sabaa Karim , Katz David , Yang Junjei
Published: January 2019

Despite modern technological advancements in well drilling and completion, our understanding of hydraulic fracture geometry remains virtually the same as it was at least a decade ago.

A critical approach to fracture treatment diagnostics involves an accurate evaluation of near-wellbore perforations efficiency and detection of hydraulic fractures away from the wellbore. The main limitation of currently available fracture diagnostic techniques is that they provide no information about the propped and conductive fractures beyond the wellbore.

A cross-dipole acoustic tool and deep shear wave imaging (DSWI) processing are able to detect hydraulic fracture-induced changes within the vicinity and beyond the wellbore. In the near-wellbore region, the acoustic wave transit time increases substantially through the frac sand. The increase in transit time is a function of frac sand porosity. In the mid-field region beyond the wellbore (at approximately one hundred feet), changes in acoustic wave's reflection amplitude between pre- and post-frac measurements illustrate the induced (conductive) fractures and are a strong indicator of the presence of the fracture network away from the borehole.

In addition, a three-dimensional fracture radius network model generated from DSWI data can provide greater insight, compared to seismic imaging methods for example, about the presence, location, and characteristics of natural and hydraulically induced fractures. The three-dimensional fracture network model created via DSWI can be more readily used in workflows or tools associated with reservoir modeling and fracture modeling.

A novel hydraulic fracture diagnostic technology based on acoustic measurements enables efficient evaluation of the completion and quick, cost-effective hydraulic fracture mapping in the mid-field region. The ability to run a single tool before and after the hydraulic fracture treatment makes this tool a unique solution that helps customers make smart decisions to improve well economics.
Proppant Sieve Distribution - What Really Matters?
Authors: Barree R. D. , Duenckel R. J. , Hlidek B. T.
Published: January 2019

Two primary criteria describe proppants utilized in fracturing: type (e.g. - sand) and mesh size (e.g. - 30/50), where mesh size refers to the number of wires per inch in the standard U. S. sieve screens. For a proppant to meet API RP-19C (API, 2006) specifications, 90% of the material sample (by weight) must fall between the screens of the largest and smallest specified mesh size. These size specifications provide the user of proppants a method of choosing a proppant, and comparing products from different suppliers, but still allows a wide variance in particle size within each sieve distribution. Laboratory conductivity tests demonstrate that limiting sieve distribution to standard sizing per API specifications is not a requirement to obtain adequate conductivity performance, or a sufficient descriptor of proppant performance.

The industry has for the most part, limited its choices of proppants to API sizing criteria. It should be noted however, that within each standard mesh range (40/70, 30/50, 20/40, etc.) there is allowed a doubling of size from the smallest to largest particle diameter. There can be a significant difference in size distribution and performance between two proppants, both of which meet the API specification for a given mesh distribution. The difference in distribution can be recognized by determining the median particle diameter of the proppant sample. API RP-19C defines the median diameter as the fiftieth mass percentile (d50) in the distribution.

Thousands of conductivity tests have demonstrated a very strong correlation between median particle diameter and conductivity for each specific type of proppant. The correlation provides a methodology of predicting the conductivity of differing mesh distributions within a specific standard mesh size designation, or for mixed distributions of various particle sizes. This correlation can be successfully applied to regional, non-standard, sand samples.

The ramification of the correlation of median particle diameter to conductivity suggests that standard mesh distributions are somewhat arbitrary and that using non-standard size distributions is not necessarily a negative. Recognizing that sieving capacity is often a bottleneck to output, choosing to provide non-standard sizing may lead to greater production for a processing facility. Given potential proppant supply constraints in the industry, such a shift in proppant supply may lead to significantly improved sand availability and cost benefits to operators.
Some Technical Considerations of Gas-Hydrate Development From Chinese Permafrost Regions
Authors: Lau Hon Chung , Zhang Ming , Wang Jinjie , Pan Lin
Published: January 2019

Review of published geological data shows that permafrost regions in China's Mohe Basin, Qilian Mountain, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau hold promise for gas-hydrate accumulation according to identifiable source rock, migration path, and reservoir seal, among others. In addition, they show some common characteristics: source rock consisting mostly of shale, relatively poor reservoir quality, and gas migration through fractures. However, formation lithology, source-rock type, origin of organic matter, and total organic carbon (TOC) exhibit significant differences.
The effect of various dilute administration of rocuronium bromide on both vascular pain and pharmacologic onset: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kanazawa Mayuko , Sato(Boku) Aiji , Okumura Yoko , Hashimoto Mayumi , Tachi Naoko , Adachi Yushi , Okuda Masahiro
Published: January 2019

Background: Rocuronium bromide (RB) is known to cause vascular pain. Although there have been a few reports that diluted administration causes less vascular pain, there have been no studies investigating diluted administration and the onset time of muscle relaxation. Therefore, we examined the influence of diluted administration of RB on the onset time of muscle relaxation and vascular pain.
Methods: 39 patients were randomly assigned to three groups: RB stock solution 10 mg/ml (Group 1), two-fold dilution 5 mg/ml (Group 2), or three-fold dilution 3.3 mg/ml (Group 3). After the largest vein of the forearm was secured, anesthesia was induced by propofol and 0.6 mg/kg of RB was administered. The evaluation method devised by Shevchenko et al. was used to evaluate the degree of vascular pain. The time from RB administration until the maximum blocking of T1 by TOF stimulation was measured.
Results: There was no significant difference in escape behaviors of vascular pain among the three groups, and the onset time of muscle relaxation was significantly slower in Group 3 than in Group 1 (p=0.035).
Conclusion: Our results suggested that it is unnecessary to dilute RB before administration if a large vein in the forearm is used.
Trial Registration: UMINCTR Registration number UMIN000026737, Registered 28 Mar 2017
Keywords: Rocuronium bromide, Diluted administration, Onset time, Vascular pain
Antibiotics Used in Patients after Surgery and Effects of Human Serum Paraoxonase-I (PON1) Enzyme Activity
Authors: Yılmaz Aycan , Dilek Esra
Published: January 2019

Background:

Paraoxonase (PON; arilesterase, [EC 3.1.8.1]) is an enzyme from the group
arilesterases (ARE). This enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing paraoxone which is the active metabolite
of parathion, an organic phosphorus insecticide. PON activity was found to be low in individuals
prone to development of atherosclerosis such as diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia and
kidney disorders. It was noted that PON enzyme activity decreases in relation to age increase in
adults. PON enzyme activity is approximately half of that in newborns and premature babies. Approximately
one year after birth, it reaches the adult level. It can be said that PON1 has significant
role on living organisms. For this reason, many studies on interactions of PON-drugs are needed.

Objective: In this article, our aim is to investigate in vitro effects of four pharmaceutically active
agents (fosfomycin, cefuroxime axetil, cefaclor monohydrate, and cefixime) which are often used in
patients after surgery on human serum paraoxanase-I (PON1) enzyme activity.

Methods:

In this article, we purify paraoxonase-I enzyme from human serum by using ammonium
sulfate precipitation (in the range of 60-80%), ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. We
use electrophoresis to check the purity of the enzyme. We investigate the paraoxonase activity of
the enzyme at 412 nm the inhibition effects of the active substances. Paraoxone is used as the substrate.
Activity measurements arw made at different inhibitor concentrations related to inhibitor
studies and % Activity- [I] graphs are drawn for drug active substances. Lineweaver-Burk graphics
are used to determine the Ki constants. Finally, to determine the types of inhibition we interpret
these graphs.

Results:

The active agents used after surgery decreased the PON1 enzyme activity. They showed
different inhibition mechanism. The inhibition mechanism of fosfomycin and cefaclor monohydrate
was noncompetitive, cefixime was uncompetitive and cefuroxime axetil was a competitive inhibitor.
The IC50 values for fosfomycin, cefuroxime axetil, cefaclor monohydrate, and cefixime were
calculated to be 31.5 mM, 1.03 mM, 4.18 mM and 0.781 mM, respectively, and the Ki constants
were determined to be 27.98 ± 12.25 mM, 2.20 ± 0.22 mM, 4.81 ± 2.25 mM and 1.12 ± 0.32 mM,
respectively. The IC50 and Ki values showed that cefixime active agent has the maximum inhibition.

Conclusion:

In this study, we have detected that cefuroxime axetil inhibited competitively in vitro
paraoxonase activity of this enzyme. According to this information, we thought that cefuroxime
axetil linked to the active site of the enzyme. Fosfomycin and cefaclor monohydrate can be attached
with amino acids out of the active site of the enzyme because they inhibit enzyme noncompetitively.
Cefixime can be attached only to the enzyme-substrate complex because it inhibits enzyme
uncompetitively.
tiRNAs & tRFs Biogenesis and Regulation of Diseases: A Review
Authors: Jiang Pan , Yan Feng
Published: January 2019

tiRNAs & tRFs are a class of small molecular noncoding tRNA derived from precise
processing of mature or precursor tRNAs. Most tiRNAs & tRFs described originate from
nucleus-encoded tRNAs, and only a few tiRNAs and tRFs have been reported. They have
been suggested to play important roles in inhibiting protein synthesis, regulating gene expression,
priming viral reverse transcriptases, and the modulation of DNA damage responses.
However, the regulatory mechanisms and potential function of tiRNAs & tRFs remain poorly
understood. This review aims to describe tiRNAs & tRFs, including their structure, biological
functions and subcellular localization. The regulatory roles of tiRNAs & tRFs in translation,
neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, viral infections, and carcinogenesis are also discussed
in detail. Finally, the potential applications of these noncoding tRNAs as biomarkers and gene
regulators in different diseases is also highlighted.