bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF STATENESS AND STATE ACTION: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM PATTERNS OF EXPENDITURE?
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: February 2010

What types of public expenditure can be computed to assess “stateness” and state action? And once these measures of expenditure are agreed upon, what meaning can be drawn from simple rank-order comparisons (or more sophisticated statistical clusters) of where the United States and the European nations stand, according to the computations employed? Conventional measures of state action often focus on two major realms of activity — defense and social welfare — and involve some metric of public expenditure, typically calculated as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). In examining what meanings can be drawn for comparative measures of similarities and differences in United States and European activity in these realms, this chapter comments on defense, but concentrates mainly on the realm of social welfare.
FULFILLING THE BALLYHOO OF A PEAK ECONOMY? THE U.S. ECONOMIC MODEL
Authors: Freeman Richard B.
Published: February 2010

From the 1990s into the first decade of the 2000s, many economic analysts viewed the United States as the peak economy in the advanced world. This chapter offers a different interpretation of the U.S. experience. It argues that the standard reading of the U.S. experience ignores important aspects of the American model beyond flexibility and inequality. The section “U.S. Economic Performance” reviews the main areas of American economic success and failure. The following section “Rethinking the ‘Very Good’ of the U.S. System” argues that analyses of stress flexibility, deregulation of markets, and greater dispersion or inequality of pay as the hallmark of the U.S. economy miss the “shared capitalist” arrangements and private/public links that contribute to efficiency. The next section “Toward Broader Comparisons and Counterfactuals” notes that both English-speaking countries whose economic systems resemble those of the United States and continental EU economies that rely on social dialogue institutions, have had sufficiently variegated outcomes to gainsay any simple generalization about national economic models. Looking to the future, the chapter considers the strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. and other economic models to surmount the problems likely to pose the greatest challenge in the next decade: those associated with global warming, energy, and the environment, and increased globalization of labor markets.
ARE THE INEQUALITY AND MOBILITY TRENDS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION'S FUTURE?
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Couch Kenneth A.
Published: February 2010

This chapter shows how economic growth over the last two business cycles has been distributed in the United States, and compares those changes with changes in two EU countries with quite different social Institutions: Great Britain and Germany. While income inequality is consistently highest in the United States over the past two decades, followed by Great Britain and Germany, income inequality in the United States changed little in the 1990s, fell in Great Britain, and rose in Germany. Outcomes in Great Britain over the 1990s business cycle are much closer to those in the United States than they are to Germany.
THE U.S. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: CAN IT BE A MODEL FOR EUROPE?
Authors: Maloney Patricia , Mayer Karl Ulrich
Published: February 2010

This chapter is organized as follows. The first section gives a stylized description of the elementary and secondary education systems as they map onto the life course in childhood and early adulthood. The second section describes the persistent achievement gap between the races. The third section discusses some of the varied and widespread public and private responses to that achievement gap. Section four analyzes the present state of higher education in America. Section five examines diversity and inequality in access to that system of higher education, while section six presents issues of skill formation and returns to education. The seventh section returns to international comparisons as evidenced in the OECD, Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), and Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) studies, and to the question of the relative quality of U.S. education. The concluding section revisits the question of U.S. education as a model.
4 On with the Show!
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

The earliest rivals of The Broadway Melody were compelled to grapple with a distinctive group of artistic and technical challenges. Warners' The Desert Song, the screen's first operetta, and Fox's Movietone Follies of 1929 were both hampered by various delays. Universal's Show Boat suffered from its juxtaposition to the triumphant stage musical. Syncopation, from the new company RKO, was filmed so quickly and cheaply that it beat most of its rivals to the screen. Broadway was an uneasy hybrid of stage melodrama and screen musical. Warner's On With the Show!, the first sound film shot entirely in Technicolor, was the definitive backstage film and a huge success, most notably with Ethel Waters singing “Am I Blue?”
12 Of Viennese Nights and Golden Dawns
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

Filmed operettas were more prominent in the early sound era than they would ever be again. The first, The Desert Song, showed both the advantages and pitfalls of putting these works on film. Opera star Lawrence Tibbett scored with The Rogue Song, as did director Ernst Lubitsch with The Love Parade. Others could be pompous (The Vagabond King), trivial (The Lottery Bride), or horrendously racist (Golden Dawn). With Viennese Nights, Sigmund Romberg and Oscar Hammerstein II created a viable operetta especially for the screen, although not with financial success.
13 Is It a Musical?
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

Films that were not, strictly speaking, musicals, could still employ a large amount of music and song. With generic boundaries not firmly established, “crossover” works were yet another way in which sound film could test lyrical waters. Master directors King Vidor and Rouben Mamoulian used this approach to create the early-sound milestones Hallelujah! and Applause, respectively, as did Josef von Sternberg with The Blue Angel and Morocco. Several silent actors also turned to the semi-musical genre, most successively Gloria Swanson in The Trespasser. Such genre-spanning crossover would not play a major part in film after the first musical wave.
15 Voices in the Wilderness
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

In the mainly non-musical years of 1931 and 1932, a few filmmakers attempted to disregard the moratorium, sometimes with success. Among them was Ernst Lubitsch and Maurice Chevalier with The Smiling Lieutenant and One Hour With You and Fox with Gershwin's Delicious. The team of Eddie Cantor and Busby Berkeley also fared well, while Rouben Mamoulian directed the sublime Love Me Tonight — not a financial success but still a high-water mark for musical cinema. Other films — The Phantom President, The Big Broadcast, Hallelujah, I'm A Bum — seemed to herald the fact that musicals might return.
17 The Past as Prologue
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

With 1934 and the newly enforced Motion Picture Production Code, the musical left behind its older, more haphazard identity for a streamlined, often trivial future. Films such as Wonder Bar and Murder at the Vanities demonstrated the frankness no longer to be possible under the Code, while Shirley Temple became a symbol of a cleaned-up family-oriented genre. Opera resurged with Grace Moore and One Night of Love, while the Astaire/Rogers Gay Divorcee showed that stylishness could defeat censorship, even as much of the early enterprising spirit was now fading away.
2 Psychology as the Science of Self-Reports and Finger Movements: Whatever Happened to Actual Behavior?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Vohs Kathleen D. , Funder David C.
Published: February 2010

Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association’s current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the science. Yet some psychological subdisciplines have never directly studied behavior, and behavior is dwindling rapidly in other subdisciplines. We discuss the eclipse of behavior in personality and social psychology, in which direct observation of behavior has been increasingly supplanted by introspective self-reports, hypothetical scenarios, and questionnaire ratings. We advocate a renewed commitment to including direct observation of behavior whenever possible, and in at least a healthy minority of research projects.
3 Behavioral Assessment Practices Among Social Psychologists Who Study Small Groups
Authors: Moreland Richard L. , Fetterman Joshua D. , Flagg Jeffrey J. , Swanenburg Kristina L.
Published: February 2010

In this chapter, the authors describe results from their analyses of published research on small groups, focusing on trends in behavioral assessment among small group researchers over the past 30 years. Behavioral assessment was found to have become less popular over time among group researchers. The authors also investigate whether levels of behavioral assessment varied significantly by journal or by group phenomenon. Three explanations are offered as to why social psychologists who study groups have moved away from assessing behavior: (a) the growing influence of European approaches to studying groups, especially work involving social identity and self-categorization; (b) the growing influence of social cognition approaches to studying groups; and (c) an increasing pressure on authors to produce journal articles containing multiple studies.
4 Individuals, Behavior, and What Lies Between the Two
Authors: Carlston Donal E. , Graziano William G.
Published: February 2010

This chapter provides a summary of the first section of the book, titled “Behavior and Intra-Individual Processes.” Chapters in this section provide a diverse set of views on the relationship between various individual differences and behaviors. Some of those individual differences—for example, attitudes, emotions and personality—have been central to social psychology for a long time. Some of the described approaches can be traced back a fair number of years as well. Yet, almost without exception, the clarion cry of these chapters is for more sophisticated theoretical treatment or empirical measurement of those individual differences, of behavior, or of the relationship between the two. With such sophistication, it is hoped, the “nature” of individuals’ behavior will become more evident and the need for miracles will diminish.
5 Habit: From Overt Action to Mental Events
Authors: Verplanken Bas
Published: February 2010

In this chapter, the author makes the case both for the ubiquity of habitual behaviors and for their non-conscious nature. The author discusses a meta-analysis suggesting that past behavior is the dominant predictor of frequently performed behaviors, though intention is the dominant predictor of infrequent behaviors. This discussion helps to delineate some of the boundary conditions for different mediators of behavior covered in this section of this book. The author observes that habitual behaviors tend to be externally cued, formally recognizing that habit cannot be equated solely with past behavioral frequency, as the processes underlying that frequency also matter. Finally, the author discusses relationships among motivation, goals and habits, suggesting that higher-level aspects of behaviors (e.g., goals) can become habitual even when lower-level aspects (execution of the behavior) are not.
21 Nonverbal Behavior in Social Psychology Research: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Hall Judith A.
Published: February 2010

As the author states at the outset of this chapter, the study of nonverbal communication is noncontroversially the study of social behavior, as nonverbal communication usually involves the expression and interpretation of nonverbal behaviors and subsequent responses to those behaviors. The study of nonverbal communication generally follows one of two main research traditions. The first tradition involves the description of nonverbal behavior, with the research goal of attempting to understand the antecedents, consequences, and sometimes the correlates of that behavior. The second research tradition involves the study of nonverbal communication skills in expression (encoding) and judgment (decoding), with the research goals of being able to differentiate skill levels, and to understand other person and situation correlates of skill level. The author also explores the good, the bad, and the ugly of nonverbal communication research, in an attempt to demonstrate the possibilities and utilities of a focus on actual social behavior.
6 Generics as a Window onto Young Children's Concepts
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: February 2010

It is observed that children acquire generic concepts with ease, despite being given ambiguous and insufficient evidence. Although this seems of a piece with general issues that arise in word learning—itself an instance of the classic problem of induction—there are many further peculiarities in the case of generics. Children start using generics between two and three years of age, and this capacity to understand them so early suggests that the input of particular types of generics might be the way that children's concepts and knowledge are shaped. The picture, then, is that children seem to possess kind concepts beforehand that permit the early acquisition of generic noun phrases. A number of ways in which one could investigate this hypothesis are sketched.
5 Government Neutrality and Perfectionism
Authors: de Marneffe Peter
Published: February 2010

Some have argued that liberalism is committed to the principle that the government should remain as neutral as possible toward conceptions of the good life. Some paternalistic prostitution laws, however, are consistent with what is right in this principle. This position is defended by reference to T. M. Scanlon's contractualist theory of morality, and also by reference to Ronald Dworkin's early work on rights. Although some might characterize as “perfectionist” the paternalistic argument for prostitution laws stated in chapter 1, the kind of perfectionism that this argument involves is morally unobjectionable and is consistent with what is right in the idea of government neutrality.
How Should One Read the Early Chapters of Genesis?
Authors: Moberly Walter
Published: February 2010

In the light of the enormous weight attached to the early chapters of Genesis in the history of biblical interpretation and in debates between science and religion over matters of origins, it is important to ask some basic questions as to the kind of material with which we are dealing. Through consideration of a number of significant examples, this chapter looks for pointers to the genre of the early chapters of Genesis. There is discussion of some of the numerous internal indicators of genre, whose general significance was noticed long before Darwin. Finally, some suggestions are made as to the difference these indicators should, and should not, make to reading Genesis today.
Genesis before Darwin
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: February 2010

It is commonly assumed that "Darwin" represents the triumph of scientific rationality over scripture and superstition—an assumption combining ignorance of history with a philosophically naïve account of "truth." Before the seventeenth century, it was widely accepted that biblical interpretation and natural philosophy should each articulate the truth about the world in its own way, without the unnatural conflation or harmonizing of their respective stories into a single framework. The harmonistic model arose in the context of geological investigation, which initially appealed to the Genesis creation and flood narratives to interpret the fossil record and later sought to adapt the scriptural narratives to the modern geological discovery that the world is much older than previously thought. In all of this, scriptural narrative is removed from its natural habitat and forced to serve interests quite alien to it. The significance of Darwin is that, in developing his distinctive biological theories, he did not seek to coordinate them with scripture—thereby liberating scripture from science, and science from its own misuse of scripture.
What Difference Did Darwin Make?
Authors: Rogerson John
Published: February 2010

Darwin's On the Origin of Species made much less of an impact on the interpretation of Genesis than might have been expected. This was largely because geological discoveries and their implications for the age of the world, the antiquity of the human race, and the biblical story of a universal flood preoccupied biblical scholars for much of the nineteenth century, from the 1820s to the end of the century. This chapter illustrates the diversity of the interpretations of Genesis during this period, one in which even the defenders of the accuracy of Genesis against science were by no means agreed on how to handle the biblical material.
Science and Religion in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Landscape Art
Authors: Brown David
Published: February 2010

This chapter identifies the impact of Darwin's discoveries on landscape art. Constable, Friedrich, and the Hudson River school are used to illustrate pre-1858 attitudes; Ruskin, Dyce, and van Gogh post-1860. A pessimistic distancing only slowly gives place to new forms of immanence. A concluding section explores art's continuing interaction with science through theosophical ideas in Mondrian, nuclear physics in Dalí, and Kiefer's protests against all forms of dogmatism.
The Plausibility of Creationism
Authors: Guest Mathew
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the significance of creationist belief in the contemporary Western world. The history of creationism is traced from the roots of fundamentalist Protestantism, and twentieth- and twenty-first-century sympathy for creationist beliefs is measured via attitudinal survey data from the United Kingdom and the United States. What follows is an analysis of creationism as a sociological phenomenon. Drawing from empirical examples and the work of scholars such as Peter Berger and Nancy Ammerman, the chapter discusses how creationist ideas function within the social contexts in which they are affirmed, debated, and challenged, paying particular attention to how they acquire plausibility among those who hold them. It concludes by arguing that contemporary creationism may be understood as an expression of what Christian Smith calls "engaged orthodoxy," i.e., the evangelical tendency to engage combatively with the challenges of the modern world and to draw strength and cohesion from the resulting sense of conflict.
2 Spinoza's Explicit Prescriptions  and the Imagination
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

In this chapter, it is argued that the explicit prescriptions to understand your passions and to remain cognizant of the active affects that oppose passions, which begin Part 5 of the Ethics, are adaptations of Cartesian rules for avoiding cognitive error in sense perception. The chapter offers interpretations of Spinoza's accounts of imagination, representation, inadequacy, confusion, and error. The connection between sense perception and imagination may be found in Spinoza's theory of imagination: both sensory ideas and human passions, on Spinoza's account, are ideas of imagination. So the techniques that apply to the control of sensory ideas will be similar to those that apply to the control of passion.
Epilogue
Authors: Herron John P.
Published: February 2010

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that nature continues to serve as a foundation for American political values, with natural science acting as guide. Key to its modern appeal is an understanding of science as an objective form of knowledge located within the authoritative natural world. The challenge for scientists and citizens alike is to recognize how much of our search for answers in the physical environment is not based on the ability of science to reveal what nature intended but is, rather, a necessary product of human relations in a social environment.
5 The Scope of Ethics: Dialogue with Slote and Murdoch
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

Despite the differences between Michael Slote and Iris Murdoch—and between them and the book's Neo-Confucian sources—Slote and Murdoch make excellent conversation partners on the subject of harmony, offering important insights and clarifications, while at the same time they are rewarded with ideas from the Confucian tradition that complement or improve their own views. The key points of dialogue include the following: (1) Drawing on Slote, Confucians can distinguish between particularist and aggregative caring, which solves a long-standing problem about caring for strangers. (2) Drawing on the Confucians, Slote can better-ground his idea of “balanced caring” by recognizing the reverence we should have for what the Neo-Confucians call universal coherence. (3) After a few qualifications, Murdoch can help us (and Slote) to see how reverence for universal coherence can indeed play needed justificatory and motivational roles, but (4) Murdoch's appeal to a transcendent notion of Good needs either serious modification or rejection. Finally, (5) both Slote and Murdoch can learn from the Neo-Confucians about the proper ways in which we should value ourselves.
8 Learning to Look for Harmony
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

One recent trend in contemporary philosophy is thinking about the significance of the ancient practices that Pierre Hadot has labeled “spiritual exercises.” Just as philosophy was a “way of life” for ancient Western thinkers, so was Neo-Confucianism about much more than theories. This chapter explores Neo-Confucian teachings about the practice of ethical development from two perspectives. First, it considers the stages that an individual can go through on the way toward sagehood, including both “lesser learning,” with its central role for ritual, and “greater learning.” Brief attention is paid to relations between Neo-Confucian understanding of stages and those of contemporary psychologists studying moral development like Martin Hoffman and Lawrence Kohlberg. Second, it discusses the particular practices that were recommended by Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, and others. Among the practices the chapter examines, it puts particular focus on those related to “attention,” and especially on the central practice of “reverence.”
Conclusion: The Future of Contemporary Confucianisms
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

The conclusion aims to situate the book's arguments in a larger context of contemporary concern with “Confucianism” in various senses. “Confucianism” has been—and may continue to be, or become again—more than a philosophical tradition. It bears complicated relations to Chinese (and broader East Asian) cultural identity and political, religious, and spiritual practices. These are highly contested matters at the present moment, with no likelihood of a simple solution. It is important for philosophers to recognize these complexities, and not to claim to be able to solve every question related to the status of “contemporary Confucianism” simply by looking at texts or making arguments. Still, progress can be made even in these broader debates if we come to see the value of a contemporary Confucian philosophy based in Neo-Confucianism. The chapter also seeks to reply to readers who may be very skeptical about the relevance of Neo-Confucianism's talk of harmony in our present day. Building on an argument made by Liang Shuming a century ago, the book concludes by sketching reasons that even a “possessive individualist” should see, in Neo-Confucianism, both a significant challenge and suggestions of a way forward.
The Deaths of Seneca
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This book traces the cultural history of Seneca's forced suicide at the command of Nero, situating it in the Roman imagination and tracing its interpretations from the first century to the present day. The earliest historical narratives of the death scene by Tacitus and others were shaped by conventions of Greco-Roman exitus description and Julio-Claudian dynastic history. Seneca's own prolific writings about death—whether anticipating death in his letters, dramatizing it in the tragedies, or offering therapy for loss in the form of consolations—offered the primary lens through which Seneca's contemporaries would view the author's death. Dozens of later interpreters, working in both literary and visual media, from St. Jerome to Heiner Müller and from medieval illuminations to Peter Paul Rubens and Jacques-Louis David, retold the death scene (and the revival of Seneca's wife Paulina) in ways that forged new and sometimes controversial views on Seneca's legacy and, more broadly, on the experience of mortality and suicide. The book presents a new, historically inclusive, approach to reading this major Roman author.
4 Consolations on the Departure of the Consoler
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter shows how Seneca's conduct in the death scene served in part as the culmination of a career of writing consolations. It traces the background of this career in Ciceronian consolation, but shows how the “mediating narratives” that Seneca wrote for his addressees, and for himself, not only tended their grief but also served to reintegrate them into a morally ambiguous Julio-Claudian society. The career took different turns, from the Consolatio ad Marciam to the exile works Consolatio ad Helviam and Consolatio ad Polybium (possibly also some of the epigrams), to the later exercises in the Natural Questions and Epistulae morales. Negative perceptions of the consolatory Seneca can be reconstructed from his De vita beata and from the Octavia, and complex and ambiguous echoes can be identified in Tacitus' account of the death, where Seneca appears as a dying consoler to his friends and to Paulina.
6 End of a Series: Death in Epistolary Time
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter shows how the Epistulae morales, with their serialized habit of meditatio mortis (“death rehearsal”), create an interpretive framework for Seneca's death. Amid Seneca's innovative uses of the epistolary collection as a literary form, the programmatic first letter identifies the paradoxical concept of cotidie mori (“dying each day”) as a central focus. In the course of the correspondence cotidie mori is mapped out across two dimensions: the sequence of letters, with its momentum and multiplicity; and the internal structure of the single letter, with its singularity and closure. These literary manifestations of daily mortality offer a useful framework for thinking about Seneca's own actual death, and about Paulina's willingness to die with him.
10 Places Suburban and Serious: The Ruins of Seneca and Scipio
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the role played by location in conditioning the meaning of Seneca's death. It looks first at the imagined location of his death in his suburban villa (as described by Tacitus), comparing this with the role played by the villa especially in Seneca's Epistulae morales 12. It also speculates on the associations of Seneca's supposed recent return from Campania: the epistolary Seneca had represented himself traveling around the Campanian moral landscape, and in letter 86 had recounted his visit to the ruined villa at Liternum where Scipio Africanus lived out the years of his exemplary exile. The chapter shows the role played by these locations in later receptions of the death, and looks at the appropriation of letter 86 by Petrarch, who repeatedly revisited Seneca's veneration of the dead Scipio.
Epilogue
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

The epilogue briefly reiterates the rationale behind looking at Seneca's death simultaneously through the different ancient historical narratives, through Seneca's own writings, and through the numerous subsequent receptions. It also speculates on where future discoveries about Seneca's death are most likely to come. It closes by noting the heuristic limitations on the capacity of Seneca's death to inform our own individual experience of death.
Heroic Wives Rituals, Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney
Published: February 2010

Being a good Jain woman involves negotiating between the mutually exclusive ideologies found in the South Asian discourse of devoted wifehood and in the Jain discourse of renunciation. This book draws from a diverse collection of oral tellings, popular tracts, songs, verse narratives, fasting rituals, religious dramas, and large‐scale worship to provide new perspectives on the inherent tension between these ideologies and the space that tension creates for laywomen's agency. Heroic Wives suggests that women creatively and selectively negotiate their identities as wives at different moments on the trajectory of wifehood. In part I, women in established marriages use piety and ritual practices to protect their husband's health, to transform bad marriages into good ones, and to create and maintain ideal marriages. Part II examines how Jains reconfigure the relationship between wifehood and renunciation: on one hand, reconciling the two through stories of renunciation as a form of devoted wifehood, and, on the other, deploying the discourse of both in order to construct their identities as women who don't renounce, but instead choose to become wives. On a broader level, Heroic Wives discusses Jain narrative/ritual complexes as the site of laywomen's negotiations between multiple discourses that shape their thinking about wifehood, and in this context, Jain women position themselves as the agents of their futures. This book provides new perspectives on the experience of wifehood, South Asian women's lives, and Jain religious practices and narratives. It further advances ongoing dialogues about interactions of ritual, narrative, selfhood, and identity.
2 Fasting, Saubhāgya, and Jain Satī Narratives
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney
Published: February 2010

This chapter addresses the ways that Jain women, like Hindu women, locate their well‐being in their status as auspicious wives with living husbands (saubhagya) and the rituals they perform to protect the health and well‐being of their families, especially their husbands. Jain women understand the workings of saubhagya fasts in distinctly Jain ways that circumvent the problematic strategy (for Jains) of merit transfer. By serving as a role model and teacher of Jainism in the home, invoking the blessings of guardian deities, and deploying the benefits of religio‐magical practices, Jain women are able to extend the benefits of their religious practices to their husbands and families. In addition, the most powerful Jain saubhagya fast posits that protecting the wife herself also protects her husband because of clear links between a husband's health and a wife's well‐being.
The Language of Defamation Cases
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

This book shows how linguistic analysis can be useful to lawyers on either sides of defamation lawsuits. It gives a brief overview of the parts of defamation law that linguistics can address, and then illustrates how phonetics, grammar, semantics, speech acts, pragmatics, conveyed meaning, and lexical choices were used in eleven defamation cases. The book also assesses what progress has been made from the early days in which language disputes were settled by bloody duels to the modern days of their replacement by libel and slander lawsuits.
3 A Sixth-Grade Teacher Goes after the Local Press
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

A controversy emerged from allegedly defamatory articles in the local newspaper about a teacher whose students were said to “have learned nothing” during the school year, requiring them to take summer classes to make up for their deficiencies. Linguistic analysis of these articles demonstrated that the writers were not giving their opinions, as the newspaper claimed, but instead were offering their articles as factual. The teacher was declared a pubic person by the Court, meaning that she had to prove actual malice in the articles. Negative prominence of the repeated use of “learned nothing” provided such evidence. It was also clear from the articles and press releases that no apology or retraction was given by the defendants.
5 A Religious Leader, the TV Media, and the FCC
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

Although this case was a complaint by the religious group to the FCC for equal airtime to respond and was not tried as a defamation case, it had most of the same features. The group claimed that a national news program had serious accused it of many illegal things and therefore was defamatory. Linguistic analysis of the program demonstrated that the program made accusations, failed to provide specifics about these accusations, conveyed that the group had something to hide, implied that the group's resources were tainted, used ambiguous expressions that could frame the group very negatively, took quotations out of context, provided only partial visual evidence of documents that led the audience to have only a negative opinion of what was on them, and used certain words and expressions that were considered malicious.
8 Optometrists vs. Ophthalmologists
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

A dispute began when Tennessee optometrists tried to get their state legislature to grant them the right to prescribe therapeutic drugs for their patients. The state's ophthalmologists objected strenuously, and commissioned a report on the status of optometry. That report led the optometrists to bring a defamation lawsuit against the ophthalmologists. A linguistic analysis of this report highlighted the writer's heavy use of accusations, pejorative terms, conveyed meanings, exaggerations, overgeneralizations, ambiguity and vagueness. In addition it address the defendants' claim that the report was the writer's opinion, not factual.
9 Otolaryngologists vs. Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

When Georgia plastic surgeons were appalled about the state's otolarynogologists announcement that they were broadening their specialization to include head and neck medicine and surgery, the plastic surgeons published an article in their professional journal that was considered by the otolaryngologists and their leader to be defamatory. Linguistic analysis of the article included discourse analysis to identify the themes of the article, most of which included accusations, inferences in conveyed language, and malicious words and expressions. The plastic surgeons claimed that they were offering opinions, not factual accusations, but linguistic analysis showed the contrary.
10 Infighting in the Hair Care Products Industry
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

This chapter deals with a videotaped speech given by the head of a large hair care products company. One person in the audience sued the speaker for defamatory statements he made in that speech and for extensive quotations from him in a later magazine article. Clues from topic analysis showed that the speaker's intentions were on other matters, not the alleged defamation. He made no accusations, imperatives, laments, or complaints. His tone of voice contained no emotional characteristics of anger and his gesturing was consistently benign. The analysis also showed that the speaker's language exhibited no evidence of linguistic features that associate with a person having malicious intent and that the speaker's non‐native English skills led to at least some of the plaintiff's misperceptions of what was said. The speaker's use of verb tense, pronouns, and noun plurals supported this conclusion.
13 A Corporation Files a Lawsuit against Its Union
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

During a labor dispute, a union published widely a number of messages that the company believed were defamatory. Discourse analysis and speech act analysis of these messages indicated that they were accusatory, contained inflammatory language, and attributed bad intentions to the company. The union's claim that the messages conveyed opinions rather than facts was also shown to be without merit.
Is There a Human Right to Development?
Authors: SARKAR RUMU
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines whether there is a human right to development. It is the most legally focused of all the chapters and essentially tracks the historical antecedents of the “right to development,” the Africanization of such rights, and the imposition of a duty-based regime under this and Islamic notions of what constitutes a human right to development. The “judicialization” of such international human rights discourse is also examined as a new trend in this area. The chapter considers the historical antecedents to the right to development and its theoretical foundations. The tensions between the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the international Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) are examined. The influence of African states on the right to development is reviewed with a thorough examination of the Banjul Charter and its implications. The impact of the New International Economic Order (NEIO), the Monterrey Consensus, and the judicialization of human rights within the “right to development” spectrum are all critically reviewed. New trends and possibilities for the future of the right to development are discussed.
International Borrowing
Authors: SARKAR RUMU
Published: February 2010

This chapter explains the international financial architecture supporting the financing of international development. It examines the international borrowing practices of sovereign states, and analyzes two case studies of the Mexican and Asian financial crises. These sovereign debt crises are examined from the standpoint of strategic and tactical approaches to resolving them, and preventing financial contagion in the future. The current global financial contagion, originating in the United States, and its impact on developing countries, is reviewed from a “lessons learned” perspective. Tactical approaches to resolving sovereign debt crises such as debt-for-debt exchanges, debt-equity swaps, debt securitization, credit facilities, and special financing techniques are critically reviewed. Finally, debt relief as a development strategy is critically examined. Explanatory text boxes and other graphics are provided to assist the reader absorb a complex area of law.
Emerging Capital Economies
Authors: SARKAR RUMU
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines emerging capital economies from the perspective of creating the new success stories in the developing world. It focuses on the underlying (legal) causes for such successes and the impediments thereto. The perspective of international finance (e.g., foreign direct and foreign portfolio investment), and their relative pitfalls are examined along with a sea change in investment patterns as may be discerned from sovereign wealth funds, and other related issues. Financing private infrastructure projects, the access to private bond and equity markets, and the dangers of global financial contagion are all explored. Finally, the need for the prudential and legal regulation of private equity markets, and related issues, are examined in the context of furthering development objectives.
The orbitofrontal cortex: sulcal and gyral morphology and architecture
Authors: Petrides Michael , Mackey Scott
Published: February 2010

The chapter describes the detailed topography of the orbitofrontal sulci and gyri in humans and nonhuman primates. Orbitofrontal gyri include the medial, lateral, anterior and posterior orbital gyri, and the gyrus rectus. The primary orbital sulci include the olfactory suclus, medial, lateral, and transverse transverse orbital sulci, although intermediate orbital, posterior orbital and fragmentosi sulci also arise in some subjects. Variations in sulcal and gyral patterns are described, along with the typical location of the gyri and sulci in stereotactic space. Finally, the location of cytoarchitectural regions is discussed in relationship to the topography of the orbitofrontal cortex.
Sequential and parallel circuits for emotional processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Barbas Helen , Zikopoulos Basilis
Published: February 2010

Several features of the circuits of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) suggest that it is in an ideal position to convey signals associated with the emotional significance of events. Key features of this neural circuitry include: the role of the posterior orbital regions as a global environment integrator; the distinction between input and output zones linking the OFC with the amygdala; the role of projections to the intercalated masses in the amygdala in controlling central nucleus output; the involvement of connections to medial temporal cortex in emotional memory; and the potential importance of information transfer from the OFC to lateral prefrontal cortices in decision-making. Ultimately, the OFC communicates with lateral and caudal medial prefrontal cortices in synergistic functions in decision and action in behavior.
Involvement of primate orbitofrontal neurons in reward, uncertainty, and learning
Authors: Schultz Wolfram , Tremblay Leon
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews studies using neurophysiological recordings of the orbitofrontal cortex in behaving monkeys in order to understand the brain's representation of predictable future events of motivational significance. Orbitofrontal neurons respond to rewards and reward-related stimuli, and these responses are differentially and dynamically attributed through learning to events of specific motivational valence (rewards and punishers). Orbitofrontal neurons discriminate between different rewards based on quantity or preference, and adaptively respond to changes in reward contingencies. Critically, these reward-related responses are also activated in anticipation of future events. This expectation-related activity shows appropriate adaptations during learning allowing a transition from previous or default representations to expectations that are updated by the latest experience. The processing of reward predicting stimuli by the orbitofrontal cortex helps to reduce the uncertainty about which rewards will be available in the immediate future, helping to optimize decision-making in the face of risk and ambiguity.
The orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction
Authors: Goldstein Rita Z. , Alia-Klein Nelly , Cottone Lisa A. , Volkow Nora D.
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the clinical characteristics of drug addiction and their putative neuropsychological mechanisms. The OFC's role in reward processing, saliency attribution, and motivation is hypothesized to allow drugs of abuse to assume such intense value that the drug-addicted individual experiences intense wanting (or craving) of this valuable commodity at the cost of a generalized relative indifference for all other stimuli. It is suggested that the OFC maintains a representation of the drug as valuable. With this impairment in salience attribution, loss of inhibitory control ensues, causing the bingeing component of addiction. When the drug is no longer available, the individual experiences withdrawal, and OFC abnormalities may feedback into relapse to drug use, especially when the drug itself, or merely a cue, triggers the well-maintained association between the drug and its salient value.
Effect of orbitofrontal lesions on mood and aggression
Authors: Blake Pamela , Grafman Jordan
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews the effects of lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) on mood states and aggressive behavior. Particular attention is paid to studies of patients with traumatic brain injury, although data from patients with stroke or degenerative disorders are also presented. Lesions of the OFC have been observed to cause disinhibited, impulsive states that result in an increase in impulsive aggression. Problems with reduced empathy and social processing may further contribute to the clinical picture. OFC lesions are not as closely associated with depression as are dorsolateral lesions. The current literature on the effects of OFC lesions in the development of anxiety appear contradictory, with some studies showing increased and others showed decreased anxiety symptoms. Methodological issues that hinder interpretation of the effects OFC lesions on personality and mood are discussed.
Doing and Being
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

Doing and Being confronts the problem of how to understand two central concepts of Aristotle's philosophy: energeia and dunamis. While these terms seem ambiguous between actuality/potentiality and activity/capacity, Aristotle did not intend them to be so. Through a careful and detailed reading of Metaphysics Theta, the author argues that we can solve the problem by rejecting both ‘actuality’ and ‘activity’ as translations of energeia, and by working out an analogical conception of energeia. This approach enables the author to discern a hitherto unnoticed connection between Plato's Sophist and Aristotle's Metaphysics Theta, and to give satisfying interpretations of the major claims that Aristotle makes in Metaphysics Theta, the claim that energeia is prior in being to capacity (Theta 8), and the claim that any eternal principle must be perfectly good (Theta 9).
1 Peace between the Gods and Giants
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

The ninth book of Aristotle's Metaphysics — Book Theta — develops a theory of causal powers, and then distinguishes two ways of being: being-in-capacity and being-in-energeia (where energeia is, as a first gloss, the exercise of a capacity). The discussion culminates in a challenging and controversial claim: energeia has priority in being over capacity (dunamis). This chapter attempts to explain this claim: its meaning, its justification, and its philosophical import.
Chapter 8 Sea changes: structure and functioning of emerging marine communities
Authors: Emmett Duffy J.
Published: February 2010

The industrial-scale fishing that expanded during the 20th century has strongly reduced the abundance of large animals throughout the world's oceans, reduced the food chain length of many pelagic and benthic communities, altered fish community size-structure, and selected for evolutionary shifts toward maturation at smaller sizes in many exploited fish assemblages. This chapter reviews the consequences of keystone predation by humans on marine communities. Data from open, unmanipulated marine ecosystems support insights from theory and experiments that trophic cascades can occur in a range of pelagic and benthic systems, despite their complexity and openness. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that functional diversity within lower trophic levels tends to reduce their vulnerability to top-down control.