bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of wheat starch on rheological, structural and physico‐chemical properties gluten–starch dough during mixing
Authors: Li Mingfei , Liu Chong , Hong Jing , Zheng Xueling , Lu Yujie , Bian Ke
Published: November 2021

This study mainly explored that the influence of wheat starch source on the rheology behaviours and structural properties of gluten–starch dough, and then the model doughs were prepared by the AK58 wheat gluten and three types of starches from strong (ZM366S), medium (AK58S) and weak gluten wheat (ZM103S) during mixing were studied. The damaged starch content of wheat starch was positively correlated with the wheat gluten strength, while the granule size was negatively. The G', G" and the extension resistance of ZM366S dough were higher than those of other doughs, which implied the source of starch also had a significant influence on the rheological properties. CLSM also observed that ZM366S was more closely bound to the gluten protein network. The glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content of ZM366S model dough was the highest, while the SH content was the lowest. Decreases in elasticity, extension and GMP, and small increase in SH content were displayed during dough mixing. Molecular forces were varied with different wheat starch and mixing time. The covalent bond was the main force between ZM103S and gluten, whereas the hydrogen and covalent bonds were the main force between ZM366S or AK58S and gluten. The interactions between ZM366 starch and gluten were stronger than others starch.
The globally re-emerging norovirus GII.2 manifests higher heat resistance than norovirus GII.4 and Tulane virus
Authors: Tan Malcolm Turk Hsern , Xue Liang , Wang Dapeng , Eshaghi Gorji Mohamad , Li Yan , Gong Zhiyuan , Li Dan
Published: November 2021

Aims

To compare the heat stability of two globally prevalent human norovirus (HuNoV) strains (GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16]) and a commonly used HuNoV surrogate, Tulane virus (TV).

Methods and Results

With the use of a newly developed zebrafish larvae platform, we measured the change of infectivity of HuNoV GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16] toward mild heat treatment at 55°C for 5 min. TV was tested with the same experimental design. As a result, the virus infectivity measurement clearly indicated the higher heat resistance of HuNoV GII.2[P16] (no reduction) than GII.4[P16] (>0.8-log TCID50 ml−1 reduction) and TV (2.5-log TCID50 ml−1 reduction). Further exploration revealed higher virus structural stability of HuNoV GII.2 than GII.4 strains by the use of different clinical samples with different evaluation methods.

Conclusion

The inactivation data generated from the surrogate virus TV cannot be used directly to describe the inactivation of HuNoV. The phylogenetic classification of HuNoVs may correlate with the virus stability and/or circulation dynamics.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study is expected to serve as an important reference when revisiting the numerous previous data evaluating HuNoV inactivation conditions in foods with the use of TV as the cultivable surrogate or with genuine HuNoV but using molecular methods. The higher resistance of NoV GII.2 strains than GII.4 strains toward inactivation treatment supplies a possible explanation for the global re-emerging of NoV GII.2 epidemic in recent years.
Immunomodulatory and ameliorative effects of probiotic in combination with diclazuril on broilers under coccidia infection
Authors: Memon Fareed Uddin , Leghari Imdad Hussain , Rajput Nasir , Gadahi Javaid Ali , Sahito Jam Zaheer Ahmed , Yang Yunqiao , Baig Mirza Baber , Laghari Farooque , Memon Hamid Ali , Si Hongbin
Published: November 2021

Aim

This study aimed to determine the potential prophylactic efficacy of probiotic individually and/or in combination with anti-coccidial drug on the performance and immunity of broilers under an induced coccidial infection over a 28-day of experimental trial.

Methods

One hundred and eighty 1-day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups, included control group (CG), control positive group (CPG), probiotic-treated group (Prob), diclazuril-treated group (Dic), and probiotic + diclazuril-treated group (Prob + Dic). On day 21 of age, all birds, except group CG, were orally inoculated with 1 ml of tap water containing 25,000 Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts.

Results

Our results showed that the probiotic treatment did not influence pre-challenge body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). During the post-challenge period, chickens in groups probiotic and diclazuril individually and in combination exhibited higher body weight and lower (better) FCR, reduced oocyst shedding (throughout the day four, five, six and seven post-infection), cecal lesions and mortality compared with control positive chickens. Moreover, Compared to CPG group, Prob + Dic group showed increased (p < 0.05) serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) and decreased the concentrations of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). On the other hand, individual treatment with probiotic exhibited highest serum levels of IL-10 and IgM, while diclazuril alone increased the blood concentrations of IL-10 and decreased the levels of IFN-γ compared to control positive group; however, there was no significant effect of Prob on IFN-γ, Dic on IgM and all groups on interleukin-17.

Conclusion

In conclusion, supplementation of probiotic, with and/or without anti-coccidial drug, enhances immunity and inhibits the negative effects of Eimeria infection.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study reveals the anti-coccidial mechanisms of probiotic in the presence and absence of anti-coccidial drug in preventing the coccidia infection.
Differences in biofilm formation of Salmonella serovars on two surfaces under two temperature conditions
Authors: Obe Tomi , Richards Amber K. , Shariat Nikki W.
Published: November 2021

Aims

Salmonella is extremely diverse, with >2500 serovars that are genetically and phenotypically diverse. The aim of this study was to build a collection of Salmonella isolates that are genetically diverse and to evaluate their ability to form biofilm under different conditions relevant to a processing environment.

Methods and Results

Twenty Salmonella isolates representative of 10 serovars were subtyped using Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-typing to assess the genetic diversity between isolates of each serovar. Biofilm formation of the isolates on both plastic and stainless-steel surfaces at 25 and 15°C was assessed. At 25°C, 8/20 isolates each produced strong and moderate biofilm on plastic surface compared to stainless-steel (3/20 and 13/20 respectively). At 15°C, 5/20 produced strong biofilm on plastic surface and none on stainless-steel. Several isolates produced weak biofilm on plastic (11/20) and stainless-steel (16/20) surfaces. Serovar Schwarzengrund consistently produced strong biofilm while serovars Heidelberg and Newport produced weak biofilm.

Conclusion

These results suggest that Salmonellae differ in their attachment depending on the surface and temperature conditions encountered, which may influence persistence in the processing environment.

Significance and Impact of Study

These differences in biofilm formation could provide useful information for mitigation of Salmonella in processing environments.
Water kefir: Factors affecting grain growth and health-promoting properties of the fermented beverage
Authors: Pendón María Dolores , Bengoa Ana Agustina , Iraporda Carolina , Medrano Micaela , Garrote Graciela L. , Abraham Analía G.
Published: November 2021

Nowadays, the interest in the consumption of healthy foods has increased as well as the homemade preparation of artisanal fermented product. Water kefir is an ancient drink of uncertain origin, which has been passed down from generation to generation and is currently consumed practically all over the world. Considering the recent and extensive updates published on sugary kefir, this work aims to shed light on the scientific works that have been published so far in relation to this complex ecosystem. We focused our review evaluating the factors that affect the beverage microbial and chemical composition that are responsible for the health attribute of water kefir as well as the grain growth. The microbial ecosystem that constitutes the grains and the fermented consumed beverage can vary according to the fermentation conditions (time and temperature) and especially with the use of different substrates (source of sugars, additives as fruits and molasses). In this sense, the populations of microorganisms in the beverage as well as the metabolites that they produce varies and in consequence their health properties. Otherwise, the knowledge of the variables affecting grain growth are also discussed for its relevance in maintenance of the starter biomass as well as the use of dextran for technological application.
New constraints on the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Erzgebirge orogenic wedge (Saxothuringian Domain, Bohemian Massif)
Authors: Jouvent Marine , Lexa Ondrej , Peřestý Vít , Jeřábek Petr
Published: November 2021

In contrast to well‐documented (U)HP rocks of the Erzgebirge crystalline complex (Saxothuringian Domain, Bohemian Massif), the surrounding medium‐ to low‐grade metasediments are scarcely studied, although they provide an important link between deep subduction and mid‐crustal processes. To constrain the Variscan evolution from continental subduction to orogenic wedge, the transition from the low‐grade phyllites to the footwall medium‐grade micaschists was investigated. We used thermodynamic modelling to constrain the P‐T conditions of four deformation fabrics (D1–D4) identified by the structural analysis. The studied area was first affected by the M1‐D1 event characterized by HP‐LT minerals (garnet, chloritoid, phengite, paragonite, and rutile) defining the S1 foliation. The calculated peak P‐T conditions for M1 increase from 13 kbar and 520°C in phyllites to 25 kbar and 560°C in micaschists. The corresponding apparent geothermal gradient 6–11°C/km is typical for a subduction environment. The M2‐D2 event corresponds to deformation and metamorphic overprint of the previous fabric during partial decompression. The M3‐D3 event is mainly developed in micaschists, and the M3 overprint intensifies towards the footwall. It is accompanied by a subhorizontal S3 cleavage characterized by MP‐MT assemblage containing biotite, staurolite and ilmenite. The inferred peak P‐T conditions for M3 are 5–9 kbar and 595°C representing a barrovian‐type geothermal gradient from 17–30°C/km. Finally, all metamorphic fabrics were heterogeneously affected by the low‐grade M4‐D4 upright folding. The D1‐D2 events are interpreted to record the growth and evolution of the Saxothuringian orogenic wedge while its present‐day architecture resulted from significant vertical shortening D3 associated with barrovian type M3‐metamorphism. This stage corresponds to the ductile thinning of the wedge. A new model is proposed, in which the Erzgebirge part of the Saxothuringian Domain reveals a spectacular example of active margin evolution characterized by (i) formation of accretionary prism, (ii) building of the orogenic wedge by accretion of subducted continental crust, and (iii) its extensional collapse.
Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) measurements in pituitary portal blood: A history
Authors: Moenter Suzanne M. , Evans Neil P.
Published: November 2021

Much about the neuroendocrine control of reproduction is inferred from changes in the episodic release of luteinizing hormone (LH), as measured in samples of peripheral blood. This, however, assumes that LH precisely mirrors gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the hypothalamus. Because GnRH is not measurable in peripheral blood, characterization of the relationship between these two hormones required the simultaneous measurement of GnRH and LH in pituitary portal and peripheral blood, respectively. Here, we review the history of why and how portal blood collection was developed, the aspects of the true output of the central component of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis that this methodology helped clarify, and conditions under which the pituitary fails to serve as an adequate bioassay for the release pattern of GnRH.
Duodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms with unexpectedly aggressive behaviour: Challenging the “watch and wait” approach
Authors: Ratnayake Gowri M. , Srirajaskanthan Raj , Luong TuVinh , Gnanasegaran Gopinath , Toumpanakis Christos
Published: November 2021

The incidence of duodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms has risen over the past decades as a result of the wide availability of endoscopy and associated expertise. Although it is considered that tumour size greater than 10 mm, higher tumour grade and/or location in relation to the ampulla of Vater represent the main risk factors for local or distant metastases, we describe two cases of well differentiated grade 1 and grade 2 neuroendocrine tumours, which measured < 10 mm at the time of diagnosis but had an aggressive course during follow‐up. Furthermore, we also summarise the available therapeutic strategies for the management of small, low grade, non‐functioning, non‐ampullary duodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms.
Internal structure and validity of the bedside oral examination tool in patients with brain injury at neurorehabilitation setting
Authors: Kothari Simple F. , Nascimento Gustavo G. , De Caxias Fernanda P. , Jakobsen Mille B. , Nielsen Jørgen F. , Kothari Mohit
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To assess the internal structure and validity of the ‘bedside oral examination’ (BOE) instrument in individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI).

Methods

Ninety ABI individuals were examined using BOE in their first week of neurorehabilitation. BOE measures oral health within eight categories including: swallow, tongue, odour, teeth, lips, saliva, mucosa and gingiva. To assess the validity of BOE, full‐mouth clinical examination (gold standard) was performed. The internal structure of BOE was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To measure the validity, the BOE scores were dichotomised into excellent oral health and altered oral health. Sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the six/eight BOE items were compared with their related clinical oral examination tool.

Results

Overall, the patients had poor oral health irrespective of the oral examination tool used. Factor analyses indicated two factors within BOE: ‘oral hygiene’ (teeth, gingiva and mucosa) and ‘orofacial health’ (lips, swallow and saliva). BOE tongue and odour items loaded in neither factor. BOE items showed low validity since the highest area under the ROC curve was 0.60. Findings on the sensitivity value ranged from 35.0 to 74.2, while specificity from 44.4 to 83.3, depending on the item evaluated.

Conclusion

Bedside oral examination does not seem to be an ideal ‘single’ outcome tool in a neurorehabilitation setting as it lacks validity. BOE evaluates oral health as two independent but correlated components and treat them separately indicating precision treatment depending on their oral health dysfunction. It is advisable to use BOE as a screening tool. However, it should be complimented by proper clinical examination before establishing a treatment plan for oral health in patients with ABI.
Children who have more toothache‐related behaviors have worse masticatory performance
Authors: Souto‐Souza Debora , Ramos‐Jorge Maria Letícia , Oliveira Túlio Fernandes , Soares Maria Eliza da Consolação , Primo‐Miranda Ednele Fabyene , Pereira Luciano José , Ramos‐Jorge Joana
Published: November 2021

Inadequate masticatory function can be linked to oral problems and result in functional limitation. In children, this function is extremely important for their development, and therefore efforts are made to keep it adequate. To evaluate whether dental pain‐related behaviors are associated with masticatory performance (MP). A cross‐sectional study was conducted with a sample of 123 children from 3 to 5 years old. Toothache was evaluated using the Dental Discomfort Questionnaire. Anthropometric data, predominant type of breathing, presence of malocclusion, number of posterior teeth cavitated by dental caries, and masticatory units were collected. MP was measured by the median size of the crushed particles (X50) after 20 cycles of chewing the Optocal test material and was calculated with the Rosin–Rammler equation. Data analysis involved a description of variable frequencies, as well as simple and multiple linear regression, and a confidence level set at 95%. The mean scores of dental pain‐related behaviors were 1.14 (±1.90) points, and the mean X50 value was 3.96 mm (±1.34). In the multiple linear regression, a larger median size of the particles remained associated with a higher score of dental pain‐related behaviors (β = +.81, p = .01); mouth breathing (β = +.22, p = .01); and a smaller number of masticatory units (β = −.22, p = .02). Greater dental pain‐related behavior scores are associated with worse MP, regardless of the presence of associations with predominantly oral breathing and fewer chewing units.
Antimicrobial effect of radiant catalytic ionization
Authors: Skowron K. , Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N. , Grudelwska-Buda K. , Zacharski M. , Paluszak Z. , Gospodarek-Komkowska E.
Published: November 2021

The main purpose of micro-organisms elimination from the air and surfaces is to ensure microbiological safety in health care facilities or food production plants. Currently, many disinfection methods are used, both physical, chemical and, increasingly, biological. Scientists seek new solutions with high antimicrobial effectiveness (especially against the drug-resistant strains of bacteria), low production and operating costs, and, above all, the safety of patients and food consumers. The limitation of the methods used so far is primarily the micro-organisms acquire the resistance, mainly to antimicrobial agents. One of the new and alternative methods of disinfection is radiant catalytic ionization (RCI). RCI is an active method of air and surface purification. The technology proved high efficiency against viruses, Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and fungi, both in the air and on surfaces (planktonic forms and biofilm). RCI has many advantages as well as some minor limitations. This overview summarizes the current knowledge about RCI technology.
Trends in the Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection based on the Insurance Status in the United States from 2013 to 2018
Authors: Kim Donghee , Cholankeril George , Dennis Brittany B. , Alshuwaykh Omar , Kumari Radhika , Wong Robert J. , Ahmed Aijaz
Published: November 2021

Background & Aims

With the recent improvement in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a better understanding of the infection burden is needed. We aimed to (a) estimate the trends in the national prevalence of HCV infection based on the type of health insurance coverage and (b) identify at‐risk populations for HCV infection in the United States (US) general population.

Methods

Population‐based analyses using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013‐2018) were performed with a focus on HCV infection. We analysed the prevalence of HCV infection based on the health insurance status before the direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) era (2013‐2014) and during the DAA era (2015‐2018).

Results

The age‐adjusted prevalence of active HCV infection (HCV RNA [+]) was 0.92% (95% confidence interval, 0.71%‐1.19%) in the US non‐institutionalized civilian population. Although the prevalence of active HCV infection has remained stable, the prevalence of resolved HCV infection has increased after the introduction of DAA. In terms of health insurance coverage, the prevalence of active HCV infection decreased, and the prevalence of resolved HCV infection increased among individuals who had health insurance, especially private health insurance. The independent risk factors of active HCV infection were 40‐69 years group, male, less than high school education, unmarried, below poverty status, being born in the US, history of blood transfusion and not having private health insurance.

Conclusion

The burden of active HCV infection has decreased among individuals who had health insurance, especially private health insurance, during the DAA era.
Inference in Misspecified GARCH‐M Models*
Authors: Smallwood Aaron D.
Published: November 2021

The manuscript studies testing methods in systems with relationships between observed variables and conditional variances drawn from popular multivariate GARCH models. Although these methods have been extensively used to study the effects of uncertainty proxied by GARCH variables, inferential results are absent under misspecification or when using multi‐step estimators. Concentrating on test statistics for the hypothesis of no uncertainty impact, extensive Monte Carlo evidence is presented. Results show that severe size distortion and low power can occur when using two‐step procedures unless existing heteroskedasticity is modelled at every stage. In contrast, under moderate unconditional residual cross‐correlation, joint estimation of all model parameters yields test statistics with impressive relative power. In terms of misspecification, the consequences of ignoring asymmetries in the conditional variance matrix are shown to be potentially severe. Otherwise, estimation of DCC and diagonal BEKK models may be preferred relative to extended DCC and full BEKK counterparts, even under weak negative volatility spillovers. Issues are highlighted with an analysis of the relationships between production growth, inflation and their volatilities.
Validation of a 3D methodology for the evaluation and follow‐up of secondary alveolar bone grafting in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients
Authors: Shaheen Eman , Danneels Margaux , Doucet Kaat , Dormaar Titiaan , Verdonck Anna , Cadenas de Llano‐Pérula Maria , Willems Guy , Politis Constantinus , Jacobs Reinhilde
Published: November 2021

Objective

The aim of the study was to propose and validate a method for three‐dimensional (3D) quantitative assessment of secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) and its stability in time for patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).

Settings and sample population

Ten non‐syndromic UCLP patients (9 males and 1 female with a mean age of 9.5 ± 0.9 years) undergoing SABG with good quality preoperative, immediate postoperative (6 weeks) and 6 months postoperative Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans were selected.

Materials and Methods

The preoperative and 6 months postoperative scans were registered onto the immediate postoperative scan. The bone‐grafted region was defined on the immediate postoperative scan and refined on the registered preoperative scan resulting in a 3D volume. The residual bone graft was calculated by applying threshold based segmentation on the registered 6 months postoperative scan within the segmented bone graft volume of the previous step. Inter and intra observer tests using intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) were applied comparing the volumes of the 3D models.

Results

An excellent reliability was found for inter and intra observers with ICC ≥ 0.95.

Conclusions

The presented method proved to be reliable for volumetric assessment of the alveolar bone graft in UCLP patients, as well as to assess the percentage of bone resorption during follow‐up.
Serum and salivary cytokines in patients with oral lichen planus treated with Photobiomodulation
Authors: Abboud Clery Saad , Brandão Eloíza Helena da Silva , Cunha Karen Roberta Lopes , de Sousa Brito Kaline , Gallo Camila de Barros , Molon Angela Cristina , Horliana Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini , Franco Adriana Santos Lino , Thongprasom Kobkan , Rodrigues Maria Fernanda Setúbal Destro
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the serum and salivary levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐17A, TNF‐α, IL‐4, and IL‐10 in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) treated with Photobiomodulation (PBM) and clobetasol propionate 0.05%.

Material and Methods

Thirty‐four OLP patients were randomized into two groups: Control (clobetasol propionate 0.05%) and PBM (660 nm, 100 mW, 177 J/cm2, 5 s, 0.5 J per point). Serum and saliva were collected at baseline and at the end of treatment (after 30 days) and evaluated using ELISA. The cytokine results were correlated with pain, clinical subtypes, and clinical scores of OLP.

Results

IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐17A, TNF‐α, and IL‐4 levels were higher in saliva in relation to serum. IL‐1β was the most concentrated cytokine in saliva, and a positive correlation with the severity of OLP was noticed. After treatment with corticosteroid, IL‐1β in saliva decreased significantly. No modulation of all cytokines was observed after PBM.

Conclusion

IL‐1β appears to be an important cytokine involved in OLP pathogenesis. In addition, the mechanisms of action of PBM do not seem to be linked to the modulation of pro or anti‐inflammatory cytokines at the end of treatment. It is possible that this events occurred early during treatment.
Overexpression of circCDR1as drives oral squamous cell carcinoma progression
Authors: Cui Lingling , Huang Chao , Zhou Dun
Published: November 2021

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) mediate the progression of human cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the functions of circRNA CDR1 Antisense RNA (circCDR1as) in OSCC. Moreover, the relationships among circCDR1as, microRNA‐876‐5p (miR‐876‐5p) and Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 (SLC7A11) in OSCC development were explored.

Methods

Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was conducted to determine the expression of circCDR1as, miR‐876‐5p, and SLC7A11. Cell Counting kit‐8 assay, cell colony formation assay, and 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EDU) assay were used to assess cell proliferation. Transwell assay was adopted for cell migration and invasion.

Results

CircCDR1as level was aberrantly elevated in OSCC tissues and cells. Overexpression of circCDR1as promoted autophagy, cell cycle, proliferation, and metastasis and repressed apoptosis in OSCC cells. CircCDR1as directly targeted miR‐876‐5p and miR‐876‐5p interacted with SLC7A11. MiR‐876‐5p overexpression reversed the effects of circCDR1as elevation on OSCC cell autophagy, cell cycle, growth, motility, and apoptosis. Inhibition of miR‐876‐5p aggravated the malignant behaviors of OSCC cells, while SLC7A11 silencing ameliorated the impacts. In addition, circCDR1as knockdown blocked tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusion

CircCDR1as acted as an oncogene in OSCC progression through elevating SLC7A11 by targeting miR‐876‐5p.
Experience using donor human milk: A single‐center cohort study in Japan
Authors: Oikawa Kosuke , Nakano Yuya , Miyazawa Tokuo , Hasebe Yoshiyuki , Kuwabara Haruhiro , Terada Tomomasa , Sugishita Yumiko , Ebata Akio , Takase Mariko , Ochiai Hirotaka , Kokaze Akatsuki , Mizuno Katsumi
Published: November 2021

Background

Donor human milk (DHM) became available in Japan when the first human milk bank was established in 2017. This study investigated the effects of DHM on enteral nutrition (EN) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in the single center in Japan.

Methods

Seventy‐six VLBW infants hospitalized between April 2017 and March 2020 at Showa University Hospital were included in the study. We retrospectively evaluated age (hours) at which EN was initiated and age (days) until complete feeding (EN > 100 mL/kg/day) was achieved. We compared the DHM and non‐DHM groups, or the early human milk (EHM) and non‐EHM groups. The EHM group was defined as those in which EN was initiated with the mother’s own milk or DHM within 12 h of birth.

Results

In 30 extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, EN was initiated at significantly earlier postnatal hours in the DHM group compared to those in the non‐DHM group. Complete feeding was achieved at significantly earlier ages in the EHM group after adjusting for gastrointestinal complications and gestational age. Additionally, the changes in body weight z‐scores from birth to term‐equivalent age were significantly greater in the EHM group after adjusting for exclusive breastfeeding and small for gestational age, compared to the non‐EHM group. Statistical significance was not noted in 46 subjects (birth weight, 1000–1500 g).

Conclusion

The use of DHM may contribute to earlier initiation and achievement of EN, resulting in greater early postnatal growth in ELBW infants in Japan.
Plant mating system dynamics in restoration: a comparison of restoration and remnant populations ofHakea laurina(Proteaceae)
Authors: Fernandes Rianne E. , Millar Melissa A. , Coates David J. , Byrne Margaret , Krauss Siegfried L. , Williams Matthew R. , Hopper Stephen D.
Published: November 2021

Ecological restoration is addressing the challenge of biodiversity conservation in landscapes where native vegetation has been extensively cleared. Reestablishing ecological interactions that support self‐sustainable populations plays an essential role in restoration efforts. For animal‐pollinated plant species, comparing mating system dynamics within restoration populations with natural remnant populations can inform the progress of restoration activities. We assessed mating system parameters, seed weight, invertebrate floral visitors, and genetic diversity for two restoration populations and two native reference remnant populations of the animal‐pollinated, woody shrub/tree,Hakea laurina(Proteaceae) in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region. There was no difference in outcrossing rates between the two sites (restoration and reference populations combined) or treatments (sites combined). However, one restoration population showed significantly lower outcrossing that was correlated with reduced seed weight, greater inbreeding, and significantly lower invertebrate richness and abundance compared to its nearby remnant population. In contrast, in the other restoration population, all measures were comparable to the reference remnant population. Local genetic diversity available in remnant populations was captured in both restoration populations. Limitations to pollinator services may be affecting mating patterns and potentially population fitness, in a younger restoration population with reduced proximity to remnant vegetation, which has a tall coplanted overstorey species and spatially aggregated individuals. We highlight these aspects of restoration populations as important areas of ongoing research that will impact the reestablishment of ecological interactions, and the assessment of mating system dynamics as a valuable tool to inform the current progress of restoration activities.
Should unemployment insurance be centralized in a state union? Unearthing a principle of efficient federation building*
Authors: Fenge Robert , Friese Max
Published: November 2021

Our study compares the efficiency of unemployment insurance programs in a state union. A centralized insurance will pool the cost of unemployment; this results in a collective bargaining in the member states, which leads to excessively high wages and inefficient insurance. Those high wages attract workers who reduce the outsourced economic cost of unemployment. Only with perfect mobility, this opposing migration effect completely outweighs the pooling effect, and the insurance is no longer inefficient when centralized. Furthermore, we conclude that a principle of efficient federal systems might be that fiscally linked economic policies and institutions should be governed on the same federative level.
Changing red blood cell transfusion practice in obstetrics and gynaecology: A before and after study of hospital‐wide education
Authors: Thiel Peter S. , Mah Alicia C. , Siddiqui Muhammad , Lett Christine D.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To assess transfusion practices at a Canadian tertiary care center before and after a hospital‐wide blood management educational campaign based on the Choosing Wisely toolkit.

Background

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are an essential intervention in obstetrics and gynaec ology (O&G). However, with limited guidelines outlining the appropriate use of RBC transfusions, clinicians routinely transfuse based on haemoglobin values and habits.

Methods/Materials

We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who received a RBC transfusion while admitted under an O&G provider in two 12‐month periods—before and after the intervention. The campaign consisted of Grand Rounds, formal and informal teaching, and posters placed within the hospital. We judged appropriateness from a set of criteria guided by the status of ongoing bleeding, pre‐transfusion haemoglobin, and the number of units ordered simultaneously.

Results

Transfusion appropriateness was poor in pre‐ and post‐intervention periods (46% vs. 51%, p = 0.59). The overall rate of RBC transfusion was reduced from 1.8% to 1.2% (83/4610 vs. 55/4618, p = 0.02) after the intervention. There was a 52% reduction in the total number of RBC units of transfused (229 vs. 111, p < 0.001), a 33% reduction in the number of patients transfused (83 vs. 55, p = 0.016), and fewer multiple‐unit transfusions without reassessment (39 vs. 13, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

RBC transfusion appropriateness remained low after a hospital‐wide educational campaign. However, there was a marked decrease in overall transfusion use, reflecting the adoption of more restrictive transfusion practices. The low rate of transfusion appropriateness represents an opportunity for further improvement.
Genetic variations in ZmSAUR15 contribute to the formation of immature embryo‐derived embryonic calluses in maize
Authors: Wang Yanli , He Shijiang , Long Yun , Zhang Xiaoling , Zhang Xiaoxiang , Hu Hongmei , Li Zhaoling , Hou Fengxia , Ge Fei , Gao Shibin , Pan Guangtang , Ma Langlang , Shen Yaou
Published: November 2021

The ability of immature maize (Zea mays) embryos to form embryonic calluses (ECs) is highly genotype dependent, which limits transgenic breeding development in maize. Here, we report the association map‐based cloning of ZmSAUR15 using an association panel (AP) consisting of 309 inbred lines with diverse formation abilities for ECs. We demonstrated that ZmSAUR15, which encodes a small auxin‐upregulated RNA, acts as a negative effector in maize EC induction. Polymorphisms in the ZmSAUR15 promoter that influence the expression of ZmSAUR15 transcripts modulate the EC induction capacity in maize. ZmSAUR15 is involved in indole‐3‐acetic acid biosynthesis and cell division in immature embryo‐derived callus. The ability of immature embryos to induce EC formation can be improved by the knockout of ZmSAUR15, which consequently increases the callus regeneration efficiency. Our study provides new insights into overcoming the genotypic limitations associated with EC formation and improving genetic transformation in maize.
Exploring the College EFL Self-access Writing Mode Based on Automated Feedback
Authors: Wang Sumin , Xu Yizhong
Published: November 2021

The present study is intended to construct a college EFL self-access writing mode based on automated feedback under the guidance of Formative Assessment Theory and Autonomous Learning Theory and attempts to apply it into college EFL teaching practice. Findings of this empirical-based study suggest that this self-access writing mode contributes to the enhancement of students’ English writing competence, English writing motivation as well as their autonomy in self-revision.
Parameter Identification of Cardiovascular System Model Used for Left Ventricular Assist Device Algorithms
Authors: Pawar Suraj R. , Rapp Ethan S. , Gohean Jeffrey R. , Longoria Raul G.
Published: November 2021

Advancement of implanted left ventricular assist device (LVAD) technology includes modern sensing and control methods to enable online diagnostics and monitoring of patients using on-board sensors. These methods often rely on a cardiovascular system (CVS) model, the parameters of which must be identified for the specific patient. Some of these, such as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), can be estimated online while others must be identified separately. This paper describes a three-staged approach for designing a parameter identification algorithm (PIA) for this problem. The approach is demonstrated using a two-element Windkessel model of the systemic circulation (SC) with a time-varying elastance for the left ventricle (LV). A parameter identifiability stage is followed by identification using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF), which uses measurements of LV pressure (Plv), aortic pressure (Pao), aortic flow (Qa), and known input measurement of LVAD flowrate (Qvad). Both simulation and experimental data from animal experiments were used to evaluate the presented methods. By bounding the initial guess for left ventricular volume, the identified CVS model is able to reproduce signals of Plv, Pao, and Qa within a normalized root mean squared error (nRMSE) of 5.1%, 19%, and 11%, respectively, during simulations. Experimentally, the identified model is able to estimate SVR with an accuracy of 3.4% compared with values from invasive measurements. Diagnostics and physiological control algorithms on-board modern LVADs could use CVS models other than those shown here, and the presented approach is easily adaptable to them. The methods also demonstrate how to test the robustness and accuracy of the identification algorithm.
Validation and Parametric Investigations of an Internal Permanent Magnet Motor Using a Lumped Parameter Thermal Model
Authors: Sequeira Sebastien , Bennion Kevin , Cousineau J. Emily , Narumanchi Sreekant , Moreno Gilbert , Kumar Satish , Joshi Yogendra
Published: November 2021

One of the key challenges for the electric vehicle industry is to develop high-power-density electric motors. Achieving higher power density requires efficient heat removal from inside the motor. In order to improve thermal management, a multiphysics modeling framework that is able to accurately predict the behavior of the motor, while being computationally efficient, is essential. This paper first presents a detailed validation of a lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) model of an Internal Permanent Magnet synchronous motor within the commercially available motor-cad modeling environment. The validation is based on temperature comparison with experimental data and with more detailed finite element analysis (FEA). All critical input parameters of the LPTN are considered in detail for each layer of the stator, especially the contact resistances between the impregnation, liner, laminations, and housing. Finally, a sensitivity analysis for each of the critical input parameters is provided. A maximum difference of 4%—for the highest temperature in the slot-winding and the end-winding—was found between the LPTN and the experimental data. Comparing the results from the LPTN and the FEA model, the maximum difference was 2% for the highest temperature in the slot-winding and end-winding. As for the LPTN sensitivity analysis, the thermal parameter with the highest sensitivity was found to be the liner-to-lamination contact resistance.
An Experimental Study on Cryogenic Spray Quenching of a Circular Metal Disk, Part I: Effects of Mass Flux, Spray Fluid Inlet Subcooling, and Gravity
Authors: Dong Jun , Wang Hao , Darr S. R. , Hartwig J. W. , Chung J. N.
Published: November 2021

This is the first part of a two-paper series that reports the design, experimentation, and results of a spray quenching experiment of a circular metal disk in terrestrial gravity condition. The objective of this experiment is to provide experimental data and corresponding analysis on the heat transfer characteristics and chilldown performance of the cryogenic spray quenching process. In this paper, the presented continuous-flow spray quenching results include the spray-cone angle visualization, spray cooling heat transfer characteristics represented by chilldown curves and boiling curves, gravity effects, and Leidenfrost rewet point temperatures. Additionally, detailed discussion is given on the film boiling heat transfer and rewet temperature in terms of various contributing factors such as gravitational acceleration, spray mass flux, and radial position on the plate. Based on the experimental data, empirical correlations for film boiling heat transfer coefficient, and rewet temperatures are provided. We expect that the current terrestrial study would offer invaluable information for the design of a robust in-space cryogenic propellant storage tank spray chilldown system.
Floquet Hamiltonian engineering of an isolated many-body spin system
Authors: Geier Sebastian , Thaicharoen Nithiwadee , Hainaut Clément , Franz Titus , Salzinger Andre , Tebben Annika , Grimshandl David , Zürn Gerhard , Weidemüller Matthias
Published: November 2021

Shaping the Hamiltonian

Ultracold atoms have proven to be a versatile setting for simulating more complicated quantum systems. However, the type of the simulated Hamiltonian usually cannot be changed once the system has been engineered, although the parameters can be tuned. Geier
et al
. used rubidium-87 atoms in two excited Rydberg states to create a system in which the type of the Hamiltonian could be modified by periodic driving. The researchers started with a system that was initially described by the so-called Heisenberg XX Hamiltonian. By using a periodic series of pulses, the Hamiltonian was transformed into a different target Hamiltonian, which was corroborated by monitoring the system’s dynamics. —JS
Stem cells expand potency and alter tissue fitness by accumulating diverse epigenetic memories
Authors: Gonzales Kevin Andrew Uy , Polak Lisa , Matos Irina , Tierney Matthew T. , Gola Anita , Wong Ellen , Infarinato Nicole R. , Nikolova Maria , Luo Shijing , Liu Siqi , Novak Jesse S. S. , Lay Kenneth , Pasolli Hilda Amalia , Fuchs Elaine
Published: November 2021

Stem cells remember

Tissue stem cells sense their surroundings, and this perception influences subsequent fate and function. Gonzales
et al
. observed that stem cells accumulate epigenetic memories of diverse environmental events (see the Perspective by Hoste). By wounding skin and monitoring the temporal steps involved in mobilizing stem cells of the hair follicle to repair the epidermis, the authors found that stem cells bear memories of their original niche, migration, encounters with inflammation, and adaptation to the new fate and tasks. During homeostasis, immigrant stem cells are functionally and transcriptionally analogous to native cells, but upon future assaults, they unleash discrete epigenetic memories to heighten physiological response and affect tissue fitness. —BAP
Adaptive evolution of flight in
Morpho
butterflies
Authors: Le Roy Camille , Amadori Dario , Charberet Samuel , Windt Jaap , Muijres Florian T. , Llaurens Violaine , Debat Vincent
Published: November 2021

Strategic fliers

Forests are often crowded and complex, presenting numerous and varied challenges for species flying through them. Le Roy
et al
. looked at the Amazonian
Morpho
butterfly group and found differences in both morphological and behavioral perspectives across species that occupy the canopy relative the understory. Species that evolved to occupy the canopy have improved gliding abilities because of a combination of wing shape and flight behavior. The combination of these traits varied across species even within this single genus, which suggests that there was not one route that led to colonization of this part of the forest. —SNV
Dying cells fan the flames of inflammation
Authors: Newton Kim , Dixit Vishva M. , Kayagaki Nobuhiko
Published: November 2021

Inflammatory processes that recruit leukocytes to injured or infected tissues are crucial for tissue repair and the elimination of pathogens. However, excessive or chronic inflammation promotes tissue damage and disease, as in arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and COVID-19. Intracellular constituents released from dying cells are among the stimuli that trigger proinflammatory gene expression programs in innate immune cells. We explore how programmed cell death mechanisms—apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis—may contribute to inflammatory disease. We discuss inhibition of cell death as a potential therapeutic strategy, focusing on the targets RIPK1 (receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1), NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3), and GSDMD (gasdermin D) as important mediators of lytic cell death. We also consider the potential benefits of limiting membrane rupture rather than cell death by targeting NINJ1.
Direct visualization of magnetic domains and moiré magnetism in twisted 2D magnets
Authors: Song Tiancheng , Sun Qi-Chao , Anderson Eric , Wang Chong , Qian Jimin , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , McGuire Michael A. , Stöhr Rainer , Xiao Di , Cao Ting , Wrachtrup Jörg , Xu Xiaodong
Published: November 2021

Imaging twisty magnets

Twisting monolayers of graphene with respect to each other has led to a number of unusual correlated states. This approach has inspired researchers to try their hand at twisting two-dimensional (2D) magnets, but such experiments have proven a difficult challenge. Song
et al
. made structures out of layers of the 2D magnet chromium triiodide with a small twist angle (see the Perspective by Lado). Using nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond as a magnetometer, the authors imaged the magnetic domains in both twisted monolayer and twisted trilayer structures. For twisted trilayers, a periodic pattern of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic domains was revealed. —JS
Putting a twist on spintronics
Authors: Lado Jose L.
Published: November 2021

Moiré patterns in van der Waal materials can be used for designing magnetic structures
What is lost when we all sound the same
Memory Speaks
Julie Sedivy
Belknap Press, 2021. 368 pp.
Authors: Ferreira Fernanda
Published: November 2021

Neglecting native languages has repercussions for individuals and for society
Seeing fat inside the nucleus
Authors: Romanauska Anete
Published: November 2021

The inner nuclear membrane has an expanded role in lipid metabolism
Vax the world
Authors: Pai Madhukar , Olatunbosun-Alakija Ayoade
Published: November 2021

Earlier this month, while the United Nations (UN) Climate Change Conference convened in Glasgow, countries also gathered at the Global Conference on Health and Climate Change to recognize the climate crisis as a global health crisis—a consequence of increased poverty, food and water insecurity, and infectious disease transmission, among other dangers. Unsurprisingly, both crises are worse in lower-income countries. These countries are also experiencing the greatest number of deaths and collateral damage from COVID-19.
Racial disparities mark Ph.D. financing
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: November 2021

NSF data show Black students take on more debt, are less likely to get certain grants