bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of direct currents to enhance dentine bonding of simplified one‐step adhesive
Authors: Chen Hongfei , Fu Dongjie , Yang Hongye , Liu Yinchen , Huang Yanyu , Huang Cui
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different direct current intensities on dentine bonding effectiveness of Clearfil S3 Bond and on cell viability of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Thirty‐five‐third molars were sectioned and ground to provide flat surfaces. Clearfil S3 Bond was applied under different current conditions for 30 s and then resin composite was built up. Specimens were processed for microtensile bond strength (µTBS) testing and for nanoleakage investigation using scanning electron microscopy. Primary HDPCs isolated from premolars were stimulated with different intensities of electric current for 30 s. Then, cell viability was tested using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Specimens bonded with application of electrical current intensities of 50, 60, 70, and 90 µA exhibited a significant increase in immediate µTBS compared with all other groups. Bonded interfaces prepared using electrically assisted current application showed reduced interfacial nanoleakage upon scanning electron microscopy. Electric current application, from 20 to 70 µA, had no effect on the viability of HDPCs. This study provides further evidence for its future clinical use.
Japanese knotweed, journalism and the general public
Authors: Shaw R. H.
Published: June 2014

In the course of developing and delivering a management programme for Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) the team involved had extensive interactions with the general public and journalists, both print and broadcast. The programme was unique in that the communication goal was not only getting across the message that the plant is a pest that needs management, but that a solution could be the introduction of a ‘beneficial pest’ – a difficult sell! This paper reviews the difficulties with getting these messages across, including those generated by journalists as well as those encountered with a general public with wide ranging levels of understanding and experience, instinctive reactions and lack of trust of scientists. In truth the job was relatively easy because Japanese knotweed has very few admirers or supporters and it was possible to build consensus that using another invasive species (albeit a specialist beneficial) was and remains a good idea despite this being a difficult novel concept to grasp. Japanese knotweed has a lot to teach us.
No selection on immunological markers in response to a highly virulent pathogen in an Arctic breeding bird
Authors: Legagneux Pierre , Berzins Lisha L. , Forbes Mark , Harms Naomi Jane , Hennin Holly L. , Bourgeon Sophie , Gilchrist H. G. , Bêty Joël , Soos Catherine , Love Oliver P. , Foster Jeffrey T. , Descamps Sébastien , Burness Gary
Published: June 2014

In natural populations, epidemics provide opportunities to look for intense natural selection on genes coding for life history and immune or other physiological traits. If the populations being considered are of management or conservation concern, then identifying the traits under selection (or ‘markers’) might provide insights into possible intervention strategies during epidemics. We assessed potential for selection on multiple immune and life history traits of Arctic breeding common eiders (Somateria mollissima) during annual avian cholera outbreaks (summers of 2006, 2007 & 2008). We measured prelaying body condition, immune traits, and subsequent reproductive investment (i.e., clutch size) and survival of female common eiders and whether they were infected with Pasteurella multocida, the causative agent of avian cholera. We found no clear and consistent evidence of directional selection on immune traits; however, infected birds had higher levels of haptoglobin than uninfected birds. Also, females that laid larger clutches had slightly lower immune responses during the prelaying period reflecting possible downregulation of the immune system to support higher costs of reproduction. This supports a recent study indicating that birds investing in larger clutches were more likely to die from avian cholera and points to a possible management option to maximize female survival during outbreaks.
Structure of the monofunctional heme catalase DR1998 from Deinococcus radiodurans
Authors: Borges Patrícia T. , Frazão Carlos , Miranda Cecília S. , Carrondo Maria A. , Romão Célia V.
Published: June 2014

Deinococcus radiodurans is an aerobic organism with the ability to survive under conditions of high radiation doses or desiccation. As part of its protection system against oxidative stress, this bacterium encodes three monofunctional catalases. The DR1998 catalase belongs to clade 1, and is present at high levels under normal growth conditions. The crystals of DR1998 diffracted very weakly, and the merged diffraction data showed an R sym of 0.308. Its crystal structure was determined and refined to 2.6 Å. The four molecules present in the asymmetric unit form, by crystallographic symmetry, two homotetramers with 222 point‐group symmetry. The overall structure of DR1998 is similar to that of other monofunctional catalases, showing higher structural homology with the catalase structures of clade 1. Each monomer shows the typical catalase fold, and contains one heme b in the active site. The heme is coordinated by the proximal ligand Tyr369, and on the heme distal side the essential His81 and Asn159 are hydrogen‐bonded to a water molecule. A 25‐Å‐long channel is the main channel connecting the active site to the external surface. This channel starts with a hydrophobic region from the catalytic heme site, which is followed by a hydrophilic region that begins on Asp139 and expands up to the protein surface. Apart from this channel, an alternative channel, also near the heme active site, is presented and discussed.

Database

Coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank in Europe under accession code 4CAB
Improved estimation and forecasts of stock maturities using generalised linear mixed models with auto‐correlated random effects
Authors: Cadigan N. G. , Morgan M. J. , Brattey J.
Published: June 2014

Estimation of proportion mature‐at‐age is an important component of the estimation of stock productivity. Current methods estimate maturity‐at‐age in each year or cohort independently. However, cohorts that are alive in the population at the same time are expected to experience similar conditions and therefore have similar maturity trajectories. Methods to take advantage of this information using binomial time series models with over‐dispersion are presented to improve the estimation of maturity‐at‐age, with applications to example populations of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua Linnaeus, and American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius). An auto‐correlated beta‐binomial model fit the data well compared to other models investigated and improved forecasts of maturities for both populations. Use of an auto‐correlated beta‐binomial model should lead to improvements in projections of stock status and, hence, improvements in fisheries management advice.
Prevention of trauma to soft tissues from opposing dental implants in completely edentulous patients:
Authors: Singh Kunwarjeet , Gupta Nidhi
Published: June 2014

Objective

To suggest a technique to prevent trauma of the edentulous ridge from opposing dental implants when prosthesis kept out during night.

Background

In modern dentistry, implant‐supported overdentures are commonly fabricated to minimise the problems associated particularly with mandibular conventional removable denture such as the lack of retention or stability, decreased chewing efficiency, difficulties in speech and soft tissue abrasion. The patients wearing two implant‐retained overdentures that are mainly soft tissues supported‐implant‐retained overdentures are advised to keep prosthesis out of the oral cavity during night to allow the tissues to rest and remain healthy. Few of such patients might complaint about trauma of the opposing soft tissues by the dental implants when prosthesis is kept out.

Materials and methods

A thermoplastic resin mouthguard was fabricated by adapting the modelling wax over the abutments on the master cast from thermoplastic resin sheets. The wax was removed and guard was filled with chemically cure permanent silicone soft liner and immediately placed in the patient mouth.

Conclusion

The trauma caused by dental implants to the opposing edentulous ridge was effectively managed by soft thermoplastic resin mouthguard filled with permanent silicone soft liner.
ITI choice for the optimal management of inhibitor patients – from a clinical and pharmacoeconomic perspective
Authors: Oldenburg J. , Austin S. K. , Kessler C. M.
Published: June 2014

The development of alloantibody inhibitors against factor VIII (FVIII) represents the most significant complication of haemophilia care. Inhibitors tend to develop early in the course of treatment in about 20–30% of patients with severe haemophilia who receive on‐demand or prophylactic FVIII therapy. Many factors are associated with inhibitor formation, including disease severity, major FVIII gene defects, family history and non‐Caucasian race, as well as age at first treatment, intensity of early treatment, use of prophylaxis and product choice. As these latter treatment‐related variables are modifiable, they provide opportunity to minimize inhibitor incidence at the clinical level. Data from the Bonn Centre in Germany have indicated an overall success rate of 78% for immune tolerance induction (ITI) therapy, with a failure rate of 15% and with some treatments either ongoing (3%) or withdrawn (4%). Similarly, data from the G‐ITI study, the largest international multicentre ITI study using a single plasma‐derived (pd) FVIII/von Willebrand factor (VWF) product, have demonstrated success rates (complete and partial) in primary and rescue ITI of 87% and 74%, respectively, with 85% of poor prognosis patients achieving success. Favourable clinical results based on success rates and time to tolerization continue to be reported for use of pdFVIII/VWF in ITI, with pdFVIII/VWF having a particular role in patients who require rescue ITI and those with a poor prognosis for success. Data from prospective, randomized, controlled clinical studies, such as RES.I.ST (Rescue Immune Tolerance Study), are eagerly awaited. Another factor to consider with ITI therapy is cost; preliminary data from an updated decision analytic model have provided early evidence that ITI has an economic advantage compared with on‐demand or prophylactic therapy.
Ontogenetic variation in the plumage colour of female European Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca
Authors: Potti Jaime , Canal David , Camacho Carlos
Published: June 2014

Although variation in the dorsal plumage colour of male European Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca has received a great deal of attention, females of the species have been usually considered to be nearly uniformly monochromatic brown. Using reflectance spectrophotometry, we explore the age‐dependent variation of plumage colour in females. We disentangle the within‐ and between‐individual effects of this pattern and show a within‐individual darkening of the mantle colour with age, whereas differences between individuals in structural colour expression may underlie the trend for a more reflective white in the females' breast plumage with advancing age. The darkening of the dorsal plumage as females age reflects the most common pattern of age‐related variation in males in most European populations of the species.
Food properties of egg white protein modified by rare ketohexoses through Maillard reaction
Authors: O'Charoen Siwaporn , Hayakawa Shigeru , Ogawa Masahiro
Published: June 2014

d‐psicose (Psi), a rare ketohexose, improves food properties of proteins through the Maillard reaction (MR) much more than d‐fructose (Fru). This encouraged us to investigate the improvement of food properties of proteins through MR with various rare ketohexoses (d‐psicose, Psi; d‐tagatose, Tag; and d‐sorbose, Sor). The food properties of egg white protein (EWP) after reaction with Psi, Tag, Sor and Fru were studied. Psi‐EWP (43.3 μmol TE g−1) and Tag‐EWP (43.4 μmol TE g−1) had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by Sor‐EWP (38.4 μmol TE g−1) and Fru‐EWP (38.9 μmol TE g−1). MR enhanced the breaking stress of heat‐induced EWP gels by 224–267%. The breaking stress was higher in Psi‐EWP (81.1 kN m−2), Tag‐EWP (80.0 kN m−2) and Sor‐EWP (77.8 kN m−2) than in Fru‐EWP (71.6 kN m−2). Furthermore, the foaming capacity was highest in Psi‐EWP and Sor‐EWP. Rare ketohexoses improved food properties of EWP more than Fru. Overall, Psi offered the greatest functional improvement.
Viral (hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, HIV) persistence and immune homeostasis
Authors: Zhou Yun , Zhang Ying , Moorman Jonathan P. , Yao Zhi Q. , Jia Zhan S.
Published: June 2014

Immune homeostasis is a host characteristic that maintains biological balance within a host. Humans have evolved many host defence mechanisms that ensure the survival of individuals upon encountering a pathogenic infection, with recovery or persistence from a viral infection being determined by both viral factors and host immunity. Chronic viral infections, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and HIV, often result in chronic fluctuating viraemia in the face of host cellular and humoral immune responses, which are dysregulated by multi‐faceted mechanisms that are incompletely understood. This review attempts to illuminate the mechanisms involved in this process, focusing on immune homeostasis in the setting of persistent viral infection from the aspects of host defence mechanism, including interferon‐stimulated genes, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3), autophagy and interactions of various immune cells, cytokines and regulatory molecules.
Finding your Way Through Pneumocystis Sequences in the NCBI Gene Database
Authors: Weissenbacher‐Lang Christiane , Nedorost Nora , Weissenböck Herbert
Published: June 2014

Pneumocystis sequences can be downloaded from GenBank for purposes as primer/probe design or phylogenetic studies. Due to changes in nomenclature and assignment, available sequences are presented with a variety of inhomogeneous information, which renders practical utilization difficult. The aim of this study was the descriptive evaluation of different parameters of 532 Pneumocystis sequences of mitochondrial and ribosomal origin downloaded from GenBank with regard to completeness and information content. Pneumocystis sequences were characterized by up to four different names. Official changes in nomenclature have only been partly implemented and the usage of the “forma specialis”, a special feature of Pneumocystis, has only been established fragmentary in the database. Hints for a mitochondrial or ribosomal genomic origin could be found, but can easily be overlooked, which renders the download of wrong reference material possible. The specification of the host was either not available or variable regarding the used language and the localization of this information in the title or several subtitles, which limits their applicability in phylogenetic studies. Declaration of products and geographic origin was incomplete. The print version of this manuscript is completed by an online database which contains detailed information to every accession number included in the meta‐analysis.
Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Exercises Accompanied by Music on Low Back Pain and Quality of Life During Pregnancy
Authors: Akmeşe Zehra Baykal , Oran Nazan Tuna
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Back pain is commonly experienced by pregnant women. Evidence suggests that progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) therapy, a complementary therapy widely used by pregnant women, may improve the physical and psychological outcomes of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PMR training accompanied by music on perceived pain and quality of life (QOL) in pregnant women with low back pain (LBP).

Methods

This was a prospective randomized controlled trial. The study was designed to examine the effects of PMR accompanied by music on pregnant women with LBP. In total, 66 pregnant women were assigned randomly to a PMR group or a control group (33 women in each). A personal information form was used as a data collection tool; a visual analog scale was used for measuring pain; and the Short Form‐36 was used to evaluate QOL.

Results

The control and intervention groups were comparable at baseline. Significant differences were observed between the 2 groups after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention. The intervention group showed significant improvement in all QOL subscales after the intervention. The intervention group, but not the control group, showed significant improvement in perceived pain after the intervention. The intervention group experienced a greater decrease in perceived pain and improved QOL than the control group.

Discussion

Our findings show that PMR accompanied by music may be an effective therapy for improving pain and QOL in pregnant women with LBP. Large randomized studies are recommended to confirm these results.
Thoroughly Mixed Yet Thoroughly Ethnic: Indexing Class with Ethnonyms
Authors: Smith Andrea L. , Eisenstein Anna
Published: June 2014

This article considers the roles played by ethnic mentions, or ethnonyms, in the discursive reconstruction of a former neighborhood inEaston,Pennsylvania, “Syrian Town.” We argue that these labels engage in the production of ethnic difference by depicting a social world composed of discrete types while presupposing a local class divide and a contrasting neighborhood imagined as elite and privileged. In this way, speakers narrating stories of bygone days are taking a particular stance toward the diversity of their former neighborhood and the segregated cityscape of contemporary times, thereby challenging a once‐dominant chain of indexicality. We conclude by arguing that close attention to vernacular usage allows us to advance our understanding of the relative importance of racial, ethnic, and class‐based distinctions in specific locales, and challenges hegemonic constructions of the evolution of aBlack‐White binary in twentieth‐centuryAmerican cities.
Families referred to a Child Assessment Team: The Campbelltown experience
Authors: Kayrouz Norma , Milne Susan , Cottier Carolyn , McDonald Jenny
Published: June 2014

Aim

To study the socio‐demographic and psychosocial risk factors of families presenting with their children for a diagnostic developmental assessment.

Methods

Socio‐demographic details of children who had a multidisciplinary developmental assessment with the Child Assessment Team at Campbelltown Hospital between January 2009 and December 2010 were collated and compared with census data.

Results

In 2009 and 2010, 277 families were seen by the Child Assessment Team. A detailed socio‐demographic profile was available for 251 (91%) families. Parents seen in the clinic were more likely to be younger, single, born overseas, have less post‐school education, identify as Aboriginal and/or live in public housing compared with the district rates.

Conclusions

Families presenting to the developmental clinic have more socio‐economic disadvantage compared with the referring district. This has implications for service delivery and clinical presentation, and highlights the importance of the social worker's role in a developmental diagnostic team.
Les Lanternes Rouges: The Race for Information About Cycling-Related Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Partin Sarah N. , Connell Kathleen A. , Schrader Steven M. , Guess Marsha K.
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Cycling is growing in popularity among women. As in men, it is associated with genital neuropathies and decreased sensation in female riders. However, there is a gap in research and information addressing the relationship between cycling and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in women.

Aims

To review the literature investigating pelvic floor injuries and sexual dysfunction in female cyclists.

Methods

Searches in several electronic databases were conducted, and relevant articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified for critical review.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measure to be determined was the strength of the current body of evidence in published literature of a correlation between cycling-related pelvic floor injuries and FSD.

Results

Data on FSD from cycling-related injuries in women are limited. Research indicates that bicycle setup and riding equipment may be contributing factors. Women's ergonomics and physiology interact differently with the bicycle than men's. Current evidence offers insufficient foundation to recommend various effect-mitigating equipment and products.

Conclusions

While gender-specific cycling products offer a promising direction for protecting women riders, studies addressing FSD and pelvic floor injuries in women cyclists are inadequate to indicate clear etiology or provide treatment recommendations. Current evidence is also insufficient to recommend effect-mitigating equipment and products.
Correlates of Sexual Function in Male and Female Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Lew-Starowicz Michal , Rola Rafal
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Many factors have been suggested to contribute to sexual dysfunction (SD) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but the research on their impact on sexual functioning (SF) and sexual quality of life (SQoL) remains scant.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate correlates of SF and SQoL in MS patients, as well as possible gender differences.

Methods

204 MS patients were interviewed, completed the questionnaires, and underwent neurological assessment.

Main Outcome Measure

Primary outcome measures included the International Index of Erectile Function, the Female Sexual Function Questionnaire, the Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Expanded Disability Status Scale.

Results

The course and duration of the disease did not predict patients' SF. Negative correlations were found for brainstem symptoms with orgasmic function and overall satisfaction in men and between cognitive functioning and the partner domain in women. Interestingly, brainstem symptoms correlated positively with the arousal domain in women. More than half (52.1%) of patients fulfilled Beck Depression Inventory criteria for depression, and these patients showed more SD than nondepressive individuals. The strongest negative correlations with depressive symptoms were found for desire, erectile function, and overall satisfaction with sexual life in men and for orgasm and sexual enjoyment in women. Deterioration in particular domains of SF was clearly related with diminished SQoL. The main gender difference was a strong influence of decreased desire on SQoL in women and no such correlation in men. Negative assessment of the relationship with partner significantly affected all domains of SF and SQoL in MS women and the desire domain in MS men.

Conclusions

Several correlates of SF in MS patients were found. The role of brainstem symptoms needs further investigation. Clinicians should pay close attention to depressive symptoms and relationship factors in MS patients who suffer from SD.
Evaluation of Glucose Response to 3 Types of Insulin Using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Healthy Alpacas
Authors: Byers S.R. , Beemer O.M. , Lear A.S. , Callan R.J.
Published: June 2014

Background

Persistent hyperglycemia is common in alpacas and typically requires insulin administration for resolution; however, little is known about alpacas’ response to different insulin formulations.

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of 3 insulin formulations on blood glucose concentrations and the use of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system in alpacas.

Animals

Six healthy alpacas.

Methods

The CGM was installed in the left paralumbar fossa at the start of this crossover study and recorded data every 5 minutes. Regular insulin, NPH insulin, insulin glargine, and dextrose were administered to each alpaca over a 2‐week period. Blood samples were collected for glucose testing at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours, and then every 6 hours after each administration of insulin or dextrose. Data were compared by using method comparison techniques, error grid plots, and ANOVA.

Results

Blood glucose concentrations decreased most rapidly after regular insulin administration when administered IV or SC as compared to the other formulations. The NPH insulin produced the longest suppression of blood glucose. The mean CGM interstitial compartment glucose concentrations were typically lower than the intravascular compartment glucose concentrations. The alpacas had no adverse reactions to the different insulin formulations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The NPH insulin might be more appropriate for long‐term use in hyperglycemic alpacas because of its extended duration of action. A CGM is useful in monitoring glucose trends and reducing blood collection events, but it should not be the sole method for determining treatment protocols.
Waves Across the Himalayas: On the Typological Characteristics and History of the Bodic Subfamily of Tibeto‐Burman
Authors: Hyslop Gwendolyn
Published: June 2014

The Bodic group of Tibeto‐Burman consists of close to 100 languages, fanned across the Himalayas, Tibet, and China. The existence of a ‘Bodic’ branch is somewhat contentious within Tibeto‐Burman, though scholars do tend to agree that Tibetan and its closest relatives belong within this branch. This article assumes that the Bodic languages discussed in this article may eventually prove to be genetically related, but at present, this has not been proven. These languages show considerable diversity with regard to phonology and morphosyntax. The aim of this article is to provide a typological overview of these languages. Some of the more salient issues addressed include tonogenesis, ergativity, and evidential‐like systems.
Immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G antibodies against β‐lactoglobulin and gliadin at age 1 associate with immunoglobulin E sensitization at age 6
Authors: Orivuori Laura , Mustonen Kirsi , Roduit Caroline , Braun‐Fahrländer Charlotte , Dalphin Jean‐Charles , Genuneit Jon , Lauener Roger , Pfefferle Petra , Riedler Josef , Weber Juliane , von Mutius Erika , Pekkanen Juha , Vaarala Outi ,   the PASTURE Study Group
Published: June 2014

Background

Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against wheat gliadin and cow's milk β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) are considered markers of gut permeability and inflammation which modulate the development of mucosal tolerance. Living on a farm has been shown to decrease allergies in children. Our aim was to study whether farm environment affected mucosal tolerance, immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization, or allergic diseases.

Methods

The PASTURE birth cohort study was conducted in Finland, France, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. At age 1, we measured serum IgA and IgG against wheat gliadin (N = 636) and cow's milk BLG (N = 639) using ELISA. Serum‐specific IgE was measured at ages 1 and 6 (N = 459). Data on environmental factors and allergic diseases were collected by questionnaires. Discrete time hazard and multivariate logistic regression models were used for analyses.

Results

Increased IgA or IgG antibodies against BLG at age 1 increased the risk of sensitization to at least one of the measured allergens or food allergens at age 6. Increased IgG against gliadin at age 1 increased the risk of sensitization to any, at least one inhalant, or at least one food allergen at age 6. Early exposure to cow's milk formula associated with increased IgA or IgG against BLG. No association with farming or clinical allergy was found.

Conclusions

Increased IgA or IgG against BLG or gliadin at age 1 was associated with IgE sensitization at age 6. We suggest that an enhanced antibody response to food antigens reflects mucosal tolerance aberrancies, e.g., altered microbiota and/or increased gut permeability, which is later seen as sensitization to allergens.
Impact of catecholamines in cardiac arrest due to acute asphyxia—a study in piglets
Authors: Mauch Jacqueline , Ringer Simone , Spielmann Nelly , Weiss Markus
Published: June 2014

Background

Early intravenous epinephrine administration may help to achieve return of spontaneous circulation in cardiac arrest (CA). However, venous access can be challenging in small children. This study investigates the effect of intravenous and intramuscular epinephrine in treatment of asphyxial CA.

Methods

Twenty‐eight, 2–5‐weeks‐old, anesthetized piglets were asphyxiated by ventilation withdrawal. CA was untreated for 8 min, followed by 2 min of basic life support. Following this, epinephrine iv (10 μg·kg−1, group IV), epinephrine im (100 μg·kg−1, group IM), or normal saline (group NS) were administered. Further doses of epinephrine were given in group IV every 4 min, in group IM after 10 min if required. After twenty‐two minutes of CA, iv epinephrine was given to all animals still in CA. Outcome measures were survival and epinephrine plasma concentrations.

Results

Ten animals regained spontaneous circulation after 2 min of basic life support. Therefore, no drug treatment was administered (drop out). Resuscitation was effective in 2 pigs of group IM (n = 6), in 6 of group NS (n = 8) and in all of group IV (n = 4). Nonsurvivors had higher epinephrine (P < 0.01) and norepinephrine (P < 0.01) plasma concentrations prior to start of resuscitation. Median increase in epinephrine plasma concentration from T0 to T5 was 138, 134, and 29 nm in group IV, IM, and NS, respectively.

Conclusions

Intravenous and intramuscular administered epinephrine led to similar increase in plasma concentrations during resuscitation of asphyxial CA without hemodynamic or survival benefit. High endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine plasma concentrations were negative predictors for survival.
Histopathology of tenosynovium in trigger fingers
Authors: Uchihashi Kazuyoshi , Tsuruta Toshiyuki , Mine Hiroko , Aoki Shigehisa , Nishijima‐Matsunobu Aki , Yamamoto Mihoko , Kuraoka Akio , Toda Shuji
Published: June 2014

Stenosing flexor tenosynovitis, trigger finger, is a common clinical disorder causing painful locking or contracture of the involved digits, and most instances are idiopathic. This problem is generally caused by a size mismatch between the swollen flexor tendon and the thickened first annular pulley. Although hypertrophic pulleys have been histologically and ultrasonographically detected, little is known about the histopathology of the tenosynovium covering the tendons of trigger fingers. We identified chondrocytoid cells that produced hyaluronic acid in 23 (61%) fingers and hypocellular collagen matrix in 32 (84%) fingers around the tenosynovium among 38 specimens of tenosynovium from patients with trigger fingers. These chondrocytoid cells expressed the synovial B cell marker CD44, but not the chondrocyte marker S‐100 protein. The incidence of these findings was much higher than that of conventional findings of synovitis, such as inflammatory infiltrate (37%), increased vascularity (37%), hyperplasia of synovial lining cells (21%), or fibrin exudation (5%). We discovered the following distinctive histopathological features of trigger finger: hyaluronic acid‐producing chondrocytoid cells originated from fibroblastic synovial B cells, and a hypocellular collagen matrix surrounding the tenosynovium. Thus, an edematous extracellular matrix with active hyaluronic acid synthesis might increase pressure under the pulley and contribute to the progression of stenosis.
Listeria monocytogenes Dose Response Revisited—Incorporating Adjustments for Variability in Strain Virulence and Host Susceptibility
Authors: Pouillot* Régis , Hoelzer Karin , Chen Yuhuan , Dennis Sherri B.
Published: June 2014

Evaluations of Listeria monocytogenes dose‐response relationships are crucially important for risk assessment and risk management, but are complicated by considerable variability across population subgroups and L. monocytogenes strains. Despite difficulties associated with the collection of adequate data from outbreak investigations or sporadic cases, the limitations of currently available animal models, and the inability to conduct human volunteer studies, some of the available data now allow refinements of the well‐established exponential L. monocytogenes dose response to more adequately represent extremely susceptible population subgroups and highly virulent L. monocytogenes strains. Here, a model incorporating adjustments for variability in L. monocytogenes strain virulence and host susceptibility was derived for 11 population subgroups with similar underlying comorbidities using data from multiple sources, including human surveillance and food survey data. In light of the unique inherent properties of L. monocytogenes dose response, a lognormal‐Poisson dose‐response model was chosen, and proved able to reconcile dose‐response relationships developed based on surveillance data with outbreak data. This model was compared to a classical beta‐Poisson dose‐response model, which was insufficiently flexible for modeling the specific case of L. monocytogenes dose‐response relationships, especially in outbreak situations. Overall, the modeling results suggest that most listeriosis cases are linked to the ingestion of food contaminated with medium to high concentrations of L. monocytogenes. While additional data are needed to refine the derived model and to better characterize and quantify the variability in L. monocytogenes strain virulence and individual host susceptibility, the framework derived here represents a promising approach to more adequately characterize the risk of listeriosis in highly susceptible population subgroups.
Discovery of HLA‐A*11:167, a variant of HLA‐A*11, in a Taiwanese unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Hung J. H. , Lin P. Y.
Published: June 2014

One nucleotide replacement in codon 57 of HLA‐A*11:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐A*11:167
A study of the association of childhood asthma with HLA alleles in the population of Siliguri, West Bengal, India
Authors: Lama M. , Chatterjee M. , Chaudhuri T. K.
Published: June 2014

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease for which a strong genetic basis is firmly established. It is a complex disorder influenced by gene–environment interaction. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been shown to be consistently associated with asthma and its related phenotypes in various populations. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the selected HLA classes I and II allelic groups in asthmatic and control groups. HLA typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific typing (PCR‐SSP) method. The allele frequency was estimated by direct counting. Frequency of each HLA allelic group was compared between asthmatic group and control group using χ2 test. P‐value was corrected by multiplying with the number of the allelic groups studied. Odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for each allelic group were calculated using graphpad instat 3.10. The results of this study showed a significantly higher frequency of HLA‐DRB1*03 in asthmatics than in controls (11.43% vs 3.64%, OR = 3.78, 95% CI = 1.61−8.85, P = 0.0025, Pcorr < 0.05). Analysis of HLA alleles in low and high total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in asthmatics revealed no significant association. HLA‐DRB1*03 may be implicated in the susceptibility to asthma in the pediatric population.
A novel HLA‐C null allele, HLA‐C*05:99N
Authors: Cauwelier B. , Nollet F. , Gadisseur A. , Schroyens W. , Berneman Z.
Published: June 2014

HLA‐C*05:99N results from a single nucleotide loss compared with its closest allele HLA‐C*05:01:01:01.
Effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine during pregnancy on placental malaria, maternal anaemia and birthweight in areas with high and low malaria transmission intensity in Tanzania
Authors: Mosha Dominic , Chilongola Jaffu , Ndeserua Rabi , Mwingira Felista , Genton Blaise
Published: June 2014

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of IPTp in two areas with different malaria transmission intensities.

Methods

Prospective observational study recruiting pregnant women in two health facilities in areas with high and low malaria transmission intensities. A structured questionnaire was used for interview. Maternal clinic cards and medical logs were assessed to determine drug intake. Placental parasitaemia was screened using both light microscopy and real‐time quantitative PCR.

Results

Of 350 pregnant women were recruited and screened for placental parasitaemia, 175 from each area. Prevalence of placental parasitaemia was 16.6% (CI 11.4–22.9) in the high transmission area and 2.3% (CI 0.6–5.7) in the low transmission area. Being primigravida and residing in a high transmission area were significant risk factors for placental malaria (OR 2.4; CI 1.1–5.0; P = 0.025) and (OR 9.4; CI 3.2–27.7; P < 0.001), respectively. IPTp was associated with a lower risk of placental malaria (OR 0.3; CI 0.1–1.0; P = 0.044); the effect was more pronounced in the high transmission area (OR 0.2; CI 0.06–0.7; P = 0.015) than in the low transmission area (OR 0.4; CI 0.04–4.5; P = 0.478). IPTp use was not associated with reduced risk of maternal anaemia or low birthweight, regardless of transmission intensity. The number needed to treat (NNT) was four (CI 2–6) women in the high transmission area and 33 (20–50) in the low transmission area to prevent one case of placental malaria.

Conclusion

IPTp may have an effect on lowering the risk of placental malaria in areas of high transmission, but this effect did not translate into a benefit on risks of maternal anaemia or low birthweight. The NNT needs to be considered, and weighted against that of other protective measures, eventually targeting areas which are above a certain threshold of malaria transmission to maximise the benefit.
Dermatological and morphological findings in quarter horses with hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia
Authors: Badial Peres R. , Oliveira‐Filho José P. , Pantoja José Carlos F. , Moreira José C. L. , Conceição Lissandro G. , Borges Alexandre S.
Published: June 2014

Background

Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting quarter horses (QHs); affected horses exhibit characteristic skin abnormalities related to abnormal collagen biosynthesis.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To characterize the thickness and morphological abnormalities of the skin of HERDA‐affected horses and to determine the interobserver agreement and the diagnostic accuracy of histopathological examination of skin biopsies from horses with HERDA.

Animals

Six affected QHs, confirmed by DNA testing, from a research herd and five unaffected QHs from a stud farm.

Methods

The skin thickness in 25 distinct body regions was measured on both sides in all affected and unaffected horses. Histopathological and ultrastructural evaluation of skin biopsies was performed.

Results

The average skin thickness in all of the evaluated regions was thinner in the affected horses. A statistically significant difference between skin thickness of the affected and unaffected animals was observed only when the average magnitude of difference was ≥38.7% (P = 0.038). The interobserver agreement for the histopathological evaluation was fair to substantial. The histopathological sensitivity for the diagnosis of HERDA was dependent on the evaluator and ranged from 73 to 88%, whereas the specificity was affected by the region sampled and ranged from 35 to 75%.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Despite the regional pattern of the cutaneous signs, skin with decreased thickness was not regionally distributed in the HERDA‐affected horses. Histopathological evaluation is informative but not conclusive for establishing the diagnosis. Samples of skin from the neck, croup or back are useful for diagnosis of HERDA. However, the final diagnosis must be confirmed using molecular testing.
Grain-size dependence of shear wave speed dispersion and attenuation in granular marine sediments
Authors: Kimura Masao
Published: June 2014

The author has shown that measured shear wave speed dispersion and attenuation in water-saturated silica sand can be predicted by using a gap stiffness model incorporated into the Biot model (the BIMGS model) [Kimura, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 144–155 (2013)]. In this study, the grain-size dependence of shear wave speed dispersion and attenuation in four kinds of water-saturated silica sands with different grain sizes is measured and calculated. As a result, the grain-size dependence of the aspect ratio in the BIMGS model can be validated and the effects of multiple scattering for larger grain sizes are demonstrated.
Teaching Across the Lines of Fault in Psychology and Sociology: Health, Obesity and Physical Activity in the Canadian Context
Authors: Moola Fiona J. , Norman Moss E. , Petherick LeAnne , Strachan Shaelyn
Published: June 2014

While interdisciplinary knowledge is critical to moving beyond categorical ways of knowing, this comes with its own set of pedagogical challenges. We contend that acknowledging existing knowledge hierarchies and epistemological differences, recognizing the ideological baggage that students’ bring to the classroom in terms of their understandings of health, embracing intellectual uncertainty, and encouraging learning-as-witnessing, are fundamental to fostering an interdisciplinary pedagogy that opens up a space for dialogue between psychology and sociology. We draw on the case of obesity and physical inactivity in the Canadian context as an exemplar of a kinesiology dilemma in which both psychology and sociology have important, albeit different, roles to play. We suggest that the anxiety provoked by such an approach is not only necessary but productive to forge an intellectual space where psychologists and sociologists may better hear one another.
Flower discrimination by pollinators in a dynamic chemical environment
Authors: Riffell Jeffrey A. , Shlizerman Eli , Sanders Elischa , Abrell Leif , Medina Billie , Hinterwirth Armin J. , Kutz J. Nathan
Published: June 2014

How hawkmoths sniff out a flower

Pollinators such as butterflies and bees are the true targets of the flower odors we love so much. Though we might imagine insects “following their noses,” the wealth of odors in the real world can drown out the smell of a flower, making it hard to find. Riffel
et al.
found that hawkmoths find angel's trumpets by creating a neuronal picture within their antennal lobe, the part of the moth brain that receives olfactory signals from the antennae (see the Perspective by Szyszka). The picture represents both the flower and the background odors. Finding a flower involves a complex reading of both background and target odors, and changes in the background odors—including human pollutants—can hinder the process.

Science
, this issue p.
1515
; see also p.
1454
Harnessing DNA to improve environmental management
Authors: Kelly Ryan P. , Port Jesse A. , Yamahara Kevan M. , Martone Rebecca G. , Lowell Natalie , Thomsen Philip Francis , Mach Megan E. , Bennett Meredith , Prahler Erin , Caldwell Margaret R. , Crowder Larry B.
Published: June 2014

Genetic monitoring can help public agencies implement environmental laws
Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane
Authors: Stolper D. A. , Lawson M. , Davis C. L. , Ferreira A. A. , Neto E. V. Santos , Ellis G. S. , Lewan M. D. , Martini A. M. , Tang Y. , Schoell M. , Sessions A. L. , Eiler J. M.
Published: June 2014

Making of methane deep underground

Technologies such as hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” can now extract natural gas from underground reservoirs. Within the gas, the ratio of certain isotopes holds clues to its origins. Stolper
et al.
analyzed a wide range of natural gas, including samples from some of the most active fracking sites in the United States. Using a “clumped isotope” technique, the authors could estimate the high temperatures at which methane formed deep underground, as well as the lower temperatures at which ancient microbes produced methane. The approach can help to distinguish the degree of mixing of gas from both sources.

Science
, this issue p.
1500
Follow the odor
Authors: Szyszka Paul
Published: June 2014

How do moths and other insects find their way to food sources in the presence of other odors?

[Also see Report by

Riffell
et al.

]
Exploiting and exploring the options
Authors: Hare Todd
Published: June 2014

How does the human brain reason when to change strategies?

[Also see Research Article by

Donoso
et al.

]
Sailing Sinbad's seas
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: June 2014

Archaeologists are rediscovering the ancient Maritime Silk Road, which once powered more East-West commerce than the famed Central Asian land route.
Turbulent Times for the Atherosclerosis Epigenome
Authors: Erbay Ebru
Published: June 2014

Therapeutics targeting DNA methylation may reverse atherosclerosis.
Randomized Clinical Trial To Evaluate the Immunogenicity of Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines in Adults in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ramasamy Maheshi N. , Clutterbuck Elizabeth A. , Haworth Kathryn , Bowman Jaclyn , Omar Omar , Thompson Amber J. , Blanchard-Rohner Geraldine , Yu Ly-Mee , Snape Matthew D. , Pollard Andrew J.
Published: June 2014

Meningococcal conjugate vaccines are today successfully deployed in universal programs for children and adolescents in different geographic regions to control meningitis and septicemia. However, in adults, the advantages of these conjugates over the older polysaccharide vaccines are less clear. In this randomized clinical trial, we demonstrated that both conjugate and polysaccharide quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines elicit protective antibody responses in adults aged 18 to 70. (This study has been registered atwww.clinicaltrials.govunder registration no. NCT00901940.)