bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GFAT1 phosphorylation by AMPK promotes VEGF-induced angiogenesis
Authors: Zibrova Darya , Vandermoere Franck , Göransson Olga , Peggie Mark , Mariño Karina V. , Knierim Anne , Spengler Katrin , Weigert Cora , Viollet Benoit , Morrice Nicholas A. , Sakamoto Kei , Heller Regine
Published: December 2016

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in endothelial cells regulates energy homeostasis, stress protection and angiogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Using a label-free phosphoproteomic analysis, we identified glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1) as an AMPK substrate. GFAT1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and as such controls the modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that AMPK controls O-GlcNAc levels and function of endothelial cells via GFAT1 phosphorylation using biochemical, pharmacological, genetic and in vitro angiogenesis approaches. Activation of AMPK in primary human endothelial cells by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) or by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) led to GFAT1 phosphorylation at serine 243. This effect was not seen when AMPK was down-regulated by siRNA. Upon AMPK activation, diminished GFAT activity and reduced O-GlcNAc levels were observed in endothelial cells containing wild-type (WT)-GFAT1 but not in cells expressing non-phosphorylatable S243A-GFAT1. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated down-regulation of GFAT1 potentiated VEGF-induced sprouting, indicating that GFAT1 acts as a negative regulator of angiogenesis. In cells expressing S243A-GFAT1, VEGF-induced sprouting was reduced, suggesting that VEGF relieves the inhibitory action of GFAT1/HBP on angiogenesis via AMPK-mediated GFAT1 phosphorylation. Activation of GFAT1/HBP by high glucose led to impairment of vascular sprouting, whereas GFAT1 inhibition improved sprouting even if glucose level was high. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the role of HBP in angiogenesis. They suggest that targeting AMPK in endothelium might help to ameliorate hyperglycaemia-induced vascular dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders.
Scolopendin, an antimicrobial peptide from centipede, attenuates mitochondrial functions and triggers apoptosis in Candida albicans
Authors: Lee Heejeong , Hwang Jae-Sam , Lee Dong Gun
Published: December 2016

Centipedes, a type of arthropod, reportedly produce antimicrobial peptides as part of an innate immune response. Scolopendin (SPSEKAGLQPVGRIGRMLKK) is a novel antimicrobial peptide derived from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. Many antifungal agents have more than one type of cell death mechanism. Although scolopendin is involved in membrane perturbation, the corresponding intracellular changes require further investigation. Therefore, we assessed the cell morphology and calcium ion concentration of the cytosol and mitochondria of scolopendin-treated cells. The treated cells were shrunken, and calcium ion homeostasis was disrupted in both the cytosol and mitochondria. These conditions attenuated mitochondrial homeostasis, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c levels. Fungal cells treated with scolopendin exhibited various apoptotic phenotypes such as reactive oxygen species accumulation, phosphatidylserine exposure, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. Scolopendin-induced cell death also triggered metacaspase activation. In conclusion, treatment of Candida albicans with scolopendin induced the apoptotic response, which in turn led to mitochondrial dysfunction, metacaspase activation, and cell death. The antimicrobial peptide scolopendin from the centipede S.s. mutilans demonstrated a novel apoptotic mechanism as an antifungal agent.
Dual effects of fructose on ChREBP and FoxO1/3α are responsible for AldoB up-regulation and vascular remodelling
Authors: Cao Wei , Chang Tuanjie , Li Xiao-qiang , Wang Rui , Wu Lingyun
Published: December 2016

Increased production of methylglyoxal (MG) in vascular tissues is one of the causative factors for vascular remodelling in different subtypes of metabolic syndrome, including hypertension and insulin resistance. Fructose-induced up-regulation of aldolase B (AldoB) contributes to increased vascular MG production but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Serum levels of MG and fructose were determined in diabetic patients with hypertension. MG level had significant positive correlations with blood pressure and fructose level respectively. C57BL/6 mice were fed with control or fructose-enriched diet for 3 months and ultrasonographic and histologic analyses were performed to evaluate arterial structural changes. Fructose-fed mice exhibited hypertension and high levels of serum MG with normal glucose level. Fructose intake increased blood vessel wall thickness and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Western blotting and real-time PCR analysis revealed that AldoB level was significantly increased in both the aorta of fructose-fed mice and the fructose-treated VSMCs, whereas aldolase A (AldoA) expression was not changed. The knockdown of AldoB expression prevented fructose-induced MG overproduction and VSMC proliferation. Moreover, fructose significantly increased carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), phosphorylated FoxO1/3α and Akt1 levels. Fructose induced translocation of ChREBP from the cytosol to nucleus and activated AldoB gene expression, which was inhibited by the knockdown of ChREBP. Meanwhile, fructose caused FoxO1/3α shuttling from the nucleus to cytosol and inhibited its binding to AldoB promoter region. Fructose-induced AldoB up-regulation was suppressed by Akt1 inhibitor but enhanced by FoxO1/3α siRNA. Collectively, fructose activates ChREBP and inactivates FoxO1/3α pathways to up-regulate AldoB expression and MG production, leading to vascular remodelling.
Making maps of cosmic microwave background polarization for B-mode studies: the POLARBEAR example
Authors: Poletti Davide , Fabbian Giulio , Le Jeune Maude , Peloton Julien , Arnold Kam , Baccigalupi Carlo , Barron Darcy , Beckman Shawn , Borrill Julian , Chapman Scott , Chinone Yuji , Cukierman Ari , Ducout Anne , Elleflot Tucker , Errard Josquin , Feeney Stephen , Goeckner-Wald Neil , Groh John , Hall Grantland , Hasegawa Masaya , Hazumi Masashi , Hill Charles , Howe Logan , Inoue Yuki , Jaffe Andrew H. , Jeong Oliver , Katayama Nobuhiko , Keating Brian , Keskitalo Reijo , Kisner Theodore , Kusaka Akito , Lee Adrian T. , Leon David , Linder Eric , Lowry Lindsay , Matsuda Frederick , Navaroli Martin , Paar Hans , Puglisi Giuseppe , Reichardt Christian L. , Ross Colin , Siritanasak Praween , Stebor Nathan , Steinbach Bryan , Stompor Radek , Suzuki Aritoki , Tajima Osamu , Teply Grant , Whitehorn Nathan
Published: December 2016

Analysis of cosmic microwave background (CMB) datasets typically requires some filtering of the raw time-ordered data. For instance, in the context of ground-based observations, filtering is frequently used to minimize the impact of low frequency noise, atmospheric contributions and/or scan synchronous signals on the resulting maps. In this work we have explicitly constructed a general filtering operator, which can unambiguously remove any set of unwanted modes in the data, and then amend the map-making procedure in order to incorporate and correct for it. We show that such an approach is mathematically equivalent to the solution of a problem in which the sky signal and unwanted modes are estimated simultaneously and the latter are marginalized over. We investigated the conditions under which this amended map-making procedure can render an unbiased estimate of the sky signal in realistic circumstances. We then discuss the potential implications of these observations on the choice of map-making and power spectrum estimation approaches in the context of B-mode polarization studies. Specifically, we have studied the effects of time-domain filtering on the noise correlation structure in the map domain, as well as impact it may haveon the performance of the popular pseudo-spectrum estimators. We conclude that although maps produced by the proposed estimators arguably provide the most faithful representation of the sky possible given the data, they may not straightforwardly lead to the best constraints on the power spectra of the underlying sky signal and special care may need to be taken to ensure this is the case. By contrast, simplified map-makers which do not explicitly correct for time-domain filtering, but leave it to subsequent steps in the data analysis, may perform equally well and be easier and faster to implement. We focused on polarization-sensitive measurements targeting the B-mode component of the CMB signal and apply the proposed methods to realistic simulations based on characteristics of an actual CMB polarization experiment, POLARBEAR. Our analysis and conclusions are however more generally applicable.
Multivariate statistical analysis of OSIRIS/Rosetta spectrophotometric data of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Perna D. , Fulchignoni M. , Barucci M. A. , Fornasier S. , Feller C. , Deshapriya J. D. P. , Hasselmann P. H. , Sierks H. , Barbieri C. , Lamy P. L. , Rodrigo R. , Koschny D. , Rickman H. , A’Hearn M. , Bertaux J.-L. , Bertini I. , Cremonese G. , Da Deppo V. , Davidsson B. , Debei S. , Deller J. , De Cecco M. , El-Maarry M. R. , Fulle M. , Groussin O. , Gutierrez P. J. , Güttler C. , Hofmann M. , Hviid S. F. , Ip W.-H. , Jorda L. , Keller H. U. , Knollenberg J. , Kramm R. , Kührt E. , Küppers M. , Lara L. M. , Lazzarin M. , Lopez Moreno J. J. , Marzari F. , Naletto G. , Oklay N. , Thomas N. , Tubiana C. , Vincent J.-B.
Published: December 2016

Context. The ESA Rosetta mission explored comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014−2016, following its target before and after the perihelion passage on 13 August 2015. The NAC camera of the OSIRIS imaging system allowed to map the nucleus surface acquiring images with different filters in the visible wavelength range.

Aims. Here we study the spectrophotometric behaviour of the nucleus by a multivariate statistical analysis, aiming to distinguish homogeneous groups and to constrain the bulk composition.

Methods. We applied the G-mode clustering algorithm to 16 OSIRIS data cubes acquired on 5−6 August 2014 (mostly covering the northern hemisphere) and 2 May 2015 (mostly covering the southern hemisphere), selected to have complete coverage of the comet’s surface with similar observing conditions.

Results. We found four similar homogeneous groups for each of the analysed cubes. The first group corresponds to the average spectrophotometric behaviour of the nucleus. The second (spectrally redder) and the third (spectrally bluer) groups are found in regions that were already found to deviate from the average terrain of the comet by previous studies. A fourth group (characterised by enhancements of the flux at 700−750 nm and 989 nm, possibly due to H2O+ and/or NH2 emissions) seems connected with the cometary activity rather than with the bulk composition.

Conclusions. While our aim in this work was to study the spectrophotometric behaviour of the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as a whole, we found that a follow-up application of the G-mode to smaller regions of the surface could be useful in particular to identify and study the temporal evolution of ice patches, as well as to constrain the composition and physical processes behind the emission of dust jets.
Endoscopic Endonasal Transclival Approach versus Dual Transorbital Port Technique for Clip Application to the Posterior Circulation: A Cadaveric Anatomical and Cerebral Circulation Simulation Study
Authors: Lucke-Wold Brandon , Dogan Aclan , Cetas Justin , Cameron William , Ciporen Jeremy
Published: December 2016

Purpose Simulation training offers a useful opportunity to appreciate vascular anatomy and develop the technical expertise required to clip intracranial aneurysms of the posterior circulation.

Materials and Methods In cadavers, a comparison was made between the endoscopic transclival approach (ETA) alone and a combined multiportal approach using the ETA and a transorbital precaruncular approach (TOPA) to evaluate degrees of freedom, angles of visualization, and ergonomics of aneurysm clip application to the posterior circulation depending on basilar apex position relative to the posterior clinoids.

Results ETA alone provided improved access to the posterior circulation when the basilar apex was high riding compared with the posterior clinoids. ETA + TOPA provided a significantly improved functional working area for instruments and visualization of the posterior circulation for a midlevel basilar apex. A single-shaft clip applier provided improved visualization and space for instruments. Proximal and distal vascular control and feasibility of aneurysmal clipping were demonstrated.

Conclusions TOPA is a medial orbital approach to the central skull base; a transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery approach. This anatomical simulation provides surgical teams an alternative to the ETA approach alone to address posterior circulation aneurysms, and a means to preoperatively prepare for intraoperative anatomical and surgical instrumentation challenges.
The Effect of Bony Parameters on the Pediatric Knee: Normal versus Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury versus Tibial Spine Avulsion Fracture
Authors: Shaw Kenneth , Dunoski Brian , Mardis Neil , Pacicca Donna
Published: December 2016

Purpose Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries can present as a ligamentous disruption or avulsion fracture of the tibial spine in pediatric patients. Differences in knee morphometric parameters have been investigated between pediatric cohorts with ACL disruptions and tibial spine avulsion fractures. However, no study to date has compared morphometric parameters in patients with tibial spine avulsion fracture against a control population.

Methods A retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies was performed, identifying 15 patients with tibial spine avulsion fracture between January 1, 2009, and January 1, 2013. Inclusionary criteria consisted of patients who sustained an acute tibial spine avulsion fracture and had MRI examination. The MRI studies were analyzed by a pediatric musculoskeletal radiologist, who measured identified bony parameters, and results were compared with an age-matched control group and a skeletally immature cohort with ligamentous disruption of the ACL. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test and logistic regression.

Results Cohorts included 15 patients with a tibial spine avulsion fracture, 39 with an ACL disruption, and 28 in the age-matched control group. The tibial spine group demonstrated no significant differences in bony parameters when compared with the control group, but had significantly wider tibial eminence widths in comparison to the ACL group (2.92 cm [0.4] versus 2.71 cm [0.27]; p = 0.040). Additionally, this finding was predictive of tibial spine avulsion injury when assessed by logistic regression.

Conclusions Pediatric patients who sustain a tibial spine avulsion fracture exhibit significantly wider tibial eminences when compared with the cohort with ACL injuries. This indicates a possible biomechanical explanation for differences in ACL injury patterns that should be examined in future, prospective analyses.
Structural and phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Ricinus communis
Authors: Mamoucha S. , Tsafantakis N. , Fokialakis N. , Christodoulakis N. S.
Published: December 2016

Ricinus communis L., also known as the castor oil plant, is a highly toxic species indigenous to the south-eastern Mediterranean. Leaf anatomy was investigated by light and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Histochemistry and composition of secondary metabolites, were also investigated. The amphistomatic leaves of R. communis are of simple structure with a single layered palisade parenchyma. They contain numerous idioblasts with crystals and present a strong positive reaction to histochemical reagents for terpenes, flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloids. Only a few protective trichomes appear on the adaxial epidermis. The phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts using UHPLC-HRMS and GC-MS confirmed the results of the histochemical tests and, among other metabolites, the flavonoids rutin, isoquercetin, and nicotiflorin, as well as the toxic alkaloid ricinine were detected.
Lexical Sorting in Snobol
Authors: Jones Randall L. , Fletcher William H.
Published: December 2016

Alphabetical sorting routines useful in processing natural language texts are explored in this article. Four basic algorithms (Bin, Bubble, Tree and Chain sorts) and five SNOBOL implementations of these algorithms are discussed. In addition, the authors deal with problems of program-defined special character sets and sorting orders diverging from standard machine collating sequence, as well as questions of producing reverse-alphabetized word lists. Comparative running times for these programs on representative corpora of varying sizes are tabulated and compared. For those readers unfamiliar with SNOBOL, the article offers a brief introduction to the language sufficient to allow understanding of these and many other SNOBOL programs. Thus the programmer who works with other languages can both familiarize himself with SNOBOL, and at the same time learn enough to translate the sort programs into his usual language. Reference is also made to SPITBOL, a recently developed high-speed compiler for SNOBOL.
Further Experiments in Language Translation
Authors: Sinaiko H. Wallace , Klare R.George
Published: December 2016

Language translation by computer has been proposed as a solution to the backlog of training and operational manuals awaiting translation by more conventional means. This study reports one of a series of experiments to assess the quality of translations produced by human translators and computers. The type of material under study was technical text (i.e., maintenance manuals) and the translation was from English to Vietnamese.

Utility or readability of the translations was assessed by reading comprehension tests, the cloze procedure (in which readers filled in blanks where words had been systematically deleted) and a rating scale for judging clarity. Time to perform each of these tasks was also measured. The subjects were 141 Vietnamese Navy officer candidates and a control group of 57 U.S. Navy officer candidates. A 500-word passage, from a U.S. Navy casualty control instruction, was translated by computer into a rough (un-edited) and a finished (post-edited) version; also, highly competent human translators prepared a Vietnamese text. Some Vietnamese subjects served as controls and took all tests based on the English, or untranslated, version.

Major conclusions were: (1) Translations produced by highly qualified humans were consistently more comprehensible than those produced by computer, whether edited or un-edited; post-edited versions of computer produced text were more comprehensible than unedited ones; most differences were not statistically significant; (2) Vietnamese Navy officer candidates were able to read text in English as well as its best Vietnamese version and their test scores were about as high as those of American control subjects. Reading speed was not affected by mode of translation.
Error Analysis A Recent Pseudoprocedure in Applied Linguistics
Authors: Bell Roger
Published: December 2016

In recent years, applied linguists have been much concerned with the description of linguistic behaviour previously labelled as «deviant». In particular, a technique known as «error analysis» has been developed by means of which it is claimed access is gained to the «transitional competence» of the L2 learner thus making the description of the learner's «interlanguage» and the explanation of the systematic nature of the errors generated by its grammar possible. Such a Technique can, if its claims are justified, be of inestimable value to linguist, teacher and learner but equally, if its claims are false, can lead to invalid assumptions concerning the nature of the «interlanguage», the form of appropriate teaching materials and learning strategies employed by learners.

It is suggested here, that in addition to being based on a number of false assumptions and offering a partly spurious assistance to those engaged in the language learning process, error analysis is in itself, an inadmissable pseudoprocedure which purports to contain a methodology that is, in part, impossible in principle and in part, in practice.

Hence, we need to reconsider the status of the concept «interlanguage», the analytical techniques involved in its description and the validity of the claims made for both.
Types of Translation Departures and Other Linguistic Events Occuring in Simultaneous Interpretation
Authors: Barik Henri C.
Published: December 2016

In simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter's version may depart from the original in three general ways: material may be omitted, added or substituted by the interpreter. An analysis of translations obtained from three classes of interpreters (professionals, students and amateurs) permits the categorization of these events. Four categories of omissions (skipping, comprehension, delay and compounding omissions), four categories of additions (qualifier, elaboration, relationship and closure additions), and five categories of substitutions or errors (varying degrees of semantic of phrasing changes) are specified, and examples of each type are given. Other linguistic events occuring in simultaneous interpretation are discussed.
Completion Grammars and Completion Automata Revisited
Authors: Steels Luc
Published: December 2016

An extension of completion grammars is being introduced such that the model now deals with prefix, infix, postfix and post-infix word order patterns. It is shown that this extension does not affect the weak generative capacity of the system, which was known to be of type 2.

Also the existing notion of a completion automaton is reworked, mainly to have the distinction in word order be reflected by the operations of the automaton rather than by the transition functions of the underlying finite state machine.

In some recent publications (e.g. Steels (1975), Steels and Vermeir (1976), Steels (1976a&b» we have been dealing with a linguistic model known as compZetion grammars. These grammars were designed to cope with a functional viewpoint on language, this means they deal with case structures for language,expressions, instead of phrase structures as do the well-known Chomsky-type grammars.

The model of completion grammars was developed in a context of research on language processing and automatic translation. In particular it reflects the current tendency to build semantics directed systems, rather than syntax directed ones. (See for a more detailed discussion on the distinction between the two Wilks (1975) and Winograd (1973). For the use of completion grammars in the design of semantics directed systems, we refer to Steels (1975;1976a&b).

What will concern us in this paper is an extension of the model, and a study of the formal properties of these extended systems. Also we will introduce a new class of automata. The paper is organized as follows. First we extend the notion of a completion grammar, we give some intuitive explanations for the extension (1.1.), specify the basic definitions (1.2.) and study its weak generative capacity (1.3.). A second section deals with the automata. Again we start with intuitive explanations (2.1.), give the basic definitions and various examples (2.2.) and finally prove the relation between the grammars and the automata (2.3.).
Funktiewcorden - een Inventarisatie voor het Nederlands
Authors: van Wijk Carel , Kempen Gerard
Published: December 2016

This paper presents an inventory of the function words of the Dutch language. The function words, 418 in total, have been classified into eight categories: prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, relatives, pro-forms, auxiliary and copula verbs, conjunctive adverbs, and intensifiers. In addition, a list is given of about 300 adverbs, that is, of words which can only serve an adverbial grammatical function (and not as adjectives, for example). The lists were compiled by going through the 19 76 edition of the authoritative Van Dale dictionary and cross-checking against various other sources (word lists, word counts, and grammar books). The inventory of function words is claimed to be virtually complete; from the list of adverbs a few members may be missing.
Shop sign as monument
Authors: Lou Jackie Jia
Published: December 2016

Ethnographic studies of linguistic landscape have shed light on the complex processes in which signage is designed, created, perceived, and interpreted. This paper highlights the role of public discourse in such processes by tracing how the neon sign of a restaurant in Hong Kong ironically reached monumental status after its removal. Expanding the geosemiotic framework with the theory of recontexualization, it examines the shifting meanings of the sign as represented in four types of discourse, and suggests that it is their contradiction and divergence that has shaped the shop sign into an urban monument.
Linguistic Landscape as standing historical testimony of the struggle against colonization in Ethiopia
Authors: Woldemaram Hirut
Published: December 2016

Ethiopia is Africa’s oldest independent country and its second largest in terms of population. Apart from a five-year occupation by Italy, which is considered as a war time, the country has never been colonized. The Linguistic Landscape (LL) of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and the seat of the African Union, prominently depicts that important history. Erected in the main squares of the city, the various monuments serve as standing testimonies of the struggle, victory and important figures pertaining to Italian fascist invasion of Ethiopia. Moreover, there are different institutions (schools, hospitals) and infrastructures (bridges, streets) officially named after significant historical moments. Visible in the central locations and squares of the city, monuments, statues, and the naming of streets, bridges, schools, and hospitals, keep the peoples’ memory about the struggle against the Italian invasion and the victories obtained. Symbols of the Lion of Judah, cross and national flags are also part of the public exhibit marking identities, ideologies and references to the country’s history. This study aims at showing how the LL serves as a mechanism to build the historical narrative of Ethiopia. It overviews how the LL in Addis Ababa via its monuments depicts the anti-colonial struggle and the victory over Fascist Italian forces. The monuments considered are: the Victory Monument, The Patriots Monument, The Abune Petros statute, and the Menelik II Statue. After presenting background aspects, this paper tackles Ethiopians’ memories of the Italian invasion as expressed in Addis Ababa’s LL and their identity construction and reconstruction. The last section discusses the findings and draws concluding remarks. Methodologically, digital Figures of the monuments were collected coupled with interview. Ethnographic approaches to the LL are used to analyze the selected memorial objects. As Creswell (2003) indicates ethnographic designs like qualitative research procedures, aims at describing, analyzing, and interpreting a culture-sharing group’s patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in 2014 with a sample of 15 pedestrians, males and females, of different ages and educational categories who were standing in front of the monuments waiting for buses. The interviewers wanted to know what people think of the significance and relevance of location of the monuments in the public space. Most of the interviewees tended to support the views of the prevailing popular interpretations. They strongly relate the monuments with memories of brutality of Italian invaders on the one hand, and the strong resistance, patriotism and heroism of the Ethiopian people. The interviews agree that this unique victory needs to keep being celebrated and glorified as part of the history of Ethiopia.
Schöneberg
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer , Ben-Rafael Miriam
Published: December 2016

This paper is about the 80 diptychs affixed to lampposts in the Bayerische Viertel (Bavarian Quarter) of Berlin’s Schöneberg neighborhood, that memorialize the persecution of Germany’s Jewry. This study draws its research interests from the sociology of memory, monument scholarship, and the socio-historical study of mass persecution. It explores how far the LL objects can be considered part of LL’s configuration of an area; what interests motivated its creation as a dimension of the local LL; what uses of semiotic and geosemiotic resources were made in this counter-monument in the public space’s construction; and how it confronts the socio-historic challenge of displaying in the LL of a borough of Berlin the Nazi mass persecution of Jews.
Critical cultural translation
Authors: Figuera Renee
Published: December 2016

This case study uses tools from Critical Discourse Analysis and Translation Studies to explain the translation of Creole aesthetics in thirty-two written folktales of Trinidad, after World War I. The serial publication of these local folktales within theTrinidad Weekly Guardianand theArgosnewspapers coincided with a period of cultural transformation in Trinidad, when local newspapers became the caretakers of a national literature in print. The researcher uses translation as a metaphor to critically analyze the process and function of intercultural transfer between oral and written folktale cultures, while showing how intercultural translation was effected in the folktale, at this time. In the final analysis, the study traces the forward reach of translating creolization beyond the period of WWI, into a period that is better known for the foregrounding of the Creole under class, in the short stories ofBeaconandTrinidadof 1929 to 1930. It is a significant study because it identifies many translation shifts in Creole culture towards establishing the conventions of the modern short story of the 1930’s. In particular, the re-writing of oral tales enabled a discursive shift in focus in favor of the ordinary class, race-relations in society, the melding of folk mythologies for didactic purposes, and a language shift from the folktale’s French-Creole language base to an English-oriented literate culture. In this way, it perpetuated a neo-colonial agenda of translating creolization as the discursive recolonization of Creole folktale culture with exocentric conventions.
The role of literary translators in the West Indian literary field and the importance of Creole
Authors: Grau-Perejoan Maria
Published: December 2016

Stemming from the belief in both the potential transformative power of art and the intellectual’s role in social struggles, this article foregrounds the figure of the literary translator as an intellectual that holds the potential to contribute to the advancement of Caribbean narratives through his or her ethically and politically motivated translations. The article uses Pierre Bourdieu’s theorizing to emphasize on the necessarily collaborative nature of the role of literary translators of West Indian literature. Furthermore, since most frequently than not Creole languages are an integral part of West Indian texts, this article pinpoints the translator’s ability to both discern and understand Creole as a crucial aspect for translations to be engaged and participate in regional ideological struggles.
Methodology.
Authors: Hall S. , Dolling L. , Bristow K. , Fuller T. , Mills D.
Published: December 2016

This chapter discusses the methodology used to obtain data on the economic significance of companion animals in the UK.
Updates on the economic impact of companion animals to the UK.
Authors: Hall S. , Dolling L. , Bristow K. , Fuller T. , Mills D.
Published: December 2016

The current status of the companion animal-keeping phenomenon and subsequent pet care industry in the UK is described, with emphasis on some of the possible benefits and costs to certain economies that are associated with companion animals.
Niche WNT5A regulates the actin cytoskeleton during regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Schreck Christina , Istvánffy Rouzanna , Ziegenhain Christoph , Sippenauer Theresa , Ruf Franziska , Henkel Lynette , Gärtner Florian , Vieth Beate , Florian M. Carolina , Mende Nicole , Taubenberger Anna , Prendergast Áine , Wagner Alina , Pagel Charlotta , Grziwok Sandra , Götze Katharina S. , Guck Jochen , Dean Douglas C. , Massberg Steffen , Essers Marieke , Waskow Claudia , Geiger Hartmut , Schiemann Mathias , Peschel Christian , Enard Wolfgang , Oostendorp Robert A.J.
Published: December 2016

Here, we show that the Wnt5a-haploinsufficient niche regenerates dysfunctional HSCs, which do not successfully engraft in secondary recipients. RNA sequencing of the regenerated donor Lin− SCA-1+ KIT+ (LSK) cells shows dysregulated expression of ZEB1-associated genes involved in the small GTPase-dependent actin polymerization pathway. Misexpression of DOCK2, WAVE2, and activation of CDC42 results in apolar F-actin localization, leading to defects in adhesion, migration and homing of HSCs regenerated in a Wnt5a-haploinsufficient microenvironment. Moreover, these cells show increased differentiation in vitro, with rapid loss of HSC-enriched LSK cells. Our study further shows that the Wnt5a-haploinsufficient environment similarly affects BCR-ABLp185 leukemia-initiating cells, which fail to generate leukemia in 42% of the studied recipients, or to transfer leukemia to secondary hosts. Thus, we show that WNT5A in the bone marrow niche is required to regenerate HSCs and leukemic cells with functional ability to rearrange the actin cytoskeleton and engraft successfully.
Inherited CD70 deficiency in humans reveals a critical role for the CD70–CD27 pathway in immunity to Epstein-Barr virus infection
Authors: Izawa Kazushi , Martin Emmanuel , Soudais Claire , Bruneau Julie , Boutboul David , Rodriguez Rémy , Lenoir Christelle , Hislop Andrew D. , Besson Caroline , Touzot Fabien , Picard Capucine , Callebaut Isabelle , de Villartay Jean-Pierre , Moshous Despina , Fischer Alain , Latour Sylvain
Published: December 2016

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans is a major trigger of malignant and nonmalignant B cell proliferations. CD27 is a co-stimulatory molecule of T cells, and inherited CD27 deficiency is characterized by high susceptibility to EBV infection, though the underlying pathological mechanisms have not yet been identified. In this study, we report a patient suffering from recurrent EBV-induced B cell proliferations including Hodgkin’s lymphoma because of a deficiency in CD70, the ligand of CD27. We show that EBV-specific T lymphocytes did not expand properly when stimulated with CD70-deficient EBV-infected B cells, whereas expression of CD70 in B cells restored expansion, indicating that CD70 on B cells but not on T cells is required for efficient proliferation of T cells. CD70 was found to be up-regulated on B cells when activated and during EBV infection. The proliferation of T cells triggered by CD70-expressing B cells was dependent on CD27 and CD3 on T cells. Importantly, CD27-deficient T cells failed to proliferate when stimulated with CD70-expressing B cells. Thus, the CD70–CD27 pathway appears to be a crucial component of EBV-specific T cell immunity and more generally for the immune surveillance of B cells and may be a target for immunotherapy of B cell malignancies.
Autoinflammatory periodic fever, immunodeficiency, and thrombocytopenia (PFIT) caused by mutation in actin-regulatory gene WDR1
Authors: Standing Ariane S.I. , Malinova Dessislava , Hong Ying , Record Julien , Moulding Dale , Blundell Michael P. , Nowak Karolin , Jones Hannah , Omoyinmi Ebun , Gilmour Kimberly C. , Medlar Alan , Stanescu Horia , Kleta Robert , Anderson Glenn , Nanthapisal Sira , Gomes Sonia Melo , Klein Nigel , Eleftheriou Despina , Thrasher Adrian J. , Brogan Paul A.
Published: December 2016

The importance of actin dynamics in the activation of the inflammasome is becoming increasingly apparent. IL-1β, which is activated by the inflammasome, is known to be central to the pathogenesis of many monogenic autoinflammatory diseases. However, evidence from an autoinflammatory murine model indicates that IL-18, the other cytokine triggered by inflammasome activity, is important in its own right. In this model, autoinflammation was caused by mutation in the actin regulatory gene WDR1. We report a homozygous missense mutation in WDR1 in two siblings causing periodic fevers with immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia. We found impaired actin dynamics in patient immune cells. Patients had high serum levels of IL-18, without a corresponding increase in IL-18–binding protein or IL-1β, and their cells also secreted more IL-18 but not IL-1β in culture. We found increased caspase-1 cleavage within patient monocytes indicative of increased inflammasome activity. We transfected HEK293T cells with pyrin and wild-type and mutated WDR1. Mutant protein formed aggregates that appeared to accumulate pyrin; this could potentially precipitate inflammasome assembly. We have extended the findings from the mouse model to highlight the importance of WDR1 and actin regulation in the activation of the inflammasome, and in human autoinflammation.
Leukotrienes provide an NFAT-dependent signal that synergizes with IL-33 to activate ILC2s
Authors: von Moltke Jakob , O’Leary Claire E. , Barrett Nora A. , Kanaoka Yoshihide , Austen K. Frank , Locksley Richard M.
Published: December 2016

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) are the primary source of interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-13 during type 2 (allergic) inflammation in the lung. In Th2 cells, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling activates the transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) to induce type 2 cytokines. ILC2s lack a TCR and respond instead to locally produced cytokines such as IL-33. Although IL-33 induces AP-1 and NF-κB, NFAT signaling has not been described in ILC2s. In this study, we report a nonredundant NFAT-dependent role for lipid-derived leukotrienes (LTs) in the activation of lung ILC2s. Using cytokine reporter and LT-deficient mice, we find that complete disruption of LT signaling markedly diminishes ILC2 activation and downstream responses during type 2 inflammation. Type 2 responses are equivalently attenuated in IL-33– and LT-deficient mice, and optimal ILC2 activation reflects potent synergy between these pathways. These findings expand our understanding of ILC2 regulation and may have important implications for the treatment of airways disease.
Detecting geometric splittings in finitely presented groups
Authors: Touikan Nicholas
Published: December 2016

We present an algorithm which given a presentation of a group

G
G

without 2-torsion, a solution to the word problem with respect to this presentation, and an acylindricity constant

κ
\kappa

outputs a collection of tracks in an appropriate presentation complex. We give two applications: the first is an algorithm which decides if

G
G

admits an essential free decomposition; the second is an algorithm which, if

G
G

is relatively hyperbolic, decides if it admits an essential elementary splitting.
The Reception of American Science Fiction in Japan
Authors: Nagasawa Tadashi
Published: December 2016

American science fiction has been a significant source of ideas and imagination for Japanese creators: they have been producing extensive works of not only written texts but also numerous films, television shows, Japanese comics and cartoons (Manga and Animé), music, and other forms of art and entertainment under its influence. Tracing the history of the import of American science fiction works shows how Japan accepted, consumed, and altered them to create their own mode of science fiction, which now constitutes the core of so-called “Cool-Japan” content. Popular American science fiction emerged from pulp magazines and paperbacks in the early 20th century. In the 1940s, John W. Campbell Jr. and his magazine Astounding Science Fiction had great impact on the genre, propelling its “Golden Age.” In the 1960s, however, American science fiction seemed dated, but the “New Wave” arose in the United Kingdom, which soon affected American writers. With the cyberpunk movement in the 1980s, science fiction became part of postmodernist culture. Japanese science fiction has developed under the influence of American science fiction, especially after WWII. Paperbacks and magazines discarded by American soldiers were handed down to Japanese readers. Many would later become science fiction writers, translators, or editors. Japanese science fiction has mainly followed the line of Golden Age science fiction, which speculates on how science and technology affect the social and human conditions, whereas the New Wave and cyberpunk movements contributed to Japanese postmodernism. Japanese Manga, Animé, and special effects (SFX) television shows and films (Tokusatsu) are also closely related to science fiction and have developed under its influence. Even as works of the Japanese popular culture owe much to American science fiction, they have become popular worldwide.
Censorship
Authors: Moore Nicole
Published: December 2016

Insofar as literature is defined negatively, by what it is not, censorship has had a determining role in its historical constitution. Contemporary scholarship emphasizes the dynamic interplay between literary expression and forms of cultural regulation, recognizing its paradoxically productive capacity to generate as well as suppress meaning. At the same time, accounting for censorship’s role in the history of the world’s literature means coming to grips with the often brutal repression, prohibition, and persecution of writing, writers, performance, and cultural producers by sovereign power underwritten by violence. Tracing the genealogies of literary censorship, from its formulations in ancient Rome, through medieval religious persecution, sedition and heresy charges, theatre controls, early modern print and copyright licensing, to the seeming breakthroughs of the Enlightenment, details the interdependence of modernity and cultural regulation. At stake in this history are defining relations between culture and society, knowledge and power, not least in the manner in which literature traverses the boundary between public and private, and censorship polices that divide. The art-for-art’s-sake defense, which separates the literary from what is offensive—nominally from obscenity, pornography, libel, blasphemy, and sedition and effectively from politics, intimacy, and the real—stumbles and fails in the face of culture’s variant aims and readers’ differing pleasures. And the state’s use of the law to enforce its role as a custosmorum has placed not only art in opposition to the law, as Gustave Flaubert saw, but also culture in opposition to morality, when the state becomes the modern arbiter of culture’s social and political roles. The available frames for understanding censorship, from liberal, materialist, psychoanalytic, linguistic, and poststructuralist positions, face challenges from diversifying and yet synthesizing situations for literature in a global world.
Climate Change and Migration
Authors: Klepp Silja
Published: December 2016

The topic of climate change and migration attracts a strong following from the media and produces an increase in academic literature and reports from international governmental institutions and NGOs. It poses questions that point to the core of social and environmental developments of the 21st century, such as environmental and climate justice as well as North–South relations.

This article examines the main features of the debate and presents a genealogy of the discussion on climate change and migration since the 1980s. It presents an analysis of different framings and lines of argument, such as the securitization of climate change and connections to development studies and adaptation research. This article also presents methodological and conceptual questions, such as how to conceive interactions between migration and climate change. As legal aspects have played a crucial role since the beginning of the debate, different legal strands are considered here, including soft law and policy-oriented approaches. These approaches relate to questions of voluntary or forced migration and safeguarding the rights of environmental migrants.

This article introduces theoretical concepts that are prompted by analyzing climate change as an “imaginative resource” and by questioning power relations related to climate-change discourses, politics, and practices. This article recommends a re-politicization of the debate, questions the often victimizing, passive picture of the “drowning” climate-change migrant, and criticizes alarmist voices that can trigger perceived security interests of countries of the Global North. Decolonizing and critical perspectives analyze facets of the debate that have racist, depoliticizing, or naturalizing tendencies or exoticize the “other.”
Influence of Anxiety on Cognitive Control Processes
Authors: Grant DeMond M. , White Evan J.
Published: December 2016

Cognitive control is the ability to direct attention and cognitive resources toward achieving one’s goals. However, research indicates that anxiety biases multiple cognitive processes, including cognitive control. This occurs in part because anxiety leads to excessive processing of threatening stimuli at the expense of ongoing activities. This enhanced processing of threat interferes with several cognitive processes, which includes how individuals view and respond to their environment. Specifically, research indicates that anxious individuals devote their attention toward threat when considering both early, automatic processes and later, sustained attention. In addition, anxiety has negative effects on working memory, which involves the ability to hold and manipulate information in one’s consciousness. Anxiety has been found to decrease the resources necessary for effective working memory performance, as well as increase the likelihood of negative information entering working memory. Finally, anxiety is characterized by focusing excessive attention on mistakes, and there is also a reduction in the cognitive control resources necessary to correct behavior. Enhancing our knowledge of how anxiety affects cognitive control has broad implications for understanding the development of anxiety disorders, as well as emerging treatments for these conditions.